bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abundance, use of space, and activity patterns of white‐faced sakis (Pithecia pithecia) in French Guiana
Authors: Vié Jean‐Christophe , Richard‐Hansen Cécile , Fournier‐Chambrillon Christine
Published: August 2002

White‐faced sakis (Pithecia pithecia) are among the least studied neotropical primates. The combination of shy and quiet behavior, their ability to move silently, and the extreme difficulty of capturing them may explain why very few field studies have been undertaken in undisturbed habitats. During the course of a wildlife rescue in French Guiana, six individuals were captured and translocated to a safe area of primary rainforest. In this area, based on the observation of 35 groups, the average group size was 2.3 animals (SD = 1.2) and a density of 0.28 group/km2(0.64 individuals/km2) was estimated from transect censuses. Our study focused successively on three radio‐collared animals (two males and one female) over a 287‐day period, starting from release to the loss of the animal. From the study start, the triangulation method was used prior to habitutation to human presence, followed thereafter by 1,327 hr of visual monitoring. The translocated animals settled down, and two of them had a stable and compact home range. Two of them merged in association with members of the resident population. A resident group had a much larger home range than previously reported: 148 and 287 ha, using grid cells and 100% minimum convex polygon techniques, respectively. A group composed of two translocated individuals (one male and one female) had a home range of 68 and 135 ha using the same techniques. Additionally, two solitary animals used 152 and 162 1‐ha quadrats. We observed animals (translocated and residents) moving quickly in one direction up to 11.5 km. The mean daily path length of resident animals was 1,880 m. Sakis used the lower strata of the forest more when in group, and the intermediate strata more when solitary. Allogrooming is fairly common in social groups. On average, the activity period ranged from 7:17 to 15:59 hr. Am. J. Primatol. 55:203–221, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth of specific muscle strength between 6 and 18 years in contrasting socioeconomic conditions
Authors: Henneberg Maciej , Brush Gerry , Harrison Geoffrey A.
Published: August 2002

The influence of sex, age, and socioeconomic conditions on specific grip strength of 6–18‐year‐old individuals was studied among 1,704 males and 1,956 females belonging to the so‐called “Cape Coloured” community in the western part of South Africa. Half of the participants of both sexes came from communities in the Greater Cape Town area where living conditions are comparable to those of middle‐class First World communities (high SES). The other half came from the poorest rural communities of Klein Karoo (low SES). Arm circumferences, triceps skinfold thickness, and grip strength of the right and of the left hand were greater in individuals from high SES at all ages. Females within each SES group had skinfolds thicker than males, especially at older ages, and were weaker. Specific grip strength (SS), estimated as grip strength per unit area of cross section of the fat‐free arm, increased with age in each group, was greater in males, and was significantly lower in low SES groups, than in the high SES ones, especially during and after puberty. It seems that SES difference in SS will persist into adulthood. Sexual differences in SS can be attributed to hormonal differences; while the SS increase with age and the difference between SES groups find no clear explanation in current theories of muscle growth and development. Since the speed of neuromuscular reaction observed in our participants is slower among low SES individuals, it seems that the difference in neuromuscular control of strength may be responsible for our findings. Differences in muscle metabolism and hormonal regulation must also be considered. Am J Phys Anthropol 115:62–70, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New basicrania of Paleocene‐Eocene Ignacius: Re‐evaluation of the Plesiadapiform‐Dermopteran link
Authors: Bloch Jonathan I. , Silcox Mary T.
Published: August 2002

Plesiadapiformes has long been considered to be an archaic group of Primates. Discovery of a paromomyid plesiadapiform skull and independent analysis of referred postcrania have led investigators to conclude that Plesiadapiformes shares a closer relationship to extant flying lemurs (Dermoptera) than to Primates (= Euprimates of Hoffstetter [1977] Bull Mem Soc Anthropol Paris Ser 13 4:327–346). Despite challenges to this interpretation, the plesiadapiform‐dermopteran relationship has gained currency in recent years. Here we show that newly discovered crania of Ignacius graybullianus, preserving previously undocumented portions of the ear, are more similar to primates than to dermopterans. New specimens confirm that paromomyids lacked the petrosal bulla of primates. However, these new specimens also demonstrate that paromomyids likely had: 1) a small promontorial branch of the internal carotid artery; 2) a lateral route for the internal carotid nerves crossing the promontorium; and 3) a ring‐like ectotympanic with an annular bridge. This pattern is similar to primitive primates and fundamentally different from dermopterans, which have: 1) no internal carotid artery; 2) internal carotid nerves that take a more medial route; and 3) no annular bridge. Recognition of some primate‐like traits, documented here by new evidence, indicates that Paromomyidae is likely to be more closely related to other Paleogene Plesiadapiformes and Eocene Primates than to extant Dermoptera. In view of these findings, a link between paromomyids and extant dermopterans (“Eudermoptera”) is not convincingly supported by a single characteristic of the basicranium. Am J Phys Anthropol 116:184–198, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human apolipoprotein E4 accelerates β‐amyloid deposition in APPsw transgenic mouse brain
Authors: Carter Donald B. , Dunn Edwige , McKinley Denise D. , Stratman Nancy C. , Boyle Timothy P. , Kuiper Susan L. , Oostveen Jo A. , Weaver Royal J. , Boller Jennifer A. , Gurney Mark E.
Published: August 2002

The human apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) isoform is associated with genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease. To assess the effects of different ApoE isoforms on amyloid plaque formation, human ApoE3 and ApoE4 were expressed in the brains of transgenic mice under the control of the human transferrin promoter. Mice were crossed with transgenic mice expressing human amyloid precursor protein containing the Swedish mutation (APPsw), which facilitates amyloid β peptide (Aβ) production. The following progeny were selected for characterization: APPsw+/– × ApoE3+/– and APPsw+/–, APPsw+/– × ApoE4+/– and APPsw+/– littermates. All mice analyzed were wild type for the endogenous mouse APP and ApoE genes. Mice expressing ApoE4 in combination with APPsw have accelerated Aβ deposition in the brain as assessed by enzyme immunoassay for Aβ40 and Aβ42 extractable in 70% formic acid, by assessment of amyloid plaque formation using thioflavin‐S staining, and by immunohistochemical staining with antibodies specific for Aβ40 or Aβ42 and the 4G8 monoclonal or 162 polyclonal antibody. No difference in the rate of Aβ deposition in the brain was seen in mice expressing ApoE3 in combination with APPsw. Thus, our data are consistent with the observation in Alzheimer's disease that ApoE4 is associated with increased accumulation of Aβ in the brain relative to ApoE3.
Biocidal polyester
Authors: Lin Jian , Winkelmann Catherine , Worley S. D. , Kim Jangho , Wei C‐I. , Cho Unchin , Broughton R. M. , Santiago J. I. , Williams J. F.
Published: August 2002

Polyester fabrics were modified by covalently linking heterocyclic moieties, which could be halogenated, to the surfaces of the polyester fibers. Antimicrobial activity was introduced into the fabrics and fibers by exposure to a source of oxidative chlorine (chlorine bleach) that converted the heterocyclic precursor moieties into N‐chloramine functionalities. The antimicrobial activity could be repeatedly regenerated following its loss on challenge with suspensions of bacteria by further washing with aqueous oxidative chlorine. Biocidal polyester fabrics, fibers, and other materials potentially will be effective in reducing, or eliminating entirely, pathogenic microorganisms and odor‐causing micro‐organisms which directly contact them. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 177–182, 2002
Extruded continuous filament nonwovens: Advances in scientific aspects
Authors: Bhat Gajanan S. , Malkan Sanjiv R.
Published: August 2002

Continous filament nonwovens are fabrics produced by the direct lay processes, wherein webs are made directly from fibers as they are being spun from molten plastics. These processes eliminate intermediate steps in the production of fabrics, and they provide opportunities for increasing production and cost reduction, although the flexibility in product ranges might be limited. The two important processes in this category are spunbonding and meltblowing. In spunbonding, the fabrics are produced by depositing extruded spun filaments onto a collecting belt followed by bonding of the fibers. There are several process variables that have an impact on the structure and properties of the fibers, and consequently on the structure and properties of the bonded fabric. Although there has been a significant technological advance, the scientific understanding of the process has been limited. Effects of some of these variables have been investigated over the past few years. There has also been some effort to simulate the process by mathematical modeling. A summary of the advances in understanding the evolution of structure and properties during filament formation and thermal bonding is discussed in this paper. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 572–585, 2002
Cardiopulmonary malformations in the inv/inv mouse
Authors: McQuinn Tim C. , Miga Daniel E. , Mjaatvedt Corey H. , Phelps Aimee L. , Wessels Andy
Published: August 2002

The inv/inv mouse carries an insertional mutation in the inversin gene, (inv, for inversion of embryonic turning). Previously it had been reported that almost 100% of the homozygous offspring (inv/inv) were characterized by situs inversus totalis. In this report we identify the spectrum of cardiopulmonary anatomical abnormalities in inv/inv mice surviving to birth to determine whether the abnormalities seen are of the categories classically associated with human situs abnormalities. Stillborn mice, offspring that died unexpectedly (within 48 hr after birth), and neonates with phenotypic characteristics of situs inversus (right‐sided stomachs, growth failure or jaundice) were processed for standard histological examination. Of 173 offspring, 34 (20%) neonates (11 stillborn, 9 unexpected deaths, and 14 mice with situs inversus phenotype) were examined, 27 of which were genotyped to be inv/inv. Interestingly, three inv/inv mice (11%) were found to have situs solitus. Twenty‐four had situs inversus with normal, mirror‐image cardiac anatomy (dextrocardia with atrioventricular concordance, ventriculoarterial concordance and a right aortic arch). The overall incidence of cardiovascular anomalies observed was 10 out of 27 (37%). The most frequent severe malformation, identified in 3 out of 27 animals, was a complex consisting of pulmonary infundibular stenosis/atresia with absence of pulmonary valve tissue and a ventricular septal defect. The pulmonary phenotype in inv/inv mice was situs inversus with occasional minor lobar abnormalities. We conclude that 1) cardiopulmonary malformations in inv/inv mice are not rare (37%), 2) the cardiopulmonary malformations observed in inv/inv specimens are not of the spectrum typically associated with human heterotaxia. In particular, inv/inv mice have a propensity for defects in the development of the right ventricular outflow tract and the interventricular septum, and 3) approximately one out of ten inv/inv mice is born with situs solitus and shows cardiac anomalies that correspond to those observed in inv/inv specimens with situs inversus. Our data therefore suggest that inversin, the product of the inv locus, may have specific roles in cardiac morphogenesis independent of its role in situs determination. Anat Rec 263:62–71, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The spatiotemporal relationship among schwann cells, axons and postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor regions during muscle reinnervation in aged rats
Authors: Kawabuchi Masaru , Zhou Chong Jian , Wang Songyan , Nakamura Keiichoro , Liu Wen Ting , Hirata Kazuho
Published: August 2002

To morphologically define the aging‐related features during muscle reinnervation the spatiotemporal relationships among the major components of the neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) were investigated. A total of 64 rats, 30 adults (4 months old) and 34 aged adults (24 months old), were used. Between 1 and 12 weeks after sciatic nerve‐crushing injury, cryosections of skeletal muscle were single or double labeled for S100, a marker of Schwann cells (SCs), for protein gene product 9.5, a neuronal marker, and for α‐bungarotoxin (α‐BT), a marker of the acetylcholine receptor site (AChR site), and then observed by confocal laser microscopy. The most obvious age changes were noted: (1) the regenerating SCs and axons were delayed in their arrival at the NMJ, (2) the dimensions of terminal SCs and AChR sites displayed a drastic and long‐lasting drop (for terminal SCs, during 1–8 weeks; for AChR sites, during 1–12 weeks); (3) the degree of spatial overlap between AChR sites and terminal SCs was markedly low until 8 weeks post‐crush; (4) damage and poor formation in the SCs, terminal axons and AChR sites, together with poor process extension from the terminal SC or terminal axon, were pronounced; (5) persistent aberrant changes, such as multiple innervation and terminal axon sprouting, together with poorly formed collateral innervation, nerve bundles, and NMJs, more frequently occurred in the later reinnervation period. Thus, with aging, regeneration is impaired during the period in which regenerating SC strands and axons extend into NMJs and the subsequent establishment of nerve‐muscle contact is in progress. A complex set of morphological abnormalities between or among the TSCs, terminal axons, and AChR sites may be important in slowing of regeneration and reinnervation in aged motor endplates. Anat Rec 264:183–202, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nadine Dobrovolskaïa‐Zavadskaïa and the dawn of developmental genetics
Authors: Korzh Vladimir , Grunwald David
Published: August 2002

In one of the first genetic screens aimed at identifying induced developmental mutants, Nadine Dobrovolskaïa‐Zavadskaïa, working at the Pasteur Laboratory in the 1920s, isolated and characterized a mutation affecting Brachyury, a gene that regulates tail and axial development in the mouse. Dobrovolskaïa‐Zavadskaïa's analysis of Brachyury and other mutations affecting tail development were among the earliest attempts to link gene action with a tissue‐specific developmental process in a vertebrate. Her analyses of genes that interacted with Brachyury led to the discovery of the t‐haplotype chromosome of mouse. After 70 years, Brachyury and the multiple genes with which it interacts continue to occupy a prominent focus in developmental biology research. A goal of this review is to identify the contributions that Dobrovolskaïa‐Zavadskaïa made to our current thinking about Brachyury and how she helped to shape the dawn of the field of developmental genetics. BioEssays 23:365–371, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Collective vibrational modes in biological molecules investigated by terahertz time‐domain spectroscopy
Authors: Walther M. , Plochocka P. , Fischer B. , Helm H. , Uhd Jepsen P.
Published: August 2002

We present well‐resolved absorption spectra of biological molecules in the far‐IR (FIR) spectral region recorded by terahertz time‐domain spectroscopy (THz‐TDS). As an illustrative example we discuss the absorption spectra of benzoic acid, its monosubstitutes salicylic acid (2‐hydroxy‐benzoic acid), 3‐ and 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid, and aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) in the spectral region between 18 and 150 cm−1. The spectra exhibit distinct features originating from low‐frequency vibrational modes caused by intra‐ or intermolecular collective motion and lattice modes. Due to the collective origin of the observed modes the absorption spectra are highly sensitive to the overall structure and configuration of the molecules, as well as their environment. The THz‐TDS procedure can provide a direct fingerprint of the molecular structure or conformational state of a compound. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 67: 310–313, 2002
Aerobic glucose metabolism of Saccharomyces kluyveri: Growth, metabolite production, and quantification of metabolic fluxes
Authors: Møller Kasper , Christensen Bjarke , Förster Jochen , Piškur Jure , Nielsen Jens , Olsson Lisbeth
Published: August 2002

The growth and product formation of Saccharomyces kluyveri was characterized in aerobic batch cultivation on glucose. At these conditions it was found that ethyl acetate was a major overflow metabolite in S. kluyveri. During the exponential‐growth phase on glucose ethyl acetate was produced at a constant specific rate of 0.12 g ethyl acetate per g dry weight per hour. The aerobic glucose metabolism in S. kluyveri was found to be less fermentative than in S. cerevisiae, as illustrated by the comparably low yield of ethanol on glucose (0.08 ± 0.02 g/g), and high yield of biomass on glucose (0.29 ± 0.01 g/g). The glucose metabolism of S. kluyveri was further characterized by the new and powerful techniques of metabolic network analysis. Flux distributions in the central carbon metabolism were estimated for respiro‐fermentative growth in aerobic batch cultivation on glucose and respiratory growth in aerobic glucose‐limited continuous cultivation. It was found that in S. kluyveri the flux into the pentose phosphate pathway was 18.8 mmole per 100 mmole glucose consumed during respiratory growth in aerobic glucose‐limited continuous cultivation. Such a low flux into the pentose phosphate pathway cannot provide the cell with enough NADPH for biomass formation which is why the remaining NADPH will have to be provided by another pathway. During batch cultivation of S. kluyveri the tricarboxylic acid cycle was working as a cycle with a considerable flux, that is in sharp contrast to what has previously been observed in S. cerevisiae at the same growth conditions, where the tricarboxylic acid cycle operates as two branches. This indicates that the respiratory system was not significantly repressed in S. kluyveri during batch cultivation on glucose. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 186–193, 2002.
Psychological tests used in child custody evaluations
Authors: Quinnell Francella A. , Bow James N.
Published: August 2002

Controversy has long surrounded the use of psychological testing in child custody evaluations. The present study explored the current status of psychological testing in these evaluations using a national survey of 198 psychologists. Findings revealed that participants viewed testing as one source among many for data collection, neither under‐ nor over‐valuing its importance. Results also indicated that participants were more discriminating in their test selection, with a greater focus on objective assessment, particularly in the use of parent inventories and rating scales. These findings tend to negate much of the past criticism and reflect closer adherence to APA guidelines. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attachment theory and child abuse: an overview of the literature for practitioners
Authors: Bacon Heather , Richardson Sue
Published: August 2002

This review shares the ‘literature path’ we followed in developing our ideas about how attachment theory can inform clinical work with abused children and adults. A short outline of the early work in the field is followed by a description of research that is relevant to clinical work with children and families in the field of child abuse and child protection. We then focus on those concepts and findings from research we have found most relevant to our own work with victims of child sexual abuse, their parents and carers, and with adult survivors. In our experience, a parallel theme is the effect of working in this field on professionals' own attachment systems, and the necessity to be aware of the interplay between the individual professional's response, the role of the organization and the ability to make useful clinical interventions. This review therefore includes some material about professional attachment systems and caregiving. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Severe delayed thrombocytopenia associated with abciximab (ReoPro) therapy
Authors: Reddy Mohan S. , Carmody Thomas James , Kereiakes Dean J.
Published: August 2002

Acute thrombocytopenia associated with abciximab therapy has been well described, although the exact mechanism remains obscure. We report a case of delayed severe thrombocytopenia associated with abciximab therapy for percutaneous coronary intervention that occurred following hospital discharge. The detection of this phenomenon is important as it may portend heightened risk for severe or profound thrombocytopenia on subsequent reexposure to abciximab therapy. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;52:486–488. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of a saphenous vein graft to right ventricle fistula with a PTFE‐covered stent: A case report
Authors: Smith Robert W. , Schussler Jeffrey M. , Anwar Azam , Donsky Michael S.
Published: August 2002

This report demonstrates the use of a covered stent for the correction of a fistula from a saphenous vein graft to the right ventricle. The use of this stent resulted in complete obliteration of the fistulous tract and restoration of flow into the sequential limb of the graft. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:531–532. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predictors of skin self‐examination performance
Authors: Robinson June K. , Fisher Susan G. , Turrisi Robert J.
Published: August 2002

BACKGROUND

Skin self‐examination (SSE) may reduce the death rate from melanoma by as much as 63%. Enhancing SSE performance may reduce mortality and morbidity. This study determined predictors of SSE performance in a population of individuals who were at risk of developing melanoma or nonmelanoma skin carcinoma (NMSC).

METHODS

Patients (n = 200) were asked about their knowledge of the warning signs, their sense of the importance of SSE to them, their attitude about and confidence in their ability to perform SSE, and their impression of their partner's comfort and ability with assisting in the skin examination. The interval since last skin examination, the number of physician visits (nondermatologist and dermatologist), the number and type of skin malignancies, the time since initial diagnosis, the number of skin biopsies, and health insurance status were determined from the medical records for the prior 3 years.

RESULTS

Seventy percent of participants performed SSE. The three strongest predictors of SSE performance were attitude, having dermatology visits with skin biopsies and at least one skin carcinoma in the previous 3 years, and confidence in performance (P = 0.0001). Other predictors of SSE performance were perceived risk (P = 0.0001), knowledge (P = 0.004), and younger age (P = 0.045).

CONCLUSIONS

Annual skin examination by physicians and monthly SSE by patients reinforce one another in promoting early detection. In this high‐risk population, the dermatologist reinforced SSE performance by biopsy of skin lesions that were skin malignancies. People have intimate knowledge of their own skin and bear the consequences for failure to detect and treat skin carcinoma early; thus, monthly SSE becomes relevant as a personal health‐promotion habit. Cancer 2002;95:135–46. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10637
Expression of basal lamina protein mRNAs in the early embryonic chick eye
Authors: Dong Sucai , Landfair Jeffry , Balasubramani Manimalha , Bier Mark E. , Cole Greg , Halfter Willi
Published: August 2002

Laminin, collagen IV, collagen XVIII, agrin, and nidogen are major protein constituents of the chick retinal basal lamina. To determine their sites of synthesis during de novo basal lamina assembly in vivo, we localized their mRNA expression in the eye during maximum expansion of the retina between embryonic day (E) 2.5 and E6. Our in situ hybridization studies showed that the expression pattern of every basal lamina protein mRNA in the developing eye is unique. Collagen IV and perlecan originate predominantly from the lens epithelium, whereas collagen XVIII, nidogen, and the laminin gamma 1 and β1 chains are synthesized mainly by the ciliary body. Agrin, collagen XVIII, collagen IV, and laminin gamma 1 also originate from cells of the optic disc. The only basal lamina protein that is synthesized by the neural retina throughout development is agrin with ganglion cells as its main source. Some of the mRNAs have short, transient expressions in the retina, most notably that of collagen IV and laminin gamma 1, both of which appear in the ventral retina between E4 and E5. That most retinal basal lamina proteins originate from extraretinal tissues infers that the basal lamina proteins have to be shed from the lens, optic disc, and ciliary body into the vitreous body. The assembly of the retinal basal lamina then occurs by the binding of these proteins by cellular receptor proteins on the vitreal endfeet of the retinal neuroepithelial cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 447:261–273, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor‐responsive and neurotrophin‐3‐responsive neurons require the cytoskeletal linker protein dystonin for postnatal survival
Authors: Carlsten Julie A. , Kothary Rashmi , Wright Douglas E.
Published: August 2002

We have investigated the fate of different neurotrophin‐responsive subpopulations of dorsal root ganglion neurons in dystonia musculorum (dt) mice. These mice have a null mutation in the cytoskeletal linker protein, dystonin. Dystonin is expressed by all sensory neurons and cross links actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. The dt mice undergo massive sensory neurodegeneration postnatally and die at around 4 weeks of age. We assessed the surviving and degenerating neuronal populations by comparing the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and central and peripheral projections in dt mice and wildtype mice. Large, neurofilament‐H‐positive neurons, many of which are muscle afferents and are neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3)‐responsive, were severely decreased in number in dt DRGs. The loss of muscle afferents was correlated with a degeneration of muscle spindles in skeletal muscle. Nerve growth factor (NGF)‐responsive populations, which were visualized using calcitonin gene‐related peptide and p75, appeared qualitatively normal in the lumbar spinal cord, DRG, and hindlimb skin. In contrast, glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF)‐responsive populations, which were visualized using the isolectin B‐4 and thiamine monophosphatase, were severely diminished in the lumbar spinal cord, DRG, and hindlimb skin. Analysis of NT‐3, NGF, and GDNF mRNA levels using semiquantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction revealed normal trophin synthesis in the peripheral targets of dt mice, arguing against decreased trophic synthesis as a possible cause of neuronal degeneration. Thus, the absence of dystonin results in the selective survival of NGF‐responsive neurons and the postnatal degeneration of many NT‐3‐ and GDNF‐responsive neurons. Our results reveal that the loss of this ubiquitously expressed cytoskeletal linker has diverse effects on sensory subpopulations. Moreover, we show that dystonin is critical for the maintenance of certain DRG neurons, and its function may be related to neurotrophic support. J. Comp. Neurol. 432:155–168, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Light and electron microscopic study of the distribution of substance P‐immunoreactive fibers and neurokinin‐1 receptors in the skin of the rat lower lip
Authors: Ruocco Isabella , Cuello A. Claudio , Shigemoto Ryuichi , Ribeiro‐da‐Silva Alfredo
Published: August 2002

Cutaneous antidromic vasodilatation and plasma extravasation, two phenomena that occur in neurogenic inflammation, are partially blocked by substance P (SP) receptor antagonists and are known to be mediated in part by mast cell‐released substances, such as histamine, serotonin, and nitric oxide. In an attempt to provide a morphological substrate for the above phenomena, we applied light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to investigate the pattern of SP innervation of blood vessels and its relationship to mast cells in the skin of the rat lower lip. Furthermore, we examined the distribution of SP (neurokinin‐1) receptors and their relationship to SP‐immunoreactive (IR) fibers. Our results confirmed that SP‐IR fibers are found in cutaneous nerves and that terminal branches are observed around blood vessels and penetrating the epidermis. SP‐IR fibers also innervated hair follicles and sebaceous glands. At the ultrastructural level, SP‐IR varicosities were observed adjacent to arterioles, capillaries, venules, and mast cells. The varicosities possessed both dense core vesicles and agranular synaptic vesicles. We quantified the distance between SP‐IR varicosities and blood vessel endothelial cells. SP‐IR terminals were located within 0.23–5.99 μm from the endothelial cell layer in 82.7% of arterioles, in 90.2% of capillaries, and in 86.9% of venules. Although there was a trend for SP‐IR fibers to be located closer to the endothelium of venules, this difference was not significant. Neurokinin‐1 receptor (NK‐1r) immunoreactivity was most abundant in the upper dermis and was associated with the wall of blood vessels. NK‐1r were located in equal amounts on the walls of arterioles, capillaries, and venules that were innervated by SP‐IR fibers. The present results favor the concept of a participation of SP in cutaneous neurogenic vasodilatation and plasma extravasation both by an action on blood vessels after binding to the NK‐1r and by causing the release of substances from mast cells after diffusion through the connective tissue. J. Comp. Neurol. 432:466–480, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Candidates for extraocular photoreceptors in the cockroach suggest homology to the lamina and lobula organs in beetles
Authors: Fleissner Ge , Loesel R. , Fleissner Gü , Waterkamp M. , Kleiner O. , Batschauer A. , Homberg U.
Published: August 2002

Using light‐ and electron microscopic methods, we describe two novel putative extraocular photoreceptor organs in the optic lobes of the cockroaches Leucophaea maderae and Blaberus craniifer. The lamina organ is an elongated structure distal to the first optic chiasm, adjacent to the anterior edge of the lamina. The lobula organ is situated on the anterior distal surface of the lobula. In cross sections through the pigment‐free organs, cell bodies are arranged in a closed or open circle and are interconnected by desmosomes. They send protrusions with rhabdom‐like microvilli into a common, central space apparently filled with extracellular matrix. A different cell type gives rise to electron‐dense lamellae, which also extend into the central space and partly join to form a common lamellar bundle. Axonal processes extend from the microvillar cells and run along the outer surface of the organs to the neighboring optic neuropils. The organs receive multiple efferent innervation from neurosecretory axons. Both organs show strong immunostaining with an antiserum against Arabidopsis cryptochrome 2 that is associated with the lamellated structure in the central lumen. The specific features of the organs suggest that they are homologous to similar organs in the optic lobe of beetles and may serve a role as extraocular photoreceptors for light entrainment of the circadian system. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:401–414, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of hue, saturation, and brightness on preference
Authors: Camgöz Nilgün , Yener Cengiz , Güvenç Dilek
Published: August 2002

A study was done to investigate preference responses for foreground–background color relationships. To do this, 123 university undergraduates in Ankara, Turkey, were asked to view eight background colors selected from HSB color space on which color squares of differing hues, saturations, and brightnesses were presented. Subjects were asked to show the color square they preferred on the presented background color. Findings showed that colors having maximum saturation and brightness were most preferred. Blue was the most preferred hue regardless of background. The findings for preferences for foreground–background color relationships are also included in this article. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 199–207, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10051
Thyroid spindle epithelial tumor with thymus‐like differentiation (SETTLE): Is cytopathological diagnosis possible?
Authors: Kloboves‐Prevodnik Veronika , Jazbec Janez , Us‐Krašovec Marija , Lamovec Janez
Published: August 2002

Spindle epithelial tumor with thymus‐like differentiation (SETTLE) is a rare tumor of the thyroid gland which occurs predominantly in children, adolescents, and young adults. It usually presents as a painless neck or thyroid mass and only exceptionally as a diffusely enlarged thyroid gland, without metastatic disease at diagnosis. We report on the case of 12‐yr‐old girl who had diffusely enlarged thyroid gland for about 1 yr and was initially treated for thyroiditis. Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) was performed 8 mo after the first admission. Cytological examination of smears showed unusual morphological features. FNAB smears were cellular, with dissociated cells, naked oval nuclei, aggregates, and groups. Three main cell types were observed: spindle, epithelioid, and epithelial. These cells were uniform, cytologically bland, with few mitotic figures. The distinction between these cells was not always unequivocal. In the background of the smears abundant red extracellular material in the form of fine, dust‐like granules and irregular patches were present. It was also observed in some aggregates and groups of tumor cells. Spindle and epithelioid cells were immunocytochemically diffusely pan‐cytokeratin‐positive. In the differential diagnosis, medullary thyroid carcinoma and SETTLE were suggested. The final histological diagnosis was SETTLE. In cases of SETTLE presented as a diffuse thyromegaly the correct diagnosis may be delayed because clinically and ultrasonographically thyroiditis is suspected. To avoid such a delay, FNAB should be used preoperatively. It can provide specific cytological diagnosis based on morphological features and certain immunocytochemical characteristics of the tumor. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;26:314–319. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The sleep of co‐sleeping infants when they are not co‐sleeping: Evidence that co‐sleeping is stressful
Authors: Hunsley Melissa , Thoman Evelyn B.
Published: August 2002

Co‐sleeping proponents consider the practice to be “natural” and a potential protection against sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS); others consider the practice of an infant sleeping in the parents' bed for prolonged periods at night to place an infant at risk for harm or death. For this study, co‐sleeping was investigated from a different perspective, that is, as a significant early experience to investigate as it may have implications for the infant's development. The sleep of 101 normal, full‐term infants was recorded nonintrusively in the home for 24 hr periods when they were 5 weeks and 6 months old. Infants were assigned to three groups: short‐term co‐sleepers, long‐term co‐sleepers, and non‐co‐sleepers. Their sleep states and wakefulness were compared at the two ages and over age. At 5 weeks and 6 months, the long‐term co‐sleeping infants differed significantly from the non‐co‐sleepers on a number of measures: At 5 weeks, they showed more quiet sleep and longer bouts of quiet sleep; and at 6 months, they also showed less active sleep, fewer arousals in active sleep, and less wakefulness. Each of these differences indicates a markedly lower arousal level in the long‐term co‐sleeping infants. This sleep pattern has been repeatedly found to be an indicator of stress. We infer that a major source of stress for these infants is the experience of sleep disturbance documented for infants when they were co‐sleeping. Based on extensive evidence for long‐term effects of early stress, we conclude that co‐sleeping should have significant implications for infants' neurobehavioral development. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 40: 14–22, 2002
An ethological analysis of human infant crying: Answering Tinbergen's four questions
Authors: Zeifman Debra M.
Published: August 2002

The proximate causes, survival value, ontogeny, and evolutionary history of human infant crying are examined. Experiments and field observations involving infant distress vocalizations and begging calls in avian, mammalian, and nonhuman primate species are considered, as are ethnographic records of infant care and responses to crying in nonindustrialized societies. It is argued that human infant crying evolved as a primarily acoustic, graded signal, that it is a fairly reliable, if imperfect, indicator of need for parental care and that its primary function is to promote parental caregiving. Selection pressures that may have shaped the evolution of crying and its potential for corruption through dishonesty also are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 39: 265–285, 2001
Reaching those most in need: a review of diabetes self‐management interventions in disadvantaged populations
Authors: Eakin Elizabeth G. , Bull Sheana S. , Glasgow Russell E. , Mason Mondi
Published: August 2002

There has been increased recognition of the importance of developing diabetes self‐management education (DSME) interventions that are effective with under‐served and minority populations. Despite several recent studies in this area, there is to our knowledge no systematic review or synthesis of what has been learned from this research. An electronic literature search identified five formative evaluations and ten controlled DSME intervention trials focused on under‐served (low‐income, minority or aged) populations. The RE‐AIM (Reach, Efficacy, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance) evaluation framework was used to evaluate the controlled studies on the dimensions of reach, efficacy, adoption, implementation, and maintenance. Fifty percent of the studies identified reported on the percentage of patients who participated, and the percentages were highly variable. The methodological quality of the articles was generally good and the short‐term results were encouraging, especially on behavioral outcomes. Data on adoption (representativeness of settings and clinicians who participate) and implementation were almost never reported. Studies of modalities in addition to group meetings are needed to increase the reach of DSME with under‐served populations. The promising formative evaluation work that has been conducted needs to be extended for more systematic study of the process of intervention implementation and adaptation with special populations. Studies that explicitly address the community context and that address multiple issues related to public health impact of DSME interventions are recommended to enhance long‐term results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of nodal signaling targets by array analysis of induced complex probes
Authors: Dickmeis Thomas , Aanstad Pia , Clark Matthew , Fischer Nadine , Herwig Ralf , Mourrain Philippe , Blader Patrick , Rosa Frédéric , Lehrach Hans , Strähle Uwe
Published: August 2002

Nodal signaling controls germ layer formation, left‐right asymmetry, and patterning of the brain in the vertebrate embryo. Cellular responses to Nodal signals are complex and include changes in gene expression, cell morphology, and migratory behavior. Only little is known about the genes regulated by Nodal signaling. We designed a subtractive screening strategy by using a constitutively active Nodal receptor to identify putative target genes of Nodal signals in the early gastrula of zebrafish embryos. By quantitative analysis of macro‐array hybridizations, 132 genes corresponding to 1.4% of genes on the entire macro‐array were identified, which were enriched in the Nodal‐induced probe pool. These genes encode components of signal transduction pathways, transcription regulators, proteins involved in protein metabolism but also cytoskeletal components and metabolic enzymes, suggesting dramatic changes of cell physiology in gastrula cells in response to Nodal signals. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exploring the relationship between timing of menarche and eating disorder symptoms in black and white adolescent girls
Authors: Striegel‐Moore Ruth H. , McMahon Robert P. , Biro Frank M. , Schreiber George , Crawford Patricia B. , Voorhees Carolyn
Published: August 2002

Objective

This study examined the relationship between timing of sexual maturation and eating disorders symptoms in adolescent girls.

Method

Data were collected over 10 years for a cohort of 1,213 Black girls and 1,166 White girls who were either 9 or 10 years old at study entry. Annually, girls' height and weight were measured and, biannually, girls completed self‐report measures of eating disorders symptoms.

Results

Early‐onset menarche is a risk factor for the development of body image and dieting concerns, but the effect of timing is due to the impact of early and late maturation on body weight.

Discussion

Findings underscore the importance of adiposity as a risk factor for poor mental health. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 30: 421–433, 2001.
Improved dynamic correction method in seismic analysis of both classically and non‐classically damped structures
Authors: D'Aveni Antonino , Muscolino Giuseppe
Published: August 2002

A step‐by‐step approximate procedure taking into consideration high‐frequency modes, usually neglected in the modal analysis of both classically and non‐classically damped structures, is presented. This procedure can be considered as an extension of traditional modal correction methods, like the mode‐acceleration method and the dynamic correction method, which are very effective for structural systems subjected to forcing functions described by analytical laws. The proposed procedure, herein called improved dynamic correction method, requires two steps. In the first step, the number of differential equations of motion are reduced and consequently solved by using the first few undamped mode‐shapes. In the second step, the errors due to modal truncation are reduced by correcting the dynamic response and solving a new set of differential equations, formally similar to the original differential equations of motion. The difference between the two groups of differential equations lies in the forcing vector, which is evaluated in such a way as to correct the effects of modal truncation on applied loads. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reaction of mouse brain oligodendrocytes and their precursors, astrocytes and microglia, to proinflammatory mediators circulating in the cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Kong Guo‐Ying , Kristensson Krister , Bentivoglio Marina
Published: August 2002

The response of glial cells to the acute intracerebroventricular administration of interferon‐γ, and of this cytokine combined with the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide or with tumor necrosis factor‐α, was investigated in the brain of adult mice over a time course of 1 week. Oligodendrocytes were identified by immunocytochemistry, using O4 to label their precursors and 2′,3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphohydrolase as marker of mature cells. Astrocytes were labeled by glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity and microglial cells by tomato lectin histochemistry. Compared with ovalbumin‐injected control cases, all cytokine treatments caused a marked decrease of immunostained mature oligodendrocytes in the brain since 1 day postinjection. O4+ oligodendrocyte precursors increased instead progressively from 2 to 7 days. Astrocytes, markedly activated by cytokine treatments, also exhibited a progressive quantitative increase from 2 days onward. Activation and proliferation of microglial cells were instead most evident at 24 h postinjection. Such glial responses to interferon‐γ injections were especially marked in the periventricular brain parenchyma and were enhanced by coadministration of lipopolysaccharide or tumor necrosis factor‐α. The findings show that a pulse of proinflammatory mediators in the cerebrospinal fluid affects mature oligodendrocytes, concomitantly with the early appearance of activated microglia, and that such reactions are rapidly followed by an increase of oligodendrocyte precursors paralleled by astrocytic activation. The data, which allowed dissecting the events elicited in glial cell populations by inflammatory mediators via the cerebrospinal fluid, indicate that these molecules elicit in vivo a toxic effect on mature oligodendrocytes and a stimulation of their precursors in the adult brain. GLIA 37:191–205, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differentiation of choroid plexus ependymal cells into astrocytes after grafting into the pre‐lesioned spinal cord in mice
Authors: Kitada Masaaki , Chakrabortty Shushovan , Matsumoto Naoya , Taketomi Masanori , Ide Chizuka
Published: August 2002

Choroid plexus epithelial cells represent a continuation of, and have the same origin as, ventricular ependymal cells, and are regarded as modified ependymal cells. To extend previous studies of the use of choroid plexus ependymal cell (CPEC) grafting for nerve regeneration in the spinal cord, we investigated the capacity of cultured choroid plexus ependymal cells to differentiate into other types of glial cells in the spinal cord tissue. The choroid plexuses were excised from the fourth ventricle of green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐transgenic mice and the cells were dissociated and cultured for 4–6 weeks. CPECs were harvested from the monolayer cultures and injected into the pre‐lesioned spinal cords of wild‐type mice of the same strain using a Hamilton syringe. One week after injection, some GFP‐positive transplanted cells became immunohistochemically positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) but negative for neurofilament and myelin basic protein. All the GFAP‐positive transplanted cells were negative for vimentin. Two weeks after grafting, immunoelectron microscopy showed that the GFP‐positive transplanted cells that had gained GFAP immunoreactivity contained numerous bundles of intermediate filaments, a morphological characteristic similar to that of astrocytes, and were in close contact with adjacent host tissue. These results indicate that, when grafted into the spinal cord, at least some cultured choroid plexus ependymal cells have the capacity to differentiate into astrocytes. GLIA 36:364–374, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lie detection by functional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Lee Tatia M.C. , Liu Ho‐Ling , Tan Li‐Hai , Chan Chetwyn C.H. , Mahankali Srikanth , Feng Ching‐Mei , Hou Jinwen , Fox Peter T. , Gao Jia‐Hong
Published: August 2002

The accurate detection of deception or lying is a challenge to experts in many scientific disciplines. To investigate if specific cerebral activation characterized feigned memory impairment, six healthy male volunteers underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging with a block‐design paradigm while they performed forced‐choice memory tasks involving both simulated malingering and under normal control conditions. Malingering that demonstrated the existence and involvement of a prefrontal‐parietal‐sub‐cortical circuit with feigned memory impairment produced distinct patterns of neural activation. Because astute liars feign memory impairment successfully in testing once they understand the design of the measure being employed, our study represents an extremely significant preliminary step towards the development of valid and sensitive methods for the detection of deception. Hum. Brain Mapping 15:157–164, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.