bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic characterization of Genista sericea Wulfen (Cytiseae – Fabaceae) as revealed by nuclear DNA content and its nrDNA region analysis
Authors: Vižintin Liliana , Kosovel Vera , Feoli Chiapella Laura
Published: July 2012

-Genista sericeaWulfen, a northern Illyrian amphi-Adriatic species, presents a certain morphological variability. To clarify whether the genetic variations support the morphological differences among accessions of different geographic origin, analysis of nuclear DNA content and polymorphism of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) dataset was studied. The variation in nuclear DNA content ofG. sericeavar.sericeaand var.rigidais minimal (2.09 and 2.08 pg/nucleus respectively) and is correlated with equal chromosome numbers in both varieties. Intraspecific variability of the ITS region was studied on 13 accessions ofG. sericea, 6 belonging to var.sericeaand 7 to var.rigida. These accessions were analyzed in comparison to closely related species already studied. ITS sequences ofG. sericearevealed large polymorphism and formed two main clusters. One cluster (6 accessions) comprehends var.sericeaof northern Italy, Slovenia and northern Croatia; the other cluster (7 accessions) includes five accessions of var.rigidafrom southern Croatia and Montenegro and two from the Pollino massif (southern Italy). The later two accessions considerably differed from other accessions of var.rigida. This genetic analysis supports the previous assumptions, which subdividedG. sericeainto at least two taxa. On the basis of the results presented, it is here suggested that the subdivision ofG. sericeainto var.sericeaand var.rigidashould be maintained.
The Effect of a Protein-Xanthophyll Concentrate from Alfalfa (Phytobiotic) on Animal Production - A Current Review
Authors: Gaweł Eliza , Grzelak Mieczysław
Published: July 2012

The Effect of a Protein-Xanthophyll Concentrate from Alfalfa (Phytobiotic) on Animal Production - A Current Review

One of the supplements that can replace antibiotic growth promoters is a protein xanthophyll extract from the leaves of alfalfa. Green matter of alfalfa contains 17-22% of total protein, rich in non-essential (exogenous) amino acids, saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and organic acids. The crude fibre content in green matter of alfalfa is relatively high (about 23.0-30.0% dry weight). However, protein-xanthophyll extract (EFL) contains about 1-2% of crude fibre. Like the whole plants of alfalfa, the protein-xanthophyll extract contains secondary metabolites such as plant phytoestrogens (isoflavones and coumestrol) and antinutritional components (phytates, L-canavanine and saponins). Protein-xanthophyll concentrate (PX) as a natural feed supplement has a positive effect on animal organisms. When supplemented to animals, this extract enhanced production results, increased feed efficiency, and improved the quality of meat, milk and eggs. Also, PX reduced methane emissions and soil pollution with nitrogen compounds when used in animal nutrition. The aim of this review was to gather the current literature describing the effects of using protein-xanthophyll extract in animal nutrition.
Effects of Betaine on Energy Utilization in Growing Pigs - A Review
Authors: Lipiński Krzysztof , Szramko Ewa , Jeroch Heinz , Matusevičius Paulius
Published: July 2012

Effects of Betaine on Energy Utilization in Growing Pigs - A Review

One of the well known biological functions of betaine is that of a methyl donor. Therefore, betaine may partly replace choline and methionine in the diet. Another widely documented role of betaine is to restore and maintain the osmotic balance. As an organic osmotic compound, betaine regulates the water balance, thus exerting a stabilizing influence on tissue metabolism, particularly within the digestive tract. As a donor of methyl groups necessary for various reactions in the body, betaine is indirectly involved in lipid metabolism. Due to its metabolic functions, betaine is also believed to play a significant role in energy metabolism in pigs. Of particular note are the results of experiments in which a positive effect of betaine supplementation was observed as the energy content of the diet was decreased.
Determination of the Absolute Number of Transgene Copies in CMVFUT Transgenic Pigs
Authors: Lipiński Daniel , Zeyland Joanna , Pławski Andrzej , Słomski Ryszard
Published: July 2012

Determination of the Absolute Number of Transgene Copies in CMVFUT Transgenic Pigs

The aim of this research was to determine the number of transgene copies in the DNA of transgenic pigs. The copy number of the transgene was analysed in the transgenic animals with introduced pCMVFUT genetic construct containing a coding sequence of human H transferase under a control of CMV promoter. The copy number of the transgene that had integrated with the genome of the transgenic animals was analysed by qPCR with SYBR Green dye, which enabled nonspecific double-stranded DNA detection. CMVFT-2F and CMVFT-2R primers were used to amplify a 149 bp fragment of DNA. Forward primer had a sequence complementary to a promoter sequence and reverse primer to a coding sequence of H transferase. The copy number of the transgene in the examined samples was established by plotting the CTvalues obtained on a standard curve, which had been set by the usage of the CTvalues for the successive standard dilutions with known copy number (1.438-1.431copies). As a standard we used pCMVFut genetic construct hydrolyzed withNotI restriction enzyme to a linear form. The real-time PCR results helped to establish the range of 3 - 4 as the number of the transgene copies that had integrated to the swine genome.
Quantified Analyses of Aggression Pattern in a Captive Population of Musk Deer (Moschus Sifanicus)
Authors: Meng Xiuxiang , Sih Andrew , Li Haitao , Cody Nicholas
Published: July 2012

Quantified Analyses of Aggression Pattern in a Captive Population of Musk Deer (Moschus Sifanicus)

Alpine musk deer (Moschus sifanicus) are endangered as a result of habitat degradation and loss and centuries of widespread poaching. Consequently, musk deer farming was introduced as a measure to not only protect musk deer but also to provide a means for sustainable musk supply. An increased understanding of the social structure of captive populations is essential for both successful farming and improved welfare of individuals. This study recorded agonistic interactions between captive individuals at Xinglongshan Musk Deer Farm (XMDF), northwest China. The relationship between aggressive interactions and the individual's age and gender and opponent health was analysed. From our observations we found that stable social hierarchies developed within both captive male and gender-mixed musk deer groups. There was no significant correlation found between only age of individual and their status in the social hierarchy, and it was thus concluded, as social rank was not determined singularly by age, that a combination of other factors, such as experience and origin of the individual, better explain rank orders. Three forms of aggressive behaviour were expressed between males, in which threatening (56.38%±7.28%) was significantly more frequent than attacking (17.86%±5.94%) and displacing behaviours (25.78%±3.66%). There was no attacking behaviour observed in interactions initiated by males towards females, however displacing (70.85%±4.15%) was more common than threatening (29.15%±4.15%). Conflict-initiating male deer demonstrated more attacking and threatening behaviour towards male opponents than to female ones, however the differences were statistically insignificant. These results can be implemented into musk deer farming management practices through 1) rotating individuals within an enclosure on a frequent basis; 2) removing males from female enclosures after successful mating and 3) enclosing males in single sex enclosures. Furthermore, in order to improve musk deer farming and captive musk deer welfare, management systems should be kept relatively consistent in order to assist in establishing the stable social hierarchy patterns in captive populations.
The Amount of Precipitation Shortage on Productivity of Crops Grown in Simplified Systems of Tillage
Authors: Włodek Stanisław , Biskupski Andrzej , Pabin Jan
Published: July 2012

Znaczenie Ilości Opadów DLA Produkcyjności Roślin w Uproszczonych Systemach Uprawy Roli
Oil point pressure of Indian almond kernels
Authors: Aregbesola O. , Olatunde G. , Esuola S. , Owolarafe O.
Published: July 2012

Oil point pressure of Indian almond kernels

The effect of preprocessing conditions such as moisture content, heating temperature, heating time and particle size on oil point pressure of Indian almond kernel was investigated. Results showed that oil point pressure was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by above mentioned parameters. It was also observed that oil point pressure reduced with increase in heating temperature and heating time for both coarse and fine particles. Furthermore, an increase in moisture content resulted in increased oil point pressure for coarse particles while there was a reduction in oil point pressure with increase in moisture content for fine particles.
Pelletization process of postproduction plant waste
Authors: Obidziński S.
Published: July 2012

Pelletization process of postproduction plant waste

The results of investigations on the influence of material, process, and construction parameters on the densification process and density of pellets received from different mixtures of tobacco and fine-grained waste of lemon balm are presented. The conducted research makes it possible to conclude that postproduction waste eg tobacco and lemon balm wastes can be successfully pelletized and used as an ecological, solid fuels.
Methane fermentation process for utilization of organic waste
Authors: Frąc M. , Ziemiński K.
Published: July 2012

Methane fermentation process for utilization of organic waste

Biogas is a renewable and sustainable energy carrier generatedviaanaerobic digestion of biomass. This fuel is derived from various biomass resources and depending on its origin it contains methane (40-75%), carbon dioxide (20-45%) and some other compounds. The aim of this paper is to present the current knowledge and prospects of using the methane fermentation process to dispose of various types of organic wastes as well as conditions and factors affecting the methane fermentation process.
Influence of moisture content on physical properties of maize
Authors: Barnwal P. , Kadam D. , Singh K.
Published: July 2012

Influence of moisture content on physical properties of maize

The physical properties of maize kernels have been evaluated as a function of moisture content (12.8-29.0% w.b.). The maize kernel length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, surface area, sphericity and kernel volume increased linearly with increase in moisture content. The bulk density and true density decreased while porosity and thousand grains mass increased with increasing moisture content. The static coefficient of friction increased for mild steel sheet, galvanized iron sheet and aluminium sheet surfaces while rupture or cutting force and energy absorbed decreased with increasing moisture content.
All-optical modulation in a CMOS-compatible amorphous silicon-based device
Authors: Rao S. , D’Addio C. , Della Corte F. G.
Published: July 2012

Active silicon photonic devices, which dynamically control the flow of light, have received significant attention for their use in on-chip optical networks. High-speed active silicon photonic modulators and switches rely on the plasma dispersion effect, where a change in carrier concentration causes a variation in the refractive index. The necessary electron and hole concentration change can be introduced either by optical pumping, or by direct electrical injection and depletion. We demonstrate a fast photoinduced absorption effect in low loss hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) waveguides deposited at a temperature as low as 190°C. Significant modulation (M% ∼90%) occurs with a 1 mm-long device. We attribute the enhanced modulation to the significantly larger free-carrier absorption effect of a-Si:H. The complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) compatible technology of a-Si:H could be considered as a promising candidate to enable an easy back-end integration with standard microelectronics processes.
Local field enhancement of nano-structured metallic target irradiated by polarized laser beam
Authors: Nikbakht M. , Mahdieh M. H.
Published: July 2012

The local field enhancement is studied numerically in samples of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) randomly distributed over a metallic substrate. The sample was assumed to be irradiated by polarized laser beam. Based on dipole-dipole approximation (DDA), the electric field was calculated Two-dimensionally at the irradiated region. The results show that the optimized field enhancement is strongly depends on NPs characteristics, beam polarization and incident angle.
High NA diffractive array illuminators and application in a multi-spot scanning microscope
Authors: Hulsken B. , Vossen D. , Stallinga S.
Published: July 2012

Array illuminators generating spots with high NA at high efficiency are presented. They are designed via application of high-NA scalar optics methods, and implemented as periodic binary phase structures. These array illuminators are used in a multi-spot scanning microscope for scanning large sample areas with a relatively high resolution.
All-optical silicon simplified passive modulation
Authors: Aharoni R. , Baharav O. , Bidani L. , Sinvani M. , Elbaz D. , Zalevsky Z.
Published: July 2012

In this paper we present an all-optical silicon based modulator suggested also for high power operation and for pulse picker application being used as part of fiber lasers system. The paper theoretically and experimentally investigates several new and important insights involving the dependence of the relative transmission on the pump pulse energy for different finesse values of the constructed cavity as well as the dependence of the response rate of the device to the pump wavelength due to coexistence of two physical recombination processes: fast surface effect and slow bulk recombination. To adapt the constructed silicon based cavity to be used in lasers applications, we aligned the pump and the signal beams to co-propagate through the device while the usage of a cavity allowed a low power pump to yield a significant extinction ratio at the output of the device.
A new periodic interdigital structure - three dimensional realization based on two dimensional design
Authors: Ning H. , Wang J. , Xiong Q. , Mao L.
Published: July 2012

A novel design concept of new periodic interdigital structure for total transmission is proposed from the perspective of electromagnetic (EM) field in this paper. The new structure is constructed in two-dimensional (2D) firstly by using the constructive interference of EM fields, and its transmission characteristic and band structure are calculated. Based on the calculated results, the interaction of the structure with EM fields is clearly demonstrated to provide a better physical understanding for the structure design. Meanwhile, the final three-dimensional (3D) implementation of the presented structure in actual printed circuit board is conducted for its potential applications. The maximum transmission frequency, bandgap and electric field distribution calculated by using the 2D structure and its final implementation all testify the validity of the realization process.
Scanning effects in coherent fourier scatterometry
Authors: Roy S. , El Gawhary O. , Kumar N. , Pereira S. F. , Urbach H. P.
Published: July 2012

Incoherent Fourier Scatterometry (IFS) is a successful tool for high accuracy nano-metrology. As this method uses only far field measurements, it is very convenient from the point of view of industrial applications. A recent development is Coherent Fourier Scatterometry (CFS) in which incoherent illumination is replaced by a coherent one. Through sensitivity analyses using rigorous electromagnetic simulations, we show that the use of coherence and multiple scanning makes Coherent Fourier Scatterometry (CFS) more sensitive than Incoherent Fourier Scatterometry (IFS). We also report that in Coherent Fourier Scatterometry it is possible to determine the position of the sample with respect to the optical axis of the system to a precision dependent only on the experimental noise.
Estimating wild boar Sus scrofa population size using faecal DNA and capture‐recapture modelling
Authors: Ebert Cornelia , Knauer Felix , Spielberger Bettina , Thiele Bernhard , Hohmann Ulf
Published: July 2012

Increasing populations of wild boar and feral domestic pigs Sus scrofa have evoked growing concern due to their potential as disease reservoir and as an origin of agricultural damages. Reliable population estimates are needed for effective management measures of this species. As an alternative to traditional methods, non‐invasive genetic population estimation approaches based on hair or faeces sampling have yielded promising results for several species in terms of feasibility and precision. We developed and applied a non‐invasive population estimation approach based on wild boar faeces in a study area situated in the Palatinate Forest, southwestern Germany. We collected 515 faeces samples along transects in January 2008. We carried out genotyping using six microsatellite markers to discriminate between individuals. During the trial, we identified 149 individual wild boar. Using multimodel inference and model averaging, we obtained relatively consistent estimates. Population densities calculated using the estimated population sizes ranged from 4.5 (2.9‐7.8) to 5.0 (4.0‐7.0) wild boar/km2. In the future, to further improve the precision of population estimates based on wild boar faeces, the detection probability should be increased. However, even when comparing a conservative population estimate to the hunting bag, our results show that the present hunting regime in our study area is not effective in regulating the wild boar population. The method which we present here offers a tool to calibrate hunting or other management measures for wild boar.
Do hunters tell the truth? Evaluation of hunters' spring pair density estimates of the grey partridge Perdix perdix
Authors: Tillmann Jörg E. , Beyerbach Martin , Strauss Egbert
Published: July 2012

Hunters' estimates of pair densities of the grey partridge Perdix perdix as derived from an annual questionnaire survey (‘Game Survey Lower Saxony’, WTE) were evaluated by comparison with detailed ground‐truthing censuses in 123 randomly chosen hunting districts representing 63,847 ha potential grey partridge habitat. Estimates and evaluation‐census‐densities were highly significantly correlated. The median of the hunters' estimate errors, disregarding the direction of the relative discrepancy, was 24.2%. Hunters underestimated the density per 100 ha potential habitat by 0.16 breeding pairs on average. The discrepancy increased with higher grey partridge densities and increasing size of the hunting district. The satisfactory agreement between the estimates of the hunters, in most cases local farmers, and the evaluation survey is explained by their comprehensive year‐round presence through their hunting, farming but also their leisure activities and their special interest in this charismatic bird combined with its site fidelity. We recommend the consultation of WTE data as a valuable source of basic information on distribution and abundance of grey partridges to identify spatial conservation priorities, to justify conservation initiatives and to adapt management practices.
Effect of human nuisance on the social organisation of large mammals: group sizes and compositions of seven ungulate species in Lake Mburo National Park and the adjacent Ankole Ranching Scheme
Authors: Averbeck Christiane , Plath Martin , Wronski Torsten , Apio Ann
Published: July 2012

Most ungulates in East African savannahs experience some form of human disturbance, such as direct pursuit (e.g. hunting and poaching), habitat degradation and competition with livestock. In many studies, the impact of human activities on wildlife is assessed through census counts, i.e. by estimating population sizes or densities, but also the social organisation of gregarious species can be affected. Using seven species of ungulates occurring in the Akagera Ecosystem, we compared grouping patterns (i.e. group sizes and compositions) of different group types (e.g. bachelor, all‐female and mixed‐sex groups) between sites situated inside a protected area, i.e. Lake Mburo National Park in Uganda and the adjacent Ankole Ranching Scheme (ARS), an unprotected area with intense human pursuit. Differences in group sizes were detectible in only a few cases, e.g. bachelor group size in common elandTragelaphus oryx pattersonianusincreased in the ARS, which may be advantageous due to increased vigilance. However, we found pronounced differences in group compositions in numerous species and for different group types, for example, in eland and waterbuckKobus ellipsiprymnus defassa(i.e. in all group types), and topiDamaliscus lunatus jimela, oribiOurebia ourebiand warthogPhacochoerus aetiopicus(all‐female and mixed‐sex groups). We discuss that continuous monitoring of grouping patterns of these (and other) species may be a valuable approach to detect ‘subtle’ effects of human nuisance even before an overall population decline can be observed.
Winter resource selection by female mule deer Odocoileus hemionus: functional response to spatio‐temporal changes in habitat
Authors: Anderson Eric D. , Long Ryan A. , Atwood M. Paul , Kie John G. , Thomas Terry R. , Zager Peter , Bowyer R. Terry
Published: July 2012

Populations of mule deer Odocoileus hemionus have declined throughout most of their historic range in recent decades, and habitat alteration has been hypothesized as one potential cause of those declines. Consequently, understanding how patterns of behaviour change as landscapes are altered through time may provide important insights into mechanisms underlying observed demographic trends in populations of mule deer. We examined resource selection in relation to habitat change by mule deer on the Tex Creek winter range in southeastern Idaho, USA. We created a GIS‐based map of habitats available to mule deer during two time periods, past (1985‐1986) and current (2007‐2009), to document changes in habitat over time. We then modeled past and current patterns of resource selection by mule deer based on locations obtained from visual observation, radio‐telemetry and GPS collars. Abundance and distribution of juniper Juniperus spp., aspen Populus tremuloides, sagebrush steppe Artemisia spp. and riparian habitat did not change significantly between past and current time periods. In contrast, we documented an increase in grassland from 3.5 to 30.7% of our study area, and a corresponding decrease in agricultural land, which provides high‐quality forage for mule deer, from 37.8 to 12.5% of our study area. Patterns of resource selection largely were similar between the two time periods. Nevertheless, mule deer significantly increased selection of agricultural fields and areas far from roads between the 1980s and 2007‐2009. In addition, juniper stands were strongly selected in all years, and importance values (use × availability rescaled to 100%) for grassland and sagebrush steppe increased between past and current time periods. Our results indicated that mule deer responded behaviourally to declining availability of high‐quality forage (i.e. agricultural land) by increasing selection of agricultural fields. Such functional responses in habitat selection may have important consequences for dynamics of mule deer populations, but additional research is necessary to link those responses to demography and population performance. Although juniper encroachment often is thought to have affected mule deer negatively on many summer ranges, strong selection for juniper in our study highlights the potential importance of that species on winter range, likely because it provides both thermal and hiding cover.
Accuracy of Intraoperative Fluoroscopy with and without Laser Guidance in Foot and Ankle Surgery
Authors: Panchbhavi Vinod K. , Mays Matthew M. , Trevino Saul
Published: July 2012

Background: The use of intraoperative fluoroscopy in orthopedic surgery involves frequent exposure to ionizing radiation in the operating room. Although a number of studies have found radiation exposure to orthopedic surgeons to be well below recommended doses, the long-term effects of low-dose radiation are not well known. Thus, all effective practical methods should be undertaken to reduce the exposure to radiation. Our purpose was to determine whether the use of a laser-aiming device improves the accuracy of intraoperative fluoroscopy to reduce, by implication, radiation exposure in the operating room. Methods: From March to October 2004, there were 92 consecutive cases requiring use of fluoroscopy in the orthopedic foot and ankle service of the authors’ institution. The number of accurate and inaccurate images with or without the presence of a radiology technician and a laser-aiming device were compared. Results: The accuracy of imaging with the laser-aiming device was higher than the imaging without the device ( p < 0.001). The accuracy of the images obtained by the surgeon was higher than the technicians’ images when laser guidance was used ( p = 0.027). There was no significant difference between the images obtained by the surgeon or the technicians when the aiming device was not used ( p = 0.09). Conclusion: The use of a laser-aiming device to help position during fluoroscopy is recommended in an effort to reduce radiation exposure in foot and ankle surgery.
Extensile Posterior Approach to the Ankle with Detachment of the Achilles Tendon for Oncologic Indications
Authors: Maheshwari Aditya V. , Walters Jason A. , Henshaw Robert M.
Published: July 2012

Background: We describe an extensile posterior approach to the ankle with detachment of the Achilles tendon for resection of extensive tumors involving the posterior ankle. To the best of our knowledge, this approach and its results have not been reported for oncologic indications. Methods: The surgical technique involved detachment of the Achilles tendon, tumor resection and reconstruction of the Achilles tendon with anchor sutures, and was used in six patients. The diagnosis was pigmented villonodular synovitis (5) and chondroblastoma (1). Results: At a mean of 6 (range, 2 to 10) years followup, all patients were free from tumor. All patients could walk an unlimited amount without any support. There were no problems with Achilles incompetence. The mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score was 97 ± 4.2% (range, 90 to 100) and the mean Achilles Tendon Total Rupture Score was 95 ± 5.7 (range, 87 to 100). One patient with screwed suture anchors had backing out of two anchors along with deep infection, requiring surgical debridement and anchor removal. One other patient had a post-traumatic small wound dehiscence which responded to local wound care. Conclusion: Excellent exposure, tumor control and patient function were achieved by this approach in a select group of patients. The surgical technique described in this report offers another alternative for an extensile posterior approach to the ankle and/or subtalar joints.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Tibialis Posterior Entrapment: Case Report
Authors: Khamaisy Saker , Leibner Efraim D. , Elishoov Ofer
Published: July 2012

Level of Evidence: V, Expert Opinion
Comparison between Suture Anchor and Transosseous Suture for the Modified-Broström Procedure
Authors: Cho Byung-Ki , Kim Yong-Min , Kim Dong-Soo , Choi Eui-Sung , Shon Hyun-Chul , Park Kyoung-Jin
Published: July 2012

Background: This prospective, randomized study was conducted to compare clinical outcomes of the modified Broström procedure using suture anchor or transosseous suture technique for chronic ankle instability. Methods: Forty patients were followed for more than 2 years after modified Broström procedure. Twenty procedures using a suture anchor and 20 procedures using a transosseous suture were performed by one surgeon. The clinical evaluation consisted of the Karlsson scale and the Sefton grading system. Talar tilt and anterior talar translation were measured on anterior and varus stress radiographs. Results: The Karlsson scale had improved significantly to 90.8 points in the suture anchor group, and to 89.2 points in the transosseous suture group. According to Sefton grading system, 18 patients (90%) in suture anchor group and 17 patients (85%) in transosseous suture group achieved satisfactory results. The talar tilt angle and anterior talar translation improved significantly to 5.9 degrees and 4.2 mm in suture anchor group, and to 5.4 degrees and 4.1 mm in transosseous suture group, respectively. Conclusion: No significant differences existed in clinical and functional outcomes between the two techniques for ligament reattachment. Both modified Broström procedures using the suture anchor and transosseous suture seem to be effective treatment methods for chronic lateral ankle instability.

Level of Evidence: I, Prospective Randomized Trial
Distal Linear Osteotomy Compared to Oblique Diaphyseal Osteotomy in Moderate to Severe Hallux Valgus
Authors: Chiang Chao-Ching , Lin Chien-Fu Jeff , Tzeng Yun-Hsuan , Huang Ching-Kuei , Chen Wei-Ming , Liu Chien-Lin
Published: July 2012

Background: There are no comparative studies of proximal and distal osteotomy for treatment of moderate to severe hallux valgus. Our purpose was to compare the surgical outcomes of modified proximal Ludloff (oblique diaphyseal) osteotomy with modified distal Bösch (distal linear) osteotomy by a single surgeon in moderate to severe hallux valgus. Methods: This retrospective study included feet with a hallux valgus angle greater than 30 degrees. A total of 30 feet (average age, 64.5 years) underwent Ludloff and 32 feet (average age, 61.1 years) underwent Bösch osteotomy. Both osteotomies were combined with distal soft tissue procedure. Clinical outcomes including AOFAS score and satisfaction rate were compared and radiographic parameters analyzed at 2 years of followup. Results: AOFAS scores were equivalent ( p = 0.483), with comparable satisfaction rates in both groups ( p = 0.418). The radiographic results including hallux valgus angle ( p = 0.026), intermetatarsal angle 1-2 ( p < 0.001), sesamoid position ( p = 0.008), correction of intermetatarsal angle 1-2 ( p < 0.001), and change of sesamoid position ( p < 0.001) were significantly better in the Bösch group. Correction of hallux valgus angle ( p = 0.308) and shortening of the first metatarsal ( p = 0.086) were insignificant with the numbers available. Recurrence developed in eight feet of the Ludloff group and two of the Bösch group ( p = 0.040). Dorsiflexion malunion occurred in four feet in the Bösch group, as compared with one in the Ludloff group. Conclusion: Our study found that distal linear osteotomy was a more reliable reconstruction with equivalent function outcomes than an oblique diaphyseal osteotomy. Additional fixation may be necessary to decrease sagittal malunion in distal Bösch osteotomy.

Level of Evidence: III, Retrospective Comparative Study
Inpatient Soft Tissue Protocol and Wound Complications in Calcaneus Fractures
Authors: Bergin Patrick F. , Psaradellis Telly , Krosin Michael T. , Wild Jason R. , Stone Marcus B. , Musapatika Dana , Weber Timothy G.
Published: July 2012

Background: Operative treatment of calcaneus fractures is associated with the risk of early wound complications. Though accepted practice dictates surgery should be delayed until soft tissues recover from the initial traumatic insult, optimal timing of surgery has not been delineated. Methods: A retrospective chart and radiographic review at a level I trauma center was performed to determine if an aggressive inpatient soft tissue management protocol designed to decrease the time delay from injury to surgery is effective at reducing complications. Ninety-seven patients (17 female, 80 male; mean age, 39.7 ± 14.0 years) with 102 calcaneus fractures treated between October 1995 and January 2005 were identified. Differences in complication rates and quality of reduction between the inpatient and outpatient treatment groups were analyzed. Quality of reduction was determined by measuring postoperative Bohler's angle and posterior facet articular step-off. Results: Mean time from injury to surgery was 6.2 days for the inpatient group and 10.8 days for the outpatient group ( p < 0.0001). The overall complication rate was over twice as high in the outpatient group (27 versus 12%, p = 0.04) and the serious complication rate was 6.5 times higher when patients were managed as outpatients (9% versus 1%, p = 0.09). With the numbers available, there were no significant differences in the quality of reduction obtained at surgery. Conclusion: This study suggests that this inpatient soft tissue management protocol of calcaneal fractures is a feasible treatment option when a patient is kept in the hospital that offers a reduction in postoperative wound complications while enabling surgery 4 days earlier on average.

Level of Evidence: III, Retrospective Comparative Study
Preferred Management of Recalcitrant Plantar Fasciitis Among Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgeons
Authors: DiGiovanni Benedict F. , Moore Andrew M. , Zlotnicki Jason P. , Pinney Stephen J.
Published: July 2012

Background: There are a number of different treatment options available for recalcitrant plantar fasciitis, with limited high-level evidence to guide nonoperative and operative treatment methods. The purpose of this study was to determine the current preferred nonoperative and operative treatment methods for recalcitrant plantar fasciitis by a group of experienced orthopaedic foot and ankle surgeons. Methods: A hypothetical patient with recalcitrant plantar fasciitis was developed as the basis for a survey comprised of seven questions. The questions related to the surgeon's preferred treatment after 4 months of failed nonoperative management and then after 10 months of recalcitrant symptoms. The survey was sent to committee members of the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS). Results: Eighty-four orthopaedic surgeons completed the survey (84 out of 116; response rate = 72%). At the 4-month visit, when questioned regarding their most preferred next step in management, 37 (44%) respondents favored initiation of plantar fascia-specific stretching (PFSS), 20 (24%) supervised physical therapy, 17 (20%) night splinting, five (6%) steroid injection, three (4%) custom orthotics, and two (2%) cast or boot immobilization. With ongoing symptoms at 10 months, 62 (74%) respondents chose surgery or ECSWT (extracorporeal shock wave therapy) as their next step in management. Some form of surgery (alone or in combination) was chosen by 46 (55%) respondents. The most popular operative interventions were gastrocnemius recession (alone or in combination with another procedure) and open partial plantar fascia release with nerve decompression. Conclusions: For shorter duration symptoms, tissue-specific stretching and conditioning methods were favored over anti-inflammatory or structural support modalities which is consistent with available high-level evidence studies. Heterogeneity of operative preferences for chronic symptoms highlighted the need for further high-quality studies.
Neuroanatomical Basis for the Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: Singh Gurpal , Kumar V. P.
Published: July 2012

Background: The results of surgical treatment for tarsal tunnel syndrome have been suboptimal, especially in the absence of space-occupying lesions. We attribute this to a poor understanding of the detailed anatomy of the ‘tarsal tunnel’ and potential sites of nerve compression. Methods: This study involved the dissection of 19 cadaveric feet. All findings and measurements were documented with digital photography and digital calipers. Results: This study demonstrated three well-defined, tough fascial septae in the sole of the foot. In addition to the flexor retinaculum and the abductor hallucis, two of these septae represented potential sites of compression of the posterior tibial nerve and its branches. The medial plantar nerve may be entrapped under the medial septum. However, in 16 of 19 feet, the medial plantar nerve did not traverse beneath the septum. The lateral plantar nerve traversed beneath the medial septum in all specimens. The nerve to abductor digiti minimi may be trapped under the medial and intermediate septum. Conclusion: We detailed the anatomical relationship of the nerve branches relative to the fibrous septae and found that the medial plantar nerve did not traverse a septae in all specimens. Clinical Relevance: We believe better understanding of the anatomical relationships of the tarsal tunnel and a clear communication system among anatomists, neuroradiologists and foot and ankle surgeons will facilitate accurate preoperative localization of the site of nerve compression possibly leading to better outcomes.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Control Study
The Lion, the Witch and the Cold War: Political Meanings in the Religious Writings of C.S. Lewis
Authors: Chapman Roger
Published: July 2012

Abstract:

The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, the first of the Chronicles of Narnia series by C.S. Lewis, is a fairy tale with an obvious Christian theme. In addition, the work artfully renders a medievalist symbolic conception of the planet Jupiter. However, the novel is also laced with an ideological element that reflects certain negative attitudes toward totalitarianism. This essay explores the political aspect of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, showing how it harmonizes with the Western anti-Soviet mentality of the early Cold War period.
The Humorous Reproduction of Religious Prejudice: “Cults” and Religious Humour inThe Simpsons,South Park, andKing of the Hill
Authors: Feltmate David
Published: July 2012

Abstract:

Through an examination of how generic “cults” are presented in three specific episodes of The Simpsons, South Park, and King of the Hill, this article illustrates how humorous prejudice is reproduced through popular entertainment. It argues that a generic “cult” stereotype has developed over time in mass media and is reproduced in these programs for comedic effect. After demonstrating how specific correlations between historic fears about specific groups have found their way into these programs, it concludes with a discussion of the political significance of these programs’ satire.
The Horror of (a) Playing God: Job’s Nightmare and Michael Haneke’s Funny Games
Authors: Herling Bradley
Published: July 2012

Abstract:

Michael Haneke’s film Funny Games (1997; American remake 2007) offers a potent critique of violence as entertainment, but on a deeper level, in its depiction of the diabolical games that can produce horrific suffering, the film reasserts the philosophical/theological “problem of evil.” Placing Funny Games in dialogue with the Book of Job, this article argues that Haneke’s film poses a radical challenge to standard narratives of redemption and exposes the experiential core of the often abstracted “problem” of seemingly unwarranted suffering.
Branding the Divine: Albrech Dürer’s Praying Hands and the Branding of Iconography
Authors: Morris Pamela K. , Maslakowski Katya
Published: July 2012

Abstract:

In 1508, artist Albrech Dürer sketched a life-study of a pair of hands clasped in prayer. Over 500 years later, the Betende Hände can be found all over the United States in the form of knickknacks in private homes and civic statues, and online. The phenomenon is an interesting case study of popular religion, consumer culture, and the intersections of public and private worship. Using a blend of advertising and branding theory and iconographic theory, this paper proposes to illuminate the ways that the Praying Hands of Dürer became a lasting symbol of popular devotion across a wide range of media.
Free Energy Profile of APOBEC3G Protein Calculated by a Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Fukunishi Yoshifumi , Hongo Saki , Lintuluoto Masami , Matsuo Hiroshi
Published: July 2012

The human APOBEC3G protein (A3G) is a single-stranded DNA deaminase that inhibits the replication of retrotransposons and retroviruses, including HIV-1. Atomic details of A3G’s catalytic mechanism have started to emerge, as the structure of its catalytic domain (A3Gctd) has been revealed by NMR and X-ray crystallography. The NMR and crystal structures are similar overall; however, differences are apparent for β2 strand (β2) and loops close to the catalytic site. To add some insight into these differences and to better characterize A3Gctd dynamics, we calculated its free energy profile by using the Generalized-Born surface area (GBSA) method accompanied with a molecular dynamics simulation. The GBSA method yielded an enthalpy term for A3Gctd’s free energy, and we developed a new method that takes into account the distribution of the protein’s dihedral angles to calculate its entropy term. The structure solved by NMR was found to have a lower energy than that of the crystal structure, suggesting that this conformation is dominant in solution. In addition, β2-loop-β2’ configuration was stable throughout a 20-ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. This finding suggests that in solution A3Gctd is not likely to adopt the continuous β2 strand configuration present in the APOBEC2 crystal structure. In the NMR structure, the solvent water accessibility of the catalytic Zn2+ was limited throughout the 20-ns MD simulation. This result explains previous observations in which A3G did not bind or catalyze single cytosine nucleotide, even when at excessive concentrations.
Collector Efficiency in Downward-Type Double-Pass Solar Air Heaters with Attached Fins and Operated by External Recycle
Authors: Yeh Ho-Ming , Ho Chii-Dong
Published: July 2012

The collector efficiency in a downward-type double-pass external-recycle solar air heater with fins attached on the absorbing plate has been investigated theoretically. Considerable improvement in collector efficiency is obtainable if the collector is equipped with fins and the operation is carried out with an external recycle. Due to the recycling, the desirable effect of increasing the heat transfer coefficient compensates for the undesirable effect of decreasing the driving force (temperature difference) of heat transfer, while the attached fins provide an enlarged heat transfer area. The order of performances in the devices of same size is: double pass with recycle and fins > double pass with recycle but without fins > single pass without recycle and fins.
Beyond Junk-Variable Tandem Repeats as Facilitators of Rapid Evolution of Regulatory and Coding Sequences
Authors: Gemayel Rita , Cho Janice , Boeynaems Steven , Verstrepen Kevin J.
Published: July 2012

Copy Number Variations (CNVs) and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) have been the major focus of most large-scale comparative genomics studies to date. Here, we discuss a third, largely ignored, type of genetic variation, namely changes in tandem repeat number. Historically, tandem repeats have been designated as non functional “junk” DNA, mostly as a result of their highly unstable nature. With the exception of tandem repeats involved in human neurodegenerative diseases, repeat variation was often believed to be neutral with no phenotypic consequences. Recent studies, however, have shown that as many as 10% to 20% of coding and regulatory sequences in eukaryotes contain an unstable repeat tract. Contrary to initial suggestions, tandem repeat variation can have useful phenotypic consequences. Examples include rapid variation in microbial cell surface, tuning of internal molecular clocks in flies and the dynamic morphological plasticity in mammals. As such, tandem repeats can be useful functional elements that facilitate evolvability and rapid adaptation.
Pre-Ischemic Treadmill Training for Prevention of Ischemic Brain Injury via Regulation of Glutamate and Its Transporter GLT-1
Authors: Yang Xiaojiao , He Zhijie , Zhang Qi , Wu Yi , Hu Yongshan , Wang Xiaolou , Li Mingfen , Wu Zhiyuan , Guo Zhenzhen , Guo Jingchun , Jia Jie
Published: July 2012

Pre-ischemic treadmill training exerts cerebral protection in the prevention of cerebral ischemia by alleviating neurotoxicity induced by excessive glutamate release following ischemic stroke. However, the underlying mechanism of this process remains unclear. Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was observed in a rat model after 2 weeks of pre-ischemic treadmill training. Cerebrospinal fluid was collected using the microdialysis sampling method, and the concentration of glutamate was determined every 40 min from the beginning of ischemia to 4 h after reperfusion with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-fluorescence detection. At 3, 12, 24, and 48 h after ischemia, the expression of the glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1) protein in brain tissues was determined by Western blot respectively. The effect of pre-ischemic treadmill training on glutamate concentration and GLT-1 expression after cerebral ischemia in rats along with changes in neurobehavioral score and cerebral infarct volume after 24 h ischemia yields critical information necessary to understand the protection mechanism exhibited by pre-ischemic treadmill training. The results demonstrated that pre-ischemic treadmill training up-regulates GLT-1 expression, decreases extracellular glutamate concentration, reduces cerebral infarct volume, and improves neurobehavioral score. Pre-ischemic treadmill training is likely to induce neuroprotection after cerebral ischemia by regulating GLT-1 expression, which results in re-uptake of excessive glutamate.
Detection of Sulfur-Fumigated Paeoniae Alba Radix in Complex Preparations by High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Wu Jie , Shen Hong , Xu Jun , Zhu Ling-Ying , Jia Xiao-Bin , Li Song-Lin
Published: July 2012

Detection of sulfur-fumigated Paeoniae Alba Radix (PAR) in different complex preparations is challenging due to the relatively lower content of PAR and interference from more complicated components in complex preparations with different multiple constituent herbs. In this study, a high performance liquid chromatography- triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for detecting sulfur-fumigated PAR in different complex preparations. Paeoniflorin, the major component of PAR, and paeoniflorin sulfonate, the characteristic artifact transformed from paeoniflorin during sulfur-fumigation of PAR, were used as chemical markers. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) scan was employed to maximize sensitivity and selectivity. Through optimizing full mass scan and daughter ion scan conditions, two mass transitions were selected and employed respectively for unequivocal identification of paeoniflorin and paeoniflorin sulfonate. The detection limits for paeoniflorin and paeoniflorin sulfonate using MRM were much lower than those detected with UV 270 nm. Paeoniflorin and paeoniflorin sulfonate could be simultaneously detected in different commercial PAR-containing complex preparations without interference of other components using the established method, indicating that the newly established method was selective and sensitive enough for screening sulfur-fumigated PAR in commercial complex preparations.
Syntheses of Enantiopure Aliphatic Secondary Alcohols and Acetates by Bioresolution with Lipase B from Candida antarctica
Authors: Ferreira Hercules V. , Rocha Lenilson C. , Severino Richele P. , Porto André L. M.
Published: July 2012

The lipase B from Candida antarctica (Novozym 435®, CALB) efficiently catalyzed the kinetic resolution of some aliphatic secondary alcohols: (±)-4-methylpentan-2-ol (1), (±)-5-methylhexan-2-ol (3), (±)-octan-2-ol (4), (±)-heptan-3-ol (5) and (±)-oct-1-en-3-ol (6). The lipase showed excellent enantioselectivities in the transesterifications of racemic aliphatic secondary alcohols producing the enantiopure alcohols (>99% ee) and acetates (>99% ee) with good yields. Kinetic resolution of rac-alcohols was successfully achieved with CALB lipase using simple conditions, vinyl acetate as acylating agent, and hexane as non-polar solvent.