bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN BARLEYS AND MALTS: IX. CARBOHYDRATE FRACTIONS OF BARLEY AND THEIR CORRELATIONS WITH TOTAL NITROGEN AND 1000-KERNEL WEIGHT
Authors: Ayre C. A. , Sallans H. R. , Anderson J. A.
Published: April 2011

Samples of 12 varieties of barley from 12 experimental stations in Canada were analysed for starch, barley extract, and crude cellulose plus lignin. Nine six-rowed varieties averaged 3.4% lower in starch, 3.7% lower in extract, and 1.4% higher in cellulose plus lignin than three two-rowed varieties. Maximum and minimum values of the means for the six-rowed varieties were: starch, 55.0% and 52.4%; extract, 77.2% and 74.3%; and crude cellulose plus lignin, 11.3% and 10.1%. Environment had a significant effect. Maximum and minimum values for station means were: starch, 59.2% and 51.7%; extract, 80.8% and 73.6%; crude cellulose plus lignin, 11.0% and 9.6%.Correlation coefficients of carbohydrate fractions with total nitrogen were not significant between varieties but highly significant within varieties for starch r = − 0.95, and extract, r = − 0.91. Partial coefficients, independent of nitrogen between starch and 1000-kernel weight, were significant: between varieties, 0.62; within varieties, 0.75. Those with crude cellulose plus lignin did not attain significance.Starch and barley extract are closely associated within varieties, r = 0.961, and between varieties, r = 0.982. The insoluble cellulose-lignin fraction gave negative inter-varietal associations with starch, r = − 0.952, and barley extract r = − 0.968. Similar relations within varieties are obscured in the simple coefficients but the corresponding partials independent of total nitrogen are significant.
THE USE OF WATER BY WHEAT PLANTS WHEN INOCULATED WITH HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM
Authors: Sallans B. J.
Published: April 2011

The transpirational histories of wheat plants, inoculated with Belminthosporium sativum Param., King & Bakke to produce root rot, showed a marked reduction in water loss during the early stages of growth, when compared with uninoculated plants. This was accompanied by a corresponding reduction in the transpiring areas owing to reduced lengths and widths in the second, third, and fourth leaves to appear. As the plants entered into the early stages of elongation of the culm the transpirational story reflected a recovery in the inoculated plants. The later leaves to appear were longer with greater transpiring areas than in uninoculated plants. This fact combined with the death of the first three or four leaves resulted in greater transpirational and photosynthetic areas in the inoculated plants with consequent increased yields of dry matter. Probably similar recovery does not occur under competitive field conditions, where weeds and healthy wheat plants are present. Poor light conditions and low soil moistures were not conducive to recovery of inoculated plants. The water requirements of wheat did not appear to be affected significantly by inoculation. Of two varieties of spring wheat, Reward was more severely injured initially and recovered more rapidly than Marquis. Several possible explanations of the recovery recorded here are discussed.
EFFECTS OF TWO PREPARATIONS OF NAPHTHYLACETIC ACID ON THE GERMINATION AND EARLY GROWTH OF WHEAT SEED DAMAGED BY FORMALDEHYDE
Authors: Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

Two varieties of wheat seed were sprinkled with solutions containing formaldehyde and naphthylacetic acid to give treatments of 1 and 10 parts of the latter to a million parts of seed by weight. In both varieties formaldehyde treatment reduced the germination rate, final germination count, and the air-dry weight of stems and roots at 29 days after planting. Some reduction in root suppression resulted from the 1 p.p.m. concentration of hormone; the higher level had no effect.The experiment involved the use of two preparations of naphthylacetic acid, differing only in respect to a trace of halogen in one. This impurity had no effect on final germination or stem and root weights, but increased the germination rate. The trace of halogen had the more marked effect at the highest concentration and the variety Marquis was affected to a greater extent than Reward.
A STUDY OF THE RELATION BETWEEN THE SEEDLING AND MATURE-PLANT REACTION TO PUCCINIA GRAMINIS TRITICI IN DURUM WHEAT CROSSES INVOLVING IUMILLO
Authors: Waddell W. H.
Published: April 2011

The seedling reaction to Puccinia graminis Tritici, race 21, in the greenhouse was compared with the mature-plant reaction to all races present in the field, in three intra-durum crosses involving Iumillo.All lines that were resistant in the greenhouse were also resistant in the field. A large number of lines were susceptible at both stages. A third group contained lines susceptible in the seedling stage but resistant in the mature-plant stage. However, increasing susceptibility in the seedling stage, in general, indicated increasing susceptibility in the mature-plant stage. Most of the lines highly resistant at the mature-plant stage could have been selected on the basis of the seedling test.Iumillo appears to possess a factor or factors for mature-plant resistance as well as a factor or factors for resistance at both stages of maturity. The reaction to stem rust in the hybrid lines did not appear to be inherited in a simple Mendelian manner. This appeared to be due, in Iumillo × Mindum crosses, to the presence of the two types of resistance in Iumillo, while in the Pentad × Iumillo crosses the inheritance was complicated still further by the additional factors for resistance in the Pentad parent.The inheritance of seed colour was studied in a cross, Iumillo × Mindum. There appeared to be no correlation between seed colour and stem rust resistance. Seed colour in this cross was inherited in a simple 3:1 ratio, red-coloured seed being dominant.The results of this study indicate that simple and inexpensive greenhouse tests, in which but one physiologic race is used, may be employed to eliminate susceptible lines in the field in durum crosses involving Iumillo.
COMPARISON OF DIPLOID AND TRIPLOID SUGAR BEETS
Authors: Peto F. H. , Boyes J. W.
Published: April 2011

In a small replicated field trial, percentage sugar and root weight were negatively correlated in both diploid and triploid individual beets, but the decreases in percentage sugar for every 100-gm. increase in root weight differed significantly, being on the average 0.34% for the diploids and 0.17% for the triploids. As root weight increased beyond 900 gm. the yield of sugar per 100 gm. of root weight increased more rapidly in the triploids than in the diploids. Under the conditions of this test, triploid beets exceeded the diploids in root weight by 12.2%, in yield of sugar per beet by 14.9%, and in dry top weight by 17.8%. The triploids exceeded the diploids in area index of the leaves by 34.4% and in area index of the stomata by 42.6%.
THE INTERACTION OF HIGHER PLANTS AND SOIL MICRO-ORGANISMS: II. STUDY OF THE MICROBIAL POPULATION OF THE RHIZOSPHERE IN RELATION TO RESISTANCE OF PLANTS TO SOIL-BORNE DISEASES
Authors: Timonin M. I.
Published: April 2011

Comparative studies of flax varieties resistant and susceptible respectively to wilt, and of tobacco varieties resistant and susceptible to black root rot, showed higher numbers of micro-organisms in the rhizosphere of the susceptible than of corresponding resistant plants. Though plants of the same variety showed considerable variation in rhizosphere population under field and greenhouse conditions, the general trend remained the same. The abundance of micro-organisms in the rhizosphere of plants of the same variety grown in plots receiving different fertilizer treatment showed relatively little difference, even though the soils varied greatly in productivity.Numbers of micro-organisms in the rhizosphere of flax were greater when the water content of the soil was maintained at 30%, than when held at 60%, of total moisture-holding capacity. However, the microbial population in the soil distant from the roots was lower in the drier soil.Differential counts of fungi and actinomycetes indicated that the number of colonies developing from spores or conidia comprised a small proportion of the total count. Sporulation of fungi was more profuse in soil distant from the plant than in the rhizosphere.The contact slide method indicated a greater number of micro-organisms in the rhizosphere than in soil distant from the roots and showed differences between the rhizosphere of resistant and susceptible varieties which agreed with results from the plating method.
THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE GENUS GYMNOSPORANGIUM
Authors: Crowell Ivan H.
Published: April 2011

This study of geographical distribution shows that species of the genus Gymnosporangium are found in the northern hemisphere only and occur most abundantly in the temperate portion. Each of the three major continents contains a distinctive Gymnosporangium flora and, with the exception of three species called the "tricontinental species", species occur naturally in one continent only. The genus contains about 48 species; 33 occur in North America, 15 in Asia and 6 in Europe (including the three tricontinental species in each case). Explanations of the types of geographical distribution of the North American species are given under four categories: (i) species that occupy all potential territory covered by the coincident ranges of their alternate hosts, (ii) species that are confined by the range of their "primary" telial host, (iii) localized species that are confined within a portion of the coincident ranges of their alternate host, and (iv) widely distributed species that are not limited in their range by either alternate host group.
EFFECT OF PHYTOHORMONE DUST SEED TREATMENT ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF BARLEY UNDER GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS
Authors: Hopkins J. W.
Published: April 2011

Under controlled conditions of air temperature and soil moisture, the growth and yield of barley from seed dusted with 2.5 and 5 p.p.m. of indolylacetic acid in talc was compared with that from control seed dusted with talc only. Neither concentration affected germination. Both accelerated the incidence of tillering by one or two days, but did not increase the final number of shoots produced. With sub-optimal soil moisture both phytohormone concentrations increased the height of the plants by about 3% and the dry weight of straw by about 10%, but did not increase the yield of grain. No demonstrable effect upon the yield of either straw or grain was observed in a parallel series of plants receiving a more plentiful supply of moisture.
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: VII. OUTDOOR PROPAGATION OF A NOVEMBER COLLECTION OF NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS TREATED WITH PHYTOHORMONES, CANE SUGAR, AND AN ORGANIC MERCURIAL DISINFECTANT
Authors: Grace N. H. , Farrar J. L. , Hopkins J. W.
Published: April 2011

Dormant Norway spruce cuttings were collected in mid-November and treated with talc dusts containing two separate phytohormone chemicals, indolylacetic and naphthylacetic acids, in three concentrations, 0, 1000, and 5000 p.p.m., alone, and in combination with cane sugar and an organic mercurial disinfectant. Treated cuttings were planted immediately in outside frames in sand and a mixture of sand and peat in equal proportions. They were removed for examination 10 months later. Phytohormone treatment, except with the 5000 p.p.m. concentration of naphthylacetic acid, which was injurious, increased the number of cuttings rooted, the number and length of roots, the number of surviving cuttings, and the number of rooted cuttings with new growth. There were also marked effects on the initiation and development of new growth. The admixture of peat in the propagation medium improved rooting and development of new growth, particularly in certain of the phytohormone treatments. Only about 50% of the controls rooted in both sand and sand-peat, while the 5000 p.p.m. concentration of indolylacetic acid effected 68% rooting in sand and 82% in sand-peat.Both cane sugar and organic mercury significantly affected a number of the responses. However, the effects were comparatively small and depended, for the most part, on interactions with phytohormone treatments and media. Organic mercury increased the number of cuttings rooted by about 6%.
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE OF CERTAIN PATHOGENIC CHARACTERS OF PUCCINIA GRAMINIS TRITICI
Authors: Johnson Thorvaldur , Newton Margaret
Published: April 2011

Crossing and selfing studies with physiologic races of Puccinia graminis Tritici have shown that certain pathogenic characters are dominant to others. The "0" type of infection (absence of rust pustules) on the variety Kanred was found to be dominant to the "4" type (large rust pustules), so that when a race producing the "0" type was crossed with a race producing the "4" type the hybrid rust produced the "0" type. When the hybrid race was selfed, the "0" type occurred about three times as frequently in F2 as the "4" type, a fact indicating that rust behaviour on this variety is governed by a single-factor pair. The "4" type of infection on the variety Mindum normally was dominant to the "1" type (very small pustules) and occurred about three times as frequently in F2. The "1" type of infection on the emmer variety Vernal was dominant to the "4" type and recurred in some crosses, about 15 times as frequently in F2 as the "4" type. Rust behaviour on this variety appears to be governed by duplicate factors, each factor being capable of exerting the same effect. Evidence derived from a study of the F2 populations of two crosses between races 9 and 36 indicated that the factors governing rust behaviour on Kanred, Mindum, and Vernal, were different and were inherited independently of each other. In crosses in which the two parent races produced different infection types on the variety Marquis, the cytoplasm of the maternal parent race appeared to influence pathogenicity on this variety.As a result of these studies it is concluded that despite the binucleate condition of stem rust in its uredial phase, the genes function as if they were present in a single diploid nucleus, and that, owing to fusion of the nuclei in the teliospore and subsequent meiotic divisions, independent segregation of factors occurs as in higher plants. The crossing of physiologic races and the selling of the hybrids lead to various recombinations of existing pathogenic characters that may result in the formation of new physiologic races without involving the creation of pathogenic characters not possessed by the parent races.
EFFECT OF CROWN GALL FORMATION ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BEETS
Authors: Neish A. C. , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

Tumours were produced on Beta vulgaris (beet) by inoculation with Phytomonas tumefaciens (crown gall organism). Analyses were made of tumorous tissue, normal tissue of tumorous beets, and the tissue of healthy beets (not inoculated) dried at 60 °C. in a vacuum oven. The constituents determined quantitatively were glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, cellulose, lignin, pentosans, uronic anhydride (in holocellulose), total uronic anhydride, pectins, ether extract, crude protein, total ash, tannins, free phenolics, methoxyl, and solid matter. The results are discussed with respect to (a) the effect of the bacterial stimulus on the physiology of the plant and (b) the resulting changes in chemical composition.The bacteria exert a local stimulus causing the cells to proliferate and form a tumour. Sucrose is converted into cell wall and protoplasm in the tumour cells. This sucrose is obtained from the normal tissue of the root by the tumour cells. This normal tissue is not stimulated by the bacterium to convert sucrose into other materials. Owing to this increased synthetic activity of tumour cells, an infected root contains more solid matter than a non-infected one, but less sucrose. The composition of the cell wall is essentially the same in tumorous and normal tissue. The conversion of sucrose to protein is a major metabolic process in tumours on beet roots. Ethanolysis of beet root indicates that the lignin present is probably of the same general nature as the lignin in woods.
STUDIES ON CERCARIAL DERMATITIS AND THE TREMATODE FAMILY SCHISTOSOMATIDAE IN MANITOBA
Authors: McLeod J. A.
Published: April 2011

A biological investigation of cercarial dermatitis in Manitoba has revealed that three species of apharyngeal brevifurcate cercariae are responsible for the disease. An ecological study of the organisms and their molluscan hosts has been carried out, and descriptions of the general types of habitats are given in addition to the distribution of the organisms. A synopsis of the dermatitis-provoking cercariae and the adult schistosomes of the world is given, and the classification of the adults is revised in part. The results of a survey of mammals and birds for adult schistosomes and also the results of experimental exposures of animals are included. A new species of apharyngeal brevifurcate cercaria and two new species of Ornithobilharzia are described. The description of Cercaria wardlei McLeod, 1934, is revised.
THE INTERRELATION OF LIPIDS IN THE BLOOD PLASMA OF WHITE LEGHORN COCKERELS
Authors: Boyd Eldon M. , Clarke Eleanor L.
Published: April 2011

The blood plasma of 22 healthy, young, white leghorn cockerels was analysed by oxidative micromethods and found to contain the following mean lipid values, in milligrams per 100 ml. of plasma: total lipid 520, neutral fat 225, total fatty acids 361, total cholesterol 100, ester cholesterol 66, free cholesterol 34, phospholipid 155. In general, the amounts of the various lipids were proportionately related to the total lipid.
PARACEONOGONIMUS KATSURADI SP. NOV. (TREMATODA: STRIGEIDA) FROM LOPHODYTES CUCULLATUS IN QUEBEC
Authors: Lyster L. L.
Published: April 2011

Paraceonogonimus katsuradi sp. nov. is described from Lophodytes cucullatus. The sub-subfamily Prohemistomini Dubois, 1938, and the genus Paraceonogonimus Katsurada, 1914, must be slightly modified to accommodate it.
CANADIAN WILTSHIRE BACON: III. pH, OXIDATION-REDUCTION POTENTIAL, AND MISCELLANEOUS MEASUREMENTS ON BACON AND PICKLE
Authors: Cook W. H. , Chadderton A. E.
Published: April 2011

The pH of bacon was relatively uniform, but it was possible to demonstrate statistically significant differences between sides cured in the same plants. Sides from different plants were however no more variable than those from the same plant. The results indicate that the pH of the bacon is affected by the pH of the pump pickle, decreases with the time in cure, and increases with the age from cure.The absolute values of the Eh potentials observed in bacon were doubtful, but since the measurements indicated a statistically significant difference between sides from different plants it appears that this property may be a function of curing practice. Although the moisture content of bacon was relatively uniform, there was a significant difference between sides from different plants, and a significant loss of moisture during maturation and smoking.The protein content of the tank pickle from different plants varied considerably, and probably reflects the effect of different handling practices. Nevertheless it was possible to demonstrate a direct relation between protein content and pH of the pickle.
ON THE LIFE CYCLE AND OTHER ASPECTS OF THE SNAIL, CAMPELOMA, IN THE SPEED RIVER
Authors: Medcof J. C.
Published: April 2011

Judged from a statistical study, the life span of the snail is five years. Parturition occurs in summer and year classes are recognizable. Sizes of approximately 12, 17, and 23 mm. are reached in one, two, and three years respectively. Sexual maturity is reached in two years and reproduction is parthenogenetic. Some snails hibernate and some aestivate. Rest marks on shells and opercula and a limy deposit in the protoconch were studied.
CANADIAN WILTSHIRE BACON: X. DISTRIBUTION OF CHLORIDE
Authors: White W. H. , Cook W. H.
Published: April 2011

Highly significant differences in chloride content were observed at different positions across the ham of Wiltshire sides, the portion next to the tank pickle during cure usually containing the most chloride. Of the various factors studied, the number of injections used for pumping a side, and the age from cure, were the only ones found to affect the chloride distribution. Greater uniformity was obtained by increasing the number of injections, and with increasing age from cure. Within the range used in practice for curing Wiltshire sides, the chloride content of the pickles or the number of days in cure was not related to the chloride distribution. An equation is given relating the uniformity of chloride distribution to the number of injections used per side in pumping, and the number of days from the end of cure. This equation indicates that, on the average, the variations in the chloride content within the ham of a Wiltshire side will be reduced to the same magnitude as the variations between sides cured in the same plant, after holding at 1.1 °C. for periods of about 12, 26, and 30 days, for sides receiving 27, 8, and 0 injections, respectively.
PARASITES OF FRESHWATER FISH: III. FURTHER STUDIES ON THE INTERNAL TREMATODES OF FISH IN THE CENTRAL ST. LAWRENCE WATERSHED
Authors: Miller M. J.
Published: April 2011

Three new species of internal trematodes, Plagioporus serratus sp. nov., Phyllodistomum lysteri sp. nov., and Parastiotrema ottawanensis gen. et sp. nov., are described from Canadian freshwater fish. Plagioporus serotinus Stafford, 1904, is redescribed, and the genus Caudotestis Yamaguti, 1934, is reduced to synonymity with Plagioporus Stafford, 1904. Anallocreadium pearsei Hunter and Bangham, 1932, is considered synonymous with A. armatum McCallum, 1895. The genus Bunoderina Miller, 1936, is reduced to synonymity with Bunodera Railliet, 1896.
THE CHINOOK WIND EAST OF THE CANADIAN ROCKIES
Authors: Osmond H. L.
Published: April 2011

The phenomenon known as the Chinook wind, which occurs in the foothills of the Canadian Rockies, has been investigated. A number of salient features of the Chinook have been established. The most important one is that of the pressure distribution associated with a Chinook. This involves the establishment of a pressure trough between two anticyclones, one on each side of the Rocky Mountain ridge. The location of this trough relative to the ridge is extremely important. In order that a strong Chinook occur, the trough must lie in the lee of the Rockies. It has been shown also that the region of the Chinook is in southern Alberta, extending a short distance east from the mountains.
THE REDUCTION OF RESAZURIN IN MILK AND AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
Authors: Thornton H. R. , McClure F. , Sandin R. B.
Published: April 2011

The action of resazurin in milk is complex and not as yet clearly understood. The various resazurin tests have been proposed as practical tests for estimating bacterial populations in milk before they have emerged from the experimental stage. A significant proportion of results cannot at present be interpreted with the reasonable certainty necessary to justify widespread use of these tests by the dairy industry.
THERMAL STUDIES ON ASBESTOS: II. EFFECT OF HEAT ON THE BREAKING STRENGTH OF ASBESTOS TAPE AND GLASS FIBRE TAPE
Authors: Wolochow D.
Published: April 2011

The first result of heating pure chrysotile asbestos tape, crocidolite (blue) asbestos tape, and glass fibre tape to drive off the adsorbed moisture is an increase in breaking strength.Pure chrysotile tape does not lose strength till a temperature of 370 °C. is exceeded. Prolonged heating at 430 °C. causes a loss in strength of about 20%, at 480 °C. of about 40%. Heating at 540 °C. causes a rapid loss in strength.Crocidolite asbestos tape loses strength more rapidly than chrysotile asbestos tape.Glass fibre tape, though initially stronger than chrysotile tape, is considerably less resistant to heat, beginning to lose strength rapidly at about 250 °C., whereas chrysotile asbestos tape does not suffer any appreciable decrease in strength till a temperature of 400 °C. is exceeded.
THE COMPOSITION OF THE "5:3" CALCIUM ALUMINATE
Authors: Thorvaldson T. , Schneider W. G.
Published: April 2011

When the isotropic hexahydrate of tricalcium aluminate is dehydrated, calcium oxide is liberated with the formation of a calcium aluminate lower in lime. A quantitative study of this reaction was made in order to determine the composition of the aluminate formed. Errors due to impurities in the tricalcium aluminate used, incompleteness of hydration to the hexahydrate, carbonation during treatment, retention of water by the final product, and recombination of the free lime with the aluminate formed were eliminated. The results indicated the formation of an aluminate of the composition 12CaO∙7Al2O3.The aluminate formed during the dehydration was found to give the same X-ray diffraction pattern as apparently homogeneous samples of the compositions 5CaO∙3Al2O3 and 12CaO∙7Al2O3 prepared directly from lime and alumina by thermal methods. The results support the assumption that the so-called "5:3" calcium aluminate should be assigned the formula 12CaO∙7Al2O3.
SYNTHESIS OF 4-HYDROXY-3-METHOXYMANDELAMIDE
Authors: Schwartz Harry , McCarthy Joseph L.
Published: April 2011

4-Hydroxy-3-methoxymandelamide was synthesized from vanillin through the cyanohydrin, the imino ether hydrochloride, and the ethyl ester. Its dibenzoate was prepared from vanillin cyanohydrin dibenzoate by the method of Albert.
THE EFFECT OF DISHWASHING COMPOUNDS ON ALUMINUM
Authors: Thomas J. F. J.
Published: April 2011

Several proprietary dishwashing compounds, in [Formula: see text] solution, were found to appreciably attack commercial aluminum and aluminum utensils. Curves are shown illustrating also the corrosive effect on commercial aluminum [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] aqueous mixtures, in various proportions, of the salts usually present in such compounds. Sodium metasilicate was found to be a more efficient inhibitor than either trisodium phosphate or sodium pyrophosphate. Replacement of the soda ash by either trisodium phosphate or sodium pyrophosphate so as to give a final soda ash content of 40 to 45% was required before less sodium metasilicate than about 20% produced inhibition of the attack. The author concludes that the addition of about 25% sodium metasilicate to such proprietary compounds is advisable.
ON 4-(OR 5-) AMINOGLYOXALINE (IMINAZOLE)
Authors: Hunter G. , Nelson J. A.
Published: April 2011

The dihydrochloride and sesquipicrate salts of 4-(or 5-)aminoglyoxaline have been prepared in the pure state for the first time. Previous attempts to isolate the substance have failed largely because insufficient allowance was made for the instability of the substance in aqueous media. The new glyoxaline is highly reactive and has unusual properties for a glyoxaline. It has certain properties like those of 4-(or 5-)guanidinoglyoxaline, being here proved to be a hydrolysis product of guanine.
STUDIES ON RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI KÜHN: V. VIRULENCE IN STEAM STERILIZED AND NATURAL SOIL
Authors: Sanford G. B.
Published: April 2011

In general, the virulence of Rhizoctonia Solani Kühn, shown on potato stems, decreased as the proportion of inoculum, which was grown in steam sterilized soil, increased. Isolates highly pathogenic in a 1:15 soil inoculum—natural soil mixture were relatively weak in pure soil inoculum protected from outside contamination.Sclerotia developed and mycelia massed much more frequently and abundantly in the higher concentrations of soil inoculum than in the 1:15 soil-inoculum–natural-soil mixture. Thus, the evidence indicates that conditions favourable to marked vegetative growth of the pathogen tend to depress its virulence. The evidence available suggests that the new and vigorous hyphal growth necessary to sclerotia formation is initiated primarily by high relative humidity of the soil air.Further evidence was obtained that isolates of R. Solani pathogenic to potato may differ greatly in virulence and also in ability to form sclerotia, and also that the Corticium stage is an important source of pathogenic and sclerotia-bearing strains of this fungus. Finally, soil-grown inoculum 180 days old was as virulent as that freshly grown.
ÉTUDES SUR LES HYBRIDES DE CISTES : IV. CORRÉLATION DES CARACTÈRES DU C. SALVIIFOLIUS L.
Authors: Dansereau Pierre
Published: April 2011

not available
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE VIRULENCE OF ARTIFICIAL INOCULUM OF HELMINTHOSPORIUM SATIVUM P. K. AND B. AND OF FUSARIUM CULMORUM (W. G. SM.) SACC.
Authors: Tyner L. E.
Published: April 2011

Investigations were conducted on the virulence of inoculum of Helminthosporium sativum P. K. and B. and of Fusarium culmorum (W. G. Sm.) Sacc. as affected by the size of the vessel in which the inoculum was increased, the amount of corn meal present in the medium, and the period of incubation. Inoculum of either pathogen containing 12% corn meal caused more disease on wheat seedlings than that with 5%. H. sativum, 14 days old, was more virulent than after 21, 28, or 35 days' incubation, but in the case of F. culmorum, there was no definite tendency with respect to the effect of age. The size of container was unimportant if desiccation was avoided.
AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGY: MONTHLY SEQUENCE OF SUMMER PRECIPITATION AT WINNIPEG, SWIFT CURRENT, AND EDMONTON
Authors: Hopkins J. W.
Published: April 2011

An analysis of the monthly sequence of rainfall during the summer period April-September of the years 1890–1937, made by expressing each annual sequence as a fifth-degree polynomial function of time, indicates that despite marked annual variability the average monthly precipitation at all three stations exhibits a definite seasonal trend, with the maximum incidence of rain in June or July. At Winnipeg, the relative monthly distribution remains, on the average, essentially the same in both wet and dry years, but at Swift Current and Edmonton it is modified to some extent, the midseason maximum being relatively more pronounced in seasons of above-average total precipitation. At Swift Current, both the total amount and one of the coefficients specifying the monthly distribution of precipitation show some oscillatory variation with time; and at Edmonton, there has been a slight progressive change such that a smaller proportion than formerly of the total precipitation now falls in the second half of the season (July-September). No consistent increase or decrease in rainfall over the 48-year period has been recorded at any of the three stations.
THE ACTION OF MICRO-ORGANISMS ON FAT: IV. OBSERVATIONS ON THE CHANGES PRODUCED IN GLOBULES OF TRIOLEIN BY PURE CULTURES OF BACTERIA
Authors: Castell C. H. , Garrard E. H.
Published: April 2011

A series of observations have been made on the action of 60 cultures of bacteria on globules of triolein in oil emulsion agar media. Lipolytic activity as indicated by the colour reactions of Nile blue sulphate and methylene blue and the blue soap formation with copper sulphate has been shown to coincide with that of the same organisms as measured by the titratable acidity they produced in larger samples of the oil. Other Eh indicators have been shown to colour the globules around lipolytic colonies.Other changes in the colour and texture of the globules have been shown to coincide with the oxidative activity of the bacteria as measured by Kreis and Schiff tests on larger samples as well as by the oxidase reaction of the bacterial colony. Preliminary hydrolysis appears to hasten and intensify the oxidative reactions as indicated by the globules.Other colour reactions in the globules and the formation of various types of crystals have been observed and their significance discussed.
STRAWBERRY ROOT ROT IN RELATION TO MICROBIOLOGICAL CHANGES INDUCED IN ROOT ROT SOIL BY THE INCORPORATION OF CERTAIN COVER CROPS
Authors: Hildebrand A. A. , West P. M.
Published: April 2011

Strawberry plants, variety Premier, were grown in naturally-infected root rot soil in which consecutive "crops" of several agricultural plants had been turned under, and in other lots of the same soil that had been steam sterilized or fertilized with barnyard manure. On examination of their roots it was found that the incidence and severity of root rot were closely correlated with soil treatment. Plants grown in sterilized soil remained free from disease as did those of the soybean series until the third season when they were slightly affected. Plants in the manure, corn, red clover, timothy, and untreated soil series all became diseased, the severity of attack increasing in the respective series in the order named.Although roots of the various cover crops were found to contain representatives of several different genera of fungi, a specific fungus was dominant in each as was the nematode, Pratylenchus pratensis, in timothy and clover. This build-up of specific organisms appeared to be correlated with the incidence and severity of the disease in the roots of the strawberry plants that followed in the respective series.However, in strawberry plants grown in the variously treated soils, fungal infection was negligible and, on the whole, not related to that of the preceding cover crop. An exception to this was the heavy infection by the mycorrhizal fungus (Rhizophagus sp.?), following timothy and corn, but a lack of correlation, in many cases, between the presence of the fungus and discoloured and necrotic tissue indicated that other agencies might be responsible for the injury. In timothy and red clover treated soils, nematodes, particularly Pratylenchus pratensis, might have been an important factor.Fewer bacteria were found adjacent to roots of healthy plants than to those of diseased ones. Qualitative differentiation on the basis of nutritional requirements indicated a striking relationship between the incidence of certain groups of bacterial isolates and the severity of disease attack. The equilibrium between presumably "harmful" bacteria and the innocuous, normally occurring rhizosphere types is designated the Bacterial Balance Index. There are marked differences in the microbiological equilibria of the different soil series; increased severity of root rot is associated with a fall in the Bacterial Balance Index.
THE MICROBIOLOGICAL BALANCE OF STRAWBERRY ROOT ROT SOIL AS RELATED TO THE RHIZOSPHERE AND DECOMPOSITION EFFECTS OF CERTAIN COVER CROPS
Authors: West P. M. , Hildebrand A. A.
Published: April 2011

Soybean and red clover, grown as cover crops and incorporated into strawberry root rot soil, showed a marked difference in ability to control the disease on variety Premier. Soybean caused a striking reduction in the incidence of root rot and a drastic shift in the bacterial equilibrium of the soil. Red clover had little effect on the severity of the disease or the general microflora of the soil.A study of "rhizosphere effects" reveals that the characteristic differences between the resultant bacterial equilibrium of the soils in which the two leguminous plants were grown, could not be attributed to influences exerted by the latter in the living state. However, the bacterial types favoured during decomposition in experimental cultures of tissues of red clover and of soybean, each inoculated with root rot soil, were identical with those isolated from root rot soil with which red clover and soybean, respectively, had been incorporated. In contrast to the putrefactive decomposition of red clover, soybeans apparently underwent a carbohydrate breakdown that could be reproduced essentially in culture by the substitution of glucose for soybean tissues. Beneficial changes in the bacteriology of actual root rot soils could be induced by the decomposition of pure carbohydrate in place of soybean. The favourable alteration in the bacterial equilibrium was accompanied by a corresponding modification of the fungous flora such that potentially pathogenic forms were replaced by presumably innocuous ones. These carbohydrate treated soils were capable of producing strawberry plants with well developed healthy root systems. The ability of soybean to control strawberry root rot therefore seems to depend primarily on a carbohydrate type of breakdown in diseased soil, causing a highly favourable shift in the microbiological equilibrium. The decomposition of red clover, on the other hand, did not under the same conditions induce these salutary effects.
THE INHERITANCE OF FRUIT SIZE IN THE TOMATO
Authors: Butler L.
Published: April 2011

It is pointed out that size data from over 50 tomato crosses are explained by the assumption of the geometric action of size factors but not by a simple additive theory.The fact that the F1results fitted such a theory was pointed out in a previous paper when the theory was proposed. The analysis is here extended to the F2generation and to cell size measurements.The use of the geometric scale introduces regularity into the otherwise unpredictable F2segregations, and they become amenable to a simple logarithmic scheme. Analysis by such a scheme indicates that differences in cell number or ovary size are caused by the segregation of three to five pairs of major genes, whereas mature cell size differences seem to be brought about by the segregation of at least twice as many factors.Final weight is thus the resultant of the proportionate action of the following factors:—1. The number of mitotic divisions in the pre-anthesis period and therefore the number of cells at anthesis.2. The cell expansion after anthesis.3. Fruit shape, locule number, and other size-modifying effects.
VARIETAL DIFFERENCES IN BARLEYS AND MALTS: XII. SUMMARY OF CORRELATIONS BETWEEN 18 MAJOR BARLEY, MALT, AND MALTING PROPERTIES
Authors: Anderson J. A. , Sallans H. R. , Meredith W. O. S.
Published: April 2011

A summary is presented of correlation studies based on data, for 11 barley properties and 7 malt properties, obtained by analysis of samples of 12 varieties of barley (and of the malts made from them) grown at 12 experimental stations in Canada. Intra- and intervarietal associations between pairs of properties were studied separately using means over all varieties for each station, and means over all stations for each variety. Simple correlation coefficients for all possible pairs of properties are reported. In addition, intravarietal partial correlation coefficients, independent of total nitrogen, and intervarietal partial correlation coefficients, independent of salt-soluble nitrogen, are also given.The main purpose of the paper is to put on record, for ready reference, tables of statistics that may be useful to other investigators who are interested in the associations that exist between barley and malt properties, and the light that these throw on the nature of malting quality in barley.
THE PHYTOPLANKTON OF SOUTHERN AND CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN: PART I
Authors: Kuehne Paul E.
Published: April 2011

Plankton collections from 58 lakes of the Prince Albert Park and the southern half of Saskatchewan yielded 292 species and varieties of algae, among them Chaetoceros Elmorei, Nodularia spumigena, and a new variety of Lyngbya Birgei. The lakes, chemically alkaline, are classified as freshwater and saline, and the various classes of algae are briefly discussed with reference to these two types of lakes. A list of the species collected is given, showing localities and relative abundance of each type.
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION OF CONIFERS: X. EFFECTS OF SEASON OF COLLECTION AND PROPAGATION MEDIA ON THE ROOTING OF NORWAY SPRUCE CUTTINGS
Authors: Farrar J. L. , Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

Twenty-four collections of Norway spruce cuttings were taken, seven about the time new growth was forming, six at semimonthly intervals rom July to September, four during October, and seven at monthly intervals during the winter to April, and were propagated in outdoor frames in several media. The proportion of cuttings rooting in sand was low for the summer collections but reached 80% or higher for collections made in September and October. The addition of sedge peat effected rooting of 90% in collections taken throughout summer and autumn, and increased the number of roots, length of root, and the development of new growth. Sphagnum peat added to the sand was also slightly beneficial but, for propagation, much inferior in effect to the sedge type of peat. Varying the proportion of peat or the texture of the sand had no significant effect except on the length of root, which was greater in those media rich in peat. Cuttings stored over winter or taken in spring did not respond well.
THE EFFECT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE ON THE STEM RUST RESISTANCE OF WHEAT VARIETIES
Authors: Johnson T. , Newton Margaret
Published: April 2011

Eighteen stem rust resistant wheat varieties were tested, in the greenhouse, for their reaction to three physiologic races of Puccinia graminis Tritici Erikss. and Henn. at three different temperatures: a constant low temperature of about 60° F., a constant high temperature of about 80° F., and an intermediate temperature which fluctuated daily from 50° to 55° F. at night to 70° to 85° F. at midday.At the low and at the intermediate temperature some of the varieties proved immune while others proved highly or moderately resistant. At the high temperature five varieties (Bokveld, Iumillo, Gaza, Red Egyptian, and N.A. 95 Egypt) were immune or highly resistant; six varieties (Marquillo × Waratah, Hope, Hochzucht, Minor, Bobin Gaza Robin, and Federation × Acme) were moderately resistant; and seven varieties (Kenya, Syria, McMurachy, Sweden, Rhodesian, Talberg, and Eureka) were moderately or completely susceptible.
STUDIES OF THE TOMATO IN RELATION TO ITS STORAGE: II. THE EFFECTS OF ALTERED INTERNAL ATMOSPHERE UPON THE RESPIRATORY AND RIPENING BEHAVIOUR OF TOMATO FRUITS STORED AT 12.5 °C.
Authors: Clendenning K. A.
Published: April 2011

When a mature green tomato fruit is stored at 12.5 °C. either with or without its stem, the expected respiratory climacteric accompanies the colour change associated with ripening. When the stem is removed and the stem scar area is covered carefully with hot paraffin wax, the fruit thereafter ripens slowly with a low, relatively constant rate of carbon dioxide output. These characteristics are ascribed to "auto-gas" storage resulting from restricted diffusion at the stem scar. The effect of waxing is reversible within limits since removal of the artificial seal after one month has resulted in a return to normal ripening and respiratory behaviour.When yellowing, yellow orange, and full red fruits are stored either with or without their stems, they complete in storage those phases of the respiratory climacteric that had not been completed before detachment from the plant. The careful waxing of fruits picked at these stages of maturity inhibits further coloration and reduces the rate of carbon dioxide output to the same extent as in fruits waxed at the mature green stage. The respiratory drift of fruits picked and stored unwaxed at the early "growing green" stage is characterized by two distinct peaks. Such fruits eventually ripen and the second peak is associated with the colour change that accompanies ripening. Similar fruits stored with stem scars waxed fail to ripen before their pathological "death" and their respiration rate is reduced by the waxing treatment.When yellowing and yellow-orange fruits are waxed, they become soft and highly susceptible to fungal attack before their ripening coloration has been completed. To inhibit the softening process in stored tomatoes, it thus appears to be necessary to apply wax before ripening has commenced. Unwaxed fruits become highly susceptible to fungal wastage only after attaining full ripeness. Waxed fruits on the other hand are subject to fungal wastage when green or partially coloured as well as when fully ripened. This is attributed to the progress of softening in the absence of the usual colour change associated with ripening. Waxing of the stem scars does not act as a deterrent to storage moulds at the waxed area. The waxed tomato has been found to be subject to several physiological disorders the symptoms of which are described.
THE DIAPAUSE AND RELATED PHENOMENA IN GILPINIA POLYTOMA (HARTIG): V. DIAPAUSE IN RELATION TO EPIDEMIOLOGY
Authors: Prebble M. L.
Published: April 2011

This final paper in the series on diapause in the spruce sawfly describes the direct and indirect influences of diapause on epidemiology in different parts of the distribution range in eastern North America. These relate to duration of diapause, degree of diapause in overwintered cocoons, and proportions of the population surviving to participate in the continuation of the infestation. The nature of infestations in different areas is described briefly.Discussion of features of intraspecific differences, and a summary of conclusions derived from all five papers in the series, are also included.
ABSORPTION PHENOMENA IN A CONDENSED SPARK SOURCE
Authors: Langstroth G. O. , Brown W. W.
Published: April 2011

Intensity ratios of certain line pairs in the spectrum of magnesium, of mercury, and of tin have been found to depend strongly on the amount of the element introduced into the source, even when the amount is within the range dealt with in making "trace" analyses. Line pairs involving transitions to a level in the ground term and to a considerably higher level exhibited this behaviour. It is attributed to the occurrence of partial absorption, mainly within the limits of the discharge. The dependence of the intensity ratios on the amount of the element present was not affected appreciably by air currents of 80 cm. per sec. velocity; it was affected however by currents of 1500 cm. per sec. velocity. The data lead to the conclusion that the absorption effects are normally quite stable, and are unlikely to introduce serious errors in analytic determinations.
SECONDARY RADIATION FROM X-RAY FILTERS: I. SINGLE-METAL FILTERS
Authors: Wrenshall G. A. , Nichols H. J.
Published: April 2011

Using an ionization chamber method, the intensity distribution and quality of forward transmitted secondary X-rays from filters of aluminium, copper, tin, and lead have been measured under standard operating conditions. Geometrical arrangements of X-ray tube, defining apertures, filter, and receiver commonly used in medical and industrial radiology are employed. Suggestions for minimizing the intensity of the secondary radiation reaching the receiver from single-metal filters are submitted.
LE CALCIUM ET LE MANGANÈSE DANS LES SÈVES ET LES SIROPS D'ÉRABLE
Authors: Bois Elphège , Dugal Louis-Charles , Lessard Maurice
Published: April 2011

not available
CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC STUDIES: PREPARATION OF SUBSTITUTED SULPHONAMIDES
Authors: Marchant C. , McClelland L. , Lucas C. C.
Published: April 2011

A series of substituted sulphonamides has been prepared for a study of their chemotherapeutic activity against a number of different bacterial species. By condensing p-acetylaminobenzenesulphonyl chloride with primary aromatic and aliphatic amines, N4-acetyl-N1–substituted sulphanilamides were obtained. Hydrolysis with acid or alkali removed the acetyl group and gave the desired N1-substituted sulphanilamides.The appendix contains details of the techniques used in testing these sulphonamides. Although a few of the compounds described in this paper exhibit considerable in vitro activity, none of them possess, in vivo, chemotherapeutic properties equal to those of sulfapyridine or sulfathiazole.
PASTURE STUDIES: XXIII. A PROPOSED MODIFICATION OF THE FLUORIMETRIC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF RIBOFLAVIN
Authors: Chapman R. A. , McFarlane W. D.
Published: April 2011

The fluorimetric method for the determination of riboflavin in foodstuffs has been modified to permit the use of the fluorimeter described by Froman and McFarlane (4). Extracts are prepared by enzymatic digestion and purified by barium chloride precipitation and benzyl alcohol extraction Photochemical reduction of riboflavin in the 'blank' is effected by stannous chloride in benzyl alcohol solution.