bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Homicide and Related Offences
Authors: Card Richard
Published: August 2023

This chapter deals with murder, manslaughter, infanticide, and corporate manslaughter. It defines murder as a common law offence triable only on indictment and punishable with a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment. It also explains how killing can be unlawful unless it is for the prevention of crime or effecting arrest, self-defence and defence of another or of property, and misadventure. The chapter talks about the law of homicide which protects any human being, however deformed or subnormal. It considers the wilful destruction of a child capable of being born alive before it is born alive that may amount to the offence of child destruction.
Indecent Images, Material, and Communications
Authors: Card Richard
Published: August 2023

This chapter highlights s 2(1) of the Obscene Publications Act 1959 (OPA 1959), which recognizes an indictable offence if committed by a person who publishes an obscene article or has an obscene article for publication for gain. It defines ‘article’ as any article containing or embodying matter to be read or looked at, any sound record, and any film or other record of a picture or pictures. It also looks at the publication for the purposes of OPA 1959, even if the obscene material has been communicated only to one person. The chapter cites s 1 of the Protection of Children Act 1978 (PCA 1978) and s 160 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (CJA 1988) that provide a range of indictable offences relating to photographs or pseudo-photographs of children. It explains pseudo-photograph as an image, whether made by computer graphics or otherwise, that appears to be a photograph.
Protection of Vulnerable People
Authors: Card Richard
Published: August 2023

This chapter talks about child abuse dealt with by the criminal law governed by the Children and Young Persons Act 1933 (CYPA 1933). It cites Section 1(1) of CYPA 1933, which provides that an adult who has the responsibility for any child or young person under 16 commits an indictable offence if they cause unnecessary suffering or injury to health. It also explores offences under CYPA 1933 that are committed in relation to children of a specified age and varies from offence to offence. The chapter looks at the summary offence of giving or causing to be given intoxicating liquor to a child under five. It reviews s 44 of Children Act 1989 (ChA 1989) that empowers a court to make an emergency order (EPO) for the protection of a child.
Terrorism Generally
Authors: Card Richard
Published: August 2023

This chapter refers to the offences and powers under the Terrorism Acts 2000 and 2006, the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001, the Counter-Terrorism Act 2008, and the Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015. It also highlights the power to impose terrorism prevention and investigation measures under the Terrorism Prevention and Investigation Measures Act 2011 to protect the public from terrorism. It also defines terrorism in accordance with s 1 of the Terrorism Act 2000 (TA 2000) as the use or threat of that generally involves serious violence against a person, damage to property, and interference of an electronic system. The chapter emphasizes that there is no exemption from criminal liability for terrorist activities motivated by the alleged nobility of the terrorist cause.
Investigative Decision Making
Authors: Hibbitt Steve , Shaw Gary
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses some fundamental processes, principles, and approaches to investigative decision making and problem solving, including the application of what is known as the ‘investigative mindset’. Investigative decision making relies upon accurate and reliable information which must be carefully scrutinised, reviewed, assessed, and evaluated. This involves testing the accuracy, reliability, and relevance of any material that the decision is to rely upon. For many years, investigators have known this as the ‘ABC’ principle. The chapter then looks at the National Decision Model (NDM), which was adopted as part of a concerted drive to ensure a greater focus on delivering the mission of policing, acting in accordance with police values, enhancing the use of discretion, reducing risk aversion and supporting the appropriate allocation of limited resources. It also considers the 5WH method, which helps to generate information by structuring relevant questions. Finally, the chapter studies the process of developing and using hypotheses and decision recording, as well as the concepts of heuristics and biases.
Forensic Investigation
Authors: Hibbitt Steve , Shaw Gary
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on the forensic investigation, which provides opportunities to scientifically link suspects, victims, witnesses, and locations. The results may corroborate or refute other material gathered during the investigation, including accounts from witnesses and suspects, and can be compelling evidence. Whatever forensic tactics and techniques are employed will depend on the needs and specific circumstances of the investigation. Some of these can be used not only to implicate persons as being responsible for a crime, but also to eliminate them. Obtaining fingerprints or buccal swabs from Trace, Investigate and Evaluate (TIE) subjects to compare against a crime scene stain or mark is something that may be included in an elimination strategy for example. Ultimately, this is a highly specialised area of investigation involving scientists and other experts. The chapter then presents an overview of some of the more common forensic techniques and opportunities that can be available to assist an investigation.
Investigating Sudden and Unexplained Deaths
Authors: Hibbitt Steve , Shaw Gary
Published: August 2023

This chapter studies the investigation of sudden and unexplained deaths. Sudden and unexplained deaths all require some form of investigation even though the death may not be suspicious or associated with criminality. Most deaths occur from natural causes, and the role of the investigator is to confirm that no criminal offences have been committed, particularly homicide. Where there is potentially third party involvement, which might be indicated due to the nature and type of any visible injuries and/or other information available, the incident must be treated as suspicious. Most police forces have specialist units for investigating murder and suspicious or unexplained deaths where the investigation is led by a Senior Investigating Officer (PIP3) who is a Detective Chief Inspector or Detective Superintendent depending on the homicide classification of the incident. The chapter then looks at various types of death investigation.
Introduction
Authors: Ozin Paul
Published: August 2023

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the power and procedures of police operations. It details the sections and articles within the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE). If a police officer uses force, the action must be justified and reasonable and based on lawful authority since it would become a notion of assault and be deemed unlawful. Statute, common law, and human rights set out the circumstances in which the use of force will be lawful, however, each case will have its peculiar facts. The chapter explores police operations that range between stop and search, arrest, seizure powers, and search warrants.
Crime: General
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores general crimes. The chapter explains how the Criminal Attempts Act 1981 creates an offence of ‘attempting’ to commit certain crimes. It explains the imperative to prove intent (mens rea) for attempt offences, as well as other offences requiring intent. The mens rea can be proved through various sources of information, such as a defendant's admissions, inference from the offence's circumstances, witness evidence, and actions of the defendant. The chapter notes that the offence of criminal damage is designed to protect people's property from the unlawful actions of others. It also considers the offences concerning human trafficking, forced marriage, computer misuse, neglect by a care worker, and vehicle interference and tampering with motor vehicles.
Controlled Drugs
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: August 2023

This chapter tackles the provisions concerning controlled drugs. The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 regulates certain drugs and designates which drugs are controlled by assigning them to certain categories. If the drug is a controlled drug, it will be unlawful, with exceptions, to import, export, produce, supply, or possess that drug. Moreover, the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 clarifies the distinction between people who are lawfully allowed to possess controlled drugs and people who are unlawfully in possession of drugs. The chapter also discusses the offences of cultivating cannabis, possessing khat, and possessing or dealing with psychoactive substances. It notes that the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 provides for confiscation orders and creates the offence of money laundering.
Plans and Exercising—An Introduction
Authors: Dillon Brian
Published: August 2023

This chapter begins by outlining the different types of emergency plans, which generally fall into six main categories: generic, site-specific, incident-specific, individual or single agency, multi-agency, and multi-level. When a plan is written, it enters a cycle—the emergency planning cycle—for the duration of its life. The Civil Contingencies Act 2004 (CCA) supports and endorses the principle of Integrated Emergency Management (IEM) which is based upon six activities: anticipation, assessment, prevention, preparation, response, and recovery management. The chapter then focuses on Business Continuity Plans. The CCA requires that plans be subject to update and revision by establishing a plan maintenance matrix to check that maintenance work is being done and plans revised in the light of a revised risk assessment or other factors, such as organisational restructuring or failings identified by exercises or an incident. Crucially, the CCA requires that exercising and training be carried out.
Creating Your Plans
Authors: Dillon Brian
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the basic principles of preparing an emergency plan. Every plan must dovetail into organisational operational procedures and policies and planning guidance, such as that provided by the Civil Contingencies Act 2004 (CCA) guidance and any other relevant civil protection legislation. In other words, it must be integrated. Having decided to produce a plan to offset an assessed risk, it is also important that the new internal emergency procedures are aligned or ‘integrated’ into day to day activity. The chapter then differentiates between electronic and hard copy plans. It also presents an emergency plan format (the ‘IIMARCH’ system) which can be used for very simple single organisational plans or complex procedures covering major plans involving many organisations.
How to Run the Exercise
Authors: Dillon Brian
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores how to run exercises on the day. It looks at this from the perspective of the exercise manager and/or main presenter, who may have also chaired or jointly chaired the planning meetings. The chapter offers a sample programme for each type of exercise: seminar exercise, table top exercise, control post exercise, and live exercise. It highlights the importance of using graphical communications networks to add clarity to often complex arrangements and the use of time lines to add structure. After planning for and completing the first exercises, it will become very clear what needs to be done and although the examples given only represent one format for each type of exercise, there is a whole range to be achieved by mixing and matching the various types.
Use of Force
Authors: Waddington P.A.J. , Williams Kate , Wright Martin , Newburn Tim
Published: August 2023

This chapter addresses the questions that arises when suspects resist arrest, such as whether it is reasonable, in the minds of ordinary people, for the police to struggle with a suspect or force them to the ground or apply handcuffs. It confirms whether it matters how many officers are involved in making an arrest and what amounts to excessive use of force in such circumstances. It also analyzes how the public view the exercise of power on the use of force by officers making more routine arrests in the course of their duties. The chapter analyzes how an application of a particular measure of force in one situation may be considered reasonable, but not when applied in another, which tends to achieve prominence in circumstances where either the police use novel or potentially very injurious tactics or equipment. It reviews video clips that involved officers using some measure of force.
Legitimacy and Dissension
Authors: Waddington P.A.J. , Williams Kate , Wright Martin , Newburn Tim
Published: August 2023

This chapter argues that there is remarkable dissension, complexity, and volatility in public appraisals of how police officers use their powers, particularly the use of force. It highlights the general distaste for anything resembling aggression and violence and its acceptability as an instrument of police work, which depended heavily on inferences about what the suspect had done, was doing, and might do in an imagined future. It also mentions focus groups comprising of police officers and explains how they revealed that they were more phlegmatic about the use of force but are aware that force might not look good to the wider public. The chapter considers both the methodological and theoretical implications of dissension for the understanding of the police and policing. It reviews how suspicion is constructed and how the police use of force can be made palatable.
Incorporating Evidence-Based Policing Through Professional Development
Authors: Lum Cynthia , Koper Christopher S.
Published: August 2023

This chapter cites examples of the types of learning that may be needed at different stages of officers' careers to institutionalize evidence-based policing. It describes the direct route for institutionalizing research into police practice through systems of professional development. It also points out how professional development systems provide opportunities for personnel to learn and acquire skills and knowledge to carry out their mandate and occur at many different points in an officer's career. The chapter highlights different types of training to institutionalize evidence-based policing that may be relevant at various levels of professional development. It illustrates a multi-level model of training toward evidence-based policing using a common educational approach known as “scaffolding,” which is an approach to learning and curriculum development in which lessons are built in a progression that strengthens understanding at each stage.
The Role of Crime Analysis in Evidence-Based Policing
Authors: Lum Cynthia , Koper Christopher S.
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses crime analysis, which has been proven vital in building capacity for evidence-based policing. It highlights a major pillar of evidence-based policing, which involves using research and analysis to guide both internal and external operations. It also describes crime analysts that support the development, application, and evaluation of evidence-based strategies and translate research knowledge into practical applications. The chapter examines the development of crime analysis in policing and the extent to which this has moved police agencies in the direction of evidence-based practice. It considers the benefits and limitations of current crime analysis practices and provides suggestions and illustrations of ways that crime analysis can be expanded and used more strategically to facilitate evidence-based policing.
When Should They Get Engaged?
Authors: Innes Martin , Tucker Sarah , Jukes Matt
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on police–community engagement. More than in most other jurisdictions, what the public thinks about the police matters to the British policing model. The fundamental challenge is that if officers become too close to the communities that they police then they are susceptible to corruption, which is harmful to public trust and confidence. Equally, if they distance themselves too much from the needs and concerns of the public, then their legitimacy decays and they lose public trust and support. As such, a series of critical questions for police leaders arises in terms of how, when, and why they and their officers should engage with the public. The chapter begins by looking at police engagement methods. It then considers some innovative methods for organizing police–community interactions, before exploring how new social media technologies are altering the information environment for policing and the associated social dynamics of engagement.
Investigation and case management
Authors: Michael J Betts
Published: August 2023

This chapter describes key elements of the Fraud Investigation Model (FIM), including gathering evidence and supporting victims. It details how reports of fraud are assessed by the National Fraud Intelligence Bureau (NFIB), how to develop a case acceptance criteria, and the considerations when undertaking an investigation. The chapter also discusses how to develop strategies commonly required in fraud investigations, including suspect management, digital forensics, victim management, covert investigations, and media strategy. Those leading an investigation have to set the investigative strategy and/or write an investigation plan, which comprises a number of key decisions across a range of areas. Investigative strategies should link directly with the case theory, referred to as the hypothesis. The key decisions may detail what is to be done and why, and the supporting strategy documents detail how it is to be done. These decisions and strategies should be recorded on the case management system and in the key decision log (KDL) or equivalent.
General Offences
Authors: Rabenstein Christiane , Ratcliffe Marnie
Published: August 2023

This chapter covers serious terrorist activities which are dealt with using offences in general criminal law or common law with no need to resort to terrorism statutes. It reviews alternative criminal offences to the specific terrorism-related offences. It also provides information that is relevant to a terrorist investigation. It also considers offences such as criminal damage and arson offences, covered in sections 18, 20 and 47 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861. The chapter discusses offences under the Immigration Act 1971, noting counter terrorism officers at borders who have to deal with immigration offences. It shows what courts have to consider when an offence has a terrorist connection, which is an aggravating factor when sentencing.
Arrest and Detention
Authors: Rabenstein Christiane , Ratcliffe Marnie
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines specific provisions for the arrest and detention of terrorist suspects, which exist to ensure the particular risks associated with those persons can be dealt with appropriately. It highlights Section 41 of and Schedule 8 to the Terrorism Act 2000 (TACT) which contains provisions for the arrest and detention of suspected terrorists. It also cites the Police and Criminal Evidence (PACE) Act 1984 Code of Practice H that covers the detention, treatment, and questioning by police officers of persons arrested under section 41 of TACT. The chapter explains that Section 41 of TACT creates a power to arrest those suspected to be terrorists, eliminating the need to satisfy the usual necessity test, although a police officer must have reasonable suspicion that the person is a terrorist. It emphasizes that a constable may arrest without a warrant a person whom he reasonably suspects to be a terrorist.
Counter-Terrorism Border Control
Authors: Rabenstein Christiane , Ratcliffe Marnie
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses Section 53 of, and Schedule 7 to, the Terrorism Act 2000 (TACT), which provide powers for the control of ports, such as airports, seaports, and international rail stations. It considers the powers for controlling ports as a valuable tool in yielding intelligence on the terrorist threat, disrupting preparation and activities, recruiting informants, and having a deterrent effect on those travelling overseas for terrorism-related activities. It also includes counter-terrorism border controls that supplements powers under the Immigration Act 1971 that regulates entry into and stay in the UK generally. The chapter stresses that security controls at ports do not give examining officers power on their own authority to refuse entry, unlike immigration control. It reviews powers similar to the counter-terrorism (CT) powers at ports that apply to persons and goods on international trains.
Authorization and Governance
Authors: Harfield Clive , Harfield Karen
Published: August 2023

This chapter talks about covert investigation subject to RIPA2000, IPA2016, and PA97, which must be authorized before the use of covert methods commences. It considers the role of the authorizing officer as the most important role within the overall management and governance of lawful covert investigation. It also describes the authorizing officer, who assesses and documents the statutory determinations of proportionality and necessity. The chapter covers governance architecture, which is multi-faceted, has oversight in the form of the Investigatory Powers Commissioner, and is an independent Investigatory Powers Tribunal adjudicating allegations of misuse. It highlights the general and generic issues concerning authorization as a mechanism.
Covert Investigation Involving Computers
Authors: Harfield Clive , Harfield Karen
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores how computers can be the scene of a crime, the means by which a crime is planned or committed, a means of communication when facilitating a conspiracy, and a means of investigating crime. It discusses covert investigation which engages computers both as the object under investigation and as a tool used by investigators. It also emphasizes the importance of precision in the drafting of applications and authorities relating to computers, noting the multiple roles of the computer within covert investigation. The chapter illustrates the covert examination of computers involving some form of interference with the target computer, constituting an offence under the Computer Misuse Act 1990. It includes the equipment interference warrant, which allows a range of methods or conduct to be used to obtain communications, equipment data, or other information.
History and Background to Child Death Investigation
Authors: Marshall David
Published: August 2023

This chapter traces the history and provides a background of child death investigation. It begins by examining the nature and extent of child homicide, before outlining important landmarks in the field of child death investigation. Investigating child homicides and suspicious deaths necessitates a co-ordinated multi-agency response, and presents unique challenges for those tasked with this extremely complex, specialized, and sensitive crime area. There are now well established policies, procedures, and statutory guidance in place to provide a framework for professionals to operate within, with the police being the lead agency in child homicides and suspicious deaths. These include the Children Act 1989 and the Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004. The current investigative environment has been influenced considerably by past failures in protecting the right to life of children and is still an area where controversy amongst different affected groups continues. The chapter then explains how child homicide investigation differs from other homicide investigations.
Conditions of Detention
Authors: Smart Huw
Published: August 2023

This chapter elaborates on the conditions of detention as per Code C of the Codes of Practice. The Codes of Practice provide specific guidelines as to the accommodation provided in a custody office and the comfort of detained persons. Thus, the guidance should be viewed as a minimum requirement in relation to the detainee's welfare. The chapter explains that Custody officers should be mindful of their duty to comply with the Equality Act 2010 and the impact of the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007. It notes the role of the independent custody visitor, in the protection of the welfare of detainees at the custody office.
Identification and Samples
Authors: Smart Huw
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the authorizing officers' and custody officers' duties and powers to take fingerprints and samples from detainees. Under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) 1984, police may take photographs, fingerprints, or footwear samples for identification purposes. Code D of the Codes of Practice presents the procedures relating to the identification of suspects. Moreover, the Protection of Freedoms Act 2012 created new restrictions concerning the destruction, retention, and use of biometric data gathered during police investigations. The chapter explains the role of the Human Rights Act 1998 and the European Convention on Human Rights in guiding the police's duty to rationalize their actions and show that it was necessary, proportional, and legal to obtain an intimate sample.
OPtimal Treatment by Invoking biologic clusters in renal cell carcinoma (OPTIC RCC)
Authors: Beckermann Kathryn , Haake Scott , Reddy Anupama , Shyr Yu , Kimryn Rathmell W , Pal Sumanta , Ornstein Moshe , Barata Pedro , Zhang Tian , Rini Brian
Published: August 2023

Background

The first-line treatment for metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC) includes immune oncology (IO) based combination therapy. The current standard includes a PD-1 inhibitor plus either an anti-CTLA-4 inhibitor (IO/IO) or an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (VEGF TKI) (IO/TKI). Currently, there is no evidence to guide a physician’s choice between an IO/IO versus an IO/TKI combination. The phase III IMmotion 151 trial performed RNA-seq from 823 ccRCC tumors and established seven biologically distinct gene expression clusters of ccRCC (Motzer and Rini et al., Cancer Cell 2020). The seven clusters showed differential responses to immune checkpoint inhibitor and may serve as a predictive biomarker to select clusters to assign patients with mccRCC to either an IO/IO (ipilimumab/ nivolumab) or an IO/TKI (nivolumab/cabozantinib) regimen.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with mccRCC without prior systemic therapy (including in the neoadjuvant or adjuvant setting) and at least one measurable lesion as defined by RECIST 1.1 are eligible for enrollment. RNA-seq will be performed on metastatic tumor specimens and used to assign tumor clusters. Patients with cluster 1/2 tumors will be assigned to the nivolumab/cabozantinib arm. Patients with cluster 4/5 tumors will be assigned to the ipilimumab/nivolumab arm. Cluster 3/6/7 will be excluded. The primary endpoint is overall response rate (ORR) per RECIST 1.1. Key secondary endpoints include progression-free survival, depth of response >80%, and rate of immune-related adverse events (irAEs).

The hypothesis is that use of tumor clusters to assign front-line therapy to either nivolumab/cabozantinib or ipilimumab/nivolumab will lead to a 20% greater ORR compared to unselected historical controls in CheckMate 9ER (ORR 55%) or CheckMate 214 (ORR: 40%). This trial adopts Simon’s MiniMax two-stage design (power: 80%, one-sided alpha: 0.1). For the nivolumab/cabozantinib arm, stage I will enroll 12 eligible patients. If there are 7 or more responders in the first 12 patients, stage II will enroll an additional 14 patients (n=26). For the ipilimumab/ nivolumab arm, stage I will enroll 16 eligible patients. If there are 7 or more responders in the first 16, stage II will enroll an additional 12 patients (n=28). The primary endpoint will be met if there are 15 or more responders (ORR>60%).

This trial is open and enrolling with 12 patients on study at Vanderbilt University Medical Center and additional sites to open including UT Southwestern, City of Hope, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, and Cleveland Clinic.

This trial is funded by the Department of Defense Kidney Cancer Research Program Clinical Trial Award (W81XWH-22-1-1033) (NCT05361720).

CDMRP DOD Funding: yes
Leaders as agents of change (change management)
Authors: Boon Bryan
Published: August 2023

This chapter considers leaders as agents of change. By virtue, a leader's role involves looking at what is happening in the present but with an eye on the future. Thus, police leaders need to meet the demands and challenges of managing changes in social attitudes, public expectations, new laws, advances in technological innovation, and new working practices. The chapter explains that all changes implemented must be necessary, well-considered, and well-planned. It considers how people react to change, citing how changes often test leadership skills at the utmost. People most often resist changes due to the shock of the new, inconvenience, uncertainty, and fears concerning competence, symbolism, economy, status, or skill.
Motivation
Authors: Boon Bryan
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores the notion of motivation. It explains motivation as an ingrained feature in people's lives which, it argues, allows them to achieve goals. Thus, sergeant and inspector leaders need to be able to maximise the contributions that team members can make to objectives. However, motivating others proves to be difficult since there are many motivators, and demotivating factors may arise from the home or elsewhere, especially when motivation is not confined to the workplace. The chapter explains how motivated people enjoying their work are likely to help team harmony and synergy. It details the motivation theory wherein leaders must be sensitive to individual and personal conditions.
Communications—general discussion
Authors: Boon Bryan
Published: August 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the concept of communication. It presents Adler and Towne's communication model that explains basic communication difficulties. Sergeants and inspectors, and other police leaders, have to communicate effectively with officers under their command, peers, seniors, other agencies and members of the public. Thus, a sergeant or inspector leader's performance can be understood through the completion or failure of tasks. The chapter discusses official and social communications as the major levels of communications emphasised and managed in the workplace. It cites that leaders can learn specific skills, like interpersonal skills and assertiveness skills, to improve the communication process.
Meeting skills
Authors: Boon Bryan
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores the importance of a meeting. It cites that acting as a chair will test a sergeant, inspector, or other police leader's interpersonal skills to the full. Moreover, formal chaired meetings are convened to satisfy the specific reasons they have been called, such as planning, guidance, or information. The chapter then explains the role of a chairperson, which includes fixing the agenda. The chair of a meeting and the minute secretary work in harmony and close cooperation, especially when the minute secretary has a memory of many meetings and acts as an important anchor for continuity, especially when chairs change on a fairly frequent basis.
Self-development for the leader and encouraging leadership skills in others
Authors: Boon Bryan
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses a leadership self-development programme. It explains that the programme is expected to help with the practical implementation of the checklists (toolkit) and the opportunity to learn from hands-on experience. To get the best out of the educational process, a sergeant or inspector leader needs to take into account how people learn and how they particularly learn. The chapter then provides an overview of Kolb's Learning Cycle and Honey and Mumford's learning styles while considering the advantages of keeping a learning log. It cites that sergeant and inspector leaders should endeavour to develop the leadership potential of all team members.
Leader’s problem solving: brainstorming
Authors: Boon Bryan
Published: August 2023

(See Chapter 7, ‘Problem solving’)

Summary

Solving problems is an important part of a leader’s role. In solving a problem a leader should endeavour to surpass the status quo to discover new and better ways of doing things and providing an enhanced service to...
Leader’s interpersonal skills
Authors: Boon Bryan
Published: August 2023

(See Chapter 12, ‘Communications—interpersonal skills’)

Summary

Good communications are the ‘lifeblood’ of any organisation. A failure to communicate well is likely to result in a failure to complete tasks and objectives satisfactorily.

The effective leader has to communicate at many different levels in widely...
Leader’s modes of behaviour and transactional analysis
Authors: Boon Bryan
Published: August 2023

(See Chapter 14, ‘Communications—modes of behaviour and transactional analysis’)

Summary

Transactional analysis (Berne 1968) is a positive communications tool and should not be used in a manipulative way. It is a useful addition to sound interpersonal and assertiveness skills. It is important because it...
Leader’s self-development skills for self and others
Authors: Boon Bryan
Published: August 2023

(See Chapter 21, ‘Self-development for the leader and encouraging leadership skills in others’)

Summary

A leader has a responsibility for developing him or herself in the leadership role. Additionally, whilst having a duty to develop all team members to improve their competence and satisfy...
Policing Cyber Crime
Authors: Staniforth Andrew
Published: August 2023

This chapter seeks to explain the role and responsibility of those agencies and organisations which have a primary role in keeping communities safe from the global phenomenon of cyber crime. A key message woven through the very fabric of this chapter is that law enforcement agencies must invest in the skills and resources necessary to police the ever changing digital environment. If the law enforcement community is to continue to prevent and reduce crime, improve the quality of cyber-related investigations as well as the administration of justice, it is absolutely vital that all in authority understand and address the contemporary challenges of tackling cyber crime at a local, regional, national and international level.
Cyber-Enabled Hate Crime
Authors: Staniforth Andrew
Published: August 2023

‘Cyber-enabled crimes’ are traditional crimes, which can be increased in their scale or reach by the use of computers, computer networks or other forms of ICT. These crimes can also be committed without the use of ICT so they are not ‘cyber-dependent’.
Fingerprints
Authors: Beaufort-Moore Deborah
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on the use of fingerprints as a means of identification. Fingerprints are routinely used to compare marks recovered from surfaces or items at crime scenes with those on the national database to potentially identify an offender, unidentified deceased, arrested people and migrants. The historical reliability of finger and palm prints to establish/confirm a person's identity makes this forensic technique one of the best forms of identification evidence. The chapter discusses the types of potential fingerprint evidence typically found at crime scenes. It also covers the techniques used to recover such fingerprints and the legislative framework for taking fingerprints.
Drugs of Abuse
Authors: Beaufort-Moore Deborah
Published: August 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the most commonly encountered controlled drugs and the production methods, scene handling, and forensic potentials available. Many types of drugs are taken by people for recreational purposes because of their mood enhancing or altering qualities. Moreover, controlled drugs are categorised in accordance with the harm they can cause to health. The chapter also considers when investigators encounter scenes where an illicit drug production laboratory is suspected, which includes the possibility of booby traps to cause injuries to uninvited visitors. It explores the forensic potentials of drug packaging and the bulk trace analysis of drugs.
Nadir: 1986–9
Authors: Brain Timothy
Published: August 2023

1986 and 1987 saw
a certain amount of stocktaking and internal development. The six provincial
metropolitan local authorities and the GLC, political thorns in Mrs Thatcher’s
side, were abolished and their police governance function taken over by new
joint authorities. The Roskill Commission on major and complex fraud recommended
the creation of a new, single offence of fraud, a new investigative body, the
Serious Fraud Office (SFO), and the abolition of jury trial for certain types of
complex fraud. This proved too much for the legal interest in Parliament and the
only recommendation to see the light of day in the short term was the creation
of the SFO in 1988, which would not prove an altogether unqualified success. The
practical effects of PACE were beginning to make themselves felt, with prisoners
taking longer to book in at custody centres as sergeants worked their way
through the meticulous procedures, a fact which caused the Police Federation
increasing concern. The Commissioner found it necessary to take officers away
from operational duties to meet some of the new requirements.
New Labour and the Police: 1997–2001
Authors: Brain Timothy
Published: August 2023

When John Major
led the Conservatives into the 1997 General Election he was seeking, somewhat
optimistically, an historic fifth term for his party. However, for the first
time since 1979 they faced an opposition party that was a genuine government in
waiting. Tony Blair, who had been elected Labour leader in 1994 after the early
death of John Smith, Neil Kinnock’s successor, had radically repositioned the
party. He had persuaded the party to abandon its historic commitment to
nationalize much of industry, banking, and commerce and to wholeheartedly
embrace Thatcherite economics, albeit allied to a more ‘caring’ image. He and
his team were also bright, optimistic, and ‘clean’ in contrast to the divided,
jaded, and ‘sleaze’-tarnished Major government. Not least amongst the changes
that Tony Blair brought was a whole new approach for his party on law and order,
hitherto the traditional preserve of the Conservatives.
Legume nodulation and nitrogen fixation require interaction of DnaJ-like protein and lipid transfer protein
Authors: Chen Dasong , Li Dongzhi , Li Ziqi , Song Yuting , Li Qingsong , Wang Lihong , Zhou Donglai , Xie Fuli , Li Youguo
Published: August 2023

The lipid transport protein (LTP) product of the AsE246 gene of Chinese milk vetch (Astragalus sinicus) contributes to the transport of plant-synthesized lipids to the symbiosome membranes (SMs) that are required for nodule organogenesis in this legume. However, the mechanisms used by nodule-specific LTPs remain unknown. In this study, a functional protein in the DnaJ-like family, designated AsDJL1, was identified and shown to interact with AsE246. Immunofluorescence showed that AsDJL1 was expressed in infection threads (ITs) and in nodule cells and that it co-localized with rhizobium, and an immunoelectron microscopy assay localized the protein to SMs. Via co-transformation into Nicotiana benthamiana cells, AsDJL1 and AsE246 displayed subcellular co-localization in the cells of this heterologous host. Co-immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that AsDJL1 interacted with AsE246 in nodules. The essential interacting region of AsDJL1 was determined to be the zinc finger domain at its C-terminus. Chinese milk vetch plants transfected with AsDJL1-RNAi had significantly decreased numbers of ITs, nodule primordia and nodules as well as reduced (by 83%) nodule nitrogenase activity compared with the controls. By contrast, AsDJL1 overexpression led to increased nodule fresh weight and nitrogenase activity. RNAi-AsDJL1 also significantly affected the abundance of lipids, especially digalactosyldiacylglycerol, in early-infected roots and transgenic nodules. Taken together, the results of this study provide insights into the symbiotic functions of AsDJL1, which may participate in lipid transport to SMs and play an essential role in rhizobial infection and nodule organogenesis.
Comparative Study of Post-Operative Analgesic Effect between Wound Site Infiltration and Bilateral U/S Guided Transversus Abdominis Plane Block with 0.25% Bupivacaine after Cesarean Section
Authors: Fahmy Adel Mikhail , El-basiony Yasir Ahmed , El-Sayed Abdalla Magdy Abdalla , Mohamed Mohamed Moien
Published: August 2023

Background

The analgesic regimen needs to meet the goals of providing safe, effective analgesia, with minimal side effects for the patient, together with inhibition of trauma –induced nociceptive impulses.

Objectives

This study assessed the postoperative analgesic efficacy of transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block compared to local wound infiltration after cesarean section regarding the pain relief, effect on hemodynamics, requirement of first supplemental doses of analgesia and total number of doses received. All patients were informed with the procedure US guided TAP block and were trained to use the visual analogue scale (VAS).

Patients and Methods

The study was conducted on 90 randomly chosen patients aged 25 to 55 years, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class I or II scheduled for cesarean section surgery in Ain Shams University Hospitals after approval of the medical ethical committee. They were allocated in two groups of 45 patients each: TAP block Group: received general anesthesia and 20 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine on each side by midaxillary approach under ultrasound guidance. Local wound infiltration: received general anesthesia and with 0.25% bupivacaine 30 ml at surgical site.

Results

The results of the study revealed that the Patients who received TAP block had significantly lower pain scores for 12 h after operation and decreased total need of analgesic in first 12 h post-operative compared with patients who received wound infiltration.

Conclusion

Bilateral TAP block was effective in reducing postoperative pain scores for 12 hours and lower total 12 hours postoperative pethidine consumption after cesarean section under general anesthesia, compared to local wound infiltration. This technique can be a promising mode of postoperative analgesia where epidural catheter insertion is contraindicated.
Comparative Evaluation of the Efficacy of Treatment with Intravenous Lignocaine and Intravenous Granisetron in Prevention of Pain Due to Intravenous Injection of Propofol
Authors: El-Saied Ghada Mohamed Samir , El-Safty Omar Mohamed Taha , Mohamed Anas Khaled Abdel Moniem , Wahab Wael Abdel Moniem Mohamed Abdel
Published: August 2023

Background

Propofol is today considered the most common intravenous drug for the induction of general anesthesia. It is a drug with Phenol structure whose common complication is pain at the injection site as well as low blood pressure.

Objective

Comparison of treatment with granisetron versus lignocaine with respect to improvement of pain induced by injection of propofol, in patient admitted for elective surgery under general anesthesia.

Materials and Methods

This study was carried-out for Comparison of treatment with granisetron versus lignocaine with respect to improvement of pain induced by injection of propofol, in patient admitted for elective surgery under general anesthesia. This study was carried-out on 284 patients belonging to American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status (PS) 1 and 2, of either sex, aged 18–60 years, scheduled for various elective surgical procedures under general anesthesia. The patients divided into 2 groups; Group 1 that consist of 142 patients which received injection of intravenous propofol (1-2 mg/kg) after injection with 1 ml of 2% lignocaine. Group 2 consist of another 142 which received injection of intravenous propofol (1-2 mg/kg) after injection with 1 ml of 1 ml of granisetron (1 mg/ml).

Results

The demographic data (age, body weight, sex ratio), physical status and type of surgery are not differ significantly (P > 0.05) among the two groups of this study. Our results on the heart rate, Systolic arterial blood pressure and diastolic arterial blood pressure showed no statistical significance after injection of lignocaine, granisetron and propofol at different points of time. The moderate and severe pain observed after different points of time from the injection of propofol can be reduced by injection of granisetron or lignocaine before propofol administration.

Conclusion

Our results concluded that, propofol commonly used as injection for induction of general anesthesia but it causes severe pain at the site of injection. For obtaining the best results and avoid the pain the patients must be received intravenous injection of granisetron or lignocaine. They can effectively reduce the severity of the pain resulted from propofol injection, granisetron is more effective for pain reduction than lignocaine.
Effect of Sex Difference on the Analgesic Response of Nalbuphine after Major Orthopedic Surgery in One Egyptian Intensive Care
Authors: Alansary Amin M , Elewa Gamal M , Elsayed Elsayed M S , Said Sherif G A
Published: August 2023

Background

Several reviews on the topic of gender differences in pain mechanisms, control and treatments have been published in the last two decades. The increasing literature refers to a broad range of topics, including preclinical studies on mechanisms underlying male and female diffelences in nociception and its control, clinical lesearch on gender differences in pain perception and modulation, epidemiological investigations of sex differences in pain prevalence and a growing number of studies examining sex differences in responses to pain therapies.

Aim of the Work

To compare Egyptian male and female response to Nalbuphine as analgesia after major orthopedic surgery in the intensive care unit, as regards dose effectiveness and adverse effects, in the first postoperative 24 hours.

Patients and Method: This comparative prospective analytical study was performed at Ain Shams University Hospitals. The study enrolled 100 Egyptian postoperative patients admitted to ICU after major orthopedic surgery; including 50 females and 50 males.

Results

The mean age of the participants was 48.81 ± 8.99 years. Regarding the primary outcome, the current study showed that males required a higher dose of nalbuphine than females with a pvalue < 0.001. There was no statistically significant in the VAS score of pain intensity between males and females at all times.

Conclusion

The results of this study suggest that postoperative nalbuphine requirements differ between Egyptian female and male patients undergoing major orthopedic surgeries. Males require a higher dose than females. But there was no statistically significant difference between females and males regarding postoperative analgesia complications. Nevertheless, funher studies on the ICIationship between the analgesic effect and other factors like comorbid mental disorders are required.