bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparing the response to meteorological drivers at Taylor and Commonwealth glacier, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica.
Authors: Hofsteenge Marte , Cullen Nicolas , Conway Jono , Katurji Marwan , Reijmer Carleen , van den Broeke Michiel
Published: February 2023

In the McMurdo Dry Valleys (MDV) of Antarctica thrives a unique ecosystem under extreme cold and dry conditions. The limited snowfall that falls on the valley floor quickly sublimates and therefore glacial melt is the most important input to the streams and ice-covered lakes that provide water for the ecosystem. Understanding what drives the variability and changes in glacial meltwater is therefore of great importance to foresee ecosystem changes in a warming world. To assess the temporal variability and meteorological drivers of glacial melt in Taylor Valley, a 22-year surface energy balance (SEB) record is constructed for Taylor and Commonwealth glacier. Automatic weather station observations from the Long-term Ecological Research (LTER) Program in the ablation zone of each glacier are gap filled and completed using locally-tuned parameterisations. The two SEB records are compared to understand the different response of two nearby glaciers (~30 km apart) to local and regional climate forcing. The more melt dominated Commonwealth glacier shows strong seasonal variability in ablation. The closer proximity of Commonwealth glacier to the ocean leads to more rapid changes in albedo as controlled by summer snowfall events. Not only does the presence of snow but also the larger variability in ice albedo compared to Taylor glacier explains much of the seasonal variability in melt. Another major driver of melt are the number of degree days above freezing for both glaciers, which is strongly linked to foehn wind events in Taylor Valley. The further inland Taylor glacier experiences drier and windier conditions and therefore sublimation dominates ablation and melt occurrence. Cloud cover and snowfall in summer switch off glacial melt in summer on both glaciers. We have also used ERA5 fields to study the moisture sources of the MDV precipitation and clouds. This will help us understand how changes in moisture and regional circulation patterns might impact the MDV glaciers and ecosystem in a warming climate.
Exploring the role of Mantle and Paleomagnetic Reference Frames with Intermediate Complexity Climate Models
Authors: Leonard Jonathon , Zahirovic Sabin , Salles Tristan , Mallard Claire
Published: February 2023

The distribution of continents and oceans through deep-time has shaped the Earth’s changing climate and geography in a way that is vital for understanding processes ranging from the evolution and migration of living organisms to the distribution of economic mineral deposits, and the precise contribution of anthropogenic CO2 to the present climate. Despite this, producing climate models of an evolving Earth across long periods of geological time have been challenging due to the immense computational resources required, and as a result, deep-time paleo-climate models have tended to focus on single ages. Here we demonstrate the use of an intermediate-complexity atmosphere-ocean Plasim-Genie tool to produce a suite of models that illustrate the evolving climate with evolving continents over hundreds of millions of years.Using this approach, we explore the impact of modelling paleoclimate with a pure paleomagnetic plate reference frame versus a plate motion model that uses a mantle reference frame. These two plate reference frames may have latitudinal differences of up to 15 degrees even in the well-constrained timeframe of the last 100 Myr. We demonstrate with Plasim-Genie that these latitudinal differences result in significant discrepancies in climate in a range of key regions. Users of paleoclimate model data, particularly those studying biology and geography of the past should be aware of the plate reference frame used in generating the climate data. As the Earth’s magnetic field averages to align with the Earth’s spin axis, we suggest that a paleomagnetic reference frame is the preferred reference frame to use for paleoclimate modelling.
Numerical modelling of integrated processes in cryo-hydrogeological systems: Applications in Nunavik, Quebec, Canada
Authors: Molson John , Pedchenko Oleksandra , Khadhraoui Madiha , Fortier Richard , Lemieux Jean-Michel
Published: February 2023

Numerical simulations of coupled groundwater flow, heat and mass transport have been carried out for better understanding of cryo-hydrogeological system behavior under climate change.Simulations are based on conceptual models of two well-monitored field sites at Umiujaq and Salluit, in Nunavik, (northern Quebec), Canada. The Umiujaq site contains discontinuous permafrost as discrete mounds within a marine silt bounded by unconfined and confined sand aquifers, while the Salluit site includes a bedrock river-talik system within continuous permafrost.All simulations are run with the finite element HEATFLOW/SMOKER code which includes density-dependent groundwater flow, advective-conductive heat transport and advective-dispersive microparticle transport. Water-ice phase change, latent heat, ice-fraction dependent relative permeability and temperature-dependent thermal parameters are integrated in the solution. The thermal-hydraulic system is driven by ground surface recharge/discharge conditions which depend on the thermal state of the shallow subsurface (frozen or thawed), and by coupling with air-ground temperature gradients. Microparticle transport includes thaw-dependent particle suspension and velocity-dependent downgradient retention in heterogeneous porous media.At the Umiujaq site, the two-dimensional vertical-plane simulations through a permafrost mound show how supra- and sub-permafrost groundwater flow can affect permafrost thaw which can lead to the release of microparticles, contributing to increased groundwater turbidity. At the Salluit site, supported by cross-sections of electrical resistivity tomography, the simulated 3D river-talik system follows the river meanders and responds dynamically to seasonal changes in air temperature and groundwater pumping.  The groundwater pumping rate needs to be managed for sustainable use, especially in winter when the talik is hydraulically disconnected from the river bed.
Quantifying the climatic drivers of drought using a standardized aridity index
Authors: Feng Song , Trnka Miroslav
Published: February 2023

Drought is one of the costly natural disasters that affect water resources, agriculture and ecosystems. This study developed a standardized aridity index (SAI) to quantify the short- and long-term drought, and then decipher the climate drivers of the drought on local, regional and continental scales.  The ratio of total precipitation (P) to total potential evapotranspiration (PET) for a given month or multiple months was firstly calculated, and then normalized to calculate the SAI. The contribution of P, PET as well as temperature, solar radiation, wind speed and relative humidity on SAI can be decomposed by apply partial derivation of SAI and PET algorithm (i.e., Penman-Monteith model). The SAI is highly correlated to several frequently used drought indexes.  We also examined the temporal variations and spatial extent of different droughts across the global. The contributions of different climate variables on these droughts were also examined. The spatial distribution of individual droughts and their intensity revealed by SAI are comparable to those calculated using existing drought indexes and drought monitors. For example, the 12-month SAI and other drought indexes all suggested a several drought condition in the central Europe during 2015-2020, which is unprecedented in the past 2,000 years. We found that this drought was firstly initiated by precipitation deficit, but the PET became important in the late years of this drought. On average, the precipitation contributed to 70%, while the PET contributed to another 30% to this multi-year drought. The temperature warming alone contributed to about 20% of the drought intensity.
EarthQA: A Question Answering Engine for Earth Observation Data Archives
Authors: Punjani Dharmen , Tsalapati Eleni , Koubarakis Manolis
Published: February 2023

The standard way for earth observation experts or users to retrieve images from image archives (e.g., ESA's Copernicus Open Access Hub) is to use a graphical user interface, where they can select the geographical area of the image they are interested in and additionally they can specify some other metadata, such as sensing period, satellite platform and cloud cover.
In this work, we are developing the question-answering engine EarthQA that takes as input a question expressed in natural language (English) that asks for satellite images satisfying certain criteria and returns links to such datasets, which can be then downloaded from the CREODIAS cloud platform. To answer user questions, EarthQA queries two interlinked knowledge graphs: a knowledge graph encoding metadata of satellite images from the CREODIAS cloud platform (the SPARQL endpoint of CREODIAS) and the well-known knowledge graph DBpedia. Hence, the questions can refer to image metadata (e.g., satellite platform, sensing period, cloud cover), but also to more generic entities appearing in DBpedia knowledge graph (e.g., lake, Greece). In this way, the users can ask questions like “Find all Sentinel-1 GRD images taken during October 2021 that show large lakes in Greece having an area greater than 100 square kilometers”.
EarthQA follows a template-based approach to translate natural language questions into formal queries (SPARQL). Initially, it decomposes the user question by generating its dependency parse tree and then automatically disambiguates the components appearing in the question to elements of the two knowledge graphs.  In particular, it automatically identifies the spatial or temporal entities (e.g., “Greece”, “October 2021”), concepts (e.g., “lake”), spatial or temporal relations (e.g., “in”, “during”), properties (e.g., “area”) and product types (e.g., “Sentinel-1 GRD”) and other metadata (e.g., “cloud cover below 10%”) mentioned in the question and maps them to the respective elements appearing in the two knowledge graphs (dbr:Greece, dbo:Lake, dbp:area, etc). After this, the SPARQL query is automatically generated.
Environmental drivers of observed photosynthetic carbon isotope discrimination in trees
Authors: Belmecheri Soumaya , Szejner Paul , Frank David , Voelker Steve , Lavergne Alienor , Guerrieri Rossella
Published: February 2023

Under elevated CO2, photosynthetic carbon isotope discrimination is expected to increase in response to photosynthesis stimulation driven by the growth of atmospheric CO2. While this response is widely documented in laboratory, field experiments and short-term observations, long-term proxies indicate that such response is not universally observed in forested ecosystems. We investigated historical trends of  photosynthetic carbon isotope discrimination derived from carbon isotope measurements of tree rings (Δ13C) from a large set of chronologies across a variety of climate regions and biomes. We first predicted Δ13C response to CO2 as reconstructed from a recent meta-analysis of paleo and elevated CO2 data to detect and quantify the magnitude of Δ13C change-if any driven solely by increases in atmospheric CO2. In a second step we assessed the deviation of observed tree-ring Δ13C from the that predicted in response to CO2 only. We found that the majority of tree-ring chronologies (~80%) exhibited a negative deviations from the expected Δ13C if driven by a CO2 stimulation of photosynthesis (A). Chronologies with negative deviations were negatively correlated with vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and correspond to sites with a  maximum of 30% increase in VPD over the period of record. The widespread negative Δ13C deviations are consistent with a reduction of stomatal conductance (gs) or A having not increased as much as expected for a given CO2-driven stimulation of A.
Dust Activities in the Southern High-latitudes of Mars
Authors: Chow Keith K. C.
Published: February 2023

Dust activities in the southern high-latitude region around the southern solstice period have been observed in many Martian years. Theses dust events occur near the southern cap-edge region and play a major role in the observed dust climate. However, they generally cannot be simulated in the existing Mars general circulation models. In this report, we will introduce a parameterization scheme for simulating these dust events in the Mars climate model MarsWRF. In this scheme, the dust lifting threshold stress is adjusted with the surface temperature difference between the regolith and ice in the southern polar region. By this approach, dust events in the southern cap-edge region have been simulated around the southern solstice period. As a result, the simulated temperature in the southern high-latitude region is increased and the resulting vertical temperature profile is closer to that from observation. In addition, westward propagating dust events observed in a previous study have been simulated with a propagating speed similar to that observed. Results of numerical experiments suggest that the flow associated with the sublimation of the CO2 ice in the southern cap edge is very important to the occurrence of these dust events in this region.
How important are secondary ice processes – preliminary results from FOR-ICE
Authors: Ickes Luisa , Costa Surós Montserrat , Eriksson Patrick , Frostenberg Hannah , Georgakaki Paraskevi , Gonçalves Ageitos Maria , Hallborn Hanna , Lewinschal Anna , May Eleanor , Nenes Athanasios , Neubauer David , Pérez García-Pando Carlos , Proske Ulrike , Sotiropoulou Georgia
Published: February 2023

Global climate models poorly represent mixed-phase clouds, which leads to uncertainties in cloud radiative forcing and precipitation. In the FORCeS ice experiment (FOR-ICE) we compare three global climate models (ECHAM-HAM, NorESM, EC-Earth) and show which processes are crucial for a realistic representation of cloud ice and supercooled water in each global climate model framework using the factorial method as a statistical approach. A specific focus of the experiments is on secondary ice production (SIP) - which apart from one mechanism (rime splintering) is typically not represented in models, even if observations of ice crystal concentrations of ice crystal number in warm mixed-phase clouds often exceed available ice nuclei by orders of magnitude. We evaluate the importance of three SIP mechanisms combined (rime splintering, ice-ice collisions, and droplet shattering) compared to all other processes that can modulate ice mass and number in mixed-phase clouds: ice nucleation, sedimentation, and transport of ice crystals, and the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisen process. To describe SIP we adopt two approaches: an explicit microphysical representation of the processes, and a parameterization based on a random forest regression of high-resolution two-year simulations in the Arctic using the polar Weather Research and Forecast model (polar-WRF). Satellite observations are used to evaluate if including descriptions of SIP leads to a more realistic representation of mixed phase clouds.
Evaluation of the land use change influence on the hydrosedimentological connectivity in a small catchment of southern Brazilian plateau
Authors: Zanandrea Franciele , Biz Willig Rodrigo , Henrique Abatti Bruno , Paulo Michel Gean
Published: February 2023

Sediment connectivity is a concept widely used in the analysis of sediment dynamics that describes the efficiency of material transfer between landscape components. Connectivity can be defined according to the transfer vector (e.g. water), by the material transferred (e.g. sediment) or by the interaction of the vector and the material transferred. Therefore, the assessment of connectivity is a key step in understanding the behavior of the system and thus predicting its response to events and changes that may occur within the catchment. One method of assessing the connectivity of a catchment is by applying connectivity indexes. The hydrosedimentological connectivity index (IHC), proposed by Zanandrea et al. (2021), was developed based on the connectivity index (IC) elaborated by Boselli et al. (2008). Its main objective is to evaluate the spatial-temporal variation of water and sediment connectivity in the catchment, taking into account the runoff generation and the characteristics of the antecedent precipitation that condition the sediment availability generated by previous events. These characteristics allow an assessment of functional connectivity and make it possible to analyze the behavior of the catchment in relation to land use changes. Changes in land use have a significant impact on water and sediment dynamics and, therefore, on connectivity. In this study, analyses of the land use change influence on hydrosedimentological connectivity in a small catchment of the southern Brazilian plateau were carried out by applying the index of hydrosedimentological connectivity (IHC). To carry out the analysis, four different scenarios were considered in which the current land use classes of the region were maintained, but had their coverage modified according to the years evaluated. The IHC was applied to five events with different hydrological characteristics (rainfall magnitude, available sediments, and previous soil moisture). The analysis between the scenarios showed the influence of land use in the dynamic catchment, which varied the pattern of hydrosedimentological connectivity according to the scenario. The highest IHC values were found in the classes of exposed soil (agricultural preparation) and agricultural activities. The lowest connectivity was found in the regions of native forests and planted forests. These regions present a high potential for sediment retention, both by the presence of forest and landscape cover elements (plant litter). In the analysis between events, antecedent precipitation and the antecedent soil moisture condition were shown to be determinants in estimating the hydrosedimentological connectivity of the region.
Petrological, geochemical, and geochronological characteristics of hydrothermal minerals from the Mount Garnet deposit, northeast Queensland, Australia
Authors: Wang Xin , Zhou Renjie , Belousova Elena , Dhnaram Courteney , von Gnielinski Friedrich , Lisitsin Vladimir
Published: February 2023

We present multi-disciplinary datasets reporting petrography, major and trace element geochemistry, and U-Pb geochronology for the Mount Garnet Cu-Pb-Zn skarn deposit, NE Queensland, Australia. The deposit is hosted in limestones of the upper Silurian Chillagoe Formation, within the Hodgkinson Province, Mossman Orogen. Its mineralisation has been interpreted to be related to the intrusion of the Kennedy Igneous Association (~250-345 Ma), however, the exact timing is still not determined.Petrographic observations and in suit major and trace element analysis using EPMA and LA-ICP-MS on skarn garnets reveal two generations of garnet formation. Garnets from Gt-I generation are anhedral and massive, dark brown to red in colour. They are mostly Al-rich grossular (Adr6-22Grs61-88) and show no zoning patterns. Garnets from Gt-II generation are euhedral with a yellow-green colour and porous textures. They are Fe-rich andradite (Adr10-99Grs16-77) and display oscillatory zoning. Gt-I grossulars have an enrichment in LREEs and depletion in HREEs with negative Eu anomalies, while Gt-II andradites have the opposite trend and prominent positive Eu anomalies. Both W and Sn are present in Fe-rich garnet (>10 ppm). 206Pb/238U ages of two types of garnets are ranging from ~220 Ma to 380 Ma, consistent with the zircon U-Pb age range (~295-335 Ma) from ore-related intrusions.Our data allows the exploration of relationships between magmatism, tectonic activities, and the chronological sequence of mineralisation-related processes. A general order of events would include the very early silicification occurring within the host rock and accompanied by potential faulting, followed by the prograde and retrograde metamorphic process, which is represented by garnet, clinopyroxene, considerable vesuvianite, and calcite, along with minor wollastonite at the skarn front. Compositional variations (e.g., Mn concentration) of zoned Gt-II constrain the P-T-X condition of fluids and high Eu/Eu* and Ce/Ce* ratios within both garnets indicate a relatively oxidised skarn system. Negative correlations between Ca and REEs suggest that the incorporation and fractionation of REEs in garnet are collectively controlled by crystal chemistry and the presence of hydrothermal fluids. Further results of garnet geochronology would provide additional constraints on the nature of magmatic sources in the region.
Role of biophysical canopy traits on evapotranspiration and its impact on soil water dynamics within the vadose zone
Authors: Surendran Sruthi , Jaiswal Deepak
Published: February 2023

Climate, hydrology, and plant processes are three factors that are intrinsically linked to one another. Integration of dynamic vegetation and canopy level processes governed by leaf biochemical traits with the subsurface water flow will help us to make more reliable and actionable predictions in the context of climate change. The limitations of hydrological works that consider plants to be statistical components are highlighted by a number of hydrological studies.This study aims to highlight how crucial it is to include plant and plant physiological processes as a significant and dynamic component when modeling hydrological processes. For this purpose, we demonstrate the impact of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and other biophysical traits on the soil water dynamics within the vadose zone under current and projected (in future) climate scenarios using a process-based crop growth model BioCro II which uses climate variables as its input. We compare our results with those obtained using HYDRUS 1-D, which is a state-of-art model that has a wide range of applications in agriculture and irrigation. HYDRUS 1-D is a model capable of simulating one-dimensional water, heat, and solute transport through an unsaturated porous media. We also discuss the merits of coupling these two models to address some of the future challenges. 
Advanced Multi-Instrument and Multi-Wavelength Image Processing and Feature Tracking for Remote CME Characterization with Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Stepanyuk Oleg , Kozarev Kamen
Published: February 2023

Solar eruptive events are complex phenomena, which most often include solar flares, filament eruptions, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and CME-driven shock waves. CME-driven shocks in the corona and interplanetary space are considered to be the main producer of solar energetic particles (SEPs). A number of fundamental questions remain about how SEPs are produced. Current understanding points to CME-driven shocks and compressions in the solar corona.A CME kinematics shows three phases - an initial rising phase (weakly accelerated motion), an impulsive phase and a residual propagation phase with constant or decreasing speed.Despite significant amount of data available from ground-based (COSMO K-Cor, LOFAR) and remote instruments onboard of heliospheric space missions (SDO AIA, SOHO), processing of the data still requires noticeable effort. Most algorithms currently used in solar feature detection and tracking are known for their limited applicability and complexity of their processing chains, while usage of data-driven approaches for tracking of CME-related phenomena is currently limited due to insufficiency of training sets.Recently (Stepanyuk et.al, J. Space Weather Space Clim. Vol 12, 20(2022)), we have demonstrated the method and the software(https://gitlab.com/iahelio/mosaiics/wavetrack) for smart characterization and tracking of solar eruptive features based on the a-trous wavelet decomposition technique, intensity rankings and a set of filtering techniques. In this work we use Wavetrack to generate training sets for data-driven feature extraction and characterization. We utilize U-Net, a fully convolutional network which training strategy relies on the strong use of data augmentation to use the available annotated samples more efficiently. U-NET can be trained end-to-end from a very limited set of images, while feature engineering allows to improve this approach even further by expanding available training sets.Here we present pre-trained models and demonstrate data-driven characterization and tracking of solar eruptive features on a set of CME-events.
Geochemical and geochronologic investigations into carbonate veins from historical drill cores in undercover Mt Isa, NW Queensland
Authors: Chen Xingyu , Zhou Renjie , Wood David , Stirling Daniel , Jhala Kamalendra , Friedman Ira , Valetich Matt , Philippa Lizzy
Published: February 2023

This study investigates carbonate veins in five drill cores archived at Geological Survey of Queensland from NW Queensland, ~100 km south of Mt Isa, with geochemical and geochronologic approaches in order to characterise origins of fluids and their mineralisation potentials. Carbonate veins are mostly hosted in Proterozoic age (approximately 1800-1650 Ma) supra-crustal rocks, which are inferred from geophysics to be covered by 350 to 2,000 m of younger sedimentary rocks of the Eromanga and Georgina basins. Data regarding the nature of fluid activities is important for comparison between the undercover southern Mt Isa and outcropped Mt Isa mineral district, which is a world-class mineral province.Multiple-phase carbonate veins (mostly calcite and dolomite) are identified, including late formed brittle veins, pyrite/chalcopyrite mineralisation-bearing carbonate veins, and calcite hosted in crackle breccias. Samples are prepared into one-inch polished mounts and studied with SEM-EDS, and in situ laser ablation ICP-MS for geochemical and U-Pb geochronological studies. Relatively pure calcite phases are also prepared with microdrill for stable isotope C and O analysis. Trace element datasets suggest enrichments in rare earth elements and ytterbium (REE+Y) with distinct negative Eu anomalies. Stable isotopes range ~-5 to – 15 (δ13CVPDB‰) and ~10 to 25 (δ18OVSMOW‰). Trace element data, Yb/La and Yb/Ca ratios, and stable isotope signatures imply that these carbonate veins have hydrothermal origins. 206Pb/238U geochronology data has indicated multi-phase calcite formation ranging from the late Neoproterozoic to Cretaceous. Our results provide a novel dataset to demonstrate the use of carbonate veins in revealing fluid activities in a mineral district and help the future exploration of critical mineral deposits in undercover southern Mt Isa when interpreted against regional structural data and well-documented mineralisation events in the northern Mt Isa district. 
Non-Shannonian information theory connects inference of causality and understanding of extreme events
Authors: Paluš Milan
Published: February 2023

Inference of causality and understanding of extreme events are two intensively developing multidisciplinary areas highly relevant for the Earth sciences. Surprisingly, there is only a limited interaction of the two research areas.Quantification of causality in terms of improved predictability was proposed by the father of cybernetics N. Wiener [1] and formulated for time series by C.W.J. Granger [2]. The Granger causality evaluates predictability in bivariate autoregressive models. This concept has been generalized for nonlinear systems using methods rooted in information theory [3]. The information theory of Shannon, however, usually ignores two important properties of Earth system dynamics: the evolution on multiple time scales and heavy-tailed probability distributions. While the multiscale character of complex dynamics, such as the air temperature variability, can be studied within the Shannonian framework in combination with the wavelet transform [4], the entropy concepts of Rényi and Tsallis have been proposed to cope with variables with heavy-tailed probability distributions. We will discuss how such non-Shannonian entropy concepts can be applied in inference of causality in systems with heavy-tailed probability distributions and extreme events. Using examples from the climate system, we will focus on causal effects of the North Atlantic Oscillation, blocking events and the Siberian high on winter and spring cold waves in Europe, including the April 2021 frosts endangering French vineyards. Using the non-Shannonian information-theoretic concepts we bridge the inference of causality and understanding of the occurrence of extreme events.Supported by the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praemium Academiae awarded to M. Paluš.[1] N. Wiener, in: E. F. Beckenbach (Editor), Modern Mathematics for Engineers (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1956)[2] C.W.J. Granger, Econometrica 37 (1969) 424[3] K. Hlaváčková-Schindler  et al., Phys. Rep. 441 (2007)  1; M. Paluš, M. Vejmelka, Phys. Rev. E 75 (2007) 056211; J. Runge et al., Nature Communications 6 (2015) 8502[4] M. Paluš, Phys. Rev. Lett. 112 (2014) 078702; N. Jajcay, J. Hlinka, S. Kravtsov, A. A. Tsonis, M. Paluš, Geophys. Res. Lett. 43(2) (2016) 902–909
Towards global km-scale greenhouse warming simulations with the AWI-CM3
Authors: Lee Sun-Seon , Timmermann Axel , Jung Thomas , Semmler Tido , Chu Jung-Eun , Streffing Jan , Raavi Pavan Harika
Published: February 2023

In the past 5 years large efforts have been made to improve our understanding of scale-interactions in the Earth system, and to better resolve atmospheric and oceanic meso-scale processes and their response to greenhouse warming. Here, we provide an overview of the technical and scientific achievements of a new collaboration between the IBS Center for Climate Physics (South Korea) and the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (Germany) to simulate the climate system at km-scale resolution using the AWI Climate Model, version 3 (AWI-CM3). AWI-CM3 is based on the OpenIFS-FESOM2 coupled model and we conducted several control simulations and transient greenhouse warming runs in a medium-resolution (MR) configuration (31 km in the OpenIFS and 5~27 km in the FESOM2, ‘Tco319-DART’). These simulations will be used in future as initial conditions for shorter coupled storm-resolving (SR) simulations with target resolutions of 9 km and 4 km (Tco1279 and Tco2559). Our presentation focuses on the performance of the MR configuration (with a throughput of about 7 simulation years per day on 350 nodes) and its representation of the mean climate, climate variability such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation, tropical cyclone statistics. We will also present preliminary estimates of the expected scaling behavior of the AWI-CM3 SR configuration on different multi-Petaflop supercomputing systems.
The role of Paleontological Heritage in UNESCO Global Geoparks
Authors: dos Santos Costa Silas Samuel
Published: February 2023

The UNESCO Global Geoparks (UGG) as program was based in the natural heritage conservation philosophy to promote sustainability. The idea allowed the creation and consolidation of national, continental and global networks of geoparks. The paleontological heritage developed an important task in the UGG progress and succession. Here, the analysis of the public material exposed in the geoparks’ and UNESCO’s websites can collaborate for the geoheritage valorization understanding. The data was collected take in account the geoparks descriptions of their geography, geoheritage and designation year. Was detailed by statistics, geoparks with paleontological heritage as main highlight. 57 UGGps have their own geological heritage as primary or secondary interest connected to paleontology. 13% of all geoparks were identified as a paleontological in their main geoheritage interest, and 11% as secondary interest associated to fossils. During the stage of Global Geopark Network (GGN) was noted a period with more designations of paleontological heritage geoparks. After, through the 2018-2020 interval in the UGG, it is observed another growth also. More than half of these “paleogeoparks” are part of the European continent. It is observable a strong relationship between territorial identity and paleontological heritage expressed by marketing strategy, when is possible found ammonites, trilobites, dinosaurs, tetrapod, petrified wood and other local fossils linked to the geopark image and divulgation, remarked in logotypes for example. Was possible recognize that some geological time or typologies of fossils are more common in the geoparks’ paleontological heritage, such as cretaceous, quaternary and vertebrate patrimonial records. In this direction was possible to consider pioneers UGGps to paleontological heritage, thus European and Asiatic continents with major quantity of “paleogeoparks”, as China, Germany, Spain, Canada, France and Greece – at least with five “paleogeoparks” per country. It is possible reconstruct the Earth’s history of life through the UGGps. Furthermore, other continents have potential to explore more the paleontological heritage to promote sustainable development.
Oxidation precursors around the Arabian Peninsula – Evaluation of EMAC model results with ship-based measurements of HCHO, H2O2, ROOH and HOx
Authors: Dienhart Dirk , Brendel Bettina , Crowley John N. , Eger Philipp G. , Harder Hartwig , Martinez Monica , Osipov Sergey , Pozzer Andrea , Rohloff Roland , Schuladen Jan , Tauer Sebastian , Lelieveld Jos , Fischer Horst
Published: February 2023

Formaldehyde (HCHO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and organic hydroperoxides (ROOH) play a key role in atmospheric oxidation processes. They act as sources and sinks for HOx radicals (OH + HO2), with OH as the primary oxidant that governs the atmospheric self-cleaning capacity. In this study, we use in situ observations in the marine boundary layer (MBL) to calculate trace gas budgets, determine dry deposition velocities and evaluate results of the general circulation model EMAC (ECHAM5/MESSy2 Atmospheric Chemistry).The dataset was obtained during the AQABA (Air Quality and climate change in the Arabian BAsin) ship campaign around the Arabian Peninsula in summer 2017. This region is famous for high levels of anthropogenic air pollution related to the oil and gas industry, especially in the areas around the Suez Canal and the Arabian Gulf. High levels of air pollution with up to 12 ppbV HCHO, 2.3 ppbV ROOH but relatively low levels of H2O2 (≤ 0.5 ppbV) were detected over the Arabian Gulf.We find that EMAC predicted mixing ratios of HCHO and ROOH mostly within a factor of 2, while the model overestimated ROOH in cleaner conditions and it failed to resolve the encountered high pollution events over the Arabian Gulf. Dry deposition velocities (Vdep) were determined for HCHO and H2O2 during night with 0.77 ± 0.29 cm s–1 for HCHO and 1.03 ± 0.52 cm s–1 for H2O2 over the Arabian Sea, which were matched by EMAC. Vdep was underestimated over the Mediterranean Sea by more than a factor of 2, which was mostly related to the models resolution and its wind speed dependency. Determination of the photochemical budget of H2O2 revealed overestimated HOx in EMAC, which resulted in an elevated net photochemical production over most regions. Results of the regional model WRF-Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting-Chem) increased the accuracy of H2O2 for most regions, while the model did not resolve the complex air pollution encountered over the Arabian Gulf, which may lead to missing anthropogenic emissions in the region.
Flammable Futures – A storyline of climatic and land-use change impacts on wildfire extremes in Indonesia
Authors: Corning Shelby , Boere Esther , Krasovskiy Andrey , Lessa-Derci-Augustynczik Andrey , Kraxner Florian
Published: February 2023

Wildfire events are driven by complex interactions of the climate and anthropogenic interventions. Predictions of future wildfire events, their extremity, and their impact on the environment and economy must account for the interactions between these drivers. Economic policy and land use decisions influence the susceptibility of an area to climate extremes, the probability of burning, and future decision making. To better understand how climate-driven drought events and adaptation efforts affect burned area, agricultural production losses, and land use decisions, we developed a storyline approach centered on Indonesia’s 2015 fire events, which saw significant production losses of palm oil – a product imported by the EU chiefly as a biofuel – surpassing 7%. We explored analogous events under three warming conditions and two palm oil sector adaptation scenarios using two storylines: ensemble mean climate and high aridity conditions. We employed a model chain consisting of IIASA's wildfire climate impacts and adaptation model (FLAM) and the partial equilibrium global biosphere management model (GLOBIOM) to predict burned area and assess resultant production losses in the oil palm sector in Indonesia. To quantify the changes in burned area, we applied a delta approach based on the different degrees of global warming that can be expected. To define fire-induced oil palm losses and associated economic impacts, we combined the burned areas from FLAM with land-use change and productivity estimates from GLOBIOM. We found that the total burned area and production loss increased across the projections and climate warming by up to 25%, with only minor differences between storylines. By varying characteristics of regional climate change features, we found that these results are spatially explicit and robust across projections. Our results highlight the importance of including future warming and drought conditions in predicting oil palm losses and land use decision making. They leave room to explore how climatic and economic impacts could be mitigated through economic and land use management policies affecting Indonesia and the EU.
An Ultra-Wideband Spectrometer for Lunar Heat-Flow Measurements
Authors: Ogut Mehmet , Brown Shannon , Tanner Alan , Misra Sidharth , Ruf Chris , Chen Chi-Chih , Siegler Matthew
Published: February 2023

The lunar heat-flow ultra-wideband spectrometer operates over an extended frequency band from 300 MHz to 6.0 GHz. It is a direct-acquisition single-chain digital spectrometer measuring 1024 spectral channels over 6 GHz bandwidth with each channel bandwidth about 6 MHz. The LHR instrument is intended to characterize the near surface regolith thermal and dielectric properties in order to determine the local geothermal heat flux. It would also reveal subsurface thermal and dielectric property changes due to buried ice, dielectric materials like ilmenite, and bedrock. The wide spectral bandwidth is expected to provide up to 1 m deep brightness temperature measurements from as close as 5 cm penetration depth at higher frequency end of the spectra. Using information obtained at multiple frequency bands, the subsurface temperatures and dielectric properties can be reconstructed. The instrument is currently being developed at Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, CA. The design includes a novel receiver architecture allowing a single chain design for the ultra-wideband channelized spectral operation for enabling the science objectives of the instrument. The lab-bench demonstration of the lunar spectro-radiometer has been performed including the calibration testing. The environmental testing will be further conducted before proceeding with the flight model. The final flight version of the spectro-radiometer instrument is expected to have light weight, low-power and small-size suitable for a deployment into a lunar rover or lander.  
Computation of Nonlinear Wave Motion Using a Quantum Algorithm
Authors: Osborne Alfred
Published: February 2023

           The development of quantum computers over the next decade or so suggests that the geophysical sciences may benefit from very rapid computations from “quantum supremacy.” I have developed a pilot project which would help orient researchers to the use of quantum computers. The first step, and the main topic of my talk, would be to quantize a nonlinear wave equation in order that quantum algorithms might be developed. I focus on the nonlinear Schroedinger equation (NLS). The main emphasis is to show that the NLS equation for spatially periodic boundary conditions is a Hamiltonian system: Thus, I derive the solution and the coordinates and momenta in terms of quasiperiodic Fourier series. Then I apply the method of Heisenberg to develop the matrix mechanics of the NLS equation. Quantization arises as the lack of commutation for the product of the coordinate and the momenta matrices of the equation. I also discuss other equations due to the Dysthe, Trulsen and Dysthe, Yan Li and the Zakharov equations. I discuss how the method of matrix mechanics as applied to nonlinear wave equations might be programmed on a quantum computer.
A new value of Jupiter’s deep isentrope - implications for Jupiter’s deep thermal and compositional structure
Authors: Li Cheng , Allison Michael , Atreya Sushil , Fletcher Leigh , Ingersoll Andrew , Li Liming , Orton Glenn , Oyafuso Fabiano , Steffes Paul , Wong Michael , Zhang Zhimeng , Levin Steven , Bolton Scott
Published: February 2023

We analyze the Juno microwave observations of Jupiter’s atmosphere and find a warmer interior temperature than previously assumed based on the Voyager’s radio occultation measurement (Lindal et al., 1981, JGR-Space Physics, 86.A10, 8721-8727) and the Galileo Probe (Seiff et al., 1998, JGR-Planets, 103.E10, 22857-22889). By analyzing globally averaged observations from 1.4 – 50 cm wavelength, we find that the deep isentrope of Jupiter is at  169 +/- 1 K referenced at 1 bar pressure level. The globally averaged kinetic temperature at 1-bar is closer to 175 K and Jupiter’s weather layer is stably stratified. On the other hand, the 1-bar temperature inverted from Juno microwave observations at the Equatorial Zone between 0 and 5 oN remains low at 166 K, consistent with the previous remote sensing measurements made at the equator from the infrared (Fletcher et al., 2016, Icarus 278, 128-161). This also implies a vertical temperature gradient at the equator which is super-adiabatic. Our results suggest that the potential temperature difference between 1-bar and the deep isentrope is approximately  2.8 +/- 1.4 K. To avoid dynamic instability, the super-adiabatic temperature gradient must be stabilized by a change of mean molecular weight within the 5 – 10 bars pressure levels which only water can provide. The result implies that an abundance of water at the equator is constrained to a value between 2.2 and 6.2 times solar.
Study the July 7-8 2022 geomagnetic storm event using the MAGE simulation
Authors: Wu Qian , Wang Wenbin , Lin Dong , Qian Liying , Huang Chaosong , Zhang Yongliang
Published: February 2023

The recent July 7-8 2022 event presents a good opportunity to examine many aspects of the geomagnetic event with a new model and available satellite missions.   We will focus on the penetrating electric field.    Using a state of art magnetosphere and ionosphere coupled model called MAGE (Multiscale Atmosphere-Geospace Environment) ,   we are able to simulate fast reactions of the ionosphere to the dynamic inputs from the magnetosphere.     We have used this model to study some winter events.   The July 7-8 summer event presents different ionosphere conditions in the northern hemisphere.   Taking advantage of the availability of the COSMIC 2 ionosphere data,  we will also examine the negative phase during this event. 
  
On the future of Earth radiation and energy imbalance measurements
Authors: Hakuba Maria Z. , Pilewskie Peter , Stephens Graeme ,   Libera Science Team
Published: February 2023

Libera, NASA’s first Earth Venture Continuity Mission, is in preparation to provide seamless continuity to current Earth outgoing radiance measurements conducted and processed by the Clouds and Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) project. Leveraging advanced detector technologies, Libera will measure the broadband total, longwave, and shortwave radiances akin to CERES and achieve radiometric uncertainty of approximately 0.2%. Beyond the crucial radiation budget continuity goal, Libera will carry a fourth radiometer in the shortwave near-infrared to advance our understanding of shortwave energy deposition in the climate system, such as related to the characterization of processes relevant for shortwave absorption, climate feedbacks, and Earth’s albedo variability with added insight into hemispheric albedo symmetry given the hemispheric differences in ocean, continent and cloud distributions. We use global model simulations and radiative transfer calculations as proxies for Libera’s future data record to demonstrate applications of the shortwave sub-band knowledge in climate science. Although Libera’s absolute accuracy is unprecedented, it is still insufficient to adequately close Earth’s energy budget. We will therefore discuss current and future avenues to indirectly and directly measure EEI from space. The latter is potentially feasible through sensing radiation pressure-induced accelerations acting on near-spherical spacecrafts, which under optimal conditions, are directly proportional to the net radiative flux experienced at the satellite’s location. This approach has been considered in the past, and the feasibility to achieve a measurement accuracy within 0.3 Wm-2 is currently under investigation.   
Burden Apportionment of India: Prioritizing the Regional and Sectoral Emissions to Maximize the Health Benefit at Near Future
Authors: Sarkar Debajit , Dey Sagnik
Published: February 2023

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution and its long-term exposure is one of the most critical environmental and public health risks in India, and has caused an enormous disease burden. However, the particle load is being shared from various sectoral contributions and a significant proportion found at any specific state would have originated from distant sources that are often outside the immediate jurisdiction and control of local authorities. This poses an injustice to some of the states which are emitting less emission but suffering from excess health burden. This study quantifies the burden apportionment under three model scenarios (baseline, advanced technology, and sustainable development) for the years 2015 and 2030, which forecast the future PM2.5 exposure based on current emission, and partial or full implementations of cost-effective interventions, as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, injuries, and Risk factor study. In 2030, the total excess mortality burden is projected to be 0.79-0.8 million (0.57-1.1) and DALYs burden of 24.1-24.3 million (16.6-30.4) from regional and sectoral emissions, respectively. Low SDI states would have a higher share in India. The state itself, outside, and neighbouring state emissions would be the leading contributors under the regional emission scenario; however, emissions from the secondary, power plant, high stack, transport and waste sectors would lead to higher burden apportionments in 2030. IHD, COPD, and type-2 diabetes would be the leading causes of health burden, especially in adults. The results add evidence for prioritizing sectors and efficacy for revising relevant environment standards and health policies. Immediate adaptation to the best available cost-effective modern technologies (SDS scenario) in households and commercial emission sectors is extremely necessary to reduce the substantial avoidable deaths and disease burden from this major environmental risk factor, improving the medical infrastructure and awareness in low and middle SDI states that are commensurate with the magnitude of air pollution.