bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardiovascular Safety of Metoclopramide Compared to Domperidone: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Cowan Andrea , Garg Amit X , McArthur Eric , Muanda Tsobo Flory , Weir Matthew A
Published: November 2020

Background

Metoclopramide and domperidone are common prokinetics used to alleviate gastrointestinal symptoms. However, both drugs may trigger ventricular arrhythmias.

Aim

We conducted this population-based study to compare the 30-day cardiovascular safety of metoclopramide versus domperidone in outpatient care.

Methods

We used health care databases to identify a cohort of patients in Ontario, Canada newly dispensed metoclopramide or domperidone. Inverse probability of treatment weighting based on propensity scores was used to balance the baseline characteristics of the two groups. All outcomes were assessed in the 30 days following drug dispensing. The primary outcome was hospital encounter with ventricular arrhythmia. The secondary outcomes were hospital encounter with cardiac arrest, all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality.

Results

We identified 196,544 patients, 19% of whom were prescribed metoclopramide. There was no difference in the risk of a hospital encounter with ventricular arrythmia (0.02% in both groups), or cardiac arrest (0.10% with metoclopramide and 0.08% with domperidone). However, 1.34% of patients died after starting metoclopramide compared to 0.52% of patients starting domperidone; weighted risk ratio 2.50 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.13 to 3.03). Similarly, 0.42% of patients died of cardiovascular causes after starting metoclopramide compared to 0.19 % of patients starting domperidone; weighted risk ratio 2.00 (95% CI 1.44 to 2.77).

Conclusion

The 30-day risk for a hospital encounter with ventricular arrhythmia was low for both metoclopramide and domperidone, with no significant difference in the rate between the two drugs. The higher 30-day risk of death observed with metoclopramide compared with domperidone in this study has also been observed in other studies and warrants further investigation.
Unorganized point classification for robust NURBS surface reconstruction using a point-based neural network
Authors: Song Jinho , Lee Junhee , Ko Kwanghee , Kim Won-Don , Kang Tae-Won , Kim Jeung-Youb , Nam Jong-Ho
Published: November 2020

In this paper, a method for classifying 3D unorganized points into interior and boundary points using a deep neural network is proposed. The classification of 3D unorganized points into boundary and interior points is an important problem in the nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS) surface reconstruction process. A part of an existing neural network PointNet, which processes 3D point segmentation, is used as the base network model. An index value corresponding to each point is proposed for use as an additional property to improve the classification performance of the network. The classified points are then provided as inputs to the NURBS surface reconstruction process, and it has been demonstrated that the reconstruction is performed efficiently. Experiments using diverse examples indicate that the proposed method achieves better performance than other existing methods.
Behavioral Asymmetries Affecting Male Mating Success in Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), an Important Edible Species
Authors: Boukouvala Maria C , Romano Donato , Kavallieratos Nickolas G , Stefanini Cesare , Canale Angelo , Benelli Giovanni
Published: November 2020

The yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L., is one of the most significant insect species of economic importance for producing protein-rich food and feed. The larvae are a promising fishmeal substitute for fish feed, and a good alternative source for human nutrition. In this study, the effect of behavioral asymmetries on male mating success of T. molitor was evaluated. Males performing antennal waving (63%) when detecting a female approached the apex of the female abdomen in a comparable manner from both sides (32% from left side vs 31% from right side). Fewer males showed antennal waving and also raised the anterior part of their body (37%) during mate recognition; 14% of them approached on the apex of female abdomen from the left side, and 23% of them approached from the right side of female body. The duration of mate recognition, antennal tapping, rubbing behavior, and the whole mating sequence of males that moved on the apex of the abdomen from the left side of females was significantly lower over that of males approaching from the right side (10.7, 12.6, 16.4, and 126.1 s for left-biased males vs 12.2, 14.8, 18.6, and 139.6 s for right-biased males, respectively). Concerning mounting side, left-biased males showed a shorter duration of rubbing behavior and the whole mating sequence (15.5 and 123.2 s) over right-biased (18.9 and 138.3 s) and backside approaching males (19.4 and 144.1 s). The duration of mate recognition, antennal tapping, and copula was not affected by the presence of a male laterality bias. Overall, this study sheds light on how laterality affects mating traits and the male success of this important edible insect species.
#IamaRefugee: Social Media Resistance to Trump's ‘Muslim Ban’
Authors: Estrada Emily P , Anderson Alecia D , Brown Angela
Published: November 2020

Immediately after newly inaugurated President Trump issued Executive Order 13769 in 2017, commonly referred to as the ‘Muslim ban’, people around the world engaged in widespread resistance in a variety of ways, including through a relatively new forum: social media. While scholars have examined counterframing and symbolic boundary-work in resistance movements, little is known about impact social media platforms may have on these narratives. Accordingly, in this article, we explore how actors engage in boundary-work and counterframing through the use of social media. Using Twitter posts containing ‘#IamaRefugee’ as our data, we find that activists engaged in different dimensions of boundary-work in opposition to Trump’s ban including creating boundaries between the immoral ‘them’ and moral ‘us’; challenging the boundaries between supposedly threatening refugees and the dominant group; and strengthening the bond of those in opposition to Trump’s policies and rhetoric by reinforcing the messages of solidarity. We argue that this boundary-work culminated in direct calls for mobilization. The implications of our findings are meaningful to scholarship on refugee studies, social movements, and framing and to those interested in opposing problematic elite framing.
Interpreting LOFAR 21-cm signal upper limits at z ≈ 9.1 in the context of high-z galaxy and reionization observations
Authors: Greig Bradley , Mesinger Andrei , Koopmans Léon V E , Ciardi Benedetta , Mellema Garrelt , Zaroubi Saleem , Giri Sambit K , Ghara Raghunath , Ghosh Abhik , Iliev Ilian T , Mertens Florent G , Mondal Rajesh , Offringa André R , Pandey Vishambhar N
Published: November 2020

Using the latest upper limits on the 21-cm power spectrum at z ≈ 9.1 from the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR), we explore the regions of parameter space which are inconsistent with the data. We use 21cmmc, a Monte Carlo Markov chain sampler of 21cmfast which directly forward models the three dimensional (3D) cosmic 21-cm signal in a fully Bayesian framework. We use the astrophysical parametrization from 21cmfast, which includes mass-dependent star formation rates and ionizing escape fractions as well as soft-band X-ray luminosities to place limits on the properties of the high-z galaxies. Further, we connect the disfavoured regions of parameter space with existing observational constraints on the Epoch of Reionization such as ultra-violet (UV) luminosity functions, background UV photoionization rate, intergalactic medium (IGM) neutral fraction, and the electron scattering optical depth. We find that all models exceeding the 21-cm signal limits set by LOFAR at z ≈ 9.1 are excluded at ≳2σ by other probes. Finally, we place limits on the IGM spin temperature from LOFAR, disfavouring at 95 per cent confidence spin temperatures below ∼2.6 K across an IGM neutral fraction range of $0.15 \lesssim \bar{x}_{\rm H\, \rm {\small I}} \lesssim 0.6$. Note, these limits are only obtained from 141 h of data in a single redshift bin. With tighter upper limits, across multiple redshift bins expected in the near future from LOFAR, more viable models will be ruled out. Our approach demonstrates the potential of forward modelling tools such as 21cmmc in combining 21-cm observations with other high-z probes to constrain the astrophysics of galaxies.
Instabilities and pulsations in models of the B-type supergiant κ Cassiopeiae (HD 2905)
Authors: Yadav Abhay Pratap , Joshi Santosh , Glatzel Wolfgang
Published: November 2020

For the B-type supergiant κ Cassiopeiae (HD 2905), variabilities with periods between several hours and a few days have been observed both photometrically and spectroscopically. A recent study of this star by Simón-Díaz et al. has revealed variability with a dominant period of 2.7 d. To understand this variability, we present a linear non-adiabatic stability analysis with respect to radial perturbations for models of κ Cassiopeiae. Instabilities associated with the fundamental mode and the first overtone are identified for models with masses between 27 and 44 M⊙. For selected models, the instabilities are followed into the nonlinear regime by numerical simulations. As a result, finite amplitude pulsations with periods between 3 and 1.8 d are found. The model with a mass of 34.5 M⊙ exhibits a pulsation period of 2.7 d consistent with the observations. In the nonlinear regime, the instabilities may cause a substantial inflation of the envelope.
The impact of merging on the origin of kinematically misaligned and counter-rotating galaxies in MaNGA
Authors: Li Song-lin , Shi Yong , Bizyaev Dmitry , Duckworth Christopher , Yan Ren-bin , Chen Yan-mei , Bing Long-ji , Chen Jian-hang , Yu Xiao-ling , Riffel Rogemar A
Published: November 2020

Galaxy mergers and interactions are expected to play a significant role leading to offsets between gas and stellar motions in galaxies. Herein, we cross-match galaxies in Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory MPL-8 with the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument Legacy Surveys and identify 311 merging galaxies that have reliable measurements of ΔPA, the difference between the stellar and gas kinematic position angles, to investigate the impacts of merging on gas–stellar rotation misalignments. We find that the merging fractions of misaligned galaxies (30$^\circ \, \leqslant \, \Delta$PA < 150○) are higher than those of co-rotators (ΔPA < 30○) in both quiescent and star-forming galaxies. This result suggests that merging is one process to produce kinematic misalignments. The merging fraction of counter-rotators (ΔPA ≥ 150○) is lower than that of misaligned galaxies in both quiescent and star-forming galaxies, while in the latter it is likely even lower than that of co-rotators. The orbital angular momentum transfer to the spins of stars and gas during merging and the tidal feature disappearance can lead to small merging fractions in counter-rotators. Numerous new stars that inherit angular momentum from gas after merging can further lower the merging fraction of star-forming counter-rotators.
Correcting the effect of stellar spots on ARIEL transmission spectra
Authors: Cracchiolo G , Micela G , Peres G
Published: November 2020

The goal of this study is to assess the impact of the stellar spots on the extraction of the planetary transmission spectra observed by ARIEL. We develop a method to model the stellar spectrum of a star in the presence of spots by using the out-of-transit observations. It is based on a chi squared minimization procedure of the out-of-transit spectrum on a grid of stellar spectra with different sizes and temperatures of the spots. The approach allows us also to study the temporal evolution of the spots when comparing stellar spectra observed at different epochs. We also present a method to correct the transit depth variations due to non-occulted stellar spots and estimate the error we introduce if we apply the same correction to crossings over the stellar spots. The method is tested on three types of stellar targets that ARIEL will observe in its 4-yr mission lifetime. In all the explored cases, the approach allows us to reliably recover the spot parameters (size and temperature) from out-of-transit observations and, for non-occulted spots, to confidently recover the planetary atmosphere transmission spectrum within the noise level (with average uncertainty of at most $3.3{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the planetary signal). Conversely, we find systematic biases in the inferred planetary spectra due to the occulted spots, with measurable effects for the brightest targets especially for more contrasted spots.
Effects of proper motion of neutron stars on continuous gravitational-wave searches
Authors: Covas P B
Published: November 2020

All-sky and directed continuous gravitational-wave searches look for signals from unknown asymmetric rotating neutron stars or from neutron stars of unknown rotational frequency. These searches do not take into account the proper motion of the neutron star, assuming that the loss of signal-to-noise ratio caused by this is negligible and that no biases in parameter estimation are introduced. In this paper, we study the effect that proper motion has on continuous wave searches, and we show for what regions of parameter space (frequency, proper motion, sky position) and observation times this assumption may not be valid. We also calculate the relative uncertainty on the proper motion parameter estimation that these searches can achieve.
Evidence of galaxy interaction in the narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy IRAS 17020+4544 seen by NOEMA
Authors: Salomé Q , Longinotti A L , Krongold Y , Feruglio C , Chavushyan V , Vega O , García-Burillo S , Fuente A , Olguín-Iglesias A , Patiño-Álvarez V M , Puerari I , Robleto-Orús A
Published: November 2020

The narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy IRAS 17020+4544 is one of the few sources where both an X-ray ultrafast outflow and a molecular outflow were observed to be consistent with energy conservation. However, IRAS 17020+4544 is less massive and has a much more modest active galactic nucleus (AGN) luminosity than the other examples. Using recent CO(1–0) observations with the NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array, we characterized the molecular gas content of the host galaxy for the first time. We found that the molecular gas is distributed into an apparent central disc of 1.1 × 109 M⊙, and a northern extension located up to 8 kpc from the centre with a molecular gas mass $M_{\mathrm{ H}_2}\sim 10^8\, \mathrm{ M}_\odot$. The molecular gas mass and the CO dynamics in the northern extension reveal that IRAS 17020+4544 is not a standard spiral galaxy, instead it is interacting with a dwarf object corresponding to the northern extension. This interaction possibly triggers the high accretion rate on to the supermassive black hole. Within the main galaxy, which hosts the AGN, a simple analytical model predicts that the molecular gas may lie in a ring, with less molecular gas in the nuclear region. Such distribution may be the result of the AGN activity that removes or photodissociates the molecular gas in the nuclear region (AGN feedback). Finally, we have detected a molecular outflow of mass $M_{\mathrm{ H}_2}=(0.7\!-\!1.2)\times 10^7\, \mathrm{ M}_\odot$ in projection at the location of the northern galaxy, with a similar velocity to that of the massive outflow reported in previous millimetre data obtained by the Large Millimeter Telescope.
Streaming instability with multiple dust species – I. Favourable conditions for the linear growth
Authors: Zhu(朱照寰) Zhaohuan , Yang(楊朝钦) Chao-Chin
Published: November 2020

A recent study suggests that the streaming instability, one of the leading mechanisms for driving the formation of planetesimals, may not be as efficient as previously thought. Under some disc conditions, the growth time-scale of the instability can be longer than the disc lifetime when multiple dust species are considered. To further explore this finding, we use both linear analysis and direct numerical simulations with gas fluid and dust particles to mutually validate and study the unstable modes of the instability in more detail. We extend the previously studied parameter space by one order of magnitude in both the range of the dust-size distribution [Ts, min, Ts, max] and the total solid-to-gas mass ratio ε and introduce a third dimension with the slope q of the size distribution. We find that the fast-growth regime and the slow-growth regime are distinctly separated in the ε–Ts, max space, while this boundary is not appreciably sensitive to q or Ts, min. With a wide range of dust sizes present in the disc (e.g. Ts, min ≲ 10−3), the growth rate in the slow-growth regime decreases as more dust species are considered. With a narrow range of dust sizes (e.g. Ts, max/Ts, min = 5), on the other hand, the growth rate in most of the ε–Ts, max space is converged with increasing dust species, but the fast and the slow growth regimes remain clearly separated. Moreover, it is not necessary that the largest dust species dominate the growth of the unstable modes, and the smaller dust species can affect the growth rate in a complicated way. In any case, we find that the fast-growth regime is bounded by ε ≳ 1 or Ts, max ≳ 1, which may represent the favourable conditions for planetesimal formation.
King-Hele orbit theory for periodic orbit and attitude variations
Authors: Ray Vishal , Scheeres Daniel J
Published: November 2020

The analytical theory of satellite orbits in an atmosphere developed by King-Hele remains widely in use for satellite mission design because of its accurate approximation to numerical integration under simplifying assumptions. Over the course of six decades, modifications to the theory have addressed many of its weaknesses. However, in all subsequent modifications of the original theory, the assumption of a constant drag-coefficient has been retained. The drag-coefficient is a dynamic parameter that governs the physical interaction between the atmosphere and the satellite and depends on ambient as well as satellite specific factors. In this work, Fourier series expansion models of the drag-coefficient are incorporated in the original King-Hele theory to capture time-variations of the drag-coefficient in averaging integrals. The modified theory is validated through simulations that demonstrate the attained improvements in approximating numerical results over the original King-Hele formulation.
Introduction
Authors: Ritter Julia M.
Published: November 2020

The Introduction lays out the main aim of the project—to uncover choreography’s role in immersive productions—and suggests that two specific challenges must be addressed in order to do so. The first challenge concerns the ways that dance and theater have long been maintained as separate academic disciplines and continue to be disconnected in the research surrounding contemporary performance, including participatory forms such as immersive theater. The second challenge when foregrounding choreography’s role in immersive productions is to address the questions about power and control. By recognizing the generative interplays within immersive productions—tensions between agency and control, between performer and spectator, between scriptedness and improvisation—we are able to understand choreography’s nuanced role as a primary mechanism for shaping audience participation to effectively engender immersion as an affective outcome.
Coauthorality
Authors: Ritter Julia M.
Published: November 2020

Chapter 5 introduces the idea of actuating to argue that once spectators are actuated, they can shift into states of being coauthorial, or coauthorality. Drawing upon Roland Barthes’ theory of the “death of the author,” in which he relocates the authority for making meaning of a text from author to reader, this chapter ties into larger debates concerning coauthorship and the embodied participation of audiences in immersive performance. It is argued that choreographic structures compound spectators’ perceptions of coauthorship for two reasons: spectators’ direct physical engagement in improvisational scores and the interpretive flexibility of dance itself. In immersive productions, dance provides opportunities for audiences to conceive of their participation as generating and coauthoring content that contributes to the production.
Cultural Life
Authors: Hájková Anna
Published: November 2020

Theresienstadt is famous as the “cultural ghetto.” Rather than following the traditional interpretation of cultural activities as resistance, this chapter explores how in Theresienstadt, as in other camps, artistic production and consumption were prestigious activities linked to symbolic capital. The social elite in the ghetto redefined “high culture” and marked as particularly valuable those works that were considered the most Czech. Inmates’ positions in the social hierarchy dictated who had access to which productions, and “wealthy” prisoners such as cooks acted as patrons for artists or could play soccer, a much-loved sport in Theresienstadt. The enthusiasm for the key cultural and sporting events demonstrates that the ideological divisions among Czech prisoners, Zionists, and Czecho-Jews were of secondary importance to Czech belonging.
Transports from Terezín to the East
Authors: Hájková Anna
Published: November 2020

This last chapter looks at the role of Theresienstadt as a transit ghetto and explains how the transports to the East were organized. Specifically, the Jewish self-administration was forced to compile lists of prisoners for transports. The Jewish functionaries categorized people as indispensable and inmates complained about the injustice of the selection, demonstrating another aspect of stratification among the prisoners. Inmates’ decision taking but also fear and panic at the departing transports redefines our understanding of the victims’ powerlessness. Finally, the chapter looks at the long-standing ignorance of Theresienstadt inmates about the mass murder underway in the East as part of a coping mechanism.
Fugue in the Renaissance Motet
Authors: Walker Paul
Published: November 2020

This chapter explores fugal writing in the genre that contemporary writers indicated was the “home” of fugue: the motet. Beginning with the establishment by Jean Mouton and others of the classic Renaissance motet—based on serious counterpoint within a point-of-imitation structure—in the first two decades of the century, the fugal motet received its most important features at the hands of Nicolas Gombert in the 1530s when he expanded the use of imitation beyond a single thematic statement in each voice to feature a texture based on multiple returning statements. This approach then formed the basis for motet writing by Thomas Crecquillon and Jacobus Clemens non Papa around mid-century and later by Francesco Guerrero and G. P. da Palestrina. By century’s end, composers had grown weary of fugue’s use in vocal music, such that it plays a lesser role in the motets of Lassus, but English composers contributed their own efforts in the 1580s and 1590s.
Back to the Future Qasbah
Authors: Robb Megan Eaton
Published: November 2020

This chapter delves into the role of space and time in the formation of the public. Statements in Madīnah linked Bijnor’s physical isolation to a temporal distance, a spatial-temporal rift that allowed it to define a segment of the Urdu public that stood at odds with the “Westernized city,” and from this position also to reach out and connect with a broader Muslim qaum. This chapter explores the power of alternate temporalities, enabled by nostalgia, as a mechanism of power. Statements about the passage of time were irruptive, enabling the construction of an alternative qasbah timescape, and with this alternative timescape, an alternative public. While the qasbah has more recently been tied to an idealized past, close analysis of the discourse of Madīnah newspaper reveals an early twentieth-century voice that saw the present, past, and future as productively intertwined in the qasbah.
Viewing the Map of Europe through the Lens of Islam
Authors: Robb Megan Eaton
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses how Madīnah newspaper saw its relationship to the global political context and how it counseled Muslims to understand and act in the world in the early twentieth century. In the case of Bijnor, the alterity of the qasbah enabled a key transition from promoting League–Congress cooperation to justifying cooperation with Hindus, opposition to the Muslim League, and suspicion of the Westernized city, all in Islamic terms. At the same time, it argues that this particular qasbah timescape was not only oriented primarily around the issue of affiliation or alliance with specific national parties, but also significantly on a particular relationship to the past.
Frontiers and Borders
Authors: Embree Ainslie T.
Published: November 2020

Takes a wide historical spectrum in locating the specific study of British attempts to define boundaries during the early years of colonial rule.
Defining the Mughal Inheritance, 1757–98
Authors: Embree Ainslie T.
Published: November 2020

Focuses on the specific 40-year period of early British colonial rule where administrators were dealing with the inheritance of the Mughal Empire’s sense of political geography and how to define the limits of imperial control.
Indo-German Exchanges in Education
Authors: Kämpchen Martin
Published: November 2020

Rabindranath Tagore visited Germany three times and professed a special affinity to the German people and their culture. In 1930, his final visit, the Indian poet met the German couple Paul and Edith Geheeb, who had started the Odenwaldschule in 1910. They fled from Germany (from the Hitler regime) in 1934 to Switzerland and led their new school, the Ecole D’Humanité, until their death. They followed the innovative education of the Reformpädagogik (New Education Movement) which gave maximum freedom to children to choose their education. Tagore recognized a striking similarity to his school in Santiniketan. Both educators, working in two different cultures and historical situations, came to the same basic conclusions about how education of children should be like in this modern age. The book first discusses the personalities of Paul and Edith Geheeb and offers a brief delineation of their school’s genesis. The meeting with Rabindranath Tagore and its aftermath is given special attention as it still occupies an important place in the collective memory of the Ecole d’Humanité. After a study of the pedagogical principles which guided Tagore and Geheeb, a comparative study of its similarities and dissimilarities follows. Geheeb’s two schools generated Indo-German cultural activities, especially in the field of Sanskrit studies. The schools had numerous Indian guests and Paul and Edith corresponded with several Indian personalities. Edith developed an interest in the activities of the Ramakrishna Mission. In 1953, Indira Gandhi and her sons stayed in the Ecole. In 1965–6, when Edith was 80, she visited India, especially Tagore’s Santiniketan and Belur Math, the headquarters of the Ramakrishna Mission.
Introduction
Authors: Kämpchen Martin
Published: November 2020

Both Rabindranath Tagore and Paul and Edith Geheeb were deeply committed educators. Their respective schools in India and Germany (and later Switzerland) were at the core of their creative lives. These schools helped to shape the image and the international influence of their founders. Due to Tagore’s global contacts after he won the Nobel Prize in 1913, many foreign teachers offered their services in Santiniketan. In Paul Geheeb’s case, too, Indian persons came to teach Indian philosophy or just to participate in the school’s activities. Indian influence on the students’ lives has been notable. I have been visiting the Ecole d’Humanité often for over two decades. I met Paul Geheeb’s successor, Armin Lüthi, who allowed me to use the Ecole’s Archive. I sent a trained artist from a tribal village near Santiniketan to the Ecole to teach; he was twice invited to return. Thus the link between the Ecole and Santiniketan could be revived.
An Indo-German Encounter
Authors: Kämpchen Martin
Published: November 2020

Apart from the persons mentioned in the main chapters of the book, several other important personalities were associated with the Ecole d’Humanité and its founders. They were, among others, the writers Hermann Hesse, Romain Rolland, and theologian and physician Albert Schweitzer. This demonstrates the range of the school’s influence. Incidentally, these same persons also had a relationship with Tagore. In difficult times, Tagore’s and Geheeb’s schools radiated a commitment to the humane spirit of Europe and India.
Introduction
Authors: Slater Jerome
Published: November 2020

Every nation has narratives or stories about what it believes to be its history, but such narratives typically contain mythologies that are historically inaccurate. In the case of Israel, the central mythology is that “the Arabs never miss an opportunity to miss an opportunity.” The reality is very different: it is Israel that has been responsible for missing or deliberately sabotaging repeated opportunities for peace with both the Arab states and the Palestinians. The audience for the book includes interested general readers, college and graduate students taking courses in the conflict, academicians and journalists writing about the conflict, and policymakers. The general methodology, organization, sources, citation methods, and chapter-by-chapter structure of the book are discussed.
Peace with Egypt and Jordan
Authors: Slater Jerome
Published: November 2020

From 1947 onward, Egypt sought to avoid wars with Israel. Many compromise peace offers were rejected by Israel, mainly because of its expansionist objectives in Egyptian-held territory in the Negev, Gaza, and the Sinai peninsula. Had Israel accepted the Egyptian overtures, almost certainly the 1948, 1956, 1967, and 1973 wars would have been averted. The Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty of 1979, which has held up ever since, was made possible when Israel agreed to withdraw all Egyptian territory it had conquered in the 1967 and 1973 wars. Similarly, from 1947 onward Jordan sought to avoid war with Israel, and after 1967, King Hussein offered to reach a formal peace treaty, provided Israel return the West Bank which it had conquered in the 1967 war. Israel refused, but in the early1990s, Hussein decided to renounce Jordanian sovereignty over the West Bank, resulting in the Israeli-Jordanian peace treaty of 1994.
The Arab-Israeli and Israeli-Palestinian Conflicts in the Netanyahu/Trump Era, 2017–20
Authors: Slater Jerome
Published: November 2020

In the last few years, especially in his April 2019, September 2019 and March 2020 electoral campaigns, Netanyahu said Israel would soon annex much of the West Bank, especially the Jordan River valley. However, there is strong Israeli opposition to annexation, especially from the security establishment, which fears it would precipitate a major Palestinian uprising. Moreover, many Israeli political analysts are doubtful that Netanyahu will proceed to outright annexation and instead settle for de facto “creeping” annexation over large portions of the West Bank, especially all the Jewish settlements. The Trump administration would almost certainly support that, as its “Trump Plan” continues its unconditional support for all of Netanyahu’s policies and goals. In Gaza, in practice Hamas has given up its goal of taking over all of historic Palestine, including Israel, and will settle for Israeli acquiescence in its continued rule over Gaza. There are increasing indications that Israel might do so, providing that Hamas ends all attacks on Israel from Gaza. Moreover, Israel has long wanted to separate Gaza from the West Bank, thus preventing the creation of a unified Palestinian state.
Tiberius to Hadrian
Authors: Worthington Ian
Published: November 2020

From Augustus’ death to Hadrian a succession of emperors in three dynasties came to rule Rome. Chapter 13 begins by thematically covering the relations of the dynasties toward Greece. Then it considers the relations of the emperors toward Athens, and the state of the city (economically, politically) during this period. The chapter also discusses St Paul’s visit to Athens and his sermon to the Areopagus, recounted in Acts. Finally, there is an examination of what is known about individual emperors’ relations with the city, and what they did to it, including cultural life, up to Trajan, and introducing Hadrian, with whom the book will end.
Residence
Authors: Shandler Jeffrey
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines how Yiddish, as the language of a diasporic minority, has been associated with a sense of place. Within its European “heartland,” the isoglosses of Yiddish dialects articulate geographic boundaries distinct to Ashkenazi Jews and reflect their long history across the continent. Though early twentieth-century efforts to create a Yiddish-speaking polity were short-lived, their aspirations constitute a significant shift in conceptualizing a geographic place for Yiddish. Conversely, the diaspora nationalist ideology of doikeyt (“here-ness”) and the notion of Yiddishland as a locus defined by the use of the language offer provocative alternatives to ideologies of nationhood tied to sovereignty and turf.
Religion
Authors: Shandler Jeffrey
Published: November 2020

The place of Yiddish in Jewish religiosity is complex, playing a distinct but integral role in the internal bilingualism of traditional Ashkenazi worship and devotional scholarship. Yiddish became an important vehicle of what might be termed “popular religion” in the early modern period in the form of instructional manuals, supplementary liturgy, and translations of sacred texts. The language has been imbued with a distinct spiritual significance by Hasidim, who currently make the most extensive use of Yiddish in religious life. Conversely, Yiddish has been an important language for ardently secular Jews, for some of whom the language has replaced religious observance as their defining rubric of Jewishness.
Innovation
Authors: Kedhar Anusha
Published: November 2020

Chapter 1 theorizes flexibility in relation to neoliberal demands for innovation. In the late 1990s, during an era of expanding economic globalization and increasing European integration, Britain capitalized on the diverse cultural practices of its postcolonial communities to showcase the country’s “cool” cosmopolitanism and global investment appeal. However, the state was keen to promote a certain kind of diversity, one that was legible and assimilable. In order to be considered for funding, South Asian dance had to be both diverse (i.e., ethnically marked) and innovative (i.e., ethnically unmarked)—different but not too different. After decades of racial division and growing fears that British Asians were a threat to social cohesion, innovation was key to cultural integration. Balancing the dual demands for innovation and diversity required great flexibility on the part of British South Asian dancers, including the ability to stretch the boundaries of the form through experimentation; to be fluent and versatile in multiple techniques; and to adhere to competing demands to make work that was both culturally distinct and legible to a wider (and whiter) public. This chapter shows how one particular British South Asian dance company, Angika, struck a balance between ethnic particularity and mainstream appeal through an array of flexible choreographic and artistic choices. In doing so, Angika’s performances not only helped audiences reimagine Britain as inclusive, cosmopolitan, modern, and “cool,” but also allayed public fears about South Asians in the UK as unassimilable outsiders.
Holiness and Hope
Authors: McCall Thomas H. , Stanglin Keith D.
Published: November 2020

In Chapter 5, we note the varied reception among nineteenth-century Methodists of contemporary revisionist Christologies in relation to classical and creedal approaches. Distinctly Wesleyan understandings of salvation are then described, and the intra-Methodist disagreements and squabbles over the doctrine of sanctification are catalogued. The chapter concludes with a sketch of Wesleyan ecclesiology—including the church’s ethical witness in concrete acts of mercy and social reform—and eschatology.
The Labor Auction
Authors: Olson Kristi A.
Published: November 2020

Chapter 3 investigates whether a thought experiment proposed—and rejected—by Ronald Dworkin can be used to identify impersonal envy-free labor-income bundles. In the thought experiment, everyone is equally talented and thus free to choose any job. The labor-income bundles that would arise in such a thought experiment would be sensitive to each individual’s choices, but insensitive to each individual’s place in the distribution of natural talents, satisfying Dworkin’s two desiderata of ambition-sensitivity and endowment-insensitivity. Dworkin, however, rejects the thought experiment as unworkable. This chapter clarifies Dworkin’s objection to the thought experiment and then shows that there is, in fact, an easy fix. The revised thought experiment identifies impersonal envy-free labor-income bundles.
Recent Developments in Forensic DNA Technology
Authors: Erlich Henry , Calloway Cassandra , Lee Steven B.
Published: November 2020

The current standard of forensic DNA analysis is genotyping the length polymorphism of STR loci by capillary electrophoresis and analyzing the polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA by Sanger sequencing. However, the trend of dramatic technological developments begun in the mid 1980s has continued, with the most consequential recent innovations being (1) the development of next generation sequencing (NGS) or massively parallel sequencing (MPS) and (2) the implementation of commercial Rapid DNA instruments that automate genotyping of all CODIS core STR loci from sample to profile in 90 minutes. This chapter reviews the principles, benefits, and applications of NGS or MPS technology, with a focus on the critical features of massively parallel and clonal sequencing and the ability to perform quantitative analysis of mixtures. The potential to analyze degraded DNA by using NGS/MPS to sequence mitochondrial DNA and SNPs is discussed, as are the benefits and limitations of Rapid DNA instruments.
Microbial Forensics
Authors: Sajantila Antti , Budowle Bruce
Published: November 2020

Forensic DNA analysis has been used predominantly for comparison, either directly or indirectly, of crime scene evidence and known reference samples from human suspects in a variety of situations, such as analyzing a biospecimen(s) from a crime scene, identifying unidentified cadavers (or other human remains) in a postmortem setting, or kinship testing. The field of forensic genetics has recently expanded from its original focus on human samples to more holistic methods of characterization of the source(s) of biological samples. This progression has been motivated in part by technological advancements, from targeted PCR-based methods to higher throughput DNA sequencing methods, with concomitant bioinformatics to support the increased data output. One of the new areas in forensic genetics facilitating the expansion of forensic genomics is the field of microbial forensics. Microbial forensics involves bioterrorism, biocrime, human identification, determining postmortem interval, human geolocation, and body fluid identification.
Immediacy and Authority
Authors: Mundorff Amy , Wagner Sarah
Published: November 2020

As DNA technology becomes more refined and more widely accessible, expectations increase for its ready application in postmortem recovery efforts, whether in response to mass disaster or mass atrocity. But whose expectations are being raised, and to what effect? This chapter examines the discourse of forensic intervention that privileges genetics as the necessary and immediate tool to restore identity and achieve social repair. It draws on the examples of two of the largest DNA-led human identification efforts, which ran nearly concurrently—the identification of the World Trade Center victims and the victims of the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, specifically the Srebrenica genocide—to consider the interplay between evolving practice and anticipated outcomes, among both the scientific community and surviving kin.
China’s Legacies in Southeast Asia
Authors: Shambaugh David
Published: November 2020

This chapter traces the history of China’s legacies in Southeast Asia. Historically, China has loomed large—geographically, culturally, militarily, and economically—over Southeast Asia. This was particularly the case before the sixteenth-century arrival of European colonial powers, which encroached upon not only Southeast Asia but China itself, and began to limit earlier Sino-Southeast Asian interactions. Prior to that time, they were a mixture of cross-border migration and economic exchanges; a flourishing maritime trade; outright occupation and subjugation in one case (Vietnam); and ritualistic expressions of the “tribute system” for many others. These four legacies are all extraordinarily complex, for which there are not particularly good historical records. Thus, how one interprets these pre-modern interactions between China and Southeast Asia really does have to do with the available sources, and it seems that the lack of preserved Southeast Asian sources has had the impact of tilting interpretations in favor of the Chinese tributary paradigm. The chapter then describes this long sweep of Sino-Southeast Asian pre-modern and modern interactions in a relatively condensed fashion before turning to the post-1949 period.
China’s Contemporary Roles in Southeast Asia
Authors: Shambaugh David
Published: November 2020

This chapter assesses China’s “contemporary” roles in Southeast Asia. China’s relations with Southeast Asian countries and ASEAN have grown dramatically since the turn of the twenty-first century and have now achieved a high degree of interactions on the eve of 2020. China’s contemporary approach toward Southeast Asia is shaped by multiple factors. Among them, geography is perhaps the most important. China’s geographical proximity facilitates easy access and regular presence. This has led to growing economic interconnectedness, buttressed by transportation links, and this relative proximity also facilitates tourism, academic exchanges, and a regular presence of Chinese officials visiting the region. Through the four dimensions of China’s “toolbox” in Southeast Asia—diplomacy, people-to-people exchanges, commerce, and security—the PRC has established a broad and increasingly deep footprint across all of Southeast Asia.
The Capital–Labor Accord in Action
Authors: Dixon Marc
Published: November 2020

This chapter provides a sketch of labor relations during the 1950s, noting where the imagery of a capital–labor accord is useful and where it falls short. The chapter shows how using the 1950s as a benchmark when explaining union decline tends to obscure key vulnerabilities that labor has long exhibited, well before the fallout in manufacturing and the rise of economic globalization. Gains workers accrued through collective bargaining were exceptional in many ways, though union strength was still confined to a relatively narrow geographic and industrial space. Even here, in the industrial Midwest, there were intense struggles over the legitimacy of unions. This came to a head at the end of the decade when employers made a concerted push for right-to-work.
Union Discord in Indiana
Authors: Dixon Marc
Published: November 2020

Indiana shocked the labor movement in 1957 by becoming the first northern industrialized state to pass right-to-work. This chapter analyzes the campaigns waged by business and labor in order to understand how business succeeded in such a highly unionized state. Poor organization and an effective countermovement combined to sink labor in Indiana. Unions in Indiana were politically weak and disorganized at the height of the capital–labor accord. Labor’s insider and outsider strategies were haphazard in comparison to the sophisticated business-led effort spearheaded by the Indiana Chamber of Commerce and the newly formed Indiana Right-to-Work Committee (INRTWC). The outcome of the campaign provided a jolt of confidence to business leaders and led to a surge in right-to-work activity nationally.
The Corporeal Ontology of Modern Security
Authors: Epstein Charlotte
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines the corporeal ontology of statehood, tracing how it first emerged as a specific solution to the religious wars that were raging through Europe in the seventeenth century. It focuses on Thomas Hobbes and the new political technology of raison d’état (reason of state). The state, Hobbes argued, was created to address the ongoing threat of conflict; hence, security is its raison d’être. Hobbes demonstrated why matters of the conscience and the soul were not for the state; indeed, that its appropriate ‘matter’ is the body. The chapter then demonstrates how the body emerged from this singular convergence of political thought and practice at the seventeenth century’s midpoint as the site where the founding relation of modern sovereignty was sealed, and that somatic security is the original form that this relation took. This relation is what the state (and private actors) continues to tap into today when it promises to keep people safe. It also shapes the subject’s expectations towards their state.
The Public Anatomy Lesson
Authors: Epstein Charlotte
Published: November 2020

This chapter analyses a crucible of the state’s making in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the public anatomy lesson. The body, this piece of ‘natural’ property that every human ‘has’, was being increasingly opened up and peered into for the purposes of finally seeing human nature itself. Bringing together visual studies and international relations, the chapter charts the scopic regime that established vision as modernity’s primary ordered instrument and that was honed upon the body dissected in public. To map its contours, it begins with the writings of anatomist William Harvey and scientist-statesman Francis Bacon. The chapter then tracks how this scopic regime was institutionalised by the spread of the highly popular public anatomy lesson across early modern Europe. It then analyses Renaissance and early modern representations of the public anatomy lesson, notably the frontispiece of the first manual of modern medicine, Andrea Vesalius’s On the Fabric of the Human Body (1943), and Dutch painter Rembrandt’s anatomy lesson paintings. The chapter examines the work of boundary-drawing and state-building wrought by these public performances by tracking the roles of the female and the poor body in their crafting.
Divine Democracy
Authors: Vatter Miguel
Published: November 2020

The ‘return of religion’ in the public sphere and the emergence of postsecular societies have propelled the discourse of political theology into the centre of contemporary democratic theory. This situation calls forth the question addressed in this book: Is a democratic political theology possible? Carl Schmitt first developed the idea of the Christian theological foundations of modern legal and political concepts in order to criticize the secular basis of liberal democracy. He employed political theology to argue for the continued legitimacy of the absolute sovereignty of the state against the claims raised by pluralist and globalized civil society. This book shows how, after Schmitt, some of the main political theorists of the 20th century, from Jacques Maritain to Jürgen Habermas, sought to establish an affirmative connection between Christian political theology, popular sovereignty, and the legitimacy of democratic government. In so doing, the political representation of God in the world was no longer placed in the hands of hierarchical and sovereign lieutenants (Church, Empire, Nation), but in a series of democratic institutions, practices and conceptions like direct representation, constitutionalism, universal human rights, and public reason that reject the primacy of sovereignty.