bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Middle Ordovician Echinoderms from Northern Illinois and Southern Wisconsin
Authors: Kolata Dennis R.
Published: May 2019

Echinoderms of the Middle Ordovician Platteville and lower Galena Groups of north-central Illinois and south-central Wisconsin are represented by at least seven classes including the Homoiostelea, Cystoidea, Crinoidea, Stelleroidea, Edrioasteroidea, Cyclocystoidea, Echinoidea, and possibly Holothuroidea. The most abundant and diverse echinoderms are monocyclic and dicyclic inadunate and camerate crinoids, of which the cupulocrinids and glyptocrinids are best represented. Thirteen new species and one new genus of crinoids are described:Cremacrinus guttenbergensis, Anulocrinus forrestonensis, Isotomocrinus minutus, Carabocrinus oogyi, Dendrocrinus? springeri, Merocrinus britonensis, Cupulocrinus plattevillensis, C. molanderi, Reteocrinus rocktonensis, R. spinosus, Traskocrinus mahlburgi(n. gen. et sp.),Rhaphanocrinus buckleyi, Glyptocrinus charltoni, andG. pustulosis.One new species of rhombiferan cystoid,Coronocystis durandensis, is also described. Echinoids of the family Bothriocidaridae (Bothriocidaris solemin. sp. andNeobothriocidaris templetonin. sp.) are reported for the first time from North America and appear to be the earliest recorded occurrence. Remains of a third bothriocidarid characterized by coalesced podial pores have also been discovered. Light and scanning electron microscopy of well preserved cyclocystoid specimens reveal a number of previously undescribed morphologic features of the central disc and submarginal ring that may shed some light on their functional morphology.

Cupulocrinus gracilisRamsbottom from the Upper Drummuck Group Starfish Bed at Thraive Glen near Girvan, Scotland, is here reassigned toC. drummuckensisn. sp.

Echinoderms are associated with an abundant and diverse fauna consisting largely of suspension feeders, primarily strophomenid and orthid brachiopods and trepostome and cryptostome bryozoans. Other common groups include corals, trilobites, sponges, and mollusks. Filamentous brown, foliose red and siphonaceous green algae are associated with the fauna at some localities.

Carbonate rocks of both the limestone and dolostone facies of the Platteville (Briton, Walgreen and Forreston Members) and lower Galene Groups in the study area consist primarily of abundant shelly invertebrates occurring as whole and broken, unabraded, commonly articulated remains “floating” in a calcisiltite matrix that is highly bioturbated. Carbonate sediments appear to have been deposited in a near-to below wave base, highly stable, open marine environment characterized by low depositional slopes, good circulation and low terrigenous influx.
Upper Devonian (Famennian) Ammonoids from the Canning Basin, Western Australia
Authors: Petersen Morris S.
Published: May 2019

The inter-reef Virgin Hills Formation in the Canning Basin of Western Australia contains a diverse and abundant ammonoid fauna. This fauna is comparable in taxonomic diversity and abundance to the rich ammonoid faunas of Europe and North Africa. Of the four Stufen of the Famennian part of the classic German section, three (doII, III, IV, and V) are represented in Western Australia by ammonoids. The similarity of the Western Australian material with that of Europe and North Africa is remarkable, and suggests strongly the existence of an interbreeding relationship between the ammonoid populations of these areas which are now separated geographically by approximately 13,500 kilometers. Of the 36 recognized genera of Devonian goniatites known from Europe, 13 genera are described from Western Australia, as are four of the 32 known genera of clymeniids. Furthermore, the occurrence and nature of the ammonoid fauna indicates a close approximation of a living assemblege, or biocoenose. Several ontogenetic sequences which have long been recognized in Europe, and subsequently redescribed in Famennian strata of the Sahara region of North Africa, are duplicated by the Famennian ammonoids of Western Australia.
Allophryxus malindiae gen.nov., sp. nov., a hemiarthrinid bopyrid parasitic upon the pontoniinid shrimp Coralliocaris superba (Dana)
Authors: Bruce A. J.
Published: May 2019

Allophryxus, a new genus of hemiarthrinid isopod, is described. The only species, A. malindiae, is a parasite of the common Indo-West Pacific coral-associated shrimp Coralliocaris superba (Dana). The parasite attaches to the anteroventral aspect of the host's abdomen. Allophryxus is the only hemiarthrinid genus definitely known to have seven pereiopods on the short and four on the long side of the body. The presence of four pairs of biramous pleopods and the absence of telson and uropods from the abdomen distinguish this parasite from related forms.
Nocturnal hatching in the monogenean skin parasiteEntobdella hippoglossifrom the halibut,Hippoglossus hippoglossus
Authors: Kearn Graham C.
Published: May 2019

When eggs of the monogenean parasiteEntobdella hippoglossi, from the skin of the halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), are incubated at 7 °C in alternating 12 h periods of dim blue light (intensity about 3 nW/cm2) and darkness, free-swimming larvae are recovered mostly at the end of the first 2 h of the period of darkness. Larvae do not emerge in significant numbers when the eggs are mechanically disturbed during the light or dark periods, or when the eggs are placed in shadow for periods of 5–25 min during the illumination period. The treatment of fully developed eggs with washings from halibut or from sole or with halibut skin mucus failed to produce hatching.

The free-swimming life of the larvae at 7 °C is in excess of 24 h and within 4 h of hatching at 4 °C some larvae are able to attach themselves to halibut skin and shed their ciliated epidermal cells.

The relationship between the hatching pattern of the eggs of the parasite and the behaviour of the halibut is discussed.
Translocation and Metabolism of Atrazine in Canada Thistle
Authors: Burt Gordon W.
Published: May 2019

Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense L.) plants containing one elongated and one recently emerged shoot from the same root segment were treated with14C-ring labeled atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine]. Fourteen days after atrazine application to the elongated shoot 98% of the recovered activity remained in this shoot. The distribution pattern of14C suggested movement with the transpiration stream. Of the14C in the treated shoot, 82% was in the form of unaltered atrazine at 14 days after application. Greenhouse studies with nonlabeled atrazine indicated that this herbicide had only an indirect effect on portions of the plant located basipetally to the area of application.
Cogongrass in Alabama after Sixty Years
Authors: Dickens Ray
Published: May 2019

Cogongrass[Imperata cylindrica(L.) Beauv.] was introduced into the Mobile Bay area of Alabama in 1911 or 1912. During the ensuing 60 years this rhizomatous weedy grass has spread into most of the southern portion of the state. Cogongrass has become a problem in agronomic and horticultural crops which are not intensively cultivated. Several currently available herbicides show promise of control.
Phytotoxicity of 2,4,5-T, Picloram, and Dicamba, Alone and in Mixtures in Tissue Culture
Authors: Bovey R. W. , Baur J. R. , Diaz-Colon J. D.
Published: May 2019

The herbicide 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) acetic acid], at concentrations of 10−4and 10−6M in nutrient media, was more inhibitory to the growth of soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr. “Acme”) tissue culture than dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) or picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid). Dicamba (10−6and 10−8M) and 2,4,5-T (10−8M) stimulated growth of soybean tissue. Mixing equimolar solutions of 2,4,5-T + dicamba, 2,4,5-T + picloram, or picloram + dicamba at 10−4, 10−6, and 10−8M did not increase phytotoxicity over that of the most phytotoxic herbicide of the pair.
Effects of Atrazine-Phytobland Oil Combinations on14CO2-Fixation and Transpiration
Authors: Coats G. E. , Foy C. L.
Published: May 2019

Fixation of14CO2in corn (Zea maysL. ‘VPI 646’ or ‘VPI648′) and transpiration in corn and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Mere. ‘Lee’] following treatment with atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-isopropylamine-s-triazine] were reduced by the addition of phytobland petroleum oils to the treatment solutions. Inhibition of14CO2fixation increased with increasing rates of oil and (or) atrazine and decreased with time following treatment. Oil type (naphthenic versus paraffinic) and viscosity (70, 100, 150, and 200 sec) did not significantly affect14CO2fixation or transpiration; however, when applied alone or in combination with atrazine, the 100-sec viscosity oils tended to be the most inhibitory.
Disappearance ofs-Triazines as Affected by Soil pH Using a Balance-Sheet Approach
Authors: Best J. A. , Weber J. B.
Published: May 2019

The effect of soil pH on the disappearance of14C ring-labeled atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], hydroxyatrazine [2-hydroxy-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], and prometryne [2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] were studied over a 5-month period in a Bladen silt loam soil under greenhouse conditions. Employment of an integrated system allowed simultaneous monitoring of degradation, volatilization, respiration, plant uptake, and leaching processes. A resulting balance-sheet indicated that a range of 87 to 99% of the14C added could be accounted for after 5 months. Degradation was found to be the primary mode of dissipation. The pattern of atrazine degradation was characteristic of nonbiological processes, while prometryne degradation was probably by microbial action. Hydroxyatrazine was the major metabolite from the atrazine treatments while prometryne yielded an unknown and hydroxypropazine [2-hydroxy-4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-s-triazine]. Ex-tractable atrazine after 5 months amounted to 35% of the initial amount added in the pH 7.5 soil and 11% in the pH 5.5 soil, while prometryne occurred as 10% in the pH 7.5 soil and 42% in the pH 5.5 soil. Plant uptake and leaching occurred to a greater extent in the more alkaline soil with each chemical, but these pathways along with volatilization and respiration were minor contributors toward the disappearance of these herbicides.
Herbicide Dispersal Patterns: I. As a Function of Leaf Surface
Authors: Hess F. D. , Bayer D. E. , Falk R. H.
Published: May 2019

The distribution pattern of MCPA ([(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy] acetic acid) on leaf surfaces of three species was studied using the cathodoluminescence detection mode of a scanning electron microscope. On low-wax-content sugarbeet (Beta vulgarisL.) leaves MCPA concentrated in the depressions over the anticlinal cell walls when applied at high volumes (748 and 374 L/ha). At low volumes (23 L/ha), numerous small deposits of MCPA were randomly distributed over both anticlinal and periclinal walls. These distinct patterns were independent of herbicide concentration. Regardless of spray volumes, MCPA remaining on the waxy leaf surfaces of cabbage (Brassica oleraceaL.) coalesced into small thick deposits. Large spray drops from high application volumes shattered on impact with the stellate hairs of turkey mullein (Eremocarpus setigerusBenth.) resulting in some MCPA reaching the leaf surface. Spray drops from low application volumes did not shatter but lodged on the hairs with very little reaching the leaf surface.
Grass Control by EPTC in Sand Traps on Golf Courses
Authors: Johnson B. J.
Published: May 2019

EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) was applied to sand traps to evaluate weed control and the prevention of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) encroachment. EPTC applied at 6.7 kg/ha in each of two applications at 6 to 7-week intervals, controlled an average of 88% common bermudagrass and 99% large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.]. Although EPTC prevented bermudagrass from spreading into sand traps, the treatments did not cause permanent injury when applied directly to several bermudagrass varieties.
Gains to the Grower from Weed Science
Authors: Hay J. R.
Published: May 2019

First of all I would like to bring greetings from the Canada Weed Committee (CWC). Under one name or another this Committee has met every year since 1929 when it was organized by a handful of workers to coordinate their tests with sodium chlorate, sodium arsenite, sulphuric acid, etc. The CWC still meets as a working planning committee to review current work, up-date recommendations and coordinate testing for the forthcoming year.
Effect of Soil Constituents on Herbicide Activity in Modified-Soil Field Plots
Authors: Weber J.B. , Weed S.B. , Waldrep T.W.
Published: May 2019

An organic muck and a montmorillonite clay were incorporated into the surface 7.6 cm of a structureless sandy soil at rates ranging from 26,880 to 89,600 kg/ha. Prometryne [2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] and fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea] were surface-applied and trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) were incorporated at two rates each in 1968, 1969, and 1970. Organic matter greatly reduced the biological activity of all three herbicides. Montmorillonite clay greatly reduced the activity of prometryne, slightly decreased the activity of fluometuron, and had no significant effect on trifluralin activity in all but the first year of the study. Both soil additives increased the cation exchange capacity of the soil. Muck decreased soil pH while montmorillonite increased it.
Germination of Dandelion Seed on a Thermogradient Plate
Authors: Mezynski P. R. , Cole D. F.
Published: May 2019

Fresh and stored dandelion (Taraxacum officinale Weber) seeds were studied to determine the germination response to a range of constant and alternating temperature regimes on thermogradient plates. Germination was initiated over a wide range of temperatures. Maximum germination of fresh seed occurred at an alternating temperature of 20 C for 16 hr and 10 C for 8 hr. Seed stored for 30 days germinated best at 20 C for 16 hr and 15 C for 8 hr. In addition to the shift in germination requirement, dormancy increased during the 30-day storage, especially at −15 C.
Control of Tree Roots
Authors: Leonard O. A. , Bayer D. E. , Glenn R. K.
Published: May 2019

Metham (sodium methyldithiocarbamate), applied alone or in combination with dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile) in foam, was effective in killing roots of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnhardt) or willow (Salix hindsiana Benth.). An air-aqueous (19 to 1) foam of these herbicides was at least 20 times as effective as the aqueous mixture alone. Killing of the root with metham was rapid and extended above the lower treated portion, with the extent of necrosis resulting from translocation of the herbicide varying with concentration of metham that was used. The amount of the root killed with dichlobenil was limited to the treated area regardless of concentration. Four weeks were required to control the larger roots. Root killing with metham proceeded via both the aqueous and vapor phases. Results from labeling trees with 14C-assimilates indicated that neither translocation nor accumulation were greatly affected by metham or dichlobenil except in the tissues actually killed. However, transport and accumulation into untreated roots were reduced for a few weeks by dichlobenil. Similar results were obtained with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Acala’) treated with dichlobenil.
Translocation and Effects of Perfluidone on Cotton and Yellow Nutsedge
Authors: Davis D. G. , Dusbabek K. E.
Published: May 2019

A study was made on the absorption and translocation and of the effects of perfluidone [1,1,1-trifluoro-N-[2-methyl-4-(phenylsulfonyl) phenyl] methanesulfonamide] on the morphology and anatomy of cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.). Concentrations of 1μM to 10μM perfluidone added to the nutrient solutions retarded growth of both species. Necrotic spots appeared on the lamina of cotton leaves which were expanded previous to the treatment. Cotton plants resumed normal growth within 11 days after removal of the herbicide. Yellow nutsedge plants remained stunted 18 days after removal of the herbicide. After 6 days, cotton and yellow nutsedge had absorbed 5.4% and 1.7%, respectively, of the14C-perfluidone (uniformly labeled in the toluidine ring) added to the nutrient solution. Of the14C absorbed by the plant, cotton and nutsedge translocated 20% and 30%, respectively, to the shoots. A 10-fold higher concentration of14C was found at the leaf tips of nutsedge than in the other shoot tissues. In cotton shoots the14C was distributed evenly. Perfluidone inhibited the mitotic indexes of cotton and nutsedge roots 78% and 100%, respectively, in 5 days.
Smutgrass Control with Herbicides in Turfgrasses
Authors: Johnson B. J.
Published: May 2019

Smutgrass [Sporobolus poiretii (R. & S.) Hitchc.] was selectively controlled in carpetgrass (Axonopus affinis Chase) and common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] with atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino) −6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] applied at 2.2 kg/ha in each of two applications. MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) applied alone or in combination with 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] at 2.2 + 0.6 kg/ha in each of three applications controlled at least 70% of smutgrass in two of three experiments. The common bermudagrass showed signs of atrazine injury during the first 6 weeks after treatment but the injury was not evident the following year. MSMA alone or in combination with 2,4-D killed carpetgrass in all experiments. Repeated treatments with bromacil (5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil) applied alone or in combination with diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] controlled smutgrass but severely injured the turfgrasses.
Transformation of Isopropalin in Soil and Plants
Authors: Golab Tomasz , Althaus W. A.
Published: May 2019

Field soil studies with 14C-isopropalin (2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylcumidine) have demonstrated its biodegradability. None of the recognizable transformation products in soil accumulated beyond 4% of the amount of applied herbicide. After 15 months, approximately 25% of the applied isopropalin remained in soil, and less than 10% was observed after 28 months. Only negligible amounts of radioactivity were detected in crops grown in soil treated with the herbicide. Isopropalin and its recognizable transformation products were not detected in any of the plant tissues examined. Fractionation techniques indicated that the radioactivity was randomly distributed throughout the plant tissue.
Selective Control of Downy Brome in Alfalfa
Authors: Kapusta George , Strieker C. F.
Published: May 2019

Selective control of downy brome (Bromus tectorumL.) in alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) was studied in 1971 and 1972. Herbicidal efficacy and alfalfa tolerance, yield, and percent and total protein were observed. The weed population was composed of almost 100% downy brome in 1971 and 1972. Herbicide treatments were applied early and late winter when both alfalfa and downy brome were dormant. Five herbicides afforded virtually complete downy brome control in 1971: pronamide [3,5-dichloro-N-(1,1-dimethyl-2-propynyl) benzamide] at 0.84 and 1.40 kg/ha, simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine] at 1.12 kg/ha, terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) at 0.84 kg/ha, paraquat (1–1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) at 0.56 kg/ha and cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-s-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropionitrile} at 3.4 kg/ha. All herbicide treatments reduced downy brome yields in 1972. Significantly higher alfalfa yields were closely related with lower downy brome yields. In 1972, alfalfa treated with propham (isopropyl carbanilate), cyanazine, pronamide and terbacil also was higher in second cutting yields than the control. Twelve of the 23 treatments, including all triazine herbicides, increased first harvest alfalfa protein percentage in 1972 although differences were not observed in 1971. Alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)-acetanilide] spring-applied in 1971 at 5.62 kg/ha was the only treatment causing visual alfalfa injury.
Arsenical Herbicides for Removing Broomsedge from Forage Grasses
Authors: Lowance S. A. , Peters E. J. , Mattas R. E.
Published: May 2019

MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) and DSMA (disodium methanearsonate) killed 27 to 90% of the broomsedge (Andropogon virginicusL.) plants when applied at 1.1 to 6.7 kg/ha in July. These rates did not reduce yields of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermisLeyss.) or affect the density of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensisL.) growing in association with the broomsedge.
Absorption, Action, and Translocation of Glyphosate
Authors: Sprankle Paul , Meggitt William F. , Penner Donald
Published: May 2019

Radioactive glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] is rapidly absorbed with a large portion of the 14C translocated to the rhizomes and untreated shoots of quackgrass [Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.]. The adjuvant used with glyphosate was important in determining its phytotoxicity to quackgrass. In other perennial weeds and annual species, glyphosate also moved to the areas of highest metabolic activity. In Canada thistle [Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop.], bentazon (3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-(4) 3H-one 2,2-dioxide) at 2.24 kg/ha applied prior to treatment with 14C-glyphosate reduced 14C translocation. Iron or nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) did not appear to effect glyphosate activity on wheat (Triticium aestivum L. ‘Avon’). The respiration of quackgrass treated with glyphosate was significantly reduced 9 days after treatment. Glyphosate reduced total photosynthesis more in quackgrass than in wheat.
Weed Populations and Herbicide Residues in Apple Orchards after 5 Years
Authors: Skroch W. A. , Sheets T. J. , Monaco T. J.
Published: May 2019

Weed population shifts occurred when simazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine], diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl-urea], terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil), and dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile) were applied annually for 5 years to an apple orchard. The number of brambles (Rubus sp.) and Virginia clematis (Clematis virginianaL.) plants increased with terbacil. usage. Bramble populations increased with the high rate of dichlobenil and goldenrod (Solidago sp.) increased at the low rate. The major vegetation on plots receiving amitrole (3-amino-s-triazole) was not altered from that of a mowed check. However, amitrole reduced growth of shallow planted trees. Postemergence applications of paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) four times during each growing season resulted in more bare soil than was in the mowed checks at the end of the fifth growing season. Yields of apples were higher in the simazine, terbacil, and dichlobenil-treated plots than in the mowed checks. Simazine and terbacil residues did not accumulate in the upper 60 cm of soil during the study; a slight accumulation of dichlobenil appeared to occur in the surface 0 to 15-cm.
Sudden Mortality of a Massive Phytoplankton Bloom
Authors: Boyd Claude E. , Prather E. E. , Parks Ronald W.
Published: May 2019

A dense bloom of the blue-green alga,Anabaena variabilisKuetzing suddenly died in a pond heavily stocked with channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatusL.). Low light intensity caused the formation of gas vacuoles inA. variabilis. The buoyant filaments accumulated at the surface in large numbers during a period of calm, warm weather. Light injury to cells in the surface scum apparently triggered the mass mortality of phytoplankton. Decomposition of dead algae quickly resulted in depletion of dissolved oxygen. Concentrations of CO2and ammonia increased to high levels and the pH declined following the phytoplankton die-off. A period of 7 days was required for re-establishment of a phytoplankton community and little improvement in water quality occurred until high densities of healthy phytoplankters were present. Massive mortality of fish was prevented by pumping oxygenated water into the pond at two sites and by mechanically agitating surface water in a limited area.
Enhancing Germination of Dormant Seeds of Downy Brome
Authors: Evans Raymond A. , Young James A.
Published: May 2019

We investigated germination enhancement of downy brome (Bromus tectorumL.) seeds (caryopses) recovered from herbicide fallows in degraded big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentataNutt.) communities. Numbers of germinable downy brome seeds were increased most by adding 0.1 mmole potassium nitrate (KNO3) or combinations of 0.1 mmole KNO3and 0.14 mmole gibberellic acid (GA3). Germinability was enhanced in the fall and spring but not in midwinter when dormancy was greatest. Improved downy brome control and better establishment of seeded forage species with a fallow technique in sagebrush-dominated communities look promising if these growth regulators can be effectively applied in the field. Without germination enhancement, many germinable seeds of downy brome are present in litter under shrub canopies at the end of the fallow period. With near-optimal microenvironment under shrub canopies for plant growth, severe competition between downy brome and the seeded forage species can result.
Differential Root Growth of FourSetariaTaxa
Authors: Orwick P. L. , Schreiber M. M.
Published: May 2019

We studied the early root growth of fourSetariataxa: giant foxtail (Setaria faberiHerrm.), giant green foxtail [Setaria viridisvar.major(Gaud.) Posp.], robust white foxtail (Setaria viridisvar.robusta-albaSchreiber), robust purple foxtail (Setaria viridisvar.robusta-purpureaSchreiber). Growth studies in controlled environments showed significant differences in root elongation among the taxa at three photoperiods. Seminal root lengths after 4 days followed the order presented for selectivity and metabolism of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] and propazine [2-chloro-4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] (robust white foxtail > giant green foxtail = robust purple foxtail > giant foxtail). Giant foxtail had the greatest root diameter, resulting in the greatest surface area and volume when lengths were equated. The order of seminal root lengths or diameters changed little after 7 days. Robust white foxtail had the most and longest first order lateral roots. Diameter of first order laterals showed giant foxtail > giant green foxtail = robust purple foxtail > robust white foxtail.
Germination Behavior of Florida Pusley Seeds. I. Effects of Storage, Light, Temperature and Planting Depths on Germination
Authors: Biswas P. K. , Bell P. D. , Crayton J. L. , Paul K. B.
Published: May 2019

Freshly harvested Florida pusley (Richardia scabraL.) seeds do not germinate in continuous dark, but do germinate if exposed to more than 2 hr of light each day. Increasing periods of illumination up to 16 hr per day increases the germination percentages. Scarification increases the rate of germination in the presence of light. Scarification also causes germination of seeds stored for 8 months or longer in total darkness. The seeds fail to germinate at constant temperatures of 15 C or less and at 40 C. Almost complete germination occurs at a constant temperature of 30 C, or at alternating temperatures of 20 and 30 C. The seeds germinate equally well in the pH range of 3 to 8. Increasing depths of planting reduces percent emergence, and none of the seedlings emerge from a depth of 1.5 cm or more. Air-dried seeds can be stored either at 5 or at 25 C without losing viability, at least up to a period of 1 year after harvest. Moist storage of seeds at 5 C reduces germinability.
LA DINAMICA POLITICA IN TRE ESPERIENZE AFRICANE
Authors: Gentili Anna Maria
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Tre studi pubblicati di recente offrono materia di riflessione sui problemi e gli indirizzi dello sviluppo politico in Africa. Etiopia, Kenya, Guinea-Bissau, anche se non possono essere considerati paradigmatici di tutti i sistemi politici africani — la cui diversità e complessità non è mai sufIicientemente sottolineata — sono tuttavia esempi significativi della loro varietà strutturale e dei diversi livelli di progresso economico e sociale e del processo di modernizzazione nel continente. Possono quindi essere assunti come case studies esemplari e per le caratteristiche del processo di sviluppo politico e per le forme e l'attualità delle crisi: crisi acuta in Etiopia, latente in Kenya, di transizione dalla fase di lotta rivoluzionaria alIa gestione diretta del potere da parte della leadership nazionalista in Guinea-Bissau.
IL CROLLO DELLA DEMOCRAZIA IN CILE
Authors: Valenzuela Arturo
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

La caratteristica che piú colpiva nel sistema politico cileno era la penetrazione della struttura partitica a tutti i livelli della società, dal Parlamento alle organizzazioni burocratiche fino alla struttura scolastica secondaria. Il sistema partitico era altamente competitivo. Nel 1970 contava cinque partiti principali e vari partiti minori, disseminati lungo tutto l'arco ideologico.
Attrition during pre-ART and ART time periods among adolescents enrolled in Integrated HIV Care Programme in Myanmar, 2005–2017
Authors: Htun T. , Kyaw K. W. Y. , Aung T. K. , Moe J. , Mon A. A. , Tun C. L. , Mon O. , Satyanarayana S. , Oo H. N.
Published: May 2019

Retaining adolescents (aged 10–19 years), living with HIV (ALHIV) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is challenging. In Myanmar, 1269 ALHIV were under an Integrated HIV Care (IHC) Programme by June 2017 and their attrition (death and lost to follow-up) rates were not assessed before. We undertook a cohort study using routinely collected data of ALHIV enrolled into HIV care from July 2005 to June 2017 and assessed their attrition rates in June 2018 by time-to-event analysis. Of 1269 enrolled, 197(16%) and of 1054 initiated ART, 224 (21%) had an attrition defining event. The pre-ART and ART attrition rates were 21.8 (95% CI 19.0–25.1) and 6.4 (95% CI 5.6–7.3) per 100 person-years follow-up, respectively. The factors ‘at enrolment’ that were associated with higher hazards of attrition were: (1) WHO stage 3 or 4; (2) haemoglobin <10 gm/dl; (3) no documented CD4 cell counts, hepatitis B and C test results; and (4) injection drug use. Baseline hazards were high during the initial 1–2 years and after 5–6 years. The pre-ART and ART attrition rates in ALHIV were lower than those in Africa but higher than the children under IHC. This warrants designing and implementing additional care tailored to the needs of ALHIV under IHC.
Late-onset sepsis and mortality among neonates in a Brazilian Intensive Care Unit: a cohort study and survival analysis
Authors: Freitas F. T. M. , Araujo A. F. O. L. , Melo M. I. S. , Romero G. A. S.
Published: May 2019

A cohort study was performed from January 2014 to December 2016 in a Brazilian neonatal intensive care unit, including neonates with high risk for infection and death. We estimated bloodstream infection (BSI) incidence and conducted a survival analysis, considering the time to death and to the first episode of BSI as outcomes, comparing very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates with the remaining neonates. An extended Cox model was performed and the hazard ratio (HR) was calculated for different time periods. The study had 1560 neonates included, the incidence and the incidence density of BSI was 22% and 18.6 per 1000 central venous catheter-days, respectively. Considering VLBW neonates as the reference group, the HR for time to death was 4.06 (95% CI 2.75–6.00,P< 0.01) from day 0 to 60 and for time to the first episode of BSI was 1.76 (95% CI 1.31–2.36,P< 0.01) from day 0 to 36. Having the heavier neonates group as reference, the HR for time to the first episode of BSI was 2.94 (95% CI 1.92–4.34,P< 0.01) from day 37 to 90. Late-onset neonatal sepsis prevention measures should consider the differences in risk during time, according to neonates' birth weight.
Suspected spread of hepatitis A virus from a restaurant among adults in rural area of the Kerala state, India
Authors: Gurav Y. K. , Retheesh Babu G. , Vinu K. P. , Lole K. S.
Published: May 2019

India is experiencing a substantial decrease in early childhood exposure to hepatitis A virus (HAV). Kerala has experienced several hepatitis A outbreaks in young adults/adults in the recent past. The current hepatitis outbreak occurred in Nellikuzhi, Kerala state, India in December 2016. Investigation was carried by preparing a line list of suspected hepatitis cases. The blood and stool samples collected from patients were tested for anti-HAV/anti-Hepatitis E virus (HEV) immunoglobulin (IgM) antibodies and RNA respectively. A total of 562 suspected hepatitis cases were reported during the outbreak. Along with the first case (35 years, male), 86.1% (484/562) of the cases gave history of consuming food/water/cold drinks from one restaurant. Anti-HAV IgM positivity was 74.5% (73/98) in tested samples and amongst the positives, 81% were adults/young adults and adolescents. None of the samples tested positive for anti-HEV IgM. There were three HAV associated deaths without any co-morbidity. Sequence analysis of HAV RNA positive stool samples showed the presence of genotype IIIA HAV. The suspected source of the infection was a private well situated in the premise of a restaurant. Considering increasing HAV naive population in Kerala, there is a need to introduce hepatitis A vaccine in high-risk age groups.
Hypofractionated intensity-modulated radiation therapy with concurrent cisplatin in locally advanced oropharyngeal cancer: feasibility experience from a Government cancer centre of Eastern India in a resource-constrained setting
Authors: Rangineni Srikrishnadevarayulu , Lahiri Debarshi , Misra Biplab , Maji Tapas , Roy Sanjoy , Ray Dilip Kumar , Banerjee Saptarshi , Das Subhadip , Pallath Ashwin Mohandas
Published: May 2019

Purpose:

Radiation therapy (RT), in combination with chemotherapy, is the mainstay in the treatment for locally advanced oropharyngeal cancer. We analysed the tumour response and the toxicity profiles in patients having locally advanced oropharyngeal cancers receiving hypofractionated intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and concurrent chemotherapy with Cisplatin investigating the feasibility and radiobiological efficacy of the regimen, along with its use as a resource-sparing alternative for a high-volume centre.

Material and Methods:

The records of 41 eligible patients with locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of oropharynx, registered from September 2015 to April 2017, treated with hypofractionated IMRT with concurrent Cisplatin, were analysed from the hospital database. Patients received concurrent chemo-radiation with 2 cycles of 3-weekly cisplatin on day 1 and day 22 along with hypofractionated IMRT, 55 Gy delivered in 20 fractions over 4 weeks. Patients were observed for any radiation reaction or chemotherapy toxicity at least once a week during the course of radiation therapy.

Results:

Twenty-nine patients (70·7%) achieved complete response and remaining 12 showed partial response. Acute grade 3 toxicity was observed mostly in the form of oral mucositis and radiation dermatitis. Both grade 3 oral mucositis and radiation dermatitis were seen in 15 patients (36·6%) and 7 patients (17%), respectively. The most common late toxicities were dysphagia and dry mouth. Twenty-five patients (61%) completed the overall treatment within 4 weeks’ duration.

Conclusion:

This hypofractionated regimen is feasible and was associated with tolerable acute and late morbidity and satisfactory locoregional response. Larger prospective, multi- institutional studies examining similar schedules may be undertaken to establish this as a standard practice, particularly for a high-volume centre.
Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Effects of Apple Cider Vinegar on Normal and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Hmad Halima Ben , Sarra Khlifi , Jemaa Houda Ben , Sonia Gara , Abdallah Aouidet
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a globally growing health problem and one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders worldwide. Chronic hyperglycemia status favors the manifestation of oxidative stress by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species and/or by reducing the antioxidant defense system activity. In this study, the beneficial effects of apple cider vinegar (ACV) supplementation on blood glucose level, hepatic and renal toxicity and antioxidant enzyme activities in normal and diabetic rats were investigated. Four groups (8 animals/group) of male Wistar rats were used. The animals were fasted overnight and DM was induced by an intraperitoneal injection of freshly prepared streptozotocin (STZ). Control rats were injected with citrate buffer only. ACV was administrated orally for 4 weeks. Our findings indicated that ACV increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase (p < 0.001), catalase and glutathione peroxidase) as well as thiol concentration (p < 0.05). It also reduced lipid peroxidation levels (TBARS) and the indices of toxicity in liver and kidneys, by significantly decreasing aspartate and lactate transaminase (AST & ALT) activity, total and direct bilirubin (p < 0.001), urea (p < 0.001) and creatinine (p < 0.001) levels. Moreover, the plasma concentration of magnesium, calcium (p < 0.001) and copper increased after ACV administration. Iron levels however decreased. The concentration of vitamin E, an important antioxidant in vivo, was raised. In conclusion, the findings show that ACV possesses significant antihyperglycemic and antioxidant effects in an experimental model of DM, by preventing diabetic complications in liver and kidneys.
Alpha Lipoic Acid Reduces Symptoms and Inflammation Biomarkers in Patients with Chronic Hemorrhoidal Illness
Authors: Šabanović Marizela , Jašić Midhat , Odobašić Amer , Aleksovska Emilija Spaseska , Pavljašević Suzana , Bajraktarević Amila , Čepo Dubravka Vitali
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Background: Oral dietary supplementation is becoming increasingly popular as an addition to classical approaches for the prevention and treatment of hemorrhoidal disease. Aim: To examine the effect of orally administrated alpha lipoic acid (ALA), known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, in the treatment of patients with permanent symptoms of hemorrhoidal disease. Methods: Patients with second- and third-degree hemorrhoids (n = 100) were enrolled into a randomized, open label, single-center trial. The study group (n = 50) was treated with 200 mg of orally administered ALA once a day during the 12-week period, the control group (n = 50) did not receive any treatment. Results: There were no significant differences in demographics, diagnosis, or exposure to major risk factors between the study and placebo group at baseline. ALA significantly improved subjective efficacy variables, such as pain and discomfort (p < 0.01) as well as objective signs of the disease, such as bleeding (p < 0.01), in comparison to the control group. Furthermore, the 3-month treatment significantly reduced the number of patients with positive C-reactive protein (CRP) value (serum CRP > 5 mg/L) from 18% before to only 2% after the treatment (χ2 = 4.65; p < 0.01). Average leukocyte count has also been significantly reduced in the treatment group (p < 0.01) from 7.29 × 109/L before to 6.18 × 109/L after treatment. Conclusions: The obtained results indicate that ALA is effective in the treatment of second- and third-degree hemorrhoids. Larger, double-blind controlled trials are needed to confirm the results and to investigate optimal treatment regimens.
Funktionaler Analphabetismus in Deutschland – Größenordnung, Ursachen, Interventionen
Authors: Rüsseler Jascha , Boltzmann Melanie , Grosche Michael
Published: May 2019

Zusammenfassung. Allein in Deutschland verfügen etwa 7.5 Millionen Erwachsene nicht über ausreichende Lese- und Schreibkompetenzen, um in angemessener Weise am gesellschaftlichen Leben teilhaben zu können. Sie können maximal kurze, einfache Texte sinnentnehmend lesen. Diese Personen werden häufig als funktionale Analphabetinnen und Analphabeten bezeichnet. Die Arbeit gibt einen Überblick zu Größenordnung, Ursachen und Interventionsmöglichkeiten bei funktionalem Analphabetismus. Es wird ein biopsychosoziales Ursachenmodell vorgestellt, das biologische Vulnerabilitätsfaktoren postuliert, die unter ungünstigen psychosozialen Bedingungen zu einer erhöhten Wahrscheinlichkeit für die Entwicklung von Lese- und Schreibproblemen führen. Weiterhin wird auf Unterschiede zwischen und Gemeinsamkeiten von funktionalem Analphabetismus und Lese-Rechtschreib-Störung (LRS) eingegangen. Abschließend werden aktuelle Entwicklungen von Trainingsprogrammen zur Förderung der Lese- und Rechtschreibfähigkeiten von Erwachsenen, häufig im Kontext von Grundbildungsprogrammen, beschrieben.
Fission of Shoaling Internal Waves on the Northeastern Shelf of the South China Sea
Authors: Bai Xiaolin , Liu Zhiyu , Zheng Quanan , Hu Jianyu , Lamb Kevin G. , Cai Shuqun
Published: May 2019

Using high‐resolution full‐water column velocity data at a site of 60‐m depth on the northeastern shelf of the South China Sea, we observed high‐frequency internal waves (HIWs) occurring continuously on the continental shelf during the 15‐hr observation on 13‐14 July 2011. This phenomenon is in contrast to the regular occurrence of internal solitary waves (ISWs) that are generally phase‐locked to the tides. We hypothesize that the continuously occurring HIWs are generated from shoaling ISWs via fission. Analysis of the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) true‐color images supports this hypothesis. The mechanism of ISW fission is then investigated using an analytical model as well as a two‐layer weakly nonlinear numerical model based on the regularized long‐wave (RLW) equation. The results are also compared with those from a fully nonlinear continuously stratified numerical model. Simulation results are generally consistent with the field measurements, explaining the observations of the continuous occurrence of HIWs. Sensitivity experiments are conducted to investigate the role and effects of the initial wave amplitude, pycnocline depth and thickness, bathymetry, and viscosity on ISW fission. Although all these factors impact the properties of the shoaling ISWs, both the two‐layer and continuously stratified models suggest that fission mainly occurs near the critical point region, highlighting the importance of pycnocline depth. However, simulations using the two‐layer model suggest that fission occurs after ISWs pass through critical points, whereas the fission location predicted by the continuously stratified model is generally offshore of critical points. This points to the deficiency of the two‐layer model in simulating small‐amplitude short trailing waves, large‐amplitude ISWs, wave breaking, and higher‐mode waves.
Impacts of Local Convective Processes on Rain on the Caribbean Island of Puerto Rico
Authors: Hosannah N. , González J. E. , Lunger C. , Niyogi D.
Published: May 2019

This study aims to determine the impacts of tropical island processes on local convective storms. An analysis of rain events on the island of Puerto Rico between 1 June 2015 and 31 July 2016 showed that local island‐enhanced western storms accounted for 89 of 322 storms. This period is of particular importance for the Caribbean as 2015 was one of the driest years on record. While large‐scale influences such as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the North Atlantic Oscillation, African easterly waves, and Saharan dust transport modulate moisture conditions in the region, correlations between precipitation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (−0.14), North Atlantic Oscillation (−0.42), and Saharan dust (0.1) for 1980–2016 ranged from weak to moderate. Local data for the island of Puerto Rico from weather stations, the Convection, Aerosol, and Synoptic‐Effects in the Tropics field campaign, and the North American Mesoscale model support the initiation or enhancement of convective rain events due to local island processes. In particular, analysis of surface wind speed/direction, convective available potential energy, lifted index, and the bulk Richardson number substantiate local instability due to surface heating, orographic uplift, and sea breeze trade‐wind convergence. These convective forcings along with available precipitable water in excess of 50 mm ultimately led to intense storms despite severe rainfall‐mitigating dust episodes for which aerosol optical thickness exceeded 0.4. These results may have major implications for considering the impacts of local air‐sea‐land interactions on rainfall over other tropical islands.
Join the Effort to Improve the Health of Our Oceans
Authors: McEntee Chris
Published: May 2019

AGU executive director/CEO Chris McEntee provides key takeaways from the first Global Planning Meeting, in Copenhagen, for the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development.
Decay of Ultrarelativistic Remnant Belt Electrons Through Scattering by Plasmaspheric Hiss
Authors: Pinto V. A. , Mourenas D. , Bortnik J. , Zhang X.‐J. , Artemyev A. V. , Moya P. S. , Lyons L. R.
Published: May 2019

Ultrarelativistic electron remnant belts appear frequently following geomagnetic disturbances and are located in‐between the inner radiation belt and a reforming outer belt. As remnant belts are relatively stable, here we explore the importance of hiss and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in controlling the observed decay rates of remnant belt ultrarelativistic electrons in a statistical way. Using measurements from the Van Allen Probes inside the plasmasphere for 25 remnant belt events that occurred between 2012 and 2017 and that are located in the region 2.9<L<4.0, we demonstrate that, in general, the observed decay rates and their scaling with electron energy are in good agreement with theoretical lifetimes of ultrarelativistic electrons calculated for hiss‐induced loss based on recent statistics of hiss waves and plasmaspheric density. A slight variation of electron lifetimes with energy is noticed for several peculiar events. We show that this behavior is apparently unrelated to inward radial diffusion. Moreover, we show that simultaneously observed electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves in the hydrogen band, despite their very low time‐averaged intensity of about 9 pT, can sufficiently increase electron scattering at low pitch angles as compared with hiss alone to account for the observations.
Combined cellomics and proteomics analysis reveals shared neuronal morphology and molecular pathway phenotypes for multiple schizophrenia risk genes
Authors: Rosato Martina , Stringer Sven , Gebuis Titia , Paliukhovich Iryna , Li Ka Wan , Posthuma Danielle , Sullivan Patrick F. , Smit August B. , van Kesteren Ronald E.
Published: May 2019

An enigma in studies of neuropsychiatric disorders is how to translate polygenic risk into disease biology. For schizophrenia, where > 145 significant GWAS loci have been identified and only a few genes directly implicated, addressing this issue is a particular challenge. We used a combined cellomics and proteomics approach to show that polygenic risk can be disentangled by searching for shared neuronal morphology and cellular pathway phenotypes of candidate schizophrenia risk genes. We first performed an automated high-content cellular screen to characterize neuronal morphology phenotypes of 41 candidate schizophrenia risk genes. The transcription factors Tcf4 and Tbr1 and the RNA topoisomerase Top3b shared a neuronal phenotype marked by an early and progressive reduction in synapse numbers upon knockdown in mouse primary neuronal cultures. Proteomics analysis subsequently showed that these three genes converge onto the syntaxin-mediated neurotransmitter release pathway, which was previously implicated in schizophrenia, but for which genetic evidence was weak. We show that dysregulation of multiple proteins in this pathway may be due to the combined effects of schizophrenia risk genes Tcf4, Tbr1, and Top3b. Together, our data provide new biological functions for schizophrenia risk genes and support the idea that polygenic risk is the result of multiple small impacts on common neuronal signaling pathways.