bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in Nucleic Acids and Other Phosphorus-Containing Compounds of Developing Wheat Grain
Authors: Jennings AC , Morton RK
Published: July 2016

In both tho developing endosperm and testa-perica.rp thero was a relationship between the content of inorganic phosphorus, acid-soluble acid-labile phosphorus, and acid-soluble organic phosphorus ("phytic acid"), and the water content. The times of restriction of supply of water to the endosperm and to the testa-perion!'p fairly closely corresponded with the times of initiation of rapid synthei?-is of phytic acid and of a corresponding rapid decline in content of inorganic phosphorus and reactive phosphoryl groups.
Kinin Activity From Plant Extracts
Authors: Bottomley W , Kefford NP , Zwar JA , Goldacre PL
Published: July 2016

A biological assay for substances inducing cell division is described. Blocks of tobacco stem pith were cultured aseptically on 1 ml of basal medium containing mineral salts, sucrose, and vitamins. The addition of auxin to the basal medium caused cell enlargement, but the addition of kinetin alone produced no reaction.Auxin and kinetin together induced cell division, l'esulting in nests of cells readily distinguishable visually from the original cells. Callus produced in this way could be subcultured indefinitely on medium containing bot,h 3-indolylacet,ic acid (IAA)and kinetin.
Purification and Some Properties of Centrosema Mosaic Virus
Authors: Crowley NC , Francki RIB
Published: July 2016

A method is described for the purification of Centrosema mosaic virus from lea.ves of Crotalaria unagyroides H.B.K. Partially purified preparations contained elongated flexuous rods. measuring approxima.tely 580 by 12 lllM. which were regularly associated with infectivity. These preparations had an ultraviolet absorption spectrum characteristic of a nucleoprotein and showed only a single homogeneous peak when examined in the analytical ultracentrifuge. The identity of the virus is discussed.
A Further Study on the Extraction of Reduced Proteins From Wool
Authors: Harrap BS , Gillespie JM
Published: July 2016

A study has been made on the extraction of reduced protein from wool by two methods. In one the aim has been to solubilize as much protein as possible and in the other to use the mildest conditions possible. In the first method extraction was made with potassium thioglycollate in the presence of urea and the variables temperature, pH, urea concentration, and thioglycollate concentration were studied. It was found that between 80 and 85% of wool can be solubilized at room temperature by 0-2M potassium thioglycollate at pH 10-5 in the presence of 6M urea. In the second method a total of more than 60% of the wool was solubilized; the highsulphur protein was first preferentially extracted by O� 8M potassium thioglycollate at pH 10'5 and O�C, and low-sulphur protein then released from the residue by plasmolysis by immersing the residue in ice-cold distilled water. The advantage of this method is that at no time does the temperature rise above O�C or the pH above 10-5.
Germination Patterns Shown by the Light-Sensitive Seed of Anagallis Arvensis
Authors: Grant Lipp AE , Ballard IAT
Published: July 2016

At 25�0 germination of seed of Anagallis arvensis subsp.Joemina (Mill.) Schinz & Theil. is promoted by red and inhibited by far red radiation with maximum efficiencies in the vicinity of 670 and 750 m.u respectively
The Determination of the Salt Relations of the Cytoplasmic Phase in Cells of Beetroot Tissue
Authors: Pitman MG
Published: July 2016

An analysis of the rate at which isotope diffuses out of disks of beetroot tissue shows that there are at least two components of the non-free space. As tlwse components are not due to differences in cell type within the tissue, it is suggested they are due to a cytoplasmic phase in the parenchymatou's cells, and to the vacuoles.
Host-pathogen Relations in Powdery Mildew of Barley III. Utilization of Respiratory Energy
Authors: millerd Adele , Scott KJ
Published: July 2016

A quantitative comparison was made of the respiratory response, and concurrent changes in the concentrations of nucleic acid and protein, following infection of barley with the powdery mildew fungus (Erysiphe graminis var. hordei). Infection of a susceptible barley variety resulted in increased respiration and increased amounts of ribonucleic acid phosphorus (RNAP) in the host tissue. Infection of etiolated tissue of a susceptible variety was not accompanied by increased respiration or by increased RNAP levels. The increased respiration in resistant barley varieties following infection was not associated with increased RN AP levels. It is suggested that the metabolic responses following infection are different in susceptible and resistant varieties.
Short Oommunications Iron in the Developing Soybean Nodule
Authors: Bergersen FJ
Published: July 2016

The metabolism of iron in legume root nodules is of particular interest because of the presence of relatively large amounts of the myoglobin~like pigment, leghaemoglobin. This pigment appears when the nodules are about 2 weeks old and its appearance coincides with the onset of nitrogen fixation. There are also quite large amounts of bacterial cytochromes present (Appleby and Bergersen 1958) and, because of the active metabolism of molecular hydrogen (Hoch, Schneider, and Burris 1960; Bergersen 1963), probably appreciable amounts of ferridoxin as well (Tagawa and Arnon 1962).
Photosynthesis in Relation to Leaf Orientation and Light Interoeption
Authors: Kriedeman PE , Neales TF , Ashton DH
Published: July 2016

This paper examines the photosynthetic response of single attached leaves (of four different species) to an increasing angle of incidence (8) of incoming radiation. The intensity of light falling upon a leaf can be deduced from geometrical optics to be proportional to cos 8. The results reported here suggest that the photosynthetic. activity of leaves exposed to a limiting light intensity follows a similar relationship. Explanations of this empirically determined relationship are discussed.
Pre-Emergence Rotting of Peas in South Australia
Authors: Flentje NT , Saksena HK
Published: July 2016

Pre-emergence rotting of peas by Pythium occurs during two stages of growth, namely when the radicle and plumule are breaking free of the testa and during elongation of the epicotyl prior to emergence.
Short Oommunications Kinins in Germinating Lettuoe Seed
Authors: Barzilai E , Mayer AM
Published: July 2016

The presence, in plants extracts, of factors capable of promoting cell division has been known for some time (Goldacre and Bottomley 1959; Miller 1961) and such compounds have been partially purified (Miller 1961; Zwar, Bottomley, and Kelford 1963). The germination of seeds normally involves cell division as well as cell enlarge-ment (Mayer and Poljakolf-Mayber 1963). Therefore it seemed of interest to investi-gate whether kinins occur in seeds or are formed during their germination. Lettuce seeds were used because their physiology has been studied extensively. We have also tried to partially characterize their kinins.
Transmission Ratios at the T-Locus in the Mouse: Inter-and Intra-Male Heterogeneity
Authors: Braden AWH , Weiler H
Published: July 2016

Forty-nine litter series sired by TtO, Ttl, Pt3, Tt9, Tt12, and TtP' males of the house mouse were examined for heterogeneity of the transmission ratios of the l-allele. It was found that heterogeneity often I3xists, not only between males with the same t-allele, but even between litters from the same male; the latter was demonstrated by means of a new statistical technique. To measure the degree of heterogeneity, the mean square contingency was used as an index. It was found that intra-male heterogeneity was generally lower with "late" mating than with "normal" mating.
The Uptake of Plasma Lipid and Some Non-Lipid Constituents by the Mammary Gland of the Cow
Authors: Hartmann PE , Lascelles AK
Published: July 2016

Arteriovenous difference studies have been carried out in four cows at various stages of lactation to determine the plasma lipid and non-lipid constituents which make a net contribution to the synthetic activities of the mammary gland.
The Chemical Composition of Wool
Authors: Bradbury JH , Chapman GV
Published: July 2016

A study is made of the disruption of wool by ultrasonic disintegration and the separation and identification by microscopy of the major components of the fibre. The ultrasonic disintegration process is investigated empirically in order to establish the conditions under which maximum rates of disruption occur. Of a large number of liquids examined it is found, in confirmation of earlier work, that the rate of disintegration of wool is very slow in water but usually increases in amount as the swelling of the fibre increases. The several exceptions to this rule show that there are other factors of secondary importance in determining the rate of disruption. The amount of disruption is sufficient for preparative purposes and increases in amount in the series dimethyl sulphoxide, formic acid, and dichloroacetic acid.
Studies on Reduced Wool
Authors: O'donnell IJ , Thompson EOP
Published: July 2016

Starch-gel electrophoresis in buffers containing 8ror urea has been used to follow the fractionation of wool proteins extracted from reduced and carboxy-methylated wool. Fractionation on both DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-200 in the presence of buffers containing Sr.t: urea is possible but in neither case is a single component obtained. However, a combination of these two methods has enabled one of the major components to be isolated. The amino acid composition of this material is reported.
Plant Responses to Saline Substrates IV. Chloride Uptake by Hordeum Vulgare as Affected by Inhibitors, Transpiration, and Nutrients in the Medium
Authors: Greenway H
Published: July 2016

Hordeum vulgare in the first and second leaf stage excluded chloride and sodium when these ions were at high external concentrations. Inside the roots chloride and sodium were at lower than external concentrations, even after 5 days in media of 50 and 100 m-equiv/l sodium chloride. At high transpiration rates the ascending sap attained only between I� 5 and 4 % of the medium concentration, showing that most of the water flowed through regions of low chloride permeability.
Temperature-Sensitive, Vitamin-Requiring Mutants of Arabidopsis Thaliana
Authors: Langridge J
Published: July 2016

Three mutants of Arabidopsi8 requiring specific vitamins for growth at certain temperatures are described. All are due to recessive mutations of single wild-type genes. One X-ray-induced mutant is unable to synthesize thiamine at low tempera-tures because of a block in the phosphorylation or coupling of the immediate precursors. Two mutants which require biotin for growth at high temperatures are determined by recessive alleles of the same gene. These mutants comprise naturally occurring ecotypes in Spain and Austria. Experiments indicate that an inability to make biotin at high temperatures may be adaptively advantageous. The consequent cessation in growth is a balanced one, readily reversible by a lowering of temperature, which allows the plant to escape the irreversible sterilizing effect of heat.
Infra-Specific Variation in Wax on Leaf Surfaces
Authors: Hall DM , Matus AI , Lamberton JA , Barber HN
Published: July 2016

The structure of the surfaCe wax on green and glaucous variants in Eucalyptus urnigera, Poa colensoi (natural cline forms), Pisum sativum, and BraBsica oleracea (mutants) are described as seen under the electron microscope. Preliminary chemical data are also given. The green forms always possess wax deposits which are either smooth films on the cuticle or consist predominantly of platelets which lie flat on the cuticular surface. In some cases the platelets tend to be arranged in parallel groups. In the glaucous variants, the wax consists predominantly of rods or filaments growing outwards from the leaf surface and presenting many light-scattering surfaces.
Studies on Ovalbumin II. The Formation and Properties of S-Ovalbumin, a More Stable Form of Ovalbumin
Authors: Smith MB , F Back Joan
Published: July 2016

Ovalbumin is changed to a more stable form (S-ovalbumin) during the storage of shell eggs. Conversion also occurs in an isolated ovalbumin solution, the rate increasing with pH and temperature. First order rate constants for the reaction have been measured at pH 9-10 and at temperatures between 20 and 50�C. The reaction is apparently irreversible and does not appear to involve loss of" amino acids or small peptides.
The Variation in the Composition of Milk During Successive Stages of Milk Removal from the Mammary Gland of the Cow
Authors: Mackenzie DDS , Lascelles AK
Published: July 2016

The composition of milk samples obtained during the milking period and following the injections of oxytocin has been determined in an attempt to elucidate the role of the epithelium of the ducts and cisterns in milk secretion.
Fungal Cellulases XII. Relation of the Amino Acid Analyses of the Mycelium of Stachybotrys Atra and of its ?-Glucosidase to the S-Aminoethyl-L-Cysteine Effect on Induction
Authors: Jermyn MA
Published: July 2016

Amino acid analyses have been made of the mycelial protein of S. atra and of the portion of the cell contents soluble in boiling 75% ethanol. These analyses are presented for non-inducible mycelium and eor inducible mycelium before and after induction. A purified sample of S. atra j3-glucosidase has also been analysed. The bearing of these analyses on the inhibition of the induction of this enzyme by S-aminoethyl.L-cysteine is discussed.
Identification of Cherry and Hageman's "Compound XI" From Maize As Chelidonic Acid
Authors: Atkinson MR , Eckermann GaiI
Published: July 2016

During examination of the nucleotide fraction of barley seedlings a compound that resembled an unidentified constituent of maize shoots-"compound XI" (Cherry and Hageman 1960; Cherry et al. 1961)-was found. The materials from barley and from maize have now been identified as chelidonic acid (4-oxopyran-2,6-dicarboxylic acid); this compound is present in a number of species of grasses (Table 1). In tissues and in extracts at pH values above 2 this strong acid exists mainly in an anionic form (cf. Miyamoto and Brochmann-Hanssen 1962) and is referred to below as chelidonate.
The Response of Ovine Plasma Fatty Acids to Prolonged Protein Depletion
Authors: Connellan JM , Masters CJ
Published: July 2016

The response of ovine tissue lipids to a low-protein, energy-deficient diet has been reported previously (Horgan and Masters 1963). This type of experimental regimen was chosen to approximate that under drought conditions, and resulted in extensive metabolic alterations, tissue damage, and eventual death (Masters and Horgan 1962a, 1962b; Horgan and Masters 1963; Masters 1963a, 1963b). It is possible, however, to maintain experimental animals on a low-protein diet for an extended period of time if adequate supplies of energy are included in the feed. As an extension of previous work on the alterations of lipid metabolism in protein deprivation, then, the response of ovine plasma fatty acids to a low-protein, high-carbohydrate diet has been studied.
Reducing Inflorescence Formation by Shading Individual Sultana Buds
Authors: May P
Published: July 2016

For four seasons, individual buds developing on sultana vines in the field were shaded with a number of materials during the period of floral initiation. Heavy shading up to complete darkening consistently reduced the number and size of inflorescence primordia. This reduced fruitfulness could not be related to changes in the spectral quality of the light, which might have upset the phytochrome system, nor to changes in temperature of the buds.
Some Properties of a Plant Growth Inhibitor Present in Xylem Sap of Woody Species
Authors: Da Vison RM
Published: July 2016

An ether-soluble, non-toxic inhibitor of plant growth was shown to be present in varying amounts in xylem sap from shoots of various woody species. Some chromatographic properties of the inhibitor are described. The inhibitor reduced growth of wheat coleoptile sections and lettuce hypocotyls, and inhibited germination of lett,uce and cress seeds. The inhibitor did not interact competitively with either auxin in the wheat coleoptile elongation test or with gibberellic acid in the lettuce hypocotyl test. Gibberellic acid did not overcome the inhibitory effect on seed germination. The inhibition of coleoptile section growth was reversed on transfer from inhibitor solution to sucrose solution.
The Effect of Localized Pressure on the Growth of the Maize Radicle
Authors: Barley KP
Published: July 2016

When radicles of Zea mays (L.) are compressed they elongate less rapidly. In this experiment different regions of the radicle were compressed to localize the effects of the stress.
Plant Response to Saline Substrates V. Chloride Regulation in the Individual Organs of Hordeum Vulgare During Treatment with Sodium Chloride
Authors: Greenway H , Thomas DA
Published: July 2016

This is a study on the regulation of chloride concentrations in H. vulgare at the early tillering stage, when grown on media of high sodium chloride concentration. 36CI was used during certain periods to determine retranslocation.
Plant Response to Saline Substrates V. Chloride Regulation in the Individual Organs of Hordeum Vulgare During Treatment with Sodium Chloride
Authors: Greenway H , Gunn A , Pitman MG , Thomas DA
Published: July 2016

This paper describes the effects of sodium chloride on H. vulgare during the whole of plant development. Rapid increases in sodium and chloride concentrations occurred during the early tillering, with little further change until grain formation. The net chloride and sodium intake did not change markedly during the major part of plant development, so that increases in sodium and chloride concentrations were prevented by the regulatory effect of rapid growth. During senescence the relative growth rate decreased and there were marked increases in chloride and sodium concentrations.
on the Permeability of Thiobacillus Neapolitan Us to Thiosulphate
Authors: Trudinger PA
Published: July 2016

Freshly prepared cells of T. neapolitanus had an effective thiosulphate-impermeable volume of 2�21 ml/g dry weight; on treatment of the bacteria with n-butanol this value fell to O� 86 ml/g dry weight. T. neapolitanus catalysed an exchange of sulphur between sulphite and the inner-sulphur group of thiosulphate although the bacteria appeared to be impermeable to sulphite. The exchange reaction was inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide and iodoacetamide. No accumulation of the substrate or products within the bacterial cell occurred during the oxidation of thiosulphate. It is concluded that thiosulphate sulphur enters the bacterial cell by a process other than simple diffusion and that the exchange between sulphite and thiosulphate takes place at the bacterial cell membrane. A possible role of sulphenyl derivatives in the uptake of thiosulphate is discussed.
The Effect of X-Rays on Gonocytes in the Testis of the Rat
Authors: Sapsford CS
Published: July 2016

After treatment with X.rays (300 r) at 1 or 4 days of age, the majority of gonocytes in the testes of rats failed to aivide and by 8 days of age these cells, together with their nuclei ana nucleoli, haa markedly increased in size. A number of gonocytes still present in the testes of normal rats at 8 days cif age had also under� gone this generalized enlargement.
Crimp in Wool: Cortical Segmentation and Tensile Properties of Well-Crimped and Abnormally Crimped Fibres of Merino Wool
Authors: Chapman RE
Published: July 2016

Poorly crimped (or doggy) fibres, produced by follicles with hyperplasia of the outer root sheath tissue, have greater proportions of paracortex than adjacent well-crimped fibres. Associated with this increase in paracortex is an increase in strength, as indicated by significant increases in the stresses in wet poorly crimped fibres at the turnover and breaking points on the stress-strain curve. Use of the stronger mechanical properties of doggy fibres as a means of distinguishing such fibres from the poorly crimped fibres in steely wool, produced by sheep on a copper-deficient diet, is proposed.
Earthworm Adenosine Triphosphatase: A Temperature Study of a Poikilotherm Enzyme
Authors: Hancock RL
Published: July 2016

Much of the behavioural aspects of an organism is based upon its immediate environmental temperature. Homeotherm metabolism usually increases with a decrease in external temperature, whereas poikilotherms will have a decrease in meta-bolic activities. Metabolism in turn is subject to analysis through the study of temp-erature effects on enzyme activity.
Ionic Relations of Cells of Chara Australls X. Effects of Bicarbonate Ions on Electrical Properties
Authors: Hope AB
Published: July 2016

When bicarbonate ions were added to the external medium the plasmalemma of cells of Ohwra australis became hyperpolarized. The potential difference (p.d.) frequently changed from -150 or -160 mY to -200 or -220 mY. An increal!El in membrane resistance also occurred.
Studies on Phytoalexins VIII. The Effect of Some Further Factors on the Formation, Stability, and Localization of Pisatin in Vivo
Authors: Cruickshank IAM , R Perrin Dawn
Published: July 2016

In a study of the effect of some further biological, physical, and chemicalfactors on the formation of pisatin, the following points were demonstrated:
Studies on Phytoalexins IX. Pisatin Formation by Cultivars of Pisum Sativum L. and Several Other Pisum Species
Authors: Cruickshank IAM , R Perrin Dawn
Published: July 2016

The qualitative formation of pisatin by 58 named cultivars and nine numbered lines of P. sativum andP. arvense and three other species of Pi.mm following inoculation by Moitilinia fructioola was established.
Analyses of Variance of Diallel Crosses in Split-Plot Experiments
Authors: Gates CE , Wilcox AN
Published: July 2016

The analysis and interpretation of four split. plot type designs involving diallel crosses are presented. In two designs all crosses in a given whole plot have one parent in common; the distinction between the two designs arises from the inclusion or non-inclusion of parents. In the other two designs (which are split-split.plot designs) reciprocal crosses appear together in split plots while whole plots are composed of all split plots with one common parent. Mean square expectations are given for all four designs for both random and mixed (all effects except genetic ones are considered random) models. The estimation and interpretation of genetic variance components under random models is discussed and a numerical example is presented.
Influence of Equilibration, Freezing Rate, Method of Dilution, and Diluent on the Survival of Deep-Frozen Bull Spermatozoa
Authors: Martin ICA
Published: July 2016

From the results of four factorial experiments on the deep-freezing of bull spermatozoa: (1) Revival rates of semen treated with lecithin followed by cooling to 5�C with dilution just before freezing did not differ significantly from samples diluted at 30�C soon after collection of the ejaculate. Aging the spermatozoa at 5�C for 6 hr before freezing was beneficial and a slow freezing rate of O� 5 to 1 degC fall per minute to -15�C followed by 3 degC fall below this temperature gave better results than faster rates. Time of storage at 5�C and freezing rate interacted, as fast freezing was much better tolerated by spermatozoa which had been aged at 5�C for 6 or 18 hr.
Nitrogen Fixation in the Coralloid Roots of Macrozamia Communis L. Johnson
Authors: Bergersen FJ , Kennedy GS , Wittmann W
Published: July 2016

Coralloid roots of Macrozamia communis have been shown by the isotopic method to fix nitrogen when they contain the endophytic blue�green algae. Immature coralloid roots devoid of the endophyte did not fix nitrogen. Coralloid roots from glasshouse-grown plants fixed 2� 7 times as much nitrogen when illuminated than they did in the dark and the IfiN excess was about equally divided between fractions soluble or insoluble in 3N HCI. Coralloid roots excavated from beneath large fieldgrown plants were opaque and did not fix more nitrogen when illuminated than they did in the dark. Most of the newly fixed nitrogen was found in the buffered sucrose extract of crushed tissue. When an intact plant bearing coralloid roots was exposed to an atmosphere containing a large excess of IfiN. for 48 hr the IfiN was found to be distributed through the plant parts. Nitrogen fixed in the coralloid roots is thus available for the growth of the plant. The coralloid roots evolved small amounts of hydrogen.
Studies on Reduced Wool V. A Comparison of the Two Major Components
Authors: Thompson EOP , O'donnell IJ
Published: July 2016

Starch-gel electrophoresis of wool proteins extracted from reduced and carboxymethylated wool gives a complex pattern in which there are two major protein bands. By a combination of chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and gelfiltration in buffers containing 8M urea these two protein components have been isolated. The amino acid composition and some properties of these two fractions are reported. A comparison of the amino acid composition and of peptide maps of tryptic digests of the two fractions shows distinct differences between them, and by labelling with 2-[14C]iodoacetate the distribution of the peptides containing S-carboxymethylcysteine residues were also shown to be different.
The Absorption of Subcutaneously Implanted Testosterone Propionate from the Ear of the Sheep
Authors: Osborne WB
Published: July 2016

Consequent to the treatment of wethers for ovine posthitis with subcutaneous implants of testosterone propionate, increases in both fieece weight and live weight were observed (Southcott 1962). The possibility that these increases were not merely the result of better health led to studies on the metabolism of testosterone-treated wethers. These studies demonstrated the need to define the rate of absorption of testosterone from the implant, and particularly the length of time over which the implant was capable of maintaining blood concentrations of testosterone at physiological levels.
Some Metabolic Implications of the Tris Effect In Beetroot Tissue
Authors: Van steveninck RFM
Published: July 2016

In freshly sliced tissue tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (Tris) induces a greatly accelerated rate ofK+ uptake and an increased net loss of 01- from the tissue.
Water Permeability of a Characean Internodal Cell with Special Reference to Its Polarity
Authors: Tazawa M , Kamiya N
Published: July 2016

Water permeability (hydraulic conductivity) of the Nitella internode was studied by means of transcellular osmosis with special reference to its polarity. It was shown that the change in turgor or in cell volume involved in transcellular osmosis is ahnost over within 5 sec after the onset of both forward and backward osmoses. What is different with respect to turgor between the two osmoses is its final level. In forward osmosis the turgor drops down to a definite level depending on the external concentration, while in backward osmosis the turgor invariably comes back to the normal level.
The Effect of Photoperiod Duration Upon the Respiratory Activity of the Roots of Wheat Seedlings
Authors: Neales TF , Davies JA
Published: July 2016

The root respiration rate of wheat seedlings was continuously measured (in terms of CO2 output) in a controlled environment. The effects of varying photoperiods of high intensity light, incident on the leaves, upon the rate of root respiration were studied. It was demonstrated that increases in root respiration rate occurred in response to the light treatments. The fluctuations in root respiration rate, induced by the photoperiods used, had a pattern over the 24-hr cycle, which included two peaks-when the photoperiod was of 6 or 12 hr duration. These henomena are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that root respiration rate fluctuates in response to a varying flow of assimilates from the leaves to the roots. No evidence was obtained of an endogenous (or circadian) rhythm of root respiration rate.
The Genotypic Control of Longevity in Drosophila Melanogaster Under Two Environmental Regimes
Authors: Parsons PA
Published: July 2016

Longevity in four inbred strains and their hybrids has been studied at two temperatures, 29�5 and 25�C. Heterosis was found at both temperatures but was more extreme at 29� 5�C, which is a very unfavourable environment for D. melanogaster. This observation has its parallel in observations on various fitness factors in several organisms. At 29� 5�C there was more variability of a genotypic nature between the hybrids than at 25�C, perhaps because the adaptation to this unfavourable environment depencls on rather special gene combinations. Thus longevity varies between genotypes, but the pattern of variation depends in an intimate way on the environment.
The Use of Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Trisaccharides in Synthetic Diluents for the Storage of Ram Spermatozoa At 37°C and 5°C
Authors: Lapwood KR , Martin ICA
Published: July 2016

Using synthetic semen diluents based on 20 mM phosphate buffer, 31 Mm N aCl, 0�8 % non.dialysable skim milk solids, plus antibiotics, and 185 mM of the sugars ribose, arabinose, xylose, glucose, mannose, fructose, galactose, rhamnose, maltose, lactose, sucrose, or raffinose, it was found that ram spermatozoa survive best at 37�C in diluents containing glucose, mannose, fructose, or sucrose; however, at 5�C ribose, arabinose, xylose, and galactose were the sugars of choice. Increasing replacement of fructose in the diluent with up to 185 mM of these sugars resulted in increased survival at the respective temperatures. Part replacement of 185 mM fructose in the range 7�75-62 mM with the sugars most favourable at 5�C was of little benefit. No effect of changes in osmotic pressure was noted using varying concentrations of the sugars to give tonicities of 0�9, 1� 0, and 1 �1 relative to 154 mM NaCI or 308 mM sugar. Increased motility scores and percentages of motile sperma� tozoa were observed when 17 mM fructose was added to ribose and arabinose diluents at 5�C, but not when added to diluents containing xylose, the hexoses, galactose, fructose, and glucose; nor for any sugar� containing diluent at 37�C.
The Effects of Cryptorchism in the Guinea Pig on the Isoenzymes of Testicular Lactate Dehydrogenase
Authors: Blackshaw AW , Samisoni JI
Published: July 2016

Unilateral cryptorchism was produced in guinea pigs by returning one testis to the abdominal cavity and by preventing its re-entry into the inguinal canal and scrotal sac. The retained testes were examined after 1-2, 3-4, or 5-7 weeks and estimates made of lactate dehydrogenase activity.
The Respiration of the Rabbit Epididymis and Its Synthesis of Glycerylphosphorylcholine
Authors: Wallace JC , Wales RG , White IG
Published: July 2016

The synthesis of glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPO) has been studied in the caput epididymis of the rabbit in vitro using [32P]orthophosphate and [Me-140]choline. The incorporation of 32p or 14C into GPO was much greater than into lecithin and the ratio of 32p to 140 was much less in the GPC than in lecithin. Coenzyme A and stearate caused a ~ixty-fold stimulation of the incorporation of 32p into lecithin but only a sevenfold stimulation of incorporation into GPO. The results of these experiments are not consistent with lecithin being the major immediate precursor of GPC, in vitro.
The Fallopian Tube of the Sheep Iv. The Metabolism of Ram Spermatozoa in the Presence of Fluid from the Fallopian Tube
Authors: Restall BJ , Wales RG
Published: July 2016

Using isotopically labelled substrates, the metabolism of ram spermatozoa was examined in the presence of fluid from the fallopian tubes of normal ewes and spayed ewes receiving oestrogen and progesterone in factorial combination. The oxygen uptake of spermatozoa in tubal fluid was variable but was generally less than that of spermatozoa incubated in a saline diluent containing glucose (control). Due to the presence of lactate in the tubal fluids, the oxidation of added glucose by spermatozoa was consistently depressed when compared with the saline controls. On the other hand glucose utilization and lactate accumulation by spermatozoa were stimulated in the presence of tubal fluids in all experiments, the response being generally twice that of the controls. In addition, similar effects were found in fluids collected during two consecutive oestrous cycles.
The Effect of Stem Rust Infection on the Soluble Proteins of Wheat Leaves
Authors: Wrigley CW , Webster HL
Published: July 2016

The soluble proteins of wheat leaf and of stem rust uredospores were resolved into about 28 and 34 components, respectively, by disk electrophoresis. The funguscontaining and the fungus-free areas of infected wheat leaves were examined. The electrophoretic pattern of an extract of the lesions was markedly different from the pattern of an extract of uninfected leaves. Comparison with the pattern of an extract of uredospores suggested that some of these differences were due to contamination with fungal proteins. For susceptible varieties, extracts of the extralesion areas of infected leaves showed different electrophoretic patterns from extracts of uninfected leaves. This was not so for resistant wheat varieties.
The Nitrogen Nutrition of the Peach Tree II. Storage And Mobilization of Nitrogen in Young Trees
Authors: Taylor BK , May LH
Published: July 2016

The chemical composition and distribution of storage nitrogen in young peach trees and the importance of this stored nitrogen for new growth were investigated. Young peach trees, which were grown in sand culture for two growing seasons, accumulated nitrogen in proportion to supply during the first year, and the results suggested that this stored nitrogen was utilized for new growth during the second growing season irrespective of the external nitrogen supply. Tree growth in early spring was significantly correlated with the level of storage nitrogen in tree tissues, but after November tree growth was markedly dependent upon the external nitrogen supply. If fertilizer nitrogen was not applied, the supply of storage nitrogen in tree tissues was exhausted by the end of November. Reaccumulation of storage nitrogen began in tree tissues in December and was rapid if the external nitrogen supply was high.
The Nitrogen Nutrition of the Peach Tree III. Metabolism and Translocation of L-[Guanido-14c]Arginine Hydroohloride and L-[U-14c]Asparagine in Young Dormant Trees
Authors: May LH , Taylor BK
Published: July 2016

Solutions of L-[guanido-140]arginine hydrochloride and L-[U-140]asparagine were applied to dormant two-year-old peach trees using a cut-shoot technique. Radioactivity was recovered in soluble sugar plus acid and protein amino acid fractions indicating that both compounds were metabolized by the trees. The results also suggest that there was a turnover of arginine in the dormant tissues. Most of the applied 140 from both compounds remained in the treated shoot or neighbouring tissues, but small amounts were translocated both upwards and downwards from the point of application.
Respiration of Leaves During Photosynthesis I. Estimates from an Electrical Analogue
Authors: Lake JV
Published: July 2016

A new analogue for the gas exchange of leaves takes account of respiratory CO ?. During light. saturated photosynthesis, the rate of respiratory CO2 production by some dicotyledons was at least double that occurring in darkness. That this was apparently not so for three grasses, two tropical and one temperate, may be explained morphologically as well as biochemically.
Ultrastructure and Differentiation in Chara Sp.I. Vegetative Cells
Authors: Pickett-Heaps JD
Published: July 2016

The ultrastructure of young growing cells of Ohara is described. The cells showed many features typical of plant cells. The nuclei of larger cells invariably contained groups of close�packed, heavily staining microtubular elements. Typical wall microtubules were always found, and large internodal cells contained filaments possibly involved in cytoplasmic streaming. Vacuolation in young internodes apparently commenced by extensive dilation of elements of the endoplasmic reticulum. In other cells, close apposition of endoplasmic reticulum to cytoplasmic inclusions indicated possible secretion of material into the organelles had been occurring. Golgi bodies with intercisternal elements were often grouped together, sometimes with interconnected cisternae. Isolated reticulate membrane systems, similar to those found at the reticulate face of golgi bodies, were sometimes seen in vacuolated cells. The golgi bodies might have been involved in vacuolation; they were also seen in association with coated vesicles that appeared to be involved in wall deposition. A large number of different cytoplasmic inclusions were found, whose nature and function is obscure. These sometimes contained crystal.like bodies.
Ion Uptake by Carrot Tissue and Mitochondria
Authors: K K Goh Ivy , Wiskich JT
Published: July 2016

It is shown that aged carrot disks which accumulate ions and show salt-stimulated respiration are suitable for the isolation of mitochondria.
Acid Metabolism in Atriplex I. Regulation of Oxalate Synthesis by the Apparent Excess Cation Absorption in Leaf Tissue
Authors: Osmond CB
Published: July 2016

The leaves of AtripZe:c and eight related genera of the Chenopodiaceae from semi-arid Australia oontained high levels of oxalate. Most of the oxalate was in the soluble form and was correlated with high cation content generally rather than with calcium level. In water-culture experiments calcium absorption and oxalate synthesis varied independently.
Salt Regulation in the Mangroves Rhizophora Mucronata Lam. And Aegialitis Annulata Rbr
Authors: Atkinson MR , Findlay GP , Hope AB , Pitman MG , DW Saddler H , West KR
Published: July 2016

The mangrove Rhizophora mucronata grows in an intertidal region and exchfdes salt from its xylem (17 m�equiv. chloride per litre of sap) more efficiently than does the salt� secreting mangrove AegialitiB annulata (85-122 m�equiv. chloride per litre of sap). From the transpiration stream each leaf of Rhizophora receives about 17 p.�equiv. chloride each day, but the chloride concentration of the growing leaf remains approximately constant (510-560 m�equiv. chloride per litre of sap water). In Aegialiti8 input of chloride to a mature leaf is about 100 p..equiv. per day and this input is balanced by secretion (mainly of sodium chloride) from the salt glands. Secretion collected under oil contains chloride, 450 p.-equiv/ml, sodium, 355 p.-equiv/ ml, and potassium, 27 p.-equiv/ml. Secretion rates from leaves on the tree, based on leaf area, vary from 93 p-equiv. cm-2 sec-1 during the day to 3 p-equiv. cm-2 sec-1 in darkness; the secretion in light, based on an effective gland area, is about 25,000 p-equiv. cm-2 sec-I. The water potential of the secretion is close to that in the leaf suggesting that secretion involves active transport of salt and passive movement of water by local osmosis.
Nutrient Uptake and Distribution in Subterranean Clover During Recovery from Nutritional Stresses II. Experiments with Sulphur
Authors: Bouma D
Published: July 2016

Young subterranean clover plants, raised at three sulphur levels, were transferred to complete solutions and to solutions without sulphur and then grown for a further 7 days.
Photosynthesis in Artificial Communities of Wheat, Lucerne, and Subterranean Clover Plants
Authors: King RW , Evans LT
Published: July 2016

The relation between leaf area index (L.A.I.) and rates of net photosynthesis at three light intensities, and of dark respiration, was examined throughout the course of growth of artificial communities of wheat and lucerne at 20�C, and of subterranean clover at 25� /20�C.
Indoleacetic Acid in Cambial Tissue of Radiata Pine
Authors: Shepherd KR , Rowan KS
Published: July 2016

The major growth substance detected by mesocotyl bioassay in extracts from cambial tissue of mature radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) was identified as indoleacetic acid by movement on chromatograms and electrophoretograms, by Salkowski test, and by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Indoleacetic acid concentration increased in the top stem in late winter and in the mid and lower stem in mid-spring, consistent with auxin moving down the stem at this time. Since material chromatographically similar to indoleacetic acid was not formed when [14C]tryptophan was added to the extracting medium, the indoleacetic acid was not formed by oxidation of tryptophan during extraction.
The Survival in Soil of Itersonilia Pastinacae Channon, the Cause of Parsnip Canker
Authors: Smith PR
Published: July 2016

When parsnip roots, naturally infected with Itersonilia pastinacae Channon, were buried in the field, the fungus was still viable after 12 months. When the stem apical meristems ofthe roots were removed to promote their more rapid decomposition, the fungus did not survive burial longer than 7 months.
A Study of Lipid Absorption in Young Milk-Fed Calves with the Use of a Lymphatico-Venous Shunt for the Collection of Thoracic Duct Lymph
Authors: Shannon AD , Lascelles AK
Published: July 2016

A technique has been described for the collection of thoracic duct lymph from the young milk-fed calf. The establishment of a recirculating lymphatico-venous shunt permitted the repeated sampling of lymph from three calves for periods of 9-17 days, during which the animals remained in good health.
Antithyroid Activity of Onion Volatiles
Authors: Cowan JW , Saghir AR , Salji JP
Published: July 2016

In a previous communication (Saghir, Cowan, and Salji 1966) data were presented which showed that n-propyl disulphide, the major volatile constituent of common onion (Allium cepa) , inhibited thyroid activity in the rat. In the present paper, results are reported from further studies on the possible antithyroid activity of four other volatile compounds of Allium: methyl disulphide, allyl disulphide, allyl alcohol, and allyl monosulphide. Along with the n-propyl disulphide previously studied, these four compounds constitute the major volatile constituents of common onion; however, they are present also in other Allium species. Saghir, Mann, Bernhard, and Jacobsen (1964) found that methyl disulphide is the main component of rakkyo (A. chinense) and Chinese chives (A. tuberosum), both favourite food onions in China and Japan. In addition, the American wild Allium species emanate a preponderance of methyl sulphides when the tissues are injured (Saghir, Mann, Ownbey, and Berg 1966). Garlic (A. sativum) and great-headed garlic (A. ampeloprasum) have high proportions of allyl disulphide in their odour; furthermore, allyl monosulphide and allyl alcohol were reported recently as volatiles produced by Allium (Bernhard, Saghir, Jacobsen, and Mann 1964).
The Number of Particles of Sericesthis Iridescent Virus Required to Produce Infections of Galleria Larvae
Authors: Day MF , Gilbert N
Published: July 2016

For the majority of viruses, the ratio of total countable particles to infective units is more than 10 : 1. Reasons underlying these ratios are reviewed by Sharp (1965) and by Wildy and Watson (1962). Cheng (1961), Kaplan and Valentine (1959), and Overman and Tamm (1956) report infection ratios closer to unity, all using in vitro assays on cell suspensions or on chorioallantoic membrane. In this paper we shall show that Sericesthis iridescent virus (SIV) has high infectivity when assayed in the intact host.
Ammonium Nutrition and Flowering of Apple Trees
Authors: Grasmanis VO , Leeper GW
Published: July 2016

Jonathan apple trees were grown in culture solution with nitrogen supplied either as nitrate, as ammonium, or in both forms. In all cases ammonium led to earlier flowering and to a much higher proportion of flowers among the total buds; but when ammonium was supplied throughout the season alone or as ammonium nitrate, vegetative growth was less than with nitrate alone. When the trees were given only nitrate during the preceding season, except for an interval of 2 months (December-January) in which ammonium nitrate was supplied, the merits of both ions were combined; the growth was not reduced and the total number of flowers in the succeeding spring was three times as great as with nitrate alone.
Morphogenetic Homeostasis in Mice
Authors: Parsons PA , Howe WL
Published: July 2016

The incidence of 29 minor bilateral skeletal variants is analysed in three inbred strains of mice and the hybrids between them. It was found that the frequency of asymmetrical mice (i.e. those with the variant present on one side only) was less than expected on the assumption of mice with variants on two, one, and neither sides occurring at random. This represents a form of morphogenetic homeostasis.
The Growth and Composition of Wool IV. The Differential Response of Growth and of Sulphur Content of Wool to the Level of Sulphur-Containing Amino Acids given Per Abomasum
Authors: Reis PJ
Published: July 2016

Various amoWlts of DL-methionine or L-cysteine were infused directly into the abomasum of sheep as supplements to a diet of chopped wheaten and Lucerne hay, and effects on wool growth and sulphur content of wool were measured.
Abscisin II and , some. Hormone-Regulated Plant Responses
Authors: Aspinall D , Paleg LG , Addicott FT
Published: July 2016

The aotivity of (�)-absoisin II' [(�)AbII] and its interaction with a number of plant growth regulators in the oontrol of lettuce germination, lettuoe hypoootyl and radiole elongation, ououmber seedling growth, radish lea ( senesoenoe, and barley vernalization were examined. The interac.tions between (� )AbII and th�;l promoting h~rmones were of two general types. In gibberellio acid (GAs)-promoted lettuoe germination and kinetin-oontrolled leaf senesoenoe, the effeots of low ooncentrations of ( � )-!\bII were oompletely overoome by high oonoentratioileof the other substanoe. In .the second type of interaction, (� )AbII was inhibitory only in the presenoe of high oonoentrations of the promoter (kinetin in lettuce germinatipn and allogibberio acid in lettuoe radicle elongation). Cuoumber radiole elongation, on the other hand, was promoted by (� )AbII in the presenoe of a mixture of GA4 and GA7.
The Transfer of Nitrogen from the Blood
Authors: Weston RH , Hogan JP
Published: July 2016

Urea providing from 1 to 15 g nitrogen/day was continuously infused per rumen or per abomasum into sheep consuming a diet of chopped wheaten hay.
Salt-Stimulated Adenosine Triphosphatases from Carrot, Beet, and Chara Australis
Authors: Atkinson MR , Polya GM
Published: July 2016

Soluble adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) from carrot, beetroot, and the fresh-water alga Ohara australi8 were activated by sodium and potassium chlorides, but not by choline chloride, and were inhibited by potassium sulphate and fluoride. Ouabain was not inhibitory, and Na+-K+ synergism of the type found with animal "transport" ATPases was not observed.
A Necrotrophic Reaction in Nicotiana Species induced by Peronospora Tabacina Adam. II. Quantification of the Resistance-Susceptibility Status of Tobacco Breeding Lines
Authors: Shepherd OJ , Mandryk M
Published: July 2016

A comparison was made between the performances of a large.plant test, the cotyledon test, and a test based on the necrotrophic reaction for assessment of the resistance-susceptibility status of various tobacco species and breeding lines to infection by Perono8pora tabacina Adam. All three methods were shown to give similar assessments and it is suggested that the necrotrophy test gives an accurate measure of intrinsic resistance.
Role of the Seed Coat in Dormancy of Eucalyptuspauoiflora and E. Delegatensis Seeds
Authors: Bachelard EP
Published: July 2016

Gibberellic acid promotes the germination of dormant seeds of some eucalypt species including Eucalyptus pauciflora Sieb. and E. delegatensis R. T. Baker. It was suggested that gibberellic acid may stimulate germination by promoting enzymatic weakening of the seed coat (Bachelard 1967) as described for Phacelia tanacetifolia seeds (Chen and Thimann 1964). Previously, Grose (1963) suggested dormancy of of E. delegatensis seeds might be due to the seed coat limiting gaseous exchange.