bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultural Outreach: Cinema and Soft Power
Authors: Rawnsley Gary D.
Published: March 2021

This paper introduces soft power as a political construct and thus questions its relevance to cinema. Rather than seeing movies as representatives of soft power in and of themselves, cinema is an instrument whereby soft power is projected – a tool rather than a resource. The paper argues that cinema is an example of “soft power by accident”, meaning that it is best understood as a natural by-product of a cultural creative process for non-political purposes. However, when we analyse Chinese cinema, the boundaries between political and non-political break down, revealing some of the problems and limitations in both Chinese soft power and cultural outreach.
The Historical Roots and Cultural Core of the Chinese Film School
Authors: Wang Haizhou
Published: March 2021

Chinese cinema has its own unique features, created through nationally distinct methods. Once revealed, these methods make possible the construction of a unique “Chinese film school.” This article explores the historical development of Chinese film arts in order to uncover general trends along its winding path. While being open to the world, the Chinese film school ultimately returns to traditions in Chinese art as a method to construct a unique theory of Chinese film. This methodology has enabled Chinese films to reflect wider developments in world cinema, while also maintaining distinctive Chinese cultural characteristics.
Crystal structure of 6,6′-((1E, 1′E)-(((1R, 2R)-1,2-diphenylethane-1,2-diyl) bis(azanylylidene))bis(methanylylidene))bis(2-ethylphenol), C32H32N2O2
Authors: Xu Zeng-Bing , He Jing-Yuan , Shi Da-Bin
Published: March 2021

C32H32N2O2, orthorhombic,

P

2
1

2
1

2
1

$P{2}_{1}{2}_{1}{2}_{1}$

(no. 19), a = 9.78920(12) Å, b = 12.71913(14) Å, c = 20.9423(3) Å, V = 2607.53(5) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0535, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.1365, T = 149.99(10) K.
New liquid oral formulations of hydroxychloroquine: a physicochemical stability study
Authors: Lebreton Vincent , Bourcier Blandine , Cosson Karine , Lagarce Frédéric , Spiesser-Robelet Laurence , Vrignaud Sandy
Published: March 2021

Objectives

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) presents many drug properties that increase its therapeutic use. There are, indeed, different research pathways in numerous autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases, as well as in cancerology. HCQ is only marketed as HCQ sulfate in film-coated or coated tablets for oral use. No pediatric liquid form is currently available on the market. The purpose of the present study is to develop oral liquid formulations for HCQ at 50 mg/mL with two different oral vehicle suspensions, namely ORA-Plus®/ORA-Sweet® (ORA) and Syrspend® SF PH 4 (SYR).

Methods

The suspension stability was assessed in different storage conditions (4 and 25 °C). A high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) stability-indicating method with UV detection was developed to determine HCQ concentrations in the different formulations, and detect potential degradation products. Physical parameters, e.g. pH and osmolality were also monitored during the period of the stability study.

Results

HCQ concentration, osmolality, and pH remained stable for 90 days at 4 and 30 °C for HCQ in 50% ORA-Plus®/50% ORA-Sweet®. For HCQ suspension in SYR, the suspension remained stable 90 days at 4 °C and 60 days at 30 °C.

Conclusions

For all preparations, no significant physical or chemical modification was noticed during the period of the study.
Coexisting of interprofessional education and organizational culture
Authors: Başer Aysel , Şahin Hatice
Published: March 2021

Increasing knowledge, technological advances, growing elderly and disabled population, and the need to provide safe and quality patient care over the world have made the healthcare systems more complex. In the last 30 years, the need for interprofessional education has increased. The training and participation of more than two disciplines is defined as interprofessional education. The aim of interprofessional education is to learn how students should work in an interprofessional team and to apply the knowledge, skills and attitudes that they have learned to future health service delivery. Most of the competencies for interprofessional education are related to teamwork. Communication, leadership and collaboration skills need to be achieved for teamwork. There are many barriers on the basis of the training program and the organization. In addition to the structural change, cultural changes are needed to initiate a reform movement in the interprofessional education in the healthcare system. Critically important interprofessional education should be defended in the framework of how to act and approach all employees of the institution in the same belief, common values and the same way of working together for optimum success.
Evaluación de la implementación de un objeto de aprendizaje desarrollado con tecnología H5P
Authors: Rossetti López Sergio-Ramón , García Ramírez Ma. Teresa , Rojas Rodríguez Isaac-Shamir
Published: March 2021

Los objetos de aprendizaje son utilizados como materiales didácticos y tienen la finalidad de apoyar procesos de enseñanza y aprendizaje. El objetivo de este trabajo fue el de evaluar un objeto de aprendizaje, desarrollado con la herramienta de software libre H5P para ser utilizado como material de apoyo en un curso de Metodología de la Investigación en la Licenciatura en Administración en una universidad pública ubicada en el estado de Sonora, México. Con base en un estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal, se realizó la evaluación del objeto aprendizaje a partir de cuatro dimensiones: utilidad, impacto, integración y atributos. Los resultados obtenidos se derivan de una muestra de 70 estudiantes en donde se observa una valoración positiva del objeto de aprendizaje, además permiten vislumbrar el potencial y los beneficios que tiene la plataforma H5P para generar todo tipo de materiales educativos. Con los hallazgos de esta intervención, se dispone de un marco de referencia para futuros desarrollos e implementaciones de objetos de aprendizaje con H5P.
PLCδ1 Plays Central Roles in the Osmotic Activation of ΔN-TRPV1 Channels in Mouse Supraoptic Neurons and in Murine Osmoregulation
Authors: Park Sung Jin , Haan Kirk D. , Nakamura Yoshikazu , Fukami Kiyoko , Fisher Thomas E.
Published: March 2021

The magnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) of the hypothalamus play a vital role in osmoregulation, but the mechanisms underlying MNC osmosensitivity are not fully understood. We showed previously that high osmolality activates phospholipase C (PLC) in rat MNCs in a Ca2+-dependent manner and that PLC activation is necessary for full osmotic activation of an N-terminal variant of the TRPV1 (ΔN-TRPV1) channel. We therefore hypothesized that the Ca2+-dependent δ1 isoform of PLC contributes to ΔN-TRPV1 activation and tested whether MNC function is defective in a transgenic PLCδ1 KO mouse. Water deprivation for 24 h caused greater increases in serum osmolality and losses in body weight in PLCδ1 KO mice than it did in control mice. Action potentials and ΔN-TRPV1 currents were measured in acutely isolated mouse MNCs using whole-cell patch clamp before and after exposure to hypertonic solutions. This treatment elicited a significant activation of ΔN-TRPV1 currents and an increase in firing rate in MNCs isolated from control mice, but not from PLCδ1 KO mice. Submembranous filamentous actin was measured in isolated MNCs before and after treatment with angiotensin II and hypertonic solution. Both treatments caused an increase in filamentous actin fluorescence in MNCs isolated from control mice, but both responses were significantly attenuated in MNCs from PLCδ1 KO mice. Our data demonstrate that the PLCδ1 isoform plays a key role in the activation of ΔN-TRPV1 channels and in osmosensory transduction in MNCs. This study advances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying mammalian osmoregulation.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMagnocellular neurosecretory cells (MNCs) of the hypothalamus play a central role in osmoregulation. We have identified a key role for the PLCδ1 isoform in the activation of ΔN-TRPV1 channels and osmosensory transduction in MNCs. The data indicate that the PLCδ1 isoform is activated by the Ca2+influx occurring during MNC action potentials and exerts a positive feedback on ΔN-TRPV1 channels to enhance MNC excitability. This study provides evidence that PLCδ1 is a key molecule underlying osmosensory transduction, the regulation of VP release, and osmoregulation.
Oxtr/TRPV1 expression and acclimation of skeletal muscle to cold-stress in male mice
Authors: Conte Elena , Romano Adele , De Bellis Michela , de Ceglia Marialuisa , Rosaria Carratù Maria , Gaetani Silvana , Maqoud Fatima , Tricarico Domenico , Camerino Claudia
Published: March 2021

We explored the involvement of oxytocin receptor (Oxtr)/transient-receptor-potential-vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) genes and oxytocin (Oxt) on the adaptation of skeletal muscle to cold stress challenge in mice. Oxtr expression in hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN), supraoptic nuclei (SON), and hippocampus (HIPP) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry in parallel with the measurement of circulating Oxt. The Oxtr and TRPV1 gene expressions in soleus (SOL) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were investigated by RT-PCR. Histological studies of the cardiac muscle after cold stress were also performed. Male mice (n = 15) were divided into controls maintained at room temperature (RT = 24°C), exposed to cold stress (CS) at T = 4°C for 6 h , and 5 days. Immunohistochemical studies showed that Oxtr protein expression increased by two-fold (P = 0.01) in PVN and by 1.5-fold (P = 0.0001) in HIPP after 6 h- and 5 days of CS but decreased by 2-fold (P = 0.026) in SON in 5 days. Both Oxtr and TRPV1 gene expression increased after 6 h and 5 days of CS in SOL and TA muscles. Oxtr vs TRPV1 gene expression in SOL and TA muscles evaluated by regression analysis was linearly correlated following CS at 6 h and 5 days but not at control temperature of 24 ± 1°C, supporting the hypothesis of coupling between these genes. The circulating levels of Oxt are unaffected after 6 h of CS but decreased by 0.2-fold (P = 0.0141) after 5 days-CS. This is the first report that Oxtr and TRPV1 expressions are upregulated in response to cold acclimation in skeletal muscle. The up-regulation of Oxtr in PVN and HIPP balances the decrease of circulating Oxt.
Self-assembly of alkyl chains of fatty acids in papermaking systems: A review of related pitch issues, hydrophobic sizing, and pH effects
Authors: Hubbe Martin A. , McLean Douglas S. , Stack Karen R. , Lu Xiaomin , Strand Anders , Sundberg Anna
Published: March 2021

This review article considers the role of fatty acids and the mutual association of their long-chain (e.g. C18) alkyl and alkenyl groups in some important aspects of papermaking. In particular, published findings suggest that interactions involving fatty acids present as condensed monolayer films can play a controlling role in pitch deposition problems. Self-association among the tails of fatty acids and their soaps also helps to explain some puzzling aspects of hydrophobic sizing of paper. When fatty acids and their soaps are present as monolayers in papermaking systems, the pH values associated with their dissociation, i.e. their pKa values, tend to be strongly shifted. Mutual association also appears to favor non-equilibrium multilayer structures that are tacky and insoluble, possibly serving as a nucleus for deposition of wood extractives, such, as resins and triglyceride fats, in pulp and paper systems.
Bioenergy production and utilization in different sectors in Sweden: A state of the art review
Authors: Amiandamhen Stephen O. , Kumar Anuj , Adamopoulos Stergios , Jones Dennis , Nilsson Bengt
Published: March 2021

In the continual desire to reduce the environmental footprints of human activities, research efforts to provide cleaner energy is increasingly becoming vital. The effect of climate change on present and future existence, sustainable processes, and utilizations of renewable resources have been active topics within international discourse. In order to reduce the greenhouse gases emissions from traditional materials and processes, there has been a shift to more environmental friendly alternatives. The conversion of biomass to bioenergy, including biofuels has been considered to contribute to the future of climate change mitigation, although there are concerns about carbon balance from forest utilization. Bioenergy accounts for more than one-third of all energy used in Sweden and biomass has provided about 60% of the fuel for district heating. Apart from heat and electricity supply, the transport sector, with about 30% of global energy use, has a significant role in a sustainable bioenergy system. This review presents the state of the art in the Swedish bioenergy sector based on literature and Swedish Energy Agency’s current statistics. The review also discusses the overall bioenergy production and utilization in different sectors in Sweden. The current potential, challenges, and environmental considerations of bioenergy production are also discussed.
Antioxidative low molecular weight extractives from triploid Populus tomentosa xylem
Authors: Si Chuan-Ling , Lu Yi-Yuan , Zhang Yu , Xu Jie , Qin Pan-Pan , Sun Run-Cang , Ni Yong-Hao
Published: March 2021

Triploid Populus tomentosa Carr. (Salicaceae) is a good alternative to meet the increasing need of the global pulp and paper industry. Meanwhile, the xylem of this species could be a useful bioresource to develop low molecular extractives with significant bioactive potential. In the present work, a phytochemical investigation on aqueous EtOH extractives of Triploid P. tomentosa xylem, by systematical performance of Sephadex LH-20 open column chromatography and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), resulted in the isolation of two phenolic acids (ρ-coumaric acid (I) and caffeic acid (II)), two flavonoids (apigenin (III) and luteolin (IV)), and three phenolic glucosides (salicortin (V), salireposide (VI) and populoside (VII)). The structure elucidation and determination of the isolated extractives were based on their spectroscopical data and physiochemical evidences. This was the first time to report the low molecular weight extractives of Triploid P. tomentosa. Various low molecular weight extractives fromTriploid P. tomentosa xylem exhibited significant antioxidative activities by DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays.
Knowledge about the COVID-19 pandemic among undergraduate medical and dental students in Lalitpur, Nepal
Authors: Jha Nisha , Singh Neeti , Bajracharya Omi , Manandhar Tejendra , Manandhar Tejendra , Devkota Pragya , Kafle Sajala , Shankar Pathiyil Ravi
Published: March 2021

Background. Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has become a major global problem. There is an urgent need to measure the knowledge of the disease among health science students who can play an active role in pandemic control. The research was conducted to examine COVID-19 knowledge among medical and dental students in a Nepalese medical college, compare the knowledge to other studies in the literature and identify educational needs of students who may be involved in treating COVID-19 patients. 

Methods. The cross-sectional study was performed during the third week of June among first to final year medical and dental students. As the country was in lockdown, a structured online questionnaire was used. The responses obtained were entered into IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows and the normality of the data checked using one-sample Kolmogorov Smirnov test. The demographic parameters were tabulated, and total score compared among different subgroups of participants. The frequency of different measures mentioned by respondents were also noted.

Results. More than half of the participants were males (59.6%). Nearly half 282 (49.8%) belonged to age group 21-23 years. The majority 415 (73.5%) were undergraduate medical and 150 (26.5%) were undergraduate dental students. The largest number of respondents, 140 (24.9%), were from the second year of study and 344 (60.9%) were from urban areas. The median total score was 20 and the interquartile range 4. The maximum possible score was 29. The scores among students belonging to different years of study were significantly different (p=0.006). Total scores were not significantly different among other subgroups.

Conclusions. The knowledge of the participants was good. Deficiencies in knowledge were noted in certain areas and these should be addressed through an educational intervention. One of the challenges is the rapid evolution of our knowledge about this condition, which may require regular refresher sessions. Similar studies can be undertaken in other medical colleges in the country and in nursing and pharmacy colleges.
RESEARCH OF THE APPLICATION OF GAMES IN TEACHING JUDO TO CHILDREN FROM 7 TO 10 YEARS OF AGE
Authors: Lukanova Valeria
Published: March 2021

Objective: Conduct and follow-up experiment with the aim of improving and refining the methods of initial training in judo for children 7-10 years of age with the help of specialized judo games. Modern methods of training in many sports, particularly in judo, are characterized by early specialization. In this respect, some existing training programs may be immaturity when the age characteristics of beginners are not taken into account and, as a result, children's health suffers from adverse consequences. Primary Judo training methods open up a vast space for improvement and development of this type of sport. The author initiates and practices process of teaching and learning in basic training beginners judo, using judo games as a means to fully develop the physical characteristics and layout of racing skills
STUDENTS’ SATISFACTION WITH PEDAGOGY TEACHING
Authors: Zsheliaskova-Koynova Zsh. , Mileva E.
Published: March 2021

Satisfaction with the training process is seen as one of the main criteria for accreditation of all higher education programs, according to the requirements of the National Evaluation and Accreditation Agency in Bulgaria. Students’ satisfaction is connected with the students' perception of the extent to which their needs or expectations have been met in the learning process. The aim of the research was to study students' satisfaction with the quality of pedagogy teaching at the National Sports Academy. The research involved 65 students (33 men, 32 women). The satisfaction survey was conducted using an online-based questionnaire (Google-Form). Subjects did not indicate their names, but only their group and gender. The results obtained show that, as a whole, students were satisfied to a very large extent with pedagogy teaching. Gender did not affect satisfaction. However, the attendance rate affected it. Students who attended all lectures had the highest degree of satisfaction, while students who did not attend any lectures had the lowest. Students who had finished elite secondary school (which is related to very high expectations of teaching), were the least satisfied and they were the ones who most often skipped lectures. The most important factor affecting students’ satisfaction was the behavior of lecturers and their interaction with the students.
MOBILE APPLICATIONS FOR BUSINESS
Authors: Angelova Nadezhda
Published: March 2021

The development of mobile technologies and Internet connectivity has a beneficial effect on the creation of diverse mobile applications related to different spheres of life. The time when people used their phones only for making phone calls passed away and nowadays every one of us has a small computer in his pocket that provides unlimited opportunities for training, business and entertainment. The purpose of this work is to present some of the most commonly used mobile applications that are designed to facilitate business communication, financial operations, staff and customer management. The main mobile technologies, operating systems and features of mobile applications are described. A survey about the usage of mobile technologies and applications is conducted and the results are presented.
Leafy liverworts of Chapada das Mesas National Park: a floristic survey and checklist of the leafy liverworts of Maranhão state, Brazil
Authors: Pereira Silva Jainara , Oliveira-da-Silva Fúvio Rubens , Ilkiu-Borges Anna Luiza , Fernandes Rozijane
Published: March 2021

Chapada das Mesas National Park (CMNP) is the fourth largest conservation unit in Maranhão state and an important area for the study of bryophytes due to its geomorphological characteristics, predominant vegetation, and water potential. The aim of our study was to investigate the richness and composition of leafy liverwort species in CMNP, discuss the importance of this area in the state, and present an updated checklist of the leafy liverworts for Maranhão. Our botanical material was collected during four excursions to the park. The checklist was mainly based on literature reports. Forty-one species and two varieties in eight families and 20 genera were identified in CMNP. From the state of Maranhão, 106 species and two varieties in nine families and 39 genera are reported. Our survey of bryophytes in CMNP resulted in the first records from Maranhão of 19 species. Lejeunea juruana Gradst. & M.E.Reiner is also newly found in the Northeastern region of Brazil and in the Cerrado domain.
Effect of Medical-Grade Polyurethane Sponges on Sinus Membrane Perforation With a Lateral Window Approach
Authors: Hamada Yusuke , AlSakr Abudulaziz , Towns Stephen , Blanchard Steven B.
Published: March 2021

The most commonly reported complication during the sinus elevation surgical procedure is the perforation of the Schneiderian membrane. The aim of this retrospective study was to compare the rate of sinus membrane perforation during lateral window augmentation using either conventional sinus curettes or medical-grade polyurethane sponges. This retrospective study included patients who received a lateral window approach for sinus floor elevation. The sinus elevation procedures using medical-grade polyurethane sponges (test) or conventional curettes (control) were recorded and analyzed. All subjects' demographic data and preexisting conditions were evaluated. A total of 38 procedures met inclusion criteria, and those data were evaluated for analysis. There were no statistically significant differences in demographic data or preexisting conditions including age, sex, treatment location, presence and absence of septum, Schneiderian membrane thickness, and residual bone height between test and control groups. The membrane perforation rate was 7% in the test group and 43% in the control group; however, this difference did not reach statistical significance (P = .064). Within the limitations of this study, although there was no statistically significant reduction of sinus membrane perforation with the use of medical-grade polyurethane sponges, the decreased incidence of perforation might be of clinical significance.
Military Operations of the Polish-Lithuanian Garrison in Moscow Against the First Zemstvo Militia in Early 1611
Authors:   Ryazan State University named after S.A. Esenin, Kozlyakov Vyacheslav
Published: March 2021

Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of the military confrontation between the PolishLithuanian garrison and the Zemstvo forces to counter the organization of the First Zemstvo Militia led by P.P. Lyapunov in early 1611. Methods and materials. Information is analyzed from the previously unknown manuscript of the Diary of the Campaign of King Sigismund III recently introduced into the scientific circulation of materials from the “Russian Archive of Jan Sapieha”, the translation of “The Diary of Jan Peter Sapieha”, royal messenger Jan Komorowski’s report on the uprising in Moscow on March 19, 1611 and the Embassy book on relations between Russia and Poland 1615–1616. Analysis. The ways and goals of the Zemstvo self-organization, begun by Ryazan voyevoda P.P. Lyapunov, are shown and the centers of gathering forces are described. The article reveals the activities of head of the Moscow garrison A. Gosevsky in disrupting the unification movement of the former supporters of Tsar Vasily Shuisky and False Dmitry II, and suppressing the uprising in Moscow to gain a military advantage during the siege of Moscow by militias. Among the measures taken by the Polish-Lithuanian side there was the weakening of the streltsy troops in the Moscow garrison, and the disarmament of the townspeople; an attempt to make a coalition with the impostor hetman Jan Peter Sapega; blocking the main roads along which the militia could move to Moscow. By the order of A. Gosevsky, a campaign was organized for the joint ratification of boyar Prince I.S. Kurakin and the Polish-Lithuanian forces to Vladimir. A well-known role was played by the “Cherkasy” (Cossacks) detachments, who committed a punitive expedition to “Ukrainian cities”, which explains the absence of individual military units from this part of the Moscow State in the First Zemstvo Militia. Results. The main military attack was in Moscow on March 19, 1611, which led to the uprising of the inhabitants of Moscow supported by partisans of the First Zemstvo Militia, who at that moment found themselves in Moscow. The consequence of these events was the beginning of the liberation war in Russia.
Recruitment in 1710–1711 and Distribution of Recruits to the Garrisons of Northwestern Russia
Authors:   State Museum of the History of Saint Petersburg, Slavnitsky Nikolai
Published: March 2021

Introduction. The article considers the issues related to the distribution of recruits among garrison regiments in the fortresses of northwestern Russia in 1711–1712. In Russian historiography, the history of recruitment has been repeatedly considered, although, researchers did not pay attention to the distribution of recruits among the regiments. Methods and materials. In the archives of various departments documents have been preserved that make it possible to identify some details of the direction of recruitment in 1710–1711. Most of the documents on the issue of interest to us are stored in the fund of the Office of A.D. Menshikov; important documents were also found in the archives of the Artillery and Naval Departments. Analysis. According to the data at our disposal, it was from 1711 that the practice of sending recruits to the garrison regiments began, where they underwent initial military training, and then were sent to units of the field army (and new recruits were sent to their places). The recruitments of 1711 were officially announced in connection with the war against Turkey and the Prut campaign of the Russian army. However, at the same time, there was a need to replenish garrison regiments of fortresses in the northwest of Russia, and the recruits began to be sent there. Apparently, the recruits of 1710 and the first recruitment of 1711 were used for this. At the same time, the garrisons of the Baltic fortresses (Riga and Revel) were formed from regiments fully staffed with recruits. Results. Initially, the principle of recruiting garrison regiments was established spontaneously, but later it was used, and documents found in the archives of the Artillery and Naval Departments, as well as in the fund of the Office of A.D. Menshikov, allow us to trace this.
Examining the U.S. Wars on Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia as the Production of Neo-Colonialism
Authors:   , Gregg Aiden
Published: March 2021

I interrogate the colonial and neo-colonial histories of the U.S. wars on Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos within the context of racialized and gendered labor accumulation, the production of difference through violence as a legitimation of colonial extraction, and ongoing neoliberal economic coercion. I examine genocide and ecocide as interdependent processes in the production of dependency and underdevelopment. I reject a common narrative of temporal and spatial disconnection which separates the wars from current economics and examine the violences which both produce and result from an economy based on growth.
Euclidean distance: integrated criteria to study sheep behaviour under heat stress
Authors: SERRANO Jorge O. , VILLARES Asiel , MANUEL-MALAMBA Francisco D. , MARTÍNEZ-MELO Jorge , MAZORRA Carlos , BORROTO Angela , HAJARI Elliosha , FONSECA-FUENTES Norge , LORENZO Jose C.
Published: March 2021

Livestock farming with sheep represents an important income stream. With climate change, domestic sheep are being exposed to heat stress which can have adverse effects on growth. Here, data regarding sheep behaviour in response to high temperature stress was analysed using the Euclidean distance method to integrate all variables into a single representative outcome that could summarize sheep behaviour. We studied the effects of two shepherding conditions either with or without the provision of shade. The number of animals eating grass, ruminating and resting either in the shade or directly in the sun were recorded over one year at two-week intervals. As the ideal behaviour (expert’s criteria), the following conditions were considered: maximum numbers of animals eating grass, ruminating and resting under shaded conditions were desirable; while the numbers of animals ruminating or resting under direct sunlight should be at a minimum. The statistical evaluation undertaken integrated these variables to identify the most significant effects of heat stress. Sheep spent most of the daylight hours engaged in eating and this activity was more intensive where shaded conditions were available. The Euclidean distance calculated for the group of animals maintained under shaded conditions was statistically lower (indicating better behaviour). Based on this, it is possible to accurately rank the treatments in terms of severity. The analysis indicates that the use of the Euclidean distance could be used to summarize a simplified outcome for observational data collected in behavioural studies in response to differing climatic conditions.
Anti-ulcer property of methanol fraction of Callichilia subsessilis leaf extract in albino rats
Authors: ONOJA Samuel O. , EZEH Gladys C. , UDEH Nkeiruka E. , IKPA Chinyere B. C. , UGOJI Daniel , UKWUEZE Jessica I. , MADUBUIKE Kelechi G. , ABA Patrick E. , EZEJA Maxwell I.
Published: March 2021

Peptic ulcer is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is treated with herbal preparations in developing countries. This study investigated the anti-ulcer property of methanol fraction of Callichilia subsessilis leaf in albino rats. Methanol extract prepared through the cold maceration method was partitioned into chloroform and methanol fraction using a separating funnel. The methanol fraction of Callichilia subsessilis (MFCS) was concentrated in vacuo using a rotary evaporator. The acute toxicity was determined using the brine shrimp lethality test and the up-and-down method at a dose limit of 2000 mg/kg. The anti-ulcer activity of MFCS was evaluated at the doses of 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg using indomethacin-and ethanol-induced ulcer models. Misoprostol was used as a reference standard. The ulcer score, index and severity were determined using standard methods. Isolated rabbit jejunum tissue in Tyrode’s solution was used to establish the possible mechanism of anti-ulcer activity of MFCS. The LC50 and LD50 of MFCS were greater than 10,000 ppm and 2,000 mg/kg respectively. The MFCS exhibited significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent anti-ulcer activity in all the ulcer models used. The MFCS (25 mg/kg) produced 52% and 41.33% inhibition of ulcer index in the indomethacin- and ethanol-induced ulcer models respectively. In the isolated tissue model, MFCS caused significant (p < 0.05) relaxation of the rhythmic contraction of the isolated rabbit jejunum and partially inhibited acetylcholine- and histamine-induced contraction of the jejunal smooth muscles. In conclusion, MFCS exhibited anti-ulcer (antihistaminic and anticholinergic) effects. This study justified the use of Callichilia subsessilis leaves in traditional medicine as an anti-ulcer remedy.
O DISCURSO DE PROFESSORES SOBRE UM MATERIAL DIDÁTICO DIGITAL PARA ENSINO DO VOLEIBOL NA ESCOLA
Authors: Parente Thomás , Ginciene Guy , Impolcetto Fernanda Moreto
Published: March 2021

O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a viabilidade de um material didático digital disponibilizado no YouTube, a partir do entendimento de professores atuantes com voleibol em aulas de Educação Física escolar (EFE). Para isso, optou-se por um método de produção e análise de dados nomeado de Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Participaram da pesquisa sete professores de EFE que ministravam aulas nos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental e no Ensino Médio. Os discursos foram analisados e discutidos a partir de três temáticas principais: conteúdo dos vídeos, uso das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) pelos professores e formação continuada de professores de Educação Física. Dentre os principais resultados, os professores indicaram a importância de materiais didáticos digitais que possam contribuir com sua formação e atuação, reconheceram os benefícios do uso das tecnologias nesse processo bem como o uso de vídeos, importante ferramenta de auxílio à prática pedagógica dos professores na elaboração de aulas. Conclui-se que o material didático digital avaliado pode contribuir com o ensino do voleibol nas aulas de EFE especialmente como suporte aos professores na elaboração de aulas para esse conteúdo.
Controversial Aspects of Criminal Law Qualification in Drug Smuggling in Russia
Authors:   Tambov State Technical University, Tambov, Russia, Zheludkov M. A. , Slobin S. O. ,   Tambov District Branch of Tambov Regional Bar Association, Tambov, Russia
Published: March 2021

The article examines controversial issues arising in the criminal legal qualification of drug smuggling in transit across the territory of the Russian Federation by a foreign citizen. The research interest in such crimes is determined not only by the theoretical comparison of the points of view of the investigation (the prosecution) and the defense on its legal qualification, but also by the legal point of how law enforcement practice bypassed the existing gap (contradiction) in Russian and international legislation in determining the territory of the commission of this crime. In this article, we will try to find out what rules of law are applied in legal force in transit trafficking in narcotic drugs, how to organize legal regulation of such situations, in order to prevent them, while respecting the principle of responsibility for a crime under the law of the place of its commission.
Reasons for the Existence of “Dead Norms” in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation
Authors:   Legal Department of the Ministry of internal Affairs of Russia, Moscow, Russia, Kursaev A. V.
Published: March 2021

The relevance of the article lies in the presence of problematic issues related to the socio-legal assessment of the existence of legal prohibitions in law, which are rarely applied in practice. The author analyzes the reasons for the presence of “dead norms” in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The negative results of criminalization that lead to the emergence of “dead norms” in criminal law are considered. The content of objective factors that lead to the existence of “dead norms” is revealed. Due to the complexity and ambiguity of determining the reasons for the existence of “dead norms”, special attention is paid to measures to improve their enforcement effectiveness.
ANTERİOR SERVİKAL DİSKEKTOMİ VE FÜZYON UYGULANAN HASTALARDA KEMİK MİNERAL YOĞUNLUĞUNUN FÜZYON VE FİKSASYON ÜZERİNE ETKİSİ
Authors: ŞEN Zafer , ERKAN Serkan
Published: March 2021

Amaç

Bu çalışmanın amacı, anterior servikal diskektomi ve

füzyon uyguladığımız hastaların radyolojik ve klinik

sonuçlarını karşılaştırmak ve füzyon oluşumu ile kemik

mineral yoğunluğu arasındaki ilişkiyi saptamaktır.

Gereç ve Yöntem

Çalışmaya, Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi

Hastanesi Ortopedi ve Travmatoloji kliniğinde servikal

dejeneratif disk hastalığı ve servikal spondiloz tanıları

ile başvuran toplam 23 hasta dahil edildi. Olgular en

az 3 ay süreyle tıbbi tedaviye yanıt vermeyen anterior

diskektomi ve füzyon uygulanan hastalardan oluştu.

Hastaların operasyon öncesi ve sonrası servikal bilateral

grafileri alınarak, 1-3-6. ve 12. ay sonunda kemik

mineral yoğunluğu, VAS skor değerleri, Boyun Engellilik

İndeksi, Ishihara indeksi ve SF-36 değerlendirme

sonuçları belirlenerek karşılaştırıldı.

Bulgular

Çalışmada kaynama oranı %95,6 bulundu 3. ayda

sigara içmeyen grupta kaynama oranı %45, 6.ayda

%65, 12. ayda %100’e ulaşıldı. Sigara içen grupta

3.ayda kaynama oranı %35, 6. ayda %55, 12. ayda

ise % 85 bulundu. Ishihara indeksi değerlerindeki

değişim ile hastaların yaşam standardı ve fonksiyonel

sonuçlar arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ilişki

gözlendi. Hastalarda fonksiyonel sonuçlar ile servikal

indeks kıyaslanarak, servikal indeksin anlamlı bir şekilde

düzeltilmesi ile fonksiyonel sonuçlarda anlamlı

bir iyileşme izlendi.

Sonuç

Günümüzde orta hat yerleşimli servikal disk hernilerinde

en uygun girişim anterior yaklaşımdır. Füzyonlu

ya da füzyonsuz yapılabilecek bu girişim hastanın

stabilite sorununa göre karar verilecek bir durumdur.

Otogreft, allogreft, kafes ya da plak-vida uygulama

sonuçları, uzun dönem takiplerde sonuçların karşılaştırmasını

gerekli kılmaktadır. Radyolojik incelemelerde

servikal omurganın sagital plandaki eğiminde düzleşme

veya kifotik deformite varsa posterior girişim

ile yer yer füzyon olmuş spondilotik omurgada sagital

deformiteyi düzeltmenin güç olması, mevcut olan kifotik

deformiteyi artırması nedeniyle posterior servikal

dekompresyon uygulanamaz hale gelmektedir.
SUBARAKNOİD KANAMANIN NEDEN OLDUĞU SEREBELLAR HASARDA UYGULANAN FARKLI TEDAVİ MODALİTELERİNİN OKSİDATİF STRES PARAMETRELERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ
Authors: OĞUZOĞLU Ali Serdar , ŞENOL Nilgün , İLHAN İlter , AŞCI Halil , KAYNAK Mine , ÇÖMLEKCİ Selçuk
Published: March 2021

Amaç

Bu çalışmada, Subaraknoid Kanama (SAK) sonrasında

serebellar dokuda meydana gelen oksidatif stres

üzerinde, uygulanabilecek farklı tedavi modalitelerinin

etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Gereç-ve Yöntem

Kuyruk arterlerinden alınan 0,3 cc otolog kanın sisterna

magna bölgesine enjekte edilmesi ile SAK oluşturulan

ratlara farklı dozlarda (30-60 mg/kg Pregabalin

(PREG), Nimodipin (NİMO), Salubrinal (SLB) ve Darbeli

Elektromanyetik Alan (DEMA) uygulandı. Sakrifikasyon

sonrasında alınan serebellum dokularında

total oksidan kapasite (TOS), total antioksidan kapasite

(TAS) ve oksidatif stres indeksi (OSİ) gibi oksidatif

stres parametreleri incelendi.

Bulgular

TOS ve OSİ değerlerinde PREG30 (iki değer için de

p=0.003), PREG₆₀ (p=0.026 ve p=0.005, sırasıyla),

SLB ve DEMA uygulanan gruplarda anlamlı olarak

azalma görüldü. TAS seviyelerinde ise PREG ve

DEMA uygulanan gruplarda istatistiksel olarak anlamlı

bir değişiklik saptanmazken, SLB ve NİMO uygulanan

gruplarda anlamlı değişiklik olduğu görüldü.

NİMO uygulanan grupta OSİ değerinde de (p=0,046)

SAK grubuna göre anlamlı bir azalma saptandı.

Sonuç

PREG ve SLB SAK’ta farklı iki mekanizma üzerinden

koruyucu olabilmektedir. DEMA tedavisinin de etkinliğinden

söz edilebilir ancak etkisinin değerlendirilmesi

için farklı uygulama zamanları ve süreleri ile yeni çalışmalara

ihtiyaç vardır.
Sahilçamı (Pinus pinaster Ait.) plantasyon alanlarında el vincinin odun üretim çalışmalarında kullanımı
Authors: ÖZTÜRK Tolga , ŞENTÜRK Necmettin
Published: March 2021

Ülke nüfusunun artışına paralel olarak odun üretim miktarlarında da son yıllarda önemli artışlar görülmektedir. Odun üretim miktarlarında ortaya çıkan bu artış üretim çalışmalarında da yeniliklere gitmeyi zorunlu kılmaktadır. Özellikle odun üretim çalışmalarında taşınabilir ve düşük maliyetli yeni teknolojilerin ve makinelerin kullanımı önemli bir durum almıştır. Bu makineler arasında el vinçleri son yıllarda ülkemizde ve dünya ormancılık çalışmalarında da kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu vinçler kurulum ve sökülmesi yanında kullanım açısından da çok kullanışlı makinelerdir. Bu çalışmada, İstanbul Orman Bölge Müdürlüğü’ne bağlı Sarıyer Orman İşletme Şefliği sınırları içerisinde yer alan Sahilçamı plantasyon sahalarında el vincinin kullanımı incelenmiştir. Çalışmalar sonucunda el vincinin ortalama 50 metrelik sürütme mesafesinde saatlik verimi 1.10 m3/sa ve günlük verimi 8.80 m3/gün olarak bulunmuştur. El vincinin saatlik yakıt tüketimi ise 1.4 lt/sa olarak belirlenmiştir.
pub cat test v1
Authors: Fisher Maxim
Published: March 2021

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A Deep Marine Origin for the Tajau Sandstone Member of the Kudat Formation, Kudat Peninsula, Sabah: Evidence from Facies Analysis and Ichnology
Authors: Mansor Hafzan Eva , Amir Hassan Meor Hakif , Asis Junaidi
Published: March 2021

There have been many disagreements regarding the depositional environment of the Oligocene Tajau Sandstone Member of the Kudat Formation, Northern Sabah. We present here, the first detailed sedimentary facies analysis for the Tajau Sandstone Member, exposed on the Kudat Peninsula. The identified facies are interpreted as the deposits of subaqueous sediment density flows, which are common processes in deep marine depositional settings. These include debrites, hyperconcentrated density flow deposits, and turbidites. Several of the turbidite facies display evidence for hydraulic jumps, which are also common processes in deepwater settings and probably indicate changes in slope topography or loss of flow confinement. Trace fossils characteristic of the Nereites ichnofacies are also diagnostic of a deep marine depositional environment. Facies previously identified by previous workers as hummocky cross-stratification in the Tajau Sandstone Member, which was used to support a shallow marine interpretation, is better interpreted as supercritical antidunes developed in high density turbidites, based on the coarse-grained texture, spaced layering and association with other subaqeuoues density flow deposits.
Production of Porous Stainless Steel using the Space Holder Method
Authors: Tan Koon Tatt , Muhamad Norhamidi , Muchtar Andanastuti , Sulong Abu Bakar , Kok Yih Shia
Published: March 2021

Metallic foams and porous materials can be produced by various methods. Among the methods that can produce metallic foams and porous materials, powder metallurgy is a promising method. This study investigates the production of a porous stainless steel by the space holder method in powder metallurgy. A novel space holder i.e. glycine and binder consisting of polymethylmethacrylate and stearic acid are used. Different amounts of glycine are added to the mixture of stainless-steel powder and binder. Subsequently, each mixture is cold-pressed at a pressure of 9-ton m-2. The samples are sintered at 1050 and 1150 °C with holding times of 30, 60, and 90 min. The microstructures and physical and mechanical properties of the sintered samples are investigated. A porous stainless steel with porosity ranging from 30.8 to 51.4% is successfully fabricated. Results show that the glycine content and sintering parameters influence the properties of the porous stainless steel. The sintering temperature significantly affects volumetric shrinkage. Volumetric shrinkage decreases as the volume fraction of glycine increases to 30% whereas sintering temperature 1150 °C and holding time 90 min will increase the volumetric shrinkage. The compressive yield strength and corresponding elastic modulus are in the ranges of 22.9 to 57.6 MPa and 6.3 to 26.8 GPa, respectively. The samples produced have potential biomedical applications because their mechanical properties, yield strength and elastic modulus match those of human bones.
Molecular and Morphological Identification of Cantharellus pallens Pilát 1959 (Cantharellales, Basidiomycota), a New Record for Turkey
Authors: ŞENGÜL DEMİRAK Meryem Şenay , TÜRKEKUL Ömer , TÜRKEKUL İbrahim
Published: March 2021

A new species in the genus of Cantharellus, Cantharellus pallens Pilát 1959, is described and illustrated from Tokat city province, Turkey. This taxon is characterized by white to pale ochraceous cap, pale ocher white to cream stipe, well-developed and brighter pale ochre yellow to orange yellow hymenophore near the margin, small and ellipsoid basidiospores, and orange to yellow spore print. A detailed morphological description as well as the phylogenetic data derived from both the DNA sequences of nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large ribosomal subunit (LSU) genes revealed that this species is Cantharellus pallens, a novel species for the Turkish mycobiota.
Review of key findings from the OPTIWIN trial: Implications and future directions for medical weight management using total diet replacement
Authors: Edwards-Hampton Shenelle , Bernstein Ruth , Rothberg Amy , Laura Laura , Cohen Sarah , Coburn Sally , Pories Walter , Loper Judy , Lewis Kristina , Ard Jamy
Published: March 2021

Over the past century, obesity and obesity-related comorbidities have become one of the greatest public health threats, and rates of morbidity and mortality continue to grow at alarming rates across the globe. Even modest amounts of weight loss from baseline can lead to significant improvements in quality of life, physical functioning, and remission of co-morbid conditions. Interventions to reduce excess weight vary from nutrition and surgical interventions, to pharmacotherapy, to lifestyle behavioral therapy. Findings related to the efficacy of various lifestyle behavioral interventions for the treatment of obesity continue to be mixed. The purpose of this article is to review key findings from the OPTIWIN obesity treatment trial, which tested the long-term effectiveness of a total meal replacement dietary intervention compared to a gold standard food-based lifestyle behavioral treatment for obesity. Overall, participants in the total meal replacement group lost significantly more excess weight and total fat mass, and demonstrated greater reductions in waist circumference during the active weight loss phase (baseline to 26 weeks), compared to the food-based group. These differences were maintained during the maintenance phase (26-52 weeks). The food-based group also had a higher proportion of non-responders (e.g., failure to lose ≥ 3% of their initial body weight) than the meal replacement group at 26 and 52 weeks. Implications for findings and future directions for medical weight management using lifestyle interventions and meal replacement methods are also discussed.
Application of Mathematical Logic for Cytogenetic Definition and Risk Stratification of B-Cell Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (BCP-ALL)
Authors: Zugmaier Gerhard , Locatelli Franco
Published: March 2021

BCP ALL is the most common phenotype of ALL. Identification of recurrent genetic abnormalities specific for BCP-ALL [i.e., t(12;21), t(17;19), t(1;19)], has become an essential tool for confirmation of diagnosis and risk stratification. It can also be used for assessing response to treatment and for detecting the re-emergence of malignant cells. Although the definition of BCP ALL with recurrent genetic abnormalities can be correctly expressed in verbal terms, Mathematical Logic may provide a definition that is more concise. We defined the semantics of conjunctions by the truth values “1” or “0”. In a simplified syntax of English, the conjunctions “and”, “or”, “if and only if” were replaced by the symbols “∧ “, “V”, “↔” respectively. This method permitted definitions stripped from all ambiguous elements.