bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of an Intervention to Increase Physical Activity in Low‐Income, Urban Middle Schools
Authors: Gill Monique , Roth Sarah E. , Chan‐Golston Alec M. , Rice Lindsay N. , Crespi Catherine M. , Koniak‐Griffin Deborah , Cole Brian L. , Prelip Michael L.
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND

Physical education (PE) can provide opportunities to engage in daily moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA), but MVPA levels in many classes are low. This study examines MVPA during middle school PE lessons before and after receiving the SPARK (Sports, Play, and Active Recreation for Kids) program.

METHODS

Sixteen schools were enrolled in the study. PE teachers at eight schools received the intervention. PE lessons at all schools (N = 561) were observed over 2 years. Hierarchical linear regression models examined the effect of the intervention on the amount and consistency of MVPA and sedentary behavior.

RESULTS

An average of 13.7% of observed class time was spent in MVPA (approximately 5 minutes of a 60‐minute class), compared to 27.5% of time spent sedentary. There was no evidence that the curriculum resulted in increased MVPA or consistent MVPA, or that it decreased sedentary behavior. Findings also suggested that contextual factors may contribute to physical activity levels in PE.

CONCLUSIONS

Mixed evaluation findings of the SPARK middle school curriculum demonstrate that an out‐of‐the‐box curriculum does not have the same results in all contexts. Implications for school health are described based upon findings. Further research is needed to identify effective strategies to increase MVPA for adolescents both in and outside of PE.
Evaluation of the paediatric foot using footprints and foot posture index: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Gijon‐Nogueron Gabriel , Marchena‐Rodriguez Ana , Montes‐Alguacil Jesus , Evans Angela M
Published: July 2019

Aim

Footprints have long been used as proxy measures of foot morphology, yet there is little consensus regarding footprints versus measures of foot posture, which address foot anatomy directly. Foot posture in children can be a confusing clinical presentation, with previous studies both supporting and refuting the relationship between childhood obesity and flat feet. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between footprints and foot posture in children.

Methods

A total of 316 school children (153 boys, 163 girls) from Spain, aged 6–9 years, were assessed for both footprint (Clarke's angle (CA)), by Tecniwork Pedrograph Plate, and foot posture (foot posture index (FPI)) measures, with participants barefoot, in a relaxed standing position, on a 50‐cm elevated platform.

Results

A negative correlation was found between FPI and footprints (CA) (rho = −0.505 left, P < 0.001) and by gender (rho = −0.457 for the left foot in girls, P < 0.001; rho = −0.548 for the left foot in boys, P < 0.001). The children with pes cavus according to the CA (73.3%) had normal feet according to FPI, and the children with severe pes planus according to the CA (78.98%) had pronated feet according to the FPI. A χ2 test showed these results to be statistically significant (P > 0.001).

Conclusions

An inverse relationship between CA and FPI was identified, that is, the greater the FPI, the smaller the CA, but not all pronated foot are planus feet and not all cavus feet are supinated feet. Footprints may overestimate and misguide paediatric foot posture concerns.
Heart rate variability parameters as markers of the adaptation to a sealed environment (a hypoxic normobaric chamber) in the horse
Authors: Muñoz Ana , Castejón‐Riber Cristina , Castejón Francisco , Rubio Dolores M. , Riber Cristina
Published: July 2019

Simulated hypoxic normobaric devices have been used in human beings in order to enhance endurance capacity. These devices are sealed chambers where the athletes are supposed to stay for at least 6–8 hr daily. The current research assesses the changes in time‐domain, spectral and non‐geometrical heart rate variability (HRV) parameters in 6 horses subjected to progressive duration periods inside of a hermetically sealed chamber. It was pursued, firstly to evaluate the intensity of the stress experienced by the animals and secondly to elucidate whether the horses might require an acclimation period before implementation of hypoxic conditions. HRV parameters were monitored for 6 days: day 0 (6‐hr duration; in paddocks; basal conditions), and days 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 (1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 hr inside the chamber every day respectively). During day 1 and during the first hours of days 2 and 3, compared to day 0, horses presented increased HR and SDHR values and decreased RR interval duration. SD1 values decreased on some hours of days 2 and 3, but differences with day 0 were not found on day 1. Increased SDNN, RMSSD, SD1 and SD2 values were observed on days 4 and 5. These results showed an activation of the sympathetic activity together with an attenuation of the parasympathetic activity during the days 1 to 3. Increased parasympathetic activity was found only during the first hours of days 4 and 5. Spectral parameters experienced minor variations, with increased LFpeakand LF% during some hours of days 4 and 5. In conclusion, at least 3 days are needed to adapt the horse to a sealed environment before starting to subject the animals to hypoxic conditions. When the horses were acclimatized, however, a minor stress was detected with they spent more than 4 hr inside of the chamber.
Evaluating chewing function: Expanding the dysphagia field using food oral processing and the IDDSI framework
Authors: Cichero Julie A. Y.
Published: July 2019

The dysphagia field is still in relative infancy with a sophisticated knowledge base amassed since the early 1980's. The desire to identify aspiration and prevent life threatening pneumonia has resulted in a focus on the complexities of swallowing liquids. However, humans also ingest saliva, food, and oral medications, with the potential for these substances to incompletely clear the pharynx, be aspirated or block the airway. Safe swallowing of solid food in particular requires adequate chewing function, good oral control, and sufficient higher cortical function. Although screening and assessment for liquid swallowing safety is well established, the same cannot be said for the evaluation of safety to chew and swallow different food textures. While research into liquid swallowing physiology and its clinical application has largely come from the medical and allied health fields, our knowledge of chewing function for food textures comes from food texture research and food sensory science arenas. There is an exciting opportunity to bring the medical and food texture science fields together to expand our knowledge base on human chewing function, with clinical application to people with dysphagia. The development of the IDDSI Framework as an international standardized way of describing and labelling food texture and drink thickness allows the field to move toward management of texture modified food and thick liquids in a coordinated fashion, speaking the same language. This commentary will describe what we know of chewing function and how it is assessed clinically, proposing methods of assessment that utilize the IDDSI Framework.
Effects of dietary vitamin C on growth, antioxidant activity, and immunity in ricefield eel (Monopterus albus)
Authors: Hu Yajun , Zhang Junzhi , He Lanbo , Hu Yi , Zhong Lei , Dai Zhenyan , Zhou Dinggang
Published: July 2019

A 10‐week feeding trial aimed to investigate the effects of dietary vitamin C (l‐ascorbic acid) on growth, antioxidant activity, and immunity in ricefield eel, Monopterus albus. Six diets were formulated with different levels of vitamin C supplementation (0.1, 17.5, 34.8, 68.6, 139.7, and 278.5 mg/kg). The results indicated that the weight gain (WG) of the M. albus fed the diets with vitamin C was remarkably higher than that of the M. albus fed the control diet (p < .05), and the quadratic analysis showed an optimal vitamin C level of 80.66 mg/kg. Compared with the control group, serum lysozyme activities, the complement pathway, red blood cell counts, white blood cell counts, immunoglobulin M, and phagocytosis percentage were significantly increased (p < .05) in the treatment groups, and superoxide dismutase activity, serum glucose, and malondialdehyde content were significantly decreased (p < .05) in the treatment groups. The challenge trial with Aeromonas hydrophila showed that the M. albus fed the diets with vitamin C had remarkably reduced cumulative mortality compared with those fed the control diet (p < .05), and mortality in the 68.60 mg/kg diet group was the lowest. Based on WG, the optimal vitamin C supplementation level for M. albus was estimated to be 80.66 mg/kg.
Portugal dos Pequenitos as an urban laboratory for rehearsing national identity
Authors: Pinto Paulo Tormenta , Delgado João Paulo
Published: July 2019

Portugal dos Pequenitos (literally, ‘Portugal for the Little Ones’), a theme park built in Portugal as part of the Centenarian Commemorations of the Portuguese Nation of 1940, has been considered one of the most controversial pieces of Portuguese architecture in the 20th century. Designed between 1937 and 1962 by Architect Cassiano Branco, at the initiative of Bissaya Barreto, it features reproductions of uniquely typical Portuguese architecture built to a child's scale. It includes buildings from mainland Portugal, from the Azores and Madeira islands and from the colonial territories in Africa and Asia. The main aims of this paper are twofold: firstly, to frame Cassiano Branco's architecture in its specific context, in terms of historical contingencies and architectural controversies during the Estado Novo (New State) Portuguese dictatorship (1933–1974), and secondly, to assess the importance of Portugal dos Pequenitos as a laboratory for rehearsing an idyllic urban environment, applying hypothetical principles of national identity.
Moralism in theories of secession: a realist perspective
Authors: Sanjaume‐Calvet Marc
Published: July 2019

Moral reasoning is the most common approach to secession in political philosophy. Just‐cause, choice and liberal‐cultural theories rely on moral conceptions of political authority. This article examines an alternative view through an exploration of moral theories of secession from a realist perspective. Realism has recently seen a revival as a form of normative political philosophy and focuses on political disagreement and legitimacy rather than rights and moral analysis. I claim that realism would reject utopianism and moralism present in theories of secession. Instead of regarding secession as a right, realism would frame secession as a political option. According to this view, this article explores a realist theory of secession that would be based on the priority of politics and disagreement among other concepts. This would be a middle‐ground theory, compatible with liberal values and existing moral theories.
Factors associated with depression in people with inflammatory bowel disease: The relationship between active disease and biases in neurocognitive processing
Authors: Wilkinson Ben , Trick Leanne , Knight Annie , Valton Vincent , Goodhand James , Kennedy Nick A. , Heerasing Neel , Ahmad Tariq , Bland Amy , Elliott Rebecca , Roiser Jonathan P. , Dickens Chris
Published: July 2019

Background

Depression is common among people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), though the causes remain unclear. We conducted a cross‐sectional study to investigate the role of emotional processing biases in contributing to depression among people with IBD.

Materials and Methods

One hundred and twenty outpatients with IBD were recruited and: (a) completed questionnaires to record: age, sex, social support, socioeconomic status, anxiety and depression (n = 104), (b) underwent assessments of biases in emotional recognition (n = 112), emotional memory and reinforcement learning (c) had recorded from clinical records: type of IBD, duration of IBD, IBD activity and (d) provided blood for high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein levels (n = 99).

Key Results

Sixty‐eight participants had Crohn's disease and 49 had ulcerative colitis. Of these, 35 had active disease and 26 had depression. Those with depression were more likely to be female, lack social support, have active disease, be taking corticosteroids but not TNF‐alpha inhibitors and exhibit less positive emotional recognition bias. On multivariable regression analysis, depression was associated independently with lack of social support (unstandardized regression coefficient (B) = −1.40, P = 0.02) and increased disease activity (B = 1.29, P = 0.03). Causal steps analysis was consistent with less positive emotional recognition bias partially mediating the effects of disease activity on depression.

Conclusions and inferences

This is the first study to demonstrate links between disease activity and less positive biases in emotional recognition that could explain higher rates of depression among people with active IBD. Future prospective studies are required to confirm the effects of emotional processing biases in depression and allow stronger causal inferences to be drawn.
Rethinking Affective Experience and Popular Emotion: World War I and the Construction of Group Emotion in International Relations
Authors: Hall Todd H. , Ross Andrew A. G.
Published: July 2019

Research in International Relations (IR) frequently confronts claims about the emotions shared by members of a group. While much attention has been devoted to the potential for affective and emotional experience beyond the individual level, IR scholars have said less about the politics of invoking popular emotion. This article addresses that gap. Specifically, we argue that between individual—and even shared—affective experience on the one hand and group‐based “popular emotion” on the other exists not mechanisms of aggregation but rather processes of framing, projection, and propagation that are deeply political. We distinguish between two tropes that commonly structure references to popular emotion:communal emotion, the idealized attribution of an authentic, unifying emotional response of “the people,” andmass emotion, a volatile and potentially dangerous mob‐like reaction, but one also susceptible to manipulation. Using the outbreak of World War I as a showcase, we demonstrate the political significance of popular emotion, including its enduring relevance for understanding contemporary populism.
The dynamics of gene expression, lipid composition and DNA methylation reprogramming are different during in vitro maturation of pig oocytes obtained from prepubertal gilts and cycling sows
Authors: Braga Thiago Felipe , Silva Thainara Christie Ferreira , Marques Mariana Groke , de Souza Andressa Pereira , Albring Daniela , Silva Luciano Paulino , Caetano Alexandre Rodrigues , Dode Margot Alves Nunes , Franco Maurício Machaim
Published: July 2019

This study aimed to characterize the gene expression, lipid composition and DNA methylation reprogramming during in vitro maturation (IVM) of pig oocytes with different developmental competencies. We used prepubertal gilts and cycling sows as a model to obtain oocytes with different levels of competency. We found that genes involved in lipid metabolism, SLC27A4, CPT2 and PLIN2, and DNA methylation, DNMT3A, TET1 and TET3, possessed altered transcript expression levels during IVM. Specifically, SLC27A4 mRNA (p = 0.05) increased in oocytes from cycling females, whereas CPT2 (p = 0.05), PLIN2 (p = 0.02) and DNMT3A (p = 0.02) increased in oocytes from prepubertal females during IVM. Additionally, TET3 mRNA increased during IVM in oocytes from prepubertal (p = 0.0005) and cycling females (p = 0.02). The TET1 transcript decreased (p = 0.05) during IVM in oocytes from cycling sows. Regarding lipid composition, mass spectrometry revealed a cluster of ions, with molecular masses higher than m/z 700, which comprises a group of complex phospholipids, was identified in all groups of oocytes, except in those from prepubertal gilts. With respect to DNA methylation reprogramming, it was noted that the less competent oocytes were not able to reprogramme the XIST gene during IVM. We conclude that the maternal mRNA store, lipid composition and epigenetic reprogramming are still being established during maturation and are related to oocyte competence. In addition, we propose that the methylation pattern of the XIST may be used as molecular marker for oocyte competence in pigs.
Predicting life expectancy of older people using respiratory symptoms and smoking status: Data from the Australian Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Authors: Petrie Kate , Abramson Michael J. , Cross Amanda J. , George Johnson
Published: July 2019

Background and objective

Respiratory symptoms are recognizable to patients and may be markers of chronic disease and mortality risk. This risk may be easier to conceptualize if presented as remaining life expectancy (LE) rather than hazard ratios. We aimed to predict the remaining LE of older people with respiratory symptoms using data from the Australian Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ALSA).

Methods

The ALSA is a prospective longitudinal cohort of older Australians (n = 2087) with 22 years of follow‐up. The symptoms analysed were cough, shortness of breath (SOB) and wheeze. The implied impact on LE was estimated using a parametric survival function.

Results

SOB predicted shorter LE irrespective of smoking status. Cough predicted shorter LE in former smokers and wheeze predicted shorter LE in current smokers. The estimated remaining LE of a 70‐year‐old male never smoker with no symptoms was 16.6 (95% CI: 14.8–17.7) years. The years of life lost for a 70‐year‐old male current smoker with cough, SOB and wheeze compared to a never smoker with no symptoms was 4.93 (95% CI: 2.87–7.36) years with only 2.99 (95% CI: 1.35–4.97) years being attributed to their current smoking and the remainder to their respiratory symptoms.

Conclusion

Respiratory symptoms predict mortality in older people. Cough in former smokers, wheeze in current smokers and all those with SOB require further investigations and disease‐specific management.
Functional immune response to influenza H1N1 in children and adults after live attenuated influenza virus vaccination
Authors: Islam Shahinul , Zhou Fan , Lartey Sarah , Mohn Kristin G. I. , Krammer Florian , Cox Rebecca Jane , Brokstad Karl Albert
Published: July 2019

Influenza virus is a major respiratory pathogen, and vaccination is the main method of prophylaxis. In 2012, the trivalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) was licensed in Europe for use in children. Vaccine‐induced antibodies directed against the main viral surface glycoproteins, haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) play important roles in limiting virus infection. The objective of this study was to dissect the influenza‐specific antibody responses in children and adults, and T cell responses in children induced after LAIV immunization to the A/H1N1 virus. Blood samples were collected pre‐ and at 28 and 56 days post‐vaccination from 20 children and 20 adults. No increase in micro‐neutralization (MN) antibodies against A/H1N1 was observed after vaccination. A/H1N1 stalk‐specific neutralizing and NA‐inhibiting (NI) antibodies were boosted in children after LAIV. Interferon γ‐producing T cells increased significantly in children, and antibody‐dependent cellular‐mediated cytotoxic (ADCC) cell activity increased slightly in children after vaccination, although this change was not significant. The results indicate that the NI assay is more sensitive to qualitative changes in serum antibodies after LAIV. There was a considerable difference in the immune response in children and adults after vaccination, which may be related to priming and previous influenza history. Our findings warrant further studies for evaluating LAIV vaccination immunogenicity.
The MHC class I‐LILRB1 signalling axis as a promising target in cancer therapy
Authors: Zhao Jinming , Zhong Shanshan , Niu Xing , Jiang Jiwei , Zhang Ruochen , Li Qingchang
Published: July 2019

Immune checkpoint inhibitors are among the newest, cutting‐edge methods for the treatment of cancer. Currently, they primarily influence T cell adaptive immunotherapy targeting the PD‐1/PD‐L1 and CTLA‐4/B7 signalling pathways. These inhibitors fight cancer by reactivating the patient's own adaptive immune system, with good results in many cancers. With the discovery of the “Don't Eat Me” molecule, CD47, antibody‐based drugs that target the macrophage‐related innate immunosuppressive signalling pathway, CD47‐SIRPα, have been developed and have achieved stunning results in the laboratory and the clinic, but there remain unexplained instances of tumour immune escape. While investigating the immunological tolerance of cancer to anti‐CD47 antibodies, a second “Don't Eat Me” molecule on tumour cells, beta 2 microglobulin (β2m), a component of MHC class I, was described. Some tumour cells reduce their surface expression of MHC class I to escape T cell recognition. However, other tumour cells highly express β2m complexed with the MHC class I heavy chain to send a “Don't Eat Me” signal by binding to leucocyte immunoglobulin‐like receptor family B, member 1 (LILRB1) on macrophages, leading to a loss of immune surveillance. Investigating the mechanisms underlying this immunosuppressive MHC class I‐LILRB1 signalling axis in tumour‐associated macrophages will be useful in developing therapies to restore macrophage function and control MHC class I signalling in patient tumours. The goal is to promote adaptive immunity while suppressing the innate immune response to tumours. This work will identify new therapeutic targets for the development of pharmaceutical‐based tumour immunotherapy.
Cryptococcusneoformans pericarditis in a lung transplant recipient: Case report, literature review and pearls
Authors: El Helou Guy , Hellinger Walter
Published: July 2019

A 68‐year‐old man presented for outpatient evaluation of dyspnea and new‐onset atrial fibrillation 9 months after undergoing bilateral lung transplantation. Echocardiography prior to cardioversion raised concern for tamponade. Therapeutic pericardiocentesis returned fluid containing 1875 wbc/mcl (68% pmn) and yielded Cryptococcus neoformans in culture. Cryptococcal antigen was detected in serum at a titer of 1:20. Cerebrospinal (CSF) fluid was without evidence of inflammation and without detectable cryptococcal antigen. There was no radiographic evidence of pulmonary cryptococcosis. Cultures of blood and CSF were without growth. Liposomal amphotericin B (3 mg/kg/day) was administered for 15 days. Oral fluconazole was added on day seven of amphotericin, and the patient was discharged to home 3 days later. Daily dosages of prednisone (10 mg), mycophenolate (500 mg), and tacrolimus (3 mg) at discharge were the same as at hospital admission. He was readmitted 12 days later with dyspnea and with re‐accumulation and loculation of pericardial fluid. A pericardial window was created. Pericardial fluid contained 722 wbc/mcl (35% pmn); Cryptococcus was not identified on direct examinations or cultures of pericardial fluid or tissue. Cryptococcus antigen was present in serum at 1:160. Liposomal amphotericin B was resumed and continued for 2 weeks followed by resumption of fluconazole. Mycophenolate was stopped. Prednisone and tacrolimus were continued. Restrictive pericarditis was evident 3 weeks after window creation. Colchicine was initiated, prednisone increased to 15 mg daily and pericardiectomy planned. We aim to raise awareness to Cryptococcus as a potential etiology for pericarditis in solid organ transplant recipients.
Fibrinogen concentrate for perioperative bleeding: what can we learn from the clinical trials?
Authors: Cushing Melissa M. , Haas Thorsten
Published: July 2019

KEY IDEAS

There is great variation in the study design of the 21 major randomized controlled trials assessing fibrinogen concentrate use in perioperative settings, thus making it a confusing landscape to draw definitive conclusions about the efficacy of this drug.

Approximately 60% of the studies in which fibrinogen concentrate was used to treat clinically relevant bleeding showed decreased bleeding tendency and decreased transfusion requirements versus comparative treatment. It is unclear why the remainder did not show decreased bleeding. It should be noted that many patients in these studies 1) did not have significant hypofibrinogemia, 2) did not have significant bleeding in either arm, and/or 3) were treated only once with the intervention during complex major surgeries that required many transfusions.

Randomized controlled trials have cumulatively evaluated over 700 patients who received fibrinogen concentrate but have not reported an increase in the rate of perioperative thrombosis in the fibrinogen versus comparator arms.
Asymmetric effects of oil price changes on the balance of trade: Evidence from selected African countries
Authors: Baek Jungho , Kwon Kyoung Doug
Published: July 2019

The main new contribution of this study was to delve into the asymmetric impacts of changes in oil prices on the trade balance in the framework of six major African economies. To tackle this topic carefully, we employ three measures of external balances—oil, non‐oil and total trade balances, and assess the asymmetric response of the external balances of those six economies to oil price changes in the short and long run. Like most previous studies, we first assume the impacts of oil price fluctuations to be symmetric and employ the linear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method to explore the topic. We then separate oil price hikes from oil price plunges and implement the non‐linear ARDL method to reveal that the price of crude oil has a vital role to play in the trade balances for those six African economies. Further, there is evidence of significant asymmetric impacts of oil prices typically on the oil trade balance of Africa's top oil producing countries. For the non‐oil and total trade balances, in contrast, there is little evidence of the asymmetry of oil price changes.
Evolutionary aspects of cephalic sensory papillae of the Indo‐Pacific species of Eleotris (Teleostei: Eleotridae)
Authors: Mennesson Marion I. , Maeda Ken , Keith Philippe
Published: July 2019

Eleotris species (Teleostei: Eleotridae) are one of the most common fish in Indo‐Pacific estuaries and insular freshwater streams. In these rivers, they are a sit‐and‐wait predator. They have an amphidromous life cycle, that is adults grow, feed and reproduce in rivers, while larvae have a marine dispersal phase. Larvae recruit back to rivers and settle in stream habitats. Primary characters used to determine Eleotris species are the presence and the disposition of cephalic sensory papillae rows on the operculum and under the eyes as well as scale row numbers. The morphology of these cephalic sensory papillae is of particular importance in this predatory genus as it is generally correlated in fish to predation and feeding. In this paper, we have established a molecular phylogeny of the genus based on the 12 mitochondrial protein‐coding genes to discuss the relationship between Indo‐Pacific Eleotris species. There is a well‐supported dichotomy in the molecular phylogeny, and this separation into two main clades is also morphologically visible, as it reveals a difference in the arrangement of cephalic sensory papillae. Indeed, the phylogeny distinguishes the species with the “open” pattern of the operculum sensory papillae and the species with the “closed” one. This phylogeny thus reflects the morphology of the opercular papillae. The evolution of this character is discussed in terms of the adaptation of the Eleotris genus to life in tropical insular river systems.
Actualización en diagnóstico y tratamiento del ataque cerebrovascular isquémico agudo
Authors: García Alfonso Carolina , Martínez Reyes Andrea Estefania , García Valentina , Ricaurte Fajardo Andres , Torres Isabel , Coral Casas Juliana
Published: July 2019

Resumen: El ataque cerebrovascular (ACV) agudo es la segunda causa de muerte en el mundo y genera costos elevados en su tratamiento y recuperación, así como un gran impacto socioeconómico, pues es la principal causa de discapacidad a largo plazo. Si bien la tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) cerebral simple sigue siendo la imagen recomendada por las guías internacionales para la evaluación inicial y toma de decisiones sobre el manejo del paciente con sospecha de ACV, en los últimos años ha habido extraordinarios avances en el diagnóstico oportuno y temprano del ACV con nuevas herramientas que van desde la estandarización de la angiotomografía cerebral como uno de los estudios principales en el enfoque inicial hasta el uso de técnicas de perfusión por tomografía y resonancia magnética (RM) cerebral, que permiten establecer el núcleo del infarto y el área circundante potencialmente salvable, por lo que es posible ofrecer terapias que brindan al paciente funcionalidad y calidad de vida a mediano y largo plazo. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, es vital actualizar los métodos diagnósticos actuales disponibles en el país y las distintas terapias disponibles, según sea el caso de cada paciente, para el ACV isquémico agudo, con un enfoque clínico práctico y aplicable al escenario actual de salud en Colombia.
Design of a Model Instructional Applied to a Virtual Guide in Clinical Simulation
Authors: Acevedo Gamboa Fanny Esperanza , Díaz Álvarez Juan Carlos , Cajavilca Cepeda Rosa Alejandra , Cobo Gómez Juan Carlos
Published: July 2019

Introduction: The teaching experience of a teachers group for clinical procedures learning, has been done through virtual guides developed by instructional design models in which were taken into acount technological and pedagogical aspects.Objective: Create a virtual in clinical simulation for the autonomous learning procedure of clinical assistance in nursing students through the application of an instructional desing model.Methods: The elaboration of the guide required the application of the instructional design model ADDIE (abbreviations in English that mean the stages of analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation), on which some qualitative as well as quantitative measurements were executed.Results: The quantitative measurements executed with 159 participants between 2015-2016, indicated an average score of 3.99 with a standard deviation of 0.86, which determined that the strategy used for learning the procedure with virtual guidance was effective. The qualitative measurement assessed dimensions of satisfaction, realistic experience, confidence, motivation, technical skills and decision making, showing that teacher support was still required in the simulation area, which reduced the satisfaction of some participants. Likewise, a factor that was affected was communication because the guidance does not facilitate the development of such ability.It is concluded: the ADDIE instructional design model is useful for the elaboration of virtual guides of clinical procedures and in its final evaluation stage, it allows the implementation of qualitative and quantitative research evaluative processes to verify its effectiveness.
Tribological and Wetting Properties of TiO2 Based Hydrophobic Coatings for Ceramics
Authors: Lanka Sridhar , Alexandrova Evgeniya , Kozhukhova Marina , Hasan Md Syam , Nosonovsky Michael , Sobolev Konstantin
Published: July 2019

Hydrophobic and self-cleaning photocatalytic ceramics and concrete with potential for the superhydrophobicity are promising novel materials for civil engineering applications including buildings, bridges, road pavements, and airport runways. Due to embedded liquid-repellent properties, such materials have low water and salt absorption and, therefore, enhanced durability. However, in applications requiring high traction (e.g., tire and pavement), there is a concern that reduced adhesion may compromise the friction. This paper reports on wetting, dry friction, and roughness properties of TiO2 coated (hydrophilic) and polymethyl hydrogen siloxane (PMHS) coated (hydrophobic) self-cleaning ceramic tiles. The coefficient of friction values of the tile–rubber interface do not change significantly with the applications of the coatings up to 0.67 for hydrophilic TiO2 based and up to 0.46 for hydrophobic TiO2 + PMHS coatings versus 0.45 for uncoated reference. Friction has adhesion and roughness-related components and this response can be attributed to the roughness component of friction due to TiO2 coating. The challenges related to hydrophobic coatings, including the durability and future research, are also discussed.
A Robust Delay Compensator for Uncertain Nonlinear Systems With Unknown Time-Varying Input Delay
Authors: Kumar Jain Ashish , Bhasin Shubhendu
Published: July 2019

This paper proposes a robust compensator for a class of uncertain nonlinear systems subjected to unknown time-varying input delay. The proposed control law is based on the integral of past values of control and a novel filtered tracking error. Sufficient gain conditions dependent on the known bound of the delay are derived using a Lyapunov-based stability analysis, where Lyapunov–Krasovskii (LK) functionals are used to achieve a global uniformly ultimately bounded (GUUB) tracking result. Simulation results for a nonlinear system are used to evaluate the performance and robustness of the controller for different values of time-varying input delay.
A Novel Robust Control of Uncertain Furuta Pendulum Based on a General Lyapunov Function
Authors: Zhang Xinrong , Zhao Ruiying , Ma Jie , Lee Chul-Hee
Published: July 2019

A novel robust approach for the obedience control of Furuta pendulum with uncertainty is proposed. The uncertainty considered in this paper is (possibly fast) time-varying and bounded, which may exist in any stage of the pendulum subsystem. By the Lagrangian formulation of the nonlinear pendulum system, a robust control, based on a general Lyapunov function, is designed to render the Furuta pendulum a position obedience. As a consequence of the Lyapunov approach, the control design is not restricted to linearize the pendulum system. The system performance under the proposed control is guaranteed as uniform boundedness and uniform ultimate boundedness. The salient features of this new control are demonstrated both analytically and numerically. The experiment is conducted in the Furuta pendulum system to prove the validity and effectiveness of the control design.
Three-Dimensional Velocity Distribution in Straight Smooth Channels Modeled by Modified Log-Law
Authors: Yang Shu-Qing , Riaz Muhammad Zain Bin , Sivakumar Muttucumaru , Enever Keith , Miguntanna Nadeeka Sajeewani
Published: July 2019

Time-average velocity distribution in steady and uniform channel flows is important for fundamental research and practical application as it is always three-dimensional (3D), regardless of channel geometry. However, its determination has predominantly been carried out by using complex numerical software, even for the simplest geometry such as rectangular channels. The log-law was developed initially for circular pipe flows, where a single shear velocity is used to normalize the velocity (u+) and its distance (y+). Tracy and Lester found that the performance of the log-law can be extended to express velocity profiles in rectangular channels when the global shear velocities (gRS)0.5 and (ghS)0.5 are used to normalize the measured velocity u and its distance y. This study extends this discovery from the channel central line to the corner regions, and its general form of log-law was found to be valid even in trapezoidal or triangular open channels or closed ducts. This modified log-law can produce good agreement with the measured velocity with an average error of less than 5%. Therefore, this study provides a simple and reliable tool for engineers and researchers to estimate the velocity contours in straight and smooth channel flows.
Effects of Fe3O4/Water Nanofluid on the Efficiency of a Curved Pipe
Authors: Kelidari Milad , Moghadam Ali Jabari
Published: July 2019

Different-radius of curvature pipes are experimentally investigated using distilled water and Fe3O4–water nanofluid with two different values of the nanoparticle volume fraction as the working fluids. The mass flow rate is approximately varied from 0.2 to 0.7 kg/min (in the range of laminar flow); the wall heat flux is nearly kept constant. The experimental results reveal that utilizing the nanofluid increases the convection heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number in comparison to water; these outcomes are also observed when the radius of curvature is decreased and/or the mass flow rate is increased (equivalently, a rise in Dean number). The resultant pressure gradient is, however, intensified by an increase in the volume concentration of nanoparticles and/or by a rise in Dean number. For any particular working fluid, there is an optimum mass flow rate, which maximizes the system efficiency. The overall efficiency can be introduced to include hydrodynamic as well as thermal characteristics of nanofluids in various geometrical conditions. For each radius of curvature, the same overall efficiency may be achieved for two magnitudes of nanofluid volume concentration.
Extensions to the acoustic scattering analysis for cloaks in non-uniform mean flows
Authors: He Yu , Zhong Siyang , Huang Xun
Published: July 2019

Most of the acoustic cloak designs are based on the stationary medium, which, however, may be inaccurate in many practical applications with non-uniform flows. The optimization of the acoustic cloaking performance was described as an active noise control problem, and the theoretical model by Huang, Zhong, and Stalnov [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 135(5), 2571–2580 (2014b)] was employed for the quick evaluation of the sound scattering. In this work, extensions are made to address the unsolved but essential issues in the model. First, the impact of the discontinuities at the interface between the cloak and surrounding fluids is investigated. Second, the high-order Born's approximation is employed to solve the sound governing equation, which can quickly improve the prediction accuracy. Finally, the optimized cloaking strategy is applied to airfoils in turbulent flows to demonstrate the capability of the proposed modelling for cases of practical importance. Also, it is found that the performance of the optimized cloak is insensitive to the frequency of the incident wave. The promising results suggest that an optimized cloaking design can effectively suppress the sound scattering, providing the confidence with the mathematical framework for the potential aeronautics and marine applications.
An ultrafast system for signaling mechanical pain in human skin
Authors: Nagi Saad S. , Marshall Andrew G. , Makdani Adarsh , Jarocka Ewa , Liljencrantz Jaquette , Ridderström Mikael , Shaikh Sumaiya , O’Neill Francis , Saade Dimah , Donkervoort Sandra , Foley A. Reghan , Minde Jan , Trulsson Mats , Cole Jonathan , Bönnemann Carsten G. , Chesler Alexander T. , Bushnell M. Catherine , McGlone Francis , Olausson Håkan
Published: July 2019

Pain can be signaled as fast as touch in human peripheral nerves.
Exercise training improves motor skill learning via selective activation of mTOR
Authors: Chen Kai , Zheng Yuhan , Wei Ji-an , Ouyang Huan , Huang Xiaodan , Zhang Feilong , Lai Cora Sau Wan , Ren Chaoran , So Kwok-Fai , Zhang Li
Published: July 2019

Our ex vivo and in vivo studies demonstrate a molecular pathway for exercise-induced learning enhancement.
Voter information campaigns and political accountability: Cumulative findings from a preregistered meta-analysis of coordinated trials
Authors: Dunning Thad , Grossman Guy , Humphreys Macartan , Hyde Susan D. , McIntosh Craig , Nellis Gareth , Adida Claire L. , Arias Eric , Bicalho Clara , Boas Taylor C. , Buntaine Mark T. , Chauchard Simon , Chowdhury Anirvan , Gottlieb Jessica , Hidalgo F. Daniel , Holmlund Marcus , Jablonski Ryan , Kramon Eric , Larreguy Horacio , Lierl Malte , Marshall John , McClendon Gwyneth , Melo Marcus A. , Nielson Daniel L. , Pickering Paula M. , Platas Melina R. , Querubín Pablo , Raffler Pia , Sircar Neelanjan
Published: July 2019

A preregistered meta-analysis of six field experiments finds no evidence overall that information campaigns shape voter behavior.
Single-base mapping of m
6
A by an antibody-independent method
Authors: Zhang Zhang , Chen Li-Qian , Zhao Yu-Li , Yang Cai-Guang , Roundtree Ian A. , Zhang Zijie , Ren Jian , Xie Wei , He Chuan , Luo Guan-Zheng
Published: July 2019

A new transcriptome-wide method produces reliable m
6
A maps at single-base resolution and reveals site conservation in mammals.
Heterogeneous antiretroviral drug distribution and HIV/SHIV detection in the gut of three species
Authors: Thompson Corbin G. , Rosen Elias P. , Prince Heather M. A. , White Nicole , Sykes Craig , de la Cruz Gabriela , Mathews Michelle , Deleage Claire , Estes Jacob D. , Charlins Paige , Mulder Leila R. , Kovarova Martina , Adamson Lourdes , Arora Shifali , Dellon Evan S. , Peery Anne F. , Shaheen Nicholas J. , Gay Cynthia , Muddiman David C. , Akkina Ramesh , Victor Garcia J. , Luciw Paul , Kashuba Angela D. M.
Published: July 2019

Imaging reveals that antiretroviral drugs are not distributed evenly in the mammalian gut, with potential implications for HIV replication.
Design of vaccine efficacy trials during public health emergencies
Authors: Dean Natalie E. , Gsell Pierre-Stéphane , Brookmeyer Ron , De Gruttola Victor , Donnelly Christl A. , Halloran M. Elizabeth , Jasseh Momodou , Nason Martha , Riveros Ximena , Watson Conall H. , Henao-Restrepo Ana Maria , Longini Ira M.
Published: July 2019

This Perspective describes key considerations for the design and analysis of candidate vaccine trials during public health emergencies.
The tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib acts as a pharmacologic on/off switch for CAR T cells
Authors: Mestermann Katrin , Giavridis Theodoros , Weber Justus , Rydzek Julian , Frenz Silke , Nerreter Thomas , Mades Andreas , Sadelain Michel , Einsele Hermann , Hudecek Michael
Published: July 2019

Dasatinib is a pharmacologic switch for CARs that enables physicians to control CAR T cell function in real time.
Agonism of CD11b reprograms innate immunity to sensitize pancreatic cancer to immunotherapies
Authors: Panni Roheena Z. , Herndon John M. , Zuo Chong , Hegde Samarth , Hogg Graham D. , Knolhoff Brett L. , Breden Marcus A. , Li Xiaobo , Krisnawan Varintra E. , Khan Samia Q. , Schwarz Julie K. , Rogers Buck E. , Fields Ryan C. , Hawkins William G. , Gupta Vineet , DeNardo David G.
Published: July 2019

Agonism of CD11b overcomes myeloid cell–induced immunosuppression to render pancreatic cancer models responsive to checkpoint immunotherapy.
Doubling-down on prion protein function in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Haigh Cathryn
Published: July 2019

The prion protein functions as a carrier for delivering Aβ to exosomes during Alzheimer’s disease.
A new player in hunger games
Authors: Ozcan Lale
Published: July 2019

Hypoleptinemia-mediated food intake requires the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
Intracellular Invasion by
Streptococcus pyogenes
: Invasins, Host Receptors, and Relevance to Human Disease
Authors: Wang Beinan , Cleary P. Patrick
Published: July 2019

The human oral-nasal mucosa is the primary reservoir for
Streptococcus pyogenes
infections. Although the most common infection of consequence in temperate climates is pharyngitis, the past 25 years have witnessed a dramatic increase in invasive disease in many regions of the world. Historically,
S. pyogenes
has been associated with sepsis and fulminate systemic infections, but the mechanism by which these streptococci traverse mucosal or epidermal barriers is not understood. The discovery that
S. pyogenes
can be internalized by mammalian epithelial cells at high frequencies (
1
–
3
) and/or open tight junctions to pass between cells (
4
) provides potential explanations for changes in epidemiology and the ability of this species to breach such barriers. In this article, the invasins and pathways that
S. pyogenes
uses to reach the intracellular state are reviewed, and the relationship between intracellular invasion and human disease is discussed.
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
: Diphtheria Toxin, the
tox
Operon, and Its Regulation by Fe2
+
Activation of apo-DtxR
Authors: Parveen Sadiya , Bishai William R. , Murphy John R.
Published: July 2019

Diphtheria is one of the most well studied of all the bacterial infectious diseases. These milestone studies of toxigenic
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
along with its primary virulence determinant, diphtheria toxin, have established the paradigm for the study of other related bacterial protein toxins. This review highlights those studies that have contributed to our current understanding of the structure-function relationships of diphtheria toxin, the molecular mechanism of its entry into the eukaryotic cell cytosol, the regulation of diphtheria
tox
expression by holo-DtxR, and the molecular basis of transition metal ion activation of apo-DtxR itself. These seminal studies have laid the foundation for the protein engineering of diphtheria toxin and the development of highly potent eukaryotic cell-surface receptor-targeted fusion protein toxins for the treatment of human diseases that range from T cell malignancies to steroid-resistant graft-versus-host disease to metastatic melanoma. This deeper scientific understanding of diphtheria toxin and the regulation of its expression have metamorphosed the third-most-potent bacterial toxin known into a life-saving targeted protein therapeutic, thereby at least partially fulfilling Paul Erlich’s concept of a magic bullet—“a chemical that binds to and specifically kills microbes or tumor cells.”
Problems of feeding, sleeping and excessive crying in infancy: a general population study
Authors: Olsen Anne Lise , Ammitzbøll Janni , Olsen Else Marie , Skovgaard Anne Mette
Published: July 2019

Objective

To study regulatory problems (RPs) of feeding, sleeping and excessive crying in infancy, and explore the influence of maternal mental health problems and parent–child relationship problems.

Design and setting

Data were collected in the general child health surveillance delivered to infant families by community health nurses (CHNs). Information on CHNs’ assessments and conclusions were obtained on 2598 infants and merged with data from national registers. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used to study RPs in early and late infancy, and the influences due to child, family and parent–child relationship problems.

Results

Combined RPs (C-RPs), defined as two or more simultaneous problems of feeding, sleeping or excessive crying, was identified in 2.9% and 8.6% of the population between age 2–6 and 8–11 months, respectively. Low maternal schooling and immigrant parents were associated with an increased risk of late C-RPs, but RPs in early infancy stand out as the main predictor of late C-RPs OR 3.4 (95% CI 1.8 to 6.6), and the effect of early maternal mental health problems and parent–child relationship problems seem to be mediated by early C-RPs.

Conclusions

Combined problems of feeding, sleeping or excessive crying may exist throughout infancy independently of exposures to maternal mental health problems and parent–child relationship problems. The results indicate that infants with RPs exceeding age 2 months need special attention, in clinical as well as community settings. Suggested intervention includes specific guidance to the parents to help them understand and regulate their infant’s sensitivity and reactions.