bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The contribution of newly established populations to the dynamics of range expansion in a one‐dimensional fluvial‐estuarine system: rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Eastern Quebec
Authors: Thibault Isabel , Bernatchez Louis , Dodson Julian J.
Published: October 2009

Aim Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum 1792) is an exotic salmonid invading eastern Canada. First introduced for recreational fishing in Ontario, Quebec and the Maritime provinces, the species is now spreading in salmon rivers located in Eastern Quebec, where its stocking is strictly forbidden. Newly established populations have been found along the St Lawrence Estuary. To effectively mitigate the potential threat the invasion poses to native salmonids, we aimed to document the invasion’s origin and progress in the St Lawrence River and estuary. We first determined genetic origins among several potential wild and cultured source populations, found at the upstream and downstream extremities of the St Lawrence system. Thereafter, we studied the range expansion, predicting that the invasion process conforms to a one‐dimensional stepping‐stone dispersion model.

Location Recently invaded salmon rivers that flow into the Estuary and Gulf of St Lawrence in Quebec, and watercourses supporting naturalized populations (Lake Ontario, Lake Memphremagog and Prince‐Edward‐Island rivers).

Methods Rainbow trout from 10 potential source populations (wild and domestic strains) and 243 specimens captured in salmon rivers were genotyped at 10 microsatellite loci. Genetic origins of specimens and relationship between colonies were assessed using assignment analyses based on individuals and clusters.

Results Invasion of rainbow trout in Eastern Quebec is directed downstream, driven by migrants from upstream naturalized populations, found in the Ganaraska River (Lake Ontario), and, to a lesser extent, in Lake Memphremagog. Populations from the Maritime provinces and domestic strains do not contribute to the colonisation process. A recently established population in Charlevoix (Eastern Quebec) supplies other downstream colonies.

Main conclusions Rainbow trout is spreading from Lake Ontario downstream to Eastern Quebec using the St Lawrence River system as an invasion corridor. Range expansion in a downstream direction is driven by a more complex stepping‐stone dispersion model than predicted. Management options to protect native salmonids include reducing the effective size of the Charlevoix population, impeding reproduction in recently colonized rivers, halting the upstream migration of anadromous spawners, and curtailing stocking events inside the stocking area.
Chloroplast DNA phylogeography of the endangered Japanese red maple (Acer pycnanthum): the spatial configuration of wetlands shapes genetic diversity
Authors: Saeki Ikuyo , Murakami Noriaki
Published: October 2009

Aim  Japanese red maple (Acer pycnanthum K. Koch) is an endangered species which grows in discrete wetland ecosystems within a limited geographical range. It is an important relic of geologic time, an endemic of unique wetland ecosystems and an indicator of hotspots of plant species diversity. However, information on its genetic characteristics across its range is lacking. Our aim was to determine the genetic structure and diversity of the species and make recommendations for conservation.

Location  Wetlands in central Honshu Island, Japan.

Methods  We collected leaf samples from 400 individuals of A. pycnanthum in 30 populations, extracted total DNA from each and sequenced three non‐coding regions of chloroplast DNA.

Results  We identified nine haplotypes. High haplotype diversity (0.81) and the occurrence of rare haplotypes in eight distant populations suggest that wetlands provided multiple, adequate‐size refuges during the Last Glacial Maximum. We found only one to four haplotypes within populations. The high degree of differentiation (GST = 0.83) implies that gene flow by seeds among populations is restricted. Eight populations demonstrated a positive contribution to the total genetic diversity owing to occurrence of rare and private haplotypes. Such populations are concentrated in the south‐western part of the species distribution. According to the spatial autocorrelation analysis, there were significant spatial clusters of populations, which were characterized by similar haplotype composition. Using the haplotype distribution, samova and barrier detected nearly identical genetic boundaries.

Main conclusion  In spite of the species’ limited geographical range, we identified a relatively high number of haplotypes and a clear geographical structure. We propose six management units, which can be used for future conservation activities, such as introduction of new individuals for on‐site conservation projects and seed collection for ex situ conservation.
Neophyte species richness at the landscape scale under urban sprawl and climate warming
Authors: Nobis Michael P. , Jaeger Jochen A. G. , Zimmermann Niklaus E.
Published: October 2009

Aim  Land use and climate are two major components of global environmental change but our understanding of their simultaneous and interactive effects upon biodiversity is still limited. Here, we investigated the relationship between the species richness of neophytes, i.e. non‐native vascular plants introduced after 1500 AD, and environmental covariates to draw implications for future dynamics under land‐use and climate change.

Location  Switzerland, Central Europe.

Methods  The distribution of vascular plants was derived from a systematic national grid of 1 km2 quadrates (n = 456; Swiss Biodiversity Monitoring programme) including 1761 species, 122 of which were neophytes. Generalized linear models (GLMs) were used to correlate neophyte species richness with environmental covariates. The impact of land‐use and climate change was thereafter evaluated by projections for the years 2020 and 2050 using scenarios of moderate and strong changes for climate warming (IPCC) and urban sprawl (NRP 54).

Results  Mean annual temperature and the amount of urban areas explained neophyte species richness best, with a high predictive power of the corresponding model (cross‐validated D2 = 0.816). Climate warming had a stronger impact on the potential increase in the mean neophyte species richness (up to 191% increase by 2050) than ongoing urban sprawl (up to 10% increase) independently from variable interactions and model extrapolations to non‐analogue environments.

Main conclusions  In contrast to other vascular plants, the prediction of neophyte species richness at the landscape scale in Switzerland requires few variables only, and regions of highest species richness of the two groups do not coincide. The neophyte species richness is basically driven by climatic (temperature) conditions, and urban areas additionally modulate small‐scale differences upon this coarse‐scale pattern. According to the projections climate warming will contribute to the future increase in neophyte species richness much more than ongoing urbanization, but the gain in new neophyte species will be highest in urban regions.
Revisiting the Micro and Small Enterprise Sector in Kenya
Authors: House‐Soremekun Bessie
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this article is to review the state of the literature on the Micro and Small Enterprise (MSE) sector in Kenya to examine how entrepreneurs affect economic growth and development. First, it provides a brief assessment of Kenya’s development prospects in the 21st century. Second, it interrogates the literature with regard to some of the theoretical and empirical studies performed on the microenterprise sector in the global south on a general level, and in Kenya, from 1970–2009. Third, it discusses the important role of women in economic development and entrepreneurship.
Antichrist in the Middle Ages:Plus ça change…
Authors: Ryan Michael A.
Published: October 2009

Throughout the entirety of the European Middle Ages (ca. 500–1500 C. E.), Christianity functioned as a dominant force in political, social, and cultural matters, replete with figures both natural and supernatural. One of the most fascinating, and widely studied, individuals within the Christian worldview was the Antichrist. An entirely human, yet utterly evil, foil to Jesus Christ within Christian understanding, the Antichrist was the central figure whose advent would begin the various traumas of the Apocalypse and usher in the End Times. Although a terrible and traumatic figure, the Antichrist’s humanity is key to understanding him, as the name ‘Antichrist’ as applied to various individuals appears repeatedly throughout the Middle Ages in response to historic moments of crisis. Modern scholars in the fields of history, art history, and literature have recognized that the Antichrist’s mutability is crucial for comprehending him within the medieval context, as he served as a way to call for ecclesiastical reform or to criticize one’s political enemies. Scholars recently have begun to take note of medieval approaches to resisting the Antichrist. One of the most important tools at medieval people’s disposal was in the form of the occult sciences, such as astrology or alchemy. The Antichrist was thus more than just a shadowy and fearsome figure lurking in the darkness, but proved to be a central figure that drove intellectual, cultural, and religious matters alike during the Middle Ages.
From ‘Sale to Accession Deed’– Scanning the Historiography of Kashmir 1846–1947
Authors: Lone Fozia Nazir
Published: October 2009

This article revisits the historiographical context of Kashmir from its sale by British in 1846 to accession to India in 1947. Taking a holistic approach it explores the views of international, Indian, Pakistani and Kashmiri scholarships on crucial aspects of the history of Kashmir in this era. The endeavour would be to expound the paradigm shift in the historiographical writings and explore the major debates and dominant trends that arose in the history of Kashmir during the epoch 1846–1947.
Development of a new chitosan hydrogel for wound dressing
Authors: Ribeiro Maximiano P. , Espiga Ana , Silva Daniela , Baptista Patrícia , Henriques Joaquim , Ferreira Catarina , Silva Jorge C. , Borges João P. , Pires Eduardo , Chaves Paula , Correia Ilídio J.
Published: October 2009

Wound healing is a complex process involving an integrated response by many different cell types and growth factors in order to achieve rapid restoration of skin architecture and function. The present study evaluated the applicability of a chitosan hydrogel (CH) as a wound dressing. Scanning electron microscopy analysis was used to characterize CH morphology. Fibroblast cells isolated from rat skin were used to assess the cytotoxicity of the hydrogel. CH was able to promote cell adhesion and proliferation. Cell viability studies showed that the hydrogel and its degradation by‐products are noncytotoxic. The evaluation of the applicability of CH in the treatment of dermal burns in Wistar rats was performed by induction of full‐thickness transcutaneous dermal wounds. Wound healing was monitored through macroscopic and histological analysis. From macroscopic analysis, the wound beds of the animals treated with CH were considerably smaller than those of the controls. Histological analysis revealed lack of a reactive or a granulomatous inflammatory reaction in skin lesions with CH and the absence of pathological abnormalities in the organs obtained by necropsy, which supported the local and systemic histocompatibility of the biomaterial. The present results suggest that this biomaterial may aid the re‐establishment of skin architecture.
Treatment of nonhealing diabetic foot ulcers with a platelet‐derived growth factor gene‐activated matrix (GAM501): Results of a Phase 1/2 trial
Authors: Mulder Gerit , Tallis Arthur J. , Marshall V. Tracy , Mozingo David , Phillips Laurie , Pierce Glenn F. , Chandler Lois A. , Sosnowski Barbara K.
Published: October 2009

The results from a Phase 1/2 study of a replication‐defective adenovirus encoding human platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐B formulated in a bovine collagen (Ad‐5PDGF‐B; 2.6% collagen; GAM501) gel for nonhealing neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers is reported. The primary objectives of the study were to evaluate the safety, maximum‐tolerated dose, and preliminary biological activity of GAM501. Fifteen patients enrolled into the study with chronic, nonhealing ulcers received either a single administration of GAM501 at one of three dose levels, or up to four administrations of GAM501 at 1‐week intervals. All patients received standard of care treatment including debridement and were required to wear an off‐loading shoe. GAM501 was found to be safe and well tolerated with no evidence of systemic or local toxicity at all doses so no maximum‐tolerated dose was reached. Serum antibody titers to platelet‐derived growth factor‐B homodimer and collagen were negative and adenoviral DNA was not detected in the blood. In the 12 patients that completed the study, ulcer closure was observed by Month 3 in 10 patients, seven of whom received a single application of GAM501. In conclusion, GAM501 did not appear to have any toxicity at doses that showed biological activity. GAM501 holds promise as a potentially effective treatment for nonhealing diabetic foot ulcers.
Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO) and Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis, and Osteitis (SAPHO) Syndrome with Associated Neutrophilic Dermatoses: A Report of Seven Cases and Review of the Literature
Authors: Tlougan Brook E. , Podjasek Joshua O. , O’Haver Judith , Cordova Katherine B. , Nguyen Xuan H. , Tee Ronald , Pinckard‐Hansen Kay C. , Hansen Ronald C.
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  A growing body of literature has identified the association between neutrophilic dermatoses and multifocal, aseptic bone lesions in children, termed chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO). Classically, patients present with swelling, pain, and impaired mobility of the affected area, with skin lesions developing concurrently or in the future. Bone biopsy reveals inflammatory changes consistent with infectious osteomyelitis, but cultures and histologic staining invariably fail to identify an infectious source. Patients are refractory to antibiotic therapy, but dramatically respond to systemic steroids and may need to be maintained on low‐dose steroids to prevent relapse. Numerous authors have suggested that CRMO and synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome lie along the same clinical spectrum. In fact some believe that CRMO is the pediatric presentation of SAPHO. The two syndromes share numerous characteristics, including osteitis, a unifocal or multifocal presentation, hyperostosis, and pustulosis, which all occur in a generally healthy individual. Our seven patients, five of whom were diagnosed with CRMO, and two of whom were diagnosed with SAPHO syndrome further strengthen the idea that CRMO and SAPHO syndrome do indeed lie along the same clinical spectrum. In addition, we include two rare cases of pediatric Sweet’s syndrome with evidence of pathergy.
Acquired Acral Lipodystrophy in a 6‐Year‐Old Girl
Authors: Maffeis Laura , Vercellesi Paolo , Corona Fabrizia , Forzenigo Laura , Gelmetti Carlo
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  We report a case of partial lipodystrophy in a 6‐year‐old girl with normal lipid and glucose metabolism and no family history for similar disorders. The clinical presentation, the laboratory investigations and the natural history in our patient do not match the diagnostic criteria for any of the established lipodystrophy subsets.
Allergic Contact Granuloma: An Uncommon Reaction to Pierced Earrings in a Child
Authors: CAPRIOTTI KARA , LEE JASON B. , HYDE PATRICE
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  Allergic contact dermatitis associated with pierced earrings typically presents as erythematous patches and plaques, with prominent spongiosis histologically. The most common inciting metal is nickel. Allergic contact granulomatous reactions to pierced earrings are rare, and are often more nodular in appearance and associated with metals other than nickel. We hereby report the first case of allergic contact granulomas associated with pierced earrings in a child.
Adverse Effects of a Mole Removal Cream
Authors: MCALLISTER JOSEPHINE C. , PETZOLD CAMILA R. , LIO PETER A.
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  Mole removal creams available over the Internet pose potential dangers to unsuspecting patients. We report a case of keloid development following the application of such a product.
Protein Losing Enteropathy in Severe Atopic Dermatitis in an Exclusively Breast‐Fed Infant
Authors: HWANG JIN‐BOK , KANG YU NA , WON KYOUNG SOOK
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  We first report a case of protein losing enteropathy in severe atopic dermatitis in an exclusively breast‐fed 5‐month‐old infant. Protein losing enteropathy was confirmed by fecal α1‐antitrypsin clearance test and imaged successfully by 99mTc‐human serum albumin scintigraphy. The present case highlights that protein losing enteropathy in severe infantile atopic dermatitis is being a topic of concern and also an issue even in exclusive breast feeding patients.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Using Chitin‐coated Fabrics in a Rabbit Model
Authors: Kawai Tomoyuki , Yamada Takeki , Yasukawa Akio , Koyama Yoshihisa , Muneta Takeshi , Takakuda Kazuo
Published: October 2009

Experimental anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction was carried out in a rabbit model, in which a chitin‐coated polyester graft was used as the scaffold, and a noncoated graft was used as a control graft. After 8 weeks implantation, a mechanical test of the knee and histometric measurement of the graft and surrounding tissues were carried out. A tensile test of the femur‐graft‐tibia specimen showed that the knee treated with the coated graft had a peak resistance force of 42.2 ± 12.7 N, which was significantly greater than the 19.2 ± 15.3 N of the knee treated with the control graft. The histometric measurement revealed that the area of bone tissue within the section of the coated graft in the femoral bone tunnel was 3.43 ±  1.73 mm2, which was significantly greater than the area of 0.29 ± 0.37 mm2 of the control graft. Similarly, the area of soft tissue within and around the midsubstance of the coated graft located in the articular cavity was significantly greater than that of the control graft. The chitin coating enhanced the formation of bone tissue in the femoral bone tunnel and soft tissue in the articular cavity, and increased the attachment strength of the graft to the bone. Thus, the efficacy of the chitin coating for the ACL reconstruction scaffolds was demonstrated.
The Effect of Lyophilization on Graft Acceptance in Experimental Xenotransplantation Using Porcine Cornea
Authors: Lee Jeong‐Kyu , Ryu Yang‐Hwan , Ahn Jae‐Il , Kim Mi‐Kyung , Lee Tae‐Soo , Kim Jae‐Chan
Published: October 2009

The immunogenicity of lyophilized porcine cornea is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the possibility of using lyophilized porcine cornea as a substrate for ocular surface reconstruction. A porcine cornea stromal button was freeze‐dried and vacuum‐packed. Lyophilized and fresh porcine corneas were examined histologically, and then implanted into intrastromal pockets in live rat corneas. Cytokine concentrations in plasma and protein extracts from the corneal buttons of rats were measured using the fluorokine multianalyte profiling assay, and histologic examination was performed. Immunoreactivity to the α‐gal epitope was not found in lyophilized porcine corneas, whereas it was found in several keratocytes in fresh porcine corneas. The median survival time of rat corneas receiving lyophilized porcine transplants was 28.0 days, significantly longer than the 14.0‐day survival of rat corneas that received fresh porcine transplants (P < 0.05). CD45RO+ and CD68+ cells were observed in rejected corneas, and interleukin‐2 and interferon‐γ were elevated in rat plasma and corneal tissue. The lyophilized porcine corneal stroma, which is devoid of α‐gal epitope, is less antigenic, and may be a useful biomaterial for ocular surface reconstruction and corneal collagen supplementation.
Osteogenic Induction of Adipose‐derived Stromal Cells: Not a Requirement for Bone Formation In Vivo
Authors: Li Xiaoyu , Yao Jinfeng , Wu Ling , Jing Wei , Tang Wei , Lin Yunfeng , Tian Weidong , Liu Lei
Published: October 2009

Osteogenic induction was regarded as an indispensable step for adipose‐derived stromal cells (ADSCs) to have osteogenic ability. Non‐induced ADSCs can also produce bone in vivo and heal skeletal defects. The present study aimed to compare the bone‐forming ability of osteogenically induced ADSCs and non‐induced ADSCs in vivo. Tissue‐engineered constructs were prepared from osteogenically induced or non‐induced ADSCs and porous hydroxyapatite/beta‐tricalcium phosphate scaffolds. A scaffold without cells and an empty defect group were used as control. All were implanted in rat critical calvarial defects. After implantation for 6 and 12 weeks, bone formation was analyzed using histomorphometry and microcomputed tomography; there were no significant differences in the formation of new bone between osteogenically induced ADSCs and non‐induced ADSCs (P > 0.05). In conclusion, osteogenic induction of ADSCs is not an indispensable step for bone formation in vivo. Non‐induced ADSCs can also be used as seeding cells to construct bone tissue.
The risk of transfusion‐transmitted infections in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Jayaraman Sudha , Chalabi Zaid , Perel Pablo , Guerriero Carla , Roberts Ian
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND: Blood transfusions carry the risk of transmitting infections. This risk has been studied in detail in high‐income countries but not in sub‐Saharan Africa. This study estimates the risks of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), or hepatitis C virus (HCV) from a single unit of blood in sub‐Saharan Africa.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A mathematical model was constructed to quantify transfusion risks across 45 sub‐Saharan African countries using three components: the risk of a contaminated unit entering the blood supply, the risk that the unit will be given to a susceptible patient, and the risk that receipt of the unit will lead to infection in the recipient. Variables included prevalence of infection in donors, extent of blood testing, test sensitivity, and susceptibility of recipients. Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) African Region and a systematic review of the literature were used to parameterize the model. Uncertainty in the risk estimates was quantified using probabilistic sensitivity analysis.

RESULTS: The median overall risks of becoming infected with HIV, HBV, and HCV from a blood transfusion in sub‐Saharan Africa were 1, 4.3, and 2.5 infections per 1000 units, respectively. If annual transfusion requirements projected by the WHO were met, transfusions alone would be responsible for 28,595 HBV infections, 16,625 HCV infections, and 6650 HIV infections every year. Sensitivity analysis suggests that the true risks may be even higher.

CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to systematically quantify the risks of transfusion‐transmitted infections across sub‐Saharan Africa. Although the results are limited by the quality and quantity of available data, these may be the most reliable estimates at this time.
Legal Consciousness and Responses to Sexual Harassment
Authors: Blackstone Amy , Uggen Christopher , McLaughlin Heather
Published: October 2009

Studies of legal mobilization often focus on people who have perceived some wrong, but these studies rarely consider the process that selects them into the pool of potential “mobilizers.” Similarly, studies of victimization or targeting rarely go on to consider what people do about the wrong, or why some targets come forward and others remain silent. We here integrate sociolegal, feminist, and criminological theories in a conceptual model that treats experiencing sexual harassment and mobilizing in response as interrelated processes. We then link these two processes by modeling them as jointly determined outcomes and examine their connections using interviews with a subset of our survey respondents. Our results suggest that targets of harassment are selected, in part, because they are least likely to tell others about the experience. We also discuss strategies that workers employ to cope with and confront harassment. We find that traditional formal/informal dichotomies of mobilization responses may not fully account for the range of ways that individuals respond to harassment, and we propose a preliminary typology of responses.
Building Administrative Capacity: Lessons Learned From China
Authors: Tsao King Kwun
Published: October 2009

Professor Ali Farazmand's seminal article on “Building Administrative Capacity for the Age of Rapid Globalization: A Modest Prescription for the Twenty‐First Century” is a powerful and comprehensive treatise on the nature and characteristics of governance and public administration—indeed, a manifesto for action. The content is rich and the scope is wide. The timely discussion offers operational concepts that can be used to analyze and remedy the economic and political ills that have resulted from many years of ideologically charged laissez‐faire capitalism, including the current global credit crisis and financial meltdown (Friedman and Friedman 1990; Krugman 2007) that have affected governments and governance capacity worldwide.
The Present Challenges to ASPA as an Association That Promotes Public Professionalism
Authors: Svara James H. , Terry Larry D.
Published: October 2009

What is ASPA's place among core public professional organizations as well as public official associations? All public organizations are affected by tough competition for membership. Relatively few members of other public associations join ASPA, and vice versa. Only a minority of faculty members who teach in public affairs programs belong to ASPA, and at top schools, the proportion is even lower. When comparing ASPA to other public official associations, it is smaller in size and broader in scope, yet it remains a uniquely pan‐generalist organization. Its pan‐generalist character puts it at a disadvantage, but also offers distinct advantages. Like all public associations and nonprofits, ASPA faces stiff competition from increasingly specialized associations for membership. Its key future challenge, the authors suggest, will be to match its membership benefits effectively to the rapidly shifting expectations and needs of current and prospective members.
When Does the Public's Issue Agenda Affect the Media's Issue Agenda (and Vice‐Versa)? Developing a Framework for Media‐Public Influence*
Authors: Uscinski Joseph E.
Published: October 2009

Objective. The agenda‐setting literature has demonstrated the media's ability to set the issue agenda for the public. One byproduct of this work is that researchers have produced some evidence suggesting that the audience will, on occasion, set the issue agenda for the media. Given disparate sets of findings, researchers do not have a framework to better understand on which issues the media will set the agenda for the public and on which issues the public will set the agenda for the media. It is the goal of this article to provide empirical support for a framework suggesting that the events comprising issue areas predetermine the direction of influence between the media's and the public's issue agendas.

Methods. I construct a historical data set comprised of 35,000 stories from the nightly network news and responses to Gallup's Most Important Problem question. I look for evidence of causal influence between news issue content and public issue concerns using Granger analysis and vector autoregression.

Results. Issue areas comprised of spectacular events, such as defense, will be reported by the media and subsequently affect the salience the audience assigns to those issues. In issues not normally comprised of spectacular and singular events, such as energy and environment, public issue concerns appear to drive issue coverage in the news. Issues such as transportation and education, which comprise few spectacular events and little public concern, will receive sparse coverage in the media.

Conclusion. The findings provide support for a framework based on events; the types of events that typically comprise issue areas will affect the likelihood of those issues coming on the news agenda. This then affects the direction of influence between the public and the media. The framework supported here allows for the integration of the media effects and media content literatures. This has implications for understanding how the news agenda is constructed and how the commercial media meets democratic ideals.
Exploring the Impact of School Discipline on Racial Disproportion in the Juvenile Justice System*
Authors: Nicholson‐Crotty Sean , Birchmeier Zachary , Valentine David
Published: October 2009

It is widely recognized that African‐American youth are significantly overrepresented in many juvenile justice systems relative to their population percentages. Research has also determined that similar disproportion exists in school discipline and speculated about a “school‐to‐prison pipeline” for minority youth.

Objective.This study explores empirically the degree to which disciplinary decisions made in schools can help to explain observed rates of disproportionate minority contact with juvenile courts.

Methods.It does so in an assessment of education and justice system data from a sample of counties in Missouri.

Results.The findings suggest that racial disproportion in out‐of‐school suspensions, which cannot be explained solely by differences in delinquent behavior, is strongly associated with similar levels of disproportion in juvenile court referrals. The association between disproportionate patterns of school discipline and court referrals persists after controlling for poverty, urbanization, and other relevant factors.

Conclusions.The implication is that school‐based programs that offer alternatives to suspension and expulsion and promote disciplinary equity may help alleviate racial disproportion in the juvenile justice system.
Excess Control, Corporate Governance and Implied Cost of Equity: International Evidence
Authors: Guedhami Omrane , Mishra Dev
Published: October 2009

We investigate whether the separation between ownership and control rights can be costly to controlling shareholders and firms in terms of capital‐raising costs. Using estimates of the cost of equity capital implied by analyst earnings forecasts and growth rate for a sample of 1,207 firms from nine Asian and 13 Western European countries, we find strong, robust evidence that the cost of equity is increasing in excess control, while controlling for other firm‐level characteristics. This core finding persists after controlling for legal institutions variables.
Breast cancer cell growth inhibition by phenethyl isothiocyanate is associated with down‐regulation of oestrogen receptor‐α36
Authors: Kang Lianguo , Wang Zhao‐Yi
Published: October 2009

The dietary isothiocyanates (ITCs) exhibit strong chemopreventive activities for a variety of neoplasms including breast cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying ITC function in breast cancer cells have not been well established. Here, we found that phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) acted more potently than the ‘pure’ anti‐oestrogen ICI 182,780 to inhibit the growth of oestrogen receptor (ER)+ breast cancer MCF7 and H3396 cells and ER– MDA‐MB‐231 and SK‐BR‐3 cells. PEITC reduced the steady state levels of ER‐α and its novel variant, ER‐α36 in a dose‐and time‐dependent manner and inhibited oestrogen‐induced activation of the mitogen activated protein kinase/ERK 1/2 signaling pathway. However, ICI 182,780 that is potent in destabilization of ER‐α protein, failed to down‐regulate ER‐α36. Our results thus demonstrated that PEITC functions as a more potent ER‐α‘disruptor’ than the well‐known ICI 182,780 to abrogate ER‐mediated mitogenic oestrogen signaling in breast cancer cells, which provides a molecular explanation for the strong growth inhibitory activity of ITCs in breast cancer cells, and a rational for further exploration of ITCs as chemopreventive agents for human mammary carcinogenesis.
Improvement and long‐term stability of neuromuscular adaptation in implant‐supported overdentures
Authors: Heckmann S.M. , Heußinger S. , Linke J.J. , Graef F. , Pröschel P.
Published: October 2009

Objectives: In edentulous patients, implant‐supported overdentures can improve chewing efficiency and patient satisfaction, and even a positive impact on bone tissue preservation has been observed. The objective of this long‐term study was to investigate whether kinesiographic and electromyographic (EMG) parameters would also benefit from implant placement and whether the status achieved would remain consistent over time.

Material and methods: The functional adaptability of the neuromuscular system in edentulous patients has been recorded in four different states of restoration: (1) insufficient old dentures, (2) new complete dentures, (3) implant‐supported overdentures, and (4) implant‐supported overdentures 10 years in use. In each state of restoration, the neuromuscular adaptation was assessed during masticatory activity on the basis of myodynamic parameters such as vertical opening, frontal extension and closing velocity. EMG parameters, i.e. Musculus masseter and Musculus temporalis activities were recorded simultaneously.

Results: The results revealed a general increase in the myodynamic and EMG‐parameters. All of them clearly approached the values for normal dentate subjects and maintained this level over a period of 10 years. The significant changes between states 2 and 3 indicate that implant stabilization of dentures is accompanied by an immediate increase of the neuromuscular parameters.

Conclusions: In elderly edentulous patients, the treatment with two interforaminal implants provides evidence of neuromuscular adaptation towards values of healthy dentate. Thus, the known benefits of implant placement such as tissue perseverance and improved function are complemented by improved neuromuscular adaptation.
Patch testing with benzoyl peroxide: reaction profile and interpretation of positive patch test reactions
Authors: Ockenfels Hans‐Michael , Uter Wolfgang , Lessmann Holger , Schnuch Axel , Geier Johannes
Published: October 2009

Background:Patch testing with benzoyl peroxide 1% pet. frequently leads to (weak) positive reactions, often with uncertain clinical relevance.

Objectives:To describe the pattern of patch tests reactions to benzoyl peroxide and to identify patients at risk of a positive reaction.

Methods:Retrospective analysis of data from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK), 1992–2007.

Results:Benzoyl peroxide 1% pet. was tested in 29 758 patients. Weak positive reactions (erythema, infiltration, possibly papules) occurred in 6.5%, and strong positive reactions (erythema, infiltration, vesicles) in 1.3%. According to logistic regression analysis, strong positive reactions to benzoyl peroxide were associated with leg or face dermatitis, work as dental technicians, young age and being female. Patients with atopic dermatitis had a significantly increased risk of weak positive reactions only.

Conclusions:Our analysis confirms that benzoyl peroxide 1% pet. is a problematic patch test preparation. Hence, clinical relevance of reactions to benzoyl peroxide has to be assessed very carefully. Patients with atopic dermatitis are particularly prone to irritant reactions to benzoyl peroxide. True allergic reactions may occur in dental technicians and following the treatment of leg ulcers with highly concentrated benzoyl peroxide in past. In contrast, widely used acne treatments with benzoyl peroxide seems to sensitize only rarely.
Clinical relevance of positive patch test reactions to the 26 EU‐labelled fragrances
Authors: Van Oosten Eleonoor J. , Schuttelaar Marie‐Louise A. , Coenraads Pieter Jan
Published: October 2009

Background: Fragrance mix I (FM I) and fragrance mix II (FM II) in the European baseline series are used as screening tools for fragrance contact allergy. In 2005 the European Union (EU) required labelling of 26 fragrances when present in cosmetic products. INCI nomenclature is obligatory for such labelling.

Objectives: To describe frequencies of contact allergy to these 26 fragrance substances, and to evaluate clinical relevance of these positive reactions.

Methods: Three hundred and twenty patients with eczema suspected of being contact allergy to fragrances or cosmetics were patch tested with the EU‐declared fragrance chemicals, FM I and FM II.

Results: There were 76 positive reactions in 33 patients. Most reactions were to hexyl cinnamal and hydroxyisohexyl 3‐cyclohexene carboxaldehyde in 3.1%, followed by Evernia furfuracea (2.5%) and cinnamyl alcohol (2.5%). Twelve reactions to FM I and II were not confirmed by separate ingredients. Clinical relevance of positive reactions to fragrances was certain in 20/33 (61%).

Conclusions: 10.3% of the patients had positive patch tests in the EU‐list. Hydroxyisohexyl 3‐cyclohexene carboxaldehyde, a component of FM II, was the most frequent allergen, followed by Evernia furfuracea. Since Evernia furfuracea is not part of FM I or FM II, relevant reactions can be missed when only the European baseline series is used.
The dose–response relationship between the patch test and ROAT and the potential use for regulatory purposes
Authors: Fischer Louise Arup , Voelund Aage , Andersen Klaus Ejner , Menné Torkil , Johansen Jeanne Duus
Published: October 2009

Background: Allergic contact dermatitis is common and can be prevented. The relationship between thresholds for patch tests and the repeated open application test (ROAT) is unclear. It would be desirable if patch test and ROAT data from already sensitized individuals could be used in prevention.

Objectives: The aim was to develop an equation that could predict the response to an allergen in a ROAT based on the dose–response curve derived by patch testing.

Materials/methods: Results from two human experimental elicitation studies with non‐volatile allergens, nickel and the preservative methyldibromo glutaronitrile (MDBGN), were analysed by logistic dose–response statistics. The relation for volatile compounds was investigated using the results from experiments with the fragrance chemicals hydroxyisohexyl 3‐cyclohexene carboxaldehyde and isoeugenol.

Results: For non‐volatile compounds, the outcome of a ROAT can be estimated from the patch test by: EDxx(ROAT) = 0.0296 EDxx(patch test). For volatile compounds, the equation predicts that the response in the ROAT is more severe than the patch test response, but it overestimates the response.

Conclusions: This equation may be used for non‐volatile compounds other than nickel and MDBGN, after further validation. The relationship between the patch test and the ROAT can be used for prevention, to set safe levels of allergen exposure based on patch test data.
The continuing rise of contact dermatitis, Part 1: The academic discipline
Authors: Smith Derek R.
Published: October 2009

This article describes the history and development of contact dermatitis as an academic discipline, from early observations documented in ancient Egypt and Greece, to the current medical specialization we know today. Given its essential role in clinical diagnosis, the history of patch testing is also discussed, including the pioneering work of Städeler, von Hebra, Jadassohn, and others. The historical development of some international societies for contact dermatitis is provided, along with some discussion on bibliometric performance in this field. Overall, it can be seen that from humble beginnings, contact dermatitis is now thriving as a specialized field in clinical dermatology.
SHORT COMMUNICATION: History of Incidence of Autoimmune and Oncological Diseases in Identical Female Twins
Authors: Ulcova‐Gallova Z. , Brabcova H. , Kokes V. , Hradecky L. , Novotny Z. , Rokyta Z.
Published: October 2009

Problem  The aim of study was to investigate identical female twins born in 1977 suffered from autoimmune diseases (twin A – Sjogren’s syndrome, and twin B – systemic lupus erythematosus).

Method of study  It was refer retrospective analysis of both sisters suffered beside autoimmune alterations (Sjogren's syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus) also from gynecological diseases (twin A – praecancerosis of cervix uteri, twin B – carcinoma vaginae).

Results  Relationships between disease activities and severities in the female twins were similar and the treatments were directed according to clinical symptoms and laboratory results. Dramatic change, unfortunately, occurred with twin B. The reason may be the association between SLE activity (lupus nephritis), hematological complication (leukopenia) and oncological vaginal recidivation.

Conclusion  Association between autoimmune disease and gynecological cancer (or praecancerosis) is major risk than without immunology deviation. Twin A is periodically gynecologically observed.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: IL‐10 Modulates Placental Responses to TLR Ligands
Authors: Bayraktar Mehmet , Peltier Morgan , Vetrano Anna , Arita Yuko , Gurzenda Ellen , Joseph Ansamma , Kazzaz Jeffrey , Sharma Surendra , Hanna Nazeeh
Published: October 2009

Problem  Intra‐uterine infections increase production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. It is unclear whether different infectious agents determine the relative expression of pro‐and anti‐inflammatory cytokines.

Methods of study  We compared the placental inflammatory response induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin from Gram‐negative bacteria) with those induced by lipoteichoic acid (LTA, a cell wall component of Gram‐positive bacteria). Placental explants from term delivery were treated with either LPS or LTA, in the presence or absence of IL‐10, for 24 hrs. Cytokines, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production and cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) expression were quantified.

Results  Both LTA and LPS significantly induced several cytokines with LPS eliciting more potent effects. IL‐6 and IL‐8 were induced to comparable levels in response to both LTA and LPS whereas monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1) production was induced more by LTA, demonstrating a differential placental response to a specific toll‐like receptor (TLR) ligand. IL‐10 treatment significantly reduced most pro‐inflammatory cytokines as well as PGE2 induced by both LPS and LTA. Interestingly, IL‐10 down‐regulated LTA‐mediated MCP1 induction, but not that mediated by LPS. Moreover, IL‐10 was more effective in down‐regulating PGE2 after LPS‐ when compared with LTA stimulation.

Conclusions  Our results demonstrate that placental exposure to LTA and LPS appear to trigger distinct cytokine responses that can be modulated by IL‐10.
A clinical evaluation of mineral trioxide aggregate for root‐end closure of non‐vital immature permanent incisors in children‐a pilot study
Authors: Sarris Spyridoula , Tahmassebi Jinous F , Duggal Monty S , Cross Ian A
Published: October 2009

Abstract –  The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as an apexification material when used in non‐vital immature permanent incisors in children. Fifteen children with a mean age of 11.7 years and 17 non‐vital permanent incisors were ajudged suitable for inclusion. Standard endodontic procedures were followed and an apical plug of 3–4 mm was created by using MTA after a calcium hydroxide intracanal dressing had been applied for at least 1 week. Final obturation was completed by using thermoplastisized Gutta–Percha (Obtura II) at least 1 week following MTA placement. Subjects were reviewed clinically and radiographically at 3‐month intervals. Mean follow‐up time for MTA was 12.53 months (±2.94 SD). Of the total of 17 teeth treated, MTA placement was considered to be adequate in 13 teeth. The procedure showed clinical success in 94.1% of the cases, radiographic success was found to be 76.5% and in further three cases (17.6%) the outcome was considered to be uncertain. This is one of the very few studies that have reported the out coming of MTA as an apexification material in children with non‐vital teeth and incomplete root development. However, larger clinical studies are required to evaluate the long‐term success of this procedure.
A technique using resin composite with orthodontic wire to replace a missing tooth rapidly
Authors: Kitasako Yuichi , Ikeda Masaomi , Burrow Michael F. , Tagami Junji
Published: October 2009

Abstract –  A missing incisor or premolar tooth that requires a quick functional and esthetic repair, such as the case of tooth loss caused by trauma needs quick conservative treatment to maintain sound abutment teeth. The use of resin composite for direct fixed partial denture (FPD) can reduce problems associated with metal substructures, such as esthetic limitations and preparation of abutment teeth. However, mechanical failure of direct FPD often occurs because of design limitations and poor fabrication. This case report describes a direct resin composite FPD combined with an orthodontic wire framework. A small enamel dimple was prepared below the contact area, and a U‐shaped wire was formed and positioned in the prepared enamel dimples and bonded with resin cements. An alloy primer was applied to the surface of the wire, which was coated with adhesive resin and veneered with resin composite. The finishing of the margins and final polishing were completed a week after insertion. The FPD was contoured using fine composite diamond finishing burs and polished with silicone points. The combination of the U‐shaped wire and an enamel dimple below the contact area has shown good results over a period of more than 12 months in these two cases.
Decoronation for the management of an ankylosed young permanent tooth
Authors: Sapir Shabtai , Shapira Joseph
Published: October 2009

Abstract –  Replacement resorption rate is a variable process, and is dependent on age, basal metabolic rate, extra‐alveolar time, treatment prior to replantation, amount of root dentin, severity of trauma, and extent of periodontal ligament necrosis. In patients 7–16 years old a tooth is lost 3–7 years after the onset of root resorption. The complications that may develop as a consequence of ankylosis of a permanent incisor in children are due to the inevitable early loss of the traumatized tooth and local arrest of alveolar bone development. An ankylosed tooth should be removed before the changes become so pronounced that they compromise future prosthetic treatment. The treatment options may involve: interceptive regenerative treatment, early extraction of the ankylosed tooth, orthodontic space closure, intentional replantation, extraction of the ankylosed tooth followed with immediate ridge augmentation/preservation, auto‐transplantation, single tooth dento‐osseous osteotomy, and decoronation. The purpose of this article was to review the considerations involved in the decision‐making concerning the use of the decoronation technique for the treatment of a permanent incisor diagnosed as ankylosed.