bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stimulation in Vitro by 1,25-Dihydroxy-Vitamin D
3
of Intestinal Cell Calcium Uptake and Calcium-Binding Protein
Authors: Freund Thomas , Bronner Felix
Published: October 2006

Treatment of duodenal tissue from rats deficient in vitamin D with 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D
3
[1,25-(OH)
2
-D
3
] led to more than a doubling of calcium uptake by the isolated cells and the appearance in those cells of previously undetectable calcium-binding protein (CaBP). Treatment with the precursor, 25-hydroxy-vitamin D
3
, was without effect on calcium uptake or CaBP. Cells from vitamin D-replete animals took up three and a half times more calcium than cells from deficient animals. This rapid (90-minute) effect of in vitro treatment with a physiological dose (4.7 × 10
-8
M
) of 1,25-(OH)
2
-D is the first such report and is in accord with the regulatory role of the hormone-like sterol.
Transferrin: Internal Homology in the Amino Acid Sequence
Authors: MacGillivray R. T. A. , Brew K.
Published: October 2006

Two regions of the primary structure of human serum transferrin, of 87 and 57 residues, are reported. When these are suitably aligned by placing two gaps, 40 percent of the amino acids in corresponding positions are identical. This indicates that the doubling of an ancestral structural gene occurred during the evolution of the transferrins.
Effect of Azide and Cyanide on the Respiration of a Species of
Mycobacterium
Authors: Bernheim Frederick
Published: October 2006

Azide and cyanide affect the autorespiration of these organisms in the same way as they do the oxidation of added metabolites. The effect of these drugs on the autorespiration occurs in the presence of the added metabolites.
Biosynthesis of Rubber
Authors: Bonner James , Parker Marion W. , Montermoso Juan C.
Published: October 2006

The problem of how rubber is synthesized in the plant has been divided into two portions:(i) the nature of the monomer used and how this monomer is synthesized, and (ii) the nature of the polymerization reaction by which the monomer is transformed to rubber. With respect to the first, the monomer appears to be the 5-carbon branched-chain compound β-methylcrotonic acid or a derivative thereof. This substance is synthesized in the plant from acetyl-coA. With respect to the second, no information is available, since polymerization of the 5-carbon monomer units to polymers has not yet been achieved outside the living plant.
Radiocarbon Dates of Pre-Mankato Events inEastern and Central North America
Authors: Flint Richard Foster , Rubin Meyer
Published: October 2006

1) A group of samples from horizons previously correlated with the upper part of the Cary substage confirms the correlation as reasonable and is consistently related in time to the dates of the peat layer at Two Creeks and subsequent Mankato events.

2) A major glaciation affected the Great Lakes region beginning 25,000 or more yr ago and reaching its maximum extent about 18,000 yr ago. It is represented by drift correlated in Ohio with the Cary substage and, at least in part, with the Tazewell substage; in Illinois and adjacent states it is correlated with most of the Tazewell substage and with the Farmdale loess.

3) The ecology and other associations implied by the dated samples are more consistent with glacial than with nonglacial conditions.

4) The lower till at Sidney, Ohio (W-188), on which is developed a soil considered a correlative of the Fox series soil on gravels and also buried by till of the major glaciation of 25,000 to 18,000 yr ago, indicates an earlier glaciation extensively exposed in Ohio and believed to be an early Wisconsin event.

Table 2. List of samples and dates arranged by age groups.

[See table in the PDF file]

5) An earlier glaciation, or glaciations, is implied at several localities by peat, gyttja, or wood more than 30,000 yr old, overlain by till.

6) The time interval between the middle group and the old group of samples, which has been determined within conservative radiocarbon limits to be greater than 3000 yr, is possibly of the order of 16,000 yr, as suggested by the depth of leaching at Sidney, Ohio.(The ages of all the samples discussed are listed in Table 2.)

7) An attempt should now be made to fix more closely the dates of the old samples and to reexamine in the field the stratigraphic sequence in the light of the radiocarbon dates discussed.
Correction: Inhibition of the Effect of Some Carcinogens by Their Partially Hydrogenated Derivatives
Authors: Zechmeister L.
Published: October 2006

The names of the compounds in the last three lines of Table 1 in "Inhibition of the effect of some carcinogens by their partially hydrogenated derivatives" by Kotin, Falk, Lijinsky, and Zechmeister [
Science
123, 102 (20 Jan. 1956)] should read dihydrodibenzanthracene, decahydrodibenzanthracene, and perhydrodibenzanthracene.
Correction: Absorption and Metabolism of Iron
Authors: Gubler Clark J.
Published: October 2006

In the article "Absorption and metabolism of iron" [
Science
123, 87 (20 Jan. 1955)], the wavelength of maximum absorption of the iron-siderophilin complex was incorrectly given as 520 millimicrons. On page 89, the first sentence in the second paragraph under the heading "Iron transport" should read "The Fe+++-B
1
-globulin complex has a characteristic salmon-pink color with a maximum light absorption at 460 millimicrons...."
Parietal Eyes in Lizards: Zoogeographical Correlates
Authors: Gundy G. Craig , Ralph Charles L. , Wurst Gloria Z.
Published: October 2006

Lizards without parietal eyes tend to be restricted to low latitudes, whereas lizards with parietal eyes are successful at higher latitudes also. These zoogeographical data, along with current theories of parietal eye physiology, strongly suggest that the overall significance of the parietal eye to lizards as a group is that it facilitates survival at higher latitudes, thus making possible the exploitation of a wider variety of habitats.
Biogenesis of Erythropoietin: Evidence for Pro-Erythropoietin in a Subcellular Fraction of Kidney
Authors: Peschle Cesare , Condorelli Mario
Published: October 2006

The light mitochondrial fraction of hypoxic rodent kidneys, called the renal erythropoietic factor, contains erythropoietin in a pro, or inactive form. Erythropoietin is released from this inactive form when the renal erythropoietic factor is incubated with normal serum. The biogenesis of erythropoietin possibly involves a system in kidney reminiscent of the proinsulin-insulin system in pancreas.
Plant Desiccation: Polysome Loss Not Due to Ribonuclease
Authors: Dhindsa R. S. , Bewley J. D.
Published: October 2006

During desiccation of the drought-tolerant moss
Tortula ruralis
polysome levels decline substantially before any increase in ribonuclease activity is observed. Furthermore, ribosomes in the desiccated moss are not complexed with messenger RNA fragments. It is concluded that ribosome runoff and failure to re-form an initiation complex mediate polysome loss during desiccation.
Chemical Aspects of Enzyme Inhibition
Authors: Sizer Irwin W.
Published: October 2006

The use of chemical reagents as enzyme inhibitors has yielded information concerning the mechanism of inhibition and the role in catalysis played by active groups on the protein apoenzyme, the coenzyme, or the metal component. Inhibition analysis has also furnished valuable clues concerning the architecture, chemical properties, and catalytic mechanism of the active site of the enzyme. In many cases,
in vivo
effects of inhibitors can be closely correlated with
in vitro
inhibition of purified enzyme systems. The effects of antimicrobial and anticancer agents, insecticides, and drugs can often be explained in terms of enzyme inhibition. The design and synthesis of new inhibitors offers great promise when applied to the control of undesirable organisms and to the prevention and cure of disease in the immediate future.
H Blood Types in Pigs as Predictors of Stress Susceptibility
Authors: Rasmusen Ben A. , Christian Lauren L.
Published: October 2006

At least two genotypes in the H system of blood groups in pigs are responsible for blood types associated with the porcine stress syndrome (PSS), and at least three genotypes are responsible for blood types associated with freedom from PSS. Two blood types, each of which apparently may result from more than one genotype, are associated with PSS in some pigs and not in others.
Epoxide to Olefin: A Novel Biotransformation in the Rumen
Authors: Ivie G. Wayne
Published: October 2006

Studies with an insect juvenile hormone mimic and the insecticide dieldrin have shown that enzymatic processes in the rumen reduce the epoxide moiety in these compounds to an olefin. This reaction is apparently microbial in origin and does not involve an observable intermediate. Epoxide reductions in the digestive tract of ruminants and possibly other mammals may be important in the detoxication of biologically active epoxides, including pesticides, alkylating agents, and carcinogens.
Lateral Preoptic Lesions in Rats Separate Urge to Drink from Amount of Water Drunk
Authors: Teicher Martin H. , Blass Elliott M.
Published: October 2006

Rats with bilaterally symmetrical lesions in the lateral preoptic area do not drink after acute intracellular dehydration, but they drink normally after water deprivation. They, like normal rats, also drink more when cellular dehydration is superimposed upon water deprivation. Unlike normal rats, however, rats with lesions in the lateral preoptic area do not increase their rate of lever-pressing in response to the combined stimulus. Thus, the urge to drink can be separated from the amount of fluid drunk.
Lead Poisoning: Altered Urinary Catecholamine Metabolites as Indicators of Intoxication in Mice and Children
Authors: Silbergeld Ellen K. , Chisolm J. Julian
Published: October 2006

Whether neuropsychological impairment occurs in children with increased lead absorption who are without clinical symptoms is of current concern. This issue, which involves potentially large numbers of children, remains unresolved, in part because of the lack of sensitive biochemical indicators of the effects of lead on the nervous system. In experimental subclinical lead poisoning in mice, significant increases in homovanillic acid and vanillylmandelic acid have been found in brain and urine. In children with increased lead absorption, these acids were measured in urine collected quantitatively under controlled dietary conditions; preliminary results show fivefold increases in the daily output of these compounds. These data suggest that the altered catecholamine metabolism also occurs in children.
Peripheral Blood Elements Found in an Egyptian Mummy: A Three-Dimensional View
Authors: Riddle Jeanne M. , Ho Khang-Loon , Chason Jacob L. , Schwyn Robert C.
Published: October 2006

Intact peripheral blood elements were found within an intracranial mass, possibly either an antemortem subdural hematoma or a postmortem blood clot, removed from a 2200-year-old Egyptian female mummy. Surface topographies of neutrophils and lymphocytes were similar. Some erythrocytes partially retained their biconcave disk shape; others were spherical. Individual platelets exhibited pseudopodia.
Mammalian Viruses and Rickettsiae
Authors: Hoyer Bill H. , Bolton Ellis T. , Ormsbee Richard A. , LeBouvier George , Ritter Daniel B. , Larson Carl L.
Published: October 2006

Techniques of column chromatography with cellulose ion exchangers have been successfully applied to mammalian viruses and rickettsiae. Recovery of virus is excellent, and appreciable purification in terms of phosphorus and protein removal has been demonstrated.

Elution characteristics of poliovirus (types 1, 2, and 3), and Coxsackie A9 virus are similar, whereas those of ECHO-13 and Colorado tick fever differ from them as well as from each other.

Elution diagrams of preparations of ECHO-13 and polio 2 viruses grown on P
32
-labeled tissue cultures show a high degree of correlation between the distribution of titratable virus and the distribution of radioactivity.

A single adsorption and elution of Q fever or epidemic typhus fever rickettsiae results in a striking degree of purification, as demonstrated by electron micrographs.

The chromatographic behavior of the animal viruses and rickettsiae appears to depend more upon the chemical nature of the surfaces of these infectious agents than upon their size.

The chromatographic procedure described may prove useful in the preparation of purified, P
32
-labeled, fully infectious animal viruses for further fundamental research. It may also prove useful for the removal of unwanted host materials in the preparation of vaccines.
Specificity of Peptides
Authors: Woolley D. W. , Merrifield R. B.
Published: October 2006

The data now at hand show that specificity among biologically active peptides is probably not as exquisite as might have been deduced from experiences with some of the water-soluble vitamins. It is plain that a given biological effect can be evoked by peptides which differ considerably. It is likewise plain that the effect cannot be evoked by a number of other peptides. There is apparently some specificity, but more is involved than that incorporated in the classical view.
Concept Formation in Chimpanzees
Authors: Kelleher Roger T.
Published: October 2006

Animals performed with a high degree of accuracy on two concept problems. The bases of these performances, however, differed qualitatively. In one problem, successful performance was based upon responding to specific stimulus patterns. In the other problem, successful performance was based upon responding to the common element or concept.
Artificially Induced Circulation of Lakes by means of Compressed Air
Authors: Schmitz William R. , Hasler Arthur D.
Published: October 2006

Turbulence induced by air bubbles causes circulation in small thermally stratified lakes. Tests were made under summer and winter (ice-cover) conditions. Homoiothermal conditions, isometric concentrations of phosphorus, and increases of dissolved oxygen were achieved, at various rates of treatment. The application of the technique for lake management and in studies of lake dynamics is suggested.
A Relationship between Photoperiod and Cold-Storage Treatment in the Spruce Budworm
Authors: Harvey George T.
Published: October 2006

Exposure of diapausing second-instar larvae of
Choristoneura fumiferana
to continuous light at 21°C, after only 6 weeks' storage at 0°C, induces emergence of larvae that will not emerge in photoperiods of 15 or 18 hours. Following the normal storage period (20 weeks) there is no such effect. Complete dark or 12-hour photoperiods inhibit emergence after storage periods of all lengths.
Ephemeral Natural Satellites of the Earth
Authors: Baker Robert M. L.
Published: October 2006

A discussion is presented of transient or short-lived natural satellites of the earth, which result from meteorites that only graze our atmosphere. Preliminary calculations show that only about 0.2 percent of the total number of the porous, stony meteorites which strike the earth will result in natural satellites. It is noted that such satellites also would be difficult to detect observationally.
Zinc Requirement for Growing Swine
Authors: Smith W. H. , Plumlee M. P. , Beeson W. M.
Published: October 2006

Swine fed rations containing 16, 21, 26, 31, 36, 41, or 46 parts per million of zinc gained 0.06, 0.13, 0.25, 0.52, 0.61, 0.69, and 0.76 lb, respectively, per day. Feed required per unit of gain decreased with each increment of zinc. Parakeratosis occurred in pigs fed 16, 21, 26, 31, or 36 ppm of zinc.
Increasing the Hatching of Eggs of Cyst and Rootknot Nematodes with Nabam
Authors: Miller P. M. , Stoddard E. M.
Published: October 2006

Nabam in water solution retards hatching of
Meloidogyne
eggs. In soil nabam increases egg hatching of
Meloidogyne
and
Heterodera tabacum
, indicating that a decomposition product in soil is a hatching factor. Because of this attribute, combining nabam with a nematocide increases control of
Meloidogyne
by exposing more larvae to the nematocide while it is at maximum efficiency.
Prolonged Natural Deferment of Hatching in Killifish
Authors: Harrington R. W. , Haeger J. S.
Published: October 2006

The drying up of flooded lowlands stranded eggs of
Fundulus confluentus
, which were unhatched and viable after as much as 3 months' exposure. The eggs were found in the moist plant debris on the soil surface. When ovigerous sods were immersed in tap water, normal fish hatched within 15 to 30 minutes.
Development of Resistance of Influenza B Virus to Polysaccharides
Authors: Gerber Paul , Adams Eugene
Published: October 2006

Algal polysaccharide obtained from carrageenin protects 80 to 100 percent of chicken embryos against fatal infections with the Lee strain of influenza virus. This report describes the rapid emergence of a stable variant of this virus which is resistant to the protective action of this polysaccharide.
Effect of Interruption of the Visual Pathway on the Response to Geniculate Stimulation
Authors: Posternak Jean M. , Fleming T. Corwin , Evarts Edward V.
Published: October 2006

Optic nerve section or destruction of the lateral geniculate nucleus increased the amplitude and elevated the recovery cycle of the cortical response to lateral geniculate radiation stimulation in cats. The lesions may have acted by eliminating tonic inhibitory or occlusive volleys originating in the retina, or both.
Ozone in High Concentrations as Cause of Tobacco Leaf Injury
Authors: Heggestad Howard E. , Middleton John T.
Published: October 2006

Evidence obtained by means of rubber strip tests and an ozone recorder indicates the presence of abnormal concentrations of ozone in the atmosphere at times. Excellent correlation was obtained between appearance of "weather fleck" in tobacco and high values for ozone. The great similarity between lesions occurring naturally and those produced by ozone in chambers also indicates that ozone is the probable inciting agent of weather fleck. Varietal differences exist. Study of stomatal action helped to explain variation in leaf injury.
Inhibition of Growth of Excised Tomato Roots by 2-Diethylaminoethanol
Authors: Boll William G.
Published: October 2006

Approximately 40 μ
M
2-diethylaminoethanol (DEAE) caused 50-percent inhibition of growth of the main axis. Inhibition was relieved by 2-dimethylaminoethanol and choline but not by ethanolamine. A marked morphogenetic effect of DEAE is attributed to differences in sensitivity of main and lateral meristems and to an effect upon the postulated hormonal system controlling apical dominance.
A Substance in Liver Which Inhibits Thymine Biosynthesis by Bone Marrow
Authors: Dinning James S. , Wiles Leon
Published: October 2006

A substance was extracted from rabbit liver which inhibited the incorporation of formate into bone-marrow thymine in vitro. In view of the important role of thymine biosynthesis in cell division, it is suggested that the inhibitor present in liver is a naturally occurring mitosis inhibitor.
Effect of Temperature on Isolated Stretch-Receptor Organ of the Crayfish
Authors: Burkhardt D.
Published: October 2006

Abdominal stretch-receptor organs of
Astacus leptodactylus
are investigated by means of extra- and intracellular leads. The effects of changing temperature on steady-state rate of activity are surprisingly low. The sensory nerve cell compensates for changes in temperature by means of opposite reactions of generator potential and threshold.
Extent of the Antarctic Continent
Authors: Press Frank , Dewart Gilbert
Published: October 2006

Group velocities of earthquake-generated Love and Rayleigh waves for certain transantarctic paths are abnormally high when compared with data from other continents. For these paths, the data indicate that at most only three-fourths of the antarctic ice sheet is underlain by continent, the remaining area being oceanic in structure.
Aggregate Replication, a Factor in the Growth of Cancer
Authors: Leighton Joseph
Published: October 2006

Microscopically, most clinical carcinomas appear as aggregates of neoplastic cells in a matrix of connective tissue. As the tumor grows, increasing numbers of nests of cells are seen. Studies in which matrix tissue culture techniques are used implicate factors intrinsic to the aggregate in the continuing propagation of new nests of cells.
Metabolic Dissociation of Short-Lived Barium-137m from Its Cesium-137 Parent
Authors: Wasserman R. H. , Twardock A. R. , Comar C. L.
Published: October 2006

At 4 to 7 days after Cs
137
administration, Ba
137m
was found to exceed Cs
137
-Ba
137m
equilibrium proportions in bone and plasma by factors of 3 and 14, respectively, in the living animal. This demonstrated the in vivo escape of Ba
137m
from sites of Cs
137
accumulation. Liver tissue was slightly deficient in Ba
137m
, whereas tissues such as bone marrow and spleen showed little or no deviation from equilibrium.
Effects of Thyroxin on Amino Acid Incorporation into Protein
Authors: Sokoloff Louis , Kaufman Seymour
Published: October 2006

The effect of thyroxin on the in vitro incorporation of DL-leucine-1-C
14
into the protein of rat liver homogenates has been investigated. Both thyroxin pretreatment in vivo and thyroxin in vitro at a concentration of 1 × 10
–5
M
were found to increase the rate of amino acid incorporation. The increased activity following the thyroxin pretreatment in vivo was found to be localized in the mitochondrial fraction. It is suggested that the acceleration of metabolic rate characteristic of thyroxin action may be secondary to the stimulation of energy-requiring reactions such as protein synthesis.
Synchronization of Unit Activity in the Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Li Choh-Luh
Published: October 2006

Simultaneous recording with micropipette electrodes from different units in the cerebral cortex revealed that units seldom fired synchronously. However, there was a temporal relationship in unit firing even when the cortex was "aroused." This relationship was most apparent when strychnine and stimulation were applied to a sensory nerve of an animal asleep or under deep anesthesia.
Selection of Auxotrophic Bacterial Mutants by Tritium-Labeled Thymidine
Authors: Lubin Martin
Published: October 2006

A method is proposed for the efficient isolation of auxotrophic mutants of cells of diverse origin by the use of radioactive materials. An example is described in which mutants of
Escherichia coli
B were selected by growing irradiated cells in the presence of tritium-labeled thymidine.
Resistance to Sevin by DDT- and Parathion-Resistant Houseflies and Sesoxane as Sevin Synergist
Authors: Eldefrawi M. E. , Miskus R. , Hoskins W. M.
Published: October 2006

The new carbamate insecticide, Sevin, has a low toxicity against houseflies. However, it is activated effectively by low concentrations of Sesoxane, a pyrethrum synergist. This occurs with normal nonselected flies and also with strains selected for resistance to DDT and Parathion, which have considerable cross resistance to Sevin.
Tritium Tracer in Arctic Problems
Authors: Giletti Bruno J. , Kulp J. Laurence
Published: October 2006

Tritium measurements in the Arctic Ocean confirm a marked near-surface stratification. Sea water at 400 meters' depth, however, is less than 3 years old, suggesting a contribution to this water mass due to sinking along the continental shelf. The top ice layer on the Ward Hunt Island ice field is older than 25 years.
Bound Phosphorus and Growth of Phytoplankton
Authors: Whitford Larry A. , Phillips Ronald C.
Published: October 2006

No correlation was found between phytoplankton pulses in four North Carolina ponds and variations in bound phosphorus. It is concluded that the interaction of a complex of chemical and physical factors produces both seasonal fluctuations and sporadic blooms of phytoplankton.
Factors Contributing to Production of "Virus-Free" Tumors in Turkeys by Rous Sarcoma Virus
Authors: Groupé Vincent , Rauscher Frank J.
Published: October 2006

Virus-neutralizing factors in tumor extracts and sera, age of the tumor, and the infecting dose of virus are important factors contributing to the infective titer of tumor tissue. Tumors produced with small amounts of virus may contain no demonstrable infective virus, and detectable inhibitory factors may or may not be present in tumor extracts or sera.
Visuo-Motor Integration in Split-Brain Cats
Authors: Schrier Allan M. , Sperry Roger W.
Published: October 2006

Chiasm- and callosum-sectioned (split-brain) cats and controls were trained to displace the correct one of two different objects, using each forelimb half the time. During this discrimination training, vision was restricted to one eye, thus confining visual input and learning to a single hemisphere in the split-brain animals. It was found that either forelimb could be used about equally well by all the animals.
Population Size Required for Investigating Threshold Dose in Radiation-Induced Leukemia
Authors: Buck Carol
Published: October 2006

Studies of leukemia in populations receiving small amounts of radiation are needed to investigate the question of a threshold dose. Estimates have been made of the population sizes required to detect a statistically significant increment of leukemia at specified low exposures, by means of the dose-response relation observed by Court-Brown and Doll at high doses.
Association of Conditionability with Degree of Reactivity in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Winokur George , Guze Samuel , Stewart Mark , Pfeiffer Eric , Stern John , Hornung Franz
Published: October 2006

A positive relationship exists between the number of times a subject responds with a psychogalvanic response to an orienting or alerting stimulus (tone) and the rate of learning in classical conditioning. This is seen by a correlation (ρ = .65 and .643 when corrected for ties) between the number of orienting responses and the resistance to extinction of the conditioned psychogalvanic response.
Pepsin-like Enzyme in Larvae of Stable Flies
Authors: Lambremont Edward N. , Fisk Frank W. , Ashrafi Shahid
Published: October 2006

A pepsin-like enzyme has been found in larvae of the stable fly. The activity is detectable in homogenates of whole larvae and in homogenates of isolated midguts, the latter of which possess a
p
H environment low enough to support a peptic enzyme. The
p
H optimum of the activity was determined to be 2.4.
Storage of Steroid Hormones by Adipose Tissue in Two Experimental Obesities
Authors: Zomzely Claire , Asti Robert , Mayer Jean
Published: October 2006

It appears that obese animals retain proportionally more steroid hormones than nonobese animals. The retention of these hormones does not appear to be a function of the nature of the obesity syndrome but simply a function of the increased fat content.
Fat Changes during Adolescence
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Haskell Joan A.
Published: October 2006

Lower thoracic fat, as measured on serial chest plates of 259 children in Ohio, increased in girls, between ages 6.5 and 14.5 years and, in boys, between ages 6.5 and 11.5 years. No evidence for a marked loss of "baby" fat in adolescence or for "waves" of fattening around the time of puberty was found.
Mutagenic Effect of Oxygen on Barley Seeds
Authors: Kronstad W. E. , Nilan R. A. , Konzak C. F.
Published: October 2006

Resting barley seeds stored under oxygen at a pressure of 100 lb/in.
2
for 4 and 6 weeks exhibit a significant number of chromosome aberrations and mutations. The amount of cytogenetic damage increases with length of storage. The frequencies and types of changes are similar to those induced by 500 r to 1000 r of x-rays.
Growth of Body Weight and Manipulation of Food Motivation
Authors: Kaplan Michael , Campbell Sam L. , Johnson Linda , Papamichael Androulla , Sparer Richard , Weinbaum Marian
Published: October 2006

Consideration was given to the possible use of individual growth curves to estimate
ad libitum
-feeding weights as part of technique for producing specified degrees of food deprivation. In heterozygous animals, this possibility was found to be feasible but limited by the occurrence of discontinuous growth functions.
Bilirubin Inhibition of Heme Biosynthesis
Authors: Labbe Robert F. , Zaske Merlin R. , Aldrich Robert A.
Published: October 2006

The conversion of protoporphyrin and iron to heme is catalyzed by a soluble enzyme prepared from rat liver. This reaction is inhibited by bilirubin, and initial kinetic studies suggest that the inhibition is due in part to a competition between protoporphyrin and the bile pigment. Implications of this finding in hyperbilirubinemia are mentioned.
Stratospheric Fallout of Strontium-89 and Barium-140
Authors: Fry Lois , Kuroda P. K.
Published: October 2006

A series of nuclear test explosions which occurred in the fall of 1958 caused a very large increase of Sr
89
and Ba
140
in the stratosphere. The Ba
140
/Sr
89
ratio in the stratosphere, and hence in the troposphere, has decreased steadily since then with a half-life of approximately 17 days.
Cortical Correlates of Auditory Localization
Authors: Coleman Paul D.
Published: October 2006

Responses were recorded simultaneously from a number of electrodes on the auditory cortex of one hemisphere of cats. Response amplitudes at different electrodes reached maxima and minima at different real or apparent locations of a click stimulus.
Variations in Style Number and Other Gynoecial Structures of
Lychnis alba
Authors: Dean H. L.
Published: October 2006

Consistent variations in style number (from the typical five), ranging from zero to ten, inclusive, are found in ovaries of
Lychnis alba
flowers. The number of carpels, placentae, and vascular strands of a given ovary usually varied directly with the number of its styles.
Deposition of Strontium-90 through October 1958
Authors: Eisenbud Merril
Published: October 2006

It is estimated that the global deposition of strontium-90 increased from 1.9 to 2.6 megacuries during the period from June 1957 to October 1958. During this time the stratospheric reservoir of strontium-90 increased from 1.4 to 4.3 megacuries. Approximately 90 percent of the deposition of debris now stored in the stratosphere will have occurred by 1970.

In 1958, the strontium-90 content of powdered milk in the New York area averaged 5.9 micromicrocuries per gram of calcium in comparison with 3.9 micromicrocuries per gram of calcium for the previous year. For this region of the country, the strontium-90 content of milk appears to be increasing in proportion to the strontium-90 content of the soils from which the cows derive their forage.

The upper limit of foreseeable contamination in milk can be estimated by assuming that this proportionality will continue until all of the strontium-90 has been deposited from the upper atmosphere. This procedure should yield estimates which tend to err on the side of safety. In this manner, it is estimated that the maximum foreseeable sustained level of milk contamination in the New York area is 11 micromicrocuries per gram of calcium. A child deriving its calcium from dairy sources may be expected to develop a skeleton having 5.5 micromicrocuries per gram of calcium. This estimate is double that made in June 1957 and reflects the increased stratospheric inventory due to U.S.S.R. detonations in 1958.

The radiological dose to the skeleton from natural sources such as cosmic rays, radium, potassium, and so forth, is approximately 125 millirems per year. A skeletal burden of 5.5 micromicrocuries of strontium-90 per gram of calcium will deliver a dose of approximately 5.5 millirems per year to the bone marrow. The maximum foreseeable dose from strontium-90 in the New York area is thereby estimated to be about 5 percent of the dose due to natural radioactivity.
Induced Growth of Diapausing Silkworm Embryos in vitro
Authors: Takami Takeo
Published: October 2006

Fully diapausing silkworm embryos (
Bombyx mori
L.) ordinarily never reach the stage of appendage formation when they are cultured singly in hanging drops. However, when they are cultured side-by-side with nondiapausing embryos, they survive longer and some even achieve appendage formation.
Changes in Soluble Citrate of Pigeon Bone during Egg Laying
Authors: Lehman David , Engel Milton B. , Laskin Daniel M.
Published: October 2006

Accompanying the structural changes in medullary bone during the egg-laying cycle there are local increases in the concentration of soluble, citrate. Since citrate can form both soluble and insoluble compounds with calcium, it is suggested that this anion may have a regulatory function in bone apposition and resorption.
Activation of Single Lateral Geniculate Cells by Stimulation of Either Optic Nerve
Authors: Bishop P. O. , Burke W. , Davis R.
Published: October 2006

The lateral geniculate nucleus is organized in such a way that, initially at least, information from the one eye is almost exclusively segregated from that from the other eye. Single-unit recording, however, confirms the histological evidence that bilateral integration does take place. A small number of cells (< 8.5 percent) receive afferents directly from both optic nerves and are discharged by stimulating either nerve (direct interaction). More common is delayed interaction, where the cells are discharged independently by either optic nerve but only after a relatively long latency. Indirect interaction effects also occur.
Magnetic Damping of Rotation of Satellite 1958β2
Authors: Wilson Raymond H.
Published: October 2006

From over 200 observations of the decreasing spin rate of Vanguard I made during the year since its launching, eddy-current induction theory yields 0.115 ± 0.001 gauss as the mean magnetic field normal to the spin axis of the satellite. This measured value agrees with that deduced from Bauer's model of the earth's dipole field.
Intracistron Recombination in the
Wx
/
wx
Region in Maize
Authors: Nelson Oliver E.
Published: October 2006

Five independently occurring
waxy (wx)
mutants produce low frequencies of standard type (
Wx
) pollen grains (0.3 to 3.8 × 10
-5
). In crosses between these mutants, frequencies of
Wx
pollen grains range from 1.4 to 88 × 10
-5
, depending on the cross. Data from the crosses allow the ordering of the mutants within the region. Functional complementation between the different mutants does not occur.
Electrical System for Home Conversion and Storage of Solar Energy
Authors: Giacoletto L. J.
Published: October 2006

Energy storage has long been a problem in connection with home utilization of solar energy. A solution which utilizes solar semiconductor cells for conversion to d-c power is proposed. The d-c power is used to drive an alternator which is connected directly across the residential power lines. Thus a-c power is delivered to the power lines when a surplus of power is available in the home and is used in other parts of the power distribution system. At latitude 42°N there is 3 times more yearly energy recoverable than is used by an average residence on the basis of a 10-by-10-m collection area. At the present state of technical development the cost of such a large-area semiconductor solar cell would be prohibitive.
Photoelectric Technique for Measuring Eye Movements
Authors: Smith William M. , Warter Peter J.
Published: October 2006

By the system described, the movement of a stimulus and the correlated tracking movements of the eye are recorded simultaneously. The technique for measuring the eye movements consists of detecting and amplifying by photomultiplication the total amount of light passing through a small slit upon which is imaged a small portion of the light-dark field represented by the iris and sclera of the eye. This total amount of light varies directly with the angular position of the eye.
Electrolyte-Solvent Interactions: Effect of Electrolytes on Vibrational Spectrum of Methanol
Authors: Bufalini Joseph , Stern Kurt H.
Published: October 2006

The addition of quaternary ammonium halides to dilute solutions of methanol in benzene shifts the equilibrium Associated MeOH ⇄ unassociated MeOH to the left. For several tetrabutylammonium salts, the order of increasing effectiveness in causing the shift is: picrate <nitrate <bromide <chloride. The results provide evidence for the solvation of electrolytes by polar molecules.
Subthreshold Retinal Integration Shown in Low Contrast Flicker Measurements
Authors: Peckham R. H. , Hart William M.
Published: October 2006

Evidence of facilitation of response has been found in psychometrically determined critical fusion frequencies to flicker at low contrast. Spatial summation is denied by the distribution form of the data. Temporal summation within a determined time limit is supported. This may be mediated through association cells at the bipolar-ganglion synapse.
Discrimination Learning
Authors: Carlton Peter L.
Published: October 2006

Eight rats were run through discrimination training sessions in which responses in the dark were not reinforced whereas the first response after the onset of a light was reinforced. The procedure generated orderly learning and latency data for the individual animal. The latency distributions are adequately described by a simple mathematical formulation.
Molecular Pumping
Authors: Beams J. W.
Published: October 2006

A method is described for producing high vacua. A magnetically suspended molecular pumping rotor is operated inside a sealed glass vacuum system. The system is free of lubricants and can be baked out. The system gives promise of producing pressures below those previously used.
Serological Procedure for the Detection of Antibodies to Penicillin
Authors: Epp Marguerite
Published: October 2006

A hemagglutination technique for demonstrating antibodies to penicillin in sera from penicillin-allergic subjects is described. Erythrocytes coupled to penicillin T by means of bis-diazotized-benzidine constitute the "antigen" used to measure the antipenicillin antibody. The hemagglutination reaction is highly specific. as indicated by hemagglutination-inhibition studies. The clinical significance of these antibodies remains to be elucidated.
Growth of Tobacco Mosaic Virus Particles
Authors: Sears Gerald W.
Published: October 2006

Past studies have characterized the structure of tobacco mosaic virus particles by a variety of methods. In the present report the screw dislocation theory of crystal growth is applied to the formation of tobacco mosaic virus particles. The growth mechanism is shown to account for the rodlike morphology. It is also deduced that the biosynthetic process occurs at the growth step at the end of a particle.
Method for the Study of Antigenicity of Homologous Whole Spleen Cells in Mice
Authors: Mann Lewis T. , Corson Joseph M. , Dammin Gustave J.
Published: October 2006

A method for the quantitative assay of the antigenicity of homologous mouse whole spleen cells in the system of A/Heston (donor) to C57BL/6 (recipient) is described. The assay is based upon the graded response of skin homografts to the numbers of donor cells injected intraperitoneally into the recipient prior to the skin graft. The response is linear with respect to the logarithm (base 10) of the number of cells injected.
Evidence That Cut Optic Nerve Fibers in a Frog Regenerate to Their Proper Places in the Tectum
Authors: Maturana H. R. , Lettvin J. Y. , McCulloch W. S. , Pitts W. H.
Published: October 2006

The frog's retina projects into the superficial neuropil of the opposite tectum in four functionally different layers of terminals. Each layer displays a continuous map of the retina in terms of its particular function. The four maps are in register. The fourth-dimensional order is reconstituted after section and regeneration of the optic fibers.
Lunar and Solar Perturbations on Satellite Orbits
Authors: Upton E. , Bailie A. , Musen P.
Published: October 2006

Calculations of the solar and lunar effects on highly eccentric satellite orbits show that the sun and the moon may cause large changes in perigee height over extended periods of time. The amplitude and sign of the perigee height variations depend on the orbit parameters and the hour of launch; for a typical orbit and various choices of launch time, the perigee height will either rise or fall at the rate of 1 km/day over the course of several months. These results may be significant in deciding the launch conditions for future satellites with highly eccentric orbits.
Velocity of Light and Measurement of Interplanetary Distances
Authors: Golay Marcel J. E.
Published: October 2006

The combined availability of atomic clocks and of instrumented planetoids traveling in their own solar orbits will offer the possibility of determining their distance from us, and hence interplanetary distances, in terms of the wavelength of the radiation of atomic frequency standards. It can be anticipated that the accuracy of these measurements will be very high and will not depend upon our less accurate knowledge of the velocity of light in terms of the standard meter, the sidereal second, and so on.
Heat-Labile Serum Systems in Fresh-Water Fish
Authors: Feldman Harry A. , Miller Louise T.
Published: October 2006

Serum specimens from 18 specimens of 12 different species of freshwater fish were examined for their ability to kill
Toxoplasma
nonspecifically. This ability was present in all sera except those of two of three great northern pike. The effect was destroyed by exposure to 53°C, 56°C, or zymosan. Complement was demonstrated in all sera except that from one great northern pike, when rabbit erythrocytes were used in the indicator system.
Genetic and Environmental Control of Flowering in
Trifolium repens
in the Tropics
Authors: Britten E. J.
Published: October 2006

Trifolium repens
at low elevations expressed wide genetic variation in tendency to flower. Clones classified as flowering or nonflowering were subjected to temperatures associated with high elevations. Flowering in "nonflowering" clones was induced under warm-day-cool-night treatments. It is proposed that in the tropics, low temperatures associated with high elevations are an important factor in determining flowering, and therefore ability to persist, in plants which are long-day and temperature sensitive.
Reciprocal Inhibition as Indicated by a Differential Staining Reaction
Authors: Retzlaff Ernest , Fontaine Joan
Published: October 2006

Neurohistological and neurophysiological studies have shown that the bilaterally represented Mauthner's cells in teleosts are related both structurally and functionally. The VIIIth nerve afferents, as well as the axoaxonal collaterals, display a distribution pattern which supports the concept of polar function of the neuron. Inasmuch as it is possible to alter the staining reaction of both the Mauthner's cells by unilateral stimulation of the entering VIIIth nerve roots, it is proposed that the synaptic endings serve principally as activators and that neuronal excitation or inhibition is determined by the chemical state of the dendrites, the cell body, and the axon hillock region.
Growth Pattern in the Green Hydra,
Chlorohydra viridissima
Authors: Burnett Allison L. , Garofalo Michael
Published: October 2006

A method was employed whereby it was possible to determine the growth pattern of hydra without using the traditional techniques of grafting and vital staining. It has been shown that hydra possess a growth region just below the hypostome where constant cell proliferation renews the tissues of the animal completely every few weeks.
Relation of Antigens of
Melampsora lini
and
Linum usitatissimum
to Resistance and Susceptibility
Authors: Doubly John A. , Flor H. H. , Clagett C. O.
Published: October 2006

A specific antigen was found in each of four races of
Melampsora lini
and four rust-differentiating varieties of
Linum usitatissimum
. Avirulence and virulence were related to resistance and susceptibility through the specific rust antigens. A race was virulent to varieties containing its specific rust antigen as a minor constituent, and avirulent to varieties lacking that antigen. No such correlation was found with flax antigens.
Virulence Transformation of a Trichomonad Protozoan
Authors: Honigberg B. M. , Read C. P.
Published: October 2006

Treatment of an avirulent strain of
Trichomonas gallinae
with a cell-free homogenate of a virulent strain resulted in enhanced virulence as evidenced by the size of lesions produced in mice. Addition of deoxyribonuclease to the homogenate cell mixture blocked the transformation.
Proton Flux during the Great Aurora of 3-4 September 1959
Authors: Osterbrock Donald E.
Published: October 2006

Photoelectric measurements of the Hβ intensity show that it continued to increase after a corona formed, and reached a maximum as the corona broke up into rays, decreasing rapidly to nearly zero within the next 10 minutes. The maximum flux of protons incident on the earth during the aurora, deduced from these measures, was at least 1.4 β 10
8
auroral protons per square centimeter, per second.
Benzimidazole Enhancement of Ion Uptake by Plant Roots
Authors: Klingensmith M. J. , Norman A. G.
Published: October 2006

Excised barley roots in the presence of benzimidazole accumulate about twice as much potassium in 6 hours as those in a potassium source only. The enhanced rate of uptake is maintained steadily during this time. Sodium and calcium accumulation are similarly augmented but not at identical levels.
New Technique for the Collection and Isolation of Airborne Microorganisms
Authors: O'Connell D. C. , Wiggin N. J. B. , Pike G. F.
Published: October 2006

Pure cultures of airborne microorganisms are obtained by simple electrostatic attraction to small glass and plastic cylinders which are rolled over the surface of nutrient agar medium. Little equipment is required, and the necessary materials are inexpensive. Satisfactory qualitative sampling is possible under varying conditions of relative humidity.
Effects of Veratrine and Cocaine on Cerebral Carbohydrate-Amino Acid Interrelations
Authors: Kini M. M. , Quastel J. H.
Published: October 2006

The rate of aerobic transformation of glucose-U-C
14
into radioactive amino acids by slices of rat-brain cortex is greatly influenced by the K
+
/Ca
++
ratio in the incubating medium. Protoveratrine has effects on the amino acid pattern resembling that due to an increase in the K
+
/Ca
++
ratio. These effects are antagonized by cocaine and may be correlated with the neurophysiological activities of these drugs.
Liquid Scintillation Counting Counting of Aqueous Solutions of Carbon-14 and Tritium
Authors: Shapira Jacob , Perkins William H.
Published: October 2006

A method is reported whereby aqueous solutions containing weak beta emitters are dispersed as stable emulsions in liquid scintillator counting solutions. This permits the routine counting, with about 10-percent efficiency, of large numbers of samples containing tritium. Self-absorption does not present a problem when less than 5 percent aqueous phase is present.
Separation of Serum Antibody Activities by Anion-Exchange Cellulose Chromatography
Authors: Fahey John L.
Published: October 2006

Mumps,
Histoplasma capsulatum
, thyroglobulin, and typhoid H antibodies were found in fraction 1, which contained only gamma globulins with ultracentrifugal sedimentation coefficients of 6.6 Svedberg units (S). Typhoid O antibodies and rheumatoid factor were only in fraction 5, composed principally of gamma macroglobulins with ultracentrifugal sedimentation coefficients of 18 S. In contrast isohemagglutinins, Rh antibodies, and anti-human liver nucleoprotein activities were found in two chromatogram fractions (1 and 5) with different physicochemical properties.
Simple Telemetering System for Signaling High Rumen Pressures
Authors: Payne Loyal C.
Published: October 2006

The construction of a modified Hartley oscillator transmitter activated through a pressure switch is described. When this device is placed within the rumen of a cow which is allowed unrestricted movement in the pasture, frequency-modulation signals are transmitted to a recording receiver whenever a preselected pressure is exceeded. The pressure at which transmission begins is determined by the capacitance across the coil of the circuit.