bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LABOUR MIGRATION AND THE SINGLE EUROPEAN MARKET: A SYNTHETIC AND PROSPECTIVE NOTE
Authors: Ardittis Solon
Published: March 2007

In the context of the completion, by 1993, of a single European market and of the resulting liberalisation of internal borders, labour migration in Europe is attracting increased attention from policy-makers and social actors in the twelve member states. The present paper is an attempt to analyse and forecast the following major issues relating to migration in Europe after 1992: (i) the evolution and structure of intra-European flows in the forthcoming single European market; (ii) the integration, after 1992, of established immigrant communities, including ethnic minorities and second generation groups; (iii) future immigration from non-EC member states, in relation, inter alia, to the recent coming into play of the Eastern European periphery. The article explains that, in addition to policy-related mutations inherent in the completion of the internal market, other factors (demographic changes and insufficient enrolment of national graduate students in key disciplines) and issues (emergence of atypical groups such as second generation and Eastern European migrants), are due to generate new patterns and modified interests in European labour migration after 1992.
Gazing or Performing?
Authors: Perkins Harvey C. , Thorns David C.
Published: March 2007

This article develops a critique of aspects of Urry's `tourist gaze' through an analysis of contemporary tourism in New Zealand. We argue that the metaphorical basis of the gaze seems to lie in the experience of tourism in Europe among particular classes of tourists. In that situation, tourists spend a considerable amount of time looking at historical landscapes and related interpretative sites/sights. By contrast, both international and domestic tourists in European settler societies such as New Zealand participate in active forms of touristic recreation; thus gazing is only one component of the tourist experience. This leads us to suggest that a better metaphorical approach to tourism is to talk about the tourist performance, which incorporates ideas of active bodily involvement, physical activity and gazing.
SOME PROBLEMS IN THE USE OF NETWORK ANALYSIS FOR COMPARATIVE ENQUIRY
Authors: Mufune Pempelani
Published: March 2007

In recent times there has been a boom in the use of `networks' both as a set of techniques and as a body of theory. This paper suggests that its popularity will soon extend to cross-cultural studies from where it came. The potential problems considered are mostly at the level of technique and include those of sampling, measurement error, field problems and data analysis. We argue that many of these problems are unique to network methodology and many have no ready answers. We conclude that before we embrace the network approach, there is a need to clarify the issues raised in discussions among sociologists.
THE CULTURAL EVOLUTION OF RATIONAL CHOICE
Authors: Jaeger Carlo C.
Published: March 2007

Contemporary thinking about social realities, especially about economic institutions, is deeply shaped by a research tradition based on the idea of rational choice. However, it is sometimes claimed that social reality cannot be reduced to the interaction of rational actors because such actors already presuppose a social reality in which they are embedded. If this argument is correct, then it should help to overcome basic weaknesses of economic equilibrium theory. Recent work on rule evolution can be used for this purpose.
THE CONSTRUCTION OF ART VALUES
Authors: Moulin Raymonde
Published: March 2007

This analysis of art values is focused on the specificity of the contemporary international art world, i.e., the increasing interdependence between the market where transactions are made and the cultural field where the homologation of art values is achieved. In support of this analysis, two cases are studied: the market of ` art classé' and the market of paintings `by the dozen'. This paper is an attempt to link the sociology of social interactions to the economic concept of imperfect information.
MAX WEBER ON THE EROTIC AND SOME COMPARISONS WITH THE WORK OF FOUCAULT
Authors: Whimster Sam
Published: March 2007

This article establishes the centrality of the erotic sphere in Weber's `Intermediate Reflection' essay ( Zwischenbetrachtung), which itself is central to Weber's analysis of the conflict between the world of religion and the social orders of society. An initial similarity is drawn between Foucault's analysis of the sexual, prior to its elaboration as a discourse, and Weber's treatment of the naive naturalism of the sexual. Foucault's technique of self offers one way of handling the tension between the realm of the private and the external social world, whereas Weber offers an intensification of the erotic as an escape from the sobriety ( Sachlichkeit) of the professional and occupational specialist ( Berufsmensch). A comparison of the different versions of the `Intermediate Reflection' essay indicates the degree to which Weber wrote his own biographical experiences into the academic text.
Japanese National Identity in Transition
Authors: Takeishi Chikako
Published: March 2007

This article explores the relationship between the ideological positions taken by Japanese opinion leaders towards Japan's participation in the Gulf War and their social backgrounds. The author classifies and describes different conceptions of Japanese national identity in terms of three main ideological positions: `Power Politics', `Pro-MNF', and `Anti-Military Sanctions'. The the social backgrounds of these conceptions are examined. Results indicate that conceptions of Japanese national identity are influenced by generation, occupational specialty, and, possibly, study experience abroad. The author also refers to the recent dramatic changes in Japanese public opinion about sending the military abroad on UN missions and touches upon the question of what this change suggests in terms of conceptions of Japanese national identity.
Social Sciences and Social Problems
Authors: Smelser Neil J.
Published: March 2007

After identifying a number of distinctive processes of social change - and their associated social problems - that may be expected to continue into the next century, the argument turns to the role of social-science knowledge in understanding and dealing with such problems. The author develops a critique of the utilitarian model of applied social science - a model based on supposed analogies with the natural sciences and engineering. Next, the logic of a `social problem' is dissected into the necessary ingredients it must have to qualify as a problem. As an alternative to the utilitarian model, the author suggests that social-science knowledge provides multiple points of entry in understanding the social-psychological and political dynamics by which social problems are recognized and dealt with as such.
Four Global Trends: Rise and Limitations
Authors: Genov Nikolai B.
Published: March 2007

The world seems to be rushing into the state of a global risk-society. Is the diagnosis correct? What are the causes and reasons of the current tensions? What are the prospects? Four global trends are assumed to penetrate the new constellations of cooperation and conflict. The spreading of instrumental activism has its roots in the `conquer and dominate' philosophy of modern industrialism. It is trapped by its own expansion. Individualization is embodied in major evolutionary achievements. It is simultaneously the source of cultural and institutional imbalances. Modernity is marked by an accelerated upgrading of organizational rationality. The process brings about organizational pathologies as well. We witness a fast value-normative universalization. It is paralleled by symbolic and institutional particularizations. Managing these four inherently controversial trends is the major challenge to continuing modernization.
The Dubious Guarantees of Social Science
Authors: Archer Margaret S.
Published: March 2007

This is a critical response to Immanuel Wallerstein's `Social Science and Contemporary Society: The Vanishing Guarantees of Rationality' in this journal, March 1996, and his claim that social scientists, as the new `intellectual class', have the task of dissociating themselves from Liberal Instrumental Rationality in order to help `turn the world around'. First, the article questions whether Wallerstein is truly abandoning the `Enlightenment project' or actually completing Comte's hope for a clerisy of universitaires. Second, it queries his conception of `totalizing transformation', arguing that he sustains his grand narrative by under-playing the social elaboration introduced by 19th-century social movements in order to overplay the potential for late 20th-century ones. Finally, it takes issue both with the role assigned to social scientists and to Wallerstein's notion of a guided process of total social transformation, which this article holds to be an impossibility given the ontological status of society as an open system. A more modest role of `critical dialogue' with other corporate agents is advocated.
Insiders and Outsiders in India: Primordial Collectivism and Cultural Pluralism in Nation-Building
Authors: Oommen T.K.
Published: March 2007

The emergence of the Three Worlds eventuated in the crystallization of three expectancies. While the First World gave birth to liberal expectancy and the Second World to radical expectancy, the Third World latched its faith to nationalist expectancy. Not only have these expectancies not come true, the possibility of their realisation in the manner in which they were conceptualised remains utterly bleak. Invariably primordial collectivism of the cultural mainstream is defined as nationalism, while the collective aspirations of dominated or marginalised collectivities are labelled as anti-national or at best sub-national. It is suggested in this paper that cultural pluralism should be the cornerstone on which authentic nation- building can be attempted. In contemporary India the juxtaposition of insiders and outsiders and the processes of expansionism and exclusivism are widespread. The leading bases of categorising collectivities as insiders/outsiders are religion, caste, tribe, language and region. Through expansionism the dominant collectivity attempts to assimilate all those social collectivities defined as insiders into the cultural mainstream thereby threatening their socio-cultural identity which may lead to culturocide. Through the process of exclusivism the very belongingness of outsiders to the nation-state is questioned, which alienates them. It is argued that India cannot build an authentic nation-state by establishing the dominance of a cultural mainstream reducing the numerous collectivities of the periphery to the status of marginals. India should have a nation-state with multiple cultural centres.
Formalised Historical Materialism as a Research Tool
Authors: Himmelstrand Ulf
Published: March 2007

In sociological theorising there is often too much disembodied 'structure' and 'process' without actors, or actors and action without structure. This paper proposes a solution to this dilemma with the conceptual aid of (1) so-called process matrices within which parameters of correlation, compability and contradiction of processes can be defined, and (2) actor-process matrices within which parameters of actor-process specialisation, crystallization, polarisation and cnss-cross are defined. This relatively uninterpreted and formal conceptual framework is then applied and interpreted in terms of Marxist historical materialism, which in this manner can be seen as a special instance of actor-process theory comparable with, for instance, the theories of Durkheim and Parsons. Finally, part of the interpreted Marxist version of actor-process theory is applied to an analysis of the 'dynamic inefficiency of capitalism' as diagnosed by Kelvin Lancaster, and an evaluation sought of some recent reforms within Swedish Social Democracy in terms of this Marxist actor-process model.
The Marx-Darwin Question: Implications for the Critical Aspects of Marx's Social Theory
Authors: Warren Mark
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the implications of recently revived analogies between Marx and Darwin for the critical aspects of Marx's thought. Good prima facie reasons exist to be suspicious of such analogies, since they seem to ignore the distinction between sciences of natural objects and Marx's critical theory - an approach that relates explanations of social processes to the intentional and reflexive qualities of human practices. This article argues, however, that the analogy between Marx and Darwin presents no threat to the critical elements of Marx's thought. More specifically, the article claims (1) that consequence explanations of the Darwinian kind are both useful and formally compatible with Marx's, (2) that this formal compatibility highlights both the nature and limits of Marx's explanatory claims, and (3) that the critical elements of Marx's thought stem from the fact that he relates a form of explanation similar to Darwin's to a human subject.
The University as a Model of Technological Balance
Authors: Staley David J. , Cress W. David
Published: March 2007

"Technological balance" occurs automatically when the designer, builder, and user of a tool is the same person. "Technological imbalance" occurs when these activities become separated and in opposition to one another. Tools become menacing exoge nous objects. We see a shift in connotation of the word technology from the skill of the person to the object produced. Designers and builders create tools with the passive consent and willful ignorance of users. Curricula often contribute to this imbalance. Apprentice designers and builders receive specialized instruction in creating objects, whereas users uncritically learn the procedural requirements of the resulting objects. This system of education turns "machine tending" into a pedagogical goal. The university has the potential to become a model of technological balance for the soci ety as a whole using such means as selecting tools that encourage balance, "technology audits, " and break ing down the specializations among designers, builders, and users.
Bullies, Victims, and Bully/Victims:
Authors: Haynie Denise L. , Nansel Tonja , Eitel Patricia , Crump Aria Davis , Saylor Keith , Yu Kai , Simons-Morton Bruce
Published: March 2007

Bullying and victimization are prevalent problems in the area of adolescent peer relationships. Middle school students (N = 4,263) in one Maryland school district completed surveys covering a range of problem behaviors and psychosocial variables. Overall,30.9% of the students reported being victimized three or more times in the past year and 7.4% reported bullying three or more times over the past year. More than one half of the bullies also reported being victimized. Those bully/victims were found to score less favorably than either bullies or victims on all the measured psychosocial and behavioral variables. Results of a discriminant function analysis demonstrated that a group of psychosocial and behavioral predictors—including problem behaviors, attitudes toward deviance, peer influences, depressive symptoms, school-related functioning, and parenting—formed a linear separation between the comparison group (never bullied or victimized), the victim group, the bully group, and the bully/victim group.
Involved and Uninvolved Student Perceptions in Indoor and Outdoor School Settings
Authors: Shaw Terry J. , Mills Terence J.
Published: March 2007

A ten item attitudinal survey was used to assess involved and uninvolved sixth grade students' perceptions of teachers, school, and self in three settings; (1) the regular classroom situation two weeks before an outdoor education experience; (2) immediately following a two day outdoor education experience; and (3) two weeks after the outing in the regular classroom. The activities for the outing were designed to encourage a high degree of physical, mental, and at times, emotional involvement. The outdoor experience was rated significantly more positive than the regular classroom experience by involved and uninvolved students as well as the total population. During the outing the uninvolved students' perception of teacher trust improved significantly more than the involved students' perception. The students had significantly more positive perception of the regular classroom two weeks after the outing than two weeks before the outing. The evidence indicates that outdoor education is a highly appropriate mode of instruction for improving the uninvolved and involved students' perceptions of school, teachers, and self.
Social Characteristics of Early Adolescents
Authors: Thornburg Hershel D. , Jones Randy M.
Published: March 2007

Interpretation and inference from previous adolescent studies of psy-chosocial development are both difficult and confusing. Inter-study dis-crepancies involving research paradigms, questions, designs, samples, and measurement have added to the confusion. Further, choosing differ-ent independent measures to address similar research questions has added to the problem. This study was designed to examine differences when using age or grade as the independent measure in studying psychosocial development among early adolescents. A number of findings are pre-sented which indicate that age is a more potent mediator of adolescent development than grade. All twelve psychological and social characteris-tics examined in this study support this contention.
The Association between Peer Experiences and Identity Formation in Early Adolescence
Authors: Bukowski William M. , Newcomb Andrew F.
Published: March 2007

Sixth grade boys and girls (N = 315) were asked to complete the Perceived Competence Scale for Children and a sociometric questionnaire in an investigation of the multidimensional nature of self-concept and the association between identity formation and social relations among early adolescents. Perceptions of general self-worth were found to be related to perception of social, physical, and cognitive competence. The strongest relationship was observed between perceived social competence and general self-worth with the strength of this association being significantly greater among boys than girls. Perceived social competence was more strongly related to perceived physical competence among boys than girls whereas social acceptance and perceived social competence were more strongly related among girls than boys. Overall, however, the degree of association between perceived competence and sociometric measures was rather small. The observed sex differences were consistent with previous theoretical proposals and empirical investigations indicating that the association between intimacy and identity may be mediated by gender and these findings indicate that the arenas for studying identity acquisition may be different for boys and girls.
Social and Academic Conditions among Blacks and Whites in a Rural Southern Desegregated School System
Authors: Freeland Kent , Dickinson George E.
Published: March 2007

Students, teachers, and administrators in a Northeast Texas community were given questionnaires in 1981 to ascertain information on social and academic conditions among blacks and whites (student body is one-third black and two-thirds white) after desegregation in 1970. The return rate from the fourth, fifth, and sixth grade students (N=441) was 91 percent and 69 percent from teachers and administrators (N=78). It was concluded that academic performance of students did not improve after desegregation. Interracial contact was limited between the races, especially outside of school. Blacks tended to take a more active part in initiating an integrated situation. Teachers and administrators suggested more involvement of parents in making desegregation a more positive experience academically and socially.
Torque, Academic Achievement, and Behavorial Problems in Early Adolescents
Authors: Carter Thomas D. , DeBlassie Richard R.
Published: March 2007

A basic problem has been the assessment of significant neuropsychological processes in an unobtrusive manner. A- literature search produced a simple neuropsychological procedure called the Torque Test claimed to successfully identify children at risk for academic problems and aberrant behavior. The purpose of the study was to investigate the Torque Test as a screening device for identifying children at risk for behavioral and academic problems. The relationship between torque and lateral dominance was also examined. Ninety-four fourth- and fifth-grade subjects (47 males and 47 females) were drawn from a normal classroom population with a minimum I. Q. of 80. The subjects were administered the Torque Test, the Reitan Test for Lateral Dominance, and the Wide Range Achievement Test. Each subject was rated by his or her parent (Burks' Behavior Rating Scale) and teacher (Conners Abbreviated Teacher Rating Scale). The results indicate that the Torque Test may be useful for screening for behavior problems, but not for academic difficulties.
Perceived Competence among Rural Middle School Children: Parental Antecedents and Relation to Locus of Control
Authors: Abraham Kitty G. , Christopherson Victor A.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the relationship between perceived competence and locus of control in a sample of rural middle school children and sought to determine potential antecedents to perceived competence in the form of parental behaviors. Subjects were 322 5th-8th grade students attending school in a southwestern state. Children at all grade levels were administered (a) the Perceived Competence Scale for Children, (b) the Nowicki Internal-Extemal Locus of Control Scale, and (c) the Cornell Parent Behavior Inventory. Pearson correlations between the perceived competence scores and the locus of control scores revealed a strong association between these two personal causation constructs for both males and females. Correlations between perceived competence scores and mothers' and fathers' behavior dimension scores revealed that supporting behaviors were consistently associated with perceived competence in a positive way and that punishing behaviors were consistently correlated with perceived competence in a negative way. One discrepancy to these findings was in the domain of physical competence; neither males nor females perceived their mothers' supportive behaviors to relate to their competence in this area. Discussion focused on interpretation of these results as they relate to the development of perceived competence in children.
Truancy In Early Adolescence
Authors: Sommer Barbara
Published: March 2007

The problem of school absence in the junior high years is described. Incidence of unexcused absence is estimated at about 7% in the United States for adolescents ages 12 through 15. The long-term consequences of truancy for males are greater marginality, less success in the workplace, and an increased likelihood of delinquency and psychopathology. Data for females are sparse. Factors most clearly associated with truancy are low achievement in school, inadequate parenting, and conditions of deprivation. Gaps in information on truancy and suggested directions for research are specified.
The experience of school-transfer: Does previous relocation facilitate the transition from elementary to middle-level educational environments?
Authors: Jones Randall M. , Thornburg Hershel D.
Published: March 2007

A total of 242 5th and 6th grade students responded to measures of self esteem, anonymity, self consciousness and victimization before and after transition from 5th to 6th grade which involved a change in schools; transition from 6th to 7th grade which involved a change in schools; or, transition from 6th to 7th grade which occurred in the same middle level environment. Although transitional effects were observed for all four measures, student estimates of previous teachers and schools (construed in this study as an index of previous transition) mediated the transitional process on measures of anonymity and self consciousness only. Results indicate that prior school transition experience reduces the mediational effects associated with preceptions of anonymity (reduced anonymity) and self consciousness (increased self consciousness).
Development of Visual Memory: An Early Adolescent Regression
Authors: Flin Rhona H.
Published: March 2007

The developmental curve for face recognition displays a temporary dip in performance during early adolescence. Two experiments were conducted to investigate whether this regression is a general characteristic of visual memory development or is peculiar to face recognition. In Experiment 1 children (8-15 years) were asked to recognize pictures of flags. No age differences were found although there was some indication of a slight dip at 13 years. The second experiment tested recognition of houses (7-15 years) and found a significant improvement in accuracy between 7 and 12 years and a significant decline between 12 and 13 years, followed by a recovery to adult level. Possible explanations for these regressions in memory development were discussed.
Parent-Adolescent Conflict: Comparison and Prediction of the Perceptions of Mothers, Fathers, and Daughters
Authors: Smith Karen A. , Forehand Rex
Published: March 2007

Adolescence has been portrayed as a time of storm and stress, and parent-adolescent conflict has been identified as a primary contribution to this state. At the present time there have been few studies addressing the issue of conflict between parents and adolescents. The purposes of the present study were to examine the perceptions of conflict among nonclinic mothers, fathers, and their early adolescent daughters, and to predict perceptions of parent-adolescent conflict. Thirty-six parents and their adolescent daughters served as subjects. Parents and adolescents completed ratings of conflict in an objective situation, within the general family environment, and within particular family dyads (mother-father, mother-daughter, and father-daughter). In addition, measures of marital and personal distress were completed. The results indicated that, with few exceptions, family members had similar perceptions of conflict. Adolescents did report more conflict with mothers than fathers and mothers evaluated daughters more negatively than did fathers. Marital discord emerged as a predictor of perceived parent-adolescent conflict for mothers while both marital discord and depression were predictors for adolescents. Neither variable was related to fathers' perceptions of parent-adolescent conflict. Social desirability appeared to be an important factor in both the daughters' and the fathers' responses. The similarities and discrepancies among family members' perceptions of conflict and the predictors of those perceptions are discussed.
The Relationship of Parental Attitudes and Expectations to Children's Mathematics Achievement Behaviour
Authors: Visser Delene
Published: March 2007

This study concerns the nature of the influence of parents on the mathematics achievement and participation of early adolescent children. The subjects were 1605 Afrikaans-speaking seventh and ninth grade students whose parents were also invited to participate. Student measures were the perception of the encouragement, expectations and interest of parents in themselves as learners of mathematics. Also measured were parental attitudes such as confidence regarding mathematics, personal and general usefulness of mathematics, the stereotyping of mathematics, and expectations for their children. Although parents agreed on the general usefulness of mathematics, fathers had significantly more positive attitudes toward mathematics than mothers. Males were favoured, both with regard to their perceptions of the attitudes of parents and the actual expectations of parents. No support was found for the hypothesis that children model their behaviour on that of parents, whereas parental expectations proved to be important predictors of mathematics achievement behaviour, especially for females.
The Effect of Gender and Family Status on Ego Identity Development among Early Adolescents
Authors: Streitmatter Janice L.
Published: March 2007

Data from 265 early adolescents (seventh graders) were analyzed to examine the relationship between gender, family status, and ego identity. Analysis of variance results indicated that females were more mature than males on a measure of moratorium (exploration of alternatives); that early adolescents living in an intact family environment were more likely to make commitments without examining alternatives (high foreclosure scores) than were their cohorts who reported living in disrupted family environments; and males from the former condition were more diffused (not questioning and noncommital). Overall, the impact of family disruption was more notable among males than females. Findings support Erikson's contention that identity development is a lifelong prospect which is mediated by change (internal and external).
Relationships between Possible Selves and Self-Reported Problems of Divorced and Intact Family Adolescents
Authors: Carson Andrew D. , Madison Terry , Santrock John W.
Published: March 2007

This investigation focused on the effects of divorce on the nature of adolescent possible future selves, marital expectations, and self-reported problems. The subjects were 48 adolescents, ages 13 to 15 years, and their mothers. Half of the adolescent subjects came from intact and half from divorced families; and half were males and half were females. Subjects were interviewed and administered questionnaires. Results suggested that early adolescents from divorced families exhibit greater apprehension about entering marriage and greater willingness to consider leaving a faltering marriage than do intact family adolescents. Divorced family adolescents also reported greater disobedience at home than did intact family adolescents. The most striking differences between divorced and intact family adolescents were found in the differences in correlations between possible selves/expectations variables and problem variables. Self-reported problems were more closely linked to possible future selves and marital expectations in divorced than in intact family adolescents. These results appeared to support the theory that possible selves can serve to mediate the effects of stressful life-events.
Tobacco Use in a Fifth-Grade Southwestern Sample
Authors: Harris Mary B. , Ford Valerie L.
Published: March 2007

As a preliminary step to designing a health education curriculum for Anglo-American, Hispanic, and Native American children from rural areas of New Mexico, a self-report questionnaire designed to measure tobacco use, exposure and attitudes was administered to 204 boys and girls in fifth-grade classes in six schools. Substantial differences in smoking and smokeless tobacco use were found for children who differed in age, ethnicity, and gender. This suggests a possible need to design tobacco use curricula tailored to the specific groups being taught.
Assessments of the Home Environment and Early Adolescents' Intentions to Smoke Cigarettes
Authors: Naughton Michelle J. , Krohn Marvin D.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationship between the home environment and early adolescents' intentions to smoke cigarettes. Data were obtained from 177 middle school students and one parent of each early adolescent. Variables included in the analyses were the parents' assessments of the dimensions of the home environment, the adolescents' perceptions of their relations with their parents, commitment to school, and associations with friends who smoke. Multiple regression analyses indicated that adolescents who were less committed to school and whose family environments were characterized by change and a weak emphasis on educational pursuits were more likely to have had friends who smoked and intended to use cigarettes themselves. The significance of the results is discussed in terms of the utility of using data both from parents and adolescents.
Parental and Peer Ethnotheory Demands, Temperament, and Early Adolescent Adjustment
Authors: Nitz Katherine , Lerner Richard M. , Lerner Jacqueline V. , Talwar Rachna
Published: March 2007

Parents or peers may differ in their preferences and aversions for particular temperamental characteristics and, as such, in their attitudes about whether a given temperament attribute creates difficulty in social interactions. This set of attitudes is termed an "ethnotheory" of temperamental difficulty. This study sought to determine: (a) whether adolescents' temperaments better match, or fit, the ethnotheories of parents or peers; and (b) whether adolescents whose temperaments reflect a good fit with parental and/or peer ethnotheories are better adjusted than those adolescents whose behavior reflects a poor fit. Using data from the Pennsylvania Early Adolescent Transitions Study, these issues were addressed by assessing parents' and peers' ethnotheories for early adolescent temperament over the course of the sixth grade. Results indicated that although parents and peers had different ethnotheories, adolescents' temperaments were at levels which would not cause actual difficulty for either parents or peers. Finally, temperament-ethnotheory fit, especially in regard to parents, was related more to adolescent adjustment in the home, in the school, and with peers than was temperament alone.
The Appeal of Image Advertisements
Authors: Covell Katherine
Published: March 2007

Past research with adults has shown that image advertisements are especially appealing and persuasive to adults with high social-image concerns. In this study the appeal of such advertisements to young adolescents as a function of age, gender and imaginary audience ideation was assessed. One hundred fifty-six males and females 8 through 16 years of age rated the appeal of image and quality oriented advertisements for alcohol, tobacco, clothing, and personal care products, and completed the Imaginary Audience Scale. Major findings include a differential effect of imaginary audience ideation by age and by product, and gender differences among the 11- through 13-year-olds. A stronger preference for image oriented alcohol and tobacco advertisements was shown among 14- through 16-year-olds and 11- through 13-year-old girls than among 11- through 13-year-old boys and 8- through 10-year-olds.
The Effect of Relative Age on Self-Esteem, Role Strain, GPA, and Anxiety
Authors: Fenzel L. Mickey
Published: March 2007

Being older rather than younger than most of one's classmates is presumed to provide benefits to students at least throughout elementary school. The present study investigated this relative age hypothesis among students before and after the transition to middle school with respect to self-esteem, school strain, grade point average (GPA), and anxiety. Partial correlation analyses, with father's education controlled, showed that relative age was associated positively with self-esteem and negatively with strain during fifth and sixth grade. Separate analyses showed these relationships for females but not for males. The influence of father's education was particularly pronounced among the youngest subjects with respect to strain and GPA. Results suggest that the potentially detrimental effects of being relatively young carry on into middle school and that younger early adolescents whose parents have relatively little education are most at risk.
Peer Acceptance and Friendship: An Investigation of their Relation to Self-Esteem
Authors: Bishop Julia A. , Inderbitzen Heidi M.
Published: March 2007

The present study examined the relationship between peer relations and self-esteem. Specifically, this study investigated how peer acceptance and friendship were related to self-esteem in an adolescent population. Five hundred and forty-two ninth-grade students were classified by sociometric group and presence or absence of reciprocal friendships. Results indicate no significant difference in self-esteem scores across sociometric groups. However, subjects with at least I reciprocal friend had higher self-esteem scores than subjects without a reciprocal friend. Furthermore, there did not appear to be a cumulative effect of number of friendships on self-esteem scores. The importance of friendship to the development of self-esteem is discussed, as are the implications for intervention programs such as social skills training for children who may lack a close friendship. The authors indicate a need for further study of the relationship between peer relations and the correlates of self-esteem.
Contemporaneous and Longitudinal Relations of Dispositional Sympathy to Emotionality, Regulation, and Social Functioning
Authors: Murphy Bridget C. , Shepard Stephanie A. , Eisenberg Nancy , Fabes Richard A. , Guthrie Ivanna K.
Published: March 2007

Individual differences in 10-through 12-year-olds’sympathetic tendencies were examined in relation to their regulation, negative emotionality, and social functioning contemporaneously as well as 2, 4, and 6 years earlier. Information was obtained for 33 girls and 31 boys from the school and home context. In general, adults’(teachers and parents) reports of young adolescents’sympathetic tendencies were associated with high regulatory abilities, low negative emotionality, and constructive social behaviors contempora-neously and, to some degree, 2, 4, and 6 years previously. Furthermore, in regression analyses, regulatory abilities during early adolescence as well as 2 years earlier uniquely predicted young adolescents’sympathetic tendencies after controlling for the effects of negative emotionality. Although findings were fairly similar across contexts, the majority of findings at school were for girls, whereas the pattern of findings at home was somewhat more consistent for boys than for girls.
Undergraduate Business Internships and Career Success: Are They Related?
Authors: Gault Jack , Redington John , Schlager Tammy
Published: March 2007

This article reports the results of an investigation of the relationship between early career success and past participation in an undergraduate field internship. The study extends earlier research on the effects of formal marketing education on career success. A survey of intern and nonintern business alumni of a northeastern U.S. public university indicated significant early career advantages for undergraduates with internship experience. Advantages included less time to obtain first position, increased monetary compensation, and greater overall job satisfaction. In addition to the career benefits provided to the students, the positive implications for marketing educators, university administrators, and intern employers are also discussed.
Publications in Major Marketing Journals: An Analysis of Scholars and Marketing Departments
Authors: Bak[UNKNOWN] Ays[UNKNOWN]n , Vitell Scott J. , Rose Gregory M.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the research productivity of marketing scholars and departments by examining published articles in six major marketing journals (Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science , Journal of Consumer Research , Journal of Marketing , Journal of Marketing Research , Journal of Retailing , and Marketing Science ) from 1991 to 1998. Both the total number of published articles and a fractional score, based on the number of authors of an article, were used for evaluation purposes. The authors evaluate the research production of marketing departments according to faculty size. Finally, a comparison is made with previous studies on the productivity of marketing departments.
Study Abroad Learning Activities: A Synthesis and Comparison
Authors: Duke Charles R.
Published: March 2007

Learning activities are described for study abroad tours with appropriateness discussed in terms of study tour characteristics of location, integration with academic credit, and time spent on the tour. Journal writing is the most versatile activity. Company visits are the most impressive to students. Simulations engage students but require computer technology. Projects require sufficient research resources. Lecture/testing and treasure hunts require more time on tour.
Student Evaluations of Teaching: An Exploratory Study of the Faculty Response
Authors: Simpson Penny M. , Siguaw Judy A.
Published: March 2007

Student evaluation of teaching instruments are commonly administered by universities to presumably provide feedback to faculty for improvement of teaching effectiveness. Instead, these measures are routinely used as a basis for determining faculty merit, promotion, and tenure, making the instruments vitally important to faculty. As a result, some faculty members may engage in various activities designed specifically to affect student ratings on teaching evaluations rather than to improve instruction, although no known research exists about the extent of such influencing activities. The purpose of this research is to begin the exploration of marketing faculty perceptions about, and problems with, student evaluations of teaching and perceived efforts to influence the measure. Furthermore, this study seeks to define categories of faculty activities and behaviors that may be used to influence student evaluations of teaching ratings and to identify possible solutions.
Marketing and the Creative Problem-Solving Process
Authors: Titus Philip A.
Published: March 2007

In the aggregate, marketing may be conceptualized as the process of offering creative solutions to consumer problems. As such, educational emphasis should be given to increasing students’ knowledge of the creative problem-solving (CPS) process. Unfortunately, past research has given little attention to the CPS process itself. The purpose of this article is to better familiarize marketing educators with the CPS process and its connection to marketing practice. In addition, an instructional approach is offered that employs the use of assorted CPS techniques in conjunction with different stages of the CPS process.
Nonprofit Marketing as a College Course: Potential Problems and Probable Opportunities
Authors: Joyce Mary L. , Krentler Kathleen A.
Published: March 2007

This article explores issues surrounding the teaching of nonprofit marketing in college curriculums. The authors discuss questions concerning course relevancy, availability of resources, student demand, and course structure.
The Trade Show in Marketing Education
Authors: Tongren Hale N. , Thompson James P.
Published: March 2007

This paper illustrates the growing importance of trade shows as a major marketing device, defining what they are and suggesting how and where new information about them may be integrated into marketing courses. Two suggested course modules are included to supplement regular text material, and examples are cited to show how this new information enhances students' learning experience.
An Assessment of Employee Satisfaction with Undergraduate Business-Administration Education
Authors: King Ronald H. , Rawson Richard
Published: March 2007

This study reports the results of a survey of business school graduates with respect to their satisfaction with their education. Aspects investigated included usefulness of specific courses as well as applicability to the job, and the major strengths and weaknesses of the undergraduate business school education received.
Are we Forgetting External Sources of New Products?
Authors: McSurely Hugh B. , Parmeswaran Ravi
Published: March 2007

A review of 17 marketing principles texts published in the 1980s reveals that only three briefly mention the use of external sources for new product development. External sources such as licensing, joint development programs, subcontracting, and acquisitions or mergers are also neglected by these authors in product life cycle discussions. Since business managers routinely consider external sources for product development and improvement programs, these textual presentations do not accurately reflect marketing practice. We argue that these authors should consider the use of external sources in their presentations of product strategy development and suggest how this might be accomplished. In the long run, more consideration of external sourcing at all levels of marketing curricula will alleviate some of the problems students have in learning these concepts, contribute to more marketing involvement in external sourcing strategies, and help internationalize the marketing educational process.
When to Counsel Students Out of Marketing
Authors: Jameson C. S. K.
Published: March 2007

Even in a time of declining enrollment some students should be discouraged from pursuing a marketing career. In particular, students who prefer to deal with things rather than people and who believe marketing priorities to be inherently immoral should be counseled out of marketing. Several other personality characteristics also indicate unsuitability for a marketing career.
Introducing Bargaining into the Basic Marketing Course
Authors: Mitchell Ted , Dickinson Roger
Published: March 2007

There is a growing recognition of the need to expose marketing students to the topic of bargaining. A new win-win model of distributive bargaining and a mixed motive structure of the buyer-seller situation provides a logical framework for introducing bargaining into marketing.
Teaching Retail Financial Management to Marketing Majors
Authors: Gifford Jack
Published: March 2007

Marketing educators must ensure that their marketing majors investigating career opportunities in retailing understand the dynamics of key retail financial ratios. This article reports the results of a study designed to determine the most important retail financial ratios used to measure corporate health and vitality and to describe a pedagogy which effectively teaches students how to compute and interpret these and other important retail financial ratios.
Cover Letter Appeals and Sponsorship Effects on Mail Survey Response Rates
Authors: Bachmann Duane P.
Published: March 2007

This article presents results from a study of the effectiveness of different types of sponsorships and appeals in cover letters which accompany mail surveys. It also compares the results of the study with previous research studies utilizing different sponsorships and appeals.
Faculty Evaluation Perspectives in Colleges of Business: How Marketing Department Heads' Evaluations Differ from those of Department Heads in other Business Disciplines
Authors: D'Onofrio Marianne J. , Slama Mark E. , Tashchian Armen
Published: March 2007

Simulated evaluations of business professors for the purposes of merit pay increases are analyzed using conjoint analysis. Results from a national sample of department heads at AACSB accredited colleges show that significant interdisciplinary differences in evaluation perspectives exist within business colleges. A continuum exists between the academic perspective of marketing department heads and the professional perspective of accounting department heads.
PROLOG: A Business Logistics Simulation Game
Authors: Gentry James W. , Jackson George C. , Morgan Fred W.
Published: March 2007

In this article, PROLOG, a microcomputer-based business logistics game, is introduced and compared with batch-processed games. An approach for using PROLOG in the classroom is described, as well as student reactions to the game.
Usage of Microcomputer Software in AACSB-Accredited Undergraduate and Graduate Marketing Programs
Authors: McNeeley Brian J. , Berman Barry
Published: March 2007

This article presents the findings of a survey of AACSB-accredited undergraduate and graduate programs relating to the integration of personal computers into the marketing curriculum. This survey determines the degree of software usage, summarizes faculty evaluation of different marketing applications software, identifies areas which interfere with successful implementation, and evaluates the software acquisition process. A number of recommendations are made to improve microcomputer software integration.