bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emerging images of severely battered women and the criminal justice system
Authors: Blackman Julie
Published: May 2007

The research literature of the 1970s and 1980s created a rather singular image of the battered woman. This image functioned as a standard to be met by battered women who attributed their own acts of violence or their failures to protect their children to the violence they endured. Three severely battered women, Hedda Nussbaum, Frances McMillian and Damian Pizarro illustrate the real diversity that exists. Each woman coped differently with her fear of her abuser's violence and domination. Nonetheless, the experiences of all three were unified by the intensity of their fear and by the fact that their acts (or failures to act) were so serious that they led to these women's involvement with the criminal justice system.

The psychological consequences of extraordinary violence and the criminal justice system responses are discussed specifically, in relation to each case. The woman's social class and race are emphasized as important mediators of the criminal justice system response. In the final, general section, questions are addressed about society's role in idealizing the f d y and in silencing, ignoring, acknowledging, and/or solving the problems of severely battered women in desperately violent families.
Characteristics and treatment of batterers
Authors: Geffner Robert , Rosenbaum Alan
Published: May 2007

This article summarizes the substantial research conducted in the last decade concerning the characteristics of batterers. While certain characteristics appear to be associated with these abusers, no specific profile has emerged. Treatment programs have focused on anger management, improving communication, improving self‐esteem, changing beliefs, and stress management, but research has not determined the effectiveness of these programs. Various approaches for treating abusers are presented in this article, including psychoeducational groups for batterers and conjoint therapy for couples. The legal system's use of diversion programs for referral/sentencing of batterers is also discussed as an important method for reducing spouse abuse.
Battered women in the criminal justice system: An analysis of gender stereotypes
Authors: Jenkins Pamela , Davidson Barbara
Published: May 2007

Battered women charged with killing their abusers present a dilemma to the criminal justice system. Myths and stereo‐types about women and battered women play a prominent role in the courtroom presentation of both defense and prosecution cases. While the prosecution may attempt to discredit the defendant for not living up to the standard of a ‘good woman’, the defense counters with an equally distorted portrayal of the defendant as ultra‐feminine: the passive, helpless victim. Ten court cases of battered women charged with the death of their partners form the basis for a gender analysis of the social construction of the trial setting. This analysis includes the structure of the trial, the language of the trial interchange, the participants in the process, and the role the defendant played in her own defense.
Treating criminal psychopaths in a therapeutic community program
Authors: Ogloff James R. P. , Wong Stephen , Greenwood Anthony
Published: May 2007

A Therapeutic Community (TC) treatment program for adult male offenders is summarized and treatment outcome data are discussed. Psychopaths showed less clinical improvement, displayed lower levels of motivation and were discharged from the program earlier than non‐psychopaths. There were significant positive treatment effects for the non‐psychopaths and a mixed group. Psychopathy Checklist scores (Hare, 1985) consistently postdict and predict treatment outcome and attrition from the program.
Interdisciplinary graduate programs which require academic and professional perspectives
Authors: Steward David S.
Published: May 2007

This paper explores considerations that need to be taken into account in the development of academic and professional interdisciplinary programs. Such programs are built on a social view of knowing; take into account the personal world of those involved; and contain program structures that support an interdisciplinary perspective. The paper begins with four features of the knowing person that point to a view of scholarship rooted in the constructive and collaborative activity of human beings. It then describes an interdisciplinary program of graduate study that blends professional and academic concerns.
A psychiatrist's reflections on the workers' compensation system
Authors: Brodsky Carroll M.
Published: May 2007

In the ‘looking‐glass land’ of workers' compensation psychiatry, symptoms are not always what they seem, treatments may have little or no positive effect, and workers' claims of continued disability may puzzle and perplex. Disability is in part a social role, and a simple medical model cannot explain the complex interactions of sociology, psychology, anthropology, medicine, economics, and law characteristic of the workers' compensation system. Psychiatrists functioning within and reciprocally shaped by this semi‐adversarial system will rarely encounter an ‘ideal’ patient. Factors in all areas of workers' lives, including those integral to the workers' compensation system, influence their movement along a health‐illness, ableddisabled axis. This paper identifies a number of interacting factors that may prolong, or even subvert, the recovery process following a work‐incurred injury or illness.
Workers' compensation for mental stress cases
Authors: Barth Peter S.
Published: May 2007

Workers' compensation, the USA's oldest social insurance program, is encountering new challenges in the form of mental stress claims. It is necessary to sort these cases three ways, in the terminology of compensation practitioners, physical‐mental, mental‐physical, and mental‐mental. Although each of these appear to represent only a small part of all compensation claims presently, each category is difficult to administer, and all hold the potential for large growth in activity. At the extreme, any of the three could swamp a state's compensation program, administratively or economically.

A case can be made that mental stress cases are simply variants of challenges previously posed and in many instances, successfully resolved by the state systems. That question will be determined by the future decisions of legislators, courts, and state administrators.

The economic impact of such cases is not known. Their importance, however, extends well beyond the direct costs of indemnity and medical benefits paid. Ultimately, the indirect efforts on employer‐worker‐union relations may be larger than the direct costs.
Compensation for mental‐mental claims under Canadian law
Authors: Lippel Katherine
Published: May 2007

Canadian Workers Compensation Boards have recently been confronted with claims for compensation for disability related to workplace stress. Rules of adjudication applied to such claims are currently evolving in the 11 Canadian jurisdictions studied. This article describes the Canadian Workers' Compensation schemes and then proceeds to analyse the approach of the various provincial Boards to mental‐mental claims. It explores some of the differences between the Canadian and American approaches to the issue of compensation for psychological workplace stress, offers hypotheses as to the reasons for the disparities, and looks at the future of such claims.
Workers' compensation for law enforcement related post traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Mann Jimmy P. , Neece John
Published: May 2007

The questions of how Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) manifests itself among police officers and their eligibility to receive workers' compensation for PTSD are explored. The nature of the police officer's occupation, the prevalence of stress‐related disorders among police personnel, and the relationship of the police personality to the dynamics of the way stress is manifested are considered. The extent to which workers' compensation statutes in various states cover mental injuries is also examined, and the variables that may affect the outcome of an officer's receiving compensation for PTSD are discussed. Finally, implications for mental health professionals who testify as expert witnesses in cases dealing with police stress, as well as those who work in the assessment and treatment ofpolice personnel, are explored.
Law, social science and the “brainwashing” exception to the first amendment
Authors: Anthony Dick , Robbins Thomas
Published: May 2007

Litigation in the “cult wars” has shifted from “deprograming” cases to civil suits by ex‐converts based on “brainwashing” claims, and to criminal defenses claiming incapacity due to cultic brainwashing. Early cases were decided on the basis of first amendment derivations barring judicial inquiries into conversion processes and religious authenticity. In 1988 the California Supreme Court carved out a narrow exception to this doctrine to be applied to circumstances where “coercive persuasion” is combined with concealment of a group's identity. The Court's opinion entailed characterizations of the process and consequences of brainwashing which are problematic from the standpoint of social science. Several key questions must be resolved before brainwashing theories can make a constructive contribution to litigation involving religious groups. These questions relate to broader issues involving the nature, causes and indicators of involuntariness, and the closely related problem of drawing the line or identifying the exact point on a continuum beyond which the means or intensity of indoctrination becomes incapacitating. Although the 1988 California decision did not resolve these issues, they were considered from 1988‐91 by several courts making procedural rulings on the admissibility of “expert” testimony on brainwashing/psychologicd coercion. A concluding section relates this legal to the duality of ‘soft’ vs. ‘hard’ determinism in social science.
Recidivism of disordered offenders who were conditionally vs. unconditionally released
Authors: Wiederanders Mark R.
Published: May 2007

Postinstitutional arrests and state hospitalizations of 191 patients placed on conditional release (CONREP group) were compared to those of 44 patients released from the same California state hospital with no aftercare due to expiration of commitment terms (MAXOUT group). The two groups were not randomly determined but were comparable in demographic characteristics and rates of preprogram arrest. The CONREP group had a significantly lower community‐period arrest rate than did the MAXOUT group (p <.001). Survival rate analyses, using time until arrest and time until revocation as dependent variables, suggested that revocations during the first 240 days of community re‐entry reduced the potential arrest rate within the CONREP group. Results were discussed in terms of the “criminalization hypothesis” as well as the crime‐preventive possibilities of the conditional release mechanism.
The influence of race on sentencing: A meta‐analytic review of experimental studies
Authors: Sweeney Laura T. , Haney Craig
Published: May 2007

This article presents a meta‐analytic review of simulation studies that examine the effect of defendant's race on jurors' sentencing decisions. Several narrative reviews have characterized the results of these studies as inconsistent or demonstrating only occasional effects. In contrast, the present meta‐analysis indicated significant overall support for the hypothesis that racial bias influences sentencing decisions. In addition, our analysis failed to support several common generalizations that have been made about this literature. That is, we did not find that stronger results were associated with older studies, those taking place in the southern US, or those involving the crime of rape. Instead, several components of methodological rigor—the nature of the race manipulation, presence of controls for victim's race, and specification of the race of the subject sample—were most closely associated with stronger results in these studies.
Remedies for discrimination: Race, sex and affirmative action
Authors: Clayton Susan D.
Published: May 2007

Discrimination, and its intended remedy in affirmative action, are often discussed as if they operate equivalently for all target groups. However, the specific nature of inter‐group relations between racial groups and between gender groups leads to differences both in the experience of racism and sexism and in the requirements for affirmative action programs. This article describes some of the legal differences between race and sex as social constructs, and explores the implications for workplace policies designed to remedy racial and gender‐based discrimination. Research results have shown that, among Whites, there is more support for preference toward women than toward ethnic and racial minorities. Such attitudinal differences both reflect the different nature of intergroup relations and point to the different needs for affirmative action policies toward each group.
Smile when you call me that!: The problems with punishing hate motivated behavior
Authors: Gerstenfeld Phyllis B.
Published: May 2007

During the last several years, many jurisdictions have enacted laws meant to punish behavior motivated by racial hatred or other forms of bigotry. The actual impact of these laws is probably largely symbolic. These laws, which are often called “hate crime” laws, have a number of problems. Hate crime laws may violate the constitution, but this problem can usually be avoided through careful drafting. More importantly, there are a number of practical and policy problems with hate crime laws; not only are these crimes difficult to identify, but they involve the problematical consideration of the offender's motive. In addition, social scientific theories suggest that the laws may actually increase bigotry and disempower minorities. For these reasons, it is recommended that policy‐makers explore other means of reducing bigotry.
Competency to be executed: A therapeutic jurisprudence perspective
Authors: Winick Bruce J.
Published: May 2007

This Article analyzes the concept of competency to be executed. It examines the Supreme Court's 1986 decision in Ford v. Wainwright, discussing both its Eighth Amendment and procedural due process determinations. It then considers the standard that should be applied in determining competency in this context and the procedures that the states should utilize to insure a fair determination consistent with due process. The article then considers the perplexing problem of whether an incompetent death row prisoner may assert a constitutional or statutory right to refuse treatment designed to restore him to competency for execution, examining both the constitutional and therapeutic implications of involuntary treatment in this context.
The aftermath of Ford v. Wainwright
Authors: Radelet Michael L. , Miller Kent S.
Published: May 2007

Whatever happened to Alvin Ford? This paper describes the aftermath of the Supreme Court's 1986 ruling in Ford v. Wainwright. The Ford decision held that exempting the mentally incompetent from execution is a matter of constitutional right, and hence the determination of who is competent for execution cannot be left solely in the hands of the executive branch of the government. We describe the hearing in Ford's case in federal district court that occurred after the Supreme Court's decision, the judge's ruling, and Ford's subsequent (and final) appeal. We conclude that despite the decision in Ford, it remains all but impossible for defense attorneys to prove that psychotic death row clients are incompetent for execution.
Outcome of hospitalization for defendants found incompetent to stand trial
Authors: Nicholson Robert A. , McNulty John L.
Published: May 2007

This study assessed the outcome of hospitalization for incompetent criminal defendants admitted to the forensic unit of a state hospital for treatment during a 4‐year period. Findings suggested that the overwhelming majority of the defendants were restored to competency. The defendants also showed significant improvement in overall severity of psychopathology during hospitalization. Further, the duration of hospitalization for these defendants was relatively short. Although these results are promising with regard to treatment of incompetent defendants, predicting the outcome of hospitalization for these defendants was problematic. Prediction of competency restoration was precluded because persistent incompetence was so infrequent. Moreover, multiple regression analyses suggested limited predictive ability with regard to defendants' discharge level of functioning or length of hospitalization. These findings are consistent with the view that examiners should exercise caution in making recommendations to the courts concerning treatability of incompetent defendants.
Attorney‐ client decision‐ making in criminal cases: Client competence and participation as perceived by their attorneys
Authors: Hoge Steven K. , Bonnie Richard J. , Poythress Norman , Monahan John
Published: May 2007

The authors employed a structured interview to ascertain public defenders' perceptions of their clients' competence and the degree of their participation in the defense. In a sample of 122 randomly selected, non‐dismissed felony cases, attorneys had doubts about the competence of 14.8% (n = 18) of their clients. Attorneys reported that clients whose competence was doubted were less involved in decision‐making and, overall, were passive participants in their cases. Nearly one‐half of these clients were not referred for assessment by a mental health professional. The authors compare the practices of attorneys faced with clients of suspected competence with those of mental health clinicians treating patients with impairments in decision‐making capacity.
Representation by counsel: Right or obligation?
Authors: Miller Robert D. , Kaplan Leonard V.
Published: May 2007

Since the Supreme Court's decision in Faretta v. California (1975), courts have generally permitted defendants to represent themselves, as long as they are competent to do so. The problem lies in the definition of competency to waive counsel, which has been vaguely defined by the courts. Little is known about the frequency of, or reasons for, attempts to waive counsel, about the process of forensic evaluation of such competency, and about the success of such attempts. The authors briefly review the case law on competency to waive representation, report on a longitudinal prospective study of these issues in a population of defendants referred to an inpatient forensic facility for evaluation of all types of competency related to their criminal prosecutions, and discuss the significance of the issue for forensic clinicians. A key question for courts, lawyers, and clinicians is whether a competency evaluation can be invoked to overcome a defendant's constitutional rights to self‐representation and bail.
Itemmetric and scale analysis of a new computer‐assisted competency assessment instrument (CADCOMP)
Authors: Barnard George W. , Nicholson Robert A. , Hankins Gary C. , Raisani Kamal K. , Patel Nitin R. , Gies Dennis , Robbins Lynn
Published: May 2007

Male defendants (n = 99) who had been court ordered to a forensic treatment facility as incompetent to stand trial were tested using the Computer‐Assisted Determination of Competency to Proceed (CADCOMP) instrument soon after admission (median days = 15). Shortly thereafter, competency was assessed by a forensic psychiatrist and by a majority decision of three mental health professionals who viewed a videotape of the forensic psychiatrist's interview. From the CADCOMP item pool, 18 scales were constructed on conceptual grounds. Internal consistency analyses revealed that most scales had reasonable item homogeneity and scale reliability. In addition, item and scale analyses, with few exceptions, followed predicted patterns of intercorrelation and association with competency as determined by both criteria. Scales and items measuring serious psychopathology, psycholegal ability, and criminal history demonstrated the strongest associations with competency. These findings suggest that additional research on CADCOMP is warranted. The instrument shows promise for use in forensic research and assessment.
Criminal personality profiling in the investigation of violent crime: Recent advances and future directions
Authors: McCann Joseph T.
Published: May 2007

Criminal personality profiling is the process of analyzing various aspects of violent crime to derive a set of hypotheses about the characteristics of an unknown assailant. The ultimate goal of profiling is to assist in the successful apprehension and conviction of the perpetrator. Recent advances in the development of profiling as a forensic science are reviewed. While it is generally held that profiling is more art than science, there is evidence suggesting that greater scientific rigor can be attained. New methods of standardizing violent crime classification, the qualification of professional profilers as expert witnesses, and standard computerized data bases all point to the potential for a science of profiling. Future directions that may assist in expanding the empirical foundations of profiling are also discussed.
Death scene characteristics in 118 fatal cases of autoerotic asphyxia compared with suicidal asphyxia
Authors: Hucker Stephen J. , Blanchard Ray
Published: May 2007

A series of 118 autoerotic asphyxial deaths, recorded by the Coroners or Medical Examiners from the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Alberta, were compared with the same number of asphyxial suicides matched by province, year of death (within 3 years) and method of asphyxiation. Comparison of the death scenes revealed major differences between the two groups, with nudity of the body, evidence of a wide range of sexual activity at the time of death, and absence of verbal or written indication of suicidal intent being characteristic of the autoerotic asphyxia group. The data indicate that autoerotic asphyxia and suicidal asphyxia can usually be readily distinguished by death scene features.
Socioscientific evidence and supreme court numerology: When justices attempt social science
Authors: Finkel Norman J.
Published: May 2007

In Stanford v. Kentucky, in which two juveniles sentenced to death raised an Eighth Amendment challenge, Justice Scalia's plurality opinion set the ground rules for deciding juvenile death penalty cases. He ruled „socioscientific”︁ evidence and philosopher‐king decisions out of bounds. Scalia argued that the Court must do its own social science analysis of the objective indicia to gauge whether community sentiment finds such a punishment cruel and unusual. In determining whether a „national consensus”︁ exists, Justice Scalia transformed the empirical question into an impossible question, requiring that a categorical aversion must be shown. Petitioners lost, but so too did social science jurisprudence, as „statistical magic”︁ and „numerology”︁ reigned supreme.
Killing kids: The juvenile death penalty and community sentiment
Authors: Finkel Norman J. , Hughes Kevin C. , Smith Stephanie F. , Hurabiell Mane L.
Published: May 2007

In the Supreme Court's Eighth Amendment jurisprudence, “community sentiment” plays a central if not dispositive role in determining if a punishment is disproportionate. To gauge sentiment on the death penalty for juveniles, two experiments with death‐qualified subjects were run, where age (a 15–25 age range) and case (heinousness) were varied in the first, and type of defendant (principal, accessory, or felony‐murder accessory) and an extended age range (13–25) varied in the second. Significant age effects occur in both experiments, with approximately 75% and 65% refusing to give the death penalty for the youngest (13–15) and next youngest (16–18) groups, whereas 60% give the death penalty for the 25‐year‐old. In their reasons for their decisions, the killing kid was judged less blameworthy and death‐worthy. Although politicians have called for “a man‐sized punishment for a man‐sized crime,” this community does not see that “man‐sized” punishment fitting the kid.
Children in war and its aftermath: Mental health issues in the development of international law
Authors: Raundalen Magne , Melton Gary B.
Published: May 2007

Children now experience war as they never have in the past. This article presents clinical impressions of children from war zones and suggests interventions that might ameliorate the horrors of war for some of these children. It also describes the evolving framework in international law (i.e., the United Nations) that provides a context for implementing some of these interventions and for insulating children from some of the devastating effects of war.
Are children competent to make decisions about their own deaths?
Authors: Evans Jennifer L.
Published: May 2007

Attorneys, philosophers, bioethicists and health care professionals have vigorously debated how much state control there should be over an individual's or family's decision to discontinue life‐sustaining treatment. Where treatment of a minor is involved, the debate becomes even more complex. The purposes of this study were to identify cases involving the withdrawal of Life‐sustaining treatment in children, to describe the legal response to, and the management of, these cases, to examine variables that influence decision making, and to determine what legal‐ethical standards are used and how they are applied. In addition, the author reviewed the literature on children's understanding of death and competence to participate in treatment decision making and applied those findings to argue for greater involvement of children in decision making related to the use of life‐sustaining treatment.
Capital punishment in Missouri: Examining the issue of racial disparity
Authors: Sorensen Jonathan R. , Wallace Donald H.
Published: May 2007

Guided discretion statutes were designed to control arbitrariness and discrimination in capital sentencing. Using data from Supplemental Homicide Reports and Trial Judge Reports, this article examines the issue of racial disparity in Missouri's capital punishment process from 1977 through 1991. Findings from the three decision points examined suggest racial bias against the killers of whites, particularly if the offender is black, and a concomitant devaluation of black victims. The strongest effects noted are in the prosecutor's decision to charge homicide offenders with capital murder and to proceed to penalty trial in convicted capital murder cases. While the effects are not necessarily limited to the least aggravated categories, the effects of race are strongest when prosecutors and jurors are freed from the seriousness of the cases to consider other factors. The racial disparities are also apparent in mid‐range cases up until the sentencing stage. However, disparities occurring earlier in the process are not rectified during sentencing. In fact, in the least aggravated cases, racial disparities are magnified at the sentencing stage.
Criminal sentence recommendations in a simulated rape trial: Examining juror prejudice in Canada
Authors: Rector Neil A. , Bagby R. Michael
Published: May 2007

This experiment examined the moderating influence of judicial instructions on prejudicial sentencing recornmendations in a simulated videotaped rape trial. Subjects were 243 Canadian university students who were randomly assigned to one of eight conditions and asked to assume the role of juror. In the rape trial, the race of the defendant and victim were varied (either White or Black) and in half of the conditions the judge's instructions to the jury were excluded. Results indicated a 2 (defendant race) × 2 (victim race) × 2 (judicial instructions) interaction with interracial rape generating longer sentence recommendations in the presence of judicial instructions and intra‐racial rape eliciting longer sentence allotment in the absence of judicial instructions. Results are contrasted with reports on juror decision‐making in the U.S.
Predicting the present: Expert testimony and civil commitment
Authors: Schopp Robert F. , Quattrocchi Michael R.
Published: May 2007

This article uses the Supreme Court's decision in Daubert as an opportunity to address a chronic concern regarding the disparity between mental health law as officially enunciated and the practical application of that law. After Daubert, admissibility of expert evidence under the federal rules requires a qualified expert, a reliable basis for the testimony, and relevance to the legal issue. Ongoing psychological research pursues empirical data that expands the scope of psychological expertise and clarifies its limits. This article addresses the requirement of relevance by examining the logical relationship between the psychologist's actuarial and clinical expertise and the legal issues addressed by the court in civil commitment proceedings. Ideally, Daubert might stimulate a process of cooperative analysis in which psychologists and lawyers clarify the proper roles of psychological experts and of the courts with which those experts interact. This article begins that project by clarifying the legal determination required in civil commitment proceedings and by explicating the relationship between the responsibilities of experts and those of courts.
A hybrid decision framework for evaluating psychometric evidence
Authors: Marlowe Douglas B.
Published: May 2007

The United States Supreme Court in Daubert v. Merrell Dour Pharmaceuticals (1993) directed federal trial judges to preliminarily evaluate the scientific bases of proffered expert evidence. This article presents a decision flowchart for evaluating psychometric data, and attempts to operationalize existing evidentiary standards in hybrid (part science/part law) terms. The resulting framework should better assist courts and forensic experts to understand, evaluate, and apply scientific reasoning in determining the admissibility and probative value of psychometric evidence.
Some post‐Daubert trial tribulations of a simple country judge: Behavioral science evidence in trial courts
Authors: Gless Judge Alan G.
Published: May 2007

This article is written from the unique perspective of a rural trial court judge dealing with scientific evidence. It compares Frye and Daubert, finding them not so different in theory, once the general acceptance concept is properly understood. It notes the difficulty that Frye creates in the use of behavioral science evidence. It proposes applying Fryel/Daubert only to a Limited aspect of clinician testimony. The application of the expert evidence rules is discussed through the depiction of a trial in a rural juvenile court protective action, based loosely on an action tried to the author, followed by discussion of special jury trial considerations. This article concludes that junk science problems have not been created by faulty rules of evidence, but by faulty judicial performance and proposes an approach to a solution.
Acknowledgement of limitations and understanding of their consequences in mental capacity assessments
Authors: Silberfeld Michel , Corber Wendy , Checkland David
Published: May 2007

This paper presents a descriptive study of mental capacity assessments. Two criteria to assess the ability to make decisions, the acknowledgement of personal limitations, and the ability to understand the consequences of persons limitations were the criteria, investigated. The effectiveness of these criteria in differentiating capable/incapable persons supports the use of these criteria as part of the assessment of mental capacity. Nevertheless, the criteria applied are not a sufficient determinant of capacity in every case.
Decision‐making incapacity among nursing home residents: Results from the 1987 NMES survey
Authors: Goodwin Paige E. , Smyer Michael A. , Lair Tamra I.
Published: May 2007

Recent legislative and regulatory developments have focused attention on older adults' capacity for involvement in health care decision‐making. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 (OBRA 87) focused attention on the rights of nursing home residents to be involved in health care decision‐making to the fullest extent possible. This article uses data from the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey (NMES) to examine rates of incapacity for health care decision making among nursing home residents. Elements of the Oklahoma statute were used to operationalize decision making incapacity: disability or disorder, difficulty in decision‐making or communicating decisions, and functional disability. Fifty‐three percent of nursing home residents had a combination of either physical or mental impairment and an impairment in either self‐care or money management. The discussion focuses on the policy and practice implications of significant rates of incapacity among nursing home residents.
Über Ester der Metaphosphorigen Säure
Authors: Schwarz Robert , Geulen Hans
Published: May 2007

Es werden einige Polymetaphosphorigsäureester hergestellt. Die zurgrunde liegenden Monomeren sind nicht faßbar. Es tritt stets Polymerisation, meist unter Ringschluß, ein. Die hydrolytische Spaltung führt nicht zur freien Metaphosphorigen Säure; vielmehr erfolgt eine Aufspaltung der P  O  P‐Bindung.
Zur Biosynthese von Fettsäuren
Authors: Goldschmidt Stefan , Rehberg Heinrich , von Brand Vera
Published: May 2007

Ein Verfahren zur Trennung höherer gesättigter und ungesättigter Fettsäuren mittels Papierchromatographie wird beschrieben. Bei Verwendung eines wasserlöslichen Enzymsystems aus Taubenleber werden aus 14C1‐Natriumacetat hauptsächlich Palmitin‐, Stearin‐ und Ölsäure aufgebaut. Aus 14C1‐Natrium‐butyrat und 14C1‐Capronat entstehen keine höheren Fettsäuren, aus 14C1‐Caprylat nur in geringem Umfang. Die aus letzterem gebildete 14C‐Palmitinsäure liefert beim Schmidtschen Abbau Pentadecylamin, das noch 86.5% der Radioaktivität der eingesetzten Säure enthält. Schlußfolgerungen aus diesen Ergebnissen werden diskutiert.
Spektroskopische Untersuchungen an Carbonyl‐ und Thiocarbonylverbindungen
Authors: Mecke Rolf , Mecke Reinhard , Lüttringhaus Arthur
Published: May 2007

Für ausgewählte, möglichst symmetrische Moleküle mit einer Carbonyl‐bzw. Thiocarbonylgruppe im Fünfring werden die Eigenschwingungen zugeordnet. Es wird weiterhin der Einfluß von Nachbaratomen und, durch Vergleich mit offenkettigen Verbindungen, die Wirkung der Ringspannung auf die CO‐bzw. CS‐Valenzschwingung diskutiert.
Zur Photochemischen Distickstoffmonoxydbildung in Stickstoff ‐ Sauerstoff ‐ Gemischen
Authors: Groth Wilhelm , Schierholz Heinz
Published: May 2007

Durch Einstrahlen der Resonanzwellenlängen des Xenons bei 1470 Å und 1295 Å werden in Sauerstoff‐Stickstoffgemischen O‐Atome mit hoher kinetischer Energie erzeugt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß diese Sauerstoffatome (u. U. auch angeregte Ozonmoleküle) mit Stickstoffmolekülen unter Bildung von N2O reagieren.
Die Wirkungsweise Einiger Effektoren der D‐Aminosäureoxydase, II. Das Verhalten der Katalase
Authors: Mosebach Karl‐Oskar , Dirscherl Wilhelm
Published: May 2007

Kristallisierte Rinderleberkatalase vermag gleich vielen Aminosäuren und verwandten Effektoren die D ‐Aminosäureoxydase vor Inaktivierungen durch Schwermetallionen, nascierendem Hydroperoxyd, Wärme usw. zu schützen, doch können diese Effekte nicht als einfache Protektorwirkungen aufgefaßt werden. Die Anfangsgeschwindigkeit wird durch die genannten Stoffe nicht nur aufrecht erhalten, sondern zum Teil erheblich gesteigert, insbesondere bei gleichzeitiger Zugabe von Katalase und L‐Aminosäure. Die Kinetik dieser Effekte ähnelt der cyclischen Oxydation, die D. Keilin und E. F. Hartree2 bei der Xanthinoxydase fanden. Bei der Histaminase wurde kein derartiger Effekt beobachtet.
Die Oligosaccharide des Johannisbrotes (Ceratonia Siliqua L.) Isolierung von Primverose und Ceratose
Authors: Wallenfels Kurt , Lehmann Jochen
Published: May 2007

Im Extrakt aus den reifen Schoten des Johannisbrotes wurden neben Xylose, Fructose, Glucose und Saccharose mehrere weitere Oligosaccharide nachgewiesen. Von diesen. wurden zwei reduzierende Disaccharide auch präparativ isoliert und als Xylosido‐glucose und Fructosido‐glucose gekennzeichnet. Das xylosehaltige Disaccharid erwies sich nach den Eigenschaften des Heptaacetats als identisch mit Primverose; das fructosehaltige Disaccharid, das bisher noch nicht beschrieben war und Ceratose genannt wird, konnte durch Kristallisation eines Azobenzolsulfonylhydrazons sowie eines Oktaazobenzolcarbonsäureesters charakterisiert werden. – Im Laufe der Reifung der Johannisbrotfrucht nimmt die Zahl der nachweisbaren Zucker ständig zu.
Reaktionen von Kohlenhydraten mit stickstoffhaltigen Substanzen, IV. Amadori‐Umlagerung in Pyridin
Authors: Rosen Lawrence , Woods James W. , Pigman Ward
Published: May 2007

1‐ Desoxy‐1‐p‐toluidino‐D‐fructose (DTF) kann mit 2.6‐Dichlorphenol‐indo‐phenol in alkalischer Lösung unter optimalen Bedingungen mit einer Genauigkeit von etwa ± 5% titriert werden. Die unter verschiedenen Reaktions‐bedingungen durch Amadori‐Umlagerung aus p‐Toluidin‐D‐glucosid (PTG) erhaltenen Ausbeuten an DTF wurden mit dieser Methode bestimmt. – Die Amadori‐Umalgerung ist von der Basizität der Aminkomponente abhängig und gelingt mit schwach basischen Aminen unter den üblichen Bedingungen nur schlecht. Für PTG erwies sich eine homogene Lösung in Pyridin‐Eisessig am günstigsten. Die Umlagerung unterliegt vermutlich einer allgemeinen Säure‐Basen‐Katalyse; Sekundärreaktionen, die zur Zersetzung des DTF führen, werden durch Pyridiniumchlorid– oder höher aggregierte Salze–, nicht aber durch undissoziierte Essigsäure katalysiert. In salzsaurer Pyridinlösung wird daher die maximal zu erzielende Ausbeute durch das Verhältnis von Bildungs‐und Zersetzungsgeschwindigkeit des DTF bestimmt.
Notiz Über den Diamagnetismus von Azulen und Tropolon
Authors: Klemm Wilhelm
Published: May 2007

Das magnetische Verhalten von Verbindungen mit Doppelbindungen in ketten‐und ringförmigen Verbindungen wird besprochen. Im Gegensatz zum Cycloctatetraen verhalten sich Azulen und Tropolon magnetisch wie aromatische Verbindungen.
IV. Mitteil. über Isochroman; XV. Mitteil. über Alkylperoxyde. Isochroman‐Hydroperoxyde und Diisochromanyl‐Peroxyde Ein Beitrag zum Problem der Ätherautoxydation
Authors: Rieche Alfred , Schitz Ernst
Published: May 2007

Isochroman und seine alkylierten Abkömmlinge sind als cyclische Benzyläther leicht autoxydabel. Sie bilden, entsprechend dem früher für die Ätherautoxydation aufgestellten Schema, Äther‐hydroperoxyde die in guten Ausbeuten isoliert werden können. Diese gehen, im Gegensatz zu den Hydroperoxyden aliphatischer Äther, bei längerem Stehenlassen in Lösung – besonders leicht in Gegenwart von Säuren – in dimere Ätherperoxyde über.
V. Mitteil. über Isochroman; XVI. Mitteil. über Alkylperoxyde. Synthesen von Isochromanyl‐Hydroperoxyd und Diisochromanyl‐Peroxyden Neue Wege zu Ätherperoxyden
Authors: Rieche Alfred , Schmitz Ernst
Published: May 2007

Verschiedene Atome und Atomgruppen in 1‐Stellung des Isochromans sind leicht beweglich. Man erhält mit Wasserstoffperoxyd je nach den Reaktions‐bedingungen Isochromanyl‐(1)‐hydroperoxyd oder Di‐[isochromanyl‐(1)]‐peroxyde. Chlor, Hydroxy‐,Äthoxy‐ und Sulforgruppe werden glatt ausgetauscht. Hierdurch ergeben sich neue synthetische Möglichkeiten für die Herstellung von Peroxyden.
Heterocyclen im Stoffwechsel, III. Umwandlung von Purinen‐[5‐14C] und Pteridinen‐[8a‐14C] Durch Mikroorganismen
Authors: Korte Friedhelm , Weitkamp Horst , Schicke Hans‐Gerd
Published: May 2007

Isoxanthopterin‐carbonsäure‐[8a‐14C] und Xanthopterin‐[8a‐14C] werden durch Streptococcus faecalis R, Pichia membranaefaciens und Candida albicans aufgenommen. Nach oxydativem Abbau läßt sich markierte 2‐Amino‐4‐hydroxy‐pteridin‐carbonsäure‐(6), die unter diesen Bedingungen aus Folsäure entsteht, chromatorgraphisch nachweisen. Aus Guanin‐[5‐14C] entsteht Adenin, aus Xanthin‐[5‐14C] Guanin und Adenin.
Metallorganische Verbindungen, XXIII. Über α‐Phenyl‐Isopropyl‐Kalium
Authors: Ziegler Karl , Dislich Helmut
Published: May 2007

Methyl‐[α‐phenyl‐isopropyl]‐äther ist heute viel leichter zugänglich als früher. Damit verdient das daraus leicht zu gewinnende α‐Phenylisopropyl‐kalium als mannigfach verwendbares metallorganisches Reagens wieder erhöhte Beachtung. Es werden besprochen: seine Verwendung zur Reinheitsprüfung von Gasen, seine Addition an Äthylen, Tolan und Methylphenylacetylen sowie die Metallierung von methylierten Aromaten und Äthylenen durch die Kaliumverbindung.
Über die Reduktion des Benzoyl‐Diazoessigsäure‐Methylesters
Authors: Pfleger Robert , Reinhardt Friedrich
Published: May 2007

Bei der Reduktion des Benzoyl‐diazoessigsäure‐methylesters mit Aluminium‐amalgam oder mit Zink in Eisessig wird hauptsächlich β‐Phenyl‐hydracrylsäure‐methylester gebildet. Die katalytische Hydrierung liefert erythro‐β‐Phenyl‐serin‐methylester. Als Zwischenprodukt läßt sich hierbei das α‐Hydrazon des Benzoyl‐glyoxylsäure‐methylesters isolieren, mit dem verschiedene Umsetzungen vorgenommen werden.
Über organische Katalysatoren, XLVII Hydrolyse des p‐Nitrophenylacetats
Authors: Langenbeck Wolfgang , Mahrwald Richard
Published: May 2007

Das bei der Hydrolyse des p‐Nitrophenylacetats durch Imidazol als Zwischenstoff auftretende 1‐Acetyl‐imidazol wird präparativ nachgewiesen.
Über die Kondensation von 8‐Hydrazino‐Coffein mit Zuckern
Authors: Klosa Josef
Published: May 2007

8‐Hydrazino‐coffein erwies sich als brauchbares Reagenz zur Abtrennung und Isolierung von Aldosen, da es sich mit diesen unter milden Bedingungen in Wasser zu schwer löslichen Hydrazonen, unter energischen Bedingungen, wie längeres Kochen, zu Osazonen umsetzt.
Pteridine, II. Über 7‐Hydroxy‐ und 7‐Hydroxy‐6‐Methyl‐2.4‐Dioxo‐Tetrahydropteridine
Authors: Pfleiderer Wolfgang
Published: May 2007

Die Darstellung von 7‐Hydroxy‐ und 7‐Hydroxy‐6‐methyl‐2.4‐dioxo‐tetrahydro‐pteridinen nach einheitlich verlaufenden Synthesen wird beschrieben. Auf Grund physikalischer Untersuchungen wird gezeigt, daß die 7‐Hydroxygruppen dieser Pteridinderivate in wäßriger Lösung vorwiegend in der Lactimkonfiguration vorliegen.
Pteridine, IV. Über 7‐Hydroxy‐2.4‐Dioxo‐Tetrahydropteridin‐Carbonsäuren‐(6)
Authors: Pfleiderer Wolfgang
Published: May 2007

Auf physikalischem Wege wird bewiesen, daß in den 7‐Hydroxy‐2.4‐dioxo‐tetrahydropteridin‐carbonsäuren‐(6) die 7‐Hydroxygruppen vollständig lactimisiert sind. Diese Konfiguration wird durch die Möglichkeit der Ausbildung von Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen zur Carboxylgruppe in 6‐Stellung stabilisiert.
5‐[Indolyl‐(3)‐Methylen]‐Rhodanin und die Drei Isomeren 5‐[Pyridyl‐(2, 3 Bzw. 4)‐Methylen]‐Rhodanine Sowie Ihr Verhalten als Organische Reagenzien
Authors: Neu Richard
Published: May 2007

5‐[Indolyl‐(3)‐methylen]‐rhodanin aus Indol‐aldehyd‐(3) und 4‐Oxo‐2‐thion‐thiazolidin ermöglicht die Unterscheidung von Kupfer(I)‐, von Kupfer(II)‐ bzw. von Quecksilber(I)‐ und von Quecksilber(II)‐Verbindungen. Ferner kann mit dem Rhodanin der Mikrogramm‐Nachweis von Edelmetallen geführt werden. Im Vergleich zum 5‐[p‐Dimethylamino‐benzyliden]‐rhodanin weist das Indolyl‐methylen‐Derivat analytisch verwertbare Unterschiede auf. – Die drei isomeren 5‐[Pyridyl‐(2.3 bzw. 4)‐methylen]‐rhodanine zeigen eine unterschiedliche Nachweisgrenze für Ag⊕, Hg2⊕ und Cu2⊕.
Synthesen Neuer Heterocyclischer Mono‐ und DI‐Aldehyde
Authors: Ried Walter , Gross Richard M.
Published: May 2007

Aktivierte Methylgruppen heterocyclischer Systeme wurden nach den Methoden von King‐Kröhnke und F. M. Hamer in die entsprechenden Aldehyde übergeführt.
Synthese Makromolekularer Komplexbildner aus Aminophenolen und Glyoxal
Authors: Bayer Ernst
Published: May 2007

Die Synthese makromolekularer Schiffscher Basen aus Aminophenolen und Glyoxal wird beschrieben und deren Verwendung zur Bindung von Metallen studiert. Kupfer‐, Uranyl‐, Kobalt‐ und Nickelionen werden angelagert und lassen sich durch Säuren wieder eluieren. Ohne Zerstörung der komplexbil‐denden Funktion können Metallanlagerung und Regenerierung oftmals wieder‐holt werden. Wegen der selektiven, pH‐abhängigen Bindung einiger Schwer‐metalle sind die makromolekularen Komplexbildner für Metalltrennungen und Metallanreicherungen geeignet.
Nitrone Oder Anile?
Authors: Kröhnke Fritz , Leister Heinrich , Vogt Isolde
Published: May 2007

Die Einwirkung von p‐Nitroso‐dialkylanilin auf 2‐ und 4‐Picolin‐jodmethylat ist grundsätzlich verschieden von der Nitron‐Bildung aus N‐Methylen‐pyridini‐umsalzen. Sie führt, wie eine einfache Methode der Abtrennung von Nitronen in Anil/Nitron‐Gemischen zeigt, überwiegend zu Anilen, auch wenn man die Nitron‐Bildung begünstigt.
Synthese des Scopolins
Authors: Zeile Karl , Heusner Alex
Published: May 2007

Durch thermische Zersetzung von Teloidin‐carbonat wurde Scopolin gewonnen. An einer Reihe weiterer Beispiele aus der Tropanreihe wurde dieser neuartige Ätherringschluß näher untersucht.
Eine Weitere Synthese des Scopolins; Darstellung Einiger Seiner Derivate
Authors: Zeile Karl , Heusner Alex
Published: May 2007

Die früher mitgeteilte Überführung von Meteloidin in Scopolin wurde zu einer rationellen Synthese des Scopolins ausgestaltet. Die Solvolysereaktionen des dabei als Zwischenprodukt auftretenden Scopolin‐tosylesters wurden näher untersucht. Eine Reihe von neu dargestellten Estern und substituierten Phenyl‐urethanen des Scopolins wurde pharmakologisch geprüft.
Über Fluorchinone, I. Synthese von Fluoranil Durch Halogenaustausch
Authors: Wallenfels Kurt , Draber Wilfried
Published: May 2007

Zur Herstellung von fluorsubstituierten Chinonen wird neben Jodanil und Bromanil vor allem Chloranil mit verschiedenen anorganischen Fluoriden umgesetzt. Leitet man Chloranildampf durch eine heiße Schicht von trockenem Kaliumfluorid, so erhält man 25‐‐30% d. Th. an reinem Tetrafluorbenzochinon‐(1.4). Die verschiedenen gemischten tetrahalogenierten Fluor‐chlorchinone bilden Mischkristalle, die sich in der Hydrochinonstufe papierchromatographisch trennen ließen. Die große Flüchtigkeit von Tetrafluorhydrochinon ermöglicht dessen präparative Abtrennung durch Destillation.
Benzazole, VII. Mannich‐Basen des Benzimidazolthions
Authors: Zinner Helmut , Schmitt Otto , Schritt Wolfgang , Rembarz Gerhard
Published: May 2007

Das tautomeriefähige Benzimidazolthion reagiert bei Alkylierungen hauptsächlich in der Mercapto‐, bei der Mannich‐Reaktion aber ausschließlich in der Thion‐Form unter Bildung von 1.3‐Bis‐dialkylaminomethyl‐benzimidazolthionen, deren Strukturen durch Überführen in das 1.3‐Bis‐chlormethyl‐benzimidazolthion und dessen Reduktion mit Lithiumaluminiumhydrid zum 1.3‐Di‐methyl‐benzimidazolthion bewiesen werden.
Die Lignane des Fichtenholzes
Authors: Freudenberg Karl , Knof Leo
Published: May 2007

Kaltes Aceton Löst aus Fichtenholz etwa 0.5% phenolfreie Stoffe, rund 0.6% einer hauptsächlich Lignane enthaltenden Fraktion und etwa 0.5% eines ligninartigen Anteils, der sich von MW(milled wood)‐Lignin nach A. Björkman und dem biosynthetischen Lignin oder DHP (Dehydrierungspolymerisat) unter anderem durch einen höheren Oxydationsgrad unterscheidet. Unter den Lignanen sind 4 bekannte und 4–5 neue isoliert worden, deren Konstitution aufgeklärt wurde.
Über Acetyl‐schwefelchlorid und Trichloracetyl‐schwefelchlorid
Authors: Böhme Horst , Goubeaud Heinz‐Wilhelm , Stachel Hans‐Dietrich
Published: May 2007

Acetyl‐schwefelchlorid läßt sich durch Vereinigen äquimolarer Mengen Diacetylsulfid und Sulfurylchlorid bei – 30° gewinnen. Bei der Chlorolyse von Acetyl‐trichloracetyl‐sulfid entsteht Acetylchlorid neben Trichloracetyl‐schwefelchlorid, dessen Eigenschaften beschrieben werden.
Über Umsetzungsprodukte aus Phenolen und Acetyl‐schwefelchlorid
Authors: Böhme Horst , Goubeaud Heinz‐Wilhelm
Published: May 2007

Phenole werden bei der Umsetzung mit Acetyl‐schwefelchlorid durch Acetyl‐mercaptogruppen substituiert. Näher untersucht werden die Reaktionsprodukte mit Phenol sowie mit α‐ und β‐Naphthol.