bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O humor como estratégia discursiva de resistência: as charges do SINTTEL/MG
Authors: Carrieri Alexandre de Pádua
Published: October 2014

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o humor nas charges produzidas pelo sindicato dos trabalhadores em telecomunicação de Minas Gerais, o Sinttel/Minas Gerais. O humor enquanto estratégia de ação produzia fissuras no discurso corporativo e o sindicato, enquanto um grupo de atores organizacionais da Telemig/Telemar-Minas, se posicionava com uma visão de mundo e de empresa contrária aos grupos dominantes - alta administração e gerência. Foram analisados 20 anos de charges, que apareceram nos jornais do Sinttel/MG, enquanto uma estratégia discursiva na construção da visão de mundo do grupo do sindicato contrapondo-se a alta administração da empresa. O uso de humor como estratégia discursiva materializa-se nas charges analisadas, interpenetrando os diversos discursos organizacionais, criando modos de resistência simbólica como formas de tentar difundir e inculcar aos participantes organizacionais os seus próprios valores. É sob um enfoque crítico que se processa a análise das charges e suas mini narrativas, revelando a habilidade do grupo do sindicato para desenvolver uma estratégia discursiva no campo organizacional.
Robust Object Segmentation Using a Multi-Layer Laser Scanner
Authors: Kim Beomseong , Choi Baehoon , Yoo Minkyun , Kim Hyunju , Kim Euntai
Published: October 2014

The major problem in an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) is the proper use of sensor measurements and recognition of the surrounding environment. To this end, there are several types of sensors to consider, one of which is the laser scanner. In this paper, we propose a method to segment the measurement of the surrounding environment as obtained by a multi-layer laser scanner. In the segmentation, a full set of measurements is decomposed into several segments, each representing a single object. Sometimes a ghost is detected due to the ground or fog, and the ghost has to be eliminated to ensure the stability of the system. The proposed method is implemented on a real vehicle, and its performance is tested in a real-world environment. The experiments show that the proposed method demonstrates good performance in many real-life situations.
URBAN CITIES AND WASTE GENERATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A GIS EVALUATION OF TWO CITIES IN BURKINA FASO
Authors: Yiougo Lydie Sompogda Adissa , Oyedotun Temitope D. Timothy , Some Corentin Yélésomin Stephane , Da Evariste Dapola Constant
Published: October 2014

Cities in developing countries are faced waste management challenges in terms of quantity and quality. Most of the time, solid and liquid wastes are dumped on street and open spaces. Uncontrolled waste dumped has led to diverse kind of health problems. The purpose of this article is to characterize urban cities and evaluate their waste generation using the Geographical Information System (GIS). The focus is on two cities in Burkina Faso. Specific variables which were considered during the survey include urban fabric, grey water outlets and household garbage dumps sites/techniques. The study shows that in the two cities, the most dominant urban fabric is low standard of living (about 64% of housing in Fada and 62% of housing in Pouytenga). The urban fabric is also characterized by the existence of empty spaces. Overall, the average density of grey water discharge points is 0.85 points and 5.7 points per ha of street in Fada N’Gourma and Pouytenga respectively. The average density of solid waste dumps is 1.45 waste dumps per ha street and 7 waste dumps per ha street in Fada N'Gourma and Pouytenga respectively. In case of urgent waste management intervention, the priority areas for speedy intervention are area 10 in Fada N’Gourma, areas 2 and 5 in Pouytenga. GIS applied to waste management can be a decision making tool for urban planners in developing country.
Comparative evaluation of microleakage of nano-filled resin-modified glass ionomer: An in vitro study
Authors: Eronat Nesrin , Yilmaz Emir , Kara Nazan , Ak Asli Topaloglu
Published: October 2014

Objective: This in vitro study evaluated the microleakage of a nano-filled resin-modified glass ionomer and a high viscosity glass-ionomer restorations in class V cavities. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two class V cavities prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of 16 sound, third molar teeth were randomly assigned into two groups and restored by one of the glass ionomer material; Group A: A high viscosity (Ketac Molar, 3M ESPE) Group B: A nano-filled resin-modified (Ketac N100, 3M ESPE) glass ionomer. One clinician prepared all the cavities. The materials were used according to the manufacturers’ recommendations. The restored teeth were then stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h, thermocycled at 5-55°C for 1000 cycles. The specimens were immersed in aqueous solution of Indian ink dye for 48 h at room temperature. They were embedded in resin polyester and sectioned longitudinally in a buccolingual direction. Microleakage was assessed according to the depth of dye penetration along the restoration. The extent of dye penetration at the occlusal and gingival margins was assessed using a stereo microscope. Randomly selected samples from each group were prepared for scanning electron microscope evaluation. The data were statistically analyzed with Friedman and Wilcoxon signed ranks tests. Results: There were statistically significant differences between the microleakage scores of the two groups for both occlusal and gingival scores (P = 0.001). Occlusal and gingival scores for high viscosity glass ionomer (P = 0.024) and nanoionomer (P = 0.021) using Wilcoxon signed ranks tests showed statistically significant differences. High viscosity glass ionomer showed significantly less microleakage compared to the nano-filled resin-modified glass-ionomer (RMGIs) at occlusal margin (P = 0.001). No significant differences were found between the groups at gingival margin (P = 0.0317). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, nano-filled RMGIs restorations did not perform better than high viscosity glass ionomer in class V cavities in terms of microleakage assessment.
Contrasting biogeochemical cycles of cobalt in the surface western Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Dulaquais Gabriel , Boye Marie , Middag Rob , Owens Stephanis , Puigcorbe Viena , Buesseler Ken , Masqué Pere , de Baar Hein J. W. , Carton Xavier
Published: October 2014

Dissolved cobalt (DCo; <0.2 µm; 14 to 93 pM) and the apparent particulate cobalt (PCo; >0.2 µm; <1 to 15 pM) were determined in the upper water column (<1000 m) of the western Atlantic Ocean along the GEOTRACES‐A02 section (64°N to 50°S). The lowest DCo concentrations, typical of a nutrient‐type distribution were observed in surface waters of the subtropical domains. Strong linear relationships between DCo and phosphate (P) as well as meridional gradients of decreasing DCo from high latitudes were characterized and both linked to the Co biological requirement. External sources such as the Amazon and the atmospheric deposition were found to contribute significantly (>10%) to the DCo stock of the mixed layer in the equatorial and north subtropical domains. Biotic and abiotic processes as well as the physical terms involved in the biogeochemical cycle of Co were defined and estimated. This allowed establishing the first global budget of DCo for the upper 100 m in the western Atlantic. The biological DCo uptake flux was the dominant sink along the section, as reflected by the overall nutrient‐type behavior of DCo. The regeneration varied widely within the different biogeochemical domains, accounting for 10% of the DCo‐uptake rate in the subarctic gyre and for up to 85% in southern subtropical domain. These findings demonstrated that the regeneration is likely the prevailing source of DCo in the surface waters of the western Atlantic, except in the subpolar domains where physically driven sources can sustain the DCo biological requirement.
Chemical compositions of sulfate and chloride salts over the last termination reconstructed from the Dome Fuji ice core, inland Antarctica
Authors: Oyabu Ikumi , Iizuka Yoshinori , Uemura Ryu , Miyake Takayuki , Hirabayashi Motohiro , Motoyama Hideaki , Sakurai Toshimitsu , Suzuki Toshitaka , Hondoh Takeo
Published: October 2014

The flux and chemical composition of aerosols impact the climate. Antarctic ice cores preserve the record of past atmospheric aerosols, providing useful information about past atmospheric environments. However, few studies have directly measured the chemical composition of aerosol particles preserved in ice cores. Here we present the chemical compositions of sulfate and chloride salts from aerosol particles in the Dome Fuji ice core. The analysis method involves ice sublimation, and the period covers the last termination, 25.0–11.0 thousand years before present (kyr B.P.), with a 350 year resolution. The major components of the soluble particles are CaSO4, Na2SO4, and NaCl. The dominant sulfate salt changes at 16.8 kyr B.P. from CaSO4, a glacial type, to Na2SO4, an interglacial type. The sulfate salt flux (CaSO4 plus Na2SO4) inversely correlates with δ18O in Dome Fuji over millennial timescales. This correlation is consistent with the idea that sulfate salt aerosols contributed to the last deglacial warming of inland Antarctica by reducing the aerosol indirect effect. Between 16.3 and 11.0 kyr B.P., the presence of NaCl suggests that winter atmospheric aerosols are preserved. A high NaCl/Na2SO4 fraction between 12.3 and 11.0 kyr B.P. indicates that the contribution from the transport of winter atmospheric aerosols increased during this period.
Relative role of tropical SST forcing in the 1990s periodicity change of the Pacific‐Japan pattern interannual variability
Authors: Chen Xiaolong , Zhou Tianjun
Published: October 2014

The interannual variability and periodicity change of the Pacific‐Japan (PJ) pattern during 1979–2008 are investigated using observation/reanalysis data sets and Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP)‐runs of 20 atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). The PJ pattern is represented by the first leading empirical orthogonal function mode (EOF1) of 850 hPa vorticity over the East Asian and western North Pacific regions in boreal summer. The leading principal component (PC1) is characterized by a dominant periodicity of 4–5 (2–3) years before (after) 1993. Analyses reveal that the 4–5 year periodicity may be forced by sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) in the tropical western Indian Ocean (IO). In contrast, the 2–3 year periodicity is the combined effect of the SSTAs surrounding the maritime continent (MC) and in the central Pacific (CP), in which the latter may play a primary role. AGCMs which reasonably capture above responses are inclined to have higher PC1 skills and vice versa. To confirm the source of forcing diagnosed based on AMIP simulations, a series of sensitivity experiments is done using the CAM4 model. Without SST variation in the MC or CP after 1993, the 2–3 year variability of the PJ pattern weakens. The periodicity change of PJ variability around 1993 is shown to be correlated with the change of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability. Analysis of observations indicates that the anomalous summertime SST and circulation patterns over the Indo‐Pacific region correspond to decaying ENSO phase before 1993 and to developing phase after 1993.
Correcting precipitation feature location in general circulation models
Authors: Levy Adam A. L. , Jenkinson Mark , Ingram William , Allen Myles
Published: October 2014

There is much evidence that precipitation responses to global warming involve wet regions becoming wetter and dry regions drier. This presents challenges for the interpretation of projections from general circulation models (GCMs) which have substantial biases in the location of precipitation features. While improving GCM simulated precipitation is the most desirable solution, adaptation and mitigation decisions must be made with the models already available. Many techniques have been developed to correct biases in grid point precipitation intensities, but few have been introduced to correct for location biases. Here, we describe a new technique for correcting the spatial and seasonal location of climatological precipitation features. We design this technique to respect the geometry of the problem (spherical spatial dimensions, with cyclic seasons), while conserving either precipitation intensities, or integrated precipitation amount. We discuss the mathematical basis of the technique and investigate its behaviour in different regimes. We find that the resulting warps depend smoothly on the most influential parameter, which determines the balance between smoothness and closeness of fit. We show that the technique is capable of removing more than half the RMS error in a model's climatology, obtaining consistently better results when conserving integrated precipitation. To demonstrate the ability of the new technique to improve simulated precipitation changes, we apply our transformations to historical anomalies and show that RMS error is reduced relative to GPCP's anomalies by approximately 10% for both types of warp. This verifies that errors in precipitation changes can be reduced by correcting underlying location errors in a GCM's climatology.
Detection of Organic Colorants in Historical Painting Layers Using UV Laser Ablation Surface‐Enhanced Raman Microspectroscopy
Authors: Cesaratto Anna , Leona Marco , Lombardi John R. , Comelli Daniela , Nevin Austin , Londero Pablo
Published: October 2014

Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been increasingly used in the study of works of art to identify organic pigments and dyes in paintings, which (depending on the material) are difficult or not possible to detect by other current methods. The application of SERS to the study of paintings has been limited, however, by the lack of a sampling approach with sufficient sensitivity and spatial resolution. We show that ultraviolet laser ablation (LA) sampling coupled with SERS detection can be successfully used to study paint layers. LA‐SERS permitted the isolation of signals from colorants in individual thin paint layers in sample cross‐sections, avoiding contamination from adjacent layers. These results expand the range of analytical applications of SERS demonstrating how the technique can be used to sensitively detect minor organic components in complex matrices. While this is fundamental for the study of cultural heritage, it is also relevant in other fields such as forensic analysis, food science, and pharmacology.
Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Reaction of Terminal Propargyl Alcohols, Aldehydes, and Amines: Synthesis of 3‐Amino‐2‐pyrones and 2,5‐Dihydrofurans
Authors: Fan Wu , Ma Shengming
Published: October 2014

A novel copper(I)‐catalyzed three‐component reaction for the efficient synthesis of 3‐amino‐2‐pyrones and 2,5‐dihydrofurans from propargyl alcohols, aldehydes, and amines has been developed. The starting materials are easily available and the scope of this method is broad. Through mechanistic studies, it is believed that the three‐component reaction consists of an A3‐coupling to propargylic amine, alkyne–allene isomerization, and intramolecular cyclization of the allenol to form a furan. In case of using ethyl glyoxalate as the aldehyde, a ring‐opening, lactonization, and isomerization process affords the 3‐amino‐2‐pyrones.
Conductive composites from polyaniline and polyurethane sulphonate anionomer
Authors: Deka Riblu , Bora Montu Moni , Upadhyaya Madhab , Kakati Dilip Kumar
Published: October 2014

The present work describes the synthesis of conductive composite of polyurethane sulphonate anionomer (PUSA) and para toluene sulphonic acid doped polyaniline (PANI–PTSA). HCl‐doped PANI was synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline in HCl, which was converted to PANI–EB by treatment with NH4OH. PTSA doped PANI was synthesized from EB‐PANI by redoping with PTSA solution. PUSA was synthesized from 4, 4′‐diphenylmethanediisocyanate (MDI), polypropylene glycol (PPG), 1,4‐butanediol (BD), and ionic diol SDOL. The composite was prepared by mixing of the solutions of two polymer components in DMF and then solution casting. The products were characterized and analyzed by UV‐Vis and FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. The conductivity was found to increase by 100 times with concomitant decrease in percolation threshold when polyurethane was replaced by PUSA in the composite for the same amount of polyaniline. The composite film was thermally stable upto ∼300°C. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41600.
Collaborative machine scheduling: Challenges of individually optimizing behavior
Authors: Lang Fabian , Fink Andreas
Published: October 2014

Collaborative interorganizational systems is a relevant and promising research domain. When autonomous agents associated with different enterprises negotiate about rival resources, coordination is a major challenge. As agents are driven by self‐interest and try to maximize their very own objectives, collaborative planning has to account for some challenges. Collaboration, that is, the participation in a common, shared system, may be profitable for an agent, but cooperation, that is, the pursuing of a common goal, may not be. Additionally, information provided by the agents is a fruit of a poisonous tree because the selfish agents have an incentive to lie strategically, which makes the revealed information unreliable and misleading for a central authority. Moreover, the agents might not be willing to reveal information because of privacy concerns. Consequently, there is a need for sophisticated mechanism design in collaborative systems that facilitate the coordination of non‐cooperative agents. This paper deals with rival machine scheduling of one or more homogeneous machines by autonomous agents. Overall objectives are the minimization of the collective total weighted tardiness and Pareto efficient outcomes. We have developed a mediated negotiation protocol drawing on quotas for the acceptance of contract proposals. The protocol ensures that the agents accept sufficient proposals such that they can overcome individual local optima and achieve Pareto superior outcomes. For evaluation purposes, we have conducted several computational experiments. The experiments show that the proposed protocol achieves beneficial outcomes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereocontrolled Construction of the 3,4‐Dihydrothiacarbazol‐2(9H)‐one Skeleton by Using Bifunctional Squaramide‐Catalyzed Cascade Reactions
Authors: Chen Shanren , Pan Jianping , Wang Youming , Zhou Zhenghong
Published: October 2014

An efficient approach for the stereocontrolled construction of the 3,4‐dihydrothiacarbazol‐2(9H)‐one skeleton has been developed. In the presence of a bifunctional squaramide catalyst that was derived fromL‐tert‐leucine, the asymmetric tandem Michael/thiolysis reactions of 9‐methylindoline‐2‐thiones andN‐alkynoylphthalimides proceeded efficiently to furnish the desired 3,4‐dihydrothiacarbazol‐2(9H)‐one derivatives in satisfactory yields with high levels of enantioselectivity (up to 98 % ee).
Cellular uptake and toxicity effects of silver nanoparticles in mammalian kidney cells
Authors: Milić Mirta , Leitinger Gerd , Pavičić Ivan , Zebić Avdičević Maja , Dobrović Slaven , Goessler Walter , Vinković Vrček Ivana
Published: October 2014

The rapid progress and early commercial acceptance of silver‐based nanomaterials is owed to their biocidal activity. Besides embracing the antimicrobial potential of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), it is imperative to give special attention to the potential adverse health effects of nanoparticles owing to prolonged exposure. Here, we report a detailed study on the in vitro interactions of citrate‐coated AgNPs with porcine kidney (Pk15) cells. As uncertainty remains whether biological/cellular responses to AgNPs are solely as a result of the release of silver ions or whether the AgNPs themselves have toxic effects, we investigated the effects of Ag+ on Pk15 cells for comparison. Next, we investigated the cellular uptake of both AgNPs and Ag+ in Pk15 cells at various concentrations applied. The detected Ag contents in cells exposed to 50 mg l−1 AgNPs and 50 mg l−1 Ag+ were 209 and 25 µg of Ag per 106 cells, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images indicated that the Pk15 cells internalized AgNPs by endocytosis. Both forms of silver, nano and ionic, decreased the number of viable Pk15 cells after 24 h in a dose‐dependent manner. In spite of a significant uptake into the cells, AgNPs had only insignificant toxicity at concentrations lower than 25 mg l−1, whereas Ag+ exhibited a significant decrease in cell viability at one‐fifth of this concentration. The Comet assay suggested that a rather high concentration of AgNP (above 25 mg l−1) is able to induce genotoxicity in Pk15 cells. Further studies must seek deeper understanding of AgNP behavior in biological media and their interactions with cellular membranes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HOBS methods for enhancing resolution and sensitivity in small DNA oligonucleotide NMR studies
Authors: McKenna Josiah M. , Parkinson John A.
Published: October 2014

1H NMR spectra from biopolymers give chemical shifts classified according to proton type and often suffer from signal degeneracy. Data from nucleic acids are particularly prone to this failing. Recent developments in proton broadband decoupling techniques with the promise of enhanced resolution at full sensitivity have allowed us to investigate the application of homonuclear band‐selective (HOBS) decoupling to the study of small synthetic DNA molecules and to compare these with results from classical and pure shift techniques. Improved signal resolution at full sensitivity in both HOBS‐1D 1H and HOBS‐2D [1H, 1H] NOESY NMR data is reported for three example small DNA molecules. Comparisons of 1H T1 and integrals of signals from HOBS‐1D 1H and HOBS‐2D [1H, 1H] NOESY NMR data with those of standard data collection methods are also reported. The results show that homonuclear HOBS‐NOESY data are useful for data assignment purposes and have some merit for quantification purposes. In general, we show that resolution and sensitivity enhancement of 1H NMR data for small DNA samples may be achieved without recourse to higher magnetic field strength at full sensitivity in a band‐selected manner. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Weak imposition of essential boundary conditions in the finite element approximation of elliptic problems with non‐matching meshes
Authors: Codina Ramon , Baiges Joan
Published: October 2014

In this work, we propose a method to prescribe essential boundary conditions in the finite element approximation of elliptic problems when the boundary of the computational domain does not match with the element boundaries. The problems considered are the Poisson problem, the Stokes problem, and the Darcy problem, the latter both in the primal and in the dual formulation. The formulation proposed is of variational type. The key idea is to start with the variational form that defines the problem and treat the boundary condition as a constraint. The particular feature is that the Lagrange multiplier is not defined on the boundary where the essential condition needs to be prescribed but is taken as a certain trace of a field defined in the computational domain, either in all of it or just in a region surrounding the boundary. When approximated numerically, this may allow one to condense the DOFs of the new field and end up with a problem posed only in terms of the original unknowns. The nature of the field used to weakly impose boundary conditions depends on the problem being treated. For the Poisson problem, it is a flux; for the Stokes problem, a stress; for the Darcy problem in primal form, a velocity field; and for the Darcy problem in dual form, it is a potential. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polycondensation of structurally divergent tetraamine monomers with dicarboxylic acids to synthesize polybenzimidazole copolymers for polymer electrolyte membranes
Authors: Maity Sudhangshu , Jana Tushar
Published: October 2014

In our effort to promote 2,6‐bis(3,4‐diaminophenyl)‐4‐phenylpyridine (Py‐TAB) as an alternative tetraamine monomer to conventionally used 3,3′,4,4′‐tetraaminobiphenyl (TAB) for synthesizing readily processable pyridine bridged polybenzimidazoles (Py‐PBIs), two series of random copolymers (PBI‐co‐Py‐PBI) were synthesized by polymerizing Py‐TAB and TAB with isophthalic acid or terephthalic acid to produce meta (mPBI‐co‐mPy‐PBI) and para (pPBI‐co‐pPy‐PBI) connected copolymers, respectively. For the first time in the PBI literature, copolymers were synthesized by varying the relative compositions of tetraamines (TAB and Py‐TAB) in the polymerization feed with a single dicarboxylic acid (DCA) instead of the traditionally used method where two DCAs with variable compositions were polymerized with a single tetraamine. The solubility and hence the processability of the copolymers were improved significantly upon introduction of Py‐PBI in the copolymer. The detailed characterizations of both meta and para series copolymers compellingly established that thermal, chemical and mechanical stabilities can be easily modulated according to need by altering the relative compositions of PBI and Py‐PBI. The phosphoric acid (PA) loading of the copolymers increased gradually with increasing Py‐PBI content since the bulky pyridine moiety facilitated the absorption of PA. The presence of pyridine functionality and a larger PA loading caused a higher proton conductivity of PA doped copolymer membranes. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Spatial distribution and sequential sampling plans for Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in greenhouse tomato crops
Authors: Cocco Arturo , Serra Giuseppe , Lentini Andrea , Deliperi Salvatore , Delrio Gavino
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUND

The within‐ and between‐plant distribution of the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), was investigated in order to define action thresholds based on leaf infestation and to propose enumerative and binomial sequential sampling plans for pest management applications in protected crops.

RESULTS

The pest spatial distribution was aggregated between plants, and median leaves were the most suitable sample to evaluate the pest density. Action thresholds of 36 and 48%, 43 and 56% and 60 and 73% infested leaves, corresponding to economic thresholds of 1 and 3% damaged fruits, were defined for tomato cultivars with big, medium and small fruits respectively. Green's method was a more suitable enumerative sampling plan as it required a lower sampling effort. Binomial sampling plans needed lower average sample sizes than enumerative plans to make a treatment decision, with probabilities of error of <0.10.

CONCLUSIONS

The enumerative sampling plan required 87 or 343 leaves to estimate the population density in extensive or intensive ecological studies respectively. Binomial plans would be more practical and efficient for control purposes, needing average sample sizes of 17, 20 and 14 leaves to take a pest management decision in order to avoid fruit damage higher than 1% in cultivars with big, medium and small fruits respectively. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
The Other Side of the Broken Window: A Methodology that Translates Building Permits into an Ecometric of Investment by Community Members
Authors: O’Brien Daniel Tumminelli , Montgomery Barrett W.
Published: October 2014

Much research has focused on physical disorder in urban neighborhoods as evidence that the community does not maintain local norms and spaces. Little attention has been paid to the opposite: indicators of proactive investment in the neighborhood’s upkeep. This manuscript presents a methodology that translates a database of approved building permits into an ecometric of investment by community members, establishing basic content, criteria for reliability, and construct validity. A database from Boston, MA contained 150,493 permits spanning 2.5 years, each record including the property to be modified, permit type, and date issued. Investment was operationalized as the proportion of properties in a census block group that underwent an addition or renovation, excluding larger developments involving the demolition or construction of a building. The reliability analysis found that robust measures could be generated every 6 months, and that longitudinal analysis could differentiate between trajectories across neighborhoods. The validity analysis supported two hypotheses: investment was best predicted by homeownership and median income; and maintained an independent relationship with measures of physical disorder despite controlling for demographics, implying that it captures the other end of a spectrum of neighborhood maintenance. Possible uses for the measure in research and policy are discussed.
Entstehungsmechanismen von Zellmosaiken
Authors: Liehr Thomas
Published: October 2014

Zellmosaike bilden sich im Zusammenhang mit „nondisjunction“, Translokationen (balanciert oder unbalanciert), nichthomologem „crossing over“ oder sonstigen chromosomalen oder subchromosomalen „rearrangements“ aus, aber auch durch kompletten oder gewebsspezifischen Chimärismus. Am bekanntesten und häufigsten nachgewiesen sind Zellmosaike, die auf Aneuploidien beruhen, während über die Häufigkeit von submikroskopischen, nur molekulargenetisch oder zytogenetisch nachweisbaren, aber niedriggradigen Zellmosaiken nur wenig bekannt ist. Als Grundlage für die Entstehung von Zellmosaiken gelten „Trisomic“- und/oder „Monosomic-rescue“-Vorgänge. Auch „replikative Fehler“ oder „Endoreduplikation“ einzelner oder mehrere Chromosomen, Isochromosomenbildung oder postzygotisches „non-homologous crossing-over“ werden als Entstehungsmechanismen von Zellmosaiken in der Literatur genannt. Insgesamt ist jedoch festzustellen, dass praktisch alle bekannten Modelle zur Mosaikentstehung bislang auf der deskriptiven Ebene verharren. Ein grundlegendes Verständnis über die tatsächlich z. B. beim Trisomic oder Monosomic rescue ablaufenden Vorgänge ist derzeit mangels Daten nicht vorhanden.
Factors Affecting Postsurgery Hip Fracture Recovery
Authors: Sydney Wallace , Jo Ellington Betty
Published: October 2014

After hip fracture surgery, patients seldom return to their prefracture functional state and there is a 43% rate of mortality and institutionalisation of postsurgery hip fracture patients. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify preoperative, perioperative, postoperative, and psychosocial factors that may hinder postsurgery hip fracture patients from returning to previous functionality. Factors that were identified as being associated with postsurgical outcomes were age, muscle strength, prefracture living arrangements, number of daily medications taken, oxygen levels, fracture type and location, haemoglobin (Hb) level, wait time prior to surgery, length of hospital stay (LOS), and dementia or depression.
Injuries and Illnesses Among American Red Cross Responders—United States, 2008–2012
Authors: Brinker Kimberly , Head Catherine A. , Johnson Candice Y. , Funk Renée H.
Published: October 2014

Objective

Occupational injury and illness rates for volunteer responders have not been well documented. We analyzed data specific to volunteers from the American Red Cross (ARC).

Methods

Data collected by the ARC between 2008 and 2012 were analyzed to identify disaster factors associated with responder injuries and illnesses. We focused on disaster-relief operation (DRO) level (indicating operational costs, ranging from 3 [lower] to 5+ [higher]); disaster type; region; and year. We calculated injury and illness rates and estimated rate ratios (RR) with 95% CI, using negative binomial regression. Also, we analyzed a total of 113 disasters.

Results

Hurricanes had the highest rates of injuries (14/1000 responders) and illnesses (18/1000 responders). In the adjusted model for injuries, RRs were higher for DRO levels 4 (3.6 [CI, 2.0–6.7]) and 5+ (4.9 [CI, 2.2–11.0]) than for level 3. In the adjusted model for illnesses, RRs also were higher for DRO levels 4 (4.4 [CI, 2.6–7.3]) and 5+ (8.6 [CI, 4.1–17.7]) than for level 3.

Conclusions

Higher DRO levels were a significant predictor of greater rates of occupational injuries and illnesses. Careful selection of responders, including volunteers, has been warranted for deployments to such disasters. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness.2014;0:1-7)
Prosecuting Injuries in Early Modern Germany (ca. 1550–1650)
Authors: Sreenivasan Govind P.
Published: October 2014

On Saturday, September 4, 1610, an urgent message arrived at the criminal court (Zentgericht) of Remlingen from the nearby rural market of Neubrunn: a dangerous criminal by the name of Georg Schmid, alias “Baker Georg,” had been apprehended the previous day, and the officials of the Zentgericht should come and get him. The chief magistrate (Zentgraf) Johann Müller, together with the court clerk and one of the jurors, accordingly rode out to Neubrunn, where the prisoner was handed over, but with the condition, as Müller subsequently reported,

that if the prisoner should be released alive, and if he should cause any harm to any members of the community of Neubrunn in either the village [itself] or its fields, that they would in every case seek to recover these [damages] from the Remlingen Zentgericht, and moreover, that if they had reason to believe that the evildoer would [in fact] escape in this way, they would prefer that he die in prison.
Employment, Sex Discrimination and The Churches: ThePercyCase
Authors: Cranmer Frank , Peterson Scot
Published: October 2014

In this paper, the authors present different views of the legal implications ofPercy v Church of Scotland Board of National Mission, in which the House of Lords reversed the Court of Session and held that a former minister could sue the Church under the Sex Discrimination Act 1975 and, contrary to previous views, probably had an enforceable contract for services. Cranmer describes the basis for the decision and suggests that it represents a realistic view of the employment status of clergy. Peterson is less optimistic about the decisions legal and practical effects and argues that it undermines the constitutional status of the Church of Scotland as well as overall prospects for religious freedom in Scotland.
The Nature and Dimensions of Achievement Goals: Mastery, Evaluation, Competition, and Self-Presentation Goals
Authors: Lemos Marina S. , Gonçalves Teresa , Lens Willy , Rodrigues Luís P.
Published: October 2014

The present study aimed to clarify the nature and dimensions of achievement goals and to examine structural differences in students’ goals across school levels. Participants were 134 students from 5th and 6th grades, and 423 students from 7th to 9th grades. A variety of achievement goals were assessed, including mastery goals and several performance-related goals representing three main dimensions: competition, self-presentation, and valence.

Two alternative models were tested, using confirmatory factor analysis. For middle-school students a three factor model with presentation, competition, and simple evaluation/mastery goals, was found χ²(132, N = 134) = 160.9, p < .001; CFI = .94; RMSEA = .04, 95%CI [.02 – .06]. In the junior-high sample, one avoidance factor, one competition factor, and a simple evaluation/mastery factor, best fitted the data χ²(114, N = 423) = 269.8638 p < .001; CFI = .93; RMSEA = .06, 95%CI [.05 - .07] thus suggesting that distinct dimensions organize younger and older students’ motivation. However, common to both grade levels was the existence of (a) separate but low incidence competition goals, and (b) simple evaluation goals, which encompass neither self-presentation nor competition, and are closely linked to mastery goals. Moreover, significant differences were found in the relative importance attached by students to the different types of goals (p < .001 for all comparisons), both at middle-school F(2, 266) = 220.98; p < .001; η2 = .624) and at junior-high school F(2, 820) = 464.4; p < .001; η2 = .531.
A critical base pair in k-turns that confers folding characteristics and correlates with biological function
Authors: McPhee Scott A. , Huang Lin , Lilley David M. J.
Published: October 2014

Kink turns (k-turns) are widespread elements in RNA that mediate tertiary contacts by kinking the helical axis. We have found that the ability of k-turns to undergo ion-induced folding is conferred by a single base pair that follows the conserved A·G pairs, that is, the 3b·3n position. A Watson–Crick pair leads to an inability to fold in metal ions alone, while 3n=G or 3b=C (but not both) permits folding. Crystallographic study reveals two hydrated metal ions coordinated to O6 of G3n and G2n of Kt-7. Removal of either atom impairs Mg2+-induced folding in solution. While SAM-I riboswitches have 3b·3n sequences that would predispose them to ion-induced folding, U4 snRNA are strongly biased to an inability to such folding. Thus riboswitch sequences allow folding to occur independently of protein binding, while U4 should remain unfolded until bound by protein. The empirical rules deduced for k-turn folding have strong predictive value.
Hierarchical Nanostructures for Energy Devices
Authors:   Royal Society of Chemistry
Published: October 2014

Surface area has a directly relationship with the efficiency of energy devices. Hierarchical nanostructuring has the potential to greatly increase surface area, and their electrical properties are favourable, not only to energy generation and storage, but also energy-consuming electronic circuits.

This book provides systematic coverage of how nanostructured materials can be applied to energy devices, with an emphasis on the process of generation to storage and consumption. The fundamentals (including properties, characterisation and synthesis) are clearly presented across the first chapters of the book, providing readers new to the field with a clear overview of this expanding topic. The detailed discussion of applications will be an inspiration to those already well-versed in the field.

The editors have more than a decade of experience in working on all aspects of energy generation and storage - in academia, national laboratories and industry. The book presents a balanced view from all sectors and is presented in a format accessible by postgraduate students and professional researchers alike.
Hierarchical Nanostructures for Fuel Cells and Fuel Reforming
Authors: Hotz Nico
Published: October 2014

Fuel cells are a promising technology as alternatives to combustion engines for clean and efficient electricity generation. Since fuel cells can reduce our dependence on fossil fuels, the environmental and geopolitical advantages of fuel cells are tremendous. Fuel cells can be seen as a hybrid between combustion engines and batteries in terms of their functional principle and they offer high fuel-to-electricity efficiencies and low emissions without noise pollution. Furthermore, fuel cell systems are perfect for distributed power generation due to their compact and modular design. Polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMFCs) and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are the focus of this chapter. These fuel cell types eliminate the usage of corrosive liquids, as used in phosphoric acid, alkali, and molten carbonate fuel cells. The main topic is the application of hierarchical nanostructures in these fuel cells and in fuel reforming systems. Fuel reforming is the process of converting primary fuels, typically alcoholic or higher hydrocarbons, to a hydrogen-rich gas mixture, which can be effectively converted by fuel cells.
Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Nanofibers
Authors: Chang Jiyoung , Lin Liwei
Published: October 2014

Nanofiber-based piezoelectric energy generators could be scalable power sources applicable to various electrical devices and systems by scavenging mechanical energy from the environment. This chapter highlights recent advances in nanofiber nanogenerators, discusses their working principles, and addresses performance issues including piezoelectricity, energy conversion efficiencies, and possible false artifacts during experiments. Among many energy harvesting platforms, piezoelectric nanogenerators made of PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) and fabricated by means of electrospinning processes such as conventional, modified and near-field electrospinning (NFES) are the key focus of this chapter. Material and structural analyses on fabricated nanofibers using tools such as XRD (X-ray diffraction), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared), SHG (second harmonic generation) and PFM (piezoresponse force microscopy) and Raman spectroscopy toward the characterizations of piezoelectric nanofibers are also presented. The potential applications using fiber-based nanogenerators include flexible and wearable electronics.
Hierarchical Field Emission Devices
Authors: Stratakis E.
Published: October 2014

Owing to their unique potential applications, including electron guns, microwave power amplifiers, electron microscopy and flat panel displays, an intense research effort has been devoted to the design and fabrication of cold cathode electron emitters exhibiting low operation voltage, high current emissivity, and increased durability under poor vacuum conditions. Research in this field indicated that multiscale field electron emitters are superior compared with single-length scale ones. This chapter overviews the current state of the art of the hierarchical field emitter technologies, demonstrating their great potential for future electron device applications.
Proton dynamics in oxides: insight into the mechanics of proton conduction from quasielastic neutron scattering
Authors: Karlsson Maths
Published: October 2014

The key aspects, opportunities and perspectives of quasielastic neutron scattering studies of proton conducting oxides are discussed.
Recent advances in the synthesis of 2-substituted benzothiazoles: a review
Authors: Prajapati Neelam P. , Vekariya Rajesh H. , Borad Mayuri A. , Patel Hitesh D.
Published: October 2014

Recent advances in various synthetic protocols of 2-substituted benzothiazole derivatives.
Lung Volumes and Their Significance for Pharyngeal and Esophageal Swallowing Function
Authors: Gross Roxann Diez
Published: October 2014

Subglottic airway pressure is generated during each swallow and this supports the probability that subglottic mechanoreceptors function as part of the overall afferent collage of signals that guide motor output. Lung volume at swallow onset, lung recoil forces, and chest wall compliance are all important factors that combine for the generation of sufficiently positive subglottic air pressure during the pharyngeal swallow. Higher lung volumes at swallow onset may also be advantageous to the esophageal pressure gradient during esophageal bolus transit. Patients with impaired lung-thoracic unit recoil and disordered breathing/swallowing patterns may not only benefit from learning to swallow during early exhalation, but may also need to start at a higher lung volume in order to compensate for reduced recoil effects on swallowing function.
Nonlinear quantum-mechanical system associated with Sine-Gordon equation in (1 + 2) dimensions
Authors: Zarmi Yair
Published: October 2014

Despite the fact that it is not integrable, the (1 + 2)-dimensional Sine-Gordon equation has N-soliton solutions, whose velocities are lower than the speed of light (c = 1), for all N ≥ 1. Based on these solutions, a quantum-mechanical system is constructed over a Fock space of particles. The coordinate of each particle is an angle around the unit circle. U, a nonlinear functional of the particle number-operators, which obeys the Sine-Gordon equation in (1 + 2) dimensions, is constructed. Its eigenvalues on N-particle states in the Fock space are the slower-than-light, N-soliton solutions of the equation. A projection operator (a nonlinear functional of U), which vanishes on the single-particle subspace, is a mass-density generator. Its eigenvalues on multi-particle states play the role of the mass density of structures that emulate free, spatially extended, relativistic particles. The simplicity of the quantum-mechanical system allows for the incorporation of perturbations with particle interactions, which have the capacity to “annihilate” and “create” solitons – an effect that does not have an analog in perturbed classical nonlinear evolution equations.
Effect of wet textured glass surface morphology on the haze ratio and aspect ratio for amorphous silicon thin film solar cells
Authors: Park Hyeongsik , Lee Youn-Jung , Ahn Shihyun , Kim Sunbo , Yi Junsin
Published: October 2014

The impact of controlling the aspect ratio variation on glass substrate for a p-i-n a-Si:H solar cell was investigated and reported. Compared to a flat glass substrate (Corning Eagle XG), we demonstrate an increase of haze ratio from 1% to 79.1%, and an increment in the aspect ratio from 0.1 to 1.16, which is an increase to a high slope angle, using wet chemical etching. Optical transmittance measurements show a major improvement of from 92% to 96% for a wavelength of between 300 and 1100 nm, compared to the reference flat glass. A p-i-n a-Si:H solar cell was simulated using Advanced Semiconductor Analysis simulation based on these haze ratio and aspect ratio results, and yielded an increase in short-circuit current density (Jsc) from 15.38 to 18.74 mA/cm2, as the aspect ratio was increased from 0.1 to 0.84.
Orientation and alignment effects in ion-induced fragmentation of water: A triple coincidence study
Authors: Rajput Jyoti , Safvan C. P.
Published: October 2014

The technique of recoil ion momentum spectroscopy is employed to determine the complete momentum vectors for three fragment dissociation channels, [D2O](q+2) → (D+ + D+ + Oq+) with q = 1, 2, or 3 formed in collisions of isolated water molecules with 450 keV Xe9 + ions. The kinetic energy released in each of these dissociation channels is measured and angular correlations between the fragment momenta are determined. From the angular correlations of the three fragment ions with the direction of the incoming beam, a strong anisotropy in the emission of recoil fragments is reported. It is inferred that the molecular plane prefers to lie orthogonal to the incoming beam direction with certain orientations being more preferred than others and a clear signature of non-coplanar dissociation is also observed.
Single People's Geographies of Home: Intimacy and Friendship beyond ‘the Family’
Authors: Wilkinson Eleanor
Published: October 2014

What might it mean to think of ‘the single’ as a potentially queer subject and in what ways does singleness pose a challenge to heteronormative conceptualizations of the lifecourse and household formation? In this paper I explore some of the contested meanings of ‘home’ for those who are single; and examine how single people have created new forms of home and new spaces of at-homeness with those with whom they are not biologically (or romantically) related. I conclude by asking how we might help foster, build, and create new forms of dwelling that might better match single people's imaginings and desires for a home outside of heteronormative coupledom. Ultimately the paper argues that the exclusion of the figure of the single is one of the key omissions in the work of those interested in challenging the geographies of exclusion and inequality.