bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulating the Isomerization Geometry and Energy State of Covalent Organic Frameworks for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Activity
Authors: Chen Hongni , Li Daohao , Lin Min , Wang Qian , Zou Yihui , Ran Jiaxun , Xing Yali , Long Xiaojing
Published: February 2025

Embedding isomer entities onto crystalline frameworks with precisely defined spatial distributions represents a promising approach to enhancing the efficiency of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells. However, accurately constructing covalent organic frameworks (COFs) to regulate energy state effectively remains a significant challenge. Herein, an innovative geometric isomerization strategy aimed at minimizing the rotational barrier energy (ΔE), average local ionization energy (ALIE), and Gibbs free energy (ΔG) for ORR within COFs is proposed. Based on this strategy, isomeric Py‐COF‐αα with 2,2‐substitution, Py‐COF‐ββ with 3,3‐substitution, and Py‐COF‐αβ with 2,3‐substitution on the mainchain frameworks have been obtained. The electronic states and intermediate adsorption capabilities are finely tuned through isomer modification, yielding a precisely controllable chemical activity. Notably, Py‐COF‐αβ with lower ΔE between thiophenes achieves remarkable performance, evidenced by a half‐wave potential of 0.77 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), surpassing most reported metal‐free electrocatalysts. Combined with theoretical prediction and in situ Raman spectra, it is revealed that the increased dipole moment and non‐uniform charge distribution caused by isomer endows pentacyclic‐carbon (thiophene β‐position) far from sulfur atoms with efficient catalytic activity. This work has opened up a novel paradigm for the isomerization of COFs and underscores the pivotal role of charge regulation in facilitating efficient catalysis.
Etchless InSe Cavities Based on Bound States in the Continuum for Enhanced Exciton‐Mediated Emission
Authors: Chen Wenduo , Zhu Song , Cui Jieyuan , Wang Chongwu , Wang Fakun , Dai Mingjin , Liu Hanyu , Yang Yuhui , Duan Ruihuan , Chae Sang Hoon , Liu Zheng , Wang Qi Jie
Published: February 2025

Recently, fervent research interest is sparked to indium selenide (γ‐InSe) due to its dazzling optical and electronic properties. The direct bandgap in the near‐infrared (NIR) range ensures efficient carrier recombination in InSe, promoting impressive competency for lavish NIR applications. Nevertheless, the photoluminescence (PL) efficiency of InSe is significantly limited by out‐of‐plane (OP) excitons, adverse to practical devices. Herein, a facile and effective solution is proposed by introducing photonic bound‐states‐in‐the‐continuum (BIC) modes to enhance excitons in InSe through strengthened exciton‐photon coupling. This cavity is constructed simply by patterning a polymer grating onto the InSe flake without an etching process, achieving an impressive PL enhancement of over 200 times. By adjusting the cavity resonance wavelength, it can selectively amplify the exciton emission or the exciton‐exciton scattering process, which is not observable off‐cavity at room temperature. Additionally, the second harmonic generation (SHG) process in InSe can also be largely enhanced by over 400 times on the cavity. Notably, the etchless cavity design can be further extended to other nanostructures beyond grating. This research presents a feasible and efficient approach to enhancing the optical performance of OP excitons, paving a prospective avenue for advanced linear and nonlinear photonic devices.
Corrosion‐Resistant, Water‐Repellent, and Anti‐Icing Properties of the Fabricated Slippery Liquid‐Infused Porous Surface (SLIPS) on TiO2 Nanotubes
Authors: Farhadi Shiraz Reza , Mozammel Mahdi , Emarati Seyed Masoud , Jafari Robabeh , Safari Afsaneh
Published: February 2025

A durable slippery liquid‐infused porous surface (SLIPS) was fabricated on the TiO2 nanotubes (NTs). First, TiO2 nanotubes are processed on a titanium substrate via anodic oxidation. The anodized surface was then modified by ethanol, distilled water, and trimethoxy(propyl)silane (TMPSi) to reduce its surface energy. Krytox GPL 105 Oil was then infused on the prepared surface. The prepared samples were then characterized by field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier‐Transform Infrared (ATR‐FTIR), water contact angle measurement (WCA), polarization measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analyses, and also some related tests regarding treatment stability and durability of the surface including water flotation, abrasion with SiC grit paper, adhesive tape peeling, and surface bending were carried out. Also, the anti‐icing properties of the SLIPS sample were investigated. Water contact angle measurement confirms that titanium's anodic oxidation makes the surface more hydrophilic, reducing the WCA to 49°. By modifying the surface, the WCA reached 166° and the surface became superhydrophobic. After Krytox GPL 105 Oil infusion, the WCA decreased to 118°. test results indicate that the corrosion current densities measured for titanium, anodized titanium, and SLIPS titanium samples were 3.165 × 10−7, 1.884 × 10−7, and 7.053 × 10−8, respectively.
Solution‐Processed Bismuth Oxide Iodide/Organic‐Semiconductor Heterojunction for UV–vis‐NIR Photoresponsive Electronics
Authors: Dacha Preetam , Lapalikar Vaidehi , Rohitlal Anju Kumari , Hambsch Mike , Ruck Michael , Mannsfeld Stefan C. B.
Published: February 2025

The emerging light absorber material bismuth oxide iodide BiOI, possesses convenient solution processibility and excellent chemical stability under ambient conditions along with a high light absorption coefficient reaching 5·104 cm−1. Classified as “defect‐tolerant,” BiOI is considered a green and low‐cost alternative to lead‐halide perovskites in optoelectronic devices. Its investigation in photoresponsive electronic devices, however, is limited due to its anisotropic carrier mobility and unique morphology in thin films. To utilize the advantageous properties of BiOI, in this work, it is integrated into a phototransistor as a bilayer heterojunction with the organic semiconductor DPPDTT. The smooth interfaces and higher carrier mobility of DPPDTT compared to BiOI and its hydrophobic nature enable their synergistic hybridization in a heterojunction that is optically active from the UV to the NIR region. The unencapsulated heterojunction phototransistors are stable for at least three months under atmospheric conditions. They show a high Ilight/Idark current ratio of over 104 at only 0.7 mW·cm−2 irradiation intensity at all investigated wavelengths, and a specific detectivity up to 5·1012 Jones. Initial synaptic measurements additionally reveal a neuromorphic behavior in the devices. This work charts a course towards the realization of cost‐effective high‐performance photoresponsive electronics for diverse applications.
Strategies for Designing Anti‐Chlorine Corrosion Catalysts in Seawater Splitting
Authors: Deng Peng‐Jun , Xue Ruirui , Lu Jiajia , Tsiakaras Panagiotis
Published: February 2025

The seawater splitting for green hydrogen production is emerging as a key research focus for sustainable energy. Nevertheless, the inherent complexity of seawater, with its diverse ion composition – especially chloride ions, calcium ions, and magnesium ions – poses significant challenges in catalyst design. Designing highly active electrocatalysts that can resist chloride ion corrosion during seawater splitting is still a challenge. This article presents an overview of the fundamental mechanisms of seawater splitting and explores issues encountered at both the cathode and the anode electrode. The focus then shifts to chlorine corrosion at the anode, examining recent advances in preventing chlorine corrosion strategies. Notably, these design strategies, such as the anionic passivation layers, corrosion‐resistant metal doping, physical barrier layers, in situ phase transition‐driven seawater desalination, and decoupled seawater splitting, are comprehensively investigated, all of which aim to enhance the catalytic stability in seawater splitting. The review concludes with an outlook on the practical applications and challenges of producing green hydrogen through seawater splitting.
Surface Topography Optimization Engineering: Stabilizing Zinc Metal Anode/Aqueous Electrolyte Interfacial Chemistry
Authors: Cheng Zihai , Fu Jimin , Kang Peng , Yao Haimin , Mo Funian , Hu Haibo
Published: February 2025

Unstable metallic Zn anode (MZA)/electrolyte interfacial chemistry has long blocked the practical implementation of aqueous Zn metal batteries (ZMBs). Herein, this study presents an innovative surface topology optimization engineering via an efficient laser‐texturing technique to achieve the front‐end design of MZA for enhanced interface stability. Specifically, the laser‐textured MZA features an in situ formed ZnO coating with a high‐density, ordered micro‐pits array architecture (LT‐Zn@ZnO). Systematic experimental analyses and theoretical calculations reveal that the LT‐Zn@ZnO ensures a more uniform electric field distribution and stronger corrosion resistance than pristine Zn foil. These enhancements effectively suppress dendrite proliferation and hydrogen evolution on the LT‐Zn@ZnO surface, achieving more stable LT‐Zn@ZnO/electrolyte interfacial chemistry. Therefore, the LT‐Zn@ZnO acquires exceptional electrochemical reversibility, sustaining over 1840 h at 10 mA cm−2/1 mAh cm−2. This results in the assembled large‐sized (24 cm2) LT‐Zn@ZnO||Ti@MnO₂ pouch cell achieving a higher initial capacity of 158.6 mAh and significantly improved rechargeability, retaining 105 mAh after 400 cycles, compared to that employing untreated Zn foil, which has an initial capacity of 144.7 mAh and failed in fewer than 200 cycles. The presented surface topography optimization strategy offers an innovative solution for front‐end design enhancement of MZA, leading to improved electrochemical reversibility toward ZMBs with satisfactory rechargeability.
Recent Advances and Strategies for Co‐Based Catalysts in Ammonia Decomposition for Hydrogen Production
Authors: Kim Sujin , Kim Young Woo , Chung Iljun , Lim Chaeeun , Yong Kijung , Yun Yongju
Published: February 2025

Hydrogen has been proposed as a clean energy source to replace fossil fuels. The hydrogen economy encompasses the production, storage, transport, and use of hydrogen. Among the various potential hydrogen carriers, ammonia is considered an efficient and economical option due to its established infrastructure for production, storage, and transport. In this ammonia value chain, ammonia decomposition enables the efficient and sustainable production of carbon‐free hydrogen. Recently, Co has gained attention as an active metal for thermal ammonia decomposition due to its excellent catalytic performance and cost‐effectiveness. This review presents current developments in supported and unsupported Co‐based catalysts for ammonia decomposition. Key strategies to enhance the hydrogen formation rate include optimizing the Co precursor and synthesis methods, incorporating a second active metal and promoters, tuning the physical properties of the catalyst, and doping heteroatoms into the support. Practical considerations for the preparation of Co‐based catalysts are also outlined. This review provides valuable insights into the development of advanced Co‐based catalysts for ammonia decomposition, with the aim of guiding future research toward highly efficient, cost‐effective, and scalable hydrogen production solutions.
Manganese‐Ketenimine Intermediates as Active Catalysts in the Michael Addition of Unactivated Nitriles to α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Dey Kartick , Gorai Akhanda , Młodzikowska-Pieńko Katarzyna , Fridman Natalia , Avigdori Idan , Gershoni-Poranne Renana , de Ruiter Graham
Published: February 2025

The Michael addition of unactivated nitriles to α,β‐unsaturated ketones is a challenging yet desirable strategy for installing alkyl cyano‐groups (R‐CN) in organic molecules. However, despite formidable efforts, using acetonitrile as a Michael donor in these reactions has remained a significant challenge. Herein, we report a highly active manganese(I) complex [(PCNHCP)Mn(CO)2H] (1), which chemoselectively catalyzes the 1,4‐addition of unactivated nitriles (incl. acetonitrile) to α,β‐unsaturated ketones. The developed methodology operates under mild conditions, does not require any additives or bases, features low catalyst loadings (1 mol %), fast reaction times (2‐8 hours), and is compatible with a wide variety of functional groups, including halides, trifluoromethyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and (hetero)aryl groups. Extensive mechanistic studies revealed that after base‐free activation of the nitrile, either the N‐bound manganese‐ketenimine (propionitrile or benzyl cyanide) or the C‐bound manganese‐cyanoalkyl (acetonitrile) complex is formed. The difference in stability of these two species explains why more sterically hindered and presumably less activated nitriles (i.e., propionitrile, and butyronitrile) show higher reactivity than their corresponding more activated congeners (i.e., acetonitrile). Finally, the practicality of our approach was demonstrated through a gram‐scale reaction and subsequent derivatizations of the obtained product into important organic motifs such as ene‐lactams and tetrahydropyridines
Effect of Deep Eutectic Solvent on the Graphitization and Thermal Properties of Polyimide Films
Authors: Huang Jintao , Lv Haoxin , Zhao Xiaojun , Lee Jong‐Min , Min Yonggang
Published: February 2025

Overheating of electronic devices reduces lifespan and increases safety risks. The use of graphite films with high thermal conductivity to enhance thermal dissipation in electronic equipment is of significant importance. This study used urea‐choline chloride (UCC) to modify polyimide (PI) films from two different monomer systems, which were then graphitized to prepare a novel graphite film with high thermal conductivity. The direct formation of hydrogen bonds between poly(amic acid) (PAA) and UCC facilitates the ordered structure during thermal imidization, enhancing the graphitization degree and thermodynamic properties of PI films. The results indicate that the graphitization degree of PI films increased from 30% to over 59% in the 4,4′‐oxydianiline‐pyromellitic dianhydride (OPU) system and from 80% to over 92% in the 4,4′‐diaminobenzoyltiphenylamine‐3,3′,4,4′‐biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride (DBU) system. Notably, 4,4′‐oxydianiline‐pyromellitic dianhydride‐3.5 wt% urea‐choline chloride (OPU35) and 4,4′‐diaminobenzoyltiphenylamine‐3,3′,4,4′‐biphenyl tetracarboxylic dianhydride‐3.5 wt% urea‐choline chloride (DBU35) exhibited the highest thermal conductivity in their respective systems, with coefficients of 45 and 742 W/m K, representing 200% and 47.8% improvements over pure PI‐based graphite films. This provides a new material for heat dissipation in electronic devices.
Tumor‐Associated Macrophages Write the Script of Cancer Obesity Paradox
Authors: Sharma Anshul , Mishra Alok K.
Published: February 2025

Obesity paradoxically advances cancer progression while enhancing certain immunotherapies, like anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1. Bader et al. discovered that obesity‐driven factors increase PD‐1 on tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs), suppressing anti‐tumor responses. Remarkably, anti‐PD‐1 therapy reverses this metabolic dysfunction, boosting immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) effectiveness by reactivating PD‐1+ TAMs.
Lower Limb Ischemia Caused by Aortic Atherosclerosis Localized in the Horseshoe Renal Isthmus
Authors: Senda Keisuke , Nagahara Naoki , Inoue Minami , Nishikawa Ken , Aizawa Katsuyuki , Takeuchi Takahiro , Ohtsu Yoshinori , Tsunemoto Hideo , Suzuki Chihiro , Yasukochi Satoshi
Published: February 2025

Intermittent claudication in patients with horseshoe kidneys may arise from sclerotic changes in the aorta due to compression by the renal isthmus. Vascular disease is a relatively lesser‐known extrarenal complication of horseshoe kidneys, but it warrants attention.
Management of Rare Case of Missed Fracture‐Dislocation of Second and Third CMC Joints: A Missed Injury Case Report
Authors: Dorji Yeshi , Thrinley Ugyen
Published: February 2025

Isolated fracture‐dislocation of the second and third carpometacarpal joints (CMC) is very rare, and it is commonly misdiagnosed. Injury to this joint is usually associated with high‐energy trauma, like a motor vehicle accident. Despite correct diagnosis, optimal treatment for these injuries is still controversial. We present a 31‐year‐old male patient with a history of one‐month‐old injury to his right hand following a motorcycle accident. Initially, he was treated by one of the orthopedic surgeons elsewhere and misdiagnosed as having blunt trauma to the hand. On presentation, he complained of persistent pain and swelling with deformity of the right hand following the initial treatment he received. Apparently, only AP and Oblique radiographs of the hand were taken. Treatment On clinico‐radiological evaluation, he was found to have a fracture dislocation of 2nd and 3rd CMC joints. He was managed with open reduction and percutaneous pinning with K‐wires. Since the majority of these injuries have a higher chance of misdiagnosis, we recommend careful clinical examination, a high index of suspicion in cases of high‐energy injury, and taking all three standard view radiographs of the hand.
Congenital Partial Hypoplasia of the Lower Lip: A Rare Form of 28–29 Tessier Cleft? Report of a Case
Authors: Rios Olina , Lafontaine Virginie , Debortoli Cyril , Savoldelli Charles , Morand Beatrice
Published: February 2025

We aim to describe a case of congenital partial hypoplasia of the lower lip in a 2‐year‐old child. The presence of a gingival notch, a mucosal bridle, and difficulties with tooth eruption raised the possibility of a modified 28–29 Tessier cleft. However, other hypotheses have been proposed as the anomaly does not conform to standard cleft anatomical findings.
Enhancing Sodium Ion Battery Performance through Biphasic Layered Oxide Cathodes
Authors: Kang Seung‐Jun , Park Sung‐Joon , Nam Kwan Woo , Yu Seung‐Ho
Published: February 2025

Biphasic layered cathodes represent a strategic advancement in overcoming the inherent limitations of single‐phase materials by synergistically integrating distinct phase characteristics. Among these, the P2/O3 biphasic cathode stands out due to its integration of the rapid diffusion kinetics of the P2 phase with the high capacity of the O3 phase, resulting in superior battery performance. Given the critical role of phase ratio in determining the performance of biphasic cathodes, this work systematically examines the influence of synthesis methods, sintering temperatures, and sodium and dopant compositions on phase modulation. A comprehensive analysis of the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the P2/O3 cathode is conducted, with findings correlated to electrochemical data to elucidate how thermodynamic stability and efficient diffusion kinetics contribute to enhanced functionality. Finally, a brief overview of other biphasic cathodes is provided, comparing their distinctive properties relative to those of the P2/O3 system.
Diiron(IV)‐Oxo Species and Water Oxidation: How Crucial is Electronic Cooperativity?
Authors: Sharma Sunita , Rajaraman Gopalan
Published: February 2025

Water splitting, crucial for generating oxygen and hydrogen, remains a central challenge in chemistry due to its importance in developing sustainable energy sources and addressing environmental concerns. Consequently, numerous complexes have been developed to split water and release oxygen and hydrogen, albeit typically requiring external sources such as thermal, photo, or electrochemical methods. In this context, the discovery of a (μ‐oxo)bis(μ‐carboxamido) diiron(IV) complex, [FeIV₂O(L)₂]2+ (L=N,N‐bis‐(3’,5’‐dimethyl‐4’‐methoxypyridyl‐2’‐methyl)‐N’‐acetyl‐1,2‐diaminoethane), which activates both C−H and O−H bonds without external stimuli, has attracted significant attention. Notably, this complex generates hydroxyl radicals (⋅OH) without O₂ evolution and displays termolecular kinetics, presenting a rare and intriguing mechanistic puzzle. In this work, we explore the catalytic mechanism of water oxidation by this diiron(IV) complex using DFT methods. Our computational findings validate experimental observations regarding the necessity of a second water molecule in the reaction, revealing a bifurcated electron‐proton transfer (BEPT) pathway driven by termolecular reactivity. Moreover, we highlight the crucial role of excess water molecules in stabilising the reaction intermediates, particularly via interaction with the ‐OMe groups to form a water cluster model. The inclusion of explicit water molecules was found to reduce the activation barrier to 23.5 kJ/mol from the reactant and 62.7 kJ/mol from the reactant complex, whereas, with only one water molecule present, the barrier was 344.3 kJ/mol, highlighting the critical role of the adventitious water molecule at the active site. Our study underscores the importance of metal‐metal cooperativity, ligand design, spin‐state modulation, and second‐sphere effects in shaping the catalytic behaviour. These insights provide a detailed understanding of the electronic structure and reactivity, offering valuable guidelines for future catalyst design in water oxidation and beyond.
Assessing the 53‐Year Epidemiological Trends of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) in Northeastern Iran
Authors: Saghravanian Nasrollah , Tajdini Yasamin , Saeedi Pooya , Ghorbani Mahsa
Published: February 2025

Objectives

This study aimed to assess the epidemiological trends of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in Northeast Iran over a 53‐year period.

Material and Methods

In this retrospective study, we obtained data on OSCC cases in Northeast Iran spanning 53 years (1970–2022), including demographic details, such as age, sex, site, and histopathological grade. Descriptive analysis was conducted, and frequencies were compared using the chi‐squared test to evaluate differences between sexes, age groups, cancer sites, and histopathological grades. Additionally, we assessed the associations of each OSCC site with age, sex, and histopathological grade. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05, with a confidence interval of 95%.

Results

This study examined 13,769 cases, among which 507 were diagnosed with OSCC, accounting for 3.68% of the total cases. The mean age was 59.27 ± 14.94 years, with a significantly higher prevalence of OSCC among individuals older than 50 years (p < 0.001). There were nearly equal proportions of males and females, with the tongue being the most common site (28.4%), followed by the gingiva (26.4%) and buccal mucosa (19.5%). Grade 1 (well differentiated) OSCC was significantly more prevalent (54%) than other grades. There was a significant association between sex and tongue SCC in females (p = 0.006) and between sex and lip SCC in males (p = 0.008). Prevalence in individuals above 50 was significant for the tongue, buccal mucosa, gingiva, and lip (p = 0.001, < 0.001, < 0.001, 0.028, respectively). In the tongue, buccal mucosa, gingiva, and floor of the mouth, grade 1 was significantly more prevalent (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Our study revealed that OSCC predominantly affects individuals older than 50 years, with nearly equal prevalence between sexes. The most commonly affected sites are the tongue and gingiva, often exhibiting grade 1 histopathological findings. Enhanced community awareness of risk factors and regular oral examinations are essential for reducing the incidence of OSCC.
Radicular Cysts and Periapical Granulomas: Data Documentation for 696 Cases and Findings on Fibrosis, and Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum in These Lesions
Authors: Virkkunen Sirke , Kaarela Terhi , Laine Merja , Suominen Auli , Hagström Jaana , Sorsa Timo , Haglund Caj
Published: February 2025

Objective

The objective of our study was to re‐evaluate periapical lesions, including radicular cysts (RCs) and periapical granulomas (PGs) for locations, histopathological features, and degree of fibrosis in relation to the inflammatory response. In addition, we examined the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) since both are widely recognized pathogens in periodontal infections.

Methods

We re‐evaluated samples of RCs and PGs (n = 728) and collected data for analyses by IBM's SPSS Statistics. Among these samples, we stained 93 samples to determine the immunoexpression of Pg and Fn. For immunostaining, we used Gingipain R1 antibody for Pg and Rabbit anti‐Fn antibody for Fn.

Results

Fibrosis is associated with mild inflammation. We found a significant positive correlation between Pg and Fn. Thus, these pathogens are likely to occur together in periapical inflammatory lesions. We additionally noted that these periodontopathic pathogens are more likely to be present in RCs than in PGs.

Conclusions

Asymptomatic radiologically diagnosed periapical lesions may not necessarily need root canal retreatment in healthy patients since these lesions may represent scar tissue rather than active apical periodontitis. Clinical and radiological follow‐up is still needed. Yet, periapical lesions, especially cysts, may contain dystopic periodontopathic pathogens, and Pg and Fn often occur together in periapical lesions.
From Pathology to Precision: Transforming Multi‐Tiered Dispute Resolution Clauses in International Contracts
Authors: Alhasan Tariq K.
Published: February 2025

This paper examines the complexities of drafting effective multi‐tiered dispute resolution clauses (MTDRCs) in international contracts, emphasizing that a structured sequence of dispute resolution methods is a central mechanism for enhancing efficiency and predictability. Key elements like legal compliance, objective criteria, and consistency with contract terms are crucial in ensuring that each stage—from negotiation to arbitration—functions seamlessly. The analysis highlights the risks of poorly drafted, pathological clauses, which can undermine arbitration's effectiveness, leading to delays and increased costs. Through legal precedents and case studies, the paper distinguishes between admissibility and jurisdictional challenges, offering practical strategies for drafting robust MTDRCs. It explores the role of emerging technologies, such as blockchain, in enhancing transparency. This guidance is particularly valuable for legal practitioners seeking to improve dispute resolution outcomes in international commercial transactions. Ultimately, the study contributes to broader goals like SDG 16 and SDG 9, promoting effective and equitable dispute resolution.
Evaluation of Environmental DNA as a Surveillance Tool for Invasive House Mice (Mus musculus)
Authors: Piaggio Antoinette J. , Robinson Stacie J. , Shiels Aaron B. , Taylor Daniel R. , Spock Danika R. , Allira Meagan , Serr Megan , Klein Caroline M. , Godwin John , Russell James C. , Wilkinson Shaun , Holmes Nick D. , Will David J. , Gemmell Neil J.
Published: February 2025

Increasing the success of invasive species management depends on the development, testing, and deployment of new tools. Environmental DNA (eDNA) is an effective tool for monitoring invasive species that can help identify presence/absence, geographical boundaries of invasion, risk pathways, and population connectivity. In particular, understanding the sensitivity of eDNA detection rates to target species density allows calibration of sampling rates. In this study, we take a lab‐validated eDNA assay for Mus musculus (house mouse) and test its detection rates at different populations densities for wild‐caught, free‐ranging M. musculus in a controlled laboratory and an outdoor mesocosm. The goal was to understand both eDNA accumulation after M. musculus is introduced and the persistence of the accumulated eDNA signal in the environment after animals were removed. We found that eDNA signal was detectable within 1 h of a single mouse being introduced and that the signal was detectable for months after in the controlled environment but largely undetectable after 4 days in an outdoor mesocosm. We suggest sampling strategies for post‐eradication deployment of eDNA and highlight other uses for this assay, which are important to the deployment of this tool for invasive M. musculus management.
Iodine‐Catalyzed Tandem Cyclization for Efficient Synthesis of Quinazolinones from Indoles and amines
Authors: Zhang Ruili , Liu Xiaoying , Long Zongze , Zhang Kaiyuan , Chu Xianglong
Published: February 2025

In this study, we report an iodine‐catalyzed multicomponent reaction of indoles, glyoxylic acid or DMSO, and aliphatic amines to synthesize quinazolinone derivatives via oxygenation cleavage of the C=C double bonds of indoles. This method features mild conditions, high efficiency, and excellent functional group tolerance. The practicality of this approach is demonstrated through its application in synthesizing rutaecarpine and a scalable protocol for efficient quinazolinone production.
Lead(II) Determination in Aqueous and Firearm Discharge Residue Samples Using A Bistriazole‐Modified Electrochemical Sensor
Authors: Freire Brenda R. L. , da C. V. Nascimento Maria E. , de Oliveira S. Silva Jonatas , Meira Carla L. C. , Victor Mauricio M. , Sussuchi Eliana M.
Published: February 2025

The detection of heavy metals is necessary due to their toxic characteristics and bioaccumulation potential, which can be harmful to living organisms. Chemically modified electrodes have been widely used as an alternative in the detection of heavy metal ions, aiming for improved selectivity resulting from specific interactions with these analytes. Therefore, ligands derived from bistriazolic compounds emerge as new materials capable of interacting with metallic ions, potentially enhancing the detectability of the electrode. In this context, this work aims to obtain an electrochemical sensor based on a modifier derived from bistriazoles for the determination of lead(II) ions in different samples. The 1,3‐bis(4‐ethyl‐1H−1,2,3‐triazol‐1‐yl)propan‐2‐one (BT) was characterized using spectroscopic, spectrometric, and electrochemical techniques. Additionally, a method for the determination of lead(II) ions was developed using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), where the bis‐triazole modified electrode demonstrated remarkable detectability for Pb2+. Optimizations of the scan medium and DPV technique parameters showed a significant increase in the analytical signal current for Pb2+. An analytical curve was obtained, and the developed method achieved a limit of detection of 0.10 nmol L−1. The method was applied to quantify the analyte in tap water, river water, and firearm discharge residue samples with recovery values ranging from 87.8% to 118%, highlighting the reliability and precision of the developed method.
Optimal Design of a Micro Reversible Pump Turbine for Balancing Generation Mode and Storage Mode
Authors: Guo Tengjiao , Pan Jiale , Tao Ran , Xiao Ruofu
Published: February 2025

The inefficiency of traditional micro horizontal pump units (double‐suction centrifugal pumps) when operating in reverse mode as water turbines has hindered their application in pumped storage systems. In response, this study proposes an optimization approach integrating Bezier curve control, bidirectional weighting, and genetic algorithms (GA) based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to enhance the reversible high‐efficiency performance of double‐suction centrifugal pumps. Bezier curve control is employed to regulate the blade meridional line, enabling the construction of a weighted objective function tailored for two modes. Subsequently, optimal parameter combinations are sought through GA optimization. Additionally, this research presents design considerations for the suction/pressurization chamber and volute to reduce the influence of secondary factors on unit efficiency. The resulting reversible pump‐turbine, based on the optimized blade parameters, not only maintains high efficiency in storage mode but also achieves comparable efficiency levels in generation mode. Model testing and simulation analysis of internal flow dynamics validate the efficacy and feasibility of the proposed optimization strategy, facilitating the integration of pump‐turbines into pumped storage systems.
Turfgrass irrigation: Analyzing the effects of rootzone construction and irrigation delivery system on water retention characteristics and perennial ryegrass performance
Authors: Cordel Jan , Anlauf Rüdiger , Prämaßing Wolfgang
Published: February 2025

Growing concerns about climate change and water scarcity have intensified the need for sustainable turfgrass management, particularly by optimizing water‐use efficiency. This 2‐year field study evaluated the effects of rootzone construction methods and irrigation delivery systems on water retention characteristics and perennial ryegrass performance under 60% reference evapotranspiration (ETO) deficit irrigation. Three rootzone constructions (two two‐layered and one three‐layered) were investigated using sprinkler and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) systems. Key parameters assessed included soil water tension, rootzone water storage (RWS), turfgrass quality (TQ), turfgrass coverage, and normalized difference vegetation index. Significant interactions between rootzone construction and irrigation systems were observed. The three‐layered SDI system demonstrated significantly higher RWS and TQ than the two‐layered SDI systems, which showed rapid RWS and TQ decline. While two‐layered sprinkler systems maintained acceptable TQ longer than their SDI counterparts, they proved to be less efficient than the three‐layered SDI system. These findings highlight the critical role of aligning rootzone design with irrigation methods in enhancing water‐use efficiency and turfgrass performance in water‐scarce environments. This study provides valuable insights for sustainable turfgrass management strategies in response to increasing water constraints.
NUC7738 Induces Apoptosis Through Modulating Stability of P53 in Esophageal Cancer Cells
Authors: Wu Lin‐Feng , Ren Chang‐Hao , Xu Jia‐Cheng , Zhang Yi‐Fei , Liu Yan‐Bo , Zhou Ping‐Hong , Zhang Yi‐Qun
Published: February 2025

Esophageal cancer is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. NUC7738, a cordycepin derivative, has shown promise in overcoming the limited in vivo efficacy of its parent compound. This study compares the anticancer effects of NUC7738 and cordycepin in esophageal cancer and explores the molecular mechanisms of NUC7738 action. In vitro, NUC7738 and cordycepin were tested on normal (Het1A) and esophageal cancer cell lines (ECA109, KYSE510) using Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8) and colony formation assays. Apoptosis was confirmed by inhibitors and flow cytometry. Western blot was performed to detect apoptosis‐related protein. KEGG analysis identified potential downstream signaling pathways, while qPCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence staining were applied to assess p53 expression and stability. In vivo, ECA109 cells were xenografted into nude mice, and tumor tissues were analyzed for p53 expression using Immunohistochemical staining. Finally, CCK‐8, colony formation, and subcutaneous tumor xenograft assays in nude mice were employed to assess the synergistic effects of NUC7738 and cisplatin. The results revealed that NUC7738, although less effective than cordycepin in vitro, demonstrated superior anticancer activity in vivo. NUC7738 induced apoptosis by stabilizing p53 via ubiquitination, inhibiting tumor growth. Additionally, NUC7738 combined with cisplatin showed enhanced anticancer effects both in vitro and in vivo. These findings highlight greater potential of NUC7738 for clinical application, particularly in improving p53 stability and augmenting chemotherapeutic efficacy.
NK1R Antagonist, CP‐99,994 Ameliorates Dry Eye Disease via Inhibiting the Plk1‐Cdc25c‐Cdk1 Axis
Authors: Zhang Ruifan , Zou Yuhao , Li Huan , Li Dongfeng , Liu Yi , Gong Bo , Yu Man
Published: February 2025

Substance P/high‐affinity neurokinin‐1 receptor (SP/NK1R) system plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of dry eye disease (DED). NK1R antagonist can improve DED, but the mechanism of NK1R antagonist treating DED remains unclear. We examined the role of NK1R antagonist, CP‐99,994 in DED model by possessing the phenol red cotton thread test, corneal fluorescein staining, and hematoxylin and eosin staining. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was performed to determine the concentration of inflammatory factors. Additionally, RNA sequencing, enrichment analysis and protein‐protein interaction network were employed to identify the key targets. Real‐time quantitative PCR and western blot analysis were utilized to determine the expression of hub genes. Plk1 inhibitor, GSK461364 was applied to explore the treatment mechanism of CP‐99,994. The NK1R antagonist CP‐99,994 alleviated dry eye symptoms and the concentrations of IL‐6, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α were significantly decreased after CP‐99,994 treatment. We obtained 68 differentially expressed genes after CP‐99,994 treatment by RNA sequencing and pyroptosis‐related genes (Plk1, Cdc25c, Cdk1) were identified from protein‐protein interaction network as key targets of CP‐99,994 treating DED. The expression levels of the Plk1, Cdc25c, and Cdk1 were significantly upregulated in the DED group, and CP‐99,994 downregulated the expression of Plk1, Cdc25c, and Cdk1. Moreover, Plk1 inhibitor considerably promoted the therapeutic effect of CP‐99,994 on DED model by reducing the release of IL‐6, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α. The NK1R antagonist, CP‐99,994 mitigated DED symptoms via inhibiting Plk1‐Cdc25c‐Cdk1 axis, which served as a novel therapeutic target for DED treatment.
The Impact of Augmented Renal Clearance on the Pharmacokinetics of Levetiracetam in Critically Ill Patients: A Literature Review
Authors: Kharouba Maged , Aboelezz Asma , Kung Janice Y. , Mahmoud Sherif Hanafy
Published: February 2025

Levetiracetam is an antiseizure medication (ASM) that has several advantages over other ASMs, such as dose‐proportional pharmacokinetics, high bioavailability, and minimal drug interactions. The drug is primarily eliminated through the kidneys. Therefore, dose adjustments are necessary in patients with renal impairment or patients experiencing augmented renal clearance (ARC) to maintain optimal efficacy and safety. The objective of this review was to explore the existing literature on the influence of ARC on the pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam in critically ill patients. Database searched included MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL. Thirteen articles were included. The prevalence of ARC ranged from 30% to 90%. All studies demonstrated the inadequacy of the levetiracetam starting dose of 500 mg twice daily (BID) in critically ill patients. Studies consistently reported altered pharmacokinetics of levetiracetam in patients with ARC, showing an elevated clearance that can reach up to 6.5L/h (∼3.8 L/h in healthy individuals). Additionally, patients with ARC had a lower area under the concentration‐time curve, shorter half‐life, and lower trough concentrations than those without ARC. Dosing simulations indicated that the use of at least 1500 mg BID is recommended for ARC patients to achieve similar exposures to those with no ARC on the 1000 mg BID starting dose. In conclusion, ARC significantly enhances the renal elimination of levetiracetam, elevating the risk of sub‐therapeutic drug levels and treatment failure. An initial dosage regimen of 1500 mg BID would be recommended for patients exhibiting ARC. Therefore, careful monitoring of creatinine clearance and dosing optimization for patients experiencing ARC is essential.
Hand Grip Strength Cut‐Off Points as a Discriminator of Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity: Results from the ELSA‐Brasil Cohort
Authors: Santos Clarice Alves , Maia Helena Fraga , Pitanga Francisco José Gondim , de Almeida Maria da Conceição Chagas , da Fonseca Maria de Jesus Mendes , de Aquino Estela Mota Leão , Cardoso Letícia de Oliveira , Griep Rosane Harter , Barreto Sandhi Maria , Suemoto Claudia Kimie , Lotufo Paulo , Bensenor Isabela , de Matos Sheila Maria Alvim
Published: February 2025

Background

Hand grip strength (HGS) may represent an epidemiologically relevant alternative as an initial screening tool for sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity. However, no study evaluated the performance capacity of HGS compared to other biomarkers in discriminating these conditions in adults.

Objective

The study aimed to evaluate the performance of HGS as discriminator of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity, compared to urinary biomarkers of creatinine and potassium in 24 h for Brazilian adults.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study. Women (n = 5431) and men (n = 6351) aged 38–79 years who participated in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA‐Brasil) at second follow‐up of the cohort (2012–2014). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and the respective 95% confidence intervals were calculated for men and women in different age groups to assess the performance of HGS as a discriminator of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity, compared to the biomarkers of potassium and creatinine in urine in 24 h. The outcomes were classified based on the skeletal muscle mass index (BMI/height2) and fat percentage, estimated from the bioimpedance analysis data. Sensitivity, specificity and Brier score were calculated for each estimated HGS cut‐off point.

Results

It can be observed that 18.20% (15.51% women; 21.34% men) of the population showed a decline in skeletal muscle mass (sarcopenia). Of this total, 11.61% (10.52% women; 12.89% men) presented the isolated outcome of sarcopenia and 6.59% (4.99% women; 8.45% men) of sarcopenic obesity. The HGS areas under the ROC Curve ranged from 0.54 (CI = 0.493–0.596) to 0.76 (CI = 0.650–0.878) according to sex and age group. HGS performance compared to biomarkers was significantly higher in virtually all strata and outcomes analysed. The cut‐off points that demonstrated greater accuracy and better performance in outcome discrimination were ≤ 42, ≤ 41, ≤ 38 and ≤ 36 kgf among males aged 38–44 years, 45–54 years, 55–64 years and 65–79 years, respectively. For women in the same age groups, HGS cut‐offs were ≤ 26, ≤ 23, ≤ 23 and ≤ 21 kgf, respectively.

Conclusions

The results suggest that HGS is a good discriminator of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity, capable of achieving superior or equal performance to muscle mass biomarkers, especially in middle‐aged adults.
Magnetic endoscopic imaging in pediatric colonoscopy: A positive impact on procedure completion rate and procedure times
Authors: Liman Andrew , Lal Ronald , Yasui Osamu Winget , Gugig Roberto , Barakat Monique T.
Published: February 2025

Objectives

To assess the impact of magnetic endoscopic imaging (MEI) on pediatric colonoscopy.

Methods

We analyzed demographics, procedure completion, procedure times, complications, and whether or not MEI was used for all colonoscopies between April 27, 2023, and January 18, 2024. MEI was available for every case but used at the endoscopist's discretion. Attendings were surveyed on the frequency and duration of interventions during fellow‐performed colonoscopies.

Results

We analyzed 310 colonoscopies, 113 (36%) of which used MEI. The average patient age was 13.8 years (range 5 months to 23 years). For the aggregate sample and attending‐performed cases, there were fewer males in the groups that used MEI (p < 0.01). There were no other statistically significant differences in demographics or procedure indication when MEI was used. Terminal ileum (TI) intubation rate was higher when MEI was used in the aggregate sample (p = 0.02) and for fellow‐performed cases (p = 0.04). TI intubation times and total procedure times were quicker when MEI was used in the aggregate sample and in both strata of attending‐performed cases and fellow‐performed cases (p < 0.001). One complication was reported in an attending‐performed case that did not use MEI. Of the 145 fellow‐performed procedures, 98 (68%) had completed surveys, 36 (36%) of which used MEI. There was no statistically significant difference in the number (p = 0.89) or duration (p = 0.96) of attending interventions when MEI was used.

Conclusion

MEI use was associated with higher TI intubation rates, faster TI intubation, and shorter total procedure times. MEI may be a valuable adjunctive tool for pediatric endoscopists.
The Sesquialter (First and a Halfth) Branchial Cleft Anomaly
Authors: Propst Evan J. , Siu Jennifer M. , Blaser Susan , Chen Haiying , Wolter Nikolaus E.
Published: February 2025

A 6‐month‐old presented with a sinus in the neck coursing from below the body of the mandible, between the carotid and parotid spaces, and terminating posterior to the stylomastoid foramen on MRI. Facial nerve monitoring was used, a lacrimal probe was placed in the sinus, an elliptical incision was made in the skin, and the tract was followed to the parapharyngeal space. Pathology demonstrated a keratinous squamous epithelial lining, skin adnexae, and elastic cartilage. Because there were clinical, radiographic, and pathological features intermediate to first and second branchial anomalies, we propose calling this a sesquialter (first and a halfth) branchial anomaly.
Anthropogenic nutrient inputs affect productivity–biodiversity relationships in marine tintinnid assemblages
Authors: Feng Meiping , Qiu Jichen , Bian Wenhua , Zhang Yunfan , Hu Siting , Yang Yijia , Liu Kailin , Wang Chaofeng , Zhang Wuchang , Sun Xiaoxia , Li Na , Lin Jun , Guo Shujin , Chen Bingzhang
Published: February 2025

Although the productivity–biodiversity relationship (PBR) has been a hot topic, few studies have considered how anthropogenic pressures affect PBRs in marine microzooplankton. Here, we provide the first insights into PBRs in tintinnid assemblages using 18‐yr data from Jiaozhou Bay, a typical coastal bay in the Yellow Sea. We hypothesized and verified that PBRs vary across contrasting anthropogenic nutrient inputs and that functional and phylogenetic diversity would deliver more information than conventional species richness. High productivity promotes more diversity under low to medium rather than high anthropogenic nutrient inputs. Compared to species richness, functional and phylogenetic diversity reveal more PBR patterns and respond more quickly in response to varying anthropogenic inputs. A concave+ PBR is revealed for functional diversity in the ecozone with highly active water exchange. Our study contributes to the understanding of PBR in marine unicellular secondary producers and their responses to anthropogenic nutrient inputs in coastal ecosystems.
Fractionation of ultrafine particles from marine sediment for organic geochemical measurement
Authors: Zheng Guangjin , Shen Mengyao , Wang Nan , Che Yangli , Li Haoshuai , Yan Caiqing , Bao Rui
Published: February 2025

In traditional grain‐size separation of marine sediment using the sieve technique, the majority of organic matter (OM) in the ultrafine sediment is yet hardly further separated. In this study, we suggest an inertial sieving method that utilizes an ultrafine particle separator (UPS), which consists of a suspended particle generator (SPG) combined with a particle size separating device (PSSD), to separate ultrafine particles from marine sediments. Specifically, our method can fractionate ultrafine particles (< 10 μm) into eight different grain size categories: 0.43–0.65, 0.65–1.10, 1.10–2.10, 2.10–3.30, 3.30–4.70, 4.70–5.80, 5.80–9.00, and 9.00–10.00 μm. We evaluate the effectiveness of this method in fractionating ultrafine marine sediment from the China Marginal Sea. Our study find that the inertial sieving method achieved a high mass recovery rate of 77.7–88.7% and a sieving accuracy of 75–94% for sediment samples. Additionally, we measure total organic carbon (OC) and stable carbon isotopes of OM associated with these eight ultrafine sediments. Overall, we suggest that the inertial sieving method has a high potential to effectively fractionate the marine sediments with particle sizes below 10 μm for further organic geochemical analysis on these grain size fractionated sediments.