bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pratiques professionnelles médicales et VIH/sida : des témoignages à la fiction romanesque
Authors: Lévy Joseph J. , Quévillon Lucie
Published: February 2016

Évènement majeur de la fin du XXe siècle, l’épidémie du VIH/sida a provoqué une remise en question du dispositif bio-médical et des relations médecin-patient. Cet article vise, à partir d’une triangulation des données (sociologie, psychologie, littérature autobiographique et romans), à dégager les transformations dans les pratiques professionnelles des médecins, la place de la sphère affective en lien avec la maladie et la mort, leurs relations avec leurs patients en tenant compte de l’évolution de l’épidémie et de ses représentations.
Divergent adherence estimates with pharmacokinetic and behavioural measures in the MTN‐003 (VOICE) study
Authors: van der Straten Ariane , Brown Elizabeth R , Marrazzo Jeanne M , Chirenje Michael Z , Liu Karen , Gomez Kailazarid , Marzinke Mark A , Piper Jeanna M , Hendrix Craig W ,   on behalf of the MTN‐003 VOICE Protocol Team for the Microbicide Trials Network
Published: February 2016

Introduction

In the Microbicide Trial Network MTN‐003 (VOICE) study, a Phase IIB pre‐exposure prophylaxis trial of daily oral or vaginal tenofovir (TFV), product adherence was poor based on pharmacokinetic (PK) drug detection in a random subsample. Here, we sought to compare behavioural and PK measures of adherence and examined correlates of adherence misreporting.

Methods

We included participants with PK and behavioural data from VOICE random subsample. Behavioural assessments included face‐to‐face interviews (FTFI), audio computer‐assisted self‐interviewing (ACASI) and pharmacy‐returned product counts (PC). TFV concentrations <0.31 ng/mL in plasma (oral group) and <8.5 ng/swab in vaginal group were defined as “PK non‐adherent.” Logistic regression models were fit to calculate the combined predictive ability of the behavioural measures as summarized by area under the curve (AUC). Baseline characteristics associated with over‐reporting daily product use relative to PK measures was assessed using a Generalized Linear Mixed Model.

Results

In this random adherence cohort of VOICE participants assigned to active products, (N=472), PK non‐adherence was 69% in the oral group (N=314) and 65% in the vaginal group (N=158). Behaviourally, ≤10% of the cohort reported low/none use with any behavioural measure and accuracy was low (≤43%). None of the regression models had an AUC >0.65 for any single or combined behavioural measures. Significant (p<0.05) correlates of over‐reporting included being very worried about getting HIV and being unmarried for the oral group; whereas for the vaginal group, being somewhat worried about HIV was associated with lower risk of over‐reporting.

Conclusions

PK measures indicated similarly low adherence for the oral and vaginal groups. No behavioural measure accurately predicted PK non‐adherence. Accurate real‐time measures to monitor product adherence are urgently needed.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00705679
Semipolar InGaN/GaN nanostructure light-emitting diodes on c-plane sapphire
Authors: Rishinaramangalam Ashwin K. , Nami Mohsen , Fairchild Michael N. , Shima Darryl M. , Balakrishnan Ganesh , Brueck S. R. J. , Feezell Daniel F.
Published: February 2016

The fabrication of electrically injected triangular-nanostripe core–shell semipolar III–nitride LEDs (TLEDs) is demonstrated using interferometric lithography and catalyst-free bottom-up selective-area metal–organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). This alternative approach enables semipolar orientations on inexpensive, c-plane sapphire substrates, in comparison with planar growth on free-standing GaN substrates. Transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy reveal nonuniform quantum well thickness and composition, respectively, as a function of location on the triangular stripes. The broad electroluminescence spectra, wavelength shift with increasing current density, and nonlinear light vs current characteristics are well correlated with the observed quantum-well nonuniformities.
Formation of accurate 1-nm gaps using the electromigration method during metal deposition
Authors: Naitoh Yasuhisa , Wei Qingshuo , Mukaida Masakazu , Ishida Takao
Published: February 2016

We investigate the origin of fabricated nanogap width variations using the electromigration method during metal deposition. This method also facilitates improved control over the nanogap width. A large suppression in the variation is achieved by sample annealing at 373 K during the application of bias voltages for electromigration, which indicates that the variation is caused by structural changes. This electromigration method during metal deposition for the fabrication of an accurate 1-nm gap electrode is useful for single-molecule-sized electronics. Furthermore, it opens the door for future research on integrated sub-1-nm-sized nanogap devices.
Thermally stable Ti/Al-based ohmic contacts to N-polar n-GaN by using an indium interlayer
Authors: Kim Sung Ki , Han Jae Chun , Seong Tae-Yeon
Published: February 2016

The electrical properties of In/Ti/Al/Au contacts to N-polar n-GaN (n
d = 5 × 1018 cm−3) for high-power vertical light-emitting diodes were investigated at various thicknesses of the In layer, and compared with those of Ti/Al/Au contacts. Before annealing, both the Ti/Al/Au and In/Ti/Al/Au contacts were ohmic. After annealing at 300 °C for 1 min, all of the samples exhibited some degradation of their electrical properties, although the In/Ti/Al/Au samples were more thermally stable. After annealing at 300 °C for 60 min, the Ti/Al/Au contacts became non-ohmic, while the In (5 nm)/Ti/Al/Au contacts remained ohmic with a contact resistivity of 2.6 × 10−4 Ω cm2. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) results showed that, for all of the samples, annealing caused an increase in the content of interfacial oxygen. Based on the XPS and electrical results, the annealing dependence of the electrical characteristics of In/Ti/Al/Au contacts are described and discussed.
Effects of afterpulse events on performance of entanglement-based quantum key distribution system
Authors: Arahira Shin , Murai Hitoshi
Published: February 2016

In this paper, we theoretically and experimentally study the performance of an entanglement-based quantum key distribution (QKD) system using single-photon detectors (SPDs) with poor afterpulse characteristics. We reveal that the afterpulse fraction (P
a) in an SPD does not impose a bound on the lowest limit of the error rate in sifted keys of an entanglement-based QKD system. Secure secret key sharing is possible even when P
a is large, for example, exceeding 100%. The system performance in terms of the final key rate is found to be dominated by the parameter η/(1 + P
a) of the SPD, where η is the detection efficiency. The operation conditions of the SPD should be optimized so as to have the maximal η/(1 + P
a), while retaining sufficiently low dark counts. The experimental results were in good agreement with the theoretical predictions. A visibility of 90%, which is sufficiently high for secure secret key sharing in a QKD protocol, was obtained in twofold interference experiments even by using an SPD with P
a exceeding 100%.
Gene expression changes in diapause or quiescent potato cyst nematode,Globodera pallida, eggs after hydration or exposure to tomato root diffusate
Authors: Palomares-Rius Juan Emilio , Hedley Pete , Cock Peter J.A. , Morris Jenny A. , Jones John T. , Blok Vivian C.
Published: February 2016

Plant-parasitic nematodes (PPN) need to be adapted to survive in the absence of a suitable host or in hostile environmental conditions. Various forms of developmental arrest including hatching inhibition and dauer stages are used by PPN in order to survive these conditions and spread to other areas. Potato cyst nematodes (PCN) (Globodera pallidaandG. rostochiensis) are frequently in an anhydrobiotic state, with unhatched nematode persisting for extended periods of time inside the cyst in the absence of the host. This paper shows fundamental changes in the response of quiescent and diapaused eggs ofG. pallidato hydration and following exposure to tomato root diffusate (RD) using microarray gene expression analysis encompassing a broad set of genes. For the quiescent eggs, 547 genes showed differential expression following hydration vs. hydratation and RD (H-RD) treatment whereas 708 genes showed differential regulation for the diapaused eggs following these treatments. The comparison between hydrated quiescent and diapaused eggs showed marked differences, with 2,380 genes that were differentially regulated compared with 987 genes following H-RD. Hydrated quiescent and diapaused eggs were markedly different indicating differences in adaptation for long-term survival. Transport activity is highly up-regulated following H-RD and few genes were coincident between both kinds of eggs. With the quiescent eggs, the majority of genes were related to ion transport (mainly sodium), while the diapaused eggs showed a major diversity of transporters (amino acid transport, ion transport, acetylcholine or other molecules).
Monogenean anchor morphometry: systematic value, phylogenetic signal, and evolution
Authors: Khang Tsung Fei , Soo Oi Yoon Michelle , Tan Wooi Boon , Lim Lee Hong Susan
Published: February 2016

Background.Anchors are one of the important attachment appendages for monogenean parasites. Common descent and evolutionary processes have left their mark on anchor morphometry, in the form of patterns of shape and size variation useful for systematic and evolutionary studies. When combined with morphological and molecular data, analysis of anchor morphometry can potentially answer a wide range of biological questions.

Materials and Methods.We used data from anchor morphometry, body size and morphology of 13Ligophorus(Monogenea: Ancyrocephalidae) species infecting two marine mugilid (Teleostei: Mugilidae) fish hosts:Moolgarda buchanani(Bleeker) andLiza subviridis(Valenciennes) from Malaysia. Anchor shape and size data (n= 530) were generated using methods of geometric morphometrics. We used 28S rRNA, 18S rRNA, and ITS1 sequence data to infer a maximum likelihood phylogeny. We discriminated species using principal component and cluster analysis of shape data. Adams’sKmultwas used to detect phylogenetic signal in anchor shape. Phylogeny-correlated size and shape changes were investigated using continuous character mapping and directional statistics, respectively. We assessed morphological constraints in anchor morphometry using phylogenetic regression of anchor shape against body size and anchor size. Anchor morphological integration was studied using partial least squares method. The association between copulatory organ morphology and anchor shape and size in phylomorphospace was used to test the Rohde-Hobbs hypothesis. We created monogeneaGM, a new R package that integrates analyses of monogenean anchor geometric morphometric data with morphological and phylogenetic data.

Results.We discriminated 12 of the 13Ligophorusspecies using anchor shape data. Significant phylogenetic signal was detected in anchor shape. Thus, we discovered new morphological characters based on anchor shaft shape, the length between the inner root point and the outer root point, and the length between the inner root point and the dent point. The species onM. buchananievolved larger, more robust anchors; those onL. subviridisevolved smaller, more delicate anchors. Anchor shape and size were significantly correlated, suggesting constraints in anchor evolution. Tight integration between the root and the point compartments within anchors confirms the anchor as a single, fully integrated module. The correlation between male copulatory organ morphology and size with anchor shape was consistent with predictions from the Rohde-Hobbs hypothesis.

Conclusions.Monogenean anchors are tightly integrated structures, and their shape variation correlates strongly with phylogeny, thus underscoring their value for systematic and evolutionary biology studies. Our MonogeneaGM R package provides tools for researchers to mine biological insights from geometric morphometric data of speciose monogenean genera.
Identification of fibrillogenic regions in human triosephosphate isomerase
Authors: Carcamo-Noriega Edson N. , Saab-Rincon Gloria
Published: February 2016

Background.Amyloid secondary structure relies on the intermolecular assembly of polypeptide chains through main-chain interaction. According to this, all proteins have the potential to form amyloid structure, nevertheless, in nature only few proteins aggregate into toxic or functional amyloids. Structural characteristics differ greatly among amyloid proteins reported, so it has been difficult to link the fibrillogenic propensity with structural topology. However, there are ubiquitous topologies not represented in the amyloidome that could be considered as amyloid-resistant attributable to structural features, such is the case of TIM barrel topology.

Methods.This work was aimed to study the fibrillogenic propensity of human triosephosphate isomerase (HsTPI) as a model of TIM barrels. In order to do so, aggregation of HsTPI was evaluated under native-like and destabilizing conditions. Fibrillogenic regions were identified by bioinformatics approaches, protein fragmentation and peptide aggregation.

Results.We identified four fibrillogenic regions in the HsTPI corresponding to theβ3,β6,β7y α8 of the TIM barrel. From these, theβ3-strand region (residues 59–66) was highly fibrillogenic. In aggregation assays, HsTPI under native-like conditions led to amorphous assemblies while under partially denaturing conditions (urea 3.2 M) formed more structured aggregates. This slightly structured aggregates exhibited residual cross-βstructure, as demonstrated by the recognition of the WO1 antibody and ATR-FTIR analysis.

Discussion.Despite the fibrillogenic regions present in HsTPI, the enzyme maintained under native-favoring conditions displayed low fibrillogenic propensity. This amyloid-resistance can be attributed to the three-dimensional arrangement of the protein, whereβ-strands, susceptible to aggregation, are protected in the core of the molecule. Destabilization of the protein structure may expose inner regions promotingβ-aggregation, as well as the formation of hydrophobic disordered aggregates. Being this last pathway kinetically favored over the thermodynamically more stable fibril aggregation pathway.
Dynamically triggered slip leading to sustained fault gouge weakening under laboratory shear conditions
Authors: Johnson P. A. , Carmeliet J. , Savage H. M. , Scuderi M. , Carpenter B. M. , Guyer R. A. , Daub E. G. , Marone C.
Published: February 2016

We investigate dynamic wave‐triggered slip under laboratory shear conditions. The experiment is composed of a three‐block system containing two gouge layers composed of glass beads and held in place by a fixed load in a biaxial configuration. When the system is sheared under steady state conditions at a normal load of 4 MPa, we find that shear failure may be instantaneously triggered by a dynamic wave, corresponding to material weakening and softening if the system is in a critical shear stress state (near failure). Following triggering, the gouge material remains in a perturbed state over multiple slip cycles as evidenced by the recovery of the material strength, shear modulus, and slip recurrence time. This work suggests that faults must be critically stressed to trigger under dynamic conditions and that the recovery process following a dynamically triggered event differs from the recovery following a spontaneous event.
Spatiotemporal drought variability in the Mediterranean over the last 900 years
Authors: Cook Benjamin I. , Anchukaitis Kevin J. , Touchan Ramzi , Meko David M. , Cook Edward R.
Published: February 2016

Recent Mediterranean droughts have highlighted concerns that climate change may be contributing to observed drying trends, but natural climate variability in the region is still poorly understood. We analyze 900 years (1100–2012) of Mediterranean drought variability in the Old World Drought Atlas (OWDA), a spatiotemporal tree ring reconstruction of the June‐July‐August self‐calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index. In the Mediterranean, the OWDA is highly correlated with spring precipitation (April–June), the North Atlantic Oscillation (January–April), the Scandinavian Pattern (January–March), and the East Atlantic Pattern (April–June). Drought variability displays significant east‐west coherence across the basin on multidecadal to centennial timescales and north‐south antiphasing in the eastern Mediterranean, with a tendency for wet anomalies in the Black Sea region (e.g., Greece, Anatolia, and the Balkans) when coastal Libya, the southern Levant, and the Middle East are dry, possibly related to the North Atlantic Oscillation. Recent droughts are centered in the western Mediterranean, Greece, and the Levant. Events of similar magnitude in the western Mediterranean and Greece occur in the OWDA, but the recent 15 year drought in the Levant (1998–2012) is the driest in the record. Estimating uncertainties using a resampling approach, we conclude that there is an 89% likelihood that this drought is drier than any comparable period of the last 900 years and a 98% likelihood that it is drier than the last 500 years. These results confirm the exceptional nature of this drought relative to natural variability in recent centuries, consistent with studies that have found evidence for anthropogenically forced drying in the region.
Impaired Neurite Contact Guidance in Ubiquitin Ligase E3a (Ube3a)‐Deficient Hippocampal Neurons on Nanostructured Substrates
Authors: Tonazzini I. , Meucci S. , Van Woerden G. M. , Elgersma Y. , Cecchini M.
Published: February 2016

Recent discoveries indicate that during neuronal development the signaling processes that regulate extracellular sensing (e.g., adhesion, cytoskeletal dynamics) are important targets for ubiquitination‐dependent regulation, in particular through E3 ubiquitin ligases. Among these, Ubiquitin E3a ligase (UBE3A) has a key role in brain functioning, but its function and how its deficiency results in the neurodevelopmental disorder Angelman syndrome is still unclear. Here, the role of UBE3A is investigated in neurite contact guidance during neuronal development, in vitro. The microtopography sensing of wild‐type and Ube3a‐deficient hippocampal neurons is studied by exploiting gratings with different topographical characteristics, with the aim to compare their capabilities to read and follow physical directional stimuli. It is shown that neuronal contact guidance is defective in Ube3a‐deficient neurons, and this behavior is linked to an impaired activation of the focal adhesion signaling pathway. Taken together, the results suggest that the neuronal contact sensing machinery might be affected in Angelman syndrome.
The Role of Surface Nanotopography and Chemistry on Primary Neutrophil and Macrophage Cellular Responses
Authors: Christo Susan N. , Bachhuka Akash , Diener Kerrilyn R. , Mierczynska Agnieszka , Hayball John D. , Vasilev Krasimir
Published: February 2016

Synthetic materials employed for enhancing, replacing, or restoring biological functionality may be compromised by the host immune responses that they evoke. Surface modification has attracted substantial attention as a tool to modulate the host response to synthetic materials; however, how surface nanotopography combined with chemistry affects immune effector cell responses is still poorly understood. To address this open question, a unique set of model surfaces with controlled surface nanotopography in the range of 16, 38, and 68 nm has been generated. Tailored outermost surface chemistry that was amine, carboxyl, or methyl group rich has been provided. The combinations of these properties yield 12 surface types that are subject to functional assays assessing key immune effector cells, namely, primary neutrophil and macrophage responses in vitro. The data demonstrate that surface nanotopography leads to enhanced matrix metalloproteinase‐9 production from primary neutrophils, and a decrease in pro‐inflammatory cytokine secretion from primary macrophages. Together, these results are the first to directly compare the immunomodulatory effects of the cooperative interplay between surface nanotopography and chemistry.
Toward Multiplexing Detection of Wound Healing Biomarkers on Porous Silicon Resonant Microcavities
Authors: Krismastuti Fransiska Sri Herwahyu , Cavallaro Alex , Prieto‐Simon Beatriz , Voelcker Nicolas H.
Published: February 2016

Bacterial wound infections can cause septicemia and lead to limb amputation or death. Therefore, early detection of bacteria is important in chronic wound management. Here, an optical biosensor based on porous silicon resonant microcavity (pSiRM) structure modified with fluorogenic peptide substrate is demonstrated to detect the presence of Sortase A (SrtA), a bacterial enzyme found in the cell membrane protein of Staphylococcus aureus. The combination of fluorescence enhancement effects of the pSiRM architecture with the incorporation of SrtA fluorogenic peptide substrate within the pSi matrix enables the sensing of SrtA with an outstanding limit of detection of 8 × 10−14m. Modification of the pSiRM structure with microscale spots of two fluorogenic peptide substrates, one specific for SrtA and the other for matrix metalloproteinases, effectively demonstrates the feasibility to perform multiplexed biomarker analysis. The results in this study highlight the potential of the pSiRM sensing platform as a point‐of‐care diagnostic tool for biomarkers of bacterial wound infection.
High‐temperature pyrolysis and CO2 gasification of Victorian brown coal and Rhenish lignite in an entrained flow reactor
Authors: Tanner Joanne , Bhattacharya Sankar , Bläsing Marc , Müller Michael
Published: February 2016

The low rank coals from Victoria, Australia, and Rhineland, Germany are of interest for use in entrained flow gasification applications. Therefore, a high temperature, electrically heated, entrained flow apparatus has been designed to address the shortage of fundamental data. A Victorian brown coal and a Rhenish lignite were subjected to rapid, entrained flow pyrolysis between 1100 and 1400°C to generate high surface area chars, which were subsequently gasified at the same temperatures under CO2 in N2 between 10 and 80 vol %. The Victorian coal was more reactive than the Rhenish coal, and peak char reactivity was observed at 1200°C. Char conversion and syngas yield increased with increasing temperature and plateaued at high CO2 concentration. Ammonia and tar species were negligible and HCN and H2S were present in parts per million (volume) concentrations in the cooled, filtered syngas. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2101–2111, 2016
ADAT3‐related intellectual disability: Further delineation of the phenotype
Authors: El‐Hattab Ayman W. , Saleh Mohammed A. , Hashem Amal , Al‐Owain Mohammed , Asmari Ali Al , Rabei Hala , Abdelraouf Hanem , Hashem Mais , Alazami Anas M. , Patel Nisha , Shaheen Ranad , Faqeih Eissa A. , Alkuraya Fowzan S.
Published: February 2016

ADAT3‐related intellectual disability has been recently described in 24 individuals from eight Saudi families who had cognitive impairment and strabismus. Other common features included growth failure, microcephaly, tone abnormalities, epilepsy, and nonspecific brain abnormalities. A single homozygous founder mutation (c.382G>A:p.(V128M)) in the ADAT3 gene, which encodes a protein that functions in tRNA editing, was identified in all affected individuals. In this report, we present additional 15 individuals from 11 families (10 Saudis and 1 Emirati) who are homozygous for the same founder mutation. In addition to the universal findings of intellectual disability and strabismus, the majority exhibited microcephaly and growth failure. Additional features not reported in the original cohort include dysmorphic facial features (prominent forehead, up‐slanted palpebral fissures, epicanthus, and depressed nasal bridge), behavioral problems (hyperactivity and aggressiveness), recurrent otitis media, and growth hormone deficiency. ADAT3‐related intellectual disability is an important recognizable cause of intellectual disability in Arabia. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of a Two‐Photon Fluorescent Probe for Imaging of Endogenous Formaldehyde in Living Tissues
Authors: Tang Yonghe , Kong Xiuqi , Xu An , Dong Baoli , Lin Weiying
Published: February 2016

Investigation of the physiological and pathological functions of formaldehyde (FA) are largely restricted by a lack of useful FA imaging agents, in particular, those that allow detection of FA in the context of living tissues. Herein, we present the rational design, synthesis, and photophysical property studies of the first two‐photon fluorescent FA probe, Na‐FA. Importantly, the highly desirable attributes of the probe Na‐FA (such as a very large turn‐on signal (up to 900‐fold), a low detection limit, and a very fast onset imparted by the unique design aspects of the probe), make it possible to monitor endogenous FA in living tissues for the first time. Furthermore, sodium bisulfite was identified as a simple and convenient inhibitor of FA within biological environments.
Diamagnetic Raman Optical Activity of Chlorine, Bromine, and Iodine Gases
Authors: Šebestík Jaroslav , Kapitán Josef , Pačes Ondřej , Bouř Petr
Published: February 2016

Magnetic Raman optical activity of gases provides unique information about their electric and magnetic properties. Magnetic Raman optical activity has recently been observed in a paramagnetic gas (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 11058; Angew. Chem. 2012, 124, 11220). In diamagnetic molecules, it has been considered too weak to be measurable. However, in chlorine, bromine and iodine vapors, we could detect a significant signal as well. Zeeman splitting of electronic ground‐state energy levels cannot rationalize the observed circular intensity difference (CID) values of about 10−4. These are explicable by participation of paramagnetic excited electronic states. Then a simple model including one electronic excited state provides reasonable spectral intensities. The results suggest that this kind of scattering by diamagnetic molecules is a general event observable under resonance conditions. The phenomenon sheds new light on the role of excited states in the Raman scattering, and may be used to probe molecular geometry and electronic structure.
Total Synthesis of (±)‐Strictamine
Authors: Ren Weiwu , Wang Qian , Zhu Jieping
Published: February 2016

The total synthesis of strictamine has been achieved in nine steps from a known enol triflate. Characteristic features of our approach included: a) creation of a C7 all‐carbon quaternary stereocenter at an early synthetic stage; b) use of an N,N‐dimethyl tertiary amine as a surrogate of the primary amine for the rapid build‐up of a functionalized 2‐azabicyclo[3,3,1]nonan‐9‐one skeleton (achieved by using a reaction sequence of α‐bromination of the ketone, followed by a stereoconvergent intramolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction); and c) a late‐stage construction of the indolenine unit.
The first urea‐based ionic liquid‐stabilized magnetic nanoparticles: an efficient catalyst for the synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes and pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidinone derivatives
Authors: Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Ayazi‐Nasrabadi Roya , Baghery Saeed
Published: February 2016

Urea‐based ionic liquid stabilized on silica‐coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles, {Fe3O4@SiO2@(CH2)3‐Urea‐SO3H/HCl}, as an unexceptionable and smooth releasing urea fertilizer in alkali soils was synthesized and fully characterized using Fourier transform infrared, UV–visible and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopies, X‐ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopies, atomic force microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The nanostructure catalyst as a novel, green and efficient catalyst was applied for the synthesis of bis(indolyl)methane derivatives via the condensation reaction between 2‐methylindole and aldehydes at room temperature under solvent‐free conditions. Also, pyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidinone derivatives were prepared in the presence of the nanomagnetic urea‐based catalyst by the one‐pot three‐component condensation reaction of 1,3‐dimethylbarbituric acid, aldehydes and malononitrile under solvent‐free conditions at 60 °C. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the synthesis of urea‐based ionic liquid stabilized on silica‐coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. So the present work can open up a new and promising insight in the course of rational design, synthesis and applications of task‐specific fertilizer‐based nanomagnetic ionic liquids with desirable properties as unexceptionable substances for sustainable processes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
One‐pot self‐assembly and photoreduction synthesis of silver nanoparticle‐decorated reduced graphene oxide/MIL‐125(Ti) photocatalyst with improved visible light photocatalytic activity
Authors: Yuan Xingzhong , Wang Hou , Wu Yan , Zeng Guangming , Chen Xiaohong , Leng Lijian , Wu Zhibin , Li Hui
Published: February 2016

In recent years, tremendous research efforts have been made towards developing metal–organic framework (MOF)‐based composites for photocatalytic applications. In this work, bipyramid‐like MIL‐125(Ti) frustum enwrapped with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and dispersed silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) was fabricated using an efficient one‐pot self‐assembly and photoreduction strategy. The as‐obtained materials were characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, and X‐ray photoelectron, ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance and photoluminescence spectroscopies. It is found that the as‐prepared Ag/rGO/MIL‐125(Ti) ternary hybrids have large surface area, microporous structure, enhanced visible light absorption and prolonged lifetime of charge carriers. Compared with pure MIL‐125(Ti) and its binary counterparts, the ternary composite exhibits more efficient photocatalytic performance for Rhodamine B (RhB) degradation from water under visible light irradiation. The photodegradation rate of RhB on Ag/rGO/MIL‐125(Ti) is 0.0644 min−1, which is 1.62 times higher than that of the pure MIL‐125(Ti). The improved photocatalytic performance is ascribed to the indirect dye photosensitization, the Ag NP localized surface plasmon resonance, the Ti3+–Ti4+ intervalence electron transfer and the synergistic effect among MIL‐125(Ti), Ag NPs and rGO. Ag NPs serve as an efficient ‘electron reservoir’ and rGO as an electron transporter and collector. Therefore, this work provides a new pathway into the design of MOF‐based composites for application in environmental and energy fields. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Historical Aerial Photography and Multi‐receiver EMI Soil Sensing, Complementing Techniques for the Study of a Great War Conflict Landscape
Authors: Gheyle Wouter , Saey Timothy , Van Hollebeeke Yannick , Verplaetse Stephanie , Note Nicolas , Bourgeois Jean , Van Meirvenne Marc , Van Eetvelde Veerle , Stichelbaut Birger
Published: February 2016

In spite of an increase in World War I (WWI)‐related excavations in Flanders (Belgium), little is known about the nature and extent of the buried heritage of WWI from research on a landscape scale. This paper examines the combination of historical aerial photographic evidence and geophysical soil sensing. A case study in Comines‐Warneton compares data derived from contemporary WWI aerial photographs with multi‐receiver electromagnetic induction surveys. This comparison provides an understanding of the degree of preservation of trenches, dugouts and other military structures, and illustrates the added value of integrating both techniques in an in‐depth, non‐invasive study of conflict landscapes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association between learning style preferences and anatomy assessment outcomes in graduate‐entry and undergraduate medical students
Authors: O'Mahony Siobhain M. , Sbayeh Amgad , Horgan Mary , O'Flynn Siun , O'Tuathaigh Colm M.P.
Published: February 2016

An improved understanding of the relationship between anatomy learning performance and approaches to learning can lead to the development of a more tailored approach to delivering anatomy teaching to medical students. This study investigated the relationship between learning style preferences, as measured by Visual, Aural, Read/write, and Kinesthetic (VARK) inventory style questionnaire and Honey and Mumford's learning style questionnaire (LSQ), and anatomy and clinical skills assessment performance at an Irish medical school. Additionally, mode of entry to medical school [undergraduate/direct‐entry (DEM) vs. graduate‐entry (GEM)], was examined in relation to individual learning style, and assessment results. The VARK and LSQ were distributed to first and second year DEM, and first year GEM students. DEM students achieved higher clinical skills marks than GEM students, but anatomy marks did not differ between each group. Several LSQ style preferences were shown to be weakly correlated with anatomy assessment performance in a program‐ and year‐specific manner. Specifically, the “Activist” style was negatively correlated with anatomy scores in DEM Year 2 students (rs = −0.45, P = 0.002). The “Theorist” style demonstrated a weak correlation with anatomy performance in DEM Year 2 (rs = 0.18, P = 0.003). Regression analysis revealed that, among the LSQ styles, the “Activist” was associated with poorer anatomy assessment performance (P < 0.05), while improved scores were associated with students who scored highly on the VARK “Aural” modality (P < 0.05). These data support the contention that individual student learning styles contribute little to variation in academic performance in medical students. Anat Sci Educ 9: 391–399. © 2016 American Association of Anatomists.
Nonlinear Analysis and Attitude Control of a Gyrostat Satellite with Chaotic Dynamics Using Discrete‐Time LQR‐OGY
Authors: Abtahi Seyed Mahdi , Sadati Seyed Hossein , Salarieh Hassan
Published: February 2016

Quasi‐periodic and chaotic behavior, along with the control of chaos for a Gyrostat satellite (GS), is investigated in this work. The quaternion‐based dynamical model of the GS is first derived, and then the influences of the reaction wheels in the GS structure, under the gravity gradient perturbation that causes a route to chaos through quasi‐periodicity mechanism, is investigated. For the suppression of chaos in the system, a chaos control system with the quaternion feedback is designed for the GS based on the extension of the Ott‐Grebogi‐Yorke (OGY) method using the linearization of the Poincaré map. In the extended OGY controller, the Poincaré map is estimated using the Least Square Support Vector Machine (LSSVM) technique. After linearization of the Poincaré map, the Discrete‐time Linear Quadratic Regulator (DLQR) is applied on the linearized Poincaré map, making the DLQR‐OGY controller for chaos. The DLQR‐OGY control system stabilizes the orbits to the fixed points providing a small control input signal, which leads to a decrease in the control effort and energy consumption in the GS system.
Input/Output Decoupling of Square Linear Systems by Dynamic Two‐Parameter Stabilizing Control
Authors: Galindo René
Published: February 2016

Analytical expressions of the free parameters of a two‐parameter stabilizing control (TPSC), solving an input/output (I/O) decoupling problem, are presented, and stability conditions are given. Multi‐input‐multi‐output (MIMO), proper, lumped and linear time invariant (LTI) systems are considered. These systems have stabilizable and detectable realizations. The separation principle is applied to design a dynamic output control in a controller‐observer feedback configuration. The I/O relation of the overall system is equivalent to a subsystem, in which the I/O decoupling problem has a solution. Also, if the state dimension of the plant is even, and is double the input dimension of the plant, then coprime factorizations of the plant used for the stabilizing controllers are proposed. The results are illustrated through an example.
Numeracy Predicts More Effortful and Elaborative Search Strategies in a Complex Risky Choice Context: A Process‐Tracing Approach
Authors: Jasper John D. , Bhattacharya Chandrima , Corser Ryan
Published: February 2016

The goal of the current study was to explore information search and processing differences between individuals who are less and more numerate in an attempt to better understand the mechanisms that might differentiate the choices they make. We did so using a computerized process‐tracing system known as MouseTrace, which presented monetary gambles in an alternative × attribute matrix with outcome (dollar amount) and probability information as attributes. This information was initially occluded but could be revealed by clicking on the cell that contained the desired information. Beginning with nine gambles offering the chance of gaining or losing a specified amount, participants (N = 110) narrowed down the options (to three and then one) using an inclusion or exclusion strategy. Consistent with previous research, inclusion was a more effortful strategy, and individuals who were higher in numeracy were more likely to select prospects with the highest expected value. Process measures revealed these individuals expended more effort (i.e., attended to and sought out more information and processed it in greater depth) and exhibited more compensatory processing than those who were lower in numeracy, but this sometimes depended on whether one was asked to include or exclude. These results serve as further evidence that individuals with higher levels of numeracy often engage in more elaborative processing of the decision task, which tends to lead to more optimal choices. However, they also suggest that individuals are adaptive and that the specific situation can matter. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative Optimism and Event Skewness
Authors: Rose Jason P. , Aspiras Olivia , Vogel Erin , Haught Heather , Roberts Lindsay
Published: February 2016

Comparative judgment biases—wherein a majority of people report being above‐ or below‐average in their abilities, traits, or future events—are a robust phenomenon in psychology. A recent explanation for these biases has focused on people's awareness that many comparative judgment domains form skewed distributions, and, hence, a majority of people can feasibly be above or below average. Indeed, this prior research found that comparative biases for abilities emerged more for skewed (vs. normal) distributions. In the current research, we attempted to (i) conceptually replicate this finding in a comparative likelihood context and (ii) provide evidence of an alternative explanation for the prior results. Replicating prior research, three correlational studies and one experimental study found that event skewness was related to direct comparative likelihood judgments for health events, such that comparative optimism emerged more for events judged or manipulated to come from positively skewed distributions than from negatively skewed distributions. However, event skewness was unrelated to indirect comparisons (absolute self minus absolute other). Moreover, consistent with an egocentric‐processes account, absolute self‐judgments were more predictive of direct comparisons than were absolute other judgments and showed the same association with event skewness as direct comparisons. Implications for explaining and interpreting comparative judgment biases are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Landscape of UK Child Protection Research 2010 to 2014: A Mapping Review of Substantive Topics, Maltreatment Types and Research Designs
Authors: Jones Christine , Taylor Julie , MacKay Kirsteen , Soliman Francesca , Clayton Estelle , Gadda Andressa Maria , Anderson Anna , Jones Derek
Published: February 2016

Child protection continues to be a pressing social problem. Robust and relevant research is essential in order to ensure that the scale and nature of child maltreatment are understood and that preventative and protective measures are effective. This paper reports selected results from a mapping review of research conducted in the UK and published between January 2010 and December 2014. The purpose of the review was twofold: to develop a typology of child protection research; and to use this typology to describe the features and patterns of empirical research undertaken recently in the UK in order to inform a future research agenda. The paper reports the maltreatment types, substantive topics and research designs used within empirical research published in academic journals. It identifies a number of challenges for the field including the need for conceptual clarity regarding types of abuse, greater methodological diversity and a shift of focus from response to prevention of child maltreatment. The importance of a national strategic agenda is also emphasised. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

‘Robust and relevant research is essential in order to ensure that the scale and nature of child maltreatment are understood’

Key Practitioner Messages

A substantial proportion of empirical research focuses on child maltreatment generally and less is known about some specific types of maltreatment such as exposure to domestic abuse and child trafficking.

More robust evidence is particularly needed concerning the effectiveness of interventions and choice of preventative approaches.

Research‐minded practitioners have an important contribution to make to the development of a practice‐relevant research agenda.

‘Research‐minded practitioners have an important contribution to make’
PdNP@Titanate Nanotubes as Effective Catalyst for Continuous‐Flow Partial Hydrogenation Reactions
Authors: Linares Noemi , Moreno‐Marrodan Carmen , Barbaro Pierluigi
Published: February 2016

Pd nanoparticles were easily immobilized onto titanate nanotubes by a straightforward procedure. The material (0.50 wt % Pd) was used as catalyst in the continuous‐flow, liquid‐phase hydrogenation reaction of unsaturated C−C bonds and it showed excellent performance and durability under very mild conditions (room temperature, 1–2 bar H2, residence time 13–36 s). In particular, very high productivity was obtained in the synthesis of the perfumery component cis‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol (40.6 mol gPd−1 h−1) without additives or metal contamination, with clear benefits in terms of process economy and environmental impact compared with conventional catalysts. The catalyst performance is discussed in the light of comparable systems.
Ultrasmall Platinum Nanoparticles Supported Inside the Nanospaces of Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica with an Imidazolium Network: An Efficient Catalyst for the Aerobic Oxidation of Unactivated Alcohols in Water
Authors: Karimi Babak , Naderi Zahra , Khorasani Mojtaba , Mirzaei Hamid M. , Vali Hojatollah
Published: February 2016

The imidazolium group inside the wall of a periodic mesoporous organosilica provides an excellent environment for the stabilization of ultrasmall Pt nanoparticles (<1.5 nm), and this allowed the formation of a catalyst system (i.e., Pt(NP)@PMO‐IL) with significant activity and recyclability in the selective aerobic oxidation of various alcohols in water at ambient pressure of oxygen. In particular, the catalyst exhibited high activity in the oxidation of unactivated primary alcohols and sterically encumbered secondary aliphatic alcohols, which remain challenging substrates for many catalytic aerobic protocols.
Total Synthesis of the 7,10‐Epimer of the Proposed Structure of Amphidinolide N, Part I: Synthesis of the C1–C13 Subunit
Authors: Ochiai Koji , Kuppusamy Sankar , Yasui Yusuke , Okano Tsubasa , Matsumoto Yasunobu , Gupta Nishant R. , Takahashi Yohei , Kubota Takaaki , Kobayashi Jun'ichi , Hayashi Yujiro
Published: February 2016

Amphidinolide N, the structure of which has been recently revised, is a 26‐membered macrolide featuring allyl epoxide and tetrahydropyran moieties with 13 chiral centers. Due to its challenging structure and extraordinary potent cytotoxicity, amphidinolide N is a highly attractive target of total synthesis. During our total synthesis studies of the 7,10‐epimer of the proposed structure of amphidinolide N, we have synthesized the C1–C13 subunit enantio‐ and diastereoselectively. Key reactions include an l‐proline catalyzed enantioselective intramolecular aldol reaction, Evans aldol reaction, Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation and Tamao–Fleming oxidation. To aid late‐stage manipulations, we also developed the 4‐(N‐benzyloxycarbonyl‐N‐methylamino)butyryl group as a novel ester protective group for the C9 alcohol.
Synthesis and Aggregation Behavior of Chiral Naphthoquinoline Petroporphyrin Asphaltene Model Compounds
Authors: Schulze Matthias , Scherer Alexander , Hampel Frank , Stryker Jeffrey M. , Tykwinski Rik R.
Published: February 2016

The synthesis of structurally relevant compounds that model the chemical behavior and supramolecular aggregation of the asphaltenes, the most polar and metal‐rich fraction of heavy petroleum, has been extended to include fusions of important petroleum biomarkers. The synthetic protocol features a multicomponent reaction to form a dyad composed of a fused steroidal naphthoquinoline, followed by a pyrrole cyclocondensation reaction to incorporate the dyad into a chiral triad containing a NiII‐porphyrin substituent. This synthetic protocol has been used to prepare large molecules that represent both “continental” and “archipelago” models of asphaltene composition. The steroid–naphthoquinoline–porphyrin triads have been studied by UV/Vis and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopies, and the results suggest that the naphthoquinoline core, a tetrahydro[4]helicene, adopts a helical conformation, producing a CD signal electronically related to the characteristic Soret absorption band of the porphyrin subunit. Finally, supramolecular aspects of asphaltene aggregation have been examined on a molecular level through analysis of axial coordination of pyridine to the Ni‐porphyrin. The relative affinity of pyridine for binding to the Ni center of the porphyrin is evaluated by comparing binding propensities in a series of sterically differentiated substituted porphyrins.
Facilely Tuning Porous NiCo2O4 Nanosheets with Metal Valence‐State Alteration and Abundant Oxygen Vacancies as Robust Electrocatalysts Towards Water Splitting
Authors: Zhu Chengzhou , Fu Shaofang , Du Dan , Lin Yuehe
Published: February 2016

Great efforts in developing clean electrochemical water splitting technology leads to the rational design and synthesis of highly efficient oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts with low overpotential and fast reaction kinetics. Herein, we focus on the role that morphology and composition play in the OER performance to rationally design freestanding 3D porous NiCo2O4 nanosheets with metal valence states alteration and abundant oxygen vacancies as robust electrocatalysts towards water splitting. Besides metal valence‐state alteration, surface modification regarding the evolution of oxygen vacancies is facilely realized upon the sodium borohydride treatment, which is beneficial for the enhanced OER performance. Taking advantage of the porous nanostructures and abundant surface activity sites with high reactivity, the resultant nanostructures exhibit excellent OER activity and stability in alkaline electrolytes that outperform that of pristine NiCo2O4 and commercial RuO2, thus holding great potential for the water splitting.