bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: First Efficient Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐erythro‐Roccellic Acid.
Authors: Mangaleswaran Sivaprakasam , Argade Narshinha P.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Silicon‐Based Photonic Crystals
Authors: Birner Albert , Wehrspohn Ralf B. , Goesele Ulrich M. , Busch Kurt
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Structure Determination from Powder Diffraction Using the Program FullProf
Authors: Rodriguez‐Carvajal Juan
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Uses of Neutron and X‐Ray Beams to Investigate Magnetism
Authors: Langridge S. , Lovesey S. W.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Powder Metallurgy of Nuclear Fuels
Authors: Ganguly C.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐Methyl Carboxylic Acids and the Corresponding Alcohols of High Enantiopurity by Lipase‐Catalyzed Esterification
Authors: Berglund Per , Hedenstrom Erik
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Glycolipids Having Biological Activities: Key Role of Their Organization
Authors: Lattes Armand , Rico‐Lattes Isabelle , Perez Emile , Blanzat Muriel
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclization of Citronellal to Isopulegol Catalyzed by Hydrous Zirconia and Other Solid Acids
Authors: Chuah G. K. , Liu S. H. , Jaenicke S. , Harrison L. J.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalysis by Colloidal Polymers in Aqueous Media
Authors: Ford Warren T.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Combinatorial Libraries and High‐Throughput Synthesis
Authors: De Witt Sheila Hobbs
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Using Resonance Raman Spectroscopy to Examine Vibrational Barriers to Electron Transfer and Electronic Delocalization
Authors: Hupp Joseph T. , Williams Robert D.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Spin‐Orbit Coupling Induced Electron Spin Polarization in Photoinduced Electron Transfer Reactions
Authors: Tero‐Kubota Shozo , Katsuki Akio , Kobori Yasuhiro
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Millimeter‐Wave Spectroscopy, High Resolution Infrared Spectrum, ab initio Calculations, and Molecular Geometry of FPO.
Authors: Beckers H. , Buerger H. , Paplewski P. , Bogey M. , Demaison J. , Drean P. , Walters A. , Breidung J. , Thiel W.
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Deamination of Various Primary Amines to the Corresponding Carbonyl Compounds by Using N‐tert‐Butylphenylsulfinimidoyl Chloride.
Authors: Matsuo Jun‐ichi , Kawana Asahi , Fukuda Yoshio , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis and Tubulin Binding Activity of Thiophene‐Based Analogues of Combretastatin A‐4.
Authors: Flynn Bernard L. , Flynn Guy P. , Hamel Ernest , Jung M. Katherine
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of (Z)‐Ketene Selenothioacetals via Hydrozirconation of Lithium Alkynylselenolate Anions.
Authors: Zhong Ping , Huang Nan‐Ping
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Potential Intermediates for Diterpenoid Quinones: Cryptotanshinone, Tanshinone IIA and Miltirone.
Authors: Banerjee Ajoy K. , Azocar Jose A. , Sulbaran de Carrasco Maria C. , Mimo Manuel Laya
Published: June 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Accuracy of liquid‐based cytology
Authors: Confortini Massimo , Bergeron Christine , Desai Mina , Negri Giovanni , Palma Paolo Dalla , Montanari Gioia , Pellegrini Antonella , Ronco Guglielmo
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND:

In the New Technologies for Cervical Cancer Screening (NTCC) randomized controlled trial, no significant increase in the sensitivity of liquid‐based cytology (LBC) was observed compared with conventional cytology. Both were interpreted by cytologists who had limited previous LBC experience. The objective of the current study was to assess whether different results could be expected with experienced LBC interpreters.

METHODS:

A stratified, random sample of 818 LBC slides from the NTCC study was obtained. These slides were reviewed blindly and independently by 3 international experts who did not participate in the NTCC. The sensitivity and specificity of external experts were estimated for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or greater (CIN2+) and for CIN3+ histology, and the differences were compared with the sensitivity and specificity of the original cytologic interpretation using cutoffs of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) and low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL).

RESULTS:

With the endpoint of CIN2+ histology, the difference in sensitivity between external experts and the original interpretation was −5.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], −16.0 to 5.4) with ASCUS as the cutoff and 3.8 (95% CI, −8.2 to 15.8) with LSIL as the cutoff. External experts had slightly lower specificity using ASCUS as the cutoff (−3.4; 95% CI, −3.9 to −2.9) and LSIL as the cutoff (−0.7; 95% CI, −1.0 to −0.4).

CONCLUSIONS:

The accuracy of the external experts' interpretation was similar to that of the original interpretation. Therefore, the current results indicated that LBC is not expected to increase sensitivity even if it is used by interpreters who have extensive experience with this technique. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
A computationally efficient method for assessing muscle function during human locomotion
Authors: Lin Yi‐Chung , Kim Hyung Joo , Pandy Marcus G.
Published: June 2010

When a muscle is activated, it contracts, develops force, and, by virtue of a lever arm, exerts a torque about one or more of the joints it spans. Dynamic coupling in a multi‐joint system ensures that a muscle can simultaneously accelerate all the joints in the body, even those it does not span. The overall goal of the present study was to develop an accurate and computationally efficient method for quantifying muscle function during human locomotion. Our specific aims were first to assess the accuracy of the method by comparing its results against reference data reported in the literature; and second to demonstrate the application of the method in the study of leg‐muscle function in walking and running. The method is based on using a pseudo‐inverse to decompose the ground reaction force, enabling each muscle's contribution to the acceleration of any point on the body to be found at each instant of the gait cycle. One of the most appealing features of the pseudo‐inverse method is that it can be applied either to data generated from a computer simulation or to measurements obtained from a gait experiment. The pseudo‐inverse method is also roughly three orders of magnitude faster than an alternative approach based on perturbation analysis, which is commonly used to assess muscle function in human gait. The results show that the pseudo‐inverse method is able to accurately reproduce reference data reported for normal walking. Predictions of leg‐muscle function in walking and running are also consistent with findings reported previously by others. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Universal biquad filter topology using low‐voltage current mirrors
Authors: Laoudias Costas , Psychalinos Costas
Published: June 2010

A single input multiple output biquad filter topology realized using current mirrors as active elements is introduced in this manuscript. The proposed topology simultaneously realizes all the standard transfer functions of a biquad filter without modifying its structure. Some attractive characteristics offered by the proposed topology are the employment of only grounded capacitors as passive elements, the electronic adjustment of the resonant frequency, and the capability for operation under a low‐voltage environment. The operation of the proposed topology has been validated through simulation results, where the most important performance factors have been evaluated in the case of a bandpass filter transfer function. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship of glucose regulation to changes in weight: a systematic review and guide to future research
Authors: Chiu Ching‐Ju , Wray Linda A. , Beverly Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2010

Although weight gain and obesity are risk factors for poor glucose regulation, the relationship, if any, of glucose regulation to changes in weight is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic review of research examining the relationship of glucose regulation to changes in weight in human‐based studies and to provide guidelines for future research in this area. We searched electronic databases and reference sections of relevant articles, including both diabetic and non‐diabetic populations, to locate all the literature published before February 2010, and then conducted a systematic review across studies to compare the research designs and findings. The 22 studies meeting our criteria for review generally supported the relationship of glucose regulation to changes in weight. Three studies reported that poor glucose regulation is associated with weight gain; 12 studies concluded that poor glucose regulation is associated with weight loss; 5 showed complex relationships depending on age, sex, or race/ethnicity; and 2 suggested no relationship. The diverse findings may imply that the direction (negative or positive) of the relationship may depend on specific conditions. More research focused on different subpopulations may provide more definitive information supplemental to the current preliminary findings. Recommendations regarding future research in this particular area are provided in the discussion. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preferential flows and travel time distributions: defining adequate hypothesis tests for hydrological process models
Authors: Beven Keith J.
Published: June 2010

This introduction to the second annual review issue of Hydrological Processes tries to put the collection of papers on preferential flows and travel time distributions into a more general context of testing models as hypotheses about how catchment systems function. It is suggested that, because of the possibilities of non‐stationary and epistemic errors in both data and models, such tests could be carried out within a rejectionist limits‐of‐acceptability framework. The principles and difficulties of hypothesis testing within these particular research areas are discussed. An important point to take from this discussion is that the use of a formal testing framework, and the consequent rejection of models as hypotheses after allowing for uncertainties in the data, is the starting point for developing better theories and data sets. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A methodology for ecosystem-scale modeling of selenium
Authors: Presser Theresa S , Luoma Samuel N
Published: June 2010

The main route of exposure for selenium (Se) is dietary, yet regulations lack biologically based protocols for evaluations of risk. We propose here an ecosystem-scale model that conceptualizes and quantifies the variables that determine how Se is processed from water through diet to predators. This approach uses biogeochemical and physiological factors from laboratory and field studies and considers loading, speciation, transformation to particulate material, bioavailability, bioaccumulation in invertebrates, and trophic transfer to predators. Validation of the model is through data sets from 29 historic and recent field case studies of Se-exposed sites. The model links Se concentrations across media (water, particulate, tissue of different food web species). It can be used to forecast toxicity under different management or regulatory proposals or as a methodology for translating a fish-tissue (or other predator tissue) Se concentration guideline to a dissolved Se concentration. The model illustrates some critical aspects of implementing a tissue criterion: 1) the choice of fish species determines the food web through which Se should be modeled, 2) the choice of food web is critical because the particulate material to prey kinetics of bioaccumulation differs widely among invertebrates, 3) the characterization of the type and phase of particulate material is important to quantifying Se exposure to prey through the base of the food web, and 4) the metric describing partitioning between particulate material and dissolved Se concentrations allows determination of a site-specific dissolved Se concentration that would be responsible for that fish body burden in the specific environment. The linked approach illustrates that environmentally safe dissolved Se concentrations will differ among ecosystems depending on the ecological pathways and biogeochemical conditions in that system. Uncertainties and model sensitivities can be directly illustrated by varying exposure scenarios based on site-specific knowledge. The model can also be used to facilitate site-specific regulation and to present generic comparisons to illustrate limitations imposed by ecosystem setting and inhabitants. Used optimally, the model provides a tool for framing a site-specific ecological problem or occurrence of Se exposure, quantify exposure within that ecosystem, and narrow uncertainties about how to protect it by understanding the specifics of the underlying system ecology, biogeochemistry, and hydrology. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010;6:685–710. © 2010 SETAC
Estimating sediment quality thresholds to prevent restrictions on fish consumption: Application to polychlorinated biphenyls and dioxins–furans in the Canadian Great Lakes
Authors: Bhavsar Satyendra P , Gewurtz Sarah B , Helm Paul A , Labencki Tanya L , Marvin Christopher H , Fletcher Rachael , Hayton Alan , Reiner Eric J , Boyd Duncan
Published: June 2010

Sediment quality thresholds (SQTs) are used by a variety of agencies to assess the potential for adverse impact of sediment-associated contaminants on aquatic biota, typically benthic invertebrates. However, sedimentary contaminants can also result in elevated fish contaminant levels, triggering consumption advisories that are protective of humans. As such, SQTs that would result in fish concentrations below consumption advisory levels should also be considered. To illustrate how this can be addressed, we first calculate biota sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) for polychlorinated biphenyls (total PCB) and polychlorinated dioxins–furans (PCDD/Fs) in the Canadian Great Lakes using measured lake sediment and fish tissue concentrations in 4 fish species, namely, lake trout, whitefish, rainbow trout, and channel catfish. Using these BSAFs and tissue residue values for fish consumption advisories employed by the Ontario Ministry of the Environment (OMOE, Canada), we derive fish consumption advisory-based SQTs (fca-SQTs) that are likely to result in fish tissue residues that are safe to eat without restriction. The PCDD/Fs fca-SQTs ranged from 6 to 128 pg toxic equivalents (TEQ)/g dry weight (dw) and were above the Canadian Council of the Ministers of the Environment (CCME) threshold effect level (TEL) of 0.85 pg TEQ/g dw. In contrast, the total PCB fca-SQTs ranged from 1 to 60 ng/g dw and were generally below the CCME's TEL of 34.1 ng/g and OMOE's lowest effect level (LEL) of 70 ng/g; however, they were consistent with the OMOE's no effect level (NEL) of 10 ng/g. The fca-SQTs derived using the BSAF as well as food chain multiplier (FCM) approach for a smaller scale system (Hamilton Harbour in Lake Ontario) corresponded well with average lakewide Lake Ontario fca-SQTs. This analysis provides approximate sediment concentrations necessary for reducing fish consumption advisories for each of the Canadian Great Lakes and emphasizes the impacts of historical lake sediment contamination on fish advisories. We believe that this approach merits consideration in sediment guideline development. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010;6:641–652. © 2010 SETAC
FGFs in endochondral skeletal development
Authors: Degnin Catherine R. , Laederich Melanie B. , Horton William A.
Published: June 2010

The mammalian skeleton developments and grows through two complementary pathways: membranous ossification, which gives rise to the calvarial bones and distal clavicle, and endochondral ossification, which is responsible for the bones of the limbs, girdles, vertebrae, face and base of the skull and the medial clavicle. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their cognate FGF receptors (FGFRs) play important roles in regulating both pathways. However, the details of how FGF signals are initiated, propagated and modulated within the developing skeleton are only slowly emerging. This prospect will focus on the current understanding of these events during endochondral skeletal development with special attention given to concepts that have emerged in the past few years. J. Cell. Biochem. 110: 1046–1057, 2010. Published 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oxidative stress‐induced attenuation of thrombospondin‐1 expression in primary rat astrocytes
Authors: Chen Jen‐Kun , Zhan Yan‐Jie , Yang Chung‐Shi , Tzeng Shun‐Fen
Published: June 2010

Astrocytes, the major glial population in the central nervous system (CNS), can secrete thrombospondin (TSP)‐1 that plays the role in synaptogenesis and axonal sprouting during CNS development and tissue repair. However, little is known about the regulation of TSP‐1 expression in astrocytes under oxidative stress condition. Here, a hypoxic mimetic reagent, cobalt chloride (CoCl2), was used to initiate hypoxia‐induced oxidative stress in primary rat astrocytes. CoCl2 at the concentration range of 0.1–0.5 mM was found to cause no significant cell death in primary rat astrocytes. However, CoCl2 at 0.2–0.5 mM increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) gene expression that is known as a hallmark for oxidative damage. We further found that TSP‐1 mRNA expression in astrocytes was inhibited dose‐ and time‐dependently by CoCl2. TSP‐1 mRNA levels were increased in CoCl2‐exposed astrocytes in the presence of the inhibitors (U0126 and PD98059) of mitogen‐activated protein kinase/extracellular signal‐regulated kinases (MAPK/ERK), when compared to that detected in the culture only exposed to CoCl2. Moreover, the inhibition in TSP‐1 mRNA expression by CoCl2 was blocked by the addition of the potent antioxidant, N‐acetylcysteine (NAC). Thus, we conclude that CoCl2 inhibits TSP‐1 mRNA expression in astrocytes via a ROS mechanism possibly involving MAPK/ERK. This inhibition may occur after CNS injury and impair the supportive function of astrocytes on neurite growth in the injured CNS tissues. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 59–70, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recombinant vascular basement membrane derived multifunctional peptide blocks endothelial cell angiogenesis and neovascularization
Authors: Wang Chengkun , Cao Jianguo , Qu Jiaquan , Li Yafei , Peng Bo , Gu Yixue , He Zhimin
Published: June 2010

Angiogenesis is an innovative target in the therapy of cancer and other diseases, but the effects of anti‐angiogenic drugs have been rather modest in clinical trials. We have developed a small peptide, recombinant vascular basement membrane derived multifunctional peptide (rVBMDMP), which significantly inhibits endothelial cells in vitro. Here we test the mechanisms of rVBMDMP in angiogenesis balance in assays of tubule formation, colony formation, and apoptosis in HUVE‐12 endothelial cells. We also analyzed the differential expression of phosphorylation proteins and related genes in a protein phosphorylation chip and extracellular matrix adhesion molecule cDNA microarray, and validated changes with Western blot or real‐time quantitative PCR, respectively. rVBMDMP dose‐dependently inhibited colony formation, induced apoptosis, and inhibited in vitro tubule formation. rVBMDMP increased the phosphorylation of 88 signal proteins, including caspase‐3, death receptor 3, 4, and 5, and integrin αV, β1, and β3, and down‐regulated 41 signal proteins, including EGFR, pEGFR, VEGFR‐1, and survivin versus control. rVBMDMP upregulated 14 genes, including collagen 4, 7, and 27, and down‐regulated 21 genes, including integrin αVβ3, MMP10, and MMP12. Our study suggests that rVBMDMP inhibits angiogenesis and may be a viable drug candidate in anti‐angiogenesis and anticancer therapies. J. Cell. Biochem. 111: 453–460, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of membrane fouling and flux decline related with mass transport in nanofiltration of tartrazine solution
Authors: Aydiner Coskun , Kaya Yasemin , Beril Gönder Zeren , Vergili Ilda
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: This work was carried out to investigate and analyze the interrelated dynamics of mass transport, membrane fouling and flux decline during nanofiltration of tartrazine. A combined application including pore diffusion transport model and a material balance approach was used to model an experimental flux data obtained from different values of pH (3, 5, 7 and 10), feed‐dye concentration (25, 100 and 400 mg L−1), and transmembrane pressure (1200, 1800 and 2400 kPa).

RESULTS: Almost 100% dye solution removal and a permeate flux of 135 L m−2 h−1 were obtained for 25 mg L−1 and 1200 kPa at pH 10. At pH 10, lower membrane fouling was obtained due to the increase of electrostatic repulsion between anionic dye molecules and the more negatively charged membrane surface. Flux decline and membrane fouling increased together with transmembrane pressure and dye concentration. Fouling was found to be directly related to proportional‐permeation coefficient (kO′) of dye which was identified as the solute passing into the permeate with respect to the amount transported into the membrane from the feed.

CONCLUSIONS: For a decrease of pH (10 to 3) and transmembrane pressure (2400 to 1200 kPa) or an increase of feed‐dye concentration (25 to 400 mg L−1), fewer dye molecules passed into the permeate with respect to the amount transported into the membrane from the feed. This situation depended mainly on the combined influences of the gel layer and fouling in the membrane. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
COD fractionation and biodegradation kinetics of segregated domestic wastewater: black and grey water fractions
Authors: Murat Hocaoglu Selda , Insel Güçlü , Ubay Cokgor Emine , Baban Ahmet , Orhon Derin
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: Household wastewater was segregated to grey and black water components as part of a recent approach aiming to separate wastewater fractions for more efficient treatment and reuse. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) fractionation and biodegradation characteristics of black and grey water were determined by means of model calibration of the oxygen uptake rate profiles. An ASM1 type of model modified for endogenous respiration was selected for this purpose.

RESULTS: Calibration identified, aside from the readily biodegradable COD, two hydrolysable COD fractions in the black water, and only a single, slowly biodegradable COD fraction, in the grey water. The relative magnitude of the readily biodegradable COD fraction was high compared with typical domestic sewage, especially for grey water, and the level of particulate inert COD fraction, was relatively low. Biodegradation of soluble COD fractions in both wastewaters approximated typical rates observed for domestic sewage. However, the hydrolysis rate of the slowly biodegradable COD was quite low, reflecting the characteristics and impact of settleable organic matter.

CONCLUSION: Based on the process rates obtained, aerobic biodegradation was equally effective for black and grey water fractions, both for the removal of soluble COD and the stabilization of particulate COD. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Objective determination of the oncolytic potency of conditionally‐replicating adenoviruses using mathematical modeling
Authors: Idema Sander , Dirven Clemens M. F. , van Beusechem Victor W. , Carette Jan E. , Planqué Robert , Noske David P. , Lamfers Martine L. M. , Vandertop W. Peter
Published: June 2010

Background

Conditionally‐replicating adenoviruses (CRAds) infect and replicate in tumor cells, releasing viral progeny upon lysis of the cell. This is a dynamic and inherently exponential process and, thus, the assessment of CRAds should incorporate these dynamics. In vitro experiments are therefore prone to subjective assessment because no validated assay exists that truly appreciates the dynamics of the process. An objective assay could simplify experiments and reduce the number of CRAd variants required to enter a full preclinical evaluation.

Methods

We developed a simple and practical mathematical model incorporating easily obtainable parameters of the interaction between replicating viruses and growing tumor cells in vitro and, in the present study, validate this model by fitting the predicted values to experimentally‐derived values.

Results

From the exponential curves of cellular growth and the viral propagation rate in glioma cells, we derive the four parameters needed in this model and show a robust fit to experimental data. Because the initial infection conditions appear to significantly influence the final outcome of CRAd experiments, these conditions are determined using the same cells and correlated with the expression of the primary adenovirus receptor CAR (coxsackie and adenovirus receptor).

Conclusions

The results obtained shed light upon the method of action of CRAds and provide an objective and practical model and assay for determining and predicting CRAd activity in tumor cells. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sense of coherence and its association with exposure to traumatic events, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Pham Phuong N. , Vinck Patrick , Kinkodi Didine Kaba , Weinstein Harvey M.
Published: June 2010

The Democratic Republic of Congo is the scene of some of the worst atrocities in recent history. However, in the face of traumatic experience, only a minority of people develops symptoms that impair their functioning. The sense of coherence proposed by Antonovsky (1987) is a theoretical construct reflecting an individual's overall wellbeing and ability to cope with stress. This study explores the relationships between sense of coherence, exposure to traumatic events, symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression. Results suggest an association between a high sense of coherence and high education levels, high income, and positive social relationships. Furthermore, the study found that sense of coherence is inversely correlated with cumulative exposure to violence and symptoms of PTSD and depression.
Internalizing and externalizing personality styles and psychopathology in OEF–OIF veterans
Authors: Rielage Jennifer Klosterman , Hoyt Tim , Renshaw Keith
Published: June 2010

Previous research with other trauma populations demonstrated that internalizing and externalizing personality styles are associated with different PTSD comorbidities. The present study tested this association in two distinct Operation Enduring Freedom–Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) combat samples. Cluster analysis was used to categorize subtypes, which were compared on measures of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and substance use. Internalizers showed the highest rates of PTSD and depression. Externalizers had higher rates of alcohol problems in one sample only, whereas the other sample showed more substance misuse. In general, these findings suggest that this method of classifying trauma survivors is useful in OEF/OIF populations. Results suggest some differences across this population in terms of how substance use issues are expressed in externalizers.
Ethnoracial variations in acute PTSD symptoms among hospitalized survivors of traumatic injury
Authors: Stephens Kari A. , Sue Stanley , Roy‐Byrne Peter , Unützer Jürgen , Wang Jin , Rivara Frederick P. , Jurkovich Gregory J. , Zatzick Douglas F.
Published: June 2010

Ethnoracial minority status contributes to an increased risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after trauma exposure, beyond other risk factors. A population‐based sampling frame was used to examine the associations between ethnoracial groups and early PTSD symptoms while adjusting for relevant clinical and demographic characteristics. Acutely injured trauma center inpatients (N = 623) were screened with the PTSD Checklist. American Indian and African American patients reported the highest levels of posttraumatic stress and preinjury cumulative trauma burden. African American heritage was independently associated with an increased risk of higher acute PTSD symptom levels. Disparities in trauma history, PTSD symptoms, and event related factors emphasize the need for acute care services to incorporate culturally competent approaches for treating these diverse populations.
Discrete‐element method for particle capture by a body in an electrostatic field
Authors: Liu G. , Marshall J. S. , Li S. Q. , Yao Q.
Published: June 2010

A discrete‐element method is developed for applications involving interaction of spherical particles with a body of arbitrary shape in an electrostatic field. The electric field is induced both by charged particles and by other ‘macroscopic’ bodies (e.g. electrodes). The electric field due to macroscopic bodies is computed using a boundary‐element method that accounts for the particle influence. An algorithm using approximate particle images is introduced to improve electric field resolution for particles lying close to the body surface. The long‐range electric field induced by particles is computed using an optimized, adaptive multipole expansion method. The method is applied to the formation of chain‐like particle aggregates, with long‐range particle attraction governed by the electric field and particle adhesion by van der Waals forces. The method is illustrated by simulation of the capture of uncharged particles on a cylindrical electrode. A local panel subdivision method is developed to mitigate particle drift toward panel edges induced by panel discretization errors. The particle deposition pattern at different cylinder surface charge levels is studied, which shows that long straight particle chains are formed under strong electric fields. The predicted particle capture efficiency agrees well with the experimental data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Funders as principals
Authors: Benjamin Lehn M.
Published: June 2010

This article examines the tensions that surfaced for three nonprofit funding intermediaries—tensions between their historic practices and the new practices required to use performance measurement to ensure greater accountability and results among their grantees—and analyzes these tensions in light of literature on philanthropic and accountability relationships. From this analysis, the article makes three points. First, philanthropic relationships are not equivalent to accountability relationships. Second, because of these differences funders that adopt performance measurement may encounter tensions as these new practices challenge the importance of other philanthropic concerns. Third, without a systematic way to attend to these concerns when adopting performance measurement, funders face an impoverished choice: reward measurable results or fall back on supporting good intentions.
The effectiveness of nonprofit lead‐organization networks for social service delivery
Authors: Chen Bin , Graddy Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2010

Public agencies increasingly contract with nonprofit organizations to lead community‐based networks for social service delivery. We explore the role that partnership characteristics play in the effectiveness of these networks. Using data on children and family services in Los Angeles County, we consider the impact of both the motivations for forming partnerships and the nature of the resulting partnerships on perceived outcomes for clients, interorganizational relationships, and organizational learning. We find that client outcomes and interorganizational relationships are enhanced when partnerships are formed to meet certain programmatic and organizational goals. Organizational learning, however, is affected only when partnerships are formed to enhance organizational legitimacy. Partners selected because they share common vision increase effectiveness, while those selected because there are few alternative partners decrease effectiveness. Finally, when partnerships use an interorganizational coordination mechanism, client outcomes are improved. The managerial implications of these impacts for the nonprofit sector are developed. The results lend considerable support to the role of partnership motivation and partner selection in the effectiveness of nonprofit lead‐organization networks, and specificity about the nature of that role.
Nonprofit mission statement focus and financial performance
Authors: Kirk Gary , Beth Nolan Shabnam
Published: June 2010

Mission statements have been adopted nearly universally in nonprofit organizations. Their ubiquity is based on a presumption that a well‐designed mission statement is linked to better organizational performance because it provides a framework for decision making, influence over staff and volunteer motivation, and a mechanism for signaling organizational legitimacy to stakeholders. Despite collective confidence in mission statement utility, the relationship between mission statements and performance has received minimal attention. In this exploratory study we measured several attributes of mission statements in women's rights nonprofit organizations, with particular attention to the degree to which the statement focuses on organizational purpose and the relationship between focus and several measures of organization financial performance. The findings indicated that mission statements with a more focused geographic scope were associated with lower overhead ratios. In contrast, mission statements that identified more target client groups were associated with larger one‐year increases in contribution. Despite the statistical significance, the relationships were weak, calling into question common assumptions about the importance of the mission statement to a nonprofit organization.
Does Children's Oncology Group hospital membership improve survival for patients with neuroblastoma or Wilms tumor?
Authors: Gutierrez Juan C. , Cheung Michael C. , Zhuge Ying , Koniaris Leonidas G. , Sola Juan E.
Published: June 2010

Purpose

To determine prognostic significance of hospital surgical volume and Children's Oncology Group (COG) membership on neuroblastoma (NBL) and Wilms tumor (WT) survival.

Methods

The Florida Cancer Data System was queried from 1981 to 2004.

Results

Of 869 NBL patients, 463 were treated at COG/HVC, 246 at COG/LVC, and 160 at non‐COG/LVC. COG hospitals treated a larger proportion of patients <1 year of age (P = 0.002) and relatively more patients with adrenal and mediastinal tumors (P = 0.005). COG centers more frequently administered chemotherapy (72% vs. 51%, P < 0.001). Five‐ and 10‐year survival rates were higher at COG/HVC (70.6%, 67.7%) and COG/LVC (75.8%, 72.6%) than non‐COG/LVC (59.5%, 54.4%, P < 0.05). Of 790 WT patients, 395 were treated at COG/HVC, 210 at COG/LVC, and 185 at non‐COG/LVC. COG hospitals treated younger patients and lower staged tumors (P < 0.05). COG centers more frequently administered chemotherapy (88% vs. 59%, P < 0.001). Five‐ and 10‐year survival rates were higher at COG/HVC (91.3%, 89.9%) and COG/LVC (96.7%, 94.7%) than non‐COG/LVC (82.4%, 81.7%, P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis demonstrated WT patients treated at non‐COG hospitals, but not NBL patients, had worse survival (HR 3.107, P = 0.01).

Conclusion

Children treated at COG hospitals had higher overall use of chemotherapy. This translated into a significantly improved survival benefit for WT. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:621–628. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Copolymerization of ethylene/α‐olefins using bis(2‐phenylindenyl)zirconium dichloride metallocene catalyst: structural study of comonomer distribution
Authors: Mortazavi S Mohammad M , Arabi Hassan , Zohuri Gholamhossein , Ahmadjo Saeid , Nekoomanesh Mehdi , Ahmadi Mostafa
Published: June 2010

Catalysts have a major role in the polymerization of olefins and exert their influence in three ways: (1) polymerization behaviour, including polymerization activity and kinetics; (2) polymer particle morphology, including bulk density, particle size, particle size distribution and particle shape; and (3) polymer microstructure, including molecular weight regulation, chemical composition distribution and short‐ and long‐chain branching. By tailoring the catalyst structure, such as the creation of a bridge or introducing a substituent on the ligand, metallocene catalysts can play a major role in the achievement of desirable properties. Kinetic profiles of the metallocene catalyst used in this study showed decay‐type behaviour for copolymerization of ethylene/α‐olefins. It was observed that increasing the comonomer ratio in the feedstock affected physical properties such as reducing the melting temperature, crystallinity, density and molecular weight of the copolymers. It was also observed that the heterogeneity of the chemical composition distribution and the physical properties were enhanced as the comonomer molecular weight was increased. In particular, 2‐phenyl substitution on the indenyl ring reduced somewhat the melting point of the copolymers. In addition, the copolymer produced using bis(2‐phenylindenyl)zirconium dichloride (bis(2‐PhInd)ZrCl2) catalyst exhibited a narrower distribution of lamellae (0.3–0.9 nm) than the polymer produced using bisindenylzirconium dichloride catalyst (0.5–3.6 nm). The results obtained indicate that the bis(2‐PhInd)ZrCl2 catalyst showed a good comonomer incorporation ability. The heterogeneity of the chemical composition distribution and the physical properties were influenced by the type of comonomer and type of substituent in the catalyst. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
The influence of vanadium pentoxide on the structure and dielectric properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)
Authors: Mahmoud Waleed E , Al‐Ghamdi Ahmed A
Published: June 2010

Polymers containing metal oxides of nanoscale dimensions have attracted attention because of their unique properties and new findings concerning technological applications. Polymers containing vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) have attracted our interest in respect of their potential applications in memory and switching devices. Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) containing different concentrations of V2O5 ranging from 0 to 0.5 wt% were prepared. The synthesized PVA/V2O5 composites were cast as self‐standing flexible films. The composites were characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. An attempt was made to study the relaxation characteristics of PVA/V2O5 samples. The permittivity and dielectric loss were determined as a function of V2O5 concentration. The results show that the optimum concentration is 0.3 wt%. The electrical conductivity and dielectric modulus in the temperature range 303–433 K at various frequencies (10–100 kHz) for the optimum concentration were investigated. XRD and FTIR results show that the addition of V2O5 reduces the crystallinity of PVA due to the interaction of vanadium ions with the OH groups of PVA. The application of the dielectric modulus formulism gives a simple method for evaluating the activation energy of the dielectric relaxation. The frequency dependence of the electrical conductivity follows the Jonscher universal dynamic law. The conductivity in the direct regime is described by the small polaron model. The electrical conductivity and dielectric properties show that Hunt's model is well adapted to PVA/V2O5 films. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
A prospective study of posttraumatic growth as assessed by self‐report and family caregiver in the context of advanced cancer
Authors: Moore Aimee M. , Gamblin T. Clark , Geller David A. , Youssef Michael N. , Hoffman Kristin E. , Gemmell Leigh , Likumahuwa Sonja M. , Bovbjerg Dana H. , Marsland Anna , Steel Jennifer L.
Published: June 2010

Objective: The study of posttraumatic growth (PTG) has burgeoned over the last decade, particularly in the area of oncology. The aims of the study were to: (1) describe PTG in patients with hepatobiliary carcinoma, (2) examine agreement between the patient and caregiver measures of patient PTG, and (3) test the associations between PTG and other psychological factors and clinically relevant outcomes.

Methods: Two hundred and two patients with hepatobiliary carcinoma completed a battery of standardized questionnaires that measured PTG, depressive symptoms, optimism, expressed emotion, and quality of life (QOL). A subsample of family caregivers also completed ratings of patient PTG, using the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), as well as their own PTG.

Results: No significant increase in the patients' PTG was observed between diagnosis and 6‐month follow‐up with the exception of the Relating to Others subscale of the PTGI. PTG was not found to be associated with QOL or depressive symptoms. At diagnosis, the agreement between the patients' PTG and family caregivers' rating of patient PTG was found to be high (ICC=0.34–0.74, p=0.001–0.05). PTG was found to be significantly associated with optimism (r=0.20 p=0.02–0.05) and traumatic life events reported in the past 3 years, including recent losses (F(1, 52)=6.0, p=0.02) and severe physical injury (F(1, 52)=5.5, p=0.02). Caregivers reported PTG as a result of their loved one's diagnosis of cancer.

Conclusion: Preliminary results suggest that PTG is relatively stable over the first 6 months after diagnosis and changes as a result of a diagnosis of cancer were reported, and possibly observed, by others. Family caregivers also experience PTG as a result of their loved one's diagnosis of advanced cancer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.