bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of xylazine on the urethral pressure profile of healthy dogs
Authors: Richter Keith P. , Ling Gerald V.
Published: February 2025

Thirteen healthy male dogs and 11 healthy female dogs were subjected to urodynamic assessment, using a simultaneous urethral pressure profile and urethral sphincter electromyogram (emg). The study was done on the dogs in the nonsedated state and after xylazine sedation. Results showed a significant decrease in maximal urethral closure pressures in dogs of both sexes after they were given xylazine (from 79.79 cm of H20 to 23.00 cm of H2O in female dogs, and from 99.77 cm of H2O to 41.77 cm of H2O in male dogs). There was a significant reduction in emg activities in dogs of both sexes after they were given xylazine. There was also little variability in measurements made on the same dog on consecutive days. Simultaneous intravesicular pressure and urethral pressure monitoring indicated that the effect of bladder distention on the urethral pressure profile was minimal and that there were no spontaneous detrusor contractions. This study indicates that xylazine produced a significant artifact in the simultaneous urethral pressure profile/emg.
Reduced progesterone and altered cotyledonary prostaglandin values induced by locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) in sheep
Authors: Ellis LeGrande C. , James Lynn F. , McMullen Robert W. , Panter Kip E.
Published: February 2025

Feeding 300 or 400 g of dried spotted locoweed, Astragalus lentiginosus per day to 11 pregnant Columbia ewes from the 20th to the 50th days of their gestations resulted in dead and edematous fetuses. Aspartate aminotransferase values were increased, whereas serum progesterone values were significantly diminished (P < 0.05) in a dose-dependent manner by locoweed ingestion. Cotyledonary 6-keto-prostaglandin (pg)F1α (400 g/day only) and PGF2α (300 and 400 g/day) values were significantly increased (P < 0.05), whereas pge values were not affected by the treatment. Alterations in pg values in these sheep may be a mechanism for altering corpus luteum function and inducing fetal death, which would ultimately result in abortion.
Observations on transplacental infection with bluetongue virus in sheep
Authors: Richardson Carol , Taylor W. P. , Terlecki S. , Gibbs E. P. J.
Published: February 2025

Twenty-four ewes were inoculated with 1 of 2 strains of bluetongue virus type 4 at 40, 60, or 80 days of gestation. Two ewes aborted, 2 ewes died, and 1 was killed during the experiment, but their fetuses were recovered, At term, 2 mummified fetuses, 4 dead lambs, and 17 clinically healthy lambs were produced by 12 sheep, and the remaining 7 sheep were barren. Porencephaly and cerebellar dysgenesis were found in term lambs born to sheep inoculated at 40 and 60 days of gestation. Radiographic examination of 12 fetuses showed developmental ages far less than their chronologic age; 8 fetuses had skeletal growth-retardation lines, which were also observed in the dead lambs, A systemic lymphoreticular hyperplasia was observed in the dead lambs and in all lambs at 12 weeks of age; in 4 of the latter, granulomatous reactions were present in the liver and kidney. Lungs of the full-term lambs were reduced in weight and showed poor alveolar development and mononuclear cell infiltration, which persisted in the 12-week-old lambs. It was concluded that bluetongue virus is capable of causing not only gross abnormalities of the cns, but also generalized growth retardation and fetal lymphoreticular hyperplasia.
Epizootics of respiratory tract disease in swine in Belgium due to H3N2 influenza virus and experimental reproduction of disease
Authors: Haesebrouck F. , Biront P. , Pensaert M. B. , Leunen J.
Published: February 2025

In Belgium, influenza virus was isolated from swine in 22 epizootics of respiratory tract disease in swine during 1984. In 8 of the epizootics, H3N2 influenza virus, related to the A/Port Chalmers/1/73 strain, was isolated. Intratracheal inoculation of the isolates induced clinical signs. It was concluded that the A/Port Chalmers/1/73 strain was established in the Belgian swine population and was responsible for the epizootics of respiratory tract disease in swine.
Host response to bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Dennis Michael W. , Lueker David C. , Kainer Robert A.
Published: February 2025

Specific humoral and cellular immunologic responses to autologous and heterologous tumors were evaluated in 35 Hereford cows with ocular squamous cell tumors and in 6 healthy cows. Sera from 5 healthy cows and 23 ocular tumor-bearing cows were evaluated for antibody to tumor, using radioimmunoassay, passive hemagglutination, agglutination, and microagglutination assays with various soluble tumor antigen and whole tumor cell preparations. Antibody to tumor was detected in only 2 cows. Using the microagglutination assay, antibody to autologous and heterologous tumor cells was found in the sera of 2 cows inoculated intraocularly with purified, viable autologous tumor cells. Twenty-eight tumor-bearing cows and 3 healthy cows were evaluated for delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, using 5 tumor preparations; positive skin test responses were not observed.
Characterization of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis of bovine, caprine, and ovine origin by gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of fatty acids in whole-cell extracts
Authors: Chiodini Rodrick J. , Van Kruiningen Herbert J.
Published: February 2025

The cellular fatty acid composition of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from bovine, ovine, and caprine origin (grown on Herrold's egg yolk medium) was determined by gas-liquid chromatography (glc) and mass spectrometry and was compared with that of 19 other Mycobacterium spp. A species-specific fatty acid of M paratuberculosis was not demonstrable. Gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of cellular fatty acids was used to develop flow charts for the rapid identification of M paratuberculosis and other Mycobacterium spp. Two charts for distinguishing organisms were developed; one chart was based on glc alone and the other based on glc, growth rate, and chromogenicity. Seemingly, the glc was reliable for detecting Mycobacterium spp rapidly.
Combined pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in pony mares after a single intravenous and intramuscular administration
Authors: Haddad Nadim S. , Pedersoli W. M. , Ravis W. R. , Fazeli M. H. , Carson R. L.
Published: February 2025

Healthy mature pony mares (n = 6) were given a single dose of gentamicin (5 mg/kg of body weight) iv or im 8 days apart. Venous blood samples were collected at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, and 45 minutes and at 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 40, and 48 hours after iv injection of gentamicin, and at 10, 20, 30, and 45 minutes and at 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, and 30 hours after im injection of gentamicin. Gentamicin serum concentration was determined by a liquid-phase radioimmunoassay. The combined data of iv and im treatments were analyzed by a nonlinear least-square regression analysis program. The kinetic data were best fitted by a 2-compartment open model, as indicated by residual trends and improvements in the correlation of determination. The distribution phase half life was 0.12 ± 0.02 hour and postdistribution phase half-life was 1.82 ± 0.22 hour. The volume of the central compartment was 115.8 ± 6.0 ml/kg, volume of distribution at steady state was 188 ± 9.9 ml/kg, and the total body clearance was 1.27 ± 0.18 ml/min/kg. Intramuscular absorption was rapid with a half-life for absorption of 0.64 ± 0.14 hour. The extent of absorption was 0.87 ± 0.14. Kinetic calculations predicted that im injections of 5 mg of gentamicin/kg every 8 hours would provide average steady-state serum concentrations of 7.0 μg/ml, with maximum and minimum steady-state concentrations of 16.8 and 1.1 μg/ml, respectively.
Mechanism of thrombocytopenia in African swine fever
Authors: Edwards John F. , Dodds W. Jean , Slauson David O.
Published: February 2025

Pigs were inoculated with an African swine fever (asf) isolate of moderate virulence, and the changes in the number of circulating blood platelets during infection were correlated with the appearance of antiviral antibody and fluctuations in total plasma hemolytic complement concentrations. Thrombocytopenia was detected by postinoculation days (pid) 7 and 8, and antiviral antibody was detected by pid 7, using an indirect immunofluorescence technique. The total hemolytic complement concentration was moderately and transiently decreased from pid 5 to 9, but was consistently low from pid 18 to 26, Pigs inoculated with an asf virus isolate of greater virulence had a decrease in platelet counts on pid 6 and 7, and the total plasma hemolytic complement levels decreased in all pigs by pid 6 to 7. Antibody to asf virus was not detected in pigs inoculated with the more virulent isolate.

Pigs sensitized to asf viral antigen with an inactivated-viras vaccine or by previous infection with asf were challenge exposed, Sensitized pigs became clinically ill and thrombocytopenic by 24 to 72 hours earlier than did inoculated, nonsensitized pigs. Vaccinated pigs inoculated with homologous virus had lower blood virus concentrations than did nonvaccinated pigs. African swine fever virus-sensitized pigs inoculated with heterologous virus had a higher fatality rate than did nonsensitized pigs, and the pigs died peracutely, with only a few gross lesions in evidence. In vitro experiments demonstrated that asf virus antigen induced platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma from recovered, nonviremic pigs. Viral antigen, antibody, or complement was not demonstrable on the surface of platelets from pigs inoculated with asf virus isolate, by direct immunofluorescence testing.
Congenital skeletal malformations induced by maternal ingestion of Conium maculatum (poison hemlock) in newborn pigs
Authors: Panter Kip E. , Keeler Richard F. , Buck William B.
Published: February 2025

Skeletal malformations were induced in newborn pigs from gilts fed Conium maculatum seed or plant during gestation days 43 through 53 and 51 through 61. The teratogenic effects in groups dosed during gestation days 43 through 53 were more severe than those in groups dosed during the later period, with many newborn pigs showing arthrogryposis and twisted and malaligned bones in the limbs and with 1 pig showing scoliosis and deformity of the thoracic cage. The pigs born to gilts given C maculatum during gestation days 51 through 61 had excessive flexure primarily in the carpal joints, without scoliosis or bone malalignment in the limbs.

The teratogenicity of poison hemlock depends on the alkaloid concentration and content. Based on the data presented, we speculate that γ-coniceine is the teratogenic alkaloid in the poison hemlock fed to the gilts.
Calicivirus isolation from three species of primates: An incidental finding
Authors: Smith Alvin W. , Skilling Douglas E. , Benirschke Kurt
Published: February 2025

Calicivirus isolations were made from 3 species of subhuman primates. Viruses were recovered from gingival lesions associated with periodontal disease in a spider monkey, from the oropharynx of a healthy silver leaf langur, and from the spleen of a lowland gorilla that had died of systemic coccidioidomycosis. Based on the results of cross-neutralization tests, all 3 isolates were serologically indistinguishable from a primate calicivirus Pan paniscus type 1. These isolations appeared to be incidental in nature and could not be associated causally with any specific disease entity.
Hepatobiliary transport of indocyanine green and sulfobromophthalein in fed and fasted horses
Authors: Engelking Larry R. , Anwer M. Sawkat , Lofstedt Jeanne
Published: February 2025

Fasting is associated with unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia in several species, including the horse. Studies in ponies showed that a 3-day fast decreased plasma clearance of bilirubin, cholic acid, and sulfobromophthalein (bsp). Since these organic anions are conjugated with different substrates, it is possible that observed differences in plasma clearance result from a general decrease in hepatic conjugating capacity during the animals' fasting. To test this hypothesis, the effects of a 3-day fast on plasma clearance of iv injected bsp (4.4 to 5.1 mg/kg), which is conjugated to glutathione, and indocyanine green (icg; 0.8 to 1.1 mg/kg), which is not conjugated, were studied in 10 healthy horses and 2 ponies with diverted enterohepatic circulations (indwelling T tubes). Blood samples were obtained for 30 minutes after injection, and bile samples from ponies were obtained for 3 hours. Fasting increased plasma bilirubin concentration in all animals studied (from 1.03 ± 0.337 mg/dl in control animals to 3.49 ± 1.01 mg/dl in fasted animals). Kinetic values of icg disappearance were determined from single exponential functions, and those for bsp were determined from both single and curvalinear (2-exponential) functions. Plasma clearance of bsp in fed horses (8.65 ± 1.02 ml × min−1 × kg−1) was greater than clearance of icg (3.54 ± 0.67 ml × min−1 × kg−1), results similar to those reported in dogs, cats, rats, and persons. Fasting significantly decreased fractional plasma disappearance rate of both bsp (−36%) and icg (−58%) and similarly reduced plasma clearance (bsp −48%; icg −55%). Thus, reduced conjugation does not seem to be a factor involved in organic anion retention during fasting, since clearance of icg, which is not conjugated, was reduced even greater than that of bsp, which is conjugated to glutathione. The reduction in biliary secretion of bsp (12%/3 hours) and icg (26%/3 hours) in ponies was not as great as the reduction in hepatic uptake (39% bsp, 62% icg) thus, fasting seems to affect hepatic uptake of organic anion dyes like bsp and icg greater than do processes of conjugation and/or secretion.
Effects of endotoxin on lung water, hemodynamics, and gas exchange in anesthetized ponies
Authors: Olson Neil C.
Published: February 2025

Effects of endotoxemia on lung water, hemodynamics, and gas exchange were determined in ponies breathing a mixture of halothane and 100% O2. Escherichia coli endotoxin was infused iv at 20 μg/kg of body weight for 1 hour followed by 10 μg/kg/hr the subsequent 4 hours. By 0.25 hour, endotoxin increased mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance; this was followed by a return to base-line values by 0.5 and 1 hour, respectively. A 2nd increase in pulmonary vascular resistance occurred by 5 hours of endotoxemia. During the last 2 hours of endotoxin infusion, cardiac index was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased. Hematocrit was increased from 1 to 5 hours of endotoxemia, whereas, the plasma protein concentration was increased from 2 to 4 hours, indicating a loss of plasma volume. The Pao2, and Paco2 were unchanged. After 5 hours of endotoxemia, lung extravascular thermal volume, postmortem bronchoalveolar lavage albumin content, and extravascular lung water/extra vascular dry weight ratio of bloodless lungs were not increased, indicating no increase in alveolar-capillary permeability or pulmonary edema.
Application of the log-linear model in the prediction of the antinuclear antibody test in the dog
Authors: Kass Philip H. , Strombeck Donald R. , Farver Thomas B. , Ardans Alex A.
Published: February 2025

To find possible associations between antinuclear antibody (ana) pattern, ana titer, and certain clinical changes and clinical laboratory test results in dogs, the veterinary medical records of 111 ana-positive and 126 ana-negative dogs were examined. Variables could not be found that had significant associations with ana pattern (unlike the results in persons), because of the predominance of 2 patterns. A log-linear model for ana titer adequately fit the observed frequency and included 2-way interactions between titer and polyarthritis, titer and hematologic disorders, and polyarthritis and lymphadenopathy.
Intranasal inoculation of chickens with encapsulated or nonencapsulated variants of Haemophilus paragallinarum: Electron microscopic evaluation of the nasal mucosa
Authors: Sawata Akira , Nakai Toyotsugu , Kume Katsumi , Yoshikawa Hiroyasu , Yoshikawa Takashi
Published: February 2025

Chickens were inoculated intranasally with encapsulated or nonencapsulated strains of Haemophilus paragallinarum. The nasal mucosa of the chickens were examined, using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In chickens given the encapsulated variant, marked loss of cilia and microvilli, infiltration of leukocytes, and deposition of a mucopurulent substance were seen on the surface of the nasal mucosa; the number of microvillous cells were markedly increased, and infiltration of mast cells into the lamina propria of the mucous membrane was observed. Numerous encapsulated organisms were found near cilia and on microvillous cells, and the capsule surrounding the organisms appeared to mediate attachment of the organisms to the cilia. In contrast, the nasal mucosa of the chickens given the nonencapsulated variants changed little morphologically. A few nonencapsulated organisms were found near cilia. Colonization of the nasal mucosa by encapsulated organisms probably was essential to induce the morphologic changes seen in the nasal mucosa.
Anthelmintic activity of ivermectin against immature gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep
Authors: Todd Kenneth S. , Mansfield Manford E. , DiPietro Joseph A. , Blagburn Byron L.
Published: February 2025

Twenty-four lambs of mixed breeding with mixed experimental infections of Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta, Trichostrongylus axei, and T colubriformis were allotted to 4 groups. One group (control) was given the vehicle propylene glycol, and the others were given 100, 200, or 300 μg of ivermectin/kg of body weight by mouth. Twelve days after treatment, the sheep were necropsied. The compound was > 99% effective against immature stages of 4 nematode species at all dosages, except at the 100 μg/kg dosage, where efficacy was 96% against H contortus.
Suppressive effect of nonviable Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae on phytohemagglutinin-induced transformation of swine lymphocytes
Authors: Kishima Masato , Ross Richard F.
Published: February 2025

The effect of nonviable Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae on transformation of swine peripheral blood lymphocytes by mitogen was investigated. Lymphocyte transformation was evaluated as incorporation of [3H]-thymidine, using a microculture system. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was grown in Friis medium, inactivated with sodium azide, and washed with phosphate-buffered saline solution. Four strains of M hyopneumoniae, strain J, strain 11, and 2 low-passage isolates (1361A, 1375C), were found to suppress phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte transformation. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strains J, 11, and 1361A reduced lymphocyte transformation by about 50%, whereas strain 1375C reduced lymphocyte transformation by 98.7%. The suppressive effect was abrogated by heating M hyopneumoniae at 60 C or at higher temperatures for 30 minutes. Sonication of the heated M hyopneumoniae cells partially restored the suppressive effect.
Morphologic features of the cervical intervertebral disks and adjacent vertebral bodies of horses
Authors: Yovich John V. , Powers Barbara E. , Stashak Ted S.
Published: February 2025

The intervertebral disks and adjacent vertebral bodies of the 2nd to 7th cervical vertebrae from 17 horses (3 months to 19 years of age) were examined grossly and by light microscopy. In each specimen, the disk tissue was fibrocartilagenous centrally and became more fibrous peripherally, but without a distinct demarcation between the nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosus. Demarcation between the anulus fibrosus and the dorsal longitudinal ligament was not apparent. With increasing age of the horses, cellularity of the central fibrocartilagenous portion of the disk decreased. The caudal end plates of the vertebrae had an increase in width and bone density with increasing age. In specimens from horses of all ages, the cranial end plate of the vertebrae had only a thin rim of dense bone. The cranial physis of each vertebral body was closed at 3 years of age, whereas the caudal physis of vertebral bodies was discontinuous in 6- to 9-year-old horses and was completely absent in horses ≥ 12 years.

Disruption of fibers of the anulus fibrosus by small amounts of fibrocartilage was observed in disks from 5 horses. This change was similar to a Hansen type II disk prolapse.
Erythrogram and red cell distribution width of equidae with experimentally induced anemia
Authors: Easley J. Roger
Published: February 2025

The erythrogram (erythrocyte histogram) and red cell distribution width (rdw) were evaluated in 5 purebred horses and 1 pony of mixed breeding with experimentally induced anemia. Four horses were studied for 6 weeks after 20% of their estimated blood volume was removed on each of 2 consecutive days (40% total blood loss; acute blood-loss group). Two horses were given acetylphenyl hydrazine iv daily, until acute Heinz body hemolytic anemia was induced; the 2 horses were then evaluated for 6 weeks. One horse and the pony had 20% of their estimated blood volume removed via phlebotomy once each week for 8 weeks to induce iron-deficiency anemia (chronic blood-loss group); the horse had been partially depleted of iron before the study began. Weekly blood samples were examined for changes in the erythrogram, rdw, mean cell volume (mcv), and erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. Fourteen days after acute blood loss, mild increases were seen in the mcv, which persisted to day 42. The rdw was increased at day 14 and remained increased until day 42; however, the percentage increase was double that of the mcv at days 14, 21, and 28. Erythrograms had mild extensions of the right slope at days 14 to 28. Mean erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity increased in all 3 groups, but individual concentrations were erratic. In the 2 horses with acute hemolytic anemia, modest increases of similar magnitude were seen in rdw and mcv. The rdw returned to pretreatment values by day 28, but mcv remained increased through day 42. The erythrogram had an extension of the right slope at days 14 and 21, and a mild shift to the right of the entire histogram was seen at day 21 in 1 horse and at day 28 in the other horse. This shift to the right persisted through day 42. In the chronic blood loss study, the horse that had been partially depleted of iron had no apparent increase in erythroid response; the rdw essentially did not change; and the mcv progressively decreased from day 21 to the end of the study (day 56); the erythrogram had a slight shift to the left from day 35 to day 56. The pony, which did not have prior iron depletion, had increased rdw and mcv at day 7; although these values were decreasing by day 56, the values continued to be higher than pretreatment values. The percentage increase of rdw was 2 to 5 times greater than that of the mcv from day 7 to day 35. Changes in the shape and position of the erythrogram were seen from day 14 to day 56. The erythrogram and rdw were useful in evaluating equine erythrocyte responses to different types of anemia.
Microscopic characteristics of genital end bulbs in the penis of bulls
Authors: Gray Bruce W. , Beckett S. D. , Henry D. F.
Published: February 2025

Light microscopic sections of Eponembedded bull penis were examined for nerve endings. Tissue was taken from the dorsal midline of the glans penis and from the free portion of the penis in 6 mature bulls. Genital end bulbs were identified in both regions of the penis and were located from 1 to 500 μm beneath the epithelium, with most end bulbs concentrated next to the epithelium in the glans penis. Occasionally, end bulbs were found within nerve trunks. Other encapsulated endings were not seen. Ultrastructural correlation of the light and electron microscopic appearance of spherical end bulbs and elongated end bulbs indicated that their structure was identical. Two to 6 neurites filled with mitochondria were surrounded by several layers of thin cytoplasmic lamellae. The lamellae were characterized by pinocytotic vesicles, microtubules, and a scant basal lamina. A capsule of differing thickness enclosed the end bulbs. Fewer capsular layers surrounded more superficially located end bulbs. Near the epithelium, there were gaps in the capsule. Nonmyelinated fibers were seen within end bulbs and between end bulbs and the epithelium.
Serum complement-fixing antibody to Pasteurella haemolytica A1 and its effect on experimentally induced pneumonic pasteurellosis in calves
Authors: Jericho K. W. F. , Cho H. J. , Yates W. D. G. , Kozub G. C.
Published: February 2025

Ninety-three calves comprising 16 experimental groups were exposed to viral (bovine herpesvirus-1 or parainfluenza-3 virus) and Pasteurella haemolytica aerosols. Serum samples from these calves were tested before and after exposure for antibodies to P haemolytica by a modified direct complement-fixation test. At slaughter of the calves, the extent of pneumonia produced was estimated for each calf and compared with the results of the modified direct complement-fixation tests. The extent of pneumonia was not related (P > 0.05) to the amount of anti-P haemolytica antibody produced by either naturally occurring or experimentally induced infection.
Comparison of three methods for cardiac output determination in cats
Authors: Dyson D. H. , Allen D. G. , McDonell W. N.
Published: February 2025

Cardiac output (co) was measured in sodium pentobarbital-anesthetized cats over a wide range of blood flow rates. In 10 cats, co was measured simultaneously, using Fick determination and thermodilution techniques. Echocardiography was used to estimate contractility of the heart by measuring percentage change in minor diameter and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening. These indices were compared with co by the other techniques, Echocardiographic equations used for co determination in man were evaluated for reliability in the cat. Thermodilution and Fick determination correlated best with low co (r = 0.89) and less with intermediate (r = 0.69) and high (r = 0.75) co. Percentage change in minor diameter and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening correlated with thermodilution measurements of the cardiac index (r = 0.71 and r = 0.84,. respectively). The value of echocardiography for co estimation was questionable, using existing equations, Fick determination of co was more inconsistent and was more prone to technical error than was thermodilution.
Morphometric studies of the bovine uterus; Microscopic lesions and retrospective reproductive history
Authors: Gonzalez Hector E. , Crowell Wayne A. , Caudle A. B. , Thompson F. N.
Published: February 2025

A survey of reproductive tracts from nonpregnant cows at an abattoir was conducted. Reproductive tracts from 98 cows were studied microscopically and evaluated with a grading system to determine the severity of pathologic changes, Inflammatory reaction (type and distribution), fibrosis, gland morphology, and appearance were measured, quantified, and scored (1 to 4), Category 1 endometrium (normal) was found in 18 cows, category 2 in 23, category 3 in 34, and category 4 in 23. The category of endometrium was then compared with the retrospective reproductive status, and it was found that reproductive problems had occurred in 6 cows (33.3%) in category 1, in 13 cows (56.5%) in category 2, in 25 cows (73.5%) in category 3, and in 21 cows (91.3%) in category 4.

Cervicitis was found in 43 (43.8%) genital tracts; 16 cows (16.3%) had salpingitis. Ovarian lesions were not observed.

Serum samples were tested for certain antibodies. Only 1 was seropositive for brucellosis, but 61 of 81 sera had leptospira titers > 1:100 and 1:50 (hardjo). The serovar hardjo was the most prevalent. All sera had neutralizing titers against parainfluenza type 3 virus; 74.2% and 56.7% of the sera had neutralizing antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea virus and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, respectively.
Comparison of two techniques for quantitation of encysted cyathostome larvae in the horse
Authors: Reinemeyer Craig R. , Herd R. P.
Published: February 2025

Haustral portions of intestine of 6 horses were isolated by excising the taeniae coli from the cecum and the ventral colon. Uniform 5-cm × 5-cm sections were cut from the haustra and were illuminated from the serosal side with a strong light source (mural transillumination). Cyathostome larvae encysted in the mucosa and submucosa were observed at 15 × magnification and counted. Two separate counts of the larvae in 80 replicates of tissue by the mural transillumination technique (mtt) revealed no significant (P < 0.05) difference between sample means.

Larvae in tissue sections were counted in situ by mtt, and the mucosal scrapings of the tissue sections were digested in pepsin and HCl to determine larval yields for comparison with the mtt counts. Numbers of larvae recovered by pepsin and HCl digestion for 3 and 6 hours were significantly (P < 0.01) lower than were numbers originally determined by mtt. Larvae recovered by tissue digestion for 3 or 6 hours were examined individually and given objective scores for morphologic damage. Distribution of scores was time-dependent; increased damage to larvae was associated with a longer time of digestion.

Individual 4th-stage cyathostome larvae were dissected from cysts in the large intestinal wall and were incubated in water, 0.9% saline solution, 1.1% HCl, or pepsin (7,000 U of activity/ml). Significantly fewer (P < 0.05) larvae were recovered from all solutions after 3 and 6 hours. The proportion of dissected larvae that were given high scores after exposure to pepsin was significantly (P < 0.01) greater than were those held in HCl, saline solution, or water for both periods.
Sarcocystis capracanis and Toxoplasma gondii infections in range goats from Texas
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Livingston C. W.
Published: February 2025

Specimens of tongues, esophagi, diaphragms, or abdominal muscles of 115 range goats from San Angelo, Tex, were examined for Sarcocystis and Toxoplasma gondii infections. Sarcocystis spp zoites were found microscopically in pepsin digests of muscles of 60.8% goats and sarcocysts of S capracanis were found in histologic sections of 27.8% goats. Sarcocysts were more common in sections of tongue (19.1%) than in those of other muscles (9.9% to 10.7%). A dog fed Sarcocysiis-infected tissues shed sporocysts in feces, whereas 2 cats fed the same tissues did not shed sporocysts.

Toxoplasma gondii was neither seen in histologic sections of goat tissues nor found by bioassays in mice or cats. Mice inoculated with pepsin digests of muscles did not develop T gondii infection and 2 cats fed goat tissues did not shed oocysts. Also, antibody to T gondii was not found in serum samples from goats. The low prevalence of T gondii infection in range goats may be because of the relative absence of domestic cats on Texas ranges.
Adherence of neutrophils from dogs with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Stickle Julia E. , Tvedten Harold W. , Schall William D. , Smith C. Wayne
Published: February 2025

Adherence of neutrophils from dogs with type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus controlled by insulin administration was compared with that from control dogs. Neutrophil adherence in whole blood decreased with increased serum glucose concentration, but was not different from normal cell adherence when isolated cells were examined. The decreased adherence in whole blood was considered to be the result of media factors and not dependent on altered neutrophil function.
Digestion of bentiromide and absorption of xylose in healthy cats and absorption of xylose in cats with infiltrative intestinal disease
Authors: Hawkins Eleanor C. , Meric Susan M. , Washabau Robert J. , Feldman Edward C. , Turrel Jane M.
Published: February 2025

The digestion of bentiromide and the absorption of d-xylose was measured in 17 clinically healthy cats. The plasma xylose concentrations of the healthy cats were compared with values from 9 cats with diffuse infiltrative intestinal disease. The cats were administered 16.7 mg of bentiromide/kg and 0.5 g of xylose/kg via a stomach tube. Plasma samples were obtained before administration and 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after administration. The maximum mean plasma p-aminobenzoic acid concentration occurred at 60 minutes, with a value of 386 ± 134 μg/dl (mean ± sd). The maximum mean plasma xylose concentration also occurred at 60 minutes, with a value of 26.0 ± 9.2 mg/dl. Plasma concentrations of p-aminobenzoic acid and xylose were lower in healthy cats than those reported for healthy dogs. There was no significant difference between xylose concentrations in healthy cats and cats with infiltrative intestinal disease.
Scintigraphic diagnosis of primary hepatocellular carcinoma in the woodchuck (Marmota monax)
Authors: Kallfelz F. A. , Hornbuckle W. E. , Harvey H. J. , Wallace R. J. , Potkewitz L. G. , Roth L. , Tennant B. C.
Published: February 2025

Hepatic imaging with 99mTc-sulfur colloid was used to diagnose primary hepatocellular carcinoma (phc) in woodchucks infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (whv). Based on imaging results, 6 of 12 whv-infected wood-chucks had space-occupying hepatic lesions, and all 6 had phc. Of the remaining woodchucks, 2 did not have phc, 2 had discrete tumors (< 1 cm diameter), 1 had miliary small tumors, and 1 had tumors located near the great vessels. Hepatic imaging was a valuable technique for diagnosis of phc in whv-infected woodchucks.
Changes in QRS complex in dogs with normal and exaggerated tidal volumes
Authors: Rush John E. , Hamlin Robert L.
Published: February 2025

The influence of normal and exaggerated ventilation on the QRS was studied in 10 dogs. Peak-to-peak amplitudes of QRS in 4 circumferential unipolar and 2 limb lead ecg were obtained during eupnea and during hyperinflation produced by intermittent positive pressure ventilation or negative extrathoracic pressure. Marked changes were not observed in any lead during eupnea. During hyperinflation to a transpulmonary pressure of 10 mm of Hg (whether by intermittent positive pressure ventilation or negative extrathoracic pressure), voltages decreased in leads I, V10, rV3, and aVF and were variable in leads V3 and V5. Radiography revealed that during the hyperinflation the heart was displaced to the nondependent side of the thorax further from the dependent electrodes and that the heart became generally smaller. Changes in voltage could be attributed to alterations in relationships between the heart and electrodes on the torso surface or to changes in volume conductor properties of the heart and torso.
Xylazine and xylazine-ketamine in dogs
Authors: Haskins Steve C. , Patz John D. , Farver Tom B.
Published: February 2025

The cardiopulmonary consequences of iv administered xylazine (1.0 mg/kg) followed by ketamine (10 mg/kg) were evaluated in 12 dogs. Xylazine caused significant decreases in heart rate, cardiac output, left ventricular work, breathing rate, minute ventilation, physiologic dead space, oxygen transport, mixed venous partial pressure of oxygen, and oxygen concentration. It caused significant increases in systemic blood pressure, central venous pressure, systemic vascular resistance, tidal volume, and oxygen utilization ratio.

The subsequent administration of ketamine was associated with significant increases in heart rate (transient increase), cardiac output, the alveolar-arterial PO2 gradient and venous admixture (transient increase), and arterial PCO2 (transient increase). It caused significant decreases in stroke volume (transient decrease), left ventricular stroke work (transient decrease), effective alveolar ventilation, arterial PO2 and oxygen content (transient decrease).
Quantitation of the pharyngoesophageal sphincter in the dog
Authors: Rosin Eberhard
Published: February 2025

The pressure and length of the pharyngoesophageal sphincter were studied in 5 healthy dogs that were awake and then immobilized with xylazine. During successive tests, a single side-hole catheter was mechanically withdrawn and rotated 90°. Similar pressures were measured, regardless of the orientation of the catheter side hole. The mean pressure and length of the pharyngoesophageal sphincter of the awake dogs were 18 mm of Hg and 1.8 cm, respectively. After the dogs were immobilized with xylazine, the mean pressure and length were 8 mm of Hg and 1.7 cm, respectively. In 2 dogs immobilized with xylazine, there was no change in the maximum resting pharyngoesophageal sphincter pressure or length of the pressure zone after iv administration of edrophonium chloride, succinylcholine chloride, or thiamylal sodium. Seemingly, xylazine was not a suitable agent for immobilization of clinical patients for pharyngoesophageal manometry.
Single-dilution indirect solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the detection of anti-pseudorabies immunoglobulin G in swine sera
Authors: Wang Fun-In , Hahn Edwin C.
Published: February 2025

A single-dilution indirect solid-phase radioimmunoassay (iria) was developed for the detection of low levels of anti-pseudorabies immunoglobulin G in swine sera. The assay derived increased sensitivity from the use of a second amplifying antibody. The iria was examined for its stoichiometry, amplification by secondary antibody, advantage of a single-dilution assay vs an end-point titration, sensitivity, and specificity. The assay had a near linear dose-response relationship with positive sera (serumneutralization titer ≤ 1:16) and lacked a dose response with negative sera. With addition of the secondary antibody, the iria was enhanced 8.5-fold in net specific binding, and the end-point titer was amplified 32-fold. The single-dilution assay was proved to be a feasible test, compared with end-point titration. Anti-pseudorabies virus titers were at least 128-fold higher by iria than those by serum-neutralization test. Evidence indicated that there may be minimal or no cross-reactivity of iria antigen with anti-infectious bovine rhinotracheitis sera. The single-dilution iria was a rapid and sensitive test for anti-pseudorabies virus immunoglobulin G in swine sera.
Detection of latent pseudorabies virus in porcine tissue, using a DNA hybridization dot-blot assay
Authors: McFarlane Robin G. , Thawley David G. , Solorzano Robert F.
Published: February 2025

A DNA-hybridization dot-blot technique was developed to detect the presence of pseudorabies virus (prv) DNA in porcine tissue. Seven 32P-nick translated probes of high specific activity were prepared from transformed Escherichia coli plasmids into which Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H (Bam HI) restriction fragments of prv-DNA had been inserted.

Samples of DNA that had been extracted from porcine tissue or from prv grown in tissue culture were transferred to nitrocellulose paper, using a microsample filtration manifold and were hybridized to the probes under high-stringency conditions. Under optimal hybridization conditions, the minimum detection amount of prv-DNA was 10−11 g, which is equivalent to 1 copy of the prv genome/80 host cells. Four probes did not show cross hybridization with DNA extracted from tissues of known prv-negative swine, and these were subsequently used to detect prv-DNA in infected porcine tissues.

Generally, correlation between virus isolation and hybridization data was good for tissues from swine that had died of acute prv infection. Furthermore, prv-DNA was present in specific tissues of all 4 seropositive swine that had recovered from pseudorabies and in which no infective virus or viral products were detected at necropsy. Pseudorabies virus DNA was present in the rostralis cerebral cortex (n = 2) or in the medulla oblongata (n = 1) and trigeminal ganglion (n = 1). This probably indicated the portal of entry of the virus into the cns. In another seropositive pig, there was evidence of a productive infection in the tonsils, although virus was not isolated in a tissue culture system. High concentrations of prv-DNA were present in extracts from the spleen and liver of a seronegative pig without evidence of infective virus, after the swine had been housed with swine latently infected with prv.
Pharmacokinetics of procainamide hydrochloride in dogs
Authors: Papich Mark G. , Davis Lloyd E. , Davis Carol A. , McKiernan Brendan C. , Brown Scott A.
Published: February 2025

Pharmacokinetics of procainamide hydrochloride were studied in 2 groups of dogs. In a group of 6 dogs, procainamide was administered iv at a small dose of 8 mg/kg (group 1), and blood samples were obtained for 3.5 hours. In another group of 6 dogs, procainamide was administered iv and orally at an average dose of 25.5 mg/kg (group 2) in a crossover manner. Blood samples were obtained for 48 hours. In 2 dogs (previously used in part II), N-acetylprocainamide (napa) was administered iv at a dose of 10 mg/kg.

Plasma samples were assayed for procainamide by fluorescence polarization immunoassay, and napa samples were assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography.

In group 1, the elimination of procainamide was described by a 1-compartment, open pharmacokinetic model. The elimination half-life was 2.43 hours, the apparent volume of distribution was 1.44 L/kg, and the systemic clearance was 0.412 L/kg/hr.

In group 2, 2 of the 6 dogs were described by a 1-compartment model, and 4 of the 6 dogs were described with a 2-compartment pharmacokinetic model. The elimination half-life for the iv dosage was 2.85 hours, the apparent volume of distribution was 2.13 L/kg, and the systemic clearance was 0.519 L/kg/hr. For the orally administered dose, the bioavailability was 85%, and the absorption half-life was 0.5 hours.

There was no evidence of acetylation of procainamide to napa or deacetylation of napa to procainamide. The estimated elimination half-life of napa was 4.7 hours.
Effects of a phenylbutazone paste in ponies: Model of acute nonimmune inflammation
Authors: Lees Peter , Higgins Andrew J.
Published: February 2025

In a 12-day treatment schedule, 5 ponies were given orally a paste formulation of phenylbutazone (pbz) and 5 matched ponies were given equivalent doses of a placebo paste. On day 12, a mild, nonimmune inflammatory reaction was induced subcutaneously in the neck of each pony by inserting sterile, polyester sponge strips soaked in a 2% carrageenan solution. Exudate was collected at 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours by serial removal of sponges. There were no significant (P < 0.05) differences in exudate protein concentration and leukocyte numbers between the treatment groups, but the group given pbz had significantly reduced exudate concentrations of eicosanoids 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (the stable metabolite of prostacyclin) at 4, 8, and 12 hours; thromboxane B2 at 8, 12, and 24 hours; and bicyclic prostaglandin E2 at 8 hours. The maximal depression of eicosanoid synthesis occurred at times of peak exudate concentrations of pbz (8 and 12 hours). Phenylbutazone was cleared more slowly from exudate than from plasma. Changes in surface skin temperature were measured by infrared thermometry. Lesional temperatures were recorded 1 cm below the base of the incision line, and mean increases were significantly (P < 0.05) less in pbz-treated than in placebo-treated ponies between 4 and 24 hours. The importance of the findings for the clinical efficacy of this dosage schedule is considered.
Properties of microcytic caprine carrier red blood cells: Their preparation and in vivo survival
Authors: DeLoach J. R. , Droleskey R.
Published: February 2025

Dialysis encapsulation was used to prepare caprine-carrier rbc. Optimal conditions for encapsulation are described in which 23% of added [14C]sucrose was entrapped. Carrier rbc were stable in vitro releasing only 5% of entrapped substance in 24 hour. Injected-carrier rbc circulated with a 47-day half-life. Although markedly smaller in size (10 fl vs 15 fl), caprine-carrier rbc were morphologically identical to normal rbc.
In vitro induction of cytotoxic lymphocytes from infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus hyperimmune cattle
Authors: Campos Manuel , Rossi Charles R.
Published: February 2025

Cytotoxic lymphocytes against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibrv)-infected cells were induced by in vitro stimulation with ibrv antigen of peripheral blood leukocytes obtained from hyperimmune cattle. After one in vitro stimulation with ibrv, cytotoxicity was detected against ibrv-infected autologous target cells, but not against heterologous ibrv-infected or K562 target cells. After 4 in vitro ibrv stimulations at weekly intervals (in the presence of autologous feeder cells followed by interleukin 2 treatment at 2-day intervals), cytotoxicity was detected against autologous-, and to a lesser extent, heterologous-infected cells. Most cells in cytotoxic cultures were positive to a monoclonal antibody shown to react with bovine T lymphocytes.
Cecal short-chain fatty acids in experimental rabbit mucoid enteropathy
Authors: Toofanian F. , Hamar D. W.
Published: February 2025

Short-chain fatty acid concentrations were measured in the cecal contents of 9 healthy rabbits and 20 rabbits with experimentally induced mucoid enteropathy. In control rabbits, cecal concentration of acetate was the most abundant, followed by that of butyrate and propionate—a feature distinguishing rabbits from most other mammals. In mucoid enteropathy, cecal acetate and butyrate concentrations were lower, whereas propionate, isobutyrate, valerate, and isovalerate were increased. The results indicated that there were abnormal fermentation and cecal maldigestion in rabbits with mucoid enteropathy.
Ovine anaplasmosis: In utero transmission as it relates to stage of gestation
Authors: Zaugg Jerry L.
Published: February 2025

Seventeen mature, pregnant, anaplasmosis-susceptible and 3 anaplasmosis-carrier ewes were used in Anaplasma ovis in utero transmission studies. Susceptible ewes were arbitrarily allotted to 3 groups, 4 each in groups A and C and 9 in group B, and were inoculated with whole blood from a carrier ewe. Each group was Anaplasma-exposed once during one of the thirds of pregnancy. In all ewes, resulting parasitemias were low and anemias were mild. Three carrier ewes comprised group D. Blood samples were obtained once during gestation from each fetus at various stages of development for evaluation and inoculation into splenectomized lambs. Blood obtained from neonates before nursing was also evaluated for Anaplasma presence.

Parasitemia was not detected in any fetus or neonate; however, 3 of 16 splenectomized lambs inoculated with fetal or neonate blood developed acute anaplasmosis. Dams of fetuses/neonates with infective blood had been Anaplasma-exposed during their 2nd or last 3rd of pregnancy. Infective Anaplasma agents crossed the placental barrier as early as 130 days of gestation.