bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insulin Resistance in Women Correlates with Chromatin Histone Lysine Acetylation, Inflammatory Signaling, and Accelerated Aging
Authors: Vidal Christina M. , Alva-Ornelas Jackelyn A. , Chen Nancy Zhuo , Senapati Parijat , Tomsic Jerneja , Robles Vanessa Myriam , Resto Cristal , Sanchez Nancy , Sanchez Angelica , Hyslop Terry , Emwas Nour , Aljaber Dana , Bachelder Nick , Martinez Ernest , Ann David , Jones Veronica , Winn Robert A. , Miele Lucio , Ochoa Augusto C. , Dietze Eric C. , Natarajan Rama , Schones Dustin , Seewaldt Victoria L.
Published: August 2024

Background: Epigenetic changes link medical, social, and environmental factors with cardiovascular and kidney disease and, more recently, with cancer. The mechanistic link between metabolic health and epigenetic changes is only starting to be investigated. In our in vitro and in vivo studies, we performed a broad analysis of the link between hyperinsulinemia and chromatin acetylation; our top “hit” was chromatin opening at H3K9ac. Methods: Building on our published preclinical studies, here, we performed a detailed analysis of the link between insulin resistance, chromatin acetylation, and inflammation using an initial test set of 28 women and validation sets of 245, 22, and 53 women. Results: ChIP-seq identified chromatin acetylation and opening at the genes coding for TNFα and IL6 in insulin-resistant women. Pathway analysis identified inflammatory response genes, NFκB/TNFα-signaling, reactome cytokine signaling, innate immunity, and senescence. Consistent with this finding, flow cytometry identified increased senescent circulating peripheral T-cells. DNA methylation analysis identified evidence of accelerated aging in insulin-resistant vs. metabolically healthy women. Conclusions: This study shows that insulin-resistant women have increased chromatin acetylation/opening, inflammation, and, perhaps, accelerated aging. Given the role that inflammation plays in cancer initiation and progression, these studies provide a potential mechanistic link between insulin resistance and cancer.
Predictors of Clavien–Dindo Grade III–IV or Grade V Complications after Metastatic Spinal Tumor Surgery: An Analysis of Sociodemographic, Socioeconomic, Clinical, Oncologic, and Operative Parameters
Authors: De la Garza Ramos Rafael , Ryvlin Jessica , Bangash Ali Haider , Hamad Mousa K. , Fourman Mitchell S. , Shin John H. , Gelfand Yaroslav , Murthy Saikiran , Yassari Reza
Published: August 2024

The rate of major complications and 30-day mortality after surgery for metastatic spinal tumors is relatively high. While most studies have focused on baseline comorbid conditions and operative parameters as risk factors, there is limited data on the influence of other parameters such as sociodemographic or socioeconomic data on outcomes. We retrospectively analyzed data from 165 patients who underwent surgery for spinal metastases between 2012–2023. The primary outcome was development of major complications (i.e., Clavien–Dindo Grade III–IV complications), and the secondary outcome was 30-day mortality (i.e., Clavien–Dindo Grade V complications). An exploratory data analysis that included sociodemographic, socioeconomic, clinical, oncologic, and operative parameters was performed. Following multivariable analysis, independent predictors of Clavien–Dindo Grade III–IV complications were Frankel Grade A–C, lower modified Bauer score, and lower Prognostic Nutritional Index. Independent predictors of Clavien–Dindo Grade V complications) were lung primary cancer, lower modified Bauer score, lower Prognostic Nutritional Index, and use of internal fixation. No sociodemographic or socioeconomic factor was associated with either outcome. Sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors did not impact short-term surgical outcomes for metastatic spinal tumor patients in this study. Optimization of modifiable factors like nutritional status may be more important in improving outcomes in this complex patient population.
Correction: Tasci et al. RadWise: A Rank-Based Hybrid Feature Weighting and Selection Method for Proteomic Categorization of Chemoirradiation in Patients with Glioblastoma. Cancers 2023, 15, 2672
Authors: Tasci Erdal , Jagasia Sarisha , Zhuge Ying , Sproull Mary , Cooley Zgela Theresa , Mackey Megan , Camphausen Kevin , Krauze Andra Valentina
Published: August 2024

In the original publication [...]
Screening and Surveillance of Colorectal Cancer: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Maida Marcello , Dahiya Dushyant Singh , Shah Yash R. , Tiwari Angad , Gopakumar Harishankar , Vohra Ishaan , Khan Aqsa , Jaber Fouad , Ramai Daryl , Facciorusso Antonio
Published: August 2024

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has the highest mortality rate among men and is the second highest among women under fifty, with incidence and mortality rates rising in younger populations. Studies indicate that up to one-third of patients diagnosed before fifty have a family history or genetic factors, highlighting the need for earlier screening. Contrariwise, diagnosis in healthy subjects through screening strategies enables early-stage detection of the tumor and better clinical outcomes. In recent years, mortality rates of CRC in Western countries have been on a steady decline, which is largely attributed to widespread screening programs and advancements in treatment modalities. Indeed, early detection through screening significantly improves prognosis, with stark differences in survival rates between localized and metastatic disease. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the existing literature, delving into the performance and efficacy of various CRC screening strategies. It navigates through available screening tools, evaluating their efficacy and cost-effectiveness. The discussion extends to delineating target populations for screening, emphasizing the importance of tailored approaches for individuals at heightened risk.
Definition of a Multi-Omics Signature for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Prognosis Prediction
Authors: Lambroia Luca , Conca Dioguardi Carola Maria , Puccio Simone , Pansa Andrea , Alvisi Giorgia , Basso Gianluca , Cibella Javier , Colombo Federico Simone , Marano Salvatore , Basato Silvia , Alfieri Rita , Giudici Simone , Castoro Carlo , Peano Clelia
Published: August 2024

Esophageal cancer is a highly lethal malignancy, representing 5% of all cancer-related deaths. The two main subtypes are esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). While most research has focused on ESCC, few studies have analyzed EAC for transcriptional signatures linked to diagnosis or prognosis. In this study, we utilized single-cell RNA sequencing and bulk RNA sequencing to identify specific immune cell types that contribute to anti-tumor responses, as well as differentially expressed genes (DEGs). We have characterized transcriptional signatures, validated against a wide cohort of TCGA patients, that are capable of predicting clinical outcomes and the prognosis of EAC post-surgery with efficacy comparable to the currently accepted prognostic factors. In conclusion, our findings provide insights into the immune landscape and therapeutic targets of EAC, proposing novel immunological biomarkers for predicting prognosis, aiding in patient stratification for post-surgical outcomes, follow-up, and personalized adjuvant therapy decisions.
Electrochemically Induced Cu-NiOOH/Cu2O/Cu Mesh Heteroarchitecture with Cu-Ni Dual Active Sites as Efficient Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Urea-Assisted Energy-Saving Hydrogen Production in Alkaline Electrolyte
Authors: Zhao Kaige , Xu Xinhao , Wang Manli , Chen Tao , Ju Qianlin , Hao Lulu , Chen Zelin , Yu Xiaolong , Li Changjiu
Published: August 2024

The electrocatalytic oxidation of urea combined with wastewater splitting is considered a promising approach for sustainable hydrogen production, characterized by minimal energy consumption. However, its evolution is greatly hindered by the shortage of efficient and easily accessible electrocatalytic materials. Here, a facile electrochemical activation strategy was conceived and proposed to construct a Cu-doped NiOOH nanolayer encapsulated on Cu2O nanodendrites on Cu mesh substrate (Cu-NiOOH/Cu2O/CM) from the electrodeposited Ni/Cu2O/CM heterostructured precatalyst. It was verified that the incorporation of Cu not only facilitates the rapid formation of Ni(III) species but also contributes to the formation of Cu-Ni(III) bifunctional electrocatalytic active sites. Benefiting from the accessible Cu-Ni(III) dual active sites, high active surface area, good hydrophilic and aerophobic surface properties and superior electrical conductivity of the Cu mesh substrate, the as-prepared Cu-NiOOH/Cu2O/CM exhibits enhanced bifunctional electrocatalytic abilities for electrocatalytic urea oxidation reaction (UOR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Particularly, for the Cu-NiOOH/Cu2O/CM||Cu-NiOOH/Cu2O/CM configuration toward the UOR||HER coupled system, a significantly reduced cell voltage of 1.43 V vs. RHE @ 10 mA·cm−2 was obtained. The observed cell voltage for the conventional overall water splitting is approximately 190 mV higher than that observed for overall urea splitting. This study proposes a viable approach to achieve and optimize the bifunctional UOR/HER performance of NiOOH active species, which holds significant importance for efficient and stable hydrogen generation from urea-contaminated substandard water.
Exploring the Multifaceted Potential of 2D Bismuthene Multilayered Materials: From Synthesis to Environmental Applications and Future Directions
Authors: Serrano-Lázaro Amauri , Portillo-Cortez Karina , Ríos-Soberanis Aldo , Zanella Rodolfo , Durán-Álvarez Juan C.
Published: August 2024

Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as a frontier in materials science, offering unique properties due to their atomically thin nature. Among these materials, bismuthene stands out due to its exceptional optical, electronic, and catalytic characteristics. Bismuthene exhibits high charge carrier mobility, stability, and a tunable bandgap (0.3–1.0 eV), making it highly suitable for applications in transistors, spintronics, biomedicine, and photocatalysis. This work explores the so far reported synthesis methods for obtaining 2D bismuthene, including bottom-up approaches like chemical vapor deposition and molecular beam epitaxy, and top-down methods such as liquid-phase exfoliation and mechanical exfoliation. Recent advancements in understanding 2D bismuthene structural phases, electronic properties modulated by spin-orbit coupling, and its potential applications in next-generation photocatalysts are also reviewed. As is retrieved by our literature review, 2D bismuthene shows great promise for addressing significant environmental challenges. For instance, in CO2 reduction, integrating bismuthene into 2D/2D heterostructures enhances electron transfer efficiency, thereby improving selectivity toward valuable products, such as CH4 and formic acid. In organic pollutant degradation, bismuth subcarbonate (Bi2O2CO3) nanosheets, obtained from 2D bismuthene, have demonstrated high photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics under visible light irradiation, due to their increased surface area and efficient generation of reactive species. Moreover, bismuthene-based materials exhibit potential in the photocatalytic water-splitting process for hydrogen production, overcoming issues associated with UV-light dependence and sacrificial agent usage. This review underscores the versatile applications of 2D bismuthene in advancing photocatalytic technologies, offering insights into future research directions and potential industrial applications.
Correction: Kundu et al. Regression of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer in a Patient-Derived Xenograft Mouse Model by Monoclonal Antibodies against IL-12 p40 Monomer. Cells 2022, 11, 259
Authors: Kundu Madhuchhanda , Raha Sumita , Roy Avik , Pahan Kalipada
Published: August 2024

Error in Figures 3 and 9 [...]
Recent Progress in MXenes-Based Materials for Gas Sensors and Photodetectors
Authors: Kumar Praveen , Raza Waseem , Suganthi Sanjeevamuthu , Khan Mohd Quasim , Ahmad Khursheed , Oh Tae Hwan
Published: August 2024

Recently, a new class of two-dimensional (2D) materials known as MXenes, such as Ti3C2Tx, have received significant attention due to their exceptional structural and physiochemical properties. MXenes are widely used in a variety of applications, including sensors, due to their excellent charge transport, high catalytic, and conducive properties, making them superior materials for sensing applications. Sensing technology has attracted significant interest from the scientific community due to its wide range of applications. In particular, gas sensing technology is essential in today’s world due to its vital role in detecting various gases. Gas sensors have an essential role in real-time environmental monitoring health assessment, and the demand for air quality monitoring is driving the gas sensor market forward. Similarly, optical sensors are a related technology that can rapidly detect toxic substances and biomaterials using optical absorption spectroscopy. MXenes are highly desirable for gas and optical sensing applications due to their abundant active sites, metallic conductivity, optical properties, customizable surface chemistry, and exceptional stability. In this review article, we compile recent advancements in the development of gas sensors and optical sensors using MXenes and their composite materials. This review article would be beneficial for researchers working on the development of MXenes-based gas sensors and optical sensors.
Hormonal Imbalance as a Prognostic Factor of Physical Development of Children with Intellectual Disability
Authors: Smirnova Olga V. , Ovcharenko Elizaveta S. , Kasparov Edward V.
Published: August 2024

Introduction: The purpose was to study the indicators of physical development of primary-school-aged children with intellectual disability by observing the type of autonomic nervous regulation and their levels of catecholamines and serotonin. Methods: A total of 168 primary school age children were examined, of which 54 had intellectual disability. The autonomic nervous system was assessed using cardiointervalography; anthropometric parameters were applied in accordance with recommendations. The contents of serotonin and catecholamines in blood plasma and lymphocytes were assessed using enzyme immunoassay and luminescent histochemical methods. Results and conclusions: Delayed physical and mental development in children with intellectual disability were associated with low serotonin levels in this group of children. The optimal option for the physical development of children with intellectual disability is a sympathetic type of autonomic nervous regulation, while negative-type vagotonic nervous regulation was associated with the maximum delay in physical development. The hypersympathetic type of nervous regulation was accompanied by minimal changes in physical development, despite the hormonal imbalance in the ratio of catecholamines and serotonin. The level of the neurotransmitter serotonin is a prognostic marker of the physical development of children of primary school age. The total amount of catecholamines and serotonin in blood plasma has a direct relationship with the amount of these neurotransmitters in blood lymphocytes; the more hormones in plasma, the more of them in lymphocytes. Therefore, the determination of the contents of catecholamines and serotonin in lymphocytes can be used as a model for studying neurotransmitters in humans.
Accurate Prediction of Children’s Target Height from Their Mid-Parental Height
Authors: Zeevi Danny , Ben Yehuda Adi , Nathan Dafna , Zangen David , Kruglyak Leonid
Published: August 2024

Background: For the past 50 years, standard guidelines have recommended the use of sex-adjusted mid-parental height to predict a child’s final height. Here, we studied the accuracy of this procedure. Methods: We used height data in a cohort of 23 very large nuclear families (mean = 11 adult children per family). We compared the actual final height of the children to their height predicted by the standard procedure, as well as to alternative height predictions that incorporate corrections of mid-parental height for age, sex, and regression to the mean. Results: Standard mid-parental height explained 36% of the variance in children’s heights, with a heritability of 74%, and children were on average 2.7 cm taller than predicted by their target heights. When we introduced a nonlinear correction for the age of the parents, employed a multiplicative (rather than additive) correction for sex, and accounted for regression to the mean, the variance explained increased to 40%, heritability increased to 80%, and prediction bias was reduced from 2.7 cm to 0.14 cm (representing an improvement in prediction by half a standard deviation of the height distribution). We further measured the empirical distribution of the heights of adult children around their predicted height. We describe how this distribution can be used to estimate the probability that a child’s height is within the normal expected range. Conclusions and Relevance: Based on these observations, we propose an improved method for predicting children’s target heights. Our procedure for determining whether the deviation of a child’s projected height from the target height is in the normal range can be used to assess whether the child should be tested further for potential medical abnormalities.
Assessment of Psychosocial Stress and Mental Health Disorders in Parents and Their Children in Early Childhood: Cross-Sectional Results from the SKKIPPI Cohort Study
Authors: Fricke Julia , Bolster Marie , Icke Katja , Lisewski Natalja , Kuchinke Lars , Ludwig-Körner Christiane , Schlensog-Schuster Franziska , Reinhold Thomas , Berghöfer Anne , Roll Stephanie , Keil Thomas
Published: August 2024

Background/Objectives: Early childhood can be a stressful period for families with a significant impact on parents’ mental health, the child’s healthy development, and the development of a secure mother–child attachment. The goal of the cross-sectional study part of SKKIPPI was to assess the occurrence of psychosocial stress and mental health disorders in parents as well as in their offspring in early childhood in three German regions. Methods: Based on random samples from three residents’ registration offices, parents with infants aged up to 12 months were invited to participate. An online screening questionnaire was developed in four languages to assess common psychosocial stressors and mental health problems of parents with small children. Results: The study enrolled 4984 mothers and 962 fathers. The most common potential psychosocial stressors were professional problems (mothers 22%, fathers 33%), lack of social support (20%, 14%), and severe, negative experiences in childhood (22%, 16%). Obsessive–compulsive thoughts (21%, 16%) and depressive (9%, 9%) and anxiety symptoms (11%, 7%) were the most frequently reported mental health problems by both parents. Regulatory problems of the child were reported by between 1.5% and 5.1% of parents. Conclusions: The study showed that a substantial proportion of parents are burdened by psychosocial problems and suffer from mental health problems in the first years after the birth of their children. Early preventive and low-threshold support measures should be available in the health and social care system. Low-threshold questionnaires, which cover a wide range of possible stress factors, should be further developed for the practical healthcare of this group of people.
Clinical Features of RS Virus Infection before, during, and after COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Ide Natsu , Tabata Kyosuke , Tokuma Norihiro , Murano Yayoi , Yoneoka Daisuke , Nakazawa Tomoyuki , Shoji Hiromichi
Published: August 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the epidemiology of other infectious diseases. In particular, the respiratory syncytial (RS) virus infects almost all children during their first or second year of life. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, many restrictions were enforced that isolated children from other children. Therefore, we hypothesized that the clinical features of RS virus infection were altered and conducted a study to evaluate these changes. This observational study included children below the age of six years who were admitted to the Tokyo Metropolitan Toshima Hospital. Their clinicodemographic data were extracted from medical records. The 369 children eligible for the study were assigned to three groups: “pre-pandemic” (group 1, n = 253); “during pandemic” (group 2, n = 77), and “post-pandemic” (group 3, n = 39). Logistic regression analysis revealed that compared to group 1, the odds ratio (OR) for oxygen use was significantly higher in groups 2 (OR 1.85. 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06–3.23; p < 0.05) and 3 (OR 3.36, 95% CI 1.59–7.12; p < 0.01), and the use of mechanical ventilation was significantly higher in group 3 (OR 4.89, 95% CI 1.71–13.94; p < 0.01). This study highlights changes in the clinical features of RS virus infection during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Legacy of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Impact on Infant and Maternal and Health from an Appalachian Academic Medical Center
Authors: Haarbauer Kelsey , Burke Rebecca , Smith M. Cody , Miller Audrey N. , Moran Patricia N. , Moise Alicia A. , Cottrell Lesley , Polak Mark J.
Published: August 2024

Background/Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic period from 2020 to 2022 had a significant impact on maternal infant health with mothers impacted more than their infants. We questioned whether there have been any lingering effects from the pandemic. Methods: We examined intermediate and long-term pandemic effects on maternal and neonatal outcomes before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic period. We reviewed mother–infant pairs from the following three epochs: (1) the pre–COVID-19 period, (2) the COVID-19 pandemic period, and (3) the post-pandemic period. The Case Mix Index (CMI) for the neonates from all three epochs were detailed. Results: Post-pandemic, we noted a rising trend of LGA infants (10%) and an increase in SGA infants (13%). For women in 2023, we noted an increase in hypertension, preeclampsia, diabetes, and a higher BMI than in the pre-pandemic period. There have also been more congenital anomalies (9%), and neonatal CMI increased in the post-pandemic period. Conclusions: Well after the pandemic period, maternal–infant health continues to be affected. For women, the increase in hypertension and diabetes during pregnancy is concerning. For infants, being LGA or SGA may have long-term consequences. The post-pandemic increase in infants with congenital anomalies compared to the pre-pandemic era is an area that needs ongoing review.
Relationship between Gross Motor Coordination and Health-Related Fitness in Serbian Preschool Children
Authors: Stojiljković Nenad , Trajković Nebojša , Rančić Doroteja , Olanescu Mihai , Suciu Adrian , Popa Danut
Published: August 2024

Background: The relationship between motor coordination and physical fitness in preschool children is of significant interest due to its implications for overall health and development. This study aims to investigate the correlation between gross motor coordination, as assessed by the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder (KTK), and health-related physical fitness components. Methods: A cross-sectional study, involving 139 preschool-aged children, was conducted. Physical fitness was assessed using the PREFIT fitness test battery, which includes measures of flexibility, muscular strength, speed/agility, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Motor coordination was evaluated using the KTK test, comprising four subtests. Results: Pearson correlation analysis revealed weak to strong positive and negative correlations between motor coordination and various physical fitness measures, including flexibility (r = 0.402; p = 0.01), muscular strength (r = 0.178; r = 0.487; r = 0.601; p < 0.05), speed/agility (r = −0.742; p = 0.01), and endurance (r = 0.539; p = 0.01). Additionally, hierarchical regression analysis demonstrated significant influence of motor coordination on physical fitness, explaining a notable percentage of the variance across different fitness components (3.2–55%). Conclusions: The findings underscore the importance of motor coordination in shaping physical fitness levels in preschool children. Promoting motor coordination skills early in childhood may have long-term benefits for overall health and fitness.
Child Motor Development before and after the COVID-19 Pandemic: Are There Social Inequalities?
Authors: Rigó Mariann , Weyers Simone
Published: August 2024

Background: COVID-19 pandemic has influenced all children’s motor development. We examine whether this differs by social circumstances. We hypothesise that socially disadvantaged children experienced more pronounced motor problems compared with better-off children. Methods: Our trend study includes three representative waves of preschoolers (school years 2018/19, 2019/20, 2023/24) from a German school enrolment medical screening. Based on logistic regressions, we computed predicted prevalences of motor problems separately for children in different social circumstances (neighbourhood, migration background, family status). Results: Motor development of preschoolers slightly worsened by 2023 compared to pre-pandemic level (6.3 percent 2018 to 7.4 percent 2023). Results by neighbourhood highlight that preschoolers from well-off districts experienced a deterioration of motor development (4.9 percent 2018–6.4 percent 2023). The prevalence of motor problems is, however, below that of children from deprived neighbourhoods with consistently high prevalence (9.2–10 percent). Results by migration background show a worsening trend for children without migration background and the gap between the groups disappears in 2023. Results by family status do not indicate significant differences. Conclusion: Contrary to our hypothesis, socially disadvantaged children experienced smaller change in motor problems. However, our results highlight the potential of structured physical activities in daycare centres and sports facilities to enhance the motor development of these children.
Preparation of Chitosan-Coated Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam Extract Microcapsules and Its Effect on Coating Antibacterial Properties
Authors: Zhu Ye , Wang Ying , Yan Xiaoxing
Published: August 2024

Antibacterial microcapsules were prepared using chitosan as the shell material and Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam extract as the core material. The optimal preparation process for the microcapsules of Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam extract were determined via orthogonal and single-factor experiments as follows: the mass ratio of Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam extracts and chitosan (MT:MC) was 3.0:1, the pH value of microencapsulation was 7, and the reaction temperature was 50 °C. The MT:MC increased, the glossiness of the coatings increased and then decreased, the color difference and roughness of the coatings showed an increasing trend, the transmittance of the coatings decreased, the grade of citric acid resistance decreased, the resistance to ethanol and detergents of the coatings increased, and the fracture elongation of the coating increased and then fell. As the MT:MC of microcapsules increased, the antibacterial rates of the coating against Escherichia coli increased first, then decreased, and lastly increased. The trend of the coating against Staphylococcus aureus first increased and then decreased. When the microcapsule MT:MC was 3.0:1, the performance of the coating was better, and the antibacterial rates against the two bacteria were 67.14% and 68.39%, respectively. Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam extracts endow waterborne coatings with antibacterial properties, expanding the application range of waterborne coatings.
Formation and Property of Al2O3-TiO2 Composite Anodic Oxide Film on DC-Etched Al Foil for Al Electrolytic Capacitors
Authors: Ban Chaolei , Yang Yutong , Yu Shengnan , Wu Qingxu
Published: August 2024

This research article aims to improve the specific capacitance of DC-etched Al foil for Al electrolytic capacitors by forming an Al2O3-TiO2 composite anodic oxide film. DC-etched Al foils for aluminum electrolytic capacitors were immersed in a TiO2 precursor sol, followed by calcination and anodizing to manufacture a TiO2-Al2O3 composite anodic oxide film. TiO2 precursor sol–gel particles after calcination were analyzed by XRD. During anodization, the anode potential with time was measured by a digital meter. A scanning electron microscope, electrochemical impedance measurements, and a general digital LCR meter were adopted to explore the microstructure and property of the anodic oxide films. The specific capacitance for the TiO2-Al2O3 composite anodic oxide film and a pure Al anodic one is 3.013 μF/cm2 and 2.435 μF/cm2 at C60V, respectively. The thickness is 87.26 nm for the former and 177.65 nm for the latter. The results show that the TiO2-Al2O3 composite anodic oxide film is about 51% thinner than the single Al anodic film, accounting for a large improvement in specific capacitance. The formation efficiency of the pretreated sample is much higher than that of the blank sample, owing to the pre-deposited TiO2 layer and thermal Al oxide layer. However, the composite anodic oxide film’s specific resistance was reduced and its dielectric loss was also aggravated, resulting from the doping-introduced structural defects.
Effect of Ultrasonic Shot Peening on Morphology and Structure of NiCrAlYSi Coatings on Superalloys for Blade Applications
Authors: Cai Jin , Wu Hao , Shi Xihui
Published: August 2024

The study evaluated and compared the surface morphology, roughness, and coating structure of ultrasonic shot peening (USP)-treated samples of the NiCrAlYSi-coated GH4169 alloy used for turbine blades and discussed the influence of blade-surface roughness and coating thickness on aerodynamic performance. The NiCrAlYSi coating was deposited on the surface of the alloy using electron beam-physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD), and the NiCrAlYSi bond coat was subsequently surface treated at Almen intensities of 0.1 A, 0.15 A, and 0.2 A by USP. The results following USP treatment indicated that the bond coat becomes denser with a smoother surface and a porosity reduction ranging from 12.5% to 50%, accompanied by localized enrichment of Cr elements near the substrate. Additionally, the study examined the influence of coating thickness and roughness on turbine blade aerodynamic performance, validating the effectiveness of USP in reducing these factors, thereby potentially enhancing the aerodynamic efficiency of coated turbine blades.
Preparation of Porous Ni-W Alloys Electrodeposited by Dynamic Hydrogen Bubble Template and Their Alkaline HER Properties
Authors: Li Yufei , Li Linghao , Li Wenzhe , Lu Linfeng , Tian Lu , Liu Yangyang , Su Changwei , Tian Weidong
Published: August 2024

Nickel–tungsten (Ni-W) alloys are gaining significant attention due to their superior hardness, wear resistance, anti-corrosion and electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity. In this work, porous and crack Ni-W alloys with different W contents were prepared in a pyrophosphate bath. The key to forming a porous structure is a very high current density over 300 mA cm−2. The HER activity of porous and crack Ni-W alloys was studied by means of electrochemical technologies of linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), Tafel curves (Taf) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Compared with the crack Ni-W alloy, the porous Ni-W alloy exhibits improved alkaline electrochemical HER performances, which can deliver a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at 166 mV (η10) vs. RHE (reversible hydrogen electrode).
Laser Surface Hardening of Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI)
Authors: Záhon Ladislav , Kuchař Jiří , Horník Jakub , Krčil Jan , Kudláček Jan
Published: August 2024

The subject of the research is the possibility of using laser surface hardening to modify the tribological properties of ADI castings. ADI cast irons are a very progressive material; these cast irons find their application (due to their characteristic properties) in demanding applications. In these applications, the tribology of their surface is an essential parameter. This research focused on the change in tribological properties due to laser hardening of the surface layers. ADI cast iron samples processed at different isothermal holding temperatures were selected for the experiment. This is because these temperatures have a major influence on the initial structure (before laser exposure), which also affects the laser hardening process. To analyze the structural changes, metallographic examinations were performed. The microhardness was also measured on each sample in relation to the distance from the surface. The samples were also subjected to a tribological test (linear reciprocating tribometer) during which the coefficient of friction was recorded. The surface conditions after the tribological experiment were evaluated using an electron microscope. Tribological experiments revealed very different behavior of laser-hardened ADI cast iron surfaces depending on their isothermal holding temperature. At the same time, a homogeneous martensitic layer on the surface (a consequence of the relatively uniform distribution of carbon in the initial ausferritic structure) was achieved by laser, which contributed to a significant increase in hardness and wear resistance. A trend of decreasing friction coefficient as a function of isothermal holding temperature was observed for non-laser-hardened surfaces. This phenomenon supports the theory of a possible martensitic transformation of the high-carbon austenite contained in the structure of ADI castings.
High-Temperature Zn-5Al Hot Dip Galvanizing of Reinforcement Steel
Authors: Marek Anżelina , Steinerová Veronika , Pokorný Petr , Kania Henryk , Berger Franciszek
Published: August 2024

This article presents the results of research on the growth kinetics, microstructure (SEM/EDS/XRD), and corrosion behavior of Zn-5Al coatings obtained using a high-temperature hot dip process on B500B reinforcing steel. The corrosion resistance of the coatings was determined using the neutral salt spray (NSS) test (EN ISO 9227). Based on chemical composition tests in micro-areas (EDS) and phase composition tests (XRD), corrosion products formed on the coating surface after exposure to a corrosive environment containing chlorides were identified. In the outer layer of the coating, areas rich in Zn and Al were found, which were solid solutions of Al in Zn (α), while the diffusion layer was formed by a layer of Fe(Al,Zn)3 intermetallics. The growth kinetics of the coatings indicate the sequential growth of the diffusion layer, controlled by diffusion in the initial phase of growth, and the formation of a periodic layered structure with a longer immersion time. The NSS test showed an improved corrosion resistance of reinforcing bars with Zn-5Al coatings compared to a conventional hot-dip-galvanized zinc coating. The increase in corrosion resistance was caused by the formation of beneficial corrosion products: layered double hydroxides (LDH) based on Zn2+ and Al3+ cations and Cl− anions and simonkolleite—Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O.
Characterization of Carbonated and Raw Ferronickel Slags as Cementing Materials
Authors: Laniesse Priscillia , Dufourny Adrien , Bourgeois Florent , Julcour Carine , Cyr Martin
Published: August 2024

This study’s aim is to fully characterize ferronickel slag from New Caledonia, considered a multiphase mineral containing amorphous material. The methodology consisted of combining chemical, mineral, and morphological characterization techniques, such as ICP-AES, TGA, Q-XRD, microscopy, spectroscopy, etc. The ferronickel slag consisted of 44 wt. % forsterite, with the inclusion of iron as a substitution for magnesium (Mg1.8Fe0.2SiO4), 1.7 wt. % chromite and 54 wt. % amorphous phase containing iron, magnesium, aluminum, and silica (Mg/Si = 0.4; Fe/Si = 0.2; Al/Si = 0.1). This material was slightly reactive in a cementitious medium, thus limiting its use as an SCM in the construction sector. The ferronickel slag was then subjected to an attrition-leaching carbonation process at 180 °C and a partial pressure of CO2 of 20 bar. The obtained product, carbonated at 80% of its capacity, was also characterized. It was composed of carbonates (37% of magnesite and 4% of siderite), remaining forsterite (7 wt. %), chromite (1 wt. %), and 50% of an amorphous phase, mainly composed of silica and aluminum. The complete characterization of those products helped in understanding the chemistry of the carbonation process and finding valorization paths for the carbonated products in the construction sector. The carbonated product may be used either as an SCM in blended cement or as a precursor of magnesium–silicate binders.
The Effects of Termites and Beetle Larvae on the Decomposition of Pinus densiflora and Quercus acutissima in South Korea over a 6-Year Period
Authors: Roh Dakyum , Kim Seongjun , Kim Hyung-Sub , Han Seung Hyun , Kim Gaeun , Son Yowhan
Published: August 2024

The effect of invertebrates like termites and beetle larvae on dead wood could be time-dependent due to changes in wood traits and invertebrate species composition over time. This study assessed changes in the impact of termites and beetle larvae on dead wood decomposition in two tree species, Pinus densiflora and Quercus acutissima, in South Korea over a 6-year period (2016–2022). Wood samples were prepared, with half of them encased in a stainless-steel mesh to prevent access by invertebrates larger than 0.26 mm. These samples were placed in three regions representative of different environments in South Korea (southern, eastern, and western). Significant variations in the mass loss of dead wood were observed based on the tree species, region, and time (p < 0.05). The mean standardized invertebrate effect, assessed with Hedges’ d and a 95% confidence interval, was 0.83 ± 2.19 for P. densiflora and 1.08 ± 2.26 for Q. acutissima. Termites were found in the southern and western regions, with the highest invertebrate effect after two years. Our results indicate that the influence of invertebrates, especially termites, on dead wood decomposition could be most significant during the initial decomposition stages, as noted in the southern region of this research.
Diversity of Endophytic Fungi and Bacteria Inhabiting the Roots of the Woodland Grass, Festuca gigantea (Poaceae)
Authors: Pašakinskienė Izolda , Stakelienė Violeta , Matijošiūtė Saulė , Martūnas Justas
Published: August 2024

We studied the occurrence of endophytic fungi and bacteria in the roots of F. gigantea, a woodland perennial grass common throughout Europe and temperate Asia. The taxonomic assignment was carried out according to the isolate’s colony and cytological species morphotype characteristics and confirmed by the assessment of the standard DNA sequences, ITS, RPB2, SSU, and TEF1-a for fungi and 16S rDNA for bacteria. Our study has shown that F. gigantea roots are the habitat to a wide range of fungi and bacteria. The occurrence of fungal structures was determined in ~40% of the roots examined by Trypan Blue staining. In a surface-sterile root-cutting culture on PDA medium, we obtained isolates of six endophytic fungi species: four members of Ascomycota—Alternaria alternata, Cadophora fastigiata, Chaetomium funicola, and Microdochium bolleyi—and two of Basidiomycota—Coprinellus sp. and Sistotrema brinkmannii. In addition, we report bacteria co-occurring endophytically in the roots of this grass. The Firmicutes group was the most prevalent, consisting of four Gram-positive, endospore-forming bacteria taxa. The isolates were identified as Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus sp., Lysinibacillus sp., and Priestia aryabhattai. Moreover, two Gram-negative bacteria were detected—Kosakonia sp. (Proteobacteria) and Pedobacter sp. (Bacteroidetes). Thus, applying the isolate-culture approach, we identified a set of microorganisms in the roots of a typical grass native to the deciduous forest floor. The functional roles of these endophytes are diverse, and many of them, saprotrophs and decomposers of wood and plant debris, are linked to the decomposition of organic matter. This is the first detailed report on fungal and bacterial endophytes inhabiting the roots of F. gigantea. This study fills in a research gap on endophytes associated with the below-ground parts of Festuca spp., hitherto extensively studied for Epichloë/Neotyphodium associations in their foliar parts.
Pollination Strategies and Reproductive Biology of Fritillaria imperialis L. (Liliaceae): Insights from Erzincan, Türkiye
Authors: Yildiz Faruk , Aslay Meral , Kaya Ozkan
Published: August 2024

Fritillaria spp., comprising perennial bulbous plants of significant medicinal and ornamental value, face high endangerment in their natural habitats. Despite their importance, the reproductive characteristics and adaptive evolution mechanisms of these species remain incompletely understood. This study focused on the pollination strategies and reproductive biology of Fritillaria imperialis L. The research was conducted at the Erzincan Horticultural Research Institute in Türkiye. Our investigation categorized the flowering process of F. imperialis into nine distinct phases. Through comprehensive assessments of the pollen/ovule ratio, self-incompatibility index (SII), and ex situ pollination experiments, we observed high levels of self-incompatibility and allogamy in F. imperialis. Our findings revealed that pollination of F. imperialis primarily relied on pollen vectors, with Apis mellifera and Bombus terrestris identified as the most effective pollinators. Furthermore, average seed set rate, seed production, and seed viability were quantified at 80.5%, 228 seeds, and 86.3%, respectively. The average numbers of pollen viability and pollen grains were measured at 93% and 702,000, respectively. This comprehensive analysis of the reproductive biology of F. imperialis provides crucial insights for the conservation and genetic management of this highly valuable species. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the reproductive strategies employed by Fritillaria spp., which may inform future conservation efforts and breeding programs for these endangered plants.
Diversity and Endemism of Amphibian Fauna in the Yoko Forest Reserve, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Musubaho Loving , Iyongo Léon , Mukinzi Jean-Claude , Mukiranya Alain , Mutahinga Jasmin , Badjedjea Gabriel , Lango Luc , Bogaert Jan
Published: August 2024

This article provides the first data on amphibian diversity in the Yoko Forest Reserve, located in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. During twenty-four field sampling campaigns organized over a period of twelve months, amphibians were collected from nocturnal surveys supported by three techniques: visual spotting using a headlamp, systematic searching of habitats and acoustic hearing of vocalizations. A total of 5707 amphibians in 10 families, 17 genera and 33 species were recorded throughout the study area. The Hyperoliidae and Arthroleptidae families were the most diverse, with Amnirana albolabris (Ranidae) the most abundant species, followed by Phrynobatrachus auritus (Phrynobatrachidae). By contrast, Afrixalus quadrivittatus, A. equatorialis, Arthroleptis tuberosus, A. variabilis, Cryptothylax greshoffi, Hyperolius langi, H. ocellatus, H. parallelus, Hyperolius sp., Hoplobatrachus occipitalis, Kassina maculosa, Leptopelis calcaratus, Nectophryne batesii, Phrynobatrachus perpalmatus, Sclerophrys gracilipes and S. gutturalis were less frequent. For the first time, Amietia nutti and Kassina maculosa have been reported in Congolese forests. Amphibian species known from the YFRE are widely distributed in Central African forests, and particularly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where A. equatorialis, H. langi, H. parallelus and Ptychadena christyi are endemic.
Population Response to Habitat Management from an Endangered Galliform: The Pyrenean Grey Partridge Recovery Project in Lago de Sanabria (2000–2023)
Authors: Palacios Jesús , Sánchez-García Carlos , Santos Pablo , Rodríguez Mariano , Gutiérrez José L. , Martínez Ana , Arranz José Á. , Cubero David , Salvador Víctor , Belver María C. , Carreño José F. , Hernández Hipólito , Rodríguez María J. , Tizado-Núñez Raúl E. , Tizado E. Jorge
Published: August 2024

The Pyrenean grey partridge (Perdix perdix hispaniensis) is an endangered and insufficiently studied galliform occurring in upland habitats dominated by shrublands in Spain, France, and Andorra. Aiming to develop tailored management to favour the species, we studied the effect of habitat management on a partridge population located in Zamora province within the Galician–Duero mountains as part of a long-term project promoted by the regional government (Junta Castilla y León). Management was based on carrying out conservation and recovery of optimal habitats through clearing shrublands (either plots or linear) distributed in a “core area” of 45 km2, conducting tracks with beaters and pointing dogs during autumn in three areas, and comparing the partridge abundance before (2000–2006) and after (2007–2023) management. Habitat management increased partridge abundance values in two areas (1.46 and 1.68 times higher) and had no effect on the remaining one. The pattern of grey partridge abundance during the study was irregular and not influenced by the weather, and the highest abundance values were reached 8–10 years after habitat measures were implemented for the first time. Habitat management allowed high autumn abundance to be reached (mean kilometre abundance values of 2.94 and 3.74 birds/km in two areas), while the mean number of birds per family group was not affected by management (nine birds/group). When aiming to recover Pyrenean grey partridge populations, habitat management should be based on the conservation and management of shrublands to provide mixed habitats in the medium and long term, ensuring regular partridge monitoring.
Alien Plant Species Richness in Urban Protected Biodiversity Areas: A Case Study of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa
Authors: Nelufule Takalani , Thenga Tshifhiwa C. , Shivambu Tinyiko C. , Shivambu Ndivhuwo , Moshobane Moleseng C. , Seoraj-Pillai Nimmi , Nangammbi Tshifhiwa C.
Published: August 2024

Urban protected biodiversity areas conserve some of the world’s critically endangered and isolated biodiversity while providing essential ecosystem services. However, these urban habitats are threatened by the presence of alien and invasive plants. We studied alien plant species richness and identified the potential predictors in urban protected biodiversity areas in Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, South Africa. Data on alien plant species were collected through surveys and consultations with protected area managers. We determined the relationship between the observed species richness and potential alien plant species predictors, such as area size, number of visitors, proximity to residential areas, and the year the reserve was proclaimed. We documented 574 records of 189 alien plant species from 60 families across 14 protected areas. Phanerophytes were the most common (46.5%), with many species native to South America, North America, and Africa. Most species have formed naturalised populations (67.7%), followed by invasive populations (20.6%) and casual populations (12%), posing future invasion threats. Most species (55.5%) were introduced as ornamental plants, with many of these species forming invasive populations. Half the recorded species were listed under the NEM:BA A&IS regulations, mostly categorized as 1b. Our findings indicate that the annual number of visitors strongly predicted alien plant species richness in urban protected areas. Additionally, a significant negative correlation was observed between species richness and the proximity to residential areas and years since the proclamation. Understanding the distribution patterns and predictors of species richness is crucial in monitoring invasive alien species and conserving biodiversity in urban environments.