bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Az akutfájdalom-kezelő szolgálat szerepe a műtét utáni fájdalomcsillapításban
Authors: Lovasi Orsolya , Lám Judit , Kósik Nándor
Published: April 2020

Absztrakt:

A perioperatív fájdalomcsillapítás kérdésköre jelentős kihívás az egészségügyi
ellátást végzők számára. A nem jól ellenőrzött, műtét utáni fájdalom
szövődményekhez vezethet. A világszerte elterjedt szervezési módszer, az ’Acute
Pain Service’ teamek kialakítása bizonyítottan növeli a posztoperatív
fájdalomcsillapítás eredményességét. Összefoglalónk célja, hogy közlemények
alapján leírja az akutfájdalom-kezelő szolgálat fogalmát, szervezeti
struktúráját, minőségi kritériumait és a külföldön történt bevezetés modelljeit.
Több adatbázisban történt keresés után PICO-technikával szisztematikusan
áttekintettük az irodalmat, és 263 absztrakt került értékelésre. A világ számos
országában működtetik a szolgálatot, alapvetően háromféle működési struktúrában.
A személyzet aneszteziológusból és fájdalomterápiára specializálódott
ápolószemélyzetből áll. A teamek működésének leírására 5 minőségi kritériumot
hoztak létre, de fontos szerepe van a szolgálatnak a betegek és a személyzet
oktatásában és a fájdalomterápiás protokollok kialakításában. Javasoljuk, hogy
hazánkban is készüljön felmérés a szolgálatok működéséről és a minőségi
kritériumok érvényesüléséről a posztoperatív fájdalomcsillapítási ellátás terén.
Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(15): 575–581.
A különféle trimetazidinkészítmények klinikai hatása stabil anginával járó krónikus koszorúér-szindrómában. Frissített módszeres áttekintés és metaanalízis
Authors: Nagy Viktor L. , Herold Zoltán
Published: April 2020

Absztrakt:

Bevezetés: A trimetazidin olyan metabolikus hatású anyag,
amelynek hatékonysága igazolást nyert a stabil koszorúér-szindróma kezelésében.
Az ajánlás szerint a trimetazidin második vonalbeli kezelésként megfontolandó az
angina gyakoriságának csökkentésére és a terhelési tolerancia javítására azokban
a betegekben, akiknek a tünetei nem kontrollálhatók megfelelően béta-blokkolók,
kalciumcsatorna-blokkolók és tartós nitrátok adása mellett.
Célkitűzés: Jelen vizsgálatunkban a különböző adagolású (3
× 20 mg, 2 × 35 mg, 1 × 80 mg) trimetazidinkészítmények hatékonyságát kívántuk
tisztázni stabil angina pectorisban. Az elsődleges klinikai célváltozók a
következők voltak: heti anginaszám, valamint a heti rövid hatástartamú
sublingualis nitrátfogyasztás. Módszer: Mindketten adatgyűjtést
végeztünk a PubMed, a Cochrane Library és a Cochrane Central Register of
Controlled Trials adatbázisokban az 1967-től 2019. szeptember 30-ig terjedő
időszakra vonatkozóan. A statisztikai elemzést standard
metaanalízis-módszerekkel hajtottuk végre. Eredmények: Összesen
31 randomizált, kontrollált, illetve obszervációs tanulmány került bevonásra.
9856 beteg (átlagéletkor: 59,6 év, férfi: 61,6%) kezelését értékeltük. A
trimetazidin a randomizált tanulmányokban a placebóval összehasonlítva
csökkentette a heti anginaszámot (átlagos különbség: –1,84, 95% CI: –2,39;
–1,30; p<0,0001) és a heti nitroglicerin-fogyasztást (–1,65, 95% CI: –2,17;
–1,14; p<0,0001). A trimetazidin a kiinduláshoz képest a kombinációs és az
obszervációs vizsgálatokban csökkentette a heti anginaszámot (átlagos különbség:
–3,73, 95% CI: –4,53; –2,92; p<0,0001) és a heti nitroglicerin-fogyasztást
(–3,23, 95% CI: –4,23; –2,24; p<0,0001). A három kezelési dózis között az
anginaszám csökkenésében és a nitroglicerin-fogyasztásban nem lehetett
különbséget kimutatni (p = 0,57, illetve p = 0,48). További eredményeink: a két
primer változó vizitről vizitre csökkent; nagyobb beválasztási anginaszám a
rövidebb időtartamú tanulmányokban és a kisebb adagú trimetazidint kapók között
fordult elő gyakrabban, és ezek a betegek a többieknél fiatalabbak voltak. A
rövidebb időtartamú tanulmányokban a kezdeti nitroglicerin-igény, illetve a
-csökkenés nagyobb volt a hosszabb időtartamúakhoz képest.
Következtetések: A trimetazidin kedvező klinikai hatású
stabil angina pectorisban, az alkalmazott adagtól függetlenül. Új
megállapításunk az, hogy a súlyosabb állapotú, fiatalabb betegek kezelésének
klinikai haszna a legnagyobb. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(16): 611–622.
Az aneszteziológiai és intenzív ellátás kihívásai a COVID–19-fertőzéssel kapcsolatban. Gyakorlati ajánlás
Authors: Fülesdi Béla , Sárkány Péter , Szentkereszty Zoltán , Gál János
Published: April 2020

Absztrakt:

A COVID–19 vírussal kapcsolatos fertőzés ellátása egyre nagyobb kihívás elé
állítja a hazai egészségügyi ellátórendszert és különösen a kritikus állapotú
betegek ellátásáért felelős aneszteziológiai és intenzív terápiás szakmát. A
hatékony ellátás elengedhetetlen feltétele az intenzív osztályos egészségügyi
személyzet megóvása a fertőzés terjedésétől a mindennapi betegellátás során és
az ezekkel kapcsolatos ismeretek széles körben való ismertté tétele. A szerzők
gyakorlati szempontok alapján összefoglalják a COVID–19-betegek intenzív
ellátásával kapcsolatos legfontosabb szervezési, kezelési és megelőzési
teendőket. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(17): 652–659.
Ecological and epidemiological characteristics of tick-borne encephalitis in St. Petersburg
Authors: Siuziumova E. A. , Telnova N. V. , Shapar A. O. , Aslanov B. I. , Stoyanova N. A. , Tokarevich N. K.
Published: April 2020

Here, we provide an analysis on 1996–2016 St. Petersburg tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) epidemiological and ecological data. In particular, two main TBE transmission vectors were observed in St. Petersburg: Ixodes persulcatus Ixodes ricinus. TBE tick contamination was 0.61% as shown by ELISA and polymerase chain reaction data. It is found that number of subjects seeking for medical aid due to tick bites rises, whereas TBE incidence declines. In particular, a mean 1996–2002 vs. 2010–2016 tick-bite incidence rate increased from 141.9 up to 288.9, respectively. Despite that the Leningrad region is a major area for TBE spread, however, a risk of exposure to tick bites as well as TBE infection exists even in the city of St. Petersburg. In connection with this, around 1,000 subjects undergo tick bites within the city limits. Moreover, whereas a 1996–2002 mean TBE incidence rate was 1.66, it decreased in 2010–2016 down to 1.17. A peak TBE incidence was documented in St. Petersburg Kurortny, Pushkinsky and Primorsky districts. In addition, males vs. females suffered from TBE at higher frequency in Russian Federation, with its peak incidence rate being reported in children under 14 that differs St. Petersburg from the most of other regions in the Russian Federation. A seasonal distribution of TBE cases in St. Petersburg does not differ from that one for the remainder of Russian regions, which displays a spring-summer seasonality lasting from April to September. Of note, 1996–2016 St. Petersburg TBE mortality was 1.37%. A coverage of TBE vaccinated population tends to rise but still remains at low level (0.25–0.58%). Lack of reported TBE cases in occupationally threatened human cohorts evidences about efficient preventive measures. Detection of TBE virus-specific serum antibodies in 5.0% apparently healthy and unvaccinated residents in St. Petersburg significantly complements the official TBE recording data and provides a more accurate understanding of its actual spread.
Effect of vitamin D and interferon α-2b on cytokine profile in pregnant women with vaginal infections
Authors: Kostinov M. P. , Ignatieva M. A. , Novikova S. V. , Shmitko A. D. , Polischuk V. B. , Akhmatova N. K. , Savisko A. A. , Kostinov A. M.
Published: April 2020

A study was conducted to evaluate effectiveness of vitamin D and interferon α-2b preparations on cytokine profile in pregnant women with vaginal infections. It was shown that pregnant women with vs. without bacterial vaginosis were featured with low vitamin D level in 53.8–60.5% cases. Administration of vitamin D and interferon α-2b preparations in combination with antibacterial therapy in pregnant women with bacterial vaginosis conferred anti-inflammatory effect resulting in normalized IL-8 level corresponding to that one in healthy subjects. Use of vitamin D altered interferon status and augmented antimicrobial activity in pregnant women confirmed by reduced rate of ARI episodes.
A role of peptidoglycan recognition proteins in regulating innate immune response
Authors: Slonova D. A. , Posvyatenko A. V. , Kibardin A. V. , Georgiev G. P. , Gnuchev N. V. , Larin S. S.
Published: April 2020

By now, a whole number of pathogenic antibiotic-resistant or tolerant microorganisms has been progressively increased. Hence, efficient fight against them requires to change the class of antibiotics, increase their dose, or develop new antimicrobial drugs. On the contrary, another option could rely on augmenting innate immunity. During coevolution, eukaryotes have developed several ways for their protection against microorganisms. Innate immunity conserved in all multicellular organisms. The essential principles of innate immunity include recognition of a foreign structures and their subsequent destruction. A set of specific receptors recognize conserved pathogen-derived structures. Elimination occurs due to phagocytosis and cleavage, e.g. via oxidative burst in phagocytic cells, compliment system or antimicrobial peptides. Recognition system in innate immunity is based on the pattern recognition receptors. Due to the pathogen diversity, multiple conserved structures typical to pathogens (e.g. lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, flagellin etc.) are sensed by numerous receptors. The family of peptidoglycan recognition proteins is among such receptors, which were first isolated in 1996 from the silkworm Bombyx mori and mice. Later, it was demonstrated that this family is conserved and its members are found in insects, fish and mammals. Here, functions of insect peptidoglycan recognition proteins in Drosophila melanogaster as well as mammals are discussed. Such proteins are expressed mainly in liver cells (insects — in adipose tissue cells as analogue of mammalian liver), intestinal cells, and epidermis. Numerous studies demonstrate that peptidoglycan-recognition proteins moderate immune response, and may act as antimicrobial proteins, or to regulate microbiota as well as prevent enterocyte activation and restrict inflammatory response. Due to evolutionary conservatism observed for such proteins and inability for bacteria to evade their protective effects, it seems promising to use peptidoglycan recognition proteins in a combination therapeutic approach against antibiotic-resistant and antibiotic-tolerant forms of microorganisms.
Selective synthetic growth medium “Acinetobacter phenylalanine agar” for isolation and identification of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus — Acinetobacter baumannii complex species
Authors: Sivolodskii E. P. , Gorelova G. V. , Bogoslovskaya S. P. , Zueva E. V.
Published: April 2020

The aim of the study was to carry out clinical and microbiological testing of selective growth medium Acinetobacter phenylalanine agar to isolate and identify bacterial species belonging to the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus — Acinetobacter baumannii complex (ACB complex). For this, 400 samples of clinical material (wound discharge, blood, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage) were examined in 2018 in the Clinical and Bacteriological Laboratory of the Military Medical Academy by using routine assays (seeding on blood agar growth medium, pure culture isolation and identification by using biochemical assays as well as VITEK 2 microbial identification system, bioMerieux) and plating together with growth medium Acinetobacter phenylalanine agar selective to Acinetobacter spp. owing to L-phenylalanine as a sole nitrogen and carbon source additional selected with trimethoprim. ACB complex Acinetobacters were identified 18–24 hours later after incubation at 37°C by emergence of typical colonies on selective medium. Control tests for cytochrome oxidase as well as oxidative/fermentation (OF)-glucose test by using peroxide-hydrogen microvolume method (for 1 h) allowed to rapidly distinguish ACB complex Acinetobacters from other bacteria as well as from Acinetobacter spp. unable to glucose oxidation. Next, species identity for all isolated Acinetobacter strains was established by using matrix-activated laser desorption/ionization with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). It was found that by using novel vs. routine assay Acinetobacter spps. were isolated in 26 (18 samples — in monoculture, 8 — in association with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae with tiny associate colonies) vs. 20 (7 — in monoculture, 13 — in association with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella, Escherichia, Citrobacter, Providencia, Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, C. albicans). Using MALDI-TOF MS method revealed that 25 out of 26 Acinetobacter strains isolated on selective growth medium belonged to the ACB complex (A. baumannii — 23, A. pittii — 2), whereas one strain (A. baylyi) did not belong to ACB complex. Hence, the diagnostic specificity of the Acinetobacter phenylalanine agar synthetic growth medium for isolation and identification of the A. calcoaceticus — A. baumannii complex species comprised 96.2%, with diagnostic sensitivity exceeding that one for routine assay by 25%. Use of selective growth medium accelerates research by allowing to isolate and identify ACB complex Acinetobacter spp. 18–24 h later after plating clinical material. Selectivity of growth medium was potentially stable, as its major trophic selection factor did not depend on acquired bacterial antibiotic resistance, which is also suitable as a synthetic growth medium for standardized studies.
Born in Wuhan: lessons from COVID-19 epidemic in China
Authors: Semenov A. V. , Pshenichnaya N. Yu.
Published: April 2020

The COVID-19 epidemic curve in China can be divided into several stages. Despite transparency in informing the world public about clusters of undiagnosed viral pneumonia, the country’s health care at the first stage of the epidemic was not ready to provide adequate and rapid response for a fast increase in the number of patients with COVID-19, infection control measures were not fully implemented, which also led to a large number of nosocomial cases of infection among medical workers and patients. Socially vulnerable groups of the population did not refer for medical assistance in a timely manner due to the lack of the disease danger understanding and also in connection with the high cost for them of medical aid. At the second stage, simultaneously with the restrictive measures introduced by the government, the entire health care system was rebooted: free medical care for patients with COVID-19 was provided and the strictest infection control measures were implemented, multi-level contact tracking system using IT technologies was organized, and the capacity of hospitals was increased many times. Through the joint efforts of ministries, mass media, social networks and volunteer movements, an unprecedented social mobilization of the population was achieved. Strict implementation of the entire set of measures aimed at fighting the epidemic allowed to take it under strict control at the third stage and practically eliminate the epidemic after 2,5 months. China’s response to the COVID-19 epidemic can be useful to other countries, in fighting the current pandemic and in preparing for a response to biological threats in the future.
Clinical diagnostic criteria of efficiency for combined etiopathogenetic therapy in patients with chronic Epstein–Barr virus infection
Authors: Zurochka V. A. , Zabkov O. I. , Dobrynina M. A. , Gritsenko V. F. , Davydova E. V. , Chukichev A. V. , Zabokritskii N. A. , Sarapultsev A. P. , Zurochka A. V.
Published: April 2020

Treatment of chronic viral infections accompanied by permanent virus persistence in the target epitopes of the oral cavity, skin, urogenital tract is complicated by virtual lack of available drugs exerting combined systemic virulicidal and immunomodulatory effects. Here we demonstrate clinical and immunological efficacy of combined therapy in treatment of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-associated chronic infections. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical and immunological efficacy of combined etiopathogenetic therapy using the Acegram cosmetic product in patients with EBV-associated chronic infections. Materials and methods. There were enrolled 40 patients monitored before treatment as well as 20 patients followed up after combination therapy (cycle therapy consisted of oral valaciclovir (Valtrex) applied at dose of 500 μg twice a day for 10 days, glucosaminylmuramyldipeptide (Licopid) — 10 mg 2 twice a day for 10 days, topical irrigation for mucous membranes with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor active center-derived peptide (Acegram-spray) 3 times a day for 10 days. If necessary, treatment courses were repeated 20 days after the onset. All patients were examined for the presence of EBV genomes in the oral fluid and blood using the qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the DNA technology test system (Russia) on a DT-Lite device prior treatment and 30, 60 days post-therapy time points. In addition, serum samples were analyzed for level of class G immunoglobulins specific to the EBV nuclear and capsid antigens by using enzyme immunoassay (test systems manufactured by CJSC Vector Best, Russia) as well as immune status (clinical methods, enu flow cytometry evaluation of the phagocytic activity of neutrophils, ELISA method). Results. Use of single or two course combination therapy in subjects with fully eradicated EBV carriage associated with reversed clinical symptoms was accompanied by recovered immune system status (T and B cells, T-helper cells, CD3+ CD25+  cells, phagocytosis parameters). A non-invasive approach proposed for controlling virus elimination in the oral fluid by using polymerase chain reaction method may serve as to objectively monitor therapeutic efficacy.
Clinical characteristics of foodborne botulism in the southern region of the Kyrgyz Republic
Authors: Salieva S. T. , Zholdoshev S. T.
Published: April 2020

The main factors of botulism transmission are identified as home-canned products (vegetable salads, fruit compotes, seaberry jam), pickled cucumbers and tomatoes. Botulism proceeds clinically as moderate-to-severe disease. High prevalence of type A and untypeable C. botulinum toxins along with type B species in the southern region accounts for its severe course. In our study, clinical manifestations of botulism were presented by moderate and severe clinical picture in 72.3% (47 patients) and 27.7% (18 patients) cases. No mild forms of the disease were diagnosed. Length of incubation period in examined patients on average was 13.6 hours. Upon that, a short incubation period was observed after consumption of canned fruit compote and sea buckthorn jam, cucumbers and tomatoes (16 subjects) or canned vegetables (38 subjects) on average ranging from 4 to 8 hours, 8 hours to 1 day, or 15 hours to 1.5 days, respectively. All subjects were featured with acute onset manifested as general intoxication and gastrointestinal syndromes. The former was characterized by headache, dizziness, and severe general weakness. Subfebrile temperature (37.1–37.5°C) was noted in patients with a short incubation period. Such syndrome in case of moderate disease course was also characterized by moderate severity in 70.2±6.7% cases, with acute appearance in 29.8±6.9% cases; in severe course it was featured with extremely severe course (100%), and in one case it resulted in lethal outcome. Intensity and persistence of neurological disorders clearly correlated with the disease severity, which pointed at its progression. Upon admission to the hospital, patients noted moderate and marked dry mouth in 63.1±5.9% and 36.9±5.9% cases, respectively. Ophthalmoplegic syndrome was characterized by: doubling of object contours, diplopia, limited eye movement, mydriasis, lethargy or lack of pupillary reaction to light, anisocoria, and ptosis. Phagonazoglossoneurological syndrome was early manifested by swallowing problem. Next, tongue deviation, amimia, flattened nasolabial fold, and soft palate paresis were added up. Phonolaryngology syndrome was evident depending on disease severity in a form of varying intensity of dysphonia and dysarthria. Syndrome of general myoneuroplegia was characterized by lowered strength in hands and feet.
Detection of measles cases in the Republic of Guinea in 2017–2018
Authors: Lavrentieva I. N. , Bichurina M. A. , Antipova A. Y. , Camara J. , Magassouba N.F.
Published: April 2020

In 2017, WHO reported 596 confirmed measles cases in Guinea Republic connected to the 2016–2017 epidemic outbreak that was stopped after additional immunization (SIA) against measles in two provinces of the country. Improving the effectiveness of SIA is associated with the identification of epidemiologically significant groups of the population. The aim of the study was to analyze 2017–2018 measles cases and assess population immunity to measles virus in the Republic of Guinea. Materials and methods. A total of 810 blood serum samples collected from patients with maculo-papular rash and clinical diagnosis “measles?” were tested for measles virus-specific IgM-and IgG antibody level. 445 sera of conditionally healthy individuals aged 7 months to 67 years were examined for anti-measles virus IgG antibody level. Immunoglobulins of classes M and G were detected by ELISA with test systems «Anti-Measles Virus ELISA (IgM)» (Euro immun, Germany) and «Anti-Measles Virus ELISA (IgG)» (Euroimmun, Germany). Results and discussion.In 2017–2018, the epidemic process of the measles in the Republic of Guinea proceeded very intensively, being markedly prevalent in children among age groups. In 2018, more than half of the cases (61.6%) were identified in children aged 1 to 5 years old; the second most abundant age group was children under one year (18.6%), probably due to violated measles vaccination, which in GR are subject to children of nine months of age. It was found that 16.4% of patients (60 out of 366) had documented data on measles vaccination. Potentially, high proportion of measles cases among pre-vaccinated subjects was due to insufficient immune response to a single immunization in children of 9 months of age. Moreover, lowered vaccine-related properties might also be violated “cold chain” during vaccine transportation occurring in tropical climate. Analyzing 445 subjects revealed that total number of measles virus seronegative subjects was 8.3%. However, the vast majority of them were children and young adults aged 7 months to 22 years, where 52.4% of seronegative subjects were identified. Thus, the data obtained indicate that intensive measles virus circulation in human population was continued that necessitate interventions for improving epidemiological surveillance, extend routine measles vaccination coverage and conduct SIAs against measles in GR.
Ethical comments on COVID-19
Authors: Kubar O. I.
Published: April 2020

Over decades, the St. Petersburg Pasteur Institute has been conducting research on Ethical and legal aspects of infectious diseases. One of the areas in this study focuses on ethical issue in the planning and management during epidemics and pandemics. This concept becomes extremely relevant in the situation of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, which has determined the urgent need for rapid updates on this issue and analyzing compliance of decisions and actions undertaken to ethical and legal regulations in Russia and abroad. The rational and practical side of following the global ideology of ethical commitment during worldwide threats due to spread of infectious diseases is aimed to facilitate in preventing violated integrity of anti-epidemic measures, formation of social unity and, finally, to ensure stability of human values, which will be discussed in this study.
FeLV-infection: problems and prospects of vaccine prevention and interferon-therapy of feline leukemia
Authors: Moskvina T. V. , Shchelkanov M. Yu. , Tsybulski A. V.
Published: April 2020

Here, we review an overall effectiveness of interferon-based preparations and interferon biosynthesis inducers for treatment of feline leukemia, as well as development of methodological approaches to improve efficacy of interferon therapy. Feline leukemia is a systemic hematopoietic malignancy caused by a single-stranded RNA retrovirus called Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) that leads to lethal outcome within about 3 years after the onset. FelV is widely distributed in population of domestic cats worldwide, being often detected in the blood of wild cats, including those of rare and endangered species. In some regions, FeLV prevalence may be high not only among domestic cats, but among wild as well. Currently, there are several commercially available vaccines to protect cats from FeLV infection (e.g., inactivated whole-virion vaccines such as Nobivac adjuvanted Feline 2-FeLV, two-adjuvant subunit vaccine FeLV-derived protein antigens as well as non-adjuvanted vector DNA vaccine). However, none of such vaccines provides durable protection. In addition, vaccination of cats against FeLV is often associated with development of diverse inflammatory, allergic and shock complications, and highly serious side effects such as developing vaccine-associated sarcoma at the injection site that some researchers connect with use of adjuvants like aluminum salts etc. We briefly describe FeLV virus, pathogenetic parametersassociated with FeLV infection as well as current technologies for preventing and treating feline leukemia. A historic background and current state of interferon therapy for FeLV infection as well as associated neoplastic processes in domestic cats and some wild species are evaluated. Possible interventions aimed at improving efficiency of interferon therapy of feline leukemia based on using new recombinant interferon preparations of various types and subtypes, as well as interferon inducers are discussed. In conclusion, it is noted that another interesting and potentially highly promising option in defining strategy of biotherapy associated with modulating IFN system in FeLV-infected animals might be to use of synthetic inducers triggering endogenous IFN production.
History of investigation and current classification of coronaviruses (Nidovirales: Coronaviridae)
Authors: Shchelkanov M. Yu. , Popova A. Yu. , Dedkov V. G. , Akimkin V. G. , Maleyev V. V.
Published: April 2020

An epidemic of COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) etiologically associated with the SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2) that occurred at the turn of 2019–2020 firstly in Wuhan (Hubei province of China) and then spread to many countries around the world rose a new wave of interest to coronaviruses. The first coronaviruses – members of the Coronaviridae family belonging to the order Nidovirales — were discovered in the first half of the last century. The first human coronavirus, HCoV-B814, was isolated in 1965 that was not preserved in available virological collections. Over the last time, old-fashioned names and terms have been overlapped. By the beginning of the XXI century coronaviruses posed a serious veterinary problem but it was believed that epidemic coronaviruses were not among highly dangerous viruses. Scientific community had to revise such views first in 2002 when SARS-CoV (Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus) was transferred to human population in the Southeast Asia from bats, and then in 2012 when natural foci of the MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus) were found on the territory of the Arabian Peninsula. Due to an increased interest in coronaviruses, a large number of new Coronaviridae members was discovered in the first two decades of the XXI century, which required to revise its taxonomic structure several times. This review is aimed at outlining a history of investigating coronaviruses and their current classification that was shaped in early 2020 in accordance to the last recommendations of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.
Metabolic changes in peripheral blood lymphocytes from children with recurrent respiratory infections
Authors: Kurtasova L. M. , Shakina N. A. , Lubnina T. V.
Published: April 2020

Objective: to examine activity and correlative relations for peripheral blood lymphocyte NAD (P)-dependent dehydrogenases in young children with recurrent respiratory infections with hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsils and bronchial obstructive syndrome.  Methods. 89 children, aged 1–3 years, with recurrent respiratory infections were examined, including 35 children with hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsils (HPT) and 54 children — with bronchial obstructive syndrome (BOS). Control group contained 20 age-matched healthy children. Activity and relations for peripheral blood lymphocyte for NAD(P)-dependent dehydrogenases were assessed by using bioluminescent method proposed by А.А. Savchenko and L.N. Suntsova (1989).  Results. It was found that children with recurrent respiratory infections displayed altered enzyme status in peripheral blood lymphocytes. In particular, activity ribose-5-phosphate- and NAD(P)-dependent metabolic events as well as substrate flux via the tricarboxylic acid cycle were elevated that was paralleled with decreased lactate dehydrogenase anaerobic reaction, thereby implicating a role for malate-aspartate shunt in the energy turnover, substrate efflux from the tricarboxylic acid cycle into amino acid metabolic pathways as well as activity of glutathione reductase. Moreover, features of altered enzymatic profile in peripheral blood lymphocytes were uncovered, which depended on type of complication related to respiratory infection. In addition, children with hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsils were featured with increased influx of lipid catabolism products into glycolysis, elevated level of malic enzyme activity and decreased pyruvate production. However, children with bronchial obstructive syndrome were found to have decreased glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity resulting in lowered shunting activity of slow reactions in Krebs cycle and increased influx of amino acid metabolism intermediates into the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Reshaping of enzymatic profile in peripheral blood lymphocytes depended on type of complications coupled to respiratory infections (ENT-pathology or BOS syndrome). A correlation analysis revealed features of relationship between parameters of NAD(P)-dependent dehydrogenase activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes found in children with hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsils and bronchial obstructive syndrome marked by quantity, modality and power of correlative links.  Conclusion. Children with the recurrent respiratory infections require metabolic therapy aimed at restoring intracellular pathology-driven metabolic processes in immune cells.
Practical aspects on identification, cultivation and characteristics of varicella-zoster virus isolates
Authors: Nagieva F. G. , Barkova E. P. , Lisakov A. N. , Sidorov A. V. , Zverev V. V. , Osokina O. V. , Stroeva A. D.
Published: April 2020

Until now, it has been considered that infectivity of the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is closely related to target cell, and newly formed virus is not released into the culture medium. It is also known that it is hard to grow VZV in cell cultures, due to its slow replication rate and a limited range of sensitive cell cultures. In addition, VZV isolation depends on type of cell culture used, nature of clinical material, presence of viable virus and transport time. Objectives. To study production of infectious extracellular VZV in various cell cultures. Materials and methods. Eight cell cultures were used, including human embryonic diploid lung cells and human embryonic dermomuscular tissue (KM-27), as well as continuous human and monkey cell lines. Crusts detached from vesicular lesions were used as clinical isolates, which were placed into cryo-vials added with transport medium and transferred in liquid nitrogen. VZV infectivity was assessed in cell cultures by using hemo-adsorption assay with erythrocyte suspension isolated from guinea pig or human zero group blood and confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence with polyclonal sera from varicella or herpes zoster convalescents. Results. There were examined 27 clinical samples consisting of crusts from vesicular lesions isolated from patients with chickenpox, as well as one sample from 63-year old patient with exacerbated recurrent herpes zoster. Primary infection with clinical isolates was performed on diploid human lung embryo cells (HLEC) at low temperature. It was found that clinical samples collected within day 1–18 inclusive after the onset of skin eruption were able to induce cytopathic effects in HLEC cell monolayer such as cytolysis around dermal crusts. Specificity of cytopathic effect was confirmed by using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Viral antigens were prepared on 7 cell lines infected with the laboratory strain Ellen VZV (USA) to assess the immune sera. A high anti-VZV specificity of mouse sera was detected by ELISA while all the lysates of infected cell lines were used as the solid-phase sorbent. In experiments on VZV reproduction demonstrated that extracellular virus was released into the culture medium starting from day 1 after infection of target cells, and infectivity of the virus-containing fluid ascends during further cultivation.
Incomplete Preferences in Single-Peaked Electorates
Authors: Fitzsimmons Zack , Lackner Martin
Published: April 2020

Incomplete preferences are likely to arise in real-world preference aggregation scenarios. This paper deals with determining whether an incomplete preference profile is single-peaked. This is valuable information since many intractable voting problems become tractable given singlepeaked preferences. We prove that the problem of recognizing single-peakedness is NP-complete for incomplete profiles consisting of partial orders. Despite this intractability result, we find several polynomial-time algorithms for reasonably restricted settings. In particular, we give polynomial-time recognition algorithms for weak orders, which can be viewed as preferences with indifference.
3D Printed Nasopharyngeal Swabs with Wrapped Rayon Fibers Developed and validated by SCREEN (San Diego Covid19 Research Enterprise Network) v1
Authors: Ryan Justin , Coufal Nicole , Aronson Sage , Ladt Kelsey , Andersen Catelyn , Zeller Mark , Rawlings Stephen , Malicki Denise , W Yeo Gene
Published: April 2020

The global pandemic due to SARS-CoV2 virus, also known as COVID-19, has drastically increased the need for nasopharyngeal-swab-based testing resulting in shortages of commercially available nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs. One solution to overcome the national deficit of swabs is for medical device manufacturers and hospitals to generate NP swabs. Numerous entities are attempting to manufacture a direct from 3D printing NP swab but presented here is a validated two-part swab manufacturing protocol utilizing 3D printing and manual intervention (wrapping of nylon fibers). We recommend material extrusion or powder bed fusion technologies utilizing materials that can be sterilized using high level heat decontamination. Through the application of 3D printing and manual fabrication, we present an NP swab that can be created in a controlled environment. Coupled with CDC published viral transport media, the following swab can be used for COVID-19 testing or for testing for other respiratory viruses (eg, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus). The CDC viral transport medium has only four reagents which are readily available.
A test collection, forked v1
Authors: Coats Mitt
Published: April 2020

A test collection for collecting helpful stuff
The relationship between Type D personality and impulsivity in university students v1
Authors: Yildiz Mesut , Görçin Karatekir Şeyma , Hıdıroğlu Seyhan
Published: April 2020

Background: Type D personality is defined as a type in which negative affecttivity (NA) and social inhibition (SI) are prominent. Type D personality is associated with psychiatric symptoms. Aim: The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between Type D personality and impulsivity in a non-clinical population. Subjects and Methods: In total, 462 undergraduate health Professional students were recruited to the study. Subjects were evaluated using Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), Beck Depresssion Inventory (BDI), Barratt Impulsivity Scale-11 (BIS-11) and Type D Personality Scale (DS-14). Results:The frequency of type D personality was 39.6 %. The BAI, BDI and BSI scores were higher in participants with Type D personality compared to the group without Type D personality. Correlation analysis demonstrated that Type D personality was posivitely correlated with the severity of depression and anxiety. Impulsivity scores measured by the BSI was posivitely correlated with Type D personality, depression and anxiety scores.Regression analysis demonstrated that impulsivity was predicted by male sex and depression scores. Conclusion:Type D personality was correlated with the severity of depression and anxiety.Depression scores and male sex predicted impulsivity.
UPAYA MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN KOMUNIKASI SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH MELALUI STRATEGI GIVING QUESTION GETTING ANSWER
Authors: Indriyani Ulfi , Supriatna Nana , Sumantri Yeni Kurniawati
Published: April 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan keterampilan komunikasi siswa dalam pembelajaran sejarah dengan menerapkan strategi pembelajaran Giving Question Getting Answer.  Berdasarkan hasil observasi pra-penelitian yang dilakukan di kelas XI MIPA 2 SMA Negeri 15 Bandung menunjukkan rendahnya keterampilan komunikasi siswa dalam pembelajaran sejarah. Permasalahan tersebut muncul karena pada proses pembelajaran, komunikasi terjadi hanya satu arah yaitu guru hanya menyampaikan materi tanpa respon yang cukup dari siswa dengan mengajukan pertanyaan atau berpendapat sehingga siswa cenderung pasif. Oleh karena itu peneliti mencoba melakukan penelitian dengan menggunakan metode Penelitian Tindakan Kelas dengan desain Kemmis-Taggart yang meliputi empat kegiatan yang akan dilakukan dalam setiap siklus, yaitu perencanaan, tindakan, observasi dan refleksi. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah observasi, catatan lapangan, wawancara dan studi dokumentasi. Indikator-indikator dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari mengajukan pertanyaan, menyampaikan informasi, menarik kesimpulan, kejelasan penyampaian, penguasaan materi, interaksi dalam kelompok dan pemberian respon yang dikembangkan menjadi tiga sub indikator. Seluruh aspek tersebut mengalami peningkatan yang baik pada setiap siklusnya. Presentase rata-rata perolehan skor keseluruhan indikator pada Siklus I sebanyak 47,2%, kemudian mengalami peningkatan pada Siklus II menjadi 68,3%, pada Siklus III kembali terjadi peningkatan menjadi 82%, dan pada Siklus IV mencapai 92,8%. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa keterampilan komunikasi siswa dalam pembelajaran sejarah dapat ditingkatkan setelah penerapan strategi pembelajaran Giving Question Getting Answer dalam empat siklus.
Nursing Practice guidelines for needling of A.V Fistula/grafts: Beni-Suef City, Egypt.
Authors: Bayoumi Magda , Khonji Leena
Published: April 2020

Introduction: Vascular access is considering to the patient undergoing hemodialysis (HD) as his/her soul which indicating patient survival, moreover, vascular access can controlling, directing the dialysis regimen effectiveness. Cannulation techniques are a crucial skill for nurses to minimize arteriovenous fistula (AVF) or graft (AVG) complications.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was applied to assess vascular complication and related factors. The participants were 65 patients on maintenance HD therapy enrolled at the dialysis unit, central Ehnasa’ government hospital, Beni Suef City. Data were collected using developed questionnaires regard patients’ demographic data, clinical, and HD session characteristics, designed Nursing Practice guidelines for needling of AVF/AVG booklet.

Results: Statistically, the results show the most common cannulation technique which was demonstrated is an area method (65%) and needle direction is retrograde with bevel up (66.2%). whereas, the significant positive correlation shows between the cannulation techniques and vascular access complication, duration of dialysis and complication during the dialysis session. Furthermore, the most common complication related to needling practice is aneurysm (44.6%).

Conclusion: Following cannulation, technique guidelines will prevent potential complication, increase vascular access durability, and improve patients’ quality of life.
Disturbance Attenuation with Minimization of Ellipsoids Restricting Phase Trajectories in Transition and Steady State
Authors: Furtat I. B. , Gushchin P. A. , Peregudin A. A.
Published: April 2020

Abstract A new method for attenuation of external unknown bounded disturbances in linear dynamical systems with known parameters is proposed. In contrast to the well known results, the developed static control law ensures that the phase trajectories of the system are located in an ellipsoid, which is close enough to the ball in which the initial conditions are located, as well as provides the best control accuracy in the steady state. To solve the problem, the method of Lyapunov functions and the technique of linear matrix inequalities are used. The linear matrix inequalities allow one to find optimal controller. In addition to the solvability of linear matrix inequalities, a matrix search scheme is proposed that provides the smallest ellipsoid in transition mode and steady state with a small error. The proposed control scheme extends to control linear systems under conditions of large disturbances, for the attenuation of which the integral control law is used. Comparative examples of the proposed method and the method of invariant ellipsoids are given. It is shown that under certain conditions the phase trajectories of a closed-loop system obtained on the basis of the invariant ellipsoid method are close to the boundaries of the smallest ellipsoid for the transition mode, while the obtained control law guarantees the convergence of phase trajectories to the smallest ellipsoid in the steady state.
Optimal Control of Transition Processes of Objects on Quick-Speed in a Multi-Criteria Environment
Authors: Rzaev T. G.
Published: April 2020

We analyze the known problems of optimal control of speed (OCS) and methods for their solution. It is shown that the use of the one criteria in these tasks (the speed criterion) does not sufficiently reflect real situations. The solution of the OCS problem in real situations leads to a deviation from the nominal or optimal values of a number of other indicators. Proceeding from this, a generalization of the OCS problem is considered taking into account other indicators as a criterion for optimal control. In this aspect, three generalized statements of the OCS problem are analyzed, where in the first formulation, the OCS task is expanded with additional constraints on other indicators; in the second setting, other indicators were used as criteria alongside with the performance criterion; and in the third formulation, the expansion of the formulation is considered with the introduction of restrictions also on the criteria themselves, formed from other measured indicators. In the article, the most general — the third multicriteria problem is considered as the subject of research and the necessary condition for optimality of its solution in the form of the maximum principle is obtained. A traditional and iterative scheme for solving the generalized by OCS problem is presented, based on the obtained necessary optimality condition, in contrast to the traditional criteria, which are also dependent on the degree of preference.
Determination of the Area of Robust Stability of the System on the Basis of V. L. Kharitonov’s Theorem
Authors: Kutsyi A. P. , Kutsyi N. N. , Malanova T. V.
Published: April 2020

The parameters of the object of regulation during operation due to various reasons may vary. These changes can lead to a change in the performance indicators of the automatic system, as well as its stability. This article proposes an approach to determine the range of acceptable values of the parameters of the control object of an automatic system with a PID controller, in which the system will remain stable. Thus, the problem arises of analyzing an automatic control system given not only by a single model with clearly defined parameters, but by a family of models belonging to a given set — the task of robust regulation. The search for ranges in which the parameters of the regulated object can change is based on the solution of the nonlinear programming problem in this paper. The conclusion of the objective function and constraint system using the theorem of V. L. Kharitonova on the robust stability of linear systems. The main idea is that each parameter of the regulatory object can be changed by some value hi1 in the direction of decrease and by hi2 — in the direction of increase. Replacing the notation used in the theorem of V. L. Kharitonov, the lower and upper boundaries of the change of parameters by the sum and difference of the nominal values of the parameters and the corresponding hi1, hi2, we get a system of restrictions. Moreover, for the stability of Kharitonov polynomials, it is most convenient to use the Lienar-Shipar criterion. The larger the values of hi1, hi2, the wider the ranges of variation of the parameters, and the smaller the inverse of the sum of these values. Based on this statement, the objective function is formed. It should be noted that the condition for the considered automatic system on which the proposed approach is based is sufficient, but not necessary, since the coefficients of the polynomial are interdependent. An example with the help of which the proposed approach is demonstrated is considered. This approach can also be applied to other linear systems for which theconditions of V. L. Kharitonova.