bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of CNBP in brain atrophy and its targeting in myotonic dystrophy type 2
Authors: Jennings Katherine , Lindquist Diana , Poonia Ankita , Schoser Benedikt , Schneider-Gold Christiane , Timchenko Nikolai A , Timchenko Lubov
Published: January 2025

Myotonic Dystrophy type 2 (DM2) is a multisystem disease affecting many tissues, including skeletal muscle, heart, and brain. DM2 is caused by unstable expansion of CCTG repeats in an intron 1 of a gene coding for cellular nuclear binding protein (CNBP). The expanded CCTG repeats cause DM2 pathology due to the accumulation of RNA CCUG repeats, which affect RNA processing in patients’ cells. We have previously shown that mutant CCUG repeats reduce CNBP protein in DM2 patients. Reducing Cnbp in Cnbp KO mouse model causes late skeletal muscle atrophy. In this study, we examined if the reduction of Cnbp affects the Central Nervous System (CNS). MRI and DTI analyses showed that total brain volume and grey matter are reduced in Cnbp KO mice, while mean, radial and axonal brain diffusivity is increased. The morphological changes in the brains of Cnbp KO mice are accompanied by reduced stereotypic behavior, anxiety and neuromotor defects. These findings suggest that the reduction of CNBP contributes to CNS pathology in DM2. Since CNBP stability is regulated by pAMPK-dependent phosphorylation, we examined protein levels of pAMPK in DM2 cells and found that the active pAMPK is reduced in DM2. Interaction of CNBP with pAMPK and stability of CNBP protein are also decreased in DM2. Our data show that a small molecule AMPK activator A769662 corrects CNBP stability and normalizes CNBP targets in DM2 fibroblasts. Thus, activators of AMPK could potentially be developed as therapeutics to correct CNBP and reduce muscle and brain atrophies in DM2.
Forging a pathway for connecting skills, knowledge, technology, and participatory decision-making for all through the UN Ocean Decade Challenge 9
Authors: Buchan Pamela M , Mahu Edem , Seeyave Sophie , Arbic Brian K , Sant Gail , Maúre Elígio d R , Mahadeo Sarah , Kostianaia Evgeniia , Hermes Juliet , Sacedon Randa , Sogbanmu Temitope O , Kidwai Samina , Lin Xin , Sun Zhen
Published: January 2025

The UN Ocean Decade Vision 2030 Report identified the role of ocean knowledge in sustainable development and highlighted the need for a clear pathway to achieve its vision. Challenge 9–skills, knowledge, technology, and participatory decision-making for all—is crucial for forging a collaborative and connected pathway for knowledge generation and sharing. This article summarizes the challenges and recommendations in the Challenge 9 White Paper. It then focuses on three aspects that had emergent significance during the White Paper review processes: (1) the language we use around capacity, (2) the need to include multiple and diverse knowledge systems, and (3) the proposition that Challenge 9 is the natural home for access to participation in ocean decision-making.
Capacity sharing to protect and restore ecosystems and biodiversity
Authors: Muller-Karger Frank E , Tan Aileen Shau Hwai , Allcock A Louise , Appeltans Ward , Aguilar Claudia Barón , Blanco Andreu , Bograd Steven J , Costello Mark John , Darnaude Audrey M , Dupuis Britt , Evaux Lucie M , Goodwin Kelly , Jungbluth Sean , Leinen Margaret , Levin Lisa A , Mahapatra Pooja , Martone Rebecca , Nordlund Lina Mtwana , Ndah Anthony B , Pante Eric , Paul Ken , Pearlman Jay , Pelletier Dominique , Relano Veronica , Rogers Alex David , Seeyave Sophie , Soares Joana , Taylor Simon , Pendleton Linwood
Published: January 2025

Challenge 2 of the UN Ocean Decade focuses on protecting and restoring marine ecosystems and biodiversity as a fundamental requirement to achieve sustainable development. Addressing this challenge requires reliable and timely information on biodiversity and ecosystems. To achieve this, academic, government, and private groups should engage in a process of co-design that aims to facilitate decision-making at the local and national level, and agree on common and interoperable practices for the collection and curation of biology and ecosystem information. Implementing the flow of data to enable the management of human activities and sustainable development will require the sharing of capacity. An all-hands-on-deck effort will help us ensure a better future for ourselves. A positive step would be to identify the minimum essential ocean variables that can serve multiple relevant regional and international frameworks and to link and harmonize the required data and information flow (i.e., for frameworks including the Convention on Biological Diversity Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Paris Agreement, the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction Agreement, the International Seabed Authority, the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, and deep and national ocean fisheries policies). A key strategy is to support and build on existing local and national networks for biodiversity observation. With this information, local communities and nations can better understand and manage how they use marine life and also report on progress toward Sustainable Development Goals.
Unintended and overlooked consequences of exclusionary marine conservation
Authors: Lopes Priscila F M , Constantinescu Ştefan , Silvano Renato A M , Tatui Florin , Teampău Petruța , Vaidianu Natasa
Published: January 2025

Marine conservation efforts, often through top-down marine protected areas (MPAs), have typically prioritized biodiversity over the needs and rights of local communities. This approach can lead to social injustices and unintended consequences, including promoting unsustainable practices and eroding traditional, sound management methods, along with the loss of cultural heritage and identity. This food-for-thought piece explores some of these overlooked ramifications of top-down MPAs, using the Tamoios MPA in Brazil and the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve in Romania as examples. It highlights how the exclusionary nature of top-down conservation can potentially undermine or delay conservation goals. Integrating local ecological knowledge (LEK) and customary management practices into formal management can be beneficial, regardless of potential limitations and/or disconnection with recommended conservation practices. LEK can serve as a bridge between communities and conservation goals, offering insights into sustainable practices and fostering dialogue. Inclusive approaches that combine LEK with scientific knowledge and involve local communities in decision-making can be beneficial for both new and existing MPAs, especially those that may not have been established in a socially fair way. Prioritizing negotiation and active listening in conservation efforts can help achieve both ecological sustainability and social justice, providing a potentially effective approach to marine conservation.
Tubes and Steklov Eigenvalues in Negatively Curved Manifolds
Authors: Basmajian Ara , Brisson Jade , Hassannezhad Asma , Métras Antoine
Published: January 2025

We consider the Steklov eigenvalue problem on a compact pinched negatively curved manifold $M$ of dimension at least three with totally geodesic boundaries. We obtain a geometric lower bound for the first nonzero Steklov eigenvalue in terms of the total volume of $M$ and the volume of its boundary. We provide examples illustrating the necessity of these geometric quantities in the lower bound. Our result can be seen as a counterpart of the lower bound for the first nonzero Laplace eigenvalue on closed pinched negatively curved manifolds of dimension at least three proved by Schoen in 1982. The proof is composed of certain key elements. We provide a uniform lower bound for the first eigenvalue of the Steklov–Dirichlet problem on a neighborhood of the boundary of $M$ and show that it provides an obstruction to having a small first nonzero Steklov eigenvalue. As another key element of the proof, we give a tubular neighborhood theorem for totally geodesic hypersurfaces in a pinched negatively curved manifold. We give an explicit dependence for the width function in terms of the volume of the boundary and the pinching constant.
The Carnivoran Adaptive Landscape Reveals Trade-offs among Functional Traits in the Skull, Appendicular, and Axial Skeleton
Authors: Law C J , Hlusko L J , Tseng Z J
Published: January 2025

Synopsis

Analyses of form–function relationships are widely used to understand links between morphology, ecology, and adaptation across macroevolutionary scales. However, few have investigated functional trade-offs and covariance within and between the skull, limbs, and vertebral column simultaneously. In this study, we investigated the adaptive landscape of skeletal form and function in carnivorans to test how functional trade-offs among these skeletal regions contribute to ecological adaptations and the topology of the landscape. We found that morphological proxies of function derived from carnivoran skeletal regions exhibit trade-offs and covariation across their performance surfaces, particularly in the appendicular and axial skeletons. These functional trade-offs and covariation correspond as adaptations to different adaptive landscapes when optimized by various factors including phylogeny, dietary ecology, and, in particular, locomotor mode. Lastly, we found that the topologies of the optimized adaptive landscapes and underlying performance surfaces are largely characterized as a single gradual gradient rather than as rugged, multipeak landscapes with distinct zones. Our results suggest that carnivorans may already occupy a broad adaptive zone as part of a larger mammalian adaptive landscape that masks the form and function relationships of skeletal traits.
Fewer Births in the Hunger Season: Family Planning, Birth Seasonality and Child Health in Kenya
Authors: Alidou Sahawal
Published: January 2025

The use of contraceptives may enable parents to better plan the timing of conception. At the same time, existing evidence shows that birth season can be critical for child survival and health in developing countries. Hence, I explore the extent to what family planning (FP) affects birth seasonality, and if these changes (provided there are any) translate into a reduction of the proportion of births in specific periods of the year that are detrimental to child outcomes. To do so, I use five Demographic and Health Survey rounds data from Kenya, a country that is regarded as one of the leading nations in FP in Africa. First, the third quarter of the year seems to be the most detrimental to child outcomes in the country, most probably because it contains the longest part of the hunger season and corresponds to a period of higher food price. Second, I find that the use of modern contraceptives significantly reduces the likelihood of giving birth in the third quarter of the year. These findings shed light on fertility timing as a potential mechanism through which FP may positively impact on child health, beyond birth spacing and longer breastfeeding, which are the most common explanations.
Genome-wide analysis of Flavobacterium strain YJ01 demonstrates abundant enzymes synergistically degrade diverse nature carbohydrates
Authors: Yang Jiang-Ke , Ding Meng-Yao , Hu Yu-Ting , Hong Xi-Zhi , Han Zheng-Gang , Lei Lei
Published: January 2025

Aims

Flavobacterium strains are widely distributed in various environments and generally exhibit specialized roles in the degradation of complex organic substrates. To obtain a deeper understanding of their enzyme profiles, patterns of action on natural carbohydrates degradation, and to mine gene resources for biomass conversion.

Methods and results

We sequenced the whole genome of a novel carbohydrate-degrading Flavobacterium sp. strain YJ01. The genome size of strain YJ01 was 5.48 Mb and encoded 4674 predicted genes. Comparative genomic analysis revealed Flavobacterium strains were characterized by the presence of abundant genes associated with catalytic activity and metabolic processes, especially carbohydrate metabolism. About 9% of genes of strain YJ01 encoded carbohydrate-active enzymes. These enzymes can act on various complex natural and cellular carbohydrates. The synergistic effect of the enzymes on the hydrolysis of complex natural polysaccharides was further experimentally evidenced by using starch and xylan as substrates, in which the degradation rate of an enzyme combination was ~10-fold higher than that of the single enzyme.

Conclusions

Flavobacterium sp. strain YJ01 has a high degree of catalytic and metabolic activity toward carbohydrates, and it harbors abundant, complete, and efficient enzymes for mediating complex polysaccharide degradation. These enzymes, acting synergistically on complex substrates, greatly improved the efficiency of digestion, which may be associated with the extensive ecological adaptability of Flavobacterium, which genetically heterologous divergent from extremely environments origin Flavobacterium strains.
Flavuside B exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in Staphylococcus aureus infected skin wound and affect the expression of genes controlling bacterial quorum sensing
Authors: Chingizova Ekaterina A , Yurchenko Ekaterina A , Starnovskaya Sofya S , Chingizov Artur R , Kuzmich Aleksandra S , Pislyagin Evgeny A , Vasilchenko Alexey S , Poshvina Darya V , Shilovsky Gregory A , Dibrova Daria V , Aminin Dmitry L , Yurchenko Anton N
Published: January 2025

Aims

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of marine fungal cerebroside flavuside B (FlaB) on Staphylococcus aureus-infected keratinocytes in in vitro skin wounds and to identify FlaB targets in bacterial and human cells.

Methods and results

A combination of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), plate spectrofluorimetry, and flow cytometry with fluorescence dye staining, scratch assay, and real-time cell imaging techniques was used to investigate the effects of FlaB on S. aureus-infected HaCaT keratinocytes. FlaB decreased reactive oxygen species levels, nitrite oxide levels, and TNF-α and IL-18 release in S. aureus-infected HaCaT cells. FlaB reversed the inhibition of HaCaT cell proliferation caused by S. aureus infection. FlaB significantly increased keratinocyte migration and wound healing in an in vitro S. aureus-infected wound skin model. Using real-time qPCR, we found that FlaB caused a 1.7-fold reduction in agrA expression, which controls quorum sensing system in S. aureus. Bioinformatics analysis and molecular docking, together with experimental data, suggest that FlaB targets the pro/antioxidant defense system in human cells.

Conclusions

Thus, FlaB can play a dual role as an antibacterial and pro/antioxidant machinery modulator, providing an observable positive effect in S. aureus-infected in vitro skin wounds. Staphylococcal sortase A enzyme and Arg systems are the targets of FlaB in bacterial cells. Nrf2/Bach1 dependent pro/antioxidant defense system is a target of FlaB in human cells. Some suggestions have also been made regarding the biological role of this marine fungal metabolite and its therapeutic possibilities.
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Capture the human pathogen, Candida albicans, in blood and Delay Hyphal Transformation
Authors: Sakuma Miyuki , Viens Adam , Hopke Alex , Floyd Daniel John , Ghebremichael Musie , Mansour Michael K , Irimia Daniel
Published: January 2025

In tissues, neutrophils neutralize Candida albicans through phagocytosis and delay C. albicans hyphae growth by deploying neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). However, in the bloodstream, the dynamic interactions between NETs and C. albicans are far less understood. Here, we employ a microfluidic assay and measure a significant increase in intact NETs in blood within 3 hours after adding C. albicans yeast or hyphae. We show that C. albicans yeast can be captured efficiently on NETs, thereby delaying the transition to hyphal growth. We measure higher amounts of intact NETs in blood samples from invasive candidiasis patients compared to healthy participants, both with and without stimulation. These findings suggest that both C. albicans yeast and hyphae in the bloodstream stimulate NET release, potentially aiding in their removal from the blood.
Childbirth after cancer among 42 896 male adolescents and young adults: a population-based study
Authors: Murphy Caitlin C , Wang Jennifer S , Betts Andrea C , Lupo Philip J , Shay L Aubree , Allicock Marlyn A , Kirk Caroline L , Pruitt Sandi L
Published: January 2025

Background

Few studies have examined childbirth and adverse perinatal outcomes among male adolescents and young adults with cancer (AYAs, diagnosed at age 15-39 years). We conducted a population-based assessment of these outcomes in a large, diverse sample.

Methods

Male AYAs diagnosed between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2015, were identified using the Texas Cancer Registry and linked to live birth certificates and the Texas Birth Defects Registry through December 31, 2016. Cumulative incidence of live birth after diagnosis was estimated. Log binomial regression models were used to estimate prevalence of preterm birth (<37 weeks), low birth weight (<2500 g), small for gestational age (<10th percentile), and any birth defect among liveborn offspring of male AYAs compared with age-, race-, and ethnicity-matched men without cancer.

Results

We identified 42 896 male AYAs, among whom germ cell cancers (20.0%) were the most common. There were 9686 live births to 6833 male AYAs after diagnosis. Cumulative incidence of live birth was 18.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 17.6% to 18.4%) at 10 years after diagnosis. Ten-year cumulative incidence differed by cancer type (P < .01) and was highest for thyroid (27.6%, 95% CI = 25.4% to 29.9%) but lowest for gastrointestinal (9.6%, 95% CI = 8.1% to 10.6%) cancer. Prevalence of preterm birth (8.9% vs 8.0%, P = .02) and low birth weight (6.0% vs 5.3%, P = .02) was higher for liveborn offspring of male AYAs compared with men without cancer. There was no difference in prevalence of birth defects (4.9% vs 4.8%, P = .64).

Conclusion

Our findings underscore the continued importance of reproductive counseling for AYAs.
Talking about problems in online health communities: examining verbal rumination over time and in conjunction with co-rumination
Authors: Rains Stephen A , Carter Shelby N , Ross Levi S , Suarez Michelle I
Published: January 2025

Drawing from theory about rumination, we examine the impact of verbal rumination over time and in conjunction with co-rumination in online health communities. Our analyses show that when users verbally ruminated in a message starting a thread (compared to when they did not), they were more likely to again verbally ruminate and to report a negative mood in the next thread they started. These relationships, however, varied over time as well as when other community members co-ruminated. When co-rumination from stronger ties or weaker ties in the community was present in responses (compared to when co-rumination was absent), users were less likely to continue engaging in verbal rumination. Users were also less likely to report a negative mood over time when co-rumination by stronger and weaker ties was present. This project advances our understanding of verbal rumination and co-rumination as communication phenomena in the context of online health communities.
The MAD Heuristic and the Nuclear Revolution
Authors: Kaufman Stuart J
Published: January 2025

How, why, and when nuclear deterrence works remains a puzzle. This article argues that a new theory, nuclear heuristics theory, explains the evidence better than existing explanations. An application of poliheuristic decision theory, nuclear heuristics theory posits that the main factor explaining the success of nuclear deterrence is the mutually assured destruction (MAD) heuristic, a decision-making shortcut that assumes that any nuclear war means MAD, even when capabilities fall short of the assured destruction level. Implications of the theory include the expectation that decision-makers never seriously consider nuclear preemption in a crisis, that the conventional military balance is important in determining the outcome of nuclear crises, and that the nuclear balance is not. This theory is tested against two existing theories, nuclear revolution theory and nuclear superiority theory. Evidence comes from a survey of the existing literature and a process-tracing analysis of US decision-making during the Cuban Missile Crisis based on transcripts of tape-recorded deliberations of President Kennedy's advisory executive committee. The evidence strongly supports nuclear heuristics theory: Leaders do speak and act in accordance with the MAD heuristic. Nuclear superiority theory is badly undermined.
Two cases of giant mucinous cystadenomas in postmenopausal women
Authors: Svetlana Shumarova , Semkov Anatoli , Karamisheva Vesela
Published: January 2025

Mucinous ovarian cystadenomas are rare epithelial benign tumors that can reach significant sizes. They are often asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally during an ultrasound examination. We present two clinical cases of mucinous ovarian cystadenomas with abdominal distention. Complicated variants can mimic an acute surgical abdomen and often require the involvement of a multidisciplinary team in operative treatment. Timely diagnosis and treatment are of utmost importance to prevent complications and malignancy.
Sexual function in pregnancy and postpartum: breaking the silence
Authors: El Fakahany Sohayla , El-Kak Faysal
Published: January 2025

Background

Sexual function during pregnancy and the postpartum period is a complex component of maternal and couple health, and it’s deeply influenced by an intricate interplay of physiological, psychological, childbirth, and relational factors.

Aim

This review seeks to explore the nuanced dynamics of sexual function during pregnancy and the postpartum period, shedding light on both the challenges and opportunities for enhancing maternal and couple sexual well-being.

Methods

Drawing on a combination of existing scientific literature and extensive clinical experience, this expert opinion delves into the physiological transformations, psychological adjustments, and shifts in relational dynamics that accompany pregnancy and postpartum. It sheds light on the sexual experiences of partners and underscores the necessity of a holistic understanding of sexual health in this context.

Outcomes

The review offers an enhanced perspective on sexual function during pregnancy and postpartum and aims to contribute to a deeper and more nuanced understanding that can inform both clinical practice and future research.

Results

The results highlight that pregnancy and postpartum phases influence sexual function, with fluctuations in sexual desire and activity resulting from changes in physiological, psychological, and relational factors. Women experience a decline in sexual function, particularly during the third trimester, with factors, such as hormonal changes, body image concerns, and partner dynamics shaping sexual experiences across pregnancy and postpartum stages.

Clinical implications

A thorough understanding of sexual function throughout pregnancy and postpartum is critical for enhancing maternal and couple health and it creates pathways to more effective and compassionate care.

Strengths and limitations

The strengths of this review include the integration of scientific literature with clinical experience to provide a holistic view of sexual function. However, the limitations are the reliance on cross-sectional studies and the scarcity of data on couple sexual functioning.

Conclusion

Understanding the interplay of physiological and anatomical changes, psychological factors, and partner dynamics is crucial in addressing sexual function during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
Quantifying the Evolutionary Dynamics of Structure and Content in Closely Related E. coli Genomes
Authors: Molari Marco , Shaw Liam P , Neher Richard A
Published: January 2025

Bacterial genomes primarily diversify via gain, loss, and rearrangement of genetic material in their flexible accessory genome. Yet the dynamics of accessory genome evolution are very poorly understood, in contrast to the core genome where diversification is readily described by mutations and homologous recombination. Here, we tackle this problem for the case of very closely related genomes. We comprehensively describe genome evolution within n=222 genomes of Escherichia coli ST131, which likely shared a common ancestor around 100 years ago. After removing putative recombinant diversity, the total length of the phylogeny is 6,000 core genome substitutions. Within this diversity, we find 22 modifications to core genome synteny and estimate around 2,000 structural changes within the accessory genome, i.e. one structural change for every three core genome substitutions. Sixty-three percent of loci with structural diversity could be resolved into individual gain and loss events with 10-fold more gains than losses, demonstrating a dominance of gains due to insertion sequences and prophage integration. Our results suggest the majority of synteny changes and insertions in our dataset are likely deleterious and only persist for a short time before being removed by purifying selection.
cIMPACT-NOW update 9: Recommendations on utilization of genome-wide DNA methylation profiling for central nervous system tumor diagnostics
Authors: Aldape Kenneth , Capper David , von Deimling Andreas , Giannini Caterina , Gilbert Mark R , Hawkins Cynthia , Hench Jürgen , Jacques Thomas S , Jones David , Louis David N , Mueller Sabine , Orr Brent A , Nasrallah MacLean , Pfister Stefan M , Sahm Felix , Snuderl Matija , Solomon David , Varlet Pascale , Wesseling Pieter
Published: January 2025

Genome-wide DNA methylation signatures correlate with and distinguish central nervous system (CNS) tumor types. Since the publication of the initial CNS tumor DNA methylation classifier in 2018, this platform has been increasingly used as a diagnostic tool for CNS tumors, with multiple studies showing the value and utility of DNA methylation-based classification of CNS tumors. A Consortium to Inform Molecular and Practical Approaches to CNS Tumor Taxonomy (cIMPACT-NOW) Working Group was therefore convened to describe the current state of the field and to provide advice based on lessons learned to date. Here, we provide recommendations for the use of DNA methylation-based classification in CNS tumor diagnostics, emphasizing the attributes and limitations of the modality. We emphasize that the methylation classifier is one diagnostic tool to be used alongside previously established diagnostic tools in a fully integrated fashion. In addition, we provide examples of the inclusion of DNA methylation data within the layered diagnostic reporting format endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting. We emphasize the need for backward compatibility of future platforms to enable accumulated data to be compatible with new versions of the array. Finally, we outline the specific connections between methylation classes and CNS WHO tumor types to aid in the interpretation of classifier results. It is hoped that this update will assist the neuro-oncology community in the interpretation of DNA methylation classifier results to facilitate the accurate diagnosis of CNS tumors and thereby help guide patient management.
Fast water transport and ionic sieving in ultrathin stacked nanoporous 2D membranes
Authors: Wang Jingfeng , Zhang Xiaoming , Yu Zehua , Gao Yuyan , Lu Qingqing , Ma Chao , Liu Kang , Yuan Quan , Yang Yanbing
Published: January 2025

Atomically thin nanoporous 2D membranes, featuring unique sieving characteristics for molecules and ions, have significant potential for seawater desalination. However, they face a common trade-off between permeability and selectivity. Here, we report an ultrathin stacked nanoporous graphene membrane (SNGM) created by layering atomically thin graphene nanomesh. This design achieves highly efficient and selective sieving of water molecules and ions. The SNGMs showcase in-plane nanopores for optimal size-exclusive water input and output, and interlayer 2D nanochannels between adjacent graphene nanomesh membranes for rapid water transport and precise ion/molecular sieving. The resulting SNGMs effectively address the trade-off between water permeability and ion selectivity in conventional desalination membranes, delivering a water permeability of ∼ 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than that of commercial membranes, while maintaining a comparable ion rejection ratio (>95% for NaCl). This advance marks a significant leap forward in adopting 2D nanoporous membranes for desalination technology.
A modeling study of cool surfaces and outdoor workers productivity at San Francisco International Airport
Authors: Alahmad Barrak , Isachsen Iona , Alwadi Yazan , Taha Haider , Bernheim Anthony , Cooke Erin , Wesley Elizabeth , Kats Gregory , Spengler John D
Published: January 2025

Heat exposure in outdoor work environments poses risks to worker health and productivity. Engineering solutions like cool surfaces that increase surface albedo and reduce temperatures may help mitigate these impacts. We conducted detailed micrometeorological modeling to analyze surface characteristics and heat exposure for outdoor workers at San Francisco International Airport (SFO) under current conditions and three hypothetical albedo-increase scenarios. Wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) was used to estimate potential productivity loss based on established relationships between heat stress and loss in physical work capacity. For the month of August 2020, we quantified possible gained hours of productivity per worker per month under each hypothetical albedo-increase scenario. Across the entire area of SFO, the average campus albedo was 0.20 (range: 0.08–0.85). Adopting low, moderate, and high albedo modifications for SFO would reduce peak midday WBGT by 0.89, 1.25, and 1.59 °C, respectively. The largest temperature reductions occurred during the morning shift (7 AM–3 PM). In one shift, we found a potential of 5.20, 7.16, and 8.95 h gained per worker over the entire month in the low, moderate, and high albedo modification scenarios, respectively.
Variability of Psoriatic Arthritis Impact of Disease questionnaire (PsAID12) thresholds in psoriatic arthritis: data from the ReFlaP study
Authors: López-Medina Clementina , Gorlier Clémence , Orbai Ana-Maria , Coates Laura C , Kiltz Uta , Leung Ying-Ying , Palominos Penelope , Cañete Juan D , Scrivo Rossana , Balanescu Andra , Dernis Emmanuelle , Meisalu Sandra , Ruyssen-Witrand Adeline , Soubrier Martin , Aydin Sibel Zehra , Eder Lihi , Gaydukova Inna , Lubrano Ennio , Kalyoncu Umut , Richette Pascal , Husni M Elaine , Smolen Josef S , de Wit Maarten , Gossec Laure
Published: January 2025

Objective

To explore thresholds for the Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) Impact of Disease questionnaire (PsAID12) score against disease activity measures in an observational setting, in patients with PsA.

Methods

The baseline data from the ReFlaP observational, prospective, multicentre and international study were used (NCT03119805). Cutoffs for PsAID12 were determined against disease activity scores, defining disease impact states (i.e. remission, low impact, moderate impact and high impact). Statistics used to assess the optimal cutoff point included Youden’s index and the 75th percentile method, with external anchors (i.e. Disease Activity index for Psoriatic Arthritis [DAPSA], very low disease activity [VLDA]/minimal disease activity [MDA] and single questions for both patients and physicians) serving as gold standards. The diagnostic performance of these cutoffs was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses.

Results

A total of 410 patients were analysed. Mean (s.d.) PsAID12 score was 3.4 (2.5). The prevalence of remission varied between 12.4% and 36.1%, while low disease activity ranged from 37.8% to 59.8%. PsAID12 performed well against external anchors, with high areas under the ROC curves ranging from 0.75 to 0.94. Using the DAPSA as external anchor, the proposed PsAID12 cutoffs were <1.7 for remission, ≥1.7 to ≤3.1 for low impact, >3.1 to <4.8 for moderate impact and ≥4.8 for high impact. Compared with composite scores, patient and physician opinions performed less stringently.

Conclusion

This study established cutoffs for PsAID12 in a clinical practice observational population, corresponding to remission and varying levels of disease impact. However, these proposed cutoffs need further validation, and an expert consensus is essential to confirm the most accurate thresholds for future use.
Cobblers: Lawyers’ Views on the Quality of Legislation
Authors:   LSE GV314 Group, Astill Honor , Dhiblawe Sihaam , Egan Adair , Hampton Kate , Monaghan Emma , McCarry Sean , Sollis Jac , Page Edward C
Published: January 2025

This article explores the question of whether there are any characteristic features of the way law is made in the UK that lead to problems of legislative quality on the basis of a survey of 559 legal professionals including practising barristers and solicitors as well as academics. The article begins by discussing how ‘quality’ is to be understood and outlining the nature of the survey. It goes on to set out how respondents characterize problems of quality in the legislation they are familiar with, what the consequences of any defects might be, what causes these defects, and what can be done to remedy them. The article goes on to discuss some of the broader implications of the results of the survey drawing on the observations of Sir William Dale.
Parotid enlargement due to common krait (Bungarus caeruleus) envenomation: a case series
Authors: Raina Sujeet , Raina Rashmi Kaul , Soni Sarita , Shah Garima , Singh Abhishek , Kapila Preeti T
Published: January 2025

We describe a series of five patients with bilateral parotid enlargement as a sequalae to envenomation by the common krait (Bungarus caeruleus). Fine-needle aspiration cytology of the parotid gland was performed in four cases. The cytology revealed a mild lymphocytic inflammatory response in a red blood cell mixed proteinaceous background. The possible pathophysiology is either a direct injury due to the venom toxins or an inflammatory phenomenon due to an immune response. All the patients had classic early morning descending neuroparalysis and were managed by mechanical ventilation along with antivenom. A favourable outcome in the form of full recovery was observed in all the patients.
Prospect of using ethnobotanicals to manage snakebites in a cost-effective manner: validating Senegalia mellifera extract's inhibitory potential on Naja nigricincta nigricincta (zebra cobra) venom
Authors: Rix Charlize L , Chimwamurombe Percy M , Mwapagha Lamech M
Published: January 2025

Background

Despite Naja nigricincta nigricincta being responsible for most snake envenomation in remote Namibian regions, an effective intervention against its venom remains undiscovered. This study aimed to scientifically validate Namibian folklore claims about Senegalia mellifera extract's efficacy against snake envenomation.

Methods

In vitro assays were conducted to assess the inhibitory potential of S. mellifera stem bark extract on snake venom phospholipase A2 (svPLA2) activity from N. n. nigricincta venom. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and molecular docking predicted phytochemicals responsible for inhibitory effects on venom proteins.

Results

The svPLA2 activity assay demonstrated significant inhibitory potential of the extract, reducing enzyme activity from 100% to as low as 66.99%. GC-MS analysis indicated an abundant presence of terpenes having antisnake venom activity. Molecular docking identified phytochemicals of S. mellifera capable of neutralizing prevalent cobra toxins, that is, stigmasterol acetate, beta-Sitosterol acetate, vitamin E, kaur-15-ene, squalene and 4,6-Cholestadien-3beta-ol.

Conclusions

This plant extract cannot be considered as a discrete treatment against venom. It may serve as a transient remedy to impede the toxic effects or supplement the action of antivenoms. Future research should be aimed at finding other plants with greater antivenom potential to increase the prospect of using ethnobotanicals to manage snakebites in a cost-effective manner.
Bioequivalence of Preservative-free and Preserved Omidenepag Isopropyl (OMDI) 0.002% Ophthalmic Solutions in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension: Results from the Phase 3 DAISY Study
Authors: Aihara Makoto , Lu Fenghe , Ikeda Toshihiro , Odani-Kawabata Noriko
Published: January 2025

Précis:

Preservative-free omidenepag isopropyl (OMDI) 0.002% ophthalmic solution and OMDI 0.002% ophthalmic solution preserved with benzalkonium chloride were bioequivalent in lowering intraocular pressure after 4 weeks’ treatment in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.

Purpose:

Preservatives in ophthalmic solutions for lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) are associated with ocular surface disease. The DAISY study evaluated the bioequivalence of preservative-free omidenepag isopropyl (OMDI) 0.002% ophthalmic solution (DE-117B), with OMDI 0.002% preserved with benzalkonium chloride (BAK).

Methods:

DAISY was a phase 3, randomized, evaluator-masked, crossover study conducted in Japan. Patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT) were randomized 1:1 to DE-117B or OMDI 0.002% for 4 weeks (period 1) then crossed over for 4 weeks (period 2). A 4-week washout preceded both periods. The primary efficacy endpoint was mean diurnal (MD) IOP at Week 4 (combined periods 1 and 2). Bioequivalence between DE-117B and OMDI was defined as 95% confidence interval (CI) between −1.5 and 1.5 for least-squares (LS) mean between-group difference in MD IOP. Adverse events were monitored.

Results:

Of 74 patients enrolled, 38 were randomized to DE-117B then OMDI, and 36 were randomized to OMDI then DE-117B. DE-117B and OMDI demonstrated bioequivalence at Week 4 (MD IOP±standard deviation in summary statistics: 17.76±2.05 mm Hg [DE-117B] vs. 17.71±2.01 mm Hg [OMDI]; LS mean±standard error between-group difference in linear mixed effects model: −0.02±0.18 mm Hg [95% CI −0.38 to 0.35]). DE-117B versus OMDI was associated with numerically lower overall ocular discomfort.

Conclusions:

Preservative-free DE-117B and BAK-containing OMDI were bioequivalent in lowering IOP after 4 weeks’ treatment in Japanese patients with POAG or OHT. DE-117B was well tolerated with a similar safety profile to OMDI.
Surgical Techniques and Outcomes in the Management of Pediatric Eyelid Burns: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ji Lixin , Gandhi Pranali N. , Torres Bryan S.
Published: January 2025

Purpose:

To evaluate the surgical techniques used in the management of eyelid burns among pediatric patients below 18 years old, focusing on the timing of interventions and patient outcomes.

Methods:

This systematic review was conducted in compliance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020 guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, targeting studies published between January 2000 and August 2024. Search terms included “burn,” “injury,” “release,” “scar,” “children,” “pediatric,” “eyelid,” “contracture,” and “reconstruction.” A total of 51 studies were identified, of which 6 met the inclusion criteria and were selected for detailed review. All focused on pediatric patients with severe eyelid burns.

Results:

The review identified a range of surgical techniques, including antegrade foreheadplasty, Double Frost Suture technique, and early versus delayed surgical release. Antegrade foreheadplasty was effective in addressing upper eyelid contracture deformities, providing significant functional and aesthetic improvements. The Double Frost Suture technique was successful in preventing graft retraction and enhancing graft stability. The timing of surgical intervention was found to be crucial, with early release showing better outcomes in terms of ocular protection and faster recovery compared with delayed interventions.

Conclusions:

The findings underscore the importance of a tailored approach in the surgical management of pediatric eyelid burns, with careful consideration of the timing and technique. While early surgical release generally yields better outcomes, the choice of technique should be guided by the specific needs of each patient. Further research is needed to refine these techniques and to better understand the long-term outcomes, particularly in complex cases involving extensive burns.
Everting Sutures for Entropion Repair: Recurrence Rate and Quality of Life Metrics
Authors: Baba Mohamad , Ajanaku Ayodeji , Halliwell Mark
Published: January 2025

Purpose:

The study aimed to assess the efficacy and recurrence rate of everting sutures as a sole procedure in entropion repair, its impact on quality of life during the coronavirus disease pandemic, and to determine if this procedure remains an option to offer after the pandemic.

Design:

Retrospective clinical cohort study.

Methods:

Retrospective study of 58 patients who had everting sutures for entropion repair over a 1-year period. Patients who had everting sutures combined with another procedure were excluded from the study. The study evaluated the effectiveness of the procedure by examining eyelid positioning during follow-up, complication rate, and the 1-year recurrence rate. Patients were also contacted to describe their symptoms before and after surgery and to complete The European Quality of Life questionnaire.

Results:

The mean age was 79 years and 68.9% were male. The immediate success rate was 95.3% with a complication rate of 1.5%. The 1-year recurrence rate was 23.4%. After surgical intervention, 95.1% of patients experienced symptom relief. An improvement in quality of life was reported in 76.2%, which was predominantly attributed to a reduction in eye pain or discomfort (p < 0.05).

Conclusions:

Everting sutures are a quick and safe procedure that can be performed by any general ophthalmologist. This procedure is effective and improves the quality of life; however, it is associated with a higher recurrence rate compared with other entropion repair surgeries. Nonetheless, it remains an attractive option for older patients who want to avoid long and invasive procedures.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Conjunctiva: A Population-Based Study on Epidemiologic Trends, Cancer-Specific Survival Patterns, and the Risk of Second Malignant Neoplasms, 1975 to 2016
Authors: Tadrosse Abanoob F. , Tadrosse Marina F. , Lotfalla Marco E. , Messiha Peter A. , Eloy Jean A. , Langer Paul D.
Published: January 2025

Purpose:

To analyze the national epidemiologic trends of squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva (SCCC) over 4 decades, providing the largest report on disease-specific survival (DSS) outcomes and investigating the risk of developing second primary neoplasms in these patients.

Methods:

This retrospective, population-based cohort study analyzed 1,172 patients diagnosed with SCCC from January 1, 1975, through December 31, 2016. Data were extracted from the US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Incidence, DSS, and the relative risk (95% confidence interval) of developing second primary neoplasms were studied.

Results:

SCCC incidence (0.45/million/year) increased during the study’s time period (regression coefficient = 0.004, p = 0.002), primarily due to an increasing incidence in women (regression coefficient = 0.004, p = 0.003) and in White (regression coefficient = 0.006, p = 0.007) patients. The 5-year DSS was 95.4%. Sex and race did not impact survival. Patients residing in the Midwestern United States exhibited the lowest survival compared with other regions with a 5-year DSS of 85.2% (p = 0.008). White male SCCC patients are at an increased risk, compared with the general population, of developing second primary neoplasms of the liver (relative risk = 4.8 [1.3–12.4]; p < 0.05), respiratory tract (relative risk = 2.3 [1.4–3.6]; p < 0.05), and skin (relative risk = 3.7 [1.8–6.9]; p < 0.05).

Conclusions:

SCCC incidence has been increasing in the United States. DSS is substantially higher than the overall survival previously reported in the literature. The area of residence significantly impacts survival. White men with SCCC are at an increased risk of developing second primary neoplasms of different organ systems.
Fatty acids and telomere length
Authors: Crous-Bou Marta , Lázaro Iolanda , Nadal-Zaragoza Núria , Sala-Vila Aleix
Published: January 2025

Purpose of review

This narrative review includes the latest clinical and preclinical evidence on fatty acid exposure and telomere length, a widely accepted hallmark of aging.

Recent findings

A large body of literature focused on n-3 (omega-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Observational studies reported beneficial associations with telomere length for self-reported consumption of n-3 PUFA-rich foods; for estimated intake of n-3 PUFAs; and for n-3 PUFAs blood-based biomarkers in most (but not all) studies involving lipidomics, a promising tool in the field. Benefits were also observed in preclinical studies using different mouse models. Regarding other lipids, inconsistent findings were observed for circulating linoleic acid, whereas inverse associations with telomere length were reported for the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. Finally, a study using Mendelian randomization reported that monounsaturated fatty acids and PUFAs have a positive effect on telomere length, whereas the opposite was observed for saturated fatty acids.

Evidence supporting that n-3 PUFAs might have beneficial effects on maintaining telomere length reinforce the salutary effects of these dietary fats. Approach considering the n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio is discouraged because it is sustained in the incorrect assumption that all species from the n-6 and n-3 families are functionally equivalent.
Does enteral nutrition protect against stress ulceration in the critically ill?
Authors: Borthwick Mark , Jenkins Bethan , Wischmeyer Paul E. , Barletta Jeffrey F.
Published: January 2025

Purpose of review

Critically ill patients are at risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) due to stress ulceration. Strategies to reduce the risk include administration of prophylactic ulcer healing medications. Enteral nutrition (EN) may be favourably associated with GIB risks. This manuscript summarizes available evidence regarding EN effects on GIB

Recent findings

There are few data available to directly compare the effect of EN on GIB. Direct comparison in animal models generally indicate a beneficial effect. Human data provide indirect evidence from pharmacological stress ulcer prophylaxis studies. EN exposure has been randomized in nutrition trials of critically ill patients, but GIB outcomes were not recorded. Detailed EN exposure data were recorded in two large pharmacological stress ulcer trials. One finds EN is associated with lower GIB, lower mortality, and increased pneumonia, and notes a possible interaction between EN and pharmacological stress ulcer prophylaxis. The second has yet to report associations with EN

EN may reduce the risk of GIB, although robust direct evidence is absent. Potential interactions between EN and pharmacological stress ulcer prophylaxis require further study