bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Angiotensin-(1–7) Modulates Renal Vascular Resistance Through Inhibition of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice
Authors: Potthoff Sebastian A. , Fähling Michael , Clasen Tilman , Mende Susanne , Ishak Bassam , Suvorava Tatsiana , Stamer Stefanie , Thieme Manuel , Sivritas Sema H. , Kojda Georg , Patzak Andreas , Rump Lars C. , Stegbauer Johannes
Published: November 2013

Apolipoprotein E–deficient (apoE(−/−)) mice fed on Western diet are characterized by increased vascular resistance and atherosclerosis. Previously, we have shown that chronic angiotensin (Ang)-(1–7) treatment ameliorates endothelial dysfunction in apoE(−/−) mice. However, the mechanism of Ang-(1–7) on vasoconstrictor response to Ang II is unknown. To examine Ang-(1–7) function, we used apoE(−/−) and wild-type mice fed on Western diet that were treated via osmotic minipumps either with Ang-(1–7) (82 μg/kg per hour) or saline for 6 weeks. We show that Ang II–induced renal pressor response was significantly increased in apoE(−/−) compared with wild-type mice. This apoE(−/−)-specific response is attributed to reactive oxygen species–mediated p38 mitogen–activated protein kinase activation and subsequent phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC
20
), causing renal vasoconstriction. Here, we provide evidence that chronic Ang-(1–7) treatment attenuated the renal pressor response to Ang II in apoE(−/−) mice to wild-type levels. Ang-(1–7) treatment significantly decreased renal inducible nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate subunit p47phox levels and, thus, reactive oxygen species production that in turn causes decreased p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. The latter has been confirmed by administration of a specific p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor SB203580 (5 μmol/L), causing a reduced renal pressor response to Ang II in apoE(−/−) but not in apoE(−/−) mice treated with Ang-(1–7). Moreover, Ang-(1–7) treatment had no effect in Mas(−/−)/apoE(−/−) double-knockout mice confirming the specificity of Ang-(1–7) action through the Mas-receptor. In summary, Ang-(1–7) modulates vascular function via Mas-receptor activation that attenuates pressor response to Ang II in apoE(−/−) mice by reducing reactive oxygen species–mediated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity.
Dynamic CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein–Associated Changes of DNA Methylation in the Angiotensinogen Gene
Authors: Wang Fen , Demura Masashi , Cheng Yuan , Zhu Aoshuang , Karashima Shigehiro , Yoneda Takashi , Demura Yoshiki , Maeda Yuji , Namiki Mikio , Ono Katsuhiko , Nakamura Yasuhiro , Sasano Hironobu , Akagi Tadayuki , Yamagishi Masakazu , Saijoh Kiyofumi , Takeda Yoshiyu
Published: November 2013

DNA methylation patterns are maintained in adult somatic cells. Recent findings, however, suggest that all methylation patterns are not preserved. We demonstrate that stimulatory signals can change the DNA methylation status at a CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (CEBP) binding site and a transcription start site and activate expression of the angiotensinogen gene (
AGT
). A CEBP binding site in the human
AGT
promoter was hypomethylated in tissues with high expression of
AGT
, but not in those with low expression. The transcriptional activity of
AGT
promoter sequences cloned into a reporter plasmid depended on DNA methylation. In cultured human cells, interleukin 6 stimulation caused DNA demethylation around a CEBP binding site and a transcription start site; demethylation was accompanied by increased CEBP-β recruitment and chromatin accessibility of the
AGT
promoter. DNA methylation activity decreased in the nucleus. Excess circulating aldosterone upregulated
AGT
expression and was accompanied by DNA hypomethylation around a CEBP binding site and a transcription start site in human visceral adipose tissue. High salt intake led to upregulation of
Agt
expression, DNA hypomethylation around 2 CEBP binding sites and a transcription start site, and decreased DNA methylation activity in rat visceral adipose tissue. Taken together, CEBP binding initiates chromatin relaxation and transcription, which are followed by DNA demethylation around a CEBP binding site and a transcription start site in the
AGT
promoter. Decreased DNA methylation activity in the nucleus may play a role in DNA demethylation. DNA demethylation switches the phenotype of
AGT
expression from an inactive to an active state.
Exposure to a High-Fat Diet During Development Alters Leptin and Ghrelin Sensitivity and Elevates Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Arterial Pressure in Rabbits
Authors: Prior Larissa J. , Davern Pamela J. , Burke Sandra L. , Lim Kyungjoon , Armitage James A. , Head Geoffrey A.
Published: November 2013

Exposure to maternal obesity or a maternal diet rich in fat during development may have adverse outcomes in offspring, such as the development of obesity and hypertension. The present study examined the effect of a maternal high-fat diet (m-HFD) on offspring blood pressure and renal sympathetic nerve activity, responses to stress, and sensitivity to central administration of leptin and ghrelin. Offspring of New Zealand white rabbits fed a 13% HFD were slightly heavier than offspring from mothers fed a 4% maternal normal fat diet (
P
<0.05) but had 64% greater fat pad mass (
P
=0.015). Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and renal sympathetic nerve activity at 4 months of age were 7%, 7%, and 24% greater, respectively (
P
<0.001), in m-HFD compared with maternal normal fat diet rabbits, and the renal sympathetic nerve activity response to airjet stress was enhanced in the m-HFD group. m-HFD offspring had markedly elevated pressor and renal sympathetic nerve activity responses to intracerebroventricular leptin (5–100 µg) and enhanced sympathetic responses to intracerebroventricular ghrelin (1–5 nmol). In contrast, there was resistance to the anorexic effects of intracerebroventricular leptin and less neuronal activation as detected by Fos immunohistochemistry in the arcuate (−57%;
P
<0.001) and paraventricular (−37%;
P
<0.05) nuclei of the hypothalamus in m-HFD offspring compared with maternal normal fat diet rabbits. We conclude that offspring from mothers consuming an HFD exhibit an adverse cardiovascular profile in adulthood because of altered central hypothalamic sensitivity to leptin and ghrelin.
Four new species of the genus Pseudopoda Jäger, 2000 (Araneae, Sparassidae) from Yunnan Province, China
Authors: ZHANG BAO-SHI , ZHANG FENG , ZHANG ZHI-SHENG
Published: November 2013

Four new species of the huntsman spider genus Pseudopoda Jäger, 2000 are reported from Yunnan Province, China: Pseudopoda gibberosa sp. nov. (male, female), P. semiannulata sp. nov. (male, female), P. breviducta sp. nov. (male, female) and P. triangula sp. nov. (male, female).
Diagnostic clues for identification of selected species of the Micropsectra atrofasciata group, with description of M. uva sp. nov. from Croatia (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanytarsini)
Authors: GIŁKA WOJCIECH , ZAKRZEWSKA MARTA , BARANOV VIKTOR A. , DOMINIAK PATRYCJA
Published: November 2013

Micropsectra uva sp. nov. is described from the Plitvice Lakes National Park (Croatia), and placed in the Micropsectra atrofasciata systematic species group. Morphological key structures/characters for adult males of the new species and several closest Micropsectra Kieffer are illustrated in detail and evaluated.
The spider genus Kukulcania in South America (Araneae: Filistatidae): a redescription of K. brevipes (Keyserling) and new records of K. hibernalis (Hentz)
Authors: BRESCOVIT ANTONIO D. , SANTOS ADALBERTO J.
Published: November 2013

Two species of the spider genus Kukulcania are known from South America. Kukulcania brevipes (Keyserling), originally described from Peru, is here diagnosed, illustrated and redescribed, with several new records provided for eastern Peru and northern Chile. The synanthropic Kukulcania hibernalis (Hentz) is illustrated and diagnosed, with several new records extending the distribution of this species from northern Venezuela to southern Brazil.
New replacement name for the planthopper genus Potiguara Hoch et Ferreira, 2013 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Kinnaridae)
Authors: XING JI-CHUN , HOCH HANNELORE , CHEN XIANG-SHENG
Published: November 2013

The Kinnaridae genus Potiguara was established by Hoch & Ferreira (2013) with the type species Potiguara troglobia Hoch et Ferreira, 2013 from Brazil. So far, this genus includes only the type species. Nevertheless, the name Potiguara is preoccupied and it was initially introduced by Machado et Brito, 2006 for an extinct genus of the fish family Pycnodontidae (with the type species Coelodus rosadoi Silva Santos, 1963 from Brazil). Thus, the genus Potiguara Hoch et Ferreira, 2013 is a junior homonym of the genus Potiguara Machado et Brito, 2006. According to Article 60 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, we propose the new replacement name Kinnapotiguara nom. nov. for Potiguara Hoch et Ferreira, 2013. Accordingly, a new combination is herein proposed for the kinnarid planthopper species currently included in this genus: Kinnapotiguara troglobia (Hoch et Ferreira, 2013) comb. nov.
Abcharis nom. nov., a new substitute name for Notiocharis Eaton, 1913 (Diptera: Psychodidae: Psychodinae) with world check-list of species
Authors: TKOČ MICHAL , JEŽEK JAN
Published: November 2013

Abcharis nom. nov. is established as a new substitute name for Notiocharis Eaton, 1913 (Diptera: Psychodidae: Psychodinae), which is a junior homonym of Notiocharis Gistel, 1856 (Coleoptera: Carabidae). The following new combinations are proposed: Abcharis assimilis (Quate & Quate, 1967) comb. nov.; A. dimorpha (Satchell, 1953) comb. nov.; A. femoralis (Quate, 1965) comb. nov.; A. filipinae (Quate, 1965) comb. nov.; A. fragilis (Quate & Quate, 1967) comb. nov.; A. insignis (Eaton, 1913) comb. nov.; A. kalabakensis (Quate, 1962) comb. nov.; A. lanceolata (Quate & Quate, 1967) comb. nov.; A. maai (Quate & Quate, 1967) comb. nov.; A. mangrophila (Ježek, 2000) comb. nov.; A. miranda (Quate & Quate, 1967) comb. nov.; A. pallida (Satchell, 1953) comb. nov.; A. papuensis (Quate & Quate, 1967) comb. nov.; A. paxillosa (Quate & Quate, 1967) comb. nov.; A. phlyctis (Quate & Quate, 1967) comb. nov.; A. sarawakensis (Quate, 1962) comb. nov.; A. stellae (Quate, 1962) comb. nov.; and A. wilsoni (Duckhouse, 1966) comb. nov. A world checklist of the included species with information about type material and distribution is provided.
Regional Assessment of Sampling Techniques for More Efficient Dynamical Climate Downscaling
Authors: Pinto James O. , Monaghan Andrew J. , Delle Monache Luca , Vanvyve Emilie , Rife Daran L.
Published: November 2013

Dynamical downscaling is a computationally expensive method whereby finescale details of the atmosphere may be portrayed by running a limited area numerical weather prediction model (often called a regional climate model) nested within a coarse-resolution global reanalysis or global climate model output. The goal of this study is to assess using sampling techniques to dynamically downscale a small subset of days to approximate the statistical properties of the entire period of interest. Two sampling techniques are explored: one where days are randomly selected and another where representative days are chosen (or targeted) based on a set of selection criteria. The relative merit of using random sampling versus targeted random sampling is demonstrated using daily mean 2-m air temperature (T2M). The first two moments of dynamically downscaled T2M can be approximated within 0.3 K using just 5% of the population of available days during a 20-yr period. Targeted random sampling can reduce the mean absolute error of these estimates by as much as 30% locally. Estimation of the more extreme values of T2M is more uncertain and requires a larger sample size. The potential reduction in computational cost afforded by these sampling techniques could greatly benefit applications requiring high-resolution dynamically downscaled depictions of regional climate, including situations in which an ensemble of regional climate simulations is required to properly characterize uncertainty in the model physics assumptions, scenarios, and so on.
A Coupled Decadal Prediction of the Dynamic State of the Kuroshio Extension System
Authors: Qiu Bo , Chen Shuiming , Schneider Niklas , Taguchi Bunmei
Published: November 2013

Being the extension of a wind-driven western boundary current, the Kuroshio Extension (KE) has long been recognized as a turbulent current system rich in large-amplitude meanders and energetic pinched-off eddies. An important feature emerging from recent satellite altimeter measurements and eddy-resolving ocean model simulations is that the KE system exhibits well-defined decadal modulations between a stable and an unstable dynamic state. Here the authors show that the decadally modulating KE dynamic state can be effectively defined by the sea surface height (SSH) anomalies in the 31°–36°N, 140°–165°E region. By utilizing the SSH-based KE index from 1977 to 2012, they demonstrate that the time-varying KE dynamic state can be predicted at lead times of up to ~6 yr. This long-term predictability rests on two dynamic processes: 1) the oceanic adjustment is via baroclinic Rossby waves that carry interior wind-forced anomalies westward into the KE region and 2) the low-frequency KE variability influences the extratropical storm tracks and surface wind stress curl field across the North Pacific basin. By shifting poleward (equatorward) the storm tracks and the large-scale wind stress curl pattern during its stable (unstable) dynamic state, the KE variability induces a delayed negative feedback that can enhance the predictable SSH variance on the decadal time scales.
Reducing Wave-Induced Microwave Water-Level Measurement Error with a Least Squares–Designed Digital Filter*
Authors: Boon John D.
Published: November 2013

A microwave water-level sensor, the Design Analysis model H-3611i, will soon enter service at tide stations operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Center for Operational Oceanographic Products and Services (CO-OPS) as part of the National Water Level Observation Network. CO-OPS tests include a multisensor deployment at the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Field Research Facility at Duck, North Carolina, to evaluate microwave water-level measurement error over a wide range of Atlantic Ocean sea states. In situ precision and accuracy of processed (6-min average) water level is found to depend on sea state in addition to data processing methods and sensor operating mode. Estimates over selected 6-h measurement periods show that a degree-two polynomial successfully models the increase in sensor standard error with increasing zero-moment (Hm0) wave height but with differences in rate of error increase dependent on the application of a prefilter and choice of sensor operating mode. Prefiltering of 1-Hz “fast mode” sensor output to remove variance at selected wind-wave frequencies can reduce standard error during extreme conditions (Hm0 ≈ 3 m) from approximately ±3 cm without prefiltering to about ±1 cm using a least squares–designed (LSD) digital filter with a 60-s cutoff period. When wave heights are elevated, skewed non-Gaussian distributions develop within the 1-Hz (360 s) sample domain wherein a 3σ outlier elimination process applied without prefiltering can introduce a negative bias of up to 5 cm in individual 6-min water-level averages.
Diurnal Variations of NLDN-Reported Cloud-to-Ground Lightning in the United States
Authors: Holle Ronald L.
Published: November 2013

National maps of cloud-to-ground lightning flash density (in flashes per square kilometer per year) for one or more years have been produced since the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) was first deployed across the contiguous United States in 1989. However, no single publication includes maps of cloud-to-ground flash density across the domain and adjacent areas during the entire diurnal cycle. Cloud-to-ground lightning has strong and variable diurnal changes across the United States that should be taken into account for outdoor lightning-vulnerable activities, particularly those involving human safety. For this study, NLDN cloud-to-ground flash data were compiled in 20 km by 20 km grid squares from 2005 to 2012 for the lower 48 states. A unique feature of this study is that maps were prepared to coincide with local time, not time zones. NLDN flashes were assigned to 2-h time periods in 5° longitude bands. Composite maps of the 2-h periods with the most lightning in each grid square were also prepared. The afternoon from 1200 to 1800 local mean time provides two-thirds of the day’s lightning. However, lightning activity starts before noon over western mountains and onshore along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts. These areas are where recurring lightning-vulnerable recreation and workplace activities should expect the threat at these times, rather than view them as an anomaly. An additional result of the study is the midday beginning of lightning over the higher terrain of the western states, then the maximum activity moves steadily eastward. These storms pose a threat to late-afternoon and evening recreation. In some Midwest and plains locations, lightning is most frequent after midnight.
Prediction of Convective Morphology in Near-Cloud-Permitting WRF Model Simulations
Authors: Snively Darren V. , Gallus William A.
Published: November 2013

The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model’s ability to forecast convective morphological evolution is examined for 37 convective systems. The simulations used Thompson microphysics with 3-km horizontal grid spacing. Ten convective mode classifications were used. An objective score was developed to determine the accuracy of the simulated morphologies considering a normalized duration of each mode simulated and its agreement with observations. Rapid Update Cycle analyses were used to compare larger-scale preinitiation conditions to simulated morphology accuracy, as well as to examine how the WRF model’s skill at predicting these larger-scale conditions influenced its prediction of morphology. Two case studies selected as representative of the most common simulated morphology deficiencies were examined in detail. The model simulated cellular systems relatively well but struggled more with linear systems, particularly bow echoes and squall lines having trailing stratiform rain regions. Morphological evolution was generally better simulated in environments with enhanced deep-layer shear and cooler potential temperatures at the level of maximum θe. Weaker deep-layer shear, cooler potential temperatures at the surface, and quickly warming potential temperatures with height increased the likelihood of timing errors. The first case study showed that a warmer cold pool, much larger line-normal shear, and excessive midlevel drying were present in the model run that failed to develop a trailing stratiform region. The second case study showed that weak shear and the absence of a well-developed cold pool may have played a role in the lack of bowing.
The Meaning and Measure of Organizational Learning Mechanisms in Secondary Schools
Authors: Schechter Chen , Atarchi Lilach
Published: November 2013

Purpose: Organizational learning has been conceptualized as a critical component for school effectiveness. This study explored organizational learning in schools through the conceptual framework of “organizational learning mechanisms” (OLMs) and developed a measure of OLMs at the secondary school level. Research Design: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of items were conducted to examine factorial validity. To test the criterion-related validity, the OLM questionnaire was correlated to other constructs—teachers’ sense of collective efficacy and teachers’ organizational commitment, both of which have been used as independent variables to predict school productivity. Findings: A four-factor model of OLMs in secondary schools was the best fit between the empirical results and the conceptual formulation. The four-factor model included the following factors: disseminating, storing, and retrieving information; distributing information among students and parents; analyzing and interpreting information; and usage of online information. Implications: The present study encourages researchers to explore whether OLMs can serve as a mediating variable between the system level and the classroom level. Using this questionnaire, secondary schools can assess their own learning cycle, analyzing their practices of information processing.
Expressing religious identities in the workplace: Analyzing a neglected diversity dimension
Authors: Gebert Diether , Boerner Sabine , Kearney Eric , King James E , Zhang Kai , Song Lynda Jiwen
Published: November 2013

Responding to Jackson and Joshi’s (2011) call for specific models of the effects of particular diversity types and against the backdrop of the rising desire for the public expression of religious identities in the workplace (Hicks, 2003), we develop a framework that systematically explores when and how the expression of diverse religious identities induces relational conflicts in organizational units. In developing this framework, we integrate the respective literatures on religion studies (e.g. Hicks, 2003), identity-disclosure (e.g. Ragins, 2008) and diversity within organizational groups (Jackson and Joshi, 2011). Our framework specifies three paths whereby the public expression of diverse religious identities can engender relational conflicts. As mediators, we discuss perceivers’ attribution of proselytism and religious discrimination, as well as identity threats. Moreover, we examine the moderating roles of actors’ and perceivers’ religious fundamentalism, perceivers’ religious identity salience and minority members’ attribution of majority members’ religious hegemonial claims. At the theoretical level, we delineate particularities of religious identity diversity that distinguish this diversity type from other deep-level diversity attributes. Concerning practical implications, we argue that it is important to not only foster self-expression, but also to be cognizant of the risks that the public expression of religious identities entails.
Autopsy findings in bodies repatriated to the UK
Authors: Williams Edward John , Davison Andrew
Published: November 2013

Following the death of a British National on foreign soil, a primary investigation is conducted by the authorities of that country; HM Coroner and the United Kingdom police have no jurisdiction to conduct investigations abroad. Upon repatriation of a body, the legal investigation in the UK remains largely unchanged since the publication of the “harmonisation of medico-legal autopsy rules” (1999) and the passing of the Coroners and Justice Act (2009). We identified 44 cases within a 10-year period. An invasive autopsy had been performed abroad in 25 cases; an autopsy report was received prior to UK autopsy in one case. Seven cases showed incomplete evisceration; the absence of part or whole organs was recorded in 11 cases. Toxicology was performed abroad in five cases. Recurring technical difficulties related chiefly to embalming, including difficulty with dissection and noxious fumes. When an autopsy had been performed abroad, the time to UK inquest was prolonged by an average of seven months. A verdict of unlawful killing was returned in nine cases. The discussion expands on these issues, and attempts to offer reasoned explanation where possible. Two cases are used as exemplars to highlight difficulties to both the pathologist and Coroner. This casework remains rare but the potential problems include: absence of tissue; lack of information; technical difficulties; and a disproportionately high number of unlawful killings, making clear the need for experience and caution when making the post mortem examination.
Age at death estimation from bone histology in Malaysian males
Authors: Nor Faridah Mohd , Pastor Robert F , Schutkowski Holger
Published: November 2013

Estimation of age from microscopic examination of human bone utilizes bone remodeling. This allows 2 regression equation to be determined in a specific population based on the variation in osteon turnover in different populations. The aim of this study was to provide age estimation for Malaysian males. Ground undecalcified cross sections were prepared from long limb bones of 50 deceased males aged between 21 and 78 years. Ten microstructural parameters were measured and subjected to multivariate regression analysis. Results showed that osteon count had the highest correlation with age (R = 0.43), and age was estimated to be within 10.94 years of the true value in 98% of males. Cross validation of the equation on 50 individuals showed close correspondence of true ages with estimated ages. Further studies are needed to validate and expand these results.
Predictive Validity and the Impact of Change in Total LSI-R Score on Recidivism
Authors: Vose Brenda , Smith Paula , Cullen Francis T.
Published: November 2013

The Level of Service Inventory–Revised (LSI-R) is an assessment instrument designed to evaluate the risks and needs of offenders. The current study examines the predictive validity of the LSI-R with a sample of 2,849 probationers and parolees at two points in time. This design allows for the analysis of the instrument’s predictive validity at Time 1 and Time 2, and the correlation between changes in LSI-R scores and recidivism. The results suggest that the LSI-R is a valid assessment instrument for predicting recidivism and that change in LSI-R score is associated with change in risk of recidivism. The implications of these findings for effective correctional intervention are discussed.
Mediating orientation and self-expression in the world of consumption: Australian and German lifestyle journalists’ professional views
Authors: Hanusch Folker , Hanitzsch Thomas
Published: November 2013

Despite having experienced rapid popularity over the past two decades, lifestyle journalism is still somewhat neglected by academic researchers. So far mostly explored as either part of wider lifestyle programming, particularly on television, or in terms of individual sub-fields, such as travel, fashion or food journalism, lifestyle journalism is in need of scholarly analysis particularly in the area of production, based on the increasing importance which the field has in influencing audiences’ ways of life. This study explores the professional views of 89 Australian and German lifestyle journalists through in-depth interviews in order to explore the ways in which they engage in processes of influencing audiences’ self-expression, identities and consumption behaviors. The article argues that through its work, lifestyle journalism is a significant shaper of identities in today’s consumer societies.
Policy failure or moral scandal? Political accountability, journalism and new public management
Authors: Djerf-Pierre Monika , Ekström Mats , Johansson Bengt
Published: November 2013

Political accountability is fundamental in a democratic society. Societal changes such as the marketization of the public sector have, however, made accountability issues complex and negotiable. The question of who is to be held to account for policy failures is increasingly a subject of struggle within the media. The aim of this article is to examine how journalism does “accountability work” in a political setting marked by new public management. The empirical study focuses on an example of intensive news coverage of the mistreatment of elderly people in private health care, in Sweden, 2011. A corpus of 156 news items is analyzed. The analysis focuses on the use of accountability interviews, and how journalism constructs boundaries of political accountability by framing social problems. In general, the study shows that the political accountability work carried out was weak and restricted, the problems were constructed as a moral scandal instead of a policy failure.
Awards, archives, and affects: tropes in the World Press Photo contest 2009–11
Authors: Zarzycka Marta , Kleppe Martijn
Published: November 2013

Photography contests have assumed an increasingly significant public role in the context of the global surge of mass-mediated war reporting. This study focuses on the recurrence of visual tropes in press photographs awarded in the annual contest World Press Photo (WPP) in the years 2009–11. By tropes, we mean conventions (e.g. a mourning woman, a civilian facing soldiers, a distressed witness to an atrocity) that remain unchanged despite their travels across the visual sphere, gaining professional and public recognition and having a strong affective impact. We contend that photography contests such as the WPP influence and organize a process of generic understanding of war, disaster and atrocity that is based on a number of persistent tropes, such as the mourner, the protester or the survivor amidst chaos and ruins. We further show that these tropes are gendered along traditional conceptions of femininity and masculinity, appealing strongly to both judges and wider audiences. The evidence for our claim comes from an analysis of the photographs that won awards, observation of the judging sessions, semi-structured interviews with three jury chairmen, and public commentary on the juries’ choices (blogs, newspapers and websites).
The utility of person-specific analyses for investigating developmental processes
Authors: Gayles Jochebed G. , Molenaar Peter C. M.
Published: November 2013

The fields of psychology and human development are experiencing a resurgence of scientific inquiries about phenomena that unfold at the level of the individual. This article addresses the issues of analyzing intraindividual psychological/developmental phenomena using standard analytical techniques for interindividual variation. When phenomena are characterized by intraindividual variation, analyses must be done at the level of the individual. Research on these processes generally uses methods analyzing interindividual variation, rather than intraindividual, however, a noteworthy fundamental difference exists between the two. The current article provides theoretical and empirical illustrations of the fundamental contrast between variation within subjects and variation between subjects. First, we explain this distinction through the classical ergodic theorems. Next, we discuss the utility of analysis of intraindividual variation for developmental processes. We then provide an empirical example, using recently-developed methods for analyzing person-specific developmental processes. This article presents for the first time a methodological approach in which first the factor model is determined by exploratory and confirmatory P-technique, and then in a separate second phase the dynamic model for the latent factor series is determined.
How joint attention relates to cooperation in 1- and 2-year-olds
Authors: Wu Zhen , Pan Jingtong , Su Yanjie , Gros-Louis Julie
Published: November 2013

Joint attention has been suggested to contribute to children’s development of cooperation; however, few empirical studies have directly tested this hypothesis. Children aged 1 and 2 years participated in two joint action activities to assess their cooperation with an adult partner, who stopped participating at a specific moment during the tasks. Children’s joint attention skills were measured by the Early Social Communication Scales (ESCS). Results showed that children’s responding to joint attention ability contributed to their successful cooperation in an activity that required parallel roles, whereas initiating joint attention ability contributed to their successful cooperation in an activity that required complementary roles. These results suggest a complex relationship between joint attention and cooperative abilities when considering RJA and IJA separately.
Overview of Exocrine Pancreatic Pathobiology
Authors: Pandiri Arun R.
Published: November 2013

Exocrine pancreas is a source of several enzymes that are essential for the digestive process. The exocrine pancreatic secretion is tightly regulated by the neuroendocrine system. The endocrine pancreas is tightly integrated anatomically and physiologically with the exocrine pancreas and modulates its function. Compound-induced pancreatitis is not a common event in toxicology or drug development, but it becomes a significant liability when encountered. Understanding the species-specific differences in physiology is essential to understand the underlying pathobiology of pancreatic disease in animal models and its relevance to human disease. This review will mainly focus on understanding the morphology and physiology of the pancreas, unique islet–exocrine interactions, and pancreatitis.
African librarianship rising!
Authors: Dick Archie L
Published: November 2013

The two African Library Summits are reviewed. Sources for the review are analyses of plenary presentations and discussions, formal feedback from the drill-down session coordinators, and personal observation.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the immature skeleton
Authors: Boavida Peter , Muller Lil-Sofie , Rosendahl Karen
Published: November 2013

Magnetic resonance (MR) is unique in its ability to allow assessment of bone marrow, epiphyseal, physeal, and articular cartilage as well as tendons and ligaments. An understanding of skeletal maturation and the accompanying changes on MR is of utmost importance in pediatric radiology. In particular, it is important to recognize the normal spectrum related to ossification and marrow transformation.

This review will include a brief description of main indications and common pitfalls in musculoskeletal MR in children. Also, we will focus on the MR appearance of the growing pediatric skeleton on the most commonly used sequences.
From Group Analytic Practice to Group Analytic Text: On Writing a Group Analytic Diploma Paper
Authors: Island Thor Kristian , Karterud Sigmund
Published: November 2013

Writing a diploma paper is often regarded as the final step in group analytic training. Nevertheless, there are no common regulations or guidelines among the different European group analytic training institutes on this subject. In this article, we look at some of the formal and informal implications of writing a diploma paper with reference to our experiences at the Institute of Group Analysis, Norway. The purpose of writing a diploma paper is discussed, as well as the current guidelines for writing a diploma paper and the assessment procedures at IGA. We also suggest how candidates may be encouraged and stimulated to write. A writing seminar has improved the number of diploma papers submitted. Further discussion of this topic among the group analytic training institutions in Europe is recommended.
Mechanical properties of a cellular vehicle body structure with negative Poisson’s ratio and enhanced strength
Authors: Zhang Wei , Ma Zhengdong , Hu Ping
Published: November 2013

A new cellular vehicle body structure (Negative Poisson’s Ratio vehicle body structure) with negative Poisson’s ratio and enhanced strength is presented in this study. Due to high shear strength and Young’s modulus increment rate, the vehicle body made of this structure shows lower mass and higher performance. By developing a theoretical analytical model and a finite element analysis (FEA) model of Negative Poisson’s Ratio (NPR) structure cell, the effect of relative density and topological structure on the linear and nonlinear properties is studied. A compressive experiment using a 3*3 NPR structure sample made of ABS material was developed. The experimental results concluded that NPR structure possesses the negative Poisson’s (between 0 and −1) and enhanced strength under in-plane compression, which provide theoretical significance on developing lightweight vehicle body.
Forming process and damping properties of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer concrete
Authors: Wang Tao , Zhang Jianhua , Zhang Yi
Published: November 2013

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymer concrete has good damping property that can be used to produce machine tool beds, spindle boxes, and some other basic mechanical components in order to better satisfy the requirement of high-speed and high-precision machining accuracy. In order to get the influence of different components, the damping model is built on the basis of energy dissipation theory and the damping loss factor is defined as a new parameter to characterize the damping property. Typical samples are prepared and single factor experiments of fiber length, fiber dosage, coal ash’s usage, and different surface treatment of carbon fibers are used to validate the aforementioned assumptions. Research results show that the coal ash used in carbon fiber-reinforced polymer concrete plays an important role in enhancing damping. A weak interface bonding condition can get a better damping performance than a strong one. The best damping performance is consistent with reasonable fiber length and its dosage.
Characterization of bottom ash from two hospital waste incinerators in Rabat, Morocco
Authors: Bakkali Meriem EL , Bahri Meriem , Gmouh Said , Jaddi Hassan , Bakkali Mohammed , Laglaoui Amin , Mzibri Mohammed EL
Published: November 2013

The uncontrolled disposal of bottom ash generated by the incineration units of hazardous and infected wastes in developed countries are the main cause of significant damage, such as contamination of the soil, as well as surface and underground waters, which may put both the environment and public health at risk. In Morocco, little information is available on the chemical properties of the resulting ashes. In this study, 16 hospital waste ash samples were collected from the incinerators of the two main hospitals in Rabat: Ibn Sina and Cheikh Zayd. A series of tests was conducted, including particle size distribution, mineralogical and chemical composition, and heavy metal leaching behaviour. The results showed that the samples were composed mainly of P2O5 (18%), SiO2 (17%), Na2O (16%), CaO (14%) and SO3 (10%). Moreover, chemical analysis clearly demonstrated that medical waste (MW) contains large amounts of waste generated by domestic activities in the hospital, with a lack of sorting system in the monitoring of MW. Furthermore, the ashes contained high concentrations of heavy metals such as zinc, lead, chromium and nickel with a vast range of 0.5–25071 mg/kg. Leaching tests showed that the extracted amounts of all the heavy metals were lower, with concentrations < 2.85 mg/kg. Comparison of the corresponding heavy metal concentrations with the limit values set by the Council Decision 2003/33/EC allowed us to conclude that bottom ashes meet the waste acceptance criteria regarding these heavy metals.
Influence of gas-to-liquid fuel on the combustion and pollutant emission characteristics
Authors: Park Su Han , Lee Donggon , Lee Chang Sik
Published: November 2013

The purpose of this work was to investigate the combustion performance and the pollutant emission characteristics of gas-to-liquid fuel in a passenger car’s diesel engine. In order to perform this study, the test facilities were set up on a 1.6 l four-cylinder compression ignition diesel engine with a common-rail injection system. Gas-to-liquid fuel combustion under a high-engine-load condition was compared with conventional diesel and biodiesel derived from soybean oil. The performance test results revealed that the gas-to-liquid fuel shows more rapid ignition than diesel and biodiesel do because of its high cetane number. The rates of increase in the combustion pressure in gas-to-liquid fuel and biodiesel were smaller than that in diesel, and the maximum rate of heat release from gas-to-liquid fuel was the lowest among the three test fuels. In terms of emission analysis, gas-to-liquid fuel shows a slight decrease in the nitrogen oxide emissions and significant reductions in the hydrocarbon and the carbon monoxide emissions compared with other test fuels. Meanwhile, the combustion of gas-to-liquid fuel indicates a lower concentration of soot emissions than those from conventional diesel but slightly higher than those from biodiesel owing to the variation in the low heating value parameter.
Design and comparison of the handling performance of different electric vehicle layouts
Authors: De Novellis Leonardo , Sorniotti Aldo , Gruber Patrick
Published: November 2013

In contrast with conventional vehicles driven by an internal-combustion engine, the number of motors in fully electric cars is not fixed. A variety of architectural solutions, including from one to four individually controlled electric drive units, is possible and opens up new avenues in the design of vehicle characteristics. In particular, individual control of multiple electric powertrains promises to enhance the handling performance in steady-state and dynamic conditions. For the analysis and selection of the best electric powertrain layout based on the expected vehicle characteristics and performance, new analytical tools and metrics are required. This article presents and demonstrates a novel offline procedure for the design of the feedforward control action of the vehicle dynamics controller of a fully electric vehicle and three performance indicators for the objective comparison of the handling potential of alternative electric powertrain layouts. The results demonstrate that the proposed offline routine allows the desired understeer characteristics to be achieved with any of the investigated vehicle configurations, in traction and braking conditions. With respect to linear handling characteristics, the simulations indicate that the influence of torque-vectoring is independent of the location of the controlled axles (front or rear) and is considerably affected by the number of controlled axles.
Gear shift map design methodology for automotive transmissions
Authors: Ngo Viet Dac , Hofman Theo , Steinbuch Maarten , Serrarens Alex
Published: November 2013

In this paper, a design methodology is developed to condtruct the gear shift map for the automotive transmissions used in conventional and hybrid electric vehicles. The methodology utilizes an optimal gear shift strategy to derive the optimal gear shift patterns over a wide range of driving profiles. Then, statistical theory is applied to analyse the obtained gear shift patterns for a gear shift map. The designed gear shift map improves the fuel economy and driveability. It is consistent, robust to shift busyness and real-time implementable. The design process is flexible and time efficient such that applicability to various powertrain systems configured with discrete-ratio transmissions is possible. Validation on a test vehicle proves the effectiveness of the design methodology.
Embodied Terror Management
Authors: Koole Sander L. , Tjew A Sin Mandy , Schneider Iris K.
Published: November 2013

Individuals with low (rather than high) self-esteem often struggle with existential concerns. In the present research, we examined whether these existential concerns may be alleviated by seemingly trivial experiences of both real and simulated interpersonal touch. A brief touch on the shoulder by a female experimenter led individuals with low self-esteem to experience less death anxiety (Study 1) and more social connectedness after a death reminder (Study 2). Reminding individuals with low self-esteem of death increased their desire for touch, as indicated by higher value estimates of a teddy bear, a toy animal that simulates interpersonal touch (Study 3). Finally, holding a teddy bear (vs. a cardboard box) led individuals with low self-esteem to respond to a death reminder with less defensive ethnocentrism (Study 4). Individuals with high self-esteem were unaffected by touch (Studies 1–4). These findings highlight the existential significance of embodied touch experiences, particularly for individuals with low self-esteem.
Evaluating paleoproxies for peat decomposition and their relationship to peat geochemistry
Authors: Hansson Sophia V , Rydberg Johan , Kylander Malin , Gallagher Kerry , Bindler Richard
Published: November 2013

The past decade has seen a rapid increase in interest in the biogeochemical record preserved in peat, particularly as it relates to carbon dynamics and environmental change. Importantly, recent studies show that carbon dynamics, that is, organic matter decomposition, can influence the record of atmospherically derived elements such as halogens and mercury. Most commonly, bulk density, light transmission, or carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios are used as a proxy to qualitatively infer the degree of decomposition in peat, but do these three proxies reflect the same patterns? Furthermore, how do each of these proxies relate to other geochemical data? To address these questions, we analyzed bulk density, light transmission, and C/N ratios, as well as multielement geochemistry (wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF)), in three hummock cores (70 cm in length, c. 500 years) from an ombrotrophic Swedish bog. To compare the proxies, we applied principal component analysis (PCA) to identify how the proxies relate to and interact with the geochemical matrix. This was coupled with changepoint modeling to identify and compare statistically significant changes for each proxy. Our results show differences between the proxies within and between cores, indicating each responds to a different part of the decomposition process. This is supported by the PCA, where the three proxies fall on different principal components. Changepoint analysis also showed that the inferred number of changepoints and their depths vary for each proxy and core. This suggests that decomposition is not fully captured by any one of these commonly used proxies, and thus, more than one proxy should be included.
Why don’t people diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs) get enough exercise?
Authors: Bassilios Bridget , Judd Fiona , Pattison Philippa
Published: November 2013

Objective:

Our aim was to assess physical activity, attitudes and future intentions among a sample of individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSDs).

Methods:

A cross-sectional interview was conducted with a convenience sample of 49 adults with SSDs and in receipt of community mental health services. Interview questions elicited information about exercise behaviour across time, including reasons for expressed preferences.

Results:

Participants reported variable current physical activities. They were much more likely to report past exercise than current exercise or intentions for future exercise. Participants were more likely to report physical than psychological benefits as incentives for exercise. Social influence and the opportunity for social interaction emerged as reasons for exercising. Barriers to exercise included physical health problems, disinterest and one’s psychiatric illness.

Conclusions:

Community mental health services should routinely integrate targeted interventions that promote exercise. Social support for exercise, strategies to increase self-efficacy and education about the multifaceted benefits of exercise are necessary considerations in the development of such interventions.