bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Menanggapi Tindakan Bunuh Diri Dalam Etika Kristen: Sebuah Tindakan Yang Tidak Dibenarkan
Authors: Gulo Mayner For Jaya , Batawi Ardians
Published: July 2024

Artikel ini merupakan sebuah penelitian bagaimana menanggapi tindakan bunuh diri dalam etika Kristen. Bunuh diri adalah tindakan seseorang untuk mengakhiri hidupnya dengan sengaja. Hal ini terjadi karena berbagai faktor keadaan dan situasi dari permasalahan yang sedang ia alami yang membuat seseorang tersebut merasa tertekan dan seakan-akan tidak ada lagi jalan keluar dari permasalahannya tersebut, sehingga bunuh diri menjadi satu-satunya solusi untuk terbebas dari masalah yang sedang dia hadapi. Orang yang melakukan tindakan bunuh diri menganggap tindakan tersebut adalah suatu keputusan yang benar, namun dalam pandangan etika Kristen, bunuh diri adalah tindakan yang tidak benar dan bertentangan dengan kehendak Tuhan. Dalam etika Kristen, bunuh diri merupakan tindakan yang melanggar hukum Allah dan tidak menghargai anugerah Allah. Melakukan tindakan bunuh sama halnya mengambil hak kepemilikan Allah, sehingga hal tersebut manusia manusia mengambil alih kedaulatan Allah. Penelitian ini menggunakan kajian literatur yang juga bisa disebut sebagai metode pustaka yang bersumber dari hasil penelitian sebelumnya. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini memberikan sebuah pemahaman dalam etika Kristen tindakan bunuh diri merupakan tindakan dosa dan tidak dibenarkan.
Innovative Architectures and Management Strategies in 5G Communication Networks
Authors: Subramanian Barathi , Naamani Karima Salim Hashil Al , Sagayee G. Mary Amirtha
Published: July 2024

The evolution of communication networks has witnessed a remarkable transformation with the advent of 5G technology. As the latest generation of cellular networks, 5G promises to revolutionize the way we connect, communicate, and interact with the digital world. This paper explores the architecture, management, and implications of 5G communication networks, shedding light on the key features, challenges, and opportunities presented by this transformative technology. At the core of 5G networks lies a sophisticated architecture designed to deliver unprecedented levels of speed, reliability, and connectivity. The 5G New Radio (NR) architecture encompasses three primary components: the User Equipment (UE), the Radio Access Network (RAN), and the Core Network (CN). These components work in tandem to facilitate seamless communication between user devices and the broader network infrastructure. One of the defining features of 5G networks is their ability to support significantly higher data speeds and lower latency compared to previous generations. With the potential to deliver data rates of several gigabits per second and latency as low as a few milliseconds, 5G opens the door to a plethora of innovative applications and services, ranging from immersive virtual reality experiences to real-time remote surgeries. Effective management of 5G networks is paramount to ensuring optimal performance, reliability, and security. Network management systems employ advanced algorithms for dynamic resource allocation, quality of service (QoS) optimization, and network slicing. Network slicing, in particular, enables operators to create virtual networks tailored to specific use cases, such as enhanced mobile broadband, massive IoT deployments, and mission-critical communications. However, the deployment and management of 5G networks pose several challenges and considerations. Infrastructure deployment requires substantial investment and coordination, while ensuring interoperability between different vendors' equipment and standards remains a pressing issue. Spectrum availability and allocation also play a critical role in determining the performance and capacity of 5G networks, necessitating careful regulatory oversight and spectrum management strategies. Despite these challenges, the implications of 5G technology are far-reaching and profound. From empowering smart cities and autonomous vehicles to enabling the widespread adoption of IoT devices and applications, 5G networks have the potential to reshape industries, drive innovation, and enhance the quality of life for billions of people around the world. 5G communication networks represent a paradigm shift in the way we connect and communicate. With their advanced architecture, dynamic management capabilities, and transformative potential, 5G networks are poised to unlock new opportunities, accelerate digital transformation, and usher in a new era of connectivity and innovation.
CBCT In Imaging Radiopaque and Mixed Lesions of The Jaw
Authors: SH Kadhim Sahar
Published: July 2024

Radiolucent lesion in jawbone more than radiopaque and mixed lesion, this appears in any lesion (odontogenic, non-odontogenic). However, this group include benign and malignant bone tumor. this lesion appears rarely in crown of tooth and more than in apex tooth.
The Influence of Macroeconomic Factors on Economic Growth on Indonesia's Receipt and Distribution of ZIS Funding
Authors: Sari Anggi Puspita , Sukardi Budi
Published: July 2024

Indonesia has significant potential for distributing zakat, which can effectively address issues such as poverty and inequality in the nation. The ratio of ZIS funds received and disbursed by BAZNAS RI serves as the dependent variable in this analysis, which utilizes secondary data from January 2017 to December 2021, illustrating the quantitative approach employed in this investigation. Macroeconomic variables that affect economic growth, such as GDP, interest rates, inflation, poverty, and total money in circulation (JUB), are the independent variables. This study utilized multiple linear regression analysis with the Least Squares (LS) methodology. The classical assumption test consists of many linear regression tests such as Multicollinearity, Autocorrelation, Heteroscedasticity, Normality, and Linearity. The amount of Money in Circulation (JUB) that decreases the poverty rate, and the effect of decreasing the unemployment rate in Indonesia are the findings of the study that will affect the feasibility of channeling ZIS funds in Indonesia. Therefore, it can be concluded that changes in the quantity of GDP, interest rates, and inflation will not affect the receipt or distribution of ZIS funds in Indonesia.
El estudio de la sociedad digital, tema central del XV Congreso Español de Sociología
Authors: Suárez-Gonzalo Sara
Published: July 2024

La capital andaluza acogió la última semana de junio el XV Congreso Español de Sociología, organizado por la Federación Española de Sociología en colaboración con el Departamento de Sociología de la Universidad Pablo de Olavide. Esta nueva edición ha estado dedicada al estudio de la sociedad digital.
Purification and characterization of a novel zinc chelating peptides from Holothuria scabra and its ex vivo absorption activity in the small intestine
Authors: Syahputra Gita , Sandhiutami Ni Made Dwi , Hariyatun Hariyatun , Hapsari Yatri , Gustini Nunik , Sari Martha , Rakha Siwi Olga Galih , Putra Masteria Yunovilsa , Fadilah Fadilah , Louisa Melva
Published: July 2024

Zinc supplements currently marketed in Indonesia are second-generation zinc supplements, which must be improved for the effectiveness caused by their low absorption rate and side effects on the gastrointestinal tract. Third-generation zinc supplements are currently being investigated to improve the effectiveness of the previous generation of supplements. The present study aimed to discover a new alternative source of zinc-chelating peptide (ZCP) from Holothuria scabra. In addition, the research investigates the ZCP characteristics and absorption abilities in an ex vivo evaluation using the everted gut sac model method. The results obtained were six zinc peptides: Asp-Asp-Ala- Phe-Gln-Ala-Phe-Cys; Thr-Asp-Asn-Leu; Leu-Gly-Cys; Pro-Gly-Thr; Ser-Cys; and Pro-Tyr. The characterization showed that the resulting peptides comprised two to eight amino acids with molecular weights between 208 and 915 Da. The highest zinc binding capacity of the peptides was 92.11 mg/100 g at 30 kDa for molecular weight. Fourier-transform infrared spectra indicate that zinc ions (Zn2+) bind to carboxyl groups and interact with nitrogen atoms in amino acids and amides. The scanning electron microscope-energy dispersion spectroscopy results stated that, topographically and morphologically, ZCP has a different surface with peptides with Zn composition in the sample. Furthermore, we evaluated the peptide fractions for ex vivo absorption in the small intestine using the everted gut sac method. We found that zinc-binding peptides transported and enhanced zinc absorption in the duodenum segment at 60 minutes, resulting in a 40% increase in absorption rate. The potency of ZCPs from H. scabra as an alternative to third-generation zinc supplements with higher absorption than previous-generation supplements.
Endophytic fungi from medicinal plant Garcinia cowa Roxb. ex Choisy and their antibacterial activity
Authors: Handayani Dian , Muslim Rezki Irvan , Syafni Nova , Artasasta Muh. Ade , Riga Riga
Published: July 2024

Endophytic fungi grow inside plant tissues and produce biologically active substances without harming the host plant. Endophytic fungi isolated from the roots, barks, and leaves of Garcinia cowa Roxb. ex Choisy, an ethnomedicinal plant commonly used in West Sumatera, Indonesia, are the focus of this research, which aims to evaluate their antibacterial activity. Traditional medicine has made extensive use of this plant’s various parts. In total, 14 endophytic fungal isolates were obtained from plant fragments of G. cowa that had undergone surface sterilization. After four to six weeks of cultivation in rice medium, the fungus isolate was extracted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc). Each EtOAc extract of fungus was tested for antimicrobial activity using Kirby–Bauer diffusion against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Methicillin Resistant S. aureus, and Candida albicans. The measurement results of the inhibition zone indicate that the GCA3 isolate of endophytic fungi exhibited significant inhibitory diameters and demonstrated potential as an antibacterial agent. The GCA3 strain showed an inhibition diameter zone of 15.05 } 0.51 mm against S. aureus, 14.68 } 0.5 mm against E. coli, and 13.48 } 0.15 mm against MRSA. None of the fungi extracts can inhibit the growth of C. albicans. The fungus GCA3 has been determined to be identical to Penicillium citrinum through macroscopic, microscopic, and molecular identification methods. The findings indicate that endophytic fungi from the Garcinia plant can generate antibacterial compounds. Hence, additional investigation is required to separate these bioactive compounds.
Weryfikacja procedury przygotowania próbek do badania wytrzymałości wybranych hydraulicznych spoiw drogowych
Authors: Duszyński Andrzej , Jasiński Wiktor , Jórdeczka Łukasz , Brenner Maria
Published: July 2024

W artykule przedstawiono systemy przygotowania próbek do badania wytrzymałości na ściskanie spoiw drogowych, obejmujące wykonanie i dojrzewanie próbek. Wykonanie obejmuje zagadnienie składu mieszanki (zaprawa lub zaczyn) wraz z doborem ilości wody. W zakresie dojrzewania próbek wyróżniono dwa sposoby: w kąpieli wodnej i w wilgotnym powietrzu. Badania przeprowadzono dla przykładowych hydraulicznych spoiw drogowych o różnej zawartości składników krzemionkowych i wapiennych. Do opisu badanych spoiw wykorzystano również badania pozostałości na sicie 45 μm. Wyniki badań potwierdziły potrzebę wyróżnienia w badaniach wytrzymałości na ściskanie spoiw drogowych różnych systemów przygotowania próbek na cele klasyfikacji tych spoiw pod względem ich działania i funkcji w konstrukcji nawierzchni drogowej lub ulepszonym podłożu.
Identification of homogeneous pavement sections
Authors: Krawczyk Bartłomiej , Szydło Antoni
Published: July 2024

Frequently FWD measurement results of vertical displacements of the same object differ to a considerable degree. Varying measurement results of displacements (making the subsequent base for the identification of elasticity moduli of relevant pavement structure layers) may not be directly averaged since they would build up a false picture of the tested section. The reliable identification method for homogenous sections of pavement structure based on measurement results of FWD tested vertical displacements, with the use of some basic properties of the exponential function, was described in this paper. The applied identification algorithms were analysed and their limitations were pointed out. The effectiveness of the elaborated method was verified on a real pavement section with four different structures.
The optimization of concretes modified with FBC fly ash
Authors: Konkol Janusz , Prokopski Grzegorz
Published: July 2024

This paper presents the results of optimization of composition of the concretes modified with mechanically activated fluidized bed combustion (FBC) fly ash. The analysis was performed according to the results of investigations based on the central composite design of experiment. The amount of FBC fly ash used as an equivalent of cement varied from 2.1% to 14.9% of the mass of binder. Water/binder ratios in the mixes were in the range of 0.35 to 0.54. The optimization criteria were: maximal compressive strength after 28, 90 and 180 days of concrete curing, maximal fracture toughness (maximal value of critical stress intensity factor KIcS), maximal value of elastic modulus after 28 and 180 days of curing and minimal porosity of hardened concrete. It is shown that FBC fly ash has small influence on the optimization results whereas water/binder ratio influences the results significantly. The optimal solutions were obtained for w/b ratios below 0.37.
Evaluation method for social costs, including economical ones, of road accidents in Poland from the aspect of BRD
Authors: Mitas Andrzej W. , Jaździk-Osmólska Agata
Published: July 2024

The paper covers a couple of road safety aspects. Attention was drawn to so far unduly (according to the authors) exposed problems of negative effects of road accidents, expressed in the form of economic losses. The article separates classes of losses, particularly incurred by both direct perpetrators of accidents and road traffic participants, as well as the general public. Attention was drawn to the values of costs of road accidents, attributed to GDP and the most spectacular budget expenditures. The discussion was centered on the issue of precise monitoring the legitimacy of the social costs implied in the human participation sensu largo in road transport. In reference to that subject some authorial ideas of global assessment of the costs methods were proposed. The article presents the economic dimension of the social consequences of road accidents taking into account both categories of purely economic losses and social costs related to decreased efficiency, impaired social cycles, and hard to measure pain and suffering of direct and indirect victims of road accidents.
Influence of traffic flow variability of heavy vehicles and temperature on pavement fatigue life
Authors: Spławińska Malwina , Zieliński Piotr , Burnos Piotr
Published: July 2024

The paper presents the effect of temperature variability and traffic flow variability on fatigue life of flexible road pavements (pavements with the subgrade made of unbound aggregates and asphalt concrete). The division of the territory of Poland for the homogeneous groups in terms of movement and temperature was made at the use of quantitative methods (cluster analysis) and qualitative methods (geographical and functional affiliation). The basis for the division was the shape of the profiles of temperature and traffic flow variability in subsequent months of the year and in successive seasons. After determining homogeneous groups, representative profiles of traffic flows and temperature variability were established, which were used to calculate the fatigue life of pavement structure. Fatigue life was determined using the criterion of fatigue of asphalt layers according to the Asphalt Institute. The calculations of stress and strain in the pavement were carried out using the program BISAR. The results have permitted comparison and identification of differences in pavement durability obtained depending on the values of equivalent temperatures.
Testing of a large-span soil-shell structure without stiffeners during backfilling process
Authors: Korusiewicz Leszek
Published: July 2024

The paper presents the results of field tests carried out on a prototype structure in the form of a low-profile steel arch made from corrugated plates, covered with soil, which was intended as a wildlife overpass. The considered structure 17.7 m in span, 5.5 m high and over 15 m long, was made without any stiffening components. The aim of the tests was to determine the state of strain (stress) and displacement in the steel shell in the course of backfilling and the influence of time on the measured quantities during and after this process. The precision (total station) surveying method was used to measure displacements. Strains were measured by electrical resistance strain gauges stuck directly on the steel structure in the circumferential and longitudinal directions. Stresses and internal forces (bending moments and axial forces) in the particular cross sections of the tested object were calculated on the basis of the experimentally determined strains. The presented test results can constitute an element of boosting the knowledge about deformations and loads of similar large-span structures, without any stiffening components, during or after the backfilling process.
Chemically modified bitumens with improved adhesion to aggregate
Authors: Sarnowski Michał
Published: July 2024

Durability of asphalt pavements is dependent on the use of high-quality road binders. Good bitumen should exhibit adequate viscoelastic properties, resistance to ageing and good adhesion to mineral aggregates. In order to improve bitumen properties the modification of binder is used. For over 15 years, mainly in the USA, polyphosphoric (PPA) modifier is used, which improves viscoelastic properties of the binder and its adhesion to aggregate. The paper presents the extensive research results of adhesion of binders modified with polyphosphoric additive and SBS polymer, as well as the research results of water resistance of asphalt mixtures comprising these binders. In order to evaluate the adhesion test results a new computer image analysis, developed by the author at Warsaw University of Technology, was used. Computer analysis may constitute an alternative to inaccurate visual method. It is shown that there is a possibility to significantly improve binder adhesion to the aggregate as a result of bitumen modification with both SBS polymer and polyphosphoric (PPA) additive.
Verification of the method of estimating bending moments in soil-shell structures on the basis of shell deformation
Authors: Korusiewicz Leszek
Published: July 2024

The paper concerns soil-shell bridge structures of arch cross-section made from corrugated plates. During backfilling the shell crown is deflected upwards and the sides move inwards at the shoulder (haunch) level. The measured displacements are used to represent the arch deformation. With large displacements that typically occur during backfilling it is possible to measure them with surveying instruments. This enables monitoring the changes in the shell deformations on site as the work proceeds. This study analyses the accuracy of the method to estimate the bending moments induced in the structure - the main factor influencing the values of normal stresses in the shell – on the basis of the deformation of curvature at the crown, determined by measuring the displacements. The measurements and calculations carried out for an existing structure were used for comparative analysis. The structure identified for this purpose is an arch shell made of single, deep-corrugated metal plate (Super Cor). The experimental study included measurement of unit strain of the shell to determine the bending moments used for independent verification of the computed values.
Effects of uniformly distributed side corrosion on thin-walled open cross-section steel columns
Authors: Glinicka Aniela , Ajdukiewicz Cezary , Imiełowski Szymon
Published: July 2024

Compressive capacity of the thin-walled steel columns, corroded uniformly over their entire side surface length is analysed in this paper. The thin-walled profile steel columns are often used for bridges, rail and road building constructions. Loss of the profile mass that appears due to corrosion growth reduces the cross-sectional area and influences column compressive capacity. Computational models of the structure are assumed based on the observation of existing corroded columns. The theory of thin-walled profiles is taken for the analysis. Models simulating the walls weakening due to corrosion growth are considered on the example of three thin-walled steel profiles: semi-closed channel section, two semi-closed channel section connected by webs and HKS profiles. Different patterns and degrees of corrosion growth were considered and, as a result, changes of the profile cross-sectional geometry were observed. Theoretical considerations of thin-walled compressed corroded steel columns stability are illustrated by bearing capacity calculations. Geometric cross-sectional characteristics are determined and the system of stability equations is solved. The calculation results are presented in the form of graphs illustrating the effects caused by the geometry change due to corrosion defects. The reduction of column compressive strength in each of the considered case is observed. Moreover a variation of the buckling mode from flexural one into warping is noticed in one of the analysed items. It has been found that more dangerous corrosion growth pattern appears when asymmetric loss of the profile wall thickness arises. That may change the form of buckling from flexural one into warping.
Recapitulation of research on frost susceptibility of unbound mixtures for pavement structures
Authors: Ćwiąkała Michał , Gajewska Beata , Kraszewski Cezary , Rafalski Leszek
Published: July 2024

The impact of frost, i.e. minus temperatures and cycles of freezing and thawing, has a significant influence on road surfaces in cold or even temperate climate. In order to ensure the bearing capacity and durability of a pavement construction in places where freezing temperatures occur, it is necessary to use materials that are resistant to the harmful effects of frost, which can cause the phenomenon of frost heave. Frost heaves provoke adverse volume changes, the rising of a surface after freezing and a significant reduction of a structure's bearing capacity after thawing, which may even result in the cracking of roads. This article presents an overview of the methods of determining frost susceptibility, as well as the criteria of the frost susceptibility of soils and aggregates. It also summarizes the results of laboratory tests of unbound road mixtures made of natural aggregates for road pavements. Parts of this research have been previously presented at scientific conferences. Fourteen unbound mixtures of natural aggregates with a continuous granulation of 0/31.5 mm were subjected to tests. Frost susceptibility was determined on the basis of laboratory tests of the following properties: the content of fine fractions < 0.002 mm, < 0.02 mm, < 0.075 mm, plastic limit wP, liquid limit wL, plasticity index IP, sand equivalent SE4, methylene blue MBF and also the real value of frost heave FH of the compacted aggregate mixture subjected to freezing in a cylinder. On the basis of these tests the usefulness of methods and criteria, which are used in Poland and the rest of the world for evaluating the frost susceptibility of unbound aggregates, was analysed.
Minimizing the occurrence of factors affecting the acceleration of degradation process of steel bridge structures
Authors: Więcław-Bator Lidia , Moćko Wojciech , Chmielewski Ryszard , Kruszka Leopold
Published: July 2024

The paper describes typical damage of steel bridge structures and in particular structures located in highly urbanized areas. These objects are especially prone to a number of factors that accelerate their process of degradation, such as air pollution, stray currents or a large number of load cycles. The main aim of the authors was to formulate general recommendations, the implementation of which may contribute, directly or indirectly, to slowing the degradation process of steel bridge structures. In addition, these recommendations may increase the safety and comfort of road users and extend the safe operation of these structures. Recommendations that cover the phases of the design, construction and operation of bridge structures were formulated on the basis of many years of experience, which was acquired during inspections of steel road and rail bridge structures.
Comparison of rheological properties of chosen elastomers used in production of bridge bearings
Authors: Gajewski Marcin
Published: July 2024

The paper presents the results of rheological testing performed with the use of DMA (Dynamic Mechanical Analyser) rheometer on specimens made of natural rubber (NR) and synthetic rubber (CR) elastomeric materials typically used for production of bridge bearings. The experiments provided the values of complex stiffness modulus and phase shift angles over a very wide temperature and frequency range, enabled determination of glass transition temperatures and plotting the master curves of the respective materials and, moreover, indentation tests were carried out with a spherical indenter pressed down with linearly increasing force. The test results can be used for both qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the materials and for determining certain mechanical parameters of linear viscoelastic constitutive models formulated for the infinitesimal strain theory. The indentation test was conducted to obtain values which can be used for indirect validation of constitutive hyperelastic and visco-hyperelastic models built up for continuum large deformation theory. Moreover, the paper partly evaluates the effect of long-term (natural) ageing of materials on their rheological properties.
Protection of pipeline bridges against vibrations caused by a water hammer
Authors: Imiełowski Szymon , Śniegocki Bartosz
Published: July 2024

In pipeline systems, bridges are much more exposed to exceptional loadings and related failures than other elements of hydraulic plants. Water hammer, a phenomenon of abrupt change in fluid pressure caused by e.g. the sudden closing or opening of a valve, pump failure or a power cut, is an example of such loading. The reasons for this phenomenon and the possible failure it can cause are discussed in the article. An overview of the currently used protection methods against a water hammer and the possibilities to improve the construction of the devices that are used for such protection are shown. The effectiveness of three selected systems of protecting against a water hammer is discussed in detail. It is underlined that in the case of large-span pipeline bridges, especially suspension bridges, natural frequencies of the bridge can coincide with the frequency of the fluid pressure wave caused by a water hammer. This resonance can cause excitation of pipeline bridge vibrations. The possibilities of eliminating pipeline vibrations by applying vibration absorbers or flexible supports are pointed out. The importance of the need of detailed structural dynamic analysis and the determination of eigenfrequencies with their corresponding eigenforms is highlighted.
Application of mechanical and electromagnetic waves in an integrated determination of pavement bearing capacity
Authors: Pożarycki Andrzej , Górnaś Przemysław , Sztukiewicz Romuald
Published: July 2024

The use of expert systems to determine pavement fatigue life (such as backcalculation) is strongly constrained by empirical assumptions. An important obstacle for the development of this research area is a conflict between the complexity of pavement model and actual limitations of methods used to identify its parameters. This article describes the original concept of device, which combines advantages of different methods of testing the pavement needed to calculate its fatigue life. Combined methods are based on the theory of propagation of both mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves in the layered pavement medium. The proposed hybrid solution is the starting point for the development of an expert system based on semi-invasive and non-invasive methods of obtaining the calculation values for parameters of pavement layers. It is believed that backcalculation results based on such identification are characterized by lower uncertainty comparing to the standard approach. As a consequence, the precision of overlay design for pavements will be increased.
Live load transverse distribution in a road slab-girder bridge made of FRP composite girders
Authors: Rajchel Mateusz , Siwowski Tomasz
Published: July 2024

The paper presents an analysis of the parameters of live load transverse distribution in the span of a road bridge that is made of four box FRP composite girders and a composite deck slab made of lightweight concrete. The parameters were determined experimentally and computationally using the orthotropic plate model included in the Cusens-Pam solution and also the numerical FEM model. The measured values of load transverse distribution factors and influence lines were determined during bridge load testing. A comparison of the measured and calculated load transverse distribution factors is shown on the basis of the analysis of the girders' deflection in their cross-section in the middle of the bridge span. As a result of this comparison, it was proved that the analytical model of the orthotropic plate and also the numerical shell-solid FEM model have a high compliance of load transverse distribution with the distribution obtained from the measurements. In addition, computational analysis and tests showed a sufficient flexural rigidity and high torsional rigidity of the bridge span (the bridge construction belongs to a group of structures with a low overall rigidity of k = 300 kN/mm), confirming that the FRP composite girders that were used for its construction can be an alternative to the concrete and steel girders that are commonly used in the construction of bridges.
The Zlatné bridge - condition survey, temporary remedial works required due to dangerous condition and bridge restoration project
Authors: Koteš Peter , Brodňan Miroslav , Chandoga Milan , Bacíková Tatiana , Kubissa Wojciech
Published: July 2024

Bridges are and have been designed on lifetime basis, as given in standards applicable at the time of design. The design lifetime for newly designed bridges as given in Eurocodes is 100 years and according to the old Slovak standard it was 80 years only. The first generation of prestressed concrete bridges have been used in Slovakia (formerly part of Czechoslovakia) starting from 1950s, and thus, according to old standards, they approach the end of their design lifetime. Nowadays, due to insufficient maintenance, many of them are in unsatisfactory condition. This paper focuses on the condition survey of the bridge on the road No. I/18 - in the part “Zlatné” of village Strečno and on the design of immediate remedial works which were necessary due to its potentially dangerous condition. Moreover, the design of restoration is also described.
Preliminary evaluation of the alkali reactivity of crushed aggregates from glacial deposits in Northern Poland
Authors: Naziemiec Zdzisław , Pabiś-Mazgaj Ewelina
Published: July 2024

There is a large accumulation of gravel-sand aggregates of glacial origin in the north-eastern part of Poland. Crushed aggregates produced by crushing pebbles have particularly good quality parameters. So far the aggregates have not been precisely identified in terms of the alkali-aggregate reaction. The first step in evaluating the reactivity of aggregates is to carry out a detailed petrographic evaluation on the basis of which the reactive forms of silica can be identified. The paper presents selected results of tests carried out on the glacial crushed aggregates and a petrographic characterization of the latter, with special attention paid to the presence of the minerals which can react with sodium and potassium hydroxides.
Petrographic identification of reactive minerals in domestic aggregates and their classification according to RILEM and ASTM recommendations
Authors: Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka Daria , Gibas Karolina , Glinicki Michał A.
Published: July 2024

Considering the long-time durability of concrete in road infrastructure it is important to control the threat of expansive reaction between sodium and potassium hydroxides in the pore solution and the reactive minerals present in the aggregate. Petrographic analysis is the basis for the qualification of aggregates to appropriate classes of reactivity according to ASTM C1778 and RILEM recommendations. The paper presents the results of petrographic analyses of thin sections made from twenty different domestic aggregates. The tested crushed aggregates were obtained from bedrock and glacial deposits. The evaluation of the mineral composition of aggregates included identification of deleterious components and determination of the content of reactive forms of silica. This enabled preliminary classification of aggregate in one of the three classes of reactivity according to RILEM. Obtained results provide an initial assessment of potential reactivity of aggregates and can assist in making decisions to undertake further accelerated or long-term laboratory testing or to modify the concrete mix design.
Optimization of hybrid reinforcement in precast concrete linings using numerical analysis
Authors: Gorino Andrea , Fantilli Alessandro P. , Chiaia Bernardino
Published: July 2024

Concrete mixtures reinforced with a combination of steel rebar and fibers, i.e., Hybrid Reinforced Concretes (HRC), are frequently used in segmental precast tunnel linings. As massive cross-sections are usually adopted in these structures, only the minimum reinforcement is necessary to prevent the brittle failure. To study the brittle/ductile behavior of HRC tunnel segments in bending, the flexural responses of Lightly Reinforced Concrete (LRC) and that of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (FRC) elements are modelled and combined herein. By means of this combination, the minimum reinforcement of HRC segments can be determined with a new design-by-testing procedure, in which the ductility index DI should be equal to zero. As a result, the minimum hybrid reinforcement can be defined through a linear combination of the minimum area of rebar and the minimum fiber volume fraction of LRC and FRC segments, respectively.
Rheological properties of road bitumens modified by natural asphalt
Authors: Gajewski Marcin , Horodecka Renata
Published: July 2024

The paper presents comprehensive results of the performance and non-standard rheological tests of chosen paving-grade bitumens modified by adding natural asphalt. It has been demonstrated that standard performance tests give the same classification rating to bitumens that have considerably different rheological properties. In such situations it is indispensable to test visco-elastic properties (complex shear modulus test) and visco-elastic-plastic properties (using tests with repeated stress pulse, such as MSCR). Additionally, a test used for indirect determination of so-called distinct phase transitions was carried out as part of this research. Although phase transitions are not distinct in the case of bitumen binders, the temperature corresponding to the maximum value of the imaginary part of the complex stiffness modulus can be treated as an important parameter from the point of view of thermodynamics and rheology. The benefits of modification of binders by addition of natural asphalts are clearly evident in the standard binder/aggregate bond strength test. Conversely, the respective non-standard tests failed to demonstrate the advantages of paving-grade bitumens modified with natural asphalt until MSCR and phase transition tests were carried out to this effect.
Weather conditions and the risk of road incident occurrence
Authors: Szczuraszek Tomasz , Kusowska Emilia
Published: July 2024

In an atmospheric environment, a man is subjected to the influence of many factors of a stimulus nature, which probably affect into the behaviour of drivers in road traffic and the risk of them being exposed to certain road incidents. The aim of the paper was to answer the question whether weather conditions and what values of atmospheric parameters have an impact on the increase of the risk level regarding the occurrence of a road incident. The analyses were carried out using the road network in Elbląg as an example. There were based on detailed information regarding road incidents occurrence covering two years, and also atmospheric conditions that were made available. The work undoubtedly demonstrates that atmospheric conditions have an impact on considered risk. Moreover, the increase of this risk is highly influenced by atmospheric parameters such as humidity and air temperature.
Analysis of the fatigue life of neat and modified bitumens using linear amplitude sweep test
Authors: Wesołowska Magdalena , Ryś Dawid
Published: July 2024

The paper presents an evaluation of the fatigue resistance of selected Polish bituminous binders: neat bitumen 50/70, polymer modified bitumen PMB 45/80-55 and polymer highly modified bitumen PMB 45/80-80. The linear amplitude sweep (LAS) test, which is a new bitumen performance grading test developed in the USA, and was used to assess the fatigue life of the bitumens. Highly modified bitumen 45/80-80 showed 10-20 times higher fatigue durability than neat bitumen 50/70 and modified bitumen PMB 45/80-55. The differences in fatigue durability between neat bitumen 50/70 and modified bitumen PMB 45/80-55 were much smaller, which means that the bitumens are characterized by similar fatigue reliability. Also the effect of different test temperatures on the fatigue life and mode of failure of the bitumen binders were examined. It has been shown that the quality of a bitumen can be more accurately assessed on the basis of results of the durability test carried out for several different temperatures than for one equivalent temperature.
Susceptibility of selected aggregates from sedimentary rocks to alkali-aggregate reaction
Authors: Glinicki Michał A. , Jóźwiak-Niedźwiedzka Daria , Antolik Aneta , Dziedzic Kinga , Gibas Karolina
Published: July 2024

The paper presents the results of investigations into the reactivity of domestic aggregates produced from selected sedimentary rocks, carried out using the new testing methods, consistent with the RILEM and ASTM methods, implemented by GDDKiA (Polish General Directorate for National Roads and Motorways) documents. The range of the investigations covered coarse crushed aggregates produced from limestone, dolomite, sandstone and greywacke rocks, potentially suitable for making strong and durable concrete. No reactive forms of quartz were found in the mineralogical composition of the limestone aggregates and the dolomite aggregates. Micro- and cryptocrystalline quartz occurred in the particles of the greywacke aggregates and the sandstone aggregates. On the basis of the expansion of mortar and concrete specimens the aggregates produced from the sedimentary rocks were classified into the reactivity categories: R0, R1 and R2. A sodium-potassium-calcium silicate gel, whose composition (consistent with that reported in the literature) was characteristic of the alkali-silica reaction products, was found. The investigations resulted in a consistent assessment of the reactivity of the aggregates.
Analysis of the influence of traffic flow variability on noise level on roads
Authors: Spławińska Malwina
Published: July 2024

The paper presents the results of analyses concerning the annual variability of the road traffic noise level calculated in the reference point. Because of the large differences between the average noise values and the maximum ones, scaling factors enabling one to convert annual average values into the highest annual averages have been developed. The time range favourable for conducting sampling measurements ensuring the reliable estimation of annual average and highest annual average of the road traffic noise level has been determined. Moreover, factors for scaling the annual average daily traffic (for all vehicles and heavy vehicles, respectively), with a division into two daily periods, have been developed. The scaling factors make it possible to determine the noise level when no direct measurement of traffic intensity can be carried out. The analyses were made using data from 25 automatic traffic recorders (ATRs), equipped with state-of-the-art SICK and Golden river vehicle counters, located on national interurban expressways (class A and S roads).
Impact of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) on low-temperature properties of asphalt concrete
Authors: Jaczewski Mariusz , Dołżycki Bohdan , Alenowicz Jacek , Jaskuła Piotr
Published: July 2024

Hot mix recycling is a practice which enables reusing materials from old asphalt pavements. Current Polish regulations allow usage of RAP only for binder and base courses, and its amount is limited. Asphalt mixtures with RAP material have to fulfil requirements stated for typical asphalt mixtures. The research presents low-temperature properties of twelve different asphalt concretes with RAP material, determined using three-point bending test. Mixtures differed in: type (for wearing, binder or base courses), content of RAP (from 0% up to 60%), quality of RAP material and application of rejuvenator. For all mixtures, RAP content strongly influences mechanical properties – critical strain and flexural strength. Their values decreased with an increase in the used amount of RAP. The greatest decrease was observed for wearing and binder courses. The changes were much smaller for base course mixtures, even with higher amounts of RAP.
Prediction of the road pavement condition index using stochastic models
Authors: Batrakova Angelika G. , Troyanovsky Vladimir V. , Batrakov Dmitry O. , Pilicheva Maryna O. , Skrypnyk Nataliia S.
Published: July 2024

Mathematical models for prediction of road network condition based on the so-called Markov chains are presented in this article. The data for calculation of elements of the transition matrix from one condition to another are taken from visual evaluation as well as from instrumental reading. It is recommended to prepare data sets in the form of pavement management system data tables based on a representative sample of measuring sections. Discrete time intervals – of one year – are used when constructing the model of transition matrices. The procedure of forming Markov transition matrix with partially complete data sets is proposed also in paper. The basis of this procedure is information on the previous condition of the structure and the results of the instrumental evaluation, which enables correction of the predicted values. The final matrix takes into account not only the probability, but also the speed of transition from one condition to another. It is also possible to work with the initial data using appropriate databases or other software.
The analysis of traffic safety on the intersections of roadways and tram tracks
Authors: Żochowska Renata , Kłos Marcin Jacek , Soczówka Piotr
Published: July 2024

Ensuring high standard of service of public transport is among the most important goals of sustainable mobility. One of the most promising subsystems of public transport in this respect is the tram transport. Trams are eco-friendly and able to transport large numbers of passengers. However, in order to shape an efficient tram system, it is important to minimize the possibility of occurrence of incidents involving trams and road vehicles at intersections of roadways and tram tracks. The paper presents a proposition of a method of analysis of incidents in such locations. For ensuring a comprehensive approach to safety problem, the analysis encompasses two aspects: temporal and spatial. The proposed method has been presented on the example of tram network of the Metropolis GZM (Metropolitan Association of Upper Silesia and Dąbrowa Basin) area. The analysis has enabled identification of causes of incidents for the two most hazardous intersections of roadways and tram tracks. For each of these locations, proposed solutions to improve the level of safety have been determined.
Selected issues of designing cycling infrastructure in the aspect of road traffic safety
Authors: Brzeziński Andrzej , Jesionkiewicz-Niedzińska Karolina
Published: July 2024

Increasing mobility results in growing overcrowding of roads and streets. Attempts to improve travel conditions through an increase in road capacity usually only worsen the situation. The main purpose should be an increased share of public transport, including bicycle traffic, in the modal split. An increased share of bicycles in everyday traveling requires, however, a competitive advantage of that means of transport over other transport possibilities. It involves the need for adequate infrastructure which would provide bicycle users with the possibility to move efficiently, comfortably, and above all, safely. This paper describes the problems resulting from insufficient quality of the regulations on cycling infrastructure design and proposes directions of changes and complements that are vital for traffic safety. It applies mainly to design speed on bicycle routes, widening of bikeways on curves, bikeway clearances, and visibility on cycle crossings enabling uninterrupted cycling.
Ocena wpływu materiału tarczy znaku drogowego na występowanie efektu roszenia
Authors: Lusa Rafał , Skierczyński Paweł , Prasalska-Nikoniuk Joanna , Kraszewska Jolanta
Published: July 2024

W określonych warunkach pogodowych na znakach występuje kondensacja pary wodnej (efekt roszenia), co przekłada się na pogorszenie właściwości retrorefleksyjnych folii odblaskowych. Efekt roszenia widoczny jest w postaci czarnych plam, przez co treść znaku może być nieczytelna. Celem badań była próba ograniczenia występowania efektu roszenia poprzez zastosowanie materiałów o różnych przewodnościach cieplnych oraz określenie wpływu rodzaju materiału na intensywność i szybkość występowania kondensacji. Badania przeprowadzono na poligonie badawczym na tarczach znaków wykonanych z różnych materiałów. Na każdym znaku wydzielono 4 różne obszary, na których zastosowano 2 typy folii odblaskowych (w 3 kolorach) z folią antyroszeniową i bez. Dokumentowano zmianę występowania efektu roszenia, wykonując seryjne zdjęcie każdego znaku. Dodatkowo zmierzono luminancję, współczynnik odblasku i rozkład temperatury oraz dokonano analizy ich zmian w czasie. Wyniki badań potwierdziły, że na wybranym do badań poligonie badawczym wpływ rozwiązań materiałowych na intensywność występowania efektu roszenia jest niewielki.
A study of premium glass beads for road marking materials
Authors: Burghardt Tomasz E. , Pashkevich Anton , Wenzel Kevin M.
Published: July 2024

Road markings are a necessary safety feature on almost all roads. For appropriate performance they must be reflectorised with glass beads. To demonstrate the differences between traditional and modern thin-layer road marking solutions, four road marking systems were compared in the field. Based on measurements of retroreflectivity, influence of glass beads and paint on service life was estimated. The use of high-performance waterborne paint reflectorised with premium glass beads permitted for over sixfold extension of durability. Financial analysis demonstrated that the considerable additional expense associated with purchase of modern materials was fully offset through increased service life: even 65% savings could be realised in the long term. Subsequent analysis of the used glass beads under optical and scanning electron microscopes provided information about their surface; intact and damaged glass beads were observed. Surprisingly, damaged glass beads were found to have crater-like surface features instead of the expected scratches.