bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PHYSIOLOGY OF THE SPORULATION PROCESS IN
CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM
I
Authors: Day Lawrence E. , Costilow Ralph N.
Published: January 2020

Day, Lawrence
E. (Michigan State University, East Lansing),
and Ralph N. Costilow
. Physiology of the sporulation process in
Clostridium botulinum
. I. Correlation of morphological changes with catabolic activities, synthesis of dipicolinic acid, and development of heat resistance. J. Bacteriol.
88:
690–694. 1964.—A reasonable degree of synchrony in the sporulation of
Clostridium botulinum
62-A was attained by using a large inoculum of a young culture into a medium containing 4% Trypticase and 1 ppm of thiamine. Sporulation was complete within 24 to 36 hr. Cells harvested at various intervals were studied for their fermentative activity with
l
-alanine and
l
-proline as substrates. The Q values (microliters of gas per hour per milligram of dry cells) were maximal at the time a large percentage of the cells had initiated sporulation as indicated by swelling. They declined to a plateau at about the same level as found in vegetative cells by the time 10% of the cells had completed sporulation, and finally to a much lower level when sporulation was completed. The rates of accumulation of volatile acids (acetic, valeric, and propionic acids) corresponded closely with the catabolic potential observed. However, in the case of acetic acid, there was a significant decrease in the total acid present as the number of mature spores increased to over 50% of the final number. The total acetic acid then increased at a slow rate. The production of basic compounds during growth and sporulation more than balanced the rate of acid production, because the hydrogen ion concentration decreased exponentially throughout the period as indicated by the steady increase in pH. The synthesis of dipicolinic acid coincided closely with the development of heat resistance. Refractility developed 3 to 5 hr in advance of heat resistance.
SEROLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG β-LYSIN, PLAKIN, AND LEUKIN
Authors: Donaldson D. M. , Jensen R. S. , Jensen B. M. , Matheson A.
Published: January 2020

Donaldson, D. M. (Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah), R. S.Jensen, B. M. Jensen, and A. Matheson. Serological relationships among β-lysin, plakin, and leukin. J. Bacteriol.88:–1049 1055. 1964.—β-Lysin is a substance which has been separated from normal serum and which is bactericidal for a variety of gram-positive bacteria includingBacillus subtilis. Purified β-lysin is not denatured at 97 C for 15 min. The bactericidal activity of six of nine β-lysin preparations was unaltered at 97 C for 30 min and was depressed 50% in the other three preparations. After 120 min at 97 C, the bactericidal activity was between 13 and 25% of normal. β-Lysin was completely inactivated at 120 C for 15 min. Antisera prepared in guinea pigs against purified rabbit β-lysin neutralized the bactericidal activities of purified β-lysin, normal rabbit serum, platelet extracts, and purified plakin. This serological relationship between β-lysin and plakin was also demonstrated by the observation that antisera against platelets neutralized the bactericidal activities of serum, platelet extracts, and purified β-lysin. When anti-β-lysin serum was tested against crude bactericidal extracts of leukocytes and purified leukin, no neutralization of these bactericidal substances was measurable. The results of this study are in accord with conclusions made in previous studies that platelets are a primary source of serum β-lysin and that leukocytes contribute little, if any, to this type of serum bactericidal activity. Ouchterlony tests, in combination with the neutralization studies, indicated that the antigen-antibody system involved in the neutralization of β-lysin may be a nonprecipitating system.
CHARACTERIZATION OF LEPTOSPIRAL LIPASE
Authors: Patel Virendra , Goldberg Herbert S. , Blenden Donald
Published: January 2020

Patel, Virendra
(University of Missouri, Columbia),
Herbert S. Goldberg, and Donald Blenden
. Characterization of leptospiral lipase. J. Bacteriol.
88:
877–884. 1964.—A technique for leptospiral lipase extraction which yielded a highly active, stable, and concentrated lipase preparation was developed. The chief characteristics of leptospiral lipase were determined and are summarized below. Leptospiral lipase was soluble in water and stable in both the dry state and in aqueous solution. Tributyrin was found to be the substrate upon which the enzyme was most active. With this substrate, leptospiral lipase was found to display optimal activity at pH 7 and at 30 C. The Michaelis constant of leptospiral lipase with tributyrin substrate was determined to be 4.76 × 10
-2
m
. The enzyme was not inhibited by low concentrations of mercury, iron, cobalt, or copper or by —SH blocking agents. Bile and calcium chloride in low concentrations were able to increase lipase activity at alkaline pH. The isoelectric point of leptospiral lipase was determined to be in the range of pH 5.2 to 5.4.
LACTATE-DEGRADING SYSTEM IN
BUTYRIBACTERIUM RETTGERI
SUBJECT TO GLUCOSE REPRESSION
Authors: Wittenberger Charles L. , Haaf Ann S.
Published: January 2020

Wittenberger, Charles L.
(National Institute of Dental Research, U.S. Public Health Service, Bethesda, Md.),
and Ann S. Haaf
. Lactate-degrading system in
Butyribacterium rettgeri
subject to glucose repression. J. Bacteriol.
88:
896–903. 1964.—The ability of
Butyribacterium rettgeri
to utilize lactate as the main energy source for growth requires the formation of a lactate-degrading system. The precise nature of this system is unknown, but preliminary evidence suggests that cellular acquisition of lactate-decomposing activity involves the formation of a nonpyridine nucleotide-linked lactic dehydrogenase. This enzyme, which can couple lactate oxidation to the reduction of ferricyanide [K
3
Fe(CN)
6
-lactic de-hydrogenase (LDH)], is absent from glucose-grown cells; this observation appears to account for the inability of such cells to decompose lactate even though they may form lactate from glucose. The formation of K
3
Fe(CN)
6
-LDH in growing cultures requires the addition of lipoic acid to the medium, and is repressed by glucose, pyruvate, or fructose. When any of the latter substrates are included in the growth medium with lactate, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked LDH activity is present in cells at markedly higher levels than it is in cells grown on lactate alone.
LIPIDS OFSARCINA LUTEAII
Authors: Albro Phillip W. , Huston Charles K.
Published: January 2020

Albro, Phillip W.(Ft. Detrick, Frederick, Md.),and Charles K. Huston. Lipids ofSarcina lutea. II. Hydrocarbon content of the lipid extracts. J. Bacteriol.88:981–986. 1964.—The hydrocarbon fraction fromSarcina lutealipid extracts was characterized by a combination of thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. A total of 37 components were observed by gas-liquid chromatography of this material. A breakdown of the components into classes indicated a composition consisting of 88.9%n-saturates, 1.2% monoenes, 2.1% dienes, 5.0% trienes, and 0.6% branched-saturates. Less than 0.1% of the hydrocarbon material was aromatic. No attempt was made in this study to relate the composition to either origin or function in the cell.
ENERGY REQUIREMENT FOR THYMINELESS DEATH IN CELLS OF
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Freifelder David , Maaløe Ole
Published: January 2020

Freifelder, David
(University of California, Berkeley),
and Ole Maaløe
. Energy requirement for thymineless death in cells of
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
987–990. 1964.—Thymineless death in thymine-requiring
Escherichia coli
is arrested immediately and reversibly by nitrogenation if the bacterial population is growing in a medium containing a carbon source that can only be metabolized aerobically. The mechanism of death, therefore, involves a metabolic process.
PRODUCTION OF EXTRACELLULAR GUANOSINE-5'-MONOPHOSPHATE BY
BACILLUS SUBTILIS
Authors: Demain A. L. , Miller I. M. , Hendlin D.
Published: January 2020

Demain, A. L.
(Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, Rahway, N.J.),
I. M. Miller, and D. Hendlin
. Production of extracellular guanosine-5'-monophosphate by
Bacillus subtilis
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
991–995. 1964.—Wild-type
Bacillus subtilis
colonies were found to feed purineless mutants. A strain with high feeding capacity was selected for study, with a guanineless mutant of
B. subtilis
used as the assay organism. The factor was excreted during its growth phase in a complex medium containing starch and soybean meal extract. Nutritional studies led to the development of a defined medium to be used for biochemical studies and to aid in the isolation of the factor. Starch was replaced by maltose and the soybean meal extract by Mn
++
. Production of the factor was sensitive to the pH of the medium during growth. Practically its entire extracellular accumulation occurred before visible lysis. The factor was identified as guanosine-5'-monophosphate derived by extracellular enzymatic hydrolysis of excreted ribonucleic acid.
ESTABLISHMENT OF HUMAN INDIGENOUS BACTERIA IN GERM-FREE MICE
Authors: Gibbons R. J. , Socransky S. S. , Kapsimalis B.
Published: January 2020

Gibbons
, R. J. (Forsyth Dental Center and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Mass.), S. S.
Socransky, and B. Kapsimalis
. Establishment of human indigenous bacteria in germ-free mice. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1316–1323. 1964.—Thirteen strains of bacteria indigenous to the gingival crevice area of man were tested for their ability to establish as monocontaminants in germ-free mice. Three facultative organisms,
Streptococcus mitis, Staphylococcus albus
, and a “diphtheroid,” established, as well as three anaerobes.
Fusobacterium fusiforme
, an anaerobic diphtheroid, and a
Bacteroides
strain. Seven other anaerobes (two strains of
B. melaninogenicus
, and one strain each of
Treponema microdentium, Veillonella alcalescens
, a
Peptostreptococcus
strain,
Vibrio sputorum
, and
B. oralis
) failed to establish. A mixture consisting of ten organisms representative of the predominant groups of cultivable bacteria present in the gingival crevice area of man was inoculated intraorally into germ-free mice. All organisms with the exception of
B. melaninogenicus
and T.
microdentium
became established as polycontaminants.
Escherichia coli
could be established in the above polycontaminated mice, as well as in those contaminated directly with human gingival debris.
E. coli
comprised approximately 50 and 6% of the fecal flora in the two groups, respectively. Diet, cecal contents, and feces of germ-free and polycontaminated mice were tested for inhibitory action against
T. microdentium
and
B. melaninogenicus
. None inhibited
T. microdentium
, whereas all three inhibited
B. melaninogenicus
. The inhibitory effect appeared to be due to dietary alfalfa.
B. melaninogenicus
could become established in mice monocontaminated with a facultative diptheroid and maintained on an alfalfa-free diet. These experiments indicate that human indigenous bacteria can become established in germ-free mice, and that microbial interactions and diet composition are important determinants.
PROPERTIES OF ELECTRODIALYZED BACTERIAL SPORES
Authors: Harper M. K. , Curran H. R. , Pallansch M. J.
Published: January 2020

Harper
, M. K. (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C.), H. R.
Curran, and M. J. Pallansch
. Properties of electrodialyzed bacterial spores. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1338–1340. 1964.—Washed spores of
Bacillus cereus, B. megaterium
, and
B. stearothermophilis
suspended in distilled water were electrodialyzed at a potential of 250 v, 50 ma, for 6.5 hr, under conditions which precluded rise in temperature or shift in pH. Dipicolinic acid (DPA) was not released from the spores by electrodialysis, as indicated by essentially complete recovery of residual DPA from the treated spores. Uptake of stain, heat stability, and viability of the electrodialyzed spores were comparable to the nondialyzed controls. These findings are discussed in relation to those reported by Rode and Foster.
LIPOLYTIC ACTIVITIES OFSTAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: O'Leary William M. , Weld Julia T.
Published: January 2020

O'Leary, WilliamM. (Cornell University Medical College, New York, N.Y.),and Julia T. Weld. Lipolytic activities ofStaphylococcus aureus. I. Nature of the enzyme producing free fatty acids from plasma lipids. J. Bacteriol.88:1356–1363. 1964.—The enzyme ofStaphylococcus aureus, Guy strain, which is responsible for producing free fatty acids in human plasmas was purified approximately 225-fold from extracts of cultures in which the organism was grown. Purification procedures included ammonium sulfate precipitation, ethanol precipitation, gel filtration, and diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography. Stability characteristics, pH and temperature optima, and substrate requirements were established. The principal plasma substrate is plasma lipoprotein, and the major reaction product is free octadecenoic acid. The ability of this compound to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation may be involved in the pathological effects ofS. aureusat the molecular level.
SEROLOGICAL TYPING OF
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
II
Authors: Cohen Jay O. , Smith P. B.
Published: January 2020

Cohen, Jay
O. (Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga.),
and P. B. Smith
. Serological typing of
Staphylococcus aureus
. II. Typing by slide agglutination and comparison with phage typing. J. Bacteriol
88:
1364–1371. 1964.—Over 700 cultures were typed by both antisera and phages; 15 serotypes accounted for 481 of the cultures. The
i
factor was found predominantly in phage group II strains, and the
n
factor was found in group III, whereas the
c
1
factor was found in both groups II and III. Factors
h, k
, and
m
were found predominantly in groups I and II. Strains of phage type 80/81 were somewhat heterogeneous serologically. When cultures were typed by both phages and antisera, more definitive characterization was possible than with either method alone. Closely related cultures usually exhibited the same serotype and phage type. Phage-nontypable strains were usually typable by serology. A total of 60 different serotypes were observed among 183 phage-nontypable strains.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE TOXIGENICITY OF
PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: Liu Pinghui V.
Published: January 2020

Liu, Pinghui V
. (University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky.). Factors that influence toxigenicity of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1421–1427. 1964.—Hemolysin, lecithinase, and protease of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
were produced with cellophane-covered plates and completely synthetic agar of simple composition containing α-alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glucose, and salts. The most critical factor in the production of these extracellular toxins appeared to be the concentration of phosphate, which had to be in the range of 0.003% for the lecithinase, 0.005 to 0.01% for the hemolysin, and 0.01 to 0.2% for the protease. α-Alanine and glutamic acid favored the production of the hemolysin and lecithinase, and aspartic acid supported the production of protease. The role of glucose in the production of these extracellular toxins appeared to be more important than just an energy source. It is likely that products of anaerobic metabolism of glucose are needed in the production of these toxins. In the absence of glucose, the production of protease was enhanced by lactic acid, pyruvic acid, or α-ketoglutaric acid. Possible implications of these findings in the pathogenesis of
P. aeruginosa
are discussed.
DEVELOPMENT OF TREHALASE AND INVERTASE ACTIVITY IN
NEUROSPORA
Authors: Hill E. P. , Sussman A. S.
Published: January 2020

Hill
, E. P. (University of Michigan, Ann Arbor),
and A. S. Sussman
. Development of trehalase and invertase activity in
Neurospora
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1556–1566. 1964.—The levels of trehalase and invertase found during the development of
Neurospora
have been studied. Invertase activity is highest in the mycelium after growth has been completed, whereas the most trehalase activity is found in ungerminated conidia. Both enzymes show the least activity in the ascospore. Although the specific activity of trehalase varies no more than 3-fold during the spore stages, there is a 60-fold change in the mycelium. Similar but less pronounced variations in the specific activity of invertase in the mycelium occur. The lowest ratios of invertase to trehalase activity in the soluble fraction are found in conidia and ascospores, except in dormant ascospores where the ratio approaches that of older mycelium. Similar results are obtained for the enzymes in the wall fraction, except for dormant and newly activated ascospores. Moreover, the walls of young mycelium appear to have relatively more trehalase than is found at all other times. The activities of both enzymes vary about 20-fold in the wall fraction, but invertase activity fluctuates more widely than that of trehalase. Invertase activity always exceeds that of trehalase, and the cytoplasmic fraction contains more activity than that of the wall. These results are shown to contradict the hypothesis that trehalase and invertase activities are coordinately controlled. Finally, the role of trehalase in the activation of ascospores is considered in the light of these results.
EFFECT OF HEAT SHOCK ON T
4
rII MULTIPLICATION IN
ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Kasatiya Shanti-Swaroop , Lieb Margaret
Published: January 2020

Kasatiya, Shanti-Swaroop
(University of Southern California, Los Angeles),
and Margaret Lieb
. Effect of heat shock on T
4
rII multiplication in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1585–1589. 1964.—Heating certain strains of
Escherichia coli
K-12 (λ) to 45 to 48 C for 12 min before phage infection increased the fraction of bacteria that allowed multiplication of T
4
rII mutants. The effect of heat on interference to T
4
rII was not correlated with induction of the λ prophage, which occurred in some of the strains studied. Incubation of heated cells at 37 C before infection resulted in the recovery of interference, providing a prophage was still present. The presence of magnesium ion after infection is known to greatly decrease the interference in K-12 (λ) to T
4
rII. When heat-shocked cells were infected with T
4
rII, and then incubated in medium containing a suboptimal concentration of magnesium ion, more cells produced a burst of T
4
rII progeny than with either treatment alone. It is suggested that factors produced by both the prophage and the bacterium contribute to the structure or substance responsible for interference. The variation in heat sensitivity of interference in various strains is probably due to differences in the bacterial contribution to the postulated structure.
DEPENDENCE OF THE CONTENT OF CELL ENVELOPES ON THE GROWTH RATE OF
BACILLUS MEGATERIUM
Authors: Sud I. J. , Schaechter M.
Published: January 2020

Sud
, I. J. (Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Mass.),
and M. Schaechter
. Dependence of the content of cell envelopes on the growth rate of
Bacillus megaterium
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1612–1617. 1964.—The amount of cell-wall and cell-membrane material was measured in
Bacillus megaterium
growing at different steady-state rates. On a dry weight basis, the content of wall hexosamine and diaminopimelic acid, and of membrane lipid phosphorus was found to be inversely proportional to the rate of growth. During the transition from slow to fast growth, the synthesis of envelope materials showed a lag of 20 to 30 min. Possible implications of these findings are discussed in terms of regulatory mechanism.
EFFECT OF CATALASE AND CULTURAL CONDITIONS ON GROWTH OF
BEGGIATOA
,
Authors: Burton Sheril D. , Morita Richard Y.
Published: January 2020

Burton, Sheril
D. (Oregon State University, Corvallis),
and Richard Y. Morita
. Effect of catalase and cultural conditions on growth of
Beggiatoa
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1755–1761. 1964.—The addition of catalase to culture medium increased the period of viability of
Beggiatoa
from 1 week to 2 months. Addition of catalase also produced a marked increase in cell yield and enzyme activity. Cultures grown without catalase exhibited an absorption peak characteristic of peroxides. This absorption peak was removed by addition of catalase during or after growth. Oxygen was required for growth, but carbon dioxide was not produced. Malate and acetate stimulated growth at low concentrations. Glucose and thiosulfate were not oxidized, and cytochromes were not detectable by spectrophotometric analysis.
ISOLATION AND PROPERTIES OF INTACT MITOCHONDRIA FROM SPHEROPLASTS OF YEAST
Authors: Duell Elizabeth A. , Inoue Sakae , Utter Merton F.
Published: January 2020

Duell
, E. A. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio),
Sakae Inoue, and Merton F. Utter
. Isolation and properties of intact mitochondria from spheroplasts of yeast. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1762–1773. 1964.—Functionally intact mitochondria can be obtained in good yields by osmotic disruption of spheroplasts formed from yeast by treatment with an enzyme mixture from the snail digestive tract. The useful range of this method is extended greatly by pretreatment of the yeast cells with 2-mercaptoethylamine and ethylene-diaminetetraacetate. The concentration of the yeast suspension can be increased greatly, the incubation period can be shortened considerably, and the requirement for log-phase cells is obviated. Mitochondria prepared by this method have been compared with those obtained by mechanical disruption in terms of respiratory control, specific activity on a wide range of oxidizable substrates, heterogeneity during centrifugation, and structures observed by electron microscopy. In all cases, the mitochondria obtained from spheroplasts appear to be much less damaged by the preparative procedures.
Plasma Coagulation by Organisms Other Than
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Bayliss Berenice G. , Hall Elizabeth R.
Published: January 2020

Bayliss, Berenice
G. (Washington State University, Pullman),
and Elizabeth R. Hall
. Plasma coagulation by organisms other than
Staphylococcus aureus
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
101–105. 1965.—Approximately 200 organisms were investigated for their ability to clot human and rabbit plasma. Various anticoagulants were used in preparing the plasma: acid-citrate-dextrose, ethylenediaminetetraacetate, balanced oxalate, potassium and sodium oxalates, and heparin. Twelve organisms were found which coagulated citrated plasma in less than 8 hr: four strains of
Streptococcus faecalis
; two strains of
S. faecalis
var.
zymogenes
; three strains of
S. faecalis
var.
liquefaciens
; and one strain each of
S. pyogenes, Escherichia coli
, and
Serratia marcescens
. Six strains of coagulase-positive
Staphylococcus
were selected for use as controls. Experiments were performed to determine the mechanism by which these microorganisms coagulated citrated plasma. As this was the only plasma clotted, it was presumed that the citrate was utilized by the microorganisms, thereby releasing the calcium which was then made available so that normal physiological clotting could occur. To test this hypothesis, a chromatographic method was employed to determine the presence or absence of citrate. Coagulation tests, by use of increasing amounts of citrate, showed a linear relationship between the amount of citrate in the plasma and the coagulation time. It was demonstrated that the organisms must be actively metabolizing to clot citrated plasma. Proof for this was obtained by using a cell-free filtrate, to which thimerosal had been added to inhibit growth, instead of whole cultures for the coagulation test. Only the coagulase-positive staphylococci coagulated the citrated plasma under these conditions. From the results obtained, it was concluded that plasma coagulation by these organisms was by citrate utilization.
Variations in the Abilities of Several Lines of L Cells to Produce and to Be Affected by Interferon
Authors: Lockart Royce Z.
Published: January 2020

Lockart, Royce Z., Jr
. (The University of Texas, Austin). Variations in the abilities of several lines of L cells to produce and to be affected by interferon. J. Bacteriol.
89:
117–122. 1965.—The amounts of interferon produced by three different lines of L cells and mouse embryonic cells when inoculated with two strains of Western equine encephalomyelitis (WEE) virus and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were determined. One cell line consistently produced more interferon than the others. NDV stimulated more interferon than did WEE virus in all the cell lines tested. The interferons failed to show homologous specificity in their ability to inhibit virus production in the three cell lines. The cell line that produced the most interferon also was most sensitive to viral inhibition. This cell line was also most sensitive to the viral inhibitory ability of an interferon prepared in mouse embryonic cells.
Time-Lapse Photomicrography of Cell Growth and Division in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Hoffman Heiner , Frank Michael E.
Published: January 2020

Hoffman, Heiner
(New York University, New York, N.Y.),
and Michael E. Frank
. Time-lapse photomicrography of cell growth and division in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
212–216. 1965.—Photomicrographs at 15-sec intervals of cells growing at 37 C disclosed that in a cell with a generation time of 21.0 min the processes of furrowing, cross-wall formation, and cell separation are completed within 2.5 min after the division furrow first becomes clearly visible. Among a large number of cultivations examined, only a few cells late in one microculture at 43.5 C failed to separate once the cross wall was completed. Measurements of cell lengths during a 5-min period, extending from just before to just after division, showed that elongation of the cell is a discontinuous process, although the growth rate over the 5-min period is exponential. At the time of cell division, it appears that the synthesis of cell-wall material is diverted entirely into formation of the cross wall.
Evidence for a Persistent Viral Infection in a Cell Line Derived from Burkitt's Lymphoma
Authors: Henle Gertrude , Henle Werner
Published: January 2020

Henle, Gertrude
(Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.),
and Werner Henle
. Evidence for a persistent viral infection in a cell line derived from Burkitt's lymphoma. J. Bacteriol.
89:
252–258. 1965.—Exposure of a cell line (EB2) derived from Burkitt's lymphoma to vesicular stomatitis (VSV) and certain other viruses revealed a marked resistance of the cultures to infection. Intact, but not disintegrated lymphoma cells induced resistance to VSV in human embryonic kidney, amnion and diploid, as well as in green monkey kidney cells employed as feeder layers. A line of rabbit kidney or Earle's strain L cells was not protected under similar conditions. Depending upon the number of EB2 cells initially transferred, resistance developed within 1 day or in more than 2 weeks. Cell-free media collected from cultures of EB2 cells in the presence or absence of feeder layers of human cells were capable of conferring rapid protection against VSV to human-cell cultures but not to L cells. The protective principle complies with present criteria for an interferon. The results are compatible with the suggestion that EB2 cultures are latently infected with an as yet unidentified virus.
Effect of High Fat Diets on Intestinal Microflora and Serum Cholesterol in Rats
Authors: Graber C. D. , O'Neal R. M. , Rabin E. R.
Published: January 2020

Graber
, C. D. (Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.), R. M.
O'Neal, and E. R. Rabin
. Effect of high fat diets on intestinal microflora and serum cholesterol in rats. J. Bacteriol.
89:
47–51. 1965.—Differential bacterial counts of feces and total plasma cholesterol determinations were performed on 60 Wistar rats fed several high lipid diets for a period of approximately 6 months. Fecal flora remained relatively stable irrespective of diet, but cholesterol levels rose in animals fed butter and sodium cholate. The six most commonly cultured organisms in all diets were enterococci,
Proteus
, lactobacilli,
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus
, and other micrococci. No enteric pathogens which did not ferment lactose or fermented it slowly were grown. Fungi and yeasts were rare. Aerobes generally outnumbered anaerobes in proportions which were sometimes as high as 300:1.
Clostridium perfringens
isolations were consistently high in animals given the butter diets, particularly when sodium cholate was added. Evidence is reviewed which indicates that this organism may play a role in bile salt and cholesterol metabolism. This experiment would seem to demonstrate that differences in plasma-cholesterol levels among the various dietary groups of rats were the result of dietary factors rather than alteration in intestinal flora.
Quantitative Assay for Crude Anthrax Toxins
Authors: Haines Bertram W. , Klein Frederick , Lincoln Ralph E.
Published: January 2020

Haines, Bertram
W. (U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Frederick, Md.),
Frederick Klein, and Ralph E. Lincoln
. Quantitative assay for crude anthrax toxins. J. Bacteriol.
89:
74–83. 1965.—The whole crude toxins of
Bacillus anthracis
, although apparently responsible for the death of animals with anthrax, had never been quantitated. A total of 14 lots of the toxic culture filtrate of
B. anthracis
were pooled into one large lot of crude anthrax toxins. An extensive assay of this reference material was conducted in four laboratories by use of the time-to-death of the intravenously challenged Fischer 344 rat as the response variable. Doses of the material were varied factorially by concentration, dilution, and volume. The data from this study were used to define a potency unit of the crude anthrax toxins. Procedures were developed and illustrated for the assay of unknown lots of the toxins by comparing the rat time-to-death response to the unknown with either (i) the responses reported in this study, or (ii) directly with the rat responses to a new sample of the reference toxins. The possibilities and limitations of this standardization and of the statistical procedure through which it was developed are discussed.
Electron Transport in
Bacillus popilliae
Authors: Pepper Rollin E. , Costilow Ralph N.
Published: January 2020

Pepper, Rollin
E. (Michigan State University, East Lansing),
and Ralph N. Costilow
. Electron transport in
Bacillus popilliae
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
271–276. 1965.—
Bacillus popilliae
was found to be unique among aerobic microorganisms in that it was deficient in a hydrogen peroxide-scavenging system. Neither catalase nor peroxidase was found. At the same time, a system for producing hydrogen peroxide during oxidation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH
2
) was consistently present in the soluble fraction of extracts of cells from older cultures. Cells harvested from 9-hr cultures did not produce a significant amount of peroxide. The soluble NADH
2
oxidase was apparently a flavoprotein, since it was stimulated by flavin nucleotides, insensitive to cyanide and azide, and inhibited by Atabrine. Also, difference spectra demonstrated the presence of a reducible flavin in the soluble fraction of cell extracts. The particulate fraction of cell extracts was shown by difference spectra to contain cytochrome
b
1
; the strong inhibition of NADH
2
oxidation by cyanide, azide, and carbon monoxide indicated that a terminal cytochrome oxidase was also present. This system was also flavin-dependent, since it was strongly inhibited by Atabrine. The specific activity of the NADH
2
oxidase in the particulate fraction was lower in extracts of cells from older cultures than in those from exponentially growing cultures. Cytochrome
c
was not found in extracts of these cells. It is believed that the increased participation of the hydrogen peroxide-generating NADH
2
oxidase in cells of older cultures may be responsible for the rapid loss in cell viability noted in stationary-phase cultures.
Induction of Nonspecific Resistance by Endotoxin in Unresponsive Mice
Authors: Margherita S. S. , Friedman H.
Published: January 2020

Margherita, S. S. (Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa.),and H. Friedmann. Induction of nonspecific resistance by endotoxin in unresponsive mice. J. Bacteriol.89:277–280. 1965.—Serratia marcescensendotoxin was tested for protective effect in animals of varying immunological competence. A quantity of endotoxin capable of inducing resistance in mice to a standardized challenge ofDiplococcus pneumoniaewas equally effective in animals immunologically paralyzed with a high dose of homologous pneumococcal polysaccharide. Failure of the unresponsive state to influence the degree of resistance induced by endotoxin suggests that a specific humoral factor does not play a significant role in the nonspecific resistance.
Transduction of Sporogenesis in
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Takahashi I.
Published: January 2020

Takahashi
, I. (McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada). Transduction of sporogenesis in
Bacillus subtilis
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
294–298. 1965.—A number of asporogenous mutants of
Bacillus subtilis
were isolated and genetic analyses with these mutants were carried out by means of transduction mediated by bacteriophage PBS 1. The ability to form spores could be restored by transduction in all mutants examined, with the exception of Sp
−
H12-3, although they were not transformable under my experimental conditions. The results of reciprocal transduction suggest that genetic loci at which a mutation can affect sporulation are numerous. A spore marker (
sp 1
) was transduced jointly with prototrophy and some antibiotic resistance markers (streptomycin, erythromycin, and neomycin). Other spore markers (
sp N2-2, sp 170-2
, and
sp H12-4
) were also linked to auxotrophic markers (
ser, tyr
, and
phe
) at a fairly high frequency. This linkage relationship indicates that genes controlling the formation of spores are located along the chromosome far apart from each other. The result also suggests that blocks in a variety of biochemical processes may result in the expression of the asporogenous phenotype.
Synthesis of 2-Demethyl Vitamin K
2
and the Cytochrome System in
Haemophilus
Authors: White David C.
Published: January 2020

White, David
C. (University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington). Synthesis of 2-demethyl vitamin K
2
and the cytochrome system in
Haemophilus
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
299–305. 1965.—The synthesis of the respiratory quinone, 2-demethyl vitamin K
2
, is stimulated in
Haemophilus parainfluenzae
under conditions which provoke the synthesis of the cytochrome system. However, the various components of the electron-transport system can be formed in different proportions. The primary flavoprotein dehydrogenases are readily dissociated from the membrane without affecting the content of membrane-bound quinone, cytochrome
b
1
, or the cytochrome oxidases. These dehydrogenases must be membrane-bound to function, and each can be formed at a different rate. Molar ratios of various constituents of the electron-transport chain were calculated by use of reasonable extinction coefficients for the cytochromes. The molar ratio of quinone to cytochrome
c
1
goes from 40 to 3 as the quinone content increases eightfold during the growth cycle. Similarly, the molar ratio of quinone to cytochrome oxidase
a
2
varies from 27 to 17, and then increases to 31 as cytochrome oxidase
a
1
assumes the oxidase function. The molar ratio of quinone to cytochrome
b
1
remains 14 to 1 over a sixfold increase in both components measured in a mutant where cytochrome
c
1
does not obscure cytochrome
b
1
. A similar consistency was noted between the quinone and cytochrome
b
1
formation in the hemin-requiring
H. influenzae
.
Biology of Budding Bacteria III. Fine Structure of
Rhodomicrobium
and
Hyphomicrobium
spp
Authors: Conti S. F. , Hirsch Peter
Published: January 2020

Conti
, S. F. (Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, N.H.),
and Peter Hirsch
. Biology of budding bacteria. III. Fine structure of
Rhodomicrobium
and
Hyphomicrobium
spp. J. Bacteriol.
89:
503–512. 1965.—The ultrastructure of 14 strains of hyphomicrobia, and of
Rhodomicrobium vannielii
, was investigated by means of electron microscopy of thin sections. The majority of the strains of hyphomicrobia possessed a well-developed internal membrane system, which appeared to be derived by invagination from the cytoplasmic membrane. The subcellular organization of the hyphomicrobia and
R. vannielii
was investigated.
Detection of Enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli
in Fecal Cultures by Use of a Modified Fluorescent-Antibody Technique
Authors: Martin Alice J. , O'Brien Margaret
Published: January 2020

Martin, Alice
J. (Nassau County Department of Health, Hempstead, N.Y.),
and Margaret O'Brien
. Detection of enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli
in fecal cultures by use of a modified fluorescent-antibody technique. J. Bacteriol.
89:
570–573. 1965.—The application of the fluorescent-antibody (FA) technique to cultures of feces on blood-agar plates for the detection of enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli
serotypes is described. The results of a study of 364 fecal specimens, examined by both this modified technique and conventional cultural methods, are reported; the findings by the two methods are compared. The modified FA method offers several advantages over other techniques. The results of the examination can be reported sooner; more serotypes are discovered; it is simpler, easier, and quicker to prepare and examine growth from the blood plate than to examine fecal material; and the results are more definite. The results obtained by use of this modified FA procedure have shown that infection with multiple serotypes occurs much more frequently than cultural examinations alone indicate. Intensive cultural studies suggest that the inability to confirm serotypes which have been found by the FA method is probably due to inefficiencies in the cultural method.
Effect of Enzymes on the Interaction of Enteroviruses with Living HeLa Cells
Authors: Zajac Ihor , Crowell Richard L.
Published: January 2020

Zajac, Ihor
(Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa.),
and Richard L. Crowell
. Effect of enzymes on the interaction of enteroviruses with living HeLa cells. J. Bacteriol.
89:
574–582. 1965.—Eight crude enzyme preparations and two crystalline enzymes were tested for ability to inactivate coxsackie group B and poliovirus receptors on living HeLa cells. Receptor-destroying enzyme, erepsin, lysozyme, collagenase, proteinase, and cobra venom did not alter attachment of coxsackie B3 or poliovirus T1 to cells, whereas elastase prevented attachment of both viruses tested. Treatment of live cells with pancreatin or chymotrypsin rendered cells unable to attach group B coxsackie viruses, whereas cells treated with trypsin failed to attach poliovirus T1. In addition, chymotrypsin was found to release coxsackie B3 and poliovirus T1 from cell surfaces, whereas trypsin was unable to dissociate virus-cell union. These results indicate that cellular receptors for polioviruses differ from those for group B coxsackie-viruses. The finding that 1% solutions of enzymes will inactivate differentially the enteroviral receptors of HeLa cells, without altering cell viability, provides a useful approach for study of enterovirus receptors of live host cells.
Chromatography of Poliovirus on Calcium Phosphate and Its Application to the Identification of Vaccine Progeny Strains
Authors: Ozaki Yoshikatsu , Diwan Arwin R. , Takizawa Mizuho , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2020

Ozaki, Yoshikatsu(Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.),Arwin R. Diwan, Mizuho Takizawa, and Joseph L. Melnick. Chromatography of poliovirus on calcium phosphate and its application to the identification of vaccine progeny strains. J. Bacteriol.89:603–610. 1965.—Virulent and attenuated polioviruses were studied chromatographically with calcium phosphate as adsorbent and neutral phosphate buffer as eluent. For type 1, the attenuated LSc2ab strain and the virulent Mahoney strain were eluted at different salt concentrations. The peak of elution for the LSc2ab strain was at 0.3m, whereas for the Mahoney strain it was at 0.05m. No differences in elution pattern were noted with virulent and attenuated strains of poliovirus types 2 and 3. Except for a single instance, progeny strains isolated from vaccines or contacts 1 to 8 weeks after vaccination showed an elution pattern similar to the parent vaccine strain, or intermediate between the virulent and attenuated strains but still clearly distinguishable from wild-type virus. A virus population that possessed the same elution property as the virulent Mahoney strain could be separated from a number of progeny strains by chromatography. The ratio of this easily eluted population appeared to increase during the course of multiplication of vaccine virus in the human intestine. A virus population with the same elution profile as Mahoney seems to be present in the current LSc2ab oral polio vaccine, but as a very minor component. However, this component could readily be enriched by selecting for passage only those virus particles eluted at low salt concentrations. Heat-resistant, attenuated virus strains were selected from virulent type 1 strains by the Wallis-Melnick procedure of repetitive heating of progeny in AlCl3. However, the elution pattern remained the same as that of the parent virulent virus.
Mutations to Penicillin Resistance in the Enterobacteriaceae That Affect Sensitivity to Serum and Virulence for the Mouse
Authors: Roantree Robert J. , Steward John P.
Published: January 2020

Roantree, RobertJ. (Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, Calif.),and John P. Steward. Mutations to penicillin resistance in the Enterobacteriaceae that affect sensitivity to serum and virulence for the mouse. J. Bacteriol89:630–639. 1965.—Series of mutants resistant to benzylpenicillin or α-aminobenzylpenicillin were derived from serum-resistant strains ofEscherichia coliandSalmonellaby the gradientplate technique. Serum-sensitive mutants were detected in series derived from 16 of the 19 strains used, and these retained the parental O type. Most series were characterized by a mutational step to a high degree of sensitivity to serum. Penicillin-resistant mutants of virulentS. typhimuriumandS. enteritidiswere less virulent than the parent strains; those which were very sensitive to serum usually showed the greatest loss of virulence. One class of mutants fromS. enteritidiswas sensitive to human serum but virulent for mice. We found that the mice lack bactericidal antibody against this strain and that immunization with it leads to a high degree of protection.
Enzymes of Glucose Catabolism in a Member of the Psittacosis Group
Authors: Moulder James W. , Grisso Dorothy L. , Brubaker Robert R.
Published: January 2020

Moulder, James
W. (University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.),
Dorothy L. Grisso, and Robert R. Brubaker
. Enzymes of glucose catabolism in a member of the psittacosis group. J. Bacteriol.
89:
810–812. 1965.—Extracts of preparations of the agent of meningopneumonitis made from infected chick-embryo allantoic fluid contained three enzymes of the pentose pathway of glucose degradation: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and phosphoglucose isomerase. Vertical starch-gel electrophoresis showed that the two dehydrogenases were qualitatively different from the corresponding enzymes of the host. Enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof and Entner-Doudoroff pathways were not found.
Hemolysin of
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Authors: Somerson Norman L. , Purcell Robert H. , Taylor-Robinson David , Chanock Robert M.
Published: January 2020

Somerson, Norman
L. (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md.),
Robert H. Purcell, David Taylor-Robinson, and Robert M. Chanock
. Hemolysin of
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
813–818. 1965.—Discrete colonies of
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
or
M. laidlawii
on agar produced complete (β) lysis of guinea pig erythrocytes. Crowding of colonies on agar plates, omission of yeast extract from the medium, and incubation under reduced oxygen tension inhibited hemolysin production. Colonies which were not viable after ultraviolet radiation or heating at 56 C did not produce hemolysin. In addition, hemolysis was suppressed in old cultures in which viability was diminished, and was eliminated when colonies were removed from the agar surface by micromanipulation. The hemolysin passed through a viscose dialysis membrane. These findings suggest that the hemolysin is labile, continuously released by the colonies, of low molecular weight, and probably nonprotein in nature.
Volatile Fatty Acid Requirement of a Strain of
Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Larson A. D. , Hattier L. V. , McCleskey C. S.
Published: January 2020

Larson
, A. D. (Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge),
L. V. Hattier, and C. S. McCleskey
. Volatile fatty acid requirement of a strain of
Listeria monocytogenes
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
819–824. 1965.—
Listeria monocytogenes
strain 2 requires either isobutyric or 2-methylbutyric acid for growth. Elucidation of this requirement began with characterization of the growth-enhancing substance in culture filtrates of
Aerobacter aerogenes. A. aerogenes
required tryptose, glucose, and aerobic conditions for excretion of active fatty acids into the medium. Commercial preparations of isobutyric, 2-methylbutyric, isovaleric, 3-methylvaleric, and
n
-valeric acid supported the growth of strain 2. Purification of these fatty acids by gas chromatography demonstrated that strain 2 responded significantly only to isobutyric and 2-methylbutyric acid. Amines, alcohols, and hydroxy fatty acids, which were structurally related to the active acids, did not satisfy the fatty acid requirement of
L. monocytogenes
strain 2. Only one isolate (strain 2) of 128 cultures of
L. monocytogenes
required volatile fatty acid for growth.
Interaction of Viscid Material ofStaphylococcus aureuswith Specific Immune Serum
Authors: Mudd Stuart , DeCourcy Samuel J.
Published: January 2020

Mudd, Stuart(U.S. Veterans Administration Hospital, Philadelphia, Pa.),and Samuel J. DeCourcy, Jr. Interaction of viscid material ofStaphylococcus aureuswith specific immune serum. J. Bacteriol.89:874–879. 1965.—Re-examination of the phenomenon of Price and Kneeland and of Wiley revealed the following. (i) The prototype “wound strain” of Wiley, and viscid-colony strains obtained by aging and selection of laboratory or field strains, differed in growth characteristics in liquid and solid media from the Smith encapsulated strain and from ordinary, unselected laboratory and field strains of coagulase-positive staphylococci. (ii) The wound strain and ordinary unselected strains, unlike the Smith encapsulated strain, did not exhibit capsules when examined in thin films of Pelikan Waterproof Drawing Ink. (iii) The phenomenon of Price and Kneeland and of Wiley is exhibited when the wound strain and other viscid-colony strains interact with anti-Wiley immune sera or various human sera. In our experience, this phenomenon was not exhibited by the Smith or by ordinary, unselected strains. (iv) The staphylococcal polysaccharide antigen previously characterized as the capsular substance of a Smith-like strain was completely different chemically and serologically from extracellular material prepared from the Wiley wound strain. We conclude that the viscid-colony strains are not, in fact, encapsulated, and that the phenomenon in question is a precipitation of extracellular material about the periphery of the cells.