bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Pegmatite‐Related Fluids and Significance to Ore‐Forming Processes in the Zhaxikang Pb‐Zn‐Sb Polymetallic Deposit, Tibet, China
Authors: Yuling XIE , Bogong WANG , Yingxu LI , Guangming LI , Suiliang DONG , Xiang GUO , Lei WANG
Published: June 2015

The Zhaxikang Pb‐Zn‐Sb polymetallic deposit is one of the most important deposits in the newly recognized southern Tibet antimony‐gold metallogenic belt. Compared to the porphyry deposits in the Gangdese belt, much less researches have addressed these deposits, and the genesis of the Zhaxikang deposit is still controversial. Based on field investigation, petrographic, microthermometric, Laser Raman Microprobe (LRM) and SEM/EDS analyses of fluid, melt‐fluid, melt and solid inclusions in quartz and beryl from pegmatite, this paper documents the characteristics and the evolution of primary magmatic fluid which was genetically related to greisenization, pegmatitization, and silification in the area. The results show that the primary magmatic fluids were derived from unmixing between melt and fluid and underwent a phase separation process soon after the exsolution. The primary magmatic fluids are of low salinity, high temperature, and can be approximated by the H2O‐NaCl‐CO2 system. The presence of Mn‐Fe carbonate in melt‐fluid inclusions and a Zn‐bearing mineral (gahnite) trapped in beryl and in inclusions from pegmatite indicates high Mn, Fe, and Zn concentrations in the parent magma and magmatic fluids, and implies a genetic link between pegmatite and Pb‐Zn‐Sb mineralization. High B and F concentrations in the parent magma largely lower the solidus of the magma and lead to late fluid exsolution, thus the primary magmatic fluids related to pegmatite have much lower temperature than those in most porphyry systems. Boiling of the primary magmatic fluids leads to high‐salinity and high‐temperature fluids which have high capacity to transport Pb, Zn and Sb. The decrease in temperature and mixing with fluids from other sources may have caused the precipitation of Pb‐Zn‐Sn (Au) minerals in the distal fault systems surrounding the causative intrusion.
A Study of Ore‐forming Fluids in the Shimensi Tungsten Deposit, Dahutang Tungsten Polymetallic Ore Field, Jiangxi Province, China
Authors: Xiaodong GONG , Guangsheng YAN , Tianzhu YE , Xinyou ZHU , Yongsheng LI , Zhihui ZHANG , Wenbin JIA , Xiaofeng YAO
Published: June 2015

The Dahutang tungsten polymetallic ore field is located north of the Nanling W–Sn polymetallic metallogenic belt and south of the Middle–Lower Yangtze River Valley Cu–Mo–Au–Fe porphyry‐skarn belt. It is a newly discovered ore field, and probably represents the largest tungsten mineralization district in the world. The Shimensi deposit is one of the mineral deposits in the Dahutang ore field, and is associated with Yanshanian granites intruding into a Neoproterozoic granodiorite batholith. On the basis of geologic studies, this paper presents new petrographic, microthermometric, laser Raman spectroscopic and hydrogen and oxygen isotopic studies of fluid inclusions from the Shimensi deposit. The results show that there are three types of fluid inclusions in quartz from various mineralization stages: liquid‐rich two‐phase fluid inclusions, vapor‐rich two‐phase fluid inclusions, and three‐phase fluid inclusions containing a solid crystal, with the vast majority being liquid‐rich two‐phase fluid inclusions. In addition, melt and melt‐fluid inclusions were also found in quartz from pegmatoid bodies in the margin of the Yanshanian intrusion. The homogenization temperatures of liquid‐rich two‐phase fluid inclusions in quartz range from 162 to 363°C and salinities are 0.5wt%–9.5wt% NaCl equivalent. From the early to late mineralization stages, with the decreasing of the homogenization temperature, the salinity also shows a decreasing trend. The ore‐forming fluids can be approximated by a NaCl–H2O fluid system, with small amounts of volatile components including CO2, CH4 and N2, as suggested by Laser Raman spectroscopic analyses. The hydrogen and oxygen isotope data show that δDV.SMOW values of bulk fluid inclusions in quartz from various mineralization stages vary from –63.8‰ to –108.4‰, and the δ18OH2O values calculated from the δ18OV‐SMOW values of quartz vary from –2.28‰ to –7.21‰. These H–O isotopic data are interpreted to indicate that the ore‐forming fluids are mainly composed of magmatic water in the early stage, and meteoric water was added and participated in mineralization in the late stage. Integrating the geological characteristics and analytical data, we propose that the ore‐forming fluids of the Shimensi deposit were mainly derived from Yanshanian granitic magma, the evolution of which resulted in highly differentiated melt, as recorded by melt and melt‐fluid inclusions in pegmatoid quartz, and high concentrations of metals in the fluids. Cooling of the ore‐forming fluids and mixing with meteoric water may be the key factors that led to mineralization in the Dahutang tungsten polymetallic ore field.
Factors Controlling Precipitation of Barite and Witherite and Genesis of the Ankang–Xunyang Barium Deposits, Shaanxi, China
Authors: Shenghua WU , Jiajun LIU , Degao ZHAI
Published: June 2015

The barium deposits in Ankang and Xunyang counties, Shaanxi Province, China, occur in the northernmost part of the world‐class barium metallogenic belt in south Qinling. The deposits are hosted by the Lower Silurian carbonaceous siliceous rocks, with a unique combination of barite and witherite. The homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions in the barite are mainly concentrated between 135 and 155 °C, whereas those from the witherite have two peaks of 165–175 °C, and 215–225 °C, respectively. Laser Raman analysis of fluid inclusions indicates that the vapor phase of fluid inclusions in barite is dominated by H2O, although some contains N2, H2S, and CH4. The compositions of the vapor and liquid phases of fluid inclusions in witherite can be divided into two end‐members, one dominated by H2O without other volatiles, and the other containing CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C2H4, and C6H6in addition to H2O. CO2, H2S, and some CH4are interpreted as products of chemical reactions during mineralization. Organic gases (CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C2H4, and C6H6) in the fluids were critical in the formation of barium sulfate versus carbonate. The δ34S values of barite range from 38.26‰ to 54.23‰ (CDT), the δ34S values of sulfides coexisting with barium minerals vary from 22.44‰ to 25.11‰ (CDT), and those in the wall rock from 11.60‰ to 19.06‰ (CDT). We propose that the SO42–generally experienced bacterial sulfate reduction in seawater before mineralization, and some SO42–also experienced thermochemical sulfate reduction in hydrothermal system during mineralization. The δ13C values of witherite range from –27.30‰ to –11.80‰ (PDB), suggesting that carbon was sourced from organic substances (like CH4, C2H4, and C2H6). The formation of witherite was possibly associated with thermochemical sulfate reduction, which caused the consumption of the organic gases and SO42–in the hydrothermal solutions, consequently inhibiting barite formation. The important conditions for forming witherite include high fluid temperatures, high Ba2+concentrations, CO2in the fluids, low HS−concentrations, and the subsequent rapid diffusion of H2S during thermochemical sulfate reduction of the fluids.
Determination of Hydrocarbon Charging History by Diagenetic Sequence and Fluid Inclusions: A Case Study of the Kongquehe Area in the Tarim Basin
Authors: Bin WANG , Yong FENG , Yongqiang ZHAO , Yushuang ZHOU , Yu LUO , Genfa ZHANG
Published: June 2015

Petrographic analysis of hydrocarbon inclusions in reservoirs is the basis and prerequisite for study of hydrocarbon charge history using fluid inclusion analysis. Samples from Silurian reservoirs in the Kongquehe area were studied with microscopy, cathode luminescence and scanning electron microscopy, and the paragenetic sequence of diagenetic events was established. Aqueous and oil inclusions were found in four different occurrences, i.e., ① in healed cracks in detrital quartz grains, ② in quartz overgrowths that were formed relatively early in diagenesis, ③ in healed cracks crosscutting quartz overgrowths and detrital quartz, and ④ in paragenetically late calcite cements. Solid bitumens were found in intergranular pores and in late fractures, whereas gas inclusions occur in healed cracks crosscutting quartz overgrowths and detrital quartz. The homogenization temperatures of aqueous (Thaq) and oil incluisons (Tho) within individual fluid inclusion assemblages are very consistent, suggesting that the microthermometric data are reliable. The Thaq values are generally larger than Tho, indicating the oil charging events took place at significant depths. The results suggest that there were at least two episodes of hydrocarbon charging in the Kongquehe area: the early hydrocarbon charging occurred in late Caledonian, dominated by oil, and the late hydrocarbon charging occurred in the Yanshan‐Himalayan, first by oil and then gases. In addition, two episodes of hydrocarbon reservoir adjustment and destruction occurred in the Hercynian and Himalayan, respectively, forming solid bitumen.
Density Calculation for NaCl‐H2O Solutions in the Liquid‐Solid Two‐Phase Field in NaCl‐H2O Three‐Phase Inclusions
Authors: Wenming CHEN , Yong WANG , Weishi CHEN
Published: June 2015

Three‐phase NaCl‐H2O fluid inclusions featuring halite dissolution temperature (Tm) higher than vapor bubble disappearance temperature (Th) are commonly observed in porphyry copper/molybdenum deposits, skarn‐type deposits and other magmatic ‐ hydrothermal ore deposits. Based on |ΔV1| (the absolute value of volume variation of NaCl‐H2O solution in a heating or cooling process of inclusions)= |ΔVs| (the absolute value of volume variation of the halite crystal in a heating or cooling process of inclusions) and on the principle of conservation of the mass of NaCl and H2O, we systematically calculated the densities of NaCl‐H2O solutions in the solid‐liquid two‐phase field for temperatures (Th) from 0.1°C to 800°C and salinities from 26.3 wt% to 99.2wt%. Consequently for the first time we obtained the upper limit of the density of NaCl‐H2O solutions in the solid‐liquid two‐phase field for Th<Tm inclusions with variant salinities. The results indicate that for inclusions of the Th<Tm type with the same Th, the higher the Tm or salinity is, the higher the density of the NaCl‐saturated solution will be. If a group of fluid inclusions were homogeneously trapped, they must have the same Th value and the same Tm or salinity value. This may be used to distinguish homogeneous, inhomogeneous, and multiple entrapments of fluid inclusions.
A Preliminary Review of Metallogenic Regularity of Silver Deposits in China
Authors: Biao JIANG , Daquan ZHANG , Denghong WANG , Chenghui WANG , Yuchuan CHEN , Ge BAI
Published: June 2015

China has widely distributed silver deposits, and is rich in silver resources. Although silver deposits are mainly associated with Pb‐Zn deposits, a number of independent silver deposits have also been discovered in recent years. Silver deposits include different types, such as submarine volcanism and continental volcanism related type, intrusion related type, and sedimentary related type. This study summarized the metallogenic regularity of China's silver deposits systematically based mainly on the data from 490 silver deposits. It is shown that submarine volcanic sedimentary type, continental volcanic or sub‐volcanic type, skarn type, hydrothermal type (including vein type and stratabound type), sedimentary metamorphic type, sedimentary type and regolith type should be regarded as the most important prediction types of silver deposit. A total of 32 silver mineralization belts and 111 silver concentration areas have been delineated. The map of “Spatial distribution of silver mineralization belts in China” and other series of maps finished in this study may provide a theoretical basis for the evaluation and prognosis of silver resources potential in China.
Very high‐resolution digital elevation models: are multi‐scale derived variables ecologically relevant?
Authors: Leempoel Kevin , Parisod Christian , Geiser Céline , Daprà Lucas , Vittoz Pascal , Joost Stéphane
Published: June 2015

Digital elevation models (DEMs) are often used in landscape ecology to retrieve elevation or first derivative terrain attributes such as slope or aspect in the context of species distribution modelling. However, DEM‐derived variables are scale‐dependent and, given the increasing availability of very high‐resolution (VHR) DEMs, their ecological relevance must be assessed for different spatial resolutions.

In a study area located in the Swiss Western Alps, we computed VHR DEMs‐derived variables related to morphometry, hydrology and solar radiation. Based on an original spatial resolution of 0·5 m, we generated DEM‐derived variables at 1, 2 and 4 m spatial resolutions, applying a Gaussian Pyramid. Their associations with local climatic factors, measured by sensors (direct and ambient air temperature, air humidity and soil moisture) as well as ecological indicators derived from species composition, were assessed with multivariate generalized linear models (GLM) and mixed models (GLMM).

Specific VHR DEM‐derived variables showed significant associations with climatic factors. In addition to slope, aspect and curvature, the underused wetness and ruggedness indices modelled measured ambient humidity and soil moisture, respectively. Remarkably, spatial resolution of VHR DEM‐derived variables had a significant influence on models’ strength, with coefficients of determination decreasing with coarser resolutions or showing a local optimum with a 2 m resolution, depending on the variable considered.

These results support the relevance of using multi‐scale DEM variables to provide surrogates for important climatic variables such as humidity, moisture and temperature, offering suitable alternatives to direct measurements for evolutionary ecology studies at a local scale.
Effect of Mucosal Cytokine Administration on Selective Expansion of Vaginal Dendritic Cells to Support Nanoparticle Transport
Authors: Ramanathan Renuka , Park Jaehyung , Hughes Sean M. , Lykins William R. , Bennett Hunter R. , Hladik Florian , Woodrow Kim A.
Published: June 2015

Problem

The capacity of antigen‐carrying vaccine nanoparticles (NPs) administered vaginally to stimulate local immune responses may be limited by the relatively low numbers of antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) in the genital mucosa. Because inflammation is associated with increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections, we sought to increase APC numbers without causing inflammation.

Method of Study

In this study, we evaluated intravaginal delivery of chemokines, growth factors, or synthetic adjuvants to expand APCs in reproductive tissues.

Results

We found that granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) stimulated expansion of CD11b+ dendritic cells (DCs) within 24 hr of intravaginal administration, with no effect on Langerhans cells or macrophages. Expansion of the CD11b+ DC population was not associated with increased inflammatory cytokine production, and these cells retained phagocytic function.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that non‐inflammatory expansion of mucosal APCs by intravaginal GM‐CSF could be used as an adjuvanting strategy to potentiate the genital immune response to nanoparticulate mucosal vaccines.
Regulatory T‐cell Subpopulations in Severe or Early‐onset Preeclampsia
Authors: Boij Roland , Mjösberg Jenny , Svensson‐Arvelund Judit , Hjorth Maria , Berg Göran , Matthiesen Leif , Jenmalm Maria C. , Ernerudh Jan
Published: June 2015

Problem

A deficiency in regulatory T (Treg) cells causing reduced immune regulatory capacity has been proposed in preeclampsia.

Objective

Utilizing recent advances in flow cytometry phenotyping, we aimed to assess whether a deficiency of Treg subpopulations occurs in preeclampsia.

Method of study

Six‐color flow cytometry was used for Treg phenotyping in 18 preeclamptic women (one early‐onset, one severe and 16 both), 20 women with normal pregnancy, and 20 non‐pregnant controls.

Results

No differences were found in major Treg populations including CD127lowCD25+/CD127owFOXP3+, resting (FOXP3dimCD45RA+), and activated (FOXP3brightCD45RA−) Treg cells, whereas preeclamptic women showed increased CTLA‐4+ and CCR4+ proportions within resting/activated Treg populations. Corticosteroid treatment prior to blood sampling (n = 10) affected the distribution of Treg populations.

Conclusions

Although we found no major alterations in circulating Treg frequencies, differences in CTLA‐4+ and CCR4+ frequencies suggest a migratory defect of Treg cells in preeclampsia. Corticosteroid treatment should be taken into account when evaluating Treg cells.
Soluble Immune Mediators and Vaginal Bacteria Impact Innate Genital Mucosal Antimicrobial Activity in Young Women
Authors: Pellett Madan Rebecca , Dezzutti Charlene S. , Rabe Lorna , Hillier Sharon L. , Marrazzo Jeanne , McGowan Ian , Richardson Barbra A. , Herold Betsy C.
Published: June 2015

Introduction

Innate activity against Escherichia coli in female genital secretions may represent contributions from vaginal bacteria and host soluble immune mediators. We analyzed the relationship between E. coli inhibitory activity, soluble immune mediators, and vaginal bacteria in participants in MTN‐004, a placebo‐controlled trial of VivaGel®, a candidate product for topical HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis.

Methods

Escherichia coli inhibitory activity was quantified by colony reduction assay. Endocervical concentrations of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐12p40, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1α, granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), lactoferrin, and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) were quantified to generate a cumulative mediator score. Vaginal bacteria were characterized by quantitative cultures.

Results

In the two placebo arms, higher soluble immune mediator score was associated with greater E. coli inhibitory activity (β = 17.49, 95% CI [12.77, 22.21] and β = 13.28, 95% CI [4.76, 21.80]). However, in the VivaGel arm, higher concentrations of E. coli (β = −3.80, 95% CI [−6.36, −1.25]) and group B Streptococcus (β = −3.91, 95% CI [−6.21, −1.60]) were associated with reduced E. coli inhibitory activity.

Conclusions

Both host mediators and vaginal bacteria impact E. coli inhibition in genital secretions. The relative contributions of host mediators and bacteria varied between women who used VivaGel vs placebos.
Parents have different perceptions of bed‐wetting than children from six to 15 years of age
Authors: Tai Thomson T. , Tai Brent T. , Chang Yu‐Jun , Huang Kuo‐Hsuan
Published: June 2015

Aim

Enuresis is a common childhood disorder that negatively affects children's social and psychological well‐being. This study investigated the psychological and emotional problems of children in Taiwan who wet the bed between the ages of six and 15 by comparing feedback from the children, their parents and a control group.

Methods

This case study featured 93 children with primary nocturnal enuresis from enuresis clinics, and their parents, and 98 nonenuretic controls and parents from the local community. All the parents completed the Behavioural and Emotional Rating Scale (BERS) and all the children completed the Teenage Self‐Concept Scale (TSCS). T‐scores were used for statistical comparisons and high scores related to higher self‐concept.

Results

The parents and their children displayed different perceptions of enuresis, with more behavioural and emotional problems in enuretic children. Older children and children with more severe enuresis reported more difficulties, and low maternal education was also a risk factor.

Conclusion

Parental attitudes and perceptions towards bed‐wetting were different from their children's. The children's age, enuresis severity and their mothers' educational level were potential risk factors that affected well‐being. Health practitioners need to facilitate communication between enuretic children and their parents in addition to monitoring their psychological well‐being.
Sepsis as a risk factor for neonatal morbidity in extremely preterm infants
Authors: Ohlin Andreas , Björkman Louise , Serenius Fredrik , Schollin Jens , Källén Karin
Published: June 2015

Aim

This study evaluated sepsis as a risk factor for neonatal morbidities and investigated the association between specific pathogens and neonatal morbidities.

Methods

This was a nationwide Swedish prospective cohort study, consisting of the 497 extremely premature children, who were born before 27 weeks of gestation between 2004 and 2007 and survived their first year of life. Neonatal sepsis was evaluated as a risk factor for neonatal morbidity using multiple logistic linear regression analyses.

Results

We found that 326 (66%) of the infants had at least one sepsis episode and coagulase‐negative staphylococci was the most common pathogen. Definite sepsis, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.6, was associated with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, but not clinical sepsis (OR 1.1). Definite sepsis was also associated with a prolonged hospital stay (OR 1.6). Sepsis was not significantly associated with a higher risk of retinopathy of prematurity or intraventricular haemorrhage.

Conclusion

Extremely preterm infants face a great risk of acquiring neonatal sepsis, with coagulase‐negative staphylococci being the most common pathogen in this population. Definite sepsis seemed to be a risk factor for severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia and prolonged hospital stay, but the associations were weaker than in previous studies.
Larnite‐Bearing Rock—The Discovery of a New Source of Raw Material in the Production of Neolithic and Chalcolithic Bifacial Tools
Authors: Vardi J.
Published: June 2015

Recently, large‐scale production sites for the production of bifacial tools (axes and adzes) were discovered in the Judean desert. The waste piles have resulted from the numerous knapping procedures carried out at these sites, extend over thousands of square metres and include, in addition to the waste, a profusion of unfinished tools. The raw material procured for their fabrication is larnite‐bearing rock. The larnite‐bearing rock is extremely rare in the Levant. It occurs only in the exposures of the Hatrurim geological formation. The use of larnite for the production of chipped stone tools was entirely unknown until now. This newly discovered production area produced thousands of bifacial tools, the destination of which is as yet unknown.
Serological evidence of Neospora caninum in alpacas from eastern Australia
Authors: King JS , Vaughan JL , Windsor PA
Published: June 2015

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate if there was any serological evidence of Neospora caninum in alpaca populations in south‐eastern Australia.

Methods and Results

Serum samples from 100 alpacas were collected from four farms. All serum samples were screened for N. caninum antibodies using a commercially available competitive ELISA. Of the 100 alpacas sampled, 3 were suspect seropositive for N. caninum.

Conclusion

There is natural N. caninum seroprevalence in alpacas in south‐eastern Australia; however, it remains undetermined whether or not this infection is currently contributing to reproductive failure in alpacas in Australia.
Surgical and postoperative events during permanent fistulation of sheep rumen by the Schalk and Amadon method
Authors: Durmic Z , McGrath P , Wilmot M , Adams N , Tan T , Callahan L , Mayberry C
Published: June 2015

Objective

To describe and report on the course of events during and after surgical fistulation of sheep rumen by the Schalk and Amadon method and on improvements to address current trends in animal health, care and welfare.

Methods

A permanent re‐entry fistula was created in 13 sheep using a method in which a fold of rumen is exteriorised and held by a metal clamp. Following surgery, sheep were monitored daily for any abnormalities for 4 weeks, then weekly for 6 months.

Results

Permanent fistulation was achieved in all 13 sheep; 2 sheep had minor complications: one during the surgery (rumen perforation) and one on the day after surgery (slipping of the metal clamp), but both recovered within 48 h with treatment. Over the 4 weeks post‐surgery, 7 sheep had mildly elevated rectal temperatures, which resolved with non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, systemic antibiotics and/or topical antiseptic cream. There was an 8‐day variation among sheep in the time from surgery to creation of the fistula.

Conclusion

Rumen fistulation of sheep by the Schalk and Amadon method, as described here, is a comparatively simple, safe and ethical procedure, with minimal effect on or complications for the animal.
When is dispersal for dispersal? Unifying marine and terrestrial perspectives
Authors: Burgess Scott C. , Baskett Marissa L. , Grosberg Richard K. , Morgan Steven G. , Strathmann Richard R.
Published: June 2015

Recent syntheses on the evolutionary causes of dispersal have focused on dispersal as a direct adaptation, but many traits that influence dispersal have other functions, raising the question: when is dispersal ‘for’ dispersal? We review and critically evaluate the ecological causes of selection on traits that give rise to dispersal in marine and terrestrial organisms. In the sea, passive dispersal is relatively easy and specific morphological, behavioural, and physiological adaptations for dispersal are rare. Instead, there may often be selection to limit dispersal. On land, dispersal is relatively difficult without specific adaptations, which are relatively common. Although selection for dispersal is expected in both systems and traits leading to dispersal are often linked to fitness, systems may differ in the extent to which dispersal in nature arises from direct selection for dispersal or as a by‐product of selection on traits with other functions. Our analysis highlights incompleteness of theories that assume a simple and direct relationship between dispersal and fitness, not just insofar as they ignore a vast array of taxa in the marine realm, but also because they may be missing critically important effects of traits influencing dispersal in all realms.
Long‐term follow‐up of essential thrombocythemia patients treated with anagrelide: subgroup analysis according to JAK2/CALR/MPL mutational status
Authors: Mela Osorio María J. , Ferrari Luciana , Goette Nora P. , Gutierrez Marina I. , Glembotsky Ana C. , Maldonado Ana C. , Lev Paola R. , Alvarez Clarisa , Korin Laura , Marta Rosana F. , Molinas Felisa C. , Heller Paula G.
Published: June 2015

Background

Anagrelide represents a treatment option for essential thrombocythemia, although its place in therapy remains controversial.

Aim

To assess the impact of mutational status in response rates and development of adverse events during long‐term use of anagrelide.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated 67 patients with essential thrombocythemia treated with anagrelide during 68 (4–176) months.

Results

Mutational frequencies were 46.3%, 28.3%, and 1.5% for
JAK2V617F,
CALR
and
MPL
mutations. Anagrelide yielded a high rate of hematologic responses, which were complete in 49.25% and partial in 46.25%, without differences among molecular subsets. The rate of thrombosis during treatment was one per 100 patient‐years, without excess bleeding. Anemia was the major adverse event, 30.3% at 5‐yr follow‐up, being more frequent in
CALR

+ (P < 0.05). Myelofibrotic transformation developed in 14.9% (12.9%, 21%, and 12.5% in
JAK2V617F+,
CALR

+
, and triple‐negative patients, respectively, P = NS) and those treated >60 months were at higher risk, OR (95% CI) 9.32 (1.1–78.5), P < 0.01, indicating the need for bone marrow monitoring during prolonged treatment.

Conclusion

Although
CALR

+ patients were at higher risk of developing anemia, anagrelide proved effective among all molecular subsets, indicating that mutational status does not seem to represent a major determinant of choice of cytoreductive treatment among essential thrombocythemia therapies.
Forebrain NR2B overexpression enhancing fear acquisition and long‐term potentiation in the lateral amygdala
Authors: Duan Yanhong , Zhou Siqi , Ma Jing , Yin Pengcheng , Cao Xiaohua
Published: June 2015

N‐methyl‐d‐aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor‐dependent long‐term potentiation (LTP) at the thalamus–lateral amygdala (T‐LA) synapses is the basis for acquisition of auditory fear memory. However, the role of the NMDA receptor NR2B subunit in synaptic plasticity at T‐LA synapses remains speculative. In the present study, using transgenic mice with forebrain‐specific overexpression of the NR2B subunit, we have observed that forebrain NR2B overexpression results in enhanced LTP but does not alter long‐term depression (LTD) at the T‐LA synapses in transgenic mice. To elucidate the cellular mechanisms underlying enhanced LTP at T‐LA synapses in these transgenic mice, AMPA and NMDA receptor‐mediated postsynaptic currents have been measured. The data show a marked increasing in the amplitude and decay time of NMDA receptor‐mediated currents in these transgenic mice. Consistent with enhanced LTP at T‐LA synapses, NR2B‐transgenic mice exhibit better performance in the acquisition of auditory fear memory than wild‐type littermates. Our results demonstrate that up‐regulation of NR2B expression facilitates acquisition of auditory cued fear memory and enhances LTP at T‐LA synapses.
Remobilization of sterically stabilized silver nanoparticles from farmland soils determined by column leaching
Authors: Hoppe M. , Mikutta R. , Utermann J. , Duijnisveld W. , Kaufhold S. , Stange C. F. , Guggenberger G.
Published: June 2015

The increasing application of silver (Ag)‐engineered nanoparticles (ENP) will enhance their release to the aquatic and terrestrial environments. Hence, the retention potential of the sterically stabilized Ag ENP (AgNM‐300k, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)) standard material was tested in a sandy Cambisol and in a clay‐ and silt‐rich Luvisol. In addition, the remobilization potential of the same soils spiked with AgNM‐300k was investigated in columns after 3 and 92 days of incubation. The AgNM‐300k dispersion and the soil solutions were examined with dynamic light scattering (DLS). Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP‐OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) were used to analyse soils and soil solutions subjected to different digestion and extraction techniques (aqua regia, nitric acid (HNO3) and EDTA (ethylenediamninetetraacetate)). The 24‐hour batch test showed a 10‐fold greater retention coefficient for AgNM‐300k in the silt‐ and clay‐rich Luvisol than in the sandy Cambisol. In addition, all applied extraction techniques indicate a greater potential for mobility of Ag ENP for the sandy Cambisol. However, a small release from the column of AgHNO3 (measured Ag content in the fraction < 0.45 µm after HNO3 digestion) was observed after 3 as well as after 92 days of incubation for both soils. The largest amount of Ag was released from the Cambisol during the first percolation step (water:soil ratio = 1 l kg−1) after the soil was incubated for 3 days. This AgHNO3 release corresponded to approximately 1% of the total amount of Ag in the soil column. The correlation obtained between released AgHNO3 and AlHNO3 suggests that even the Ag released at small concentrations is associated with soil colloids. Thus, hetero‐aggregation is a potentially important process controlling retention.
Electrophysiological, haemodynamic, and mitochondrial alterations induced by levobupivacaine during myocardial ischemia in a pig model: protection by lipid emulsions?
Authors: Mamou Zahida , Descotes Jacques , Chevalier Philippe , Bui‐Xuan Bernard , Romestaing Caroline , Timour Quadiri
Published: June 2015

Accidental intravascular or high‐dose injection of local anesthetics (LA) can result in serious, potentially life‐threatening complications. Indeed, adequate supportive measures and the administration of lipid emulsions are required in such complications. The study's objectives were threefold: (i) evaluate the myocardial toxicity of levobupivacaine when administered intravenously; (ii) investigate levobupivacaine toxicity on cardiomyocytes mitochondrial functions and cellular structure; (iii) assess the protective effects of a lipid emulsion in the presence or absence of myocardial ischemia. Domestic pigs randomized into two groups of 24 animals each, with either preserved coronary circulation or experimental myocardial ischemia. Six animals from each group received either: (i) single IV injection of saline, (ii) lipid emulsion (Intralipid®), (iii) levobupivacaine, (iv) combination levobupivacaine‐Intralipid®. Serially measured endpoints included: heart rate, duration of the monophasic action potentials (dMAP), mean arterial pressure, and peak of the time derivative of left ventricular pressure (LV dP/dtmax). In addition, the following cardiomyocytes mitochondrial functions were measured: reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, oxidative phosphorylation, and calcium retention capacity (CRC) as well as the consequences of ROS production on lipids, proteins, and DNA. IV injection of levobupivacaine induced sinus bradycardia and reduced dMAP and LV dP/dtmax. At the mitochondrial level, oxygen consumption and CRC were decreased. In contrast, ROS production was increased leading to enhanced lipid peroxidation and structural alterations of proteins and DNA. Myocardial ischemia was associated with global worsening of all changes. Intralipid® quickly improved haemodynamics. However, beneficial effects of Intralipid® were less clear after myocardial ischemia.
Plant diversity drives soil microbial biomass carbon in grasslands irrespective of global environmental change factors
Authors: Thakur Madhav Prakash , Milcu Alexandru , Manning Pete , Niklaus Pascal A. , Roscher Christiane , Power Sally , Reich Peter B. , Scheu Stefan , Tilman David , Ai Fuxun , Guo Hongyan , Ji Rong , Pierce Sarah , Ramirez Nathaly Guerrero , Richter Annabell Nicola , Steinauer Katja , Strecker Tanja , Vogel Anja , Eisenhauer Nico
Published: June 2015

Soil microbial biomass is a key determinant of carbon dynamics in the soil. Several studies have shown that soil microbial biomass significantly increases with plant species diversity, but it remains unclear whether plant species diversity can also stabilize soil microbial biomass in a changing environment. This question is particularly relevant as many global environmental change (GEC) factors, such as drought and nutrient enrichment, have been shown to reduce soil microbial biomass. Experiments with orthogonal manipulations of plant diversity and GEC factors can provide insights whether plant diversity can attenuate such detrimental effects on soil microbial biomass. Here, we present the analysis of 12 different studies with 14 unique orthogonal plant diversity × GEC manipulations in grasslands, where plant diversity and at least one GEC factor (elevated CO2, nutrient enrichment, drought, earthworm presence, or warming) were manipulated. Our results show that higher plant diversity significantly enhances soil microbial biomass with the strongest effects in long‐term field experiments. In contrast, GEC factors had inconsistent effects with only drought having a significant negative effect. Importantly, we report consistent non‐significant effects for all 14 interactions between plant diversity and GEC factors, which indicates a limited potential of plant diversity to attenuate the effects of GEC factors on soil microbial biomass. We highlight that plant diversity is a major determinant of soil microbial biomass in experimental grasslands that can influence soil carbon dynamics irrespective of GEC.
Establishment and characterization of a reconstructed Chinese human epidermis model
Authors: Qiu J. , Zhong L. , Zhou M. , Chen D. , Huang X. , Chen J. , Chen M. , Ni H. , Cai Z.
Published: June 2015

Synopsis

Objectives

In vitro reconstructed human epidermis is a powerful tool for both basic research and industrial applications in dermatology, pharmacology and the cosmetic field.

Methods

By growing keratinocytes of Chinese origin on a collagen matrix after a submerged culture followed by an air–liquid interface culture, an in vitro reconstructed Chinese human epidermis model was obtained. This Chinese epidermis model was further characterized.

Results

The reconstructed human epidermis model (China EpiSkin model) exhibits morphological features similar to native skin and shows similar expression profile of proliferation (Ki67) and differentiation (K14 and K10 cytokeratins, filaggrin) markers. Corneodesmosomes, lamellar lipids, desmosomes, keratohyalin granules, keratin filaments and membrane‐coating granules are also observed at the ultrastructure level. Moreover, China EpiSkin model contains most of the major lipid classes normally found in the native skin and potentially could present the properties of skin barrier. More importantly, the model production achieves high reproducibility and low intra‐ and inter‐batch variations.

Conclusion

This is the first reconstructed Chinese human epidermis model reported to meet the high quality standard with industrialized production criteria. This China EpiSkin model can be used for both skin research and safety assessment in vitro.
Actin stabilization induces apoptosis in cultured porcine epithelial cell rests of Malassez
Authors: Aida N. , Ushikubo T. , Kobayashi F. , Sako R. , Suehara M. , Furusawa M. , Muramatsu T.
Published: June 2015

Aim

To test whether actin stabilization by jasplakinolide induces inhibition of cell viability and apoptosis in epithelial cell rests of Malassez (ERM).

Methodology

ERM derived from porcine were spread in a 96‐well dish (5 × 104/well) using Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium. The actin‐specific stabilization reagent, jasplakinolide, was incorporated into the culture medium and incubated for 24 h. To evaluate cell viability, the WST‐1 assay was carried out and absorption (450 nm) was measured. To detect apoptotic cells, monoclonal antibody to single‐strand DNA (ssDNA) was used and absorption (405 nm) was measured. Actin stabilization and apoptosis induced by jasplakinolide were morphologically investigated by staining with Alexa Fluor 568 phalloidin and observed under a fluorescent microscope. As a negative control, DMSO was used instead of jasplakinolide. Differences between the jasplakinolide‐treated group and the control group were analysed statistically using the Student's t‐test.

Results

Cell viability decreased in a concentration‐dependent manner, and cell viability in the jasplakinolide‐treated ERM was lower than that in nontreated ERM (n = 16, P < 0.01). Apoptotic cells in the jasplakinolide‐treated ERM were more frequently detected compared to that in nontreated ERM (n = 16, P < 0.01). Morphologically, shrinkage, irregular forms and fragmentation of nuclei suggesting apoptotic bodies were observed in jasplakinolide‐treated ERM, whilst actin filaments were extended in non‐treated ERM.

Conclusion

Actin stabilization by jasplakinolide inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis in epithelial cell rests of Malassez.
Occupational‐related back pain among Jordanian nurses: A descriptive study
Authors: Shawashi Tagreed O , Subih Maha M , Al Hadid Lourance Abdel Razzaq , Abu Adas Mohammad
Published: June 2015

Back pain is the leading cause of disability, decreased physical performance at work and absenteeism. Activities leading to the occurrence of back pain include patient transfer and long standing hours. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and determine the activities responsible for the presence of back pain among Jordanian nurses. A descriptive cross‐sectional study was conducted on a convenience sample of nurses from governmental hospitals in Jordan. A self‐report questionnaire was developed by Stubbs et al. and Harber et al. A descriptive method using mean, standard deviations and percentages was used, in addition to chi‐square tests. Baseline findings indicated that more than three‐quarters of the nurses studied suffered back pain during their work. Among nurses with back pain, about a fifth of them reported it to administration. The highest percentage of back pain was among critical care nurses. Further, the static factors contributed less commonly to back pain compared with the dynamic factors. Nearly half the participants with back pain reported taking days off more frequently. Jordanian nurses demonstrated one of the highest frequencies of back pain compared with other studies. Focus should be placed on education programmes about the appropriate body mechanics.
Potential underreporting of medication errors in a psychiatric general hospital in Japan
Authors: Higuchi Akari , Higami Yoko , Takahama Masakazu , Yamakawa Miyae , Makimoto Kiyoko
Published: June 2015

The purpose of this study was to explore a pattern of underreporting within a psychiatric general hospital in Japan. All the medication errors reported online in 2010 were analysed. This research was approved by the university and the study hospital. There were 651 incidents related to medication errors. Medication error rate per 1000 patient days was 2.14 (range: 0.45–6.05). Medication error rates between two acute care wards with comparable case and staff mix differed. A low proportion of intercepted near‐misses and low medication error rates around mealtime in acute care 1 were suggestive of under‐reporting. Two dementia care wards with low medication error rates had no report of intercepted errors, which was also suggestive of underreporting. Ward‐specific medication error rates and patterns are useful to identify wards with potential underreporting of medication error within the hospital.
Using knowledge translation as a framework for the design of a research protocol
Authors: Fredericks Suzanne , Martorella Géraldine , Catallo Cristina
Published: June 2015

Knowledge translation has been defined as the synthesis, dissemination, exchange and ethically sound application of knowledge to improve health, resulting in a stronger health‐care system. Using KT activities to aid in the adoption of evidence into practice can address current health‐care challenges such as increasing organizational practice standards, alleviating the risk for adverse events and meeting practitioner needs for evidence at the bedside. Two general forms of KT have been identified. These being integrated KT and end‐of‐grant KT. Integrated KT involves the knowledge users in the research team and in the majority of stages of the research process. End‐of‐grant KT relates to the translation of findings through a well‐developed dissemination plan. This paper describes the process of using an integrated knowledge translation approach to design a research protocol that will examine the effectiveness of a web‐based patient educational intervention. It begins with a description of integrated knowledge translation, followed by the presentation of a specific case example in which integrated knowledge translation is used to develop a nursing intervention. The major elements of integrated knowledge translation pertain to need for a knowledge user who represents the broad target user group, and who is knowledgeable in the area under investigation and who as authority to enact changes to practice. Use of knowledge users as equal partners within the research team; exploring all feasible opportunities for knowledge exchange; and working with knowledge users to identify all outcomes related to knowledge translation are the other major elements of integrated knowledge translation that are addressed throughout this paper. Furthermore, the relevance of psychosocial or educational interventions to knowledge translation is also discussed as a source of knowledge. In summary, integrated knowledge translation is an important tool for the development of new interventions, as it helps to apply science to practice accurately. It supports the elaboration of the design while enhancing the relevance of the intervention through the validation of feasibility and acceptability with clinicians and patients.
Fathers' feelings related to their partners' childbirth and views on their presence during labour and childbirth: A descriptive quantitative study
Authors: He Hong‐Gu , Vehviläinen‐Julkunen Katri , Qian Xiao‐Fang , Sapountzi‐Krepia Despina , Gong Yuhua , Wang Wenru
Published: June 2015

This study examined Chinese fathers' feelings about their partners' delivery and views on their presence during labour and birth. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 403 fathers whose partners gave birth in one provincial hospital in China. Data were analysed by descriptive statistics, χ2‐test and content analysis. The results indicated that more than 80% of fathers experienced feelings of pride related to fatherhood and of love towards their partners and newborns. Significant differences in fathers' feelings were found between subgroups with regard to age, education, employment, presence in the delivery room, method of birth and whether preparatory visits had been made to the hospital. The majority who answered an open‐ended question on the meaning of fathers' presence in the delivery room held a positive attitude towards fathers' presence at labour and birth, as their presence could empower their partners and provide psychological support. This study indicates fathers' presence at delivery and birth is important and that younger fathers need more support. It also provides evidence for clinical practice and future interventions to improve fathers' psychological health and experiences.
Postpartum social support of women in Singapore: A pilot study
Authors: Phang Koh Ni , Koh Serena Siew Lin , Chen Hui‐chen
Published: June 2015

This pilot study aimed to identify the levels of support expected and received by postpartum women in Singapore. Another objective was to compare the different subdomains of social support. A descriptive design was adopted using a self‐administered questionnaire comprising demographics and the Postpartum Support Questionnaire. The study took place at a subsidized obstetrics and gynaecology clinic at a restructured hospital in Singapore from the end of December 2009 to the end of February 2010. The 25 participants were 6 to 8 weeks postpartum and had delivered healthy term infants. They were recruited via convenience sampling. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The overall support needs of the participants were met. Only their informational support needs were unmet. Assessing the needs of postpartum women and teaching them how to convey and manage expectations are recommended initiatives for health‐care practitioners to consider.