bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A synthesis of reviews of research on principal leadership in East Asia
Authors: Walker Allan , Hallinger Philip
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to synthesize findings from five systematic reviews of research on principal leadership in East Asia contained in this special issue. The goal is to identify commonalities as well as differences concerning both approaches to research and the enactment of school leadership within this rapidly developing and increasingly influential region of the world.

Design/methodology/approach

– The review uses thematic analysis of both structural elements and substantive findings drawn from the composite review papers.

Findings

– The synthesis of the research reviews found considerable variability across the five societies in terms of the volume of work accessible to international audiences, topical foci, the conceptual and methodological sophistication, and findings. Three content patterns were discerned via the thematic analysis of the five reviews: first, influences on the principalship (incorporating personal, cultural and political sub themes); second, principal leadership practices (including qualities and styles, vision, indirect influence on student learning and shared decision making); and third, principal development (including preparation, training and professional development).

Research limitations/implications

– In a broader sense, this synthesis paper seeks to assess the development of the field of applied study in East Asia over the past two decades. As such, the paper highlights implications for further building the knowledge base both in the region and globally.

Originality/value

– This synthesis, as well as the five reviews, represent the first effort to mark the boundaries of knowledge about school leadership in these East Asian societies. As such, they lay a foundation for the future development of the field in the region, and in so doing also make a contribution to a more diverse global literature in the field.
A cross-sectional examination of non-Big 4 firms’ reliability
Authors: Wilson Reginald
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of service-related independence impairments on perceptions of local and regional non-Big 4 Firms’ financial reporting reliability. This study is motivated by recent public policy, which proposes that service-related independence impairments may improve financial reporting reliability.

Design/methodology/approach

– Commercial lending officers respond to a within-subjects experiment. The variables of interest are client importance, expertise and their related interaction. These variables are regressed on the perceived reporting reliability of local and regional firms.

Findings

– Client importance is positively and significantly associated with the lenders’ selection of non-Big 4 firms, which supports Taylor et al.’s (2003) assertions that service-related independence violations improve financial reporting reliability. However, client importance is negatively associated with regional firms.

Practical implications

– Client importance is significantly associated with regional firms only, which suggests that cross-sectional differences exist among non-Big 4 firms. The negative association between regional firms and client importance confirms Goldman and Barlev’s (1974) concerns that large firms are not exempt from client pressure. Client importance is also significantly (and positively) associated with lenders’ selection of the type of non-Big 4 firm to perform the engagement, which supports recent public policy’s proposal for joint attest and non-attest services (Exposure Draft for Statement for Accounting and Review Services No. 18).

Originality/value

– The study overcomes within-subjects design limitations to provide a natural environment to understand lending officers’ perceptions of non-Big 4 firms. The results continue to fill the void in the literature which examines cross-sectional differences in non-Big 4 firm quality.
The growth of the internal audit profession is more than just numbers
Authors: Coetzee Philna , Fourie Houdini , Burnaby Pricilla A
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the internal audit quality was maintained in relation to the rapid growth in Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA) membership in South Africa. As The IIA in South Africa (SA) has seen more than double the membership growth (59 per cent) than the IIA (25 per cent) over the period 2006 to 2010, the change in internal audit quality indicators for these two are compared.

Design/methodology/approach

– The responses from SA respondents and all “Other” respondents are analysed from the 2006 and 2010 Common Body of Knowledge studies on specific questions addressing internal audit quality, to determine whether there is a growth in quality-related indicators and whether the growth is in relation to the membership growth. The chi-square test is used to look for change in response frequencies.

Findings

– The paper finds that the SA respondents have a greater increase of internal audit quality indicators than “Other” respondents, suggesting that the increase in membership could also result in improved internal audit quality.

Originality/value

– This study links the increase in membership with improved internal audit quality. This could assist the IIA in determining the feasibility of developing key indicators of internal audit quality. The IIA-SA will obtain an understanding whether the exceptional growth in membership is in line with the internal audit excellence as prescribed by SA guidance and legislation. Last, individual internal audit activities could benchmark their growth statistics against the SA and “Other” respondents’ growth pattern – both in numbers and quality indicators.
Implementing EDI X12 book acquisitions at a medium-sized university library
Authors: Kelsey Paul
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to describe and evaluate the EDI (electronic data interchange) X12 ordering and invoicing implementation at Sims Memorial Library. The paper will allow practitioners at academic libraries to understand the implementation process, the types of problems and resolutions encountered during the project and the time and potential cost-saving benefits of EDI X12 book acquisitions.

Design/methodology/approach

– A team of LOUIS (the Louisiana Library Network consortium) consultants and a SirsiDynix manager helped librarians at Sims Library to implement EDI X12 ordering using Yankee Book Peddler (YBP)’s GobiExport Plus service. Vendor and report templates with mapping configurations were established, and tests were conducted until a successful outcome was achieved.

Findings

– EDI X12 ordering and invoicing significantly streamlined the acquisitions workflow at Sims Memorial Library. A substantial amount of time is saved compared to the previous method of manually creating purchase orders and invoices.

Originality/value

– The paper is a current case study, and the collaborative aspects and problems and resolutions encountered during the implementation offer original material. The paper will offer valuable practical information and provide a blueprint for those libraries seeking to adopt EDI book acquisitions.
Turning potential collision into cooperation in Ghana’s oil industry
Authors: Amponsah-Tawiah Kwesi , Dartey-Baah Kwasi , Osam Kobena
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– This paper aims to examine the potential impact of the presence of oil resource on the Ghanaian society. Specifically, the paper investigates the relationship between key stakeholders in the oil sector, how stakeholder interactions create the potential for collision and advances measures aimed at turning possible collision into cooperation.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper uses a literature review-based approach, drawing on existing literature in a number of areas including corporate social responsibility (CSR), oil and gas industry in Ghana and Nigeria as well as communication.

Findings

– The paper advances that expectations of stakeholders as regards oil being a panacea to all their problems must be managed to avoid possible collision. Additionally, Ghana’s oil industry must identify and engage all stakeholders in planning suitable and sustainable CSR programmes for economic development, thus fostering a friendly environment for oil companies. Transparency and accountability are also needed to promote cooperation rather than collision among stakeholders in Ghana’s oil industry.

Originality/value

– This paper raises and brings to the fore critical issues that can lead to potential collisions in the oil and gas industry in Ghana if not well-managed, and thus an innovative work in that regard.
“Is it because I’m gormless?” A commentary on “Narrative therapy in a learning disability context: a review”
Authors: Olsen Angela
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to reflect on “Narrative therapy in a learning disability context: a review”.

Design/methodology/approach

– This commentary reflects on the use of Narrative therapy and considers it in the wider context of assisting people with learning disabilities to develop self-understanding. The commentary makes connections between the use of Narrative therapy and narrative approaches to research reporting.

Findings

– The use of Narrative therapy can assist in the development of positive personal stories for individuals with learning disabilities. Case study research provides a useful reference point from which to develop future work. Reporting of case studies sometimes omits data that might be useful for others attempting to replicate findings.

Originality/value

– This paper highlights the need for authors to ensure that the “small details” are included in research reporting. A narrative approach, rich in detail of research participants might enable authors to tell a “thicker” story, thus improving generalisability.
A summary of government initiatives relating to employment for people with learning disabilities in England
Authors: Blamires Kate
Published: June 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to provide a synthesis of current and previous government policies and strategies, in relation to people with learning disabilities and employment, to facilitate a better understanding of the current situation and future challenges.

Design/methodology/approach

– A search was completed to identify government policies relating to the employment of people with learning disabilities. Key policies were identified and their impact was discussed in the paper.

Findings

– It appears there is a necessity to identify how successful pilot projects can be replicated on a national scale, with clear targets and measures and initial financial support to set up these services. Alongside this there is a need for interventions targeting not just employers, but the general population, educating people about the importance of including and valuing people with learning disabilities in the workforce.

Originality/value

– It is important that policy is analysed and the impact of it is assessed to determine whether more action is necessary. This paper adds updates to some of the issues discussed in Mellinget al.’s (2011) paper about “Supported employment for people with learning disabilities”.
Bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation with mucocutaneous pigmentation
Authors: Tada Ko‐ichi , Higashi Yuko , Uchida Youhei , Kawai Kazuhiro , Nakao Kumiko , Misono Toshihiro , Shinmura Masahiro , Kanekura Takuro
Published: June 2015

Bilateral diffuse uveal melanocytic proliferation (BDUMP) is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome associated with extraocular malignancies. Extraocular pigmented lesions have been reported. We report that two patients with BDUMP presented with non‐ocular pigmented lesions.
Palliative surgical treatment for cutaneous metastatic tumor is a valid option for improvement of quality of life
Authors: Goto Hiroyuki , Omodaka Toshikazu , Yanagisawa Hiroto , Yoshikawa Shusuke , Yoshida Yuichi , Yamamoto Osamu , Kiyohara Yoshio
Published: June 2015

A cutaneous metastatic tumor is relatively rare, and patients with such a tumor usually have a poor prognosis. Even if the metastases can be treated, the treatment cannot improve the prognosis. However, neglecting metastatic lesions sometimes results in a great deterioration of quality of life. Cutaneous metastatic foci are generally treated with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. On the other hand, surgical treatment is sometimes chosen for cutaneous metastases. In this study, we analyzed data for 40 patients with cutaneous metastatic tumors who received surgical treatment at Shizuoka Cancer Center between January 2009 and August 2014. Among these cases, lung cancer was the most common primary cancer and the craniocervical region was the most frequent metastatic site. Among the patients who died, the average duration to death after the operation was 186 days. We consider that resection of cutaneous metastatic tumors as palliative therapy is an appropriate therapeutic option if the patient's condition permits resection. Such treatment can improve quality of life for both the patients and their families.
Selecting self‐report outcome measures for use in family and systemic therapy
Authors: Moran Patricia
Published: June 2015

This article describes some of the challenges involved in the selection of self‐report outcome measures for use in family and systemic therapeutic services, and potential ways of overcoming them. It highlights factors that may undermine the demonstration of the effectiveness of services related to the characteristics of services, client groups and the measures themselves. Choosing appropriate self‐report outcome measures is particularly difficult for practitioners responding flexibly to the needs of heterogeneous client groups and those working with multiple family members. Measures need to be acceptable to both clients and practitioners, addressing constructs relevant to individual and systemic level change, and incorporating features that enhance sensitivity to client change. Possible solutions are discussed, with the aim of enabling services to make more informed choices when selecting outcome measures for use in the monitoring and evaluation of family and systemic therapy.

Practitioner points

Develop a logic model to identify possible mechanisms of change and key impacts.

For heterogeneous client groups, consider assessing overarching constructs or using idiographic in addition to nomothetic approaches.

To enhance the chances of capturing change within a family system, use more than one instrument and ask different family members to complete them.

Select measures with appropriate language, structure and length for piloting with clients and practitioners.
The Oscan Perfect in ‐TT‐
Authors: Willi Andreas
Published: June 2015

Oscan secondary verbs form their perfect with a suffix ‐tt‐, whose origin has been much debated. After a critical review of earlier suggestions, which have assumed either a reanalysis within a specific model paradigm or some periphrastic source, a new periphrastic theory is presented. According to this proposal, the perfect in ‐tt‐ is to be traced back to the past perfective variant of a progressive periphrasis involving a present participle + auxiliary stand (for be). Such a combination not only provides a phonologically satisfactory starting point for the attested Oscan forms, but it also enjoys typological support from comparable progressive periphrases both in the Sabellic (Osco‐Umbrian) subgroup of Italic and in the closely related history of Latin/Romance.
Reformation Humanist Leonard Stöckel (1510–1560) and the Christian Political Ethics of Erasmus of Rotterdam
Authors: Gluchman Vasil
Published: June 2015

In Renaissance humanism, a sufficient number of notable works were to be found on the functioning of state, the acquisition and enforcement of political power, and so on. Erasmus of Rotterdam significantly influenced northern humanist thought not only in the sixteenth century, but also in the subsequent centuries. This holds true not only for his understanding of the importance of studying Antiquity and languages for the overall cultural and educational level of Europe at that time, but also, to a significant extent, regarding the impact on political thinking of contemporary Europe. Leonard Stöckel was the most significant humanist pedagogue in sixteenth‐century Upper Hungary, which is why he was also called Hungariae praeceptor. The aim of this article is to analyse the influence of Erasmus of Rotterdam on the ethical views of Leonard Stöckel regarding the prince/ruler, politics, ways of enforcing power, defining common good, and public interest. It is, thus, a search for similarities and differences in the political ethics between Erasmus of Rotterdam and Leonard Stöckel, as one of the most significant representatives of Reformation humanism in sixteenth‐century Hungary.
Digestibility and Immunoreactivity of Shrimp Extracts Using an In Vitro Digestibility Model with Pepsin and Pancreatin
Authors: Toomer Ondulla T. , Do Andrew B. , Fu Tong J. , Williams Kristina M.
Published: June 2015

Shellfish allergy affects 2% of the adult population in the United States. Identification of allergenic shrimp proteins is needed for improved management and assessment of shrimp allergy. We determined the temporal pepsin and pancreatin stability of total shrimp proteins using simulated physiological digestive conditions in vitro. Gel electrophoresis was used to determine protein stability, whereas immunoreactivity of protease stable proteins was determined using rabbit antigen‐specific antibodies. Potential allergenicity of protease stable proteins was determined utilizing human sera from shrimp allergic patients. Total shrimp myofibrillar proteins were pepsin‐ and pancreatin‐stable for up to 1 h after initiating digestion, whereas only pancreatin‐stable total shrimp proteins were Immunoglobulin G (IgG) immunoreactive. However, shrimp proteins of 32 and 25 kDa were pepsin and/or pancreatin stable and Immunoglobulin E (IgE) reactive, denoting the stability and potential allergenicity. These findings suggest that this in vitro digestibility model may be useful for the identification of shrimp allergenic proteins that are more resistant to physiologic digestive conditions and may elicit an immunologic response in vivo.
Market Survey and Risk Assessment for Trace Metals in Edible Fungi and the Substrate Role in Accumulation of Heavy Metals
Authors: Huang Qingqing , Jia Yan , Wan Yanan , Li Huafen , Jiang Rongfeng
Published: June 2015

Levels of cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) were investigated in 285 samples of 9 species of edible fungi (Lentinus edodes, Auricularia auricula, Pleurotus ostreatus, Tremella fuciformis, Flammulina velutipes, Agrocybe chaxinggu, Armillaria mellea, Agaricus bisporus, and Pholiota nameko), which were collected from markets in Beijing, China. In addition, edible fungi and culture substrates were collected from 7 cultivation bases to examine the role of the substrate in trace metal accumulation. Trace metal concentrations were determined on a dry weight basis. Data showed that all the edible fungi contained trace metals, the levels of which varied among species, and there were significant positive correlations between trace metal (Cd, Pb, and As) concentrations in mushrooms and their substrates. The concentrations of Cd, As, Hg, Pb, Fe, and Zn in the tested fungi ranged from 0.005 to 13.8 mg/kg, nd to 1.62 mg/kg, nd to 0.506 mg/kg, 0.011 to 22.1 mg/kg, 46.3 to 2514 mg/kg, and 14.6 to 289 mg/kg, respectively. In general, concentrations of Cd, As, Hg, Pb, Fe, and Zn were relatively high in L. edodes, whereas Tremella fuciformis and P. nameko had relatively low levels of trace metals. Furthermore, the estimated weekly intake of trace metals was calculated and compared with the WHO/FAO provisional tolerable weekly intake. The estimated weekly intake of Cd, As, Hg, Pb, Fe, and Zn from consuming edible fungi was lower than the provisional tolerable weekly intake.
Metabolic Activation of Heterocyclic Amines and Expression of Xenobiotic‐Metabolizing Enzymes in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Rats
Authors: Darwish Wageh S. , Nakayama Shouta M. M. , Itotani Yuumi , Ohno Marumi , Ikenaka Yoshinori , Ishizuka Mayumi
Published: June 2015

Heterocyclic amines get entry into human body mainly through ingestion of pan‐fried meats cooked at high temperatures. Exposure of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) to ingested xenobiotics prior to delivery to the liver may lead to metabolic activation, which may explain the high incidence of GIT carcinogenesis. Therefore, this study investigated the mutagenic activation of 2 heterocyclic amines, 2‐aminoanthracene (2‐AA) and 3‐amino‐1‐methyl‐5H‐prydo[4,3‐b]indole (Trp‐P‐2), in the GIT of rats. In addition, the constitutive mRNA expression profiles of xenobiotic‐metabolizing enzymes (XMEs) in the GIT of rats were examined. Metabolic activation of 2‐AA was detected in all GIT tissues except the duodenum and rectum, and it was detected at high levels in the ileum and cecum. Furthermore, we revealed high metabolic activation of 2‐AA and Trp‐P‐2 in the jejunum. The mRNA expression of phase I and II enzymes in rat GIT corresponded with their mutagenic activation ability. In conclusion, our results suggest that different expression levels of XME among GIT tissues may contribute to the tissue‐specific differences in metabolic activation of xenobiotics such as heterocyclic amines in rats.
Subsidence and thermal history of an inverted Late Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous extensional basin (Cameros, North‐central Spain) affected by very low‐ to low‐grade metamorphism
Authors: Omodeo‐Salé Silvia , Salas Ramon , Guimerà Joan , Ondrak Robert , Mas Ramon , Arribas José , Suárez‐Ruiz Isabel , Martinez Luis
Published: June 2015

The Cameros Basin (North Spain) is a Late Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous extensional basin, which was inverted during the Cenozoic. It underwent a remarkable thermal evolution, as indicated by the record of anomalous high temperatures in its deposits. In this study, the subsidence and thermal history of the basin is reconstructed, using subsidence analysis and 2D thermal modelling. Tectonic subsidence curves provide evidence of the occurrence of two rapid subsidence phases during the syn‐extensional stage. In the first phase (Tithonian‐Early Berriasian), the largest accommodation space was formed in the central sector of the basin, whereas in the second (Early Barremian‐Early Albian), it was formed in the northern sector. These rapid subsidence phases could correspond to relevant tectonic events affecting the Iberian Plate at that time. By distinguishing between the initial and thermal subsidence and defining their relative magnitudes, Royden's (1986) method was used to estimate the heat flow at the end of the extensional stage. A maximum heat flow of 60–65 mW/m2 is estimated, implying only a minor thermal disturbance associated with extension. In contrast with these data, very high vitrinite reflectance, anomalously distributed in some case with respect to the typical depth‐vitrinite reflectance relation, was measured in the central‐northern sector of the basin. Burial and thermal data are used to construct a 2D thermal basin model, to elucidate the role of the processes involved in sediment heating. Calibration of the thermal model with the vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) and fluid inclusion (FI) data indicates that in the central and northern sectors of the basin, an extra heat source, other than a typical rift, is required to explain the observed thermal anomalies. The distribution of the %Ro and FI values in these sectors suggests that the high temperatures and their distribution are related to the circulation of hot fluids. Hot fluids were attributed to the hydrothermal metamorphic events affecting the area during the early post‐extensional and inversion stages of the basin.
Diversity and Coexistence of Ectoparasites in Small Rodents in a Tropical Dry Forest
Authors: Gómez‐Rodríguez Ruth A. , Gutiérrez‐Granados Gabriel , Montiel‐Parra Griselda , Rodríguez‐Moreno Ángel , Sánchez‐Cordero Víctor
Published: June 2015

To understand the mechanisms driving species diversity is central to community ecology. Here, we explored if habitat partitioning is associated with a species‐rich ectoparasite community in small rodents from a tropical dry forest in western Mexico. We trapped 199 mice in three 0.5 ha‐plots from eight small rodent species for every two months, from July 2011 to April 2012, and collected their ectoparasites. We identified 17 species of mites, two sucking lice species, two phoretic species, and one commensal species. The most abundant ectoparasite species was Steptolaelaps liomydis, representing 42 percent of all ectoparasites collected; seven ectoparasite species had < 10 individuals. Eighteen ectoparasite species (of 22 species) were collected from the most abundant rodent Liomys pictus. C‐score and the number of checkerboard species pairs were significantly higher against a random expectation. Ectoparasite species in L. pictus mice showed host microhabitat partitioning; Fahrenholzia ehrlichi and Fahrenholzia texana were found only in the anterior dorsal area, Ornithonysus sp. occurred along the dorsal part, Ixodes species were restricted to the ears, and Steptolaelaps liomydis was found throughout the body. We also identified ectoparasite communities with distinct species composition in two rodent species that use contrasting macrohabitats (L. pictus, strictly terrestrial; Peromyscus perfulvus, mostly arboreal). The remaining and low abundant rodent species showed a species‐poor ectoparasite community composition. We conclude that habitat partitioning at both macro and microhabitat scales appeared to characterize the species‐rich ectoparasite community. Conversely, most rodent host species with low abundances showed a species‐poor ectoparasite community.
Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Docking Study of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: New Acridone‐1,2,4‐oxadiazole‐1,2,3‐triazole Hybrids
Authors: Mohammadi‐Khanaposhtani Maryam , Mahdavi Mohammad , Saeedi Mina , Sabourian Reyhaneh , Safavi Maliheh , Khanavi Mahnaz , Foroumadi Alireza , Shafiee Abbas , Akbarzadeh Tahmineh
Published: June 2015

In this study, novel acridone‐1,2,4‐oxadiazole‐1,2,3‐triazole hybrids were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activity. Among various synthesized compounds, 10‐((1‐((3‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐1,2,4‐oxadiazol‐5‐yl)methyl)‐1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐4‐yl)methyl)acridin‐9(10H)‐one 10b showed the most potent anti‐acetylcholinesterase activity (IC50 = 11.55 μm) being as potent as rivastigmine. Also docking outcomes were in good agreement with in vitro results confirming the dual binding inhibitory activity of compound 10b.
Working with families with parental mental health and/or drug and alcohol issues where there are child protection concerns: inter‐agency collaboration
Authors: Coates Dominiek
Published: June 2015

Child abuse commonly occurs within the context of multiple risk factors, in particular parental mental health and/or drug and alcohol problems. As no one agency can address all these factors, inter‐agency collaboration is paramount to the protection of vulnerable children, especially in families with a complex array of problems. This paper outlines a range of recommendations to improve collaboration between child protection workers and mental health/drug & alcohol (MH/D&A) clinicians from the perspective of Keep Them Safe‐Whole Family Team (KTS‐WFT) clinicians. Taking referrals from child protection, the KTS‐WFT offers interventions to families with parental MH/D&A problems where there are child protection concerns. As part of a larger evaluation of a KTS‐WFT site, 10 KTS‐WFT clinicians participated in in‐depth interviews. Analysis of the interviews identified collaboration with child protection as a primary theme. Participants reported a number of barriers to effective collaboration; in particular, participants reported challenges with information sharing and confidentiality, inconsistency in terms of the level and style of collaboration, tensions between the different theoretical paradigms that underpin practice for MH/D&A clinicians vs. child protection workers, and insufficient clarity around processes and expectations. Consistent with the identified barriers, primary recommendations to improve collaboration were to improve information sharing, overcome silo ways of thinking, manage risk together more consistently, and develop consistent processes and expectations.
Does ridge preservation following tooth extraction improve implant treatment outcomes: a systematic review
Authors: Mardas Nikos , Trullenque‐Eriksson Anna , MacBeth Neil , Petrie Aviva , Donos Nikolaos
Published: June 2015

Objective

(1) Primary focused question (Q1): to evaluate the effect of alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) on implant outcomes (implant placement feasibility, need for further augmentation, survival/success rates, marginal bone loss) compared with unassisted socket healing (USH) and (2) secondary focused question (Q2): to estimate the size effects (SE) of these outcomes in three different interventions (GBR, socket filler, socket seal).

Material and methods

Electronic (MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register LILACS; Web of Science) and hand search was conducted up to July 2014. Randomised controlled trials (RCT), controlled clinical trials (CCT) and prospective cohort studies with USH as controls were eligible in the analysis for Q1. RCTs, CCTs and prospective case series, with or without USH as control, were eligible for Q2.

Results

Ten (8 RCTs, 2 CCTs) and 30 studies (21 RCTs, 7 CCTs, 2 case series) were included in the analysis for Q1 and Q2, respectively. The risk for bias was unclear or high in most of them. Q1: Implant placement was feasible in ARP‐treated and USH sites. These implants presented similar survival/success rates and marginal bone levels. The need for further augmentation decreased when ARP was performed (Relative risk: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.07–0.3). Q2: The SE for implant placement feasibility was 98.5% (95% CI: 96.4–99.6) in GBR and 96.2 (95% CI: 93.1–98.2) in socket filler group. The SE for need for further augmentation was 11.9 (95% CI: 5.6–19.9) for GBR and 13.7% (95% CI: 5.0–25.6) for socket filler groups. GBR and socket filler presented similar SE for survival/success rates and average marginal bone loss. Limited data were available for implant‐related outcomes in sites treated with socket seal.

Conclusions

There is limited evidence to support the clinical benefit of ARP over USH in improving implant‐related outcomes despite a decrease in the need for further ridge augmentation during implant placement. Similar implant placement feasibility, survival/success rates and marginal bone loss should be anticipated following ARP or USH. Currently, it is not clear which type of ARP intervention has a superior impact on implant outcomes.
Deconstructing Computer Poets: Making Selected Processes Available as Services
Authors: Gervás Pablo
Published: June 2015

The article explores the potential of redefining as services a number of functionalities involved in poetry generation systems to better serve the challenge of working toward a yet unknown successful computational model of the creative task being addressed. This is performed by considering how some of the processes currently modeled in existing systems for poetry generation might be deconstructed into a set of services susceptible of being recombined in different ways to be integrated in other developments. Building on prior attempts to propose an evolutionary architecture that allows integration of a number of artificial intelligence technologies in combination, this article explores the advantages of service‐oriented architecture for reimplementing as publicly available services some selected functionality of the Wishful Automatic Spanish Poet (WASP) poetry generation system.
Efficacy and safety of Laggera pterodonta in children 3–24 months with acute bronchiolitis: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Shang Xiaoli , Liabsuetrakul Tippawan , Sangsupawanich Pasuree , Xia Xiaoling , He Ping , Cao Hong , McNeil Edward
Published: June 2015

Introduction

Laggera pterodonta, a traditional Chinese medicine, has been commonly used in respiratory tract infections for more than hundreds of years without any randomized controlled trials to evaluate its efficacy and safety.

Objectives

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Laggera pterodonta in hospitalized children aged 3–24 months with acute bronchiolitis.

Methods

A double‐blind, randomized‐controlled trial was conducted in three tertiary hospitals of Kunming, China. A total of 133 acute bronchiolitis children with an initial episode of wheezing were randomly assigned to a control mixture or Laggera pterodonta mixture. All recruited patients were given three doses of the mixture every 24 h for 5 days. Clinical symptoms and responses including adverse events in both groups were assessed and laboratory tests were done at enrolment and then after 120 h. Analysis was performed based on an intention‐to‐treat principle.

Results

Significantly more hospitalized children fulfilled the discharge criteria at 96 h and 120 h in the Laggera pterodonta mixture group compared to the control group (97% vs 75.8% P < 0.001 and 98.5% vs 89.4% P = 0.03), respectively. Better responses on clinical severity score, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, wheezing and heart rate were also detected in the Laggera pterodonta mixture group along with lower white blood cell count, platelet count and aspartate aminotransferase. Vomiting and diarrhea were more common in the control group.

Conclusion

Laggera pterodonta mixture is effective and safe to be prescribed in hospitalized children with acute bronchiolitis.
Sequential occurrence of combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema syndrome in a non‐smoker female patient
Authors: Gupta Pawan , Dash Devijyoti , Mittal Richa , Chhabra Sunil K.
Published: June 2015

The combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE) syndrome is a unique and an under‐recognized disorder characterized by emphysema in the upper lobes and interstitial fibrosis in the lower lobes of the lung. It occurs predominantly in males and almost exclusively in smokers. This rare combination of a restrictive and an obstructive mechanical defect carries a poorer prognosis than either of the two components. We present a case of CPFE syndrome in a non‐smoker female patient who developed lower lobe emphysema subsequent to development of interstitial fibrosis. The case was remarkable for the extreme rarity of several presenting features, namely, a lower lobe occurrence of emphysema subsequent to pre‐existent interstitial fibrosis, female gender and absence of a history of smoking.
An Ecclesia and Missio Crucis: Douglas John Hall's Contribution to the Missional Church Conversation
Authors: Peterson Cheryl M.
Published: June 2015

Canadian theologian Douglas John Hall's contextual analysis of the church in North America has contributed significantly to the missional church conversation; however, his own constructive ecclesiology has received less attention. This article presents and critically examines Hall's proposal of a “suffering church” and offers constructive suggestions for further developing it: expanding solidarity into accompaniment; shifting from the category of representation to reconciliation as the paradigm for the church's mission; and finally, considering the theology of the cross in more pneumatological terms.
Who Benefits from Misleading Advertising?
Authors: Hattori Keisuke , Higashida Keisaku
Published: June 2015

Considering a model of price and misleading advertising competition between two brands producing horizontally and vertically differentiated brands, we investigate allocative implications of misinformation and related regulatory policies. Although misinformation distorts consumers' decision‐making, misinformation can correct inefficiencies resulting from misallocation of goods, thereby increasing welfare. However, advertising competition may create a prisoner's dilemma for firms and reduce welfare, but smart consumers unaffected by misinformation and consumers preferring low‐quality brands may gain. We also demonstrate how a biased policymaker who places different weights on producers' and consumers' surpluses behaves in response to misinformation disseminated by firms.
WHY DOES CHILD LABOR PERSIST WITH DECLINING POVERTY?
Authors: Sarkar Jayanta , Sarkar Dipanwita
Published: June 2015

We develop a dynamic overlapping generations model to highlight the role of income inequality in explaining the persistence of child labor under declining poverty. Differential investment in two forms of human capital—schooling and health—in the presence of inequality gives rise to a nonconvergent income distribution in the steady state characterized by multiple steady states of relative income with varying levels of education, health, and child labor. The child labor trap thus generated is shown to preserve itself despite rising per capita income. Policy recommendations include public provision of education targeted toward reducing schooling costs for the poor or raising the efficacy of public health infrastructure. (JEL I1, J2, O1, O2)
Contrast invariance of orientation tuning in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the feline visual system
Authors: Viswanathan Sivaram , Jayakumar Jaikishan , Vidyasagar Trichur R.
Published: June 2015

Responses of most neurons in the primary visual cortex of mammals are markedly selective for stimulus orientation and their orientation tuning does not vary with changes in stimulus contrast. The basis of such contrast invariance of orientation tuning has been shown to be the higher variability in the response for low‐contrast stimuli. Neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), which provides the major visual input to the cortex, have also been shown to have higher variability in their response to low‐contrast stimuli. Parallel studies have also long established mild degrees of orientation selectivity in LGN and retinal cells. In our study, we show that contrast invariance of orientation tuning is already present in the LGN. In addition, we show that the variability of spike responses of LGN neurons increases at lower stimulus contrasts, especially for non‐preferred orientations. We suggest that such contrast‐ and orientation‐sensitive variability not only explains the contrast invariance observed in the LGN but can also underlie the contrast‐invariant orientation tuning seen at the level of the primary visual cortex.
The effects of subthalamic deep brain stimulation on mechanical and thermal thresholds in 6OHDA‐lesioned rats
Authors: Gee Lucy E. , Chen Nita , Ramirez‐Zamora Adolfo , Shin Damian S. , Pilitsis Julie G.
Published: June 2015

Chronic pain is a major complaint for up to 85% of Parkinson's disease patients; however, it often not identified as a symptom of Parkinson's disease. Adequate treatment of motor symptoms often provides analgesic effects in Parkinson's patients but how this occurs remains unclear. Studies have shown both Parkinson's patients and 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rats exhibit decreased sensory thresholds. In humans, some show improvements in these deficits after subthalamic deep brain stimulation, while others report no change. Differing methods of testing and response criteria may explain these varying results. We examined this effect in 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rats. Sprague–Dawley rats were unilaterally implanted with subthalamic stimulating electrodes in the lesioned right hemisphere and sensory thresholds were tested using von Frey, tail‐flick and hot‐plate tests. Tests were done during and off subthalamic stimulation at 50 and 150 Hz to assess its effects on sensory thresholds. The 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned animals exhibited lower mechanical (left paw, P < 0.01) and thermal thresholds than shams (hot plate, P < 0.05). Both 50 and 150 Hz increased mechanical (left paw; P < 0.01) and thermal thresholds in 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned rats (hot‐plate test: 150 Hz, P < 0.05, 50 Hz, P < 0.01). Interestingly, during von Frey testing, low‐frequency stimulation provided a more robust improvement in some 6OHDA lesioned rats, while in others, the magnitude of improvement on high‐frequency stimulation was greater. This study shows that subthalamic deep brain stimulation improves mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in 6‐hydroxydopamine‐lesioned animals at both high and low frequencies. Furthermore, we suggest considering using low‐frequency stimulation when treating Parkinson's patients where pain remains the predominant complaint.
Clostridium botulinum type C hemagglutinin affects the morphology and viability of cultured mammalian cells via binding to the ganglioside GM3
Authors: Sugawara Yo , Iwamori Masao , Matsumura Takuhiro , Yutani Masahiro , Amatsu Sho , Fujinaga Yukako
Published: June 2015

Botulinum neurotoxin is conventionally divided into seven serotypes, designated A–G, and is produced as large protein complexes through associations with non‐toxic components, such as hemagglutinin (HA) and non‐toxic non‐HA. These non‐toxic proteins dramatically enhance the oral toxicity of the toxin complex. HA is considered to have a role in toxin transport through the intestinal epithelium by carbohydrate binding and epithelial barrier‐disrupting activity. Type A and B HAs disrupt E‐cadherin‐mediated cell adhesion, and, in turn, the intercellular epithelial barrier. Type C HA (HA/C) disrupts the barrier function by affecting cell morphology and viability, the mechanism of which remains unknown. In this study, we identified GM3 as the target molecule of HA/C. We found that sialic acid binding of HA is essential for the activity. It was abolished when cells were pre‐treated with an inhibitor of ganglioside synthesis. Consistent with this, HA/C bound to a‐series gangliosides in a glycan array. In parallel, we isolated clones resistant to HA/C activity from a susceptible mouse fibroblast strain. These cells lacked expression of ST‐I, the enzyme that transfers sialic acid to lactosylceramide to yield GM3. These clones became sensitive to HA/C activity when GM3 was expressed by transfection with the ST‐I gene. The sensitivity of fibroblasts to HA/C was reduced by expressing ganglioside synthesis genes whose products utilize GM3 as a substrate and consequently generate other a‐series gangliosides, suggesting a GM3‐specific mechanism. Our results demonstrate that HA/C affects cells in a GM3‐dependent manner.
Eukaryotic formylglycine‐generating enzyme catalyses a monooxygenase type of reaction
Authors: Peng Jianhe , Alam Sarfaraz , Radhakrishnan Karthikeyan , Mariappan Malaiyalam , Rudolph Markus Georg , May Caroline , Dierks Thomas , von Figura Kurt , Schmidt Bernhard
Published: June 2015

C α‐formylglycine (FGly) is the catalytic residue of sulfatases in eukaryotes. It is generated by a unique post‐translational modification catalysed by the FGly‐generating enzyme (FGE) in the endoplasmic reticulum. FGE oxidizes a cysteine residue within the conserved CxPxR sequence motif of nascent sulfatase polypeptides to FGly. Here we show that this oxidation is strictly dependent on molecular oxygen (O2) and consumes 1 mol O2 per mol FGly formed. For maximal activity FGE requires an O2 concentration of 9% (105 μm). Sustained FGE activity further requires the presence of a thiol‐based reductant such as DTT. FGly is also formed in the absence of DTT, but its formation ceases rapidly. Thus inactivated FGE accumulates in which the cysteine pair Cys336/Cys341 in the catalytic site is oxidized to form disulfide bridges between either Cys336 and Cys341 or Cys341 and the CxPxR cysteine of the sulfatase. These results strongly suggest that the Cys336/Cys341 pair is directly involved in the O2‐dependent conversion of the CxPxR cysteine to FGly. The available data characterize eukaryotic FGE as a monooxygenase, in which Cys336/Cys341 disulfide bridge formation donates the electrons required to reduce one oxygen atom of O2 to water while the other oxygen atom oxidizes the CxPxR cysteine to FGly. Regeneration of a reduced Cys336/Cys341 pair is accomplis‐hed in vivo by a yet unknown reductant of the endoplasmic reticulum or in vitro by DTT. Remarkably, this monooxygenase reaction utilizes O2 without involvement of any activating cofactor.
Wellington's Men: The British Soldier of the Napoleonic Wars
Authors: Linch Kevin , McCormack Matthew
Published: June 2015

The bicentenary of the Battle of Waterloo offers an opportunity to think critically about the historiography of the Napoleonic Wars. This article argues that orthodox military histories of the period have tended to neglect the experience of the common soldier. By contrast, the article offers an overview of recent work on the history of war, which applies techniques from social and cultural history in order to explore the perspective of the combatant. By thinking about the social origins and experiences of soldiers and how those experiences were handled in cultural terms, this work sheds new light on the humble redcoat who fought under Wellington at Waterloo.
The effect of water on morning bad breath: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Van der Sluijs E , Slot DE , Bakker EWP , Van der Weijden GA
Published: June 2015

Objectives

To assess the effects of water on the parameters of ‘morning bad breath’ (MBB) and to evaluate whether there is a difference between rinsing with water and drinking a glass of water.

Materials and methods

A total of 50 participants were recruited and were randomly divided into two equal groups. One group rinsed with 15 ml of water for 30 s, and another group drank 200 ml of water within 30 s. Clinical assessments were carried out during one visit between 7:30 am and 12:00 pm. Pre‐ and post‐intervention measures were assessed organoleptically as primary outcome parameters, and a secondary outcome parameter was assessed using both the Halimeter® and OralChroma™ apparatuses to evaluate volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) and dimethyl sulphide ((CH3)2S). In addition, the presence of tongue coating (discoloration/thickness) and tongue fissures was assessed.

Results

All 50 participants completed the study. In both groups, a significant reduction in the organoleptic score and the OralChroma™ H2S and CH3SH readings was obtained after the intervention. Both regimens resulted in a CH3SH reduction of approximately 60%, whereas the reduction in H2S was between 30% and 50%. The acceptable change between pre‐ and post‐assessments of the clinical parameters was not significantly different between the drinking and rinsing groups.

Conclusion

Rinsing with water or drinking a glass of water had a statistically significant effect on the MBB parameters. No significant difference was obtained between the two regimens.