bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A High-Throughput Hardware Architecture for the H.264/AVC Half-Pixel Motion Estimation Targeting High-Definition Videos
Authors: Corrêa Marcel M. , Schoenknecht Mateus T. , Dornelles Robson S. , Agostini Luciano V.
Published: December 2010

This paper presents a high-performance hardware architecture for the H.264/AVC Half-Pixel Motion Estimation that targets high-definition videos. This design can process very high-definition videos like QHDTV () in real time (30 frames per second). It also presents an optimized arrangement of interpolated samples, which is the main key to achieve an efficient search. The interpolation process is interleaved with the SAD calculation and comparison, allowing the high throughput. The architecture was fully described in VHDL, synthesized for two different Xilinx FPGA devices, and it achieved very good results when compared to related works.
Effects of Calcium Ion, Calpains, and Calcium Channel Blockers on Retinitis Pigmentosa
Authors: Nakazawa Mitsuru
Published: December 2010

Recent advances in molecular genetic studies have revealed many of the causative genes of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). These achievements have provided clues to the mechanisms of photoreceptor degeneration in RP. Apoptosis is known to be a final common pathway in RP and, therefore, a possible therapeutic target for photoreceptor rescue. However, apoptosis is not a single molecular cascade, but consists of many different reactions such as caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways commonly leading to DNA fractionation and cell death. The intracellular concentration of calcium ions is also known to increase in apoptosis. These findings suggest that calpains, one of the calcium-dependent proteinases, play some roles in the process of photoreceptor apoptosis and that calcium channel antagonists may potentially inhibit photoreceptor apoptosis. Herein, the effects of calpains and calcium channel antagonists on photoreceptor degeneration are reviewed.
Mos in the Oocyte: How to Use MAPK Independently of Growth Factors and Transcription to Control Meiotic Divisions
Authors: Dupré Aude , Haccard Olivier , Jessus Catherine
Published: December 2010

In many cell types, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) also named extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is activated in response to a variety of extracellular growth factor-receptor interactions and leads to the transcriptional activation of immediate early genes, hereby influencing a number of tissue-specific biological activities, as cell proliferation, survival and differentiation. In one specific cell type however, the female germ cell, MAPK does not follow this canonical scheme. In oocytes, MAPK is activated independently of growth factors and tyrosine kinase receptors, acts independently of transcriptional regulation, plays a crucial role in controlling meiotic divisions, and is under the control of a peculiar upstream regulator, the kinase Mos. Mos was originally identified as the transforming gene of Moloney murine sarcoma virus and its cellular homologue was the first proto-oncogene to be molecularly cloned. What could be the specific roles of Mos that render it necessary for meiosis? Which unique functions could explain the evolutionary cost to have selected one gene to only serve for few hours in one very specific cell type? This review discusses the original features of MAPK activation by Mos and the roles of this module in oocytes.
IgG Responses to Tissue‐Associated Antigens as Biomarkers of Immunological Treatment Efficacy
Authors: Smith Heath A. , Maricque Brett B. , Eberhardt John , Petersen Benjamin , Gulley James L. , Schlom Jeffrey , McNeel Douglas G.
Published: December 2010

We previously demonstrated that IgG responses to a panel of 126 prostate tissue‐associated antigens are common in patients with prostate cancer. In the current report we questioned whether changes in IgG responses to this panel might be used as a measure of immune response, and potentially antigen spread, following prostate cancer‐directed immune‐active therapies. Sera were obtained from prostate cancer patients prior to and three months following treatment with androgen deprivation therapy (n = 34), a poxviral vaccine (n = 31), and a DNA vaccine (n = 21). Changes in IgG responses to individual antigens were identified by phage immunoblot. Patterns of IgG recognition following three months of treatment were evaluated using a machine‐learned Bayesian Belief Network (ML‐BBN). We found that different antigens were recognized following androgen deprivation compared with vaccine therapies. While the number of clinical responders was low in the vaccine‐treated populations, we demonstrate that ML‐BBN can be used to develop potentially predictive models.
The Role of High-Density Lipoproteins in Reducing the Risk of Vascular Diseases, Neurogenerative Disorders, and Cancer
Authors: McGrowder Donovan , Riley Cliff , Morrison Errol Y. St. A. , Gordon Lorenzo
Published: December 2010

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is one of the major carriers of cholesterol in the blood. It attracts particular attention because, in contrast with other lipoproteins, as many physiological functions of HDL influence the cardiovascular system in favourable ways unless HDL is modified pathologically. The functions of HDL that have recently attracted attention include anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. High anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of HDL are associated with protection from cardiovascular disease. Atheroprotective activities, as well as a functional deficiency of HDL, ultimately depend on the protein and lipid composition of HDL. Further, numerous epidemiological studies have shown a protective association between HDL-cholesterol and cognitive impairment. Oxidative stress, including lipid peroxidation, has been shown to be the mediator of the pathologic effects of numerous risk factors of Alzheimer's disease. Lifestyle interventions proven to increase HDL- cholesterol levels including “healthy” diet, regular exercise, weight control, and smoking cessation have also been shown to provide neuro-protective effects. This review will focus on current knowledge of the beneficial effects of HDL-cholesterol as it relates to cardiovascular diseases, breast and lung cancers, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, as well as its neuroprotective potential in reducing the risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia.
Cooperation of Cancer Stem Cell Properties and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in the Establishment of Breast Cancer Metastasis
Authors: Hayashida Tetsu , Jinno Hiromitsu , Kitagawa Yuko , Kitajima Masaki
Published: December 2010

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a multistep process in which cells acquire molecular alterations such as loss of cell-cell junctions and restructuring of the cytoskeleton. There is an increasing understanding that this process may promote breast cancer progression through promotion of invasive and metastatic tumor growth. Recent observations imply that there may be a cross-talk between EMT and cancer stem cell properties, leading to enhanced tumorigenicity and the capacity to generate heterogeneous tumor cell populations. Here, we review the experimental and clinical evidence for the involvement of EMT in cancer stem cell theory, focusing on the common characteristics of this phenomenon.
Repetitive Peroxide Exposure Reveals Pleiotropic Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Mechanisms
Authors: Chadwick Wayne , Keselman Alex , Park Sung-Soo , Zhou Yu , Wang Liyun , Brenneman Randall , Martin Bronwen , Maudsley Stuart
Published: December 2010

Oxidative stressors such as hydrogen peroxide control the activation of many interconnected signaling systems and are implicated in neurodegenerative disease etiology. Application of hydrogen peroxide to PC12 cells activated multiple tyrosine kinases (c-Src, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and Pyk2) and the serine-threonine kinase ERK1/2. Peroxide-induced ERK1/2 activation was sensitive to intracellular calcium chelation and EGFR and c-Src kinase inhibition. Acute application and removal of peroxide allowed ERK1/2 activity levels to rapidly subside to basal serum-deprived levels. Using this protocol, we demonstrated that ERK1/2 activation tachyphylaxis developed upon repeated peroxide exposures. This tachyphylaxis was independent of c-Src/Pyk2 tyrosine phosphorylation but was associated with a progressive reduction of peroxide-induced EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation, EGFR interaction with growth factor receptor binding protein 2, and a redistribution of EGFR from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm. Our data indicates that components of peroxide-induced ERK1/2 cascades are differentially affected by repeated exposures, indicating that oxidative signaling may be contextually variable.
Calculations for a BWR Lattice with Adjacent Gadolinium Pins Using the Monte Carlo Cell Code Serpent v.1.1.7
Authors: Ferraro Diego , Villarino Eduardo
Published: December 2010

Monte Carlo neutron transport codes are usually used to perform criticality calculations and to solve shielding problems due to their capability to model complex systems without major approximations. However, these codes demand high computational resources. The improvement in computer capabilities leads to several new applications of Monte Carlo neutron transport codes. An interesting one is to use this method to perform cell‐level fuel assembly calculations in order to obtain few group constants to be used on core calculations. In the present work the VTT recently developed Serpent v.1.1.7 cell‐oriented neutronic calculation code is used to perform cell calculations of a theoretical BWR lattice benchmark with burnable poisons, and the main results are compared to reported ones and with calculations performed with Condor v.2.61, the INVAP′s neutronic collision probability cell code.
Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Low-Dimensional Carbon-Related Nanomaterials
Authors: Mostofizadeh Ali , Li Yanwei , Song Bo , Huang Yudong
Published: December 2010

In recent years, many theoretical and experimental studies have been carried out to develop one of the most interesting aspects of the science and nanotechnology which is called carbon-related nanomaterials. The goal of this paper is to provide a review of some of the most exciting and important developments in the synthesis, properties, and applications of low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials. Carbon nanomaterials are formed in various structural features using several different processing methods. The synthesis techniques used to produce specific kinds of low-dimensional carbon nanomaterials such as zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials (including fullerene, carbon-encapsulated metal nanoparticles, nanodiamond, and onion-like carbons), one-dimensional carbon nanomaterials (including carbon nanofibers and carbon nanotubes), and two-dimensional carbon nanomaterials (including graphene and carbon nanowalls) are discussed in this paper. Subsequently, the paper deals with an overview of the properties of the mainly important products as well as some important applications and the future outlooks of these advanced nanomaterials.
Oncologic Outcomes of Asian Men with Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer after Extraperitoneal Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy: A Single-Institution Experience
Authors: Tai Huai-Ching , Lai Ming-Kuen , Huang Chao-Yuan , Wang Shuo-Meng , Huang Kuo-How , Chung Shiu-Dong , Chueh Shih-Chieh Jeff , Yu Hong-Jeng
Published: December 2010

Purpose. To evaluate the midterm oncologic results of extraperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (EPLRP) for Asian men with localized prostate cancer.Methods. Between 2004 and 2009, 218 men underwent EPLRP at an Asian tertiary hospital. The mean preoperative prostate-specific antigen (PSA) was 15.5 ng/ml and mean Gleason score was 6.6. Stage distributions were cT1a-b in 21 cases, cT1c in 139, cT2 in 48 and cT3 in 10. Disease recurrence was defined as PSA ≥ 0.2 ng/mL in 2 consecutive measurements or initiation of secondary therapy.Results. Postoperative pathological stage was pT2a-b in 33 patients, pT2cN0 in 10, pT3a in 27, pT3b in 36, pT4 in 9 and pN1 in 10. Positive surgical margins occurred in 14.6% and 48.6% for pT2 and pT3 diseases, respectively (). The overall PSA recurrence-free survival at 3 and 5 years was 82.1% and 74.5%. By the pathological stages, 3-year recurrence-free survival was 92.4% (pT2), 81.1% (pT3a), 62.6% (pT3b-4) and 55.6% (pN1), respectively ().Conclusions. EPLRP is curative even for some locally advanced prostate cancers in a midterm follow-up. Even at an Asian center of low volume of radical prostatectomy EPLRP still provides oncologic outcomes similar to that of high volume centers.
Characteristics of Highly Polymorphic Segmental Copy‐Number Variations Observed in Japanese by BAC‐Array‐CGH
Authors: Takahashi Norio , Satoh Yasunari , Sasaki Keiko , Shimoichi Yuko , Sugita Keiko , Katayama Hiroaki
Published: December 2010

Segmental copy‐number variations (CNVs) may contribute to genetic variation in humans. Reports
of the existence and characteristics of CNVs in a large Japanese cohort are quite limited. We report the data from a large Japanese population.
We conducted population screening for 213 unrelated Japanese individuals using comparative genomic hybridization based on a bacterial artificial
chromosome microarray (BAC‐aCGH). We summarize the data by focusing on highly polymorphic CNVs in ≥5.0% of the individual,
since they may be informative for demonstrating the relationships between genotypes and their phenotypes. We found a total of 680 CNVs at 16
different BAC‐regions in the genome. The majority of the polymorphic CNVs presented on BAC‐clones that overlapped with regions of segmental
duplication, and the majority of the polymorphic CNVs observed in this population had been previously reported in other publications.
Some of the CNVs contained genes which might be related to phenotypic heterogeneity among individuals.
BAC Modification through Serial or Simultaneous Use of CRE/Lox Technology
Authors: Parrish Mark , Unruh Jay , Krumlauf Robb
Published: December 2010

Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BACs) are vital tools in mouse genomic analyses because of their ability to propagate large inserts. The size of these constructs, however, prevents the use of conventional molecular biology techniques for modification and manipulation. Techniques such as recombineering and Cre/Lox methodologies have thus become heavily relied upon for such purposes. In this work, we investigate the applicability of Lox variant sites for serial and/or simultaneous manipulations of BACs. We show that Lox spacer mutants are very specific, and inverted repeat variants reduce Lox reaction rates through reducing the affinity of Cre for the site, while retaining some functionality. Employing these methods, we produced serial modifications encompassing four independent changes which generated a mouse HoxB BAC with fluorescent reporter proteins inserted into four adjacent Hox genes. We also generated specific, simultaneous deletions using combinations of spacer variants and inverted repeat variants. These techniques will facilitate BAC manipulations and open a new repertoire of methods for BAC and genome manipulation.
Survivin Selectively Modulates Genes Deregulated in Human Leukemia Stem Cells
Authors: Fukuda Seiji , Abe Mariko , Onishi Chie , Taketani Takeshi , Purevsuren Jamiyan , Yamaguchi Seiji , Conway Edward M. , Pelus Louis M.
Published: December 2010

ITD-Flt3 mutations are detected in leukemia stem cells (LSCs) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. While antagonizing Survivin normalizes ITD-Flt3-induced acute leukemia, it also impairs hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function, indicating that identification of differences in signaling pathways downstream of Survivin between LSC and HSC are crucial to develop selective Survivin-based therapeutic strategies for AML. Using a Survivin-deletion model, we identified 1,096 genes regulated by Survivin in ITD-Flt3-transformed c-kit+, Sca-1+, and lineageneg(KSL) cells, of which 137 are deregulated in human LSC. Of the 137, 124 genes were regulated by Survivin exclusively in ITD-Flt3+KSL cells but not in normal CD34negKSL cells. Survivin-regulated genes in LSC connect through a network associated with the epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway and falls into various functional categories independent of effects on apoptosis. Pathways downstream of Survivin in LSC that are distinct from HSC can be potentially targeted for selective anti-LSC therapy.
Microcavity Silicon Photodetectors at 1.55 μm
Authors: Casalino M. , Coppola G. , Gioffrè M. , Iodice M. , Moretti L. , Rendina I. , Sirleto L.
Published: December 2010

The design, the realization, and the characterization of silicon resonant cavity enhanced (RCE) photodetectors, working at 1.55 μm, are reported. The photodetectors are constituted by a Fabry-Perot microcavity incorporating a Schottky diode. The working principle is based on the internal photoemission effect. We investigated two types of structures: top and back-illuminated. Concerning the top-illuminated photodetectors, a theoretical and numerical analysis has been provided and the device quantum efficiency has been calculated. Moreover, a comparison among three different photodetectors, having as Schottky metal: gold, silver, or copper, was proposed. Concerning the back-illuminated devices, two kinds of Cu/p-Si RCE photodetectors, having various bottom-mirror reflectivities, were realized and characterized. Device performances in terms of responsivity, free spectral range, and finesse were theoretically and experimentally calculated in order to prove an enhancement in efficiency due to the cavity effect. The back-illuminated device fabrication process is completely compatible with the standard silicon technology.
Combination mTOR and IGF-1R Inhibition: Phase I Trial of Everolimus and Figitumumab in Patients with Advanced Sarcomas and Other Solid Tumors
Authors: Quek Richard , Wang Qian , Morgan Jeffrey A. , Shapiro Geoffrey I. , Butrynski James E. , Ramaiya Nikhil , Huftalen Tarsha , Jederlinic Nicole , Manola Judith , Wagner Andrew J. , Demetri George D. , George Suzanne
Published: December 2010

Purpose: Preclinical models demonstrate synergistic antitumor activity with combination blockade of mTOR and IGF-1R signaling. We aimed to determine the safety, tolerability, and recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of the combination of figitumumab, a fully human IgG2 anti-insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) monoclonal antibody (Pfizer) and the mTOR inhibitor, everolimus (Novartis). Pharmacokinetics and preliminary antitumor effects of the combination were evaluated.

Experimental Design: Phase I trial in patients with advanced sarcomas and other solid tumors. Initial cohort combined full phase 2 dose figitumumab (20 mg/kg IV every 21 days) with full dose everolimus (10 mg orally once daily). Intercohort dose de-escalation was planned for unacceptable toxicities. Dose modifications were allowed beyond cycle 1.

Results: No DLTs were observed in the initial cohort during cycle one, therefore full dose figitumumab and everolimus was declared the RP2D. In total, 21 patients were enrolled on study. Most toxicities were grade 1 or 2, and were similar to reported toxicities of the single agents. Mucositis was the most frequently observed grade 3 toxicity. Median time on study was 104 days (range 17–300). Of 18 patients evaluable for response, best response was partial response in 1 patient with malignant solitary fibrous tumor and, stable disease in 15 patients. There were no apparent pharmacokinetic interactions between everolimus and figitumumab.

Conclusions: Combination figitumumab plus everolimus at full doses appears safe and well tolerated with no unexpected toxicities. Dose reductions in everolimus may be required after prolonged drug administration. This regimen exhibits interesting antitumor activity warranting further investigation. Clin Cancer Res; 17(4); 1–9. ©2010 AACR.
The mechanics of retribution in Hittite, Mesopotamian and Ancient Israelite sources
Authors: FEDER YITZHAQ
Published: December 2010

This paper reevaluates the anthropological theory, still common in Near Eastern studies, that the belief in gods represents a later evolutionary stage which emerged from the more primitive notion of impersonal forces and taboos. Against this conventional view, an analysis of scribal and literary conventions used in Mesopotamian, Hittite and Israelite texts to describe oath-curses and bloodguilt reveals a growing tendency to depict divine retribution as a mechanical or automatic process. In addition to the importance of this study for the anthropological study of religion, it deals with broader questions pertaining to the dependency of cultural explanatory schemes on linguistic and literary conventions.
The Syntax of Deuteronomy 13:2-3 and the Conventions of Ancient Near Eastern Prophecy
Authors: Stackert Jeffrey
Published: December 2010

As is the case with many ancient Near Eastern texts, biblical texts oftentimes betray a complex compositional history. In the case of Deuteronomy 13:2-3, philologically-driven analyses have concluded that the grammatical awkwardness of these verses results from an interpolation. This article attempts to test such analyses through recourse to historical evidence of ancient Near Eastern religious practice. It argues that positing an interpolation in these verses is unnecessary philologically. Moreover, the hypothetical Urtext that results when the purported interpolation is removed defies the conventions of both biblical and non-biblical ancient Near Eastern prophetic practice.
Local Manifestations of Yahweh and Worship in the Interstices: A Note on Kuntillet Ajrud
Authors: Hutton Jeremy M.
Published: December 2010

The Shema (Deut 6:4) has long posed a crux interpretum in studies of early Israelite religion. Although the verse is often understood as a rejection of “foreign” deities in favor of Israel’s God Yahweh, some have understood the verse as a textual consolidation of Yahweh’s multiple identities. The present study draws attention to the specific local manifestations of Yahweh at Kuntillet Ajrud and their respective archaeological contexts, locating those expressions within the larger regional and pan-Israelite religious system. Attentiveness to the archaeological provenance of each pertinent inscription suggests that distinctions obtained between the devotional expressions towards each local manifestation of Yahweh. Insofar as it is possible to draw conclusions from the extant epigraphic and iconographic data, the expressions of devotion towards Yahweh of Teman was officially sanctioned; no such official recognition of Yahweh of Samaria existed. When no sanctioned space existed for such recognition, personal expressions of piety were expressed interstitially.
The Hearing Gods of the Assyrian Royal Inscriptions
Authors: Greenwood Kyle R.
Published: December 2010

Towards the end of the Early Assyrian period, the phrase “Then DN will hear his prayers” appears as a formulaic conclusion to the royal inscriptions. This phrase became routine during the first half of the Middle Assyrian period (1362-963 BCE). It invoked the names of various deities, and the rationale behind the appropriation of particular deities is often missing for modern readers. This paper investigates the assorted uses of this phrase and concludes that the inclusion of specific deities was not haphazard, but intentional.
Bilateral Delimitation of the Caspian Sea and the Exclusion of Third Parties
Authors: Bantekas Ilias
Published: December 2010

This article discusses the position of the littoral States of the body of water known as the Caspian Sea (hereinafter ‘the Caspian’), particularly on the basis of their numerous bilateral treaties and unilateral statements of action, with respect to the legal status and sui generis regimes of the Caspian. It is argued that these States have excluded the possibility that the Caspian be equated for legal purposes to a sea, but they have, nonetheless, employed legal formulae borrowed from the international law of the sea in order to delimit their respective maritime zones and other entitlements. The ambit of these rights is sketchy and they do not conclusively cover the entirety of inter-State relations in the Caspian. There is an urgent need for the adoption of a multilateral convention in order to remedy these gaps, if for no other reason than for the sake of investor confidence and the avoidance of future disputes.
Legal Implementation of Integrated Ocean Policies: The EU’s Marine Strategy Framework Directive
Authors: Schlacke Sabine , Maier Nina , Markus Till
Published: December 2010

Coastal states increasingly recognise the need to consider the interplay between different exploitation and use activities and their effects on the marine environment. Some states have adopted programmes to establish “integrated ocean policies” which aim at promoting a coordinated governance of the different activities and interests related to the seas. This article describes the hurdles and challenges the European Union faces in developing and implementing its “Integrated Maritime Policy”, particularly focussing on its most developed branch, the “Marine Strategy Framework Directive”. By providing a detailed insight into this supranational ocean management framework, including an elucidation of its strengths and weaknesses, this analysis will contribute to the world-wide legal discourse on integrated ocean policies.
A Marine Biodiversity Project in the South China Sea: Joint Efforts Made in the SCS Workshop Process
Authors: Song Yann-huei
Published: December 2010

The South China Sea (SCS) is one of the world’s richest marine biodiversity areas, with abundant and diverse marine resources. In recent years, however, due to rapid economic development and population growth, marine biodiversity in the SCS is being lost. Beginning in 1991, the participants in the Informal Workshop on Managing Potential Conflicts in the South China Sea (the SCS Workshop) agreed to recommend to the relevant governments to explore areas of cooperation in the SCS, which include the study of marine biodiversity. As a result, in March 2002, a joint biodiversity project was carried out around the undisputed Indonesian Islands of Anambas in the SCS. Other joint biodiversity projects have also been proposed, but with no progress. This article studies the joint efforts made by the participating authorities in the SCS Workshop process to understand better the current state of marine biodiversity in the SCS.
The Anglo-Spanish Dispute over the Waters of Gibraltar and the Tripartite Forum of Dialogue
Authors: García Inmaculada González
Published: December 2010

The historical Anglo-Spanish dispute over the waters of Gibraltar is based on two separate and specific territorial disputes: one related to the conventional cession of Gibraltar by Spain in the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 and the other related to the British occupation of the Isthmus. The Spanish government has used the cession in Article 10 of that Treaty as the legal basis in both cases, merely stating that it does not recognise British jurisdiction over any waters other than those expressly ceded by it. Ever since the Tripartite Forum of Dialogue on Gibraltar was created in 2004 by a soft law agreement among the governments of Spain, the United Kingdom and Gibraltar as a separate framework from the Brussels Process on Anglo-Spanish sovereignty claims, we believe that this Forum has become an appropriate institutional framework for addressing issues of practical cooperation related to the disputed waters as well, establishing safeguard clauses related to sovereignty issues.
Protection of Cetaceans in European Waters—A Case Study on Bottom-Set Gillnet Fisheries within Marine Protected Areas
Authors: Krivickaite Monika , Siebert Ursula , Herr Helena , Proelss Alexander , Gilles Anita
Published: December 2010

This article explores the legal regime of the protection of marine species and habitats within European waters by taking the protection of harbour porpoises in the German territorial sea and exclusive economic zone as an example. The analysis is based on a scientific assessment of the occurrence of and the anthropogenic impacts on harbour porpoises in the North Sea. The relationship between the protection of marine species within the European Union (EU) on the one hand and the Common Fisheries Policy of the EU on the other constitutes a classic example of a user-environment conflict. The article explores how such conflicts ought to be solved under the pertinent legal rules.
Comment The Right to Freedom to Practice One’s Religion in the Constitution of Uganda
Authors: Mujuzi Jamil Ddamulira
Published: December 2010

The right to freedom to practice one’s religion is protected under the Ugandan constitution and in the international human rights instruments to which Uganda is party. There are also different pieces of legislation governing the marriages and divorces of different religious groups in Uganda. The Supreme Court of Uganda in the judgement of Dimanche Sharon and Others v. Makerere University has dealt with the constitutional limitations on the right to freedom of religion. This article discusses the constitutional history leading to the inclusion of the right to freedom of religion in the Constitution of Uganda and the Supreme Court decision interpreting the limitations on the right to freedom of religion.
Comment Women’s Testimony in Islamic Law and Misconceptions: A Critical Analysis
Authors: Ahmad Nehaluddin
Published: December 2010

Most Qur’anic references to (witness) testimony do not make any reference to gender. Some references fully equate the testimony of males and females; however, one Qur’anic verse (2:282) has instructed that, as far as financial transactions are concerned, it is necessary to provide either two male witnesses or one male and two females. From this verse, it is generally contended that Islam renders two women equal to one man in matters of evidence. The question for consideration is whether or not, on the basis of the verse’s circumstantial context (‘illah), the testimony of one woman may nonetheless be accepted. The article focuses on principles of the Qur’an and the Sunnah as primary sources of Islamic law, particularly looking into the question of whether Islamic law of evidence is well equipped to meet and cater to the requirements of justice.
Feminist Interlegalities and Gender Justice in Sudan: The Debate on CEDAW and Islam
Authors: Tønnessen Liv
Published: December 2010

The fundamental argument put forward by Islamists, who have ruled Sudan since 1989, for not signing the convention is based on cultural relativism; different cultures provide indigenous and local solutions to their women’s problems. Islam is the solution, not Western feminism. But the Islamists’ failure to ratify CEDAW should not be regarded as a complete rejection of Western feminism, however defined. Through a review of the debate on CEDAW and Islam, this article explores the entanglements of ‘Islamic’ and ‘Western’ normative legal orders. It argues that although Islamist feminists’ discourse deems Western tenets of feminism and gender equality to be unessential to Islamic societies and falsely universalising in its premises, it simultaneously draws upon them in order to demonstrate their ‘alternative’ feminism. By analysing a range of Islamist women’s positions, it becomes apparent that on the one hand they reject CEDAW and gender equality, and on the other promote issues which empower women in the Sudanese state and society. But there are important points of criticism to be made regarding Islamic solutions in a multi-religious and class-divided Sudanese society. Sudanese Islamist women’s claims on behalf of Islamic solutions for Sudanese women can paradoxically be critiqued being as universalising in its premises as so-called Western feminism.
Securing Freedom whilst Enhancing Competence: The “Knowledge about Christianity, Religions and Life Stances” Subject and the Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Slotte Pamela
Published: December 2010

In an attempt to accommodate the increasing religious and cultural diversity in European societies, religious instruction in public schools is being rearranged across Europe. However, the issue is sensitive owing to the societal matters involved, such as multiculturalism, minority issues, nationalism, and citizenship. A crucial question is how religious instruction can be organized in public (state-funded) schools so as to conform to fundamental human rights. The European Court of Human Rights has also recently dealt in Folgerø and Others v. Norway with an ambitious attempt to introduce compulsory non-confessional religious instruction in public schools with the aim of enhancing dialogue and cultural understanding and take into account the future status of children as adult members of both national and international societies. Dividing children into separate study groups according to their faith had been dismissed as a form of segregation and parallel multiculturalism. This article focuses on Folgerø and Others v. Norway. What is at stake in the argumentation before the European Court of Human Rights, and how does it reason concerning religion and life-views, religious freedom and the aims of religious instruction in public schools? Based on this analysis, the article discusses what it means that a conflict over what constitutes adequate religious instruction is brought to a legal forum and the consequences this has for what will be understood as acceptable instruction.
In the Name of God: State and Religion in Contemporary Italy
Authors: Panara Carlo
Published: December 2010

During the last few years the influence of the Catholic Church on law-making and government policies in Italy has dramatically increased. The Italian Episcopal Conference established a solid alliance with the Centre-Right led by the media tycoon Silvio Berlusconi. This political situation favoured the introduction of a number of hyper-conservative policies on ethical matters, from artificial insemination to abortion. In contrast, the influence of the Church was not significant in other key areas such as immigration policy. This article argues that the Church-inspired hyper-conservatism has led to the introduction of considerable restrictions to individual rights and freedoms. This situation is undermining the secular character of the Italian State and the original liberal-democratic inspiration of the Constitution.
New Date for the Second Persian Conquest, End of Pharaonic and Manethonian Egypt: 340/39 B.C.E.
Authors: Depuydt Leo
Published: December 2010

Artaxerxes III’s conquest of Egypt signified the end of Egypt of the Pharaohs. For more than half a century now, the event has been dated to either 343 B.C.E. or 342 B.C.E. Detailed calibrations focus on the winter of 343/42 B.C.E., especially early 342 B.C.E. Yet, there is no evidence whatsoever for this date. The presumed evidence has escaped scrutiny in Egyptology because it involves subtle reasoning about the supposed purport of Classical Greek sources whose chronology is uncertain or whose authenticity is in doubt. The surviving sources instead unambiguously point to an interval lasting from November of 340 B.C.E. to the summer of 339 B.C.E. as the time when the conquest most probably took place. This date can be styled as 340/39 B.C.E. The slash signifies a time interval shorter than two full years ‐ in this case also shorter than a year ‐ that spans two Julian years. The conquest is therefore dated here to roughly three years later than when everyone now assumes it took place.
Herihor’s Kingship and the High Priest of Amun Piankh
Authors: Morkot Robert , James Peter
Published: December 2010

The theory of Jansen-Winkeln, which argues for a reversal of the traditional order of the late 20th Dynasty High Priests of Amun Herihor and Piankh, has provoked considerable controversy. The key to a resolution seems to lie in recognising that Herihor, on his elevation to kingship, was able (like later monarchs of the TIP) to co-opt a colleague/relative as High Priest of Amun. This way Piankh’s pontificate can be placed within the reign of King Herihor, explaining the genealogical and other evidence which might otherwise suggest a reversal of the two but avoiding the pitfalls of Jansen-Winkeln’s case. The evidence suggests a shortening of the high priestly genealogy at this period by one to two generations (from the standard/Kitchen model). A first step is offered here towards a new model involving a short overlap between the 20th and 21st Dynasties, as well as between Herihor and Pinudjem I, as Upper Egyptian kings based at Thebes.
Ay versus horemheb: the political situation in the late eighteenth dynasty revisited
Authors: Kawai Nozomu
Published: December 2010

This article examines the interaction between Ay and Horemheb and their attitudes towards one another. Under Tutankhamun, Ay was the fatherly advisor of the king at the court, while Horemheb was the actual governor of all the administration in the country. However, Ay seems to have obtained the title “Vizier,” indicating that he was also capable of governing the country. Ay was indeed on the verge of becoming the successor of Tutankhamun. There was strong antagonism between Ay and Horemheb sometime after Tutankhamun’s death. The evidence implies that Horemheb sought to discredit Ay as proper successor to the king. As a result, Ay appears to have excluded Horemheb from greater courtly influence by appointing Nakhtmin not only as his “Generalissimo” but also as “King’s Son.” This squabbling even continued after Ay’s death as Horemheb endeavored to erase all memory of Ay, his men, and even Queen Ankhesenamun in revenge.****
Soldatenkönige, Königsakklamation und eine neue Göttin. Zum Beginn des Zweiten Thebanischen Kleinstaates im 17. Jh. v.Chr.
Authors: Morenz Ludwig D.
Published: December 2010

The late Middle Kingdom and the so-called Second Intermediate Period is characterised by substantial changes in the socio-economic, the political, as well as the ideological field. The role and function of kingship shifted and royal ideology was modified and adopted to the changing circumstances. In this article stela Cairo CG 20533 coming from Gebelein is discussed in detail. It is especially interesting insofar as it proves the acclamation of a certain Dedu-mose to kingship. Furthermore, this practice of acclamation is analysed in the context of kingship and royal ideology of the new Theban state in the 17th century BCE.
The Phoenician Contingent in the Campaign of Psammetichus II Against Kush
Authors: Schmitz Philip C.
Published: December 2010

Graffiti inscribed on seated figures of Rameses II at Abu Simbel concern participation by Greek, Carian, and Phoenician forces in the Nubian campaign of Psammetichus II in 593 B.C.E. This study considers the major Phoenician graffiti as primary sources. The Phoenician texts do not mention Psammetichus, but do place Amasis in a commanding role. The Phoenician claim to victory comports with the Egyptian claim. The Greek inscriptions illuminate the Phoenician narratives. Unsolved historical problems include: (1) the command structure; (2) whether Amasis in these texts is the later Pharaoh; and (3) the relationship between this campaign and a later expedition against Kush by Ahmose II in 529 B.C.E. Herodotus’ account of Phoenician settlement in Memphis gains clarity from Greek papyri, and Phoenician finds at two Egyptian sites are contemporary with the 593 B.C.E. campaign. The Phoenician contingent possibly fulfilled covenant obligations to Egypt, and Phoenician settlement in Memphis perhaps involved a compensatory land grant.
The Development, Validation, and Analysis of Measurement Invariance of the Technology Acceptance Measure for Preservice Teachers (TAMPST)
Authors: Teo Timothy
Published: December 2010

This article describes the development, validation, and measurement invariance of scores from a survey designed to measure preservice teachers’ reported acceptance of technology. Drawing from conceptual models in the areas of information systems and technology acceptance, a five-factor Technology Acceptance Measure for Preservice Teachers (TAMPST) was developed and validated. The factors in the TAMPST are perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, subjective norm, facilitating conditions, and attitudes toward computer use. Using three studies and a combined sample of 759 preservice teachers, data were obtained and analyzed to examine for factorial validity of the TAMPST scores. In addition, tests of measurement invariance were conducted to ensure that the scores obtained from the TAMPST were generalizable between graduate and nongraduate preservice teachers. This study resulted in a 16-item five-factor measure to assess the technology acceptance of preservice teachers.
Measurement Equivalence of the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale Across Self and Other Ratings
Authors: Libbrecht Nele , Lievens Filip , Schollaert Eveline
Published: December 2010

There exist a variety of measurement instruments for assessing emotional intelligence (EI). One approach is the use of other reports wherein knowledgeable informants indicate how well the scale items describe the assessed person’s behavior. In other reports, the same EI scales are typically used as in self-reports. However, it is not known whether the measurement structure underlying EI ratings is equivalent across self and other ratings. In this study, the measurement equivalence of an extant EI measure (Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale [WLEIS]) across self and other ratings was tested. Using multiple group confirmatory factor analysis, the authors conducted a sequence of increasingly more restrictive tests of equivalence across self and other ratings. The WLEIS was found to be configurally and metrically invariant across self and other ratings. However, there was no evidence for structural invariance between rater groups. Future research is needed to test the equivalence of other EI measures across self and other ratings.
An Item-Level Examination of the Factorial Validity of NEO Five-Factor Inventory Scores
Authors: Hull Darrell M. , Beaujean A. Alexander , Worrell Frank C. , Verdisco Aimee E.
Published: December 2010

The NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) is often used in field-based research and clinical studies as it is designed to measure the same personality dimensions as the longer NEO Personality Inventory in a shorter time frame. In this study, the authors examined the reliability and structural validity of the NEO-FFI scores at the item level in a large sample of Jamaican young adults ( N = 1,021; ages 17-24 years). Across different factor estimation and rotation methods, many NEO-FFI items performed poorly. Likewise, the estimated reliability of the NEO-FFI scores was poor (except Conscientiousness) across different estimations of reliability. These items and scores were then compared with other studies of the NEO-FFI that reported item-level pattern/structure coefficients or reliability estimates. Similarities in item performance and low reliability estimates across studies suggest that the items, rather than cultural differences, account for much of the poor performance of the NEO-FFI scores, especially in the domains of Extraversion, Openness to Experience, and Agreeableness.
Psychological and clinical correlates of functional somatic complaints in depression
Authors: Chakraborty Kaustav , Avasthi Ajit , Kumar Suresh , Grover Sandeep
Published: December 2010

Background: Studies have shown that functional somatic symptoms are common in patients of depression. However, very few studies have assessed the socio-demographic, psychological and clinical correlates of functional somatic complaints in depression.

Method: Fifty (50) patients of first-episode unipolar depression (except for severe depression with psychotic symptoms), aged 18 to 50 years, with duration of depression of more than one month, with no comorbid psychiatric disorders and comorbid medical illnesses, and with at least one symptom on Bradford Somatic Inventory were assessed on the Beck’s Depression Inventory, the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale – Anxiety Index, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (Hindi version), the Somato-sensory Amplification Scale and the Whiteley Index.

Results: The most commonly reported functional somatic complaints were a lack of energy much of the time (98%) and feeling tired when not working (82%). A significant positive correlation (Pearson’s product moment value = 0.362, p < 0.01) was found between severity of depression and number of functional somatic complaints. Significant negative Spearman’s rank correlation (−0.346, p < 0.05) was found between Bradford Somatic Inventory total score and Toronto Alexithymia Scale severity grade. A significant positive correlation between Bradford Somatic Inventory total score and somato-sensory amplification emerged only when common items were taken care of. No correlation was found between Bradford Somatic Inventory total score and any of the socio-demographic variables, age at onset of illness, total duration of illness, melancholic symptoms, suicidality, level of anxiety and hypochondriacal worry. Beck’s Depression Inventory total score alone accounted for 11.3% of the variance in the Bradford Somatic Inventory total score.

Conclusion: Functional somatic complaints are more prevalent in patients with higher severity of depression, high somato-sensory amplification and less alexithymia. There is no correlation of functional somatic complaints with level of anxiety and hypochondriacal worry.
The Benefit of Personal Experience and Personal Study: Prisoners and the Politics of Enfranchisement
Authors: Behan Cormac
Published: December 2010

Prisoners and ex-prisoners have played a prominent role in modern Irish history. Yet despite using their prison experience for political advancement, on release, few political leaders became vocal advocates of penal reform in general or prisoner enfranchisement in particular. Prior to the passing of the Electoral (Amendment) Act in 2006, Irish prisoners were in an anomalous position: they were allowed to register, but no facility existed, for them to vote. However, this did not prevent prisoners from engaging with, and at times, challenging the political system, both north and south throughout the 20th century. Much has been written about political activity among prisoners in Northern Ireland but relatively little about their endeavors in the Irish Republic. This article begins with an examination of political participation among prisoners in the early decades of the Irish State. Despite the legal and political struggle by prisoners and penal reformers to achieve enfranchisement, when it was granted, it was in the context of electoral, rather than penal reform. Prisoner enfranchisement did not become a major issue in Ireland in contrast to other countries and reasons are examined from a historical and political perspective.