bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Concrete Categorical Model for the Lambek Syntactic Calculus
Authors: Da Silva Corrêa Marcelo , Haeusler Edward Hermann
Published: May 2007

We present a categorical/denotational semantics for the Lambek Syntactic Calculus (LSC), indeed for a λlD‐typed version Curry‐Howard isomorphic to it. The main novelty of our approach is an abstract noncommutative construction with right and left adjoints, called sequential product. It is defined through a hierarchical structure of categories reflecting the implicit permission to sequence expressions and the inductive construction of compound expressions. We claim that Lambek's noncommutative product corresponds to a noncommutative bi‐endofunctor into a category, which encloses all categories of such hierarchical structure. A soundness theorem for LSC is shown with respect to this semantical framework.
On Remainder Equations
Authors: Li Jun
Published: May 2007

The remainder equations were introduced by S. O. Hansson. In this paper, we will give an exhaustive characterization of the set of solutions for remainder equations. Moreover, solutions to some unsolved problems proposed by Hansson are reported.
Ulm Classification of Analytic Equivalence Relations in Generic Universes
Authors: Kanovei Vladimir
Published: May 2007

We prove that if every real belongs to a set generic extension of L, then every Σ equivalence relation E on reals either admits a Δ1 reduction to the equality on the set 2< ω1 of all countable binary sequences, or the Vitali equivalence E0 continuously embeds in E. The proofs are based on a topology generated by OD sets.
First Cellulose Langmuir‐Blodgett Films towards Photocurrent Generation Systems
Authors: Sakakibara Keita , Ogawa Yasuhiro , Nakatsubo Fumiaki
Published: May 2007

Langmuir‐Blodgett films of a cellulose derivative containing porphyrins, porphyrin‐cellulose, were fabricated in order to construct a cellulose‐based molecular photocurrent generation system. On visible light illumination of the LB monolayer film deposited on an ITO electrode, anodic photocurrents were observed with a quantum yield of 1.6% at an applied potential of 0 V versus SCE, and 3.8–4.6% at 0.2–0.3 V versus SCE. These values indicate that the self‐quenching of the photoexcited porphyrins in the cellulose LB film was suppressed, while porphyrin moieties in the LB film had a densely packed structure. This is because the porphyrins are located at a distance of approximately 1.0 nm along the cellulose backbone.

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Penultimate Propagation Kinetics of Butyl Methacrylate, Butyl Acrylate, and Styrene Terpolymerization
Authors: Li Deheng , Hutchinson Robin A.
Published: May 2007

The pulsed‐laser polymerization technique is used to determine the composition‐averaged free‐radical propagation rate coefficient (kp,ter) for terpolymerization of butyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and styrene between 60 and 120 °C. A significant deviation from terminal model predictions is observed for the ternary system, indicating that penultimate kinetics are important at these industrially relevant temperatures. The implicit penultimate propagation model, with all the coefficients taken from previous studies of the binary systems, provides a good prediction of the experimental kp,ter results.

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Autopsy case of opsoclonus–myoclonus–ataxia and cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome associated with small cell carcinoma of the lung
Authors: Ohara Shinji , Iijima Naoko , Hayashida Kensuke , Oide Takashi , Katai Satoshi
Published: May 2007

We report an autopsy case of paraneoplastic opsoclonus–myoclonus–ataxia syndrome associated with small cell carcinoma of the lung. Chemotherapy and lung lobectomy resulted in complete tumor remission and disappearance of myoclonus. However, emotional and behavioral disturbances relapsed and remitted associated with exacerbation of truncal ataxia and ocular flutter, which responded favorably to prednisolone. At autopsy, after 2 years and 11 months of illness, there was no recurrence of cancer. Neuropathologically, only the cerebellum was affected, with diffuse loss of Purkinje cells and dentate neurons, suggesting that the paraneoplastic cerebellar involvement may be responsible for the cognitive affective symptoms in our patient. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
High resolution transient analysis for “localized” states at the extended defects in InGaAs/GaAs heterostructures grown by MOVPE
Authors: Jóźwiak G. , Dąbrowska‐Szata M. , Gelczuk Ł.
Published: May 2007

The high resolution DLTS techniques are investigated on the “localized” states at the extended defects. The results of computer simulations of DLTS signal from GS2, GS4 and GS6 correlators are presented. It is shown how the methods based on the numerical inversion of the Laplace transform work with “localized” states. In order to improve these methods the numerical inversion of the Laplace transform is proposed for many temperatures simultaneously. The comparative analysis of presented techniques is performed. The normalized density of energy states for misfit dislocations in InGaAs/GaAs heterostructures is presented. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Assessment of lung area in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Jani J. , Peralta C. F. A. , Benachi A. , Deprest J. , Nicolaides K. H.
Published: May 2007

Objective

To compare the intra‐ and interobserver agreement of three different methods of measuring lung area in fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).

Methods

In 71 fetuses with isolated CDH at 21–33 weeks' gestation, the area of the contralateral lung was assessed by firstly, manual tracing of lung borders, secondly, multiplication of the longest diameter of the lung by its widest perpendicular diameter, and thirdly, multiplication of the anteroposterior (AP) diameter of the lung at the mid‐clavicular line by the perpendicular diameter at the midpoint of the AP diameter (AP method). In 30 fetuses the measurements were made by two observers and Bland–Altman analysis was used to compare the measurement agreement and bias for each observer and between the two observers.

Results

The area obtained by the AP method was similar to that obtained by the manual tracing method, but the area by the longest diameter approach was bigger by 34.4% (95% CI, − 2.4% to 71.1%). The 95% confidence intervals of the difference in paired measurements of lung areas by the same observer and by two different observers were narrower in the manual tracing method than in the multiplying diameters methods.

Conclusions

In CDH the most reproducible measurement of fetal lung area is provided by manual tracing of the limits of the lungs, rather than by multiplication of lung diameters. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Über die unter einem Damm durch eine horizontale Parallelschicht sickernde Wassermenge und die Auftriebsdruckverteilung an der Dammbasis .
Authors: Roßbach H.
Published: May 2007

Das ebene stationäre Problem der Grundwasserbewegung unter einem Damm mit Spundwand auf einer horizontalen homogenen Parallelschicht wird exakt gelöst. Die Formel für die unter dem Damm sekundlich versickernde Wassermenge wird für verschiedene Verhältnisse der Dammbreite, Spundwandlänge und Schichtdicke ausgewertet und in einem Diagramm dargestellt.
Spannungsverteilung in stabförmigen Membran‐Kegelschalen .
Authors: Pflüger A.
Published: May 2007

Bei einem biegungsfesten, geraden Stab, der einen dünnwandigen Hohlquerschnitt mit längs der Stabachse veränderlichen Abmessungen besitzt, ist es für die Ermittlung der Spannungsverteilung nicht mehr ausreichend genau, wenn man den Stab an jeder gerade betrachteten Stelle durch einen Zylinder annähert und die hierfür gültigen Formeln der technischen Balkenbiegungslehre benutzt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Spannungsrechnung dadurch verfeinert, daß der Stab durch eine Kegelschale ersetzt wird. Die Ergebnisse der Theorie werden mit Messungen an einem Versuchsstück verglichen.
Berechnung der Auslenkung und Spannungen beim Kippen des geschlossenen Kreisringes
Authors: Federhofer Karl
Published: May 2007

Die bekannten Untersuchungen über die Kippstabilität des Kreisringes beschränken sich auf die Berechnung des für den Eintritt des Kippens maßgebenden kritischen Druckes, sie lassen aber die beim Kippvorgang eintretende Formänderung und damit auch die Spannungen im Ringe unbestimmt. Die vorliegende Arbeit bringt die bisher fehlende Berechnung der größten Auslenkung und der Spannungen des Rings.
Die Stabilität von Kreisringplatten
Authors: Willers Fr. A.
Published: May 2007

Es wird die Gleichung für das Ausbeulen einer am Außenrand gedrückten Kreisringplatte konstanter Dicke aufgestellt, auf die Außerdem noch ein als Eigenspannung anzusehendes Moment wirkt. Ist dieses Moment Null, läßt sich die Gleichung auf eine Besselsche zurückführen. Dieser Fall wurde von Meißner behandelt. Hier werden durch Näherungsmethoden die Beulmomente für den Fall berechnet, daß die Plattenränder überhaupt nicht beansprucht sind.
Über die Berechung der Koeffizienten einer in der instationären Tragflügeltheorie auftretenden unendlichen Matrix
Authors: Glaser Rudolf
Published: May 2007

Es handelt sich um den Ausdruck des Koeffizientenschemas, das in der allgemeinen Formel für den instationären mittleren Widerstand einer schwingenden Tragfläche auftritt und für die Theorie von besonderer Wichtigkeit ist, in einer Form, die auch für die numerische Berechnung geeignet ist. Die Durchführung geschieht mit Benutzung Besselscher Funktionen und führt zu schnell konvergeten Reihenentwicklungen.
Über das Restglied der Mittelwertformeln für angenäherte Quadratur
Authors: Tollmien W.
Published: May 2007

Für die Quadraturformeln nach dem Mittelwertverfahren werden die exakten Restglieder in Integralform auf eine möglichst einfache Weise hergeleitet. Diese Restglieder enthalten von der näherungsweise zu integrierenden Funktion Ableitungen beliebig wählbarer Ordnung sowie die periodischen Bernoullischen Funktionen.
Lösung eines Minimumproblems der Tragflügeltheorie
Authors: Nickel Karl
Published: May 2007

Es wird die dritte Grundaufgabe der Prandl schen Theorie der tragenden Linie auf den Fall endlich vieler linearer Nebenbedingungen erweitert und gelöst. Drei Beispiele zeigen praktisch vorkommende Fälle mit solchen Nebenbedingungen.
Einige exakte Lösungen für die Temperaturverteilung in einer laminaren Strömung
Authors: Schlichting H.
Published: May 2007

Für die ebene Kanalströmung und für die Strömung zwischen zwei konzentrischen rotierenden Zylindern werden exakte Lösungen für die Temperaturverteilung mit Berücksichtigung der Reibungswärme angegeben.
Die mathematischen Grundlagen zu einer Meßmethode des Schubmoduls zäher Flüssigkeiten
Authors: Pieruschka Erich
Published: May 2007

Der Schubmodul zäher Flüssigkeiten kann mittels eines Schwingmeßgeräts bestimmt werden. Es werden hierzu eine Phasenverschiebungs‐ und eine Amplitude methode entwickelt. Weiter werden Versuche ausgewertet, die mit diesem Gerät an der Technischen Hochschule Danzig 1942 gemacht wurden. Dabei zeigt sich, daß es Flüssigkeiten gibt, die dem Newtonschen Stoffgesetz (G → ∞) nicht gehorchen.
Graphische Integrationsverfahren für die Meißnerschen Linienbilder bei Differentialgleichungen 1. Ordnung
Authors: Ludwig Rudolf
Published: May 2007

Während Meißner mit seinem Verfahren eine Differentialgleichung 1. Ordnung nicht direkt integrieren konnte, werden hier neue Methoden angegeben, mit denen dies möglich ist. Außerdem kann auf einfache Weise eine Fehlerabschätzung durchgeführt werden, die sonst bei graphischen Verfahren meist unterlassen wird.
Operatorenmethoden in der Gasdynamik
Authors: Bergman Stefan
Published: May 2007

Wenn man für wirbelfreie Unterschallströmungen einer kompressiblen Flüssigkeit die Hodographenmethode verwendet, muß man die Theorie der analytischen Funktionen einer komplexen Veränderlichen auf den Fall allgemeinerer linearer partieller Differentialgleichungen vom elliptischen Typus erweitern. Für diesen Zweck werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit Integraloperatoren eingeführt. Sie transformieren die Klasse der analytischen Funktionen einer komplexen Veränderlichen in die Klasse der Stromfunktionen, welche die Unterschallströmungen der idealen Gase um beliebige Profile beschreiben. Die Operatorenmethode wird auf den gemischten Fall ausgedehnt.
Zur Berechnung der Drucktendenz bei Wärmezufuhr innerhalb einer isothermen Atmosphäre von konstanter Grundgeschwindigkeit
Authors: Stümke H.
Published: May 2007

Die vom Verfasser vorgeschlagene Methode der „mittleren”︁ Zustandsänderungen zur Berechnung der Wetterentwicklung führt beim vorliegenden Problem auf eine elliptische Differentialgleichung für die lokale Drucktendenz mit drei Parametern (geographische Breite, Temperatur, Grundgeschwindigkeit), die unter der Voraussetzung eines ebenen Erdbodens für den Halbraum mittels Greenscher Funktion gelöst wird. In der Energiebilanz tritt gegenüber dem Fall der anfangs ruhenden Atmosphäre als neues Glied ein meteorologisch wichtiger Ausdruck für die Änderung der kinetischen Energie auf.
Einschließungssätze bei Iteration und Relaxation
Authors: Collatz L.
Published: May 2007

Wenn bei Anwendung eines Iterationsverfahrens auf ein Gleichungssystem für n Unbekannte sich bei einem Iterationsschritt alle Unbekannten in demselben Sinne ändern, ergibt sich die Frage, ob bei den weiteren Iterationsschritten die Unbekannten sich stets wieder in demselben Sinne ändern und ob man auf diese Weise von unten und von oben her die Lösung eingabeln kann. Das gilt keineswegs allgemein, aber in weiten, gerade für die Anwendung auf Randwertaufgaben (bei gewöhnlichen und partiellen Differentialgleichungen) wichtigen Klassen von Gleichungssystemen. Auch nichtlineare Systeme werden betrachtet. Besonders herausgegriffen werden die Iterationsverfahren in Gesamt‐ und in Einzelschritten und die Relaxation.
Zum Torsionsproblem der abgesetzten Welle und anderer Wellenformen des Maschinenbaues
Authors: Sonntag Rudolf
Published: May 2007

Zur Berechnung der an den Übergangsstellen abgesetzter Wellen auftretenden Maximalspannung wird eine einfache und zuverlässige Formel entwickelt. Darüber hinaus ergeben sich ebenso einfache und zuverlässige Formeln für Sonderfälle der abgesetzten Welle, wie z. B. für die Welle mit rechteckiger Eindrehung bzw. vorspringendem Bund oder mit rillen‐ oder schlitzförmigen Eindrehungen sowie auch für die Welle mit rechteckiger Keilnut.
Schmierfilm bei Walzen mit Verformung
Authors: Weber C. , Saalfeld K.
Published: May 2007

Die Schmierfilmbildung zwischen Walzen bei Berücksichtigung der Verformung wird für konstante Zähigkeit η0 und für das Zähigkeitsgesetz η = η0 eβp rechnerisch untersucht. Die Ergebnisse werden in Diagrammen zusammengestellt. Die Frage des Reibungsbeiwertes wird besonders behandelt. Ungelöst bleibt das Gebiet mit nur geringen Abweichungen von der Hertzschen Verformung.
Ein neues Auswerteverfahren der ebenen Spannungsoptik
Authors: Föppl L.
Published: May 2007

Der ebene Spannungszustand wird auf das orthogonale Netz der Hauptspannungslinien bezogen. Die Gleichgewichtsgleichungen werden mit Hilfe der zur Spannungssumme als Realteil gehörenden komplexen analytischen Funktion dargestellt und integriert, wobei der Integrationsweg in der Ebene beliebig gewählt werden kann. Der Integrand enthält dabei die auf spannungsoptischem Weg an jeder Stelle gewonnenen Werte der Differenz der beiden Hauptspannungen und ihre Richtungen.
New protein structure‐function technology and applications
Authors: Gracy R. W. , Wheeler C. E. , Lu H. S. , Jahani M. , Mo Y. J.
Published: May 2007

Recent advances in protein structure technology such as affinity chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography (for protein and peptide isolation) and microsequencing have provided new opportunities for answering fundamental questions as well as providing new applications. For example, it has been recognized for many years that aging causes the accumulation of “abnormal” proteins in cells. The amount of these aged proteins in human cells is exceedingly small, and only through the use of microstructural analyses has it been possible to explore the properties of aged proteins. Such studies suggest that aged cells have a decreased ability to catabolize covalently modified proteins. High‐sensitivity structural analyses also provide the opportunity to study the molecular basis of genetic diseases with small amounts of tissue or blood. Examples of the aplication of these new technologies include isolation of enzymes for therapeutic purposes such as digestion of herniated spinal discs and the debridement of burns and ulcers. The use of microencapsulated proteins and matrix‐bound enzymes also has provided new application opportunities. For example, covalently bound lactase has been found to have bio‐adhesive properties in the intestine and may be used for treatment of lactase insufficiency in persons who cannot tolerate milk or milk products.
Distribution of major chemical constituents and fatty acids in different regions of coconut endosperm
Authors: Balachandran C. , Arumughan C. , Mathew A. G.
Published: May 2007

Seven regions of coconut endosperm, comprising four (inner, middle, outer and testa) from the region adjacent to the water cavity to the testa; and three transverse regions from top to bottom, were analyzed for moisture, fat, protein, non‐protein nitrogen, soluble sugars, reducing sugars, fiber, total ash and acid insoluble ash. The fat extracted from these regions was analyzed for fatty acid composition and chemical characteristics. A marked gradient in the concentration of major constituents was observed across the endosperm, from the inner region enclosing the water cavity through middle and outer regions and testa, the gradation being more striking for moisture fat and soluble sugars. Fatty acids 6:0 to 12:0 were concentrated in the inner regions, and their contents decreased toward the outer regions with a corresponding increase in the higher acids and unsaturated fatty acids. The chemical characteristics of the fat (Reichert value, Polenske value, iodine value and saponification value) from these regions were found to be compatible with the fatty acid profile. The distribution of the constituents in the transverse regions of the coconut endosperm was fairly uniform.
Distribution of aldrin and dieldrin in soybeans, oil, and by‐products during processing
Authors: Chaudry M. M. , Nelson A. I. , Perkins E. G.
Published: May 2007

Soybean samples acquired from aldrin‐treated and nontreated fields were analyzed for aldrin and dieldrin content of oil from different fractions of soybeans. By simulating commercial processing techniques on a semimicro level, samples of oils and wastes collected after refining, bleaching, and deodorization were also subjected to pesticide residue analysis. In general, dieldrin levels in soybeans, or fractions thereof, had a clear positive relationship with the aldrin applications. Soybean cotyledons were found to contain lesser amounts of aldrin hypocotyles and fines than whole beans, hulls, and/or hypocotyles and fines. Deodorization of oil was noted to be the most effective in the removal of pesticides, and deodorizer distillate had high concentrations of aldrin and dieldrin, although pesticide levels in the oil decreased somewhat after each processing step. Processed oil was found to be free of aldrin and dieldrin residues up to instrumental detection limits.
Cyclopropenoid fatty acids in seed oils ofSida acuta andSida rhombifolia (malvaceae)
Authors: Ahmad Moghis U. , Husain S. K. , Ahmad M. , Osman S. M. , Subbarao R.
Published: May 2007

Seed oils ofSida acuta andSida rhombifolia were found to contain sterculic (11.0, 10.8%) and malvalic (1.7, 2.0%) acids respectively, in addition to the normal fatty acids. Co‐occurrence of these acids was established by gas liquid chromatography of the silver nitrate‐methanol‐treated methyl esters usingSterculia foetida esters as a reference standard. This gas liquid chromatography technique of quantitation was found most suitable to estimate these acids in low level cyclopropenoid acid‐containing seed oils.
Identification and structure elucidation of the components of commercial linear alkylbenzenes
Authors: Cavalli L. , Landone A. , Divo C. , Gini G. , Galli M. , Bareggi E.
Published: May 2007

A gas chromatography and gas chromatography mass spectrometry study was performed on four commercial linear alkylbenzenes (LAB). A preliminary detailed analysis was done on some model compounds: four tetralin mixtures obtained by alkylation of benzene with linear dichloro n‐paraffins (C10, C11, C12, and C13), 1‐methyl‐4‐heptyltetralin and 1‐methyl‐3‐octylindane. We concentrated on the minor components (5–10%) present in the linear alkylbenzenes. Three different types of compounds were identified: A) branched alkylbenzenes, B) 1,4‐dialkyltetralins with linear alkyl groups, and C) 1,4‐dialkyltetralins with branched alkyl groups. Quantitative evaluation of these minor components was also done. No evidence of 1,3‐dialkylindane structures, at least those with linear alkyl groups, was found in the commercial linear alkylbenzenes studied.
The composition of volatile oils derived from oleoresins
Authors: Eiserle Robert J. , Rogers James A.
Published: May 2007

Essential oils and oleoresins derived from spices and herbs, by steam distillation in the former case or by solvent extraction in the latter case, are increasingly more important as flavoring constituents in heat‐processed foods. Steam‐distilled oils, when used for such purposes, tend to steam‐distill during the heat processing due to moisture that is present. Oleoresins that contain the essential oil and natural fixatives tend to depress this volatilization and are preferred as flavoring materials in such cases. Subjective flavor panel evaluations are reported, showing the significance between oleoresins and essential oils as well as the corresponding spice or herb. Instrumental evaluation, primarily gas chromatography, will compare essential oils produced by direct steam distillation vs. those isolated form oleoresins. The difference in composition which can be related to the improved flavor effect from oleoresins is discussed.
Hydrogenation ofcis‐9,cis‐12‐,cis‐9,trans‐12‐ andtrans‐9,trans‐12‐ Octadecadienoates
Authors: Scholfield C. R.
Published: May 2007

The products formed by hydrogenation of methylcis‐9,trans‐12‐ andtrans‐9,trans‐12‐octadecadienoates with nickel and platinum catalysts have been compared with those from methyl esters of the naturally occurring all‐cis linoleate. Hydrogen uptake is slower for thetrans isomers. Much of the monoene consisted of esters with double bonds at the 9 and 12 positions with their original geometric configurations. Monoenoic esters with double bonds at the 10 and 11 positions were predominatelytrans and apparently formed by conjugation before hydrogenation. Nickel produced more isomerization than platinum but less than previously reported for copper. With both catalysts hydrogenation proceeded both directly and through conjugated intermediates, in contrast to copper in which all hydrogenation is believed to follow conjugation.
Effect of storage conditions on increase in aflatoxins in cottonseed: A small lot study
Authors: Whitten Marion E. , Smith Lloyd L.
Published: May 2007

Small lots of cottonseed with low aflatoxin contamination were stored at 15, 18 and 22% moisture at 80 and 85 F. Maximum aflatoxin content was reached within 30 days’ storage. The range in moisture content was sufficient to cause a 10‐fold increase in aflatoxin content between seed stored at 15.1 and 21.8% moisture. Aeration caused about a five‐fold mean increase in aflatoxin content.
Continuous ultrasonic degumming of crude soybean oil
Authors: Moulton K. J. , Mounts T. L.
Published: May 2007

Ultrasonic energy has been applied to continuous degumming for the efficient removal of phospholipids from crude soybean oil. The crude oil and water (2.0% by weight) were pumped through an ultrasonic processing cell, oil and hydrated gums were separated by centrifugation, and the recovered oil was vacuum bleached. The degummed and bleached oil had a residual phosphorus content of less than 10 ppm and was subsequently deacidified‐deodorized in all‐glass laboratory deodorization equipment. Odor and flavor evaluation indicated that the salad oil produced by the process of ultrasonic degumming/deodorization‐deacidification was equivalent in quality and stability to a conventionally processed salad oil.
The adsorption behavior of dialkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride‐nonionic surfactant binary systems
Authors: Sasaki Hisami , Yokoi Kenji , Okumura Osamu
Published: May 2007

From the practical standpoint of fabric softener formulation, a comparative study was made on adsorption behavior toward fabrics of binary systems consisting of di(hydrogenated tallow) dimethyl ammonium chloride (purified Arquad 2HT) and typical polyoxyethylenated nonionic surfactants which are commonly used as auxiliary agents for softeners.

Soxhlet extraction of treated fabrics and quantitative analysis by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) gave significant results indicating many of these nonionic surfactants, assumed to be inherently unadsorbable in rinse‐cycle treatment, were highly adsorbable even at a high bath ratio by being applied with the water‐insoluble cationic surfactant. Moreover, it was also disclosed that the hydrophobic structure of nonionic surfactants is another factor, other than hydrophobicity, determining adsorption.

Furthermore, the mechanism of this nonionic adsorption was elucidated on the basis of results of structural analyses of binary dispersions by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X‐ray diffraction, electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR) and transmission electromicroscopy (TEM) in addition to partition measurements of the surfactants into the dispersed and the continuous aqueous phases.

It was concluded that the primary driving force for this nonionic adsorption is an association with the lamellar of Arquad 2HT and that the cationic vesicles act as “anchors” in adsorption.
Long spacings of six alkyl esters of two octadecenoic acids
Authors: Bailey A. V. , Mitcham D. , Tripp V. W. , Sumrell G.
Published: May 2007

X‐ray powder diffraction data are presented for some normal alkyl esters of two octadecenoic acids. The crystal long spacings observed for esters of elaidic acid are shown to be linearly related to the length of the carbon chain of the ester group. Little difference in crystal long spacings was observed between esters ofcis andtrans acids. Melting points of alkyl esters of elaidic acid are reported.
Fatty acid composition as a basis for identification of commercial fats and oils
Authors: Spencer G. F. , Herb S. F. , Gormisky P. J.
Published: May 2007

Gas liquid chromatographic analyses of 200 samples of commercial fats and oils were compared to the standard ranges specified by the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Codex Alimentarius Committee on Fats and Oils at its seventh session, London, England, March 25, 1974. Only six samples fell notably outside the standard ranges. On the basis of this information, the U.S. delegation is offering for consideration by the Committee at its next meeting a method for using the fatty acid composition of a fat or oil to determine its authenticity.
Solubilization in aqueous mixed micellar solutions: Water‐potassium oleate‐1‐pentanol‐benzene
Authors: Gerbacia W. E. , Rosano H. L. , Zajac M.
Published: May 2007

Spectral parameters of the UV absorption and emission spectrum of benzene dissolved in aqueous solutions of potassium oleate and 1‐pentanol were measured. By comparing these parameters with those for solutions of benzene in hydrocarbon solvents, it was concluded that the major portion of the benzene solubilized in the mixed micelles was in a relatively nonpolar environment. These results agree with previous studies of benzene dissolved in sodium lauryl sulfate solutions. Estimations of the energy of transfer of benzene from water to the mixed micelle also support this conclusion.
Effect of inorganic electrolytes on dissolution behavior of mixed anionic‐amphoteric surfactant systems
Authors: Ogino Kelzó , Kato Kazúo , Abe Masahlko
Published: May 2007

The effects of some inorganic electrolytes on the dissolution behavior of anionic‐amphoteric mixed surfactant systems have been studied in terms of dissolution temperature of a hydrated solid surfactant; these systems are sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) ‐ Nα,Nα‐dimethyl‐Nɛ‐lauroyl lysine (DMLL), including different inorganic electrolytes (NaCl, NaSCN, or CaCl2). The dissolution temperatures of mixed surfactant systems are lower than those of pure surfactant solutions and become less than 0 C at a certain mole fraction of surfactants. As the concentration of NaCl increases, the dissolution temperatures of systems at a DMLL mole fraction lower than 0.4 increase, while those of systems at a ratio higher than 0.9 remain almost the same. With increasing concentration of NaSCN, the dissolution temperatures of systems at a DMLL mole fraction lower than 0.4 increase, while those of systems at a ratio higher than 0.9 decrease. For CaCl2 systems, there exists a maximum in the dissolution temperature at a certain composition, because addition compound formation between anionic and zwitterionic surfactants occurs due to the presence of calcium ions.
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of mixtures of surface‐active agents with special reference to synthetic detergents
Authors: Kortland C. , Dammers H. F.
Published: May 2007

An identification scheme for surface‐active agents is given which enables these agents or their mixtures to be detected in commercial products. Use is made of the acid resistance of the various types, which make it possible to separate the different compounds step by step from the mixture.

An important feature of the method is that it can be used also for quantitative analyses by weighing the extraction residues obtained and determining their physical and chemical constants.
Bisphenol derivatives as antioxidants for carotene
Authors: Bickoff E. M. , Livingston A. L. , Thompson C. R.
Published: May 2007

Relative values for the carotene‐stabilizing effects in mineral oil solutions of a number of bisphenol derivatives were determined. Certain relationships between molecular structure and antioxidant activity were observed. Alkyl substitutions in the reactiveortho andpara positions were shown to improve the stabilizing efficiency of the compounds studied. High activities were obtained with bisphenols linked by methylene or sulfur. Several of the most effective antioxidants were found to be also effective for stabilizing carotene in alfalfa meal.
Reactions of fatty materials with oxygen. XVI. Relation of hydroperoxide and chemical peroxide content to total oxygen absorbed in autoxidation of methyl oleate
Authors: Saunders D. H. , Ricciuti Constantine , Swern Daniel
Published: May 2007

Methyl oleate has been autoxidized at 100°, 80°, and 60° in the Barcroft‐Warburg apparatus. Samples have been analyzed for total peroxide by the iodometric method and for hydroperoxide by the polarographic method. These peroxide values have been compared with each other and with total oxygen absorbed.

The relation of chemical peroxide (yc) to oxygen uptake (x) is expressed by yc=1.09x0.936. This equation is equally valid at the three temperatures for the first 150 millimoles (15%) of oxygen absorbed per mole of methyl oleate.

Similarly, the hydroperoxide content (yh) for the first 150 millimoles of oxygen absorbed at 80° and 100° is given by the equation yh=1.02x0.936.

The ratio of hydroperoxide to chemically determined peroxide was, on the whole, constant throughout the entire range of oxidation (15–300 millimoles of oxygen absorbed per mole), and averaged about 95%.

It has been shown unequivocally that the major portion of the peroxides formed in the autoxidation of methyl oleate are hydroperoxides, confirming conclusions of recent investigators. A small but significant amount of non‐hydroperoxidic peroxide appears to be formed concurrently.
The effect of polyunsaturation in hot‐dip tinning oils
Authors: Kubie W. L. , Werle E. E.
Published: May 2007

A theory was outlined, which predicts that low polyunsaturation should result in better tin plate at lower oil consumption.

It has been shown that low polyunsaturation results in lower oil consumption in actual mill tests.

The percentage of prime plate is higher for lower polyunsaturation.

It has been demonstrated that percentage of polyunsaturation is lower in spent oils than in the original, indicating preferential reactivity of this fraction.

By actual mill test it has been shown that the percentage of sludge increases with the percentage of polyunsaturation in the original oil.
Prepress‐solvent extraction of cottonseed, processing conditions and characteristics of products
Authors: Pons Walter A. , Thurber F. H. , Hoffpauir Carroll L.
Published: May 2007

A study has been made of the relation between processing conditions and the chemical characteristics of cottonseed meals and oils produced by prepressing‐solvent extraction. Twenty‐six complete sets of mill samples of known processing history and representative of the production at 11 mills were used in the investigation.

Cooking conditions were the major factor influencing the distribution of the gossypol between the meal and oil. Reduction in free gossypol during cooking was due to binding with meal components while that occurring during prepressing and solvent extraction resulted mainly from removal of gossypol in the prepressed and solvent‐extracted oils.

Nitrogen solubility data, which have been suggested as a measure of protein damage, indicated that the major change or reduction in nitrogen solubility occurred during cooking. Very little reduction was noted for prepressing or solvent extraction. The reduction in nitrogen solubility during prepressing is much smaller than that previously reported for normal screw‐pressing operations.

Prepressed oils gave lower refining losses and lower refined and bleached color than did the solvent‐extracted oils. Bleach color reversion, after storage of crude oils for 30 days at 100°F., was greater for solvent‐extracted than for prepressed oils.

A number of meals exhibited the desirable characteristics of low free gossypol content and high nitrogen solubility. Values calculated for chemical indexes of protein quality, as suggested by Lyman and associates (11), indicate that many of the meals should have good protein quality.
The effect of sensitizing dyes for photo as antioxidants on the autoxidation of methyl linoleate
Authors: Fukuzumi Kazuo , Ikeda Nobuo
Published: May 2007

The sensitizing dyes for photo which are cyanine homologues have been used as medicine and cosmetics. Their uses are widespread. The authors expected that these dyes might serve as antioxidants by a radical termination mechanism such as hydroperoxy radicals added to the many conjugated double bonds which exist in the dyes. Determination of the induction period by the weighing method confirmed that some sensitizing dyes for photo are available as antioxidants in the autoxidation of methyl linoleate. Therefore, these dyes may serve as new types of antioxidants.
Amino acid supplementation of grain
Authors: Kato Jiro , Muramatsu Nobutoshi
Published: May 2007

Statistics indicate a rapid increase in world population, especially in the developing countries. Increasing demand for foods has come into existence in parallel with the growth of population. Amino acid supple‐mentation of oil seed protein and grain is both practical and economical and can play a very important role in the campaign to improve the quality of world protein supplies. This paper reviews not only the nutritional significance but also the practical aspects of amino acid supplementation of foods and feedstuffs. Production of important amino acids is also reviewed.
Effect of storage upon aflatoxin levels in peanut materials
Authors: Baur Fred J.
Published: May 2007

The effect of storage upon aflatoxin levels in naturally contaminated peanut materials has been studied. The materials were selected to have levels in excess of those found in the trade to emphasize the possible loss during storage. The stimuli for this effort were: (A) a late 1969 report of the possible regeneration of aflatoxins in a commercial meal, and (B) the general lack of information on the long term stability of aflatoxins in commercial peanut products. Samples of deoiled peanut meal, natural peanut meal, raw peanut butter, and roasted peanut butter were held at 73 F and 50% relative humidity exposed to air for 2 years. Three of the four samples were identical to those used in the first International Aflatoxin Check Series. The samples were withdrawn from storage at 0, 6, 12, and 24 months and analyzed in comparison to materials retained at 0 F. Analysis was by the

Contaminants Branch procedure (Association of Official Analytical Chemists Method 26.015‐020) with the six participating Laboratories (four U.S., one Canadian, and one Danish) using visual and densitometric measurement. A single mixed aflatoxin standard was used throughout the program via retention at 0 F. No statistically significant changes in aflatoxin levels were noted in any of the commodities as a function of either time or temperature of storage throughout the 2 years of the study.
Crystallographic study of tritetracosanoin
Authors: Simpson T. D. , Hagemann J. W.
Published: May 2007

Crystallographic examination and computerized structural analysis of the X‐ray powder diagram of tritetracosanoin shows the molecule to be isomorphous with saturated triglyceride structures previously established. Cell dimensions are: a=13.1, b=5.30, c=58.9 Å; α=94, β=98, γ=99°. Space group is P1. The molecule is turned relative to the unit cell a‐axis likely because of acyl chain packing and end group plane interactions. Results indicate that the glycerol unit largely determines the lateral packing of saturated even membered triglycerides. The method of structure solving indicates that saturated triglycerides can be studied by computerized structural analysis.
Identification of volatile flavor compounds developed during storage of a deodorized hydrogenated soybean oil
Authors: Yasuda Kosaku , Peterson Robert J. , Chang Stephen S.
Published: May 2007

Hydrogenated soybean oil, even after it has been thoroughly deodorized, will develop a characteristic, objectionable flavor known as hydrogenation flavor during storage. The volatile compounds in such an oil were isolated, fractionated by gas chromatography, and the gas chromatographic fractions identified by IR and mass spectrometry. A total of 48 compounds was identified. Among them, 2‐trans‐6‐trans‐octadienal, and higher alcohols and lactones, appeared to play an important role in contributing to the hydrogenation flavor.
The stereochemistry of linoleic acid tetrabromides
Authors: Olson Edwin S.
Published: May 2007

The NMR spectrum of the crystalline tetrabromide obtained from bromination of linoleic acid exhibited an AA ‘XX’ splitting pattern for the C‐11 hydrogens, indicative of a racemic structure rather than a meso for the brominated part of the molecule. Thus, the crystalline isomer is a racemic mixture of 9 R, 10 R, 12 R, 13 R‐tetrabromooctadecanoic acid and 9 S, 10 S, 12 S, 13 S‐tetrabromooctadecanoic acid. The C‐11 methylene spectrum of the liquid tetrabromide was treated as an ABX2 pattern; thus, this isomer is a mixture of 9 R, 10 R, 12 S, 13 S‐tetrabromooctadecanoic acid and 9 S, 10 S, 12 R, 13 R‐tetrabromo‐octadecanoic acid.
Chemical changes which take place in an edible oil during thermal oxidation
Authors: Johnson O. C. , Kummerow F. A.
Published: May 2007

The thermal oxidation of corn oil proceeds in two steps, an initial period of 12 to 16 hrs., characterized by a decrease in iodine value and a rapid increase in carbonyl value, and a second phase in which a slower decrease in iodine value, a slight decrease in carbonyl value, and a rapid increase in viscosity occurred. Increasing the rate of aeration caused greater magnitude in changes but did not alter the over‐all two‐phase reaction.
Separation of the oxidation products of fatty acids by means of gas‐liquid partition chromatography
Authors: Nowakowska Janina , Melvin E. H. , Wiebe Richard
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

The oxidation of oleic, and particularly of linoleic and linolenic acids, indicated the presence of a considerable number of unexpected products in addition to those foreseen from a simple severance of the double bonds. The chromatograms of the oxidized pure C18 acids, of Neo‐Fat No. 140, and of a mixture of fatty acids from hydrolyzed soybean oil showed a striking similarity in many respects. It was not possible to identify all the peaks, especially those of trace amounts, in the chromatograms and to obtain a quantitative estimate of the oxidation products.

Further work on this is in progress. The results indicate that gas‐liquid partition chromatography is a sensitive method for the study of the oxidation of vegetable oils.
A direct spectrophotometric determination of butylated hydroxyanisole in lard and in hardened lard
Authors: Hansen P. V. , Kauffman F. L. , Wiedermann L. H.
Published: May 2007

A direct spectrophotometric method for the determination of butylated hydroxyanisole has been presented. This procedure allows good precision in the analysis of lard and hardened lard containing from 0 to 100 p.p.m. of BHA and is more reliable than existing colorimetric techniques, especially in the lower range of antioxidant concentrations.
Analysis of surfactant mixtures. I
Authors: Knight J. D. , House R.
Published: May 2007

Some data on the use of 93% phosphoric acid as a reagent for recovering the hydrophobic portion of surfactants are presented, and their application to the analysis of surfactant mixtures is discussed. Aromatic sulfonates, straight‐chain alkyl sulfates, fatty acid amides, and fatty acid esters decomposed to give good yields of the starting hydrophobic materials. Dioctylsulfosuccinate gave a mixture of octyl alcohols and olefins while the ethylene oxide condensates of lauryl alcohol, tridecyl alcohol, and tertiary dodecyl mercaptan gave olefins derived from the starting hydrophobic materials. Diisobutylene phenol‐ethylene oxide condensate decomposed to olefins, conjugated olefins, and alcohols formed by rupture of the aromatic ring. The products are characteristic of the hydrophobic oils, and in most cases products from mixtures of surfactants can be separated by known analytical methods.Alpha‐sulfo fatty acids or alkane sulfonates do not give recoverable oils by this treatment.
Distribution of water in the United States as a: Function of hardness
Authors: Leenerts Lester O.
Published: May 2007

Conclusion

A study has been made of the hardness of the water throughout the United States in regard to its distribution by states and by total population. The purpose was twofold: a) to determine the range of performance necessary for a soap or synthetic detergent product in order to be satisfactory to the majority of the population and b) to determine the areas of distribution for products of varying performance characteristics in respect to water hardness. The study has taken into consideration municipal water‐treatment for the urban population, the distribution of rural population, and the distribution of home water‐softeners. The mean water‐hardness found in the United States, ignoring the home softening‐units, was estimated to be 136.6 p.p.m. with a standard deviation of 90.9 p.p.m. Twenty‐one states, including the District of Columbia, were found to have a weighted average hardness under 100 p.p.m. In general, the hardest natural water is found in a narrow belt covering the states of South Dakota, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio.
Epoxidized esters of fatty acids as internal and external plasticizers for polyvinyl acetate
Authors: Silbert Leonard S. , Port William S.
Published: May 2007

Fatty acid esters modified with epoxy or acetoxy groups were found to be compatible with polyvinyl acetate. These esters are good plasticizers for polyvinyl acetate compositions and may be used for plasticizing polyvinyl acetate in latex form. The use of a good swelling agent, such as toluene, was found desirable for permitting plasticization of these emulsions. The epoxidized oils may also assist in reducing container corrosion and in stabilizing the emulsions by reacting with the acetic acid formed by the hydrolysis of residual vinyl acetate.

Emulsions of copolymers of vinyl acetate and vinyl epoxystearate were prepared, yielding clear, hard films which were internally plasticized. The epoxy group in these interpolymers is a potential source for cross‐linking vinyl acetate polymer films. The epoxy group of the co‐polymers (internal‐phase stabilization) and the epoxidized oils (external‐phase stabilization) were found to be virtually equivalent for removal of acetic acid from polyvinyl acetate emulsions.
The migration of double bonds during the isomerization of methyl linoleate with palladium on carbon catalyst
Authors: Takemura K. H. , Goldblatt L. A.
Published: May 2007

The isomerization of methyl linoleate by heating with palladium on carbon catalyst gave an initial rapid rise in the degree of conjugation which reached a maximum and then gradually decreased. The maximum conjugation obtained was about 24% after 4 hrs. of heating at 200±5°C. with 25% by weight of catalyst. Ultraviolet absorption spectra did not indicate the presence of any cyclized aromatic components even after 46 hrs. of heating at 200°C. but showed the formation of aromatics at 250°C. The limit of conjugation obtained is a result of random migration of the olefinic bonds rather than dimerization or polymerization reactions.
Determination of rosin acids in mixtures with fatty acids
Authors: Linder Å. , Persson V.
Published: May 2007

The authors describe an improvement in their analytical method for determination of the rosin‐acids content in mixtures with fatty acids, especially for tall oil products.

Good agreement is obtained for the whole range of rosin acids and fatty acids compositions.

The method is faster, simpler, and less laborious than other methods that have been suggested, but seems to given as good results as these.

The method can therefore advantageously be applied both for research work, sales analysis and as a routine control analysis.
Emulsion stability
Authors: Osipow Lloyd , Birsan Saul , Snell Foster dee
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

The interfacial film can be regarded as an energy barrier to coalescence. The derived equation relating the log of emulsion stability to (C/Co)1/2 is shown to be in accordance with experimental findings.
A comparison of sodium methoxide‐treated lards
Authors: Wiedermann Lars H. , Weiss Theodore J. , Jacobson Glen A. , Mattil Karl F.
Published: May 2007

The treatment of lard with interesterification catalysts can give a variety of products, depending on the time and temperature relationships used in the treatment. These products are distinguished from each other by several means; x‐ray diffraction analysis, cooling curves, dilatometric analysis, photomicrographic analysis, and glyceride composition.

A correlation of the physical and functional properties of these treated lards has been made, showing that a stable shortening with good baking characteristics is associated with complete and permanent alteration in lard crystal structure, that is, crystal modification. Shortenings from those lards which exhibit somebeta crystal properties either initially or on subsequent storage do not retain these desirable characteristics.