bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
War Commemoration and the Republic in Crisis: Weimar Germany and the Neue Wache
Authors: Forner Sean A.
Published: November 2003

“Our dead are above the petty quarreling and the wretched, empty phrases that we cherish. A deep remembrance of our fallen brethren can only strengthen the will to reconcile differences and awaken the spirit that one of their number once expressed in this fashion: ‘Germany must live, even if we must die.”’ Thus a conservative nationalist representative to the Reichstag in Berlin addressed his colleagues in March 1927. His words reflect several notions current in Weimar Germany. They voice a call, still impassioned eight years after the armistice, for commemoration of the war dead, and they register a frustration with the contentious fragmentation of contemporary political culture, so dissonant with the image of soldiers unified in selfless sacrifice for the German fatherland. Finally, these words articulate the widespread sense that it was in the memory of the fallen of the Great War and in the emulation of their heroic sacrifice that Germans could find the bond to unify them as a people during the postwar period.
The “Captain of Köpenick” and the Transformation of German Criminal Justice, 1891–1914
Authors: Hett Benjamin Carter
Published: November 2003

MostGermans still know the story. One day in October 1906, the 57-year-old ex-convict Wilhelm Voigt dressed himself in the uniform of a Prussian captain, assembled from several second-hand stores. So equipped, Voigt intercepted two squads of soldiers who were going off duty, and ordered the soldiers to accompany him to the town hall of the Berlin suburb of Köpenick. There, claiming to act on “All-Highest command,” Voigt arrested the mayor and other town officials, and had the town's cash handed over to him in two large sacks. He departed with the money and sent the officials in a car to the police station at Berlin's Neue Wache, guarded by several of the soldiers. Only at the Neue Wache did the officials learn that the “All-Highest” had not in fact ordered their arrest.
Beyond the Nation: The Relational Basis of a Comparative History of Germany and Europe
Authors: Ther Philipp
Published: November 2003

Theprocess of European integration is posing a challenge to scholars in the humanities and the social sciences to rethink their frames of analysis. The once dominant nation-state has lost relevance while transnational processes and exchanges are receiving greater attention. This is not only true for the social sciences and economics, but also for history. The closer the European states are integrated, the more questions about Europe's past are asked. But what is European history, and upon which methods and units of analysis can it be built? Is it the sum of national histories, just as the EU is a union of nation-states, or is it something more? Since no one subject of European history can possibly encompass all countries on the continent, it is clear that independent of the general topic there needs to be a certain selection of studies about more than one local or national case. If those studies, no matter whether they cover political, social, or cultural history, are to be synthesized on a European level, comparisons need to be made at a certain stage of any given work. The same holds true for the history of Central Europe, an area with a particularly high degree of internal differentiation.
Ham-Wasserman Lecture
Authors: Wang Zhen-yi
Published: November 2003

Conventional treatment of acute leukemia involves the use of cytotoxic agents (chemotherapy), but other strategies have been explored. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic have clearly been effective in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), which creates the possibility that other types of acute leukemia can be conquered by selectively inducing differentiation and/or apoptosis. A great number of investigations have been performed to elucidate the mechanisms and search for effective agents in the treatment of other types of acute leukemia by these new strategies. Progress at the molecular level has been achieved in explaining the mechanisms of action of ATRA and arsenic compounds, and several new agents have emerged, although their clinical effectiveness remains to be confirmed. Mechanism-/gene-based targeted therapy and a combination of different strategies will improve the treatment of acute leukemia.
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Melo Junia V. , Hughes Timothy P. , Apperley Jane F.
Published: November 2003

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) was the first human malignancy to be associated with a specific genetic lesion, the Philadelphia chromosome, harboring the BCR-ABL oncogene. Since then, it has become a paradigm for the discovery of molecular mechanisms and targeted therapeutic approaches in the field of hematologic neoplasias. The past 5 years or so have been particularly fruitful in the dissection of the signal transduction pathways abnormally activated in CML and in the translation of this knowledge to clinical practice. In this report, we discuss the biological basis for such translation and highlight the current and potential tools for the effective treatment of CML patients. The first part presents a review of the basic concepts on the biology of CML and their application to the design of targeted therapy. The mechanisms of action of the molecular-specific drugs currently used in clinical trials are discussed, with emphasis on the description of the most promising new compounds that are enhancing the potential for effective alternative or combination chemotherapy in CML. In the following section, we explain how molecular monitoring of response to imatinib mesylate in patients with CML can be used as a guide to clinical management. In particular, we discuss the relative value of regular quantitative RT/PCR and cytogenetic analyses, how responding patients should be monitored and managed, and how to investigate patients who are refractory or become resistant to imatinib treatment. In the last part of this report, a discussion on the possibility of managing CML with patient-specific strategies is presented. We review the current treatment options, highlight the factors impacting on decision making, discuss the range of possibilities for future therapeutic strategies and propose a systematic approach for individualizing treatment for patients in different disease categories.
Biology and Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Keating Michael J. , Chiorazzi Nicholas , Messmer Bradley , Damle Rajendra N. , Allen Steven L. , Rai Kanti R. , Ferrarini Manlio , Kipps Thomas J.
Published: November 2003

Major advances have occurred in our understanding of the biology, immunology, and opportunities for treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in recent times. Surface antigen analysis has helped us define classical CLL and differentiate it from variants such as marginal zone leukemia, mantle cell leukemia, and prolymphocytic leukemia. An important observation has been that the B-cells in indolent types of CLL, which do not require therapy, have undergone somatic hypermutation and function as memory B-lymphocytes whereas those more likely to progress have not undergone this process.

Section I by Dr. Nicholas Chiorazzi encompasses emerging elements of the new biology of CLL and will address the types of somatic hypermutation that occur in CLL cells and their correlation with other parameters such as telomere length and ZAP70 status. In addition he addresses the concept of which cells are proliferating in CLL and how we can quantitate the proliferative thrust using novel methods. The interaction between these parameters is also explored.

Section II by Dr. Thomas Kipps focuses on immune biology and immunotherapy of CLL and discusses new animal models in CLL, which can be exploited to increase understanding of the disease and create new opportunities for testing the interaction of the CLL cells with a variety of elements of the immune system. It is obvious that immunotherapy is emerging as a major therapeutic modality in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Dr. Kipps addresses the present understanding of the immune status of CLL and the role of passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies such as rituximab, alemtuzumab, and emerging new antibodies. In addition the interaction between the CLL cells and the immune system, which has been exploited in gene therapy with transfection of CLL cells by CD40 ligand, is discussed.

In Section III, Dr. Michael Keating examines the question “Do we have the tools to cure CLL?” and focuses on the fact that we now have three distinct modalities, which are able to achieve high quality remissions with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) negativity for the immunoglobulin heavy chain in CLL. These modalities include initial chemoimmunotherapy with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab, the use of alemtuzumab for marrow cytoreduction in minimal residual disease and allogeneic bone marrow transplants. The emergence of non-ablative marrow transplants in CLL has led to the broadening of the range of opportunities to treat older patients. The addition of rituximab to the chemotherapy preparative regimens appears to be a significant advance.

The combination of our increased understanding of the biology, immune status, and therapy of CLL provides for the first time the opportunity for curative strategies.
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Biology and Treatment Strategies for Primary, Refractory, and Relapsed Disease
Authors: Diehl Volker , Stein Harald , Hummel Michael , Zollinger Raphael , Connors Joseph M.
Published: November 2003

Hodgkin’s lymphomas belong to the most curable tumor diseases in adults. About 80% of patients in all anatomical stages and of all histological subtypes can be cured with modern treatment strategies. In spite of the great clinical progress, the pathogenesis of this peculiar lymphoproliferative entity has not been elucidated completely up until now.

In Section I Drs. Stein, Hummel, and Zollinger describe the different pro-proliferative and antiapoptotic pathways and molecules involved in the transformation of the germinal center B-lymphocyte to the malignant Hodgkin-Reed-Sternberg cell. They use a comprehensive gene expression profiling (Affymetrix gene chip U133A) on B- and T-Hodgkin cell lines and state that the cell of origin is not the dominant determinant of the Hodgkin cell phenotype, but the transforming event. H-RS cells lack specific functional markers (B-T-cell receptors) and physiologically should undergo apoptosis. Why they do not is unclear and a matter of intensive ongoing research.

In Section II Dr. Diehl summarizes the commonly used primary treatment strategies adapted to prognostic strata in early, intermediate and advanced anatomical stages using increasing intensities of chemotherapy (two, four, eight courses of chemotherapy such as ABVD) and additive radiation with decreased doses and field size. ABVD is without doubt the gold standard for early and intermediate stages, but its role as the standard regimen for advanced stages is challenged by recent data with time- and dose-intensified regimens such as the escalated BEACOPP, demonstrating superiority over COPP/ABVD (equivalent to ABVD) for FFTF and OS in all risk strata according to the International Prognostic Score.

In Section III, Dr. Connors states that fortunately there is a considerably decreased need for salvage strategies in Hodgkin’s lymphomas since primary treatment results in a more than 80% tumor control. Nevertheless, a significant number of patients experience either a tumor refractory to therapy or an early or late relapse. Therefore, one of the continuing challenges in the care for Hodgkin’s lymphomas today is to find effective modes for a second tumor control. High-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell support has proved to be the treatment of choice when disseminated tumors recur after primary chemo- and or radiotherapy. Nodal relapses respond well to local radiation when they recur outfield of primary radiation without B-symptoms and in stages I–II at relapse. Allogeneic stem cell support needs further intensive evaluation in controlled studies to become an established alternative.
Stem Cell Mobilization
Authors: Cottler-Fox Michele H. , Lapidot Tsvee , Petit Isabelle , Kollet Orit , DiPersio John F. , Link Dan , Devine Steven
Published: November 2003

Successful blood and marrow transplant (BMT), both autologous and allogeneic, requires the infusion of a sufficient number of hematopoietic progenitor/stem cells (HPCs) capable of homing to the marrow cavity and regenerating a full array of hematopoietic cell lineages in a timely fashion. At present, the most commonly used surrogate marker for HPCs is the cell surface marker CD34, identified in the clinical laboratory by flow cytometry. Clinical studies have shown that infusion of at least 2 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg recipient body weight results in reliable engraftment as measured by recovery of adequate neutrophil and platelet counts approximately 14 days after transplant. Recruitment of HPCs from the marrow into the blood is termed mobilization, or, more commonly, stem cell mobilization.

In Section I, Dr. Tsvee Lapidot and colleagues review the wide range of factors influencing stem cell mobilization. Our current understanding focuses on chemokines, proteolytic enzymes, adhesion molecules, cytokines and stromal cell-stem cell interactions. On the basis of this understanding, new approaches to mobilization have been designed and are now starting to undergo clinical testing.

In Section II, Dr. Michele Cottler-Fox describes factors predicting the ability to mobilize the older patient with myeloma. In addition, clinical approaches to improving collection by individualizing the timing of apheresis and adjusting the volume of blood processed to achieve a desired product are discussed. Key to this process is the daily enumeration of blood CD34+ cells. Newer methods of enumerating and mobilizing autologous blood HPCs are discussed.

In Section III, Dr. John DiPersio and colleagues provide data on clinical results of mobilizing allogeneic donors with G-CSF, GM-CSF and the combination of both as relates to the number and type of cells collected by apheresis. Newer methods of stem cell mobilization as well as the relationship of graft composition on immune reconstitution and GVHD are discussed.
Platelet-Endothelial Interactions: Sepsis, HIT, and Antiphospholipid Syndrome
Authors: Warkentin Theodore E. , Aird William C. , Rand Jacob H.
Published: November 2003

Acquired abnormalities in platelets, endothelium, and their interaction occur in sepsis, immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), and the antiphospholipid syndrome. Although of distinct pathogeneses, these three disorders have several clinical features in common, including thrombocytopenia and the potential for life- and limb-threatening thrombotic events, ranging from microvascular (sepsis > antiphospholipid > HIT) to macrovascular (HIT > antiphospholipid > sepsis) thrombosis, both venous and arterial.

In Section I, Dr. William Aird reviews basic aspects of endothelial-platelet interactions as a springboard to considering the common problem of thrombocytopenia (and its mechanism) in sepsis. The relationship between thrombocytopenia and other aspects of the host response in sepsis, including activation of coagulation/inflammation pathways and the development of organ dysfunction, is discussed. Practical issues of platelet count triggers and targeted use of activated protein C concentrates are reviewed.

In Section II, Dr. Theodore Warkentin describes HIT as a clinicopathologic syndrome, i.e., the diagnosis should be based on the concurrence of an appropriate clinical picture together with detection of platelet-activating and/or platelet factor 4-dependent antibodies (usually in high levels). HIT is a profound prothrombotic state (odds ratio for thrombosis, 20–40), and the risk for thrombosis persists for a time even when heparin is stopped. Thus, pharmacologic control of thrombin (or its generation), and postponing oral anticoagulation pending substantial resolution of thrombocytopenia, is appropriate. Indeed, coumarin-associated protein C depletion during uncontrolled thrombin generation of HIT can explain limb loss (coumarin-associated venous limb gangrene) or skin necrosis syndromes in some patients.

In Section III, Dr. Jacob Rand presents the most recent concepts on the mechanisms of thrombosis in the antiphospholipid syndrome, and focuses on the role of β2-glycoprotein I as a major antigenic target in this condition. Diagnosis of the syndrome is often complicated because the clinical laboratory tests to identify this condition have been empirically derived. Dr. Rand addresses the practical aspects of current testing for the syndrome and current recommendations for treating patients with thrombosis and with spontaneous pregnancy losses.
Hematology Grants Workshop
Authors: Poncz Mortimer , Iannone Robert , Werner Ellen M.
Published: November 2003

Uppermost among the many concerns of young researchers is acquiring funding for beginning a career as a clinician-scientist. This chapter is targeted specifically at those individuals considering an academic physician-scientist career and those on the verge of becoming independent researchers.

In Section I, Drs. Poncz and Iannone discuss the Mentored Career Development Award (K08). They summarize the application process, highlighting the critical components of a successful application and what the review process entails.

In Section II, Dr. Werner discusses what applicants need to know about the NIH Institutes’ program, review, and grants management function; the different NIH staff whom applicants should contact during the various stages of the grants process; and the important sections and key phrases in NIH Program Announcements for career development awards.
Essential role of endogenous tissue plasminogen activator through matrix metalloproteinase 9 induction and expression on heparin-produced cerebral hemorrhage after cerebral ischemia in mice
Authors: Zhao Bing-Qiao , Ikeda Yasuhiko , Ihara Hayato , Urano Tetsumei , Fan WenYing , Mikawa Sumiko , Suzuki Yasuhiro , Kondo Kazunao , Sato Kohji , Nagai Nobuo , Umemura Kazuo
Published: November 2003

Cerebral hemorrhage associated with antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy in acute stroke continues to present a major clinical problem. Rupture of the cerebral microvasculature involves the degradation and remodeling of extracellular matrix. Here we demonstrated that the delayed administration of heparin 3 hours after photothrombotic middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) caused cerebral hemorrhage in wild-type (WT) mice but not in tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)–deficient knockout (KO) mice. Heparin administration increased tPA activity and its mRNA expression at 6 and 12 hours after MCAO in the ischemic hemispheres of WT mice. The expression of tPA was enhanced in microglial cells in the ischemic border zone. We also observed an exacerbation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9 expression at the mRNA level and its conversion to an active form after heparin administration in the ischemic hemisphere in WT mice but not in tPA KO mice. The increased MMP 9 expression was localized in microglial cells and endothelial cells. These findings suggest that endogenous tPA, through the enhancement of MMP 9 expression and proteolytic activation, plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of heparin-produced cerebral hemorrhage. Targeting tPA, MMP 9, or both may provide a new approach for preventing cerebral hemorrhage associated with antithrombotic therapy for stroke in humans.
Characterization of a novel set of resident intrathyroidal bone marrow-derived hematopoietic cells: potential for immune-endocrine interactions in thyroid homeostasis
Authors: Klein John R. , Wang Heuy-Ching
Published: November 2003

Immunofluorescent staining of thyroid tissues was done using monoclonal antibodies to dendritic cell (DC), lymphocyte, macrophage and granulocyte markers. Despite the presence of occasional CD11c+ cells,CD11b+ cells, morphologically characteristic of DCs, were abundant in thyroid of normal mice, at a density of ∼2.0 cells per thyroid follicle, and were >tenfold more frequent than CD11c+ cells. Thyroid tissues were non-reactive with antibodies to F4/80, CD8α, CD40,CD80, Gr-1, CD3, or CD19, indicating that the CD11b+ cells were not macrophages, activated DCs, granulocytes, plasmacytoid DCs, T cells or B cells. Following systemic immune activation, DCs in secondary lymphoid tissues but not in the thyroid, upregulated CD80 expression. Using radiation chimeras made from bone marrow from enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)transgenic mice, EGFP+ DC-like cells were present in the thyroid from 1–20 weeks after bone marrow transfer, but were rare in the kidney and liver, although EGFP+ cells were present in secondary lymphoid tissues. Additionally, DCs generated from EGFP+ bone marrow cells localized in the thyroid of EGFP– mice following adoptive transfer. Double staining of thyroid tissue sections with antibodies to the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)-β molecule and to CD11b revealed co-expression of TSHβ and CD11b among intrathyroidal DCs. Moreover,RT-PCR analyses indicated expression of the TSHβ gene in thyroid tissues. These findings define a novel bone marrow-derived hematopoietic cell population that resides in the thyroid of normal mice, which may have a unique role in the microregulation of thyroid physiology and homeostasis.
Physiological modulation of iron metabolism in rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed low and high iron diets
Authors: Carriquiriborde P. , Handy R. D. , Davies S. J.
Published: November 2003

Iron (Fe) is an essential element, but Fe metabolism is poorly described in fish and the role of ferrireductase and transferrin in iron regulation by teleosts is unknown. The aim of the present study was to provide an overview of the strategy for Fe handling in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish were fed Fe-deficient, normal and high-Fe diets (33, 175,1975 mg Fe kg-1 food, respectively) for 8 weeks. Diets were chosen so that no changes in growth, food conversion ratio, haematology, or significant oxidative stress (TBARS) were observed. Elevation of dietary Fe caused Fe accumulation particularly in the stomach, intestine, liver and blood. The increase in total serum Fe from 10 to 49 μmol l-1over 8 weeks was associated with elevated total Fe binding capacity and decreased unsaturated Fe binding capacity, so that in fish fed a high-Fe diet transferrin saturation increased from 15% at the start of the experiment to 37%. Fish on the high-Fe diet increased Fe accumulation in the liver, which was correlated with elevation of hepatic ferrireductase activity and serum transferrin saturation. Conversely, fish on the low-Fe diet did not show tissue Fe depletion compared with normal diet controls and did not change Fe binding to serum transferrin. Instead, these fish doubled intestinal ferrireductase activity which may have contributed to the maintenance of tissue Fe status. The absence of clear treatment-dependent changes in branchial Fe accumulation and ferrireductase activity indicated that the gills do not have a major role in Fe metabolism. Some transient changes in Cu, Zn and Mn status of tissues occurred.
Development of ultrasound detection in American shad (Alosa sapidissima)
Authors: Higgs D. M. , Plachta D. T. T. , Rollo A. K. , Singheiser M. , Hastings M. C. , Popper A. N.
Published: November 2003

It has recently been shown that a few fish species, including American shad(Alosa sapidissima; Clupeiformes), are able to detect sound up to 180 kHz, an ability not found in most other fishes. Initially, it was proposed that ultrasound detection in shad involves the auditory bullae, swim bladder extensions found in all members of the Clupeiformes. However, while all clupeiformes have bullae, not all can detect ultrasound. Thus, the bullae alone are not sufficient to explain ultrasound detection. In this study, we used a developmental approach to determine when ultrasound detection begins and how the ability to detect ultrasound changes with ontogeny in American shad. We then compared changes in auditory function with morphological development to identify structures that are potentially responsible for ultrasound detection. We found that the auditory bullae and all three auditory end organs are present well before fish show ultrasound detection behaviourally and we suggest that an additional specialization in the utricle(one of the auditory end organs) forms coincident with the onset of ultrasound detection. We further show that this utricular specialization is found in two clupeiform species that can detect ultrasound but not in two clupeiform species not capable of ultrasound detection. Thus, it appears that ultrasound-detecting clupeiformes have undergone structural modification of the utricle that allows detection of ultrasonic stimulation.
Efforts to standardize aerospace composite repairs, 1988–2003
Authors: Armstrong K B
Published: November 2003

This paper describes almost 15 years of work attempting to standardize composite repairs. When compared with metals, which have specified alloy contents and standard test methods, composites have a range of different fibres and resins and the latter are of undisclosed formulations with a wide range of mechanical and other properties. Likewise the test methods for composites are in the process of standardization but there are some differences between the methods used by the producers and those used by the aircraft manufacturers. Efforts to introduce some degree of standardization are given below together with an indication of progress to date.
Modelling the impacts of aircraft traffic on the chemical composition of the upper troposphere
Authors: Giannakopoulos C , Good P , Law K S , Shallcross D E , Wang K-Y
Published: November 2003

A three-dimensional chemistry-transport model has been used to assess the impacts of aircraft traffic in the upper troposphere. Aircraft engines emit NOx, which has the potential to perturb the chemical composition at the flight altitude paths, i.e. at a 10–12 km height for subsonic flights. The model used includes a comprehensive chemistry scheme, so perturbations to other species apart from NOx could also be examined. More specifically, the model showed that the monthly mean increase for NOx due to aircraft is around 60 pptv (parts per trillion volume (30 per cent increase) and for HNO3 it is 100 pptv (30 per cent increase). Consequently, O3 is enhanced by 2500 pptv (5 per cent increase) due to aircraft traffic. To assess the regional and temporal variations in the perturbations, a time series analysis above a central European grid cell located at 47 °N 18 °E has also been performed. The analysis has indicated that the local perturbations can be much larger than the monthly mean values and can reach 200 pptv for NOx, 150 pptv for HNO3 and 5000 pptv for O3.
Designing for damage—robust flight control design using sliding mode techniques
Authors: Vetter T K , Wells S R , Hess R A
Published: November 2003

A brief review of sliding mode control is undertaken, with particular emphasis upon the effects of neglected parasitic dynamics. Sliding mode control as implemented with boundary layers is then interpreted in the frequency domain. The inclusion of asymptotic observers and reference model “hedging” is shown to reduce the effects of neglected parasitic dynamics. Application of the resulting observer/hedging-based sliding mode technique to the design of a robust longitudinal control system for a highly unstable aircraft is described. The sliding mode controller is shown to exhibit stability and performance robustness superior to that of a classical loop-shaped design when significant changes in vehicle and actuator dynamics are employed to model airframe damage.
Bewegungsalgorithmen für zweibeinige Roboter ohne Oberkörper (Path Planning Algorithms for Bipedal Robots without a Trunk)
Authors: Albert Amos , Gerth Wilfried
Published: November 2003

Dieser Artikel stellt neue Algorithmen zur Bahnplanung zweibeiniger Roboter vor. Hierbei dienen die Beintrajektorien sowohl der Fortbewegung als auch der Stabilität. Es gelingt der Brückenschlag zwischen dem Konzept des Inversen Pendels (IPM) und den Verfahren auf Basis eines verallgemeinerten dynamischen Modells. Simulationen und Messungen der Fußreaktionskräfte während des Laufvorganges des realen Roboters BARt-UH verifizieren die Eignung der vorgestellten Verfahren.
Interaktionsmodelle in der Spezifikation: Von der Datenzentrierung zur Ablauforientierung (Interaction models in the requirements specification: From data centric to flow centric models)
Authors: Schlegel Thomas , Burst Alexander , Beger Dorit
Published: November 2003

In den frühen Projektphasen der Anwendungsentwicklung steht eine Vielzahl von Informationen von Kunden, Benutzern und Anwendungsdomänen zur Verfügung. Wird dieses Wissen mit Hilfe eines deskriptiven, interakions- und ablauforientierten Modells sedimentiert, kann es zur Generierung von UI-Prototypen und Entwicklungsdokumenten genutzt werden. Hier soll eine Modellierungsmethode aufgezeigt werden, mit der es möglich ist, Wissen aus der Analyse- und Spezifikationsphase in ein Interaktionsmodell einzubringen und so über die Projektlaufzeit zu konservieren. Die Eignung für eine iterative und inkrementelle Vorgehensweise und die Möglichkeit zur Generierung von Oberflächenprototypen soll zudem eine stärkere Partizipation von Kunden und Benutzern am Entwicklungsprozess ermöglichen.
Anpassungsumgebung für komponentenbasierte Software: Kooperativ und lernförderlich (A cooperative and easy-to-learn Tailoring Environment for component-based architectures)
Authors: Won Markus , Wulf Volker
Published: November 2003

Der Aufsatz beschreibt eine komponentenbasierte Anpassungsumgebung, die Adaptionen der Software zur Laufzeit auf verschiedenen Komplexitätsebenen erlaubt. Die Anpassungsumgebung unterstützt auch den Austausch von angepassten Artefakten zwischen Nutzern. Erläutert wird die Anpassungsumgebung am Beispiel eines Suchwerkzeugs einer Groupware, das Benutzer entsprechend ihren Anforderungen in verschiedener Weise modifizieren können. Nutzungsprobleme ergaben sich bei der Einführung der Anpassungsumgebung in eine Organisation der öffentlichen Verwaltung sowohl bezüglich der eigenständigen Komposition von Suchwerkzeugen als auch bei von Kollegen übernommenen Suchwerkzeugen. Basierend auf dieser Problemanalyse wurden verschiedene Konzepte entwickelt, die sowohl das individuelle als auch das kooperative Erlernen der neuen Anpassungsmöglichkeiten erleichtern. Im Bereich des individuellen Lernens wird das endbenutzerorientierte Anpassen vor allem durch semi-automatische Überprüfung der Integrität der Komposition unterstützt. Auf der kooperativen Ebene helfen Explorationsmöglichkeiten und Annotationen. Beide Konzepte unterstützen die Kommunikation zwischen Benutzern über die Bedeutung von Kompositionen.
Study of 194Tlg decay
Authors: Sudarshan K. , Sodaye S. , Tripathi R. , Goswami A. , Tomar B.S. , Reddy A. V. R.
Published: November 2003

Absolute γ ray intensities in the decay of 194Tlg have been measured following the radiochemical separation of 194Pb produced in the reaction of 19F+181Ta. The (EC+β
+) branching ratios in the decay of 194Tlg to various levels of 194Hg were deduced. Three new levels are introduced in the decay scheme. A precise value of half life of 194Pb (10.0±0.4 min) is reported.
Use of combined solvent extraction-electrodeposition techniques to uranium and thorium isotopes analysis in industrial phosphoric acid, phosphate and phosphogypsum by alpha-particle spectrometry
Authors: Zarki R. , Elyahyaoui A. , Chiadli A.
Published: November 2003

A method combining liquid-liquid extraction and electrodeposition procedures is carried out to determine isotopic composition of uranium and thorium in technical wet phosphoric acid, phosphate rock and phosphogypsum leachates, by α-particle spectrometry. Extraction experiments are performed with diethylether from 5.57 M calcium nitrate solution with nitric acid concentration of 2 M. Uranium is extracted in the pH range 0.6-0.8 and thorium is extracted after acidification with 2 M HNO3. Alpha-sources are obtained by a selective electrodeposition of U(VI) or Th(IV) directly from the extracting solution without applying back-extraction or purification steps. The dependence of the electrodeposition and the overall recovery of U and/or Th are examined as a function of the amount of phosphate ions (C
PO₄³⁻) in the electrolyte and of the aqueous phase, respectively. In all cases a decrease of the deposition yield with C
PO₄³⁻ is observed. An improvement in the uranium overall recovery is achieved from 7.57 to 9.57 M nitrate solution and PO4
3- concentration lower than 0.8 M. The method proposed is applied to technical wet phosphoric acid, phosphate rock and phosphogypsum leachates. Recoveries of 74%-93% are obtained for uranium and 54%-69% for thorium. Good resolutions (37-52 keV) are also achieved under optimum conditions. These resolutions allow to make accurate determination of U and Th isotopes in the above mentioned samples.
Effects of basicity and FeO concentration on the retention of 137Cs and 60Co in slag made from non-metallic radioactive wastes
Authors: Nakashima M. , Nakashio N. , Kameo Y. , Fukui T. , Isobe M. , Ohtake A. , Wakui T. , Hirabayashi T.
Published: November 2003

Simulated non-metallic wastes containing 60Co, 137Cs and 152Eu were melted to examine the effects of basicity and FeO concentration on the retention of the radioactive nuclides in a resulting solidified product (Al2O3-CaO-FeO-SiO2 quaternary slag). The retention of 60Co was almost independent of chemical composition of slag. On the other hand, the retention of 137Cs decreased with an increase of the basicity of slag, defined as a ratio of CaO to SiO2 in wt. independent of FeO concentration. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopic analysis and Mössbauer spectroscopic measurement were also conducted for the solidified product. Mössbauer spectra indicated that Fe2+ ions as well as Ca2+ ions existed as network modifying cations in a silicate network structure of slag. Referring to a structure model of silicate glasses, it is inferred that the retention of 137Cs reflects differences in chemical properties between Ca2+ and Fe2+ in the internetwork region formed by modifying cations and anionic non-bridging oxygen.
Reactions of Am(III) and Eu(III) with potassium ferricyanide in nitric acid solutions
Authors: Kulyako Y. , Moisy Ph. , Lecomte M. , Madic Charles , Trofimov T. , Perevalov S. , Samsonov M. , Myasoedov B.
Published: November 2003

The reactions between Am or Eu present in 0.1 M nitric acid solutions, alone or both together, with 0.25 M K3Fe(CN)6, were studied at room temperature. When Am was the only trivalent metal ion in solution, precipitation of AmFe(CN)6 occurs and the residual Am concentration is about equal to 0.95 mM. However, when Am initial concentration is less than the above specified value for AmFe(CN)6 solubility, Am residual concentration measured is lower that its concentration in the initial solutions. The solubility of EuFe(CN)6 was found to be equal to 30 mM. However, when precipitate formation occurs, the Eu residual concentration after phase separation is about in average 8 mM. When Am and Eu were simultaneously present at the same concentration in solution, the solubility of Am differs little from that measured with Am alone. For initial Am concentrations below 1 mM, the solubility of Am is higher than that observed in the absence of Eu. For initial concentrations of about 8 mM, the Am solubility is lower (about 0.7 mM) than that observed for Am alone. When the initial Eu concentration is constant at 29 mM, the Am precipitation efficiency is much higher than observed in the absence of Eu, for Am concentrations between 30 and 0.5 mM. The residual Am concentratixon in solution thus drops considerably in the presence of Eu (29 mM), and is about 0.04 mM for initial Am concentrations below 4 mM.
An EC-branch in the decay of 27-s 263Db: Evidence for the isotope 263Rf
Authors: Kratz J. V. , Nähler A. , Rieth U. , Kronenberg A. , Kuczewski B. , Strub E. , Brüchle W. , Schädel M. , Schausten B. , Türler A. , Gäggeler H. W. , Jost D. T. , Gregorich K. E. , Nitsche H. , Laue C. , Sudowe R. , Wilk P. A.
Published: November 2003

27-s 263Db was produced in the 249Bk ( 18O, 4n) reaction at 93 MeV. The activity was transported by a He/KCl-jet to the laboratory where it was collected for 15 min and then subjected to a chemical separation specific for group-4 elements. The activity was dissolved in 0.5 M unbuffered α-HiB and eluted from a cation-exchange column. The effluent was made 9 M in HCl and group-4 tetrachlorides were extracted into TBP/Cyclohexane which was evaporated to dryness on a Ta disc. The Ta discs were assayed for α and SF activity. A SF activity with a half life on the order of 20 min was observed and assigned to the nuclide 263Rf. It is formed by electron-capture decay of 263Db with a decay branch of 3+4
-1%.
The argyroditeγ-Ag9AlSe6: a non-metallic filled Laves phase
Authors: Gaudin E. , Deiseroth H. J. , Zaiß T.
Published: November 2003

The crystal structure of the air sensitive argyrodite Ag9AlSe6is determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction at room temperature. Above the phase transition at 287 Kγ-Ag9AlSe6crystallizes with cubic symmetry, space group F4̅3m, witha= 11.0947(2) Å,V= 1365.68 (9) Å3andZ= 4. The structure refinement leads to a reliability factor ofR= 0.0298 for 271 independent reflections and 45 variables. The selenium substructure of the non-metallicγ-Ag9AlSe6is topologically equivalent to the arrangement of the Mg and Cu atoms in the tetrahedrally close packed intermetallic compound MgCu2, a cubic Laves phase. The selenium atoms form a 3D network of tetrahedra partially occupied by Al atoms in an ordered way. The electron density of silver was described by means of a split model and a Gram-Charlier development of the atomic displacement factor for one silver position. This approach gives evidence for the diffusion pathways of silver atoms in the [AlSe6]9-framework through tetrahedral holes.
Application of simulated annealing approach for structure solution of molecular crystals from X-ray laboratory powder data
Authors: Zhukov S. G. , Chernyshev V. V. , Babaev E. V. , Sonneveld E. J. , Schenk H.
Published: November 2003

Simulated annealing approach was successfully applied to solve three unknown molecular structures from X-ray laboratory powder data using a priory known structural fragments. Some possible developments of the method are discussed.
Electrocatalytic Effect of Pb and Sn Adatoms on the Oxidation of 1-Propanol on Platinized Platinum Electrodes: Determination of the Apparent Activation Energy
Authors: Giannetti B. F. , Almeida C. M. V. B. , Bonilla S. H. , Mengod M. O. A. , Rabóczkay T.
Published: November 2003

The electrocatalytic oxidation of 1-propanol was investigated on platinum electrodes modified by submonolayers of Pb and Sn in acid media. An increase of oxidation rates observed for both Pb and Sn, and the influence of θ values was investigated. The values of the apparent activation energy evaluated from the Arrhenius plots concerning the electrochemical oxidation of 1-propanol on modified platinized platinum electrodes, reveal a significant decrease in the presence of upd Sn and Pb adatoms. A decrease from 56 to 26 kJ mol−1 in the presence of Sn, and from 78 to 25 kJ mol−1 for Pb adatoms are some illustrative values which reflect the promoting effect of the upd adatoms.
Body dysmorphic disorder in a sample of cosmetic surgery applicants
Authors: Aouizerate B , Pujol H , Grabot D , Faytout M , Suire K , Braud C , Auriacombe M , Martín D , Baudet J , Tignol J
Published: November 2003

Body dysmorphic disorder (B.D.D.) consists of a preoccupation with an imagined or slight physical defect. This study is the first European report on prevalence and several clinical and functional characteristics of patients with B.D.D. in a cosmetic surgery setting. Comparisons with defect- and severity-matched subjects without B.D.D. were also performed.
Exploring the link between character, personality disorder, and neuropsychological function
Authors: Bergvall Å.H , Nilsson T , Hansen S
Published: November 2003

Personality deviations and deficits in cognitive executive function are common among forensic populations. The present study on incarcerated offenders explored whether there are links between the two domains. Personality was assessed using the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Neuropsychological performance, including visual working memory, attentional set-shifting and planning, were tested with the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). Subjects with personality disorders scored high on harm avoidance, and low on self-directedness and cooperativeness. Personality disordered offenders did not differ from the comparison groups (offenders without personality disorder, and non-criminal controls) with regard to CANTAB measures of visual working memory (delayed matching to sample, spatial working memory) and planning (Stockings of Cambridge), but they made a larger number of errors on the attentional set-shifting task. Dimensional analysis of the personality and neuropsychological variables revealed significant associations between self-directedness and cooperativeness on the one hand, and attentional set-shifting on the other. Intellectually disabled, non-criminal individuals (marginal mental retardation) who performed poorly on attentional set-shifting also scored low on self-directedness and cooperativeness. The results indicate that poor development of certain personality traits may be associated with deficits in neuropsychological functioning.
The A1 allele of the DRD2 gene (TaqI A polymorphisms) is associated with antisocial personality in a sample of alcohol-dependent patients
Authors: Ponce G , Jimenez-Arriero M.A , Rubio G , Hoenicka J , Ampuero I , Ramos J.A , Palomo T
Published: November 2003

Background. –

Presence of A1 allele of the DRD2 gene has been associated with a predisposition for alcoholism although there are limited data about its phenotypic expression in alcoholism.

Objectives. –

To determine the importance of the A1 allele in clinical variables of alcohol dependence.

Methodology. –

A sample of 103 alcohol-dependent males was studied. All patients were recruited consecutively from the general hospital and community settings. The diagnostics were made with the structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID); and the International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE). Diagnosis of family alcoholism was made by direct interview or with the Research Diagnostic Criteria-Family History (RDC-FH). The Addiction Severity Index (ASI) and the Severity of Alcohol Dependence Scale (SADS) were used to assess alcohol dependence severity. Genotyping was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods.

Results. –

Approximately 39% of the sample carried the A1 allele (A1+ group). This group had higher prevalences of antisocial personality disorder (60% vs. 15.9%); and alcoholism family history (72.5% vs. 52.4%). Also A1+ had early onset alcohol abuse and more drinking problems. The presence of A1+ was the main factor to explain the diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder, but the weight of this factor was not sufficient to explain the complications assessed by the ASI.

Conclusions. –

Our results support the existence of an association between the A1 allele and factors resulting from dopaminergic deficiency, otherwise denominated reward deficiency syndrome.
Ecto‐nucleotidase activities in spinal cord of rats changes as function of age
Authors: Torres Iraci Lucena S. , Battastini Ana Maria O. , Buffon Andréia , Fürstenau Cristina Ribas , Siqueira Ionara , Sarkis João J.F. , Dalmaz Carla , Ferreira Maria Beatriz C.
Published: November 2003

An increase in ADP hydrolysis was observed in spinal cord synaptosomal fractions of 2‐month‐old Wistar male rats, when compared to other ages (1, 4 and 6 months of age), while no change in ATPase activity was observed. Conversely, in female rats, whilst no change in ADPase activity was observed in the spinal cord synaptosomal fraction, ATPase activity diminished with age, in 1–6‐month‐old animals. 5′‐Nucleotidase activity was higher in the 4‐month‐old male and female rats in relation to 1 and 2‐month‐old animals. In the female rats, this activity continued to increase at least until 6 months of age.

In conclusion, adenine nucleotides hydrolysis in synaptosomes from rat spinal cord is influenced by age and by gender. Since both ATP and adenosine may act as neuromodulators in the spinal cord, influencing several processes such as nociception, the regulation of ATP‐metabolizing enzymes in spinal cord is probably important for the normal function of this tissue at different ages.
Crustal structure of the Trans‐European suture zone region along POLONAISE'97 seismic profile P4
Authors: Grad Marek , Jensen Susanne L. , Keller G. Randy , Guterch Aleksander , Thybo Hans , Janik Tomasz , Tiira Timo , Yliniemi Jukka , Luosto Urmas , Motuza Gediminas , Nasedkin Viktor , Czuba Wojciech , Gaczyński Edward , Środa Piotr , Miller Kate C. , Wilde‐Piórko Monika , Komminaho Kari , Jacyna Juozas , Korabliova Larisa
Published: November 2003

The large‐scale POLONAISE'97 seismic experiment investigated the velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle in the Trans‐European suture zone (TESZ) region between the Precambrian east European craton (EEC) and Paleozoic platform that comprises terranes added during the Caledonian and Variscan orogenies (530–370 and 370–225 Ma, respectively). This experiment included 64 shots recorded by 613 seismic stations during two deployments. Very good quality data were recorded along five profiles, and the longest and most important one (P4) is the focus of this paper. Clear first arrivals and later phases of waves reflected/refracted in the crust and Moho were interpreted using two‐dimensional (2‐D) tomographic inversion and ray‐tracing techniques. The crustal thickness along the profile varies from 30–35 km in the Paleozoic platform area to ∼40 km below and due northeast of the TESZ, to ∼43 km in the Polish part of the EEC, and to ∼50 km in Lithuania. The Paleozoic platform and EEC are divided by the Polish basin, so the upper crustal structure varies considerably. In the area of the Polish basin, the P wave velocity is very low (VP < 6.1 km/s) down to depths of 15–20 km, indicating that a very thick sedimentary sequence is present. We suggest two possible tectonic interpretations of the velocity models: (1) Baltica indented Avalonia, obducting its upper crust and underthrusting its lower crust in a tectonic flake structure and (2) a rifted margin of Baltica underlies the Polish basin. This model is similar to other interpretations of seismic profiles recorded in the Baltic Sea. The second model implies that the Paleozoic platform solely consists of Avalonian lithosphere and the EEC of Baltica lithosphere. It offers a simple explanation of the difference in crustal thickness of the two platforms. It also implies that the Caledonian and Variscan orogenies in this area were relatively “soft” collisions that left this continental margin largely intact.