bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-Speed Treadmill Running Reduces Systemic Inflammation But Fails as a Secondary Intervention For Peripheral Musculoskeletal Discomfort
Authors: Smith Tianqi Tenchi Gao , Barr-Gillespie Ann E , Harris Michelle Y , Amin Mamta , Gallagher Sean , Barbe Mary Frances
Published: July 2019

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders can result from prolonged repetitive and/or forceful movements. It has been shown that performance of highly repetitive tasks increases serum cytokines, nerve inflammation and sensorimotor declines in a rat model. This study investigated the effectiveness of flat treadmill running in preventing these responses. Methods: Thirteen young adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to perform a high force task for 5 weeks (15 min/day, 5 days/week). All trained rats went on to perform a high repetition, high force reaching and lever-pulling task for 10 weeks (10-week HRHF; 2 hrs/day in four 30 min sessions, 3 days/week). Five task rats were randomly chosen to run on a flat treadmill (TM) for the last 6 weeks of task performance (10-week HRHF+TM; ramping up to 23 m/min, 1hr/day, 5 days/week). Results were compared to 10 control rats. Voluntary task and reflexive sensorimotor behavioral outcomes were assessed and compared. Serum was assayed for inflammatory cytokines, median nerves were assayed for CD68+ macrophages and extraneural thickening, flexor tendons were assayed for any pathological changes.
Results: Treadmill running attenuated HRHF task-induced increases in serum TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, CXCL2/MIP2 and IL-10 levels. HRHF task-induced increases in flexor digitorum epitendon cellularity improved with treadmill running. However, several voluntary task performance outcomes, specifically voluntary grasp force, percent successful reaches, and voluntary task participation, worsened with treadmill running. The treadmill intervention failed to rescue HRHF task-induced declines in reflexive grip strength and forepaw mechanical sensitivity, and increases in CD68+ macrophages and extraneural fibrosis within and around median nerves.
Conclusions: The treadmill intervention attenuated systemic inflammation and moderate tendinosis, but did not improve task performance or sensorimotor behaviors most likely because this exercise intervention continued to load involved injured forelimbs and worsened median nerve inflammation and fibrosis.
Disabled and immigrant, a double minority challenge. A qualitative study about the experiences of immigrant families raising a child with a disability and navigating the Norwegian healthcare system.
Authors: Arfa Shahrzad , Solvang Per Koren , Berg Berit , Jahnsen Reidun
Published: July 2019

Background: Immigrants and their Norwegian-born children make up approximately 18% of the total population in Norway. The legitimacy of the healthcare system is a product of its ability to provide timely and appropriate services to the entire population. While several studies have been conducted on migrants’ utilization of healthcare services, immigrant families are systematically underrepresented in international studies of children with disabilities. This study, by focusing on experiences of immigrant families of children with disabilities who are navigating the Norwegian healthcare system, will generate knowledge of how accessible and tailored the services are from their point of view.
Methods: This study took a qualitative approach, using semistructured interviews to explore the experiences of immigrant parents of children with disabilities from non-Western countries. The interviews were transcribed, coded, and analyzed via an inductive thematic analytic approach.
Results: The findings show how the “immigrant experience” influenced the way the parents looked at, experienced, and even praised the services. The parents appreciated the follow-up services provided by the pediatric rehabilitation centers, which they experienced as predictable and well-organized. While navigating the services, they experienced several challenges, including the need for information, support, and timely help. They felt exhausted because of the years of struggle in the healthcare system to gain access to the help and services they needed. The feeling of being treated differently from the majority was another challenge they experienced while navigating the services. The findings also show how the parents’ experiences of communication with healthcare providers were influenced not only by their own language and communication skills but also by the healthcare providers’ intercultural communication skills and dominant organizational culture.
Conclusions: The parents’ experiences show that there is still a gap between the public ideal of equal healthcare services and the reality of the everyday lives of immigrant families of children with disabilities. By exploring immigrant families’ experiences, this study highlights the importance of mobilization at both the individual and system levels to fill the current gap and provide tailored and accessible services to the entire population.
Keywords: Immigrant families, Children with disabilities, Healthcare system.
Association between family history and the onset age of essential hypertension in Han population in Shanghai China
Authors: anle li , Peng Qian , Shao Yue Qin , Zhang Yi Ying , Xiang Fang
Published: July 2019

Importance
Genetic factors are important influencing factors of essential hypertension, and family history (FH) is an important marker of genetic factors.
Objective
To explore the association between family history and the onset age of essential hypertension in Han population in Shanghai China.
Methods
According to l:l matched pairs design，342 precursor of hypertension and 342 controls were selected and investigate their nuclear family members in the case-control study. The diagnostic information of hypertension in all relatives of these two groups was investigated. The method of genetic epidemiology research was used to explore the effect of family history.
Results
The average prevalence of hypertension was 23.32%. The prevalence of hypertension of first-degree relatives was 33.99%; the prevalence of second- degree relatives was 17.60%; the prevalence of third-degree relatives was 13.51%. All prevalence of hypertension of case group relatives were significantly higher than that of control group relatives. The average onset age in population with positive FH is 48.74±11.16 years old, and the average onset age in population with negative FH is 54.38±9.87 years old. The difference about two FH groups showed statistically significant (t=4.589, P<0.001). The average onset age of offspring with father, mother, grandpa, grandma, maternal grandpa or maternal grandma positive was respectively 48.42± 11.16, 49.16±11.12, 39.55±11.95, 39.88±11.90, 43.67±9.77 or 43.64±10.21 years old; and the average onset age of children with father, mother, grandpa, grandma, maternal grandpa or maternal grandma negative was respectively 51.90± 10.81, 51.17±11.04, 51.07±10.59, 51.08±10.60, 50.50±11.09 or 50.57±11.06 years old. The difference about two groups showed statistically significant.

Conclusion
Family history has a positive effect on the occurrence of hypertension, and lead to earlier age of onset of offspring. The effects are different among parent and grandparent in Han in Shanghai China.
Accuracy of Prescribing Documentation by UK Junior Doctors Undertaking Psychiatry Placements: a Multi-centre Observational Study
Authors: Dey Mrinalini , Buhagiar Kurt , Jabbar Farid
Published: July 2019

Objectives: Medical records are critical to patient care, but often contain incomplete information. In UK hospitals, record-keeping is traditionally undertaken by junior doctors, who are increasingly completing early-career placements in psychiatry, but negative attitudes towards psychiatry may affect their performance. Little is known about the accuracy of medical records in psychiatry in general. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) pertinent to clinical decision-making (“rationale”) for prescribing completed by junior doctors during a four-month placement, focusing on the differences between psychotropic vs. non-psychotropic drugs and the temporal association during their placement.
Results: EMRs of 276 participants yielding 780 ward round entries were analysed, 100% of which were completed by junior doctors rather than more senior clinicians. Compared with non-psychotropic drugs, prescribing documentation for psychotropic drugs was less likely (OR=0.24, 95% CI 0.16-0.36, p<0.001). The rate of documentation significantly declined over time especially for psychotropic drugs (p<0.001). Prescribing documentation of non-psychotropic drugs for people with mental illness is paradoxically more accurate than that of psychotropic drugs. Early-career junior doctors are therefore increasingly shaping EMRs of people receiving psychiatric care.
Application of Positive Psychology Education in Chinese Medical Students to Increase Their Psychological Well-being: A Pilot Study
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Qin , Zhang Bao-Shuai , Wang Meng-Die
Published: July 2019

Background

Anxiety and depression have been on rise in Chinese medical students due to the heavy academic pressure of medical practice and the deteriorating doctor-patient relationship in China. The psychological well-being of the Chinese medical students has become a critical focus of attention for the medical education community. In the present study, we aimed to explore the potential effect of positive psychology education on improving the mental health of Chinese medical students.

Methods

A total of 49 undergraduate students (mean age =19.5 years old) at their year-2 and year-3 medical study in our institute were enrolled in an 8-week positive psychology training course, which was embedded into a regular school curriculum. Their hope scale, life satisfaction scale, subjective happiness scale, as well as depression and anxiety scales were measured before and after the training program, respectively.

Results

The analyses results showed that over 95% of the participants reported an improved mental status after the training program. Their positive emotions, including hope, life satisfaction and happiness, significantly increased, while the negative emotions, including depression and anxiety, were significantly relieved.

Conclusions

These evidence suggest that positive psychology education holds promise for increasing the mental well-being and reducing psychological distress among Chinese medical students. Further research is required to demonstrate the efficacy of this program using larger representative sample cohorts.
Time to viral load suppression and its associated factors in cohort of patients taking antiretroviral treatment in East Shewa Zone, Oromiya, Ethiopia, 2018
Authors: Ali Jemal H
Published: July 2019

Background: Human immuno-deficiency virus is a virus that causes Acquired Immuno- Deficiency Syndrome. The key goal of ART is to achieve and maintain durable viral suppression. Thus, the most important use of the viral load is to monitor the effectiveness of therapy after initiation of ART. The main objective of the study was to determine the time for virological suppression and its associated factors among people living with HIV taking antiretroviral treatments in East shewa zone, Oromiya, Ethiopia.
Methods: The study was conducted in East Shewa zone, Oromiya, Ethiopia from August 2017 to January 2018. Patients diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus presenting to the study health centers between October 3, 2011 and March 1, 2013 were included in the study given the following criteria: age 18 years or greater, eligible to start ART. All patients with baseline viral load measurement were included in the study. Interaction between explanatory variables with the response variable was analyzed by using cross tab features of SPSS, IBM Inc. Significance group comparison was done by Kaplan Meier log rank test. Cox proportional hazard model was used to select significant factors to the variability between groups. Data was collected by using structured questionnaires and interview. A total of ETB 81,120.00 was utilized to carry out the study.
Result: plasma viral load was suppressed below detection level in 72% of individuals taking different regimen of ART. The median HIV-1 plasma viral load in the cohort was log 5.3111 copies/ml. Survival curve difference were observed in category of marital status (p-value 0.023) and baseline CD4 values (p-value 0.023) whereas no significant difference were observed in Educational status (p-value 0.404), MUAC (p- value 0.407) BMI(p-value 0.335) and BTB(p-value 0.257). Estimated median time to PVL suppression was 181days (CI: 140.5-221.4) with the age group of 30-39years having minimum time to achieve suppression with 92 days (CI: 60.1-123.8) and the maximum time required to reach the level was age group between 50-59 years.
Conclusion: Estimated time to achieve PVL after taking ART was found to be 181 days. Factors affecting time to suppression level was marital status and baseline CD4.
The incidene of postoperative heterotopic ossification in cervical disc arthroplasty--A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Yingjun Guo , Jiali Chen , Liu Hao , Yang Meng , Chen Ding , Beiyu Wang , Xin Rong
Published: July 2019

Background: Heterotopic ossification has become a common disease after CDA, which has attracted much attention. Understanding the law of its occurrence and development can provide theoretical basis for the formulation of HO prevention strategies. To acquire the objective data and the change rule of HO incidence, a meta-analysis of all available evidence was performed.
Methods: A search of the literature was conducted on Pubmed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science. Relevant studies including incidence-relative data of HO were selected according to eligibility criteria.
Results: 52 studies were eligible and finally included and the quality assessment showed a relative high score of them. The results of the analysis reminded us that the incidence of HO increased with the extension of follow-up time, both based on the number of cases and the number of segments, and the increase mainly occurred after 6 years. Grade III-IV HO showed us a positive correlation with follow-up time (R2=0.218), while Grade I-II HO did not change a lot in different follow-up time points.
Conclusions: The follow-up time after CDA should be long enough, so as to ensure the true clinical results. HO occurs all the postoperative time and Grade I-II HO will gradually develop into Grade III-IV, while continuous new HO keeps the number of Grade I-II in a dynamic balance. Through this study, we can preliminarily define the relatively objective incidence and change rule of HO, which provides data basis and theoretical basis for the future research of HO prevention strategy.
Social group and health care provider interventions to increase the demand for malaria rapid diagnostic test among community members in Ebonyi state, Nigeria: study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial
Authors: Omale Ugwu Innocent , Azuogu Ndubueze B. , Alo Chihurumnanya , Madubueze Ugochukwu C. , Oka Onyinyechukwu U. , Okeke Chijioke K. , Okafor Ifeyinwa M. , Utulu Rowland , Akpan Uduak E. , Iloke Chijioke V. , Nnubia Ogechukwu A. , Eze Ifeyinwa I. , Anene Ogechukwu C. , Nnabu Chukwuka R. , Ibemesi Desi O.
Published: July 2019

Background: The World Health Organization in 2010 recommended universal testing for suspected malaria cases due to some fundamental changes in malaria trend such as the declining malaria incidence in high burden countries, the emergence of parasite resistance to anti-malarial drugs especially artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) and the increased availability of diagnostic testing such as malaria rapid diagnostic test (MRDT). The Nigerian government has long adopted this recommendation and has scaled up the availability of MRDT with the support of foreign partners. However, the malaria/MRDT test rate in the communities is still far short of the recommendation. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of social group and social group/provider interventions in increasing the demand (use and/or request) for MRDT among community members with fever or malaria-like illness in Ebonyi state, Nigeria. Methods: A three-arm, parallel, stratified cluster randomized design will be used to evaluate the effect of two interventions compared to control: control involves the usual practice of provision of MRDT services by public primary health care providers and patent medicine vendors; social group intervention involves the sensitization/education of social groups about MRDT; social group/provider intervention involves social group treatment plus the training of health care providers in health communication with clients about MRDT. The primary outcome is the proportion of under-5 children with fever/malaria-like illness in the preceding two weeks to a household survey that received MRDT. The co-primary outcome is the proportion of 5 years and above children and adults (excluding pregnant women) with fever/malaria-like illness in the preceding two weeks to a household survey that received MRDT. The primary outcome will be assessed through household surveys at baseline and end-line. Discussion: The pragmatic and behavioural nature of the interventions which are delivered to groupings of individuals and the need to minimize contamination informed the use of a cluster randomized design by this study in investigating whether the social group and social group/provider interventions will increase the demand for MRDT among community members. “Pragmatic” means the interventions would occur in natural settings or real live situations.
Validation of Soil‐Test‐Based Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizer Recommendations for Flood‐Irrigated Rice
Authors: Fryer Matthew S. , Slaton Nathan A. , Roberts Trenton L. , Hardke Jarrod T. , Norman Richard J.
Published: July 2019

Soil testing is a widely accepted practice for evaluating soil‐P and soil‐K availability but can be inconsistent for making accurate fertilizer‐P and fertilizer‐K recommendations. Our research objectives were to assess the accuracy of established soil‐ and tissue‐P and ‐K concentration interpretations for predicting flood‐irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield response to fertilization at three levels of significance (p ≤ 0.05, 0.10, and 0.25). Six treatments combining two fertilizer‐P rates (0 or 32 kg P ha−1) and four fertilizer‐K rates (0, 56, 84, 112 kg K ha−1) were applied at 24 sites. Soil‐test P (STP) interpretations were 40% accurate, regardless of the significance level, and whole‐plant‐P concentrations at the V6‐V7 stage were 50% accurate. Soil‐test K (STK) interpretations were 40 (p ≤ 0.05 and 0.10) and 36% (p ≤ 0.25) accurate, and whole‐plant‐K concentrations at the R2‐R3 stage were 61% (p ≤ 0.25) or 62% (p ≤ 0.05 and 0.10) accurate in predicting the yield response to K fertilization. Nearly all of the error in both soil‐test‐ and whole‐plant‐P and ‐K concentration interpretations occurred in the suboptimal categories. The accuracy (p ≤ 0.05) of yield response predictions for levels where no fertilizer was recommended was 100% for STP and 86% for STK and 82 to 100% for whole‐plant‐P and ‐K concentrations. The false‐positive error was the most common soil‐test recommendation inaccuracy and suggests that fertilizer recommendations are skewed to reduce the risk of yield loss from insufficient fertilization.

Core Ideas

Tissue analysis is more accurate at predicting flood‐irrigated rice response to P and K fertilization than Mehlich‐3 extractable P and K.

False positive errors are the most common soil‐test‐based interpretation errors for flood‐irrigated rice.

Mehlich‐3 extractable P is not a good predictor of rice yield response to P fertilization.

The most accurate fertilizer P and K recommendations were interpreted at the 0.05 and 0.10 significance levels.
Addressing financial bankruptcy from the Islamic perspective
Authors: Mohammed Ali Bani Ata Haider
Published: July 2019

The national as well as global economy is significantly affected as a result of financial bankruptcy. Therefore, identifying the rates of bankruptcy would be helpful to inspect the reasons for its failure. The present study aims to investigate different ways for the successful treatment of financial bankruptcy based on Islamic teachings, appropriate methods and techniques in handling bankruptcy.The study gathered views of CFOs operating in Al-Hassan Industrial Estate and the views of Islamic banks’ staff working in investment sections through a questionnaire. Analytical statistical procedures were applied to test the hypotheses. The results emphasized the importance of administration, Zakat funds, creditors, and suppliers in addressing financial bankruptcy. The management of Zakat in addressing the financial bankruptcy occupied the highest importance, i.e. 88%. However, lowest relative importance (46%) was achieved by commitment of funds debtors to collect Zakat and distribution in the treatment of financial bankruptcy. The time and opportunity granted by the creditors to individuals and enterprises during bankruptcy hold much importance. The study has recommended establishment of a system derived from Sharia to overcome the financial difficulties.
Importance for experiments in human medicine of imaging modalities for macroanatomical and histological study of rabbit suprarenal glands
Authors: DILEK OMER GURKAN , DIMITROV ROSEN STEFANOV , STAMATOVA-YOVCHEVA KAMELIA DIMCHEVA , YOVCHEV DAVID GOSPODINOV , MIHAYLOV RADOSLAV
Published: July 2019

The morphological characteristics of the rabbit adrenal glands are currently investigated using routine imaging modalities. The aim of the study was to collect and interpret major findings and information in the literature on the rabbit as an animal model for investigations in humans. The suprarenal glands of thirty-four mature, clinically healthy New Zealand rabbits were studied using anatomical, routine histology, radiology, computed tomography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging methods. The results demonstrated that the rabbit suprarenal glands are paired ellipsoid organs. The right gland was close to the right kidney, whereas the left gland was located at a distance from the left kidney. The capsule was composed of dense connective tissue. The parenchyma consisted of three zones: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculate, and zona reticularis. The medulla was in the center of the glandular parenchyma. The glands’ radiological and CT features defined their position relative to the right and left kidneys. The right suprarenal gland was with normal attenuation. The left suprarenal gland was located at a distance from the left kidney. The US features of the glands demonstrated variability in darkness and contrast, revealing specific histological features. The MRI peculiarities of the glands defined them as well visible findings
Analysis of hydrometeorological variables over the transboundary Komadugu-Yobe basin, West Africa
Authors: Adeyeri O. E. , Laux P. , Lawin A. E. , Ige S. O. , Kunstmann H.
Published: July 2019

Spatiotemporal trends in daily observed precipitation, river discharge, maximum and minimum temperature data were investigated between 1971 and 2013 in the Komadugu-Yobe basin. Significant change points in time series are corrected using Adapted Caussinus-Mestre Algorithm for homogenizing Networks of Temperature series algorithm. Mann–Kendall test and Sen's slope are used to estimate the trend and its magnitude at dry, wet and annual season time scales, respectively. Preliminary results show an increasing trend of the observed variables. There is a latitudinal increase (decrease) in the basin temperature (precipitation) from lower to higher latitudes. The minimum temperature (0.05 °C/year) increases faster than the maximum temperature (0.03 °C/year). Overall, the percentage changes in minimum temperature range between 3 and 10% while that of maximum temperature ranges between 1 and 3%. Due to precipitation dependence on regional characteristics, the highest percentage change was recorded in precipitation with values between −5 and 97%. In all time scales, river discharge and precipitation have strong positive correlations while the correlation between river discharge and temperature is negative. It is imperative to advocate and support positive developmental practices as well as establishing necessary mitigation measures to cope with the effects of climate in the basin.
The effect of saw dust in a flocculent with bentonite clay and FeSO4 in AMD treatment without addition of a neutralizer
Authors: Ntwampe I. O.
Published: July 2019

200 mL of synthetic acid mine drainage (AMD) was poured into five 500 mL glass beakers and treated in a jar test. The samples were dosed with 1.0–2.5 g bentonite clay, 20–60 mL of 0.025 or 0.05 M FeSO4 and 1.0–2.5 g saw dust respectively. The samples were mixed at 250 rpm for 2 minutes and reduced to 100 rpm for 10 minutes. The samples were allowed to settle for 1 hour, after which the pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and turbidity were measured (exp. A). Two other similar sets of experiments were conducted by dosing the samples with a combination of bentonite clay and FeSO4 with and without saw dust, similar treatment and measurements (exp. B and exp. C), similar treatment and measurements were conducted. The pH and the efficiencies of the flocculants containing 0.025 and 0.05 M Fe3+ in FeSO4 are similarly identical. The removal of turbid materials from the samples with FeSO4 is the lowest, followed by a combination of bentonite clay and FeSO4, whereas a combination of bentonite clay, FeSO4 and saw dust the highest. Comparative removal efficiencies between the two flocculants show that the presence of FeSO4 is relatively insignificant. The removal efficiency of a combination of bentonite clay, FeSO4 and saw dust from AMD sample is low with for Cu2+, and optimal for both Ni2+ and Fe2+ ions.
Nanofiltration of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid as a function of water matrix properties
Authors: Toure Hadi , Anwar Sadmani A. H. M.
Published: July 2019

Nanofiltration (NF) is a promising technology to remove the perfluoroalkyl acids, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) from water; however, little information is available as to how the natural water matrices impact PFOA and PFOS rejection when using NF. This study investigated the removal of PFOA and PFOS in laboratory-prepared water, surface water, and groundwater via NF to determine the effect of water matrix properties on PFOA and PFOS rejection by NF. PFOA and PFOS rejections were up to approximately 38% higher in the natural water matrices when compared to the laboratory-prepared water. The rejection of PFOA did not vary in the tested river water and groundwater; however, an increasing trend in PFOS rejection was observed and attributed to enhanced size exclusion of PFOS-cation complexes via the sulfonate (–SO3−) ‘head’ of the PFOS ions and cation-induced membrane fouling by natural organic matter. Compound rejection increased with declining flux that was consistent with the dissolved organic matter (DOM) content of the respective water matrices. This study confirmed that DOM and cations indigenous to natural water matrices can lead to improved rejection of PFOA and PFOS when using NF.
Targeting Mitochondria through the Use of Mitocans as Emerging Anticancer Agents
Authors: Macasoi Ioana , Mioc Alexandra , Mioc Marius , Racoviceanu Roxana , Soica Irina , Chevereșan Adelina , Dehelean Cristina , Dumitrașcu Victor
Published: July 2019

Mitochondria are key players with a multi-functional role in many vital cellular processes, such as energy metabolism, redox regulation, calcium homeostasis, Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) as well as in cell signaling, survival and apoptosis. These functions are mainly regulated through important enzyme signaling cascades, which if altered may influence the outcome of cell viability and apoptosis. Therefore some of the key enzymes that are vital for these signaling pathways are emerging as important targets for new anticancer agent development. Mitocans are compounds aimed at targeting mitochondria in cancer cells by altering mitochondrial functions thus causing cell growth inhibition or apoptosis. This review summarizes the till present known classes of mitocans, their mechanism of action and potential therapeutic use in different forms of cancer.
Self-assembling Peptides in Current Nanomedicine: Versatile Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery
Authors: Peng Fei , Zhang Wensheng , Qiu Feng
Published: July 2019

Background:

The development of modern nanomedicine greatly depends on the involvement of novel materials as drug delivery system. In order to maximize the therapeutic effects of drugs and minimize their side effects, a number of natural or synthetic materials have been widely investigated for drug delivery. Among these materials, biomimetic self-assembling peptides (SAPs) have received more attention in recent years. Considering the rapidly growing number of SAPs designed for drug delivery, a summary of how SAPs-based drug delivery systems were designed, would be beneficial.

Method:

We outlined research works on different SAPs that have been investigated as carriers for different drugs, focusing on the design of SAPs nanomaterials and how they were used for drug delivery in different strategies.

Results:

Based on the principle rules of chemical complementarity and structural compatibility, SAPs such as ionic self-complementary peptide, peptide amphiphile and surfactant-like peptide could be designed. Determined by the features of peptide materials and the drugs to be delivered, different strategies such as hydrogel embedding, hydrophobic interaction, electrostatic interaction, covalent conjugation or the combination of them could be employed to fabricate SAPs-drug complex, which could achieve slow release, targeted or environment-responsive delivery of drugs. Furthermore, some SAPs could also be combined with other types of materials for drug delivery, or even act as drug by themselves.

Conclusion:

Various types of SAPs have been designed and used for drug delivery following various strategies, suggesting that SAPs as a category of versatile nanomaterials have promising potential in the field of nanomedicine.
Histone Deacetylases (HDACs) in Gastric Cancer: An Update of their Emerging Prognostic and Therapeutic Role
Authors: Schizas Dimitrios , Mastoraki Aikaterini , Naar Leon , Tsilimigras Diamantis I. , Katsaros Ioannis , Fragkiadaki Vasiliki , Karachaliou Georgia-Sofia , Arkadopoulos Nikolaos , Liakakos Theodore , Moris Dimitrios
Published: July 2019

Chemotherapy resistance is a rising concern in Gastric Cancer (GC) and has led to the
investigation of various cellular compounds. Α functional equilibrium of histone acetylation and
deacetylation was discovered in all cells, regulated by Histone Acetyltransferases and Deacetylases
(HDACs), controlling chromatin coiling status and changing gene expression appropriately. In accordance
with recent research, this equilibrium can be dysregulated in cancer cells aiding in the
process of carcinogenesis and tumor progression by altering histone and non-histone proteins affecting
gene expression, cell cycle control, differentiation, and apoptosis in various malignancies. In
addition, increased HDAC expression in GC cells has been associated with increased stage, tumor
invasion, nodal metastases, increased distant metastatic potential, and decreased overall survival.
HDAC inhibitors could be used as treatment regimens for GC patients and could develop important
synergistic interactions with chemotherapy drugs. The aim of this article is to review the molecular
identity and mechanism of action of HDAC inhibitors, as well as highlight their potential
utility as anti-cancer agents in GC.
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone and GnRH Receptor: Structure, Function and Drug Development
Authors: Tzoupis Haralambos , Nteli Agathi , Androutsou Maria-Eleni , Tselios Theodore
Published: July 2019

Background:

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) is a key element in sexual maturation and regulation of the reproductive cycle in the human organism. GnRH interacts with the pituitary cells through the activation of the Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Receptors (GnRHR). Any impairments/dysfunctions of the GnRH-GnRHR complex lead to the development of various cancer types and disorders. Furthermore, the identification of GnRHR as a potential drug target has led to the development of agonist and antagonist molecules implemented in various treatment protocols. The development of these drugs was based on the information derived from the functional studies of GnRH and GnRHR.

Objective:

This review aims at shedding light on the versatile function of GnRH and GnRH receptor and offers an apprehensive summary regarding the development of different agonists, antagonists and non-peptide GnRH analogues.

Conclusion:

The information derived from these studies can enhance our understanding of the GnRH-GnRHR versatile nature and offer valuable insight into the design of new more potent molecules.
Adenosine Receptors in Modulation of Central Nervous System Disorders
Authors: Choudhury Hira , Chellappan Dinesh K. , Sengupta Pallav , Pandey Manisha , Gorain Bapi
Published: July 2019

The ubiquitous signaling nucleoside molecule, adenosine is found in different cells of the human body to provide its numerous pharmacological role. The associated actions of endogenous adenosine are largely dependent on conformational change of the widely expressed heterodimeric G-protein-coupled A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs). These receptors are well conserved on the surface of specific cells, where potent neuromodulatory properties of this bioactive molecule reflected by its easy passage through the rigid blood-brainbarrier, to simultaneously act on the central nervous system (CNS). The minimal concentration of adenosine in body fluids (30–300 nM) is adequate to exert its neuromodulatory action in the CNS, whereas the modulatory effect of adenosine on ARs is the consequence of several neurodegenerative diseases. Modulatory action concerning the activation of such receptors in the CNS could be facilitated towards neuroprotective action against such CNS disorders. Our aim herein is to discuss briefly pathophysiological roles of adenosine on ARs in the modulation of different CNS disorders, which could be focused towards the identification of potential drug targets in recovering accompanying CNS disorders. Researches with active components with AR modulatory action have been extended and already reached to the bedside of the patients through clinical research in the improvement of CNS disorders. Therefore, this review consist of recent findings in literatures concerning the impact of ARs on diverse CNS disease pathways with the possible relevance to neurodegeneration.
Recognition of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type 1 as the Primary Regulator of Fibrinolysis
Authors: Urano Tetsumei , Suzuki Yuko , Iwaki Takayuki , Sano Hideto , Honkura Naoki , Castellino Francis J.
Published: July 2019

The fibrinolytic system consists of a balance between rates of plasminogen activation and
fibrin degradation, both of which are finely regulated by spatio-temporal mechanisms. Three distinct
inhibitors of the fibrinolytic system that differently regulate these two steps are plasminogen activator
inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), α2-antiplasmin, and thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI). In
this review, we focus on the mechanisms by which PAI-1 governs total fibrinolytic activity to provide
its essential role in many hemostatic disorders, including fibrinolytic shutdown after trauma. PAI-1 is
a member of the serine protease inhibitor (SERPIN) superfamily and inhibits the protease activities of
plasminogen activators (PAs) by forming complexes with PAs, thereby regulating fibrinolysis. The
major PA in the vasculature is tissue-type PA (tPA) which is secreted from vascular endothelial cells
(VECs) as an active enzyme and is retained on the surface of VECs. PAI-1, existing in molar excess to
tPA in plasma, regulates the amount of free active tPA in plasma and on the surface of VECs by forming
a tPA-PAI-1 complex. Thus, high plasma levels of PAI-1 are directly related to attenuated fibrinolysis
and increased risk for thrombosis. Since plasma PAI-1 levels are highly elevated under a variety
of pathological conditions, including infection and inflammation, the fibrinolytic potential in
plasma and on VECs is readily suppressed to induce fibrinolytic shutdown. A congenital deficiency of
PAI-1 in humans, in turn, leads to life-threatening bleeding. These considerations support the contention
that PAI-1 is the primary regulator of the initial step of fibrinolysis and governs total fibrinolytic
activity.
Discovery and Development of Novel Anti-fungal Peptides Against Foodspoiling Fungi
Authors: Muhialdin Belal J. , Algboory Hussein L. , Mohammed Nameer K. , Kadum Hana , Hussin Anis S.M. , Saari Nazamid , Hassan Zaiton
Published: July 2019

Background:

Despite the extensive research carried out to develop natural antifungal
preservatives for food applications, there are very limited antifungal agents available to inhibit the
growth of spoilage fungi in processed foods.

Scope and Approach:

Therefore, this review summarizes the discovery and development of antifungal
peptides using lactic acid bacteria fermentation to prevent food spoilage by fungi. The focus
of this review will be on the identification of antifungal peptides, potential sources, the possible
modes of action and properties of peptides considered to inhibit the growth of spoilage fungi.

Key Findings and Conclusions:

Antifungal peptides generated by certain lactic acid bacteria
strains have a high potential for applications in a broad range of foods. The mechanism of peptides
antifungal activity is related to their properties such as low molecular weight, concentration and
secondary structure. The antifungal peptides were proposed to be used as bio-preservatives to reduce
and/or replace chemical preservatives.
Novel Nanotherapeutics as Next-generation Anti-infective Agents: Current Trends and Future Prospectives
Authors: Subhaswaraj Pattnaik , Syed Asad , Siddhardha Busi
Published: July 2019

With the ever-increasing population and improvement in the healthcare system in the 21st century,
the incidence of chronic microbial infections and associated health disorders has also increased at a
striking pace. The ability of pathogenic microorganisms to form biofilm matrix aggravates the situation
due to antibiotic resistance phenomenon resulting in resistance against conventional antibiotic therapy
which has become a public health concern. The canonical Quorum Sensing (QS) signaling system hierarchically
regulates the expression of an array of virulence phenotypes and controls the development of biofilm
dynamics. It is imperative to develop an alternative, yet effective and non-conventional therapeutic
approach, popularly known as “anti-infective therapy” which seems to be interesting. In this regard, targeting
microbial QS associated virulence and biofilm development proves to be a quite astonishing approach
in counteracting the paucity of traditional antibiotics. A number of synthetic and natural compounds are
exploited for their efficacy in combating QS associated microbial infections but the bioavailability and biocompatibility
limit their widespread applications. In this context, the nanotechnological intervention offers
a new paradigm for widespread biomedical applications starting from targeted drug delivery to diagnostics
for the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, particularly to fight against microbial infections
and antibiotics resistance in biofilms. A wide range of nanomaterials ranging from metallic nanoparticles
to polymeric nanoparticles and recent advances in the development of carbon-based nanomaterials
such as Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs), Graphene Oxide (GO) also immensely exhibited intrinsic antiinfective
properties when targeted towards microbial infections and associated MDR phenomenon. In addition,
the use of nano-based platforms as carriers emphatically increases the efficacy of targeted and sitespecific
delivery of potential drug candidates for preventing microbial infections.
Nanoparticles and Zeolites: Antibacterial Effects and their Mechanism against Pathogens
Authors: Azizi-Lalabadi Maryam , Alizadeh-Sani Mahmood , Khezerlou Arezou , Mirzanajafi-Zanjani Mina , Zolfaghari Hajar , Bagheri Vahid , Divband Baharak , Ehsani Ali
Published: July 2019

Nowadays, distribution and microorganism resistance against antimicrobial compounds
have caused crucial food safety problems. Hence, nanotechnology and zeolite are recognized as new
approaches to manage this problem due to their inherent antimicrobial activity. Different studies have
confirmed antimicrobial effects of Nano particles (NPs) (metal and metal oxide) and zeolite, by using
various techniques to determine antimicrobial mechanism. This review includes an overview of research
with the results of studies about antimicrobial mechanisms of nanoparticles and zeolite. Many
researches have shown that type, particle size and shape of NPs and zeolite are important factors showing
antimicrobial effectiveness. The use of NPs and zeolite as antimicrobial components especially in
food technology and medical application can be considered as prominent strategies to overcome pathogenic
microorganisms. Nevertheless, further studies are required to minimize the possible toxicity of
NPs in order to apply suitable alternatives for disinfectants and antibacterial agents in food applications.
Synthesis and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Activity of N-Phosphorylated/ N-Tiophosphorylated Tacrine
Authors: Przybyłowska Maja , Inkielewicz-Stepniak Iwona , Kowalski Szymon , Dzierzbicka Krystyna , Demkowicz Sebastian , Daśko Mateusz
Published: July 2019

Background:

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder. Current pharmacotherapy is not able to stop progression of the disease and can only improve cognitive functions. Therefore, new drugs are being sought that will slow down the development of the disease.

Objective:

Novel phosphorus and thiophosphorus tacrine derivatives 7-14 were designed, synthesized and their biological activity and molecular modeling was investigated as a new potential anti- Alzheimer’s disease (AD) agents.

Methods:

9-Chlorotacrine was treated with propane-1,3-diamine in the presence of sodium iodide to yield N1-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridin-9-yl)propane-1,3-diamine 6. Finally, it was treated with corresponding acid ester or thioester to give phosphorus or thiophosphorus tacrine derivative 7-14. All of the obtained final structures were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 31P NMR and MS.

Results:

The results of the docking studies showed that the newly designed phosphorus and thiophosphorus tacrine analogs, theoretically possess AChE and BChE-binding ability. Kinetic study showed that 8 and 12 in the series proved to be more potent electric eel AChE (eeAChE) and human (hAChE) inhibitors than tacrine, where 8 inhibited eeAChE three times more than the referenced drug. The highest BChE inhibition revealed 11 and 13. The most active compounds against eeAChE, hAChE and BChE showed mixed type of inhibition.

Conclusion:

All new synthesized compound exhibited lower toxicity against neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) in comparison with tacrine. Two analogues in the series, 7 and 9, demonstrated lack of cytotoxicity against hepatocellular cells (hepG2).
Improvement in Energy Performance of Tubular Heat Exchangers Using Nanofluids: A Review
Authors: Singh Sumit Kr. , Sarkar Jahar
Published: July 2019

Both mono and hybrid nanofluids, the engineered colloidal mixture made of the base fluid
and nanoparticles, have shown many interesting properties and become a high potential nextgeneration
heat transfer fluids in various heat exchangers for engineering applications. The present
review focuses on improving the performance of tubular heat exchangers by using nanofluids. For
this, the present review briefly summarizes the preparation, characterization and thermophysical
properties (thermal conductivity, viscosity, specific heat capacity and density) of mono and hybrid
nanofluids. Research works on heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of nanofluids in the
double tube and shell-tube heat exchangers with both straight and coiled tubes, and various engineering
applications (power generation, refrigeration and air-conditioning, renewable energy, domestic
cooling or heating, etc.) are well-grouped and thoroughly discussed. Physical mechanisms for the
heat transfer enhancement using nanofluids are explored as well. Most of the studies reveal that there
are significant enhancements in the heat transfer process and in the effectiveness of both straight and
coiled tube heat exchangers with a slight increase in pressure drop using nanofluids. Hence, there is
an excellent opportunity to use nanofluids in tubular heat exchangers; however, high cost (high payback
period) and stability are the main challenges for practical implementation. Finally, some useful
recommendations are also provided.
Effect of Different Levels of Nitrogen Fertilization on Forage Yields and Quality of Hairy Vetch (Vicia villosa, Roth) Triticale (Xtritcosecale, Witmack) Mixtures
Authors: BenYoussef Salah , Kachout Salma S. , Abidi Sourour , Saddem Bilal , Ismail Jamila , B. Salem Hichen
Published: July 2019

Background:

Intercropping legumes with cereals for forage production is a sustainable technique showing several environmental benefits.

Aim:

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different levels of nitrogen fertilization on forage yields and quality of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa, roth) –triticale (Xtritcosecale, witmack) mixtures.

Methods:

The effect of five increasing nitrogen rates (0, 10, 20 30 and 50 kg N ha-1) on the growth rate, forage yield, quality and interspecific competition of hairy vetch-winter triticale mixture was investigated under rainfed regime at the INRAT experimental station of Mornag.

Results:

Nitrogen application induced an increase in dry matter yield from 7.6 to 9 T DM ha-1obtained with 30 kg N ha-1. This rate corresponds to the most efficient nitrogen rate as expressed by kg DM per Kg of added N. It reached a mean value of 47 kg DM kg-1N. Moreover, application of increasing nitrogen rate caused an increase in LER (Land Equivalent Ratio) of the mixture over the unit (LER=1.58 at 30 kg N ha-1) and the competition ability of the triticale through CRt increase, suggesting the advantage of the mixture over sole crops. Crude protein content has been increased by two points from zero nitrogen application to other rates. However, no evident variation in fibers and Metabolizable Energy (ME) content was detected along with nitrogen application, but, mean values of 18% of CP content, 34% of NDF content and 9.7 Mj kg-1DM of ME were denoted as high forage nutritional values compared to other most Tunisian conventional forages.

Conclusion:

The results of this study indicate that hairy vetch intercrops with winter triticale produced higher dry matter than the common vetch sole crop.