bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Features of the Professional Direction of University Students in the Era of Digitalization
Authors: Fatyhova A. , Bakanev O. , Kohanovskaya I.
Published: June 2021

In the digital era, the success of the professional development of future specialists in the process of obtaining higher education largely depends on their professional orientation (PN). Despite the significant interest in the subject of the study, the problem of identifying the factors that affect PN remains poorly understood.

The purpose of the study is to determine the factors of the formation of PN of students enrolled in training and retraining programs, and the features of PN in the digital era.

The article reveals the content and structure of the PN of future specialists in the era of digitalization. According to the results of the empirical research, the relationship of students' PN with indicators of life-meaning orientations, motives for choosing a profession and training was revealed; the relationship between students' life-meaning orientations and indicators of motives for choosing a profession and training at the stage of digitalization of education. The factors influencing the personal condition, and the factors of the formation of the personal condition of students, who are trained according to the programs of training and retraining of specialists, have been determined.

As a result of an empirical study, it was concluded that a negative impact on the formation of PN is created by factors caused by various life circumstances, lack of independence of decisions in choosing a profession, low reflection of life goals, prospects for the future, rigidity of volitional and personal qualities, internal conflict in the structure of personality relationships, low pleasure training and the like. At the same time, the level of PN is significantly higher among students who receive a second higher education and who understand its importance at the stage of digitalization of education.
Adaptation of Students to the Principles and Norms of Healthy Lifestyle in the Face of Uncertainty in the Situation of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Ushakov G. , Yulina Galina
Published: June 2021

The authors focus on the increased interest of students and society as a whole in healthy lifestyle, which is associated with public concern about the health of future specialists, both during their studies in higher school and in the course of their future professional activities, since the increase in morbidity in the course of professional training will be a factor in reducing the performance of young specialists. The article examines how the change in the way of life of students in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic and the introduction of a self-isolation regime affected students ' compliance with the principles and norms of healthy lifestyle, how they were able to adapt to the conditions of uncertainty created by the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors collected and analyzed information about the lifestyle of 85 university students, using expert assessment methods and sociological methods. The results of the analysis allowed us to draw a conclusion about the destructive nature of the lifestyle of our students, non-compliance with a significant part of the requirements of healthy lifestyle and the need to change approaches in promoting healthy lifestyle, using innovative methods and modern technologies.
Lighthill-Whitham-Richards Model for Traffic Flow Mixed with Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control Vehicles
Authors: Qin Yanyan , Wang Hao , Ni Daiheng
Published: June 2021

In the future, road traffic will incorporate a random mix of manual vehicles and cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) vehicles, where a CACC vehicle will degrade to an adaptive cruise control (ACC) vehicle when vehicle-to-vehicle communications are not available. This paper proposes a generalized framework of the Lighthill-Whitham-Richards (LWR) model for such mixed vehicular flow under different CACC penetration rates. In this approach, the kinematic wave speed propagating through the mixed platoon was theoretically proven to be the slope of mixed fundamental diagram. In addition, the random degradation from CACC to ACC was captured in mathematical expectation for traffic scenarios where the CACC only monitors one vehicle ahead. Three concrete car-following models, the intelligent driver model (IDM) and CACC/ACC models validated by Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways (PATH) program, were selected as examples to investigate the propagation of small perturbations and shock waves. Numerical simulations were also performed based on the selected car-following models. Moreover, the derived mixed LWR model was applied to solve some traffic flow problems. It indicates that the proposed LWR model is able to describe the propagation properties of both small perturbations and shock waves. The mixed LWR model can also be used to solve some practical problems, such as the queue caused by a traffic accident and the impact of a moving bottleneck. More importantly, the proposed generalized framework admits other CACC/ACC/regular car-following models, including those developed from further experiments.
Nuevo registro del grisón mayor (Galictis vittata) en la Sierra Nororiental de Puebla, México
Authors: Lucas-Juárez Gaudencio , Lucas-Juárez Jesús David , Díaz-García Juan M.
Published: June 2021

A pesar de su amplia distribución por el Continente Americano, el grisón mayor (Galictis vittata) es uno de los mamíferos con menor número de estudios que reportan su presencia o describen aspectos de su ecología.  En México, el grisón mayor es una especie en peligro de extinción y se encuentra protegida por el gobierno mexicano.  Conocer la distribución de esta especie amenazada puede ayudar a diseñar estrategias de conservación.  Nuestro objetivo fue describir un nuevo registro del grisón mayor en un paisaje heterogéneo de la Sierra Nororiental de Puebla, México.  El 24 de Octubre de 2020 alrededor de las 12:00 horas, encontramos un individuo de la especie Galictis vittata en un cafetal bajo sombra, ubicado en un paisaje de bosque de niebla en Tuxtla, Puebla, México.  Este registro del grisón mayor es el cuarto conocido para el estado de Puebla, México.  Asimismo, amplía la distribución de la especie 11.2 km al suroeste de la localidad más cercana y ocurre fuera de su rango de distribución potencial.  Resaltamos que este mamífero amenazado puede desplazarse en paisajes ribereños conformados por bosque de niebla, vegetación secundaria, cafetales y cultivos agrícolas manejados tradicionalmente por habitantes de una comunidad tutunakú.
First record of collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) in the southern part of the Mexican Altiplano
Authors: Carrasco-Ortiz Marco A. , Riojas-López Mónica E. , Mellink Eric
Published: June 2021

El pecarí de collar (Pecari tajacu) se encuentra desde el norte de Argentina hasta el sur de Estados Unidos.  En México se distribuye ampliamente en diferentes hábitats, principalmente en zonas tropicales.  En la porción sur del Altiplano Mexicano su distribución histórica es poco clara y se le ha llegado a considerar extirpado por la sobreexplotación de sus poblaciones y el desarrollo de agricultura.  Reportamos el primer registro de pecarí de collar  para los Llanos de Ojuelos, obtenido mediante una cámara trampa colocada en hábitat xeroribereño.  Este hallazgo confirma los informes de campesinos sobre la presencia de pecarí en la región, unos 20 km al norte del registro aquí reportado.  Dos registros recientes de la especie en los municipios de Pinos, Zacatecas y Corral de Palmas, San Luis Potosí, distan aproximadamente 60 km del nuestro, por lo que serían de manadas diferentes.  El sitio de donde proviene el registro aquí presentado es el cauce de un arroyo con cobertura densa de árboles y arbustos, rodeado de pastizal y matorral xerófilo con abundantes nopales que proveen alimento y agua a los pecaríes.  La presencia del pecarí y otros mamíferos grandes, como el puma y el venado, en Los Llanos de Ojuelos puede aprovecharse para realizar campañas de sensibilización entre los habitantes para conservar los recursos naturales de la región.
High intensity power training in middle-aged women with Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease: a case series
Authors: Hackett Daniel , Roberts-Clarke Daniel , Halaki Mark , Burns Joshua , Singh Maria Fiatarone , Fornusek Che
Published: June 2021

Background/aims

High-intensity power training has been shown to be effective in improving muscular capabilities, functional performance and health-related quality of life in populations with physical impairments. However, the effectiveness of high-intensity power training in people with Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease remains uncertain. This case series investigated the effects of high-intensity power training on muscle performance, function and health-related quality of life in middle-aged women with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

Methods

Four women (age 51–58 years) with Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1A participated in 8 weeks of supervised high-intensity power training.

Results

All participants improved strength of the right hip abductors (46.7–109.7%) and left hip abductors (27.3–128.6%), maximal gait speed (2.3–9.1%), static balance (0.7–4.9%), tandem walk (−3.3 to −58.5%), and mental component scores on the Short Form 36 Health Status Survey (0.8–27.6%). Adherence to high-intensity power training was 100% and only one minor adverse event related to the intervention was reported.

Conclusions

Although promising, larger controlled studies are indicated to confirm the safety and efficacy of high-intensity progressive resistance and power training in this cohort.
The Significance of Parental Involvements in Reducing K-12 Students Absenteeism
Authors: Islam Khairul , Shapla Tanweer J.
Published: June 2021

Absenteeism is of great concern for K–12 school students in the United States. The aim of this study is to evaluate effects of parental participation types in absenteeism of Elementary and Secondary Education (K-12) students in the United States. We analyze the data of the U.S. Department of Education (Hanson et al., 2019), in relation to students, schools and parents’ characteristics, along with various parental involvement activities, for exploring how these factors influence K-12 students’ absenteeism in the United States. We employ Chi-square tests for the significance of relationships between parental involvement types and absenteeism of K-12 students. We also undertake multiple logistic regression analyses to evaluate the significance and odds of K-12 students’ absenteeism due to parental involvement activities and other underlying factors. The results of bivariate analyses suggest that parental involvement types are significantly associated with K-12 absenteeism (chi-squared p-value<0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis reveals that only a subset of underlying parental activities is significantly related to higher odds of absenteeism as measured by estimates of odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval estimates. It also suggests that parental education, ethnicity and poverty adjusted for other factors also significantly affect absenteeism.
Functional outcomes of unstable ankle fractures with and without syndesmotic fixation in the adolescent population
Authors: Paez Conner J. , Lurie Benjamin M. , Upasani Vidyadhar V. , Pennock Andrew T.
Published: June 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to compare functional outcomes of adolescents with and without ankle syndesmotic injuries and identify predictors of functional outcome after operative ankle fractures.

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted on operative adolescent ankle fractures treated between 2009 and 2019 with a minimum of one-year follow-up (mean 4.35 years). Patients who underwent syndesmotic fixation (SF) (n = 48) were compared with operative ankle fractures without syndesmotic injury (n = 63). Functional outcomes were assessed using standardized questionnaires, specifically the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) and Single Assessment Numerical Evaluation.

Results

There were no differences in patient-reported outcomes, rates of return to sport or complications between groups with and without SF. The SF group had a longer tourniquet time (p = 0.04), duration of non-weight-bearing (p = 0.01), more Weber C fibula fractures (p < 0.001), fewer medial malleolus fractures (p = 0.03) and more frequently underwent implant removal (p < 0.0001). Male sex, lower body mass index (BMI) and longer duration of follow-up were significant predictors of a higher FAAM sports score using multivariable linear regression. SF was not a predictor of functional outcome.

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that patients that undergo surgical fixation of syndesmotic injuries have equivalent functional outcomes compared to operative ankle fractures without intraoperative evidence of syndesmotic injury. We also identified that male sex, lower BMI and longer duration of follow-up are predictors of a good functional outcome.

Level of Evidence

III
Patient-reported outcomes after hip and knee arthroplasty
Authors: Heath Emma Louise , Ackerman Ilana N. , Cashman Kara , Lorimer Michelle , Graves Stephen E. , Harris Ian A.
Published: June 2021

Aims

This study aims to describe the pre- and postoperative self-reported health and quality of life from a national cohort of patients undergoing elective total conventional hip arthroplasty (THA) and total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in Australia. For context, these data will be compared with patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) data from other international nation-wide registries.

Methods

Between 2018 to 2020, and nested within a nationwide arthroplasty registry, preoperative and six-month postoperative PROMs were electronically collected from patients before and after elective THA and TKA. There were 5,228 THA and 8,299 TKA preoperative procedures as well as 3,215 THA and 4,982 TKA postoperative procedures available for analysis. Validated PROMs included the EuroQol five-dimension five-level questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L; range 0 to 100; scored worst-best health), Oxford Hip/Knee Scores (OHS/OKS; range 0 to 48; scored worst-best hip/knee function) and the 12-item Hip/Knee disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS-12/KOOS-12; range 0 to 100; scored best-worst hip/knee health). Additional items included preoperative expectations, patient-perceived improvement, and postoperative satisfaction. Descriptive analyses were undertaken.

Results

For THA and TKA patients respectively, the patient profile was 2,850 (54.5%) and 4,684 (56.4%) female, mean age 66.8 years (SD 10.6) and 67.5 (SD 8.8), and mean BMI 29.9 kg/m2 (SD 7.7) and 32.5 kg/m2 (SD 7.0). The proportion of THA and TKA patients who reported their joint as ‘much better’ was 2,946 (92.6%) and 4,020 (81.6%) respectively, and the majority of patients were ‘satisfied’ or ‘very satisfied’ with their procedure (2,754 (86.5%) and 3,981 (80.8%)). There were 311 (9.7%) of THA patients and 516 (10.5%) of TKA patients who reported ‘dissatisfied’ or ‘very dissatisfied’ with their surgery.

Conclusion

Large improvements in pain, function, and overall health were evident following primary THA and TKA. Approximately 10% of patients reported dissatisfaction with their surgery. Future analyses will focus on factors contributing to dissatisfaction after arthroplasty. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(6):422–432.
Mixed scattering as a problem in laser speckle contrast
analysis
Authors: Kondász Bence , Hopp Béla , Smausz Tamás
Published: June 2021

Static scattering is detrimental to the accuracy of laser speckle contrast analysis
(LASCA) measurements on skin when, instead of percentile change
monitoring, absolute perfusion values are needed, e.g., for tissue
injury examination. Perfusion values were calculated using two
evaluation models, while changing the dynamic/static scattering ratio
of monitored skin and tissue phantoms. Results were strongly affected
by the significant increase of static contribution. Measurements on a
modified tissue phantom showed that the changes in the measured
perfusion values were mostly caused by the mixed scattering, which was
omitted by the tested models. Dynamic ratio values obtained by
multi-exposure LASCA could be used for perfusion data correction.
Surface plasmon resonance-based optical sensor using a thin layer of plasma
Authors: Taya Sofyan A. , Al-Ashi Noor E. , Ramahi Omar M. , Colak Ilhami , Amiri I. S.
Published: June 2021

We propose a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor that consists of six layers: glass prism (SF 10), chromium, metal, molybdenum disulphide, graphene, and sensing medium. A seventh layer is added between the glass prism and the chromium layer, which is a gap filled with plasma as a dielectric material. The plasma layer is expected to carry the amenity of the graphene optical characteristics and absorption ability. It is also expected to improve sensitivity of the SPR structure. The numerical calculations show that the sensitivity of the sensor is 76.11 deg/RIU (refractive index unit); without the plasma layer, it can be improved to 103 deg/RIU in the presence of 25 and 35 nm thick plasma and silver layers, respectively. The structure parameters are optimized with respect to the sensitivity. The proposed sensor can potentially be used for biological purposes.
Terahertz mode selector based on multimode resonances in corrugated waveguides
Authors: Xu Lan-Lan , Liu Ting , Fan Ya-Xian , Liu Huan , Tao Zhi-Yong
Published: June 2021

We propose a magnetically switchable terahertz (THz) mode selector based on four transverse mode resonances in corrugated waveguides. The theoretical and numerical results show that two passbands can be obtained in the transmission spectra around the resonance points. The passband of 0.9611–1.0006 THz outputs a single second-order transverse mode with the highest ratio of 99.03% while the passband of 0.8712–0.9111 THz contains the multiple transverse mode output with the first two modes. A tunable THz mode selector with frequency band of 0.5572–0.5926 THz is realized by filling the waveguide core with a liquid crystal (E7). The widest working frequency range of the mode selector reaches 28.4 GHz when the molecular steering angle

θ

lies between 71.22° and 90°.
Feedback-based positioning and diffusion suppression of particles via optical control of thermoviscous flows
Authors: Erben Elena , Seelbinder Benjamin , Stoev Iliya D. , Klykov Sergei , Maghelli Nicola , Kreysing Moritz
Published: June 2021

The ability to control the position of micron-size particles with high precision using tools such as optical tweezers has led to major advances in fields such as biology, physics and material science. In this paper, we present a novel optical strategy to confine particles in solution with high spatial control using feedback-controlled thermoviscous flows. We show that this technique allows micron-size particles to be positioned and confined with subdiffraction precision (24 nm), effectively suppressing their diffusion. Due to its physical characteristics, our approach might be particular attractive where laser exposure is of concern or materials are inherently incompatible with optical tweezing since it does not rely on contrast in the refractive index.
Generation of optical vortex lattices by a coherent beam combining system
Authors: Long Jinhu , Hou Tianyue , Chang Qi , Yu Tao , Su Rongtao , Ma Pengfei , Ma Yanxing , Zhou Pu , Si Lei
Published: June 2021

Owing to the unique features in intensity and phase structures, optical vortex lattices (OVLs) have attracted intensive attention and promoted various applications. However, the power scaling of OVLs always presents a critical challenge. Here we take advantage of the brightness enhancement of coherent beam combining (CBC) technology and propose an architecture for creating OVLs based on the CBC system. In the experiment, by utilizing the stochastic parallel gradient descent algorithm, the dynamic phase noises were compensated. The desired piston phase shifting of each element for tailoring the structured wavefront was implemented by the liquid crystal. When the system in a closed loop, hexagonal close-packed OVL consists of spatially distributed orbital angular momentum, beams can be generated in the far-field. This work is an important step toward future implementation of high-power structured light beams.
Efficient direct mapping of the nonlinear optical response via modulated Airy beams
Authors: Jia Pengbo , Wu Juan , Bongiovanni Domenico , Hu Yi , Zhang Ling , Morandotti Roberto , Chen Zhigang , Xu Jingjun
Published: June 2021

We report a scheme to achieve efficient direct mapping of the nonlinear optical response into a spatial beam profile. Compared with previous methods where a standard two-dimensional Airy beam was used as a probe, a modulated beam configuration allows for an improved mapping efficiency, stemming from the induced nonlinearity caused by the applied modulation. We find that the mapping efficiency along different orientations is highly related to the beam patterns and the type of nonlinearity. The improvement of the mapping quality and new, to the best of our knowledge, features found in simulations are further verified in experiments by testing a photorefractive nonlinearity. Our results represent a further step towards an effective tool for the direct measurement of the nonlinear optical response with low power consumption.
Topological bimeronic beams
Authors: Shen Yijie
Published: June 2021

This Letter proposes a family of structured light, called bimeronic beams, that characterize topological structures of bimeron (the quasiparticle homeomorphic to skyrmion). The polarization Stokes vectors of bimeronic beams emulate bimeron structures, which are reconfigurable to form various topological textures by tuning mode parameters. The bimeronic beams unveil a mechanism to transform diverse topological states of light, similar to the skyrmionic transformations among Néel, Bloch, and anti-skyrmion types. Moreover, bimeronic transformations are more generalized to include skyrmionic transformations as special cases.
Rate-dependent effects of lidocaine on cardiac dynamics: Development and analysis of a low-dimensional drug-channel interaction model
Authors: Docken Steffen S. , Clancy Colleen E. , Lewis Timothy J.
Published: June 2021

State-dependent sodium channel blockers are often prescribed to treat cardiac arrhythmias, but many sodium channel blockers are known to have pro-arrhythmic side effects. While the anti and proarrhythmic potential of a sodium channel blocker is thought to depend on the characteristics of its rate-dependent block, the mechanisms linking these two attributes are unclear. Furthermore, how specific properties of rate-dependent block arise from the binding kinetics of a particular drug is poorly understood. Here, we examine the rate-dependent effects of the sodium channel blocker lidocaine by constructing and analyzing a novel drug-channel interaction model. First, we identify the predominant mode of lidocaine binding in a 24 variable Markov model for lidocaine-sodium channel interaction by Moreno et al. Specifically, we find that (1) the vast majority of lidocaine bound to sodium channels is in the neutral form, i.e., the binding of charged lidocaine to sodium channels is negligible, and (2) neutral lidocaine binds almost exclusively to inactivated channels and, upon binding, immobilizes channels in the inactivated state. We then develop a novel 3-variable lidocaine-sodium channel interaction model that incorporates only the predominant mode of drug binding. Our low-dimensional model replicates an extensive amount of the voltage-clamp data used to parameterize the Moreno et al. model. Furthermore, the effects of lidocaine on action potential upstroke velocity and conduction velocity in our model are similar to those predicted by the Moreno et al. model. By exploiting the low-dimensionality of our model, we derive an algebraic expression for level of rate-dependent block as a function of pacing frequency, restitution properties, diastolic and plateau potentials, and drug binding rate constants. Our model predicts that the level of rate-dependent block is sensitive to alterations in restitution properties and increases in diastolic potential, but it is insensitive to variations in the shape of the action potential waveform and lidocaine binding rates.
Ethnic differences in guideline-indicated statin initiation for people with type 2 diabetes in UK primary care, 2006–2019: A cohort study
Authors: Eastwood Sophie V. , Mathur Rohini , Sattar Naveed , Smeeth Liam , Bhaskaran Krishnan , Chaturvedi Nishi
Published: June 2021

Background

Type 2 diabetes is 2–3 times more prevalent in people of South Asian and African/African Caribbean ethnicity than people of European ethnicity living in the UK. The former 2 groups also experience excess atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) complications of diabetes. We aimed to study ethnic differences in statin initiation, a cornerstone of ASCVD primary prevention, for people with type 2 diabetes.

Methods and findings

Observational cohort study of UK primary care records, from 1 January 2006 to 30 June 2019. Data were studied from 27,511 (88%) people of European ethnicity, 2,386 (8%) people of South Asian ethnicity, and 1,142 (4%) people of African/African Caribbean ethnicity with incident type 2 diabetes, no previous ASCVD, and statin use indicated by guidelines. Statin initiation rates were contrasted by ethnicity, and the number of ASCVD events that could be prevented by equalising prescribing rates across ethnic groups was estimated. Median time to statin initiation was 79, 109, and 84 days for people of European, South Asian, and African/African Caribbean ethnicity, respectively. People of African/African Caribbean ethnicity were a third less likely to receive guideline-indicated statins than European people (n/N [%]: 605/1,142 [53%] and 18,803/27,511 [68%], respectively; age- and gender-adjusted HR 0.67 [95% CI 0.60 to 0.76], p < 0.001). The HR attenuated marginally in a model adjusting for total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (0.77 [95% CI 0.69 to 0.85], p < 0.001), with no further diminution when deprivation, ASCVD risk factors, comorbidity, polypharmacy, and healthcare usage were accounted for (fully adjusted HR 0.76 [95% CI 0.68, 0.85], p < 0.001). People of South Asian ethnicity were 10% less likely to receive a statin than European people (1,489/2,386 [62%] and 18,803/27,511 [68%], respectively; fully adjusted HR 0.91 [95% CI 0.85 to 0.98], p = 0.008, adjusting for all covariates). We estimated that up to 12,600 ASCVD events could be prevented over the lifetimes of people currently affected by type 2 diabetes in the UK by equalising statin prescribing across ethnic groups. Limitations included incompleteness of recording of routinely collected data.

Conclusions

In this study we observed that people of African/African Caribbean ethnicity with type 2 diabetes were substantially less likely, and people of South Asian ethnicity marginally less likely, to receive guideline-indicated statins than people of European ethnicity, even after accounting for sociodemographics, healthcare usage, ASCVD risk factors, and comorbidity. Underuse of statins in people of African/African Caribbean or South Asian ethnicity with type 2 diabetes is a missed opportunity to prevent cardiovascular events.
Associations of IL13 gene polymorphisms and immune factors with Schistosoma haematobium infection in schoolchildren in four schistosomiasis-endemic communities in Ghana
Authors: Sarpong-Baidoo Margaret , Ofori Michael F. , Asuming-Brempong Elias Kwesi , Kyei-Baafour Eric , Idun Bright K. , Owusu-Frimpong Isaac , Amonoo Nana A. , Quarshie Queenstar D. , Tettevi Edward J. , Osei-Atweneboana Mike Y.
Published: June 2021

Background

Schistosomiasis remains a major public health issue with over 90% of the prevalence rates recorded in Sub-Saharan Africa. In this study, the relationships between different interleukin gene polymorphisms (IL-13-591A/G, IL-13-1055C/T, IL-13-1258A/G) and Schistosoma haematobium infection levels were evaluated; as well as the host plasma antibodies and cytokine profiles associated with schistosomiasis infection.

Methodology

A total of 469 school children aged 6 to 19 years from four schistosomiasis-endemic communities in Ghana were involved. Single urine and stool samples were obtained from each pupil, processed via sedimentation and Kato-Katz, and examined via microscopy for Schistosoma and soil-transmitted helminth (STH) eggs. Next, venous blood samples were drawn from 350 healthy pupils, and used to measure antibody and plasma cytokine levels by ELISA. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the IL-13 gene were genotyped on 71 selected blood samples using the Mass Array technique.

Principal findings and conclusion

The overall prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis was 21.11%. Community-level prevalences were 17.12%, 32.11%, 20.80%, and 15.32% for Asempaneye, Barikumah, Eyan Akotoguah, and Apewosika respectively. Generally, higher S. haematobium infection prevalence and intensity were recorded for participants with genotypes bearing the IL13-1055C allele, the IL13-591A, and the IL13-1258A alleles. Also, higher S. haematobium infection prevalence was observed among participants in the 12-14-year age group with the IL13-1055C, IL13-591A, and IL13-1258A alleles. Interestingly, higher STH prevalence was also observed among participants with the IL13-1055C, IL13-591A, and IL13-1258A alleles. Furthermore, the age-associated trends of measured antibodies and cytokines of S. haematobium-infected school-children depicted a more pro-inflammatory immune profile for pupils aged up to 1l years, and an increasingly anti-inflammatory profile for pupils aged 12 years and above. This work provides insight into the influence of IL-13 gene polymorphisms on S. haematobium, and STH infections, in school-aged children (SAC).
Stakeholders’ attitudes to outdoor residual spraying technique for dengue control in Malaysia: A PLS-SEM approach
Authors: Arham Ahmad Firdhaus , Amin Latifah , Mustapa Muhammad Adzran Che , Mahadi Zurina , Yaacob Mashitoh , Ibrahim Maznah
Published: June 2021

Outdoor Residual Spraying (ORS) technique is a complementary preventive measure for dengue. The alarming number of dengue cases in Malaysia requires an alternative method to control dengue besides the traditional method such as fogging. However, the introduction of new technologies depends on social acceptance. Therefore, this study was important to determine the factors that influence stakeholders’ attitudes towards the ORS and the moderating factor. A validated instrument was used to randomly interview 399 respondents representing two stakeholder groups which consist of scientists, and the public in Klang Valley, Malaysia. The findings revealed that the stakeholders claimed to have a high degree of religiosity, a high level of trust in the key players, perceived ORS as having high benefits, and displayed highly positive attitudes towards the ORS. The attitudes model towards the ORS model was developed using the SmartPLS software version. The perceived benefit was endorsed as the most important direct predictor of attitudes towards the ORS (ß = 0.618, P<0.001), followed by trust in the key players (ß = 0.151, P<0.001). It is also interesting to note that religiosity served as a moderator for the association between perceived benefit (ß = 0.075, P = 0.024) and perceived risk (ß = 0.114, P = 0.006) with attitudes towards the ORS. The identified predictor factors of stakeholders’ attitudes toward the ORS and the moderating factor can serve as indicators for social acceptance of ORS in developing countries. These indicators can help the policymakers in decision making to implement this technique.
Biogenic nanoporous silicon carrier improves the efficacy of buparvaquone against resistant visceral leishmaniasis
Authors: Thapa Rinez , Mondal Subhasish , Riikonen Joakim , Rantanen Jimi , Näkki Simo , Nissinen Tuomo , Närvänen Ale , Lehto Vesa-Pekka
Published: June 2021

Visceral leishmaniasis is a vector-borne protozoan infection that is fatal if untreated. There is no vaccination against the disease, and the current chemotherapeutic agents are ineffective due to increased resistance and severe side effects. Buparvaquone is a potential drug against the leishmaniases, but it is highly hydrophobic resulting in poor bioavailability and low therapeutic efficacy. Herein, we loaded the drug into silicon nanoparticles produced from barley husk, which is an agricultural residue and widely available. The buparvaquone-loaded nanoparticles were several times more selective to kill the intracellular parasites being non-toxic to macrophages compared to the pure buparvaquone and other conventionally used anti-leishmanial agents. Furthermore, the in vivo results revealed that the intraperitoneally injected buparvaquone-loaded nanoparticles suppressed the parasite burden close to 100%. By contrast, pure buparvaquone suppressed the burden only by 50% with corresponding doses. As the conclusion, the biogenic silicon nanoparticles are promising carriers to significantly improve the therapeutic efficacy and selectivity of buparvaquone against resistant visceral leishmaniasis opening a new avenue for low-cost treatment against this neglected tropical disease threatening especially the poor people in developing nations.
COVID-19 laboratory preparedness and response in the Americas Region: Lessons learned
Authors: Leite Juliana Almeida , Gresh Lionel , Vicari Andrea , Gabastou Jean Marc , Perez Enrique , Aldighieri Sylvain ,   SARINET laboratories Network, Mendez-Rico Jairo
Published: June 2021

By the time the etiologic agent of the COVID-19 was identified as a novel coronavirus, no country in the Americas Region had laboratory capacity for detecting this new virus. A strategic multilevel approach with specific reagent purchase and delivery, regional trainings, in-country missions, and the provision of technical support was established for timely preparedness of national reference laboratories for SARS-CoV-2 detection. All countries should be prepared to timely detect any potential pandemic emerging agent. The rapid SARS-CoV-2 molecular detection implementation throughout the Americas showed the importance of an efficient and coordinated laboratory response for preparedness. Here we present how in 25 days the Americas Region went from no SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic capacity, to molecular detection fully implemented in 28 Member States, under the coordinated strategy of the Pan American Health Organization and collaborative work at regional and country level with national authorities and public health laboratories.
Alteration of L-Dopa decarboxylase expression in SARS-CoV-2 infection and its association with the interferon-inducible ACE2 isoform
Authors: Mpekoulis George , Frakolaki Efseveia , Taka Styliani , Ioannidis Anastasios , Vassiliou Alice G. , Kalliampakou Katerina I. , Patas Kostas , Karakasiliotis Ioannis , Aidinis Vassilis , Chatzipanagiotou Stylianos , Angelakis Emmanouil , Vassilacopoulou Dido , Vassilaki Niki
Published: June 2021

L-Dopa decarboxylase (DDC) is the most significantly co-expressed gene with ACE2, which encodes for the SARS-CoV-2 receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and the interferon-inducible truncated isoform dACE2. Our group previously showed the importance of DDC in viral infections. We hereby aimed to investigate DDC expression in COVID-19 patients and cultured SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, also in association with ACE2 and dACE2. We concurrently evaluated the expression of the viral infection- and interferon-stimulated gene ISG56 and the immune-modulatory, hypoxia-regulated gene EPO. Viral load and mRNA levels of DDC, ACE2, dACE2, ISG56 and EPO were quantified by RT-qPCR in nasopharyngeal swab samples from COVID-19 patients, showing no or mild symptoms, and from non-infected individuals. Samples from influenza-infected patients were analyzed in comparison. SARS-CoV-2-mediated effects in host gene expression were validated in cultured virus-permissive epithelial cells. We found substantially higher gene expression of DDC in COVID-19 patients (7.6-fold; p = 1.2e-13) but not in influenza-infected ones, compared to non-infected subjects. dACE2 was more elevated (2.9-fold; p = 1.02e-16) than ACE2 (1.7-fold; p = 0.0005) in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. ISG56 (2.5-fold; p = 3.01e-6) and EPO (2.6-fold; p = 2.1e-13) were also increased. Detected differences were not attributed to enrichment of specific cell populations in nasopharyngeal tissue. While SARS-CoV-2 virus load was positively associated with ACE2 expression (r≥0.8, p<0.001), it negatively correlated with DDC, dACE2 (r≤−0.7, p<0.001) and EPO (r≤−0.5, p<0.05). Moreover, a statistically significant correlation between DDC and dACE2 expression was observed in nasopharyngeal swab and whole blood samples of both COVID-19 and non-infected individuals (r≥0.7). In VeroE6 cells, SARS-CoV-2 negatively affected DDC, ACE2, dACE2 and EPO mRNA levels, and induced cell death, while ISG56 was enhanced at early hours post-infection. Thus, the regulation of DDC, dACE2 and EPO expression in the SARS-CoV-2-infected nasopharyngeal tissue is possibly related with an orchestrated antiviral response of the infected host as the virus suppresses these genes to favor its propagation.
Publication speed in pharmacy practice journals: A comparative analysis
Authors: Mendes Antonio M. , Tonin Fernanda S. , Mainka Felipe F. , Pontarolo Roberto , Fernandez-Llimos Fernando
Published: June 2021

Background

Scholarly publishing system relies on external peer review. However, the duration of publication process is a major concern for authors and funding bodies.

Objective

To evaluate the duration of the publication process in pharmacy practice journals compared with other biomedical journals indexed in PubMed.

Methods

All the articles published from 2009 to 2018 by the 33 pharmacy practice journals identified in Mendes et al. study and indexed in PubMed were gathered as study group. A comparison group was created through a random selection of 3000 PubMed PMIDs for each year of study period. Articles with publication dates outside the study period were excluded. Metadata of both groups of articles were imported from PubMed. The duration of editorial process was calculated with three periods: acceptance lag (days between ‘submission date’ and ‘acceptance date’), lead lag (days between ‘acceptance date’ and ‘online publication date’), and indexing lag (days between ‘online publication date’ and ‘Entry date’). Null hypothesis significance tests and effect size measures were used to compare these periods between both groups.

Results

The 33 pharmacy practice journals published 26,256 articles between 2009 and 2018. Comparison group random selection process resulted in a pool of 23,803 articles published in 5,622 different journals. Acceptance lag was 105 days (IQR 57–173) for pharmacy practice journals and 97 days (IQR 56–155) for the comparison group with a null effect difference (Cohen’s d 0.081). Lead lag was 13 (IQR 6–35) and 23 days (IQR 9–45) for pharmacy practice and comparison journals, respectively, which resulted in a small effect. Indexing lag was 5 days (IQR 2–46) and 4 days (IQR 2–12) for pharmacy practice and control journals, which also resulted in a small effect. Slight positive time trend was found in pharmacy practice acceptance lag, while slight negative trends were found for lead and indexing lags for both groups.

Conclusions

Publication process duration of pharmacy practice journals is similar to a general random sample of articles from all disciplines.
Why don’t adolescent girls in a rural Uganda district initiate or complete routine 2-dose HPV vaccine series: Perspectives of adolescent girls, their caregivers, healthcare workers, community health workers and teachers
Authors: Rujumba Joseph , Akugizibwe Mathias , Basta Nicole E. , Banura Cecily
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Vaccination with the 2-dose HPV vaccine series among adolescent girls in Uganda remains low after almost 5 years since the vaccine was included into the routine national immunization program and barriers are not well understood.

Objective

We explored barriers that prevent eligible girls from initiating or completing the recommended 2-dose HPV vaccine series in Oyam District, Northern Uganda.

Methods

A qualitative study was conducted in Oyam District, Northern Uganda. Forty interviews were conducted with adolescent girls, their caregivers, Village Health Team Members, health workers and school administrators involved in HPV vaccination. All interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. NVivo version 11 was used for data management and content thematic approach for analysis guided by the Social Ecological Model.

Results

At individual level, low levels of knowledge about the vaccine, girls’ frequent mobility between vaccine doses, school absenteeism and drop out, fear of injection pain and discouragement from caregivers or peers were key barriers. At the health facilities level, reported barriers included: few healthcare workers, inadequate knowledge about HPV vaccine, limited social mobilization and community engagement to promote the vaccine, limited availability of the HPV vaccine, unreliable transportation, lack of reminder strategies after the first dose of the vaccine, lack of vaccination strategy for out-of-school girls and un-friendly behaviour of some healthcare workers. Concerns about safety and efficacy of the vaccine, negative religious and cultural beliefs against vaccination, rumors and misconceptions about the vaccine, mistrust in government intentions to introduce the new vaccine targeting girls, busy schedules and the gendered nature of care work were key community level barriers.

Conclusion

Our study revealed an interplay of barriers at individual, health facility and community levels, which prevent initiation and completion of HPV vaccination among adolescent girls. Strengthening HIV vaccination programs and ensuring high uptake requires providing appropriate information to the girls plus the community, school and health facility stakeholders; addressing cold chain challenges as well as adequate training of vaccinators to enable them respond to rumors about HPV vaccination.
Youth-friendly HIV self-testing: Acceptability of campus-based oral HIV self-testing among young adult students in Zimbabwe
Authors: Koris Andrea L. , Stewart Kearsley A. , Ritchwood Tiarney D. , Mususa Daniel , Ncube Getrude , Ferrand Rashida A. , McHugh Grace
Published: June 2021

Background

Targeted HIV testing strategies are needed to reach remaining undiagnosed people living with HIV and achieve the UNAIDS’ 95-95-95 goals for 2030. HIV self-testing (HIVST) can increase uptake of HIV testing among young people, but user perspectives on novel distribution methods are uncertain. We assess the acceptability, perceived challenges, and recommendations of young adult lay counselor-led campus-based HIVST delivery among tertiary school students aged 18–24 years in Zimbabwe.

Methods

We purposively sampled participants from an intervention involving campus-based HIVST using lay workers for distribution. We conducted in-depth interviews (IDIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) among young adults from 10 universities and colleges in Zimbabwe who: (1) self-tested on campus; (2) self-tested off campus; and (3) opted not to self-test. We audio recorded and transcribed all interviews. Using applied thematic analysis, two investigators identified emergent themes and independently coded transcripts, achieving high inter-coder agreement.

Results

Of the 52 young adults (53.8% male, 46.1% female) interviewed through 26 IDIs and four FGDs, most IDI participants (19/26, 73%) favored campus-based HIVST, describing it as a more autonomous, convenient, and socially acceptable experience than other facility or community-based HIV testing services. Despite general acceptability, participants identified challenges with this delivery model, including: perceived social coercion, insufficient privacy and access to post-test counseling. These challenges influenced some participants to opt against self-testing (6/52, 11.5%). Recommendations for improved implementation included integrating secondary distribution of test kits and increased HIV counseling options into campus-based programs.

Conclusions

Barriers to HIV testing among young people are numerous and complex. As the number of new HIV infections among youth continue to grow worldwide, targeted strategies and youth friendly approaches that increase access to testing are needed to close the diagnostic coverage gap. This is the first study to describe young adult acceptance of campus-based delivery of HIVST by lay counselors in Zimbabwe.
Comparison of three serological chemiluminescence immunoassays for SARS-CoV-2, and clinical significance of antibody index with disease severity
Authors: Lee Nuri , Jeong Seri , Park Min-Jeong , Song Wonkeun
Published: June 2021

Background

The clinical significance of the quantitative value of antibodies in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection remains mostly unidentified. We investigated the dynamics and clinical implications of the SARS-CoV-2 antibody over time using three automated chemiluminescence immunoassays targeting either nucleocapsids or spikes.

Methods

A total of 126 specimens were collected from 23 patients with confirmed and indeterminate COVID-19 identified by molecular tests. SARS-CoV-2 antibody index was measured using SARS-CoV2 IgG reagent from Alinity (Abbott) and Access (Beckman Coulter) and SARS-CoV2 Total (IgG + IgM) from Atellica (Siemens).

Results

Three immunoassays showed strong correlations with each other (range of Pearson’ s correlation coefficient (r) = 0.700–0.854, P < 0.001). Eleven (8.7%) specimens showed inconsistencies. SARS-CoV-2 IgG showed a statistically significantly higher value in patients with severe disease than that in non-severe disease patients (P < 0.001) and was significantly associated with clinical markers of disease severity.

Conclusion

The quantitative value of the SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody measured using automated immunoassays is a significant indicator of clinical severity in patients with COVID-19.