bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuous Variable Pressure Steam Injection for Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Li Y. , Agarwal A. , Kovscek A. R.
Published: April 2018

Continuous variable pressure steam injection is a new approach to manage heat flow within a reservoir and reduce the temperature of fluids arriving at producers thereby avoiding shut-in caused by high temperature. An optimal injection scenario with varied pressure and constant steam quality is shown to have the largest oil recovery given the same amount of energy injected under various reservoir settings. The economic effects were evaluated to select the optimal variable pressure injection schedule with the greatest Net Present Value (NPV).

Various scenarios with different injection pressures and steam qualities were investigated and compared based upon aspects of oil recovery, energy consumption, and periods of producer shut in. Sensitivity analysis was performed regarding permeability, well distances, heat losses, as well as geomechanical model parameters including Young's Modulus, Poisson's Ratio, and initial stress. Grid refinement experiments dictated the optimal unit grid dimension for accurate 3D modeling including geological heterogeneity. Reservoir subsidence was also investigated. The variable-pressure injection cycles were designed and evaluated using an economics model.

Results teach that the proposed steam injection schedules provide continuous oil production (i.e., no producer shuts in) with the largest energy efficiency and economic benefits. The hybrid injection strategy for a 3-D heterogenous case showed an increase in 15% more oil recovered compared to the constant pressure injection scenario after 10 years of production. We conclude that steam injection design effectively controls the reservoir temperature and avoids producer shut-in. The sensitivity analysis further supports the feasibility of this optimal scenario under various reservoir conditions. Inclusion of geomechanics provides important information about reservoir deformation, but geomechanics has little effect on the oil produced or the optimal injection strategy. Importantly, the subsidence results do not indicate well failure under the conditions studied. By performing a systematic investigation, the combination of continuous high and low constant-pressure steam injection for fixed time intervals yields the largest NPV.
Experimental Determination of the Phase Transition Point in Gas Condensates using a Cost-Effective Semiautomated Isochoric Apparatus
Authors: Salahshoor Shadi , Fahes Mashhad
Published: April 2018

A robust high precision experimental approach to determine dew point pressure of gas condensates in the laboratory is proposed in this study. Gas condensate reservoirs have been the center of attention for numerous numerical and experimental studies for decades. Their perplexing fluid flow and phase behavior results in various production challenges including condensate banking and compositional changes due to retrograde condensation accompanying production from these reservoirs. Therefore, accurate prediction of dew point pressure (DPP) is crucial in developing long-term production plans for these reservoirs.

Isochoric method, an indirect high precision way of DPP and phase transition condition determination, is commonly used in other disciplines where a clear non-visual determination of phase transition of a fixed volume of fluid is needed. This study provides an insight into this approach in determining DPP for a binary mixture of hydrocarbons. A semi-automated apparatus for measuring and monitoring equilibrium conditions along with fluid properties is designed based on the isochoric method. The apparatus provides constant volume, variable pressure (0 to 1500 psi), and variable temperature (290 to 410 K) experimental conditions. Pressure and temperature measurements are used to detect the phase transition point along the constant mole-constant volume line based on the change in the slope of this line at the transition point.

Results are plotted on the phase envelope (P-T diagram) of the same mixture using different equations of state and the accuracy of each of these equations of state in providing the most reliable prediction of DPP is analyzed. Reproducibility of the data is examined and error estimation for the entire experiment is provided. This experimental method is inexpensive, less time consuming, and more accurate compared to other PVT experiments and is applicable for multicomponent systems. It does not require gas expulsion or sample recombination throughout the procedure and could be identified as the only reliable way of quantifying the effect of porous media on phase behavior.
Simulation and Modeling of Pressure Difference on Steam Chamber and Production Performance
Authors: Xiong H. , Huang S. , Devegowda D. , Liu H. , Kim C.
Published: April 2018

Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) is the most effective thermal recovery method to exploit oil sand. The driving force of gravity is generally acknowledged as the most significant driving mechanism in SAGD process. However, an increasing number of field cases have proven that pressure difference may even play an important role in some cases. Therefore, the objectives of this paper are to simulate the effects of injector-producer pressure difference on steam chamber evolution and SAGD production performance.

A series of 2D numerical simulations are conducted on the basis of MacKay River and Dover reservoir in West Canada to investigate the influence of pressure difference. Meanwhile, the effects of pressure difference on oil production rate, stable production time, steam chamber development were studied in detail. Moreover, by combining Darcy's law and heat conduction along with a mass balance in the reservoir, a modified mathematical model considering the effects of pressure difference is established to predict the SAGD production performance. Finally, the proposed model is validated by comparing calculated cumulative oil production and oil production rate with the simulation results.

The results indicate that the oil production first increases rapidly and then slows down when a certain pressure difference is reached. The impacts of pressure difference are much greater at steam chamber rising stage than at steam chamber expansion stage. Therefore, in the field, at the beginning of the SAGD recovery, it is better to augment pressure difference, while at the steam expansion stage, a lower pressure difference is preferred, so that a smaller chance of steam breakthrough and a higher economic benefit will be achieved. Besides, it is found that steam chamber expansion angle is a function of pressure difference. Based on this phenomenon, a new mathematical model is established considering the modification of the expansion angle which Butler treated it as a constant. With the proposed model, production performance, such as cumulative oil production and oil production rate can be predicted. Steam chamber shape is redefined at the rising stage and it changes from fan-shape to hexagonal-shape, but not the single fan-shape defined by Butler. This shape-redefinition can clearly explain why the greatest oil production rate does not happen when steam chamber reaches the cap-rock.

Literature surveys show few studies on how pressure difference influences steam chamber development and SAGD recovery. This paper provides a modified SAGD production model and also a totally new scope for SAGD EOR, which makes the pressure difference a new optimizable factor in field.
Integrating Designed Simulations for Bayesian Identification of Geological Controls on the Performance of a Multilayer Heterogeneous Sandstone Oil Reservoir: Applied on the CO2-Assisted Gravity Drainage Process
Authors: Al-Mudhafar Watheq J. , Rao Dandina N.
Published: April 2018

Determining the most influential parameters affecting the reservoir flow responses is a vital step in the integrated reservoir studies for evaluation and analyses. More specifically, removing the non-influencing parameters leads to reach the optimal process design. The conventional procedure to determine the most sensitive parameters combines regression analysis with analysis of variance. However, that approach produces one reduced regression model after eliminating the non-influential parameters (deterministic approach). In this paper, Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) was applied to stochastically identify the geological parameters that control the immiscible CO2-assisted gravity drainage process performance in a multilayer heterogeneous sandstone oil reservoir in South Rumaila oil field. After achieving acceptable history matching within approximately 57 year of production, the CO2-assisted gravity drainage injection was evaluated in 10 year future prediction. In that process, vertical wells were placed at the top of the reservoir for CO2 injection to formulate a gas cap that make oil drains down towards the bottom of reservoir. Above the oil-water contact, a series of horizontal production wells were installed to produce oil. The main geological parameters that controls the immiscible CO2 flooding are horizontal permeability, anisotropy ratio (Kv/Kh), and porosity that were investigated for their impact by layers or multilayer. Many low-discrepancy designed simulations were created by the Latin Hypercube Design and evaluated by the reservoir flow simulation to disregard the no-impact parameters using the linear BMA approach. Among multi- candidate models, BMA select the best model of optimal subset variables based on the highest posterior probability. BMA led to quantify accurate impact of each geological control on the CO2 EOR process. Based on the concept of the CO2-assisted gravity drainage process, it was concluded that horizontal permeability has a higher impact of the reservoir flow response than vertical permeability (Kv/Kh) with no effect of porosity.
Data Ethics in Oil and Gas Operations
Authors: Ershaghi Iraj , Ershaghi Milad A. , Popa Andrei
Published: April 2018

The use of data-driven cognitive solutions represents a major advancement in the management of oil and gas operations. Tools that integrate concepts from disciplines such as informatics, machine learning and predictive analytics can offer powerful solutions to allow improvements in the safety, efficiency and integrity of oil and gas operations. We discuss data systems that enhance traditional, human-based monitoring systems, with the aim of approaching risk-free operations.

Ethical decision-making is critical in the management of oil and gas operations. Digital data solutions effectively compensate for the limitations of human-based decision processes when confronted with data overload and multi-dimensional data systems. Increased adoption of data gathering, automation, data analytics and advanced computer-aided process control has already made its mark in the industry. Examples have emerged as for how in areas such as artificial lift, pipeline transportation and offshore operations, these data analytics techniques have helped in failure detection and prediction and smart management of such operations. The incorporation of data-intensive decision-making and smart risk management solutions have resulted in a step change in the improvement of the ethical foundation and the base underlying the industry. Moreover, these digital tools and machine-based cognitive processes for risk-avoidance solutions can help to build and restore the public's faith and trust in the industry. We also discuss how relying on digital solutions alone can have its limitations when it comes to professional ethics and responsibilities.
Updated Classification of Lost Circulation Treatments and Materials with an Integrated Analysis and their Applications
Authors: Alkinani Husam H. , Al-Hameedi Abo Taleb , Flori Ralph E. , Dunn-Norman Shari , Hilgedick Steven A. , Alsaba Mortadha T.
Published: April 2018

Lost circulation materials (LCM's) have been widely used to avoid or stop losses. Due to a large number of currently available materials, treatments, and their different applications, classification of them is very important. The most recent materials and treatments classification was published a long time ago. This paper intends to present an updated classification including conventional and new technologies. Here, LCM's are re-classified based on their appearance, applications, and chemical and physical properties.

Lost circulation control during well construction is more than just selecting the right lost circulation material (LCM), but requires a complete engineered approach. This paper was developed mostly based on the literature with real field data from various Basra's oil fields. More than 200 technical journals papers, textbooks, case histories, real field data, and manuals that address the problem of lost circulation are carefully reviewed and summarized. Lost circulation materials and treatments are extracted from the literature. The results from the lab are compared to what was applied to many oil fields including 800 wells drilled in Basra's oil fields.

A new classification for lost circulation treatments and materials is developed. Unlike the current classification, the new classification is based on the applications. Conventional LCM's are currently classified into different categories based on their appearance as fibrous, flaky, and granular or a blend of all three.

This paper classifies the lost circulation materials and treatments as corrective and preventive approaches. The corrective treatments can be applied after the occurrence of the lost circulation; however, the preventive techniques can be applied before entering losses zones as a proactive action. The most recent developments in lost circulation materials and treatments have been discussed, in addition to the presentation of a comprehensive summary of today's available LCM's, treatments and alternative approaches with their applications.

This paper discusses the most recent developments in materials and treatments with their applications. Treatments and materials are tabulated for each type of losses to provide effective remedies and minimize NPT and cost. The purpose of this study is to develop practical guidelines that are general and not biased towards a particular service company product which will also serve as a quick reference guide for lost circulation prevention and control at the well-site for drilling personnel.
Combination of Horizontal Wells and Alkaline/Surfactant/Polymer Flooding: A Solution to Produce Hard-to-Recover Residual Oil in Polymer-Flooded Reservoirs
Authors: Yin Shize
Published: April 2018

The method described in this paper solves the difficult problem of establishing lateral accretion interlayer geologic model. The distribution of oil formed by lateral accretion interlayer barrier after direct well flooding is studied by using CMG numerical simulation software; and with the maximum sweep coefficient as the target, this research optimizes the design of the horizontal injection-production well, which is perpendicular to lateral accretion interlayer, and the well distance is 150m. The well trajectory is from the horizontal section of the injection well to the top of the oil layer, which is 1/5 of the oil reservoir thickness. The horizontal section of the production well to the top of the oil layer is 1/3 of the reservoir thickness. Realize the linear displacement lateral accretion interlayer barrier forms the residual oil. Through numerical simulation, the optimal injection scheme is to use 25 million molecular weight polymers; the injection mode is: 0.075PV precursor polymer slug (1800 mg/L) +0.3PV ternary main slug (2000mg/L polymer +1.2wt% alkali +0.3wt% surfactant) + 0.15PV ternary slug (2000mg/L polymer +1.0wt% alkali +0.2wt% surfactant) +0.20PV subsequent polymer slug (1400mg/L), the injection rate was 0.18pv/a. After the plan was implemented in mine 2015, the single well's output was 25.36 t/d, and the water content was 74.32%, decreased by 21.68%. The effect was remarkable. The estimated recovery rate on the basis of numerical simulation and tracking fitting is 73.05%, which is 5.95% higher than that of vertical well ASP flooding, and 4.01% higher than that of vertical well injection and horizontal well.
Uncertainty Quantification of Gas Production in the Barnett Shale Using Time Series Analysis
Authors: Joshi K. G. , Awoleke Obadare O. , Mohabbat Ahmadi
Published: April 2018

This paper presents a methodology for quantifying uncertainty in production forecasts using Logistic Growth Analysis (LGA) and time series modeling. The applicability of the proposed method is tested by history matching production data and providing uncertainty bounds for forecasts from eight Barnett Shale counties.

In the methodology presented, the trend in the production data was determined using two different non-linear regression schemes. Predicted trends were subtracted from the actual production data to generate two sets of stationary residual time series. Time series analysis techniques (Auto Regressive Moving Average models) were thereafter used to model and forecast residuals. These residual forecasts were incorporated with trend forecasts to generate our final 80% CI.

To check reliability of the proposed method, we tested it on 100 gas wells with at least 100 months of available production history. The CIs generated covered true production 84% and 92% of the time when 40 and 60 months of production data were used for history matching respectively. An auto-regressive model of lag 1 was found to best fit residual time series in each case.

The proposed methodology is an efficient way to generate production forecasts and to reliably estimate the uncertainty. The method is computationally inexpensive and easy to implement. The utility of the procedure presented is not limited to gas wells and can be applied to any type of well or group of related wells.
Systematic Root-Cause Analysis of Three Major Offshore Oil and Gas Drilling Accidents Using the AcciMap Methodology
Authors: Tabibzadeh Maryam , Jain Aman
Published: April 2018

The investigation of different accidents in offshore oil and gas drilling industry indicates inadequate management systems and miscommunication as one of the major contributing factors leading to these accidents. In this paper, we will identify the common contributing factors of three major offshore oil and gas drilling accidents in the period of 2009 to 2013 using the structure of the AcciMap methodology, as a risk management and accident investigation framework that was developed by Rasmussen in 1997. This methodology analyzes the contribution of different socio-technical factors and involved key players in an accident through its hierarchical structure. This provides a broader perspective to investigate accidents and identify their common contributing factors.

The two analyzed accidents in this paper are the Hercules 265 Jack-up Rig Blowout in 2013 and the Montara Oil Spill in 2009 using the structure of the AcciMap framework. The results of this analysis will then be compared with the already developed AcciMap framework by Tabibzadeh and Meshkati (2015) for the BP Deepwater Horizon blowout to find the similarities among these accidents. One of the important findings about these accidents is the fact that they did not occur as the act of individuals (we cannot blame front-line operators), but rather due to highly responsive and combined processes, which involve decisions of several layers of key players. In this chain, companies and their policies affect their management's plans and decisions. These decisions are passed on to lower levels and impact personnel's (crew's) actions, which eventually along with existing processes and conditions could lead to disasterous accidents. In addition, government and regulatory agencies as well as industry codes, standards and best practices, as external factors, play a role in contributing to accidents.

Moreover, the analysis of the comparison of the three aforementioned accidents shows that how lack of proper, standard well control procedures and guidelines or lack of knowledge about them when combined with ineffective communication and interoperability can prove to be deadly and harmful in different ways. It causes loss of life, property and revenue. In addition, it endangers the environment, which is already suffereing due to other human activities.
Falloff Testing Under Multiphase Flow Conditions in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Dastan A. , Kamal M. M. , Hwang Y. , Suleen F. , Morsy S.
Published: April 2018

Naturally fractured reservoirs constitute a significant portion of oil and gas fields worldwide. Like all reservoirs, waterflooding is routinely used in naturally fractured formations to increase recovery. However, the benefits of waterflooding can be limited due to early water breakthrough via the fractures. Therefore it is imperative to closely monitor the flood progress in these reservoirs. Analyzing transient tests in water injection wells, especially early in the life of the flood can provide valuable information, such as the mobilities in various regions around the well and the location of the flood front. An analytical model to design and analyze falloff transient data in naturally fractured reservoirs is highly desirable so that pressure transient analysis techniques can be applied for monitoring and optimizing secondary recovery projects.

In this paper we present a semi-analytical solution for the pressure response during falloff tests in naturally fractured reservoirs under multiphase flow conditions. We consider water injection into an oil reservoir, resulting in two-phase flow. In our model, the radial variation of fluid saturation is modeled as a multibank reservoir with constant saturation in each bank. Each bank has a different relative permeability and compressibility value, corresponding to the fluid saturation in the bank. We model naturally fractured reservoir behavior using Warren & Root's dual porosity model, which is extended to accommodate two-phase and multi-composite reservoirs. We also include capillary pressure effects in the model.

The proposed semi-analytical solution was tested and compared against numerical simulation results obtained from commercial simulators. The results have been in excellent agreement, validating our semi analytical approach. Using the proposed solution provides a rigorous and fast method to design and analyze tests. It also allows for using nonlinear regression techniques as opposed to computationally expensive trial and error matching for estimation of reservoir properties. Our analytical model can also be used as a guideline for grid refining in the vicinity of the wellbore and time-step selection in numerical simulators for transient tests analysis.

We expect our analytical method will enable operators and engineers to design and analyze falloff tests quickly and accurately in naturally fractured reservoirs.
Composites of ZnO nanoparticles and biomass based activated carbon: adsorption, photocatalytic and antibacterial capacities
Authors: Cruz G. J. F. , Gómez M. M. , Solis J. L. , Rimaycuna J. , Solis R. L. , Cruz J. F. , Rathnayake B. , Keiski R. L.
Published: April 2018

Composite material (AC-ZnO) was prepared by growing ZnO nanoparticles during the production of biomass based-activated carbon (AC) via the incorporation of zinc acetate in the process. Comprehensive analyses confirmed the presence of ZnO nanoparticles over the AC surface and described the particular nature of the composite adsorbent. Methylene blue (MB) equilibrium data fitted the Dubinin-Radushkevich model. The MB adsorption capacity was higher for the bare activated carbons (197.9–188.7 mg/g) than the activated carbons with ZnO nanoparticles (137.6–149.7 mg/g). The adsorption of the MB on the adsorbents is physical because the mean adsorption energy (E) is between 1.76 and 2.00 kJ/mol. Experiments that combine adsorption and photocatalysis were carried out with different loads of adsorbents and with and without UV-light exposure. Photocatalytic activity was identified mostly at the first stage of the adsorption process and, in the case of experiments with less load of the composite AC-ZnO, because the light obstruction effect of the activated carbon is more for higher loads. The ZnO grown over AC improves the adsorption of cations such as Pb, Al and Fe in aqueous phase (polluted river water) and provides antibacterial capacity against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium.
Contamination by Coal Dust in the Neighborhood of the Tarragona Harbor (Catalonia, Spain): A Preliminary Study
Authors: Rovira Joaquim , Schuhmacher Marta , Nadal Martí , Domingo José L.
Published: April 2018

Background:

In February 2017, some buildings of La Pineda (Catalonia, NE Spain) a rather small town, located near to the Tarragona harbor, were affected by a contamination episode that dirtied external walls, windows, doors and floors of these buildings with a black dust. This study was aimed at assessing the origin of the black dust appeared in the buildings.

Methods:

Black dust samples were collected in the railings of balconies, windows, and exterior doors of two buildings in La Pineda, as well as in the ground of the breakwater of the Tarragona harbor, at few meters from the open air coal storage area. Elemental analysis of the black dust (C, N, H and S) was performed. A daily sample of PM10 was also collected and analyzed for five consecutive days.

Results:

The total carbon content of the collected dust was 25.8%, 29.4% and 33.9% in the two buildings of La Pineda and the breakwater, respectively. In turn, the contribution of carbon from carbonates was 0.0%, 1.3% and 5.1%, in the samples of the two buildings and the breakwater, respectively. PM10 showed levels between 18 and 39 µg/m3, with mean and median levels of 29 µg/m3.

Conclusion:

The elemental analysis indicated that the two black dust samples collected in the two buildings of La Pineda were similar to the sample collected at the breakwater of the port of Tarragona, showing a common origin: The bulk coal storage area of Tarragona harbor. Because information on the human health risks derived from the important activities conducted in the port of Tarragona is currently non-existent, an exhaustive assessment of all pollutants involved in the activities of the port is strongly recommended.
Correlation Among Methods to Measure Tooth Color in Clinical Trials Evaluating Tooth Bleaching
Authors: Faria-e-Silva André Luis
Published: April 2018

Objective: This study aimed to assess possible differences in results provided by two
shade guides and a spectrophotometer used to measure the color changes during tooth bleaching.

Methods: Fifty-six patients underwent two sessions of in-office tooth bleaching with a 35% hydrogen
peroxide with a week of an interval between them. The color evaluation was performed using
shade match with two guide scales (Vita Classical, and Vita Bleach Guide) and a spectrophotometer
providing CieLab data. The color was assessed at baseline and 7 days after each session, and 30
days after the last session. Data from scales were arranged in scores according to lightness (lowest to
highest) and the color changes were calculated based on baseline data. For CieLab data, ΔL, Δa, Δb,
and ΔE were calculated for each assessment time. Differences between the color changes observed
in each session were assessed by Wilcoxon test (α = 0.05). Friedman`s test and One-way repeated
measures ANOVA were used to analyze color changes among the assessment times. Spearman`s test
was used to evaluate the correlation between the shade guide scores and data from Cielab.

Results: All methods of color measurement demonstrated any additional effect of second bleaching
session on color change, and stable color after 30 days (p < 0.001 for all methods). Both shade guide
scales presented low correlation coefficients with ΔL, and moderate coefficients with Δb, Δa, and
ΔE.

Conclusion: Despite the weak/ moderate correlation among the methods used to measure tooth
color, all methods showed similar results of tooth bleaching effectiveness.
MODERN TRENDS IN ORTHOPEDICS: THE KNEE ARTHROPLASTY
Authors: Tikhilov R. M. , Kornilov N. N. , Kulyaba T. A. , Saraev A. V. , Ignatenko V. L.
Published: April 2018

Using PubMed the authors analyzed publications dedicated to knee arthroplasty that were published in 2011. The modern trends of knee joint replacement include improvement of implants and instruments; partial knee replacement as alternative to TKA; reducing of surgical trauma due to less-invasive approaches; achieving of deep flexion after TKA; using of computer navigation and individual cutting blocks to make surgery more precise; optimization of rehabilitation process in pre-, intra-and postoperative period; including multimodal pain control; development of complex strategies for prevention of intra- and postoperative complications. In this review the attention was attracted to the most discussed in 2011 subjects: development of new designs and materials of knee implants; navigation, robotics and individualized resection blocks; partial knee replacement; infection, blood loss and venous thromboembolism after TKA; influence of different factors on arthroplasty outcomes, especially components and leg alignment, patella resurfacing, PCL retention or substitution, uncemented fixation, mobility of PE insert, severe pre-op deformities or stiffness, previous intra-articular fractures and tibia or femur osteotomies, soft tissue deficit etc.
EXAMINATION OF HAND FUNCTION AFTER POLLICIZATION USING INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONING, DISABILITY AND HEALTH
Authors: Shvedovchenko I. V. , Kasparov B. S. , Shaidaev E. Z. , Kol’Tsov A. A.
Published: April 2018

We analyzed the results of 63 pollicizations to 51 children with congenital and posttraumatic pathology of the hand with the age from 6 months till 18 years old. To examine the hand function before and after pollicization we used International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Authors determined criteria and analyzed the ability to live restrictions before and after pollicization. The carried out analysis has shown that before operative treatment in most cases (94%) patients had heavy and absolute difficulties of infringement of function of force of the hand isolated muscles and muscular groups, infringement of change of structure and difficulty of hand use. At an estimation of the remote pollicization results positive outcomes have been reached at 49 (96%) patients from 51. Formation of bilateral pinch possibility at patients kept only easy and moderate difficulties of infringement of function of the hand.
COMPLEX TREATMENT OF PATIENT WITH MULTIPLE FRACTURES OF THE VERTEBRAE IN THE THORACIC SPINE
Authors: Vissarionov S. V. , Pavlov I. V. , Gusev M. G. , Lein G. A.
Published: April 2018

The authors presented an example of a complex treatment of pediatric patient with multiple fractures of the vertebrae in the thoracic spine. The child was operated on the burst fracture of a Th5 vertebra. Due to the presence of vertebral compression fractures Th8 a course of conservative treatment by the orthosis in hyperextension brace. Follow-up was 15 months.
FRACTURES OF VERTEBRAL BODIES IN THE STRUCTURE OF CHILDREN’S TRAUMATISM
Authors: Skryabin E. G. , Smirnykh A. G.
Published: April 2018

The aim of the study was to establish the frequency and features of uncomplicated compression fractures of vertebral bodies in children and to determine its place in the rank structure of children’s injuries. In order to achieve this goal in 2011 the medical records were studied studied: case register of emergency trauma care, hospital records, medical records, X-ray archive. The authors have found that fractures of vertebral bodies took place XVIII ranking in the structure of child’s injury, which accounted for 0.55% of traumatic injuries. Frequently the fractures of vertebral bodies occur in children aged 8-12 years. Mainly the vertebra ThVIII was injured - 11.44% of cases. Children with fractures of vertebral bodies constitute 15.66% of inpatient emergency trauma patients in a specialized children’s orthopedic trauma department
EVALUATION OF MIDTERM FUNCTIONAL RESULTS AFTER TOTAL AND UNICOMPARTMENTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY WITH DIFFERENT SCORING SYSTEMS
Authors: Kornilov N. N. , Kulyaba T. A. , Phedorov R. E.
Published: April 2018

Using KSS, WOMAC and IKDC score systems the authors evaluated functional results of 64 total (TKA) and unicompartmental (UKA) knee arthroplasties performed in department of knee pathology of Vreden’s Russian Research Institute Travmatology and Orthopaedics from 2001 till 2006. Before joint replacement there was no significant difference in magnitude of performance deficit between both groups. After 5-10 years (7 in average) all patients had similar pain relief but activities of daily living and level of physical performance, including high flexion, were significantly higher in UKA group than TKA. KSS and WOMAC score systems did not reflect this important difference in physical capacities of UKA and TKA patients comparing to IKDC.
EXPERIENCE OF SURGICAL TREATMENT OF INJURIES OF MIDDLE AND LOWER CERVICAL SPINE WHILE DIVING
Authors: Ardashev I. P. , Gatin V. R. , Ardasheva E. I. , Shpakovskiy M. S. , A Grishanov A. , Veretelnikova I. Y. , Petrova O. I. , Katkova M. A.
Published: April 2018

Objective - to analyze the long-term results of surgical treatment of patients with injuries of middle- and lower cervical spine in diving. Materials and methods. An analysis of surgical treatment of 27 patients and assessment of the long-term results of 20 patients in a period of 6 months to 6 years were performed with analysis of clinical, neurological, radiographic data and mortality. Results. Mostly the C5 vertebra was damaged - in 17 patients (63%). Compression fractures of vertebral bodies met in 6 (22%), compression-comminuted fractures - in 16 (59%) patients, dislocations - in 5 (19%). All patients had neurological disorders. All observations noted rigid stabilization of the spine with an implant made of porous nickel-titanium, the presence of bone-metal block at the level of the damaged vertebral body Mortality in the postoperative period was 26%. In the long-term period the initial neurological symptoms were observed in 7 (30%) patients, 13 (48%) patients had marked regression of neurological symptoms. Full functional maladjustment was observed in 6 patients with no motor function below the damaged segment, originally belonging to groups A and B on the classification of H.L. Frankel. Moderate and mild degree of functional adaptation disorders were present in 5 and 4 patients respectively. In the remaining patients we did not reveal a functional maladjustment. Range of motion in the cervical spine in all patients was considered as good. Conclusions. Anterior decompressive-stabilizing surgeries on the spine with an implant made of porous nickel-titanium and metal plate CSLP allows reliably stabilization of the injured spine and the rehabilitation of this severe category of patients.
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL SUBSTANTIATION OF EFFICACY OF CONGENITAL CLUBFOOT SURGICAL TREATMENT
Authors: Klychkova I. Y. , Vinokurova T. S. , Guseva I. A.
Published: April 2018

Purpose - a complex assessment of the neuromuscular apparatus in different age groups of children with congenital clubfoot before and after surgery. Material and methods. The study included 80 patients (23 girls and 57 boys) with moderate and severe congenital clubfoot between the ages of 0 to 18 years. In 46% of patients a bilateral lesion was noted, in 54% - unilateral. All patients who received surgical treatment tendon-muscle plasty by the Sturm-Zatsepin method, modified in the Turner Institute, were carried out. Long-term results of surgical treatment were investigated in terms of 1 to 5 years. Neurophysiological studies were carried out on a multi-channel computer complex "Neuro-MEP-4" (Russia). Contractive ability of the tibial, peroneal, and gastrocnemius muscles of lower leg was assessed by global electromyography (EMG) for the affected and healthy sides. In order to receive the normal age indexes of electrogenesis the identical study was conducted in 30 subjects in each age group without pathology of the lower extremities. Results. Significant abnormalities of the functional state of the neuro-muscular system in shin were revealed in patients with congenital clubfoot. The analysis of the EMG results in patients admitted for conservative treatment (group 1) showed that in unilateral disease there is a decrease of electrical activity of leg muscles on the affected side. If bilateral symmetrical lesions observed decreasing of muscle electrogenesis were noted compared with the age norm. There are quantitative and qualitative changes in electrogenesis, which are characterized by secondary changes in the muscles on the background of segmental abnormalities. After surgical intervention in patients 0-3 years the positive dynamics of the neuro-muscular functional state of the shin was achieved, which allows to recommend surgical treatment of congenital clubfoot in children in age till three years. Revealed violations of the conductivity on the peroneal nerve motor fibers in children with congenital clubfoot require constant neurological monitoring before and after surgery.
ARTHROSCOPIC TECHNIQUE OF BONE AUTOGRAFTING OF GLENOID CAVITY DEFECTS IN PATIENTS WITH RECURRENT ANTERIOR INSTABILITY OF THE SHOULDER
Authors: Dokolin S. Y. , Kislitsyn M. A. , Bazarov I. S.
Published: April 2018

Injuries of the bone anterior edge of the glenoid cavity of scapula is noted in 90% of patients with recurrent shoulder instability and it is the cause of recurrent dislocation in 67% of cases. The authors have presented a description of techniques and benefits of arthroscopic autoplasty (autografting) of scapula glenoid. A total of 10 operations were performed in 9 men and 1 woman. The average age of operated patients was 27,1±4,7 years. All patients were injured during contact sports. In the preoperative and immediate postoperative period computer tomography of damaged shoulder was performed in all patients with reconstruction in 3D images. The size of the bone defect was evaluated by 3D scans and averaged 29.7%. During the first stage free bicortical grafts with varying sizes from the wing of the ilium were harvested. Preartroscopic stage permits to avoid swelling of paraarticular structures during arthroscopy and allows to correct positioning and fixation autografts in the joint. The arthroscopic signs of defect and the technique of immersing of previously prepared free fragment through a wide 10 mm cannula and subsequent minimally invasive fixation with cannulated screws in scapula neck were described. This operation is an alternative to the transposition of coracoid process, does not require special tools and a long operating time (average 60-80 min), excludes injuries of brachial plexus branches and surgical trauma of subscapularis muscle, does not disturb the normal anatomy of the shoulder joint. There were no neurological complications, recurrences of instability in the immediate postoperative period.
TREATMENT OF FRACTURES IN ANCIENT EGYPT
Authors: Bashurov Z. K.
Published: April 2018

The most complete information about the medicine in Ancient Egypt two papyrus provided: a large medical papyrus of G. Ebers and papyrus about the surgery of E. Smith. Smith’s papyrus is of particular interest as it contains the information on the status of surgery in Ancient Egypt. Papyrus consists of descriptions of the clinical cases. To the present time, 48 cases have survived; it is arranged in order of location - from the head down to the feet. Orthopedic deformities were reflected in the figures on the walls of the pyramids and temples as well as the description of the mummies and archaeological finds.
CURRENT STATUS OF INTERNAL OSTEOSYNTHESIS IN TREATMENT OF PATIENTS WITH LONG-BONE FRACTURES IN MUNICIPAL MULTI-FIELD EMERGENCY HOSPITAL OF THE RUSSIAN MEGALOPOLIS
Authors: Tikhilov R. M. , Belenkiy I. G. , Kutyanov D. I.
Published: April 2018

Objective: Determine the changes in the structure of methods of internal osteosynthesis in treatment of patients with long-bone fractures in municipal multi-field emergency hospital of the modern Russian megalopolis. Carry out comparative analysis of effectiveness of use of minimally invasive osteosynthesis and conventional plating of long-bone fractures. Material and methods. We have studied the results of 1249 surgical operations of internal fixation of long-bone fractures performed in one of a municipal multi-field emergency hospitals of Saint Petersburg (Russia). We have studied the statistics of 1999-2000 and 2010. Results and conclusions. Minimally invasive osteosynthesis has occupied a leading position in the structure of internal fixation of long-bone fractures within the current 10 years period. Although such operations demand precise following surgical techniques, ability to use expensive implants and equipment as well as comparatively higher and longer training of orthopedic surgeons. These circumstances seriously limit effective use of minimally invasive osteosynthesis for the current moment. But at the same time conventional plating techniques haven’t lost their importance for treatment of patients with long-bone fractures. These techniques still occupy an important part among the methods of osteosynthesis used in the Russian multi-field hospitals. It reveals the need for continuous improvement of tactics used by orthopedic surgeons as well as the technique of performing such operations.
PERCUTANEOUS MODIFICATION OF FIRST METATARSOCUNEIFORM JOINT ARTHRODESIS: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: Berezhnoy S. Y.
Published: April 2018

Objective: to reduce surgical approach and to ensure early weight bearing postoperatively. Material and method: by the example of 24 surgeries the results of the 1st MTCJ arthrodesis percutaneous modification, proposed by the author, were reviewed with the mean follow-up of 6 months. Surgical technique was described. 1st MTCJ hypermobility, severe metatarsus primus varus and previous surgeries failures were the indications for surgery. Immediate ambulation with one crutch and fool weight bearing since the 4-5th week postoperatively were authorized. Results: desired correction of the first metatarsal was achieved during 23 interventions. Arthrodesis had fused in 21 of 23 cases that were followed up. Two cases of non-union did not require reoperation. No infectious complications were noted.21 patients were discharged the next day after surgery due to painless early postoperative period. Conclusions: percutaneous 1st MTCJ arthrodesis is a safe and predictable procedure. Proposed surgical technique provides a reliable correction of metatarsus primus varus avoiding the main disadvantages of Lapidus procedure: extensive operative approach and postoperative period of fool non-weight bearing.
OSTEOCYTIC REMODELING: QUESTION HISTORY MODERN REPRESENTATIONS AND POSSIBILITIES OF THE CLINICAL ESTIMATION
Authors: Avrunin A. S.
Published: April 2018

The article discusses in a chronological order the terms used by different researchers during over 150 years to describe the phenomenon of osteocytic remodeling (halisteresis, oncosis with trypsis, Inseln von basophiler Substanz, zone of diffusion, intermediate resorption areas, sinus type of resorption, liquid bone, osteocytic osteolysis, osteocytes of osteoblastic type, osteocytes of osteoclastic type, resorption periosteocytaire, nid d’abeilles, calciolysis, cementolysis, osteocytic remodeling). According to the authors’ opinion a big step forward has been made in developing functional morphology of this phenomenon and defining the circle of problems, which being solved will allow further qualitative development of osteocytic remodeling concept. The time has come to systematize the known facts, and basing on its results to outline further directions of experimental-theoretical studies aimed at elaboration of methods of osteocytic remodeling and their implementation in clinical practice.
CAUSES OF REVISION SURGERY AFTER UNICOMPARTMENTAL KNEE ARTHROPLASTY
Authors: Kornilov N. N. , Kulyaba T. A. , Fedorov R. E.
Published: April 2018

Objective - to study the structure of complications developing after unicompartmental knee arthroplasty and to analyze its causes. Material and methods. The causes of 18 revision interventions after 142 consecutive UKA that have been performed in 137 patients since 2001 till 2012 were evaluated. The main reason for revision surgeries in these series was traumatic damage of different knee structures (7 cases): 3 - medial femur or tibia condyle fractures due to fall from height or collision, 1 - ACL rupture and one bearing dislocation both during mountain skiing injury, 1 - lateral menisci tear after rotational trauma, 1 - loose body formation caused by direct blow. All traumatic events took place during first five years after surgery. Other indications for revision were aseptic loosening of tibial component in 6 patients (after 4,8 years in average), disease progression in 2 (after 3 years in average), early infection in 1 and late hematogenous infection in 2 cases. In 16 patients revision TKA were performed with 10 cruciate-retaining, 5 posterior stabilized and 1 varus-valgus constrained implants. In 2 patients with lateral menisci tear and loose body arthroscopical intervention resolved the problem. Surprisingly in this cohort of patients acute trauma especially during sport activities shared the first place with aseptic loosening among the reasons for revision after UKA. This indirectly evidences that patients after UKA retained high level of physical activities and less restricted in sport that after TKA.
TRACTION-EXTENDED THERAPY OF PATIENTS WITH LUMBAR DEGENERATIVE DISEASE
Authors: Zhirnov V. A. , Krest'yanov D. P. , Vasil'kin A. K.
Published: April 2018

Based on the survey of 148 patients with an lumbar degenerative disease, there have been studied immediate and medium-term results of the comprehensive conservative treatment of the patients with and without application of traction exposure on the spine. It was found out that the traction of the spine leads to a quicker and more durable relief of symptoms in comparison with the control groups where traction therapy wasn't carried out. Application of the traction-extended therapy in three planes with a usage of robotized set for dry skeletal traction of a new generation KinetracKNX-7000 is proved to increase the effectiveness of treatment for the patients with stated pathology, fasten regress of the pain syndrome and clinical symptomatology, lead to more durable and lasting remission of the desease, in comparison with the patients that had traction of the spine in one plane only during the treatment.
SURGICAL CORRECTION OF HALLUX VALGUS IN PATIENTS WITH TRANSVERSE FLATFOOT AND DEFORMING ARTHROSIS OF THE FIRST METATARSOPHALANGEAL JOINT
Authors: Mashkov V. M. , Nesenyuk E. L. , Sorokin E. P. , Bezrodnaya N. V. , Shakhmatenko I. E.
Published: April 2018

Objective: to determine the opportunity of usage of Schede-Brandes procedure in the treatment of patients with hallux valgus. Material and methods. The results of Shede-Brandeis operation were studied in 119 patients (198 feet). The study included patients who were followed up long-term results of treatment for up to 10 years. The results of the surgical treatment were assessed by the AOFAS scale and total criteria proposed I.A. Pakhomov. According to these scales the following results were obtained: the good - in 59,59% of patients, satisfactory - in 22,73%, poor - in 17,68%. Conclusion. These results allow to recommend Schede-Brandes procedure for use in elderly patients with osteoporosis, concomitant vascular diseases of lower extremities and with rheumatoid arthritis.