bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CONTINUOUS SIMULATION FOR WATER QUALITY PLANNING1
Authors: Donigian Anthony S. , Linsley Ray K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper describes a methodology for the evaluation of water quality plans analogous to procedures used in flood control planning, where flood damage frequency curves provide the basis for determining flood control benefits. The proposed method uses continuous water quality simulation to develop long term information from which water quality frequency curves can be obtained. This frequency information allows the evaluation of the impact of proposed water quality control plans taking into consideration the variable nature of the water resource. Using treatment costs and other economic indicators of water quality, the frequency information can be used to estimate the cost‐effectiveness and economic efficiency of alternative plans. The method is demonstrated in a semi‐hypothetical environment; real hydrologic and climatic characteristics are assigned to a hypothetical watershed configuration. Alternative management plans are simulated and analyzed for both physical and economic impacts. The advantages of continuous simulation and its use in water quality planning are explored.
MONTANA'S EXPERIENCE IN RESERVING YELLOWSTONE RIVER WATER FOR INSTREAM BENEFICIAL USES ‐ LEGAL FRAMEWORK1
Authors: Thomas J. L. , Klarich Duane
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Yellowstone River historically has produced an ample supply of high quality water which is widely used for irrigation, municipal and industrial purposes, recreation, and fish and wildlife. Recently, energy companies have attempted to obtain water rights in the Yellowstone basin for energy conversion facilities in coal‐rich southeastern Montana. Existing users fear that energy diversions will impair their rights, preclude expansion of present beneficial users, degrade water quality, and adversely effect fish and aquatic life. In response to these concerns, the Montana Legislature enacted several laws to regulate water appropriations in the Yellowstone River basin, including means by which state and federal agencies could apply for reservations of water for future beneficial uses. Thereafter, both the Montana Fish and Game Commission and the State Water Quality Bureau formally requested relatively large instream flows to protect fish and wildlife and to maintain water quality. This paper describes Montana's experience through December of 1977 with the administration of water in the Yellowstone basin under these laws; emphasis is placed on the major requests for instream flows. The final resolution of the reservation applications, and the related ramifications, will be discussed in a future paper.
CLASSIFICATION OF EVALUATION OF FLOOD FLOW FREQUENCY ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES1
Authors: McCuen Richard H. , Rawls Walter J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The literature abounds with procedures for estimating the magnitude and frequency of floods at ungaged locations. Unfortunately, the large number of available procedures creates an awesome task for potential users of sorting and selecting a method for immediate use. The objectives of this paper are to present (1) criteria that are necessary to evaluate the usefulness of hydrologic procedures, (2) to present a classification system for categorizing the multitude of procedures that are available, (3) to summarize the findings of the literature review, and (4) to make recommendations on reporting of flood frequency estimation procedures on ungaged watersheds.
MODIFIED WATER QUANTITY RECEIVING MODEL FOR FLORIDA CONSERVATION AREAS1
Authors: Lin S. T. , Shih S. F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Conservation Areas in South Florida have been considered as one of the major water storage areas to provide a water supply for the Everglades National Park and Lower East Coast (LEC). Due to the increasing water demands of the area, additional backpumping of the surplus runoff from the LEC area into the Conservation Areas has been considered as one of several alternative plans. The Receiving Water Quantity (EPA, 1971) model has been adapted and modified to be applicable in the Conservation Areas to investigate the possible impact of additional inflow under various backpumping cases. The modification of the model included Manning's roughness coefficient, depth of flow, width of hypothetical channels through marsh areas, rainfall input, seepage rate, etc. The use of the Monte Carlo technique for area computations was found to be easy and time saving both in area and weighting rainfall input to each node. Comparison of results generated by this modified model with the recorded values in Conservation Areas 1 and 2A indicated that the model not only can be a very good evaluation tool to simulate the hydraulic regime of the Conservation Areas system but also a proper tool for investigating the impact of additional inflow resulting from the backpumping related to the water use planning and management.
COST SHARING AND IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES POLICY1
Authors: Sellers Jackie , North Ronald M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In this article a managerial approach to developing and implementing National Water Resources policy is suggested. Proper consideration can be given to national economic development (NED), environmental quality (EQ) and conservation and still result in an implementable policy at the operational level if proper incentives are built into the process with proper attention to alternate non‐Federal cost sharing rates. Not only can these multiple objectives be entertained but the Administration and Congress will have a management tool that should ensure a certain probability of success.
ALTERNATIVES FOR GROUND WATER LAW CHANGE IN ARIZONA1
Authors: Fleming Robert B. , Foster Kennith E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Western state water resources are drawing increasing attention because of prolonged drought, pound‐water overdraft and an ever‐increasing awareness of insufficient Colorado River water to supply a growing population and meet industrial demand. Arizona is no exception, and the alarming decline in ground‐water levels has prompted the Arizona State Legislature to adopt legislation establishing the Ground‐Water Management Study Commission to recommend legislative action by 1979.

This paper summarizes Arizona's ground water legislative history and discusses possible alternatives for change. The authors address specific issues facing the State and offer a set of possible Commission recommendations.
LOCATION OF MUNICIPAL WELL FIELDS IN AN ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE REGION1
Authors: Dove F. Harvey , Schreuder Peter J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A visual selection technique can be utilized to locate potential well field sites prior to on‐site testing. The technique is based upon an understanding of the regional hydrology and an appreciation for development goals such as the identification of high‐yield and low‐impact locations. Although the uniqueness of Pasco, Pinellas, and Hillsborough Counties in Western Florida has been incorporated into the current application, the methodology, with modifications, is transferable to other geographic regions. Overlays of each criterion used in site selection are combined to form a regional composite showing favorable site locations and further serve a useful communications role as visual aids during public presentation. Implications of direct and indirect cost savings to the public are obtained when the methodology is applied to the location of municipal well fields.
EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE GARRISON DIVERSION UNIT1
Authors: Znotinas Nora M. , Hipel Keith William
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Garrison Diversion Unit is a multipurpose water resources project which is currently under development for the purpose of diverting water from the Missouri River basin to irrigate farmland in North Dakota. Due to the objections raised by various interest groups, the project has recently been reviewed by the International Joint Commission. This article surveys the background to the project and the various alternatives that have been proposed. By utilizing recently developed fuzzy set techniques, the proposed alternatives are evaluated and a plausible solution is proposed. The results of the study indicate that it may be advisable to remove the Souris Loop irrigation area from the Garrison project but the environmental impacts of the study may preclude the implementation of any alternative that can affect Canada. These findings are in partial agreement with the recommendations of the International Joint Commission.
FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT: SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS' ATTITUDES AND APPROACHES1
Authors: Dzurik Andrew A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Methods of floodplain management are changing in the United States. There has been a gradual shift in emphasis from “flood control” to “management” of the floodplain. The complexities of multilevel governmental involvement in floodplain management demand an analysis of a new means to coordinate these efforts. It is the intent of this paper to discuss the role of the Corps of Engineers in this area and the problems the Corps has encountered in its endeavors. The occurrence of these problems indicates that there is a need to strengthen the federal role to ensure a comprehensive view of floodplain management.
DEMAND PROJECTIONS CONSIDERING CONSERVATION1
Authors: Sonnen Michael B. , Evenson Donald E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Prediction of future water demands depends on the degree to which conservation effects can be anticipated. A model developed for the Corps of Engineers shows that choosing a numerical conservation target to be achieved is more meaningful and yields more predictable results than price or price elasticity manipulations.

The method developed and then applied to the Kaneohe Bay region of Oahu considers the following determinants of demand: geographic distribution of the users, indoor and outdoor requirements, time ‐ by year and month of the year, precipitation, historical unit usage rates, gross and irrigable acreage of land uses, price for water, elasticity of demand with respect to price, source of the water supply (local private supplies vs. agency supplies), and the percentage conservation savings anticipated in each future period in indoor and outdoor uses of water in each of 40 possible land uses.

While developed for use in Hawaii, the model is applicable generally.
EVALUATION OF HYDROLOGIC MODELING TECHNIQUES FOR FOREST LAND MANAGEMENT PLANNING1
Authors: Ryan James A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A growing concern for environmental quality paralleled with increasing demands on our forest resources has prompted the Washington State Department of Natural Resources to evaluate simulation modeling as a technique for analyzing management decisions in terms of their environmental effects. The evaluation focused on a system of integrated models developed at the University of Washington which simulate processes and activities within the forest ecosystem. A major part of the system is a hydrologic model which predicts changes in discharge, stream temperature, and concentrations of suspended sediment and dissolved oxygen based on information generated by other models representing intensive management practices. The evaluation consisted of applying the system to a 72,000 acre tract of forest land, validating the models with two years of discharge and water quality data from a 93,000 acre watershed, and determining the pertinence of hydrologic modeling for management purposes. Results show several potential uses of hydrologic modeling for forest management planning, especially for analyzing the effects of timber harvesting strategies on water quality.
IMPROVING IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE INDUS BASIN1
Authors: Johnson Sam H. , Kemper W. Doral , Lowdermilk Max K.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Over half of the water delivered from the canal system to the watercourses managed by the farmers is not made available to the farmers' crops in Pakistan. Most of this water loss is due to loss of water through the banks of the watercourses. Lack of maintaining these banks and lack of cleaning the watercourse is a result of inadequate organization of the 10 to 150 farmers who use the watercourse, and a deficiency of knowledge concerning the amount of their water which is being lost.

Various methods of watercourse improvement have been evaluated including concrete and masonry linings and simple earthen improvements of the ditches with concrete control structures, junctions, and turnouts. With the cost of labor low in Pakistan, the earthen improvements with concrete structures appear to be the best investment.

Farm water management improvement programs have been implemented in most of the provinces which include this type of watercourse improvement, land leveling and advice to the farmers on how and when to irrigate his crops to optimize his production.

The rate at which personnel can be trained to help the farmers implement these improved water management practices is limiting the rate of implementation.
DETERMINISTIC‐SYSTEMIC RELATIONSHIPS IN OVERLAND FLOW ANALYSIS1
Authors: Butler Stanley S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An analysis of storm runoff is presented, giving primary attention to deterministic‐systemic relationships. So that system aspects can be emphasized, other aspects are kept simple; analysis is made for uniform rainfall on a strip of uniform width, limiting direct applicability to small areas.

Two relationships between excess rain and time of concentration, one based on hydraulic parameters, the other on hydrologic characteristics, are combined in a solution for peak discharge. The hydraulic expression gives the interrelationship of time of concentration, excess rain, friction, length, and slope. The hydrologic relationship is achieved by converting ordinary intensity‐duration curves to corresponding excess rain intensity‐duration curves, thereby interrelating excess rain, time of concentration, and loss characteristics. The resulting solution for peak discharge allows for systemic feedback among both hydraulic and hydrologic parameters.
EMERGENCY WATER SUPPLIES FROM GROUND WATER IN HUMID REGIONS1
Authors: Bagchi Siddhartha , Goodman Alvin S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper focuses on the development and testing of a mathematical model of an emergency ground water supply operated principally during periods of low streamflow. The process of ground water withdrawal and recharge is simulated taking account of streamflow, water demand, evapotranspiration, natural and artificial recharge and increased evapotranspiration due to artificial recharge, ground water pumpage, and streamflow contribution to pumped water. The model determines whether natural recharge is possible in less time than the return period of drought and also whether artificial recharge is needed. By simulating operation over a long period of time, the model can examine different droughts of short and long duration and can test the operating rules for ground water storage development in an area. Submodels analyze the components of the operating process including ground water flow into the stream, seepage losses, stream portion of well discharge due to induced infiltration and recharge from rainfall or water spreading. The model has been tested for areas in the humid northeastern United States.
CONCENTRATION AND SOURCES OF FECAL AND ORGANIC POLLUTION IN AN AGRICULTURAL WATERSHED1
Authors: Dudley Daniel R. , Karr James R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Fecal contamination and organic pollution of an agricultural drainage in northeast Indiana was high. Bacterial counts (total coliform, TC; fecal coliform, FC; and fecal streptococcus, FS) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) were used to assess waste concentrations. Coliform counts indicated that sections of the drainage receiving septic effluent had waste concentrations far in excess of public health standards (mean FC = 550,000/100 ml). Areas of drainage remote from septic tank pollution were found to occasionally meet federal public health standards for whole body contact recreation but generally these areas had twice the allowable limit of 200 FC/100 ml. Bacterial contamination was highest during runoff events when the median values for TC, FC, and FS were 5, 3, and 17 times greater, respectively, than the median values during low stream discharge. Surface flows carried contaminants from unconfined livestock operations and fecally contaminated sediment was transported by high waters. During one runoff event a BOD loading of 36.7 kg/km2 was recorded and the peak BOD concentration observed was 16 mg/l. A discharge of liquid manure from a confined livestock operation caused a major fish kill. Pollution from septic tanks and unconfined livestock is greatest at high stream discharge when dilution reduces the impact on aquatic life.
COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF STATISTICAL METHODS FOR WATER SUPPLY FORECASTING1
Authors: McCuen Richard H. , Rawls Walter J. , Whaley Bob L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: While the correlation coefficient and standard error of estimate are frequently used when comparing models of seasonal water yield, the following criteria may be more important in selecting one model from among several alternatives: rationality of the regression coefficients, the distribution of the residual errors, and the correctness of indicators of the relative importance of the predictor variables. These criteria were used to compare seasonal water yield models that were calibrated using multiple regression, stepwise regression, principal components regression, polynomial regression using a principal components rotation, and constrained pattern search. Hydrologic data from the Upper Sevier River basin in southern Utah were used to illustrate the comparative analysis process. The prediction equations used the April‐July streamflow volume as the criterion variable.
OPTIMAL WATER USE AND SALINITY CONTROL FOR ENERGY ‐ UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN1
Authors: Flug Marshall , Walker Wynn R. , Skogerboe Gaylord V.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Upper Colorado River Basin contains appreciable amounts of undeveloped fuel resources. Large quantities of oil shale, coal, and uranium have attracted recent economic and commercial interests. Development of these resources and subsequent conversion to alternative energy forms require an adequate supply of water. Water use for large scale energy development will place increasing demands on an already overstressed allocation of Colorado River water. Present water quality is at a concentration where increased salinity will result in economic detriments to holders of downstream water rights. The salt and water exchange in mining, processing, and spent fuel disposal processes has been incorporated as part of a two‐level minimum cost linear programming algorithm. Mathematical simulation results provide an optimal use of Upper Colorado River water for levels of energy output such that salinity concentrations are maintained below predetermined levels.
PRELIMINARY IDENTIFICATION OF PRICE RIVER BASIN SALT PICKUP AND TRANSPORT PROCESSES1
Authors: Riley J.Paul , Bowles David S. , Chadwick D. George , Grenney William J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Price River is a significant contributor of salt to the Colorado River. Relatively pristine waters leaving the upper elevations of the basin degenerate into highly saline waters entering the Green River. The primary reason for this deterioration is the contact of the water with the Mancos shale, a marine deposit underlying most of the central basin. This paper presents the structure of an evolving model of the salt pick‐up and transport processes in the Price River basin. The initial purpose of the model is to aid in the identification of the natural and man‐modified hydro‐salinity‐sediment system of the basin, based on data collection and analysis in the field and the laboratory. This identification procedure will result in both a better qualitative understanding of the important physiochemical processes, and in a mathematical description of these processes. When the identification stage is complete, the model will be used as a management tool for such purposes as examining various strategies for reducing salt loads in the Price River and in other similar rivers.
CASING AND LEAK DEPTHS, AND SOLUTE TRAVEL TIMES TO WELLS1
Authors: Battikhi Anwar , Kirkham Don
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A mathematical solution based on porous media flow is developed for solute travel time to a well as affected by a leak around the upper part of the casing. Consider a well of radius 0.2 meters (m) penetrating, fully, a semiconfined aquifer of thickness 6 m with impermeable casing length of 4.5 m, and screened casing length 1.5 m. Around the upper 1.5 m of the impermeable casing length, there is a highly permeable region (a leak). The radius of influence of the well is 10 m. The porous flow medium has a hydraulic conductivity of 10 m/day and a porosity of 0.25. Between the water table and the water level in the well, there is a steady state pumped down head difference of 0.3 m. Solute travel time from a point at the bottom of the leak to the well is 2.33 days. If the leak is sealed (grouted), the travel time is 6.24 days. Examples of six different geometries are given. Laboratory studies verify the theory. The computations should be useful in the design and protection of water wells from solutes, such as from agriculture, industry, strip mines, or sanitary landfills.
GROUND WATER REPLENISHMENT FROM RIVERFLOW1
Authors: van't Woudt Bessel D. , Whittaker Jeffrey , Nicolle Kelvin
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Ground water contours and gradients were determined within and adjacent to a gravelly riverbed with about 100 m active channel width and about 800 m flood plain width during low flow, making use of about 60 shallow dug wells and one deeper cased well Ground water slopes away from the riverbed to the south and slopes to the riverbed from the north. Replenishment of ground water to the south is past a “shell,” a zone of low permeability at the margin of and below the riverbed, (1) into a shallow aquifer from “sideway‐spill‐over” and (2) into an underlying aquifer that is seemingly confined by the “shell.” Seepage from river channels to underflow takes place all along channel lengths except below riffles where the flow direction is reversed. Half the seepage to underflow was lost to ground water replenishment Underflow seems to constitute merely a few percent of total riverflow but makes a disproportionate contribution to ground water replenishment.
EXTENSION OF RIVER FLOW RECORDS IN ARGENTINA FROM LONG TREE‐RING CHRONOLOGIES1
Authors: Holmes R. L. , Stockton C. W. , LaMarche V. C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Tree‐ring chronologies were derived from two coniferous species growing in the foothills of the Patagonian Andes of Argentina, using crossdating and standardization techniques developed by the Laboratory of Tree‐Ring Research. Seven of these chronologies were selected, along with data from two long reliable gaging stations to reconstruct annual stream‐flow for two major rivers extending back to the year 1601. Calibration between tree‐ring and river flow data was established using the multivariate technique of canonical analysis. Correlations of 0.73 were obtained between gaged and reconstructed flow for both rivers. These Andean conifers contain good climatic and hydrological information and tree‐ring chronology and calibration techniques are capable of extracting much of this information.
HIERARCHICAL DIVERSITY OF COMMUNITIES OF AQUATIC INSECTS AND FISHES1
Authors: Kaesler Roger L. , Herricks Edwin E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Hierarchical diversity analysis of data on fish and aquatic insects showed that the component of diversity contributed by the species level was generally very small compared with the component at the generic level or with the total diversity. Very high rank correlations between generic diversity, in which genera were discriminated but not identified, and species diversity suggested that the purposes of environmental monitoring might best be served by working at the generic level rather than the species level. This is particularly true when an index of diversity is to be used as the major comparative and communicative tool. The savings of time and money could be appreciable.
COMPUTER APPLICATION TO DOUBLE‐MASS ANALYSIS1
Authors: Panigrahi B. K. , Das Gupta A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Double‐mass analysis for checking consistency of a hydrological record is considered to be essential before taking it for analysis purpose. Because of increasing computer application in hydrological analyses, in the present paper, a simple and efficient method for the double‐mass checking has been developed. The problem has been formulated in FORTRAN IV language and the basic steps and a computer output of the program are presented in a flow chart and a table.
MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF VEGETATIVE IMPACTS FROM FLUCTUATING FLOOD POOLS1
Authors: Al Austin T. , Riddle W. F. , Landers R. Q.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A flood control reservoir protects valuable developments on the downstream flood plain by storing flood waters and releasing them at a rate that will reduce the downstream damage. The water surface level of the flood pool behind the dam can fluctuate considerably during the occurrence of a large magnitude flood causing severe impacts on shoreline vegetation and water based recreation facilities located in the flood pool. A mathematical simulation model describing shoreline vegetative succession in response to flooding is presented. Plant species are grouped into ecologically similar compartments. Differential equations describing compartment intrinsic growth, intraspecies competition, interspecies competition, and other growth limiting factors are solved numerically. The model is used to evaluate the impacts of various operating policies on plant succession for a new reservoir in Central Iowa.
RIVER AMENITY EVALUATION: A REVIEW AND COMMENTARY1
Authors: Leatherberry Earl C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: During the past 15 years a number of methods have been developed that purport to evaluate the amenity values of rivers. Most methods are designed to identify the physical, biological, cultural, and esthetic features of a river or river corridor that are conducive to recreation, preservation, and other amenity values. This paper reviews and comments on 13 methods that evaluate amenity values. The methods are reviewed and discussed under three general headings: River Recreation Potential Evaluation, River Esthetic Evaluation, and River Preservation Evaluation. A final section of the paper identifies areas where improvements and further research are needed.
COST BEHAVIOR AND WATER SYSTEMS1
Authors: Mann Patrick C. , Mikesell John L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Several factors theoretically affect the cost behavior of water systems. These factors include scale, consumer density, and per capita usage. This analysis examines the several possible influences on the unit costs of water service. The statistical analyses indicate that among the factors of scale, per capita use, and consumer density, only the first two factors are important influences on water system costs. Water consumers appear to benefit from being served by large systems and being located in service areas characterized by relatively high per capita consumption. There is little statistical evidence indicating that more dense areas can be provided water service at lower costs than less dense areas.
WATER YIELD INCREASES THROUGH SURFACE DUSTING OF A PERMANENT ICEFIELD1
Authors: Tarum Roger D. , Meiman James R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Water yields from a permanent icefield were increased by 28 percent through surface dusting with carbon black. On July 4, 1972, approximately 15 acres (60,700 m2) of a permanent icefield were treated with 150 lbs. per acre (16.8 g/m2) of commercial carbon black. The icefield was located on the eastern slope of the Colorado Front Range at an elevation of 11,500 feet (3500 m). The carbon black was applied by helicopter using a dry applicator slung below a helicopter. The treatment effect was evaluated by control plot observations of melt and streamflow comparison before and after treatment. The ablation plot studies and runoff comparison with an adjacent watershed both indicated a 28 percent increase in ablation and meltwater runoff, respectively, for the months of July and August. The study indicates icefields could be used as cold‐storage reservoirs for use in periods of critical water shortages.
THE EFFECTS OF CHLORINE, ELEVATED TEMPERATURE AND EXPOSURE DURATION OF POWER PLANT EFFLUENTS ON LARVAL WHITE PERCH Morone americana (Gmelin)1
Authors: Hall Lenwood W. , Burton Dennis T. , Margrey Stuart L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Chlorine‐temperature interaction studies with various exposure times were conducted on 25–day old larval white perch, Morone Americana, using total residual chlorine (TRC) concentrations of 0.0, 0.15, and 0.30 mg/1 TRC in combination with ΔTs of 2, 6, and 10 C above a base temperature of 18 C. Larval fish were exposed to the chlorine‐temperature test conditions for exposure periods of 0.08, 2.0 and 4.0 hours. After each respective exposure period, chlorine concentrations were decayed naturally over a 1.0 to 1.5 hour period to < 0.01 mg/1 TRC; temperatures were decayed over a 4 hour period to 2.0 C above the base temperature. These test conditions were used to simulate chlorine and temperature conditions encountered in power plant discharge canals and near field receiving streams.

The interactions of chlorine, ΔT and exposure duration as factors which caused death up to 36 hours after the exposure periods were established by regression model techniques. An initial interaction model showed that ΔT was not a factor which contributed to death. A predictive model for chlorine and exposure duration was constructed which showed that potential impact to larval white perch from chlorine at power facilities with once through cooling systems can be minimized by 1) using short duration exposures (< 1 hour) to chlorine in plants that chlorinate intermittently or 2) by rapid mixing in the receiving stream in plants that chlorinate on a low level (< 0.05 mg/1) continuous basis. Similar considerations should be given to cooling tower blowdown which contain chlorinated water.
REGIONAL RUNOFF SIMULATION FOR SOUTHEAST MICHIGAN1
Authors: Derecki Jan A. , Potok Lieutenant Alan J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The feasibility of simulating monthly runoff for southeast Michigan, which comprises four major river basins, was evaluated with the Streamflow Synthesis and Reservoir Regulation watershed model. The evaluation covered a 13‐year period (1961–73), which encompassed a complete runoff cycle. Results indicate it is feasible to simulate monthly runoff volumes on a regional scale with a single equivalent watershed by using daily precipitation and temperature data. Simulation of regional flows appears particularly attractive for the Great Lakes basin, since the basin consists of many relatively small watersheds. This method also appears promising for development of monthly runoff forecasts by employing average monthly meteorological data distributed on a daily basis. Tests of six‐month runoff forecasts show relatively small deterioration with time and offer considerable improvement over climatology.
THE ROLE OF CITIZEN ADVISORY GROUPS IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1
Authors: Ertet Madge O.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the significant conclusions of research conducted over a four‐year period, the purpose of which was to analyze the operation of three citizen advisory groups established in conjunction with Level B Studies of the New England River Basins Commission. The three Studies were the Long Island Sound Study, the Southeastern New England Study, and the Supplemental Flood Management Study of the Connecticut River Basin Program. The research examined the criteria and procedures used for selection of members, the relevant personal characteristics of the members, the procedures employed for carrying out their responsibilities, and the relative importance of group functions as perceived by both citizen advisors and professional study participants. The impact of these factors upon the effectiveness of citizen advisory groups as a strategy of public participation is evaluated. The paper includes recommendations, derived from the research, for the use of planning agencies seeking to maximize the effectiveness of citizen advisory groups.
WATER‐ORIENTED RECREATION IN THE DISTRICT OF MUSKOKA, ONTARIO1
Authors: Smith R. G. W. , Mulamoottil George
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In Ontario no major studies have been attempted in the area of water‐oriented recreation to guide planned development. To fill this gap a comprehensive investigation was undertaken on a group of lakes in the District of Muskoka, one of the premier tourist regions of the province. This paper presents the results of this study which focusses on the lake environment, recreational activities, attitudes, and perceptions of the cottagers.
BENTHIC INVERTEBRATES OF THE LOWER MISSISSIPPI RIVER1
Authors: Wells Frank C. , Demos Charles R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In 1976–77, benthic invertebrates were sampled at four sites in a 410‐kilometer reach of the lower Mississippi River to define the communities in the river and to determine differences between communities upstream and downstream from the industrial and municipal complexes of Baton Rouge and New Orleans, Louisiana. The most common and most numerous organisms collected were Corbicula and tubificid worms. The benthic community structure of the lower Mississippi River is influenced by substrate type and stability, channel geometry, river velocity, vegetation and organic detritus, and salinity. Sampling stations near the left and right banks had low velocities, and substrate types ranged from medium silt to very fine sand. Burrowing organisms such as tubificids, chironomids, and ephemerid‐type mayflies dominated these environments. At the center, left‐center, and right‐center stations, velocities were higher and substrate materials were coarser than at the bank stations; only Corbicula was present in large numbers. Near the river mouth, salinity and aquatic vegetation greatly affect the benthic community structure. Differences in benthic community structure in the Mississippi River are due primarily to different hydrologic conditions. Industrial and municipal wastes discharged into the river appear to have little or no widespread effects on benthic populations.
THE ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF DUAL PURPOSE NUCLEAR DESALINATION OF GROUND WATER1
Authors: Lansford Robert R. , Ben‐David Shaul , Roach Fred , Creel Bobby J. , Stevens Thomas H. , Supalla Raymond J. , Gelhar Lynn , Gorman William D. , Mead Richard W. , Wilson Donald B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The economic feasibility of a large scale dual purpose (desalting water and power production) facility were evaluated. Although a site in the Tularosa basin of southern New Mexico was chosen as a case study for this analysis, it is believed that the approach and consequential results would be applicable to alternative sites in the Southwest. The basic project evaluated included: a) a ground water well field; b) a dual purpose, nuclear, desalination plant; c) a mineral recovery plant; and d) a reservoir for recreation and irrigation storage. Principle project outputs included electrical power, minerals, recreation, and water for either irrigated agricultural production or export to an adjoining river basin. Two alternative project designs were developed for detailed analysis. The first alternative encompassed all major project components. The results, in discounted net values used to assess the feasibility of the project, were essentially negative; that is, values were less than zero for full scale development. The net benefits ranged from $‐986.57 million at a 5 percent discount rate, to $‐1,137.528 million at a discount rate of 10 percent. In the second alternative, exportation of the desalted water from the Tularosa basin to two adjacent rivers was analyzed with somewhat better net benefits, ranging from $‐382,527 million to $‐478,612 million at the 5 and 10 percent discount rates.
A CASE STUDY IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT AMENDMENTS1
Authors: Champney Leonard
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A general model of the policy implementation process is utilized to facilitate a discussion of the way Section 208 of PL 92‐500 is being carried out on an areawide basis. A study of four “208 areas” in the “New York‐Philadelphia corridor” highlights the operation of several variables used in the model. The varying political and socioeconomic conditions in geographic areas which have similar water quality problems are leading to the evolution of vastly different implementing structures, or institutional arrangements. The analysis suggests that these differences may have important implications for the success of the program in each of these areas. A major underlying theme is that such problems are characteristic of the 208 process nationwide and reflect general difficulties associated with managing water quality in a federal system.
A PARAMETRIC MODEL CALIBRATED WITH A PHYSICALLY BASED MODEL FOR RUNOFF PREDICTION FROM UNGAGED STREAMS1
Authors: Bond Frederick W. , Chery Donald L. , Simpson Eugene S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Recent developments in the numerical solution of the governing partial differential equations for overland and channel flow should make possible physically based models which predict runoff from ungaged streams. However, these models, which represent the watershed by sets of intersecting planes, are complex and require much computer time. Parametric models exist that have the advantage of being relatively simple, and once calibrated are inexpensive to use and require limited data input. In this study, a procedure was developed for calibrating a parametric model against a physically based model, utilizing base areas of one acre and one square mile, with the expectation that base areas can be combined to model real watersheds.

Simulation experiments with the physically based model showed that, for the one‐acre base area, the dominant parameter (cell storage ratio, K) related to the slope and friction of the planes, whereas for one square‐mile areas, the dominant parameters (K plus a lag factor, L) relate to channel properties. These parameters decreased exponentially as rainfall intensity increased.
USE OF SYNOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES IN RESEARCH AND DISSEMINATION OF HYDROLOGICAL INFORMATION1
Authors: Cech Irina , Davis Ernst M. , Gonzales Edward A. , Brooks Diana
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Application of synographic techniques to four separate nonrelated research tasks demonstrated the usefulness of such an approach in interpreting and communicating hydrologic survey data especially when large geographic areas are involved. Nutrient exchange and biotic indicators in coastal estuaries were analyzed to determine residence times in different seasons of the year. Man induced changes in urban runoff patterns were shown to increase the probability of flooding with different recurrences of storm events. Nitrate and indicator bacteria in private wells were analyzed on a county‐wide basis to determine the sources and extent of natural occurrence versus contamination origins. Water wells and the surface supply of metropolitan Houston were analyzed for sodium content to assist citizens and physicians with data which are needed for derivation of sodium restricted therapeutic diets.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TIME BASES OF SIMULATION MODELS AND THEIR STRUCTURE1
Authors: Diskin M. H. , Simon E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The time base of a simulation model can be defined as a combination of two time intervals. One is the interval used for input and internal computations. The second is the interval used for the output and calibration of the model. The time base of a model is related on the one hand to the type of applications for which the simulated data are used, and on the other hand to the structure and complexity of the model. The latter may be represented by the number of parameters employed to specify the operation of the model. Using data typical to relatively small watersheds in a semiarid climate, the interaction between the complexity of a series of models and the time bases used by them was studied. This included the effects of the two factors, time base and complexity, on the values of the optimal parameters, prediction of mean annual flow, and general performance of the models. The main conclusion is that if the acceptable time base is longer, the model can be less complex needing fewer parameters. There is also an advantage in using a time base comprising a shorter input time interval and a longer output time interval.
THE APPLICATION OF HYDROLOGIC MODELS TO SMALL WATERSHEDS HAVING MILD TOPOGRAPHY1
Authors: Dickey E. C. , Mitchell J. K. , Scarborough J. N.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The application of hydrologic models to small watersheds of mild topography is not well documented. This study evaluates the applicability of hydrologic models described by Huggins and the Soil Conservation Service to small watersheds by comparing the simulated and actual hydrograph for both gaged and ungaged situations. The annual maximum rainfall events plus storms exceeding 2.5 inches from 25 years of rainfall and runoff data for two small watersheds were selected for the model evaluations. These storms had a variety of patterns and occurred on many different watershed conditions. Simulated and actual hydrographs were compared using a parameter which contained volume, peak, and shape factors. One‐half of the selected storms were used to calibrate the models. For both models, there were no significant differences between the simulated and actual runoff volumes and peak runoff rates. Parameters obtained during the calibration process and relationships developed to estimate antecedent moisture and to modify tabulated runoff curve numbers were used to simulate the runoff hydrograph from the remaining storms. These remaining storms or test storms were simulated only once in order to imitate an ungaged situation. In general, both the Huggins and SCS model performed similarly on the test storms, but the level of model performance was lower than that for the calibration storms. For both models, the two‐day antecedent rainfall was more important than the five‐day in determining antecedent moisture and modifying tabulated curve numbers. The time of concentration which resulted in good hydrograph simulations was about three times larger than that estimated using published empirical relationships.
ENERGY LOSS AND REPLACEMENT COST OF NAVIGATION OF THE SNAKE‐COLUMBIA RIVERS1
Authors: Millham C. B. , Culver C. F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A competitive relationship exists between power production and navigation in the allocation of water resources along the Snake‐Columbia River Complex. This report identifies the energy losses within the power system and the replacement costs of water diversion which resulted from commercial and recreational navigation of the Complex over the period 1975–1977.
DEMAND SIGNALS FOR URBAN DRAINAGE AND FLOOD CONTROL PROJECTS1
Authors: Grigg Neil S. , Vance Harold A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Planning for urban drainage and flood control requires the use of a rational procedure for setting priorities and allocating funds. An innovative procedure developed by the Los Angeles County Flood Control District is described. It consists of the use of bond election voting results as a surrogate for demand signals representing the public preference for project approval. A regression equation has been developed to relate project characteristics to the likelihood of approval. The procedure is implemented through a “funnel‐screen” review procedure which results in a list of reviewed and approved projects.
THE RED RIVER FLOOD CONTROL SYSTEM AND RECENT FLOOD EVENTS1
Authors: Rannie W.F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The 1950 flood disaster in the Red River Valley, Manitoba, and particularly in Winnipeg made all levels of government aware of the need for control measures. The principal elements of the system which was implemented were two large excavated diversion channels, a storage reservoir, and ring dykes around several small communities. In terms of cost and size, the flood control system is the largest in Canada and despite Federal contributions amounting to nearly 60 percent of the final cost, it represented a considerable fiscal burden for the comparatively small population of Manitoba. Between the opening of the Red River Floodway in 1968 and 1979, a series of exceptional spring peak flows on the Red and Assiniboine Rivers demonstrated the benefits of such a system to a degree which could not have been anticipated at the time the projects were being considered. Furthermore, maximum spring discharges from 1913 to 1978 show a clear rising trend, indicating that the flood hazard is becoming even more severe than was initially assumed; if this trend continues, future benefits will continue to exceed expectations. The overall effectiveness of the hazard reduction program in the Red River Valley, however, has suffered from continued development in unprotected areas. Recent federal‐provincial agreements have been reached which will substantially reduce this problem and place greater emphasis on improving the non‐structural components of an overall flood hazard reduction program.
MAPS ‐ A PLANNING TOOL FOR CORPS OF ENGINEERS REGIONAL WATER SUPPLY STUDIES1
Authors: Walski Thomas M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A computer program (MAPS ‐ Methodology for Areawide Planning Studies) has been developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station to assist planners in producing a comprehensive array of alternatives without sacrificing the detail and accuracy of the analyses. MAPS is a set of computer based models which can be used to simulate the water resource alternatives and to develop planning level design and cost estimates. Two application examples are discussed. The Salinas‐Monterey (California) Urban Study sought to identify and determine cost of combinations of water source, transmission, and treatment to meet an array of water needs in future years. The Nashville (Tennessee) Urban Study had similar objectives but the output was prepared on a service area basis for more than 40 such units. Using MAPS it was possible to prepare planning level design and cost estimates for a very large number of alternatives.
FRICTION SLOPE MODELS FOR M2 PROFILES1
Authors: Chadderton Ronald A. , Miller Arthur C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Results of studies which have considered the relative merit of various friction slope averaging equations previously used in water surface profile computations are described. Limitations of the most accurate equation known for the M2 profile have indicated that a new equation which gives more emphasis to the upstream energy gradient is desirable. Based upon friction slope curves developed for M2 water surface profiles two new equations, one a parabolic and the other an elliptical approximation, are presented. The behavior of the new equations and of the previously most recommended equation is described by test calculations. The elliptical equation performed more satisfactorily than the harmonic method commonly recommended for M2 profile computations. Insertion of an additional cross‐section about 50 feet upstream from a critical depth section was found to reduce computational errors for any energy gradient averaging method.