bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Purification, structural characterization, and immunoregulatory activity of a polysaccharide from mulberry branch
Authors: Xiang Wei , Xu Li , Zheng Li , Zhang Qi-ao , Shi Xiaowen
Published: January 2024

In view of the fact that mulberry branch has not been effectively utilized and polysaccharide is one of the main active components in mulberry branch, this study aims to reveal the structure and immunomodulatory activity of its polysaccharide. A type of neutral polysaccharides, named Mulberry Branch Polysaccharide-2 (MBP-2), was separated from mulberry branch using DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-100. As analyzed, they were mainly composed of glucose with a molecular weight of approximately 21.7 kDa. Methylation analysis demonstrated that MBP-2 primary contained a →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, α-D-Glcp-(1→ and →4, 6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ structure, which was validated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In addition, cellular experiments indicated that MBP-2 significantly enhanced the production of NO, TNF-α and IL-6 in RAW264.7 cells, unraveling the potential immunoregulatory activity of MBP-2. Further analysis showed that MBP-2 exerted their immunoregulatory activity mainly via binding with TLR4 to activate the downstream TRIF-dependent signaling pathways.
Glycogenic hepatopathy associated with hepatic steatosis in type 1 diabetes Short title: GH associated with MAFLD in T1DM
Authors: Teasdale Stephanie , Dong Xin , Griffin Alison , Clark Paul James , Nisbet Janelle , Morton Adam , Phillips Liza , Sullivan Mitchell Anthony , Galloway Graham
Published: January 2024

Purpose:
Glycogenic hepatopathy is associated with significant psychosocial consequences and health costs. Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and glycogenic hepatopathy are frequently confused as “fatty liver” when seen on ultrasonography. We wished to examine liver fat and glycogen content in groups defined based on metabolic and liver disease phenotypes.
Methods:
This case-control study undertaken in a tertiary hospital used nuclear proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to examine liver fat and glycogen content in five clinical groups, each containing five participants: 1. type 1 diabetes with glycogenic hepatopathy, 2. satisfactorily controlled type 1 diabetes with no liver disease, 3. poorly controlled type 1 diabetes without liver disease, 4. a control group of body mass index- and age-matched individuals without diabetes or liver disease, and 5. hepatic steatosis.
Results:
Fat content was highest in the hepatic steatosis (median 15.4%, IQR 10.0-19.3) and glycogenic hepatopathy (median 6.5%, IQR 4.5–9.1) groups and compared to both of these groups was lower in the control group (median 1.0%, IQR 0.7–1.1, p 0.002 and 0.022), the T1DM group with satisfactory control (median 0.3%, IQR 0.2–0.6, p < 0.001 and < 0.001), and the T1DM group with poor control without liver disease (median 1.1%, IQR 0.9–1.1, p 0.001 and 0.012).
Conclusions:
The hyperechoic ultrasonographic liver changes seen in type 1 diabetes mellitus are often termed “fatty liver”, but may relate to glycogen accumulation and not fat. In cases diagnosed with glycogenic hepatopathy there may be significant concomitant fat accumulation, compounding the already elevated cardiovascular risk in this cohort.
High Prognostic relevance of toluidine blue stain score in canine cutaneous mast cell tumor
Authors: Srivas Avantika , Prabhu Shyama N. , Gangwar Neeraj Kumar , Singh Ajay Pratap , Singh Renu , Purohit Sanjay , Chaudhary J. K. , Gangwar Kavisha , Bhate Yash , Kumar Avneesh , Singh Vinod Kumar , Choudhury Soumen , Shukla Amit
Published: January 2024

The aim of the study was to characterize the canine cutaneous mast cell tumor based on cytomorphology and to assess the significance of cytology, histology and immunohistochemistry in its diagnosis and prognosis. The tumors were cytologically and/or histologically graded as high or low. The tumors were also graded based on the cytoplasmic granularity by toluidine blue staining method and immunostaining pattern shown by cKIT. A comparison of various parameters like breed, age, sex, tumor location size, granulation, cytological/histological grade, cKIT staining pattern and cKIT IS between the dead and live animals was made. Based on histology/cytology, 12 tumors were of high grade and four were of low grade. Median survival time for the high grade tumor was found to be 5 months. Immunocytochemistry revealed intense cytoplasmic diffuse pattern followed by stippled and membraneous patterns. No significant difference was noted for tumor location, size, sex, histological grade, cKIT Immunostaining pattern and IS between the two prognostic groups dead and live. The KIT staining pattern was not much informative for the prognosis of canine cutaneous mast cell tumors in this study. But a significant difference between the two groups was noted for the cytoplasmic granularity demonstrated by toluidine blue stain. The toluidine blue staining score served as better prognostic indicator with poor granulation favouring a worse prognosis. Therefore, toluidine blue staining may be considered a cost effective, easier and rapid method to perform as compared to immunostaining in the prognosis of canine cutaneous mast cell tumour.
Analyzing Dueling Q-Learning for Workload Balancing in Edge Computing with Random Workload Distribution
Authors: Thatha Venkata Nagaraju , K Kalaivani , Reddy V. Surya Narayana , Ramakrishna K V S S , Motupalli Ravikanth
Published: January 2024

Edge computing is an emerging computing paradigm that enables data processing to be performed closer to where the data is generated, instead of relying on centralized cloud computing resources. One of the key challenges in edge computing is to efficiently balance the workload across different devices and scenarios, in order to optimize resource utilization and minimize response time. In this study, we investigate the use of dueling Q-learning for workload balancing in edge computing, with a focus on scenarios where the workload is randomly distributed across different devices. We compare the performance of dueling Q-learning with a random distribution approach and analyze the results using visualizations and statistical measures. We present two implementations of dueling Q-learning: a centralized approach and a distributed approach. We show that both approaches are effective in balancing the workload and outperform the random distribution approach in terms of workload distribution, convergence rate, and response time. We also compare the performance of the two dueling Q-learning approaches and show that the distributed approach is more scalable and efficient in large-scale scenarios. Our results demonstrate the potential of dueling Q-learning as a promising approach for workload balancing in edge computing. The study provides insights into the benefits and limitations of the approach and suggests future directions for research in this area.
Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy in patients aged 75 years or older – comparing the risk of complications with their younger counterparts
Authors: Petersson Rasmus D. , Fode Mikkel M. , Niebuhr Malene H. , Rashu Badal S. , Thomsen Frederik F.
Published: January 2024

Background & aim
More elderly patients are diagnosed with kidney tumors where partial nephrectomy is technically possible. We investigated whether patients ≥75 years old had an increased risk of complications following robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) compared to younger patients.
Methods
Retrospective, consecutive study including patients who underwent RAPN betweenApril 2016 – May 2023. Preoperative data, operative data and complications within 90 days were recorded by patient record review. Complications were classified according to Clavien-Dindo (CD).
Results
451 patients underwent RAPN and a postoperative complication was recorded in 131 (29%) patients of which 28 (6%) were CD ≥III. Any postoperative complication was recorded in 24/113 patients (21%) <55 years, 40/127 patients (31%) 55-64 years, 45/151 patients (42%) 65-74 years, and 22/60 patients (37%) ≥75 years. Comparable numbers for a CD ≥III postoperative complication were 2/113 (2%) <55 years, 6/127 (7%) 55-64 years, 12/151 (8%) 65-74 years, and 5/60 (8%) ≥75 years. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, patients ≥75 years had a non-significant increased risk of complications when controlling for preoperative variables (OR 1.82 [95% CI 0.80-4.13]) or perioperative variables (OR 1.98 [95% CI 0.86-4.58]) compared to patients <55 years. Two patients died postoperatively. Both were ≥75 years (2/60, 3%).
Discussion and conclusions
Selected patients ≥75 years can undergo RAPN without a significantly increased risk of postoperative complications. However, a mortality rate of 3% in this age group indicates that these patients are frail when postoperative complications occur.
Role of blockchain-enabled Secure Supply Chain management using IIoT for Anomaly detection in 6G
Authors: Kunwar Fateh Bahadur , Singh Hitendra Singh , Yadav Rakesh Kumar Yadav
Published: January 2024

In order to improve the safety and visibility of supply chain management within the context of 6G networks, this research looks into the complementary use of blockchain and the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). Securing supply chain procedures is becoming more important due to the changing technology landscape and the upcoming 6G. The inherent weaknesses of old supply chain systems and the necessity of implementing real-time anomaly detection procedures to counter new threats are the driving forces behind this. The goal of this connection is to take advantage of IIoT's data-driven capabilities for real-time monitoring and blockchain's immutability for secure transactions. The construction of an all-encompassing system architecture is required to do this, which includes integrating blockchain technology, implementing IIoT devices, and orchestrating smart contracts to guarantee the safety of supply chain transactions. In order to find out what's wrong with the 6G environment, the study uses an anomaly detection approach that combines data pretreatment, feature extraction, and training of a machine learning model. The outcomes demonstrate how well the suggested approach works to provide consistent and accurate real-time data, which improves anomaly detection in a 6G-enabled supply chain. Industry practitioners seeking resilient supply chain solutions in the era of 6G can benefit from the study's practical insights as well as from the theoretical contributions to the understanding of blockchain and IIoT integration.
Xerostomia: A silent burden for people receiving palliative care – A qualitative descriptive study.
Authors: Dourieu Emir Murphy , Lisiecka Dominika , Evans William , Sheahan Patricia
Published: January 2024

Background
The prevalence of dry mouth in the palliative care population is well documented and increases due to polypharmacy, radiotherapy and systemic conditions. Saliva as a lubricant for the mouth and throat has implications for swallowing, chewing, and speech. The literature about the experience of xerostomia (perceived feeling of dry mouth) in palliative care is scarce. Clinical evidence suggests that xerostomia has a negative impact on people’s comfort, however, no recent studies explored this impact in detail. This new knowledge is paramount to adhere to the principles of palliative care.
Aims
To evaluate the impact of xerostomia on the lives of people receiving palliative care with particular reference to eating and speaking.
Design
A qualitative descriptive study (interview design). Thematic analysis was used for data analysis.
Setting
A single specialist palliative care centre in Ireland.
Results
The majority of participants (35/40) had cancer. Xerostomia was reported to have multiple physical, psychological, and daily life consequences. Participants provided insights into the impact of xerostomia on sleeping, eating, talking, denture wearing, and they described in detail their intra-oral sensations associated with xerostomia. The negative effect of xerostomia on speech was reported as the most significant to participants.
Conclusion
Xerostomia has a profound impact on the daily lives of people receiving palliative care, including physical and psychological consequences. Speaking is often affected, which can impede the person’s ability to communicate. There needs to be increased awareness of the impact of xerostomia and more research is required to understand how best to manage xerostomia in a palliative care setting.
Influence of die parameters on the deformation characteristics of cross wedge rolling steel balls: modelling, numerical simulation and experiments
Authors: Wang Jiapeng , Wang Baoyu , Liu Jinping , Li Yunsheng , Zhang Huibo , Li Wei
Published: January 2024

How to choose appropriate tool parameters has always been a challenge in the cross wedge rolling (CWR) process, as different tool parameters affects the instantaneous metal deformation pattern and effective strain, thereby affecting the geometric dimensions and mechanical properties of the formed workpiece, especially for CWR steel balls with both radial and axial forming degrees of freedom. This paper proposed four novel forms of forming angle design for CWR dies and different sizes of spreading angles. The effect of different tool parameters on the deformation characteristics of CWR steel balls was analyzed using a combination of theoretical modelling and finite element (FE) simulation analysis. The analysis indicated that the axial deformation parameters increased linearly while the radial deformation parameters increasesd exponentially during the CWR process. The steel balls obtained from equal or small arc forming angles had better roundness and filling than those obtained from fixed forming angle and large arc forming angle. When the forming angle is fixed, the larger the spreading angle, the more metal volume participates in deformation per unit time, and the more severe the deformation. Finally, tool parameters with a fixed forming angle of 30° and an equal arc forming angle, as well as a spreading angle of 8°, were selected for comparative experiments on steel balls forming. The experimental results indicated that the size accuracy of steel balls obtained by equal arc forming angle was relatively high, and a larger spreading angle could improve forming efficiency significantly, which verified the reliability of FE simulation simultaneously.
A Study of Patients' Meaning in Life at Siriraj Palliative Care Center
Authors: Sriveerac Pinyo , Chimpiboon Puchong , Nakabut Teeranun
Published: January 2024

Background:
Understanding the meaning of life is crucial, especially for patients at the end of their journey. This comprehension improves mental resilience, correlates with a better quality of life, and acts as a buffer against emotional distress.
Aim:
This study investigates the prevalence of palliative patients who grasp this meaning within themselves.
Design:
Conducted as a prospective cohort observational clinical study, this research utilized the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ), collecting demographic data, age, gender, and individual interpretations of life's meaning. Data analysis utilized descriptive statistics for frequencies and percentages, along with content analysis to delve into patients' perspectives.
Setting/participants:
The study included patients 18 or older with incurable diseases, a life expectancy less than one year, and effective communication skills.
Result:
The study comprised 107 palliative patients, 41.1% male and 58.9% female. The findings showed that 76.6% of the participants had a sense of life's meaning, which was highly individualistic. The content analysis revealed eight themes, with family (77.6%), occupation (21.5%), society (15.9%), religion (11.2%), health (9.3%), finance (6.5%), education (4.7%), and specific life issues (16.8%).
Conclusions:
The essence of spirituality, integral to the meaning of life, plays a crucial role in palliative care, enhancing the overall quality of life, especially in life's poignant moments. Patients predominantly embark on personal quests for meaning, with familial bonds standing out as a significant motif, attesting to the profound interpersonal relationships woven into their existence
Polyene Phosphatidyl Choline Injection Regulates Lipid Homeostasis via AKT-PDE3-PKA in Mice
Authors: Hu Yang , Chai Dan , Geng Qiao , Chen Li , Zhang Feng , Qiu Ping , Wang Changqing , Lu Lungen , Kong Desong
Published: January 2024

Objective This study aimed to the clinical efficacy of polyene phosphatidyl choline (PPC) injections was assessed using data from the Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine. Then investigate the mechanisms of PPC injections in the prevention and treatment of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) in mice.Methods First, clinical data of PPC injections from the Chinese Medicine Modernization and Big Data Research Center at Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine were collected and analyzed to assess the clinical effects of PPC injections. Then, a mouse model of alcoholic liver injury was established using C57BL/6J mice. The protective effects of PPC injections against ALD were evaluated at the systemic level using biochemical and histopathological analyses. RNA-seq technology was used to identify specific differentially expressed genes and related signaling pathways involved in the protective effects of PPC injections against alcoholic liver injury. Finally, Changes in differentially expressed genes and related signaling pathways were confirmed by western blot analysis of the liver tissues.Results Clinical data showed that PPC injection has a significant regulatory effect on abnormal liver damage and lipid metabolism-related indicators. PPC injection significantly inhibited the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and hepatic lipid accumulation in a mouse model of liver injury. The PPC injection can downregulate Akt1, Traf3, Prkaca, NF-KB; and upregulate Pde3b expression.Conclusion PPC injections had clinically significant hepatoprotective effects. The underlying mechanism may involve may exert its effects on preventing and treating ALD by regulating the Akt-PDE3-PKA signaling pathway to modulate lipid homeostasis.
Insect friendly light at night
Authors: Jou Jwo-Huei , Song We-Chi , Tsai Yun-Chen , Wu Chun-Hua , Sharma Dipanshu , Peng Bo-Hsun , Chen Chung-Chia , Lee Meng-Ting , Chen Yi-Hong
Published: January 2024

Electric light at night poses a threat to both humans and ecosystems, compelling the search for an environmentally friendly lighting measure. Insects play a pivotal role in maintaining a healthy ecosystem and therefore we investigated the effects of different electric light sources on the attraction of insects after dusk. In this work, we studied the effect of the widely used light emitting diode (LED), the emerging organic light emitting diode (OLED) and the traditional incandescent bulb. We found that light with a lower color temperature attracted fewer insects, regardless LED or OLED. For example, the number of insects attracted by the 5,000K LED was 4.3 times that attracted by the 3,000 K counterpart. Surprisingly, the 2,400 K incandescent bulb attracted more insects than the 1,900 K, 3,000 K or 5,000 K OLED light. All these phenomena suggest that light with shorter wavelength emission tends to attract more insects. These results suggest that OLED lights may be considered as insect-friendly lights at night, especially those with the lowest color temperature, which are also human-friendly in terms of retinal protection and melatonin production.
Implications for insect conservation
Our results show that the blue-hazard free, human-friendly OLED light source is also insect friendly. According to our findings, it can protect insects from the harm caused by traditional electronic night lights, promoting insect conservation.
Detection of Leptospira kirschneri in a short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis delphis) stranded off the coast of southern California, USA
Authors: Prager KC , Danil Kerri , Wurster Elyse , Colegrove Kathleen M , Galloway Renee , Kettler Niesa , Mani Rinosh , McDonough Ryelan F , Sahl Jason W , Stone Nathan E , Wagner David M , Lloyd-Smith James O
Published: January 2024

BACKGROUND
Pathogenic Leptospira species are globally important zoonotic pathogens capable of infecting a wide range of host species. In marine mammals, reports of Leptospira have predominantly been in pinnipeds, with isolated reports of infections in cetaceans.
CASE PRESENTATION
On 28 June 2021, a 150.5 cm long female, short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis delphis) stranded alive on the coast of southern California and subsequently died. Gross necropsy revealed multifocal cortical pallor within the reniculi of the kidney, and lymphoplasmacytic tubulointerstitial nephritis was observed histologically. Immunohistochemistry confirmed Leptospira infection, and PCR followed by lfb1 gene amplicon sequencing suggested that the infecting organism was L. kirschneri. Leptospira DNA capture and enrichment allowed for whole-genome sequencing to be conducted. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the causative agent was a previously undescribed, divergent lineage of L. kirschneri.
CONCLUSIONS
We report the first detection of pathogenic Leptospira in a short-beaked common dolphin, and the first detection in any cetacean in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Renal lesions were consistent with clinically significant leptospirosis in other host species, including marine mammals, and were the most significant lesions detected overall, suggesting leptospirosis as the likely cause of death. We identified the cause of the infection as L. kirschneri, a species detected only once before in a marine mammal – a northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris) of the northeastern Pacific. These findings raise questions about the mechanism of transmission, given the obligate marine lifestyle of cetaceans (in contrast to pinnipeds, which spend time on land) and the commonly accepted view that Leptospira are quickly killed by salt water. They also raise important questions regarding the source of infection, and whether it arose from transmission among marine mammals or from terrestrial-to-marine spillover. Moving forward, surveillance and sampling must be expanded to better understand the extent to which Leptospira infections occur in the marine ecosystem and possible epidemiological linkages between and among marine and terrestrial host species. Generating Leptospira genomes from different host species will yield crucial information about possible transmission links, and our study highlights the power of new techniques such as DNA enrichment to illuminate the complex ecology of this important zoonotic pathogen.
Treatment for traumatic nasolacrimal duct obstruction via endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy and multiplanar reconstructive technology
Authors: Hu Feng , Ye Yunyan , Wang Ruijun , Zhu Kexuan , Kong Qiao
Published: January 2024

ObjectiveTo assess the effectiveness of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (Endo-DCR) and computed tomography dacryocystography (CT-DCG) for the treatment of traumatic nasolacrimal duct obstruction (NLDO).MethodsEighteen eyes from 16 patients with traumatic NLDO were analyzed retrospectively. On a real-time worktable, all patients underwent CT-DCG imaging, multiplanar reconstruction (MPR), and three-dimensional reconstruction (3D-R) analyses. Endo-DCR was performed based on the results of the sinonasal CT scan. Patient statistics, trauma etiology, NOE fracture type, lacrimal blockage, CT imaging, and surgical results were evaluated.ResultsThis study included 16 patients (18 eyes) with traumatic NLDO admitted to the Ophthalmology Department of Li Huili Hospital Affiliated with Ningbo University from January 2019 to November 2021. All patients had symptoms of epiphora and lacrimal discharge. The patients' average age was 41.18±12.25 years (range 18-63 years), and 10 were male (62.5%), while 6 were female (37.5%). Traffic injuries were the leading cause (81.25%), resulting in naso-orbitoethmoidal (NOE) fractures. CT-DCG analysis revealed that four patients had nasolacrimal duct fractures, eight had simple NOE fractures, three had NOE mixed with zygoma fractures, and one had NOE combined with a skull fracture. Endo-DCR was performed in all patients, with silicone tubes placed in two patients, and the stent was removed three months following surgery. The average follow-up period was 37.43±10.86 months, and no surgical infections were identified. Finally, 17 of the 18 eyes (94.4%) were effectively treated, with one eye achieving anatomical success but failing to establish function.ConclusionCT-DCG and multiplanar reconstruction techniques can provide surgical guidance for traumatic NLDO. Endo-DCR has been shown to be beneficial for treating traumatic NLDO with few complications. In patients with lacrimal duct damage or stenosis, the addition of silicone tube-assisted support may improve surgical success rates.
Ship collision avoidance decision-making research in coastal waters considering uncertainty of target ships
Authors:   Navigation College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China, Gao Jianjie , Zhang Yuquan
Published: January 2024

Ship collision avoidance has always been a concern and it is crucial for achieving safe navigation of ships at sea. There are many studies on ship collision avoidance in open water, but less attention on coastal waters considering the uncertainty of target ships due to the complexity of the environment and traffic flow. In this paper, collision avoidance decision-making research in coastal waters considering the uncertainty of target ships was proposed. Firstly, accurate ship trajectories are obtained by preprocessing the raw Automatic Identification System (AIS) data. Subsequently, the processed trajectories are clustered using the Ordering Points to Identify the Clustering Structure (OPTICS) algorithm and Hausdorff distance, acquiring a dataset for trajectory prediction of target ships. Then, a mixed Gaussian model is utilized to calculate the prior probability distribution of the prediction model, thus establishing a trajectory prediction model that considers the uncertainty of the target ship. Finally, ship maneuverability is simulated using the Mathematical Model Group (MMG) and Proportion Integration Differentiation (PID) models, and a collision avoidance decision-making model for ships is constructed. The proposed algorithm has been tested and verified in a case study. The results show that the approach effectively predicts the trajectory of the target ship and facilitates informed collision avoidance decision-making.
Self-consistent dynamical maps for open quantum systems
Authors: Scarlatella Orazio , Schirò Marco
Published: January 2024

In several cases, open quantum systems can be successfully described using master equations relying on Born-Markov approximations, but going beyond these approaches has become often necessary. In this work, we introduce the NCA and NCA-Markov dynamical maps for open quantum systems, which go beyond these master equations replacing the Born approximation with a self-consistent approximation, known as non-crossing approximation (NCA). These maps are formally similar to master equations, but allow to capture non-perturbative effects of the environment at a moderate extra numerical cost. To demonstrate their capabilities, we apply them to the spin-boson model at zero temperature for both a Ohmic and a sub-Ohmic environment, showing that they can both qualitatively capture its strong-coupling behaviour, and be quantitatively correct beyond standard master equations.
Holographic Weyl anomaly in string theory
Authors: Eberhardt Lorenz , Pal Sridip
Published: January 2024

We compute the worldsheet sphere partition function of string theory on global AdS_33 with pure NS-NS flux. Because of an unfixed Möbius symmetry on the worldsheet, there is a cancellation of infinities and only a part of the answer is unambiguous. We show that it precisely reproduces the holographic Weyl anomaly and the ambiguous terms correspond to the possible counterterms of the boundary CFT.
The need of the hour: Providing water in shared toilet facilities for menstrual hygiene management in urban India
Authors: Bhakta Amita , Mansuri Aasim , Jaiswal Jigisha , Iyer Mona
Published: January 2024

Shared sanitation services continue to expand in India's growing cities, yet, these facilities are blighted by issues including lack of privacy, overflow of raw sewage, and notably, a lack of water supply. Access to water in shared toilets for menstruating women and girls to wash themselves, their reusable menstrual products, their stained clothes, and sanitation infrastructure is a critical but all too-often neglected aspect of menstrual hygiene management (MHM). Drawing on the existing literature and data from Maharashtra, this commentary article uses the example of urban India to highlight the ‘need of the hour’, the provision of water in shared sanitation facilities in the global South for MHM as and when required. Evidence-based water supply norms in shared sanitation for MHM, from menarche to the perimenopause, are key, to highlight the need for water as an ‘MHM plus’ requirement for women and girls reliant on shared facilities. Connecting shared toilets to piped water is a long-term process, but the provision of water in buckets is a start. Hygiene promotion can create awareness of the importance of water for sustainable MHM. Monitoring and evaluation can determine the impact of supplying water in shared toilets on MHM.
An Efficient Propylphosphonic Anhydride (T3P®)-Mediated MW-induced
Solvent-free Rapid Synthesis of Enamino Esters and Ketones including 5,
5-Dimethyl-3-aminocyclohex-2-enones
Authors: Marvi Omid , Arshadi Sattar , Baghernejad Bita
Published: January 2024

This work presents a clean and convenient synthesis of various β-enaminones including 5,5-
dimethyl-3-aminocyclohex-2-enones, in satisfactory to excellent yields from the condensation reaction
of primary amines with β -dicarbonyls by employing T3P® as a catalyst and performing the reaction
under microwave irradiation and solvent-free conditions. These rapid reactions launched readily and
stood a diversity of organic functional groups. A mixture of 1,3-dicarbonyl compound, primary amine
and T3P® (50% in AcOEt) was irradiated for an appropriate time under microwave at 80°C. After
completing the reaction (TLC) and cooling to r.t., ethyl acetate and saturated aqueous NaHCO3 solution
were added. The aqueous phase was extracted ethyl acetate. The combined organic layer was
washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, and filtered, and the solvent was removed under reduced pressure
to afford the product, which was recrystallized from diisopropyl ether. The presented results exhibit
a better catalytic activity of T3P in the synthesis of enaminones. It could be concluded that T3P is
the best catalyst as it took only a few minutes for the completion of the reaction with an excellent yield
of product, which indicates T3P is more efficient, compared to other catalysts. A comparison of the efficiency
of the present procedure with some heterogeneous solid catalysts was evaluated as well.
Clearly, a higher yield was established in this procedure compared to other catalysts. Furthermore, the
reaction of amines with dimedone was investigated as well, delivering excellent yields. The reaction
catalyzed by T3P under microwave irradiation supplies a comprehensive method for the synthesis of
enaminones. In this work, T3P is an effective, efficient and green catalyst, which forms the procedure
economic, suitable, and safe with widespread application in the synthesis of enaminones.

background:

This work presents a clean and convenient synthesis of various β-enaminones incuding 5,5-dimethyl-3-aminocyclohex-2-enones in good to excellent yields from the reaction of different primary amines with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds by employing T3P® as a catalyst and performing the reaction under microwave irradiation and solvent-free conditions. This one-pot rapid reaction proceeded readily and tolerated a variety of functional groups.
Crocin Potentiates Anti-tumor Properties of 5-FU by Regulating Cell Proliferation and Tumor Necrosis in Breast Cancer
Authors: Rezaei Nastaran , Al-Asady Abdulridha Mohammed , Hashemzehi Milad , Binabaj Maryam Moradi , Rahmani Farzad , Avan Amir , Eskandari Moein , Jalili-Nik Mohammad , Asgharzadeh Fereshteh , Nazari Seyedeh Elnaz , Ryzhikov Mikhail , Khazaei Majid , Hassanian Seyed Mahdi
Published: January 2024

Introduction:

Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies among women
around the world. Crocus sativus, a natural food coloring and flavoring, has potent anti-tumor properties.
The aim of the current study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of crocin, the main pharmacological
active component of saffron, either alone or in combination with the standard chemotherapeutic
treatment, 5-FU, in Breast cancer (BC) progression in both cellular and animal models.

Material and Methods:

MTT, Real-Time PCR, Western Blotting, Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)
tissue staining were applied to determine the anti-tumor properties of crocin in in vitro and in vivo
samples.

Results:

Our findings showed that crocin decreased breast cancer cell proliferation by suppressing
cyclin D1 expression and Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation. Moreover, this molecule improved 5-
FU anti-cancer activities by decreasing the tumor volume and weight, increasing tumor necrosis, and
suppressing tumor inflammation in an animal model. Inflammation-associated anti-cancer activity of
crocin is mediated by the down-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes, including IFN-γ and IL-1β, as
well as inhibition of oxidative stress responses within the tumor environment.

Conclusion:

This is the first study demonstrating the potent anti-tumor properties of crocin against
BC progression. Our results suggest that this effective and low-toxic molecule could be a promising
agent for reducing BC tumor progression when administered either alone or in combination with
standard treatment in breast cancer patients.
Distinctive Expression of MetastamiRs in Breast Cancer Mesenchymal Stem Cells Isolated from Solid Tumor
Authors: Hashemi Zahra Sadat , Moghadam Mehdi Forouzandeh , Khalili Saeed , Hashemi Seyed Mahmoud , Sepehr Koushan Sineh , Sadroddiny Esmaeil
Published: January 2024

Background:

MSCs are a part of the tumor microenvironment, which secrete cytokines
and chemokines. They can affect metastasis and the growth of tumors. metastamiRs are newly recognized
regulatory elements of the metastasis pathway which are involved in epithelial-to-mesenchymal
transition (EMT).

Objective:

In the present study, we aimed to assess the expression profile of metastamiRs in the
context of MSCs in correlation with their invasion and migration power.

Methods:

Tumor-isolated BC-MSCs and normal human mammary epithelial cells (HMECs)
along with MCF-7, MDA-MB231, and MCF-10A cells were prepared and confirmed for their
identity. The cells were assessed for CD44+CD24¯ percentage, Oct-4, and Survivin expression.
GEO, KEGG, and TCGA databases were investigated to detect differential miR-expressions. Real-
time PCR for 13 miRs was performed using LNA primers. Ultimately, Transwell-Matrigel assays
as used to assess the level of migration and invasion.

Results:

Our results indicated that some oncomiRs like miR-10b were upregulated in BC-MSCs,
while the levels of miR-373 and miR-520c were similar to the MCF-10A. Generally, miR-200
family members were on lower levels compared to the other miR-suppressor (miR-146a, 146b,
and 335). miR-31 and 193b were up-regulated in MCF-10A. The most invasiveness was observed
in the MDA-MB231 cell line.

Conclusion:

We have demonstrated that the miR-expression levels of BC-MSCs are somewhat in
between MCF-7 and MDA-MB231 miR-expression levels. This could be the logic behind the
moderate level of invasion in BC-MSCs. Therefore, miR-therapy approaches such as miR-mimic
or antagomiRs could be used for BC-MSCs in clinical cancer therapy.
Bridging the Mind and Gut: Uncovering the Intricacies of Neurotransmitters,
Neuropeptides, and their Influence on Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Authors: Gupta Saumya , Dinesh Susha , Sharma Sameer
Published: January 2024

Background::

The gut-brain axis (GBA) is a bidirectional signaling channel that facilitates
communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. Recent research on the gut-brain axis
demonstrates that this connection enables the brain to influence gut function, which in turn influences
the brain and its cognitive functioning. It is well established that malfunctioning of this axis
adversely affects both systems' ability to operate effectively.

Objective::

Dysfunctions in the GBA have been associated with disorders of gut motility and permeability,
intestinal inflammation, indigestion, constipation, diarrhea, IBS, and IBD, as well as neuropsychiatric
and neurodegenerative disorders like depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, autism, Alzheimer's,
and Parkinson's disease. Multiple research initiatives have shown that the gut microbiota, in
particular, plays a crucial role in the GBA by participating in the regulation of a number of key neurochemicals
that are known to have significant effects on the mental and physical well-being of an
individual.

Methods::

Several studies have investigated the relationship between neuropsychiatric disorders and
imbalances or disturbances in the metabolism of neurochemicals, often leading to concomitant gastrointestinal
issues and modifications in gut flora composition. The interaction between neurological
diseases and gut microbiota has been a focal point within this research. The novel therapeutic interventions
in neuropsychiatric conditions involving interventions such as probiotics, prebiotics, and
dietary modifications are outlined in this review.

Results::

The findings of multiple studies carried out on mice show that modulating and monitoring
gut microbiota can help treat symptoms of such diseases, which raises the possibility of the use of
probiotics, prebiotics, and even dietary changes as part of a new treatment strategy for neuropsychiatric
disorders and their symptoms.

Conclusion::

The bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain through the gut-brain
axis has revealed profound implications for both gastrointestinal and neurological health. Malfunctions
in this axis have been connected to a range of disorders affecting gut function as well as cognitive
and neuropsychiatric well-being. The emerging understanding of the role of gut microbiota in
regulating key neurochemicals opens up possibilities for novel treatment approaches for conditions
like depression, anxiety, and neurodegenerative diseases.
Leptospirosis Associated Digital Gangrene of Lower Extremities: Two
Cases and Review of Literature
Authors: Dinkar Anju , Singh Jitendra , Yadav Mahima
Published: January 2024

Background:

Leptospirosis is the most common zoonotic illness worldwide, caused by
pathogenic spirochete bacteria called Leptospira. It is clinically presented with mild to moderate in
most cases. However, sometimes, the course may be severe with multiorgan dysfunction.

Case Presentation:

We present two rare cases of leptospirosis with peripheral dry gangrene of the
lower extremities. A 25-year-old male, farmer by occupation without any significant past medical
history had been diagnosed with a case of leptospirosis that complicated to digital gangrene on 15
days of illness during hospitalization. Another 21-year-old male student was admitted for leptospirosis
and developed digital gangrene on 19 days of illness. All clinical findings were resolved on the
steroid.

Conclusion:

Apart from a high index of suspicion and awareness of unusual manifestations, serology
plays a vital role in making an accurate and quick diagnosis to initiate appropriate therapy.
Core-Shell Nanoparticles for Pulmonary Drug Delivery
Authors: Ratnaparkhi Mukesh P. , Salvankar Shailendra S. , Tekade Avinash R. , Kulkarni Gajanan M.
Published: January 2024

Nanoscale drug delivery systems have provoked interest for application in various therapies
on account of their ability to elevate the intracellular concentration of drugs inside target cells,
which leads to an increase in efficacy, a decrease in dose, and dose-associated adverse effects. There
are several types of nanoparticles available; however, core-shell nanoparticles outperform bare nanoparticles
in terms of their reduced cytotoxicity, high dispersibility and biocompatibility, and improved
conjugation with drugs and biomolecules because of better surface characteristics. These nanoparticulate
drug delivery systems are used for targeting a number of organs, such as the colon,
brain, lung, etc. Pulmonary administration of medicines is a more appealing method as it is a noninvasive
route for systemic and locally acting drugs as the pulmonary region has a wide surface area,
delicate blood-alveolar barrier, and significant vascularization. A core-shell nano-particulate drug
delivery system is more effective in the treatment of various pulmonary disorders. Thus, this review
has discussed the potential of several types of core-shell nanoparticles in treating various diseases
and synthesis methods of core-shell nanoparticles. The methods for synthesis of core-shell nanoparticles
include solid phase reaction, liquid phase reaction, gas phase reaction, mechanical mixing, microwave-
assisted synthesis, sono-synthesis, and non-thermal plasma technology. The basic types of
core-shell nanoparticles are metallic, magnetic, polymeric, silica, upconversion, and carbon nanomaterial-
based core-shell nanoparticles. With this special platform, it is possible to integrate the benefits
of both core and shell materials, such as strong serum stability, effective drug loading, adjustable
particle size, and immunocompatibility.
Biological Activities and Nanoparticle Synthesis of Dioscorea bulbifera and
its Mechanistic Action - An Extensive Review
Authors: Yadav Sangilimuthu Alagar , Hasan Shiek , Gnanaselvan Suvathika , Baskaran Santhoshraman , Danaraj Jayapragash
Published: January 2024

Background:

Dioscorea bulbifera is commonly known as air potato present in the tropical
and subtropical regions. It is a perennial climber traditionally used for various therapeutic purposes
by traditional healers. This review explores various medicinal uses of D. bulbifera and its active
ingredients, as well as describes its nanoparticle synthesis for medical applications.

Methods:

The Google Scholar search engine was used to conduct this comprehensive review along
with the databases of the following publishers: Elsevier, Springer, Taylor and Francis, Bentham, and
PubMed.

Discussion:

D. bulbifera contains several bioactive compounds that are responsible for its pharmacological
properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anticancer, and antidiabetic
properties. It is also used as a nutritive functional food. D. bulbifera-mediated nanoparticle
synthesis has been established by the scientific communities for various medicinal applications.

Conclusion:

D. bulbifera contains numerous active ingredients, including diosbulbins, bafoudiosbulbin,
β-sitosterol, diosgenin, dioscin, pennogenin, myricetin, quercetin, and stigmasterols with
numerous biological activities. In addition, it has a vital role in synthesizing nanoparticles with good
pharmacological applications, especially in drug delivery systems. However, its potential characteristic
features and functional properties of the active molecules present in this tuber need to be further
explored in clinical trials. We suggest that using this edible tuber, we may formulate the valueadded
food with good medicinal applications.
Serapan Karbon Atas Permukaan Tanah untuk Konservasi Hutan Lindung Gunung Damar Gorontalo
Authors: Manese Muzdalifah Alya Amalia , Hamidun Marini Susanti , Baderan Dewi Wahyuni K.
Published: January 2024

Degradasi hutan dan deforestasi telah menyebabkan berkurangnya tutupan tajuk pada hutan-hutan tropis, yang merupakan penyimpan karbondioksida (CO2), sehingga meningkatkan terjadinya pelepasan CO2 ke atmosfir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis estimasi biomasa, cadangan karbon dan serapan karbondioksida tegakan pohon, tumbuhan bawah, dan serasah pada berbagai tipe vegetasi hutan tanaman di Hutan Lindung Gunung Damar Provinsi Gorontalo. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah: 1) menentukan lokasi pengambilan sampel yang dilakukan secara puposif sampling yang mewakili tipe vegetasi hutan tanaman, yaitu hutan damar, hutan campuran, dan hutan pinus; 2) membuat plot bertingkat ukuran 20mX100m untuk pengambilan data pohon diameter batang 30cm, plot ukuran 5mX40m untuk diameter 5cm-30cm, dan plot ukuran 0,5mX0,5m untuk tumbuhan bawah dan serasah; 3) penghitungan biomasa pohon dilakukan secara non destruktif dengan mengukur tinggi pohon dan diameter pohon setinggi dada (DBH), sedangkan untuk tumbuhan bawah dilakukan secara destruktif dan serasah diambil semua yang terdapat dalam plot untuk selanjutnya ditimbang berat basah dan berat keringnya; dan 3) melakukan perhitungan pendugaan biomassa, cadangan karbon, dan serapan karbondioksida berdasarkan rumus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: 1) serapan CO2 tegakan pohon tertinggi terdapat pada vegetasi hutan damar dengan jumlah serapan CO2 989,26 ton/ha; selanjutnya tipe vegetasi hutan campuran dengan jumlah serapan CO2 625,44 ton/ha dan vegetasi hutan pinus dengan serapan CO2 395,73 ha/ton; 2) serapan CO2 tumbuhan bawah tertinggi terdapat pada vegetasi hutan campuran dengan jumlah serapan CO2 2,21 ton/ha, selanjutnya hutan damar sebesar 1,82 ton/ha dan hutan pinus 1,55 ton/ha; 3) serapan CO2 serasah tertinggi terdapat pada vegetasi hutan pinus dengan jumlah serapan CO2 31 ton/ha, selanjutnya hutan campuran 22,1 ton/ha dan hutan damar 18,77 ton/ha; dan 4) total serapan CO2 oleh tumbuhan tertinggi terdapat pada vegetasi hutan damar dengan jumlah serapan CO2 1009,95 ton/ha, selanjutnya hutan campuran dengan jumlah serapan CO2 649,77 ton/ha, dan hutan pinus dengan jumlah serapan CO2 428,29 ton/ha.
Bàrdachd Baile – Ath-mheasadh
Authors: Howieson Iain G.
Published: January 2024

In the twentieth century, several prominent Gaelic scholars argued that nineteenth-century bàrdachd baile (‘township poetry’) was cliché-ridden, and therefore of limited literary merit. In reassessing such opinions, this article considers a representative sample of the poetry from two points of view. First, it demonstrates through close analysis that these local poets used a wide range of literary techniques to convey meaning and sentiment. Second – and perhaps more important – it shows how expressions which some have considered clichés are in fact vital to the effect of the poetry. The argument is informed by insights from the field of ethnopoetics, and by a detailed consideration of the imagery used. Finally, the author argues that proper evaluation of this poetry, much of it orally composed and transmitted in a society in which the oral traditions were still strong, requires different aesthetic criteria from those applied to poetry that depends upon the written word.
Digital Developments in Scottish Studies
Authors: Lamb William , Sumner Natasha , Wells Gordon
Published: January 2024

Beyond the intricacies of audio recording equipment and the electric typewriter, technology hasn’t always been a big part of Scottish Studies. The past few decades, however, have witnessed the growing impact that digital technologies are having on our field. To get a sense of what lies ahead, this essay examines the efforts of three scholars involved in transforming access to source materials and reshaping the terms of scholarly enquiry