bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
5-Year Survival in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in a Randomized, Phase III Trial of Fludarabine Plus Cyclophosphamide With or Without Oblimersen
Authors: O'Brien Susan , Moore Joseph O. , Boyd Thomas E. , Larratt Loree M. , Skotnicki Aleksander B. , Koziner Benjamin , Chanan-Khan Asher A. , Seymour John F. , Gribben John , Itri Loretta M. , Rai Kanti R.
Published: September 2009

Purpose

A randomized trial of oblimersen plus fludarabine/cyclophosphamide (OBL-FC; n = 120) versus FC (n = 121) was conducted in patients with relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The primary end point was met: the complete response (CR) rate, defined as complete or nodular partial response, was significantly greater with OBL-FC than with FC (17% v 7%; P = .025). Among patients with CR, response duration was significantly longer with OBL-FC than with FC (median not reached; > 36 months v 22 months; P = .03). Maximum benefit with OBL-FC, including a four-fold increase in CR rate and a survival benefit with 3 years of follow-up (hazard ratio, 0.53; P = .05), was observed in patients with fludarabine-sensitive disease. We evaluated long-term survival and poststudy CLL therapy among all randomly assigned patients.

Methods

Poststudy CLL treatment information was collected. Patients were observed for survival for up to 5 years from the date of random assignment.

Results

Poststudy CLL treatment was balanced between arms. Intent-to-treat analysis of 5-year survival showed no significant between-treatment difference (hazard ratio, 0.87; P = .34). Among the greater than 40% of patients with complete or partial remission, a significant 5-year survival benefit was observed with OBL-FC (hazard ratio, 0.60; P = .038). Among patients with fludarabine-sensitive disease who had previously demonstrated maximum benefit with OBL-FC, the previously observed survival benefit improved: a 50% reduction in the risk of death was observed (P = .004).

Conclusion

In relapsed/refractory CLL, OBL combined with FC offers patients who achieve complete or partial remission, as well as those who have fludarabine-sensitive disease, a significant survival benefit.
Catheter-Associated Thrombosis in Patients With Malignancy
Authors: Shivakumar Sudeep P. , Anderson David R. , Couban Stephen
Published: September 2009

Central venous catheters are widely used in the care of patients with cancer. Indwelling catheters are associated with upper extremity deep venous thrombosis in some patients, and recognition of this entity is an important aspect of treating patients with malignancies. This article will review the incidence, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis of catheter-assocated thrombosis in patients with malignancy. The care of pediatric patients with malignancy and catheter-associated thrombosis will also be addressed.
Relationship Between Potentially Modifiable Lifestyle Factors and Risk of Second Primary Contralateral Breast Cancer Among Women Diagnosed With Estrogen Receptor–Positive Invasive Breast Cancer
Authors: Li Christopher I. , Daling Janet R. , Porter Peggy L. , Tang Mei-Tzu C. , Malone Kathleen E.
Published: September 2009

Purpose

An outcome of considerable concern among breast cancer survivors is the development of second primary breast cancer. However, evidence regarding how potentially modifiable lifestyle factors modulate second breast cancer risk is limited. We evaluated the relationships between obesity, alcohol consumption, and smoking on risk of second primary invasive contralateral breast cancer among breast cancer survivors.

Methods

Utilizing a population-based nested case-control study design, we enrolled 365 patients diagnosed with an estrogen receptor–positive (ER+) first primary invasive breast cancer and a second primary contralateral invasive breast cancer, and 726 matched controls diagnosed with only an ER+ first primary invasive breast cancer. Obesity, alcohol use, and smoking data were ascertained from medical record reviews and participant interviews. Using conditional logistic regression we evaluated associations between these three exposures and second primary contralateral breast cancer risk.

Results

Obesity, consumption of ≥ 7 alcoholic beverages per week, and current smoking were all positively related to risk of contralateral breast cancer (odds ratio [OR], 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0 to 2.1; OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.1 to 3.2; and OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.2 to 4.0, respectively). Compared with women who consumed fewer than seven alcoholic beverages per week and were never or former smokers, women who consumed ≥ 7 drinks per week and were current smokers had a 7.2-fold (95% CI, 1.9 to 26.5) elevated risk of contralateral breast cancer.

Conclusion

Our population-based study adds to the limited available literature and suggests that obesity, smoking, and alcohol consumption influence contralateral breast cancer risk, affording breast cancer survivors three means of potentially reducing this risk.
Matrix Metalloproteinases As Novel Biomarker s and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Human Cancer
Authors: Roy Roopali , Yang Jiang , Moses Marsha A.
Published: September 2009

The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family of enzymes is comprised of critically important extracellular matrix remodeling proteases whose activity has been implicated in a number of key normal and pathologic processes. The latter include tumor growth, progression, and metastasis as well as the dysregulated angiogenesis that is associated with these events. As a result, these proteases have come to represent important therapeutic and diagnostic targets for the treatment and detection of human cancers. In this review, we summarize the literature that establishes these enzymes as important clinical targets, discuss the complexity surrounding their choice as such, and chronicle the development strategies and outcomes of their clinical testing to date. The status of the MMP inhibitors currently in US Food and Drug Administration approved clinical trials is presented and reviewed. We also discuss the more recent and successful targeting of this enzyme family as diagnostic and prognostic predictors of human cancer, its status, and its stage. This analysis includes a wide variety of human cancers and a number of human sample types including tissue, plasma, serum, and urine.
Diagnosis and Initial Treatment of Venous Thromboembolism in Patients With Cancer
Authors: Streiff Michael B.
Published: September 2009

Purpose

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common complication of cancer and its therapy. The purpose of this article is to review the diagnosis and initial treatment of VTE in the patient with cancer.

Methods

I conducted a survey of the English-language literature on topics relevant to the diagnosis and initial treatment of VTE in patients with cancer.

Results

Patients with cancer are at increased risk for VTE because of the presence of multiple risk factors for thrombotic disease. The most common signs and symptoms of VTE as well as the utility of clinical prediction rules and D-dimer testing in the diagnosis of VTE in the patient with cancer are reviewed. Duplex ultrasound and computer tomography angiography are the primary objective diagnostic modalities for VTE. Low molecular weight heparin is the preferred initial therapy for VTE. Until further data emerge, thrombolysis and vena cava filters should be reserved for patients in whom anticoagulation is insufficient or contraindicated. Outpatient management is feasible for carefully selected patients with cancer with deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and low-risk pulmonary embolism. Anticoagulation is the preferred initial therapy for cancer patients with central venous catheter–associated DVT, calf DVT, and unsuspected VTE.

Conclusion

Optimal initial management of VTE in patients with cancer entails maintaining a high index of suspicion for thrombotic disease, confirming diagnostic suspicions with objective testing and evidence-based use of anticoagulation, and adjunctive therapeutic modalities (thrombolysis, vena cava interruption, venous stenting). Further investigation of initial diagnostic and treatment strategies for VTE focusing on patients with cancer are warranted.
Regulation of microtubule dynamics by inhibition of the tubulin deacetylase HDAC6
Authors: Zilberman Yuliya , Ballestrem Christoph , Carramusa Letizia , Mazitschek Ralph , Khochbin Saadi , Bershadsky Alexander
Published: September 2009

We studied the role of a class II histone deacetylase, HDAC6, known to function as a potent α-tubulin deacetylase, in the regulation of microtubule dynamics. Treatment of cells with the class I and II histone deacetylase inhibitor TSA, as well as the selective HDAC6 inhibitor tubacin, increased microtubule acetylation and significantly reduced velocities of microtubule growth and shrinkage. siRNA-mediated knockdown of HDAC6 also increased microtubule acetylation but, surprisingly, had no effect on microtubule growth velocity. At the same time, HDAC6 knockdown abolished the effect of tubacin on microtubule growth, demonstrating that tubacin influences microtubule dynamics via specific inhibition of HDAC6. Thus, the physical presence of HDAC6 with impaired catalytic activity, rather than tubulin acetylation per se, is the factor responsible for the alteration of microtubule growth velocity in HDAC6 inhibitor-treated cells. In support of this notion, HDAC6 mutants bearing inactivating point mutations in either of the two catalytic domains mimicked the effect of HDAC6 inhibitors on microtubule growth velocity. In addition, HDAC6 was found to be physically associated with the microtubule end-tracking protein EB1 and a dynactin core component, Arp1, both of which accumulate at the tips of growing microtubules. We hypothesize that inhibition of HDAC6 catalytic activity may affect microtubule dynamics by promoting the interaction of HDAC6 with tubulin and/or with other microtubule regulatory proteins.
Axin2 controls bone remodeling through the β-catenin–BMP signaling pathway in adult mice
Authors: Yan Ying , Tang Dezhi , Chen Mo , Huang Jian , Xie Rong , Jonason Jennifer H. , Tan Xiaohong , Hou Wei , Reynolds David , Hsu Wei , Harris Stephen E. , Puzas J. Edward , Awad Hani , O'Keefe Regis J. , Boyce Brendan F. , Chen Di
Published: September 2009

To investigate the role of Wnt–β-catenin signaling in bone remodeling, we analyzed the bone phenotype of female Axin2-lacZ knockout (KO) mice. We found that trabecular bone mass was significantly increased in 6- and 12-month-old Axin2 KO mice and that bone formation rates were also significantly increased in 6-month-old Axin2 KO mice compared with wild-type (WT) littermates. In vitro studies were performed using bone marrow stromal (BMS) cells isolated from 6-month-old WT and Axin2 KO mice. Osteoblast proliferation and differentiation were significantly increased and osteoclast formation was significantly reduced in Axin2 KO mice. Nuclear β-catenin protein levels were significantly increased in BMS cells derived from Axin2 KO mice. In vitro deletion of the β-catenin gene under Axin2 KO background significantly reversed the increased alkaline phosphatase activity and the expression of osteoblast marker genes observed in Axin2 KO BMS cells. We also found that mRNA expression of Bmp2 and Bmp4 and phosphorylated Smad1/5 protein levels were significantly increased in BMS cells derived from Axin2 KO mice. The chemical compound BIO, an inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3β, was utilized for in vitro signaling studies in which upregulated Bmp2 and Bmp4 expression was measured in primary calvarial osteoblasts. Primary calvarial osteoblasts were isolated from Bmp2fx/fx;Bmp4fx/fx mice and infected with adenovirus-expressing Cre recombinase. BIO induced Osx, Col1, Alp and Oc mRNA expression in WT cells and these effects were significantly inhibited in Bmp2/4-deleted osteoblasts, suggesting that BIO-induced Osx and marker gene expression were Bmp2/4-dependent. We further demonstrated that BIO-induced osteoblast marker gene expression was significantly inhibited by Osx siRNA. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that Axin2 is a key negative regulator in bone remodeling in adult mice and regulates osteoblast differentiation through the β-catenin–BMP2/4–Osx signaling pathway in osteoblasts.
Energy saving and thermal comfort studies of a regional air-conditioning mechanism
Authors: Huang K D , Tuan N A , Shih Y C
Published: September 2009

Making the workroom a more pleasant, comfortable, healthy, safe, and energy-efficient place is an important goal. This article presents an airflow management technique that uses a regional air-conditioning mechanism (RACM) to control the airflow in the workroom with the aim of achieving a regional steady-state temperature. This concept means that each member of staff in a different area of the location can be satisfied with respect to their own local environment. A system of RACM consists of a main duct with an upper round inlet port and a lower round outlet port that was located in the centre of a cylindrical room. In simulations for this study, the change of the distance between the inlet and outlet ports as well as that of the heights of the inlet and outlet ports were considered in order to obtain the optimal airflow, temperature distribution, and thermal comfort indices in the occupied zone. The computational fluid dynamics simulation results predict that the RACM could successfully establish a regional air-conditioning cell, an individual thermal comfort zone, and also that RACM can be inferred to be more energy efficient than a typical air-conditioning system. The concepts in this study are relevant to all kinds of regional air-conditioning in any enclosed space.
An optimum design procedure for an aerodynamic radial diffuser with incompressible flow at different Reynolds numbers
Authors: Rossetti A , Ardizzon G , Pavesi G , Cavazzini G
Published: September 2009

In this article a systematic procedure aimed at achieving the best compromise between flow deflection, static pressure recovery, and total pressure loss is proposed for aerodynamic diffusers with incompressible flow. Such a result was accomplished by using a neural network to generalize the radial diffusers performance data obtained by numerical analyses, a multi-objective approach based on the employment of fuzzy sets, and a swarm particle algorithm to find a good compromise between flow deflection, static pressure recovery, and total pressure loss. Useful design tools, obtained by collecting the results in proper design charts, are finally proposed to simplify the design of radial diffusers without resorting to expensive and time-consuming procedures of optimization. The influence of the Reynolds number on the overall performance was also taken into account.
An exergetic performance assessment of three different food driers
Authors: Hepbasli A , Erbay Z , Colak N , Hancioglu E , Icier F
Published: September 2009

In this study, plum slices were dried in three different driers (tray, fluid bed, and heat pump (HP) driers). Drying experiments were carried out at an air temperature range of 45-55 °C with an air velocity of 1.5 m/s. The performance of the driers along with their main components was evaluated and compared by using the exergy analysis method. The most important component for improving the system efficiency was determined to be the fan—heater combination for both the tray and fluid bed driers, and the motor—compressor assembly for the HP drier. The exergy loss and flow diagram (the so-called Grassmann diagram) of the driers was also presented to give quantitative information regarding the proportion of the exergy input dissipated in the various system components. Effects of the drying air temperature on the performance of the drying process were discussed. The highest exergetic efficiency values were obtained to range from 72.72 to 75.66 per cent for the HP drier, followed by the tray and fluid bed driers varying between 37.94 and 39.46 per cent, and between 22.83 and 24.07 per cent, respectively.
Analysis of a combined cycle power plant integrated with a liquid natural gas gasification and power generation system
Authors: Shi X , Agnew B , Che D
Published: September 2009

An analysis of a novel liquefied natural gas (LNG) gasification and power generation system integrated with a combined cycle power plant is presented in this article. In the proposed combined cycle, low-temperature waste heat can be efficiently recovered and the cold energy of the LNG can be fully utilized. The latent heat of the spent steam of the steam turbine vaporizes the LNG. The conventional combined cycle and the proposed combined system are simulated using the commercial process simulation package IPSEpro and both energy and exergy analyses are conducted. A parametric analysis has been performed for the proposed combined system to evaluate the effects of several key factors on the performance. The results show that the net electrical efficiency and the total work output of the proposed combined cycle can be increased by 3.8 per cent and 15.6 MW above those of the conventional combined cycle while delivering 33.59 kg/s of natural gas (at 4.3 °C, 0.3 MPa) and saving 0.4 MW of electrical power by removing the need for sea water pumps.
The dynamics and stability of circular cylindrical shells containing and submerged in flowing fluid using a higher order boundary element method
Authors: Ugurlu B , Ergin A
Published: September 2009

This paper presents a higher order, three-dimensional boundary element method for investigating the dynamics and stability of elastic structures containing and/or submerged in flowing fluid. The method developed can be applied to any shape of elastic structures partially or completely in contact with fluid. In the mathematical model, it is assumed that the fluid is ideal (i.e. inviscid, incompressible and its motion is irrotational). The fluid—structure interaction forces are calculated using the higher order boundary element method, and the finite element method is employed for the structural analysis. In this study, it is assumed that the elastic structure vibrates in its in vacuo modes when it is in contact with flowing fluid, and that each mode gives rise to a corresponding surface pressure distribution on the wetted surface of the structure. The in vacuo dynamic properties of the dry elastic structure are obtained by using standard finite element software. In the wet part of the analysis, the wetted surface of the elastic structure is idealized by using appropriate boundary elements, referred to as hydrodynamic panels. Over each hydrodynamic panel, higher order distributions (linear and quadratic) are adopted in the present study in order to obtain a better convergence, in contrast to Ugurlu and Ergin (2006) assuming constant distribution over each hydrodynamic panel. The fluid—structure interaction forces are calculated in terms of the generalized added mass coefficients, generalized Coriolis fluid force coefficients, and generalized centrifugal fluid force coefficients. To assess the influence of flowing fluid and end support conditions (e.g. simply supported ends, clamped ends, and cantilever cylindrical shell) on the dynamic response behaviour and stability of the cylindrical shells, the non-dimensional wet frequencies and associated vibration modes are presented as a function of the non-dimensional axial flow velocity, and the calculations compare well with the analytical solutions found in the open literature.
Ranking maritime platform upgrade options
Authors: Kerr C I V , Phaal R , Probert D R
Published: September 2009

Naval combatants remain on active service for decades. This necessitates their functional enhancement in order to keep pace with the latest advances in technological developments and changes in future military threats. This paper introduces the activity of technology insertion by providing an overview of the past, current, and future upgrades of the DDG-51 class destroyer's combat system. Within technology insertion, there is the requirement for potential upgrade options to be analysed from a functional perspective. The upgrade matrix, based on the quality function deployment method, is proposed as a tool for such a task. This matrix functionally decomposes a platform's combat roles, principal systems and sensor-to-shooter loop. These functions are rated against capability gaps and user importance weightings. A set of options can then be assessed for their contribution to fulfilling the user's future needs. The result is the identification of the most appropriate upgrade options. The use of the upgrade matrix is demonstrated through an illustrative example which is conceptually based on the anti-air warfare elements of the Type 45 destroyer's combat system.
A New Simple Method for Maturity of Finite Groups and Application to Fullerenes and Fluxional Molecules
Authors: Moghani Ali
Published: September 2009

Matured and unmatured groups were introduced by S. Fujita who used them in the Q-conjugacy character table of a finite group (Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn.1998, 71, 2071). He then applied his results in this area of research to enumerate isomers of molecules. In this paper, we introduce a new simple method to specify how a given finite group is matured or unmatured via some useful examples. The Q-conjugacy character tables of the fullerene C80 and tetranitrocubane are then verified.
Identification of Thiacyanine J-aggregates Adsorbed on Single Silver Nanoaggregates by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering and Emission Spectroscopy
Authors: Kitahama Yasutaka , Tanaka Yuhei , Itoh Tamitake , Ishikawa Mitsuru , Ozaki Yukihiro
Published: September 2009

By lifting the limitation of ensemble measurement, concentration dependence of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and background emission spectra were clearly observed in single Ag nanoaggregates adsorbed by thiacyanine dyes in aqueous solutions (0.5 µM–0.5 nM). Both SERS and background emission spectra at higher dye concentrations characterize the J-aggregates of thiacyanine dyes. On the other hand, no background emission was observed at lower dye concentrations, thereby suggesting that background emission is attributable to J-aggregates of thiacyanine dyes. Furthermore, temporally-stable and -fluctuating SERS spectra, together with the appearance and disappearance of SERS peaks in the 1000–400 cm−1 region, are discussed in terms of the J-aggregates and the monomers plus dimers of thiacyanine dyes.
Extension of Density Functional Theory to Nuclear Orbital plus Molecular Orbital Theory: Self-Consistent Field Calculations with the Colle–Salvetti Electron–Nucleus Correlation Functional
Authors: Imamura Yutaka , Tsukamoto Yasuhiro , Kiryu Hiroyoshi , Nakai Hiromi
Published: September 2009

Non Born–Oppenheimer self-consistent field calculations including not only electron–electron (e–e) exchange correlation but also electron–nucleus (e–n) correlation energies have been carried out. In this study, Colle–Salvetti and B3LYP functionals for the e–n correlation and e–e exchange-correlation energies are adopted. Numerical assessments confirm that the standard enthalpies of formation are well reproduced for the G2-1 set. We also apply this method to ammoniated ammonium ion (N2H7+), one of the “vibrational bonding” systems, and discuss nuclear quantum effects such as the isotope effect.
Substituent Effects on Formation of Cation Dimers by Weak Hydrogen Bonds in Crystals of Carbonyl Pyridinium Salts of Ni(dmit)2
Authors: Tomono Kazuaki , Koyano Ayako , Morita Takashi , Miyamura Kazuo
Published: September 2009

Five 1:1 salts of 3-X-1-methylpyridinium (X = benzoyl, acetyl, methoxycarbonyl, carboxy, and aminocarbonyl; abbreviated as Ben, Ace, Met, Car, and Ami, respectively) cations with a [Ni(dmit)2]− anion ([Ben]+[Ni(dmit)2]− (1), [Ace]+[Ni(dmit)2]− (2), [Met]+[Ni(dmit)2]− (3), [Car]+[Ni(dmit)2]− (4), and [Ami]+[Ni(dmit)2]− (5)) have been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray analysis and conductivity measurements. In the crystals, three cations 1–3 were found to form dimers by weak C–H···O hydrogen bonds, and the arrangements of cations had a strong relation with the electronic effect of the substituents. The cations of 1–3 formed similar centrosymmetrically associated dimers constructed by weak C–H···O hydrogen bonds, whose geometric parameters had a correlation with the electronic effect of the substituents. A cation of 4 also formed centrosymmetrically associated dimer, but it was made by an O–H···O hydrogen bond as usually observed in the case of carboxylic acid. In contrast with other complex salts, cations of 5 formed one-dimensional structure by C–H···O hydrogen bonding. The conductivities of salts 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 at room temperature were 1.00 × 10−6, 1.10 × 10−6, 2.86 × 10−6, 9.77 × 10−6, and 8.75 × 10−7 S cm−1, respectively.
Quantitative Analysis of Structural Defect in Silicalite by Rietveld Refinements Using X-ray Powder Diffraction and 29Si MAS NMR
Authors: Inui Masamichi , Ikeda Takuji , Suzuki Tatsuya , Sugita Keisuke , Mizukami Fujio
Published: September 2009

The results of conventional powder X-ray diffraction and 29Si solid-state MAS NMR spectroscopy were used to investigate the distribution of Si atom defects in a silicalite optimized for the vapor-phase Beckmann rearrangement process. Powder diffraction data of the dehydrated sample were collected for carrying out accurate Rietveld analysis at room temperature, indicating orthorhombic symmetry of space group Pnma. The result of the 29Si MAS NMR spectrum analysis indicated that the number of Si atom defects in silicalite was 1.6 per unit cell. In addition, the result of Rietveld refinement suggested that the defects preferentially appeared at the T2, T3, and T6 sites, which were located along the wall of the straight channels of the MFI structure. The number of lattice defects estimated from the refined structural parameters was 1.5 per unit cell, which was consistent with that estimated from the 29Si MAS NMR analysis.
Gallosilicate-Based Catalysts for NOx-SCR with CH4
Authors: Nagashima Koji , Nakamura Sayaka , Okada Keisuke , Nakahira Atsushi , Aritani Hirofumi
Published: September 2009

Ga-incorporated H-MFI (GaMFI) metallosilicate catalysts show robust activity for selective catalytic reduction of NOx (NOx-SCR) with CH4, although the reactivity of NO–CH4 is very low in the absence of O2. Over these catalysts, NOx–CH4 reaction proceeds selectively in the presence of O2. In contrast, FeMFI shows high activity for NO–CH4 reaction without O2, although no reactivity is shown in the presence of O2. In addition, transition-metal ion modification on FeMFI does not enhance NOx-SCR activity. From the results of XRD and XAFS characterization at Ga and Si K-edges, active Ga species are incorporated in H-MFI frameworks with Td symmetry. Local structure around Ga is very stable but distorted Si–O4 local structure can be formed after NOx-SCR reaction with CH4.
A Comparative Study on the Formation and Spectral Properties of the Polypseudorotaxanes of β-Cyclodextrin and Poly(propylene glycol) under Different Conditions
Authors: Guo Xue Qing , Song Le Xin , Dang Zheng , Du Fang Yun
Published: September 2009

The results of this paper answer the questions, “Can hydrothermal conditions with higher pressure and higher temperature be used for the preparation of polypseudorotaxanes of cyclodextrins with polymers? If yes, do the prepared polypseudorotaxanes have different stoichiometries and spectral properties from those obtained by the same hosts and guests under nonhydrothermal conditions?” Two polypseudorotaxanes, 1 and 2, formed by PPG and β-CD, were prepared with magnetic stirring and a hydrothermal method, respectively, in this work. Our results indicate that different host–guest stoichiometries and stacking forms between 1 and 2 significantly change their structural properties and thermal behaviors, implying that a close relationship exists between preparation conditions and spectral properties of the polypseudorotaxanes.
Fondaparinux and the Management of Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia: The Journey Continues
Authors: Blackmer Allison Beck , Oertel Maryann D , Valgus John M
Published: September 2009

Objective:

To review the available literature addressing the role of fondaparinux in the management of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT).

Data Sources:

Primary articles were identified by a MEDLINE search (2004–June 2009) of English-language literature using the MeSH headings fondaparinux, heparin, low-molecular-weight heparin, and thrombocytopenia. Relevant consensus guidelines (2006–June 2009) were also identified.

Study Selection and Data Extraction:

All published studies and case reports, as well as relevant consensus guidelines, evaluating the use of fondaparinux for the management of HIT were included.

Data Synthesis:

The role of fondaparinux in the management of HIT is a therapeutic controversy challenging clinicians today. An open-label, prospective pilot study of 7 patients with acute HIT supports fondaparinux as an alternative anticoagulant. Additionally, a total of 12 patients with HIT from a larger case study and retrospective cohort were successfully treated with fondaparinux. Much of the supporting data exists in the form of case reports, each demonstrating normalization of platelet counts without any evidence of new thrombosis. The differences in clinical scenarios as well as the role and dose of fondaparinux make interpretation of these reports difficult. Three case reports have been published raising concerns regarding fondaparinux causing or failing to manage HIT appropriately. However, common weaknesses such as small sample sizes and nonuniform definitions of HIT limit the usefulness of these findings. The updated American College of Chest Physicians consensus guidelines now recognize fondaparinux as an option in the management of HIT; however, the level of evidence supporting this is of low quality. The use of fondaparinux as a bridging agent between direct thrombin inhibitor and warfarin therapy has been proposed. A recently published case report gives support to this approach.

Conclusions:

Controlled clinical trials evaluating the use of fondaparinux in the management of HIT need to be completed before this therapy can be routinely recommended.
Surviving in Psychiatry as a Systemic Therapist
Authors: Bertrando Paolo
Published: September 2009

Although family therapy was born to deal with problems posed by severe mental disorders, systemic therapists today tend to drift away from the field of psychiatry The author refers to his own experience in psychiatry to argue in favour of the presence of the systemic model within the field: systemic understanding might be precious to counterbalance the tendency toward too easy a reliance on bio‐psychiatry and pharmacology. In turn, keeping close to psychiatry and to its problems can be useful to systemic therapists, by involving them in social and epistemological queries that are otherwise extraneous to professionals mainly devoted to private practice.
Stemming the Tide of Trauma Systemically: The Role of Family Therapy
Authors: Figley Charles R. , Figley Kathleen Regan
Published: September 2009

The initial section of this article describes the frequency with which people are exposed to various forms of traumatic stressors and the limitations of linear thinking in both assessing and treating the consequences of traumatic exposure as reported by the Institute of Medicine. The middle section of the article identifies the research and theory that supports the utility of systemic thinking and action in working with traumatised systems, especially families. The final section includes an outline of a protocol for family therapists and other systems‐informed practices to help traumatised families and other systems. A critical part of the protocol is that it meets the standards of trauma‐informed practice reflected by the Green Cross Academy of Traumatology and the International Society of Traumatic Stress Studies (ISTSS) guidelines, and the six criteria for evaluating treatment approaches. These criteria include do no harm, exposure titration control, reciprocal inhibition tuning, quantity and quantity of training, fit and fidelity and evidence of effectiveness.
A Child and Adolescent Mental Health Day Program Working at the Edge of Chaos: What Complexity Science May Tell Us About Team, Family and Group Systems
Authors: Graham Karen
Published: September 2009

The purpose of this article was to explore the potential application of the science of complexity to aspects of team, family and group systems. A child and adolescent mental health Day Program as a tightly knit multidisciplinary team closely interacting with family systems, provides an opportunity to illustrate concepts of this general scientific framework and offer potentially unique insights. In particular, the relevance of diversity and interconnectivity between parts of a system are highlighted. Ideas explored include team functioning, how change occurs in families and new ways of looking at groups. Furthermore, complexity provides support for intensive multisystemic interventions such as the Day Program to assist families with severe and chronic child mental health issues.
The Hypothesis as Dialogue: An Interview With Paolo Bertrando
Authors: Locke Michael
Published: September 2009

The following interview was conducted during the 29th Australian Family Therapy Conference, September 29 to October 3, 2008, at The University of Queensland, Australia. Paolo Bertrando, psychiatrist and systemic psychotherapist, was trained in Milan by Gianfranco Ceechin and Lugi Boscolo, with whom he collaborated in the 1990s. His present interests concern the dynamics of systemic therapy, the use of systemic therapy with individuals and the relevance of emotions for systemic practice. Michael Locke works as a consultant in practice development and service delivery systems at Centacare Catholic Family and Community Services, Brisbane. He has worked in both public and community based agencies utilising both systemic and brief therapy orientations with individuals, couples and families.
Learning from a Service Guarantee Quasi Experiment
Authors: Chen Xinlei (Jack) , John George , Hays Julie M. , Hill Arthur V. , Geurs Susan E.
Published: September 2009

The authors analyze data from a service guarantee program implemented by a midpriced hotel chain. Using a multisite regression discontinuity quasi-experimental design developed over 16 months, they control for unobserved heterogeneity among guests and treatments across hotels and develop Bayesian posterior estimates of the varying program effect for each hotel. The results contribute to theory and practice. First, they provide new insights into how service guarantee programs operate in the field. Specifically, the guarantee was more effective at hotels with a better prior service history and an easier-to-serve guest population, which is consistent with signaling arguments but does not comport with the incentive argument that guarantees actually improve service quality. Second, the results offer managers better decision rules. Specifically, the authors devise program continuation rules that are sensitive to both observed and unobserved differences across sites. In addition, they devise policies to reward hotels that exceed site-specific expectations. By controlling for observed and unobserved differences across sites, the authors show that these policies potentially reward even hotels with negative net program effects, which is useful in reducing the organizational stigma of failure. Finally, the authors identify sites that should be targeted for future program rollout by computing the odds of succeeding.
Are All Managers Created Equal?
Authors: Goldfarb Avi , Yang Botao
Published: September 2009

Some managers are better than others. Using the cognitive hierarchy framework of Camerer, Ho, and Chong (2004) , the authors develop a structural econometric model that estimates the level of strategic thinking. In the model, firms with a high level of strategic thinking are more likely to correctly conjecture the expected actions of their competitors. The authors apply this model to decisions by managers at 2233 Internet service providers of whether to offer their customers access through 56K modems in 1997. The model is validated by showing that firms with a higher estimated probability of strategic thinking were more likely to have survived through April 2007. The estimation results show considerable heterogeneity in the degree to which firms behave strategically and suggest that strategic ability affects marketing outcomes; specifically, a simulated increase in strategic ability means that fewer firms offer the technology to their customers.
A Sales Force–Specific Theory-of-Mind Scale: Tests of Its Validity by Classical Methods and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Dietvorst Roeland C. , Verbeke Willem J.M.I. , Bagozzi Richard P. , Yoon Carolyn , Smits Marion , Van Der Lugt Aad
Published: September 2009

The goal of this article is to develop a new theory-driven scale for measuring salespeople's interpersonal-mentalizing skills—that is, a salesperson's ability to “read the minds” of customers in the sense of first recognizing customer intentionality and processing subtle interpersonal cues and then adjusting volitions accordingly. Drawing from research on autism and neuroscience, the authors develop a model of brain functioning that differentiates better-skilled from less-skilled interpersonal mentalizers. They establish the convergent, discriminant, concurrent, predictive, and nomological validities of measures of the scale using four methods in four separate studies: confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation models, multitrait–multimethod matrix procedures, and functional magnetic resonance imaging. The study is one of the first to test the validity of measures of a scale not only in traditional ways but also by adopting procedures from neuroscience.
Techniques in Thermal Analysis: Hyphenated Techniques, Thermal Analysis of the Surface, and Fast Rate Analysis
Authors: Pan Wei-Ping , Judovits Lawrence
Published: September 2009

Description

Nine peer-reviewed papers reflect the latest research in thermal analysis, including fast scan calorimetry in both instrument development and techniques.

Sections cover:

Hyphenated Techniques—seven papers cover the use of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) with another technique. Topics deal with temperature-modulated differential scanning calorimetry; improved modeling when using hyphenated techniques; a simple calibration method for the quantitative use of mass spectrometry with TGA for a variety of encountered off gases; and much more.

Fast Rate Analysis—covers fast scan calorimetry in both instrument development and techniques. Fast heating rates were employed to study epoxy curing and fast rate analysis allowed the separation of the glass transition and cure exotherm.

Thermal Analysis of the Surface—discusses the use of a modified atomic force microscope (AFM), or Micro-Thermal Analysis, that uses the AFM probe as a thermal device.
Pesticide Formulations & Delivery Systems, 26th Volume: Reassessing Pesticide Technologies
Authors: Lindner Greg , Salyani Masoud , Martin Craig
Published: September 2009

Description

Ten peer-reviewed papers address the latest information on pest control technologies, including
Fatigue and Fracture of Medical Metallic Materials and Devices
Authors: Mitchell M. R. , Jerina Kenneth L.
Published: September 2009

Description

Get the latest information on the thermal and mechanical properties of shape memory alloys (SMA's) and metallic medical materials and devices.

Eleven peer-reviewed papers:

• Define the environments in body-specific locations such as the superficial femoral artery, carotid, abdominal and thoracic arteries

• Develop constitutive expressions for the deformation response of nitinol via specific test methodologies and data analyses

• Develop the appropriate mechanics analyses for cumulative damage calculations and to ultimately

• Ascertain the fatigue lifetime of medical devices in the human body.

The principle focus of this new publication is on nitinol since these unique alloys offer the designer new dimensions in controlling the shape of devices used in medical and many structural applications. Shape memory devices such as valves, actuators, clutches, and gaskets are proposed for monitoring units, drive systems, and repair schemes.

STP 1481 also covers other metallic medical materials and devices.
Fundamental Aspects of Radiation Effects on Diffusion-Controlled Reactions in Alloys
Authors: Wechsler Monroe S.
Published: September 2009

The vacancy mechanism of diffusion in metals and alloys is discussed and a review is given of the experimental evidence that supports it. The freezing-in problem and the theory of radiation-enhanced diffusion are treated from the point of view of the vacancy mechanism. Also, the ideas underlying the displacement production rate and the rate of vacancy annihilation are outlined. Finally, the results of theory are compared with experimental observations, particularly in regard to the temperature- and flux-dependence of radiationenhanced diffusion.
Surveillance Tests on Structural Materials in Nuclear Reactors
Authors: Landerman E.
Published: September 2009

The standardization of surveillance tests on structural materials in nuclear reactors has been made possible by ASTM recommended practices E 184 and E 185. The AEC survey of the surveillance programs in United States is presented. The use of four reference steels as correlation monitors, available through Subcommittee II of ASTM Committee E-10, has been reviewed for existing surveillance programs. The distribution of correlation monitors is listed and indicates a need for wider application for radiation testing. The Yankee Atomic Electric Co. surveillance program for the reactor vessel is described, including preirradiation testing of material, type of specimens, location of specimens, use of neutron detectors and correlation monitors, postirradiation tests, and schedule of program.
Radiation Effects in Reactor Structural Materials
Authors: Reynolds Myron B.
Published: September 2009

The effect of fast neutron radiation on the impact strength of two precipitation hardening stainless steels has been determined using full-size Charpy V-notch specimens. The brittle-ductile impact transition temperature of type 17-4 PH stainless steel aged at 1100 F was found to increase from approximately room temperature to values above 300 F after irradiation at 545 F to exposures in excess of 5 x 1019 neutrons per sq cm > 1 Mev. The impact strength of doubly aged austenitic type A-286 stainless steel was found to increase from about 30 ft-lb in the unirradiated condition to approximately 50 ft-lb after irradiation.

A technique for performing in-reactor slow-cycle fixed range fatigue tests on thin-walled tubing is described. Results of preliminary work on type 304 stainless steel tubing are presented. Irradiation in a core position in the General Electric Test Reactor during tests was found to produce a threefold decrease in strain cycle life of type 304 stainless steel in a configuration similar to that of fuel element cladding.
Effect of Neutron Bombardment on Stress-Rupture Properties of Some Structural Alloys
Authors: Hinkle Norman E.
Published: September 2009

Stress-rupture experiments are being operated in the Oak Ridge Research Reactor to study the effect of neutron bombardment on the rupture strength and deformation characteristics of stressed tubular specimens at controlled elevated temperatures in oxidizing or inert gas environments. The materials being investigated are Inconel alloy 600, type 304 stainless steel, Zircaloy-2, and a columbium - 1 per cent zirconium alloy. The rupture strength of Inconel alloy 600 at 1500 F is decreased as much as 25 per cent during irradiation. Smaller losses of rupture strength are observed for type 304 stainless steel at 1300 to 1500 F and the columbium alloy at 1800 F. No major change is observed for Zircaloy-2 at 700 or 900 F. The deformation-at-rupture of the Inconel and stainless steel alloys is generally lowered and metallographic evidence indicates that these premature ruptures occur because of lowered grain boundary cohesion.
In-Reactor Creep Measurements on Zircaloy-2
Authors: Chockie L. J. , Holmes J. J. , Tobin J. C.
Published: September 2009

Creep tests are being made on Zircaloy-2 while the specimen is exposed to neutron irradiation in a reactor. The creep tests are made in miniaturized creep machines (capsules) inserted in the reactor. These capsules have been improved until it is possible to obtain consistently reliable creep data. Test temperatures are maintained to within ±2 C in the capsules and the sensitivity of strain measurement is a few microinches. The instantaneous creep rates on coldworked Zircaloy-2 appear to be less under neutron irradiation. When radiation ceases during reactor shutdowns, marked increases in creep rate are observed. The resulting strain after several reactor cycles is greater than that found in an unirradiated test.
Neutron Irradiation Effects in A-286, Hastelloy X, and René 41 Alloys
Authors: Robertshaw F. C. , Moteff J. , Kingsbury F. D. , Pugacz M. A.
Published: September 2009

Studies to determine the effect of neutron environment on the stress-rupture properties of A-286, Hastelloy X, and René 41 alloys are described. Specimens were irradiated in the Engineering Test Reactor at approximately 540 and 650 C to fast neutron dosages of 4 to 11 × 1019 nvt (En ≧ 1 Mev). Postirradiation stress-rupture tests were conducted at 540 and 650 C. The effect of reheat treatment following irradiation was investigated.

The results indicate that the stress-rupture strengths of A-286 and Hastelloy X alloys at 540 and 650 C were significantly reduced by irradiation. A similar effect was observed in René 41 at 650 C. Complete reheat treatment following irradiation did not restore the radiation-induced loss in strength in A-286 alloy at 540 or 650 C, or in René 41 at 650 C. Reheat treatment appeared to effect recovery in the rupture strength of Hastelloy X at 540 C, but not at 650 C.

The A-286 alloy showed substantial reductions in rupture ductility, particularly at 650 C. A similar loss in ductility in one of two heats of René 41 was observed at 650 C. The ductility of Hastelloy X, though affected, remained at relatively high levels.

Structural studies have been initiated on control and irradiated specimens of A-286 alloy. Initial results are discussed.
Effects of Austrolling on the Properties of Crucible 422 Stainless Steel
Authors: Westgren R. C. , Dulis E. J.
Published: September 2009

Austrolling Crucible 422 stainless steel increased yield strength by as much as 45 per cent and tensile strength by 30 per cent. The fracture toughness characteristics, as indicated by net fracture strength and Kc values, were significantly superior after austrolling. The net fracture strength of conventionally heat-treated steel was 122,000 psi and of austrolled steel was as high as 212,000 psi.

The increased resistance to cracking under stress in a salt solution and in a cathodically hydrogen-charged environment (hydrogen cracking) was significantly improved after austrolling.

A relationship was shown between mechanical fatigue notch crack propagation and stress corrosion and hydrogen cracking. The microstructural changes imparted by austrolling influenced fracture characteristics that were reflected in mechanical and electrochemical properties of the steel.