bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Робастний метод визначення оптимального рівня підготовки на диспетчерському тренажері
Authors: Lazorenko Vitalii , Kharchenko Volodymyr
Published: April 2018

Цілями роботи є встановлення оптимального рівня підготовки, структуризація процесу тренажерної підготовки та аналіз результатів підготовки інструктором. Методи, які було обрано для визначення оптимального рівня підготовки: робастний метод, метод середніх квадратів та метод середньої медіани. Найнадійнішим методом для захисту вихідних даних обрано робастний метод. Результати: для управління позицією результатів виконується структурування специфічних завдань з фільтрації, які обов'язково повинні виконувати стажисти, з тим щоб гарантувати не перевищення заздалегідь визначеного рівня підготовки. Для задоволення поставленої мети, визначено набір медіа засобів для застосування: тренування з часткових завдань, інші тренувальні пристрої, тренер-радар, автоматизоване робоче місце"Ситуація". Обговорення: професійна підготовка авіадиспетчера – дуже складний і трудомісткий процес, в якому беруть участь багато фахівців та інструкторів. Процес підготовки грубо поділяється на частину з отримання теоретичних знань та частину з практичної підготовки, щоб перетворити теоретичний матеріал на практичні навички за допомогою диспетчерського тренажеру. Для тимчасової перевірки існують загальні критерії оцінювання навичок за такими технологічними операціями: прийняття чергування на робочому місці, адекватність фразеології, координація з суміжними підрозділами, регулярність польотів, точність встановлення місцеположення повітряних суден, відповідність прийняття рішень для даної ситуації, забезпечення належного ешелонування та загальні аспекти забезпечення безпеки польотів, адекватності пультових операцій. Інструктор оцінює стажиста за всіма його діями, починаючи від готовності виконувати завдання, закінчивши аналізом зворотного зв'язку та наданням подальших рекомендацій. Повнота, адекватність та якість зазначених вище результатів залежать безпосередньо від якості інструктора. Крім того, особистісні аспекти інструктора, його здатність керувати процесом підготовки стажиста індивідуально, вміння виконувати прогноз процесу отримання навичок, вміння застосувати індивідуальну стратегію набуття навичок для стажиста тощо.
Cтратегія поводження з космічним сміттям
Authors: Pavliukh Lesia , Syrotina Irina , Todorovych Olena , Kovalska Viktoriia
Published: April 2018

Мета і завдання роботи. Ця наукова стаття присвячена питанням управління космічним сміттям. Метою цього наукового дослідження є оцінка методів захисту від впливу космічного сміття на Землю. Методи дослідження: наземні вимірювання, космічні вимірювання, аналіз стратегій захисту. Результати досліджень. Передбачається дві захисні стратегії: захист (захист космічного сміття як для пілотованих, так і безпілотних космічних апаратів, може бути досить ефективним проти дрібних частинок. Захист від частинок розміром 0,1-1 см може бути досягнутий за допомогою захисних конструкцій космічних апаратів) та запобігання зіткнення, що є можливим завдяки зменшенню кількості нового сміття і, у довгостроковій перспективі, видалення існуючого сміття. Обговорення. Для поліпшення космічного середовища нам потрібно розробити комплексний підхід, який, в першу чергу, повинен включати: 1) зменшення утворення сміття; 2) видалення існуючого сміття.
Yapıların Zaman-Frekans Ortamında Dalgacık Dönüşümü Metoduyla Hasar Analizleri
Authors: SAK Ömer , BEYEN Kemal
Published: April 2018

Bu çalışmada
zaman-frekans ortamında uygulanan hasar tanılama tekniklerinde gözlenen son
araştırmalara bakılarak yeni hasar tanılama algoritmaları incelenmiştir.
Özellikle yapı sağlığı çalışmalarında ivme, hız ve deplasman gibi kinematik parametreleri
ve bunların türevleri üzerinden örneğin hız bilgisinin enerji tabanlı kinetik
bir parametre ile ifade edilerek etkin hasar tespitleri yapılabildiği bilinmektedir.
Analitik modellerden elde edilen sitasyoner ve ergodic yapıda olmayan kinematik
ölçümlere dalgacık dönüşümleri uygulanarak hasar alan ve doğrusal olmayan
özellik gösteren yapısal elemanlar tespit edilmiştir. Sürekli dalgacık dönüşümü
ve dalgacık paket dönüşümü uygulanan örneklerde bu metotların hasar tespitinde
etkili bir yöntem olarak kullanılabileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Çelik Çekirdekli Burkulması Önlenmiş Çaprazların (BÖÇ) Tasarımı, Üretimi ve Deneysel İncelenmesi
Authors: AVCI KARATAŞ Çiğdem , ÇELİK Oğuz Cem
Published: April 2018

Bir
tür metalik sönümleyiciler olarak kabul edilen Burkulması önlenmiş Çaprazlar
(BÖÇ) önemli depremlerde çekme ve basınçta akarak dengeli bir histeretik
davranış gösterirler. Bu çalışmada farklı çelik uç detayı malzemesine sahip
BÖÇ’lerin yön değiştiren tekrarlı yükler altındaki histeretik davranışına
ilişkin deneysel bulgu ve değerlendirmeleri verilmektir. Denenen BÖÇ’ler için
kuvvet-yerdeğiştirme histeretik eğrileri, histeretik enerji yutma miktarları ve
etkili sönüm oranları hesaplanarak karşılaştırmalar yapılmıştır. Özgün detaylar
ile üretilen ve denenen BÖÇ’lerin yeterli bir performans gösterdiği ve bu
performansının ileride yapılabilecek çalışmalarla iyileştirilebileceği sonucuna
varılmıştır.
Effect of plant geometry on growth, yield and quality of different varieties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)
Authors: Sharanya B R , Naruka I S , S Shaktawat R P , Kushwah S S , Singh O P , Singh D
Published: April 2018

An experiment entitled effect of plant geometry on growth, yield and quality of different varieties of fenugreek was carried out during rabi season of 2016-17at College of Horticulture, Mandsaur (M.P.) with 12 treatment combinations, comprising three plant geometry 20 cm x 15cm, 30 cm x 10cm and 30 cm x 15 cm with four varieties of fenugreek i.e. AFg-1, AFg-2, AFg-3 and AFg-4. These treatments were replicated four times in split spot design and analyzed. Treatment with plant geometry 20 cm ×15 cm recorded significantly maximum plant height, seed yield, straw yield, biological yield, harvest index and chlorophyll content. While, 30 cm ×15 cm treatment recorded significantly maximum days for 50% flowering and for maturity, number of branches, fresh weight, dry weight, number of pods per plant, pod length, weight of pod, number of seeds per pod, weight of seeds per pod,1000-seed weight, germination percent, seedling vigour index, protein and galactomannon content. Between varieties studied,fenugreek variety AFg-2found to be significantly superior in respect of number of branches per plant, fresh and dry weight of plant at harvest, number of pods per plant, length of pod, weight of pod, number of seeds per pod, weight of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight , seed yield, straw yield, biological yield, chlorophyll content in leaves at 75 DAS (SPAD), germination percentage of seeds, seedling vigour index, protein and galactomannon in comparison to other varieties tested.
African American Clergy Perspectives About the HIV Care Continuum: Results From a Qualitative Study in Jackson, Mississippi
Authors: Nunn Amy , Parker Sharon , McCoy Katryna , Monger Mauda , Bender Melverta , Poceta Joanna , Harvey Julia , Thomas Gladys , Johnson Kendra , Ransome Yusuf , Sutten Coats Cassandra , Chan Philip , Mena Leandro
Published: April 2018

Mississippi has some of the most pro­nounced racial disparities in HIV infection in the country; African Americans com­prised 37% of the Mississippi population but represented 80% of new HIV cases in 2015. Improving outcomes along the HIV care continuum, including linking and retaining more individuals and enhancing adherence to medication, may reduce the disparities faced by African Americans in Mississippi. Little is understood about clergy’s views about the HIV care continuum. We assessed knowledge of African American pastors and ministers in Jackson, Mississippi about HIV and the HIV care continuum. We also assessed their willingness to promote HIV screening and biomedical prevention technologies as well as efforts to enhance linkage and retention in care with their congregations. Four focus groups were conducted with 19 African American clergy. Clergy noted pervasive stigma associated with HIV and believed they had a moral imperative to promote HIV awareness and testing; they provided recommendations on how to normalize conversations related to HIV testing and treatment. Overall, clergy were willing to promote and help assist with linking and retaining HIV positive individu­als in care but knew little about how HIV treatment can enhance prevention or new biomedical technologies such as pre-expo­sure prophylaxis (PrEP). Clergy underscored the importance of building coalitions to promote a collective local response to the epidemic. The results of this study highlight important public health opportunities to engage African American clergy in the HIV care continuum in order to reduce racial disparities in HIV infection.

Ethn Dis.2018; 28(2): 85-92; doi:10.18865/ed.28.2.85.
Perspectivas de abordagem da história oral para os estudos de música popular: Jorginho do Pandeiro e os pandeiristas dos regionais de choro
Authors: Vidili Eduardo Marcel
Published: April 2018

Este artigo apresenta resultados parciais obtidos em minha pesquisa de mestrado (VIDILI, 2017). Com o intuito de investigar traços estilísticos de pandeiristas atuantes nas primeiras décadas de funcionamento comercial do rádio no Brasil, contornei o problema representado pela audição de fonogramas da época, de qualidade insatisfatória para os fins deste estudo, por meio da coleta do depoimento do músico Jorginho do Pandeiro, contemporâneo destes pandeiristas. Jorginho forneceu, por meio de narrativas e performances musicais, informações a respeito das características estilísticas de seus pares. Estas performances foram transcritas com utilização do sistema notacional desenvolvido por Carlos Stasi e analisadas sob o viés do conceito do spatio-motor thinking (BAILY, 1985). O artigo inclui uma discussão sobre relações entre história oral e memória com base em Halbwachs (1990), Portelli (1997a, 1997b) e Alberti (2008).
Low-Frequency Sea Surface Radar Doppler Echo
Authors: Yurovsky Yury Yu. , Kudryavtsev Vladimir N. , Grodsky Semyon A. , Chapron Bertrand
Published: April 2018

Observed sea surface Ka-band normalized radar backscatter cross section (NRCS) and Doppler velocity (DV) exhibit energy at low frequencies (LF) below the surface wave range. It is shown that non-linearity in NRCS-wave slope Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) and inherent NRCS averaging within the footprint account for the NRCS and DV LF variance with the exception of VV NRCS for which almost half of the LF variance is attributable to wind fluctuations. Although the distribution of radar DV is quasi-Gaussian suggesting virtually little impact of non-linearity, the LF DV variations arise due to footprint averaging of correlated local DV and non-linear NRCS. Numerical simulations demonstrate that MTF non-linearity weakly affects traditional linear MTF estimate (less than 10% for |MTF|< 20). Thus the linear MTF is a good approximation to evaluate the DV averaged over large footprints typical of satellite observations.
Cold rolling of steel strips with metal-working coolants
Authors: Avdeenko Anatoly P. , Fedorynov Vladimir A. , Dašić Predrag V. , Turmanidze Raul , Fedorynov Mykhailo V. , Konovalova Svetlana A. , Burmistrov Konstantin S. , Toropin Nikolay V.
Published: April 2018

The efficiency of cold sheet and strip rolling of steels and non-ferrous metals in the main depends on the quality of the technological lubricant and its cost. In this regard, it is important to develop new compositions of effective metal-working coolants (MWC) having low cost and providing the maximum reduction in the friction coefficient. We developed and tested the new compositions of the MWC on basis of chicken fat, and mono- and diglycerides and their esters of boric acid synthesized from the wastes of sunflower oil production. The MWC were tested in DSEA on laboratory rolling mill 100x100 with a roll diameter of 260 mm during steel 08Kp rolling. The efficiency of the coolants was determined by the factor of metal stretch forming λ and the coefficient of friction μ in the deformation zone which was found by forward slip method. We found the metal-working coolant with 100 % concentration of boric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides is the most effective in steel rolling. Thus the new MWC on basis of boric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides synthesized from the wastes of sunflower oil production can be recommended for use in rolling of structural steels on account of availability, high efficiency, and a low cost.
The Design of Space Based on Architectural Geometry
Authors: Wasilah Wasilah , Hildayanti Andi , Hamzah Hamzah
Published: April 2018

Aim of expressional space is to facilitate the public to explore their hobby and talent in autodidact. The space for expression in Makassar City is necessary for the mural artist and the youngsters who has a hobby to play a skateboard. Their talent is insufficient attention by the government and create negative attitude because there no space to accommodate their activity. Therefore, this paper presents a design idea of expressional space by implementing the architectural geometry. The architectural geometry design principle is based on simple geometry form application as a realization of form from the space. An experience of the space for the user realizes by the relationship between the space and the interaction with the environment through geometry and form processing as the basic of the creation process in the architectural works. Content analysis method providing a landscape layout and transformation of form and building mass in form of the implementation of architectural geometry principles. The principles are pure geometry, composition of geometry, direction wall, and opening for the transformation process of expressional space form to produce and increase aesthetic value of the environment.
Emerging and Established Models of Bone Metastasis
Authors: Jinnah Alexander H. , Zacks Benjamin C. , Gwam Chukwuweike , Kerr Bethany A.
Published: April 2018

Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related death and drives patient morbidity as well as healthcare costs. For several cancers, breast and prostate in particular, bone is the primary site of metastasis. Efforts to treat bone metastases have been stymied by a lack of models to study the progression and cellular players and signaling pathways driving bone metastasis. In this review, we examine the newly described and classic models of bone metastasis. Through the use of current in vivo, microfluidic and in silico computational models bone metastasis models we may eventually understand how cells escape the primary tumor and how these circulating tumor cells then home to and colonize the bone marrow. Further, future models may uncover how cell enter and escape dormancy to develop into overt metastases. Recreating the metastatic process will lead to the discovery of therapeutic targets for disrupting and treating bone metastasis.
Study on the Construction of Landscape Ecological Classification System for Large-Scale Coal-Power Base in Semi-Arid Steppe Region
Authors: Wu Zhenhua , Lei Shaogang , Bian Zhengfu
Published: April 2018

The ecological background condition of the semi-arid steppe region (SASR) is extremely fragile. It is recognized that the development of coal and electricity power is a kind of strong human interference behavior for regional landscape ecology. Landscape ecological classification (LEC) is the premise of landscape ecology research of the mining area. The current research on the SASR and grassland LEC of coal-power base is relatively less, but still remains uncertainty concerning how to stratify and classify urban mining landscapes into units of ecological significance at spatial scales appropriate for management. This study is based on hierarchy theory, scale theory, landscape process, the patch-corridor-matrix model, the network, the theory of multiple planning integration and the principle of remote sensing. According to the comprehensive principle, principles of the combining of structure and function, principle of the combining human-ominated and natural landscape, principle of emphasis, and principle of combining qualitative analysis with quantitative research of LEC in large-scale coal-power base(LSCPB). On the basis of occurrence method land classification, fully consider the ecological attributes of the land, integration pattern, processes and function theory of the landscape ecology, the LEC system of the LSCPB in the SASR has been constructed by using top-down decomposition classification method. Empirical research of the Victory and Mindong No.1 mining areas of Shenhua Group shows that the classification system constructed in this paper can meet the requirements of LEC and fully reflect the status of landscape ecology of LSCPB in SASR. This study can provide theoretical guidance for the landscape ecology of LSCPB, while also supporting a theoretical reference for the LEC research.
Advances and Perspectives in Chemical Imaging in Cellular Environments Using Electrochemical Methods
Authors: Lazenby Robert A. , White Ryan J.
Published: April 2018

This review discusses a broad range of recent advances (2013-2017) of chemical imaging using electrochemical methods, with a particular focus on techniques that have been applied to study cellular processes, or techniques that show promise for use in this field in the future. Non-scanning techniques such as microelectrode arrays (MEAs) offer high time-resolution (< 10 ms) imaging, however at reduced spatial resolution. In contrast, scanning electrochemical probe microscopies (SEPMs) offer higher spatial resolution (as low as a few nm per pixel) imaging, with images collected typically over many minutes. Recent significant research efforts to improve the spatial resolution of SEPMs using nanoscale probes, and to improve the temporal resolution using fast scanning have resulted in movie (multiple frame) imaging with frame rates as low as a few seconds per image. Many SEPM techniques lack chemical specificity or have poor selectivity (defined by the choice of applied potential for redox-active species). This can be improved using multifunctional probes, ion-selective electrodes and tip-integrated biosensors, although additional effort may be required to preserve sensor performance after miniaturization of these probes. We discuss advances to the field of electrochemical imaging, and technological developments which are anticipated to extend the range of processes that can be studied. This includes imaging cellular processes with increased sensor selectivity and at much improved spatiotemporal resolution than has been previously customary.
Comparing the Effects of Different Body Armour Systems on the Occupational Performance of Police Officers
Authors: Schram Ben , Orr Robin , Pope Rodney , Hinton Ben , Norris Geoff
Published: April 2018

Policing duties may inherently be dangerous due to stab, blunt trauma and ballistic threats. The addition of individual light armour vests (ILAVs) has been suggested as a means to protect officers. However, the addition of the extra load of the ILAV may affect officer ability to conduct occupational tasks. The purpose of this study was to determine if wearing any of 3 different ILAVs (ILAV A, ILAV B, & ILAV C) affected occupational task performance when compared to that in normal station wear. A prospective, within-subjects repeated measures design was employed, using a counterbalanced randomization in which each ILAV was worn for an entire day while officers completed a variety of occupationally relevant tasks. These tasks included a victim drag, car exit and 5 meter sprint, step down and marksmanship task. Results showed that performance in each task did not vary between any of the ILAV or normal station wear conditions. There was less variability in the marksmanship task with ILAV B, however. The results suggest that none of the ILAVs used in this study were heavy enough to significantly affect task performance in the assessed tasks when compared to wearing normal station wear.
Kajian Tingkat Penerimaan Panelis pada Dark Chocolate Bar dengan Penambahan Bubuk Kayu Manis (Cinnamomum burmannii)
Authors: Praseptiangga Danar , Nabila Yasmin , Muhammad Dimas Rahadian Aji
Published: April 2018

Indonesia is an agricultural country that is recognized as the third-biggest of cocoa producer in the world, after Cote d’Ivoire and Ghana. Widely cultivated in Indonesia, cinnamon is potential to be developed, since it has an excessive potency as an antioxidant and flavoring agents. The panelists’ acceptance of dark chocolate bars with cinnamon powder addition based on sensory tests was evaluated in this study. A completely randomized design (CRD) with one factorial was used. Variation of addition in cinnamon powder used in this study was 10% (F1), 15% (F2) and 20% (F3). Based on the result of scoring tests on colour, aroma, taste, appearance, and overall attributes of the sensory analysis, dark chocolate bar with 10% addition of cinnamon powder was chosen as the best formula. Thus, it may conclude that the highest level of panelists’ acceptance and preferences for some of the sensory attributes evaluated in this study is the dark chocolate bar with 10% addition of cinnamon powder. However, physical and chemical characterizations of the dark chocolate bars with cinnamon powder are still needed for further evaluation to gain a more comprehensive understanding about their quality attributes.
Akne Vulgaris ile Beslenme İlişkisi
Authors: ÖMEROĞLU YEL Begümhan , GÜNEŞ Fatma Esra
Published: April 2018

Özet Akne, kıl-yağ
bezi yapısındaki uzun süreli iltihaplanmalardır. Akne nedenleri günümüzde tam
olarak bilinmemekle birlikte akne ile beslenme arasında bir ilişki olduğu düşünülmektedir.
Çünkü beslenme deri sebum salgı miktarını ve içeriğini değiştirebilmektedir. Amaç: Bu derlemenin amacı süt ve süt ürünleri,
yeşil çay, diyetteki glisemik indeks- glisemik yük, yağ asitleri,
antioksidanlar, A vitamini ve çinko gibi diyet faktörlerinin akne vulgarisin
seyri üzerindeki etkilerini tartışmaktır. Süt tüketiminin,
özellikle de yağsız süt tüketiminin akne oluşumuna katkı sağladığı
bildirilmektedir. Yeşil çaydan elde edilen polifenol ekstratlarının da aknenin
tedavisinde kullanımının komedonlari azalttığı, akne sayısında düşüşe neden
olduğu bulunmuştur. Düşük glisemik indeks-glisemik yük içeren bir diyetin akne
şiddetinde, akne sayısında, serbest androjen indeksinde önemli bir düşüş meydana
getirdiği bulunmuştur. Elzem yağ asitlerinin yetersiz tüketiminin ciltte
yetersiz sebum üretimine yol açtığı bilinmektedir. Serum malondialdehit ve serum glutatyon peroksidaz
seviyelerinin akne şikayeti olan bireylerde daha düşük olduğu ve oksidatif
stres düzeylerinin ise belirgin olarak daha yüksek seviyelerde olduğu
bildirilmiştir. Çalışmalar
düşük A vitamini seviyelerinin akne için bir risk faktörü olabileceğini
göstermektedir. Ayrıca akne şikayeti olan bireylerde çinko seviyeleri anlamlı
olarak düşük bulunmuştur.

Sonuç:Akne şikayeti olan bireylere süt
kısıtlamasının, yeşil çay tüketiminin, düşük glisemik indeks-glisemik yüklü
diyetin tavsiye edilebileceği düşünülmektedir. Ayrıca besinlerin yağ içeriğine,
elzem yağ asitleri tüketim oranına dikkat etmeleri tavsiye edilebilir. Şiddetli
aknede A, E vitamini ve çinko kullanımı tedaviyi destekleyici sonuçlara sebep
olabilmektedir.
Hacettepe Üniversitesindeki Engelli Çalışanların Karşılaştıkları Psikolojik Şiddet Davranışları (Mobbing) ve Bu Davranışların Etkileri
Authors: CESİM Özge Buket , ŞANLI Özgür , AKEL Burcu Semin
Published: April 2018

Amaç: Mobbing; işyerlerinde bir veya birden fazla kişiye yönelik, belirli bir süre sistemli bir biçimde devameden, yıldırma veya işten uzaklaştırmayı amaçlayan, insanların mesleki statülerine, kişilik değerlerine, sosyalilişkilerine veya sağlıklarına zarar veren; kötü niyetli, kasıtlı olumsuz davranışlarda bulunulması olarakbelirtilmektedir. Bu çalışma Hacettepe Üniversitesi’nde çalışan engelli personelin iş yerinde karşılaştığıpsikolojik şiddet davranışlarını ve bu davranışların engelli çalışanlar üzerindeki etkilerini belirlemek amacıylagerçekleştirilmiştir.Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırmaya kamuda çalışan 30 engelli birey katıldı. Değerlendirme Nisan-Mayıs 2014tarihleri arasında üç kısımdan meydana gelen anket ile yapıldı. İlk kısımda kişilerin demografik bilgileri alındı.İkinci kısımda kişilere maruz kaldıkları psikolojik şiddet davranışları, üçüncü kısımda ise maruz kaldıkları şiddetdavranışlarının sosyal, fizyolojik ve psikolojik etkileri sorgulandı.Bulgular: Çalışmaya dahil olan engelli bireylerin en fazla “konuşurken sık sık sözlerinin kesilmesine” ve“başkalarının yanında küçük düşürücü davranılmasına” maruz kaldıkları belirlendi. Uygulanan mobbingdavranışı sonrası etki en fazla “kendimi stresli ve yorgun hissediyorum” şeklinde belirtildi. Bu etkiler vedavranışlar bireylerin %10-16’ sı tarafından ifade edildi.Sonuç: Hacettepe Üniversitesi’ nde çalışan engelli kişilerin büyük bir kısmının mobbing davranışıylakarşılaşmadığı ancak az bir kısmının ise kasten mobbing davranışları yaşadığı belirlenmiştir. Engelli çalışanlardamobbing etkilerini minimuma indirebilecek çalışmalar yapılmasının mobbing davranışlarını önlemeye ve engellibireylerin çalışma ortamlarının iyileştirilmesine katkıda bulunacağına inanmaktayız.
The Donora Smog Revisited: 70 Years After the Event That Inspired the Clean Air Act
Authors: Jacobs Elizabeth T. , Burgess Jefferey L. , Abbott Mark B.
Published: April 2018

At a storefront museum approximately 25 miles southeast of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, a sign reads, “Clean Air Started Here.” This is not hyperbole. At the end of October 1948, the communities of Donora and Webster in Pennsylvania were visited by a smog that changed the face of environmental protection in the United States. Conservative estimates showed that 20 individuals died, while an additional 5900—43% of the population of Donora—were affected by the smog.

This event led to the first large-scale epidemiological investigation of an environmental health disaster in the United States. Questions remain about the long-term effects of the smog, because higher rates of cardiovascular disease and cancer than were expected were observed in the region in the decade following the smog.

Recent work has suggested that environmental contaminants from a bygone era in Donora might have an impact even today. In addition, reports regarding air pollution have indicated that levels of pollutants similar to those estimated to have occurred in Donora are currently present in some rapidly industrializing regions of China and India. Seventy years after the smog, this event still resonates.
Estimating the Health and Economic Impacts of Changes in Local Air Quality
Authors: Carvour Martha L. , Hughes Amy E. , Fann Neal , Haley Robert W.
Published: April 2018

Objectives. To demonstrate the benefits-mapping software Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program-Community Edition (BenMAP-CE), which integrates local air quality data with previously published concentration–response and health–economic valuation functions to estimate the health effects of changes in air pollution levels and their economic consequences.

Methods. We illustrate a local health impact assessment of ozone changes in the 10-county nonattainment area of the Dallas–Fort Worth region of Texas, estimating the short-term effects on mortality predicted by 2 scenarios for 3 years (2008, 2011, and 2013): an incremental rollback of the daily 8-hour maximum ozone levels of all area monitors by 10 parts per billion and a rollback-to-a-standard ambient level of 65 parts per billion at only monitors above that level.

Results. Estimates of preventable premature deaths attributable to ozone air pollution obtained by the incremental rollback method varied little by year, whereas those obtained by the rollback-to-a-standard method varied by year and were sensitive to the choice of ordinality and the use of preloaded or imported data.

Conclusions. BenMAP-CE allows local and regional public health analysts to generate timely, evidence-based estimates of the health impacts and economic consequences of potential policy options in their communities.
Business Leadership in Global Climate Change Responses
Authors: Esty Daniel C. , Bell Michelle L.
Published: April 2018

In the 2015 Paris Climate Change Agreement, 195 countries committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in recognition of the scientific consensus on the consequences of climate change, including substantial public health burdens. In June 2017, however, US president Donald Trump announced that the United States would not implement the Paris Agreement.

We highlight the business community’s backing for climate change action in the United States. Just as the US federal government is backing away from its Paris commitments, many corporate executives are recognizing the need to address the greenhouse gas emissions of their companies and the business logic of strong environmental, social, and governance practices more generally.

We conclude that climate change could emerge as an issue on which the business and public health communities might align and provide leadership.
Aedes aegypti e sociedade: o impacto econômico das arboviroses no Brasil
Authors: Teich Vanessa , Arinelli Roberta , Fahham Lucas
Published: April 2018

Objetivo: Arboviroses são motivo de preocupação para a saúde pública, com impactos clínicos e econômicos negativos. Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar custos de combate ao vetor, custos médicos diretos e custos indiretos associados à dengue clássica, dengue hemorrágica, chikungunya e infecção pelo Zika vírus (ZIKV) no Brasil, para o ano de 2016. Métodos: As análises quantificaram custos relacionados ao combate ao vetor, como repasses de recursos federais e aquisição de pesticidas, custos médicos diretos para tratamento das doenças por meio de condutas de manejo ambulatorial e hospitalar e custos indiretos relacionados ao absenteísmo, calculados com base em estudos publicados ou de estimativa de anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade (AVAIs). Resulta[1]dos: O investimento para combate ao vetor foi de R$ 1,5 bilhão no Brasil e o custo reportado pelo governo federal para aquisição de inseticidas e larvicidas foi de R$ 78,6 milhões. Custos médicos diretos geraram gasto total de R$ 374 milhões. Febre chikungunya apresentou o maior número de AVAIs perdidos por episódio da doença (0,036 AVAI), seguido pela infecção por ZIKV (0,005 AVAI). O custo indireto total foi estimado em R$ 431 milhões. Custos totais com o manejo das arboviroses atingiram impacto de R$ 2,3 bilhões no Brasil, em 2016. Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Bahia e Rio de Janeiro apresentaram os maiores custos. Conclusões: Arboviroses geram consideráveis impactos econômico e social ao Brasil. Custos de combate ao vetor, custos médicos diretos e custos indiretos representaram 2% do orçamento previsto para a saúde no País, em 2016.
Utilização de fronteiras não-paramétricas para avaliação da eficiência técnica: o caso dos hospitais públicos portugueses
Authors: Ferreira Diogo , Nunes Alexandre
Published: April 2018

Objetivo: Os hospitais públicos em Portugal apresentaram nos últimos anos uma melhoria dos seus resultados em termos de assistência. Porém, poucas têm sido as avaliações realizadas no âmbito do seu desempenho. Este estudo procura determinar a eficiência dos hospitais públicos em Portugal. Métodos: Este estudo considerou duas alternativas de modelos não paramétricos bidireccionais, baseados em Análise Envoltória de Dados e em Ordem-a. A utilização de ambos os modelos visa a validação da robustez dos resultados. Usaram-se quatro tipos de variáveis: custos totais, número de doentes atendidos ajustados ao risco, qualidade do serviço prestado, e o ambiente externo (demografia e epidemiologia). Com referência ao ano 2016, consideraram-se 27 hospitais e centros hospitalares públicos portugueses. Resultados: O nível de ineficiência médio, apenas para hospitais ineficientes, é aproximadamente 10%, correspondendo a cerca de €617 milhões desperdiçados. Conclusões: Os níveis de ineficiência variam conforme os modelos apresentados. A avaliação do desempenho deve considerar fatores como a presença de outliers, o número de variáveis, as condições externas desfavoráveis, bem como as características das fronteiras de eficiência. Um aspeto importante corresponde à convexidade da fronteira. Conclui-se que a melhor solução para avaliar o desempenho hospitalar é a abordagem por Ordem-a.
Modeling Spatially Correlated and Heteroscedastic Errors in Ethiopian Maize Trials
Authors: Damesa Tigist Mideksa , Möhring Jens , Forkman Johannes , Piepho Hans-Peter
Published: April 2018

The precision of estimates of genotype means and genotype comparisons in agricultural field trials can be increased by using an appropriate experimental design and spatial modeling techniques. Both randomization‐based and spatial analysis usually make the assumption of homogeneous variance, but in reality, this assumption may not generally hold true. If this is ignored, erroneous estimates of the precision of fixed effect estimates can result; therefore, some remedy should be sought in case heterogeneity of variance is detected. The objective of this study is to investigate methods of analysis accounting for possible variance heterogeneity along with the spatial trend, if any. The methods are explored using three maize trials from Ethiopia. We consider the Box–Cox transformation to stabilize variance and variance models, allowing for heterogeneity. For variance modeling we use the power‐of‐the‐mean (POM) and exponential models. The Box–Cox transformation was found to be successful in stabilizing the variance, but estimating genotype means and their SE on the original scale is challenging. The POM and exponential variance models, which avoid this problem, were found to effectively deal simultaneously with both spatial correlation and heterogeneity of variance.
Machine‐Learning Variables at Different Scales vs. Knowledge‐based Variables for Mapping Multiple Soil Properties
Authors: Shi Jingjing , Yang Lin , Zhu A-Xing , Qin Chengzhi , Liang Peng , Zeng Canying , Pei Tao
Published: April 2018

Core Ideas

Explored the impact of variables selected by different means on mapping at a watershed scale area.

Identified influential topographic variables with appropriate scales for mapping soil properties.

Finding the appropriate scales of local attributes is helpful for mapping soil properties accurately.

Local attribute scale helped map accuracy vs. use of local and regional attributes at single scale.

The influential environmental variables and their appropriate scales for mapping different soil properties are usually different. Comparisons between variables selected using machine learning and knowledge‐based approaches and their impacts for soil mapping are necessary to provide guidelines on selecting environmental variables. This study compared topographic variables with single and multiple scales selected for five soil properties (topsoil clay content, sand content, silt content, topsoil organic matter content (SOM), and soil depth) using a recursive feature elimination (RFE) algorithm and variables selected based on expert knowledge on mapping. One hundred and seventy‐three variables were generated including five single‐scale variables derived with a 3 × 3 neighborhood size and seven multi‐scale variables with various neighborhood sizes. Subsets 1 and 2 were selected from single‐scale variables (Pool 1) and all variables (Pool 2), respectively. A reference Subset 3 was selected based on soil pedogenesis knowledge. Results showed that variables in Subset 1 included both local and regional terrain attributes, but were considerably different to the reference variables. When considering scales, local variables at specific scales became the most important variables. Mapping accuracies using Subset 2 were the highest for all soil properties. This indicates that finding the appropriate scales of local attributes and using common local attributes with appropriate scales is more helpful than using both local and regional attributes at single scale for mapping soil properties accurately. The RFE approach is efficient for selection of variables. Also, the input environmental variables for selection determine whether the selected variables perform better than all input variables without selection for predicting soil properties.
Memahami Mahâyâna dan Hînayâna dalam Filsafat Timur
Authors: Kristianto Paulus Eko
Published: April 2018

Since the death of Buddha, Buddhism has become very popular and growing. This was marked by the presence of two great schools of Buddhism namely Mahāyâna and Hînayâna. These two streams have similarities and differences in rituals and faith proclamation. This article, explains various characteristics of the two streams into their sub-streams. Such characteristics are not meant to divide the concept of seeing and living the Buddha, but to enrich the horizon of thought about it.
New insights in morphological analysis for managing activated sludge systems
Authors: Oliveira Pedro , Alliet Marion , Coufort-Saudejaud Carole , Frances Christine
Published: April 2018

In activated sludge (AS) process, the impact of the operational parameters on process efficiency is assumed to be correlated with the sludge properties. This study provides a better insight into these interactions by subjecting a laboratory-scale AS system to a sequence of operating condition modifications enabling typical situations of a wastewater treatment plant to be represented. Process performance was assessed and AS floc morphology (size, circularity, convexity, solidity and aspect ratio) was quantified by measuring 100,000 flocs per sample with an automated image analysis technique. Introducing 3D distributions, which combine morphological properties, allowed the identification of a filamentous bulking characterized by a floc population shift towards larger sizes and lower solidity and circularity values. Moreover, a washout phenomenon was characterized by smaller AS flocs and an increase in their solidity. Recycle ratio increase and COD:N ratio decrease both promoted a slight reduction of floc sizes and a constant evolution of circularity and convexity values. The analysis of the volume-based 3D distributions turned out to be a smart tool to combine size and shape data, allowing a deeper understanding of the dynamics of floc structure under process disturbances.
A systematic study for removal of heavy metals from aqueous media using Sorghum bicolor: an efficient biosorbent
Authors: Naseem Khalida , Farooqi Zahoor H. , Ur Rehman Muhammad Z. , Ur Rehman Muhammad A. , Begum Robina , Huma Rahila , Shahbaz Aiman , Najeeb Jawayria , Irfan Ahmad
Published: April 2018

This review is based on the adsorption characteristics of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) for removal of heavy metals from aqueous media. Different parameters like pH, temperature of the medium, sorghum concentration, sorghum particle size, contact time, stirring speed and heavy metal concentration control the adsorption efficiency of sorghum biomass for heavy metal ions. Sorghum biomass showed maximum efficiency for removal of heavy metal ions in the pH range of 5 to 6. It is an agricultural waste and is regarded as the cheapest biosorbent, having high adsorption capacity for heavy metals as compared to other reported adsorbents, for the treatment of heavy metal polluted wastewater. Adsorption of heavy metal ions onto sorghum biomass follows pseudo second order kinetics. Best fitted adsorption isotherm models for removal of heavy metal ions on sorghum biomass are Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm models. Thermodynamic aspects of heavy metal ions adsorption onto sorghum biomass have also been elaborated in this review article. How adsorption efficiency of sorghum biomass can be improved by different physical and chemical treatments in future has also been elaborated. This review article will be highly useful for researchers working in the field of water treatment via biosorption processing. The quantitative demonstrated efficiency of sorghum biomass for various heavy metal ions has also been highlighted in different sections of this review article.
Floral motive in design of the modern surfaces
Authors: Kramskaia Natalia Vladimirovna , Evseev Vasilii Aleksandrovich
Published: April 2018

Modern surfaces don't need a decor, but new requirements are imposed to them in exchange, such as technological effectiveness, textures, visual expressiveness. Today the image of flower motive changes according to the requirements of time and evolves from graphic pattern to pattern element.
Intensity of demutation processes in abandoned agricultural areas of submountain Crimea
Authors: Bogacheva Viktoriia Andreevna
Published: April 2018

The article examines the intensity of secondary successions of vegetation in abandoned agricultural areas in submountain regions of Crimea. Floristic, age and quantitative range of the «pioneers» species of these phytocenoses’ settlement are identified by conventional forest inventory and geobotanical methods. The research proves the formation of transitional communities consisting of primary forest vegetation and grassy glade complexes with plenty of ruderal species and intensive mosaic grass stand, therefore secondary demutations are under discussion for decades.
Definition of the term «lawmaking»: broad and narrow approaches
Authors: Kafarova Giulnara Fuad kyzy
Published: April 2018

In the article various approaches to the definition of the concept of «lawmaking» are considered, the opinion of a number of large researchers of this issue is analyzed and the author's definition of the term is given. Despite the long-term discussion that continues in t broad scientific circles, a unified approach to the definition of the concept of «lawmaking» has not been worked out. This obvious legal gap creates confusion in the definition of the concepts of «law-making», «law-making», «legislative activity» and a number of others. This situation is unacceptable, which is evidence of the relevance of the issue under study.
Philosophy of social networking
Authors: Markova Tatiana Vladislavovna , Shcherbatykh Denis Andreevich
Published: April 2018

The article is devoted to the study of social networks impact on an individual, which are an important part of a modern society. Through reflections the reasons of the popularity of the phenomenon of virtual communication in the 21st century are determined: what drives a person when he / she registers on the sites for communication, premises for his / her actions and consequences. The latter is viewed from both a social and a personal point of view. After analyzing the charts of social networks popularity, the authors come to the conclusion that there is an increase in the population of the virtual communication supporters. It allows to assert that the problem of the termination of live communication is relevant to this day. Dualism of social networks influence on the consciousness of an individual is stated: together with negative consequences positive aspects are considered. By analyzing social media researches, as well as by the means of a survey, the dominant reason for the world wide web entering is identified. After that, it is clearly shown what a typical site for communication is; as a result, the pros and cons of such time spending are specified. The conclusion states the predominance of the Internet dependence over the other types of dependencies, also forecasts are made for the future of both social networks and the people caught in their web.
Study on the formation of regulatory universal learning activities (planning and monitoring) in the lessons of the surrounding world in ways of independent work
Authors: Kurnaeva Kristina Yuryevna
Published: April 2018

The relevance of this study is based on the fact that there is a gradual transition in the public consciousness, from understanding social purpose of school in the simple transfer of knowledge and skills from teacher directly to student, to a new understanding of the school`s function. The priority goal of school education in recent years is the development of students' ability to independently set an educational goal, design the way of its implementation, monitor and evaluate their success. In other words, the main goal of the general educational school establishment is the formation of the ability to learn. The student must become an «architect and builder» of his own educational process.
Analysis of the suicide causes in psychiatry, psychology and philosophy
Authors: Markova Tatiana Vladislavovna , Usacheva Irina Andreevna
Published: April 2018

Present article is devoted to the consideration of philosophical aspects of suicide causes. The suicide problem is one of the most urgent problems of the modern world. Attention is drawn to different points of view regarding this problem. As an example, the thoughts and arguments of philosophers of different times are given. Having considered the views on this problem, the authors cite the relationship between the causes of suicide and the social phenomena of society. Particular attention is paid to the causes of teenage suicide, as well as the impact of social networks on the worldview of adolescents. The basic prerequisites of suicide are defined: alcoholism, drug addiction, depression. The article calls everyone to think over the meaning of life and over their life guides. The authors propose in the conclusion their own way of solving this problem.
Features of state target programs and projects monitoring
Authors: Efanova Olga Alekseevna
Published: April 2018

Specifics of actions on state target programs and projects monitoring as managerial tool are considered in article. Its difference from assessment of their quality comes to light, the role and the need of relation measurement of target audience to the held events is emphasized.
From formative assessment to education quality assessment
Authors: Loseva Svetlana Vladimirovna
Published: April 2018

Controlled knowledge and skills are the subject of consideration. In order to find a universal method of evaluation, elements of formative assessment, assessment using a skill test, and an open type task as a component of the student's overall learning system were analyzed on the basis of Russian language lessons. As a result, several tasks were formulated for formative evaluation, test, open-type tasks and criteria were developed. Such system of work can be used in school in Russian language lessons.
Speech etiquette in the sphere of cross-cultural communication
Authors: Sanaeva Irina Viktorovna , Prihozhaya Liliia Ivanovna
Published: April 2018

Speech etiquette as the main component of cross-cultural communication is studied by the authors, most common speech norms used in communication for the beginning of the conversation and during the conversation in the foreign language are analyzed. The authors compare the rules of verbal behaviour in the English and German languages, identify the rules of verbal behaviour which help to get communicative aim.
Precedent names with the sphere-source «literature» in the Russian-speaked media discourse (on the example of M.A. Bulgakov's story " A dog's heart")
Authors: Kravchuk Daria Sergeevna , Segal Natalia Aleksandrovna
Published: April 2018

The article is devoted to the study of precedent name in Russian-language media texts on the example of the story of M.A. Bulgakov "A Dog's Heart." The purpose of this study is to determine the implementation features of the precedent name Professor Preobrazhensky in the Russian-language media discourse. The study was conducted on the basis of journalistic texts of the National Corps of the Russian language. In classification and generalization of the material, the following methods were used: descriptive, lexicographical, interpretative, methods of component and contextual analysis, method of controlled selection. An analysis of practical material showed that the authors of journalistic texts resort to the use of precedent names in order to create a figurative characterization of a particular person or a description of a specific situation. Appeal to the personality of Professor Preobrazhensky helps the journalist influence emotionally the addressee and stimulates the reader to use his own erudition and background knowledge.