bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT: HISTORY AND RECENT STUDIES
Authors: Trups-Kalne Ingrīda
Published: May 2018

The aim of the study is to analyse psychological aspects of  moral development by assessing studies on cognitive rational theory, as well as to learn about the most recent studies on the socially intuitive and evolutionary paradigm of morality. The study analyses the views of Piaget, Kohlberg, Lind, Shweder, Haidt, Joseph, Hamlin, Wynn, Bloom and others on cultural differences of the content of morality, process and mechanisms of moral development, as well as endogenous and environmental factors affecting development. The study led to conclusion that general understanding about morality is innate to a human being and that morality is the core of personality, which helps people to work and live together in a community.
IMPLEMENTATION OF CAREER GUIDANCE FOR STUDENTS IN LATVIAN GENERAL SECONDARY EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
Authors: Korna-Opincāne Evita , Katane Irēna
Published: May 2018

Changes shaping the labour market in the 21st century mark new guidelines for general education schools. Transformation of the education system of the state is defined by variable social and economic conditions in Latvia, Europe and the world. In that context, it is important to ensure the implementation of career guidance in schools. In various general education schools of Latvia, the implementation of career guidance is distinctly different. The availability of career guidance for students is insufficient, the guidance is not rendered systematically and purposefully, there are differences among city schools and village schools and it is also affected by the number of students in educational institutions and by the availability of various career specialists. The aim of the research is to examine the diversity of career guidance in various general secondary education institutions. The research explores, analyses and evaluates the data acquired from general secondary education schools of Latvia. The results of the research will provide the basis for elaboration of career guidance models, their experimental approbation and implementation in various Latvian schools. Research took place in the framework of European Social Fund 2014-2020 Operational Programme “Growth and Employment”.
CONCEPTUAL MODEL IN INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATION
Authors: Šķiltere Daina , Bormane Santa
Published: May 2018

Integrated marketing communications are developing, with IMC approaches to communication with consumers seeing further enhancements in the scientific literature. However, in order to reach the marketing targets, a variety of IMC tools may be used in combination when implementing marketing activities. Despite each IMC tool in itself being highly distinctive, they all depend on each other in the creation of product consumption value and the enhancement of economic, communicational and social benefits. Purpose of the paper: The goal of the research is to assess the integrated marketing communications used in the marketing strategy of Latvian food retail chains. Methodology/methods: The following scientific research methods are used in the research study: analytical, comparative, graphical, statistical, observatory and interrogative. The research focuses on the Latvian food retail sector, with leading specialists from all Latvian food retail chains polled. The object of the research is Latvian food retail chains, and the subject of the research is integrated marketing communication as a set of tools. Findings: The results of the research are of both theoretical and practical value, as it confirmed the hypothesis that a complex use of IMC promotes a long-term relationship among all stakeholders of the selling and buying process. The authors have collected and classified IMC tools and, based on the results of the research, drawn up a conceptual model of integrated marketing communications.
FINANCIAL EDUCATION IN LLL PERSPECTIVE – THE CASE OF POLAND
Authors: Cichowicz Ewa
Published: May 2018

Research carried out for several years show that the level of economic literacy in Polish society is low. One way to improve this situation is the implementation of solutions in the field of economic education. Although existing awareness of the problem and the many activities undertaken by various institutions there is no comprehensive strategy focused on increasing economic literacy of Poles. One consequence of this is the lack of expected effects of that activity. Therefore, the main aim of this article is to answer the question whether, and if so, why economic education should be implemented in accordance with the concept of LLL. It is necessary to supplement the discussion by an indication of sample assumptions for the implementation of that concept. At the beginning, it will be particularly defined what is meant by economic education and what is its importance. In addition, there will be given the reasons why it should change depending on the age of the target group. In the last part it will be proposed the concept of realization of economic education in the perspective of LLL in Poland. Achieving assumed aim it will be possible by using in-depth study of literature, verification of documents of public institutions and review of online resources.
MUSIC THERAPY IN RETT SYNDROME CASES
Authors: Andziule Vita , Aleksiene Vilmante , Lesinskiene Sigita
Published: May 2018

Rett syndrome is a rare (0,01%) genetic disorder affecting girls' development. Individuals with Rett syndrome experience a full range of health problems that severely influence and complicate their mobility, intellect, communication, learning, and entire lifestyle. The treatment of Rett's syndrome is still aimed at investigating new pathways to ensure the best possible patient’s development and quality of life. The distinctive feature of Rett syndrome is the two main sensations with little damage: hearing and vision. Therefore, music therapy plays an exceptional role in the treatment and special education of children with Rett syndrome. The goal of this study is to find the most effective music therapy techniques and their specific indications whilst working with individuals with Rett syndrome. Research method used: music therapists’ online survey conducted internationally. The research suggests that the most effective methods in Rett syndrome cases are structured musical games that promote targeted hands-on movements, as well as listening to the songs and choice of favourite songs using pictures or other symbols. Music therapy can be applied for various health needs of individuals with Rett syndrome, especially to enhance hand functions as well as to improve non-verbal communication and to help individuals experience togetherness and joy.
CHALLENGES FOR IMPROVING MARKETING ON LATVIAN FARMS
Authors: Brence Ieva , Upeniece Linda
Published: May 2018

Marketing plays an important role in realizing goods and services, yet consumers’ opinions and suggestions for improving cooperation are not usually searched on agricultural farms. The problem is also observed on the farm Birzes, located in Kurzeme region and dealing with the production of agricultural products and the provision of services. Despite the fact it is one of the leading farms by the area of cultivated land and turnover in the district, until now Birzes has not had a detailed study of marketing opportunities for production and sales promoting for recognizing the farm. Taking into account the afore-mentioned, the aim of the research is to investigate the specifics of marketing activities of farms and evaluate the current situation on the farm Birzes. Analysis of literature, statistical data and internal documents are combined with the primary data gathering method – interviews with suppliers of clients of Birzes and content analysis. The research results show that personal contacts pay a very important role in rural farms’ marketing, at the same time customers propose to start using different information transfer channels, especially the communication possibilities offered by the Internet.
SELF-HELP PRACTICES: LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Paičs Indulis , Mārtinsone Kristīne , Ļubenko Jeļena
Published: May 2018

In recent years, the number of studies covering mindfulness, self-compassion practices, progressive relaxation, meditation and other self-help therapies or therapeutic interventions has grown rapidly. The vast interest in the field has caused fragmentation in methodological approaches and theoretical models, as well as a diffuse use of terminology, which makes it challenging to compare and critically evaluate the results of various studies. The purpose of this article is to collect and analyze the main trends and conclusions of theoretical and practical research devoted to self-help practices in recent years (2012-2017). The strategy in source selection was the following: a) researching the PsychArticles section of ProQuest database; b) main search criterion: Subject ("Self-Help Techniques"); c) additional search criteria: time of publication; peer-reviewed articles. For further analysis a research question was raised: what research topics appear in these sources and how are they elaborated? To answer it a narrative content analysis approach was used. As a result, five most significant research topics, which show an overview of latest tendencies in the research of self-help practices, were identified.
ATTITUDE OF LATVIAN PEOPLE TOWARDS WILDLIFE
Authors: Pētersons Andris
Published: May 2018

The wildlife values orientation and attitude towards wildlife has become a hot topic nowadays in Latvia because the management of preservation and conservation of wildlife must be based on the understanding of the general public. Furthermore Latvia is considered to be one of the more densely forested countries in Europe with 50% of its territory covered with forest.This article examines the wildlife values orientation of different groups of people from six regions of the country towards wildlife. Catherine M. Hill, Amanda D. Webber, Nancy E. C. Priston studies of conflicts in society about wildlife (2017) show that these conflicts rise because of different values between different human groups. Wildlife value orientation framework used in this study is taken from early studies of Fulton, Manfredo and Lipscomb (1996), which was later developed by Teel, Dayer, Manfredo, Bright (2005).According to the data of a nationwide survey conducted by the author all respondents are divided into “utilitarians”, people who consider that wildlife exists for human use and enjoyment; “mutualists”, people who consider humans and wildlife live side by side as parts of one big family, “pluralists” who share both the “utilitarian” and the “mutualist” point of view and take one or the other side in different situations and “distanced”, people who lack well - formed value orientation, indicating very little interest.Respondents were categorized into four wildlife value orientation types based on their responses to 24 statements. The wildlife value orientations among different groups of people were compared according to their age, gender, education, level of income, place of living and place where their childhood was spent. The attitude of people with different wildlife values and general attitude of all people towards hunters was established.
Prognostic possibilities of relaxin as a marker of preterm birth
Authors: Kosyakova Olga V. , Bespalova Olesya N.
Published: May 2018

Premature birth is one of the most important problems of modern obstetrics because it is a leading cause of childhood morbidity and mortality in all countries. Annually, > 1 million premature newborns worldwide die from various types of complications, and most of the survivors become disabled. Moreover, according to WHO analysis, most of these children can be saved by developing measures for the early identification of preterm births, which will provide additional time for effective intervention. Currently, available diagnostic methods do not adequately assess the risks of premature delivery owing to the low predictive value of the methods. This makes it necessary to search for predictors of preterm labor that can improve the accuracy of diagnostic techniques. The desired predictors should have a pathogenetic basis, and most importantly, they must contribute to the early detection of life-threatening premature births. The hormone relaxin could be considered to be a promising marker of premature birth because its role in the pathogenesis of premature birth is unquestionable, and the evaluation of its levels is possible during the early stages of pregnancy.
Composition of endometrial microbiota and chronic endometritis severity in patients with in vitro fertilization failures. Is there any connection?
Authors: Tsypurdeeva Natalia D. , Shipitsyna Elena V. , Savicheva Alevtina M. , Gzgzyan Alexander M. , Kogan Igor Yu.
Published: May 2018

Background. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), including chronic endometritis (CE), is a factor leading to endometrial receptivity disorder and in vitro fertilization (IVF) failures. The role of microorganisms in colonizing the endometrium, the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation, and associated infertility require further study.

Aims: To determine the taxonomic profile of the endometrial microbiota in different grades of CE in patients with a history of IVF failure.

Materials and methods. This study included 107 patients with ≥ 1 IVF failures. Depending on the severity of CE, and according to the morphological analysis of endometrial biopsy, the patients were categorized into three groups: group I (n = 14), patients without signs of CE; group II (n= 20); patients with signs of mild CE; and group III (n = 73),patients with signs of moderate and severe CE. All the patients underwent Pipelle biopsy of the endometrium according to our modified technique on days 18–23 of the menstrual cycle. Species and quantitative composition of the endometrial microbiota were investigated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results. Compared to groups II and III, Lactobacillus spp. (50% and 46.6% versus 85.7%) and Eubacterium spp. (25% and 35.6% versus 78.6%) were detected significantly more frequently in the endometrial microflora of group I patients, respectively. Simultaneously, significantly more bacteria of the families Enterobacteriaceae (50% and 64.4% versus 35.7%, respectively) and Streptococcus spp. (55% and 56.2% versus 7.1%, respectively) were found in the patients of groups II and III compared to group I. The abundance of lactobacilli and Eubacterium spp. have also been shown to be significantly higher in the endometrial samples of women in group I than in those of the women in groups II and III, whereas the abundance of enterobacteria and streptococci are significantly higher in women with CE than in women without CE.

Conclusions. In patients without signs of CE, Lactobacillus spp. and Eubacterium spp. prevail in the endometrial microbiota. Chronic inflammation in the endometrium is associated with an increase in the frequency and abundance of Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae.
As emendas silenciosas de O ano da morte de Ricardo Reis, de José Saramago: hipóteses e possibilidades
Authors: Fares Filho Edgard Murano
Published: May 2018

Resumo: O rascunho do romance O ano da morte de Ricardo Reis (1984), do escritor português José Saramago (1922-2010), oferece uma boa oportunidade para o estudo do método criativo do autor à luz da Crítica Textual e Genética. Por meio do levantamento, organização e interpretação das marcas de edição deixadas no documento pelo escritor – acréscimos, supressões, substituições, inversões de palavras e enunciados etc. – é possível entrar em contato com o processo editorial que deu origem à obra. De modo que, sob a forma de uma edição crítico-genética, a comparação entre os originais e a primeira edição (editio princeps) ajuda a estabelecer os critérios que norteiam as intervenções do autor sobre o texto, mostrando que nem todas as alterações previstas no original foram acatadas pela versão impressa.Palavras-chave: crítica genética; filologia; crítica textual; literatura portuguesa; José Saramago.Abstract: The drafts of the novel The year of the death of Ricardo Reis (1984), by the Portuguese writer José Saramago (1922-2010), offer a good opportunity to study the author’s creative method in the light of Textual and Genetic Criticism. By gathering, organizing and interpreting the editing marks left on the paper by the writer – additions, suppressions, substitutions, inversions of words and statements, and others, – it is possible to approach the editorial process that gave rise to the work. From a critical and genetic perspective, the comparison between the original texts and the final version in the first edition (editio princeps) helps to define the criteria that guided the interventions of the author, showing that not all changes in the original document were accepted in the printed version.Keywords: genetic criticism; philology; textual criticism; Portuguese literature; José Saramago.
Using the Urban Advantage to Achieve the Greatest Good
Authors: Golich Vicki
Published: May 2018

Members of the Coalition of Urban and Metropolitan Universities (CUMU) recognized nearly thirty years ago that institutions of higher education (IHEs) located in urban and metropolitan cities faced a unique set of challenges – but also shared exceptional opportunities – for developing and deploying the vast intellectual capital residing within their halls. They joined forces to share ideas and practices that would, among other things, integrate their colleges and universities more seamlessly and usefully with their surrounding communities. Over time, CUMU members realized they should play an important role as anchor institutions in their communities: “local economic engines and mission-driven organizations inextricably linked to the long-term well-being of their local communities…” (Democracy Collaborative, 2018).  
CUMU’s 23rd Annual Conference was held in Denver, Colorado in October 2017 with a focus on “The Urban Advantage” (CUMU, 2017). Presentations and conversations explored 21st century challenges created by states decreasing their funding to public higher education and by gentrification of the neighborhoods surrounding CUMU IHEs. They stressed unique learning opportunities for students and faculty studying and working at urban colleges and universities: clearly, an urban setting provides more occasions for students to engage in internships, service learning, volunteering, community-based research, and other pedagogies now known to improve student persistence through to graduation and alumni chances to pursue the careers or post-baccalaureate programs of their choice (AAC&U, n.d.). Scholars and activists called for urban IHEs to consider how they might engage with their surrounding communities more effectively to solve problems, improve the local economy, and educate a professional 21st century-relevant workforce. Finally, they underscored the imperative that metropolitan colleges and universities stay true to their mission of providing the public good of education to achieve social justice, graduate civically engaged alumni, and to be both in and of the community.
Thyroid cancer surgery in the elderly: a comparative study of 1176 patients
Authors: Parlak Omer , Dellal Fatma Dilek , Ulusoy Serap , Kılınc Ibrahim
Published: May 2018

Background: The aim of this study is to compare the results of patients who were treated with two groups (under 65 years and over 65 years) of thyroid cancer.Methods: A retrospective review of 1176 patients undergoing thyroid cancer surgery between January 2007 and December 2016 was performed. Patients were grouped as ≥65 (geriatric group) and <65 years (non-geriatric group).Results: A total of 139 patients (11.8%) were over 65 years of age and 1037 patients (88.2%) were under 65 years of age. There were 104 female (74.8%) and 35 (25.2%) male patients in the geriatric group. In the non-geriatric group, 917 (78%) patients were female and 259 (22%) were male (p = 0.39). FNAB showed a significant increase in malignant potential in the elderly (p = 0.005). In our series, malignant differences between geriatric and non-geriatric groups are less pronounced among thyroid carcinomas other than capsular invasion. Although there was no significant difference in histopathologic examination, malignant cytology was higher in the elderly patients. There was no significant difference between the young and elderly patients in terms of complication.Conclusions: In this study, papillary Thyroid Ca (PTC) was found to be the most common type of cancer and we could not find any difference in cancer type distribution in geriatric and non-geriatric patients. Total/near total thyroidectomy in experienced hands is safe for elderly patients. There is no difference in terms of complication.
Indications for emergency abdominal surgery in Cape Coast, Ghana
Authors: Rahman Ganiyu A. , Debrah Samuel A. , Andoh Edwin A.
Published: May 2018

Background: Emergency abdominal surgery continues to form a major workload of the general surgeon. As a result of variation of causes, there is need to revisit and review the pattern of presentation, management and outcome. There had been previous studies from Korle Bu Teaching hospital and Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital both in Ghana, but this is from Cape Coast Teaching Hospital (CCTH), Central Region, Ghana. The objective is to determine the pattern of presentation and indications for surgery in patients who had emergency abdominal surgical operation in CCTH.Methods: All patients who had emergency abdominal surgical operations at the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital from 1st January 2011 to 25th October 2012 were retrospectively reviewed.Results: Four hundred and eleven patients had emergency abdominal operation over a period of 22 months. The mean age at presentation was 36.3 years (SD 19.3). Male to Female ratio was 2.3:1. Intestinal obstruction was the commonest indication for surgery followed by appendicitis and typhoid ileal perforation. Obstructed abdominal wall hernia was the commonest cause of intestinal obstruction.Conclusions: Early reporting in hospital and access to hernia repair will reduce the morbidity and mortality known to be associated with this condition.
Association of the serum-free T3 and T4 hormones in severe traumatic injury
Authors: Ajagallay Sarita , Mane Shobita K. , Singh Gambheer
Published: May 2018

Background: The main objective of the current study to investigate that the association of serum-free t3 and t4 hormones in the patient with a severe traumatic injury.Methods: The study was conducted at the trauma center, the department of general surgery, Pt. J.N.M. Medical College and associated Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Memorial Hospital, Raipur, C.G.  Total 77 participants were concluded in the present study. The patients with head injuries, chest injury and abdominal injury who sustained their trauma within 24hrs of admission, within the age group of patients are 10-82 years were included. Retrospective observational study design applied to the present study.Results: The free thyroid hormone (ft3 and ft4) at different time interval at admission, at 24hrs and at 5th day was within normal limit. At admission ft3 mean=1.5 pmol/l (sd=0.18), after 24 hrs and 5th day mean ft3 was 1.47 pmol/l (sd= 0.14). The serum-free t4 mean value at admission, at 24hrs and after 5th day was 0.71 pmol/l (sd=0.52).Conclusions: The deranged fT4 levels have a significant association with the severity of trauma and the role of hormone level prediction of the trauma victims has important mechanisms which remain an unexplored subject. The prediction of the status ft3 level of the patients paves way for exploring the method through which these could be of clinical use for the patient’s management.
A comparative study in the management of fistula in ANO using various modalities
Authors: M. L. Ramachandra , Garg Mayank
Published: May 2018

Background: Fistula in ano is a track that connects deeply the anal canal or rectum to the skin around the anus. Fistula in ano most commonly follows an anorectal sepsis1. The main principles of management of anal fistula are closure of internal opening of fistula tract, drainage of infection or necrotic tissue, and eradication of fistulous tract with preservation of sphincter function. The objectives were to compare the various aspects like per operative complications, post-operative complications, mean hospital stay in the treatment of fistula in ano using various modalities like fistulotomy, fistulectomy, setons and lift procedure.Methods: This is a randomised, comparative, prospective study of 80 cases of fistula in ano, presenting at surgical opd of K.R. Hospital, Mysore attached to Mysore Medical College and research Institute. Out of which, 20 cases are treated by fistulectomy, 20 by seton, 20 by fistulotomy and the rest 20 cases by LIFT procedure by random selection method, during period of NOVEMBER 1, 2016 to 31st October 2017.Results: Most common age of presentation is 31-40 years and more common in males then females (M:F= 2.3:1 ). Per operative complications include bleeding seen more in patients undergoing fistulectomy. Per operative course of LIFT procedure patients was complication free. Postoperative pain seen more in patients undergoing setons procedure.Conclusions: we conclude that LIFT procedure and Fistulotomy were acceptable procedures for simple, uncomplicated low lying and high lying fistula.
Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection among dyspepsia patients with mucosal lesion in tertiary care hospital
Authors: Yadav Amit S. , Kulkarni Umesh B. , Kumar Bharat C. , Takalkar Unmesh V.
Published: May 2018

Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a curved rod shaped bacteria, is found to be associated with acid peptic disease patients, more in ulcer than non-ulcer, leading to a belief that H. pylori plays a role in its etiopathogenesis. In this study we examine the prevalence of H. pylori infection among dyspepsia patients with mucosal lesion.Methods: 300 patients of dyspepsia were enrolled in the study as per inclusion/exclusion criteria for a period of eight months. Enrolled patients were subjected to upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy and findings were recorded. Biopsy specimen taken from mucosal lesions were immediately inoculated on ‘RUT dry kit’ to test for H. pylori infection.Results: 234 out of 300 patients (78%) were found to be positive for H. pylori infection. The incidence of H. pylori infection was higher in patients with ulcer dyspepsia (88.46%) when compared to the patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia (72.44%).Conclusions: Prevalence of H. pylori infection was high and was found to have an association with ulcer dyspepsia allowing us to conclude that H. pylori may have a role in its etiopathogenesis.
A randomised study of outcome of acute pancreatitis in tertiary care hospital, Gujarat, India (retrospective study of 30 cases)
Authors: Jadav Jayeshkumar S. , H. Shah Parth
Published: May 2018

Background: Acute pancreatitis is common and lethal condition, often associated with one or more complications in varying degree. Aim of this study is to identify etiological factors and high-risk factors in the patients that can significantly alter the disease process and various presentations of acute pancreatitis and correlate them clinically to assess the severity of disease, to observe the clinical course of the disease, to predict beforehand the possible outcome clinically and to study the different prognostic factors evaluated on the basis of clinical assessment, serial laboratory and radiological investigations; to predict the clinical outcome of the disease, either favourable or unfavourable.Methods: Most of patient (74%) recover well by conservative management. Only 26% patients required surgical management and mortality rate is 6.6% Only.Results: In this retrospective study, we found that incidence of colorectal carcinoma is more between 40-60 years of age with male predominance; lymph node metastasis is more than metastasis in any other sites. CT scan can diagnose lymphatic metastasis and infiltration in surrounding tissue more accurately. Percentage of sphincter saving procedure were low in rectal malignancies in our study.Conclusions: Study shows that not all patient of acute pancreatitis need surgical interventions, rather conservative approach is preferred over surgery now a day. Etiology of pancreatitis was most of the time idiopathic followed by cholelithiasis and alcoholism. Ascites and pleural effusion are two most common complications.
Cytohistopathological appraisal of unusual locations of epidermoid inclusion cysts
Authors: Mujawar Parvez , B. Nikumbh Dhiraj , V. Dravid Nandkumar , Prabhat Ravi
Published: May 2018

Background: Epidermoid inclusion cysts are common benign lesions of the pilosebaceous origin that encountered anywhere in the body. Most common sites are hairy and non hairy areas mainly scalp, back, neck and trunk. Objective of present study was to highlight and document the cytohistomorphological features of epidermoid inclusion cysts (EIC) at unusual locations of the body in our tertiary care center.Methods: The present study is retrospective, cross sectional study done on cytohistopathological specimen over a period of 30 months from June 2016 to December 2017. A total of 82 cases of EIC were included in the study. All the sites were included in the study that is usual as well as unusual. Sebaceous and dermoid cysts were excluded from the study. Unusual sites of EIC were collected, tabulated and compared with existing literature.Results: The most common affected site of EIC in our study was head, neck and face (42.7%) followed by extremities and axilla (29%), back (11%) and chest/abdomen (8.6%). Peak incidence of EIC was found in 31 to 40 years (34.1%) with male preponderance (1.5:1). The unusual sites encountered were oral cavity and tonsil in head neck region, sole in the extremities, breasts and testis.Conclusions: The study highlights the importance of FNAC in early diagnosis and histopathology for confirmation and treatment purposes in epidermoid inclusion cysts. It provides prompt response to avoid cosmetic and functional disabilities in unusual locations of common lesions like EIC because the differentials may from inflammatory to malignant ones.
Evaluation of patients undergoing cholecystectomy with special reference to post-cholecystectomy syndrome
Authors: Khatana P. S. , Kumar Jitendra , Sharma Deepak Kumar
Published: May 2018

Background: Significant percentage of patients remain symptomatic even after the cholecystectomy surgery for gall stone disease. Traditionally, this has been termed Post-Cholecystectomy syndrome which may consist of same symptoms for which cholecystectomy was performed or it may be a new set of symptoms that have developed after cholecystectomy. Aim of this study to find out incidence as well as pre-operative, intra-operative and post-operative determinants for the post- cholecystectomy syndrome.Methods: This is the prospective study, done in the Department of Surgery, Dr BSA Medical College and Hospital, New Delhi. Total 102 number of patients were included in this study, out of which 51 patients underwent open and another 51 patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Results: The mean age of the patients was 40.29±10.69 years with an age range of 19 to 80 years. Incidence rate of post cholecystectomy symptoms were16.66% (n=17).  Incidence of post-cholecystectomy syndrome in patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy were 15.69% (n=8) while in the open cholecystectomy group it was 17.64% (n=9). Out of seventeen symptomatic patients, eight (47.05%) were having the biliary disease while nine patients (52.95%) were having non-biliary cause.Conclusions: As authors studied present symptomatic group of patients thoroughly, it has become clear that the post-cholecystectomy symptoms are multiple and diverse arising from various causes; which in reality has no relation with the removal of gall bladder. Hence the appellation ‘post-cholecystectomy syndrome is inappropriate and instead we have used the term ‘Post-Cholecystectomy Symptoms’ for these patients.
Drainage procedures for small duct disease in chronic pancreatitis: a feasible option
Authors: Vutukuru Venkatarami Reddy , R. V. Raghavendra Rao , Mathai Varughese , Settipalli Sarala
Published: May 2018

Background: Surgery is the treatment of choice for intractable pain in chronic pancreatitis (CP). Drainage procedures are indicated in large duct disease whereas resectional procedures for small duct disease. Aim of this study was to assess prospectively the feasibility of drainage procedures in patients with CP with small duct disease.Methods: All consecutive patients with CP with small duct disease were included in the study. All patients underwent surgical intervention (lateral pancreaticojejunostomy with head coring). Primary outcome measures were pain relief and morbidity. These outcomes were compared with patients with CP with large duct disease.Results: 114 patients with CP underwent surgery. Of these 24(21.05%) patients had CP with small duct disease and 90(78.95%) patients had large duct disease. Demographic profile of the two groups was comparable. Mean pain scores were similar (47.75±6.85 versus 51.38±7.40; p = 0.14). Patients with large duct disease had higher incidence of diabetes mellitus (44.44% versus 8.33%; p = 0.02), but exocrine insufficiency was similar. All patients had calcifications in both the groups. Mean intraductal pressures measured intraoperatively were significantly high in patients with large duct disease (22.99±5.65 versus 18.33±3.52; p = 0.001). Frequency of complications at presentation were similar in both the groups (p = 0.29). Surgery relieved pain in 21/24 (87.5%) patients with small duct disease and 82/90 (91.11%) patients with large duct disease. Mean post-operative pain scores in small duct disease group (7.50±9.61 versus 51.38±7.40; p <0.001) and large duct disease group (5.14±7.88 versus 47.75±6.85; p <0.001) were significantly reduced when compared to preoperative pain scores. Incidence of postoperative complications was similar in both groups (16.66% versus 14.44%).Conclusions: Drainage procedures (lateral pancreaticojejunostomy with head coring) is a feasible for CP patients with small duct disease with good pain relief.
Application of APACHE II scoring system in assessing prognosis of critically ill surgical and trauma patients
Authors: C. S. Chandan , Kumar Mohan , S. Sudarsan
Published: May 2018

Background: Surgical patients who become critically ill almost always fall in to one of the three categories: major trauma, major surgery or sepsis. In all three patient categories the patho-physiological processes that make patients ill and lead to cellular injury and organ dysfunction are essentially same, and therefore the way that patients need support of critical organ function are same. Surgical complications remain a frustrating and difficult aspect of operative treatment of patients, regardless of how technically gifted, skilled and capable surgeons. Various critical care and outcome scoring systems are used for outcome assessment of surgical patients. Using scores like APACHE II at the admission and SOFA on admission and also in their due course may help in predicting outcome.Methods: This study included 50 patients studied for a patient for 1 year. The clinical profile of 50 patients with sepsis with MODS was studied. There were 28 males and 22 females in this cohort.Results: In this study, 18 patients died, and 32 patients survived with mortality rate of 36%. In this study also, mean APACHE II score was high among non-survivors than survivors (27.67 v/s 16.00), which score was suggestive of statistical significance (p<0.001). The APACHE II score on day of admission, though reliable, was less effective in predicting the mortality rate in our set up.Conclusions: The APACHE II score on day of admission, though reliable, was less effective than SOFA score in predicting the mortality rate
Closure of coronary arterial fistula by covered stent graft during multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention: a case report
Authors: Mathew Dolly
Published: May 2018

Coronary arterial fistulae are usually incidental during coronary angiography. We report a case of triple vessel disease treated by multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention using drug-eluting stents (DES) and associated coronary arterial fistula to pulmonary artery with covered stent graft. In this case the coronary fistula from right coronary artery (RCA) was opened during dilatation of the obstructive coronary lesion. RCA had significant coronary lesions in the proximal and distal coronary, mid left anterior descending coronary artery and left circumflex artery, which are revascularized with DES. This patient had coronary arterial fistula arising from right coronary and left main coronary artery. Here, the patient was symptomatic because of the obstructive coronary artery disease.
Hypokalemic periodic paralysis: an unusual presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: S. Zahir Hussain , K. Rakesh Chandru
Published: May 2018

Primary hyperparathyroidism is an endocrine condition characterized by hyper secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH). It has a wide varied clinical presentation from mild nonspecific symptoms to classical disease. We herein report two cases of primary hyperparathyroidism who were presented as hypokalemic periodic paralysis. The aim of this case report is to highlight this unusual presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism. Patients presenting with hypokalemic periodic paralysis should be evaluated for the possibility of primary hyperparathyroidism. Surgeons should be aware of this unusual presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism thereby it can be detected earlier, and prompt treatment can be offered before the disease progresses.
Traumatic diaphragmatic hernia: a case report
Authors: Kishore Anand , Singh Ajeet , Jain Ashutosh
Published: May 2018

Diaphragmatic injury is a rare entity and clinically difficult to be diagnosed as symptoms are often masked due to associated injury in a poly trauma case. There are no specific signs and symptoms for diagnosing diaphragmatic rupture. High degree of clinical suspicion is needed in all cases of thoraco-abdominal injury to diagnose a case of diaphragmatic rupture. Computed Tomography (CT) chest and abdomen is very useful in diagnosis. When in doubt a diagnostic laparoscopy should be undertaken to establish a diagnosis to reduce mortality and morbidity.
Licofelone Attenuates LPS-induced Depressive-like Behavior in Mice: A Possible Role for Nitric Oxide
Authors: Mousavi Seyyedeh Elaheh , Saberi Pegah , Ghasemkhani Naeemeh , Fakhraei Nahid , Mokhtari Rezvan , Dehpour Ahmad Reza
Published: May 2018

PURPOSE: Licofelone, a dual cyclooxygenase/5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, possesses antioxidant, antiapoptotic, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of licofelone on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression in a mouse model and also a possible role for nitric oxide (NO). METHODS: To elucidate the role of NO on this effect of licofelone (5 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.), L-NAME, a non-specific NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor; aminoguanidine (AG), a specific inducible NOS (iNOS) inhibitor; 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) a preferential neuronal NOS inhibitor (nNOS) and; L-arginine (L-Arg), as a NO donor, were used. The animal's behaviors were evaluated employing forced swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and open field test (OFT). RESULTS: LPS (0.83 mg/kg, i.p.) induced depressive-like behavior increasing immobility time in FST and TST. Conversely, licofelone (20 mg/kg i.p.) reversed the depressive effect of LPS and lowered the immobility time in FST and TST. On the other hand, pretreatment with L-Arg also reversed the antidepressant-like effect of licofelone (20 mg/kg) in FST and TST. On the other hand, L-NAME (10 and 30 mg/kg), AG (50 and 100 mg/kg) and 7-NI (60 mg/kg) could potentiate licofelone (5 mg/kg) and lowered the immobility duration. CONCLUSIONS: NO down-regulation possibly through iNOS and nNOS inhibition may involve in the antidepressant property of licofelone. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.
An Update on Drug-induced Oral Reactions
Authors: Yousefi Hila , Abdollahi Mohammas
Published: May 2018

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are one of the major culprits in the development of oral lesions, which can be misdiagnosed with underlying diseases. The goal of this study is to summarize and update the current knowledge about drug-induced oral reactions. Electronic searches were performed in Scopus, Google Scholar, Cochrane and PubMed databases, for articles published between January 2008 and August 2017. Two authors screened the titles and abstracts for eligibility. Finally, 56 studies included in this review. There was no systematic homogeneity in the included studies; thereby no meta-analysis was performed. The most frequent oral ADR was xerostomia,andthe most reported cause was antihypertensive medications. Cardiovascular drugs were the most reported culprit agents for induction of oral ulcerative and vesiculo-bullous lesions, followed by methotrexate. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and β-blockers were found the most common responsible drugs for induction of oral lichen planus. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.
Manutenção das classes de equivalência e transferência de função: uma investigação por meio de escolhas alimentares de crianças
Authors: Dos Santos Silvana Lopes , De Rose Julio Cesar Coelho
Published: May 2018

Esta pesquisa investigou em que medida a equivalência entre personagens e marcas pode influenciar a escolha por alimentos. Também buscou-se verificar a estabilidade da formação de classes e transferência de função. 11 crianças pré-escolares foram submetidas a um procedimento de emparelhamento com o modelo para a formação de duas classes de equivalência (A1B1C1 e A2B2C2) na qual uma continha um personagem de que ela gostava (A1) e outro de que ela não gostava (A2). Os demais estímulos eram figuras geométricas (B1 e B2) e símbolos abstratos (C1 e C2). Após a formação de classes, foram conduzidos três testes de escolha e preferência que consistiam em oferecer aos participantes dois alimentos idênticos em embalagens com rótulos diferentes. No Teste 1, os rótulos eram C1 e C2; No Teste 2, C2 e um símbolo novo; e no Teste 3, C1 e um outro símbolo novo. Após duas semanas, estes testes, assim como os de formação de classes de equivalência, foram repetidos. A maioria das crianças escolheu e demonstrou preferência pelo alimento com o símbolo equivalente ao personagem de que ela gostava (C1). Os Testes 2 e 3 foram inconclusivos. Os testes de manutenção indicaram estabilidade na formação das classes e transferência de função. Conclui-se que a equivalência de estímulos é um paradigma comportamental útil para investigação de atitudes e preferências por produtos.
Custo da resposta: Como tem sido definido e estudado?
Authors: Soares Paulo Guerra , Costa Carlos Eduardo , Aló Raquel Moreira , Luiz André , Cunha Talita Regina de Lima
Published: May 2018

Na Análise Experimental do Comportamento três procedimentos são comumente descritos como “custo da resposta”. Eles envolvem (a) aumento do esforço físico necessário para emissão de uma resposta operante; (b) aumento no requerimento para o reforçamento (comumente o aumento no número de respostas exigidas em um programa de reforço de razão); e (c) a perda de reforçadores condicionais (como pontos ou fichas) contingente à resposta operante. O objetivo do artigo foi analisar algumas pesquisas experimentais que empregaram procedimentos que exemplificam estas três definições de custo de resposta, discutindo suas diferenças, semelhanças e implicações para a Análise do Comportamento. Apesar de algumas semelhanças em relação aos efeitos comportamentais destes três tipos de procedimentos, puderam ser observadas algumas características distintas, tanto no delineamento experimental quanto nos efeitos comportamentais observados. Assim, recomenda-se cautela em descrever como “custo da resposta” os efeitos obtidos, visto que não foram encontradas evidências empíricas suficientes que indiquem que estes procedimentos produzem efeitos comportamentais funcionalmente equivalentes.
Análise de consequências como procedimento para decisões éticas
Authors: Dittrich Alexandre
Published: May 2018

O comportamento de decidir envolve a busca de subsídios que permitam prever quais as possíveis consequências de nossos cursos de ação. Decisões éticas demandam, igualmente, tais previsões. Neste artigo, apresentamos a análise de consequências como proposta de procedimento que pode sistematizar e facilitar esse tipo de previsão. Sugerimos quatro etapas para o processo de análise de consequências: (1) categorizar as consequências; (2) definir as pessoas ou grupos afetados; (3) definir os efeitos seletivos das consequências; (4) definir a sequência temporal das consequências. Por fim, discutimos as possíveis limitações do procedimento.
Produção analítico-comportamental sobre ensino-aprendizagem de habilidades matemáticas:
Authors: Henklain Marcelo Henrique Oliveira , Carmo João Dos Santos
Published: May 2018

A presente pesquisa objetivou identificar e descrever, no período de 1992 a 2011, trabalhos de analistas do comportamento sobre ensino-aprendizagem da matemática apresentados nos Encontros da Associação Brasileira de Psicologia e Medicina Comportamental (ABPMC) e nas Reuniões Anuais da Sociedade Brasileira de Psicologia (SBP). Os documentos (anais e/ou programações) encontrados foram lidos na íntegra com o objetivo de identificar trabalhos com pelo menos um dos seguintes descritores: (a) número, (b) numeral, (c) matemática, (d) aritmética, (e) ordenação, (f) quantidade, (g) resolução de problemas. Os resultados sugerem que as pesquisas sobre ensino-aprendizagem da matemática estão concentradas tanto na operacionalização e ensino de conceitos matemáticos fundamentais quanto na reversão do fracasso e da ansiedade à matemática. Apesar da produção coesa e socialmente relevante, nota-se a necessidade de ampliação da comunidade de analistas do comportamento interessados em pesquisar na área de ensino-aprendizagem de matemática, atrelada a um aumento na eficácia da divulgação dos trabalhos produzidos, tanto para comunidades de analistas do comportamento como também para de não analistas. Novos estudos são necessários no intuito de mapear, organizar, descrever, avaliar, orientar e divulgar a produção comportamental sobre ensino-aprendizagem da matemática.
Operações motivadoras e atenção social:
Authors: Marcon Roberta Maia , Britto Ilma A. Goulart de Souza
Published: May 2018

O presente artigo discute o conceito de operação motivadora (OM), conforme é tratado pelos analistas do comportamento, e suas implicações para a avaliação e a intervenção sobre comportamentos-problema. A atenção social é analisada como um evento ambiental cujo valor reforçador pode ser alterado por operações motivadoras que, por sua vez, evocariam comportamentos-problema. Decorre desta análise a importância de que as OMs sejam adotadas como componente adicional para a avaliação funcional do comportamento de indivíduos com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia. Nesse sentido, realizou-se um levantamento de trabalhos que utilizaram o delineamento de análise funcional envolvendo múltiplas condições experimentais, nas quais a atenção social, por efeito de uma OM, pode ter adquirido valor reforçador, favorecendo a ocorrência de comportamentos-problema. Poder-se-ia afirmar que, quando a atenção social é escassa, instala-se uma condição de privação da atenção (operação motivadora) que altera a efetividade da atenção social, tornando-a um potente reforçador. Essa operação também atua no processo de produção de comportamento, uma vez que comportamentos-problema são comumente consequenciados com formas diversas de atenção social, como sorrisos, acenos, um simples olhar e verbalizações.