bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Editorial
Authors: Castillo Guido Oscar
Published: March 2021

En enero del 2015 salió a luz nuestro primer volumen de la Revista Ciencias Jurídica y Política (CJP), idea que inició a gestarse en julio del 2014 y que veíamos como una necesidad impulsar dentro de nuestro Programa de Investigación Jurídica-Política. Fue así que un equipo integrado por la Escuela y de escritores convocados para el primer número, nos dispusimos a organizar su estructura, directrices y contenido. Nació como un proyecto de edición física y en el año 2016 sus ediciones también lo fueron de forma virtual.
Uplift Quantification and Erosion Rate Estimation in Northwestern Tunisia from Topographic and Lithologic Data
Authors: Saadouni Hania , Alouani Rabah
Published: March 2021

Digital elevation modeling (DEM) was used to determine key morphological features such as hypsometry, slopes and topographic evolution in correlation with tectonic regimes and erosion mechanisms. This contribution discusses the tectonic model of northern Tunisia, which since 1977 has been described by geologists as an allochthonous unity domain of the Serravallian-Tortonian. This study presents new data from the erosion rate calculation following the establishment of these units and then proposes another view on regional tectonics. Therefore, the example used of Oued Sedjnene gives a rising rate of the order of 0.01 mm/year, almost equivalent to the results found in surrounding medeterranean belt (ex. Italy and Turkey). The structure and geomorphology of northern Tunisia is a result of folding of Cenozoic basin. However located tangential structure are related to transcurrent faults and not overthrust structure.
Overturning Wrongful Convictions by Way of the Extraordinary Review
Authors: Bachmaier Winter Lorena , Martínez Santos Antonio
Published: March 2021

Overturning Wrongful Convictions by Way of the Extraordinary Review: The Spanish Experience

According to the traditional view, the ultimate aim of the extraordinary review (recurso de revisión) provided in the Spanish justice system was to deal with wrongful criminal convictions and correct those serious miscarriages of justice which became apparent only after the judgment had become final. However, the 2015 reform called this traditional view into question by formally including two additional grounds for review that are not necessarily related to the correcting miscarriages or blatant mistakes in the assessment of the facts made by the sentencing court. This paper aims to give an overview of the extraordinary review in Spain. To that end it will first address the legal framework and its practical implementation, as well as present pitfalls and best practices. Finally, future trends and challenges will be identified in order to improve the protection of defendants who have suffered a wrongful conviction.
Role of Biogenic Amines in Protein Foods Sensing: Myths and Evidence
Authors: Biesuz Raffaela , Rita Magnaghi Lisa
Published: March 2021

Myriads of sensors have been proposed to signal the spoilage of a piece of meat. It is assumed and taken for granted that biogenic amines, BAs, harmful by-product indicating the last phase of degradation, must be present in the volatilome developed over the decaying meat. This chapter aims to clearly explain BAs’ role in protein food spoilage: undoubtedly produced inside the meat, never present in the headspace, where sensors are displayed. The BAs presence in the headspace represents a sort of myth. It is plenty of evidence that BAs cannot be present in the volatilome over the meat. The BAs’ volatility is pH-dependent. As shown by their protonation constants, the strongly buffered pH of proteinaceous food prevents their vapour phase transition. The chemical analyses made at the same degradation time, on the meat and the headspace above the meat, corroborate the real composition of the volatilome, demonstrating the BAs absence. The sensors here described, designed on volatilome evidence, succeed to follow the entire process, from the SAFE condition to the WARNING and the HAZARD. The final prototype works reliably on real protein foods (i.e. chicken, beef pork and fish), not enriched and stored at the home condition.
Smart Textiles Testing: A Roadmap to Standardized Test Methods for Safety and Quality-Control
Authors: Iftekhar Shuvo Ikra , Decaens Justine , Lachapelle Dominic , I. Dolez Patricia
Published: March 2021

Test methods for smart or electronic textiles (e-textiles) are critical to ensure product safety and industrial quality control. This paper starts with a review of three key aspects: (i) commercial e-textile products/technologies, (ii) safety and quality control issues observed or foreseen, and (iii) relevant standards published or in preparation worldwide. A total of twenty-two standards on smart textiles – by CEN TC 248/WG 31, IEC TC 124, ASTM D13.50, and AATCC RA111 technical committees – were identified; they cover five categories of e-textile applications: electrical, thermal, mechanical, optical, and physical environment. Based on the number of e-textile products currently commercially available and issues in terms of safety, efficiency, and durability, there is a critical need for test methods for thermal applications, as well as to a lesser degree, for energy harvesting and chemical and biological applications. The results of this study can be used as a roadmap for the development of new standardized test methods for safety & quality control of smart textiles.
HIF Pathways in Clear Cell Renal Cancer
Authors: Lombardi Olivia , Robert Mole David
Published: March 2021

Clear cell renal cancers (ccRCC) are characterized by inactivation of the VHL (von Hippel–Lindau) tumor suppressor. Work leading to the 2019 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has shown that this is central to cellular oxygen-sensing, orchestrated by the HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) transcription factors. These regulate hundreds of genes that underpin many hallmarks of cancer, including angiogenesis, cellular energetics, cell proliferation, resisting cell death, and avoiding immune destruction. However, HIF also promotes processes that are detrimental to cancer cells. Therefore, the overall consequence of HIF pathway activation is a balance of these influences. We explore how variations in the HIF pathway during tumorigenesis alter this balance to promote ccRCC formation.
Epidemiology and Outcomes of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Abdul Hamid Gamal
Published: March 2021

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare head and neck neoplasm worldwide. It is common among the southern Chinese with significant geographical variation with the highest incidence being in Southeast Asia up to 6.4/100,000 males and 2.4/100,000 females in these regions and the Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is associated closely with NPC. This disease has peculiarities in its etiopathogenesis, presentation, risk of nodal and distant metastasis, response to therapy and overall survival (OS) outcomes that stand out as compared to other head and neck cancer subsites. NPC is mainly treated by RT and is profoundly radiosensitive and radiotherapy treatment is the spine of treatment for all stages of NPC without far off metastases. Many advances in RT techniques and schedules are attempted to improve outcomes of the disease starting from intracavitary brachytherapy, intensity modulated RT to simultaneous modulated accelerated RT, all showing some promise with most significant benefit seen with addition of chemotherapy, especially in intermediate (Stage II) and advanced (Stage III, IVA, IVB) cases. At a time when modern radiation treatment like intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) are accomplishing great good local control, distant metastases are getting to be the transcendent design of treatment failure, particularly in patients with locally progressed illness. There are numerous results from clinical trials looking at combined radiation treatment (RT) and chemotherapy for NPC. Survival rates significantly differ between NPC patients according to stages of disease.
Naturally Derived Carbon Dots as Bioimaging Agents
Authors: Gedda Gangaraju , Bhupathi Arun , Balaji Gupta Tiruveedhi V.L.N.
Published: March 2021

The recent advances in nanoscience and technology have opened new avenues for carbon-based nanomaterials. Especially, Carbon dots (CDs) have gained significant attention due to their simple, economic and rapid green synthesis. These materials exhibit excellent water solubility, fluorescence emission, high fluorescence quantum yield, Ultraviolet (UV) to Infrared (IR) range absorbance and high bio-compatibility. Therefore, these materials are widely used for various biological applications including bio-imaging. With the integration and doping of surface passive agents and elements, respectively influenced the enhancement of fluorescence property of CDs. Also, the conjugation of receptor-based targeting ligands leads to targeted bioimaging. CDs in combination with other imaging contrast agents lead to the development of novel contrast agents for bimodal imaging and multimodal imaging techniques. The combination of diagnostic CDs with therapeutic agents resulted in the formation of theragnostic CDs for image guided therapies. In this chapter, a comprehensive view on the top-down and bottom–up green synthesis methods for naturally derived CDs discussed. Further, unique physical, chemical, optical and biological properties of CDs described. Finally, fluorescence based bimodal and multimodal imaging techniques also described.
Disagreement and Deep Agnosticism
Authors: Gilbertson Eric ,   Romanian Academy - Iasi Branch
Published: March 2021

One defense of the “steadfast” position in cases of peer disagreement appeals to the idea that it's rational for you to remain deeply agnostic about relevant propositions concerning your peer's judgment, that is, to assign no credence value at all to such propositions. Thus, according to this view, since you need not assign any value to the proposition that your peer's judgment is likely to be correct, you need not conciliate, since you can remain deeply agnostic on the question of how the likelihood of your peer's judgment bears on the likelihood of your own. This paper argues that the case for deep agnosticism as a response to peer disagreement fails. Deep agnosticism (as a general thesis) implies that it is sometimes permissible to withhold judgment about whether there is a non-zero chance of a proposition's being true. However, in cases of disagreement where deep agnosticism is supposed to support the steadfast position, such withholding isn't rational. This is because of constraints placed on rational credence by objective probability or chance, which ensure that rational credence adequately reflects strength of evidence.
Overcoming the Fact-Value Dichotomy
Authors: Bhuyan Nisigandha , Chakraborty Arunima ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: March 2021

This paper argues that business ethics would enhance its relevance if it is ceases to be a moralizing discourse and instead becomes a mediating discourse between conflicting and multiple interests. Yet business ethics can be relevant as a mediating discourse only if it acknowledges the “embedded” nature of market. To clarify this point, the paper draws from Freeman’s theory of narrative cores, Rehg’s Problem-based Approach and De George’s vision of business ethics as an interdisciplinary field composed of descriptive, managerial and normative components. Finally, we argue for the relevance of the case study, whose juxtaposition of “bi-polar” or irreconcilable dichotomies makes it a vital pedagogical tool for our proposed reconfiguration of business ethics as an interdisciplinary, mediating field of enquiry.
Impact of nicosulfuron on biochemical markers of oxidative stress in maize leaves and roots
Authors: Kuvelja Anđela , Davidović-Plavšić Biljana , Lukić Danijela , Gajić Nemanja , Žabić Mirjana , Škondrić Siniša , Kukavica Biljana
Published: March 2021

Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important crops. It is the object of many studies, aiming to utilize its full genetic potential and quality, while protecting it from the harmful external factors. Considering that weeds in the early stage of maize development can severely affect the yield, effective weed control is of great importance. As the most significant herbicides in fighting maize weeds, sulfonylurea herbicides are singled out. The aim of this research was to test the impact of different concentrations of nicosulfuron (150 and 250 mg/mL) on the biochemical (oxidative and anti-oxidative) parameters of two maize hybrids (ZP 555 and ZP 606). After treating maize plants with different concentrations of nicosulfuron for five days, concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), phenolic compounds and total chlorophyll were measured, as well as the activity of enzymes Peroxidase Class III (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). The results showed that nicosulfuron significantly impacted the biochemical parameters in the root and leaves of maize. Differences in impact of nicosulfuron at different concentrations and differences in the tolerance of two hybrids to treatment were also observed.
Mechanisms of action of conspiracy theories
Authors: Slavković Ana , Slavković Vukan
Published: March 2021

The paper discusses the reasons why conspiracy theories emerge (the desire to belong, survive, be close with the members of the group, and maintain a positive image of ourselves and the community). Theories and results of research about psychological factors that are believed to influence the emergence of conspiracy theories are presented. The authors conclude that belief in conspiracy theories is highly dependent on epistemological, existential, and social motives. Research has not yet shown that these theories serve to satisfy these motives, and it is even possible to the contrary, that these theories do not strengthen social cohesion at all, do not lead to improvement of self-esteem and a more positive image of ourselves or the group we belong to. Important questions remain open and more research needs to be done about the consequences of believing in conspiracy theories, especially in vulnerable populations, which have been found to have the highest motivation to accept these theories. The tendency to believe in conspiracy theories is a phenomenon influenced by many factors. Some of these factors are belonging to a lower socio-economic background, a lower educational level, a tendency to outsource one's own responsibility for life's failures, or to neglect the genetic and educational factors that led to it. However, many other factors, such as mental health status, also determine this phenomenon. Poorly integrated, deeply insecure personalities who have not overcome the schizoid-paranoid position of development, tend to perceive the environment as perceptual and threatening, with the aim to protect their own self from deeper disintegration.
Implementation of Islamic religious learning strategies in children with autism in Indonesia
Authors: Kistoro Hanif , Kartowagiran Badrun , Latipah Eva , Naim Ngainun , Putranta Himawan
Published: March 2021

Important religious education is given to children with autism. Objective. This research aims to analyze teachers' experience in implementing Islamic religious learning strategies (IRLS) for children with autism. Methods. This research is qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. The participants were six Islamic religion teachers from two exceptional schools in Yogyakarta who were selected using a purposive sampling technique. In-depth interviews and observation methods were used in data collection techniques. The coding analysis method, with the stages of data organization, reading data, coding data, determining and connecting themes with descriptions, and interpreting data, was used for data analysis. Results. The research results found that IRLS for children with autism has three stages, namely planning, implementation, and evaluation. Planning is done to determine the preparation that must be done before the learning process. Learning implementation includes reading and writing as well as interpreting the material. The evaluation is carried out to determine the level of success of the learning process that has been carried out. The IRLS carried out by teachers include two-way communication, adequate experience, and innovation skills. Conclusion. The strategies are expected to be further enhanced to reduce constraints in learning.
Grammatical deficits of Serbian speakers with Broca's aphasia: A preliminary investigation
Authors: Vuković Mile , Kovač Ana , Sukur Željana
Published: March 2021

Introduction. Studies of language deficits in patients with Broca's aphasia have highlighted agrammatism as a major feature. As the nature of this language deficit is still unknown, further data collection according to the specifics of the particular language is of great importance. Objective. In this paper, we wanted to determine grammatical deficits in Serbian speakers with aphasia. Methods. Using Boston Diagnostic Aphasia Examination, we determined Broca's aphasia on a sample of 20 subjects, aged 47-70. Speech samples were obtained through two tasks: conversation and picture description. The analysis of samples involved determining the type and subtype of all words and their forms; determining the total number and types of clauses, as well as their functions in a given discourse. Also, the argument structure of the verb was identified. The primary and secondary sentence constituents were determined. Results. The results showed that nouns and full verbs dominate in the speech of patients with Broca's aphasia. Nouns are most often used in the nominative case, and verbs in the present tense. The ability to use verbs is related to the complexity of their argument structure. Speech is dominated by short utterances whose full meaning is often difficult to determine. Conclusion. Our data show that almost all patients with Broca's aphasia exhibit grammatical deficits. The general signs of agrammatism are similar to the signs described in other languages. We single out the difficulties in the use of critics as a prominent characteristic of agrammatism in our respondents.
Examining recent HR data for gender bias among federal employees at NIST
Authors: Evans Jasmine , Koepke Amanda , Lund Steven P , Theofanos Mary F
Published: March 2021

This report is part of a multi-phase mixed methods project that is designed to provide an in-depth look at the population of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) federal employees to identify factors, attitudes, and processes that might result in genderspecific barriers at NIST. In the current project phase, human resources demographic data, compensation data, and performance data of NIST federal employees from 2011 to 2019 were analyzed to determine any relevant trends. This report details the methodology and results, including the steps of analysis, and summarizes where NIST currently stands regarding workplace gender differences. The results include trends of gender differences in the areas of hiring, pay band, annual salary, and supervisory level. Further analysis identified the highest degree earned as a factor toward gender-specific barriers. Finally, we identified the broken rung as a factor limiting advancement of women.
Det digitale Danmark – et statistisk portræt
Authors: Andersen Claus Werner , Tassy Agnes , Pedersen Maria
Published: March 2021

I denne artikel tegner vi et statistisk portræt af det digitale Danmark baseret på statistik fra Energistyrelsen, Eurostat og Danmarks Statistik. De nyeste tal fra Eurostat er fra 2019, mens tallene fra Danmarks Statistik er fra 2020. Der kan derfor være forskel i perioderne, der indgår i artiklen. I det første afsnit belyses den digitale infrastruktur, der er grundstenen for et velfungerende digitalt samfund. For at udnytte de muligheder, en solid digital infrastruktur med hurtige internetforbindelser giver, er det en forudsætning, at befolkningen har de nødvendige digitale færdigheder. Det ses der nærmere på i det andet afsnit. Artiklens sidste afsnit omhandler befolkningens digitale adfærd.
Digitalisering i kommunerne
Authors: Harsløf Christian , Færch Pia
Published: March 2021

Alt forandring i kommunerne har i dag et digitalt element – stort set. Digitalisering og teknologi er en del af svaret på de udfordringer, som kommunerne står overfor i de kommende år. Det giver nye muligheder for at udvikle velfærdsopgaverne og skabe bedre kvalitet og brugeroplevelser for borgere og medarbejdere. Samtidig har digitaliseringen bidraget med effektivisering og frigørelse af ressourcer til de kommunale kerneopgaver. Det er en klar forventning fra borgerne, at kommunerne leverer service og velfærdsopgaver, der har styr på anvendelse af digitalisering, teknologi og data.. Det er derfor et centralt element på den politiske dagsorden, at der skal sættes retning, sikres fremdrift og omstilling og tages stilling til de dilemmaer og udfordringer, som digitaliseringen skaber.
Un salaire minimum à 15 $ au Québec ? Impacts socio-économiques et obstacles à l’action collective
Authors: Soussi Sid Ahmed , Thibault-Leblanc Maxime
Published: March 2021

Qu’en est-il du salaire minimum aujourd’hui et de la revendication d’une hausse à 15 $? Où en sont les campagnes menées au Québec par les organisations syndicales, les groupes d’action communautaire et les autres regroupements engagés sur ces enjeux ? Ce seuil de 15 $, devenu symbolique en Amérique du Nord, suscite des clivages et plusieurs constats montrent que ces campagnes se heurtent non seulement à des résistances de la part des organisations patronales – leurs « adversaires naturels » – et du gouvernement, mais aussi, paradoxalement, à des réticences au sein même des organisations syndicales et des groupes d’action communautaire ainsi que dans des milieux du travail à bas salaires et non syndiqués. Cet article dresse un bilan et une mise en contexte critique des « campagnes pour le 15 $ » au Québec au regard de celles menées aux États-Unis et dans le reste du Canada. Il s’appuie également sur les résultats d’une enquête visant deux objectifs. Premièrement, étudier les impacts qualitatifs d’une telle hausse sur les travailleurs dont la rémunération est comprise entre 15 $ et 19 $/h, une catégorie où se manifeste justement une partie des réticences observées (travailleurs syndiqués, indépendants, en PME, immigrants, etc.). Deuxièmement, analyser les interactions entre les organisations syndicales et non syndicales (groupes communautaires et autres) sur ces enjeux dans le contexte des différentes campagnes. Ces campagnes paraissent fragilisées par deux types d’obstacles. Le premier renvoie aux interactions intrasyndicales parfois tendues, d’une part, et d’autre part aux relations entre des groupes communautaires représentant une très large diversité d’intérêts (professionnels, communautaires, travailleur.se.s non-syndiqué.e.s, femmes, immigrants, etc.) qui affecte parfois leur cohésion. Le deuxième type d’obstacles concerne leurs relations externes : d’abord, « l’alliance naturelle » censée renforcer la collaboration entre les organisations syndicales et les groupes communautaires qui se heurte à certaines dissensions, ensuite les relations extérieures problématiques entretenues par cette coalition avec les autres acteurs de la société civile : les organisations patronales, les médias et, surtout… avec l’État.
« Ici, on fait tout, on touche à tout » : le « réel du travail » des préposées aux bénéficiaires dans les ressources intermédiaires au Québec
Authors: Laurence-Ruel Corynne
Published: March 2021

Cet article, basé sur un terrain de recherche mené en 2018, s’intéresse à l’activité de travail des préposées aux bénéficiaires dans deux ressources intermédiaires à Montréal. Il s’intéresse plus précisément aux liens entre l’activité de travail de soin salarié, les difficultés vécues dans le « réel du travail » et les modalités de la division sexuelle du travail. Il vise à documenter les expériences des préposées et à rendre compte de certaines caractéristiques à partir d’une perspective féministe matérialiste du travail et de ses divisions. L’article est divisé en quatre parties. La première partie dresse d’abord un portrait des transformations sociohistoriques qui affectent ce secteur de soins, suivi d’une brève revue de la littérature. La troisième partie expose ensuite les principaux résultats de la recherche et, finalement, la dernière partie discute de ces résultats à la lumière d’une perspective féministe sur la transversalité des divisions sociales du travail. L’objectif consiste à éclairer certaines dynamiques qui participent de la précarisation des conditions de travail des préposées en tant que travailleuses.
FRET-based dynamic structural biology: Challenges, perspectives and an appeal for open-science practices
Authors: Lerner Eitan , Barth Anders , Hendrix Jelle , Ambrose Benjamin , Birkedal Victoria , Blanchard Scott C , Börner Richard , Sung Chung Hoi , Cordes Thorben , Craggs Timothy D , Deniz Ashok A , Diao Jiajie , Fei Jingyi , Gonzalez Ruben L , Gopich Irina V , Ha Taekjip , Hanke Christian A , Haran Gilad , Hatzakis Nikos S , Hohng Sungchul , Hong Seok-Cheol , Hugel Thorsten , Ingargiola Antonino , Joo Chirlmin , Kapanidis Achillefs N , Kim Harold D , Laurence Ted , Lee Nam Ki , Lee Tae-Hee , Lemke Edward A , Margeat Emmanuel , Michaelis Jens , Michalet Xavier , Myong Sua , Nettels Daniel , Peulen Thomas-Otavio , Ploetz Evelyn , Razvag Yair , Robb Nicole C , Schuler Benjamin , Soleimaninejad Hamid , Tang Chun , Vafabakhsh Reza , Lamb Don C , Seidel Claus AM , Weiss Shimon
Published: March 2021

Single-molecule FRET (smFRET) has become a mainstream technique for studying biomolecular structural dynamics. The rapid and wide adoption of smFRET experiments by an ever-increasing number of groups has generated significant progress in sample preparation, measurement procedures, data analysis, algorithms and documentation. Several labs that employ smFRET approaches have joined forces to inform the smFRET community about streamlining how to perform experiments and analyze results for obtaining quantitative information on biomolecular structure and dynamics. The recent efforts include blind tests to assess the accuracy and the precision of smFRET experiments among different labs using various procedures. These multi-lab studies have led to the development of smFRET procedures and documentation, which are important when submitting entries into the archiving system for integrative structure models, PDB-Dev. This position paper describes the current ‘state of the art’ from different perspectives, points to unresolved methodological issues for quantitative structural studies, provides a set of ‘soft recommendations’ about which an emerging consensus exists, and lists openly available resources for newcomers and seasoned practitioners. To make further progress, we strongly encourage ‘open science’ practices.
Optimal policy for attention-modulated decisions explains human fixation behavior
Authors: Jang Anthony I , Sharma Ravi , Drugowitsch Jan
Published: March 2021

Traditional accumulation-to-bound decision-making models assume that all choice options are processed with equal attention. In real life decisions, however, humans alternate their visual fixation between individual items to efficiently gather relevant information (Yang et al., 2016). These fixations also causally affect one’s choices, biasing them toward the longer-fixated item (Krajbich et al., 2010). We derive a normative decision-making model in which attention enhances the reliability of information, consistent with neurophysiological findings (Cohen and Maunsell, 2009). Furthermore, our model actively controls fixation changes to optimize information gathering. We show that the optimal model reproduces fixation-related choice biases seen in humans and provides a Bayesian computational rationale for this phenomenon. This insight led to additional predictions that we could confirm in human data. Finally, by varying the relative cognitive advantage conferred by attention, we show that decision performance is benefited by a balanced spread of resources between the attended and unattended items.
Evidence for additive and synergistic action of mammalian enhancers during cell fate determination
Authors: Choi Jinmi , Lysakovskaia Kseniia , Stik Gregoire , Demel Carina , Söding Johannes , Tian Tian V , Graf Thomas , Cramer Patrick
Published: March 2021

Enhancer activity drives cell differentiation and cell fate determination, but it remains unclear how enhancers cooperate during these processes. Here we investigate enhancer cooperation during transdifferentiation of human leukemia B-cells to macrophages. Putative enhancers are established by binding of the pioneer factor C/EBPα followed by chromatin opening and enhancer RNA (eRNA) synthesis from H3K4-monomethylated regions. Using eRNA synthesis as a proxy for enhancer activity, we find that most putative enhancers cooperate in an additive way to regulate transcription of assigned target genes. However, transcription from 136 target genes depends exponentially on the summed activity of its putative paired enhancers, indicating that these enhancers cooperate synergistically. The target genes are cell type-specific, suggesting that enhancer synergy can contribute to cell fate determination. Enhancer synergy appears to depend on cell type-specific transcription factors, and such interacting enhancers are not predicted from occupancy or accessibility data that are used to detect superenhancers.
Love and Money: Erotic Materialism In Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o’s Petals Of Blood
Authors: Annin Felicia
Published: March 2021

This paper offers a reading of Petals of Blood (1977) in which Ngũgĩ exposes the practical, utilitarian side of intimate relationships, revealing ambiguities that complicate the romantic love ideal that is the social embodiment of his utopian political vision. It is clear that the term “materialism” in all its connotations is a central concern in Ngũgĩ’s philosophy. As a Marxist materialist, an ideological paradigm that influences the construction of the novels from his middle career, Ngũgĩ writes novels that repeatedly show how the unjust economic base of Kenyan society, and its unequal relationship with the world economy, is the root cause of many of its social ills. This paper examines materialism in the ambiance of romantic love as well as investigates the intricacies revolving around love and marriage. From the analysis, this study draws conclusion that the implications of materialist love defeat the notion of romantic love which naturally results in marriage.
Speech and Thought Presentation in Chance by Alice Munro: A Stylistic Analysis
Authors: Ayoub Ahmed Zebari Zeravan , Mohammadzadeh Behbood
Published: March 2021

This study analyses the speech and thought presentation in Chance, a short story written by Alice Munro. The study aims to analyse how the speech and thought of the characters in the short story are presented. The concept of speech and thought presentation is dubious and complex. This study distinguishes speech and thought presentation and identifies either the characters responsible for representing their speech and thought or the narrator whose speech or thought gets to represent in Munro’s short story. The present study follows the speech and thought presentation techniques of Leech and Short (2007). The present study found out how the author used the categories of speech and thought presentation in the short story with all of their categories except DT. The findings of the study revealed a total of 293 speech and thought presentations in the short story. 235 presentations belong to speech presentations, and 58 to thought presentations. FDS and DS are the most occurred speech presentation within the short story which enabled the author to make her characters seem independent of the narrator. The FDS technique suggests that the context of speech in the story is clear enough, referring to whom the speakers are. FIS is the least occurred presentation within the short story. Besides, DT is not found in the whole short story. Munro has given the importance to the external speech rather than internal thought. The study results indicate that wareness towards speech and thought presentations leads to a better understanding of the literary texts.
A taxonomically detailed and large-scale view of the factors affecting the distribution and abundance of tree species planted in private gardens of Christchurch city, New Zealand
Authors: Quan Wei , Sullivan Jon J. , Meurk Colin D. , Stewart Glenn H.
Published: March 2021

A city’s planted trees, the great majority of which are in private gardens, play a fundamental role in shaping a city’s wild ecology, ecosystem functioning, and ecosystem services. However, studying tree diversity across a city’s many thousands of separate private gardens is logistically challenging. After the disastrous 2010–2011 earthquakes in Christchurch, New Zealand, over 7,000 homes were abandoned and a botanical survey of these gardens was contracted by the Government’s Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority (CERA) prior to buildings being demolished. This unprecedented access to private gardens across the 443.9 hectares ‘Residential Red Zone’ area of eastern Christchurch is a unique opportunity to explore the composition of trees in private gardens across a large area of a New Zealand city. We analysed these survey data to describe the effects of housing age, socio-economics, human population density, and general soil quality, on tree abundance, species richness, and the proportion of indigenous and exotic species. We found that while most of the tree species were exotic, about half of the individual trees were local native species. There is an increasing realisation of the native tree species values among Christchurch citizens and gardens in more recent areas of housing had a higher proportion of smaller/younger native trees. However, the same sites had proportionately more exotic trees, by species and individuals, amongst their larger planted trees than older areas of housing. The majority of the species, and individuals, of the larger (≥10 cm DBH) trees planted in gardens still tend to be exotic species. In newer suburbs, gardens in wealthy areas had more native trees than gardens from poorer areas, while in older suburbs, poorer areas had more native big trees than wealthy areas. In combination, these describe, in detail unparalleled for at least in New Zealand, how the tree infrastructure of the city varies in space and time. This lays the groundwork for better understanding of how wildlife distribution and abundance, wild plant regeneration, and ecosystem services, are affected by the city’s trees.
On the Stability of Collinear Points of the RTBP with Triaxial and Oblate Primaries and Relativistic Effects
Authors: El-Bar S. E. Abd
Published: March 2021

Under the influence of some different perturbations, we study the stability of collinear equilibrium points of the Restricted Three Body Problem. More precisely, the perturbations due to the triaxiality of the bigger primary and the oblateness of the smaller primary, in addition to the relativistic effects, are considered. Moreover, the total potential and the mean motion of the problem are obtained. The equations of motion are derived and linearized around the collinear points. For studying the stability of these points, the characteristic equation and its partial derivatives are derived. Two real and two imaginary roots of the characteristic equation are deduced from the plotted figures throughout the manuscript. In addition, the instability of the collinear points is stressed. Finally, we compute some selected roots corresponding to the eigenvalues which are based on some selected values of the perturbing parameters in the Tables 1, 2.
Processes affecting size of fish schools in agent‐based model
Authors: Kiriyama Kazuto , Iwasa Yoh
Published: March 2021

Fish school size varies with several factors, such as environmental conditions, individual size, time of day, and variations between individuals. In this study, we investigate the mean size of fish schools formed in a simple agent‐based model, wherein each individual swims at a fixed speed with the direction modified by interactions with the neighbors. If alignment (tendency to swim in their neighbors' direction) is stronger than cohesion (tendency to swim toward the neighbors), then “marches” are formed, in which individuals swim in the same direction. If alignment is weaker than cohesion, then “circles” are formed, in which individuals chase one another and the entire group moves minimally. We analyzed various processes that control the shape and mean size of the schools. The school's shape is primarily affected by the magnitude of alignment, cohesion, and individual noises. In contrast, the mean size of the group is affected by several factors, including the spatial interaction range, initial configuration, individual differences in swimming speed, and sudden encounters with predators.
Multiplex immune protein profiling of fine‐needle aspirates from patients with non‐small‐cell lung cancer reveals signatures associated with PD‐L1 expression and tumor stage
Authors: Franzén Bo , Viktorsson Kristina , Kamali Caroline , Darai‐Ramqvist Eva , Grozman Vitali , Arapi Vasiliki , Hååg Petra , Kaminskyy Vitaliy O. , Hydbring Per , Kanter Lena , Nyrén Sven , Ekman Simon , De Petris Luigi , Lewensohn Rolf
Published: March 2021

Biomarker signatures identified through minimally invasive procedures already at diagnosis of non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) could help to guide treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). Here, we performed multiplex profiling of immune‐related proteins in fine‐needle aspirate (FNA) samples of thoracic lesions from patients with NSCLC to assess PD‐L1 expression and identify related protein signatures. Transthoracic FNA samples from 14 patients were subjected to multiplex antibody‐based profiling by proximity extension assay (PEA). PEA profiling employed protein panels relevant to immune and tumor signaling and was followed by Qlucore® Omics Explorer analysis. All lesions analyzed were NSCLC adenocarcinomas, and PEA profiles could be used to monitor 163 proteins in all but one sample. Multiple key immune signaling components (including CD73, granzyme A, and chemokines CCL3 and CCL23) were identified and expression of several of these proteins (e.g., CCL3 and CCL23) correlated to PD‐L1 expression. We also found EphA2, a marker previously linked to inferior NSCLC prognosis, to correlate to PD‐L1 expression. Our identified protein signatures related to stage included, among others, CXCL10 and IL12RB1. We conclude that transthoracic FNA allows for extensive immune and tumor protein profiling with assessment of putative biomarkers of important for ICI treatment selection in NSCLC.
Recreation
Authors: Hall C. Michael
Published: March 2021

Recreation comprises voluntary leisure activities usually undertaken in or near the home environment. Geographical studies of recreation commenced in the early twentieth century and were long primarily focused on outdoor recreation in natural and rural areas. Since the 1970s, recreation geographies have focused on urban recreation and leisure as well as parks, protected areas, and wilderness. The field has had a strong applied geography and planning emphasis using qualitative and quantitative methods to examine issues of access to recreation resources, recreation satisfaction, economic impacts, physical and social carrying capacity, environmental impacts, and recreation constraints. Concerns over the provision of recreation opportunities have meant that recreation geographers have also become involved in issues of environmental and social justice, as well as contemporary concerns with embodied and socialized practices and their multisensory sensitivities, including with respect to online recreation and virtual environments, along with the effects of climate change on recreation.
Genocide
Authors: Tyner James A.
Published: March 2021

Genocide is an inherently spatial process, and yet, until recently, geographers have not readily engaged with the topic. This has changed, however, and geographers now stand alongside historians, sociologists, psychologists, anthropologists, and other social scientists in the study of historical and contemporary genocides. In so doing, geographers have forwarded myriad geospatial technologies to better understand the complex historical‐geographical processes that underscore genocide and to work toward the prevention of genocide and related forms of mass violence.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Defined Osteophyte Presence and Concomitant Cartilage Damage in Knees With Incident Tibiofemoral Osteoarthritis: Data From the Pivotal Osteoarthritis Initiative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analyses Study
Authors: MacKay James , Guermazi Ali , Kwoh C. Kent , See P. L. Paul , Jarraya Mohamed , Li Ling , Hannon Michael J. , Fuji Tomoko , Roemer Frank W.
Published: March 2021

Objective

To describe compartmental frequencies of magnetic resonance image (MRI)–defined osteophytes and co‐localized cartilage damage and evaluate the associations of osteophyte size with any ipsicompartmental cartilage damage in knees with incident tibiofemoral radiographic knee osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

We evaluated knees from the Osteoarthritis Initiative without radiographic knee OA at baseline that developed radiographic knee OA during a 4‐year interval. Semiquantitative MRI scoring of osteophytes and cartilage damage was performed at the time point when radiographic knee OA was diagnosed, defined as Kellgren/Lawrence grade of ≥2, using the MRI Osteoarthritis Knee Score instrument. The frequencies of maximum osteophyte size and maximum grade of ipsicompartmental (i.e., patellofemoral, medial tibiofemoral, lateral tibiofemoral, posterior femur) cartilage damage were assessed. Generalized estimating equations were used to determine the association of MRI‐defined maximum osteophyte size with presence of any (excluding focal superficial defects) ipsicompartmental cartilage damage.

Results

A total of 296 knees that did not have tibiofemoral radiographic knee OA at the baseline visit but developed radiographic knee OA during the 48‐month observational period were included. In the patellofemoral, medial tibiofemoral, and lateral tibiofemoral compartments, the most frequent osteophyte grade was 1 (67.6%, 59.1%, and 51.7%, respectively) and was 0 (51.7%) in the posterior femur. For all compartments except the posterior femur, a linear trend was found between increasing maximum osteophyte size and the presence of any concomitant cartilage damage.

Conclusion

In this sample of knees with incident tibiofemoral radiographic knee OA, the patellofemoral joint showed more severe cartilage damage than other compartments regardless of concomitant osteophyte size. In the posterior femur, cartilage damage was rare despite the presence or size of concomitant osteophytes.
Stable adaptive identification of fully‐coupled second‐order 6 degree‐of‐freedom nonlinear plant models for underwater vehicles: Theory and experimental evaluation
Authors: McFarland Christopher J. , Whitcomb Louis L.
Published: March 2021

This article reports the development, stability analysis, and experimental evaluation of a novel adaptive identification (AID) algorithm for underwater vehicles (UVs) for on‐line estimation of plant parameters (hydrodynamic mass, quadratic drag, righting moment, and buoyancy parameters) that enter linearly into 6 degree‐of‐freedom (6‐DOF) second‐order rigid‐body UV plant dynamic models. The reported UV AID method does not require instrumentation of vehicle acceleration as is required of other standard plant parameter identification methods such as conventional least squares. All but one previously reported adaptive methods for second‐order nonlinear plants have addressed the problem of model‐based adaptive tracking control—approaches in which adaptive plant model identification is performed simultaneously with model‐based trajectory‐tracking control of fully‐actuated second‐order plants; however, these approaches are not applicable when the plant is either uncontrolled, under open‐loop control, underactuated, or using any control law other than an algorithm‐specific adaptive tracking controller. The UV AID algorithm reported herein does not require simultaneous reference trajectory‐tracking control, nor does it require instrumentation of linear acceleration or angular acceleration; thus this novel approach complements previously reported adaptive tracking methods and is applicable to a broader class of UV applications for which fully‐actuated tracking control is impractical or infeasible. We report a experimental performance analysis of the UV AID algorithm in comparison to conventional least‐square identification methods, including comparison in cross‐validation where the performance of the experimentally identified plant models obtained in identification trials are compared to experimental trials differing from the identification trials.
Two‐Dimensional Metal Telluride Atomic Crystals: Preparation, Physical Properties, and Applications
Authors: Li Hongda , Li Chenpu , Tao Boran , Gu Shaonan , Xie Yuanmiao , Wu Hao , Zhang Gaojie , Wang Guofu , Zhang Wenfeng , Chang Haixin
Published: March 2021

Atom‐thick 2D metal telluride atomic crystals (2D MTACs) display many fascinating physical properties for potential applications in multiple fields. In this review, recent advances in the preparation, physical properties and applications of 2D MTACs are presented. First, three kinds of the most available preparation methods for 2D single crystal MTACs have been summarized, including single crystal‐based mechanical exfoliation, molecular beam epitaxy, and chemical vapor deposition. Second, the recent progress on abundant physical properties of 2D MTACs is briefly introduced, including surface electronic properties, optoelectronic properties, electronic transport, and thermoelectric properties, ferroelectric properties, superconducting properties, and ferromagnetic properties. Third, the potential electronics, spintronics, optoelectronics and energy applications of 2D MTACs are presented. Finally, some significant challenges and opportunities in 2D MTACs are briefly addressed.
Recent Development of Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts in Acidic Environment
Authors: An Li , Wei Chao , Lu Min , Liu Hanwen , Chen Yubo , Scherer Günther G. , Fisher Adrian C. , Xi Pinxian , Xu Zhichuan J. , Yan Chun‐Hua
Published: March 2021

The proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis is one of the most promising hydrogen production techniques. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) occurring at the anode dominates the overall efficiency. Developing active and robust electrocatalysts for OER in acid is a longstanding challenge for PEM water electrolyzers. Most catalysts show unsatisfied stability under strong acidic and oxidative conditions. Such a stability challenge also leads to difficulties for a better understanding of mechanisms. This review aims to provide the current progress on understanding of OER mechanisms in acid, analyze the promising strategies to enhance both activity and stability, and summarize the state‐of‐the‐art catalysts for OER in acid. First, the prevailing OER mechanisms are reviewed to establish the physicochemical structure–activity relationships for guiding the design of highly efficient OER electrocatalysts in acid with stable performance. The reported approaches to improve the activity, from macroview to microview, are then discussed. To analyze the problem of instability, the key factors affecting catalyst stability are summarized and the surface reconstruction is discussed. Various noble‐metal‐based OER catalysts and the current progress of non‐noble‐metal‐based catalysts are reviewed. Finally, the challenges and perspectives for the development of active and robust OER catalysts in acid are discussed.