bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PRESIDEN DALAM PENGANGKATAN DUTA BESAR REPUBLIK INDONESIA BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG DASAR 1945 SETELAH PERUBAHAN
Authors: Suroto Suroto
Published: August 2019

Fungsi DPR adalah pengawasan legislasi anggaran menjadikan setiap kebijakan  pemerintah yang akan dibuat maupun dilaksanakan harus mendapat persetujuannya. Hak prerogatif presiden semakin sempit karena DPR mcncmpatkan diri lembaga penentu kata 'memutuskan”, sehingga rumusan masalah sebagai berikut Presiden dan peran DPR dalam pengangkatan duta besar Republik Indonesia. Metode penelitiannya diskriptif, dengan data sekunder dan hasil penelitianya disusun secara sistematis dan integrasikan dalam hukum tala negara, dilunjukkan dalam pasal 13 ayat (2).“Dalam hal mengangkat duta besar Presiden memperhatikan pertimbangan DPR”. Peran DPR disini yaitu sebagai lembaga penentu tidak hanya hak prerogratif presiden, namun juga melibatkan peran DPR untuk memberikan pertimbangan.
KEYAKINAN HAKIM DALAM PUTUSAN TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI
Authors: - Sunarto
Published: August 2019

Peranan saksi dan keterangan ahli dalam penyelesaian perkara pidana sangatlah penting dan utama. Pentingnya alat bukti keterangan saksi ini terkait dengan sistem pembuktian yang dianut oleh hukum acara pidana Indonesia yaitu negative wettelijk “Hakim tidak boleh menjatuhkan pidana kepada seseorang kecuali apabila dengan sekurang-kurangnya dua alat bukti yang sah ia memperoleh keyakinan bahwa suatu tindak pidana benar-benar terjadi dan bahwa terdakwalah yang bersalah melakukannya” (Pasal 183 KUHAP). Juga jumlah saksi yang sesuai untuk kepentingan peradilan sekurang- kurangnya dua (Pasal 185 ayat (2) KUHAP) dan keterangan ahli hanya untuk mendukung saja. Adapun sikap Hakim apabila terjadi perbedaan antara keterangan saksi dan keterangan ahli dalam proses pembuktian maka yang diutamakan terlebih dahulu adalah keterangan saksi karena pembuktian materiil. Kekuatan alat bukti keterangan ahli bersifat bebas, karena tidak mengikat seorang hakim untuk memakainya apabila bertentangan dengan keyakinannya. Guna keterangan ahli di persidangan merupakan alat bantu bagi hakim untuk menemukan kebenaran, dan hakim bebas mempergunakan sebagai pendapatnya sendiri atau tidak.
房屋建筑工程施工技术和现场施工管理剖析
Authors: 李 洋
Published: August 2019

近年来，中国的社会经济得到了高速发展。在社会经济高速发展的同时，房屋建筑工程的数量与规模也在不断增加，为人们的生活生产带来了很多便利。随着人们生活质量水平的不断提高，对于房屋建筑工程的要求也越来越高。工程项目的质量安全就是其中之一，需要受到相关人员的高度重视。通过做好技术指导与现场施工管理工作，来满足更多人们的不同需求，带动整个社会经济的高速发展。
对提高特高压直流工程建设管理能力的思考
Authors: 熊 雄
Published: August 2019

特高压直流工程，作为服务国家“一带一路”建设、助力污染防治攻坚战、建设坚强智能电网的重要工程，具备规模大、技术要求高、参与部门多、参建单位多、协调任务重、领域广等特点。因此，对于现在特高压直流工程建设管理的思考对后续工程质量提升具有关键作用。论文将针对现在提高特高压直流工程建设管理的概述和存在问题，使得现在特高压直流工程建设管理更加完善。
Gaya Hidup Beragama Komunitas Hijabers di Kota Padang
Authors: Wardani Elzi
Published: August 2019

The veil for women in Indonesia seems to come across a new phase. Veil is no longer considered an ancient one, but a modernization to keep up with the times. The emergence of a variety of improper hijabers communities was a form of the high interest of veil. This study is aim to examine and explore the process of the community and the discovery between religion and lifestyle and the factor of the establishment of the community. This study conducted through qualitative with interviews as data collection techniques. Data analized through reduction, display, ferivication and interpretation. The result show; first, the factor in the formation of the hijabers community is religion broadcast, invited inspiring women and a place to share experiences. Second, the activities of the hijabers community are related to religion and moslem women livestyle, such as regular recitation, seminars, and sharing experiences. There are yearly activities that is is combination of all activities carried out by hijabers community. Third, the religious practices of the hijabers community are expression of their religious lifestyle in the public. In addition, it was also found that this community has a business mission with a hijab as a media.
The impact of crystal size and temperature on the adsorption-induced flexibility of the Zr-based metal–organic framework DUT-98
Authors: Krause Simon , Bon Volodymyr , Du Hongchu , Dunin-Borkowski Rafal E , Stoeck Ulrich , Senkovska Irena , Kaskel Stefan
Published: August 2019

In this contribution we analyze the influence of adsorption cycling, crystal size, and temperature on the switching behavior of the flexible Zr-based metal–organic framework DUT-98. We observe a shift in the gate-opening pressure upon cycling of adsorption experiments for micrometer-sized crystals and assign this to a fragmentation of the crystals. In a series of samples, the average crystal size of DUT-98 crystals was varied from 120 µm to 50 nm and the obtained solids were characterized by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. We analyzed the adsorption behavior by nitrogen and water adsorption at 77 K and 298 K, respectively, and show that adsorption-induced flexibility is only observed for micrometer-sized crystals. Nanometer-sized crystals were found to exhibit reversible type I adsorption behavior upon adsorption of nitrogen and exhibit a crystal-size-dependent steep water uptake of up to 20 mmol g−1 at 0.5 p/p0 with potential for water harvesting and heat pump applications. We furthermore investigate the temperature-induced structural transition by in situ powder X-ray diffraction. At temperatures beyond 110 °C, the open-pore state of the nanometer-sized DUT-98 crystals is found to irreversibly transform to a closed-pore state. The connection of crystal fragmentation upon adsorption cycling and the crystal size dependence of the adsorption-induced flexibility is an important finding for evaluation of these materials in future adsorption-based applications. This work thus extends the limited amount of studies on crystal size effects in flexible MOFs and hopefully motivates further investigations in this field.
Remarkable electronic and optical anisotropy of layered 1T’-WTe2 2D materials
Authors: Zhang Qiankun , Zhang Rongjie , Chen Jiancui , Shen Wanfu , An Chunhua , Hu Xiaodong , Dong Mingli , Liu Jing , Zhu Lianqing
Published: August 2019

Anisotropic 2D materials exhibit novel optical, electrical and thermoelectric properties that open possibilities for a great variety of angle-dependent devices. Recently, quantitative research on 1T’-WTe2 has been reported, revealing its fascinating physical properties such as non-saturating magnetoresistance, highly anisotropic crystalline structure and anisotropic optical/electrical response. Especially for its anisotropic properties, surging research interest devoted solely to understanding its structural and optical properties has been undertaken. Here we report quantitative, comprehensive work on the highly anisotropic, optical, electrical and optoelectronic properties of few-layer 1T’-WTe2 by azimuth-dependent reflectance difference microscopy, DC conductance measurements, as well as polarization-resolved and wavelength-dependent optoelectrical measurements. The electrical conductance anisotropic ratio is found to ≈103 for a thin 1T’-WTe2 film, while the optoelectronic anisotropic ratio is around 300 for this material. The polarization dependence of the photo-response is ascribed to the unique anisotropic in-plane crystal structure, consistent with the optical absorption anisotropy results. In general, 1T’-WTe2, with its highly anisotropic electrical and photoresponsivity reported here, demonstrates a route to exploit the intrinsic anisotropy of 2D materials and the possibility to open up new ways for applications of 2D materials for light polarization detection.
Synthesis and characterization of ortho bromo-methoxy aminoazobenzene derivatives
Authors: Martínez-López David , Babalhavaeji Amir , Sampedro Diego , Woolley Andrew
Published: August 2019

Aminoazobenzene derivatives with four ortho substituents with respect to the NN double bond are a relatively unexplored class of azo compounds that show promise for use as photoswitches in biology. Tetra-ortho methoxy aminoazobenzenes, in particular, can form azonium ions under physiological conditions and exhibit red-light photoswitching. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of two ortho bromo-methoxy aminoazobenzene derivatives. These compounds form red light absorbing azonium ions but only under very acidic conditions (pH <1). While the low pKa makes the azonium form unsuitable, the neutral versions of these compounds undergo trans-to-cis photoisomerization with blue-green light and exhibit slow (τ½ ~10 min) thermal reversion and so may find applications under physiological conditions.
The carabids in the trees: rapid biodiversity assessment of an Ecuadorian rainforest
Authors: Garner Beulah , Vogler Alfried , Erwin Terry , Zamorano Laura
Published: August 2019

Accessing extreme environments historically unexplored by entomologists poses logistical financial and scientific challenges. Today, much of the world’s natural habitats are under threat, particularly in the Neotropics. Threats from human development, exploration and indeed climate change pose the necessity for rapid arthropod biodiversity discovery and documentation. This study forms part of a long-term ecological assessment of the effects of an oil company road on primary forest within the Yasuni National Park, Ecuador.

In the past 40 years this study has generated thousands of carabid specimens from the rainforest canopy by employing insecticide fogging techniques. The latest study in October 2018 yielded >260,000 Coleoptera specimens of which Carabidae contributed a diverse component. This complex diversity of the rainforest canopy limits our understanding of ecological and evolutionary patterns and processes on a global scale.

Morphological taxonomy has laid the foundations for our interpretation of carabid species richness and diversity through time; however rapid species discovery is achievable by employing high through-put molecular sequencing methods. A high resolution macro imaging procedure is used to direct the sequencing protocol by isolating identifiable morphospecies from bulk samples. A dual approach of reference sequence and metabarcoding is employed. The reference sequences, being mitogenomes, allow for phylogenetics and the link to global carabid diversity, while the metabarcoding and species recognition against the reference set allows us to look at change through space (along the road) and time (since the first fogging event in 1994).

With this technique we are able to better study the carabid community of the rainforest canopy, not only improving our knowledge of the hyper-diversity living in this habitat but also their place in evolutionary time. Currently 50 bulk samples have been imaged revealing, for example, an even greater diversity within the species rich genus Agra (Lebiinae), than previously recognized.

This study forms a component of the SITE-100 project which is an ambitious effort towards documenting the species diversity and evolutionary history of insects on Earth for a global comparative analysis.
BiodiFAIRse: a Biodiversity dedicated GO FAIR Implementation Network
Authors: Le Bras Yvan , Archambeau Anne-Sophie
Published: August 2019

The global aims of the biodiversity field are to understand the underlying mechanisms of nature, document and capture the state and dynamics of ecosystems, and build predictive models for the future. This understanding is based on access to and use of data, models and analysis tools, produced in ever-greater quantities, and used by diverse communities tackling different aspects of biodiversity from observations, collections, sampling and experimental data.

The analysis of biodiversity data is essential for ecosystem services, risk analysis, and human well-being. The impact goes well beyond provisioning for material welfare and livelihoods, to include food security, resiliency, social relations, health, and environmental indicators. Species loss has dramatically accelerated around the world and now poses an existential threat to some ecosystems and susceptible human societies. There is an urgent need to; 1) collect, preserve and share FAIR data on species and ecosystems before they are lost to the scientific record, and, 2) provide automatic workflows producing biodiversity indicators so researchers, planners or policy-makers have evidence-based models to understand the complex dynamics of biodiversity.

To accelerate progress, both in the completeness and coverage of data, and in the richness of available information, all relevant sources of data must be aggregated; including sample-based data sets, ecogenomics, molecular research, remote-sensing, literature records, local and regional checklists, and expert knowledge. These resources, records and diverse data types should be used not only as a source of occurrence information, but also as an effective discovery tool on species abundance, community compositions, and interrelated genetic data.

Towards these long term aims, the partners of the BiodiFAIRse IN plan to build a virtual research environment and tools, collectively bringing their expertise to FAIR compliance by adapting data exchange standards, promoting the use and mapping of controlled vocabularies and collaborating in the development of registries gathering FAIR research objects and processes, analysis tools, and scalable workflows.
Towards a French National Biodiversity Virtual Research Environment
Authors: Le Bras Yvan , Poncet Laurent , Vigne Jean-Denis
Published: August 2019

Research processes in biodiversity are evolving at a rapid pace, particularly regarding data-related steps from collection to analysis. This evolution, mainly due to technological advances, offers equipment that is more powerful and generalizes the digitalization of research data and associated products. It is now urgent to accelerate good practices in scientific data management and analysis in order to offer products and services corresponding to the new context, presenting more and more openness, requiring more and more FAIRness (Wilkinson, M.D. et al. 2016). Using Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as international standards and software (Ecological Metadata Language and associated solutions for metadata management, Galaxy web platform for data analysis), we propose, through the national research e-infrastructure called "Pôle national de données de biodiversité" (or PNDB, formerly ECOSCOPE), to build a new type of Biodiversity Virtual Research Environment (VRE) for French communities. Although deployment of this kind of environment is challenging, it represents an opportunity to pave the way towards better research processes through enhanced collaboration, data management, analysis practices and resources optimization.
The distribution of the genus Sphecodes Latreille (Hymenoptera, Halictidae) of the Arabian Peninsula and surrounding countries with description of hitherto unknown female of S. atlanticus Warncke, 1992 and male of S. dathei Schwarz, 2010
Authors: Astafurova Yulia V. , Proshchalykin Maxim Yu. , Schwarz Maximilian
Published: August 2019

This study summarises all available information on the bees of the genusSphecodesin the Arabian Peninsula and surrounding countries (Israel, Jordan, and Syria). Twenty-six species are currently known from this area, while five species are newly recorded from the Arabian Peninsula:Sphecodes atlanticusWarncke, 1992 (Saudi Arabia, Yemen),S. intermediusBlüthgen, 1923 (UAE),S. nomioidisPesenko, 1979 (UAE, Oman),S. puncticepsThomson, 1870 (Saudi Arabia), andS. turanicusAstafurova & Proshchalykin, 2017 (Saudi Arabia). In addition, twelve species are newly recorded from Jordan, six for Syria, and four for Israel. The female ofS. atlanticusWarncke, 1992 and the male ofS. datheiSchwarz, 2010 are here described for the first time and a lectotype is designated forS. intermediusBlüthgen, 1923.
De la paraphrase à l’herméneutique. L’histoire d’Adam dans le Magasin des enfants de Marie Leprince de Beaumont
Authors: Brucker Nicolas
Published: August 2019

Le Magasin des enfants (1756) de Leprince de Beaumont inclut une Bible pour la jeunesse, qui repose sur une réécriture oralisée des épisodes les plus connus de l’Ancien Testament. L’histoire d’Adam, que nous examinons précisément, est représentative à la fois de la technique du retelling et de la fonction pragmatique du discours. La paraphrase se fait parabole, de façon à inclure le lecteur dans son dispositif et dévoiler le fonctionnement de la lecture. L’histoire doublée d’un conte, qui s’avère être une allégorie de la lecture, expose alors implicitement les conditions de l’herméneutique biblique.
Resilience of auxiliary nurses providing nursing care to patients with intellectual disabilities at a public mental healthcare institution
Authors: Nthekang Steven D.M. , Du Plessis Emmerentia
Published: August 2019

Background: Although mental health is regarded by the International Council of Nurses as a very important element of wellness, healthcare to patients with intellectual disabilities still remains neglected and under-resourced in most societies. Auxiliary nurses are crucial in providing nursing care to patients with intellectual disabilities. These nurses may not be prepared to handle challenges in providing nursing care to these patients, but their resilience can help them to manage these challenges. Limited research is available with regard to the resilience of auxiliary nurses providing nursing care to patients with intellectual disabilities.Objectives: To explore and describe the perceptions of auxiliary nurses providing nursing care to patients with intellectual disabilities on their resilience and protective mechanisms and vulnerability factors that influence their resilience when providing nursing care to these patients.Method: A qualitative, descriptive inquiry approach was used. The population comprised approximately 220 auxiliary nurses providing nursing care to patients with intellectual disabilities at a mental healthcare institution. Auxiliary nurses were selected through purposive sampling with the assistance of a mediator. The sample size was determined by data saturation. The data were collected through four focus group interviews with altogether 32 participants.Results: Five main themes emerged from the data. Practical wisdom was applied by the participants. They also made use of different forms of interactions, including the application of strategies such as utilising induction programmes and being willing to learn, in order to remain resilient. Protective mechanisms and vulnerability factors influence their resilience.Conclusions: Recommendations to strengthen the resilience of auxiliary nurses caring for patients with intellectual disabilities were formulated from the research findings, including recommendations for nursing practice, education and nursing research. Informal peer support, as well as addressing ethical issues, improving nurse–patient communication, training to handle adverse working conditions, and continuing education and further research on the practical wisdom of auxiliary nurses, is recommended.
Factors influencing high absenteeism rate of student nurses in clinical areas at a nursing college in the Lejweleputswa District
Authors: Magobolo Griselda N. , Dube Barbara M.
Published: August 2019

Background: Student nurse attendance during training is mandatory, and the South African Nursing Council (SANC) stipulates that students must attend 80% of hours for both theory and practice during their training. Unauthorised student nurse absenteeism, especially in the clinical areas, has become an increasing problem in nursing education institutions and in the universities. This study explored student absenteeism with the aim of generating solutions that are specifically relevant to the context of the Free State College of Nursing.Objectives: The objectives of the study were to describe perceived personal reasons and reasons related to clinical areas that contribute to student nurses’ absenteeism from the clinical areas and to explore the relationship between demographic data and reasons for absenteeism.Method: A quantitative research design with descriptive and exploratory strategies was used. Data were collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 23.0. One hundred and fifty-two student nurses were sampled after permission to conduct the study was requested and obtained.Results: The results showed that 72.4% of respondents agreed that students are absent because of physical illness. The majority of students (97.3%) at the selected campus are absent from clinical areas because they are covering staff shortages. The findings showed no particular relationship between gender and absenteeism as absenteeism was present throughout.Conclusion: Student nurses at a selected campus are generally absent at the clinical areas because they are physically ill and are funded for studying but not paid for working. It was recommended that accurate records of attendance should be kept and absenteeism rates be calculated at frequent intervals.
Where are they working? A case study of twenty Cuban-trained South African doctors
Authors: Motala Munirah , Van Wyk Jacqueline
Published: August 2019

Background: The year 2017 marked the 21st anniversary of the South African Cuban Medical Collaboration (SACMC) programme that offers disadvantaged South African (SA) students an opportunity for medical training in Cuba. Graduates are expected to return to practice at a primary care level in rural communities; however, little is known about the professional trajectories and career choices of graduates from the programme.Aim: This study explored the reasons why students enrolled in the programme, their professional and career choices as graduates and their career intentions.Setting: The study setting was the whole of SA although participants were primarily drawn from KwaZulu-Natal.Methods: An exploratory, qualitative case study used a purposive sampling strategy to gather data through semi-structured interviews from participants.Results: Graduates (N = 20) of the SACMC programme were all practicing in local SA settings. Participants preferred the SACMC programme as it offered them a full scholarship for medical training. Nineteen doctors had fulfilled their obligation to work in rural areas. Thirteen doctors are engaged in primary healthcare practice, either as private practice generalists or as public service medical officers. Three doctors had completed specialty training: one doctor was training towards specialisation, one doctor was employed at national government and two doctors were employed as medical managers. At the time of the study, 11 doctors were practicing in rural locations and 19 had indicated a long-term intention to work and live within South Africa.Conclusion: The participants of this study who graduated from the SACMC programme are fulfilling their obligations in rural communities. They all intend to contribute to the SA medical workforce in the long-term.
Strategic planning in financial institutions
Authors: Krogh Kenneth C.
Published: August 2019

The article outlines an approach to strategic planning for financial institutions in which functional strategic plans are first developed for each business unit or unique area of service in the organization. The bank's overall strategic plan is then developed by approving or modifying individual plans so that resources are channelled into areas offering the greatest potential for achievement of the bank's goals. The strategic planning cycle for each line of business should include eight planning elements: mission statement; internal analysis including the unit's strengths and weaknesses; external analysis which includes opportunities and threats in the environment; goals and objectives; strategies for action; management review action; planning for implementation; and continuous evaluation of performance of both people and products in terms of the strategic plan and stated objectives. Several models are shown to illustrate the process.
The relationship between corporate turnover and degree of diversification in South African listed industrial companies
Authors: Mackintosh Rob
Published: August 2019

The view is widely held in the literature on business policy that not only does structure follow strategy, but that size (measured in terms of turnover) and diversification strategy are closely correlated. This paper examines the relationship between degree of diversification and sales turnover of several South African listed companies which undertook diversification strategies between 1970 and 1976. The results show that there is no significant correlation between turnover and degree of diversification among these companies. Both small and large firms are seen to have similar degrees of diversification. The findings suggest that firms should avoid diversifying into several different markets while having a relatively small market share in each, as both managerial and financial resources then become too thinly spread. Such companies are likely takeover candidates in recessionary periods.Daar is 'n algemene siening in die literatuur oor bestuursbeleid ('business policy'), naamlik dat struktuur nie slegs op strategie volg nie, maar dat grootte (gemeet in terme van omset) en diversifiseringstrategie sterk korreleer. Hierdie artikel ondersoek die verhouding tussen graad van diversifisering en verkoopomset van verskeie Suid-Afrikaanse gelyste maatskappye wat tussen 1970 en 1976 diversifiseringstrategiee beoefen het. Die resultate dui aan dat daar geen betekenisvolle korrelasie tussen omset en graad van diversifisering in hierdie maatskappye was nie. Klein sowel as goot maatskappye toon volgens die navorsing soortgelyke vlakke van diversifisering. Die bevindings dui aan dat maatskappye diversifisering in verskeie markte behoort te vermy as hulle slegs 'n klein markaandeel in elk sou he, omdat bestuurs- sowel as finansiele hulpbronne dan te yl versprei word. Sulke maatskappye is waarskynlike kandidate vir oornames in tye van regressie.
Doelwitbestuur: 'n Pragmatiese benadering
Authors: Murphy J. J.
Published: August 2019

Management by objectives: A pragmatic approach This article has a dual purpose. Firstly, the advantages associated with management by objectives (MBO) are outlined and the problems commonly experienced with implementation are highlighted. This part of the article is concluded by listing the eight key points that must be considered before any organization implements MBO. Secondly, 10 steps in the MBO process are discussed. These steps are considered within the context of the planning and control systems of the company or organization. This means that the MBO process is integrated with the planning and control systems of the organization.
'n Vergelyking van die resultate van vier rekenaarsoekmetodes vir taktiese produksiebeplanning
Authors: Meij J. T.
Published: August 2019

A comparison of the results of four computer search-models for production planning Many production managers are faced with the problem of planning production, inventory and workforce under the constraint of limited resources to meet a seasonal demand. Considerable research has been done on this planning problem and various models have been proposed. The linear decision rule (LDR), especially as applied to the well-known Paint Shop, represents a milestone in the development of such models and serves as a standard against which the performances of many other models are measured. In this paper a comparison is made between the LDR results and that of three computer search models, SDR, CONMIN and SUMT for the Paint Shop. Two different cost structures are used for the Paint Shop - the original structure developed by Holt et al. (a quadratic approximation to the costs of the Shop) and a ficticious fourth-order cost structure published by Goodman. The results of this study indicate that in cases where the cost structure is non-linear, the computer search techniques can be of some help to the production planner.
Adjusting to adversity: The prelude to prosperity
Authors: De Kock Gerhard
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
HSRC Investigation into Intergroup Relations: The programme and its financing
Authors: Marais H. C. , Dreyer Lynette
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
The growth phenomenon: An analysis
Authors: Clarke Hugh G.
Published: August 2019

The author maintains that growth - biological, physical, economic - is concerned with the transformation of one form of energy and matter into another. He analyses the way this energy is used and relates this to business growth. Energy utilization, entropy, transformation and maintenance costs, and the need to seek energetic efficiencies, are discussed. In his analysis of the mechanics of growth, and especially the sigmoid curve, the author shows with examples that a characteristic of growth is that success tends to develop the seeds of failure: that one characteristic of normal developmental growth is the restriction imposed on that growth by the organisms or organization's genus. Business failure is seen as inevitable as the 'natural' ageing process and the author examines critical periods in which the business may fail. He concludes by examining strategies for prolonging business 'life' and urges greater multi-disciplinary research into the life process.
Die funksies van die raad van beheer: Teorie en praktyk
Authors: Van Veijeren Chris F.
Published: August 2019

The functions of the board of directors: Theory and practice A major difference seems to occur in practice between what the normally accepted functions of the board of directors are and what they actually do. As the ultimate body responsible for managing an organization, one would normatively expect them to set amongst other functions the strategy of the organization. Lack of detailed involvement, time and sometimes knowledge prevent them from actually doing so and it is argued that as far as strategy formulation is concerned, the board should perform an audit function to ensure that strategies are rationally set.
A new technique for ranking a large number of attributes
Authors: Jacobs M. , Hedley M.
Published: August 2019

In certain market research surveys, problems may be encountered when respondents are required to rank a large number of attributes. In this article, we propose a method of breaking down the attribute list into manageable groups, and present an algorithm for constructing an overall ranking. A step-by-step illustration of the algorithm is given. The performance of the algorithm in a practical situation is examined.In sekere marknavorsings duik probleme op wanneer respondente 'n groot getal kenmerke in rangorde moet plaas. In hierdie artikel, word 'n nuwe metode voorgestel wat die kenmerke in beheerbare groepe lys en opbreek, en 'n algoritme vir die daarstelling van 'n algehele rangorde word voorgestel. 'n Stap-vir-stap illustrasie van die algoritme word gegee en die prestasie daarvan word in 'n praktiese voorbeeld ondersoek.
'We are not a society of saints'
Authors: Etheredge D. A.
Published: August 2019

In this article, the author illuminates the phenomena of corruption in the South African society. Not only does he illustrate that corruption needs to be contained, but he also suggests that companies, large and small, public and private are not doing enough to minimize the incidence of corruption. The author then proceeds to scrutinize four ways of restricting corruption:- Legislation. Although he does not favour the option of legislation, he demonstrates that the introduction in the USA of the Foreign Corruption Practices Act led to substantial changes in company behaviour and practice.- Behaviour. The author suggests that companies spell out in clear terms what is considered acceptable and legitimate behaviour and what is not. These policy guidelines must then be implementable in practice.- Education. In the long term, the author suggests, society must be educated and re-educated in business ethics. Clearly, business schools would be the ideal instrument to carry the awareness into the business community.- Audit. The author proposes that the audit is the best way of dealing with corrupt practices. Management must install the systems and internal controls; and must ensure that the internal audit team is composed of high quality people who will not deviate from their task objective. In this respect the computer - despite its own security problems - could be of great importance.
The applicability of the 'Japanese management style', to the South African context: Preliminary Research
Authors: Human Linda , Le Roux Leonie
Published: August 2019

This introductory study of the applicability of the 'Japanese management style' to the South African context highlights a number of important issues relating to the study of Japanese economic progress and to the applicability of 'Japanese management methods to other contexts. It also questions the often-held assumption that the so-called 'Japanese methods' are so very different from those employed in the West.This article subsequently takes a look at the core workforce in Japan in relation to some research findings with regard to certain South African companies within which quality control circles are in use or are planned for the future. In so doing, it highlights certain problems relating not only to the delimitation of the 'Japanese' style but also its applicability to a context of cultural heterogeneity. In other words, this research questions the extent to which techniques of management which have proved successful in a relatively stable, equal, homogeneous and educated culture can be applied in a culturally and educationally heterogeneous society in which one particular group dominates the remainder.
Effective replanning and budgetary control systems: Normative characteristics and practical structure
Authors: Kotzé J. G.
Published: August 2019

The formal management control system exerts a powerful influence over the actions of middle and top level managers in an organization. To ensure that these actions are in the best interests of the organization as a whole, careful thought should be given to the design of such a control system. The design should incorporate certain desirable characteristics. These characteristics are identified, described and listed in the format of a normative model. A practical management control system which has been implemented in several organizations is subsequently discussed and evaluated against the requirements of the normative model.
Corporate strategic planning as practised in South African organizations
Authors: Woodburn T. L.
Published: August 2019

This article summarizes the findings of a research survey of the corporate strategic planning practices of over 500 South African based organizations. The major portion of the survey is concerned with the following three facets:(i) Those environmental and organizational characteristics which influence the extent and nature of the planning processes.(ii) Influences on the need for, and use of, corporate objectives.(iii) The types of strategies, and methods of formulation, used by different organizations operating under different conditions.Several ancillary areas are also examined, namely:(a) specific organizational facets and their planning relationships;(b) administrative facets of planning;(c) managerial involvement and the influence on planning departments; and(d) interest group influence on the formulation of objectives.
The evolution of distribution channels
Authors: Abratt R. , Lindenburg M. H.
Published: August 2019

This article deals with the evolution of the theory concerning channels of distribution. Although distribution strategy is an important element of the marketing mix, one can argue that it is the element least thought or written about. The reasons for this are not clear. Perhaps distribution channel is the least glamorous part of marketing theory and yet the most problematic. The authors deal with the evolution of distribution channels in this article as well as co-operation and conflict in the channel of distribution. It is hoped that some research will be stimulated as a result of some of the issues raised in this article.Hlerdie artikel handel oor die evolusie van die teorie wat ten basis van kanaalverspreiding le. Alhoewel die verspreidingstrategie 'n belangrike element van die bemarkingsresep is, word dit algemeen verontagsaam in denke en skrywe. Alhoewel die redes hiervoor nie bekend is nie, is dit duidelik 'n minder aantreklike aspek en tog terselfdertyd 'n meer problematiese een. Die skrywers hanteer die evolusie van die verspreidingsteorie sowel as samewerking en konflik binne verspreidingskanale. Geskilpunte word bespreek en die moontlikheid aan verdere navorsing bevestig.
Understanding human values: The key to organizational effectiveness
Authors: Raddall J.
Published: August 2019

The dichotomy faced by management of finding ways to interface theory and technology on the one hand with the idiosyncracies of human behaviour on the other can be likened to the well known concept of Cartesian dualism - the split of the human being into mind and body. In any organization management is faced by the same problem. Implementation of sound rational ideas is often obfuscated by the apparently irrational human element. This article attempts to find this 'missing link' in the chain between the mind and body of the organization, through an analysis of human values and their influence on personal, interpersonal and organizational behaviour. Several hypotheses relating values to organizational behaviour are considered and a preliminary empirical study undertaken to test these hypotheses is discussed.
Product/Business Portfolio management: Logic, structural, and managerial implications
Authors: Shabalala S.
Published: August 2019

The objective and scope of this article are to discuss the logic of Product/Business Portfolio management and to demonstrate how the expected optimal results of such management are undermined, if not completely undermined by factors which are quintessential to organization circumstances. These factors include, among other things, organizational structural attributes (differentiation, integration systems, power distribution, units inter-dependences etc.), information availability, personal values of managers, reward systems, etc. In discussing the issues mentioned above the sequence will be as follows: The overall look at the basic concept of Product/Business Portfolio strategic management; the general limitations of the normative-rational assumptions of Strategic Business Units (SBUs) Portfolio management; the specific attention to be paid to individual organizational and managerial factors as they affect strategic management in diversified companies; and the implications of the above issues to top management of business institutions.
Qualitative characteristics of company annual reports as perceived by constituencies in the reporting environment
Authors: Flynn D. K.
Published: August 2019

In this article a list of qualitative characteristics which investors and analysts are likely to require from the annual report of a listed company is identified. The research analyses data obtained from a questionnaire in an effort to determine which qualitative characteristics are most important to investors and financial analysts. It is attempted to determine whether a more parsimonious list can be constructed. Finally, a statistical test is performed in order to establish whether preparers and regulators of financial information perceive the qualitative characteristics deemed important by investors and analysts correctly.In hierdie artikel word 'n lys van kwalitatiewe eienskappe wat beleggers en finansiele analiseerders moontlik van die jaarverslag van 'n gekwoteerde maatskappy kan verwag, geidentifiseer. Die navorsing analiseer data verkry van 'n vraelys in 'n poging om te bepaal watter kwalitatiewe eienskappe die mees belangrikste vir beleggers en analiseerders is. Daar word verder gepoog om vas te stel of 'n korter lys opgestel kan word. Laastens word 'n statistiese toets uitgevoer om te bepaal of die voorbereiders en reguleerders van finansiele inligting die kwalitatiewe eienskappe wat beleggers en analiseerders belangrik ag, korrek waarneem.
The analysis of price formula differences
Authors: Doppegieter J. J. , Lambrechts I. J.
Published: August 2019

In this article, the third in a series of four, accent has been placed on a dynamic analysis of differences between the two price formulae introduced and discussed in the first article. Four different formulae components were analysed by comparing the resulting incremental changes of the internal rates of return for the two price formulae. It appeared that the substantial differences between the internal rates of return of the two formulae, identified in the previous article, are mainly a function of two formulae components, i.e. the valuation method of fixed assets and the profitability rate allowed. The method of analysis, presented in this article, could be a meaningful means of analysing alternative formula components and selecting and defining a viable financial policy.
Die relatiewe belangrikheid van keuringskriteria soos waargeneem vanuit die oogpunt van verbruikersbankbestuurders
Authors: Ackermann P. L.S. , Van Rensburg W. P.J.
Published: August 2019

The relative importance of evaluation criteria as observed by bank managers in consumer banking This study has the following objectives: (i) To determine the relative importance of various evaluation criteria (as observed by bank managers) in considering the granting of credit to individuals in consumer banking; and (ii) to compare the relative importance of evaluation criteria (as observed by bank managers) with regard to the various race groups (coloureds, Indians, whites, and blacks). The sample consists of 510 managers from the consumer division of general and commercial banks. It was found that significant differences exist regarding the relative importance of the evaluation criteria (according to the perception of bank managers) with respect to the various race groups.
Africanizing the South African MBA: A way of avoiding self-delusion
Authors: Harari O. , Beaty D. T.
Published: August 2019

A critical analysis of current issues facing MBA programmes in South Africa is addressed in this article. Questions of relevance of the current MBA for South African managers are explored, serious deficiencies are highlighted, and suggestions are given to redress the concerns noted by the authors. The article is concluded by anticipating and then answering possible objections to the recommendations made by the authors.
Comments on: Gold shares or krugerrands - Which is the better investment?
Authors: Addleson M.
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
Combining quantitative and qualitative data in business cycle research
Authors: Smit E.
Published: August 2019

In this article a leading indicator of the South African business cycle is proposed which combines the traditional quantitative data inputs with qualitative data. The integration is achieved via the Kalman filter technique. It is shown that this model surpasses the traditional approaches in accuracy.
Importance-performance analysis: A comparative study of motor repair service customers
Authors: Boshoff C.
Published: August 2019

At least two American studies have found that a high percentage of new car owners do not return to the dealership they purchased their vehicle from for servicing/repairs after the initial warranty had expired. Patronage seems to have shifted to the so-called independent workshops. It appears as if the same trend prevails in South Africa and should be a source of concern to vehicle manufacturers. The study described in this article attempted to identify possible reasons for this shift in patronage and also to establish whether market requirements in general are being satisfied by these institutions. The results obtained indicate that independent workshops perform certain attributes of a motor repair service that are important to consumers markedly better than franchised dealerships do. It was further established that neither institution currently fully satisfies market requirements.
Corporate growth through mergers and acquisitions: Viable strategy or road to ruin?
Authors: Brews P.
Published: August 2019

Corporate growth through mergers and acquisitions is strategy adopted by many South African companies to achieve their growth objectives. However, research in both the United Kingdom and the United States of America has found that most mergers and acquisitions do not meet expectations. Many fail and are divested, at considerable human and financial cost. To date, little research on the viability of growth through mergers and acquisitions has been done in South Africa. In the light of this, in-depth interviews were recently held with 20 senior South African executives, concerning the practices adopted by their organizations in the execution of mergers and acquisitions. This article presents the findings of the research in three specific areas: the formulation of a merger and acquisition strategy; the formulation of an acquisition profile; and the viability and critical success factors in adopting a growth through mergers and acquisitions strategy. Broadly speaking, it was found that the sample interviewed had a good understanding of the acquisition profile, but tended to be less focused in their reasons why their organizations elected to pursue a growth through merger and acquisition strategy. In addition, mergers or acquisitions seem to be more successful in the South African context than in other countries, where similar research has been conducted. A number of reasons for success or failure enumerated in the literature were confirmed. The main finding was that corporate growth through mergers and acquisitions can be either a viable strategy or road to ruin. Companies that systematically plan and manage their merger or acquisition programmes are likely to be successful; ad hoc approaches are likely to fail. The article provides aspects of a framework within which such a merger or acquisition programme may be structured to ensure success.
The effects of mergers on the trade component of the balance of payments: The British evidence
Authors: Pouris A.
Published: August 2019

This paper investigates empirically the effects of mergers within the British manufacturing industry on the trade component of the balance of payments. The effects of different merger rates over time on the trade component of the balance of payments are examined for the period 1880-1969. The effects of different merger rates over industry on the import/export performance of those industries are examined for the period 1969-1983. The results show that mergers had an adverse effect on the trade balance over the period 1880-1969 and that mergers did not determine the industries' performance over the period 1969-1983. It is argued that the neutral effects during the most recent period, are the result (actual and deterrent) of the Monopolies and Mergers Act 1965 and not due to similar merger movements in the main trade partner countries.