bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fatty Acid Composition, Oxidative Stability, and Radical Scavenging Activity of Vegetable Oil Blends with Coconut Oil
Authors: Bhatnagar A. S. , Prasanth Kumar P. K. , Hemavathy J. , Gopala Krishna A. G.
Published: July 2009

Coconut (Cocos nucifera) contains 55–65% oil, having C12:0 as the major fatty acid. Coconut oil has >90% saturates and is deficient in monounsaturates (6%), polyunsaturates (1%), and total tocopherols (29 mg/kg). However, coconut oil contains medium chain fatty acids (58%), which are easily absorbed into the body. Therefore, blends of coconut oil (20–80% incorporation of coconut oil) with other vegetable oils (i.e. palm, rice bran, sesame, mustard, sunflower, groundnut, safflower, and soybean) were prepared. Consequently, seven blends prepared for coconut oil consumers contained improved amounts of monounsaturates (8–36%, p < 0.03), polyunsaturates (4–35%, p < 0.03), total tocopherols (111–582 mg/kg, p < 0.02), and 5–33% (p < 0.02) of DPPH (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl free radicals) scavenging activity. In addition, seven blends prepared for non‐coconut oil consumers contained 11–13% of medium chain fatty acids. Coconut oil + sunflower oil and coconut oil + rice bran oil blends also exhibited 36.7–89.7% (p < 0.0005) and 66.4–80.5% (p < 0.0313) reductions in peroxide formation in comparison to the individual sunflower oil and rice bran oil, respectively. It was concluded that blending coconut oil with other vegetable oils provides medium chain fatty acids and oxidative stability to the blends, while coconut oil will be enriched with polyunsaturates, monounsaturates, natural antioxidants, and a greater radical scavenging activity.
Oil and Conjugated Linolenic Acid Contents of Seeds from Important Pomegranate Cultivars (Punica granatum L.) Grown in Turkey
Authors: Kýralan Mustafa , Gölükcü Muharrem , Tokgöz Haluk
Published: July 2009

In the present study, seed oil content and fatty acid composition of 15 commercially important pomegranate cultivars were determined. The oil content of pomegranate seeds ranged between 13.95 and 24.13% (d.b). Palmitic, stearic, arachidic, and behenic acid contents of the oils ranged between 2.10–2.77, 1.35–2.01, 0.33–0.48, and 0.16–0.22%, respectively. The predominant unsaturated fatty acid was punicic acid (70.42–76.17%) and a minor unsaturated fatty acid was gadoleic acid (0.42–0.75%). The analysis on unsaturated fatty acids particularly showed significant amounts of punicic acid, which is considered to enhance the oil quality and is of importance to health.
Parental guidance about drinking: Relationship with teenage psychoactive substance use
Authors: Miller Patrick , Plant Martin
Published: July 2009

Parental guidance concerning alcohol was explored using data from a 2007 survey of 2179 UK school students aged 15 and 16 years. Cluster analysis based on questions about parental advice was used to establish seven student groups. Associations between groups, other family background and psychoactive substance use variables were explored. Substance use was least common amongst students whose parents discouraged drinking and those who claimed to have received no parental guidance. The heaviest substance users were teenagers from families with more favourable, tolerant attitudes to alcohol and intoxication and among students who failed to answer the questions about parental guidance. These scored highly on cannabis and other drug use. The cluster in which there was comprehensive discussion with the parents about alcohol use had an intermediate position in relation to substance use. In logistic regressions parental guidance was consistently associated with substance use with several other background variables controlled.
Adolescent health care use: Investigating related determinants in Greece
Authors: Giannakopoulos George , Tzavara Chara , Dimitrakaki Christine , Ravens‐Sieberer Ulrike , Tountas Yannis
Published: July 2009

The frequency of health care use is crucial for adolescent well‐being and health systems. The present study was the first to test a set of variables in a representative sample of Greek adolescents in order to identify factors that predict health care use and contribute to improving health service planning. Questionnaires were administered to a random sample of adolescents (N = 1 194) aged 11–18 years and their parents (N = 973) in 2003. Data from 894 participants with full data were analyzed. Parents' education, adolescents' chronic health needs, physical well‐being and emotional/behavioural problems as well as parent‐child relationship were independent predictors of health care use, although some factors, such as gender, age, type of residence, family affluence, social support and parental health status that previous research identified as predictors were not confirmed. Beyond the need of health care, other factors also play an important role in the utilization of health services by adolescents and their families.
Concentration of solutions for some singularly perturbed mixed problems: Asymptotics of minimal energy solutions
Authors: Garcia Azorero Jesus , Malchiodi Andrea , Peral Ireneo , Montoro Luigi
Published: July 2009

In this paper we carry on the study of asymptotic behavior of some solutions to a singularly perturbed problem with mixed Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions, started in the first paper [J. Garcia Azorero, A. Malchiodi, L. Montoro, I. Peral, Concentration of solutions for some singularly perturbed mixed problems: Existence results, Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal., in press]. Here we are mainly interested in the analysis of the location and shape of
least energy solutions
when the singular perturbation parameter tends to zero. We show that in many cases they coincide with the new solutions produced in [J. Garcia Azorero, A. Malchiodi, L. Montoro, I. Peral, Concentration of solutions for some singularly perturbed mixed problems: Existence results, Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal., in press].
Liouville type results for periodic and almost periodic linear operators
Authors: Rossi Luca
Published: July 2009

This paper is concerned with some extensions of the classical Liouville theorem for bounded harmonic functions to solutions of more general equations. We deal with entire solutions of periodic and almost periodic parabolic equations including the elliptic framework as a particular case. We derive a Liouville type result for periodic operators as a consequence of a result for operators periodic in just one variable, which is new even in the elliptic case. More precisely, we show that if

c⩽0

and

a_{ij}

,

b_{i}

,

c

,

f

are periodic in the same space direction or in time, with the same period, then any bounded solution

u

of

\partial _{t}u−a_{ij}(x,t)\partial _{ij}u−b_{i}(x,t)\partial _{i}u−c(x,t)u = f(x,t),\:x \in \mathbb{R}^{N},\:t \in \mathbb{R},

\is periodic in that direction or in time. We then derive the following Liouville type result: if

c⩽0

,

f \equiv 0

and

a_{ij}

,

b_{i}

,

c

are periodic in all the space/time variables, with the same periods, then the space of bounded solutions of the above equation has at most dimension one. In the case of the equation

\partial _{t}u−Lu = f(x,t)

, with

L

periodic elliptic operator independent of

t

, the hypothesis

c⩽0

can be weakened by requiring that the periodic principal eigenvalue

\lambda _{p}

of

−L

is nonnegative. Instead, the periodicity assumption cannot be relaxed, because we explicitly exhibit an almost periodic function

b

such that the space of bounded solutions of

u''+ b(x)u' = 0

in

\mathbb{R}

has dimension 2, and it is generated by the constant solution and a non-almost periodic solution.

The above counterexample leads us to consider the following problem: under which conditions are bounded solutions necessarily almost periodic? We show that a sufficient condition in the case of the equation

\partial _{t}u−Lu = f(x,t)

is:

f

is almost periodic and

L

is periodic with

\lambda _{p}⩾0

.

Finally, we consider problems in general periodic domains under either Dirichlet or Robin boundary conditions. We prove analogous properties as in the whole space, together with some existence and uniqueness results for entire solutions.
Short time existence and uniqueness in Hölder spaces for the 2D dynamics of dislocation densities
Authors: El Hajj A.
Published: July 2009

In this paper, we study the model of Groma and Balogh [I. Groma, P. Balogh, Investigation of dislocation pattern formation in a two-dimensional self-consistent field approximation, Acta Mater. 47 (1999) 3647–3654] describing the dynamics of dislocation densities. This is a two-dimensional model where the dislocation densities satisfy a system of two transport equations. The velocity vector field is the shear stress in the material solving the equations of elasticity. This shear stress can be related to Riesz transforms of the dislocation densities. Basing on some commutator estimates type, we show that this model has a unique local-in-time solution corresponding to any initial datum in the space

C^{r}(\mathbb{R}^{2}) \cap L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{2})

for

r > 1

and

1 < p < + \infty

, where

C^{r}(\mathbb{R}^{2})

is the Hölder–Zygmund space.

Dans ce papier, nous étudions le modèle de Groma et Balogh [I. Groma, P. Balogh, Investigation of dislocation pattern formation in a two-dimensional self-consistent field approximation, Acta Mater. 47 (1999) 3647–3654] qui décrit la dynamique des densités de dislocations. Il s'agit d'un modèle bidimensionnel où les densités de dislocations satisfont un système de deux équations de transport. Le champ de vitesse dans ce système est la contrainte de cisaillement du matériau, calculée à partir de l'équation de l'élasticité linéaire. Cette contrainte de cisaillement peut être liée aux densités de dislocations par certaines transformations de Riesz. En se basant sur des estimations de type commutateurs, nous montrons que ce modèle admet une unique solution locale pour toutes données initiales dans

C^{r}(\mathbb{R}^{2}) \cap L^{p}(\mathbb{R}^{2})

pour

r > 1

et

1 < p < + \infty

, où

C^{r}(\mathbb{R}^{2})

est l'espace Hölder–Zygmund.
An Emerging South-East Asian Brand: MK Restaurants
Authors: Itthiopassagul Pannapachr , Patterson Paul G. , Piyathasanan Bhuminan
Published: July 2009

This case study examines in detail the factors responsible for the emergence of a highly successful South-east Asian brand – MK Restaurants. MK restaurants is a privately owned company that has grown from humble beginnings to a chain of over 250 restaurants in Thailand and tasted success in expanding into Europe and Japan. Our analysis suggest that MK Restaurants has built the brand from through living a set of brand values, astute positioning that appeals to a wide demographic and the global trend towards healthier eating, and a marketing communications budget that exceeds McDonalds and KFC in Thailand. Furthermore, brand extensions, a genuine customer centric philosophy that is practiced at all levels in the firm, an adherence to the service-profit-chain concept (i.e., happy staff are more likely to deliver better service quality, which in turn drives customer loyalty and repeat patronage), and a state of the art logistic and supply chain system have all driven brand success. Key lessons for other service brands are drawn and explicated in the paper's final section.
Creating Sustainable Practice in a Museum Context: Adopting Service-Centricity in Non-Profit Museums
Authors: Alcaraz Celeste , Hume Margee , Mort Gillian Sullivan
Published: July 2009

The main purpose of this study is the identification of issues from a consumer perspective that can assist in the creation of sustainable museums. This work specifically focuses on customer research including the service encounter experience. It has been suggested museum sustainability is questionable in the long term, with a need for fundamental change in the mental modes and attitudes assumed in the management of the sector, in particular the need for more effective and appropriate marketing strategies. Adopting a qualitative research approach, twenty consultant customers kept a service encounter diary and were subsequently interviewed in-depth. These scripts were analyzed thematically until theoretical saturation was achieved. Findings indicate many issues focusing on the creation of reflective spaces, self-paced consumption, solitude versus social exchange, the need for supplementary service to be more effectively developed, improvement in non custodial servicescapes and the relationships of satisfaction to process and amenities. Implications for management and research have been highlighted.
Dimethylfumarate inhibits tumor cell invasion and metastasis by suppressing the expression and activities of matrix metalloproteinases in melanoma cells
Authors: Yamazoe Yuzuru , Tsubaki Masanobu , Matsuoka Hiroshi , Satou Takao , Itoh Tatsuki , Kusunoki Takashi , Kidera Yasuhiro , Tanimori Yoshihiro , Shoji Kaori , Nakamura Haruyuki , Ogaki Mitsuhiko , Nishiura Saori , Nishida Shozo
Published: July 2009

NF‐κB acts as a signal transducer during tumor progression, cell invasion, and metastasis. Dimethylfumarate (DMF) is reported to inhibit tumor necrosis factor‐α‐induced nuclear entry of NF‐κB/p65. However, only a few reports suggest that DMF inhibits tumor metastasis; also the molecular mechanisms underlying the inhibition of metastasis are poorly understood. We investigated the inhibition of tumor invasion and metastasis by DMF in a melanoma cell line, B16BL6. DMF inhibited B16BL6 cell invasion and metastasis by suppressing the expression and activities of MMPs. DMF also inhibited the nuclear entry of NF‐κB/p65, thus inhibiting B16BL6 cell invasion and metastasis. These results suggest that DMF is potentially useful as an anti‐metastatic agent for the treatment of malignant melanoma.
Bag‐1M inhibits the transactivation of the glucocorticoid receptor via recruitment of corepressors
Authors: Hong Wei , Baniahmad Aria , Li Juan , Chang Chenglin , Gao Weizhen , Liu Yunde
Published: July 2009

MINT‐7216175: SMRT (uniprotkb:Q9Y618) physically interacts (MI:0914) with Bag1 (uniprotkb:Q99933) by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (MI:0006)
Supramolecular organization of phycobiliproteins in the chlorophyll d‐containing cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina
Authors: Chen Min , Floetenmeyer Matthias , Bibby Thomas S.
Published: July 2009

Here we report the high‐resolution detail of the organization of phycobiliprotein structures associated with photosynthetic membranes of the chlorophyll d‐containing cyanobacterium Acaryochloris marina. Cryo‐electron transmission‐microscopy on native cell sections show extensive patches of near‐crystalline phycobiliprotein rods that are associated with the stromal side of photosynthetic membranes. This supramolecular photosynthetic structure represents a novel mechanism of organizing the photosynthetic light‐harvesting machinery. In addition, the specific location of phycobiliprotein patches suggests a physical separation of photosystem I and photosystem II reaction centres. Based on this finding and the known photosystem's structure in Acaryochloris, we discuss possible membrane arrangements of photosynthetic membrane complexes in this species.
“Native‐like aggregation” of the acylphosphatase from Sulfolobus solfataricus and its biological implications
Authors: Bemporad Francesco , Chiti Fabrizio
Published: July 2009

Studies in vitro show that globular proteins can experience the formation of native‐like conformational states able to self‐assemble with no need of transitions across the energy barrier for unfolding, and that such processes can lead eventually to the formation of amyloid‐like species. Circumstantial evidence collected in vivo suggests that aggregation of native‐like states can be a concrete possibility for living organisms and thus more relevant than previously thought. In this review we summarize the key observations collected on the “native‐like aggregation” of the acylphosphatase from Sulfolobus solfataricus, a protein that has allowed the direct monitoring and analysis of native‐like aggregates for its propensity to form rapidly native‐like aggregates and their slow conversion into amyloid‐like aggregates.
When thinking is beneficial and when it is not: The effects of thin and round advertising models
Authors: Häfner Michael , Trampe Debra
Published: July 2009

This study addresses the advertising effectiveness of round and thin models. Integrating previous findings and theories, the authors predict and find that impulsive and reflective product evaluations as responses to thin and round advertisement models diverge. Specifically, four experiments indicate that impulsive product evaluations follow a priming logic, such that the beauty of the model spills over directly onto product evaluations; thin models thus produce more favorable implicit responses than do round models. For reflective product evaluations however, this pattern appears reversed. Moreover, these explicit product evaluations are mediated by campaign liking.
On values and phenomenology
Authors: Posavac Steven S.
Published: July 2009

This article considers the drivers of professional happiness among academic consumer psychologists, and presents a model of the recursive dynamics of favorable and unfavorable professional phenomenology, which was developed based on a series of depth interviews with a diverse set of respondents. Core professional values typically shared by consumer psychologists are discussed, as are the roadblocks that cause disconnects between individuals' values and their professional experiences. The paper additionally discusses ubiquitous experiential traps that powerfully undermine professional happiness, and concludes with prescriptive advice for creating departments that facilitate the productivity and well‐being of constituent faculty.
Identification of c‐Src tyrosine kinase substrates in platelet‐derived growth factor receptor signaling
Authors: Amanchy Ramars , Zhong Jun , Hong Rosa , Kim James H. , Gucek Marjan , Cole Robert N. , Molina Henrik , Pandey Akhilesh
Published: July 2009

c‐Src non‐receptor tyrosine kinase is an important component of the platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor signaling pathway. c‐Src has been shown to mediate the mitogenic response to PDGF in fibroblasts. However, the exact components of PDGF receptor signaling pathway mediated by c‐Src remain unclear. Here, we used stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) coupled with mass spectrometry to identify Src‐family kinase substrates involved in PDGF signaling. Using SILAC, we were able to detect changes in tyrosine phosphorylation patterns of 43 potential c‐Src kinase substrates in PDGF receptor signaling. This included 23 known c‐Src kinase substrates, of which 16 proteins have known roles in PDGF signaling while the remaining 7 proteins have not previously been implicated in PDGF receptor signaling. Importantly, our analysis also led to identification of 20 novel Src‐family kinase substrates, of which 5 proteins were previously reported as PDGF receptor signaling pathway intermediates while the remaining 15 proteins represent novel signaling intermediates in PDGF receptor signaling. In validation experiments, we demonstrated that PDGF indeed induced the phosphorylation of a subset of candidate Src‐family kinase substrates – Calpain 2, Eps15 and Trim28 – in a c‐Src‐dependent fashion.
Warum braucht es für einen Wettbewerb im Gesundheitswesen einen Risikostrukturausgleich?
Authors: Wasem Jürgen , Staudt Susanne , Jahn Rebecca
Published: July 2009

Einleitung

Seit 1.1.2009 soll die Morbiditätsorientierung des Risikostrukturausgleichs zu einem besseren Ausgleich der unterschiedlichen Morbiditätsrisiken der verschiedenen im Wettbewerb stehenden Krankenkassen der Gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung in Deutschland führen. Dieser Ausgleich, der für die Kassen risikoadäquate Zahlungen simuliert, ist nötig, um Wettbewerbsverzerrungen zu minimieren und einen ersten Schritt zur Verbesserung von Wirtschaftlichkeit und Qualität der Versorgung zu erreichen.
Wettbewerb und Markt im Gesundheitswesen: Gegen oder für Patienten?
Authors: Offermanns Guido
Published: July 2009

Einleitung

Zur Lösung der Probleme im Gesundheitswesen wurden in den vergangen Jahren Wettbewerb und Markt als mögliche Lösungsansätze postuliert. Anreize des Wettbewerbsmodells, übertragen auf das Gesundheitssystem, könnten dazu führen, dass sowohl Krankenkassen als auch Leistungserbringer sich Vorteile zu Lasten von Patienten bzw. Versicherten verschaffen. Der Beitrag zeigt Schwierigkeiten sowie Risiken in der Anwendung des Marktmodells auf und präsentiert mögliche Lösungsansätze.
Effizienz und Incentivierung in der stationären Versorgung
Authors: Paeger Axel
Published: July 2009

Einleitung

Deutschlands Krankenhäuser befinden sich in einer Dauerfalle. Bis einschliesslich 2008 stiegen die Personalkosten in den Salierungstarifen (BAT, TVöD, TVL) Jahr für Jahr stärker als die nahezu um null erhöhten Erlöse. Diese Schere kann nur kompensiert werden, wenn es gelingt, Rationalisierungseffekte zu erzielen. Dazu müssen die Managementstrukturen in Krankenhäusern den Marktbedingungen (Paeger, 2001a) Rechnung tragen. Weiters gehört Controlling zu den Werkzeugen jeder erfolgreichen Organisation (Paeger et al., 2002) und ihrer Führung (Schwing, 2001a).
Mit Bismarck allein wird es nicht mehr gehen!
Authors: Pfeiffer Doris
Published: July 2009

Einleitung

Das Gesundheitssystem Deutschlands gilt als das Musterbeispiel für ein Bismarcksystem: Die Finanzierung erfolgt primär aus öffentlich-rechtlichen Beiträgen der Mitglieder, die Leistungen werden von einer Vielzahl privater wie öffentlicher Anbieter erbracht und die Steuerung erfolgt wesentlich auf Basis kollektivvertraglicher Verhandlungen zwischen Krankenkassenverbänden und Vereinigungen der Leistungserbringer. Für die grundsätzliche Typisierung des deutschen Gesundheitssystems treffen diese Aussagen weiterhin zu. Gleichwohl haben sich in den letzten Jahren die Ausprägungen der betrachteten Parameter Finanzierung, Leistungserbringung und Steuerung verändert, so dass sich das reale deutsche Gesundheitssystem in der Tendenz vom idealtypischen Bismarcksystem entfernt.
Tectonic map of the Vendian–Lower Paleozoic structural stage of the Lena–Tunguska petroleum province, Siberian Platform
Authors: Kontorovich A.E. , Belyaev S.Yu. , Kontorovich A.A. , Starosel’tsev V.S. , Mandel’baum M.M. , Migurskii A.V. , Moiseev S.A. , Safronov A.F. , Sitnikov V.S. , Filiptsov Yu.A. , Khomenko A.V. , Eremin Yu.G. , Bykova O.V.
Published: July 2009

A new version of the tectonic map for the Vendian–Lower Paleozoic structural stage of the Lena–Tunguska petroleum province is presented. The map is based on the electronic structure map at a scale of 1:1,000,000, which was the first to be compiled for the uppermost Vendian within the study area. However, no tectonic zonation was made for the deep-buried Meso-Cenozoic Yenisei–Khatanga and Vilyui depressions. The principles and methodology of mapping are given. The study presents spatial, morphological, and quantitative characteristics of the major and large structures.
Formation of the Olyutorsky–Kamchatka foldbelt: a kinematic model
Authors: Shapiro M.N. , Solov’ev A.V.
Published: July 2009

The Olyutorsky–Kamchatka foldbelt formed as a result of two successive collisions of the Achaivayam–Valaginsky and Kronotsky–Commander island arcs with the Eurasian margin where the two terranes docked after a long NW transport. We model their motion history from the Middle Campanian to Present and illustrate the respective plate margin evolution with ten reconstructions. In this modeling the arcs are assumed to travel on the periphery of the large plates of Eurasia, North America, Pacific, and Kula, for which the velocities and directions of motion are known from published data. The model predicts that the Achaivayam–Valaginsky arc was the leading edge of the Kula plate from the Middle Campanian to the Middle Paleocene and then moved slowly with the Pacific plate as long as the Middle Eocene when it accreted to Eurasia. The Kronotsky arc initiated in the Middle Campanian on the margin of North America and was its part till the latest Paleocene when the terrane changed polarity to move northwestward with the Pacific plate and eventually to collide with Eurasia in the Late Miocene. The predicted paleolatitudes of the Achaivayam–Valaginsky and Kronotsky–Commander island arcs for the latest Cretaceous and Paleogene are consistent with nine (out of eleven) reliable paleomagnetic determinations for samples from the two arcs. Additional changes imposed on the initial model parameters (kinematics of the large plates, relative position of the Kula–Pacific Ridge and the Emperor seamount chain, or time of active volcanism within the arcs) worsen the fit of the final reconstructions to available geological and paleomagnetic data. Therefore, the suggested model appears to be the most consistent one at this stage of knowledge.
Radon activity of faults (western Baikal and southern Angara areas)
Authors: Seminsky K.Zh. , Bobrov A.A.
Published: July 2009

We report results of transect radon surveys on twenty six large and small faults of different geometries in the western Baikal and southern Angara (southern Siberian craton) areas. The studied faults show up in the radon field as broad zones of high radon activity concentration, with their widths 1.4 times the widths of faulting-related deformation zones. Other things being equal, radon emanation depends on the size and slip geometry of faults and on their activity in the Cenozoic. Relative radon activity is higher in rift faults than in cratonic ones, in normal relative to strike-slip faults, and in larger and more active faults, the latter factor being the basic geodynamic control of radon emanation.
The Asachinskoe epithermal Au-Ag deposit in southern Kamchatka: physicochemical conditions of formation
Authors: Borovikov A.A. , Lapukhov A.S. , Borisenko A.S. , Seryotkin Yu.V.
Published: July 2009

The Asachinskoe epithermal Au-Ag deposit (southern Kamchatka) is referred to as low-sulfidation in quartz-adularia-sericite in Corbett’s classification. Research into fluid inclusions of its minerals gave an insight into the PT-conditions of formation and gas composition of ore-forming fluids as well as the vertical variations in these parameters to a depth of more than 200 m within a 2 km long horizontal site of the deposit ore zone. It is shown that mineral assemblages formed at 320 to <100 °C. Ore-forming hydrothermal solutions were poor in salts (3–9.2 wt.% NaCl equiv.), with NaCl being the main component. Mineral assemblages with high contents of Au crystallized at 250–175 °C. Ore-free quartz-carbonate veins formed at 80–120 °C. High-temperature (300–320 °C) veins also lack ores. Rich gold ores were deposited in the environments where ore-bearing fluids boiled, mixing with meteoric waters.
Types of Holocene deposits and regional pattern of sedimentation in Lake Baikal
Authors: Vologina E.G. , Sturm M.
Published: July 2009

Results of research into recent sediments and their distribution in Lake Baikal are presented. Five areas with different mechanisms of sedimentation have been recognized: (1) deep-water plains with pelagic mud and turbidites; (2) littoral zones without turbidites; (3) underwater ridges (rises) with hemipelagic mud accumulated under calm sedimentation conditions; (4) delta (fan) areas near the mouths of large rivers, where sediments consist mainly of terrigenous material; and (5) shallow Maloe More with poorly sorted terrigenous material and abundant sand. The rate of sedimentation differs considerably in different Baikal areas. The highest rates appear near the mouths of large rivers, lower ones occur in the deep lake basins, and the minimum rates are developed on underwater ridges. A map of the distribution of Holocene sediments in Baikal has been compiled for the first time. The obtained results show that the bottom morphology significantly determines the type of sediments in the lake.
Strain amplitude-dependent attenuation ofPandSwaves in dry and water-saturated sandstone under confining pressure
Authors: Mashinskii E.I.
Published: July 2009

The dependence of P- and S-wave attenuation on strain amplitude and frequency has been studied experimentally in dry and water-saturated sandstone samples under a confining pressure of 20 MPa. Attenuation of P and S reflections was measured at a frequency of 1 MHz in a strain range of ε ∼(0.3−2.0) × 106. The measured P-wave attenuation (QP−1) in dry sandstone and S-wave attenuation (QS−1) in dry and saturated samples turned out to be inversely proportional to strain amplitude while QP−1 in saturated sandstone showed no strain dependence. The frequency-dependent attenuation spectra in dry and saturated sandstone differed considerably in S waves but were generally similar for P reflections. Strain amplitude variations were found out to influence the frequency dependence of attenuation and to shift the relaxation spectra of S waves toward high frequencies relative to those of P waves. As strain increased, the S-wave attenuation peak in saturated sandstone became notably (to 40%) narrower. The unusual strain amplitude-dependent behavior of attenuation may be due to joint action of viscoelastic and microplastic mechanisms. The reported results may be useful for improving geological interpretation of acoustic and seismic data.
Fayalite-sekaninaite paralava from the Ravat coal fire (central Tajikistan)
Authors: Sharygin V.V. , Sokol E.V. , Belakovskii D.I.
Published: July 2009

We studied ferrous paralava, a high-temperature rock, produced by complete fusion of the sedimentary protolith in the Ravat natural coal fire which has been on for over two thousand years. The paralava was sampled from the Fan-Yagnob coal deposit at the Kukhi-Malik site in the vicinity of former Ravat Village in central Tajikistan. This rock contains fayalite, sekaninaite, hercynite, Ti-magnetite, tridymite, and siliceous glass. Low-Ca pyroxene (clinoferrosilite), globules of sulfides (mainly pyrrhotite) and Fe-Ti oxides, secondary greenalite (after fayalite) and hematite are minor. Paralava includes xenoliths of partially molten clinkers (up to 20 vol.%) composed of mullite, cordierite, tridymite, and relict detrital quartz. We found relatively high Fe contents (100⋅Fe/(Fe+Mg) > 60) in mafic minerals, high K2O enrichment (up to 1.4 wt.%) in sekaninaite, and an unusually low CaO content (0.5 wt.%) in the rock. The Ravat paralava appears to be derived from a mixture of pelitic rocks (50–70%) and iron-rich rocks (30–50%), but without participation of calcareous material, which explains the low CaO and the absence of plagioclase and Ca-bearing pyroxene. The primary melt was as hot as >1210 °C, and the coal-fired fayalite-sekaninaite paralava crystallized at 1200–1100 °C, at a relatively low oxygen fugacity (near the QFM buffer), outside the zone of active aeration. Large-scale crystallization of ferrospinels and fayalite led to increasing Al2O3 and SiO2 in the melt whence sekaninaite and tridymite crystallized as later phases. The residual melt progressively acquired a more silicic-aluminous composition, rich in K2O, CaO, and P2O5, and became quenched to glass at >1080–1090 °C, when temperature dropped abruptly, possibly, by roof collapse or opening of large cracks, as it usually happens in underground coal fires.
Conductivity of layered reservoirs in induction data processing: continuous-function approximation
Authors: Glinskikh V.N. , Epov M.I.
Published: July 2009

We suggest to approximate the depth-dependent conductivity of layered formations by continuous functions and use this approach to design an algorithm for 2D inversion of induction logging data. The logs represent formations consisting of alternating thin clay and sand layers of varying thickness, in which the sand layers can involve a developed invaded zone of a complex structure. Comparison of synthetic logs in models with piecewise constant and continuous approximations of conductivity shows that the continuous-function approximation is accurate within 5%, and the accuracy improves as the average conductivity of the layered formation is taken into account.
Small mammals from the early Pleistocene of the Granada Basin, southern Spain
Authors: García-Alix Antonio , Minwer-Barakat Raef , Suárez Elvira Martín , Freudenthal Matthijs
Published: July 2009

The Pliocene and Pleistocene continental sedimentary records of the western sector of the Granada Basin, southern Spain, consist of alternating fluvial and lacustrine/palustrine sediments. Two Quaternary sections from this sector have been sampled: Huétor Tájar and Tojaire. They have yielded remains of rodents, insectivores and lagomorphs. The presence in the Huétor Tájar and Tojaire sections of Mimomys, Apodemus atavus, Castillomys rivas and two different species of Allophaiomys, indicates an Early Pleistocene age. These deposits, which are related to a fluvio-lacustrine system, can be differentiated from an older (Pliocene) braided fluvial system. Their dating has important repercussions on the paleogeographic reconstruction of the basin. The conditions inferred from the ecological preferences of the small mammal associations are wet and cold. These associations suggest a predominance of open herbaceous habitats, followed by forested habitats; semiaquatic habitats are the least represented.
In-depth cDNA Library Sequencing Provides Quantitative Gene Expression Profiling in Cancer Biomarker Discovery
Authors: Yang Wanling , Ying Dingge , Lau Yu-Lung
Published: July 2009

Quantitative gene expression analysis plays an important role in identifying differentially expressed genes in various pathological states, gene expression regulation and co-regulation, shedding light on gene functions. Although microarray is widely used as a powerful tool in this regard, it is suboptimal quantitatively and unable to detect unknown gene variants. Here we demonstrated effective detection of differential expression and co-regulation of certain genes by expressed sequence tag analysis using a selected subset of cDNA libraries. We discussed the issues of sequencing depth and library preparation, and propose that increased sequencing depth and improved preparation procedures may allow detection of many expression features for less abundant gene variants. With the reduction of sequencing cost and the emerging of new generation sequencing technology, in-depth sequencing of cDNA pools or libraries may represent a better and powerful tool in gene expression profiling and cancer biomarker detection. We also propose using sequence-specific subtraction to remove hundreds of the most abundant housekeeping genes to increase sequencing depth without affecting relative expression ratio of other genes, as transcripts from as few as 300 most abundantly expressed genes constitute about 20% of the total transcriptome. In-depth sequencing also represents a unique advantage of detecting unknown forms of transcripts, such as alternative splicing variants, fusion genes, and regulatory RNAs, as well as detecting mutations and polymorphisms that may play important roles in disease pathogenesis.
Längsschnittliche Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Stressbewältigungsverhalten von Eltern und ihren jugendlichen Kindern
Authors: Skaletz Christian , Seiffge-Krenke Inge
Published: July 2009

Zusammenfassung. Anhand einer Längsschnittstudie, welche 201 Jugendliche und deren 189 Mütter und 148 Väter umfasst, wird der Zusammenhang zwischen dem Stressbewältigungsverhalten von Jugendlichen und ihren Eltern analysiert. Dabei werden verschiedene Moderatorvariablen wie das Geschlecht von Jugendlichen und ihren Eltern und das wahrgenommene Familienklima aus der Sicht des Jugendlichen mitberücksichtigt. Sowohl die Jugendlichen wie auch ihre Eltern sind kompetente Stressbewältiger. Funktionale Copingstile überwiegen bei beiden Respondentengruppen. Das Stressbewältigungsverhalten der Jugendlichen konnte nur zu einem geringen Prozentsatz durch elterliche Einflussgrößen vorhergesagt werden und dies auch nur in Bezug auf Söhne. Demgegenüber konnte eine größere Beeinflussung der Eltern durch ihre Kinder, vor allem durch Söhne, festgestellt werden. Mögliche indirekte Einflüsse der Eltern auf die Copingfertigkeiten ihrer Kinder werden diskutiert.
Die Bedeutung familiärer Merkmale für Lesekompetenz, Wortschatz, Lesemotivation und Leseverhalten
Authors: McElvany Nele , Becker Michael , Lüdtke Oliver
Published: July 2009

Zusammenfassung. Der Beitrag untersucht vor dem Hintergrund der Forschungsgebiete zu familiären Einflüssen auf Bildungserfolg sowie zu Lesekompetenz den Einfluss familiärer Struktur- und Prozessmerkmale auf Lesekompetenz, Wortschatz, Lesemotivation und Leseverhalten. Es wird ein Wirkmodell abgeleitet, in dem familiäre Strukturmerkmale vermittelt über lesebezogene familiäre Prozessmerkmale und über individuelle Merkmale die Lesekompetenz vorhersagen. Die angenommenen Strukturen werden empirisch anhand von Längsschnittdaten von 772 Grundschülerinnen und -schülern für den Zeitraum vom Ende der dritten bis Ende der sechsten Klasse überprüft. Die Ergebnisse unterstützen die Annahmen einer mehrfaktoriellen Struktur familiärer Lesesozialisation sowie eines differenzierten Zusammenhangsmusters zwischen familiären Struktur- und Prozessmerkmalen, individuellen lesebezogenen Merkmalen und Kompetenz. Abschließend wird die wissenschaftliche und praktische Bedeutung der Ergebnisse für die Förderung der Lesekompetenz diskutiert.
Werden IQ-Veränderungen vom Kindergarten- zum Schulalter durch psychosoziale Risikofaktoren beeinflusst?
Authors: Koglin Ute , Janke Nina , Petermann Franz
Published: July 2009

Zusammenfassung. Der Intelligenzquotient (IQ) gilt als eines der stabilsten Persönlichkeitsmerkmale überhaupt. Dabei wird die Höhe individueller Intelligenzleistungen entscheidend durch das Vorliegen biologischer und psychosozialer Risikofaktoren beeinflusst. Ob sich Veränderungen im Vorliegen von Risikofaktoren über die Zeit, auf die Höhe des IQ und damit die Intelligenzstabilität auswirken, ist bis heute nicht ausreichend belegt. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht den Einfluss von Anzahl und Veränderbarkeit psychosozialer Risikofaktoren auf die Stabilität von Intelligenzleistungen von N = 120 Kindern (66 Mädchen, 54 Jungen) im Alter von M = 6.1 Jahren (SD = .41) über den Zeitraum von einem Jahr. Die Ergebnisse zeigen einen signifikanten Einfluss der Anzahl der Risikofaktoren auf die Intelligenzleistungen; je mehr Risiken vorliegen, als desto geringer erweist sich der IQ der Kinder. Insgesamt kann Intelligenzstabilität nachgewiesen werden. In Verbindung mit den definierten variablen Risikofaktoren zeigt sich eine gemeinsame Variation von Intelligenz und veränderten Risikobedingungen auch über einen relativ kurzen Zeitraum von einem Jahr. Es ist zu schlussfolgern, dass die aktuelle Risikoanzahl nicht nur entscheidend für die Höhe des kindlichen IQs ist, sondern ebenfalls für dessen Veränderung.
Individuelle Zielorientierung und wahrgenommene Klassenzielstruktur im Grundschulalter
Authors: Finsterwald Monika , Ziegler Albert , Dresel Markus
Published: July 2009

Zusammenfassung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Unterschiede zwischen Grundschulklassen hinsichtlich der Ausprägungen der individuellen Zielorientierung der Schüler(innen) sowie der darin wahrgenommenen Klassenzielstruktur fokussiert. Zudem wird deren Zusammenhang mit Leistungsangst, Hilflosigkeitserleben und schulischem Wohlbefinden überprüft. Berichtet werden Befunde von 501 Schüler(inne)n aus 27 Klassen der 4. Jahrgangsstufe. Bei der Datenanalyse kam eine mehrebenenanalytische Strategie zum Einsatz. Bedeutsame Unterschiede zwischen Klassen zeigten sich bei allen einbezogenen Konstrukten außer dem Hilflosigkeitserleben. Die Regression der individuellen Zielorientierung auf die wahrgenommene Klassenzielstruktur erbrachte korrespondierende Zusammenhänge. Weiterhin ergaben sich nicht nur Zusammenhänge zwischen der individuellen Zielorientierung mit Leistungsangst, Hilflosigkeitserleben und schulischem Wohlbefinden, sondern auch zwischen der wahrgenommenen Klassenzielstruktur mit Leistungsangst und schulischem Wohlbefinden. Als ungünstig erwies sich eine individuelle Annäherungsperformanzzielorientierung und eine wahrgenommene Performanzzielstruktur, als günstig eine individuelle Lernzielorientierung.
Die Vorhersage von Englischleistungen am Anfang der Sekundarstufe
Authors: Zaunbauer Anna C. M. , Retelsdorf Jan , Möller Jens
Published: July 2009

Zusammenfassung. Im Rahmen eines Erwartungs-Wert-Modells wurden Prädiktoren der Englischleistungen bei N = 710 Schülern mittels Strukturgleichungsanalysen untersucht. Die Schüler, die entweder die Realschule oder das Gymnasium besuchten, wurden zu zwei Zeitpunkten innerhalb des fünften Schuljahres getestet. Im ersten Schulhalbjahr wurden die kognitiven Grundfähigkeiten, das Interesse und das Selbstkonzept für das Fach Englisch sowie die Vorkenntnisse (Englischzensur in der letzten Klassenarbeit; Leistungseinschätzung durch den Klassenlehrer) erfasst. Gegen Ende des Schuljahres wurden Englischleistungen anhand eines standardisierten Leistungstests (DLE 5-6) sowie anhand der Leistungseinschätzung durch den Englischlehrer bestimmt. Das Erwartungs-Wert-Modell erwies sich als geeigneter Rahmen zur Vorhersage von Englischleistungen bei Fünftklässlern. Modellkonform konnten als zentrale Prädiktoren der Englischleistungen das Selbstkonzept, die Schulform, Englischvorkenntnisse und kognitive Grundfähigkeiten herausgestellt werden.
Replica exchange with nonequilibrium switches
Authors: Ballard Andrew J. , Jarzynski Christopher
Published: July 2009

We introduce a replica exchange (parallel tempering) method in which attempted configuration swaps are generated using nonequilibrium work simulations. By effectively increasing phase space overlap, this approach mitigates the need for many replicas. We illustrate our method by using a model system and show that it is able to achieve the computational efficiency of ordinary replica exchange, using fewer replicas.
Species-driven changes in nitrogen cycling can provide a mechanism for plant invasions
Authors: Laungani Ramesh , Knops Johannes M. H.
Published: July 2009

Traits that permit successful invasions have often seemed idiosyncratic, and the key biological traits identified vary widely among species. This fundamentally limits our ability to determine the invasion potential of a species. However, ultimately, successful invaders must have positive growth rates that longer term result in higher biomass accumulation than competing established species. In many terrestrial ecosystems nitrogen limits plant growth, and is a key factor determining productivity and the outcome of competition among species. Plant nitrogen use may provide a powerful framework to evaluate the invasive potential of a species in nitrogen-limiting ecosystems. Six mechanisms influence plant nitrogen use or acquisition: photosynthetic tissue allocation, photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, nitrogen fixation, nitrogen-leaching losses, gross nitrogen mineralization, and plant nitrogen residence time. Here we show that among these alternatives, the key mechanism allowing invasion for
Pinus strobus
into nitrogen limited grasslands was its higher nitrogen residence time. This higher nitrogen residence time created a positive feedback that redistributed nitrogen from the soil into the plant. This positive feedback allowed
P. strobus
to accumulate twice as much nitrogen in its tissues and four times as much nitrogen to photosynthetic tissues, as compared with other plant species. In turn, this larger leaf nitrogen pool increased total plant carbon gain of
P. strobus
two- to sevenfold as compared with other plant species. Thus our data illustrate that plant species can change internal ecosystem nitrogen cycling feedbacks and this mechanism can allow them to gain a competitive advantage over other plant species.
R2R3-type MYB transcription factor, CmMYB1, is a central nitrogen assimilation regulator in
Cyanidioschyzon merolae
Authors: Imamura Sousuke , Kanesaki Yu , Ohnuma Mio , Inouye Takayuki , Sekine Yasuhiko , Fujiwara Takayuki , Kuroiwa Tsuneyoshi , Tanaka Kan
Published: July 2009

Plant cells sense environmental nitrogen levels and alter their gene expression accordingly to survive; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms still remains to be elucidated. Here, we identified and characterized a transcription factor that is responsible for expression of nitrogen assimilation genes in a unicellular red alga
Cyanidioschyzon merolae
. DNA microarray and Northern blot analyses revealed that transcript of the gene encoding CmMYB1, an R2R3-type MYB transcription factor, increased 1 h after nitrogen depletion. The CmMYB1 protein started to accumulate after 2 h and reached a peak after 4 h after nitrogen depletion, correlating with the expression of key nitrogen assimilation genes, such as
CmNRT
,
CmNAR
,
CmNIR
,
CmAMT
, and
CmGS
. Although the transcripts of these nitrogen assimilation genes were detected in nitrate-grown cells, they disappeared upon the addition of preferred nitrogen source such as ammonium or glutamine, suggesting the presence of a nitrogen catabolite repression (NCR) mechanism. The nitrogen depletion-induced gene expression disappeared in a
CmMYB1
-null mutant, and the mutant showed decreased cell viability after exposure to the nitrogen-depleted conditions compared with the parental strain. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that CmMYB1 specifically occupied these nitrogen-responsive promoter regions only under nitrogen-depleted conditions, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays using crude cell extract revealed specific binding of CmMYB1, or a complex containing CmMYB1, to these promoters. Thus, the presented results indicated that CmMYB1 is a central nitrogen regulator in
C. merolae
.
Glial ephrin-A3 regulates hippocampal dendritic spine morphology and glutamate transport
Authors: Carmona Maria A. , Murai Keith K. , Wang Lei , Roberts Amanda J. , Pasquale Elena B.
Published: July 2009

Increasing evidence indicates the importance of neuron-glia communication for synaptic function, but the mechanisms involved are not fully understood. We reported that the EphA4 receptor tyrosine kinase is in dendritic spines of pyramidal neurons of the adult hippocampus and regulates spine morphology. We now show that the ephrin-A3 ligand, which is located in the perisynaptic processes of astrocytes, is essential for maintaining EphA4 activation and normal spine morphology in vivo. Ephrin-A3-knockout mice have spine irregularities similar to those observed in EphA4-knockout mice. Remarkably, loss of ephrin-A3 or EphA4 increases the expression of glial glutamate transporters. Consistent with this, glutamate transport is elevated in ephrin-A3-null hippocampal slices whereas Eph-dependent stimulation of ephrin-A3 signaling inhibits glutamate transport. Furthermore, some forms of hippocampus-dependent learning are impaired in the ephrin-A3-knockout mice. Our results suggest that the interaction between neuronal EphA4 and glial ephrin-A3 bidirectionally controls synapse morphology and glial glutamate transport, ultimately regulating hippocampal function.