bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Different Dispersants in Fabricating Ti(C,N)-Based Cermet Tool Materials
Authors: Xu Qing Zhong , Ai Xing , Zhao Jun , Gong Feng , Tian Xian Hua , Zhang Hong Shan
Published: May 2016

A good dispersion of powders is crucial to obtain the sintered materials with superior properties. In this paper, the application of different dispersants in fabricating Ti (C,N)-based cermets was investigated. The effect of dispersant on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cermet materials was studied by observing the microstructure, indention cracks and fracture morphology using scanning electron microscope (SEM), and by measuring the transverse rupture strength (TRS), Vickers hardness (HV) and fracture toughness (KIC). The results reveal that the dispersant oleic acid is helpful for the dispersion of Ti (C,N)-based cermet powders, and can contribute to the homogeneous microstructure and stable mechanical properties of the cermet materials. Compared with the cermets fabricated with polyethylene glycol (PEG), the microstructure of cermets fabricated with oleic acid shows more homogeneously distributed Ti (C,N) particles embedded into more evenly spread binder phases without agglomerations of Ti (C,N) grains. The cermets fabricated with oleic acid possess better comprehensive mechanical properties, with higher transverse rupture strength, hardness and a bit lower fracture toughness than the cermets fabricated with PEG.
Research on the Effects of Hot Stamping Process Parameters on Mechanical Property for U-Shape Part
Authors: Xu Liang , Zhao Gang , Pan Lu , Du Wen Wen
Published: May 2016

For the sake of research on the hot stamping property of high strength steel, the stamping forming of USIBOR1500P is simulated by the nonlinear finite element software Dynaform and Ansys/ls-dyna. The initial data simulated on USIBOR1500P is obtained by the hot tensile test. The simulation results show that the martensite weight percentage and Vickers hardness are in inverse proportion to stamping speed and initial die temperature. Otherwise, they are increased when the heat conduction coefficient is rising. Thus they affect the final properties of machinery of U-shape part. The maximum stress appears in the die and punch radius, and the minimum stress appears in the flange and the bottom of the blank. The minimum temperature value appears in the flange and the maximum temperature value appears in the die and punch radius.
Wear Mechanism of PCBN Hard Cutting the Powder Metallurgy Valve Seats
Authors: Yang Hai Dong , Ding Ning , Niu Xiao Jun , Chen Hong Yun , Ye Zheng
Published: May 2016

Polycrystalline Cubic Boron Nitride (PCBN) tool is suitable for cutting powder metallurgy valve seat, which has high hardness and contains hard particles. By hard dry cutting different materials of powder metallurgy valve seat, the results show that: tool life when cutting melting copper powder metallurgy valve seat is longer; breakage failure is the main failure forms of tool and wear mechanism contains hard spots scratches, adhesive wear, diffusion wear and oxidation wear.
Editorial
Authors: Mensah Edward
Published: May 2016

Happy Holidays to all our readers, reviewers and authors; and welcome to the last issue of OJPHI in 2015. I am happy to announce that this is the 7th issue since we started publication in 2009.  Congratulations to all of you for achieving this milestone of success.
Multiradar observations of substorm‐driven ULF waves
Authors: James M. K. , Yeoman T. K. , Mager P. N. , Klimushkin D. Yu.
Published: May 2016

A recent statistical study of ULF waves driven by substorm‐injected particles observed using Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) found that the phase characteristics of these waves varied depending on where the wave was observed relative to the substorm. Typically, positive azimuthal wave numbers, m, were observed in waves generated to the east of the substorms and negative m to the west. The magnitude of m typically increased with the azimuthal separation between the wave observation and the substorm location. The energies estimated for the driving particles for these 83 wave events were found to be highest when the waves were observed closer to the substorm and lowest farther away. Each of the 83 events studied by James et al. (2013) involved just a single wave observation per substorm. Here a study of three individual substorm events are presented, with associated observations of multiple ULF waves using various different SuperDARN radars. We demonstrate that a single substorm is capable of driving a number of wave events characterized by different azimuthal scale lengths and wave periods, associated with different energies, W, in the driving particle population. We find that similar trends in m and W exist for multiple wave events with a single substorm as was seen in the single wave events of James et al. (2013). The variety of wave periods present on similar L shells in this study may also be evidence for the detection of both poloidal Alfvén and drift compressional mode waves driven by substorm‐injected particles.
Beyond the SCS‐CN method: A theoretical framework for spatially lumped rainfall‐runoff response
Authors: Bartlett M. S. , Parolari A. J. , McDonnell J. J. , Porporato A.
Published: May 2016

Since its introduction in 1954, the Soil Conservation Service curve number (SCS‐CN) method has become the standard tool, in practice, for estimating an event‐based rainfall‐runoff response. However, because of its empirical origins, the SCS‐CN method is restricted to certain geographic regions and land use types. Moreover, it does not describe the spatial variability of runoff. To move beyond these limitations, we present a new theoretical framework for spatially lumped, event‐based rainfall‐runoff modeling. In this framework, we describe the spatially lumped runoff model as a point description of runoff that is upscaled to a watershed area based on probability distributions that are representative of watershed heterogeneities. The framework accommodates different runoff concepts and distributions of heterogeneities, and in doing so, it provides an implicit spatial description of runoff variability. Heterogeneity in storage capacity and soil moisture are the basis for upscaling a point runoff response and linking ecohydrological processes to runoff modeling. For the framework, we consider two different runoff responses for fractions of the watershed area: “prethreshold” and “threshold‐excess” runoff. These occur before and after infiltration exceeds a storage capacity threshold. Our application of the framework results in a new model (called SCS‐CNx) that extends the SCS‐CN method with the prethreshold and threshold‐excess runoff mechanisms and an implicit spatial description of runoff. We show proof of concept in four forested watersheds and further that the resulting model may better represent geographic regions and site types that previously have been beyond the scope of the traditional SCS‐CN method.
Smectite deposits in Marathon Valley, Endeavour Crater, Mars, identified using CRISM hyperspectral reflectance data
Authors: Fox V. K. , Arvidson R. E. , Guinness E. A. , McLennan S. M. , Catalano J. G. , Murchie S. L. , Powell K. E.
Published: May 2016

The ~100 m wide Marathon Valley crosscuts the Cape Tribulation rim segment of the 22 km diameter, Noachian‐age Endeavour impact crater on Mars. Single‐scattering albedo spectra retrieved from three Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) Full‐Resolution Targeted (FRT, regularized to 18 m/pixel) and two Along Track Oversampled (ATO, regularized to 12 m/pixel) observations indicate the presence of Fe3+‐Mg2+ smectite exposures located in Marathon Valley with combination vibration metal‐OH absorption strength comparable to smectite spectral signatures in Mawrth Vallis. The Opportunity rover was directed to the exposures and documented the presence of Shoemaker formation impact breccias that have been isochemically altered, likely by fracture‐controlled aqueous fluids.
APES: Acute Precipitating Electron Spectrometer—A high time resolution monodirectional magnetic deflection electron spectrometer
Authors: Michell R. G. , Samara M. , Grubbs G. , Ogasawara K. , Miller G. , Trevino J. A. , Webster J. , Stange J.
Published: May 2016

We present a description of the Acute Precipitating Electron Spectrometer (APES) that was designed and built for the Ground‐to‐Rocket Electron Electrodynamics Correlative Experiment (GREECE) auroral sounding rocket mission. The purpose was to measure the precipitating electron spectrum with high time resolution, on the order of milliseconds. The trade‐off made in order to achieve high time resolution was to limit the aperture to only one look direction. The energy selection was done by using a permanent magnet to separate the incoming electrons, such that the different energies would fall onto different regions of the microchannel plate and therefore be detected by different anodes. A rectangular microchannel plate (MCP) was used (15 mm × 100 mm), and there was a total of 50 discrete anodes under the MCP, each one 15 mm × 1.5 mm, with a 0.5 mm spacing between anodes. The target energy range of APES was 200 eV to 30 keV.
Adaptive neural dynamic surface control of MIMO stochastic nonlinear systems with unknown control directions
Authors: Shahvali Milad , Askari Javad
Published: May 2016

In this paper, an adaptive neural output‐feedback control approach is considered for a class of uncertain multi‐input and multi‐output (MIMO) stochastic nonlinear systems with unknown control directions. Neural networks (NNs) are applied to approximate unknown nonlinearities, and K‐filter observer is designed to estimate unavailable system's states. Due to utilization of Nussbaum gain function technique in the proposed approach, the singularity problem and requirement to prior knowledge about signs of high‐frequency gains are removed, simultaneously. Razumikhin functional method is employed to deal with unknown state time‐varying delays, so that the offered control approach is free of common assumptions on derivative of time‐varying delays. Also, an adaptive neural dynamic surface control is developed; hence, explosion of complexity in conventional backstepping method is eliminated, effectively. The boundedness of all the resulting closed‐loop signals is guaranteed in probability; meanwhile, convergence of the tracking errors to adjustable compact set in the sense of mean quartic value is also proved. Finally, simulation results are shown to verify and clarify efficiency of the offered approach. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐Conjugated Flexible Linkers in Semiconducting Polymers: A Pathway to Improved Processability without Compromising Device Performance
Authors: Schroeder Bob C. , Chiu Yu‐Cheng , Gu Xiaodan , Zhou Yan , Xu Jie , Lopez Jeffrey , Lu Chien , Toney Michael F. , Bao Zhenan
Published: May 2016

Semiconducting polymers, in contrast to inorganic silicon, are solution processable and can potentially be printed cost efficiently on flexible large‐area substrates. However to do so it is of paramount importance to formulate the polymeric semiconductors into inks with specific viscosities. Herein, the synthesis of a new highly soluble isoindigo monomer and its incorporation into low bandgap semiconducting polymers is presented. Non‐conjugated flexible linkers are introduced into the conjugated backbone in order to modulate the materials processability. The viscoelastic properties of the new polymers are studied in detail by means of rheometry and dynamical mechanical analysis. The solution viscosity is directly proportional to the content of non‐conjugated linkers in the polymer backbone. In organic field‐effect transistors maximum hole mobilities of 1.7 cm2 V−1 s−1 are achieved with the new polymers. Due to the enhanced solubility all‐polymer solar cells are fabricated by solution shearing, reaching power conversion efficiency values of 3.7%.
A heterometal (Pd–Pb) organic framework: synthesis, structure and heterogeneous catalytic application
Authors: Ren Yanwei , Jiang Ou , Li Jiawei , Zeng Hang
Published: May 2016

A heterometallic organic framework {Pb[Pd(bpydc)Cl2]DMF}n (1) (H2bpydc = 2,2′‐bipyridine‐5,5′‐dicarboxylic acid) was synthesized via a one‐pot solvothermal method and characterized using thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as powder and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The crystal structure of 1 indicates that, in metalloligand Pd(bpydc)Cl2, every Pd atom adopts a square planar coordination mode with two chloride ions and two nitrogen atoms from bpydc, and the carboxyl groups of Pd(bpydc)Cl2 connect Pb atoms to form a one‐dimensional chain along the crystallographic a‐axis, which is interlinked via metalloligands to form a two‐dimensional layer structure. This complex is highly active, stable and recyclable as a catalyst for the Suzuki–Miyaura and Heck reactions of a wide range of aryl halides including electron‐rich and electron‐poor aryl iodides/bromides, affording the corresponding products in good to excellent yields. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric Michael Addition of Aldimino Esters with Chalcones Catalyzed by Silver/Xing‐Phos: Mechanism‐Oriented Divergent Synthesis of Chiral Pyrrolines
Authors: Bai Xing‐Feng , Li Li , Xu Zheng , Zheng Zhan‐Jiang , Xia Chun‐Gu , Cui Yu‐Ming , Xu Li‐Wen
Published: May 2016

The mechanism‐oriented reaction design for the divergent synthesis of chiral molecules from simple starting materials is highly desirable. In this work, aromatic amide‐derived nonbiarylatropisomer/silver (silver/Xing‐Phos) complex was used to catalyze the Michael addition of glycine aldimino esters to chalcones and successfully applied to the subsequent cyclocondensation to afford substituted cis‐Δ(1)‐pyrroline derivatives with up to 98 % ee. Besides the inherent performance of the chiral Ag/Xing‐Phos catalyst system, it was found that the workup of such reactions played an important role for the stereoselective construction of stereodivergent Δ(1)‐pyrrolines, in which an epimerization of the cis‐Δ(1)‐pyrrolines to the trans‐isomers during was revealed.
ChemInform Abstract: Matrix Isolation and Mass Spectrometric Studies on the Vaporisation of Chromium(III) Chloride. The Characterisation of Molecular CrCl4 and CrCl3.
Authors: OGDEN J. S. , WYATT R. S.
Published: May 2016

The N2 and Ar matrix IR spectra and mass spectrometric results obtained in the temp. range 550‐800 °C reveal three different molecular chromium halides.
ChemInform Abstract: Study of Cu2+ Location in Zeolites Na‐A and K‐A by ESR and ESE Spectroscopies.
Authors: ANDERSON M. W. , KEVAN L.
Published: May 2016

The determination of the Cu2+ location in hydrated and dehydrated Cu2+‐doped Na‐A and K‐A zeolites is achieved by partial exchange of the zeolites by Cs+ cations, which occupy well‐defined crystallographic sites, and monitoring the weak hyperfine interaction between Cu2+ and Cs+.
ChemInform Abstract: The Inhibition of the Corrosion of Titanium in 10 N H2SO4 by Cupferron (N‐Nitrosophenyl hydroxylamine)
Authors: SUTTER E. M. M. , CORNET A. , PAGETTI J.
Published: May 2016

is investigated using electrochemical techniques, Raman and UV spectrometries and compared with some oxidizing inhibitors.
ChemInform Abstract: Pathways for Nucleophilic Substitution at Silicon. A MO Approach.
Authors: DEITERS J. A. , HOLMES R. R.
Published: May 2016

MO calculations on the system outlined in the scheme indicate that for both X: F and Cl axial entry is a lower energy pathway than equatorial entry, axial departure is the preferred route rather than equatorial departure, and retention via pseudorotation is of lower energy than retention via equatorial attack.
ChemInform Abstract: Rate Constants for H + O2 + M at 298 K for M: He, N2, and H2O
Authors: HSU K.‐J. , DURANT J. L. , KAUFMAN F.
Published: May 2016

have been measured by the discharge‐flow technique to be 2.6·10‐32, 6.1·10‐32, and 6.4·10‐31 cm6s‐1 respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of 6‐B10H13Cl from a AlCl3‐(Et4N)2B10H10 Mixture.
Authors: MONGEOT H. , ATCHEKZAI J. , BONNETOT B. , COLOMBIER M.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of (I) with hydrated AlCl3 or hydrolysis of the complex formed between (I) and anhydrous AlCl3 provide a new example of opening the B10H12‐0 cage.
ChemInform Abstract: 1D and 2D NMR Investigations of the Jump Mechanism of Co(II) Ions in (12)Crown‐4 Stacks.
Authors: DICKERT F. L. , GMEINER W. , GUMBRECHT W. , MEISSNER H.
Published: May 2016

Changes in the 1H‐NMR and the 2D 1H‐exchange NMR of the sandwich complex (Co((12)crown‐4)2) (ClO4)2 in the presence of free crown ether in CD3NO2 indicate that an exchange takes place not only between the ligands but also between the magnetizations.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Reduction of Isoxazoles and Related Compounds.
Authors: SUROV I. , LUND H.
Published: May 2016

Some isoxazoles (I), isoxazolines (IV) and their quaternized derivatives (II), (III) are investigated by polarography and preparative reduction.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemistry of Iron Porphyrins Under a CO Atmosphere. Interactions Between CO and Pyridine.
Authors: SWISTAK C. , KADISH K. M.
Published: May 2016

The electrochemical reduction of (I) in CH2Cl2 under a CO atmosphere leads to (II) and (III), but there is no reoxidation peak of (III) coupled with the initial reduction process.
ChemInform Abstract: Divalent Metal Ion Catalysis of Acetal Hydrolysis; Effects of Oxycarbocation Stability and Leaving Group Basicity.
Authors: FIFE T. H. , PRZYSTAS T. J.
Published: May 2016

Small amounts of divalent metal cations (Ni2+, Co2+, Zn2+) strongly catalyze the hydrolysis of (I) and (II) (rate enhancement ca. 104 by the most effective Ni2+ at pH 7) in contrast to (III) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Anionic Rearrangement of a Cyclohexadienone. A Serendipitous Synthesis of Methyl (E)‐3‐Isopropyl‐6‐oxohept‐4‐enoate.
Authors: CARMAN R. M. , VAN DONGEN J. M. A. M.
Published: May 2016

At room temp. the solvolysis of the acetate (I) yields the products (II)‐(IV) without affording the analogous alcohol.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Photochemistry. Part 68. Photochemistry of Polyfunctional Molecules. Intramolecular Aryl to Ketone Singlet Energy Transfer in the trans‐ and cis‐Decalins, 7‐Keto‐13β‐methyl‐5,6,7,8,9,10,13β,14α‐octahydrophenanthrene, and Its 14β Isomer.
Authors: MORRISON H. , PALLMER M. , LOESCHEN R. , PANDEY B. , MUTHURAMU K. , MAXWELL B.
Published: May 2016

Photolysis of the cis‐(Ia) and trans‐octahydrophenanthrene derivatives (Ib) yields the isomeric alcohols (II) and (IV) formed by reduction, and the tetralins (III) and (V) as a result of α‐cleavage.
ChemInform Abstract: First Absolute Rate Constants for Some Hydrogen Atom Abstractions and Addition Reactions of an Aroyloxyl Radical: 4‐Methoxybenzoyloxyl.
Authors: CHATEAUNEUF J. , LUSZTYK J. , INGOLD K. U.
Published: May 2016

In the UV/VIS time‐resolved spectra of (I) the appearance of the radical (II) is observed, showing a lifetime of 1.76 μs. The ratio of the rates of decay in the presence of the donors cyclohexane or Et3SiH are in good agreement with the ratio of donor concentrations.
ChemInform Abstract: Calcium in Liquid Ammonia for the Reduction of Benzyl Ethers. Mechanistic Clues Derived from Chemoselectivity Studies.
Authors: HWU J. R. , CHUA V. , SCHROEDER J. E. , BARRANS R. E. JUN. , KHOUDARY K. P. , WANG N. , WETZEL J. M.
Published: May 2016

The benzylic ethers (I) are cleaved by calcium in liquid ammonia to give the corresponding alcohols (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Mono‐Fluorination of Biologically Interesting Compounds Using Acetyl Hypofluorite.
Authors: HEBEL D. , LERMAN O. , ROZEN S.
Published: May 2016

The title compound (III), prepared directly from elemental fluorine, undergoes substitution reactions with the compounds (I), (IVa) and (Va) or addition reactions with the steroids (VI) and (IX) to afford the products (II), (IVb) and (Vb) or the fluorinated steroids (VII) and (X), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Biogenetic‐Type Transformation of 3‐tertiary‐Hydroxyalkanoic Acids to Olefinic Compounds.
Authors: OHTA S. , NOZAKI A. , OHASHI N. , NISHIMURA Y. , YONEDA Y. , OKAMOTO M.
Published: May 2016

The β‐hydroxyalkanoic acids (I) are converted to the olefinic compounds (III) by dehydrating decarboxylation on treatment with N‐ethoxycarbonyl‐2‐ethoxy‐1,2‐dihydroquinoline (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselectivity Effects in the Hydrolytic Cleavage of Activated Substrates with α‐ and β‐Cyclodextrins.
Authors: FORNASIER R. , RENIERO F. , SCRIMIN P. , TONELLATO U.
Published: May 2016

The kinetics of hydrolytic cleavage of the enantiomers of the nitrophenyl phenylacetates (I) and the carbonates (II) are measured in the presence of α‐ and β‐cyclodextrins.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Regioselective α‐Addition of Alkynyl and Alkenyl Grignard Reagents to 1‐Alkoxycarbonylpyridinium Salts and Its Application to Synthesis of 1‐Azabicycloalkanes and (.+‐.)‐Solenopsin A.
Authors: YAMAGUCHI R. , NAKAZONO Y. , MATSUKI T. , HATA E. , KAWANISI M.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of the pyridines (I) with the alkenyl or alkynyl Grignard reagents (II) in the presence of methyl chloroformate (III) yields the dihydropyridines (IV) with an α‐regioselectivity of > 98% in all cases.
ChemInform Abstract: Vinylic Organoboranes. Part 5. An Improved, Convenient Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Alkynes via Iodination of Lithium Alkynyl “Ate” Complexes of Thexylalkylborinates.
Authors: SIKORSKI J. A. , BHAT N. G. , COLE T. E. , WANG K. K. , BROWN H. C.
Published: May 2016

Starting with the olefins (I) and thexylchloroborane (II), an optimized process for the preparation of the unsymmetrical alkynes (VI) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Trapping of 1,2‐Benzoquinones Related to Melanogenesis with 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydrocyclopent(b)indole.
Authors: OMOTE Y. , TOMOTAKE A. , KASHIMA C.
Published: May 2016

The intermediacy of dopaquinone (IIIa) and dopachrome (VIb) has been suggested in the melanogenesis of dopa (IIa).
ChemInform Abstract: Substituted (Aryloxy)alkanoic Acids as Antagonists of Slow‐Reacting Substance of Anaphylaxis.
Authors: LEMAHIEU R. A. , CARSON M. , HAN R.‐J. , NASON W. C. , O'DONNELL M. , BROWN D. L. , CROWLEY H. J. , WELTON A. F.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of the dihydroxyacetophenone (I) with the bromoalkanoic acid esters (II) and subsequently with the dibromo compounds (III) yields the bromides (IV), which are coupled with (I) to give the esters (Va).
ChemInform Abstract: Double‐Headed Haptens with Pyrocatechol (Poison Ivy like) and Methylene Lactone Functional Groups: A Search for Skin‐Tolerance Inducers.
Authors: MATTES H. , BENEZRA C.
Published: May 2016

2,3‐Dimethoxybenzaldehyde (IV) is transformed into the bihapten (VIIIa) and the monohapten (VIIIb) using Grignard and Reformatsky‐type reactions as outlined in the reaction scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Substituted Furans from 3‐C‐Substituted Hexuloses.
Authors: FAYET C. , GELAS J.
Published: May 2016

Isopropylidenation of D‐fructose (I) yields the acetal (II) which gives the hexodiulose (III) on oxidation.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Method for the Preparation of Cyclic Amidines Using Bis‐(trimethylsilyl)acetamide.
Authors: HIGASHI K. , SATO M. , FURUKAWA M.
Published: May 2016

The cyclic amidines (III) are prepared from the γ‐amino amides (Ia) ‐ (Ic) using bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (II) as the dehydrating agent.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrrolizidines and Related Compounds. Part 9. Rearrangement of 7a‐Trichloromethyl‐2,3,5,6,7,7a‐hexahydro‐1H‐pyrrolizine and Related Compounds: An Alternative Route to 5‐Substituted 1‐Azabicyclo(3.3.1)nonanes.
Authors: MIYANO S. , MIBU N. , IRIE M. , FUJII S. , FUJISAKI F. , ABE N. , SUMOTO K.
Published: May 2016

The title compound (IIIa) is obtained either from the known pyrrolizine (II) or its perchlorate (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Thermolysis Reactions of Bromo‐1‐nitro‐1H‐pyrazoles. Formation of 3‐Nitro‐1H‐ vs. 4‐Nitro‐1H‐pyrazoles.
Authors: JUFFERMANS J. P. H. , HABRAKEN C. L.
Published: May 2016

Thermolysis reactions of the 1‐nitropyrazoles (Ia) and (Ib) are studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactivity of 5‐Amino‐4,5‐dihydroisoxazoles.
Authors: BARLUENGA J. , JARDON J. , GOTOR V.
Published: May 2016

Reaction of the diimines (I) with hydroxylamine hydrochloride (II) yields the title compounds of type (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Polyfluorocarbonyl Compounds with 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydroquinoline.
Authors: ZELENIN A. E. , CHKANIKOV N. D. , UMNOV A. M. , KOLOMIETS A. F. , FOKIN A. V.
Published: May 2016

The fluorocarbonyl compounds (II) react with the tetrahydroquinoline (I) to give the monosubstituted derivatives (III) and (IV) or the disubstituted derivatives (V), depending on the molar ratio.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Cell Growth Inhibition, and Antitumor Screening of 2‐(p‐nButylanilino)purines and Their Nucleoside Analogues.
Authors: WRIGHT G. E. , DUDYCZ L. W. , KAZIMIERCZUK Z. , BROWN N. C. , KHAN N. N.
Published: May 2016

The anilinopurines (II) and their deoxyribofuranosyl derivatives (IV) and (V) are synthesized as outlined in the reaction scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloadditions in Syntheses. Part 31. (2 + 2)Photocycloaddition of 3‐Trifluoromethyl Derivatives of Quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐one and 1,4‐Benzoxazin‐2‐one to Olefins: Effects of the Trifluoromethyl Group.
Authors: KANEKO C. , KASAI K. , WATANABE H. , KATAGIRI N.
Published: May 2016

Photochemical (2 + 2)cycloaddition reaction of the title compounds (I) with the carbon‐nitrogen double bond of both electron‐rich and electron‐deficient olefins such as (II), (IV), or (VI) yields the derivatives (III), (V), and (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Coupling of 1,3‐Dienes with (Carbene)iron Complexes to Give Substituted (1,3‐Diene)Fe(CO)3 Derivatives.
Authors: SEMMELHACK M. F. , PARK J.
Published: May 2016

The coupling reaction of (II) with dienes (I) generally gives mixtures of diastereomeric complexes (III) and (IV) (the major isomers are assumed to possess structure (III)).
ChemInform Abstract: Conversion of η4‐Bound Cyclopentadiene to the Complexed Carbene Cyclopentadienylidene.
Authors: WADEPOHL H. , PRITZKOW H.
Published: May 2016

The complex (I) and the bis(ethylene)‐Co complex (II) react to give the air‐sensitive, binuclear η4,η1‐(diene,carbene)‐coordinated complex (IIIa) in which the ethylene ligand can be substituted by CO or PMe3 yielding (IIIb) and (IIIc).
ChemInform Abstract: (Ag4(SCH2C6H4CH2S)3)2‐, a Novel Polynuclear Silver Thiolate with Trigonal‐Planar Coordination of All Silver Atoms and a Central (Ag4S6) Cage.
Authors: HENKEL G. , BETZ P. , KREBS B.
Published: May 2016

The title cluster anion is formed by 1:1 molar reaction of AgNO3 with the disodium salt of the corresponding dithiol in methanol and isolated as its tetraphenylphosphonium salt (I) by addition of PPh4Br.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution. Part 32. Stereoselective Alkylation of Aromatic Compounds with Threonine Trifluoromethanesulfonates.
Authors: EFFENBERGER F. , WEBER T.
Published: May 2016

Alkylation of benzene (II) with the diastereomeric triflates (I) leads to the phenylalanine derivatives (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Trimethylsilyl Azide with Anhydro Sugars, a Mild Method of Oxirane‐Ring Opening.
Authors: JANAIRO G. , KOWOLLIK W. , VOELTER W.
Published: May 2016

Reactions of the epoxides (I) and (V) according to A) yield isomeric mixtures of the corresponding unsilylated azidodeoxy sugars.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Oxidation of Carbohydrate Triols: Facile Synthesis of 2,3‐O‐Isopropylidene‐β‐D‐threo‐hexo‐2,4‐diulopyranose and 1,2‐O‐Isopropylidene‐β‐D‐threo‐hexo‐2,5‐diulopyranose.
Authors: DEN DRIJVER L. , HOLZAPFEL C. W. , KOEKEMOER J. M. , KRUGER G. J. , VAN DYK M. S.
Published: May 2016

Stannylation of the fructose derivatives (I) and (IV), followed by brominolysis yields the title compounds (II) and (V), which are characterized as the oximes (III) and (VI) respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Application of ESR Spectroscopy to the Study of the Effects of Ionizing Radiation on DNA and DNA Complexes.
Authors: SYMONS M. C. R.
Published: May 2016

Exposure of aqueous solutions of DNA to 60Co γ‐rays at 77 K gives radicals whose ESR spectra suggest the presence of guanine cations and thymine anions in about equal yield.
ChemInform Abstract: A Synthetic Approach to the Macrolide Nucleus of Tetronolide.
Authors: TAKEDA K. , URAHATA M. , YOSHII E. , TAKAYANAGI H. , OGURA H.
Published: May 2016

The tetronate (II) is coupled with the aldehyde (I) to give a carbinol which yields a sulfonylaldehyde after Swern oxidation, desilylation, and oxidation.
ChemInform Abstract: Joining Between Silicon Nitride Ceramics with Si3N4‐Y2O3‐La2O3‐CaO Mixture
Authors: TAMARI N. , HONDA M. , KOYAMA M. , KINOSHITA M. , KOMIYAMA T.
Published: May 2016

is shown to result in joining strengths as high as about 380 MPa at 20 °C and about 150 MPa at 1000 °C, if joining is carried out at 1600 °C using a composition of Si3N4:(Y2O3 + La2O3) = 65:35 mol%.
Claustrum of the short‐tailed fruit bat,Carollia perspicillata: Alignment of cellular orientation and functional connectivity
Authors: Orman Rena , Kollmar Richard , Stewart Mark
Published: May 2016

The claustrum is a gray‐matter structure that underlies neocortex and reciprocates connections with cortical and subcortical targets. In lower mammals, the claustrum is directly adjacent to neocortex, making the definition of claustral boundaries challenging. Latexin, an endogenous inhibitor of metallocarboxypeptidases, localizes to claustral cells, enabling a clear delineation of claustrum. Given its proportionately large claustrum, we hypothesized that the short‐tailed fruit bat,Carollia perspicillata,can be a useful model for claustral structure–function relations. We used latexin immunohistochemistry to identify claustral boundaries and intrinsic structure and multielectrode recordings from brain slices to explore intrinsic excitatory connectivity of the claustrum.

Carollia'sclaustrum contains cells whose intrinsic connectivity and alignment permit the generation of spontaneous, synchronous population events and mirror their pattern of spread in disinhibited brain slices over millimeters.Carolliashows cellular alignment and spontaneous population‐activity spread along both horizontal and dorsoventral axes.Carolliaclaustrum possesses intrinsic excitatory connectivity sufficient to: 1) generate single, spontaneous, synchronized burst discharges, 2) support activity spread along axes where claustral cells are aligned, and 3), because of multiple axes for cell alignment, support activity spread along both rostrocaudal and dorsoventral axes. The smaller event sizes in bat claustrum compared with rat claustrum are consistent with events occurring in population subsets rather than the full claustral cell population. The overall size of claustrum, its pronounced vascularity, and its more complex intrinsic connectivity than rat suggest that the bat is an animal model for claustral structure and function that will permit unique access to claustrum's processing capabilities. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:1459–1474, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The development of visual preferences for direct versus averted gaze faces in infant macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Muschinski Jana , Feczko Eric , Brooks Jenna M. , Collantes Marie , Heitz Thomas R. , Parr Lisa A.
Published: May 2016

Human and nonhuman primates show a preference for looking at faces with direct gaze. In humans, this preference emerges shortly after birth, but little is known about the development of gaze preferences in monkeys. This study tracked the development of gaze preferences in infant monkeys from birth through 6 months of age using infrared eye‐tracking. Although absent in the first week, a strong significant preference for direct compared to averted gaze faces emerged rapidly, peaking around 2 months of age. When looking at the eyes, the monkeys’ fixations were equivalent in duration for both gaze types in the first 2 months, but thereafter remained longer for the averted gaze faces. Therefore, the infants spent a greater proportion of time overall, but made shorter fixations, when looking at the direct compared to averted gaze faces. These results suggest that monkeys develop an efficient strategy when viewing the preferred direct gaze faces that involves longer viewing times, but shorter fixations.
Spatio‐temporal patterns of evapotranspiration from groundwater‐dependent vegetation
Authors: Sommer Bea , Boggs Dimity A. , Boggs Guy S. , van Dijk Albert , Froend Ray
Published: May 2016

Understanding hydrological processes in water‐limited systems requires consideration of temporal and spatial vegetation water use patterns at the landscape scale. We used data derived from the MODerate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite instrument and interpolated climate data covering a ten‐year period to contrast the spatio‐temporal patterns of actual evapotranspiration (AET) from known phreatophytic and non‐phreatophytic vegetation overlying a large superficial aquifer. We assessed shallow to deeper groundwater habitats and compared AET responses to seasonal and inter‐annual variation in precipitation. Overall, vegetation in shallow groundwater habitats had higher AET rates during the growth season (spring and summer) than vegetation growing in deeper groundwater habitats, suggesting that the former was not physiologically constrained by water deficit. Vegetation in areas of consistently high (ground‐)water availability maintained higher AET, reaching a peak of 95 mm in mid‐summer. In contrast, plantation maritime pines had the highest AET rates at deep groundwater habitats. Inter‐annual variability in AET correlated with rainfall and AET rates peaked two months after the majority of effective rainfall had fallen. During low rainfall years, maximum AET peaked one month earlier relative to higher rainfall years. The results of this study suggest that remote sensing of AET can give a conditional indication of where groundwater is important in supporting vegetation and can be a valuable tool in identifying management focus areas where vegetation is variably sensitive to water deficit. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SNCA Gene Polymorphism may Contribute to an Increased Risk of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Wang Quanbao , Tian Qian , Song Xiaojie , Liu Yunyong , Li Wei
Published: May 2016

Background

The purpose of this study is to elucidate the association between α‐synuclein (SNCA) polymorphisms and the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods

The PCR‐RFLP was applied to detect SNCA gene rs6532190, rs3775430, and rs10516846 polymorphisms in 98 AD patients and 105 healthy elderly.

Results

The GG frequency of rs10516846 was evidently increased in AD group than control group (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference in SNCA level between the AD and control groups (P < 0.01). In the AD group, the SNCA level in cerebrospinal fluid of GG (rs10516846) carriers was increased as compared with AA carriers (P < 0.05). The GG (rs10516846) frequency of the early‐onset AD group is significantly higher than that of the late‐onset AD group (P < 0.05). The frequency of rs3775430 GG was lower in the early‐onset group than that in the late‐onset group (0% vs. 16.7%). The SNCA level in cerebrospinal fluid of GG (rs10516846) carriers in the early‐onset AD group is higher than that of AA carriers (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

SNCA gene polymorphism may be associated with an increased risk of AD and GG genotype of rs10516846 and elevated SNCA level in CSF may increase the risk of early‐onset AD.
High‐sensitivity chemiluminescent immunoassay investigation and application for the detection of T‐2 toxin and major metabolite HT‐2 toxin
Authors: Li Yanshen , Zhang Jing , Mao Xin , Wu Yongtao , Liu Gongzhen , Song Liting , Li Yonggang , Yang Jianrong , You Yanli , Cao Xuelin
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND

T‐2 toxin is a widely distributed mycotoxin in cereals. HT‐2 toxin is the major metabolite, which is also a contaminant in cereals. T‐2 toxin and HT‐2 toxin have been identified as having carcinogenic, hepatotoxic, teratogenic and immunotoxic properties. To reduce the risk of contamination, a rapid, highly sensitive and inexpensive assay for the detection is required.

RESULTS

In this study a high‐sensitivity chemiluminescent enzyme‐linked immunoassay (CL‐ELISA) of T‐2 toxin and HT‐2 toxin was developed. With the help of the chemiluminescent substrate, this protocol showed a highly sensitive character with an IC50 as low as 33.28 ng mL−1 and 27.27 ng mL−1 for T‐2 and HT‐2, respectively. In addition, this method had no cross‐reaction with other structurally related mycotoxins.

CONCLUSION

These results indicated that the developed CL‐ELISA could be applied for the detection of T‐2 toxin and HT‐2 toxin in actual samples without complicated steps. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
A combination of quantitative marinating and Maillard reaction to enhance volatile flavor in Chinese marinated chicken
Authors: Wei Xiuli , Wang Chunqing , Zhang Chunhui , Li Xia , Wang Jinzhi , Li Hai , Tang Chunhong
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUND

A combination of quantitative marinating and Maillard reaction was investigated by adding d‐xylose, l‐cysteine and thiamine to the marinated brine of quantitative marinating, which was expected to enhance the volatile flavor of Chinese marinated chicken. Response surface methodology was used to optimize parameters, in which response was sensory evaluation scores of marinated chicken. A Box–Behnken center design was applied to the optimized added contents. The optimized contents were d‐xylose (1–5‰), l‐cysteine (1–5‰) and thiamine (1–3‰).

RESULTS

Analysis of variance indicated that a second‐order polynomial equation could predict the experimental data well (R2 = 0.94), and sensory evaluation scores were significantly affected by the added amount of d‐xylose, l‐cysteine and thiamine. The optimal conditions that maximized the sensory evaluation score of Chinese marinated chicken were found to be 4.96‰ d‐xylose, 2.28‰ l‐cysteine and 2.66‰ thiamine (w/w). Given these optimal conditions, a number of meat‐like flavor compounds such as 2‐pentyl‐furan, benzothiazole and 4‐methyl‐5‐thiazoleethanol were identified by gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric analysis.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggested that a combination of quantitative marinating and Maillard reaction might be a promising method to enhance the volatile flavor, especially meat‐like flavor, of Chinese marinated chicken. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Non‐destructive evaluation of AlSi10Mg prismatic samples generated by selective laser melting: Influence of manufacturing conditions
Authors: Hitzler L. , Janousch C. , Schanz J. , Merkel M. , Mack F. , Öchsner A.
Published: May 2016

Before utilising selective laser melting in real applications, the process as well as the outcome component and its characteristics need to be fully understood. Based on the layer‐wise fabrication, with its distinctive orientations in translations and thermal influences within this additive manufacturing process, the obtained material properties and the microstructure are anticipated to be anisotropic. The selective laser melting process involves: the laser movement pattern in plane and rotation between single layers; recoater movement; substrate plate heating and movement; laser irradiation from the top; and inert gas flow. In order to gain insight into the process and its related characteristics, different sets of prismatic specimens in terms of orientation and inclination were produced and evaluated. The evaluation contained surface quality investigations with two independent measurement approaches, i.e. tactile and optical, density measurements based on the Archimedes principle and micro‐section evaluation. Furthermore, ultrasonic analyses were conducted to study the feasibility of determining the mechanical properties, i.e. Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio, in accordance with the recorded longitudinal and transversal sonic velocities.

The chosen raw material for these investigations was AlSi10Mg and the fabricated parts exhibited a high relative density of at least 99.5 %. Remarkable deviations were evident in the obtained surface quality and clear trends could be determined based on the inclination and orientation condition of the sample during manufacturing. In regards to the ultrasonic investigation, it was found that the reported inherent anisotropy of selective laser melted samples could not be detected with the non‐destructive ultrasonic investigation, and destructive procedures, to date, represent the only reliable method to accurately reveal the material characteristics.
Comparative analysis of the fecal bacterial community of five harbor seals (Phoca vitulina)
Authors: Numberger Daniela , Herlemann Daniel P. R. , Jürgens Klaus , Dehnhardt Guido , Schulz‐Vogt Heide
Published: May 2016

The gut microbiota has many beneficial effects on host metabolism and health, and its composition is determined by numerous factors. It is also assumed that there was a co‐evolution of mammals and the bacteria inhabiting their gut. Current knowledge of the mammalian gut microbiota mainly derives from studies on humans and terrestrial animals, whereas those on marine mammals are sparse. However, they could provide additional information on influencing factors, such as the role of diet and co‐evolution with the host. In this study, we investigated and compared the bacterial diversity in the feces of five male harbor seals (Phoca vitulina). Because this small population included two half‐brother pairs, each sharing a common father, it allowed an evaluation of the impact of host relatedness or genetic similarity on the gut microbial community. Fresh feces obtained from the seals by an enema were analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. The results showed that the bacterial communities in the seals' feces mainly consisted of the phyla Firmicutes (19–43%), Bacteroidetes (22–36%), Fusobacteria (18–32%), and Proteobacteria (5–17%) . Twenty‐one bacterial members present in the fecal samples of the five seals contributed an average relative abundance of 93.7 + 8.7% of the total fecal microbial community. Contrary to all expectations based on previous studies a comparison of the fecal community between individual seals showed a higher similarity between unrelated than related individuals.
Determining jitter values in the very young by use of the e‐norms methodology
Authors: Pitt Matthew C. , Jabre Joe F.
Published: May 2016

Introduction: The diagnosis of myasthenia gravis in very young infants is a challenging one. In young infants, stimulated single‐fiber electromyography (StimSFEMG) is the most appropriate technique, but it has serious limitations due to the absence of reference values in this subpopulation. Here we present our efforts to derive a reference range of jitter in a patient cohort of infants <3 years of age using the extrapolated norms, or e‐norms, technique. Methods: The e‐norms method was used to calculate jitter mean consecutive difference (MCD) descriptive statistics for children <3 years of age. Results: The e‐norms derived jitter upper MCD limit was 45 μs in children <1 year, 33 μs in those <2 years, and 26 in those <3 years of age. Conclusion: In the absence of jitter reference values for the very young, the e‐norms method can be used as an alternative to derive these values from laboratory cohorts. Muscle Nerve 55: 51–54, 2017
Integrated and iterative systems engineering and software requirements engineering for technical systems
Authors: Holtmann Jörg , Bernijazov Ruslan , Meyer Matthias , Schmelter David , Tschirner Christian
Published: May 2016

The development of software‐intensive technical systems involves several engineering disciplines like mechanical, electrical, control, and particularly software engineering. Model‐based Systems Engineering (MBSE) coordinates these disciplines throughout the development by means of discipline‐spanning processes and a system model. Such a system model provides a common understanding of the system under development and serves as a starting point for the discipline‐specific development. An integral part of MBSE is the requirements engineering on the system level. However, these requirements need to be refined for the discipline‐specific development to start, for example, into specific requirements for the embedded software. Because existing MBSE approaches lack support for this refinement step, we conceived in previous work a systematic transition from MBSE to model‐based software requirements engineering. We automated the steps of the transition where possible, in order to avoid error‐prone and time‐consuming manual tasks. In this paper, we extend this approach with support for subsequent process iterations and provide an algorithm for the automated steps. We illustrate the approach and perform a case study with an example of an automotive embedded system. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Casting of Fe–CrMnNi and ZrO2‐Based Metal–Matrix Composites and Their Wear Properties
Authors: Acker Richard , Martin Stefan , Meltke Klaus , Wolf Gotthard
Published: May 2016

Metal–matrix composites (MMCs) are of high interest due to their combination of a ductile matrix with a hard phase for reinforcement. Besides the production via one of the various powder‐metallurgical routes, it is also possible to cast MMCs by infiltrating a porous ceramic structure with liquid melt. In the presented work, the infiltration of a macroporous ceramic through gravity casting is described. The MMC described consists of high‐alloyed metastable austenitic–martensitic CrMnNi‐cast steel and a metastable zirconium dioxide ceramic. Both materials are able to transform martensitic if load is applied. To increase infiltration of the zirconia foam, sulfur has been added to the steel melt. After the casting, the wear behavior during three‐body abrasive wear test of the MMC is examined. The MMC as well as the TRIP steel by itself shows a high improvement in wear resistance, when compared to other wear materials. In order to investigate the increased wear resistance, an XRD‐evaluation is described. The amount of α′‐martensite and ferrite changes from 26 to 97 vol% due to abrasive wear while no transformation of the metastable tetragonal Mg‐PSZ can be observed.
Composite dowels as shear connectors for composite beams – background to the German technical approval
Authors: Feldmann Markus , Kopp Maik , Pak Daniel
Published: May 2016

Composite dowels are known as powerful shear connectors in steel‐concrete composite girders. They are being used more and more in practice, especially for prefabricated composite bridges. Compared with headed studs, they provide increased strength. They also exhibit good deformation capacity even in high‐strength concrete. Further, their use in steel sections without an upper flange is very simple. However, a lack of standards for composite dowels with the economic clothoid and puzzle shapes has led to hesitations regarding applications, which is often due to delays in the approval process. Hence, the aim of the recently finished German research project P804 funded by FOSTA, the Research Association for Steel Application, was to solve unanswered questions concerning these innovative shear connectors and to prepare a national technical approval available for any design office or construction company. This paper describes the technical rules derived for ultimate and fatigue limit states, the structural design principles and instructions for production and construction, and provides further background information.