bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Didactic Intertextuality
Authors: Dell Katharine J.
Published: October 2020

In this chapter, 1 look at intertextual resonances with proverbial wisdom, notably from the sayings collection (10:1–22:16) showing how the didactic method of proverbial maxims as found in Proverbs (ethical emphasis) is applied in Ruth. The character of Ruth reveals that she is not simply a woman of worth (a comparison often made of Ruth with Prov 31) but she is a more profound exemplar of the values embodied in proverbial wisdom. Ruth links up with the wisdom ideal, not simply through her female figure/worthy womanliness/wife and mother role. It is of interest here how a narrative text links up with more abstract moral qualities as found in Proverbs. Rather than producing a maxim and then finding a story to illustrate it, a story is illustrated by a wider paradigm. This gives the story didactic ‘thrust’ (Cheung) for the reader. Whether these connections were in any way meant by an author is a separate question to the fact that these resonances are found in the text in its present form. I shall treat them as synchronic intertextual resonances with the possibility open that diachronic resonances may also have been intended. I am coining the phrase ‘didactic intertextuality’ to explain this phenomenon, which is potentially much wider than simply this one example and might be applied to other narratives.
‘Exploring Intertextual Links between Ecclesiastes and Genesis 1–11’
Authors: Dell Katharine J.
Published: October 2020

Links between Ecclesiastes and Genesis 1–11 have been noted sporadically by scholars over the years. This chapter, however, explores how the intertextual method helps to define what kinds of link are helpful to a deepened understanding of the relationship between the two texts. The method provides us with a language of categorization primarily on a literary level, but also on the key theological level that is inevitable when discussing two foundational texts for the exploration of ideas of God as creator. Historical issues too are not irrelevant—would there have been scope for Qoheleth to have reshaped essentially earlier ideas? This links up with the theological debate about the development of ideas about creation within the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament canon.
The Watered (Edenic) Garden (Genesis 2–3) in the Song of Songs and Beyond
Authors: Dell Katharine J.
Published: October 2020

The Song of Songs has often been seen as a literary outlier within the canon and attempts to classify it alongside other literature have had limited success, more convincing parallels being found in ancient Near Eastern material than in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament itself. However, as Francis Landy puts it ‘no text is isolated, self-sufficient; none can be understood without reference to others’ (‘The Song of Songs in the Garden of Eden’, p. 516). I discuss the eligibility of the Song for a Solomonic wisdom corpus in Chapter 3. In this chapter I focus on a more thematic intertextual approach, starting with the Song of Songs but moving both within and outside the ‘Solomonic corpus’ in the imagery of garden and water. The garden, as typified in mythical terms by the garden of Eden (but not exclusively relating to this garden alone), is also called the ‘garden of the LORD’ in various texts. Then there is water that is so essential to the growth and maintenance of a garden and to all life. A thematic intertextuality seeks to find links primarily through themes, images, or metaphors used—in this case, gardens and water and echoes of an ideal Eden.
Conclusion
Authors: Dell Katharine J.
Published: October 2020

These last chapters seem to have taken us a long way from defining ‘wisdom’—whether that be Solomonic or otherwise—and have demonstrated that intertextual methods of varying types (functional, theological, thematic) daringly range texts of different ‘genres’ one with another, and broaden out the readerly meanings, insights and thematic richness that we gain from texts. But at the end of the day this does not help us to define wisdom boundaries! Rather the opposite, it encourages us to break down these boundaries, but not in a reckless way. As seen with Ecclesiastes and Genesis 1–11 we need to exercise some caution at least in saying that one text definitely influenced another on a diachronic scheme. However, a more synchronic approach to intertexts (such as with Proverbs and Ruth) opens up endless possibilities of comparing texts one with another. And, the thematic intertextual approach—as demonstrated in this short study of the Song of Songs—too is a rich resource for future research....
Love's Forgiveness
Authors: Lippitt John
Published: October 2020

This book combines a discussion of the nature and ethics of forgiveness with a discussion—inspired by Kierkegaard—of the implications of considering interpersonal forgiveness as a ‘work of love’. It introduces the reader to some key questions that have exercised recent philosophers of forgiveness, discussing the relationship between forgiveness and an extended notion of resentment; considering whether forgiveness should be ‘conditional’ or ‘unconditional’ (showcasing a particular understanding of the latter); and arguing that there are legitimate forms of ‘third party’ forgiveness. It then introduces the idea of forgiveness as a work of love through a discussion of Kierkegaard, key New Testament passages on forgiveness, and some contemporary work on the philosophy of love. Drawing on both philosophy and the New Testament, it offers an understanding of forgiveness that incorporates both agapic love and a proper concern for justice. It explores religious and secular uses of key metaphors for forgiveness, and the idea of ‘forgivingness’ as a character trait, suggesting that seeking to correct for various cognitive biases is key to the development of such a virtue, and connecting it to other putative virtues, such as humility and hope. It draws on both Kierkegaard’s ‘discourse literature’ and contemporary philosophical work on these latter characteristics, before turning to a discussion of the nature of self-forgiveness. Throughout the book, the philosophical and theological literature is rooted in a discussion of various ‘forgiveness narratives’, including Prejean’s Dead Man Walking, Elva and Stranger’s South of Forgiveness, and McEwan’s Atonement.
The standing to forgive and the standing to be forgiven
Authors: Lippitt John
Published: October 2020

This chapter explores two key questions: who has the standing to forgive? And who has the standing to be forgiven? Under the first, the question whether third-party forgiveness is ever possible or morally fitting is explored, the argument being that since not all third-party forgiveness is forgiveness on behalf of  the victim, in at least some circumstances, third-party forgiveness is indeed possible and fitting. The discussion explores primary, secondary and tertiary victims, and the status of moral bystanders. The second question introduces whether forgiveness should be ‘conditional’ or ‘unconditional’, and if ‘unconditional’ forgiveness can be legitimate (as it is argued that it can), of what kind of unconditional forgiveness is this true? The case is put for the value of distinguishing between two types of unconditional, and two types of conditional, forgiveness. Objections that may legitimately be made against one kind of unconditional forgiveness (associated with, e.g. Derrida) are not taken to apply to the other.
Metaphors for forgiveness
Authors: Lippitt John
Published: October 2020

This chapter further explores the significance of the accounts of forgiveness found in the Hebrew Bible and (especially) the New Testament, paying particular attention to the resonances of the Greek terms aphesis (letting go or cancelling a debt) and charizomai (gratuitous gift-giving). It next explores (largely through a discussion of the work of Lucy Allais and Christopher Bennett) how such distinctions map on to metaphors for forgiveness that survive into secular philosophical discourse, and the differences between understanding forgiveness in terms of either a wronged party or a wrongdoer ‘wiping the slate clean’ and understanding it in terms of the wronged party ‘turning the other cheek’. In particular, it shows the limitations of the former image as a model of interpersonal forgiveness, and argues that a Kierkegaardian approach enables us to get beyond the element of arbitrariness implied by Allais’s account of forgiveness.
Forgiving, forgetting and reframing
Authors: Lippitt John
Published: October 2020

This chapter addresses two issues. First, forgiving is often connected with—but distinguished from—forgetting. The chapter returns to Kierkegaard’s typically overlooked distinction between forgetting per se and ‘forgetting in forgiveness’. Like Kierkegaard, Jeffrey Blustein is unusual in taking the idea of forgetting in forgiveness seriously. However, through a dialogue with Blustein, it is argued that ‘forgetting’ is not the best way of capturing the position for which both he and Kierkegaard are trying to make space. The discussion also draws on Blustein to start to explore what might make the disposition of ‘forgivingness’ a virtue. The second issue is the important question of cognitive biases. Through a discussion of some recent work in social psychology and behavioural ethics, the role such biases might play in blocking our ability to forgive is considered, as is how important transcending them might be to the process of ‘reframing’ the wrongdoer.
Hope in the task of forgiveness
Authors: Lippitt John
Published: October 2020

A second putative virtue key to forgivingness is hope. This chapter compares the hope that Kierkegaard labels as a variety of ‘expectancy’ [Forventning] with what Philip Pettit has called ‘substantial’ (as opposed to ‘superficial’) hope, focusing in particular on their mutual capacity to provide what Pettit calls ‘cognitive resolve’. Such hope, it is argued, can itself be understood as a work of love, returning to the earlier discussion of Helen Prejean’s relation to the Death Row inmate Pat Sonnier in Dead Man Walking to discuss how such hope can ‘scaffold’ normative change. This view of hope is defended against objections in the context of considering the role of hope in the task of interpersonal forgiveness.
Neutron Optics
Authors: Boothroyd Andrew T.
Published: October 2020

The description of neutron optical phenomena within the framework of dynamical diffraction theory is described. The coherent wave and optical potential are introduced, and an expression for the complex neutron refractive index in terms of the scattering length density and attenuation coefficient is obtained. The extension to magnetic media and polarized neutrons is covered. Neutron reflectivity is defined, and the wavevector dependence of the reflectivity profile is derived by a transfer matrix method and an optical method. Exact results are compared with the Born approximation. The technique of neutron imaging is described, including neutron radiography and computed tomography. Several optical phenomena that occur in Bragg diffraction from near-perfect crystals, including Pendellösung oscillations, and primary and secondary extinction.
Physical Properties inside Domain Walls
Authors: Catalan G. , Domingo N.
Published: October 2020

This chapter explains that the field of domain wall (DW) nanoelectronics is predicated on the premise that the distinct physical properties of domain walls offer new conceptual possibilities for devices. It first deals with basic physics of domain wall properties, and in particular the cross-coupling that allows domain walls to display properties and order parameters different from those of the parent bulk material. The chapter then turns to scanning probe techniques for measuring some of these domain wall properties, and specifically atomic force microscopy (AFM). Together with transmission electron microscopy, AFM is one of the most important tools currently available to probe and manipulate the individual position and physical properties of domain walls. Finally, the chapter focuses on two recent developments that allow investigating hitherto overlooked properties of domain walls: their magnetotransport and their mechanical response.
Three-Dimensional Optical Analysis of Ferroelectric Domain Walls
Authors: Haußmann A. , Eng L. M. , Cherifi-Hertel S.
Published: October 2020

This chapter presents the latest results demonstrating the flexibility and sensitivity of optical methods for the investigation of the physical properties of DWs in 3D. Domain walls in ferroelectric materials are nanoscale interfaces separating regions with different orientation of the polarization. They have long been considered as imperfections affecting the overall macroscopic properties of ferroelectrics. However, the recently discovered rich and diverse local physical properties of ferroelectric DWs have transformed these domain boundary regions into individual nanostructures with significant fundamental interest and potentially viable application in nanoelectronic device components. This chapter emphasizes the important contribution of both nonlinear and linear optical microscopy in different geometries (transmission, reflection, and non-collinear geometry) to access the detailed morphology of ferroelectric domain walls, obtain their 3D profile, access their internal structure, and establish correlations with their electronic properties.
Control of Ferroelectric Domain Wall Motion using Electrodes with Limited Conductivity
Authors: Yudin P. V. , McGilly L. J.
Published: October 2020

This chapter addresses the experimental control of ferroelectric DW motion in thin films using electron-beam induced deposition (EBID) electrodes with limited conductivity which governs the supply of charges required for DW nucleation and propagation. The problem of a moving domain boundary, addressed in this chapter, belongs to the general class of free-boundary problems, or Stefan problems, after Josef Stefan who mathematically described ice formation and then demonstrated generality of his approach by applying the same technique to describe diffusion. In the frame of this approach the position of the boundary is determined from the transport of a physical quantity, flowing through and partially consumed at the boundary. Nowadays mathematical modelling of Stefan problems has developed into a rich field of knowledge where both analytical and numerical methods are applied to solve various important applied tasks. In this chapter, the process is described by analogy to the classical Stefan model, historically applied to the motion of phase boundaries under propagation of heat but which is here applied to precisely describe DW motion under linear electrodes and the 2D growth of a circular domain.
Multiscale Simulations of Domains in Ferroelectrics
Authors: Liu S. , Grinberg I. , Rappe A. M.
Published: October 2020

This chapter focuses on recent studies of ferroelectrics, where large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using first-principles-based force fields played a central role in revealing important physics inaccessible to direct density functional theory (DFT) calculations but critical for developing physically-based free energy functional for coarse-grained phase-field-type simulations. After reviewing typical atomistic potentials of ferroelectrics for MD simulations, the chapter describes a progressive theoretical framework that combines DFT, MD, and a mean-field theory. It then focuses on relaxor ferroelectrics. By examining the spatial and temporal polarization correlations in prototypical relaxor ferroelectrics with million-atom MD simulations and novel analysis techniques, this chapter shows that the widely accepted model of polar nanoregions embedded in a non-polar matrix is incorrect for Pb-based relaxors. Rather, the unusual properties of theses relaxor ferroelectrics stem from the presence of a multi-domain state with extremely small domain sizes (2–10 nanometers), giving rise to a greater flexibility for polarization rotations and the ultrahigh dielectric and piezoelectric responses. Finally, this chapter discusses the challenges and opportunities for multiscale simulations of ferroelectric materials.
Distributed Systems
Authors: Bolfing Andreas
Published: October 2020

Chapter 5 considers distributed systems by their properties. The first section studies the classification of software systems, which is usually distinguished in centralized, decentralized and distributed systems. It studies the differences between these three major approaches, showing there is a rather multidimensional classification instead of a linear one. The most important case are distributed systems that enable spreading of computational tasks across several autonomous, independently acting computational entities. A very important result of this case is the CAP theorem that considers the trade-off between consistency, availability and partition tolerance. The last section deals with the possibility to reach consensus in distributed systems, discussing how fault tolerant consensus mechanisms enable mutual agreement among the individual entities in presence of failures. One very special case are so-called Byzantine failures that are discussed in great detail. The main result is the so-called FLP Impossibility Result which states that there is no deterministic algorithm that guarantees solution to the consensus problem in the asynchronous case. The chapter concludes by considering practical solutions that circumvent the impossibility result in order to reach consensus.
Bitcoin
Authors: Bolfing Andreas
Published: October 2020

Bitcoin was proposed by Nakamoto (2008) as the first electronic payment system, which fully relies on cryptographic primitives in order to work over a purely peer-to-peer system, where everyone can participate in spending funds to other users without the need for a trusted third party. This chapter first introduces the basic ideas of Satoshi Nakamoto, who defined an electronic coin as a chain of digital signatures. It explains how the addresses in Bitcoin are derived, and how the elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) key pair is used in order to transact funds from one user to another. For this, it shows how the transactions are constructed in Bitcoin, based on the most common transaction, which is the Pay-to-Public-Key-Hash transaction. The last section then shows how the transactions are permanently stored in the public ledger, the blockchain, and how the miners solve the Proof-of-Work in order to safeguard the records.
Introduction to Quantum Computing
Authors: Bolfing Andreas
Published: October 2020

This chapter gives a brief introduction to quantum computing, which is the discipline of studying algorithms based on the principles of quantum theory. It outlines the two fundamental quantum algorithms, which are known as Grover’s and Shor’s algorithm, which are able to solve number-theoretical problems that are intractable for present conventional computers. Thus, this chapter also shows the impact of these quantum algorithms on present cryptography under the assumption of the existence of a large-scale quantum computer, concluding that quantum computing poses a serious threat to public-key cryptosystems, because their underlying mathematical problems can be solved efficiently by using Shor’s algorithm.
Bitcoin Under Broken Crypto Primitives
Authors: Bolfing Andreas
Published: October 2020

Bitcoin’s security relies solely on cryptographic primitives, namely on digital signatures, hash functions and Merkle trees. This chapter discusses the security of the Bitcoin system if some primitives become weaker due to advances in cryptanalysis, an increasing computing power of the adversaries or improper software implementations. The chapter starts with a general overview of the primitives in use, explaining possible attack strategies against each of them, which is followed by combined attack strategies. The chapter closes by showing the consequences of Grover’s and Shor’s quantum algorithms for Bitcoin’s security.
Conclusions
Authors: Bolfing Andreas
Published: October 2020

This final chapter gives a short summary of the contents of the book and represents some important lessons about the security considerations of the cryptography used in blockchain systems.
Our Changing Views of Photons
Authors: Shore Bruce W.
Published: October 2020

This book describes the changing views of the physics community toward photons, and how photons are viewed today in several contexts. The first portion, a ninechapter Memoir with few equations and many definitions, explains the changing view of physicists toward radiation and its wave-particle photons, written for those with interest but possibly without technical background. It gives operational definitions that have been used for photons and their association with quantum-state manipulations that include Quantum Information, astronomical sources and crowds of photons, the boxed fields of cavity Quantum Electrodynamics It defines, qualitatively, the historical photons of Planck, Einstein, Compton, and Bohr, the later photons of Dirac, Feynman, and Glauber, and the photon constituents of the Standard Model of Particle Physics. It points to contemporary photons as causers of change to atoms, as carriers of messages, and as subject to controllable creation and alteration. A second portion, of three tutorial appendices, explains the mathematical background of quantum theory and radiation needed by those whose profession involves photonics and who therefore want more detailed understanding of the Memoir portion: quantum theory and the Schrodinger equation for quantum-state manipulation; Maxwell equations for electromagnetism with wave modes that become photons through a quantization postulate, possibly exhibiting quantum entanglement; and the coupling of atoms and fields to create quasiparticles that are seen as slow and stored light pulses. As with other Memoirs, the present book has idiosyncrasies of the author. Most notably, on the opening page of each chapter, and at the end of the book, is a cartoon drawn by the author, as a grad student, that reflects the changing views of a PhD aspirant toward the grad school experience as he progressed through the graduate school of MIT in the 1950s.
Introduction
Authors: Shore Bruce W.
Published: October 2020

The introductory chapter sets the stage for the narrative discussion by defining terminology and commenting on several basic concepts often taken for granted in expositions, but essential for any understanding of a technical subject: operational definitions and the scientific method; the difierence between physics, technology and engineering; the connection with art and philosophy; and the goals in modeling of physical phenomena with systems and observables.
Basic background: Everyday physics and its math
Authors: Shore Bruce W.
Published: October 2020

Chapter 2 introduces portions of mathematics that underly the physics of ordinary objects and experience, leading to discussions of atoms and electrons as elementary particles, to aggregates that exhibit ows and waves, to concepts of force, vectors, energy and their equations of change. It notes the defining properties of light beams, distinguishes coherent and incoherent sources, and raises the question of radiation granules as photons.
The photons of Planck, Einstein, and Bohr
Authors: Shore Bruce W.
Published: October 2020

Chapter 3 reviews the traditional historical, schoolbook notions of thermal radiation quanta found in the work of Planck, the traveling and absorbed quanta of Einstein, the spectroscopic evidence associated with the atom transitions of Bohr, and the scattering evidence of Compton – experiments that resulted in seemingly conicting views of photons as particles and as waves. It comments on revisionist views that have made these four experimental works no longer the definitive evidences for photons that they once were regarded.
Overview; Ways of regarding photons
Authors: Shore Bruce W.
Published: October 2020

Chapter 8 overviews some of the ways in which photons are usefully defined, including the Feynman picture and the photons with slow speeds that occur in dense matter. It notes alternatives to photons, denials of photons, and evidence for photons.
Finale
Authors: Shore Bruce W.
Published: October 2020

The brief chapter 9 lists some useful references and acknowledgements.
1754–1833: Passion and the Frailty of Human Nature
Authors: Conley Carolyn A.
Published: October 2020

Attitudes towards violent women changed during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century. The police gradually replaced informers and the attitude towards the underclasses and the Irish hardened. The legal status of neonaticide changed to reflect the reality of juries’ attitudes towards the crime. Women were still largely held fully accountable for their crimes—in fact the percentage of death sentences that were carried out increased—but homicidal women were much more likely to be seen as having succumbed to passion rather than having made a wicked decision. The growth of newspapers meant greatly enhanced coverage of homicide trials which became fashionable sites for entertainment.
Celts, Romans, Britons
Authors: Kaminski-Jones Rhys , Kaminski-Jones Francesca
Published: October 2020

This introduction gives an overview of the interwoven history of the ‘Celtic’ and the ‘Classical’ as concepts, in both British and Irish history and in scholarship more generally, and makes the case for increased interdisciplinary collaboration between the disciplines of Classics and Celtic Studies. It provides examples of the long-established tendency to contrast the Celtic and the Classical, and portray them as opposing poles of civilization and primitivity, but also notes the often anachronistic and misleading nature of this approach, drawing attention to the long history of intercourse between Celtic speakers and the Classical world, the persistent interpenetration of ‘the Celtic’ and ‘the Classical’ as conceptual frameworks, and the possibility of viewing Celticism and Classicism as intellectual counterparts rather than opposing world-views. It ends by briefly setting out the organization and structure of the volume, and summarizing the arguments of its chapters.
Origins and Introductions
Authors: Fulton Helen
Published: October 2020

The chapter compares different uses of the legend of Troy as a ‘Trojan preface’ to historical and literary texts in medieval England, Wales, and Ireland. Typically used to introduce narratives of nationalist significance, the ‘Trojan preface’ forms a distinctive genre that functioned to establish or confirm myths of national origin. The work of early historians such as Henry of Huntingdon and Geoffrey of Monmouth provides examples of the uses of Troy to construct a particular kind of English identity. In Welsh and Irish texts, the Trojan legend was inserted as a chronological milestone which aligned the ethnic histories of Wales (or Britain) and Ireland with world events. The legacy of Rome was another source of English identity which worked to exclude the early British people and their descendants, the Welsh. Rome was also an important point of reference for the Welsh and Irish, who established their claim to ancient lineage through literary references to Britain under the Romans and through adaptations of Latin epic. The ambiguity of Troy, represented by Aeneas as a figure of both heroic endeavour and treacherous betrayal, is addressed in different ways by English, Welsh, and Irish writers. The chapter ends with a discussion of the Trojan prefaces in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Chaucer’s House of Fame, suggesting that these prefaces are motivated comments on the questionable historical construction of English identity.
Hadrian’s Wall
Authors: Hingley Richard
Published: October 2020

This chapter addresses the recent afterlife of Hadrian’s Wall, focusing on the use of this monument in debates about English and Scottish nationhood, and in particular the frequently recurring idea that modern political developments might lead to the re-building of this ancient frontier work. The use of this Roman Wall, which formed the boundary of a substantial ancient empire, as a marker of national identity is evidently problematic, although it draws on the dualistic concept of a division between barbarian northern Celts and civilized southern Britons that originated with Classical writers addressing the Roman conquest of Britain, and has been periodically revived at points of conflict and division throughout British history. The chapter ends by suggesting possible interpretive strategies that can accommodate both the Wall’s unavoidable history as a symbol of ethnic and national division, and its (perhaps underappreciated) significance as a transnational monument.
Proportionality and Search-based Disclosure
Authors: Sime Stuart
Published: October 2020

This chapter will consider whether standard disclosure based on what Practice Direction 31A calls a reasonable and proportionate search continues to be the most effective and efficient approach to providing documentation to opponents in civil litigation. It will consider the reforms made to the rules on disclosure as recommended by Lord Woolf, and more recent innovations. An underlying problem is the explosion of documentation produced in the digital age, and the knock-on impact in the later stages in litigation on costs in cases where there has been extensive disclosure. The chapter will look at lessons from the past, the present rules, and whether there are more proportionate solutions. It will consider whether disclosure in fast track litigation is out of step with the position in the High Court, and some of the important ideas contained in the Business and Property Courts disclosure pilot. It will argue that the time has come to revert to a modern version of Lord Woolf’s original recommendation that search-based disclosure should be a second stage disclosure process, and confined to cases where it can be justified in accordance with the overriding objective.
Theoretical framework
Authors: Damhuis Koen
Published: October 2020

This second chapter lays down the theoretical bedrock of the book. In line with the bilateral framework of this study, it covers both the demand-side and supply-side. With respect to the latter, the chapter links cleavage theory and conflict sociology to the Laclauian notion of equivalence, arguing that the appeal of radical right-wing parties relies on their capacity to coherently unify a multiplicity of heterogeneous demands along the same main antagonism: national versus foreign. Following Weber’s and Parkin’s thoughts on social closure, the chapter theorizes that this nativist core conflict is invoked according to a specific tripartite structure, which has remained quite unnoticed in the existing literature. Pertaining to the demand-side, this chapter first discusses the assumptions underlying an electoral equifinality approach, before turning to the theoretically expected structural heterogeneity among radical right-wing voters. This heterogeneity is theorized along three dimensions within a Bourdieusian framework of social space: social characteristics (who), political preferences (why), and political interest (how). Finally, the chapter discusses different micro-level grievances that are likely to foster radical right support and links them to different socio-structural positions.
The design of the study
Authors: Damhuis Koen
Published: October 2020

The third chapter discusses the case selection of the study and more broadly, its research design. As the subtitle of the book already indicates, two cases are selected here: France (FN) and the Netherlands (PVV). These different cases are highly interesting as they allow pin-pointing the key differences between and similarities among types of radical right-wing voters across various national contexts, as well as improving the specificity and validity of the causal claims. In terms of the research design, the remainder of the chapter follows the same structure as the previous theory chapter, Chapter 2. Accordingly, it first discusses the data and methods used in the supply-side-oriented part of the book, which relies on a content analysis of the tweets of Marine Le Pen and Geert Wilders. The demand-side-related part, by contrast, relies on multiple data sources and methods. This chapter explains why a sequential mixed-methods approach is followed, using multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) to investigate the structural heterogeneity among radical right voters and life-history interviews to assess ideal-typical forms of radical right support within this structural heterogeneity.
Inside the political supply of the radical right
Authors: Damhuis Koen
Published: October 2020

This chapter empirically investigates the political supply of radical right-wing parties. Not only to make sure that the FN and the PVV are actually comparable, which is a necessary condition to justify a comparison of their voters. But also to find out whether there are differences in their political messages, which, in turn, might account for different demands within their respective constituencies. Based on a fine-grained analysis of 1,378 hand-coded tweets of Marine Le Pen and Geert Wilders, the chapter shows which reference groups they denounce and which groups they claim to support, which issues they prioritize and how they articulate these issues. The findings indicate that the political supply of the two politicians is highly comparable. Rather than offering standardized ‘products’ to a general electorate, both radical right politicians use relatively similar forms of ‘product differentiation’ (Eatwell, 2000), by articulating the demands and identities of multiple societal groups in a nativist fashion. Importantly, both leaders do so through ‘dual closure’ (Parkin, 1979), denouncing both elites (above) and non-native out-groups (below).
Hard-done-byness
Authors: Damhuis Koen
Published: October 2020

This chapter presents the first form of radical right support that I discerned. The latter can be mainly be found among respondents in lower income groups suffering from intragenerational decline. Their electoral support is ultimately rooted in a specific form of relative deprivation, in which non-native out-groups (below) are perceived as unfairly privileged—notably in terms of housing, health care and welfare-state benefits given to the latter by public workers and politicians (up there). Importantly, both the comparative reference group (below) and the responsible reference group (up there) are resented by these interviewees. Relying defensively on their nationality, the ultimate resource they dispose of, Le Pen and Wilders are seen as the only politicians who would give priority to ordinary natives like themselves. The chapter also discusses ideal-typical variants of this form of radical right support and highlights the differences between French and Dutch ‘hard-done-by’ voters.
Contributionism
Authors: Damhuis Koen
Published: October 2020

Chapter 7 presents the second form of radical right support that I discerned: contributionism. This is found primarily among respondents in the (lower) middle classes, who possess more economic than cultural capital. Having made their way outside the official education system through hard work, they see their relative success as the fruit of their own efforts. Accordingly, this ideal-type is not so much characterized by the belief that one receives too little, as was the case with ‘hard-done-bys’, but rather by the conviction that one gives too much; notably through tax money—collected by politicians and the state (up there). This, in turn, is believed to be redistributed unfairly to non-natives (‘below’, e.g. Arabs, asylum seekers, Greeks), who are believed to violate the self-reliant deservingness criteria of these voters, emphasizing their own ‘disciplined selves’ (Lamont, 2000) The chapter also highlights the differences between French and Dutch ‘contributionists’ and discusses and ideal-type variant of this form of radical right support.
Radical conservatism
Authors: Damhuis Koen
Published: October 2020

This chapter presents the third and final ideal type of radical right support I discerned: radical conservatism. The latter can mainly be found among socially well-to-do respondents, voting for the FN and PVV for ideological reasons. Contrary to the first two types, the electoral support of these interviewees is not fostered by feelings of relative deprivation, nor is it strongly shaped by socio-economic considerations or justified by moral claims. Instead, socio-cultural convictions dominate their discourse, notably denunciations of non-native out-groups (especially Muslims) who would lack the willingness to assimilate to the native majority culture. Finally, in contrast to respondents corresponding to other types of radical right support, these interviewees tend to describe themselves explicitly as conservatives and display a relatively high level of political sophistication, which, in turn, is related to their relatively high level of cultural and economic capital. The chapter also discusses an ideal-typical variant of this form of radical right support and highlights the differences between French and Dutch ‘radical conservatives’.
Conclusions and perspectives
Authors: Damhuis Koen
Published: October 2020

This chapter presents the main conclusions of the book and connects the findings of the empirical supply-side- and demand-side-oriented parts of the study. Most importantly, it discusses the structural homology between the three-tiered discourse of Le Pen and Wilders on the one hand and the socio-political worldviews of their interviewed voters on the other. By doing so, the chapter explains how the two politicians are able to symbolically unify an agglomerate of voters with highly diverse interests, preoccupations, and preferences. The second part of the chapter, then, presents the most important perspectives for future research. It notably pleads for an electoral equifinality approach to the study of radical right support in particular and electoral behaviour more generally.
The Phantom Pattern Problem
Authors: Smith Gary , Cordes Jay
Published: October 2020

Pattern recognition prowess served our ancestors well. However, today we are confronted by a deluge of data that are far more abstract, complicated, and difficult to interpret than were annual seasons and the sounds of predators. The number of possible patterns that can be identified relative to the number that are genuinely useful has grown exponentially—which means that the chances that a discovered pattern is useful is rapidly approaching zero. Coincidental streaks, clusters, and correlations are the norm—not the exception. Our challenge is to overcome our inherited inclination to think that all patterns are meaningful.Computer algorithms can easily identify an essentially unlimited number of phantom patterns and relationships that vanish when confronted with fresh data. The paradox of big data is that the more data we ransack for patterns, the more likely it is that what we find will be worthless. Our challenge is to overcome our inherited inclination to think that all patterns are meaningful.
Who Stepped in It?
Authors: Smith Gary , Cordes Jay
Published: October 2020

Data are undeniably useful for answering many interesting and important questions, but data alone are not enough. Data without theory has been the source of a large (and growing) number of data miscues, missteps, and mishaps. We should resist the temptation to believe that data can answer all questions, and that more data means more reliable answers. Data can have errors and omissions or be irrelevant. In addition, patterns discovered in the past will vanish in the future unless there is an underlying reason for the pattern. Backtesting models in the stock market is particularly pernicious because it is so easy to find coincidental patterns that turn out to be expensive mistakes. This endemic problem has now spread far and wide because there are so much data that can be used by academic, business, and government researchers to discover phantom patterns.
Author and audience in Catalepton
Authors: Farrell Joseph
Published: October 2020

Catalepton presents itself as a work of Vergil’s youth that reflects the time when it is set. It represents Vergil as a belated neoteric and a critic of littérateurs; and it reflects on the downfall of an unnamed individual evocative of Pompey. This chapter argues that such topics have a double frame of reference, speaking both to the collection’s dramatic date and to the time when it was written, probably in the first century AD. The collection represents Vergil as preoccupied with literary belatedness and inferiority; the death of oratory; the pernicious influence of rhetores; issues surrounding monarchy; the end of history—all themes more characteristic of early imperial intellectuals than of Vergil. Yet the author of Catalepton presents Vergil’s concerns with plausibility. One may therefore infer that the author’s double focus addresses an early imperial audience on two levels, commenting on contemporary concerns, and reflecting on a posited similarity between two historical moments (the collection’s dramatic date and the period when it was produced).
Construing the author as a Catullan reader in the pure iambic Catalepton (6, 10, 12)
Authors: Franklinos T. E.
Published: October 2020

It has long been recognized that the poems of the Catalepton betray their author’s intimate familiarity with the works of Catullus. This chapter revisits the holoiambic poems of the Catalepton (6, 10, and 12), the parts of the pseudo-Vergilian libellus that seem to engage most explicitly with the works of Catullus, his contemporaries, and his predecessors. After considering the unique relationship between Catalepton 10 and Catullus 4, this chapter turns to Catalepton 6 and 12. These two poems are integral to the architecture of the libellus, which, it is argued, was originally constituted of Catalepton 1–13 and arranged by its author. This chapter explores how the poet of the Catalepton engages not only Catullus’ works, but also those of his neoteric contemporaries; it demonstrates how the poet’s closely allusive treatment of literary forebears (in this case, Sappho) allows him to toy with, and to subvert, neoteric modes of engagement with their precursors’ works.
Echoing Virgil and Narcissus
Authors: Laird Andrew
Published: October 2020

Following Most’s 1987 essay, studies of the Culex have offered few general interpretations, and scholarship has polarized. There are discussions about authorship followed by surveys of the story, and there are a few detailed commentaries or commentary-style studies. The latter identify passages from works that are woven with remarkable frequency into the Culex, but do little more than list these echoes. The lack of alternatives to these two tendencies indicate the need for a comprehensive reading, but this is hard to achieve because the poem resists a totalizing interpretation. This chapter explores possible perspectives on the poem’s structure, before showing what these different conceptions of the organisation of the Culex might suggest about the poem’s author. The various sources and their respective operations in the Culex offer several ways of modelling the poem, in terms of how the text might be segmented or structured, and of its themes and functions.
Teaching the death of elegy
Authors: Bua Giuseppe La
Published: October 2020

A compact unit of elegiac poems, the Lygdamus cycle ([Tib.] 3.1–6) recounts the end of the lover-poet’s affair with Neaera. Through a fictional account of his story, from the initial dedication of his libellus ([Tib.] 3.1) and the ‘celebration’ of his soon-to-be death ([Tib.] 3.2), to a visitation from Apollo ([Tib. 3.4]) and the closing hymn to Bacchus ([Tib.] 3.6), Lygdamus displays the credentials of a poeta-amator and provides lovers with a study of elegiac love; he becomes a praeceptor amoris. This chapter focuses on Lygdamus’ construction of his elegiac persona and points to elegiac models (especially Catullus and Ovid) as central to Lygdamus’ fashioning of his love story as an elegiac paradigm. He expects his readers to draw on his affair with Neaera in order to learn how to love; by narrating his discidium, he celebrates the death of elegiac love and enters into the elegiac canon.
Tibullan impersonation and Callimachean influence in the Messalla Panegyric ([Tib.] 3.7)
Authors: Maltby Robert
Published: October 2020

This chapter asks how a hexameter panegyric found its way into an elegiac collection by various authors that has come down to us as the Appendix Tibulliana. Peirano (2012) makes a good case for the poem being a Tibullan impersonation and this chapter takes the argument further, suggesting that some of the peculiarities of the panegyric are derived from its connection with Callimachean epinicion, also a feature of Tibullus 1.7. The similarity in the positioning of the Messalla Panegyric as seventh in its book, following a group of six love elegies, exactly parallels the position of Tibullus 1.7. The Callimachean features of both poems deserve further investigation; these throw light on the poem’s links with Catalepton 9 and the Laus Pisonis. In conclusion, it is suggested that the poem could have been deliberately placed seventh in the collection by its author, who may well have edited the whole book.
The Halieutica attributed to Ovid
Authors: Harrison Stephen J.
Published: October 2020

Pliny the Elder paraphrased a poem attributed to Ovid; this is almost certainly the extant Halieutica. This chapter looks at the poem as transmitted. It argues that the text can be bettered by closer attention to Pliny, whose accurate paraphrase has been insufficiently employed; as often an ‘inferior’ text has not been edited with the rigour applied to canonical texts. The poem, however, is well written enough to assume reasonable coherence, style, and grammar. The transmitted text is acephalous, thus presenting an inviting gap for imitators; two attempts to fabricate the opening are considered. The first is a passage which must date from the high empire; the second is a humanistic forgery. This chapter stresses two aspects of the reception of ‘appendix’ texts: their comparative neglect by modern editors who expect too little, and the temptations that gaps in such texts provide for later writers and forgers to provide new material to supplement what is transmitted.
The Consolatio ad Liuiam and literary history
Authors: Heyworth S. J.
Published: October 2020

The Consolatio ad Liuiam appears in the 1460s and is attributed to Ovid. It describes the circumstances surrounding Drusus’ death in 9 BC, addressing his family before turning to consolation, particularly of Livia. The versification indicates that it is not by Ovid, but it may still be contemporary. The poem sets itself soon after the funeral, but is it conceived as genuine consolation, a rhetorical exercise, or a commentary on the Julio-Claudian era? The historical information in the poem is strikingly accurate; by comparison of it with Dio, it becomes clear that the Consolatio could easily have been written in the immediate aftermath of Drusus’ death. The poem may thus take a central place in Augustan literary history, alluding to several poets and the early works of Ovid, but itself alluded to by Ovid in exile. The chapter considers some cases in detail, showing that the chains of allusion may plausibly be read so.
Constitutional Breakdown, Backsliding, or New Post-Conventional Constitutionalism?
Authors: Czarnota Adam
Published: October 2020

In the text the author tackles the issue of constitutional crisis in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). It analyses the social source of constitutionalism in CEE after 1989. It criticizes the mainstream approach to the crisis as labelling rather than developing tools for analyses. It proposes different interpretations of the present crisis as the potential development of a new post-conventional constitutionalism in this part of the world. The new post-conventional constitutionalism is deeply rooted in historical narratives and is an escape from legal constitutionalism.