bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Communication of personalised disease risk by general practitioners to motivate smoking cessation in England: a cost‐effectiveness and research prioritisation study
Authors: Adamson Alexander , Portas Laura , Accordini Simone , Marcon Alessandro , Jarvis Deborah , Baio Gianluca , Minelli Cosetta
Published: December 2021

Background and Aims

Communication of personalised disease risk can motivate smoking cessation. We assessed whether routine implementation of this intervention by general practitioners (GPs) in England is cost‐effective or whether we need further research to better establish its effectiveness.

Design

Cost‐effectiveness analysis (CEA) with value of information (VoI) analysis from the UK National Health Service perspective, using GP communication of personalised disease risk on smoking cessation versus usual care.

Setting

GP practices in England.

Study population

Healthy smokers aged 35–60 years attending the GP practice.

Measurements

Effectiveness of GP communication of personalised disease risk on smoking cessation was estimated through systematic review and meta‐analysis. A Bayesian CEA was then performed using a lifetime Markov model on smokers aged 35–60 years that measured lifetime costs and quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs) assigned to the four diseases contributing the most to smoking‐related morbidity, mortality and costs: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, myocardial infarction and stroke. Costs and QALYs for each disease state were obtained from the literature. VoI analysis identified sources of uncertainty in the CEA and assessed how much would be worth investing in further research to reduce this uncertainty.

Findings

The meta‐analysis odds ratio for the effectiveness estimate of GP communication of personalised disease risk was 1.48 (95% credibility interval, 0.91–2.26), an absolute increase in smoking cessation rates of 3.84%. The probability of cost‐effectiveness ranged 89–94% depending on sex and age. VoI analysis indicated that: (i) uncertainty in the effectiveness of the intervention was the driver of the overall uncertainty in the CEA; and (ii) a research investment to reduce this uncertainty is justified if lower than £27.6 million (£7 per smoker).

Conclusions

Evidence to date shows that, in England, incorporating disease risk communication into general practitioners’ practices to motivate smoking cessation is likely to be cost‐effective compared with usual care.
Oxygenated versus non‐oxygenated flush out and storage of donor livers: An experimental study
Authors: Brüggenwirth Isabel M. A. , van der Plas Willemijn S. , van Leeuwen Otto B. , Thorne Adam M. , Rayar Michel , de Meijer Vincent E. , Porte Robert J.
Published: December 2021

Background

During donor organ procurement and subsequent static cold storage (SCS), hepatic adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels are progressively depleted, which contributes to ischemia‐reperfusion injury (IRI). We sought to investigate a simple approach to prevent ATP depletion and IRI using a porcine donation after circulatory death (DCD) liver reperfusion model.

Methods

After 30 min warm ischemia, porcine livers were flushed via the portal vein with cold (4°C) non‐oxygenated University of Wisconsin (UW) preservation solution (n = 6, control group) or with oxygenated UW (n = 6, OxyFlush group). Livers were then subjected to 4 h SCS in non‐oxygenated (control) or oxygenated (OxyFlush) UW, followed by 4 h normothermic reperfusion using whole blood. Hepatic ATP levels were compared, and hepatobiliary function and injury were assessed.

Results

At the end of SCS, ATP was higher in the OxyFlush group compared to controls (delta ATP of +0.26 vs. −0.68 µmol/g protein, p = 0.04). All livers produced bile and metabolized lactate, and there were no differences between the groups. Grafts in the OxyFlush group had lower blood glucose levels after reperfusion (p = 0.04). Biliary pH, glucose and bicarbonate were not different between the groups. Injury markers including liver transaminases, lactate dehydrogenase, malondialdehyde, cell‐free DNA and flavin mononucleotide in the SCS solution and during reperfusion were also similar. Histological assessment of the parenchyma and bile ducts did not reveal differences between the groups.

Conclusion

Oxygenated flush out and storage of DCD porcine livers prevents ATP depletion during ischemia, but this does not seem sufficient to mitigate early signs of IRI.
Hollow Women, Stuffed Women: Body Image and the Imagined Body in Patients with Eating Disorders
Authors: Hamlin Elizabeth
Published: December 2021

‘Body image’ is a familiar concept in work with patients with eating disorders, but usually refers only to the distorted way in which the patient views her external body. However, patients with eating disorders can also experience distorted ideas about the insides of their bodies, specifically related to their bodies' abilities to metabolize food and fluids; they often conceive of their bodies as stuffed full of undigested and ultimately indigestible food. This aspect of the dysfunctional imagined body (Lemma, 2010) is often not openly discussed but engenders significant anxiety, perpetuates eating disorder symptoms, and can contribute to the eating disorder patient's need for inpatient treatment. Although acknowledging physiologic and cultural contributions to the construction of a dysfunctional imagined digestive system, this paper ultimately utilizes Bion's alimentary metaphor (Bion, 1962a) to discuss the relationship between alpha‐functioning and the development of a functioning imagined digestive system.
‘For My Own Good. All Causes shall Give Way’ (Macbeth): Superego Workings in Narcissistic States of Mind and Character
Authors: Harding Celia
Published: December 2021

In this paper, I argue that moral function in narcissistic states of mind is founded in a self‐preservative ethic aiming to control, rather than regulate, relations between self, others and realities. I propose a working model of superego functioning comprising ego ideal, social rules, ego capacities devoted to moral duties and repressed aggressive impulses recycled through superego activities. In narcissistic states the ego is fragile due to developmental deficits. Ego weakness is compensated by identification with an omnipotent ideal ego and resort to weaponized moral accusations – directed at self and/or objects – to fend off realities which threaten to disturb precarious narcissistic equilibrium. I will illustrate with case material how my fears of facing my failures to live up to my own analytic ideal ego expectations colluded with my patient's fears of facing the reality of her own limitations and needs. I needed to develop my understanding of my own superego processes before I could enable my patient to modify her omnipotent expectations of herself and relinquish her efforts to ‘force’ herself to control everything by punishing herself mercilessly when she failed.
Cyclin‐dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors suppress tumor growth in extramammary Paget’s disease
Authors: Kitamura Shinya , Yanagi Teruki , Maeda Takuya , Ujiie Hideyuki
Published: December 2021

Extramammary Paget’s disease (EMPD) is a rare adnexal neoplasm commonly seen in the genital areas among the senior population. The prognosis of advanced EMPD is not favorable; thus, the development of potential treatments has long been sought. Cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitors such as abemaciclib and palbociclib have been proven effective against metastatic breast cancer; however, no studies have addressed CDK4/6 inhibitors as an EMPD treatment. We herein examine the efficacy of CDK4/6 inhibitors against an EMPD patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) model. Abemaciclib (50 mg/kg/day) or palbociclib (120 mg/kg/day) was given orally to tumor‐bearing NOD/Scid mice over a 3‐week period. We also investigated the protein expression levels of CDK4/6 and cyclin D1 through immunohistochemical staining using EMPD clinical samples. Treatment with abemaciclib or palbociclib as a single agent was found to significantly suppress tumor growth in EMPD‐PDX. The Ki‐67‐positive ratio of the treated EMPD‐PDX tumors was significantly lower than that of the nontreated tumors. Clinically, the expression levels of CDK4 and cyclin D1 were significantly higher in the EMPD tumor cells than in the normal epidermis. Our results suggest that CDK4/6 inhibitors could be novel and potent therapeutics for the treatment of EMPD.
Health ombudsman and racial inequities in Dental Specialities Centers performance in Brazil: A multilevel analysis
Authors: Bomfim Rafael Aiello , da Cunha Inara Pereira , Lacerda Valéria Rodrigues de
Published: December 2021

Objective

This study aimed to verify racial differences in the performance of Dental Specialities Centers in Brazil, according to the presence of active health ombudsman on four primary outcomes: (1) access and dental appointment, (2) reception services, (3) bond and responsibility, and (4) social participation.

Methods

Data came from the PMAQ‐CEO national evaluation of public healthcare services, 2018–2019. The two main explanatory variables were the self‐classified race at the individual level and the presence of the health ombudsman at the second level (level of services provision). Individual covariates included age, sex and schooling. Multilevel logistic regression was used to calculate the OR (Odds Ratios) in racial gaps according to the primary outcomes with individuals at the first level and public health services at the second level.

Results

The analytical sample comprised of 8993 respondents. Brown people were less likely to report better Access (27%), good reception services (31%), bond and responsibility (30%) and social participation (22%) than Whites. Black people showed similar patterns. Dental Specialities Centers that use health ombudsman for planning have attenuated racial inequities in all analysed dimensions.

Conclusions

Dental Specialities Centers that use active health ombudsman for planning showed lower racial inequities in access, reception, bond and responsibility and social participation than those who did not use. Therefore, the health ombudsman should be implemented and used for planning better specialized dental services in Brazil.
Adults’ pedagogical messages engender children's preference for self‐resembling others
Authors: Jordan Ashley E. , Wynn Karen
Published: December 2021

These studies investigate the influence of adults’ explicit attention to commonalities of appearance on children's preference for individuals resembling themselves. Three findings emerged: (1) An adult's identification of two dolls’ respective similarity to and difference from the child led 3‐year‐olds to prefer the similar doll (study 1,n = 32). (2) When the adult did not comment on similarity, children age 6 years but not younger preferred physically similar individuals (study 2,n = 68), suggesting that a spontaneous preference for physically similar others does not emerge before school age. (3) Four‐ but not 3‐year‐olds generalized an adult's pedagogical cues about similarity, leading them to prefer a self‐resembling doll in a new context (study 3,n = 80). These findings collectively suggest that the preference for individuals resembling ourselves develops through a process of internalizing adults’ attention to, and messages about, similarities of appearance.
Predicting children's emerging understanding of numbers
Authors: Schröder Elin , Gredebäck Gustaf , Forssman Linda , Lindskog Marcus
Published: December 2021

How do children construct a concept of natural numbers? Past research addressing this question has mainly focused on understanding how children come to acquire the cardinality principle. However, at that point children already understand the first number words and have a rudimentary natural number concept in place. The question therefore remains; what gets children's number learning off the ground? We therefore, based on previous empirical and theoretical work, tested which factors predict the first stages of children's natural number understanding. We assessed if children's expressive vocabulary, visuospatial working memory, and ANS (Approximate number system) acuity at 18 months of age could predict their natural number knowledge at 2.5 years of age. We found that early expressive vocabulary and visuospatial working memory were important for later number knowledge. The results of the current study add to a growing body of literature showing the importance of language in children's learning about numbers.
2021 KLEIN LECTURE: AMERICAN DREAM DELAYED: SHIFTING DETERMINANTS OF HOMEOWNERSHIP
Authors: Khorunzhina Natalia , Miller Robert A.
Published: December 2021

We develop and estimate a dynamic model of female labor supply, fertility, and transition from renting to first homeownership with panel data, to investigate declining U.S. homeownership over the past decades. Higher house prices and increased female wage rates (that is the opportunity cost of leisure) cause households to postpone their first‐home purchase, because leisure and fertility are complementary to homeownership. Education and female workforce participation are reinforcing factors that raise the value of owning a home. Our estimates show the effects of rising house prices and wage rates more than offset the effects of greater education and workforce participation.
Effects of Er,Cr:YSGG laser on repair bond strength of 5‐year water‐aged and non‐aged CAD/CAM ceramics
Authors: Unalan Degirmenci Beyza , Degirmenci Alperen , Karadag Naldemir Beyza
Published: December 2021

The aim of this study is to examine the repair bond strength of three different 5‐year water‐aged and non‐aged computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) ceramics (leucite‐reinforced, lithium disilicate, and feldspathic ceramic) on which four different surface treatments (bur‐grinding, sandblasting, acid‐etching, and laser irradiation) have been applied with composite resin. Note that 360 ea. samples have been attained from CAD/CAM blocks. Each CAD/CAM ceramic has been randomly separated into two sub‐groups depending on aging procedure. The designed 5‐year water‐aged and non‐aged samples have been separated into four sub‐groups. Ceramic surfaces were repaired then the samples have been placed into shear test device. Three‐way variance analysis has been used in the comparison of the repair bond strengths depending on the ceramic type, surface treatment, and aging. Results have revealed that the repair bond strength values show differences depending on CAD/CAM ceramic type, surface treatment, and the aging of the surface (p < .001). While the aged and laser‐irradiated feldspathic CAD/CAM ceramics showing the highest shear bond strength, the lowest shear bond strength values were in aged and bur‐grinded feldspathic CAD/CAM ceramics. Irradiation with erbium chromium: yttrium scandium gallium garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) laser has significantly increased the repair bond strength in leucite‐reinforced and feldspathic CAD/CAM ceramics, acid‐etching is suggested surface treatment for the lithium disilicate CAD/CAM ceramics.
Introduction – Des chaînes de valeur sous pression: continuité ou rupture pour la gouvernance du travail?
Authors: GEREFFI Gary , POSTHUMA Anne Caroline , ROSSI Arianna
Published: December 2021

Depuis plusieurs décennies, les chaînes de valeur mondiales, qui organisent la production et les échanges au niveau international, impriment leur marque sur les conditions de travail et la gouvernance des questions sociales dans le monde. Cependant, diverses évolutions économiques, technologiques et politiques, et la crise du COVID‐19 maintenant, soulèvent de nombreuses questions sur cette gouvernance et l'avenir du travail dans l'économie mondialisée. Les articles rassemblés ici tentent d'y répondre, par des études de cas et des analyses comparatives et longitudinales, dans un recueil qui alimentera la réflexion sur le cadre de gouvernance à mettre en place pour organiser les chaînes de valeur de demain.
Strategies of universalism: Ten routes toward unbiased solutions to social problems
Authors: Shkurko Alexander V.
Published: December 2021

Universalism is a principle according to which a rule or a standard should be applied in social situations in the same way irrespective of the social attributes of those who are affected by this rule/standard. This normative claim collides with the fundamental mechanisms of social cognition, which underlie social biases, prejudice, and discrimination. Social biases are the main source of violation from the universalism principle across various domains of human life: evaluations, judgments, decision‐making, problem‐solving, social interaction, among others. Whereas normative universalism is a moral principle, the present study asks how it can be realised in practice. The study identifies three broad classes of such strategies. The first one targets individuals' cognitive and psychological traits, which give rise to social biases and include intergroup contact, social cognitive strategy, reappraisal, motivational strategy, and bias control. The second class targets the situation and includes three strategies: disengagement, randomisation, and counterbalancing biases by aggregation. The third class includes two strategies, which rely on technological solutions: automation and neural administration. The study describes the core idea and main problems of each strategy and discusses how the choice of a strategy depends on the context and the task, which requires a universal solution.
The effects of decision timing for pricing and marketing efforts in a supply chain with competing manufacturers
Authors: Karray Salma , Martín‐Herrán Guiomar
Published: December 2021

This paper investigates the impact of decision timing for pricing and marketing efforts in a supply chain led by competing manufacturers. We develop and solve six games to consider the scenarios (games) where prices and marketing efforts (ME) are decided simultaneously, and when they are not (i.e., ME is set either before or after prices). We examine these three scenarios for the benchmark case of a bilateral monopolistic channel, then extend the analysis to a supply chain with competing manufacturers. We identify the optimal decision timing by comparing equilibrium profits and strategies across games in each supply chain setup. We find that a monopolistic manufacturer always prefers that prices and ME be decided simultaneously. However, this result does not hold when product competition is taken into account. The optimal decision timing for competing manufacturers depends on the retailer's and manufacturers' ME effectiveness levels as well as on competition intensity. Specifically, when ME are not very effective, a simultaneous decision scenario is preferred because it provides the advantage of higher profit margins or sales. However, for highly effective ME, manufacturers prefer to decouple ME and pricing decisions. The retailer's optimal scenario is either to make all decisions simultaneously or to choose prices prior to ME. This means that supply chain firms can face conflict due to the decision timing for prices and ME.
The pattern of linkage disequilibrium in Dual‐Purpose Belgian Blue cattle
Authors: Atashi Hadi , Wilmot Hélène , Gengler Nicolas
Published: December 2021

Quantifying the level of linkage disequilibrium (LD), non‐random association of alleles at two or more loci, is important to determine the number of markers needed for genomic selection. The aims of this study were to evaluate the extent of LD in Dual‐Purpose Belgian Blue (DPBB) and to compare the level of LD in DPBB with that of Walloon Holstein. Data of 28,427 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), located on 29 Bos taurus autosomes (BTA), of 639 DPBB and 398 Holstein bulls were used. The level of LD between pairwise SNPs separated by up to 10 Mb was evaluated, separately for each breed, using the squared correlation of the alleles at two loci. The analysis of molecular variance showed that the percentage of variation within populations (85.48%) was higher than between populations (14.52%). However, permutation tests showed a significant genetic differentiation between the two studied populations (p < .01). The average LD found between adjacent SNP pairs in DPBB (0.16 (SD = 0.22)) was generally lower than in Holstein (0.23 (SD = 0.27)). The proportion of SNPs in useful LD (r2 > 0.30) within a genomic distance of ≤0.10 Mb between SNPs was 18.58% and 28.23% in DPBB and Holstein bulls, respectively. In both breeds, the effective population size decreased over generations; however, the decline was greater in DPBB than that in Holstein. Based on results, it can be concluded that at least 68,000 SNPs are needed for implementing genomic selection in DPBB cattle with enough accuracy.
The Influence of the European Semester: Case Study Analysis and Lessons for its Post‐Pandemic Transformation*
Authors: Bokhorst David
Published: December 2021

This paper examines whether and how the European Semester has influenced structural reforms in member states. It does so by analysing the interaction between the Commission and the national bureaucratic and political levels. The paper presents two process‐tracing exercises with a focus on those actors that directly worked with the CSRs to assess the political dynamics underpinning the CSR implementation process. First, it examines the more nuanced and indirect effects the Semester had on the liberalization of professions in Italy. Second, it shows how the debate on wage indexation in Belgium turned around over the years and how the Semester was an important factor in introducing reform. The analysis shows the influence of the Semester in terms of issue salience and agenda setting, but it also shows how the Commission can exert real pressure. This pressure may in turn affect the EU's perceived legitimacy, which holds lessons for the Semester's post‐pandemic transformation.
Walking the Tightrope: Politicization and the Commission's Enforcement of the SGP*
Authors: van der Veer Reinout Arthur
Published: December 2021

Recent research indicates that bottom‐up EU politicization shapes top‐down EU policy enforcement, yet leaves open questions on the pervasiveness of these effects in policy areas that are depoliticized by design. This contribution asks how societal EU politicization shaped the enforcement of the Stability and Growth Pact up until its COVID‐19‐induced suspension. It employs causal process‐tracing to analyse fiscal rule enforcement under varying levels and constellations of EU politicization. Results indicate that enforcement by the European Commission is shaped both by mandate and exogenous pressures created by politicization and the reputational concerns they induce. Moreover, politicization has gradually pushed the Commission towards increasingly flexible enforcement of EU fiscal rules. These conclusions are relevant because they show that politicization permeates even the most depoliticized areas of EU policy. Additionally, they suggest that the SGP's COVID‐19‐induced suspension can be understood as a continuation of existing enforcement strategies.
The Impact of Engagement on Child Welfare Families Involved with Family Treatment Drug Courts
Authors: Logsdon Ashley R. , Antle Becky F. , Katz Rebecca S. , Barbee Anita P. , Kamer Cindy , Spriggs Amy
Published: December 2021

Family Treatment Drug Courts are multidisciplinary teams that engage child welfare families in substance use treatment and reunification court services. This quasi‐experimental study evaluates the impact of engagement strategies with 36 participants. Participants experienced high levels of engagement with the court, child welfare workers, and their clinical providers. There were significant differences in engagement by race as well. Participants who successfully graduated the program had higher rates of engagement compared to those who dropped out. This study demonstrates the importance of measuring engagement with multiple providers for client success. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
Is Civility Dead? Judges’ Perceptions of Incivility in the Courtroom
Authors: Russell Kristan N. , Edwards Charles P. , Miller Monica K. , Jackson Brielle K.
Published: December 2021

In response to The National Judicial College’s Question of the Month (n=831) in April 2018, almost 45% of judges reported that civility was declining in their courtrooms. A content analysis of judges’ comments revealed that judges experience a broad range of incivility including uncivil behavior, speech, and self‐presentation. Similarly, the sources of incivility appear to come from a variety of individuals including members of the public, defendants/plaintiffs, self‐represented litigants, attorneys, and other judges. These findings shed light on potential causes of incivility and can help legal practitioners and psychologists determine “best practices” for managing courtroom‐specific workplace incivility.
An integrated optical waveguide micro‐cantilever system for chip‐based AFM
Authors: Tang Xinxin , Fan Guofang , Zhang Hongru , Dai Xingang , Hu Yanjun , Zhang Zhiping , Li Yuan
Published: December 2021

An optical waveguide cantilever system with a tip is introduced as the displacement detection system of chip‐based atomic force microscopy (AFM) system. A chip‐based AFM on optical waveguide is demonstrated with sensitivity of up to 4.0 × 10–2 nm–1, which is mainly constructed by a 210 nm thick optical waveguide cantilever with a nano‐tip. The nano‐tip is a height of 1.2 μm and diameter of 140 nm. This integrated on‐chip system provides a displacement range of approximately ±0.4 μm, which makes it possible for the device to be used for AFM imaging and pays the way for further performance improvement.
Evaluation of facial skin age based on biophysical properties in vivo
Authors: Cho Changhui , Lee Eunyoung , Park Gyeonghun , Cho Eunbyul , Kim Nahee , Shin Juhee , Woo Sanga , Ha Jaehyoun , Hwang Jaesung
Published: December 2021

Objective

The evaluation of skin age, reflecting overall facial characteristics, has not been established. Previous studies focused on visual assessment or individual‐specific feature such as wrinkles or skin color. We studied the evaluation model of skin age index (SAI) including the overall aging features including wrinkles, skin color, pigmentation, elasticity, and hydration.

Methods

Total 300 healthy women aged between 20 and 69 years included in this study. Pearson correlation analysis performed to identify the key factors among the biophysical properties with aging and developed the prediction model of SAI. Statistical regression analysis and machine learning technique applied to build the prediction model using the coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE). Validation study of the SAI model performed on 24 women for 6 weeks application with anti‐aging product.

Results

Prediction model of SAI consisted of skin elasticity, wrinkles, skin color (brightness, Pigmented spot, and Uv spot), and hydration, which are major features for aging. The cforest model to assess a SAI using machine learning identified the highest R2 and lowest RMSE compared to other models, such as svmRadial, gaussprRadial, blackboost, rpart, and statistical regression formula. The cforest prediction model confirmed a significant decrease of predicted SAI after 6 weeks of application of anti‐aging product.

Conclusion

We developed a prediction model to evaluate a SAI using machine learning, and led to accurate predicted age for overall clinical aging. This model can a good standard index for evaluating facial skin aging and anti‐aging products.
Critical thinking among clinical nurses and related factors: A survey study in public hospitals
Authors: Urhan Eylül , Zuriguel‐Perez Esperanza , Harmancı Seren Arzu Kader
Published: December 2021

Aims and objectives

The study investigated clinical nurses’ critical thinking levels in public hospitals and related factors.

Background

Since health care environments have become more complex, the critical thinking skills of clinical nurses are more important in daily problem‐solving and decision‐making processes. However, little research was conducted on this topic among clinical nurses.

Methods

It was a cross‐sectional study at five public hospitals between December 2018 and January 2019. The study followed the STROBE guideline. Data were collected from 559 nurses by a survey consisted of a data form and the Turkish version of the Nursing Critical Thinking in Clinical Practice Questionnaire.

Results

Nurses’ mean critical thinking scores were moderate level. Total critical thinking scores of the clinical nurses significantly differed according to education, hospital type, shift work, professional category and role. There was a significant effect on the total critical thinking scores of the clinical nurses according to variables.

Conclusion

This study found that critical thinking levels of nurses’ working in clinical settings in public hospitals were moderate level. Hospital type, shift work, professional and educational level and role were significantly associated with clinical nurses’ critical thinking levels.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study provides evidence related to the levels of critical thinking of clinical nurses working in public hospitals. Since the critical thinking scores of the manager nurses, daytime working nurses’ and nurses with bachelor's and master's degree education are higher, hospital managers may benefit from the study to implement effective strategies to improve the competence of critical thinking levels of nurses.
Monetary policy, prudential policy and bank's risk‐taking: A literature review
Authors: Ngambou Djatche Melchisedek Joslem
Published: December 2021

The pre‐crisis low‐interest‐rate environment is raising concerns among researchers and policymakers about its impact on the triangle prudential policy‐monetary policy‐bank's risk‐taking. While interest rates are set at low level for inflationary and economic growth reasons, they may lead banks to take more risk, jeopardizing the financial system and impeding the recovery. This paper provides a literature review, on the one hand, on the interaction of monetary and prudential policies through their impacts on bank's risk‐taking, and on the other hand, on the issues of their coordination. Monetary policy appears to have ambiguous effects on banks’ profitability, and then, on banks’ risk‐taking behavior. Despite monetary and prudential policies pursue different objectives, they inevitably interact, raising challenges that face policymakers. Albeit it is argued that monetary policy alone is not sufficient to maintain macroeconomic and financial stability, and that it should be coordinated with prudential policy, the form of this coordination is not clear‐cut.
Association of deep white matter hyperintensity with left ventricular hypertrophy in acute ischemic stroke
Authors: Nagaraja Nandakumar , Farooqui Amreen , Albayram Mehmet S.
Published: December 2021

Background and Purpose

White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are associated with the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). It is unclear if periventricular WMH (PV‐WMH) and or deep WMH (D‐WMH) are associated with LVH. We evaluated the association of PV‐WMH and D‐WMH with common transthoracic echocardiogram abnormalities, including LVH in acute ischemic stroke.

Methods

PV‐WMH and D‐WMH were graded on a 0‐3 score based on the Fazekas scale. Patients were categorized into clinically significant PV‐WMH and D‐WMH (score 2‐3) and controls (score 0‐1). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine abnormalities on echocardiogram associated with PV‐WMH and D‐WMH.

Results

Among 272 patients, 137 patients had PV‐WMH and 93 patients had D‐WMH with a score of 2‐3 on Fazekas scale. Compared to controls, patients with PV‐WMH (mean age±standard deviation: 60.8±14.4 vs. 73.8±11.2 years) and D‐WMH (63.4±14.4 vs. 75.0±11.1 years) were older. Compared to controls, PV‐WMH was associated with history of stroke (22 [16%] vs. 37 [27%], p = .03) and valvular calcification (33 [24%] vs. 61 [45%], p = .0005); D‐WMH was associated with history of atrial fibrillation (25 [14%] vs. 22 [24%], p = .04), valvular calcification (50 [28%] vs. 44 [47%], p = .001), and LVH (30 [17%] vs. 25 [27%], p = .049). In multivariate analysis, PV‐WMH was associated with age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.09; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06‐1.12) and stroke history (OR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.1‐4.1), and D‐WMH was associated with age (OR = 1.07; 95% CI = 1.05‐1.10) and LVH (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.0‐4.0).

Conclusion

LVH is associated with D‐WMH but not with PV‐WMH. Although valvular calcification is common, it is likely age related than due to WMH.
Accuracy of Reduction Depths of Tooth Preparation for Porcelain Laminate Veneers Assisted by Different Tooth Preparation Guides: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Gao Jing , He Jinxiu , Fan Lin , Lu Jiayi , Xie Chenyang , Yu Haiyang
Published: December 2021

Purpose

To evaluate the accuracy (trueness and precision) of reduction depths of guided veneer preparation assisted by four tooth preparation guides.

Materials and Methods

Fifty resin artificial teeth were randomly divided into five groups (n = 10): a freehand group (F), silicone guide group (S), thermoplastic guide group (T), 3D printed uniform guide group (D), and 3D printed auto‐stop guide group (A). A preparation for a window veneer on the maxillary right central incisor was performed by two surgeons who used tooth preparation guides for assistance. The maxillary right central incisors were scanned before and after the preparation. The reduction depths were measured in the cervical, middle, and incisal thirds of the prepared surface, and depth maps were created using Geomagic Control X software. The accuracy of the reduction depths at each third was evaluated using both trueness and precision values. The trueness of the reduction depths was determined by calculating the mean absolute differences (MADs) compared to the planning depth, and precision was determined by the standard deviation (SD). The collected data were statistically analyzed using one‐way ANOVA and the least significant difference test (α = 0.05).

Results

The MAD ± SD values of the reduction depths in the cervical‐third region in groups F, S, T, D, and A were 0.19 ± 0.04, 0.12 ± 0.03, 0.09 ± 0.02, 0.07 ± 0.02, and 0.05 ± 0.01 mm, respectively. In the middle‐third region, the MAD ± SD values of groups F–A were 0.19 ± 0.05, 0.13 ± 0.02, 0.09 ± 0.01, 0.06 ± 0.01, and 0.05 ± 0.01 mm. In the incisal‐third region, the MAD ± SD values were 0.27 ± 0.05, 0.16 ± 0.04, 0.11 ± 0.03, 0.07 ± 0.01, and 0.05 ± 0.01 mm, respectively. Significant differences in trueness and precision values were found across different groups (F = 45.378, p = 0.000), where group F showed higher MADs than the other 4 groups (p = 0.000), and the highest MADs were detected in group S among the 4 groups in all regions (p = 0.000). Group T showed significantly higher MADs than groups D (P = 0.008) and A (p = 0.001), except in the cervical‐third region, where no significant difference was observed between groups T and D (p = 0.077). There was no significant difference between groups D and A (p = 0.148). The deviation map showed significant differences among groups (F = 15.963, p = 0.000), group T presented less deviation than group F (p = 0.000) and group S (p = 0.027) and showed more deviation than group A (p = 0.007).

Conclusion

Tooth preparation guides provided more accuracy for veneer preparation than freehand preparation. Among the 4 guides, the 3D printed auto‐stop guide presented the lowest absolute difference (0.05 mm) and the silicone guide showed the highest absolute difference of preparation (0.12–0.16 mm).
Variations in New Zealand and Australian guidelines for the management of neonatal hypoglycaemia: A secondary analysis from the hypoglycaemia Prevention with Oral Dextrose gel Trial (hPOD)
Authors: Rajay Aakash B , Harding Jane E ,   hPOD Study Group
Published: December 2021

Aim

We observed wide variation in the management of babies at risk of hypoglycaemia who participated in the hPOD (hypoglycaemia Prevention with Oral Dextrose gel) multicentre trial of prophylactic dextrose gel. The aim of this study was to identify whether this may be due to variations in the clinical guidelines used by participating hospitals.

Methods

Guidelines for management of neonatal hypoglycaemia used by participating hospitals were reviewed. Recommendations regarding definition, risk factors, monitoring and treatment were compared between countries, hospital type (tertiary or secondary) and neonatal intensive care unit size (≤12 cots and >12 cots).

Results

The 18 hospitals used 20 guidelines. The recommended diagnostic threshold for hypoglycaemia ranged from <2.0 mmol/L to <2.6 mmol/L, and glucose oxidase method of testing was recommended in seven (47%) of 15 guidelines. There was broad agreement about which infants should be monitored. Oral dextrose was the recommended first line of treatment in 17 of 20 guidelines, but the glucose threshold at which this should be used varied (≤2.6 mmol/L in New Zealand, 1.5–2.6 mmol/L in Australia). Re‐checking blood glucose concentrations after oral dextrose was recommended at 30 min in most (10/11, 91%) New Zealand guidelines but at 60 min in most (4/6, 67%) Australian guidelines. There was greatest variation in recommended thresholds for referral to paediatric services or neonatal intensive care unit, and administration of intravenous dextrose. There were no significant differences between guidelines used by tertiary and secondary hospitals, or large and small hospitals.

Conclusion

There is wide variation in guideline recommendations for the management of neonatal hypoglycaemia across New Zealand and Australian neonatal units.
Asymptotic independence ex machina: Extreme value theory for the diagonal SRE model
Authors: Mentemeier Sebastian , Wintenberger Olivier
Published: December 2021

We consider multivariate stationary processes satisfying a stochastic recurrence equation of the form , where are i.i.d. random vectors and are i.i.d. diagonal matrices and (Mt) are i.i.d. random variables. We obtain a full characterization of the vector scaling regular variation properties of , proving that some coordinates Xt, i and Xt, j are asymptotically independent even though all coordinates rely on the same random input (Mt). We prove the asynchrony of extreme clusters among marginals with different tail indices. Our results are applied to some multivariate autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic (BEKK‐ARCH and CCC‐GARCH) processes and to log‐returns. Angular measure inference shows evidences of asymptotic independence among marginals of diagonal SRE with different tail indices.
Phenotypic plasticity in plant height shaped by interaction between genetic loci and diurnal temperature range
Authors: Mu Qi , Guo Tingting , Li Xianran , Yu Jianming
Published: December 2021

Phenotypic plasticity is observed widely in plants and often studied with reaction norms for adult plant or end‐of‐season traits. Uncovering genetic, environmental and developmental patterns behind the observed phenotypic variation under natural field conditions is needed.

Using a sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genetic population evaluated for plant height in seven natural field conditions, we investigated the major pattern that differentiated these environments. We then examined the physiological relevance of the identified environmental index by investigating the developmental trajectory of the population with multistage height measurements in four additional environments and conducting crop growth modelling.

We found that diurnal temperature range (DTR) during the rapid growth period of sorghum development was an effective environmental index. Three genetic loci (Dw1,Dw3andqHT7.1) were consistently detected for individual environments, reaction‐norm parameters across environments and growth‐curve parameters through the season. Their genetic effects changed dynamically along the environmental gradient and the developmental stage. A conceptual model with three‐dimensional reaction norms was proposed to showcase the interconnecting components: genotype, environment and development.

Beyond genomic and environmental analyses, further integration of development and physiology at the whole‐plant and molecular levels into complex trait dissection would enhance our understanding of mechanisms underlying phenotypic variation.
Scientific management of mandibular third molar germ: A case report and literature review
Authors: Zheng Lin‐wei , Sun Rui , Zhao Ji‐hong
Published: December 2021

With the evolution of the human species, the mandibular third molars have varying degrees of impaction, and the impaction process will cause irreversible damage such as damage to the adjacent teeth. At the same time, there are serious intraoperative and postoperative complications in the extraction of impacted teeth. Whether the mandibular third molar is impacted or not, it may appear in the tooth germ stage. This article showed a case of routine mandibular third molar germ extraction and aims to discuss the analysis of the third molar angulation, retromolar space, crown width, root development, and other factors through the panoramic tomography taken during the tooth germ period and predict the possibility of third molar impaction. At the same time, according to the predicted results, preventive tooth germ extraction or scientific management of tooth germs for the highly likely impacted molars. Compared with fully mature impacted teeth, tooth germ extraction can reduce the difficulty of surgery and reduce trauma.
Hydrogen sulfide: an emerging component against abiotic stress in plants
Authors: Raza A. , Tabassum J. , Mubarik M. S. , Anwar S. , Zahra N. , Sharif Y. , Hafeez M. B. , Zhang C. , Corpas F. J. , Chen H.
Published: December 2021

As a result of climate change, abiotic stresses are the most common cause of crop losses worldwide. Abiotic stresses significantly impair plants' physiological, biochemical, molecular and cellular mechanisms, limiting crop productivity under adverse climate conditions. However, plants can implement essential mechanisms against abiotic stressors to maintain their growth and persistence under such stressful environments. In nature, plants have developed several adaptations and defence mechanisms to mitigate abiotic stress. Moreover, recent research has revealed that signalling molecules like hydrogen sulfide (H2S) play a crucial role in mitigating the adverse effects of environmental stresses in plants by implementing several physiological and biochemical mechanisms. Mainly, H2S helps to implement antioxidant defence systems, and interacts with other molecules like nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), phytohormones, etc. These molecules are well‐known as the key players that moderate the adverse effects of abiotic stresses. Currently, little progress has been made in understanding the molecular basis of the protective role of H2S; however, it is imperative to understand the molecular basis using the state‐of‐the‐art CRISPR‐Cas gene‐editing tool. Subsequently, genetic engineering could provide a promising approach to unravelling the molecular basis of stress tolerance mediated by exogenous/endogenous H2S. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the beneficial roles of H2S in conferring multiple abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Further, we also discuss the interaction and crosstalk between H2S and other signal molecules; as well as highlighting some genetic engineering‐based current and future directions.
Who donates? Patterns of blood donation and donor characteristics at a university‐affiliated hospital‐based donor center
Authors: Sheykhsoltan Mana , Wu Wesley , Mei Zhen , Ward Dawn C. , Ziman Alyssa
Published: December 2021

Background

Blood donors are a crucial element of the blood supply chain. Optimal recruitment strategies built upon the robust understanding of local donor behavior and demographics—specifically, the donor characteristics of our university‐affiliated hospital‐based donor center—improve outreach and retention of donors.

Study design and methods

This retrospective study analyzed blood donors' genders, ethnicities, and donation frequencies at a university‐affiliated hospital‐based donor center from 2014–2019, stratified into seven age cohorts. Donor ethnicity demographics were compared to the reported student, employee, and LA County population.

Results

Female donors outnumbered male donors in all age cohorts. The majority of donors self‐identified (SI) as White (36.7%), Hispanic/Latino (21.6%), or Asian (19.1%). Older donors (age > 25) donated more frequently (4.1 vs. 2.3 donations per donor) than younger donors (age ≤ 25). Repeat donors who donated in multiple years during the study period were more likely to donate multiple times each year than those donors who only donated during 1 year.

Discussion

Our donor demographics more closely reflect the university student and employee demographics than LA County demographics, demonstrating the broad local efforts of recruitment by student groups and donor center recruitment staff. However, non‐White populations continue to be underrepresented. The majority of donors only donated once during the study period. Recruitment strategies to increase donor engagement among underrepresented populations and increase the proportion of repeat donors are likely to prove most beneficial.
Very Large Eddy Simulation of Aero-Thermal Performance in Squealer Tip Gap
Authors: Yan Xin
Published: December 2021

To improve the resolution accuracy and get deep insight into the flow structures in squealer tip gap, the very large Eddy simulation (VLES) method was implemented into the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver with the user-defined function (UDF). Based on the published experimental data, the numerical accuracy of VLES method was validated. With the VLES method, the unsteady heat transfer coefficient distributions on the squealer tip and total pressure loss in the blade passage were computed. The influences of coherent vortex structures on aero-thermal performance in the squealer tip gap were analyzed. The results show that the Brown-Roshko vortices are the main driver for the formation of cavity vortex system. The direct impingement of pass-over leakage into the cavity is the main cause of high heat transfer area on the cavity floor near leading edge. The unsteady fluctuations of leakage rate through the tip gap reach about ±8% of the time-averaged value. The development of leakage vortex accounts for the major contribution of total pressure loss in the squealer tipped blade. Due to flow unsteadiness, the fluctuation of pitch-averaged total pressure loss coefficient induced by leakage vortex system reaches about ±30% of the time-averaged value. The unsteady fluctuation of pitch-averaged heat transfer coefficient on the cavity floor reaches about ±35% of the time-averaged value, while on the shroud surface it is only fluctuated by about ±10%.