bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why are two mistakes not worse than one? A proposal for controlling the expected number of false claims
Authors: Jaki Thomas , Parry Alice
Published: April 2016

Multiplicity is common in clinical studies and the current standard is to use the familywise error rate to ensure that the errors are kept at a prespecified level. In this paper, we will show that, in certain situations, familywise error rate control does not account for all errors made. To counteract this problem, we propose the use of the expected number of false claims (EFC). We will show that a (weighted) Bonferroni approach can be used to control the EFC, discuss how a study that uses the EFC can be powered for co‐primary, exchangeable, and hierarchical endpoints, and show how the weight for the weighted Bonferroni test can be determined in this manner. ©2016 The Authors. Pharmaceutical Statistics Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Designing efficient doped NiOOH catalysts for water splitting with first principles calculations
Authors: Zaffran Jeremie , Toroker Maytal Caspary
Published: April 2016

Photoelectrochemical cells aim at producing clean fuels with solar energy. However, the major limitation of this technology is the efficiency of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) occurring at the anode electrode. One of the best catalysts for this reaction is nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) when doped with iron. In this work, we use Density Functional Theory (DFT)+U calculations to systematically scan various metallic dopants for NiOOH. We predict that doping with middle and late transition metals significantly lowers the overpotential. Furthermore, we demonstrate that overpotential value is correlated to the adsorption energies of some specific reaction intermediates and to the chemical nature of the active center. Among the metallic dopants that we considered, late transition metal oxides exhibit great promise for improving reaction efficiency. Our results agree with trends observed in available experiments.
Is there any Real Effect of Low Dimensional Morphologies towards Light Harvesting? A Case Study of Au–rGO‐TiO2 Nanocomposites
Authors: Melvin Ambrose A. , Bharad Pradnya A. , Illath Kavya , Lawrence Meenu P. , Gopinath Chinnakonda S.
Published: April 2016

Nanotube and nanosheet morphologies have been celebrated for their electron transport properties. Present work has been explored to exploit the same by combining 1D TiO2 nanotube (1D‐TN) with 2D reduced graphene oxide (rGO) along with nano gold for visible light sensitization for photocatalytic H2 generation under one sun condition and visible light (λ≥ 400 nm). Vertical and horizontal electron transport in 1D‐TN and rGO, respectively, is combined with the visible light absorption capability of Au nanoparticle. H2 yield (HY) varies between 100 and 655 µmol/g.h with an apparent quantum yield between 0.45 and 3.2 %, respectively, depending on Au/rGO/1D‐TN preparation method and reaction conditions. It has been demonstrated that interfacial contact between rGO/1D‐TN and Au is crucial for high photocatalytic HY. Preparation method influences charge utilization, and hence HY, to a large extent. Nonetheless, the maximum HY reported in the present work is just comparable to HY reported in literature with the most commonly found spherical morphology, and this leads to a question of, is there any real influence of 1D and/or 2D materials, particularly, towards light harvesting applications?
Palladium Complexes with Tetradentate Schiff Bases or their Corresponding Amines: Synthesis and Application in Heck Reactions
Authors: Andrade Aretha P. S. , Arantes Lucas M. , Kadooca Juliana Y. , Carvalho Renato L. , de Fátima Ângelo , Sabino Adão A.
Published: April 2016

This article describes the synthesis of six palladium complexes derived from three bis‐imines or their corresponding amines. These metallic complexes were evaluated as promising catalysts for Heck reaction. The potential of such organometallic catalysts was investigated using the coupling between bromobenzene and styrene as reaction model, involving evaluation of ranging bases, different solvents, reaction times and the quantity of palladium catalyst. Our findings indicate that the complexes obtained from amines are better than those from imines. Dimethyl acetamide (DMA) and sodium carbonate were the best solvents and bases in the Heck coupling reaction, respectively. In summary, these Schiff bases and corresponding amines provide an innovative opportunity to develop new catalytic systems for the Heck reaction.
Rapid evaluation of the rheological change caused by starch retrogradation with repeating freeze–thaw cycles
Authors: Yamazaki Eiji , Kubo Tomoko , Umetani Kaori , Fujiwara Takayuki , Kurita Osamu , Matsumura Yasuki
Published: April 2016

Dynamic oscillation rheometry in combination with repeating freeze–thaw (FT) cycles (DOR‐FT) was applied to evaluate the rheological change of starch gel caused by long‐term retrogradation. The gels prepared from corn, wheat, rice, potato, and sweet potato starch pastes (6%, w/w) were formed on a dynamic rheometer plate and the rheological changes induced by the FT cycles were measured while their gels remained on the rheometer plate. Comparing with the storage modulus (G′) at 25°C of each starch gels without FT, G′ of corn, wheat, rice, potato, and sweet potato starch gels after three FT cycles increased by 341, 474, 167, 1368, and 631%, respectively. The DOR‐FT method enabled the evaluation of the rheological changes caused by the long‐term retrogradation within 1 h, which is much shorter than with the conventional puncture test. Moreover, G′ versus FT cycles could be expressed as an exponential function model, indicating that the function model would show the FT cycle dependence for the rheological change of starch gels.
Prolonged droughts, short‐term responses, and diaspora: the power of water and pilgrimage at the sacred cenotes of Cara Blanca, Belize
Authors: Lucero Lisa J. , Harrison Jessica , Larmon Jean , Nissen Zachary , Benson Erin
Published: April 2016

Every society considers some aspect of water holy or sacred, which was the case for the ancient Maya, where everything in life was rainfall dependent. Pilgrimage to such places, where people interact and engage with the sacred to keep the world on course, was vital. When pilgrimage does not work, more drastic measures can result, as we attempt to show with the Classic Maya (250–900 CE). Several prolonged droughts between 800 and 900 CE, ultimately resulted in an urban diaspora from interior southern lowland centers (and their intricate reservoirs) and most hinterland areas. During droughts, the Maya intensified their visits and rites at sacred water places, such as cenotes (steep‐sided sinkholes filled by groundwater), to appease gods and ancestors. Excavation results from two structures near one cenote at Cara Blanca, Belize demonstrate via structure layout, artifact assemblages, and botanical remains, that the pool served as a pilgrimage destination for Maya who traveled from near and far to supplicate the gods to end the droughts—but it was to no avail. The Maya ultimately left this region that has some of the richest tropical soils in the world, and which in previous centuries had witnessed the emergence of the most powerful kings. People emigrated in all directions in search of water, land, and new opportunities. In the end, short‐term responses did not work, but drastic ones such as urban diaspora did. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1148. doi. 10.1002/wat2.1148

This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change

Human Water > Water as Imagined and Represented
Extracellular targeting of an active endoxylanase by a TolB negative mutant ofGluconobacter oxydans
Authors: Kosciow Konrad , Domin Claudia , Schweiger Paul , Deppenmeier Uwe
Published: April 2016

Gluconobacter (G.) oxydans strains have great industrial potential due to their ability to incompletely oxidize a wide range of carbohydrates. But there is one major limitation preventing their full production potential. Hydrolysis of polysaccharides is not possible because extracellular hydrolases are not encoded in the genome of Gluconobacter species. Therefore, as a first step for the generation of exoenzyme producing G. oxydans, a leaky outer membrane mutant was created by deleting the TolB encoding gene gox1687. As a second step the xynA gene encoding an endo-1,4-β-xylanase from Bacillus subtilis was expressed in G. oxydans ΔtolB. More than 70 % of the total XynA activity (0.91 mmol h−1 l culture−1) was detected in the culture supernatant of the TolB mutant and only 10 % of endoxylanase activity was observed in the supernatant of G. oxydans xynA. These results showed that a G. oxydans strain with an increased substrate spectrum that is able to use the renewable polysaccharide xylan as a substrate to produce the prebiotic compounds xylobiose and xylooligosaccharides was generated. This is the first report about the combination of the process of incomplete oxidation with the degradation of renewable organic materials from plants for the production of value-added products.
Understanding the Psychosocial Effects of WES Test Results on Parents of Children with Rare Diseases
Authors: Krabbenborg Lotte , Vissers L. E. L. M. , Schieving J. , Kleefstra T. , Kamsteeg E. J. , Veltman J. A. , Willemsen M. A. , Van der Burg S.
Published: April 2016

The use of whole exome sequencing (WES) for diagnostics of children with rare genetic diseases raises questions about best practices in genetic counselling. While a lot of attention is now given to pre‐test counselling procedures for WES, little is known about how parents experience the (positive, negative, or inconclusive) WES results in daily life. To fill this knowledge gap, data were gathered through in‐depth interviews with parents of 15 children who underwent WES analysis. WES test results, like results from other genetic tests, evoked relief as well as worries, irrespective of the type of result. Advantages of obtaining a conclusive diagnosis included becoming more accepting towards the situation, being enabled to attune care to the needs of the child, and better coping with feelings of guilt. Disadvantages experienced included a loss of hope for recovery, and a loss by parents of their social network of peers and the effort necessary to re‐establish that social network. While parents with conclusive diagnoses were able to re‐establish a peer community with the help of social media, parents receiving a possible diagnosis experienced hurdles in seeking peer support, as peers still needed to be identified. These types of psychosocial effects of WES test results for parents are important to take into account for the development of successful genetic counselling strategies.
Numerical simulation of wing vortex generators – methodologies and validation
Authors: Zastawny M.
Published: April 2016

This paper presents the results of a study of different Vortex Generator (VG) modelling approaches that have been performed in order to develop a better understanding of the current Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) capability to simulate transonic flows where wing-mounted VGs are present.

The practicality of using CFD methods commonly employed in the aerospace industry to predict the influence of VGs on wing performance is studied. It is hoped that presenting the experience gained will be of value to aerodynamicists working on similar problems in industry. An approach, using fully resolved, conformal mesh around the VGs, has been investigated through studying Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) simulations with two alternate turbulence models, the Spalart-Allmaras (SA) model and the Speziale-Sarkar-Gatski (SSG) Reynolds Stress Model. An initial assessment of two alternative VG modelling techniques, use of the Chimera overset meshing and a reduced-order VG model has also been performed. In addition, an investigation of the impact of the wing deformation under aerodynamic loading was conducted. The results obtained were compared with the wind-tunnel measurements acquired in the Aircraft Research Association Transonic Wind Tunnel, using the N47-05 half model with installed VGs.

It was observed that the VGs significantly modify the flow behaviour at sufficiently high incidence, which leads to higher lift coefficient values. While the SA turbulence model was unable to capture the complicated nature of the flow when VGs were present, SSG simulations yielded promising results.

Each of the VG modelling approaches has shown some strengths and weaknesses. Further study on the subject is suggested in order to develop best practices that can be applied for solutions of industrial-scale problems.
Force-induced diffusion in suspensions of hydrodynamically interacting colloids
Authors: Hoh N. J. , Zia R. N.
Published: April 2016

We study the influence of hydrodynamic, thermodynamic and interparticle forces on the diffusive motion of a Brownian probe driven by a constant external force through a dilute colloidal dispersion. The influence of these microscopic forces on equilibrium self-diffusivity (passive microrheology) is well known: all three act to hinder the short- and long-time self-diffusion. Here, via pair-Smoluchowski theory, we explore their influence on self-diffusion in a flowing suspension, where particles and fluid have been set into motion by an externally forced probe (active microrheology), giving rise to non-equilibrium flow-induced diffusion. The probe’s motion entrains background particles as it travels through the bath, deforming the equilibrium suspension microstructure. The shape and extent of microstructural distortion is set by the relative strength of the external force $F^{\mathit{ext}}$ to the entropic restoring force $kT/a_{\mathit{th}}$ of the bath particles, defining a Péclet number $\mathit{Pe}\equiv F^{\mathit{ext}}/(2kT/a_{\mathit{th}})$; and also by the strength of hydrodynamic interactions, set by the range of interparticle repulsion ${\it\kappa}=(a_{\mathit{th}}-a)/a$, where $kT$ is the thermal energy and $a_{\mathit{th}}$ and $a$ are the thermodynamic and hydrodynamic sizes of the particles, respectively. We find that in the presence of flow, the same forces that hinder equilibrium diffusion now enhance it, with diffusive anisotropy set by the range of interparticle repulsion ${\it\kappa}$. A transition from hindered to enhanced diffusion occurs when diffusive and advective forces balance, $\mathit{Pe}\sim 1$, where the exact value is a sensitive function of the strength of hydrodynamics, ${\it\kappa}$. We find that the hindered to enhanced transition straddles two transport regimes: in hindered diffusion, stochastic forces in the presence of other bath particles produce deterministic displacements (Brownian drift) at the expense of a maximal random walk. In enhanced diffusion, driving the probe with a deterministic force through an initially random suspension leads to fluctuations in the duration of probe–bath particle entrainment, giving rise to enhanced, flow-induced diffusion. The force-induced diffusion is anisotropic for all $\mathit{Pe}$, scaling as $D\sim \mathit{Pe}^{2}$ in all directions for weak forcing, regardless of the strength of hydrodynamic interactions. When probe forcing is strong, $D\sim \mathit{Pe}$ in all directions in the absence of hydrodynamic interactions, but the picture changes qualitatively as hydrodynamic interactions grow strong. In this nonlinear regime, microstructural asymmetry weakens while the anisotropy of the force-induced diffusion tensor increases dramatically. This behaviour owes its origins to the approach toward Stokes flow reversibility, where diffusion along the direction of probe force scales advectively while transverse diffusion must vanish.
Self-sustaining process of minimal attached eddies in turbulent channel flow
Authors: Hwang Yongyun , Bengana Yacine
Published: April 2016

It has been recently shown that the energy-containing motions (i.e. coherent structures) in turbulent channel flow exist in the form of Townsend’s attached eddies by a numerical experiment which simulates the energy-containing motions only at a prescribed spanwise length scale using their self-sustaining nature (Hwang, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 767, 2015, pp. 254–289). In the present study, a detailed investigation of the self-sustaining process of the energy-containing motions at each spanwise length scale (i.e. the attached eddies) in the logarithmic and outer regions is carried out with an emphasis on its relevance to ‘bursting’, which refers to an energetic temporal oscillation of the motions (Flores & Jiménez, Phys. Fluids, vol. 22, 2010, 071704). It is shown that the attached eddies in the logarithmic and outer regions, composed of streaks and quasi-streamwise vortical structures, bear the self-sustaining process remarkably similar to that in the near-wall region: i.e. the streaks are significantly amplified by the quasi-streamwise vortices via the lift-up effect; the amplified streaks subsequently undergo a ‘rapid streamwise meandering motion’, reminiscent of streak instability or transient growth, which eventually results in breakdown of the streaks and regeneration of new quasi-streamwise vortices. For the attached eddies at a given spanwise length scale ${\it\lambda}_{z}$ between ${\it\lambda}_{z}^{+}\simeq 100$ and ${\it\lambda}_{z}\simeq 1.5h$, the single turnover time period of the self-sustaining process is found to be $Tu_{{\it\tau}}/{\it\lambda}_{z}\simeq 2$ ($u_{{\it\tau}}$ is the friction velocity), which corresponds well to the time scale of the bursting. Two additional numerical experiments, designed to artificially suppress the lift-up effect and the streak meandering motions, respectively, reveal that these processes are essential ingredients of the self-sustaining process of the attached eddies in the logarithmic and outer regions, consistent with several previous theoretical studies. It is also shown that the artificial suppression of the lift-up effect of the attached eddies in the logarithmic and outer regions leads to substantial amounts of turbulent skin-friction reduction.
Analytical Solution for Rotational Rub-Impact Plate Under Thermal Shock
Authors: Zhao T.-Y. , Yuan H.-Q. , Li B.-B. , Li Z.-J. , Liu L.-M.
Published: April 2016

The analysis method is developed to obtain dynamic characteristics of the rotating cantilever plate with thermal shock and tip-rub. Based on the variational principle, equations of motion are derived considering the differences between rubbing forces in the width direction of the plate. The transverse deformation is decomposed into quasi-static deformation of the cantilever plate with thermal shock and dynamic deformation of the rubbing plate under thermal shock. Then deformations are obtained through the calculation of modal characteristics of rotating cantilever plate and temperature distribution function. Special attention is paid to the influence of tip-rub and thermal shock on the plate. The results show that tip-rub has the characteristics of multiple frequency vibrations, and high frequency vibrations are significant. On the contrary, thermal shock shows the low frequency vibrations. The thermal shock makes the rubbing plate gradually change into low frequency vibrations. Because rub-induced vibrations are more complicated than those caused by thermal shock, tip-rub is easier to result in the destruction of the blade. The increasing friction coefficient intensifies vibrations of the rubbing plate. Minimizing friction coefficients can be an effective way to reduce rub-induced damage through reducing the surface roughness between the blade tip and the inner surface of the casing.
Occupational musculoskeletal pain amongst ENT surgeons – are we looking at the tip of an iceberg?
Authors: Vijendren A , Yung M , Sanchez J , Duffield K
Published: April 2016

Objective:

Surgeons are exposed to a variety of occupational risks, including work-related musculoskeletal disorders. This study investigated the prevalence of these latter disorders amongst UK ENT surgeons and compared this with the existing literature.

Methods:

A survey containing questions on work-related musculoskeletal disorders was distributed to the entire membership of ENT-UK electronically, with the assistance of its Survey Guardian. A literature review on the subject was then performed.

Results:

A total of 323 completed questionnaires were received (a 24 per cent response rate). Work-related musculoskeletal disorders had been experienced by 47.4 per cent of respondents. There were no statistical differences between the occurrence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders and: grade, length of time spent in the specialty or the subspecialty of respondents. Eighty-five per cent of affected surgeons sought treatment, with 22.9 per cent taking time off work and six surgeons retiring early. The literature review only identified five related studies.

Conclusion:

Despite the scarcity of studies, work-related musculoskeletal disorders are common amongst ENT surgeons in the UK. Such disparity highlights the need for more research and appropriate ergonomic intervention within the specialty.
Are we ready for Taenia solium cysticercosis elimination in sub-Saharan Africa?
Authors: JOHANSEN MARIA VANG , TREVISAN CHIARA , GABRIËL SARAH , MAGNUSSEN PASCAL , BRAAE UFFE CHRISTIAN
Published: April 2016

The World Health Organization announced in November 2014 at the fourth international meeting on ‘the control of neglected zoonotic diseases – from advocacy to action’, that intervention tools for eliminating Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis (TSTC) are in place. The aim of this work was to elucidate theoretical outcomes of various control options suggested for TSTC elimination in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) over a 4-year period. Our current knowledge regarding T. solium epidemiology and control primarily builds on studies from Latin America. A simple transmission model – built on data from Latin America – has been used to predict the effect of various interventions such as mass treatment of humans, vaccination and treatment of pigs, and health education of communities, potentially leading to change in bad practices and reducing transmission risks. Based on simulations of the transmission model, even a 4-year integrated One Health approach fails to eliminate TSTC from a small community and in all simulations, the prevalence of human taeniosis and porcine cysticercosis start to rise as soon as the programmes end. Our current knowledge regarding transmission and burden of TSTC in SSA is scarce and while claiming to be tool ready, the selection of diagnostic and surveillance tools, as well as the algorithms and stepwise approaches for control and elimination of TSTC remain major challenges.
Who speaks up for Inés Fonseca? Representing violence against vulnerable subjects and the ethics of care in fictional narrative about Alzheimer's disease:Ahora tocad música de baile(2004) by Andrés Barba
Authors: MEDINA RAQUEL
Published: April 2016

This paper studies the 2004 Spanish fictional novel by Andrés Barba,Ahora tocad música de baile, one of the first cultural texts dealing entirely with Alzheimer's disease to appear in Spain. It argues that the significance of Barba's fictional novel rests on two important issues: the ethics of representation of violence against vulnerable subjects and the ethics of care. The paper analyses how these two issues allow Barba to create a story in which the verbal and physical abuse to which the person living with Alzheimer's disease is subjected places the reader, on the one hand, as voyeur/witness of the abuse; and, on the other, as interpreter, and ultimately judge, of the fine line that separates euthanasia, assisted suicide and murder. The open ending of the novel defers all ethical and moral judgement to the reader. It examines how the novel offers a monolithic perspective about Alzheimer's disease, in which care is presented as a burden. In fact, this study shows that the novel's multi-layered structure and polyphonic nature places the emphasis on stigmas, stereotypes and negative metaphors around Alzheimer's disease, as found in contemporary social discourses.
Governance challenges for commercial exploitation of a non-timber forest product by marginalized rural communities
Authors: BALL ALAINE A. , BRANCALION PEDRO H.S.
Published: April 2016

While conservation and development projects focusing on non-timber forest products (NTFPs) remain popular approaches to address complex issues of livelihood improvement and conservation, governance of NTFPs is still poorly understood. In the Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot of Brazil, non-governmental organizations, researchers and community leaders are encouraging the commercialization of fruit pulp-based products from the endangered palm Euterpe edulis, known as juçara, to replace income from illegal heart of palm extraction. In order to assess the governance of development of juçara pulp as an NTFP and the potential to increase conservation of juçara through management on smallholder properties, we conducted qualitative research in São Paulo State from October 2012 to October 2013. Major challenges include policy barriers, difficulties integrating production and commercialization, problematic assumptions about poverty alleviation and the inability of the most disadvantaged members of communities to benefit. These governance challenges are a function of poor access, or the ‘bundle of powers’ that enables the ability to benefit. However, engagement with juçara fruit pulp production links farmers and former poachers with sustainable agricultural concepts and with networks, changing their perceptions of conservation and enhancing ability to benefit from improved policy.
Post-fledging habitat selection in a rapidly declining farmland bird, the European Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur
Authors: DUNN JENNY C. , MORRIS ANTONY J. , GRICE PHILIP V.
Published: April 2016

Post-fledging survival plays a vital role in the dynamics of bird populations and yet is the least-studied avian life-stage. Habitat requirements post-fledging may have important implications for behaviour and survival, especially for declining populations in landscapes that have undergone wide-scale anthropogenic modification, resulting in an altered distribution and composition of habitats. The European Turtle Dove is a widespread but rapidly declining species both within the UK and across Europe. Reduced seed food availability is thought to influence breeding success of this species, but it is not known whether post-fledging survival may also be influenced by seed availability. Here, we use leg-ring radio-tag attachments to monitor post-fledging survival and movements in 15 Turtle Dove nestlings from eight nests monitored during 2014 as part of a wider autecological study. Fledglings remained in close proximity to their nest for three weeks post-tagging, spending more than half their time in the immediate vicinity (within ∼20 m) of the nest. 95% of foraging trips during this period were within 329 m of the nest and fledglings selected seed-rich habitat (semi-natural grassland, low-intensity grazing, fallow and quarries). Fledglings that were heavier and in better body condition at seven days old were more likely to survive for 30 days post-fledging, and the proportion of available seed-rich habitat was a strong predictor of nestling weight and condition at seven days old. Whilst our sample size is modest, this study highlights the crucial role of food availability in juvenile survival, both while adults are feeding nestlings, and to recently fledged young, and the potential for agri-environment schemes providing foraging and nesting habitats in close proximity to provide important benefits.
Euromaidan and the Role of Protest in Democracy
Authors: Beesley Celeste
Published: April 2016

Protest can be seen as a highly democratic expression of popular opinion. However, protest is also a non-representative, extra-institutional process for political change. In hybrid regimes, such as Ukraine, the legitimacy of effecting change through mass protest is a subject of debate. Because of the influence of mass protests in Ukrainian politics, individual views on the democratic legitimacy of protest are potentially important in perceptions of government legitimacy. Using original survey data from December 2013, this article finds that, whereas satisfaction with the functioning of democracy, partisanship, and the oft-cited regional divide are important determinants of approval for the Euromaidan protests, they do not influence how Ukrainians perceive the role of protest in a democracy. However, among those less committed to democracy, protest is more likely to be seen as illegitimate.
Lessons from a Decade of Replications at the Quarterly Journal of Political Science
Authors: Eubank Nicholas
Published: April 2016

To allow researchers to investigate not only whether a paper’s methods are theoretically sound but also whether they have been properly implemented and are robust to alternative specifications, it is necessary that published papers be accompanied by their underlying data and code. This article describes experiences and lessons learned at theQuarterly Journal of Political Sciencesince it began requiring authors to provide this type of replication code in 2005. It finds that of the 24 empirical papers subjected to in-house replication review since September 2012, only four packages did not require any modifications. Most troubling, 14 packages (58%) had results in the paper that differed from those generated by the author’s own code. Based on these experiences, this article presents a set of guidelines for authors and journals for improving the reliability and usability of replication packages.
Encountering Your IRB 2.0: What Political Scientists Need to Know
Authors: Yanow Dvora , Schwartz-Shea Peregrine
Published: April 2016

This essay corrects and updates one that was originally published inQualitative & Multi-Method Researchand, in a condensed version, in three other APSA Organized Section newsletters. Our research into IRB policy has shown that many political scientists are not familiar with some of its key provisions. The intent of the essay is to increase awareness of the existing policy’s impact on political scientific research and, in particular, on graduate students and junior faculty. We remain concerned that at present, faculty are leaving discussions of research ethics to IRBs (and their counterparts worldwide), whereas these Boards largely focus on complying with the regulatory details of governmental policy. Even though this essay seeks to clarify the latter, we remain convinced that research ethics ought to be vigorously taken up within disciplinary and departmental conversations.
Testing the Effectiveness of a Number-Based Classroom Exercise
Authors: Guay Brian , Chandler Caroline , Erkulwater Jennifer , Landy David
Published: April 2016

Large numbers permeate political life, and students of political science can expect to encounter a wide range of numbers in newspaper articles, course readings, and statistics. Recent research in cognitive psychology demonstrates that American adults make systematic errors when comparing numbers in the millions, billions, and trillions. Political decisions made by voters often require weighing large quantities that range across many orders of magnitude, which is difficult without at least a basic understanding of relative magnitudes. If students also lack an understanding of large numbers, professors cannot meaningfully teach them about political phenomena involving such magnitudes. The authors designed and tested an exercise to improve students’ accuracy in dealing with large magnitudes, which had immediate and sustained effects on their political judgments about information involving large numbers.
Explaining bilingual learning outcomes in terms of exposure and input
Authors: CARROLL SUSANNE E.
Published: April 2016

I had several goals in writing my keynote “Exposure and input in bilingual development”. The first was to emphasize that there are two components to the study of environmental effects on language learning. The first is the stuff ‘out there’ (exposure) that we want to observe and count and whose effects we want to assess; the second is the internal, mentally represented stuff (myinput) that is logically related to a particular learning problem. Both exposure and input are indissociable from assumptions about what language acquisition mechanisms do and the nature of linguistic cognition. Accordingly, for example, a decision to count ‘words’ in child-directed speech (CDS) or via a parental questionnaire is not an innocent one. Not only can one find radically different views on what a ‘word’ is (Krause, Bosch & Clahsen, 2015), one can find work that questions the need to postulate such a unit at all (see discussion in MacWhinney, 2000). It follows that adopting a clear position, about which abstract mentally represented elements are crucialcuesto learning some phenomenon, is an essential step in deciding what to count in CDS.
Caring for terminally ill Muslim patients: Lived experiences of non-Muslim nurses
Authors: Abudari Gassan , Hazeim Hassan , Ginete Gilda
Published: April 2016

Objective:

The nursing profession demands knowledge, awareness, and experience regarding the ethnic, religious, cultural, and social constructs involved in patient care. Non-Muslim nurses must have theoretical and empirical insights into treatment methods and caring for terminally ill Muslim patients. In particular, non-Muslim nurses should acquire knowledge of Islamic rules and regulations. They should also be familiar with the unique religious and sociocultural practices that pertain to healthcare practices. Our study aimed to explore non-Muslim nurses' experiences in caring for terminally ill Muslim patients and their families regarding physical, social, cultural, spiritual, and religious practices. The study also sought to investigate the context or situations that influence these experiences as described by the nurses.

Method:

In this qualitative descriptive study, 10 nurses working in medical, oncology, and oncology/palliative care units in a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia were interviewed. A modified Stevick–Colaizzi–Keen method was employed for data analysis.

Results:

Three main themes constituted the nurses' lived experiences: family matters, end-of-life practices, and nurse challenges. Cultural values, religious practices, and a family approach to the process of care influenced nurses' experiences. Issues related to an absence of palliative care integration and the unavailability of members in the interdisciplinary team also influenced their experiences. Nurses showed a lack of cultural knowledge of some practices due to a lack of awareness of cultural diversity and the unavailability of formal cultural education.

Significance of Results:

Provision of culturally competent care at the end of life for Muslim patients in Saudi Arabia requires a thoughtful understanding of religious and cultural practices as well as knowledge of the role of the family throughout the care process. The introduction of a cultural care nursing delivery model that incorporates a cultural education program with Islamic teachings and practices at its core is recommended.
Neuroanatomical voxel-based profile of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder
Authors: Maggioni E. , Bellani M. , Altamura A. C. , Brambilla P.
Published: April 2016

Although schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) share elements of pathology (Ellison-Wright and Bullmore, 2009), the neural mechanisms underlying these disorders are still under investigation. Up until now, many neuroimaging studies investigated the brain structural differences of SCZ and BD compared with healthy controls (HC), trying to identify the possible neuroanatomical markers for the two disorders. However, just a few studies focused on the brain structural changes between the two diagnoses. The present review summarises the findings of the voxel-based grey matter (GM) comparisons between SCZ and BD, with the objective to highlight the possible consistent anatomical differences between the two disorders. While the comparisons between patients and HC highlighted overlapping areas of GM reduction in insula and anterior cingulate cortex, the SCZ–BD comparisons suggest the presence of more generalised GM deficits in SCZ compared with BD. Indeed, in a number of studies, SCZ patients showed lower GM volumes than BD patients in fronto-temporal cortex, thalamus, hippocampus and amygdala. Conversely, only a couple of studies reported GM deficits in BD compared with SCZ, both at the level of cerebellum. In summary, the two disorders exhibit both common and specific neuroanatomical characteristics, whose knowledge is mandatory to develop innovative diagnostic and treatment strategies.
Über die Sichtung von Bewerbungsunterlagen in der Praxis der Personalauswahl
Authors: Kanning Uwe P.
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung. In nahezu jedem Personalauswahlverfahren stellt die Sichtung der Bewerbungsunterlagen den ersten Schritt der Beurteilung der Bewerber dar. Mit Hilfe einer Online-Befragung von 244 Personalverantwortlichen wird erstmals differenziert der Frage nachgegangen, welche Kriterien dabei in der Praxis der Personalauswahl zum Einsatz kommen. Die Ergebnisse werden zum einen mit Empfehlungen der Ratgeberliteratur, zum anderen mit den Befunden der personaldiagnostischen Forschung verglichen. In Übereinstimmung mit der Ratgeberliteratur zeigt sich eine starke Dominanz formaler Kriterien. Ergebnisse der Forschung spielen bei der expliziten Entscheidung für oder gegen bestimmte Kriterien keine Rolle. Vor dem Hintergrund der vorliegenden Befunde zur Validität der Unterlagensichtung kann die Aussagekraft der in der Praxis anzutreffenden Vorgehensweise als wenig valide eingeschätzt werden. Große Unternehmen schneiden dabei geringfügig besser ab als kleinere. Die Befunde werden diskutiert und Empfehlungen für Forschung und Praxis formuliert.
The Structure of Interaction at Meetings: A Social Network Analysis
Authors: Sauer Nils Christian , Kauffeld Simone
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Which factors contribute to effective meetings? The interaction among participants plays a key role. Interaction is a relational, interdependent process that constitutes social structure. Applying a network perspective to meeting interactions allows us to take account of the social structure. The aim of this study was to use social network analysis to distinguish functional and dysfunctional interaction structures and gain insight into the facilitation of meetings by analyzing antecedents and consequences of functional interaction structures. Data were based on a field study in which 51 regular meetings were videotaped and coded with act4teams. Analyses revealed that compared with dysfunctional networks, functional interaction is less centralized and has a positive effect on team performance. Social similarity has a crucial effect on functional interaction because participants significantly interact with others who are similar in personal initiative and self-efficacy. Our results provide important information about how to assist the interaction process and promote team success.
Ortswechsel
Authors: Eßer Darja
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung. Im Rahmen ihrer Diplomarbeit unternimmt die Autorin eine vierwöchige Reise zur künstlerischen Erforschung ortsbezogener Wahrnehmungsprozesse. An vier biographisch bedeutsamen Orten untersucht sie über das Medium der Malerei die Wechselwirkung zwischen künstlerischem Handeln und persönlicher ortsbezogener Wahrnehmung. Die schriftliche Auswertung des Projektes wendet sich zunächst einer Klärung der gewählten Herangehensweisen zu. Merkmale und Eigenheiten Künstlerischer Forschung werden herausgearbeitet. Das Erleben der Orte steht im Kontext der Arbeit exemplarisch für Lebenszusammenhänge, in denen es darum geht, veraltete Vorstellungen loszulassen. Das Wechselspiel zwischen Distanzierung und erneuter Aneignung des Bildes im Malprozess konfrontiert die Malerin mit der Veränderung von Vorstellungen und gibt ihr die Möglichkeit, aktiv in diesen Prozess einzugreifen. Es zeigt sich darin ein kunsttherapeutisches Potential, das in der künstlerischen Durcharbeitung eines Werks liegt und über die Reflexion des künstlerischen Werkprozesses zugänglich gemacht werden kann.
Correction: Corrigendum: Open access resources for genome-wide association mapping in rice
Authors: McCouch Susan R. , Wright Mark H. , Tung Chih-Wei , Maron Lyza G. , McNally Kenneth L. , Fitzgerald Melissa , Singh Namrata , DeClerck Genevieve , Perez Francisco Agosto , Korniliev Pavel , Greenberg Anthony J. , Naredo Ma. Elizabeth B. , Mercado Sheila Mae Q. , Harrington Sandra E. , Shi Yuxin , Branchini Darcy A. , Kuser-Falcão Paula R. , Leung Hei , Ebana Kowaru , Yano Masahiro , Eizenga Georgia , McClung Anna , Mezey Jason
Published: April 2016

Nature Communications 7: Article number: 10532 (2016); Published: 04 February 2016; Updated: 20 April 2016 The affiliation details for Paula R. Kuser-Falcão are incorrect in this Article. The correct affiliation details for this author are given below: Embrapa Agriculture Informatics, 13083-886 Campinas, Brazil.
Hypoxia regulates global membrane protein endocytosis through caveolin-1 in cancer cells
Authors: Bourseau-Guilmain E. , Menard J. A. , Lindqvist E. , Indira Chandran V. , Christianson H. C. , Cerezo Magaña M. , Lidfeldt J. , Marko-Varga G. , Welinder C. , Belting M.
Published: April 2016

Hypoxia promotes tumour aggressiveness and resistance of cancers to oncological treatment. The identification of cancer cell internalizing antigens for drug targeting to the hypoxic tumour niche remains a challenge of high clinical relevance. Here we show that hypoxia down-regulates the surface proteome at the global level and, more specifically, membrane proteome internalization. We find that hypoxic down-regulation of constitutive endocytosis is HIF-independent, and involves caveolin-1-mediated inhibition of dynamin-dependent, membrane raft endocytosis. Caveolin-1 overexpression inhibits protein internalization, suggesting a general negative regulatory role of caveolin-1 in endocytosis. In contrast to this global inhibitory effect, we identify several proteins that can override caveolin-1 negative regulation, exhibiting increased internalization at hypoxia. We demonstrate antibody-mediated cytotoxin delivery and killing specifically of hypoxic cells through one of these proteins, carbonic anhydrase IX. Our data reveal that caveolin-1 modulates cell-surface proteome turnover at hypoxia with potential implications for specific targeting of the hypoxic tumour microenvironment.
Non-equilibrium induction of tin in germanium: towards direct bandgap Ge1−xSnx nanowires
Authors: Biswas Subhajit , Doherty Jessica , Saladukha Dzianis , Ramasse Quentin , Majumdar Dipanwita , Upmanyu Moneesh , Singha Achintya , Ochalski Tomasz , Morris Michael A. , Holmes Justin D.
Published: April 2016

The development of non-equilibrium group IV nanoscale alloys is critical to achieving new functionalities, such as the formation of a direct bandgap in a conventional indirect bandgap elemental semiconductor. Here, we describe the fabrication of uniform diameter, direct bandgap Ge1−xSnx alloy nanowires, with a Sn incorporation up to 9.2 at.%, far in excess of the equilibrium solubility of Sn in bulk Ge, through a conventional catalytic bottom-up growth paradigm using noble metal and metal alloy catalysts. Metal alloy catalysts permitted a greater inclusion of Sn in Ge nanowires compared with conventional Au catalysts, when used during vapour–liquid–solid growth. The addition of an annealing step close to the Ge-Sn eutectic temperature (230 °C) during cool-down, further facilitated the excessive dissolution of Sn in the nanowires. Sn was distributed throughout the Ge nanowire lattice with no metallic Sn segregation or precipitation at the surface or within the bulk of the nanowires. The non-equilibrium incorporation of Sn into the Ge nanowires can be understood in terms of a kinetic trapping model for impurity incorporation at the triple-phase boundary during growth.
A perspective on 16S rRNA operational taxonomic unit clustering using sequence similarity
Authors: Nguyen Nam-Phuong , Warnow Tandy , Pop Mihai , White Bryan
Published: April 2016

The standard pipeline for 16S amplicon analysis starts by clustering sequences within a percent sequence similarity threshold (typically 97%) into ‘Operational Taxonomic Units’ (OTUs). From each OTU, a single sequence is selected as a representative. This representative sequence is annotated, and that annotation is applied to all remaining sequences within that OTU. This perspective paper will discuss the known shortcomings of this standard approach using results obtained from the Human Microbiome Project. In particular, we will show that the traditional approach of using pairwise sequence alignments to compute sequence similarity can result in poorly clustered OTUs. As OTUs are typically annotated based upon a single representative sequence, poorly clustered OTUs can have significant impact on downstream analyses. These results suggest that we need to move beyond simple clustering techniques for 16S analysis.
Medically induced amenorrhea in female astronauts
Authors: Jain Varsha , Wotring Virginia E
Published: April 2016

Medically induced amenorrhea can be achieved through alterations in the normal regulatory hormones via the adoption of a therapeutic agent, which prevents menstrual flow. Spaceflight-related advantages for medically induced amenorrhea differ according to the time point in the astronaut’s training schedule. Pregnancy is contraindicated for many pre-flight training activities as well as spaceflight, therefore effective contraception is essential. In addition, the practicalities of menstruating during pre-flight training or spaceflight can be challenging. During long-duration missions, female astronauts have often continuously taken the combined oral contraceptive pill to induce amenorrhea. Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) are safe and reliable methods used to medically induce amenorrhea terrestrially but as of yet, not extensively used by female astronauts. If LARCs were used, daily compliance with an oral pill is not required and no upmass or trash would need disposal. Military studies have shown that high proportions of female personnel desire amenorrhea during deployment; better education has been recommended at recruitment to improve uptake and autonomous decision-making. Astronauts are exposed to similar austere conditions as military personnel and parallels can be drawn with these results. Offering female astronauts up-to-date, evidence-based, comprehensive education, in view of the environment in which they work, would empower them to make informed decisions regarding menstrual suppression while respecting their autonomy.
Spin-orbital effects in metal-dichalcogenide semiconducting monolayers
Authors: Reyes-Retana J. A. , Cervantes-Sodi F.
Published: April 2016

Metal-dioxide & metal-dichalcogenide monolayers are studied by means of Density Functional Theory. For an accurate reproduction of the electronic structure of transition metal systems, the spin orbit interaction is considered by using fully relativistic pseudopotentials (FRUP). The electronic and spin properties of MX2 (M = Sc, Cr, Mn, Ni, Mo & W and X = O, S, Se & Te) were obtained with FRUP, compared with the scalar relativistic pseudopotentials (SRUP) and with the available experimental results. Among the differences between FRUP and SRUP calculations are giant splittings of the valence band, substantial band gap reductions and semiconductor to metal or non-magnetic to magnetic “transitions”. MoO2, MoS2, MoSe2, MoTe2, WO2, WS2 and WSe2 are proposed as candidates for spintronics, while CrTe2, with μ ~ 1.59 μB, is a magnetic metal to be experimentally explored.