bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of Cluster Beam Constituents and Qualitative Descripton of Cluster Emission from Liquid Gold Ion Source
Authors: Bahasadri A. , Pourrezaei K. , François M. , Nayak D.
Published: March 2011

The distribution of charged gold clusters and micro droplets emitted from liquid gold ion source as a function of charge to mass ratio has been investigated using three complementary techniques: transverse magnetic deflection, quadrupole mass spectrometry, and single particle detection scheme. The measurements have been made as a function of total beam current and angle of emission. The above three methods have some overlap range that was used for comparison and verification of data gathered by each technique. The magnetic deflection results indicate that for the source structure used in this study, clusters are present along the axis of the beam, over the entire current range under investigation. However, their relative abundance is significantly increased as total current is increased. The quadrupole data exhibits a broad peak which is centered around 104 Coul/Kg corresponding to a cluster of ≈ 1000 atoms charged to ≈20+. The position of the peak moves slightly toward lower mass (higher Q/m ratio) as the total beam current is increased. The biggest cluster detected so far using single particle detector has a charge to mass ratio of 17 Coulomb/Kg corresponding to a droplet of 108 Au atoms having a radius of ≈ 740Å atoms charged to ≈ 9000+. Several experimental observations point to the fact that cluster dominated emission mode might be qualitatively different from ion emission mode. Based on experimental observations a qualitative model for cluster emission is proposed.
Enhanced Rate of SIO2 Growth in Ge-Implanted SI
Authors: Fathy D. , White C. W. , Holland O. W.
Published: March 2011

The implantation of Ge in Si has been found to considerably increase the steam oxidation rate of Si under certain conditions. This effect has been studied for a range of implanted ion energies and doses. During steam oxidation, implanted Ge is rejected from the growing oxide and forms a thin layer between SiO2 and Si. Segregated Ge is epitaxial with the underlying Si, and leads to enhanced oxidation of the underlying Si. Evidence suggests that the Ge alters the interfacial kinetics associated with oxide formation.
Solid-Phase Epitaxy of Ti-Implanted LiNbO3
Authors: Poker D. B.
Published: March 2011

The implantation of Ti into LiNbO3 has been studied as a means of altering the optical index of refraction to produce optical waveguides. Implanting 2 × 1017 atoms/cm2 of 360-keV Ti at liquid nitrogen temperature produces a highly damaged region extending to a depth of about 4000 Å. Solid-phase epitaxial regrowth of the LiNbO3 can be achieved by annealing in a water-saturated oxygen atmosphere at 400°C, though complete removal of the residual damage usually requires temperatures in excess of 800°C. The solid-phase epitaxial regrowth rate exhibits an activation energy of 2 eV at doses below 3 × 1016 Ti/cm2, but both the regrowth rate and activation energy decrease at higher doses. At doses above 1 × 1017 Ti/cm2, the solid-phase epitaxial regrowth occurs only at temperatures above 800°C.
Indium Ion Doping During Si Molecular Beam Epitaxy
Authors: Hirashita N. , Noel J.-P. , Rockett A. , Markert L. , Greene J.E. , flasan M.A. , Knall J. , Ni W.-X. , Sundgren J.-E.
Published: March 2011

A single-grid UHV-compatible ion source was used to provide partially-ionized accelerated In+ dopant beams during Si growth by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). Indium incorporation probabilities in 800 °C MBE Si(100). as measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry, ranged from < 10−5 (the detection limit) for thermal In to values of 0.02–0.7 for In+ acceleration energies EIn, between 50 and 400 eV. Temperature-dependent Hall-effect and resistivity measurements were carried out on Si films grown at 800 °C with EIn = 200 eV. Indium was incorporated substitutionally in electrically active sites over the entire concentration range examined. 1016— 1019 cm−3, with an acceptor level ionization energy of 165 meV. The 111 meV level associated with In-C complexes and the 18 meV “supershallow” level reported for In ion-implanted Si were not observed. Roomtemperature hole mobilities μ were higher than both annealed In-ion-implanted Si and Irvin's values for bulk Si. Phonon scattering was found to dominate at temperatures between 100 and 330 K and μ varied as T−22.
Tribological Properties of Ion Implanted Amorphous Fe50Ti50 Films
Authors: Hirvonen G.-P. , Nastasi M. , Mayer J. W.
Published: March 2011

A surface layer of Fe50Ti50 on AISI 304 stainless steel was produced by ion beam mixing a Fe-Ti multilayer structure. Subsequently, the layer was implanted with C, N, or C+N ions. The dry sliding properties of these surfaces were tested using a ceramic pin as a rider in pin-on-disc measurements. Implantations produced significant improvements in the surface friction and wear properties. Samples implanted with C or C+N showed good tribological properties even under conditions where the Herzian peak pressure exceeded the yield strength of the substrate. As a result of different treatments the appearance of the wear tracks examined with a scanning electron microscope was also changed.
Broad Beam Ultrahigh Current Density Ion Implantation
Authors: Sampath W. S. , Wilbur P. J.
Published: March 2011

In order to achieve low cost rapid surface modification of mechanical components a broad beam (10 cm. dia.), ultrahigh current density (up to 1500 μA/cm2) ion implanter has been developed at Colorado State University. The characteristics of ultrahigh current density ion implantation are compared to those of conventional ion implantation and the relative advantages of the ultrahigh current density implantation are identified. The temperature rise that typical implanted surfaces experience during implantation at various current densities are measured and compared with numerical heat transfer calculations. It is shown that even though the temperature rise can be high at ultrahigh current density implantation conditions, the times at temperature are sufficiently short (typically, 11 sec.) so that no significant tempering, annealing or other diffusion based transformations in the bulk material (i.e. beneath the implanted layer) are induced. The microstructure and hardness beneath the implanted layer are compared before and after ultrahigh current density ion implantation. The results on 1018 martensitic steel, 440C martensitic steel, 52100 martensitic steel, 304 stainless steel, Ti-6A1–4V and 2024-T3 aluminum are presented. The substantial advantage of much deeper (fourfold) ion penetration observed with ultrahigh current density implantation is identified. It is suggested that this increased depth of penetration is due to the phenomenon of radiation enhanced diffusion.
Modification of Stainless Steel Surfaces by Ion Beams for Improved Corrosion Resistance
Authors: Bhattacharya R. S. , Raffoul C. N. , Rai A. K. , Pronko P. P.
Published: March 2011

An investigation of the ion beam mixing of Mo and Ta layers with 304 stainless steel and the potentiodynamic polarization behavior of the modified surfaces are described.

Alternating thin layers (<100Å) of stainless steel (304) and either Mo or Ta were deposited by electron beam evaporation. Ion mixing was performed with 2 MeV Ni+ at a fluence of 5 × 1016cm−2. Examination of the mixed surfaces with TEN revealed characteristics of the amorphous phase and in some cases being embedded with crystalline regions for both Mo and Ta mixed stainless steel surfaces. The amorphous surfaces were tested for their corrosion behavior in 1M H2SO4 and O.1M NaCl solutions by the potentiodynamic polarization method. Significantly improved corrosion behavior were obtained for modified surfaces compared to unmodified stainless steel.
Preparation of Thin Films of some Rem Oxides and study of Their Structure, Optical, and electrical properties
Authors: Gvelesiani G. G. , Katsitadze M. A. , Andreeva A. F.
Published: March 2011

By ion bombardment of yttrium and europium hot-pressed oxide targets, their amorphous polycrystalline and monocrystalline films have been obtained on the monocrystalline substrates of (111) molybdenum and (1012). (0001) sapphire. The growth direction of the monocrystalline films with respect to the material and orientation of the substrates corresponds to (011). (211) planes for Y2O3 and (011) Eu2O3.

It is determined that the structural imperfection of the grown films does not influence either the square root dependence of the absorption coefficient on decreasing photon energy, the value of their specific electric resistance, or the character of its temperature dependence. The values of the forbidden zone width as well as the energy of the investigated oxide conductivity activation are calculated on the basis of experimental results.

It is shown that the light absorption in the Y2O3, Eu2O3 films is mediated by the direct allowed transitions of electrons from the valence band to the conduction band whose extrema are at the same point in k-space. The conductivity of the metal-dielectric-metal structure based on a monocrystalline film of yttrium oxide is mediated by the Frenkel-Poole mechanism.
Defects Annealing of Si+ Implanted GaAs at RT and 100°C
Authors: Bai G. , Jamieson D. N. , Nicolet M-A. , Vreeland T.
Published: March 2011

Annealing behavior of point defects near room temperature is studied by measuring the strain relaxation of Si+ implanted GaAs. Polished semi-insulating GaAs wafers were implanted with 300keV Si+ at liquid nitrogen ( LN2 ) and room temperature (RT ). The strain profile was obtained by the X-ray Double Crystal Diffraction ( DCD) technique and kinematical fitting. The maximum strain of the samples stored at RT and elevated temperature 100°C in air, decreases with time, which indicates the reduction of point defects. Relaxation is exponential in time. At least two time constants of 0.24hrs and 24hrs are needed to fit the data, suggesting that two different processes are responsible for annealing defects. Time constants are obtained for different doses at RT and LN2 implantation temperature, and found to be insensitive to both these quantities. The activation energy for defect migration is estimated using simple diffusion model.
Ion Implantation and Annealing of SrTiO3 and CaTiO3
Authors: White C. W. , Boatner L. A. , Rankin J. , Aziz M. J.
Published: March 2011

Ion implantation damage and thermal annealing results are presented for single crystals of SrTiO3 and CaTiO3. The near-surface region of both of these materials can be made amorphous by low doses (∼1015/cm2 ) of heavy ions (Pb at 540 keV). During annealing, the amorphous implanted region crystallizes epitaxially on the underlying single-crystal substrate. The kinetics of this solid-phase epitaxial recrystallization process have been measured by employing ion channeling techniques.
Mesotaxy: Single-Crystal Growth of Buried Silicide Layers
Authors: White Alice E. , Short K. T. , Dynes R. C. , Garno J. P. , Gibson J. M.
Published: March 2011

Recent progress in the growth of thin epitaxial silicides on silicon has resulted in films of very high quality with especially smooth interfaces. Using a completely different technique, high dose implantation followed by annealing, we have succeeded in creating buried single-crystal layers of CoSi2, NiSi2, and CrSi2 in crystalline silicon. The CoSi2 and NiSi2 layers grow in both the (100) and (111) orientations--those in (111) have better crystallinity, but those in (100) are of higher electrical quality. The CrSi2, on the other hand, only grows in the (111) orientation where its hexagonal structure has an almost perfect lattice match to silicon. We call this new internal growth process “mesotaxy” by analogy with epitaxy which refers to single-crystal growth on surfaces.
X-Ray Diffraction Study of Phase Formation and Growth in Nitrogen Implanted Iron: Temperature Effects
Authors: Arnott R. J. , Burns F. C. , Carreiro L. G. , Chiphan D. R. , Croft W. J. , Johnson E. A. , Marzik J. V. , Sagalyn P. L.
Published: March 2011

We report preliminary results from an ongoing study of iron nitride grains formed in high purity iron under nitrogen ion bombardment. Under various implantation conditions, different iron nitride phases grow large enough to produce sharp x-ray diffraction lines. We have used these lines to examine the influence of target temperature during implantation. Between 200°C and 400°C increasing target temperature, which enhances dopant mobility, reduces the retained dose of nitrogen and restricts the formation of nitride phases. Over this temperature range, however, increasing vacancy mobility favors the growth of nitride grains and x-ray line breadth data suggests an optimum temperature for growth of Fe4N grains.
The Role of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography in Thyroid Neoplasms
Authors: Lang Brian Hung-Hin , Law Tsz Ting
Published: March 2011

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Evaluate and apply evidence regarding the use of FDG-PET scans in patients with thyroid nodules.Identify differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) patients who could benefit from FDG-PET scanning.

This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) has established itself as an important imaging modality in many oncological and nononcological specialties and, as a consequence, it is increasingly being used in clinical practice. Since the first report of FDG being taken up by metastatic differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) cells >20 years ago, various groups of investigators have explored the potential role of FDG-PET scanning in patients with benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms. With the increasing demand for FDG-PET scanning, clinicians are faced with the challenge of managing an increasing number of FDG-PET–detected thyroid incidentalomas because their significance remains unclear. The aims of this review are to address some of these issues, specifically, the clinical significance of FDG-PET–detected thyroid incidentalomas, the ability of FDG-PET to characterize thyroid nodules, especially those with indeterminate fine needle aspiration cytology results, and the role of FDG-PET in patients with confirmed primary DTC and with suspected recurrent DTC, by reviewing the current literature.
Forgotten Histories
Authors: Boulmay Brian C.
Published: March 2011

The death of a young lung cancer patient who was father to a 6-year-old son is examined in light of the patient's loss of his own father at a similar age.
Impact of Individual-, Environmental-, and Policy-Level Factors on Health Care Utilization Among US Farmworkers
Authors: Hoerster Katherine D. , Mayer Joni A. , Gabbard Susan , Kronick Richard G. , Roesch Scott C. , Malcarne Vanessa L. , Zuniga Maria L.
Published: March 2011

Objectives. We examined individual-, environmental-, and policy-level correlates of US farmworker health care utilization, guided by the behavioral model for vulnerable populations and the ecological model.

Methods. The 2006 and 2007 administrations of the National Agricultural Workers Survey (n = 2884) provided the primary data. Geographic information systems, the 2005 Uniform Data System, and rurality and border proximity indices provided environmental variables. To identify factors associated with health care use, we performed logistic regression using weighted hierarchical linear modeling.

Results. Approximately half (55.3%) of farmworkers utilized US health care in the previous 2 years. Several factors were independently associated with use at the individual level (gender, immigration and migrant status, English proficiency, transportation access, health status, and non-US health care utilization), the environmental level (proximity to US–Mexico border), and the policy level (insurance status and workplace payment structure). County Federally Qualified Health Center resources were not independently associated.

Conclusions. We identified farmworkers at greatest risk for poor access. We made recommendations for change to farmworker health care access at all 3 levels of influence, emphasizing Federally Qualified Health Center service delivery.
African American Women's Lifetime Upward Economic Mobility and Preterm Birth: The Effect of Fetal Programming
Authors: Collins James W. , Rankin Kristin M. , David Richard J.
Published: March 2011

Objectives. We investigated whether African American mothers’ upward economic mobility across the life course and having been of low birth weight are associated with the preterm birth of their children.

Methods. We performed stratified and multilevel logistic regression analyses on an Illinois transgenerational data set of African American infants (born 1989–1991) and their mothers (n = 11 265; born 1956–1976) with appended US Census income information.

Results. African American mothers with a lifelong residence in impoverished neighborhoods had a preterm birthrate of 18.7%. African American mothers with early life impoverishment who experienced low, modest, or high upward economic mobility by adulthood had lower preterm birthrates of 16.0% (rate ratio [RR] = 0.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.8, 0.9), 15.2% (RR = 0.8; 95% CI = 0.7, 0.9), and 12.4% (RR = 0.7; 95% CI = 0.6, 0.8), respectively. In multilevel logistic regression models of former low birth weight and non–low birth weight mothers aged 20 to 35 years, the adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) of preterm birth for those who experienced high upward economic mobility (vs those with lifelong impoverishment) was 0.9 (0.5-1.6) and 0.7 (0.5-0.9), respectively.

Conclusions. African American mother's upward economic mobility from early life impoverishment is associated with a decreased risk of preterm birth. However, consistent with fetal programming, this phenomenon fails to occur among mothers born at low birth weight.
The Social Determinants of Tuberculosis: From Evidence to Action
Authors: Hargreaves James R. , Boccia Delia , Evans Carlton A. , Adato Michelle , Petticrew Mark , Porter John D. H.
Published: March 2011

Growing consensus indicates that progress in tuberculosis control in the low- and middle-income world will require not only investment in strengthening tuberculosis control programs, diagnostics, and treatment but also action on the social determinants of tuberculosis. However, practical ideas for action are scarcer than is notional support for this idea. We developed a framework based on the recent World Health Organization Commission on Social Determinants of Health and on current understanding of the social determinants of tuberculosis. Interventions from outside the health sector—specifically, in social protection and urban planning—have the potential to strengthen tuberculosis control.
The Social Marketing of Safety Behaviors: A Quasi–Randomized Controlled Trial of Tractor Retrofitting Incentives
Authors: Sorensen Julie A. , Jenkins Paul L. , Emmelin Maria , Stenlund Hans , Weinehall Lars , Earle-Richardson Giulia B. , May John J.
Published: March 2011

Objectives. We assessed the effect of social marketing incentives on dispositions toward retrofitting and retrofitting behavior among farmers whose tractors lacked rollover protective structures.

Methods. From 2006 to 2007, we conducted a quasi–randomized controlled trial with 391 farm owners in New York and Pennsylvania surveyed before and after exposure to 1 of 3 tractor retrofitting incentive combinations. These combinations were offered in 3 trial regions; region 1 received rebates; region 2 received rebates, messages, and promotion and was considered the social marketing region; and region 3 received messages and promotion. A fourth region served as a control.

Results. The social marketing region generated the greatest increases in readiness to retrofit, intentions to retrofit, and message recall. In addition, postintervention stage of change, intentions, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control levels were higher among farmers who had retrofitted tractors.

Conclusions. Our results showed that a social marketing approach (financial incentives, tailored messages, and promotion) had the greatest influence on message recall, readiness to retrofit tractors, and intentions to retrofit tractors and that behavioral measures were fairly good predictors of tractor retrofitting behaviors.
Effects of Carbohydrate Counting on Glucose Control and Quality of Life Over 24 Weeks in Adult Patients With Type 1 Diabetes on Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion
Authors: Laurenzi Andrea , Bolla Andrea M. , Panigoni Gabriella , Doria Valentina , Uccellatore AnnaChiara , Peretti Elena , Saibene Alessandro , Galimberti Gabriella , Bosi Emanuele , Scavini Marina
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVE

Few studies have assessed the efficacy of carbohydrate counting in type 1 diabetes, and none have validated its efficacy in patients who are treated with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII). The aim of our study was to test the effect of carbohydrate counting on glycemic control and quality of life in adult patients with type 1 diabetes who are receiving CSII.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Sixty-one adult patients with type 1 diabetes treated with CSII were randomly assigned to either learning carbohydrate counting (intervention) or estimating pre-meal insulin dose in the usual empirical way (control). At baseline and 12 and 24 weeks, we measured HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, BMI, waist circumference, recorded daily insulin dose, and capillary glucose data, and administered the Diabetes-Specific Quality-of-Life Scale (DSQOLS) questionnaire.

RESULTS

Intention-to-treat analysis showed improvement of the DSQOLS score related to diet restrictions (week 24 – baseline difference, P = 0.008) and reduction of BMI (P = 0.003) and waist circumference (P = 0.002) in the intervention group compared with control subjects. No changes in HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, daily insulin dose, and hypoglycemic episodes (<2.8 mmol/L) were observed. Per-protocol analysis, including only patients who continuously used carbohydrate counting and CSII during the study, confirmed improvement of the DSQOLS score and reduction of BMI and waist circumference, and showed a significant reduction of HbA1c (−0.35% vs. control subjects, P = 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Among adult patients with type 1 diabetes treated with CSII, carbohydrate counting is safe and improves quality of life, reduces BMI and waist circumference, and, in per-protocol analysis, reduces HbA1c.
Diabetes and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Xu Qun , Park Yikyung , Huang Xuemei , Hollenbeck Albert , Blair Aaron , Schatzkin Arthur , Chen Honglei
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the relationship between diabetes and future risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD) among older U.S. adults.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A prospective study of self-reported diabetes in 1995 and 1996 in relation to PD diagnosed after 1995 among 288,662 participants of the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study. Multivariate odds ratio (OR) and 95% CI were derived from logistic regression models.

RESULTS

A total of 1,565 participants with PD diagnosed after 1995 were included in the analysis. After adjustment for potential confounders, PD risk was ∼40% higher (OR = 1.41 [95% CI 1.20–1.66]) among diabetic patients than among participants without diabetes. Further analysis showed that the risk elevation was largely limited to individuals who had diabetes for more than 10 years at the time of baseline survey (1.75 [1.36–2.25]). The association with diabetes was seen for both participants with PD diagnosed between 1995 and 1999 and participants with PD diagnosed after 2000. In addition, similar results were obtained after excluding participants with stroke, heart disease, cancers, or poor or fair health status and in subgroup analyses by age, sex, smoking status, and coffee consumption.

CONCLUSIONS

This large study showed that diabetes was associated with a higher future risk of PD and the nature of this association warrants further investigation.
Relationship Between Neck Circumference and Cardiometabolic Parameters in HIV-Infected and non–HIV-Infected Adults
Authors: Fitch Kathleen V. , Stanley Takara L. , Looby Sara E. , Rope Alison M. , Grinspoon Steven K.
Published: March 2011

OBJECTIVE

Upper body fat is associated with increased cardiometabolic risk. More recently, neck circumference (NC) and/or neck fat have been associated with hyperlipidemia, impaired glucose homeostasis, and hypertension. The objective of this study was to determine whether this relationship is evident in HIV-infected individuals, who often exhibit changes in relative fat distribution, and to determine whether NC is independently associated with carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) in HIV and non–HIV-infected patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Body composition, including anthropometrics, visceral adipose tissue assessment by CT, and metabolic parameters, including lipids, cIMT, and oral glucose tolerance test, were measured in 174 men and women with HIV infection and 154 non–HIV-infected subjects. NC was measured in triplicate inferior to the laryngeal prominence.

RESULTS

In univariate analysis, NC was significantly and positively related to blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, glucose, and insulin and significantly and negatively related to HDL cholesterol in HIV-infected individuals and HIV-negative control subjects. NC was significantly associated with cIMT in univariate regression analysis among HIV-infected (r = 0.21, P = 0.006) and non–HIV-infected (r = 0.31, P = 0.0001) patients. This relationship remained significant among non–HIV-infected patients (R2 = 0.45, P < 0.001) but not HIV-infected patients in multivariate modeling controlling for age, sex, race, smoking hypertension, glucose, and lipids.

CONCLUSIONS

Among both HIV and non–HIV-infected patients, increased NC is strongly associated with decreased HDL and impaired glucose homeostasis. Among non–HIV-infected subjects, NC also predicts increased cIMT when controlling for traditional risk factors.
Morphology of dentition in Polish children with trisomy 21 (Down syndrome)
Authors: Żądzińska Elżbieta , Lubowiedzka Beata , Wochna-Sobańska Magdalena
Published: March 2011

This paper compares the dimensions and non-metric dental traits between Down syndrome patients (DS) and a control group. A total of 1,210 teeth of subjects with Down syndrome (diagnosed as regular trisomy 21 type) were analyzed. The mesiodistal (MD) and labiolingual or buccolingual (BL) diameters of each dental crown were measured, and the selected non-metric dental traits evaluated. The teeth of male and female DS patients were found to have lower values of both measurements compared to controls (excepting for the mesiodistal diameter of the lower mandibular premolar both in males and females). Sexual dimorphism of dental crown dimensions characteristic of contemporary human populations (the highest M-F difference was lower than 6%) was also observed: boys' teeth, particularly canines, are bigger than girls' (2.33 on average). Disorders in maxillary tooth alignment and the faint shoveling of upper central incisors (grade 1 according to ASU scale) were noted significantly more often among Down syndrome patients, but descriptive features correlating with dental crown size were observed more rarely (e.g., the distal accessory ridge on the upper canine and tuberculum Carabelli on the first molar).
Effect of Specific Host Body Pigmentation on the Number and Species Composition of the Parasites of Golden Specimen of Cod Gadus Morhua L. From the Svålbard Area
Authors: Więcaszek Beata , Sobecka Ewa
Published: March 2011

Effect of Specific Host Body Pigmentation on the Number and Species Composition of the Parasites of Golden Specimen of CodGadus MorhuaL. From the Svålbard Area

Parasitological examination was carried out on a single specimen of the northeast Atlantic codGadus morhua morhuaL., of the unusual golden pigmentation, described for the first time in literature. It was collected together with commercially caught cod of typical colouration in the Svålbard Bank area. Only few endoparasites were found. The golden cod individual hosted five species of parasites: four species of nematodes (Anisakidae) and one of acanthocephalan (Echinorhynchidae). The species composition of parasites was probably affected by the specific golden skin pigmentation of the host.
Periodic structures of Great Lakes levels using wavelet analysis
Authors: Cengiz Taner
Published: March 2011

Periodic structures of Great Lakes levels using wavelet analysis

The recently advanced approach of wavelet transforms is applied to the analysis of lake levels. The aim of this study is to investigate the variability of lake levels in four lakes in the Great Lakes region where the method of continuous wavelet transform and global spectra are used. The analysis of lake-level variations in the time-scale domain incorporates the method of continuous wavelet transform and the global spectrum. Four lake levels, Lake Erie, Lake Michigan, Lake Ontario, and Lake Superior in the Great Lakes region were selected for the analysis. Monthly lake level records at selected locations were analyzed by wavelet transform for the period 1919 to 2004. The periodic structures of the Great Lakes levels revealed a spectrum between the 1-year and 43- year scale level. It is found that major lake levels periodicities are generally the annual cycle. Lake Michigan levels show different periodicities from Lake Erie and Lake Superior and Lake Ontario levels. Lake Michigan showed generally long-term (more than 10 years) periodicities. It was shown that the Michigan Lake shows much stronger influences of inter-annual atmospheric variability than the other three lakes. The other result was that some interesting correlations between global spectrums of the lake levels from the same climatic region were found.
The influence of juggling on mental rotation performance in children
Authors: Jansen Petra , Lange Léonie , Heil Martin
Published: March 2011

The influence of juggling on mental rotation performance in children

Study aim: To assess the influence of juggling training on mental rotation performance in children.

Material and methods: Two groups of girls aged 6 - 14 years were studied: experimental (EG; n = 26) and control (CG; n = 24). All girls solved a mental rotation task with 3-D block figures on computer screen (pre-test). After the initial test, EG girls participated in juggling training for 3 months; the CG girls participated in light strength training with theraband stretch bands. After 3 months, all girls solved the mental rotation task again (post-test). The post-pre differences in the mental rotation performance were recorded.

Results: Children who learned juggling performed the mental rotation task significantly (p<0.05 - 0.01) faster, in terms of reaction time, at non-zero angular disparity than their mates who were strength-trained.

Conclusions: Since mental rotation skills enhance spatial imagination, problem solving and mathematical skills, it may be assumed that juggling training enhances also other cognitive domains and is worth implementing in the education process.
Breast Cancer in Art Painting
Authors: Forma Ewa , Bernaciak Magdalena , Bryś Magdalena
Published: March 2011

Breast cancer is an emotive cancer. It is a disease that affects a visible sexual organ and it is the commonest single cause of death of women between 40 and 60 years of age. Nevertheless, this type of cancer was infrequently depicted in art paintings. In this article the themes from the breast cancer in famous art paintings are discussed.
Predatory Encounters of Yllenus Arenarius (Araneae, Salticidae) with Flies (Diptera)
Authors: Bartos Maciej
Published: March 2011

Predatory behaviour of Yllenus arenarius hunting flies (Diptera) was studied. The general spider’s approach and capture was typical for salticids hunting prey that has high ability to escape. Two modes of approach in close proximity of prey were observed. One was typical for the majority of predatory encounters where the spider’s velocity was significantly reduced with decreasing distance to prey. Stalk and movement masking were typical for this type of approach. Second mode occurred sporadically and was characterized by a high spider’s velocity that was not reduced in the vicinity of the prey.
Pattern of Post-Juvenile Moult in Common Snipe (Gallinago Gallinago) and Its Implications for Ageing of the Species
Authors: Minias Piotr , Kaczmarek Krzysztof , Włodarczyk Radosław , Janiszewski Tomasz
Published: March 2011

External ageing of Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago) still engenders considerable problems. To improve precision of age determination on the basis of plumage characteristics a scheme of post-juvenile moult was investigated in approximately 1200 first-year Common Snipes caught during autumn migration in central Poland. Post-juvenile moult was commenced from body feathers followed by moult of rectrices, lesser/median wing coverts and tertials. Moult sequence showed high inter-individual variability and was started in rectrices (36.9%), wing coverts (25.3%), tertials (8.4%) or simultaneously in several of these tracts of feathers (29.4%). Moult of rectrices was finished before completion of moult of wing coverts and tertials. Moult of tertials finished as the last from all age-indicative tracts of feathers. Consequently, tertials were suggested as the most useful for ageing of first-year Common Snipes in an advanced stage of moult. There was no case of moult of the outermost tertial in first-year birds. The second tertial from distal side of wing was moulted as the last one within this tract of feathers and thereby should be of special interest during plumage examination.
Adaptation of the “Herbarium” Computer Database to Archiving and Analysis of Floristic Data
Authors: Zielińska Katarzyna , Jakubowska-Gabara Janina , Kołodziejek Jeremi
Published: March 2011

The aim of the study was to present “Herbarium” computer database. The basic goal of construction of the database was gathering and analysing of archival and contemporary floristic data referring to the area of Central Poland. Registered information considers the stands and characteristic biological and ecological traits of particular taxa. Life forms, indices of ecological requirements, the phytogeographical elements, protection and threat status are among them. The database enables the presentation of geographical distribution of taxa in the area of Central Poland with the cartogram method based on the grid of 2 km2 according to the Distribution Atlas of Vascular Plants in Poland (ATPOL).
Description of Latvian Metal Production and Processing Enterprises' Air Emissions
Authors: Pubule Jelena , Zahare Dace , Blumberga Dagnija
Published: March 2011

Description of Latvian Metal Production and Processing Enterprises' Air Emissions

The metal production and processing sector in Latvia has acquired a stable position in the national economy. Smelting of ferrous and nonferrous metals, production of metalware, galvanisation, etc. are developed in Latvia. The metal production and processing sector has an impact on air quality due to polluting substances which are released in the air from metal treatment processes. Therefore it is necessary to determine the total volume of emissions produced by the metal production and processing sector in Latvia. This article deals with the air polluting emissions of the Latvian metal production and processing industry, and sets the optimum sector emission volumes using the emissions benchmark methodology.
Application of The Torsion Test in Calculating The Extrusion Force
Authors: Pernis R. , Bidulská J. , Kvačarkaj T. , Pokorný I.
Published: March 2011

Application of The Torsion Test in Calculating The Extrusion Force

The paper deals with the calculation of the extrusion force using the results of the torsion test of aluminium alloy EN AW-2014. The mathematical model for the calculation of the extrusion force requires the knowledge of the functional relationship between the yield stress and the temperature, the deformation and the deformation rate. Based on the proposed mathematical model for the calculation of the yield stress, the functional relationship was derived to determine the extrusion force in the hot extrusion of semi-products of aluminium alloy EN AW-2014.
The Domain Structure of Die-Upset Anisotropic Magnet Based On Nd-(Fe, Co)-B Alloy
Authors: Płusa D. , Dośpial M. , Derewnicka-Krawczyńska D. , Wieczorek P. , Kotlarczyk U.
Published: March 2011

The Domain Structure of Die-Upset Anisotropic Magnet Based On Nd-(Fe, Co)-B Alloy

The measurements of the recoil curves for the die-upset Nd-(Fe, Co)-B based magnets from different points on the magnetization and demagnetization curves have been carried out by means of the LakeShore vibrating sample magnetometer in an applied magnetic fields up to 2 T. From the recoil curves the so-called Wohlfarth's remanence relationship has been derived. From this it was deduced that the magnetic interaction existing between the magnet grains has a dipolar nature. The existence of the magnetic interaction has been confirmed by magnetic domain observations by using the magnetic force microscopy (MFM). In the area of interaction domains there is the fine scale magnetic contrast resulting from the dipolar interaction between neighboring grains.
Epilithic diatoms (Bacillariophycae) from streams in Ramsar, Iran
Authors: Soltanpour-Gargari Ali , Lodenius Martin , Hinz Friedel
Published: March 2011

Epilithic diatoms (Bacillariophycae) from streams in Ramsar, Iran

Epilithic diatoms were identified from five small streams and one canal in Ramsar, northwest Iran. Atotal of 155 diatom taxa belonging to 37 genera were found and only two species remained unidentified (Fragilaria sp. and Nitzschia sp.). Achnanthes, Nitzschia, Navicula, Cocconeis, Melosira, Amphora, Craticula, Diatoma, Surirella, Cymbella, Diploneis and Entomoneis were among the most abundant genera. Eighty seven taxa were recorded for the first time in Iran. Thirty two of the genera belong to the Pennales and 5 to the Centrales. Species richness was rather high ranging from 66 to 95 taxa at the six sites studied. The epilithic diatom species found in Ramsar were dominated by cosmopolitan taxa found in meso- to fairly eutrophicwaters with high conductivity and high nutrient concentrations. The abundances found at all six sites were compiled in order to estimate the overall abundance of each taxon in Ramsar. This study includes EM pictures of diatoms observed in Ramsar, Iran.
Pimpinella tragium Vill. subsp. lithophila (Schischk.) Tutin (Apiaceae), a new taxon in Croatian flora
Authors: Bogdanović Sandro , Ruščić Mirko
Published: March 2011

Pimpinella tragium Vill. subsp. lithophila (Schischk.) Tutin (Apiaceae), a new taxon in Croatian flora

A new member of the Croatian flora, Pimpinella tragium Vill. subsp. lithophila (Schischk.) Tutin (Apiaceae), was found on the island of Vis in the Central Adriatic. It grows on the calcareous rocky coast near the sea and is a member of a halophilous community within the Crithmo-Limonion Br.-Bl. et Molinier 1934 alliance. Morphological similarities within the Pimpinella tragium group are briefly discussed. A determination key is given for all Croatian Pimpinella taxa.
Comparative effects of 4-Cl-IAA and kinetin on photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and yield of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.)
Authors: Shah Shoukat
Published: March 2011

Comparative effects of 4-Cl-IAA and kinetin on photosynthesis, nitrogen metabolism and yield of black cumin (Nigella sativaL.)

The leaves of 40-day old plants of black cumin (Nigella sativaL.) were sprayed with 10-7, 10-6, 10-5M 4-Cl-IAA, and 10-6, 10-5and 10-4M kinetin. Both the hormones improved vegetative growth, photosynthetic efficiency and seed yield of the test plants as compared to deionized water (control). However, 10-6M4-Cl-IAA was most prominent in its effect, generating 42, 30, 40, 41 and 51% higher values for carbonic anhydrase, nitrate reductase, net photosynthetic rate, leaf protein content and dry mass respectively, as compared to the control in 70-day old plants. Similarly, capsule number and seed yield per plant were elevated by 41 and 43% over the untreated control at harvest (130 days after sowing) following the same treatment. Overall, the auxin showed a higher efficiency than kinetin in all treatment concentrations.
Contribution to the Investigation of Surface Roughness Models of Grinded Plasma-Jet Sprayed Ceramic Coatings
Authors: Lipa Zdenko , Peterka Jozef , Pokorný Peter , Václav Štefan , Buranský Ivan
Published: March 2011

Contribution to the Investigation of Surface Roughness Models of Grinded Plasma-Jet Sprayed Ceramic Coatings

Ceramic coatings acquired by plasma-jet spraying are considerably rough and inaccurate as for dimensions. To achieve a smooth and accurate surface, it is necessary to shape them and improve their technological properties. The surface roughness is one of these properties.
Globalization Effects on Specific Requirements in Automotive Production
Authors: Šurinová Yulia , Paulová Iveta
Published: March 2011

Globalization Effects on Specific Requirements in Automotive Production

Currently, there is worldwide overcapacity in the industry - and this has forced manufacturers to contain and even reduce costs. Globalization makes it possible to use the world best improvement techniques in order to reduce costs and satisfy customer.
Role of Process Models in Safety Management
Authors: Rusko Miroslav , Procházková Dana
Published: March 2011

Role of Process Models in Safety Management

Management is a type of human activity that establishes and ensures the system functions. The process models and project models are currently used for management support. Main aim of the process model is to describe the possible development tendencies as a consequence of certain phenomenon and to define functions and role of functions. The process models enable to compile procedures and scenarios for the situations that have similar features. They are suitable for planning, response and renovation. In this paper, we present the risk management model used at present in professional practice, two simple models from daily practice and the evaluation of process models for crisis management.
Singularly Perturbed Linear Neumann Problem with the Characteristic Roots on the Imaginary Axis
Authors: Vaculíková Ľudmila , Liška Vladimír
Published: March 2011

Singularly Perturbed Linear Neumann Problem with the Characteristic Roots on the Imaginary Axis

We investigate the problem of existence and asymptotic behavior of solutions for the singularly perturbed linear Neumann problem  Our approach relies on the analysis of integral equation equivalent to the problem above.
Possibilities of Utilizing the Method of Analytical Hierarchy Process Within the Strategy of Corporate Social Business
Authors: Drieniková Katarína , Hrdinová Gabriela , Naňo Tomáš , Sakál Peter
Published: March 2011

Possibilities of Utilizing the Method of Analytical Hierarchy Process Within the Strategy of Corporate Social Business

The paper deals with the analysis of the theory of corporate social responsibility, risk management and the exact method of analytic hierarchic process that is used in the decision-making processes. The Chapters 2 and 3 focus on presentation of the experience with the application of the method in formulating the stakeholders' strategic goals within the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and simultaneously its utilization in minimizing the environmental risks. The major benefit of this paper is the application of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP).
The Environmental Impacts of Fire-Fighting Foams
Authors: Tureková Ivana , Balog Karol
Published: March 2011

The Environmental Impacts of Fire-Fighting Foams

Extinguishing foams are commonly used for extinguishing the fire of flammable liquids, whereby their insulating, choking and quenching effects are exploited. The purpose of the paper is to consider and compare the foams currently used in fire departments, regarding mainly their high extinguishing effect (capability of faster aborted burning on the large surface at low foam consumption), but also their impact on the environment in each stage of their life cycle.
A Life-Course Approach to Studying Transitions among Canadian Seniors in Couple-Only Households
Authors: Strohschein Lisa
Published: March 2011

This study tracked the occurrence of death, widowhood, institutionalization, and coresidence with others between 1994 and 2002 for a nationally representative sample of 1,580 Canadian respondents who, at initial interview, were aged 55 and older and living in a couple-only household. Although the majority of seniors remained in a couple-only household throughout the duration of the survey, nearly one in four who experienced a first transition underwent one or more subsequent transitions. Age, economic resources, and health were significant predictors of a specific first transition and multiple transitions. More work is needed to understand the dynamics of the aging process.
The Canadian National Retirement Risk Index: Employing Statistics Canada's LifePaths to Measure the Financial Security of Future Canadian Seniors
Authors: MacDonald Bonnie-Jeanne , Moore Kevin D. , Chen He , Brown Robert L.
Published: March 2011

This article measures a Canadian National Retirement Risk Index (NRRI). Originally developed by the Center for Retirement Research at Boston College, the NRRI is a forward-looking measure that evaluates the proportion of working-aged individuals who are at risk of not maintaining their standard of living in retirement. The Canadian retirement income system has been very effective in reducing elderly poverty, but our results suggest that it has been much less successful in maintaining the living standards of Canadians after retirement. Since the earlier years of the new millennium, we find that approximately one-third of retiring Canadians have been unable to maintain their working-age consumption after retirement—a trend that is projected to worsen significantly for future Canadian retirees. The release of the Canadian NRRI is timely given the widespread concern that the current Canadian retirement income system is inadequate. Many proposals have recently emerged to extend and/or enhance Canadian public pensions, and the NRRI is a tool to test their merit. The methodology underlying the Canadian NRRI is uniquely sophisticated and comprehensive on account of our employment of Statistics Canada's LifePaths, a state-of-the-art stochastic microsimulation model of the Canadian population. For instance, the Canadian NRRI is novel in that it models all of the relevant sources of consumption before and after retirement, while accounting for important features that are typically neglected in retirement adequacy studies such as family size, the variation of consumption over a person's lifetime, and the heterogeneity among the life courses of individuals.
“Being in a Room with Like-Minded Men”: An Exploratory Study of Men's Participation in a Bystander Intervention Program to Prevent Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: McMahon Sarah , Dick Alexandria
Published: March 2011

The bystander approach suggests that individuals can intervene to interrupt situations leading to violence and has previously been used in sexual assault prevention. This article applies the bystander approach to interpersonal violence. An exploratory study was conducted to assess a workshop designed to prevent intimate partner violence that utilized the bystander approach with male participants. Quantitative and qualitative methods were used to measure male participants' attitudes regarding bystander intervention behaviors and attitudes after participating in a workshop designed to encourage bystander intervention behaviors. A total of 41 men completed posttest surveys, and eight participated in face-to-face interviews. Important findings indicate that many participants expressed anxiety in social situations that inhibited bystander behavior and that many men desired more opportunities to talk in open forums such as the workshops with other like-minded men.