bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cost of Care for Individuals with Cystic Fibrosis: A Regression Approach to Determining the Impact of Recombinant Human DNase
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey A. , Connolly Melinda A. , Jacobs Philip , Montgomery Mark , Brown Neil E. , Zuberbuhler Peter
Published: April 2004

We estimated direct medical costs of care and important determinants of the costs in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), including therapy with recombinant human DNase (rhDNase). Costs were estimated with resource use data from the Epidemiologic Study of Cystic Fibrosis. Ordinary least squares regression was used to determine the effect of clinical and demographic variables on individual cost of care. The estimated cost of caring for 303 patients in Alberta was $2,279,801 in 1996. The mean cost of care was $7524 (range $386–92,376)/patient. Regression results indicated that age and forced expiratory volume predicted had a negative association with costs. Being female, receiving rhDNase, and having Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Burkholderia cepacia were all associated with high costs. Our estimates indicated large interindividual variation in cost of care for patients with CF.
Alkyd Resins
Authors: Jones Frank N.
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Production

2.1.

Raw Materials

2.2.

Polymerization Theory

2.3.

Formulation and Process Types; Laboratory Processing

2.4.

Manufacture

3.

Film Formation by Coatings Based on Alkyd Resins

4.

Modified Alkyds

5.

Low‐Solvent Coatings

6.

Markets and End Uses
Drawing and Writing Materials
Authors: Colditz Michael , Kunkel Ernst , Bohne Karl‐Heinz
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Pencils2.1.Chemical Composition2.2.Writing Properties2.3.Production3.Ink3.1.Drawing Ink3.2.Indelible Ink3.3.Ink for Fountain Pens3.3.1.Blue‐Black Ink3.3.2.Colored Ink3.4.Ballpoint Pens and Inks3.5.Ballpoint Ink Pens3.6.Fiber‐Tip Pens4.Charcoal, Chalk, and Crayons4.1.Charcoal4.2.Pastel Chalk4.3.Blackboard Chalk4.4.Crayons5.Economic Aspects6.Toxicology
Drying Oils and Related Products
Authors: Poth Ulrich
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Definitions2.History3.Chemical Compositions4.Sources and Types4.1.Linseed Oil4.2.Perilla Oil4.3.Tung Oil4.4.Oiticica Oil4.5.Fish Oils4.6.Safflower Oil4.7.Sunflower Oil4.8.Soybean Oil4.9.Cottonseed Oil4.10.Dehydrated Castor Oil4.11.Tall Oil5.Production6.Testing and Specifications7.Film Formation7.1.Properties of Drying Oils for Film Formation7.2.Cross‐Linking by Reaction with Oxygen7.3.Influence of Catalysts on Cross‐Linking7.4.Yellowing8.Modifications8.1.Boiled Oils8.2.Stand Oils8.3.Blown Oils8.4.Factice, Sulfurized Oils8.5.Isomerized Oils8.6.Copolymers8.7.Maleinized Oils8.8.Oil Boiling with Rosin, Copal, and Amber8.9.Oil Boiling with Phenolic Resins8.10.Modifications by Transesterification8.11.Modifications Based on Fatty Acids9.Application, Importance, and Future Aspects
Felts
Authors: Dornedden Friedrich
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Felting Process

3.

Pressed Felts

3.1.

Raw Materials

3.2.

Production

3.2.1.

Batt Production

3.2.2.

Piece Felts

3.2.3.

Formed Felts

3.3.

Properties

3.4.

Uses

3.5.

Testing

4.

Needled Felts

4.1.

Production

4.2.

Properties and Uses
Flavors and Fragrances
Authors: Fahlbusch Karl‐Georg , Hammerschmidt Franz‐Josef , Panten Johannes , Pickenhagen Wilhelm , Schatkowski Dietmar , Bauer Kurt , Garbe Dorothea , Surburg Horst
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction1.1.The Chemical Senses1.2.Definition1.3.History1.4.Odor Descriptors, Odor Thresholds, Odor Value1.4.1.Qualitative Measurements1.4.2.Quantitative Measurements1.4.2.1.Odor Threshold1.4.2.2.Odor Value1.5.Regulations and Labeling Requirements1.5.1.Flavors1.5.2.Fragrances2.Single Fragrance and Flavor Compounds2.1.Aliphatic Compounds2.1.1.Hydrocarbons2.1.2.Alcohols2.1.3.Aldehydes and Acetals2.1.4.Ketones2.1.5.Acids and Esters2.1.6.Miscellaneous Compounds2.2.Acyclic Terpenes2.2.1.Hydrocarbons2.2.2.Alcohols2.2.3.Aldehydes and Acetals2.2.4.Ketones2.2.5.Acids and Esters2.2.5.1.Geranyl and Neryl Esters2.2.5.2.Linalyl and Lavandulyl Esters2.2.5.3.Citronellyl Esters2.2.6.Miscellaneous Compounds2.3.Cyclic Terpenes2.3.1.Hydrocarbons2.3.2.Alcohols and Ethers2.3.3.Aldehydes and Ketones2.3.4.Esters2.3.5.Miscellaneous Compounds2.4.Other Cycloaliphatic Compounds2.4.1.Alcohols2.4.2.Aldehydes2.4.3.Ketones2.4.4.Esters2.5.Aromatic Compounds2.5.1.Hydrocarbons2.5.2.Alcohols and Ethers2.5.3.Aldehydes and Acetals2.5.4.Ketones2.5.5.Esters of Araliphatic Alcohols and Aliphatic Acids2.5.6.Aromatic Acids2.5.7.Esters Derived from Aromatic and Araliphatic Acids2.5.7.1.Benzoates2.5.7.2.Phenyl acetates2.5.7.3.Cinnamates2.5.8.Miscellaneous Compounds2.6.Phenols and Phenol Derivatives2.6.1.Phenols, Phenyl Esters, and Phenyl Ethers2.6.2.Phenol Alcohols and their Esters2.6.3.Phenol Aldehydes2.6.4.Phenol Ketones2.6.5.Phenol Carboxylates2.7.O‐ and O, S‐Heterocycles2.7.1.Cyclic Ethers2.7.2.Lactones2.7.3.Glycidates2.7.4.Miscellaneous Compounds2.8.N‐ and N, S‐Heterocycles3.Natural Raw Materials in the Flavor and Fragrance Industry3.1.Introduction3.2.Isolation of Natural Fragrance and Flavor Concentrates3.2.1.Essential Oils3.2.2.Extracts3.3.Survey of Natural Raw Materials4.Quality Control5.Economic Aspects6.Toxicology and Environmental Aspects
Flocculants
Authors: Burkert Hans , Hartmann Jürgen
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Classification of Flocculants2.1.Inorganic Flocculants2.2.Natural Organic Flocculants2.3.Synthetic Organic Flocculants2.3.1.Chemical Structure2.3.2.Production Requirements3.Flocculation Mechanisms3.1.Double Layer Compression3.2.Specific Ion Adsorption3.3.Polymer Charge Patch3.4.Polymer Bridging4.Uses5.Choice of Optimum Flocculant6.Legal Aspects7.Economic Aspects
Fluorine Compounds, Organic
Authors: Siegemund Günter , Schwertfeger Werner , Feiring Andrew , Smart Bruce , Behr Fred , Vogel Herward , McKusick Blaine
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Production Processes2.1.Substitution of Hydrogen2.2.Halogen ‐ Fluorine Exchange2.3.Synthesis from Fluorinated Synthons2.4.Addition of Hydrogen Fluoride to Unsaturated Bonds2.5.Miscellaneous Methods2.6.Purification and Analysis3.Fluorinated Alkanes3.1.Fluoroalkanes and Perfluoroalkanes3.2.Chlorofluoroalkanes3.3.Bromofluoroalkanes3.4.Iodofluoroalkanes4.Fluorinated Olefins4.1.Tetrafluoroethylene4.2.Hexafluoropropene4.3.1,1‐Difluoroethylene4.4.Monofluoroethylene, Monofluoroethylene4.5.3,3,3‐Trifluoropropene4.6.3,3,3‐Trifluoro‐2‐(trifluoromethyl)‐prop‐1‐ene4.7.Chlorofluoroolefins5.Fluorinated Alcohols6.Fluorinated Ethers6.1.Perfluoroethers6.1.1.Low Molecular Mass Perfluoroethers6.1.2.Perfluorinated Epoxides6.1.3.High Molecular Mass Perfluoroethers6.2.Perfluorovinyl Ethers6.3.Partially Fluorinated Ethers7.Fluorinated Ketones and Aldehydes7.1.Fluoro‐ and Chlorofluoroacetones7.2.Perhaloacetaldehydes7.3.Fluorinated 1,3‐Diketones8.Fluorinated Carboxylic Acids and Fluorinated Alkanesulfonic Acids8.1.Fluorinated Carboxylic Acids8.1.1.FluorinatedAcetic Acids8.1.2.Long‐Chain Perfluorocarboxylic Acids8.1.3.Fluorinated Dicarboxylic Acids8.1.4.Tetrafluoroethylene ‐ Perfluorovinyl Ether Copolymers with Carboxylic Acid Groups8.2.Fluorinated Alkanesulfonic Acids8.2.1.Perfluoroalkanesulfonic Acids8.2.2.Fluorinated Alkanedisulfonic Acids8.2.3.Tetrafluoroethylene ‐ Perfluorovinyl Ether Copolymers with Sulfonic Acid Groups9.Fluorinated Tertiary Amines10.Aromatic Compounds with Fluorinated Side‐Chains10.1.Properties10.2.Production10.3.Uses11.Ring‐Fluorinated Aromatic, Heterocyclic, and Polycyclic Compounds11.1.Mono‐ and Difluoroaromatic Compounds11.1.1.Properties11.1.2.Production11.1.3.Uses11.2.Highly Fluorinated Aromatic Compounds11.3.Perhaloaromatic Compounds11.4.Fluorinated Heterocyclic and Polycyclic Compounds11.4.1.Ring‐Fluorinated Pyridines11.4.2.Trifluoromethylpyridines11.4.3.Fluoropyrimidines11.4.4.Fluorotriazines11.4.5.Polycyclic Fluoroaromatic Compounds12.Economic Aspects13.Toxicology and Occupational Health13.1.Fluorinated Alkanes13.2.Fluorinated Olefins13.3.Fluorinated Alcohols13.4.Fluorinated Ketones13.5.Fluorinated Carboxylic Acids13.6.Other Classes
Fluoropolymers, Organic
Authors: Carlson D. Peter , Schmiegel Walter
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Fluoroplastics2.1.Introduction2.2.Polytetrafluoroethylene2.2.1.Production2.2.2.Properties2.2.3.Processing2.2.4.Uses2.3.Tetrafluoroethylene‐Hexafluoropropylene Copolymers2.3.1.Production2.3.2.Properties2.3.3.Processing2.3.4.Uses2.4.Tetrafluoroethylene‐Perfluoro‐(Propyl Vinyl Ether) Copolymers2.4.1.Production2.4.2.Properties2.4.3.Processing2.4.4.Uses2.5.Tetrafluoroethylene‐Ethylene Copolymers2.5.1.Production2.5.2.Properties2.5.3.Processing2.5.4.Uses2.6.Polychlorotrifluoroethylene2.6.1.Production2.6.2.Properties2.6.3.Processing2.6.4.Uses2.7.Chlorotrifluoroethylene‐Ethylene Copolymers2.7.1.Production2.7.2.Properties2.7.3.Processing2.7.4.Uses2.8.Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride)2.8.1.Production2.8.2.Properties2.8.3.Processing2.8.4.Uses2.9.Poly(Vinyl Fluoride)2.9.1.Production2.9.2.Properties2.9.3.Processing2.9.4.Uses3.Fluoroelastomers3.1.Introduction3.2.Elastomers Based on Vinylidene Fluoride3.2.1.Production3.2.2.Properties3.2.3.Processing3.2.4.Uses3.3.Elastomers Based on Tetrafluoroethylene‐Perfluoro(Methyl Vinyl Ether) Copolymers3.3.1.Production3.3.2.Properties3.3.3.Processing and Uses3.4.Elastomers Based on Tetrafluoroethylene‐Propylene Copolymers3.4.1.Production3.4.2.Properties3.4.3.Processing3.4.4.Uses4.Toxicology and Occupational Health4.1.Fluoroplastics4.2.Fluoroelastomers5.Economic Aspects
Gelatin
Authors: Babel Wilfried , Schulz Dieter , Giesen‐Wiese Monika , Seybold Uwe , Gareis Herbert , Dick Eberhard , Schrieber Reinhard , Schott Annelore , Stein Winfried
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Structure and Properties2.1.Structure2.2.Physical Properties2.3.Chemical Properties2.4.Microbiological Analysis2.5.Quality Specifications3.Raw Materials and Production3.1.Raw Materials3.2.Production4.Uses4.1.General Aspects4.2.Food Industry4.3.Pharmaceuticals4.4.Cosmetics4.5.Photography4.6.Technical Gelatin and Glue4.6.1.Matches4.6.2.Coated Abrasives4.6.3.Paper Sizing4.6.4.Adhesives4.6.5.Other Uses5.Economic Aspects
Glass Ceramics
Authors: H. W. S. De Jong Bernard , W. Adams Jane , G. Aitken Bruce , E. Dickinson James , J. Fine Gerald
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Introduction2.Nucleation and Crystallization of Glass Ceramics2.1.Homogeneous Nucleation2.2.Heterogeneous Nucleation2.3.Crystal Growth2.4.Heat Treatment3.Nature of Crystalline Phases3.1.Metastability3.2.Physical Properties3.2.1.Thermal Properties3.2.2.Transparency3.2.3.Electrical Properties3.2.4.Mechanical Properties3.2.5.Durability3.3.Microstructure4.Types of Glass Ceramics4.1.Silicate‐Based Glass Ceramics4.2.Aluminosilicate Glass Ceramics4.3.Fluorosilicate Glass Ceramics
Gluconic Acid
Authors: Hustede Helmut , Haberstroh Hans‐Joachim , Schinzig Elisabeth
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Chemical Oxidation4.2.Electrochemical Oxidation4.3.Catalytic Oxidation4.4.Methods Involving Biotechnology5.Uses6.Economic Aspects7.Physiology, Product Specifications
High‐Performance Fibers
Authors: Mera Hiroshi , Takata Tadahiko
Published: April 2004

The article contains sections titled:

1.Definition and Classification2.Heat‐Resistant Fibers2.1.Introduction2.2.Solution‐Spun Heat‐Resistant Fibers2.2.1.Aramid Fibers2.2.2.Polyazole and Polyimide Fibers2.3.Melt‐Spun Heat‐Resistant Fibers2.3.1.Novoloid Fibers2.3.2.Fibers from Engineering Plastics3.High‐Strength and High‐Modulus (HS ‐ HM) Fibers3.1.Introduction3.2.Solution‐Spun HS ‐ HM Fibers3.2.1.Para‐Oriented Aramid Fibers3.2.1.1.Production3.2.1.2.Properties3.2.1.3.Uses3.2.2.HS ‐ HM Fibers from Some Aramid‐Related Polymers3.2.3.Polyazole and Polyimide Fibers3.2.3.1.Polyazole Fibers3.2.3.2.Polyimide Fibers3.3.Melt‐Spun HS ‐ HM Fibers
Solid Acid‐Catalysed Michael‐Type Conjugate Addition of Indoles to Electron‐Poor CC Bonds: Towards High Atom Economical Semicontinuous Processes
Authors: Bandini Marco , Fagioli Matteo , Umani‐Ronchi Achille
Published: April 2004

In this paper a novel application of solid acid catalysts in the chemoselective Friedel–Crafts (FC) alkylation of indoles is reported. The optimal protocol allows highly functionalised indolyl compounds to be synthesised in excellent yields through conjugate addition of indoles with α,β‐unsaturated ketones and nitro compounds. Finally, the use of commercial Amberlyst‐15 as the heterogeneous catalyst for highly atom efficient continuous and semicontinuous Friedel–Crafts processes is described.
SIMPLE mutation in demyelinating neuropathy and distribution in sciatic nerve
Authors: Bennett Craig L. , Shirk Andrew J. , Huynh Huy M. , Street Valerie A. , Nelis Eva , Van Maldergem Lionel , De Jonghe Peter , Jordanova Albena , Guergueltcheva Velina , Tournev Ivailo , Van den Bergh Peter , Seeman Pavel , Mazanec Radim , Prochazka Tomas , Kremensky Ivo , Haberlova Jana , Weiss Michael D. , Timmerman Vincent , Bird Thomas D. , Chance Phillip F.
Published: April 2004

Charcot–Marie–Tooth neuropathy type 1C (CMT1C) is an autosomal dominant demyelinating peripheral neuropathy caused by missense mutations in the small integral membrane protein of lysosome/late endosome (SIMPLE) gene. To investigate the prevalence of SIMPLE mutations, we screened a cohort of 152 probands with various types of demyelinating or axonal and pure motor or sensory inherited neuropathies. SIMPLE mutations were found only in CMT1 patients, including one G112S and one W116G missense mutations. A novel I74I polymorphism was identified, yet no splicing defect of SIMPLE is likely. Haplotype analysis of STR markers and intragenic SNPs linked to the gene demonstrated that families with the same mutation are unlikely to be related. The clustering of the G112S, T115N, and W116G mutations within five amino acids suggests this domain may be critical to peripheral nerve myelination. Electrophysiological studies showed that CMT1C patients from six pedigrees (n = 38) had reduced nerve conduction velocities ranging from 7.5 to 27.0m/sec (peroneal). Two patients had temporal dispersion of nerve conduction and irregularity of conduction slowing, which is unusual for CMT1 patients. We report the expression of SIMPLE in various cell types of the sciatic nerve, including Schwann cells, the affected cell type in CMT1C.
Effect of polyethylene‐graft‐maleic anhydride as a compatibilizer on the mechanical and tribological behaviors of ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene/copper composites
Authors: Zhou Jiansong , Yan Fengyuan
Published: April 2004

Ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight polyethylene/copper (UHMWPE/Cu) composites compatibilized with polyethylene‐graft‐maleic anhydride (PE‐g‐MAH) were prepared by compression molding. The effects of the compatibilizer on the mechanical, thermal, and tribological properties of the UHMWPE/Cu composites were investigated. These properties of the composites were evaluated at various compositions, and worn steel surfaces and composite surfaces were examined with scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The incorporation of PE‐g‐MAH reduced the melting points of the composites and increased their crystallinity to some extent. Moreover, the inclusion of the PE‐g‐MAH compatibilizer greatly increased the tensile rupture strength and tensile modulus of the composites, and this improved the wear resistance of the composites. These improvements in the mechanical and tribological behavior of the ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight‐polyethylene‐matrix composites with the PE‐g‐MAH compatibilizer could be closely related to the enhanced crosslinking function of the composites in the presence of the compatibilizer. Moreover, the compatibilizer had an effect on the transfer and oxidation behavior of the filler Cu particulates, which could be critical to the application of metallic‐particulate‐filled polymer composites in engineering. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 948–955, 2004
Preparation of conductive polyaniline fibers by a continuous forming‐drawn processing routine
Authors: Liu Weijin , Gao Guang
Published: April 2004

Polyaniline fibers were prepared with a continuous forming‐drawn processing routine that better met practical production requirements. The continuous forming drawing of the fibers was conducted successfully with the following methods. A reducing agent was added to a polymer solution during the dissolution of a polyaniline emeraldine base in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (NMP). After the entire wet‐spinning process was finished, the fibers were reoxidized and doped to obtain electric conductivity. The as‐spun fibers were predrawn at a low drawing ratio in a warm water bath before a plasticization drawing process on a hot plate. After the fibers were predrawn, some solvent was still kept in the fibers and used as a plasticizer of the fibers so that the plasticization drawing process would be performed successfully. The spinning conditions that affected the mechanical properties and conductivity of the fibers were the content of NMP in the coagulation bath, the coagulation‐bath temperature, the warm‐water‐bath temperature, the predrawing ratio, the hot‐plate temperature, the plasticization drawing ratio, and the reoxidation and protonation treatment time. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 956–960, 2004
Environmental responsibility in SMEs: does it deliver competitive advantage?
Authors: Simpson Mike , Taylor Nick , Barker Karen
Published: April 2004

Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) can gain a competitive advantage and create sustainable business by adopting environmental good practices. However, the perceptions of SMEs and their approach to environmental improvements suggest that there are some fundamental misunderstandings and difficulties in achieving this in practice. A questionnaire‐based study of SMEs and their responses to the current requirements of environmental good practice was carried out in South Yorkshire. Follow‐up interviews and factory visits were also carried out. The study aimed to assess the ability of SMEs to create a competitive advantage by adopting environmental good practice and making environmental improvements to their business. The main findings were that most organizations surveyed believed environmental issues to be issues affecting their business. However, the meeting of these requirements was seen as a cost that was not transferable to customers in terms of added benefits and few organizations could show that it led to a competitive advantage. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The effect of desferrioxamine on peroxynitrite‐induced oxidative damage in erythrocytes
Authors: Ertabak Aytu , Kutluay Türker , Ünlü Ali , Türközkan Nurten , Çimen Behzat , Yaman Halil
Published: April 2004

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of desferrioxamine on peroxynitrite‐mediated damage in erythrocytes by measuring the 3‐nitrotyrosine level and glutathione peroxidase and Na+‐K+ ATPase activities in vitro. 3‐Nitrotyrosine levels were determined by HPLC; glutathione peroxidase and Na+‐K+ ATPase activities were measured by spectrophotometry. Peroxynitrite increased the 3‐nitrotyrosine level but decreased both enzyme activities. In the presence of desferrioxamine, glutathione peroxidase activity was increased with a decrease in the 3‐nitrotyrosine level. Desferrioxamine was found to possess an important antioxidant activity as assessed in an in vitro system, reducing protein nitration, restorating enzyme activities and maintaining erythrocyte membrane integrity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unimolecular Reactivity of Strong Metal–Cation Complexes in the Gas Phase: Ethylenediamine–Cu+
Authors: Alcamí Manuel , Luna Alberto , Mó Otilia , Yáñez Manuel , Tortajada Jeanine , Amekraz Badia
Published: April 2004

The gas‐phase reactions between ethylenediamine (en) and Cu+ have been investigated by means of mass spectrometry techniques. The MIKE spectrum reveals that the adduct ions [Cu+(H2NCH2CH2NH2)] spontaneously decompose by loosing H2, NH3 and HCu, the loss of hydrogen being clearly dominant. The spectra of the fully C‐deuterated species show the loss of HD, NH3 and CuD but no losses of H2, D2, NH2D, NHD2, ND3 or CuH are observed. This clearly excludes hydrogen exchange between the methylene and the amino groups as possible mechanisms for the loss of ammonia. Conversely, methylene hydrogen atoms are clearly involved in the loss of molecular hydrogen. The structures and bonding characteristics of the Cu+(en) complexes as well as the different stationary points of the corresponding potential energy surface (PES) have been theoretically studied by DFT calculations carried out at B3LYP/6‐311+G(2df,2p)//B3LYP/6‐311G(d,p) level. Based on the topology of this PES the most plausible mechanisms for the aforementioned unimolecular fragmentations are proposed. Our theoretical estimates indicate that Cu+ strongly binds to en, by forming a chelated structure in which Cu+ is bridging between both amino groups. The binding energy is quite high (84 kcal mol−1), but also the products of the unimolecular decomposition of Cu+(en) complexes are strongly bound Cu+‐complexes.
Crew roster scheduling by the extended cooperative genetic algorithm
Authors: Adachi Nobue , Kobayashi Shigenobu
Published: April 2004

A hybrid scheme that combines an annealing method and an extended cooperative genetic algorithm (cGA) obtained by treating the problem of scheduling a flight crew roster as a multiobjective problem is proposed. The setting of the problem of scheduling of an airplane operating crew roster and the construction of the solution method for multiobjective optimization are discussed and the efficacy of the scheme proposed is verified. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 87(10): 44–53, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.20107
Mini‐review: The nuclear protein HMGB1 as a proinflammatory mediator
Authors: Erlandsson Harris Helena , Andersson Ulf
Published: April 2004

The intranuclear architectural protein that is termed high mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB1) was recently identified as a potent proinflammatory mediator when present extracellularly. HMGB1 has been demonstrated to be a long‐searched‐for nuclear danger signal passively released by necrotic, as opposed to apoptotic, cells that will induce inflammation. Furthermore, HMGB1 can also be actively secreted by stimulated macrophages or monocytes in a process requiring acetylation of the molecule, which enables translocation from the nucleus to secretory lysosomes. Subsequenttransport out of the cells depends on a secretion signal mediated by either extracellular lysophophatidyl‐choline or ATP. HMGB1 passively released from necrotic cells and HMGB1 actively secreted byinflammatory cells are thus molecularly different. Extracellular HMGB1 acts as a cytokine by signaling via the receptor for advanced glycated end‐products and via members of the Toll‐like receptor family. The initiated inflammatory responses include the production of multiple cytokines, chemoattraction of certain stem cells, induction of vascular adhesion molecules and impaired function of intestinalepithelial cells. Therapeutic administration of HMGB1 antagonists rescues mice from lethal sepsis, even when initial treatment is delayed for 24 h after the onset of infection, establishing a clinically relevant therapeutic window that is significantly wider than for other known cytokines.
Conformational Effects on the Photoinduced Energy Transfer in a Star‐Shaped Pentaporphyrin with Nucleosidic Linkers
Authors: Flamigni Lucia , Talarico Anna Maria , Ventura Barbara , Marconi Giancarlo , Sooambar Chloé , Solladié Nathalie
Published: April 2004

The photophysical properties of a pentameric array (FB‐Zn4) containing peripheral Zn porphyrins and a free‐base core, connected by nucleosidic linkers, have been determined and compared with the properties of the model dyad (FB‐Zn) and of their individual components. The flexibility of the nucleosidic linkers allows the dyad to take two different conformations corresponding to a bent and an almost fully extended form of the linker, which are characterized by a chromophore separation of ca. 2 nm and ca. 3 nm, respectively. Energy transfer from the zinc porphyrin to the free‐base porphyrin occurs, in the bent conformation, with a rate of 3.6 × 109 s−1. Conversely, in the extended conformation, the Zn porphyrin decay is unperturbed, which is in good agreement with the expected dipole−dipole (Förster) energy transfer mechanism. In the pentameric array, the Zn porphyrin luminescence is quenched with a rate of 3.6 × 109 s−1 in 15% of the population, whilst the luminescence of the Zn porphyrin is unquenched for ca. 35% of the population. For comparison with the dyad, these two cases are assigned as arrays with a single linkage in a bent configuration and arrays with all linkages in the extended configuration, respectively. However, the most striking feature in the pentaporphyrin is that 50% of the Zn porphyrin excited state population exhibits a fast non‐radiative deactivation (rate ca. 1010 s−1) which also involves the free‐base porphyrin core to some extent. This behavior is attributed to a strongly interacting conformation with the Zn porphyrins folded over the central free‐base porphyrin. The proposed model is supported by CD spectroscopy, complexation experiments with bases, and the reactivity of the excited state towards external quenchers. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis and Characterization of Potassium Complexes Containing Terminal η2‐Pyrazolato Ligands
Authors: Zheng Wenjun , Heeg Mary Jane , Winter Charles H.
Published: April 2004

The potassium complexes [K(η2‐3,5‐R2pz)(η6‐18‐crown‐6)] (R = Ph, tBu; pz = pyrazolato) were prepared by treatment of 3,5‐diphenylpyrazole or 3,5‐di‐tert‐butylpyrazole with potassium hydride in the presence of 18‐crown‐6. These complexes contain η6‐18‐crown‐6 and terminal η2‐pyrazolato ligands, and constitute the first examples of group 1 metal complexes with this pyrazolato ligand coordination mode. In contrast to [K(η2‐3,5‐Ph2pz)(η6‐18‐crown‐6)] and [K(η2‐3,5‐tBu2pz)(η6‐18‐crown‐6)], the aqua complex [K(η2‐3,5‐Me2pz)(H2O)(η6‐18‐crown‐6)] was obtained when 3,5‐dimethylpyrazole was treated with potassium hydride and 18‐crown‐6 in the presence of a small amount of water. [K(η2‐3,5‐Me2pz)(H2O)(η6‐18‐crown‐6)] contains an η2‐pyrazolato ligand that is bent towards being co‐facial with the best plane of the 18‐crown‐6 ligand, to allow hydrogen bonding between the pyrazolato ligand nitrogen atoms and the coordinated aqua ligand. The hydrogen bonding thus confers a novel terminal π‐facial η2‐bonding mode to the pyrazolato ligand. All compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, NMR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Efficient Addition of Acid Enediolates to Epoxides
Authors: Gil Salvador , Torres Mercedes , Ortúzar Natalia , Wincewicz Richard , Parra Margarita
Published: April 2004

We report new conditions to facilitate the addition of dianions of carboxylic acids to epoxides as an alternative method to the use of aluminum enolates. These conditions require the use of a sub‐stoichiometric (10%) amount of amine for dianion generation and the previous activation of the epoxide with LiCl. Other Lewis acids have been shown to be less effective. Yields are good but only low diastereoselectivity is attained, which has not been controlled despite attempts at optimization. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Lower targets for weekly weight gain lead to better results in inpatient treatment of anorexia nervosa: a pilot study
Authors: Herzog Thomas , Zeeck Almut , Hartmann Armin , Nickel Thomas
Published: April 2004

Objective

To compare the short‐term impact of different targets for minimum weekly weight gain (MWWG) in inpatient treatment for anorexia nervosa.

Method

Comparison of weight gain and its maintenance in 16 consecutively admitted anorexic patients with MWWG targeted at 750 g and in the subsequent 16 patients with MWWG targeted at 500 g.

Results

Both groups were characterized by severely ill anorexic patients who were comparable on most measures. A total of 69 and 81 per cent, respectively, reached target weight (m = 18.3 (SD = 0.4) kg/m2). During the subsequent 10 weeks under standardized inpatient conditions, 12 of 13 achievers in the 500 g per week group maintained or increased their weight compared to only three of 11 in the 750 g per week group (p ≤ 0.002).

Discussion

Lower rather than higher MWWG targets under a clear symptom focus may be advantageous regarding the short‐term symptomatic improvement of anorectic patients. The findings raise important questions regarding weight gain and its regulation on the biological (e.g. leptin system), psychological and social levels. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The impact of a four‐month day treatment programme on alexithymia in eating disorders
Authors: Becker‐Stoll Fabienne , Gerlinghoff Monika
Published: April 2004

High prevalence rates of alexithymia have been reported in eating‐disordered patients. The aim of this study was first to investigate whether a 4‐month day hospital treatment leads to a decrease in alexithymia in eating‐disordered patients and second to see whether alexithymia predicts short‐term outcome in this population. The Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) and the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) were given to 47 patients with anorexia nervosa (n = 18), bulimia nervosa (n = 25) and eating disorders not otherwise specified (n = 4) respectively at the beginning and at the end of a 4‐month treatment programme. Comparison of pre‐ and post‐treatment scores showed significant declines in the EDI as well as in the TAS. However, baseline scores for alexithymia did not predict post‐treatment outcome. We conclude that even highly alexithymic patients benefit from psychological treatment which encourages understanding and expressions of emotion and also leads to significant reduction in eating disorder‐related symptoms. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Expression of the CXCR3 ligand I-TAC by hepatocytes in chronic hepatitis C and its correlation with hepatic inflammation
Authors: Helbig Karla J. , Ruszkiewicz Andrew , Semendric Ljiljana , Harley Hugh A.J. , McColl Shaun R. , Beard Michael R.
Published: April 2004

The factors that regulate lymphocyte traffic in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) are not completely defined. Interferon (IFN)-inducible T cell α chemoattractant (I-TAC) is a relatively new member of the CXCR3 chemokine ligand family that selectively recruits activated T cells to sites of inflammation. To determine if I-TAC plays a role in CHC, we investigated I-TAC expression in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected liver biopsy material. I-TAC messenger RNA (mRNA) levels were significantly increased in HCV-infected liver compared with normal liver, which correlated with both portal and lobular inflammation. I-TAC expression was localized to hepatocytes throughout the liver lobule, with those in close proximity to active areas of inflammation expressing the highest concentration of I-TAC. In vitro, I-TAC mRNA and protein expression was inducible in Huh-7 cells following either IFN-α or -γ stimulation and synergistically with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Furthermore, transfection of Huh-7 cells with either poly(I:C) or HCV RNA representing the HCV subgenomic replicon induced I-TAC mRNA expression. HCV replication was also found to modulate I-TAC expression, with stimulation of Huh-7 cells harboring either the HCV subgenomic or genomic replicon showing significantly increased synergistic effects compared with those previously seen in Huh-7 cells alone with IFN-γ and TNF-α. In conclusion, these results suggest I-TAC, one of the most potent chemoattractants for activated T cells, is produced by hepatocytes in the HCV-infected liver and plays an important role in T cell recruitment and ultimately the pathogenesis of CHC. (Hepatology 2004;39:1220-1229.)
Administration of the potent PPARα agonist, Wy-14,643, reverses nutritional fibrosis and steatohepatitis in mice
Authors: Ip Emilia , Farrell Geoff , Hall Pauline , Robertson Graham , Leclercq Isabelle
Published: April 2004

Administration of a methionine and choline deficient (MCD) diet to rodents causes progressive fibrosing steatohepatitis pathologically similar to human metabolic steatohepatitis. We have previously shown that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) agonist, Wy-14,643, prevented the development of MCD diet-induced steatohepatitis. We have now tested whether Wy-14,643 ameliorates established steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Male C57BL6 mice were fed the MCD diet for 51 days to induce severe steatohepatitis. They were then treated with Wy-14,643 together with the MCD diet for 5 or 12 days; positive controls continued on the MCD diet for 5 or 12 days. After 5 days of Wy-14,643 treatment, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were significantly decreased, steatohepatitis less severe, and hepatic lipoperoxides significantly reduced. After 12 days, hepatic triglycerides were normalized and there was near resolution of histological changes. MCD dietary feeding was associated with increased expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, and increased numbers of activated macrophages in the liver. Treatment with Wy-14,643 reduced VCAM-1 expression and macrophage numbers. MCD diet-fed mice developed hepatic fibrosis with increased hepatic collagen α1(I), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 mRNA levels. After treatment with Wy-14,643, expression of these genes was reduced in a manner that paralleled the reduction in activated hepatic stellate cells and near resolution of liver fibrosis. In conclusion, the present study shows that MCD diet-induced fibrosing steatohepatitis can be reversed by treatment with Wy-14,643. It is likely that activation of PPARα reverses fibrosis indirectly by reducing stimuli, such as lipid peroxides, and activation of cells responsible for promoting hepatic fibrosis. (Hepatology 2004;39:1286-1296.)
Asialoglycoprotein receptor facilitates hemolysis in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis
Authors: Hilgard Philip , Schreiter Thomas , Stockert Richard J. , Gerken Guido , Treichel Ulrich
Published: April 2004

Hemolysis in patients with advanced alcoholic liver disease is a common clinical problem and indicates an unfavorable prognosis. In many cases, the etiology of the hemolysis remains unknown. We observed three patients with alcoholic liver disease, suffering from severe hemolytic anemia, requiring multiple blood transfusions. Steroid therapy was ineffective and two of the patients died. All patients had a soluble variant of the human asialoglycoprotein receptor (s-ASGP-R) in their serum, as well as high titers of autoantibodies against this receptor (anti-ASGP-R). Consecutively, examination of 60 patients with alcoholic liver disease revealed a high incidence for s-ASGP-R (36%) and anti-ASGP-R (27%) in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis (ALC) compared to patients with cirrhosis due to viral hepatitis. The potential etiology of hemolysis was studied in vitro on erythrocytes from patients with ALC and from healthy donors. Isolated ASGP-R but not anti-ASGP-R bound to the surface of erythrocytes preferentially of blood group A1 and caused dose-dependent agglutination and hemolysis, while this phenomenon was much lower using erythrocytes of the blood group B and almost absent with blood group O-erythrocytes. Furthermore, agglutination and hemolysis only occurred in erythrocytes from ALC-patients or after the pre-treatment of cells with neuraminidase. ASGP-R induced agglutination and hemolysis was blocked by the competitive ASGP-R inhibitor asialofetuin. In conclusion, our results indicate a new, non-immunological mechanism for hemolysis in patients with alcoholic liver disease, mediated through agglutination by a soluble variant of the human asialoglycoprotein receptor and mechanical shear stress. (Hepatology 2004;39:1398-1407.)
Steatosis and liver cell apoptosis in chronic hepatitis C: A mechanism for increased liver injury
Authors: Walsh Meagan J. , Vanags Daina M. , Clouston Andrew D. , Richardson Michelle M. , Purdie David M. , Jonsson Julie R. , Powell Elizabeth E.
Published: April 2004

Steatosis is increasingly recognized as a cofactor influencing the progression of fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C; however, the mechanisms by which it contributes to liver injury remain uncertain. We studied 125 patients with chronic hepatitis C to assess the effect of steatosis on liver cell apoptosis and the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bax, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and the relationship between liver cell apoptosis and disease severity. A significant increase in liver cell apoptosis was seen in liver sections with increasing grade of steatosis (r = 0.42; P < .0001). Hepatic steatosis and previous heavy alcohol consumption were the only two variables independently associated with the apoptotic index. Increasing steatosis was associated with decreased Bcl-2 mRNA levels and an increase in the proapoptotic Bax/Bcl-2 ratio (r = −0.32, P = .007; and r = 0.27, P = .02, respectively). In the absence of steatosis, increased liver cell apoptosis was not associated with stellate cell activation or fibrosis (r = 0.26, P = .11; r = 0.06, P = .71, respectively). In contrast, in the presence of steatosis, increasing apoptosis was associated with activation of stellate cells and increased stage of fibrosis (r = 0.35, P = .047; r = 0.33, P = .03, respectively), supporting the premise that the steatotic liver is more vulnerable to liver injury. In patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 3, there was a significant correlation between TNF-α mRNA levels and active caspase-3 (r = 0.54, P = .007). In conclusion, these observations suggest a mechanism whereby steatosis contributes to the progression of liver injury in chronic hepatitis C. Further investigation will be required to determine the molecular pathways responsible for the proapoptotic effect of steatosis and whether this increase in apoptosis contributes directly to fibrogenesis. (Hepatology 2004.39:1230-1238.)
Murine alanine aminotransferase: cDNA cloning, functional expression, and differential gene regulation in mouse fatty liver
Authors: Jadaho Sanjay B. , Yang Rong-Ze , Lin Qiang , Hu Hong , Anania Frank A. , Shuldiner Alan R. , Gong Da-Wei
Published: April 2004

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is a widely used index of liver integrity or hepatocellular damage in clinics as well as a key enzyme in intermediatary metabolism. In this study, we have cloned the complementary DNAs of murine homologues of human alanine aminotransferase 1 and 2 (ALT1 and ALT2). The deduced peptides of murine ALT1 (mALT1) and ALT2 (mALT2) share 87% and 93% identity, respectively, with their human counterparts at the amino acid level. Murine ALT genes localize to separate chromosomes, with mALT1 gene (gpt1) on chromosome 15 and mALT2 gene (gpt2) on chromosome 8. The murine gpt1 and gpt2 differ in messenger RNA expression: gpt1 is mainly expressed in liver, bowel, and white adipose tissue and gpt2 is highly expressed in muscle, liver, and white adipose tissue. Expression of recombinant mALT1 and mALT2 proteins in Escherichia coli (E. coli) produced functional enzymes that catalyze alanine transamination. The potential diagnostic value of ALT isoenzymes in liver disease was evaluated in an obese animal model. In fatty livers of obese mice, ALT2 gene expression is induced 2-fold, but ALT1 remains the same. Furthermore, in fatty liver, total hepatic ALT activity is elevated significantly by 30% whereas aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity remains unchanged. In conclusion, these results indicate that ALT2 may be responsible for the increased ALT activity in hepatic steatosis and provide evidence that an ALT isoenzyme-specific assay may have more diagnostic value than the total ALT activity assay currently in clinical use. (Hepatology 2004;39:1297-1302.)
Synbiotic modulation of gut flora: Effect on minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Liu Qing , Duan Zhong Ping , Ha Da Kang , Bengmark Stig , Kurtovic Jelica , Riordan Stephen M.
Published: April 2004

Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is an important disorder that may seriously impair daily functioning and quality of life in patients with cirrhosis. Treatment with lactulose is of benefit. The possible role of synbiotics (probiotics and fermentable fiber) has not been assessed. We screened 97 consecutive cirrhotic patients without overt hepatic encephalopathy for MHE using the number connection test and measurement of brainstem auditory evoked potentials. MHE, defined by abnormality on at least one test modality, was present in 58 (60%) patients. Fifty-five of these patients with MHE were randomized to receive a synbiotic preparation (n = 20), fermentable fiber alone (n = 20), or placebo (n = 15) for 30 days. Cirrhotic patients with MHE were found to have substantial derangements in the gut microecology, with significant fecal overgrowth of potentially pathogenic Escherichia coli and Staphylococcal species. Synbiotic treatment significantly increased the fecal content of non-urease-producing Lactobacillus species at the expense of these other bacterial species. Such modulation of the gut flora was associated with a significant reduction in blood ammonia levels and reversal of MHE in 50% of patients. Synbiotic treatment was also associated with a significant reduction in endotoxemia. The Child-Turcotte-Pugh functional class improved in nearly 50% of cases. Treatment with fermentable fiber alone was also of benefit in a substantial proportion of patients. In conclusion, treatment with synbiotics or fermentable fiber is an alternative to lactulose for the management of MHE in patients with cirrhosis. (Hepatology 2004;39:1441-1449.)
Hepatic adducts, circulating antibodies, and cytokine polymorphisms in patients with diclofenac hepatotoxicity
Authors: Aithal Guruprasad P. , Ramsay Lesley , Daly Ann K. , Sonchit Nhareet , Leathart Julian B. S. , Alexander Graeme , Kenna Gerald J. , Caldwell John , Day Christopher P.
Published: April 2004

Diclofenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that causes rare but serious hepatotoxicity, the mechanism of which is unclear. The purpose of the present study was to explore the potential role played by the immune processes. Antibodies to diclofenac metabolite-modified liver protein adducts were detected in the sera of seven out of seven patients with diclofenac-induced hepatotoxicity, 12 of 20 subjects on diclofenac without hepatotoxicity, and none of four healthy controls. The antibodies recognized adducts expressed in livers from rats treated with multiple doses of diclofenac, but not in those given single doses. In addition, several potential diclofenac adducts were identified in the liver of a patient with diclofenac-induced hepatic failure, but not from a normal human donor liver, by immunoblotting with an adduct-selective rabbit antiserum. To determine whether or not polymorphisms in genes encoding cytokine-related proteins influence susceptibility to hepatotoxicity, genotyping for the polymorphisms -627 in the interleukin (IL)-10 gene, -590 in the IL-4 gene, and codon 551 in the IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) were performed on DNA from 24 patients on diclofenac with hepatotoxicity, 48 subjects on diclofenac without hepatotoxicity, and healthy controls. The frequencies of the variant alleles for IL-10 and IL-4 were higher in patients (OR [odds ratio]: 2.8 for IL-10; 2.6 for IL-4; 5.3 for IL-10 + IL-4) compared with healthy controls and subjects on diclofenac without hepatotoxicity (OR: 2.8 for IL-10; 1.2 for IL-4; 5.0 for IL-10 + IL-4). In conclusion, the observed polymorphisms, resulting in low IL-10 and high IL-4 gene transcription, could favor a T helper (Th)-2 mediated antibody response to neoantigenic stimulation associated with disease susceptibility. Hepatology 2004;39:1430-1440.)
Chemie freier cyclischer vicinaler Tricarbonyl‐Verbindungen (‘1,2,3‐Trione’). Teil 3
Authors: Schank Kurt , Lieder Robert , Lick Carlo , Glock Rebecca
Published: April 2004

Chemistry of Free Cyclic Vicinal Tricarbonyl Compounds (‘1,2,3‐Triones’). Part 3. Polar and Redox Reactions of 1,2,3‐Triones with Enamines of Different Types – News on Oxonol Dyes, Radicals, and Biradicals The central CO groups of cyclic 1,2,3‐triones possess outstanding electrophilic (electron‐pair‐accepting) as well as oxidizing (one‐electron‐accepting) properties. Thus, 1,2,3‐triones are chemically related to 1,2‐ and 1,4‐benzoquinones. Whereas polar reactions with carbanion‐like (electron rich) species give rise to nucleophilic addition reactions to CO groups under exclusive C,C‐bond formation, SET (single‐electron transfer) or redox reactions effect a partial ‘carbonyl Umpolung’ via ketyl intermediates (C,C‐ and/or C,O‐bond formation). Here, we report on numerous reactions between electron‐rich, more‐ or less‐polar enamines with 5,5‐dimethylcyclohexane‐1,2,3‐trione (9a) and 1H‐indene‐1,2,3‐trione (9b). Various new derivatives of basic oxonol dyes were formed, including the first oxonol dye incorporating a 1,3‐dioxocyclohexyl moiety. A novel stable radical, 50/50′, was obtained from 9b and 11a via addition, hydrolysis, and treatment with conc. H2SO4. Radical 50/50′ represents a vinylogous ‘monodehydroreductone’ and is, thus, related to monodehydroascorbic acid (143), to Russell's radical cation (144), to indigo (141/141′), and to quinhydrone.
Kopsifolines A–F: a New Structural Class of Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids from Kopsia
Authors: Kam Toh‐Seok , Choo Yeun‐Mun
Published: April 2004

Six new indole alkaloids, named kopsifolines A–F (1–6), with an unprecedented hexacyclic carbon skeleton, constituting a new structural group of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids, were obtained from the leaf extract of a Malayan Kopsia species, and their structures were established by spectroscopic analysis.
Biomaterial surface‐dependent neutrophil mobility
Authors: Zhou Yue , Doerschuk Claire M. , Anderson James M. , Marchant Roger E.
Published: April 2004

Compromised neutrophil function in the presence of an implanted biomaterial may represent an important mechanism that allows for the development of implant‐associated infections. Here, human neutrophil mobility has been investigated on a polyurethane (ChronoFlex AR), a hydrophobic surface consisting of an octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) self‐assembled monolayer, and a glass reference material. Neutrophil mobility was quantified, based on cell movement speed and persistence time obtained from time‐lapse optical microscopy, while neutrophil cytoskeletal structures and morphology were visualized using confocal microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Our results show that material surface properties affect neutrophil–surface interactions, as reflected by morphological changes, and the mobility of neutrophils stimulated by N‐formylmethionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (fMLP). In the absence of adsorbed plasma proteins, the mobility of stimulated neutrophils increased with increasing material hydrophobicity from glass, to polyurethane, to OTS. The opposite trend was observed in the presence of adsorbed plasma proteins, such that neutrophil mobility increased with decreasing material hydrophobicity. Analysis of the results showed that the mobility of fMLP‐stimulated neutrophils cells was inversely related to the extent of cell spreading on the materials. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 69A: 611–620, 2004