bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selection on Glycine β-1,3-Endoglucanase Genes Differentially Inhibited by a Phytophthora Glucanase Inhibitor ProteinSequence data from this article have been deposited with EMBL/GenBank Data Libraries under accession nos. AY461847, AY466133, AY466134, AY466135, AY466136, AY466137, AY466138, AY466139, AY466140, AY466141, AY466142, AY466143, AY466144, AY466145, AY466146, AY466147, AY466148, AY466149, AY466150, AY466151, AY466152, AY466153, AY466154, AY466155, AY466156, AY468381, AY468382, AY468383, AY468384, AY468385, AY468386, AY468387, AY468388, AY468389, AY468390, AY468391, AY468392, AY468393, AY468394, AY468395, AY468396, AY468397, AY468398, AY468399, AY468400, AY468401, AY468402, AY468403, AY468404, AY468405, AY468406, AY468407, and AY628413, AY628414, AY628415.
Authors: Bishop J G , Ripoll D R , Bashir S , Damasceno C M B , Seeds J D , Rose J K C
Published: November 2004

Plant endo-β-1,3-glucanases (EGases) degrade the cell wall polysaccharides of attacking pathogens and release elicitors of additional plant defenses. Isozymes EGaseA and EGaseB of soybean differ in susceptibility to a glucanase inhibitor protein (GIP1) produced by Phytophthora sojae, a major soybean pathogen. EGaseA, the major elicitor-releasing isozyme, is a high-affinity ligand for GIP1, which completely inhibits it, whereas EGaseB is unaffected by GIP1. We tested for departures from neutral evolution on the basis of partial sequences of EGaseA and EGaseB from 20 widespread accessions of Glycine soja (the wild progenitor of soybean), from 4 other Glycine species, and across dicotyledonous plants. G. soja exhibited little intraspecific variation at either locus. Phylogeny-based codon evolution models detected strong evidence of positive selection on Glycine EGaseA and weaker evidence for selection on dicot EGases and Glycine EGaseB. Positively selected peptide sites were identified and located on a structural model of EGase bound to GIP1. Positively selected sites and highly variable sites were found disproportionately within 4.5 Å of bound GIP1. Low variation within G. soja EGases, coupled with positive selection in both Glycine and dicot lineages and the proximity of rapidly evolving sites to GIP1, suggests an arms race involving repeated adaptation to pathogen attack and inhibition.
Estimation of Long-Term Effective Population Sizes Through the History of Durum Wheat Using Microsatellite Data
Authors: Thuillet A-C , Bataillon T , Poirier S , Santoni S , David J L
Published: November 2004

Estimation of long-term effective population size (Ne) from polymorphism data alone requires an independent knowledge of mutation rate. Microsatellites provide the opportunity to estimate Ne because their high mutation rate can be estimated from observed mutations. We used this property to estimate Ne in allotetraploid wheat Triticum turgidum at four stages of its history since its domestication. We estimated the mutation rate of 30 microsatellite loci. Allele-specific mutation rates μ were predicted from the number of repeats of the alleles. Effective population sizes were calculated from the diversity parameter θ = 4Neμ. We demonstrated from simulations that the unbiased estimator of θ based on Nei's heterozygosity is the most appropriate for estimating Ne because of a small variance and a relative robustness to variations in the mutation model compared to other estimators. We found a Ne of 32,500 individuals with a 95% confidence interval of [20,739; 45,991] in the wild ancestor of wheat, 12,000 ([5790; 19,300]) in the domesticated form, 6000 ([2831; 9556]) in landraces, and 1300 ([689; 2031]) in recent improved varieties. This decrease illustrates the successive bottlenecks in durum wheat. No selective effect was detected on our loci, despite a complete loss of polymorphism for two of them.
Conserved Locus-Specific Silencing Functions of Schizosaccharomyces pombe sir2+
Authors: Freeman-Cook Lisa L , Gómez Eliana B , Spedale Erik J , Marlett John , Forsburg Susan L , Pillus Lorraine , Laurenson Patricia
Published: November 2004

In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, three genes, sir2+, hst2+, and hst4+, encode members of the Sir2 family of conserved NAD+-dependent protein deacetylases. The S. pombe sir2+ gene encodes a nuclear protein that is not essential for viability or for resistance to treatment with UV or a microtubule-destabilizing agent. However, sir2+ is essential for full transcriptional silencing of centromeres, telomeres, and the cryptic mating-type loci. Chromatin immunoprecipitation results suggest that the Sir2 protein acts directly at these chromosomal regions. Enrichment of Sir2p at silenced regions does not require the HP1 homolog Swi6p; instead, Swi6-GFP localization to telomeres depends in part on Sir2p. The phenotype of sir2 swi6 double mutants supports a model whereby Sir2p functions prior to Swi6p at telomeres and the silent mating-type loci. However, Sir2p does not appear to be essential for the localization of Swi6p to centromeric foci. Cross-complementation experiments showed that the Saccharomyces cerevisiae SIR2 gene can function in place of S. pombe sir2+, suggesting overlapping deacetylation substrates in both species. These results also suggest that, despite differences in most of the other molecules required, the two distantly related yeast species share a mechanism for targeting Sir2p homologs to silent chromatin.
Gene Genealogy and Properties of Test Statistics of Neutrality Under Population Growth
Authors: Sano Akinori , Tachida Hidenori
Published: November 2004

We consider the Wright-Fisher model with exponential population growth and investigate effects of population growth on the shape of genealogy and the distributions of several test statistics of neutrality. In the limiting case as the population grows rapidly, the rapid-growth-limit genealogy is characterized. We obtained approximate expressions for expectations and variances of test statistics in the rapid-growth-limit genealogy and star genealogy. The distributions in the star genealogy are narrower than those in the cases of the simulated and rapid-growth-limit genealogies. The expectations and variances of the test statistics are monotone decreasing functions of the time length of the expansion, and the higher power of R2 against population growth is suggested to be due to their smaller variances rather than to change of the expectations. We also investigated by simulation how quickly the distributions of test statistics approach those of the rapid-growth-limit genealogy.
Genetic Factors That Regulate the Attenuation of the General Stress Response of Yeast
Authors: Bose Sohini , Dutko James A , Zitomer Richard S
Published: November 2004

The general stress response of yeast involves the induction of ∼200 genes in response to any one of several stresses. These genes are activated by Msn2 and repressed by the Srb10 kinase, a member of the mediator complex. Normally, Msn2 is exported from the nucleus, and Srb10 represses STRE gene expression. Under stress, Msn2 relocalizes to the nucleus and, with the relief of Srb10 repression, activates transcription. The stress response is rapid, but quickly attenuated. We show here that this attenuation is due to a nuclear-dependent degradation of Msn2. Msn2 rapidly disappeared from cells after heat or osmotic shock. This disappearance was not due to a change in MSN2 RNA levels, which remain constant during stress. Pulse-chase experiments confirmed the stress-dependent Msn2 degradation. The levels of Msn2 were significantly reduced in msn5 deletion cells that have been shown to constitutively retain Msn2 in the nucleus. The degradation was Srb10-dependent; Msn2 was not degraded in an srb10 deletion mutant. An Msn2 internal deletion mutant was insensitive to Srb10 repression, but was degraded by the Srb10-dependent mechanism. Thus, this mutation uncoupled Srb10 repression from degradation.
Meiotic Recombination in Drosophila Females Depends on Chromosome Continuity Between Genetically Defined Boundaries
Authors: Sherizen Dalia , Jang Janet K , Bhagat Rajal , Kato Naohiro , McKim Kim S
Published: November 2004

In the pairing-site model, specialized regions on each chromosome function to establish meiotic homolog pairing. Analysis of these sites could provide insights into the mechanism used by Drosophila females to form a synaptonemal complex (SC) in the absence of meiotic recombination. These specialized sites were first established on the X chromosome by noting that there were barriers to crossover suppression caused by translocation heterozygotes. These sites were genetically mapped and proposed to be pairing sites. By comparing the cytological breakpoints of third chromosome translocations to their patterns of crossover suppression, we have mapped two sites on chromosome 3R. We have performed experiments to determine if these sites have a role in meiotic homolog pairing and the initiation of recombination. Translocation heterozygotes exhibit reduced gene conversion within the crossover-suppressed region, consistent with an effect on the initiation of meiotic recombination. To determine if homolog pairing is disrupted in translocation heterozygotes, we used fluorescent in situ hybridization to measure the extent of homolog pairing. In wild-type oocytes, homologs are paired along their entire lengths prior to accumulation of the SC protein C(3)G. Surprisingly, translocation heterozygotes exhibited homolog pairing similar to wild type within the crossover-suppressed regions. This result contrasted with our observations of c(3)G mutant females, which were found to be defective in pairing. We propose that each Drosophila chromosome is divided into several domains by specialized sites. These sites are not required for homolog pairing. Instead, the initiation of meiotic recombination requires continuity of the meiotic chromosome structure within each of these domains.
Bedside Limited Echocardiography by the Emergency Physician Is Accurate During Evaluation of the Critically Ill Patient
Authors: Pershad Jay , Myers Sharon , Plouman Cindy , Rosson Cindy , Elam Krista , Wan Jim , Chin Thomas
Published: November 2004

Objective. Echocardiography can be a rapid, noninvasive, objective tool in the assessment of ventricular function and preload during resuscitation of a critically ill or injured child. We sought to determine the accuracy of bedside limited echocardiography by the emergency physician (BLEEP) in estimation of (1) left ventricular function (LVF) and (2) inferior vena cava (IVC) volume, as an indirect measure of preload.

Methods. We conducted a prospective observational study of a convenience sample of patients who were admitted to our intensive care unit. All patients underwent BLEEP followed by an independent formal echocardiogram by an experienced pediatric echocardiography provider (PEP). IVC volume was assessed by measurement of the maximal diameter of the IVC. LVF was determined by calculating shortening fraction (SF) using M-mode measurements on the parasternal short-axis view at the level of the papillary muscle. An independent blinded pediatric cardiologist reviewed all images for accuracy and quality. Estimates of SF obtained on the BLEEP examination were compared with those obtained by the PEP.

Results. Thirty-one patients were enrolled. The mean age was 5.1 years (range: 23 days–16 years); 48.4% (15 of 31) were girls; 58.1% (18 of 31) were on mechanical ventilatory support at the time of their study. There was good agreement between the emergency physician (EP) and the PEP for estimation of SF (r = 0.78). The mean difference in the estimate of SF between the providers was 4.4% (95% confidence interval: 1.6%–7.2%). This difference in estimate of SF was statistically significant. Similarly, there was good agreement between the EP and the PEP for estimation of IVC volume (r = 0.8). The mean difference in the estimate of IVC diameter by the PEP and the EP was 0.068 mm (95% confidence interval: −0.16 to 0.025 mm). This difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusions. Our study suggests that PEP sonographers are capable of obtaining images that permit accurate assessment of LVF and IVC volume. BLEEP can be performed with focused training and oversight by a pediatric cardiologist.
Sedimentation and water electrolysis effects in electrofiltration of kaolin suspension
Authors: Larue O. , Vorobiev E.
Published: November 2004

Filtration combined with an electric field (electrofiltration) enhances the filtration kinetics of aqueous suspensions. Although electrophoresis and electroosmosis largely contribute to electrofiltration behavior, side effects such as water electrolysis, heat production, and gravitational sedimentation of particles may be influential. A mathematical model was developed to include gravitational sedimentation of particles and electrolytic gas in electrofiltration theory. The model successfully represented electrofiltration data obtained from kaolin suspensions with a laboratory horizontal filter. Electrolytic gas contributed to an increase of 13% in electrofiltration rate. Settling particles increased cake resistance to downward electrofiltration flow and could substantially offset electrokinetic effects at high settling velocities. Because of electrolysis ionic products, a decrease of pH occurred in the filter during electrofiltration, causing the coagulation of kaolin particles and an increase in hydraulic cake permeability. Subsequent filtration could then take place rapidly without any electric field. The overall processing time was decreased by half when an electric field is applied only for 37% of the processing time. This coagulation phenomenon seems to be a promising means to accelerate the filtration kinetics without the need for full‐time electrofiltration. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 3120–3133, 2004
Formation and Crystal Structure of [(F5TeOXe)+×SO2ClF] [Sb(OTeF5)6‐].
Authors: Ulferts Peer , Seppelt Konrad
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Chromate of Tetravalent Cerium: Ce2(CrO4)4×2H2O.
Authors: Kolitsch Uwe , Schwendtner Karolina
Published: November 2004

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K2[Ge(B4O9)]×2H2O: A Unique 3D Alternating Linkage Mode of a B4O9 Cluster and GeO4 Unit in Borogermanate with Two Pairs of Interweaving Double Helical Channels.
Authors: Zhang Hong‐Xia , Zhang Jie , Zheng Shou‐Tian , Wang Guo‐Ming , Yang Guo‐Yu
Published: November 2004

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Structure‐Directing Influence of α,ω‐Alkanediammonium Ions on the Formation of Cyanocuprates(I).
Authors: Pretsch Thorsten , Hartl Hans
Published: November 2004

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Evaluation of the Relationship Between the Catalyst Structure and Regio‐ as well as Stereoselectivity in the Chiral Ammonium Bifluoride‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Addition of Silyl Nitronates to α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes.
Authors: Ooi Takashi , Morimoto Kumiko , Doda Kanae , Maruoka Keiji
Published: November 2004

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Aminohydroxy Phosphine Oxide Ligands in Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation Reactions.
Authors: Cheng Xiaohui , Horton Peter N. , Hursthouse Michael B. , Hii King Kuok
Published: November 2004

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The Synthesis of New Chiral Phosphine—Phosphinites, Phosphine—Phosphoramidite, and Phosphine—Phosphite Ligands and Their Applications in Asymmetric Hydrogenation.
Authors: Jia Xian , Li Xingshu , Lam Wing Sze , Kok Stanton H. L. , Xu Lijin , Lu Gui , Yeung Chi‐Hung , Chan Albert S. C.
Published: November 2004

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Novel Method for Efficient Aerobic Oxidation of Silyl Ethers to Carbonyl Compounds Catalyzed with N‐Hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) and Lipophilic Co(II) Complexes.
Authors: Karimi Babak , Rajabi Jamshid
Published: November 2004

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Zirconium Triflate Catalyzed Direct Coupling Reaction of Lactams with Heterocyclic Arenes under Atmospheric Oxygen.
Authors: Tsuchimoto Teruhisa , Ozawa Yoshitaka , Negoro Ryoju , Shirakawa Eiji , Kawakami Yusuke
Published: November 2004

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Efficient Method for the Preparation of Inverted Alkyl Carboxylates and Phenyl Carboxylates via Oxidation—Reduction Condensation Using 2,6‐Dimethyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone or Simple 1,4‐Benzoquinone.
Authors: Shintou Taichi , Fukumoto Kentaro , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: November 2004

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Improved Synthesis of trans‐4‐alkylcyclohexane Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Bazurin Alexey A. , Krasnikov Sergey V. , Obuchova Tatiana A. , Danilova Angelina S. , Balakin Konstantin V.
Published: November 2004

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Improved and Environmentally Friendly Large‐Scale Preparation of Cyclohexadienyl‐, Cycloheptadienyl Sulfone and Enantiopure Epoxy Cycloheptyl Sulfones.
Authors: Park Taesik , Torres Eduardo , Fuchs Philip L.
Published: November 2004

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Reactions of Monothiooxamides with O‐Methylhydroxylamine.
Authors: Zavarzin I. V. , Yarovenko V. N. , Chernoburova E. I. , Shchetinina M. A. , Krayushkin M. M.
Published: November 2004

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A Facile and New Method for the Synthesis of α‐Aryl‐N‐methylnitrones in Solvent‐Free Media Using Silica Gel‐NaOH.
Authors: Nikje M. M. Alavi , Bigdeli M. A. , Imanieh H.
Published: November 2004

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Cooperative Dual Catalysis: Application to the Highly Enantioselective Conjugate Cyanation of Unsaturated Imides.
Authors: Sammis Glenn M. , Danjo Hiroshi , Jacobsen Eric N.
Published: November 2004

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Facile Synthesis of Lactones and Dihydronaphthalenes from Methyl 2‐Isobutenyl (or 2‐Isopentenyl)cinnamates as the Common Intermediates.
Authors: GowriSankar Saravanan , Lee Chang Gon , Kim Jae Nyoung
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis of 2‐Aryl‐ and 2‐Heteroaryl‐3,5‐dimethoxy‐1,4‐benzoquinones Involving Pd‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of (2,3,4,6‐Tetramethoxyphenyl)boronic Acid.
Authors: Lana Enio Jose Leao , Carazza Fernando , de Oliveira Rosilene Aparacida
Published: November 2004

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Controlled Cyclization of 1,3‐Dilithiopropargylbenzene Adduct with Phenyl Isothiocyanate: Highly Selective Synthesis of Iminothietane and Iminocyclobutene.
Authors: Tarasova O. A. , Brandsma L. , Nedolya N. A. , Albanov A. I. , Klyba L. B. , Trofimov B. A.
Published: November 2004

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Regioselective Synthesis of Mono‐ and Bis‐decahydrobenzocarbazoles via Tandem Reactions of α‐Diazo Ketones.
Authors: Muthusamy Sengodagounder , Gunanathan Chidambaram , Suresh Eringathodi
Published: November 2004

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New Route to Synthesis and QSAR Study of 1,2,4‐Aryl Substituted Triazoles.
Authors: Deshmukh M. B. , Suryawanshi A. W. , Mali A. R. , Desai S. R. Dhongade
Published: November 2004

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Novel Photochromic Behavior of Benzoylhemithioindigo Based on Photodimerization.
Authors: Tanaka Kiyoshi , Taguchi Kazuto , Iwata Satoru , Irie Takayuki
Published: November 2004

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Catalytic Regioselectivity Control in Ring‐Opening Cycloisomerization of Methylene‐ or Alkylidenecyclopropyl Ketones.
Authors: Ma Shengming , Lu Lianghua , Zhang Junliang
Published: November 2004

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5‐[(2‐Methyl‐1,3‐thiazol‐4‐yl)ethynyl]‐2,3′‐bipyridine: A Highly Potent, Orally Active Metabotropic Glutamate Subtype 5 (mGlu5) Receptor Antagonist with Anxiolytic Activity.
Authors: Roppe Jeffrey R. , et al. et al.
Published: November 2004

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Regiospecific Synthesis of 5‐Halo‐Substituted Thiophene Pyridyl Thiourea Compounds as Non‐nucleoside Inhibitors of HIV‐1 Reverse Transcriptase.
Authors: Venkatachalam T. K. , Uckun F. M.
Published: November 2004

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Allylic Dehydration, Retro‐Pinacol, Pinacol‐Like and Enamide Reactions: Synthesis of New Isoquinolines.
Authors: Akue‐Gedu Rufine , Bourry Anne , Camus Fabrice , Norberg Bernadette , Durant Francois , Couturier Daniel , DeBacker Marc , Rigo Benoit
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis and Structure—Activity Relationships of 1,5‐Diazaanthraquinones as Antitumor Compounds.
Authors: Avendano Carmen , Perez Jose Maria , del Mar Blanco M. , de la Fuente Jesus Angel , Manzanaro Sonia , Vicent Maria Jesus , Martin Maria Jesus , Salvador‐Tormo Nelida , Menendez J. Carlos
Published: November 2004

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Double Cyclization of Bis(α‐hetarylmethyl)amino Esters to Optically Active Bridged N‐Heterocycles of HIV‐Inhibiting Activity.
Authors: Faltz Heike , Bender Christoph , Woehrl Birgitta M. , Vogel‐Bachmayr Karin , Huebscher Ullrich , Ramadan Kristijan , Liebscher Juergen
Published: November 2004

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Chiral 1,4‐Morpholine‐2,5‐diones. Synthesis and Evaluation as Glucosidase Inhibitors.
Authors: Arcelli Antonio , Balducci Daniele , Grandi Alessandro , Porzi Gianni , Sandri Monica , Sandri Sergio
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of P1′ Arylsulfonamide Azacyclic Urea HIV Protease Inhibitors.
Authors: Huang Peggy P. , Randolph John T. , Klein Larry L. , Vasavanonda Sudthida , Dekhtyar Tatyana , Stoll Vincent S. , Kempf Dale J.
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis of (Azidomethyl)phenylboronic Acids.
Authors: Fedorov A. Yu. , Shchepalov A. A. , Bol'shakov A. V. , Shavyrin A. S. , Kurskii Yu. A. , Finet J.‐P. , Zelentsov S. V.
Published: November 2004

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Deprotection of Pinacolyl Boronate Esters by Transesterification with Polystyrene—Boronic Acid.
Authors: Pennington Thomas E. , Kardiman Cynantya , Hutton Craig A.
Published: November 2004

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Chemo‐ and Regioselective Intramolecular Hydrosilylation Carbocyclization of Allenynes.
Authors: Shibata Takanori , Kadowaki Sho , Takagi Kentaro
Published: November 2004

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Alternatives to 1‐H‐Tetrazole in the Preparation of Phosphonate Diesters and Phosphonamidates from Phosphonyl Dichlorides.
Authors: Maung Jack , Mallari Jeremy P. , Choy Cindy J. , Berkman Clifford E.
Published: November 2004

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P‐Chiral Phosphinoselenoic Chlorides and Optically Active P‐Chiral Phosphinoselenoic Amides: Synthesis and Stereospecific Interconversion with Extrusion and Addition Reactions of the Selenium Atom.
Authors: Kimura Tsutomu , Murai Toshiaki
Published: November 2004

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Hydrophosphorylation of Alkenes with Dialkyl Phosphites Catalyzed by Mn(III) under Air.
Authors: Tayama Osamu , Nakano Atsushi , Iwahama Takahiro , Sakaguchi Satoshi , Ishii Yasutaka
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Sordaricin.
Authors: Kitamura Mitsuru , Chiba Shunsuke , Narasaka Koichi
Published: November 2004

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Protoilludane‐Type Sesquiterpenes, Echinocidins A and B, from a Mycelial Culture of Echinodontium tsugicola.
Authors: Shiono Yoshihito , Seto Takayuki , Kamata Manabu , Takita Chinatsu , Suzuki Shinsuke , Murayama Tetsuya , Ikeda Michimasa
Published: November 2004

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Polar Steroidal Compounds from the Far‐Eastern Starfish Lethasterias nanimensis chelifera.
Authors: Kicha A. A. , Ivanchina N. V. , Kalinovskii A. I. , Dmitrenok P. S. , Kainara S. O. , Aminin D. L. , Agafonova I. G. , Stonik V. A.
Published: November 2004

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Towards Functionalized Silicon‐Containing α‐Amino Acids: Asymmetric Syntheses of Sila Analogues of Homoserine and Homomethionine.
Authors: Smith Richard J. , Bienz Stefan
Published: November 2004

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Application of P‐Chirogenic Bisphospholane Ligands to Rhodium Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α‐ and β‐Acetamido Dehydroamino Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Hoge Garrett , Samas Brian
Published: November 2004

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Highly α‐Selective Glycosylation with Glycosyl Acetate via Glycosyl Phosphonium Iodide.
Authors: Kobashi Yohei , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: November 2004

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Methyl Homologues of Methyl Jasmonate and Methyl Dihydrojasmonate (Hedione®) from Sorbyl Alcohol.
Authors: Giersch Wolfgang , Farris Iris
Published: November 2004

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YM‐215343, a Novel Antifungal Compound from Phoma sp. QN04621
Authors: Shibazaki Mitsuyoshi , Taniguchi Masatoshi , Yokoi Takako , Nagai Koji , Watanabe Masato , Suzuki Kenichi , Yamamoto Tomoko
Published: November 2004

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Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a “Natural” Insect Repellent.
Authors: Csuk Rene , Niesen Anja
Published: November 2004

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A Short Enantioselective Synthesis of (R)‐(+)‐γ‐Jasmolactone.
Authors: Clososki Giuliano C. , Missio Lauri J. , Comasseto Joao V.
Published: November 2004

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WO2Cl2 Nanotubes and Nanowires.
Authors: Armstrong A. Robert , Canales Jesus , Bruce Peter G.
Published: November 2004

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Issues in the Synthesis of Crystalline Molecular Sieves: Towards the Crystallization of Low Framework‐Density Structures
Authors: Corma Avelino , Davis Mark E.
Published: November 2004

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Complex Oxides as Molecular Materials: Structure and Bonding in High‐Valent Early Transition Metal Compounds
Authors: Goloboy J. C. , Klemperer W. G. , Marquart T. A. , Westwood G. , Yaghi O. M.
Published: November 2004

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Sulfur‐Containing Keggin Anions and Cyclic Polyoxothioanions
Authors: Secheresse F. , Cadot E.
Published: November 2004

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Magnetic Field Effects in Nanostructures
Authors: Riera R. , Marin J. L. , Leon H. , Rosas R.
Published: November 2004

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New Lines of Research in Chemistry of Chalcogenide Complexes: From Clusters to Supramolecular Compounds
Authors: Fedin V. P.
Published: November 2004

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Alkylation of C=O
Authors: Soai Kenso , Shibata Takanori
Published: November 2004

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Heck Reaction
Authors: Shibasaki Masakatsu , Vogl Erasmus M. , Ohshima Takashi
Published: November 2004

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Hydrogenation of Imino Groups
Authors: Ohkuma Takeshi , Noyori Ryoji
Published: November 2004

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Hydrogenation of Carbonyl Groups
Authors: Ohkuma Takeshi , Noyori Ryoji
Published: November 2004

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Free‐Radical Chemistry in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Tanko J. M.
Published: November 2004

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Phase Transfer Catalysis
Authors: Nadendla Rama Rao
Published: November 2004

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Phthalocyanines
Authors: McKeown N. B.
Published: November 2004

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Polypyrazolylborate and Scorpionate Ligands
Authors: Pettinari C. , Santini C.
Published: November 2004

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Intriguing Double‐Inversion Stereochemistry in the Denitrogenation of 2,3‐Diazabicyclo[2.2.1]heptene‐type Azoalkanes: A Model Mechanistic Study in Physical Organic Chemistry
Authors: Adam Waldemar , Diedering Manfred , Trofimov Alexey V.
Published: November 2004

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Chemistry and Technology of Isobutane/Alkene Alkylation Catalyzed by Liquid and Solid Acids
Authors: Feller Andreas , Lercher Johannes A.
Published: November 2004

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DNA‐Templated Organic Synthesis: Nature′s Strategy for Controling Chemical Reactivity Applied to Synthetic Molecules
Authors: Li Xiaoyu , Liu David R.
Published: November 2004

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Systems Biology and the Molecular Circuits of Cancer
Authors: Alberghina Lilia , Chiaradonna Ferdinando , Vanoni Marco
Published: November 2004

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Microfluidics‐Based Reactors for Safe Fluorinations Using Elemental Fluorine
Authors: Turnbull Michael D. , Carter Neil B. , Dennison Stephen , Deacon Julie , Holley Richard
Published: November 2004

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Selective Synthesis of Fluorinated Compounds: Process Development and Preparation of Fluorinated Compounds from Gram up to Kilogram Scale
Authors: Steiner Heinz , Meier Hans
Published: November 2004

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Theoretical Organometallic Chemistry
Authors: Bridgeman A. J.
Published: November 2004

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Corporate social responsibility in Dutch industry
Authors: Cramer Jacqueline , Kim René , van Dam Erik
Published: November 2004

This article addresses the experiences gained by 19 Dutch companies with corporate social responsibility (CSR). These companies joined the programme ‘From financial to sustainable profit’ of the National Initiative for Sustainable Development (NIDO), which ran from May 2000 until December 2002. They focused on two issues: assessing the added value of corporate social responsibility and implementing a structured approach.

 The Dutch experiment showed that the companies involved were able to specify the added value of CSR by elaborating the economic performance and/or parenting advantage. Unfortunately, a third type of value creation, viz. through protecting the company's reputation, was not elaborated. Moreover, the experiment revealed that among the 19 participating companies experiences were limited in implementing a structured approach towards CSR. By exchanging experiences the companies learned from each other. Such interactive learning turned out to be a helpful support, complementary to the general CSR literature on guidelines, indicators and best practice guides. Although this literature is rapidly growing, knowledge is still lacking in structuring CSR. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The UK climate change levy: good intentions but potentially damaging to business
Authors: Hansford Ann , Hasseldine John , Woodward Thérèse
Published: November 2004

The climate change levy (CCL) is an important part of the UK Government's response to being a signatory to the Kyoto agreement. Prior to the introduction of the levy there were sharply contrasting views, which ranged from Sir Robert May's view that it was ‘an opportunity, not a threat’ to the CBI's view that it should be an option of last resort. In order to consider the impact of the CCL on UK businesses, interviews were undertaken within one ‘not for profit’ and two commercial organizations to explore reactions to its introduction. The findings from the study suggest the primary foci of concerns are based upon increases to the cost base and threats to international competitiveness. Further, there is doubt that the ambitious targets signed up to by the UK Government are likely to be achieved, unless there are fundamental changes in support for businesses, or the targets are revised. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Carbon dioxide emission trading, or not? An institutional analysis of company behaviour in Sweden
Authors: Paulsson Fredrik , von Malmborg Fredrik
Published: November 2004

The Kyoto Protocol opens up for market based solutions in climate change mitigation. A number of companies in Europe, North America and Asia have already practiced carbon dioxide emission trading. Sweden and Swedish companies have a tradition of being proactive in environmental policy and management. However, Swedish companies are acting reactively or even passively when it comes to emission trading. This paper aims to elucidate and explain the Swedish companies' behaviour on this matter. From our study, which focuses primarily on the energy and forestry sectors, it was found that companies are principally in favour of emission trading, but they have not developed initiatives for emission trading in practice. The study indicates that the institutional arrangements in which companies are situated do not encourage emission trading. Ambiguous government policies are claimed to prevent the companies from making long‐term strategies on climate change mitigation in general and emission trading in particular. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Hydrology as a policy‐relevant science
Authors: Takeuchi Kuniyoshi
Published: November 2004

Water is now a global political agenda and water science is part of it. The United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in 2000, the World Summit on Sustainable Development in 2002, the 3rd World Water Forum and Ministerial Conference in Kyoto in 2003 and the G8 Summit in Evian in 2003 were all concerned about urgent global water issues and call for international scientific research collaboration. Hydrology is responding to such political commitments with various scientific initiatives that include the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) Predictions in Ungauged Basins (PUB), the Global Energy and Water Circulation Experiments (GEWEX) Coordinated Enhanced Observation Period (CEOP), and the Global Water Systems Project (GWSP). These initiatives will play key roles in the implementation of the new intergovernmental project, Global Earth Observing System of Systems, under preparation by Global Observation Summits from 2003 to 2005. In order to achieve the MDGs, hydrological science has to play a major role supporting policy makers by overcoming methodological obstacles and providing the necessary information. This paper emphasizes that: the availability of ground measurements is a limiting factor that prevents the full use of scientific knowledge; hydrology has to integrate and downscale the various global information into local‐scale information useful for river basin management; as the availability of professional personnel is in critical short supply, in addition to funds needed, to achieve the MDGs any scientific research should always accompany capacity‐building programmes to close the science divide between developed and developing nations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BMRP is a Bcl‐2 binding protein that induces apoptosis
Authors: Chintharlapalli Sudhakar R. , Jasti Madhuri , Malladi Srinivas , Parsa Kishore V.L. , Ballestero Rafael P. , González‐García Maribel
Published: November 2004

Members of the Bcl‐2 family of proteins play important roles in the regulation of cell death by apoptosis. The yeast Two‐Hybrid system was utilized to identify a protein that interacts with the anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl‐2, designated BMRP. This protein corresponds to a previously known mitochondrial ribosomal protein (MRPL41). Binding experiments confirmed the interaction of BMRP to Bcl‐2 in mammalian cells. Subcellular fractionation by differential centrifugation studies showed that both Bcl‐2 and BMRP are localized to the same fractions (fractions that are rich in mitochondria). Northern blot analysis revealed a major bmrp mRNA band of approximately 0.8 kb in several human tissues. Additionally, a larger 2.2 kb mRNA species was also observed in some tissues. Western blot analysis showed that endogenous BMRP runs as a band of 16–17 kDa in SDS–PAGE. Overexpression of BMRP induced cell death in primary embryonic fibroblasts and NIH/3T3 cells. Transfection of BMRP showed similar effects to those observed by overexpression of the pro‐apoptotic proteins Bax or Bad. BMRP‐stimulated cell death was counteracted by co‐expression of Bcl‐2. The baculoviral caspase inhibitor p35 also protected cells from BMRP‐induced cell death. These findings suggest that BMRP is a mitochondrial ribosomal protein involved in the regulation of cell death by apoptosis, probably affecting pathways mediated by Bcl‐2 and caspases. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Arsenic trioxide represses constitutive activation of NF‐κB and COX‐2 expression in human acute myeloid leukemia, HL‐60
Authors: Han Seong‐Su , Kim Kihyun , Hahm Eun‐Ryeong , Park Chan H. , Kimler Bruce F. , Lee Sook J. , Lee Se‐Hoon , Kim Won S. , Jung Chul Won , Park Keunchil , Kim Jingook , Yoon Sung‐Soo , Lee Je‐Ho , Park Seyeon
Published: November 2004

It has been proposed that eukaryotic nuclear factor nuclear factor kappa‐B (NF‐κB) and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) are implicated in the pathogenesis of many human diseases including cancer. Arsenic has been widely used in medicine in Oriental countries. Recent studies have shown that arsenic trioxide (As2O3) could induce in vitro growth inhibition and apoptosis of malignant lymphocytes, and myeloma cells. However, the molecular mechanisms by which As2O3 initiates cellular signaling toward cell death are still unclear. In the present study, the effects of As2O3 on NF‐κB and COX‐2 expression in HL‐60 cells were investigated. As2O3 suppressed DNA‐binding activity of NF‐κB composed of p65/p50 heterodimer through preventing the degradation of IκB‐α and the nuclear translocation of p65 subsequently as well as interrupting the binding of NF‐κB with their consensus sequences. Inhibitory effect of As2O3 on NF‐κB DNA activity was dependent upon intracellular glutathione (GSH) and H2O2 level, but not superoxide anion. Futhermore, we found that As2O3 also downregulated the expression of COX‐2, which has NF‐κB binding site on its promoter through repressing the NF‐κB DNA‐binding activity. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synergistic effect of prostaglandin F2α and cyclic AMP on glucose transport in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes
Authors: Chiou Guang‐Yuh , Fong Jim C.
Published: November 2004

The combined effect of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) and cAMP on glucose transport in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes was examined. In cells pretreated with PGF2α and 8‐bromo cAMP for 8 h, a synergy between these two agents on glucose uptake was found. Insulin‐stimulated glucose transport, on the other hand, was only slightly affected. The synergistic effect of these two agents was suppressed in the presence of cycloheximide and actinomycin D. In concord, immunoblot and Northern blot analyses revealed that GLUT1 protein and mRNA levels were both increased in cells pretreated with both PGF2α and 8‐bromo cAMP, greater than the additive effect of each agent alone. The synergistic action of PGF2α with 8‐bromo cAMP to enhance glucose transport was inhibited by GF109203X, a selective protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor. In addition, in cells depleted of diacylglycerol‐sensitive PKC by prolonged treatment with 4β‐phorbol 12β‐myristate 13α‐acetate, a PKC activator, the synergistic effects of PGF2α and 8‐bromo cAMP on glucose transport and GLUT1 mRNA accumulation were both abolished. Taken together, these results indicate that PGF2α may act with cAMP in a synergistic way to increase glucose transport, probably through enhanced GLUT1 expression by a PKC‐dependent mechanism. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Marc concentration of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L) in relation to sucrose storage
Authors: Hoffmann Christa M , Kenter Christine , Bloch Dorit
Published: November 2004

Pulp as a feed stuff produced in the sugar factory is estimated by the marc concentration in sugar beet, which consists of the insoluble cell wall compounds. To identify factors affecting level and development of marc concentration during the growing season, several field trials and pot experiments were carried out in 2000, 2001 and 2002. The results show that marc concentration decreased until 100 days after sowing, but then did not change markedly until October, when it ranged between 34 and 45 g kg−1 beet. Marc concentration was affected more by site and variety than by year. Differences in marc concentration were already established very early in the season (65 days after sowing). This was attributed to the formation of cambial rings and parenchyma cells in the root during this period, which determine sucrose storage. There was a positive correlation between marc and dry matter, sucrose and betaine, but a negative correlation to root yield and amino N. Marc concentration was about 10% lower than reported in the past, which is supposed to be due to a change in the optimal cell volume for sucrose storage and the cell wall thickness of new sugar beet varieties. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Supercritical CO2 extraction of resveratrol and its glycoside piceid from Chinese traditional medicinal herb Polygonum cuspidatum
Authors: Yu Wenli , Shu Bo , Zhao Yaping
Published: November 2004

Resveratrol (3,5,4′‐trihydroxystilbene) and its glycoside piceid are phenolic compounds found to be beneficial to health. In this paper, resveratrol and piceid were successfully extracted from the Chinese traditional medicinal herb Polygonum cuspidatum (Hu Zhang in Chinese), with supercritical CO2 plus ethanol modifier. The effects of ethanol content, pressure and temperature on the yields of resveratrol and piceid were investigated. Results showed that the extraction pressure was the main factor for the effective extraction of the two substances in the presence of ethanol modifier, especially for piceid. The optimal extraction condition was obtained: 30 MPa, 50 °C, (100 ml l−1), ethanol and 20 kg h−1 of CO2, at which the yields of resveratrol and piceid were 7.1 g kg−1 and 16.0 g kg−1, respectively. The yields obtained by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was comparable with those obtained by traditional organic solvent methods, indicating that SFE is an alternative method for extraction of the two compounds. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemical composition and in vitro starch bioavailability of Phaseolus vulgaris (L) cv Mayocoba
Authors: Osorio‐Díaz Perla , Tovar Juscelino , Paredes‐López Octavio , Acosta‐Gallegos Jorge A , Bello‐Pérez Luis A
Published: November 2004

Common beans of the Mayocoba variety were cooked (178 min) and evaluated regarding their chemical composition and starch digestibility in vitro. Mean physical characteristics of the Mayocoba grain were: thousand‐kernel weight, 443.0 (±0.98)g; length, 12.45 mm; width 7.84 mm and thickness, 6.44 mm. Total starch content in Mayocoba bean was 40.24% (dmb). The available starch was 22.87%, whereas resistant starch accounted for 6.4% and retrograded resistant starch represented 3.3% of the cooked seed weight. None of these values changed with storage time. The Mayocoba variety presented values of soluble indigestible fraction of approximately 8.0% and insoluble indigestible fraction of 36%, which did not change with storage. Both simple enzymatic hydrolysis rate and hydrolysis index (HI = 36%) indicated a slow hydrolysis of Mayocoba starch. HI‐based predicted glycemic index was 39%, all of which suggested a ‘slow carbohydrate’ feature for this bean. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Prevalence of Factor V Leiden and other thrombophilic traits among Cretan children with malignancy
Authors: Stiakaki Eftichia , Germanakis Ioannis , Sfyridaki Caterina , Katzilakis Nikos , Danilatou Vasiliki , Kalmanti Maria
Published: November 2004

Background

The prevalence of thrombophilic traits, which might further enhance the risk of thrombotic complications in children treated for cancer, varies significantly among different populations.

Objective

To evaluate the prevalence of common thrombophilic traits of the East Mediterranean Region, among native Cretan children treated for malignancy.

Methods

Blood samples were consecutively collected from 31 native Cretan children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (n = 19) or other malignancies (n = 12) over 3 years. A molecular diagnosis based on the presence of Factor V Leiden (FVL), as well as on PT G20210A and MTHFR C677T mutation (in 14 patients) using PCR was applied. Patients who had central venous catheters (n = 29) were treated with an intensified thromboprophylaxis protocol that had been previously established in our institution.

Results

The prevalence of the FVL mutation was 19.4% (95% CI = 5–32). The allele frequency is estimated at 11.3% (95% CI: 3.5–19.1) which is higher than that reported for the population of the mainland of Greece. The prevalence of the PT G20210A and MTHFR C677T mutation was 14.3 and 71.4%, respectively (corresponding allele frequencies 7.1 and 50%, respectively). Only one patient developed thrombosis, having although no thrombophilic trait.

Conclusions

Thrombophilic traits were relatively common in this group of native Cretan children treated for malignancy. Thromboprophylaxis should be considered in Cretan children in the presence of known acquired risk factors for thrombosis, but a larger prospective to study is first needed. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High dose melphalan in the treatment of advanced neuroblastoma: Results of a randomised trial (ENSG‐1) by the European Neuroblastoma Study Group
Authors: Pritchard Jon , Cotterill Simon J. , Germond Shirley M. , Imeson John , de Kraker Jan , Jones David R.
Published: November 2004

Background

High dose myeloablative chemotherapy (“megatherapy”), with haematopoietic stem cell support, is now widely used to consolidate response to induction chemotherapy in patients with advanced neuroblastoma.

Procedure

In this study (European Neuroblastoma Study Group, ENSG1), the value of melphalan myeloablative “megatherapy” was evaluated in a randomised, multi‐centre trial. Between 1982 and 1985, 167 children with stages IV and III neuroblastoma (123 stage IV > 1 year old at diagnosis and 44 stage III and stage IV from 6 to 12 months old at diagnosis) were treated with oncovin, cisplatin, epipodophyllotoxin, and cyclophosphamide (OPEC) induction chemotherapy every 3 weeks. After surgical excision of primary tumour, the 90 patients (69% of the total) who achieved complete response (CR) or good partial response (GPR) were eligible for randomisation either to high dose melphalan (180 mg per square meter) with autologous bone marrow support or to no further treatment.

Results

Sixty‐five (72%) of eligible children were actually randomised and 21 of these patients were surviving at time of this analysis, with median follow‐up from randomisation of 14.3 years. Five year event‐free survival (EFS) was 38% (95% confidence interval (CI) 21–54%) in the melphalan‐treated group and 27% (95% CI 12–42%) in the “no‐melphalan” group. This difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.08, log rank test) but for the 48 randomised stage IV patients aged >1 year at diagnosis outcome was significantly better in the melphalan‐treated group‐5 year EFS 33% versus 17% (P = 0.01, log rank test).

Conclusions

In this trial, high dose melphalan improved the length of EFS and overall survival of children with stage IV neuroblastoma >1 year of age who achieved CR or GPR after OPEC induction therapy and surgery. Multi‐agent myeloablative regimens are now widely used as consolidation therapy for children with stage IV disease and in those with other disease stages when the MYCN gene copy number in tumour cells is amplified. Because they are more toxic, complex, and costly these combination megatherapy regimens should be compared with single agent melphalan in randomised clinical trials. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.