bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fluid evolution in base‐metal sulphide mineral deposits in the metamorphic basement rocks of southwest Scotland and Northern Ireland
Authors: Baron Martin , Parnell John
Published: December 2004

The Dalradian and Ordovician–Silurian metamorphic basement rocks of southwest Scotland and Northern Ireland host a number of base‐metal sulphide‐bearing vein deposits associated with kilometre‐scale fracture systems. Fluid inclusion microthermometric analysis reveals two distinct fluid types are present at more than half of these deposits. The first is an H2O–CO2–salt fluid, which was probably derived from devolatilization reactions during Caledonian metamorphism. This stage of mineralization in Dalradian rocks was associated with base‐metal deposition and occurred at temperatures between 220 and 360°C and pressures of between 1.6 and 1.9 kbar. Caledonian mineralization in Ordovician–Silurian metamorphic rocks occurred at temperatures between 300 and 360°C and pressures between 0.6 and 1.9 kbar. A later, probably Carboniferous, stage of mineralization was associated with base‐metal sulphide deposition and involved a low to moderate temperature (Th 70 to 240°C), low to moderate salinity (0 to 20 wt% NaCl eq.), H2O–salt fluid. The presence of both fluids at many of the deposits shows that the fractures hosting the deposits acted as long‐term controls for fluid migration and the location of Caledonian metalliferous fluids as well as Carboniferous metalliferous fluids. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of fluvial‐tidal interactions on the nature of cross‐stratified packages in a deltaic setting: examples from the Barakar Coal Measure (Permian), Satpura Gondwana Basin, central India
Authors: Ghosh Sanjoy Kumar , Chakraborty Chandan , Chakraborty Tapan
Published: December 2004

Nine different types of cross‐stratified packages from the coal‐bearing, deltaic succession of the Barakar Formation (Permian) of the Satpura Gondwana Basin, central India, are described. The deposits are characterized by periodic mudstone drapes, reactivation surfaces including all other features suggestive of deposition from periodically unsteady, tidally‐influenced flows. The inferred flow patterns varied from purely bidirectional to pulsating unidirectional. The different types of cross‐stratified packages are interpreted to have resulted from superimposition of ebb‐oriented, steady, unidirectional fluvial currents of variable strength on the tidal flow in a deltaic setting. The study helps to distinguish cross‐strata that may develop in settings where fluvial and tidal currents interact. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stratigraphy of upper Viséan carbonate platform rocks in the Carlow area, southeast Ireland
Authors: Cózar P. , Somerville I. D.
Published: December 2004

The stratigraphy of the upper Viséan (Asbian to Brigantian) carbonate succession in southeast Ireland is revised on the basis of seven quarry and two borehole sections. Six lithological units have been distinguished, two units (units 1 and 2) in the upper Asbian Ballyadams Formation, and four units (units 4 to 6) in the Brigantian Clogrenan Formation (both formations are dated precisely using foraminiferans, calcareous algae and rugose corals). The boundary between the Ballyadams and Clogrenan formations is redefined 19 m below the horizon proposed by the Geological Survey of Ireland, and thus, lithological characteristics of both formations are redescribed. The upper part of the Ballyadams Formation is characterized by well‐developed large‐scale cyclicity, with common subaerial exposure surfaces. Fine‐ to medium‐grained thin‐bedded limestones with thin shales occur in the lower part of cycles, passing up into medium‐grained pale grey massive limestones in the upper part. The Clogrenan Formation is composed mainly of medium‐ to coarse‐grained thick limestone beds with variable presence of shales; but no large‐scale cyclicity. There is a decrease in the number of subaerial exposure surfaces towards the top of the formation and common chert nodules; macrofauna occurs mostly concentrated in bands. The six units recognized in the Carlow area are comparable with other units described for the same time interval (Asbian–Brigantian) from south and southwest Ireland, demonstrating the existence of a stable platform for most parts of southern Ireland, controlled principally by glacioeustatics. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Caledonide influences on the Old Red Sandstone fluvial systems of the Oslo Region, Norway
Authors: Davies Neil S. , Turner Peter , Sansom Ivan J.
Published: December 2004

Red or buff‐coloured sandstones and siltstones of fluvial origin comprise approximately 80% of the Ringerike Group, a late Silurian Old Red Sandstone (ORS) sequence that crops out extensively in the Oslo Region of southern Norway. These fluvial sediments are lithostratigraphically ascribed to two laterally equivalent formations—the Stubdal Formation (to the north of Oslo) and the Skien Formation (to the south of Oslo). The fluvial strata of each of the two formations have a distinct style of sandbody geometry, facies, provenance, and palaeocurrent direction. Within the Stubdal Formation, shallow channelized sandbodies, low‐ to upper‐flow regime sedimentary structures, a Caledonide provenance and a palaeoflow toward the southeast are evident. Within the Skien Formation, sandbody geometry is entirely sheet form, with upper‐flow regime sedimentary structures, a provenance from Precambrian rocks to the northern and local parts of the Oslo Region and a palaeoflow toward the east. No stratal contact can be seen between the two fluvial formations, due to a 15 km break in exposure between the southernmost Stubdal Formation and the northernmost Skien Formation. Relationships with adjacent formations indicate that they are diachronous, lateral equivalents. Given the abrupt change in sedimentary style between the two formations, it is proposed that a barrier had developed within the foreland basin, diverting the ORS fluvial systems in southern Norway, from a southward (north of Oslo), to an eastward direction (south of Oslo). This diversion had implications for depositional gradient, fluvial regime and provenance, resulting in the differences visible in the deposits of those rivers. The barrier invoked is arguably a Caledonide blind thrust fault that developed a topographic high, running east–west through the vicinity of Oslo, during the late Silurian. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robert E. Horton and abrupt rises of ground water
Authors: Beven Keith
Published: December 2004

There are 94 boxes of the scientific papers of Robert E. Horton's papers in the US National Archives. In Box 71, there are copies of letters exchanged between LeRoy K. Sherman, Consulting Engineer of Chicago, IL (and author of the classic paper on the unitgraph) and Robert E. Horton, Consulting Hydraulic Engineer of Voorheesville, NY, concerning rapid rises of groundwater levels in near‐stream wells and their relationship to the storm hydrograph. They provide an interesting insight into the views of both Sherman and Horton on controls on stream flow generation, and the relationship between Horton and other hydrologists. Horton's analysis of subsurface flow processes and saturated areas anticipates later analyses of topographic controls on hydrological responses. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The detection and correction of snow water equivalent pressure sensor errors
Authors: Johnson Jerome B. , Marks Danny
Published: December 2004

Snow water equivalent (SWE) sensors can experience errors when the base of the snow cover is at the melting temperature, the snow can support shear stresses (assumed to occur at densities greater than 200 kg m−3), and the rate of snowmelt on the sensor is different than on the surrounding ground. Either undermeasurement or overmeasurement errors may occur at critical times when the snow cover transitions from winter to spring conditions and at the start of periods of rapid snowmelt. Parameters to determine the onset of SWE sensor undermeasurement errors are defined by a negative rate of change for SWE, a negative rate of change for snow density, and an increasing snow depth. For the onset of overmeasurement errors, the rate of change for SWE will be positive while snow depth decreases and the snow density rate of change exceeds a defined positive threshold. When the snow temperature and density error conditions and the three under‐ or over‐measurement error‐indicator parameters are satisfied at the same time, an SWE sensor error has started. Real‐time correction of the errors is done by multiplying the average snow cover density, set at the start of the error, with the snow depth. Once the error event ends, when the corrected SWE and SWE sensor data intersect, SWE is again determined from SWE sensor measurements. SWE sensor errors were accurately detected and corrected for five different sensors located in maritime and intermountain climatic zones when high‐quality SWE sensor, snow or air temperature, and snow depth measurements were available. Implementation of the error detection and correction method requires simultaneous measurements of SWE, snow depth, and snow temperature near the ground. Improved error correction can be achieved by incorporating precipitation data and estimates of snow density due to retained rain or snow melt. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial variation and temporal stability of soil water in a snow‐dominated, mountain catchment
Authors: Grant Laura , Seyfried Mark , McNamara Jim
Published: December 2004

Soil is a critical intermediary of water flux between precipitation and stream flow. Characterization of soil water content (θ, m3 m−3) may be especially difficult in mountainous, snow‐dominated catchments due to highly variable water inputs, topography, soils and vegetation. However, individual sites exhibit similar seasonal dynamics, suggesting that it may be possible to describe spatial variability in terms of temporally stable relationships. Working in a 0·36 km2 headwater catchment, we: (i) described and the spatial variability of θ over a 2 year period, (ii) characterized that variability in terms of temporal stability analysis, and (iii) related changes in temporally stable soil water patterns to stream flow generation. Soil water data were collected for 2 years at representative sites and quantified in terms of θ and water storage to a depth of 75 cm (S75, cm). Both S75 and θ were normally distributed in space on all measurement dates. Spatial variability was high relative to other studies, reflecting catchment heterogeneity. However, the ranking of S75 values displayed temporal stability for all site locations, seasonally and annually. This stability was attributed to soil texture. Further temporal analysis indicated that estimates of catchment mean and standard deviation of S75 may be characterized with relatively few measurements. Finally, we used temporal linear regression to define catchment soil water conditions related to stream‐flow generation. Static, high S75 conditions in late winter and early spring indicate that stream‐flow response is highly sensitive to inputs, whereas static, low S75 conditions in late summer and early fall indicate minimum stream‐flow sensitivity to water inputs. The fall transition was marked by uniform Sd across the catchment. The late spring transition was marked by nonuniform S75 decreases, with the highest S75 sites decreasing most. Threshold S75 values identifying catchment sensitivity to water input were identified. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An evaluation of snowmelt and sublimation over short vegetation in land surface modelling
Authors: Lee Young‐Hee , Mahrt L.
Published: December 2004

Sublimation and snowmelt in a short brush canopy is examined with a two‐layer canopy model. The model's performance is evaluated with observations taken over a brush site in the North Park basin of Colorado, USA. Two cases are selected for detailed examination. In the first case, a thin snow layer covers the ground surface but the canopy is snow free. In the second case, a thicker layer of snow covers both the ground surface and part of the brush canopy. Sensitivity tests are performed to investigate the effect of the subcanopy mixing parameterization and the formulation of intercepted snow on the sublimation and snowmelt. In short canopies, snowmelt is sensitive to the subcanopy mixing parameterization, and turbulent heat flux is sensitive to the intercepted snow due to modification of the albedo and water availability. Comparisons are made with additional eddy‐correlation measurements over a snow‐covered surface with no vegetation. Greater roughness and heating at the sparse canopy site lead to faster snow ablation compared with the site with no vegetation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tomography of temperature gradient metamorphism of snow and associated changes in heat conductivity
Authors: Schneebeli Martin , Sokratov Sergey A.
Published: December 2004

Temperature gradient metamorphism is one of the dominant processes changing the structure of natural dry snow. The structure of snow regulates the thermal and mechanical properties. Physical models and numerical simulations of the evolution of the snow cover require a thorough understanding of the interplay between structure and physical properties. The structure of snow and the heat conductivity were measured simultaneously without disturbance in a miniature snow breeder. The structure was measured by microtomography, and heat conductivity by measuring heat fluxes and temperatures. A temperature gradient from 25 to 100 K m−1 was applied to the snow. The snow density range of the samples varied from 150 to 500 kg m−3. The density in the observed volume remained constant during the experiments under temperature gradient conditions. The structure was analysed with respect to the size of typical ice structures and air pores, specific surface area, curvature and anisotropy of the ice matrix. The temporal changes in structure and heat conductivity are compared. The heat conductivity changed by as much as twice its initial value, caused by changes in structure and texture, but not due to changes in density. This shows the enormous importance of structure in the evolution of the heat conductivity. The observed changes are not in good agreement with the current understanding of the metamorphic process, because heat conductivity increased during temperature gradient metamorphism, instead of the expected decrease due to a shrinking of the bonds. We also observed a plateau in the evolution of the heat conductivity coefficient, which indicates a quasi‐steady state of the structural evolution with respect to thermophysical properties of snow. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of viewing geometry and topography on viewable gap fractions through forest canopies
Authors: Liu Jicheng , Melloh Rae A. , Woodcock Curtis E. , Davis Robert E. , Ochs Elke S.
Published: December 2004

The fraction of the surface under forest canopies that is visible from above, or the viewable gap fraction (VGF), influences a number of significant physical processes, such as the longwave radiation budget of the surface and the magnitude of diffuse irradiance. In addition, it has significant implications for the remote sensing of the surface. The VGF is dependent on canopy structure, topography and viewing geometry. Although it is difficult to map VGF using current operational remote sensing systems, it is possible to estimate VGF using models based on the three‐dimensional structure of forest canopies.

Results from hemispheric photographs taken in the field at Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado, and a geometric optical (GO) model show a trend of rapid decrease in VGF as the view zenith angles diverges from nadir. Whereas there is general agreement between model estimates and the hemispheric photographs, the hemispheric photographs generally show higher VGF values for all view zenith angles. In particular, the higher values for VGF are apparent at high view zenith angles. Use of a more complicated GO radiative transfer model would add the effect of within‐crown gaps to those modelled by the GO model and will be used in future studies.

VGF maps estimated using the GO model for the Fool Creek intensive study area show a significant decrease in VGF when view zenith angle is increased from 0° (nadir) to 30° viewing from the east. To produce VGF maps in mountain areas, the effect of topography must be taken into account, as changes in slope angle and azimuth are similar to changes in the view zenith angle. Hence, topography can serve either to accentuate or to minimize view zenith angle effects, depending on the slope orientation relative to the viewing position. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating Alter‐shielded gauge snowfall undercatch, snowpack sublimation, and blowing snow transport at six sites in the coterminous USA
Authors: Fassnacht S. R.
Published: December 2004

Computing the monthly and winter water balance for cold regions can be difficult due to data scarcity. Historically, the spatial resolution, temporal resolution, and the number of variables measured have been limited. Currently, these data are once again becoming limited. To estimate the net snowpack accumulation, measured precipitation must be adjusted to consider precipitation underestimation due to gauge undercatch, the snow lost to sublimation, and blowing snow transport. Using existing formulations, hourly meteorological data were used to estimate snowpack sublimation and blowing snow transport losses for three winters at six National Weather Service (NWS) automated surface observation stations across the coterminous USA. Wind‐induced undercatch was estimated from daily data for the collocated NWS Alter‐shielded gauges. For the average wind speed sites (the average wind speed was from 2·4 to 4·3 m s−1), 70% of the snow that fell was caught, whereas at the low wind site (1·3 m s−1), 90% was caught and only 46% was caught at the high wind site (5·6 m s−1). Average snowpack sublimation ranged from 7 mm per month at either low wind or low precipitation sites to over 20 mm per month at average wind sites with either average precipitation and low humidity or high precipitation and moderate humidity. Blowing snow transport was only important at higher wind sites (>4 m s−1). A distinct relationship was not obvious for average monthly meteorology for undercatch versus snowpack sublimation plus blowing snow losses. Seasonally, they are approximately equal for more snowy and wet environments. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency and significance of schistocytes in TTP/HUS patients at the discontinuation of plasma exchange therapy
Authors: Egan Jennifer A. , Hay Shauna N. , Brecher Mark E.
Published: December 2004

Introduction: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/hemolytic uremic syndrome (TTP/HUS) is characterized by thrombocytopenia, a microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (presence of schistocytes) and elevated LDH without another likely explanation. Standard of care is daily plasma exchange, which is typically discontinued when the platelet count exceeds 100–150 × 109/L for 2 days. However, residual schistocytosis, the presence of schistocytes at the time of discontinuation of plasma exchange therapy, is often disconcerting. We evaluated the frequency and significance of residual schistocytosis in TTP/HUS patients when the patients' platelet counts returned to normal levels (e.g., 100−150 × 109/L). Methods: Retrospective review in our institution from 01/1999‐03/2004 of all patients treated with plasma exchange for TTP/HUS with at least 2 months of follow‐up for relapse was completed. Patients were excluded if the clinical course was complicated by HIV, stem cell/bone marrow and solid organ transplant, pregnancy and auto‐immune disease. Schistocytes were documented on day of presentation and on the day the platelet count reached 150 × 109/L. Grading scale (using 100 × objective‐a high power field, with approximately 100 red blood cells per field) for schistocytes was as follows: rare for 1 schistocyte per every other other field, 1+ for 1–5%, 2+ for 6–15%, and 3+ for >15%. The frequency of schistocytes was compared to frequency of relapse within 2 months, using Fisher's exact test. Results: We identified 57 patients with TTP/HUS who received plasma exchange therapy. Of these patients, 12 did not have a follow‐up microscopic examination of a peripheral blood smear at discontinuation of plasma exchange therapy and were excluded from further analysis. Of the remaining 45 patients, 16 had residual schistocytosis (35.6%). There was no statistically significant difference in relapse rate with or without residual schistocytosis (P = 1.00, Fisher's Exact test, 2 sided). Conclusions: In this study, we found that the presence of residual schistocytosis is common (35.6%). The presence of residual schistocytosis, however, was not predictive of relapse. J. Clin. Apheresis 19:165–167, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of solvable (120, 35, 10) difference sets
Authors: Becker Paul E.
Published: December 2004

Abelian difference sets with parameters (120, 35, 10) were ruled out by Turyn in 1965. Turyn's techniques do not apply to nonabelian groups. We attempt to determine the existence of (120, 35, 10) difference sets in the 44 nonabelian groups of order 120. We prove that if a solvable group admits a (120, 35, 10) difference set, then it admits a quotient group isomorphic to the cyclic group of order 24 or to U24 ≅ 〈x,y : x8 = y3 = 1, xyx−1 = y−1〉. We describe a computer search, which rules out solutions with a ℤ24 quotient. The existence question remains undecided in the three solvable groups admitting a U24 quotient. The question also remains undecided for the three nonsolvable groups of order 120. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of Domain Size on Toughness of Poly(styrene‐block‐butadiene) Star Block Copolymer/Polystyrene Blends
Authors: Lach Ralf , Weidisch Roland , Janke Andreas , Knoll Konrad
Published: December 2004

Summary:The toughness of poly(styrene‐block‐butadiene) star block copolymer/polystyrene (PS) blends have been investigated using the essential‐work‐of‐fracture approach. The blends show a co‐continuous or layer‐like structure of polystyrene‐rich and polybutadiene‐rich domains arising from the used extrusion process. A tough‐to‐brittle transition at a critical domain size of polystyrene‐rich domains of about 50 nm and a maximum in the non‐essential work of fracture at 20–30% PS (co‐continuous morphology) have been found.

Non‐essential work of fracture as a function of the mean thickness of polystyrene‐rich domains, demonstrating a tough‐to‐brittle transition at a critical domain thickness about 50 nm. AFM micrograph of a star block copolymer/PS‐blend containing 40% PS.

image

Non‐essential work of fracture as a function of the mean thickness of polystyrene‐rich domains, demonstrating a tough‐to‐brittle transition at a critical domain thickness about 50 nm. AFM micrograph of a star block copolymer/PS‐blend containing 40% PS.
Complete 1H and 13C NMR assignments of four new steroidal glycosides from a gorgonian coral Junceella juncea
Authors: Qi Shuhua , Zhang Si , Huang Jianshe , Xiao Zhihui , Wu Jun , Li Qingxin
Published: December 2004

Four new cholest‐type steroidal glycosides, junceellosides A–D, isolated from the EtOH/CH2Cl2 extracts of the South China Sea gorgonian coral Junceella juncea, were identified. Complete assignments of the 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts for these compounds were achieved by means of one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR techniques, including 1H–1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC and NOESY spectra. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient Solution of the Compressible Euler Equations for Low Mach Numbers
Authors: Bramkamp Frank , Ray Saurya , Ballmann Josef
Published: December 2004

This paper investigates the benefits of local preconditioning for the compressible Euler equations to predict nearly incompressible fluid flow. The AUSMDV(P) upwind method by Edwards and Liou is employed to maintain the spatial accuracy of the method for low Mach numbers. The results indicate excellent solution quality and fast convergence to steady state for compressible as well as nearly incompressible fluid flow. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Numerische Analyse von Prozessinhomogenitäten bei der Hochdruckbehandlung von Lebensmitteln
Authors: Kitsubun Panit , Hartmann Christoph , Delgado Antonio
Published: December 2004

Die durch Temperaturunterschiede induzierten Prozessheterogenitäten bei der Hochdruckbehandlung von Lebensmitteln werden sowohl experimentell als auch numerisch untersucht. Hierbei werden Prozesse bei bis zu 500 MPa während einer 20‐minütigen Hochdruckbehandlung in einem 3‐Liter‐Hochdruckautoklaven betrachtet. Als Maß für die Heterogenitäten der Prozesse dient u. a. die Temperaturverteilung aber auch die Verteilung der Aktivität des Enzyms Bacillus Subtilis α‐Amylase (BSA) im Autoklaven. Eine für den Hochdruckbereich geeignete Zustandsgleichung und die druck‐ und temperaturabhängigen Materialeigenschaften für das Druckmedium sind in die Berechnungsverfahren implementiert, die mittels der Finite‐Volume‐Methode durchgeführt werden. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A multigrid discrete‐ordinates solution for isotropic transport equation
Authors: Seaïd Mohammed
Published: December 2004

We propose a robust multigrid solver for the isotropic transport equation in three space dimensions. Discrete‐ordinates and Galerkin method are used for angle and space discretizations, respectively. The fully discrete problem is formulated as a compact linear system of algebraic equations with a dense iterate matrix. Using a hierarchy of nested meshes our multigrid algorithm employes the Atkinson‐Brakhage approximate inverse as a smoother while a Krylov subspace method is used to solve the coarse problem. Numerical results and comparisons are shown for a transport problem with thermal source. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simulation of Wooden Particle Drying
Authors: Vortmann Claas
Published: December 2004

With regard to future calculations of the combustion inside a packed bed of wooden particles, the drying process of a single wet particle is simulated in the present study. Essentially, conservation equations in spherical coordinates are solved by a finite volume approach for the interior of the single wooden particle. It is shown that a thin transition zone between the wet and the dry area exists during evaporation. The fundamental reasons are pointed out. Furthermore, the high velocity values in the transition zone are explained physically. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Hybrid Particle Level Set Method for Two‐Phase Flow
Authors: Gaudlitz Daniel , Adams Nikolaus A.
Published: December 2004

The hybrid particle level set method developed by Enright et al. (2002) combines the high precision of Lagrangian front tracking techniques with the smooth and simple reconstruction of interfaces provided by Eulerian level set methods. In this paper we consider the rotation of a rigid body of complex geometry and compare the achieved accuracy of both the original level set approach and the hybrid particle level set method. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Clifford analysis and the Navier‐Stokes equations over unbounded domains
Authors: Kähler Uwe
Published: December 2004

We describe a finite difference scheme based on a discrete function theory for the Navier‐Stokes equations over unbounded domains which has only low regularity demands on the solution for convergence. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Elastic buckling of an axially compressed open circular cylindrical shell
Authors: Magnucka‐Blandzi E. , Magnucki K.
Published: December 2004

The paper is devoted to stability problem of an axially compressed open elastic circular cylindrical shell. Two curvilinear edges of the open cylindrical shell are simply supported while two straight edges are free. Two load cases of the shell are assumed. The first load case ‐ was the invariable axially normal force intensity, and the second load case ‐ the linearly varying axially normal force intensity. Critical loads of the shell for both load cases are determined. These critical loads are compared with a classical load for closed circular cylindrical shell. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Existence of minimizers for a geometrically exact Cosserat solid
Authors: Neff Patrizio
Published: December 2004

We study a geometrically exact Cosserat continuum model. The model is investigated in variational form as a two‐field minimization problem for the deformation φ and the independent microrotation $\bar R$. The elastic energy is assumed to depend quadratically on the micropolar stretch tensor _ and super‐quadratically on the curvature $\bar U$. Depending on the values of constitutive parameters, existence of minimizers in Sobolev‐spaces can be shown. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
About regularity issues regarding a magnetic force formula
Authors: Schlömerkemper Anja
Published: December 2004

The continuum limit of the magnetic force in a discrete configuration of dipoles on a Bravais lattice is known in the case of domains with C2‐boundaries. Since magnetic domains are often observed to have corners and are therefore not C2, it is interesting to extend the known result to the case of domains that have piecewise C2‐boundaries. Here, a sketch of the proof is given. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
Authors:   John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Published: December 2004

In order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Each bibliography is divided into 20 sections: 1 Books, Reviews & Symposia; 2 General; 3 Anti‐infective Agents; 4 Cardiovascular System Agents; 5 CNS Depressive Agents; 6 Non‐steroidal Anti‐inflammatory Agents; 7 CNS Agents; 8 Anti‐neoplastic Agents; 9 Haematological Agents; 10 Neuroregulator‐Blocking Agents; 11 Dermatological Agents; 12 Immunosuppressive Agents; 13 Autonomic Agents; 14 Respiratory System Agents; 15 Neuromuscular Agents; 16 Reproductive System Agents; 17 Gastrointestinal System Agents; 18 Anti‐inflammatory Agents ‐ Steroidal; 19 Teratogens/fetal exposure; 20 Others. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.
Synthesis and properties of new orange red light‐emitting hyperbranched and linear polymers derived from 3,5‐dicyano‐2,4,6‐tristyrylpyridine
Authors: Wang Hongli , Li Zhen , Jiang Zuoquan , Liang Yanke , Wang Hui , Qin Jingui , Yu Gui , Liu Yunqi
Published: December 2004

Two new orange red light‐emitting hyperbranched and linear polymers, poly(pyridine phenylene)s P1 and P2, were prepared by the Heck coupling reaction. In particular, an A2 + B3 approach was developed to synthesize conjugated hyperbranched polymer P2 via one‐pot polycondensation. The polymers were characterized by NMR, Fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet–visible, and elemental analysis. They showed excellent solubility in common solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, CH2Cl2, CHCl3, and N,N‐dimethylformamide and had high molecular weights (up to 6.1 × 105 and 5.8 × 105). Cyclic voltammetry studies revealed that P2 had a low‐lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level of −3.22 eV and a highest occupied molecular orbital energy level of −5.43 eV. The thin film of P2 emitted strong orange‐red photoluminescence at 595 nm. A double‐layer light‐emitting diode fabricated with the configuration of indium tin oxide/P2/tris(8‐hydroxy‐quinoline)aluminum/Al emitted orange‐red light at 599 nm, with a brightness of 662 cd/m2 at 7 V and a turn‐on voltage of 4.0 V; its external quantum efficiency was calculated to be 0.19% at 130.61 mA/cm2. This indicated that this new electroluminescent polymer (P2) based on 3,5‐dicyano‐2,4,6‐tristyrylpyridine could possibly be used as an orange‐red emitter in polymer light‐emitting displays. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 493–504, 2005
Laser flash photolysis of carboxymethylcellulose in an aqueous solution
Authors: Wach Radoslaw A. , Kudoh Hisaaki , Zhai Maolin , Muroya Yusa , Katsumura Yosuke
Published: December 2004

Laser flash photolysis with excitation at 248 nm was used to study photochemically derived changes of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) in aqueous solutions. Transient absorption spectra of solutions after photolysis revealed a broad band with a maximum of approximately 720 nm, which could be ascribed to the signal of the hydrated electron. The interaction of the hydrated electron with CMC was slow (<107 dm3 mol−1 s−1), but the OH radical, formed by the decomposition of H2O2, reacted with CMC at a high rate constant (9.5–11.0 × 108 dm3 mol−1 s−1). The rate constant of the reactions of CMC with hydroxyl radicals depended on the conformation of the macromolecules, which was determined by the pH of the solution. Transient absorption was recorded at a wavelength shorter than 370 nm for CMC solutions photolyzed in the presence of H2O2. As a result of OH attack, long‐lived radicals were formed on CMC. The recombination of macroradicals led to the formation of crosslinking bonds between side‐chain groups, and as a result of it an insoluble gel arose in low‐pH solutions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 505–518, 2005
Synthesis and characterization of new alternating, amphiphilic, comblike copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) macromonomer and N‐phenylmaleimide
Authors: Cianga Luminita , Sarac Ayfer , Ito Koichi , Yagci Yusuf
Published: December 2004

A surface‐active p‐vinyl benzyloxy‐ω‐hydroxy‐poly(ethylene oxide) macromonomer containing 22 pendant structural units of ethylene oxide (St–PEO22) was synthesized with an initiation method. Because of its solubility in a large variety of solvents, the free‐radical copolymerization with electron‐acceptor N‐phenylmaleimide (NPMI) was performed at 60 °C in benzene and tetrahydrofuran (THF) as isotropic media and in a water–THF mixture or water as a heterogeneous medium. Oil‐soluble 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile and water‐soluble 4,4′‐azobis(4‐cyanovaleric acid) were used as the initiators at fixed concentrations. Two different St–PEO22/NPMI comonomer ratios (1/1 and 3/7) at a fixed total comonomer concentration in the polymerization system were used. The structures, compositions, and microstructure peculiarities of the obtained alternating, amphiphilic, comblike copolymers were determined by NMR analysis. For the copolymers synthesized in hydrophilic media, differential scanning calorimetry showed, near the endothermic peak attributed to the melting of the poly(ethylene oxide) side chains, the presence of a second peak due to the partially ordered phase that could exist between the crystalline state and the isotropic melt. Also, the thermal stability of the obtained copolymers was studied with thermogravimetric analysis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 479–492, 2005
Pathways of electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions catalyzed by group 13 trihalides: An ab initio study
Authors: Volkov Alexey N. , Timoshkin Alexey Y. , Suvorov Andrew V.
Published: December 2004

An ab initio study of the two possible pathways of ectrophilic aromatic substitution reaction catalyzed by monomeric and dimeric forms of group 13 metal halides has been performed. Optimized geometries of π, σ‐complexes and corresponding transition states have been obtained at second‐order Møller–Plesset/ LANL2DZ(d)+ level of theory. It is found that operation of the dimeric pathway is more favorable both thermodynamically and kinetically. Thus, it is expected that catalytical activity of the metal halide will be greatly increased if the stoichiometric ratio 2:1 is employed. Obtained results are in qualitative agreement with available experimental data. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Probing the interaction of kojic acid antibiotics with iron(III) chloride by using electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Sudhir Putty‐Reddy , Wu Hui‐Fen , Zhou Zi‐Cong
Published: December 2004

Kojic acid, 5‐hydroxy‐2‐(hydroxymethyl)‐4H‐pyran‐4‐one, has been used extensively as a clinical iron‐chelating drug although the nature of the complexes of iron and kojic acid has not been established. In this article we demonstrate the complexation of kojic acid with iron(III) chloride by using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). The ESI‐MS analysis revealed different reactions between iron(III) chloride and kojic acid (M), and the mass spectrum exhibited four complexes: [Fe+2(MH)]+, [Fe+3(MH)+H]+, [Fe2+4(MH)+Cl]+, and [Fe2+5(MH)]+. All these proposed complexes and the presence of chloride ion in one of the dinuclear complexes have been confirmed by isotopic patterns and fragmentation studies by means of tandem mass spectrometry (MSn). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applications of a matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization orthogonal time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer. l. Metastable decay and collision‐induced dissociation for sequencing peptides
Authors: Ackloo Suzanne , Loboda Alexandre
Published: December 2004

The use of a high‐performance orthogonal time‐of‐flight (o‐TOF) mass spectrometer for sequence analysis is described. The mass spectrometer is equipped with a matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) source that operates at elevated pressure, 0.01–1 Torr. Ion fragmentation is controlled by varying the pressure of the buffer gas, the laser energy, the voltage difference between the MALDI target and the adjacent sampling cone, and between the cone and the quadrupole ion guide. The peptides were analyzed under optimal ionization conditions to obtain their molecular mass, and under conditions that promote ion dissociation via metastable decomposition or collision‐induced dissociation (CID). The fragmentation spectra were used to obtain sequence information. Ion dissociation was promoted via three configurations of the ionization parameters. All methods yielded sequencing‐grade b‐ and y‐type ions. Two binary mixtures of peptides were used to demonstrate that: (1) external calibration provides a standard deviation (σ) of 4 ppm with a mode of 9 ppm; and (2) that peptides with molecular masses that differ by a factor of two may be independently fragmented by appropriately choosing the CID energy and the low‐mass cut‐off. Analyses of tryptic digests employed liquid chromatography (LC), deposition of the eluant on a target, and finally MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry. The mass fingerprint and the (partial) sequence of the tryptic peptides were matched to their precursor protein via database searches. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The public’s preferences concerning the allocation of financial resources to health care: results from a representative population survey in Germany
Authors: Matschinger Herbert , Angermeyer Matthias C.
Published: December 2004

Objective.

– The aim of the study is to examine to what extent the public is willing to allocate financial resources to the care of people with mental disorders.

Methods.

– In 2001, a representative survey was conducted among the adult population of Germany (n = 5025). The respondents were asked to select three out of nine conditions for which available resources should on no account be shortened. For data analysis, multiple unidimensional unfolding was used.

Results.

– Compared with medical diseases, the respondents were far less willing to allocate financial resources to the care of people with psychiatric disorders, making a clear distinction between the two types of diseases. While familiarity with mental illness had the effect of decreasing the reluctance to spend money for psychiatric patients, the endorsement of traditional values increased it.

Conclusion.

– Our findings point to both the chances and the limitations of efforts aimed at reducing the structural discrimination of people with mental illness.
Family environment of eating disordered patients with and without self-injurious behaviors
Authors: Claes Laurence , Vandereycken Walter , Vertommen Hans
Published: December 2004

Objective.

– The family environment is known to be an important contributor to the course of psychiatric disorders. In this study, we examined the family context of eating disordered (ED) patients with and without self-injurious behaviors (SIB).

Method.

– A Dutch adaptation of the Family Environment Scale ‘Sci Eng 57(9-B):1997;5927’ was completed by 131 ED patients of whom 47% showed at least one form of SIB (e.g., cutting, burning, hair pulling, etc.).

Results

– Results showed a significant difference in family environment between patients with and without SIB. The family environment of self-injuring ED patients was less cohesive, expressive and socially oriented, and more conflictual and disorganized than the family environment of those without SIB. No significant differences in perceived family environment were found with respect to the number or form of SIB and the subtype of ED. Neither did we find a significant interaction effect between ED subtype and presence/absence of SIB.
Depressive symptoms during buprenorphine vs. methadone maintenance: findings from a randomised, controlled trial in opioid dependence
Authors: Dean Angela J. , Bell James , Christie Macdonald J. , Mattick Richard P.
Published: December 2004

Research suggests that buprenorphine may possess antidepressant activity. The Beck Depression Inventory was completed at baseline and 3 months by heroin dependent subjects receiving either buprenorphine or methadone maintenance as part of a larger, pre-existing, double blind trial conducted by NDARC (Australia). Depressive symptoms improved in all subjects, with no difference between methadone and buprenorphine groups, suggesting no differential benefit on depressive symptoms for buprenorphine compared to methadone.
Six-month course of mild cognitive impairment and affective symptoms in late-life depression
Authors: Adler Georg , Chwalek Katrin , Jajcevic Ana
Published: December 2004

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is frequent in patients with late-life depression. Previous studies indicate that cognitive performance in these patients is not or only marginally improved when they recover from depression. However, recovery from cognitive impairments due to depression may have a longer time course than recovery from affective symptoms. In a group of 34 elderly depressed patients (mean age: 73.4 years) admitted to a gerontopsychiatric day-clinic, severity of depression and cognitive performance were assessed before the initiation of treatment and were reassessed 6 months later. At admission, 18 of 34 patients (53%) fulfilled the criteria for MCI, with a preponderance of impairments in short-term memory and visuospatial capabilities. At the 6-month follow-up, cognitive performance had not significantly improved for the entire group; 12 of 27 patients (44%) still were fulfilling the criteria for MCI. No relationships could be ascertained between cognitive impairment or functional level and severity or course of depression. Patients with diurnal variations of the depressive symptomatology were less likely to fully recover from depression.
Leukopenia in clozapine treated patients may be induced by other drugs: a case series
Authors: Imbarlina Mary Jo , Sarkar Sonali , Marwah Shashi , Parepally Haranath , Johnston Phillip R. , Brar Jaspreet S. , Chengappa K.N. Roy
Published: December 2004

The combination of clozapine and other potentially leukopenic drugs may pose a greater risk for neutropenia. However, neutropenia may not always be due to clozapine. When adding potentially leukopenic drugs, clinicians should look for possible alternatives especially as clozapine is often a drug used as the last resort in treatment refractory schizophrenia.
Women with anxiety disorders during pregnancy are at increased risk of intense postnatal depressive symptoms: a prospective survey of the MATQUID cohort
Authors: Sutter-Dallay A.L. , Giaconne-Marcesche V. , Glatigny-Dallay E. , Verdoux H.
Published: December 2004

Objective

– Studies have suggested that women with pregnancy anxiety may be at greater risk of postnatal depression (PND). However, due to the high comorbidity between anxiety and depressive disorders, this finding may be confounded by the association between prenatal depression and postnatal depression. The aim of the present prospective study was to assess whether anxiety disorder (AD) during pregnancy is an independent predictor of intensity of postnatal depressive symptoms.

Method.

– The MATQUID cohort survey was conducted on pregnant women (n= 497) attending a state maternity hospital. Psychiatric status during pregnancy was assessed during the third trimester using a structured diagnostic interview. Intense postnatal depressive symptoms at 6 weeks post-partum were defined by a score >12 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS).

Results.

– Nearly one out of four women (24.1%) presented with at least one pregnancyAD, and 29 (5.8%) presented with a score >12 on the EPDS. After adjustment for presence of major depression during pregnancy and other confounding factors, women with pregnancy AD were nearly three times more likely to present with intense postnatal depressive symptoms (OR = 2.7, 95%CI 1.1-6.3,P= 0.03).

Conclusion.

– Promoting the recognition and management of AD in pregnant women may be of interest for the prevention of postnatal depression.
Bilateral injection of isoproterenol into hippocampus induces Alzheimer‐like hyperphosphorylation of tau and spatial memory deficit in rat
Authors: Sun Li , Wang XiaoChuang , Liu Shengyuan , Wang Quan , Wang JianZhi , Bennecib Malika , Gong Cheng-Xin , Sengupta Amitabha , Grundke-Iqbal Inge , Iqbal Khalid
Published: December 2004

The abnormal hyperphosphorylation of tau protein is one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies; as yet the exact role of various tau kinases in this pathology is not fully understood. Here, we show that injection of isoproterenol, an activator of cAMP‐dependent kinase (PKA), into rat hippocampus bilaterally results in the activation of PKA, calcium/calmodulin‐dependent kinase II and cyclin‐dependent kinase‐5, inhibition of protein phosphatase‐2A, hyperphosphorylation of tau at several Alzheimer‐like epitopes and a disturbance of spatial memory retention 48 h after the drug injection. These findings suggest the involvement of PKA and PKA‐mediated signaling pathway in the Alzheimer‐like tau hyperphosphorylation and memory impairment.
Synergism of Rana catesbeiana ribonuclease and IFN‐γ triggers distinct death machineries in different human cancer cells
Authors: Tang Chih-Hang Anthony , Hu Chih-Chi Andrew , Wei Chyou-Wei , Wang Jaang-Jiun
Published: December 2004

Rana catesbeiana ribonuclease (RC‐RNase) possesses tumor‐specific cytotoxicity, which can be synergized by IFN‐γ. However, it is unclear how RC‐RNase and RC‐RNase/IFN‐γ induce cell death. In this study, we use substrate cleavage assays to systematically investigate RC‐RNase‐ and RC‐RNase/IFN‐γ‐induced caspase activation in HL‐60, MCF‐7, and SK‐Hep‐1 cells. We find that RC‐RNase and RC‐RNase/IFN‐γ induce mitochondria‐mediated caspase activation in HL‐60 and MCF‐7 cells but not in SK‐Hep‐1 cells, although death of SK‐Hep‐1 cells is closely related to mitochondrial disruptions. Our findings provide evidence that RC‐RNase and RC‐RNase/IFN‐γ can kill different cancer cells by distinct mechanisms. Compared with onconase, RC‐RNase seems to harbor a more specific anti‐cancer activity.