bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic methods used in children with malocclusion
Authors: Pałka Justyna , Zieliński Grzegorz , Gawda Joanna , Gawda Piotr
Published: April 2021

Introduction. With advances in technology, there has been a need for more precise imaging methods which have become an integral part of the orthodontic treatment plan.

Aim. The aim of this study is to present diagnostic methods that are currently used in children with malocclusion.

Material and methods. The materials analysed in this review are articles from PubMed and Google Scholar. To identify relevant publications, the search was carried out using the key word combination: imaging, diagnostics, malocclusion, children, orthodontics. The number of 16 research papers in which these keywords appeared were qualified for this review.

Results. According to the mentioned publications, pantomographic images are the most frequently recommended method for detecting dental anomalies. Cephalometry was used to observe changes in the facial axis and to measure the length of the jaw. CBCT is being used more and more often, mainly to identify possible prognostic factors in the case of canine retention/eruption in the maxilla. The method of magnetic resonance imaging was also compared with cephalometric images.

Conclusions. 1. The pantomogram is a useful and frequently used method in the detection of craniofacial anomalies. 2. Cephalometry allows the effects of the treatment to be monitored. 3. CBCT is a significant diagnostic tool to assess the growth of craniofacial structures. 4. MRI diagnostics limits the patient’s exposure to harmful ionizing radiation. 5. There is a need to educate medical staff and conduct further research on the methods of diagnostic imaging in children.
Assessment of the functional efficiency of the elderly
Authors: Fidecki Wiesław , Wysokiński Mariusz , Kulina Dorota , Kuszplak Kamil
Published: April 2021

Introduction. Functional efficiency is a product of various deficits, regardless of the diseases that cause them and other factors. The assessment of the functioning status allows for focusing of activities on diagnostic and therapeutic ones and is a platform for agreement between the parties involved in geriatric care.

Aim. The aim of the study was to assess the functional efficiency of geriatric patients under long-term care.

Material and method. The research was carried out in a group of 518 elderly people receiving long-term care. The age of the respondents was in the range of 65-92 years old. The research was carried out using the NOSGER scale (Nurses’ Observation Scale for Geriatric Patients). This scale allows to quickly and easily assess the psychological, mental and social condition of the patient.

Results. When assessing with the NOSGER scale, the average result was 80.64 points. Among the component areas, the largest deficits were reported in the field of instrumental activities of everyday life (mean 17.41 points), and the best score was in the area of disruptive behaviors (mean 8.67 points).

Conclusions. The studied group of geriatric patients was characterized by a reduced level of functional fitness. The greatest deficits were found in the basic activities of everyday life. Education significantly differentiated the functional efficiency of the surveyed seniors.
Molecular mechanisms of drugs recommended in COVID-19 treatment
Authors: Walczak Katarzyna , Makuch-Kocka Anna , Ziemińska Justyna
Published: April 2021

The development of an effective treatment for COVID-19 is now one of the main tasks of scientists and doctors from all over the world. The rapidly spreading SARS-CoV2 virus infection is a serious health problem among the public. Similarity of SARSCoV2 to MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV may suggest the effectiveness of COVID-19 treatment with drugs used to fight infections of previously identified Coronaviridae viruses. On the basis of gained experience and new clinical trials, the Polish Society of Epidemiologists and Infectious Diseases Physicians has created guidelines for the treatment of COVID-19. The recommendations concern primary and supportive treatment at different stages of the disease. This article provides a brief review of the molecular mechanisms of drugs currently used in Poland for the treatment of COVID-19.
Correlation between air pollution in Lublin and the number of hospitalizations due to exacerbations of chronic lung and cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Jaremek Edyta , Nieradko-Iwanicka Barbara
Published: April 2021

Introduction. Air pollution exacerbates chronic lung and cardiovascular diseases. The greatest importance is assigned to dusts with a diameter of 2.5 μm (PM 2.5) and a diameter of 10 μm (PM 10) resulting from the combustion of solid fuels.

Aim. The aim of the study was to investigate the correlation between air pollution in Lublin in 2019 and the number of hospitalizations due to exacerbations of chronic lung and heart diseases.

Material and methods. The material was collected in Lublin from January 1st 2019 to December 31st 2019. The concentration of PM 2.5, PM 10 dust, air temperature and humidity were measured with the DM106A sensor. Data on the number of hospitalizations were obtained from the Independent Public Clinical Hospital No. 4 (SPSK 4) in Lublin. The material was statistically analyzed with the IBM SPSS Statistics package. The obtained results of the analysis were considered statistically significant at p<0.05.

Results. The average annual humidity was 59.1%, the concentration of PM 2.5 was 24.9 μg/m3, and PM 10 was 33 μg/m3. Dust concentrations increased at the beginning of heating season in October. They were high till the end of March. They fell in the spring. With increasing air humidity, there were more hospitalizations due to exacerbation of lung diseases. Men and women were more often admitted to hospital due to exacerbations of cardiovascular diseases than lung problems.

Conclusions. In low air temperatures during heating season dust concentrations increase but they do not affect the number of hospitalizations in Lublin. Air humidity is the factor correlated with admissions to hospital of both men and women with lung and heart diseases.
Sensory Feedback in Upper Limb Prostheses
Authors: Dimante Dace , Logina Ināra , Sinisi Marco , Krūmiņa Angelika
Published: April 2021

Loss of an arm is a devastating condition that can cross all socioeconomic groups. A major step forward in rehabilitation of amputees has been the development of myoelectric prostheses. Current robotic arms allow voluntary movements by using residual muscle contraction. However, a significant issue is lack of movement control and sensory feedback. These factors play an important role in integration and embodiment of a robotic arm. Without feedback, users rely on visual cues and experience overwhelming cognitive demand that results in poorer use of a prosthesis. The complexity of the afferent system presents a great challenge of creating a closed-loop hand prosthesis. Several groups have shown progress providing sensory feedback for upper limb amputees using robotic arms. Feedback, although still limited, is achieved through direct implantation of intraneural electrodes as well as through non-invasive methods. Moreover, evidence shows that over time some amputees develop a phantom sensation of the missing limb on their stump. This phenomenon can occur spontaneously as well as after non-invasive nerve stimulation, suggesting the possibility of recreating a sensory homunculus of the hand on the stump. Furthermore, virtual reality simulation in combination with mechanical stimulation of skin could augment the sensation phenomenon, leading to better interface between human and robotic arms.
German Exports: Impact on the Selected EU Countries
Authors: Juráček Marek
Published: April 2021

This research focuses on the impact of German exports on exports of the other selected EU countries. We used the Global VAR approach to build a robust trade model between 23 EU countries, the USA, and China. By stressing this model with different shocks, we were able to observe how exports of the EU countries react to German loss of competitiveness and decline of demand from Germany. Based on our simulation, we could identify countries which i. are Germany’s competitors and would benefit from German loss of competitiveness, ii. are tied with German trade so tightly that loss of German competitiveness would negatively affect their exports.
Volume and Territorial Distribution of the Czech Republic’s Official Development Assistance Flows to Least Developed Countries
Authors: Kovářová Eva
Published: April 2021

Official Development Assistance (ODA) is considered one of the most important external resources of finance that can contribute to sustainable development in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs). The Czech Republic, as an official donor country, should spend on ODA, with respect to the EU and national targets, at least 0.33% of its GNI by the year 2030. Eradication of poverty in the context of sustainable development belongs to the long-term priorities of the Czech foreign development cooperation, and thus the Czech Republic considers some LDCs, which population is more likely to live in extreme poverty, the priority partner countries. Paper evaluated fundamental trends of the Czech Republic’s ODA flows to LDCs; compared them with the trends identified for the collective flows of all DAC members and for the flows of its four selected members (Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia). Identified trends of Czech ODA flows showed clearly that Czech Republic did not meet official commitments regarding the volume of ODA and that level of fragmentation of the ODA flows to LCDs was quite high when these trends were examined during the period 2000–2018. However, the Czech Republic’s development cooperation policy did not differ markedly from the policies of the other four ODA donors. Any significant differences were identified when the fundamental trends of Czech ODA flows were compared with those ones identified for Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia.
Natural and Modified Clays for the Removal of Cationic Dye from Water
Authors: Behilil Asma , Lancene Driss , Zahraoui Brahim , Belhachemi Meriem , Benmehdi Houcine , Choukchou-Braham Abderrahim
Published: April 2021

Research and scientific work continue to develop low-cost treatment processes in terms of improving water quality and environmental protection. Oxide of zinc supported in natural clay is synthesized by impregnated method. The role of this modification is to increase the adsorption capacity of a basic dye (Methylene Blue) compared with calcined and natural clays. These samples are characterized by several analytical methods, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/TDA) and Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) theory. The results show that these clays contain three phases, Sericite 2M1, Clinochlore, quartz and the presence of a new phase for the modified clay named zincite. The measured cation exchange capacity (CEC) is 9 cmolc/kg and the BET analysis shows the increase of surface area for these clays, from 9 to 30 m2 g−1. The findings show also that the impregnated clay has a better affinity than others when the kinetics data were well fitted by the pseudo-second-order. The adsorption capacities calculated using Langmuir equation of MB onto natural, calcined and impregnated clays are 154.0, 139.6 and 158.1 mg/g, respectively. The thermodynamic data showed that the adsorption of MB on these samples were exothermic. From this study, it can be concluded that these clays are efficacious materials for cationic dye removal from wastewater.
Energy Economic Management of Hybrid Energy System Based on Short-term Generation and Demand Response
Authors: Chamandoust Heydar , Peyvand Neda
Published: April 2021

Energy economic management based on economic principles and demand response (DR) is one of the significant issues for consumers and Distribution Companies (DisCos). In this paper, presents energy management for hybrid energy system is in connecting mode to the network and based on short-term optimal scheduling in a house. The presented modelling, minimizing the operation cost of resources and electricity bought from network in the Real-Time Price (RTP) plan. Modelling of the objective function based on mixed integral linear programs (MILP) has been implemented and the result shows that management of sources and demand in short-term scheduling causes minimizing operation cost in aspects as financial, technical and electricity buying in RTP plan.
Using Emissions Intensity to Better Track Energy Transitions
Authors: D’alessandro Kelly , Dargusch Paul
Published: April 2021

Current metrics fail to adequately capture the temporal and spatial complexity of energy transitions in a sufficiently meaningful way and this limits their usefulness to inform effective climate and energy policy and management. In this paper we propose a cumulative integral of CO2 emissions intensity for electricity and heat use as a metric to monitor energy transition progress. We demonstrate its application using International Energy Agency data for each of the G20-member countries. Findings show that whilst most countries are far from the energy transition positions required to effectively mitigate climate change, there are some examples of countries that have made an effective transition that provide useful insights into how energy transitions might progress more extensively.
Life Cycle Assessment of Apparel Consumption in Australia
Authors: Moazzem Shadia , Crossin Enda , Daver Fugen , Wang Lijing
Published: April 2021

This study presents the environmental impact of apparel consumption in Australia using life cycle assessment methodology according to ISO14040/14044:2006. Available published references, the Ecoinvent v3 dataset, the Australian life cycle assessment dataset and apparel country-wise import data with the breakdown of apparel type and fibre type were used in this study. The environmental impact assessment results of the functional unit were scaled up to the total apparel consumption. The impact results were also normalized on a per-capita/year basis. The Total Climate Change Potential (CCP) impact from apparel consumption of 2015 was estimated to be 16 607 028 tonnes CO2eq and 698.07 kg CO2eq/per capita-year. This study also assessed the impact of acidification potential (AP), water depletion (WD), abiotic resource depletion potential (ADP) - fossil fuel and agricultural land occupation (ALO) using the same methodology. The market volume of cotton apparel in Australia is 53.97 %, which accounts for 45 %, 96 %, 40 %, 46 % and 79 % of total CCP, WD, ADP, AP and ALO impact, respectively. Apparel broad categories of cotton shirt, cotton trouser, polyester shirt and polyester trouser have a high volume in the apparel market as well as a high environmental impact contribution. These high-volume apparel products can be included in the prioritization list to reduce environmental impact throughout the apparel supply chain. It was estimated that from 2010 to 2018 the per capita apparel consumption and corresponding impact increased by 24 %.
Life Cycle Assessment-Based Approach to Forecast the Response of Waste Management Policy Targets to the Environment
Authors: Kavals Edgars , Gusca Julija
Published: April 2021

Inadequate municipal waste management, associated with a dominance of waste landfilling and low efficiency of resource and energy recovery, is the major challenge towards circular economy targets for some European Union countries, including Latvia. The aim of the study is to evaluate environmental performance from implementation of waste management policy goals in waste management systems of Latvia applying life cycle assessment methodology. The waste management system in Latvia was evaluated for two scenarios: baseline situation (based on statistical data from 2016) and future scenario – 2030. Baseline scenario assessment results show the existing material and energy recovery potential from municipal solid waste generated in Latvia. Meanwhile, results obtained from the 2030 scenario demonstrated that boosting recovery rates of plastic by 20 % and organic waste by 20 % can contribute to the minimization of life cycle environmental impacts (human health, resources, climate change, ecosystems) by 1.8 % and organic by 3.6 % correspondingly.
Construction of the Ethnographic Visual Image of Komi-Zyrians in the “Artistic Ethnology” of the Late 19th – 20th Centuries
Authors: Sharapov Valery E.
Published: April 2021

The article discusses the history of construing and representing the ethnographic image of Komi-Zyrians in popular and academic literature of 19th and 20th centuries by analysing painted, porcelain and postcard images of Komi-Zyrians of the 19th – early 20th century. Special attention is paid to how Komi ethnicity was visualized on the basis of reproducing stereotypically the “Depicted Zyrian” images. On the basis of these images, the topic of the possible influence of retrospective ethnographic research on the popular beliefs of how a Komi-Zyrian should look like is raised and discussed. It is suggested that both Russian and Western scholars followed the ideology of “Finno-Ugric authenticity” in the ethnographic visual images of Komi they constructed: all the artefacts, which could be associated with Russian or other not Finno-Ugric cultures were literally or symbolically removed from the images or downgraded to “insignificant texts”. Finally the possibility of a correct translation of the ethno-cultural heritage by the means of the modern media technologies – the ones that promote ethnic images into virtual images of the cyberspace – is critically discussed.
Researching the Dynamics of National Social Policy in a Globalized Society. A Proposal for a De-Nationalized Analytical Framework
Authors: Righard Erica
Published: April 2021

Epistemological hierarchies in the social sciences stipulate that sedentarism is naturalised as a normality, and that mobility is viewed as a deviation. This article sets out to propose an analytical framework that takes the analysis beyond this kind of nationalized knowledge production, and to empirically show the gains of de-nationalized frameworks for analysis of social protection and dynamics of in-/equality in the globalised society. I will do this relying on the empirical example of the public old-age pension scheme in Sweden.
Epistemic Justification of Testimonial Beliefs and the Categories of Egophoricity and Evidentiality in Natural Languages: An Insoluble Paradox of Thomas Reid's Anti-Reductionism
Authors: Łukasiewicz Elżbieta
Published: April 2021

The paper is concerned with the epistemological status of testimony and the question of what may confer justification on true testimonial beliefs and enable us to call such beliefs knowledge. In particular, it addresses certain anti-reductionist arguments in the epistemology of testimony and their incompatibility with the grammatical categories of egophoricity (conjunct/disjunct marking) and evidentiality (information source marking) present in the architecture of natural languages. First, the tradition of epistemological individualism and its rationale are discussed, as well as certain attempts within this tradition to include testimony-based beliefs in the body of legitimate and rational beliefs. The next section is concerned with the anti-reductionist approach to testimonial beliefs and some arguments supporting ‘the credulity principle’ grounded in Thomas Reid's philosophy of common sense. The last two sections show how the anti-reductionist argumentation is threatened with an insoluble dilemma when considered in the context of languages with the grammatical categories of egophoricity (conjunct/disjunct marking) and evidentiality (information source marking). Special attention is paid to the justificatory role of egophoric and evidential marking; how these grammatical categories may influence the process of belief formation, and consequently, how this bears upon the nature of justification for testimonial beliefs. The final conclusion of the paper is that the anti-reductionist claim concerning the directness and non-inferential nature of testimonial knowledge is bound to meet objections grounded in the structure of many natural languages. This leads to a paradox: in discussion with reductionism, anti-reductionists do seek support for their arguments in common sense beliefs reflected in everyday language, and, on the other hand, their claims are incompatible with the linguistic data found in a number of natural languages.
Tradition and the Individual Canadian Talent
Authors: Mount Nick
Published: April 2021

In the twenty-first century, Canadian writers have been doing something they did infrequently in the past: acknowledging and referencing the work of past Canadian writers. Although declining pedagogical and academic interest in Canadian literature has made this development hard to see, writers themselves have been quietly building upon and contributing to something that looks very much like a literary tradition. Canadian writers of course continue to read and be influenced by writers outside Canada, just as they always have: but in their own words, they are now telling us that they are reading, learning from, and responding to other Canadian writers – that there is a Canadian literary tradition that crosses generational and regional borders, and that Canadian writers (and publishers, and readers) are aware of parts of that tradition, the parts that matter to them.
Suspended Sediment Concentration and Sediment Loading of Bernam River (Perak, Malaysia)
Authors: Najib Sumayyah Aimi Mohd , Aliah Syazwani , Hamidon Husna Nabilah
Published: April 2021

This paper presents some of our preliminary results on the sediment discharge and load based on weekly sampling starting from Oct 2017 to January 2018. Results show that sediment rating curve of Bernam River was R2 = 0.86 high flow and R2 = 0.5 low flow. Average sediment loading throughout this sampling period is 1,144 t. Land use activity is expected to be the main contribution for the highest sediment concentration during rain events. The amount of annual sediment yield was estimated at 23 t/km2/year and is comparable to other studies having similar land uses in the catchment area.
Riparian Vegetation Along the Scroafa Stream and Its Tributaries (Southern Transylvanian Tableland) Under Changing Ecological Conditions and Human Intervention
Authors: Schneider-Binder Erika
Published: April 2021

The riparian softwood galleries of the Scroafa Stream basin, part of the South Eastern Transylvanian Tableland are presented and discussed under the aspect of their site conditions, species composition, vertical structure by different layers, ecological requirements and their change along the stream banks from the source to the mouth in the Târnava Mare River. Their stretches are compared, with commonalities and differences highlighted. The impact of human dependent changes and the future of the galleries with climate changes are addressed. The importance of the riparian softwood stands is also presented in the context of the Natura 2000 network, as they are included in the list as priority habitat types.
Micropredator Behaviour ofRocinela dumerilii(Isopoda, Aegidae) onTrachurus trachurusin the Sea of Marmara (Turkey)
Authors: Öktener Ahmet , Şirin Murat , Yurdigül Emrah
Published: April 2021

Rocinela dumerilii(Lucas, 1849) is obtained on the horse mackerel,Trachurus trachurus(Linnaeus, 1758) from the Sea of Marmara, in Turkey. This species is a free-living organism from the Aegean Sea of Turkey, the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic. Its micropredator behaviour is discovered for the first time in this study.Elthusa sinuata(Koelbel, 1879) is also collected on the gill cavity of Fries’s goby,Lesueurigobius friesii(Malm, 1874) in this study. This host is a new record forElthusa sinuata. The morphological characters ofRocinela dumeriliispecies are given by drawings.
Growth Pattern and Length-Weight Relationship in Poecilia Reticulata (Peters) (Poeciliidae) Inhabiting the Drainage Canal System of Lagos Metropolis (Nigeria)
Authors: Lawal Muyideen Owonire
Published: April 2021

This study investigated the growth pattern and length-weight relationship in Poecilia reticulata from the canal ecosystem of Lagos, Nigeria. A total of 2,400 fish specimens were caught, with total length ranging from 1.50 to 5.40 (3.30 ± 0.20) cm and weight ranged between 0.10 and 1.50 (0.63 ± 0.03) g. The length-frequency polygon showed four class intervals: 1.50-2.40 cm (51.29%); 2.50-3.40 cm (45.29%); 3.50-4.40 cm (3.25%); and 4.50-5.40 cm (0.17%). The value of “b” ranged from 1.3428-1.9863 which showed negative allometric growth, while the value of “r” ranged from 0.5 to 0.8. The mean K value was 1.05 ± 0.09 ‒ 1.62 ± 0.15.
Covid-19 Pandemi ve 2008 Ekonomik Kriz Dönemlerinde Riskten Kaçınma Düzeyinin ABD ve BRIC Piyasa Entegrasyonu Üzerindeki Değişen Etkisi
Authors: UĞURLU YILDIRIM Ecenur
Published: April 2021

Nakit akışına bağlı olmayan faktörlerin ülkelerin finansal piyasalarının entegrasyonu üzerindeki etkileri literatürde en çok ilgi gören konulardan biridir. Son yüzyılın en büyük salgını olan COVID-19’un finans piyasalarına etkileri ise sıcak tartışmaların odak noktası halindedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, yatırımcıların zamanla değişen riskten kaçınma düzeylerindeki değişimin Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ve BRIC (Brezilya, Rusya, Hindistan ve Çin) hisse senedi piyasaları arasındaki entegrasyona COVID-19 salgını ve 2008 ekonomik krizi dönemindeki uzun ve kısa dönem asimetrik etkilerini incelemektir. Verilerin analizinde gecikmesi dağıtılmış doğrusal olmayan otoregresif model (NARDL) yönteminden yararlanılmıştır. Kısa vadede, tüm ülkeler için riskten kaçınma düzeyindeki olumlu değişimlerin entegrasyonu arttırdığı görülürken, olumsuz değişikliklerin korelasyonu azalttığı bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Üstelik bu etkinin pandemi döneminde, 2008 ekonomik krizine göre çok daha fazla ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu bulunmuştur.
SMART-TECHNOLOGIES AS A MEANS OF MODERNIZING FUTURE PSYCHOLOGISTS’ SCIENTIFIC TRAINING AT UKRAINIAN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
Authors: BILYK VALENTYNA
Published: April 2021

The necessity of educational innovations introduction during the implementation of future psychologists science preparation in higher education institutions is theoretically substantiated. It is indicated that during organization of the educational process of future psychologists science preparation in higher education institutions will be effective pedagogical technologies that will embody both the tactics of organization and tactics of educational activities. It is noted that the necessity to study the feasibility of SMART-technologies during organization of educational process of future psychologists science preparation in higher education institutions in Ukraine is caused by modern society’s demands for competent developed, creative, capable of innovative activities, self-improvement and self-development specialists, low motivation of psychology students to such preparation and reforms that currently take place in the higher education system of Country in the context of its integration into the world educational space. It is hypothesized that SMART-technologies will enable science teacher creatively design educational process in higher education and implement it in the form that is most acceptable to current generation of students, which will increase students' interest in science and motivation to master them, will form creative thinking and the ability to find different ways to solve one problem, if necessary, using the knowledge, skills and abilities acquired during science preparation in higher education institutions. It is noted that the pedagogical experiment revealed a significant positive dynamics of changes in the level of students’ science competence in experimental groups in comparison with the control on the need-sense, cognitive-intellectual, functional-competence, personality-regulatory, reflexive-analytical criteria, which allowed to confirm efficiency and expediency of use the SMART-technologies during implementation of future psychologists science preparation in higher education institutions in Ukraine. The prospects of further research, which consist in the development of modern educational and methodological support of SMART-technologies and searching for the ways to implement them during implementation of science preparation of future psychologists in higher education institutions in Ukraine.
Perfil epidemiológico das hepatites infectocontagiosas no estado do Pará
Authors: Leão Diana do Vale , Belém Rosangela Jaques , Almeida Kamila Veras , Dos Reis Vera Lúcia Ribeiro , Dos Reis Herald Souza , Dos Santos Fabiolla da Silva
Published: April 2021

Objetivo: Analisar e discutir os dados sobre as hepatites infectocontagiosas para melhor compreender o cenário dessas doenças no estado do Pará. Métodos: Foram analisados dados do Boletim de Hepatites Virais/2020 e do DATASUS das hepatites infectocontagiosas B, C e D no Pará entre os anos de 2009-2018. Foram analisados a quantidade de incidência, óbitos e os grupos afetados: raça, sexo, faixa etária e mecanismos de infecção. Resultados: O número de casos confirmados das hepatites B e C continuam aumentando ao longo do tempo. O HBV apresenta a maior quantidade de casos. O HCV é a hepatite infectocontagiosa que mais apresenta óbitos. Entre os grupos afetados para ambas as hepatites, a raça mais acometida foram os pardos e as faixas etárias foram de 20 a 39 e de 40 a 59 anos. Entre os gêneros masculino e feminino, somente o HCV apresentou mais casos em um dos gêneros, sendo mais prevalente nos homens. O mecanismo de transmissão de maior expressão foi o sexual (HBV/HCV) e água (HDV). Conclusão: A transmissão das hepatites virais no estado do Pará continua aumentando ao longo do tempo. São necessárias medidas para diminuir a quantidade de pessoas infectadas, principalmente nos grupos mais afetados.
КОМП’ЮТЕРНІ ЗЛОЧИНИ: ПРОБЛЕМИ ВИДІЛЕННЯ ТА КЛАСИФІКАЦІЇ
Authors:   Officer of the Security Service of Ukraine, Melnyk Dmytro
Published: April 2021

The article is devoted to studding of the existing approaches to determining the general object of crime under Section XVI of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. It is substantiated that in Section XVI of the Criminal Code of Ukraine there is a separate group of crimes with another specific object that should be included to other sections of the Criminal Code.
FEATURES OF THE METHODOLOGY OF THERMODYNAMIC MODELING OF GAS TURBINE AND COMBINED ON THEIR BASIS POWER PLANTS
Authors:   National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, Liubchik Gennadii , Fialko Nataliia ,   Institute of Engineering Thermophysics of NAS of Ukraine, Regragui Aboubakr ,   Institute of Engineering Thermophysics of NAS of Ukraine, Sherenkovskii Julii ,   Institute of Engineering Thermophysics of NAS of Ukraine, Мeranova Nataliia ,   Institute of Engineering Thermophysics of NAS of Ukraine, Polozenko Nina ,   Institute of Engineering Thermophysics of NAS of Ukraine, Maletska Olha ,   Institute of Engineering Thermophysics of NAS of Ukraine, Kytniak Olga ,   Institute of Engineering Thermophysics of NAS of Ukraine
Published: April 2021

The article presents the enthalpy-entropy methodology of thermodynamic analysis of gas turbine and combined power plants on their basis, the results of testing the method on a real technical facility, proving its high efficiency.
RESEARCH OF REALIA OF BANK LENDING TO ECONOMIC ENTITIES
Authors:   Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, Sainchuk Nataliya , Marusyak Nataliya ,   Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, Haruk Bohdan ,   Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University
Published: April 2021

It has been determined in the article that the development of the market economy in combination with internal problems and external challenges creates certain conditions for bank lending, which are characterized by instability and slow pace. This, in turn, has a negative impact on the economy in general and on the business sector in particular. In the process of studying this issue, both on the part of the banking segment and on the part of enterprises, there have been discovered systemic problems that are parallel — the imbalances of the banking segment are negatively correlated with enterprises in terms of lending. It has been analyzed that the number of banks decreased during the study period. This is evidence that banks with a significant solvency ratio remain in the financial market. This situation signifies that the banking sector is evolving in line with legislation, which, although variable, is quite "rigid" in nature. Whereas this reflects the fact that the banking sector should lend to businesses. In the context of the study, the phenomenon of declining lending to businesses and identifying factors that have a significant impact on receiving loans by enterprises: inflation, the discount rate of the National Bank of Ukraine, and the "price" of new loans. It has been substantiated that the state of bank lending to economic entities today is unsatisfactory. This is due to the fall of the industrial production index, and the negative balance of export-import operations. Certain priority sectors of the national economy also have a negative trend. During the analyzed period, they tend to decline. In addition to the factors that have an impact on these indicators, it has been emphasized that the greatest impact on the state of corporate lending has the instability of the economy. This factor has a negative impact on bank lending, which in turn correlates with the economic stability of enterprises. Therefore, the article has concluded that banks do not provide loans because companies have a negative credit history, and it is because the banking sector issues expensive loans (sometimes in foreign currency and for the short term), and this results in non-repayment of loans.
FINANCIAL GLOBALIZATION OF THE WORLD ECONOMY
Authors:   Open International University of Human Development “Ukraine”, Makukh Tamara
Published: April 2021

The article analyses the main trends in the world economy through the prism of the current global financial and credit system. Various forecasts for the development of the world economy were assessed and noted that they do not correspond to real trends and patterns. These forecasts cannot assess the conceptual principles of the structure of the financial and credit base of the economy. Such forecasting is carried out on the principles of the achieved indicators and the developed methods of estimation of disturbances in the financial markets. The specificity of the state of the debt market is indicated, which allows to develop the economy only by increasing the total debt obligations, which leads to a complete loss of profitability of debt securities. It is proved that no defaults and debt write-offs do not renew the economy; these instruments only restart the mechanism of holding the debt market. Such development is a direct consequence of liberal regulation and a departure from the full functions of money, which leads to a conceptual change in the paradigm of the financial system. The limitations of the dominant concept of the financial and credit system, which was based on the basic foundations of the Bretton Woods Conference, were revealed. Criteria for financial regulation of a market economy have been identified and substantiated, which have exhausted their effectiveness and do not guarantee an early effect, but are only immediate. It is noted that the global pandemic and financial infusions to overcome it are a tool for accumulating total debt in the long run. The primary measures for debt restructuring are indicated, namely the support of low-debt fundamental companies that will meet the objective basic needs of innovative companies. Factors of economic development are explained: growth of economic productivity, short-term and long-term credit cycles and political component. It is indicated that productivity determines the priority of society's development in the long run, and the element of its implementation is knowledge in the absence of political dictate, which will form a new financial and credit mechanism. High-tech knowledge is needed to ensure productivity development, so investing in education and knowledge without different dogmas can bring the world economy to a new level of efficiency.
ASSESSMENT OF THE CURRENT STATE OF CREDIT ACTIVITY OF BANKS OF UKRAINE
Authors:   Kryvyi Rih National University, Yunatskyi Marian , Potapchuk Alyona ,   Kryvyi Rih National University
Published: April 2021

The article assesses the current state of lending activities of Ukrainian banks in 2016-2020. The essence of credit activity of commercial banks and its influence on economic development is determined. It was found that bank lending during 2020 is not successful, unfortunately, the decrease in loans issued by banks can be traced in almost all sectors of the economy. The results of the analysis show that in the credit market there is a decrease in total loans, but at the same time also decreases the share of non-performing loans in the portfolios of banking institutions. The number of banks and their regional branches in Ukraine is constantly declining, ie insolvent institutions are leaving the financial market. Despite the gradual reduction of the NBU discount rate, the decline in the cost of loans to customers, especially for households, is much slower. In particular, cheaper deposits lead to a reduction in demand for this type of banking product, but the reduction in deposit rates is recorded only against the hryvnia and the dollar - rates on deposits in euros, by contrast, are growing. The study found that the relative credit performance of banks has a positive upward trend, which in the future will lead to a gradual reduction of credit risk and increase the efficiency of loan portfolio management. The main goal of any banking institution is to maximize profits, which are mainly formed through the issuance of new loans and constant monitoring of existing ones. The results of the analysis of banks' lending activities in Ukraine showed that the banking sector has certain shortcomings and needs to significantly improve the lending activities of banking institutions.
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF STRATEGIC MARKETING APPLICATION IN THE CONTEXT OF SMART-SPECIALIZATION OF REGIONS
Authors:   Sumy State Pedagogical University named after A.S. Makarenko, Omelyanenko Vitaliy , Artyukhova Nadiia ,   Sumy State University
Published: April 2021

The most important task of the successful development and implementation of the regional development strategy is the adoption and implementation of well-grounded and timely management decisions aimed at increasing the attractiveness of the territory for target audiences. One of the directions of this realization is the creation and development of the competitive advantages of a particular territory. The steps taken in this direction in the regions of Ukraine are of a non-systemic nature and, as a rule, do not solve the problem comprehensively. This is due to the lack of both theoretical groundwork, on the basis of which it would be possible to develop a comprehensive strategy for the region, and an effective toolkit that ensures the systematic participation of stakeholders in the development and implementation of such a strategy. An important research topic is the consistency of the selected priorities with the goals of sustainable development, corresponding innovations within the framework of technological progress, which makes it relevant to use marketing tools to expand the analytical and communication tools of smart specialization. The purpose of this study is to analyze the possibilities of using strategic marketing for smart specialization tasks. Strategic marketing must be seen in the context of smart specialization, which is an innovative approach aimed at stimulating growth and job creation, allowing regions to define and develop their own competitive advantages. In the context of the practical implementation of the components of smart specialization as a process, strategic marketing can be considered as an active process with a long-term orientation, aimed at exceeding the average indicators in other regions by systematically pursuing a policy of creating a system of solutions that ensure the satisfaction of the needs of (current and prospective) stakeholders (current and potential) territories in a more efficient way than is possible in other regions. In the course of the study, it was determined that strategic marketing in the context of the practical implementation of smart specialization should be considered as a process of planning, developing and implementing strategic steps to gain a competitive advantage in selected areas. This process is necessary to map out the main goals of the region and find the most effective ways to achieve them.
THE CURRENT STATE OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN UKRAINE, THE IMPACT OF COVID-19
Authors:   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Vivchar Oleksandra , Valihura Natalia ,   Lviv Polytechnic National University
Published: April 2021

The article examines the current state of unemployment in Ukraine, the relevance of the study, identifies the main causes and consequences for both the population and the state, reveals the concept of "unemployment" and "unemployment rate". It is determined that unemployment is one of the important socio-economic categories, because, on the one hand, it hinders the production of gross national product - the basis of society, and on the other - does not allow a person to be realized through participation in socially useful work. Using graphical diagrams, the dynamics of the components of the economically active population during 2015 - 2020 was shown. Based on the analysis of statistical data, attention is focused on the risks of impact on the socio-economic state of society and increasing poverty in Ukraine. From the open data, a table was constructed and the unemployment rate in the modern economy was estimated. The need to reduce this level with the help of active state policy is substantiated. The main methods are proposed, the introduction of which will help reduce the number of disabled in Ukraine and reduce the negative socio - economic consequences. It is determined that a necessary condition for balancing the labor market is an active policy of economic development, namely: investment in the country's economy, promoting entrepreneurial activity among the population and regulating the development of existing businesses. Based on the study, the trends of unemployment and the impact on its level of the epidemic situation, in particular quarantine restrictions, were analyzed. It is determined that with the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in the world and in Ukraine, in particular, the situation on the labor market has significantly deteriorated. It is concluded that the issue of unemployment cannot be completely solved, so, despite the measures taken by the state, it is necessary to apply them more actively and implement new effective mechanisms of state regulation to reduce unemployment to a minimum and increase employment in Ukraine.
GREEN DEAL AND UKRAINE: LEGAL PROSPECTS IN ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
Authors:   National University «Odessa Law Academy», Shmatko Gleb
Published: April 2021

Green Deal is the EU's action plan with the ambitious goal of moving to a climate-neutral Europe by 2050. The Government of Ukraine has announced the intention of our country to join the European Green Course. Such aspirations of the government are important, given the need to formulate public policy in Ukraine that would take into account current environmental and climate issues. At the same time, we must keep in mind the full range of consequences of the Green Deal for Ukraine in the context of the opportunities and threats it poses to our country. The communiqué lays the groundwork for action in nine areas, such as climate, energy, industrial strategy for the circular economy, sustainable and smart mobility, green agricultural policy, biodiversity conservation, zero pollution, financial instruments, and the European Union as a global leader. Based on a number of program and regulations, Green Deal responds dynamically to the emergence of new challenges by adopting new strategies, plans, indicators, etc. In Ukraine, there are constant discussions about joining Green Deal, about its opportunities, benefits, threats. This is said by government agencies, the public, experts and business. Business is most concerned about threats to trade and exports, especially in the context of the European Union's intention to introduce a new decarbonization policy in the world. Despite the ambition of the intention, Green Deal remains an uncoordinated set of disparate solutions, being unable to generate the more systematic and thought-provoking change that is really needed. In technical terms, we could say that the strategy is a set of new "plug-ins", while what we really need is a complete replacement of the software to completely "reprogram" the whole mechanism of climate policy in the European Union. This way have to support the national Ukrainian economy, and not become another destructive step in the further decline of the country. As a result of the study, it was identified the need to build relations between Ukraine and the EU on the implementation of the Green Deal on the basis of cooperation, dialogue and compliance with national interests, including in the field of alternative energy. The main tool that Ukraine should be guided by when implementing Green Deal norms should be a reasonable national policy of environmental protectionism of Ukrainian energy and gradual introduction of alternative sources throughout the country, and not blindly copying EU norms and methods that will not have a mechanism for adaptation and implementation.
THE ESSENCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INSTITUTION OF PROBATION IN UKRAINE AND POST-SOVIET STATES (BY THE CASE OF RUSSIA, LATVIA)
Authors:   Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University, Romanov Mykhailo , Kakhnova Maryna ,   Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University
Published: April 2021

The article analyses measures constituting the content of probation in Ukraine. The authors concluded that the introduction of the institution of probation in Ukraine was guided by authorities’ determination to solve the problem of employment for the released detainees and decrease their reoffending rate. In Ukraine, probation is exercised at three levels: pre-trial, supervisory and penitentiary. Pre-trial probation provides the court with formalized information about the accused is based on the assumption that crime as a socially dangerous act should not be considered by the court in isolation from the person who committed it. Supervisory probation intends to undertake supervisory, social and educational measures towards persons sentenced to certain punishments specified by law. Penitentiary probation assists the convicts who are preparing to be released from prisons with determining places of their residence after their release, providing them with in-patient services in health centres, and other things aimed at their adaptation in the society. The institution of probation was concluded to have a positive economic effect in terms of the state as the person staying in the society continues to pay taxes and tend to decrease the crime rate. For a person who has committed a crime, this is a chance to correct his behaviour, and retain his social ties, work and family. For the society, it means the existence of fair justice to maintain balance between punishment and the interests of the society. The article considers the drawbacks of probation in Ukraine such as insufficient level of transparency in the operation of the probation body and the violations by the staff of this institution (improper social and educational work with convicts, a formal approach to working out the individual plans on convicts), which significantly reduce its efficiency. The authors also examined the system of social adaptation of convicts in Russia, analysed the features of the probation system in Latvia having revealed the common and distinctive features in relation with those in Ukraine and offered improvements for the Ukrainian system of probation.