bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusions
Authors: Zhang Feng , Lebow Richard Ned
Published: July 2020

Good analysis must meet three conditions: it must ask questions that have policy relevance; it must build on a plausible set of assumptions about how the world works; and it must recognize the determining nature of context. These conditions inform the book’s proposal for a holistic strategy of conflict management and resolution based on a judicious combination of deterrence, reassurance, and diplomacy. The uncertainty about foreign policy motives makes analysis more difficult, but also creates opportunities for policymakers. To the extent they free themselves from simple mindsets regarding others’ motives and recognize their complexity, they will become increasingly sensitive to the need to understand what motives are at play in any given situation. They will further recognize the possibility of positively influencing the motives of their adversary by reassurance and diplomacy. These strategies have the potential to reduce hostility and pave the way for rapprochement or accommodation.
Devalorization
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: July 2020

This chapter shows that the process of primitive accumulation or direct appropriation is and must be internal to Marx’s theory of value. This is the case for precisely the methodological reasons Marx describes in his postface to the second edition of Capital. The core concepts in the “mode of presentation” (use-value, exchange-value, and value) describe the strictly immanent conditions or core “logic of capitalism” but are also derived from the historical “mode of inquiry.” Since primitive accumulation is part of the historical mode of inquiry, there must be a conceptual place for primitive accumulation in the mode of presentation itself. If not, then the mode of presentation is strictly speaking inadequate to the mode of inquiry—something that any dialectician, and Marx himself, must reject.
The Patriarchy of Value
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: July 2020

This chapter closely reads the third section of Capital chapter one as a crucial and illuminating foundation to Marx’s theory of value: the appropriation of women’s labor. This brief introductory section, found right before the start of Marx’s kinetic theory of value, thus links the first two sections of chapter one to the third section by indicating that it is precisely the twofold nature of the devalorization and value creation process immanent to the commodity that shapes the patterns of motion that occur in the exchange relations of commodities. To understand value in motion, it is first necessary to see how the source of motion itself is “home-baked” in the patriarchy of value. This is the aim and argument of this chapter.
Fetishism and the Form of Motion
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: July 2020

The argument of this chapter is that there is one final feature of value: domination. The threefold movement of the birth of value involves devalorization, appropriation, and domination. These are not developmental stages but all occur at the same time, as three aspects of the same process of value creation. Domination, in particular, occurs when a single part of the value generating process turns back against the whole process itself as if this single product were the cause of the very process that produced it. Marx calls this radical inversion “the fetishism of the commodity.”
Conclusion
Authors: Nail Thomas
Published: July 2020

The conclusion summarizes the main arguments of the book, their limitations, and the direction of future research. Marx did not hold a labor theory of value. He never used this term, not even once. Primitive accumulation did not happen just once or first in sixteenth-century England but is a constitutive process of all value creation. Primitive accumulation is the becoming of value itself. Marx did not believe in fixed developmental laws of nature and society, or at least held incompatible views on this topic. This book has tried to show that Marx’s theory of kinetic dialectics, from his doctoral dissertation to Capital, offers instead an open and pedetic view of nature and history. Marx was not a crude, mechanistic, or reductionistic materialist and certainly not an atomist, as his doctoral dissertation makes explicit. His theories of value, alienation, and exploitation are neither humanist nor anthropocentric concepts.
Metaethical Loose Ends
Authors: Robertson Simon
Published: July 2020

This final main chapter tidies up some loose ends concerning the metaethical credentials of the evaluative and normative claims going into Nietzsche’s perfectionism. Nietzsche did not have a well-worked-out metaethics; furthermore, his texts often underdetermine whatever views he might have intended. Nonetheless, the strategy is to gauge how well various positions (each with some textual support) satisfy certain basic interpretative desiderata, fit his revaluative purposes, and serve his wider philosophical needs. The chapter raises worries for a range of extant readings: realist, quasi-realist, fictionalist, and a hybrid realism/antirealism. It then attributes to Nietzsche a form of irrealism on which there are normative/evaluative truths but no metaphysically robust normative/evaluative properties.
Scope
Authors: Brunero John
Published: July 2020

This chapter takes up the debate over the formulation of rational requirements, particularly over whether “requires” should have wide or narrow scope. The chapter shows how if there’s a real disagreement between the wide-scoper and narrow-scoper, it must concern the formulation of diachronic, not synchronic, requirements. It presents what it takes to be the strongest argument for the wide-scope formulations, and show how attempts by narrow-scopers to address this argument will lead them to further difficulties. The chapter then considers the strongest motivation for the narrow-scope view: the objection concerning the symmetry of rational responses predicted by the wide-scope view. The chapter shows how the wide-scoper has resources to deflect the strongest versions of this objection.
Normativity I
Authors: Brunero John
Published: July 2020

According to Normative Disjunctivism, when an agent is means–ends incoherent, then she either ought not intend the end, ought not believe intending the means is necessary, or ought to intend the means. If this view is true, it might lend support to the idea that means–ends coherence is a myth. The thought is that we’ve made the mistake of confusing a disjunction of requirements of reason for a disjunctive rational requirement (means–ends coherence). This chapter argues that Normative Disjunctivism is false and wouldn’t support the myth theory even if it were true. It presents four separate arguments against Normative Disjunctivism. And the chapter argues that the myth theorist lacks the resources to explain away relevant intuitions about the separateness, and ways of satisfying, the rational requirement of means–ends coherence.
Belief
Authors: Brunero John
Published: July 2020

Cognitivists about practical rationality argue that some requirements of practical rationality can be explained by the requirements of theoretical rationality, given the way in which intentions involve beliefs. This chapter considers several possible ways a cognitivist could explain means–ends coherence. It first considers accounts that use the Strong Belief Thesis, according to which intending to X involves believing one will X. It considers and reject several important arguments David Velleman has proposed in defense of the thesis. Additionally, the chapter argues that the thesis is vulnerable to counterexamples, and the standard moves made in response to such counterexamples are unhelpful to the cognitivist. It then considers accounts that use a weaker thesis about the intention–belief connection, but even the best available cognitivist account along these lines has trouble showing that the theoretical requirements explain the practical ones.
Conclusion
Authors: Brunero John
Published: July 2020

This concluding chapter sums up the main claims defended in the book, and explains how those claims relate to some of the sources of philosophical interest in means–ends coherence mentioned in the introduction. Although means–ends coherence can’t be traced to some social rule or convention, it can be explained in terms of the constitutive aims of the very attitudes the requirement governs. These constitutive aims—given how we’re understanding them in terms of sthe success conditions of the relevant attitudes—would not raise the same metaphysical, epistemological, and motivational worries that led antirealists like Mackie to doubt that moral requirements are part of the fabric of the universe. Matters would be different if we understood means–ends coherence such that we ought not be means–ends incoherent in the same sense in which we ought not intentionally cause human suffering for fun—in that both would be contrary to the “ought” of practical reason. Then it would be unclear why skepticism about the latter claim about what we ought not do wouldn’t also involve us in skepticism about the former.
Lucretius and the Language of Nature
Authors: Taylor Barnaby
Published: July 2020

Lucretius’ Epicurean poem De Rerum Natura (‘On the Nature of Things’), written in the middle of the first century BC, made a fundamental and lasting contribution to the language of Latin philosophy. This book is a study of Lucretius’ linguistic innovation and creativity. Lucretius is depicted as a linguistic trailblazer, extending and augmenting the technical language of Latin in order to describe the Epicurean universe of atoms and void in all its complexity and sublimity. A core thesis of the book is that a detailed understanding of Epicurean linguistic theory will bring with it a greater appreciation of Lucretius’ own language. Accordingly, the book features an in-depth reconstruction of certain core features of Epicurean linguistic theory. Elements of Lucretius’ style that are discussed include his attitudes to and use of figurative language (especially metaphor); his explorations, both explicit and implicit, of Latin etymology; his uses of Greek; and his creative deployment of compounds and prefixed words. His practice is related throughout not only to the underlying Epicurean theory but also to contemporary Roman attitudes to style and language.
Lucretius and Epicurus on Metaphor
Authors: Taylor Barnaby
Published: July 2020

This chapter outlines what can be known of Epicurean and Lucretian attitudes to metaphor, metonymy, and synecdoche. After a discussion of ancient testimonia to Epicurus’ own style and stylistic preferences, it draws a distinction between two types of metaphor—necessary and unnecessary. Drawing on the fragments of Book 28 of Epicurus’ On Nature, it argues that these types of metaphor played different roles in Epicurean linguistic theory and practice. After seeking to identify Epicurean criteria for naming unseen entities, the chapter goes on to discuss several passages in DRN where Lucretius discusses figurative uses of language, both necessary and unnecessary. These include the discussion of harmonia in Book 3, and of the world as both ‘Mother’ and ‘Mother of the gods’ in Book 2.
Reading Lucretian Metaphor
Authors: Taylor Barnaby
Published: July 2020

This chapter presents an account of Lucretian metaphor as it relates to readerly experience. After discussing the inherent instability of Lucretian metaphor, and the challenges of control it poses, the chapter undertakes two brief case studies of metaphorical schemes in the poem: the first deals with Lucretius’ metaphorical presentation of philosophy as conquest, and connects it to the calqued metaphor of the animi iniectus; the second concerns Lucretius’ use of perceptual language to refer to non-perceptual cognitive processes. It then turns to questions of ethics and aesthetics, to argue for the importance of readerly pleasure in explaining the schemes of atomic personification in DRN. The rest of the chapter deals with the difficult question of control: how Lucretius seeks to exert control over the reception of his metaphors, and what happens when readers disobey him; this latter question is addressed via an account of Lucretian metaphor and misprision in a lyric poem of Boethius.
Lucretian Etymologies
Authors: Taylor Barnaby
Published: July 2020

This chapter assesses the role of etymological thinking, both explicit and implicit, in De Rerum Natura. After establishing some fundamental distinctions in ancient etymology, it constructs an argument to demonstrate that strong ‘atomological’ readings of Lucretius’ etymological wordplay are not robustly supported by what we know of the Epicurean theory of language. It goes on to suggest that Lucretian etymological wordplay is primarily concerned with demonstrating diachronic relations between words (i.e. derivations). These derivations are the result of the long second stage of language development, on the Epicurean theory. The chapter demonstrates this thesis with the help of numerous examples, both explicit and implicit, taken from the text of DRN.
Conclusion
Authors: Taylor Barnaby
Published: July 2020

‘Also, men with understanding (συνειδότες‎), introducing certain things that were previously not understood (οὐ συνορώμενα‎), recommended certain utterances.’

So Epicurus describes one aspect of the second, rational stage of linguistic development at Ep. Hdt. 76. From the perspective of Lucretius, writing in the middle of the first century BC, the process of linguistic improvement and augmentation outlined here had not yet come to an end. This is demonstrated not only by his own creative eloquence and linguistic exuberance—which went on to leave a permanent mark on the style of Latin philosophical writing—but also by his three explicit invocations of the alleged problem of ...
Zoanne Pencaro, an Early Modern Italian Reader of the Ancient Near East in Herodotus
Authors: Looney Dennis
Published: July 2020

Early modern readers of Herodotus, especially those in the Italian peninsula, on occasion established an analogy between their situation in relation to the expanding Turkish empire in the sixteenth century and that of the eastern Mediterranean world, especially the Greek world, in relation to the Persian empire as outlined in Herodotus’ Histories. Readers used their encounter with the Herodotean text as a filter through which to comment on and make sense of what at times must have appeared to them to be the beginning of the end of western culture as they knew it. In 1491, not long after the Este court in Ferrara sponsored Matteo Maria Boiardo’s translation of Herodotus into Italian, Zoanne Pencaro, a minor figure in the court, commissioned the production of a manuscript copy in which he made a remarkable set of annotations in the vernacular (nearly 2500 words) that show a growing awareness of the ancient near east.
Alexander the Great in Early Modern English Drama
Authors: Grogan Jane
Published: July 2020

This chapter provides an overview of Alexander the Great in early modern English drama, as a popular but ambiguous emissary of the ancient near east. Alexander’s appeal and notoriety both in Europe and the across the Bosphorus meant that he became a voluble figure of global empire, representing both prevailing European imperial ambitions and their limitations. Drama proves a particularly rich place for exploration of these ambiguities. Highlighting a recurring fascination with imagining a dead Alexander (rather than the humanist exemplary model in life), early modern English drama regularly isolates the figure of Alexander for scrutiny through versions of the mise-en-abyme device, as a way of exploring the unreconciled tensions between the sometime humanist hero and the imperial villain.
Policing Interactions
Authors: Innes Martin , Roberts Colin , Lowe Trudy , Innes Helen
Published: July 2020

This chapter discusses the interactional skills and strategies that police perform when engaging with members of the public cast in a variety of roles. In so doing, it seeks to work out the principal tenets of a dramaturgical analysis of Neighbourhood Policing, including how forms of ‘face work’ and the management of impressions are part of the art and craft of street policing. The authors entertain the idea of reframing the concept of police performance from its orthodox usage, referring to a set of measurement instruments applied to gauge police activity, to a more dramaturgically sensitive understanding of how and why police behave in particular ways in their interactions and encounters with citizens, that can influence the local social order.
Policing and Changing Perceptions of Neighbourhood Security
Authors: Innes Martin , Roberts Colin , Lowe Trudy , Innes Helen
Published: July 2020

This chapter adopts a longitudinal perspective to track the impacts of the delivery of Neighbourhood Policing over an extended period of time. Working with the Safer Neighbourhood Teams in the London Borough of Sutton for over a decade, the delivery and impacts of Neighbourhood Policing in the area were tracked longitudinally, generating a unique empirically informed perspective that measures public perceptions and experiences of crime, disorder, and policing in fine-grained detail. The data show how the number of concerns being raised by the public reduced significantly over the monitoring period, and whilst the type of problem varied from year to year, some ‘wicked’ problems proved more persistent. Respondents also talked far less often about issues in their immediate neighbourhoods, recalibrating their concerns to more generic public spaces with high footfall. Taken together, these data provide some sense of what Neighbourhood Policing can and cannot accomplish in terms of its impacts upon often complex social problems and situations.
From Neighbourhood to National Security
Authors: Innes Martin , Roberts Colin , Lowe Trudy , Innes Helen
Published: July 2020

This chapter explores how developments in Neighbourhood Policing articulate with other aspects of the police function. In particular, it examines the ways in which Neighbourhood Policing type approaches have influenced attempts to tackle serious and organized crime, and the evolution of the Prevent strand of the United Kingdom’s counter-terrorism programme. The channels of communication afforded by the Neighbourhood Policing model afford a unique opportunity to access and acquire community intelligence, which might otherwise be difficult for police to acquire by more traditional or covert methods. Informed by this focus, the chapter goes on to explore the concept of the co-production of social control, utilizing empirical case studies to illustrate how a more ‘blended policing’ approach from neighbourhood officers can lend itself to supporting interventions directed towards broader risks and threats.
America
Authors: Harrison Graham
Published: July 2020

This chapter sets out a detailed account of America’s capitalist transformation from the early 1700s. It shows how homestead and plantation agriculture generated a colonial economy. It stresses the importance of independence and then the civil war to the construction of a state and a nation. The chapter looks in detail at the varied forms of production throughout the territory and highlights the centrality of frontier expansion and dispossession. It discusses the role of plantation slavery and its abolition in capitalist growth. It then goes on to look at the ‘gilded age’ as one of developmentalism: forging a national economy, promoting industry, and conflating security issues with economic growth. It notes the slow social progress and crisis-prone nature of capitalist development, arguing that this is in the nature of capitalist transformation. It concludes by noting that the world of ‘late’ development is constructed by Britain and America’s capitalist transformations.
Taiwan and Israel
Authors: Harrison Graham
Published: July 2020

This chapter reviews the transformation successes in Taiwan and Israel. It starts Taiwan’s account with the colonization by Japan and the investments in industry. It then emphasizes the insecurities generated by occupation by the exiled Chinese government. This was intensified by a very rivalrous geopolitical regionalism. Taiwan’s sovereignty was doubtful and under threat. The chapter looks at the considerable efforts to promote agricultural development and then industrialization. Industrialization was motivated by a need to ensure legitimacy and security for a quasi-sovereign state. In relation to Israel, the chapter starts in the Mandate period and shows how Israel’s statehood was based on occupation, economic growth, and nationalism. It highlights the severe existential threat to the country and the response of the government to promote agricultural growth and industrialization. It shows how Israel faced repeated severe crises and that the government eventually found a way through these crises through capitalist transformation.
Libertarians I
Authors: Pierson Christopher
Published: July 2020

This chapter begins with a brief discussion of what we mean by libertarianism. I explore the ways in which the forerunners of contemporary libertarianism came to justify a regime of minimally constrained individual private property, (often) grounded in natural rights and instantiating the maximum of personal freedom. Key thinkers in this respect are Herbert Spencer, Ludwig von Mises, Milton Friedman, and Friedrich Hayek. Murray Rothbard is a figure who belongs more unambiguously to modern libertarianism. The chapter ends with a substantial discussion of the debate that has surrounded the work of Robert Nozick in Anarchy, State and Utopia. I suggest that Nozick is a much more ambivalent figure for libertarianism than is usually supposed.
Incomplete Organizations
Authors: Hansmann Henry , Kraakman Reinier , Squire Richard
Published: July 2020

This chapter analyzes ancient Rome’s law of business entities from the perspective of asset partitioning, the delimiting of creditor collection rights based on the distinction between business assets and personal assets. Asset partitioning, which is an essential legal attribute of modern business forms such as the partnership and the business corporation, reduces borrowing costs by simplifying credit-risk assessment and expediting insolvency proceedings. The chapter finds that ancient Roman business arrangements, such as the societas and the slave-run business endowed by the slaveowner with a peculium, did not give business creditors the first claim to business assets, making these forms of organization non-entities according to the criterion of asset partitioning. It appears that the only true legal entity used to form profit-seeking firms was the societas publicanorum, which roughly resembled the modern limited partnership. But use of that form was generally confined to firms that provided public services under contract with the state. Moreover, the societas publicanorum was essentially a creature of the Republic, and was largely abandoned during the Empire. Although Rome had a complex economy and sophisticated commercial law, and was familiar with most of the types of asset partitioning seen in modern legal systems, it ultimately failed to develop legal entities for general use in commerce. Apparent reasons include the Roman aristocracy’s disparagement of commerce, the emperors’ wariness of strong organizations outside the state, and the society’s continuing reliance on the family—a durable and complex legal entity in its own right—to handle many commercial needs.
Deterrence of Wrongdoing in Ancient Law
Authors: Parisi Francesco , Pi Daniel , Luppi Barbara , Fargnoli Iole
Published: July 2020

Ancient laws addressed all types of wrongdoing with a single set of remedies that over time pursued a changing mix of retaliatory, punitive, and compensatory objectives. In this paper, we consider the historical transition from retaliatory to punitive justice, and the subsequent transition from punitive to compensatory justice. This paper shows how the optimal level of enforcement varies under the three corrective regimes. Crimes that create a larger net social loss require lower levels of enforcement under retaliatory regimes. The optimal level of enforcement is instead independent of the degree of inefficiency of the crime when punitive and compensatory remedies are utilized. The paper provides several historical illustrations and sheds light on some of the legal paradoxes of ancient law.
The Quantum Matrix
Authors: Kurizki Gershon , Gordon Goren
Published: July 2020

“Meet Henry Bar, a physicist and … quantum superhero.” The title The Quantum Matrix refers to a central concept in quantum physics, but also (allegorically) to our enigmatic world. In this book, Henry Bar, physicist and the first quantum superhero, guides the reader through the amazing quantum world. Henry’s hair-raising adventures in his perilous struggle for quantum coherence are graphically depicted by comics and thoroughly explained to the lay reader. Behind each adventure lies a key concept in quantum physics. These concepts range from the basic quantum coherence and entanglement through tunneling and the recently discovered quantum decoherence control, to the principles of the emerging technologies of quantum communication and computing. The explanations of the concepts are popular, but nonetheless rigorous and detailed, and are followed by their broader context, their historic perspective, up-to-date status and forthcoming developments. Finally, thought-provoking philosophical and cultural implications of these concepts are discussed. The mathematical appendices of all chapters cover, in a straightforward manner, the core aspects of quantum physics at the level of a university introductory course. The Quantum Matrix presents an entertaining, popular yet comprehensive picture of quantum physics. It can be read as a light-hearted illustrated tale, a philosophical treatise or a textbook. Either way, the book lets the reader delve deeply into the wondrous quantum world from diverse perspectives and obtain glimpses into the quantum technologies that are about to reshape our lives. May the reader’s voyage through the quantum world charted by this book be both pleasant and rewarding.
What is Quantumness?
Authors: Kurizki Gershon , Gordon Goren
Published: July 2020

Henry Bar is about to become the first quantum superhero, having discovered the incredible yet true principle that all things, large and small, are subject to the laws of quantum physics. He finds out that it may be possible, albeit extremely challenging, even for us humans to manifest “quantumness”. This principle underlies Henry’s implementation of his quantum suit that allows him to act as a quantum object. In order to understand this principle, the historical route from early atomism to the emergence of quantum mechanics (QM) as a revolutionary theory of radiation and matter is presented. The inception of QM was a landmark in the age-old quest for answers to the question: is reality, in its complexity, reducible to simple constituents? Alternative questions include: How far up the complexity ladder can QM be pushed as a framework for explaining reality? The appendix to this chapter introduces mathematical notations for QM phenomena.
What is Time–Energy Uncertainty?
Authors: Kurizki Gershon , Gordon Goren
Published: July 2020

Henry scores a surprise win over Eve thanks to his quantum rocket that is powered by a quantum-chargeable battery. This gadget is subject to the time–energy uncertainty relation that may result in the battery having more energy than expected. This occurs if an energy measurement within a short time “collapses” the battery randomly to the highest energy state. Intriguingly, time is not a quantum observable. This raises the question that was hotly debated by Bohr and Einstein: how can time be uncertain and affect the energy uncertainty? The more general question is: what is the meaning of time, energy and their uncertainty in physics and in human experience? Attempts to define time have been the subject of philosophical controversy throughout millennia. The appendix to this chapter introduces the Schrödinger equation that governs the dynamics of quantum systems and their time–energy uncertainty.
Entanglement, Decoherence and Which-Path Information
Authors: Kurizki Gershon , Gordon Goren
Published: July 2020

Henry attempts to sneak into Eve’s residence undetected by taking advantage of his quantum coherence, but his quantum entanglement with Schred puts him in peril: Henry can no longer interfere with himself, he decoheres, since his two versions are differently tagged by correlations with different versions of Schred. Entanglement in composite systems is not only the hallmark of quantumness but also the key to its demise, alias decoherence. Decoherence, by transforming quantum information into classical information, is the biggest obstacle towards controlling complex quantum systems, particularly quantum computers. Information is collected and processed by “observers”: all life forms and their artificial (computerized) extensions. The question that reflects the millennia-long controversy on free will is: do observers have the freedom to choose the mode of their observation? The appendix to this chapechapter investigates the interference of two quantum systems as a function of their entanglement.
‘A new spirit of dissention and disturbance’
Authors: Leng Thomas
Published: July 2020

This chapter considers the involvement of the Merchant Adventurers in the political disputes of mid-seventeenth-century England. It shows that the Company’s overseas residences were deeply divided over questions of religion and political allegiance. These divisions also became bound up with the social changes that were reconfiguring relationships between the different residences of the Company. The chapter surveys three contests which involved questions about the nature of the Merchant Adventurers as a merchant community, and the distribution of power within it. Each centred on a controversial deputy governor—Edward Misselden at Delft in the 1630s, and Joseph Avery and Richard Bradshaw at Hamburg in the 1640s and 1650s respectively. The chapter shows how the changing social structure of the Company’s trade had disturbed corporate politics.
Europe's Crisis of Legitimacy
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A.
Published: July 2020

The Eurozone crisis has generated not only a crisis of economics and politics but also of legitimacy. The European Union’s decision to ‘govern by rules and rule by numbers’ at the inception of the crisis in 2010, by mandating austerity and structural reform, undermined Euro member-states’ economic performance while increasing political volatility. The remedy beginning two years later, centered on reinterpreting the rules and recalibrating the numbers ‘by stealth,’ by not publicly admitting to increasing flexibility, may have improved performance. But it did nothing to change the suboptimal rules and only further contributed to politicization at EU and national levels as well as to citizens’ divided perceptions of EU actors, including the Council, the European Central Bank, the Commission, and the European Parliament. Moreover, although general acknowledgement of rules reinterpretations came as of 2015, the damage had been done. Using the lens of legitimacy, Europe’s Crisis of Legitimacy analyzes all aspects of the Eurozone crisis, including governance processes, political economy, and politics. In evaluating Eurozone crisis governance, the book adds the concept of ‘throughput’ legitimacy, encompassing procedural efficacy, accountability, transparency, inclusiveness and openness, to the long-standing legitimizing mechanisms of output legitimacy, defined as policy effectiveness and economic performance, and input legitimacy, as political representation and responsiveness. In addition to theorizing about democracy and legitimacy in the EU, the book uses the analytic framework of discursive institutionalism to highlight actors’ legitimating ideas and discourse during the Eurozone crisis. It concludes by suggesting ways to move beyond the Eurozone crisis through deeper integration balanced out by more decentralized and democratized governance.
Conclusion How to (Re-)Envision Eurozone Governance
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A.
Published: July 2020

After briefly setting the Eurozone crisis in international context, this Conclusion asks how the EU may move forward, to re-envision Eurozone governance while resolving the EU’s (euro) crisis of legitimacy in ways that ensure greater input, output, and throughput legitimacy. To do so, it recommends reforming Eurozone governance through a more fine-tuned approach to EU-level macroeconomic coordination via more differentiated country-specific targets debated by EU actors. And it proposes decentralizing the administration of the European Semester to ensure a more bottom-up process that is more sensitive to national varieties of capitalism and growth models. Only in so doing, the chapter argues, can there be greater democratic input at both EU and national levels, which could serve to reduce the citizen discontent driving populism. But for this to work, more solidarity mechanisms along with more resources are required not just for the Eurozone but equally across crisis areas, to ensure successful output performance. Finally, the chapter suggests that EU governance itself requires rethinking through more differentiated integration. Rather than a “hard core” moving forward, or Europe “à la carte,” the most effective future integration would be by seeing recognizing the EU as it already is: a “soft core” Europe of clusters of member states in overlapping policy communities, administered by one overall set of institutions.
Conclusions
Authors: Potter Simon J.
Published: July 2020

This chapter summarizes the book’s main findings. It argues that during the interwar years wireless brought a distinctive British soundscape to listeners around the world while also carrying the world to British ears. Wireless internationalism was both a set of ideas about how radio broadcasting should work, and a lived transnational experience. Although wireless internationalism was in retreat by the late 1930s, vestiges survived right up until the outbreak of war, and would resurface thereafter. Wireless internationalism produced practical initiatives with concrete outcomes, which had lasting legacies. The chapter also emphasizes the extent of state intervention in BBC international broadcasting during the 1930s and argues that we should question much of the established historical wisdom concerning this issue. Finally, it stresses the need to work international broadcasting, sound, and listening more prominently into the cultural and social history of the interwar years.
‘The New Spirit’ in Theatre
Authors: Beasley Rebecca
Published: July 2020

The second interchapter examines discussions of Russian theatre in Britain. In a period of transition for British theatre, there was a call to look abroad for inspiration. This interchapter reviews the obstacles to the development of an art theatre movement in Britain, and details three potential conduits of Russian innovations in staging and design: Edward Gordon Craig’s collaboration with the Moscow Art Theatre, the staging of Russian symbolist plays by Edith Craig’s Pioneer Players, and the journalism of Huntly Carter, whose many articles on theatre, opera, art, ballet, and—after the war—film, promoted a ‘new spirit’ in the avant-garde, which he increasingly located in Russia.
American Claimants
Authors: Meer Sarah
Published: July 2020

This book recovers a major nineteenth-century literary figure, the American Claimant. The claimant was used to imagine cultural contact and exchange across the anglophone Atlantic, especially between Britain and the United States. Later, claimants were exported to South Africa, in fictions representing black students who acquired American degrees. The book argues that the claimant was a major and pervasive motif, with literary, rhetorical, and political uses. It was invoked to imagine cultural difference, in relation to identity, inheritance, relationship, or time. It could dramatize tensions between tradition and change, or questions of exclusion and power: it was wielded against slavery and segregation, or privileges of gender and class. American Claimants explores the figure’s implications for writers and editors, and also for missionaries, artists, and students, in works created and set in Britain, in the United States, in South Africa, and in Rome. The book touches on theatre history and periodical studies, literary marketing and reprinting, and activism, education, sculpture, fashion, and dress reform. Texts discussed range from Our American Cousin to Bleak House, Little Lord Fauntleroy to Frederick Douglass’ Paper; writers include Frances Trollope, Julia Griffiths, Alexander Crummell, John Dube, James McCune Smith, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Mark Twain.
The American Claimant
Authors: Meer Sarah
Published: July 2020

The introduction outlines the idea of the American claimant, an American heir to a British estate, and traces it back to medieval lost-heir romances such as Havelok. In lost-heir romances, a hero is stolen or banished before he or she can inherit riches or power. She or he is thought to be dead, but by good fortune is saved. Often, she then works as a servant; certainly, her life is humble and obscure. But she thrives, and eventually returns, to be restored to her rightful position. The introduction also discusses real cases—James Annesley, the Tichborne Claimant, and those Nathaniel Hawthorne records in Our Old Home. It suggests a relationship with the figure of the confidence man, and discusses underlying preoccupations, including gentlemen and servants, and dress and undress.
Dundreary’s Whiskers
Authors: Meer Sarah
Published: July 2020

This chapter introduces precursors to the claimant—the theatrical Yankee and his vehicle the trip play, in which Britons travelled to the United States, or Americans to Britain. The trip plays cast light on Frances Trollope’s Domestic Manners of the Americans, and on Dickens’s Martin Chuzzlewit and American Notes. In Tom Taylor’s Our American Cousin, a trip play involves a claimant, inaugurating patterns evident in the structure and characterization of subsequent claimant texts. The chapter relates mid-century transatlantic tensions to the creation and staging of Our American Cousin, as reflected in Great Exhibition dramas and the newsprint duels of The Times and the New York Herald. It also suggests that the play drew on a pedagogical relationship between Tom Taylor and an American student at Cambridge, Charles Astor Bristed.
Fauntleroy’s Suit
Authors: Meer Sarah
Published: July 2020

This chapter explores claimants in a variety of fiction, especially the multiple claimants created by Frances Hodgson Burnett, and notes that a recurring feature is a recognition scene in a picture gallery. It argues that in Little Lord Fauntleroy Burnett is inverting the convention of the Yankee claimant, creating a conciliatory version of a form predicated on culture clash and the possibility of revolution. It suggests an analogue in Emily Dickinson’s ‘No matter—now—Sweet’, a possible influence in Captain Marryat’s The Children of the New Forest, and multiple heirs, including novels by Nancy Mitford, and The Hound of the Baskervilles.
Capped and Gowned
Authors: Meer Sarah
Published: July 2020

Chapter 8 notes that education has been a major arena for transatlantic contact, and that it has also had political implications: seeking educations abroad offered some students a way to challenge racism and segregation. It takes three cases of such transatlantic educations—Alexander Crummell, Yolande Du Bois, and John Dube—and suggests ways in which their experiences show educational theories crossing and converging in Britain and South Africa. Dube’s example itself led to claimant fictions, by John Buchan and George Heaton Nicholls: the chapter shows how these drew on the imperial romances of H. Rider Haggard, reimagined in these novels with the conventions of claimant fiction.
Visuality and textuality
Authors: Morton Christopher
Published: July 2020

Chapter 3 examines a sequence of twelve photographs that Evans-Pritchard took of his assistant Kamanga’s initiation into the Zande corporation of witch doctors. I consider them from the perspective of his core fieldwork methodology, that of writing vernacular texts, making a series of comparisons between these two fieldwork methods. I also explore the way in which the photographs allow us to understand Evans-Pritchard’s movement in the ritual space during the ceremony, and the way that his photographic engagement in the event was balanced with his own participation as the sponsor of Kamanga. The chapter also examines the way in which some of the images were published as a sequence, and the way in which Evans-Pritchard used them within the monograph to establish his argument.
Akobo Realism
Authors: Morton Christopher
Published: July 2020

This chapter explores Evans-Pritchard’s two and a half months’ fieldwork among the Anuak in 1935 when he believed no further opportunity to return to the Nuer might be possible, and after his planned trip to Ethiopia was aborted due to the invasion of the country by Italian forces. In Anuak country he walked 400–500 miles along the Akobo River, taking over 200 photographs and assembling a substantial artefact collection. The chapter engages with Geertz’s theme of Evans-Pritchard’s literary ‘optical idiom’ by comparing Evans-Pritchard’s photography with his anthropological writings on the Anuak. The analysis reveals a completely new understanding of the immediate contexts of colonial manipulation among the Anuak leading up to and during his visit in 1935, as rival chiefs were played off against each other by the colonial administration.
Veiled Power
Authors: Lustig Doreen
Published: July 2020

This book presents a historical study of the international law of the private business corporation. The literature on corporations and international law typically concentrates on the failure to regulate corporations. This book challenges this ‘failure’ narrative and presents an alternative historical reading: a history of its facilitative role in constituting an economic order. This study draws inspiration from scholarship on the history of international trade law, international investment law, the history of global governance, and political economic analysis of international law, and connects these specialized fields in a single lens: the corporate form. The point of departure for this history is the simultaneous emergence of international law as a modern legal discipline and the turn to free incorporation in corporate law during the last third of the nineteenth century. The book demonstrates how the sovereign veil of the state and the corporate veil of the company were applied in tandem to insulate corporations from responsibility. Nevertheless, less powerful states invoked the same prevailing conceptions of the corporation, the sovereign state, and the relation between them, to curtail corporate power in struggles associated with decolonization. Reacting to these early victories, capital exporting countries shifted to a vocabulary of human rights and protected companies under a new regime of international investment law, which entrenched the separation between market and politics.
Setting the Scene
Authors: Lustig Doreen
Published: July 2020

During the latter part of the nineteenth century, international lawyers begin to conceive themselves as part of a modern discipline of law. This chapter returns to the debate over the legitimacy of the operation of chartered companies in Africa during this period. The dissolution of the charters towards the end of the century was reflected in the suspension of the debate over companies in international legal commentaries for almost a century. The silence following international lawyers’ active critique over the chartered companies could be conceived as a testament to the irrelevance of international legal ideas, institutions, and practices to the history of private business corporations in colonial and other global settings. This chapter argues against such an interpretation and unravels the relevance of international law to economic actors by analysing this episode from the vantage point of the Royal Niger Company operations in Africa. I argue that the dissolution of the charters did not represent a failure, as previously thought, but rather a multifaceted transformation through which the relationship between economic agents and governmental agents was renegotiated. Further, I assert that while material conditions are crucial to understanding the chronicle of the Charter’s dissolution, international law is pivotal to unraveling the contours of the alliance that replaced them.
Realism, Ontology, and Objectivity
Authors: Clarke-Doane Justin
Published: July 2020

This chapter explicates the concept of realism, and distinguishes it from related concepts with which it is often conflated. It shows that, properly conceived, realism has no ontological implications, and that influential epistemological objections to moral and mathematical realism fallaciously assume otherwise. One upshot of the discussion is that it is no response to Paul Benacerraf’s epistemological challenge to claim that there are no special mathematical entities with which to “get in touch.” The chapter concludes with a distinction between realism and objectivity, a distinction which is central to Chapter 6. It uses the Parallel Postulate, understood as a claim of pure geometry, as a paradigm of a claim that fails to be objective, even if mathematical realism is true. Conversely, it explains how realism about claims of a kind may be false even though they are objective in a sense in which the Parallel Postulate is not.
The synergistic effects of interaction strength and lags on ecological stability
Authors: Gellner Gabriel , McCann Kevin S. , Greyson-Gaito Christopher
Published: July 2020

Uncovering the fundamental properties of ecological stability is a central question in theoretical biology since its inception at the turn of the century. Here, motivated by simple modular theory (e.g., population models to few species models), we review the role of interactions strength and lags on dynamics and stability. Specifically, we argue that modular theory consistently finds that lags combined with high growth rates or strong interaction strengths underly all forms of instability in ecological models. To fully explore this relationship, we first need to understand the role of both explicit lags—using lagged versions of classical models, such as the lagged logistic population model, as well as the more subtle role of implicit lags that arise in all biological models of growth. Given this, and the realization that nature is replete with lags (e.g., age structure, stage structure, predator-prey, reproductive lags, recycling lags), it becomes important to understand how lags, both implicit and explicit, interact. With an eye towards correcting the frequently overlooked role of lags on stability we review existing mathematical examples that argue lags can combine to drive instability (lag excitation) or inhibit the expression of instability by cancelling each other out effectively (lag cancellation). We suggest that further understanding the role of lags and how they interact within whole webs and ecosystems remains an important research area for the future.