bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Specificity of sodium chloride aversion of hypertensive rats
Authors: Fregly Melvin J.
Published: December 2017

Rats made hypertensive by encapsulation of both kidneys with latex envelopes manifest a relative NaCl aversion if given choice between water and .15 m NaCl solution to drink. The specificity of this aversion was tested by offering hypertensive rats choice between salt solutions, other than NaCl, and water. It was observed that hypertensive rats manifested aversions for KCl, Na2SO4, LiCl and Na saccharin which were similar in character to the NaCl aversion. As soon as hypertensive rats were able to differentiate between any of these salt solutions and distilled water offered simultaneously, they rejected the salt solutions in favor of water. These animals never ingested more of any salt solution used than water. With the exception of the Na saccharin solutions, normal rats ingested more salt solution than water and rejected salt solution only at concentrations 3–10 times above preference threshold levels. Hence, it would appear that the NaCl aversion manifested by hypertensive rats is not specific, but part of a general salt aversion.
Effect of acetazoleamide on thyroid metabolism
Authors: Krieger D. T. , Moses A. , Ziffer H. , Gabrilove J. L. , Soffer L. J.
Published: December 2017

Page 291: D. T. Krieger, A. Moses, H. Ziffer, J. L. Gabrilove and L. J. Soffer, "Effect of acetazoleamide on thyroid metabolism." Column 2, lines 10 and 11 should read:... 0.1 µc of radioactive iodine (I131) was added to each flask.

Page 292: Column 2, paragraph 2, lines 6, 7 and 8 should read: There was no increase in uptake when the amount of radioactivity added was varied from 0.1 to 0.3 µc.
Polydipsia and polyuria by the X-irradiated rat
Authors: Kay Robert E. , Entenman Cecil
Published: December 2017

The results of partial-body x-irradiation experiments established the abdomen as the radiosensitive area involved in postirradiation polydipsia and polyuria. However, the responses do not appear to be due to the action of x-rays on any one organ in this region, since x-irradiation of individual exteriorized organs was only partially effective. On the other hand, shielding of the exteriorized kidneys or liver was effective in the prevention of postirradiation polyuria and polydipsia. Removal of the adrenal glands or spleen prior to x-irradiation did not prevent polydipsia or polyuria, whereas removal of the pancreas greatly diminished the extent of the polydipsia and polyuria and removal of the pituitary gland eliminated the responses. Anoxic anoxia during the time of x-irradiation did not prevent polyuria or polydipsia, but when isotonic sugar solutions were given as the drinking fluid polyuria and polydipsia did not occur.
Effects of cold acclimation on hepatic carbohydrate and lipid metabolism
Authors: Felts J. M. , Masoro E. J.
Published: December 2017

The acclimation of rats to low environmental temperatures was found to alter the hepatic metabolic response to fasting for 1 day at 0–2°C. Liver glycogen was stabilized, fatty infiltration of the liver did not occur and liver slices were better able to oxidize acetate-I-C14 and palmitate-I-C14 to C14O2. These results provide an excellent example of an acclimation process occurring at the molecular level.
Assay of canine profibrinolysin (plasminogen)
Authors: Celander D. R. , Guest M. Mason
Published: December 2017

An assay method for canine profibrinolysin is outlined and unit activity defined. In this assay profibrinolysin, concentrated in a precipitate obtained by dilution of protamine sulfate-treated plasma, is activated with staphylokinase. The fibrinolytic activity generated is then measured by the time required for lysis of a standard bovine fibrin clot. The mean profibrinolysin titer of plasma samples from 121 control animals is 19.4 u. Increased fibrinolytic activity induced in vivo by various experimental procedures is found to be associated with decreased profibrinolysin titers.
Venom of the lionfish Pterois volitans
Authors: Saunders Paul R. , Taylor Peter B.
Published: December 2017

Extracts prepared from the venomous dorsal spines of lionfish ( Pterois volitans) were investigated in mice and rabbits. Intravenous injection into mice produced death in from less than a minute up to about one-half hour. The primary action in rabbits was a fall in blood pressure, accompanied by increase in respiratory rate; with larger doses there was evidence of myocardial ischemia or injury. After injection of fatal doses a variety of electrocardiographic changes occurred and the blood pressure fell to zero; respiratory arrest occurred terminally, but artificial respiration did not prolong the life of the animal. The active material was nondialyzable and the extracts contained considerable amounts of protein. Extracts retained substantial activity after lyophilization or addition of glycerol when stored for over a year at –20°C. The mean ld50 following intravenous injection into mice was about 1 mg of protein/kg.
Arterial perfusion of the isolated canine brain
Authors: Owens Guy
Published: December 2017

A method for successful perfusion of the isolated brain is described in which hypothermia and heparin are used to reduce the degree of damage during the removal of the brain and cannulation of an artery. The response of the isolated perfused hypothermic brain to acetycholine, strychnine, formalin and electrical stimulation is described.
Effect of adrenergic blocking agents on running ability in the rat
Authors: Sréter F. A. , Friedman Sydney M.
Published: December 2017

High doses of subcutaneously administered adrenergic blocking agents, Hydergine, Dibenamine, Dibenzylene, Benodaine and Regitine, in that order, gradually decreased the running ability of rats. Weakness in the muscles of the extremities, varying from mild to complete flaccid paralysis was observed. There was a clear parallel between decrease of cation exchange, increase of blood lactic acid and loss of work performance. After intravenously administered Regitine, Benodaine and Dibenzylene the paralytic symptoms were more pronounced, with flaccid paralysis frequently observed. The blood lactic acid and glucose levels were high and the plasma Na and hematocrit decreased as did plasma K. These findings support the view that potassium-sodium exchange is a primary source of energy for muscle contraction. Glycolysis as a secondary anaerobic source of energy was not able by itself to provide the metabolic energy required for contraction, presumably because of the immediate and large increase of blood lactic acid.
Effect of repeated whole-body x-irradiation on peripheral white blood cell count of rabbits
Authors: Gerstner Herbert B. , Gorman Harry A.
Published: December 2017

Six groups of rabbits received whole-body x-irradiation of 0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 r, respectively. Counts of total white blood cells were performed regularly until 11 weeks post exposure when radiation-induced leucopenia had disappeared in all groups. At that time, the animals were re-exposed to the same doses and white cells were once more counted throughout 11 weeks. Then followed a third application of the same doses with subsequent observation of white counts. Statistical analysis of data yielded the following results: in the three exposures, radiation-induced leucopenia showed no significant difference with respect to rate of development, maximal degree and rate of disappearance. Therefore, as judged by the white blood cell count, susceptibility to ionizing radiation appeared unaltered by previous exposure to appreciable doses when the interval between exposures was sufficiently long to permit complete hematopoietic recovery.
Electrical activity of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
Authors: Brooks Dana C.
Published: December 2017

The spontaneous electrical activity of the ventromedial nucleus was studied in the cat under pentobarbital anesthesia and in the unanesthetized, unrestrained state. Under light pentobarbital anesthesia the activity of the nucleus is characterized by a predominant 9–15 cps, 50–100 µv component which is uniform from second to second. With small additional doses of anesthesia there is a selective depression of this activity; with recovery from light anesthesia this activity is gradually replaced by irregular, large, slow waves characteristic of sleep. When the unanesthetized animal is aroused 20–35 cps activity having an amplitude of 40 µv or more appears in the nucleus. While the pattern of activity during sleep resembles that seen elsewhere in the hypothalamus, the activity seen during barbiturate anesthesia and during arousal is confined to the nucleus and not seen in other parts of the diencephalon.
Effects of essential fatty acid deficiency on rat adrenal composition and secretory activity
Authors: Hayashida Takuya , Portman Oscar W.
Published: December 2017

The effect of feeding diets deficient in essential fatty acids on the composition of adrenal lipids and on the secretory activity of adrenocortical hormones was studied. Rats which were fed diets devoid of fat had lower levels of tetraenoic and pentaenoic acids and higher levels of trienoic acids in both the total lipid and cholesterol ester fraction than did rats receiving a supplement of corn oil. There was a greater accumulation of cholesterol esterified with saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids in the adrenals of the rats fed essential fatty acid-deficient diets. The adrenals of the essential fatty acid-deficient rats secreted smaller quantities of steroid hormones in vitro under the stimulation of ACTH.
Effect of triton on triolein I131 distribution in atherosclerotic rabbit tissues
Authors: Byers Sanford O. , Cady Paxton , Friedman Meyer , Felton Leland
Published: December 2017

The action of triton WR-1339 in retarding the escape of triglyceride fat from plasma, formerly established in the rat, was confirmed in the rabbit. The atherosclerotic rabbit responds to the fat-retaining action of triton nearly as effectively as does the normal animal. The preferential concentration of I131 from triolein in the aortic atherosclerotic infiltration, as compared with normal aorta, was enhanced and prolonged by the use of triton.
Ion transport by heart and skeletal muscle mitochondria
Authors: Ulrich Frank
Published: December 2017

Isolated mitochondria from rat heart and skeletal muscle were able to maintain concentration gradients of sodium and potassium which were greater at low concentrations of either ion in the incubating medium than at high concentrations. Although the gradient of sodium was not significantly altered by addition of ATP and oxidizable substrate to the incubating medium, the mitochondria were able to accumulate increased amounts of potassium by these additions. When the mitochondria were aged by keeping them in suspension at 0–2° for 4 or 12 days, the potassium gradient was markedly decreased. 70–80% of the mitochondrial sodium exchanged with Na22 in the suspending medium in less than 1 minute and more than 90% of K42 had exchanged with mitochondrial potassium at the end of 5 minutes of incubation. Although addition of ATP and substrate to the suspending medium had no effect on the turnover of sodium, it appeared to render some of the potassium nonexchangeable. However by the end of 1 hour approximately 90% of the potassium had exchanged.
Antifibrillatory effects of electrolyte-regulating steroids on isolated rabbit atria
Authors: Briggs Arthur H. , Holland William C.
Published: December 2017

The effects of desoxycorticosterone (DOC) and a new synthetic steroid-17-spirolactone (SC 8109) were determined on the functional refractory periods (F. R. P.) and transmembrane fluxes of K in isolated rabbit atria and compared with the effects of quinidine. All three agents lengthened the F. R. P., inhibited the effects of acetylcholine (ACh), terminated or prevented ACh-induced fibrillation and depressed the transmembrane efflux of K. K influx was also decreased with higher concentrations of the steroids or after a delay in time. Aldosterone and delta-1–9 alpha-flurohydrocortisone had no effect on the F. R. P. or K fluxes. It was concluded that DOC, spirolactone and quinidine act similarly as antiarrhythmic compounds by depressing Na entry.
Effect of whole-body X-irradiation on the adrenal medulla and the hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline
Authors: Goodall McC. , Long Merritt
Published: December 2017

The purpose of these experiments was to determine the effect of x-irradiation on the adrenaline and noradrenaline content of the adrenal gland and on the biosynthesis of these hormones. Rats, rabbits and cats were irradiated. Adrenal glands were removed at various times post irradiation and assayed for adrenaline and noradrenaline. Further, irradiated adrenal slices were incubated with labeled tyrosine and labeled methionine and the effect of irradiation upon the biosynthesis of adrenaline and noradrenaline determined. The results of these experiments show that x-irradiation (1770 r) does not decrease the biosynthesis of adrenaline and noradrenaline. However, whole-body irradiation does cause the adrenaline and noradrenaline content of the adrenal gland to decline; the adrenal gland content ultimately returns to normal. In view of these findings, it would seem that x-irradiation represents another form of ‘stress’ in which the physiological demand for adrenaline and noradrenaline is so great that the adrenal gland is partially or completely depleted of its adrenaline-noradrenaline storage.
Effects of a ‘CO2 buffer’ on hypercapnia of apneic oxygenation
Authors: Nahas Gabriel G. , Jordan E. C. , Ligou J. C.
Published: December 2017

Eight dogs maintained in ‘apneic oxygenation’ for 60 minutes were given a .3 M intravenous infusion of 2-amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1, 3-propanediol (THAM) in a .3% NaCl solution at the rate of 1.1 ml/ kg/min. After 1 hour of apnea, arterial O2 saturation was 100%, plasma CO2 53.2 mm/l., plasma HCO–3 50.6 mm/l., arterial blood pH 7.37 and PaCO2 98 mm Hg. Blood pressure remained close to the preapneic control period and intracranial pressure did not change significantly. Plasma catecholamines levels did not change. There was a fall in hematocrit, in Na+ and Cl– plasma concentration while K+ did not change. After a 20-minute lag, urine output equaled fluid input. Urinary pH was 7.54, HCO–3 concentration 89 mm/l., THAM 85 mm/l. and 18–28% of the total CO2 produced by the animal during apnea was recovered in the urine excreted during that time. All the animals survived, indicating that the dog will tolerate well a plasma concentration of CO2 over twice its normal level when its two fractions HCO–3 and H2CO3 are in suitable proportion to maintain the biological neutrality of the internal environment (e.g. 7.40). In the presence of a normal pH and an elevated pCO2 there is no measurable stimulation of the sympathoadrenal system and the circulation is not altered.
Intraventricular blood pressures in the chicken
Authors: Bredeck H. E.
Published: December 2017

Direct heart punctures were made in two groups of unanesthetized chickens to determine the left and right intraventricular blood pressures. One group was composed of nonlaying birds 28–30 weeks old and the other of laying hens 65–67 weeks of age. Heart rates and the respiratory influence on pressure were also measured. Average pressures obtained were 144/0 and 21/ - 1 mm Hg for the left and right ventricle, respectively. Respiratory efforts caused a mean fluctuation in systolic pressure of approximately 8 mm Hg in the left ventricle and 4 mm Hg in the right. With the exception of the right ventricular diastolic blood pressure, there were no significant pressure or pulse rate differences between the two groups. The heart rate and left ventricular pressure were found to be significantly correlated ( P < .01) in both groups of birds.
Renal glutaminase I distribution and ammonia excretion in the rat
Authors: Weiss Marc B. , Longley James B.
Published: December 2017

Glutaminase I assays were made on carefully separated zones of kidneys from normal and acidotic rats. Highest activity in normal rats was found in the inner stripe of the outer medulla, next lower activity in the inner medulla (papilla), still lower activity in the cortex, and lowest activity in the outer stripe of the outer medulla. Induced acidosis produced a physiologically significant increase only in the activity of the cortex. Results are discussed in relation to previous conflicting reports. It is concluded that although urinary ammonia may be excreted by the papillary collecting tubules, its release is unlikely to result from glutaminase I activity at that site.
Autonomic stimulation and blockade on canine splenic inflow, outflow and weight
Authors: Green Harold D. , Ottis Kenneth , Kitchen Thomas
Published: December 2017

Blood flow (autoperfusion-electromagnetic meters), pressures and splenic weight (strain gauges) were recorded in barbitalized dogs. Splenic nerve stimulation and epinephrine decreased inflow, increased outflow and pressure and diminished splenic weight; during recovery inflow exceeded outflow, and splenic weight returned to control. Progressively increasing adrenergic blockade partially reversed the inflow reduction (vasoconstriction) but only decreased the outflow surge and weight reduction. Cholinergic substances increased inflow, outflow and splenic weight; atropine abolished these without significant effect on adrenergic or splenic nerve responses. No reactive vasodilation followed interruption of inflow. Conclusions: a) metabolic dilator receptors are absent; b) afferent arterioles possess innervated α adrenergic constrictor receptors and noninnervated ß adrenergic and γ cholinergic dilator receptors; c) an innervated ‘emptying mechanism’ exists which may: 1) involve efferent venular relaxation and/or contraction of smooth muscle in the capsule or substance of the spleen, 2) have neither α receptors (arterenol is minimally effective and the response is resistant to adrenergic blockage) nor ß receptors (isoproterenol is ineffective) and 3) have epinephrine as its neuromediator.
Fatty acid oxidation by mitochondria from cold-fasted rats
Authors: Masoro E. J. , Porter Edith
Published: December 2017

Mitochondria from ‘cold-fasted’ rats oxidized about as much acetate-1-C14 to C14O2 as did mitochondria from control rats when the data were expressed on the basis of dry weight of the mitochondria. This was a most surprising result because liver slices (wet weight basis) and liver homogenates (protein content basis) from cold-fasted rats form far less C14O2 from acetate-1-C14 than do similar preparations from control rats. The possible reasons for these differences in results with liver slices and liver homogenates on the one hand and liver mitochondria on the other are discussed. Mitochondria from cold-fasted rats were also found to oxidize palmitate-1-C14 to C14O2 as rapidly as the mitochondria from control rats, thereby confirming the results obtained with liver slices. Carbohydrate metabolism failed to promote palmitate oxidation by mitochondria from cold-fasted rats; just the opposite result is obtained with liver slices. The use of mitochondria to study the regulation of multistep metabolic pathways is discussed.
Failure of AET to protect against testes injury in the x-irradiated rat
Authors: Ershoff B. H. , Brat V.
Published: December 2017

Intraperitoneal administration of AET at a level of 300 mg/kg body weight prevented death, but not testicular injury, in rats exposed to a single lethal dose of total body x-irradiation.
Endocrine involvement in licorice hypertension
Authors: Girerd R. J. , Rassaert C. L. , DiPasquale G. , Kroc R. L.
Published: December 2017

In the adrenalectomized rat placed on a regular diet, neither ammoniated glycyrrhizin nor licorice was able to prolong survival time beyond that of the controls while desoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA) was very effective. When adrenalectomized rats were maintained on saline, it was observed that only DCA caused significant polydipsia, arterial hypertension and cardiovascular lesions; ammoniated glycyrrhizin and licorice were practically inactive, in contrast to their previously reported activity in the normal rat. The presence of the adrenal glands appears necessary to the renal cardiovascular effects of these extracts and it seems that the observed activity is mediated through these glands and that neither ammoniated glycyrrhizin nor licorice possesses direct DCA-like or mineralocorticoid properties.
‘Free’ and ‘fixed’ glycogen as physiological entities
Authors: Hanson R. W. , Schwartz H. S. , Barker S. B.
Published: December 2017

An anthrone method is presented for determining both total and glycosidic carbohydrate from the extract of a single tissue sample. Maximal amounts of carbohydrate are extracted with minimal destruction of glycosidic linkages by heating homogenized rat liver for 5 minutes in 2% trichloractic acid (TCA). Following protein precipitation, an aliquot of the supernatant is used for direct anthrone measurement (total carbohydrate) and another is treated with hot 3% KOH for determination of the alkali-stable carbohydrate (glycogen). The amount of ‘fixed’ glycogen, extracted from the TCA precipitate with hot 30% KOH, was found to depend upon the size of the tissue sample and the volume employed during TCA extraction. The larger the amount of tissue in relation to the TCA extraction volume the greater was the quantity fixed. Thorough homogenization and correction for the glycogen-containing filtrate trapped with the precipitate virtually eliminated the fixed fraction. Differences in methods of extraction should not form the basis for a physiological distinction of glycogen as fixed and ‘free’.
Effect of liver on changes in renal dynamics caused by lysed red blood cells
Authors: DeMaria William J. A.
Published: December 2017

The effect of an intraportal infusion of homologous lysed red blood cells on GFR and ERPF were recorded in dogs. The significant renal vasoconstriction noted when the lysed red blood cell infusion was administered to a dog via a peripheral (brachial) vein was not present in these dogs receiving the intraportal infusion. Alternate infusion between the portal and brachial veins in individual dog experiments demonstrated a significant depression of GFR and ERPF during the peripheral infusion and insignificant effect during the portal infusion. It is postulated that the active renal vasoconstrictive substance in lysed red blood cells is either delayed, diluted or modified chemically by passage through the liver.
Potassium loss from the heart during the immediate posthypercapnic period
Authors: Brown E. B. , Mowlem Albert
Published: December 2017

Experiments have been carried out on mongrel dogs in which plasma potassium concentrations in blood samples simultaneously drawn from the aorta and coronary sinus have been determined before, during and following 4 hours of high CO2 breathing. No significant difference between potassium concentration in aorta and coronary sinus blood was evident before or during breathing of high CO2 mixtures. Five minutes after returning to air breathing however, coronary sinus plasma potassium concentration was significantly elevated above that of the aorta. This loss of potassium from the heart is accompanied by severe cardiac irregularities, premature systoles, ventricular tachycardia and, sometimes, ventricular fibrillation. Coronary blood oxygen concentration differences decrease significantly during hypercapnia, and estimates by the N2O technique indicate that this decrease is the result of an increase in coronary flow.
Inspiratory area excitability and the hypothalamus
Authors: Redgate Edward S.
Published: December 2017

Tidal volume of respiration was recorded in 19 cats. Electrodes and hypodermic tubing were implanted in the hypothalamus and in the medullary inspiratory area. Inspiratory responses were evoked with either threshold strength electric current or 20 µl of 1.3% NaHCO3 before and after depression of the hypothalamus with 10 µl of 4% thiopental or high frequency coagulation. Depression of the hypothalamus resulted in a decrease in the electrically evoked inspiratory apnea and a decrease in the bicarbonate-evoked response. Injection of similar amounts of thiopental into the thalamus and dorsal hypothalamus or intravenously did not alter evoked responses. The decrease in evoked respiratory responses was not associated with consistent changes in blood pressure or electromyogram activity. The data support the view that tonic discharges from the hypothalamus increase the excitability of respiratory reflex pathways and responsiveness to bicarbonate.
Effect of glucagon on transfer of glucose, utilizing everted sacs of small intestine
Authors: Nagler Richard , Forrest Winifried J. , Spiro Howard M.
Published: December 2017

The effect of glucagon on intestinal transference of glucose was studied utilizing everted sacs of small intestine of rat and hamster. All experiments were performed under aerobic conditions in Warburg flasks at 37°C for a period of 1 hour. Quantitative estimations were made of the amount of glucose transferred and metabolized by these sacs. It was observed that glucose is transferred against a concentration gradient with relatively little movement of water and that a considerable portion of the glucose metabolized appears as lactic acid. It was apparent that under these experimental conditions glucagon exerts no observable influence on the transfer of glucose by rat and hamster small intestine. The mechanism through which glucagon inhibits gastric secretory activity continues to be unknown.
Whole-body measurement of radioactivity as a means of following in vivo the degradation of I131-labeled proteins in mice
Authors: Terres Geronimo , Hughes W. L. , Wolins W.
Published: December 2017

Mice were injected with I131-labeled human or bovine serum albumin and determinations made of the rate of loss of radioactivity a) from the whole body ( in vivo counting), b) from the blood (serum samples), and c) from the total trichloroacetic acid precipitable mouse proteins (following homogenization). Measurements by each method made more than 8 hours post-injection gave the same half life (14.5 ± 0.5 hr.) for I131 bovine serum albumin (I131 BSA) when the level of circulating iodide was sufficient to prevent thyroidal accumulation (I131 HSA had a half time of 21 hr.). The variations observed between the methods in the first 24 hours can be explained in terms of times required for the several compartments to reach secular equilibrium, and therefore whole-body measurements in vivo can be safely used to measure the rate of degradation of this protein when allowance for these factors is made.
Antagonism of drug-induced pulsus alternans in dogs
Authors: Ellis Charles H.
Published: December 2017

Pulsus alternans and pseudoalternans were produced in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital by intravenous injections of moderate doses of one of several pharmacologic agents. Ventricular alternation was alleviated or abolished by a) drugs with positive inotropic action, b) drugs that reduced peripheral resistance, and c) drugs with antiarrhythmic activity. Digoxin and ouabain shortened the periods of drug-induced alternation. Norepinephrine and aminophylline promptly abolished pulsus alternans which had been experimentally established. Electrical stimulation of the cardiac sympathetic nerves resembled injected norepinephrine. Moderate does of nitroglycerin and large doses of histamine terminated pulsus alternans which had been evoked by methoxamine. Smaller doses of histamine were not always effective. Hexamethonium abolished alternation in the absence of marked vasoconstriction, but was ineffective against methoxamine-induced alternans. Hemorrhage from a large artery was effective. Quinidine promptly relieved pulsus alternans, as did two experimental antiarrhythmic drugs, o-methylcyclizine and B.W. 51–41. Procaine amide was not effective.
Incorporation of radioactive phosphate into organic phosphates of tocopherol-deficient and control rabbit muscle
Authors: Masters Y. F. , Johnson P. C. , Mosley W. H. , McCay P. B. , Caputto R.
Published: December 2017

Control and vitamin E-deficient rabbits were compared in their ability to incorporate intravenously injected radioactive phosphate into muscle intracellular organic phosphate. Vitamin E-deficient dystrophic muscle received inorganic phosphate from the extracellular fluid at a higher rate than did the control. Specific activity ratios showed that a smaller portion of this phosphate was converted into organic phosphate, making it appear that dystrophic muscle is less efficient than the control. Evidence is presented suggesting that at least two inorganic phosphate pools may exist in muscle cells.
Electrolyte and inulin spaces of rat salivary glands and pancreas
Authors: Schneyer L. H. , Schneyer C. A.
Published: December 2017

Inulin, sodium, potassium and chloride levels were determined on serum and submaxillary, parotid and pancreatic glands of inulin-administered nephrectomized rats. Methods of tissue preparation and analysis were examined in some detail. From data obtained, volumes of inulin and electrolyte distribution were calculated. Volumes of distribution in submaxillary, parotid and pancreatic glands, in that order, were, for inulin, 198 ml/kg, 257 ml/kg and 209 ml/kg; for sodium, 232 ml/kg, 318 ml/kg and 275 ml/kg; and, for chloride, 365 ml/kg, 460 ml/kg and 388 ml/kg. Comparison of these values led to the conclusion that intracellular sodium in these glands is possible and that intracellular chloride is likely. Intracellular potassium seems present in concentration similar to that in mammalian muscle. From electrolyte data and levels of amylase in parotid gland and its secretion, it is speculated that parotid secretion could be formed from a small fraction (approx. 10%) derived from unmodified intracellular fluid to which is then added solution having electrolyte composition of extracellular fluid. The closely isotonic secretion of rat parotid gland can thus be predicted without assuming appreciable reabsorption of electrolytes or water.
Influence of metallic ions and adsorbents on cholesterol absorption
Authors: Setty C.S. Narayana , Ivy A. C.
Published: December 2017

Using the balance method and cholesterol-4-C14 as a tracer in rats, three adsorbents and several iron and aluminum compounds, all of which were known in vitro to adsorb or precipitate bile acids, it was found by examining the feces collected during the last 4 days of a 12-day feeding period that two ion-exchange resins, Deacidite and Zeokarb, definitely increased the excretion of radioactivity in the bile acid fraction of the feces, and increased the apparent absorption of cholesterol. Ferric glycerophosphate (5% by weight in the diet) had a similar effect. The evidence of increased absorption of cholesterol appears to be attributable only to a slower passage time through the ileum. Although the resinous substances as fed daily would adsorb in vitro 125 mg of sodium taurocholate, this was not accomplished in vivo. The inorganic compounds fed were more than adequate to precipitate, in vitro, all the bile acids in the total daily enterohepatic pool; this did not occur in vivo. It is pointed out that in the design of experiments to test the in vivo effectiveness of in vitro adsorbents and precipitants of bile acids, a feeding period of longer than 12 days will be required unless the test agent is practically 100% effective in vivo.
Effects of salicylate on adrenal function and carbohydrate metabolism in rats
Authors: Zaki O. A.
Published: December 2017

This work includes a study of the effects of therapeutic doses of sodium salicylate in normal, adrenalectomized and diabetic rats. In normal rats, salicylate caused a fall in liver glycogen, hyperglycemia and diminution of ascorbic acid content of adrenal gland. In adrenalectomized rats, salicylate produced fall in both liver glycogen and blood glucose. In alloxan diabetic rats, salicylate caused a rapid fall in blood glucose and adrenal ascorbic acid content while no change in liver glycogen was produced. The results showed that the effects of salicylate on carbohydrate metabolism in rats are not only due to the stimulation of adrenals but also other mechanisms are concerned. It seems that salicylate affects the activity of enzymes related to carbohydrate metabolism in the liver, muscles and tissues.
Inorganic sulfate and thiosulfate: transport and competition in renal tubules of the dog
Authors: Berglund Fredrik , Helander Carl-Gustaf , Howe Robert B.
Published: December 2017

Page 593: F. Berglund, C.-G. Helander and R. B. Howe, "Inorganic sulfate and thiosulfate: transport and competition in renal tubules of the dog."

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Factors affecting the sodium and potassium contents of glycerinated frog muscle
Authors: Craig Albert B. , Ohr Eleonore A. , Fenn Wallace O.
Published: December 2017

Isolated frog muscles after extraction for varying periods in 50% glycerol were analyzed for Na and K. They were found to lose Na only slightly more rapidly than potassium. After the ability to concentrate potassium was lost there appeared to be no difference in the capacity for retaining K or Na. Such glycerinated muscles were also equilibrated in solutions containing known and equal amounts of NaCl and KCl and then analyzed. No significant differences were found in the ability of the muscle to bind these two cations.
K transport and mechanical responses of isolated longitudinal smooth muscle from guinea pig ileum
Authors: Weiss George B. , Coalson Robert E. , Hurwitz Leon
Published: December 2017

The longitudinal smooth muscle layer of the guinea pig ileum was isolated in order to investigate its contractile responses and unidirectional K42 fluxes. Pilocarpine (7.5 x 10–6 m), acetylcholine (6.6 x 10–6 m), and a modified Tyrode's solution in which potassium ion was substituted for almost all the sodium ion were employed as excitatory agents. Cocaine (8.5 x 10–4 m) and a calcium-free Tyrode's solution served as inhibitory agents. Smooth muscle tone and potassium efflux of this relatively pure tissue were both increased by all three excitatory substances. Moreover, acetylcholine and pilocarpine produced a decrease in the influx of potassium ion. Bathing the tissue in a calcium-free medium for 1 hour before introducing pilocarpine to the muscle bath eliminated the contractile response that this drug ordinarily produces, but did not diminish appreciably the increase in K42 efflux. These observations are qualitatively similar to results previously obtained in analogous experiments on isolated whole ileum. In addition, cocaine (8.5 x 10–4 m) was found to block the contractile response and about three-quarters of the enhanced K42 efflux elicited by the isotonic potassium solution. It is presumed that cocaine acting at the membrane impedes ion fluxes important for smooth muscle contraction.
Bone marrow cellularity and Na and K levels in fasting and inanition after bile duct ligation
Authors: Archdeacon James W. , Markesbery William R. , Binford Bailey R.
Published: December 2017

Femur marrow from fasted, bile duct ligated, and control rabbits was examined with supravital stains for occurrence of nucleated cells, including reticulocytes. There were marked decreases in concentration of these cellular elements in both treated groups of rabbits, although the reticulocyte population in the marrow of the bile duct ligated rabbit was considerably higher than in the fasted rabbit. Apparently there was more stimulation of erythropoiesis in the marrow of the jaundiced rabbit in spite of body wt. loss comparable to that of the fasted rabbit. Sodium and potassium analyses of marrow indicated no significant difference in fasted marrow from control marrow, the Na/K ratio being about 0.5. However, both sodium and potassium rose significantly in the bile duct ligated marrow, although the Na/K ratio was not appreciably altered. Also, there was evidence of plasma potassium increase with sodium decrease in the bile duct ligated rabbit.
Effect of exercise on serum and hepatic lipids in rats fed high fat diets
Authors: Lewis Lena A. , Page Irvine H. , Brown Helen B.
Published: December 2017

The effect of exercise on the lipid concentration in serum and tissues was studied in: 1) 4 groups of 100 rats each fed high fat diets containing 22 or 54% saturated coconut oil or unsaturated soya oil; 2) 185 rats fed Hartroft diets; 3) 75 chow-fed controls. Approximately half of each group were exercised 8 hr daily. Exercise was effective in reducing serum total lipid and cholesterol concentrations only in those animals in which the levels were elevated by high fat intake, but did not alter cardiac-renal lipids. When tissue lipid concentrations were normal, as in rats fed chow diets, they were not changed by exercise. Serum total lipid and cholesterol concentrations were high in rats fed 54% coconut oil diets and normal in those fed soya oil diets. Both coconut and soya oil caused fatty livers, coconut oil causing the lipid to be rich in glycerides, soya oil rich in cholesterol. Cardiac and renal lipid concentrations were unaffected by high fat diets. Exercised rats, as opposed to sedentary controls fed a Hartroft diet containing 0.3% cholate for 9 months, had significantly lower serum total lipid and cholesterol concentrations, but tissue lipid and cholesterol concentrations were similar.
Inulin and thiocyanate spaces of rat in starvation and undernutrition
Authors: Morrison Ashton B.
Published: December 2017

Inulin space and thiocyanate space determinations were made on three groups of male rats: the first group was chronically undernourished by feeding a restricted ration for 10 weeks, the second group was starved with free access to water, and the third was made up of normal male controls. The inulin space was found to expand relative to the final body weight or lean body mass in the undernourished animal. No absolute increase in inulin space took place. In starvation the inulin space did not change in proportion to the body weight and its absolute value decreased. The thiocyanate space relative to the final body weight or lean body mass expanded slightly but significantly in chronic undernutrition and in starvation, but no absolute increase of the thiocyanate space took place.
Effect of hemorrhage on LD100 of dog following supralethal dose of total body gamma radiation
Authors: Handford Stanley W. , Johnson Paul W.
Published: December 2017

To test the effect of hemorrhage on survival following wholebody exposure to a supralethal dose of radiation, three groups of dogs were bled 25% of their estimated blood volume. In group 1, bleeding was accomplished immediately before irradiation; in groups 2 and 3, 30 min and 48 hr, respectively, following irradiation. No significant alterations in the course of acute radiation sickness or survival time (LD100) were observed.
Blood content of uterus and isolated myometrium under estrogen and progesterone domination
Authors: Kao C. Y. , Gams R. S.
Published: December 2017

The circulatory spaces in the whole uterus and in the isolated myometrium have been determined by comparing the amounts of hemoglobin in a weighed amount of uterine tissue with that in a known volume of blood. There is about twice as much blood in both whole uterus and isolated myometrium under progesterone domination than under estrogen domination. In addition, because of the finding that the whole uterus and the isolated myometrium contained the same amount of blood, it was concluded that the blood must be rather equally distributed in the myometrium and the endometrium. Finally, because the circulatory spaces found were within one standard deviation of the scatter of values for extracellular spaces, objective evidence was provided showing that circulatory spaces could not significantly affect distribution of electrolytes in the myometrium.
Influence of dietary cholesterol on excretion of cholesterol-4-C14 by the rat
Authors: Wilson Jean D.
Published: December 2017

The influence of dietry cholesterol on the excretion of cholesterol-4-C14 has been studied in rats pair fed isocaloric quantities of purified diets supplemented with varying amounts of cholesterol and either oleic or linoleic acid. Of the C14 excreted over an 8-day period, slightly more than half was present in the neutral sterol fraction of feces from rats fed sterol-free diets. The addition of dietary cholesterol, however, under circumstances where significant cholesterol absorption was promoted by the addition of fatty acids to the diets, resulted in a reversal of this ratio so that the bile acid fraction accounted for the major portion of excreted cholesterol-C14. Cholesterol balance data revealed that the degradation rate of cholesterol in these animals rose to about 17–20 mg/day. These data are interpreted as demonstrating that the amount of absorbed dietary cholesterol plays a crucial role in determining both the relative and absolute importance of the two major routes of cholesterol excretion.
Effect of mercuric chloride on serum protein catabolism and protein content of rabbit kidney
Authors: Gottlieb Lawrence I. , Coye Robert D.
Published: December 2017

No effect of HgCl2 poisoning on the catabolism of serum protein was noted in rabbits in which I131 was used as the protein label. The amount of I131 remaining in the perfused kidney was much greater in the poisoned animals than in the controls. This increase in label was shown to be due to an increase in the protein. Using T-1824, smaller increases were noted in the poisoned kidneys. The data are interpreted to show that the kidney is not a major site of serum protein catabolism and that the increased protein in the kidney results from increased filtration through a damaged glomerular membrane.
Hepatic vascular response to norepinephrine
Authors: Turk L. Newton , Shoemaker William C.
Published: December 2017

Norepinephrine injected into the femoral vein or inferior vena cava in doses ranging from 1 to 10 µg/kg produced a prompt and definite decrease in hepatic blood flow; this response was, in general, more pronounced with increasing doses. Femoral venous injections also produced a prompt increase in arterial blood pressure followed by a decreased portal venous pressure and portal-hepatic venous pressure gradient. The calculated hepatic venous resistance increased, reaching a maximum at about 60 sec after injection. When the identical doses were injected into the portal vein in the same animals under comparable conditions, the arterial blood pressure and hepatic blood flow responses were delayed in time and attenuated in amount. However, within 10–15 sec of injection the portal venous pressure and portal-hepatic venous pressure gradient increased. The calculated hepatic venous resistance increased more rapidly after intraportal norepinephrine injection.
Effects of lesions in central nervous visual structures on light aversion of rats
Authors: Altman Joseph
Published: December 2017

The effects were investigated of bilateral lesions in three central nervous visual structures, a) superior colliculus, b) lateral geniculate body, and c) striate cortex, on the light aversion (or dark preference) of rats. While both normal and brain-operated animals displayed an aversion to crossing into the bright alleys of the test apparatus, the manifest aversion to light was reduced in all three brain-operated groups. The decreased light aversion was accompanied in all groups by increased locomotor activity. The reduction in light aversion appeared to depend on the relative size of the lesion rather than on the specific central nervous visual structure destroyed.
Action of surface-active agents on axonal conduction
Authors: Walsh Raymond R. , Lee John P. R.
Published: December 2017

Three cationic as well as two anionic and two nonionized surfactants were examined for their axonal conduction blocking tendencies. Appreciable and irreversible block was effected by the ionic surfactants. In order of decreasing effectiveness they were: dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMB), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), and cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (CDMBC). Only modest conduction block was produced by the nonionized surfactants— polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (T20) and polyoxyethylene sorbitan mono-oleate (T80). The results support the thesis that there is a correlation between cytolytic activity of surfactants and the propensity to block axonal conduction. The results are also in agreement with a previously expressed speculation that CTMB (and presumably other cytolytic surfactants) exerts disruptive and dispersive actions on the molecular morphology of the various permeability barriers in a nerve trunk such as the frog sciatic.
Fetal and neonatal brain oxygen
Authors: Misrahy G. A. , Beran A. V. , Hardwick D. F.
Published: December 2017

Brain oxygen availability (aO2) in the mature and immature fetus, neonate, and adult guinea pig was measured by a polarographic technique. Because of the similarity of fetal and maternal brain aO2 levels at various atmospheric pO2, and the marked drop in fetal brain aO2 after surgical and mechanical trauma, it was concluded that under normal physiological conditions fetal blood pO2 is probably higher than usually reported. As the effects of Apresoline, Pitressin, Adrenalin, and noradrenaline were similar in the adult and neonate shortly after delivery, it was concluded that the different effects seen in the fetus in utero were not due to qualitative differences in reactivity of fetal and maternal tissues. Autonomic reflexes play an important role in the changes in brain aO2 occurring with increased intracranial pressure. Bradycardia appears early with compression of the head and late in anoxic anoxia. The normal intracranial pressure in the guinea pig was approximately 9 mm Hg and was higher than the hydrostatic pressure of the cochlea, findings which are compatible with the existence of an open channel between cerebrospinal fluid and perilymph.
Liver enzyme activities in ammonia fixation by the rat
Authors: Flores Gustavo , Rosado Adolfo , Torres Jesús , Soberón Guillermo
Published: December 2017

Capacity to handle an ammonia load was explored in rats submitted to different experimental conditions, by means of intraportal administration of NH4Cl solution and measurement of ammonia in blood removed at various times from hepatic veins. Liver enzymes that participate in ammonia fixation (glutamine synthetase, carbamyl phosphate synthetase, ornithine transcarbamylase, arginine synthetase, arginase, and glutamic dehydrogenase) were assayed in different animals under the same conditions and results were correlated with ability to clear ammonia; ATP was determined in some of the groups. All groups showed a decreased capacity to clear ammonia from blood. In animals starved during 4 days, in those fed a protein-free diet or a diet that contained zein as a source of protein, in those chronically intoxicated with CCl4, and in those partially hepatectomized, the impaired ability could be related to a diminution of all enzymes assayed. In animals given an acute dose of CCl4 and in those administered NH4Cl solution as drinking water the defect could be explained by a decreased activity of some enzymes tested. In anemic animals and in those made hypoxic, a drop in ATP content of liver was the apparent reason of impairment. The study emphasized the primary role of ATP and of the enzymes glutamine synthetase and arginine synthetase (splitting and condensing enzymes) in removal of ammonia.