bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Idea of Observation at Key West, or, Systems Theory, Poetry, and Form Beyond Formalism
Authors: Wolfe Cary
Published: August 2008

When he died, Niklas Luhmann left behind scattered notes on a project on “Poetry and Social Theory.” Central to Luhmann’s understanding of the specificity of poetry is his well-known articulation of the autopoietic closure and difference of psychic systems and social systems, consciousness and communication, each operating by means of self-reference and recursivity. It is within the context of this difference that Luhmann understands the significance to poetry of characteristic themes and problems such as incommunicability, ineffability, silence, and so on-themes that reach their high water mark with romanticism. But he understands them specifically within a posthumanist context: that is to say, as expressions not of a psychological or emotional interiority that reveals itself in language (even if only to gesture toward language’s inadequacy), but rather as expressions of a set of differences--most importantly, the difference between communication and perception, which in poetry are “miraculously” made to coincide when the material form of the signifier duplicates the semantics of communication (in familiar devices such as rhyme, rhythm, and so on). Even more interesting and challenging for rethinking the concept of form, however, is the circumstance in which the material form and semantics of the signifier do not coincide-a circumstance insisted upon with particular rigor in the poetry of Wallace Stevens. This essay deploys Luhmann’s concept of form-and more generally, his understanding of art as a social system-to explore Stevens’ poetics, and uses Luhmann’s theory of first- and second-order observation to explain how Stevens’ “romantic modernism” is most rigorous and systematic precisely where it is most insistently confounding and paradoxical.
Jagannath's Saligram: On Bruno Latour and Literary Critique After Postcoloniality
Authors: Ray Amit , Selinger Evan
Published: August 2008

Bruno Latour has turned to Indian vernacular fiction to illustrate the limits of ideology critique. In examining the method of literary analysis that underlies his appropriation of postcolonial history and culture, we appeal to Edward Said's notion of "traveling theory" in order to discuss critically the aesthetic as well as political stakes of using the technology of the modern novel for the allegorical purposes that Latour has in mind. We argue that Latourian analysis fails to uphold its own rigorous aspirations when it reduces complex literary and cultural representation to universal allegory.
Terror of the Ethical: On Levinas's Il y a
Authors: Marder Michael
Published: August 2008

This essay inquires into the uncanny, unpredictable, and terrifying dimension of Levinasian ethics that retains the trace of impersonal existence or il y a (there is) . After establishing that being, labor, and sense are but folds in the infinite fabric of the there is , the folds that Levinas terms "hypostasis," the article follows the double possibility of their unfolding or unraveling into two infinities: that of il y a and that of the ethical relation. The focus is on the inflection of the second infinity by the first, detectable in the "inter-face" of justice and ethics in the unique Other who/that contains the anonymous third ( illeity ), in the facelessness of the face connoted by the French visage and the Hebrew panim , and in the Other's nocturnal non-phenomenality. "Terror of the ethical" concludes with the hypothesis that ethics does not stifle the primordial horror of the there is but temporalizes it, thriving on the boundlessness and passivity it introduces into my existence and leaving enough time to fear for the Other.
Spins
Authors: Mowitt John
Published: August 2008

This essay explores some of the points of contact between philosophical reflection and dance. Paying close attention to way the figure of dance is put to work in texts by Norbert Elias, Karl Marx, Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Paul de Man, Plato, and Jacques Derrida, the essay teases out a connection between the philosophical gesture of exemplification, the non sequitur whereby the abstract is propped up by or otherwise made to lean upon the concrete, and the move to an "outside" of the text understood either simply as reference, or more ambitiously as revolution. When, as is the case with the texts attended to here, dance is the example exemplified, a swirling field of reflexive associations arise around it, associations that invite us to recognize in dance a stance to be taken, perhaps even a set of steps to be followed, as activists and scholars alike contemplate what will be required to get from one world to another.
Technics of the Subject: The Avatar-Drive
Authors: Apter Emily
Published: August 2008

This essay considers the digital avatar not simply as a name for a virtual double of the player of videogames, but as bound to or manifesting psychological drive, a kind of homunculus of the drive. Drawing on a wide range of theories that have informed technical constructions of the subject, it applies in particular an important moment in Lacan's description of the drive to the concept of the gaming "avatar." It argues that the avatar is a variant of precursor representations of the drive specific to the technical imaginary of videogames.
Anomalous Origin of the Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA) in Four Calves
Authors: Shank A. M. , Bryant U. K. , Jackson C. B. , Williams N. M. , Janes J. G.
Published: August 2008

Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA), or Bland-White-Garland syndrome, is a rare congenital malformation described in children and adults. In this condition, the left coronary artery, which normally originates from the left coronary sinus in the aorta, instead originates from the pulmonary trunk, which results in retrograde flow of blood away from the myocardium into the lower-pressure pulmonary artery. Myocardial hypoxic-ischemic injury results in cardiac dysfunction, failure, and eventually in patient death if not surgically repaired. This report describes gross and microscopic findings in 4 beef calves with ALCAPA. All the calves had a history of being found dead with few or no premonitory signs, 2 shortly after sudden strenuous exercise. Gross necropsy lesions suggestive of heart failure included cardiomegaly with atrial and ventricular dilation and/or ventricular hypertrophy, and hepatomegaly. Dissection of each heart revealed the origin of the left coronary artery arising in the pulmonary trunk above the anterior cusp of the pulmonic valve. No other cardiac anomalies were identified. Histopathologic changes in the heart included cardiomyocyte degeneration; mineralization; and fiber loss, with replacement by fibrous connective tissue, predominantly in the left ventricular papillary muscle and the interventricular septum. Changes observed in the liver and lungs, including hepatomegaly, sinusoidal congestion, centrilobular fibrosis, and pulmonary congestion, edema, and intra-alveolar pigment-laden macrophages were consistent with heart failure.
Cervical Spinal Chordoma with Chondromatous Component in a Dog
Authors: Gruber A. , Kneissl S. , Vidoni B. , Url A.
Published: August 2008

A 7-year-old male Belgian Shepherd dog was presented with sudden onset of lateral recumbency and tetraparesis. At the level of the third cervical vertebra, magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated an intrameningeal and intramedullary mass lesion. The animal was subsequently euthanatized. A necropsy revealed a semitranslucent solid mass infiltrating dorsal and ventral dura mater and the spinal cord. Histologic examination revealed a lobulated pleomorphic mass, mainly resembling undifferentiated cartilage interspersed by spindle-shaped and polygonal cells with highly vacuolated cytoplasm (physaliphorous cells). Immunohistochemistry of the tumor cells demonstrated dual expression of vimentin and cytokeratin. Based on the histologic and immunohistochemical results, the diagnosis of a chordoma with chondromatous component was made.
Characterization of Uterine Granular Cell Tumors in B6C3F1 Mice: A Histomorphologic, Immunohistochemical, and Ultrastructural Study
Authors: Veit A. C. , Painter J. T. , Miller R. A. , Hardisty J. F. , Dixon D.
Published: August 2008

The granular cell tumor is most often a benign neoplasm of uncertain origin. Four uterine granular cell tumors in control and treated female B6C3F1 mice were identified in chronic studies at the National Toxicology Program. Two tumors occurred in untreated control animals and 2 in treated animals receiving different compounds. Tissue sections were evaluated histologically and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff with diastase resistance, Masson's trichrome, toluidine blue, phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin, and stained immunohistochemically with a panel of antibodies to muscle (desmin, alpha smooth muscle actin), neural (S-100, neuron specific enolase), epithelial (wide-spectrum cytokeratin), and macrophage (F4/80) markers. The main histomorphologic feature of tumor cells was the presence of abundant cytoplasmic eosinophilic granules that stained positive for periodic acid-Schiff with diastase resistance. Tumors varied in appearance and were comprised of sheets and nests of round to polygonal cells with distinct borders. Nuclei were hyperchromatic, pleomorphic, and centrally to eccentrically located and often contained single nucleoli. Occasional multinucleated giant cells were observed. Tumors were pale pink and homogeneous with trichrome stain and negative with toluidine blue. Three tumors had positive to weakly positive immunoreactivity for desmin, and 1 was positive for alpha smooth muscle actin. Expression of S-100, wide-spectrum cytokeratin, and neuron-specific enolase was negative for all tumors. Ultrastructurally, prominent electron-dense cytoplasmic granules were abundant and contained secondary lysosomes with heterogeneous lysosomal contents. The characteristics of these uterine granular cell tumors were suggestive of a myogenic origin.
Spontaneous Tumors in Domestic Hamsters
Authors: Kondo H. , Onuma M. , Shibuya H. , Sato T.
Published: August 2008

A total of 90 tumors from 85 domestic hamsters (70 Djungarian hamsters and 15 Syrian hamsters) were examined by histology. In the Djungarian hamsters, 64 neoplastic and 11 non-neoplastic lesions were identified, whereas 14 Syrian hamsters showed neoplastic disease, and one showed non-neoplastic disease. The Djungarian hamsters showed a high prevalence of neoplastic disease, similarly to laboratory Djungarian hamsters. In the Djungarian hamsters, almost all tumors were integumental, whereas hematopoietic tumors were the most common type in the Syrian hamsters. The most common integumental tumors in the Djungarian hamsters were mammary tumors, atypical fibromas and papillomas, and a spectrum of integumental tumors that have not been reported in laboratory Djungarian hamsters were identified. Most mammary tumors occurred in the females, whereas all atypical fibromas were observed in the males. In the Syrian hamsters, plasmacytomas and lymphomas were the most common tumors. The small number of Syrian hamsters in this study may reflect the low prevalence of spontaneous tumors seen in laboratory Syrian hamsters. The mean age of the affected hamsters was 19.8 months, which is relatively advanced. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study of tumors in domestic hamsters.
Malignant Amelanotic Melanoma Behind the Left Eye in a Female Crj:CD(SD)IGS Rat: A Case Report
Authors: Kurotaki T. , Tomonari Y. , Kanno T. , Wako Y. , Tsuchitani M.
Published: August 2008

A tumor behind the left eye in a female Crj:CD(SD)IGS rat was investigated histopathologically, immunohistopathologically, and electron microscopically. The tumor invaded and destroyed orbital tissues and bones. It consisted of various tumor cells; namely, spindle-shaped, epithelioid, anaplastic melanoma cells, and had prominent eosinophilic cytoplasm and nuclei with a greater variation in size. Immunohistochemically, almost all of the tumor cells were positive for antimelanoma, PNL2 antibody. Ultrastructurally, the tumor cells were rich in small vesicles containing fine granules and filamentous structures. This is the first report describing an amelanotic melanoma in the head of an albino rat.
Oviduct Adenocarcinoma in Some Species of Captive Snakes
Authors: Pereira M. E. , Viner T. C.
Published: August 2008

This article reports 5 cases of oviduct adenocarcinoma in adult captive snakes from Smithsonian's National Zoological Park. This neoplasm was found in 1 of each of the following species: emerald tree boa ( Corallus caninus), Amazonian tree boa ( Corallus enydris enydris), Burmese rock python ( Python molurus bivittatus), Northern pine snake ( Pituophis melanoleucus melanoleucus), and corn snake ( Elaphe guttata). Grossly, tan to red firm masses were found within oviducts in 3 cases. In an additional 2 cases, the primary tumor was detected only histologically. Microscopically, neoplasms were papillary, and often extended transmurally. The neoplastic cells were polygonal and organized in acini or cords, with often abundant fibrovascular stroma. Hemorrhages and necrosis were present in all cases. Inflammation, myxomatous material, desmoplasia, and bacteria were often observed. Histologic evidence of metastasis was present in all cases. Solid metastases were seen in all animals except the Northern pine snake and involved several organs including the liver, lung, and heart. Emboli of neoplastic cells were observed in all animals but the Burmese rock python and corn snake.
Review Paper: Pathophysiology of Myocardial Reperfusion Injury: The Role of Genetically Engineered Mouse Models
Authors: Ramachandran A. , Jha S. , Lefer D. J.
Published: August 2008

Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, affecting millions of men and women each year. Following an acute myocardial infarction, early and successful reperfusion therapy with thrombolytic therapy or primary percutaneous coronary intervention plays an important role in minimizing tissue injury associated with cessation of blood flow. The process of restoring blood flow to the ischemic myocardium, however, can induce additional injury. This phenomenon, termed myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI-R) injury, can paradoxically reduce the beneficial effects of myocardial reperfusion. MI-R injury is characterized by the formation of oxygen radicals upon reintroduction of molecular oxygen to the ischemic tissue, resulting in widespread lipid and protein oxidative modifications, mitochondrial injury, and cell death. In addition, studies have shown that MI-R is characterized by an inappropriate immune response in the microcirculation, resulting in leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions mediated by the upregulation of both leukocyte and endothelial cell adhesion molecules. Furthermore, MI-R ameliorates the production of certain cardioprotective factors such as nitric oxide. Advances in the generation of genetically modified mouse models enable researchers to identify the functional importance of genes involved in these processes.
Review Paper: Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome
Authors: Sebastian M. M. , Bernard W. V. , Riddle T. W. , Latimer C. R. , Fitzgerald T. D. , Harrison L. R.
Published: August 2008

An epidemic of early fetal loss (EFL), late fetal loss (LFL), fibrinous pericarditis, and unilateral uveitis which occurred during the spring of 2001, are together now known as the mare reproductive loss syndrome (MRLS). A similar epidemic with less intensity was reported during the same period of time from southern Ohio, West Virginia, and Tennessee. The same syndrome with lesser intensity recurred in 2002. The estimated economic loss from the syndrome in 2001 and 2002 together was approximately $500 million. Both EFL and LFL were characterized by the absence of specific clinical signs in aborting mares. Nonhemolytic Streptococcus spp. and Actinobacillus spp. accounted for 65% of the organisms isolated from fetuses submitted for a postmortem during the MRLS period in 2001 and 2002. The pathologic findings in fetoplacental units of LFL included bronchopneumonia and funisitis, and there were no findings in EFL. Epidemiologic studies conducted in 2001 suggested an association between the presences of eastern tent caterpillars (ETC) in pastures with MRLS. Experimental studies in pregnant mares by exposure to ETC, or administration by stomach tube or with feed material, reproduced EFL and LFL. Similar experimental studies in mouse, rats, and goats with ETC were unsuccessful. Currently, 2 hypotheses are proposed for MRLS. One hypothesis proposes that an ETC-related toxin with secondary opportunistic bacterial invasion of the fetus leads to MRLS. The second hypothesis suggests that a breach of gastrointestinal mucosal integrity by hairs of ETC leads to a bacteremia and results in MRLS. In 2004, a similar equine abortion storm was reported from Australia and caterpillar exposure was identified as a risk factor for the abortion. In 2006, the syndrome was observed in Florida and New Jersey.
Prevalence of Suicidal Ideation Among Boys and Men Assessed Annually from Ages 9 to 29 Years
Authors: Kerr David C. R. , Owen Lee D. , Pears Katherine C. , Capaldi Deborah M.
Published: August 2008

In a sample of 206 boys (90% Caucasian), self‐reported suicidal ideation (SI; ages 12 to 29) and parent‐reported youth suicidal talk (ages 9 to 20) were assessed annually by questionnaire. One‐week point prevalence of self‐reported SI ranged from 2.6% to 16.3%. New cases emerged across adolescence; by age 29, 57.3% self‐reported SI at least once. SI was associated with clinically significant elevations on concurrent depressive symptoms. Nearly one quarter (24.8%) of parents reported suicidal talk by their son by age 20. Parent‐ and self‐reports showed low correspondence. SI was more common than retrospective studies suggest. Parent‐reports and one‐time self‐reports are likely to miss large numbers of adolescent boys who may be at risk.
Suicidal Ideation in College Students Varies Across Semesters: The Mediating Role of Belongingness
Authors: Van Orden Kimberly A. , Witte Tracy K. , James Lisa M. , Castro Yessenia , Gordon Kathryn H. , Braithwaite Scott R. , Hollar Daniel L. , Joiner Thomas E.
Published: August 2008

The interpersonal‐psychological theory of suicidal behavior (Joiner, 2005) proposes that the need to belong is fundamental; when met it can prevent suicide and when thwarted it can substantially increase the risk for suicide. We investigate one source of group‐wide variation in belongingness among college students—changes in the social composition of college campuses across academic semesters—as an explanation for variation in suicidal ideation across the academic year. Our results indicate that in a sample of college students at a large southern state university (n = 309), suicidal ideation varied across academic semesters, with highest levels in summer compared to both spring and fall. Differences in suicidal ideation between summer and spring were, in large part, accounted for by belongingness. Theoretical, as well as practical, implications are discussed regarding mechanisms for seasonal variation in suicidal ideation.
Attempted Suicide Among Iranian Population
Authors: Sheikholeslami Homayoun , Kani Camellia , Ziaee Amir
Published: August 2008

Predictors of suicide attempts in Iran, to distinguish any similarities and differences of these predictors between suicide attempts in Iran and other developed and developing countries and to investigate the relation between general psychiatric symptoms and repetition of suicidal attempts were assessed. The validated Farsi version of the General Health Questionnaire‐28 (GHQ‐28) was used to assess multiple dimensions of quality of life of suicide attempters as depression, anxiety, social dysfunction, and somatic symptoms. Pivotal differences emerged in the clinical profiles of suicide attempters living in a developing country versus developed countries. In developing countries, those who attempt suicides are more likely to have no psychiatric disorder and are less likely to have used alcohol as part of the suicide attempt, but are more likely to have been assaulted physically or verbally. The results on the GHQ‐28 indicate that the process through which individuals move from suicidal thought to action may decrease multiple dimensions of quality of life.
Selection Mapping of Loci for Quantitative Disease Resistance in a Diverse Maize Population
Authors: Wisser Randall J , Murray Seth C , Kolkman Judith M , Ceballos Hernán , Nelson Rebecca J
Published: August 2008

The selection response of a complex maize population improved primarily for quantitative disease resistance to northern leaf blight (NLB) and secondarily for common rust resistance and agronomic phenotypes was investigated at the molecular genetic level. A tiered marker analysis with 151 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers in 90 individuals of the population indicated that on average six alleles per locus were available for selection. An improved test statistic for selection mapping was developed, in which quantitative trait loci (QTL) are identified through the analysis of allele-frequency shifts at mapped multiallelic loci over generations of selection. After correcting for the multiple tests performed, 25 SSR loci showed evidence of selection. Many of the putatively selected loci were unlinked and dispersed across the genome, which was consistent with the diffuse distribution of previously published QTL for NLB resistance. Compelling evidence for selection was found on maize chromosome 8, where several putatively selected loci colocalized with published NLB QTL and a race-specific resistance gene. Analysis of F2 populations derived from the selection mapping population suggested that multiple linked loci in this chromosomal segment were, in part, responsible for the selection response for quantitative resistance to NLB.
Titanium Acts on Osteoblast Translational Process
Authors: Palmieri Annalisa , Pezzetti Furio , Avantaggiato Anna , Muzio Lorenzo Lo , Scarano Antonio , Rubini Corrado , Guerzoni Laura , Arlotti Marzia , Ventorre Dario , Carinci Francesco
Published: August 2008

Titanium is a highly biocompatible material and very osteogenic in vivo. However, how titanium regulates osteoblast activity to promote bone formation is incompletely characterized. We, therefore, attempted to get more information by using microRNA (miRNA) microarray techniques to investigate translation regulation in osteoblasts grown on titanium disks. The miRNA oligonucleotide microarray provides a novel method to carry out genome-wide miRNA profiling in human samples. By using miRNA microarrays containing 329 probes designed from the human miRNA sequence, several miRNA were identified in osteoblast-like cell line (MG 63) grown on titanium disks. There were 13 up-regulated miRNAs (ie, mir-23a, mir-222, mir-523, mir-22, mir-23b, mir-143, mir-377, mir-24, mir-422b, mir-26a, mir-29a, mir-17–5p, mir-182) and 2 down-regulated miRNAs (ie, mir-187, mir-339). The data reported are, to our knowledge, the first study on translation regulation in osteoblasts exposed to titanium. The data can be relevant to understand better the molecular mechanism of osteoblast activation and as a model for comparing other materials with similar clinical effects.
Soft Tissue Preservation and Crestal Bone Loss Around Single-Tooth Implants
Authors: Sunitha V Raja , Ramakrishnan T. , Kumar S Sunil , Emmadi Pamela
Published: August 2008

Maintenance of interdental soft tissue and the need for esthetics are being increasingly recognized as important criteria for implant success. Statistically significant correlations have been found between the incidence of implant failure and vertical bone loss adjacent to implants. Thus, it is widely recognized that peri-implant bone resorption before loading may compromise implant success. This study aims to evaluate the effect of flap elevation on peri-implant bone loss during the healing period. Twenty sites around 10 implants were included in the study, and the effect of 2 different flap designs on the crestal height of bone was evaluated. The results of the study have shown that flap elevation can lead to increased bone loss during the healing period, with statistically significant results up to the 90-day period.
The Role of Nitric Oxide on the Proliferation of a Human Osteoblast Cell Line Stimulated With Hydroxyapatite
Authors: Sosroseno Wihaskoro , Sugiatno Erwan , Samsudin Abdul Rani , Ibrahim Mohd Fikri
Published: August 2008

The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the proliferation of a human osteoblast cell line (HOS cells) stimulated with hydroxyapatite (HA) may be regulated by nitric oxide (NO). The cells were cultured on the surface of HA. Medium or cells alone were used as controls. L-arginine, D-arginine, 7-NI (an nNOS inhibitor), L-NIL (an iNOS inhibitor), L-NIO (an eNOS inhibitor) or carboxy PTIO, a NO scavenger, was added in the HA-exposed cell cultures. The cells were also precoated with anti-human integrin αV antibody. The levels of nitrite were determined spectrophotometrically. Cell proliferation was assessed by colorimetric assay. The results showed increased nitrite production and cell proliferation by HA-stimulated HOS cells up to day 3 of cultures. Anti-integrin αV antibody, L-NIO, or carboxy PTIO suppressed, but L-arginine enhanced, nitrite production and cell proliferation of HA-stimulated HOS cells. The results of the present study suggest, therefore, that interaction between HA and HOS cell surface integrin αV molecule may activate eNOS to catalyze NO production which, in turn, may regulate the cell proliferation in an autocrine fashion.
Screwless Fixed Detachable Partial Overdenture Treatment for Atrophic Partial Edentulism of the Anterior Maxilla
Authors: Flanagan Dennis
Published: August 2008

This is a case report of the restoration of a partially edentulous atrophic anterior maxilla and atrophic mandibular posterior ridges. This case report demonstrates one method for successful treatment of partial edentulism at No. 7 to 10, where interlock attachments on natural cuspids and mini dental implants support an acrylic-based screwless fixed detachable partial denture to provide lip support and masticatory function in the anterior maxilla. The presenting qualities of this case were similar to combination syndrome.
Management Perspectives on Coaster Brook Trout Rehabilitation in the Lake Superior Basin
Authors: Schreiner Donald R. , Cullis Ken I. , Donofrio Michael C. , Fischer Gregory J. , Hewitt Laura , Mumford Karen G. , Pratt Dennis M. , Quinlan Henry R. , Scott Steven J.
Published: August 2008

Coaster brook trout are a migratory form of brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis that spend part of their lives in the Great Lakes. Over the last century the abundance of coaster brook trout in Lake Superior has declined dramatically, and only remnant stocks remain. Recently, the rehabilitation of coaster brook trout in Lake Superior has become a goal of fish management agencies. The specific goal agreed upon by all of the agencies involved is to maintain widely distributed, self-sustaining populations in as many of the historical habitats as practical. We discuss realistic expectations for rehabilitation and emphasize the need for management agencies, academia, and angling organizations to work cooperatively. We first present a brief history of coaster brook trout in Lake Superior, then discuss habitat requirements and protection, the regulations required for rehabilitation, stocking, species interactions, and the role that human dimensions play in rehabilitation. The management issues that must be addressed are implementation of a basinwide survey to identify remnant stocks and critical habitat, restrictive harvest regulations, watershed rehabilitation, critical biological review, and the formulation of expectations before experimental stocking programs are initiated, along with coordinated, basinwide information sharing and cooperative management among agencies similar to that undertaken during the rehabilitation of lake trout Salvelinus namaycush in Lake Superior. Future research needs include basic coaster biology and life history, habitat use in streams and the lake, interaction with other species in the Lake Superior fish community, and interaction between stream-resident and coaster brook trout. Successful rehabilitation will require a shift from a harvest fishery to one with minimal or no harvest of coaster brook trout in the Lake Superior basin. Coaster brook trout rehabilitation will take time and will proceed at different rates at different locations, depending on the presence of remnant stocks, quality of habitat, angling pressure, and political will.
Brook Trout Declines with Land Cover and Temperature Changes in Maryland
Authors: Stranko Scott A. , Hilderbrand Robert H. , Morgan Raymond P. , Staley Mark W. , Becker Andrew J. , Roseberry-Lincoln Ann , Perry Elgin S. , Jacobson Paul T.
Published: August 2008

We examined the influence of landscape alteration and in situ stream habitat variables on brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis by using a landscape-scale, space-for-time substitution analysis and a smaller data set that tracked long-term changes in land use over time. Forested land cover within a catchment was the overall best landscape-scale predictor of brook trout occurrence at a given site; measures of impervious land cover and urbanization were also important predictors. Brook trout were almost never found in watersheds where impervious land cover exceeded 4%, as assessed from the 2001 National Land Cover Dataset (2001 NLCD); the single exception was in a stream that displayed consistently low water temperatures. Landscape-scale analyses indicated that increases in water temperature and erosion were associated with increasing percentages of urbanization and imperviousness and decreasing percentage of forested land cover. Three of six brook trout populations that were followed over time were extirpated within the last 15 years (between 1990 and 2005), coinciding with increases in urbanization and impervious land cover. At these sites, water temperatures were substantially greater than at the three sites with extant brook trout. Land use amounts derived from high-resolution aerial photography showed substantially greater amounts of urbanization and particularly impervious land cover than did amounts derived from the 2001 NLCD. The differences in measured land cover between imagery types warrant caution when stating upper threshold limits of land cover, because use of imagery methods interchangeably may produce inconsistent results. Our findings suggest that brook trout are very sensitive to landscape alterations in Maryland and disappear at low levels of impervious land cover regardless of the specific mechanism involved.
Evaluation of Predicted Fish Distribution Models for Rare Fish Species in South Dakota
Authors: Hayer Cari-Ann , Wall Steven S. , Berry Charles R.
Published: August 2008

Predictive fish distribution models have utility in planning conservation measures for rare fish species. However, species rarity creates sampling and modeling difficulties that require an understanding of model accuracy. We evaluated existing distribution models for 10 rare fishes based on 2,026 community fish samples and associated riverine habitat. Our fieldwork provided an independent fish species inventory for 143 sample sites. This inventory was used to quantify species detectability for use as a weighting factor with which to correct false-negative modeling errors. Presence/absence data were compared with predictions to evaluate model accuracy as determined by Cohen's kappa and correct classification rates. Detection probabilities were generally small but ranged from 0 to 0.68. The models predicted species occurrence with relatively high success (average kappa = 45.6% and average correct classification rate = 74.1%). The habitat variables for predicting species occurrence varied among species; however, stream size and streamflow were the most influential. All distribution models had adequate predictive abilities and improved our understanding of fish distributions and the factors determining those distributions. Model accuracy statistics can provide managers with a measure of confidence when they are directing conservation activities.
38.4L: Late‐News Paper: A New Vertical Alignment Mode for TFT‐LCDs
Authors: Kim Heesub , Hong Sung‐Kyu , Kim Jonglae , Lee Baek‐Woon , Yang Young‐Chol , Kim Sang Il , Chai Chong‐Chul , Shin Kyoung‐Ju , Jang Hyeon‐Yong , Sakong Dongsik , Chung Kyuha , Lee Kunjong , Souk Jun‐Hyung
Published: August 2008

A simple and cost‐effective vertical alignment mode, named Smart Viewing Angle(SVA) mode, for active‐matrix (AM) LCDs was developed where all the domain dividers are fabricated only on the TFT substrate side. The crucial component is the director control electrode (DCE) under the openings of the pixel electrode. The DCE maintains higher voltage than that of the pixel electrode via additional TFTs, which distorts the electric field in such a way that stable domain division is accomplished. Compared to the conventional VA modes where the additional process is required, SVA mode can achieve the wide viewing angle without any additional processes.
Russian Romances: Emotionalism and Spirituality in the Writings of “Eastern Front” Nurses, 1914–1918
Authors: Hallett Christine
Published: August 2008

The nursing work of the First World War is usually associated with the trench warfare of the Western Front. Nurses were based within fairly permanent casualty clearing stations and field hospitals, and patients were moved “down the line” to base hospitals, and then to convalescent hospitals “at home.” The nurses and volunteers who worked on the Eastern Front and offered their services to the letuchka or “flying columns” of the Russian medical services had a very different experience. They worked with highly mobile units, following a rapidly moving “front line.” The diaries of three British (one Anglo-Russian) nurses who worked alongside Russian nursing sisterhoods in three different flying columns—Violetta Thurstan (Field Hospital and Flying Column), Florence Farmborough (With the Armies of the Tsar) and Mary Britnieva (One Woman’s Story)—stand as an important corpus of nursing writing. Written in a highly romantic style, they take up similar themes around their work on the Eastern Front as a heroic journey through a dreamlike landscape. Each nurse offers a portrayal of the Russian character as fine and noble. The most important themes deal with the romance of nursing itself, in which nursing work is portrayed as both character-testing and a highly spiritual pursuit.
Beyond the Glass Wall: Black Canadian Nurses, 1940–1970
Authors: Flynn Karen
Published: August 2008

Until the mid-1940s, young Black women who wanted to train as nurses in Canada were prohibited from doing so. The first cohort of Black Canadian registered nurses integrated Canadian nursing schools beginning in the early 1950s. I argue that despite entering an occupation that defined itself around Victorian ideals of “true womanhood,” an archetype that excluded Black women, these nurses were able to negotiate and secure a place in the profession. This research not only contributes to Canadian nursing, it also situates Canada, with respect to scholarly discussions about the Black Diaspora.
Alliances of Cooperation: Negotiating New Hampshire Nurse Practitioners’ Prescribing Practice
Authors: Sampson Deborah A.
Published: August 2008

Nurse practitioner legislation varies among states, particularly in relation to practice without physician oversight, altering the legal environment within which nurse practitioners can use knowledge and skills to meet patient needs. Using New Hampshire as a case study, this historical analysis of nurse practitioners’ negotiations over time for independent practice, defined in state practice acts, illuminates the complex social and economic factors affecting nurses’ struggle to gain legal rights over their own professional practice without supervision and intervention from another profession. In New Hampshire, not only did organized medicine oppose nurses’ rights to practice, but pharmacists demanded the right to control all aspects of medication management, including who could prescribe and under what circumstances prescribing could occur. Shifting social and political terrain as well as changes in legislative and state professional board leadership affected the environment and negotiations of a small group of nurses who were ultimately successful in obtaining the right to define their own professional practice.
The Reflection of England’s Light: The Instructive District Nursing Association of Boston, 1884–1914
Authors: Howse Carrie
Published: August 2008

This article examines the extent to which the Instructive District Nursing Association (IDNA) of Boston was influenced by the English system of district nursing. The schemes had the same aims and motivation, but the differences in their organizational structures, in particular the lack of specialist training and professional supervision of the Boston nurses, affected the IDNA’s work with its poor, mainly immigrant patients. It is clear that much was achieved, but it is also apparent that problems increased as the work expanded. Attempts to solve these difficulties can be traced through the introduction of a nurse supervisor, establishment of a training school, and eventual radical reorganization. The IDNA also had a leading role in the expansion of the visiting nurse movement throughout the United States. I discuss attempts to establish national standards, particularly through the formation of the National Organization for Public Health Nursing (NOPHN). With the disparate arrangements in the U.S. health care system, the NOPHN was unable to reach a workable consensus and failed to produce a comprehensive and cohesive national system similar to that which had been established in England.
Nuns and Nurses: Debates on New Nursing Programs and Improving the Training of “Secondary Hospital Personnel” in France, 1890–1910
Authors: Hickey Daniel
Published: August 2008

A major controversy in French medicine at the turn of the 20th century was how to improve the training and education of hospital nurses. In 1899 the new government agency responsible for health and social services, the Conseil Supérieur de l’Assistance, encouraged setting up new nursing schools and imposing a curriculum to be followed by all. The Conseil discussion concerning these steps was very heated. Some councilors demanded the dismissal of all the religious nursing orders as a first step toward improving nursing services. Others favored efforts to educate all the nurses possible, be they religious or lay, leaving it to the municipalities to decide on the internal organization of their hospitals. To examine the issues faced by both choices, the article analyzes two cases of hospitals that went on to adopt each of the different orientations discussed: Le Havre, which set up a nursing school and kept its nuns, and Valence, which sent off its religious congregation and tried to set up a nursing school.
The Snaking Wells In Champion West, Offshore Brunei. Best Practices for ERD Well Construction
Authors: Bacarreza L. , Hornabrook C. , Khoo Chong Chuan , Nevøy Harald , Japar Nor-Janiah
Published: August 2008

The Champion West field was discovered in 1975 and named Champion West in 1990. The field is located in the North of the Brunei Offshore sector.

Phase 3 of this project, is the latest development with 20 wells (oil & gas). These Extended Reach Drilling (ERD) wells, are designed as "snake" wells penetrating the reservoir several times, in order to create multiple drainage points snake well develop oil rim reservoirs. All the wells are of different horizontal lengths, as can be seen in Figure 1 and 2.

The objective of this paper, is to present the learning and best practices gained after drilling 5 of these snake oil wells, during Champion West phase 3a. Best practices refers to those developed during the project, that have resulted in: reduction of costs, by reducing trouble time (Non Productive Time)reduction bit off-bottom circulation timesincrease of bit on-bottom timeimproved ability to clean the hole, resulting in trouble-free tripstrouble free casing runsthe deepest SMART completion in the world

The 350 days campaign was delivered 49 days earlier than planned and below budget. Total cumulative drilling length was of 34 km. This performance allowed the Well Construction team, to achieve the Shell Global EP, Rig of the Fleet award, twice in 3 years.
Building Indonesia's Largest Rig-Sharing Consortium
Authors: Pirie D. , Pace F. W. , Brelih D. A.
Published: August 2008

In these days of frantic drilling activity, a worldwide shortage of rigs is developing quickly, especially in deepwater areas. This makes it challenging for operators to meet their targets for exploration wells. It was with this background that six PSC contractors undertook to create and manage Indonesia's largest rig sharing consortium to date, namely the Makassar Strait Explorers Consortium (MSEC). Following the signing of the Rig Sharing Agreement, Marathon International Petroleum Indonesia Limited (MIPIL), a subsidiary of Marathon Oil Company, took on the role of Lead Operator for the consortium.

The six contractors will have deepwater prospects off Indonesia ready to drill by 2009/2010, each contractor requiring one to three wells in the initial evaluation phase. With the limited number of units capable of drilling these wells, it quickly became obvious that partnering with others would be essential to entice a drilling contractor to bring a rig to the area. As the companies prepared their individual AFE's, they quickly realized that collaboration would also serve to lower each company's expenditures by sharing services and other common costs (mob/de-mob, etc.). Creating a consortium should also allow for sharing of best practices amongst the members, and enhance drilling efficiencies through maintaining rig crew continuity. Additionally, once a rig is in the area, it may prove quite lucrative for it to stay and drill additional exploration wells or delineation programs which may arise in Indonesia.

This consortium is still in its infancy, and we are constantly presented with opportunities to improve communication and efficiency. Balancing the various drivers and priorities of the individual consortium members is not without its challenges; yet keeping the common goal in the forefront of all discussions will ensure an advantageous outcome for all.
The Application Of A Mechanical Earth Model On Rejuvenation Of A Mature Field In Libya
Authors: Qiu Kaibin , Gherryo Yousef , Shatwan Mohamed , Fuller John
Published: August 2008

AGOCO is facing tremendous challenges to maintain the production of the mature giant Messla field. Water breakthrough, well shut-in due to sanding and reservoir depletion are among the problems causing a decline in the production. In order to maintain production, or even improve it in the near future, new technology and methodology are required to address the current challenges. Geomechanics, through a full characterization of mechanical properties and state of in-situ stresses of the reservoir and overburden formations, plays an essential role in achieving these objectives. This geomechanical knowledge forms a mechanical earth model (MEM) of the field that will enable appropriate technology to be deployed in the field.

To this end, a MEM was constructed by following an integrated process that includes data auditing, geomechanics laboratory testing, determination of mechanical properties and geostresses, and calibration and validation of the model.

The MEM was subsequently applied to improve drilling, production and reservoir management of the field. Sanding prediction was carried out to determine sanding risks in the field and based on the outcome of sanding prediction, sandface completions were optimized to not only minimise the sanding risk but also improve production. Wellbore stability analysis on underbalanced drilling and horizontal drilling was conducted to minimize potential risk to applying the technology to develop the depleted field. And under the guidance of the model, optimization of hydraulic fractures was carried out to help to achieve ultimate goal for maximizing the value of the asset and the investment in drilling and completion of the field.
Matching Technique of Enhancing Drilling Rate Safely in Tight Area of Chang Lu in Dagang Oilfield
Authors: Wang Meishan
Published: August 2008

Changlu Oilfield in Dagang is HPHT trouble area, complicated formation condition, deep reservoir depth, multipressure layer system, high and low pressure formation lying together, complex lithologic character, small tectonic trap, easily occurring well collision, serious drift formation direction. It is in beach salt field area, so the wells in this oilfield belong to high pressure, high sulfur content and being in high hazard area. Due to the above mentioned difficulties, results in drilling operation in danger, low rate of penetration (ROP), long drilling period, which restrict development speed in this area, the key problems to be resolved are that how to decline drilling hazard, enhance ROP and control development costs. Aimed at the problems, it is on the base of safely drilling, optimizing drilling design and implementing advance drilling technology, especially in the block, popularized and applied navigation drilling system(NDS) and MWD, as well as in the light of geologic characteristic, optimized special screw drill and PDC bit, improved development speed, compared with finished well in the same block, general enhancing ROP reached 60%, ROP improved 75%, monthly drilling rate enhanced 26%, drilling period reduced 24%, occurrence rate of complicated accident was only 0.35%, the effect of enhancing drilling rate in safety condition is better.

Changlu Oilfield in dagang was put in exploration in 1992, and brought into production in 1995, due to complicated geologic condition, frequently occurred drilling accidents, oil production costs per ton affected the rate of new wells development. In 2003, it was placed on the management of non-producing tight block, and tried to the new method to implement oil development.
The How's and Why's of Probabilistic Well Cost Estimation
Authors: Løberg T. , Arild Ø. , Merlo A. , D'Alesio P.
Published: August 2008

Along with technical preparations before drilling a well, cost estimation is one of the central activities leading up to an AFE (Authorization for Expenditure) approval. Traditionally, a single well cost estimate has been provided. However, in recent years a probabilistic well cost estimate, or at least an understanding of the potential well cost range, is required as a part of the internal procedures of the E&P companies.

In order to introduce and strengthen the application of probabilistic well cost estimation, a tool and methodology has been developed for use in Eni E&P drilling departments.The challenges encountered during the development of the methodology were to lower the threshold for drilling engineers to perform probabilistic well cost estimation and to systematize the corresponding workflow such that: assessment of risks and uncertainties are made simple and transparentalternative well designs can be compared in terms of cost uncertaintiesthe major risk drivers are understoodthe results can easily be communicated to other parts of the organization

This paper aims at strengthening the argumentation for using probabilistic well cost estimation, give a brief overview of the underlying mathematics, present the full workflow as performed by a drilling engineer using the tool and give several examples of how the tool can be applied and communicated in a decision making setting. A case study is presented in order to illuminate the above points.