bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Land Surface Temperature Relationship with the Land Use/Land Cover Indices Leading to Thermal Field Variation in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
Authors: García David Hidalgo , Riza Müge , Díaz Julián Arco
Published: March 2023

The increase in the Land Surface Temperature (LST) caused by global warming and extreme weather events is significantly increasing Urban Hot Spots (UHS) while impacting the environmental quality within urban areas. In this research, with the help of Landsat 5, 7, and 8 satellite images, the evolution of Land Use/Cover (LULC), LST, and Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) between the years 1985 and 2020 is examined. The main aim is to evaluate how these variables, together with the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), Urban Index (UI), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Built Index, and Proportion Vegetation (PV) have influenced the variability of the UHS and the level of thermal comfort according to the Thermal Field Variance Index (UTFVI). The results report significant average rises of the variables: LST (6.62 °C), SUHI (0.97 °C), UHS (8.61%) of the UI and NDBI indices and class 6 of UTFVI (88.53%) that are related to the variability of the LULC corroborated by statistical analysis. Our results provide valuable information on the future development of urban areas in Northern Cyprus to make them more resilient and sustainable to rising temperatures.
Carbon-Based Electrodes for Advanced Zinc-Air Batteries: Oxygen-Catalytic Site Regulation and Nanostructure Design
Authors: Shao Wenjie , Yan Rui , Zhou Mi , Ma Lang , Roth Christina , Ma Tian , Cao Sujiao , Cheng Chong , Yin Bo , Li Shuang
Published: March 2023

Zn-air batteries are highly attractive for direct chemical-to-electrical energy conversion and for solving the energy crisis and environmental problems. Designing efficient oxygen electrodes has been considered one of the most critical steps in the development of advanced Zn-air batteries because of the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction and the oxygen evolution reaction. In recent years, nanostructured carbon-based electrodes with large surface areas, efficient oxygen-catalytic centers, and hierarchically porous matrices have provided significant opportunities to optimize the performance of the oxygen electrodes in both primary and rechargeable Zn-air batteries. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the reported nanostructured carbon-based electrodes for advanced Zn-air batteries in terms of tailoring the oxygen-catalytic sites and designing carbon supports. The versatile synthetic strategies, characterization methods, and in-depth understanding of the relationships between the oxygen-catalytic sites/nanostructures and the oxygen electrode performance are systematically summarized. Furthermore, we also briefly outline recent progress in engineering flexible and high-power Zn-air batteries. Ultimately, a thorough discussion of current primary challenges and future perspectives on the rational design of nanostructured carbon-based oxygen electrodes is given, thus providing inspiration for the future prosperity of fast-kinetic and efficient Zn-air batteries in a broad range of energy fields.

Graphical Abstract
Understanding Digital Inequality: A Theoretical Kaleidoscope
Authors: Kuhn Caroline , Khoo Su-Ming , Czerniewicz Laura , Lilley Warren , Bute Swati , Crean Aisling , Abegglen Sandra , Burns Tom , Sinfield Sandra , Jandrić Petar , Knox Jeremy , MacKenzie Alison
Published: March 2023

The pandemic affected more than 1.5 billion students and youth, and the most vulnerable learners were hit hardest, making digital inequality in educational settings impossible to overlook. Given this reality, we, all educators, came together to find ways to understand and address some of these inequalities. As a product of this collaboration, we propose a methodological toolkit: a theoretical kaleidoscope to examine and critique the constitutive elements and dimensions of digital inequalities. We argue that such a tool is helpful when a critical attitude to examine ‘the ideology of digitalism’, its concomitant inequalities, and the huge losses it entails for human flourishing seems urgent. In the paper, we describe different theoretical approaches that can be used for the kaleidoscope. We give relevant examples of each theory. We argue that the postdigital does not mean that the digital is over, rather that it has mutated into new power structures that are less evident but no less insidious as they continue to govern socio-technical infrastructures, geopolitics, and markets. In this sense, it is vital to find tools that allow us to shed light on such invisible and pervasive power structures and the consequences in the daily lives of so many.
Using Design-Based Research for a Technological Intervention to Promote Parental Involvement in Kindergarten
Authors: Laranjeiro Dionísia , Antunes Maria João , Santos Paula
Published: March 2023

Parental involvement in preschool education is widely recognized as an important factor in skills development, school outcomes and lifelong success, and can be promoted through digital technologies, which offer new forms of communication and collaboration between parents and educators, and new learning opportunities for children. This research aimed to develop and test a digital platform with communication and content sharing functionalities between parents and educators, and to assess the impact of using the platform in three participating institutions. The research question guiding the efforts was: what features and contents should a multimedia platform have to promote parental involvement in the learning of children who attend kindergarten? The research was developed according to a design-based research methodology, and the parents and educators were involved in all phases of the process: preliminary study, development and evaluation. The results showed that the sharing of activities carried out with children in kindergarten and a private messaging service were the most valued functionalities. Regarding local impact, different results were obtained in each kindergarten, related to the roles assumed by the users within the platform, and previous practices of using technologies for parental involvement.
Coat protein of rice stripe virus enhances autophagy activity through interaction with cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases, a negative regulator of plant autophagy
Authors: Zhao Wanying , Wang Li , Li Lipeng , Zhou Tong , Yan Fei , Zhang Heng , Zhu Ying , Andika Ida Bagus , Sun Liying
Published: March 2023

Viral infection commonly induces autophagy, leading to antiviral responses or conversely, promoting viral infection or replication. In this study, using the experimental plant Nicotiana benthamiana, we demonstrated that the rice stripe virus (RSV) coat protein (CP) enhanced autophagic activity through interaction with cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 2 (GAPC2), a negative regulator of plant autophagy that binds to an autophagy key factor, autophagy-related protein 3 (ATG3). Competitive pull-down and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP)assays showed that RSV CP activated autophagy by disrupting the interaction between GAPC2 and ATG3. An RSV CP mutant that was unable to bind GAPC2 failed to disrupt the interaction between GAPC2 and ATG3 and therefore lost its ability to induce autophagy. RSV CP enhanced the autophagic degradation of a viral movement protein (MP) encoded by a heterologous virus, citrus leaf blotch virus (CLBV). However, the autophagic degradation of RSV-encoded MP and RNA-silencing suppressor (NS3) proteins was inhibited in the presence of CP, suggesting that RSV CP can protect MP and NS3 against autophagic degradation. Moreover, in the presence of MP, RSV CP could induce the autophagic degradation of a remorin protein (NbREM1), which negatively regulates RSV infection through the inhibition of viral cell-to-cell movement. Overall, our results suggest that RSV CP induces a selective autophagy to suppress the antiviral factors while protecting RSV-encoded viral proteins against autophagic degradation through an as-yet-unknown mechanism. This study showed that RSV CP plays dual roles in the autophagy-related interaction between plants and viruses.
An Efficient GAN-Based Multi-classification Approach for Financial Time Series Volatility Trend Prediction
Authors: Liu Lei , Pei Zheng , Chen Peng , Luo Hang , Gao Zhisheng , Feng Kang , Gan Zhihao
Published: March 2023

Deep learning has achieved tremendous success in various applications owing to its robust feature representations of complex high-dimensional nonlinear data. Financial time-series prediction is no exception. Hence, the volatility trend prediction in financial time series (FTS) has been an active topic for several decades. Inspired by generative adversarial networks (GAN), which have been studied extensively in image processing and have achieved excellent results, we present the ordinal regression GAN for financial volatility trends (ORGAN-FVT) method for the end-to-end multi-classification task of FTS. An improved generative model based on convolutional long short-term memory (ConvLSTM) and multilayer perceptron (MLP) is proposed to capture temporal features effectively and mine the data distribution of volatility trends (short, neutral, and long) from given FTS data. Meanwhile, ordinal regression is leveraged for the discriminator to improve the multi-classification performance, making the model more practical. Finally, we empirically compare ORGAN-FVT with several state-of-the-art approaches on three real-world stock datasets: MICROSOFT(MSFT), Tesla(TSLA), and The People’s Insurance Company of China(PAICC). ORGAN-FVT demonstrated significantly better AUC and F1 scores, at most 20.81% higher than its competitors.
Erosion and accretion patterns on intertidal mudflats of the Yangtze River Estuary in response to storm conditions
Authors: Liu Xiaoyu , Xing Fei , Shi Benwei , Wu Guoxiang , Ge Jianzhong , Peng Biaobiao , Li Mingliang , Wang Ya Ping
Published: March 2023

Understanding of erosion and accretion patterns over intertidal mudflats during storm periods is vital for the management and sustainable development of coastal areas. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the 2014 storm Fung-wong on the erosion and accretion patterns of the Nanhui intertidal mudflats in the Yangtze estuary, China, based on field measurements and Delft3D numerical modeling. Results show that prolonged easterly winds during the storm enhance the flood velocity, weaken the ebb velocity, and even change the current direction. The current velocity, wave heights, and bed-level changes increased by 1–1.43 times, 2.40–3.88 times, and 2.28–2.70 times than those of normal weather, respectively. The mudflats show a spatial pattern of overall erosion but increasing erosion magnitude from the high (landward) mudflat to the low (seaward) mudflat during the storm. The magnitude of bed-level change increases with increasing wind speed, but the spatial pattern of erosion and accretion remains the same. The main reason for this pattern is the longer submersion duration of the low mudflat compared with the high mudflat, so the hydrodynamic process is longer and stronger, leading to an enhancement in bed shear stress and sediment transport rate. Wind speed increases the hydrodynamic intensity but does not affect on the submersion duration over each part of the intertidal mudflat. This study is helpful to improve the understanding of physical processes during storms on intertidal mudflats and provides a reference for their protection, utilization, and management, as well as for research in related disciplines.
Research Progress of Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome
Authors: Luo Ning , Li Mengdie , Xu Ming , Shi Chuanchuan , Shi Xinge , Ni Rong , Chen Yu , Zheng Liang , Tu Yuling , Hu Dan , Yu Chunlin , Li Qingying , Lu Yibin
Published: March 2023

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is a new infectious disease first discovered in Ta-pieh Mountains in central China in 2009. It is caused by a novel bunyavirus infection (SFTSV). Since the first discovery of SFTSV, there have been case reports and epidemiological studies on SFTS in several East Asian countries, such as South Korea, Japan, Vietnam and so on. With the rising incidence of SFTS and the rapid spread of the novel bunyavirus around the world, it is clear that the virus has a pandemic potential and may pose a threat to global public health in the future. Early studies have suggested that ticks are an important medium for the transmission of SFTSV to humans; in recent years, it has been reported that there is also human-to-human transmission. In endemic areas, potential hosts include a variety of livestock and wildlife. When people are infected with SFTV, the main clinical manifestations are high fever, thrombocytopenia, leukocytopenia, gastrointestinal symptoms, liver and kidney function damage, and even MODS, with a mortality rate of about 10–30%. This article reviews the latest progress of novel bunyavirus, including virus transmission vector, virus genotypic diversity and epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation and treatment.
Everyday Denazification in Postwar Germany
Authors: Dack Mikkel
Published: March 2023

In the wake of World War II, the victorious Allied armies implemented a radical program to purge Nazism from Germany and preserve peace in Europe. Between 1945 and 1949, 20 million political questionnaires, or Fragebögen, were distributed by American, British, French, and Soviet armies to anxious Germans who had to prove their non-Nazi status to gain employment. Drafted by university professors and social scientists, these surveys deﬁned much of the denaziﬁcation experience and were immensely consequential to the material and emotional recovery of Germans. In Everyday Denaziﬁcation in Postwar Germany, Mikkel Dack draws the curtain to reveal what denaziﬁcation looked like on the ground and in practice and how the highly criticized vetting program impacted the lives of individual Germans and their families as they recovered from the war. Accessing recently declassiﬁed documents, this book challenges traditional interpretations by illustrating the positive elements of the denaziﬁcation campaign and recounting a more comprehensive history, one of mid-level Allied planners, civil affairs soldiers, and regular German citizens. The Fragebogen functions as a window into this everyday history.
Anglo-Norman Studies IX
Authors: Brown R. Allen
Published: March 2023

Aquitainian Participation in the Conquest; Stereotype Normans in Vernacular Literature; Byzantine Marginalia to the Norman Conquest; Norman Architectural Patronage; Domesday Book and the Teneurial Revolution; Henry of Huntingdon and Historia Anglorum; Domesday Inquest and Land Adjudication; Abbey of Cava; Post-Conquest Attitudes to the Saints of the Anglo-Saxons; Danish Geometrical Viking Fortresses; Holy Face of Lucca.
Hunting Law and Ritual in Medieval English Literature
Authors: Marvin William Perry
Published: March 2023

Study of hunting as it appears both in didactic texts, and epic and romance.
Reflections on applying behavioural insights to crime: a guide for behavioural scientists and criminologists in search of policy unicorns
Authors: Davies Matthew , Ruda Simon
Published: March 2023

Behavioural science has made significant contributions to public policy over the last decade from tax compliance to pensions and energy use. However, behavioural insights (BI) have not yet been able to claim significant policy shifts in the area of crime, despite increasing interest and experimentation. This paper offers a critical reflection on the state of BI and crime from the perspective of those who have been at the forefront of this work since the inception of the world's first behavioural science team in government. We outline how existing theories of crime have already laid foundations for the successful application of BI but identify opportunities to build on these with tools from behavioural science. We conclude by examining how continued cross-pollination of ideas between BI and disciplines such as applied criminology points to promising directions for future research.
Mechanisms and models of particle drag enhancements in turbulent environments
Authors: Peng Cheng , Wang Lian-Ping
Published: March 2023

This study conducts direct numerical simulations of free-streaming turbulence passing over individual fixed particles and particle arrays of different number densities. The purpose is to investigate the changes in the mean particle drag due to turbulent environments and the responsible mechanisms. It is confirmed that turbulent environments significantly enhance the particle drag relative to the standard drag in a uniform flow, and the nonlinear dependency of the drag force on the instantaneous incoming flow velocity is insufficient to explain the enhancement. Two mechanisms of particle–turbulence interactions are found to be responsible for the particle drag enhancements. The first mechanism is the enlarged pressure drops on the particle surface, mainly governed by the large scales in turbulent flows. The second mechanism is the increased viscous stresses on the particle surface, dominated by the small scales that enhance the mixing of the low- and high-speed fluids across the particle boundary layer. In terms of quantitative drag enhancement predictions, more general models accounting for the anisotropy of the turbulence are proposed, which fit well with both the simulation data generated in this study and those reported in the literature. Finally, by measuring the drag forces of laminar and turbulent flows passing over arrays of particles, it is found that the overall particle drag increases with decreasing particle–particle relative gap distance. However, the relative enhancement due to turbulence decreases with the particle–particle relative gap distance.
Comparison of smooth- and rough-wall non-equilibrium boundary layers with favourable and adverse pressure gradients
Authors: Volino Ralph J. , Schultz Michael P.
Published: March 2023

Measurements were made in rough-wall boundary layers subject to favourable, zero and adverse pressure gradients. Profiles of mean velocity and turbulence quantities were acquired and velocity fields were measured in multiple planes to document flow structure. Comparisons were made to equivalent smooth-wall cases with the same free stream velocity distributions. Outer layer similarity was observed between the rough- and smooth-wall cases in all quantities in the favourable and zero pressure gradient regions, but large differences were observed with adverse pressure gradients. In both the smooth- and rough-wall cases, the favourable pressure gradient reduced the turbulence in the boundary layer, and increased the size of turbulence structures relative to the boundary layer thickness in both the streamwise and spanwise directions, while lowering their inclination angle with respect to the wall. When the boundary layer was returned to a zero pressure gradient following the favourable pressure gradient region, the turbulence level and the size and inclination of the structures returned to their canonical zero pressure gradient condition. The response of the boundary layer was somewhat faster in the rough-wall case, causing it to reach equilibrium in a shorter streamwise distance after the changes in pressure gradient than in the smooth-wall case. The adverse pressure gradient increased turbulence levels relative to the wall friction velocity, reduced the size of turbulence structures relative to the boundary layer thickness and increased their inclination angle. The changes with the adverse pressure gradient were significantly larger with the rough wall than the smooth. The results suggest that similarity might be achieved with adverse pressure gradients if smooth- and rough-wall cases with the same Clauser pressure gradient parameter history are compared.
A comparative study of English vowel shifts and vowel space area among Korean Americans in three dialect regions
Authors: Cheng Andrew , Jeon Lisa , Kim Dot-Eum
Published: March 2023

Recent sociophonetic research has focused on the ways in which race and ethnicity influence language as well as how language is used to construct racial and ethnic identity. Comparisons of the speech of members of one ethnic group across different regions are still uncommon. In this study, fifty-one native American English speakers of Korean descent, hailing from three different dialect areas of the United States (Los Angeles County and Orange County, California; Harris County, Texas; and Gwinnett County, Georgia), were recorded speaking English in casual interviews. Their speech was analyzed for characteristics of local sound patterns in each region, including the Short Front Vowel Shift (California Vowel Shift) and the Southern Vowel Shift, as well as overall Vowel Space Area. All three groups showed evidence of the Short Front Vowel Shift, and none demonstrated the Southern Vowel Shift. The Californian speakers had the smallest vowel spaces, while the Georgian speakers had the largest. We relate these findings to the ways Korean Americans in Texas and California understand their ethnic identity vis-à-vis a kind of metropolitan or urban speech style in a highly multicultural environment, while, in comparison, Korean Americans in Georgia may use vowel space to highlight their orientation toward or away from local mainstream (white) cultural identity.
The Berkelmans–Pries dependency function: A generic measure of dependence between random variables
Authors: Berkelmans Guus , Bhulai Sandjai , van der mei Rob , Pries Joris
Published: March 2023

Measuring and quantifying dependencies between random variables (RVs) can give critical insights into a dataset. Typical questions are: ‘Do underlying relationships exist?’, ‘Are some variables redundant?’, and ‘Is some target variable Y highly or weakly dependent on variable X?’ Interestingly, despite the evident need for a general-purpose measure of dependency between RVs, common practice is that most data analysts use the Pearson correlation coefficient to quantify dependence between RVs, while it is recognized that the correlation coefficient is essentially a measure for linear dependency only. Although many attempts have been made to define more generic dependency measures, there is no consensus yet on a standard, general-purpose dependency function. In fact, several ideal properties of a dependency function have been proposed, but without much argumentation. Motivated by this, we discuss and revise the list of desired properties and propose a new dependency function that meets all these requirements. This general-purpose dependency function provides data analysts with a powerful means to quantify the level of dependence between variables. To this end, we also provide Python code to determine the dependency function for use in practice.
Integrating Data Across Misaligned Spatial Units
Authors: Zhukov Yuri M. , Byers Jason S. , Davidson Marty A. , Kollman Ken
Published: March 2023

Theoretical units of interest often do not align with the spatial units at which data are available. This problem is pervasive in political science, particularly in subnational empirical research that requires integrating data across incompatible geographic units (e.g., administrative areas, electoral constituencies, and grid cells). Overcoming this challenge requires researchers not only to align the scale of empirical and theoretical units, but also to understand the consequences of this change of support for measurement error and statistical inference. We show how the accuracy of transformed values and the estimation of regression coefficients depend on the degree of nesting (i.e., whether units fall completely and neatly inside each other) and on the relative scale of source and destination units (i.e., aggregation, disaggregation, and hybrid). We introduce simple, nonparametric measures of relative nesting and scale, asex anteindicators of spatial transformation complexity and error susceptibility. Using election data and Monte Carlo simulations, we show that these measures are strongly predictive of transformation quality across multiple change-of-support methods. We propose several validation procedures and provide open-source software to make transformation options more accessible, customizable, and intuitive.
It’s All in the Name: A Character-Based Approach to Infer Religion
Authors: Chaturvedi Rochana , Chaturvedi Sugat
Published: March 2023

Large-scale microdata on group identity are critical for studies on identity politics and violence but remain largely unavailable for developing countries. We use personal names to infer religion in South Asia—where religion is a salient social division, and yet, disaggregated data on it are scarce. Existing work predicts religion using a dictionary-based method and, therefore, cannot classify unseen names. We provide character-based machine-learning models that can classify unseen names too with high accuracy. Our models are also much faster and, hence, scalable to large datasets. We explain the classification decisions of one of our models using the layer-wise relevance propagation technique. The character patterns learned by the classifier are rooted in the linguistic origins of names. We apply these to infer the religion of electoral candidates using historical data on Indian elections and observe a trend of declining Muslim representation. Our approach can be used to detect identity groups across the world for whom the underlying names might have different linguistic roots.
The dismissal of a pilot for poor airmanship
Authors: Hopkins H. A.
Published: March 2023

No one, least of all professional pilots as a body, would wish to condone evasion of the issue where a pilot has wilfully or recklessly hazarded his machine and the lives of those on board. Equally there is common ground throughout the industry that air safety demands the rigorous selection of pilots for ability, together with extensive training to create and maintain necessary pilot skills.

Bearing in mind the initial licensing requirements that the State lays down and the regular re-examination that a pilot submits to in competency checks there is, on the face of it, every opportunity for rejecting basically unsuitable applicants and for correcting later shortcomings in the performance of an established pilot.

This seems to imply that we have to look further for the possible origins of whatever comes to be called ‘poor airmanship'.
The dismissal of a pilot for poor airmanship—the employer's point of view
Authors: Burridge A. J.
Published: March 2023

Before beginning my contribution to this symposium, I must make it plain that I do not claim to speak here for employers of pilots, other than myself. For that matter, I do not even claim to be speaking for my own Company. The opinions I shall express are my own and they result from a modest experience in the management side of the air transport industry. They are not the product of any discussion or agreement with other employers of pilots.

Concerning the title of my contribution, I shall assume the word ‘employer’ to mean an air transport undertaking, operating under an Air Operator's Certificate, and the word ‘pilot’ to mean a qualified aircraft captain engaged in public transport operations.
The continued employment of pilots involved in incidents or accidents: the operators’ responsibilities and liabilities
Authors: Edwards Marcus
Published: March 2023

I am going to broaden the picture somewhat from what has already been said so far in order to try to put the topic of employment in its general legal context from the point of view of passengers, operators, flight crew and air traffic controllers.

When a person is injured in an accident on land, he must prove negligence by somebody, e.g. the driver of a motor car, and if he can do so he can get judgment for full compensation for all his injuries, loss and damage. Recently, awards in severe cases have been up to £100 000, and sometimes more.

If however the Defendant proves that he was not negligent, or that someone else caused the accident, the Plaintiff will get nothing from him, no matter how serious his injuries.
Have energy, will travel
Authors: Allen John E.
Published: March 2023

‘“It’s a poor sort of memory that only works backwards”, said the Queen.’ From Alice through the Looking Glass by Lewis Carroll, (Charles Lutwidge Dodgson), 1872.

An abundance of cheap energy has been essential for the growth of civilisation during this century, and, like so many of our resources, has been taken for granted— almost for too long. The title is derived from American folklore and is self-evident. ‘Without energy, can’t travel’ is also obvious; perhaps for today’s lecture a more appropriate slogan could be ‘have alternative energy sources, continue to travel’.
Keeping up on the ground
Authors: Rolfe J. M.
Published: March 2023

I consider it a great honour, and most appropriate that the first function to be performed by a Chairman of the Flight Simulation Group, the youngest group of the Royal Aeronautical Society, is to present this paper to the Section which represents the interests of the younger members of the Society. I bring the best wishes of the Group to the Graduates and Students Section and I hope that this paper will stimulate an interest in the subject of flight simulation. The established members of the simulator fraternity who are present this evening will at least forgive me, and some, I hope, may agree with me, when I suggest that simulation is one of those areas of aeronautical engineering where a young and fresh approach to the problems encountered is likely to pay dividends.
Developments in mathematical models of human pilot behaviour
Authors: Gerlach O. H.
Published: March 2023

By way of introduction, I suggest you consider for a moment of four aircraft as dissimilar as a small general aviation aircraft, a large transport such as the Airbus, a glider and finally a fighter aircraft such as the Tornado. As regards handling in the air of these widely differing flying machines, their most significant common quality is perhaps that they can all be flown by a human pilot.

In the definition of the desirable handling qualities of these aircraft, one might—in complete innocence—expect to find a description of such desirable qualities in terms of the behaviour, capabilities and limitations of the human pilot, which one would, of course, expect to be independent of class or category of aircraft.
The design and performance of high temperature turbines in turbofan engines
Authors: Wilde G. L.
Published: March 2023

It is understandable for fundamental cycle efficiency reasons that the technology level claimed by manufacturers in the development of gas turbines has tended to be judged by the declared maximum TET, but this is not any longer an adequate criterion. A better criterion would be the maximum TET at which it is possible to operate a turbine for a given value of the net turbine shaft efficiency after allowing for all the cooling losses without a penalty in the operating life of the turbine in service.

Figure 1 shows how the specific fuel consumption of turbofan engines varies with turbine entry temperature and overall pressure ratio for different levels of polytropic efficiency of all the components of −2%, +2%, +4% relative to datum. The importance of obtaining the highest possible component efficiencies rather than by further increasing TET and overall pressure ratio (which increase engine complexity and cost), is clearly brought out.
The White Paper— rationale and recommendations
Authors: Ledsome N. F.
Published: March 2023

The White Paper has five main objectives. First, to establish a framework against which over an extended period airport developments throughout Great Britain should be considered; secondly, to assess the future demand for air transport and thus for airport capacity; thirdly, to explain how demand might be met during the period to 1990; fourthly, to examine the noise and other environmental effects of airport developments; and finally, to outline the airport options to be considered for the longer term.

I need not, for this audience, outline the history of airport development in Great Britain over the past 30 years. The approach to the South East problem which was characterised by efforts to find the grand solution; the failure to consider the requirements of the South East within a wider national context; and the absence of any proper guidance for the development of airports outside the South East with the consequent over provision of facilities in the regions which we face today.
The environmental answer
Authors: Epson Eric
Published: March 2023

Normally when I am speaking I have to balance both sides of the argument to make sure that everybody has a fair crack at the whip, and make sure that both points of view are put. Today I do not. It has been made abundantly clear to me they wish me to speak straight on an environmental point of view with particular reference to the noise problems. I will do so with the greatest of pleasure. We have a document here which has good and bad points, from the environmental point of view I would like to state the good, because there are some in this document. Firstly, we know where we are going and we know what we have got to argue about. We know where the Government wants to go in the size and use of our airports and from the Gatwick point of view this is something we have wanted for a long time. Secondly, major developments at the airports in future may be subjected to some form of local authority control, an argument the local authority has been making for a long time.
European air transport up to the year 2000
Authors: Watts Roy
Published: March 2023

In terms of world scheduled passenger traffic, Europe accounts for:

(a) 35% of passenger journeys;

(b) 10% of passenger kilometres;

(c) 40% of aircraft movements.

This traffic has shown sustained growth at about twice the rate of general economic expansion.

Rapid growth of trade and discretionary income explains a substantial proportion of this growth, but the efforts of the airline industry itself, which have resulted in improvements in speed and comfort and a persistent fall in real fares, are equally important.

Since the early 1960s the air travel market has broadened considerably. The scheduled industry no longer caters solely for business and wealthy leisure travellers. Increasingly, in a consumerist world, it caters for travellers with modest incomes. Consumerism is not the only external force to be reckoned with. The environmental lobby is strong and demands attention.
Computer generated images for aircraft use
Authors: Evans D. C.
Published: March 2023

In recent years digital computer technology has been employed to produce visual images for use in the training of aircraft pilots by simulation. The technology employed is that of computer graphics which has been in use since the 1950s in a variety of man-machine systems. The rudiments of a basic computer graphics system are represented schematically in Fig. 1. They are a graphics computer and a human operator. The interaction proceeds as follows:

(i) the computer produces a visual image;

(ii) the operator sees the image;

(iii) the operator generates a response which he sends to the computer;

(iv) the computer in turn causes some change in the visual image.

The use of this closed loop communication may vary greatly from application-to-application but the principles are universal.
The German-Dutch low speed wind tunnel DNW
Authors: Seidel -lng M. , Jaarsma Ir. F.
Published: March 2023

As the first international project of this kind, the German-Dutch Wind tunnel (DNW) is under construction in the Noordoostpolder, The Netherlands. The DNW will be among the largest and most extensive complete low speed wind tunnels in Europe. This project is based on previous specifications and design work for two former national projects (now abandoned) which were similar in size and performance and mutually complementary in view of the tasks. The DNW will contribute to filling the gap still existing in the field of aeronautical test facilities in Europe for effective aircraft development work.

The DNW will consist of a closed circuit tunnel (total length of centre line: 318 m) with three interchangeable atmospheric test sections with cross-sectional sizes of 9.5m x 9.5 m, 8 m x 6m and 6 m x 6 m; the maximum speed is about 60, 110 and 145 m/s respec-tively. In addition, an open jet configuration will be available with special features for aero-acoustic tests. The single-stage speed-controlled fan of 12 m diameter has a nominal drive power of 12.7 MW. The standard equipment will include an air exchange system and a heat exchanger in the circuit, a model sting support, a six-component balance, and a distributed computer system for data acquisition/reduction and control purposes.
Airworthiness of helicopters
Authors: Le Sueur H. E.
Published: March 2023

In considering the necessity for requirements to establish the airworthiness of helicopters it is essential to take into account the capabilities of the vehicle itself, the environment in which the vehicle is likely to be used and the abilities of the people most likely to be involved with the vehicle.

As envisaged by the inventors the helicopter is a vehicle which is capable of both vertical and translational flight. Unfortunately if the helicopter enters a cloud whilst engaged in vertical flight all visual reference is lost and the pilot is unable to correct any disturbance due to gustiness in the surrounding air. Conversely, if descending in vertical flight a situation can arise where the rotor develops a vortex ring and without forward speed the descent rate cannot be reduced until the helicopter hits the ground. It is therefore apparent that in flying the helicopter the pilot has to know its limitations and must be trained to handle the aircraft properly. Again in the course of flying the helicopter there is a probability that something will fail and if that probability is too high then such failures must be taken into account in assessing the airworthiness.
The role of management and trade unions in the future performance of British industry
Authors: Prior James
Published: March 2023

British trade unions were the first to protect the interests of working people because it was Britain that had pioneered industrial development. Most unions were based primarily on craft to begin with. They were an extension of the old guild system, and entrance into them required a long apprenticeship but conferred considerable benefits in terms of security and status. Many of them had complicated and often idealistic constitutions such as the Engineers Union with its democratic checks and balances based on the philosophy of Rousseau. In fact these early unions were designed as much to protect the workers in them against other workers as to take on the role of social organisations resisting unfair employers.

The large unions for manual workers came later as more and more working class people abandoned the land and fled to the factories. These unions were more embracing, less concerned about qualification and often survive today with essentially the same constitution and rule books of their original founders. The main role of these unions quickly became the alleviation of the lot of working people at a time when the worst type of industrial boss practised the survival of the fittest, while often the weak went to the wall.
A compliant wall, supersonic wind tunnel
Authors: Dowell E. H.
Published: March 2023

The self-correcting wind tunnel has attracted considerable interest in recent years as a concept for achieving minimum wall interference in a wind tunnel. Sears, et al., have presented an authoritative account which is recommended to the reader. Among their important conclusions is that a perforated wind tunnel wall (with control of the pressures in subdivided plenum chambers) is superior to control of impermeable, flexible walls such as suggested by Chevallier and Goodyer. In Reference 2 and 3 and the discussion in Reference 1 it is assumed that the impermeable, flexible wall is deformed into an a priori determined shape of fixed magnitude. The selection of wall shape function and its magnitude is made so as to minimise wind tunnel wall interference. In the present paper this concept is broadened to allow at least the magnitude of the wall shape to vary with flow conditions, e.g. flow dynamic pressure. More generally the shape function might vary as well. As will be shown there are advantages to such a compliant wall concept.
Recent applications of advanced computational methods in the aerodynamic design of transport aircraft configurations
Authors: Lynch F. T.
Published: March 2023

Aerodynamic designers of transport aircraft have been dreaming for decades of being able to use, for high speed design problems, some of the advanced computational tools that they now have available to them such as the three-dimensional transonic flow methods and three-dimensional finite-difference boundary-layer methods. It is anticipated by the designer and his management that the appropriate use of these new advanced computational methods on the wing design of the next subsonic transport aircraft configuration will typically result in an improved aerodynamic technology level, an improved aerodynamic efficiency for a given level of aerodynamic technology, and reduced design costs through a reduction in the amount of wind tunnel testing required and the resulting shortened time period required to define the final lines.
A case of recurrent human Dirofilaria repens infection in Uzbekistan
Authors: Safarov A. , Ionică A.M. , Akramova F. , Shakarbaev U. , Briciu V.T. , Ieremia A. , Berdibaev A. , Azimov D.
Published: March 2023

Dirofilaria repens is a zoonotic mosquito-borne filarioid that parasitizes in the subcutaneous tissues of carnivores, that has been incriminated in the great majority of human dirofilariasis cases reported throughout the Old World. From the Republic of Uzbekistan, recent data showed that this parasite is endemic in domestic and wild carnivores. In contrast, information regarding human infection is scarce and mostly outdated, with a single case report being published during the last decades. The present paper reports a case of recurrent autochthonous infection with D. repens in a patient living in the rural area of the Sirdaryo Region of Uzbekistan and having no international travel history. The first diagnosis was in 2019, when the patient presented with what was suspected to be a tumour of the left breast. Three years later, in 2022, she presented for a consultation after experiencing redness, occasional swelling and persistent itching in the umbilical region of the abdomen. The ultrasound indicated the presence of a living, motile nematode. Following anthelmintic therapy, the parasite was surgically removed and identified as a female D. repens. The present report highlights the possibility of human re-infection with D. repens and further underlines the necessity of raising public awareness and implementing of solid control strategies in carnivores.
Diminutivizing L-reduplication in Norwegian
Authors: Torgersen Henrik
Published: March 2023

This paper gives a broad overview of how Norwegian productively makes use of L-reduplication to convey diminutive meaning. I argue that this previously undescribed phenomenon is a diminutivizing process that copies the stressed vowel and any consonants until the next morpheme boundary. The construction can be attested as far back as the start of the 20th century and its realization varies geographically between two main variants. I show that L-reduplication is restricted phonologically, but applies productively (unlike other echo reduplicative processes) across different parts of speech.
Disentangling the relationship between callous-unemotional traits and unsupportive parenting through a developmental lens
Authors: Cao Vanessa T. , Davies Patrick T. , Sturge-Apple Melissa L.
Published: March 2023

Research suggests that unsupportive parenting practices are consistent but modest risk factors for children’s behavioral and social problems, emphasizing the importance in identifying sources of variability in children’s vulnerability. To address this research direction, this study examined children’s callous-unemotional (CU) traits (i.e., affective indifference; lack of guilt or empathy), as a moderator of the associations among maternal and paternal unsupportive parenting and their externalizing symptoms. Participants included 240 mothers, partners, and their children (Mage = 4.6 years; 56% girls) from diverse backgrounds (48% Black; 16% Latinx) who took part in a longitudinal multi-method study with two measurement occasions spaced 2 years apart. Findings from structural equation modeling indicated the prospective association between observational assessments of unsupportive maternal (but not paternal) parenting and residualized changes in teacher reports children’s externalizing problems over 2 years was significantly moderated by maternal reports of children’s callous-unemotional traits (β = −.21, p < .05). Follow-up analyses of the interaction provided support for differential susceptibility. These findings highlight that children with elevated CU traits may experience diminished susceptibility to parenting, while children with lower levels of CU traits may exhibit plasticity in response to socialization environments.
A Deceptive Stability: New Scholarship on Postwar Soviet Society
Authors: Huxtable Simon
Published: March 2023

In an essay written in 2013, Soviet historian Stephen Bittner called the wartime and post-1945 Soviet Union a ‘negentropic society’.1 Countering historians who emphasised the Soviet project's inevitable failure, Bittner argued that the Soviet Union defied the laws of thermodynamics in its capacity for reorganisation and regeneration, allowing it to survive in the face of multiple challenges. The essay was a rejoinder to those who would see harbingers of the Soviet collapse in the heterogeneous social tendencies of the postwar period. Instead, Bittner draws attention to the sources of cohesion that held the Soviet Union together through the challenges of wartime and beyond. However, Bittner intended his essay not as a general theory of post-war Soviet society, but as an observation about the integrative tendencies that kept the Soviet Union together during the Second World War and in the decades that immediately followed. So when did this alchemical potential for ‘self-organization, resilience, regeneration, redefinition, and creation of new social forms and structures’ come to an end?2
The Lab as a Classroom: Advancing Faculty Research Through Undergraduate Experiential Education
Authors: Bang Jensen Bree , Bresee Bernadette , Dreier Sarah K. , Farrokhi Ramin , Gade Emily K. , Jeffers Willa , Morris Marcella H. , Pabbaraju Charitra S. , Salehian Kayla , Sharifi Ava , Schuett Arica , Sirikupt Chonlawit , Thomas Emily , Villa Danielle
Published: March 2023

Both undergraduate students and faculty members face a challenging job market that requires innovative approaches to skill development and research products. Moreover, entrenched approaches to research and education reinforce traditional hierarchies, exclusionary norms, and exploitative practices. This article describes a lab-based pedagogical framework designed to support faculty research goals and student learning and, simultaneously, to attenuate patterns of historical exclusion. This approach leverages evidence-based best practices from experiential education, team-based workflows, an understanding of servant leadership, and “whole-person”–style mentorship models. We find that these tools advance faculty research goals (in terms of both quality and productivity), support student learning in ways beyond traditional undergraduate coursework, and disrupt patterns of historical exclusion. We provide qualitative evidence to support our model and discuss the hurdles and challenges still to be overcome.