bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of body position during Heimlich maneuver to relieve supralaryngeal obstruction: a manikin study
Authors: Ichikawa Michitaro , Oishi So , Mochizuki Katsunori , Nitta Kenichi , Okamoto Kazufumi , Imamura Hiroshi
Published: July 2017

Aim

To study the most effective body position for Heimlich maneuver.

Methods

A choking simulation manikin was connected to a laryngeal model of a child or an adult, and a differential pressure transducer recorded the airway pressure and waveform during the maneuver. A konjac jelly was placed on the larynx to mimic complete supralaryngeal obstruction. The maneuver (five successive compressions) was carried out six times each in standing, prone, and supine positions. For cases of children, we added a supine position with a pillow under the back.

Results

In the adult model, airway obstruction was more frequently relieved in the supine and prone positions than in the standing position (P < 0.001). In the child model, airway obstruction was more frequently relieved in the supine position, with a pillow, and in the prone position, than in the standing position (P < 0.001). Without relief, successive Heimlich maneuvers made the airway pressure increasingly negative (adult, from −21.9 ± 6.5 cmH2O to −31.5 ± 9.1 cmH2O in the standing position [P < 0.001]; child, from −15.0 ± 9.5 cmH2O to −30.0 ± 9.2 cmH2O in the standing position [P < 0.001] and from −35.0 ± 17.4 cmH2O to −47.3 ± 25.1 cmH2O in the supine position without a pillow [P = 0.002]).

Conclusions

The Heimlich maneuver was more effective in the supine and prone positions. In children, the prone position may be most effective. Successive Heimlich maneuvers may be harmful when the airway is not relieved after the first compression.
Stabilization of Non‐Linear Fractional‐Order Uncertain Systems
Authors: Ji Yude , Du Mingxing , Guo Yanping
Published: July 2017

In this paper, we present a stabilization method on the non‐linear fractional‐order uncertain systems. Firstly, a sufficient condition for the robust asymptotic stabilization of the non‐linear fractional‐order uncertain system is presented based on direct Lyapunov approach. Secondly, utilising the matrix's singular value decomposition (SVD) method, the systematic robust stabilization design algorithm is then proposed. Finally, two numerical examples are provided to illustrate the efficiency and advantage of the proposed algorithm.
Magnetic field gradient effects on the magnetorotational instability
Authors: Doğan S.
Published: July 2017

Magnetorotational instability (MRI), also known as the Balbus–Hawley instability, is thought to have an important role on the initiation of turbulence and angular momentum transport in accretion disks. In this work, we investigate the effect of the magnetic field gradient in the azimuthal direction on MRI. We solve the magnetohydrodynamic equations by including the azimuthal component of the field gradient. We find the dispersion relation and calculate the growth rates of the instability numerically. The inclusion of the azimuthal magnetic field gradient produces a new unstable region in the wavenumber space. It also modifies the growth rate and the wavelength range of the unstable mode: the higher the magnitude of the field gradient, the greater the growth rate and the wider the unstable wavenumber range. Such a gradient in the magnetic field may be important in T Tauri disks, where the stellar magnetic field has an axis that is misaligned with respect to the rotation axis of the disk.
Endocrine toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors: essential crosstalk between endocrinologists and oncologists
Authors: Illouz Frédéric , Briet Claire , Cloix Lucie , Le Corre Yannick , Baize Nathalie , Urban Thierry , Martin Ludovic , Rodien Patrice
Published: July 2017

Two types of immune checkpoint inhibitors, both antibodies that target cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte antigen‐4 and those that target programmed cell death‐protein 1, have been approved for use in melanoma, non‐small‐cell lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma as first‐line or second‐line therapy. Their adverse events are primarily regarded as immune‐related adverse events. We felt it was important to pinpoint and discuss certain preconceptions or misconceptions regarding thyroid dysfunction, hypophysitis, and diabetes induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors. We have identified areas of uncertainty and unmet requirements, including essential interaction between endocrinologists and oncologists. Five issues have been identified for discussion: (1) diagnosis of endocrine toxicity, (2) assessment of toxicity severity, (3) treatment of toxicity, (4) withdrawal or continuation of immunotherapy, (5) preventive action.
Learn how to navigate the challenges of supervising difficult staff members
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: July 2017

SAN ANTONIO — Inappropriate. Unprofessional. Toxic. Disrespectful. Irresponsible. You know how quickly a difficult staff member can poison a department, especially if you don't have adequate training and support.
Hooked on a feeling: The effect of music tempo on attitudes and the mediating role of consumers' affective responses
Authors: Stewart Kristin , Koh Hyeseung Elizabeth
Published: July 2017

With today's high degree of advertising clutter, marketers might greatly focus on evoking emotion or creating hedonic (e.g., feeling) experiences for consumers in order to improve practice. These strategies minimize the effort needed to process a message and can influence consumers' decisions. In 4 studies, we examine the effects of music tempo on consumers' attitudes toward the brand while further considering the mediating role of evoked feelings. Study 1 and 2 supports that music tempo in commercials influences consumers' affective response to the music in advertising. Study 3 replicated this effect using a controlled experiment and extended the research by demonstrating that tempo also affects general mood states, in addition to feelings evoked by the music. Last, Study 4 demonstrates that need for emotion moderates the role of affect as information. This research contributes to theory in sensory marketing and consumer behavior and offers practical implications to improve marketing practice.
Pluripotent Stem Cell‐Based Platforms in Cardiac Disease Modeling and Drug Testing
Authors: Shaheen N , Shiti A , Gepstein L
Published: July 2017

The ability to generate patient/disease‐specific human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)‐derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC‐CMs) brings a unique value to the fields of cardiac disease modeling, drug testing, drug discovery, and precision medicine. Further integration of emerging innovative technologies such as developmental‐biology inspired differentiation into chamber‐specific cardiomyocyte subtypes, genome‐editing, tissue‐engineering, and novel functional phenotyping methodologies should facilitate even more advanced investigations. Here, we review cornerstone concepts and recent highlights of hPSC‐based cardiac disease modeling and drug testing.
Neuronal degeneration and regeneration induced by axotomy in the olfactory epithelium of Xenopus laevis
Authors: Cervino Ailen S. , Paz Dante A. , Frontera Jimena L.
Published: July 2017

The olfactory epithelium (OE) has the remarkable capability to constantly replace olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) due to the presence of neural stem cells (NSCs). For this reason, the OE provides an excellent model to study neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation. In the present work, we induced neuronal degeneration in the OE of Xenopus laevis larvae by bilateral axotomy of the olfactory nerves. We found that axotomy induces specific‐ neuronal death through apoptosis between 24 and 48h post‐injury. In concordance, there was a progressive decrease of the mature‐ORN marker OMP until it was completely absent 72h post‐injury. On the other hand, neurogenesis was evident 48h post‐injury by an increase in the number of proliferating basal cells as well as NCAM‐180– GAP‐43+ immature neurons. Mature ORNs were replenished 21 days post‐injury and the olfactory function was partially recovered, indicating that new ORNs were integrated into the olfactory bulb glomeruli. Throughout the regenerative process no changes in the expression pattern of the neurotrophin Brain Derivate Neurotrophic Factor were observed. Taken together, this work provides a sequential analysis of the neurodegenerative and subsequent regenerative processes that take place in the OE following axotomy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 1308–1320, 2017
Neocortical developmental analysis of vasculature and their growth factors offer new insight into fragile X syndrome abnormalities
Authors: Belagodu Amogh P. , Fleming Stephen , Galvez Roberto
Published: July 2017

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is the most common single gene cause for Autism Spectrum Disorder and the most prevalent form of inherited mental retardation. Our prior studies have demonstrated that adult FXS mice have abnormal blood vessel density (BVD) and elevated Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A expression (VEGF‐A). VEGF‐A is one of the most prominent regulators of BVD, and its abnormal expression is the most likely cause for FXS BVD abnormalities. We have demonstrated that attenuating elevated VEGF‐A expression can ameliorate many non‐vascular FXS abnormalities (Belagodu, Zendeli Slater and Galvez: Dev Neurobiol 77 (2017) 14–25), suggesting that abnormal VEGF‐A expression is an underlying cause for some FXS abnormalities. However, FXS is a developmental disorder and VEGF‐A's potential role in mediating FXS abnormalities during development have never been explored. Furthermore, VEGF‐A is one protein in a family of proteins (VEGF‐A, VEGF‐B, VEGF‐C, VEGF‐D, & PLGF) that activate one of three primary receptors (VEGFR1, VEGFR2, & VEGFR3). Abnormal expression of any of these proteins could hinder proper development. The current study demonstrated that FXS mice do not exhibit normal BVD developmental patterns, resulting in elevated adult expression, most likely due to observed elevated VEGF‐A adult expression. Interestingly, all five VEGF family of proteins exhibited altered developmental expression patterns that could cause abnormal development. However, none of the receptors exhibited abnormal adult expression, but did exhibit altered developmental expression. Expanding upon our prior analyses, the current study provides additional interesting insight towards potential developmental mechanisms mediating FXS abnormalities, while offering further sites for age specific therapeutic interventions. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 1321–1333, 2017
In‐source collision‐induced dissociation (IS‐CID): Applications, issues and structure elucidation with single‐stage mass analyzers
Authors: Parcher Jon F. , Wang Mei , Chittiboyina Amar G. , Khan Ikhlas A.
Published: July 2017

A discussion of the definition, advantages, and issues with the formation of ions in the transition region between an electrospray ionization (ESI) source and the ion optics of a mass analyzer is presented. The various types of ions formed in the so‐called in‐source collision‐induced dissociation (IS‐CID) process are illustrated. Applications of IS‐CID with single‐stage mass analyzers, such as structure elucidation and quantitation, are demonstrated. The discussion is illustrated by examples of the in‐source fragmentation of ginkgolides, which are marker compounds found only in Ginkgo biloba. Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) with non‐aqueous eluents was used to achieve a fast resolution of the ginkgolides without the hydrolysis reactions possible with aqueous high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) eluents. In‐source ion generation occurs at relatively high pressures (ca. 1–3 torr) compared to the low pressure normally observed in collision chambers of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). As a result, the fragmentation process is complex and often generates ions other than the fragments observed with classic CID or the same ions at different intensities. The objective of the current tutorial is to illustrate the conditions under which single‐stage, quadrupole or time‐of‐flight mass analyzers with electrospray or in‐air (direct analysis in real time; DART) ionization can be used for quantitation and structure elucidation in a manner similar to that observed with MS/MS. While the low m/z (≤ [M±H]±) ions formed in‐source often duplicate the ions observed in MS/MS systems, it is the focus of this discussion to illustrate the utility of in‐source generated fragment ions that may not be observed or observed at different intensities than in the collision cells of MS/MS instruments.
Metacommunity theory meets restoration: isolation may mediate how ecological communities respond to stream restoration
Authors: Swan Christopher M. , Brown Bryan L.
Published: July 2017

An often‐cited benefit of river restoration is an increase in biodiversity or shift in composition to more desirable taxa. Yet, hard manipulations of habitat structure often fail to elicit a significant response in terms of biodiversity patterns. In contrast to conventional wisdom, the dispersal of organisms may have as large an influence on biodiversity patterns as environmental conditions. This influence of dispersal may be particularly influential in river networks that are linear branching, or dendritic, and thus constrain most dispersal to the river corridor. As such, some locations in river networks, such as isolated headwaters, are expected to respond less to environmental factors and less by dispersal than more well‐connected downstream reaches. We applied this metacommunity framework to study how restoration drives biodiversity patterns in river networks. By comparing assemblage structure in headwater vs. more well‐connected mainstem sites, we learned that headwater restoration efforts supported higher biodiversity and exhibited more stable ecological communities compared with adjacent, unrestored reaches. Such differences were not evident in mainstem reaches. Consistent with theory and mounting empirical evidence, we attribute this finding to a relatively higher influence of dispersal‐driven factors on assemblage structure in more well‐connected, higher order reaches. An implication of this work is that, if biodiversity is to be a goal of restoration activity, such local manipulations of habitat should elicit a more profound response in small, isolated streams than in larger downstream reaches. These results offer another significant finding supporting the notion that restoration activity cannot proceed in isolation of larger‐scale, catchment‐level degradation.
The complexity of mating decisions in stalk‐eyed flies
Authors: Chapman Nadine C. , Siriwat Penthai , Howie James , Towlson Aaron , Bellamy Lawrence , Fowler Kevin , Pomiankowski Andrew
Published: July 2017

All too often, studies of sexual selection focus exclusively on the responses in one sex, on single traits, typically those that are exaggerated and strongly sexually dimorphic. They ignore a range of less obvious traits and behavior, in both sexes, involved in the interactions leading to mate choice. To remedy this imbalance, we analyze a textbook example of sexual selection in the stalk‐eyed fly (Diasemopsis meigenii). We studied several traits in a novel, insightful, and efficient experimental design, examining 2,400 male–female pairs in a “round‐robin” array, where each female was tested against multiple males and vice versa. In D. meigenii, females exhibit strong mate preference for males with highly exaggerated eyespan, and so we deliberately constrained variation in male eyespan to reveal the importance of other traits. Males performing more precopulatory behavior were more likely to attempt to mate with females and be accepted by them. However, behavior was not a necessary part of courtship, as it was absent from over almost half the interactions. Males with larger reproductive organs (testes and accessory glands) did not make more mating attempts, but there was a strong tendency for females to accept mating attempts from such males. How females detect differences in male reproductive organ size remains unclear. In addition, females with larger eyespan, an indicator of size and fecundity, attracted more mating attempts from males, but this trait did not alter female acceptance. Genetic variation among males had a strong influence on male mating attempts and female acceptance, both via the traits we studied and other unmeasured attributes. These findings demonstrate the importance of assaying multiple traits in males and females, rather than focusing solely on prominent and exaggerated sexually dimorphic traits. The approach allows a more complete understanding of the complex mating decisions made by both males and females.
Dispersal, host genotype and environment shape the spatial dynamics of a parasite in the wild
Authors: Ekholm Adam , Roslin Tomas , Pulkkinen Pertti , Tack Ayco J. M.
Published: July 2017

Dispersal, environment and genetic variation may all play a role in shaping host‐parasite dynamics. Yet, in natural systems, their relative importance remains unresolved. Here, we do so for the epidemiology of a specialist parasite (Erysiphe alphitoides) on the pedunculate oak (Quercus robur). For this purpose, we combine evidence from a multi‐year field survey and two dispersal experiments, all conducted at the landscape scale. Patterns detected in the field survey suggest that the parasite is structured as a metapopulation, with trees in denser oak stands characterized by higher parasite occupancy, higher colonization rates and lower extinction rates. The dispersal experiments revealed a major impact of the environment and of host genotype on the presence and abundance of the parasite, with a weaker but detectable imprint of dispersal limitation. Overall, our findings emphasize that dispersal, host genotype and the environment jointly shape the spatial dynamics of a parasite in the wild.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ba0.5Sr0.5NixCo0.8‐xFe0.2O3‐δ (x=0 and 0.2) Perovskites as Electro‐catalysts for Methanol Oxidation in Alkaline Media
Authors: Fares Aissat , Barama Akila , Barama Siham , FodilCherif Nawel , Chelaghmia Mohamed Lyamine
Published: July 2017

In this study, the perovskite‐type oxides Ba0.5Sr0.5Ni0.2Co0.6Fe0.2O3‐δ (BSNCF) with different B‐site transition metal elements were investigated as a new catalyst for methanol oxidation. They were prepared by the partial substitution of cobalt by nickel in Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3‐δ (BSCF) sample. Both materials prepared using a combined citrate/EDTA complexing method and their catalytic activitiesfor methanol oxidation were comparativelystudied using cyclic‐voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA) in alkaline media at room temperature. Structural, textural, morphological and redox properties of the synthesized solids were investigated by several physicochemical methods such as XRD, FTIR, LRS, SEM‐EDX, BET and H2‐TPR. The as‐prepared materials were obtained with high purity and high crystallinity. The partial substitution of cobalt by nickel in BSCF perovskite changes the structure of the solid which pass from cubic structure to a mixture of cubic and hexagonal forms. This change is accompanied by an increase in BET surface area and a decrease in crystalline size. For the electro‐catalysis measurements, results demonstrated that partially substituting of Co by Ni in BSCF structure enhance the electro‐catalytical activity towards the oxidation of methanol under alkaline conditions, making it an electro‐catalyst candidate for practical utilization in DMFCs.
Follow this advice for an effective guided pathways program
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: July 2017

NEW ORLEANS — Guided pathways have led to increased completion numbers for community colleges that have implemented them. The pathways provide students with a clear map to completion. But just providing a list of courses for students to take is not enough. Effective guided pathways require “long‐term, large‐scale institutional change,” said Kay McClenney, senior advisor to the president and chief executive officer at the American Association of Community Colleges.
Consolidated bioprocessing for biofuel‐ethanol production from pine needle biomass
Authors: Vaid Surbhi , Nargotra Parushi , Bajaj Bijender Kumar
Published: July 2017

Lignocellulosic‐bioethanol‐fuel (LBF) technology faces challenges due to cost/energy intensive nature of lignocellulosic biomass (LB) pretreatment and saccharification. Ionic liquid (IL) based pretreatment of LB has recently emerged as an environmentally friendly approach. However, for saccharification of IL pretreated LB, IL stable enzymes must be used else the latter may be inhibited. Furthermore, availability of IL stable enzymes may help designing novel consolidated process by in situ coupling of IL mediated pretreatment of LB and enzymatic saccharification processes in a single vessel, that is, one pot consolidated bioprocess (OPCB). OPCB may potentially offer new avenues for technoeconomic feasibility of LBF. In this study, an OPCB was developed and optimized for the first time for bioethanol production from pine needle biomass (PNB) using in situ IL pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification in a single pot. Various process parameters, namely, biomass loading, reaction time, and cellulase/xylanase enzyme dose were optimized, and sugar yield of 1.88 g per five gram of PNB was obtained. The sugar hydrolysate obtained was subjected to ethanol fermentation using dual yeast culture, that is, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia stipitis. The maximum ethanol yield of 0.148 g/g PNB was obtained after 72 h of fermentation representing an efficiency of 41.39%. The study shows that consolidated processing of PNB may be an efficient, sustainable, and feasible approach for valorization of PNB for industrial production of second generation ethanol‐biofuel. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 546–552, 2018
Business models in global competition
Authors: Tallman Stephen , Luo Yadong , Buckley Peter J.
Published: July 2017

Research Summary

Multinational enterprises create and capture value through appropriate business models that fit both distinctive capabilities and dynamic markets. The key elements of a global business model include propositions for adding customer value and capturing a share of that value, methods to control, deploy, and utilize critical resources, and integrated processes that deliver value to target global customers. These factors explain the diversity in business models, with international competition in geographically dispersed markets further fortifying this diversity and complexity. This article demonstrates ways forward in theorizing about business models, applying these models in the global context, discussing capabilities and strategies necessary for value generation from a global business model, and relating the choice of model to the strategic context of the modern multinational firm.

Managerial Summary

MNEs seek value in the global marketplace through distinctive business models, as is the case in other markets. Global markets add layers of complication, as the MNE needs both a global umbrella business model and a local business model for each product and international host market. Because the global business environment is highly dynamic and each host market offers unique contextual characteristics, simple and fixed business models are not feasible. This article offers insights into how aspects of the business model and the multinational firm must be adapted to locational characteristics.

A video abstract is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YGSNWO4zk2Q.
Natural resource endowment and firm performance: The moderating role of institutional endowment
Authors: Zoogah David B.
Published: July 2017

Research Summary

Does institutional endowment moderate the relationship between natural resource abundance and firm performance? Drawing from institution‐based theories (IBT), we examine the interactive effects of institutional endowment (as indicated by natural resource governance) on firm performance. We use 2013 data of 492 firms from 27 African countries and multilevel techniques to find significant interactions of institutional endowment. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings for management and organization scholarship.

Managerial Summary

The purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which firm performance differs across countries in Africa as a function of institutional factors given natural resource abundance. We find that firm sales are higher in countries with strong institutions, strong enabling environments, and strong safeguards and quality controls when natural resource abundance is high. When natural resource abundance is low, firm sales and net profits are higher in countries with strong reporting practices, and profit margins are higher in countries with strong safeguards and quality controls.
Middle‐Grades Students' Understandings of What It Means to Read in a High‐Stakes Environment
Authors: Schaefer Mary Beth
Published: July 2017

In this practitioner inquiry, the teacher researcher found that a culture of high‐stakes testing had pervaded her diverse, urban seventh‐grade students' conceptions of reading; students associated reading with tests and skills‐based worksheets rather than pleasure. Using students' voices, passions, and interests, the teacher researcher broadened students' reading conceptions and abilities by introducing them to Langer's reading theory. Students used the theory to develop deep understandings of their own and others' reading needs, skills, and desires. Students constructed understandings of self as reader, found pleasure in constructing personalized reading skills and strategies, and reconstructed notions of reading to assert authority and power. Students also helped one another (re)discover pleasure in reading.
Synthesis and Characterization of Metal Complexes of a New Unsymmetrical Tridentate NNS Schiff Base Ligand: X‐ray Crystal Structure Determination of Nickel(II) Complex
Authors: Dehghani‐Firouzabadi Ahmad Ali , Sepehri Samaneh , Notash Behrouz
Published: July 2017

A new unsymmetrical tridentate NNS Schiff base ligand, 2‐(2‐nitrophenylthio)‐N‐((pyridine‐2‐yl)methylene)benzenamine (L), and its Mn(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) complexes were synthesized. These compounds were characterized by different physicochemical and spectroscopic techniques. The molecular structure of [NiL2
](ClO4
)2 was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. In this complex, two ligands coordinate through azomethine‐N, pyridine‐N, and thioether‐S, forming a mononuclear 6‐coordinate distorted octahedral geometry about a nickel.
Preparation and Characterization of K6ZrW11O39Sn‐TiO2 Composite Catalyst for Solar Photocatalytic Degradation of Aqueous Dye Solutions
Authors: Sheng Feng , Zhu Xiuhua , Wang Wei , Wang Pengyuan , Zhang Rong
Published: July 2017

A novel photocatalyst, K6ZrW11O39Sn.12H2O (ZrW11Sn), was synthesized in our previous study. However, the utilization of ZrW11Sn was extremely limited because of its high solubility in water. A novel composite catalyst, ZrW11Sn‐TiO2, was synthesized and characterized in this study. ZrW11Sn‐TiO2 is of nanometer‐scale and has a structure similar to that of anatase TiO2. The forbidden energy zone of ZrW11Sn‐TiO2 is less than that of the synthesized pure TiO2, while its specific surface area is larger. The photocatalytic activities of ZrW11Sn‐TiO2 were evaluated by its degradation of monoazo, disazo, anthraquinone, and three aryl methane dyes with solar irradiation in heterogeneous aqueous solutions. Results indicate that ZrW11Sn‐TiO2 has higher photocatalytic activity than the synthesized pure TiO2, commercial anatase TiO2, H3PW12O40, and H4SiW12O40 doped TiO2. The optimum doping concentration of ZrW11Sn and the calcination temperature were 1.8 wt % (ZrW11Sn) and 400°C, respectively. ZrW11Sn‐TiO2 showed a considerably high photocatalytic stability. When a Reactive Black 5 solution (200 mL, 10 mg/L; initial pH 6) with ZrW11Sn‐TiO2 (0.2 g/L) was irradiated for 60 min with simulated sunlight, the decoloration rate was >98% even after four cycles. ZrW11Sn‐TiO2 exhibited a better settling property than commercial TiO2, which made further separation treatment easier.
Denitrification of metallurgic wastewater: mechanisms of inhibition by Fe, Cr and Ni
Authors: Ramírez J Ernesto , Rangel‐Mendez J Rene , Limberger Lopes Carla , Gomes Simone Damasceno , Buitrón Germán , Cervantes Francisco J
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUND

Metallurgic wastewaters are acidic effluents containing large amounts of nitrate and heavy metals. Citric acid is one of the acids used by this industry and forms stable complexes with metal ions. The aim of this study was to elucidate the chemical aspects driving inhibitory or stimulatory effects of heavy metals on denitrifying processes, based on speciation analysis and monitoring key denitrification intermediates (nitrite and N2O).

RESULTS

Denitrifying sludge incubations were conducted with iron, chromium and nickel, in single and multi‐metal assays, using citrate and ethanol as electron donors. Ferric‐citrate complex, [Fe‐cit](aq), was readily consumed, while complexes of divalent metals, [Fe‐cit]‐ and [Ni‐cit2]4‐, remained very stable affecting denitrification. Nitrate reduction was affected by Ni2+, while nitrite and N2O accumulation was observed with NiCO3 and Ni(OH)2 oversaturation. [Cr‐cit2]4‐ resulted in overall denitrification inhibition, while species of [Cr‐cit]2‐ caused denitrification stimulation.

CONCLUSION

Fe and Cr inhibited the overall denitrification process, while Ni caused accumulation of intermediates. Synergistic inhibition imposed by multi‐metal systems revealed lower inhibitory effects compared with those observed by the sum of individual effects of metals. This study elucidates chemical aspects determining the effects of heavy metals on denitrification, which is relevant to develop efficient biological processes for metallurgic effluents. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Properties of Energetic Complexes Constructed from Transition Metal Cations (Fe, Co, Cu, and Pb) and BTO2−
Authors: Su Qiang , Wang Xiao Jun , Shu Qing Hai , Chen Shu Shen , Jin Shao Hua , Li Li Jie
Published: July 2017

Four transition metal energetic complexes with 5,5′‐bistetrazole‐1,1′‐diolatedehydrate (BTO) have been synthesized and structurally characterized by FT‐IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single X‐ray diffraction. The thermal decomposition processes of the complexes and BTO were studied by means of the TG‐TDA technologies. The compatibility of the four complexes with RDX, HMX, NC, and Al powder was also investigated. Sensitivity tests reveal that the complexes are more insensitive to mechanical stimuli than RDX.
Defending a “Never Event”
Authors: Shepperd John R.
Published: July 2017

There are medical mishaps that have been deemed “Never Events” by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). This term refers generally to preventable occurrences so egregious that they should never occur. But they do occur. And when they do, litigation often follows. This article focuses on one such Never Event—the operating room fire—with strategies on how to defend it. Information provided in this article was derived from a review of the relevant literature and from the author's personal experience defending lawsuits arising from Never Events, including a jury trial involving a surgeon who was sued for a patient's injuries after a fire erupted in the operating room.
Nutritional support of inland aquatic food webs by aged carbon and organic matter
Authors: Bellamy Amber R. , Bauer James E.
Published: July 2017

Aged (typically tens to thousands of years old) forms of non‐living carbon (C) and organic matter (OM) predominate in many inland water ecosystems. Advances in the methodologies used to measure natural abundance radiocarbon (14C) have led to increased use of natural 14C as both a source and age tracer in aquatic ecosystem and food web studies. Here, we review (1) Δ14C values and ages of C and OM typically found in different inland water systems, (2) the mechanisms through which these materials enter inland water ecosystems, and (3) all available 14C data on aquatic consumers across a range of inland water ecosystem types. Using Δ14C values of aquatic consumers and their potential nutritional resources, we estimate contributions of aged C and OM to aquatic consumer biomass. We conclude that in nearly every case, one or more forms of aged C and/or OM contribute to aquatic consumer nutrition in inland water ecosystems.
Using homology modeling to interrogate binding affinity in neutralization of ricin toxin by a family of single domain antibodies
Authors: Bazzoli Andrea , Vance David J. , Rudolph Michael J. , Rong Yinghui , Angalakurthi Siva Krishna , Toth Ronald T. , Middaugh C. Russell , Volkin David B. , Weis David D. , Karanicolas John , Mantis Nicholas J.
Published: July 2017

In this report we investigated, within a group of closely related single domain camelid antibodies (VHHs), the relationship between binding affinity and neutralizing activity as it pertains to ricin, a fast‐acting toxin and biothreat agent. The V1C7‐like VHHs (V1C7, V2B9, V2E8, and V5C1) are similar in amino acid sequence, but differ in their binding affinities and toxin‐neutralizing activities. Using the X‐ray crystal structure of V1C7 in complex with ricin's enzymatic subunit (RTA) as a template, Rosetta‐based homology modeling coupled with energetic decomposition led us to predict that a single pairwise interaction between Arg29 on V5C1 and Glu67 on RTA was responsible for the difference in ricin toxin binding affinity between V1C7, a weak neutralizer, and V5C1, a moderate neutralizer. This prediction was borne out experimentally: substitution of Arg for Gly at position 29 enhanced V1C7's binding affinity for ricin, whereas the reverse (ie, Gly for Arg at position 29) diminished V5C1's binding affinity by >10 fold. As expected, the V5C1R29G mutant was largely devoid of toxin‐neutralizing activity (TNA). However, the TNA of the V1C7G29R mutant was not correspondingly improved, indicating that in the V1C7 family binding affinity alone does not account for differences in antibody function. V1C7 and V5C1, as well as their respective point mutants, recognized indistinguishable epitopes on RTA, at least at the level of sensitivity afforded by hydrogen‐deuterium mass spectrometry. The results of this study have implications for engineering therapeutic antibodies because they demonstrate that even subtle differences in epitope specificity can account for important differences in antibody function.
Metal organic vapor phase epitaxy growth of (Al)GaN heterostructures on SiC/Si(111) templates synthesized by topochemical method of atoms substitution
Authors: Rozhavskaya Mariia M. , Kukushkin Sergey A. , Osipov Andrey V. , Myasoedov Alexandr V. , Troshkov Sergey I. , Sorokin Lev M. , Brunkov Pavel N. , Baklanov Alexandr V. , Telyatnik Rodion S. , Juluri Raghavendra R. , Pedersen Kjeld , Popok Vladimir N.
Published: July 2017

We report a novel approach for metal organic vapor phase epitaxy of (Al)GaN heterostructures on Si substrates. An approximately 90–100 nm thick SiC buffer layer is synthesized using the reaction between Si substrate and CO gas. High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals sharp crystalline interfaces with epitaxial relationship between SiC/Si and AlN/SiC layers. Optimization of SiC morphology and AlN seed layer thickness facilitates the growth of GaN layers free of pits (v‐defects). It is also found that Si doping eliminates these defects in the case of growth on SiC templates with non‐optimized surface morphology. Thus, synthesis of thin SiC buffer layer is suggested as a solution for the interface problems at the initial stage of III‐N on Si epitaxy.
Synthesis of Alkynylated Dihydrofuran‐2(3H)‐ones as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Tissue Non‐Specific Alkaline Phosphatase
Authors: Petrosyan Andranik , Ghochikyan Tariel V. , Ejaz Syeda Abida , Mardiyan Zorayr Z. , Khan Shafi Ullah , Grigoryan Tatevik , Gevorgyan Ashot , Samvelyan Melanya A. , Galstyan Armen S. , Parpart Silvio , Rahman Qamar , Iqbal Jamshed , Langer Peter
Published: July 2017

The synthesis of new derivatives of 3‐(3‐arylprop‐2‐ynyl)dihydrofuran‐2(3H)‐ones by Sonogashira reactions and their screening as potent and selective inhibitors of b‐TNAP is reported. Although a few derivatives exhibited non‐selective inhibition of c‐IAP, most of the derivatives were found to be potent and selective inhibitors of b‐TNAP. The selective and potent inhibitors of b‐TNAP might be useful for the treatment of vascular calcification. Among the derivatives studied, one compound was identified as the most potent inhibitor of b‐TNAP with a high inhibitory value, exhibiting a 6 fold more selective activity towards b‐TNAP as compared to c‐IAP. The higher inhibitory activity of this compound towards b‐TNAP is caused by the presence of two furan rings. Similarly, another derivative, having a furan ring, exhibited a lower inhibitory potential towards b‐TNAP, but this compound was found to be the most potent inhibitor of c‐IAP. Furthermore, molecular docking studies of these potent compounds were carried out to see the possible binding modes of potent inhibitors inside the active pocket of respective enzyme.
Novel 5‐Nitroimidazole and 5‐Nitrothiazole Piperazine Derivatives and Their Antiparasitic Activity
Authors: Saadeh Haythem A. , Khasawneh Mohammad A. , Abu‐Zeid Youssif A. , El‐Haty Ismail A. , Mubarak Mohammad S. , Nsangou Sylvain Pechangou , Goyal Kapil , Sehgal Rakesh , Marco‐Contelles José , Samadi Abdelouahid
Published: July 2017

A novel series of 5‐nitroimidazole‐piperazines (4a–j) and 5‐nitrothiazole‐piperazine (7a–j) have been prepared in good yields. The antigiardial and antitrichomonal activities of these new compounds were evaluated. Majority of the compounds was found to be more active against Giardia lamblia as compared to metronidazole at 24 hours of incubation. After 48 hours of incubation, compounds 4b, 4f, 7c and 7j showed better activity against G. lamblia with IC50 of 15.3, 11.4, 5.9, 13.5 μM respectively compared to metronidazole (17.4 μM). Compounds 4a–j and 7a–j exhibited anti‐parasitic activity against T. vaginalis with IC50 ranging from 16.4–88.7 μM and 1.2–86.7 μM at 24 hours and 48 hours of incubation respectively. Compounds 4c and 7e were 15 times more potent than the standard drug, metronidazole.
Benzothiazole‐Based Sensors for Protons and Chromium(III) ions
Authors: Sravani Chinduluri , Sivaramakrishna Akella
Published: July 2017

Two benzothiazole based Schiff bases 5‐(diethylamino)‐2‐(((6‐methoxybenzo[d]thiazol‐2‐yl)imino)methyl)phenol (probe 1) and N‐(4‐(dimethylamino)benzylidene)‐6‐methoxybenzo[d]thiazol‐2‐amine (probe 2) were efficiently synthesized and structurally characterized. Molecular structure of probe 1 is obtained by single crystal X‐ray analysis. The presence of hydroxyl substituent on phenyl moiety makes probe 1 as ESIPT (Excited State Intramolecular Proton Transfer) probe and the absence of hydroxyl on phenyl moiety differs probe 2 as PET (Photo Induced Electron Transfer) probe towards sensing of H+ ions. Probe 1 selectively detects H+ ions colorimetrically with reversible changes on adding a base like TEA. Besides H+ ions, probe 2 detects Cr(III) ions with a colorimetric response. The addition of TEA leads to reversible changes with primary protonation and these changes were irreversible with second protonation.
Carbon Coating on SiO2 in Co/C‐SiO2 Catalysts for High and Stable Activity in Nitrobenzene Hydrogenation
Authors: Kondeboina Murali , Enumula Siva Sankar , Muppala Ashok Raju , Madduluri Venkata Rao , Burri David Raju , Kamaraju Seetha Rama Rao
Published: July 2017

Since 5 % Co/SiO2 catalysts exhibited good activity in nitrobenzene hydrogenation when compared other supported (Al2O3, ZrO2, TiO2) catalysts(SI), effect of Co loading on SiO2 support against aniline synthesis was studied in vapour phase conditions. Variation of Co loading revealed that 5 % Co/SiO2 is a better catalyst in terms of nitrobenzene hydrogenation activity. Smaller Co particle size with good number of active sites are helpful in exhibiting good activity by this catalyst .However this catalyst suffers activity loss after 7th hour due to coking. In order to sustain the activity for longer duration SiO2 surface was coated with carbon prior to deposition of Co and found that this Co/C‐SiO2 catalyst exhibited high and steady activity during the time on steam study.
Ultrathin Vein‐Like Iridium–Tin Nanowires with Abundant Oxidized Tin as High‐Performance Ethanol Oxidation Electrocatalysts
Authors: Zhu Meiwu , Shao Qi , Pi Yecan , Guo Jun , Huang Bin , Qian Yong , Huang Xiaoqing
Published: July 2017

Iridium (Ir) holds great promise for ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR), while its practical applications suffer from the limited shape‐controlled synthesis due to its low‐energy barrier for nucleation. To overcome this limitation, the preparation of a new class of ultrathin vein‐like Ir–tin nanowires (IrSn NWs) with abundant oxidized Sn is reported. By tuning the ratio of Ir to Sn, the optimized Ir67Sn33/C exhibits the highest mass density of 95.6 mA mg−1 Ir for EOR at low potential (0.04 V), which is 4.1‐fold and 20‐fold higher than that of Ir/C and the commercial Pt/C, respectively. It also exhibits the smallest Tafel slope of 153 mV dec−1 and superior stability after 2 h chronoamperometric measurement. Electrochemical measurements and X‐ray photoelectron spectra results confirm that the abundant oxidized Sn promotes a complete oxidization of ethanol into CO2 at low potential. This work highlights the importance of non‐noble metal on enhancing the EOR performance.
A new approach for flicker analysis using information‐theory‐based wavelet energy entropy
Authors: Silsüpür Murat , Türkay Belgin Emre
Published: July 2017

Flicker is one of the critical power quality disturbances seen in power distribution networks nowadays. Besides its effects on the human life, it causes malfunctioning and misoperation of sensitive electrical equipment. The measurement of the flicker level is defined in IEC 61000‐4‐15 standard by a flicker meter, which deals only with voltage signals and is not sufficient to understand the contribution of the load and background power systems separately. Therefore, in this letter we present a new approach to the evaluation of flicker characteristics in the light of multiresolution wavelet analysis and information‐theory‐based wavelet energy entropy analysis together. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Molecular electrostatic potentials and noncovalent interactions
Authors: Murray Jane S. , Politzer Peter
Published: July 2017

σ‐Holes and π‐holes are two types of regions of lower electronic density that are frequently found in molecules. There are often positive electrostatic potentials associated with them, through which the molecule can interact attractively with negative sites to form noncovalent bonds. The Hellmann–Feynman theorem shows that these interactions are Coulombic, where this must be understood to include polarization as well as electrostatics. Computed molecular electrostatic potentials have played major roles in elucidating the natures of σ‐hole and π‐hole bonding, but two key issues must be kept in mind: (1) the electrostatic potential at any point r reflects not only the electronic density at r but also contributions from all of the nuclei and electrons in the molecule; thus, the potential in a region does not necessarily correlate with the electronic density in that region. (2) When a molecule begins to interact with another molecule, ion, and so on, its electronic density and hence its electrostatic potential are immediately influenced to some extent by the electric field of the other entity. This induced polarization may significantly affect the molecule's interactive behavior. Both of these issues are discussed. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2017, 7:e1326. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1326

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Molecular Structures

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Biochemistry and Biophysics

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science
A History of Work in Britain, 1880–1950
Authors: McIvor Arthur
Published: July 2017

‘McIvor documents patterns of continuity and change at work that, whilst familiar, are presented with theoretical observation in an accessible, clear format under one cover. He has produced an invaluable source for students of labour history.’ - Michael Richardson, University of the West of England, Work, employment and society - Journal of The British Sociological Association ‘...well informed, clearly written, logically organised and as alert to differences and discontinuities as it is to similarities and continuities.’ - John Benson, University of Wolverhampton, Scottish Economic & Social History ‘A well structured and well written book which will undoubtedly encourage a varied discussion with regard to the issues raised.’ - Raymond Pate, Southport College
I‐FABP is a Novel Marker for the Detection of Intestinal Injury in Severely Injured Trauma Patients
Authors: Voth M. , Duchene M. , Auner B. , Lustenberger T. , Relja B. , Marzi I.
Published: July 2017

Background

Intestinal injury is a rare injury in multiply traumatized patients, and its diagnosis remains difficult. Delayed diagnosis of an intestinal injury increases the risk of sepsis, multiple organ failure and mortality. The intestinal fatty acid‐binding protein (I‐FABP) is solely expressed in the intestine and is released extracellulary after tissue damage. This study evaluates the validity of I‐FABP as an early biomarker to detect an abdominal injury and particularly an injury to the intestine.

Patients and Methods

Patients with an Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) score for abdominal body region (AIS abdomen) ≥3 were included in this study from 07/2006 to 12/2014. Of those, ten patients retrospectively had an intestinal injury (int. injury). According to the Injury Severity Score and the AIS abdomen, corresponding patients with an abdominal injury but without an intestinal injury (no int. injury) were included for matched‐pair analysis. Twenty healthy volunteers served as controls. Plasma I‐FABP levels were measured at admission to the emergency room and up to 10 days daily (d1–d10).

Results

Median I‐FABP levels were significantly higher in the “int. injury” group compared to the “no int. injury” group [2101.0 pg/ml (IQR = 1248.1–4117.8) vs. 351.4 pg/ml (IQR = 287.6–963.3), p < 0.05]. Furthermore, I‐FABP levels of both groups were significantly higher compared to the control group [Ctrl: 127.2 pg/ml (IQR = 57.4–310.6), p < 0.05]. The time course of I‐FABP levels showed a peak on the day of admission and a decline to the control levels in the further post‐traumatic course. The development of complications such as single‐ or multi‐organ failure, sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pneumonia and mortality was higher in the “int. injury” group; however, this difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

This study confirmed our previous observation that I‐FABP might be used as a suitable early biomarker for the detection of abdominal injuries in general. In addition and more specific, I‐FABP may be a useful and promising parameter in the diagnosis of intestinal injuries.