Tropical Atlantic Ocean climate variability during the Miocene Climatic Optimum
Authors: Wubben Evi , Spiering Bianca , Veenstra Tjerk , Bos Remco , van Dijk Joost , den Hollander Joyce , Wang Zongyi , Raffi Isabella , Witkowski Jakub , Hilgen Frits , Sangiorgi Francesca , Peterse Francien , Sluijs Appy 
Published: February 2023

The Miocene Climatic Optimum (MCO, ~17-15 Ma) was a relatively warm interval that interrupted the Cenozoic cooling trend and bears analogies with projected end-of-the-century climate. Proxy data and model simulations indicate temperatures were on average ~7 &#8211; 8&#176;C higher than present day and atmospheric pCO2 values were 500-600 ppmV. At high latitudes, upper ocean temperatures were ~10 &#8211; 15&#176;C warmer than present day, but available tropical temperature records are limited. Importantly, to be able to use Miocene paleoclimate records to quantify key climate parameters like the polar amplification of climate change, accurate reconstructions of tropical surface oceans are required.We present high resolution Early to Middle Miocene (~15 &#8211; 18 Ma) records of tropical sea surface temperature (SST) variability based on the lipid biomarker paleothermometer TEX86 at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 959 in the eastern equatorial Atlantic Ocean and at ODP Site 1007 at Bahama Bank in the western tropical Atlantic Ocean. The age model for both sites is based on chemo- and biostratigraphy. Moreover, analyses of bulk carbonate oxygen- (&#948;18O) and stable carbon (&#948;13C) isotope ratios at ~2 &#8211; 4 kyr resolution at Site 959 facilitated orbital tuning to eccentricity, obliquity and precession. Bulk elemental composition records, total organic carbon concentrations and dinoflagellate cyst assemblages were also generated to assess paleoenvironmental change.At both sites, warming associated with the onset of the MCO (~17 Ma) was identified as an average SST increase of ~2&#176;C (using the TEX86-H calibration). At ~16.8 Ma, bulk carbonate &#948;13C gradually increased by ~1&#8240; at both sites, indicating the onset of the Monterey carbon isotope excursion. Combined with available temperature information from the high latitudes and deep ocean, we assess meridional temperature gradients across the MCO.At ODP Site 959, sediments are characterized by alternations of biogenic silica, carbonates, and terrigenous material (i.e., clays). Following the onset of the MCO (~17 &#8211; 16.5 Ma), high variability in the oceanographical setting is reflected in striking Babio peaks, indicating productivity changes. These peaks coincide with lowest SSTs (~28&#176;C) and increased dust supply (increased Fe and Ti) on precession and obliquity timescales. In the same interval, (inner-) neritic dinoflagellate species indicate increased water column stratification. Heterotrophic dinocyst groups vary on timescales coherent with the other geochemical records, relative to comparably stable background abundances of oceanic genera throughout the MCO. Combined, this suggests that a highly dynamic monsoon-driven upwelling regime was present at Site 959 during the MCO. Combined, these patterns imply a highly dynamic African monsoon-driven upwelling regime that intensified at the onset of the MCO.