bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Вопросы правовой регламентации деятельности приемной комиссии образовательной организации
Authors: Бокарева А.М. , Удалов Д.Э.
Published: August 2021

В статье рассматриваются вопросы деятельности приемной комиссии образовательной организации высшего образования. Дается организационно-правовая характеристика, и определяются принципы деятельности такого структурного подразделения образовательной организации, как приемная комиссии. Анализируются положения нормативно-правовых и локальных актов, устанавливающих порядок приема на обучение в образовательную организацию.
Основные условия необходимые для привлечения контролирующих должника лиц к субсидиарной ответственности
Authors: Крахмалев Н.С.
Published: August 2021

В последнее время в российское законодательство о банкротстве внесены существенные изменения, касающиеся, в том числе, и субсидиарной ответственности. В данной статье рассмотрим основные условия необходимые для привлечения контролирующих должника лиц к субсидиарной ответственности.
Проблемы применения средств обеспечения режима в исправительных учреждениях уголовно-исполнительной системы
Authors: Кулеев В.Я.
Published: August 2021

В данной статье рассматриваются проблемы применения средств обеспечения режима в исправительных учреждениях уголовно-исполнительной системы, в частности вопрос доказуемости совершения преступления.
Причины совершения несовершеннолетними преступлений
Authors: Медведев С.С. , Зайцева В.А.
Published: August 2021

В данной статье проведен правовой анализ причин совершения несовершеннолетними преступлений. На сегодняшний день совершение преступлений несовершеннолетними является одной из самых актуальных проблем, ведь, именно, несовершеннолетние являются наиболее криминально пораженной категорией населения. Поэтому важно рассмотреть данную проблему, выявить причины совершения преступлений, а также предпринять меры по ее предупреждению. Рассуждая о причинах совершения несовершеннолетними преступлений, необходимо рассмотреть такую важную категорию как детерминанты преступности, которая представляет собой определенный комплекс социальных явлений, совокупность которых порождает совершение преступления. Для того, чтобы воздействовать на преступность, способствовать еѐ минимизации необходимо выяснить, что же влечѐт еѐ развитие. Данная тема требует длительного осмысления.
Цифровизация коносамента
Authors: Осадченко Э.О. , Соколова А.А.
Published: August 2021

В статье рассматриваются вопросы внедрения новых информационных технологий в гражданско-правовые отношения. Анализируются специфика заключения электронных сделок посредствам интернета.
Multiple Representation-Based Learning through Cognitive Dissonance Strategy to
Reduce Student’s Misconceptions in Volumetric Analysis
Authors: Retno Widarti Hayuni , Permanasari Anna , Mulyani Sri , Ainur Rokhim Deni , Habiddin Habiddin
Published: August 2021

This study aimed to determine the contribution of multiple representation-based learning through cognitive dissonance strategy and to reduce misconceptions encountered by chemistry students. A mixed method research with the embedded experimental design was employed in this study involving 66 sophomore students enrolled in the Basics of Analytical Chemistry class. This study used a threetier test diagnostic test of 43 questions that had been validated by the education teams and chemists. The analysis was done by using a t-test and N-gain. The results showed a significant difference between the experimental and the control classes and a greater increase in N-gain in the experimental class (68.56%) compared to the control class (42.42%). The most effective reduction of misconceptions occurred in the subject of argentometric titration, from 33.41 to 8.79 %. This indicates that MRCD cannot completely eliminate misconceptions, especially for concepts related to sub-microscopic and symbolic representations.
CHANGES IN THE LINEAR DIMENSIONS OF THE LOWER JAW WITH THE ELIMINATION OF FUNCTIONAL LATERAL DISPLACEMENT
Authors: Voronina Ekaterina , Nurieva Natal'ya , Delec Aleksandr , Delec Maria
Published: August 2021

Introduction. Facial asymmetries associated with lateral displacement of the jaw arise due to various reasons, namely, the presence of functional lateral displacement of the lower jaw, skeletal asymmetry of the maxillofacial region, and a combination of the above factors. Purpose. Identification of the etiological factor makes it possible to assess the possibility of correcting the position of the lower jaw and improving the relationship of the intra-articular structures of the temporomandibular joint. Materials and methods. Functional lateral displacement of the lower jaw is characterized by an asymmetric tone of the masticatory muscles, a change in the position of the chin, and dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint on the side of the displacement of the lower jaw. The article discusses a clinical case of a patient with pathology of the temporomandibular joint associated with functional displacement of the mandible. Comparison of the data of cone-beam computed tomography of the lower jaw at the site of attachment of the masticatory muscle before and after the elimination of the asymmetry of the maxillofacial region was carried out. Conclusion. An asymmetric change in the displacement of the condyles was obtained according to the data of electronic axiography, an improvement in the ratio of intra-articular structures, the presence of a change when comparing STL models of the lower jaw.
ETHIOPATHOGENETIC ASPECTS ACUTE ODONTOGENIC INFECTION
Authors: Ksembaev Said , Nesterova Elena , Torgashova Ol'ga , Agatieva Elima , Busheev Dinar
Published: August 2021

Subject. A review of the literature on the topical problem of dentistry — the etiology and pathogenesis of acute odontogenic purulent-inflammatory diseases is presented. The purpose of the research is to study the materials of publications. dedicated to the etiopathogenetic aspects of acute odontogenic infection. Methodology. The etiology and pathogenesis of acute odontogenic purulent-inflammatory diseases are described in detail, in the light of modern concepts. Results. The unfavorable factors influencing the increase in the frequency of acute odontogenic purulent-inflammatory diseases and the worsening of the clinical course are presented. It is noted that these diseases are explained by the effect of microbial associations, one of the frequent representatives of which are anaerobic bacteria, which significantly worsen the clinical picture of the disease. All theories of the pathogenesis of jaw osteomyelitis (vascular, allergic and neuro-trophic) are considered. At the same time, it was noted that the vascular, allergic and neuro-reflex components in the emergence and development of osteomyelitis of the jaws are realized against the background of a decrease in the level of general immunological and specific reactivity of the whole organism, as well as the failure of local immunity. Particular importance is attached to disorders of the systems of neuroregulation and microcirculation. It is noted that sensitization and neuroreflex effects on the inflammation focus are factors contributing to the transition of the reversible phase of inflammation (osteitis) to the irreversible one (osteomyelitis), and microcirculation disorders in the inflammation focus are characterized as the main stage in the chain of pathophysiological processes leading to irreversible changes. Attention is drawn to the fact that in recent years, great importance in maintaining homeostasis in acute odontogenic pyoinflammatory diseases has been given to the antioxidant system, which is directly involved in the regulation of the molecular mechanisms of nonspecific resistance of the organism to the damaging action of various pathogenic factors. Findings. The results of the review indicate that knowledge of the peculiarities of the etiology and pathogenesis of acute odontogenic pyoinflammatory diseases is necessary for correct diagnosis, timely and adequate treatment, prognosis and prevention of complications. However, it should be recognized that this problem continues to remain relevant to this day due to the complexity of its study.
CLINICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ORAL CAVITY IN PATIENTS WITH PERIODONTITIS AND HYPOTHYROIDISM ON THE BACKGROUND OF COMPLEX THERAPY WITH INCLUSION OF SYNBIOTIC
Authors: Bushueva Elizaveta , Griroriev Sergey , Ssablina Svetlana , Elovicova Tat'yana , Sorokoumova Dina , Kozmenko Anastasia , Makerova Natalia , Chagay Andrey , Chernyshova Nina
Published: August 2021

Subject. Microbial landscape of the oral cavity is a highly sensitive systemic indicator reacting to changes in different body organs and systems by qualitative and quantitative shifts. The unique ability of microbiocenosis of the oral cavity to self-regulate and maintain the ecological balance creates a personal health profile of an individual and assumes that a timely correction of microbiocenosis shall be added to required treatment patterns for various dental and somatic diseases. This approach ensures the protective effect of growth of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria improving quality of therapy and patient recovery time. Objectives. To study dynamics of clinical and microbiological changes in the oral cavity in patients with periodontitis and hypothyroidism on the background of complex therapy with inclusion of synbiotic Maxilac. Materials and methods. Based in the Ural State Medical University Department of Therapeutic Dentistry and Propedeutics of Dental Decease, the study of oral microbiology was carried out on 50 generalized moderate periodontitis patients aged 44 to 59 years during the period from 2017 to 2021. The average age of the subjects was 50.50±3.5 years. Two groups were formed: the main group (30 patients with “primary hypothyroidism” receiving hormone therapy) and the comparison group (20 patients). The patients in the main group were prescribed general therapy by the endocrinologist based on the phase, stage and the severity of the disease. During examination all patients underwent the complex clinical and laboratory evaluation before treatment, in its course and after it, as well they were subjected to full mouth debridement and the course of the complex periodontal therapy in accordance with clinical recommendations. Microbiota was corrected by active ingredient probiotic (lyophilized probiotic bacteria) — 4.5*109 CFU (colony-forming unit): Lactobacillus elveticus, lactis, rhamnosus, plantarum, casei; Bifidobacterium longum, breve, bifidum; Sreptococcus thermophilus. Results. The study of microbiocenosis of the oral cavity of patients with primary hypothyroidism demonstrated changes in species and the number of microorganisms in the oral cavity. Conclusions. Timely diagnostics and correction of disbiotic changes included in the dental treatment protocol will allow to select the most appropriate dental treatment strategy.
ESTIMATION OF THE QUALITY OF COMPOSITE RESTORATION DEPENDING ON THE ABRASIVITY OF POLISHING PASTS
Authors: Uspenskaya Ol'ga , Spiridonova Saniya
Published: August 2021

Introduction. Psychological comfort is one of the most important components in the formation of a healthy, full-fledged personality. The requirements of patients to the dentist are not only not limited to the treatment of the underlying disease and the successful restoration of lost functions, but also include the achievement of a good aesthetic effect — patients highly appreciate a beautiful, relief and at the same time smooth restoration. Thus, the relevance of dental restoration is acquiring not only medical significance, but also social connotation. The aim of the work was to carry out a comparative assessment of the quality of the composite restoration using polishing pastes of various abrasiveness. Material and methods. The study involved 60 patients of both sexes, aged 18-43 years, who underwent aesthetic restoration in the area of the anterior group of teeth of 4 and 5 classes according to Black's classification using the light-curing composite material Enamel plus HRi UD5. The observation was carried out in the immediate and long-term periods (12 months after the end of treatment). For finishing the restorations, we used Cleanic, Flairesse, Clean Polish and Enamel Shinec polishing pastes with different RDA indices. The patients were divided into 4 groups depending on the polishing paste used. Results and its discussion. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the RDA index of polishing pastes plays an important role in finishing, exerting great importance on the smoothness of the restoration, "dry shine" and allows to achieve better marginal adaptation of the material and better color fastness of the restoration. Conclusions. Thus, our study revealed the best result in the paste with the maximum value of RDA (83) — Flaresse (DMG).
MORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERIODONTAL TISSUES AND DENTAL PULP
Authors: Moiseev Denis , Rumyantsev Vitalij , Volkov Sergey , Kulyukina Maria , Konov Anton
Published: August 2021

Researchers are currently paying more and more attention to the combined pathology of the tooth pulp and periodontal. At the same time, the peculiarities of the structure of the alveolar bone, the cement of the tooth root and the root canal system that cause their interrelation and mutual influence remain insufficiently studied. The main elements of the connection between the pulp and periodontal tissues are not only apical openings and additional channels, but also other ways of interaction, the study of which is of great interest for understanding the features of pathogenesis, prognosis and treatment of combined diseases of the tooth pulp and periodontal.

The aim of the study is to identify the topographical and anatomical features of the structure of the roots of teeth of different functional groups and the surfaces of their holes when studying on human cadaver material.

The hypothesis of the study is that the number of openings of the Haversov channels and their localization in the moons are due to the functional affiliation of the teeth and they have their own characteristics.

Material and methods. The study was conducted on jawbones with teeth obtained from embalmed corpses of adults of different genders and ages. After appropriate preparation, at the first stage, microscopy of the alveolar surfaces was performed, followed by morphometric analysis of the photos. At the second stage, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the surfaces of the roots of teeth previously extracted from the same wells of the jaws was performed.

Results and discussion. All the preparations were systematized according to the number and topography of the identified holes of the Haversov channels. Because of the assessment of morphometric indicators, the number of holes, the density of their location and the diameter were determined, depending on the functional affiliation of the teeth. The analysis of microphotographs obtained because of SEM allowed us to determine the structural features of the surfaces of the roots of the teeth.

Conclusions. The number, density and diameter of the holes of the Haversov channels are determined by the functional affiliation of the tooth. With the help of SEM, micro cracks and areas of root dentin exposure were found on the surfaces of the roots of the teeth for the first time, which can contribute to the translocation of pathogenic microbiota from the periodontal pocket to the pulp of the tooth and vice versa.
Znanstveno-raziskovalni trendi na področju digitalne preobrazbe
Authors: Uroš Rajkovič , Alenka Baggia
Published: August 2021

Digitalna preobrazba organizacij predstavlja ključni element uspeha v sodobnem poslovnem svetu. Pri tem pomembno vlogo igrajo vodstvo in zaposleni v organizaciji, ter njihovo poznavanje konceptov in tehnologij digitalne preobrazbe. V monografiji predstavljamo aktualne teme s področja digitalne preobrazbe, ki bodo organizacijam in ostalim udeležencem v procesu digitalne preobrazbe v pomoč pri lažjem prehodu v digitalno poslovanje. Med prebojnimi tehnologijami, ki jih zasledimo na področju digitalne preobrazbe so v znanstveni monografiji predstavljeni primeri večkriterijskih ekspertnih sistemov za podporo odločanja, opredeljena je vloga podatkov v sodobni organizaciji, predstavljeni so pristopi k transformaciji modela poslovnega procesa v tehnologijo veriženja blokov, ter podane smernice za učinkovito oblavdovanje kibernetskih tveganj v času pandemije. Poleg primerov uporabe sodobnih tehnologij je predstavljena tudi zasnova prilagodljivega modela strateškega upravljanja informatike.
Tehnološki trendi digitalne preobrazbe
Authors: Marolt Marjeta , Lenart Gregor
Published: August 2021

Digitalne tehnologije so eden izmed pomembnih dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na digitalno preobrazbo. Umetna inteligenca izboljšuje funkcionalnost naprav, ki jih vsakodnevno uporabljamo, v ospredju se pojavlja robotika, ki avtomatizira proizvodne procese, pojavljajo se avtonomna vozila, virtualna realnost nam je bližja kot kdaj koli doslej. Organizacije si želijo slediti digitalnim smernicam in tako iščejo načine, kako bi digitalno tehnologijo, ki jo imajo na voljo, čim bolje izrabile za dosego zastavljenih ciljev. Skladno s tem se spreminjajo in razvijajo tudi tehnološki trendi. Čeprav je digitalna tehnologija v zadnjem desetletju dosegla zrelost, se trend razvoja na tem področju ne umirja. Tisto, kar je danes aktualno, čez nekaj let ali morda še prej ne bo več. V prispevku je predstavljen razvoj digitalnih tehnologij in prebojne tehnologije, ki trenutno narekujejo digitalno preobrazbo. Uporabnost digitalnih tehnologij je dodatno ponazorjena s predstavitvijo primerov iz prakse. V zaključku so podani prihajajoči tehnološki trendi razvoja.
Sistemi za podporo odločanju: metodologija razvoja
Authors: Rajkovič Uroš
Published: August 2021

Poglavje opisuje tri primere sistemov za podporo odločanju, ki spadajo med večkriterijske odločitvene ekspertne sisteme: na področju svetovanja kmetijam pri preusmerjanju v vrtnarsko dejavnost, pri oceni tveganja za nastanek pljučnice pri umetno ventiliranem pacientu v kliničnem okolju in pri oceni stopnje digitalizacije šole kot osnovi za pripravo akcijskih načrtov. Vsi primeri so zasnovani na metodologiji DEX. Poudarek je na interdisciplinarnosti ekip strokovnjakov in na dodani vrednosti posameznih rešitev, kako pomagajo človeku pri sprejemanju boljših in bolje razumljenih odločitev. Poudarjene so faze razvoja sistemov za podporo odločanju in njihove bistvene razlike. Predstavljeni sinergetski učinki spodbujajo k ustvarjanju novih podobnih modelov, s katerimi želimo zmanjšati možnost človeških napak v odločitvenih procesih.
Pristopi k transformaciji modela poslovnega procesa v pametne pogodbe
Authors: Baggia Alenka , Hriberšek Janko , Leskovar Robert
Published: August 2021

Tehnologija veriženja blokov v zadnjih letih postaja vedno bolj razširjenja in široko sprejeta med uporabniki. Trend se v obdobju digitalne preobrazbe seli tudi v poslovni svet. Procesi se preoblikujejo in pojavljajo se prve ideje, kako obstoječe notranje in medorganizacijske procese podpreti s tehnologijo veriženja blokov in v čim večji meri izkoristiti njene prednosti. V prispevku kratko opišemo pristope k modeliranju poslovnih procesov in podamo širši vpogled v tehnologijo veriženja blokov. Analizirano je pet področij in nekaj primerov priložnosti ali dejanske uporabe tehnologije veriženja blokov v poslovnem procesu. Da bi organizacijam olajšali proces digitalne preobrazbe in jim omogočili lažji prehod v okolje tehnologije veriženja blokov, je potrebno razviti orodje, ki bo avtomatiziralo transformacijo. Nekaj tovrstnih rešitev predstavljamo v prispevku. V zaključku so identificirane priložnosti, ki jih ponujajo prenovljeni poslovni procesi v kombinaciji s tehnologijo veriženja blokov.
Przestrzeń turystyczna łodzian
Authors: Latosińska Jolanta
Published: August 2021

Artykuł jest próbą określenia przestrzeni turystycznej łodzian połowy lat dziewięćdziesiątych. Na potrzeby niniejszych rozważań wykorzystano dorobek Katedry Geografii Miast i Turyzmu UŁ (prace teoretyczne i aplikacyjne) z zakresu badań nad wypoczynkiem mieszkańców Łodzi. Uzyskane wyniki porównano z wynikami z lat osiemdziesiątych. Przestrzeń turystyczna łodzian została zidentyfikowana na podstawie miejscowości i obszarów odwiedzanych podczas wyjazdów urlopowo-wakacyjnych, krajoznawczych oraz specjalistycznych, zaprezentowanych w artykule w podziale na regiony.
Promoting Rhizosphere Microorganisms and Biopesticides: A Review
Authors: Kannan R. , Dhivya V. , Sakkamuthu V.
Published: August 2021

Microbes are associated inside and outside tissue parts of producers like plants, lichen, algae and phototrophic bacteria. Biofertilizer bacteria, fungi, algae and protozoa provide the suitable environment condition, nutrition constituents and inhibit harmful microorganism from rhizosphere zone. Biofertilizer and biocontrol microbes play key roles for improved soil texture, secreting, hormones, antibiotics and various stress signal compounds, enhancement plant parts elongation and prevent pathogen microbial population. Plant growth promotion rhizosphere microorganisms can improve crop tolerance for the non- living stresses such as drought, heat and salinity and living stress such as soil borne pathogens, over load of the microbial population liable to turn out to be more incessant as various atmosphere design keep on creating. Plant disease major issue for loss of productivity and unsafe for living organism due to chemical pesticides, insecticides, fungicides, bactericides and chemical fertilizer. Due to its high potential as an alternative/complement to these pesticides, biological disease control is now generally recognized and constitutes a low cost-efficient eco-friendly biofertilizer, biocontrol, biopesticide and bioinsecticide.
Studies on Development of Fibre Rich Probiotic Frozen Yogurt
Authors: Katke S.D. , Deshpande H.W.
Published: August 2021

Background: Yogurt is one of the most popular fermented dairy products worldwide which has great consumer acceptability due to its health benefits other than its basic nutrition. Yogurt is a rich source of calcium in bio-available form and also acts as a probiotic carrier food. Yogurt is reported to be beneficial for the treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) that includes gastrointestinal disorders. Because of these known health benefits of yogurt, consumer demand for yogurt and yogurt related products has been increased and became the fastest growing dairy category in the global market. Notably, India ranks first in psyllium husk (isabgol) production and is the sole supplier of seeds and husk in the international market. Among medicinal plants, psyllium is the first ranked foreign exchange earner for the country. India is the largest producer and the main supplier of seed and husk to the world market. The psyllium is high in soluble fibre content with detoxing effect over digestive system makes it a very apt nutraceutical. Methods: The present investigation indicates utilization of acid modified psyllium husk for the preparation of probiotic frozen yogurt. The prepared probiotic frozen yogurt was analyzed for sensorial, physicochemical and microbial quality parameters. Probiotic frozen yogurt was prepared from 1 liter buffalo milk, 10 gm sugar and 0.5 gm of acid modified psyllium husk (0.60% HCl in the ethanol solvent with ratio of 1:7). The probiotic culture (107, 108, 109 cfu/gm) containing equal proportions of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum were added in encapsulated form. It was then stored at refrigerated conditions at 4°C for 8 hours. Result: The organoleptic evaluation of probiotic frozen yogurt was carried out. As per the score of 9-point hedonic scale, probiotic frozen yogurt prepared with 10 per cent encapsulated probiotic culture (109 cfu/gm and 5 per cent each of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum) and 0.5 gm of acid modified psyllium husk had shown maximum consumer acceptability (8.7) among all samples.
Immunohistochemical Changes of Liver Fasciolosis in Cattle and Sheep in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alsulami Muslimah , Mohamed Khalil
Published: August 2021

Background: Fasciolosis is a crucial helminthes disease caused by two trematodes of the genus Fasciola: Fasciola hepatica (temperate liver fluke) and Fasciola gigantica (tropical liver fluke). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on cattle and sheep in a slaughterhouse to detect animals infected with Fasciolosis. Liver samples were collected from infected animals and transferred to the laboratory for histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations. Result: Microscopically, the liver sections were showed extensive fibrous connective tissue surrounding the central vein and portal area with extensive thickening of bile ducts wall and fibrosis. Marked infiltration of inflammatory cells was also seen.
Analyzing the reliability of rolling stock units based on operational data
Authors:   Emperor Alexander I Petersburg State Transport University, TSAPLIN Aleksey E. , Kuvondikov Zh. O. ,   Tashkent State Transport University
Published: August 2021

Objective: To determine the most failure-prone rolling stock components and assemblies by processing statistical data obtained during operation using the classical reliability theory; to develop recommendations for maintaining the operational state of individual rolling stock components. Methods: Methods for calculating the quantitative reliability characteristics are used based on the rolling stock operational statistical data. Results: The 5-year operational data have been used to provide tabulated statistics on the failure rate of various rolling stock equipment. Reliability indicators have been calculated for various types of rolling stock equipment and the corresponding graphs have been plotted. Based on the calculations, the recommendations for the rolling stock maintenance have been developed. Practical importance: The calculations and the recommendations described determine the types of rolling stock equipment requiring more attention during maintenance
Development of methods for ensuring information security of decentralized databases
Authors:   Far Eastern State Transport University, BUKVINA Ekaterina A. , ZVEREVA Elena V. ,   Emperor Alexander I Petersburg State Transport University, FALEEVA Elena V. ,   Far Eastern State Transport University, YESHENKO Roman A. ,   Far Eastern State Transport University
Published: August 2021

Objective: To develop a draft database model adapted for use in decentralized databases. To describe the protocol stack for interaction between the components of database management systems operating with decentralized resources. To design mechanisms for distributing access rights of access subjects to access objects. Methodology: 1) analysis of the functions of decentralized protocols; 2) system analysis of structures and data processing algorithms; 3) analysis of the principles of decentralized applications and the requirements for decentralized databases; 4) prototyping data building models; 5) classiﬁcation of threats to information security; 6) experimental methodology, including stress tests and the analysis and summary of the data obtained. Results: A new concept of data organization was considered, which allowed separating data storage models from business process models, thereby enabling the quick adjustment of the application to the company’s requirements. A number of mechanisms are presented that are capable of ensuring the performance of applications operating on the basis of decentralized storages. A method for differentiating access rights to objects by limiting the data scope depending on the role assigned to the user is described. Practical importance: Developments in this area have both theoretical and practical signiﬁcance due to the popularization of the principles of the so-called “distributed economy” both in the ﬁeld of government and commerce, and among software designers. Such transformations in the design of data models, the organization of both the development itself, and the internal architecture of the application would solve the problem of excessive centralization of resources and information ﬂows, as well as distribute responsibility for the integrity and relevance of data among the participants in the process. The results obtained can be used for the practical implementation of decentralized storage, as well as for the design of software modules that eliminate vulnerabilities and ensure stable neutralization of threats to information security of decentralized databases.
Efeitos macroeconômicos e setoriais das subvenções da FINEP no Brasil
Authors: Bahia Domitila , Gonçalves Eduardo , Betarelli Junior Admir Antônio
Published: August 2021

Políticas de fomento à pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D), como as subvenções à inovação, tem ganhado atenção em diversas economias por contribuirem para o crescimento econômico e competitividade dos setores domésticos. Os impactos dessas políticas são espraiados sistemicamente pela economia e, para analisá-los, este trabalho apresenta um modelo de equilíbrio geral computável que, pelo tratamento diferenciado do capital de conhecimento e do investimento em P&D, é capaz de avaliar os efeitos macroeconômicos e setoriais das subvenções. Os resultados indicam que as subvenções geram ganhos de capital de conhecimento e, analogamente, sua ausência retrai as atividades industriais e penaliza a capacidade produtiva dos setores de maior intensidade tecnológica.
Politicization of Ethnicity and Related Phenomena
Authors: Oskolkov P.
Published: August 2021

In the article, the phenomenon of the politicization of ethnicity is analyzed, together with the related phenomena, i.e. ethnopolitical mobilization (including pan-ethnic mobilization and demobilization), ethnicization of politics and of other social fields for political ends. The author works within the framework of constructivist and ethnosymbolist approaches. The nature, dynamics and actor structure of the processes are considered, and an attempt is made to conceptualize them correctly. The author points at the interconnectedness of the phenomena in the terminological field of the political science as well as at the necessity to distinguish them and adapt ethnopolitical strategies to their variations. The politicization of ethnicity is defined as an attachment of political functions to the ethnic identity. Ethnopolitical mobilization is different in that it has a particular goal. Main factors stimulating ethnopolitical mobilization are: dissatisfaction of a group with different aspects of its status, political opportunities, material and non-material resources available, activities of ethnopolitical elites. Pan-ethnic mobilization employs the wider group identity involving not only actors’ own ethnic group but also other groups close to it within a linguacultural cluster. The ethnicization of politics is defined as the inclusion of ethnic components into the political process. Though both politics ethnicization and ethnicity politicization are typical of majority as well as minority groups, the ethnicization of politics is usually conducted “from above” employing memory archetypes and socially significant symbols. Other social identities, namely religion, sport affiliation, etc. are prone to be ethnicized for political goals, but this process has some important constraints. For instance, religion can be ethnicized if a territorially close ethnic group has other religious affiliation or is less devote; ethnicization of sport depends on a specific historical context. Especially the ethnicization of social discrepancies has a conflict potential and is to be prevented by relevant ethnopolitical management.
National Security and Development as Strategic Priorities of the Republic of Korea and Japan
Authors: Fedorovskii A. , Shvydko V.
Published: August 2021

The article explores new policies related to security and economic development as represented by the cases of the Republic of Korea and Japan. It assesses combination of old and new internal and external challenges to security, economic development, and social stability, noting the increased interplay of factors affecting national security and innovative growth. The latter is increasingly viewed as an indispensable condition for military, political and social security of a nation, for effectively responding to external pressures as well as to ecological, epidemiological and technology-related risks. Rising technological capabilities in the two Northeast Asian nations contribute to their international ambitions. The authors analyze the tendency in the Republic of Korea to pursue a more independent foreign policy as a “middle power”, and Japan’s growing international and military profile in the Asia Pacific. The risks and possible future consequences of this trend are explored and assessed. The authors identify the priorities of the Republic of Korea’s development strategy within the framework of the “Korean New Deal”, and a new vision of the future of Japan as presented in the strategic documents of its government. They note greater aspirations of the two nations to increase their competitive edge in the regional and global race to reach and retain leading positions in the international hierarchy of economic and political power. New tools to ensure this edge are being tested by South Korean and Japanese governments, as old instruments of industrial policy seem to be losing strength and produce little effect. Acknowledgements. This paper was written as part of the research project “Post-Crisis World Order: Challenges and Technologies, Competition and Cooperation” under the grant of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation for conducting major scientific projects in priority areas of scientific and technological development (Agreement No. 075-15-2020-783).
Relations between Germany and the Countries of North Africa
Authors: Trunov F.
Published: August 2021

The article examines the process of the growing German political and military activity in North Africa during the second half of the 2010s. The first key reason of this process was the new awareness of the regional role in the ensuring of Germany’s and the EU security. During and after the “Arab Spring”, the interstate “corridor of instability” arose. It went from Mali further to Niger and Libya which has been facing permanent instability after the intervention of the group of Western countries (2011, without German participation). The full-fledged functioning of the “corridor of instability” could cause the worse version of the refugee crisis and growing terrorist activity than it was in the EU in 2015–2016. The second reason was the necessity to ensure Berlin`s strong political-military positions in North Africa for the realization of Germany`s ambitions as a future world power. The research examines the features and “narrow places” of interstate cooperation in the security sphere between Germany and Tunisia, Egypt, Algeria. Germany became a senior partner for Tunisia in 2015–2017, and positioned these relations as exemplary. Since 2015–2016, Germany and Egypt have been supporting the realization of each other’s leadership ambitions. The key elements of this tactic have been the cooperation in Syrian and Libyan armed conflicts regulation and launch of the EU–LAS negotiation format (2019). The article also shows the dynamics of partnership between Germany and Algeria, paying special attention to bilateral cooperation in the sphere of the Mali, Libyan and Western Sahara conflicts regulation. The transition of Germany’s bilateral relations with Egypt and Algeria to the level of advanced cooperation in the second half of 2010s caused a powerful growth of the FRG`s arms export to these countries. At the beginning of 2020, Germany launched the multilateral Berlin conference for resolution of the Libyan conflict. Germany’s late but rather successful involvement in the Libyan conflict management should ensure its efforts to become the external participant of the North African regional security system. The paper concludes about the perspectives of the FRG`s political-military line in the region considering the factor of COVID 19 pandemic.
Explaining Bad Forecasts in Global Time Series Models
Authors: Rožanec Jože , Trajkova Elena , Kenda Klemen , Fortuna Blaž , Mladenić Dunja
Published: August 2021

While increasing empirical evidence suggests that global time series forecasting models can achieve better forecasting performance than local ones, there is a research void regarding when and why the global models fail to provide a good forecast. This paper uses anomaly detection algorithms and Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) to answer when and why a forecast should not be trusted. To address this issue, a dashboard was built to inform the user regarding (i) the relevance of the features for that particular forecast, (ii) which training samples most likely influenced the forecast outcome, (iii) why the forecast is considered an outlier, and (iv) provide a range of counterfactual examples to understand value changes, in the feature vector or the predicted value, can lead to a different outcome. Moreover, a modular architecture and a methodology were developed to iteratively remove noisy data instances from the train set, to enhance the overall global time series forecasting model performance. Finally, to test the effectiveness of the proposed approach, it was validated on two publicly available real-world datasets.
Spatial Warped Gaussian Processes: Estimation and Efficient Field Reconstruction
Authors: Peters Gareth William , Nevat Ido , Nagarajan Sai Ganesh , Matsui Tomoko
Published: August 2021

A class of models for non-Gaussian spatial random fields is explored for spatial field reconstruction in environmental and sensor network monitoring. The family of models explored utilises a class of transformation functions known as the Tukey g-and-h transformations to create a family of warped spatial Gaussian process models which can support various desirable features such as flexible marginal distributions, which can be skewed, leptokurtic and/or heavy-tailed. The resulting model is widely applicable in a range of spatial field reconstruction applications. To utilise the model in applications in practice, it is important to carefully characterise the statistical properties of the Tukey g-and-h random fields. In this work, we both study the properties of the resulting warped Gaussian processes as well as using the characterising statistical properties of the warped processes to obtain flexible spatial field reconstructions. In this regard, we derive five different estimators for various important quantities often considered in spatial field reconstruction problems. These include the multi-point Minimum Mean Squared Error (MMSE) estimators; the multiple point Maximum A-Posteriori (MAP) estimators; an efficient class of multiple-point linear estimators based on the Spatial-Best Linear Unbiased (S-BLUE) estimators; and two multi-point threshold exceedance based estimators, namely the Spatial Regional and Level Exceedance estimators. Simulation results and real data examples show the benefits of using the Tukey g-and-h transformation as opposed to standard Gaussian spatial random fields in a real data application for environmental monitoring.
In Silico Prediction of siRNA Ionizable-Lipid Nanoparticles in vivo Efficacy: Machine Learning Modeling Based on Formulation and Molecular Descriptors
Authors: Metwally Abdelkader A , Nayel Amira A , Hathout Rania M
Published: August 2021

In silico prediction of the in vivo efficacy of siRNA ionizable-lipid nanoparticles is desirable yet never achieved before. This study aims to computationally predict siRNA nanoparticles in vivo efficacy, which saves time and resources. A data set containing 120 entries was prepared by combining molecular descriptors of the ionizable lipids together with two nanoparticles formulation characteristics. Input descriptor combinations were selected by an evolutionary algorithm. Artificial neural networks, support vector machines and partial least squares regression were used for QSAR modeling. Depending on how the data set is split, two training sets and two external validation sets were prepared. Training and validation sets contained 90 and 30 entries respectively. The results showed the successful predictions of validation set log(dose) with R2val = 0.86 – 0.89 and 0.75 – 80 for validation sets one and two respectively. Artificial neural networks resulted in the best R2val for both validation sets. For predictions that have high bias, improvement of R2val from 0.47 to 0.96 was achieved by selecting the training set lipids lying within the applicability domain. In conclusion, in vivo performance of siRNA nanoparticles was successfully predicted by combining cheminformatics with machine learning techniques.
National Antibiotics Utilization Trends for Human Use in Tanzania from 2010 to 2016 Inferred from Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority Importation Data
Authors: Sangeda Raphael Zozimus , Saburi Habibu A , Faustine Cassian , Aiko Beatrice Godwin , Alexander Erick , Mkumbwa Sonia , Bitegeko Adonis , Hebron Yonah , Alphonse Emmanuel , Chambuso Mhina , Sillo Hiiti Baran , Fimbo Adam , Horumpende Pius Gerald
Published: August 2021

Antimicrobial use (AMU) is one of the major drivers of emerging antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Surveillance of AMU, a pillar of AMR stewardship (AMS), helps devise strategies to mitigate AMR. This descriptive, longitudinal retrospective study quantified the trends in human antibiotic utilization between 2010 and 2016 using data on all antibiotics imported for systemic human use into Tanzania's mainland. Regression and time series analyses were used to establish trends in antibiotics use. A total of 12,073 records for antibiotics were retrieved, totaling 154.51Daily Defined Doses per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DID) with a mean (± standard deviation) of 22.07 (±48.85) DID. The private sector contributed 93.76%% of utilized antibiotics. The top-ranking antibiotics were amoxicillin, metronidazole, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin and cefalexin. The DDIs and percentage contribution of these antibiotics were 53.78 (34.81%), 23.86 (15.44), 20.53 (13.29), 9.27 (6.0) and 6.94 (4.49), respectively. The time series model predicted significant increase in utilization(p-value =0.002). The model forecasted that by 2022, the total antibiotics consumed would reach 89.6 DIDs, corresponding to a 13-fold increase compared to 2010. Government intervention to curb inappropriate antibiotic utilization to mitigate the rising threat of antibiotic resistance should focus on implementing AMS programs in pharmacies and hospitals in Tanzania.
An Auto-Weighting Aggregative Fuzzy Collaborative Intelligence Approach for DRAM Yield Forecasting
Authors: Wu Hsin-Chieh , Chen Tin-Chih Toly
Published: August 2021

In a collaborative forecasting task, experts may have unequal authority levels. However, this has rarely been considered reasonably in the existing fuzzy collaborative forecasting methods. In addition, experts may not be willing to discriminate their authority levels. To address these issues, an auto-weighting fuzzy weighted intersection (FWI) fuzzy collaborative intelligence approach is proposed in this study. In the proposed auto-weighting FWI fuzzy collaborative intelligence approach, experts’ authority levels are automatically and reasonably assigned based on their past forecasting performances. Subsequently, the auto-weighting FWI mechanism is established to aggregate experts’ fuzzy forecasts. The theoretical properties of the auto-weighting FWI mechanism have been discussed and compared with those of the existing fuzzy aggregation operators. After applying the auto-weighting FWI fuzzy collaborative intelligence approach to a case of forecasting the yield of a DRAM product from the literature, its advantages over several existing methods were clearly illustrated.
Taxing Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Yogyakarta: Regulation and Compliance
Authors: Novikasari Siti Rahma , Quang Ly Duc , Gershaneck Kerry
Published: August 2021

Government Regulation No. 46/2013 has not been optimal in providing legal compliance on taxation for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), especially in Yogyakarta. This policy was evaluated and amended with Government Regulation No. 23/2018. The amendment in tax policy for MSME actors was this research background to examine: First, how does the final income tax policy impact MSME taxpayers' compliance in Yogyakarta? Second, what are the legal compliance constraints of MSME taxpayers? The method used in this research was a juridical empirical, supported with the statute and conceptual approach. The results showed that the amendment in the final income tax tariff policy from 1% to 0.5%, as well as provide legal certainty of the timeframe of taxation had a positive impact on increasing taxpayer compliance. There was an increase in the number of taxpayers to 41,000 in 2019, or an increase of 15.5% compared to the number of taxpayers in 2017. However, tariff reduction has not been the answer to taxpayer non-compliance, the Regional Office of the Directorate General of Taxes of the Special Region of Yogyakarta still found tax avoidance. Tax compliance constraints were also caused by taxpayers' distrust of the government, poor tax morale, and tax knowledge. The government needs to conduct a cooperative compliance approach in taxation policies based on trust and dialogue between taxpayers and the government to improve MSME taxpayer compliance.

Keywords: Tax Compliance; Final Income Tax Regulation; Micro; Small; Medium Enterprises.
The Implementation of Labor Development Principles According to Job Creation Law as a Reason to Protect Wages Rights
Authors: Hidayah Nur Putri , R. Cloet Quincy , Pradhan David
Published: August 2021

Wages as labor’s basic rights have changed since the Job Creation Law was enacted. It is essential that wages be distributed following the principle of job creation to contribute to the national development for the whole people. This research aims to compare the regulation vis-à-vis legal protection and the implementation of the principles of labor development. With normative legal research and statutory approach, this research reveals that the legal protection regarding wages in the new regulations are not far better than the former ones. The wage policies that were initially stipulated explicitly in the Labor Law were revoked from the Job Creation Law, where the labor principles are not applied. With the protection not better than that of the former regulation, it is implausible to improve the welfare of workers and their family members. Supervision conducted by the government is required to ensure that labor’s rights to wages are protected.

Keywords: Wages; Development of Labor; Job Creation.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Maternal Mortality in the United States Using Enhanced Vital Records, 2016‒2017
Authors: MacDorman Marian F. , Thoma Marie , Declcerq Eugene , Howell Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2021

Objectives. To better understand racial and ethnic disparities in US maternal mortality.

Methods. We analyzed 2016–2017 vital statistics mortality data with cause-of-death literals (actual words written on the death certificate) added. We created a subset of confirmed maternal deaths that had pregnancy mentions in the cause-of-death literals. Primary cause of death was identified and recoded using cause-of-death literals. We examined racial and ethnic disparities both overall and by primary cause.

Results. The maternal mortality rate for non-Hispanic Black women was 3.55 times that for non-Hispanic White women. Leading causes of maternal death for non-Hispanic Black women were eclampsia and preeclampsia and postpartum cardiomyopathy with rates 5 times those for non-Hispanic White women. Non-Hispanic Black maternal mortality rates from obstetric embolism and obstetric hemorrhage were 2.3 to 2.6 times those for non-Hispanic White women. Together, these 4 causes accounted for 59% of the non-Hispanic Black‒non-Hispanic White maternal mortality disparity.

Conclusions. The prominence of cardiovascular-related conditions among the leading causes of confirmed maternal death, particularly for non-Hispanic Black women, necessitates increased vigilance for cardiovascular problems during the pregnant and postpartum period. Many of these deaths are preventable.