bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New hire perceptions of their own and their employer's obligations: A study of psychological contracts
Authors: Rousseau Denise M.
Published: July 2007

Psychological contracts are individual beliefs in reciprocal obligations between employees and employers. In a sample of 224 graduating MBA students who had recently accepted job offers, beliefs regarding employment obligations were investigated. Two types of obligation were demonstrated empirically: transactional obligations of high pay and career advancement in exchange for hard work and relational obligations exchanging job security for loyalty and a minimum length of stay. These types of obligations are connected with two forms of legal contracts: transactional and relational. Relational contract obligations for employers correlated with employee expected length of stay with the firm. Transactional contract obligations were associated with careerist motive on the part of new recruits. The relationship between these and other motives of new hires was also investigated.
Identification and investigation of properties of social support
Authors: McIntosh Nancy J.
Published: July 2007

In response to the charge by House and Kahn (1985) that there is lack of specificity in conceptualization and measurement of the social support construct, this paper suggests the need to identify and specifically measure discrete properties of the previously identified dimensions (type and source) of social support. Properties are defined as what it is about combinations of source and type that needs to be measured. Based on literature reviews it is suggested that the relevant properties are amount of support, adequacy of support and number of providers of support. Measures are developed for each property.

Data from 186 nurses were used to assess main and moderating effects of social support properties, workload and dying patients on emotional exhaustion and physical symptoms. As predicted, support adequacy was related to perceptions of lower workload. As single predictors, amount and adequacy of support reduced physical symptoms and emotional exhaustion. With amount and adequacy controlled, number of providers increased emotional exhaustion. Amount buffered the relationship between death and emotional exhaustion. Moderate levels of adequacy and number buffered the relationship between workload and exhaustion. Both adequacy and amount of support assisted in coping with patient death. In addition, a number of ‘reverse’ buffering and coping relationships were found.

It was concluded that examination of different properties of social support increases our understanding of the impact of social support, and that further research needs to examine the simultaneous effects of various combinations of property, type and source of social support.
Paper people versus direct observation: An empirical examination of laboratory methodologies
Authors: Woehr David J. , Lance Charles E.
Published: July 2007

This study used Signal Detection Theory (SDT) measures to test competing predictions derived from stimulus presentation mode and signal‐to‐noise ratio hypotheses about differences between paper person and direct observation laboratory studies of individuals' judgments. Subjects viewed a videotape, read a script, or read a list of critical behaviors depicting one of two hypothetical college lectures. Subjects then completed a recognition test of memory for performance behaviors, and rated the lecturer's performance on five performance dimensions. Results supported the signal‐to‐noise hypotheses: behavioral memory and performance ratings were more accurate, and ratings contained less halo in the performance‐signal‐only (list) condition than in the signal‐plus‐noise (script and videotape) conditions. Implications for the conception of performance in laboratory manipulations and the potential effects of performance‐irrelevant information on rating outcomes are discussed.
An empirical analysis of a goal setting questionnaire
Authors: Lee Cynthia , Bobko Philip , Christopher Earley P. , Locke Edwin A.
Published: July 2007

This research presents an analysis of a goal setting questionnaire developed by Locke and Latham (1984). The Locke and Latham measure attempts to assess the core goal attributes of ‘specificity’ and ‘difficulty’, as well as other attributes of the goal setting process (such as perceptions about ‘performance feedback’, ‘supervisor support’, ‘conflict’ and ‘stress’). The psychometric properties of the measure were examined using respondents from employees of a large, west‐coast electronics organization. A principal components analysis extracted 10 meaningful factors and identified a need for additional items. Results generally supported the meaningfulness of the goal setting factors and provide important directions for future research.
Drinking to cope and self‐medication: Characteristics of jobs in relation to workers' drinking behavior
Authors: Martin Jack K. , Blum Terry C. , Roman Paul M.
Published: July 2007

This research extends recent studies of the relationship between characteristics of jobs and patterns of workers' alcohol consumption. Working within a ‘generalization perspective ’whereby job conditions are seen as having important effects on the mental health and behaviors of workers in non‐work settings, the current research derives and tests a model of four job‐related factors as they influence three aspects of alcohol use; the simple frequency—quantity of drinking, escapist‐oriented reasons for drinking, and a combination of heavier drinking with escapist‐oriented definitions which is labeled ‘self‐medication’. Analyses of data drawn from the 1973 Quality of Employment Survey (QES) indicate that the relationship between jobs and drinking behavior is more complex than previously conceptualized. Specifically, we find evidence that for working men characteristics of jobs affect levels of alcohol consumption and the incidence of self‐medicating drinking. These findings support and refine job‐based explanations of drinking behavior. The implications of these findings for subsequent research and model‐specification are discussed.
Organizational exit pressures and role stress: Impact on mental health
Authors: Price Richard H. , Hooijberg Robert
Published: July 2007

Hypotheses regarding role stress, chronic burden and two forms of vulnerability to mental health symptoms are tested in a longitudinal sample of 590 caregivers working in group homes for the mentally ill. In addition, an organizational exit pressure hypothesis is offered. Measures of exit pressure are identified and incorporated into predictive models of stress and mental health. Exit pressures affect somatization directly and interact with role ambiguity to affect subsequent levels of anxiety and somatization. The results suggest that selection pressures in and out of social settings should be conceptualized as part of models of stress and mental health.
The impact of choice of rewards and feedback on task performance
Authors: Williams Steve , Luthans Fred
Published: July 2007

A laboratory experiment (N = 149) tested two hypotheses: that choice of reward will have a positive impact on task performance and that choice would lead to arousal, as measured by reaction speed. The role that feedback information concerning whether subjects were being rewarded for performance on a prior task was also examined. The results revealed that choice and choice interacting with feedback were related to performance, but the choice had no impact on arousal. Self‐determination theory may be used to help interpret these findings. The choice and feedback are non‐controlling and informational to recipients which may increase perceptions of competence and self‐initiative with an accompanying increase in intrinsic motivation to perform well on the task. These theoretical implications and some questions for future research and practical applications are discussed.
Industrial relations stress and job satisfaction: Concurrent effects and mediation
Authors: Kelloway E. Kevin , Barling Julian , Shah Afsar
Published: July 2007

We examine the effects of negative and positive industrial relations stress on both mood (negative and positive) and job satisfaction. Twenty industrial relations practitioners completed daily reports of industrial relations stress, mood, and job satisfaction over a 20‐day period. After controlling for serial correlation, negative industrial relations stress affected negative mood and, in turn, job satisfaction. Positive industrial relations stress had direct effects on both positive mood and job satisfaction with positive mood also affecting job satisfaction. All effects were concurrent with no next‐day effects of stress on mood or job satisfaction. Further research on industrial relations stress is both warranted and encouraged.
An investigation into pay valence and performance in a pay‐for‐performance field setting
Authors: Fox Jeremy B. , Scott K. Dow , Donohue Joan M.
Published: July 2007

Inconsistent findings have been reported in the few studies investigating the relationship between the perceived value of pay and incentive performance. One hundred and seventy‐eight female incentive employees with a nine‐week, non‐judgmental performance measure responded to a developed valence of pay scale. This measure used items assessing the perceived ability of pay to address employee needs. Three factor‐scales were found within these items. Support for the hypothesized positive relationship between pay valence and incentive performance was found, dependent on which of the three scales was used. These findings provide initial insight into the means by which pay, with its ability to address different needs, might provide differential employee motivation and performance levels. This study and future research issues are discussed.
Attitudes toward computers: Construct validation and relations to computer use
Authors: Brock Drew B. , Sulsky Lorne M.
Published: July 2007

Attitudes toward computers are generally thought to be composed of two factors: (1) beliefs that the computer is a beneficial tool, and (2) beliefs that computers are autonomous entities. We employed confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling to examine (1) the convergent and discriminant validity of scales assessing two attitudes toward computers, (2) the relative predictive validity of the two attitude dimensions with computer use, and (3) a theoretical model of attitudes toward computers and computer use. Results supported the hypothesis that attitudes toward computers are composed of two distinct constructs and the hypothesis concerning the ordering of the two computer attitudes and computer use. We found partial support for the hypothesis that the two attitude factors differ in their prediction of computer use. Overall, the results supported the idea that two distinct beliefs about computers are present and that these two beliefs are significantly related to computer use.
Triangular typology approach to studying performance management systems in high‐tech firms
Authors: Twomey Daniel F. , Quazi Hesan A.
Published: July 2007

To reflect the needs of high‐tech firms and high‐tech employees a set of interrelated models (triangular typology) of performance management systems is developed. The triangular typology articulates and aligns the elements in the performance management process and it expands on traditional binary models by adding a third (high‐tech) dimension for each element. It is hypothesized that high‐tech employees prefer the ‘high‐tech’ dimensions over the other two dimensions of each triangle. A mail questionnaire is used to collect data on the actual and desired performance management practices. All but one of the hypotheses are supported. The ‘actual’ practices are mostly in the traditional corner of the triangle. The disparity between the level of actual practices and the level of desired practices indicates that high‐tech employees are not well served by current performance management systems.
Union loyalty among white‐collar workers in Japan
Authors: Morishima Motohiro
Published: July 2007

Previous research on Japanese union members has documented occupational differences in employees' attitudes toward union organizations (Japan Productivity Center, 1990; Morishima, 1993). Yet, little has been done to examine why these differences occur. This study examines, using a data set obtained in 1987 from about 4000 employees, the correlates of union loyalty across white‐collar and blue‐collar occupations, and among white‐collar occupations. A model is developed from previous research on employees' attitudes toward union organizations and on Japanese industrial relations. The results obtained by OLS analyses of union loyalty correlates—members' judgements of union contributions to improvements in employment outcomes and of employers' human resource policies—indicate that Japanese unions have benefited mainly blue‐collar workers and traditional white‐collar workers, such as those in administrative positions, relative to those in technical positions.
A strategic approach for integrating theory to practice in leadership development
Authors: Ladyshewsky Richard K.
Published: July 2007

Purpose

This paper aims to evaluate the impact of experiential learning, goal setting, peer coaching and reflective journaling as a combined strategy to influence leadership development.

Design/methodology/approach

Subjects participated in a university based leadership development program over two years. Four focal units of study were undertaken. Participants set development plans based on their learning and implemented them over eight weeks with the support of a peer coach. A pre, mid‐ and post‐ 360‐degree assessment was undertaken to measure changes in leadership competency. Learning outcomes and coaching reports were also submitted and evaluated qualitatively.

Findings

A progressive increase in leadership competency was report by participants and their work colleagues in the 360‐degree data. Qualitative data revealed a range of learning outcomes that elevated their leadership competency.

Research limitations/implications

The results of this research provide a model for further investigations into how training can be structured to promote transfer of training.

Originality/value

Considering the investment being made by organizations into leadership development, this research provides a strategy for increasing return on investment in leadership development.
The value of diversity: the Kazakhstan perspective
Authors: Kim Cheng Low Patrick
Published: July 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of the value of diversity in business in Kazakhstan, analysing the possible opportunities, benefits and, if any, negatives or downsides for companies that diversity can bring.

Design/methodology/approach

Focus groups and interviews.

Findings

The position of women and minorities were uncovered. The findings also show how open are the Kazakhstani people to foreigners and to what extent are foreigners accepted in Kazakhstan.

Research limitations/implications

Though supplemented with interviews, more focus groups may be applied. The study has been limited to Almaty, the most diverse city in Kazakhstan. Perhaps it would have different results if it had been conducted in other major cities.

Practical implications

Allows a survey of the possible opportunities/benefits and threats/costs of diversity that may be reaped by the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Originality/value

Provides continuing perspectives on the issue of diversity, which is one of the globalisation impacts or waves affecting organizations.
Quality information on the internet: Norwegian library students on the search
Authors: Sveum Tor
Published: July 2007

Purpose

In the autumn of 2006, two groups of students from the Faculty of Journalism, Library and Information Science at Oslo University College participated in a cooperative project with the Norwegian online reference service, Biblioteksvar.no (Ask The Library (ATL)). The students were in their third term of studies and received instruction in retrieval systems and tools. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance of the students in actual reference work. It seeks to examine a sample of questions and answers. In a wider perspective, the study highlights the value of this kind of educational strategy.

Design/methodology/approach

The evaluation criteria in this study are based on a qualitative analysis of actual questions and answers from the ATL, student summaries of their own work on the project and interviews with professional librarians working with the ATL service. A substantial amount of data has been collected during the project period.

Findings

Analysis shows that the students generally performed very well. This corroborates the findings from a similar project last year. The students' answers had the same level of quality as the responses supplied by professional, experienced librarians working on the ATL service. Possible reasons for this result are discussed. The study confirms the importance of the reference interview for increasing the quality of the responses.

Practical implications

The results of the study indicate that the ATL service should not only provide links to information sources in response to user questions, but should also include a short explanation of how the links are found. Further, patron satisfaction surveys are useful. The collection of contextual data about the question and the patron may improve the quality of the response from the service. It is recommended that the SMS‐based service be included in the student project next year so that the students will have the opportunity to participate in all three of the currently available ATL services from Biblioteksvar.no.

Originality/value

The paper may inspire other faculties and schools of information studies to cooperate more closely with the library profession and to prepare students for their future careers as reference librarians through participation in actual reference work from a relatively early stage in the program of study. The project described in this paper illustrates the change from traditional lecture‐based teaching to problem‐based learning in projects as outlined in The Quality Reform in Norwegian Higher Education.
The relationship between ISO 9000 participation and educational outcomes of schools
Authors: Hoon Bae Sang
Published: July 2007

Purpose

The study seeks to examine the relationship between the implementation of the ISO 9000 quality management system and educational outcomes of schools, measured by student achievement on the state‐mandated tests and school attendance rates – graduation rates, in the case of high schools.

Design/methodology/approach

The study was conducted using schools in the USA that have implemented ISO 9000. The study employed the Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) technique, taking into account the hierarchically nested data structure of this study.

Findings

It was found that: first, there is no relationship between ISO 9000 participation and students' learning outcomes on the state‐mandated tests – both for students in general and economically disadvantaged students in particular, across math and reading, and at all school levels; second, standardization of schooling by ISO 9000 fails to decrease the negative influence of school SES on the overall student achievement of a school; and finally, although ISO 9000 participation is not related to the students' graduation rates in high schools, it is positively associated with the students' school attendance rates in elementary and middle schools.

Practical implications

Given the long‐established institutional features of education such as value‐orientation, diversity, and complexity, ISO 9000, focusing on procedural standardization of classroom activities, may not work well as a quick‐fix solution to improve student learning.

Originality/value

The study suggests that, by helping schools become organized and thus function well in the area of essential school operations such as student and teacher attendance, ISO 9000 could positively influence school performance without threatening other important values such as teachers' professional autonomy and creativity in classrooms.
From antiquity to the factory floor
Authors: Reade Carol , Reade McKenna Mark
Published: July 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to propose a conceptual framework for elucidating cross‐cultural paradoxes in dispute resolution and present a case study of a hybrid process that combines aspects of interest‐based mediation and indigenous dispute resolution in order to inform the design of conflict management systems in multinational enterprises (MNEs).Design/methodology/approach– A case study approach utilizing participant observation and informant feedback is used to present an organizational intervention in the Sri Lankan subsidiary of a European MNE. Discussion of the case is framed by theories of culture and conflict and a literature review of indigenous dispute resolution in Sri Lanka.Findings– The case illustrates how one MNE developed a culturally appropriate conflict management system in its subsidiary by crafting an innovative, informal channel for managing conflict and systematically embedding it into the organization alongside its formal conflict management process.Research limitations/implications– The case study approach limits the generalizability of the results. Future research should include a larger sample of countries, organizations, and dispute resolution practices, and incorporate feedback from employees to better assess the efficacy of the intervention.Practical implications– MNEs have an untapped opportunity to develop innovative approaches for managing conflict in their subsidiaries by melding interest‐based and indigenous mediation processes to develop culturally appropriate conflict management systems.Originality/value– This paper contributes to the literatures on cross‐cultural conflict management and conflict management systems design by presenting an innovative approach to the application of hybrid dispute resolution mechanisms in MNEs. This study provides valuable insights for international managers, conflict systems design practitioners, and cross‐cultural conflict scholars.
How to get more from your quantitative LibQUAL+TM dataset: making results practical
Authors: Bower Tim , Dennis Bradford
Published: July 2007

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to outline three analytic tools utilized in the analysis and interpretation of LibQUAL+™ quantitative data.

Design/methodology/approach

D‐M scores, value rankings, and split‐file cross‐tabulations were used to assess the service items from the 2004 LibQUAL+™ quantitative data. The D‐M score is methodologically superior to other methods used in that it is a single score that takes into account all three LibQUAL+™ perception/expectation scores as dictated by the theoretical model LibQUAL+™ is based upon.

Findings

The paper finds that these tools provide a way to more easily utilize LibQUAL+™ results in taking actions and developing strategic plans designed to improve patrons' perceptions of service quality. These tools also allow for the continuous evaluation of implemented plans.

Practical implications

The paper discusses how these tools helped produce findings that were informative and in a format that decision makers could easily comprehend and utilize.

Originality/value

This paper outlines three approaches and offers practical recommendation of how to analyze and interpret LibQUAL+™ quantitative data as well as present findings to strategic stakeholders.
Centrifugation of bacterial cells on slide surface improves the spatial distribution, cell recovery and reduces the time of enumeration for fluorescence in situ hybridization
Authors: NAMSOLLECK PAWEL , MOHAN RUCHIKA , KOEBNICK CORINNA , BLAUT MICHAEL
Published: July 2007

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), which is used for the enumeration of bacteria in various ecosystems including the human intestinal tract, has several limitations. One of the major problems encountered is the uneven distribution of bacterial cells on the slide surface, which increases the coefficient of variation between repetitions and thereby increase the time required for enumeration. In order to improve the spatial distribution, we designed a centrifugation device, which allows the direct centrifugation of bacterial cells onto the slide surface. Another problem is the loss of bacterial cells during the hybridization procedure. This leads to an underestimation of the true cell numbers in the sample. To overcome this problem we tested the use of silanized or chrome gelatine coated slides. Our study indicates that the use of the centrifugation device in conjunction with chrome gelatine coated slides highly improves the quality of enumeration data obtained by manual and automated microscopic counting and shortens the time of analysis.
Protein Glycosylation in
Campylobacter jejuni
: Partial Suppression of
pglF
by Mutation of
pseC
Authors: Guerry Patricia , Ewing Cheryl P. , Schoenhofen Ian C. , Logan Susan M.
Published: July 2007

Campylobacter jejuni
has systems for N- and O-linked protein glycosylation. Although biochemical evidence demonstrated that a
pseC
mutant in the O-linked pathway accumulated the product of
pglF
in the N-linked pathway, analyses of transformation frequencies and glycosylation statuses of N-glycosylated proteins indicated a partial suppression of
pglF
by
pseC
.
The Temple in Mark and Contested Authority
Authors: Wahlen Clinton
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that Mark's portrayal of Jesus' temple action reinforces a larger narrative aim: to show that the time of messianic fulfillment for both Jews and Gentiles has come. The study consists of three sections. First, it is observed that the unifying theme of Mark 11:12-25 is not the destruction of the temple but prayer. Second, Jesus' activity in the temple occupies a central place not only in this series of pericopae but in the larger structure of Mark 11-15. Mark shows that Jesus fulfils the original design of the temple by making it a place of prayer for everyone. This includes Gentiles as Mark alone makes clear (11:17b; cf. Matt. 21:22; Luke 19:46). Third, enabling Gentiles to worship in the temple meshes with a larger Markan concern. Jesus does not limit his ministry to Galilee but extends it to Gentile lands to the north and east, as a study of the exorcism and feeding stories in relation to the pivotal discussion of 7:1-23 reveals. Implicitly, then, Israel has begun to be redefined. Jesus' action in the temple enlarges on this theme in order to suggest more explicitly that Gentiles have a rightful place within Israel.
Mark, the Temple and Space: A Geographer's Response
Authors: Sleeman Matthew
Published: July 2007

As a production of space, the Jerusalem temple has multiple dimensions which render a rich material and ideational locale. The paper links interpretation of the Jerusalem temple in Mark's Gospel to a growing interest in spatial theory and narrative spatiality which resists reducing space to either background staging or the realm of ideas. Such theory calls for a genuinely spatialized reading, rather than a privileging of temporality which marginalizes readings for space.
The Statistical Mechanics of Complex Product Development: Empirical and Analytical Results
Authors: Braha Dan , Bar-Yam Yaneer
Published: July 2007

In recent years, understanding the structure and function of complex networks has become the foundation for explaining many different real-world complex biological, technological, and informal social phenomena. Techniques from statistical physics have been successfully applied to the analysis of these networks, and have uncovered surprising statistical structural properties that have also been shown to have a major effect on their functionality, dynamics, robustness, and fragility. This paper examines, for the first time, the statistical properties of strategically important organizational networks—networks of people engaged in distributed product development (PD)—and discusses the significance of these properties in providing insight into ways of improving the strategic and operational decision making of the organization. We show that the structure of information flow networks that are at the heart of large-scale product development efforts have properties that are similar to those displayed by other social, biological, and technological networks. In this context, we also identify novel properties that may be characteristic of other information-carrying networks. We further present a detailed model and analysis of PD dynamics on complex networks, and show how the underlying network topologies provide direct information about the characteristics of these dynamics. We believe that our new analysis methodology and empirical results are also relevant to other organizational information-carrying networks.
Emergent Properties of a New Financial Market: American Venture Capital Syndication, 1960–2005
Authors: Kogut Bruce , Urso Pietro , Walker Gordon
Published: July 2007

The recorded transactions of venture capital investments permit a direct examination of the Braudel hypothesis that regional markets evolve dynamically and interdependently in reference to a global system. This hypothesis contradicts the popular belief that regional financial development is anchored in dense clusters. Using methods of complex graphs, we analyze 159,561 transactions over nearly 45 years to demonstrate the rapid emergence of a national network of syndications. A giant component emerges early in the history of the industry, which subsumes the regional and sectoral subgraphs. The results confirm the Braudel hypothesis over the role of regional clusters, rejects preferential attachment in favor of repeated ties among trusted partners, and emphasizes the importance of dynamics and complex weighted graphs for the analysis of social and economic behavior.
Cover Picture: The Innovation Potential of Bulk Nanostructured Materials (Adv. Eng. Mater. 7/2007)
Authors: Valiev R. Z. , Zehetbauer M. J. , Estrin Y. , Höppel H. W. , Ivanisenko Y. , Hahn H. , Wilde G. , Roven H. J. , Sauvage X. , Langdon T. G.
Published: July 2007

The cover demonstrates the innovation potential of bulk nanostructured materials obtained by severe plastic deformation (SPD) in various industrial sectors. The microstructure of Al wire processed by continuous SPD processing in ECAP‐Conform together with a schematic illustration of an ECAP‐Conform set‐up are shown in the background. Further information about the perspectives of commercialization of bulk nanostructured materials produced by SPD processing can be found in the review paper by R. Z. Valiev et al. on page 527.

The innovation potential is high for bulk nanostructured materials (BNM) produced by methods of severe plastic deformation and accordingly this report focuses on very recent developments demonstrating the potential of using BNM for advanced and functional applications in engineering and medicine.
Catalytic Performance of Nanoscale‐Corrugated Gold and Silver Films for Surface‐Enhanced Chemiluminescence
Authors: Ou M. G. , Lu G. W. , Shen H. , Descamps A. , Marquette C. A. , Blum L. J. , Ledoux G. , Roux S. , Tillement O. , Cheng B. L. , Perriat P.
Published: July 2007

Biochips of corrugated gold and silver displaying surface plasmon resonance at different energies are fabricated to determine the nature of the mechanism responsible for the surface‐enhanced chemiluminescence (SECL) of luminol. This Full Paper proves that, whereas silver possesses the strongest resonance and the greatest plasmon overlap with luminol emission, silver is also the metal that induces the lowest CL enhancement (two orders of magnitude less than gold). Therefore, the enhancement mechanism is not related to plasmon‐assisted processes but rather originates from catalytic properties induced by corrugation of the metal film.
Fortschritte auf dem Gebiete der Mineralöle. Die technische Entwicklung der Erdölindustrie nach dem Kriege
Authors: Naphtali Max
Published: July 2007

Inhalt : Wirtschaftlich‐statistische Einleitung. – Entstehung, Gewinnung, Verarbeitung. Destillation, Crack‐ prozesse, Theorien. Raffination und Entschwefelung, Herstellung von Schmierölen, ihre Analyse und ihre Wirksamkeit, Benzinanalyse, das Klopfen; Paraffin, Asphalt, Abfallprodukte – Naphthensäuren –, Forschung, die weitere Entwicklung der Mineralölindustrie.
Zur Frage der Kieselsäurebestimmung in Stahl und Eisen
Authors: Wasmuht Roland
Published: July 2007

Einwände gegen die Anwendung des Bromverfahrens zur Bestimmung der Kieselsäure im Stahl werden entkräftet. Die Apparatur und Arbeitsweise zum Bromverfahren werden beschrieben. Kritische Behandlung der Frage des Anwendungsbereiches und der Vor‐ und Nachteile des Bromverfahrens gegenüber dem Chlorverfahren.
Untersuchung von Mooren für balneologische Zwecke
Authors: Stockfisch K. , Benade W.
Published: July 2007

1. Allgemeines. – 2. Probenahme und Vorbereitung. – 3. Allgemeine Zusammensetzung. – 4. Anorganische Bestandteile. – 5. Organische Bestandteile. – 6. Physikalische Untersuchungen. – 7. Einige Probleme. – 8. Zusammenfassung.
Probleme der Feinstruktur heterocyclischer Oxo‐Verbindungen
Authors: Arndt F.
Published: July 2007

Durch Methylierung mit Diazomethan wird entschieden, ob bei einer Carbonamid‐Gruppe Lactim‐ oder Lactamform vorliegt und wann solche Ringsysteme aromatisch sind.
Gleichgewichts‐Exponenten und Redox‐Exponenten
Authors: Seel F.
Published: July 2007

Es wird eine Zusammenstellung von Gleichgewichts‐Exponenten und Redox‐Exponenten für zahlreiche einfache Stoffumwandlungen in Wasser gegeben. Unter dem Begriff des „Gleichgewichts‐Exponenten”︁ wird der negative (dekadische) Logarithmus der thermodynamischen Gleichgewichtskonstanten verstanden; als „Redox‐Exponent”︁ ist der Gleichgewichts‐Exponent der Elektronenübertragung an das Wasserstoff‐lon definiert. Die Größen erweisen sich als besonders vorteilhaft zur Berechnung der Gleichgewichtskonstanten von Reaktionskombinationen; mit ihnen ist eine elegante deduktive Beschreibung der Chemie in wäßrigen Systemen möglich.
Über Ionenkettenpolymerisationen
Authors: Hamann K.
Published: July 2007

Nach einer Darlegung der verschiedenen Reaktionsmechanismen der Polymerisation werden ausführlich die kationische und die anionische Ionenkettenpolymerisation behandelt. An zahlreichen Beispielen wird gezeigt, von welchen Einflüssen der Polymerisationsverlauf abhängt. Besonders hervorgehoben werden die technisch wichtigen und wirtschaftlich bedeutenden Produkte, bei denen auch die Mischpolymerisate besprochen werden.
Weitere Versuche zur Stofftrennung durch Papierchromatographie und ‐Ionophorese. Purine und Aminosäuren
Authors: Wieland Theodor , Bauer Liselotte
Published: July 2007

Nach Besprühen mit sehr verdünnter alkalischer Fluorescein‐Lösung treten im UV‐Licht von 254 mμ die dort absorbierenden Substanzen im Papierchromatogramm auf grüngelb fluorescierendem Hintergrund als dunkle Flecken deutlich hervor. Mit diesem Test wurde das Verhalten einiger Xanthin‐Derivate im Papierchromatogramm und der Spaltnucleotide von Hefenucleinsäure bei der Papier‐ionophorese untersucht. Ferner wird ein Lösungsmittel zur papierchromatographischen Trennung von Leucin und Isoleucin angegeben und mit der Zimtaldehyd‐HCI‐Reaktion Tryptophan in Aminosäure‐Gemischen sicher nachgewiesen.
Chromatographie an Carboxyl‐Papier
Authors: Wieland Theodor , Berg A.
Published: July 2007

Chromatographische Untersuchungen mit Filtrierpapieren mit einem Carboxyl‐Gehalt von 1 bis 4% gaben sowohl bei Aminosäuren als auch bei Aminen und anorganischen lonen aussichtsreiche Ergebnisse.
Fluor‐Bestimmung mit Destillation als H2SiF6 unter Kreislaufführung des Wassers
Authors: Pietzka G. , Ehrlich P.
Published: July 2007

Für die Analyse des Fluors wurde eine Apparatur entwickelt, in der das zur Abdestillation des H2SiF6 erforderliche Wasser im Kreislauf geführt wird; damit ist mit einfachen Mitteln das Problem der unbeaufsichtigten Destillation gelöst. Die anschließende maßanalytische Bestimmung des Fluors nach Fällung als Bleibromofluorid ist unter Benutzung einer neu ausgearbeiteten Schnellmethode in 10–15 min möglich.
Die quantitative Verbrennung Fluor‐haltiger organischer Substanzen
Authors: Wickbold R.
Published: July 2007

Die vom Verfasser entwickelte Quarzapparatur zur Verbrennung Halogen‐haltiger organischer Substanzen eignet sich auch zum quantitativen Aufschluß Fluor‐haltiger Verbindungen. Es wird gezeigt, daß sich das gesamte Fluor als Natriumfluorid in der Vorlage befindet, in der es nach bekannten Makro‐ oder Mikroverfahren bestimmt werden kann.
Über die Synthese des Diamanten
Authors: Neuhaus A.
Published: July 2007

Die wichtigsten Syntheseversuche und Patentansprüche wurden nach Reaktionstypen gruppiert und ihre Grundgedanken und Ergebnisse diskutiert. Hiernach ist es zum wenigsten sehr zweifelhaft, ob bei den bis 1953 bekannt gewordenen Synthesen auch nur das kleinste Diamantsplitterchen erzeugt wurde. Sodann werden die Bedingungen und Ansichten der natürlichen Diamantentstehung diskutiert und der bisherigen, sehr hypothetischen Vorstellung der Diamantentstehung im quasi‐unerforschlichen Sima d. h. in ∼ 100 km Erdtiefe, eine neue, greifbarere These der natürlichen Diamantbildung in Lokalherden im subvulkanischen Bereich (d. i. in ∼ 25 km Erdtiefe) gegenüber gestellt. – Die theoretischen Grundlagen der Diamantsynthese werden behandelt und es wird gezeigt, daß die Synthese neben sehr harten, aber doch bereits weitgehend übersehbaren und experimentell nicht unerfüllbaren thermodynamischen Bedingungen auch ganz ungewöhnliche kinetische Schwierigkeiten birgt. Diese letzteren bilden z. Zt. die größte Unbekannte für die stabile Diamantbildung. Sie nehmen uns zugleich weitgehend die Hoffnung auf metastabile Erzeugung.
Absorptionsspektrographische Untersuchungen an makromolekularen Substanzen
Authors: Treiber E. , Berndt W. , Toplak H.
Published: July 2007

Die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der UV‐Spektroskopie auf makromolekulare Substanzen werden diskutiert und an neueren Messungen wird die Frage aufgeworfen, wie weit nicht zu extrem isolierte Chromophore innerhalb der Kettenmolekel sich gegenseitig beeinflussen können und wie weit End‐ oder Fremdgruppen erkannt werden können. Abschließend wird auf den Einfluß der Schein‐Absorption auf die Messung hingewiesen, der entsprechend in Rechnung zu stellen ist.
Neuere Ergebnisse der Humusforschung
Authors: Welte Erwin
Published: July 2007

Es wird ein absorptionsspektrographisches Verfahren beschrieben, nach dem es möglich ist, Braunhuminsäure und Grauhuminsäure gleichzeitig quantitativ zu bestimmen. Die Papierelektrophorese von Braunhuminsäure ergab zwei Fraktionen, diejenige von Grauhuminsäure drei Fraktionen. Da Versuche mit Synthese‐Huminsäuren die Untersuchungen bestätigten, ist begonnen worden, die Entstehungsbedingungen und den konstitutionellen Aufbau von Huminsäuren näher zu untersuchen; erste Ergebnisse werden mitgeteilt.
Organische Ionenreaktionen
Authors: Meerwein Hans , Bodenbenner K. , Borner P. , Kunert Fr. , Müller K. W. , Sasse H. J. , Schrodt H. , Spille J.
Published: July 2007

Die Ionisation der R–OR‐Bindung bei den Borfluorid‐ bzw. Antimonpentachlorid‐Verbindungen bestimmter Äther, Acetale und Orthosäureester läßt sich auf Grund der fast momentan verlaufenden Umwandlung der bei der Ionisation auftretenden ROBF3‐ bzw. ROSbCl5‐Anionen in die zur nukleophilen Anlagerung nicht mehr befähigten BF4‐ bzw. SbCl6‐Anionen präparativ nachweisen. Die Untersuchung der Einwirkung von Borfluorid auf verschiedene 2‐Alkoxy‐1,3‐dioxolane ergab einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Ionisierungsfähigkeit der Borfluorid‐Verbindungen und der Elektronen dichte an dem Kohlenstoff‐ und Sauerstoff‐Atom der C–OR‐Bindung. Im Verlaufe dieser Arbeiten wurde eine neue einfache Methode zur Herstellung von Trialkyloxoniumsalzen gefunden. Die Untersuchung der Einwirkung von Borfluorid bzw. Antimonpentachlorid auf Benzophenonoxim und dessen O‐Methyläther lieferte neue Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Beckmannschen Umlagerung.
Die Chemie der Acylcyanide
Authors: Thesing J. , Witzel D. , Brehm A.
Published: July 2007

Die Acylcyanide nehmen eine Übergangsstellung zwischen einfachen Carbonyl‐Verbindungen und Acylhalogeniden ein. Sie reagieren mit nucleophilen Partnern im allgemeinen zuerst an der besonders reaktionsfähigen Carbonyl‐Gruppe zu α‐Oxynitrilen, die im neutralen oder alkalischen pH‐Bereich unter HCN‐Abspaltung in Acyl‐Derivate der eingesetzten nucleophilen Agentien übergehen. Im stark sauren Milieu erfahren diese α‐Oxynitrile dagegen vorwiegend eine H2O‐Abspaltung zu Reaktionsprodukten, in denen das Kohlenstoff‐Gerüst der Acylcyanide erhalten ist. Bei den „Cyanacylierungen”︁ lagern sich Acylcyanide als Acyl‐ und Cyan‐Gruppe an CO‐, CN‐ oder CC‐Doppelbindungen an.
Bildungsweisen und Reaktionen von Dehydrobenzol (Cyclohexadienin)
Authors: Wittig G.
Published: July 2007

Die Chemie der aromatischen Substitution hat mit der Entdeckung des Dehydrobenzols einen neuen Akzent erhalten. Es wird berichtet, wie sich Vermutungen, daß bei gewissen Reaktionen am Benzolkern intermediär Cyclohexadienin auftritt, zu seinem auf verschiedenen Wegen geglückten Nachweis verdichteten. Nach Erörterung der Bildungsweisen des neuen Verbindungstypus werden dessen dienophile Eigenschaften in den Vordergrund gerückt. Die mit o‐Fluor‐brombenzol und Magnesium in Gegenwart des Diens leicht möglichen Diels‐Alder‐Synthesen bereichern die präparative Chemie. Darüber hinaus dürfte Dehydrobenzol auch bei technischen Prozessen im alkalischen Medium eine Rolle spielen.
Neuere Vorstellungen über photographische Probleme
Authors: Eggers J. , Klein Eberhard , Matejec R.
Published: July 2007

Wesentliche neue Ergebnisse der Internationalen Konferenz für wissenschaftliche Photographie in Köln 1956 werden zusammengefaßt. Die Originalvorträge erscheinen in Kürze als Kongreßband

Verlag O. Helwich, Darmstadt

, wo auch hier nicht erörterte Probleme (wie z. B. die Anwendungstechnik) behandelt werden.
Lithium in der Kerntechnik
Authors: Klemm A.
Published: July 2007

Lithium kann in der modernen Kerntechnik auf vielfache Weise verwendet werden, so zur Herstellung von Tritium (etwa für thermonucleare Reaktionen), als Abschirmungsmittel, zum Nachweis thermischer Neutronen, als Reaktorkühlmittel, als Moderator oder in Form von geschmolzenem LiF als Lösungsmittel für Kernbrennstoffe. Zur Anreicherung der Lithium‐Isotope 6 bzw. 7 sind die Ionenwanderung in geschmolzenem LiCl und das Lithium‐Amalgam‐Verfahren von besonderem Interesse.
Elektrostatische Wechselwirkung zwischen gegensinnig geladenen Ionenaustauscher‐Teilchen
Authors: Grubhofer N.
Published: July 2007

Gegensinnig geladene Ionenaustauscher können sich elektrostatisch anziehen, was zu Verklumpung und stark vergrößertem Volumen des Harzgemisches führt. Es wird beschrieben, unter welchen Bedingungen diese Anziehung stattfindet. Um sie zu unterdrücken, sind geringe Zusätze feinst gemahlener Ionenaustauscher besonders wirksam.
Die Brennbarkeit von Metallen in Sauerstoff 1. Die Verbrennungsgeschwindigkeit von Eisen‐Drähten in ruhendem Sauerstoff
Authors: Kirschfeld L.
Published: July 2007

Die Verbrennungs‐Geschwindigkeit von zylindrischen Eisen‐Drähten in Sauerstoff ist dem Draht‐Querschnitt umgekehrt und der Wurzel des Sauerstoff‐Drucks direkt proportional; die pro Zeiteinheit verbrannte Eisen‐Menge ist bei vorgegebenem Sauerstoff‐Druck in erster Näherung vom Draht‐Querschnitt unabhängig. Die Verbrennungs‐Reaktion verläuft wahrscheinlich zwischen Gasphase und Schmelze.
Neuere Methoden der präparativen organischen Chemie III 2. Darstellung von Estern, Amiden und Anhydriden der Phosphorsäure
Authors: Cramer F.
Published: July 2007

Es wird über bekannte Phosphorylierungsmethoden referiert. Außerdem werden folgende neue Reaktionen beschrieben: Darstellung von Pyrophosphaten mit Isocyanat über die Carbamylphosphate; Reaktionen von Ketenacylalen zu unsymmetrischen Pyrophosphaten; Trichloracetonitril als Veresterungsmittel für Phosphorsäuren und die Darstellung von Geranylphosphat und Farnesylphosphat; Darstellung und Reaktionsweisen von Imidazoliden der Phosphorsäure.
Thermische Stabilität und aromatischer Charakter: Ringöffnungen der Azole
Authors: Huisgen R.
Published: July 2007

Die vom Benzol und kondensierten Systemen her bekannte Temperaturstabilität ist nicht allen aromatischen Verbindungen eigen. Es kommt zur Ringöffnung, wenn der Verlust an Bindungsenergie — dieser ist auch die aromatische Mesomerieenergie zuzurechnen — im Übergangszustand durch die Energie neuer Bindungen und neuer Mesomerieentfaltung ausreichend kompensiert wird. Ausgehend von den spontanen Ringöffnungen der jüngst entdeckten Pentazole wurden in unserem Laboratorium neue Ringsprengungen in der Tetrazol‐ und 1.2.3‐Triazol‐Reihe studiert, denen präparativ‐synthetisches Interesse zukommt. Die Diskussion bezieht frühere Erfahrungen mit ein.
Dimethylsulfoxyd als Lösungsmittel für anorganische Verbindungen
Authors: Schläfer H. L. , Schaffernicht W.
Published: July 2007

Der hohe Siedepunkt (189,0°C) und die Trouton‐Konstante (29,6) der Dipol‐Verbindung Dimethylsulfoxyd beweisen eine Molekülassoziation im flüssigen Zustand. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit verschiedener physikalischer Eigenschaften (Dichte, Brechungsindex) läßt auf einen Assoziat‐Abbau zwischen etwa 40 und 60°C schließen. Dimethylsulfoxyd löst außer homöopolaren auch viele salzartig gebaute Verbindungen. Mit anorganischen Salzen bildet es häufig kristallisierte Solvate. Leitfähigkeitsmessungen an den 1.1‐wertigen Salzen Tetrabutylammonium‐pikrat, Kaliumpikrat und Kaliumchlorid zeigen, daß die Kationen ähnlich wie in H2O solvatisiert, die Anionen dagegen nur wenig solvatisiert sind.
Totalsynthese des Chlorophylls
Authors: Woodward R. B.
Published: July 2007

Im Verlauf von vier Jahren gelang die Synthese des Chlorophylls a aus vier relativ einfachen Pyrrol‐Derivaten. Eine neue Porphyrin‐Synthese verläuft in fünf Stufen mit einer Gesamtausbeute von etwa 50%. Das Produkt ist nicht mit anderen Porphyrinen verunreinigt. Durch Erhitzen des oxydierten Porphyrins in Essigsäure gelang erstmals die direkte Umwandlung eines Porphyrins in ein Purpurin. Dieses wird photochemisch und durch anschließende Hydrolyse in racemisches Chlorin 5 übergeführt. Die Racemat‐Trennung gelingt über die Chinin‐Salze. Die Arbeit zeigt, daß eine so gezielte Synthese nur auf Grund eingehender theoretischer Überlegungen möglich ist.
Anionische Kohlenoxyd‐Komplexe
Authors: Hieber Walter , Beck Wolfgang , Braun Gerhard
Published: July 2007

In den letzten zehn Jahren wurden in unserem Arbeitskreis unter anderem anionische Kohlenoxyd‐Komplexe, Carbonylmetallate homogenen und heterogenen Typs, eingehend untersucht. Homogene Carbonylmetallate mit negativer Oxydationszahl des Metall‐Atoms entstehen bei der Reaktion von Metallcarbonylen mit Alkalilaugen, mit N‐ und O‐Basen oder durch unmittelbare Reduktion von Carbonylen. Übergangsmetalle gerader Ordnungszahl (Cr, Fe, Ni) bilden ein‐ oder mehrkernige, negativ zweiwertige Kohlenoxyd‐Komplexe, während von Elementen ungerader Ordnungszahl (V, Mn, Co) bisher nur edelgas‐konfigurierte, einkernige und einfach geladene Anionen bekannt sind. Als heterogene Kohlenoxyd‐Komplexe treten Hydroxo‐, Halogeno‐ oder Cyano‐, sowie Nitrosyl‐ und phosphinsubstituierte Carbonylmetallate auf. Die ionogene Struktur der Carbonylmetallate wird durch ihr chemisches Verhalten, durch Leitfähigkeitsmessungen sowie durch magnetochemische und IR‐Untersuchungen ermittelt.
Bestimmung des Molekulargewichts in der Ultrazentrifuge nach dem Archibald‐Verfahren
Authors: Elias H.‐G.
Published: July 2007

Das Verfahren arbeitet schnell, mit geringen Substanzmengen und gestattet die Ermittlung des Gewichtsmittels des Molekulargewichtes und unbekannter Konzentrationen. Bei aus zwei Komponenten bestehenden paucimolekularen Substanzen lassen sich Molekulargewicht und Konzentration jeder einzelnen Komponente bestimmen. Die Ermittlung von Molekulargewichts‐Verteilungen erscheint denkbar. Der Anwendungsbereich erstreckt sich von Molekulargewichten von ca. 100 bis zu einigen 10.