bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The implications of sympathetic and parasympathetic regulatory coordination for understanding child adjustment
Authors: Rudd Kristen L. , Yates Tuppett M.
Published: October 2018

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is comprised of sympathetic and parasympathetic branches that control core adaptive systems, including cardiac regulation, across periods of rest, reactivity, and recovery. Despite their heavily intertwined functions, research examining the coordination of parasympathetic and sympathetic ANS regulation is limited. This study examined the effects of 6‐year‐olds’ (N = 198; 49.5% female; 46% Latinx) capacity for ANS reactivity and recovery in both sympathetic (i.e., pre‐ejection period [PEP]) and parasympathetic (i.e., respiratory sinus arrhythmia [RSA]) systems on their caregiver‐ and examiner‐reported adaptability and attention problems at age 8. Results indicated that children's later adaptation was better accounted for by the coordination of their PEP and RSA activity than by either system in isolation. Children who evidenced optimal reactivity and recovery patterns, which entail reciprocal sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, evidenced more adaptability and fewer attention problems at age 8. In contrast, children who displayed discoordinated ANS reactivity patterns (e.g., high activation of both systems) or a total failure to recover (e.g., short PEP connoting high sympathetic activity and low RSA connoting low parasympathetic activity) evidenced poorer adjustment. These findings illustrate the incremental knowledge afforded by the joint consideration of both sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of ANS regulation in concert, as well as the importance of considering both ANS reactivity and recovery capacities for understanding adaptation.
Noninvasive western lowland gorilla's health monitoring: A decade of simian immunodeficiency virus surveillance in southern Cameroon
Authors: Villabona‐Arenas Christian Julian , Ayouba Ahidjo , Esteban Amandine , D'arc Mirela , Mpoudi Ngole Eitel , Peeters Martine
Published: October 2018

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVgor) causes persistent infection in critically endangered western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) from west central Africa. SIVgor is closely related to chimpanzee and human immunodeficiency viruses (SIVcpz and HIV‐1, respectively). We established a noninvasive method that does not interfere with gorillas' natural behaviour to provide wildlife pathogen surveillance and health monitoring for conservation. A total of 1,665 geo‐referenced fecal samples were collected at regular intervals from February 2006 to December 2014 (123 sampling days) in the Campo‐Ma'an National Park (southwest Cameroon). Host genotyping was performed using microsatellite markers, SIVgor infection was identified by serology and genetic amplification was attempted on seropositive individuals. We identified at least 125 distinct gorillas, 50 were resampled (observed 3.5 times in average) and 38 were SIVgor+ (seven individuals were seroconverters). Six groups of gorillas were identified based on the overlapping occurrence of individuals with apparent high rates of gene flow. We obtained SIVgor genetic sequences from 25 of 38 seropositive genotyped gorillas and showed that the virus follows exponential growth dynamics under a strict molecular clock. Different groups shared SIVgor lineages demonstrating intergroup viral spread and recapture of positive individuals illustrated intra‐host viral evolution. Relatedness and relationship genetic analysis of gorillas together with Bayesian phylogenetic inference of SIVgor provided evidence suggestive of vertical transmission. In conclusion, we provided insights into gorilla social dynamics and SIVgor evolution and emphasized the utility of noninvasive sampling to study wildlife health populations. These findings contribute to prospective planning for better monitoring and conservation.
Evolutionary effects of fishing gear on foraging behavior and life‐history traits
Authors: Claireaux Marion , Jørgensen Christian , Enberg Katja
Published: October 2018

Fishing gears are designed to exploit the natural behaviors of fish, and the concern that fishing may cause evolution of behavioral traits has been receiving increasing attention. The first intuitive expectation is that fishing causes evolution toward reduced boldness because it selectively removes actively foraging individuals due to their higher encounter rate and vulnerability to typical gear. However, life‐history theory predicts that fishing, through shortened life span, favors accelerated life histories, potentially leading to increased foraging and its frequent correlate, boldness. Additionally, individuals with accelerated life histories mature younger and at a smaller size and therefore spend more of their life at a smaller size where mortality is higher. This life‐history evolution may prohibit increases in risk‐taking behavior and boldness, thus selecting for reduced risk‐taking and boldness. Here, we aim to clarify which of these three selective patterns ends up being dominant. We study how behavior‐selective fishing affects the optimal behavioral and life‐history traits using a state‐dependent dynamic programming model. Different gear types were modeled as being selective for foraging or hiding/resting individuals along a continuous axis, including unselective fishing. Compared with unselective harvesting, gears targeting hiding/resting individuals led toward evolution of increased foraging rates and elevated natural mortality rate, while targeting foraging individuals led to evolution of decreased foraging rates and lower natural mortality rate. Interestingly, changes were predicted for traits difficult to observe in the wild (natural mortality and behavior) whereas the more regularly observed traits (length‐at‐age, age at maturity, and reproductive investment) showed only little sensitivity to the behavioral selectivity.
The metric matters when assessing diversity: Assessing lepidopteran species richness and diversity in two habitats under different disturbance regimes
Authors: Kirkpatrick Lucinda , Mitchell Sonia N. , Park Kirsty J.
Published: October 2018

How we measure diversity can have important implications for understanding the impacts of anthropogenic pressure on ecosystem processes and functioning. Functional diversity quantifies the range and relative abundance of functional traits within a given community and, as such, may provide a more mechanistic understanding of ecosystems. Here, we use a novel approach to examine how lepidopteran richness and diversity, weighted by species abundance, differ between habitats under different disturbance regimes (highly disturbed non‐native plantations and less disturbed broadleaf woodlands), both with and without constraining by similarity due to shared taxonomy or functional traits. Comparisons of diversity between the two habitats differed according to which metric was being used; while species richness was 58% greater in broadleaf woodlands, after accounting for species similarity due to shared functional traits, there was little difference between woodland types under two different disturbance regimes. Functional diversity varied within the landscape but was similar in paired broadleaf and plantation sites, suggesting that landscape rather than local factors drive biotic homogenization in plantation dominated landscapes. The higher richness in broadleaf sites appears to be driven by rare species, which share functional traits with more common species. Moth populations in disturbed, plantation sites represent a reduced subset of moth species compared to broadleaf sites, and may be more vulnerable to disturbance pressures such as clear‐felling operations due to low community resilience.
Short‐term, low‐level nitrogen deposition dampens a trophic cascade between bears and plants
Authors: Grinath Joshua B.
Published: October 2018

Human activities have substantially increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition in ecosystems worldwide, often leading to higher plant quality for herbivores and greater herbivory. Predators frequently suppress herbivores and indirectly benefit plants via “trophic cascades”, and the strength of these interactions can also depend on N availability. However, the evidence for N deposition effects on cascades primarily comes from studies of high‐level N deposition. Most terrestrial ecosystems currently receive elevated, but low‐level N deposition, and it is unclear whether this subtle N enrichment has any effect on cascades. Here, I asked whether low‐level N deposition alters a trophic cascade from black bears to plants in Colorado. In this ecological network, bears indirectly benefit plants by consuming ants and suppressing positive effects of ants on herbivores. Using a three year N enrichment experiment, I assessed changes in this cascade by measuring plant and arthropod responses to simulated N deposition, bear damage to ant nests, and the presence of mutualist herbivores and ants. I found that low‐level N enrichment and bears had interacting effects on plant reproduction. In ambient N conditions, bears indirectly increased plant reproduction by causing ant nests to become inactive and suppressing positive ant effects on herbivores that were detrimental for plants. Yet, bear‐induced ant nest inactivity had no effect on plant reproduction in N‐enriched conditions. When N was added, ants had greater positive effects on herbivores, but herbivores had weak effects on plants, potentially because plants were more resistant to herbivores. Ultimately, the results indicate that N enrichment strengthened resource control of the community and weakened plant–herbivore interactions and the cascade from bears to plants. This study suggests that common rates of low‐level N deposition are changing the strength of trophic cascades and may have already altered resource versus consumer control of ecological community structure in many ecosystems.
Differing patterns of plant spinescence affect blue duiker (Bovidae: Philantomba monticola) browsing behavior and intake rates
Authors: Musariri Tongai , Pegg Nicola , Muvengwi Justice , Muzama Faith
Published: October 2018

The ways in which spines and thorns on plants affect browsing behavior and instantaneous intake rate (IIR) have been investigated for several medium and large ungulates, with most authors concluding that spines either affect the ability to obtain a full bite, or prevent the removal of twig material. We investigated how a very small ruminant, the blue duiker (Philantomba monticola; mass 5 kg), altered its feeding strategy when confronted with intact or despined branches of three species of woody plant that differed in leaf and spine size, density, and arrangement, viz. Dichrostachys cinerea africana, Vachellia (Acacia) karroo and Ziziphus mucronata. Increasing spine length and density reduced IIR (g/min), while bite size was directly related to leaf area. Bite rate and the lag time to taking the first bite did not differ among treatments. In all treatments, blue duikers cropped leaves in preference to pruning shoots. High spine density forced duikers to crop leaves at the ends of branches where spines were softer. At low spine density and on despined treatments, leaves midway along branches were preferred. Single bites (using incisors) were used preferentially in the presence of spines, with a shift to cheek bites on despined branches. We conclude that, as found with larger browsers, spines coupled with small leaf size provide the best defense against defoliation.
Tissue‐resident MAIT cell populations in human oral mucosa exhibit an activated profile and produce IL‐17
Authors: Sobkowiak Michał J. , Davanian Haleh , Heymann Robert , Gibbs Anna , Emgård Johanna , Dias Joana , Aleman Soo , Krüger‐Weiner Carina , Moll Markus , Tjernlund Annelie , Leeansyah Edwin , Sällberg Chen Margaret , Sandberg Johan K.
Published: October 2018

Mucosa‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unconventional T lymphocytes defined by their innate‐like characteristics and broad antimicrobial responsiveness. Whether MAIT cells are part of the tissue‐resident defense in the oral mucosal barrier is unknown. Here, we found MAIT cells present in the buccal mucosa, with a tendency to cluster near the basement membrane, and located in both epithelium and the underlying connective tissue. Overall MAIT cell levels were similar in the mucosa compared to peripheral blood, in contrast to conventional T cells that showed an altered representation of CD4+ and CD8+ subsets. The major mucosal MAIT cell subset displayed a tissue‐resident and activated profile with high expression of CD69, CD103, HLA‐DR, and PD‐1, as well as a skewed subset distribution with higher representation of CD4–/CD8– double‐negative cells and CD8αα+ cells. Interestingly, tissue‐resident MAIT cells had a specialized polyfunctional response profile with higher IL‐17 levels, as assessed by polyclonal stimulus and compared to tissue nonresident and circulating populations. Furthermore, resident buccal MAIT cells were low in perforin. Together, these data indicate that MAIT cells form a part of the oral mucosal T cell compartment, where they exhibit a tissue‐resident‐activated profile biased toward IL‐17 production.
Chlorine‐Free Catalytic Formation of Silsesquioxanes with Si‐OH and Si‐OR Functional Groups
Authors: Brząkalski Dariusz , Walczak Marcin , Duszczak Julia , Dudziec Beata , Marciniec Bogdan
Published: October 2018

Silsesquioxanes containing Si‐OH functional groups are employed in many fields of chemistry as building blocks and reagents, but synthetic procedures for their synthesis may not always be so easy (due to parallel, possible side reactions) and, amongst other issues, generate significant amounts of chlorine waste. In this paper, we demonstrate an efficient, versatile and chlorine‐free synthetic procedure to obtain these systems. Reusable and highly active carbon‐supported palladium catalysts, as well as a commercially available Karstedt's catalyst were found to be active in the transformation of Si‐H anchored to various silsesquioxanes into corresponding Si‐OH and Si‐OR (R = alkyl, aryl) derivatives using water, alcohols, and phenols, respectively. A series of silsesquioxane compounds with the abovementioned functionalities was obtained and fully characterized.
Synthetic Pathways to 3,4,5‐Trihydroxypiperidines from the Chiral Pool
Authors: Wood Adam , Prichard Kate L. , Clarke Zane , Houston Todd A. , Fleet George W. J. , Simone Michela I.
Published: October 2018

3,4,5‐Trihydroxypiperidines represent a family of biologically active natural products, found to modulate principally the glycosidase enzymes. This is ascribed to their structural and electronic resemblance to the pyranose monosaccharides, their natural counterparts. Expedient syntheses are crucial to access these valuable high Fsp3 index drug leads. In this review we present the literature strategies to this class of iminosugars to spur further research into drug leads targeting the glycobiological machinery of living systems.
Synthetic Routes to 3,4,5‐Trihydroxypiperidines via Stereoselective and Biocatalysed Protocols, and Strategies to N‐ and O‐Derivatisation
Authors: Prichard Kate L. , O'Brien Nicholas , Ghorbani Mahdi , Wood Adam , Barnes Evan , Kato Atsushi , Houston Todd A. , Simone Michela I.
Published: October 2018

Stereoselective and biocatalysed synthetic routes to 3,4,5‐trihydroxypiperidines and their N‐ and O‐derivatisations are reviewed. These iminosugars effectively modulate glycosidase enzymes and display biological activities in immunosuppression, as anti‐inflammatory agents and as anti‐viral agents. Syntheses to these building blocks and their N‐ and O‐derivatives are predicted to produce drug leads of high Fsp3 index. This is also crucial in the collection of structure‐activity relationship data, particularly for diseases dependant on glycosidase modulation.
Acylhydrazone Switches: E/Z Stability Reversed by Introduction of Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Lu Chaocao , Htan Bu , Ma Chunmiao , Liao Rong‐Zhen , Gan Quan
Published: October 2018

We report a series of acylhydrazone‐based switches, of which double bond rotation can be stimulated by a pH response. The switches prefer Z rather than E configuration in the ground state because of the intramolecular hydrogen bonding, which was analyzed both thermodynamically and kinetically. Solvation studies show a linear relationship between the isomerization energy in Z/E states (ΔGE/Zo) of the switches and the hydrogen bond basicity scales (β and DN) of the solvent. This solvent effect was also found to be relative to the skeleton of compound, the less shield of hydrogen bond domain the more sensitivity to the solvent environment. By introducing multiple intramolecular hydrogen bonds, the Z isomer completely predominates for compound 4, offering an advantage over a full E/Z isomerization switching.
Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC) in Alkane Solvents Catalyzed by Fluorinated NHC Copper(I) Complex
Authors: Topchiy Maxim A. , Ageshina Alexandra A. , Gribanov Pavel S. , Masoud Salekh M. , Akmalov Timur R. , Nefedov Sergey E. , Osipov Sergey N. , Nechaev Mikhail S. , Asachenko Andrey F.
Published: October 2018

A highly efficient and environmentally benign protocol for copper‐catalyzed alkyne–azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) in industrially important alkane solvents was developed. New copper(I) complexes bearing NHC ligands decorated with bulky hexafluoroisopropylalkoxy group [(CF3)2(OR)C‐] were first introduced for the process. The complex with isopentyl group [(CF3)2(OiAm)C‐] exhibited the best catalytic activity in the reactions of diversely substituted alkyne and azide substrates in alkane solvents, such as hexane, heptane and cyclohexane. The new CuAAC protocol is easily scalable, synthetically robust, and reproducible; it utilizes low catalyst loadings and enables simple isolation of pure products free from any contaminants including residue of the catalyst and starting materials.
On‐chip pressure generation using a gel membrane fabricated outside of the microfluidic network
Authors: Xia Ling , Yanagisawa Naoki , Deb Rajesh , Dutta Debashis
Published: October 2018

On‐chip generation of pressure gradients via electrokinetic means can offer several advantages to microfluidic assay design and operation in a variety of applications. In this article, we describe a simple approach to realizing this capability by employing a polyacrylamide‐based gel structure fabricated within a fluid reservoir located at the terminating end of a microchannel. Application of an electric field across this membrane has been shown to block a majority of the electroosmotic flow generated within the open duct yielding a high pressure at the channel–membrane junction. Experiments show the realization of higher pressure‐driven velocities in an electric field‐free separation channel integrated to the micropump with this design compared to other similar micropumps described in the literature. In addition, the noted velocity was found to be less sensitive to the extent of Debye layer overlap in the channel network, and therefore more impressive when working with background electrolytes having higher ionic strengths. With the current system, pressure‐driven velocities up to 3.6 mm/s were realized in a 300‐nm‐deep separation channel applying a maximum voltage of 3 kV at a channel terminal. To demonstrate the separative performance of our device, a nanofluidic pressure‐driven ion‐chromatographic analysis was subsequently implemented that relied on the slower migration of cationic analytes relative to the neutral and anionic ones in the separation channel likely due to their strong electrostatic interaction with the channel surface charges. A mixture of amino acids was thus separated with resolutions greater than those reported by our group for a similar analysis previously.
Dielectrophoretic choking phenomenon in a converging‐diverging microchannel for Janus particles
Authors: Zhou Teng , Ji Xiang , Shi Liuyong , Zhang Xianman , Deng Yongbo , Joo Sang Woo
Published: October 2018

The dielectrophoretic (DEP) choking phenomenon is revisited for Janus particles that are transported electrokinetically through a microchannel constriction by a direct‐current (DC) electric field. The negative DEP force that would block a particle with a diameter significantly smaller than that of the constriction at its inlet is seen to be relaxed by the rotation of the Janus particle in a direction that minimizes the magnitude of the DEP force. This allows the particle to pass through the constriction completely. An arbitrary Lagrangian‐Eulerian (ALE) numerical method is used to solve the nonlinearly coupled electric field, flow field, and moving particle, and the DEP force is calculated by the Maxwell stress tensor (MST) method. The results show how Janus particles with non‐uniform surface potentials overcome the DEP force and present new conditions for the DEP choking by a parametric study. Particle transportation through microchannel constrictions is ubiquitous, and particle surface properties are more likely to be non‐uniform than not in practical applications. This study provides new insights of importance for non‐uniform particles transported electrokinetically in a microdevice.
Placebo response and cessation in binge eating disorder: A pooled analysis of two randomized parallel‐group clinical trials
Authors: Blom Thomas J. , Guerdjikova Anna I. , McElroy Susan L.
Published: October 2018

Objective

This study aims to explore predictors and clinical correlates of placebo response and cessation in binge eating disorder (BED).

Method

Data from two identically designed, randomized, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group, and multicenter pharmacotherapy studies for adults with moderate to severe BED were pooled.

Results

Of 360 placebo recipients, 134 (37%) were responders and 53 (15%) achieved 4‐week binge eating cessation. Placebo response and cessation were each associated with higher baseline disability scores but not with measures of BED symptomatology severity. Compared with placebo noncessation, placebo cessation was further associated with increased blood pressure at baseline and greater improvement in pulse and triglyceride levels at endpoint.

Discussion

Future clinical trial design for BED pharmacotherapy trials might consider disability level among participants to enhance signal detection. Cessation of binge eating with placebo might be associated with improvement in cardiovascular and metabolic variables, at least over the short term.
Effects of skin region and relative lipophilicity on percutaneous absorption in the toad Rhinella marina
Authors: Llewelyn Victoria K. , Berger Lee , Glass Beverley D.
Published: October 2018

Owing to the dynamic interaction between frog skin and the environment, xenobiotics in frog habitats are of particular concern, and knowledge of percutaneous absorption in frog skin is necessary for risk-mitigation purposes. Baseline transdermal kinetics in adult aquatic and arboreal frog species have recently been reported; however, there is little information regarding absorption kinetics in adult terrestrial species. The present study investigated the in vitro absorption kinetics of 3 model chemicals—caffeine, benzoic acid, and ibuprofen—through different skin regions in the terrestrial toad Rhinella marina. Caffeine flux was consistently higher than that of the other 2 chemicals (p < 0.001), whereas the fluxes of the moderately and highly lipophilic chemicals (benzoic acid and ibuprofen) were similar, regardless of skin region. When considering individual chemicals, caffeine demonstrated increased flux through the ventral pelvic skin compared with the ventral thoracic or dorsal skin regions. Flux did not differ between skin regions for either benzoic acid or ibuprofen. These findings have implications for management of environmental contamination in frog habitats, as many environmental xenobiotics are of moderate to high lipophilicity and would be expected to be equally absorbed from all skin surfaces in terrestrial toads. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:361–367. © 2018 SETAC
Writing Processes in Short Written Responses to Questions Probing Prior Knowledge
Authors: Deane Paul , O'Reilly Tenaha , Chao Szu‐Fu , Dreier Kelsey
Published: October 2018

The purpose of the report is to explore some of the mechanisms involved in the writing process. In particular, we examine students' process data (keystroke log analysis) to uncover how students approach a knowledge‐telling task using 2 different task types. In the first task, students were asked to list as many words as possible related to a particular topic (word listing). In a second task, students were asked to write to a specific prompt that was designed to elicit their background knowledge of a topic using connected text (knowledge elicitation). Using a matrix incomplete block design, 1,592 high school students completed the 2 writing tasks in addition to a multiple‐choice test of their background knowledge in 2 of 5 possible topics in the domain of U.S. history. An array of process data including students' typing and associated timing features was used to predict the writing scores on the 2 different types of tasks. The analyses revealed several distinct patterns that were associated with processing at the task knowledge productivity level, the editing effort level, and the keyboarding effort level. The robustness of the features was reflected in a set of hierarchal regressions that demonstrated that the process features were predictive of the writing score even when students' knowledge scores on the associated multiple‐choice test were considered. In sum, the results indicate that process data in the form of log file analysis are useful for both understanding the writing process and exploring potential differences between students with high and low knowledge.
Effect of moderate and regular consumption of Cinco Jotas acorn‐fed 100% Iberian ham on overall cardiovascular risk: A cohort study
Authors: Márquez Contreras Emilio , Vázquez‐Rico Ignacio , Baldonedo‐Suárez Agueda , Márquez‐Rivero Sara , Jiménez Jesús , Machancoses Francisco , Morano‐Báez Rocío , León‐Justel Antonio
Published: October 2018

Objective

To evaluate the impact that the moderate and regular consumption of Cinco Jotas acorn‐fed 100% Iberian ham has on overall cardiovascular risk, lipid parameters, blood pressure, and weight.

Methods

A longitudinal, analytical, and quasi‐experimental clinical study with repeated measures was carried out with 100 randomly selected individuals in primary care. The sample population included men and women (64%) between the ages of 25 and 55 (42.08, SD 9.6) who were not diagnosed with any cardiovascular illness or diabetes, were not undergoing antihypertensive treatment, nor taking lipid‐lowering drugs. There were four visits during a 2‐week washout period for the first of three phases. Phases 2 and 3 included an 8‐week habitual diet phase followed by an 8‐week intervention phase when participants consumed 40 g daily of acorn‐fed 100% Cinco Jotas Iberian ham. Measurements of cardiovascular risk factors were taken following the SCORE table. These included total cholesterol, high‐density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL‐c), low‐density lipoproteins cholesterol (LDL‐c), triglycerides (TG), and weight.

Results

The average vascular risk (SCORE) was 0.20 (SD 0.49) before the consumption phase and 0.18 (SD 0.48) at the end of the study (p > 0.05). An increase in HDL‐c of 5 mg/dl was observed while there was a decrease in LDL‐c and TG of 10 mg/dl (p < 0.05). There were no differences in total cholesterol levels, blood pressure, or weight; nor were differences observed in average consumption of calories, protein, lipids, carbohydrates, or alcohol (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

The daily consumption of 40 g of Cinco Jotas acorn‐fed 100% Iberian ham does not increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and has a favorable impact on lipid levels without affecting blood pressure or weight.
Asymmetric spot‐futures price adjustments in grain markets
Authors: Wu Zhige , Maynard Alex , Weersink Alfons , Hailu Getu
Published: October 2018

Recent volatility in food prices in the grain market has generated much interest among agricultural market participants. This study examines the nonlinear dynamic relationship between spot and futures prices in grain markets. The empirical results provide strong evidence of price asymmetries. The corn spot price adjusts faster to futures price increases than futures price decreases, whereas the soybean spot price adjusts faster to futures price decreases than futures price increases. Although this asymmetric adjustment is found for a single market in Ontario, Canada, the results may also provide insights on the spot‐futures price convergence issues in other commodity markets.
Historical watershed stressors for the Laurentian Great Lakes
Authors: Reavie Euan D. , Cai Meijun , Brown Terry N.
Published: October 2018

This report provides a detailed set of historical stressor data for 60 watersheds comprising the Laurentian Great Lakes basin. Archival records were transcribed from public records to create quantitative data on human activities: population, mining, deforestation, and agriculture. Yearly records of stressors are provided from 1780 through 2010. These data may be used to track historical impacts on Great Lakes coastal and open water conditions. They may further be used to examine corresponding effects on response variables such as biological communities quantified during monitoring and palaeoecological programmes.

Open Practices

This article has earned an Open Data badge for making publicly available the digitally‐shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.885879. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
The Floodscale experiment in the small catchment of Valescure, France: An overview of the isotopic and geochemical data base
Authors: Bouvier Christophe , Patris Nicolas , Freydier Rémi , Guilhe‐Batiot Christelle , Seidel Jean‐Luc , Taupin Jean‐Denis , Brunet Pascal , Remes Aurore
Published: October 2018

A 3‐year survey has been performed in the Cévennes mountain area, in the South of France, in order to separate surface, shallow sub‐surface and groundwater contributions to the flash flood processes. Electrical conductivity, temperature, pH, major and trace elements, total organic carbon and stable isotopes of water were monitored during low flows and floods, in the small (3.9 km2) granitic catchment of Valescure (Gard, France). The data collected during the campaign are widely presented, in relation to the different hydrological compartments (rainfall, shallow soil water, groundwater, streamwater). This constitutes at present the most complete hydrogeochemical database in the Cévennes area, available within the Hymex data base https://mistrals.sedoo.fr/HyMeX/(Valescure chemistry and water isotopes), DOI of the referenced dataset:https://doi.org/10.6096/MISTRALS-HyMeX.1406.

Open Practices

This article has earned an Open Data badge for making publicly available the digitally‐shareable data necessary to reproduce the reported results. The data is available at DOI 10.6096/MISTRALS-HyMeX.140657. Learn more about the Open Practices badges from the Center for Open Science: https://osf.io/tvyxz/wiki.
Have we identified all the risks? The Whole Story framework
Authors: Hnottavange‐Telleen Ken
Published: October 2018

To identify risks, project teams may envision scenarios that involve specific project components or activities. But have all the important risks been identified? This is the Achilles’ heel of risk identification. An important risk might be overlooked and thus be left unaddressed.

Many risk‐identification schemes fail to target consciously risk sources that lie in the gaps among the scheme's components or outside the scheme altogether. The Whole Story framework suggested here is comprehensive in that (1) each of its six independent perspectives is nominally holistic on its own, and (2) the perspectives themselves overlap. This minimizes the conceptual space where undetected risks can hide.

The core of the Whole Story framework is journalistic: ask who, what, when, where, why, and how. Each query becomes an independent project breakdown system: a project is viewed as the sum of its actors (who), and as the sum of its functional components (what), and as the sum of its phases (when), etc. Risks are then identified with respect to each element of each system. Each system views the project from a different angle, so risks hidden among the elements of one system may be revealed through other systems’ perspectives. Extra diligence in risk identification can be far less costly than data gaps or hardware retrofits caused by nontreatment of an overlooked risk.

In this article, the six project breakdown systems are tailored to CO2 capture and geologic storage (CCS) projects but, because the six journalistic queries are universally applicable, the Whole Story framework can be adapted to leading‐edge projects of many types. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clock drawing and neuroanatomical correlates: A systematic review
Authors: Supasitthumrong Thitiporn , Herrmann Nathan , Tunvirachaisakul Chavit , Shulman Kenneth
Published: October 2018

Objective

The popular clock drawing test (CDT) is easy to administer, acceptable to patients, and has excellent psychometric properties. Although it has been used primarily as a cognitive screening test, many studies have attempted to establish the CDT's ability to localize specific brain lesions or pathology. This systematic review aimed to summarize the evidence on the neuroanatomical correlates of the CDT.

Methods

Using PRISMA guidelines, the authors systematically reviewed the evidence on neuroanatomical correlates of clock drawing by a systematic search in six databases (Pubmed, CINHL, PsychINFO, HealthStar, Embase, and Web of Science) until January 2018. Studies were included if they reported CDT correlations with anatomical brain lesions documented by neuroimaging.

Results

Forty‐five papers met inclusion criteria. Thirty‐one studies identified distinct areas of neuroanatomical correlates of CDT utilizing different scoring methods and imaging techniques. Nine articles reported on the degree of white matter hyperintensities that correlated with lower scores on CDT and the severity of cognitive deficits. Five articles focused on postacute cerebrovascular accidents correlated with CDT performance. A variety of different anatomical lesions, located in all areas of the brain, were associated with abnormalities on the CDT.

Conclusions

The CDT, regardless of scoring method and population studied, was not associated with any consistent, specific brain localization. This systematic review supports the use of the CDT as a cognitive screening test rather than a method of localizing brain lesions.
Prevalence and associated factors of elder abuse in family caregivers of older people with dementia in central China cross‐sectional study
Authors: Wang Min , Sun Huimin , Zhang Junjian , Ruan Juan
Published: October 2018

Objective

To explore the abuse risk and related important determinants among older people with dementia in central China.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional descriptive study, a sample of 158 family caregivers of older people with dementia was conveniently recruited from the Clinical Medicine Research Center of Dementia and Cognitive Impairment in Hubei Province, China. A social‐demographic questionnaire, the Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire (SCSQ), the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), the Caregiver Burden Inventory (CBI), and the Caregiver Abuse Screen (CASE) were used for data collection. Descriptive statistics, Mann‐Whitney U tests, Kruskal‐Wallis tests, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, and logistic regression analysis were used for the data analyses.

Results

The results demonstrate that 77.8% reported a risk of the abuse of older people with dementia. Moreover, positive and negative reactions, subjective support, and emotional, social, and physical burden were associated with family caregivers' abusive behaviours.

Conclusion

This was a study conducted to examine the risk of the abuse of older people with dementia by family caregivers in central China. Elder abuse is prevalent among people with dementia. The present results confirmed the need to focus on family caregiver burden, coping styles, and social support in future interventions to prevent elder abuse.
Design of a supply chain distribution network for communicable diseases: Hepatitis A in Jordan as a case study
Authors: Smadi Hazem , Alshraideh Hussam , Bataineh Wae'd
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Distribution network plays a vital role on the efficiency and the responsiveness of a supply chain. Any product or service goes through a network until it reaches the final customer. Health care systems incorporate distribution networks to better provide health services to patients. In this study, a distribution network for communicable diseases has been developed. The proposed network addresses Hepatitis A in Jordan as a case study, as it is considered one of the common communicable diseases in Jordan.

Findings

A regression model was developed to predict future incidents of Hepatitis A in Jordan to build a distribution network based on the future required resources. An optimization clustering model was used to structure the appropriate distribution network. The proposed network was compared with the current network used for distribution of medications for Hepatitis A.

Conclusion

The new network incurs less cost in delivering medications to the required hospitals as the traveling distance is less. As future work, it is recommended to incorporate more communicable diseases to develop more realistic distribution network.
Hydraulic properties of peat soils along a bulk density gradient—A meta study
Authors: Liu Haojie , Lennartz Bernd
Published: October 2018

Our understanding of hydraulic properties of peat soils is limited compared with that of mineral substrates. In this study, we aimed to deduce possible alterations of hydraulic properties of peat soils following degradation resulting from peat drainage and aeration. A data set of peat hydraulic properties (188 soil water retention curves [SWRCs], 71 unsaturated hydraulic conductivity curves [UHCs], and 256 saturated hydraulic conductivity [Ks] values) was assembled from the literature; the obtained data originated from peat samples with an organic matter (OM) content ranging from 23 to 97 wt% (weight percent; and according variation in bulk density) representing various degrees of peat degradation. The Mualem‐van Genuchten model was employed to describe the SWRCs and UHCs. The results show that the hydraulic parameters of peat soils vary over a wide range confirming the pronounced diversity of peat. Peat decomposition significantly modifies all hydraulic parameters. A bulk density of approximately 0.2 g cm−3 was identified as a critical threshold point; above and below this value, macroporosity and hydraulic parameters follow different functions with bulk density. Pedotransfer functions based on physical peat properties (e.g., bulk density and soil depth) separately computed for bog and fen peat have significantly lower mean square errors than functions obtained from the complete data set, which indicates that not only the status of peat decomposition but also the peat‐forming plants have a large effect on hydraulic properties. The SWRCs of samples with a bulk density of less than 0.2 g cm−3 could be grouped into two to five classes for each peat type (botanical composition). The remaining SWRCs originating from samples with a bulk density of larger than 0.2 g cm−3 could be classified into one group. The Mualem‐van Genuchten parameter values of α can be used to estimate Ks if no Ks data are available. In conclusion, the derived pedotransfer functions provide a solid instrument to derive hydraulic parameter values from easily measurable quantities; however, additional research is required to reduce uncertainty.
exSSSRs (extracellular S100 soil sensor receptors)‐Fc fusion proteins work as prominent decoys to S100A8/A9‐induced lung tropic cancer metastasis
Authors: Kinoshita Rie , Sato Hiroki , Yamauchi Akira , Takahashi Yuta , Inoue Yusuke , Sumardika I. Wayan , Chen Youyi , Tomonobu Nahoko , Araki Kota , Shien Kazuhiko , Tomida Shuta , Torigoe Hidejiro , Namba Kei , Kurihara Eisuke , Ogoshi Yusuke , Murata Hitoshi , Yamamoto Ken‐ichi , Futami Junichiro , Putranto Endy Widya , Ruma I. Made Winarsa , Yamamoto Hiromasa , Soh Junichi , Hibino Toshihiko , Nishibori Masahiro , Kondo Eisaku , Toyooka Shinichi , Sakaguchi Masakiyo
Published: October 2018

Within the “seed and soil” theory of organ tropic cancer metastasis is a growing compilation of evidence that S100A8/A9 functions as a soil signal that attracts cancer cells to certain organs, which prove beneficial to their growth. S100A8/A9‐sensing receptors including Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4), advanced glycation end products (RAGE), and also important receptors we recently succeeded in identifying (EMMPRIN, NPTNβ, MCAM, and ALCAM) have the potential to become promising therapeutic targets. In our study, we prepared extracellular regions of these novel molecules and fused them to human IgG2‐Fc to extend half‐life expectancy, and we evaluated the anti‐metastatic effects of the purified decoy proteins on metastatic cancer cells. The purified proteins markedly suppressed S100A8/A9‐mediated lung tropic cancer metastasis. We hence expect that our novel biologics may become a prominent medicine to prevent cancer metastasis in clinical settings through cutting the linkage between “seed and soil”.
Variable Rate Precision Irrigation Technology for Deficit Irrigation of Processing Tomato
Authors: Takács Sándor , Bíró Tibor , Helyes Lajos , Pék Zoltán
Published: October 2018

Centre pivot machines, with a variable rate irrigation (VRI) package that provides individual sprinkler control systems (VRI iS), are not common. This research focuses on how uniform the water distribution is under VRI control, and on the size of over‐ and under‐irrigated areas and volumes. Moreover, we wanted to know how wide transition zones are. We conducted different uniformity measurements using common rain gauges for measuring water application depths. Besides grid shape and radial direction measurements for uniformity, perpendicular measuring lines to borders were set to evaluate transition zones. In a processing tomato deficit irrigation experiment, we investigated how different plant properties react to different water depths. Results showed that very good uniformity is achievable both in the IR100 and IR50 application rates, but the former showed higher uniformity. CUC ranged from 91.8 to 92.9% and 88.8 to 90.8% in the IR100 and IR50 rates respectively. The highest RMSE was 2.65 mm. The amount of over‐ and under‐irrigation was not significant. Transition zones were not equally wide; 9 m was enough for transition widthways between the IR100 and IR50 rates, but was wider longitudinally. This technology is suitable for conducting deficit irrigation experiments, but consideration of transition zones is important at plant sampling. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pediatric Bone Mineral Accrual Z-Score Calculation Equations and Their Application in Childhood Disease
Authors: Kelly Andrea , Shults Justine , Mostoufi-Moab Sogol , McCormack Shana E , Stallings Virginia A , Schall Joan I , Kalkwarf Heidi J , Lappe Joan M , Gilsanz Vicente , Oberfield Sharon E , Shepherd John A , Winer Karen K , Leonard Mary B , Zemel Babette S
Published: October 2018

Annual gains in BMC and areal bone mineral density (aBMD) in children vary with age, pubertal status, height-velocity, and lean body mass accrual (LBM velocity). Evaluating bone accrual in children with bone health-threatening conditions requires consideration of these determinants. The objective of this study was to develop prediction equations for calculating BMC/aBMD velocity SD scores (velocity-Z) and to evaluate bone accrual in youth with health conditions. Bone and body compositions via DXA were obtained for up to six annual intervals in healthy youth (n = 2014) enrolled in the Bone Mineral Density in Childhood Study (BMDCS) . Longitudinal statistical methods were used to develop sex- and pubertal-status-specific reference equations for calculating velocity-Z for total body less head-BMC and lumbar spine (LS), total hip (TotHip), femoral neck, and 1/3-radius aBMD. Equations accounted for (1) height velocity, (2) height velocity and weight velocity, or (3) height velocity and LBM velocity. These equations were then applied to observational, single-center, 12-month longitudinal data from youth with cystic fibrosis (CF; n = 65), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) survivors (n = 45), or Crohn disease (CD) initiating infliximab (n = 72). Associations between BMC/aBMD-Z change (conventional pediatric bone health monitoring method) and BMC/aBMD velocity-Z were assessed. The BMC/aBMD velocity-Z for CF, ALL, and CD was compared with BMDCS. Annual changes in the BMC/aBMD-Z and the BMC/aBMD velocity-Z were strongly correlated, but not equivalent; LS aBMD-Z = 1 equated with LS aBMD velocity-Z = −3. In CF, BMC/aBMD velocity-Z was normal. In posttherapy ALL, BMC/aBMD velocity-Z was increased, particularly at TotHip (1.01 [-.047; 1.7], p < 0.0001). In CD, BMC/aBMD velocity-Z was increased at all skeletal sites. LBM-velocity adjustment attenuated these increases (eg, TotHip aBMD velocity-Z: 1.13 [0.004; 2.34] versus 1.52 [0.3; 2.85], p < 0.0001). Methods for quantifying the BMC/aBMD velocity that account for maturation and body composition changes provide a framework for evaluating childhood bone accretion and may provide insight into mechanisms contributing to altered accrual in chronic childhood conditions. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Trimethylamine N‐oxide as a risk marker for ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Liang Zhaoguang , Dong Zengxiang , Guo Meihua , Shen Zhaoqian , Yin Dechun , Hu Shuang , Hai Xin
Published: October 2018

Trimethylamine N‐oxide (TMAO) is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease. Our objective was to explore the relation between TMAO and ischemic stroke (IS) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). A total of 68 patients with AF with IS and 111 ones without IS were enrolled. The plasma levels of TMAO remarkably increased in IS‐AF patients (8.25 ± 1.58 µM) compared with patients with AF (2.22 ± 0.09 µM, P < 0.01). The receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed that the best cutoff value of TMAO to predict IS in patients with AF was 3.53 µM with 75.0% sensitivity and 92.8% specificity (area under the curve: 0.917, 95% confidence intervals: 0.877‐0.957). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that TMAO was an independent predictor in IS. The level of TMAO was correlated with the CHA2DS2‐VASc score. In conclusion, TMAO was an independent predictor of IS, which could potentially refine stroke stratification in patients with AF.
Drug repositioning as an effective therapy for protease‐activated receptor 2 inhibition
Authors: Saqib Uzma , Savai Rajkumar , Liu DongFang , Banerjee Sreeparna , Baig Mirza S.
Published: October 2018

Proteinase‐activated receptor 2 (PAR‐2) is a G protein–coupled receptor activated by both trypsin and a specific agonist peptide, SLIGKV‐NH2. It has been linked to various pathologies, including pain and inflammation. Several peptide and peptidomimetic agonizts for PAR‐2 have been developed exhibiting high potency and efficacy. However, the number of PAR‐2 antagonists is smaller. We screened the Food and Drug Administration library of approved compounds to retrieve novel antagonists for repositioning in the PAR‐2 structure. The most efficacious compound bicalutamide bound to the PAR‐2 binding groove near the extracellular domain as observed in the in silico studies. Further, it showed reduced Ca2+ release in trypsin activated cells in a dose‐dependent manner. Hence, bicalutamide is a novel and potent PAR‐2 antagonist which could be therapeutically useful in blocking multiple pathways diverging from PAR‐2 signaling. Further, the novel scaffold of bicalutamide represents a new molecular structure for PAR‐2 antagonism and can serve as a basis for further drug development.