bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxapolycycles from One‐Pot Cross‐Metathesis/Carbonyl Ylide Formation‐Intramolecular Cycloaddition of α‐Diazo‐β‐keto Esters
Authors: Hodgson David M. , Angrish Deepshikha
Published: November 2006

Chemoselective cross‐metathesis of unsaturated α‐diazo‐β‐keto esters using Grubbs’ 2ndgeneration catalyst, followed by Rh2(OAc)4‐catalysed tandem carbonyl ylide formation‐intramolecular cycloaddition is demonstrated. The two different catalytic metallocarbene transfer reactions have also been successfully carried out in a one‐pot procedure, which allows rapid generation of molecular complexity in a single operation.
Construction of Highly‐Functionalized Cyclopentanes from Silyl Enol Ethers and Activated Cyclopropanes by [3+2] Cycloaddition Catalyzed by Triflic Imide
Authors: Takasu Kiyosei , Nagao Satoshi , Ihara Masataka
Published: November 2006

[3+2] Cycloadditions of silyl enol ethers with donor‐acceptor (D‐A) cyclopropanes, such as 2‐alkoxycyclopropanecarboxylates and 2‐(p‐methoxyphenyl)cyclopropyl phenyl ketone, proceed in the presence of a catalytic amount of triflic imide (Tf2NH) to give functionalized cyclopentanes in high yield. The catalytic process allows promotion of the cycloaddition of substrates incorporating Lewis basic functions, such as ether and carbamate moieties. Moreover, multicomponent [4+2]‐[3+2]  cascade cycloadditions of α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds, 2‐siloxydienes and D‐A cyclopropanes to form highly‐functionalized bicyclo[4.3.0]nonanes have been demonstrated.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed [4+2+2] Cycloaddition Reaction of Two Enynes or Diynes with One Diene to Give Eight‐Membered Ring Compounds
Authors: Lee Sang Ick , Park Se Yeoun , Chung Young Keun
Published: November 2006

A new [Rh(cod)Cl]2/AgX (cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene)‐catalyzed intermolecular [4+2+2] cycloaddition reaction between two enynes with one diene, and between two diynes and one diene has been developed. This is the first example of a rhodium‐catalyzed trimolecular and three‐component [4+2+2] cycloaddition to form eight‐membered ring compounds. The yield of the reaction was highly dependent upon the counteranion and the reaction medium. The best yields were obtained when the reaction was carried out in toluene with OTf− anions. The regioselectivity was highly dependent upon the substrates. Relatively high regioselectivities were obtained for the cycloaddition of two enynes with one diene. In some cases, only one regioisomer was obtained. However, the regioselectivities for the cycloaddition of two diynes with one diene were rather poor. The use of a syringe pump in the slow addition of reactants slightly enhanced the regioselectivity.
1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions of Carbonyl Ylides to Aldimines: Scope, Limitations and Asymmetric Cycloadditions
Authors: Torssell Staffan , Somfai Peter
Published: November 2006

The development of a diastereoselective 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of carbonyl ylides and imines for the synthesis of α‐hydroxy‐β‐amino esters is described. The methodology is successfully applied to chiral α‐methylbenzylimines affording enantiomerically pure syn‐β‐amino alcohols, which is exemplified with a short asymmetric synthesis of the paclitaxel side‐chain. The use of chiral Rh(II) carboxylate catalysts for the development of a catalytic enantioselective 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition is also described, affording syn‐β‐amino alcohols in modest enantiomeric purity (e.r. up to 82:18).
[2+2+2] Cycloaddition Reactions Catalyzed by Transition Metal Complexes
Authors: Chopade Pramod R. , Louie Janis
Published: November 2006

Recent progress in the synthesis of benzene and 1,3‐cyclohexadiene derivatives, and heterocyclic compounds such as pyridines, pyridones, pyrans, pyrimidine diones, etc, has been reviewed. The general mechanistic aspects of the [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction are discussed. The asymmetric variants of these reactions are also discussed along with the proposed models of asymmetric induction.
Phosphinite Ligand Effects in Palladium(II)‐Catalysed Cycloisomerisation of 1,6‐Dienes: Bicyclo[3.2.0]heptanyl Diphosphinite (B[3.2.0]DPO) Ligands Exhibit Flexible Bite Angles, an Effect Derived from Conformational Changes (exo‐ or endo‐Envelope) in the Bicyclic Ligand Scaffold
Authors: Fairlamb Ian J. S. , Grant Stephanie , Tommasi Simona , Lynam Jason M. , Bandini Marco , Dong Hao , Lin Zhenyang , Whitwood Adrian C.
Published: November 2006

Changes in bidentate ligand structure significantly affect catalytic activity in mono‐cationic Pd(II)‐catalysed 1,6‐diene cycloisomerisation processes to give cyclopentene products. A bicyclo[3.2.0]heptanyl diphosphinite ligand (B[3.2.0]DPO, 3) is the first phosphorus‐based bidentate ligand capable of promoting regioselective 1,6‐diene cycloisomerisation. Trace quantities of water are essential for catalytic activity, as is the precise order of mixing of 1,6‐diene, Pd(II) pro‐catalyst and additives. Conformational changes in the ligand backbone seem to be important in stabilising the active catalyst species, assumed to be a cationic Pd(II) hydride species. DFT calculations support a change in bite angle on the cationic Pd(II) hydride species from circa 90° (cis) to 170° (trans); in the latter geometry an agostic interaction of the C4 endo hydrogen of the bicyclic ring‐system with Pd(II) stabilises the cationic metal centre. This unique ligand property could be exploited in other transition metal catalysed processes.
Gold and Platinum Catalysis of Enyne Cycloisomerization
Authors: Zhang Liming , Sun Jianwei , Kozmin Sergey A.
Published: November 2006

This account provides a comprehensive overview of the development of gold and platinum catalysis of the enyne cycloisomerization. The use of these soft, alkynophilic metals enables mild, chemoselective and efficient transformations of a variety of readily available acyclic enynes to a wide range of synthetically useful carbocyclic and heterocyclic products. The review is organized according to diverse structural types of enynes that undergo skeletal cycloisomerizations. The account begins with an overview of transformations of primarily 1,6‐enynes to 1‐alkenylcyclopentenes, bicyclo[4.1.0]heptenes, methylenecycloalkenes, bicyclo[4.3.0]nonadienes and bicyclo[3.2.0]heptenes. This section is followed by the discussion of cycloisomerizations of 1,5‐enynes, which enable a rapid access to a range of other cyclic products, including bicyclo[3.1.0]hexenes, cyclohexadienes, heterobicycloalkenes, methylenecyclopentenes, naphthalenes and methyleneindenes. In addition, the [3,3] rearrangement of 1,5‐enynes provides efficient access to the corresponding allenes. The account concludes with an overview of the most recent studies on gold‐ and platinum‐catalyzed cycloisomerizations of 1,4‐ and 1,3‐enynes. Due to the rapidly increasing interest in this area during the past three to five years, we believe that this review provides a timely and comprehensive discussion of the development gold‐ and platinum‐catalyzed cycloisomerization starting from the initial pioneering investigations to the latest advances in the field. A significant emphasis is placed on the mechanistic discussion of the observed manifolds of skeletal reorganizations.
Breakup of a drop in a liquid–liquid pipe flow through an orifice
Authors: Galinat S. , Garrido Torres L. , Masbernat O. , Guiraud P. , Risso F. , Dalmazzone C. , Noik C.
Published: November 2006

The drop breakup in a heterogeneous turbulent pipe flow developing downstream of an orifice is reported. A two‐phase flow is considered of n‐heptane drops in a water–glycerin solution at three distinct volume concentrations: ϕd = 0 (single‐phase flow), 0.1, and 0.2. The maximum pressure drop across the orifice, ΔPmax, is found to be a linear function of the kinetic energy of the mixture that weakly depends on ϕd. The continuous‐phase velocity field is measured by means of high‐speed particle image velocimetry in an optically homogeneous medium. The turbulence energy level and its spatial distribution are strongly influenced by both the continuous‐phase viscosity and the presence of the dispersed phase. Drop breakup is driven by an inertial mechanism and is observed where the turbulence is the most intense. The breakup probability, the mean number of fragments, and the daughter‐drop Sauter diameter are plotted against the global Weber number based on ΔPmax. For concentrations up to 0.1, breakup statistics are close to those obtained with an isolated drop in a single‐phase flow of water. For ϕd = 0.2, the increase of breakup probability with the Weber number becomes weaker because of the volume reduction of the region of intense turbulence. The evolution of breakup probability with the distance from the orifice indeed shows strong differences between the test cases, arising from modifications in the local structure of the heterogeneous turbulence field. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
On the time scale of new world primate diversification
Authors: Schrago Carlos G.
Published: November 2006

New World primates comprise a diverse group of neotropical mammals that suddenly appeared in the Late Oligocene deposits of South America at around 26 million years ago (MYA). Platyrrhines seem to have separated from Old World anthropoids ca. 35 MYA, and their subsequent diversfication is not well documented in the fossil record. Therefore, molecular clock studies were conducted to unveil the temporal scenario for the evolution of the group. In this study, divergence times of all splits within platyrrhines until the generic level were investigated, using two different gene data sets under relaxed molecular clocks. Special attention was paid to the basal diversification of living platyrrhines and to the basal split of the modern Cebidae family, since these nodes were reported to be phylogenetically difficult to resolve. The results showed that analyses from various genomic regions are similar to estimates obtained by early single‐gene studies. Living New World primates are descendants of ancestors that lived in the Early Miocene, at around 20 MYA, and modern Cebidae and Pitheciidae appeared ca. 16.9 and 15.6 MYA, respectively. The last common ancestor of living Atelidae is 12.4 million years old, making this clade the youngest New World primate family; at approximately the same time, modern Callitrichinae was evolving (11.8 MYA). The gap between the Platyrrhini/Catarrhini separation and the last common ancestor of living Platyrrhini may be as big as 20 million years. Paleontological and geoclimatological evidence corroborates that the sudden appearance of modern families may be a consequence of environmental changes during the Miocene. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007 © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of chewing betel nut on measurements of salivary progesterone and estradiol
Authors: la Mora Alejandra Núñez‐de , Chatterton Robert T. , Mateo Esnar T. , Jesmin Fahmida , Bentley Gillian R.
Published: November 2006

The measurement of steroids in saliva is both simple and non‐invasive and has been widely used in field and clinical‐based research. The observance of particular cultural practices by some populations, however, may hamper accurate hormonal analyses. The present study evaluated the effects of one such practice—the chewing of betel nut—on the accurate measurement of salivary progesterone and estradiol. A time series experiment was conducted among Bangladeshi women who are regular users of betel nut. Salivary steroids were analyzed by radioimmunoassay in samples collected prior to and then 30, 60, 120, and 240 min following betel quid use. Results show no significant difference between basal steroid levels and those obtained 60, 120, and 240 min after chewing betel nut. We conclude that with specific collection protocols that take into account time since chewing, salivary steroid analyses can be undertaken in populations among whom the practice of chewing betel nut is endemic. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polyphenolic extracts of Pinus radiata bark and networking mechanisms of additive‐accelerated polycondensates
Authors: Panamgama Lalantha A.
Published: November 2006

The use of various chemicals for extracting polyphenolic fractions (tannins) from Pinus radiata bark was examined with the aim of obtaining high yields of high‐quality tannins to be used as wood adhesives. Extractions carried out under very highly alkaline conditions (pH > 10.5) gave relatively high yields but also excessive viscosity values even in 30% (w/w) solutions, and this demonstrated their inability to function as wood adhesives. Solutions (30% w/w) of mildly extracted (pH < 8.3) fractions gave workable viscosity values and were used in a subsequent study. A rapid acceleration effect was observed in these fractions when ammonia was used as a catalyst. Solid‐state, cross‐polarization/magic‐angle‐spinning 13C‐NMR of the cured samples showed evidence proving the existence of benzyl amine bridging networks in their hardened state. Simultaneously accelerated copolymerization could be observed in phenol–resorcinol–formaldehyde/P. radiata bark tannin mixtures with the addition of ammonia, as indicated by viscosity measurements. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2487–2493, 2007
Preparation and recovery of polysulfone affinity membrane with mercapto as chelating group for Hg2+ cations
Authors: Wang Bing , Yang Xinlin , Huang Wenqiang
Published: November 2006

Highly qualified homogeneous poly(benzylsulfone) plate affinity membrane with mercapto group (PSF‐SH) was prepared successively through reactions between chloromethyl polysulfone matrix membrane and thiourea, and then alkalic hydrolysis. The mercapto‐functionalized polysulfone affinity membrane was utilized for the adsorption of Hg2+ cations through the coordination of the mercapto group and Hg2+ cations, in which the effects of the morphological and the structure of the affinity membrane on the chelating properties were investigated. The chelating conditions, including concentration of Hg2+, and temperature and pH of the introductory solution had significant influence on the chelating capacity of PSF‐SH affinity membrane. The highest static and dynamic chelating capacity of PSF‐SH plate membrane for Hg2+ cations were 398 and 403 μg/cm2 per membrane, respectively, which demonstrated that the resultant polymer membrane was a highly efficient affinity chromatography for Hg2+. The affinity membrane containing mercapto group can be conveniently recovered by dilute hydrochloric acid for coordination of Hg2+ cations, which would have wide application for the treatment of waste water containing heavy metal cations. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2514–2522, 2007
Blending of NR/BR/EPDM by reactive processing for tire sidewall applications. I. Preparation, cure characteristics and mechanical properties
Authors: Sahakaro Kannika , Naskar Nityananda , Datta Rabin N. , Noordermeer Jacques W. M.
Published: November 2006

EPDM incorporated into blends of natural rubber/butadiene rubber (NR/BR) improves ozone resistance. In this work, the inferior mechanical properties of NR/BR/EPDM blends generally obtained by conventional straight mixing are overcome by utilizing a reactive processing technique. The entire amount of curatives, based on a commonly employed accelerator N‐cyclohexyl‐2‐benzothiazole sulfenamide (CBS) and sulfur, is first added into the EPDM phase. After a thermal pretreatment step tuned to the scorch time of the EPDM phase, the modified EPDM is mixed with premasticated NR/BR. The reactive blend vulcanizates show a significant improvement in tensile properties: tensile strength and elongation at break, as compared to those prepared by straight mixing, in both gum and carbon black‐filled blends. The increase of tensile properties in gum and filled reactive blend vulcanizates does suggest that the reactive processing technique leads to more homogeneous blends due to, either a better crosslink distribution, or more homogeneous filler distribution, or both. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103:2538–2546, 2007
Blending of NR/BR/EPDM by reactive processing for tire sidewall applications. II. Characterization
Authors: Sahakaro Kannika , Talma Auke G. , Datta Rabin N. , Noordermeer Jacques W. M.
Published: November 2006

Cure incompatibility in NR/BR/EPDM blends is a crucial problem, affecting blend properties. In a previous study, it was demonstrated that the mechanical properties of such blends can be significantly improved by utilizing a reactive processing technique, in which a pretreated EPDM is first prepared by incorporating all compounding ingredients in the EPDM and subsequent preheating, prior to crossblending with premasticated NR/BR. In the present article, the pretreated EPDM‐moieties are prepared using two different accelerators, N‐cyclohexyl‐2‐benzothiazole sulfenamide (CBS) and 6‐nitro MBTS. The latter was synthesized and applied for the purpose of IR characterization. The infrared (IR) spectra of the pretreated, extracted EPDM demonstrate absorption peaks associated with the IR absorption of the functional groups in the accelerator fragments, attached to the EPDM. NR/BR/EPDM (35/35/30) ternary blends are prepared by reactive mixing of the pretreated EPDM with CBS fragments attached with premasticated NR/BR on a two‐roll mill. Their blend morphological features are studied using the atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) microscopic techniques, in comparison with those of blends prepared by a conventional straight mixing method. Both the tapping mode AFM phase images and TEM micrographs clearly show that reactive mixing leads to more homogeneous blends. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103:2547–2554, 2007
A unifying approach for melt rheology of linear polystyrene
Authors: Kim Sung Hun , Teymour Fouad , Debling Jon A.
Published: November 2006

Several studies of melt rheological properties of polystyrene have been conducted over the past 50 years. Several approaches, including empirical models, have been developed to understand the behavior of materials using simple equations. The existing melt rheology models are best suited for high‐molecular‐weight polymers whose Tg does not vary. In this work, a semiempirical viscosity equation has been derived, including the effect of Tg dependence on molecular weight, to describe the melt rheology of low‐molecular‐weight polymers. The equation is derived based on a combination of well‐known concepts, such as the effects of free volume and molecular dynamics on polymer rheology. This provides a better understanding of the rheological behavior in the low‐molecular‐weight regime with respect to temperature and molecular weight. Because of the industrial trend towards lower molecular weight materials for applications such as high solids coatings, this unifying approach, based on the free volume theory with a simple expression, is of extreme practical significance. This equation can predict the zero shear viscosity behavior for different molecular weights, including low‐molecular‐weight regions, and temperatures. Viscosity calculations using the empirical equation agree with published experimental data. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2597–2607, 2007
Role of additive HCL in the radiation‐induced grafting copolymerization of acrylic acid and sodium styrene sulfonate to high‐density polyethylene
Authors: Zu Jianhua , Hu Zhiqiang , Liu Ruiqin , Zhang Jianqiu , Gu Jianzhong , Tong Long , Liu Xinwen
Published: November 2006

Acrylic acid and sodium styrene sulfonate were grafted onto high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) membrane by preirradiation, and we prepared a cation exchange membrane with strong acid and weak acid groups. The HCl was used as an additive to change the pH of grafting system, and the effect of pH on grafting yield was studied. In simultaneous radiation method, the overall grafting yield (Gt) and grafting yield of SSS onto HDPE (Gs) increased with decreasing of pH. In preirradiation method, Gt and Gs first increased with decreasing of pH, and the highest grafting yield was observed at pH = 2.80, then decreased if we further reduced the pH of the grafting system. Viscosity of grafting system was changed owing to the change of the ionization degree of polyacrylic acid in the presence of HCl, so that diffuse rate of monomers into matrix was affected. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2622–2626, 2007
Adhesion properties and thermal degradation of silicone rubber
Authors: Kim Eung‐Soo , Kim Hun‐Sik , Jung Seong‐Hun , Yoon Jin‐San
Published: November 2006

Silicone rubber is suitable for the thermal insulator of the rocket motors owing to its heat resisting properties as well as its excellent elasticity and restoring force. However, the adhesion properties of the silicone rubber should be improved greatly to be used as the thermal insulator because of its poor adhesiveness coming from the low surface tension. Functional groups were incorporated through copolymerization to the silicone rubber to induce chemical reaction with the functional groups in the propellant/liner components to enhance the adhesion properties. Peeling tests results disclosed that the incorporation of amine groups was the most efficient for the adhesiveness enhancement and that addition of carbon black improved the adhesiveness still more. Stability against thermal degradation of the silicone rubber was examined by measuring the activation energy through the thermogravimetric analysis. The results revealed that the compounding of the Cloisite® clays boosted up the thermal stability of the silicone rubber much more greatly than that of carbon black. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2782–2787, 2007
Preparation and optimization of 2,4‐D loaded cellulose derivatives microspheres by solvent evaporation technique
Authors: Bahri Z. El , Taverdet J.‐L.
Published: November 2006

Controlled release herbicide formulations were prepared by microencapsulation using solvent evaporation technique. 2,4‐D was chosen as core material, which was microencapsulated in two cellulose derivatives as matrices: cellulose acetate butyrate butyryl (CAB) and ethylcellulose (EC). The work is intended to produce systems containing the herbicide to reduce its risks by dermal contact, evaporation, or degradation and to control the release of the active agent. The microspheres loaded by 2,4‐D were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. We have obtained microparticles in the range of D32 of 42–277 μm with CAB and 88–744 μm with EC by varying the process parameters. The drug entrapment was improved by controlling certain factors such as polymer/solvent ratio, pH of continuous phase, and organic phase solvent. The drug release was established in deionized water at pH = 5.5 and 25°C and the 2,4‐D concentrations were estimated by UV analysis. The release data were analyzed according to Fick's law and the results demonstrate that the release rate can be controlled by modifying the process parameters. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2742–2751, 2007
The modern furies: projection and superego subversion in the moral justification of violence
Authors: Poulton James
Published: November 2006

The moral rationalization of violence and prejudice has long been viewed by psychoanalysis as resulting from a subversion of superego functioning. Yet, the specific mechanisms by which such subversions occur have remained obscure. In this paper, the intrapsychic and intersubjective dynamics of rationalizations of violence are explored as they arise in the dyadic interactions of a married couple in psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Those dynamics are then extrapolated to larger group processes (e.g. sects, races, nations, etc.), with the aim of developing a more complete understanding of the cycles of hatred and violence that can occur between them. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SPARC, an upstream regulator of connective tissue growth factor in response to transforming growth factor β stimulation
Authors: Zhou X. D. , Xiong M. M. , Tan F. K. , Guo X. J. , Arnett F. C.
Published: November 2006

Objective

To differentiate the effects of inhibition of specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) of SPARC (secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine) and siRNA of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in cultured human fibroblasts, and to identify potential interrelationships between SPARC and CTGF.

Methods

Fibroblasts from skin biopsy specimens of 2 normal individuals were transfected with siRNA of SPARC and siRNA of CTGF. The fibroblasts were stimulated with or without transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) and examined by real‐time quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction to determine the transcription levels of several extracellular matrix genes.

Results

After exogenous TGFβ1 stimulation, both SPARC siRNA and CTGF siRNA showed a protective role against overexpression of collagen genes. Following TGFβ1 stimulation, SPARC siRNA–transfected fibroblasts showed a greater reduction in expression of the collagen genes compared with CTGF siRNA–transfected fibroblasts, as well as a significantly decreased expression of CTGF (P < 0.05). Using linear structure equations to quantitatively model a genetic network based on expression levels of each gene, a positive regulatory role of SPARC on CTGF, COL1A2, COL3A1, COL11A1, and TIMP3 was observed. However, the regulatory role of CTGF on SPARC appeared to be negative and very small, while the positive regulatory effects of CTGF on COL1A2, COL3A1, COL11A1, and TIMP3 were less than those of SPARC.

Conclusion

The results of this quantitative comparison support the hypothesis that in these cultured fibroblasts, the regulatory effects of SPARC on some major extracellular matrix structural components are greater than those of CTGF. In addition, SPARC appears to regulate CTGF in a predominantly positive manner, while CTGF may act as a negative feedback control on SPARC following TGFβ stimulation.
Jun activation domain–binding protein 1 binds Smad5 and inhibits bone morphogenetic protein signaling
Authors: Haag Jochen , Aigner Thomas
Published: November 2006

Objective

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play an important role in the development and the homeostasis and pathology of cartilage tissue, particularly in the differentiation and anabolic activity of chondrocytes. The present study was undertaken to identify binding partners of the Smad proteins, the intracellular mediators of BMP activity, which might actively modify BMP signaling in chondrocytes.

Methods

Yeast 2‐hybrid technology was used to screen a complementary DNA library, constructed from human adult articular cartilage, for molecular binding partners of Smad5, a major intracellular mediator of BMP signaling. Primary interaction partners were verified by coimmunoprecipitation, and the relevance of the interactions to BMP signaling was evaluated by transcriptional reporter assay. Additionally, messenger RNA expression analysis (conventional and quantitative polymerase chain reaction) and immunostaining were performed in adult normal and osteoarthritic articular cartilage.

Results

We identified a novel Smad5 interactor, Jun activation domain–binding protein 1 (Jab1), expressed in adult cartilage. The interaction was confirmed in coimmunoprecipitation experiments. Overexpression of Jab1 resulted in an attenuation of BMP‐dependent transcriptional responses, suggesting that Jab1 acts as an inhibitor of BMP signaling.

Conclusion

Jab1 is a newly identified intracellular (negative) modulator of BMP signaling in chondrocytes and other cells. Jab1 represents an interesting molecule for understanding anabolic signaling in chondrocytes, as well as a potential therapeutic target for anabolic activation. Most interestingly, Jab1 appears to crosslink the BMP and interleukin‐1 pathways.
Analysis of IRF5 gene functional polymorphisms in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Rueda Blanca , Reddy M. V. Prasad Linga , González‐Gay Miguel A. , Balsa Alejandro , Pascual‐Salcedo Dora , Petersson Ingemar F. , Eimon Alicia , Paira Sergio , Scherbarth Hugo R. , Pons‐Estel Bernardo A. , González‐Escribano Maria F. , Alarcón‐Riquelme Marta E. , Martín Javier
Published: November 2006

Objective

Recent findings suggest that interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF‐5) may play a crucial role in several cellular processes, including the transcription of genes for inflammatory cytokines. Two genetic variants of the IRF5 gene (rs2004640 in exon 1 and rs2280714 in the 3′‐untranslated region) have been shown to exert functional modifications affecting IRF5 messenger RNA splicing and expression, and have been associated with genetic predisposition to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The aim of this study was to analyze the possible contribution of the IRF5 gene to the predisposition to rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

Three case–control cohorts from Spain (724 RA patients and 542 healthy controls), Sweden (281 RA patients 474 healthy controls), and Argentina (284 RA patients and 286 healthy controls) were independently analyzed. Genotyping for IRF5 rs2004640 and rs2280714 was performed using a TaqMan 5′ allele‐discrimination assay.

Results

In the 3 cohorts studied, no statistically significant differences in allele or genotype frequencies of the rs2004640 and rs2280714 IRF5 polymorphisms were observed between RA patients and controls. Accordingly, haplotype analysis revealed that none of the IRF5 haplotypes was associated with genetic predisposition to RA.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that the IRF5 functional polymorphisms analyzed do not seem to be implicated in genetic susceptibility to RA.
The impact of survey data: Measuring success
Authors: Hamilton Elizabeth C.
Published: November 2006

Large national social surveys are expensive to conduct and to process into usable data files. The purpose of this article is to assess the impact of these national data sets on research using bibliometric measures. Peer‐reviewed articles from research using numeric data files and documentation from the Canadian National Population Health Survey (NPHS) were searched in ISI's Web of Science and in Scopus for articles citing the original research. This article shows that articles using NPHS data files and products have been used by a diverse and global network of scholars, practitioners, methodologists, and policy makers. Shifts in electronic publishing and the emergence of new tools for citation analysis are changing the discovery process for published and unpublished work based on inputs to the research process. Evidence of use of large surveys throughout the knowledge transfer process can be critical in assessing grant and operating funding levels for research units, and in influencing design, methodology, and access channels in planning major surveys. The project has gathered citations from the peer‐reviewed article stage of knowledge transfer, providing valuable evidence on the use of the data files and methodologies of the survey and of limitations of the survey. Further work can be done to expand the scope of material cited and analyze the data to understand how the longitudinal aspect of the survey contributes to the value of the research output. Building a case for continued funding of national, longitudinal surveys is a challenge. As far as I am aware, however, little use has been made of citation tracking to assess the long‐term value of such surveys. Conducting citation analysis on research inputs (data file use and survey products) provides a tangible assessment of the value accrued from large‐scale (and expensive) national surveys.
Variable and broad iron lines around black holes
Authors: Schartel N.
Published: November 2006

“Variable and Broad Iron Lines around Black Holes” was the topic of the first scientific workshop organized by the XMMNewton Science Operations Centre. This foreword gives a brief introduction to the history of black hole research, which motivated the workshop's scientific topic. The organizing committees are listed and the meeting is shortly outlined. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A short introduction to broad and variable iron lines around black holes
Authors: Fabian A. C.
Published: November 2006

Accreting black holes often show iron line emission in their X‐ray spectra. When this line emission is very broad or variable then it is likely to originate from close to the black hole. The theory and observations of such broad and variable iron lines are briefly reviewed here. In order for a clear broad line to be found, one or more of the following have to occur: high iron abundance, dense disk surface and minimal complex absorption. Several excellent examples are found from observations of Seyfert galaxies and Galactic Black Holes. In several cases there is strong evidence that the black hole is rapidly spinning. Further examples are expected as more long observations are made with XMM‐Newton, Chandra and Suzaku. Intriguing instances of rapid variability of some narrow iron lines, both emission and absorption, have been reported. These may reflect variations in the irradiation or motion of physical structures on the accretion disk. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Amplification and variability of the AGN X‐ray emission due to microlensing
Authors: Popović L. Č. , Jovanović P. , Petrović T. , Shalyapin V. N.
Published: November 2006

We consider the contribution of microlensing to the AGN Fe Kα line and X‐ray continuum amplification and variation. To investigate the variability of the line and X‐ray continuum, we studied the effects of microlensing on quasar X‐ray spectra produced by crossing of a microlensing pattern across a standard relativistic accretion disk. To describe the disk emission we used a ray tracing method considering both metrics, Schwarzschild and Kerr. We found that the Fe Kα and continuum may experience significant amplification by a microlensing event (even for microlenses of very small mass). Also, we investigate a contribution of microlensing to the X‐ray variability of high‐redshifted QSOs, finding that cosmologically distributed deflector may contribute significantly to the X‐ray variability of high‐redshifted QSOs (z > 2). (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the excitation of the Fe Kα line in AGNs by the impact of beams of highly relativistic electrons on the disk
Authors: Gómez de Castro A. I. , Antonicci A.
Published: November 2006

The propagation of highly relativistic electron beams in dense matter induces a cascade of secondary particles that spreads in the environment redistributing efficiently the beam energy in the medium. Such a highly relativistic beams are expected to be produced in the magnetic reconnection events associated with the flaring activity of the magnetized accretion disks of the AGNs. This contribution presents a quantitative analysis of the possible role of these beams in the excitation of the Fe Kα line. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A short review of relativistic iron lines from stellar‐mass black holes
Authors: Miller J. M.
Published: November 2006

In this contribution, I briefly review recent progress in detecting and measuring the properties of relativistic iron lines observed in stellar‐mass black hole systems, and the aspects of these lines that are most relevant to studies of similar lines in Seyfert‐1 AGN. In particular, the lines observed in stellar‐mass black holes are not complicated by complex low‐energy absorption or partial‐covering of the central engine, and strong lines are largely independent of the model used to fit the underlying broad‐band continuum flux. Indeed, relativistic iron lines are the most robust diagnostic of black hole spin that is presently available to observers, with specific advantages over the systematics–plagued disk continuum. If accretion onto stellar‐mass black holes simply scales with mass, then the widespread nature of lines in stellar‐mass black holes may indicate that lines should be common in Seyfert‐1 AGN, though perhaps harder to detect. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The onset of General Relativity: gravitationally redshifted emission lines
Authors: Müller A.
Published: November 2006

We study and quantify gravitational redshift by means of relativistic ray tracing simulations of emission lines. The emitter model is based on thin, Keplerian rotating rings in the equatorial plane of a rotating black hole. Emission lines are characterised by a generalized fully relativistic Doppler factor or redshift associated with the line core. Two modes of gravitational redshift, shift and distortion, become stronger with the emitting region closer to the Kerr black hole. Shifts of the line cores reveal an effect at levels of 0.0015 to 60% at gravitational radii ranging from 105to 2. The corresponding Doppler factors range from 0.999985 to 0.4048. Line shape distortion by strong gravity, i.e. very skewed and asymmetric lines occur at radii smaller than roughly ten gravitational radii. Gravitational redshift decreases with distance to the black hole but remains finite due to the asymptotical flatness of black hole space–time. The onset of gravitational redshift can be tested observationally with sufficient spectral resolution. Assuming a resolving power of ∼100000, yielding a resolution of ≈0.1 Å for optical and near‐infrared broad emission lines, the gravitational redshift can be probed out to approximately 75000 gravitational radii. In general, gravitational redshift is an indicator of black hole mass and spin as well as for the inclination angle of the emitter, e.g. an accretion disk. We suggest to do multi‐wavelength observations because all redshifted features should point towards the same central mass. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The origin of the strong soft excess and puzzling iron line complex in Mkn 841
Authors: Petrucci P. O. , Ponti G. , Matt G. , Maraschi L. , Malzac J. , Mouchet M. , Boisson C. , Longinotti A. , Nandra K. , Ferrando P. , Henri G.
Published: November 2006

Mkn 841 has been observed during 3 different periods (January 2001, January 2005 and July 2005) by XMM‐Newton for a total cumulated exposure time of ∼108 ks. We present in this paper a broad band spectral analysis of the complete EPIC‐pn data sets. These observations confirm the presence of the strong soft excess and complex iron line profile known to be present in this source since a long time. They also reveal their extreme and puzzling spectral and temporal behaviors. Indeed, the 0.5–2 keV soft X‐ray flux decreases by a factor 3 between 2001 and 2005 and the line shape appears to be a mixed of broad and narrow components, both variable but on different timescales. The broad‐band 0.5–10 keV spectra are well described by a model including a primary power law continuum, a blurred photoionized reflection and a narrow iron line, the blurred reflection fitting self‐consistently the soft excess and the broad line component. The origin and nature of the narrow component is unclear. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Automated spectral and timing analysis of AGNs
Authors: Munz F. , Karas V. , Guainazzi M.
Published: November 2006

We have developed an autonomous script that helps the user to automate the XMM‐Newton data analysis for the purposes of extensive statistical investigations. We test this approach by examining X‐ray spectra of bright AGNs pre‐selected from the public database. The event lists extracted in this process were studied further by constructing their energy‐resolved Fourier power‐spectrum density. This analysis combines energy distributions, light‐curves, and their power‐spectra and it proves useful to assess the variability patterns present is the data. As another example, an automated search was based on the XSPEC package to reveal the emission features in 2–8 keV range. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Combining video modeling and least‐to‐most prompting for establishing response chains
Authors: Murzynski Natalie T. , Bourret Jason C.
Published: November 2006

Video modeling combined with least‐to‐most intrusive prompting was compared using a parallel‐treatments design to least‐to‐most intrusive prompting alone in teaching daily‐living skills in the form of response chains. Two boys with the diagnosis of autism (ages 8 and 9) participated in the study. The results showed that the participants acquired skills taught with video modeling plus least‐to‐most prompting in fewer trials and with fewer prompts than skills taught with least‐to‐most prompting alone. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biologische Stationen vernetzen sich
Authors: Blindow Irmgard
Published: November 2006

Biologische Stationen befinden sich dort, wo ökologisch “etwas los” ist, wo wertvolle Lebensräume und hohe Artenvielfalt quasi vor der Haustür liegen. Dies ermöglicht optimale Rahmenbedingungen und ein breites Angebot für Kurse sowie eine enge Verknüpfung zwischen Labor‐ und Freilandarbeit. Ein neues Netzwerk soll die Zusammenarbeit verbessern und den Informationsaustausch zwischen den Stationen sowie zwischen Stationen und Besuchern fördern.
Poly[propane‐1,3‐diyldiammonium tetra‐μ‐selenito‐trizinc dihydrate].
Authors: Ritchie Lyndsey K. , Harrison William T. A.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Crystal Structures of Lanthanide and Zirconium Phosphates with General Formula Ln0.33Zr2(PO4)3, Where Ln: Ce, Eu, Yb.
Authors: Bykov D. M. , Gobechiya E. R. , Kabalov Yu. K. , Orlova A. I. , Tomilin S. V.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Crystal Structure and Vibrational Properties of New Luminescent Hosts K3YF6 and K3GdF6.
Authors: Gusowski Marek Adam , Gagor Anna , Trzebiatowska‐Gusowska Monika , Ryba‐Romanowski Witold
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
[C6H21N4][Sb9S14O]: Solvothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Characterization of the First Non‐Centrosymmetric Open Sb—S—O Framework Containing the New [SbS2O] Building Unit.
Authors: Kiebach Ragnar , Naether Christian , Sebastian C. Peter , Mosel Bernd D. , Poettgen Rainer , Bensch Wolfgang
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Niobia Nanocrystals with Controlled Morphology.
Authors: Leite Edson R. , Vila Cristiane , Bettini Jefferson , Longo Elson
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Tetrakis[2‐(2‐pyridyl)pyridinium] Tetra‐μ3‐iodo‐hexa‐μ2 ‐iodo‐dodecaiodohexabismuthate and Bis[tris(2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium(II)] Di‐μ4‐iodo‐octa‐μ2 ‐iodo‐dodecaiodohexabismuthate.
Authors: Goforth Andrea M. , Tershansy Meredith A. , Smith Mark D. , Peterson Leroy Jr. , zur Loye Hans‐Conrad
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Carbolithiation Initiated Cascade Reactions.
Authors: Hogan Anne‐Marie L. , O'Shea Donal F.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
O3/Pb(OAc)4: A New and Efficient System for the Oxidative Cleavage of Allyl Alcohols.
Authors: Alvarez‐Manzaneda E. J. , Chahboun R. , Cano M. J. , Carbrera Torres E. , Alvarez E. , Alvarez‐Manzaneda R. , Haidour A. , Ramos Lopez J. M.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling of Ammonia and Lithium Amide with Aryl Halides.
Authors: Shen Qilong , Hartwig John F.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Sulfamidation of 2‐Arylaldehydes and Ketones with Chloramine‐T.
Authors: Baumann Thomas , Baechle Michael , Braese Stefan
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwaves Make Hydroformylation a Rapid Easy Process.
Authors: Petricci Elena , Mann Andre , Schoenfelder Angele , Rota Andrea , Taddei Maurizio
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Tetrahedrane — Dossier of an Unknown
Authors: Nemirowski Adelina , Reisenauer Hans Peter , Schreiner Peter R.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Practical, Highly Active, and Enantioselective Ferrocenyl—Imidazoline Palladacycle Catalysts (FIPs) for the Aza‐Claisen Rearrangement of N‐para‐Methoxyphenyl Trifluoroacetimidates.
Authors: Weiss Matthias E. , Fischer Daniel F. , Xin Zhuo‐qun , Jautze Sascha , Schweizer W. Bernd , Peters Rene
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Homochiral Lithium Amides for the Asymmetric Synthesis of β‐Amino Acids.
Authors: Davies Stephen G. , Garrido Narciso M. , Kruchinin Dennis , Ichihara Osamu , Kotchie Luke J. , Price Paul D. , Mortimer Anne J. Price , Russell Angela J. , Smith Andrew D.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Direct Synthesis of Aromatic Amides in the Presence of Triethyl Phosphite and 4‐Dimethylaminopyridine.
Authors: Chiriac Constantin I. , Tanasa Fulga , Onciu Marioara
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Eu(III) Dithiocarbamate Complex and N‐p‐Tolylsulfonylphenylalanine as a Novel Chiral Catalyst for the Asymmetric Synthesis of Cyanohydrins.
Authors: Vale Juliana A. , Faustino Wagner M. , Menezes Paulo H. , de Sa Gilberto F.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Biaryls via Catalytic Decarboxylative Coupling.
Authors: Goossen Lukas J. , Deng Guojun , Levy Laura M.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Water‐Soluble Palladacycles as Precursors to Highly Recyclable Catalysts for the Suzuki Coupling of Aryl Bromides in Aqueous Solvents.
Authors: Huang Rongcai , Shaughnessy Kevin H.
Published: November 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.