bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermoelectric [Sr2(Bi,Co)n−2On]RS[CoO2]1.8 layer cobaltites: The role of the intergrowth between the n=3 and n=4 terms
Authors: Klein Y. , Pelloquin D. , Hébert S. , Maignan A. , Hejtmanek J.
Published: July 2005

The Bi–Sr–Co–O system has been investigated for small bismuth contents in order to study the formation of the misfit oxide series built up from the stacking of three rocksalt-type layers (n=3) with a single CdI2-type CoO2 hexagonal layer. Starting from nominal compositions, written as [Sr2Co1−xBixO3]RS[CoO2]1.8 (x=0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5), samples have been synthesized and their structure has been analyzed by combining transmission electron microscopy techniques and powder x-ray diffraction data. For x≈0.5, intergrowths are clearly observed, made of a majority of triple (n=3) and a few quadruple (n=4) rocksalt-type layer-based misfit cobaltites. Transport measurements (2.5 up to 320 K) reveal that the Bi introduction reduces the resistivity, especially at room temperature. Furthermore, the thermopower (Seebeck coefficient S) of such intergrowth (S≈120μVK−1 at 300 K) is found to be of the same order as the one measured for the n=4 Bi–Sr cobaltite while the resistivity (ρ≈20mΩcm at 300 K) is significantly reduced in comparison with the same compound.
Influence of isorotation on the linear dynamics of liquid bridges
Authors: Acero F. J. , Montanero J. M.
Published: July 2005

The influence of isorotation on the axisymmetric and nonaxisymmetric oscillation modes of inviscid liquid bridges is analyzed theoretically. The dependence of the natural frequencies of the surface wave modes on the rotation speed is obtained. The study is completed by calculating the natural frequencies corresponding to the transition from surface to internal waves. The results are obtained analytically for cylindrical liquid bridges and numerically for the axisymmetric equilibrium shapes, including the influence of the outer bath in both cases.
Waves in the Hall-magnetohydrodynamics model
Authors: Hameiri Eliezer , Ishizawa Akihiro , Ishida Akio
Published: July 2005

The three magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves are followed as they transition under the influence of an increasingly strong Hall current effect to the characteristic waves of the Hall-MHD model. Also followed are the wave normal surfaces and the ray surfaces (approximating wave fronts) of these waves. The changes in the nature of the waves are found to be considerable, and are described both analytically and numerically. Most notably, the incompressible MHD shear Alfvén wave becomes a compressible fluid-dynamical wave with negligible perturbation of the electromagnetic field, while the two MHD compressible waves become incompressible, the fast wave becoming mostly electromagnetic and the slow wave becoming mostly fluid-dynamical.
Suppression of transverse proton beam divergence by controlled electron cloud in laser-plasma interactions
Authors: Sonobe R. , Kawata S. , Miyazaki S. , Nakamura M. , Kikuchi T.
Published: July 2005

In this paper, suppression of a transverse proton divergence is focused by using a controlled electron cloud. When an intense short pulse laser illuminates a foil plasma target, first electrons are accelerated and they form a strong electrostatic field at the target surface, then ions are accelerated by the strong field. When a target has a hole at the opposite side of the laser illumination, an electron cloud is limited in transverse direction by a neutral plasma at the protuberant part. The proton beam is accelerated and also controlled by transverse shaped electron cloud, and consequently the transverse divergence of the proton beam is suppressed. In 2.5-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, the transverse shape of the electron cloud is controlled well and the transverse proton beam divergence is suppressed successfully; the transverse emittance is improved by about 28% compared with that in a conventional slab target.
A compact laser head with high-frequency stability for Rb atomic clocks and optical instrumentation
Authors: Affolderbach Christoph , Mileti Gaetano
Published: July 2005

We present a compact and frequency-stabilized laser head based on an extended-cavity diode laser. The laser head occupies a volume of 200cm3 and includes frequency stabilization to Doppler-free saturated absorption resonances on the hyperfine components of the Rb87D2 lines at 780 nm, obtained from a simple and compact spectroscopic setup using a 2cm3 vapor cell. The measured frequency stability is ⩽2×10−12 over integration times from 1 s to 1 day and shows the potential to reach 2×10−13 over 102−105 s. Compact laser sources with these performances are of great interest for applications in gas-cell atomic frequency standards, atomic magnetometers, interferometers and other instruments requiring stable and narrow-band optical sources.
Examining microcavity organic light-emitting devices having two metal mirrors
Authors: Lin Chun-Liang , Lin Hao-Wu , Wu Chung-Chih
Published: July 2005

Optical characteristics of microcavity organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) having two metal mirrors are examined. Analyses show that a high-reflection back mirror and a low-loss high-reflection exit mirror are essential for such microcavity devices to obtain luminance enhancement relative to conventional noncavity devices. An enhancement of 2 in cd/A efficiencies has been experimentally achieved for microcavity top-emitting OLEDs using an exit mirror composing thin metal and dielectric capping. The capping layer in the composite mirror plays the role of enhancing reflection and reducing absorption loss, rather than enhancing transmission.
An analysis of the outbreaks of the Australian Plague Locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker) during the seasons 1940-41 to 1944-45.
Authors: Clark LR
Published: June 2005

Outbreaks of the Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker), occurred each locus: season from 1940-41 to 1944-45. The largest outbreak, that of 1942-43, was less severe than those recorded in 1937-38, 1938-39, and 1939-40. Consideration of the course of these recent outbreaks in relation to temperature and moisture has again demonstrated the importance of these factors as determinants of the regional and seasonal occurrence of swarms. The curve of limiting conditions for the persistence of swarm populations, obtained by Key (1942), was a useful guide for the interpretation of events in the present analysis. However, a number of discrepancies occurred. These were due probably to a variety of causes, e.g, the kind of infestation concerned, the crudenessof the monthly Meyer ratio as an index of soil moisture and pasture conditions, and regional differences in the upper moisture limits at high temperatures. The results of the present investigation suggest that:(a) The limiting Meyer ratios for the persistence or development of a spring infestation of small, weakly gregarious swarms at temperatures between 60 and 70�F. exceed 4-5; either when the September Meyer ratio is 5 or less, or when the spring is preceded by a severe winter drought.( b ) At temperatures around 75'F., the maximum Meyer ratio at which swarms can exist is approximately 20. (c) At temperatures near the estimated hatching threshold of 57.5'F., swarm hatchings can occur at Meyer ratios as low as 4-5. The collapse of the 1942-43 outbreak in part of the main area infested was due apparently to parasitism by an unidentified fly. Similarly, a biotic factor, possibly the same parasite, was largely responsible for the decline of the 1943-44 outbreak during the late spring and early summer.
Observations on the biology of Lycts Brunneus (Steph.)
Authors: Gay FJ
Published: June 2005

An account is given of certain aspects of the biology of Lyctus brunneus
(Steph.).
Female beetles are able to oviposit within 24 hr. after emerging from
infested timber and deposit an average of more than 70 eggs per female over a
period of 1-2 weeks. Eggs are deposited at depths of 1.0-6.5 mm. in the wood
vessels, preferentially from a transverse surface, but also through radial and tangential
faces.
The incubation period of the eggs ranges from about 1 week at 26�C, to
3 weeks at 15�C. The egg-adult developmental period ranges from 4 months
at 26�C. to 16 months or more at 15�C. Under optimal conditions of temperature,
relative humidity (and hence wood moisture content), and nutrition, the
life cycle may be as short as 2 months.
The sex ratio of L. brunneus is 1 : 1 and the adult beetles live from 2.5
to 7 weeks, depending upon the temperature, females being somewhat longer-lived
than males.
The larvae of L. brunneus are somewhat more resistant to heat treatment
than are the eggs, but one 1/2hr. exposure to 50�C. is completely lethal to both
stages.
A review of Australian Apioceridae (Diptera)
Authors: Paramonov SJ
Published: June 2005

No previous review of Australian Apioceridae has been written, and prior
to this one only 15 Apiocera, and 2 Neorhaphiomydas species were known.
In the review of the geographical distribution of this family for the whole
world Cazier (1941) accepted the Apioceridae as occupying only the southern
part of Australia.
This review, based on the study of all available material from the Australian
Museums, adds 49 new Apiocera species, and 4 new Neorhaphiomydas
species, so that the fauna of Australia now consists of 64 Apiocera and 6
Neorhaphiomydas species, making it the richest in the whole world. The Australian
continent is occupied by numerous representatives of this family, many
not yet described, distributed from the sea-shores to the mountain summits;
especially rich is Western Australia, where studies to date have only touched
on the fauna.
A comprehensive key for the identification of both males and females is
included in this review.
In the short introduction, the basic data of morphology, bionomics, and
geographical distribution of the family has been given. A list of the most
important literature for the guidance of students has also been added.
Studies in functional and analytical graniology. 4. More extreme forms of the Breviarcuate skull.
Authors: Tucker R
Published: June 2005

The breviarcuate character of the dog's skull is not very pronounced. More
advanced adaptations among the carnivorous mammals towards the full development
of the breviarcuate skull are described and analysed in detail.
When we compare the transformations in the zygomatic arch region of
more strongly breviarcuate skulls with that in the skull of Canidae, it is clear
that they are bound up with the muscular differences and involve: the lesser
distance between the canines and the zygomatic arch; the greater strength of
fronto-zygomatic connections; the larger surfaces connecting the malar bone
and maxilla; the fact that the zygomatic arch is not divided at its connection
with maxilla; the development of the lamellar system and the presence of the
gomphus (a non-mobile joint in which one bone fits into a groove or cavity
in the other) in the maxillo-malar junction. The detailed structure of these
connections is described. Also described is a shallow depression on the malar
bone in which lies the end of the zygomatic process of the squamosal bone,
with its function and connections. Most of the analyses are based on the
skull of the domestic cat.
Studies on Marsupial Reproduction. 2. The oestrous cycle of Setonix Brachyurus.
Authors: Sharman GB
Published: June 2005

Setonix brachyurus Quoy and Gaimard is polyoestrous, the length of the cycle being about 28 days. In the wild and in the newly domesticated female, oestrous cycles are resumed in late January after an anoestrous period of 3-5 months. During this period oestrus does not occur and ovary and uterus are shrunken and quiescent. Domestication for periods exceeding 1 yr results in a greatly shortened anoestrous period, culminating in a condition in which oestrus is repeated at regular monthly intervals throughout the year.
Pro-oestrus is accompanied by rapid growth of one Graafian follicle, mitotic activity in the uterus, and usually by the onset of cornification in the vaginae and appearance of partly cornified cells in the smear. At oestrus the largest follicle reaches a diameter of almost 3.0 mm. Behavioural oestrus lasts about 12 hr. Ovulation follows 12-24 hr after oestrus and is independent of the act of copulation. Invasion of the collapsed follicle by blood vessels and the growth of a corpus luteum takes place after ovulation. Under the influence of the corpus luteum a luteal phase occurs in the uterus and lasts until about 18 days after oestrus. During the period of activity of the corpus luteum the vaginal smear is almost entirely composed of non-cornified cells and leucocytes. Following the cessation of the luteal phase degenerative changes occur in the uterus and the uterine glands are invaded by leucocytes.
The changes during the oestrous cycle in Setonix are compared with those occurring in Didelphis and in other marsupials.
Studies on Marsupial Reproduction. 3. Normal and delayed pregnancy in Setonis Brachyurus.
Authors: Sharman GB
Published: June 2005

The period between copulation and birth in Setonix brachyurus Quoy and
Gaimard is about 27 days. Approximately 1 day elapses between copulation
and fertilization. The gestation period is slightly less than the length of one
oestrous cycle.
The tuba1 journey of the fertilized egg occupies only about 1 day. The
unilaminar blastocyst 3-4 days after mating, with its enclosing membranes,
measures about 0.3 mm diameter. At this stage the corpus luteum is not fully
developed and a luteal phase is not evident in the uteri. Bilaminar blastocysts
and later embryonic stages are associated with a well-developed corpus luteum
and luteal changes in the uteri. Towards the end of pregnancy the corpus
luteum shows degenerative changes and ovaries and uteri exhibit evidence of
approaching oestrus. The allantois of the uterine embryo does not form a
placental structure. A well-developed, vascular, trilaminar yolk-sac placenta
occurs during the later stages of embryonic life.
Oestrus and ovulation occur shortly after the female gives birth. The
corpus luteum formed following post-partum ovulation remains of small size
and functions during lactation of the young in the pouch as the corpus luteum
of lactation. Luteal changes do not occur in the uterus during this time and a
lactation anoestrus takes place. Removal of the young from the pouch causes
growth of the corpus luteum of lactation and the onset of luteal changes in the
uterus.
If fertilization takes place at post-partum oestrus the resulting embryo
remains as an unimplanted blastocyst of small size during the time the pouch
is occupied by a suckling foetus. This quiescent embryonic stage will proceed
to normal development following removal of the young from the pouch.
Blastocysts may remain unimplanted for up to 5 months.
The probable significance of the gestation period in relationship to the
length of the oestrous cycle and the placental structure is discussed. The
ovulation-inhibiting function of the corpus luteum of lactation and its later
luteal function are compared. The mechanism of delayed pregnancy in
Setonix is discussed and comparisons are made with known cases of delayed
birth in other mammals. Some concluding remarks are made on the breeding
habits of Setonix in relation to its environment.
Australian Sawflies of the family Orussidae (Hymenoptera: Symphyta)
Authors: Riek EF
Published: June 2005

The paper deals with the systematics of the Australian representatives
of this small family of sawflies. A most distinctive new genus and a new
species of Guiglia are described. Revised keys to the species of Guiglia and
Orussobaius are given.
Studies on the non-parasitic stages of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) (AcarinaL Ixodidae)
Authors: Hitchcock LF
Published: June 2005

Laboratory studies of the effects of temperature and relative humidity on the non-parasitic stages of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini), are described.
The pre-oviposition period ranged from 19-39 days at 59-60�F to 2-3 days at 97�F.
The duration of oviposition was uninfluenced by relative humidity but varied from a maximum of 44 days at 59�F to a minimum of 4 days at 102�F. The minima at each temperature were exceedingly irregular, due to the deaths of ticks.
The number of eggs laid by a female tick was uninfluenced by relative humidity. The peak oviposition mean of 2496 eggs per female occurred at 75�F, fewer eggs being laid at higher and lower temperatures. Daily egg output attained a maximum of 197 at 92�F, but was uninfluenced by relative humidity.
The water loss of engorged female ticks was greatly affected by inert dusts and even dusting with a sample of soil chosen at random produced a significant increase in water loss.
Developmental period was uninfluenced by order of deposition, but percentage hatch of eggs laid during the last few days of oviposition is lower. Eggs did not hatch at constant relative humidities lower than 70 per cent., but some were able to survive relative humidities lower than this if exposed periodically to a saturated atmosphere. The period of development of eggs varied from a maximum of 146 days at 62�F to a minimum of 14 days at 97�F. Maximum hatch occurred between 85 and 95�F, and at relative humidities above 95 per cent. Exposure of eggs to temperatures below the developmental zero prolonged the period of development merely by the period of exposure. Regular alternation of temperature between the limiting temperatures of 59 and 97�F with a steady rise or fall between the extremes resulted in development at a rate approximately equal to that obtained at constant temperature of 78�F, the arithmetic mean of the above figures.
Larval longevity was influenced markedly by temperature and humidity. A maximum of 240 days was recorded at 72�F and 90 per cent. relative humidity. Larvae are able to recoup water losses sustained at low relative humidity by absorption from the atmosphere during subsequent periods of high relative humidity.
Morphological studies on the microfilariae of Onchoceca Gibsoni cleland & Johnston and Onchocerca gutturosa Neumann (nematodaL Filaroidea).
Authors: Bremner KC
Published: June 2005

Studies have been made on the morphology of the microfilariae of Onchocerca
gibsoni Cleland & Johnston, and 0. gutturosa Neumann. Examinations
were initially made on larvae emerging from dissected female worms, and later,
on larvae recovered from the skin. No differences in either morphology or body
length measurements were detected between the skin-inhabiting and freshly
emerged larvae of each species. The form, size, and arrangment of the caudal
and cephalic nuclei were found to vary widely within each species. Of the
many measurements investigated only that of body length had any taxonomic
value. Skin-inhabiting microfilariae of 0. gibsoni had a body length of 240-
280 � (mean 266 �), whereas those of 0. gutturosa measured only 200-260 �
(mean 224.5 � ), the difference between the means being highly significant.
Coprophagy in the European Rabbit (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) in Australia.
Authors: Myers K
Published: June 2005

Coprophagy is a normal feature in the biology of the wild rabbit
(Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Australia.
The evidence presented shows that coprophagy occurs normally during
the daily period of inactivity when rabbits are below ground. When feeding
activities commence in the afternoon on the surface, coprophagy ceases.
Evidence suggests that the passage of normal pellets continues throughout the
night, the formation and ingestion of soft pellets recommencing when the
rabbit population as a whole again moves below ground into the warrens, in
the early hours of daylight.
Kittens commence ingesting soft pellets as soon as they leave the nests to
feed on green grass, although suckling continues for some time.
There appears to exist a seasonal influence on the normal daily rhythm in
eating of faeces. In winter less time is spent in ingesting soft pellets and more
in green-feeding than in autumn and spring. It is suggested that coprophagy
assumes its greatest importance to the animal during summer when rabbits are
below ground for a greater proportion of the day than at any other season.
During summer, also, green feed is scarce and the standing pastures are dry.
It is evidently during this season that rabbits are forced to obtain from their
food all the nutriment possible.
Observations show that the switchover from the production of one type
of pellet to the other may be either immediate or delayed.
Studies in functional and analytical craniology. 10. The density of the bony tissue in Nodes and tracts.
Authors: Tucker R
Published: June 2005

The skulls of the dog, cat, foetal horse, and Echidna were investigated by
means of X-rays with regard to the bone density in various regions. The
marked increase in the density of the bony tissue around the nodes and along
the tracts was observed. The tracts and nodes were analysed and described
in previous papers (cf. Parts I-IX of this series (Tucker 1954a-f, 1955a-c)).
As the nodes and tracts are the paths of stresses, the increased density of the
bony tissue in them is interpreted functionally; it increases, namely, the
resistance of the whole structure to the stresses which originate from
mastication.
Other areas of high density of bony tissue are located around the foramen
magnum and in the petrosal bone. The first is connected with the stresses
which originate from the vertebral column and the mass of the whole head as
well; the second is related to the development of the internal ear.
Studies in Functional and analytical craniology. 14. Experiments with the decalcified skull of the Leaf Monkey.
Authors: Tucker R
Published: June 2005

The skull of the monkey was analysed experimentally. The strains around the supraorbital node differ from those in the calf (Tucker 1956c). The lateral wall of the brain case shows depressions related to the forces applied in the glenoidal cavity. The palatine bone in the monkey is replaced functionally by the lateral pterygoid lamina in the squamoso-maxillary tract. Three functional1y different areas at the base of the skull are described and illustrated.
A review of the Australian species of Cylindromyia Meigen and Saralba walker (tachinidae: Diptera)
Authors: Paramonov SJ
Published: June 2005

Ten new species of the genus Cylindromyia Meigen are described and information about the 11 species of this genus previously described has been greatly supplemented. A new key is also provided. This study has shown that the genus is extremely well represented in Australia and more species probably remain to be discovered in each State. Another genus of Cylindromiini, Saralba Walker, has been recorded for Australia for the first time, and one new species of it described.
The Tabanidae (Diptera) of Australia. 2. Subfamily Pangoniinae, tribe pangoniini.
Authors: Mackerras IM
Published: June 2005

The Australian Pangoniini include the most primitive known Tabanidae.
Most are low-flying insects, which do not suck blood. They show progressive
reduction in mandibles of the female, divisions of the third antenna1
segment, and hind tibia1 spurs. Their principal distribution is east coastal,
from Torres Strait to southern New South Wales; there is a secondary
centre of evolution in Western Australia; they are not known from
Tasmania.
Eighteen species are recognized, distributed among seven genera and
subgenera, as follows: Austroplex, 3; Ectenopsis (Ectenopsis), 4; Ectenopsis
(Parasilvius), 4; Ectenopsis (Leptonopsis), 2; Caenoprosopon, 4; Therevopangonia, 1.
Three new species are described from Western Australia: Ectenopsis
(?Ectenopsis) occidentalis, B ; Ectenopsis (Parasilvius) fusca, B, @ ;
Ectenopsis (Leptonopsis) norrisi, B .
The distribution of the eggs of Damalinia equi (Denny) and Haematopinus asini (L) on the Horse.
Authors: Murray MD
Published: June 2005

The eggs of Damalinia equi (Denny) and Haematopinus asini (L.) are attached
to the hairs close to the skin with the end of attachment nearest to the skin.
The oviposition behaviour of D. equi is similar to that of D. ovis (L.). The
only observable differences are that the gonopods are not used at the time of egg
laying and the fibre is grasped by the claspers. Temperatures between 32 and 38�C
are required for the maximum number of lice in a population to oviposit. Skin
temperature can determine the lateral distribution of the eggs in the natural environment.
A fibre of suitable diameter is also necessary. D. equi cannot attach its eggs
to the coarse hairs of the face, mane, tail, and legs whereas H. asini is able to do so.
As the coarse hairs of the mane, tail, and legs are not shed with the fine hairs of the
coat at the beginning of summer and winter the shedding of the coat effects a more
severe reduction of the population of D. equi than of H. asini.
Cytogenetics of the grasshopper Moraba scurra. 3. Distribution of the 15-17 -chromosome Races.
Authors: White MJD , Chinnick LJ
Published: June 2005

The 15- and 17-chromosome races of the wingless grasshopper Moraba scurra Rehn occupy areas which meet along a line at least 150 miles long, approximately separating the Southern Tableland of New South Wales from the south-western slopes. Within each area the species is at present confined to small colonies which only occur where grazing by sheep has been light or absent; but the populations of both races must have been far larger and more continuous a century ago.
In the area between Yass and Rugby numerous small colonies of the 15- and 17-chromosome races have been found, only a few miles apart, and in one instance separated by approximately 900 yd. In spite of this, only a single interracial hybrid (i.e. a 16-chromosome male) was encountered and no colony was found containing representatives of both races.
It is concluded that selection against chromosome-number heterozygotes (i.e. "negative heterosis") must be relatively strong. The distribution of the species as a whole in this area a hundred years ago must have resembled a jigsaw puzzle with perhaps a third of the pieces missing. Across such a pattern a zone possibly only a few hundred yards wide (and at most one or two miles wide) would have extended, within which overlap and interracial hybridization could have occurred. The origin of the 17-chromosome race is discussed in the light of these findings and interpretations.
A review of Australian Pyrgotidae (Diptera)
Authors: Paramonov SJ
Published: June 2005

The last review of Australian pyrgotids was that of Bezzi (1929) to which
Malloch added an appendix. Since 1929 accumulated material includes representatives
of 7 new genera and 37 new species. The number of Australian pyrgotids is
now 67 species distributed in 18 genera. Practically all representatives of this family
are nocturnal. The larvae are endoparasitic upon lamellicorn beetles, but nothing
has been published about the life history of the Australian species.
The female Urogential system of Pseudocheirus convolutor (Marsupialia)
Authors: Pearson J , De Bavay JM
Published: June 2005

The female urogenital system of Pseudocheirus convolutor (Oken) has several interesting features which indicate that the genus should be placed among the less specialized members of the Phalangeroidea. Two of the three specimens examined had undergone parturition shortly before capture and an account is given of the histological processes involved in pseudovaginal parturition.
A revision of the genus Aphileus candeze (Coleoptera: Elateridae)
Authors: Neboiss A
Published: June 2005

The genus Aphileus Candeze is restricted to the Australian mainland. It includes five species of which three - A. distinctus, A. mulkanus, and A. goombarus - are described as new. The synonymy of A. lucanoides Candeze and A. depressus Candeze as given by Schwarz (1907) and Schenkling (1927) is found to be correct.
A review of the Australian Symphyla (Myriapoda)
Authors: Scheller U
Published: June 2005

The present study consists mainly of taxonomic diagnoses of new species
of Symphyla from a collection sent to the present author from the collector,
Dr. G. F. Bornemissza, Division of Entomology, C.S.I.R.O., Canberra.
The collection consists of 285 specimens from the south-western, northern,
and north-eastern parts of the Australian continent.
The material studied here contains representatives of 13 species. All but
one are new. Two of them are in hand only as inadequate material and have
not been described. The additional two species known from Australia have been
listed in their appropriate systematic position among the others.
Family Scolopendrellidae is reported from Australia for the first time.
More than four-fifths of the collection belongs to this family which seems to be
common in suitable biotopes. Two genera have been found: Scolopendrellopsis
with one species and Symphylella with six species, of which four are described
below. The remaining two species are unnamed.
Family Scutigerellidae consists for the most part of five Hanseniella
species of which four are new. Besides, there is a new member of the rare genus
Scolopendrelloides. The generic diagnosis of Scolopendrelloides given by Bagnall
has been modified.
To the extent that we have satisfactory knowledge of the distributional
areas of the reported genera it is evident that the Australian species belong to
very old and widespread genera but their species are all endemic and seem to have
more restricted areas.
Cytogenetics of the grasshopper Moraba scurra. 6. Spontaneous pericentric inversion.
Authors: White MJD
Published: June 2005

A single individual of Moraba scurra from Michelago, N.S.W. (out of
1730 examined cytologically) was found to be heterozygous for a pericentric
inversion, which has converted the normally equal-armed AB chromosome into
a J-shaped element with one limb about twice the length of the other. This is
presumably a newly arisen rearrangement. It leads to five detectable cytogenetic
consequences: (1) a decline in the chiasma frequency of the AB bivalent;
(2) occasional failure of pairing, there being two AB univalents at first metaphase;
(3) frequent orientation of the AB bivalent with its centromeres on the equator
instead of in the axial plane; (4) frequent formation of a chiasma between the
mutually inverted sections; (5) a stimulatory effect on the chiasma frequency
of the short arm of the CD chromosome carrying the Blundell inversion. The
implications of these findings for the chromosomal evolution of the approximately
180 known species of morabine grasshoppers are indicated.
Blood-sucking flies (Diptera) and Myxomatosis transmission in a mountain environment in NSW. 2. Comparison of the use of man and rabbit as bait in evaluating vectors of Myxomatosis.
Authors: Dyce AL , Lee DJ
Published: June 2005

Human baiting and the use of rabbit-baited cone-drop traps were compared as techniques for gathering information on the host relationships of biting flies in a mountain environment of south-eastern Australia. Bait-trapping was carried out at four stations during the period of dusk activity for biting flies on 21 days covering all seasons.
Neither technique proved entirely satisfactory by itself, and it was shown that the precipitin testing of blood-fed specimens taken at bait is an essential ancillary to both. When used in conjunction with the precipitin method both techniques provided useful data on the feeding behaviour of mosquitoes, but neither was satisfactory for the Ceratopogonidae, and (although still inadequate) the rabbit-baited cone-drop trap provided data on the local Simuliidae not yet obtained by any other method. Human baiting was unquestionably the simpler technique, and yielded a far greater amount of pertinent data, particularly for mosquitoes, the predominant myxomatosis vector group of the region.
An analysis is made of the vectors of myxomatosis and their relative importance in the transmission of that disease in the study region.
Intersterility and diapause differences between geographical populations of Teleogryllus commodus (Walker) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae).
Authors: Bigelow RS , Cochaux PSA
Published: June 2005

Sterile offspring were produced by crosses between strains of Teleogryllus
commodus (Walker) from northern Australia (Queensland) and southern
Australia (Victoria, Adelaide). If the northern and southern populations are not
connected by a series of freely interbreeding populations, they must be recognized
as distinct species. Embryonic diapause occurred in none of the eggs of the
Queensland strain, and in different proportions of the eggs of the two southern
strains, when incubated at 28�C. After several generations of laboratory rearing
the proportions of eggs that entered diapause at 28�C decreased in both the
southern strains.
A parthenogenetic species of grasshopper with complex structural heterozygosity (Orthoptera: Acridoidea).
Authors: White MJD , Cheney J , Ley KHL
Published: June 2005

A rare species of morabine grasshopper (Moraba virgo Key, sp. nov.) is described
from New South Wales. This is the only known all-female member of the Acridoidea,
reproducing exclusively by parthenogenesis. It has a karyotype of 15 chromosomes,
heterozygous for various rearrangements, including a pericentric inversion, several
fusions, and a dissociation; these rearrangements are not quite the same in the three
known colonies of the species. The mechanism of parthenogenesis involves a premeiotic
doubling of the chromosome number, followed by a normal meiosis in which pairing
is restricted to sister-chromosomes, so that there are 15 structurally homozygous
bivalents.
The ecology of Lice on sheep. 4. The establishment of maintenance of populations of Linognathus ovillus (Neumann) the ecology of Lice on sheep.
Authors: Murray MD
Published: June 2005

Linognathus ovillus has been found on all regions of the sheep except the lower
aspects of the limbs, but populations are maintained throughout the year only on the
parts of the body covered with hair, particularly the face. The inability of L. ovillus to
multiply below a constant temperature of 30�C, or to survive prolonged exposure to
cold temperatures, probably prevents maintenance of populations on the lower parts
of the legs.
Only adult lice were transferred from sheep to sheep, and fewer were required to
establish a population on the hairy face than on the parts of the body covered with
wool. The greasiness and length of the wool caused females to lay eggs less densely,
required a greater density of males and females for fertilization, and resulted in a greater
mortality of nymphal and adult lice.
Lice disperse continually from the face into the surrounding wool, and the
consequent density of lice in this wool frequently becomes sufficient for the population
to maintain itself, thus resulting in a swarm of lice in that area.
Shearing removes few lice from the parts of the body covered with hair, but many
from those parts covered with wool. Thus, whereas the density of lice on the face is little
affected by shearing, that on the body is reduced considerably. When a sheep is
exposed to atmospheric temperatures of c. 28�C the temperature next to the skin rises
to over 38.5�C. Few eggs develop and hatch at this temperature. These two factors
probably account for the disappearance of L. ovillus from the body after shearing
in the spring, and during the following summer. The occurrence of lethal temperatures
within the fleece during the summer may also be a contributory factor.
Observation of an infested flock over a period of a year showed that the sheep
which were most heavily infested in the autumn were also the most heavily infested in
the subsequent spring. This indicates that the size of a louse population on a sheep in
the spring may frequently be directly dependent on its size at the commencement of the
previous winter.
On the biology of Mecas saturnina and Nupserha antennata, Cerambycid Beetles associated with Xanthium species.
Authors: Stride GO , Straatman R
Published: June 2005

The cerambycid beetles M. saturnina Le Conte and N. antennata Gahan have
been studied in Australia with a view to their introduction for the control of the important
weed X. pungens. An account of the general morphology and biology of the
species is given. The effects of various conditions of temperature and humidity on the
further development of the diapausing larvae have been investigated.
The female urogenital system of Trichosurus vulpecula (Marsupialia).
Authors: Kean RI , Marryatt RG , Carroll ALK
Published: June 2005

This paper is based on measurements from 1000 female specimens. In a stable
population, summer anoestrus was followed by oestrus in April-May. Post-partum
oestrus did not occur. Juvenile females frequently came into oestrus at 12 months of
age but they did not necessarily rear young.
The septum which initially divides the vaginal sac is usually perforated shortly
before sexual maturity is attained, but entire septa may be found in females of any age.
The sac in trapped, wild animals is greatly enlarged during oestrus but it is small and
apparently functionless during parturition.
Formation of the median vaginal canal is commenced early in pregnancy. The
median canal is usually unlined, but in some specimens (5 of 68) the canal carried a
well-developed epithelium which was columnar anteriorly and stratified squamous
posteriorly. The two types of lining originate as infundibula extending from the
vaginal sac and the urogenital sinus respectively. The epithelium appears to organize
canal formation, but it is not required in a protective capacity, and no evidence suggests
that it facilitates parturition. Omission of the epithelium seems to be an evolutionary
advance and, in the usual absence of median canal lining, canal organization is probably
relegated to terminal epithelia of the median sac and the urogenital sinus.
The lateral canals open widely during oestrus, providing for transmission of
semen. During pregnancy they become constricted or sealed posteriorly, and are usually
closed during dioestrus and anoestrus, separating the reproductive system from the
urinary one.
In principle, the lateral canals and the median canal are similar in their initiation
(both types originating from evaginations of anterior and posterior epithelia) but their
development differs through heterochrony, formation of the median canal being
retarded. However, the canals differ also in their reactions during late pregnancy
when the lateral canals close as the median one opens.
Sexual development and spermatozoon morphology in the male macropod marsupial Potorous tridactylus (Kerr.)
Authors: Hughes RL
Published: June 2005

A study of 24 male Tasmanian rat-kangaroos, Potorous tridactylus (Kerr), gave no evidence of either seasonal change in testis size or interruption to spermatogenesis during the 9 months when captures were made. One captive male (weight 1028 g) attained sexual maturity within a year and only a few epididymal sperm were found in a wild animal weighing 639 g.
The spermatozoon head is of unusual shape. It is bluntly pointed anteriorly and broadens towards the centre. The posterior portion of the head is flattened dorsoventrally and a depression situated in its posterior ventral half gives it a forked appearance in the rear. The acrosome is almost entirely embedded in the anterior dorsal surface of the head. The nucleus possesses two basal granules and occupies most of the head volume. The flagellum is composed of a finely pointed neck, a middle piece with mitochondria1 helix, and a tail body which possesses no distinguishable end-piece. The flagellum is attached to the mid-ventral surface of the head by the extremely slender anterior portion of the neck. The axial filament complex passes throughout the entire length of the flagellum and is composed of at least four fibrils.
A re-study of the Perkins types of Australian Pipunculidae (Diptera) and the type of Pipunculus vitiensis Muir from Fiji.
Authors: Hardy DE
Published: June 2005

A redescription of the types of Pipunculidae from Australia described by
R. C. L. Perkins and the type of Pipunculus vitiensis Muir from Fiji is given. P.
crypsichalcus Perkins is recorded as a new synonym of P. (P.) anthracias Perkins and
comitans Perkins and agamus Perkins are new synonyms of P. (Eudorylas) lamellifer
Perkins. The corrected names for the host leafhoppers is given wherever this information
is available. The known Australian species are keyed and figured.
A survey of aphids flying over eastern Australia on 1961
Authors: Hughes RD , Casimir M , O'loughlin GT , Martyn EJ
Published: June 2005

The results are given of a year's operation of Moericke aphid traps at 12 sites in Eastern Australia. More than 60 aphid species were trapped in flight and their distribution in space and time were recorded. Criteria for making comparisons between catches at different trap sites are discussed.
It was generally concluded that the major influence affecting the occurrence of species throughout the year was the prevailing pattern of climatic changes, whilst the overall geographical distribution of species seemed to be more closely linked to the distribution of exotic plants introduced by man, than to any other factor. The similarity of the Australian aphid fauna to a fractional sample of the world aphid fauna is noted.
The osteology of the water skink, Lygosoma (Sphenomorphus) quoyii.
Authors: King D
Published: June 2005

The osteology of Lygosoma (Sphenomorphus) quoyii is described in detail from
alizarin transparencies. The lizard is prevalent around Sydney and both juvenile and
adult specimens were studied.
Some comparisons are made with certain lacertilian skeletons described in the
literature but the lack of osteological studies of other members of the genus Lygosoma
and other genera of the Scincidae makes it difficult to assess the phylogenetic signifcance
of the structures encounterd in the present study and impossible to establish the evolutionary
position of L. quoyii within the Scincidae. Thus, no conclusions have been
reached in this regard, but attention is drawn to those aspects of the skeleton of L.
quoyii which may prove to be important phylogenetically.
Further observations on the Australian species of Aponomma and Amblyomma with descriptions of the nymphs of Amblyomma moreliae (L.Koch) and Amb. loculosum Neumann (Acarina: Ixodidae).
Authors: Roberts FHS
Published: June 2005

The taxonomy of the species of Aponomma and Amblyomma listed by Roberts
(1953) from Australia has been examined. Ap. trachysauri (Lucas) is now considered
synonymous with Ap. hydrosauri (Denny) and the species previously determined as
Ap. hydrosauri is now Ap. concolor Neumann. Other synonymy noted includes Ap.
tropicum Roberts with Ap. concolor, Ap. simplex Cooper & Robinson, and Ap. ecinctum
Neumann with Ap. jimbriatum (C. L. Koch), Ap. decorosum (L. Koch) with Ap.
undatum (Fabricius), and Amblyomma sternae Roberts with Amb. loculosum Neumann.
Further information is given on the host range and geographical distribution of
the species of both genera, and the nymphs of Amb. moreliae (L. Koch) and Amb.
loculosum are described.
Predation by birds in relation to the population density of cardiaspina albitextura (Psyllidae)
Authors: Clark LR
Published: June 2005

Field observations suggest that in areas in which the numbers of Cardiaspina
albitextura remained low, birds tended to destroy an increasing percentage of late instar
nymphs and adults with increase in psyllid numbers.
However, when other environmental influences strongly favoured psyllid
multiplication, birds were unable to prevent increase to the outbreak level. The response
of birds to change in psyllid numbers was functional (not numerical), and depended
partly on factors other than psyllid density.
In areas in which C. albitextura maintained a high mean level of population
density, the percentage destruction due to birds tended to vary inversely with psyllid
numbers.
The fate of uterine spermatozoa in the mouse post coitum.
Authors: Reid BL
Published: June 2005

Observations have been made on the fate of sperm remaining in the uterus of the
mouse following coitus. The uterine contents were found to undergo two fates both of
which resulted in the emptying of the organ within 36 hr. The first was degradation
of the sperm by phagocytes and its subsequent absorption by the uterus, the second was
the evacuation of the contents per vaginam at about the 16th hour post coitum.
The process of degradation by phagocytes was arbitrarily divided into three
stages, a first stage lasting until the 8th hour post coitum with no evidence of phagocytic
activity, a second stage lasting until the 18th hour post coitum with very active phagocytosis
both by polymorphonuclear neutrophil leucocytes and monocytes, and a
terminal or absorptive phase lasting until the 36th hour post coitum when an active
phagocytosis of the degraded phagocytes and other granular debris occurs through the
uterine epithelial cells to the subepithelial lymphatic vessels. The similarity of the first
phase to the concept of capacitation of sperm in connection with fertilization is discussed
from the viewpoint of a proposed obligatory prephagocytic conditioning of the sperm
surface, possibly of antibody nature.
The involvement of polymorphonuclear neutrophil lysosomes in the degradation
process of sperm is demonstrated, thereby supporting suggestions of a similar role for
these particles as in microbial degradation.
Examination of parametrial and abdominal lymph nodes shows a change in
histology when the first is compared with the third stage. The follicle structure is less
obvious and there is an increase in reticulo-endothelial cells and lymphoblasts, especially
in the hilar region. The nodes contain debris reminiscent of the debris found in the
uterine lumen, in the uterine epithelium, and subepithelial lymphatics.
The presence of foreign protein, including foreign nucleoprotein, within the
cytoplasm of uterine epithelial cells and lymph nodes which drain them is discussed from
the perspectives of their genetic and immunological (e.g. homograft reaction) consequences.
The anatomy of the pelvic and perineal regions of the ewe.
Authors: Bassett EG
Published: June 2005

(1) Gross anatomical studies have been made on the pelvic and perineal regions of
some 186 ewes including representatives of the Welsh mountain, Suffolk, and
Romney Marsh breeds. A few embryos and foetuses were also examined to
elucidate details in the arrangement and nerve supply of certain muscles.
(2) The investigations were made primarily to obtain basic information for problems of
veterinary obstetrics, and the various tissues have been considered with respect to
their relative importance in parturition. The findings have been discussed also in
relation to the literature concerning the pelvic and perineal regions of other
mammalian species.
(3) The structure of the sacroiliac joint has been studied in detail, and the presence of
a rudimentary joint capsule, associated with the articulating surfaces, confirmed.
It has been suggested that the areas of the opposing surfaces of the sacrum and the
ilium joined by fibrous tissue (known as the interosseus ligament in man) constitute
a more important component of the joint than is generally appreciated. The
interosseus collagenous strands of this "syndesmosal" portion of the sacroiliac
joint also contain numerous elastic fibres and are interspersed with quantities of fat.
These structural characteristics, considered in relation to the position of the joint
in the animal's body, may indicate a shock-absorbing function for the fibrous
portion of the joint.
(4) The dorsal and accessory (short and long) sacroiliac ligaments, described by
previous writers for ungulates, could not be found in the ewes dissected here. It is
considered that these ligaments may represent thickenings of the aponeurosis of
the longissimus dorsi muscle which continues on to the muscles in the sacrococcygeal
region and has bony attachments similar to those described for the
"short" and "long" ligaments. The attachments of the ligaments directly associated
with the joint capsule are generally in agreement with other descriptions for man
and for ungulates, except that the fibres extend to include most of the margins of
the fibrous as well as the synovial capsular parts of the joint.