bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Support and Lactation Outcomes in Postpartum Women
Authors: McNatt Merrilyn H. , Freston Margie S.
Published: March 2007

Questionnaires were mailed to 45 primiparous lactating women at six weeks postpartum to measure their perceived social support and its influence on lactation outcomes. Also evaluated were the size and structures of their support networks. Subjects were asked to share their thoughts and feelings regarding breastfeeding. There were no statistically significant differences between perceived support scores of women who considered themselves successful or those women who felt unsuccessful in their lactation experience.There was a significant correlation between numbers of health care provider support, informational support and perception of successful lactation. Thematic analysis identified differences in personality characteristics and focus ofbreastfeeding concerns. Increasing a woman's informational support network to include qualified health care professionals may increase the numbers of women who are satisfied with their breastfeeding experience.
Nurses' Knowledge of Breastfeeding in a Clinical Setting
Authors: Lewinski Charlotte A.
Published: March 2007

Most obstetrical nurses subscribe to the "breast is best" theory. This project examined the current knowledge base of a sample of nurses and their practices relating to breastfeeding in three clinical settings. These study findings reveal that many nurses need to update their knowledge of those practices found to encourage successful breastfeeding. Only seven of 16 questions were answered correctly by more than 50 percent of the nurses surveyed. Areas of adequate knowledge included positioning, breastfeeding frequency, infant suckling patterns, and the importance of night feedings. Areas of inadequate knowledge included timing of the baby at the breast, milk production, use of glucose water, and the use of nipple shields.
Access to Semantic Memory in Parkinson's Disease and Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Beatty William W. , Monson Nancy , Goodkin Donald E.
Published: March 2007

The capacity to access semantic memory and the efficiency of the memory search were studied in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) or multiple sclerosis (MS) using a modified version of the "Supermarket Test." PD and MS patients who performed normally on the Boston Naming Test generated as many specific exemplars and category labels as did controls, and these patients also searched their semantic memories as efficiently as controls. In contrast, PD and MS patients with impaired confrontational naming generated fewer specific exemplars, but a normal number of generic category labels. These naming-impaired patients searched their semantic memories less efficiently than controls. For both MS and PD patients, the efficiency of semantic memory search was significantly correlated with measures that reflect access to semantic memory (eg, performance on letter or category fluency tasks), but was not significantly related to measures of problem-solving ability derived from the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Inefficient search of semantic memory in MS and PD appears to arise from an inability to retrieve knowledge from semantic memory quickly or from the loss of information from semantic memory stores, rather than from impairment in the ability to formulate and deploy appropriate strategies for task solution. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1989; 2:153-162).
Longitudinal Cognitive Decline in Patients With Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Rebok George , Brandt Jason , Folstein Marshal
Published: March 2007

Progressive cognitive impairment is a defining feature of the dementia of Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet disagreement exists over which abilities decline most precipitously and which cognitive tests are most sensitive. In this study, 51 AD patients in the early to middle stages of illness and 22 age-matched normal controls were administered a battery of neu ropsychological tests at 6-month intervals over a 2-year period. While the performance of the normal controls remained stable over the 2 years, the AD patients displayed progressive decline on all tests. The greatest declines occurred on tests requiring lexical/semantic processing (Boston Naming Test) and comprehension of syntactic relationships (Token Test). Performance on visuospatial tests (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised Block Design, Benton Visual Retention Test, Spatial Delayed Recognition Span Test) declined less rapidly. The findings support previous reports that language impairment may be central to the dementia of AD, and that confrontation naming is particularly sensitive to decline in this illness.
The Use of Carbamazepine to Treat Benzodiazepine Withdrawal in a Geriatric Population
Authors: Swantek Sandra S. , Grossberg George T. , Neppe Vernon M. , Doubek William G. , Martin Timothy , Bender Joseph E.
Published: March 2007

Rapid withdrawal of short to intermediate half-life benzodiazepines may be hazardous, particularly in the elderly. The use of carbamazepine to facilitate withdrawal has been reported in younger patients. We describe four elderly patients (average age, 72.5 years) who had each experienced at least one unsuccessful attempt at alprazolam withdrawal and who were subsequently successfully withdrawn via the use of carbamazepine over a period ranging from 2 to 6 days. These geriatric patients experienced no major withdrawal symptoms, but mild symptoms were common. There was no correla tion between dose or duration of alprazolam use and extent of withdrawal symptoms. We recommend use of this treat ment regimen in a hospital setting only, where close monitoring can occur. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991;4:106-109).
Defining Meaningful Change in Alzheimer's Disease Trials: The Donepezil Experience
Authors: McLendon Beth M. , Doraiswamy P. Murali
Published: March 2007

Regulatory guidelines in the US and Europe generally require that a drug specifically indicated for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) must demonstrate an effect upon the core manifestations of dementia. Progressive cog nitive and functional losses are the cardinal features of AD. In the US, current guidelines require that new AD treatments show effectiveness on performance-based measures of cognition and on clinician-rated global assess ments. Improvement in function is also emphasized in the European guidelines. The primary instruments that have been used to evaluate changes in cognition and global function in most recent AD trials are the cognitive subscale of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale and a version of the Clinician's Interview Based Impression of Change, respectively. The results from three pivotal trials investigating the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil, are used to demonstrate the way in which these tools are used, how to interpret the data they provide, and to deter mine their overall value in ascertaining efficacy in clinical practice. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12:39-48).
Age-Related Differences in Global- Local Processing: Stability of Laterality Differences but Disproportionate Impairment in Global Processing
Authors: Oken Barry S. , Kishiyama Shirley S. , Kaye Jeffrey A. , Jones Dana E.
Published: March 2007

Visual processing of global and local features differentially engages the right and left hemispheres and requires dif ferent allocations of spatial attention. To further understand the decline in visual cognition and visual attention with age, we studied the performance of healthy young subjects and healthy elders on a global-local figures task. The results showed that elders processed global images more quickly when presented in the left visual field and local images in the right visual field, similarly to the young controls. However, we did observe a significant impair ment in the elders' ability to process global figures compared with local figures, despite there being no overall difference between global and local processing speed among the young. It is thought that this age-related decline in global processing is related to the narrowed attentional field that can be demonstrated in other age-related visual processing declines such as visual search and useful field of view. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12:76-81).
Neuroanatomic Substrates of Late-Life Mental Disorders
Authors: Narayan Meena , Bremner J. Douglas , Kumar Anand
Published: March 2007

Advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques have made it possible to quantify anatomic brain abnor malities in neuropsychiatric disorders. This review focuses on controlled, quantitative MRI studies in depression, degenerative disorders, and psychosis in the elderly. Although many of the anatomic abnormalities detected are observed across disorders, the patterns of regional involvement may be more selective and disorder specific. We integrate MRI findings with relevant clinical and neurobiologic observations in an attempt to develop a cohesive model of late-life psychiatric illness. Although the model primarily alludes to the pathophysiology of late-life depres sion, it may have broader biologic implications for other mental disorders in the elderly. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1999; 12:95-106).
The Concept of Perception in Selected Nursing Theories
Authors: Bunting Sheila M.
Published: March 2007

Perception has long been recognized as a concept of importance in nursing, but the meaning of the term has often been ambiguous and unclear. This paper considers the historical definitions of perception and explores ways the term is used in current philosophical and psycho logical writings. A synthetic definition of perception is proposed, using the critical characteristics of sensation, selection, assimilation, and interpretation. Four nursing frameworks, those of King, Levine, Orem, and Roy, are analyzed in relation to the concept of perception as pre sented in each theory.
Local Action on Behalf of Local Collectives in the U.S. and Israel: How Different Are Leaders from Members in Voluntary Associations?
Authors: Friedmann Robert R. , Florin Paul , Wandersman Abraham , Meier Ron
Published: March 2007

While leadership in voluntary organizations is important to the understanding of voluntary action, not enough is known about differences between leaders and members in voluntary organizations. This study explored the differences between leaders and members in local voluntary organizations in the U.S. and Israel. Using discriminant function analysis on demographic characteristics, social psychological variables, and cost-benefit relationships it was found that leaders differ significantly from members in several of these areas. Patterns of greatest similarity were found between the American and Israeli participants on the social psychological variables. Gender distinguished members from leaders in Israel; occupation and education did so in the U.S. A very significant finding in the area of costs and benefits was that leaders perceived their activism as more costly than did members; leaders viewed costs to their participation as being equal to benefits while members perceived more benefits than costs.
A non-formal participatory programme for the family and the pre-school child
Authors: Filp J. , Valdes X.
Published: March 2007

This article presents an educational programme designed for poor families and their children aged 0 to 6 years old which developed from 1972 to 1990 as demand evolved in Chile. In particular, the aim of the project gradually changed from the preparation of children for entrance into primary school to focus on the young child and the parent-child relationship. Work has been carried out in collaboration with commun ity organizations and pre-school centres. It is expected that approximately 1500 chil dren will be reached during 1993. Evaluation shows that the children of mothers who participated in the programme made similar gains to children who attended a pre- school and that mothers have become more sensitive to their children's needs. In ad dition the programme prevented the isolation of mothers, significantly increased their self esteem, and caused the growth of solidarity in the communities.
Modern childhood: crises and disintegration, or a new quality of life?
Authors: Sommer D. , Langsted O.
Published: March 2007

Denmark, as a Scandinavian welfare society, serves as an example of a country that since the 1960s has witnessed considerable change in the role of mothers and day care attendance of young children. Such change has in fact challenged widely held beliefs. Ideological interpretations, mainly negatively loaded beliefs, are considered about the child's life in family and society both past and present. The beliefs are critically discussed in light of current research.
Memory Making, Identitity Building: The Dynamics of Economics and Politics in the New Territories of Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Selina Ching
Published: March 2007

Hong Kong has reunited with China and this unique decolonization process has facilitated a distinctive discourse in the remembrance of the past and the negotiation of identity. This article considers how the highest representative organization of the indigenous inhabitants in the New Territories—the Heung Yee Kuk—remembers their past. I argue that this recollection of the past is not solely for the people themselves, but also for different targeted audiences. This article demonstrates that the memory of the past is about a contestation of economic interests, as embedded in the discourse of changing land values in the process of urbanization. It is shown that social memory is framed for the sake of bargaining for economic, social, and political benefits.
Reflections on Aaron Levine's Economics and Jewish Law: Halakhic Perspectives
Authors: Hill Peter J.
Published: March 2007

Aaron Levine, in his book Economics and Jewish Law: Halakhic Perspectives, makes a strong case for the relevance of biblical ethics to modern policy concerns. His arguments, while persuasive at one level, are more problematic when he attempts to derive specific insights for the governance of modern capitalism. The halakhic society was based on a set of presuppositions that are not completely transferred to modern society; the flow of information and the incentive structure are very different in the modern society as contrasted with the Jewish community; and the evolutionary nature of Jewish law and its theistic foundations made large-scale favor-seeking (a very real modern-day problem) unlikely.
Response to E.C. Pasour, Jr
Authors: Levine Aaron
Published: March 2007

Judaism's anti-poverty program assigns government the function of a social safety net and the mandate to foster a favorable economic environment. Judaism is opposed to government redistribution of income. Government's role in setting minimum product standards in the areas of health and safety is not predicated on an ability to assess risk-cost trade-offs. Rather, it is a mandate to eliminate unnecessary risk. Price controls are justified only when the subsistence needs of the masses are at stake; and only to constrain economic rent. Ethical norms cannot thrive in a weak moral climate. Government rule-making designed to reduce moral hazard and eliminate settings for invisible misconduct reinforces society's commitment to ethical norms.
Judaism, the Jewish State and Economic Freedom
Authors: Tamari Meir
Published: March 2007

Taking macroeconomic policy, the role of government and social issues as a point of departure, it is claimed that the establishment of the independent state of Israel makes a Jewish perspective a viable alternative to secular non-Jewish systems. However, studies regarding Jewish perspectives on political economy are very tendentious because of a selective reading of halakhic sources and a biased interpretation of the homiletical literature. By contrast, this paper is an attempt to bring a balanced picture of a viable Jewish perspective on the issue of the state and economic freedom.
The Troping of (the) Lanscape
Authors: Shinkle Eugénie
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the legislation of 'nature' and the formation of the subject within the discourses of political philosophy and landscape representation. Focusing on the transition from Classical to Modern epistemology, it discusses the treatment of discursive excess in the constitution of the subject of government and the subject of landscape. In the Classical subject, the excess represented by the corporeal body and its physical surroundings was strictly controlled; in landscape representation, the body was confined to a single viewing position through the operation of linear perspective, while in civil society, brute corporeality was subordinated to the individual's metaphorical position within the social unit. These relationships are reconfigured under Modern epistemology, which recognizes discursive excess as a process of the subject. No longer ontologically dependent upon physical Nature, landscape and civil society release their hold on the corporeal body, addressing instead the individual imagination.
Economics, Institutions and Ludwig Von Mises
Authors: Foss Nicolai J.
Published: March 2007

I argue that what made the Austrian School distinct from other economic traditions was not only a thoroughgoing subjectivism and a rationalistic methodology, but just as much an emphasis that real institutions should be approached using choice-theoretic tools. Using the work of Ludwig von Mises as the prime reference, I argue that the Austrians anticipated a number of the concerns of contemporary neo-institutionalists, particularly work on property rights. However, with respect to the institution theme, Mises was much more than simply a precursor; he suggested blending institutional and process analysis in a way that is still to be achieved by modern neo-institutionalists.
Three Characters in the Wisdom of Solomon 3-4
Authors: Cheon Samuel
Published: March 2007

There are three righteous characters in the Wisdom of Solomon 3-4: the sterile woman, the eunuch, and the youth who died young. Each description of them stands in antithesis with that of the wicked family members: the wicked husbands, their wives, and their progeny. The three righteous char acters have been selected as a literary device to indict wrong thoughts and deeds of the wicked rather than to praise those three figures themselves. It is difficult to relate the socio-political situation of the author to the description of the sterile woman or the eunuch. However, it is possible that the descrip tion of the righteous youth reflects his socio-political context of persecution.
The ignorance of Middle England
Authors: Pope Steve
Published: March 2007

In the wake of the Lawrence inquiry report we asked a black journalist to reflect on racism in the media...
Delusion as error: the history of a metaphor
Authors: Mojtabai Ramin
Published: March 2007

Error has been the major metaphor for understanding delusions through the past three centuries. Modern definition of delusion as erroneous opinion or belief is evidence of the continuing role of this metaphor to this day. However, through long habituation the metaphorical nature of the association between delusion and error is no longer recognized. In other words, the metaphor has become literal and all but invisible. This paper seeks to shed light on this metaphor by tracing its development from inception in the seventeenth century to the present time. Also, the impact of the metaphor on modern research and therapeutic approaches is briefly discussed. Finally, to put the metaphor of error in perspective, some other metaphors applied to delusion over the years are reviewed.

'Delusion is the morbid manifestation of knowledge and error in regard to empirical reality, as it is of faith and superstition in regard to metaphysical reality.' (:108) 1
John Howard and Asperger's Syndrome: psychopathology and philanthropy
Authors: Lucas Philip
Published: March 2007

John Howard's (1726-1790) motives as a prison reformer appear obscure and a sense of his personality remains elusive. Biographies and contemporary texts suggest this is not merely the effect of historical distance: John Howard was considered eccentric by many of his contemporaries. It is suggested that Howard suffered from Asperger's Syndrome (AS), a disorder allied to autism. Sufferers may have high intelligence but characteristically manifest impairments in social, communicative and imaginative furtctioning with inflexible thinking and an often fanatical preoccupation with a narrow special interest. The hypothesis may help explain enigmatic aspects of Howard's career and personal life, as well as our difficulty forming a sense of his identity. The correspondence between Howard's idiosyncratic perspective, putatively related to AS, and the direction of the profound 'disciplinary' transformation of eighteenth-century society is highlighted.
Hysteria and hypnosis as ongoing processes of negotiation. Ilma's case from the Austro- Hungarian Monarchy. Part 1
Authors: Lafferton Emese
Published: March 2007

And the learned doctor, instead of a long process of verification, stepped to the front, pulled out his golden pencil, made Vilma look at it for two minutes, and the girl collapsed in her chair dead pale, she fell into hypnotic sleep! Then the lecturer made such a hair-raising show with the girl in this state palam et publice, that the judges sent her right to the house of the mad instead of the prison. 1

[Ilma] was suggested to have the bleedings of Jesus Christ, and thus, by the afternoon, red patches with circles appeared on her arms and legs, but there was no bleeding, perhaps the suggestion was weak.2

Nine months later, a certain Sister Sylvestris allegedly

advised her to flee, and never again to allow the five wounds of Christ to be put on her left foot (by suggestion), or brand scars to be caused by suggestion; and that she should flee to a convent in Graz and would be helped in this undertaking. One day S. was again hypnotized, and the following day she saw the letter J burnt on her right arm. Then her decision to flee was determined. 3
Gender and the Development of Welfare Regimes
Authors: Lewis Jane
Published: March 2007

This paper builds on the idea that any further development of the concept of 'welfare regime' must incorporate the relationship between unpaid as well as paid work and welfare. Consideration of the privateldomestic is crucial to a gendered understanding of welfare because historically women have typically gained entitlements by virtue of their dependent status within the family as wives and mothers. The paper suggests that the idea of the male-breadwinner family model has served historically to cut across established typologies of welfare regimes, and further that the model has been modified in different ways and to different degrees in particular countries.
Labour Market, Welfare State and Family Institutions: the Links To Mothers' Poverty Risks
Authors: Scheiwe Kirsten
Published: March 2007

How do institutions increase mothers' poverty risk? This is the leading question in investigat ing the potential impact in a comparative study of three countries, Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is stressed that different institutional settings (labour market provision, social security benefits and family law regu lation) are closely interacting in sbaping mothers' access to income resources. Together they structure the environment witbin which key decisions of actors are made about the combination of paid and unpaid activities and of public and private support for mothers and children. Important aspects affecting mothers' poverty risk are the degree of privatization or socialization of direct and indirect cbild costs and of care times, as well as the hierarchy be tween subsidizing fatherhood, motherhood or marriage. To set out a framework for insti tutional analysis, a number of factors sbaping the entitlement to social security benefits are enlisted which may contribute towards driving mothers into poverty.
Theories of Power in the Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism
Authors: Kemeny Jim
Published: March 2007

Esping-Andersen's The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism has been very influential in comparative social policy because he develops a power analysis of welfare state formation. However, the analysis of political power that underpins his thesis has been widely misunder stood. In particular, the concept of welfare regime has lots its original conceptual meaning as a system of power stratification that upholds different types of welfare state. Instead it is widely misused merely to refer to particular types of welfare system.
Young People and Families in Poland: Changing Times, Changing Dependencies?
Authors: Wallace Claire
Published: March 2007

This paper considers the relationships between parents and children in Polish families in the situation of social transformation. Data are based upon a survey of 1,912 respondents carried out in 1993 and supplemented with qualitative interviews. Two main hypotheses are considered: whether the strong family bonds developed under the communist regime are weakening with the new economic con ditions and whether there is a process of 'individualization' as in many other western European countries with young people seeking greater autonomy and independence from family ties. The paper concludes that although there is some evidence of a move towards individualization and a changing relationship between parents and children, there are never theless more continuities in family relation ships because of the continuing economic problems in which people find themselves and the lack of improvement or even worsening of many of the conditions which encouraged close family ties in the first place. Family obli gations and ties of loyalty and duty continue to exert a very strong influence.
Monetary Union and Social Europe
Authors: Teague Paul
Published: March 2007

Establishing a single currency will launch the EU on a journey into the unknown. Thus while it is widely accepted that the fall-out from this decision will be far-reaching, little consensus exists on the impact on particular policy arenas. This article explores some of the main implications of monetary union for Social Europe-national systems of welfare pro vision and employment regulation. It is argued that efforts by virtually all the member states to meet the Maastricht criteria for joining the single currency club are impacting negatively on Social Europe. Moreover, with the member states signing a deflation-oriented Stability Pact, this cold climate threatens to spill over into the actual operation of the new Euro- zone. Thus the road to monetary union paved by Europe's political elite spells bad news for already beleaguered welfare and employment systems. At the same time, the article argues that a different form of monetary union is necessary to create more robust macroeco nomic foundations to Social Europe. At present, it is suggested that a big coordination deficit has emerged inside the European economy, causing an inhospitable environ ment for the social dimension in the absence of a single currency. Thus retreating to national mechanisms for economic management is rejected as an alternative project to the Maastricht plan for monetary union. Finally, the article investigates the viability of various reform paths to make the new Euro-zone more socially friendly.
The Juppé Plan and the Future of the French Social Welfare System
Authors: Bouget Denis
Published: March 2007

The Juppé Plan, enacted on 15 November 1995, is the most important reform of the French social protection system (SWS) since its creation in October 1945. First, we describe the French system which is inspired by the Bismarckian model, a work-based model, and its long-term trends in terms of benefits and contributions.

Second, we describe the decisions made as part of the Juppé Plan, and their gradual implementation under the Juppé and Jospan governments: more planned care provision in the health-care sector; a set of family policies geared more to those most in need; the intro duction of private pensions in a new funded scheme; and above all the introduction of new, more universal mechanisms of funding social security. A project on social cohesion (fight against social exclusion) has also been added to the plan.

Third, we analyse the three main conse quences of the Juppé Plan: the end of the doc trinal unity of the French system; the economic and financing uncertainties surrounding the implementation of the reforms ; and the pol itical confusion which largely explains why the new left-wing Jospin government can carry on with the implementation of the reform.
A Hermeneutic of Charity: Response To Heather Landrus
Authors: Roberts Mark
Published: March 2007

This response to the article of Heather Landrus appreciates the way that studying how the life experiences (or, social locations) of believers influ ence how they interpret Scripture can invite students to receive these testi mony-enriched readings with respect and to respond to them both charitably and critically, for the glory of God. A response to a reading one cannot endorse completely critiques the reading charitably when it (1) discerns the gospel intention in the reading; (2) rejoices in the good fruit borne through the reading; (3) seeks to preserve the good fruit while re-rooting the gospel intention in Scripture texts (or acts of the Christian meta-narrative) in which that intention is expressed more clearly, with fewer hermeneutical difficul ties, and more fully, with the voicing of more of the 'whole counsel of God'; and (4) offers one's own critical-faith reading, not to discredit another's but to build up others. This 'hermeneutic of charity' contemporizes the similar approach of Augustine in De doctrina christiana and, in this article, uses Oral Roberts' reading of 3 Jn 2 as an example.
Targeting Policy as a Competitive Strategy for European Inward Investment Agencies
Authors: Young Stephen , Hood Neil , Wilson Alan
Published: March 2007

This article provides a framework to assist the target ing activities of European inward investment agencies (IIAs), recognizing that historically inward investment has not fulfilled the desired role of facilitating self- sustaining and innovative economic development in many European regions. While many such agencies do target their promotional programmes, the variables utilized in defining target markets have been in sufficiently directed to the real issues in economic development. Using techniques applied in industrial products' marketing, a new approach is presented, which relates the desired outputs from inward invest ment (based on a segment's level of economic impact indicators and their weighted importance) to the competitive advantages of countries and regions (based on the country's strengths and weaknesses relative to each segment's requirements). In this model, the economic impact indicators go well beyond simply employment creation to consider other employment indicators as well as trade and balance of payments and technology transfer indi cators which are critical to economic development. A matrix of appropriateness is developed which identi fies the segments that should be targeted by the par ticufar IIA based on the attractiveness of the segment and country competitive advantages. Operational considerations are reviewed and policy implications discussed.
From Equality to Autonomy: Feminist Politics and Psychoanalytic Development
Authors: Vindhya U.
Published: March 2007

Feminism, as a political movement, has produced a complementary interest in the study of women at every stage. From the 1960s to the 1990s a strtking shift seems to have taken place from the feminist demand of equality in practice and in theories of knowledge to that of autonomy. A corresponding shift seems to have taken place in the psychoanalytic terrain as well. This paper explores the notion of autonomy for women, by drawingfrom both feminist and psychoanalytic sources. The paper concludes with an attempt to situate the pursuit of autonomy in the present context of identity politics.
Involuntary Turnover: A Characteristic Process of Sport Organizations
Authors: McPherson Barry D.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the turnover rates for specific positions within an organization where "involuntary" turnover is the norm, namely pro fessional hockey. This approach contrasts with most studies of organiza tional metabolism wherein "voluntary'' turnover has been the pheno menon of interest. Results indicated that involuntary turnover rates vary by the nature of the work role within the organization. The paper con cludes with a discussion of the applicability of the correlates of volun tary turnover to the phenomenon of involuntary turnover.
Positional Segregation and Professional Baseball
Authors: Medoff Marshall H.
Published: March 2007

Both the sociology and economic hypotheses predict that Blacks will be under represented at "central" positions (infield, catcher, and pitcher). The sociology hypothesis attributed this result to the deliberate exclusion of Blacks from positions which entail responsibility, decision-making and outcome control. The economic hypothesis contends the result is due to differential costs. Relatively few Blacks will choose these positions since the costs of acquiring skills are expensive. Both the economic and sociology hypotheses are found to be consistent when data is considered at a particular moment in time. However, the sociology hypothesis is found to be inconsistent and the economic hypothesis consistent when the data is considered over time. In addition, alternative theories were considered and found to be equally invalid.
Amateurism — Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow
Authors: Morikawa Sadao
Published: March 2007

This article is intended, on the basis of the observation of "amateurism", to make clear the ideological characters of modern sports, i.e. both the positive and negative sides of bourgeois sports, and to take up the position that sports will be inevitably compelled to make their way toward the unification of their populariza tion and art development, by sublating ''amateurism'' in order to establish economic foundation for their existence.

The contents of this article are divided into 1. Formation of "Amateurism'', 2. Formation of Modern Sports, 3. Self-Contradiction of "Amateur Sports and 4. How to Solve Amateur Problems.

The conclusion of this article is as follows:

Necessary for the set-up of the social and economic foundations of sports is practice to set up "sports workers' new sports view". Efforts should be put forth for the social revaluation of "sports workers" position and the autonomic and democratic development of sports for the masses in tie-up with movements for working hour reduction and living condition improvement now in progress on national scale with workers as their main force.
Intercollegiate Football: An Approach Toward Rationalization
Authors: Greendorfer Susan L.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this investigation was to apply principles from formal organizations to sport, with particular focus given to intercollegiate football. From a modified case study approach in which a reliable and knowledgeable informant was interviewed, the investigation utilizes concepts pertinent to complex organizations in an attempt to answer the question: What makes a football team successful, besides the physical ability of the players. Five dimensions of organizational structure were discussed in reference to information obtained from interviews. Elements of these five dimen sions (activity and person specialization, standardization, formalization, centralization, and configuration) were grouped in three general conceptual categories of organiza tional theory: technology, role enactment, and environmental contingencies. Utilization of formal organization concepts represents a means of analyzing the dynamics in sport as well as presenting a potential avenue for theory construction.
Reinforcement Effects of Sports Team Success Cohesiveness-Related Factors
Authors: Nixon Howard L.
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to resolve some of the apparent contradictions and ambigui ty characterizing the current state of knowledge regarding sports team success and cohesiveness. A theoretical model is constructed to clarify the meaning of past findings in this area and to serve as a basis for generating the specific hypotheses tested in the research reported here. These hypotheses concern relationships between past competitive success of sports teams and task orientation, team morale, inter personal orientation, and cohesiveness factors assumed to be associated with a team's chances for future success. The results reported in this article support the general conclusion that a team's past success — especially its success history or cumulative record of success — tends to reinforce conditions of cohesiveness-related variable which make future success more likely.
Pupils' Choice, Extracurricular Activities: A Critique of Hierarchical Authority?
Authors: Hendry Leo , Thorpe Ellis
Published: March 2007

A problem that has been of some concern to educationalists, headmasters, and teachers of physical education in Britain, is why an increasing number of pupils in secondary schools do not participate in extracurricular physical and sports ac tivities.

For example, a recent study of 3000 pupils aged fifteen and sixteen in 15 compre hensive schools in Central Scotland, shows that less than half the pupils — including only 30% of girls — were actively involved in extracurricular physical and sports activities (Hendry 1975).

It might seem superficially that non-participation in extracurricular physical and sports activities is a special case of the more general problem of "school re jection" among many pupils of this age-range in secondary schools (Hargreaves 1967, Reid 1972).

However, "school rejection" is of limited value in understanding the conduct of pupils, for a number of reasons. If pupils choose not to participate in extracurricu lar activities, then "school rejection" is merely a substitute term for "choosing not to participate". School rejection itself then must still be explained.

It is suggested in this paper that an explanation of "school rejection" rests in understanding from a sociological point of view, the manner in which "school re jection" is part of the pupils' critique of a hierarchical authority structure.
Sport and Olympic Idealism
Authors: Czula Roman
Published: March 2007

The major obejctive of this study is to determine the relationship of the sport an athlete competes in, to the athlete's level of expressed Olympic Idealism. Stated in the Null form, the hypothesis to be tested is: There is no relationship between an athlete's sport and his expression of Olympic Idealism attitudes.

The tenets of Olympic Idealism, as espoused by the International Olympic Com mittee (hereafter IOC), should be familiar to anyone with even a remote interest in sport. Bucher's concise outline of the major components of Olympic Idealism shall be used in this analysis:

1. Sport should be practiced for its own sake, not for any material gain.

2. The competition should be exclusively for individuals; nationalism has no place in the Games.

3. The important thing is not winning but taking part. (Bucher, 1968).

The Olympic creed has survived eighty years without any basic change. This is a remarkable accomplishment considering the volatile course of history during that time. Perhaps as astonishing as that record of constancy is the almost total absence of empirical data assessing the relevance of the creed to Olympic athletes.

Czula, et al. (1976), in the only published study found on the subject, reported that there was not a universal acceptance of the Olympic Idealism creed in a sample of United States Olympic athletes. Using three attitude scales measuring Bucher's above listed aspects of Olympism, Czula et al, found that 38%, 42% and 26% respectively, of the athletes sampled prior to the 1960 Games disagreed with the IOC views on Idealism.
Problems and Social Values of Top Class Spanish Athletes
Authors: Ferrado Manuel Garcia
Published: March 2007

As it happens with most of the so called amateur sports, top track athletes are very sensitive to problems which appear when they train hard in order to improve their atheletical performances - at the elite level — while keeping a nor mal development in their professional occupations — work or study. In order to study the problems related to the duality amateurism was more dedication to athletic activities, in the sphere of track and field in Spain, it was conducted a mail survey among 380 Spanish top male athletes. The percentage of answers has been very high, more than 70% of returned questionnaires. A multivariate analysis of the main results has been made using as control variables age, years in the sport, occupation, social class, order in the ranking, etc. In addition to the identification of the main problems related both to the occupational and spor tive activities of the surveyed atheltes, is determined the ideal organization of sport and the patterns of sport policy which are prefered by these top athletes.
The Position of Sport in the Theories of Quality of Life
Authors: Güldenpfennig Sven
Published: March 2007

The term and the conception of "Quality of Life" have originated in the increasing gravity of the economic and the general crisis of capitalism in the late sixties as an answer to the appearing "limits to growth".

The scientific nucleus of this conception lies in the recognition of the indispensable integration of quantitative and qualitative growth of social living conditions (connection between living standard and quality of life). But as a re sult of its genesis as a bourgeois respectively as a social democratic reform concep tion it has specific scientific and political limits.

But if the theory and the conception of quality of life could be severed from their idealistic premises (assumption of general-humanistic aims, abstraction of politico-economic pre-conditions and of tying up to class interests) and could be approximated to the marxist theory of way of life and theorie of culture, they might become very scientifically fruitful and practically significant. This is particularly right:

— for the suspension of the mutual isolation of the different spheres of Life as work, everyday life, culture, leisure time etc.;

— for the theoretical and practical generation of the connection between the spheres of production and culture: improvement of quality of life as a demo cratic and humanistic reform of all spheres of life of the working class on the basis of a democratic and (with reference to the interests of the working people) efficient development of the production sphere;

— for the recognition of the dependence of progress in all spheres of quality of life on the political activity of the working class and its organizations as well as on the connection between quantitative aims (individual consumption, wages) and qualitative aims (social consumption, education, social influence and co-deter mination of the working class).

The social position of sport has hardly been discussed in the framework of the theories of quality of life and of culture up to now. But for the theories of sport as well follow substantial new points of view by its incorporation

— into a concept of quality of life, which makes possible the connection between quantitative expansion of existing needs and living conditions of the working people and their qualitative enlargement and higher development, and;

— into a concept of culture, which comprehends culture as historical- and social-specific, individual and active appropriaition of the natural and social environment and which realizes the valuation of the social importance of particu lar cultural activities (as for example sport) not for itself out of its position within the entire life activity.

By means of this incorporation of the theory of sport the politico-economic foundations of sport, the historically given social, institutional and substantial structures of the sport system and aims for the reform of sport can be realized more comprehensively and more differentiatedly.
The Role of Theories within Sport Sociology
Authors: Snyder Eldon E.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to outline several levels of theoretical abstraction in sociology and to apply these to the subfield of sport sociology. Specifically, the levels of abstraction discussed include grand theory, paradigms, theories of middle- range, and empirical generalizations. The focus of the paper is on Merton's theories of middle-range as the level of abstraction that holds the most promise for the accumulation of knowledge in sociology of sport. Several research traditions in sport sociology are examined that demonstrate a middle-range level of theoretical abstraction.
Expectations Related to Physical Culture in Hungary
Authors: Földesi Tamas , Foldesi Tamásné
Published: March 2007

In their work the authors compare the axiom-like thesis elaborated by a work ing-group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, i.e., practical conclusions drawn from it related to the true situation.

In the first part the fundamental thesis is studied, according to which "...phy sical culture is an indispensable element of the culture of a socialist human being living in the last quarter of the twentieth century." The author believes, that, in Hungary socialist-minded people accept this thesis when speaking about socialist culture in general, but doubt it, when the question is about socialist culture of the individual. They analyze the reasons of doubt and of refusal and in corre lation — based upon empirical facts — social conditions of physical culture.

In the second part the authors study the question in what way the conclusion drawn in the form of a postulate follows from the fundamental thesis, as a pre miss, of the recommendations of the Somatic Committee. The postulate contains the following practical requirements: "...beside foregoing political, professional and general human (ethical) postulates physical culture expectations have to be gra dually asserted towards both, leaders and subordinates."

They establish that there is more in the conclusion than in the premiss, which means that though the fundamental thesis is in close correlation with the con clusion, it does not, in itself, justify existence of the latter.

In support of this statement, the authors start from the point to what extent the principle in question asserts itself. According to their opinion, in Hungary, at present no requirements including many-sided, regular physical training assert themselves at all towards people actively engaged in work. (Towards school boys and school girls, university students and conscripts there are some physical culture expectations, though not to a necessary extent). According to their judgement the reason why sport-cultural requirements do not figure among those set to working people is that postulates, in general, are not of a cultural character.

Their conclusion is that, self-assertion of physical-culture expectation is not only based upon the fact that physical culture is an integral part of the culture of a socialist human being, but also that the interests of both, individual and society require essential advance in this field, one of the forms of which could be inclusion of the sport-cultural postulate in the expectations.

In the final part of their work the authors indicate the problems that would arise if, in their country, a postulate of this trend were introduced.