bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Representation at Risk: Evaluating Levels and Consequences of Violence against Immigrant-Background Politicians
Authors: HÅKANSSON SANDRA , LAJEVARDI NAZITA
Published: December 2024

Politicians are increasingly subjected to violence, both online and offline. Recent studies highlight a gendered pattern to this violence. But, as societies diversify and minorities increasingly hold political office, we have yet to assess whether members of these groups face disproportionate levels of violence. Our research investigates levels and types of violence against immigrant background politicians in Sweden, where over one-third is either foreign-born or has a foreign-born parent, using a unique three-wave survey (

$ N=23,000 $

) on Swedish elected officials. Across every form of violence examined, politicians with immigrant backgrounds report experiencing significantly more physical and psychological violence than their counterparts. These experiences are not without political consequence: immigrant background politicians, and among them especially women, are significantly more likely than their counterparts to consider exiting politics due to harassment. Together, these findings suggest that violence may be driving this already underrepresented group of immigrant background politicians out of office.
Biomass production of hairy vetch and Egyptian clover as affected by sowing dates under warm and hot semi-arid conditions
Authors: Lamega Sala Alanda , Komainda Martin , Ayisi Kingsley Kwabena , Odhiambo Jude Julius Owuor , Isselstein Johannes
Published: December 2024

In Southern Africa, feed gaps towards the end of the cool–dry season are a challenge that needs addressing by the timely growth of suitable forage species. Therefore, we assessed the adaptation of the species vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) and Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.) with one cultivar of each. A fully irrigated experiment consisting of a factorial combination of species, sowing dates (early, late) and sites (warm and hot environments) was conducted across two separate cool–dry seasons. Data were collected at successive harvest dates (hd1, hd2 and hd3) i.e. about 50, 70 and 90 days after sowing, respectively. The accumulated aboveground biomass was affected by the effect of site × sowing date irrespective of harvest date. At hd3, aboveground biomass was further affected by the effect of site × species. Site-specific sensitivity to temperature, photoperiod and soil type influenced the vegetative development of the selected species. Early sowing compared to late sowing achieved about 60% higher biomass accumulation. The species effect was major with higher vetch biomass than clover (2943 v. 961 DM kg/ha), and (1459 v. 1066 DM kg/ha) at the warm and hot sites, respectively. Moreover, clover showed a lower DM response to irrigated water (4.7 against 13.5 kg DM/ha/mm) as compared to vetch. Thus, vetch was the better-adapted crop providing adequate biomass across harvest dates and under different environments. Adoption of these species to alleviate feed gaps is possible when irrigated; however, implementation of the genetic variability of cultivars should also be assessed.
Physico-chemical, textural, microbiological and sensory properties together with fatty acid profiles of presumptive probiotic yoghurts fortified with persimmon (Diospyros kaki) powder
Authors: Kanca Nazlı , Onaran Acar Bahar , Albayrak Delialioğlu Rabia
Published: December 2024

This research paper focuses on enrichment of yoghurt containing probiotic Lactobacillus casei with persimmon (Diospyros kaki) powder in concentrations of 0 (Control) and then 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% (A–D respectively) and determination of some characteristics of the product during refrigerated storage for 21 d. Powder addition affected the color characteristics, textural properties, titratable acidity and water-holding capacity values. The viability of both yoghurt bacteria (Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus) and L. casei increased proportionally to adding persimmon powder for all storage days. Furthermore, addition of fruit powder increased short-chain fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid contents. According to sensory analysis results, sample D had the lowest scores from the panelists, whereas the Control together with samples B and C were the most liked yoghurts in terms of flavor characteristics. In terms of overall acceptability, all of the samples received scores over three points on a five-point scale throughout storage. This study indicates that persimmon powder enriched yoghurt is a good vehicle for L. casei and yoghurt bacteria with improved fatty acid profile and acceptable sensory characteristics.
Type synthesis, analysis, and prototyping of 4R1H mechanisms
Authors: Fomin Alexey , Antonov Anton , Glazunov Victor
Published: December 2024

The article introduces a novel class of 4R1H mechanisms, where 4R indicates four revolute joints and 1H indicates one helical joint. The paper starts with the type synthesis of these mechanisms, which involves combining two kinematic chains with planar and cylindrical motion types into a single closed-loop kinematic chain. If we fix any link in such a chain, we get a workable mechanism. The synthesis procedure considers two options for the relative arrangement of these two kinematic chains. Adding an H joint to the kinematic chain allows us to design mechanisms whose output link performs spatial motion. Using the proposed synthesis procedure, we develop a family of 4R1H mechanisms. Next, we choose one mechanism as a representative example and consider its mobility, singularity, kinematic, and dynamic analysis. Using screw theory, we confirm the mechanism has one degree of freedom and determine its singular configurations. Kinematic analysis provides closed-form expressions to calculate displacements, velocities, and accelerations of all the mechanism links. Dynamic analysis uses these results to compute the motor torque required for one motion cycle. To verify the suggested analytical algorithms and obtained results, we use computer-aided design tools, which allow us to develop virtual and physical prototypes.
Barlow and Proschan principle for coherent systems with statistically dependent component and redundancy lifetimes
Authors: You Yinping , Li Xiaohu
Published: December 2024

For coherent systems with components and active redundancies having heterogeneous and dependent lifetimes, we prove that the lifetime of system with redundancy at component level is stochastically larger than that with redundancy at system level. In particular, in the setting of homogeneous components and redundancy lifetimes linked by an Archimedean survival copula, we develop sufficient conditions for the reversed hazard rate order, the hazard rate order and the likelihood ratio order between two system lifetimes, respectively. The present results substantially generalize some related results in the literature. Several numerical examples are presented to illustrate the findings as well.
Estimated reduction in human salmonellosis incidence in Canada from a new government requirement to reduce Salmonella in frozen breaded chicken products
Authors: Kanoatova Suman , Hurst Matt , Dougherty Brendan , Dumoulin Danielle , Silver Hailey M. , O’Neill Lisa , Nesbitt Andrea
Published: December 2024

Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica infections are a leading cause of enteric disease in Canada, most commonly associated with foodborne exposures. Raw frozen breaded chicken products (FBCP) have been implicated in 16 Salmonella outbreaks between 2017 and 2019. This study quantified the impact of the 1 April 2019 requirement by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) for manufacturers to reduce Salmonella in raw FBCP. An intervention study approach utilizing the pre–post intervention data with a comparison group methodology was used to: (1) estimate the reduction in FBCP Salmonella prevalence using retail meat FoodNet Canada data; (2) estimate the reduction in the human salmonellosis incidence rate using data from the Canadian National Enteric Surveillance Program; and (3) estimate the proportion of reported cases attributed to FBCP if the human exposure to Salmonella through FBCP was completely eliminated. The FBCP Salmonella prevalence decreased from 28% observed before 1 April 2019 to 2.9% after the requirement implementation. The CFIA requirement was estimated to reduce the human salmonellosis incidence rate by 23%. An estimated 26% of cases during the pre-intervention period can be attributed to FBCP. The CFIA requirement was successful at significantly reducing Salmonella prevalence in retail FBCP, and at reducing salmonellosis burden.
Third Force Ambitions: Claude Cheysson and the Rebranding of Eurafrica into Europe's Grand Design
Authors: Lorenzini Sara
Published: December 2024

This essay discusses how the European Community used its relations with the Third World to leverage increased power in the Cold War. It argues that resuscitating the interwar concept of Eurafrica to emerge as a credible alternative to Cold War superpowers went hand in hand with the systematic effort to distance themselves from the colonial legacy and the American strategy. It claims that it took a dynamic leader – Claude Cheysson – to make the Common Market a pivotal actor of globalism, with regional partnership and support of the new international economic order, until its transformative potential waned with the neoliberal turn of the 1980s.
Pflege von LGBTQ+-Personen
Authors: Traister Tyler
Published: December 2024

Das aktuelle Fachbuch zur Pflege von LGBTQ+-Personen konzentriert sich auf die gesundheitlichen Bedürfnisse von LGBTQ+-Personen und erörtert, wie eine diversitätssensible, respektvolle und unvoreingenommene pflegerische Versorgung gelingen kann.Das Praxisbuch zur diversitätssensiblen Pflege von LGBTQ+-Personen klärt Grundbegriffe zu LGBTQ+, erläutert die Bedeutung von Konzepten der sexuellen Orientierung und Geschlechteridentität für Praxis und Dokumentation und vermittelt kommunikative und kulturelle Kompetenzen beschreibt auf LGBTQ+-Gesundheit bezogene Themen wie gesundheitliche Ungleichheit, Stigma und Diskriminierung, Substanzeinnahme und -missbrauch sowie Gesundheitsverhalten von LGBTQ+-Personen beschreibt Aspekte der Pflege von LGBTQ+-Personen in den Bereichen Medizin, Chirurgie und psychosozialer Gesundheit bezüglich Kommunikation, Vorurteilsfreiheit, Anamnese und körperlicher Untersuchung sowie Gesundheit von transgender Personen und Hormontherapie erläutert Besonderheiten der Pflege von LGBTQ+-Personen im Kindes- und Jugendalter sowie von Erwachsenen und älteren Menschen mit Praxisbeispielen skizziert einen historischen Abriss und erläutert Hintergründe der LGBTQ+-Bewegung einschließlich der Verfolgung von LGBTQ-Personen im Nationalsozialismus und der Entwicklung des Paragraphen 175 in Deutschland beleuchtet die Gesundheit von LGBTQ+-Personen in der Schweiz bietet zusätzliche Ressourcen hinsichtlich Interessenvertretungen und Beratungsstellen, gibt Hinweise auf Richtlinien und Rechtsfragen, bietet Erläuterungen zu inklusiven Lebensumgebungen sowie der Integration von LGBTQ-Inhalten in Aus-, Weiterbildung und Studium.
Soziale Kognitionen bei erworbenen Hirnschädigungen
Authors: Thoma Patrizia , Kuhn Caroline T. A.
Published: December 2024

Viel zu häufig werden bislang Beeinträchtigungen Sozialer Kognitionen im klinischen Alltag, sowohl in der Diagnostik als auch in der Behandlung, vernachlässigt. Dabei haben soziokognitive Störungen nach erworbenen Hirnschädigungen oft starke Implikationen für den Alltag der Betroffenen und können sowohl den Erfolg des neurorehabilitativen Prozesses als auch die psychosoziale Reintegration neurologisch Erkrankter ungünstig beeinflussen oder gar behindern.
Der Begriff „Soziale Kognitionen“ subsumiert die unterschiedlichsten theoretischen Konstrukte, von denen insbesondere die Emotionserkennung, Empathie, Theory of Mind und Soziale Kompetenzen/Soziales Problemlösen mit ihren typischen Manifestationen und ihren neurobiologischen Grundlagen in diesem Buch thematisiert werden. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf der Vermittlung von praxisrelevanten Empfehlungen für diagnostische Instrumente und Behandlungsansätze, die im deutschsprachigen Raum aktuell verfügbar und umsetzbar sind.
Improved Computerized Ionospheric Tomography Based on GPS and PALSAR Data
Authors: Zhao Hai‐Sheng , Wang Li‐Ming , Xu Zheng‐Wen , Feng Jie , Zhang Yuan‐Yuan , Li Hai‐Ying , Wang Yong , Wang Cheng
Published: December 2024

Due to factors such as the uneven distribution of ground receiving stations and the lack of effective observation rays, Global Positioning System (GPS)‐based computerized ionospheric tomography (CIT) is typically of low quality and requires additional data sources. Recently, Faraday rotation angle (FRA) retrieval using the Phased Array L‐band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) full‐pol data have emerged as a reliable technique for ionospheric detection. Similar to the total electron content (TEC), the FRA is the integral effect of the electron density and geomagnetic field, with the geomagnetic field being accurately estimated by the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) model. Therefore, this paper proposes a 3‐D secondary CIT algorithm by integrating PALSAR and GPS data: first, the product of the electron density values obtained from GPS‐based CIT and the magnitude of geomagnetic field in corresponding voxel obtained from IGRF is used as the initial value. Then, the iterative algorithm is improved by using the FRA obtained from PALSAR data, rather than TEC, as the input for the second iteration, avoiding the approximation error caused by converting FRA into TEC. The geomagnetic field information is then separated by using the IGRF model, and the reconstructed spatial distribution is finally obtained. Experimental verification shows that the FRA can compensate for the lack of GPS observation rays to a certain extent and improve the accuracy of the reconstructed electron density. The results also indicate that the PALSAR can provide an effective and feasible data source for CIT.
The Significant Enhanced Quiet‐Time Equatorial Ionization Anomaly by the Intense Solar Flare on 06 September 2017
Authors: Zhang Kedeng , Wang Hui , Liu Jing , Song Huimin , Liu Xuanqing
Published: December 2024

On 06 September 2017, two X‐class intense solar flare cases (X2.2 and X9.3) are observed. The X2.2/X9.3 case starts at 0857/1153 UT and peaks at 0910/1202 UT. The latter one is the most powerful event in recent decades and the more “geoeffective.” Using the total electron content (TEC) from the Global Navigation Satellite System, the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere Electrodynamic General Circulation Model, the enhanced equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) during the intense “geoeffective” X9.3 solar flare are investigated in this work. The observed and modeled TEC indicate that the daytime plasma is obviously enhanced by the solar flares. The model results show that the significant enhancement in EIA due to solar flare has a maximum density of 6.63 × 1011 m−3 at pre‐noon sector. It has a maximum increase in the percentage of 26.59%. Four areas of enhanced and two areas of reduced electron density are found, forming a butterfly‐like structure. Based on the term analysis of ion continuity equation, the rate of chemical production during daytime is considerably strengthened, with an average magnitude of 7.37 cm−3s−1. The roles of ambipolar diffusion are positive at almost all local time (LT) of EIA, except for the post‐dusk sector. The daytime eastward electric field is weakened by an average intensity of 0.12 mV/m, preventing the formation of enhanced EIA. The effects of the disturbed horizontal winds (major: meridional winds) have an obvious hemispheric asymmetry.
Simulation of the Steady Mixing State of Black Carbon With a Two‐Dimensional Sectional Model
Authors: Lin Qihao , Wang Jiandong , Li Chenxi , Huang Xin , Wang Jiaping , Nie Wei , Liu Yuliang , Wang Jinbo , Tian Zeyuan , Liu Chao , Ding Aijun
Published: December 2024

Black carbon (BC) strongly absorbs solar radiation and has a warming effect on the earth‐atmosphere system. BC experiences continuous aging, making its optical properties a great uncertainty due to the complex mixing state. To address this issue, we developed a sectional model which is capable of tracking both the aerosol size and the BC core size. This model was applied to simulate BC aging process. The atmospheric observational data from a slightly polluted case was employed to drive the model. It is shown that BC's characteristics tend to reach a steady state within 12 hr. Our analysis reveals that, in the steady state, the size distribution of BC‐containing particles demonstrates a notable characteristic: the particle size distribution decreases exponentially as the particle size increases. This exponential relationship provides a simplified yet accurate representation of the complex BC mixing state. This steady‐state size distribution of BC‐containing particles is validated across diverse atmospheric conditions.
Evolution of the ocular immune system
Authors: Forrester John V. , McMenamin Paul G.
Published: December 2024

The evolution of the ocular immune system should be viewed within the context of the evolution of the immune system, and indeed organisms, as a whole. Since the earliest time, the most primitive responses of single cell organisms involved molecules such as anti-microbial peptides and behaviours such as phagocytosis. Innate immunity took shape ~2.5 billion years ago while adaptive immunity and antigen specificity appeared with vertebrate evolution ~ 500 million years ago. The invention of the microscope and the germ theory of disease precipitated debate on cellular versus humoral immunity, resolved by the discovery of B and T cells. Most recently, our understanding of the microbiome and consideration of the host existing symbiotically with trillions of microbial genes (the holobiont), suggests that the immune system is a sensor of homoeostasis rather than simply a responder to pathogens. Each tissue type in multicellular organisms, such as vertebrates, has a customised response to immune challenge, with powerful reactions most evident in barrier tissues such as the skin and gut mucosa, while the eye and brain occupy the opposite extreme where responses are attenuated. The experimental background which historically led to the concept of immune privilege is discussed in this review; however, we propose that the ocular immune response should not be viewed as unique but simply an example of how the tissues variably respond in nature, more or less to the same challenge (or danger).
Cavity-mediated iSWAP oscillations between distant spins
Authors: Dijkema Jurgen , Xue Xiao , Harvey-Collard Patrick , Rimbach-Russ Maximilian , de Snoo Sander L. , Zheng Guoji , Sammak Amir , Scappucci Giordano , Vandersypen Lieven M. K.
Published: December 2024

Direct interactions between quantum particles naturally fall off with distance. However, future quantum computing architectures are likely to require interaction mechanisms between qubits across a range of length scales. In this work, we demonstrate a coherent interaction between two semiconductor spin qubits 250 μm apart using a superconducting resonator. This separation is several orders of magnitude larger than for the commonly used direct interaction mechanisms in this platform. We operate the system in a regime in which the resonator mediates a spin–spin coupling through virtual photons. We report the anti-phase oscillations of the populations of the two spins with controllable frequency. The observations are consistent with iSWAP oscillations of the spin qubits, and suggest that entangling operations are possible in 10 ns. These results hold promise for scalable networks of spin qubit modules on a chip.
SNARE mimicry by the CD225 domain of IFITM3 enables regulation of homotypic late endosome fusion
Authors: Rahman Kazi , Wilt Isaiah , Jolley Abigail A , Chowdhury Bhabadeb , Datta Siddhartha A K , Compton Alex A
Published: December 2024

The CD225/Dispanin superfamily contains membrane proteins that regulate vesicular transport and membrane fusion events required for neurotransmission, glucose transport, and antiviral immunity. However, how the CD225 domain controls membrane trafficking has remained unknown. Here we show that the CD225 domain contains a SNARE-like motif that enables interaction with cellular SNARE fusogens. Proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) encodes a SNARE-like motif that enables interaction with neuronal SNARE proteins; mutations in this region disrupt SNARE binding and are linked to neurological disease. Another CD225 member, interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), protects cells against influenza A virus infection. IFITM3 interacts with SNARE proteins that mediate late endosome-late endosome (homotypic) fusion and late endosome-lysosome (heterotypic) fusion. IFITM3 binds to syntaxin 7 (STX7) in cells and in vitro, and mutations that abrogate STX7 binding cause loss of antiviral activity against influenza A virus. Mechanistically, IFITM3 disrupts assembly of the SNARE complex controlling homotypic fusion and accelerates the trafficking of endosomal cargo to lysosomes. Our results suggest that SNARE modulation plays a previously unrecognized role in the diverse functions performed by CD225 proteins.
Selective cargo and membrane recognition by SNX17 regulates its interaction with Retriever
Authors: Martín-González Aurora , Méndez-Guzmán Iván , Zabala-Zearreta Maialen , Quintanilla Andrea , García-López Arturo , Martínez-Lombardía Eva , Albesa-Jové David , Acosta Juan Carlos , Lucas María
Published: December 2024

The Retriever complex recycles a wide range of transmembrane proteins from endosomes to the plasma membrane. The cargo adapter protein SNX17 has been implicated in recruiting the Retriever complex to endosomal membranes, yet the details of this interaction have remained elusive. Through biophysical and structural model-guided mutagenesis studies with recombinant proteins and liposomes, we have gained a deeper understanding of this process. Here, we demonstrate a direct interaction between SNX17 and Retriever, specifically between the C-terminal region of SNX17 and the interface of the Retriever subunits VPS35L and VPS26C. This interaction is enhanced upon the binding of SNX17 to its cargo in solution, due to the disruption of an intramolecular autoinhibitory interaction between the C-terminal region of SNX17 and the cargo binding pocket. In addition, SNX17 binding to membranes containing phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate also promotes Retriever recruitment in a cargo-independent manner. Therefore, this work provides evidence of the dual activation mechanisms by which SNX17 modulates Retriever recruitment to the proximity of cargo and membranes, offering significant insights into the regulatory mechanisms of protein recycling at endosomes.
Redesigning error control in cross-linking mass spectrometry enables more robust and sensitive protein-protein interaction studies
Authors: Bogdanow Boris , Ruwolt Max , Ruta Julia , Mühlberg Lars , Wang Cong , Zeng Wen-feng , Elofsson Arne , Liu Fan
Published: December 2024

Cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) allows characterizing protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in native biological systems by capturing cross-links between different proteins (inter-links). However, inter-link identification remains challenging, requiring dedicated data filtering schemes and thorough error control. Here, we benchmark existing data filtering schemes combined with error rate estimation strategies utilizing concatenated target-decoy protein sequence databases. These workflows show shortcomings either in sensitivity (many false negatives) or specificity (many false positives). To ameliorate the limited sensitivity without compromising specificity, we develop an alternative target-decoy search strategy using fused target-decoy databases. Furthermore, we devise a different data filtering scheme that takes the inter-link context of the XL-MS dataset into account. Combining both approaches maintains low error rates and minimizes false negatives, as we show by mathematical simulations, analysis of experimental ground-truth data, and application to various biological datasets. In human cells, inter-link identifications increase by 75% and we confirm their structural accuracy through proteome-wide comparisons to AlphaFold2-derived models. Taken together, target-decoy fusion and context-sensitive data filtering deepen and fine-tune XL-MS-based interactomics.
A novel anti-epileptogenesis strategy of temporal lobe epilepsy based on nitric oxide donor
Authors: Zhu Xian-Hui , Zhou Ya-Ping , Zhang Qiao , Zhu Ming-Yi , Song Xiao-Wei , Li Jun , Chen Jiang , Shi Yun , Sun Kang-Jian , Zhang Yong-Jie , Zhang Jing , Xia Tian , Huang Bao-Sheng , Meng Fan , Zhou Qi-Gang
Published: December 2024

The molecular mechanism underlying the role of hippocampal hilar interneuron degeneration in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) remains unclear. Especially, very few studies have focused on the role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS, encoded by Nos1) containing hilar interneurons in TLE. In the present study, Nos1 conditional knockout mice were constructed, and we found that selective deletion of Nos1 in hilar interneurons rather than dentate granular cells (DGCs) triggered epileptogenesis. The level of nNOS was downregulated in patients and mice with TLE. Nos1 deletion led to excessive epilepsy-like excitatory input circuit formation and hyperexcitation of DGCs. Replenishment of hilar nNOS protein blocked epileptogenic development and memory impairment in pilocarpine-induced TLE mice. Moreover, chronic treatment with DETA/NONOate, a slowly released exogenous nitric oxide (NO) donor, prevented aberrant neural circuits of DGCs and the consequent epileptogenesis without acute antiseizure effects. Therefore, we concluded that NO donor therapy may be a novel anti-epileptogenesis strategy, different from existing antiseizure medications (ASMs), for curing TLE.
Catalytic conversion of chitin biomass into key platform chemicals
Authors: Ji Xinlei , Lu Yichang , Chen Xi
Published: December 2024

This feature article highlights recent progress in shell waste biorefinery, focusing on chitin extraction, upgrading to key chemicals and future research trends.
Utilizing composite recyclate as reinforcement in inverse-vulcanised polymers
Authors: Wickramasingha Y. Athulya , Rodriguez Margaux , Hayne David J. , Simon Zan , Dharmasiri Bhagya , Dabees Sameh , Chalker Justin M. , Henderson Luke C.
Published: December 2024

A sustainable approach to prevent filler settling in vitrimeric polymers, using a mechanically recycled composite filler, is reported.
Influence of halogens on the crystal packing of 3,4,5,6-tetra-chloro-phthalate-based lanthanide coordination compounds
Authors: Ngom Fallou , Blais Chloé , Badiane Insa , Hénaff Christine , Camara Magatte , Daiguebonne Carole , Guillou Olivier
Published: December 2024

Tetra-chloro-phthalate is a promising ligand for the design of luminescent lanthanide-based coordination polymers.
Effects of polymer network flexibility on the kinetics of DEZ vapor phase infiltration into photo-polymerized polyacrylates
Authors: Demelius Lisanne , Coclite Anna Maria , Losego Mark D.
Published: December 2024

By altering the polymer network rigidity, the rate and quantity of vapor phase infiltrated (VPI) inorganics can be controlled to create new organic–inorganic hybrid materials of varying composition and structure.
2D Co-anti-MXenes (CoB/CoP) as promising anode materials for magnesium-ion batteries in diglyme and triglyme electrolytes: a first-principles study
Authors: Panjulingam Nandhini , Lakshmipathi Senthilkumar
Published: December 2024

Magnesium-ion batteries have the potential to replace commercially available Li-ion batteries in the future due to their lower cost and sustainability.
Design of bisamide inhibitors of the TASK-1 potassium channel in silico
Authors: Liu Lu , Liu Jixiang , Chen Liang , Na Risong , Yang Lianjuan , Liu Xiaoping , Zhao Xi
Published: December 2024

TWIK-related acid-sensitive potassium channel 1 (TASK-1) is expressed ubiquitously across various tissues and plays a significant role in neural activity and anesthetic modulation, making it a crucial target for pharmaceutical research.
Molecular insights into kinetic stabilization of amorphous solid dispersion of pharmaceuticals
Authors: Aulich Vladislav , Ludík Jan , Fulem Michal , Červinka Ctirad
Published: December 2024

All-atom molecular simulations enable to interpret kinetic stabilization and mutual miscibility of pharmaceuticals dispersed in polymer carriers in terms of analysis of their inner structure, interactions and dynamics.
Brightness and AIEE behaviour of methylenebis(4,1-phenylene) linkage electron donor–acceptor-based dyads and their implications for robust quantification of explosive picric acid in both aqueous medium and solid state
Authors: Mahato Manas , Sultana Tuhina , Sahoo Rajkumar , Ahamed Sabbir , Tohora Najmin , Maiti Arpita , Kumar Das Sudhir
Published: December 2024

The brightness and AIEE behavior of imine linkage electron donor–acceptor-based dyads have been revealed and their implications for robust quantification of explosive picric acid in both aqueous medium and the solid state have been demonstrated.
Na2B12Si6Se18: a novel B12-cluster-containing quaternary selenoborate framework material
Authors: Panigrahi Gopabandhu , Tisdale Hunter B. , Morrison Gregory , zur Loye Hans-Conrad
Published: December 2024

A new quaternary 3D chalcogenide, Na2Si6B12Se18, was synthesized via solid-state methods and features a unique framework containing the rare icosahedral [B12]10+ cation. The tunnels in this 3D framework structure are occupied by Na+ ions.
Phosphorus-containing polycarbosilazanes: synthesis via dehydrocoupling catalysis and flame-retardant properties
Authors: Soran Albert , Chapple Peter M. , Longuet Claire , Sonnier Rodolphe , Cordier Marie , Carpentier Jean-François , Sarazin Yann
Published: December 2024

The barium-catalysed dehydropolymerisation of a phosphine-functionalised hydrosilane with α,ω-diamines yields P-containing polycarbosilazanes under mild conditions. The flame-retardant properties of these new materials have been investigated.
Rocksalt-type heavy rare earth monoxides TbO, DyO, and ErO exhibiting metallic electronic states and ferromagnetism
Authors: Sasaki Satoshi , Oka Daichi , Shiga Daisuke , Takahashi Ryunosuke , Nakata Suguru , Harata Koichi , Yamasaki Yuichi , Kitamura Miho , Nakao Hironori , Wadati Hiroki , Kumigashira Hiroshi , Fukumura Tomoteru
Published: December 2024

Rocksalt-type heavy rare earth monoxides REOs (RE = Tb, Dy, Er) were synthesized as single phase epitaxial thin films for the first time. They exhibited metallic electronic states and a much higher TC than the corresponding rare earth nitrides.
Robotics for Affective Intelligence: an interview with Dr Micol Spitale
Authors: Spitale Micol
Published: December 2024

Micol Spitale is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering at the Politecnico di Milano (Polimi), as well as a Visiting Affiliated Researcher at the University of Cambridge. In recent years, her research has been focused on the field of Social Robotics, Human-Robot Interaction, and Affective Computing, exploring ways to develop robots that are socio-emotionally adaptive and provide ‘coaching’ to promote wellbeing. In this interview, Micol tells us more about her work in this area.
ZTF SN Ia DR2: An environmental study of Type Ia supernovae using host galaxy image decomposition
Authors: Senzel R. , Maguire K. , Burgaz U. , Dimitriadis G. , Rigault M. , Goobar A. , Johansson J. , Smith M. , Deckers M. , Galbany L. , Ginolin M. , Harvey L. , Kim Y.-L. , Muller-Bravo T. E. , Nugent P. , Rosnet P. , Sollerman J. , Terwel J. H. , Laher R. R. , Reiley D. , Rusholme B.
Published: December 2024

The second data release of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) observed by the Zwicky Transient Facility has provided a homogeneous sample of 3628 SNe Ia with photometric and spectral information. This unprecedented sample size enables us to better explore our currently tentative understanding of the dependence of the host environment on SN Ia properties. In this paper, we make use of two-dimensional image decomposition to model the host galaxies of SNe Ia. We model elliptical galaxies as well as disc and spiral galaxies with or without central bulges and bars. This allows for the categorisation of SN Ia based on their morphological host environment, as well as the extraction of intrinsic galaxy properties corrected for both cosmological and atmospheric effects, through point-spread-function (PSF) convolution. We find that although this image decomposition technique leads to a significant bias towards elliptical galaxies in our final sample of processed galaxies, the overall results are still robust. By successfully modelling 728 host galaxies, we find that the photometric properties of SNe Ia found in discs and in elliptical galaxies correlate fundamentally differently with their host environment. We identified strong linear relations between light-curve stretch and our model-derived galaxy colour for both the elliptical (16.8σ) and disc (5.1σ) subpopulations of SNe Ia. Lower-stretch SNe Ia are found in redder environments, which we identify as an age and/or metallicity effect. Within the subpopulation of SNe Ia found in disc-containing galaxies, we find a significant linear trend (6.1σ) between light-curve stretch and model-derived local r-band surface brightness, which we link to the age and metallicity gradients found in disc galaxies. SN Ia colour shows little correlation with the host environment, as is seen in the literature. We do identify a possible dust effect in our model-derived surface brightness (3.3σ) for SNe Ia in disc galaxies.
An efficient unsupervised classification model for galaxy morphology: Voting clustering based on coding from ConvNeXt large model
Authors: Fang Guanwen , Dai Yao , Lin Zesen , Zhou Chichun , Song Jie , Gu Yizhou , Guo Xiaotong , Mao Anqi , Kong Xu
Published: December 2024

By combining unsupervised and supervised machine learning methods, we have proposed a framework, called USmorph, to carry out automatic classifications of galaxy morphologies. In this work, we update the unsupervised machine learning (UML) step by proposing an algorithm based on ConvNeXt large model coding to improve the efficiency of unlabeled galaxy morphology classifications. The method can be summarized into three key aspects as follows: (1) a convolutional autoencoder is used for image denoising and reconstruction and the rotational invariance of the model is improved by polar coordinate extension; (2) uthilizing a pre-trained convolutional neural network (CNN) named ConvNeXt for encoding the image data. The features were further compressed via a principal component analysis (PCA) dimensionality reduction; (3) adopting a bagging-based multi-model voting classification algorithm to enhance robustness. We applied this model to I-band images of a galaxy sample with Imag < 25 in the COSMOS field. Compared to the original unsupervised method, the number of clustering groups required by the new method is reduced from 100 to 20. Finally, we managed to classify about 53% galaxies, significantly improving the classification efficiency. To verify the validity of the morphological classification, we selected massive galaxies with M* > 1010M⊙ for morphological parameter tests. The corresponding rules between the classification results and the physical properties of galaxies on multiple parameter surfaces are consistent with the existing evolution model. Our method has demonstrated the feasibility of using large model encoding to classify galaxy morphology, which not only improves the efficiency of galaxy morphology classification, but also saves time and manpower. Furthermore, in comparison to the original UML model, the enhanced classification performance is more evident in qualitative analysis and has successfully surpassed a greater number of parameter tests. The enhanced UML method will support the Chinese space station telescope in the future.
A comparative analysis between isotropic and optimization binary diagram influenced by nickel-doping on the LiMn2O4 spinel type
Authors: Malatji Kemeridge , Maphanga Regina , Ngoepe Phuti
Published: December 2024

The study explores the Ni-rich transition metal as a dopant on the Mn (16d) site of the LiMn1-xNixO4 cathode material. However, lithium manganese oxide is hindered by a limited cycle life, caused by the dissolution of manganese into the electrolyte during electrochemical cycling. Doping lithium-ion battery materials with TM generally enhances their ability to maintain electrochemical capacity over many cycles without compromising the initial reversible capacity at room temperature. This study utilised the genetic algorithm approach and first-principles calculations to investigate the LiMn2O4 spinel structure. This method identified the most stable phases by simplifying atomic interactions in the LiMn2O4-LiNi2O4 system using a series of clusters, which facilitated the corresponding thermodynamic analysis. The comparison and exploration between the full optimized and volume optimized binary calculation was to observe the % difference of the two binary diagrams yielding 13 meV and 1.1 meV, respectively. The two binary ground state diagrams depict the miscibility constituent’s behaviour, producing new phases (62 and 77) with different coordinates. The study revealed the five most stable phases at the ground state line, one of which is the opposite (LiMn0.5Ni1.5O4) at X = 0.75 of the high-potential cathode material LiMn0.5Ni1.5O4.
Electronic and equilibrium properties of molybdenum disulphide: Density Functional Theory study
Authors: Kekana Magopa , Mahladisa Mokete , Matshaba Malili , Sikhwivhilu Lucky , Ntsendwana Bulelwa , Mosuang Thuto
Published: December 2024

Electronic and equilibrium properties of molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) were investigated using the full potential all electrons linearized augmented plane waves method. Both local density and generalized gradient approximations were explored to obtain the most stable configuration. Both approximations conform to the indirect narrow energy band gap in the neighbourhood of the Fermi level. Electronic band structure suggests a narrow energy band gap of 1.35 and 1.30 eV respectively for the local density and generalised gradient approximations. Density of states suggest a valence bandwidth of ±3.560 eV by both approximations. Minimum energy of -2.65 x 105 eV and equilibrium volume of 724 (Bohr)3 were also recorded. Acquired computations agree well with related calculations.
Theoretical study on corrosion behaviour of titanium metal alloyed with precious metals
Authors: Phasha Zanele Helen , Makhatha Mamookho Elizabeth , Mkhonto Donald , Phasha Maje
Published: December 2024

This study investigated the role of valence electron orbital filling (
e/a ratio) on the reported corrosion resistance performance of Ti-Pt and Ti- Au binary alloys containing less than 10 atomic percent (at. %) precious metal. The valence electron orbital filling enabled us to determine the oxidation states of these binary Ti alloys, and thus establish a correlation with corresponding corrosion performance. It is known from literature that high oxidation state results in high oxygen to metal coverage, i.e., a very stable metal-oxide layer with high oxygen to metal ratio is formed.
Fatigue life prediction of cylindrical roller bearings subjected to different operating conditions
Authors: Mashiyane Themba , Tartibu Lagouge , Desai Dawood , Salifu Smith
Published: December 2024

In rotary and mechanical systems, the fatigue life of bearings is a critical factor to consider if unplanned shutdown is to be prevented. Often, the inner and outer rings of bearings are non-concentric, and this mostly results in axial or angular misalignment. This research employs finite element analysis software, Abaqus CAE and finite element analysis post- processing software, fe-safe to determine the fatigue life of cylindrical roller ball bearings with different degrees of angular misalignments during operation. The results show that a slight degree of angular misalignment increases the developed Hertzian stress, and significantly limits the fatigue life of the bearing.
Assessing the nanomechanical, wear and thermal stability of Ti-Al-Si-V alloys produced via laser engineered net shaping (LENS) in-situ alloying
Authors: Raji Sadiq Abiola , Popoola Abimbola Patricia Idowu , Pityana Sisa Leslie , Tlotleng Monnamme
Published: December 2024

Titanium aluminide (TiAl) intermetallic alloys are highly recognized because of their lightweight qualities and are particularly useful for replacing heavier Nickel-based (Ni-based) superalloys in high- temperature components. This study fossed on the investigation of the nanomechanical, wear, and thermal stability of intermetallic Ti-Al-Si-V alloys fabricated by in situ alloying with elemental metal powders using the laser engineered net shaping (LENS) technology. The impact of Vanadium (V) feed rate was examined both before and during the annealing heat treatment, which involved 60mins at temperatures of 1200 and 1400°C, and furnace cooling (FC) conditions. After heat treatment (1200°C and 1400°C), it was discovered that V addition enhances the Ti-Al-Si-V alloy's nanomechanical properties. According to the nanoindentation results, the mechanical characteristics of the heat-treated samples were typically better than those of the as-deposited alloy and were equivalent to the qualities of commercially available TiAl alloys. The alloy that was heat-treated at a temperature of 1200°C exhibited better tribological and thermal stability. Lastly, the as-deposited sample performed better in terms of tribological and thermal stability aspects than the sample that was heat-treated at 1400°C.
Using the Cluster-Plus-Glue-Atom model to design the composition of low Young’s modulus β-Ti alloys for orthopaedic applications
Authors: Muchavi Noluntu , Raganya Lerato , Makhatha Elizabeth
Published: December 2024

The design and development of metastable β-type Ti alloys with low Young’s moduli (E) requires the use of multiple β-phase stabilising alloying elements. The most commonly used alloy development design strategies do not provide accurate composition design. Moreover, the process of developing alloys is still based on empirical exploration, which is costly and time consuming. In this study, the cluster-plus-glue-atom (CPGA) model was employed in the composition design and interpretation of low-E, β-type Ti based alloys. Microstructure, phase analysis, Young’s modulus (mechanical testing and nano-indentation testing) of the as-cast alloys were investigated. The results demonstrated that the CPGA model was effective in formulating compositions which were able to simultaneously achieve high β-phase stability and low-E as exemplified by the [(Mo0.4Sn0.6) (Ti)14] (Nb)1 alloy which obtained a Young’s modulus of 59 GPa.
Design of novel titanium-copper alloys for dental implant applications
Authors: Mavundla Muzi , Cornish Lesley
Published: December 2024

Although the main alloy used in dentistry is Ti-6Al-4V, there are concerns of toxicity with Al and V, as well as bacterial infections after implantation. Novel Ti-Ta-Mo-Sn-
xCu (
x = 0, 5 (wt%)) compositions were derived using Thermo-Calc® and manufactured using a button arc furnace. Addition of 5 wt% Cu produced Ti2Cu, linked to potentially improved antibacterial properties. SEM-EDX was used to determine the compositions and microstructures, XRD for phase identification, potentiodynamic polarisation test to investigate corrosion behaviour and hardness test to measure resistance to indentation.
Effect of copper additions to HerculesTM and Type 316 stainless steel
Authors: Smit Melanie , Cornish Lesley , Ukabhai Kiyaasha Dyal , Mkhonto Donald
Published: December 2024

Copper additions of approximately 20 wt% were added to Mintek’s cost effective low nickel austenitic stainless steel HerculesTM alloy, as well as to an anti-pathogen stainless steel of Lui et al. The alloys were produced using the plasma-melting feature of an Amazmet rePowder system, and characterised in the as-cast condition. The compositions of the alloys were confirmed using spark emission spectrometry and x-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The commercial Type 316SS and HerculesTM alloys showed fully austenitic microstructures. The Cu modified alloys contained copper-coloured precipitates within and austenitic matrix. The copper additions had a detrimental effect on the corrosion performance of the alloys, as would be expected.
A review on enhancing near-α Ti alloys: Exploring sintering additives in conjunction with CP-Ti
Authors: Jeje Samson Olaitan , Marazani Tawanda , Obiko Japheth Oirere , Shongwe Mxolisi Brendon
Published: December 2024

This review explores sintering additives' vital role in near-alpha titanium alloy production from commercially pure titanium, meeting demand for lightweight, high-strength materials. It emphasizes understanding the nuanced relationship between additives to optimize microstructures and enhance alloy performance. Beginning with the significance of near-alpha titanium alloys, it discusses the properties of commercially pure titanium and its limitations in high-performance applications. The review details the sintering process's crucial role, including its impact on resulting properties. Additionally, it examines various sintering additives, their roles in alloying, and their effects on microstructure and mechanical properties. Discussions on challenges, trends, future prospects, and existing literature augment the analysis.
Effects of heat treatment on the properties of arc melted AlCuFeNiSi0.4 and AlCuFeNiTi0.2 high entropy alloys for engineering applications
Authors: Adeyoye Abidemi , Popoola Patricia , Mathe Ntombi , Popoola Olawale , Dada Modupeola , Dhliwayo Nhlanhla
Published: December 2024

In this study, AlCuFeNiSi0.4 and AlCuFeNiTi0.2 high entropy alloys (HEAs) were synthesized using arc melting. The as-cast alloys were heat treated at 750 °C for 4hrs then quenched in water and oil and aged for 6hrs to examine the influence of the quenching media (water and oil) on the microstructural, nanomechanical, corrosion and wear characteristics of the alloys. The XRD results revealed that both alloys had BCC phase and FCC phase structures, where Ti and Al were the BCC stabilizers and Cu and Ni acted as FCC stabilizers. The excellent combination of hardness and elastic modulus of both alloys quenched in water shows that ageing can improve the properties of the alloys. The alloys quenched in water after ageing offered improved properties compared to those quenched in oil for both alloys. The wear resistance was higher in AlCuFeNiSi0.4 than inAlCuFeNiTi0.2 attributed to the strengthening mechanism of the alloy. Electrochemical tests also showed that the AlCuFeNiSi0.4 alloy composition was more corrosion resistant and easier to passivate in 3.5% NaCl. The combined action of the elements in the HEA composition produced surface oxide layers that were more stable and resistant to corrosion. Hence, the heated treated Si0.4 HEA derivative has the potential to be used as materials in wider corrosive environments in the energy industry.