bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Implications of Scarcity for Governance in Africa
Authors: Rothchild Donald , Foley Michael
Published: March 2007

Despite the variety in African state forms, the observer is struck by a prevailing paradox- that is, the modern African state is overcentralized and consumes extensive resources, yet is "soft" and lacks the ability to carry out its ambitious programs. What explains this apparent paradox? Policy analysis, which assumes relatively strong and autonomous state institutions, must adapt to Third World conditions if it is to promote governability under conditions of scarcity and state incoherence. Hence a number of policy options are explored to increase the political resources the state can bring to bear-devolution of central authority, expanded private organizations, parastatals, and local governing bodies, and increased reliance on market mechanisms. To be sure, powerful political forces stand in the way of reducing state tasks; yet despite the risks involved, we see real opportunities for African states, each within its own unique context, to accomplish more while doing less.
Can Liberal Democracy Cope with Scarcity?
Authors: Moon J. Donald
Published: March 2007

Several common arguments claiming that liberal democratic regimes are incapable of dealing with environmental scarcity are examined and found wanting. Markets appear to be capable of allocating non-renewable resources over time in a satisfactory manner, and appropriate policies are available to manage renewable resources. While there is no guarantee that such regimes will succeed, their fundamental ideologies and institutions do not preclude adequate responses to ecological problems-assuming that solutions are possible in principle.
The Frontier in the City
Authors: Boal Frederick W. , Livingstone David N.
Published: March 2007

The ethnonational differentiation that characterizes life in Northern Ireland, dating from the seventeenth-century Plantation, is manifest in the high degree of residential segregation and recurrent violence in the Belfast urban area. In turn, this urban encapsulation of the ethnonational conflict exists in microcosm in the Shankill-Falls area of west Belfast. In our examination of how Protestant and Roman Catholic residents in this small area have responded to their environment, we suggest that the idea of the frontier provides a useful explanatory model for understanding the progressive demise of mutal interactions and the increasing hostility between the two groups over the past fifteen years. Each on the periphery of more secure ethnic heartlands, these residents are shown to be the victims of "multiple peripherality" at local, national, and international scales.
Theoretical Reflections On Federations and Federalism
Authors: Ehrlich Stanislaw
Published: March 2007

Federal systems decide by territorial decentralization who has what power, what sover eignty. The institutions of federalism are ideologically neutral, and serve to decentralize a state or protect ethnic identities within it. Marxists have favored unitary governments, accepting federalism as a means to avoid breakup of the state. Cases of federalism and mixed cases are examined. Secession is usually resisted by force-and in the Third World cannot occur lest the East-West power balance be affected. Federalism has a future!
Coalition Politics At the Regional Level and Center- Periphery Relationships
Authors: Graziano Luigi , Girotti Fiorenzo , Bonet Luciano
Published: March 2007

The study focuses on two questions. One is the degree of autonomy of local party leaders in Italy in selecting coalition partners in local executives. The second and related problem is to clarify the role of local politics and coalitions in the general strategy of Italian political parties. The study was conducted through the analysis of interparty negotiations both at the center and the periphery that followed the 1980 administrative elections. It shows that the politics of coalition formation at the local, especially regional, level is highly centralized, although the forms and degree of centralization vary from party to party and in the various phases of the negotiation process.
Global Problems of Humankind
Authors: Masopust Zdenek
Published: March 2007

Global problems of mankind accentuate growing interdependence in today's world and the common commitment to solve them appears as one of the main factors that form and strengthen the bonds within the emerging universal human community. A continuous role in this process must be played by the countries of the socialist community. The idea is fostered that the solution of global problems is, and increasingly should be, one of the main functions of the socialist state.
The Future of the State in Africa
Authors: Ake Claude
Published: March 2007

The state is a specific modality of class domination, a generic phenomenon in capitalist and socialist formations. The unique feature of the socioeconomic formations in postcolonial Africa is that the state, if we can properly talk of such an existence at all, has very limited autonomy. The state in Africa is only a particular modality of class domination. In the social formations of Africa that are supposedly capitalist, we find a rudimentary autonomization of class domination. In the African social formations that are purportedly socialist we find a limited possibility of class domination being mediated and autonomized effectively by commodity production and exchange. As far as the state and social forces are concerned, we can state that much of postcolonial Africa remains essentially an enclave capitalism marked by the class domination typical of capitalism.
Electoral Structures and Pork Barrel Politics
Authors: Lancaster Thomas D.
Published: March 2007

Pork barrel politics is a particular type of constituency service through which a legislator's geographic constituency benefits from the distribution of public works projects. The desire for reelection prompts a representative to use his influence to initiate local projects. A comparative model is presented, causally linking a country's electoral system with the de gree of pork barrel activity. Most literature has focused disproportionately on the United States. This model suggests that the electoral accountability linkage is strongest in coun tries with single-member districts and weakest in those with at-large districts. The article's central argument is that a strong correlation exists between the number of representatives per district and the degree of pork barrel politics. Factors such as committee structure and party discipline are also considered.
Television Coverage of Candidates' Display Behavior during the 1984 Democratic Primaries in the United States
Authors: Masters Roger D. , Sullivan Denis G. , Feola Alice , Mchugo Gregory J.
Published: March 2007

Analysis of network news during the 1984 presidential campaign shows that TV coverage of Democratic candidates differed in frequency and in the kinds of expressive displays shown over the course of the pre-convention period. Although political success was generally correlated with media attention, as predicted on the basis of ethology, Jackson was more successful than Mondale in becoming the unquestioned focus of news coverage. Ethological predictions of the type of display behavior shown were generally consistent with the data: happy/reassurance displays were more frequent in interviews, whereas anger/threat tended to be shown more often during speeches, and political success was generally associated with an increased frequency of happy/reassurance displays. Combined with experimental results reported elsewhere, these findings help to explain the outcome of the 1984 campaign and suggest that nonverbal leadership cues are an element in the influence of television in contemporary politics.
Political Socialization in Contemporary Japan
Authors: Kawata Jun-Ichi
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews some interesting findings on political socialization in contemporary Japan, a field characterized by a fair amount of research but a paucity of empirical studies related to specific theories or propositions. The aspects of political socialization selected for discussion are the formation and development of party support, ideology, and attachment to the political system.
Political Leadership in Sub-Saharan Africa: From Giants to Dwarfs
Authors: Adamolekun Ladipo
Published: March 2007

National liberation struggles and the subsequent activity of nation-building have dominated the political development of sub-Saharan African states. However, only the former process has produced first-rate political leaders, amongst whom Kwame Nkrumah and Sékou Touré are the best examples. In the nation-building stage, leaders most often failed, in terms both of low effectiveness and instability of office-holders. Reasons for this failure can be seen partly in the distinction between the sharply focused objective of national independence and the vagueness of the concept of post-independence development.
Political Stability in OECD Nations
Authors: Widmaier Ulrich
Published: March 2007

There exists a considerable ongoing debate in political science about past and future trends in the political legitimacy of Western democratic systems. While the empirical findings for historical periods are mixed and the indicators have a questionable validity across countries and time periods, assumptions and conditions of a scenario utilized in experimental runs with a formalized computer model indicate long-term decline in political legitimacy in five Western countries under study. The scenario implies increasing distributional conflicts and rising short-term maximization of goals by societal actors. This causes long-term decline in macro-economic performance. Following Eastonian terminology the politi cal section of the model differentiates between two layers of political support: support for the incumbent government and support for the political regime (legitimacy). As far as the data situation permits model parameters are "estimated" using a specific technique combining simulation and iterative parameter optimization
Are the Moral and Value Foundations of Multilateralism Changing?
Authors: Hüfner Klaus , Naumann Jens
Published: March 2007

Referring to the national or regional level it is quite commonplace to acknowledge the existence of different types of social relations and structures, many traditional ones and some of more recent origin. The paper argues that with regard to the world-level, the concept of a modern world society has made some progress over the last few decades in contrast to and in competition with tradional state-centered and segmented world views.

Only small minorities of the national populations hold internationalist values and convictions commensurate with a modern world society perspective. Results from the only (but somewhat dated) relevant world-wide survey of the various publics' attitudes towards the United Nations system illustrate the point.

Evidence from various social-science disciplines substantiates the view that it is longer formal education that enhances an individual's capacity to accept highly abstract and encompassing values and handle corresponding cognitive information. The world-wide educational expansion of the last few decades is interpreted as having widened the value foundations of multilateralism.
Managing the World Economy
Authors: Segal Aaron
Published: March 2007

The nature and extent of world economic interdependence is producing a search for institutions capable of global economic management. GATT, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, and the United Nations system have been tried for aspects of global economic management with mixed results. Recently there has been increasing use of the Group of Seven nations, and a series of ad hoc arrangements. The problem of coordination of fiscal, monetary, trade, and other policies has yet to be resolved. This study surveys and analyzes the efforts to institutionalize management of the world economy.
The Private, the Public and Civil Society: Social Realms and Power Structures
Authors: Sales Arnaud
Published: March 2007

This paper will attempt to show how, in contemporary societies, civil society is related to other social fields, in particular (a) the private and the public spheres; (b) the most organized areas of the social and those areas where the most informal relationships predominate; (c) the structural relations of civil society with the state and the major economic and socio- cultural systems of control and power.

Various models of differentiation of social fields will be examined: (1) the dualistic model of state-civil society (which is unsatisfactory because it makes civil society the rag-bag for everything that does not belong to the state); (2) Freund's model opposing the public and the private spheres; (3) the concept of public space, and the thesis of mutual infiltration of public and private spheres; (4) the opposition of systemic regulation (automatisms resulting from the coordination of politics and administration) and self- regulation (natural automatisms); (5) Habermas's model of System- Lifeworld.

This analysis should yield a better understanding of (1) the specificity of civil society as the interface between the public and the private and the locus of public opinion formation; (2) the expansion and contraction of public and private domains, and of civil society in a given historical period.
A Public Economy Approach to Education: Choice and Co-Production
Authors: Davis Gina , Ostrom Elinor
Published: March 2007

This paper represents the development of a theoretical framework that can be used to analyze, reform, and design institutional arrangements for the provision and production of educational services. We examine current dichotomous debate over policy and reform proposals for education (hierarchical organization of schools versus market competition between schools) and question whether the nature of the puzzles associated with the provision and production of education warrant such attempts to dichotomize and search for a single, "best" solution. We show the chain of choices potentially affecting educational performance and analyze the institutional incentives and problems of both providing and producing education. We evaluate the likelihood of alternative institutional regimes exacerbating or ameliorating these provision and production problems and argue that one might think of alternative institutional arrangements as being sets of experiments—each having diverse potential for success and failure in overcoming perverse institutional incentives associated with education, but no one institutional design representing the "one best solution."
Leadership and Its Basis in Problems of Social Coordination
Authors: Calvert Randall
Published: March 2007

Leadership is a means by which social groups attempt to realize gains from cooperation, coordination, and efficient allocation. The attempt to achieve such gains gives rise to further, overarching problems of coordination. The latter problems are recurrent but are likely to vary from one situation to the next; this makes decentralized methods of solution especially difficult, and provides the ultimate reason leadership is needed, invented, and accepted. Solution of such overarching problems makes leadership possible in the basic problems in which social gains are available, including activities such as organizing, sanctioning, communicating, and allocating. The stability of leadership is based on the group's need to solve coordination problems; as a result, a leader has discretion or "power," and can get away with less-than-maximal service of group goals. This approach to understanding leadership suggests several useful techniques for the study of political leadership in particular settings.
Government Reorganization: A Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Peters B. Guy
Published: March 2007

Reorganization is one of the most common activities of government, but it is not adequately understood, either by practitioners or by scholars. This article applies three broad approaches in administrative theory—purpo sive action, environmental determinism, and institutionalism—to the study of reform in industrialized democracies. Each of these three broad approaches is further divided into a number of more specific approaches. The article evaluates all the available approaches, and ends by arguing in favor of the institutional approach.
The Judicial Elite of Israel
Authors: Edelman Martin
Published: March 2007

This study utilizes the recruitment of Israeli Supreme Court justices to explore that country's legal culture. The data indicate that professional legal criteria are the primary variable for the selection of Israeli judges, and that the political/legal culture supports a civil court system which operates independently of partisan politics. Thus, Israeli legal culture can be encompassed within a Weberian framework: it values adherence to settled rules. Paradoxically, precisely because the Supreme Court is seen as the guardian of fundamental values embedded in an objective legal order, authority—and increasing political power—has flowed toward Israel's premier non-partisan institution.
Post-Federalism and Judicial Change in Yugoslavia: The Rise of Ethno-Political Justice
Authors: Cohen Lenard J.
Published: March 2007

The Yugoslav case is a vivid illustration of just how contingent judicial authority is upon regime legitimation. As the struggle to maintain Yugoslav state unity entered a critical stage in 1990-91, the country's "constitutional judiciary," which had been a pillar of "socialist legality" within the Titoist and self-management legal order, proved helpless to prevent the collapse of the federal system. Moreover, the administration of justice was increasingly subject to political pressures from recently ascendant nationalist political parties which, although programmatically committed to the "rule-of-law" and also to the "depoliticization" of the judiciary, were, nevertheless, prepared to utilize the judicial sector and legal system for their own political goals. Communist political control over the courts had largely been eliminated, but Yugoslavia as a whole, and its individual regions, were still a long way from the creation of an indepen dent judiciary, let alone a post-communist rechtsstaat.
The State and Language Policy
Authors: Esman Milton J.
Published: March 2007

The status of language is a critical issue in many ethnically divided states. Language policy is one method by which governments attempt to manage ethnic conflict. While these policies are constrained by societal pressures, they tend to be instrumental to elite preferences for assimilationist or pluralistic strategies for achieving political community. This article evaluates a variety of specific language policies in terms of their contribution to this goal. While their effectiveness tends to be highly contingent, official unilingualism, where practicable, seems more likely than multilingualism to lead eventually to political community.
Neorealism as a Research Enterprise: Toward Elaborated Structural Realism
Authors: James Patrick
Published: March 2007

Neorealism, also known as structural realism, holds a central place among students of international politics. While admired for its elegance, the approach also has attracted considerable criticism, ranging from assertions that it no longer accurately describes international relations to charges of moral bankruptcy. Given the ongoing controversy about conventional wisdom on the subject of world politics, the purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the status of structural realism as a research enterprise. This objective is achieved in four stages. First, in order to reveal priorities for further concept formation, patterns in previ ous thinking about structure as an explanation of international politics will be identified. The second task is to describe the axiomatic basis of struc tural realism as a specific manifestation of systemic theory. Third, the performance of structural realism and related approaches in accounting for international conflict is evaluated. The fourth and final stage is an argument—in preliminary form—that favors a more elaborate version of structural realism.
Birth Order and Political Behavior: Clearing the Underbrush
Authors: Somit Albert , Peterson Steven A. , Arwine Alan
Published: March 2007

Birth order has been implicated in a wide variety of human behaviors. One aspect of this is the contention that those who are first born differ in important respects politically from later born people. Actual findings from empirical research are surveyed to see the extent to which birth order affects both mass and elite political behavior. The meta-analysis suggests no clear pattern of findings supportive of the posited birth order-politics linkage; furthermore, the bulk of the studies that do indicate some relationship are methodologically flawed. It appears that further, more refined research is necessary to demonstrate that the linkage exists.
Administrative Reform and Political Control in Canada
Authors: Landry Réjean
Published: March 2007

The federal and provincial governments elected in Canada over the last ten years have defeated their opponents in promising to manage government in a more productive manner, especially through the intro duction of businesslike managerial practices. After a first series of across the board cuts in the operational expenditures of the governmental departments and agencies, they have undertaken very significant manage rial reforms, especially at the federal level. These initiatives have gener ated important savings in the operational budgets of the government departments and agencies. However, any significant additional productiv ity improvement is likely to require substantive information on programs that central decision-making arrangements such as the federal and provin cial treasury boards are not likely to obtain. Finally, the productivity gains to be expected from the introduction of businesslike managerial practices in government are likely to reach, in a short while, their threshold of decreasing marginal returns in a context where governments have already privatized or employed user charges wherever government services had a market.
La judicialisation de la politique en France
Authors: Lafon Jacqueline Lucienne
Published: March 2007

En France où le principe de la séparation des pouvoirs fut affirmé avec éclat en 1789, il paraissait peu probable que le phénomène de la judicialisation de la politique se produirait. La doctrine classique critiqua vivement l'idée d'une jurisprudence créatrice de droit. Pourtant, force est de constater qu'elle se développa dans toutes les branches du droit. Deux exemples marquent plus particulièrement par leur évolution antinomique: la jurisprudence civile se greffa sur le Code civil de 1804 alors que la jurisprudence administrative surgit ex nihilo. Avec les années, un équilibre semble atteint entre sources législatives et jurisprudentielles.
Of Facts and Values: A Bio-political Perspective
Authors: Hartigan Richard Shelly
Published: March 2007

Bio-political philosophy can today confront the perennial questions of philosophy in the light of a wide range of evidence from the natural sciences. Observation seems to verify that humans are normative animals; although this characteristic of our nature is often traced to ratio nality, a reconsideration of Hume's critique in the light of biology suggests that the ultimate origin of our "normativeness" is far more primordial and less calculated. This suggests that the content of human value systems might be more constant and consistent than they at first appear. I bluntly contend that the Ten Commandments are an example of a moral regimen, not of how human believers can win salvation and eternal life, but rather of how human beings have thus far successfully guaranteed their earthly existence. In short, what we call our human normative systems spring from that same selective biology that sees us as the evolved creatures we are today. They are at one and the same time a cause and an effect of our human condition.
The Politics of Electoral Reform in Israel
Authors: Diskin Hanna , Diskin Abraham
Published: March 2007

This article falls into three main sections. The first outlines the basic features of the Israeli electoral system established in 1949, with minor amendments in the allocation formula (in 1973) and the electoral threshold (in 1992). The second covers unsuccessful proposals to reform Knesset elections in the periods 1949-77, 1977-90, and 1990 to date. The last section explains the causes of the introduction in 1992 of direct elections for the prime minister, and evaluates their possible conse quences.

Since its first Knesset (parliamentary) elections in 1949 Israel has employed an electoral system with a single nationwide district, a propor tional representation allocation formula, and a strict list ballot. The basic alternative considered by Israeli politicians was the employment of a mixed system. Although reform proposals have been raised since the establishment of the state of Israel, no major change of the system has taken place until the March 1992 reform of the Government Basic Law. Following Israel's only successful vote on no-confidence, the Knesset adopted a governmental reform according to which the prime minister will be elected directly by voters. The directly elected prime minister must gain, however, the Knesset's confidence in his or her government. The present nature of the reform is such that a possible conflict between the prime minister and the Knesset may lead to a political and constitutional catastrophe.
The Liberal Democratic Party in Japan: Conservative Domination
Authors: Crespo José Antonio
Published: March 2007

This article explores the relationship of Japan's ruling party vis- à-vis other actors in the political system, such as the bureaucracy and the business community—which have been the main pillars of conservative rule in that country for 38 years—as well as other interest groups. It also specifies in what way the democratic processes within the ruling party itself, and in the political system in general, have allowed, notwithstand ing the prevailing ideological conservatism, Japanese society to show one of the highest indexes of equality of income distribution in the world.
Geopolitical Impact of the Concept of Corporate Networks
Authors: Lefebvre Olivier
Published: March 2007

It is apparent that firms require efficient networks, including telecommunications networks. This affects their strategies and their capital expenditure which, in the case of large-sized firms, is often inter national. It is in the interest of states that efficient networks should exist as they are useful for firms that carry out takeovers (that is, firms with an attacking attitude), as well as those that have recourse to subcon tracting and franchising (that is, firms with a defensive attitude). The article deals with the impact of such networks on companies and discusses how changes take place in a geopolitical context.
Telecommunications Development in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Berlage Michael
Published: March 2007

The development of the telecommunications infrastructure is seen as an important prerequisite for economic development in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The financing of the upgrading of the infrastructure becomes a major future problem for these countries, especially with regard to investment in the local telephone networks. This article gives an overview of recent developments and different approaches to telecommunications development and the reform of the regulatory framework in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.
Afterword
Authors: Claval Paul
Published: March 2007

The author places the papers in this issue of the Review in the general context of communications, political geography and global change. He considers several major perspectives: the worldwide impact of modern communications systems on political and economic structures; the effects of the communications revolution on regional planning, and, finally, on the private sector.
War, Peace, and the State of the State
Authors: Holsti K.J.
Published: March 2007

Against the tenets of realist literature, the article argues that the main source of war in the last half-century is internally-derived, and resides in the nature of post-1945 states. Regional and temporal variations in the topography of war make suspect realist claims of state similarity and systemic explanations of war. It is not the security dilemma nor the international system, but the composition of state legitimacy and the characteristic of weak, strong, and failed states which explain war today. Regions populated by strong states, defined in terms of legitimacy, are arenas of peace, and regions of weak and failed states are a prime location of war.
Teaching Ethics in the Public Schools
Authors: Cavazos Lauro F.
Published: March 2007

We must do whatever is necessary to ensure that future generations of Ameri cans respect and honor the moral heritage on which this nation was founded. That's the warning of Education Secretary Cavazos.
Designing and Implementing a Values Education Program
Authors: Copeland Bonnie S. , Saterlie Mary Ellen
Published: March 2007

Here's how one school sys tem approached implement ing a values education pro gram. Their efforts may provide ideas for other dis tricts.
The Schools of Character Project: An Effort To Address Ethics in Schools
Authors: Hess Fritz , Shablak Scott
Published: March 2007

Described here is the project undertaken by a state educa tion consortium to focus on positive approach to the teaching of ethics. It could well serve as a model for educators in other states.
Ethical Codes: A Standard For Ethical Behavior
Authors: Egan Katherine
Published: March 2007

This writer looks at the codes of ethics of three major edu cation associations, and sug gests how they might be used as the foundation for developing a school-specific code.
In Search of Strong Administrators—A Worthy Investment
Authors: Buckner Kermit , Jones Larry
Published: March 2007

When compared with the time, personnel, and money the business sector pours into recruiting and training candidates for management positions, the recruitment and development of school principals are meager and haphazard. We must invest more time and care in assessing and developing our educational leaders, for they hold our nation's future in their hands.
Planning, Using The New Technology in Classrooms
Authors: Barker Bruce O.
Published: March 2007

Microcomputers are becom ing increasingly more com mon in classrooms. But plan ning for computer use and introduction of other new technologies into the school requires planning and staff preparation.
Will Your School-Business Partnership Stand the Test of Time?
Authors: Schwartz Joel B.
Published: March 2007

Are you considering a school-business partner ship? Or, are you thinking about evaluating your current program ? Here are some points to consider.
One Principal's Approach To Hiring Staff for Athletic Programs
Authors: Irvine Sister Marion
Published: March 2007

This writer—herself an ath lete—looks for the same qualities she values in her coaches, past and present, when hiring staff members for her school's athletic pro grams.
Language Programs at The Middle Level: Some Design Considerations
Authors: Freeman L.M. , Gregory L.L.
Published: March 2007

Program design in foreign languages is not a matter of identifying a given model that can be "plugged into" a given curriculum. The design phase requires examination of various options and the logic underlying each and the selection of program compo nents that fit a given school population—in this case, middle level students.
Student Writing Can Improve Behavior and Classroom Instruction
Authors: Dodd Anne Wescott
Published: March 2007

Teachers can encourage stu dents to understand their responsibilities and behav iors in the classroom and they can improve their own classroom instruction by using writing assignments to communicate.
Individuals with Disabilities: The School Principal and Section 504
Authors: Katsiyannis Antonis
Published: March 2007

School principals are responsible for ensuring the appropriate education of all students, including those with dis abilities.They must provide the leader ship to develop the knowledge base and must have the competence to ensure compliance.
The Pogo Principle: We Have Met The Enemy, and Guess Who It Is?
Authors: Blaine Robert
Published: March 2007

Students at risk? A nation at risk? If we consider all the factors that have influenced schools in recent years, says this long-time educator, we must admit we are getting good value for our investment dollars in education.
Principal Assessment: A Staff Developer's Idea for a Complete Overhaul
Authors: Fontana Jean
Published: March 2007

Jean Fontana is an elementary school teacher in the Levittown (N.Y) Public Schools. She founded the Teachers' Center of Levittown in 1984.
Tournament Earnings and Performance Differentials between the Sexes in Professional Golf and Tennis
Authors: Marple David
Published: March 2007

While a number of issues have been investigated about the relationship of women to sport, little attention has been paid to the economic status of women in professional tennis and golf, both recognized as sports that have allowed women to gain a measure of prestige and mobility. This study attempts to examine recent trends in the earnings of women (compared to men) in professional tennis and golf and to relate earnings differentials to existing sociological literature on the relative position of women in the labor market. Also, the research attempts to uncover the relationship between earnings and player perfor mance between men and women on the respective sports.

Data obtained from secondary sources indicate a convergence in earnings between men andwomen in tennisand golffrom the late 1960sto the late 1970s. Women who are in the lower earnings brackets in both sports lag behind their male counterparts, although a convergence is noted. Based on a comparison of performance, women professionals in tennis and golf earn less than men for comparable performance.
Nicaraguan Sport Ideology
Authors: Whorton Brad , Wagner Eric A.
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that an examinaton of the tenets of Sandinista sport ideology ought to give the reader some idea of the political and social system of contemporary Nicaragua. After reviewing the background and ideology of the Nicaraguan revolution, material from an interview with the Director of the Nicaraguan Institute of Sport is used to elaborate five fundamental themes of sport ideology. Sport in Nicaragua is seen as a means to help integrate the society; there is a desire to gain widespread participation in and "massification" of sport; there is emphasis on local involvement and organization; there is a desire to engender a collective mentality; and there is no intention of using sport to distract the people from the serious problems facing Nicaragua. The work concludes by noting that in sport the record of Nicaragua's actions is different from the perceptions of the Reagan administration that Nicaragua is another Cuba.
Sport Federation Executives and Organizational Strategies
Authors: Rail Geneviève
Published: March 2007

This study is centered on the modalities of participation or "strategies" of executives in two Canadian provincial sport federations. Crozier and Friedberg's (1977) strategic analysis perspective and restricted phenomenological method were utilized. Objective as well as subjective data were collected and strategies were elaborated from (a) an analysis of official data concerning the sport organizations, and (b) a content analysis of 60 interviews with executives of these organizations. Four ideal-types of strategy were identified: the strategies of technocracy, counteroffensive, political withdrawal, and all-directional defense. These strategies were found to correspond to the executives' organizational level and role, namely: provincial appointed administrator and volunteer executive at the provincial, regional, or local level.
Using Economic Models to Measure the Impact of Sports on Local Economies
Authors: Hefner Frank L.
Published: March 2007

Economic impact studies have been applied to a wide range of sporting and recreational events, which are increasingly viewed as an economic development tool besides their recreation benefits. Impact studies rely on the multiplier concept to determine total impacts. This paper addresses the issue of how to estimate correctly the multiplier and thus the total economic impact. The theoretical framework of impact analysis is presented. Examples of correct interpretations of data and modeling procedures are provided.
Representation and the Gun that Points Bachwards
Authors: Duncan Margaret Carlisle
Published: March 2007

This essay looks beyond the focus on team names and mascots to the larger issues of naming and the use o f language in sports. It is argued that the language of sports backfires on women through "rigged discourse" that perpetuates a structural bias that naturalizes men as superior and women as deficient. This argument is supported by the relative paucity of coverage of women in sports and the reliance on visual stereotyping of women in sports coverage. Gendered and racial hierachies of naming in sports are highlighted as examples of the embedded biases of language that can be changed and affect existing power relations.
Sponsorship of Sport by Tobacco and Alcohol Companies: a Review of the Issues
Authors: Crompton John L.
Published: March 2007

The self-interest of sports managers and players concerned with survival of their events, and of the media concerned with protecting advertising revenue, has resulted in little discussion on the appropriateness of tobacco and alcohol companies sponsoring sport. Three central factors in the controversy over permitting tobacco sponsorship of sport are discussed: (1) the obscuring of the connection between tobacco products and disease; (2) the enabling of companies to penetrate the youth market; and (3) the circumvention of the ban on cigarette advertising and promotion in broadcast media. The tobacco industry's case for sponsorship revolves around freedom of speech and the argument that its activities do not lead to increased smoking, only to brand switching. The central issue in alcohol company sponsorship is that it encourages alcohol addiction and abuse.
A Model for the Estimation of Caseload Potential
Authors: Cooper Paul G. , Pearce Rick L.
Published: March 2007

The assessment of a vocational rehabilitation counselor's performance can be associated not only with the outcome resulting from a counselor's work in terms of the number of success ful rehabilitations, but also with the difficulty of the cases with which the counselor is working. One purpose of the current research is to identify those preservice client char acteristics which impact upon the probability of successful rehabilitation. A log-linear model is fitted to a multidimensional frequency table defined by these client character istics and client closure status (successful or unsuccessful rehabilitation). From this model, estimates of the probability of success for different client subgroups and case load potential-the number ofsuccesful rehabilitations expected from a specific caseload in a given year—are obtained.
Decision Support Systems and Public Policy Analysis
Authors: Hall Owen P.
Published: March 2007

This article outlines an approach for developing and applying decision support systems to the formulation and evaluation ofpublic policy. Financial resource limitations represent one of the major challenges facing government throughout the remainder of this century. To meet these challenges, new management systems must be developed not only for improving governmental efficiency but also for improving the effectiveness of the decision-making process. A decision support system offers considerable promise in helping develop such policies.
Education, Change, and Transformation
Authors: Duguid Stephen , Pawson Ray
Published: March 2007

This article explores the transformative capacity of education by using realistic evaluation rnethodology in the context of a follow-up study of 654 Canadian former federal prisoners who had been part of a liberal arts university prison education program. After release, 75% of the prisoners remainedfree of reincarceration for at least 3 years. The study examines in detail three groups within the 654: a group of 119 whose academic perfonnance improved, a group of 99 whose academic performance was consistently high and who were active in program affairs, and a group of 118 who were high school dropouts from broken homes. Using a recidivism prediction device (Statistical Information on Recidivism—SIR), subgroups are identified based on biographic and/or academic variables and actual postrelease success or failure compared with the prediction.
Fantasies and Other Romanticized Concepts of Music Teaching: A Cross-Cultural Study of Chinese and North American Music Education Students’ Images of Music Teaching
Authors: Brand Manny , Dolloff Lori
Published: March 2007

Within an international context, this article reports on the use of drawings by Chinese and North American music education majors as a means of examining these students’ images, expectations, and emerging concepts of music teaching. By studying and discussing these drawings within the methods class, it is hoped that these music education majors could project their present orientation toward music teaching. Several common themes were seen in both the Chinese and North American drawings. Individual drawings are analyzed and included as evidence of archetypal images and signifiers. It is proposed that these students’ drawings might serve as a means of uncovering, analyzing, and challenging music education students as they begin the career-long task of reconciling romanticized notions with more realistic experiences in teaching music.
Influence of Multicultural Singing Games on Primary School Children'S Attentiveness and Song Preferences in Music Classes
Authors: Moore Randall S.
Published: March 2007

In this study, eight multicultural songs with varying amounts of movement were taught to one hundred ninety-five 4- to 7-year-olds in a school setting during three weeks of daily music lessons. Three observers recorded group and individual attentiveness behavior during 17 hours of music instruction. At the end of the research period, subjects were asked in groups and individually to tell how much they liked the eight songs they had learned. Results indicated over 95% group on-task behavior during music instruction, and attention varied with amount of action in each song. A Spearman correlation of -.90 (p = .01) indicated that as the amount of activity in songs increased, the amount of off-task behavior decreased. Group and individual attitudes correlated moderately highly (r = .75) and confirmed that two forms of attitude assessment, group rating and individual interviewing, showed consistency in preferences. Additional observation of ten individuals showed that on-task behavior for listening was 88%, singing 64%, and moving 84%. It appears that young children enjoy moving and singing together and show preferences for songs with more actions. Music educators are encouraged to use singing games when teaching young children, particularly multicultural songs in foreign languages that might otherwise be eschewed.
Teaching world music in the Netherlands: Towards a model for cultural diversity in music education
Authors: Schippers Huib
Published: March 2007

In the Netherlands today almost one million out of the population of fifteen million are of non-Dutch origin. Large concentrations of people from Turkey, Morocco and Surinam in particular, live in and around the cities. In Amsterdam, more than half the children in primary schools are of non-Dutch background. Similar situations exist in most other European countries. European culture has become multicultural by definition, and music education has to find answers to deal with the situation.

The system of music education in the Netherlands can basically be divided into three levels: the conservatories of music, where students are trained to become professional musicians; the music schools, for people who want to learn music but have no professional aspirations; and music teaching in schools, where children are introduced to the general principles of music and music-making. Over the last fifteen years, national and local governments have devoted a great deal of money and effort towards integrating ‘minority arts’ into these institutions to very little effect at first. But since 1990 a new wave of activity has led to encouraging results and possible sources of inspiration for efforts on a European scale.
Music for the unborn child
Authors: Amtmann Inger-Marie
Published: March 2007

Our modern culture with its emphasis on the tactile and visual senses is endangering the loss of aural capabilities. Research over the last 50 years shows that the aural sense is most important for the acculturation of the human species. The ear begins its development as early as the 22nd day of gestation and the unborn child has the capability of storing information ‘heard’ as early as in the first trimester of pregnancy. Music can play an important role in bonding, and the preference for a particular type of music can be instilled in the unborn child. Programmes for parents-to-be such as Dr Lorna Zemke's Lovenotes at Silver Lake College in Manitowoc, Wisconsin, can prove to be important not only for the development of a contented child and its curiosity for the world around it but also for the future of classical music.
Children's Use of a Social Speech Register: Age and Sex Differences
Authors: Levin Harry , Hunter Wendy A.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to trace the changes in a social speech register, talking to an animal, as used by children between the ages of five and 12 years. Each child's speech was recorded while she/he played alone with a rabbit. There were no changes in the nature of such speech between the age groups. However, boys and girls spoke differently to the rabbit. Boys used simpler speech, more imperatives and more annoyed utterances. Girls were more affectionate and asked more questions. Girls were less self conscious during the task. Girls' intonations were more expressive as measured by ratings and by the variability of the fundamental frequencies of their voices. A comparison of results on baby-talk with the characteristics of animal-talk indicated that the two registers are similar.
Genesis of Social Categorisation, Threat To Identity and Perception of Social Injustice: Their Role in Intergroup Communication
Authors: Dubé-Simard Lise
Published: March 2007

Intergroup communication is conceptualised as an interpersonal pro cess requiring linguistic competence, influenced by individual, interpersonal and group processes. Attention is focused mainly on group processes and the barriers they generate to effective intergroup communication. There is some consensus among theorists that clear social categories and threat to identity play an import ant role in deterring the effectiveness of intergroup communication. Little is known however about the factors influencing the operation of these two pro cesses. The present paper is concerned with recent data which bears on some of these factors. A third process, the perception of social injustice, has been rela tively neglected in the social psychology of language. It is introduced here as potentially important in the understanding of the breakdown of intergroup com munication.
Reductio ad Absurdum
Authors: Othen M.
Published: March 2007

"The delinquent is an emergent product, transformed over time, by a sequence of encounters, oral and written reports, prospective readings, retrospective readings of what happened and the practical circumstances of settling matters in everyday agency business." (Circourel)