bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Geology of Isis Point, North-East Land (Spitsbergen)
Authors: Sandford Kenneth S.
Published: October 2009

Isis Point, a rocky island-promontory among the ice-cliffs forming the east coast of North-East Land, consists entirely of igneous and metamorphic rocks. On the north coast, as already known, metamorphosed sediments are intimately invaded by a grey granite; at Isis Point amphibolites are prominent among the metamorphic rocks and the stressed grey granite occurs.

Quartz-diorites, scarcely known elsewhere in North-East Land, occur as dykes and veins in the complex and are younger than it. Granodiorites, the now wellknown red and pink “granites” of North-East Land, have field relations similar to those of the diorites; aplite and pegmatite associated with the granodiorites cut the diorites. The granodiorites are younger than, or in part coeval with, the diorites; both are usually unstressed.

Evidence based on morainic material from Isis Point suggests that Upper Carboniferous rocks rest directly on the igneous and metamorphic complex nearby, overstepping the sediments of the Hecla Hoek Formation from west to east. Some of the rocks of Isis Point outcrop on the coast farther north and in Great Island and White Island to the north-east; it is logical to associate them with the “Archaean” basement of Barents Shelf. Eastward, the Upper Carboniferous sediments occur in Victoria Island.

The paper is a sequel to that by the author published in 1950.

I. Introduction

Two earlier papers describe rocks collected at Isis Point (Sandford 1926, 1950). The first mentions (p. 620) an isolated diorite, of which a specimen was brought back by a member of the 1924 Oxford expedition (Binney
The Structure and Stratigraphical Succession of the Moines of Fannich Forest and Strath Bran, Ross-Shire
Authors: Sutton John , Watson Janet
Published: October 2009

The order of deposition of metamorphosed Moinian sediments in an area a few miles east of the Moine thrust has been determined with the aid of current-bedding. The previously accepted succession is seen to be incomplete and inverted, and the structural interpretation based on it is therefore largely invalid. Within a succession some 13,000 feet thick, rocks formerly regarded as inliers of Lewisian appear at two horizons. The lower, forming the supposed inliers of Scardroy and Achnasheen, contains abundant banded hornblendic rocks; the upper, the so-called Fannich inlier, is dominantly siliceous.

The major folds, with a wave-lenght of several miles, are overturned towards the west and are isoclinal only in the south. Their axes run, on the average, N.-S., but show much variation in the direction and angle of plunge. Relative variations in the plunge of an adjacent syncline cause the steep or inverted limb common to them both to change its thickness or even to disappear. Variations in plunge lead also to the formation of contemporaneous subsidiary flexures running NW.-SE. The relations of minor structures (small folds, cleavage and lineations) to the major fold system are discussed.

I. Introduction

The part of Wester Ross in the Northern Highlands of Scotland with which this paper deals (see Fig. 1) was mapped many years ago by the Geological Survey of Great Britain and described in two memoirs published in 1913 : one on the Fannich Mountains (explanation of sheet 92) and one on central Ross-shire (explanation of sheet 82). A small
The Palaeoecology of the Top Hosie Shale (Lower Carboniferous) at a Locality Near Kilsyth
Authors: Craig Gordon Younger
Published: October 2009

The sizes, conditions of preservation and environment of some 5000 fossils collected from two feet (measured vertically) of a calcareous shale of Lower Carboniferous age are analysed and the lithology of the sediment described. Where possible, the modes of life of the fossil species are determined and ecological comparisons made with related living species. It is shown that many of the fossils are “drift” shells or fragments, which were washed into their present position in the shale. Some shells, however, have maintained the position occupied by the living animal.

Two benthonic fossil communities are recognized, comparable with the living benthonic communities described by C. G. J. Petersen (
Rep. Danish Biol. Stat.
1918). A mud-surface community, consisting principally of
Posidonia corrugata
, arenaceous foraminifera and the ostracod
Waylandella cuneola
, lived in the relatively quiet depositional environment of the basal four inches of shale. Increase in the strength of currents sweeping the substratum, as evidenced by coarser sediment and shell fragments, is correlated with the disappearance of this community and the introduction of a community of burrowing forms which characterize the following 20 inches of shale. This new community consists chiefly of the burrowers
Lingula squamiformis, Nuculopsis gibbosa
and
Sanguinolites costellatus
, certain surface animals more variable in abundance than the burrowers, and a microfauna similar to that of the
Posidonia
band.

I. Introduction

The work described in this paper was undertaken in an attempt to elucidate the palaeoecology of benthonic fossil communities, and to gain a better understanding of the depositional environment of
The Upper Carboniferous Rocks of the Ingleton Coalfield
Authors: Ford Trevor David
Published: October 2009

The sequence and structure of the Millstone Grit and Coal Measures rocks in the Ingleton area are described in detail, and comparisons made with neighbouring areas in the Pennines.

The Millstone Grit succession exposed on the southern and western flanks of the coalfield syncline is shown by its contained faunas to be representative of the E
2
to G
1
stages inclusive, and is a complete but somewhat attenuated equivalent of the better known succession of the Yorkshire-Lancashire borders.

The Coal Measures are shown to consist of two series separated by an unconformity. The lower series, or Grey Measures, have yielded faunas and floras indicative of the
lenisulcata, communis
and part of the
modiolaris
zones. Workable coals are confined to the lower part of the
modiolaris
Zone. The Grey Measures are shown to be overlain unconformably by an upper series, or Red Measures, mainly of
phillipsii-tenuis
age. These are overlain unconformably by breccias probably of Permian age.

The structural development of the coalfield is described and the effects of intra-Coal-Measures and Permo-Carboniferous movements discussed.

I. Introduction

The greater part of the Ingleton Coalfield lies in the West Riding of Yorkshire with small areas in the adjacent counties of Lancashire and Westmorland, some 30 miles from the nearest parts of the Yorkshire and Lancashire coalfields and 50 miles from the Durham and Cumberland coalfields (Fig. I).

It consists of about 28 square miles of Coal Measures lying immediately south-west of the Craven faults and bounded on the south and west by the upper
The structure and stratigraphical succession of the Moines Fannich Forest and Strath Bran, Ross-shire
Authors: Sutton J. , Watson J.
Published: October 2009

From
Dr. E. M. Anderson :—

In the discussion which followed this paper, one of the speakers announced that he was, at the time, engaged in the reinvestigation of the Monar and Glen Strathfarrar “inliers” of supposed Lewisian Gneiss, and that the Survey conclusions as to these inliers “had not been found to be true”. This was, in particular, with regard to the difference in character between the inliers and the surrounding Moine Schists.

As the member of the Survey staff who surveyed a large part of the Glen Strathfarrar inlier, perhaps I may be allowed to add the following notes. My description of the inlier itself is given in some detail in the Central Ross-shire Memoir, pp. 41–5, and that of the conglomerate which surrounds it in the same memoir, p. 67.

Except for the fact that I accepted, on Peach's authority, the identity of this inlier with the Lewisian Gneiss, my conclusions are certainly not “untrue”. Even in this respect it is possible that a case might be made out for Peach's view, but it is not my present purpose to do so. I wish rather to discuss the asserted identity of the rocks within the inlier with the surrounding schists.

To begin with the conglomerate, this has been photographed, and seen by several subsequent observers, none of whom for a moment doubted that this description of its nature is correct. It is perhaps the most striking conglomerate, in rocks in an equal grade of metamorphism, to be
The Carboniferous Rocks between the Ox Mountains and Donegal Bay
Authors: Oswald Desmond Henry
Published: October 2009

The area covers an outcrop of some 230 square miles of Lower Carboniferous rocks in the counties of Sligo, Leitrim and southern Donegal. The strata were laid down in what became a deep basin of sedimentation floored by Dalradian and Moine Series between the Ox Mountains and the Donegal and Londonderry mountains in the north. They are folded into a gentle syncline—the Sligo syncline—with a NE.-SW. axis, and are bounded on the south by the Ox Mountains fault.

A conformable succession of nearly 4000 feet of very fossiliferous strata (calp overlain by massive limestone) is present. It is readily divisible into a series of litho-logical groups which exhibit a constant thickness except where the contemporaneous anticlinal effect of the Ox Mountains chain has reduced particularly the lower members. A fossiliferous reef limestone, which occurs as lenticular masses over large areas, is locally developed in the upper limestone : it exhibits a knoll topography at one locality and the Glenade Beds, which rest unconformably on it, appear to be banked round it.

The succession extends from C
2
S
1
to D
1
, mainly in a Caninia facies. The overlying Glenade shales and sandstones contain goniatites characteristic of P
1
and P
2
.
The Clacton (Essex) Channel Deposits
Authors: Warren S. Hazzledine
Published: October 2009

New field evidence of the Clacton channel deposits i3 recorded. A general revision of the non-marine mollusca by the late A. S. Kennard and Mr. C. P. Castell points to the same invasion of Rhenish species that Kennard found in the middle of the Swanscombe sequence. The marine mollusca of the estuarine stage include nothing to distinguish them from the Holocene, although the rest of the biotope points to the mid-Pleistocene.

The erratic rocks are traced back by Mr. D. F. W. Baden-Powell to a stream of proto-Thames material from the west passing through mid-Essex to the gravel cliffs at Holland-on-Sea and Clacton. A few remains of Microtinae have been examined by Mr. M. A. C. Hinton and these tentatively suggest close comparison with Grays. The mammalian remains are not described in detail, but the finding of the remains of the food of Rhinoceros in the crevices of the molars is recorded.

The Clacton Stage is associated closely with the Early Taplow brickearth of Grays-Thurrock, and equally with the middle part of the Swanscombe sequence.
Carboniferous Main Limestone of the East Crop in South Wales
Authors: George T. Neville
Published: October 2009

The East Crop in South Wales, between Blorenge and Risca, displays an incomplete Avonian sequence, Main Limestone in the northern outcrops suffering extinction by Namurian overstep.

The Main Limestone, where it occurs, consists almost unrelievedly of secondary dolomites, but in the Afon-Lwyd valley near Blaenafon the strata emerging from beneath the Millstone Grit are in places relatively unaltered and are composed of primary rock types&mainly shelly oolites&closely comparable with those of the Oolite Group of Breconshire. Thicknesses rarely exceed 150 feet, and all the beds appear to belong to lower Tournaisian Main Limestone. A comparable development is found for several miles south of Pontypool.

In the southernmost outcrops at Risca a greater thickness (about 360 feet) is preserved. Analogy with the sequence to the south-west suggests it may include upper Tournaisian beds, but the dolomitized rocks have most of their fossils obliterated, so that correlation is uncertain. The Visean stage is nowhere represented.

Isopachytes reveal an eastward thinning of the Main Limestone beneath the Millstone Grit at a rate of about 1 in 60 in the north, of about 1 in 12 near Risca. The trend of the isopachytes follows fairly closely the present strike (which between Blaenafon and Pontypool may also have been a depositional strike), and clearly displays the influence of a contemporary prototypic Usk anticline on Namurian overstep.
Isostatic Readjustment In The Theory Of Pediplanation
Authors: Pugh John Charles
Published: October 2009

The principle of isostatic recovery is applied to the theory of landscape reduction by back-wearing of scarps. It is calculated that, following the disruption of major continents in the Cretaceous, major erosion surfaces can be expected within definite altitude ranges, and it is shown that in West Africa there is a marked correspondence . between calculated and observed heights. The development of the theory removes the necessity for intermittent uplift of the continents by unknown forces during the Tertiary.
A review of some problems of African carbonatites
Authors: Smith Walter Campbell
Published: October 2009

Carbonatites ar known at many places in eastern and central Africa, from near Mount Elgon in Uganda to Spitzkop and Palabora in nort-eastern Transvaal. They reange in age from pre-Karroo, post-Waterbag in the south to Miocene—Pliocene in the north. Owing to this great age difference denudation has revealed carbonatites at various levels of erosion, the deepest corresponding perhaps with the carbonatites exposed at Alnö in Sweden and Fen in Norway.

The composition and structure of the carbonatites, the associated alkaline igneous rocks, and the altered country rocks known as fenites are all described. The carbonatites are mainly pure calcite but some are ankeritic and dolomitic and, locally, sideritic and manganiferous. They carry characteristics accessory minerals, particularly pyrochlore. The associated igneous rocks are ijolites with, less frequently, nephelinesyenite and at some centres pryoxenite. Fenitization results in the formation of aegirine-fėlspar rocks, nearly pure felspar rocks and felspathic breccia. Evidence as to chemical changes involved in fenitization is not always consistent, but addition of K or Na, or both, and loss of SiO
2
are satisfactorily demonstrated. Current theories are reviewed. The carbonatites are believed to owe their origin to concentration of carbon dioxide of or carbonatitic fluid of magmatic origin, derived perhaps from pyroxenite highly charged with volatiles, among which carbon dioxide played the most important part, associated with phosphoric acid, fluorine, water etc., and in which the elements niobium and cerium, among others, were also concentrated.
The stratigraphy and structure of the Hecla Hoek formation and its relationship to a subjacent metamorphic complex in North-East Land (Spitsbergen)
Authors: Sandford Kenneth S.
Published: October 2009

The stratigraphical succession of the lower part of the Hecla Hoek Formation in North-East Land, previously known in regions separated one from another, is co-ordinated. The geology of Prins Oscars Land (Rrjps Peninsula), where A, E. Nordenskiöld made observations nearly a hundred years ago, is described and interpreted for the first time.

Except for eastward thinning out of basal volcanic and pyroclastic rocks, and their replacement by argillaceous beds, there are few facies changes; thicknesses remain fairly consistent across the strike for some sixty miles. The upper part of the formation is present only in north-western part of North-East Land and beneath the West Ice.

The sediments are thrown into successive plunging folds, which end in the east against a newly identified fracture belt, here called the Dove Bay fault, with strike parallel to the fold axes.

The structure of the metamorphic complex beneath the Hecla Hoek Formation is totally at variance with that of the overlying sediments, and the Dove Bay fault cuts the complex transversely. Verification of the disjunctive relationship of the Hecla Hoek sediments to the surface of the metamorphic complex, described in an earlier paper, is evident.

The stratigraphical and structural relationships of the unmetamorphosed Pre-Cambrian-Lower Palaeozoic Hecla Hoek with the metamorphic complex of the Barents Shield in North-East Land present analogies with those known in Norway and Great Britain, but the subject is not elaborated here.
The stratigraphy, structure and sedimentation of the Old Red Sandstone of the Comeragh Mountains and adjacent areas, County Waterford, Ireland
Authors: Capewell Joseph Gerald
Published: October 2009

The Old Red Sandstone of the Comeragh Mountains, probably all of the upper division of the British succession, is subdivided as follows : 1, Coumshingaun Conglomerate Group ; 2, Comeragh Conglomerate-Sandstone Group; 3, Nier Sandstone Group; 4, Kiltorcan Sandstone Group. These groups are described. The Old Red Sandstone rests unconformably on Lower Palaeozoic rocks composed mainly of slates and felsites, but in one area the underlying rocks comprise conglomerates, formerly mapped as Old Red Sandstone. These are provisionally designated “Croughaun Beds” and their stratigraphical position discussed. Lower Carboniferous rocks follow in apparent conformity. The Old Red Sandstone here is unfossiliferous apart from poorly preserved plant fragments.

The area described forms part of a gently folded broad-crested anticline with steep limbs to north and south and a strong wastward plunge. Several minor folds, as well as important faulting, mainly N.-S., are present. Jointing, especially of the massive conglomerates, is well developed, but cleavage of the finer beds is not pronounced

The detailed petrography of the sedimentary rocks is described; the heavy mineral content is poor. The lowest rocks were laid down as coarse piedmont fans, the detritus coming probably from a highland area to the east largely of Lower Palaeozoic volcanic and minor intrusive rocks. The finer sandstones appear to have been playa-lake deposits near the eastern end of a rapidly subsiding trough of sedimentation. Highly felspathic and micaceous clastic constituents are not infrequent and these again were probably derived from the east or south-east, from a more distant region of granite or Pre-Cambrian basement, or both. The Kiltorcan Group is probably humid-lacustrine, with uniform conditions over a wide area, finally invaded by the Lower Carboniferous sea.
Problems of alkali rock genesis
Authors: Tilley Cecil Edgar
Published: October 2009

In a review of the genetic problems of the alkali rocks attention is devoted to recent experimental hydrothermal equilibrium studies on alkali-alumina-silicate systems and their bearing on the interpretation of the differentiation and consolidation history of felspathoidal rocks, to the role of carbonate syntexis in alkali rock genesis and to the concept of dependence of magma chemistry on tectony. The status of nephelinization as a process of regional metasomatism generating alkali rocks is considered in the light of recent studies of alkali provinces.
The Lower Carboniferous rocks of the Carrick-on-Shannon syncline
Authors: Caldwell William Glen Elliot
Published: October 2009

Carboniferous limestone of Viséan age occupies much of the district around Carrick-on-Shannon in north-central Ireland.

The limestone succession, nearly 3000 feet thick, is composed of alternating groups of thin-bedded limestones-with-shales and massive, crinoidal limestones. Lenticular sheet reefs, composed largely of unbedded calcite-mudstone, are interbedded with the uppermost massive limestones. The limestones are ascribed zonal positions ranging from Upper Caninian to Lower Dibunophyllidan.

The calcareous rocks are underlain by conglomerates and sandstones, 500 feet thick, which rest unconformably on sediments of Old Red Sandstone age, and overlain by a thick series of goniatitic black shales of Bollandian and Namurian age.

Compared with the Lower Carboniferous rocks lying north of the Ox Mountains, the Carrick succession is less thick and is of markedly different facies. This is attributed principally to influence of the contemporary barrier of the Ox anticline and possibly of the Curlew anticline.

The Carrick syncline is a composite downwarp consisting of a system of pitching folds arranged in echelon and traversed by a number of faults including important wrench-faults. The structures have a caledonoid trend derived from the sub-Carboniferous foundation.
The nature of the Clay Pebble-beds and associated rocks of South-West Ecuador
Authors: Marchant Stephen , Black C. D. G.
Published: October 2009

Previous literature on the Clay Pebble-bed of Ancon is reviewed and earlier theories of its origin by thrusting, sliding under gravity and sub-aerial mudflows are discussed in detail. Evidence is produced to show that the rock must be a sedimentary deposit and that none of the previous theories can be accepted. It is re-interpreted as having been deposited by submarine sliding. Sedimentary structures from the overlying Socorro Beds are also discussed and it is concluded that these are turbidity current deposits. Brief mention is made of similar rocks in north-western Peru and in Trinidad.
Structural Neuroimaging and the Antisocial Brain
Authors: De Brito Stéphane A. , Hodgins Sheilagh , Mccrory Eamon J.P. , Mechelli Andrea , Wilke Marko , Jones Alice P. , Viding Essi
Published: October 2009

A series of neuroimaging studies have reported structural differences in several subcortical and frontal systems in individuals with stable antisocial behavior (sASB). Specifically, differences have been observed in the prefrontal and temporal cortices (e.g., amygdala and hippocampus). However, the sASB population is typically characterized by co-occurring hyperactivity— inattention symptoms and low cognitive ability. These nuisance variables are likely to complicate the interpretation of findings regarding structural differences associated with sASB. The way in which each study deals with these variables influences the conclusions that can be drawn about the brain structure and function of children and adults with sASB. This article briefly reviews the extant literature in this field before considering two approaches that may be used to deal with comorbidities conceptualized as nuisance variables--namely, the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and the matched-group design. Then, the authors illustrate, with their own data, checks that may be performed to ensure the validity of results using ANCOVA.
The Criminology of the Amygdala
Authors: DeLisi Matt , Umphress Zachary R. , Vaughn Michael G.
Published: October 2009

A central part of the brain’s limbic system, the amygdala is crucial for emotional learning, aversive conditioning, and response to fear and other emotions. Although the amygdala is a vibrant area of study in the neurosciences, it is virtually ignored in criminology. Here, we review the anatomical location, connectivity, and functions of the amygdala, explore its role in James Blair and colleagues’ recently advanced theory of psychopathy, explicate amygdala abnormalities in diverse populations, and explore genetics research relating to amygdala functioning. Because of its role in the regulation of fear and other emotional memory and response, the amygdala is importantly related to psychopathy; callous-unemotional traits; and the vibrant, neuroscience-based investigations of the etiology of antisocial behavior.
1989 and the European Social Model
Authors: Azmanova Albena
Published: October 2009

The post-communist revolutions of 1989 triggered parallel transformation in the ideological landscape on both sides of the former Iron Curtain. The geo-political opening after the end of the Cold War made global integration a highly salient factor in political mobilization, opting out to replace the capital-versus-labor dynamics of conflict that had shaped the ideological families of Europe during the 20th century. This has resulted in splitting the traditional constituencies of the Left and the Right and reorganizing them along new fault-lines: those shaped by attitudes to globalization and EU enlargement (in the West) and by attitudes to EU accession and global economic competition (in the East). Thus, an ideational convergence between East and West is taking place in Europe, radically altering the structure of political competition in the early 21st century. As the new political cleavage cuts across, rather than runs along, the left—right ideological continuum, it is eroding the societal alliances that had supported the post-war European Social Model. The emerging structure of political competition enables substantive changes in the European Social Model in the direction of deepening labor commodification, thus defeating the emancipatory potential that earlier labor-market policies had contained.
Badiou’s ahistorical century
Authors: Bernstein Jeffrey
Published: October 2009

This review essay explores Alain Badiou’s paradoxical attempt to give a philosophical account of the 20th century (in his text The Century ) which is not understood along the lines of history. As an example of Badiou’s project of ‘subtractive formalization’, The Century amounts to an essentially ahistorical treatment of a historical period.
Ependymoma: An Update
Authors: Zacharoulis Stergios , Moreno Lucas
Published: October 2009

The authors provide an update on most issues related to biology, diagnosis, and treatment of children with ependymoma based on a literature review. Ependymoma is the third most common brain tumor in children and overall survival ranges from 24% to 75% at 5 years. The extent of surgical resection remains the principal risk factor that clearly influences outcome. The influence of age, location, grade, or stage has proved to be more controversial. Current standard therapy includes surgical resection and radiotherapy. Chemotherapy has a role in infants to avoid/delay radiotherapy and can be helpful to improve resectability. About half of patients will experience relapse, and outcome is dismal. New radiation modalities, reirradiation, chemotherapy, or targeted agents have been tested with promising results. Results of multi-institutional clinical trials are awaited to determine the best first-line treatment, while results of early phase I/ II trials will explore directed therapies based on new biologic factors.
Histology and Molecular Pathology of Pediatric Brain Tumors
Authors: Pfister Stefan , Hartmann Christian , Korshunov Andrey
Published: October 2009

In recent years, brain tumors have become the single most frequent cause of cancer-related mortality in children, although their frequency is approximately 50% less than leukemia. According to the classification of the World Health Organization, histopathological diagnosis is of paramount importance for clinicians to choose the most appropriate treatment option and tailor treatment intensity to disease risk. However, histopathological assessment is often difficult, and adding molecular information to classic neuropathological analyses may help ensure diagnostic accuracy, improve risk stratification of patients within a given tumor entity, and help in identifying novel therapeutic targets for an individualized treatment approach. Therefore, this review focuses both on established histopathology as well as on molecular features in the most important brain tumors in children.
Medulloblastoma
Authors: Dhall Girish
Published: October 2009

Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in children. Patients with medulloblastoma are stratified into ‘‘standard’’ and ‘‘high’’ risk categories based on age at diagnosis, degree of surgical resection, and disease spread. In children older than 3 years of age, the long-term survival can be achieved in approximately 85% of standard risk patients and 70% of high risk patients with a combination of chemotherapy and irradiation. Younger children, particularly infants, are at a significantly higher risk of side-effects of treatment. Despite tremendous progress in the field of molecular biology of medulloblastoma, much remains to be achieved in understanding the pathogenesis, critical pathways responsible for medulloblastoma, and molecular risk stratification, and in devising treatment strategies with even better survival and less long-term sequelae.
Late Effects of Therapy for Pediatric Brain Tumor Survivors
Authors: Turner Christopher D. , Rey-Casserly Celiane , Liptak Cori C. , Chordas Christine
Published: October 2009

Approximately 2 of every 3 of all pediatric patients with brain tumors will be long-term survivors. However, there is a steep cost for pediatric brain tumor survivors, and the group as a whole faces significantly more late effects than many other survivors of pediatric cancers. Most of these effects can be attributed to direct neurologic damage to the developing brain caused by the tumor and its removal, the long-term toxicity of chemotherapy, or the effects of irradiation on the central nervous system. The late effects experienced by childhood brain tumor survivors involve multiple domains. This article will review the significant late effects that occur within the medical, neurocognitive, psychosocial, and economic domains of the survivorship experience. We conclude by discussing how the late effects in different domains often coexist and can create a complex set of obstacles that pose significant challenges for a survivor of a pediatric brain tumor on a daily basis.
Central Nervous System Germ Cell Tumors: Classification, Clinical Features, and Treatment With a Historical Overview
Authors: Fujimaki Takamitsu
Published: October 2009

Central nervous system germ cell tumors are neoplasms that affect children and young adults. They are subclassified into germinoma and nongerminomatous germ cell tumors. The latter include teratoma (mature teratoma, immature teratoma, teratoma with malignant transformation), choriocarcinoma, embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumors, and mixtures of these entities. Germinoma with syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells is a variant of germinoma. Germinomas respond well to radiation therapy, but late sequelae due to irradiation have been reported. The results of radiation treatment alone for nongerminomatous germ cell tumor are not satisfactory. Combination radiochemotherapy has been applied, and this yields a good outcome with less toxicity for germinomas and better survival of nongerminomatous germ cell tumors. This article also discusses other issues, including the controversy regarding spinal irradiation and the treatment of recurrent disease.
The Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Potenza Matthew V. , Mechanick Jeffrey I.
Published: October 2009

The metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of metabolic derangements that are associated with primary disturbances in adipose tissue. Abnormal visceral fat accumulates from physical inactivity and excess calories in genetically susceptible individuals. This increased adipocyte mass acts as an endocrine organ and communicates with other organ systems via increases in inflammatory cytokines. The resulting disorders define MS as increased waist circumference, decreased serum high‐density lipoprotein, and increased serum triglyceride levels, hypertension, and insulin resistance. MS accounts for the majority of cardiovascular disease risk in the U.S. population. Dietary interventions, such as the Mediterranean diet, have been shown to improve these metabolic derangements. Many substances found in these diets are being investigated as specific therapies for MS, and when scientific substantiation is lacking, they may be considered as part of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). However, as scientific evidence accumulates, these CAM treatments may become part of conventional medicine. This review will scrutinize the emerging evidence behind many, though not all, CAM treatments currently thought to target the various derangements found in MS.
CAM and Respiratory Disease
Authors: Sorkness Ronald L.
Published: October 2009

Complementary and alternative medicine is used commonly for respiratory diseases. This review summarizes data that identify potential links between dietary intake and asthma, and results of interventional trials of herbal substances for the treatment of asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and acute bronchitis.
Enteral Nutrition in Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Morello Michela , Marcon Maria L. , Laviano Alessandro , Giometto Marta , Baruffi Carla , Zulian Elisa , Cenerelli Paolo , Faronato Pierpaolo , Tessarin Michele , Conte Amos , Paccagnella Agostino
Published: October 2009

Background.

Despite controversy and increasing use of enteral nutrition (EN) among elderly people, descriptive population‐based data are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological data of nursing home residents (NHRs) who received EN in a northeast area of Italy.

Methods.

All NHRs referred to our Nutrition Service for EN between 2001 and 2005 were enrolled. Data collected at EN initiation included age, gender, underlying disease, Karnofsky index, type of enteral access device, presence of pressure ulcers, weight, body mass index, and daily enteral intake. The outcomes considered were patient survival and duration of therapy.

Results.

The 482 NHRs (130 males; 352 females) received EN. The mean incidence (cases/million population/year) and prevalence (cases/million population) were 223.4 and 279.4, respectively. An average of 6.6% of all NHRs were tube fed. EN was prescribed for the following conditions: 27.7% cerebrovascular accident, 54.6% neurodegenerative disease, 2.7% head and neck cancer, 1.2% abdominal cancer, 1.3% head trauma, 4.8% congenital disease, 7.7% other. Almost all patients had a Karnofsky index ≤50; 42.3% of patients had pressure ulcers. The median duration of EN was 296 days and the median overall survival was 411 days.

Conclusions.

NHRs receiving EN were mainly afflicted with neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases, functional impairments, and a high incidence of pressure sores. The mortality rate was low compared with others reported in literature. The low EN use among NHRs in our study may suggest a limited use in advanced dementia and at end‐stage of life.
Pediatric Asthma
Authors: Mark John David
Published: October 2009

Asthma in children and young adults is a complex disease with many different phenotypic expressions. Diagnosis is often made based on history and lung function including measuring airway reversibility. However, in children younger than 6 years of age, the diagnosis is more difficult because many children wheeze in the first 4–6 years of life, especially with viral infections. For those children, asthma treatment is often started empirically. Those who go on to develop chronic asthma most likely have a genetic predisposition and exposure to various environmental factors resulting in chronic inflammation of the lower respiratory tract. There are established national guidelines for diagnosing and treating asthma in children and adults. For persistent asthma, it is recommended that medications be taken on a regular basis after identifying and avoiding environmental triggers. Because many factors play a role in developing asthma in children, many nonmedical approaches to asthma and asthma‐like conditions have been promoted even when the diagnosis is at times uncertain. The nonmedical approaches and therapies are often referred to as complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). This review will discuss the conventional therapies recommended for children with asthma in addition to CAM therapies, some of which have supporting scientific evidence. Integrating conventional and CAM therapies can prove to be an effective way to treat pediatric asthma, a common and chronic childhood lung disorder. A case is provided to illustrate how such an integrative approach was used in the successful treatment of a child with moderate persistent asthma.
Complementary and Alternative Medications for Women's Health Issues
Authors: Lloyd Kimberly Braxton , Hornsby Lori B.
Published: October 2009

Women often seek alternative treatment options such as herbs, dietary supplements, and vitamins and minerals to treat women's health issues across the lifespan. Women may use complementary and alternative supplements for dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, infertility, nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, and symptoms of menopause. In general, there is a deficit of well‐designed, randomized, controlled trials to evaluate the efficacy and safety of complementary and alternative medicine for these indications, which makes it difficult to provide evidence‐based recommendations. This review outlines the evidence for efficacy and safety that is currently available for dietary supplement use by women to manage health conditions specific to the female patient.
Food allergy and food intolerance: towards a sociological agenda
Authors: Nettleton Sarah , Woods Brian , Burrows Roger , Kerr Anne
Published: October 2009

This article asks what sociological insights an analysis of food allergy and food intolerance might afford. We outline the parameters of debates around food allergy and food intolerance in the immunological, clinical and epidemiological literatures in order to identify analytic strands which might illuminate our sociological understanding of the supposed increase in both. Food allergy and food intolerance are contested and contingent terms and it is salient that the term true food allergy is replete throughout medico-scientific, epidemiological and popular discourses in order to rebuff spurious or ‘nonallergic’ claims of food-related symptoms. Complexity theory is introduced as a means of gaining analytic purchase on the food allergy debate. The article concludes that the use of this perspective provides a contemporary example of the ‘double hermeneutic’, in that the meanings and interpretations of contemporary explanations of food allergy are both permeated by, and can be made sense of, through recourse to complexity thinking.
Anxiety, helplessness and 'adultescence'
Authors: Feasey Rebecca
Published: October 2009

Although much work on the long-running Charmed series focuses on the popular appeal of the programme for the teen or 'tween' audience, this article examines the ways in which the show can be seen to appeal to the young adult audience. It argues that those themes, characters and intertextual reference points that appeal to the adolescent viewer also can be seen to speak to the twenty to thirtysomething generation who have turned their back on marriage, mortgages and secure employment in favour of a less rigid definition of adult maturity.
‘This town’s a different town today’
Authors: Hadfield Phil , Lister Stuart , Traynor Peter
Published: October 2009

This article considers recent policing and regulatory responses to the night-time economy in England and Wales. Drawing upon the findings of a broader two-year qualitative investigation of local and national developments in alcohol policy, it identifies a dramatic acceleration of statutory activity, with 12 new or revised powers, and several more in prospect, introduced by the Labour Government within its first decade in office. Interview data and documentary sources are used to explore the degree to which the introduction of such powers, often accompanied by forceful rhetoric and high profile police action, has translated into a sustained expansion of control. Many of the new powers are spatially directed, as well as being focused upon the actions of distinct individuals or businesses, yet the willingness and capacity to apply powers to offending individuals in comparison to businesses is often variable and asymmetrical. The practice of negotiating order in the night-time economy is riddled with tensions and ambiguities that reflect the ad hoc nature and rapid escalation of the regulatory architecture. Night-time urban security governance is understood as the outcome of subtle organizational and interpersonal power-plays. Social orders, normative schemas and apportionments of blame thus arise as a byproduct of patterned (structural) relations.
Plastid genomes of two brown algae, Ectocarpus siliculosus and Fucus vesiculosus: further insights on the evolution of red-algal derived plastids
Authors: Le Corguillé Gildas , Pearson Gareth , Valente Marta , Viegas Carla , Gschloessl Bernhard , Corre Erwan , Bailly Xavier , Peters Akira F , Jubin Claire , Vacherie Benoit , Cock J Mark , Leblanc Catherine
Published: October 2009

Background

Heterokont algae, together with cryptophytes, haptophytes and some alveolates, possess red-algal derived plastids. The chromalveolate hypothesis proposes that the red-algal derived plastids of all four groups have a monophyletic origin resulting from a single secondary endosymbiotic event. However, due to incongruence between nuclear and plastid phylogenies, this controversial hypothesis remains under debate. Large-scale genomic analyses have shown to be a powerful tool for phylogenetic reconstruction but insufficient sequence data have been available for red-algal derived plastid genomes.

Results

The chloroplast genomes of two brown algae, Ectocarpus siliculosus and Fucus vesiculosus, have been fully sequenced. These species represent two distinct orders of the Phaeophyceae, which is a major group within the heterokont lineage. The sizes of the circular plastid genomes are 139,954 and 124,986 base pairs, respectively, the size difference being due principally to the presence of longer inverted repeat and intergenic regions in E. siliculosus. Gene contents of the two plastids are similar with 139-148 protein-coding genes, 28-31 tRNA genes, and 3 ribosomal RNA genes. The two genomes also exhibit very similar rearrangements compared to other sequenced plastid genomes. The tRNA-Leu gene of E. siliculosus lacks an intron, in contrast to the F. vesiculosus and other heterokont plastid homologues, suggesting its recent loss in the Ectocarpales. Most of the brown algal plastid genes are shared with other red-algal derived plastid genomes, but a few are absent from raphidophyte or diatom plastid genomes. One of these regions is most similar to an apicomplexan nuclear sequence. The phylogenetic relationship between heterokonts, cryptophytes and haptophytes (collectively referred to as chromists) plastids was investigated using several datasets of concatenated proteins from two cyanobacterial genomes and 18 plastid genomes, including most of the available red algal and chromist plastid genomes.

Conclusion

The phylogenetic studies using concatenated plastid proteins still do not resolve the question of the monophyly of all chromist plastids. However, these results support both the monophyly of heterokont plastids and that of cryptophyte and haptophyte plastids, in agreement with nuclear phylogenies.
Large scale single nucleotide polymorphism discovery in unsequenced genomes using second generation high throughput sequencing technology: applied to turkey
Authors: Kerstens Hindrik HD , Crooijmans Richard PMA , Veenendaal Albertine , Dibbits Bert W , Chin-A-Woeng Thomas FC , den Dunnen Johan T , Groenen Martien AM
Published: October 2009

Background

The development of second generation sequencing methods has enabled large scale DNA variation studies at moderate cost. For the high throughput discovery of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in species lacking a sequenced reference genome, we set-up an analysis pipeline based on a short read de novo sequence assembler and a program designed to identify variation within short reads. To illustrate the potential of this technique, we present the results obtained with a randomly sheared, enzymatically generated, 2-3 kbp genome fraction of six pooledMeleagris gallopavo(turkey) individuals.

Results

A total of 100 million 36 bp reads were generated, representing approximately 5-6% (~62 Mbp) of the turkey genome, with an estimated sequence depth of 58. Reads consisting of bases called with less than 1% error probability were selected and assembled into contigs. Subsequently, high throughput discovery of nucleotide variation was performed using sequences with more than 90% reliability by using the assembled contigs that were 50 bp or longer as the reference sequence. We identified more than 7,500 SNPs with a high probability of representing true nucleotide variation in turkeys. Increasing the reference genome by adding publicly available turkey BAC-end sequences increased the number of SNPs to over 11,000. A comparison with the sequenced chicken genome indicated that the assembled turkey contigs were distributed uniformly across the turkey genome. Genotyping of a representative sample of 340 SNPs resulted in a SNP conversion rate of 95%. The correlation of the minor allele count (MAC) and observed minor allele frequency (MAF) for the validated SNPs was 0.69.

Conclusion

We provide an efficient and cost-effective approach for the identification of thousands of high quality SNPs in species currently lacking a sequenced genome and applied this to turkey. The methodology addresses a random fraction of the genome, resulting in an even distribution of SNPs across the targeted genome.
Barriers to the care of HIV-infected children in rural Zambia: a cross-sectional analysis
Authors: van Dijk Janneke H , Sutcliffe Catherine G , Munsanje Bornface , Hamangaba Francis , Thuma Philip E , Moss William J
Published: October 2009

Background

Successful antiretroviral treatment programs in rural sub-Saharan Africa may face different challenges than programs in urban areas. The objective of this study was to identify patient characteristics, barriers to care, and treatment responses of HIV-infected children seeking care in rural Zambia.

Methods

Cross-sectional analysis of HIV-infected children seeking care at Macha Hospital in rural southern Zambia. Information was collected from caretakers and medical records.

Results

192 HIV-infected children were enrolled from September 2007 through September 2008, 28% of whom were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) at enrollment. The median age was 3.3 years for children not receiving ART (IQR 1.8, 6.7) and 4.5 years for children receiving ART (IQR 2.7, 8.6). 91% travelled more than one hour to the clinic and 26% travelled more than 5 hours. Most participants (73%) reported difficulties accessing the clinic, including insufficient money (60%), lack of transportation (54%) and roads in poor condition (32%). The 54 children who were receiving ART at study enrollment had been on ART a median of 8.6 months (IQR: 2.7, 19.5). The median percentage of CD4+ T cells was 12.4 (IQR: 9.2, 18.6) at the start of ART, and increased to 28.6 (IQR: 23.5, 36.1) at the initial study visit. However, the proportion of children who were underweight decreased only slightly, from 70% at initiation of ART to 61% at the initial study visit.

Conclusion

HIV-infected children in rural southern Zambia have long travel times to access care and may have poorer weight gain on ART than children in urban areas. Despite these barriers, these children had a substantial rise in CD4+ T cell counts in the first year of ART although longer follow-up may indicate these gains are not sustained.
A Role of Template Surface Charge in the Preparation of Porous and Hollow Particles Using Spray-drying
Authors: Hagura Nobuhiro , Nandiyanto Asep Bayu Dani , Iskandar Ferry , Okuyama Kikuo
Published: October 2009

In this paper, the effect of template charge and morphology of particles was studied. Silica nanoparticles (as a model of an inorganic nanoparticle) and differently charged polystyrene (as a model of organic template) were used and self-assembled using a spray-drying method. As a result, particles with porous or hollow structure could be produced when negative or positive zeta-potential template were employed, respectively.
Simple and Environmentally Compatible One-pot Synthesis of Au Nanoparticles from Bulk: Separation of Au, Ag, and Cu in Water
Authors: Nishida Naoto , Ichikawa Shoko , Toshima Naoki
Published: October 2009

Simple and environmentally compatible one-pot synthesis of Au nanoparticles, starting from dissolving bulk Au into mixed aqueous solution of poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone), potassium iodide, and iodine and ending by isolating Au nanoparticles produced by reducing the dissolved Au ions with sodium citrate, was developed to provide a novel method to separate Au from mixtures of Au, Ag, and Cu.