bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
I.—Origin of Continents
Authors: Crosby W. O.
Published: May 2009

The theory of the origin of continents and ocean-basins developed during the last third of a century, chiefly by Prof. Dana, and commonly known as Prof. Dana’s theory, is now accepted by many geologists. The main points in this theory, as gathered from the latest expression of Prof. Dana’s views, are the following:1— The earth, superficially at least, is, and was originally, before it had a solid crust, of unlike composition on different sides. This heterogeneity caused a corresponding difference in heat-conductivity. The more rapidly conducting areas cooled fastest and were the first to become covered with a solid crust. Solidification is attended by contraction; and therefore the newly formed crust must have been heavier than the liquid immediately beneath it. As a consequence, it broke up and sank until it reached a liquid stratum of the same specific gravity as itself; and afterwards the process of crusting and sinking went on until a solid crust was built up from this point to the surface. Through the continued escape of heat this primitive crust is thickened, and is still thickening by additions to its lower surface. These first formed portions of the crust became, and will always continue to be, the continents. The remainder of the earth’s surface was still liquid, after the solidification of the continental areas was well advanced; and, of course, as long as it continued liquid, its surface was level with that of the crust-areas. Finally, it became the theatre of a similar process of crusting and sinking, and at last permanently froze over. Now the main point is that the contraction of this inter-continental crust during its formation caused its surface to sink below that of the continents; and the depressions thus developed became the future ocean-basins, which, like the continents, are necessarily of a permanent character. Indeed, it is a plain deduction from Prof. Dana’s theory that the existing continents and oceans are as old as the earth’s crust; and that during the course of geological time the continents have become constantly wider and the oceans deeper.
IV.—Traces of a Great Post-Glacial Flood
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

In a previous paper of this series I endeavoured to show that the so-called Marine Drifts found at high levels, on both sides of the Irish Sea and elsewhere, are proved by their testaceous contents to have had no connection with the Glacial Age; while the mode of their distribution shows that ice in no form can have distributed them as we find them, nor yet are they consistent with the sub-mergence of the land for any considerable time beneath the sea; and I concluded that the only power known to us capable of distributing them is a wide-spread flood of water. I now propose to carry my argument considerably further, but before doing so, as it is so easy to be misunderstood, I must guard myself against the supposition that in what I have said or mean to say I am minimizing the Great Glacial Age.
I.—American Jurassic Dinosaurs.—Restoration of Brontosaurus
Authors: Marsh O. C.
Published: May 2009

In previous articles the writer has given the more important characters of the order Sauropoda. A volume on this group is now in preparation, and the illustrations (90 plates) are nearly completed. One of these is a restoration of Brontosaurus, which has so many points of interest that a reduced figure is here presented. Several new characters of this group are added, some of which will be of interest to comparative anatomists.
IV.—On the Bagshot Sands as a Source of Water Supply
Authors: Irving A.
Published: May 2009

With the increase of population and the simultaneous pollution of rivers in this country, the question of water-supply for the purposes of human life becomes every year a more serious one. Among the many schemes which have been advanced for the supply of London with water, it has been proposed by a high authority to bring the Bagshot Sands of the London Basin under requisition. These strata, covering, as they do, a considerable area at no great distance from the metropolis, and being for the most part of a porous character, would appear to form a convenient reservoir of water, since they contain stored up within them a large portion of the rain-water which falls on portions of Berkshire, Surrey, and Hants. The water obtained from these sands, either from surfacesprings or deep wells, is free from calcareous hardness, but is highly charged with salts certain of iron, which, by oxidation on exposure to the air, yield an ochreous red precipitate, the nature of which seems generally to be but imperfectly understood. The inconvenience, however, which results, in the turbidity of the water after no great exposure to the air, and the rapid corrosion of iron pipes in which it is conveyed, are facts with which all inhabitants of the Bagshot country are only too familiar. The fact that this property of water drawn from the Bagshot Sands varies greatly according to the portions of those strata which furnish it, does not however appear to be so generally known. Recent difficulties in connection with the water-supply of our own particular district have forced the matter upon my attention; and as I have been able to arrive at some pretty definite results from the investigations in which I have been engaged for several months past, it has occurred to me that, as forming a subsidiary subject to geological science, they may be of interest to readers of the Geological Magazine.
I.—On the Occurrence of the Cave Hyæna in the “Forest Bed” at Corton Cliff, Suffolk
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: May 2009

During some excavations which have lately been carried on by Mr. J. J. Colman, M.P., at Corton Cliff, Suffolk, a number of Mammalian teeth were dug out of the “Forest Bed,” and these specimens, at the suggestion of Mr. James Reeve, of the Norwich Museum, Mr. Colman has very courteously allowed to be sent to me for examination and description.
V.—On some Fossils supposed to have been found in the Pleistocene Gravels of Barnwell, near Cambridge
Authors: Hughes T. McKenny
Published: May 2009

It frequently happens that in questioning the occurrence of remains in any deposit, we have to point out that they may have been derivative from older beds, or, on the other hand, may have been introduced at some later date into that in which they are actually found. In such cases various hypothetical explanations are offered with a view to proving that sources of error still remain, which must be investigated before the unexpected association of remains can be accepted as a fact. Such difficulties frequently meet us in investigating the contents of caves, beds of gravel and sand, etc., more frequently in connexion with the history of the newer formations, and especially in criticizing the evidence for the association of human relics with the remains of extinct forms of life. It becomes of importance therefore to place on record any well-authenticated case in which objects in the same deposit and in the same state of preservation can be shown to belong to totally different times.
I.—On an Ancient Coast-line in North Wales
Authors: Eyton
Published: May 2009

The Coast-line which I am about to describe extends from the Vale of Clwyd, in Flintshire, to the Great Orme's-head Mountain at the northern end of the Menai Straits.
II.—On Watersheds
Authors: Maw George
Published: May 2009

In connection with the discussion on the origin of hills and valleys, which has recently occupied the pages of the Geological Magazine, I would submit a few observations on some phenomena, in evidence of the great power of subaërial denudation, which seem scarcely to have been noticed with the prominence they deserve. I assume that the joint action of sea and river denudation is un-questioned, and that the main point under discussion is relative to which of these processes determined the final contour of the land. What I wish particularly to notice is that the forma of the whole land surface with some trifling exceptions (as lake basins, which appear to admit of special explanation) is merely a modification of the same principle of contour as the true river valley, exhibiting a system of watersheds by which almost everypart of the land is connected with the sea by adjacent land on a graduated series of levels lower than itself.
II.—Results of Observations on the Cliffs, Gorges, and Valleys of Wales
Authors: Mackintosh D.
Published: May 2009

This article will be devoted to the consideration of the indications of marine and fluviatile denudation furnished by the cliffs, gorges, valleys, and other phenomena, of some parts of Central and North Wales. With the view of collecting facts, the author, during April and May of the present year, resided successively at Builth, Rhayader, Aberystwyth, Dolgelley, Newtown, and Llangollen, so as to have opportunities for repeated observations; and the following notes refer chiefly to the neighbourhood of these towns and the intervening districts.
II.—The Source of Volcanic Heat
Authors: Poulett-Scrope G.
Published: May 2009

In his letter to the Editor, inserted in the last Number of this Magazine (p.332), Mr. Mallet says he is “compelled to repeat” the statements he had persistently made, and I had more than once denied, as to my having, “in almost all my writings,” upheld “the moribund thin crust and liquid nucleus theroy”and “ Hopkins's fiery lakes.” He defends himself from the charge of having “misapprehended,” as was suggested in an Editorial foot-note to his paper, or, as I more truly phrased it, “misrepresented,” my views on these subjects, refusing to be bound by what I may have “written in the scattered magazine articles ” to which he was referred, on the plea that “an author's notions are usually gathered from his acknowleged systematic works.”
IV.—Geological Notes from the Neighbourhood of Cairo
Authors: Milne John
Published: May 2009

This neighbourhood has already been described by several authors, —the most complete account of the Tertiary beds being by Dr. Fraas, Aus dem Orient, 1867. Dr. Figari Bey, in vol. i. of Studi Scientifici sull' Egitto; H, Bauerman, Esq., and Dr. C. Le Neve Foster, in the Quart Journ. Geol. Soc. 1869, vol. xxv. p. 40, have also written on the district, the latter observers referring especially to the occurrence of Celestine in the Moccattam quarries.
II.—On Oolitic and other Limestones with Sheared Structure from Ilfracombe
Authors: Chapman Frederick
Published: May 2009

In 1886 the author, during a visit to Ilfracombe, obtained some specimens of Middle-Devonian limestones which, at the time of collecting, he supposed to be formed of Syringopora, on account of the granulated weathered surface, and especially since the coral named had been recorded from the locality.
III.—The Submergence of the British Isles during the Glacial Period
Authors: Hull Edward
Published: May 2009

The question of the submergence of the British Isles during, at least, one stage of the Glacial period, is deserving of careful consideration by geologists. Until the visit of the late lamented Prof. Carvill Lewis to this country, no one, as far as I am aware, questioned the view that the British Isles have been submerged to a depth, in some places, amounting to 1300 or 1400 feet—this being the level at which shell-beds are found in some parts of England, Wales, Ireland.
III.—On the Surface–Geology of the Lake–District
Authors: de Rance C. E.
Published: May 2009

The following notes were made during a few days' leave of absence, spent chiefly on the Green-slate area of the Lake-district, the beds of which have an east-north-east and west-south-west direction of strike, extending across the country in a belt about fourteen, miles in width, resting on the Skiddaw Slates, and passing under the various divisions of the Coniston series. The characteristic feature of this tract of country is the uniformity in direction of all the gorges, or depressions, in which the lakes occur. The initiative of their direction (as pointed out by Dr. Nicholson) appears to have been given by a system of north and south faults: thus Windermere, Rydal Water, Grasmere, and Thirlmere may be said to lie in one line of depression. Between the two last-mentioned lakes the pass of Dunmail Raise forms a col between two valleys. In the bottom of the valley, between the pass and Grasmere, there are immense mounds of moraine, matter, the pebbles are all angular and strictly local. Steel Fell and Seat Sandal form two cliffs on either side, that on the western being much the steeper; the summit of Helm Crag, being much weathered, forming the well-known “couchant lion with a lamb under its nose,” of the guide books. Following up the ice marks of Easdale Valley into that of Raise Beck, there seems little doubt that the two glaciers occupying these valleys united between Silver How and Nab Scar, and thence bore down upon Loughrigg Fell, which stopped its forward progress in a direct line, deflecting it into what is now Rydal Water. The lake Grasmere is excavated in a rock-basin, and one can easily understand its excavation being due to the immense pressure of the ice infringing on Loughrigg Fell. A similar state of things took place at the foot of Rydal Water; the rocks here are moutonnèed and glaciated upwards.
V.—On the Connection of the Geological Structure and the Physical Features of the South–East of England, with the Consumption Death–Rate
Authors: Whitaker William
Published: May 2009

Although the subject of this paper has already been discussed in detail, yet, as this has been done from a medical rather than from a geological point of view, it may be well that the chief facts of the case, the method of investigation followed, and the conclusions come to, should be brought before the Geological Society; for the Society will not fail to have an interest in noting what a practical bearing our science has on the health, as it has long been known to have on the wealth, of mankind.
III.—Descriptions of New Fossils from the Devonian Formation of Canada West
Authors: Nicholson H. Alleyne
Published: May 2009

Spec char.—Corallum ramose, the branches cylindrical, of a diameter of from a line and a half to two lines, dividing dichotomously at intervals of about half an inch, but not anastomosing. Corallites oblique to the surface, with exceedingly thick walls. Calices extremely minute, about one-eighth of a line in their longest diameter, sub-circular, transversely oval, or sub-triangular, level with the surface, and having the lower lip hardly or not at all prominent. Intervals between the calices proportionately very wide—usually about half a line.
IV.—On the Formation of Mountains viewed in Connexion with the Secular Cooling of the Earth
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: May 2009

As a further contribution to the subject of mountain elevation, of which the Editor of the Magazine has given an interesting and lucid résumé in his late Presidential Address to the Geologists' Association, I send an outline of a paper which was read by me in December before the Cambridge Philosophical Society.
IV.—Hybodus, a Coal Measure Fish
Authors: Barkas W. J.
Published: May 2009

There appear to be two or three obstacles in the way of a proper classification of fossil fishes, and of obtaining sufficient data to establish the earliest period cf the earth's formation, during the deposition of which any particular fish existed, the principal obstruction being caused by the disconnected manner in which the researches have been carried on; for palæontologists; as a rule, confine themselves to the fauna or flora of the formations that are most exposed in their localities, either by nature or by the hand of man.
I.—The Mechanism of Stromboli
Authors: Scrope G. Poulett
Published: May 2009

Mr. R. Mallet—whose theory on the source of volcanic heat was noticed in a former number of this Magazine—has followed it up by a second paper, read before the Royal Society in June last, and published in the last number (155) of the Proceedings, upon “The Mechanism of Stromboli,” one of the Lipari Islands, well known for the permanence of its volcanic activity, which seems to have been incessant for the last two thousand years at least. This insular and conical mountain rises more than 3,000 feet above, from a depth of nearly 2,000 feet below, the level of the Mediterranean, and exhibits the usual structure of a volcano, having an old breached crater on one side, from the bottom of which red-hot scoriæ and fragments of lava are thrown up, together with much steam, by explosions occurring at irregular intervals of from two or three to thirty or even occasionally forty minutes.
III.—On the Occurrence of Concretionary Masses of Flint and Chert in the Maltese Limestones
Authors: Cooke John H.
Published: May 2009

The late Admiral Spratt, R.N., and Dr. John Murray, of the “Challenger” Expedition, have, in their brochures on Maltese Geology, made allusion en passant to the occurrence of chert nodules in the Globigerina limestones of the Maltese islands. Neither of these gentlemen, however, gave any details of the nature, mode of occurrence, or distribution of the concretions, an omission which was probably due to the restricted area of the horizon at which the nodules are found, and to the irregular and sparse manner in which thev are distributed.
IV.—Analysis of the Fullers Earth of Vrongoch
Authors: Sanford P. Gerald
Published: May 2009

Some four years ago I published in this MAGAZINE an analysis of the Fullers Earth of Nuffield, Surrey. The Nuffield samples were given to me by A. Sheridan, Esq., C.E. I now wish to record the analysis of a large bed of this clay at Rhiwlas, Vrongoch, near Bala, N. Wales. The beds are about 60 feet thick, and are upon the property of E. J. Lloyd Price, Esq. In this case also, the samples were sent to me by Mr. Sheridan. The two samples A and B are of somewhat different composition. B contains considerably more silicate of alumina and less alumina than A. A would of course, from a fuller's point of view, be the better earth of the two.
VI.—Note on the Lakes of Zurich and Wallen
Authors: Preller C. S. Du Riche
Published: May 2009

In the course of the summer 1892, I had occasion to visit and examine the drainage area of the Lake of Zurich, including that of the Wallensee; and this gave rise to some interesting observations relating more especially to the origin of those lakes, to the high degree of purification of their waters by chemical and mechanical agency, and to some noteworthy effects of certain geological changes in their watersheds.
I.—On the Alleged Hydrothermal Origin of Certain Granites and Metamorphic Rocks
Authors: Forbes David
Published: May 2009

The study of the crystalline and metamorphic rocks seems hitherto to have been rather avoided by British geologists, who have more exclusively devoted their attention to the stratified and fossiliferous deposits, and left this field of research all but entirely to be cultivated by their continental brethren.
V.—On the Classification of the European Rocks known as Permian and Trias
Authors: Irving A.
Published: May 2009

In the Midland Counties the rocks mapped as Permian are considered on all sides, if Permian at all, to belong to the Lower or Rothliegende series; we need not therefore stop to discuss them at any great length here. The chief authorities are Mr. Howell and the late Prof. Jukes. In Warwickshire the case is a simple one: there is, according to Mr. Howell, a general unconformity of the rocks called Permian with the Triassic strata which lie above them. In the Staffordshire area the case is somewhat different. After a careful perusal of Mr. Jukes's Memoir, I fail to find that his survey of the district enabled him to furnish any direct evidence of the unconformity between the Permians and the Trias, in the existence of which he expresses his belief in the text.
II.—On the Mode of Origin of the Loess
Authors: Richthofen Baron F.
Published: May 2009

[The following communication, although addressed to the Editor in the form of a letter, is of such importance that we need make no apology for treating it as an Original Article, feeling sure that our readers will be as much interested as ourselves in the observations of so eminent a geologist, who has spent many years in actual study of these vast deposits, as to the origin of which he is consequently able to speak with such profound knowledge and mature judgment. —Edit. Geol. Mag.]
I.—The Life and Work of Linnarsson
Authors: Lapworth Charles
Published: May 2009

On the 19th of last September there passed away from among us one of the most original and successful of the geologists of the century—Dr. Gustaf Linnarsson, the eminent palaeontologist of the Geological Survey of Sweden. His death was so sudden and so unexpected that his sorrowing friends have as yet hardly recovered from their grief and astonishment at the blow, and are not fully awakened to the magnitude of their loss.
IV.—Supplement to a Chapter in the History of Meteorites
Authors: Flight Walter
Published: May 2009

In the volume of the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE which appeared in 1875, I published a digest of the literature relating to the meteorites which fell between 1869 and that date, as well as an examination of the work done during that interval of time on meteorites which had fallen before 1869. I purpose now to direct the reader's attention to what has happened or been done during the intervening years, 1875 to 1881, and bring the supplement down to the present time.
V.—The Twt Hill Conglomerate and the Base of the Cambrian
Authors: Roberts R. D.
Published: May 2009

A few words of explanation are required to enable those not familiar with the Carnarvon district fully to appreciate the importance of Prof. Bonney's confirmation of the view respecting the age of the Twt Hill conglomerate first put forward by Prof. Hughes, and afterwards advocated by myself. The controversy possesses a general interest, apart from the fact that the stratigraphical position of a certain bed is now fixed, inasmuch as it shows how cautious it is needful to be in dealing with these ancient rocks without the most thorough and careful mapping of the whole area.
V.—Notes on the Bure Valley Beds and the Westleton Beds
Authors: Woodward Horace B.
Published: May 2009

In Two papers, read in 1881, before the meeting of the British Association at York, Prof. Prestwich has discussed the structure and distribution of certain deposits which he has called “The Mundesley and Westleton Beds.”inhis opinion they occupy an horizon “between the Chillesford Beds and the Lower Boulder-clay.”

My work on the Geological Survey in Norfolk has, however, led me to conclusions that differ in important particulars from those of Prof. Prestwich, and chiefly in the correlation of beds in several localities. As his papers have at present been published only in brief abstract, it is not possible to criticize them with justice to the author; but as a year has now elapsed since the conclusions were made known, I may be pardoned for submitting my own views for discussion at the present time.
II.—Some Points in the Geology of Anglesey
Authors: Roberts R. D.
Published: May 2009

I Regret that in consequence of the omission of a correction in my letter (GEOL. MAG. Dec. 1881), I represented Dr. Callaway as stating that the Nebo rock was granitoidite instead of a part of the granitoidite series. When the letter was written, I was not able to refer to Dr. Callaway's paper for his exact words, and on seeing the paper two or three days later, and finding that I had not given accurately the words, I wrote at once to the Editor of the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE, asking him to substitute for the word “granitoidite” the words “Pre-Cambrian rock.” By inadvertence this was not done, and as proofs of letters are not usually sent to authors for correction, I found that the alteration had not been made when the December Magazine appeared.
VIII.—Suggested Analogy between “Water Hammer” Action and Earthquake and Volcanic Phenomena
Authors: Mudd Thomas
Published: May 2009

Prof. Prestwich, in his paper in the January Number of this MAGAZINE on the “Causes of Volcanic Action,” assumes the existence of hot reservoirs or cavities filled with molten rock, and cold reservoirs or cavities, nearer the surface, filled with water; and he supposes the shrinkage of the Earth to squeeze up the molten rock till it meets with the water, which then explodes, producing a volcano.
I.—Microscopic Structure of Irish Granites. No. 2. Granite of Aillemore, Co. Mayo
Authors: Hull Edward
Published: May 2009

This granite forms an isolated mass, rising into two eminences a few miles south of Louisburg, called Corvock Brack (1287 feet) and Knockaskeheen (1288 feet). It is a greyish granite—generally fine—grained—consisting of quartz, two felspars,—one orthoclase, the other triclinic, probably oligoclase—and dark green mica. In some places there are patches in which the felspar assumes the appearance of “graphic granite.” Numerous boulders of this granite are strewn over the district to the north-west, and on the south side of Knockaskeheen; the rock is traversed by regular joints ranging N. 10 W., along which it splits off into nearly vertical walls. The position of the granite is shown on Griffith's Geological Map of Ireland, and it is surrounded by schistose beds, generally metamorphosed, and probably of Lower Silurian age. The granite itself is of older date than the Upper Llandovery beds, which lie to the southward.
VII.—The Permian and Trias—Rejoinder to Prof. Hull
Authors: Irving A.
Published: May 2009

Proffessor Hull's criticisms (pp. 491–5 of this volume) on a former paper of mine on the “Classification of the Permian and Trias” lay upon me the burden of a brief reply. I may say that Prof. Hull seems to suppose that the task which I had set myself was more ambitious in its scope and aim than I was conscious of; it was not my purpose “to review the whole question of the relations of British Permian and Trias” in a paper which was limited by its title to the European rocks, and from which these systems in other parts of the world were intentionally omitted. My idea was rather to give to readers of the Geol. Mag. an opportunity of forming some judgment on the results which might be fairly gathered from a digest of the opinions collected from the various members of the “Sub-Committee on Permian and Trias.” taken along with the information which exists in the literature of this subject in England and on the Continent, more especially in Germany; and to raise discussion thereupon before the assembly of the Berlin Congressin1884.
I.—Note on New Facts relating to Eozoon Canadense
Authors: Dawson J. William
Published: May 2009

The late Dr. Carpenter had undertaken an elaborate series of investigations of Eozoon, based on all the material collected by myself and others in Canada, with the view of preparing a complete and exhaustive memoir on the subject. In consequence of this arrangement the new facts obtained for several years have remained unpublished. Unhappily the work was left at his lamented decease in a very incomplete state.
I.—On Some Scandinavian Phyllocarida
Authors: Jones T. Rupert , Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Some Phyllocarida from the Silurian strata of Scandinavia (Sweden and the Island of Gothland) are represented by specimens in the State Museum at Stockholm. Drawings, casts, or the specimens themselves have been shown to us by our friend Professor Gustav Lindström, F.C.G.S., and we have arrived at the following conclusions as to their relationships.—See the “Fifth Report on the Fossil Phyllopoda of the Palæozoic Rocks”, read at the Manchester Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, September 3, 1887 (printed and issued at the same date), pp. 1–3.
II.—Further Notes on Carboniferous Selachii
Authors: Traquair R. H.
Published: May 2009

In 1881 Mr. J. W. Davis proposed the genus Anodontacanthus for certain straight spines resembling Pleuracanthus, but differing in the absence of the two rows of denticles. Three species are included:–A. acutus and oltusus, from the Coal-measures of Yorkshire, and A. fastigiatus, from the Blackband Ironstone of Carboniferous Limestone age at Loanhead, near Edinburgh.
VI.—The Occurrence of Variegated Coal-measures, Altered Ironstones, etc., at Swadlincote, Derbyshire
Authors: Gresley W. S.
Published: May 2009

A highly interesting and remarkable instance of altered Coal measures, due to impregnation by hydrous and anhydrous oxides of iron, infiltrated by water from the overlying Permian strata, can now be seen in situ in the Ashby-de-la-Zouch Coal-field, and I think it should be made known in order that those who may wish to study such phenomena may have the opportunity of doing so. The following is a general description of the section.
I.—On Some Scandinavian Phyllocarida
Authors: Jones T. Rupert , Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine, Vol. II. 1865, p. 401, some account was given of the curious gastric teeth of Ceratiocaris and Dithyrocaris, from the Upper-Ludlow and Carboniferous strata of Scotland and Ireland; and in the ArticleCrustacea, by the same author, in the “Encyclopasdia Britannica,” vol. vi. 1877, p. 639, fig. 13, the relationship of such internal masticatory organs to the stomach of the Crab and Lobster, in particular, was treated in detail.
II.—On Heterastræa, a new Genus of Madreporia from the Lower Lias
Authors: Tomes Robert F.
Published: May 2009

During the interval of ten years which has elapsed since my paper on Liassic Madreporaria was read at one of the meetings of the Geological Society, a great many specimens of Liassic Isastrææ and Septastrææ, chiefly from the Vale of Evesham, have come into my hands, and with this abundance of material I have examined a new the several species, and have arrived at the results contained in the present communication. When making these examinations, I have been invariably struck with the absence of a distinct and well defined basal wall and epitheca. Further observation also showed that these Liassic forms differed from other Isastrææ in having occasional elongated calices, like those of Latimæandra.
I.—On Some Fossil Ostracoda from S.-W. Wyoming, and from Utah, U.S.A.
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

In 1885 Dr. C. A. White, F.C.G.S., Palæontologist to the U.S. Geological Survey, supplied me with some of the siliceous residue of a limestone belonging to the freshwater Jurassic Atlantosaurus-beds in Colorado, from which several casts of small Ostracoda were figured and described in the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE, Dec. III. Vol. III. April, 1886, pp. 145–8, Pl. IV. Since that time Dr. White has kindly sent me somewhat similar material, obtained in like manner, by dissolving in dilute acid pieces of an impure limestone, which lies at the base of the Upper Cretaceous Series, from Cokeville, a hamlet in South-Western Wyoming, and belongs to the Bear-River Formation. The Ostracoda selected are figured in Plate XV. Figs. 1–9, 11–13, and 15. These casts represent the whole carapace in many if not all instances.
II.—The Evolution of the American Tapir
Authors: Earle Charles
Published: May 2009

The genus Tapirus of all the recent Ungulata, is the most discontinuous in its distribution over the Earth's surface. Wallace, in his great work on the “Geographical distribution of Animals,” in referring to extinct Tapirs, remarks: “the singular distribution of the living species is thus explained, since we sea that they are an old world group, which only entered the American continent at a comparatively recent epoch.” He reaches this conclusion by the fact that at the time his work was written (1876) the only known remains of the Tapiridse in America were from the Post-Pliocene deposits.
III.—Fossil Mammalia from Egypt. Part II
Authors: Andrews Chas. W.
Published: May 2009

In addition to the remains of the large Anthracotheriod (Brachyodus africanus) described in the first part of this paper (Geol. Mag., Dec. IV, Vol. VI, 1899, p. 481), the collection of mammalian bones from the Lower Miocene of Moghara also includes portions of the skeleton of a small rhinoceros. Unfortunately this is very poorly represented, there being only an incomplete scapula and an atlas vertebra, and in the absence of any portion of the skull or teeth it is impossible to determine the species to which it may have belonged. As was pointed out in Part I, the age of the deposit is Burdigalien (Lowest Miocene), and it is therefore contemporary with the Sables de I’Orléanais and the fresh-water deposits of Eggenburg. From the latter no rhinoceros remains are recorded, but from the former several species seem to have been obtained. Of these only one, Aceratherium aurelianense, has been described and figured.
V.—Palæolithic Flint Implements from the Chalk Downs of the Isle of Wight and the Valleys of the Rivers Western Yar and Stour
Authors: Warren S. Hazzledine
Published: May 2009

In taking my first walk over West High Down, near Freshwater Bay, in May of last year, I found that the ground had been ploughed up by traction engines drawing heavy guns to some new forts on the Needles Point, then in course of construction. Thinking that there might be some Neolithic implements turned up, I examined the ruts, when almost the first thing I saw was a Palæolithic implement. It was ovate in form, 3¼ inches long by 2⅜ inches broad, thin, very slightly twisted, well made and symmetrical though not elaborately finished, and ochreous and almost unabraded in condition. So far as I am aware, this is the first Palæolithic implement that has been found in the district.
II.—On Belinurus kiltorkensis, Baily
Authors: Cole Grenville A. J.
Published: May 2009

In 1899 Messrs. Rupert Jones and Henry Woodward stated that Belinurus “has not at present been found in rocks of earlier age than the Coal-measures.” Belinurus grandœvus, described in the same paper, was referred, with probability, to the Lower Carboniferous. A writer (“ R. W. E.”) in the Ottawa Naturalist for January, 1900, thereupon called attention to the record of Belinurus from the Kiltorcan Beds of Ireland. This record is founded on Mr. W. H.
V.—On an Insect from the Coal—measures of South Wales
Authors: Allen H. A.
Published: May 2009

The rarity of insect remains from the Carboniferous rocks of the British Isles is demonstrated by the small number of genera and species included in the lists published by such authorities as Dr. Henry Woodward and Mr. S. H. Scudder. A portion of a wing, with a neuration unlike that of any specimen yet described, having recently been exhumed, it may be deemed not unworthy of notice.
II.—Discovery of a second Specimen of the Fossil Egg of Struthiolithus
Authors: Eastman C. R.
Published: May 2009

In the year 1857, or thereabouts, a remarkable fossil egg was discovered in the Government of Cherson, in South Russia. The circumstances of its being brought to light were peculiar, and its subsequent history is instructive enough to repay a brief recapitulation, which we give as follows.
III.—Blind Trilobites
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

The occurrence of certain genera and species of trilobites which are destitute of eyes has long been known, and so much importance was attached by Dalman to the presence or absence of the visual organs that he instituted two principal divisions of the trilobites based simply on these characters. Goldfuss followed the same lines in his system of classification, though he took into consideration also the structure of the eyes; and Emmrich likewise regarded the possession or lack of these organs to be of taxonomic value. Although in modern schemes of classification more stress is laid on other features of the organization, yet with our increasing knowledge of the ontogeny of various species of trilobites it is perceived that the presence, position, and nature of the eyes are points which must by no means be overlooked.
V.—The Value of Type-Specimens and Importance of their Preservation
Authors: Marsh O. C.
Published: May 2009

In the present state of Natural Science, there are too many obstacles in the path of the original investigator. That this is the case in the study of Botany, we may well believe, as authorities of that science have frequently placed the fact on record. It is certainly true that everyone who does original work in systematic Zoology, either among the living or extinct forms, meets many difficulties at the start in endeavouring to ascertain what others have done before him. The literature of the subject is often discouraging from its extent, and especially from its uncertainty. If the work in hand requires the comparison of type-specimens, the difficulties greatly increase, and often prevent definite conclusions. The type will frequently be found the most important element in the problem, far more so than the literature, however extensive. This is more especially true among the extinct vertebrates, with which the present communication mainly deals.
VI.—Note on the Genera Tristychius and Ptychacanthus, Agassiz
Authors: Traquair R. H.
Published: May 2009

Some years ago, in showing that the spines supposed by Hancock and Atthey to be dorsal spines of Gyracanthus were merely young and unworn specimens of lateral spines of the same genus, I called attention to the general fact that young examples of Selachian spines could not be expected to represent the older ones in miniature, and vice versa.
III.—On the Ballantrae Rocks of South Scotland and their Place in the Upland Sequence
Authors: Lapworth Charles
Published: May 2009

Next to the metamorphic region of the Northern Highlands there is perhaps no area in Britain where the strata have been so contorted and convulsed as in the great Lower Palæozoic region of the Southern Uplands of Scotland, and it is only by the zonal method of stratigraphy that these complexities can ever be successfully unravelled. So far as the present results of the application of that method enable us to judge, it appears that, underlying all these stratigraphical complexities, there is, in reality, a broad tectonic structure of great simplicity. For, if we make exception, on the one hand, of the lowest strata (the Ballantrae or Arenig rocks), which, as we have seen, only rise to the surface within the limits of the Ballantrae district; and on the other hand of the highest formations (Wenlock-Ludlow), which merely skirt the Upland plateau upon its north-west and south-west flanks, we find that almost the whole of the Lower Palæozoic strata of the Uplands are naturally grouped in two grand lithological terranes, viz. (I.) a Lower Terrane (Moffat Terrane), including strata ranging from the Upper Llandeilo to the Upper Llandovery; and (II.) an Upper Terrane (Gala or Queensberry Terrane), embracing strata generally of Tarannon age.
III.—A Week's Geological Excursion to the Swiss Alps
Authors: Hall Marshall
Published: May 2009

The following notes were drawn up by the writer some years since as a sketch for an excursion by members of the Geologists' Association to the Alps, and it may perhaps still prove acceptable to geologists who this year intend to visit Switzerland for the first time.
VIII.—On the Discovery of Turrilepas in the Utica Formation (Ordovician) of Ottawa, Canada
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

Mr. Ami's interesting discovery has already been announced in a letter addressed to Mr. A. H. Foord, F.G.S., published in this Magazine (October, 1888). Mr. Ami now supplies a “Note” on the precise geological position of the beds in which the Turrilepas was found. Want of space, however, precludes us from giving the whole of his detailed observations, which are accompanied by a sketch section, here reproduced:—

The following is a summary of Mr. Ami's “Note.”

The Turrilepas was found in a band of bituminous limestone cropping out on the right bank of the Rideau River, at the Rifle Range, near Ottawa. The precise position of the beds (Lower Utica = about the lower part of the Bala Series), was ascertained by means of their fossil contents, which include an interesting Brachiopod—Siphonotreta Scotica, identified and named by the late Dr. T. Davidson, F.R.S.
IX.—Remarks on Mr. Davison's Paper on Secular Straining of the Earth
Authors: Fisher O.
Published: May 2009

A Very important discovery was made independently by Mr. Davison, and somewhat earlier by Mr. T. Mellard Reade, when they demonstrated that, on the hypothesis of the earth having cooled as a solid body, there is within it a certain level, which is called by Mr. Davison the “ surface of zero-strain,” and for which Mr. Reade has adopted the term “ level of no strain.” At this level compression ceases, and for a certain distance beneath it extension, or stretching of the layers of the globe, takes the place of compression.
II.—Subaërial Deposits of the Arid Region of North America
Authors: Russell Israel C.
Published: May 2009

A Comparison of adobe with the loess of China forms the concluding part of this paper; but as no analyses of the Chinese deposit are known to me, a few analyses of the loess of the Mississippi Valley are inserted, not with the assumption, however, that the deposits bearing the same name in these two regions are identical. A comparison of this table with the one showing the composition of adobe is instructive, as it indicates that these two yellow earths have a very similar composition. There are other respects in which they bear a close resemblance to each other; but as my acquaintance with the loess of the Mississippi Valley is limited, this comparison will not be carried further.
V.—The Occurrence of Granite in a Boring at Bletchley
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: May 2009

In the winter of 1886–7 a boring was made at Bletchley Junction for the London and North-Western Railway Company, and acquired importance from the report that, after passing through the Oxford Clay, it had entered a mass of granitic rock. Probably many readers of this Magazine wondered why no detailed account of the boring was published after this announcement; but the reason was, that when inquiries came to be made, some uncertainty was found to exist as to the position and mode of occurrence of the granitic rock. My attention was recently called to the boring by learning that the water obtained from it was salt. I then obtained all the information I could with regard to the rocks passed through, and think the results are of sufficient importance for publication.
III.—The Motion of Land-ice
Authors: Goodchild J. G.
Published: May 2009

Amongst the many useful tables given in Prof. Prestwich's “Geology”is one on the expansion and contraction of ice under variations in temperature (vol. i. pp. 139 and 183). The table in question is abbreviated from one of greater length, which was published in the year 1845 by Carl Brunner von Wattenwyll in the Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 3me ser. tome 14, pp. 369–378, under the title of “Expériences sur la densité de la glace à différentes températures.” The author of the paper referred to made an extensive series of observations upon the contraction of ice under various temperatures below the freezing-point; and he proved conclusively that, under these circumstances, the contraction of ice exceeds that of all other solid bodies that had (up to the date of the paper) been studied in this connection.
IV.—Notes on a New Fossil Sponge from the Utica Shale Formation (Ordovician) at Ottawa, Canada
Authors: Hinde George Jennings
Published: May 2009

Mr. H. M. Ami, F.G.S., of the Geological Survey of Canada, who has devoted special attention to the fauna of the Utica Shale in the neighbourhood of Ottawa, lately sent me for examination several fragments of slabs of this rock containing some peculiar sponge remains, which seem to me to be worthy of notice, although, from their mode of preservation, no decisive determination as to the character of the sponge.to which they belong can be arrived at.
III.—Derived Limestones
Authors: Sollas W. J.
Published: May 2009

My attention has been directed to the following paragraph, which appears in Mr. H. B. Woodward's monograph on the Jurassic Rocks of Britain, vol. iii, p. 31 (1893). It is as follows:—

“Prof. Sollas has suggested that rivers sometimes bear to the sea considerable quantities of undissolved calcareous matter, derived from the formation through which they flow. This is a matter that requires confirmation, for it is known that carbonate of lime is more readily soluble in fresh-water than in sea-water.”
I.—Notes on the Geology and Fossils of some Devonian Rocks on the North Coast of Cornwall
Authors: Fox Howard
Published: May 2009

During the past year I had the pleasure of spending some weeks on the north coast of Cornwall, south of the Camel, examining the rocks exposed in the cliffs and on the foreshores of the various coves, some of which I had not previously visited. A part of my notes were communicated to the Annual Meeting of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall last November, and with the permission of the Society I propose to reproduce these and additional observations obtained since, with the view more particularly of calling attention to some of the fossils which, though fragmentary, appear to me to yield not unimportant evidence on the stratigraphical horizon of the rocks along certain parts of the coast.
II.—Notes on Drepanaspis Gmündenensis, Schlüter
Authors: Traquair R. H.
Published: May 2009

This most remarkable fish, from the Lower Devonian Roofing Slate (Hunsrückschiefer) of Gmünden, in Western Germany, was named, but very imperfectly described, by Schlüter in 1887, as his material was at that time of a very fragmentary nature. He apparently considered the creature to be allied to Cephalaspis. In Dr. Smith Woodward's “Catalogue” (pt. ii, 1891, p. 311) it is only mentioned by name along with a number of other imperfectly known forms (Aspidichthys, Anomalichthys, etc.) which he considered as “perhaps for the most part” referable to the Coccosteidæ.
II.—Note on Nautilus robustus, Foord & Crick
Authors: Crick G. C.
Published: May 2009

The species Nautilus robustus was founded by Dr. Foord and myself upon three examples in the British Museum collection, bearing respectively the register numbers 37,010, 37,005, and C. 1,944.
V.—Contributions to South African Petrography
Authors: Mennell F. P.
Published: May 2009

It is remarkable, considering the enormous development of igneous rocks in South Africa, that so little has been written concerning the features they present in the field or under the microscope. Right away from Cape Town into the tropics, plutonic masses, dykes, and lava-flows interrupt the continuity of the sedimentary deposits with astonishing frequency. Some of these rocks, like the Cape Town granite and dolerite, are probably of pre-Silurian age; others, like the Kimberley lavas, were erupted during the Secondary period: while others, again, like the dykes and lavas of the Zambesi Valley, are probably of late Tertiary or even geologically recent date, as evidenced by the numerous geysers and hot springs which represent the final phase of not long antecedent volcanic activity. They appear to bear the same relation to the volcanoes of Central Africa as the British Tertiary lavas do to those of Iceland.
II.—Studies in Edrioasteroidea. VI. Pyrgocystis n.g.
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

Materials for the study of this very distinctive genus have been accumulating for many years, and at last afford a firm basis for certain definite conclusions. Some important matters remain obscure, and the comparison of the Swedish material has been hindered by the dangerous state of the North Sea, but further delay in publication does not seem advisable. Various reasons make it convenient to deal with the species in the order of their geological age, beginning with the oldest, which is the most complete and is taken as the type-species of the genus. The new species are—

Pyrgocystis sardesoni, Lower Ordovician, Minnesota (genotype).

Pyrgocystis grayae, Upper Ordovician, Girvan.

Pyrgocystis ansticei, Middle Silurian, Shropshire.