bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of crushed sugarcane on performance, bone characteristics and intestinal morphology of free-range chicken lines
Authors:   Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Teixeira Alexandre de Oliveira , Resende Viviane Assunção de ,   Universidade Federal de Lavras, Moreira Leonardo Marmo ,   Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Corassa Anderson ,   Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brighenti Carla Regina Guimarães ,   Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Gaya Leila de Genova ,   Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Valente Júnior Dante Teixeira ,   Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Teixeira Hewerson Zansávio ,   Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, Reis Renata de Souza ,   Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei
Published: July 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different levels of crushed sugarcane in the diet on the performance, bone characteristics and intestinal morphology of slow-growing broiler strains. A total of 448 chickens at 35 days of age were allotted to two randomized blocks in a 4×2 factorial arrangement (levels of feed replacement with crushed sugarcane, on a fresh-matter basis: 0, 15, 30, and 45%) and two strains (Pesadão and Label Rouge (LR)). Two replicates were used per block over time (containing the treatments and the strains), and 14 individuals were used per experimental unit. Weight gain and feed intake decreased linearly in response to the increasing sugarcane levels. Feed intake was higher in the Pesadão strain than in LR. Chicken foot weight was lower in Pesadão than in LR. There were no effects of sugarcane levels or strains on the tarsometatarsal bone weight, breaking strength, maximum load and deformation. The dry matter (DM) content of the tarsometatarsal bone was lower in LR than in Pesadão. The replacement of feed with sugarcane induced a linear increase in bone ash content and a decrease in bone phosphorus and calcium contents. Label Rouge chickens showed a greater crypt depth and lower values of villus/crypt ratio and mucosal layer thickness. The performance and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens are negatively affected by increasing sugarcane levels in the diet. In addition, the increasing intake of sugarcane changes the bone mineral composition without reducing mechanical resistance, in both the Pesadão and Label Rouge strains.
Xylanases in diets with alternative feeds and energy reduction in commercial layers
Authors:   Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Andrade Gislaine da Cunha de , Garcia Elis Regina de Moraes ,   Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Kiefer Charles ,   Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Zanoelo Fabiana Fonseca ,   Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Giannesi Giovana Cristina ,   Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Santana Patrícia Gomes ,   Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Sanches Danilo Souza ,   Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul
Published: July 2021

The use of alternative ingredients has been increasing in a continuing attempt to reduce production costs, along with the use of additives, such as carbohydrases, for their possible positive effects on nutrient metabolization by layers. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of different xylanases in diets with reduced metabolizable energy (ME) and the inclusion of alternative ingredients on the metabolizability of nutrients in diets for commercial laying hens, by conducting two metabolism tests. In the first trial,100 layers hens were distributed in a fully randomized 2 × 2 + 1 factorial design (two metabolizable energy reductions × two xylanases, plus one control diet). In the second assay,140 layer hens were distributed in a fully randomized 2 × 3 + 2 factor design (two xylanases× three ingredients, plus two control diets, positive and negative). It was concluded that supplementation with pantanal xylanase improved the metabolizability of nutrients in corn-based diets and soybean meal for light commercial layers, allowing for a reduction of up to 200 kcal/kg of ME in the diets. Xylanases are more effective on wheat bran enabling a decrease of 150 kcal/kg of ME in commercial laying diets without affecting nutrient metabolizability. The action of pantanal xylanase in diets containing fibrous ingredients was similar to that of commercial xylanase.
Tuberculosis in bovine slaughtered in the semi-arid region of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Authors:   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Bezerra Neto Pirajá Saraiva , Araújo Flábio Ribeiro de ,   Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Pasquatti Taynara Nunes ,   Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Garino Junior Felício ,   Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Medeiros Giovanni Brito ,   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Firmino Millena de Oliveira ,   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Medeiros Rosália Severo de ,   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Higino Severino Silvano dos Santos ,   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande
Published: July 2021

Between November 2017 and August 2018, in order to determine the occurrence of tuberculosis in cattle slaughtered in the semi-arid region of Rio Grande do Norte, 11,610 bovine carcasses underwent a routine post-mortem inspection. One animal presented suggestive lesions and samples from lung, spleen and heart were submitted to microbiological culture in Stonebrink medium for 90 days and molecular analysis by nested-PCR. For histopathological examination and Ziehl Neelsen staining, the omentum was used. In the cultured samples, two of them (heart and spleen) showed growth, but were not confirmed as M. bovis by conventional PCR. At nested-PCR, the samples showed amplification for the TbD1 region. The presence of numerous granulomas was detected in the histopathological examination characterized by a necrotic center and areas of mineralization, as well as the presence of acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in the Ziehl-Neelsen stain. Microbiological culture can show false negative results, despite being considered a gold standard technique, although it takes time. Nested-PCR and histopathology show fast and effective results for the diagnosis of the disease. The presence of positive animals represents a public health risk in the studied region. Therefore, one of the essential systems applied to the control of bovine tuberculosis is the epidemiological surveillance of animals in slaughterhouses.
Opinions of Primary Teacher Education Students on Extra-Curricular Activities in Education
Authors: Yıldız Hatice , Bozpolat Ebru
Published: July 2021

The aim of this study is to reveal the opinions of the Primary Teacher Education students in terms of the Extra-Curricular Activities in Education (ECAE) course. In this study, in which a qualitative research method was used, the case study design was preferred. In this context, the subjects of the research consist of 77 Primary Teacher Education students studying in Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Education. Data were collected through a semi-structured interview form consisting of 7 open-ended questions. The content analysis method was employed in the analysis of the data. As a result of the research, it was determined that most of the students did not have an idea on the ECAE course at the beginning of the term. The ECAE course contributed to the students in “Cognitive”, “Social”, “Affective” and “Psychomotor” fields. The ECAE course improved the skills of receiving support, increasing self-confidence in public, and establishing an ability to communicate about communication with stakeholders. While preparing the activities related to the ECAE course, the students encountered problems related to the activity, personal, intra-group, technical, material related, time, official procedure, and place problems and they offered solutions to these problems. The ECAE course enabled students for learning material properties, developing handicraft skills, developing creativity, improving imagination, augmenting one’s willingness to utilize materials, increasing the frequency for utilizing materials, and ensuring ideas to be put into practice regarding students’ skill to utilize materials. Finally, the ECAE course positively affected the students’ skills to use educational technology. The students stated that they learned to use a computer, to make use of the internet, how to use technology more effectively, and that they became practical in utilizing the technology.
US President Joe Biden’s Administration: A New U.S. Climate Change Agenda (U.S. CCA)
Authors: Asadnabizadeh Majid
Published: July 2021

The climate change issue is a key principle for Mr Joe Biden’s administration. In this paper, author conducts a Qualitative Content-Analysis (QCA) method of the elements affecting Joe Biden’s administration about the new U.S climate change agenda (U.S. CCA). Thus, the question in this research is that why climate change is one of the important issues in the Biden administration? Based on this method and data analysis the publications were identified and divided to answer the basic question of this article. I differentiated between national and international levels.

Hence, paper proposes two reasons, the Economic-based approach and the Individual approach at the national level, to abovementioned research question. In addition, two specific approaches are identified at the International level: global leadership on climate change, global cooperation on the climate change. The policy implications would seem to be that national elements by Economic-based approach and the Individual approach are critical in influencing Biden's new climate agenda.
The Frequency of Use of Legislative and Non-Legislative Tools in Five Countries
Authors: Akirav Osnat
Published: July 2021

This study analyzes the use of legislative and non-legislative tools, which has rarely been done simultaneously. I collected data about the frequency of use of legislative tools (presenting and passing legislation) and non-legislative tools (making one-minute speeches, written and oral parliamentary questions and motions for the agenda) in five countries: the US, the UK, Canada, Australia and Israel. The results confirm my three hypotheses. Legislators from Australia, the UK and Canada use fewer legislative tools because their use is more constrained than in the US and Israel. Legislators use more semi or unconstrained tools that involve publicity than those that simply appear on the record. Finally, opposition members use more non-legislative tools while government members use more legislative tools. However, the degree of constraint on the use of the tool moderates this finding. The study provides a comprehensive understanding of the legislators' strategic use of legislative and non-legislative tools. 
Lidocaine infusion, basics and clinical issues
Authors: González-Obregón María Patricia , Bedoya-López Miguel Andrés , Ramírez Ana Catalina , Vallejo-Agudelo Esteban
Published: July 2021

Optimum pain management, minimizing chronic complications and ensuring a good safety profile, is growing in importance day by day. Lidocaine infusion has an adequate safety profile and several desirable characteristics in the clinical setting. This review describes the characteristics of this drug, as well as its potential indications. Moreover, it describes the basic concepts around lidocaine use, mechanisms of action and clinical applications, as well as the use of infusions in acute pain and repercussions in chronic pain. A review of the literature in English and Spanish was conducted in several databases, with no publication date limit. Articles considered relevant, without including the grey literature, were selected independently. Lidocaine infusion is an option for acute postoperative pain control in major surgery and contributes to opioid sparing and reduced length of stay, with ample evidence in abdominal surgery, rendering it an option to recommend in various protocols. It has an acceptable safety profile in special populations and it is considered useful to diminish the incidence of persistent, chronic and neuropathic pain related to the surgical procedure.
Characteristics of patients undergoing robotic-assisted prostatectomy. Observational study
Authors: Madrid Guillermo , Arango Enrique , Ferrer Leopoldo , Murillo Roberto , Amaya Oswaldo , Cortés Juan , Solórzano María , Ramírez Luis Eduardo , Ariza Claudia , Montoya María Camila , Gómez Felipe , Caicedo Juan Ignacio , Raffán-Sanabria Fernando , Moyano Jairo
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Prostatectomy is the standard treatment for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. Currently, robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) is widely used for its advantages, as it provides better visualization, precision, and reduced tissue manipulation. However, RARP requires a multidisciplinary approach in which anesthesia and analgesia management are especially important.
Objective: This study aims to describe our experience delivering anesthesia for the first cases of patients undergoing RARP in a teaching hospital in Bogotá, Colombia.
Methodology: An observational study was conducted. We included all patients undergoing RARP from September 2015 to December 2019 at Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá. All patients with incomplete data were excluded. Patient demographics were recorded, and significant perioperative events were reviewed.
Results: A total of 301 patients were included. At our institution, the mean age for patients undergoing RARP was 61.4 ± 6.7 years. The mean operative time was 205 ± 43 min and mean blood loss was 300 [200-400] mL. Only 6 (2%) patients required transfusion. Age and BMI were not associated with clinical outcomes.
Conclusions: An adequate perioperative approach in RARP is important to minimize complications, which in this study and in this institution were infrequent.
Regional anesthesia for compartment syndrome as a complication of ECMO. Case report
Authors: Romero José Daniel , Fernández-Morales David , Echeverri Vélez Marysol , Mínguez Lujan Laura , Argente Navarro María Pilar
Published: July 2021

We present the case of a patient intervened for mechanical mitral replacement, tricuspid annuloplasty, and correction of a total anomalous pulmonary venous return, which required Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) in the immediate postoperative period because of refractory cardiogenic shock. After withdrawal of the arterial cannula, the patient developed compartment syndrome of the right lower limb, requiring urgent intervention. Also, the patient went into respiratory failure, requiring support with high flow oxygen cannula. Given the patient’s condition, general anesthesia was discarded. An ultrasound-guided popliteal block and sedation with dexmedetomidine and ketamine was performed instead, maintaining the high flow nasal cannula.

Regional anesthesia along with dexmedetomidine and ketamine could be an alternative for a surgical procedure in patients with high risk of cardiovascular and respiratory complications.
Trends of vasopressor use in intensive care units in Colombia
Authors: Gaviria-Mendoza Andrés , Machado-Alba Jorge Enrique , Benítez-Mejía Juan Felipe , Correa-Ruiz Santiago , Restrepo-López Juan Sebastián , Moreno-Gutiérrez Paula Andrea , Gómez-González José Fernando
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Vasopressors are essential in the management of various types of shock.

Objective: To establish the trend of vasopressors use in the intensive care units (ICU) in a population of patients affiliated with the Colombian Health System, 2010-2017.

Methods: Observational trial using a population database of patients hospitalized in eleven ICUs in various cities in Colombia. The drugs dispensed to hospitalized patients over 18 years old, from January 2010 until December 2017 were considered. A review and analysis of the vasopressors dispensed per month was conducted, taking into account sociodemographic and pharmacological variables (vasopressor used and daily doses defined per 100/beds/day (DBD).

Results: 81,348 dispensations of vasopressors, equivalent to 26,414 treatments in 19,186 patients receiving care in 11 hospitals from 7 cities were reviewed. The mean age of patients was 66.3±18.1 years and 52.6 % were males. Of the total number of treatments recorded, 17,658 (66.8 %) were with just one vasopressor. Norepinephrine was the most frequently prescribed drug (75.9 % of the prescriptions dispensed; 60.5 DBD), followed by adrenaline (26.6 %; 41.6 DBD), dopamine (19.4%), dobutamine (16.0 %), vasopressin (8.5 %) and phenylephrine (0.9 %). The use of norepinephrine increased from 2010 to 2017 (+6.19 DBD), whilst the use of other drugs decreased, particularly the use of adrenaline (-60.6 DBD) and dopamine (-10.8 DBD).

Conclusions: Norepinephrine is the most widely used vasopressor showing a growing trend in terms of its use during the study period, which is supported by evidence in favor of its effectiveness and safety in patients with shock.
SPI City: Jogo Educacional para Apoiar o Ensino de Melhoria de Processo de Software
Authors: Silveira José Luiz , Thiry Marcello , Zoucas Alessandra
Published: July 2021

Pesquisas tem demonstrado que uma das principais dificuldades na mplementação de Melhoria de Processo de Software estão relacionadas com a falta de conhecimento sobre as técnicas básicas da Engenharia de Software e a falta de entendimento dos modelos de referência de processo de software. Este artigo apresenta um jogo desenvolvido, em meio digital, para apoiar a capacitação de Melhoria de Processo de Software. O jogo simula situações do dia a dia de empresas de desenvolvimento de software em que os resultados esperados do Modelo de Referência MPS para Software (MR-MPS-SW)são explorados. O artigo ainda apresenta os resultados dos experimentos realizados com o jogo que permitiram comprovar que ele auxilia na aprendizagem de Melhoria de Processo de Software.
Gerência Ágil de Projetos de Software Apoiada por uma Ferramenta Interativa Computacional com Suporte ao MPS.BR
Authors: de Carvalho Anderson , Lima Geovane , Costa Heitor
Published: July 2021

A gerência de projetos é importante para as atividades serem executadas seguindo o planejamento. Scrum é uma metodologia ágil para gerência de projetos baseada em pequenas iterações. Ainda que metodologias ágeis primem por tornar os processos mais ágeis, a qualidade não é esquecida, pois a qualidade de um produto conquista clientes e aumenta a participação da empresa em um mercado altamente competitivo. Essa qualidade pode ser obtida por meio de melhoria de processos, por exemplo, o MPS.BR. Neste trabalho, o objetivo é apresentar a evolução da ferramenta computacional ScrumMps 2.0 para auxiliar a gerência de projetos de software. Em ScrumMps 2.0, é apresentada a integração de Scrum e MPS.BR permitindo, por exemplo, acompanhar tarefas e atividades do projeto, interagir com equipe de desenvolvimento e abordar conceitos de MPS.BR. ScrumMps 2.0 foi avaliada por profissionais e estudantes de Computação, utilizando um roteiro e um questionário. No resultado obtido, pode-se perceber que a ScrumMps 2.0 atingiu o objetivo: contribui na integração de processos do MPS.BR e Scrum.
Accessibility approach to Web applications development: An Experimental Study
Authors: Bittar Thiago Jabur , Lobato Luanna Lopes , Fortes Renata Pontin de Mattos
Published: July 2021

Despite the number of studies available in the literature, about the use of accessibility during Web application development, there are some gaps related to lack of empirical results about it, and so, accessibility barriers are intrinsically present in the organizational culture. In order to contribute to the accessibility domain, we developed an approach used to provide support and facilitate the use of accessibility during Web applications development. In this paper, we presented the results identified through the use of such approach in a controlled experiment. In this sense, we could verify the benefits and drawbacks with the use of it, and so propose improvements for it. This experiment was carried out with the contribution of participants, which were divided in two groups. We understand that such scenario may not enable us to generalize our findings to a diversity of scenarios, however, this study could serve as an initial point towards validating our approach, and may serve to establish baseline values for future studies.
Inserção de Agilidade nos Processos de Teste de uma Organização de Software MPS.BR: Um relato de experiência
Authors: Lima Ciro Grippi Barbosa , Travassos Guilherme Horta
Published: July 2021

Processos de testes de software são usualmente afetados pela necessidade de pronto atendimento a mudanças de requisitos e sua adequação ao conjunto de riscos do projeto. Atender a estas mudanças com flexibilidade e agilidade, sem afetar o esforço, cobertura de testes e a qualidade final do produto é um desafio. Assim, relatamos nesse trabalho nossa experiência na introdução de agilidade em processos de testes de software em uma organização nível C MPS.BR. Os resultados obtidos até o momento indicam que o uso de padrões adequados para construção dos Casos e Roteiros de Teste promove seu reuso, e o aumento de visibilidade do projeto melhora o entendimento do processo entre as equipes de desenvolvimento e testes.
Experiência de Uso de um Processo de Software para Sistemas KDD no Contexto de Instituições Públicas
Authors: Herden Adriana , Araújo Leandro , de Almeida Brandon , Albuquerque Adriano Bessa , Farias Pedro Porfírio Muniz
Published: July 2021

Este artigo descreve a aplicação de um processo de software para aplicações analíticas em organizações públicas. O processo escolhido é chamado de UPKDD (Unified Process for Knowledge Discovery in Database), e foi utilizado para apoiar a tomada de decisão gerencial. Primeiramente, optou-se pela utilização do processo na empresa Sanepar, e depois na Prefeitura Municipal de Ibiporã. Além das lições aprendidas, os resultados mostraram que o UPKDD apoia os tomadores de decisão, especialmente em como explorar os dados tornando-os úteis, e em como mapear as expectativas dos tomadores de decisão em situações realísticas.
Proposta de Planejamento de Medições em Projetos de Software Utilizando uma Ferramenta de Modelagem
Authors: da Silva Fabrício M. , Galarraga Odisnei
Published: July 2021

Este artigo apresenta uma proposta de documentação de todos os componentes envolvidos no planejamento de medições em uma empresa de software, por meio de representações gráficas que cobrem os vários níveis de abstração desses componentes, utilizando uma ferramenta de modelagem. A documentação gerada engloba ainda um Plano de Medições, e foi disponibilizada em um formato navegável na intranet da empresa, servindo como importante forma de comunicação do planejamento das medições a todos os interessados.
Processo de Abstração de Erros nas Análises Funcionais de Programas Aplicativos Fiscais
Authors: Grahl Everaldo Artur , Estrázulas Daniel Severo
Published: July 2021

Neste artigo é relatada a experiência de aplicação do processo de abstração de erros nas análises funcionais de programas aplicativos fiscais. Estas análises são realizadas por órgãos técnicos credenciados, a partir de diversos testes funcionais derivados de requisitos legais exigidos pelo fisco. O processo foi conduzido a partir dos registros de não conformidades de cento e quarenta e uma avaliações realizadas por um órgão técnico credenciado. O estudo realizado permitiu identificar seis grupos de erros no domínio de aplicativos fiscais incluindo falta total ou parcial de requisitos e implementação incorreta destes requisitos.
Avaliação de Melhorias em Processos de Software Durante a Execução de um Projeto
Authors: Cabral Mylene , Rocha Ana Regina , Santos Gleison
Published: July 2021

Este trabalho apresenta uma proposta de apoio à avaliação de alterações no processo definido para um projeto que se encontra em execução por meio de análise decisória multicriterial. Espera-se, assim, que membros do Grupo de Processos de uma organização de desenvolvimento de software sejam capazes de avaliar, por meio de um método de apoio à tomada decisão, se é vantajoso implantar as melhorias realizadas no processo padrão no processo definido para um projeto já em execução. A proposta foi avaliada por meio de estudo de caso executado em três organizações de desenvolvimento de software. Os resultados dos estudos revelaram indícios de que a proposta é útil e de fácil utilização.
Grammatical Approaches to Prepositions, Adverbs, Conjunctions, and Particles in Late Modern English
Authors: Kovbasko Yurii
Published: July 2021

Current shift of linguistic paradigms and loss of interest in previously mainstream ‘parts of speech theory’ do not imply that all ambiguity and outstanding issues have been challenged and successfully solved. On the contrary, these issues have been put on pause, as linguists, coming to naught and being unable to set forward a univocal, straightforward solution, started refocusing their scientific pursuits. Nevertheless, the problem of parts of speech overlapping has remained of vital importance, even if it is in the background of linguistic research. This issue must be addressed from the theoretical and practical perspectives. The present study attempts to give a theoretical overview of grammatical approaches to prepositions, adverbs, conjunctions, and particles which were prevailing in the Late Modern English grammar. The analysis is based on 400 English grammar books, published over the period of Late Modern English, and is divided into three sections in conformity with certain historical periods, viz. 1700–1799, 1800–1849, 1850–1899, respectively. The research presents the major tendencies towards identification of the aforementioned categories, which characterize each historical period in English grammar and explain the current state of affairs in the parts of speech theory, providing theoretical background for further practical research on the parts of speech overlapping.
A Two-Man Show: Stylometric Analysis of Personal Names in Rudolf Slánský’s Staged Trial Newspaper Reports
Authors: David Jaroslav , Davidová Glogarová Jana , Místecký Michal
Published: July 2021

The paper is aimed at personal names (anthroponyms) in newspaper reports on Rudolf Slánský’s staged trial, which was held against the leaders of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia – mostly of the Jewish origin – who were “uncovered” as political enemies; the trial took place in an anti-Semitic atmosphere. The examined texts were published in the period of November 21−28,1952, in Rudé právo, the main newspaper of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia. Proper names, mostly personal names, are analysed from several perspectives. The quantitative analysis is focused on the keywords of the studied texts and typical collocations of the names. The qualitative analysis, developing the quantitatively researched data, is aimed at the image of enemy or traitor and its presentation via thematization of personal names. The ways of language presentation of the Jewish origin of the accused are in the scope of the contribution as well. Within the scope of collocation analysis, the newspaper texts on the trial were contrasted with the ones published by Rudé právo on the occasion of Rudolf Slánskýʼs 50th birthday (July 31, 1951).
Salivary Sodium and Potassium Concentrations in Patients with Fixed Orthodontic Appliances
Authors: Esfehani Mahsa , Mohammad Zahraiee Bahareh , Arab Sepideh , Hajmanoochehri Fatemeh , Vatandoust Mohammadtaghi
Published: July 2021

Objectives: This study was aimed to assess salivary sodium and potassium concentrations in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. Methods: In this case-control study, saliva samples (5 cc) were collected from 13 patients with fixed orthodontic appliances before, and 1 week, 1 month and 3 months after the beginning of the orthodontic treatment using the spitting method. Saliva samples were also collected from 10 healthy individuals as controls. The saliva samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes and the salivary sodium and potassium concentrations were measured by spectrophotometry. Data were analyzed using independent and paired t-tests. P-value < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The salivary sodium and potassium concentrations were almost the same in both groups at baseline (P > 0.05). A significant reduction in sodium and an increase in potassium levels were noted in the case group at 1 week compared with baseline (P < 0.001). At 1 week, the potassium concentration was significantly higher and the sodium concentration was significantly lower in the case group (P < 0.01). The salivary sodium significantly increased while the salivary potassium significantly decreased at 1 month compared with 1 week (P < 0.001). The differences with the control group were also significant (P < 0.05). No significant differences were noted between the two groups at 3 months (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Time has a significant effect on the release profile of sodium and potassium ions from orthodontic appliances. The salivary sodium and potassium concentrations returned to their normal pretreatment values within 3 months after the start of fixed orthodontic treatment.
The situation and needs of transgender and non-binary people in Serbia
Authors: Vidić Jelena
Published: July 2021

Transgender and non-binary people are one of the most marginalized groups in the society, exposed to different forms of violence and discrimination, both on the structural and individual level. The aim of our research is to provide a better understanding of the position of transgender and non-binary people in Serbia. In addition to overall socio-demographic characteristics, we explore the experiences of violence and discrimination in public space, during education, at work, as well as the difficulties with legal gender recognition, experiences within the health care system and needs for different forms of support. In this explorative study we used an online questionnaire consisting of closed and open-ended questions. The convenience sample comprised 71 respondents and included both transgender men and women and the non-binary people. Our results confirm that transgender people in Serbia are exposed to violence and discrimination in different life periods and different areas of life, that they do not feel safe and often hide their gender identity. When it comes to medical gender affirmation procedures, respondents are divided between rating them as satisfactory and non-satisfactory. As the main priorities, they see the regulation of hormone shortage, training of health providers on working with transgender and nonbinary people, individualization of the treatment, and decentralization of services. They also voice out the need for psychological support, which can be regarded as an invitation to mental health experts to work towards a better understanding of the specific aspects of everyday lives of their transgender clients.
Organización de la Orden de San Juan en Castilla durante los siglos XII y XIII
Authors: Barquero Goñi Carlos
Published: July 2021

Desde el siglo XII existió una provincia castellana de la Orden Militar del Hospital u Orden de San Juan. La Orden de San Juan en Castilla dependía en última instancia del maestre del Hospital. Sin embargo, intervino poco en los asuntos de los hospitalarios castellanos durante los siglos XII y XIII. En cambio, el gran comendador de la Orden en España actuó más en Castilla. No obstante, normalmente el prior provincial de la Orden de San Juan en Castilla es quien administra a los hospitalarios castellanos. Por debajo había una red de encomiendas o bailías, que estaban a cargo de unos oficiales denominados comendadores. Hubo numerosas encomiendas de la Orden de San Juan en Castilla. Los hospitalarios castellanos vivían en los pequeños conventos de las encomiendas. Los freires de la Orden podían ser caballeros, capellanes o sargentos. También había freiras o mujeres del Hospital en Castilla.
Reseña de Solórzano Telechea, Jesús Ángel y Martín Pérez, Fernando (coords.), Rutas de comunicación marítima y terrestres en los reinos hispánicos durante la Baja Edad Media. Movilidad, conectividad y gobernanza.
Authors: Ruiz Pilares Enrique José
Published: July 2021

Reseña de Solórzano Telechea, Jesús Ángel y Martín Pérez, Fernando (coords.), Rutas de comunicación marítima y terrestres en los reinos hispánicos durante la Baja Edad Media. Movilidad, conectividad y gobernanza.
El miedo a la Inquisición en la Castilla de los Reyes Católicos
Authors: Rábade Obradó María del Pilar
Published: July 2021

Este trabajo pretende ofrecer una visión general sobre el miedo a la Inquisición en Castilla durante el reinado de los Reyes Católicos. Se han utilizado diversos procesos incoados contra criptojudíos, que permiten analizar las diversas manifestaciones del miedo que provocaba el Santo Oficio en aquellos que eran susceptibles de convertirse en su objetivo. Asimismo, se ofrecen algunas claves para entender la «pedagogía del miedo» de que se valía la Inquisición, así como el uso de ese miedo por parte de los soberanos.
Alonso de Fonseca, Obispo de Ávila, Cuenca y Osma, y el Ascenso de un Linaje de exiliados portugueses en la Castilla de los Siglos XV y XVI
Authors: Diago Hernando Máximo
Published: July 2021

en el período bajomedieval. Desde fines del siglo XIV numerosos nobles portugueses se exiliaron en el reino de Castilla, donde protagonizaron exitosas carreras de ascenso social y político. En este artículo se trata de realizar una aportación al conocimiento de este proceso, prestando atención a un linaje de rango medio, el de los Fonseca, que se estableció en la ciudad de Toro a raíz del exilio en Castilla de la reina Beatriz. Presenta la peculiaridad de que muchos de sus miembros tuvieron exitosas carreras eclesiásticas y ocuparon numerosas sedes episcopales en Castilla, e incluso disfrutaron de influencia en la Curia. En esta ocasión se centrará el análisis en uno de los menos conocidos de dichos eclesiásticos, Alonso de Fonseca, que fue obispo de Ávila, Cuenca y Osma. Se presta especial atención a la faceta política de su trayectoria, en la ciudad de Toro, y a su proyecto de encumbramiento social y político de su hijo bastardo, Gutierre de Fonseca, que llegó a ser uno de los miembros más influyentes del grupo oligárquico de Toro, sobre todo tras la derrota de los comuneros, contra los que militó.
Una infanta de Navarra en la corte de Castilla: escenarios políticos en torno a la configuración y evolución del Hostal y la casa de Blanca de Trastámara, Princesa de Asturias (1424-†1464)
Authors: Cañas Gálvez Francisco de Paula
Published: July 2021

Estudio del Hostal y la Casa adscrita a Blanca de Trastámara, infanta de Navarra y, tras su matrimonio con Enrique de Castilla en 1440, princesa de Asturias. Figura escasamente atendida por la historiografía, para la elaboración de este trabajo se ha reunido una importante documentación de archivo, en su mayor parte inédita, que ha permitido conocer los espacios de servicio curiales que atendieron a la joven princesa desde su niñez y profundizar en las intrigas que en su entorno se desarrollaron en el marco más amplio de las complejas relaciones políticas que Castilla, Navarra y Aragón mantuvieron durante la primera mitad del siglo XV.
Reseña de: Crónica del rey Juan II de Castilla. Minoría y primeros años de reinado (1406-1420).
Authors: Muñoz Gómez Víctor
Published: July 2021

Reseña de: Crónica del rey Juan II de Castilla. Minoría y primeros años de reinado (1406-1420). Garcia, Michel (edición y estudio), Salamanca, Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 2017, 2 vols. 976 pp. ISBN: 978-84-9012-854-1.
Reseña de: García Izquierdo, Iván, Frontera, fuero y concejos. El valle del Riaza en la Edad Media (siglos VIII-XII)
Authors: Barquero Goñi Carlos
Published: July 2021

Reseña de: García Izquierdo, Iván, Frontera, fuero y concejos. El valle del Riaza en la Edad Media (siglos VIII-XII). Madrid, La Ergástula, 2019, 420 pp. ISBN: 978-84-16242-70-2.
Reseña de: González Paz, Carlos Andrés, O Bispado de Mondoñedo na Idade Media. Territorio, comunidade e poder
Authors: Cantera Montenegro Enrique
Published: July 2021

Reseña de: González Paz, Carlos Andrés, O Bispado de Mondoñedo na Idade Media. Territorio, comunidade e poder, Santiago de Compostela, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Estudios Gallegos Padre Sarmiento, «Anejos de Cuadernos de Estudios Gallegos» XLIX, 2019, 2 vols., 1213 págs. ISBN: 978-84-00-10604-1, e-ISBN: 978-84-00-10607-2.
Reseña de: Motis Dolader, Miguel Ángel, Vivencias, emociones y perfiles femeninos. Judeoconversas e Inquisición en Aragón en el siglo XV
Authors: Echevarría Arsuaga Ana
Published: July 2021

Reseña de: Motis Dolader, Miguel Ángel, Vivencias, emociones y perfiles femeninos. Judeoconversas e Inquisición en Aragón en el siglo XV, Madrid, Dykinson, 2020. 320 pp. ISBN: 978-84-1324-874-5.
Reseña de: Villanueva Morte, Concepción y Fernández de Córdova Miralles, Álvaro, El embajador Claver. Diplomacia y conflicto en las “Guerras de Italia"
Authors: Cantera Montenegro Enrique
Published: July 2021

Reseña de: Villanueva Morte, Concepción y Fernández de Córdova Miralles, Álvaro, El embajador Claver. Diplomacia y conflicto en las “Guerras de Italia” (1495-1504), Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Anejos del Anuario de Estudios Medievales, 2020. 232 pp. ISBN: 978-84-00-10650-8 y e-ISBN: 978-84-00-10651-5.
Coronapandemiens indflydelse på universitetsadjunkters holdning til teknologi i undervisningen
Authors: Godsk Mikkel
Published: July 2021

Artiklen undersøger universitetsadjunkter og postdocs inden for det teknisk-naturvidenskabelige områdes ændrede holdning til teknologi i undervisningen, der er med sandsynlighed kan tilskrives coronapandemien. Ved hjælp af en multivariatanalyse baseret på fire enslydende spørgeskemaundersøgelser blandt samtlige teknisk-naturvidenskabelige deltagerne (N = 66) i Aarhus Universitets adjunktpædagogikum umiddelbart ét år før og ét år efter pandemiens udbrud, identificeres der fire temaer af signifikante ændringer i deltagernes holdning til teknologi i undervisningen. Undersøgelsen viser en generelt og signifikant øget, positiv holdning til teknologi i undervisningen og interesse i de elementer, der omhandler pædagogiske metoder og modeller, teknologiens potentiale og rolle samt brugen af videokonference og video. Endvidere er der en signifikant øget interesse i vidensdeling med kolleger og pædagogisk support. Ingen negative holdningsændringer blev identificeret. Undersøgelsen peger således på et stort aktuelt potentiale for undervisningsudvikling og pædagogisk kompetenceudvikling i brug af teknologi på universiteterne, da de holdningsmæssige barrierer blandt undervisere, der før blev anset for vanskelige at overkomme, måske er ved at nedbrydes.
Obszary intensywnych powiązań funkcjonalnych miast na prawach powiatu w Polsce – autorska metoda delimitacji = Areas of strong functional linkage of Polish cities granted county status – the authors’ own method of delimitation
Authors: Ilnicki Dariusz , Janc Krzysztof
Published: July 2021

Spatial mobility of the population is a key factor allowing for the delimitation of functional areas and the identification of ranges of impact of given spatial units. The work detailed here has built on this idea by seeking to identify areas of strong functional linkage in the cities in Poland that have been granted the status of powiat (i.e. unit at the “county” level of administration). In this context, the paper also offers a critical analysis of other, best-known approaches to the delimitation of towns and cities in Poland. The identification of areas characterised by strong functional linkage is achieved by reference to generally-available data, i.e. statistics relating to commutes to work, as well as internal migration leading to permanent residency status. Overall, areas of srong functional linkage are here delimited by reference to: (1) areas of emigration or immigration relating to thecities granted county status, where these are the source and/or destination when it comes to internal migration leading to permanent residency; (2) areas of departure and arrival where commutes to and from the aforesaid cities granted county status are concerned, with account taken of additional relations relating to volumes of flows in a ‘city–rural area’ configuration. Our analysis was performed at NUTS-5 level, hence the exclusion of cities not enjoying county status. It is against the background of existing literature reports on means of identifying areas of functional linkage for Polish cities that the work detailed here may establish a basis for discussing alternative approaches. Here the authors offer their own method of identifying areas of strong functional linkage, from the point of view of people’s spatial mobility. This approach takes account of specifically Polish aspects of the phenomenon’s development. Indeed, analyses confirm that the approach proposed is very much linked to the functional urban areas of regional centres. However, complete objectivisation (i.e. a lack of subjectivity or even arbitrary decisions) represents a significant attribute of the approach in question, with this being desirable when it comes to research being replicated.
De l’intelligence des plantes à celle des enfants
Authors: Simenel Romain
Published: July 2021

Les enfants savent très bien reconnaître les plantes avec lesquelles ils peuvent acquérir certaines compétences culturelles et exercer certaines de leurs capacités mentales. Quelques-unes de ces plantes, comme le bouton-d’or ou la pâquerette, font l’objet de traditions enfantines qui se transmettent de génération en génération lors des « écoles buissonnières », ces moments où les enfants s’affairent à inventer, loin du regard des adultes, des activités pédagogiques et ludiques construites sur la base des relations qu’ils entretiennent avec les êtres de l’écosystème ambiant. Le gain intellectuel potentiel que les plantes peuvent apporter à l’esprit humain ne peut être compris sans prendre en compte le rôle de la plante et sa manière de se révéler aux enfants. Pour être choisie, la plante doit réunir un ensemble de formes particulières qui répondent aux attentes de l’esprit de l’enfant et présagent le développement de compétences particulières. De sorte qu’il est possible de s’interroger sur la nature du lien interactif entre l’intelligence de la plante et celle de l’enfant tissé lors de ces expériences sensibles, en prenant comme définition commune de l’intelligence la capacité à communiquer des formes. Pour entamer cette réflexion, cet article propose de focaliser l’attention sur les profils ethnographiques et botaniques de quelques-unes de ces plantes avec lesquelles les enfants apprennent à compter, à parler, à écrire, à aimer, à méditer… que cela soit dans les écoles buissonnières de la France, au Maroc, en Inde ou ailleurs.
L’esthétique du don polynésien
Authors: Condevaux Aurélie
Published: July 2021

Les discussions autour de l’Essai sur le don de Marcel Mauss ont largement continué d’alimenter la réflexion sur les échanges économiques en anthropologie au cours des dernières décennies. Des concepts clés de son oeuvre (« don », « contre-don », « réciprocité ») sont aujourd’hui critiqués, étant davantage perçus comme des barrières pour penser l’échange que comme des outils heuristiques. À partir de l’étude des cérémonies d’échange (Pacifique Sud), cet article examine la portée de l’expression « systèmes de prestations totales » pour désigner ces événements. La discussion s’appuie en particulier sur l’analyse de la place que la danse et la musique y occupent, une dimension parfois négligée de ces types de prestation.
Heterochromatin-dependent transcription of satellite DNAs in the Drosophila melanogaster female germline
Authors: Wei Xiaolu , Eickbush Danna G , Speece Iain , Larracuente Amanda M
Published: July 2021

Large blocks of tandemly repeated DNAs—satellite DNAs (satDNAs)—play important roles in heterochromatin formation and chromosome segregation. We know little about how satDNAs are regulated; however, their misregulation is associated with genomic instability and human diseases. We use the Drosophila melanogaster germline as a model to study the regulation of satDNA transcription and chromatin. Here we show that complex satDNAs (>100-bp repeat units) are transcribed into long noncoding RNAs and processed into piRNAs (PIWI interacting RNAs). This satDNA piRNA production depends on the Rhino-Deadlock-Cutoff complex and the transcription factor Moonshiner—a previously described non-canonical pathway that licenses heterochromatin-dependent transcription of dual-strand piRNA clusters. We show that this pathway is important for establishing heterochromatin at satDNAs. Therefore, satDNAs are regulated by piRNAs originating from their own genomic loci. This novel mechanism of satDNA regulation provides insight into the role of piRNA pathways in heterochromatin formation and genome stability.
Mechanisms underlying neonate-specific metabolic effects of volatile anesthetics
Authors: Stokes Julia , Freed Arielle , Bornstein Rebecca , Su Kevin N , Snell John , Pan Amanda , Sun Grace X , Park Kyung Yeon , Jung Sangwook , Worstman Hailey , Johnson Brittany M , Morgan Philip G , Sedensky Margaret M , Johnson Simon C
Published: July 2021

Volatile anesthetics (VAs) are widely used in medicine, but the mechanisms underlying their effects remain ill-defined. Though routine anesthesia is safe in healthy individuals, instances of sensitivity are well documented, and there has been significant concern regarding the impact of VAs on neonatal brain development. Evidence indicates that VAs have multiple targets, with anesthetic and non-anesthetic effects mediated by neuroreceptors, ion channels, and the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Here, we characterize an unexpected metabolic effect of VAs in neonatal mice. Neonatal blood β-hydroxybutarate (β-HB) is rapidly depleted by VAs at concentrations well below those necessary for anesthesia. β-HB in adults, including animals in dietary ketosis, is unaffected. Depletion of β-HB is mediated by citrate accumulation, malonyl-CoA production by acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and inhibition of fatty acid oxidation. Adults show similar significant changes to citrate and malonyl-CoA, but are insensitive to malonyl-CoA, displaying reduced metabolic flexibility compared to younger animals.
Value signals guide abstraction during learning
Authors: Cortese Aurelio , Yamamoto Asuka , Hashemzadeh Maryam , Sepulveda Pradyumna , Kawato Mitsuo , De Martino Benedetto
Published: July 2021

The human brain excels at constructing and using abstractions, such as rules, or concepts. Here, in two fMRI experiments, we demonstrate a mechanism of abstraction built upon the valuation of sensory features. Human volunteers learned novel association rules based on simple visual features. Reinforcement-learning algorithms revealed that, with learning, high-value abstract representations increasingly guided participant behaviour, resulting in better choices and higher subjective confidence. We also found that the brain area computing value signals – the ventromedial prefrontal cortex – prioritised and selected latent task elements during abstraction, both locally and through its connection to the visual cortex. Such a coding scheme predicts a causal role for valuation. Hence, in a second experiment, we used multivoxel neural reinforcement to test for the causality of feature valuation in the sensory cortex, as a mechanism of abstraction. Tagging the neural representation of a task feature with rewards evoked abstraction-based decisions. Together, these findings provide a novel interpretation of value as a goal-dependent, key factor in forging abstract representations.