bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Age‐Related Clinical and Polysomnographic Features of Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Infants
Authors: Schild Sam , Zalzal Habib , Newman Daniel , Behzadpour Hengameh , Nino Gustavo , Lawlor Claire
Published: September 2024

Objective

To use clinical and polysomnographic (PSG) parameters to define the features of severe OSA in infants including PSG parameters, risk factors, and interventions.

Methods

Retrospective comparison of PSG features in 207 infants (<12 months) referred for sleep‐disordered breathing. Stepwise multivariate logistic regression was used to define risk factors for severe OSA including sleep stage‐specific PSG parameters. Oxygenation was assessed as % of time with SpO2 < 90% nadir with apneic events and frequency of SpO2 desaturations (>3%) calculated as stage‐specific O2 desaturation indexes.

Results

We found that 43% of the infants had an OAHI ≥10/h (90/207) with 152 analyzed due to lack of follow‐up. Age is the strongest predictor for severe OSA with infants at or less than 3 months of age with 6.22 higher risk of severe OSA (95% CI, 3.16–12.27). Age‐stratified analyses showed that infants ≤3 months had significantly higher total and OSA sleep stage‐specific apnea hypopnea (OAHI) indexes (REM and NREM), hypopnea indexes (HI), obstructive apnea indexes (OI), arousal indexes, and more severe hypoxemia, both sustained and intermittent. The top risk factor in infants ≤3 months was craniofacial abnormality, which occurred in 57.9% of cases. No intervention was the most common management for each group (61.1% in ≤3 months and 56.6% in 4–12 months). The most common procedures in infants ≤3 months were mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) and supraglottoplasty (SGP) while adenoidectomy was the most common in the 4‐ to 12‐ month group.

Conclusion

Diagnosis ≤3 months is the strongest predictor for severe OSA, demonstrated across PSG parameters. No surgical intervention is the most common management.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 135:958–963, 2025
Predictors of Delays in the Management of Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Klein Linor , Vass Roni , Oron Yahav , Abu‐Eta Rani , Shilo Shahaf , Shapira Udi , Handzel Ophir , Chaushu Hen , Muhanna Nidal , Ziv Oren , Ungar Omer J.
Published: September 2024

Objective

To study predictors of delayed presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISSNHL).

Study Design

Retrospective medical chart review and patient telephone survey.

Setting

Tertiary medical center.

Subjects and Methods

All patients who initially presented or referred with unilateral ISSNHL between 2016 and 2020 were included. Associations between epidemiological, demographic, and socioeconomic profiles and delays in presentation, diagnosis and treatment were studied.

Results

A total of 518 patients were suitable for study inclusion. The total delay in the emergency department (ED) setup was a median (interquartile range, IQR) of 1 (0–1) day, 7 (6–12) days in a community otolaryngologist setup, and 15 (8–25) days in a general practitioner setup. Patients who presented to the ED first also had fewer diagnostic and treatment delays. Those who presented to a community otolaryngologist first had significantly longer presentation delay (5 [4–8] days p < 0.001) and significantly longer treatment delays (1 [1–3] days p < 0.001). Patients who presented to a general practitioner first had significantly longer presentation delays compared with ED presentation, and the longest diagnostic and treatment delays (3 [2–5], 8 [4–12] days, and 4 [2–7] days, p = < 0.01, p = <0.01, and p < 0.001, respectively). There was no association between socioeconomic status or demography and presentation, diagnostic, or treatment delays.

Conclusion

Total delay in ISSNHL management is affected by the venue of the first medical encounter. General practitioners' level of awareness of the need for empiric steroidal treatment of ISSNHL without delay should be raised.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 135:889–893, 2025
Revisiting the etiology and clinical characteristics of hemorrhagic polyps of the vocal fold
Authors: Santa Maria Chloe , Rubin Adam D. , Vemula Sahiti , Shuman Elizabeth A. , Castro M. Eugenia , O'Dell Karla , Johns Michael M.
Published: September 2024

Objective

Benign phonotraumatic lesions of the vocal folds (BVFLs) are typically seen in younger female patients with high vocal loads. Hemorrhagic polyps (HPs) do not fit the classic paradigm of most BVFLs, as they tend to occur in an older population, have a male predominance, and report to result from a vocal accident. We present one of the largest cohorts of HPs, to reexamine their etiology and clinical features.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study, inclusive of all patients with HP managed by the senior authors between the years 2016 through 2023. Demographic data, management, phonotraumatic risk factors, pre‐ and post‐treatment VHI‐10 were reviewed. We examined patient videostroboscopy, categorized the size of the lesion, and identified any concurrent mucosal abnormality.

Results

One hundred and eleven patients had confirmed HP, 84 males (75.7%). Thirty‐five patients were size category 1; pinpoint (28.9%), 57 were category 2; less than 1/3rd the vocal fold (45.5%), and 26 were category 3; greater than 1/3rd the vocal fold (21.5%). Ten patients (9%) had bilateral HPs. Thirty‐five patients had an additional 40 mucosal lesions in addition to the HP(s). The onset of symptoms was gradual in 60% of patients. The mean pretreatment VHI‐10 was 18.0 (SD 10.7), compared to 6.0 (SD 10.5) post‐treatment, (p < .001). 57/111 patients reported high voice demand professions or recreational activities. The average self‐reported talkative scale score was 7.6/10. Patients were managed with operative microdirect laryngoscopy and microflap excision (53.1%), in‐office clinic potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser (24.3%), voice therapy alone (7.2%), and KTP in the operating room (6.3%).

Conclusions

In our cohort, most patients were male, had high vocal demands, reported gradual symptom onset, and almost a third of patients had additional BVFLs.

Level of evidence

Level 3: Retrospective cohort study.
Quantifying bivalve phytoplankton depletion in a eutrophic system: an integrated approach
Authors: Taylor Daniel , Jakobsen Hans , Lyngsgaard Maren Moltke , Darecki Miroslaw , Werther Mortimer , Maar Marie , Saurel Camille
Published: September 2024

The removal of organic particulate matter, predominantly phytoplankton, in eutrophic coastal seas and estuaries is considered an ecosystem service performed by large bivalve assemblages. Mussel farming has been proposed as a measure to mitigate eutrophication, as filtration directly reduces the concentration of chlorophyll a (Chl a), a primary ecological indicator. Seston depletion is typically assessed by in situ investigation, which generally lacks spatiotemporal coverage of features relative to greater ecosystem dynamics. To assess the scale and structure of this service, the present study couples multiple measurement approaches, including moored stations, synoptic transect surveys, flow cytometry, a preliminary drone survey technique, and satellite remote sensing within and around a large mussel farm. Significant depletion patterns were observed with all methods, and mixing gradients could be detected hundreds of meters beyond the farm, with repeatable patterns but distinct findings between methods. The intensity of the depletion signal was correlated with mussel biomass loads, ambient conditions, and hydrodynamic regimes, ranging from 5% to 91% relative Chl a depletion and Secchi depth increases of up to 2 m. Changes in particle size distributions were impacted in all downstream areas, as well as phytoplankton diversity. Observed depletion gradients with satellite imagery were consistent with other measurements and can be used to complement in situ field measurements. The findings of this study, will inform carrying capacity assessments, farm configuration, and development of impact assessment programs on seston removal for bivalve aquaculture.
Carbon dots‐based materials and their applications in regenerative medicine
Authors: Ma Jinjin , Chen Qianglong , He Hui , Jiang Hao , Hu Jie , Liu Yisi , Yao Liwei , Mao Haijiao , Li Jiaying , Li Bin , Han Fengxuan
Published: September 2024

Carbon dots (CDs)‐based zero‐dimensional nanomaterials with dimensions ranging from 1 to 10 nm have shown tremendous potential in the application of regenerative medicine, because of their unique physicochemical properties and favorable attributes like good biocompatibility, unique biological functions, low cost and high stability. These newly synthesized CDs‐based nanomaterials could replace traditional semiconductor quantum dots, which have obvious toxicity drawbacks and higher costs. CDs not only show sustained fluorescent quality and biocompatibility, but also serve as superior carriers for drug delivery, as well as for bioimaging‐guided detection of cells, drugs, and growth factors. So, they have been shown to play a role in various fields such as chemical and biological sensing, bioimaging, drug delivery, and photocatalysis. Thus, they are considered potential candidates for regenerative medicine applications. In this review, we provide a comprehensive summary of the classification of CDs, focusing on their formation mechanisms, micro‐/nanostructures, and distinctive properties. We describe their properties and synthesis methods in detail. Furthermore, we systematically highlight recent remarkable advances in the applications of CDs in regenerative medicine, such as bone and cartilage repair, wound healing, nerve regeneration, and myocardial regeneration, are systematically highlighted. Finally, we discuss the key challenges that lie ahead, outline future research directions, and explore the prospects of CDs‐based materials in regenerative medicine.
SCR‐7952, a highly selective MAT2A inhibitor, demonstrates synergistic antitumor activities in combination with the S‐adenosylmethionine‐competitive or the methylthioadenosine‐cooperative protein arginine methyltransferase 5 inhibitors in methylthioadenosine phosphorylase‐deleted tumors
Authors: Yu Zhiyong , Kuang Yi , Xue Liting , Ma Xuan , Li Tingting , Yuan Linlin , Li Mengying , Xue Grace , Li Zhen , Tang Feng , Tang Jianxing , Shan Jinwen , Wang Weijie , Tang Renhong , Zhou Feng
Published: September 2024

The metabolic enzyme methionine adenosyltransferase 2A (MAT2A) was found to elicit synthetic lethality in methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP)‐deleted cancers, which occur in about 15% of all cancers. Here, we described a novel MAT2A inhibitor, SCR‐7952 with potent and selective antitumor effects on MTAP‐deleted cancers in both in vitro and in vivo. The cryo‐EM data indicated the high binding affinity and the allosteric binding site of SCR‐7952 on MAT2A. Different from AG‐270, SCR‐7952 exhibited little influence on metabolic enzymes and did not increase the plasma levels of bilirubin. A systematic evaluation of combination between SCR‐7952 and different types of protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) inhibitors indicated remarkable synergistic interactions between SCR‐7952 and the S‐adenosylmethionine‐competitive or the methylthioadenosine‐cooperative PRMT5 inhibitors, but not substrate‐competitive ones. The mechanism was via the aggravated inhibition of PRMT5 and FANCA splicing perturbations. These results indicated that SCR‐7952 could be a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment of MTAP‐deleted cancers, both monotherapy and in combination with PRMT5 inhibitors.
Development of small, cost‐efficient scintillating fiber detectors for automated synthesis of positron emission tomography radiopharmaceuticals
Authors: Ahn Hailey Sae Hyun , Carroll Liam , Hopewell Robert , Tsai I‐Huang , Jolly Dean , Massarweh Gassan , Enger Shirin A.
Published: September 2024

Background

Radiolabeling is critical in complex chemical reactions involving positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer production. The process is now automated within a synthesis module to enhance efficiency and reduce radiation exposure. The key to this automation is the use of radiation detectors to monitor radioactivity transfer and ensure the progression of reactions. However, the high cost of these detectors has motivated the need for a more affordable alternative.

Purpose

This study aimed to develop a compact and cost‐efficient detector using scintillating fibers and silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) to track radioactivity throughout PET radiotracer production.

Methods

Monte Carlo simulations were performed with the Geant4‐based M‐TAG software for four detector geometries (single fiber, single fiber with bolus, 16‐fiber bundle, and spiral) to optimize the detector construction for better detection efficiency. The simulations scored the energy deposited into the scintillating fibers per simulated particle, which was used to estimate the expected voltage pulse height from the SiPM considering the total light collection efficiency. Based on the simulation results, two detector configurations (16‐fiber bundle and spiral fiber) were constructed using plastic scintillating fibers, optical fibers, a 6 mm 6 mm SiPM, and commonly available electronic components. The detectors were calibrated using a Fluorine‐18 () source with typical activity levels used in radiotracer production. Detector performances were subsequently evaluated through linearity tests and measurement uncertainty assessments. Errors up to were considered acceptable for troubleshooting purposes.

Results

The calibration curves showed a linear response with changing activity for both detectors. The calibrated detectors offered real‐time activity measurements ranging from 0.10 to 49.41 GBq, with a 3‐s refresh rate. In the activity range above 0.145 GBq, the uncertainties were less than for both the 16‐fiber and spiral configurations. The spiral detector recorded a signal with a half‐life of min, closely aligning with the reference half‐life of .

Conclusions

Cost‐efficient plastic scintillation fiber detectors were developed to facilitate the troubleshooting of automated synthesis of PET radiotracers.
Effectiveness of Baricitinib Risk Minimization Activities in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis—A Cohort Study in Four Nordic Countries
Authors: Ankarfeldt Mikkel Z. , Søltoft‐Jensen Aleksander , Salinas Claudia A. , Lupattelli Angela , Pukkala Eero , Bolin Kristian , Smith Sarah , Meyers Kristin Joy , Petersen Janne , Jimenez‐Solem Espen
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Baricitinib received European Medicines Agency (EMA) approval for the treatment of moderate‐to‐severe active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in 2017. Due to risks including serious infections, increased blood lipid parameters, and missing information regarding safety in pregnancy, additional risk minimization measures (aRMM) including healthcare professional educational material and a patient alert card were implemented to inform on the risks and actions to minimize risk such as the need to screen for tuberculosis and active viral hepatitis before starting baricitinib, monitoring of blood lipids and against use during pregnancy. The aim of the study is to report occurrences of infections, lipid level monitoring and pregnancies, in real world data, to gain insights into whether baricitinib is used in accordance with the aRMM.

Methods

A descriptive observational cohort study, utilizing routinely collected data from the Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish, and Danish national registries, was carried out. RA patients initiating baricitinib treatment were identified in the periods 2017–19 (Sweden and Finland), 2017–20 (Norway) and 2017–21 (Denmark). Monitored events included pregnancies, cases of tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, and hyperlipidemia, as well as changes in statin prescriptions (including any of initiation, escalation, reduction or change of statin). Hyperlipidemia and statin use served as proxies for lipid level assessment.

Results

Among 3908 patients initiating baricitinib (3373 person‐years exposure), eight pregnancies (1% of 815 women aged 18–50 years) potentially overlapped with treatment. During baricitinib treatment, there was a small number of prevalent cases of tuberculosis (less than three events), and a low prevalence of hepatitis (0.2%), and hyperlipidemia (0.5%), whereas 9.3% had start of or changes in statin prescription, indicating lipid level monitoring.

Conclusion

The study's findings suggest that patients with RA are treated with baricitinib in accordance with the risk minimization recommendations, particularly concerning pregnancy and infection risks. However, the methods used for assessing lipid levels warrant further refinement for more accurate monitoring.
Synthesis, Structure, Photoluminescence, and Optical Properties of (Co/B) Co‐Doped ZnO Nanoparticles
Authors: Arda L. , Veziroglu S. , Ozdogan K. , Ozugurlu E.
Published: September 2024

Co/B co‐doped ZnO nanoparticles, denoted as Zn0.95‐xBxCo0.05O, are synthesized using the sol–gel method to explore the effects of the defects on optical properties. The stoichiometry is adjusted by varying the doping levels (x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, and 0.05). X‐ray diffraction is employed to analyze the structural characteristics of all Co/B co‐doped ZnO nanoparticles, confirming the presence of a hexagonal Wurtzite structure by assessing the c/a ratios. To investigate structural defects, photoluminescence properties are measured using the Fluorescence Spectrophotometer, revealing violet, blue, green, and red emissions. With the doped of boron (B), a shift from green emission to blue emission occurs, indicating a transformation of singly charged oxygen vacancies (VO+) to VZn vacancies. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra (4000–400 cm−1) are acquired using the Perkin Elmer Spectrum Two FTIR‐ATR spectrophotometer. The surface morphology, crystallite size, and nanoparticle shapes are characterized through Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) analysis. Elemental compositions are determined using Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDAX). The Shimadzu 2600 UV‐Spectrophotometer is used to examine optical characteristics. The samples' energy band gaps are calculated, and the impact of dopant elements on these optical characteristics is examined. Five different models are used to compute the refractive index.
CsgA gatekeeper residues control nucleation but not stability of functional amyloid
Authors: Olsen William P. , Courtade Gaston , Peña‐Díaz Samuel , Nagaraj Madhu , Sønderby Thorbjørn V. , Mulder Frans A. A. , Malle Mette G. , Otzen Daniel E.
Published: September 2024

Functional amyloids, beneficial to the organism producing them, are found throughout life, from bacteria to humans. While disease‐related amyloids form by uncontrolled aggregation, the fibrillation of functional amyloid is regulated by complex cellular machinery and optimized sequences, including so‐called gatekeeper residues such as Asp. However, the molecular basis for this regulation remains unclear. Here we investigate how the introduction of additional gatekeeper residues affects fibril formation and stability in the functional amyloid CsgA from E. coli. Step‐wise introduction of additional Asp gatekeepers gradually eliminated fibrillation unless preformed fibrils were added, illustrating that gatekeepers mainly affect nucleus formation. Once formed, the mutant CsgA fibrils were just as stable as wild‐type CsgA. HSQC NMR spectra confirmed that CsgA is intrinsically disordered, and that the introduction of gatekeeper residues does not alter this ensemble. NMR‐based Dark‐state Exchange Saturation Transfer (DEST) experiments on the different CsgA variants, however, show a decrease in transient interactions between monomeric states and the fibrils, highlighting a critical role for these interactions in the fibrillation process. We conclude that gatekeeper residues affect fibrillation kinetics without compromising structural integrity, making them useful and selective modulators of fibril properties.
A new formula for calculating normal tissue complication probability
Authors: Cao Tingting , Yuan Qingqing , Dai Zhitao
Published: September 2024

Purpose

To facilitate the use of quantitative modeling of biological effects in treatment planning by introducing a simpler function equivalent to the Lyman formula for calculating normal tissue complication probability (NTCP).

Methods

We first provide an approximation of the Lyman‐Kutcher‐Burman (LKB) formula using three parameters (n, m, TD50) as a function of equivalent uniform dose (EUD). The parameters for the new formula are defined in terms of the Lyman model's m and TD50. Conversely, m and TD50 are expressed in terms of the parameters of the new equation. The role of the Lyman volume‐effect parameter n remains unchanged from its role in the Lyman model.

Results

The new formula, which exhibits a sigmoidal shape, demonstrates symmetry about TD50, akin to the LKB model. The difference in NTCP between the two formulas is less than 0.1%. The parameters (n, m, TD50) are preserved through rigorous mathematical deduction and have been recalibrated to the tolerance data of Emani et al. using the proposed formula. This new model provides a better fit to these data than the model by Burman et al., which was fitted “by eye” rather than using statistical methods.

Conclusion

We have developed a formula that represents NTCP as a function of EUD, which proves to be potentially useful. The parameters derived in this study are mathematically robust and offer a superior fit to the data compared to previous efforts. Additionally, the new model fits brain data as well as, if not better than, the LKB model.
F(Q)$F(Q)$ Gravity with Gauss–Bonnet Corrections: From Early‐Time Inflation to Late‐Time Acceleration
Authors: Nojiri Shin'ichi , Odintsov Sergei D.
Published: September 2024

The authors show that in the gravity with a non‐metricity scalar , the curvatures in Einstein's gravity, that is, the Riemann curvature constructed from the standard Levi‐Civita connection, could not be excluded or naturally appear. The first observation is that even in gravity, the conservation of the matter energy‐momentum tensor is not described by the covariant derivatives in the non‐metricity gravity but that is given by the Levi‐Civita connection. The commutator of the covariant derivatives in Einstein's gravity inevitably induces the Riemann curvature. There is no symmetry nor principle which prohibits the Riemann curvature in non‐metricity gravity. Based on this observation, the authors propose and investigate gravity with the Gauss–Bonnet invariant and its generalizations. The authors also show how models realizing any given the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson– Walker (FLRW) spacetime can be reconstructed. The reconstruction formalism to cosmology is applied. Explicitly, the gravity models which realize slow roll or constant roll inflation, dark energy epoch as well as the unification of the inflation and dark energy are found. The dynamical autonomous system and the gravitational wave in the theory under investigation are discussed. It is found the condition that the de Sitter spacetime becomes the (stable) fixed point of the system.
Investigation of Mg1−xNixS Alloys for Spintronic and Optoelectronic Application
Authors: Haider Ali , Saleem Sanam , Aldaghfag Shatha A. , Yaseen Muhammad , Ishfaq Mudassir , Hussain Shakir
Published: September 2024

Herein, the full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FP‐LAPW) method based on density functional theory has been used to compute the electro‐optical and magnetic characteristics of Mg1−xNixS (x = 0%, 6.25%, 12.5%, and 25%) alloys. The stability of the Mg1−xNixS alloys is verified by the enthalpy of formation energy. In electronic features, the band structure and density of states (DOS) demonstrate the semiconducting behavior in pristine MgS compound, while Mg1−xNixS alloys show half‐metallic ferromagnetic to metallic behavior based on the doping concentration. DOS exhibit a strong pd‐hybridization between Ni‐d and S‐p orbitals in the conduction band). For 6.25%, 12.5%, and 25% concentrations, the calculated total magnetic moment is 1.45364, 1.93086, and 0.71829 μB, respectively which is primarily owing to transition metal d states. Optical characteristics including refraction, absorption, complex dielectric function, and reflectivity are studied in the range of 0–10 eV at various concentrations. The absorption of light is noted from visible to UV spans which increase their significance for optoelectronic usages. Results of Mg1−xNixS alloys reveal their potential applications in optical and magnetic storage devices.
Robust and accurate simulations of flows over orography using non‐conforming meshes
Authors: Orlando Giuseppe , Benacchio Tommaso , Bonaventura Luca
Published: September 2024

We systematically validate the static local mesh refinement capabilities of a recently proposed implicit–explicit discontinuous Galerkin scheme implemented in the framework of the deal.II library. Non‐conforming meshes are employed in atmospheric flow simulations to increase the resolution around complex orography. The proposed approach is fully mass and energy conservative and allows local mesh refinement in the vertical and horizontal direction without relaxation at the internal coarse/fine mesh boundaries. A number of numerical experiments based on classical benchmarks with idealized as well as more realistic orography profiles demonstrate that simulations with the locally refined mesh are stable for long lead times and that no spurious effects arise at the interfaces of mesh regions with different resolutions. Moreover, correct values of the momentum flux are retrieved and the correct large‐scale orographic response is reproduced. Hence, large‐scale orography‐driven flow features can be simulated without loss of accuracy using a much lower total amount of degrees of freedom.
High‐dimensional ensemble Kalman filter with localization, inflation, and iterative updates
Authors: Sun Hao‐Xuan , Wang Shouxia , Zheng Xiaogu , Chen Song Xi
Published: September 2024

Accurate estimation of forecast‐error covariance matrices is an essential step in data assimilation, which becomes a challenging task for high‐dimensional data assimilation. The standard ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) may diverge due to both the limited ensemble size and the model bias. In this article, we propose to replace the sample covariance in the EnKF with a statistically consistent high‐dimensional tapering covariance matrix estimator to counter the estimation problem under high dimensions. A high‐dimensional EnKF scheme combining covariance localization with the inflation method and an iterative update structure is developed. The proposed assimilation scheme is tested on the Lorenz‐96 model with spatially correlated observation systems. The results demonstrate that the proposed method could improve the assimilation performance under multiple settings.
Computational Study on SnS2 as Anode Material for Magnesium Ion Battery
Authors: Dang Jianmeng , Li Yanze
Published: September 2024

The strain can regulate the electronic properties of transition metal sulfides and enhance their application in ion battery electrode materials. In this article, the potential of single‐layer SnS2 as anode material for magnesium ion batteries under shear strain and torsional strain was studied by first‐principles calculation. The calculation of adsorption energy shows that the strain does not have a great influence on the structural stability. The band gap of SnS2 calculated by HSE06 is 2.210 eV. When Mg is on the surface of SnS2, the band gap of SnS2 drops to 0.113 eV, which shows quasi‐metallic properties. Both strains can regulate the band gap value of SnS2. The diffusion energy barrier of SnS2 after strain is significantly lower than that without strain. After torsion strain, the diffusion barrier of Mg ions on SnS2 is 0.11 eV. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the design of magnesium ion batteries.
Automatic clutch control using ADRC with continuous adaptive extended state observer
Authors: Liu Wudong , Wu Guangqiang
Published: September 2024

Disturbances and uncertainties, ubiquitous in real‐world systems, complicate model‐based control design. A key challenge is developing a precise control strategy that takes all disturbances into account. The automatic dry‐type clutch is a nonlinear, uncertain, and continuous system, where influencing factors are regarded as total disturbances. An active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) framework with an adaptive extended state observer (AESO) is proposed. The AESO's key strength is its adaptability, adjusting gains over time to minimize state estimation errors and noise impacts. This optimizes disturbance estimation, enhancing closed‐loop system performance. Furthermore, we prove the stability of the AESO through the Lyapunov method and, based on this, set the controller parameters as a Hurwitz matrix to ensure the stability of the closed‐loop system. Experimental data from clutch control demonstrates the efficacy of this controller. It ensures clutch position accuracy with a mean value of 13.5255 mm and a root mean square error of 28.7368 mm. Notably, the AESO's observation errors are minimal, averaging at 0.4365 mm with a root mean square error of 0.7068 mm, even under conditions of uncertain dynamics and measurement noise. This performance surpasses traditional ADRC methods relying on linear extended state observers (ESO) and PI control, thereby advancing the practical applicability of ADRC. Finally, through simulations comparing with fuzzy ESO and nonlinear ESO, the results show that the proposed AESO can achieve the same effect as them.
When home stress translates to work: The impact of interpersonal conflict at home on employee silence
Authors: Busse Kaitlin A. , Rodriguez Wiston A. , Che Xinxuan , Zhou Zhiqing E.
Published: September 2024

Compared to research about the effects of work‐related interpersonal experiences on employee behaviours at home, research on whether and how home‐related interpersonal experiences can affect employee behaviours at work has received less attention. This study aimed to contribute to this literature by examining whether interpersonal conflict at home can predict employee silence through exhaustion at work. The moderating effect of affective commitment on the relationship between interpersonal conflict at home and exhaustion was also explored. Using a two‐wave design with data from 246 full‐time employees, the current study found that interpersonal conflict at home positively predicted employee silence through exhaustion at work. Further, affective commitment exacerbated the relationship between interpersonal conflict at home and exhaustion at work. Our findings extend the understanding of mediating and moderating mechanisms for the effect of negative experiences at home on work behaviours.
Palladium‐Doped Cs2AgBiBr6 with 1300 nm Near‐Infrared Photoresponse
Authors: Lei Hongwei , Singh Utkarsh , Ji Fuxiang , Lin Tinghao , Kobera Libor , Shang Yuequn , Cai Xinyi , Ning Weihua , Mahun Andrii , Abbrent Sabina , Tan Zuojun , Brus Jiri , Li Dehui , Simak Sergei I. , Abrikosov Igor A. , Gao Feng
Published: September 2024

Lead‐free halide double perovskite (HDP) Cs2AgBiBr6 has set a benchmark for research in HDP photoelectric applications due to its attractive optoelectronic properties. However, its narrow absorption range is a key limitation of this material. Herein, a novel dopant, palladium (Pd), is doped into Cs2AgBiBr6 and significantly extends the absorption to ≈1400 nm. Pd2+ ions are partially doped in the host lattice, most probably replacing Ag atoms and introducing a sub‐bandgap state within the host bandgap, as indicated by the combination of spectroscopical measurements and theoretical calculations. Importantly, this sub‐bandgap state extends the photoresponse of Cs2AgBiBr6 up to the NIR‐II region of 1300 nm, setting a new record for HDPs. This work demonstrates a novel and efficient dopant for HDPs and highlights the effectiveness of employing a sub‐bandgap to broaden the absorption of HDPs, shedding new light on tailoring large bandgap HDPs for NIR optoelectronic applications.
Multifaceted Characterization Methodology for Understanding Nonidealities in Perovskite Solar Cells: A Passivation Case Study
Authors: Parion Jonathan , Ramesh Santhosh , Subramaniam Sownder , Vrielinck Henk , Duerinckx Filip , Radhakrishnan Hariharsudan Sivaramakrishnan , Poortmans Jef , Lauwaert Johan , Vermang Bart
Published: September 2024

A multifaceted characterization approach is proposed, aiming to establish a link between nanoscale electrical properties and macroscale device characteristics. Current–voltage (I–V) measurements are combined with admittance spectroscopy (AS) and deep‐level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) for the analysis of charge‐related performance losses with time‐of‐flight secondary‐ion mass spectrometry to complete the understanding of ionic motion in the device. This is applied to the study of surface treatment in perovskite solar cells, which implements several strategies to improve band alignment, perovskite grain growth, and chemical passivation. An increase of both open‐circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor of respectively 90 mV and 11% is shown after surface treatment, with an absolute efficiency increase of 4%. AS measurements, coupled with a lumped elements model, rule out the impact of transport layers as the origin of the performance improvement, rather pointing toward a reduction in ionic resistance in the perovskite bulk. Analysis of the DLTS response yields an activation energy of 0.41 eV, which is likely related to the same ionic mechanism discovered with AS. Finally, both of these techniques enable to show that the surface treatment main contribution is to reduce ion‐related recombination of charge carriers.
Elucidating Supercrystal Mechanics and Nanoparticle Size and Shape Effects under High Pressure
Authors: Hotton Claire , García‐Lojo Daniel , Modin Evgeny , Nag Rahul , Gómez‐Graña Sergio , Marcone Jules , Trazo Jaime Gabriel , Bodin Jennifer , Goldmann Claire , Bizien Thomas , Pastoriza‐Santos Isabel , Pansu Brigitte , Pérez‐Juste Jorge , Balédent Victor , Hamon Cyrille
Published: September 2024

Supercrystals, extended lattices of closely packed nanoparticles (NPs), present exciting possibilities for various applications. Under high pressures, typically in the gigapascal (GPa) range, supercrystals undergo significant structural changes, including adjustable interparticle distances, phase transformations, and the formation of new nanostructures through coalescence. While prior research has focused on ligand engineering's impact on supercrystal mechanical response, the influence of NP shape remains unexplored, especially for NPs larger than 10 nm coated with hydrosoluble ligands. This study examines the effects of NP shape on the mechanical properties of supercrystals using high‐pressure small‐angle X‐ray scattering and focused ion beam–scanning electron microscopy tomography. Notably, supercrystals exhibit higher hardness levels compared to previously reported values for gold supercrystals, attributed to the use of larger NPs. Spherical and tetrahedral NPs rearrange before collapsing under pressure, whereas rods and octahedra coalesce without prior structural rearrangement, likely due to their higher packing fraction. Additionally, anisotropic deformation of NP lattices and sintering does not always correlate with deviatoric stresses. These findings refine the understanding of complex processes governing supercrystal structure under high pressure, opening new avenues for NP engineering and advancing plasmonic applications under extreme conditions.
Phased Ions‐Release Bilayer‐Guided Bone Regeneration Membrane with Nanostructure‐Mediated Antibacterial Adhesion
Authors: Zhang Liguo , Li Zhao , Fu Yajing , Tian Haoyang , Wang Ting , Liu Hongrui , Li Jianhua , Liu Hong , Ge Shaohua , Ma Baojin
Published: September 2024

Bone defect repair involves a series of dynamic and complex processes, including immunoregulation, angiogenesis, and osteogenesis. Herein, a phased bioactive ions‐oriented release strategy is proposed to construct the bilayer Cu&Sr‐hydroxyapatite (HAp)/polylactic acid (CSHP‐)guided bone regeneration membrane. By harnessing distinct modes of ion delivery, Cu2+ adsorbed on the surface can be released quickly from the CSHP membrane to trigger a cascade of events including antibacterial reaction, regulating macrophage polarization, and enhancing angiogenesis. With the gradual degradation of HAp, Sr2+ doped in the lattice is sustainably released, synergistically regulating immunity, and encouraging the genesis of robust skeletal tissue. The bilayer structure of the CSHP membrane also ensures the oriented release of bioactive ions to the bone defect area, circumventing any systemic complications that might arise from indiscriminate dispersal. Furthermore, the nanoengineered HAp layer deters pathogenic colonization due to the low adhesion force, which can effectively prevent the formation of bacterial biofilms and infection after implantation. Overall, the multifunctional bilayer CSHP membrane, based on the phased and oriented ions release, adapts to the dynamic requirements of bone repair, thereby augmenting regeneration efficiency, and also providing a reference for the design of advanced repair materials.
Improving vet student wellbeing: isolation and mental health support
Authors: Sears Pip
Published: September 2024

Isolation from friends on central campuses, exacerbated by poor transport links, and a lack of practical mental health support provided by universities are two areas having a negative impact on vet student wellbeing. Here Pip Sears discusses some of the issues and suggests improvements that could be made.
Beyond Diversity: Computing for Inclusive Software
Authors: Devathasan Kezia , Arony Nowshin Nawar , Damian Daniela
Published: September 2024

Kezia Devathasan, Nowshin Nawar Arony, Daniela Damian
Perceptions of Software Developer Inclusion: A Survey at Google
Authors: Hodges Maggie , Murphy-Hill Emerson
Published: September 2024

Maggie Hodges and Emerson Murphy-Hill
Mentorship of Women in OSS Projects: A Cross-Disciplinary, Integrative Review
Authors: Jacobs Mariska , Milewicz Reed , Serebrenik Alexander
Published: September 2024

Mariska Jacobs, Reed Milewicz, and Alexander Serebrenik
Effective Interventions to Promote Diversity in CS Classroom
Authors: Happe Lucia
Published: September 2024

Lucia Happe
Hot and dense QCD shear viscosity at (almost) NLO
Authors: Danhoni Isabella , Moore Guy D.
Published: September 2024

Abstract

The next-to-leading order weak-coupling shear viscosity of QCD was computed 6 years ago. However, these results have never been applied at finite baryon chemical potential μ, even though intermediate-energy heavy ion collisions and merging neutron stars may explore the Quark-Gluon Plasma in a regime where baryon chemical potentials are large. Here, we extend the next-to-leading order shear viscosity calculations to finite μ, and we show that, while the convergence of the weak-coupling expansion is questionable for achievable plasmas, it is somewhat better at μ > T than at μ = 0.
A supersymmetric extension of w1+∞ algebra in the celestial holography
Authors: Ahn Changhyun , Kim Man Hea
Published: September 2024

Abstract

We determine the $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 supersymmetric topological W∞ algebra by using the λ deformed bosons (β, γ) and fermions (b, c) ghost system. By considering the real bosons and the real fermions at λ = 0 (or λ = $$ \frac{1}{2} $$

1
2

), the $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 supersymmetric $$ {W}_{\frac{\infty }{2}} $$

W

∞
2

algebra is obtained. At λ = $$ \frac{1}{4} $$

1
4

, other $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 supersymmetric W1+∞[λ = $$ \frac{1}{4} $$

1
4

] algebra is determined. We also obtain the extension of Lie superalgebra PSU(2, 2|$$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4) appearing in the worldsheet theory by using the symplectic bosons and the fermions. We identify the soft current algebra between the graviton, the gravitino, the photon (the gluon), the photino (the gluino) or the scalars, equivalent to $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 supersymmetric W1+∞[λ] algebra, in two dimensions with the $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 supergravity theory in four dimensions discovered by Freedman, van Nieuwenhuizen and Ferrara in 1976 and its matter coupled theories, via celestial holography.
Quantum focusing conjecture in two-dimensional evaporating black holes
Authors: Ishibashi Akihiro , Matsuo Yoshinori , Tanaka Akane
Published: September 2024

Abstract

We consider the quantum focusing conjecture (QFC) for two-dimensional evaporating black holes in the Russo-Susskind-Thorlacius (RST) model. The QFC is closely related to the behavior of the generalized entropy. In the context of the black hole evaporation, the entanglement entropy of the Hawking radiation is decreasing after the Page time, and therefore it is not obvious whether the QFC holds. One of the present authors previously addressed this problem in a four-dimensional spherically symmetric dynamical black hole model and showed that the QFC is satisfied. However, the background spacetime considered was approximated by the Vaidya metric, and quantum effects of matters in the semiclassical regime were not fully taken into consideration. It remains to be seen if the QFC in fact holds for exact solutions of the semiclassical Einstein equations. In this paper, we address this problem in the RST model, which allows us to solve the semiclassical equations of motion exactly. We prove that the QFC is satisfied for evaporating black holes in the RST model with the island formation taken into account.
Anatomy of null contractions
Authors: Bagchi Arjun , Nachiketh M , Soni Pushkar
Published: September 2024

Abstract

We introduce null contractions of the Poincare and relativistic conformal algebras. The longitudinal null contraction involves writing the algebra in lightcone coordinates and contracting one of the null directions. For the Poincare algebra, this yields two non-overlapping co-dimension one Carroll algebras. The transverse contraction is a limit on the spatial dimensions and yields two non-overlapping co-dimension one Galilean algebras. We find, similar to Susskind’s original observation of the non-relativistic case, that the Poincare algebra, written in the lightcone coordinates, naturally contains Carrollian sub-algebras in one lower dimension. The effect of the longitudinal contraction, which essentially focusses on the null direction, is to disentangle the two Carroll algebras that now correspond to the symmetries of the two null boundaries. The transverse contraction similarly separates the overlapping Galilean sub-algebras of the original Poincare algebra. We discuss aspects of the conformal case, where we get lower dimensional Carroll Conformal algebras and Schrödinger algebras.
Monopoles and fermions in the Standard Model
Authors: Khoze Valentin V.
Published: September 2024

Abstract

We consider all magnetic monopoles that could have settled in the Standard Model after descending from a generic microscopic theory. These monopoles have Standard Model quantum numbers, are stable, and we also require that their magnetic fluxes are consistent with the electroweak symmetry breaking. Scattering processes involving quarks, leptons and protons on these monopoles are studied using partial waves decomposition. These processes in the lowest partial wave are known to be unsuppressed by the monopole mass and are relevant for monopole catalysis of proton decay. We provide estimates for scattering cross-sections and investigate and confirm the applicability of the twisted sector approach to scattering processes on these Standard Model monopoles. We find that the SM monopole catalysis processes are universal and model-independent.
Multistakeholder Initiatives and Sustainability? A Governance Analysis using the German Initiative on Sustainable Cocoa (GISCO) as a Case Study
Authors: Schuster Daniel , Mossig Ivo
Published: September 2024

This paper examines the Multistakeholder initiative (MSI) “German Initiative on Sustainable Cocoa (GISCO)”. MSIs represent arenas in which heterogeneous actors from governments, businesses and civil society come together to achieve sustainability goals that they cannot achieve otherwise. The self-defined goals of GISCO are first, to improve the living conditions of cocoa farmers and their families; second, to conserve and protect natural resources and biodiversity; and third, to increase the share of sustainably produced cocoa. Although all stakeholder groups share these goals, they have different agendas and conflicting interests. Despite numerous case studies, no theoretical basis has been established on the functioning and success of negotiations in MSIs. Therefore, the question arises as to how the governance of an MSI can be captured empirically to explain (un)achieved outcomes of the collaboration. The contribution of this paper is the development of a theoretical framework and its application to the case study. Minutes of 84 meetings and 18 qualitative expert interviews were analyzed by social network analysis and qualitative content analysis using MaxQDA to identify (a) influential actors, (b) collaboration structures and (c) processes as well as (d) topics discussed to explain (not) achieved outcomes regarding the self-defined goals. The results provide detailed insight into the governance of an MSI. The MSI helps members to extend their individual networks and to learn from each other, but quickly reaches its limits in achieving the self-imposed common goals. One reason for this is the lack of representation of actors from the Global South, despite addressing environmental and living conditions there in two out of the three GISCO goals. Furthermore, it is shown that the structures and processes of decision-making within the MSI are designed in such a way that a lack of hierarchical directives, sanctions and other decision-making mechanisms makes negotiation-based compromises difficult. Consequently, the power of each stakeholder group to use their veto right to delay or prevent the changes required to achieve common goals cannot be overcome.