bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘I am that same wall; the truth is so’
Authors: Ward Marchella
Published: December 2018

That Ovid’s long hexameter poem, the Metamorphoses, defies the boundaries of genre has become axiomatic in classical scholarship and the genre of the tale of Pyramus and Thisbe, in particular, is difficult, since it contains within it the oriental novel, hexameter epic, and comedy, and moves between the elegiac city and the forest of tragedy. This chapter reads the tale as a parable of genre, exposing the invitations to performance latent in the text and examining the reception of this generic multiplicity in Shakespeare’s staged version at the end of A Midsummer Night’s Dream. The problem of genre in ‘Pyramus and Thisbe’ was as apparent to Shakespeare as it is to his Theseus and Philostrate. The tale’s life in drama continues into the twenty-first century, with Supple and Reade taking their cue from Shakespeare and responding to Ted Hughes’s Tales from Ovid by dramatizing elements from the collection.
The Future of Epic in Cinema
Authors: Michelakis Pantelis
Published: December 2018

This chapter explores the ways in which the generic label of ‘epic’ might be deemed relevant for Ridley Scott’s film Prometheus (2012), and more broadly for the ways in which a discussion about the meanings of epic in early twenty-first-century cinema might be undertaken outside the genre of ‘historical epic’. It argues for the need to explore how ‘epic science fiction’ operates in Scott’s Prometheus in ways that both relate and transcend common definitions of the term ‘epic’ in contemporary popular culture. It also focuses on the unorthodox models of biological evolution of the film’s narrative, suggesting ways in which they can help with genre criticism. When it comes to cinematic intertextuality, a discussion about generic taxonomies and transformations cannot be conducted at the beginning of the twenty-first century without reflecting on the tropes that cinema animates and the fears it enacts at the heart of our genetic imaginary.
Choreographing Epic
Authors: Stanger Arabella
Published: December 2018

This chapter brings contemporary dance into dialogue with modernist and Homeric epics through an exploration of Merce Cunningham’s dance in the round, Ocean (1994). Born from Joseph Campbell’s suggestion to Cunningham and John Cage that James Joyce’s next project was to be a book about water, Ocean stages a Joycean choreography of the oceanic. Mikhail Bakhtin’s chronotope is taken here as a theoretical instrument for identifying the ocean as an epic time-space par excellence and for tracing the ways in which representations of oceanic scale have travelled from Homer, through Joyce, to live in Cunningham’s choreographic space. The chapter argues that from Homer’s watery epics, and via Joyce’s literary protractions, Cunningham inherits an epic conception of time and space in which the expanse of the ocean is invoked through environments made multiple. With this argument, the chapter brings into relief the literary and the classical pretexts for Cunningham’s choreographic art.
Achilles in French Tragedy (1563–1680)
Authors: Karsenti Tiphaine
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines how French playwrights in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries appropriated the epic figure of Achilles. Inheriting both antique and medieval traditions, they made him into a flexible tragic hero, alternately noble, brutal, and romantic. Following the evolution of taste and aesthetics, love and passions progressively took a major part in their treatment of the hero. But the uses of this epic figure also reflect the social, political, and ethical concerns of a France facing profound transformation. From the civil wars opposing Catholics and Protestants in the sixteenth century to the establishment of absolute monarchy under Louis XIV, the definition of the state, the relations between nobles and political power, the vision of man and history were profoundly shaken. The ambivalent characterizations of Achilles, virtuous yet excessive, supportive yet a threat to the king, authorized manifold dramatizations of these contemporary issues.
The Spectacle of Conquest
Authors: Choi Imogen
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines how the comedias indianas of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain, plays set in the Americas, engage with the Hispanic and ancient Roman epic traditions. The study focuses in particular on the popular cycle of poems inspired by the ongoing conflicts between settlers and indigenous Mapuche on the Chilean frontier of Arauco through an analysis of three early plays, Lope de Vega’s Arauco domado, Ricardo de Turia’s La bellígera española, and the multi-authored Algunas hazañas de las muchas de don García Hurtado de Mendoza. It is argued that the challenge of translating the epics into stage performance resulted in dramatic innovation. Reflecting the many voices and perspectives adopted by the epics concerning the controversial colonization of Chile, and incorporating significant echoes of Virgil and Lucan, the plays eclectically juxtapose competing traditions and accounts. Foregrounding and commenting on the performance of violence, they ostentatiously avoid dramatic and generic closure.
‘Marpesia cautes’
Authors: Rankin Deana
Published: December 2018

Amazons have long made their presence felt in epics of love, empire, and war; and from early antiquity to the present day, it is both at generically rocky impasses and geographically distinct interstices that they make themselves known. This chapter explores these ideas with respect to the performance of the Amazon on the English and Irish stage across the first half of the seventeenth century. It focuses on a particular moment in early 1640, on the verge of the outbreak of civil war across the Three Kingdoms of England, Ireland, and Scotland, when, in London, Sir William Davenant’s Salamanca Spolia is performed at court and, in Dublin, Henry Burnell’s play Landgartha is performed at the public theatre in Werburgh Street. It locates these coinciding performances in the context of two evolving and competing English literary embodiments of the figure of the Amazon.
Classical Epic and the London Fairs, 1697–1734
Authors: Hall Edith
Published: December 2018

This chapter argues that our understanding of the cultural presence of classical epic in England between Dryden’s Aeneid and Pope’s Homer needs to be supplemented by familiarization with Elkanah Settle’s fairground droll The Siege of Troy, the central entertainment depicted in Hogarth’s Southwark Fair (1734–5). The show was a popular favourite between the late 1690s and at least 1734, at both Southwark and Bartholomew fairs and in enactment by both actors and puppets. After describing Settle’s own career and setting the droll’s contents in cultural, aesthetic, and historical contexts, the chapter argues that its message of a transhistorical Trojan/British working class with a continuous identity and recreational culture is telling in the context of the serial changes of constitution and ruling class over the previous seventy years. The droll was also an important link in the transhistorical chain of performances related to Troy, from Shakespeare to Victorian burlesque theatre.
Epic Transposed
Authors: Macintosh Fiona
Published: December 2018

The vexed problem of epic, equally detectable in the British and French theatrical traditions from the eighteenth century onwards, explains why epic had no place on the ‘tragic’ stage of the Comédie-Française during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Epic, it seems, could either be ‘low’ (so confined to the Théâtre Italien) or transported to the hyperreality of the operatic/ballet stages. This chapter examines one danced version, Gardel’s revolutionary ballet pantomime Télémaque dans l’île de Calypso (1790) in order to probe the fate of epic on the eighteenth-century stage. In the wake of the institutional divisions of the theatrical arts at the end of the seventeenth century, serious ‘spoken’ drama was restricted to a narrowly conceived ‘reality’ that precluded the ‘hyperreality’ of epic; and yet, paradoxically and chillingly, it was this ‘hyperreality’ that was increasingly providing a better reflection of the revolutionary actualities that were unfolding outside the theatre.
Voices, Bodies, Silences, and Media
Authors: Hardwick Lorna
Published: December 2018

This essay discusses diverse modes and contexts in recent performances of translations and adaptations of Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, with special emphasis on the interplay between audience experiences, aesthetics, and contexts that generate moments of heightened receptivity. Radio is a key medium because of its creation of interplay between the aural and visual imaginations and its potential for transferring these to the stage. Analysis of the physical aspects of speech enhances comparisons between radio and different types of live theatre, including the rhapsode or solo performer, the ensemble performance with minimalist staging, and the ‘epic’ staging with full cast and scenery. The versatility of epic in performance demonstrates its capacity to accommodate and sustain changes in poetics, performance styles, and media and to involve spectators and listeners in responding to and transforming perceptions of differing artistic, social, and political environments.
Old Gallo-Romance
Authors: Wolfe Sam
Published: December 2018

This chapter provides a detailed account of the word order properties of Old French and Old Occitan. It shows that Old French is a descriptively stricter V2 system than Old Occitan but that both are V2 grammars, with a prefield nonspecialized for subjects, a dominant V2 order, Germanic inversion, and matrix/embedded asymmetries. However, as with Old Italo-Romance the precise makeup of the left periphery is distinct between varieties, later Old French does not license new information focus like Occitan, and both differ in their clitic pronominal and null subject properties.
Old Sardinian
Authors: Wolfe Sam
Published: December 2018

This chapter presents a detailed study of the word order of Old Sardinian. The Sardinian data are of particular interest as the language has been claimed to have a form of verb-initial grammar in the small existing literature on the topic. Old Sardinian is shown to have the V-to-C movement characteristic of other Medieval Romance varieties but to lack obligatory fronting of a phrasal constituent, typical of V2 grammars. It is shown to have multiple subject positions, sensitive to the discourse status of the subject. Unusually within Romance, Old Sardinian is shown to have a VSO order in embedded clauses, with a strict adjacency between the embedded verb and the complementizer or relativizer. Overall, Old Sardinian is argued to have half of the V2 constraint, in that it has obligatory verb fronting into the left periphery, but no requirement for a phrasal constituent to also be merged.
Introduction
Authors: McHugh Conor , Way Jonathan , Whiting Daniel
Published: December 2018

Epistemology is, at least in part, a normative subject. Normativity raises many questions. Are there facts about what we should do or think? If so, what is the nature of these facts? If there are no such facts, how should we make sense of our practices of making judgments about what people should do and think? Such questions have been most widely discussed in their application to ethics. This volume explores their application to epistemology: it is a collection of metaepistemology. The aim of this introductory chapter is to introduce some of the questions of metaepistemology, the issues they raise, and some important attempts to answer them, and to situate the volume’s chapters in relation to them.
Passing the Epistemic Buck
Authors: Fassio Davide , Meylan Anne
Published: December 2018

While buck-passing accounts are widely discussed in the literature, there have been surprisingly few attempts to apply buck-passing analyses to specific normative domains such as aesthetics and epistemology. In particular, there have been very few works which have tried to provide complete and detailed buck-passing analyses of epistemic values and norms. These analyses are, however, both interesting and important. On the one hand, they can bring to the surface the advantages and difficulties of extending the buck-passing account to specific normative spheres, either providing further support for the approach or highlighting substantive difficulties. On the other hand, epistemic buck-passing analyses can be beneficial for normative epistemology, providing new perspectives on traditional epistemological problems, and possibly providing fresh approaches to such problems. This chapter aims at partially filling this gap.
Logical Disagreement
Authors: Hattiangadi Anandi
Published: December 2018

This chapter investigates what we disagree about when we disagree about logic, on the assumption that judgments of logical validity are normative. If logic is normative, then the popular anti-realist thesis that there are no normative facts or properties generalizes—it entails that there are no logical facts or properties. When faced with this anti-realism, it is tempting to endorse a pluralist thesis, according to which two people who disagree about the validity of an argument can both say something true. This chapter explores the limitations of three prominent forms of pluralism: contextualism, relativism, and expressivism. It argues that none of these forms of pluralism gives an adequate account of what we disagree about when we disagree about logic.
Thick Epistemic Concepts
Authors: Roberts Debbie
Published: December 2018

In metaethics, there is a range of different views of the nature of thick concepts. At one extreme are views holding that thick concepts are irreducibly thick, and that this has important consequences. At the other, there are views that hold that thick concepts are not inherently evaluative as a matter of content, and that they are of little or no theoretical consequence. In the epistemic case there is an additional element of controversy: whether the thick–thin distinction holds for epistemic concepts at all. In this chapter it is argued that it does. First, it is characterized what thick concepts are, before an outlining of why the question of whether there are any thick epistemic concepts is important. It is then argued that the epistemic domain is the right place to look for thick concepts, and that within that domain we find examples of concepts that are sufficiently like paradigm cases of thick ethical concepts to count as thick.
Campania in the Flavian Poets’ Imagination
Authors: Augoustakis Antony , Littlewood R. Joy
Published: December 2018

This introductory chapter begins with an overview of the representation of Campania, a region noted for its fertility and volcanic landscape, in Latin literature before the period of the Flavian emperors, Vespasian and his sons Titus and Domitian. The chapter also provides an overview of the portrayal of the region by the Flavian authors examined in this volume. For these writers, in particular, who include Martial, Silius Italicus, Statius, and Valerius Flaccus, Campania becomes a locus for literary inspiration as well as geographical disaster. Whilst these poets remain mindful of the strong tradition of Greek culture in the region, they recreate an image of Campania which reflects their contemporary values and anxieties.
Laudabo digne non satis tamen Baias
Authors: Neger Margot
Published: December 2018

This chapter analyses the diversity of themes which Martial ‘epigrammatizes’ in his portrayal of Baiae and Campania, giving prominence to epigrams on wine, its use and abuse (1.18), and scandalous, tragic, and miraculous narratives, dramatized, occasionally, with literary or historical allusion and intertext. As he praises or mocks the country estates surrounding Baiae, Martial explores contemporary issues and compliments personal friends. A cycle of seven poems devoted to Silius and his Punica begins by comparing their disparate genres, inviting the poet-politician to surrender himself to the cultural temptations of Baiae, in the manner of his own Hannibal seduced by the music and sympotic delights of Capua (4.14). The wit, scope, and density of Martial’s literary allusions within this cycle extends beyond Silius himself to his cult of Virgil’s tomb in a witty cluster of epigrams from Book 11 where the theme of poetic emulation takes on a priapic slant.
Laudes Campaniae
Authors: Rosati Gianpiero
Published: December 2018

This chapter illustrates the ‘mythicization of everyday life’ through an analysis of Statius’ villa of Pollius Felix (Silv. 3.1) and its seaside location where mythic figures, sea nymphs and satyrs, frolic in the waves, while Neptune and Hercules protect the villa and its fields. The mythical subjects of the frescoes and mosaics decorating the villa itself appear in Statius’ poetry to step out of their setting. In this imaginary Golden Age, Pollius himself has become, like Orpheus and Arion, a mythic civilizing architect. In Flavian Campania the opulent grandeur of Pollius’ villa, and, by extension, of Pollius himself, is heightened and legitimated by interaction between gods and men, presenting a contrast with the cult of archaic simplicity favoured by the Augustan poets.
Through the Past to the Future of Naples
Authors: Lóio Ana
Published: December 2018

This chapter re-examines a neglected textual conjecture in Silv. 4.8 (semina for lumina in line 15) and offers a further conjecture (pectora for lumina in 17). This poem is presented as both civic and personal, a celebration of the birth of Pollius Felix’ grandson which simultaneously applauds the generosity of an illustrious family in contributing descendants to grace the Neapolitan citizen community. The intimacy of Statius’ poem for his patron is illustrated by the citing of a possible Propertian intertext, which enhances the lustre of Menecrates’ two boys and the charm of his baby girl through their resemblance to the Dioscuri and their little sister, Helen. The civic resonance of the poem is resumed in Statius’ closural prayer addressed to the guardian gods of the city for the well-being of the family.
Silius’ Cumae and Its Augustan Predecessors
Authors: Keith Alison
Published: December 2018

Hannibal’s Capuan feast, modelled on Dido’s banquet for Aeneas, is the starting point for this chapter’s exploration of Silius’ wide-ranging allusions, in diction and thematic material, to the Augustan poets, Virgil and Ovid. These predominate in the ecphrases which adorn the two songs of cosmology and erotic genealogy chosen by the Cumaean bard, Teuthras, a distinctively Hellenic lyric poet, and in the variants of the Cretan myth engraved on the doors of Apollo’s temple, which also embrace more widely diffuse literary allusions. As Silius engages with the topography of Cumae in Punica 12, his reference to the Carthaginian’s failure to gain access to the ‘gleaming temple’ points not simply to Hannibal as an inversion of Virgil’s Aeneas, but also to the metapoetic hint that the Flavian poet, like Hannibal, falls short of his illustrious model.
In a Land of Gods and Monsters
Authors: Stocks Claire
Published: December 2018

This chapter discusses how Hannibal’s eruption of fury at the Capuan patriot Decius mirrors the violence of Campania’s volcanic landscape and the mythic monsters who lurk beneath the surface, punished for transgressing boundaries. Hannibal’s tour of the Phlegraean Fields suggests a travesty of Aeneas’ tour of Evander’s modest settlement in Aeneid 8. In perfidious Capua, a city whose depravity flouts every mark of Roman decency, now driven by furor to impious war, Hannibal, a monster in a land of monsters, is honoured as divine. In rivalling the demigod Hercules (11.134–7) his transgression is as theomachic as his emulation (of the human rather than the divine Hercules) is misguidedly flawed.
Multiplex Modeling of Society
Authors: Kertész János , Török János , Murase Yohsuke , Jo Hang-Hyun , Kaski Kimmo
Published: December 2018

The chapter “Multiplex Modeling of Society” discusses aspects of multiplexity in modeling society. Networks of social interactions are paradigmatic examples of multiplexity. It was recognized long ago by social scientists that the best way to interpret the network of different kinds of human relationships is a multiplex network, where each layer corresponds to a particular type of relationship, for example, between kin, friends, or co-workers. Until recently, only small social networks could be studied, due to the limited size of the datasets collected by traditional methods used in sociology. However, over the past 15 years, this situation has changed substantially due to the large scale of human sociality-related datasets becoming increasingly available. This chapter sums up the “stylized facts” obtained from Big Data, shows how Granovetterian structure can be modeled in a multiplex setup, and discusses modeling channel selection to analyze the sampling bias introduced by single-channel data.
Principles of protein structure
Authors: Storz Jay F.
Published: December 2018

Chapter 1 reviews basic principles of protein structure—the nature of proteins as polymers of amino acids, the variety of amino acids, and the way in which the physicochemical properties of amino acid side chains influence the folding of a polymer into a three-dimensional protein with specific functional properties. Whereas the main chain polypeptide is linked together by covalent bonds, the three-dimensional structure of native state proteins is mainly stabilized by a multitude of noncovalent, weakly polar interactions. After securing the base camp with this brief overview of protein structure, the subsequent chapters explore the functional properties of hemoglobin, the biophysical mechanisms underlying such properties, and the physiological role of hemoglobin in respiratory gas transport.
Darwin’s molecule
Authors: Storz Jay F.
Published: December 2018

Chapter 9 discusses conceptual issues in protein evolution and provides a synthesis of lessons learned from studies of hemoglobin function. Using hemoglobin as a model molecule, we can exploit an unparalleled base of knowledge about structure-function relationships and we can characterize biophysical mechanisms of molecular adaptation at atomic resolution. It is therefore possible to document causal connections between genotype and biochemical phenotype at an unsurpassed level of rigor and detail. Moreover, since the oxygenation properties of hemoglobin provide a direct link between ambient O2 availability and aerobic metabolism, genetically based changes in protein function can be related to ecologically relevant aspects of organismal physiology. We therefore have a solid theoretical framework for making predictions and for interpreting observed associations between biochemical phenotype and fitness-related measures of whole-animal physiological performance. The chapter explores case studies that illustrate how experimental research on functional properties of a well-chosen model protein can be used to address some of the most conceptually expansive questions in evolutionary biology: Is genetic adaptation predictable? Why does evolution follow some pathways rather than others?
Hidden Voices
Authors: Harrison Stephen
Published: December 2018

Another often-muted voice, here in the terrain of sexual attraction, is the topic of this chapter, which sets out to bring out the hidden voices of homoerotic in desire in Horace’s Odes. Expressions of male-male desire in these poems have traditionally been played down by their interpreters, often treated as ‘merely’ a Hellenistic literary topos or a vehicle for the poet-speaker’s nostalgia. Taking its cue from re-assessments of homoerotic material in Latin literature in more recent scholarship, the discussion zooms in on a range of passages in the Odes where the poet-narrator implicitly or explicitly alludes to homoerotic desires, arguing that closer attention to focalization and perspective show that they convey conformations of desire far less unambiguously ‘heterosexual’ than is often assumed.
Checks and Balances in the Process of Fundamental Rights Law-Making in the EU
Authors: Muir Elise
Published: December 2018

Equality law is an EU policy characterized by the coexistence of three types of norms: written law with constitutional value, unwritten law with constitutional value, and written secondary law. The existence of principles as well as rights enshrined in constitutional law distinguishes this policy from numerous others that depend entirely on the existence of legislation. The existence of rights entrenched in specifically related legislation also distinguishes the fundamental right to equal treatment from other fundamental rights only protected at the constitutional level. This chapter elucidates and reflects on the general characteristics of this web of rules. The existence of a multilayered set of norms for the design of a system of fundamental rights protection triggers important questions on what the appropriate institutional framework for fundamental rights protection in an integrated supranational legal order may be. The phenomenon by which EU institutions legislate specifically and explicitly in order to enhance the protection of a fundamental right is fairly recent. This opens up a new era after a period in which the focus had been on elevating fundamental rights beyond the realm of ordinary politics. This novel setting is characterized by a complex relationship between political institutions and constitutional adjudication, as explained by reference to the work of Jeremy Waldron as well as Alexander Somek.
Disjunction, clause typing, and intonation
Authors: Ciardelli Ivano , Groenendijk Jeroen , Roelofsen Floris
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines how disjunction interacts with clause typing (declarative versus interrogative) and intonation (intonational phrase structure and final pitch contours) in determining the meaning of various kinds of disjunctive sentence types, including disjunctive statements, polar disjunctive questions, open disjunctive questions, and alternative questions. In inquisitive semantics, disjunction is treated uniformly across all these sentence types as expressing the join operator on propositions (or more generally, on all semantic objects of a conjoinable type). It is shown that this treatment, together with an analysis of the semantic contribution of clause type marking and final pitch contours, yields an account of all the relevant constructions.
A Reciprocal Exchange
Authors: McKenzie Michael
Published: December 2018

This chapter asks: what determines the scope for criminal justice cooperation between Australia and Indonesia? It demonstrates that the practice of reciprocity is central to the realization of cooperation and, critically, is practised differently by different actors. Politicians are more likely to pursue specific reciprocity—or what is otherwise called ‘tit-for-tat’—because they are inclined to view their (political) interests differently. Police and other bureaucrats are more likely to pursue diffuse reciprocity—which involves a rougher balancing of interests over the longer term—because they are inclined to see their (policy) interests as mutual. As it is less exacting and time-bound than specific reciprocity, a strategy of diffuse reciprocity increases the scope for cooperation. Based on this analysis, the chapter concludes that the greater the perception of mutual interests by actors engaged in the cooperative relationship, the greater the scope for cooperation.
Conclusion
Authors: McKenzie Michael
Published: December 2018

This chapter reviews the study’s core findings regarding the drivers and influencers of criminal justice cooperation between Australia and Indonesia, and the scope for such cooperation to occur. It then bring these findings together to create a model of the Australia–Indonesia criminal justice relationship. The chapter also considers what the findings mean in practice by identifying a series of strategies for promoting bilateral cooperation to combat crime. These strategies draw out the deeper story of this book: the perpetual interplay of political and policy interests within transnational governance, and the importance of striking a balance between them to realize the elusive goal of international cooperation.
Conclusion
Authors: Jack Alison M.
Published: December 2018

An overview is given of the ways in which the Prodigal Son appears in various literary genres and periods, as well as his waiting father and older brother. Reading the literary texts as contextual exegesis of the parable, the main findings of each chapter are summarized and compared. Colm Tóibín’s reflections on the new power of religious language in literary contexts, beyond the realm of belief, are offered as a way to understand that which has been lost and found in the journey the Prodigal Son has made through literature.
Affirming the roots
Authors: Verhoef Grietjie
Published: December 2018

Sanlam returned to insurance and the delivery of value-adding financial services by disposing of a large investment in a banking company, thereby freeing up its capital for financial services diversification at last. Aggressive pruning of non-performing operations in the domestic and international markets, business operational restructuring, and a new management philosophy put Sanlam on the road to improved efficiency. With a focus of value-adding financial services to the entry-level market, as well as established markets in the UK, Sanlam improved return on equity employed, and positioned itself for global expansion. From an emerging market the path dependence of empowerment strategies were reinforced in new markets. From a strong strategy directing central management platform, optimal operational authority at the level of transacting positioned the company as a global player.
Kingship, Social Change, and the Church, 867–1066
Authors: Pickles Thomas
Published: December 2018

Chapter 5 considers the relationship between kingship, social change, and the church during Scandinavian and West Saxon conquest, and incorporation into the English kingdom. It uses contemporary annals preserved in later contexts, tenth- and eleventh-century histories, coins, settlement and cemetery archaeology, and distributions of metalwork to reconstruct social and political frameworks and investigate religious patronage. It begins by establishing the outlines of Scandinavian conquest and rule 867–954. It proceeds to suggest that a Northumbrian people and kingdom continued to exist, and that political actors sought to rule the Northumbrians as a whole. It observes the instabilities faced by Scandinavian rulers thanks to their own followers, indigenous Christian society, migrants, and social change, arguing that this made alliance with the church an attractive prospect. It analyses the West Saxon conquest and the instabilities it produced for English kings and their representatives, prompting further alliance with the church.
From the Ground Up
Authors: Howard June
Published: December 2018

The first chapter of The Center of the World: Regional Writing and the Puzzles of Place-Time is titled “From the Ground Up: Thinking about Location and Literature.” It discusses concepts of region in everyday discourse and in scholarship. It reviews past studies of literary regionalism, and tests received opinion against available empirical evidence about the circulation of regional writing. Polarized critical views can be incorporated into an account that attends to both the substantive and the relational aspects of place and regional writing. The notion of the chronotope, originated by Mikhail Bahktin, enables an understanding of the centrality of time in narratives about particular places. The opposition between the country and the city (as analyzed by Raymond Williams), and the powerful racialized notion of civilization, provide necessary groundwork for understanding the form. The chapter ends with an explanation of why the book has been framed as a genre study.
Hearts and Minds
Authors: McKevitt Steven
Published: December 2018

As persuasion became more pervasive, it also changed in nature. A new emotional model of brand communication emerged, which provided brands with the means to develop deeper, wider-reaching relationships with their consumers. A narrative, storytelling approach to persuasion also proved to be effective. These new strategies were to prove hugely successful. They were ultimately responsible for creating a new kind of corporate entity, one that was built from the inside out rather than from the top down, and global rather than national in both aspect and ambition: the modern corporate brand. The growth of the persuasion industries was also reliant on external factors. The economic and political climate of the times enshrined the same values, aims, and objectives as the persuasion industries themselves—namely, globalization, aspiration, commerce, private wealth creation, property ownership, economic growth, and, not least, the rapid expansion of media channels.
Symbols of Self-Expression
Authors: McKevitt Steven
Published: December 2018

This chapter looks in detail at the widespread adoption of corporate branding strategies. A natural consequence of the rise of marketing as the key strategic function was that the discipline itself—rather than sales or product development—began to drive commercial strategies. As competition increased in markets where there was little difference between products, new product launches ran a high risk of failure. In these circumstances the extension of existing brands proved to be successful. This process linked business strategy more closely than ever with marketing strategy and provided the persuasion industries with a new opportunity, allowing them to take on elements of management consultancy and become involved in product development. An example of this holistic approach to corporate branding over the long term is provided by the repositioning of the soft drink Lucozade (1985) and the relauch of Walkers Crisps (1994).
Plagued by Kindness
Authors: Langley Eric
Published: December 2018

Closely following the discussion of the previous chapter, this chapter focuses solely on Othello, where Iago’s contagiously sympathetic attentions, his poisonous ‘medicine’, are shown to operate with the duplicitous efficacy of the pharmakon, and via the subtle insinuations of plague, just as period treatises on the medicinal capacity of the friend and the detrimental effects of the flatterer would have warned his vulnerable victim-patients. This chapter shows how Iago employs his poisonous ‘medicine’ to plague his victims with bitter poison. The chapter contains one section on the medicinal force of Timon of Athens’s curative councillor, an antithetical figure to that of Iago.
Self-contentation
Authors: Langley Eric
Published: December 2018

Chapter 6 offers a reading of a number of Shakespeare’s self-contented subjects, whose refusal to tenderly extend towards or attend to the potentially infectious other sees them reject sympathetic involution with the world, going incommunicado: Prince Hal, whose desire to be ‘content’ demands that he shake off his polluting attendants, and that he refuses to extenuate his princely sentences; the youth of ‘Sonnet 94’ who avoids infection by attending only to himself; and Coriolanus, Shakespeare’s archetype of aggressive self-contention. The study concludes by employing Derrida’s model of the postal subject to discuss Hamlet, whose tenders of affection are denied, and whose enforced isolation is symptomatic of a period whose faith in subjective sympathetic interactivity has been so infectiously tested.
New Technologies Create Opportunities
Authors: Murray Sally
Published: December 2018

Manufacturing sector growth is a well-trodden path from lower- to middle-income country status, yet its performance in sub-Saharan Africa has been weak. Scholars have opined that a weak comparative advantage in manufacturing is likely to stunt Africa’s development, and others that Industry 4.0 will deepen that disadvantage further. This chapter discusses how new technologies can be positively disruptive—to overcome drivers of weak comparative advantage in manufacturing, create new opportunities in ‘industries without smokestacks’ such as service exports, and raise living standards at given income levels. Technology can help to bring down the costs of living to make wages competitive, bridge and overcome gaps in human capital, make energy prices competitive, and overcome distances between producers and consumers. However, new technologies will not deliver these gains unaided: supportive policies are required to create an environment where these new technologies can deliver on their potential, and these are also discussed.
Senegal
Authors: English E. Philip
Published: December 2018

Senegal is one of the most stable and democratic countries in Africa. It has enjoyed multi-party rule for decades. There is substantial freedom of the press, and Dakar is one of the safest large cities in Africa. The economy has done less well. The oil shock of 1975 and the subsequent debt crisis led to a steady decline. The economy grew strongly for some years around the turn of the millennium. However there was little structural change, and the rural economy remained dependent on vulnerable rain-fed crops. While many African countries experienced a commodity-driven boom, the Senegalese economy slowed down. Today Senegal has a diversified economy driven by services—led by telecommunications and finance. In the secondary sector, construction has been the most dynamic, and the mining sector has gradually expanded.
Understanding and Characterizing the Services Sector in South Africa
Authors: Bhorat Haroon , Rooney Christopher , Steenkamp François
Published: December 2018

One core economic challenge facing a developing country is its ability to structurally transform in a manner that generates higher levels of economic growth and employment absorption in the long run. Whilst such a question has often led into a detailed analysis of the role of the secondary sector generally, and manufacturing in particular, this chapter considers the growth and employment potential of the services sector in South Africa. First, there are a set of high-productivity skill-intensive industries in finance, business, communication, and in some cases retail services, which offer export potential—primarily via investment into international markets. Second, there are simultaneously a number of low-productivity industries with lower skill requirements found in informal retail and temporary employment services (TES). Third, tourism offers the potential to be an export-orientated industry with relatively low skill requirements.
Regional Opportunities in East Africa
Authors: Karingi Stephen , Pesce Ottavia , Sommer Lily
Published: December 2018

Significant progress has been made by the East African Community partner states in implementing the East African Community customs union. Trade within the East African Community is now free from import duties, and partner states have adopted a three-band common external tariff. This chapter assesses how the customs union has supported intra-regional trade, competitiveness, and industrialization, in particular through the development of smokestack-free industries. It concludes that regional integration has provided a supportive environment for the development of competitive smokestack-free industries and exports, but significant opportunities still exist within the region. Recommendations are provided on what policy measures should be taken to harness these opportunities.
Introduction
Authors: Biedermann Zoltán
Published: December 2018

This introductory chapter presents the question at the core of this study: why conquer? The idea of conquering parts of Asia did not come to Europeans spontaneously, but its early history has rarely been explored in much detail. There is a paradox built into ‘connected history’ writing, the dominant form among early modern global historians over the past decades: as agency has been devolved to Asian societies, the European impulses to conquest have lost visibility. The challenge is to redress the imbalance without falling back into a Eurocentric model. The diplomatic reception of a Sri Lankan ambassador by John III of Portugal in Lisbon, in 1542, exemplifies the challenges ahead. The episode is all about the making and workings of connections across cultural boundaries. Yet it also encapsulates signs of a balance of powers that is about to tilt in favour of the European side.
Introduction
Authors: Insko Jeffrey
Published: December 2018

The Ever-Present Now: Time, History, and Antebellum American Writing begins with Garrison’s experience of the present moment’s dire intensity, because for him and a number of his contemporaries, that experience exemplifies an attitude and stance toward history and one’s own place in it that is the central focus of this book. The introduction establishes the Romantic concern with “the living present” as an ethico-political imperative through readings of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s well-known poem “A Psalm of Life” and William Lloyd Garrison’s little-known 1857 speech “The Living Present and the Dead Past.” The introduction argues that in their devotion to the present, Longfellow and Garrison give expression to a historical disposition at odds both with modern historiographical injunctions against “presentism” and with political moderation.
Frederick Douglass’s Historical Turn
Authors: Insko Jeffrey
Published: December 2018

Chapter 4 tracks Frederick Douglass’s developing historical-temporal consciousness and his adoption of a presentist view of history that rhymes with Ralph Waldo Emerson’s philosophical presentism. In tandem with his embrace of political abolitionism, Douglass in his speeches and writings of the 1850s, began a sweeping philosophical engagement with the relations between past, present, and future and became what I will call abolitionism’s future historian—the historian of an abolitionist past that had not yet come to pass. Examining a series of recurring images—in My Bondage and My Freedom, The Heroic Slave, and most notably, in his remarkable 1857 speech on the Dred Scott decision—of Douglass gazing into the future, I argue for the centrality of a newly acquired present-oriented perspective as the animating feature of Douglass’s mature pre-Civil War politics and his vision of the possibilities of social and historical transformation.
Categorization as noun construction
Authors: Acquaviva Paolo
Published: December 2018

Chapter 3 articulates a proposal about how syntax encodes the fundamental parameters of noun lexical semantics: entity type, part structure, atomicity, and numerosity, represented at different syntactic loci. It is claimed that the naming (not describing) of an entity type is what makes a noun a noun—more precisely, what turns a root into a noun. An ‘entity type’ is understood as an e-type element in the speaker’s ontology, not yet determined as denoting over kinds or their object instances. Higher projections turn this into a predicate, and further grammatical specifications may restrict the part structure of its denotation domain. Whether the reference is to kinds or to instances depends jointly on all these specifications. In particular, plurality in some cases (waters) enforces an instance reading where the partition it determines is based on spatiotemporally situated parts, in the absence of other criteria for individuality. Besides determining what types of plurals may not license a kind reading, this view of the division of reference analyses fake mass nouns (furniture) as a count structure inside a mass shell, relating their semantics to their morphology. The same analytical framework, with no additional stipulations, accounts for the properties of non-countable plural nouns. Finally, a type of mixed-gender DP which cannot be pluralized suggests that the attribution of a gender value can strongly constrain the determination of part structure.
Leibniz on Human Finitude, Progress, and Eternal Recurrence: The Argument of the ‘Apokatastasis’ Essay Drafts and Related Texts
Authors: Forman David
Published: December 2018

The ancient doctrine of the eternal return of the same embodies a thoroughgoing rejection of the hope that the future world will be better than the present. For this reason, it might seem surprising that Leibniz constructs an argument for a version of the doctrine. He concludes in one text that in the far distant future he himself ‘would be living in a city called Hannover located on the Leine river, occupied with the history of Brunswick, and writing letters to the same friends with the same meaning’. However, his argument shows not that the future will be absolutely identical to the present, but rather that any finite description of the present and future worlds would be identical. In this way, the argument leaves room for the promise of a different and better future—even if it is one that could not be recognized by us as such.
Conclusion
Authors: Bishop Caroline
Published: December 2018

After a brief summary of the book’s argument, the conclusion turns to a consideration of how successful Cicero was in shaping his own reception as a classic. The ancient reception of Cicero’s poetry, philosophy, rhetoric, and oratory are all briefly outlined, and it is shown that the works in which Cicero evoked Greek models were among his most successful. This is because Roman literary criticism and scholarship had a powerful tendency to mimic the methods of Greek literary criticism and scholarship, and authors who had themselves mimicked Greek models were easy targets for this approach. A comparison is drawn between the ancient reception of Cicero and the ancient reception of Vergil, and the conclusion closes with the suggestion that the bids for classical immortality made by the Augustan poets (Vergil, Horace, Ovid) were modelled in part on Cicero’s successful construction of himself as a classic.
Introduction
Authors: Raylor Timothy
Published: December 2018

The Introduction traces the history of modern scholarship on Hobbes’s understanding of rhetoric and its relationship to the development and articulation of his philosophy, arguing that this has been misconstrued. The received view that Hobbes began as a Ciceronian humanist who rejected an early confidence in the value of rhetoric on turning to science around 1640, only to re-embrace it as a necessary part of civil philosophy in Leviathan is called into question by scrutiny of some of the key passages commonly adduced in its support. Hobbes’s critique of that humanist mantra, the association of ratio and oratio (an association unstable even in its classical source) represents not a narrow attack on oratory, but a broad concern about the character of human language. Second, Hobbes’s apparent insistence, at the close of Leviathan, on the need for reason to be backed by eloquence involves a misreading of that much cited passage.
Poetry and Natural History in the Peak
Authors: Raylor Timothy
Published: December 2018

This chapter examines Hobbes’s Latin poem De mirabilibus pecci: an account of a tour of the ‘Wonders’ of the Derbyshire Peak. The chapter argues that in its concern with Derbyshire mining practices and hydrology, based on the study of such local phenomena as the underground river flowing out of the Peak Cavern (Devil’s Arse) and the ebbing and flowing well, the poem demonstrates Hobbes’s conversance with neo-Aristotelian meteorology and Renaissance naturalism. It shows also his commitment to the Baconian project of natural history, as it gathers information about areas of knowledge Bacon had marked as deficient: regional marvels and the practices of mechanical artists.