bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Receptors for Helix pomatia A Haemagglutinin (HP) on a Subpopulation of Human B Cells
Authors: HELLSTRÖM U. , PERLMANN P. , ROBERTSSON E. S. , HAMMARSTRÖM S.
Published: June 2006

Receptors for Helix pomatia A haemagglutinin (HP) have earlier been found on neuraminidase treated T‐lymphocytes in human peripheral blood. In contrast, the majority of the B‐lymphocytes, characterized by surface bound IgM and/or IgD (SIg) lack these receptors. Double marker experiments with fluorochrome labelled reagents have now shown that a minor fraction (3–24%) of the IgM/D bearing lymphocytes in normal human blood also have HP‐receptors. These HP+ B‐cells constitute approximately 1% of the HP+ lymphocytes in adult blood. Fractionation on HP‐Sepharose columns showed that the HP+ B‐cells are readily eluted with buffer containing 0.1 mg N‐acetyl‐D‐galactosamine. In contrast, the majority of the HP+‐Sig− cells require higher concentrations of the competing hapten for elution (1 mg d‐Ga1NAc/ml buffer). This indicates that the HP‐receptors on these B‐cells differ qualitatively or quantitatively from those on the majority of the T‐cells. Previous findings of HP‐receptors on the Sig+ leukaemic cells in the blood of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia suggested that these structures are expressed on an immature variety of B‐cells. This assumption is favoured by the present finding that approximately 80% of the lymphocytes with surface bound IgM/D in cord blood also have HP‐receptors. Therefore, the HP‐receptor seems to fall in the category of differentiation markers and constitutes a useful tool for characterization and separation of human lymphocytes within both the T‐ and the B‐compartments.
IgA in Blood and Thoracic Duct Lymph: Concentration and Degree of Polymerization
Authors: KAARTINEN M. , IMIR T. , KLOCKARS M , SANDHOLM M. , MAKELA O.
Published: June 2006

Lymph fluid and serum samples from four mammalian species were studied for the concentration and degree of polymerization of IgA. The results suggest that in the mouse, in the rat and in the dog circulating IgA represents only a small fraction of all IgA entering the blood stream from the lymph vessels. A majority of the input IgA of Oligomeric type (13S, 11S and 9S) in these species is cleared rapidly. Monomeric IgA. and in the mouse and the dog the dimeric (9S) variety, dwell much longer in the blood, and because of this they form the majority of the circulating IgA. Blood concentration of IgA is high in man, a species whose blood seems to receive mostly monomeric IgA. it is much lower in the rat. mouse and dog, and in those species most of IgA entering the blood is probably oligomeric.
Mononuclear Leucocyte Chemotaxis in Boyden Chambers: Inhibition by Subantimitotic Concentrations of Antitubulins
Authors: SIMMINGSKOELD G. , BANDMANN U. , NORBERG B.
Published: June 2006

The chemotaxis of Lymphoprep®‐isolated human mononuclear leucocytes (L‐MNs) from peripheral blood was inhibited by subantimitotic concentrations of the antitubulins demecolcine, podophyllic acid ethylhydrazide, vinblastine and griseofulvin. It is suggested that L‐MN chemotaxis, like polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) chemotaxis, is composed of a direct antitubulin‐insensitive chemotaxis and a leucocyte‐induced antitubulin‐sensitive chemotaxis.
Antibodies against Microfibrils of Developing Connective Tissue in Patients with Inflammatory Conditions
Authors: LINDER E. , LEHTO V.‐P.
Published: June 2006

Sera from patients with chronic inflammatory disease were tested for the presence of connective tissue antibodies. Fetal human skin was used as a substrate in an indirect immunofluorescence assay. Histological staining for connective tissue fibres, antibodies to connective tissue components and immunoelectron microscopy were used to identify the antigenic Structures. Some antigenic fibrils were associated with elastin. By immunoelectron microscopy antigenic extracellular microfibrillar structures were identified. Antibodies against these microfibrils were detected in higher titres only in chronic inflammation (14%). Our results suggest that antibodies against connective tissue microfibrils may occur in human sera.
Reactions and Crossreactions of a Rabbit Anti‐H2 Antigen Serum
Authors: KVIST S. , ÖSTBERG L. , PETERSON P. A.
Published: June 2006

A rabbit antiserum raised against highly purified, papain‐solubilized H‐2d antigens contained two sets of non‐crossreacting antibodies directed against each one of the two H‐2 antigen sub‐units. The antiserum recognized only 12,000 and 47,000 dalton polypeptide chains when spleno‐cyte membrane glycoproteins were analysed. Among the molecules precipitated with the rabbit antiserum all H‐2K and D antigens were present. In addition to regular H‐2K and D antigens minor amounts of material with the typical H‐2 antigen subunit structure, but lacking alloantigenic determinants, were precipitated by the antiserum. These ‘non‐H‐2 antigens’ were produced in relatively greater amounts by T‐cells than by B‐cells. Both sets of antibodies in the rabbit antiserum reacted with the TL antigens demonstrating that there is an immunological crossreactivity between the classical alloantigenic H‐2 antigen chain and the alloantigenic TL antigen chain. The F9 cell line, believed to represent cells at the morula stage, display H‐2 antigen‐like structures as revealed by the rabbit antiserum.
Specificity of Fc‐Receptors on Lymphocytes and Monocytes for Guinea‐Pig IgG1 and IgG2: Induction and Inhibition of Cytolysis or Phagocytosis of Erythrocytes
Authors: ÖHLANDER C. , LARSSON Å. , PERLMANN P.
Published: June 2006

The capacity of guinea‐pig IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies to induce lymphocyte (K‐cell) mediated lysis or monocyte/macrophage mediated phagocytosis of erythrocytes was studied with both human and guinea‐pig effector cells. For both species, induction of K‐cell mediated lysis was restricted to IgG2 whereas both IgG1 and IgG2 could induce monocyte/macrophage mediated phagocytosis. In competitive inhibition experiments, only complexed IgG2 inhibited lysis mediated by K‐cells. The results suggest that the Fc‐receptors on K‐cells only recognize IgG2. In contrast, complexes of both subclasses inhibited phagocytosis by human monocytes, regardless of the subclass of the inducing antibodies. Inhibition of guinea‐pig macrophage mediated phagocytosis by IgG2 complexes was also independent of the inducing antibody. Hence, Fc‐receptors common for IgG1 and IgG2 seem to be involved in the monocyte/macrophage mediated effector reaction. Free IgG1 was significantly less inhibitory than free IgG2 for human monocytes and hardly at all for guinea‐pig macrophages. However, free IgG2, which was cytophilic for these cells, was more aggregated than IgG1. Thus, both molecular structure and state of aggregation determine interaction of IgG with cellular Fc‐receptors.
Natural Killer Cells may be the Only Cells in Normal Mouse Lymphoid Cell Populations Endowed with Cytolytic Ability for Antibody‐Coated Tumour Target Cells
Authors: OJO E. , WIGZELL H.
Published: June 2006

Mouse normal lymphoid cells were analysed as to their ability to perform in three cytolytic systems: Ability to act as ‘natural killer’, NK, cells against a NK sensitive tumour target, YAC; as effector cells against IgG‐coated P815 cells, or to function as effector cells against IgG‐coated CRBC. NK activity and ADCC against the IgG‐coated P815 cells were found to vary in parallel as affected by age, organ distribution and genotype of the effector cells. On the other hand, ADCC against CRBC was largely carried out by effector cells distinct from those functioning as NK cells or in ADCC against P815. Temperature pretreatment schedules at 37°C showed both NK cells and ADCC ability against P815 to be highly sensitive in contrast to ADCC against CRBC. Likewise, inoculation of Corynebacterium parvum intraperitoneally will lead to reduction in ADCC ability against CRBC but increase in ADCC against P815 and NK activity. Blocking experiments using ‘cold’ inhibitor cells in the cytolytic assays indicated that NK cells and effector cells against IgG‐coated P815 cells are the very same cells. We thus conclude that NK cells in the mouse also have the ability to express K cell activity against IgG‐coated tumour target cells. In fact, our data suggest that the NK cells may be the only cell type in the mouse equipped with cytolytic potential for antibody‐coated murine nucleated cells.
Isolation and Partial Characterization of Rat Lymphoid Cell Surface Histocompatibility Antigens and Immunoglobulins
Authors: NILSSON S. F. , WIGZELL H.
Published: June 2006

Cell surface molecules of rat normal lymphoid cells were selectively labelled by lactoperoxidase catalysed iodination or by a galactose oxidase tritiated sodium borohydride technique, subsequently detergent solubilized, isolated by indirect immunoprecipitation and analysed on SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Four polypeptide chains were isolated by using the alloantiserum DA anti‐Lewis. The molecular weights of the antigens were calculated as 41,000, 33,000, 27,000 and 12,000. Based on functional in vitro characteristics of the antiserum used and on the physiochemical properties as well as genetics of inheritance and tissue distribution, the polypeptide chains were identified as being subunits of Ag‐B and Ia antigens. Two types of immunoglobulin heavy chains exhibiting the molecular weights 70,000 and 64,000 were isolated from unfractionated normal spleen cells by use of a polyvalent rabbit anti‐rat immunoglobulin serum and tentatively identified as μ and δ chain. Using the same anti‐immunoglobulin serum, no molecules could be precipitated from the lysates of Lewis thymocytes or peripheral T cells.
Specific and Non‐specific Activation of Human and Mouse Lymphocytes in Vitro by Pathogenic and Apathogenic Neisseria Strains
Authors: ROSENTHAL L. , MÖLLER E.
Published: June 2006

In vitro lymphocyte responses to gonococcal antigen (T2), apathogenic Neisseria pharyngis (APN), PPD and PHA were studied in patients with uroarthritis and in healthy controls. Only the T2 antigen induced a significantly higher DNA synthetic response in cells from patients than in controls, whereas no difference was observed with the other substances. Peak responses occurred on day 6 of culture with a concentration of 4 × 107 bacteria/ml. In order to test whether lymphocyte responses were the result of specific sensitization, experiments were carried out with cord blood cells. These cells reponded to both T2 and APN with maximum activity on day 6 of culture. Since specific sensitization was ruled out in these experiments, we concluded that T2 and APN were capable of inducing a non‐specific mitogenic response in cord blood cells. The mitogenic activity of T2 and APN was further elucidated in experiments with mouse lymphocytes. Both substances induced increased DNA synthesis in mouse spleen cells, with peak activity on days 2–3 of culture. Stimulation occurred in spleen cells depleted of macrophages, in anti‐Thy 1.2 treated spleen cells and in Nude spleen cells, but not in thymus cell cultures. It was concluded that T2 and APN contained polyclonal B cell activating (PBA) substances, which was subsequently proved by their ability to induce a polyclonal antibody response in cell culture. The B cell subpopulation that responds to the mitogenic properties of these bacteria is normally absent from blood, present as a minor proportion of cord blood lymphocytes and present as a major cell population in spleen. Therefore, in spite of the mitogenic properties of these bacterial strains, they are useful tools for the elucidation of a specific reactivity in patients with uroarthritis.
Specific Antibodies are Responsible for the Low Dose Suppression of the Immune Response to Thymus‐Independent Antigens
Authors: FERNANDEZ C. , MÖLLER G.
Published: June 2006

Animals primed to the thymus‐independent antigen native dextran B512 could not respond to the FITC hapten after immunization with native FITC‐dextran. The degree of suppression of the anti‐FITC response paralleled the increase of the anti‐α1‐6 PFC after priming with different doses of dextran. Suppression could be passively transferred with serum from dextran primed animals. Young animals that are very low‐ or non‐responders to the α1‐6 epitope of dextran B512, failed to suppress the anti FITC PFC response after priming with native dextran. We conclude that antibodies against the dextran carrier were responsible for the suppressed response to the FITC epitope in FITC‐dextran immunized animals that had been primed with low doses of the dextran carrier.
Sequential Changes in T and B Lymphocyte Responses to Herpes Simplex Virus in Man
Authors: SHILLITOE E. J. , WILTON J. M. A. , LEHNER T.
Published: June 2006

Lymphocytes of seven patients with primary herpetic infection, twenty‐three patients with recurrent herpes labialis and of nineteen control subjects were separated into T and B enriched cells by the use of nylon wool columns. In the absence of a herpetic infection the thymidine incorporation and macrophage migration inhibition responses to herpes simplex virus (HSV), Candida albicans and PPD, and the thymidine incorporation induced by PHA were functions of T cells. When a herpetic infection was present, the unfractionated lymphocyte response to HSV was increased, as measured by thymidine incorporation, but the T cell response was unchanged. However, T cells did show an increased response to HSV when prepared by elimination of cells forming rosettes with zymosan‐complement. T cells of some patients were stimulated by contact with zymosan, and this correlated with the response to C. albicans. It is suggested that lymphocyte responses to HSV in man are mediated by T cells, but that these cells are specifically retained by nylon wool columns at the time of a herpetic infection. This may be associated with acquisition of an Fc receptor by the sensitized T cells.
The Binding of Murine IgM to Staphylococcal A Protein
Authors: MacKENZIE M. R. , GUTMAN G. A. , WARNER N. L.
Published: June 2006

The binding of Staph A protein to murine immunoglobulins has previously been thought to be restricted to the IgG2 and IgG3 classes. In this study five IgM proteins were assessed for binding, and of these one showed marked Staph A binding. Pepsin digestion of this IgM molecule produced several different sized fragments, and the binding studies with these fragments indicated that the binding site is in the CH2 domain.
Demonstration of Electrophoretically Restricted Virus‐Specific Antibodies in Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid by Imprint Electroimmunofixation
Authors: NORDAL H. J. , VANDVIK B. , NORRBY E.
Published: June 2006

A sensitive technique for the electrophoretic characterization of virus‐specific antibodies is described, Electrophoretically separated Ig is allowed to diffuse into a virus‐antigen containing gel. The antibodies hound to viral antigen are then demonstrated by 125I‐labelled rabbit anti‐human Ig and autoradiography. Electrophoretically restricted antibodies against measles, rubella, mumps or herpes simplex viruses were demonstrated in some normal sera. The antibody patterns of normal cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) closely resembled those of the matching sera. A selective increase of oligoclonal antibodies was demonstrated in CSF from patients with infection of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by any of the four viruses. We propose that the method may be used to demonstrate local synthesis in the CNS of antibodies against viral or other antigens.
The Recovery of Mice from Influenza Virus Infection: Adoptive Transfer of Immunity with Immune T Lymphocytes
Authors: YAP K. L. , ADA G. L.
Published: June 2006

Transfer of primary or secondary influenza‐immune spleen cells to mice infected intranasally with influenza virus resulted in a significant clearance of virus from the lungs and the protection of the recipients from death. The antiviral activity was associated only with intact, viable cells and was not due to carryover of virus. The effector cell population responsible for the antiviral effect was shown to be T cells. Thus, the removal of adherent, phagocytic and Ig+ cells did not affect the antiviral activity, whereas it was destroyed with antitheta serum and complement. Antiviral activity was specific and was best expressed if the virus used to infect the recipients and to generate immune cells was the same strain. Further work will be necessary to define rigorously the role of different viral antigens in cell‐mediated immune response to influenza virus infection.
Immunological and Functional Characteristics of Peripheral Blood and Synovial Fluid Lymphocytes from Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: BURMESTER G. R. , KALDEN J. R. , PETER H. H. , SCHEDEL I. , BECK P. , WITTENBORG A.
Published: June 2006

Spontaneous (SCMC) and antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC); mitogenic responsiveness (PHA, Con A, PPD, dextran and pokeweed) as well as lymphocyte subpopulations (E‐, EA‐, EAC‐rosettes, S‐Ig) were studied simultaneously in peripheral blood (PBL) and synovial fluid lymphocytes (SFL) of fifteen patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Marked differences were observed in the cytotoxic activity of SFL and PBL. Whereas SCMC activity of SFL was always significantly elevated above the cytotoxic levels of PBL, the reverse was true for the ADCC reaction; here, 50% of the patients showed a decreased cytotoxicity of SFL compared to PBL. Synovial fluid neutrophils (SFN) were found to be inactive in both cytotoxic assays. No differences were found in ADCC activity of PBL between normal controls and RA patients. In SCMC assays a significantly increased activity of control PBL was only observed at L/T ratios of 100:1. Overnight incubation of PBL from RA patients and normal controls resulted in a marked decrease in SCMC and, to a smaller extent, in ADCC activity. SFL from three out of four patients lost less SCMC activity after overnight incubation than the corresponding PBL. In one patient even an increased activity in both cytotoxic systems was obtained. Regarding lymphocyte populations, T‐cells were significantly decreased in PBL of RA patients. With the exception of a significantly lowered percentage of C3 receptor positive cells in SFL, no significant differences were recorded in the lymphocyte distribution between the patients' PBL and SFL. In the RA patients, the response to T‐cell mitogens was significantly depressed in SFL while PPD and pokeweed reactivity was equal to that of PBL.
IgG Autoantibody to Human Serum Albumin Studied by the ELISA‐Technique
Authors: LINDSTRÖM P. , WAGER O.
Published: June 2006

ELISA was applied for analysis of the HSA‐human IgG autoantibody system responsible for the immunoelectrophoretic “Tailing Albumin” (TA) phenomenon induced in most of the TA patients by prolonged nitrofurantoin therapy. Both hyperimmune porcine anti‐HSA and autoimmune human anti‐HSA antibodies of the IgC class were detectable by ELISA. The presence of autologous or added HSA had some inhibitory effect upon the detectability of the anti‐HSA antibodies. Partial elimination of the autologous HSA by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation or salt precipitation increased or unmasked the anti‐HSA activity of some TA sera. The sensitivity of the ELISA as detector of the anti‐HSA autoantibodies of whole human sera was roughly equal to that of the immunoelectrophoretic TA phenomenon. The analogy of The anti‐HSA autoantibodies and the rheumatoid factors and the theoretical interest of both of them is stressed.
Presence of Alloantigen‐Reactive Cells in Neonatally Tolerized Mice
Authors: WATERFIELD J. D. , BICK P. H. , MÖLLER E. , MÖLLER G.
Published: June 2006

Neonatally induced fully tolerant mice possess cytotoxic effector cells, specific for the tolerizing antigens, which can be induced by polyclonal T cell activators in vivo (Con A) or in vitro (poly A:U). Therefore, clonal deletion of specific effector cells is eliminated as the mechanism by which skin grafts are retained in tolerized mice.
Analysis of Mechanisms of Maintenance of Neonatally Induced Tolerance to Foreign Alloantigens
Authors: GORCZYNSKI R. M. , MACRAE S. , TILL J. E.
Published: June 2006

Mice made tolerant to allogeneic tissues in neonatal life have been examined at different times for their ability to respond to the tolerizing determinants in a variety of assays (in vitro CML, MCL and in vivo GvH assays). All animals were tolerant in terms of their inability to produce CTL to the relevant determinants, and to induce GvH in lethally irradiated F1 recipients. Nevertheless, some mice also showed a normal MLC proliferative response and contained antigen‐specific serum inhibitory factors, while other mice contained apparently antigen‐specific suppressor cells. The pool of the latter, furthermore, was expanded considerably upon adoptive transfer of tolerant cells (with tolerizing antigens) to lethally irradiated syngeneic recipients. The data are compatible with the notion that suppression of clonal expansion represents the primary mechanism of tolerance maintenance (induction), and that the infrequently observed serum reactivity in such tolerant mice represents a vestige of the means whereby cell‐mediated suppression was induced.
Effect of Rat Intestinal Glycoprotein on Complement Lytic Activity on 32P‐Labelled Escherichia coli
Authors: WINSNES R. , MIDTVEDT T. , MELLBYE O. J.
Published: June 2006

Evidence for complement activation by an intestinal glycoprotein fraction from germfree rats is presented. The lowering effect on human serum bactericidal activity on E. coli was 28% for the intestinal glycoprotein fraction, 31% for zymosan, and 25% for inulin, while the lowering effect on conventional rat serum bactericidal activity was 65%, 53% and 21%, respectively. 32P‐releasing activity of serum from germfree rats and from man on labelled E. coli amounted to 8% and 28%, respectively, of the release exerted by serum from conventional rats.
Multiple Sclerosis: Local Synthesis of Electrophoretically Restricted Measles, Rubella, Mumps and Herpes Simplex Virus Antibodies in the Central Nervous System
Authors: NORDAL H. J. , VANDVIK B. , NORRBY E.
Published: June 2006

An imprint electroimmunofixation (IEIF) technique was used to study measles, rubella, mumps, and herpes simplex virus antibodies in serum and concentrated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from ten patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Electrophoretically restricted virus‐specific antibodies were detected in sera or CSF from nine of the ten patients. Comparison of the antibody patterns in matching serum and CSF samples indicated that electrophoretically restricted populations of antibody against one or more of the four viruses were produced locally in the central nervous system of nine patients. No association between the locally produced antibody populations and the oligoclonal IgG of the CSF could be demonstrated. The virus‐specific antibodies studied thus seem to constitute only a minor fraction of the total IgG of the CSF from MS patients.
Characterization of Lymphocytes Isolated from Non‐lymphoid Human Malignant Tumours
Authors: SVENNEVIG J.‐L. , CLOSS O. , HARBOE M. , SVAAR H.
Published: June 2006

Mononuclear cells (MC) were found in suspensions prepared from twenty‐one out of twenty‐two solid human neoplasms. In three cases it was calculated that more than 1% of the MC could represent contamination by blood MC. Due to technical difficulties and blood lymphocyte contamination, eight cases were excluded from the study. MC could be separated from thirteen of the remaining fourteen tumours and in one tumour no MC were found. On average, 0.44 × 106 MC were obtained from each biopsy weighing 1‐5 g. The MC were characterized with regard to markers for T and B lymphocytes. On average 41.0% of the MC were T and 18.2% B cells. There was no significant correlation between MC infiltration and tumour size or spread. In all patients blood MC were also isolated and characterized with regard to T (62.0%) and B lymphocytes (14.3%). The T/B ratio of tumour and blood lymphocytes corresponded in most cases. In two cases a markedly depressed T fraction was found within the tumour, whereas the T lymphocyte portions in the blood of these patients wore within the normal range.
Binding Affinity of Human Autoantibodies: Studies of Cryoglobulin IgM Rheumatoid Factors and IgG Autoantibodies to Albumin
Authors: WAGER O. , TEPPO A.‐M.
Published: June 2006

The binding affinity of cryoglobulin IgM rheumatoid factors (RF) for human IgG and of human IgG anti‐albumin autoantibodies for HSA was measured by the molecular sieving technique. The binding affinities of the two autoantibodies were consistently low (104‐105 I/M) as compared to the affinities of corresponding hyperimmune animal antibodies (106‐108 I/M). The findings were discussed in relation to theories on human autoimmunity. The existence of strict autotolerance at the T cell level and of autoreactivity at the low affinity B cell level was considered to be best compatible with the findings of this study and with the major known facts of autoimmunity.
Lactate Dehydrogenase Isoenzyme Pattern: Marker for Differentiation of Lymphocytes
Authors: PLUM J. , MONTEYNE R. , DHONT E. , DE SMEDT M.
Published: June 2006

The lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern has been determined in different murine thymocyte cell populations. Enrichment of thymocytes with more mature cells through total body irradiation results in a smaller percentage of LDH‐1, LDH‐2, LDH‐3 and a greater percentage of LDH‐4 and LDH‐5. Fractionation of normal thymocytes by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity yields a fraction of cells with a high sedimentation rate. LDH‐1 and LDH‐2 formed a smaller percentage of the total enzyme activity in these cells. These findings indicate that the LDH isoenzyme distribution is a marker for differentiation of thymocytes.
Liver Damage in Mice and Rats Causes Tenfold Increase of Blood Immunoglobulin A
Authors: KAARTINEN M.
Published: June 2006

Average serum concentrations of IgA and IgM of the SDK rats were 0.27 and 0.43 mg/ml, respectively. Subtotal hepatectomy had no detectable effect on the concentration of IgM but IgA increased in 4 days to a level of 4.9 rag/ml. Thereafter the concentration fell back to normal in 21 days. Serum concentrations of IgA, IgM and IgG2a in (C57BL × CBA)F1 mice were 0.41, 0.35 and 1.67 mg/ml, respectively. Neither hepatectomy nor carbon tetrachloride poisoning had an effect on the concentrations of IgM or IgG2a but IgA increased to 3.0 mg/ml (hepatectomy) or 3.6 mg/ml (carbon tetrachloride poisoning). Again the increase was reversible. IgA of normal rat serum was mostly monomeric (7S) and of normal mouse serum a mixture 7S and 9S (dimeric) IgA. After liver damage of either type the majority of the serum IgA had a sedimentation constant higher than 7S. It thus resembled the IgA that is brought to the circulation by the thoracic duct of rats and mice.
Studies on the Structure of T Lymphocyte Receptors using Xenogeneic Anti‐idiotype Antibodies
Authors: RUBIN B. , HERTEL‐WULFF B.
Published: June 2006

The present study is an attempt to produce xenogeneic anti‐idiotype antibodies (Id) against mouse anti‐H2 antibodies. The purpose is to obtain such anti‐Id antibodies with reactivity against both B and T cells in quantities which will allow thorough investigation of the biochemical nature of the T cell receptor for alloantigen. Data are presented from experiments performed with an antiserum 5936 which was obtained after immunization with C57B1/6 anti‐CBA antibodies.
Immune Response to Haptenated Syngeneic and Allogeneic Lymphocytes
Authors: RAMOS T. , MÖLLER G.
Published: June 2006

The B cell immune response to altered self was studied using fluoresceinated syngeneic and allogeneic lymphocytes as antigens. Antibody synthesis could be induced in mice injected with syngeneic or allogeneic haptenated lymphocytes as well as heterologous labelled red cells using one particular hapten density. The response to haptenated syngeneic lymphocytes was thymus‐independent since nude mice gave a strong response even when the immunogen was FITC‐labelled nude cells. The antibodies induced reacted with a complex between a self structure and the hapten, since the best response was detected using FITC‐labelled mouse erythrocytes as targets in the plaque assay. These results indicate that a clear distinction must be made between recognition and activation of the responding B cells. The nature of the structures on the modified lymphocyte required to perform these two functions is discussed. It is pointed out that in a dual recognition model of altered self, the duality involved may concern recognition and activation events, rather than two recognition receptors.
Protein A Reactivity of Various Mammalian Immunoglobulins
Authors: GOUDSWAARD J. , VAN DER DONK J. A. , NOORDZIJ A. , VAN DAM R. H. , VAERMAN J.‐P.
Published: June 2006

Serum samples and immunoglobulin fractions of eight mammalian species were applied to a Sepharose‐protein A column. As with the human immunoglobulin subclasses IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4, all examined animal IgG classes and subclasses were bound to a greater or lesser extent to protein A. However, the binding of IgG1 of ruminants was very poor. Polyclonal IgM and IgA of the pig, the dog and the cat may be separated in protein A reactive and protein A non‐reactive fractions. In addition, monoclonal canine IgM and IgA partially reacted with protein A. In combination with methods such as ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography and gel‐filtration, affinity chromatography with protein A is recommended for the rapid purification of certain Ig (sub)classes of a number of mammalian species.
Polymeric IgA is Complexed with Secretory Component (SC) on the Surface of Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells
Authors: BRANDTZAEG P.
Published: June 2006

Viable suspensions of columnar cells were obtained from the surface and outer crypt epithelium of human colon mucosa by a combined treatment with citrate and EDTA solutions and mechanical disruption, but without the use of enzymes. A substantial fraction of the isolated cells contained free SC and secretory IgA in a cytoplasmic distribution that corresponded to previously reported immunohistochemical and immunoelectron‐microscopical results obtained with tissue sections. On their surface the same cells were shown to bear SC complexed with J‐chain‐containing polymeric IgA, whereas only occasional traces of free SC were found. IgM was detected in the surface patches which contained the largest concentrations of SC and IgA. These findings demonstrate that in SC‐producing epithelial cells SC molecules become exposed on the plasma membrane, thereby being able to bind specifically J‐chain‐containing IgA and IgM present in the tissue fluid. Such adsorptive complexing is probably a prerequisite for the selective pinocytotic transport of these two Ig classes through glandular epithelium in man.
Relationship of Pregnancy‐Associated Alpha2‐Glycoprotein (α2PAG) to Peripheral Blood Leucocytes
Authors: HORNE C. H. W. , THOMSON A. W. , TOWLER C. M. , MacMILLAN F. K. , GIBB L. M.
Published: June 2006

The high molecular weight plasma glycoprotein pregnancy‐associated alpha2‐glycoprotein (α2‐PAG) can be demonstrated on the surface of blood leucocytes and is synthesized by oestrogen‐stimulated cells in culture. By the use of an indirect immunofluorescence technique, pretreatment of leucocytes with anli‐α2‐PAG IgG revealed α2‐PAG on C3 rosette‐forming cells and monocytes but not on E rosettes. Lymphocytes treated with anti‐α2‐PAG showed markedly diminished ability to form Fc rosettes. A percentage ranging from 15% to 20% of leucocytes from normal adults of both sexes, pregnant and oestrogen‐treated females were positive for α2‐PAG but no obvious correlation was observed between the incidence of α‐PAG bearing cells and plasma levels of the protein.
The Secondary Cytotoxic Response to Trinitrophenyl (TNP) Modified Syngeneic Lymphocytes: Effectors Generated in Vitro Differ from Those Generated in Vivo
Authors: TAGART V.
Published: June 2006

Following priming in vivo, a secondary cytotoxic response to TNP modified syngeneic lymphocytes can be generated by restimulation either in vivo or in vitro. The secondary effectors generated in vivo show H‐2 restricted cytotoxicity, in that only TNP modified syngeneic targets are lysed. However, the secondary effectors generated in vitro lyse both TNP modified syngeneic targets and TNP modified congenic targets which differ only at the major histocompatibility complex.
Comparative Study of Cytotoxic T‐Lymphocytes and Producers of the Macrophage Migration Inhibition Factor (MIF) in the H‐2 System
Authors: BRONDZ B. D. , SUSLOV A. P. , EGOROVA S. C.
Published: June 2006

Comparative study of two T‐cell subpopulations, killers and MIF producers, immune to H‐2 antigens, was performed using the in vitro micro‐techniques of cell‐mediated cytolysis and inhibition of macrophage migration. T‐dependence of MIF production was shown in this system by lymphocyte separation onto T‐ and B‐cells and by inactivation of MIF producers with anti‐θ serum. At least part of MIF producers appeared to be more sensitive than killers to the action of anti‐κ antibodies in the presence of complement. Production of MIF as compared to the cytotoxic activity was revealed in regional lymph node cells earlier and preserved longer after immunization with allogeneic tumour cells. Immune lymph node cells were shown to produce MIF when incubated with spleen cells of congenic and recombinant strains of mice possessing either private or public H‐2 specificities of the immunizing complex, but they did not produce MIF when incubated with syngeneic spleen cells. Removal of killers by absorption on the relevant target cells did not reduce the ability of non‐adherent lymphocytes to produce MIF. Unlike cytotoxic activity, MIF production is inhibited by pre‐treatment of immune lymphocytes with pronase. The data obtained are indicative of essential differences in effector T‐cell subpopulations which exert the cytotoxic effect and produce MIF in the H‐2 system. The implications of these data for studies on T‐cell differentiation under the action of H‐2 antigens are discussed.
β2‐Microglobulin from Normal and Leukaemic Guinea‐Pig Lymphocytes
Authors: STEVENSON F. K. , CLEETER M. W. J. , STEVENSON G. T.
Published: June 2006

β2‐Microglobulin has been isolated in useful quantities from the urine of strain‐2 guinea‐pigs after either treatment with sodium chromate or induction of the L2C leukaemia. Antibodies raised against the β2‐microglobulin were used to set up a radioimmunoassay which measured its export into culture fluid by normal and leukaemic lymphocytes. Material containing β2‐microglobulin was also obtained by digestion of the lymphocytic surfaces with papain; fractionation demonstrated both free and combined forms, with no qualitative difference between those from normal and those from leukaemic cells.
Target‐Effector Interaction in the Natural Killer Cell System
Authors: RODER J. C. , KIESSLING R.
Published: June 2006

These results show that two subpopulations of target‐binding cells (TBC) can be detected in the lymphoid organs of normal, nonimmunized mice. One cell type is not adherent to nylon wool columns and binds selectively to a large number of tumour cell targets which are susceptible to lysis by the natural killer (NK) cell. The rise and fall in the frequency of these nylon nonadherent TBC, with age, closely parallels the NK cell activity in these mice. Nylon nonadherent TBC were specific since they could be inhibited by subcellular sonicates of sensitive targets but not insensitive targets. The presence of these TBC in nude mice and their ability to pass through nylon wool columns is compatible with the suggestion that, like the NK cell, they may not be mature T cells, macrophages or B cells and hence represent a distinct but not yet defined subpopulation of lymphocytes. The genes controlling the frequency of TBC are inherited in a dominant fashion and are linked to the H‐2 region. The strong correlation between the frequency of TBC in a population and the level of lysis provides strong indirect evidence that the TBC may represent, or be closely related to, the NK cell. In contrast, the second cell type(s), a nylon‐adherent population, was not subject to any detectable genetic control and bound to targets nonspecifically. Furthermore, these nylon‐adherent TBC differed from nylon‐nonadherent TBC in their lack of correlation with lysis, age variations and organ distribution. We believe these observations provide the basis for the eventual understanding of the target structures and receptors involved in the NK cell system.
Variable‐Region Subgroup and Specificity of Cold Agglutinins
Authors: RIESEN W. F. , MAJANIEMI I. , HUSER H. , BRAUN D. G. , ROELCKE D.
Published: June 2006

The variable‐region subgroup determined by amino acid sequence analysis of heavy and light chains of two monoclonal cold agglutinins with the new anti‐Gd specificity is reported. Both proteins belong to the VHI 11 subgroup of heavy chains; one light chain falls into the VKI subgroup, the other has a blocked N‐terminus which so far has not been observed in human kappa chains. The comparison of anti‐Gd with anti‐l/‐i or anti‐Pr cold agglutinins indicates that anti‐Gd differs from other cold agglutinins with respect to variable‐region subgroup. The data extend previous findings on the restriction of certain antibodies to distinct variable‐region subgroups.
Inhibition of Human Anti‐Gd Cold Agglutinins by Sialyllactose
Authors: ROELCKE D. , BROSSMER R. , RIESEN W.
Published: June 2006

Two examples of IgM χ‐monolypic cold agglutinins occurring in patients with non‐Hodgkin lymphomas, reacted with erythrocyte autoantigens, which were protease‐resistant but were inactivated by neuraminidase. The cold agglutinins were inhibited by the trisaccharide sialyllactose [NcuNAc (α,2→3)Gal (β,1→+4)Glc], which is not related to oligosaccharides known to inhibit anti‐I/‐i cold agglutinins. Anti‐Pr cold agglutinins are not inhibited by sialyllactose, although N‐acetylneuramimc acid (NeuNAc) is an essential component not only of Gd but also of Pr determinants. Gd determinants are not bound lo erythrocyte membrane glycoproteins, but are apparently bound to membrane glycolipids (gangliosidcs).
Transient Increase of IgG Fc Receptor‐Bearing T Lymphocytes following Positive PPD Skin Testing
Authors: NAGAOKI T. , MORIYA N. , MIYAWAKI T. , KATO E. , OKUDA N. , TANIGUCHI N.
Published: June 2006

In tuberculin‐sensitive individuals, IgG Fc receptor (FcR)‐hearing lymphocytes in the peripheral blood increased transiently following PPD‐tuberculin skin test. This rise in circulating FcR‐bearing cells appeared to peak about 36–48 h after the intradermal inoculation of PPD and seemed to occur largely in the T cell population. Skin test‐negative individuals showed no significant changes in their circulating FcR‐bearing cells following PPD inoculation. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from PPD‐sensitive individuals were fractionated into non‐T cell and T cell‐enriched populations by E rosette sedimentation technique. FcR‐bearing cells in the T cell‐enriched population were eliminated by EA rosette sedimentation: i. e. FcR‐negative T cells. Then, equal numbers (1 × 105 cells each) of non‐T cells and unfractionated or FcR‐negative T cells were recombined in culture. Prior to PPD inoculation, there was no significant difference between these two cell mixtures in the in vitro cellular response to PPD or mitogens. When these cell populations were obtained. 16–48 h after PPD inoculation, however, the combination of non‐T tells and FcR‐negative T cells responded to PPD much better than the combination of non‐T cells and unfractionated T cells, whereas the mitogen‐induced cellular proliferation of these two cell mixtures did not differ from each other.
Corynebacterium parvum‐Induced Peritoneal Exudate Cells with Rapid Cytolytic Activity against Tumour Cells are Non‐Phagocytic Cells with Characteristics of Natural Killer Cells
Authors: OJO E. , HALLER O. , WIGZELL H.
Published: June 2006

Peritoneal exudate cells taken from mice 3 days after intraperitoneal treatment with Corynebacterium parvum (Cp) have been shown to kill specifically certain tumour targets in vitro. We have analysed in detail such Cp‐induced cytotoxic cells as to their cellular characteristics, considering the fact that size and charge characteristics of cellular subgroups are useful markers in describing their representative characteristics. We could thus show that the cytolytic cell could not be classified as a macrophage. They behaved, in every manner analysed, exactly as the previously defined natural killer cells found in the lymphoid organs of normal mice.
F1‐Hybrid Anti‐Parental‐Strain Reactivity
Authors: BLOMGREN H. , LILLIEHÖÖK B.
Published: June 2006

Experiments were conducted 10 explore whether C3H×CBA lymphocytes can react by proliferation when they meet parental CBA spleen cells. MLC tests could not detect such a reaction, but infusion of C3H×CBA lymph node cells into irradiated CBA hosts resulted in rapid cell proliferation in the host's spleen. Such a cell proliferation was also observed after Infusion of T‐cell‐enriched lymph node cell preparations or thymic cells from C3H×CBA donors. Upon transfer to new irradiated mice these proliferating cells continued to proliferate in CBA mice but not in C3H×CBA mice. Further evidence that the injected T‐cells were the proliferating emerged from experiments where AKR×CBA lymphocytes were found to proliferate in the spleens of irradiated CBA mice and that most of these cells possessed the these antigen determined by AKR. Proliferation of F1‐hybrid lymphocytes in the spleens of its irradiated parental strains was found not to be a general phenomenon and is probably restricted to some Mls‐antigen‐compatible strain combinations. The possibility that the C3H×CBA hybrid lymphocytes are stimulated to proliferation by CBA lymphocytes reactive against the C3H‐determined Mls antigen is discussed.
Functional Characterization of Lanatoside‐C‐Responsive Cells
Authors: HAMMARSTRÖM L. , SMITH C. I. E. , PERSSON U.
Published: June 2006

Lanatoside C, a digitalis glycoside previously shown to be a polyclonal B‐cell activator (PBA), was found to stimulate immature cells residing in fetal liver, bone marrow and spleen but also to activate cells from peripheral lymph nodes and peripheral blood. The proliferative response obtained in spleen cells was not affected by macrophage removal, whereas anti‐Ig or anti‐la antiserum pretreatment partially inhibited the responses. Removal of T cells by a pretreatment with anti‐Thy 1.2 antiserum plus complement caused a marked increase in the proliferative response of the remaining cells, suggesting the existence of a naturally occurring suppressor T cell for glycoside‐induced mitogenesis. Synergy experiments with ‘classical’ PBAs and lanatoside C, given simultaneously or subsequently, suggest an overlap between the lanatoside‐C‐responding cell population and the dextran sulphate (DxS)‐ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐sensitive cells. Since DxS‐induced activation of B cells is dependent on macrophages, it is suggested that lanatoside C may be used as a functional marker for direct activation of immature B cells.
False Spurs in Quantitative Immunoelectrophoresis
Authors: NEGASSI K. , CLOSS O. , HARBOE M.
Published: June 2006

Antigens which show reactions of identity in double‐diffusion tests in gel may cause spur formation in crossed immunoelectrophoretic techniques. To differentiate these misleading spurs from spurs of double‐diffusion tests which show the true immunochemical relationship between antigen, we have denoted the former type ‘false spurs’. False spurs are often formed in tandem‐crossed immunoelectrophoresis and fused rocket immunoelectrophoresis when antigens with different electrophoretic mobility are compared. On the basis of model experiments, criteria are set up for accepting a spur as a true spur, and procedures are described for avoiding formation of false spurs in quantitative immunoelectrophoresis.
Different Requirements for T Cells Responding to Various Doses of Concanavalin A
Authors: PERSSON U. , BICK P. H. , HAMMARSTRÖM L. , MÖLLER E. , SMITH C. I. E.
Published: June 2006

Con A is known to activate T cells to proliferation and the development of effector cells. Conflicting reports have been published as to the need for accessory cells in the T‐cell response induced by Con A. We have found that the proliferative response in purified mouse spleen T cells induced by various doses of Con A requires different culture conditions and helper cells. The Con‐A‐induced response induced by optimal and high concentrations of the ligand requires the presence of either serum or adherent cells obtained from the peritoneal cavity or the spleen. For induction of a proliferative response by low doses of Con A both serum and helper cells must be present. The T‐cell response to suboptimal concentrations of Con A is further characterized by the fact (hat the presence of an Ia‐positive cell is required. Removal of Ia‐positive cells from purified T cells results in a loss of the response of remaining cells to low doses of Con A hut has less effect on the response induced by higher concentrations of the activating ligand. The possibility that distinct subsets of T cells are responding to low and high concentrations of Con A will he discussed.
A Chemical Approach to the Mechanism of B‐Lymphocyte Activation
Authors: VIDAL‐GOMEZ J. , HAMMARSTRÖM L. , SMITH C. I. E.
Published: June 2006

In an attempt 10 definitively determine whether the pure presentation of haptens (on repetitive, non‐metabolizable carriers) to B lymphocytes triggers differentiation to antibody‐producing cells, dinitrophenyl and trinitrophenyl groups have been covalently coupled to potentially inert carriers (polymethylmethacrylate, chlorinated polyethylene and cellulose). The resulting conjugates (with three different degrees of hapten substitution) are not immunogenic. It is therefore concluded that the pure presentation of haptens to B lymphocytes docs not trigger antibody formation.
A Chemical Approach to the Mechanism of B‐Lymphocyte Activation
Authors: VIDAL‐GOMEZ J.
Published: June 2006

Dinitrophenyl (DNP)‐lysine‐polymethylmethacrylate and DNP‐cellulose conjugates do not irreversibly inactivate anti‐DNP antigen‐sensitive cells, regardless of the dose (up to 10 mg) or persistence of the stimulation (up to 2 weeks). Since these conjugates constitute pure hapten presentations, it is concluded that the pure hapten presentation to B lymphocyte does not irreversibly Inactivate them. When murine spleen cells are cultured with Escherichia coll lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and (non‐immunogenic) DNP‐lysine‐polymethylmethacrylate or (non‐immunogenic) DNP‐cellulose conjugates. an anti‐DNP immune response occurs. However, replacement of DNP‐lysine‐polymethylmethacrylate with polymethylmethacrylate, or DNP‐cellulose with cellulose, also results in a similar anti‐DNP response. It is consequently concluded that the anti‐DNP responses are entirely elicited by LPS, the hapten DNP being inoperative. The anti‐DNP response elicited by DNP‐Ficoll is, upon exhaustive testing, carrier‐dependent This implies that the mechanism of DNP‐Ficoll immunogenicity is not two cooperative signals passed on to B lymphocytes via the hapten DNP. These results argue against any two‐signal model of B‐lymphocyte activation.
Study of the Immunological Status of Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: AL‐TAWIL N. G. , THEWAINI A. J.
Published: June 2006

Most patients with pulmonary tuberculosis have impaired T‐lymphocyte function as measured by dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) sensitization and response to tetanus toxoid. The humoral immune response as gauged by the ability to respond to typhoid vaccine was not affected. Tuberculous patients had higher immunoglobulin levels than normal controls. The relative proportions of T lymphocytes in patients were lower than in controls while those of B lymphocytes were normal. By these criteria, rifampin treatment did not seem to cause immunosuppression.