bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Practitioner perceptions of corporate reputation: an empirical investigation
Authors: Bennett Roger , Kottasz Rita
Published: July 2002

Owner‐managers or managing directors of 106 UK public relations consultancies completed a questionnaire concerning the extent of their firms’ client reputation management activities and their attitudes and opinions about reputational work. The results suggested widespread interest in the concept and practice of reputation management as an area of activity separate and distinct from other aspects of PR. However, respondents expressed concerns about the existence of barriers to the implementation of reputation management programmes within client companies. The executives most likely to agree with the “academic” definition of corporate reputation were those whose consultancies offered a large number of reputation management services; who believed that the demand for these services was about to rise; and who clearly distinguished between reputational and general PR activities. Only a small percentage of the sample disagreed with the proposition that most innovations in the field of reputation management were attributable to practitioners rather than academics.
Social capital: reconceptualizing the bottom line
Authors: Hazleton Vincent , Kennan William
Published: July 2002

Examines social capital as a theoretic construct with the potential to enhance our understanding of public relations contribution to the organizational bottom line. There are three classes of outcomes: increased and/or more complex forms of social capital, reduced transaction costs, and organizational advantage. Like economic capital, social capital is not always used wisely and can produce negative consequences for actors.
Internet communication: the Italian SME case
Authors: Vescovi Tiziano
Published: July 2002

Describes how an Italian university business school (CUOA) is collaborating with a group of ten small and medium enterprises (SMEs), to develop Internet communication strategies. The work in common outlined some typical problems affecting SMEs in their approach to Internet communication. Six problems emerged which represent the causes of the difficult and slow introduction of Internet communication.
Understanding body language: Birdwhistell’s theory of kinesics
Authors: Jolly Stephen
Published: July 2002

Despite research spanning a 20‐year period (from 1950 to 1970), Ray L. Birdwhistell’s work on body language and theory of kinesics has been recorded only in occasional papers. Birdwhistell defined kinesics as “the study of body‐motion as related to the non‐verbal aspects of interpersonal communication”. He believed body‐motion communication to be systemic, a socially learned and communicative behaviour unless proven otherwise. The article extensively collates and analyses Birdwhistell’s work and theories. Birdwhistell was frequently forced to admit that a number of his theories were subject to some dispute. The article concludes that Birdwhistell’s work contains major flaws and the verdict of other researchers who have tried to develop his theories of kinesics has been damning.
Message from the CEO: a three‐minute rule?
Authors: Oliver Sandra
Published: July 2002

Managers are one of numerous stakeholder groups for whom the chief executive officer (CEO) statement, published with the annual report and accounts, would have visual impact. Addresses components of traditional print design by measuring areas of interest (attracting initial attention) and retaining interest (dwell times). Eye movement data analysis reveals that employees spend similar amounts of time reading their CEO messages regardless of time available, content, design, status or corporate culture. Implications for print design and image for the learning organisation include a hypothesis that a self‐imposed three minute rule operates in this area of corporate communication.
Reputation builds success – tomorrow’s annual report
Authors: Desmond Peter
Published: July 2002

Argues that most companies’ annual reports don’t take the opportunity to actually communicate with stakeholders, choosing instead to present basic information as required by law. Suggests that companies can produce leaner annual reports that are nonetheless more timely, more encouraging of dialogue, more appropriate for each user, more inclusive and less burdensome, as well as creating a common language for business success. Considers a number of cases and details a framework for a “sooner, sharper, simpler” annual report.
Beyond professionalism: a government relations model
Authors: Elmer Paul
Published: July 2002

This case study explored the nature of professionalism in UK Government public relations. In addition to using established functional models of professionalism, the study tested a market‐based model of professional value, first conceived by sociologist Thomas Brante, and sought to examine the concept of professionalism as one negotiated between the buyer and provider of a service. This is the first time that Brante’s relational model has been applied to a public relations context. The subject population was buyers and providers of public relations services within the UK Ministry of Defence. The study exposed imbalances of both power and knowledge. Public relations practitioners were found not to have a consistent level of functional professionalism, while their more powerful clients neither expected nor valued functional, strategic or ethical performance from their public relations practitioners.
Learning partnerships: involving practitioners in public relations education
Authors: Anderson Christina L.
Published: July 2002

Considers the contribution public relations practitioners can make to undergraduate education; examines several different models of lecturer/practitioner/student relationship; discusses the benefits and drawbacks of these models for students and lecturers; and suggests some guidelines for managing and developing practitioner participation in undergraduate courses. Reviews practitioner involvement in two communication courses; considers the pros and cons of different levels of participation from one‐off appearance as guest lecturer to partnership in learning, teaching and assessment.
Issues management: the case of Rhône‐Poulenc Agriculture
Authors: Gregory Anne
Published: July 2002

Recent research among the corporate communications and public affairs functions of a sample of major public corporations in the UK revealed that 95 per cent felt that issues were handled in a reactive and ad hoc manner. Examines a management and environmental study currently being conducted by Rhône‐Poulenc Agriculture Ltd. Demonstrates how public relations have been employed to help determine the future of the company and illustrates the function in its strategic management role. Illustrates how business analysis and planning models are used to inform the issues management process to ensure it is planned and effective.
Effects of chip scale package and flip‐chip on the design and manufacturing of electronic products
Authors: Savolainen Petri
Published: July 2002

Customer demand is driving the evolution of electronic equipment towards smaller devices with increased performance and more features. At the same time, product price should remain at a sufficiently low level with assembly process yields and throughput high. These somewhat contradictory requirements are difficult to fulfil with conventional SMD technology. Therefore, much attention is paid to packages offering small‐size and high I/O counts as well as excellent electrical properties, such as chip scale packages (CSP) and flip‐chip. CSP offers an IC in a package, which provides robustness for handling and, in some cases, decreases thermally induced stresses, and, most importantly, is SMT compatible. On the other hand, flip‐chip has the ultimate electrical performance and the smallest “package” size, with the capability of very high I/O counts. In this paper, the impacts of both CSP and flip‐chip technologies on product development and manufacturing processes is addressed.
Progress in total quality management: evidence from Australasia
Authors: Samson Danny
Published: July 2002

States that, although there has been considerable progress with the implementation of total quality management in Australia and New Zealand over the past 15 years since it was pioneered in the manufacturing sector, there is still not a widespread acceptance and implementation of it. As a result, while the best companies in these countries are achieving high levels of competitiveness, the bulk of companies are still reporting mediocre performance in critically important areas such as customer satisfaction. Details how some of Australia and New Zealand’s leading companies have implemented quality improvement initiatives. Reports on a large survey of companies showing that on average, self‐reported measures of employee morale, customer satisfaction and the extent of dissemination of customer requirements throughout a workforce are particular areas for improvement.
QUALITY NOTES
Authors: Atienza Orlando O. , Ching Tang Loon , Wah Ang Beng
Published: July 2002

We propose a simple control‐charting scheme for simultaneously displaying univariate and multivariate process information. The proposed chart can be used as a diagnostic tool for understanding the nature of out‐of‐control conditions in multivariate statistical process control (SPC). The chart is easy to implement and interpret. Two examples are given for illustration purposes.
Measuring the bullwhip effect in the supply chain
Authors: Fransoo Jan C. , Wouters Marc J.F.
Published: July 2002

Increased demand variability in supply chains (the bullwhip effect) has been discussed in the literature. The practical measurement of this effect, however, entails some problems that have not received much attention in the literature and that have to do with the aggregation of data, incompleteness of data, the isolation of demand data for defined supply chains that are part of a greater supply web. This paper discusses these conceptual measurement problems and discusses experiences in dealing with some of these problems in an industrial project. Also presents empirical results of measurements of the bullwhip effect in two supply chains.
Success factors in the fresh produce supply chain: insights from the UK
Authors: Fearne Andrew , Hughes David
Published: July 2002

Presents recent evidence of supply chain developments in the UK fresh produce industry, based on interviews with chief executives from some of the country’s most successful suppliers. A number of success factors were evident, to varying degrees, in all of the companies interviewed. These included: continuous investment (despite increasingly tight margins), good staff (to drive the process of innovation and develop good trading relationships with key customers), volume growth (to fund the necessary investments and provide a degree of confidence in the future), improvement of measurement and control of costs (in the pursuit of further gains in efficiency), and innovation (not just the product offer but also the level of service and the way of doing business with key customers).
Power, value and supply chain management
Authors: Cox Andrew
Published: July 2002

Explains some of the thinking that informs both the case study articles that appear in the same issue of Supply Chain Management: An International Journal and the EPSRC funded research project currently being undertaken at the Centre for Business Strategy and Procurement. A review is provided of the dominant ideas that currently inform “supply chain management thinking”. This paradigm is characterised as operational effectiveness and efficiency. A case is made for understanding supply chains from a strategic as well as from an operational perspective. Current supply chain management thinking is criticised for being atheoretical and descriptive, and a case is made for an analytical approach to supply chain thinking based around the concepts of power and value appropriation. A more analytically robust way of understanding supply chains is laid out.
Satisficing dependent customers: on the power of suppliers in IT systems integration supply chains
Authors: Ireland Paul
Published: July 2002

Provides both a descriptive and an analytical understanding of the supply chain for IT systems integration. It explains which firms in the chain have power and how this impacts upon value appropriation. The article is structured around three parts. The first is a descriptive mapping of the supply chain based on the key functional stages. The second is a descriptive mapping of the corresponding value chain based on the revenues and gross profit margins typically being earned at each functional stage. The final section contains a discussion of the structures of power and the competitive dynamics, and by extension the appropriation of value, in the chain. Buyer ignorance and information asymmetries are identified as the key factors in this case that determines the appropriation of value.
Supply chain competitiveness and capabilities of constituent firms: an exploratory study of the Korean home appliance industry
Authors: Ahn Hyeon‐Soo , Jung Hee‐Don , Ahn Byong‐Hun , Rhee Seung‐Kyu
Published: July 2002

Addresses the issue of supply chain competitiveness from the manufacturing capability perspective. Six supply chains are analysed, based on three manufacturers in the Korean home appliance industry. The case study findings demonstrate the strong connection between capability requirements of suppliers of critical parts and competitive priorities of manufacturing customers. For suppliers of non‐critical items, delivery and cost are the most important capability dimensions. The factors influencing congruence between customer requirements and the capabilities of constituent firms are also examined. Mutual co‐operative behaviour, specificity of transaction‐related assets, and “criticalness” of traded parts are identified as the key factors influencing congruence.
The general principles of value chain management
Authors: McGuffog Tom , Wadsley Nick
Published: July 2002

Explores the principles of value chain management, as they apply to both public and private products, and explores the impact of e‐commerce and collaborative planning through the Internet on reducing costs and uncertainty in supply chains. Drawing on experience from global initiatives with e‐centreuk, and recent applications within Nestlé UK, makes a plea for simplicity and standardisation in electronic commerce, to support speedy and certain value chain management across the globe.
Effects of experiential pleasure from a catalogue environment on approach responses toward fashion apparel
Authors: Fiore Ann Marie
Published: July 2002

Consumers’ needs are satisfied by the pleasurable experience from a product’s promotional environment (e.g. store setting, advertisement, or catalogue page). The present paper examined whether components of experiential pleasure from a catalogue page influenced approach responses towards the featured fashion apparel product. Most hypotheses were supported. Specifically, sensory and cognitive pleasure from a catalogue page positively affected approach responses of global attitude, multi‐attribute attitude, and willingness to buy the featured product, but not price willing to be paid for the product. Statistically significant multiple regression analyses revealed that “experiencing oneself in the imagery involving the product” was the component of cognitive pleasure that affected the dependent variables, as hypothesized. Implications for marketing/consumer behavior research and promotional environments are provided.
Approaches to careers in management: why UK organisations should consider gender
Authors: Mavin Sharon
Published: July 2002

Women’s career development does not simply lag behind that of men, but may proceed in a completely different manner, and yet, to date, only a few career models attempt to incorporate women’s varying life experiences. Indeed, the traditional working pattern of education, full‐time career and retirement, is based on the typical working lives of men and there is no single typical working pattern for modern women. It is clear that while traditional male career development models remain, and while women are the ones to step off the fast track to meet family responsibilities, they will continue to be at a competitive disadvantage in career advancement. Reviews the literature on these themes, and areas for further research are highlighted. Argues that the importance of offering new conceptions of career based on an understanding that women’s experiences are different from men’s, cannot be underestimated.
Graduate recruitment and selection: implications for HE, graduates and small business recruiters
Authors: Stewart Jim , Knowles Vanessa
Published: July 2002

This final article in a series of three provides an interpretation of the research findings reported in the second article against the conceptual models described in the first. This provides support for the view that HEIs have a role in developing both “self‐awareness” and “opportunity awareness” within undergraduates to support their ability to demonstrate employability in a changing labour market. As part of this, a focus on providing opportunities to develop transferable skills through the curriculum of degree programmes is argued to be appropriate and some examples are given. Suggested actions for students and SMEs, as well as HEIs, are included to respond to the changing nature of graduate careers. Areas of further research are identified, and a conceptual model to inform such research is offered.
Motivational attributes and organizational experiences as predictors of career‐enhancing strategies
Authors: Nabi Ghulam R.
Published: July 2002

It is generally assumed that career‐enhancing strategies are instrumental in the career self‐management process. Yet, there is a paucity of empirical research on the predictors of career‐enhancing strategies. Using a career strategy model as a guiding framework, this paper examined the relationship of motivational attributes and organizational experiences with career‐enhancing strategies (expertise development, self‐nomination and networking). Motivational attributes were conceptualized as advancement motivation and work/career centrality, whereas organizational experiences incorporated advancement prospects and job security. Questionnaire data were collected from full‐time public sector employees (N = 288) in the UK. The results indicated that, according to expectations: advancement prospects were positively and consistently related to all three career‐enhancing strategies; advancement motivation was positively related to expertise development and self‐nomination; and work‐orientated centrality was positively related to expertise development and networking. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed, together with avenues for further research.
Psychological contracts: are they still relevant?
Authors: Maguire Heather
Published: July 2002

In dynamic business environments the concept of the psychological contract has altered radically. Empirical evidence from a case study conducted in one of Australia’s largest banking organisations is used to illustrate how change can impact upon the psychological contract. Traditional loyalty to an organisation and continuance commitment are becoming less important as organisations pursue more transactional relationships with their employees and as employees are encouraged to pursue more self‐interested “protean” careers. The question could be asked whether, with such increased emphasis on self‐serving personal and organisational strategies, the “psychological contract” continues to provide a means of establishing effective relationships between organisations and their employees. The main conclusion is that the maintenance of such contracts still makes an important contribution to organisational relationships but that organisations need to seek ways of adjusting the terms of the psychological contract to meet the needs of an increasingly mobile and protean workforce.
Global leader development: an emerging research agenda
Authors: Suutari Vesa
Published: July 2002

The globalization of business has challenged companies to rethink their strategies, structures, and necessary competencies of managers. The existing studies indicate that typically companies do not have enough leaders within global competencies and that competition for such resources will be even more intensive in the future. The basic prerequisite for the selection and development of global managers is that the necessary competencies of global managers are understood. On the other hand, it has been argued that this is not yet the case and thus companies do not know what competencies they should focus on. Similarly, it has been argued that the development of international competencies is not a well‐advanced process within companies. The research on these areas is still scarce. In the present paper, the literature on these areas is reviewed and, on the basis of this review, further research needs are identified.
Accountancy graduate selection procedures ‐ a critical analysis
Authors: Gammie Elizabeth
Published: July 2002

The importance of selection in the accounting environment is of particular relevance as accounting is a service function which relies heavily on human resources, and its future depends on its ability to attract, train and retain the best and most capable people. A graduate entrant into a professional accountancy office constitutes a major investment involving substantial outlay to cover the costs of recruitment, training and replacement. The external training cost is easy to quantify; however the quantification of the opportunity cost is more difficult. Both these costs rise if the graduate fails to proceed through the examination system without resits or fails to qualify altogether, resulting in a human capital loss for the firm and a personal loss for the candidate. Analyses and discusses the results of a survey into the selection techniques of professional accountancy firms which are training students under the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland System. Centres on the need for and method of pre‐selection, together with selection techniques and their relative success. Concludes that adopting statistical procedures to process biodata for subsequent candidate performance will have ramifications for the firms, the trainees and the profession as a whole.
Multi‐source feedback: seven recommendations
Authors: Coates Dennis E.
Published: July 2002

Multi‐source (360‐degree) feedback is a powerful new performance diagnostic tool, and organizations everywhere are evaluating whether to adopt it. However, the technology is evolving at a breathtaking pace, and regrettable consequences can follow if users are not knowledgeable and the tool is not used properly. Recognizes there are a number of potential problem areas, but focuses on the issues that usually have the biggest impact. The explanation of each issue will help managers get information, resolve issues, evaluate options, prepare carefully and increase the probability of success. Presents seven recommendations for successful use of 360‐degree feedback.
An action‐oriented approach to business education
Authors: Ford Cameron M. , ogilvie dt
Published: July 2002

Argues that expertise based solely on rational, quantitative approaches to decision making problematic in rapidly changing business environments that arrest the tools of forecasting, analysis and planning. Where managers must take action in the face of considerable ambiguity, they must justify decisions on “gut instincts”, “best guesses” and other qualitative considerations. Unfortunately, traditional management education is primarily based on quantitative approaches to analysis and planning that may be ineffectual in ambiguous environments. Discusses an alternative approach to management education and training that seeks to blend analytic rigour with insight, intuition, creativity and learning‐by‐doing. Compares assumptions underlying traditional and action‐oriented approaches, and provides examples that suggest how management education and training can enhance their relevance by balancing quantitative and qualitative methods of decision making.
Graduate assessment centres: an empirical investigation of effectiveness
Authors: Garavan Thomas N. , Morley Michael
Published: July 2002

Presents a review of assessment‐centre practice and evaluates its overall effectiveness as a method of selection. There is a specific evaluation of an assessment centre in the banking industry for the selection of graduates. The results do not in general support the findings on validity found in the general literature. There was a lack of construct validity specifically in respect of an exercise effect. Criterion validity was similarly poor.
A bi‐cultural analysis of the cost of caring: nursing burnout in the United States and the Philippines
Authors: Turnipseed David L. , Turnipseed Patricia H.
Published: July 2002

As the world becomes a global labour market, attention must be directed to integrating persons of different cultures and values into the work environment of the host country. Nursing is a profession that involves significant socialization during the training process, and different cultural values. Nursing is also a profession subject to burnout, resulting in decreased personnel effectiveness. Examines the work environment of Philippine nurses in their native country and a comparison sample of American nurses in the USA. Identifies several significant differences. Burnout was also assessed in both countries, with results indicating significant differences. Discusses results with respect to the different social‐work environments, national value systems, integration of Philippine nurses into US hospitals, and management for reduced burnout. Although this study used nurses from the Philippines and the USA as subjects, the methods are applicable across other cultures. The results of the study indicate several areas for beneficial future research.
Sustainable high‐potential career development: a resource‐based view
Authors: Iles Paul
Published: July 2002

Recent developments in restructuring, delayering, downsizing and flexible employment strategies have cast doubt on traditional models of high‐potential career development, especially high‐flyer or fast‐track programmes. In the career management field, the debate has focused on changes in the psychological contract, employability, and career resilience; however, a number of problems can be identified with these formulations, and proposes alternative approaches based on the resource‐based view of the firm and on sustainable development in radical environmentalism. Empirical research on de‐railing, expansiveness and empowerment suggests that current models of high‐potential career management generate problems both for organizations and individuals, as do current attempts by organizations to unilaterally re‐negotiate psychological contracts. Concludes by presenting alternative conceptions of high‐potential career development that may generate greater sustainability in career management for both individuals and organizations.
Career anchors: results of an organisational study in the UK
Authors: Yarnall Jane
Published: July 2002

Career anchor theory developed by Ed Schein in 1978 has been subject to limited further research, despite being widely used as a career tool within organisations. This article describes the importance of career anchor data for organisational as opposed to individual use and reports on a study of the career anchors of 374 employees in the UK. The results show that age, gender and length of service have no significant effect on the distribution of anchors, although there are grade‐related differences. Suggestions are made on how career anchor distribution data could be used by organisations to determine appropriate career development strategies.
Meta‐ability development: a new concept for career management
Authors: Butcher David , Harvey Penny
Published: July 2002

Considers the idea of taking personal responsibility for career development and contributing to the organization via the development of meta‐abilities. Provides an explanation of meta‐abilities and examines the implications for the way they are developed. The results of research into the role of meta‐abilities in the achievement of organizational change are reported. Concludes that meta‐abilities are necessary to take personal career actions and decisions within an uncertain organizational framework.
Changing schedules: a case for alternative work schedules
Authors: Lankford William M.
Published: July 2002

Corporations want productivity and efficiency, while the work force is asking for more time with the family. The ability of management to juggle productivity requirements with employee demands can be difficult and requires creative solutions. The Analytical Central Call Management (CCM) group at Hewlett Packard recently piloted a compressed work week schedule, consisting of four ten‐hour work days (4 x 10). However this pilot schedule encountered many problems. After careful evaluation the key to successful implementation of this plan is cross‐training. Cross‐training will help solve some of the morale issues caused by this pilot schedule. Issues of unproductive time and lack of staff caused by absences would also be alleviated. If employers want to develop management tools more appropriate to the need of this decade’s work force and the competitive challenges of a global economy, they will have to learn to use work time and space in more appropriate ways.
The manager as a practical author of learning
Authors: Pavlica Karel , Holman David , Thorpe Richard
Published: July 2002

Kolb’s theory of experiential learning has proven extremely popular and useful in management education. However, despite its usefulness it is not entirely unproblematic and, using social constructionist perspectives, this paper critiques Kolb’s model of learning and his image of the manager as a “practical scientist”. From this critique, we suggest a more social and conversational view of learning, and present an image of the manager as a “practical author”. We then go on to show how managers as practical authors of learning can use different forms of conversation and activity to promote learning in themselves and others.
Research into the motivational aspects of the company car: examined specifically in Carlsberg‐ Tetley ‐ Scotland
Authors: Vavasour P. , Vignali C.
Published: July 2002

The article highlights the importance of the company car as a major motivational tool used by employers when developing their employment policies. Research was carried out in a specific industry to highlight the differences that were perceived by employees in competing companies within a specific market sector. Changes in the Government Tax Laws with regard to “benefit in kind”, have tainted the individuals’ view of what was a key motivational tool. The different variables that employers assume are essential factors are highlighted, whilst closer analysis indicates the differing perceived value to the employee. The differing views are based on the varying levels of needs sustained by employees whilst the examination of the hierarchy of these needs is identified within the target groups selected. A clearer perception of how a major motivational tool can act as a demotivator is highlighted, and the findings are evaluated in the conclusions of the article.
Trends in the employment process: résumés and job application letters
Authors: Spinks Nelda , Wells Barron
Published: July 2002

Gaining suitable employment is a major concern of job seekers. Times change and preferences of Human Resources Officers (HROs) in relation to résumés and job application letters change with the times. What trends have developed over the past 20 years that may give clues to present and future preferences of HROs for content of résumés and application letters that they receive? Authors of this paper have conducted three surveys of large companies (The Fortune 500 Corporations) at evenly spaced intervals over the past 20 years. These surveys reveal trends and preferences of HROs of large businesses concerning content they expect in résumés and job application letters. This paper presents these preferences and trends.
Accelerate executive development – at your peril!
Authors: Hall Douglas T.
Published: July 2002

This paper examines accelerated development and fast track managers. Using the example of Sears, Roebuck & Co, the progression of accelerated development managers was analysed. It discovers that managers who progress quickly develop four problems that often lead to failure: no personal network; alienation of others; no resilience and no development of metacompetencies. Suggests that more attention should be paid to relational influences as well as formal training and development programmes to develop well rounded managers.
The mentoring model theory: dimensions in mentoring protocols
Authors: Johnson Stephanie K. , Geroy Gary D. , Griego Orlando V.
Published: July 2002

A mentoring relationship has the potential to be widely used throughout an individual’s lifespan. Including mentoring relationships into one’s life can assist with transition management in and out of various life scenarios. A mentoring model has been proposed that blends human development with the dimensions of mentoring. It is assumed that the dimensions of the model are continuous and multidimensional. We recognize three interactive dimensions that surround the mentoring interaction which shape the mentor and protégé relationship. These dimensions are defined as: socialization; task development; and lifespan development. The model can be utilized as a diagnostic tool or as a training model to promote mentoring relationships.
Discretion and gender disproportionality in police disciplinary systems
Authors: Hickman Matthew J. , Piquero Alex R. , Greene Jack R.
Published: July 2002

Police supervisor decision making with regard to disciplinary action has received scant empirical study in general, and has yet to be examined across gender. In this paper, we use official departmental disciplinary data from the Philadelphia Police Department for the period 1991‐1998 to study the extent to which gender parity exists in the formal disciplinary system. Three questions are investigated: (1) Is there an observable gender disproportionality in the police discipline punishment rates? (2) Is any observed gender disproportionality attributable to gender discrimination in the police disciplinary process or some earlier decision stage? (3) If any observed disproportionality is not attributable to the police disciplinary process, does the aggregate finding mask variation within offense categories? Three findings emanate from our effort. First, the results suggest that there is a minimal observed gender disproportionality. Second, with roughly 100 per cent of the observed gender disproportionality attributable to differential involvement in charging, it appears that the observed disparity can not be attached to the police disciplinary process. Third, the aggregate analysis masks offense‐specific variation in the percentage disproportionality unexplained by differential involvement in charging. Implications for police disciplinary practices and directions for future research are addressed.
A content review of campus police vehicle pursuit policies at large institutions of higher education
Authors: Bromley Max L.
Published: July 2002

Campus crime and related issues have received considerable attention from the various legislative bodies, the media and social science researchers over the last two decades. Much of the attention has been focused on campus police with regard to their ability to protect the campus community. Civil liability lawsuits against campus police departments and their host institutions are not uncommon today. As campus policing has evolved from a watchman/security orientation to more of a full‐service model, it is incumbent that policies used to guide officers in high liability areas be comprehensive. Having comprehensive policies in the high liability areas may also aid in the defense of civil liability lawsuits. One such high liability area is vehicle pursuits. While the general policing literature has focused considerable attention on this topic, campus police guidelines have not been collected or systematically reviewed. The present study examines the content of the vehicle pursuit policies from 67 of the largest 100 campus police departments, serving communities with high student enrollments and often a substantial number of roadways throughout their boundaries. It is certainly foreseeable that from time to time campus police will become engaged in vehicle pursuits. While pursuits by campus police may be relatively infrequent events, policies governing officer decision making are none the less critical. A profile of these policies is developed for review by practitioners and researchers alike. It is believed to be the first such examination of this important policy area within the context of campus policing.
Personalized policing
Authors: Holmberg Lars
Published: July 2002

Describes the emergence of proximity policing – a Danish version of COP – and evaluates a series of experiments with implementation of the concept. The design and scope of each experiment is described, and their degree of implementation is assessed. Proximity policing in Denmark differs from other COP projects in that this kind of work is still the responsibility of a number of designated officers instead of the whole police force. Geographical assignments and long‐term affiliation with the local areas provide for a personalization of policing – a personalization that is very popular with local and municipal liaisons to the police. The goals of the Danish experiments are very extensive, and it is concluded that all cannot be accomplished at the same time.
Community policing in the Caribbean
Authors: Deosaran Ramesh
Published: July 2002

Examines community policing as a relatively new policing feature in the Caribbean. Compares the key expectations of such policies with the officers’ understanding of what such policing means to them. The community policing policy is then assessed against the background of public opinion. Data are then derived from two levels of community policing officers to assess the extent to which the climate in the police service organisation is facilitative for such a new policy of policing. Specific “internal organisation factors” are examined – organisational readiness, individual learning ability and team spiritedness – which will in turn serve as benchmarks for continuous improvement. These data would be useful for increasing community support, enhancing the human resource capability and improving the operations of the organisation and officers themselves, all critical for effective community policing within the region.
Technological approaches to controlling random gunfire
Authors: Watkins Cory , Green Mazerolle Lorraine , Rogan Dennis , Frank James
Published: July 2002

Using a quasi‐experimental design methodology, this paper reports the results from a controlled field evaluation of the ShotSpotter gunshot location technology in Redwood City, California. Results from this field test indicate that overall, the ShotSpotter system was able to annunciate (detect) gunshots in 81 percent of the field trial events (N= 25 of 31 shooting events) and triangulate (locate) gunshots in 84 percent of the field trial events (N= 26 of 31 shooting events) within an average margin of error of 41ft. We conclude this paper with a discussion of the policy implications associated with using gunshot detection technology as a problem‐solving tool to detect, reduce and prevent incidences of random gunfire.
Physical evidence of police officer stress
Authors: Anderson Gregory S. , Litzenberger Robin , Plecas Darryl
Published: July 2002

The purpose of the present study was to identify common stressors and the magnitude of stress reactivity in police officers during the course of general duty police work. Using heart rate as a primary indicator of autonomic nervous system activation, coupled with observed physical activity data collected through 76 full shift ride‐alongs, this study differentiates between physical and psycho‐social stress. The results, confirming previous research based on self‐report data alone, demonstrate that police officers experience both physical and psycho‐social stress on the job, anticipating stress as they go about their work, while suffering anticipatory stress at the start of each shift. The results demonstrated that the highest levels of stress occur just prior to and during critical incidents, and that officers do not fully recover from that stress before leaving their shift. Overall, the results illustrate the need to consider stress reactivity and repressors in the assessment of police officer stress while clearly demonstrating the need for debriefing after critical incidents and increased training in stress management and coping strategies.
Police encounters with juveniles revisited
Authors: Bazemore Gordon , Senjo Scott
Published: July 2002

Examines the extent to which community‐oriented police officers (COP) differ from regular patrol officers in their view of their role in the response to juveniles and in style and intensity of interaction. Based on qualitative field research in a densely populated Southeastern city, initial findings suggest that while COPs devote equal attention to traditional police functions (e.g. law enforcement), they adopt different styles of carrying out these functions (e.g. proactive problem solving). In addition, COP officers more routinely practice juvenile crime prevention, monitoring and diversion and clearly articulate these functions as core components of their role orientation. Questions for future research include the extent to which the new more intimate relationship between police and juveniles in COP areas will increase arrests or promote diversion, whether increased discretion will result in increased harassment or improved informal dispute resolution, and whether officers practicing effective diversion and advocacy will be encouraged to continue or see their efforts undercut by competing departmental priorities or by bureaucratic policies that increase formal processing.
Policy promise: community policing and domestic violence victim satisfaction
Authors: Martin Margaret E.
Published: July 2002

Police policy regarding domestic violence has been severely altered over the last decade. The social control approach of pro‐arrest policies has coincided with a service approach promoted by community policing philosophy. But community policing practice has largely ignored the role of victim satisfaction. The evaluation of domestic violence victims must be considered in determining police accountability, because of both the likelihood that victims will seek police service more than once, and because they are intimately knowledgeable about the effect of police practice on offender behavior. Presents an exploratory study of victim satisfaction as an illustration of the situations, expectations and behaviors which shape the victim’s experience with the police. Finds that police helping behaviors were the best predictors of satisfaction, but helping behaviors were differentially distributed by victim characteristics. Suggests that police can actively improve community satisfaction in domestic violence cases by fully implementing policy and training directives which require them to provide information and concrete assistance equitably.
The transition to community policing: the department’s role in upgrading officers’ skills
Authors: Breci Michael G.
Published: July 2002

Suggests that policing is changing to a more responsive, community oriented approach which requires a change in the skills and knowledge of line officers. Departments need to develop long range plans for ensuring that police officers are prepared to meet the challenges of working with the community and solving problems. Continuing education and college courses provide a framework for bringing about change within the department. Presents an exploratory study which examines a random sample of Minnesota officers’ perceptions of the role of their agencies in upgrading officers’ skills and knowledge for the transition to community‐oriented policing. Results indicate that the majority of the continuing education completed by officers had little to do with developing skills associated with community‐oriented policing. Furthermore, officers contended that agencies were not generally supportive of their continuing college educations. Officers’ perceptions varied by the type of agency they belonged to, the size of the agency, their rank and their educational level.
Police use of less‐than‐lethal force: Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) spray
Authors: Morabito Eugene V. , Doerner William G.
Published: July 2002

Analyzes “use of force” reports from one municipal law enforcement agency to assess officer reliance upon Oleoresin Capsicum (OC) spray. When the agency first authorized OC, it classified OC as an impact weapon along with batons, flashlights, and stun guns. A year later, the department revised its policy and downgraded OC to the level of soft hand techniques (punches, kicks, and pain compliance). Before this policy change, social characteristics of officers and suspects had no influence on whether OC was used. New predictors emerged after the restrictions on OC were relaxed. Officers who were male, college educated, and veterans were more likely to rely upon OC than hand‐to‐hand maneuvers. In addition, officers tend to resort to pepper spray when they are at a physical disadvantage compared to the relative size of the offender. OC use does decline as suspects become more violent. Finally, the use of pepper spray significantly curtails officer and offender injuries. Discusses the implications of these findings for police organizations and further research.
Suicide and the police role: a psychosocial model
Authors: Violanti John M.
Published: July 2002

Previous models apply general social and psychological theory to police suicide. Presents a specific psychosocial model which attempts to clarify the impact of the police role on the potential for suicide. The model is based on the premiss that socialization processes strongly influence officers to adopt the police role as a principal mode for dealing with psychological strain. This process likely involves a complex interaction of the individual, police organization, social relationships, and society. Dominant use or perhaps overlearning of the police role constricts cognitive coping style and impacts the use of other roles to deal with life strain. As a result, the potential for suicide may increase. Discusses suggestions for the prevention of police suicide.
Sources of crime guns in Los Angeles, California
Authors: Wachtel Julius
Published: July 2002

There is agreement in the literature that offenders often acquire guns through unregulated private encounters with friends, family members and petty criminals. Although anecdotes suggest that licensed gun dealers also play a role, most studies have ignored or discounted the possibility that dishonest retailers are a significant source of supply. This effort explores gun markets in Los Angeles by examining the redistributive history of firearms seized by police and by reviewing Federal gun trafficking investigations. One finding, that corrupt licensed dealers diverted sizeable quantities of guns to end users and to unlicensed street vendors, suggests that retail sources may serve as a far more important source of firearms for criminals than is commonly supposed.