bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What we lost in the Jagger Library fire
Authors: Kirkwood Clive , Noble Mandy , Singer Michal
Published: November 2023

At the University of Cape Town Libraries, the vast and valuable Special Collections Africana, rare books, government publications, manuscript and audio-visual archives were housed in the historic Jagger Library until 18 April 2021, when the building was razed by a runaway wildfire. With the reading room and galleries gutted by flames, and the basements flooded, the losses to the collection were extensive, representing a tragic and irreparable loss to South African research and historiography. While salvage and recovery efforts are ongoing, this article outlines what was lost by fire. It provides a snapshot of what was in the reading room at the time of the fire, and details the losses as far as possible – these include the prized published collections housed in the reading room and galleries, as well as the miscellany of archival materials situated on the tables and reserve shelving in the building at the time of the fire.
“More Business and Less Politics!” Schooling, Fiscal Structure, and the 1923 California State Budget
Authors: Malczewski Joan
Published: November 2023

In 1923, Los Angeles teachers protested the state’s biennial budget, a controversial document from newly elected governor Friend Richardson that significantly cut funding to government agencies. The budget was the culmination of more than a decade of fiscal policy reform that reflected a significant shift in anti-tax sentiment. The expansion of state governance in the early twentieth century required the development of fiscal policies to meet the needs of the modern state, and public debates about taxation reflected deep ideological differences about the structure and scope of government and implicated public schooling. This analysis demonstrates two features of fiscal policy reform in California. First, tax reform shaped and was shaped by the political context, demonstrating the dynamic relationship between fiscal policy and state formation. Second, debates about tax reform were ultimately about the scope of government. Anti-tax campaigns that sought a more limited government implicated schooling, the largest item in the state budget, and undermined efforts to achieve educational equity.
Tripping effects on model-scale studies of flow over the DARPA SUBOFF
Authors: Morse Nicholas , Mahesh Krishnan
Published: November 2023

Trip-resolved large-eddy simulations of the DARPA SUBOFF are performed to investigate the development of turbulent boundary layers (TBLs) in model-scale studies. The primary consideration of the study is the extent to which the details of tripping affect statistics in large-eddy simulations of complex geometries, which are presently limited to moderate Reynolds number TBLs. Two trip wire configurations are considered, along with a simple numerical trip (wall-normal blowing), which serves as an exemplar of artificial computational tripping methods often used in practice. When the trip wire height exceeds the laminar boundary layer thickness, shedding from the trip wire initiates transition, and the near field is characterized by an elevation of the wall-normal Reynolds stress and a modification of the turbulence anisotropy and mean momentum balance. This trip wire also induces a large jump in the boundary layer thickness, which affects the way in which the TBL responds to the pressure gradients and streamwise curvature of the hull. The trip-induced turbulence decays along the edge of the TBL as a wake component that sits on top of the underlying TBL structure, which dictates the evolution of the momentum and displacement thicknesses. In contrast, for a trip wire height shorter than the laminar boundary layer thickness, transition is initiated at the reattachment point of the trip-induced recirculation bubble, and the artificial trip reasonably replicates the resolved trip wire behaviour relatively shortly downstream of the trip location. For each case, the inner layer collapses rapidly in terms of the mean profile, Reynolds stresses and mean momentum balance, which is followed by the collapse of the Reynolds stresses in coordinates normalized by the local momentum thickness, and finally against the 99 % thickness. By this point, the lasting impact of the trip is the offset in boundary layer thickness due to the trip itself, which becomes a diminishing fraction of the total boundary layer thickness as the TBL grows. The importance of tripping the model appendages is also highlighted due to their lower Reynolds numbers and susceptibility to laminar separations.
Theory of acoustic streaming for arbitrary Reynolds number flow
Authors: Dubrovski Oles , Friend James , Manor Ofer
Published: November 2023

We study a fifty-year-old problem of fast acoustic streaming, that is, the generation of moderate or large hydrodynamic Reynolds number (

$\textit {Re}$

) acoustic streaming (or steady flow) by the convection of momentum in an acoustic wave (or another periodic flow), while the latter is simultaneously altered by the former. The intrinsic disparity of length and time scales makes a brute-force solution of the full Navier–Stokes and continuity equations a formidable problem. Circumventing this difficulty, we split the problem into a time-averaged system of equations for the steady flow component and a dynamic system of equations for its quasi-periodic flow counterpart. The latter system of equations is obtained by subtracting the time-averaged Navier–Stokes equation from its original dynamic form, and is rendered a nonlinear wave equation using the continuity equation and an adiabatic connection between density and pressure. The resulting equations are compatible with the theory by Eckart for small

$\textit {Re}$

flow, and capture large-

$\textit {Re}$

effects. Scaling analysis and a case study show that acoustic streaming is weak and does not contribute to the acoustic wave close to the wave source, relevant to many microfluidic systems. At small

$\textit {Re}$

, the streaming magnitude is proportional to an inverse Strouhal number, a small quantity in experiments. Moderate and large

$\textit {Re}$

render the streaming magnitude comparable to the pre-attenuating periodic flow (or particle velocity of the wave) at approximately a wave attenuation length away from the wave source or further; the wave is altered by the streaming that it generates, and the streaming dominates the flow far from the wave source.
Revisiting the role of friction coefficients in granular collapses: confrontation of 3-D non-smooth simulations with experiments
Authors: Rousseau Gauthier , Métivet Thibaut , Rousseau Hugo , Daviet Gilles , Bertails-Descoubes Florence
Published: November 2023

In this paper, transient granular flows are examined both numerically and experimentally. Simulations are performed using the continuous three-dimensional (3-D) granular model introduced in Daviet & Bertails-Descoubes (ACM Trans. Graph., vol. 35, no. 4, 2016b, p. 102), which represents the granular medium as an inelastic and dilatable continuum subject to the Drucker–Prager yield criterion in the dense regime. One notable feature of this numerical model is to resolve such a non-smooth rheology without any regularisation. We show that this non-smooth model, which relies on a constant friction coefficient, is able to reproduce with high fidelity various experimental granular collapses over inclined erodible beds, provided the friction coefficient is set to the avalanche angle – and not to the stop angle, as generally done. In order to better characterise the range of validity of the fully plastic rheology in the context of transient frictional flows, we further revisit scaling laws relating the shape of the final collapse deposit to the initial column aspect ratio, and accurately recover established power-law dependences up to aspect ratios of the order of 10. The influence of sidewall friction is then examined through experimental and simulated collapses with varying channel widths. The analysis offers a comprehensive framework for estimating the effective flow thickness in relation to the channel width, thereby challenging previously held assumptions regarding its estimation in the literature. Finally, we discuss the possibility to extend the constant coefficient model with a hysteretic model in order to refine the predictions of the early-stage dynamics of the collapse. This illustrates the potential effects of such phenomenology on transient flows, paving the way to more elaborate analysis.
Patronage Networks in Gaelic Ireland ca. 1541–ca. 1660
Authors: Bourke Evan , Chárthaigh Deirdre Nic
Published: November 2023

Bardic poetry in early modern Ireland was the product of highly sophisticated, transactional, and mutually beneficial relationships between poets and their aristocratic patrons. This paper combines innovative methods of network analysis with traditional textual scholarship to visualize and examine these social relationships, which played a role, at both a national and regional level, in maintaining and upholding the values of Gaelic Ireland's elite. Focusing on the period from the declaration of Henry VIII as king of Ireland, in 1541, to the beginning of the Restoration period, in 1660, it highlights and explores an under-studied aspect of Renaissance Ireland.
In Support of Pontifical Power: The Papacy and the Papal States’ Baronial Nobility, 1417–49
Authors: Luiten Loek
Published: November 2023

This article addresses the baronial nobility's much-neglected role in supporting the reestablishment of pontifical power in the wake of the Western Schism. In doing so, this article stresses how acts of noble revolt were complemented by extensive patterns of collaboration in the Papal States’ government, armies, and relations with other principalities. The nobility proved to be a fundamental source of support—a support that was theorized around and expressed in the language of fealty and devotion. In light of this, my analysis further contributes to the study of the perseverance of noble power and ubiquity of transregional factions in late medieval societies.
Community Based Natural Resources Management in Botswana
Authors: Chitsove Emma , Madebwe Tinashe
Published: November 2023

Since the mid-1980s, Botswana has relied on community based natural resources management (CBNRM) to incentivize communities to choose environmentally beneficial behaviour to advance conservation efforts. This approach has had some success, although it has not been as successful as had been hoped. Nevertheless, it is well acknowledged that CBNRM can play an important role in advancing conservation efforts. The state is therefore working to revamp the CBNRM framework so that it consistently yields beneficial results for communities and conservation. This article relies on regulatory theory and experience with CBNRM in Botswana to identify what it would take to establish an effective CBNRM regulatory framework there. It establishes that Botswana has failed to secure effective CBNRM consistently, due to the lack of a dedicated CBNRM law and inadequately resourced institutions. It recommends the promulgation of a CBNRM law with a community-centred and / or rights-based approach, and the establishment of an adequately resourced institution, charged with regulating CBNRM in Botswana.
Sociopolitical reputation and the reform of pharmacies in Greece and Portugal
Authors: Ladi Stella , Moury Catherine , Stolfi Francesco
Published: November 2023

This article argues that differences in sociopolitical reputation can explain why interest groups fail or succeed in influencing policymakers and that therefore sociopolitical reputation is a useful addition to the conceptual toolbox of interest groups scholars. Focusing on pharmacies and their associations in Greece and Portugal between 2005 and 2021, this article uses the concept of sociopolitical reputation to explain why reform attempts to reduce pharmaceutical spending and increase competition in the pharmacy sector were successful in Portugal but not in Greece, even though pharmacists are a much stronger interest group in Portugal than in Greece and even though both countries were under significant exogenous pressure to introduce structural reforms in the wake of the Eurozone crisis.
Fandom Culture as a Catalyst for Propaganda
Authors: Xia Shouzhi
Published: November 2023

Through computational-assisted analysis of the Weibo corpus of the Chinese Communist Youth League (CYL) spanning from 2013 to 2020, this paper unveils the strategic utilization of fandom culture by the CYL, the youth wing of the ruling party, in its nationalistic propaganda on the internet. Specifically, the CYL deliberately associates with the pop idols of the younger generation on Weibo, harnessing their influence to promote nationalistic content that encompasses both “pride-oriented” and “hostility-oriented” themes. Subsequent analysis reveals a greater propensity for nationalistic content to generate audience response compared to other types of content, particularly when endorsed by these pop idols. This research enriches our understanding of the CYL's propaganda efforts and contributes to the burgeoning scholarship on “soft propaganda” in China.
Beyond the res judicata doctrine: The nomomechanics of ICJ interpretation judgments
Authors: Kammerhofer Jörg
Published: November 2023

Res judicata is a core belief of international law; the ICJ’s judgments are seen as final and without appeal, to doubt that is apparently equal to calling the entire international legal order into question. But the doctrine is not as absolute as the orthodoxy makes it out to be, neither as a matter of positive international law nor as a statement of legal theory. Even final judgements are not always final and appeals procedures and judicial review are not special in that they engage res judicata whereas regular legal change does not; rather, both do from a legal-theoretical vantage-point. This article makes the point by looking at ICJ interpretation judgments under Article 60; it argues that, far from leaving the original judgment’s res judicata intact, interpretation judgments actually impinge or even disrupt it. The article discusses ICJ interpretation judgments (the 2013 judgment in Preah Vihear serving as convenient example), introduces Adolf Julius Merkl’s Error Calculus theory as the theoretical framework best suited to analysing the nomomechanics and critiques the Preah Vihear interpretation judgment as change disguised as a hermeneutic exercise. It then turns the critical enterprise on its head to look at the Error Calculus theory itself to lay the groundwork for an even more audacious argument that the Error Calculus does not depend on errors in the narrow sense of the word: it is neither an ex post ratification of an imperfect norm nor a confirmation of invalidity, but the derogation of a perfectly valid norm.
Neurodevelopment outcomes in the first 5 years of the life of children with transposition of the great arteries surgically corrected in the neonatal period: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Soares Catarina , Vieira Rafael José , Costa Sandra , Moita Rita , Andrade Mariana , Guimarães Hercília
Published: November 2023

Congenital Heart Defects are the most common abnormalities at birth, resulting in many short- and long-term consequences.

Objectives:

In patients with transposition of the great arteries, surgical correction may achieve definitive treatment, so a thorough knowledge of the long-term outcomes, particularly neurodevelopment outcomes, is essential. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to study the neurodevelopment outcomes in the first 5 years of the life of children submitted to corrective surgery for transposition of the great arteries in the neonatal period.

Methods:

A total of 17 studies from 18 reports were included, assessing 809 individuals with surgically corrected transposition of the great arteries. The neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC).

Results:

Mean Mental Development Index (MDI) and Psychomotor Development Index (PDI) were within the average values from 1 to 3 years of age, although the proportion of children scoring more than 1 standard deviation below the mean in PDI, MDI, motor, and language composite scores was significantly higher than in the general population. From 4 to 5 years, mean full-scale global intelligence quotient (IQ), verbal IQ, and performance IQ scores did not differ significantly from the general population.

Conclusion:

This study revealed neurodevelopment scores within the normal range at 5 years of age in children submitted to corrective surgery for transposition of the great arteries in the neonatal period. However, these early outcomes may not adequately predict long-term outcomes. Further studies are needed to identify specific risk factors and early markers of later impairment to guide the establishment of early interventions.
Perception towards palliative care among patients with pulmonary hypertension in malaysia: a correlation with disease status
Authors: Tye Sue Kiat , Razali Norazlina Susila , Ahmad Shauqi Shakila Amira , Azeman Nor Athirah , Basran Nurul Fazira , Liew Janet Huey Jing , Leong Ming Chern
Published: November 2023

Objectives:

This study aimed to describe the perception of Malaysian patients with pulmonary hypertension towards palliative care and their receptivity towards palliative care.

Methods:

This was a cross-sectional, single-centre study conducted via questionnaire. Patients aged 18 years old and above, who were diagnosed with non-curable pulmonary hypertension were recruited and given the assessment tool – perceptions of palliative care instrument electronically. The severity of pulmonary hypertension was measured using WHO class, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide and the 6-minute walking test distance.

Results:

A total of 84 patients [mean age: 35 ±11 years, female: 83.3%, median N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide: 491 pg/ml (interquartile range: 155,1317.8), median 6-minute walking test distance: 420m (interquartile range: 368.5, 480m)] completed the questionnaires. Patients with a higher WHO functional class and negative feelings (r = 0.333, p = 0.004), and cognitive reaction to palliative care: hopeless (r = 0.340, p = 0.003), supported (r = 0.258, p = 0.028), disrupted (r = 0.262, p = 0.025), and perception of burden (r = 0.239, p = 0.041) are more receptive to palliative care. WHO class, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide, and 6-minute walking test distance were not associated with higher readiness for palliative care. In logistic regression analyses, patients with positive feelings (β = 2.240, p = < 0.05), and practical needs (β = 1.346, p = < 0.05), were more receptive to palliative care.

Conclusions:

Disease severity did not directly influence patients’ readiness for palliative care. Patients with a positive outlook were more receptive to palliative care.
A view from outside: sovereign CDS volatility as an indicator of economic uncertainty
Authors: Boeck Maximilian , Feldkircher Martin , Raunig Burkhard
Published: November 2023

This paper proposes the volatility of sovereign credit default swaps (CDS) as a measurement of economic uncertainty. Sovereign CDS provide protection against losses from sovereign defaults and are traded for almost all countries by the world’s largest financial institutions. The premium for protection, the so-called CDS spread, depends on a country’s economic conditions and provides an outside view from global financial institutions. Our empirical results show that the volatility of sovereign CDS spreads contains information about economic uncertainty. For a broad panel of 16 countries, we find that sovereign CDS volatility shares directional information with popular news-based economic policy uncertainty (EPU) indices. Using Bayesian panel vector autoregressions, we find similar responses of output and unemployment to shocks in CDS volatility, equity volatility, and EPU. Our results further suggest that sovereign CDS volatility primarily reflects economic and financial uncertainty rather than political uncertainty.
Above the law: Drones, aerial vision and the law of armed conflict – a socio-technical approach
Authors: Krebs Shiri
Published: November 2023

Aerial visuals play a central – and increasing – role in military operations, informing military decision-makers in real time. While adding relevant and time-sensitive information, these visuals construct an imperfect representation of people and spaces, placing additional burdens on decision-makers and creating a persuasive – yet misleading – virtual representation of the actual conditions on the ground. Based on interdisciplinary analysis of critical security studies, behavioural economics and international law literature, as well as rich data from US and Israeli military investigations into four military operations spanning from 2009 to 2021, this article identifies three types of challenges stemming from the mounting reliance on aerial visuals to inform military operations: technical challenges, relating to the technical capabilities and features of aerial vision technologies; cognitive challenges, relating to decision-making biases affecting human decision-makers; and human-technological challenges, relating to the human–machine interaction itself. The article suggests ways to mitigate these challenges, improve the application of the law of armed conflict, and protect people, animals and the environment during armed conflicts.
Born Apart, but Raised Together: Twins Delivered in Different Countries/Twin Research Reviews: Hallermann-Streiff Syndrome in Monozygotic (MZ) Twins; Effects of Technology on Conjoined Twin Separation; Reciprocal DIEP Transplantation Between MZ Twins; Guidelines for Multifetal Management/Media Reports: Book by World’s Oldest Auschwitz-Birkenau Twin Survivor; Passing of Ian Wilmut; Zhores Medvedev Was an Identical Twin; More Gay Fathers with Twin Sons; Twins and Siblings Admitted to Medical School; First and Fourth Records for Major League Baseball Twins
Authors: Segal Nancy L.
Published: November 2023

The circumstances and subsequent life events of the first twins to have been born in different countries are examined. Given that both twins were born in the United Kingdom, their common citizenship was never questioned. In contrast, twins born in Canada to a legally married gay transnational couple — composed of one American and one Israeli — were assigned as citizens of different nations and their parents were regarded as if unmarried. This essay is followed by reviews of research on the Hallermann-Streiff syndrome in monozygotic (MZ) twins, the effects of technology on conjoined twin separation, reciprocal deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) transplantation in MZ twins and new guidelines for managing multifetal pregnancies. Finally, media reports on a book by the world’s oldest Auschwitz-Birkenau twin survivor, the passing of Dr Ian Wilmut, the identical twinship of Zhores Medvedev, another case of gay fathers with twin sons, twins and siblings admitted to medical school, and the first and fourth records for major league baseball twins are presented.
The role of Proenkephalin A 119–159 in the detection of acute	kidney injury after open thoracoabdominal aortic repair
Authors: Doukas Panagiotis , Hartmann Oliver , Arlt Birte , Jacobs Michael Johan , Greiner Andreas , Frese Jan Paul , Gombert Alexander
Published: November 2023

Summary: Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) after open thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repairs (TAAA) is a common postoperative complication, associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Early detection and management of the kidney tissue damage remains of paramount importance. The aim of this prospectively conducted, observational trial was to evaluate the clinical applicability of Proenkephalin A 119–159 (penKid) for the detection of postoperative AKI. Patients and methods: Thirty-six patients, planned for elective open TAAA repairs from January 2019 to December 2022, were recruited in two German centres (University Hospital Aachen and Charité – University Hospital Berlin). Blood samples were collected pre-surgery (baseline), directly postoperatively and at 12, 24 and 48 hours after surgery. The penKid concentration in plasma was measured using the immunoluminometric sphingotest® assay kit and they were statistically tested for association with AKI and other clinical parameters. Results: Twenty-four patients (62%) developed moderate or severe AKI postoperatively (Stage 2 or 3 of the KDIGO classification) and they had a significantly increased risk for the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (p=.023) or a fatal outcome (p=.035). Starting from the 12th hour after surgery, we found penKid correlating with AKI stage 2/3 (12 hour penKid mean in pmol/L: 93.9 vs. 43.1; c index .776, p=.0037) and renal replacement therapy (12 hour c index .779, p=.0035). Patients with multi-organ dysfunction syndrome had significantly increased penKid levels at all timepoints. Conclusions: We found penKid to be a promising biomarker for the early detection of postoperative AKI and in-hospital mortality after open TAAA repair, which may enable the early initiation of organ-protective strategies and reduction of further complications associated with AKI.
Long‐Term Bias Stability of the GOES‐NOP Magnetometers
Authors: Califf S. , Rich F. J. , Loto'aniu T. M. , Singer H. J. , Redmon R. J.
Published: November 2023

We characterize the long‐term bias stability of the GOES‐NOP series magnetometers (GOES‐13, 14, and 15) using data from 2013 through 2018. Bias stability is inferred using three methods: comparing the inboard and outboard measurements on each spacecraft, comparing the individual measurements to the TS04 magnetic field model, and comparing measurements between different GOES‐NOP spacecraft. Comparisons between the inboard and outboard magnetometers demonstrate that GOES‐14 and GOES‐15 measurements are stable within approximately 1–2 nT. The GOES‐13 inboard magnetometer has known contamination issues that hinder a useful inboard/outboard comparison, but inter‐spacecraft comparisons with GOES‐14 and GOES‐15 indicate that the GOES‐13 outboard magnetometer is also stable to 1–2 nT. Direct comparisons of each measurement to the TS04 magnetic field model support the conclusion that there is little long‐term bias drift over the 6‐year period. Model uncertainty and the variability of the field at geostationary orbit create a noise floor that is similar to the variability of the magnetometer biases. While these relative comparisons do not provide absolute measurement uncertainty, they do constrain the stability of the observations, allowing for future absolute calibration of the DC bias through different methods.
Global‐MHD Simulations Using MagPIE: Impact of Flux Transfer Events on the Ionosphere
Authors: Paul Arghyadeep , Strugarek Antoine , Vaidya Bhargav
Published: November 2023

This study presents a recently developed two‐way coupled magnetosphere‐ionosphere model named “MagPIE” that enables the investigation of the impact of flux transfer events (FTEs) on the ionosphere. Our findings highlight the prominent role of cusp‐FTE reconnection in influencing the ionosphere. The typical morphology of an FTE signal, represented by field‐aligned currents (FACs) on the ionosphere, is shown to exhibit a distinct pattern characterized by an “I”‐shaped patch surrounded by a “U”‐shaped patch. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the effects of FACs resulting from FTEs may extend well into the region of closed field lines on the ionosphere. These FACs are seen to exhibit a remarkable resemblance to discrete dayside auroral arcs, providing further evidence that FTEs can be considered as a probable cause of such phenomena. Additionally, FTEs generate vortex‐like patterns of ionospheric flow, which can manifest as either twin vortices or a combination of multiple vortices, depending on the characteristics of the FACs producing them. Furthermore, we present compelling evidence of morphological similarities between the simulated ionospheric signatures obtained from the MagPIE model and an observation made by the SWARM satellites. The agreement between our model and observational data further strengthens the credibility of our model and opens up new avenues to theoretically explore the complex ionospheric effects caused by FTEs.
Anomalous Long‐Distance Propagation of ILS LOC Signals by the Es Layer and Its Impact on Aviation Receivers
Authors: Saito S. , Hosokawa K. , Sakai J. , Tomizawa I.
Published: November 2023

Anomalous long‐distance propagation of Very High Frequency radio waves of aeronautical navigation systems was investigated by an airborne Instrument Landing System (ILS) localizer (ILS LOC) receiver installed on the ground at Kure, Japan (34.245°N, 132.528°E). Intense ILS LOC type signals were observed and the received power was strong enough for the aviation receiver to output course deviation. The radio source was identified by receiving the Morse Code for identification as the localizer‐type directional aid (LDA) serving the Runway‐21 of the Hualien Airport, Taiwan (24.0396°N, 121.6221°E) of which beam pointed close to the receiver. This result supports that the source of the signals often observed at the same frequency at the same location is most probably the LDA at the Hualien Airport. The maximum received power was −99 dBm for an omni‐directional antenna. It was strong enough to cause co‐channel interference. Considering stronger power (−70 dBm) found in previous observations at the same frequency at the same location, anomalous propagation of ILS LOC signals by the Es layer could be a cause of interference when a receiver was near the center of the ILS LOC beam. The course deviation output was consistent with the geometry between the beam of Runway‐21 LDA at the Hualien Airport and the receiver. However, the observed course deviation fluctuated remarkably even when the received power was strong enough. The fluctuation of the course deviation may indicate the structure of the Es layer, and observation of the course deviation could be used to diagnose the Es layer structure.
Variability in home blood pressure and its association with renal function and pulse pressure in patients with treated hypertension in primary care
Authors: Andersson Ulrika , Nilsson Peter M. , Kjellgren Karin , Harris Katie , Chalmers John , Ekholm Mikael , Midlöv Patrik
Published: November 2023

Blood pressure variability (BPV) represents a cardiovascular risk factor, regardless of mean level of blood pressure (BP). In this post-hoc analysis from the PERson-centredness in Hypertension management using Information Technology (PERHIT) study, we aimed to explore BPV in daily home measurements in hypertensive patients from primary care, to identify factors associated with high BPV and to investigate whether estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and pulse pressure, as markers of target organ damage (TOD), are associated with BPV. For eight consecutive weeks, 454 participants reported their daily BP and heart rate in their mobile phone, along with reports of lifestyle and hypertension-related factors. Systolic BP (SBP) values were used to calculate BPV with coefficient of variation (CV) as primary estimate. Background characteristics and self-reports were tested between fifths of CV in a linear regression model, adjusted for age and sex. Associations between BPV and eGFR and pulse pressure were tested with linear and logistic regression models. Higher home BPV was associated with higher age, BP, heart rate, and smoking. BPV was lower for participants with low alcohol consumption and treatment with calcium channel blockers. There was a significant association between BPV and pulse pressure (P = 0.015), and between BPV and eGFR (P = 0.049). Participants with high BPV reported more dizziness and palpitations. In conclusion, pulse pressure and eGFR were significantly associated with home BPV. Older age, high BP, heart rate, and smoking were associated with high BPV, but treatment with calcium channel blockers and low alcohol consumption was associated with low BPV. Trial registration: The study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov [NCT03554382].
Research progress and application of single-cell sequencing in head and neck malignant tumors
Authors: Qu Siyuan , Gong Mengdan , Deng Yongqin , Xiang Yizhen , Ye Dong
Published: November 2023

Single-cell sequencing (SCS) is a technology that separates thousands of cells from the organism and accurately analyzes the genetic material expressed in each cell using high-throughput sequencing technology. Unlike the traditional bulk sequencing approach, which can only provide the average value of a cell population and cannot obtain specific single-cell data, single-cell sequencing can identify the gene sequence and expression changes of a single cell, and reflects the differences between genetic material and protein between cells, and ultimately the role played by the tumor microenvironment. single-cell sequencing can further explore the pathogenesis of head and neck malignancies from the single-cell biological level and provides a theoretical basis for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of head and neck malignancies. This article will systematically introduce the latest progress and application of single-cell sequencing in malignant head and neck tumors.
Liquid-liquid phase separation in DNA double-strand breaks repair
Authors: Wang Yun-Long , Zhao Wan-Wen , Shi Jie , Wan Xiang-Bo , Zheng Jian , Fan Xin-Juan
Published: November 2023

DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the fatal type of DNA damage mostly induced by exposure genome to ionizing radiation or genotoxic chemicals. DSBs are mainly repaired by homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). To repair DSBs, a large amount of DNA repair factors was observed to be concentrated at the end of DSBs in a specific spatiotemporal manner to form a repair center. Recently, this repair center was characterized as a condensate derived from liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of key DSBs repair factors. LLPS has been found to be the mechanism of membraneless organelles formation and plays key roles in a variety of biological processes. In this review, the recent advances and mechanisms of LLPS in the formation of DSBs repair-related condensates are summarized.
Engineering chirality at wafer scale with ordered carbon nanotube architectures
Authors: Doumani Jacques , Lou Minhan , Dewey Oliver , Hong Nina , Fan Jichao , Baydin Andrey , Zahn Keshav , Yomogida Yohei , Yanagi Kazuhiro , Pasquali Matteo , Saito Riichiro , Kono Junichiro , Gao Weilu
Published: November 2023

Creating artificial matter with controllable chirality in a simple and scalable manner brings new opportunities to diverse areas. Here we show two such methods based on controlled vacuum filtration - twist stacking and mechanical rotation - for fabricating wafer-scale chiral architectures of ordered carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with tunable and large circular dichroism (CD). By controlling the stacking angle and handedness in the twist-stacking approach, we maximize the CD response and achieve a high deep-ultraviolet ellipticity of 40 ± 1 mdeg nm−1. Our theoretical simulations using the transfer matrix method reproduce the experimentally observed CD spectra and further predict that an optimized film of twist-stacked CNTs can exhibit an ellipticity as high as 150 mdeg nm−1, corresponding to agfactor of 0.22. Furthermore, the mechanical rotation method not only accelerates the fabrication of twisted structures but also produces both chiralities simultaneously in a single sample, in a single run, and in a controllable manner. The created wafer-scale objects represent an alternative type of synthetic chiral matter consisting of ordered quantum wires whose macroscopic properties are governed by nanoscopic electronic signatures and can be used to explore chiral phenomena and develop chiral photonic and optoelectronic devices.
Accelerating multielectron reduction at CuxO nanograins interfaces with controlled local electric field
Authors: Guo Weihua , Zhang Siwei , Zhang Junjie , Wu Haoran , Ma Yangbo , Song Yun , Cheng Le , Chang Liang , Li Geng , Liu Yong , Wei Guodan , Gan Lin , Zhu Minghui , Xi Shibo , Wang Xue , Yakobson Boris I. , Tang Ben Zhong , Ye Ruquan
Published: November 2023

Regulating electron transport rate and ion concentrations in the local microenvironment of active site can overcome the slow kinetics and unfavorable thermodynamics of CO2 electroreduction. However, simultaneous optimization of both kinetics and thermodynamics is hindered by synthetic constraints and poor mechanistic understanding. Here we leverage laser-assisted manufacturing for synthesizing CuxO bipyramids with controlled tip angles and abundant nanograins, and elucidate the mechanism of the relationship between electron transport/ion concentrations and electrocatalytic performance. Potassium/OH− adsorption tests and finite element simulations corroborate the contributions from strong electric field at the sharp tip. In situ Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and differential electrochemical mass spectrometry unveil the dynamic evolution of critical *CO/*OCCOH intermediates and product profiles, complemented with theoretical calculations that elucidate the thermodynamic contributions from improved coupling at the Cu+/Cu2+ interfaces. Through modulating the electron transport and ion concentrations, we achieve high Faradaic efficiency of 81% at ~900 mA cm−2 for C2+ products via CO2RR. Similar enhancement is also observed for nitrate reduction reaction (NITRR), achieving 81.83 mg h−1 ammonia yield rate per milligram catalyst. Coupling the CO2RR and NITRR systems demonstrates the potential for valorizing flue gases and nitrate wastes, which suggests a practical approach for carbon-nitrogen cycling.
Kinetic magnetism in triangular moiré materials
Authors: Ciorciaro L. , Smoleński T. , Morera I. , Kiper N. , Hiestand S. , Kroner M. , Zhang Y. , Watanabe K. , Taniguchi T. , Demler E. , İmamoğlu A.
Published: November 2023

Magnetic properties of materials ranging from conventional ferromagnetic metals to strongly correlated materials such as cuprates originate from Coulomb exchange interactions. The existence of alternate mechanisms for magnetism that could naturally facilitate electrical control has been discussed theoretically1–7, but an experimental demonstration8 in an extended system has been missing. Here we investigate MoSe2/WS2 van der Waals heterostructures in the vicinity of Mott insulator states of electrons forming a frustrated triangular lattice and observe direct evidence of magnetic correlations originating from a kinetic mechanism. By directly measuring electronic magnetization through the strength of the polarization-selective attractive polaron resonance9,10, we find that when the Mott state is electron-doped, the system exhibits ferromagnetic correlations in agreement with the Nagaoka mechanism.
Embryo-scale reverse genetics at single-cell resolution
Authors: Saunders Lauren M. , Srivatsan Sanjay R. , Duran Madeleine , Dorrity Michael W. , Ewing Brent , Linbo Tor H. , Shendure Jay , Raible David W. , Moens Cecilia B. , Kimelman David , Trapnell Cole
Published: November 2023

The maturation of single-cell transcriptomic technologies has facilitated the generation of comprehensive cellular atlases from whole embryos1–4. A majority of these data, however, has been collected from wild-type embryos without an appreciation for the latent variation that is present in development. Here we present the ‘zebrafish single-cell atlas of perturbed embryos’: single-cell transcriptomic data from 1,812 individually resolved developing zebrafish embryos, encompassing 19 timepoints, 23 genetic perturbations and a total of 3.2 million cells. The high degree of replication in our study (eight or more embryos per condition) enables us to estimate the variance in cell type abundance organism-wide and to detect perturbation-dependent deviance in cell type composition relative to wild-type embryos. Our approach is sensitive to rare cell types, resolving developmental trajectories and genetic dependencies in the cranial ganglia neurons, a cell population that comprises less than 1% of the embryo. Additionally, time-series profiling of individual mutants identified a group ofbrachyury-independent cells with strikingly similar transcriptomes to notochord sheath cells, leading to new hypotheses about early origins of the skull. We anticipate that standardized collection of high-resolution, organism-scale single-cell data from large numbers of individual embryos will enable mapping of the genetic dependencies of zebrafish cell types, while also addressing longstanding challenges in developmental genetics, including the cellular and transcriptional plasticity underlying phenotypic diversity across individuals.
Stress granules plug and stabilize damaged endolysosomal membranes
Authors: Bussi Claudio , Mangiarotti Agustín , Vanhille-Campos Christian , Aylan Beren , Pellegrino Enrica , Athanasiadi Natalia , Fearns Antony , Rodgers Angela , Franzmann Titus M. , Šarić Anđela , Dimova Rumiana , Gutierrez Maximiliano G.
Published: November 2023

Endomembrane damage represents a form of stress that is detrimental for eukaryotic cells1,2. To cope with this threat, cells possess mechanisms that repair the damage and restore cellular homeostasis3–7. Endomembrane damage also results in organelle instability and the mechanisms by which cells stabilize damaged endomembranes to enable membrane repair remains unknown. Here, by combining in vitro and in cellulo studies with computational modelling we uncover a biological function for stress granules whereby these biomolecular condensates form rapidly at endomembrane damage sites and act as a plug that stabilizes the ruptured membrane. Functionally, we demonstrate that stress granule formation and membrane stabilization enable efficient repair of damaged endolysosomes, through both ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport)-dependent and independent mechanisms. We also show that blocking stress granule formation in human macrophages creates a permissive environment for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a human pathogen that exploits endomembrane damage to survive within the host.
Illuminating protein space with a programmable generative model
Authors: Ingraham John B. , Baranov Max , Costello Zak , Barber Karl W. , Wang Wujie , Ismail Ahmed , Frappier Vincent , Lord Dana M. , Ng-Thow-Hing Christopher , Van Vlack Erik R. , Tie Shan , Xue Vincent , Cowles Sarah C. , Leung Alan , Rodrigues João V. , Morales-Perez Claudio L. , Ayoub Alex M. , Green Robin , Puentes Katherine , Oplinger Frank , Panwar Nishant V. , Obermeyer Fritz , Root Adam R. , Beam Andrew L. , Poelwijk Frank J. , Grigoryan Gevorg
Published: November 2023

Three billion years of evolution has produced a tremendous diversity of protein molecules1, but the full potential of proteins is likely to be much greater. Accessing this potential has been challenging for both computation and experiments because the space of possible protein molecules is much larger than the space of those likely to have functions. Here we introduce Chroma, a generative model for proteins and protein complexes that can directly sample novel protein structures and sequences, and that can be conditioned to steer the generative process towards desired properties and functions. To enable this, we introduce a diffusion process that respects the conformational statistics of polymer ensembles, an efficient neural architecture for molecular systems that enables long-range reasoning with sub-quadratic scaling, layers for efficiently synthesizing three-dimensional structures of proteins from predicted inter-residue geometries and a general low-temperature sampling algorithm for diffusion models. Chroma achieves protein design as Bayesian inference under external constraints, which can involve symmetries, substructure, shape, semantics and even natural-language prompts. The experimental characterization of 310 proteins shows that sampling from Chroma results in proteins that are highly expressed, fold and have favourable biophysical properties. The crystal structures of two designed proteins exhibit atomistic agreement with Chroma samples (a backbone root-mean-square deviation of around 1.0 Å). With this unified approach to protein design, we hope to accelerate the programming of protein matter to benefit human health, materials science and synthetic biology.
Morphological changes in intraepithelial and stromal telocytes in Cyprinus carpio in response to salinity stress
Authors: Emeish Walaa F. A. , Abd-ElHafeez Hanan H. , Alghamdi Abdullah A. A. , Ahmed Madeha , Khalifa Mahmoud Osman , El-Mansi Ahmed A. , Abou-Elhamd Alaa S. , Khormi Mohsen M. , Alkashif Khalid , Soliman Soha A.
Published: November 2023

Telocytes establish connections and communicate with various types of cells and structures. Few experimental studies have been performed on telocytes. In this study, we investigated the effect of salinity stress on telocytes in relation to osmoregulatory, immune, and stem cells. After exposing the common carp to 0.2 (control), 6, 10, or 14 ppt salinity, we extracted and fixed gill samples in glutaraldehyde, processed and embedded the samples in resin, and prepared semi-thin and ultrathin sections. Two types of telocytes were identified: intraepithelial and stromal telocytes. Intraepithelial telocytes were found to form part of the cellular lining of the lymphatic space and shed secretory vesicles into this space. Stromal telocytes were observed to shed their secretory vesicles into the secondary circulatory vessels. Both intraepithelial and stromal telocytes were enlarged and exhibited increased secretory activities as salinity increased. They exerted their effects via direct contact and paracrine signaling. The following changes were observed in samples from fish exposed to high salinity levels: chloride cells underwent hypertrophy, and their mitochondria became cigar-shaped; pavement cells were enlarged, and their micro-ridges became thin and elongated; stromal telocytes established contact with stem cells and skeletal myoblasts; skeletal muscle cells underwent hypertrophy; and macrophages and rodlet cells increased in number. In conclusion, our findings indicate that intraepithelial and stromal telocytes respond to salinity stress by activating cellular signaling and that they play major roles in osmoregulation, immunity, and regeneration.