bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amylin modulates the formalin‐induced tonic pain behaviours in rats
Authors: Potes C.S. , Pestana A.C. , Pontes M. , Caramelo A.S. , Neto F.L.
Published: June 2016

Background

Amylin is a peptide from the calcitonin gene‐related peptides (CGRP) family that is expressed by nociceptors. Amylin may modulate pain via a spinal action.

Methods

The effect of amylin's administration on the formalin test of acute and tonic pain was evaluated. Amylin's ability to modulate neuronal activity was analysed by c‐Fos expression at the spinal cord lumbar 4–5 region (L4‐5) and brain.

Results

Amylin subcutaneous administration 20 min prior, but not immediately before formalin, shortened the interphase and anticipated the beginning of the tonic pain phase. Amylin reduced the number of activated spinal cord neurons. Blockade of spinal amylin‐receptors by prior L4‐5 intrathecal administration of an amylin‐receptor antagonist (AC187) attenuated these effects, whereas intrathecal BIBN4096 (CGRP‐receptor antagonist) did not, proving that part of amylin's effects were spinally mediated via amylin‐receptors. The locus coeruleus and other areas involved in descending modulation and affective responses to pain showed an increased number of activated neurons upon amylin subcutaneous administration, suggesting a role for supraspinal areas in some observed effects. L4‐5 intrathecal injection of amylin or AC187 showed that both ligands attenuated tonic pain, but blockade of the amylin‐receptor action by AC187 decreased further the number of paw jerks in this period.

Conclusions

Overall, data suggested that amylin modulates pain with an inflammatory component and the autoanalgesic/inhibitory mechanisms occurring in the interphase of the formalin test. Amylin might have affected the nociceptive system at different levels (spinal cord and brain), explaining the different effects observed according to the time of amylin injection.

What does this study add?

Amylin modulated formalin interphase and tonic pain behaviours probably by targeting spinal neurons and affecting supraspinal areas involved in affective and modulatory components of pain.

Activation of spinal amylin‐receptors may contribute to the initiation of inflammatory pain mechanisms.
Bunts, Bloop Singles, Sacrifices, Hard Base Running, and Lots of Luck
Authors: Alkin Marvin
Published: June 2016

Alkin shares stories about his own evaluation life that he prepared for the American Evaluation Association (AEA) 2013 symposium session, based on his responses in interviews conducted by David Williams and on his earlier writings. He briefly mentions his father's influence on his values and extraprofessional evaluations before giving several examples of evaluation experiences he had as a teacher and counselor, as a university student, as a new faculty member, and as a home buyer—all before or while learning about the field of evaluation. He explores how an accumulation of experiences throughout his career and life provided opportunities for him to apply what he learned in his extraprofessional evaluation life to the formal approaches he took in conducting and writing about professional evaluation.
Factors That Influenced My Conduct of Evaluations and Evaluation Training Programs
Authors: Stufflebeam Daniel L.
Published: June 2016

In stories he shares about his own evaluation life, Stufflebeam notes some of the fundamental values he learned from his parents’ examples and efforts to help him develop these values as a child growing up during the Depression. He also shares a story about his extraprofessional evaluation experiences as a substitute teacher in Chicago, where he taught in more than 40 different schools and observed the need for professional evaluation of the school system. He lists many other extraprofessional evaluation experiences and connects them to his decades of developing the context, inputs, processes, and products (CIPP) approach and his professional evaluation practices.
Probing the Past to Understand the Present: Can We Relate Early Training and Life Experience to our Evaluative Orientations?
Authors: Chelimsky Eleanor
Published: June 2016

Chelimsky shares her own stories about her evaluation life and comments on connections she sees between her extraprofessional and professional evaluation life experiences. These stories come from a paper she prepared for the American Evaluation Association 2013 symposium session, based in part on interviews conducted by David Williams. She mentions the influence her parents had on her values and her evaluation life. She elaborates on the influence she feels that her career in piano performance and her experiences living in Paris, France had on her evolving extraprofessional evaluation life and her professional evaluation experiences in her later career.
Cutting a lifeline to maritime crime: marine insurance and IUU fishing
Authors: Miller Dana D , Sumaila U Rashid , Copeland Duncan , Zeller Dirk , Soyer Baris , Nikaki Theodora , Leloudas George , Fjellberg Stig T , Singleton Rebecca , Pauly Daniel
Published: June 2016

Restricting or eliminating access to insurance for illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing vessels could alter the associated balance of costs and benefits in favor of reducing IUU fishing activity. We present a simplified conceptual economic model for IUU fishing that demonstrates how having marine insurance is financially beneficial, thereby encouraging IUU fishing. By analyzing available data on vessels and their affiliations to insurers, we also determined that some IUU vessels are covered by insurance. IUU fishing is not an issue that is currently being addressed by insurers, and an opportunity exists for developing strategies to confront this global problem within the marine insurance sector. We believe that restricted access can be achieved through modified policies and procedures, and recommend that – at a minimum – insurers consult officially verified IUU vessel lists to make certain that listed vessels are not granted insurance coverage.
A novel approach for the modeling of HEMT high power device
Authors: Sang Lei , Li Xiangxiang , Huang Wen , Rui Jincheng , Pang Dongwei
Published: June 2016

Current characteristic has not been detailed, analyzed, and modeled in conventional High‐electron‐mobility transistor field‐effect transistor model, which is not accuracy enough because the current has different variation rules under different gate voltages. A novel approach for the modeling of high‐electron‐mobility transistor high power amplifier is proposed in this paper. In order to obtain a more accuracy nonlinear model, drain current database are divided into three different regions, including the high gate bias region, the middle gate bias region, and the approximate pinch‐off regions. The three nonlinear current regions are modeled separately and implemented in final high‐electron‐mobility transistor field‐effect transistor model based on support vector regression algorithm. The proposed model is validated with high accuracy by comparing the simulated data with the tested data of a high power gallium nitride high‐electron‐mobility transistor amplifier, which the modeling is based on fewer samples compared with conventional methods based on the integrated current model. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An unidentified heavy rainfall station ‘Tamhini’ in the northern region of Western Ghats of India
Authors: Kothawale D. R. , Despande N. R. , Narkhedkar S. G. , Kulkarni J. R.
Published: June 2016

Tamhini, a station located in the leeward side of northern parts of Western Ghats (WG) of India, receives a mean‐monsoon rainfall of 6498.4 mm. The station has no record of any meteorological agencies in India. Therefore, the existence of such heavy rainfall (HR) station remained unknown. In this study, many special features of Tamhini rainfall have been discovered hitherto unknown to monsoon meteorologists. Statistical analysis of daily rainfall data of monsoon season (June–September) of Tamhini for the period 1975–2013 has been carried out. The analysis showed that in spite of lying on the leeward side of main WG, Tamhini's monsoon rainfall is more than that of stations lying on the windward side of the WG. This is in contrast to widely accepted view that rainfall is lower on the leeward side of mountains. Tamhini rainfall ranks number one in the north Peninsula and fifth in India. It is more compared to Cherrapunji monsoon rainfall (second highest rainfall‐receiving station in India) in 8 non‐El Nino years. It has the highest 1‐day (695 mm) and 3‐day (1055 mm) rainfalls in the Peninsular WG region. There are many extended HR spells during the season with a mean duration of 10 days. Other stations in the same area viz. Mulshi‐camp, Shirgaon, Davdi and Ambawane also receive high monsoon season rainfalls. Area‐mean rainfall of the region has been studied to understand the frequency distribution of HR spells. Such spells are of concern as total accumulated water during these spells is conducive for occurrence of floods. No significant trends in Tamhini and area‐mean seasonal and HRs are observed. The discovery of this station has shown the occurrence of high rainfall on the leeward side, which is a unique feature in the orographic rainfall distribution in the world.
Activating KRAS mutation is prognostic only among patients who receive preoperative chemotherapy before resection of colorectal liver metastases
Authors: Margonis Georgios Antonios , Kim Yuhree , Sasaki Kazunari , Samaha Mario , Buettner Stefan , Amini Neda , Pawlik Timothy M.
Published: June 2016

Background and Objectives

While the prognostic role of KRAS status after resection of CRLM has been previously explored, the importance of KRAS status relative to the receipt of preoperative chemotherapy remains largely unknown.

Methods

A total of 430 patients who underwent curative‐intent surgery for CRLM between 2000 and 2015 and who had available KRAS genotype data were identified. Data regarding KRAS mutation status, receipt of preoperative chemotherapy, and overall survival (OS) were assessed using univariable and multivariable analyses.

Results

Median patient age was 58 years (IQR, 50.4–66.4 years). A total of 258 patients (60.0%) received preoperative chemotherapy, while 172 (40.0%) had upfront surgery. Median and 5‐year OS in the entire cohort was 65.1 months and 53.2%, respectively. KRAS mutation was associated with a worse 5‐year OS compared with wild‐type tumors (HR 1.41; P = 0.042). After stratifying by the receipt of preoperative chemotherapy, the prognostic value of KRAS mutation only persisted among patients who had received preoperative chemotherapy (HR 1.67; P = 0.012). In contrast, KRAS mutation status had no impact on OS among patients who had not received preoperative chemotherapy (P = 0.597).

Conclusions

KRAS mutation status was an independent predictor of OS among patients undergoing liver resection of CRLM. However, after stratifying by receipt of preoperative chemotherapy, KRAS was informative relative to prognosis only among patients who received preoperative chemotherapy. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:361–367. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Journey into the Microstructure of PVDF Made by RAFT
Authors: Guerre Marc , Lopez Gérald , Soulestin Thibaut , Totée Cédric , Améduri Bruno , Silly Gilles , Ladmiral Vincent
Published: June 2016

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) is a very important fluoropolymer. It possesses high resis­tances to weathering or ageing and to chemical and thermal aggressions, as well as unique electroactive properties. The reversible‐deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) of VDF can, so far, only be achieved via degenerative transfer using ITP (iodine transfer polymerization) or RAFT (reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer). However, due to chain defects, and transfer to solvents, the RAFT polymerization of VDF produces PVDF chains with different chain ends. This article presents the results obtained from advanced 1H, 13C, and 19F NMR spectroscopy experiments using decoupling strategies, to ascertain unequivocally the microstructure of the PVDF chains synthesized using RAFT polymerization. This article provides a very detailed description of the different α‐ and ω‐chain ends of PVDF51‐XA and reveals an uncommon NMR heteronuclear coupling between the proton of the stereocenter of the CTA R‐group and the fluorine atoms of the CF2 moiety of the first added VDF unit.

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UV‐Triggered Surface‐Initiated Polymerization from Colorless Green Tea Polyphenol‐Coated Surfaces
Authors: Bai Guoqiang , Ma Shuanhong , Qie Runtian , Liu Zhiqing , Shi Yulin , Li Cuihua , Wang Rongjie , Guo Xuhong , Zhou Feng , Jia Xin
Published: June 2016

A facile and versatile approach to constructing colorless surface coatings based on green tea polyphenols is reported, which can further act as a photoinitiating layer to initiate radical polymerization. These colorless green tea polyphenol coatings are capable of successfully photografting polymer brushes, and the resulting polymer brush patterns show spatial shape adjustability by masked UV irradiation. Both surface modifications and photografted polymer brushes do not alter the original color of the substrates. This method could be promising for the development of surface modifications.

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Direct analysis in real time—Mass spectrometry (DART‐MS) in forensic and security applications
Authors: Pavlovich Matthew J. , Musselman Brian , Hall Adam B.
Published: June 2016

Over the last decade, direct analysis in real time (DART) has emerged as a viable method for fast, easy, and reliable “ambient ionization” for forensic analysis. The ability of DART to generate ions from chemicals that might be present at the scene of a criminal activity, whether they are in the gas, liquid, or solid phase, with limited sample preparation has made the technology a useful analytical tool in numerous forensic applications. This review paper summarizes many of those applications, ranging from the analysis of trace evidence to security applications, with a focus on providing the forensic scientist with a resource for developing their own applications. The most common uses for DART in forensics are in studying seized drugs, drugs of abuse and their metabolites, bulk and detonated explosives, toxic chemicals, chemical warfare agents, inks and dyes, and commercial plant and animal products that have been adulterated for economic gain. This review is meant to complement recent reviews that have described the fundamentals of the ionization mechanism and the general use of DART. We describe a wide range of forensic applications beyond the field of analyzing drugs of abuse, which dominates the literature, including common experimental and data analysis methods. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:171–187, 2018.
Selective deletion of Smad4 in postnatal germ cells does not affect spermatogenesis or fertility in mice
Authors: Hao Xiao‐Xia , Chen Su‐Ren , Tang Ji‐Xin , Li Jian , Cheng Jin‐Mei , Jin Cheng , Wang Xiu‐Xia , Liu Yi‐Xun
Published: June 2016

SMAD4 is the central component of canonical signaling in the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) superfamily. Loss of Smad4 in Sertoli cells affects the expansion of the fetal testis cords, whereas selective deletion of Smad4 in Leydig cells alone does not appreciably alter fetal or adult testis development. Loss of Smad4 in Sertoli and Leydig cells, on the other hand, leads to testicular dysgenesis, and tumor formation in mice. Within the murine testes, Smad4 is also expressed in germ cells of the seminiferous tubules. We therefore, crossed Ngn3‐Cre or Stra8‐Cre transgenic mice with Smad4‐flox mice to generate conditional knockout animals in which Smad4 was specifically deleted in postnatal germ cells to further uncover cell type‐specific requirement of Smad4. Unexpectedly, these germ‐cell‐knockout mice were fertile and did not exhibit any detectable abnormalities in spermatogenesis, indicating that Smad4 is not required for the production of sperm; instead, these data indicate a cell type‐specific requirement of Smad4 primarily during testis development. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 615–623, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A three dimensional nerve map of human bladder trigone
Authors: Purves J Todd , Spruill Laura , Rovner Eric , Borisko Elyse , McCants Alden , Mugo Elizabeth , Wingard Ainsley , Trusk Thomas C. , Bacro Thierry , Hughes Francis M.
Published: June 2016

Aim

Central efferent and afferent neural pathways to and from the human urinary bladder are well‐characterized, but the location and arborization of these nerves as they traverse the serosa, muscularis, and urothelial layers are not clearly defined. The purpose of this study was to create a three dimensional map of the innervation of the human bladder trigone from the extrinsic perivesical adventitial nerve trunks to the urothelium.

Methods

A male and a female human bladder were harvested from fresh frozen cadavers and fixed in formalin. The bladder neck and trigone region were serially sectioned (5 μm) and every 20th slide was stained (S100), scanned and aligned to create 3D maps.

Results

Nerve penetration into the detrusor muscle occurs with the highest frequency at the bladder neck and interureteric ridge. Nerves traveling parallel to the bladder lumen do so in the adventitia, beyond the outer border of detrusor. In females, the depth of these nerve bands is uniform at 0.7–1.7 cm below the luminal surface, the outer limits of which include the anterior vaginal wall. In the male, depth is more variable owing to detrusor hypertrophy with the minimum depth of nerves approximately 0.5 cm near the interureteric ridge and over 1 cm near the bladder neck.

Conclusions

Myelinated neural pathways traversing in the human bladder in the region of the trigone have a discreet regional density. This 3D map of trigonal innervation may provide guidance to more precisely direct therapies for urinary incontinence or pelvic pain. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:1015–1019, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation and properties of short oil alkyd resin/TiO2 nanocomposites based on surface modified TiO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Radoman Tijana S. , Džunuzović Jasna V. , Spasojević Pavle M. , Marinović‐Cincović Milena T. , Jeremić Katarina B. , Popović Ivanka G. , Džunuzović Enis S.
Published: June 2016

Alkyd resin/TiO2 nanocomposites (NC) were prepared from short oil alkyd resin and TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) surface modified with in situ formed imine ligand, based on 3,4‐dihydroxybenzaldehyde and oleylamine, or with three gallic acid esters. The short oil alkyd resin was synthesized from sunflower oil, phthalic anhydride, and trimethylolpropane. Unmodified and surface modified TiO2 NPs were examined by transmission electron microscopy. Rheological investigation revealed that prepared dispersions have higher dynamic viscosity than pure alkyd resin. Using different characterization methods it was obtained that NCs have similar thermooxidative stability as alkyd resin, lower glass transition temperature, better barrier properties, enhanced hardness, better chemical resistance, and lower adhesion to the metal, except in the case of NC prepared using TiO2 NPs surface modified with imine, which exhibited better adhesion to the metal than pure alkyd resin. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:1488–1499, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Negative Poisson's ratio in periodic porous graphene structures
Authors: Ho Viet Hung , Ho Duc Tam , Kwon Soon‐Yong , Kim Sung Youb
Published: June 2016

We conducted molecular statics simulations to investigate the negative Poisson's ratio (auxetic behavior) of periodic porous graphene structures based on the rotating rigid unit mechanism. To obtain a negative Poisson's ratio, simple voids were periodically introduced into graphene. We showed that the Poisson's ratio of the designed graphene structure is strongly dependent on the aspect ratio of the voids, and it can approach the theoretical limit of −1.0. More importantly, the graphene periodic structure maintains its auxetic behavior even under large strains (ϵ ∼ 0.20). Hence, it can be employed in a wide range of applications requiring structures that can endure large deformation. In addition, we found that the key factor in the auxeticity of the investigated structures is the deformation occurring at the void tips.
Coordination Behavior of Chelidamic Acid With VV, NiII, FeIII, and CaII: Syntheses, X‐ray Characterization and DFT Studies
Authors: Mahjoobizadeh Milad , Mirzaei Masoud , Bauzá Antonio , Lippolis Vito , Aragoni M. Carla , Shamsipur Mojtaba , Ghanbari Manoochehr , Frontera Antonio
Published: June 2016

Four new complexes of chelidamic acid (H3cda) in the presence of 2‐aminopyrimidine (apym) or 2,4,6‐triamino‐1,3,5‐triazine (tata) as external ligands, namely (apymH)[VO2(Hcda)]⋅H2O (1), [Ni(Hcda)(apym)(H2O)2]⋅H2O (2), (apymH)[Fe(Hcda)2] (3), and (tataH)2(tata)2[Ca2(cda)2(H2O)6]⋅H2O (4) were synthesized. X‐ray diffraction analysis of 1‐4 revealed the formation of 3D frameworks generally involving weak interactions (mainly H‐bonds) between metal complexes of chelidamic acid, protonated or deprotonated external ligands apym or tata and co‐crystallized water molecules. Some complexes present remarkable assemblies in the solid state governed by unconventional noncovalent interactions that have been analyzed by means of DFT calculations. Solution studies were also performed to fully characterize the new compounds.
Synthesis of Multisubstituted Pyridin‐2(3H)‐ones via Nickel‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Condensation of β‐Ketobutylanilides
Authors: Liu Weibing , Chen Cui , Tan Liquan
Published: June 2016

A nickel‐catalyzed intermolecular condensation of β‐ketobutylanilides to synthesize multi‐substituted pyri‐din‐2(3H)‐ones was described. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report on the synthesis of these compounds. All the tested substrates with various functional groups irrespective of their nature, whether electron‐donating or –withdrawing, and the location of the substituents on the aromatic rings, were all tolerated under the standard conditions and smoothly transformed into the desired products with 71 %‐86 % yields. This strategy provides an efficient approach to valuable pyridin‐2(3H)‐ones via a sequential dehydration processes which may find applications in natural products and medicinal chemistry.
Maltol‐Functionalized Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as T2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents
Authors: Clements Thomas W. , Sarsons Christopher , Platnich Casey M. , Banerjee Abhinandan , Blasiak Barbara , Tomanek Boguslaw , Rinker Kristina D. , Trudel Simon
Published: June 2016

We present the use of maltol (3‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐4H‐pyran‐4‐one) as a capping ligand for iron oxide nanomaterials. Water‐soluble maltol‐coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by a reductive one‐pot synthesis. The nanoparticles were found to be stable in water, and their superparamagnetic properties enabled their application as ultrahigh field T2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. High r2 relaxivity and r2/r1 ratios were determined at clinical (B0 = 3 T) and ultrahigh (B0 = 9.4 T) fields, making them on par or superior to current iron‐oxide based commercial MRI contrast agents. A low cytotoxic response in three distinct cell types (HUVEC, KB, U343) indicate maltol‐coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles are promising T2 MRI contrast agents.
Iodine‐Catalyzed Regioselective Sulfenylation of Indoles with Thiols in Water
Authors: He Yongqin , Liu Shengkang , Wen Ping , Tian Wanfa , Ren Xiaoyu , Zhou Qiangxiao , Ma Haojie , Huang Guosheng
Published: June 2016

A novel protocol of Iodine catalyzed oxidative 3‐sulfenylation of indoles with thiols has been developed using cheap and environment friendly Hydrogen peroxide (30 % H2O2) as oxidant. In addition, H2O was firstly used as solvent in this type of reaction, in this method, indoles react with multiple thiols smoothly and various 3‐sulfanylindoles were obtained in good to excellent yields.. The extensive scope of substrates, the mild reaction conditions, and the high selection of reaction site delivery promising applications in drug discovery and functional materials. Especially, Indole‐1‐carboxamides were also compatible with this transformation, and the predictable products were obtained in good yields.
Bioactive Constituents from Radermachera boniana.
Authors: Wang Ming‐Zhong , Xie Wen‐Jian , Guan Yi‐Fu , Song Xun , Hung Nguyen Van , Cuong Nguyen Manh , Santarsiero Bernard D. , Fong Harry H.S. , Soejarto D. Doel , Zhang Hong‐Jie
Published: June 2016

The bioassay‐directed fractionation of the roots of Radermachera boniana Dop. (Bignoniaceae) led to the isolation of 17 naphthalene‐based quinones and related derivatives including the new radermacherones A (1), B (2) and C (6), radermaquinone (3), and radermacherol (5). The absolute configuration of 2 was determined through X‐ray crystallographic analysis. The isolates 3, hydroxy‐β‐isonaphthoquinone (4), 6, α‐naphthoquinone (8), β‐naphthoquinone (9), 3‐hydroxy‐β‐naphthoquinone (10), 4‐oxo‐β‐naphthoquinone (11), 2‐acetyl‐naphtha[2,3‐b]furan‐4,9‐dione (BBI608) (12), 2‐acetyl‐7‐methoxy‐naphtho[2,3‐b]furan‐4,9‐dione(13), stenocarpoquin‐one B (14), dehydro‐α‐isonaphthoquinone (15) and 3‐hydroxydehydro‐α‐isonaphthoquinone (16) showed cytotoxic activity in a cancer cell line panel comprising KB, Col‐2, Lu‐1 and MCF‐7 with IC50 values ranging from 0.15‐38.6 µM. Compounds 12 (known as BBI608) and its methoxy derivative, 13 with extended conjugation showed the highest cytotoxicity among the tested compounds with IC50 values ranging from 0.12‐3.33 µM, but 13 showed much different cancer cell killing selectivity than 12.
Preparation of Cerium‐Doped Mesoporous γ‐Alumina Supported Nickel Catalysts for Pre–reforming of Liquefied Petroleum Gas under Low Steam to Carbon Ratio
Authors: Tan Mingwu , Wang Xueguang , Huang Haigen , Chen Chenju , Zou Xiujing , Ding Weizhong , Lu Xionggang
Published: June 2016

Cerium‐doped mesoporous γ‐alumina supported nickel oxides (NiO/Ce–γ‐MA) were prepared via one‐pot hydrolysis of inorganic salts without surfactants and applied for pre‐reforming of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) under a low steam to carbon molar ratio of 1.2. Influences of Ce contents on catalyst structure, interaction between Ni species and support, dispersion of nickel species and Ni particle sizes were investigated in detail. The NiO/Ce–γ‐MA materials possessed large surface areas and narrow pore size distributions with homogenously‐dispersed Ni oxide species in the matrices. Upon H2 reduction, uniform Ni crystallites were formed in the γ‐alumina frameworks. The addition of Ce could significantly promote the dispersion of nickel species and lower Ni crystallite sizes, improving the catalytic properties of the reduced Ni/Ce–γ‐MA catalyst. The Ni/Ce–γ‐MA catalyst containing 7 wt% Ce produced the smallest sub‐4‐nm Ni particles, resulting in the most excellent catalytic activity and stability with less than 1 wt% carbon deposition during the 100‐h reaction time for LPG pre‐reforming.
Self‐Powered UV–Near Infrared Photodetector Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide/n‐Si Vertical Heterojunction
Authors: Li Guanghui , Liu Lin , Wu Guan , Chen Wei , Qin Sujie , Wang Yi , Zhang Ting
Published: June 2016

A novel self‐powered photodetector based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/n‐Si p‐n vertical heterojunction with high sensitivity and fast response time is presented. The photodetector contains a p‐n vertical heterojunction between a drop‐casted rGO thin film and n‐Si. Contacts between the semiconductor layer (rGO, n‐Si) and source–drain Ti/Au electrodes allow efficient transfer of photogenerated charge carriers. The self‐powered UV–near infrared photodetector shows high sensitivity toward a spectrum of light from 365 to 1200 nm. Under the 600 nm illumination (0.81 mW cm−2), the device has a photoresponsivity of 1.52 A W−1, with fast response and recover time (2 ms and 3.7 ms), and the ON/OFF ratios exceed 104 when the power density reaches ≈2.5 mW cm−2. The high photoresponse primarily arises from the built‐in electric field formed at the interface of n‐Si and rGO film. The effect of rGO thickness, rGO reduction level, and layout of rGO/n‐Si effective contact area on device performance are also systematically investigated.
Diverse and Critical Perspectives on Cognitive Development Theory
Authors: Taylor Kari B.
Published: June 2016

This chapter synthesizes foundational theories of cognitive development and then presents diverse and critical perspectives to examine how power and privilege influence cognitive development.
Embracing the Messiness: Critical and Diverse Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Identity Development
Authors: Johnston‐Guerrero Marc P.
Published: June 2016

This chapter discusses the importance of applying diverse and critical perspectives to racial and ethnic identity in U.S. higher education contexts, no matter how messy the constructs may be.
Critical and Poststructural Perspectives on Sexual Identity Formation
Authors: Denton J. Michael
Published: June 2016

This chapter explores collegians’ sexual identity formation through the lenses of feminist theory, intersectionality, poststructuralism, and queer theory.
Ni‐Catalyzed Amination Reactions: An Overview
Authors: Marín Mario , Rama Raquel J. , Nicasio M. Carmen
Published: June 2016

Nitrogen‐containing organic compounds are valuable in many fields of science and industry. The most reliable method for the construction of C(sp2)–N bonds is undoubtedly palladium‐catalyzed amination. In spite of the great achievements made in this area, the use of expensive Pd‐based catalysts constitutes an important limitation for large‐scale applications. Since nickel is the least expensive and most abundant among the group 10 metals, the interest in Ni‐based catalysts for processes typically catalyzed by palladium has grown considerably over the last few years. Herein, we revise the development of Ni‐catalyzed amination reactions, emphasizing the most relevant and recent advances in the field.
Providing Guided Practice in Discourse Synthesis
Authors: Numrich Carol , Kennedy Alan S.
Published: June 2016

In this article, the authors discuss the importance of the skill of synthesis in university‐level writing. They outline specific challenges faced by students of English as a second language with synthesis as a writing skill. They then describe a lesson that they created for an English for academic purposes class for graduate students in the field of social work. Examples of texts are presented that contrast unsuccessful with successful synthesis of various sources on the topic of homelessness. The authors provide guidelines and language suggestions for teachers to introduce to students to use as this skill is addressed. Finally, they present positive testimonials provided by their students after having completed this lesson.
Are They Really “Two Different Species”? Implicitly Elicited Student Perceptions About NESTs and NNESTs
Authors: Aslan Erhan , Thompson Amy S.
Published: June 2016

The native/nonnative‐English‐speaking teacher (NEST/NNEST) dichotomy has received much attention in the English language teaching profession. Although research shows that NESTs and NNESTs have different perceived strengths regarding English proficiency, personal characteristics, teaching behavior, and approaches to teaching English, more research is needed to discover learners' situated perceptions about teachers of English as a second language (ESL) in the classroom. A population of ESL students (N = 76) studying in a university‐level English language program completed a semantic differential assessment scale that consisted of adjective pairs (e.g., approachable vs. unapproachable). Without being prompted by the NEST and NNEST labels, the students who were taught by either an NEST or an NNEST implicitly described their teachers' attitudes toward students, teaching style and practice in the classroom, and personality. Independent t‐tests conducted on the scores for adjective pairs revealed that the NEST/NNEST status did not cause significant differences in students' perceptions, suggesting that NESTs and NNESTs are perceived as equals in the eyes of the students. The study has implications for language teachers and program administrators and promotes teacher empowerment and collaboration.
Counting Words: Successful Sentences for BeginningESLAdult Learners Using the Product Approach
Authors: Gardner Susanne
Published: June 2016

The majority of correctional students of English as a second language (ESL) in Maryland come to school with limited formal education in their first language. Education has not been prioritized, and formal writing ability is absent. It then becomes a challenge to motivate students to successful writing, as is required by the state.ESLstudents at the Maryland Correctional Institution in Jessup have found success as beginning writers by using a product approach to writing, and this article documents the step‐by‐step instruction used in theESLclass. Included herein are samples of one student's progress and writing ability during his first year. Although the product approach is no longer used in mainstream education classes, it allows low‐literacy students to achieve success early in their literacy education. This success is important in a nontraditional environment where students are passive learners, have low self‐confidence in the academic environment, and struggle for perfection.
Clustered linear precoding for downlink network MIMO systems with partial CSI
Authors: Sadeghzadeh Mehdi , Bahrami Hamid Reza , Tran Nghi H.
Published: June 2016

We propose two novel clustered linear precoding schemes applicable to network multi‐input multi‐output systems using only partial channel state information to enhance the sum‐rate of the system. Using a channel model that decomposes a multi‐input multi‐output channel matrix into transmit and receive steering vectors and assuming that only transmit steering vectors are available at the base transmit stations, we, first, propose a regularized channel inversion precoding scheme to enhance the sum‐rate assuming only single‐antenna users are available in the system. Next, because of the limitation of regularized channel inversion to handle users with multiple receive antennas, a novel block diagonalization method is proposed. We construct the precoding matrices that jointly eliminate inter‐cell interference and maximize the sum‐rate for a given input covariance matrix. Assuming total power constraint and per‐base‐station power constraints, optimal power allocation schemes are further developed to optimize the sum‐rate. We analytically show that the sum‐rate increases linearly with the number of users when only single‐antenna users are present in the system. Numerical results show that at low signal‐to‐noise ratios, the block diagonalization precoding outperforms the regularized channel inversion in terms of the bit error rate; while at high signal‐to‐noise ratios, the regularized channel inversion provides a better performance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Population‐based analysis of health care contacts among suicide decedents: identifying opportunities for more targeted suicide prevention strategies
Authors: Schaffer Ayal , Sinyor Mark , Kurdyak Paul , Vigod Simone , Sareen Jitender , Reis Catherine , Green Diane , Bolton James , Rhodes Anne , Grigoriadis Sophie , Cairney John , Cheung Amy
Published: June 2016

The objective of this study was to detail the nature and correlates of mental health and non‐mental health care contacts prior to suicide death. We conducted a systematic extraction of data from records at the Office of the Chief Coroner of Ontario of each person who died by suicide in the city of Toronto from 1998 to 2011. Data on 2,835 suicide deaths were linked with provincial health administrative data to identify health care contacts during the 12 months prior to suicide. Sub‐populations of suicide decedents based on the presence and type of mental health care contact were described and compared across socio‐demographic, clinical and suicide‐specific variables. Time periods from last mental health contact to date of death were calculated and a Cox proportional hazards model examined covariates. Among suicide decedents, 91.7% had some type of past‐year health care contact prior to death, 66.4% had a mental health care contact, and 25.3% had only non‐mental health contacts. The most common type of mental health contact was an outpatient primary care visit (54.0%), followed by an outpatient psychiatric visit (39.8%), an emergency department visit (31.1%), and a psychiatric hospitalization (21.0%). The median time from last mental health contact to death was 18 days (interquartile range 5‐63). Mental health contact was significantly associated with female gender, age 25‐64, absence of a psychosocial stressor, diagnosis of schizophrenia or bipolar disorder, past suicide attempt, self‐poisoning method and absence of a suicide note. Significant differences between sub‐populations of suicide decedents based on the presence and nature of their health care contacts suggest the need for targeting of community and clinical‐based suicide prevention strategies. The predominance of ambulatory mental health care contacts, often close to the time of death, reinforce the importance of concentrating efforts on embedding risk assessment and care pathways into all routine primary and specialty clinical care, and not only acute care settings.
An Unusual (6, 14)‐Connected Metal‐Organic Framework Constructed from Two Distinct Cobalt(II) Cluster Units and a Bifunctional Organic Linker
Authors: Chen Di‐Ming , Tian Jia‐Yue , Liu Chun‐Sen
Published: June 2016

A (6, 14)‐connected metal‐organic framework (MOF), namely [Co9(μ3‐OH)2(CPT)10(HCOO)6]n (1) [HCPT = 4‐(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐1, 2,4‐triazole], was synthesized using custom‐designed bifunctional triazolate‐carboxylate organic linkers and CoII salts. The framework exhibits two types of highly connected Co3 and Co6 cluster moieties with distinct arrangement, which were generated in situ. The combination of these building units results in an unusual (6, 14)‐connected structure, which has been rarely observed in MOF chemistry. This MOF was characterized by single X‐ray diffraction, PXRD, and TGA. Furthermore, its magnetic properties were investigated.
An Unusual 3D Zinc‐Organic Framework Constructed from Paddle‐Wheel‐Based Carboxylate Sheets Bridged by Acetate Ions
Authors: Saffon‐Merceron Nathalie , Barthélémy Marie‐Claire , Laurent Christophe , Fabing Isabelle , Hoffmann Pascal , Vigroux Alain
Published: June 2016

A zinc‐2,6‐naphthalenedicarboxylate metal‐organic framework, (H2NEt2)[Zn2(AcO)(NDC)2]·nDEF (1) (DEF = N,N‐diethylformamide, AcO = acetate), was solvothermally synthesized in the presence of small amounts of acetic acid and characterized by single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. Compound 1 is an anionic 3D paddle‐wheel MOF, in which the zinc‐naphthalenedicarboxylate sheets are linked together by bridging acetate ions. Compound 1 exhibits large square channels (13 × 13 Å), which contain DEF molecules and, alternatively, charge‐balancing diethylammonium cations in situ generated by the hydrolysis of DEF under the solvothermal conditions used. The anionic host framework of 1 is unstable upon removal of guest DEF molecules suggesting that host‐guest hydrogen bond interactions are crucial for maintaining the structural integrity of this compound.
Metabolite amyloids: a new paradigm for inborn error of metabolism disorders
Authors: Gazit Ehud
Published: June 2016

The formation of ordered amyloid assemblies is associated with major human degenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and type 2 diabetes. Amyloid fibrils are elongated nanoscale structures that bind to specific dyes (including thioflavin T and Congo red). Amyloid fibrillar assemblies or their early intermediates are known to induce apoptotic cytotoxic effect. Until recently, amyloid fiber formation was observed only with proteins and peptides. We reported in 2012 that a single amino acid, phenylalanine, could also form typical amyloid fibrils with the same morphology, dye‐binding specificity, and electron diffraction pattern as protein amyloids. X‐ray crystallography demonstrated the formation of supramolecular β‐sheet‐like organization by phenylalanine at its zwitterionic form. Metabolite amyloids had pronounced cytotoxicity that could be depleted by treatment with antibodies raised against the phenylalanine structures. We suggested that the observed amyloid formation could explain some of the symptoms observed in phenylketonuria (PKU) upon the accumulation of phenylalanine. Follow‐up studies by other groups revealed the ability of phenylalanine amyloids to bind to membranes, as observed with protein amyloids. Furthermore, the doxycycline amyloid formation inhibitor was shown to also affect the formation of phenylalanine amyloids. In 2015, it was reported that other metabolites involved in metabolic disorders, including adenine, uracil, tyrosine, and orotic acid, could form amyloid‐like assemblies. It was further demonstrated that the assemblies induce apoptotic cell death. Taken together, we suggest a new hypothesis to understand the etiology of degenerative processes observed in inborn error of metabolism disorders and indicate new avenues for treatment.
Tyrosinemia type I and not treatment with NTBC causes slower learning and altered behavior in mice
Authors: Hillgartner Megan A. , Coker Sarah B. , Koenig Ashton E. , Moore Marissa E. , Barnby Elizabeth , MacGregor Gordon G.
Published: June 2016

Tyrosinemia type I is a recessive inborn error of metabolism caused by mutations in the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) gene, coding for the final enzyme in the metabolism of tyrosine. This renders FAH nonfunctional and without treatment, toxic metabolites accumulate causing liver and kidney damage. Introduction of the drug NTBC in 2002 offered a treatment which inhibits an upstream enzyme, preventing the production of the toxic metabolites. There is now a long‐term survival rate of greater than 90 % in children, but there are reports of lower cognitive function and IQ as well as schooling and behavioral problems in these children. We studied a mouse model of tyrosinemia type I to gain insight into the effects of tyrosinemia type I and treatment with NTBC on mouse learning, memory, and behavior. In the Barnes maze, visual and spatial cues can be used by mice to remember the location of a dark escape box. The primary time, distance, and strategy taken by the mice to locate the escape box is a measure of learning and memory. Our findings show that mice with tyrosinemia type I were slower to learn than wild‐type mice treated with NTBC and made more mistakes, but were capable of learning and storing long‐term memory. After learning the location of the target hole, mice with tyrosinemia type I respond differently to a change in location and were less flexible in learning the new target hole location. Our findings suggest that this slower learning and cognitive difference is caused by tyrosinemia type I and not by the treatment with NTBC.
Adherence to Recommended Risk Management among Unaffected Women with a BRCA Mutation
Authors: Buchanan Adam H. , Voils Corrine I. , Schildkraut Joellen M. , Fine Catherine , Horick Nora K. , Marcom P. Kelly , Wiggins Kristi , Skinner Celette Sugg
Published: June 2016

Identifying unaffected women with a BRCA mutation can have a significant individual and population health impact on morbidity and mortality if these women adhere to guidelines for managing cancer risk. But, little is known about whether such women are adherent to current guidelines. We conducted telephone surveys of 97 unaffected BRCA mutation carriers who had genetic counseling at least one year prior to the survey to assess adherence to current guidelines, factors associated with adherence, and common reasons for performing and not performing recommended risk management. More than half of participants reported being adherent with current risk management recommendations for breast cancer (69 %, n = 67), ovarian cancer (82 %, n = 74) and both cancers (66 %, n = 64). Older age (OR = 10.53, p = 0.001), white race (OR = 8.93, p = 0.019), higher breast cancer genetics knowledge (OR = 1.67, p = 0.030), higher cancer‐specific distress (OR = 1.07, p = 0.002) and higher physical functioning (OR = 1.09, p = 0.009) were significantly associated with adherence to recommended risk management for both cancers. Responses to open‐ended questions about reasons for performing and not performing risk management behaviors indicated that participants recognized the clinical utility of these behaviors. Younger individuals and those with lower physical functioning may require targeted interventions to improve adherence, perhaps in the setting of long‐term follow‐up at a multi‐disciplinary hereditary cancer clinic.
Repayment behavior in peer‐to‐peer microfinancing: Empirical evidence from Kiva
Authors: Dorfleitner Gregor , Oswald Eva‐Maria
Published: June 2016

Based on a sample of microloans (to individuals and to groups) that were refinanced through the peer‐to‐peer microfinancing platform Kiva, we study the determinants of the repayment behavior of micro‐entrepreneurs whose loans are available to international charitable lenders. We perform binary regressions and account for influential factors such as the time required for funding or the type of entrepreneurial activity. The screening and monitoring quality of the microfinance institution which selects the borrowers is a main driver of credit default. We find evidence that the loan size, the loan term and the length of a possible grace period influence the probability of default. Moreover, women demonstrate better repayment behavior which is, however, not the case for groups of women.
THE KATZ–KLEMM–VAFA CONJECTURE FOR SURFACES
Authors: PANDHARIPANDE R. , THOMAS R. P.
Published: June 2016

We prove the KKV conjecture expressing Gromov–Witten invariants of $K3$ surfaces in terms of modular forms. Our results apply in every genus and for every curve class. The proof uses the Gromov–Witten/Pairs correspondence for $K3$-fibered hypersurfaces of dimension 3 to reduce the KKV conjecture to statements about stable pairs on (thickenings of) $K3$ surfaces. Using degeneration arguments and new multiple cover results for stable pairs, we reduce the KKV conjecture further to the known primitive cases. Our results yield a new proof of the full Yau–Zaslow formula, establish new Gromov–Witten multiple cover formulas, and express the fiberwise Gromov–Witten partition functions of $K3$-fibered 3-folds in terms of explicit modular forms.