bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Komponen Kebutuhan Hidup Dalam Regulasi Upah Minimum Perspektif Maqa>s}id Al-Shari>’Ah
Authors: Fadilah Adin
Published: August 2016

Abstract: The provisions of minimum wage in Indonesia have been changing four times in the last few decades in line with the changes in the components of life needs referred. In fact, there are many life needs that previously were considered as trivial but they have now become important and should be referred to in setting the minimum wage. In Islam there are five sectors of human needs as established in the discourse of maqa>s}id al-shari>'ah. Each sector is ranked into three levels, namely d}aru>ri>yah, h}a>ji>yah, and tah}si>ni>yah. This study examines how the components of life needs have been referred by the regulation of the minimum wage from the viewpoint of maqa>s}id al-shari>'ah. This study came to the conclusion that the development of life needs used as guidelines in determining minimum wage levels has met the demands of life needs as intended by maqa>s}id al-shari>’ah. Most of the components of decent living (KHL) occupy levels of d}aru>ri>yah and h}a>ji>yah, and very few are classified as tah}si>ni>yah. The enhancement of quantity and quality of the components proven the attention to the level of life needs sequentially from d}aru>ri>yah level, the h}a>ji>yah, then the tah}si>ni>yah level. These changes indicate the change of law in accordance with the demands of the circumstances.
Abstrak: Komponen kebutuhan hidup yang dijadikan acuan dalam penetapan upah minimum  di Indonesia telah mengalami perubahan sebanyak 4 kali. Perubahan ini terjadi karena menyesuaikan perkembangan kebutuhan dahulu dianggap sepele namun kini menjadi penting. Dalam Islam ada 5 unsur pokok kebutuhan manusia yang harus dipenuhi atau yang dikenal dengan istilah maqa>s}id al-shari>’ah. Kelima unsur pokok maqa>s}id al-shari>’ah ini terbagi mejadi 3 kategori yakni d}aru>ri>yah, h}a>ji>yah, dan tah}si>ni>yah. Penelitian ini mengkaji bagaimana komponen kebutuhan hidup dalam regulasi upah minimum perspektif maqa>s}id al-shari>’ah. Penelitian ini memberi kesimpulan bahwa perkembangan kebutuhan hidup yang dijadikan pedoman dalam penentuan upah minimum telah memperhatikan tingkatan kebutuhan hidup. Sebagian besar komponen KHL ada pada wilayah d}aru>ri>yah dan h}a>ji>yah, sedikit sekali yang tergolong tah}si>ni>yah. Penambahan kuota komponen serta peningkatan kualitas komponen menjadi bukti bahwa adanya perhatian terhadap tingkatan kebutuhan dimulai dari yang d}aru>ri>yah dulu baru kemudian yang h}a>ji>yah baru disusul yang tah}si>ni>yah. Perubahan ini menunjukkan adanya perubahan hukum sesuai dengan perkembangan situasi.
Pembiayaan Bagi hasil Sektor Usaha Mikro di BMT Hasanah Ponorogo
Authors: Dewi Arlinta Prasetian
Published: August 2016

Abstract: Financing is one of the products of the Baitul Mal wat Tamwil (BMT) much in demand, in the form of profit sharing and is based on Islamic principles. However, such products is in fact high risk, because the profits and losses will be shared. One of the evidence of that is that the troubled financing in BMT Hasanah currently reaches 10%, and urgently needs immediate actions to avoid deterioration. This study examined  BMT Hasanah commitment to operational standards for this kind of financing. The results showed that the financing mechanism in the form of profit sharing in BMT Hasanah has several stages; namely the examination stage, the analysis stage and the stage of the disbursement of funds. Risk management cycle begins with risk identification, risk measurement and risk management. BMT Hasanah manages the risks through preventive measures, revitalizing and curative measures or takeover of collateral. To minimize risks, the BMT Hasanah implements three strategies, the strategy of the finance portfolio, the strategy of collection of receivables and the collateral strategy.
Abstrak: Pembiayaan merupakan salah satu produk lembaga keuangan yang banyak diminati. BMT sebagai lembaga keuangan mikro yang menjalankan operasional kerjanya dengan prinsip syariah, identik dengan pembiayaan bagi hasil. Meskipun demikian, tingkat pembiayaan bagi hasil pada sebagian lembaga keuangan masih rendah. Hal ini dikarenakan pembiayaan bagi hasil masuk dalam kategorihigh risk, karena keuntungan maupun kerugian akan ditanggung oleh kedua belah pihak. Pembiayaan bermasalah di BMT Hasanah saat ini mecapai 10%, jika tidak segera diambil tindakan kemungkinan bertambah akan tinggi. Maka, penelitian memfokuskan bagaimana kesesuaian pembiayaan bagi hasil di BMT Hasanah dengan fatwa DSN MUI sekaligus manajemen resikonya terhadap pembiayaan yang bermasalah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, mekanisme pembiayaan bagi hasil di BMT Hasanah dibagi menjadi beberapa tahapan, tahap pemeriksaan, tahap analisa dan tahap pencairan dana. Siklus manajemen resiko diawali dengan Identifikasi resiko, pengukuran resiko dan pengelolaan resiko. Pengelolaan resiko BMT Hasanah melalui tindakan prefentif, revitalisasi dan kuratif/ pengambil alihan agunan. Untuk meminimalisir resiko, BMT mengelompokkan strategi kedalam tiga kelompok, yaitu: strategi penyaluran pembiayaan, strategi pengumpulan piutang dan strategi jaminan.
Pengaruh Sistem Waralaba Terhadap Retail Kecil Di Ponorogo Tinjauan Maṣlaḥah
Authors: Wulandari Siti
Published: August 2016

Abstract: One of the indications of the acceleration of economic progress in Ponorogo is the rapid development of the real sectors, especially the proliferation of modern businesses using the franchise system. Therefore, small retail businesses today are facing new competitors with huge capital and reliability of modern management. This study tries to find out the impact of the franchise system invasion to the existence of small retails, and how it affects the maṣlaḥah (safety) of small retails in Ponorogo. This study uses the theory of maqāṣid al-sharīah in the aspects of ḥifẓ al-māl to analyze the sustainability of small retail businesses amid the proliferation of franchise businesses. Maṣlāḥah is thinking about the advantages and disadvantages on the basis of religious teachings by thinking about priorities and side with the community (al-maṣlaḥah al-'āmah). The results of this study found out the threat of franchise trading system to the existence of small retails. Therefore, the maṣlaḥah for small retail of businesses means the realization of the safety from the expansion of large investors, such as monopoly.

Abstrak: Salah satu indikator meningkatnya laju perekonomian Kabupaten Ponorogo ditandai dengan pesatnya perkembangan sektor riil terutama dengan menjamurnya berbagai jenis toko-roko modern (khususnya dengan sistem waralaba) yang terus bertambah jumlahnya. Lalu bagaimana dengan para pebisnis retail kecil yang kebanyakan mereka memiliki usaha dengan modal yang tidak terlalu besar. Penelitian ini berupaya mengetahui adakah  pengaruh yang terjadi akibat adanya toko-toko dengan sistem waralaba terhadap eksistensi retail kecil, serta adakah pengaruhnya terhadap kemaslahatan retail kecil yang ada di Ponorogo. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori keberlangsungan usaha yang dikaitkan dengan maqāsid al-shar’īah  aspek kemaslahatan hifz al-māl untuk menguji pengaruh kemaslahatan retail kecil dengan adanya bisnis waralaba. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan hubungan signifikan, artinya terdapat pengaruh negatif sistem waralaba terhadap eksistensi retail kecil dan juga mengganggu kemaslahatannya. Maslāhah menurut Abd al Wahhāb Khallāf adalah sesuatu yang dapat menarik suatu manfaat dalam suatu masyarakat, menolak bahaya, atau menghilangkan kesulitan bagi peradaban umat manusia. Kemaslahatan dari aspek hifz al-māl adalah terciptanya kesejahteraan dalam masyarakat dengan terjaga dari monopoli usaha, serta kesenjangan  ekonomi dan taraf hidup. Dalam konteks retail kecil di Ponorogo, agar keberlangsungannya dan kemaslahatannya terjaga, harus mampu berkreasi dan berinovasi mengembangkan usahanya dalam menghadapi persaingan global.
Pemahaman PNS Lulusan Pondok Pesantren Tentang Kewajiban Zakat Profesi Perspektif Sosiologi Pengetahuan
Authors: Fitriani Hanik
Published: August 2016

Abstract: The idea of profession alms is a relatively novelty in Indonesian Islamic societies. In Indonesia, the government officials who are graduates of boarding school really know that the Koran, Hadith, and religious textbooks, which they have learned, do not require profession alms. So they consider profession alms as an unknown duty in Islam. But in reality, the profession alms has been charged by the government to them directly deducted monthly from their salaries. This study examines the attitude of government employees who are graduates of the boarding school on the obligations of profession alms with the main question “why they finally fulfill alms profession”. The answers will be sought with the perspective of the sociology of knowledge. This perspective is used to reveal which human knowledge is most decisive for his actions. This research has resulted in findings, using the Karl Mannheim’s relationism theory, that the subordination of government employees graduated from boarding school to to pay profession alms is dominated by power relation. Here knowledge has been used as instrument of power to determine a rule that must effectively apply.
Abstrak: Zakat profesi merupakan wacana baru yang berkembang di masyarakat. Para pegawai negeri sipil (PNS) lulusan pondok pesantren memahami bahwa kewajiban zakat profesi tidak dibahas dalam al-Qur’an, Hadith, dan literatur salaf. Dalam konteks ini, peraturan pemerintah yang menetapan kadar zakat profesi sebesar 2,5%, yang langsung dipotongkan dari gaji PNS setiap bulannya, mendapat tanggapan kontroversial dari sebagian kalangan PNS lulusan pondok pesantren karena belum menemukan dasar yang kuat. Penelitian ini akan mengkaji terkait pandangan PNS lulusan Pondok pesantren mengenai kewajiban zakat profesi, serta landasan PNS tersebut dalam menjalankan kewajiban membayar zakat profesi. Penelitian ini menghasilkan temuan, Pertama, PNS lulusan pondok pesantren menganggap bahwa relasionisme antara PNS lulusan pondok pesantren merupakan implementasi konsep relasionisme Karl Mannheim, buktinya bahwa pengetahuan tentang zakat profesi dimunculkan oleh pemerintah sebagai penguasa. Kedua, Dasar ketundukan PNS lulusan pondok pesantren tetap patuh membayar zakat profesi didominasi oleh relasi kekuasaan dan pengetahuan, pemerintah yang memiliki kekuasaan memiliki kekuatan untuk mengikat PNS sebagai masyarakat. Pengetahuan sebagai alat yang digunakan oleh kekuasaan untuk menentukan sebuah peraturan yang harus dipatuhi oleh masyarakat.
 
Manajeman Mahasiswa Part-Time: Best Practice Perpustakaan UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta
Authors: Hadna Ida Nor'aini
Published: August 2016

Abstrak; Makalah ini ditulis dengan tujuan untuk menjelaskan tentang manajemen mahasiswa part-time yang telah dilakukan oleh Perpustakaan UIN Sunan Kalijaga. Hal ini perlu disampaikan karena masih banyak perpustakaan Perguruan Tinggi di Indonesia yang belum memberdayakan mahasiswanya untuk ikut bersama-sama mengelola perpustakaan melalui kegiatan mahasiswa part-time. Dalam makalah yang ditulis berdasarkan best practice ini akan dijelaskan berbagai hal dalam pengelolaan mahasiswa part-time, yaitu mulai dari (1) perencanaan program; (2) pelaksanaan program; (3) hasil pelaksanaan program; (4) sistem monitoring dan evaluasi; (4) dampak pelaksanaan program; sampai pada (5) perubahan sebagia akibat pelaksanaan program.

Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, maka diketahui bahwa program rutin kegiatan mahasiswa part-time di Perpustakaan UIN Sunan Kalijaga ini tidak hanya bermanfaat bagi perpustakaan UIN Sunan Kalijaga dalam memperlancar kegiatan layanan, tetapi program ini juga bermanfaat bagi mahasiswa itu sendiri, yaitu selain membuat mereka menjadi merasa bangga, juga membuat mereka menghargai waktu, membagi waktu belajar dan bekerja. Selain itu, bagi yang sudah bekerja setelah lulus, pengalaman selama menjadi mahasiswa part-time juga menjadi modal yang berharga dalam bekerja.
Abstract; The aim of this paper is to explain the part-time student management that has been done by UIN Sunan Kalijaga Library. It needs to be submitted because many college libraries in Indonesia haven’t empower their students to participate together to manage the library through part-time student activities. In this paper that based on best practice will be explained various things in part-time student management, from (1) program planning; (2) program implementation; (3) program implementation result; (4) monitoring and evaluation system; (5) program implementation impact; until (6) change as a result of the implementation of the program.
Based on this research, noted that part-time students routine program activities in UIN Sunan Kalijaga Library is not only useful for UIN Sunan Kalijaga Library to facilitate the service activity, but this program is useful for the students themselves, which in addition will make them proud, also make them appreciate the time, manage their time for study and work. Moreover, for them who have been working after graduation, the experience during being a part-time student also becomes a valuable asset in working.
Pemanfaatan Social Media Network Sebagai Media Komunikasi Komunitas Pustakawan Homogen Dalam Rangka Optimalisasi Resources Sharing Koleksi Antar Perguruan Tinggi
Authors: Haryanto Haryanto
Published: August 2016

Abstrak; Karya ilmiah ini merupakan hasil analisis yang mengulas media sosial sebagai media yang sangat efektif di jadikan sebagai media komunikasi komunitas pustakawan dari perpustakaan yang sama program studinya (homogen) antar perguruan tinggi.

Tujuan dari analisis ini adalah terciptanya komunikasi antar pustakawan homogen antar perguruan tinggi sehingga dapat saling mendukung dalam penyediaan koleksi. karena dalam dunia perpustakaan, keterbatasan koleksi dihadapi oleh hampir semua perpustakaan, sehingga diperlukan usaha seperti sharing koleksi (resources sharing), untuk itu di perlukan suatu media yang dapat dijadikan media komunikasi yang menghubungkan perpustakaan-perpustakaan tersebut. Dan media sosial tersebut adalah facebook

Dengan media sosial dapat dimungkinkan membuat komunitas-komunitas sejenis atau homogen sehingga dapat berkomunikasi secara cepat untuk sharing koleksi. Dalam memanfaatkan media sosial untuk resources sharing perpustakaan perguruan tinggi, agar efektif diperlukan beberapa hal diantaranya kesamaan komunitas jurusan / homogen, admin utama pengendali, kesepakatan resources sharing, daftar admin masing-masing perpustakaan, jasa ekspedisi, serta MoU.
Abstract; This paper is the result of analysis to review social media as a very effective medium in use as a medium of communication community librarians from the same library studies program (homogeneous) between universities.
The purpose of this analysis is the creation of a homogeneous communication between librarians between universities so that they can support each other to provide of collection. In the world of libraries, collection limitations faced by almost all libraries, so that the necessary efforts such as sharing collections (resources sharing), for it is needed of a comunication medium that can be used as a medium of communication that connect these libraries. And social media is facebook

With social media may be possible to create communities of similar or homogeneous so that they can communicate quickly for sharing collections. In utilizing social media for sharing resources the college library, in order to effectively take a few things in common among communities majors / homogeneous, the main admin control, resources sharing deal, admin list each library, freight forwarding services, as well as the MoU.

 

    
Digitalisasi Katalog Pameran Dalam Pengembangan Image Repository: Studi Analisis Proses Di UPT Perpustakaan ISI Yogyakarta
Authors: Hakim Heri Abi Burachman
Published: August 2016

Abstrak; Makalah ini akan mendiskripsikan proses digitalisasi katalog pameran yang dilakukan UPT Perpustakaan ISI Yogyakarta. Digitalisasi katalog pameran dilakukan dalam rangka pengembangan image repository. Pengembangan image repository merupakan upaya untuk meningkatkan aksesibilitas katalog pameran. Katalog pemeran merupakan koleksi yang mendokumentasi karya seni lengkap dengan informasi pencipta karya serta deskripsi dari karya. Melalui penulisan makalah ini penulis akan mendeskripsikan kegiatan pemilihan aplikasi, proses digitalisisi katalog pameran, penentuan format file gambar serta organisasi informasi hasil digitalisasi. Dengan penulisan makalah ini diharapkan mampu memberikan gambaran teknis terkait kegiatan digitalisasi dan pengelolaan koleksi gambar berbasis image repository. Dengan digitalisi katalog pameran dan mengelolanya melalui image repository memungkinkan memperbanyak titik akses penelusuran informasi. Selama ini katalog pameran hanya dapat ditelusurr dengan titik akses judul pameran, subjek serta kurator. Dengan pengelolaan gambar berbasis image repository dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan nama pencipta karya, judul karya, judul pemeran, subjek dan kurator.
Abstract; This paper will describes how to digitize exhibition catalogue that was did by ISI Yogyakarta Library, to develop image repository. The development of image repository should be done to make easy access to the catalogue. Exhibition catalogue is a collection of complete art work, including of creator and art description. This paper will also describes how to choose application, digitizing process, how to organize catalogue and ensure picture file format. Base on image repository, the catalogue should make more access point to search, including author, title, exhibition title, subject and curator. 
 
Multiscale Characterization of Foamed Cement Using X-Ray Microcomputed Tomography
Authors: Pang Xueyu , Maxson Joe K. , Jimenez Walmy Cuello , Singh John P. , Morgan Ronnie G.
Published: August 2016

Foamed-cement systems are widely used in deepwater cementing operations because of their various favorable attributes compared to conventional cement systems. For instance, in the Gulf of Mexico, foamed cement is one of the most commonly used systems for shallow hazard mitigation. However, because current standard laboratory equipment cannot accurately simulate the foam-cementing process in the field, knowledge of the actual properties of foamed cement produced in field operations is limited.

In this study, the microstructure of foamed cement produced using field equipment in yard tests is examined in detail. Set foamed cement samples were analyzed using X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) at different length scales with voxel resolution ranging from 2 to 20 µm. This study establishes the fundamental criteria and procedures necessary to obtain accurate gas bubble size distribution of foamed cement samples using micro-CT technology. The test results suggest that foamed cement should be analyzed at multiple length scales to obtain a better characterization of the gas bubbles in the sample. While a larger region of analysis is useful to obtain a statistically meaningful size distribution of the larger bubbles, small core samples (less than 0.5 in. diameter) and fine scan resolutions (5 µm or smaller) are typically required to obtain an accurate measure of the small gas bubbles in foamed cement.

By comparing foamed cement produced using field equipment with that produced using the traditional multiblade laboratory blender (i.e., the standard API method), this study identifies the key characteristic differences of foamed cement based on different methods of generation. Analysis of the CT-scan images reveal that gas bubbles in foamed cement generated by field equipment have a wide size-distribution range, from less than 20 µm to more than 1000 µm, and the bubble size distribution appears to show little dependence on foam quality. Conversely, the gas bubble size distribution of foamed cement generated by the API method shows a completely different behavior, with both its distribution range and median varying significantly with foam quality. This research serves as a first step toward predicting the influence of gas bubble size distribution on the stability and various other properties of foamed cement to better understand the foam-cementing process in the field.
Challenging Offshore Dynamic Kill Operations Made Possible With the Relief Well Injection Spool
Authors: Oskarsen Ray T. , Rygg Ole B. , Cargol Mike , Morry Brett
Published: August 2016

Before a well is drilled in deep to ultradeep waters or environmentally sensitive areas, operators’ internal rules and regulatory agencies usually call for a contingency relief-well plan that includes dynamic-kill evaluation. Simulations for a worst-credible-blowout scenario often show that the pumping requirements exceed the capability of a relief-well rig, particularly when in deeper waters and/or where the reservoir is shallow. Installing a Relief Well Injection Spool (RWIS) between the wellhead and the blowout preventer (BOP) on a relief well provides additional inlets for pumping kill mud into the well at the seabed and ensures sufficient flow capacity to perform a high-rate dynamic kill. During the pumping operation, one or more additional high-pressure pumping vessels from remote locations are connected to the RWIS inlets using flex lines.

The RWIS system has been validated by hydraulic modeling using the OLGA-WELL-KILL simulator. Two hypothetical case studies, for shallow and deepwater wells, are presented here to show applications of the RWIS and the potential benefits. In both cases, a kill rate of 200 bpm is required at the relief well intersect to stop the uncontrolled flow from a blowout well. For both case studies, the benefit of the RWIS is pronounced and could prevent the need for two relief wells. Relief wells designed to control a deepwater blowout will require long choke and kill (C&K) lines, which could result in significant frictional loss during a dynamic kill with high pump rate. This flow restriction is mitigated by introducing additional inlets at the wellhead.
The Use of Propellants to Stimulate and Enhance Productivity from Tight, Damaged and Low-Quality Reservoirs
Authors: Gilliat J.. , Satti R. P.
Published: August 2016

Propellants have been used in the oil and gas industry for a wide variety of applications including well cleanup, damaged zone treatment, and stimulation. In particular, propellants have a unique place in the industry as a stimulation / enhancement tool that can significantly improve productivity and lower operator costs. However, the success of a propellant-stimulation job depends not just on the operational design/deployment, but also the pre-job evaluation using predictive modelling tools.

This paper focuses on providing insight into the processes involved in propellant-based stimulation, successful case histories (propellants used as standalone tools and combined with the perforating process), and the modeling tools that are used to design and optimize propellant jobs. Case histories showing the benefits of using these tools to lower workover costs and restore productivity for injection and production will be presented. When used as a pre-frac perforating tool, propellants can reduce horsepower requirements by up to 35% in some cases.

Along with the propellant tools, a dynamic perforation modeling tool successfully models the event beforehand to mitigate risk and predict the viability of the process. The software simulates the dynamic response of a cased or uncased wellbore, its contents and the porous rock formation, to the energy released by gas-generating and stored pressure sources. In particular, the modeling tool can be applied to predict fracture propagation, near-wellbore cleanup and skin reduction during wireline and TCP operations.

The results from the case histories and the insight provided by the dynamic modeling software illustrate that, when properly applied, propellant tools can add tremendous value to completion operations by lowering costs and enhancing production. This paper also provides the framework for a completion engineer to better understand the design and optimization of a propellant-stimulation job.
Underbalance and Cleanup Optimization of Perforated Completions Using a Novel Fast Computational Model
Authors: Bale D. S. , Satti R. P.
Published: August 2016

Large-diameter, long-interval tubing conveyed perforation (TCP) operations are an important part of modern deepwater completion design. Safe and cost-effective designs require an understanding of the interdependence between a large set of static and dynamic parameters that characterize the downhole processes affecting a complex well completion. Typically, it is impractical to measure such parameters in a downhole environment. For this reason, physics-based modeling and numerical simulation of transient processes such as static/dynamic underbalance, perforation cleanup, and shock loading are a critical component of the design process.

A significant challenge is that these downhole processes are typically modeled with a dynamically coupled system that includes the reservoir, wellbore, perforation tunnel, tool string and fractures, leading to long simulation times. This is not desirable due to the fact that a single design must satisfy constraints over a large design parameter space, and therefore requires many simulations. This paper introduces a fast computational tool based on dominant flow physics of the perforating process. The new model is benchmarked and verified against current industry-standard dynamic simulators, as well as computational fluid dynamic (CFD) packages.

The novelty of this approach is based on physics at the right scale, resulting in a computational efficiency improvement and simulation times at least an order of magnitude less than other industry-standard simulators. Results for numerical examples representing downhole perforating scenarios provide unique insight into underbalance (i.e., using pressure transients), and subsequent cleanup mechanisms.

In this study, a new fast computational model of the perforation process has been developed based on dominant physics. The benefits of this novel approach include design parameters that are closely tied to the flow physics, and simulation results that are easily interpreted for enhanced perforating job design. Ultimately, these benefits enable the completion engineer to make more informed and faster decisions during the design of a perforating job.
Reaming and Drilling Practice Optimization using Modeling and Simulation Techniques
Authors: Herbig Christian , Linke Christian , Reckmann Hanno , Hohl Andreas , Heinisch Dennis , Boyd Andrew , Vial Michael , Taylor Richard , Kenworthy Andrew , Murphy Suzanne
Published: August 2016

Longer wells and increasing complexity of the bottom-hole assembly (BHA) are causing drilling operations to become harder to achieve. Combined with strict timelines and the demand for higher rates of penetration (ROP), the entire drilling system operates at its physical (loads, bending moment, etc.) and operational (drilled formation, drilling parameters, well path, etc…) limits. Exceeding these limits can induce excessive drilling vibrations and dysfunctions like whirl that can be harmful for bit, bottomhole assembly, reaming device or drillpipe. Neglecting operational limits can therefore lead to damage, wear and tool failures that ultimately result in nonproductive time (NPT) and higher cost.

Additionally, the number of reaming operations increases. The added challenge of complex reaming operations demands supplementary planning effort. In this paper, the authors focus on prejob and post-well analysis using simulation and modeling techniques. The result of the analysis leads to optimized reaming and drilling practices that are further elaborated following close interaction with field personnel. Applying the improved drilling practices result in best-in-class performance and lower nonproductive time.

In-house dynamics simulation software is used to calculate the natural frequencies and corresponding mode shapes of the BHA. Differences in BHA setup are associated, critical excitation sources identified and forced response analysis results compared.

Data from various deployments of a high-end rotary steerable system (RSS) BHA with a reaming device are analyzed and used to validate the simulation results. The data is derived exclusively from a massive salt section (similar formation being drilled) to lessen the formation’s influence on drillstring dynamics.

Incorporation of sophisticated simulation tools plus the close cooperation of field personnel resulted in excellent operational and drilling performance. In today’s challenging drilling applications, the insights gained have highlighted further opportunities for delivering optimal performance, and further assuring bit, BHA, reaming device and drillstring integrity.
Mathematical Modeling of Gas in Riser
Authors: Aarsnes Ulf Jakob , Hauge Espen , Godhavn John-Morten
Published: August 2016

A mathematical model which describes the dynamics of gas being circulated out of a riser is presented. The model is valid for conventional drilling where no backpressure is applied, controlled mud level (equivalent to dual gradient drilling), managed pressure drilling with backpressure, and with a riser gas handler. The presented model is validated with data from a field trial where gas was circulated down the drillstring and into an open riser with a reduced riser liquid level (controlled mud level). Underlying assumptions makes the models conservative. The model is suited to evaluate the procedures for use of a riser gas handler, and an example with automatic control of the rig choke shows how a gas kick can be safely circulated from the riser.
A Semi-Analytical Solution for Estimating the Fracture Width in Wellbore Strengthening Applications
Authors: Zhang Jincai , Alberty Mark , Blangy J. P.
Published: August 2016

Lost circulation is a major challenge in well construction operations, especially where drilling margins are narrow or in pressure-depleted reservoirs. Wellbore strengthening techniques (e.g., StressCage) have successfully been used to increase formation fracture resistance and reduce mud losses during drilling operations. The increase of fracture resistance in sands has been used to improve wellbore stability (through the use of higher mud weights), reduce casing requirements, and access resources that may have been undrillable using conventional drilling methods.

The StressCage technique requires the estimation of the width of an induced fracture at a target fracture length for a given wellbore pressure. This estimation involves either a finite element calculation or a closed form line crack analytical solution. Populating and running the finite element solution requires specialized software and expertise, which has limited its use to larger operators and service companies that are staffed with geomechanics experts. The closed form line crack analytical solution is both simple to implement and easy to use, but it assumes transverse isotropic in-situ stress conditions relative to the borehole axis, which is almost never the case in the presence of a deviated well. This assumption results in either the underestimation of the calculation of the fracture width in the presence of deviation or abnormal in-situ stresses, which can result in a failed implementation of a StressCage formulation.

We have developed a new semi-analytical line crack solution that accounts for stress anisotropy from either borehole inclination or abnormal in-situ stresses. This new solution is simple to implement. The calculation of the fracture width has been verified against finite element calculations through a range of stress anisotropies, borehole sizes, Young’s moduli, Poisson’s ratios, and target increases in wellbore strength.
Multilateral Technology With Intelligent Completions: Challenges and Solutions for Deepwater Subsea Well Operators
Authors: Glaser Mark , Saldanha Savio
Published: August 2016

Multilateral and intelligent well construction and completion technologies has proven themselves to be effective means of increasing recovery rates and improving operational efficiencies in subsea wells, yet, there are no known applications where both technologies have been applied in deep water in the same well. This paper discusses the evolution of the use of both of these technologies in subsea well environments and then the challenges and technology gaps that have to be overcome to develop a fit for purpose solution for deep water wells.

This paper discusses the origins and benefits that the two technologies have brought to subsea wells while presenting examples of the integrations of both in installations in various areas of the world. The unique environment and challenges posed by deep water subsea wells introduce risks such as, limited number of wellhead penetrations, longer stroke lengths to position components in the wellbore, lack of rotational ability due to the control lines and safety concerns. This paper also discusses the successful track record of each technology, developing customized solutions for deep water subsea wells and mitigating risks involved. Finally, the challenges posed by the integration of both technologies in these deep water wells are presented.

In these challenging economic times, the desires for solutions that reduce capital expenditures/operating expenditures (CAPEX / OPEX) are at the forefront of completion design discussion. Integrating various technologies to that effect is the next logical step. Efficient drainage of complex reservoirs can be achieved by effectively combining multilateral and intelligent completions technologies while actively managing CAPEX / OPEX. Monitoring and active control inside the lateral would be the ultimate solution for maximizing reservoir drainage and performance. For that to happen, it would require technology advancement that is currently non-existent or in its infancy stage at best. However the first logical step would be to monitor and control laterals from the mainbore which is achievable with some enhancements to existing technology. The second step would be to incorporate monitoring in the laterals as inductive coupler and disconnect technology begin to prove themselves. Finally as wireless technology, downhole power generation, and battery technology start to evolve, we will be able to monitor and actively control the reservoir within the laterals.

This paper conveys some of the numerous challenges that exist for an integrated completions approach. It will require both operators and service companies to work together to overcome the numerous obstacles; and it requires thinking outside the box and challenging the traditional approach without which we as an industry will be limited in what we can achieve, which in the end is maximizing our return on investment.
A Perforating Tool Kit as a Computational Paradigm
Authors: Wight Jim , Craddock G. G. , Haggerty Dennis , Rojas Fabian , Montiverdi Jonathan , Yadav Arvind , Magdaniel Manuel , Rios Federico , Harive Kevin
Published: August 2016

This paper discusses using a perforating toolkit as a computational paradigm to provide perforating solutions to field personnel. This toolkit provides an extensive list of charges and gun systems and generates the effects on the target rock and overburden pressure. Outputs include depth of penetration and casing hole sizes. It has an improved graphical user interface (GUI) and updated algorithms based on data from the flow laboratory.

The perforating toolkit uses up-to-date API data as the basis for the calculations; simulations are based on parameters set by the user and outputs are in a graphical format, showing the perforating performance within the reservoir. The perforating toolkit software is designed to use improved data obtained from recent laboratory testing. The most up-to-date flow laboratory testing was used to generate the algorithms for the perforating toolkit, generating more precise algorithms and producing improved perforation predictions. Testing involved a broader range of data than was previously used, allowing the software to make more accurate predictions. This new tool was benchmarked using laboratory testing, which demonstrated the quality of the paradigm and its functional use for improved downhole perforating. The software provides the field user with a tool to predict downhole shaped-charge performance quickly and in a cost-effective manner. The models also allow a number of parameters to be varied for a better comparison of different scenarios.

This paper discusses how new data across a broader range from the flow laboratory was used to improve the basic software algorithms and help provide the most accurate prediction of downhole charge performance.
Fluidic Diode Autonomous ICD Single-Phase Testing
Authors: Corona Georgina , Greci Stephen , Least Brandon , Yin Weiqi , Plumlee Jacqueline
Published: August 2016

This paper discusses a new generation of inflow control devices (ICDs), which are known as autonomous inflow control devices (AICDs) that can balance production flow and restrict the unwanted fluid. This paper describes the functional testing conducted to evaluate the performance of the fluidic diode type AICD for oil conditions of less than or equal to 1.5 cP and the restriction of unwanted gas in field-like conditions. It will also compare flow performance curves to those of a traditional nozzle-type ICD.

Unbalanced inflow from a reservoir can result in water or gas breakthrough, and unless this situation can be addressed satisfactorily, valuable reserves may be lost. When oil is producing from all zones, the AICD will behave as a passive ICD, thereby balancing flow. However, when lower-viscosity fluids break through, the AICD provides a choking effect, significantly reducing flow from the zone responsible for producing these undesirable fluids. Such autonomous characteristics enable a higher recovery rate of oil and also reduce the cost for processing the unwanted fluids. The AICD creates this change in production performance without control lines, moving parts, or electronics.

The AICD presented in this paper, also known as Range 1, has an innovative fluidic sensor that is highly sensitive to the fluid properties and is currently best suited for oil viscosities of 0.3–1.5 cP. The Range 1 AICD uses an autonomous on/off type switching function upon gas breakthrough to control gas inflow instead of a gradual change in total flow performance as provided by other inflow control device types. Oil flow is fed directly to the exit port of the AICD, while gas is "switched" to a highly restrictive, spinning path that limits gas production through the tool. Results from single-phase experimental flow testing with oil and nitrogen are presented and discussed. The test results demonstrate that the AICD is an effective tool for restricting gas production.

The discussion further shows that if technology, such as the new AICD, is applied to a well-completion design, total oil recovery can be enhanced by increasing the life of the well and reducing the production of undesirable fluids.
Metal-to-Metal Sealing and Anchoring Expandable Hanger in Gulf of Mexico: Development, Collaboration, and Execution
Authors: Dagle Odee , Johnson James , Moeller Daniel
Published: August 2016

Reliably deploying liner hangers in offshore applications is critical to successful wellbore construction. This case study reviews the pre-job planning, collaboration, and deployment of the first metal-to-metal sealing and anchoring expandable liner hanger (ELH) in the Gulf of Mexico. A set of particularly problematic deepwater wells will be discussed. The intensive collaboration between the service company and operator, as well as the job-specific design considerations of the metal-to-metal hanger and service tool, will be included.

The operator and service company collaborated to quantify and implement agreed-upon design concepts. Additional collaboration was required during the job preparation for a challenging well with multiple sidetracks from previous unsuccessful alternate-technology liner-hanger deployments. Collaborative design considerations for the hanger include features to handle extreme tensile loads through the service tool prior to hanger installation and through the liner hanger post installation. Job-preparation collaboration included planning a fit-for-purpose job, with an in-depth look at the parent casing, hanger, wellbore geometry, and other critical aspects of the job. Additional discussion will center on the benefits of metal-to-metal sealing technology at the liner top in conjunction with elastomeric-contingency sealing technology.

This paper disseminates technical information to increase operator awareness of a new technology and its application. The collaboration between the service company and operator describes a needed trend in the industry to successfully construct wells in a challenging environment. Developing well-specific, fit-for-purpose equipment enables a decrease in time-vs.-depth rates owing to increased running and operational speeds and a reduction in remediation activities as a result of increased reliability. The metal-to-metal and redundant elastomeric sealing and anchoring ELH technologies assist with both increased efficiency for current operations and the ability to push the industry's technological envelope.
Reticulated Foam Enhanced High Fluid Loss Squeeze LCM for Severe Lost Circulation Management in Highly Fractured Formations
Authors: Savari Sharath , Rolfson Jonathan , Williams Robert , Whitfill Donald L. , Wang Hong Max
Published: August 2016

Controlling severe to total lost circulation in naturally fractured vugular formations and rubble zones can be challenging. In such situations, conventional lost circulation materials (LCMs) might not be effective, and more difficult applications, such as gunks, reverse gunks, or cement, might fail as well. High fluid loss squeeze (HFLS) applications have been applied with mixed success. A new HFLS LCM containing a unique component has been developed and shows great potential as a dependable solution. This new HFLS LCM also shows potential for sealing induced fractures in shale or other formations of low permeability.

This paper discusses a laboratory investigation of a HFLS LCM to plug slotted discs of various sizes in a permeability plugging apparatus (PPA) test. Follow-up field applications that demonstrate its success are also discussed. The proposed HFLS LCM is a combination of particulates and a unique reticulated foam material that contributes to a rapid dewatering effect. The reticulated foam is the unique component, which forms a bridge on the face of large fractures. The particulates of the composition then plug the foam, forming a thick cake. Recommended practices for mixing and placement of HFLS LCM essential for successful applications are also discussed.

The HFLS LCM application was able to seal slotted discs up to 3000 μm. Supplementing the HFLS LCM with additional larger reticulated foam (medium) enabled the plugging of slotted discs up to 8000 μm. For plugging slotted discs from 8000 to 10 000 μm, the HFLS LCM was supplemented with medium and coarse reticulated foam. This plugging data, covering slotted disc sizes up to 10 mm, is the first of its kind and provides confidence in considering the HFLS LCM as a potential option for severe to total loss situations.

Three applications of HFLS LCM are discussed. The first application manages severe losses (in the range of 180 bbl/hr) in a naturally fractured shale formation in an unconventional reservoir in North America. The second application manages severe losses in naturally fractured, vugular formations in the Asia Pacific region. In both the cases, because high losses were expected, the HFLS LCM was stored on-site as a contingency LCM. As soon as losses were observed, an appropriate volume of the pill containing the HFLS LCM supplemented with additional amounts of reticulated foam LCM was pumped. Losses were cured, and the wells were drilled/cemented successfully.
Real-Time Wellbore Stability Evaluation for Deepwater Drilling During Tripping
Authors: Zhang Feifei , Kang Yongfeng , Wang Zhaoyang , Miska Stefan , Yu Mengjiao , Zamanipour Zahra
Published: August 2016

This paper identifies wellbore stability concerns caused by transient surge and swab pressures during deepwater drilling tripping and reaming operations. Wellbore stability analysis is presented that couples transient surge and swab wellbore pressure oscillations and in-situ stress field oscillations in the near wellbore (NWB) zone in deepwater drilling.

Deepwater drilling is usually subjected to narrow drilling windows and significant wellbore pressure oscillations during tripping/reaming because of well depth. However, integration of transient surge and swab pressure analysis, and its effects on in-situ stress analysis around the wellbore, is rarely industry studied.

A transient surge and swab model is developed by considering drillstring components, wellbore structure, formation elasticity, pipe elasticity, fluid compressibility, fluid rheology, etc. Real-time pressure oscillations during tripping/reaming are obtained. Based on geomechanical principles, in-situ stress around the wellbore is calculated by coupling transient wellbore pressure with surge and swab pressure, pore pressure, and original formation stress status to perform wellbore stability analysis.

By applying the breakout failure and wellbore fracture failure in the analysis, a workflow is proposed to obtain the safe operating window for tripping and reaming processes. Based on this study, it is determined that the safe drilling operation window for wellbore stability consists of more than just fluid density. The oscillation magnitude of transient wellbore pressure can be larger than the friction pressure loss during normal circulation process. With the effect of surge and swab pressure, the safe operating window can become narrower than expected. Although it is stable and not a concern during a normal penetration process, the wellbore stability can become problematic. By using the methodology described, unnecessary breakouts and borehole failures during tripping and reaming can be avoided. This work can also be used in the next generation of drilling automation.

This study provides insight into the integration of wellbore stability analysis and transient surge and swab pressure analysis, which is rarely discussed in the literature. It indicates that, when surge and swab pressure analysis is not carefully performed, the actual safe operating window can become narrower than originally predicted.