bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reciprocity, Cohesiveness and Cooperation in Two-Person Games
Authors: Braver Sanford L.
Published: September 2011

After manipulation of dyad cohesiveness, subjects played a differential power game from the position of low power. Their simulated opponent of high power accorded them benefits (reward) on 0%, 50%, or 100% of the trials. Subsequently the roles were reversed so that the subject had the high power and the opportunity to reward his opponent. Finally, the subjects played a one-trial Prisoner's Dilemma game. The results for the power game indicated that the amount of reward the subject gave to his opponent depended upon both the opponent's earlier level of reward and cohesiveness. However, only the cohesiveness manipulation influenced the Prisoner's Dilemma game, with unusually high cooperation resulting over-all. Additional analyses showed that: (a) reciprocation—either reciprocal giving or reciprocal withholding of reward—in the power game promoted cooperation in the Prisoner's Dilemma; and (b) cohesiveness affected the Prisoner's Dilemma game responses of only those subjects uncertain of which response to expect from their opponent.
Analysis of the Relation between Conservation of Large and Small Quantities
Authors: Winer Gerald A.
Published: September 2011

Kindergartners who failed initial conservation tests involving relatively large quantities were given non-reinforced practice on conservation tests of small quantities, conservation tests of large quantities, or extraneous activity. Approximately 40% of the children in the small quantity practice group improved from pre- to posttests. No comparable gains were noted for the children in the other groups.
Comparison of Two Scales Measuring Attitudes toward Persons with Physical Disabilities
Authors: Elsberry Nancy L.
Published: September 2011

30 nondisabled college students completed the Attitudes Toward Disabled Persons Scale and the Disability Factor Scale G. Correlations of factors in the two scales ranged from .10 to .64.
Sex and Workstyle of Leaders and Followers: Determinants of Productivity
Authors: Bullard Peter D. , Cook Paul E.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated whether sex and workstyle interactions of leaders and followers affect team productivity. It was hypothesized that (a) task-oriented leaders would be the most productive, (b) followers with a same-sexed leader would be the most productive, and (c) the most productive subjects would rate their teams as the most pleasant. Only the final hypothesis received some support in groups formed by 168 male and 168 female undergraduates to work on a puzzle within a half-hour session and assessed by Fiedler's measures.
Characteristics of Marathon Volunteers
Authors: Seldman M. L. , McBrearty J. F.
Published: September 2011

The study was designed to survey the extent of undergraduate interest in marathon groups and to investigate the personality characteristics of volunteers for these groups. 367 volunteers and 814 non-volunteers from the same university were compared on levels of dependency and sense of well-being. Findings suggest that volunteers have a lower sense of well-being but greater needs for independence. The results were integrated with previous findings and related to the controversy concerning the level of adjustment of participants in marathons.
Note on Test-Retest Reliability of the Self-Concept and Motivation Inventory
Authors: Drummond Robert J. , McIntire Walter G.
Published: September 2011

Appropriate forms of the Self-concept and Motivation Inventory were administered to 308 girls and 299 boys in Grades 1 to 5 in December and May of a school year. Correlations were quite low suggesting the self-concept is very fluid and/or the inventory is quite unreliable for clinical use.
Concept Differentiation by Semantic and Visual Mediation
Authors: Hofman John E. , Mikhaelovicz Rina
Published: September 2011

The assumption of distance in interconcept space as an inverse function of similarity among concept profiles was supported by a technique of direct visual differentiation. 28 students of education each generated two matrices of interconcept distances, one by the well-known semantic differential technique and one by the manipulation of tokens on a checkered board. Configurations in the semantic and visual modes were isomorphous, that is, significantly and substantially correlated. This further suggests that visual differentiation implied by token manipulation may sometimes be substituted for semantic differentiation. There also appeared a generalized tendency toward extent of differentiation in the semantic and visual modes.
Comparison of Four Teaching Methodologies for Large Lecture Classes
Authors: Northcraft G. B. , Jernstedt G. C.
Published: September 2011

60 college students taking introductory psychology were randomly divided into four groups. The first three groups attended a lecture and received either outlines of the lecture material, examples of the concepts in the lecture, or no supplementary materials. The fourth group did not attend the lecture but instead received a typed transcript of it. Students receiving outlines or lists of examples scored significantly higher on follow-up objective examinations than either students receiving transcripts or no supplementary materials; students receiving transcripts did not differ significantly in scoring from students who attended the lecture but did not receive supplementary materials. Groups also differed in time spent preparing for the exams.
Comparison of Two Evaluative Procedures on Retention by College Students
Authors: Spangler Robert S. , Hankins Norman E.
Published: September 2011

A comparison of two evaluative procedures, precision teaching and a traditional method, on retention was made. College students were randomly assigned to one of the two groups and given identical lectures and reading assignments. A multiple-choice examination was administered at the completion of instruction. An analysis of the scores revealed significantly better retention by students in the precision teaching procedure.
Liking and Self-Disclosure in opposite Sex Dyads
Authors: Kohen Janet
Published: September 2011

A review of studies of self-disclosure indicated that own self-disclosure was more often related to liking for partner than was other's self-disclosure and that relationship held for females rather than males. Similarity of content and similarity of amount of self-disclosure between partners have been proposed as conditions which could account for the failure of other's self-disclosure to be related to liking for partner. In a study of self-disclosure by 59 dyads of both sexes during an initial laboratory meeting, only the relationship between own self-disclosure and liking for partner was significant and then only for females. Reassessment of theory and methods for studying the relationships are needed.
Acquisition of a Language Concept through Simple Modeling
Authors: Vasta Ross , Novak Gary
Published: September 2011

Acquisition of a novel language concept, a novel spatial relationship labeled by a nonsense term (Vak), was examined using a modeling procedure involving no direct or vicarious feedback (simple modeling). Equal numbers of public school boys and girls were selected from kindergarten, first, and fourth grades. Three measures of acquisition were employed between groups: an identification task, a motor-production comprehension task, and a verbal-production task. Only the motor-production task was modeled. Test trials involved both previously modeled stimulus combinations, as well as unfamiliar generalization combinations. Acquisition of the concept occurred at all age levels, as measured by the identification and motor-production tasks. Performance on the verbal-production measure provided little evidence of acquisition by the younger groups. The results are discussed with regard to the use of appropriate methodology and measures in assessing effects of modeling.
Differences in Child Symptom Ratings among Teachers and Parents of Emotionally Disturbed Children
Authors: Auger Terrance
Published: September 2011

67 subjects comprising elementary school teachers, special educators, and parents of emotionally disturbed children rated each of 55 behavioral descriptors in terms of their importance for child mental health. Special educators attached significantly greater importance to personality problems than did the parents ( p < .05), while parents attached significantly greater importance to socialized delinquency behaviors than did special educators ( p < .05). Interpretations and implications of these findings are discussed.
Self-Regulatory Techniques in the Modification of Nonassertive Behavior
Authors: Aiduk Robert , Karoly Paul
Published: September 2011

To compare the effectiveness of several components of self-regulation in the facilitation of therapeutic change, nonassertive college students, matched on self-reported assertiveness, were assigned to one of four conditions ( n = 12): (1) Behavior Rehearsal, (2) Behavior Rehearsal with Videotape Feedback, (3) Behavior Rehearsal and Videotape Feedback plus Self-evaluation Practice, and (4) No treatment control. Pre- and post-training responses were assessed on a global problem evaluation, a 35-item inventory of responses to specific refusal situations, and a modified S-R inventory of interpersonal anxiety. Post-training assessment also included a behavioral observation measure. The results indicated that each of the procedures incorporating rehearsal yielded changes on the behavioral and self-report indices. Failure to obtain between-group differences was discussed and procedural improvements suggested for future research on the outcome of replication therapies.
Punctuality
Authors: Ahmed S. M. S.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that punctuality is a unitary trait. Four areas of university life were chosen for the study: application for admission; appearance for registration; submission of the first and second term fees by 358 students. Punctuality was measured in terms of closeness to the last official date for a given activity. For example, if the 15th of August was the last date for submission of application for admission, any student who applied on or before the 15th of August was given 100. Two points were deducted for one day's delay (excluding Saturdays and Sundays). Subjects' scores in all the four areas were correlated. Results confirmed the hypothesis.
Alcoholics' and Criminals' Similarity of Scores on the Mac Andrew Alcoholism Scale
Authors: Ruff Carol F. , Ayers Joyce , Templer Donald I.
Published: September 2011

The MacAndrew MMPI Alcoholism Scale seems to reflect acting-out tendency in general rather than alcoholism in particular. The present study, in which 27 male alcoholic and 33 criminally charged psychiatric patients were not differentiated by the MacAndrew Scale from 37 psychiatric patients, supports this contention and suggests that this scale may not be a useful differentiating measure for alcoholics.
Olfactory Feedback during Exploratory Behavior by Gerbils
Authors: Wilz Kenneth J.
Published: September 2011

In two separate experiments the locomotor activity of gerbils ( Ns = 16) was studied in an open field. The subjects were allowed to explore the field and were then returned to the same or an identical one. These were either contaminated or not with the organism's recent odor trail, though visually identical. Considerably less exploratory activity occurred when the field still contained the odor trail set out during the previous exploration. It is argued that the olfactory “marking” operates as a negative feedback device by limiting activity in a previously explored environment.
An Extended Concurrent Validation of the Vocational Preferences of Clergymen
Authors: Fabry Julian J.
Published: September 2011

A validity extension of the vocational preferences of a previously reported homogeneous sample was attempted for a heterogeneous sample of 30 clergymen. Preferences from the Vocational Preference Inventory indicated that a pattern for the heterogeneous sample had the same order of types as proposed by Holland. Significant differences were found between the two samples on the Conventional and Artistic scales. These findings generally support the concurrent validity of the classification scheme but also point out that differences in levels of preference can be found within two samples of a population.
Relationships of Fear-of-Failure and Need Achievement Motivation to a Confirming-Interval Measure of Aspirational Levels
Authors: Teevan Richard C. , Smith Barry D.
Published: September 2011

Prior studies have shown that individuals characterized as motivated by a fear of failure tend to set levels of aspiration defensively. However, it has been hypothesized that aspirational statements can be bener understood as representing a range of aspirations. The region between lower and upper boundaries is termed a confirming interval. Ss in the present study responded to a standardized measure of fear-of-failure motivation and a scrambled word measure of confirming-interval dimensions. Male Ss ( n = 44) showed predicted positive correlations between width of confirming interval and fear-of-failure motivation and between fear of failure and the mean discrepancy between confirming-interval boundaries and performance scores. Females ( n = 46) yielded opposite results. Results supported the value of the idea of a confirming-interval approach to level of aspiration in the study of failure-avoidance motivation.
Effects of Chlordiazepoxide upon Fear-Motivated Behavior in Dogs
Authors: Houser Vincent P. , Rothfeld Benjamin , Varady Alexander
Published: September 2011

Several doses of chlordiazepoxide (45, 100, 200 mg) were administered to dogs while they were subjected to a Sidman nondiscriminated avoidance schedule which contained seven conditioned stimuli-unavoidable shock (CS-US) pairings. The drug reliably reduced baseline response rate and significantly inhibited the amount of urinary cortisol excreted during the experimental sessions. Facilitation of heart, response, and activity rates normally noted during the aversive CS were unaffected by administration of the drug. In addition, over-all heart rate showed no consistent pattern of results in response to drug administration. These results suggest that under this schedule of reinforcement only the baseline response rate and urinary cortisol measures were sensitive to the antianxiety effects of chlordiazepoxide.
Age and Sex: Factors in Defining the Term “Handicap”
Authors: Coet Larry J. , Thornton Larry W.
Published: September 2011

A random sample of 67 males and 74 females was divided into three age groups: 12 to 25, 26 to 45, and 46 to 82 yr. old. Subjects were given a questionnaire asking them to rank five groups or classes of people they felt should be labeled “handicapped.” An analysis of variance indicated that over-all, definitions of the term “handicap” differed significantly according to age and sex. Males emphasized “social” and “intellectual” conditions, while females stressed the more visible (unattractive) conditions. The youngest age group listed “race,” “speech,” and “socio-economic” conditions more frequently, while the middle-aged group was more concerned with “physical incapacitation,” “blindness,” and “heart disease.” The oldest age group stressed “mental illness” and “mental retardation” most frequently.
Relation of Achievement and Power Motives to Performance among Black Businessmen
Authors: Durand Douglas E.
Published: September 2011

A 2-yr. follow-up srudy of entrepreneurial behavior was made of 29 black businessmen. As predicted, high achievement needs were associated with performance. When the effects of power needs in combination with achievement motives were studied, high performing Ss were those with high achievement and lowered power needs; this relationship also held for social power and personal power motives.
Availability of Communication and Cooperative Problem Solving in Dyads
Authors: Matthews Byron A.
Published: September 2011

The initial acquisition of a simple 2-person response was observed under 3 voice communication conditions, Free Communication, Cost Communication, and No Communication. All 7 pairs in both the Free and No Communication conditions successfully acquired the cooperative response; however, 4 of 7 dyads in the Cost Communication group did not. Among pairs that acquired the response, speed of acquisition did not differ by communication condition. An explanation in terms of the effect of cost on communication pattern is suggested for the unanticipated high failure rate among pairs in the Cost Communication condition.
Response of Two Strains of Mice to Increased Social Contact and Decreased Personal Space as Measured by Fluorometric Analysis of Corticosterone
Authors: Richardson John H. , Fueston Vernon M.
Published: September 2011

Two strains of mice, CF#I (passive) and CFW (aggressive), were subjected to variations in cage size and population for 14 days. Then Ss were sacrificed and blood plasma analysed for corticosterone, a hormone known to increase during periods of stress. CFW mice showed a significant difference in hormone level between groups while CF#I Ss did not.
Two Sources of Univariate Confidence Intervals
Authors: Hand Jack , McCarter Robert E.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this article was to suggest that one source of confidence intervals has been neglected in statistical texts written for students in the social sciences. The neglected source is a many-populations model. Differences in interpretations of the one-population and many-populations intervals were presented, along with the suggestion that the many-populations model reflects more adequately the activities involved in the application of estimation procedures.
Academic Achievement and Attendance in an Open School
Authors: Mealor David J. , Perkins Mark L. , Reeves John E.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare students' achievement and attendance in an open school setting with those in a traditional setting. 80 fourth grade students of low socio-economic status were randomly selected, 40 from an open school and 20 from each of two traditional schools in rural Madison County, Georgia. The Iowa Tests of Basic Skills served as a measure of academic achievement. Reading, language, mathematics, and composite scores as well as the number of days absent were obtained. Analysis of variance showed significant but mixed findings: differences in total language ( p < .01), total mathematics ( p < .01), and total composite ( p < .05) favored the open school and 1 traditional school but more total days absent ( p < .01) were reported for the two traditional schools. Percentage of variance accounted for was 15% or less for academic scores, 24% for attendance. Implications for further research were discussed.
Quantitative Analysis of Acquisition of a Conditional Discrimination
Authors: Wagner James M. , Rodewald H. Keith
Published: September 2011

When the center one of three keys was illuminated with one of six stimuli, 40 pecks produced white light on both side keys. Three of the six stimuli set the conditions for reinforcement of a subsequent single peck on the left key, and three occasioned reinforcement for a right-key response. Three pigeons reached a criterion of 18 correct side-key responses in the last 20 presentations of each of the six stimuli. Prior to criterion, responding was stable and near chance levels; immediately thereafter, accuracy rose to 90% correct choices. Results of several statistical tests and good congruence with predictions of Bower's (1961) model suggested acquisition in an all-or-none manner and confirmed Rodewald's (1973) results.
Intra- and Interspecific Observational Learning in Rats
Authors: Benel Russell A.
Published: September 2011

Observational learning of an operant response by male albino rats was compared under two modelling conditions. The interspecific models were Mongolian gerbils ( Meriones unguiculatus). There were no significant differences between the groups either in trials to acquisition or total responses. Possible limitations to the generalizability of these results were noted.
II. In Vivo Self-Control Training
Authors: Murray D. C. , Davidoff Linda , Harrington L. Garth
Published: September 2011

2 groups of 9 overweight women received 12 sessions of self-control training in the presence of fattening foods. In one group self-control was followed by eating a low-calorie food. Results were compared with 2 control groups. Weights for 12 wk. pretreatment and 12 and 24 wk. posttreatment were collected. Only the group receiving self-control training and a substitute low-calorie food lost significant average weight (—8.89 lb.) during treatment. Subject differences between groups preclude firm identification of the reason for this. By 24 wk. posttreatment an average 7.33 lb. had been regained. Comparable studies indicating success with group behavior therapy have either no or inadequate follow-up, or other shortcomings. There is no reliable evidence to date that group behavior therapy will result in permanent weight loss.
Effect of Association Value in a Memory Scan Task
Authors: Tolin Philip
Published: September 2011

The effects of association value of nonsense forms on reaction times of 16 college students on a Sternberg-type recognition-memory task were examined. Results indicated a linear relation between RT and length of the memorized list for high association-value forms but a non-linear relation for low association-value forms. These data support Briggs' (1974) conclusions regarding the nature of the RT/list length function.
Notes on the Internal Structure of Wrightsman's Measure of Trustworthiness
Authors: Chun Ki-Taek , Campbell John B.
Published: September 2011

The 14-item Trustworthiness subscale of Wrightsman's Philosophies of Human Nature Scale was interspersed in a larger questionnaire completed by 187 undergraduates The dimensionality of this measure was examined by cluster and factor analyses. The results of cluster analyses based on males, females, and the total sample were similar, and subsequently factor analysis was performed on the total sample. Two 4-item dimensions, designated “Global Morality” and “Specific Acts of Honesty,” were identified by both the cluster and factor analyses of the total sample. Significant sex-differences in mean and/or standard deviation were found for the two dimensions but not for the total score. The Wrightsman measure was reducible to an 8-item short form consisting of the four marker items for each dimension. Implications for the development of an adequate measure of trust are discussed.
The Phenomenology of Joy, an Empirical Investigation
Authors: Meadows Chris M.
Published: September 2011

A Joy Scale was constructed of items which describe the phenomenology of joy. Each of 333 Ss was asked to describe a specific instance of joy he had experienced and then to fill out the Joy Scale and the Mood Adjective Check List. A factor analysis of the correlations among items on the Joy Scale was done in order to ascertain whether the hypothesized factors expressing various phenomenological dimensions of joy would be confirmed. The correlations between the Central Joy score and a measure of the Dimensions of Emotion identified the specific aspects of the emotion process, such as pleasantness or activation, that were dominant in the affect of joy. Finally, a factor analysis of the Mood Adjective Check List data, which was produced when it was administered under the “joy” condition, demonstrated that Nowlis' original factors were altered appreciably when the instrument was filled out in an almost exclusively positive affective situation.
Development of Fighting Behavior in Mice: Effects of Experiential Factors
Authors: Kalberer William D. , Coleman Warren R.
Published: September 2011

26 isolate-reared male mice show progressively shorter latencies to fight concomitant with weekly, brief social encounters. Subjects exposed to male peers showed shorter latencies than males exposed to female peers. Possible effects of cage size and/or visual experience are discussed. It is suggested that the effects of various life histories upon aggression be investigated.
Chemoreception in Betta Splendens
Authors: Simón Armando
Published: September 2011

4 Ss were kept visually and chemically isolated for 21 days in individual glass beakers with no aereation or drainage. They were then transplanted to each other's beakers (their “habitats”), which retained the water “contaminated” by the original S. They were observed for signs of aggressive display. No sign of displaying occurred.
Invasion of Males' Personal Space by Feminists and Non-Feminists
Authors: Tipton Robert M. , Bailey Kent G. , Obenchain Janet P.
Published: September 2011

This research investigated the relationship between attitudes toward the feminine role and personal space in 72 college women (19.5 yr.). Subjects were classified as either feminists or traditionals according to their measured attitudes. Traditional women did not differ from feminists in their approach behavior to other females but remained a greater distance from males than did the feminists. Feminists saw themselves as more aggressive and more potent than the traditionals rated themselves.
Rumor as a Footnote to Chinese National Character
Authors: London Ivan D. , London Miriam B.
Published: September 2011

A case study of an odd rumor, widely current in China after Nixon's visit, is detailed. Based on interviews of respondents from Kwangrung and Fukien Provinces, an examination of the stabler aspects of this rumor not only points to its probable source, but also reveals two traditional components of Chinese national character.
Projection: Perceptions of Causal Responsibility and Relative Worth
Authors: Bowerman William R.
Published: September 2011

A number of social psychological studies have found that subjects “project” negative personal characteristics onto similar, but not different, others. A wide variety of theoretical explanations have been offered to explain these data. In order to advance conceptual understanding of the forces responsible for projection, two processes which may be operative are proposed and distinguished: (1) reference projection—in which the subject reduces his personal causal responsibility for a negative characteristic by believing that many others who are in his reference category share his fate, and (2) comparison projection—in which the subject reduces the negativeness of a characteristic by lowering the positions of others in his reference category, thereby raising his own relative position on the dimension. Factors which may influence the use of each technique are discussed, as is the connection between these processes and concepts from social comparison theory and attribution theory.
Motivational Distortion of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire by Persons in Job Applicants' Roles
Authors: Jeske J. Oscar , Whitten Mary R.
Published: September 2011

The study investigated motivational distortion on five factors (A, C, E, H, and O) of the 16 PF by 50 undergraduates in job applicants' roles. Ss were able to distort significantly in their favor these factors and five additional ones (G, L, Q2, Q3 and Q4). The results suggest caution in using the 16 PF in personnel selection.
An Analysis of Workers' Attitudes toward the 4-Day, 40-Hour Workweek
Authors: Dickinson Terry L. , Wijting Jan P.
Published: September 2011

Employees' attitudes toward a proposed 4-day, 40-hr. workweek were examined relative to job and worker variables, expectations about the shortened workweek, and satisfaction with facets of the job and company. Employees classified by their sex, work shifts, wage schedules, and sex by work shifts differed significantly in their attitudes toward the 4-day, 40-hr. workweek and in the advantages and disadvantages they expected to result from a revised workweek. Except for a weak relation with pay and promotions, satisfaction with facets of the job and company was not significantly correlated with attitude toward the proposed workweek. The importance of employees' expectations in relation to the 4-day, 40-hr. workweek is discussed, and it is suggested that firms contemplating a revised workweek should examine and explore with employees the impact of a 4-day, 40-hr. workweek before installation.
Comparison of Wisc Profiles of Alleged Juvenile Delinquents Living at Home versus Those Incarcerated
Authors: Solway Kenneth S. , Hays J. Ray , Roberts Thomm K. , Cody Jo Ann
Published: September 2011

Comparison was made between the WISC subtests and IQs of 91 juveniles living on a juvenile detention ward and 91 juveniles living at home. All subjects were alleged juvenile delinquents and were awaiting adjudication. No differences were found on either IQs or subtest standard scores between ward and home group. There were, however, significant differences among the subtests. A Newman-Keuls test indicated a grouping of the subtests which was different from that described by Wechsler (1958). The highest ranked subtests were Similarities, Picture Completion, and Object Assembly; the lowest ranked were Information, Vocabulary, and Arithmetic. The data indicate that the verbal-performance discrepancy is not useful to describe alleged juvenile delinquents.
Internal-External Control and Causal Attributions of Own and Others' Performance
Authors: Kaiser Donn L.
Published: September 2011

In a 3 × 3 factorial design, 69 subjects with a high, medium, or low perceived internal control on Rotter's I-E scale judged the degree to which they thought three grades on a classroom examination resulted from effort and ability (internal factors) as opposed to type of test and luck (external factors). The three grades were the subject's own grade, the highest grade in class, and the lowest grade in class. Results showed that subjects with a high degree of internal control on the I-E scale attributed all three grades to internal factors significantly more than subjects with a low degree of internal control. Internal attributions were significantly higher for the highest grade in class than for the others.
Total Suppression of Irritable Aggression in Rats by Sensory Deprivation
Authors: Thor Donald H.
Published: September 2011

Blockade of shock-elicited fighting in pairs of mature male Long Evans rats may be accomplished by combined application of lidocaine HCl to the vibrissal pads and intranasal mucosa. Nontreated males emit vigorous biting attack when paired with anosmic and facially anesthetized males; non-treated females do not engage in comparable aggressive attack upon the same target animals ( n = 4 females, 8 males).
Social Familiarity and Nip Dominance in Male Swordtails (Xiphophorus Helleri) and Platys (Xiphophorus Maculatus)
Authors: Wechkin Stanley
Published: September 2011

Male swordtails and platys ( ns =12) were tested for nip dominance among familiar (tankmate) and unfamiliar (nontankmate) con-specific pairs in four round robin contests conducted at weekly intervals. Stable dominance relationships were found for both species, with less aggression manifested between familiar swordtail pairs, and to a lesser extent, between familiar platy pairs, than between nonfamiliar pairs. Significant correlations between physical size and dominance status were also found for both species.
Effects of Profession, Sex and Prognostic Expectancies on Therapists' Comments in a Psychotherapeutic Analogue
Authors: Persely George , Johnson James H. , Hornsby L. G.
Published: September 2011

Twenty psychotherapists were individually given one of two psychological reports on a patient which either presented the patient as a good or a poor candidate for therapy. Each therapist then viewed a videotape of the patient in a therapeutic session which allowed the therapist to make written comments as if he were the therapist in the session. Therapists' comments were scored in several categories. No significant differences were found on any of the dependent variables for either good vs poor prognostic information or for psychiatrists vs psychologists. Female therapists used significantly more positive comments, more reflections of feeling, and fewer negative comments than did males. The results suggest that therapists' prognostic expectancy may not be as important a variable as previous correlational research has suggested. The finding concerning males vs females supports some previous studies and stresses the possible relative importance of sex differences vs other variables relating to therapists, e.g., expectancy and training.
Philosophies of Human Nature and Hostile Press
Authors: Cohen Ronald Jay , Teevan Richard C.
Published: September 2011

64 male subjects took the Hostile Press measure of fear of failure (Birney, Burdick, & Teevan, 1969) and the Philosophies of Human Nature (Wrightsman, 1964). It was predicted that persons high on Hostile Press would perceive the world as a hostile place and thus would have a generally less favorable view of human nature—would score low on the Philosophies of Human Nature. In general, the data bore out the hypothesis although the authors felt that the results on Independence did not fit previous research and theory as to the conforming behaviors of persons high in Hostile Press.
Hostile Press and a Survey of Fears
Authors: Becker Robert E. , Cohen Ronald Jay , Teevan Richard C.
Published: September 2011

Following the idea of Birney, Burdick, and Teevan that the Hostile Press measure of fear of failure has to do with a fear of being a failure in the eyes of others, a correlational analysis of the relationships between Hostile Press and Wolpe and Lang's Fear Survey Schedule was undertaken. It was predicted that Hostile Press would correlate with those fears which had to do with failing in the eyes of others and not with any other kinds of fears. It is suggested that the results bear out the hypothesis.
Male and Female Prison Inmates' Differences on MMPI Scales and Revised Beta IQ
Authors: Joesting Joan , Jones Nelda , Joesting Robert
Published: September 2011

MMPI protocols of all male and female prisoners in the North Carolina Correctional System in 1971 were compared. Female inmates had significantly higher ( p < .01) IQs than did the males. With the exception of the Ap, L, and K scales, males had statistically significant higher means on all MMPI scales. Women were only higher on the Ap and K scales. The males appeared significantly more emotionally disturbed, which suggests that emotionally disturbed women may be admitted to a mental hospital.
Overnight Decrement in Maze Performance of Mice Running for Food Reward
Authors: Eiserer Leonard A. , Scardina Sandra J.
Published: September 2011

Mice were run in a T-maze for food reward, to investigate possible effects of deprivation level on “overnight decrement,” i.e., worse performance on the first trial of a given day than on the last trial of either the previous or the same day. Following an initial training period, each mouse received a series of massed trials on 22 consecutive days. On half of these days, the mice were deprived of food in their home cages; on the other half, they were not deprived. Overnight decrement was substantial only when the mice were not deprived. These results have important implications concerning the comparability of positively reinforcing brain stimulation and more conventional rewards.
Relation of Racial Attitudes to Sociometric Choices among Second Grade Children
Authors: Mabe Paul Alexander , Williams John E.
Published: September 2011

This paper reports the findings of a study of the relation of racial attitudes to interpersonal choice behavior among second grade school children. Children (32 Euro-American and 20 Afro-American) who comprised two intact classrooms in an integrated public school were administered the Preschool Racial Attitude Measure (PRAM II) and a sociometric procedure which asked them to choose classmates as associates for three different activities. For all subjects, a correlation of .52 was obtained between the degree of pro-Euro/anti-Afro bias displayed on PRAM II and the frequency of choice of Euro-American associates. There was some evidence of less racial bias and less frequent choice of Euro-associates in a racially balanced classroom than in a classroom which was predominantly Euro-American. It was concluded that the study supported the validity of the PRAM II procedure as a method for assessing racial attitudes in young children.
Changes in Authoritarian Family Ideology with Childrearing Experience
Authors: Ernhart Claire B.
Published: September 2011

In previous cross-sectional research postpartum white women who have just delivered a first child (primiparous women) have scored higher on a scale entitled Authoritarian Family Ideology than women whose delivery was of later children. This delivery order, or parity, effect was attributed to the difference in childrearing experience of the different parity levels. A rival hypothesis is that authoritarianism might be related to desired family size. Since women desiring small families are less likely to be sampled in a later delivery (multiparous) sample, the parity effect may be due to sampling from populations which differ in more than childrearing experience. If the effect is due to childrearing, scores of women primiparous at first contact should change over several years of parenthood until they reach the level of women who were multiparous at first contact. A sample of 309 white and 130 black women first tested after the delivery of a child were retested 3 yr. later. Consistent with previous report, the parity effect was found for white women but not for black women; retest scores for both parities and races were lower than first test scores, but this decrease was greater for those white women who had been primiparous at first contact. Thus the initial difference associated with parity dissipated with childrearing experience.
Changes in Open-Field Behavior following Short-Term Alcohol Ingestion by Rats
Authors: Bond Nigel W. , Digiusto Eros L.
Published: September 2011

24 adult male Wistar rats were reduced to 70% of their free-feeding body weight and then randomly divided into an experimental and a control group. The former was placed on a liquid diet consisting of alcohol plus Sustagen for 4 2-day periods interspersed with 3 2-day periods of a liquid diet containing Sucrose plus Sustagen. The latter group which was pair fed with the experimental group received the latter diet only. An 8-day period followed in which all animals were fed their normal laboratory diet ad lib. All rats were subsequently tested for differences in activity and defecation in an open field for 15 min. per day every other day for 3 days. The results showed that short-term alcohol ingestion can lead to residual behavioral changes, an enhancement of the activating effects of novel stimuli on locomotor activity which were independent of emotional responding or nutritional deficiencies.
Cholinergic Mediation of Instrumental and Consummatory Behaviors
Authors: Burks Charles D. , Daniell James R. , Looney Ramon L.
Published: September 2011

Schedule-induced polydipsia was instated in 8 male albino rats using FR 100 and FT schedules of reinforcement. Both schedules were effective in producing schedule-induced polydipsia when water was concurrently available. The rats received intraperitoneal injections of 3, 6, and 9 mg/kg atropine sulfate and a control injection of physiological saline according to a 4 × 4 Latin square design which was replicated for two groups of 4 rats each. Atropine sulfate injections attenuated schedule-induced polydipsia instated on the two schedules. Water intake levels were suppressed to equivalent levels regardless of schedules or preinjection intake level obtained before drugs were administered as compared to saline controls ( p < .001). This finding was interpreted as evidence that the polydipsia is mediated at least in part by cholinergic pathways.
Life-Stress, Locus of Control, and Treatment-Seeking
Authors: Manuck Stephen B. , Hinrichsen James J. , Ross Elizabeth O.
Published: September 2011

In a study of the relationship between life-stress, Locus of Control and illness-related treatment-seeking behavior, 129 undergraduates were divided into Internals and Externals by Rotter's Locus of Control questionnaire and into groups of high and low life-stress Ss by Jacobs' Life Change Inventory (Category A). 98 Ss were available for follow-up after a 6-mo. period of risk. It was found that highly stressed Ss were more likely to seek treatment for physical complaints during risk than were low-stressed Ss. Low-stressed Externals were more likely to seek treatment than low-stressed Internals, but there was no significant difference between Internals and Externals under high-stress conditions.
Perceived Somatic Reactions to Stress and Hostile Press
Authors: Cohen Ronald Jay , Becker Robert E. , Teevan Richard C.
Published: September 2011

Hostile Press is a measure of fear of failure. We have evidence that people high on Hostile Press see the world as a hostile, threatening place. Following this idea, we felt that persons high on Hostile Press should show psychophysiological reactions to their feelings about the world. 200 male students were given the Hostile Press measure of fear of failure and a “Reactions to Stress Questionnaire.” The prediction was that there would be a positive correlation between the two measures. In general, the prediction was confirmed.
Newspaper Advertising Influences on Consumers' Behavior by Socioeconomic Status of Customers
Authors: Peretti Peter O. , Lucas Chris
Published: September 2011

This study was done to determine the influence of newspaper advertising on 71 middle-class and 71 lower-class consumers' buying of particular food items. Advertising tended to affect lower-class consumers' buying more. Reading the newspaper advertising seemed to increase purchase of advertised items more than not reading the paper. Intraclass comparisons also indicated that reading the newspaper advertising led to consumers' increased purchasing of the advertised items.
Human Salivary Response to Interpersonal Bargaining Situations: A Psycho-Physiological Investigation
Authors: Silverstein Leonard , Iverson Marvin A.
Published: September 2011

Parotid salivary secretion was regarded as a correlate of 80 men and women's stress arousal: lesser amounts of secretion accompany higher levels of arousal. Experimental results obtained in two-person interpersonal bargaining situations were then interpreted in terms of this formulation. Bargainers who had unequal advantages (as in a unilateral threat situation) or disproportionately greater potential payoff had relatively little parotid salivary secretion compared to their partners who interacted under disadvantages or had no promise of extra reward. Three variations of the trucking game were employed. Salivary parotid responses were similar for bargainers and failed to discriminate conditions of no threat and bilateral threat. Subjects under unilateral threat differed, however, and seemed to display specific stress characteristics.
Perception of Parental Behavior by Adolescents in Crisis
Authors: Nihira Kazuo , Yusin Alvin , Sinay Ruth
Published: September 2011

The Bronfenbrenner Parent Behavior Questionnaire was used to study parental behavior as perceived by 86 adolescents (aged 12 to 18 yr.) in a crisis ward. In contrast to normal school age children, these adolescents viewed their parents as significantly more punitive, intrusive, restrictive, and to have higher demands for achievement for their children. A factor analysis of 15 subscales delineated four orthogonal factors: Nurturing, Punishing, Firm Control vs Lax Control, and Rejection. In terms of these factorial dimensions, no significant correlation was observed between the adolescents' perception of parental behavior and the specific forms of their crisis behavior, i.e., suicidal, aggressive, psychotic, and drug-induced psychotic behaviors.
Ratings of Life and Death and Suicide Intent
Authors: Wetzel Richard D.
Published: September 2011

154 Ss rated the concepts life and death with the semantic differential. Ratings of life and life minus death significantly discriminated between suicidal and non-suicidal Ss and between more and less suicidal Ss. Changes in evaluation of life were significantly associated with changes in self-rated suicide intent. Evaluation of life was more sensitive than other life factor scores to suicide behavior and suicide intent.
A Clinical Decision-Making Model for Child Psychiatric Intervention Selection
Authors: Henderson Peter B. , Magnussen Max G. , Snyderman Barbara B. , Homann Juergen
Published: September 2011

This paper describes a four-component procedure of clinical decision-making, developed by a group of senior child clinicians in an urban child mental health center. The major goal of the paper is to give readers a basic understanding of the theory underlying the formulation of our disposition-oriented clinical decision-making system, that can be eventually translated into questionnaire format, and made useful and usable in general clinical application. The four-component procedure is described in a step-wise fashion and then linked to clinical dispositional options to be chosen from the clinical services available in a clinic. A child mental health data system will ultimately be developed.
Changes in Superstitious Beliefs among College Women
Authors: Gregory C. Jane
Published: September 2011

Belief in superstition was investigated for 348 university students. Today's beliefs seem less concerned with deterministic viewpoints of life, animistic roles of nature, and supernatural happenings, but more inclined towards personal manifestations. Although comparisons with other studies over a 50-yr. interval suggested changes in strengths of support for these beliefs, the inclusion and endorsement of sport by females best exemplified the changing nature of superstition in society. Now it appears that the school rather than home environment provides the source for these beliefs.
Sex, Cognitive Categories, and Observational Accuracy
Authors: Mazanec Nancy , Call George J. Mc
Published: September 2011

Greater availability of relevant cognitive categories is hypothesized to explain females' superiority in observational accuracy. Correlations support the hypothesis and also show that availability does not explain the “same-sex recall effect.”
Race, Sex and Social Example: An Analysis of Character Portrayals on Inter-Racial Television Entertainment
Authors: Donagher Patricia C. , Poulos Rita Wicks , Liebert Robert M. , Davidson Emily S.
Published: September 2011

An analysis of character portrayals on inter-racial television entertainment with a focus on race, sex, and social example was performed. Nine regularly broadcast programs having bi-racial representation with at least one male and one female portrayal were selected and a total of 60 characters analyzed according to eight categories of interpersonal and self-control behaviors. White males were aggressive and persistent but non-altruistic and unable to resist temptations to break the rules of society, or repair the damage they caused to others. Black males were non-aggressive, persistent, altruistic, and more likely than any other group to make reparation for injury. White females were non-aggressive, likely to make reparation for damage to others, and altruistic; they displayed resistance to temptation but little delay of gratification/task persistence. Black women exhibited the same self-control pattern as white women and also were non-aggressive, non-altruistic, and not inclined toward reparation for damage to others. Their most outstanding behavior, though, was a high level of explaining feelings to increase understanding, resolve strife, and reassure others. The over-all pattern of findings is interpreted in terms of television's maintaining and fostering stereotypes.
Aversive Effects of Repeated Injections of the in Rats
Authors: Kay Edwin J.
Published: September 2011

Exposure of rats to a novel substance (.1% sodium saccharin) was paired with 0, .25, .5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/kg of Δ9-THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) for 1, 6 or 12 days. In a subsequent test, all groups showed a decreased preference for saccharin as the dosage of THC was increased. The results indicated that THC is aversive in multiple as well as single injections.