bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Relationship between Sparseness and Energy Consumption of Neural Networks
Authors: Wang Guanzheng , Wang Rubin , Kong Wanzeng , Zhang Jianhai
Published: November 2020

About 50-80% of total energy is consumed by signaling in neural networks. A neural network consumes much energy if there are many active neurons in the network. If there are few active neurons in a neural network, the network consumes very little energy. The ratio of active neurons to all neurons of a neural network, that is, the sparseness, affects the energy consumption of a neural network. Laughlin’s studies show that the sparseness of an energy-efficient code depends on the balance between signaling and fixed costs. Laughlin did not give an exact ratio of signaling to fixed costs, nor did they give the ratio of active neurons to all neurons in most energy-efficient neural networks. In this paper, we calculated the ratio of signaling costs to fixed costs by the data from physiology experiments. The ratio of signaling costs to fixed costs is between 1.3 and 2.1. We calculated the ratio of active neurons to all neurons in most energy-efficient neural networks. The ratio of active neurons to all neurons in neural networks is between 0.3 and 0.4. Our results are consistent with the data from many relevant physiological experiments, indicating that the model used in this paper may meet neural coding under real conditions. The calculation results of this paper may be helpful to the study of neural coding.
A Noise-Immune Kalman Filter and Modelling forPedestrian Traffic Loads
Authors: Gao Yanan , Peng Ningbo , Tang Jitao , Dong Yun , Zhang Weidong , Zhang Peng , Chen Jiarui , Zhu Ye
Published: November 2020

The definition of design load with walking crowd excitation on these slender structures is a significant problem to human-induced vibration. To capture the characteristics of walking crowd loads, this article researches both the ground reaction force and ground reaction moment for 36 healthy adults. Firstly, a oscillate system modeling walking leg is used to build a governing equation, which further transformed into the discrete state space. Then the Kalman method is applied to filter the noises for the measured ground reaction force, which can well remove the noises hiding in the measured signals. In addition, the Fourier series are used to model the ground reaction force and ground reaction moment, and the first six corresponding coefficients are obtained and analyzed. This work comprehensively explores the excitation force and moment from walking pedestrian feet. The result of this study provides the reference of load design for these slender structures such as footbridges, grandstands, or stations under crowd excitation.
Effect of Lubricant Additives on the Oxidation Characteristics of Diesel Engine Particulate Matter
Authors: Xu Guangju , Zhao Yang , Li Mingdi , Hu Yanbin , Lin Ling
Published: November 2020

Three common lubricant additives, including an antioxidant, detergent, and an antifoamer, were added to diesel fuel to perform a diesel engine bench test. Particulate matter samples underwent thermogravimetric analysis to investigate the effect of lubricant additives on the particulate matter oxidation process, characteristic temperature, and activation energy. The results showed the following. Different lubricant additives result in different variation trends in the thermogravimetric curve of a particulate matter sample by varying the rotating speed and torque. When the rotating speed was stable, as the torque increased, the ignition temperature of the particulate matter of Fuel C declined rapidly during the initial stage and then increased rapidly. When the torque was stable, as the rotating speed increased, the ignition temperature of the particulate matter of Fuel C increased initially and then declined. The particulate matter of Fuel C had the lowest level of activation energy at approximately 57.89 J·mol−1. The particulate matter of Fuel A had the highest level of activation energy at approximately 74.10 J·mol−1. When the fuel has a higher cetane number, the combustion chemical reaction rate is faster and results in a more complete reaction. The active substance contact surface increases, which facilitates particulate matter oxidation.
Expansion of the Fundamental Diagram from a Microscopic Multilane Modeling Framework of Mixed Traffic
Authors: Seraj Mudasser , Li Jiangchen , Qiu Tony Z.
Published: November 2020

Microscopic modeling of mixed traffic (i.e., automaton-driven vehicles and human-driven vehicles) dynamics, particularly car-following, lane-changing, and gap-acceptance, provides the opportunity to gain a more accurate estimation of flow-density relationships for both traditional traffic with human-driven vehicles and different mixed traffic scenarios. Our paper proposes a microscopic framework to model multilane traffic for both vehicle types on shared roadways which sets the stage to explore the capability of macroscopic car-following models in general to explain the fundamental flow-density relationship. Since prior models inadequately represent the fundamental diagram realistically, we propose a rectified macroscopic flow model that can account for the impact of both lane-changing and gap-acceptance. Differentiability, boundary conditions, and flexibility of the proposed model are tested to validate its applicability. Finally, the capability to interpret the flow-density relationship by the proposed model is verified for different mixed traffic scenarios. Although few model parameter values were obtained directly from the simulation input, the rest of the parameters have been calibrated by flow and density outputs from the simulations. The analysis results show a distinct correlation between the proposed model parameters with automation-driven vehicle shares and lane-changing rates of traffic. The findings from this study emphasize the importance of taking complete motion dynamics into account, rather than partial motion dynamics (i.e., car-following) as has been the case in the previous studies, to explain macroscopic traffic flow characteristics, irrespective of the vehicle type.
FDA Approval Summary: Selpercatinib for the Treatment of Lung and Thyroid Cancers withRETGene Mutations or Fusions
Authors: Bradford Diana , Larkins Erin , Mushti Sirisha L. , Rodriguez Lisa , Skinner Amy M. , Helms Whitney S. , Price Lauren S.L. , Zirkelbach Jeanne Fourie , Li Yangbing , Liu Jiang , Charlab Rosane , Turcu Francisca Reyes , Liang Dun , Ghosh Soma , Roscoe Donna , Philip Reena , Zack-Taylor Autumn , Tang Shenghui , Kluetz Paul G. , Beaver Julia A. , Pazdur Richard , Theoret Marc R. , Singh Harpreet
Published: November 2020

On May 8, 2020, the FDA granted accelerated approval to selpercatinib for (i) adult patients with metastatic RET fusion–positive non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), (ii) adult and pediatric patients ≥12 years of age with advanced or metastatic RET-mutant medullary thyroid cancer who require systemic therapy, and (iii) adult and pediatric patients ≥12 years of age with advanced or metastatic RET fusion–positive thyroid cancer who require systemic therapy and who are radioactive iodine refractory (if radioactive iodine is appropriate). Approval was granted on the basis of the clinically important effects on the overall response rate (ORR) with prolonged duration of responses observed in a multicenter, open-label, multicohort clinical trial (LIBRETTO-001, NCT03157128) in patients whose tumors had RET alterations. ORRs within the approved patient populations ranged from 64% [95% confidence interval (CI), 54–73] in prior platinum-treated RET fusion–positive NSCLC to 100% (95% CI, 63–100) in systemic therapy–naïve RET fusion–positive thyroid cancer, with the majority of responders across indications demonstrating responses of at least 6 months. The product label includes warnings and precautions for hepatotoxicity, hypertension, QT interval prolongation, hemorrhagic events, hypersensitivity, risk of impaired wound healing, and embryo-fetal toxicity. This is the first approval of a drug specifically for patients with RET alterations globally.
Case Report: Papillary Thyroid Cancer in a Patient with Celiac Disease and Thalassemia Trait
Authors: Albattah Afaf , Imam Yahia , Saleh Ahmed Osman , Ahmed Khalid , Aboursheid Tarek , Kohla Samah , Mohamed Shehab
Published: November 2020

Thyroid cancer is the most frequent endocrine neoplasm in the general population. Common risk factors include gender, radiation exposure, and genetic backgrounds. The association of papillary thyroid cancer and celiac disease has frequently been reported in the literature; however, the association of papillary thyroid cancer and thalassemia trait is rare. Likewise, the association of thalassemia major and celiac disease is also rare. We hereby report a unique case of papillary thyroid cancer in a patient with celiac disease and thalassemia trait.
A Case of Pulmonary Metastasis of Breast Cancer 23 Years after Surgery Accompanied with Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterium Infection
Authors: Yabuuchi Yuki , Nakagawa Takayuki , Shimanouchi Masaki , Usui Shingo , Hayashihara Kenji , Oh-ishi Shuji , Saito Takefumi , Kanazawa Jun , Miura Yukiko , Kubota Shouta , Kawashima Kai , Shimada Takafumi , Oshima Hisayuki , Hirano Hitomi , Nonaka Mizu , Kitaoka Yuka , Arai Naoki , Hyodo Kentaro , Nakazawa Atsuhito , Minami Yuko
Published: November 2020

Recurrence of oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer rarely occurs postoperatively after a long period. Breast cancer cells survive and settle in distant organs in a dormant state, a phenomenon known as “tumour dormancy.” Here, we present a 66-year-old woman with recurrence of ER-positive breast cancer in the left lung 23 years after surgery accompanied with non-tuberculous mycobacterium infection (NTM). At the age of 43 years, the patient underwent a right mastectomy and adjuvant hormonotherapy to completely cure breast cancer. Twenty-three years after the operation, when the patient was 66 years old, computed tomography presented nodular shadows in the lower lobes bilaterally with bronchiectasis and ill-defined satellite tree-in-bud nodules. Mycobacterium intracellulare was detected in cultured bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from the left lower lobe by bronchoscopy. Rifampicin, ethambutol, and clarithromycin were started, which resulted in shrinkage of the nodule in the right lower lobe and satellite nodules; however, the nodule in the left lower lobe increased in size gradually. Wedge resection of the left lower lobe containing the nodule by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery was performed, which demonstrated that the nodule was adenocarcinoma in intraoperative pathological diagnosis; therefore, a left lower lobectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection were performed. The tumour was revealed to be consistent with recurrence of previous breast cancer according to its morphology and immunohistochemical staining. Furthermore, caseous epithelioid cell granulomas existed in the periphery of the tumour. It is reported that inflammatory cytokines induce reawakening of dormant oestrogen-dependent breast cancer and, in our case, NTM infection might have stimulated the dormant tumour cells in the lower lobe.
The Late Effects of Pregnancy on Aortic Dimensions in Patients with Marfan Syndrome
Authors: Perelshtein Brezinov Olga , Shinfeld Amihay , Arad Michael , Cahan Tal , Simchen Michal J. , Kuperstein Rafael
Published: November 2020

While the immediate effects of pregnancy on aortic dimension in patients with Marfan syndrome (MFS) have been evaluated, the late effects of subsequent pregnancies in these patients are less known. For this purpose, we evaluated 2 groups of women with MFS who were under specialized care in our institution. Group A included 23 women with MFS who experienced 55 pregnancies; group B included 12 nulliparous MFS patients. Patients in group A were similar in age (36.13 ± 5.6 years vs. 34.25 ± 6.54 years, p = 0.41) and follow-up time (group A 6.05 ± 3.56 years and group B 4.92 ± 3.37 years, p = 0.37). Baseline aortic root diameters as well as the aortic root diameters at follow-up visits were similar between groups (35.60 ± 4.42 vs. 35.08 ± 3.82 mm, p = 0.73, and 37.57 ± 4.66 vs. 37.33 ± 4.83 mm, p = 0.89, respectively). The aortic root diameter increased by 0.5 (0, 2) mm in group A and 1 (0, 4.5) mm in group B (p = 0.54). The rate of aortic dilation per year of follow-up was similar between the groups (0.34 ± 0.52 mm/year in group A vs. 0.55 ± 0.75 mm/year in group B [p = 0.52]). Chronic medical treatment was similar in both groups. Patients in both groups were treated similarly with β-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin II receptor blockers. In summary, subsequent pregnancies in patients with MFS were not associated with an increase in the rate of aortic root dilation in these patients.
Ultrasound-Based Indications for Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspiration: Outcome of a TIRADS-Based Approach versus Operators’ Expertise
Authors: Solymosi Tamas , Hegedüs Laszlo , Bonnema Steen Joop , Frasoldati Andrea , Jambor Laszlo , Kovacs Gabor Laszlo , Papini Enrico , Rucz Karoly , Russ Gilles , Karanyi Zsolt , Nagy Endre V.
Published: November 2020

Background: Thyroid nodule image reporting and data systems (TIRADS) provide the indications for fine-needle aspiration (FNA) based on a combination of nodule sonographic features and size. We compared the TIRADS-based recommendations for FNA with those based on the personal expertise of qualified US investigators in the diagnosis of thyroid malignancy. Methods: Seven highly experienced ultrasound (US) investigators from 4 countries evaluated, online, the US video recordings of 123 histologically verified thyroid nodules. Technical resources provided the operators with a diagnostic approach close to the real-world practice. Altogether, 4,305 TIRADS scores were computed. The combined diagnostic potential of TIRADS (TIRSYS) and the personal recommendations of the investigators (PERS) were compared against 3 possible goals: to recognize all malignant lesions (allCA), nonpapillary plus non-pT1 papillary cancers (nPnT1PCA), or stage II-IV cancers (st2-4CA). Results: For allCA and nPnT1PCA, TIRSYS had lower sensitivity than PERS (69.8 vs. 87.2 and 83.5 vs. 92.6%, respectively, p <0.01), while in st2-4CA the sensitivities were the same (99.1 vs. 98.6% and TIRSYS vs. PERS, respectively). TIRSYS had a higher specificity than PERS in all 3 types of cancers (p < 0.001). PERS recommended FNA in a similar proportion of lesions smaller or larger than 1 cm (76.9 vs. 82.7%; ns). Conclusions: Recommendations for FNA based on the investigators’ US expertise demonstrated a better sensitivity for thyroid cancer in the 2 best prognostic groups, while TIRADS methodology showed superior specificity over the full prognostic range of cancers. Thus, personal experience provided more accurate diagnoses of malignancy, missing a lower number of small thyroid cancers, but the TIRADS approach resulted in a similar accuracy for the diagnosis of potentially aggressive lesions while sparing a relevant number of FNAs. Until it is not clearly stated what the goal of the US evaluation is, that is to diagnose all or only clinically relevant thyroid cancers, it cannot be determined whether one diagnostic approach is superior to the other for recommending FNA.
Glomerular Neovascularization in Nondiabetic Renal Allograft Is Associated with Calcineurin Inhibitor Toxicity
Authors: Sawada Anri , Okumi Masayoshi , Horita Shigeru , Unagami Kohei , Taneda Sekiko , Fuchinoue Shohei , Ishida Hideki , Hattori Motoshi , Tanabe Kazunari , Nitta Kosaku , Koike Junki , Nagashima Yoji , Shimizu Akira
Published: November 2020

Introduction: Extra efferent arterioles, also known as polar vasculosis (PV), are often observed in the glomerular vascular pole and are associated with glomerular hypertrophy, indicating early recurrent diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in renal allografts. However, its significance in patients without diabetes remains uncertain. Methods: A total of 9,004 renal allograft biopsy specimens obtained between January 2007 and December 2017 at Tokyo Women’s Medical University were retrospectively analyzed to examine the clinical and pathological significance of PV in renal allografts. PV was identified in 186 biopsy specimens obtained from 165 patients. The PV group comprised 46 patients; 35 patients without DKD and 11 patients with DKD as the initial cause of ESRD, whose clinical information was available and treated with the calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) tacrolimus. The non-PV group comprising patients with renal allografts matched for age and postoperative day included 93 patients without DKD and 16 patients with DKD as the initial cause of ESRD. Results: In patients with nondiabetic renal allografts, systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in the PV group than in the non-PV group. The trough tacrolimus levels during the overall study period and at 2 weeks, 1 month, and 2 years after transplantation were significantly higher in the PV group compared with the non-PV group. Glomerulomegaly was significantly more common. Moreover, ah and aah scores in Banff score were significantly higher in the PV group than in the non-PV group. In those with diabetic renal allografts, although the clinical parameters and tacrolimus trough levels in all time periods were not significantly different between the PV and non-PV groups, the ah score was significantly higher in the PV group. Conclusion: PV was associated with CNI toxicity in nondiabetic but not in diabetic renal allografts. The pathogenesis of PV in renal allografts is considered to be multifactorial.
Approach to the Seamless Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Considering Special Situations, Shared Decision-Making, and Disease Burden
Authors: Aoyama Nobuo , Shimizu Toshiaki
Published: November 2020

Background: While the number of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients has been steadily increasing, a lot of effective treatments have become available, including biological drugs. However, there still exists no effective treatment universally for all types of IBD patients. We have continuously discussed “Total Care” for IBD patients in the 3 consecutive annual meetings of the Japanese Gastroenterological Association from the 14th meeting to the 16th meeting in 2018–2020. Summary: In the 14th meeting, we summarized cross-sectional issues under the title “From Total Care to Microbiota” as for their subthemes. In the 15th meeting, under the title of “Consensus and Pitfalls in Special Situations,” we discussed the thiopurine treatment for the patients in their childhood or pregnancy and lactation period as well as the cytapheresis treatment for elderly patients. In the 16th meeting, under the title “Future Issues in Special Situations: Including Disease Burden,” we discussed about the issues in childhood-onset IBD, including transitional care and the new option of combination of treatments in their adulthood and their disease burdens. Key Messages: “Total Care” for IBD patients should be considered from a broad perspective with shared decision-making. It is imperative to involve medical staff members for careful handling of a wide range of disease burdens.
The State of the Pandemic
Authors: Toscano Alberto
Published: November 2020

The Covid-19 pandemic has further intensified a crisis in the functions and the perception of the state. It has also revealed underlying contradictions in both mainstream and radical ideologies of the state. A desire for the state as guarantor of public welfare vies with fear of the state’s hypertrophic capacities for surveillance and control. Following a brief exploration of the intimate modern connection between plagues and the state, the article tries to map some of the ways in which the state has been at stake in political and theoretical commentaries on the pandemic. Is an epidemiological politics from below, beyond the plague state, possible? Can recent emergency measures be seen as incomplete or inverted anticipations of a communist use of the state of exception? Or is the primacy of the political we are currently experiencing a mere fetish, indissociable from the rule of capital?
Public Theology and Global Governance: Weak Actors in Lawmaking for the World Economy
Authors: Halliday Terence C.
Published: November 2020

The world confronts an enormous range of challenges in the global economy. A far-reaching enterprise has arisen to meet these challenges by producing laws and regulations to shape and protect global commercial and financial markets. This article considers how a Christian theology can guide the highly consequential processes of creating law for world commerce. First, from the perspective of the sociology of globalization, law and markets, the article describes findings from current research on who makes global law and how they make that law in the United Nations’ principal body for the creation of private international law. Second, the article proposes that public theology offers Christian theological principles and middle level axioms to deepen and extend the dimensionality of global lawmaking, thereby offering ethical guidance for prospective global lawmaking. It sharpens focus by appraising the participation and creativity of weak actors in global lawmaking. Third, the article turns to praxis for weak actors in global lawmaking and concludes with considerations that may foster mutually productive dialog between social scientists and public theologians of the global.
The Refugee and the Sovereign State
Authors: Glanville Luke
Published: November 2020

Some Christian political theorists and theologians counter calls for greater generosity toward refugees by appealing to the prerogatives of state sovereignty, the preferential love for fellow-citizens, and the priority of loving nearby neighbours over distant strangers. This article responds to each argument, arguing that the right to exclude outsiders is not an immutable aspect of sovereignty, the construction of a social contract among fellow-citizens does not justify abandoning duties to non-citizens, and, in a highly globalized world, the obligation to love one’s neighbour is not rightly circumscribed by geography. It further argues that Jesus’s parable of the good Samaritan serves as a foil through which it can be seen that many sovereign states not only fail to love the displaced neighbour by providing refuge, but, like the priest and the Levite, go out of their way to keep refugees at a distance—and, like the robbers, even contribute to their vulnerability and suffering.
What International Bureaucrats (Really) Want
Authors: Ege Jörn
Published: November 2020

The secretariats of international organizations (international public administrations [IPA s]) constitute the institutional grid of global governance. While recent research has provided valuable insights into the independent capacities of international organizations (IO s) and the influence of IPA s, we lack systematic knowledge of how scholars conceptualize the preferences of IO staff. This is lamentable because understanding the (unifying) motivations of “international civil servants” helps us to make sense of their behavior and influence during the adoption and application of IO policies. To review how IPA studies conceptualize the preferences of international bureaucrats, this article suggests a fourfold typology of ideal-typical bureaucratic behavior. It distinguishes between the underlying behavioral logic and dominant bureaucratic goal orientation. Applying the typology to thirty-nine journal articles allows us to map IPA preferences and behavior, and shows that the literature predominantly views IPA s as behaving responsibly and less self-centeredly than could be expected from economic accounts of bureaucracy.
Priorities, Partners, Politics
Authors: Hanrieder Tine
Published: November 2020

The World Health Organization (WHO) is once more asked to reinvent itself and become more effective. This essay discusses recurrent reform proposals directed at the WHO which, in different ways, ask it to find a strategic focus and thereby its niche in the crowded global health arena. Looking back at decades of reform endeavors at the WHO, it exposes the contradictions and unresolved normative conflicts with regard to the WHO’s priorities. Ultimately, the WHO’s effectiveness hinges on Member State support for public authority in global health, and thus the political commitment to protect it against capture by special interests.
The UN Global Compacts on Migration and Refugees
Authors: Lavenex Sandra
Published: November 2020

As process-oriented, inclusive, legally nonbinding frameworks deemed to promote cooperation in the pursuit of agreed objectives, the Global Compacts for Migration and Refugees adopted in December 2018 introduce modes of experimentalist governance in fields where states have hitherto opposed (new) multilateral commitments. This article retraces the introduction of experimentalist elements in the compacts’ architecture and critically discusses their potential and limits in such contested policy fields. It concludes that given the depth of normative and distributive conflicts, the compacts are unlikely to generate substantive innovation, as experimentalist theory would suggest. They may, however, help to counter the erosion of existing commitments.
Reflections on the Enlightenment and Modernity: In Our Plague Year
Authors: Jacob Margaret C.
Published: November 2020

Written as a polemical piece, the essay confronts the detractors of the Enlightenment and modernity. It asks if science is simply a social construction, how can we put so much faith in it to help solve the current crisis brought about by COVID-19? If we turn away from the Enlightenment and its values, how can we deploy liberal solutions to work in our current predicament and preserve what is progressive within modernity?
The Experience of Illness in Early Twentieth-century Rural Shanxi
Authors: Harrison Henrietta
Published: November 2020

This paper uses the diary and other records of Liu Dapeng 劉大鵬 (1857-1942), a Shanxi village resident, to examine how people in rural China experienced and understood illness at an important time of transition for medical systems in China. It explains how Liu understood the illnesses that afflicted himself and members of his family in terms of providence. The healing methods he used ranged through self-medication with folk remedies and modern patent medicines; remedies provided by families friends and neighbours (including acupuncture and prescriptions based on classical Chinese medicine); remedies provided by gods and shamans; and prescriptions provided by professional doctors of Chinese medicine, whom Liu deeply distrusted. It also examines the arrival of Western medicine in Shanxi and argues that while this existed it was incorporated into networks of medicine provided by family and friends, rather than functioning as a separate institutional system.
Texts and Technologies in Chinese Silver Metallurgy, Twelfth to Nineteenth Centuries
Authors: Yuda Yang , Kim Nanny
Published: November 2020

The silver metallurgy of late imperial China has rarely been the subject of specific studies because silver exploitation has long been considered of minor importance and traditional sources are scarce. This article is an attempt at filling the research gap of the period from the Song to the late Qing. With a focus on the silver mines of the Southwest and the adjoining borderlands and employing an approach that combines textual analysis with the study of remains and oral histories, it presents a systematic discussion of process steps and traces technological transformations.
Oxynoemacheilus marunensis, a new loach species from the Persian Gulf basin with remarks on O. frenatus (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae)
Authors: SAYYADZADEH GOLNAZ , ESMAEILI HAMID REZA
Published: November 2020

Oxynoemacheilus marunensis, new species, is described from the Marun, a tributary of the Jarrahi River, which flows just east of the Tigris River to the Persian Gulf. It belongs to a group of species (O. argyrogramma, O. euphraticus, O. hanae, O. karunensis, and O. kurdistanicus) having two bold, black, round, or comma-shaped black spots on the caudal-fin base. It is most similar to a newly described species from the Persian Gulf basin, O. karunensis, but distinguished from O. karunensis by having a longer distance between pelvic and anal-fin origins [22.3–23.8 vs. 19.5–22.3 (% SL)] and a K2P distance of 6% based on COI barcode region sequences.
A new cave species of the genus Gymnaetoides (Rhaphidophoridae: Aemodogryllinae: Aemodogryllini) from Guizhou, China
Authors: FENG XUELI , HUANG SHIHUI , LUO CHANGQING
Published: November 2020

In this study, a new species of the genus Gymnaetoides Qin, Liu & Li, 2017, namely Gymnaetoides polaoensis sp. nov., from a karst cave in Guizhou Province, China is described. This new species is the first cave-dwelling species belonging to the genus Gymnaetoides. The morphological photographs of the males of this new cave species are provided.
Temporal Changes in Land Surface Coupling Strength: An Example in a Semi-Arid Region of Australia
Authors: Lo Min-Hui , Wu Wen-Ying , Tang Lois Iping , Ryu Dongryeol , Rashid Mehnaz , Wu Ren-Jie
Published: November 2020

One of the critical components in understanding the climate system is the interaction between the land and the atmosphere. Whereas previous studies on land–atmosphere coupling mostly focus on its spatial hotspots, we explore the temporal evolution of land surface coupling strength (LCS) during a large-scale flood event in a semiarid region in northern Australia. The LCS indicates the relationship between soil moisture and latent heat flux, and the spatiotemporal variability in precipitation and soil water strongly affects the variability of LCS. The LCS is usually positive in the semiarid climate, where evapotranspiration (ET) occurs under the soil moisture–limited regime and thus increases with soil moisture. However, our analyses of combined land surface modeling and observational datasets show high temporal variability of LCS in the course of the extreme flood event followed by a drying period. The wet regions transferred the ET regime from the soil moisture–limited to the transition section, weakening the linear growth of ET with soil moisture, which resulted in the decline of LCS. The LCS remained weak until the flood retreated and the soil water approached the prestorm average state. Such temporal variation of the LCS has important implications for realistic parameterization of the land–atmosphere coupling and consequently improving subseasonal to seasonal climate forecast.
Tropical Temperature Variability in the UTLS: New Insights from GPS Radio Occultation Observations
Authors: Scherllin-Pirscher Barbara , Steiner Andrea K. , Anthes Richard A. , Alexander M. Joan , Alexander Simon P. , Biondi Riccardo , Birner Thomas , Kim Joowan , Randel William J. , Son Seok-Woo , Tsuda Toshitaka , Zeng Zhen
Published: November 2020

Global positioning system (GPS) radio occultation (RO) observations, first made of Earth’s atmosphere in 1995, have contributed in new ways to the understanding of the thermal structure and variability of the tropical upper troposphere–lower stratosphere (UTLS), an important component of the climate system. The UTLS plays an essential role in the global radiative balance, the exchange of water vapor, ozone, and other chemical constituents between the troposphere and stratosphere, and the transfer of energy from the troposphere to the stratosphere. With their high accuracy, precision, vertical resolution, and global coverage, RO observations are uniquely suited for studying the UTLS and a broad range of equatorial waves, including gravity waves, Kelvin waves, Rossby and mixed Rossby–gravity waves, and thermal tides. Because RO measurements are nearly unaffected by clouds, they also resolve the upper-level thermal structure of deep convection and tropical cyclones as well as volcanic clouds. Their low biases and stability from mission to mission make RO observations powerful tools for studying climate variability and trends, including the annual cycle and intraseasonal-to-interannual atmospheric modes of variability such as the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). These properties also make them useful for evaluating climate models and detection of small trends in the UTLS temperature, key indicators of climate change. This paper reviews the contributions of RO observations to the understanding of the three-dimensional structure of tropical UTLS phenomena and their variability over time scales ranging from hours to decades and longer.
The unwilling foils of the political right: The cultural elite in Swedish and Norwegian newspapers
Authors: Krogstad Anne , Stark Audrey
Published: November 2020

Using classic elite understandings as our point of departure, we specify the constituent elements and repertoires of the cultural elite as these are described in Swedish and Norwegian newspapers. Through qualitative and quantitative content analyses, we contextualize and compare the cultural elite through five occupational categories and five main themes, and we ask how these characterizations affect the role this elite plays in politics. Also, we suggest a theoretical apparatus for how to link thematic analysis to national cultural repertoires and configurations. We find that there is a higher percentage of references to artists and those with authority over culture production in Sweden than in Norway, while the cultural elite are referred to as academics and culture policy influencers more often in Norway. Another finding is a high level of similarity between the two countries’ view of the cultural elite as snobbish, politically correct, powerful, arrogant and privileged. The study shows that the cultural elite are drawn into a media logic in which they are portrayed as despised adversaries of ordinary people. However, the cultural elite is a more politically contentious label in Sweden than in Norway. The Swedish cultural elite are described as both more cherished and more despised. Moreover, access to membership in the cultural elite is more difficult, and the polarization between the cultural elite and ordinary people is stronger in Sweden.
Street Codes and Adolescent Violent Victimization at School: Unpacking a Complex Relationship
Authors: O SooHyun , Wilcox Pamela
Published: November 2020

This study examines the effects of adherence to street codes on school-based violent victimization. In doing so, it separates street values into two distinct orientations: (1) retaliatory norms, and (2) general toughness norms. We analyze survey data from students across four waves of the Rural Substance Abuse and Violence Project using two-level mixed effects Poisson regression. The model specifies random intercepts across individuals to address possible endogeneity of the repeated measurements per respondent. Further, consistent with a fixed-effects approach, we control for differences across the schools in which students were nested. Findings reveal that adherence to retaliatory norms is negatively related to the frequency of serious violent victimization. In contrast, general toughness norms are positively related to serious violent victimization.
I am Not Your Felon: Decoding the Trauma, Resilience, and Recovering Mothering of Formerly Incarcerated Black Women
Authors: Williams Jason M. , Spencer Zoe , Wilson Sean K.
Published: November 2020

Black women are increasingly targets of mass incarceration and reentry. Black feminist writers call attention to scholars’ need to intersectionalize analyses around how Black women interface with state systems and social institutions. This study foregrounds narratives from Black women to understand their plight while navigating reentry through a phenomenological approach. Through semi-structured interviews, narratives are analyzed using critical frameworks that authentically unearths the lived realities of participants. Themes reveal that for Black mothers, reentry can be just as criminalizing as engaging crime itself. These women face dire consequences around their mothering that induce them into tremendous bouts of trauma. Existing interlocking oppressions enflame newfound barriers due to their contact with the criminal legal system—yet they survive via divergent forms of resilience.
Does “how” firms invest in corporate social responsibility matter? An attributional model of job seekers’ reactions to configurational variation in corporate social responsibility
Authors: Bachrach Daniel G , Vlachos Pavlos A , Irwin Kris , Morgeson Frederick P
Published: November 2020

Although corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices can increase firm attractiveness, this process can be undermined if CSR activities signal the “wrong” motives to job seekers. Yet, how these attributed motives form, and why job seekers are likely to infer favorable or unfavorable causal attributions underlying CSR activity, remain open questions. We draw on Kelley’s covariation model to address this gap. We develop and test an attributional model exploring job seekers’ reactions to distinct CSR attributional configurations derived from job seekers’ perceptions of CSR consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency. Across a multi-trait, multi-method, multi-sample series of four studies, we demonstrate that different CSR attributional configurations are related to discrete causal attributions (i.e. values-driven, strategic-driven, and egoistic-driven), which are associated with distinct perceptions and employment intentions. We address recent calls to open the “black box” of CSR causal attributions, deepening understanding of why job seekers might also respond negatively to CSR, and the (attributional) psychological processes driving these negative reactions.
Numerical investigation on the variation of compressive failure mechanisms in unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced polymer
Authors: Zhang Fangzhou , Zhang Junjun , Li Long , Zhu Shipeng , Shi Jiangyue , Yang Yunhua , Li Aijun , Zhang Dan
Published: November 2020

This paper presents a study on the variation of compressive failure mechanisms in carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) as well as the effects of material properties and structure parameters on the compressive strength in different failure mechanisms. A two-dimensional microscale model is developed to simulate numerically the compressive process of CFRP with local structure imperfections. The fiber kinking can be induced by either the interfacial failure or the matrix yielding depending on the interfacial strength of carbon fibers. CFRP with lower interfacial strength can exhibit wider kink band. Higher Young’s modulus of matrix, yield strength of matrix or misalignment level causes the failure mechanisms variation to occur at higher interfacial strengths, while the fiber diameter affects the failure mechanism variation in the opposite way. Furthermore, the compressive strength is found to be sensitive to the variation of matrix properties in the matrix-driven failure and to the fiber diameter in the interface-driven failure. These findings indicate that the strategies for the compressive strength enhancement can be different according to the compressive failure mechanisms.
Performance of lightweight mortar reinforced with doum palm fiber
Authors: Naiiri Fatma , Lamis Allègue , Mehdi Salem , Redouane Zitoune , Mondher Zidi
Published: November 2020

Natural fibers are increasingly used in composites because of their low cost and good mechanical properties. Cement reinforced with natural fibersis contemplates as a new generation of construction materials with superior mechanical and thermal performance.

This study of three sizes’effect of Doum palm fiber explores the mortar’s behavior reinforced with different fiber ratio. The aim is to determine the optimal addition to improve mechanical and thermal properties of natural fiber reinforced cements. Physical, mechanical and thermal properties of composite are examined. Tensile properties of Doum fibers are verified to determine their potential as reinforced material. Findings prove that the use of alkali-treated Doum fiber as reinforcement in cement mortar composite leads to the upgrading of the mechanical properties including thermo-physical properties against composites reinforced with raw fibers and control cement mortars. While, the compression and flexural strength of the cement mortar reinforced with alkali-treated Doum fiber with diameter 0.3 mm (CT3) are metered to be 11.11 MPa, 5.22 MPa, respectively for fiber content 0.5%. Additionally, based on thermo-physical tests, it is assessed that the thermal conductivity and diffusivity decrease for cement mortar reinforced with Doum fiber with diameter 0.2 mm (CT2).
Joint Military Exercises and Crisis Dynamics on the Korean Peninsula
Authors: Bernhardt Jordan , Sukin Lauren
Published: November 2020

A number of proposals for reducing tensions with North Korea have discussed alterations to the program of joint military exercises (JMEs) that South Korea holds. North Korea has also repeatedly called for a reduction or secession of JMEs. Would limiting or halting JMEs be a useful concession for securing a reduction of tensions on the peninsula? We argue that JMEs do not deter North Korea but, instead, provoke provocative rhetoric and actions, demonstrating that North Korea views JMEs as a serious threat to its security. In this paper, we establish a relationship between JMEs and North Korea’s actions. In response to a JME, North Korea can issue warnings or threats as well as take costly signals such as conducting missile or nuclear tests. Using new data on JMEs and North Korean behavior, we find that North Korea systematically responds with aggression to South Korean JMEs. Moreover, we find that the intensity of North Korea’s responses to JMEs is driven by the severity of the threat particular exercises pose, indicating that North Korea responds to JMEs as serious security threats.
Patience and Crime
Authors: Jacobs Bruce A. , Cherbonneau Michael
Published: November 2020

Objectives:

We identify the distinction between patience and self-control to improve specification of time preferences in offender decision-making.

Methods:

Data were drawn from in-depth qualitative interviews with 35 active auto thieves with high criminal propensity and focus on target selection.

Results:

Patience oscillates upward and downward, showing state instability among those with low trait self-control.

Conclusions:

Discussion focuses on the conceptual processes that mediate patience’s variation in offender decision-making, but especially among high-propensity offenders. The larger criminological significance of patience is discussed.
Femoral blood concentrations of the designer benzodiazepine etizolam in post-mortem cases
Authors: Hikin Laura J , Smith Paul R , Maskell Peter D , Kurimbokus Hassan , Ashong Emily , Couchman Lewis , Morley Stephen R
Published: November 2020

Etizolam is a thienodiazepine that although licensed for clinical usage in Japan, India and South Korea is commonly abused and detected in post-mortem cases around the world. To date, there are limited data in the literature to allow for the interpretation of blood concentrations of etizolam in post-mortem cases. A liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was used to quantitate etizolam concentrations in 28 post-mortem cases where etizolam was detected. The median concentration of etizolam in femoral blood was 8.5 ng/mL (range 1.0–172.0 ng/mL; n = 24); in antemortem plasma, the etizolam concentration range was 4–44 ng/mL ( n = 4). The mean age of the individuals abusing etizolam was 38.5 ± 8.4 years (median 39 years), with the majority being male (86%). In all of the cases, multiple drugs were detected, with the most common being pregabalin (61%) followed by morphine/heroin (54%), diazepam (54%) and benzoylecgonine (21%), illustrating the increasing problem of poly-substance use in drug abusers. The cause of death in the cases in which etizolam was detected was multi-drug toxicity in 87.5% of the cases, with 12.5% unrelated to drug use (hangings and blunt-force trauma). These data will further help forensic practitioners with the interpretation of post-mortem etizolam concentrations.
The Influence of Gender Categories and Gender Stereotypes on Young Children’s Generalizations of Biological and Behavioral Characteristics
Authors: Pillow Bradford H. , Vilma Taneisha , Low Natalie
Published: November 2020

We examined the influence of categorization and stereotyping on young children’s (N = 96; 39 to 71 months of age) use of gender to make generalizations regarding novel biological and behavioral characteristics. Participants were asked to sort pictures of children according to either gender, common gender stereotypes, or shirt color. Then participants performed a triad inductive reasoning task. Children in the Stereotype condition consistently generalized on the basis of gender, but performance was inconsistent in the absence of stereotyping. Results are discussed in relation to variability in early gender cognition.
Hydrodynamic modeling of e-textile fabric washing behavior by the Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian method
Authors: Tetik T , Yildiz RA , Labanieh AR , Yoruk B , Kursun Bahadir S , Kalaoglu F , Koncar V
Published: November 2020

The paper examines the washing behavior of fabric by using the finite element method (FEM) along with the Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian (CEL) approach. Many prototypes of e-textiles with different functions have been developed for various applications in laboratories worldwide, but only a limited number of products exist on the market. The washing process, even for mild wash cycles, damages mainly conductive yarns and electrical contacts on wearable fabrics. A hydrodynamic simulation method is proposed to investigate the mechanical response of fabric during a washing cycle, using the FEM and CEL approaches with the Abaqus finite element solver. The FEM is described with the following inputs: the fabric properties; the Mie–Grüneisen equation of state (EOS) for water; the ideal gas EOS for air; the geometry of the model; the drum spin data; and the boundary conditions. The movement of fabric inside the drum and reaction forces on the drum are utilized to verify the simulations. The fabric movements that are attributed to be the reason for damage in a conductive yarn showed a typical washing response. The frictional dissipation energy results show different regions depending on the motion and interaction of the components inside the drum. Also, the contact forces were determined. These forces can be input for future damage modeling studies. The findings of the study are expected to be used in development phases of reliable e-textile products with an extended life of service and readiness for the market.