bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Castaneda M. Ruiz
Published: June 2004

1. The blood of guinea pigs convalescent from Old World and New World typhus infection develops agglutinating properties for the tunica and rat Rickettsiae of the New World diseases and for the louse Rickettsia of the Old World disease.

2. The two microorganisms are closely related, though probably not identical.

3. Human convalescents of both varieties of typhus develop agglutinins for both types of Rickettsiae. Such Rickettsia-agglutinating properties are parallel with the Weil-Felix reaction in the human sera.

4. Rabbits immunized with Weigl louse vaccines develop agglutinins for our X-ray rat vaccines and vice versa. In both cases the rabbit sera develop agglutinins for Proteus X-19.

5. These experiments furnish a further and, we believe, conclusive proof of the etiological rôle, in New World typhus fever, of the Rickettsia bodies first seen in the tunica cells of inoculated guinea pigs by Mooser, and obtained in massive amounts by ourselves.

6. The serum reactions also provide a further logical basis for experiments in prophylactic vaccination with these Rickettsiae.
PROPERTIES OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF A CHICKEN TUMOR
Authors: Murphy James B. , Sturm Ernest
Published: June 2004

Water extracts of desiccates of certain relatively slow-growing strains of Chicken Tumors I and X, or the exudates from such tumors, definitely inhibited the growth of a mouse sarcoma (Crocker 180), and were without effect on a mouse carcinoma (Bashford 63) or Mouse Tumor S/37, a rapidly growing sarcoma derived from the stroma of a carcinoma. Extensive control tests with extracts from rapidly growing chicken tumors, and from tissues of normal and immune chickens showed no inhibiting action. There was no demonstrable action on the mouse tumors of sera from immunized rabbits, which neutralize the chicken tumor agent, nor of the sera from chickens highly immune to the chicken tumors.
ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION AGAINST POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Brodie Maurice
Published: June 2004

1. A single intracutaneous inoculation with a subinfective dose of the virus of poliomyelitis produces considerable immunity.

2. Virus-serum combinations produce an appreciable immunity, providing just sufficient serum is used to protect the animal from paralysis. If there is an excess of serum, the degree of immunity is considerably reduced.
STUDIES ON THE QUANTITATIVE ACTION OF A SPECIFIC ENZYME IN TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS DERMAL INFECTION IN RABBITS
Authors: Goodner Kenneth , Dubos René
Published: June 2004

The enzyme which specifically decomposes the capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus must be used in certain definite amounts in order to bring about the recovery of rabbits infected intradermally with this organism. The experiments reported in this paper indicate that the minimal amounts of enzyme required bear a definite relationship to the severity of the infection as gauged by the number of pneumococci present in the circulating blood.
THE FORMATION OF MACROCYTES AND MICROCYTES FROM RED CORPUSCLES IN HANGING DROP PREPARATIONS
Authors: Auer John
Published: June 2004

In hanging drop preparations of normal blood from various species of animals including man, the following processes were directly observed for the first time:

1. The process of fusion between two red corpuscles so as to form a round or slightly oval macrocyte with normal hemoglobin content, a diameter of 10µ± and no delle.

These macrocytes appear to be slightly thicker in the centre than at the periphery. No thickness measurements could be made.

2. The process of fusion between two microcytes each 5µ± in diameter, so as to form a red corpuscle of approximately normal size but with dense hemoglobin and no delle.

3. The process of fusion between a red corpuscle and a microcyte, forming a macrocyte slightly larger than a normal red corpuscle and exhibiting a normal hemoglobin tint but no delle.

4. The process of microcyte formation from red corpuscles was seen occurring in four different ways: (a) By the intermittent compression of a single red corpuscle by the pull of three or more fibrin threads attached to the corpuscle. (b) By the steady, continuous compression of a single red corpuscle by the pull of two polar fibrin threads, (c) By intermittent rises of intracorpuscular pressure in a red corpuscle due to trauma, (d) By avulsion and retraction or contraction of the hemoglobin stroma from the intact surface layer of a red corpuscle.

Thickness measurements in single microcytes were made in rabbit blood.

5. The process of a typical microcyte with dense hemoglobin and no delle changing back to a fairly large red corpuscle with practically normal hemoglobin tint and with a delle.

6. Macrocytes were seen expelling their hemoglobin in a fraction of a second and turning into shadows which were often paler than the background, but without any decrease in the visible surface area or change in the contour.

7. Extensibility and retractibility (or perhaps relaxation and contraction) may be exhibited by the corpuscle as a whole, by local sections of both surface layer and stroma, or retractility (contractility (?)) may be shown by the hemoglobin stroma alone.

On the basis of observational evidence it is inferred that:

1. The surface layer of a red corpuscle is probably a condensed stroma rather than an anatomically defined membrane.

2. A pigment, probably hemoglobin, is present in the surface layer.

3. The surface layer of red corpuscles becomes rigid before or during spontaneous hemolysis.

4. Hemoglobin exists in an undissolved form in the intact red corpuscle.

5. The transverse diameter of microcytes (5µ±) represents the maximal shortening of which this diameter is capable in normal red corpuscles of man, rabbit and guinea pig under the conditions studied.

6. Fusing red corpuscle are destroyed by repeated washings with Ringer solution.

7. In stagnating blood there is no increase in fusion forms, nor in the production of microcytes.
INFECTIOUS MYXOMATOSIS (SANARELLI) IN PREGNANT RABBITS
Authors: Sprunt Douglas H.
Published: June 2004

Pregnancy in rabbits alters the reactivity of the tissues to the virus of infectious myxomatosis. The livers of pregnant animals with the myxoma have a central acidophilic necrosis. Secondary lesions in the lungs are much more numerous and larger in the pregnant than in the non-gravid animals. In like manner the lesions in the spleen are more extensive in the pregnant rabbit. On the other hand the skin lesions of the pregnant animal are decreased in size.
PHENOMENON OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACTERIAL FILTRATES: REACTIVATING EFFECT OF BLOOD SERA UPON COMPLETELY NEUTRALIZED TOXIC FILTRATES
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory
Published: June 2004

In this paper there are reported observations on a certain new reactivating property of normal and immune blood sera of various animal species. The effect of the reactivating sera consists in restoration of the toxicity in vivo and in vitro of completely neutralized meningococcus and B. coli reacting factors.

The property is apparently non-specific, heat-labile, lessens on storage, and has no relationship to complement.

Heating of immune sera to a temperature destructive for the reactivating property but innocuous to the neutralizing antibodies, raises considerably their neutralizing potency.

The possible immunological significance of the reactivating property is discussed in this paper.
PHENOMENON OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACTERIAL FILTRATES: FORMATION OF REACTING FACTORS IN VIVO
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory
Published: June 2004

In this paper there is described a new method for the demonstration of antigen-antibody combination, as follows:

A rabbit sensitized a week previously to some animal protein receives a skin-preparatory injection of a potent bacterial filtrate. 24 hours after the skin preparation the rabbit is injected intravenously with the same animal protein. From 4 to 5 hours later there appears severe hemorrhagic necrosis at the prepared skin site.

The incidence of positive results is high. A single sensitizing injection and 1 week incubation period are sufficient. The test is highly specific unless repeated sensitizing injections of large doses of antigen are made. The necessary sensitization can be elicited with minute quantities of animal proteins.

It is also possible to elicit severe reactions in the prepared skin sites of non-sensitized rabbits upon separate intravenous injections of non-bacterial and bacterial antigens and homologous antibodies (i.e., passive transfer).

The relation of the phenomenon of local skin reactivity to bacterial filtrates to various fields of immunology is discussed in the light of the above observations.
PROPERTIES OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF A CHICKEN TUMOR
Authors: Sturm Ernest , Duran-Reynals F.
Published: June 2004

Extracts prepared from the testicle tissue of the rat, rabbit, fowl or bull, injected together with extracts of Chicken Tumor I or with cells of this tumor, showed no definite effect of either enhancement or inhibition as concerned the resulting tumors.
STUDIES ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FEVER TEMPERATURES
Authors: Bishop Francis W. , Carpenter Charles M. , Warren Stafford L.
Published: June 2004

A series of six water baths in one unit, set at 37°, 39°, 40°, 41°, 41.5°, and 42°C., for the purpose of studying the thermal death time of bacteria and of body tissues has been described.
STUDIES ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FEVER TEMPERATURES
Authors: Boak Ruth A. , Carpenter Charles M. , Warren Stafford L.
Published: June 2004

1. The repeated elevation of body temperatures of male and female rabbits to 41° and 42°C. from 2 to 5 times per week by short radio waves (30 m.), beginning from 29 to 171 days of age and extending through their first period of gestation, failed to injure their growth or to interfere with mating, fertilization, or the development of young in utero. Litter mates were kept for controls.

2. The rabbits exposed to the short wave fevers showed, in the majority of cases, a greater percentage gain in weight than did the control litter mates.

3. The kindling age of the treated group was, on an average, 2 weeks older than the non-treated group.

4. The fever-treated females averaged five and one-half young per litter with an average weight of 41 gm., while the untreated females averaged seven per litter with an average weight of 36.5 gm.

5. The repeated elevation of body temperature by short radio waves is a safe procedure when temperatures greater than those within physiological limits are not employed.
STUDIES ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FEVER TEMPERATURES
Authors: Boak Ruth A. , Carpenter Charles M. , Warren Stafford L.
Published: June 2004

1. The thermal death time of Trefonema pallidumin extracts from lesions in rabbits' testes was determined in vitro at fever temperatures using the Zinsser-Hopkins and Nichols strains.

2. The criteria to determine the persistence of infectivity of the heated extract were the following: the development of lesions on inoculation into rabbits, dark-field examination of tissue from the lesions, the outcome of blood Wassermann tests, and of reinoculation tests.

3. The thermal death time of the two strains of spirochetes was approximately the same, although the Nichols strain was somewhat the more resistant. In the case of the latter 5 hours at 39°C., 3 hours at 40°C., 2 hours at 41°C., and 1 hour at 41.5°C., were required to render infective extracts innocuous to other rabbits.

4. The thermal death time of T. pallidum in testicular extracts in vitro at fever temperatures is so short as to suggest that induced fever may be useful therapeutically in human syphilis.
STUDIES ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF FEVER TEMPERATURES
Authors: Carpenter Charles M. , Boak Ruth A. , Warren Stafford L.
Published: June 2004

1. Multiple, unsustained fevers (41–42°C.) produced by irradiation in a high frequency electrostatic field (10,000 kilocycles) destroyed T. pallidum in rabbits with active syphilitic lesions as determined by the injection into normal rabbits of extracts prepared from their testes and popliteal lymph nodes.

2. One febrile period of 6 hours at a temperature of 41.5–42°C. was likewise found to be sufficient to destroy T. pallidum.

3. Infection with T. pallidum persisted in a control series of untreated rabbits for as long as 395 days after inoculation, but clinical healing occurred in from 3 to 4 months after injection.

4. The time interval between inoculation and fever treatment, or between the end of the fever treatment and reinoculation, did not affect the results.

5. The fever treatment was effective at any stage of experimental syphilis in rabbits.
THE ETIOLOGY OF BARTONELLA MURIS ANEMIA OF THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: Marmorston-Gottesman J. , Perla David
Published: June 2004

1. Bartonella muris has been isolated in pure culture on Noguchi's leptospira medium from the blood of the splenectomized adult rat suffering with Bartonella muris anemia.

2. Bartonella muris is a small, actively motile, Gram-negative bacillus. It grows best on media containing blood and on Noguchi's leptospira medium. The optimal temperature for growth is 20–25°C. It produces neither gas nor acid on media containing sugars. It does not hemolyze blood in artificial media. Viability of the cultures in leptospira media was maintained for 36 days.

3. With this culture a severe anemia was produced in rats weighing 30 gm., with the occasional appearance of Bartonella muris bodies on the red cells. The anemia occurred within 24 hours, and lasted for 3 to 5 days with recovery of the rat. Bartonella muris was recovered in pure culture from the blood of these animals. The blood of these rats was infectious for other 30 gm. rats.

4. 3 week old rabbits were infected with cultures of Bartonella muris, a severe anemia resulting after an incubation period of 48 hours. The organism was recovered from the blood on the 5th day after injection. Bartonella muris is non-pathogenic for adult rabbits.

5. A severe anemia was produced in young guinea pigs with cultures of Bartonella muris within 48 hours. The organism was recovered on the 2nd and 5th days after injection. Postmortem examination revealed changes in the organs similar to those found in splenectomized rats suffering with spontaneous Bartonella muris anemia.

6. The infection was reproduced in white mice. In one instance a severe anemia developed on the 5th and 6th days. The organism was recovered on the 6th day.

7. The anemia was produced in splenectomized adult rats of non-carrier stock. The organism was recovered from the blood stream of these rats. A marked leukocytosis was noted (65,000) at the peak of the anemia as is found in the spontaneous disease in infected splenectomized adult rats.

8. Serological tests have thus far failed to demonstrate the production of agglutinins, though complement-fixing antibodies are present in homologous sera in low dilutions.
STUDIES ON BARTONELLA MURIS ANEMIA
Authors: Perla David , Marmorston-Gottesman J.
Published: June 2004

An aqueous lipoid extract of ox spleen was prepared which protects adult male albino rats of carrier stock in a large percentage of instances against Bartonella muris anemia following splenectomy. It is suggested that the extract contains a specific hormonal substance.
STUDIES ON BARTONELLA MURIS ANEMIA
Authors: Perla David , Marmorston-Gottesman J.
Published: June 2004

The effect on Bartonella muris anemia of adding copper or iron or both to an adequate diet was studied.

The addition to the diet of copper (0.1 mg. per rat per day), or iron (1 mg. per day), or both during a period of 2 days prior to splenectomy and 1 month subsequent thereto failed to protect adult albino rats against Bartonella muris anemia.

The addition of copper to an adequate diet for a period of 10 days prior to splenectomy and 1 month subsequent thereto protected 75 per cent of the rats against the anemia.

The addition of iron (1 mg. per rat per day) for a period of 10 days prior to and 1 month subsequent to splenectomy protected 50 per cent of the rats against this anemia.

The addition of both copper and iron for a period of 10 days prior to and 1 month subsequent to splenectomy protected 75 per cent of these rats against Bartonella muris anemia.

The addition of copper alone for a period of 2 months prior to and 1 month subsequent to splenectomy protected 63 per cent of the rats against Bartonella muris anemia.

The addition of iron, or of both copper and iron during a period of 2 months prior to splenectomy and 1 month subsequent thereto protected about one-third of the rats against Bartonella murisanemia.
A TRANSMISSIBLE TUMOR-LIKE CONDITION IN RABBITS
Authors: Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

A tumor-like condition has been observed in a wild cottontail rabbit and has been found to be transmissible to both wild and domestic rabbits but not to guinea pigs, white rats, white mice, or chickens. The clinical picture of the experimentally produced condition and the pathological picture of the original and experimentally produced tumors have been described. The tumor has the general appearance of a fibroma. Methods used in transmitting the condition and satisfactory routes of inoculation have been described and discussed.
A FILTRABLE VIRUS CAUSING A TUMOR-LIKE CONDITION IN RABBITS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO VIRUS MYXOMATOSUM
Authors: Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

The properties of the agent causing a tumor-like condition in rabbits have been tested experimentally and the conclusion reached that it is a filtrable virus. While the tumor-like condition and infectious myxoma differ markedly in their clinical and pathological pictures, they have been found to be related immunologically. The relationships of the tumor-producing virus to the virus of infectious myxoma, and of the tumor-like condition to malignant neoplasms have been discussed.
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE DECALCIFICATION, AS MODIFIED BY CALCIUM INTAKE: THE RELATION BETWEEN GENERALIZED OSTEOPOROSIS AND OSTITIS FIBROSA
Authors: Jaffe Henry L. , Bodansky Aaron , Chandler Joseph P.
Published: June 2004

1. In all age groups the effects of ammonium chloride administration were found to be strikingly dependent upon the calcium intake.

2. Dogs receiving an adequate calcium diet and ammonium chloride showed less decalcification than those receiving a low calcium diet with or without ammonium chloride.

3. In the younger groups the added effect of ammonium chloride to calcium-low diet brought out more striking changes than a low calcium diet alone.

4. When the decalcification was less severe—in the oldest dogs on the low calcium diet with or without ammonium chloride, and in the younger dogs on an adequate calcium intake with ammonium chloride —generalized thinning of the bones without marrow fibrosis resulted (osteoporosis).

5. When the decalcification was rapid and severe—in the youngest dogs on low calcium diet, particularly with ammonium chloride— generalized decalcification and secondary marrow fibrosis resulted (ostitis fibrosa).

6. Generalized ostitis fibrosa is a rather inclusive term and may be applied to the histologic picture which results when clinical or experimental decalcification is rapid, and therefore leads to extensive marrow fibrosis.

7. The special underlying causes of the decalcification may incidentally contribute features to modify the generalized osteoporosis or ostitis fibrosa as in rickets and in von Recklinghausen's disease.
THE CELLULAR REACTIONS TO LIPOID FRACTIONS FROM ACID-FAST BACILLI
Authors: Smithburn Kenneth C. , Sabin Florence R.
Published: June 2004

1. A comparative study has been made of the cellular reactions induced by phosphatides from five strains of acid-fast bacilli. Each of these reactions is characterized principally by epithelioid cells and giant cells.

2. The phosphatides are first phagocytized by young connective tissue cells or monocytes. The lipoid is then dispersed into fine particles with the formation of classical epithelioid cells.

3. A comparison has been made of the reactions induced by heat-killed and defatted tubercle bacilli with those induced by tuberculophosphatide.

4. Further studies have been made to determine whether or not the phosphatide causes sensitization to tuberculin. It does not do so.

5. The life cycle of the epithelioid cell has been observed in all its stages.
A STUDY OF THE DISSOCIATION OF THE RAWLINS STRAIN OF BACTERIUM TYPHOSUM WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS USE IN THE PRODUCTION OF ANTI-TYPHOID VACCINE
Authors: Grinnell Francis B.
Published: June 2004

A study of the subcultures of the Rawlins strain of Bacterium typhosum used by twelve different laboratories for vaccine production showed that they all differed from recently isolated smooth strains in cultural characteristics, virulence and protective efficiency.

Eleven of these Rawlins cultures gave both the flagellar and the somatic type of agglutination in anti-smooth rabbit serum, and the one culture so tested produced both flagellar and somatic agglutinins when injected into rabbits and man.

Agglutination of neither the flagellar nor the somatic type can, therefore, be used as a test of the smoothness of a culture or as an index of immunity.

Since the Rawlins strain differs from the smooth phase of Bacterium typhosumin cultural characteristics and in virulence, and is much less efficient than smooth strains as a protective antigen; and since the selection and maintenance of smooth cultures suitable for vaccine production present no serious difficulty, it would seem but logical to substitute virulent, smooth cultures for the very old Rawlins strain, if we are to expect the maximum protection from antityphoid vaccination.
AUGMENTATION OF THE EXTRACARDIAC ANASTOMOSES OF THE CORONARY ARTERIES THROUGH PERICARDIAL ADHESIONS
Authors: Moritz Alan R. , Hudson Charles L. , Orgain Edward S.
Published: June 2004

The examination of four hearts, with partial or complete obliteration of the pericardial sac by fibrous adhesions, after injection of the coronary arteries with a colloidal suspension of lamp black showed that the extracardiac anastomoses of the coronary arteries were increased owing to the presence of adhesions. In all four instances a particularly rich injection of the parietal pericardium was obtained and microscopic examination of the adhesions showed them to contain injected vessels, extending from epicardium to parietal pericardium. A microscopic study of cleared blocks (3 mm. in thickness) of myocardium and attached pericardial adhesions, showed the arborization and anastomosis of branches of the arteries of the parietal pericardium with those of the heart. This vascularization was not limited to the usual areas of subepicardial fat, but was seen in regions not ordinarily containing arterial branches. In no one of the four cases were the coronary arteries significantly diseased.

In one of the four cases, the normal sites of anastomoses between the cardiac and extracardiac vessels were destroyed by cutting away the great vessels entering and leaving the heart, as well as the peri- and intervascular reflections of parietal pericardium. Injection mass was found however, in the arteries of the parietal pericardium and the diaphragm, showing that it has passed directly through the adhesions from coronary to extracardiac vessels.

If the extracardiac anastomoses of the coronary arteries constitute a significant reserve for cardiac circulation, it would appear that this reserve would be augmented by the presence of pericardial adhesions. Direct communication between branches of the coronary arteries and the pericardial branches of the internal mammary arteries with free anastomosis with the anterior branches of the thoracic aorta is established over areas corresponding to the extent of the adhesions. Work is now in progress in this laboratory to study the functional significance of such an experimentally induced collateral circulation in experimental coronary occlusion.
ALLERGIC LOBAR PNEUMONIA
Authors: Fried B. M.
Published: June 2004

The injection of small amounts (1 cc.) of horse serum into the lungs of normal rabbits produces a transient pneumonitis confined to the dorsal aspect of both lungs.

The injection of the same amount of horse serum into the lungs of rabbits that have been previously sensitized to the same serum causes in a high percentage of cases a lesion which is confined to one lung with the gross and microscopic features of lobar (fibrinous) pneumonia as seen in man.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS BETWEEN AGAR-AGAR AND SOME BACTERIAL ANTISERA
Authors: Zozaya José , Medina Luis
Published: June 2004

1. As found by Sordelli and Mayer, agar adsorbed on bacteria produces agar-reacting antibodies in animals injected with these organisms.

2. False cross-agglutination and precipitin reactions can be produced in sera containing agar-reacting antibodies by organisms grown on agar. Zozaya's publication in this field (3) requires partial revision on this account.

3. There is suggestive immunological evidence of chemical similarity between the specifically reactive groups of agar-agar, and the C substance of the pneumococcus.
IMMUNITY REACTIONS OF HUMAN SUBJECTS TO STRAINS OF PNEUMOCOCCI OTHER THAN TYPES I, II AND III
Authors: Finland Maxwell , Sutliff W. D.
Published: June 2004

1. A group of 72 human subjects were studied with respect to the immune reactions of their blood and sera to Types I, II and III pneumococci and to 4 other types (V, VI, VIII and IX) previously included in Group IV.

2. The same general relationships were observed for all of these types as were previously demonstrated for Types I, II and III. Each type was specific in relation to the bactericidal action of normal human blood and the protective action of normal human serum.

3. The frequency with which pneumococcidal action for any pair of types was present for both or absent for both in the same blood samples was slightly greater than that calculated from the frequencies with which each of the types was killed separately.

4. No closer correlation could be demonstrated between the reaction of the blood of these subjects to Types II and V or between Types III and VIII pneumococci, types related in their reaction with artificially prepared immune sera, than was observed between unrelated strains.
A CORRELATION BETWEEN THE HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES AND THE FATE OF LIVING TUBERCLE BACILLI IN THE ORGANS OF REINFECTED RABBITS
Authors: Lurie Max B.
Published: June 2004

1. Immunity to reinfection is a function of the increased capacity of the mononuclear phagocytes to destroy tubercle bacilli and varies directly with the extent of the primary lesion; however it is rarely sufficient to annihilate completely the microorganism. This acquired immunity is superimposed on the natural resistance of a given organ.

2. In the presence of sufficient immunity, such as occurs with the persistence of an extensive primary lesion, small numbers of tubercle bacilli are destroyed by the mononuclear cells in situ without local or general infiltration of the tissues by polymorphonuclear or mononuclear leucocytes. Larger numbers of bacilli are destroyed within 24 hours by an accelerated formation of sharply localized nodules of mononuclear phagocytes. These progress no further and are absorbed or result in inconspicuous microscopic collections of epithelioid and giant cells.

3. In the presence of less immunity, such as occurs when the primary lesion has almost completely healed, the immediate inflammatory reaction is more intense and diffuse and persists longer. It results in a less rapid disappearance of the bacilli and in a more extensive formation of tubercles. These appear much earlier than in the normal animal and soon resolve.

4. Tubercle bacilli of reinfection may be destroyed even though the primary lesion in the lung and kidney is progressive. This is due to an unhindered extracellular multiplication of the bacilli in the caseous foci that undergo softening and excavation. Resistance may be overwhelmed by the spread of tremendous numbers of living bacilli from these foci through the bronchi or renal tubules, while the moderate numbers of reinfecting bacilli reaching the organs by way of the blood stream are destroyed.
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF SPONTANEOUS CONJUNCTIVAL FOLLICULOSIS OF MONKEYS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Tyler Joseph R.
Published: June 2004

Spontaneous folliculosis of Macacus rhesus monkeys—a type of follicular conjunctivitis associated with marked, local, inflammatory reactions—is apparently a disease sui generis, due to a specific infectious agent. It can be transmitted from monkey to monkey by means of subconjunctival injection of suspensions, and by conjunctival swabbing of the secretions, of affected tissues, or by contact of normal animals with folliculosis monkeys.

The agent causing folliculosis has failed in our hands to pass through Berkefeld and Seitz filters, even those of an unusual degree of permeability; and the lesions that it causes show no cellular inclusions suggestive of the action of a virus. The condition is due apparently to an organism of low grade pathogenicity. The essential histopathological structure corresponds to that of a folliculoma (16) which, while not identical with a granuloma, bears certain resemblances to the latter.

The studies here reported concern only one species of monkey, Macacus rhesus. Further investigations will be carried out on different species of Anthropoidea and other animals.
SOME EFFECTS OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY EXTRACTS ON NITROGEN METABOLISM, WATER BALANCE, AND ENERGY METABOLISM
Authors: Gaebler Oliver H.
Published: June 2004

1. Solutions of the globulin fraction of alkaline extracts of the anterior lobe of beef pituitary glands, when administered intraperitoneally or subcutaneously to dogs for 1 or 2 days, greatly increase the nitrogen balance. Urine nitrogen falls markedly, and at the same time blood non-protein nitrogen decreases, while the nitrogen of the feces remains the same.

2. The nitrogen gained may either be retained or lost again, indicating that it may be converted into reserve protein rather than into permanent structures. Sudden gains in weight which follow the injections are always lost again.

3. The effect of the extracts on protein catabolism is greatest when this is high, as in adult dogs having a negligible positive nitrogen balance, or a negative balance, while consuming a high protein diet adequate in calories.

4. Both the fall in nitrogen excretion, and the subsequent rise, when the latter occurs, are due to changes in urea excretion.

5. Other results of the brief treatments are: great increases in water intake and urine volume, marked thirst, slight rise in temperature, and a remarkable increase in heat production effected by oxidation of fat. Mature female dogs were used, and in one of these lactation occurred after some of the injections.
NUTRITIONAL ENCEPHALOMALACIA IN CHICKS
Authors: Pappenheimer Alwin M. , Goettsch Marianne ,   With the Assistance of Anna Alexieff
Published: June 2004

1. Nutritional encephalomalacia may be induced in chicks up to the age of approximately 2 months. As the preliminary feeding period on a natural foods diet is increased, the percentage incidence of the disease becomes progressively less. The average time between institution of diet and appearance of the disease tends to diminish.

2. There is no correlation between growth and incidence of the disease.

3. White Leghorns, Barred Plymouth Rocks, Rhode Island Reds, and White Wyandottes are equally susceptible.
STUDIES ON TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Castaneda M. Ruiz
Published: June 2004

The experiments recorded above demonstrate that the systematic treatment of a horse with formalin- and phenol-killed Rickettsiae obtained from the Mexican virus by our X-ray rat technique induces the development of properties in the horse's serum which may be described as follows:

1. An original agglutinating potency for Proteus X-19 (Weil-Felix reaction) not exceeding dilutions of 1–40 was enhanced to a potency of 1–160 and, feebly, 1–320.

2. The horse's serum, after immunization, exerts distinct protective action against the Mexican virus, whether mixed with the virus before injection, administered 1 week or somewhat longer before the virus or given 24, 48 or 72 hours after infection with virus. Experiments of the last category have been most successful when the serum was given subcutaneously.

3. The serum of the immunized horse agglutinates the Weigl louse vaccines, containing Rickettsia prowazeki of the European disease in dilutions comparable in potency to the Weil-Felix reaction.

Since the serum described exerted protective effects when given 7 and 13 days before infection with the virus, there is some prospect of prophylactic usefulness on the part of this serum.

Since the serum also protected when subcutaneously administered 24, 48 and 72 hours after intraperitoneal infection of guinea pigs, and somewhat modified the disease even when given 96 hours after infection—that is 1 day before the control came down with a typical reaction—, it is at least logical to investigate its possible therapeutic value by early administration in the human disease of the New World or Mexican type. The time intervals governing the experiments of the last two categories in guinea pigs were of course dependent upon the balance between the amounts of virus and of serum used.

The failure of similar effects upon the European virus is not easily explained. This is especially difficult to understand in view of the unquestionable agglutinating potency of the serum for the Weigl vaccines. Whether this difficulty is purely a quantitative one, or depends upon other factors, can be determined only by further investigation.
THE MANNER OF REMOVAL OF PROTEINS FROM NORMAL JOINTS
Authors: Bauer Walter , Short Charles L. , Bennett Granville A.
Published: June 2004

1. Data are presented showing that precipitin tests can be used for the detection of the proteins contained in egg white and horse serum in the blood stream and thoracic duct lymph following injection into the knee joints of normal dogs. The sera of rabbits immunized against the particular protein employed were used in doing the precipitin tests.

2. Egg white is removed only by way of the lymphatics, appearing more rapidly if the leg muscles are massaged. The removal is even greater from passively exercised joints.

3. Horse serum albumin is readily removed from a normal dog's knee joint by way of the lymphatics alone and with greater rapidity from a passively exercised joint. Horse serum globulin escapes from normal joints with great difficulty, if at all, and therefore does not readily gain entrance into the underlying lymphatic capillaries.

4. The molecular size of a protein readily gaining egress from a joint through the lymphatics is thus defined.

5. The relative sizes of the albumin and globulin molecules contained in horse serum are confirmed by in vivo experiments.

6. The lymphatic system is the essential apparatus for the removal of protein from joints, and any interference with this drainage should promote the formation of intraarticular effusion.

The data presented suggest that a simple clinical test for determining the efficiency of the lymphatics draining a single joint can be devised.
CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF RENAL SECRETION. A STUDY BY THE EXTRAVITAL METHOD
Authors: Oliver Jean R. , Lund Edna Morris
Published: June 2004

1. The secretion of neutral red reproduces those variations which are observed in the mitochondrial apparatus of the renal tubule cells of animals living under native conditions. The tubular absorptive processes concerned with water, salts and sugars do not produce these effects.

2. The changes in the mitochondria consist of both structural and constituent alterations. These have been shown to be not merely phenomena concomitant with secretion, but a determining factor in one part of this process; namely, in the concentration of the dye within the cell.
CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF RENAL SECRETION. A STUDY BY THE EXTRAVITAL METHOD
Authors: Oliver Jean R. , Lund Edna Morris
Published: June 2004

1. The elimination of neutral red by the renal epithelium is a composite process, consisting of a direct and an indirect secretion.

2. The mechanism controlling direct secretion is concerned with the permeability of the two cell membranes. These two membranes may be affected independently in the direction of either an increased or decreased permeability, with a corresponding increase or decrease in the elimination of the dye.

3. The mechanism controlling indirect secretion is concerned with the mitochondrial apparatus of the cell. By means of change in the form and constituent substance of its structures, the dye is concentrated within the cell and slowly eliminated.

4. Direct secretion, depending on the condition of sensitive membranes, is easily disturbed. Such disturbances account for the wide variations in the elimination of dye observed in the functioning of abnormal kidneys. Indirect secretion, depending on the simpler factor of the solubility of the dye in the protoplasmic constituents, continues even when the cells are severely damaged.
A STUDY OF THE BACTERIAL CAPSULE BY NEW METHODS
Authors: Churchman J. W. , Emelianoff N. V.
Published: June 2004

A new method for staining capsules is described. With this method appearances are produced about the somata of a number of non-capsulated organisms which resemble capsules.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE OPSONIC AND TROPIC ACTION OF NORMAL AND IMMUNE SERA BASED ON EXPERIMENTS WITH THE PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Ward Hugh K. , Enders John F.
Published: June 2004

1. In normal unheated human serum, virulent pneumococci may be prepared for phagocytosis by two separate antibodies, acting in conjunction with complement. One of these is the type-specific anticarbohydrate antibody reacting with the carbohydrate fraction of the pneumococcus. The other is probably also a type-specific antibody, but quite distinct from the former, and therefore must react with a different antigenic constituent of the bacterium.

2. In the normal human serum heated to 56°C., these two antibodies may, after prolonged contact with the organism, promote phagocytosis of the pneumococcus without the adjuvant action of complement.

3. Although these two antibodies are equally effective in the phagocytosis of 24 hour culture organisms by normal blood, the anticarbohydrate antibody tends to become the predominant factor as the pneumococci approach the state in which they exist in the animal body.

4. In so far as we have been able to show, the anticarbohydrate antibody is the only antibody in immune serum which can induce phagocytosis. This substance by itself is active in a phagocytic system, but just as in the normal serum, complement enhances its effect. The failure to demonstrate the presence in the immune serum of an antibody, distinct from the anticarbohydrate antibody, analogous to that found in the normal serum, may be due to the experimental difficulty of removing all the anticarbohydrate antibody from a concentrated immune serum.

5. Thus it is seen that a single well defined antibody (the anticarbohydrate antibody) may be responsible for the phagocytic action of normal unheated serum, normal heated serum, inactivated immune serum, and immune serum activated by complement. These facts appear to us to invalidate Neufeld's division of the phagocytic antibodies into (a) bacteriotropins (antibodies, the phagocytic titre of which is not raised by the addition of complement); (b) opsonic antibodies (antibodies, comparable to the lysins, which are only active in the presence of complement).

6. Complement alone is incapable of inducing phagocytosis of the pneumococcus. In the phagocytic process, it appears simply to increase the speed at which the reaction takes place. Its role may be compared to that of a catalyst in a chemical reaction.

7. On the basis of these findings, it is proposed that the term "tropin" be discarded as misleading and unnecessary, and that the term "opsonin" be retained to denote any heat-stable antibody which prepares bacteria for phagocytosis. Contrary to current usage, it would not suggest a combination of antibody with complement.
STUDIES ON MENINGOCOCCUS INFECTION
Authors: Rake Geoffrey
Published: June 2004

Freshly isolated strains of meningococci present a number of characteristics which can be shown to differ not inconsiderably from those of stock strains long maintained on artificial media. Rough variants of the different types can be demonstrated, either arising spontaneously in vivo or in vitro, or evoked in the laboratory by the method described by Enders. Neither the freshly isolated strains—which are smooth— nor, in most cases, the rough variants of them are stable, both showing a tendency to pass over into the stock form or variant. The stock strains in the course of transformation from the freshly isolated strains show changes in morphology and cultural characteristics, and in viability in defibrinated blood.
A SEROLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF HUMAN AND OTHER GROUPS OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C.
Published: June 2004

1. All except two of 106 strains of hemolytic streptococci isolated from man, other animals, milk, and cheese have been classified into five groups, which bear a definite relationship to the sources of the cultures. These broad groups may be subdivided into specific types by methods discussed elsewhere. The specific group classification is made possible by employing two special reagents: (a) extracts prepared by treatment of the bacteria with hot hydrochloric acid, and (b) serum of animals immunized with formalinized cultures. This differentiation is not detected by the agglutination reaction. The grouping agrees with that described by other investigators on the basis of cultural and biochemical characteristics.

2. The group-specific substance present in strains of Group A has been identified chemically as carbohydrate in nature. The chemical composition of the specific substances upon which the specificity of the other groups depends has not been determined. It seems not unlikely, however, that all of them may belong in the general class of carbohydrates, each being chemically distinct and serologically specific in the individual groups.
EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF PYLOROSPASM AND GASTRIC RETENTION IN RATS
Authors: Hoelzel Frederick , Da Costa Esther
Published: June 2004

1. A method was found whereby the development of gastric retention could be studied in intact animals without the necessity of recourse to the use of x-rays.

2. Gastric retention was found to develop as a result of protein restriction in 7 out of 10 rats studied. Such retention could again be cleared up with protein realimentation or by allowing the animals free choice of protein, fat and carbohydrate.

3. A diet high in protein following periods of undernutrition or prolonged protein restriction usually gave rise to a transient gastric retention.

4. Diets with a solution of 25 per cent or more of alcohol added promptly gave rise to gastric retention in rats even when the protein content of the diet was adequate.

5. Evidence is given indicating that the gastric retention which occurred in this study involved more or less pylorospasm and the possible influence of mechanical and chemical irritation and of changes in gastric mucin and bile flow upon the development of pylorospasm are discussed.

6. Spira's theory that fat in the diet gives rise to pylorospasm and ulceration is not supported by the results of our experiments.
THE VALUE OF THE SKIN TEST WITH TYPE-SPECIFIC CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE IN THE SERUM TREATMENT OF TYPE I PNEUMOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA
Authors: Francis Thomas
Published: June 2004

Skin tests were made with Type I S.S.S. in 53 cases of Type I pneumococcus lobar pneumonia, 48 of which were treated with antipneumococcus Type I serum. In all but 1 of the 46 recovered cases a positive, immediate skin reaction was obtained at about the time of recovery. In 7 fatal cases reactions were consistently negative, even in the presence of circulating type-specific antibodies.

The skin test has proved to be an extremely valuable guide to serum therapy, and a definite prognostic aid. The test has distinct advantages over the agglutination reaction in that it is not merely an index of circulating antibodies. When positive, it invariably denotes that recovery has begun; when negative, it indicates further serum therapy. The mechanism of the positive skin test is closely related to that operative in recovery from pneumonia, and is apparently the resultant of antibody and tissue activity.
HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION FACTORS IN THE HUMAN LIVER
Authors: Whipple G. H. , Robscheit-Robbins F. S.
Published: June 2004

Human liver tissue has been assayed to determine the concentration of hemoglobin production factors in normal and abnormal states. Standardized dogs made anemic by bleeding have been used in this biological assay and the human liver tissue compared with control animal tissue.

Normal human liver tissue (external trauma) contains much more of these hemoglobin production factors than the normal control animal liver—the ratio being 162 to 100.

In this form of biological assay 42 gm. of animal liver or 26 gm. of human liver represent 1 gm. of potential hemoglobin.

A second group (Table 2) in which the viscera were practically normal except for atrophy, the cases presenting a good deal of arteriosclerosis and senile changes, shows a lower content of these hemoglobin production factors. The ratio of human to control here is 117 to 100. This is certainly the low limit of normal.

Acute fulminant infections reduce somewhat the store of these potent hemoglobin production factors in the human liver (Table 3). The average value is 117 as compared with 100 control but the more acute cases show the lower values.

Chronic intoxications show values which are close to the human normal—151 per cent. The liver content of hemoglobin producing factors shows very wide fluctuations in cases of thyrotoxicosis. Diabetes may be associated with rather low values.

There may be complete dissociation of the organic iron content and the concentration of hemoglobin production factors in the liver.
HEMOGLOBIN PRODUCTION FACTORS IN THE HUMAN LIVER
Authors: Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

Biological assay of human liver material shows various concentrations of hemoglobin producing material in various diseased states.

Cardiac congestion with red atrophy of the liver shows values (Table 21) somewhat below the human normal—94 per cent compared to 162 per cent. It is probable that this is due to atrophy and destruction of the liver cells in the centers of the liver lobules. We believe the remaining liver cells have a normal content of hemoglobin producing factors.

Amyloid (tuberculosis) and fatty (alcoholic) degeneration show (Table 22) subnormal values—111 per cent compared to 162 per cent. If we allow for the "dilution" of liver cell weight by the amyloid and fat we observe normal values for the concentration of hemoglobin producing factors.

Carcinoma growth in the liver whether primary or secondary shows net figures (Table 23) which are low—75 per cent compared to normal 162 per cent. It appears that cancer tissue, even tumor cells originating from hepatic epithelium, contains no hemoglobin producing factors. If we allow for the "dilution" of the remaining liver cells by the cancer tissue the figures are within normal limits.

Cirrhosis and hepatitis (Table 24) with no signs of true hepatic insufficiency or severe hepatic injury but death supervening from secondary infection or hemorrhage will give average normal values –164 per cent compared to normal human of 162 per cent. Icterus is not a factor.

Cirrhosis or hepatitis with severe parenchyma injury and signs of hepatic insufficiency give low values (Table 25) in biological assay –48 per cent compared to normal human 162 per cent. It may be surprising that the liver cells hold so tenaciously to these unknown factors influencing hemoglobin production but obviously only in severe liver injury is this concentration seriously reduced.