bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A avaliação da aprendizagem no processo de ensino em Geografia - DOI 10.5216/ag.v4i12.12797
Authors: Rabelo Kamila Santos De Paula
Published: April 2011

Este artigo tem por objetivo trazer algumas reflexões acerca do ensino de Geografia, para posteriormente discutir a avaliação da aprendizagem com base no socioconstrutivismo tendo como foco de análise a Geografia escolar. Diante do atual quadro das diferentes concepções do ato de avaliar e ser avaliado, torna-se fundamental prosseguir com os debates e discussões sobre a prática avaliativa, pois acredita-se que a avaliação escolar é um processo pelo qual se observa, se verifica, se analisa e se interpreta o processo de construção do conhecimento, dando atenção aos dados relevantes, e com o objetivo de tomar decisões em busca de uma aprendizagem efetiva. Entendo que essa discussão deve acontecer também no âmbito da Geografia escolar. Os esforços devem estar voltados para que haja aprendizagem, considerando que a Geografia ministrada em sala de aula é de suma importância para a vida cotidiana dos alunos. Nesse sentido, os teóricos que estudam o ensino de Geografia vêm defendendo a idéia de que o ensino deve utilizar como referência o lugar de vivência dos alunos, tal indicação é assumida nesse trabalho e para que isso ocorra, acredita-se que a forma de avaliar mais eficiente é a avaliação formativa.
Spermatic Cord Metastasis of Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma Presenting as an Inguinal Mass: A Case Report
Authors: Chiang Heng-Chieh , Chen Pao-Hwa , Shih Hung-Jen
Published: April 2011

Most spermatic cord masses are benign, and malignant spermatic cord tumors are uncommon. Spermatic cord metastases originating from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have not been previously reported in the English language literature as determined by a PubMed search. We report a male patient who presented with a painful palpable mass in the right inguinal area. The patient was diagnosed with HCC in 2004 and undertook a nonsurgical approach to control the cancer. A radical orchiectomy was performed, and the pathological report showed metastatic HCC in the spermatic cord. The patient received palliative radiation therapy because of a positive surgical margin. No recurrence was noted after 6 months of followup.
A Case of Pemphigus Herpetiformis in a 12-Year-Old Male
Authors: Hocar O. , Ait Sab I. , Akhdari N. , Hakkou M. , Amal S.
Published: April 2011

Pemphigus herpetiformis (PH) is one of the less common forms of pemphigus. PH in children is unreported. We describe a case of a child who developed PH.
Observation. A 12-year-old boy was seen at our department with erosive plaques, vesicles, and crusted cutaneous lesions associated with severe itching persisting for six months. Histologic examination showed an intraepidermal bulla containing rare acantholytic epidermal cells with eosinophilic spongiosis. Direct immunofluorescence demonstrated intercellular Ig G and C3 deposit. The serum titer of antibodies against intercellular epidermal was 1/200 UI/l. Diagnosis of PH was made, and treatment with Dapsone 2 mg/kg per day resulted in total clinical remission. However, two months later, new vesicles reappeared and treatment was begun with prednisone at a dose of 2 mg/kg daily. There was a very good response.
Discussion. Childhood pemphigus herpetiformis is a rare disease, often initially misdiagnosed. It must not be forgotten that the disease is a possible cause of erosive mucocutaneous disease in children.
Association of PPARαIntron 7 Polymorphism with Coronary Artery Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Purushothaman Sreeja , Ajitkumar V. K. , Renuka Nair R.
Published: April 2011

The allelic variants of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) can influence the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) by virtue of its effect on lipid metabolism. However, the role of PPARα intronic polymorphism with CAD has received little attention. The association of allelic variants G/C at intron 7 of the PPAR-alpha gene with CAD was examined in a hospital-based Indian population. PPAR genotyping was performed in 110 male patients with CAD and 120 age and ethnically matched healthy males by PCR amplification of the gene followed by restriction digestion. Presence of C allele showed a positive association with CAD (OR=2.9; 95% CI [1.65–4.145];P=.009) and also with dyslipidaemia (OR=2.95, 95% CI (1.5–4.39);P<.05). Impaired lipid metabolism in carriers of the PPARα Intron 7C allele is possibly responsible for the predilection to CAD.
An Electrode Design Rule for Organic Photovoltaics Elucidated Using Molecular Nanolayers
Authors: Cook Robert M. , Pegg Lara‐Jane , Kinnear Sophie L. , Hutter Oliver S. , Morris Richard J. H. , Hatton Ross A.
Published: April 2011

Silane nanolayers deposited from the vapor phase onto indium‐tin oxide (ITO) coated glass are shown to be an effective means of tuning the work function and stabilizing the surface of this complex ternary oxide. Using this approach a pair of model hole‐extracting electrodes have been developed to investigate how the performance of bi‐layer organic photovoltaics is impacted by built‐in positive space charge in the critical region close to the hole‐extracting electrode. The magnitude and spatial distribution of positive space charge resulting from ground‐state electron transfer from the donor layer to the ITO electrode upon contact formation, is derived from direct measurements of the interfacial energetics using the Kelvin probe technique. This judiciously designed experiment shows that it is unnecessary to engineer the work function of the hole‐extracting electrode to match the ionization potential of the donor layer, rather only to ensure that the former exceeds the latter, thus simplifying an important aspect of device design. In addition, it is shown that silane nanolayers at the ITO electrode surface are remarkably effective at retarding device degradation under continuous illumination.
A twin study of genetic and environmental determinants of abnormal persistence of psychotic experiences in young adulthood
Authors: Wigman Johanna T.W. , van Winkel Ruud , Jacobs Nele , Wichers Marieke , Derom Catherine , Thiery Evert , Vollebergh Wilma A.M. , van Os Jim
Published: April 2011

Evidence suggests that subclinical psychotic experiences are more likely to cause transition to psychotic disorder if their expression becomes persistent. The study of longitudinal patterns of subclinical psychotic experiences may help to distinguish subgroups with transient and persistent psychotic symptoms, who may differ in risk of later psychosis. The current study investigated patterns of developmental course of subclinical psychotic experiences in a general population sample of 566 female twins, aged 18–45 years. The positive symptoms subscale of the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE), completed three times in 2 years, was analyzed with growth modeling. Using Latent Class Analysis, two developmental courses were distinguished: a Persistent and a Low (expression of subclinical psychotic experiences) group. The Persistent group reported significantly higher levels of depressive and negative symptoms and worse functioning in daily life. Childhood trauma (OR: 3.26, P < 0.0001) and stressful life events over the study period (OR: 3.15, P = 0.031) predicted membership of the Persistent group. Of the monozygotic (MZ) twins with their co‐twin in the Persistent group, 49% also were in the Persistent group themselves (OR: 9.32, P < 0.0001), compared to only 14% in the dizygotic (DZ) co‐twins (OR: 1.56, P = 0.42) (χ2(2) = 22.97; P < 0.001). The findings suggest that persistence of subclinical psychosis is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, providing the possibility to study the (possibly modifiable) etiology underlying the longitudinal process of persistence of the early expression of psychosis liability. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three‐Dimensional Potential Energy Surface of Selected Carbohydrates’ CH/π Dispersion Interactions Calculated by High‐Level Quantum Mechanical Methods
Authors: Kozmon Stanislav , Matuška Radek , Spiwok Vojtěch , Koča Jaroslav
Published: April 2011

In this study we present the first systematic computational three‐dimensional scan of carbohydrate hydrophobic patches for the ability to interact through CH/π dispersion interactions. The carbohydrates β‐d‐glucopyranose, β‐d‐mannopyranose and α‐l‐fucopyranose were studied in a complex with a benzene molecule, which served as a model of the CH/π interaction in carbohydrate/protein complexes. The 3D relaxed scans were performed at the SCC‐DFTB‐D level with 3 757 grid points for both carbohydrate hydrophobic sides. The interaction energy of all grid points was recalculated at the DFT‐D BP/def2‐TZVPP level. The results obtained clearly show highly delimited and separated areas around each CH group, with an interaction energy up to −5.40 kcal mol−1. The results also show that with increasing H⋅⋅⋅π distance these delimited areas merge and form one larger region, which covers all hydrogen atoms on that specific carbohydrate side. Simultaneously, the interaction becomes weaker with an energy of −2.5 kcal mol−1. All local energy minima were optimized at the DFT‐D BP/def2‐TZVPP level and the interaction energies of these complexes were refined by use of the high‐level ab initio computation at the CCSD(T)/CBS level. Results obtained from the optimization suggest that the CH group hydrogen atoms are not equivalent and the interaction energy at the CCSD(T)/CBS level range from −3.54 to −5.40 kcal mol−1. These results also reveal that the optimal H⋅⋅⋅π distance for the CH/π dispersion interaction is approximately (2.310±0.030) Å, and the angle defined as carbon‐hydrogen‐benzene geometrical centre is (180±30)°. These results reveal that whereas the dispersion interactions with the lowest interaction energies are quite strictly located in space, the slightly higher interaction energy regions adopt a much larger space.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure, Thermal Stability and Properties of Li3Sc(BO3)2.
Authors: Cai G. M. , Tao X. M. , Su L. M. , Zheng F. , Yi D. Q. , Chen X. L. , Jin Z. P.
Published: April 2011

The pure and Tb3+‐doped title compound is prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of Li2CO3, Sc2O3, Tb4O7, and H3BO3 (alumina crucible, 760—860 °C, 48 h).
ChemInform Abstract: YCa3(VO)3(BO3)4: A Kagome Compound Based on Vanadium(III) with a Highly Frustrated Ground State.
Authors: Miiler Wojciech , Christensen Mogens , Khan Arfhan , Sharma Neeraj , Macquart Rene B. , Avdeev Maxim , McIntyre Garry J. , Piltz Ross O. , Ling Chris D.
Published: April 2011

The new title compound is synthesized by reaction of Y2O3, CaCO3, V2O5, and B2O3 (flowing 3.5% H2/Ar, 1000 °C, 7 d).
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrogenation of Cyclic Imines.
Authors: Chang Mingxin , Li Wei , Hou Guohua , Zhang Xumu
Published: April 2011

The iridium complex derived from the axially chiral ferrocene‐based bisphosphine BNP effectively catalyzes the hydrogenation of pyrrolines, tetrahydropyridines, and tetrahydroazepines to give the products with up to 89% enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Amination with Polar Amines: Access to Building Blocks with Lead‐Like Molecular Properties.
Authors: Tosatti Paolo , Horn Joachim , Campbell Amanda J. , House David , Nelson Adam , Marsden Stephen P.
Published: April 2011

Allylic carbonates are aminated by a wide range of amines in the presence of a catalyst formed from an iridium complex, a chiral phosphoramidite and a base.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Carbon—Carbon Bond Formation via Soft Enolization: Aldol Addition of α‐Halogenated Thioesters.
Authors: Yost Julianne M. , Alfie Rachel J. , Tarsis Emily M. , Chong Insun , Coltart Don M.
Published: April 2011

The title reaction proceeds without competing Darzens addition affording α‐chloro‐β‐hydroxy thioesters in moderate to high yields with moderate to good diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Amine Protection Strategy for Olefin Metathesis Reactions.
Authors: Woodward Clint Peter , Spiccia Nicolas Daniel , Jackson William Roy , Robinson Andrea Jane
Published: April 2011

Masking of a primary amine group as a stable ammonium salt enable olefin metathesis to proceed in good to excellent yields without olefin isomerization.
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile and Efficient Method for Catalytic Acetylation of Alcohols with Acetic Acid.
Authors: Dewan Anindita , Bora Utpal , Kakati Dilip Kumar
Published: April 2011

A simple and efficient iron‐based catalyst for the direct acetylation of alcohols and phenols under base‐free conditions is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Allylation of N,O‐Acetals with Allylic Alcohols Promoted by Pd/Et3B and Pd/Et2Zn Systems.
Authors: Yamaguchi Yumi , Hashimoto Mariko , Tohyama Katsumi , Kimura Masanari
Published: April 2011

The combinations promote the reaction of cyclic hemiacetals with primary amines to generate cyclic hemiacetals which are in equilibrium with ω‐hydroxyimines.
ChemInform Abstract: Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Aryl Ethers Promoted by Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride.
Authors: Xiong Wei , Ding Quansheng , Chen Jiuxi , Ding Jinchang , Wu Huayue
Published: April 2011

The new simple protocol for the title synthesis of the compounds (III) does not need the usage of an inert gas and can be successfully applied to a large‐scale reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Bifunctional Ti(IV) Complex Catalyzed Asymmetric Silylcyanation of Aldehydes.
Authors: Tang Hongying , Zhang Zhongbiao
Published: April 2011

A novel Lewis acid and Lewis base bifunctional Ti(IV) complex is formed in situ by treatment of synthesized BINOL ligand with isopropyl titanate(IV), which is an efficient catalyst in the asymmetric trimethylsilylcyanation of aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Multinuclear Pd/Zn Complex‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Alkylative Ring‐Opening Reaction of Oxabicyclic Alkenes.
Authors: Endo Kohei , Tanaka Keisuke , Ogawa Mika , Shibata Takanori
Published: April 2011

The complex catalyst, generated in situ from the (R)‐BINOL‐derived ligand and Pd(OAc)2, is effective to prepare naphthol ring‐opening products with enantioselectivities up to 99% e.e.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation‐Initiated Nazarov Cyclization of Vinyl Alkoxyallenes.
Authors: Spencer William T. III , Levin Mark D. , Frontier Alison J.
Published: April 2011

A variety of vinyl alkoxyallenes, generated in situ from the propargylic ethers, is oxidized by DMDO to yield bicyclic products or cyclopentene with complete or high diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,4‐Disubstituted Thiazoles by Regioselective Cross‐Coupling or Bromine—Magnesium Exchange Reactions of 2,4‐Dibromothiazole.
Authors: Gross Stefan , Heuser Stefan , Ammer Carolin , Hekmann Golo , Bach Thorsten
Published: April 2011

The synthesis of 2‐substituted 4‐bromothiazoles from 2,4‐dibromothiazole (I) is achieved by regioselective Negishi and Stille cross‐coupling reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis of 4H‐Chromene Derivatives Through a Tandem Michael Addition—Cyclization Reaction Catalyzed by a Salen—Cobalt(II) Complex.
Authors: Dong Zhenhua , Liu Xiaohua , Feng Juhua , Wang Min , Lin Lili , Feng Xiaoming
Published: April 2011

The synthesis is air‐tolerant, and the catalyst is prepared easily with readily available reagents.
ChemInform Abstract: L‐Proline‐Catalyzed Five‐Component Domino Reaction Leading to Multifunctionalized 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydropyridines.
Authors: Jiang Huan‐Feng , Li Jing‐Hao , Chen Zheng‐Wang
Published: April 2011

An efficient synthesis of poly‐substituted tetrahydropyridines (IV) and (VII) is presented, involving the L‐proline‐catalyzed multicomponent reaction of ynones (I) with amines, formaldehyde and malononitrile or β‐dicarbonyl compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: The First Synthesis of Tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyrrolo[2,1‐f][1,6]naphthyridine (III) by the Michael Addition of Butyn‐2‐one to 1‐(2‐Methoxycarbonylvinyl)tetrahydrobenzo[b][1,6]naphthyridine (I).
Authors: Voskressensky L. G. , Vorobiev I. V. , Borisova T. N. , Kulikova L. N. , Bolshov A. V. , Varlamov A. V.
Published: April 2011

A mechanisms for the formation of (III) involving a retro‐Stevens rearrangement is proposed.
ChemInform Abstract: Disulfide Formation via Sulfenamides.
Authors: Pan Jia , Xian Ming
Published: April 2011

A mild protocol for the phosphine‐mediated one‐step disulfide formation from S‐nitrosothiols derived from cysteine derivatives is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Ceramide and Cerebroside from the Stem Bark of Ficus mucuso (Moraceae).
Authors: Tsamo Etienne , et al. et al.
Published: April 2011

The new sphingolipids mucusamide (I) and mucusoside (II) are isolated from the methanol soluble part.
ChemInform Abstract: Organometallics: Transition Metals in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Davies Paul W.
Published: April 2011

Review: 44 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Metal‐Catalyzed C‐P— Bond Formation
Authors: Glueck David S.
Published: April 2011

Review: 126 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Selectivity in Radical Cation Cycloadditions
Authors: Sevov Christo S. , Wiest Olaf
Published: April 2011

Review: 107 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Atom Transfer Radical Addition (ATRA) and Cyclization (ATRC) Reactions in the Presence of Reducing Agents
Authors: Eckenhoff William T. , Pintauer Tomislav
Published: April 2011

Review: 209 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Danheiser Annulation
Authors: Peese Kevin M.
Published: April 2011

Review: 24 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Carbometalation and Carbocyclizations
Authors: Ojima Iwao , Kaloko Joseph J. , Chaterpaul Stephen J. , Teng Yu‐Han Gary , Lin Chi‐Feng
Published: April 2011

Review: 96 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Conjugate Addition
Authors: Ji Jian‐Xin , Chan Albert S. C.
Published: April 2011

Review: 226 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Optimal Immunosuppressive Therapy Based on Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Antimetabolites in Clinical Practice
Authors: Naito Takafumi
Published: April 2011

Review: 23 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Computational Simulation of the Terminal Biogenesis of Sesquiterpenes: The Case of 8‐Epiconfertin
Authors: Barquera‐Lozada Jose Enrique , Cuevas Gabriel
Published: April 2011

Review: 97 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Orbital Mixing Rules
Authors: Inagaki Satoshi
Published: April 2011

Review: 71 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: NOESY
Authors: Williamson Michael P.
Published: April 2011

Review: 22 refs.
Activity of temozolomide and bevacizumab in the treatment of locally advanced, recurrent, and metastatic hemangiopericytoma and malignant solitary fibrous tumor
Authors: Park Min S. , Patel Shreyaskumar R. , Ludwig Joseph A. , Trent Jonathan C. , Conrad Charles A. , Lazar Alexander J. , Wang Wei‐Lien , Boonsirikamchai Piyaporn , Choi Haesun , Wang Xuemei , Benjamin Robert S. , Araujo Dejka M.
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND:

Hemangiopericytomas and malignant solitary fibrous tumors (HPC/SFT) are rare, closely related sarcomas with unpredictable behavior that respond infrequently to chemotherapy. An optimal systemic treatment strategy for advanced HPC/SFT has not yet been identified.

METHODS:

We retrospectively analyzed the records of 14 patients with histopathologically confirmed HPC/SFT who were treated at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center between May 2005 and June 2007. All patients were treated with temozolomide 150 mg/m2 orally on days 1‐7 and days 15‐21 and bevacizumab 5 mg/kg intravenously on days 8 and 22, repeated at 28‐day intervals. Computed tomography assessment of tumor size and density (Choi criteria) was used to determine the best response to therapy. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate progression‐free survival.

RESULTS:

The median follow‐up period was 34 months. Eleven patients (79%) achieved a Choi partial response, with a median time to response of 2.5 months. Two patients (14%) had stable disease as the best response, and 1 patient (7%) had Choi progressive disease as the best response. The estimated median progression‐free survival was 9.7 months, with a 6‐month progression‐free rate of 78.6%. The most frequently observed toxic effect was myelosuppression.

CONCLUSION:

Combination therapy with temozolomide and bevacizumab is a generally well‐tolerated and clinically beneficial regimen for HPC/SFT patients. Additional investigation in a controlled, prospective trial is warranted. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Progress towards the design and numerical analysis of a 3D microchannel biochip separator
Authors: Xue Xiangdong , Marson Silvia , Patel Mayur K. , Bailey Chris , O'Neill William , Topham David , Kay Robert W. , Desmulliez Marc P. Y.
Published: April 2011

This paper reports the design and numerical analysis of a three‐dimensional biochip plasma blood separator using computational fluid dynamics techniques. Based on the initial configuration of a two‐dimensional (2D) separator, five three‐dimensional (3D) microchannel biochip designs are categorically developed through axial and plenary symmetrical expansions. These include the geometric variations of three types of the branch side channels (circular, rectangular, disc) and two types of the main channel (solid and concentric). Ignoring the initial transient behaviour and assuming that steady‐state flow has been established, the behaviour of the blood fluid in the devices is algebraically analysed and numerically modelled. The roles of the relevant microchannel mechanisms, i.e. bifurcation, constriction and bending channel, on promoting the separation process are analysed based on modelling results. The differences among the different 3D implementations are compared and discussed. The advantages of 3D over 2D separator in increasing separation volume and effectively depleting cell‐free layer fluid from the whole cross section circumference are addressed and illustrated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of GPU architectures for asynchronous communication with finite‐differencing applications
Authors: Playne D. P. , Hawick K. A.
Published: April 2011

Graphical processing units (GPUs) are good data‐parallel performance accelerators for solving regular mesh partial differential equations (PDEs) whereby low‐latency communications and high compute to communications ratios can yield very high levels of computational efficiency. Finite‐difference time‐domain methods still play an important role for many PDE applications. Iterative multi‐grid and multilevel algorithms can converge faster than ordinary finite‐difference methods but can be much more difficult to parallelize with GPU memory constraints. We report on some practical algorithmic and data layout approaches and on performance data on a range of GPUs with CUDA. We focus on the use of multiple GPU devices with a single CPU host and the asynchronous CPU/GPU communications issues involved. We obtain more than two orders of magnitude of speedup over a comparable CPU core. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the rocking response of rigid blocks standing free on a seismically isolated base
Authors: Vassiliou Michalis F. , Makris Nicos
Published: April 2011

This paper examines the rocking response and stability of rigid blocks standing free on an isolated base supported: (a) on linear viscoelastic bearings, (b) on single concave and (c) on double concave spherical sliding bearings. The investigation concludes that seismic isolation is beneficial to improve the stability only of small blocks. This happens because while seismic isolation increase the ‘static’ value of the minimum overturning acceleration, this value remains nearly constant as we move to larger blocks or higher frequency pulses; therefore, seismic isolation removes appreciably from the dynamics of rocking blocks the beneficial property of increasing stability as their size increases or as the excitation pulse period decreases. This remarkable result suggests that free‐ standing ancient classical columns exhibit superior stability as they are built (standing free on a rigid foundation) rather than if they were seismically isolated even with isolation system with long isolation periods. The study further confirms this finding by examining the seismic response of the columns from the peristyle of two ancient Greek temples when subjected to historic records. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional diversity of taste cells. A review.
Authors: Bigiani Albertino , Prandi Simone
Published: April 2011

Our ability to sense chemicals occurring in food and beverages relies on the operation of specialized epithelial cells called taste cells, found as clusters (taste buds) mainly in the oral cavity. Unlike other sensory cells, such as hair cells in the cochlea, taste cells differ from each other in terms of structural features. At least three main morphotypes are now recognized in mammalian taste buds: Type I, Type II and Type III. Each of them displays specific membrane properties (i.e. ion channels and receptors) as well as intracellular signalling pathways. Some of them are electrically excitable (Type II and Type III), whereas Type I seems to subserve a glial‐like role. They also differ in the way they communicate with nerve terminals: apparently, only Type III cells seem to be able to relay directly information via synaptic contacts, whereas the other types of cells may communicate through less specialized mechanisms, including ATP release through non‐conventional synapses. What is then the significance of these three cell types in the context of taste reception? Although it is not yet possible to draw any definitive conclusion, the emerging view is that functional diversity of taste cells might represent the basis for a ‘sensory processing’ circuitry designed to detect chemicals, as a whole. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A perturbation approach to large eddy simulation of wave‐induced bottom boundary layer flows
Authors: Harris Jeffrey C. , Grilli Stéphan T.
Published: April 2011

We present the development, validation, and application of a numerical model for the simulation of bottom boundary layer (BL) flows induced by arbitrary finite amplitude waves. Our approach is based on coupling a ‘near‐field’ local Navier–Stokes (NS) model with a ‘far‐field’ inviscid flow model, which simulates large scale incident wave propagation and transformations over a complex ocean bottom, to the near‐field, by solving the Euler equations, in a fully nonlinear potential flow boundary element formalism. The inviscid velocity provided by this model is applied through a (one‐way) coupling to a NS solver with large eddy simulation (LES), to simulate near‐field, wave‐induced, turbulent bottom BL flows (using an approximate wall boundary condition by assuming the existence of a log‐sublayer). Although a three‐dimensional (3D) version of the model exists, applications of the wave model in the present context have been limited to two‐dimensional (2D) incident wave fields (i.e. long‐crested swells), while the LES of near‐field wave‐induced turbulent flows is fully 3D. Good agreement is obtained between the coupled model results and analytic solutions for both laminar oscillatory BL flow and the steady streaming velocities caused by a wave‐induced BL, even when using open boundary conditions in the NS model. The coupled model is then used to simulate wave‐induced BL flows under fully nonlinear swells, shoaling over a sloping bottom, close to the breaking point. Finally, good to reasonable agreement is obtained with results of well‐controlled laboratory experiments for rough turbulent oscillatory BLs, for both mean and second‐order turbulent statistics. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Reißeck II pumped storage power station / Das Pumpspeicherkraftwerk (PSKW) Reißeck II
Authors: Freitag Manfred , Larcher Markus , Blauhut Andreas
Published: April 2011

The Reißeck II pumped storage power station under construction for the Verbund Hydro Power AG is part of their current extension project in southern Austria. Features of the new system are the advantages of the rapidly available and easily controllable power output of a pumped storage scheme in generation operation and the possibility of storing hydropower water at times of low energy demand. The upgraded output of 430 MW in generation and pumping operation will achieve an increase of efficiency of the entire plant of up to 40 %. It is advantageous that some essential parts of the existing system (reservoir, tunnel system, infrastructure) can be made use of and will not have to be newly constructed. Starting from the experience of the challenging geological conditions during the construction of the original system, extensive geological investigations were carried out. Both mechanical and conventional tunnelling methods are being used to overcome the height difference of just under 600 m. The wholly underground power station with a tunnel system about 5.3 km long and a powerhouse cavern for two machine sets is planned for full operation in September 2014.

Das derzeit im Bau befindliche Pumpspeicherkraftwerk Reißeck II der Verbund Hydro Power AG ist ein aktuelles Erweiterungsprojekt im Süden Österreichs. Wesentliche Merkmale der Neuanlage sind die Vorteile der schnell verfügbaren und gut regelbaren Energieabgabe eines Speicherkraftwerks im Turbinenbetrieb sowie die Möglichkeit zur Speicherung des Triebwassers in Zeiten geringeren Energiebedarfs. Mit einer Ausbauleistung von 430 MW im Turbinen‐ und Pumpbetrieb wird eine Effizienzsteigerung des gesamten Kraftwerksstandorts von bis zu 40 % erreicht. Vorteilhaft ist, dass wesentliche Anlagenteile bestehender Anlagen (Speicher, Triebwasserweg, Infrastruktur) mitbenutzt werden können und nicht neu errichtet werden müssen. Aufbauend auf Erfahrungen und Kenntnisse über die herausfordernden geologischen Verhältnisse bei den Bestandsanlagen wurden umfangreiche geologische Vorerkundungen durchgeführt. Zur Überwindung der knapp 600 m Höhendifferenz kommen sowohl maschinelle als auch konventionelle Vortriebsverfahren zum Einsatz. Die vollständig unterirdisch errichtete Kraftwerksanlage mit einem ca. 5, 3 km langen Triebwasserweg und einem Kavernenkraftwerk für zwei Maschinensätze soll im September 2014 den Vollbetrieb aufnehmen.
Feasibility of audit and feedback to reduce postoperative urinary catheter duration
Authors: Wald Heidi L. , Kramer Andrew M.
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND:

Indwelling urinary catheter duration is an important risk factor for catheter‐associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs).

OBJECTIVE:

To audit patient‐level postoperative catheter duration and measure the impact of its feedback to nursing staff on postoperative catheter duration and CAUTI rates.

DESIGN:

Preobservational and postobservational study.

SETTING:

Two surgical units at an urban academic medical center.

PATIENTS:

Postoperative patients with indwelling urinary catheters.

INTERVENTION:

Audit and feedback of postoperative urinary catheter duration to nurses during an educational session.

MEASUREMENTS:

Patient‐level postoperative catheter duration obtained from electronic clinical documentation. Mean catheter duration and proportion of patients with postoperative catheter duration <3 days were determined.

RESULTS:

Following the intervention, the mean postoperative catheter duration decreased (1.7‐1.4 days [P = 0.01] on orthopedic surgery, and 2.6 to 2.2 days [P = 0.01] on general surgery). The proportion of patients with catheter duration <3 days increased significantly on orthopedic surgery (86‐92% [P = 0.04]), and nonsignificantly on general surgery (56‐63% [P = 0.14]). When adjusted for length of stay differences, the odds of catheter duration <3 days on general surgery increased from 1.38 (P = 0.14) to 1.69 (P = 0.02). The CAUTI rates did not significantly decrease. The rate on orthopedic surgery dropped from 8.9 infections per 1000 device‐days to 0 (confidence interval [CI], −1.1 to 18.3); on general surgery the rate was constant at 7 infections per 1000 device‐days (CI, −12.1 to 10.8).

CONCLUSIONS:

Audit and feedback of aggregated patient‐level urinary catheter duration determined from electronic documentation may prove effective in improving urinary catheter management for surgical patients. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2010;. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Patient satisfaction with a hospitalist procedure service: Is bedside procedure teaching reassuring to patients?
Authors: Mourad Michelle , Auerbach Andrew D. , Maselli Judith , Sliwka Diane
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND:

In recent years, hospital medicine programs have adopted “procedure teams” that supervise residents in performing invasive bedside procedures. The effect of procedure teams on patient satisfaction is unknown.

OBJECTIVE:

We sought to measure patient satisfaction with procedures performed by a hospitalist‐supervised, intern‐based procedure service (HPS) with a focus on patient perception of bedside communication.

DESIGN:

This was a prospective survey.

METHODS:

We surveyed all patients referred to the HPS for bedside thoracentesis, paracentesis, lumbar puncture, and arthrocentesis at a single academic medical center. Following each procedure, surveys were administered to English‐speaking patients who could provide informed consent. Survey questions focused on patients' satisfaction with specific aspects of procedure performance as well as the quality and impact of communication with the patient and between members of the team.

RESULTS:

Of 95 eligible patients, 65 (68%) completed the survey. Nearly all patients were satisfied or very satisfied with the overall experience (100%), explanation of informed consent (98%), pain control (92%), and expertise (95%) of physicians. The majority of patients were satisfied with procedure duration (88%) and in those with therapeutic procedures most (89%) were satisfied with improvement in symptoms. Hearing physicians discuss the procedure at the bedside was reassuring to most patients (84%), who felt this to be a normal part of doing a procedure (94%).

CONCLUSIONS:

Patients are highly satisfied with procedure performance by supervised trainees, and many patients were reassured by physician communication during the procedure. These results suggest that patient experience and teaching can be preserved with a hospitalist‐supervised procedure service. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Skill of monthly rainfall forecasts over India using multi‐model ensemble schemes
Authors: Kar Sarat C. , Acharya Nachiketa , Mohanty U. C. , Kulkarni Makarand A.
Published: April 2011

Rainfall in the month of July in India is decided by large‐scale monsoon pattern in seasonal to interannual timescales as well as intraseasonal oscillations. India receives maximum rainfall during July and August. Global dynamic models (either atmosphere only or coupled models) have varying skills in predicting the monthly rainfall over India during July. Multi‐model ensemble (MME) methods have been utilized to evaluate the skills of five global model predictions for 1982–2004. The objective has been to develop a prediction system to be used in real time to derive the mean of the forecast distribution of monthly rainfall. It has been found that the weighted multi‐model ensemble (MME) schemes have higher skill in predicting July rainfall compared to individual models. Through the MME methods, skill of rainfall predictions improved significantly over eastern parts of India. However, there is a region over India where none of the models or the MME scheme has any useful skill. Similarly, there are few typical years in which the mean distribution of July rainfall cannot be predicted with higher skill using the available statistical post‐processing methods. A simple MME probabilistic scheme has been utilized to show that skill of probabilistic predictions improved when the representation of mean of forecast distribution has better skill. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Single photon emission tomography/computed tomography (SPET/CT) and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) to image cancer
Authors: Alberini Jean‐Louis , Edeline Veronique , Giraudet Anne Laure , Champion Laurence , Paulmier Benoit , Madar Olivier , Poinsignon Anne , Bellet Dominique , Pecking Alain Paul
Published: April 2011

Hybrid systems associating the sharpness of anatomic images coming from computed tomography (CT) and radionuclide functional imaging (SPET or PET) are opening a new era in oncology. This multimodal imaging method is now routinely used for the diagnosis, extent, follow up, treatment response and detection of occult disease in different types of malignancies with a significant impact on the treatment strategy leading for a change for more than 68% of all investigated patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011;103:602–606. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tumor microenvironment and progression
Authors: Dvorak Harold F. , Weaver Valerie M. , Tlsty Thea D. , Bergers Gabriele
Published: April 2011

Tumor blood vessels are heterogeneous, of at least six distinct types, are induced primarily by vascular endothelial growth factor‐A (VEGF‐A), and provide a potentially useful therapeutic target. Breast cancer is characterized by changes in the microenvironment that result in altered tensional homeostasis. Also, breast cancers arise as the result of epigenetic as well as genetic changes. Tumor blood vessel pericytes result, in part, from bone marrow precursor cells, and VEGF is a negative regulator of glioblastoma tumor cell invasion. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011;103:468–474. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lymphangiogenesis and hemangiogenesis: Potential targets for therapy
Authors: Witte Marlys H. , Dellinger Michael T. , McDonald Donald M. , Nathanson S. David , Boccardo Francesco M. , Campisi Corradino C.C. , Sleeman Jonathan P. , Gershenwald Jeffrey E.
Published: April 2011

This review updates historical background from century‐old observations on embryonic lymphatic system development through current understanding of the molecular basis of lymphvasculogenesis/lymphangiogenesis (“molecular lymphology”), highlighting similarities and differences with analogous blood vasculature processes. Topics covered include molecular mechanisms in lymphatic development, structural adaptations of the lymphatic vasculature to particulate and cellular transport and trafficking, lymphogenous route of clinical cancer spread, preservation of delineated lymphatic pathways during cancer operations, and anti‐lymphangiogenesis in cancer therapy. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011;103:489–500. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of radiation therapy in the control of locoregional and metastatic cancer
Authors: Stea Baldassarre , Hazard Lisa J. , Gonzalez Victor J. , Hamilton Russell
Published: April 2011

High energy X‐rays have been used for cancer therapy since their discovery in 1895. Major radiobiological discoveries and technological advances in radiation physics have greatly increased the accuracy of radiation. The recent integration of radiation therapy and imaging systems provides radiation oncologists with sophisticated dose delivery capability allowing continued improvements in the control of loco‐regional and metastatic disease while decreasing toxicity. Key technical aspects of current radiation therapy are described with examples extending to several clinical areas. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011;103:627–638. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thrombophilic state in cancer, Part I: Biology, incidence, and risk factors
Authors: DiPasco Peter J. , Misra Subhasis , Koniaris Leonidas G. , Moffat Frederick L.
Published: April 2011

The association between malignancy and thrombosis has long been appreciated but remains incompletely understood. This is the first of a two‐part review of the complex, integral relationship between these two entities, and addresses the mechanisms and pathogenesis of this relationship and the clinical risk factors for thromboembolism in cancer patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:316–322. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Resveratrol has salutary effects on mucociliary transport and inflammation in sinonasal epithelium
Authors: Alexander Nathan S. , Hatch Neal , Zhang Shaoyan , Skinner Daniel , Fortenberry James , Sorscher Eric J. , Woodworth Bradford A.
Published: April 2011

Objective/Hypothesis:

Therapeutic agents that enhance mucociliary transport (via stimulation of transepithelial Cl− secretion) and inhibit inflammation could provide considerable advantages over conventional treatments for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The objectives of the present study were to investigate whether the polyphenolic compound resveratrol promotes transepithelial Cl− transport and inhibits KC/IL‐8 secretion in sinonasal epithelium.

Study Design:

In vitro and in vivo study.

Methods:

Transepithelial Cl− transport was investigated in primary murine nasal septal (MNSE) and human sinonasal epithelial (HSNE) cultures. In vivo activity was also measured using the murine nasal potential difference assay. CFTR R‐domain phosphorylation and cAMP levels were examined as a test of cAMP/PKA‐dependent activation. In vitro LPS‐induced KC/IL‐8 secretion was quantified and compared to a panel of intranasal steroids.

Results:

Resveratrol(100 μM) significantly increased CFTR‐mediated Cl− transport (change in short‐circuit current, ΔISC) in both MNSE (13.51 ± 0.77 vs. 4.4 ± 0.66 [control]; P < .05) and HSNE (12.28 ± 1.08 vs. 0.69 ± 0.32 [control]; P < .05). Cl− secretion across in vivo murine nasal epithelium was also enhanced (−4 ± 1.8 vs. −0.8 ± 1.7mV [control], P < .05). There was no increase in cellular cAMP or CFTR R‐domain phosphorylation detected. Resveratrol also significantly inhibited KC/IL‐8 secretion in a dose‐dependent fashion (pg/mL) in MNSE (181 ± 39[100 μM) vs. 94 ± 16 [200 μM] vs. 16 ± 22 [500 μM] vs. 1195 ± 355 [LPS control]; P < .001). The compound robustly abrogated KC/IL‐8 secretion when compared to ciclesonide (765 ± 139), triamcinolone (561 ± 124), and budesonide (742 ± 428), but had similar activity to fluticasone proprionate (65 ± 47). Similar effects were demonstrated in HSNE (975 ± 244 [100 μM] vs. 1825 ± 144 [LPS control]; P < .001) with inhibition comparable to fluticasone proprionate (785 ± 277).

Conclusions:

These in vitro and in vivo findings indicate resveratrol is a potent Cl− secretagogue and anti‐inflammatory agent. Future clinical trials for CRS are warranted.
ADAM17 promotes glioma cell malignant phenotype
Authors: Zheng Xuguang , Jiang Feng , Katakowski Mark , Lu Yong , Chopp Michael
Published: April 2011

A disintegrin and metalloproteinase‐17 (ADAM17) is involved in proteolytic ectodomain shedding of several membrane‐bound growth factors and cytokines. The expression and activity of ADAM17 increase under some pathological conditions such as stroke and cancer. ADAM17 promotes neural progenitor cell migration and contributes to neurogenesis after stroke and breast cancer growth and invasion. In the present study, we sought to elucidate whether ADAM17 contributes to glioma progression. To this end, we examined the role of ADAM17 in the proliferation, invasion, and tube formation of U87 human glioma cells in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Stable transfection of the U87 cell line with either a plasmid for over‐expression of human ADAM17, or a siRNA to ADAM17 was employed in this study to establish high‐ or low‐ADAM17 expression in glioma cells, respectively. For study of mechanism, the ADAM17 inhibitor TAPI‐2 and the PI3K‐AKT inhibitor LY294002 were used to counteract high‐ADAM17 expression and the activated PI3K‐AKT pathway, respectively. Proliferation of glioma cells were tested by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assay, growth curve, and sulforhodamine B assay. Matrigel invasion assays were used to assess the ability of U87 cells to penetrate the extracellular matrix (ECM). A Matrigel tube formation assay was performed to test capillary tube formation ability. EGFR‐PI3K‐Akt pathway activation in U87 cells under different ADAM17 expression levels were tested by Western blot. Our data show that ADAM17 promotes the U87 malignant phenotype by increased proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and in vivo tumor growth. Tumor growth in nude mice was significantly inhibited by ADAM17 inhibitor and A17‐shRNA in vivo transfection. TGF‐α, VEGF secretion, and VEGF expression was increased by ADAM17 and counteracted by ADAM17 siRNA, TAPI‐2, and LY294002 in U87 cells. ADAM17 activated, whereas ADAM17 siRNA, TAPI‐2, and LY294002 deactivated the EGFR‐PI3K‐AKT signal pathway, which correlated with U87 cell malignant phenotype changes. This study suggests ADAM17 contributes to glioma progression through activation of the EGFR‐PI3K‐AKT signal pathway. Mol. Carcinog. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Benefits of heat treatment to the protease packed neutrophil for proteome analysis: Halting protein degradation
Authors: Kennedy Susan A. , Scaife Caitríona , Dunn Michael J. , Wood Alfred E. , Watson R. William G.
Published: April 2011

Neutrophils, cells of the innate immune system, contain an array of proteases and reactive oxygen species‐generating enzymes that assist in controlling the invasion of bacteria and pathogens. The high content of intracellular proteolytic enzymes makes them difficult cells to work with as they can degrade proteins of potential interest. Here, we describe the benefits of heat treatment of neutrophils in reducing protein degradation for subsequent proteome analysis. Neutrophils isolated from four healthy volunteers were each divided into three aliquots and subjected to different preparation methods for 2‐DE: (i) Heat treatment, (ii) resuspension in NP40 lysis buffer and (iii) resuspension in standard 2‐DE lysis buffer. Representative spots found to be statistically significant between groups (p<0.01) were excised and identified by LC‐MS/MS, three of which were validated by immunoblotting. Heat‐treated samples contained proteins in the high‐molecular‐weight range that were absent from NP40‐treated samples. Moreover, NP40‐treated samples showed an increase in spot number and volume at lower molecular weights suggestive of protein degradation. Incorporating heat treatment into sample preparation resulted in the identification of proteins that may not have previously been detected due to sample degradation, thus leading to a more comprehensive 2‐DE map of the human neutrophil proteome.
A Simple Approach to Surface Modification Using Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with Laminar and Turbulent Flows of Micro Plasma Jets at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Jung Heesoo , Gweon Bomi , Kim Dan Bee , Choe Wonho
Published: April 2011

Unlike large area plasmas, small size plasma jets could be useful in treating localized regions. For this reason, we developed a micro plasma jet having a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) part exposed to the discharge inside the plasma source. As the helium gas flow rate was raised from 0.1 to 6.0 slpm, the plasma exhibited a change in characteristic from laminar to turbulent and an abrupt change of appearance at a certain flow rate (2.0–3.0 slpm). The measured rotational temperature was above 500 K under laminar flow conditions, which was a sufficiently high temperature for the pyrolysis of PTFE, and the excitation temperature of the laminar flow was higher than that of the turbulent flow. The corresponding optical emission spectra were different (CN, C2, F I, Hα dominated for laminar conditions while N, OH, O I dominated for turbulent flow conditions). These different plasma characteristics were obtained by simply controlling the gas flow rate. A feasibility study of surface modification demonstrated a change of the surface wettability from hydrophobic to hydrophilic (and vice versa) depending only on the gas flow rate.

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