bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of cooling conditions on the mechanical properties of crystalline poly(lactic acid)
Authors: Huang Tong , Yamaguchi Masayuki
Published: February 2017

Appropriate cooling conditions in melt processing were found to provide crystalline poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with greater mechanical toughness in tensile tests. PLA films cooled near its glass transition temperature Tg showed ductile behavior, whereas those obtained by a quenching process exhibited brittle fracture. The content of gauche‐gauche (gg) conformer, which leads to low critical onset stress for shear yielding, increased in the films cooled near Tg. The crystallinity of the films hardly affected their mechanical toughness and proportion of gg conformer except for that with a high degree of crystallinity (>50%). © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44960.
Aqueous‐Phase Hydrodeoxygenation of Biomass Sugar Alcohol into Renewable Alkanes over a Carbon‐Supported Ruthenium with Phosphoric Acid Catalytic System
Authors: Weng Yujing , Wang Tiejun , Qiu Songbai , Wang Chenguang , Ma Longlong , Zhang Qi , Chen Lungang , Li Yuping , Sun Fei , Zhang Qian
Published: February 2017

Recently, we demonstrated the catalytic conversion of biomass hydrolysate and real biomass into renewable alkanes over a Ru/C catalyst with aqueous phosphoric acid (Ru/C+H3PO4) and we obtained a high yield of C5/C6 alkanes. In this study, the mechanism of sorbitol hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) into alkanes over the Ru/C+H3PO4 catalytic system was investigated by using a trickle‐bed reactor. A high HDO performance was detected with a large amount of long‐chain alkanes in the products. Subsequently, pre‐ and postcharacterization studies (N2 adsorption, XRD, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, TEM, NH3 temperature‐programmed desorption, H2 temperature‐programmed reduction, FTIR spectroscopy) were performed on the relevant catalysts to study the change of the catalytic active sites. Moreover, mineral acid experiments were performed to study the influence of phosphoric acid on the HDO performance.
Oxidant‐free Dehydrogenation of Glycerol to Lactic Acid by Heterogeneous Platinum Catalysts
Authors: Siddiki S. M. A. Hakim , Touchy Abeda S. , Kon Kenichi , Toyao Takashi , Shimizu Ken‐ichi
Published: February 2017

Among various supported metal nanoparticle catalysts, Pt‐loaded carbon (Pt/C) catalysts, including a commercial one, showed the highest yield for selective dehydrogenation of glycerol to lactic acid under oxidant‐free, solvent‐free, and alkaline conditions. For the reaction with Pt/C, the effects of conditions (type of basic additives, the amount of water, atmosphere, reactor) on the catalytic activity and selectivity were studied. Combined with a reaction pathway in the literature and our result of control reactions, we proposed a strategy for decreasing the selectivity of byproducts. The optimized conditions gave a high turnover number of 69 000. To clarify the structural factors affecting the catalytic activity, we show the effect of electronic states of various transition metals on the activity as well as the effect of Pt particle size on the turnover frequency per surface Pt atom.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Co3O4 Sheets for Reversible Li Storage: Regulation of Structure and Performance
Authors: Yao Wenli , Dai Qinian , Liu Yong , Zhang Qian , Zhong Shengwen , Yan Zhengquan
Published: February 2017

To elucidate the relationship between the structure and Li‐storage performances, a controllable and porous nanosheet‐shaped Co3O4 material (Co3O4‐AS) was constructed from nano‐β‐Co(OH)2 precursor, which was obtained from a common Co(NO3)2 solution without any templates under microwave radiation conditions. A probable assembly mechanism is proposed on the basis of various analyses and comparisons. After its structure was characterized by using SEM, XRD, TEM, and N2 absorption/desorption isotherms, Co3O4‐AS was effectively applied an a highly reversible Li‐storage anode in a lithium‐ion battery, with a reversible capacity of 920 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles and even a capacity of 445 mAh g−1 at 5C. The improved properties could be attributed to the remarkable synergistic effects between porous structures and sheet‐shaped morphologies, resulting in short and facile diffusion, good electronic−ionic conductivity, and structural stability during cycling.
Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose Derived Oxygen‐Rich Porous Carbon Anodes for High‐Performance Lithium/Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Yongzhi , Meng Yan , Wang Yujue , Chen Li , Guo Yong , Xiao Dan
Published: February 2017

The front cover artwork is provided by Dr. Yongzhi Zhang et al. from Sichuan University (Chengdu, China). The image shows the conversion of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) into oxygen‐rich porous carbons and their application in anodes for lithium‐/sodium‐ion batteries. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/celc.201600577.
Soft, Wet‐Chemical Synthesis of Metastable Superparamagnetic Hexagonal Close‐Packed Nickel Nanoparticles in Different Ionic Liquids
Authors: Wegner Susann , Rutz Christina , Schütte Kai , Barthel Juri , Bushmelev Alexey , Schmidt Annette , Dilchert Katharina , Fischer Roland A. , Janiak Christoph
Published: February 2017

The microwave‐induced decomposition of bis{N,N′‐diisopropylacetamidinate}nickel(II) [Ni{MeC(NiPr)2}2] or bis(1,5‐cyclooctadiene)nickel(0) [Ni(COD)2] in imidazolium‐, pyridinium‐, or thiophenium‐based ionic liquids (ILs) with different anions (tetrafluoroborate, [BF4]−, hexafluorophosphate, [PF6]−, and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [NTf2]−) yields small, uniform nickel nanoparticles (Ni NPs), which are stable in the absence of capping ligands (surfactants) for more than eight weeks. The soft, wet‐chemical synthesis yields the metastable Ni hexagonal close‐packed (hcp) and not the stable Ni face‐centered cubic (fcc) phase. The size of the nickel nanoparticles increases with the molecular volume of the used anions from about 5 nm for [BF4]− to ≈10 nm for [NTf2]− (with 1‐alkyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazolium cations). The n‐butyl‐pyridinium, [BPy]+, cation ILs reproducibly yield very small nickel nanoparticles of 2(±1) nm average diameter. The Ni NPs were characterized by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM) and powder X‐ray diffraction. An X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis shows an increase of the binding energy (EB) of the electron from the Ni 2p3/2 orbital of the very small 2(±1) nm diameter Ni particles by about 0.3 eV to EB=853.2 eV compared with bulk Ni0, which is traced to the small cluster size. The Ni nanoparticles show superparamagnetic behavior from 150 K up to room temperature. The saturation magnetization of a Ni (2±1 nm) sample from [BPy][NTf2] is 2.08 A m2 kg−1 and of a Ni (10±4 nm) sample from [LMIm][NTf2] it is 0.99 A m2 kg−1, ([LMIm]=1‐lauryl‐3‐methyl‐ imidazolium). The Ni NPs were active catalysts in IL dispersions for 1‐hexene or benzene hydrogenation. Over 90 % conversion was reached under 5 bar H2 in 1 h at 100 °C for 1‐hexene and a turnover frequency (TOF) up to 1330 molhexane (molNi)−1 h−1 or in 60 h at 100 °C for benzene hydrogenation and TOF=23 molcyclohexane (molNi)−1 h−1.
Self‐Assembly of Hierarchical Ni‐Mo‐Polydopamine Microflowers and their Conversion to a Ni‐Mo2C/C Composite for Water Splitting
Authors: Sun Lianshan , Wang Chunli , Sun Qujiang , Cheng Yong , Wang Limin
Published: February 2017

With the aim of finding efficient non‐noble metal catalysts for water splitting, hierarchical Ni‐Mo‐polydopamine microflowers (Ni‐Mo2C/C MF) were synthesized through a facile aqueous‐phase reaction at room temperature. NiMoO4 nanowires were utilized as both Ni and Mo source; they can complex with dopamine to form a hierarchical structure and affect the scale of the final product. The energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) measurement of Ni‐Mo2C/C microflowers (MF) shows a high content of Mo2C and Ni (>90 wt %). For the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), the Ni‐Mo2C/C MF displays a low overpotential of 99 mV at a current density of −10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 73 mV dec−1 in 1.0 m KOH. By comparison with Mo2C/C microspheres (MS), the nanosized Ni‐doped particles offer more active sites and enhance the kinetic performance. This facile synthesis strategy is also suitable for preparing other metal‐Mo2C/C composites that can be used in the fields of catalysis and energy conversion.
Mild, Aqueous α‐Arylation of Ketones: Towards New Diversification Tools for Halogenated Metabolites and Drug Molecules
Authors: Marelli Enrico , Renault Yohann , Sharma Sunil V. , Nolan Steven P. , Goss Rebecca J. M.
Published: February 2017

The palladium‐catalysed aqueous α‐arylation of ketones was developed and tested for a large variety of reaction partners. These mild conditions enabled the coupling of aryl/alkyl‐ketones with N‐protected halotryptophans, heterocyclic haloarenes, and challenging base‐sensitive compounds. The synthetic potential of this new methodology for the diversification of complex bioactive molecules was exemplified by derivatising prochlorperazine. The methodology is mild, aqueous and flexible, representing a means of functionalizing a wide range of halo‐aromatics and therefore has the potential to be extended to complex molecule diversification.
Nanostructured Materials of Calcium Phosphates and Calcium Silicates: Synthesis, Properties and Applications
Authors: Zhu Ying‐Jie
Published: February 2017

Calcium phosphates are a family of compounds with different chemical compositions, structures and properties containing calcium ions and functional groups of orthophosphate (), metaphosphate () or pyrophosphate () and sometimes hydrogen or hydroxide ions. Calcium phosphates can be widely found in nature as well as in hard tissues (bone and tooth) of the vertebrate. Owing to similar chemical composition and structure to the main inorganic constituents of bone and tooth, calcium phosphate‐based materials are promising biomaterials with high biocompatibility, and have been investigated for applications in various biomedical areas. Calcium silicate‐based materials have attracted much attention on their potential applications in various biomedical fields such as bone defect repair and drug delivery. In recent years, this research group has been focusing on the research in this exciting and rapidly evolving research field, and has published many papers. This article will provide a brief review on our main research work on the synthesis, characterization, properties and applications of nanostructured materials of calcium phosphates and calcium silicates. Finally, future perspectives and challenges for the research and applications of nanostructured materials of calcium phosphates and calcium silicates are discussed. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trachycladines and Analogues: Synthesis and Evaluation of Anticancer Activity
Authors: Peitsinis Zisis V. , Mitrakas Achilleas G. , Nakiou Eirini A. , Melidou Dafni A. , Kalamida Dimitra , Kakouratos Christos , Koukourakis Michael I. , Koumbis Alexandros E.
Published: February 2017

The synthesis of four new analogues of marine nucleoside trachycladine A was accomplished by direct regio‐ and stereoselective Vorbrüggen glycosylations of 2,6‐dichloropurine and 2‐chloropurine with a d‐ribose‐derived chiron. Naturally occurring trachycladines A and B and a series of analogues were examined for their cytotoxic activity against a number of cancer cell lines (glioblastoma, lung, and cervical cancer). Parent trachycladine A and two analogues (the diacetate of the 2,6‐dichloropurine derivative and N‐cyclopropyl trachycladine A) resulted in a significant decrease in cell viability, with the latter exhibiting a stronger effect. The same compounds enhanced the cytotoxic effect of docetaxel in lung cancer cell lines, whereas additional experiments revealed that their mode of action relies on mitotic catastrophe rather than DNA damage. Moreover, their activity as autophagic flux blockers was postulated.
Recent Advances in the Discovery of PqsD Inhibitors as Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Zhou Ziteng , Ma Shutao
Published: February 2017

The treatment of the infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic Gram‐negative bacterium, is very difficult. High intrinsic tolerance toward common antibiotics and the development of new resistant strains challenge us to find a new treatment as soon as possible. PqsD is an enzyme essential for the P. aeruginosa quorum‐sensing apparatus, which catalyzes the final and key step in the biosynthesis of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐heptylquinolone (HHQ), which is a signal molecule of the P. aeruginosa quorum‐sensing system. In this review, following an outline on their structures, we present a brief introduction of the PqsD inhibitors including their mechanisms of action, inhibitory activity, and structure–activity relationships.
Early estimates of SEER cancer incidence, 2014
Authors: Lewis Denise Riedel , Chen Huann‐Sheng , Cockburn Myles G. , Wu Xiao‐Cheng , Stroup Antoinette M. , Midthune Douglas N. , Zou Zhaohui , Krapcho Martin F. , Miller Daniel G. , Feuer Eric J.
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND

Cancer incidence rates and trends for cases diagnosed through 2014 using data reported to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program in February 2016 and a validation of rates and trends for cases diagnosed through 2013 and submitted in February 2015 using the November 2015 submission are reported. New cancer sites include the pancreas, kidney and renal pelvis, corpus and uterus, and childhood cancer sites for ages birth to 19 years inclusive.

METHODS

A new reporting delay model is presented for these estimates for more consistent results with the model used for the usual November SEER submissions, adjusting for the large case undercount in the February submission. Joinpoint regression methodology was used to assess trends. Delay‐adjusted rates and trends were checked for validity between the February 2016 and November 2016 submissions.

RESULTS

Validation revealed that the delay model provides similar estimates of eventual counts using either February or November submission data. Trends declined through 2014 for prostate and colon and rectum cancer for males and females, male and female lung cancer, and cervical cancer. Thyroid cancer and liver and intrahepatic bile duct cancer increased. Pancreas (male and female) and corpus and uterus cancer demonstrated a modest increase. Slight increases occurred for male kidney and renal pelvis, and for all childhood cancer sites for ages birth to 19 years.

CONCLUSIONS

Evaluating early cancer data submissions, adjusted for reporting delay, produces timely and valid incidence rates and trends. The results of the current study support using delay‐adjusted February submission data for valid incidence rate and trend estimates over several data cycles. Cancer 2017;123:2524–34. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Specific Interaction between Redox Phospholipid Polymers and Plastoquinone in Photosynthetic Electron Transport Chain
Authors: Tanaka Kenya , Kaneko Masahiro , Ishikawa Masahito , Kato Souichiro , Ito Hidehiro , Kamachi Toshiaki , Kamiya Kazuhide , Nakanishi Shuji
Published: February 2017

Redox phospholipid polymers added in culture media are known to be capable of extracting electrons from living photosynthetic cells across bacterial cell membranes with high cytocompatibility. In the present study, we identify the intracellular redox species that transfers electrons to the polymers. The open‐circuit electrochemical potential of an electrolyte containing the redox polymer and extracted thylakoid membranes shift to positive (or negative) under light irradiation, when an electron transport inhibitor specific to plastoquinone is added upstream (or downstream) in the photosynthetic electron transport chain. The same trend is also observed for a medium containing living photosynthetic cells of Synechococcus elongatus PCC7942. These results clearly indicate that the phospholipid redox polymers extract photosynthetic electrons mainly from plastoquinone.
Mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy as an augmentation treatment for obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Key Brenda L. , Rowa Karen , Bieling Peter , McCabe Randi , Pawluk Elizabeth J.
Published: February 2017

A significant number of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) patients continue to experience symptoms that interfere with their functioning following cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Providing an additional augmentation treatment following CBT could help reduce these residual symptoms. Mindfulness interventions that facilitate less reactivity to thoughts and feelings may be helpful for patients suffering from residual OCD symptoms. The purpose of the current randomized waitlist control trial was to evaluate the feasibility and impact of providing an 8‐week mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy (MBCT) intervention following completion of a CBT intervention to OCD patients who continued to suffer from significant symptoms. Results indicated that compared to the waitlist control group, MBCT participants reported decreases in OCD symptoms (d = 1.38), depression symptoms (d = 1.25), anxiety symptoms (d = 1.02), and obsessive beliefs (d = 1.20) along with increases in self‐compassion (d = 0.77) and mindfulness skills (d = 0.77). Additionally, participants reported high levels of satisfaction with the MBCT intervention. The results suggest that the use of MBCT for OCD as an augmentation therapy is acceptable to patients who continue to suffer from OCD symptoms after completing CBT and provides some additional relief from residual symptoms.

Key Practitioner Message

Mindfulness interventions teach skills that facilitate disengaging from cognitive routines and accepting internal experience, and these skills may be valuable in treating obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), as individuals describe getting “stuck” in repetitive thoughts and consequent rituals.

The results of this study suggest that teaching mindfulness skills using an 8‐week mindfulness‐based cognitive therapy (MBCT) intervention provides an added benefit (decreases in OCD, depression, and anxiety symptoms) for patients with OCD who have completed a cognitive behavioural therapy intervention and continued to suffer from significant symptoms.

Participation in MBCT was also associated with increases in mindfulness skills including increased ability to be nonjudgmental and nonreactive. By fostering a nonjudgmental stance towards intrusive thoughts, mindfulness may discourage suppression and avoidance of thoughts and this could lead to increased habituation and a decreased reliance on compulsions.

The use of MBCT as an augmentation treatment should be further explored to elucidate whether this treatment is beneficial for preventing relapse of OCD and could be compared against further cognitive behavioural therapy to see if offering participants a different and theoretically compelling intervention, such as MBCT, would outperform “more of the same” for individuals with OCD.
D2D underlay massive MIMO hybrid networks with improved physical layer secrecy and energy efficiency
Authors: Jia Xiangdong , Xie Mangang , Zhou Meng , Zhu Hongbo , Yang Longxiang
Published: February 2017

For us to meet the green and reliable communication requirement by the forthcoming fifth generation mobile networks, this paper focuses on a secrecy constrained device‐to‐device (D2D) underlay massive multiple‐input multiple‐output hybrid network, where the D2D user (DU) and cellular user (CU) links are exposed to passive malicious eavesdroppers. The D2D transmitters harvest the power from the signals of dedicated power beacons (PBs), but also the ambient radio frequency (RF) interference of CUs. The signals of PBs are known previously at the receivers of both the D2D and cellular users but are not known at eavesdroppers so that it can be regarded as an artificial noise. For the interested hybrid networks, we first present an energy‐harvesting scheme based on the inversion power control where the power received at the corresponding receiver is higher than the receiver's sensitivity. Then, by modeling the locations of network elements as Poisson point process and applying stochastic geometry, we derive the sufficient probability that a typical D2D transmitter harvests sufficient energy to establish communication links. Finally, with the derived sufficient probability, we evaluate the performance of the CUs and DUs in the achievable ergodic rate and the secrecy outage probability. Both the analytical and simulated results show that precious power of network is saved because of the ambient RF interference exploited, and the secrecy of both D2D and cellular links is improved simultaneously because of the signal of PBs modeled as artificial noises at CUs and DUs.
Topology control in the presence of jammers for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Bhavathankar Prasenjit , Mondal Ayan , Misra Sudip
Published: February 2017

In this paper, the problem of ensuring packet delivery ratio and high network lifetime in wireless sensor networks in the presence of single or multiple jammers is studied using single‐leader‐multiple‐followers Stackelberg game theory. A topology control scheme is proposed, in which the sink node, which acts as the leader, identifies the set of jamming affected nodes. On the other hand, the sensor nodes, which act as followers, need to decide an optimum transmission power level, while ensuring an optimal set of neighbor nodes covered. A scheme, named TC‐JAM, for ensuring packet delivery ratio, while avoiding jammers and increasing network lifetime in wireless sensor networks, is proposed. In existing literatures, the sensor nodes are envisioned to be equipped with multiple interfaces, while having access for multiple channels. However, in TC‐JAM, the sensor nodes have simple hardware with single interface for communication, ie, the sensor nodes have single channel for communication. Additionally, in the proposed scheme, TC‐JAM, each sensor node has a provision to vary its transmission power according to the chosen strategies. Using TC‐JAM, the energy consumption of the overall network reduces by up to 62%, and the network lifetime increases by 56% to 73%.
Support students with disabilities with an adaptive sports program
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: February 2017

Antoinette Domingo is an assistant professor in the Doctor of Physical Therapy Program at San Diego State University, specializing in neurological research. During her postdoctoral training at the University of British Columbia, Domingo helped to open a research‐based fitness center for individuals with spinal cord injuries.
Ensure event and conference accessibility with free guide
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: February 2017

In charge of putting together a meeting at your university and making sure that it's accessible to all? The American Disability Association has put together a free, comprehensive online guide to making sure your meetings, events, and conferences are accessible. “A Guide to Planning Accessible Meetings” was originally authored by June Isaacson Kailes and Darrell Jones of Independent Living Research Utilization. The guide states that its goal is to “help make every meeting, event, and conference accessible … and help ensure that all meeting participants are fully engaged and have equal opportunities to contribute to public discourse, learning, and advancement.”
Comparing citizen science and professional data to evaluate extrapolated mountain goat distribution models
Authors: Flesch Elizabeth P. , Belt Jami J.
Published: February 2017

Citizen science provides a prime opportunity for wildlife managers to obtain low‐cost data recorded by volunteers to evaluate species distribution models and address research objectives. Using mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) location data collected through aerial surveys by professionals, ground surveys by professionals, and ground surveys by volunteers, we evaluated two mountain goat distribution models extrapolated across Waterton‐Glacier International Peace Park. In addition, we compared mountain goat location data by observer and survey type to determine whether there were differences that affected extrapolated model evaluation. We found that all dataset types compared similarly to both mountain goat models. A mountain goat occupancy model developed in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) was the most informative in describing mountain goat locations. We compared Spearman‐rank correlations (rs) for occupancy probability bin ranks in the GYA model extrapolation and area‐adjusted frequencies of mountain goat locations, and we found that all datasets had a positive correlation, indicating the model had useful predictive ability. Aerial observations had a slightly greater Spearman‐rank correlation (rs = 0.964), followed by the professional ground surveys (rs = 0.946), and volunteer ground datasets (rs = 0.898). These results suggest that with effective protocol development and volunteer training, biologists can use mountain goat location data collected by volunteers to evaluate extrapolated models. We recommend that future efforts should apply this approach to other wildlife species and explore development of wildlife distribution models using citizen science.
Topochemical Reaction of Exfoliated Layered Cobalt(II) Hydroxide for the Synthesis of Ultrapure Co3O4 as an Oxygen Reduction Catalyst
Authors: Lee Hyung Tae , Kwon Sunglun , Youn Chul Min , Choi Taekjib , Lee Jong Hyeon
Published: February 2017

The liquid exfoliation of hydrotalcite‐like α‐Co(OH)2 in formamide produced a new pink β‐form of Co(OH)2 nanosheets [Ex‐NS‐Co(OH)2] with unique nanoscopic properties: a larger surface area of active hydroxides and a much narrower oxidation–reduction potential for the Co2+ ions in the hydroxide layer than those of the bulk α‐Co(OH)2. These unprecedented properties of Ex‐NS‐Co(OH)2 were applied to the topochemical synthesis of crystalline Co3O4 nanocubes (NCs) with clear edges and no impurity phases from an aqueous solution of Co2+ ions at 70 °C. A Co3O4 NC/C catalyst exhibited good catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and higher stability under a continuous electrochemical operation than that of commercial Pt/C.
Alkynyldicobalt Derivatives of Dibenzosuberenol and Dibenzocyclooctatrien‐5‐ol: Ring Conformations, Ease of Carbonyl Elimination and Relevance to Pauson–Khand Cyclization
Authors: Brusey Sarah A. , Shen Wen , Müller‐Bunz Helge , Ortin Yannick , Evans Paul , McGlinchey Michael J.
Published: February 2017

Under very mild conditions, (5‐alkynyl‐5H‐dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptatrien‐5‐ol)Co2(CO)6 clusters 1 lose a carbon monoxide ligand and form the corresponding η2‐alkene‐µ‐alkyne‐Co2(CO)5 complexes 2 (the first isolated examples of the initial phase of the Pauson–Khand reaction). This behaviour is not paralleled by the homologue in which an additional methylene group has been inserted within the seven‐membered ring, as in the [5‐alkynyl‐6H‐dibenzo[a,e]cyclooctatrienol]Co2(CO)6 system 8, for which several X‐ray crystal structures are reported. The apparent additional flexibility of this molecular framework does not translate into conformations appropriate for the formation of η2‐alkene‐µ‐alkyne‐Co2(CO)5 complexes. The relative inertness of the ethynyl complex 1a, compared with the ease of carbonyl loss in the trimethylsilylethynyl‐ and the tri(isopropyl)silylethynyl‐substituted hexacarbonyldicobalt clusters, 1b and 11, respectively, is discussed in terms of out‐of‐plane angle strain within the dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptatrienyl moiety. Comparison of the changing conformations of the seven‐membered ring in a series of free and complexed molecules reveals a marked flattening of the organic framework, as bulkier substituents are incorporated at C5. The possibility of η2‐alkene‐µ‐alkyne‐Co2(CO)5 clusters functioning as hemilabile systems was explored by monitoring the ease of carbonyl substitution by triphenylphosphine in 2b (alkynyl substituent C≡CSiMe3).
Improving the Catalytic Activity in the Rhodium‐Mediated Hydroformylation of Styrene by a Bis(N‐heterocyclic silylene) Ligand
Authors: Schmidt Marcel , Blom Burgert , Szilvási Tibor , Schomäcker Reinhard , Driess Matthias
Published: February 2017

For the first time, a significant boost in catalytic activity in the rhodium‐catalysed hydroformylation of an alkene by using a bidentate bis(N‐heterocyclic silylene) ligand is reported. This is shown by the hydroformylation of styrene at 30 bar CO/H2 pressure in the presence of [HRh(CO)(PPh3)3] with an excess of the ferrocenediyl‐based bis‐NHSi ligand 4, [({η5‐C5H4{PhC(NtBu)2}Si})2Fe], which results in superior catalytic activity, compared with the bidentate diphosphines DPPF (3a) and xantphos (3b). In contrast, the hydroformylation of styrene in the presence of [HRh(CO)(PPh3)3] with excesses of the monodentate NHSi ligands [{PhC(NtBu)2}SiNMe2] (1) and [{C2H2(NtBu)2}Si:] (2) at 30 bar CO/H2 pressure revealed considerably slower conversion to the aldehyde products than [HRh(CO)(PPh3)3], with or without an excess of PPh3, showing catalyst deactivation. Surprisingly, the germanium analogue of 4 is shown to be virtually catalytically inactive. The superior activity of 4, compared with the xantphos‐containing benchmark system, is rationalized on the basis of solution NMR spectroscopic studies, and the comparative catalyst cycles are elucidated using density functional theory (DFT) methods. The latter quantum‐chemical studies explain very well the favourable energy pathway for the hydroformylation of styrene using 4 versus xantphos.
Column adsorption studies on nickel and cobalt removal from aqueous solution using native and biochar form of Tectona grandis
Authors: Vilvanathan Sowmya , Shanthakumar S.
Published: February 2017

Continuous column adsorption studies were performed in this work using native and biochar form of Tectona grandis leaves to remove Ni (II) and Co (II) ions from aqueous solution. Column performance was evaluated by varying the bed height, flow rate and inlet metal ion concentration. Further, column adsorption models including Adam‐Bohart, Thomas, and Yoon‐Nelson were applied to evaluate different column parameters. Thomas model was found to be in good agreement with higher R2 and closer experimental and theoretical uptake capacity values. Interpretation of the breakthrough curves indicated that the exhaustion time of column extended with increasing bed height and decreasing flow rate and metal ion concentration. Column desorption studies using hydrochloric acid signified the potential of the adsorbents to effectively desorb the adsorbed metal ions. Thus, evaluation of the adsorption potential of Tectona grandis in this study revealed its adequate inherent potential with high adsorption capacities to remove nickel and cobalt ions from aqueous solution evidencing its practical applicability as adsorbent. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 1030–1038, 2017
Ultrasound‐assisted transesterification reactions for biodiesel production with sodium zirconate supported in polyvinyl alcohol as catalyst
Authors: Vaz Lorena M.O. , Martins Maria I. , Coutinho Filho Ubirajara , Cardoso Vicelma L. , Reis Miria H.M.
Published: February 2017

This study reports a twofold attempt for biodiesel production in a reactor with ultrasound irradiation and with supported sodium zirconate as solid base catalyst. Kinetic studies showed that the mechanism of this heterogeneously catalyzed transesterification system with ultrasonication is a two‐step reaction in which the mass transfer controlled regime is accompanied by the kinetically controlled regime with both regimes following the pseudo first order reaction kinetic model. Biodiesel yields of ∼80% were achieved after 8 h of reaction at 55°C using 3 wt % of unsupported or supported catalyst and 6:1 of methanol:oil molar ratio for reactions under magnetic stirring or ultrasound irradiation. However, greater reaction times were necessary to achieve the final reaction yield in the reactor with ultrasound irradiation and with the supported catalyst due to the increase in the mass transfer from the reactants to the active sites of the catalyst and to the low applied ultrasound frequency which probably did not promote the complete mixing of the reaction medium. The supported catalyst presented advantages in terms of catalyst reuse compared to the unsupported catalyst. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 1262–1267, 2017
Numerical Investigation of PEM Water Electrolysis Performance for Different Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts
Authors: Kaya M. F. , Demir N.
Published: February 2017

One of the hydrogen production methods, namely the proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE), shows good potential and agreement with renewable energy sources in the storage and conversion of energy. In this study, the effects of different anode catalyst materials on the performance of PEMWE are investigated. In line with this aim the temperature, membrane thickness, current collector length and molar fraction distribution of species in gas channels are investigated to observe and compare the effects of different anode catalyst. The cell performance is simulated with a two dimensional numerical model based on Comsol Multiphysics Software. The performance of the cell and hydrogen production are increased with the change of temperature from 303 K to 353 K. Different thickness of the membrane is investigated and the results bring out that use of thinner membrane is more important for Pt‐Ir anode catalyst than Pt anode catalyst. Additionally, Pt‐Ir anode catalyst is decreased cell voltage and provided four times higher current density. Maximum value of hydrogen molar fraction in the cathode gas channel is increased 60%.
Somatic mutations in murine models of leukemia and lymphoma: Disease specificity and clinical relevance
Authors: Goldberg Liat , Gough Sheryl M. , Lee Fan , Dang Christine , Walker Robert L. , Zhu Yuelin J. , Bilke Sven , Pineda Marbin , Onozawa Masahiro , Jo Chung Yang , Meltzer Paul S. , Aplan Peter D.
Published: February 2017

Malignant transformation is a multistep process that is dictated by the acquisition of multiple genomic aberrations that provide growth and survival advantage. During the post genomic era, high throughput genomic sequencing has advanced exponentially, leading to identification of countless cancer associated mutations with potential for targeted therapy. Mouse models of cancer serve as excellent tools to examine the functionality of gene mutations and their contribution to the malignant process. However, it remains unclear whether the genetic events that occur during transformation are similar in mice and humans. To address that, we chose several transgenic mouse models of hematopoietic malignancies and identified acquired mutations in these mice by means of targeted re‐sequencing of known cancer‐associated genes as well as whole exome sequencing. We found that mutations that are typically found in acute myeloid leukemia or T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients are also common in mouse models of the respective disease. Moreover, we found that the most frequent mutations found in a mouse model of lymphoma occur in a set of epigenetic modifier genes, implicating this pathway in the generation of lymphoma. These results demonstrate that genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) mimic the genetic evolution of human cancer and serve as excellent platforms for target discovery and validation.
Detection and management of hyperactive and hypoactive delirium in older patients during hospitalization: a retrospective cohort study evaluating daily practice
Authors: van Velthuijsen Eveline L. , Zwakhalen Sandra M.G. , Mulder Wubbo J. , Verhey Frans R.J. , Kempen Gertrudis I.J.M.
Published: February 2017

Objectives

The objectives of the study are to study daily hospital practice regarding detection and management and to study hyperactive and hypoactive delirium of older patients during their hospitalization.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study evaluating care as usual for older hospitalized patients with delirium at Maastricht University Medical Center+, a university hospital in the Netherlands, was performed. Inclusion criteria were older hospitalized patients (65+ years), diagnosed with delirium between 1 January and 31 December 2014. Data were retrieved from the patients' medical files. Delirium was categorized as hyperactive or hypoactive. Primary outcome measures were prevalence and management (pharmacological, reorientation, screening for delirium and delirium consultations, and physical restraints). Secondary outcomes were short‐term adverse outcomes.

Results

Prevalence of delirium was 5% (N = 401), of which 77% (n = 307) was hyperactive and 23% (n = 94) was hypoactive. Significantly, more patients with a hyperactive delirium received medication to manage the delirium than patients with a hypoactive delirium (89% vs. 77%, respectively, p = 0.004). No other significant differences between the subtypes were found.

Conclusion

There was probably a strong under‐recognition of delirium. Drugs were the main intervention of choice, especially for patients with hyperactive delirium. The two subtypes did not differ on non‐pharmacological management. The retrospective nature of this study sheds light on the status quo of recognition, management, and care as usual for the different delirium subtypes in daily hospital practice, which may help in forming new guidelines and protocols for the detection and treatment of delirium for older patients in hospitals.
Toward the automatic quantification of in utero brain development in 3D structural MRI: A review
Authors: Benkarim Oualid M. , Sanroma Gerard , Zimmer Veronika A. , Muñoz‐Moreno Emma , Hahner Nadine , Eixarch Elisenda , Camara Oscar , González Ballester Miguel Angel , Piella Gemma
Published: February 2017

Investigating the human brain in utero is important for researchers and clinicians seeking to understand early neurodevelopmental processes. With the advent of fast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques and the development of motion correction algorithms to obtain high‐quality 3D images of the fetal brain, it is now possible to gain more insight into the ongoing maturational processes in the brain. In this article, we present a review of the major building blocks of the pipeline toward performing quantitative analysis of in vivo MRI of the developing brain and its potential applications in clinical settings. The review focuses on T1‐ and T2‐weighted modalities, and covers state of the art methodologies involved in each step of the pipeline, in particular, 3D volume reconstruction, spatio‐temporal modeling of the developing brain, segmentation, quantification techniques, and clinical applications. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2772–2787, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Noninvasive imaging of brain oxygen metabolism in children with primary nocturnal enuresis during natural sleep
Authors: Yu Bing , Huang Mingzhu , Zhang Xu , Ma Hongwei , Peng Miao , Guo Qiyong
Published: February 2017

A series of studies have revealed that nocturnal enuresis is closely related to hypoxia in children with primary nocturnal enuresis (PNE). However, brain oxygen metabolism of PNE children has not been investigated before. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in whole‐brain cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) in children suffering from PNE. We used the newly developed T2‐relaxation‐under‐spin‐tagging (TRUST) magnetic resonance imaging technique. Neurological evaluation, structural imaging, phase‐contrast, and the TRUST imaging method were applied in children with PNE (n = 37) and healthy age‐ and sex‐matched control volunteers (n = 39) during natural sleep to assess whole‐brain CMRO2, CBF, OEF, and arousal from sleep scores. Results showed that whole‐brain CMRO2 and OEF values of PNE children were higher in controls, while there was no significant difference in CBF. Consequently, OEF levels of PNE children were increased to maintain oxygen supply. The elevation of OEF was positively correlated with the difficulty of arousal. Our results provide the first evidence that high oxygen consumption and high OEF values could make PNE children more susceptible to hypoxia, which may induce cumulative arousal deficits and make them more prone to nocturnal enuresis. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2532–2539, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From “rest” to language task: Task activation selects and prunes from broader resting‐state network
Authors: Doucet Gaelle E. , He Xiaosong , Sperling Michael R. , Sharan Ashwini , Tracy Joseph I.
Published: February 2017

Resting‐state networks (RSNs) show spatial patterns generally consistent with networks revealed during cognitive tasks. However, the exact degree of overlap between these networks has not been clearly quantified. Such an investigation shows promise for decoding altered functional connectivity (FC) related to abnormal language functioning in clinical populations such as temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). In this context, we investigated the network configurations during a language task and during resting state using FC. Twenty‐four healthy controls, 24 right and 24 left TLE patients completed a verb generation (VG) task and a resting‐state fMRI scan. We compared the language network revealed by the VG task with three FC‐based networks (seeding the left inferior frontal cortex (IFC)/Broca): two from the task (ON, OFF blocks) and one from the resting state. We found that, for both left TLE patients and controls, the RSN recruited regions bilaterally, whereas both VG‐on and VG‐off conditions produced more left‐lateralized FC networks, matching more closely with the activated language network. TLE brings with it variability in both task‐dependent and task‐independent networks, reflective of atypical language organization. Overall, our findings suggest that our RSN captured bilateral activity, reflecting a set of prepotent language regions. We propose that this relationship can be best understood by the notion of pruning or winnowing down of the larger language‐ready RSN to carry out specific task demands. Our data suggest that multiple types of network analyses may be needed to decode the association between language deficits and the underlying functional mechanisms altered by disease. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2540–2552, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Temperamental predictors of subjective well‐being from early adolescence to mid‐life: The role of temporal and energetic regulation
Authors: Bojanowska Agnieszka , Zalewska Anna M.
Published: February 2017

We investigated links between temperament traits described in Strelau's Regulative Theory of Temperament (Emotional Reactivity, Briskness, Activity, Endurance, Perseveration and Sensory Sensitivity) and subjective well‐being (SWB)—Positive Affect, Negative Affect and Life Satisfaction as conceptualised by Diener. Participants representing early (n = 166) and late adolescence (n = 199), early (n = 195) and mid‐adulthood (n = 156) filled out Formal Characteristics of Behaviour—Temperament Inventory, Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and Satisfaction with Life Scale. Results showed that higher Briskness, Endurance, Activity, lower Perseveration and Emotional Reactivity corresponded with higher SWB. They predicted 16% of affective components' and 7% of satisfaction variance. Each well‐being component had a unique set of predictors; however, predictors of affective components varied across age groups. Higher Positive Affect was predicted by traits responsible for energetic regulation (higher Endurance and Activity and lower Emotional Reactivity) and by higher Perseveration, but their role (excluding Emotional Reactivity) was age‐dependent. Higher Negative Affect was predicted by higher Emotional Reactivity and dimensions expressing temporal characteristics, lower Briskness and higher Perseveration (Perseveration was not significant among younger adolescents). Higher Satisfaction was steadily predicted by lower Emotional Reactivity and higher Activity. To conclude, the functions of temperament traits are mostly in line with theoretical expectations, but more complex than indicated by previous research.
Picturing Ethnic Studies: Photovoice and Youth Literacies of Social Action
Authors: de los Ríos Cati V.
Published: February 2017

This study uses photovoice to examine the ways in which Chicanx youths hone their critical and multimodal literacy skills in a secondary ethnic studies course. While the institutionalization of secondary ethnic studies courses swiftly expands in school districts across the United States, more research is necessary to understand the nature of these courses. This inquiry examines student photovoice compositions, participant observations, and in‐depth semistructured interviews to ascertain some of the affordances of an ethnic studies course from the perspectives of participating students. The following question guides this paper: How do students articulate the importance of ethnic studies in their lives? Students’ creations of photovoice compositions allowed them to communicate ideas around ethnic studies in authentic ways that valued their cultural practices and resources. Findings highlight student literacies of social action across three domains: individual, community, and structural.
Influence of scaffold design on 3D printed cell constructs
Authors: Souness Auryn , Zamboni Fernanda , Walker Gavin M , Collins Maurice N
Published: February 2017

Additive manufacturing is currently receiving significant attention in the field of tissue engineering and biomaterial science. The development of precise, affordable 3D printing technologies has provided a new platform for novel research to be undertaken in 3D scaffold design and fabrication. In the past, a number of 3D scaffold designs have been fabricated to investigate the potential of a 3D printed scaffold as a construct which could support cellular life. These studies have shown promising results; however, few studies have utilized a low‐cost desktop 3D printing technology as a potential rapid manufacturing route for different scaffold designs. Here six scaffold designs were manufactured using a Fused deposition modeling, a “bottom‐up” solid freeform fabrication approach, to determine optimal scaffold architecture for three‐dimensional cell growth. The scaffolds, produced from PLA, are coated using pullulan and hyaluronic acid to assess the coating influence on cell proliferation and metabolic rate. Scaffolds are characterized both pre‐ and postprocessing using water uptake analysis, mechanical testing, and morphological evaluation to study the inter‐relationships between the printing process, scaffold design, and scaffold properties. It was found that there were key differences between each scaffold design in terms of porosity, diffusivity, swellability, and compressive strength. An optimal design was chosen based on these physical measurements which were then weighted in accordance to design importance based on literature and utilizing a design matrix technique. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 533–545, 2018.