bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapping pan-Arctic methane emissions at high spatial resolution using an adjoint atmospheric transport and inversion method and process-based wetland and lake biogeochemical models
Authors: Tan Z. , Zhuang Q. , Henze D. K. , Frankenberg C. , Dlugokencky E. , Sweeney C. , Turner A. J.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Understanding methane emissions from the Arctic, a fast warming carbon reservoir, is important for projecting changes in the global methane cycle under future climate scenarios. Here we optimize Arctic methane emissions with a nested-grid high-resolution inverse model by assimilating both high-precision surface measurements and column-average SCIAMACHY satellite retrievals of methane mole fraction. For the first time, methane emissions from lakes are integrated into an atmospheric transport and inversion estimate, together with prior wetland emissions estimated by six different biogeochemical models. We find that, the global methane emissions during July 2004–June 2005 ranged from 496.4 to 511.5 Tg yr−1, with wetland methane emissions ranging from 130.0 to 203.3 Tg yr−1. The Arctic methane emissions during July 2004–June 2005 were in the range of 14.6–30.4 Tg yr−1, with wetland and lake emissions ranging from 8.8 to 20.4 Tg yr−1 and from 5.4 to 7.9 Tg yr−1 respectively. Canadian and Siberian lakes contributed most of the estimated lake emissions. Due to insufficient measurements in the region, Arctic methane emissions are less constrained in northern Russia than in Alaska, northern Canada and Scandinavia. Comparison of different inversions indicates that the distribution of global and Arctic methane emissions is sensitive to prior wetland emissions. Evaluation with independent datasets shows that the global and Arctic inversions improve estimates of methane mixing ratios in boundary layer and free troposphere. The high-resolution inversions provide more details about the spatial distribution of methane emissions in the Arctic.
Bedload transport in a formerly glaciated mountain catchment constrained by particle tracking
Authors: Dell'Agnese A. , Brardinoni F. , Toro M. , Mao L. , Engel M. , Comiti F.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. In formerly glaciated mountain settings, Pleistocene glaciations are responsible for profound spatial reorganization of the landscape structure. By imposing local channel slope and the degree of hillslope–channel connectivity, glacial macro-forms can exert first-order controls on the downstream strength and continuity of the coarse sediment cascade. To estimate quantitatively these controls we trace bedload transport for 3 years along Strimm Creek, Eastern Italian Alps. Specifically, we monitor the travel distance of 490 PIT-tagged particles (b axis: 23–229 mm; weight: 83–6525 g) at two contrasting sites: Upper Strimm Creek (US; 4 km2), which flows through a fluvially dominated hanging valley, and Lower Strimm Creek (LS; 7.5 km2), located downstream, in a relict glacial trough where it experiences periodic colluvial sediment inputs from lateral tributaries. Tracer positioning within the streambed is periodically tracked in the field with a portable antenna in order to assess progressive travel distances, as well as the extent of the channel active layer, in relation to snowmelt and rainfall-driven peak flows. Interestingly, we show that tracer virtual velocities for selected inter-survey periods are independent of tracer weight at both study sites. Cumulatively, tracers in US have travelled across distances (i.e. inner quartiles) shorter than 2 m, which correspond to over 2 orders of magnitude less than what was observed in LS. These figures translate, after calculations of tracer inter-survey virtual velocities, into estimated bedload volumes equal to about 3 m3 in US and 600 m3 in LS, with most of the transport (75 % in US, and 93 % in LS) occurring during snowmelt. A similar contrast in bedload transport rates, even without considering the additional volumes of material mobilized by mass-wasting processes in LS, testifies the extent to which the glacial imprinting can still affect contemporary sediment transfer, and thus postglacial landscape evolution, in mountain drainage basins.
Climate change adaptation frameworks: an evaluation of plans for coastal Suffolk, UK
Authors: Armstrong J. , Wilby R. , Nicholls R. J.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. This paper asserts that three principal frameworks for climate change adaptation can be recognised in the literature: scenario-led (SL), vulnerability-led (VL) and decision-centric (DC) frameworks. A criterion is developed to differentiate these frameworks in recent adaptation projects. The criterion features six key hallmarks as follows: (1) use of climate model information; (2) analysis of metrics/units; (3) socio-economic knowledge; (4) stakeholder engagement; (5) adaptation of implementation mechanisms; (6) tier of adaptation implementation. The paper then tests the validity of this approach using adaptation projects on the Suffolk coast, UK. Fourteen adaptation plans were identified in an online survey. They were analysed in relation to the hallmarks outlined above and assigned to an adaptation framework. The results show that while some adaptation plans are primarily SL, VL or DC, the majority are hybrid, showing a mixture of DC/VL and DC/SL characteristics. Interestingly, the SL/VL combination is not observed, perhaps because the DC framework is intermediate and attempts to overcome weaknesses of both SL and VL approaches. The majority (57 %) of adaptation projects generated a risk assessment or advice notes. Further development of this type of framework analysis would allow better guidance on approaches for organisations when implementing climate change adaptation initiatives, and other similar proactive long-term planning.
A prognostic model of the sea-ice floe size and thickness distribution
Authors: Horvat C. , Tziperman E.
Published: November 2015

Abstract. Sea ice exhibits considerable seasonal and longer-term variations in extent, concentration, thickness, and age, and is characterized by a complex and continuously changing distribution of floe sizes and thicknesses, particularly in the marginal ice zone (MIZ). Models of sea ice used in current climate models keep track of its concentration and of the distribution of ice thicknesses, but do not account for the floe size distribution and its potential effects on air–sea exchange and sea-ice evolution. Accurately capturing sea-ice variability in climate models may require a better understanding and representation of the distribution of floe sizes and thicknesses. We develop and demonstrate a model for the evolution of the joint sea-ice floe size and thickness distribution that depends on atmospheric and oceanic forcing fields. The model accounts for effects due to multiple processes that are active in the MIZ and seasonal ice zones: freezing and melting along the lateral side and base of floes, mechanical interactions due to floe collisions (ridging and rafting), and sea-ice fracture due to wave propagation in the MIZ. The model is then examined and demonstrated in a series of idealized test cases.
On stochastic simulation of stock-exchange
Authors: Mockus Jonas , Katin Igor , Katina Joana
Published: November 2015

A simple Stock Exchange Game Model (SEGM) was introduced in (Mockus, 2003) to simulate the behaviour of several stockholders using fixed buying-selling margins at fixed bank yield. In (Mockus, 2010, 2012; Mockus and Raudys, 2010), the theoretical description of the updated model USEGM was presented and illustrated by the results of experimental investigation obtained by the software developed for the early version SEGM. The new elements of the model is the evaluation of the transaction costs and addition of the minimizer of absolute residuals representing the risk-neutral users. Experimental investigation of the updated USEGM model produced new results. In this paper, we discuss them. The results were compared with real data. They show that the traditional estimators of the minimal prediction errors, such as MSE or MAE, do not necessarily provide maximal average profits. However, contrary to the traditional stock rate prediction models, the main objective of USEGM is not forecasting, but simulation of financial time series that are affected by predictions of the participants.
On bayes approach to univariate global optimization
Authors: Sakalauskas Leonidas , Susinskas Jurgis
Published: November 2015

In this paper the Bayesian approach to global optimization of univariate continuous functions is developed, when the objective function is modelled by Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process. The parameters of model of function to be optimised are calibrated by maximal likelihood method using the learning set. The resulting optimization algorithm is rather simple and consists of reselection of values of expected step utility function, which maximizes at each step the expected increment of minimal observed value of the objective function. The convergence of method developed is studied by theoretical and experimental way. Efficiency of the Bayes optimization method created is studied by computer simulation, too.
A stochastic programming approach to optimization of information retrieval
Authors: Vitsentiy Vitaliy
Published: November 2015

The researDupach problem of optimization of the expected relevance of retrieved documents in search sessions with feedback is considered in this paper. This problem is solved by planning the interaction with the user with endogenous reduction of uncertainty by means of stochastic programming. An approach to build the model based on topic models of documents that takes into account past history of retrieved documents and user feedback values in the current decision is proposed. The experiments with a simulated database of documents shown a significant improvement in retrieval effectiveness over the traditional approach.
Modelling to generate alternatives in waste management facility expansion planning via simulation-optimization
Authors: Yeomans Julian Scott , Imanirad Raha
Published: November 2015

Public sector decision-making typically involves complex problems that are riddled with competing performance objectives and possess design requirements which are difficult to capture at the time that supporting decision models are constructed. Environmental policy formulation can prove additionally complicated because the various system components often contain considerable stochastic uncertainty and there are frequently numerous stakeholders holding completely incompatible perspectives. Consequently, there are invariably unmodelled performance design issues, not apparent at the time of the problem formulation, which can greatly impact the acceptability of any proposed solutions. While a mathematically optimal solution might provide the best solution to a modelled problem, normally this will not be the best solution to the underlying real problem. Therefore, in public environmental policy formulation, it is generally preferable to be able to create several quantifiably good alternatives that provide very different approaches and perspectives to the problem. This study shows how a computationally efficient simulation optimization approach that combines evolutionary optimization with simulation can be used to generate multiple policy alternatives that satisfy required system criteria and are maximally different in decision space. The efficacy of this modelling-to-generate-alternatives method is demonstrated on a municipal sol- id waste management facility expansion case.
On the arithmetic of infinity oriented implementation of the multi-objective P-algorithm
Authors: Žilinskas Antanas
Published: November 2015

The single-objective P-algorithm is a global optimization algorithm based on a statistical mod- el of objective functions and the axiomatic theory of rational decisions. It has been proven quite suitable for optimization of black-box expensive functions. Recently the P-algorithm has been generalized to multi-objective optimization. In the present paper, the implementation of that algorithm is considered using the new computing paradigm of the arithmetic of infinity. A strong homogeneity of the multi-objective P-algorithm is proven, thus enabling rather a simple application of the algorithm to the problems involving infinities and infinitesimals.
Are We in This Together? The Dynamics and Performance Implications of Dependence Asymmetry and Joint Dependence in Logistics Outsourcing Relationships
Authors: Hofer Adriana Rossiter
Published: November 2015

This study investigates the mechanisms through which two dimensions of interorganizational interdependence—dependence asymmetry and joint dependence—impact a customer's key attitudinal and behavioral dimensions in the relationship with a third-party logistics provider (3PL), as well as associated performance outcomes. Results of a survey with customers of a large 3PL in Brazil indicate that customers embedded in relationships with high levels of joint dependence exhibit higher levels of long-term orientation toward and operational information exchange with the 3PL, which positively impact their logistics outsourcing performance. In addition, it is found that the direction of the customer's dependence asymmetry—advantage or disadvantage—in the relationship with the 3PL enhances or hinders the effects of joint dependence. Specifically, while a customer's dependence disadvantage positively impacts its long-term orientation, a customer's dependence advantage negatively impacts its long-term orientation, which can be detrimental to its logistics outsourcing performance.
Safety Culture from an Interdisciplinary Perspective: Conceptualizing a Hierarchical Feedback-based Transportation Framework
Authors: Krishen Anjala S. , Kachroo Pushkin , Agarwal Shaurya , Sastry S. Shankar , Wilson Masha
Published: November 2015

Given the colossal issue of traffic accidents causing serious injuries, fatalities, and traffic congestion in the United States, the current article introduces a feedback safety model that utilizes and combines disparate data sources and allows for model-based action to alleviate the problems. This feedback model will serve two purposes: (1) it will provide an overarching view of safety culture that incorporates fundamentally distinct data sources; and (2) it will aid in the development of targeted messages and control actions at various levels, especially to the highest-risk public segments, which can highlight the risks of unsafe driving as well as increase perceived importance for traffic safety. In order to develop this model, the article begins with the issue of distracted driving in the main study. The basic premise of the argument is that drivers who are distracted are more likely to be unsafe (i.e., the behavior is normally augmentative) and that safety is a culture, not a concept. In essence, curbing distracted driving should lower vehicle-based accidental deaths. We will then argue for an overarching safety culture framework to lower distracted driving from a holistic perspective through gathering multiple data sources and developing targeted communication mechanisms.
Seleção de cultivares de sorgo e braquiária em consórcio para produção de grãos e palhada
Authors: Silva Alessandro Guerra da , Horvath Neto Adalbert , Teixeira Itamar Rosa , Costa Kátia Aparecida Pinho da , Braccini Alessandro Lucca
Published: November 2015

O consórcio de sorgo com braquiária apresenta potencial para produção de grãos e palhada. Porém, poucos estudos têm sido realizados no intuito de selecionar cultivares para o consórcio, em condições de safrinha, na região Centro-Oeste. O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar cultivares de sorgo granífero e espécies de braquiárias em consórcio na linha, em safrinha, visando produção de grãos e palhada. O ensaio foi realizado em Rio Verde-GO, na safrinha de 2010. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2x5+2+5 correspondendo a duas cultivares de sorgo granífero (BRS 310 e DKB 599) consorciadas na linha com cinco cultivares de braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Xaraés, Marandu e Piatã, B. decumbens e B. ruziziensis). Adicionalmente, efetuaram-se sete tratamentos adicionais referentes aos monocultivos das duas cultivares de sorgo e cinco de braquiária. Os resultados permitiram constatar que os consórcios do BRS 310 com a B. ruziziensis e B. brizantha cv. Xaraés proporcionaram maiores rendimentos de grãos, massa seca (palhada) e proteína bruta total, sendo o mesmo constatado para o DKB 599 consorciado com a B. decumbens. O híbrido DKB 599 apresentou maior potencial produtivo, porém, maior sensibilidade a competição com as plantas de braquiária. Em determinados tratamentos, a braquiária ocasionou redução do estande do sorgo e, consequemente, diminuição do rendimento de grãos. O consórcio de sorgo granífero e braquiária na safrinha mostrou-se como técnica de cultivo viável para produção de grãos e palhada na região Centro-Oeste.
Composição química e atividade antifúngica do óleo essencial de poejo em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento
Authors: Foganholi Ana Paula Do Amaral Mônaco , Daniel Juliana Feijó de Souza , Santiago Débora Cristina , Orives Juliane Resges , Pereira Jurandir Pinto , Faria Terezinha De Jesus
Published: November 2015

The aim of this study was to compare the yield, chemical composition and antifungal activity of the essential oil that is obtained from Mentha pulegium in different developmental stages and cultivated under controlled conditions in southern Brazil. The hydrodistillation of fresh leaves that were collected at 60, 70 and 85 days resulted inessential oil yields of 0.17 %, 0.23 % and 0.17 %, respectively. All of the essential oil samples showed antifungal activity against Cladosporium herbarum. The gas chromatograph (GC) and GC/MS analysis revealed eleven constituents: seven (pulegone, piperitenone, menthone, isomenthone, neoisomenthol, piperitone and 1.1-dimethoxy-2-nonyne) were common to three samples, while menthofuran and myrtenal were detected only in samples of the first and second stages. Pulegone was the main constituent of the essential oil samples from the first and second stages (26.65 %), followed by piperitenone (20.41; 12.60 %). The pulegone concentration increased to 31.05 % in the last collection, while the major constituent was piperitenone (36.32 %). In conclusion, the results demonstrated that M. pulegium essential oil presents potential as an antifungal agent, and its chemical composition depends on the stage of development during which it was extracted.
Milho orgânico: impacto da adubação com lixiviado de aterro sanitário na composição química, produtividade e concentração de metais em grãos
Authors: Risso Wagner Ezequiel , Kurokawa Suzy Sayuri Sassamoto , Andrade Diva Souza , Hirooka Elisa Yoko
Published: November 2015

A aplicação de lixiviado de aterro sanitário em solo agrícola surge como alternativa para disponibilizar este efluente, tendo como fator limitante os metais pesados. A adubação com cinco doses de lixiviado de aterro sanitário (0; 32,7; 65,4; 98,1 e 130,8 m3 ha-1) e uma com ureia (120 kg ha-1) foram avaliadas quanto a produtividade, composição química e teor de metais em milho, nas safras de 2010 e 2012. O acúmulo de metais em tecido foliar de plantas de aveia também foi avaliado no período de inverno, no mesmo campo experimental. A produtividade e os teores de proteínas, cinzas e lipídios em grãos aumentaram com doses crescentes de lixiviado. A concentração de Ca, Mg, Na, K, Zn, Cu, Ni e Pb em grãos de milho adubado com lixiviado não diferiram de controle sem adubação, exceto Mn, cuja concentração aumentou aplicando lixiviado (p > 0,05). O incremento nas doses de lixiviado tendeu a elevar o teor de Pb (safra 2010), não se observando o mesmo na safra posterior, indicando que a concentração de Pb é dependente de fatores intrínsecos e extrínsecos ao solo. Não obstante, o teor de Cu, Pb e Mn em tecido foliar de aveia aumentou com dose de lixiviado, sugerindo caráter fitorremediador. Os resultados alertam a necessidade de maior investigação para o uso seguro de lixiviado de aterro sanitário em solo agrícola.

 
Parâmetros nutricionais de novilhas Nelore em pastejo de capim marandu recebendo suplemento energético, proteico e múltiplo no período de transição seca-águas
Authors: Pesqueira-Silva Lilian Chambó Rondena , Tilemahos Zervoudakis Joanis , Araújo Claúdio Vieira de , Cabral Luciano Da Silva , Hatamoto-Zervoudakis Luciana Keiko , Oliveira André Alves de , Silva-Marques Renata Pereira da
Published: November 2015

O objetivo foi avaliar o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes, a concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) no rúmen e nitrogênio ureico no soro (NUS) em novilhas Nelore recriadas em capim Marandu durante o período de transição seca-águas recebendo suplementos concentrados. Foram utilizadas quatro novilhas Nelore com peso corporal e idade inicial média de 189,5kg e 12 meses, respectivamente, distribuídas em quatro piquetes de 0,25 ha cada. O delineamento utilizado foi o quadrado latino (quatro suplementos e quatro períodos de 14 dias). Os suplementos avaliados foram: suplemento energético (SE), proteico (SP) e múltiplo (SM), fornecidos na quantidade de 1 kg animal dia-1, além do suplemento contendo mistura mineral comercial ad libitum (MM). A suplementação concentrada não influenciou os consumos de matéria seca, de matéria orgânica total e da forragem. O suplemento SP proporcionou maior (P<0,0001) consumo de proteína bruta (PB). Os suplementos SE e SP resultaram em maior consumo de extrato etéreo. A digestibilidade da PB foi maior (P<0,0001) para os animais suplementados com SP e SM. Imediatamente antes e quatro horas após o fornecimento da suplementação observaram-se maiores concentrações de N-NH3 ruminal para os suplementos SP e SM. Não verificou-se diferença quanto ao nitrogênio uréico no soro (NUS). A utilização de suplemento proteico e múltipo proporcionaram melhor adequação do ambiente ruminal de novilhas no período de transição seca-águas alimentadas com capim Marandu.
Características morfogênicas, estruturais e padrões demográficos de perfilhos em pastagem de capim-andropógon sob diferentes ofertas de forragem
Authors: Araújo Daniel Louçana da Costa , Oliveira Maria Elizabete de , Lopes João Batista , Alves Arnaud De Azêvedo , Rodrigues Marcônio Martins , Moura Raniel Lustosa de , Santos Maurílio Souza dos
Published: November 2015

Objetivou-se avaliar as características morfogênicas, estruturais e os padrões demográficos de perfilhamento do capim Andropogon gayanus Kunth var. Bisquamulatus (Hochst) Hack. cv. Planaltina, submetido a três ofertas de forragem: 11, 15 e 19% do PV, sob lotação contínua de caprinos. O delineamento experimental para avaliação das características morfogênicas do pasto foi o de blocos ao acaso (dois), com seis repetições (touceiras) dentro do bloco. Para a avaliação da dinâmica de perfilhamento e densidade populacional adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso (dois), em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. Nas parcelas, avaliou-se o efeito das ofertas de forragem e, nas subparcelas, os meses: abril, maio e junho. As ofertas de forragem não influenciaram as taxas de alongamento foliar, de senescência foliar e o número de folhas vivas. A taxa de aparecimento de folhas foi maior nas ofertas de 11 e 15% PV. O manejo do pasto com oferta de forragem 19% do PV proporciona aumento na taxa de alongamento do colmo, na duração de vida das folhas e no comprimento das folhas e colmos. O número de perfilhos vegetativos e as taxas de aparecimento e sobrevivência de perfilhos não são influenciados pela oferta de forragem de 11 a 19% do PV.
Phenotypic traits of equines raised in the Pantanal of Mato Grosso do Sul
Authors: Souza Julio Cesar de , Rezende Marcos Paulo Gonçalves de , Ramires Geovane Gonçalves , Gonçalves Vanessa Terra , Souza Carolina Fregonesi , Oliveira Nicacia Monteiro de , Ribeiro Rodrigo Vedovato
Published: November 2015

The primary aim of this study was to characterize the phenotypes of equines raised in the Pantanal region of Mato Grosso do Sul, one of the central-western states of Brazil. Eighteen linear measurements were collected from 498 adult horses belonging to several different breeds, including Pantaneira (n = 52), Arabic (n = 28), Crioulo (n = 31), Mangalarga (n = 8), Quarter Horse (n = 97), Petiço (n = 9), Crossbred Horses (i.e., undetermined breeding; n = 170), and Mules (n = 74). These measurements were compared to similar measurements taken of English Thoroughbreds (n = 14) and Brazilian Equestrians (n = 15) in the city of Campo Grande, the capital of Mato Grasso do Sul. We used analysis of variance to test the influence of several factors, including genetic group, category (horse or mule), sex, and their interactive effects, on phenotypic characteristics. Correlation estimates verified the Euclidean distance between genetic groups categorized via cluster analysis. The effects were significant (P < 0.05) for many of the phenotypic characteristics. Horses showed higher values for most of the measurements compared to mules, except for the length of the head, lumbar back length, and cannon bone circumference, as well as greater correlation between weight and heart girth (r = 0.98). Cluster analysis determined that the animals were categorized into nine groups, with 10 distinct populations. Correspondence analysis showed that the Crioulo, Crossbred Horses, Mules, Pantaneiro, and Mangalarga breeds were less distinct phenotypically. The Petiço breed was not grouped, whereas Quarter Horses, English Thoroughbreds, and Brazilian Equestrians were more phenotypically distinct from the other breeds.
Citrus pulp in lamb diets: intake, digestibility, and ruminal parameters
Authors: Peixoto Eduardo Lucas Terra , Morenz Mirton José Frota , Fonseca Carlos Elysio Moreira da , Moura Elizabeth Dos Santos , Lima Karla Rodrigues de , Lopes Fernando Cesar Ferraz , Cabral Luciano Da Silva
Published: November 2015

This study aimed to evaluate the viability of replacing corn meal with citrus pulp (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 % dry matter of corn meal) by evaluating several nutritional parameters such as intake and digestibility of nutrients, and ruminal fermentation parameters. The diets were formulated to be isoproteic with a roughage:concentrate ratio of 60:40. Five crossbred lambs with an initial average weight of 26.1 ± 1.8 kg were used and distributed in a 5 x 5 Latin Square design. For digestibility of nutrients was carried out to feed, orts, and feces collection. The evaluated nutrients were dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, ash, neutral detergent fiber, fiber acid detergent and lignin. Were determined nitrogen and carbohydrate fractions, and ruminal fermentation parameters (N-NH 3 and ruminal pH). The results were subjected to analysis of variance and regression analysis (t-test; ? = 0.05). Citrus pulp inclusion in the diets did not affect intake and digestibility of nutrients, or the pH and the NH3-N content of the rumen fluid. Citrus pulp can be used as a total substitute for corn in concentrate or up to 26.5% in the total ration for lambs (dry basis). 
O papel do dimetilsulfóxido na criopreservação de sêmen de Curimba (Prochilodus lineatus)
Authors: Varela Junior Antonio Sergio , Silva Estela Fernandes , Cardoso Tainã Figueiredo , Namba Érica Yokoyama , Jardim Rodrigo Desessards , Streit Junior Danilo Pedro , Corcini Carine Dahl
Published: November 2015

Cryopreservation of Curimba semen (Prochilodus lineatus) is ecological and commercial importance. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations (2, 5, 8 and 11%) of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) diluted in Betsville Thawing Solution (BTS) on the quality of post-thaw semen Curimba. We analyzed the rate and period motility, sperm viability, membrane integrity and DNA, mitochondrial functionality, and fertilization and hatching rate. The plasma membrane and DNA integrity of a DMSO concentration of 11% obtained better results than the concentration of 5% (p <0.05). However, treatment of 5% DMSO resulted in a longer latency and a higher fertilization rate and hatching, in other sperm quality equal to that of fresh semen. The results of this study indicate that 5% DMSO is ideal for cryopreservation of semen Curimba.
Características morfológicas e desempenho de crescimento de monossexo macho de tilápia da variedade GIFT e Saint Peter®
Authors: Marengoni Nilton Garcia , Machado Luciana Maria Curty , Oliveira Carlos Antonio Lopes de , Yoshida Grazyella Massako , Kunita Natali Miwa , Ribeiro Ricardo Pereira
Published: November 2015

This study aimed to compare the morphological traits and growth performance of monosex populations of the Genetic Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) and Saint Peter® of male tilapias reared in a mixed system. The experiment was carried out from June 2012 to November 2012 in Sgarbi fish farm, Palotina, Paraná State, Brazil. GIFT juveniles were obtained from the State University of Maringá (UEM/Codapar) fish farm broodstock, and the red hybrids were from the Sgarbi fish farm broodstock. The average genetic values of GIFT from three genetic groups (I, II, and III) were obtained by controlling individual pedigree and genetic evaluation using Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP). Information from complete GIFT pedigree since its introduction in Brazil was used, and the genetic groups were ranked as I (upper group), II (middle group), and III (inferior group). In all, 1,880 fish, including 480 GIFT strain and 1,400 red hybrids, with an average initial weight of 15 g, were placed in a semi-intensive system with a density of 4.7 fish m-2. The fish were individually identified using Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) tags. Harvesting was performed at the end of a 160 d period. The performance data including final weight and daily weight gain, and morphological traits including total length, standard length, body depth, head length, tail depth, tail width, body width, head length/standard length, body area and body volume were evaluated. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Tukey test at 5% probability level were applied. The average final weight and daily weight gain among the three genetic groups of GIFT did not show significant differences. However all GIFT groups (I, II, and III) presented average values of performance and morphological traits higher that the Saint Peter®. Among the GIFT genetic groups, only body depth between groups I and III showed significant differences (p<0.001). The morphological traits and growth performance are superior in the GIFT strain, regardless of its genetic group, when compared to Saint Peter®, except for the head length/standard length ratio. 
An Analysis of the Learners’ Factors in Second Language Teaching and Learning
Authors: Zhao Lili
Published: November 2015

This paper aims at exploring the influences that learner’s factors have on second language teaching and learning. Firstly, this paper gives brief definitions of cognitive theory and the theory of behaviorism, which are relevant to learner’s individual factors. And then a learner’s most important factors such as motivation, aptitude and self-confidence are introduced to illustrate the influences these factors have made on second language learning and teaching. Some suggestions are given for English teaching and after a presentation of the taxonomy of language learning strategies, the training of language learning strategies is mentioned so as to throw light on the future work of language teaching and learning.
Les communautés littéraires de Leslie Kaplan. De l’usine à l’atelier d’écriture, l’égalité des intelligences
Authors: Lefort-Favreau Julien
Published: November 2015

Cet article vise à circonscrire les permanences politiques dans l’oeuvre de Leslie Kaplan. Son premier livre, L’excès-l’usine (1982), témoigne de son établissement en usine en 1968. Son travail romanesque et essayistique ultérieur met en oeuvre une volonté d’aller au plus près des conditions matérielles d’existence des dominés. Son engagement dans diverses résidences d’écriture et dans des ateliers d’écriture en milieu populaire prolonge en effet la remise en question de l’autorité de l’intellectuel qui caractérise, en France, certains courants maoïstes de 68. Ce positionnement renvoie à une éthique et une politique de la littérature qui postulent une égalité entre l’écrivain, le non-écrivain et le lecteur.
Lecture et lecteurs : l’impensé politique de la littérature française
Authors: Cusset François
Published: November 2015

Cet article met en lumière l’écart institutionnel et culturel qui sépare les politiques de la littérature aux États-Unis et en France. Dans le monde universitaire américain, et particulièrement dans les départements de littérature, prévaut une politique de relativisme textuel qui mène à une pratique de suspicion généralisée à l’égard du texte dans les études féministes, culturelles et postcoloniales ; à l’inverse, dans le monde universitaire français, persiste une éthique protectionniste, fondée sur un canon littéraire incontesté et sur un fort isolationnisme disciplinaire. Cet article suggère que le malentendu transatlantique autour des théories critiques de la littérature qui dure depuis plusieurs décennies s’explique par le fait que les théoriciens américains s’intéressent à la lecture et à ses effets politiques, alors que les Français se préoccupent presque exclusivement de l’écriture et de l’écrivain.
Música popular e adjacências...
Authors: Costa Lima Paulo
Published: November 2015

Música e composição vão além daquilo que soa, e vibram na direção do que se pensa, do que se imagina e do que se fala. As crônicas e ensaios apresentados nesse livro surgiram dessa consciência, e especialmente da teimosia na combinação de traços e temas aparentemente opostos. Celebra uma abertura de diálogo com um novo público, encontrando agora uma moldura em livro, buscando identificar caminhos e processos de construção composicional, mostrando que o terreno é fértil, e menos visitado do que deveria ser, especialmente agora que a complexidade das hierarquias não mais precisa das fronteiras de ontem, e nem mesmo de fixar receitas de complexidade.
Mitos e outras narrativas Kamayura
Authors: Agostinho Pedro
Published: November 2015

O livro é uma das mais relevantes coletâneas de mitos ameríndios das terras baixas da América do Sul, sendo exemplar pela cobertura ampla, densa e profunda que faz da mitologia Kamayurá. O mito constitui o modelo universal de explanação do mundo, estando na base de sua intensa vida cerimonial caracterizada pela beleza, pelo encanto e pela eficácia das artes e do corpo.
An impulse response function for the “long tail” of excess atmospheric CO2 in an Earth system model
Authors: Lord N. S. , Ridgwell A. , Thorne M. C. , Lunt D. J.
Published: November 2015

The ultimate fate of (fossil fuel) CO2 emitted to the atmosphere is governed by a range of sedimentological and geological processes operating on timescales of up to the ca. hundred thousand year response of the silicate weathering feedback. However, how the various geological CO2 sinks might saturate and feedbacks weaken in response to increasing total emissions is poorly known. Here we explore the relative importance and timescales of these processes using a 3‐D ocean‐based Earth system model. We first generate an ensemble of 1 Myr duration CO2 decay curves spanning cumulative emissions of up to 20,000 Pg C. To aid characterization and understanding of the model response to increasing emission size, we then generate an impulse response function description for the long‐term fate of CO2 in the model. In terms of the process of carbonate weathering and burial, our analysis is consistent with a progressively increasing fraction of total emissions that are removed from the atmosphere as emissions increase, due to the ocean carbon sink becoming saturated, together with a lengthening of the timescale of removal from the atmosphere. However, we find that in our model the ultimate CO2 sink—silicate weathering feedback—is approximately invariant with respect to cumulative emissions, both in terms of its importance (it removes the remaining excess ~7% of total emissions from the atmosphere) and timescale (~270 kyr). Because a simple pulse‐response description leads to initially large predictive errors for a realistic time‐varying carbon release, we also develop a convolution‐based description of atmospheric CO2 decay which can be used as a simple and efficient means of making long‐term carbon cycle perturbation projections.
Effect of interhemispheric currents on equivalent ionospheric currents in two hemispheres: Simulation results
Authors: Lyatskaya Sonya , Lyatsky Wladislaw , Zesta Eftyhia
Published: November 2015

In this research, we used numerical simulation to study the effect of interhemispheric field‐aligned currents (IHCs), going between two conjugate ionospheres in two hemispheres, on the equivalent ionospheric currents (EICs). We computed the maps of these EICs in two hemispheres during summer‐winter conditions, when the effect of the IHCs is especially significant. The main results may be summarized as follows. (1) In winter hemisphere, the IHCs may significantly exceed and be a substitute for the local R1 currents, and they may strongly affect the magnitude, location, and direction of the EICs in the nightside winter auroral ionosphere. (2) While in summer polar cap the EICs tend to flow sunward, and in winter polar cap the EICs turn toward dawn due to the effect of the IHCs. (3) The well‐known reversal in the direction of the EICs in the vicinity of the midnight meridian, in winter hemisphere, is observed not at the polar caps boundary (as usually expected) but equatorward of this boundary in the region of the IHCs location. (4) The IHCs in winter hemisphere may be, in fact, not only a substitute for the R1 currents but also the major source of the Westward Auroral Electrojet, observed in both hemispheres during substorm activity.
Nature's Grand Experiment: Linkage between magnetospheric convection and the radiation belts
Authors: Rodger Craig J. , Cresswell‐Moorcock Kathy , Clilverd Mark A.
Published: November 2015

The solar minimum of 2007–2010 was unusually deep and long lived. In the later stages of this period the electron fluxes in the radiation belts dropped to extremely low levels. The flux of relativistic electrons (>1 MeV) was significantly diminished and at times was below instrument thresholds both for spacecraft located in geostationary orbits and also those in low‐Earth orbit. This period has been described as a natural “Grand Experiment” allowing us to test our understanding of basic radiation belt physics and in particular the acceleration mechanisms which lead to enhancements in outer belt relativistic electron fluxes. Here we test the hypothesis that processes which initiate repetitive substorm onsets drive magnetospheric convection, which in turn triggers enhancement in whistler mode chorus that accelerates radiation belt electrons to relativistic energies. Conversely, individual substorms would not be associated with radiation belt acceleration. Contrasting observations from multiple satellites of energetic and relativistic electrons with substorm event lists, as well as chorus measurements, show that the data are consistent with the hypothesis. We show that repetitive substorms are associated with enhancements in the flux of energetic and relativistic electrons and enhanced whistler mode wave intensities. The enhancement in chorus wave power starts slightly before the repetitive substorm epoch onset. During the 2009/2010 period the only relativistic electron flux enhancements that occurred were preceded by repeated substorm onsets, consistent with enhanced magnetospheric convection as a trigger.
Particle delivery to the benthos of coastal Lake Michigan
Authors: Waples James T.
Published: November 2015

A 2‐D non‐steady state model was applied to measured profiles of 234Th/238U and 90Y/90Sr disequilibria in a shallow (22 m) water column of coastal Lake Michigan. Downward fluxes of 234Th and 90Y were primarily driven by onshore horizontal advection. Concordance between 234Th and 90Y‐derived mass flux estimates from the water column could only be realistically achieved under a nuclide scavenging scenario dominated by direct sorption on bottom or near‐bottom sediment and vertical convection in the water column—not sinking particles. An estimated vertical 234Th/90Y flux ratio of ∼0.31 in the water column agreed with measured 234Th/90Y activity ratios on collected ejecta from bottom dwelling dreissenid mussels (0.26 ± 0.05) and not with water column particles (3.3 ± 1.3). A similar 238U/90Sr parent nuclide activity ratio of 0.30 ± 0.02 suggests that both 234Th and 90Y are scavenged in toto below the maximum sampling depth (17 m) and near the sediment/water interface. Determining the mechanism by which particles are transported to the bottom is important for understanding not only how benthos are supplied with water column material, but also how particle fluxes should be measured and calculated.
An ocean‐biology‐induced negative feedback on ENSO as derived from a hybrid coupled model of the tropical Pacific
Authors: Zhang Rong‐Hua
Published: November 2015

Biological conditions in the tropical Pacific Ocean (e.g., phytoplankton biomass) are strongly regulated by physical changes that are associated with the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The existence and variation of phytoplankton biomass act to modulate the vertical penetration of the incoming sunlight into the upper ocean, which causes an ocean‐biology‐induced heating (OBH) effect on the climate system. Previously, the penetration depth of solar radiation in the upper ocean (Hp) has been defined to describe the related bioclimate connections. An empirical model for interannual Hp variability that is parameterized in terms of its relationship with the sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Pacific was derived from remotely sensed ocean color data and is incorporated into a hybrid coupled model (HCM) to represent the OBH effects. In this paper, several HCM experiments are performed to demonstrate the biofeedback onto the ENSO, including a climatological Hp run (in which Hp is prescribed as only seasonally varying), interannual Hp runs (with different intensities of the interannually varying OBH effects), and a run in which the sign of the OBH effect is reversed. Significant modulating impacts on the interannual variability are found in the HCM and are characterized by a negative feedback between the ocean biology and the climate system in the tropical Pacific; stronger the OBH feedback, weaker the interannual variability. The processes that are involved in the feedback are analyzed. The SST is modulated indirectly by dynamic ocean processes that are induced by OBH. The significance and implication of the OBH effects are discussed in terms of their roles in ENSO variability and the model biases in the tropical Pacific.
On the aerosol and cloud phase function expansion moments for radiative transfer simulations
Authors: Li Jiangnan , Barker Howard , Yang Ping , Yi Bingqi
Published: November 2015

The accuracy of the Henyey‐Greenstein (HG) approximation in radiative transfer process is systematically investigated for aerosol and cloud particles. For small‐size aerosols, the phase function moment by the HG approximation is close to that of the true phase function; therefore, the differences in four‐stream radiative transfer calculations are very small whether using the HG approximation or the true phase function moments. However, for large‐size aerosols, liquid cloud droplets and ice crystals, the HG approximation produces very different phase function moment result compared to the true phase function. In case of small optical depth, the single layer four‐stream radiative transfer calculations show that the HG approximation can produce relative errors larger than 20% while the errors are generally less than 5% by using true phase function moments. By applying the four‐stream radiative transfer scheme to a multilayer atmosphere with aerosol and cloud, the differences in flux error are generally less than 2 Wm−2 by using either the HG approximation or true phase function moments, but can be over 10 Wm−2 for ice cloud case. The aerosol/cloud instantaneous radiative forcing has been analyzed in climate simulation. Compared to the four‐stream radiative transfer scheme, the two‐stream radiative transfer scheme overestimates the aerosol radiative flux in low‐latitude regions and underestimates the upward flux for the high‐latitude regions. By using the HG approximation, the difference in aerosol radiative forcing between the four‐stream and the two‐stream radiative transfer schemes is enhanced; the enhancement can be up to 0.5 Wm−2. The parameterization schemes for aerosol and cloud optical properties must be extended to contain higher‐order phase function moments, if higher‐order stream radiative transfer algorithms are to be used.
Intuitive Ontologies and Domain Specificity
Authors: Boyer Pascal , Barrett H. Clark
Published: November 2015

Evolutionary reasoning and empirical evidence converge to suggest that knowledge of the natural and social world is supported by domain‐specific neurocognitive systems, organized around recurrent adaptive challenges. In the past, understanding of such functional specialization has been obscured by confusing debates on innateness and modularity. We survey several particular examples of domain‐specific knowledge, and proceed to highlight more general properties of these domain‐specific systems, notably that (a) these are automatically activated by information that meets their input format, and only by such information; (b) their domains of operation correspond to recurrent adaptive challenges (e.g., tool‐making, predator‐prey interaction) rather than scientifically or metaphysically accurate categories of objects in the world (e.g., artifacts, living beings); (c) they all require normal developmental environments, that is, circumstances that approximate the environments of genetic evolution; (d) they produce intuitive mental representations, not deliberate reflections; and (e) they all combine representations of the environments with motivation towards adaptive courses of action.
The Evolutionary Psychology of Food Intake and Choice
Authors: Rozin Paul , Todd Peter M.
Published: November 2015

Food choice plays a fundamental role in both biological and cultural evolution. As social generalists eating a wide range of foods, humans have faced two great problems in their evolution: how to figure out what is toxic and what is nutritive—the omnivore's dilemma—and how to coordinate the learned knowledge of multiple individuals to succeed in omnivorous food selection. Generalists like humans and rats find food sources by searching and deciding how long to stay with particular sources (as studied in the optimal foraging literature), and choose which particular foods to eat on the basis of evolved preferences, in particular for sweet tastes and fatty textures, and evolved learning abilities, including social copying and learned taste aversions.The cultural evolution of the use of many basic foods such as corn, milk, and meat in different cuisines has engaged a number of genetically programmed human predispositions, including the fat and sweet preferences. The basic emotion of disgust was originally related to the food system, but through cultural preadaptation has come to be involved with many other domains of human life. Given its centrality in much of human behavior, food choice should take a more prominent place in evolutionary psychology.