bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictive factors for thyroid complications after radiation therapy—data from a cohort of cancer patients closely followed since they were irradiated
Authors: Duarte Vitoria , Maciel Joana , Cavaco Daniela , Donato Sara , Damásio Inês , Pinheiro Sara , Figueiredo Ana , Ferreira Ana , Pereira Joana S.
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Cancer survivors are at an increased risk of adverse outcomes, including thyroid neoplasms, given the high radiosensitivity of this gland. The aim of this study is to assess the incidence and timeframe of thyroid complications in cancer patients, followed systematically since their radiation therapy, and to identify risk factors for the development of hypothyroidism and thyroid cancer.

Methods

We performed a retrospective study, including 282 subjects, who received neck, craniospinal, or total body irradiation (TBI). Patients were grouped into four primary diagnostic clusters: leukaemia, Hodgkin's disease, central nervous system, and head and neck tumours.

Results

Hypothyroidism was observed in 56.7% of patients, on average 6.8 ± 5.9 years after the treatment. Neck and craniospinal irradiation presented a 3.5‐fold increased risk for the development of hypothyroidism compared to TBI. Papillary thyroid cancer was diagnosed in 8.5% of the patients, on average, 18.5 ± 4.9 years after radiotherapy (RT). Female gender, younger age, and lower irradiation doses were independently associated with thyroid cancer development.

Conclusion

Our study provides useful information about the risk of hypothyroidism and thyroid cancer after RT, as it was performed in a cohort of patients closely followed since the oncological therapies, and, thus, may give new insights into the follow‐up management of these patients.
Hair cortisol levels in schizophrenia and metabolic syndrome
Authors: van den Heuvel Leigh Luella , Smit Anna Margaretha , Stalder Tobias , Kirschbaum Clemens , Seedat Soraya , Emsley Robin
Published: January 2022

Aim

Individuals with schizophrenia demonstrate higher rates of metabolic syndrome (MetS) than the general population. Hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) reflect longer‐term cortisol secretion and can provide additional insights into the role of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis in schizophrenia and co‐occurring MetS.

Methods

In a case–control study of 16 patients with schizophrenia (11 first episode psychosis [FEP] and 5 chronic) and 21 controls hair samples, representing a 3‐month retrospective window of cortisol, were collected and analysed utilizing liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. We investigated whether schizophrenia and MetS co‐occurrence were associated with HCC utilizing multivariate regression models. We also explored the longitudinal trajectory of HCC in FEP patients by conducting a mixed models analysis.

Results

At baseline HCC were significantly lower (Cohen's d = 0.88) in patients with schizophrenia than in controls (p = .014). HCC increased from baseline to month‐12 in FEP patients compared to controls, demonstrating a trend towards significance (p = .097). MetS was not associated with HCC at baseline, but HCC increased significantly from baseline to month‐12 in relation to MetS (p = .037).

Conclusions

In a subgroup of schizophrenia patients, psychosis may be associated with a blunted HPA axis with lower long‐term cortisol output. MetS was associated with an increase in HCC and elevated cortisol levels observed in schizophrenia may be related to increased rates of MetS in schizophrenia patients.
The role of food odor in invertebrate foraging
Authors: Zjacic Nicolina , Scholz Monika
Published: January 2022

Foraging for food is an integral part of animal survival. In small insects and invertebrates, multisensory information and optimized locomotion strategies are used to effectively forage in patchy and complex environments. Here, the importance of olfactory cues for effective invertebrate foraging is discussed in detail. We review how odors are used by foragers to move toward a likely food source and the recent models that describe this sensory‐driven behavior. We argue that smell serves a second function by priming an organism for the efficient exploitation of food. By appraising food odors, invertebrates can establish preferences and better adapt to their ecological niches, thereby promoting survival. The smell of food pre‐prepares the gastrointestinal system and primes feeding motor programs for more effective ingestion as well. Optimizing resource utilization affects longevity and reproduction as a result, leading to drastic changes in survival. We propose that models of foraging behavior should include odor priming, and illustrate this with a simple toy model based on the marginal value theorem. Lastly, we discuss the novel techniques and assays in invertebrate research that could investigate the interactions between odor sensing and food intake. Overall, the sense of smell is indispensable for efficient foraging and influences not only locomotion, but also organismal physiology, which should be reflected in behavioral modeling.
Centring transatlantic slavery in Scottish historiography
Authors: Mullen Stephen
Published: January 2022

The historiography of Scotland's connections with transatlantic slavery across the British Empire has flourished in the last 20 years, promoting wider public discussion and civic recognition. Nevertheless, the view that historians of Scotland omitted slavery from Scottish historiography remains part of popular discourse. This article adds nuance by considering the absences and eventual centring of slavery in Scottish historiography. In the 1960s, it was argued by historians that foreign trade—and by extension Atlantic slavery—had a limited effect on the economic development of 18th‐century Scotland. However, studies of the Atlantic trades and merchant capital undermined that orthodoxy in the 1970s, although works of that era that addressed Scotland's Atlantic economy tended to acknowledge slavery only in tokenistic fashion, if at all. Nevertheless, whilst slavery was not centred in these works, they established the view that Atlantic commerce and merchant capital were central to Scottish economic development. In the last 25 years, slavery has been centred in Scottish historiography and earlier works have taken on new significance. Studies after 1997 have revealed the involvement of Scots with the slave trade in Scotland and across the Atlantic world, patterns of Scottish slave‐ownership in the Caribbean, the repatriation of slavery‐derived wealth, the effects of West India fortunes and investments. Scottish historiography lagged behind the comparative body of work for England, although it is now generally accepted that Atlantic commerce and slavery affected Scottish economic development in a more substantial way. Historians of Scotland have led the way in transforming understandings of Scotland's Atlantic history in general, and chattel slavery in particular, and these ideas are increasingly part of popular consciousness.
The effect of few historical data on the performance of sample average approximation method for operating room scheduling
Authors: Coban Elvin , Kayış Enis , Dexter Franklin
Published: January 2022

We model the scheduling problem of a single operating room for outpatient surgery, with uncertain case durations and an objective function comprising waiting time, idle time, and overtime costs. This stochastic scheduling problem has been studied in diverse forms. One of the most common approaches used is the sample average approximation (SAA). Our contribution is to study the use of SAA to solve this problem under few historical data using families of log t distributions with varying degrees of freedom. We analyze the results of the SAA method in terms of optimality convergence, the effect of the number of scenarios, and average computational time. Given the case sequence, computational results demonstrate that SAA with an adequate number of scenarios performs close to the exact method. For example, we find that the optimality gap, in units of proportional weighted time, is relatively small when 500 scenarios are used: 99% of the instances have an optimality gap of less than 2.6 7% (1.74%, 1.23%) when there are 3 (9, many) historical samples. Increasing the number of SAA scenarios improves performance, but is not critical when the case sequence is given. However, choosing the number of SAA scenarios becomes critical when the same method is used to choose among sequencing heuristics when there are few historical data. For example, when there are only three (nine, many) historical samples, 99% of the instances have less than 25.38% (13.15%, 6.87%) penalty in using SAA with 500 scenarios to choose the best sequencing heuristic.
Probabilistic selling and manufacturer encroachment in retail markets with vertical‐differentiated products
Authors: Wang Shanshan , Wang Junbin
Published: January 2022

This study investigates the adoption of a probabilistic selling strategy in a vertical‐differentiated marketing channel. We build a styled model in a retail market in which a manufacturer sells two vertical‐differentiated products solely through a retailer, and the manufacturer can encroach on the end market by selling probabilistic products or continue to sell them through the retailer. Our findings indicate that the manufacturer can benefit from the probabilistic selling strategy only when the expenditure of building the direct‐selling channel is low, but the retailer is always worse off. Furthermore, when the quality of the low‐end product is relatively low, the manufacturer prefers to choose the traditional selling format. Finally, the consumer surplus is higher when the retailer adopts the probabilistic selling strategy.
Vichy volcanic mineralizing water has unique properties to strengthen the skin barrier and skin defenses against exposome aggressions
Authors: Rasmont V. , Valois A. , Gueniche A. , Sore G. , Kerob D. , Nielsen M. , Berardesca E.
Published: January 2022

Exposome aggressions are known to weaken certain skin functions, such as skin barrier and skin defense functions. Vichy volcanic mineralizing water (VVMW) percolates through volcanic and magmatic rocks in the Auvergne region in France to create a pure, highly mineralized water containing 15 minerals for a total mineral concentration of 5.2 g/L. Here, we provide an overview of the main results of in vitro and ex vivo studies (keratinocyte cultures, 3D reconstructed skin model, skin explants) and clinical studies to evaluate the effect of VVMW on key skin functions to help elucidate how it counteracts exposome aggressions on the skin. Properties to strengthen the skin barrier: VVMW stimulated the synthesis of tight junction proteins and keratinocyte differentiation markers in vitro. In clinical studies, VVMW accelerated cell turnover and improved skin hydration. Properties to strengthen skin antioxidant defense: VVMW stimulated the expression of antioxidant defense markers and had a higher stimulatory effect than a competitor thermal water on the expression of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase in keratinocytes in vitro. In vivo, VVMW restored endogenous catalase activity after exposure to UVA radiation. Anti‐inflammatory action: VVMW reduced substance P‐induced inflammation ex vivo and lactic acid‐induced stinging in vivo. Topical application of VVMW in subjects with sensitive skin showed soothing and decongestant effects by reducing skin dryness and erythema. After sodium lauryl sulfate ‐induced skin barrier disruption, recovery from redness and erythema was faster following application of VVMW compared to a competitor water or untreated skin. These studies illustrate that VVMW has unique properties to repair and regenerate the skin barrier, as well as to strengthen antioxidant and immune defenses, which help protect the skin against exposome aggressions.
The effects of post‐frozen‐thawed embryo transfer pregnancy on early fetal development
Authors: Suga Naoko , Oba Mari S. , Kikuchi Iwaho , Natori Michiya , Hisamatsu Kazuhiro , Hayashi Satoshi
Published: January 2022

Aim

Frozen‐thawed embryo transfer (FET) has gained popularity as an assistive reproductive technology despite its increased risk of large‐for‐gestational‐age offspring. This study aimed to analyze the effect of FET on fetal development, particularly the growth rate and estimated fetal weight (EFW) throughout pregnancy.

Methods

This was a single‐center, retrospective study that examined 97 patients with FET conception and 477 patients with natural conception (NC) who underwent labor and delivery at our clinic between December 2015 and June 2019. Crown‐rump length (CRL) in the first trimester and EFW measurements in the second and third trimesters were obtained from transabdominal ultrasound records. Birthweight was adjusted for sex, parity, and gestational age. Regression coefficients of CRL, EFW, and birthweight were compared between the FET and NC groups to examine the growth rate. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between birth size and baseline characteristics.

Results

The growth rate was higher in the first trimester in the FET group than in the NC group (difference: 0.19 mm/day, p = 0.018). CRL, EFW, and adjusted birthweight were higher in the FET group than in the NC group throughout pregnancy. The factors associated with the development of larger offspring through FET than through NC were advanced maternal age, primiparity, cesarean section delivery, and high birthweight.

Conclusions

Throughout pregnancy, FET resulted in a larger offspring than in NC, with accelerated growth observed only during the first trimester. Thus, FET highly affects early fetal development.
Endogenous income distribution and aggregate demand: Empirical evidence from heterogeneous panel structural vector autoregression
Authors: Mutlugün Betül
Published: January 2022

This paper presents a novel empirical investigation into demand and distribution dynamics using a heterogeneous panel structural vector autoregression model for a panel of 10 emerging economies during the 1970–2017 period. Following the Kaleckian tradition, the theoretical analysis is based on a dynamic macro model where distributive shares and labor productivity are determined endogenously by introducing conflicting‐claims theory of inflation and Kaldor–Verdoorn effects. The paper indicates profit‐led demand regime only in the short run and profit‐squeeze effects when allowing for the contemporaneous effect of labor share on capacity utilization and capital accumulation. However, after incorporating the contemporaneous effect of demand on labor share and thus controlling for the short‐term effect of pro‐cyclical labor productivity on labor share, the results provide evidence for wage‐led demand and wage‐squeeze effects. These results underline how the importance of addressing endogeneity issues when estimating demand and distribution regimes and how different assumptions about the interactions among demand, distribution, and labor productivity result in diverse findings.
‘This trainee makes me feel angry’: It's time to validate the reality and role of trainer emotions
Authors: Hofmann Riikka , Darnton Richard
Published: January 2022

Discussing the 'failiure to fail' phenomenon, the authors call for a system‐wide culture shift to better articulate failures as learning opportunities in healthcare.
Resource curse hypothesis: fresh evidence from OPEC member countries
Authors: Inuwa Nasiru , Modibbo Haruna Usman , Adamu Sagir , Sani Mohammed Bello
Published: January 2022

This study investigated the impact of natural resources on economic growth among the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) by controlling for institutional quality and financial development during the period 2008–2018. The study applied the recent generalised method of moment estimation method proposed by Kripfganz (2019, Generalized method of moments estimation of linear dynamic panel data models. London Stata Conference, pp. 1–128). The results revealed a negative and significant impact of natural resource rents on economic growth. However, oil rents showed a positive and statistically significant impact on economic growth. Similarly, institutional quality has been found to have positive and significant contribution to economic growth. Finally, financial development has also been found to have positive and significant impact on economic growth of the OPEC member countries.
Evaluating systemic immune‐inflammation index in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Authors: Hayıroğlu Mert İlker , Çınar Tufan , Çinier Göksel , Pay Levent , Yumurtaş Ahmet Çağdaş , Tezen Ozan , Eren Semih , Kolak Zeynep , Çetin Tuğba , Çiçek Vedat , Tekkeşin Ahmet İlker
Published: January 2022

Background

Pro‐inflammatory pathways play an important role in the follow‐ups of patients with intracardiac defibrillators (ICDs) for heart failure (HF) reduced with ejection fraction (HFrEF). A newly defined index ‐ the systemic immune‐inflammation index (SII)—has recently been reported to have prognostic value in patients with cardiovascular disease. This study's aim is to evaluate the SII value regarding its association with long‐term mortality and appropriate ICD therapy during a 10‐year follow‐up.

Methods

This retrospective study included 1011 patients with ICD for HFrEF. The SII was calculated as the neutrophil—to—lymphocyte ratio × total platelet count in the peripheral blood. The study population was divided into two groups according to the SII's optimal cut‐off value to predict long‐term mortality. The long‐term prognostic impact of SII on these patients was evaluated regarding mortality and appropriate ICD therapy.

Results

The patients with a higher SII (≥1119) had significantly higher long‐term mortality and appropriate ICD therapy rates. After adjustment for all confounding factors, the long‐term mortality rate was 5.1 for a higher SII. (95% CI: 2.9–8.1). The long‐term appropriate ICD therapy rate was 2.0 for a higher SII (95% CI: 1.4–3.0).

Conclusion

SII may be an independent predictive marker for both long‐term mortality and appropriate ICD therapy in patients with HFrEF.
How does warfare affect firms' productivity?
Authors: Jola‐Sanchez Andres F.
Published: January 2022

Warfare afflicts millions and creates unparalleled operational challenges in the developing world. With data from war‐torn Colombia, I examine the effects of civil war on firms' total factor productivity (TFP) using propensity score and conflict hotspot models. I find that warfare increases TFP in service firms, such as public administration and defense, by up to 12.68%, whereas it decreases TFP in manufacturing and other nonservice companies by up to 3.64% a year after a violent episode occurs. This effect stems from intellectual capital growth and service firms' ability to create value from customer input.
The Politicization Conversation: A Call to Better Define and Measure the Concept
Authors: Limbocker Scott , Richardson Mark D. , Selin Jennifer L.
Published: January 2022

Across disciplines and contexts, scholars vary in their conception of politicization. This variation reveals a need for more consistent concept definition and measurement of the extent to which politics influence administration. We engage this need by providing a typology of politicization that includes consideration of the actions of elected officials, political appointees, and merit‐based administrators. We then assess dynamic differences across the typology in the United States using personnel records spanning four decades, measures of insulation derived from statutory language, and three surveys of senior federal executives. Our analysis provides a research agenda for scholars who seek to examine the politicization of the executive branch.
Transfer of a single fresh in vitro‐produced embryo may prevent twin pregnancy without compromising the fertility of the cow
Authors: López‐Gatius Fernando , Saleri Roberta , De Rensis Fabio , Llobera‐Balcells Monica , Garcia‐Ispierto Irina
Published: January 2022

Contents

This study examines whether the transfer of a fresh in vitro‐produced (IVP) embryo can avoid the risk of twin pregnancy without reducing the fertility of a cow. The study population was comprised of 416 lactating dairy cows synchronized for oestrus: 294 were fixed‐time inseminated (AI cows), and 122 were given GnRH treatment at the time of embryo transfer (ET) an IVP embryo (ET cows). Of the 416 cows, 167 (40.1%) became pregnant. Twin pregnancy was recorded in 20.8% of the AI pregnant cows (21/101), whereas no ET cows had twins (0/66). Significant interaction (p < .01) was observed between breeding technique and the period of the year for the likelihood of pregnancy. This meant that using AI cows during the warm period (May–September) as reference, the odds ratio for pregnancy in ET cows during the warm period was 3.4 (p = .001). In conclusion, transfer of a single fresh IVP embryo proved useful to prevent the risk of twin pregnancy without affecting fertility.
Interstitial lung diseases associated with mutations of poly(A)‐specific ribonuclease: A multicentre retrospective study
Authors: Philippot Quentin , Kannengiesser Caroline , Debray Marie Pierre , Gauvain Clément , Ba Ibrahima , Vieri Margherita , Gondouin Anne , Naccache Jean‐Marc , Reynaud‐Gaubert Martine , Uzunhan Yurdagul , Bondue Benjamin , Israël‐Biet Dominique , Dieudé Philippe , Fourrage Cécile , Lainey Elodie , Manali Effrosyne , Papiris Spyros , Wemeau Lidwine , Hirschi Sandrine , Mal Hervé , Nunes Hilario , Schlemmer Frédéric , Blanchard Elodie , Beier Fabian , Cottin Vincent , Crestani Bruno , Borie Raphaël ,   The OrphaLung Network
Published: January 2022

Background and objective

Poly(A)‐specific ribonuclease (PARN) mutations have been associated with familial pulmonary fibrosis. This study aims to describe the phenotype of patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) and heterozygous PARN mutations.

Methods

We performed a retrospective, observational, non‐interventional study of patients with an ILD diagnosis and a pathogenic heterozygous PARN mutation followed up in a centre of the OrphaLung network.

Results

We included 31 patients (29 from 16 kindreds and two sporadic patients). The median age at ILD diagnosis was 59 years (range 54 to 63). In total, 23 (74%) patients had a smoking history and/or fibrogenic exposure. The pulmonary phenotypes were heterogenous, but the most frequent diagnosis was idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (n = 12, 39%). Haematological abnormalities were identified in three patients and liver disease in two. In total, 21 patients received a specific treatment for ILD: steroids (n = 13), antifibrotic agents (n = 11), immunosuppressants (n = 5) and N‐acetyl cysteine (n = 2). The median forced vital capacity decline for the whole sample was 256 ml/year (range −363 to −148). After a median follow‐up of 32 months (range 18 to 66), 10 patients had died and six had undergone lung transplantation. The median transplantation‐free survival was 54 months (95% CI 29 to ∞). Extra‐pulmonary features were less frequent with PARN mutation than telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) or telomerase RNA component (TERC) mutation.

Conclusion

IPF is common among individuals with PARN mutation, but other ILD subtypes may be observed.
What Does Dynamic Panel Analysis Tell Us About Life Satisfaction?
Authors: Piper Alan
Published: January 2022

Static fixed effects estimation of life satisfaction often gives rise to serial correlation in the residuals, indicating omitted dynamics. Rather than correcting the standard errors, “to make them robust,” this study explores dynamic panel analysis to incorporate the otherwise omitted dynamics into the estimation of life satisfaction models. The analysis utilizes the System General Method of Moments approach to dynamic analysis. The results indicate that overall life satisfaction is largely (though not wholly) contemporaneous; correspondingly, the persistence of satisfaction from previous periods is limited. This finding is robust to a variety of different specification choices. Accordingly, the issue of omitted dynamics in a life satisfaction context is a minor one. This use of dynamic panel analysis, therefore, offers support for the ongoing use of static models (like fixed effects), even though they omit dynamics. Given the highlighted challenges of dynamic panel analysis, static fixed effects analyses will often be preferred.
Are cam morphology size and location associated with self‐reported burden in football players with FAI syndrome?
Authors: Scholes Mark J. , Kemp Joanne L. , Mentiplay Benjamin F. , Heerey Joshua J. , Agricola Rintje , King Matthew G. , Semciw Adam I. , Lawrenson Peter R. , Crossley Kay M.
Published: January 2022

Cam morphology size and location might affect the severity of reported burden in people with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome. We investigated the relationship between cam morphology size (i.e., alpha angle) and self‐reported hip/groin burden (i.e., scores for the International Hip Outcome Tool‐33 (iHOT‐33) and Copenhagen Hip and Groin Outcome Score (HAGOS)), examined separately for the anteroposterior pelvis (AP) and Dunn 45° radiographs in football players with FAI syndrome. In total, 118 (12 women) subelite football (soccer or Australian football) players with FAI syndrome with cam morphology (alpha angle ≥60°) participated. One blinded assessor quantified superior and anterosuperior cam morphology size by measuring alpha angles for the AP and Dunn 45° radiographs, respectively. Linear regression models investigated relationships between alpha angle (continuous independent variable, separately measured for the AP and Dunn 45° radiographs) and iHOT‐33 and HAGOS scores (dependent variables). Larger anterosuperior cam morphology (seen on the Dunn 45° radiograph) was associated with lower (i.e., worse) scores for the iHOT‐Total, iHOT‐Symptoms, iHOT‐Job, and iHOT‐Social subscales (unadjusted estimate range −0.553 to −0.319 [95% confidence interval −0.900 to −0.037], p = 0.002 to 0.027), but not the iHOT‐Sport (p = 0.459) nor any HAGOS scores (p = 0.110 to 0.802). Superior cam morphology size (measured using the AP radiograph) was not associated with any iHOT‐33 or HAGOS scores (p = 0.085 to 0.975). Larger anterosuperior cam morphology may be more relevant to pain and symptoms in football players with FAI syndrome than superior cam morphology, warranting investigation of its effects on reported burden and hip disease over time.
“I Don’t Want Everybody to Vote”: Christian Nationalism and Restricting Voter Access in the United States
Authors: Perry Samuel L. , Whitehead Andrew L. , Grubbs Joshua B.
Published: January 2022

Though the persistence of voter suppression and disenfranchisement in the US is well‐documented, we still know little about their contemporary ideological underpinnings beyond partisanship and racial resentment. Highlighting the Christian Right’s influence in driving anti‐democratic sentiment in the post‐Civil Rights era, we propose contemporary ideological support for restricting the vote generally, and specifically, to those who prove “worthy,” is undergirded by a pervasive ideology that cloaks authoritarian ethno‐traditionalism with the ultimacy and polysemic utility of religious language―Christian nationalism. Nationally representative data collected weeks before the November 2020 elections reveal Christian nationalism is a leading predictor that Americans deny that voter suppression is a problem, believe that the US makes it “too easy to vote,” believe that voter fraud is rampant, and support measures to disenfranchise individuals who could not pass a basic civics test or who committed certain crimes. Interactions show Christian nationalism’s influence is particularly strong among men across most outcomes and, regarding voter suppression, whites compared to Blacks. We argue Christian nationalism seeks to institutionalize founding ideals in which civic participation is rooted in hierarchies, being restricted to a “worthy” few. Appeals to America’s religious heritage thus facilitate stratifying America’s citizenry and justifying restricting participation to preserve dominance.
The Role of Living Traditions in Decolonizing Indigenous Gender in an Urban Environment1
Authors: Jacobs Michelle R.
Published: January 2022

This article elucidates the role of living traditions in decolonizing indigenous gender in an urban environment. “Living traditions” are perspectives and practices that emerge organically over time to account for the shifting needs of indigenous communities impacted by enduring structures of settler colonialism. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted over 2 ½ years, I explore gendered power dynamics in two urban pan‐Indian communities—one comprised of people who relocated from reservations and maintain ties to tribal nations (relocators) and another comprised of people reclaiming indigenous identities despite dislocations from tribal nations (reclaimers). By interrogating the mutual construction of indigeneity and gender across communities, I illustrate how relocators’ and reclaimers’ different relationships with tribal nations influence strategies for decolonizing gender. Reclaimers’ weak ties to tribal nations result in dogmatic efforts to reject their (socialization into) whiteness and enact what they perceive as indigenous complementarian gender—gender roles that are horizontally but not hierarchically distinct. Reclaimers’ strategic though misbegotten gender behaviors inadvertently reify settler‐constructed gender norms affirming men’s dominance over women. In contrast, relocators’ ongoing relations with tribal nations facilitate the emergence of “living traditions” that support fluid and adaptable gender strategies necessary to resist colonization and challenge hegemonic gender norms.
Colonialism, Racism, and Eastern Europe: Revisiting Whiteness and the Black Radical Tradition1
Authors: Stubbs Paul
Published: January 2022

This essay is written in response to Böröcz’s (2021) essay on race in Europe.
Roller Derby as a Secular Alternative to Religion*
Authors: Wollschleger Jason
Published: January 2022

Drawing on interviews with skaters on teams from all over the country in the women’s flat track roller Derby association (wftda), this article argues that roller Derby can be viewed as a secular alternative to religion for its participants. Following Stolz et al.’s ((Un)Believing in Modern Society: Religion, Spirituality, and Religious‐Secular Competition, Surrey, England: Ashgate Publishing, 2016) argument that social and cultural change has led to a change in the religious ‘competition’ regime which has resulted in changes to the nature of both intra‐religious competition and religious–secular competition so that religious groups now find themselves competing with secular leisure activities. This article finds support for this theory: that roller Derby functions as a secular competitor to religion in the lives of these skaters in three key ways: (1) roller Derby participants make a significant investment of time, energy, money, and physical well‐being into their sport; (2) roller Derby does, in fact, satisfy most if not all of the individual needs traditionally satisfied by religion as identified by Stolz et al(2016). ((Un)Believing in Modern Society: Religion, Spirituality, and Religious‐Secular Competition, Surrey, England: Ashgate Publishing, 2016); and, (3) participation in roller Derby does conflict with individuals’ formal religious involvement.
The submergence tolerance regulator SUB1A differentially coordinates molecular adaptation to submergence in mature and growing leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Alpuerto Jasper B. , Fukuda Mika , Li Song , Hussain Rana M. F. , Sakane Kodai , Fukao Takeshi
Published: January 2022

A typical adaptive response to submergence regulated by SUB1A, the ethylene‐responsive transcription factor gene, is the restricted elongation of the uppermost leaves. However, the molecular and physiological functions of SUB1A have been characterized using entire shoot tissues, most of which are mature leaves that do not elongate under submergence. We aimed to identify leaf‐type‐specific and overlapping adaptations coordinated in SUB1A‐dependent and ‐independent manners. To this end, we compared the transcriptomic and hormonal responses to submergence between mature and growing leaves using rice genotypes with and without SUB1A. Monosaccharide, branched‐chain amino acid, and nucleoside metabolism, associated with ATP synthesis, were commonly activated in both leaf types regardless of genotype. In both leaf types, pathways involved in carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism were suppressed by SUB1A, with more severe restriction in growing leaves that have a greater energy demand if SUB1A is absent. In growing leaves, accumulation of and responsiveness to growth‐regulating hormones were properly modulated by SUB1A, which correlated with restricted elongation. In mature leaves, submergence‐induced auxin accumulation was suppressed by SUB1A. This study demonstrates that different sets of hormonal pathways, both of which are modulated by SUB1A, contribute to distinct adaptive responses to submergence in mature and growing rice leaves.
Novel surgical approach to neoplastic lesions in the distal part of the urethra: A pilot cadaver study comparing open and hybrid techniques
Authors: Prządka Przemysław , Liszka Bartłomiej , Antończyk Agnieszka , Gąsior Ludwika , Kiełbowicz Zdzisław
Published: January 2022

Tumours of the distal urethra in female dogs are often difficult to treat, and the surgical methods described thus far have technical limitations. This study aimed to present a novel approach to the surgical treatment of distal urethral tumours. This study used dog cadavers to evaluate the technical feasibility of surgically removing neoplastic lesions in the distal urethra and compared surgical outcomes of open surgery with those of hybrid surgery (combination of laparoscopy and open surgery). Open intact, open spayed, hybrid intact, and hybrid spayed dog cadaver groups underwent surgery (n = 6 per group). The novel surgical method was based on vulvovaginectomy (ovariohysterectomy in intact dogs), resection of the distal part of the urethra, and pre‐pubic urethrostomy. Outcomes of interest included technical feasibility of each procedure, using both surgical techniques, wound length, time required to complete the procedure, and the incidence of intraoperative ureter and rectum injuries. Surgical technique and reproductive status affected operating time. Technique choice affected wound length; the surgical wound was longer in the open group than in the hybrid group. Macroscopic evaluation of the rectum did not reveal any damage to the wall. There was no evidence of ureter leakage or obstruction in any case. The present findings suggest that both open and hybrid surgery can be used to treat distal urethral tumours.
Measurement of Heat Transfer and Flow Structures in a Closed Rotating Cavity
Authors: Jackson Richard W. , Tang Hui , Scobie James A. , Owen J. Michael , Lock Gary D.
Published: January 2022

Buoyancy-induced flow occurs inside the rotating compressor cavities of gas turbines. These cavities are usually open at the inner radius, but in some industrial gas turbines, they are effectively closed. This paper presents measurements of the disk heat transfer and rotating flow structures in a closed cavity over a wide range of engine relevant conditions. These experimentally derived distributions of disk temperature and heat flux are the first of their kind to be published. The radial distribution of the nondimensional disk temperature virtually collapsed onto a single curve over the full experimental range. There was a small, monotonic departure from this common curve with increasing Reynolds number; this was attributed to compressibility effects where the core temperature increases as the rotational speed increases. These results imply that, if compressibility effects are negligible, all rotating closed cavities should have a disk temperature distribution uniquely related to the geometry and disk material; this is of important practical use to the engine designer. Unsteady pressure sensors detected either three or four vortex pairs across the experimental range. The number of pairs changed with Grashof number, and the structures slipped relative to the rotating disks by less than 1% of the disk speed.
Oxygen reduction reaction properties of vacuum-deposited Pt on thermally grown epitaxial graphene layers
Authors: Watanabe Masashi , Kanauchi Takafumi , Chida Yoshihiro , Hayashi Kenta , Todoroki Naoto , Wadayama Toshimasa
Published: January 2022

We prepared platinum nanostructures on epitaxial graphene layers (EGLs) generated via the thermal annealing of SiC(0001) substrates [Pt/EGLs/SiC(0001)], and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) properties were investigated. 4H_ and 6H_SiC(0001) substrates were annealed at 1600 °C in a vacuum to generate EGLs through the sublimation of Si atoms from the Si-terminated SiC(0001) substrate surfaces. Subsequently, a 1.2 nm thick Pt layer was vacuum-deposited on the EGLs/SiC(0001) surfaces at 10−8 Pa to synthesize Pt/EGLs/SiC(0001) nanostructures. Furthermore, the Pt nanostructures were fabricated separately on a 500 eV hydrogen-ion-beam (H2+-beam) irradiated EGL/6H_SiC(0001) [Pt/H2+-EGLs/SiC(0001)]. The ORR properties of the three vacuum-synthesized Pt/EGLs/SiC(0001) samples were evaluated, and the Pt/H2+-EGLs/SiC(0001) surface revealed improved electrochemical structural stability, that is, enhanced ORR durability relative to the non-H2+-irradiated Pt/EGLs/SiC(0001) surfaces.
Hamilton's geoacoustic model
Authors: Holland Charles W. , Dosso Stan E.
Published: January 2022

The Reflections series takes a look back on historical articles from The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America that have had a significant impact on the science and practice of acoustics.
Dose Selection for Phase III Clinical Evaluation of Gepotidacin (GSK2140944) in the Treatment of Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Scangarella-Oman Nicole E. , Hossain Mohammad , Hoover Jennifer L. , Perry Caroline R. , Tiffany Courtney , Barth Aline , Dumont Etienne F.
Published: January 2022

Antibiotics are the current standard-of-care treatment for uncomplicated urinary tract infections (uUTIs). However, increasing rates of bacterial antibiotic resistance necessitate novel therapeutic options.
Measurements of 5,6-Orthoquinone, a Surrogate for the Presumed Active Primaquine Metabolite 5-Hydroxyprimaquine, in the Urine of Cambodian Adults
Authors: Vanachayangkul Pattaraporn , Sea Darapiseth , Wojnarski Mariusz , Sok Somethy , Kodchakorn Chanikarn , Ta-aksorn Winita , Hom Sohei , Ittiverakul Mali , Kuntawunginn Worachet , Arsanok Montri , Buathong Nillawan , Heng Thay Kheang , Nareth Kong , Nou Samon , Chandara Sok , Ly Sokna , Oung Pheaktra , Vesely Brian , Bennett Jason , Reichard Gregory , Pybus Brandon , Lanteri Charlotte , Saunders David , Fukuda Mark , Smith Philip , Dysoley Lek , Rekol Huy , Waters Norman C. , Spring Michele
Published: January 2022

The active metabolites of primaquine, in particular 5-hydroxyprimaquine, likely responsible for the clearance of dormant hypnozoites, are produced through the hepatic CYP450 2D6 (CYP2D6) enzymatic pathway. With the inherent instability of 5-hydroxyprimaquine, a stable surrogate, 5,6-orthoquinone, can now be detected and measured in the urine as part of primaquine pharmacokinetic studies.
A Novel Pneumococcal Surface Protein K of Nonencapsulated
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Promotes Transmission among Littermates in an Infant Mouse Model with Influenza A Virus Coinfection
Authors: Sakatani Hideki , Kono Masamitsu , Nanushaj Denisa , Murakami Daichi , Takeda Saori , Kaneko Fumie , Nahm Moon H. , Hotomi Muneki
Published: January 2022

We established an infant mouse model for colonization and transmission by nonencapsulated
Streptococcus pneumoniae
(NESp) strains to gain important information about its virulence among children. Invasive pneumococcal diseases have decreased dramatically since the worldwide introduction of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccines. Increasing prevalence of nonvaccine serotypes, including NESp, has been highlighted as a challenge in treatment strategy, but the virulence of NESp is not well understood.
Maintenance of the Shigella sonnei Virulence Plasmid Is Dependent on Its Repertoire and Amino Acid Sequence of Toxin-Antitoxin Systems
Authors: Martyn Jessica E. , Pilla Giulia , Hollingshead Sarah , Winther Kristoffer S. , Lea Susan , McVicker Gareth , Tang Christoph M.
Published: January 2022

Shigella sonnei
is the major cause of shigellosis in high-income and industrializing countries and is an emerging, multidrug-resistant pathogen. A significant challenge when studying this bacterium is that it spontaneously becomes avirulent during growth in the laboratory through loss of its virulence plasmid (pINV).
Mechanism of Pyridoxine 5′-Phosphate Accumulation in Pyridoxal 5′-Phosphate-Binding Protein Deficiency
Authors: Ito Tomokazu , Ogawa Honoka , Hemmi Hisashi , Downs Diana M. , Yoshimura Tohru
Published: January 2022

A PLP-binding protein (PLPBP) from the conserved COG0325 family has recently been recognized as a key player in vitamin B
6
homeostasis in various organisms. Loss of PLPBP disrupts vitamin B
6
homeostasis and perturbs diverse metabolisms, including amino acid and α-keto acid metabolism.
Which human factors design issues are influencing system performance in out-of-hours community palliative care? Integration of realist approaches with an established systems analysis framework to develop mid-range programme theory
Authors: Yardley Sarah , Williams Huw , Bowie Paul , Edwards Adrian , Noble Simon , Donaldson Liam , Carson-Stevens Andrew
Published: January 2022

Objective

To develop mid-range programme theory from perceptions and experiences of out-of-hours community palliative care, accounting for human factors design issues that might be influencing system performance for achieving desirable outcomes through quality improvement.

Setting

Community providers and users of out-of-hours palliative care.

Participants

17 stakeholders participated in a workshop event.

Design

In the UK, around 30% of people receiving palliative care have contact with out-of-hours services. Interactions between emotions, cognition, tasks, technology and behaviours must be considered to improve safety. After sharing experiences, participants were presented with analyses of 1072 National Reporting and Learning System incident reports. Discussion was orientated to consider priorities for change. Discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim by the study team. Event artefacts, for example, sticky notes, flip chart lists and participant notes, were retained for analysis. Two researchers independently identified context–mechanism–outcome configurations using realist approaches before studying the inter-relation of configurations to build a mid-range theory. This was critically appraised using an established human factors framework called Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS).

Results

Complex interacting configurations explain relational human-mediated outcomes where cycles of thought and behaviour are refined and replicated according to prior experiences. Five such configurations were identified: (1) prioritisation; (2) emotional labour; (3) complicated/complex systems; (4a) system inadequacies and (4b) differential attention and weighing of risks by organisations; (5) learning. Underpinning all these configurations was a sixth: (6a) trust and access to expertise; and (6b) isolation at night. By developing a mid-range programme theory, we have created a framework with international relevance for guiding quality improvement work in similar modern health systems.

Conclusions

Meta-cognition, emotional intelligence, and informal learning will either overcome system limitations or overwhelm system safeguards. Integration of human-centred co-design principles and informal learning theory into quality improvement may improve results.
Effect of fertility health awareness strategies on fertility knowledge and childbearing in young married couples (FertStart): study protocol for an effectiveness-implementation hybrid type I multicentre three-arm parallel group open-label randomised clinical trial
Authors: Chan Sze Ling , Thumboo Julian , Boivin Jacky , Saffari Seyed Ehsan , Yin Shanqing , Yeo Samantha Rachel , Chan Jerry Kok Yen , Ng Kee Chong , Chua Ka-Hee , Yu Su Ling
Published: January 2022

Introduction

Birth rates have been declining in many advanced societies including Singapore. We designed two interventions with vastly different resource requirements, which include fertility education, personalised fertility information and a behavioural change component targeting modifiable psychological constructs to modify fertility awareness and childbearing intentions. We aim to evaluate the effect of these two interventions on knowledge, attitudes and practice around childbearing compared with a control group among young married couples in Singapore and understand the implementation factors in the setting of an effectiveness-implementation hybrid type 1 three-arm randomised trial.

Methods and analysis

We will randomise 1200 young married couples to no intervention (control), Fertility Health Screening group (FHS) or Fertility Awareness Tools (FAT) in a 7:5:5 ratio. Couples in FHS will undergo an anti-Mullerian hormone test and semen analysis, a doctor’s consultation to explain the results and standardised reproductive counselling by a trained nurse. Couples in FAT will watch a standardised video, complete an adapted fertility status awareness (FertiSTAT) tool and receive an educational brochure. The attitudes, fertility knowledge and efforts to achieve pregnancy of all couples will be assessed at baseline and 6 months post-randomisation. Birth statistics will be tracked using administrative records at 2 and 3 years. The primary outcome is the change in the woman’s self-reported intended age at first birth between baseline and 6 months post-randomisation. In addition, implementation outcomes and cost-effectiveness of the two interventions will be assessed.

Ethics and dissemination

This study has been reviewed and approved by the Centralized Institutional Review Board of SingHealth (2019/2095). Study results will be reported to the study funder and there are plans to disseminate them in scientific conferences and publications, where authorship will be determined by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors guidelines.

Trial registration number

NCT04647136; ClinicalTrails.gov Identifier.