bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between Organizational Support Perceptions and Self-Sufficiencies of Logistics Sector Employees
Authors: Gumus Sefer
Published: March 2016

This study was performed in order to examine the relationship between organizational support perceptions and self-sufficiency levels of logistics sector employees and to determine whether organizational support perceptions and self-sufficiency levels of employees differ according to some specification. The questionnaire form consisting of perceived organizational support scale in accordance with the purpose, general self-sufficiency scale and personal information form, was applied to 124 employees of 3 separate logistics firms operating in Istanbul. The data obtained from the questionnaire were analyzed using SPSS17.0 statistical software package on computer. In the assessment of data, descriptive characteristics of employees were determined by frequency and percentage statistics and the self-sufficiency and perceived organizational support levels by the mean and standard deviation statistics. The t test, Tukey test and one-way Anova tests were utilized in determining employees' self-sufficiency and perceived organizational support levels differentiation according to descriptive characteristics, and correlation analysis was utilized in determining the relationship between self-sufficiency and perceived organizational support levels of employees. In conclusion, it was determined that there was statistical relationship between organizational support and self-sufficiency levels perceived by logistics sector employees. Accordingly, when employees' perceived organizational support levels increase then self-sufficiency levels also increase, and when perceived organizational support levels decrease then self-sufficiency levels also decrease.
A process of developing an HRM framework based on qualitative study in Technology companies in Bangladesh and Malaysia
Authors: Andalib Tarnima Warda , Darun Mohd Ridzuan Bin , Azizan Azlinna
Published: March 2016

In the corporate world, humans are treated as ‘manpower’ or ‘resources that utilize other resources, however, this cannot be the only identity of humans or employees of the company. Rather, it must be considered that these employees are humans and humans have got certain rights those are to be fulfilled irrespective of every situation. Humans are beings not just mere resources. This is the time to understand this truth. Technological change has triggered and increased the standard of living but at the same time has deteriorated the humane values and inspired a profligate life style; therefore, the Standardized Human Rights policies like Universal Declaration of Human rights (UDHR) & International Labour Organization (ILO) need to be implemented in the organization culture by understanding the attitudes, attributes of human resources. The purpose of this Study is to investigate the HRM policies of the Technology Companies of Malaysia & of Bangladesh and to identify all the components and integrate all those components with the standardized Human Rights platforms, which are UDHR, ILO etc. To look for the behavior, attitude and analytical option of humans working inside the company due to technological advancements, changes and implemented HRM policies in the organization.
Gender Influence on Part-time Working
Authors: Acar Aslı Beyhan
Published: March 2016

In this empirical study, it’s investigated differences of part-time working rates between men and women in the period of 2000-2012. 17 members of the EU and Turkey -as a candidate country- are participated in the study. Turkey is participated into the study too, because Turkey must adapt the most of the regulations of EU as a candidate member of the Union. The data are collected from OECD and World Bank statistics web site. Beyond that many database indicate part-time employment rates for both common and national definition of part-time working for statistical purpose. According to this it’s aimed to determine whether there is a significant difference between part-time working rates that are based on common and national definition. In the literature, there are some studies that investigate fertility rates and part-time employment rates of women. The correlation of these two variables that are belonged the years 2000-2012 is tested and the findings are indicated in the study. Furthermore, it’s analyzed the rate differences of part-time working for men and women in the period of 2000-2012.
An Assessment On Reports Of Institutional Social Responsibility In Turkey
Authors: Guler Ender
Published: March 2016

As a consequence of the technological and economic developments experienced in line with globalization, the competition between companies and dependency of societies to one another increased. This burdened the companies the responsibility of developing their knowledge and interest in the society in which they live and operate. Within this framework, the concept of “Institutional Social Responsibility” came into prominence as well.              Companies prepare reports for the purpose of publicizing the projects they fulfill with respect to institutional social responsibility in addition to explaining their financial situations. In this study, the companies operating in BIST-30 Index in Turkey were classified on sector basis and reports indicating the projects they fulfill in accordance with the concept of institutional social responsibility were discussed and assessed.
The Antecedents of Store Image and Customer Satisfaction
Authors: Demirtas Banu Kulter
Published: March 2016

Definition of store image is argued to be useful if it predicts phenomena such as satisfaction, loyalty, customer retention and other attitudinal and behavioral outcomes. Previous researches show that customers are affected by the store attributes and consider them to assess perceived benefits and attitudes. One of the biggest challenges for companies is to build a positive image. Knowing the alternatives which could be used to form a positive image is an important issue. A positive image which is created in the customer’s mind about store is seen to have a strong and positive influence on satisfaction. A satisfied customer is likely to be loyal to the store. Therefore, image and customer satisfaction gain importance in the stores which aim to survive. This study focuses on store image, customer satisfaction and the relationship between them. The study primarily explains these two concepts, and then provides a literature review on the researches related with them. The study presents researches in which store image and customer satisfaction are separately discussed, thus it also shows other variables which can be influential on these concepts. Implications for both store image theory and practices are discussed. The literature review reveals that store image plays an important role in customer satisfaction.  Since most of the studies in literature are based on retail industry, in this study ‘store’ concept mostly refers to ‘retail store’.
Effects of Institutionalization over the Raising Values of Family-Owned Businesses and a Practice
Authors: Gumus Sefer , Gumus Hande Gulnihal
Published: March 2016

The family businesses constitute the base of global economies. They provide contributions to economy and sectors with their assets and activities. Their reaching to plan, program and objectives occur through the sharing of experience, knowledge and accumulation. Their adaptation to domestic and global markets is the characteristic separating the definition, family businesses from other businesses. In this study, the advantages and disadvantages of this situation, management forms, institutionalism concept and its stages and elements of institutionalism, institutionalism stages in family businesses, problems preventing institutionalism, institutionalism of family relations that family constitution, board of directors, family council, inheritance plan, emergency situation plan and conflict management are explained and effects of family individuals over institutionalism, the general characteristics of institutionalized family businesses are defined and a practice regarding the issue of “Institutionalism of Family Relations”, which was performed in a family business through observation, conversation and interview, which was founded in Istanbul in year 1989 and carrying activities in textile sector over shirt, short and pant manufacturing were given place.  Literature review regarding family business were performed in this study and the concepts and theoretical information related with the subject were explained and combining the theory and practice, knowledge accumulation and experience sharing through a practice performed through observation, conservation and interview made with the management of a family business were provided and they were explained in our study with an academic language.
The Nature of Country of Origin Effect: Exploring COO Effect on Arçelik A.S.
Authors: Ongel Volkan , Ongel Elif
Published: March 2016

This paper examines the nature of the Country of Origin effect by exploring suggested options to enhance positive COO associations in consumers’ minds and offsetting negative COO impact on purchase decisions. The approach taken is a literature review with a comparison of Turkey’s white goods brand Beko Plc’s international growth and marketing strategies. This paper focuses on suggested international marketing strategies in order to increase the country image of Turkey as well as the brand image of Beko Plc. In the interest of achieving a sustainable growth in foreign markets and offsetting the negative consumers’ perceptions of products made in particular countries, organizations are in need of advanced quality management practices and applicable pricing policies that respond adequately to consumer needs.
The Financial Crisis: Lessons from History
Authors: Grinder Brian , Sarikas Robert , Kiefer Dean , Djatej Arsen
Published: March 2016

Financial crises have regularly afflicted economies throughout history and the United States has been no exception.  This paper examines the Panic of 1907, the Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression and the Great Recession of 2007-08 and discusses the responses of the government and regulators.  The short version of the story is that the while the government response has varied in terms of monetary and fiscal policy, the regulatory response has remained essentially the same.  The typical reactive regulation sounds good and gives the appearance of accomplishing something but, in fact, only serves to sow the seeds of future crises. The ineffective implementation of existing regulation has had a similar result. Indeed, several authors note that most financial innovation in recent years has its origins in circumventing new regulations. Likewise, government monetary and fiscal responses may or may not help the economy and often give the appearance of great arbitrariness.  Our conclusion is that there will be unforeseen financial crises in the future, sweeping regulation and promises of recent politicians notwithstanding.  Serious study of the unanticipated consequences of this regulation and the development of more robust risk management systems will help us mitigate the effects of future crises but will be of little assistance when it comes to avoiding them. Developing the analyses and risk management systems requires a detailed study of financial history keep both successes and failures fresh in our collective memory.
Stock Returns, Inflation and the “Reverse Causality” Hypothesis
Authors: Anyiwe Mercy Ada , Igbinedion Sunday Osahon
Published: March 2016

This paper attempts to empirically examine the Reverse Causality hypothesis within the Nigerian context during the period 1980 – 2011. Employing Vector Error Correction Methodology (VECM), causality was found between inflation and government stocks, with causality running from government stocks to inflation, thus providing evidence in support of the reverse causality hypothesis. The results from the forecast error variance decomposition (FEVD) and impulse response functions tend to further lend credence to this finding. Accordingly, this study suggests, in part, the need for a tight monetary policy which would help to reduce inflation and stock prices, as such measures would leave the individuals with less money to buy stocks. Such efforts should be complemented by augmenting domestic production and encouraging investment through inexpensive bank finance.
Questioning the Link between Self-Expressed Attitudes and Repurchasing Behavior
Authors: Ordun Guven
Published: March 2016

In psychology attitude is defined as favorable or unfavorable evaluations towards a person, group, object or event. Attitudes are formed by past and present experiences and are expected to change as a function of experience. Three components of the attitude defined as cognitive (what we know about the subject), affective (how we feel towards the subject) and behavioral (intention to behave towards the subject). Our behavior is defined as a complex combination of beliefs, feelings, capabilities and norms. The majority of consumer behavior literature examined the main antecedents of purchase behavior. Attitudes are described as one of the most important determinant of the behavior. There are several methods and techniques to assess attitude; the most used one is the self-report paper and pencil measures. Brand loyalty is another important concept related with repetitive purchasing behavior. While cognitive loyalty is related with the information, affective loyalty is related with feelings. Behavioral loyalty is described as the past behaviors or experiences. Some of our behaviors are determined by the cognitive component of the attitude while others may be directed by the affective part. Main focus of the research is to find out whether there is a level of compliance between cognitive, affective and behavioral attitude of consumers. 1000 forms are distributed in order to identify the attitudes and purchasing behaviors of consumers 783 forms are evaluated
Skills-based constraints and complexities affecting small-scale communal cattle farmer entrepreneurs in Vhembe District
Authors: Mafukata Mavhungu Abel
Published: March 2016

This paper investigates constraints and complexities affecting entrepreneurial and Agri-business small-scale communal cattle farming success and sustainability in the Vhembe District of Limpopo Province, South Africa. The respondent entrepreneur farmers were randomly selected (n=55) amongst 183 other farmers for primary data collection. A semi-structured cross-language (English-Tshivenda) questionnaire was employed to gather the data. Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were also employed. The results of this paper revealed that the entrepreneur farmers’ formal school educational levels and basic literacy skills in addition; subtraction; multiplication and division were reasonably higher while technological skills in farm risk management and production, and managerial competence in business financial skills; budgeting and marketing were low amongst the farmers. Government extension service could be employed to improve some of these deficient skills through skills training programmes for the farmers. Institutions of higher learning such as the University of Venda and Madzivhandila Agricultural College could be utilized for the trainings.
Interest Groups and Political Economy of Public Education Spending
Authors: Guleryuz Ece H
Published: March 2016

This paper examines the relationship between the lobbying power of different interest groups and public education spending in a panel data estimation during the period 1996-2009 for 132 countries. The resource rents, manufacture exports, and agriculture value added are used as proxy variables for the lobbying power of the natural resource owners, manufacturers, and landowners, respectively, in order to substantiate the definition of the lobbying power of the interest groups more with economic fundamentals. As lobbying power is mediated through political institutions, different governance indicators are used individually and in interaction terms with the proxy variables in the estimations. It is found that when the country is more politically stable and the more the rule of law applies, the negative (positive) effect of the lobbying power of natural resource owners (manufacturers) on public education spending intensifies. The negative effect of landowners’ lobbying power diminishes as institutional quality as measured by governance indicators improves.
Limited Impact of the EU on Candidate States
Authors: Cavlak Hakan , Gunaydin Davuthan
Published: March 2016

The employment policy is one of the most disputable areas between Turkey and the EU. The EU declared two opening conditions, one about union rights and the other one about preparing an action plan displaying step by step the transposing of EU laws. Although Turkey claims that she met those criteria, the EU insists on keeping the accession negotiations in this area closed. However, there is serious gap between Turkish and European employment policies and in order to comply with the EU’s, there is a strong need of enthusiasm in Turkey for proper implementation of changes made in legal and institutional structures. Simultaneously, the EU has to offer a considerable incentive, e.g. membership, for Turkey to encourage her to adapt EU rules in employment policy. Unfortunately, it is argued in this paper that the current situation is the opposite, i.e. there is no substantial incentive from the EU to encourage Turkey and thus, no enthusiasm from Turkey to comply with the EU policy. In order to analyze the impact of the EU on Turkey’s employment policy the main question designed in this paper is: ‘To what extent does the EU have influence on policy convergence in a candidate country that does not have a clear membership perspective? ‘. It is argued in this study that “without a concrete incentive, European Union’s impact on a candidate country would be limited”.  Thus, the patterns of policy change at the national level are the dependent variable to be observed. The European Union’s conditionality is the independent variable that is expected to alter the national patterns.
A Study on Sustainable Innovation Profile of Turkey
Authors: Vardarlier Pelin , Cakir Rana
Published: March 2016

Innovation is the only way of solution to achieve sustainable growth, social welfare and employment in a country. This study principally focuses on the relationship between growth and innovation in the light of information derived from a general literature review about definition, sources and risks of innovation, and measurement of innovation performance. Then, the contributions of innovative capability on economic growth and employment as well as innovation systems on a country basis have been discussed, and accordingly, actions to be taken, including a shift in paradigm, for a growth-innovation-national innovation system and its sustainability have been addressed. In addition, current innovation performance indicators of Turkey have been discussed in the light of a scope which is outlined in the initial sections of the study, and the change in such performance indicators between 1998 and 2009 has been examined. After analysis of the above mentioned criteria and comparisons against practices in developed countries and communities, suggestions have been made about the activities to be carried out in order to make Turkey’s current innovation system “sustainable”, to support and improve innovation. In the study, a research application has been conducted using the content analysis method on the “President’s Message” letters of 158 state and foundation universities that are located in Turkey and that have a website, and the importance accorded to innovation by the universities has been determined.
Reverse Logistics Activities in Enterprises and Implementation Reasons
Authors: Selvi Murat Selim , Kayar Yasemin
Published: March 2016

Many businesses have obtained cheap raw materials thanks to recycling and recovery activities. The aim of this study is to describe the logistics activities performed by businesses and to identify the main reasons of reverse logistics appliance. The research is a case study defined as “integrated  multi-case design” type. For this purpose, 23 industrial enterprises were examined in the scope of sample. Because the data obtained via unstructured interview form, they have qualitative characters. The single answers were used as analysis unit in this study, descriptive and discourse analyses were performed on qualitative data. Some sentences were quoted directly. The obtained results were submitted to the approval of the respondents. Thereby, it was contributed to construct validity of the research by creating evidence chain. It seems reasonable to conclude that the most commonly applied ones among reverse logistics operations are storing, selling to a mediary, destruction, recycling, regulation of customer returns new repackaging and resale. The results showed that reverse logistics operations were performed for some reasons such as providing raw materials, saving in production, raising the level of consciousness of environmental responsibility and awareness taking part in social responsibility project and consumer rights.
SWOT Analysis of Safranbolu City in Terms of Tourism
Authors: Dilek Serkan , Keskingöz Hayrettin
Published: March 2016

Safranbolu is typical ottoman city with classical wooden houses, buildings and streets. With these characteristics Safranbolu located in world heritage list of UNESCO. Tourism is one of the most important activities in Safranbolu economy. Safranbolu is competing with its rivals to attract more visitors and earn more income from tourism. Though Safranbolu hosts many visitors, we can’t say that it seizes the opportunity to use its potential. Most probably, if Safranbolu uses all of its potential city can host more visitors and earn more from tourism. Our aim is to reveal strong and weak sides of Safranbolu city, opportunities and threads in this competition. By this way, Safranbolu can activate its potential and get more profit from tourism. To this aim, we conducted a survey to owner and administrators of Safranbolu touristic enterprises and analyses the results. We revealed interesting results about Safranbolu Tourism sector.
Prosthetic memory and post-memory: cultural encounters with the past in designing a museum
Authors: Ciocea Mălina , Cârlan Alexandru
Published: March 2016

This paper1 investigates the sources of representations on the communist period and the type of engagement with the past in an experiential museum, in the context of the National Network of Romanian Museums’ project for a laboratory-museum of Romanian Communism. Our analysis of focus-groups in October-November 2012 explores the public’s expectations in terms of museum experience and engagement with objects and the potential of an experiential museum to facilitate deliberation about the past. We use the conceptual framework of recent studies on postmemory (Hirsch, 2008) and prosthetic memory (Landsberg, 2004, 2009) to focus on ways of building the experiential archive needed to produce prosthetic memory. We consider that such an analysis is relevant for two interconnected problems: the bidirectional relationship between a projected museum of communism and a prospective public, and the methodological insights available for investigating this relation. With regard to the first problem, this paper makes a case for treating museums as a memory device rather than a lieu de memoire and analyses the role of the museum in relation to cultural memory. With regard to the second problem, it offers an example of conducting research on prospective publics which departs from traditional marketing approaches, adopting theoretical insights and analytical categories from specific conceptualizations in the field of memory studies.
When News Goes Online. A Cross-Media Analysis of Editorial Logics and Consumers’ Feedbacks in the Printed, Online and Facebook Versions of the Italian Newspaper la Repubblica
Authors: Arcostanzo Francesca , Pulvirenti Alice
Published: March 2016

As a consequence of the advent and diffusion of new media, one of the most accredited hypotheses in the realm of mediatization theory has been that the essential prerequisites of mediatization would have slowly started to disappear. On the contrary, we hypothesize that the unprecedented knowledge about users’ preferences given to media companies would be reflected in the logics of news production, which would shift from being guided by internal logics and standards of newsworthiness to be driven by an audience-oriented commercial logic. Therefore, we expect storytelling techniques to prevail in online news production, with soft news becoming progressively prevalent moving from traditional to new media. We address our hypothesis performing a cross-media analysis of the Italian newspaper la Repubblica, investigating both the different editorial logics underlying the selection and framing of contents as well as the relationship between the general news frame and the level of readers’ engagement. In our findings, soft news prevails regardless of the platform, also following a positive trend as we move towards Facebook. Moreover, soft news seems to be able to foster a higher level of users’ engagement as expressed in terms of likes and shares, while hard news prevails in commenting activities.
Swelling and Viscosity Reduction of Heavy Oil by CO2-Gas Foaming in Immiscible Condition
Authors: Or C.. , Sasaki K.. , Sugai Y.. , Nakano M.. , Imai M..
Published: March 2016

In this study, foaming of heavy oil generated by depressurization from saturated carbon dioxide (CO2) solution was studied because generating foamy oil has a possibility of developing an enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The experiments were carried out by with a heavy crude oil at CO2 pressure less than 10 MPa and a temperature from 20 to 50 °C. The swellings of the generated foamy oils increased from 36.8 to 47.5% with reducing viscosity ratio from 79 to 42%, comparing with original viscosity. Furthermore, the investigation shows that CO2 microbubbles in the foamy oil started nucleating at pressure less than 8.0 MPa during depressurization from the saturation pressure of 9.97 MPa at 50 °C, and the foamy oil started decreasing the apparent viscosity. By exposing generated foamy oil under the shear rate of 76.8 seconds−1 for 5 minutes, the bubble-volume density profile changes from broadband toward to Gaussian distribution caused by disappearing larger size of gas bubbles, where bubble diameter of the maximum probability density of the bubble-volume distribution reduced from 80 μm to less than 10 μm. However, reduction of viscosity ratio was almost kept even though the distribution was changed; this shows that apparent viscosity strongly depends on the microbubbles sized less than 10 μm in diameter. It was expected that CO2 foamy oil has a potential to improve the recovery ratio of heavy oil by making the residual oil flow out from the immobile zones because of its large apparent swelling and improving mobility in porous oil-flow.
Selecting an Offshore Drilling Rig – The Competitive Tendering Process
Authors: Harris Jonathan
Published: March 2016

The evaluation of a complex tender cannot be reduced to objective tests, and it is a mistake to attempt to do so. A successful operation depends upon many factors which are intangible or difficult to measure, and concentrating upon measurable parameters tends to misplace the correct emphasis.

The closed competitive tender is the virtually universal approach of operators wishing to contract an offshore drilling rig. It is intended to ensure that contractors make their lowest offer for doing the stipulated work, so that the operator can choose the bid which best meets his criteria without engaging in negotiating or bartering prices. In practice, however, invitations to tender (ITTs) tend to set unnecessarily strict parameters, with the threat that non-conforming bids will be rejected.

When an operator embarks upon the selection of a rig for a drilling programme, he normally has three main criteria for making his selection – technical suitability, price, and availability. None of these is as clear-cut as may appear at first sight.
MDXCOM - A New Subsea Control Concept for Very Deep Water
Authors: Karlsen A , Gustavsson K
Published: March 2016

This paper describes a new type of electrohydraulic multiplexed subsea satellite well control system currently being developed for Petrobras for use in Brazil at depths to 1000m. The system is highly innovative in its approach to limiting power requirements, simplifying encapsulation of the subsea unit, and in its adaptability to a number of proprietary wellhead systems. The system described in this paper is a result of design efforts during 1988 by BrasNor AS, initally sponsored by two major oil companies which will lead to a fullscale development program funded by Petrobras. The prototype unit is scheduled for installation offshore Brazil the first half of 1990.

The paper describes the need for and current status of such systems with particular reference to the North Sea and Brazilian subsea developments.

The system takes advantage of a new generation of electronic components which will lead the way towards reducing system complexity, size, and cost while advancing the state-of-the-art with regards to remotely operated subsea technology.
Safely Exceeding the "Critical Buckling Load" in Highly Deviated Holes
Authors: Newman Kenneth R. , Corrigan Mark , Cheatham John B.
Published: March 2016

The critical buckling load, developed by Dawson and Paslay, is generally accepted as the limiting criteria for pushing tubing into a highly deviated hole. This criteria severely limits the distance coiled tubing can be pushed into a highly deviated hole. Using actual case studies, this paper demonstrates that it is possible to safely push tubing into a highly deviated hole with compressive loads significantly higher than this critical buckling load. In some cases it has been assumed that applying internal pressure in the tubing stiffens the tubing, allowing it to be pushed farther into the hole. This paper also summarizes references which show that internal pressure in the tubing does not increase the tubing stiffness.
An Assessment of the Nonlinear Collapse of Structures Subjected to Accidental Loads
Authors: Medonos S.
Published: March 2016

This paper presents a discussion of methods by which typical North sea piled, steel production platforms may be examined to establish their behaviour in the event of an accident sufficient to cause structural damage.

Types of possible damage are presented in this paper. They might be caused by an explosion, by the dropping of large objects, the rupture of a gas riser causing a hydrocarbon jet fire (high intensity fire) or, in the case of an oil riser, a pool fire (lower intensity fire).

Damage may occur to any of the primary components that comprise a production platform, namely the jacket, cellar deck (or MSF), or modules. The broad findings from a study of a typical platform are presented together with a discussion of the salient results and conclusions.

To analyse separate parts of a platform, whether modules alone, jacket alone, or combinations of structures that comprise the platform, it is beneficial to carry out a nonlinear, progressive collapse analysis. Applied loads are increased from zero to some predetermined level, and the behaviour of the damaged structure monitored for each loading increment. Such an analysis would predict the initial failure of members and introduce one, two or three hinges per member as loads are increased. It would account for P - delta effects associated with large deflections and would fully account for load and moment redistribution as members form three-hinge mechanisms.
Automatic Monitoring of Anchor Line Clearances During Complex Mooring
Authors: Ryan M. J. , Townsend A. R.
Published: March 2016

Complex mooring of semi-submersible vessels adjacent to existing platforms or pipelines is an increasing requirement during the development of a field or a blow-out situation. To give the necessary confidence in these difficult situations TOTAL OIL MARINE have developed a sophisticated real-time mooring analysis system, capable of giving clearances between anchor lines and structures, which has been used with great success in the Alwyn North field over the last three years.
Well Vertical Movement on Platform Wells
Authors: McCabe A. C.
Published: March 2016

Shell Expro ("Shell U.K. Exploration & Production", operators in the U.K. North Sea on behalf of Shell and Esso) have recently reviewed well vertical movement on platform wells. In this paper the different types of well vertical movement are described and well compression effects are considered in detail. It has been found that short term well compression and thermal effects are of greater significance than any long term well settlement effects. Well compression effects can be estimated by regarding the casingstrings of the well as a set of parallel springs. Total compression during drilling and completion of a well is mainly influenced by the top of cement level supporting the 20″ or 18.5/8″ casing. Measurement of well compression effects can allow estimation of the top of cement level of this casing.
ORPHEE 3D: Original Results on the Directional Behavior of BHAs with Bent Subs
Authors: Birades M. , Gazaniol D.
Published: March 2016

ORPHEE 3D is a three-dimensional mathematical model of bottomhole assemblies (BHAs) behavior. A new release of this model is presented in the paper. It can predict both build/drop rate and walk rate for BHAs now including any elements with knee, like bent sub, bent housing, downhole motor, DTU… The static equilibrium position of the ΒΉΑ in the borehole is computed by the finite element method. This method allows us to model any type of BHAs.

The first part of the paper describes the modification in the finite element method to treat bent subs and to compute lateral side forces at the bit. An original method to compute the build/drop and walk rates is presented. It allows to solve the problem of the coupling between inclination and azimuthal side forces due to the bent sub knee.

Then, the main results of a parameter analysis are pointed out. The behavior of classical bent sub BHAs, qualitatively known by the directional drillers, are explained and quantified by the model. Moreover, original and unexpected results arise from this analysis. One of the most interesting is the optimum which can be found for the distance between bit and bent sub knee.

Finally, the model predictions are compared with field results. This work shows that the model can now predict the directional response of BHAs including elements with knee, by adjustment on the downhole motor flexural rigidity.
A Synergistic Approach to Multiphase Flow Metering
Authors: Darwich T. , Toral H. , Archer J. S.
Published: March 2016

A novel synergistic approach has been adopted to develop a multiphase flowmeter (ESMER). The technique is based on the extraction of stochastic features from turbulent waveforms of pressure and void fraction and the application of pattern recognition techniques to recognise the individual phase flow rates.

ESMER is a non-intrusive flowmeter which can work with any sensor (pressure, void fraction, etc..) available on the flow line and linked to an IBM PC compatible computer with a built in analogue to digital interface. The software provides a real time graphical display of individual phase flow rates.
Wellbore Hydrodynamic Model
Authors: Bizanti M. S.
Published: March 2016

Efficient bottomhole cleaning has been shown to significantly contribute to the increase in ROP. A detailed investigation into cutting dislodgment and movement may give insight on how to potentially increase the bottomhole cleaning ability of a well. This cleaning ability can be predicted by the use of a Scouring Model.

The hydrodynamic (scouring) model consists of a progression of mathematical relationships relating the drilling fluid hydrodynamic forces to a well cutting resting on a well bottom. These relationships are made assuming ideal conditions in order to decrease (the complexity of the fluid hydrodynamics of the well bottom. The forces considered that act upon a well cutting are the hydrodynamic drag lift forces, and the submerged weight of the cutting. These forces can be related to the angle of repose which is dependent upon the cutting type (Sandstone, Shale, etc.). These forces can be described as functions of the cutting size and density, fluid density, and fluid velocity. The relationship between the hydrodynamic forces and the angle of repose will thus give an equation predicting the critical incipient velocity. This critical velocity is the velocity required by the fluid to initiate movement of the well cutting and thus inherently predicts the cleaning ability of the well bottom by the drilling fluid.
A Process Engineering Approach to Drilling Fluids Management
Authors: Beasley R. D. , Dear S. F.
Published: March 2016

Mud Management is a process engineering approach to the use of drilling fluids in conjunction with the total well plan. It considers the surface and downhole equipment, drilling fluids, and wellbore as a system, and controls the entire system through the use of properly formulated mud dilution. Changes in formulation and dilution rate become the control for the system.

Historically, drilling fluids execution was reactionary and involved treating the mud based on measured changes in mud test properties. Desired changes to these properties were made by altering the alkalinity or by adding chemicals and water directly to the mud system. Usually, no changes were made to the mud properties unless "the hole talked to you".

Mud Management includes planning the mud properties and consumption rate, pre-mixing the mud to the proper formulation for the physical and chemical properties needed, diluting as required to control the formulation and solids content, monitoring the mud to determine any adjustments needed to the formulation and/or the dilution rate, and then adjusting the dilution mud composition and rate of addition.

The objective of Mud Management is to STAY AHEAD of problems and prevent their occurrence. It focuses continually on two areas: one, the present formulation of the mud versus the planned formulation; and two, the present dilution rate versus the planned dilution rate. Mud engineering then requires an explanation of any differences between the actual and the planned. Only then can the assumptions and expectations be properly evaluated.

Implementation of Mud Management in Mobil's worldwide drilling operations has resulted in a significant reduction in trouble time.
International Approach to Applied Technology
Authors: Bosio J. C.
Published: March 2016

Although oil business itself is truly international, most oil companies keep their Research and Development programs secret, and rarely collaborate to develop some non-proprietary technology.

Past and present practices are analysed, and comments are made on international cooperation conducted within the European Economic Community, and, more specifically, by Elf Aquitaine.

Then some rules are proposed to initiate collaboration among companies and start changing habits and ways of thinking, which are the main obstacles.

Some examples are given, like safety and environment, where a consensus would be easy to find, and suggestions are made on how to implement them.
The Competition for Chromium Between Xanthan Biopolymer and Resident Clays in Sandstones
Authors: Garver F. J. , Sharma M. M. , Pope G. A.
Published: March 2016

The competition for chromium between xanthan biopolymer and the resident clays in Berea sandstone cores has been examined. Xanthan requires the Cr3+ ion to form gel while the resident clays remove the chromium from the bulk solution by a cation exchange process. These two competing factors are examined through corefloods and computer simulation to determine the amount of chromium actually available for crosslinking.

Through a series of Berea corefloods, chromium retention was examined without the presence of polymer using a 2 wt% NaCI brine as the aqueous solution. Finally, several polymer-gel floods were conducted using varying concentrations of chromium and xanthan. Chromium and polymer retention and pH as well as the pressure drop due to gel formation were analyzed.

The retention of chromium was found to be high and on the order of the cation exchange capacity of the clays in the sandstone. This causes slow transport of the Cr3+, due to its consumption by the clays, and a decreasing effectiveness of the gel indicated by a decreasing reduction in permeability with length. This study points to the need to conduct experiments with porous media containing clay and to the need for better modelling of the complex phenomena occurring under conditions of interest for field applications.
Field-Derived Comparison of Tertiary Recovery Mechanisms for Miscible CO2 Flooding of Waterdrive and Pressure-Depleted Reservoirs in South Louisiana
Authors: Bou-Mikael S. , Palmer F. S.
Published: March 2016

This paper describes two distinct tertiary recovery mechanisms that were observed in five CO2 miscible field tests conducted in South Louisiana. A comparison between oil vaporization in water drive reservoirs, and oil banking in depletion drive reservoirs is presented. Other factors affecting the tertiary recovery such as CO2 purity and injection patterns are discussed.

This paper will also define the Minimum Displaceable Oil Saturation (MDOS), a new concept in screening reservoirs for CO2 flooding. The MDOS is the minimum oil saturation that must exist in the pore space in order to successfully form an oil bank economically in a miscible flood.

The presence of gas channels proved beneficial to enhancing oil recovery during cyclic CO2 injection in depletion drive reservoirs. The solvent was able to penetrate deeper into the reservoir prior to any phase change taking place under miscible conditions at higher reservoir pressure.

The recovery mechanisms characterizing the miscible CO2 floods were verified by a comprehensive reservoir monitoring program. Extensive logging and tracer programs were used to analyze the effects of heterogeneity in these layered reservoirs. The compositional changes of the produced fluids were determined from samples taken throughout the various stages of the projects. These analyzes resulted in the better understanding of CO2/reservoir oil phase behavior.

The Push-Pull Flood process, recently patented, is discussed. The process involves initial simultaneous gas injection into all wells in the reservoir. This method utilizes opposing injection forces in the reservoir to increase CO2 penetration and thereby reach additional oil that otherwise may never be contacted. The process is designed to improve vertical and horizontal sweep efficiencies as well as project's response time and cash flow.
An Analysis of Miscible Flooding Chase Fluid Design Practices: Part 2—Strategies Involving Interference
Authors: Walsh M. P.
Published: March 2016

This paper and its companion paper1 sets forth the theory of chase fluid design for the miscible slug process. Methods to analyze flood performance for arbitrary injected solvent-water ratios, injected chase gas-water ratios and solvent slug sizes are presented. Among its contributions, Part 2 investigates the loss of oil bank integrity and mobility control caused by inadequate solvent slug sizes. In addition, we examine conditions whereby interference caused by small solvent slug sizes will improve flood performance. We summarize conditions under which interference is expected.
Forecasting: Art or Science
Authors: Campbell J. M. , Campbell J. M.
Published: March 2016

Forecasting always has been a particularly difficult program for the petroleum industry because of the uncontrollable risks that are intrinsic to its operations. From 1950 to 1970 though the price component in this forecast was a very orderly variable and essentially independent of supply. Many of the standard forecasting techniques now in use employ a data base that is dominated by this period. This is a serious (and maybe critical) fault whether one uses simple trend extrapolation or the most sophisticated econometric models. The current market and price instability, as well as a totally different decision environment, require new modeling criteria to analyze and manage petroleum investments.

The Introduction of this paper reviews the problem from a historical perspective and documents (maybe for the first time) how the factors interacted to produce the result obtained. Included are some future price forecasts prior to 1980 that contributed adversely to the financial welfare of the industry.

The middle of the paper identifies and arrays the factors that affect the future. This includes (but is not limited to) prices, market demand, amount and location of inventory, as well as their role in a reasonable econometric model. Created is a basic scenario that may be used to both create and critique a forecast.

The paper concludes by proposing a quantitative procedure for making improved forecasts and a sensitivity analysis of the results obtained when inputting a specific set of parameters. The end result should be optimization of the most desirable course of action. The key to success in unstable times is to position one so that the downside risk is minimal.
Oil and Gas Price Perceptions: The Impact on Reserve Acquisitions
Authors: Hickman T. S.
Published: March 2016

Investors formulate strategies about their future ownership of oil and gas reserves based on perceptions about future economic conditions, particularly oil and gas prices. If a major change in the economic environment is perceived, then the strategies are rethought.

The basic decision faced by all oil field investors is whether to increase or decrease their reserve position since there is usually no neutral position. Reserves are either being depleted through production or added through drilling, enhancement or acquisition. The data available on finding costs indicate it has usually been cheaper to buy rather than drill for reserves in recent years. This comparison may be distorted since the true finding cost is not known until the discovery is fully developed, which usually takes years. However, it is obvious from Figures 1 and 2 that the current decision is normally to buy, not drill. The drastic drop in rig count continues even though oil prices have strengthened in 1989. In contrast, the number of acquisition transactions tracked quarterly by Strevig & Associates has soared since mid–1986.

Formulating a strategy for the acquisition of reserves involves consideration of (1) the availability, amount and source of capital, (2) minimum economic return, (3) geographic area of interest, (4) ability to operate and (5) minimum size and exposure per transaction. A decrease in reserves can occur automatically through production depletion or by a deliberate decision to sell. A seller must decide (1) what is to be sold, (2) how it will be sold (bid or negotiation), (3) who will sell it (in-house or outside expertise) and (4) selling price. Unlike acquisitions which are made for profit motives, the decision to sell can result from changing business objectives, a deteriorating financial position, legal action or the death or retirement of a principle.
High Island A-343 "A" and "B": A Case History of Offshore Platform Abandonment and Artificial Reef Planning
Authors: Parker M. E. , Henkhaus E. J.
Published: March 2016

Two obsolete offshore platforms were removed from the sea floor using explosives, towed from Texas OCS waters, and toppled in West Cameron 616, offshore Louisiana, creating an artificial reef and fish habitat to benefit recreational and commercial fishermen. The paper describes the planning, engineering, permitting and operational activities for the first structures donated to the Louisiana Artificial Reef Program from outside one of their reef planning areas and among the first structures abandoned under the limitations of the "Generic Consultation" issued by the National Marine Fisheries Service under the Endangered Species Act.