bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE REGARDING COVID-19 AMONG HEALTHCARE WORKERS IN CHITWAN, NEPAL
Authors: Nepal Richa , Sapkota Kalyan , Paudel Pramod , Adhikari Bhojraj , Adhikari Kalidas , Sapkota Kiran , Nepal Rhishikesh , Adhikari Bishow Nath , Paudyal Nabin
Published: May 2022

Background: The cases of Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) has been gradually increasing in Nepal. The objective of this study was to evaluate knowledge, attitude and practice regarding COVID-19 among healthcare workers in Chitwan, one of the districts located in central Nepal.
Methods: It was a descriptive, cross-sectional study, conducted among healthcare workers from differ­ent health institutions of Chitwan, over the span of two weeks from 1st April, 2020 till 14th April, 2020. Bivariate analyses of knowledge, attitude and practice scores were done with different variables using appropriate tests in SPSS IBM version 25.
Results: Out of 353 responses, 166 (47%) were nurses, 102 (28.9%) were doctors, 41 (11.6%) were health assistants, 7 (2%) were community medical assistants, and the remaining 37 (10.5%) were cat­egorized as others. 290 (82.2%) healthcare workers obtained moderate to good knowledge scores, 295 (83.6%) obtained moderate to good practice scores, and 321 (90.9%) had positive attitude scores. Doctors had highest mean knowledge scores (23.70 ± 4.48, p value- 0.000) and health assistants had highest mean practice scores (15.10±3.61, p value- 0.007). Positive correlation was obtained between knowledge and practice scores (r= 0.476, p value- 0.000); and attitude and practice scores (r= 0.238, p value- 0.000). Only 20.4% healthcare workers were confident to handle the pandemic in their health­care setup.
Conclusions: The majority of healthcare workers had moderate to good knowledge and practice scores and had a positive attitude toward COVID-19. There was a significant association between knowledge, attitude and practice scores obtained by healthcare workers from Nepal.
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE ABOUT ANTIBIOTTIC USE, SELF-MEDICATION AND ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE AMONG FINAL YEAR MEDICAL STUDENTS AND INTERNS AT A MEDICAL COLLEGE IN LALITPUR, NEPAL
Authors: Jha Nisha , Shrestha Sunil , Ravi Shankar Pathiyil , Bhandary Shital
Published: May 2022

Background:Antibiotic resistance is a global crisis posing a considerable threat, especially, to developing countries and can cause 10 million deaths by 2050. Medical students as future doc­tors play an essential role in promoting the rational use of antibiotics. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the respondents’ knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding an­tibiotic use, antibiotic self-medication, and antibiotic resistance and compare the KAP among different subgroups of respondents at KIST Medical College, Lalitpur, Nepal.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was done among final year medical students and interns from Sep­tember to October 2019. A structured questionnaire with 22 statements for assessing knowledge, 13 statements for attitude and 12 statements for practice was used as a data collection tool. Differ­ences in the KAP scores among different subgroups were studied using appropriate statistical tests.
Results: A total of 131 respondents participated, and 76(58%) were female. Most were from the Brahmin ethnic group 54(41.2%) while 82(62.6%) had relatives in the medical field. Ninety-three (71%) were final year medical students and 38(29%) were medical interns. The knowledge scores were high (76) among most subgroups of respondents. The attitude score was 58 out of 65 and prac­tice score was 6 out of 12. Knowledge scores were higher among female respondents, and practice scores were higher among interns (p=0.002).
Conclusions: The study showed good knowledge and attitude regarding antibiotics among the final year medical students and the interns. Interns were found to have a better practice than the final year students for using antibiotics rationally.
PREVALENCE OF CERVICAL ABRASION IN TERTIARY CARE CENTER OF CHITWAN
Authors: Shrestha Lipika , Kayastha Pujan Kranti , Singh Ashutosh Kumar , Dhungel Safal
Published: May 2022

Background: Cervical abrasion is defined as the loss of tooth substance that occurs in the absence of carious mechanism at cementoenamel junction of a tooth. This type of lesion can cause discommoding effects in dental health. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of cervical abrasion among general population in Chitwan and to relate the find­ing to probable etiology, thereby developing an etiological hypothesis that can be beneficial during treatment.
Methods: The study was carried out between August 2019 and October 2019 in 500 adults who attended the department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, COMS-TH. A proforma con­sisting of demographic data, type of diet and oral hygiene practices was used for the data col­lection and each patient went through a clinical examination as well. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. Descriptive analysis was performed and Chi-square test of association was done.
Results: Total prevalence of cervical abrasion in the study population was 10.4%. A statistically sig­nificant relationship was observed between cervical abrasion, gender, age, toothbrush frequency, method of tooth brushing and type of toothbrush employed. The study affirmed that population with cervical abrasion had hypersensitivity.
Conclusions: The prevalence of cervical abrasions was seen to increase with age, frequency of toothbrushing, faulty method of toothbrushing and use of inappropriate type of toothbrush. Hence, it is advocated that dental professionals guide people on correct brushing technique and use of appropriate type of toothbrush to avoid and prevent this problem from worsening.
EFFECT OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE IMMERSION AND AUTOCLAVE STERILIZATION ON FRACTURE RESISTANCE OF PROTAPER GOLD NITI ROTARY INSTRUMENTS
Authors: Lamba Suman , Shrestha Prabhat , Khadka Jwolan
Published: May 2022

Background: Instrument fracture is a common problem faced during root canal preparation. The present study aimed to analyse the effect of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) immersion and autoclave sterilization on fracture resistance of ProTaper Gold NiTi rotary instruments in artificial canals.
Methods: An observational study was performed using forty new ProTaper Gold rotary NiTi instru­ments. The files were divided into four groups (N=10) with Control (no immersion/ sterilization), one cycle each of NaOCl immersion and sterilization, five cycles each of NaOCl immersion and sterilization, and ten cycles each of NaOCl immersion and sterilization. The instruments were im­mersed in NaOCl for five minutes in all test groups, and were subjected to cyclic fatigue testing in artificial canals with 25 mm length, 60° curvature, and radius of curvature 4 mm. The number of cycles to fracture (NCF) was calculated for each instrument. The obtained data were subjected to statistical analysis (p-value < 0.05). The Kolmogorov Smirnov test was performed to examine the normality distribution of the NCF values. One-way ANOVA test was used to compare the mean NCF values for the different groups.
Results: Sodium hypochlorite immersion and autoclave sterilization exhibited no significant dif­ference in NCF values between the control and test groups (p-value > 0.05). All the experimental groups demonstrated comparable NCF values and significant difference was not found between the groups (p-value > 0.05).
Conclusions: Repeated cycles of sodium hypochlorite immersion and autoclave sterilization do not seem to influence ProTaper Gold instruments’ fracture resistance.
AWARENESS REGARDING LEGALIZATION OF ABORTION AMONG FEMALE YOUTH ATTENDING A TEACHING HOSPITAL IN NEPAL
Authors: Gyawali Samikshya , Sharma Sabita , Sigdel Dipa
Published: May 2022

Background: Abortion is the expulsion of the product of conception before time of fetal viability i.e. 22weeks and weigh less than 500 grams. The aim of this study was to find out the awareness regarding legalization of abortion among female youth.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in Gynecological Outpatient Depart­ment of Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital. A total of 97 respondents were selected by adopting non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Data was collected by using structured interview schedule. Collected data was analyzed and interpreted through descriptive and inferen­tial statistics.
Results: The findings of this study revealed that the majority (78.4%) of female youth were ad­equately aware about legalization of abortion. There was significant association between place of residence and level of awareness (p=0.002) regarding legalization of abortion among female youth.
Conclusions: It is concluded that considerable percentage of female youth have low awareness regarding legalization of abortion. So, awareness program is needed on legalization of abortion to increase public awareness.
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE ON ANTIBIOTIC USE AND ITS RESISTANCE AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL
Authors: Panthi Srijana , Pathak Priya , Sitaula Jyoti
Published: May 2022

Background: Antimicrobial resistance is evolving as a major global public health problem. This study was aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice on antibiotic use and its resistance among medical students in a tertiary care hospital.
Methods: Questionnaire was administered to the students of an undergraduate medical college hospital to assess their knowledge, attitude and practice about rational use of antibiotics. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.
Results: Two hundred fifty three undergraduate students completely filled the electronic question­naire. About 76.3% of the students believed that improper use of antibiotics/self-prescription can cause and promote antibiotic resistance. One third (33.2%) of students thought that use of antibi­otics will speed up recovery from flu and cold and skipping one or two doses does not contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance. Majority (93.3%) of the students had never attended a Continuing medical education about rational use of antibiotics in the past. The knowledge, attitude and practice domain scores were not significantly different between the students among various academic years.
Conclusions: Our study showed that the majority of the students had good knowledge and at­titude about antibiotics and its resistance. Their practice was satisfactory towards rational use of antibiotics. Medical students need to be sensitized regarding antimicrobial resistance through various Continuing medical education and workshops highlighting its burden and impact. Proper guidelines and strict policy on sales of antibiotics without prescription should be implemented and monitored regularly.
SPECTRUM OF CHILDHOOD OCULAR TRAUMA IN EASTERN REGION OF NEPAL
Authors: Gurung Govind , Tulsyan Nitin , Gupta Krishna Kant
Published: May 2022

Background: Pediatric ocular trauma is a significant cause of morbidity. It is estimated that there are up to 280,000 hospital admissions worldwide due to ocular trauma in children <16 years of age each year. This study was aimed to describe the spectrum of ocular trauma in children who previously visited the Pediatric Department of the Ram Kumar Mahabir prasad Kedia Eye Hospital.
Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on cases coming to Pediatric Department of the Ram Kumar Mahabir prasad Kedia Eye Hospital from five years. All cases of children <15years who previously underwent evaluation and/or treatment because of ocular trauma were analyzed. Demographic and descriptive ophthalmologic data were taken out of patient records of Ram Kumar Mahabir Prasad Kedia Eye Hospital. All data were tabulated using Microsoft Excel version 7 sheets and analyzed.
Results: In this study, among 55,159 children who attended Pediatric Outpatient department of Ram Kumar Mahabir Prasad Kedia Eye Hospital 3,048 had ocular injury. There were 64.7% boys and 35.2% girls. Close globe injury was seen in 84.35% and open globe injury in 15.64 %. Children aged 7-15 years were involved in 60.8% while 39.2% children were of age 6 years or less.
Conclusions: Ocular injuries seems to be serious in Terai region. Children of all age group are prone to ocular injuries. Though open globe injury is less than close globe injury in this study, open globe injury is more sight threatening.
ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE TOWARDS PREVENTION OF COVID-19 AMONG UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL COLLEGE STUDENTS
Authors: Shrestha Marina Vaidya , Manandhar Naresh , Jyoti Sabita , Chaudhary Rupesh , Chaulagain Rajkumar , Chhetri Komal , Dahal Nischal , Dhakal Monalisha , Magar Neeraj Gharti , Ghimire Samir
Published: May 2022

Background: COVID-19 pandemic is a public health burden and threat all around the world. Good Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards prevention can break the chain of transmis­sion. The study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice towards prevention of COVID-19.
Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted during 5th to 28th of October 2020 among undergraduate Medical College students. An online questionnaire was developed using Google Forms. The mean knowledge, attitude, and practice of the participants were assessed, and the scores were calculated. T-test and ANOVA were used for statistical analysis.
Results: Out of the total participants (n=274), 48.16 % were male and 51.5% were female. The mean age of the participants was 20.92±1.62 years. Among the total 69.3% had good knowledge, 67.5% had positive attitude and 73.4% had good practice towards prevention of COVID-19. In ad­dition, demographic variable sex had a significant impact on practice scores. Male participants had higher practice scores. (P<0.05).
Conclusions: Undergraduate medical college students had good knowledge, positive attitude and good practices. Males and females had significantly different practices.
EARLY EXPOSING PRECLINICAL UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL STUDENTS TO COMMUNICATION-SKILLS: A PRE-TEST POST-TEST EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Authors: Timilsina Sameer , Karki Sirisa , Mishra Roshan , Shrestha Barun , Deo Gopendra Prasad
Published: May 2022

Background: Effective physician-patient communication is integral to building confidence, improving patient compliance, satisfaction, and, avoiding mishaps, and, malpractice suits. Communication-skills (CS) training is an internationally accepted essential component of medical education. This study aims to assess the communication-skills knowledge of pre-clinical undergraduate medical students pre- and post- CS course. We expect an improve­ment in CS knowledge post-intervention.
Methods: Between March and September 2019, 100 first year pre-clinical undergraduate medical students at Chitwan Medical College were enrolled in CS course. The intervention was conducted in 10 team-based learning (TBL) sessions on selective study areas based on Calgary-Cambridge model. Attitude towards learning CS using communication skills attitude scale (CSAS) and assess­ment on knowledge of CS was conducted pre- and post-intervention.
Results: Among 100 students, 70% were males and 30% females. Positive attitude towards learn­ing CS improved by 5%. Statistically significant progress was noted in post-intervention mean scores implying CS to be teachable and learnable. (Wilcoxon Signed ranks test z=-6.178 p<0.001). Knowledge on medical CS improved in the study participants irrespective of sex, entry-type, past-educational institute or attitude. Students with pre-intervention negative attitude showed marked improvement in post-intervention knowledge score (z=-5.674 p<0.001).
Conclusions: The intervention was effective in increasing students’ knowledge of medical CS, but we did not assess the skills of the students. Continuation of this study is recommended to explore whether CS training could actually improve soft skills of medical students in our part of the world.
PERCEIVED LEVEL OF STRESS AMONG NIGHTSHIFT WORKING NURSES IN HOSPITALS OF KATHMANDU CITY
Authors: Baniya Ambika , Paudel Ashok Kumar , Chhetri Muni Raj , Thapa Pramila
Published: May 2022

Background: Nurse’s professionals experience an overwhelming level of stress due to socio-demographic and work place related factors. This cross-sectional hospital-based study was designed to assess perceived level of stress and influencing factors among nightshift working nurses in Kathmandu, Nepal.
Methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study using multistage sampling techniques among 266 randomly sampled nightshift working nurses was conducted. Perceived Stress Scale used to assess level of stress and associated factors. Self-administered Perceived Stress Scale was pretested and finalized before data collection. Data analyzed by using IBM SPSS verson-20 and relevant statistical test applied.
Results: Mean age of nurses was 24.46 years ± 3.771 S.D. Most of the nurses (41.3%) were be­tween 22-26 years and 70.9% of nurses were unmarried. Nearly eighty percent of the nurses had moderate level perceived stress followed by low level (15.5%) and high level (4.9%) stress. There is significance association between sleeping hours of the nurses and stress (p= 0.013).
Conclusions: Prevalence of moderate level perceived stress was highest among nightshift working nurses in hospitals of Kathmandu, Nepal. There is significance association between sleeping hours of the nurses and stress. Longer working hours in nightshift, shorter sleeping hours, unequal and overloaded duty were main factors related to higher rates of self reported stress.
THE BURDEN OF COLOR VISION DEFECT IN NEPAL – AN ICEBERG PHENOMENON
Authors: Khatri Anadi , K.C Bal Kumar , Gautam Sudhir , Kharel Muna
Published: May 2022

Background: Color vision tests are routinely performed and are mandatory in most part of the world. However, in Nepal and many other developing countries, color vision may often be overlooked. We evaluated a possible burden of color vision in a group of patients who were specifically evaluated for a color vision defects. This study evalutes the awareness of color vision defect among the patients evaluated and highlights the importance of the color vision evaluation.

Methods: A sequential group of 73 people from August to September 2017 specifically evalu­ated for color vision defect for recruitment of government employment were evaluated. Ishi­harapseudo-isochromatic plates and Farnsworth-Munsell Dichotomous D-15 test were used for screening. Mean and Standard deviation were used for descriptive analysis of the data.

Results: Fifty-seven were male and sixteen were female. The mean age was 23 years (SD ± 3.7). On evaluation of the color vision defect, 9 (12.3%) were found to have total color vision defect (achromatopsia), 3 (4%)-red-green defect and 1(1%) with blue red defect. None of the patients had undergone color vision test at eye hospital previously. There were 4 patients who were registered drivers who had color vision defect.

Conclusions: Color vision is an important part of the vision. It should not be ignored.All of the patients evaluated were found to be unware of their condition. Early detection of color vision defects in individuals, if possible, at school level can help them to determine their careers and future endeavors at early stage.
SURVEY OF STANDARD PROTOCOLS FOR ENDODONTIC TREATMENT IN CHITWAN, NEPAL
Authors: Kayastha Pujan Kranti , Shakya Merina , Shrestha Lipika
Published: May 2022

Background: Endodontics is one of the fastest-growing disciplines which involves the introduction of many new instruments, materials, and techniques. This study aimed to assess the practice of the international standard protocol during the endodontic treatment among dentists in Chitwan, Nepal.
Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on August 2020 among the dentist working in Chitwan, Nepal. 120 questionnaires were distributed to the dentist working in Chitwan, Nepal. The data were collected and descriptive analysis was done using SPSS ver. 22.
Results: From the total respondent, 104 were included in the survey. Fully filled form and those who perform endodontic treatment were included in the survey for further analysis. Cotton rolls with suction (93.3) and a radiograph with a file in the canal (85.6%) was the most common method for isolation and working length determination respectively. Most of the respondents (81.7% ) used k-files with 84.6% following step-back technique for instrumentation of root canal. Autoclave is mostly (47.1%) used sterilization procedure autoclave. Sodium Hypochlorite and calcium hydroxide (CH) are the most common chemicals used for irrigation and intracanal medication respectively. Eugenol based sealer (76%) was the most common intracanal sealer used for obturation used commonly (82.7%) for cold lateral condensation technique. Cavit (89.4%) was the most popular temporary filling material. Difficulty cases are mostly referred (86.3%) for endodontic consultation.
Conclusions: Upgrading and reinforcement of knowledge about newer materials and techniques following protocols is required for endodontic treatment.
OCCLUSAL STAMP, RENOVATION TO RESTORATIVE TECHNIQUE: A CASE SERIES
Authors: Shrestha Kriti , Arora Chetna , Gautam Vanita , Shubham Snigdha , Tripathi Rupam , Nepal Manisha , Karki Ateet
Published: May 2022

Maintaining the contact and contour point is very difficult task in composite restoration which requires expertise hand and is time consuming. The occlusal stamp technique has been developed to facilitate the work of dental professional and achieve aesthetic and functional results. A precise tooth‑like restoration with an accurate functional occlusion is obtained when the stamp technique is performed. Therefore, the aim of this case report is to present clinical cases in which the stamp technique was performed to replicate the original and well controlled occlusal anatomy, so less time is required for finishing and polishing.
FAMILY, SOCIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT AMONG HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN SELECTED DISTRICTS OF NEPAL
Authors: Sapkota Abja , Sedhain Arun , Gachhadar Rashmi , Bhattarai Gandhi Raj
Published: May 2022

Background: One of the important factors that could affect better health care delivery during COVID-19 pandemic remains the better working environment for healthcare professionals. Support provided by the family, society and workplace would play an important role to boost their work performance. This study aimed to assess the perception of family, social and organizational support among the frontline healthcare professionals during COVID-19 pandemic in selected districts of Nepal.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study consisted of 325 healthcare professionals working in different hospitals of Bagmati province of Nepal. Data were collected using self-administered structured questionnaire via Google form. Collected data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: Adequate support was perceived by 50.5% of the respondents and the mean overall perceived support score was 98.83±11.2. The highest perceived score (37.25±4.37) was on family support domain followed by social support (33.55±4.08) and the organizational support (28.01±5.7). Factors like advanced age, higher education level, male sex, and working in the government hospitals showed significant association with perceived family and social support. Type of the institutions and tenure status were main predictors for the perception of adequate organizational support.
Conclusions: For their inspiration to work, adequate support to healthcare professionals not only from family but also from the society and organizational level would be quite important. Apart from some non-modifiable factors, other factors like adequate and timely provision of monthly salary, guaranteed medical treatment if they fall sick have been found to play important role to keep the them motivated to their work.
PERCEPTION OF STAKEHOLDERS TOWARDS THE SHINE DENTAL CLINIC
Authors: Mainali Sneedha
Published: May 2022

Background: For the betterment of an organisation, stakeholder’s percep­tion plays a vital role by helping to alter the environment of the workplace as well as the overall operation and management of the organisation. This study aims to explore the stakeholders’ perceptions about services and management from every aspect by studying the positive and negative re­marks given by them.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional research design was used among 68 respondents which included- patients, parents, institutional clients and employees.

Results: It was found that the stakeholders of the Shine dental clinic, both the staff and clients/customers were satisfied with the by the clinic. Cus­tomers mainly build their perception to be positive or negative in terms of the factors such as the clinic’s environment, effective service delivery, maintenance of the clinic, the treatment and communication of the health workers and timely delivery of the service. Meanwhile, the staff deter­mined the perception of the clinic in terms of salary and benefits, friendli­ness of top management, scope of learning and self-development, and so on.

Conclusions: The stakeholders of the clinic perceived the clinic as a prom­ising clinic and were satisfied with all the services and facilities provided to them. More people are becoming aware about the clinic with time, but it is needed for the clinic to be more visible in the social media for additional brand awareness.
COMPARISON BETWEEN MOBILE CAMERA AND DSLR CAMERA PHOTOGRAPHY FOR THE EVALUATION OF SHADE OF ANTERIOR TEETH - A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Shrestha Prabhat , Poudel Sabina
Published: May 2022

Background: Color accuracy plays a major role in creating an esthetic prosthesis. Photos taken with DSLR cameras have been the most frequent means of recording and transferring the color of teeth. Mobile phone cameras are emerging as a popular alternative to DSLR cameras due to its convenience. Our aim was to compare the color difference (ΔE) between the pictures taken with DSLR cameras and mobile cameras with and with­out using flash.

Methods: Photos of right maxillary central incisors of patients (n=60) were taken with DSLR camera and mobile camera with and without using flash. The pictures were standardized with gray card and processed in Adobe Photoshop Lightroom CC software and the L*a*b* values of the pictures were compared to find the difference in color.

Results: The percentage of agreement (ΔE≤2.7) for the difference of color between DSLR camera and mobile phone cameras without using flash (ΔE1) was 3.3% and with using flash (ΔE2) was 1.7%. The coefficient of agreement (using Kappa coefficient) between (ΔE1) and (ΔE2) showed total disagreement (kappa value =-.02). The mean values of ΔE1 was (8.3±3.3) and ΔE2 was (7.23±2.4).

Conclusions: It was concluded that the color of mobile camera with or without using flash could not be considered as an acceptable method of recording color of teeth.
STRESS AND SELF-ESTEEM AMONG NURSING STUDENTS AT PRIVATE MEDICAL COLLEGE, CHITWAN
Authors: Shrestha Swostika , Ghimire Srijana
Published: May 2022

Background: Stress and self-esteem are common issues that everyone has to cope with at some time in their lives and they could also affect other things going on in a person’s’ life. The objective of the study is to identify the stress and self-esteem among nursing students.

Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among B.Sc. Nursing students, Chitwan Medical College. The data was collected by us­ing structured questionnaire within 2 weeks. Obtained data were ana­lyzed using IBM SPSS version 16.0. Descriptive statistics (mean, frequency, percentage and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (chi-square and correlation) were used for data analysis.

Results: Out of 116 respondents, 23.3%, 25.9%, 25.9% and 25.0% were from first, second, third and fourth year respectively. More than half i.e. 50.9% of the respondents had high stress. Respondents had faced higher (68.1%) in teacher related stress followed by peer stress 67.2% and self-inflict 66.0%. About 61.2% of the respondents had low self-esteem. There was higher stress in first year students then other. The fact is that as the academic year increases, students become more familiar to the learning environment and able to cope better. There was statistical significant as­sociation between stress among nursing students and habit of problem sharing (p=0.04).

Conclusions: It is concluded that respondents have high level of stress and low level of self-esteem. Therefore, intervention for increasing self-esteem and decreasing stress should be conducted by the college admin­istration.
TEMPORAL SPACE INFECTION SECONDARY TO RECURRENT BUCCAL SPACE INFECTION FROM MANDIBULAR DECIDUOUS MOLAR IN 7-YEAR-OLD CHILD: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Rout Sourav , Gautam Shailesh , Shah Arun Kumar
Published: May 2022

Head and neck space infections are usually secondary to odontogenic infec­tions due to translocation of oral microbes to fascial space via odontogenic route resulting in progression by enzymatic degradation of connective tissue. Various factors like microbiological, host, nutritional and socioeconomic fac­tors are responsible for progression of fascial space infection that might take fatal course if not treated in time. The present case report describes a child with fascial space infection of oral and maxillofacial region who was treated by incision and drainage in department of oral and maxillofacial surgery of this hospital. Fascial space infections are one of the surgical emergencies and need to be addressed in early stage as it has rapid regional and systemic progression leading to fatal outcome. It is multifactorial and all need to be addressed. Incision and drainage with removal of cause with antimicrobial therapy is treatment modality of space infection. Inadequate drainage might lead to recurrence of infection and progression to distant secondary spaces.
FETAL HEPATIC HEMANGIOMA: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Shrestha Manindra , Bajracharya Nishma , Parajuli Ashish , Gorkhali Amritee , Shrestha Amir , Dangal Ganesh
Published: May 2022

Fetal liver tumors represent approximately 5% of all congenital tumors and hemangiomas account for approximately 15% of all fetal liver tumors. Hem­angioma and hemangioendothelioma are benign vascular tumors but they are associated with a significant morbidity and mortality due to high output congestive heart failure and arteriovenous shunting. Ultrasound features of hepatic hemangioma can overlap with arteriovenous malformation. This is a case report of fetal hepatic hemangioma with aretriovenous shunting de­tected on routine anomaly scan at 20 weeks of gestation in 22 years old Nep­alese women who was asymptomatic. Prenatally, a 3.2cm x 2.8cm multicystic mass was seen in the left hypochondrium of the fetal abdomen displacing the stomach. On color Doppler examination, the mass showed internal color flow and multiple tortuous dilated vessels noted around the lesion. After counsel­ing regarding the lesion to the mother and her family; decision to abort the fetus was made. Autopsy was done for the final diagnosis of the lesion, which showed vascular mass in the left lobe of liver insinuating between stomach and spleen.
CORRELATION BETWEEN 12-HOUR AND 24-HOUR URINE TOTAL PROTEIN IN PREGNANT WOMEN WITH PREECLAMPSIA
Authors: Adhikari Shree Prasad , Pariyar Jewan
Published: May 2022

Background: Although 24-hour urine total protein (UTP) measurement is the gold standard method for detecting proteinuria in preeclamptic women, the procedure is lengthy and time consuming that might result in delay in diagnosis of the condition. This study aimed at deter­mining the correlation between these 2 parameters.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study done on 50 pregnant women with preeclamp­sia admitted at Bharatpur Hospital from September 2018 - January 2019. Patient with pre­eclampsia and having albumin ≥1 on urine dipstick, the sample was collected in every 12 hours interval on two separate well labeled container with the assistance of nursing staff. Total urine protein at 12-hour and 24-hour were measured by spectrophotometric method. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 21. Correlation between the 2 measurements was analyzed using Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. p<0.01 was considered to be statistically significant.

Results: The age of participants ranged between 20-38 years (Mean age: 26.6 years). The maximum occurrence of preeclampsia was observed in primigravid women and younger age group (between 20-25 years), 72% had mild preeclampsia and 28% developed severe preeclampsia. There was a significant correlation between 12-hour and 24-hour UTP (Spear­man’s r = 0.99, p<0.001).

Conclusions: There is a strong correlation between 12- and 24-hour urine total protein mea­surements in women with preeclampsia. 12-hour UTP can be used as an alternative for the assessment of proteinuria in these women, with benefits such as early diagnosis and better patient compliance.
RADIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF MANDIBULAR CANAL IN NEPALESE POPULATION: A STUDY BASED ON CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IMAGES
Authors: Shrestha Pragya , Mansur Dil Islam , Humagain Manoj , Koju Sushmit , Maskey Sunima
Published: May 2022

Background: Mandibular canal runs in the body and ramus of mandible and provides pas­sage for inferior alveolar nerve. Knowledge on spatial relationship of canal with adjacent structures prevent damage to nerve during surgical procedures. This study aims to find three-dimensional relationship of canal as well as its relation with third molar.

Methods: This was a cross sectional and retrospective study conducted on Cone Beam Com­puted Tomography images. The relation and position of canal with third molar and position of canal in vertical and horizontal dimensions were analyzed.

Results: Mandibular canal was found to be progressively descended in 43% of the canals. The canal was located apical to third molar in 61.9% cases and regarding contact relation, 121(56%) of the third molars had no contact with the canal. Buccal cortical plate was maxi­mum at the level of distal root of second molar and minimum at the level of mesial root of first molar and was reverse for lingual cortical plate. The highest distance between upper border of canal and inferior border of mandible was at mental foramen 13.55±2.27 mm and lowest at mesial root of second molar, 8.72±2.59 mm. Minimum distance between superior border of canal and alveolar crest was distal to second molar (13.78±3.54 mm) and maximum between first molar and second premolar (17.91±3.08 mm).

Conclusions: It was observed that canal was interradicularly placed and was by penetrated by third molar in some cases. Thickness of cortical plates varied in various locations buccally and lingually.
A Paradigm for Connecting Pet Owners, Veterinarians and Pharmacies
Authors: Gupta Adhyan
Published: May 2022

Abstract—The practical problems in the day to day lives of the people with pets are often ignored in the emerging era of technology, the use of technology is being limited to focus on the ease of us, people. Magazines, articles containing information about pets get published but none focus on addressing the practical problems. In the practical scenario, people face issues like finding other pet owners to get a pal for theirs, finding a nearby vet, locating pharmacies or shops to get various stuff for their pets. This research paper involves the use of technology for the development of an application- Paww’s, a mobile application which will run on both android and iOS, will help people find solutions to the above problems in a click. The application will help them find other pet owners in their vicinity using the ‘near me’ function.They will be able to connect directly with a vet, chat and discuss about the ailment of their pet. Not all pharmacies are authorized to keep the medicines fit for consumption by animals, only a few of them are authorized and hence it is difficult for people to look out for such pharmacies. Therefore such pharmacies will be listed on the application and it will help the users to find the relevant medicines for their pets and the specific shops which offer accessories and other things related to the pets will be listed as well, for people to directly contact them and order or can visit the shop themselves. And for people who are unaware of their dog’s breed, Paww’s presents a way out by incorporating Deep Learning in the project and providing a feature wherein the user shall have to point the camera to his/her pet and the software will identify the breed for them. Index Terms—Technology, pet owners, breed, iOS application, android application
Alternative Energy Sources and Green Technology
Authors: Singh Vishav
Published: May 2022

This paper presents a review of the green technologies and processes for the development of renewable energy resources. Renewable energy options show a lot of potential for fulfilling the world's energy and development demands. This promise is especially compelling in emerging nations, where many areas have yet to commit to fossil fuel supremacy. Solar photovoltaic and solar thermal technologies are especially helpful for supplying the two billion people living in rural regions who do not have access to power from the grid. Biomass energy is appealing because it makes use of locally accessible agricultural waste. Small hydroelectric resources and wind energy are also developed technologies that are well suited to develop countries. Renewable energy sources are significantly more cost-effective than traditional energy sources, particularly when the expenses of acquiring, maintaining, and running centralized power plants, as well as the costs of pollution remediation, are avoided. However, a slew of economic, societal, and legal roadblocks stand in the way of these renewable resources attaining their full potential. Keywords:- Renewable Energy Resources, Green House Effect, Solar Energy, Generations of Technologies;
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT BY GGBS
Authors: Anand Mulk Raj
Published: May 2022

Concrete is the most world widely used construction material with about 6 billion tones being produced every year. In terms of per capita consumption, it comes next to water. The extraction of raw materials and emission of CO2 during cement manufacture cause great damage to the environmental sustainability. So, it becomes the need to reduce cement consumption. It can be done by partially replacing the cement by supplementary materials without compromising with strength and durability characteristics of the concrete. These materials may be naturally occurring, industrial wastes or by-products that are less energy extensive. These pozzolanic materials when combined with calcium hydroxide, exhibits cementitious properties. Most commonly used pozzolanic materials are fly ash, metakaolin, silica fume, ground granulated blast furnce slag (GGBS). It needs to examine the admixtures performance when blended with concrete so as to ensure required strength, durability and reduced lifecycle cost. The present paper focuses on investigating characteristics of M35 grade concrete with partial replacement of cement with GGBS by 30%, 40% and 50%. The cubes and beams are tested for compressive strength and flexural strength respectively. From the experimental investigation, it was found that as the GGBS replacement level increased the workability increased. Also, both compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete increased as the GGBS content increased up to 40% but they decreased as the GGBS content increased above 40%. It was also found that both maximum compressive strength and maximum flexural strength of the concrete were achieved at 40% GGBS replacement level. So, the optimum content of GGBS for compressive strength and flexural strength is 40%. Keywords – Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, Pozzolana, Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength, Ordinary Portland Cement
Deslealtad profesional y falsedad documental
Authors: Sempere Navarro Antonio V.
Published: May 2022

En el marco de determinada Sociedad Profesional, una Abogada comete diversas irregularidades, continuadas a lo largo del tiempo. La sentencia comentada realiza interesantes reflexiones sobre la responsabilidad civil derivada de actos delictivos (falsedad, apropiación indebida).

In the framework of a Professional Society, a Lawyer commits various irregularities, continued over time. The commented sentence offers interesting reflections on civil liability derived from criminal acts (falsehood, misappropriation).
Derecho de una funcionaria a reducir su jornada al 50% con retribución íntegra por cuidado de hija menor afectada de enfermedad grave que no requiere hospitalización.
Authors: Romero Ródenas María José
Published: May 2022

La Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo, Sala de lo Contencioso-Administrativo, objeto de comentario rechaza el recurso de casación interpuesto por la Junta de Comunidades de Castilla -La Mancha contra la Sentencia del TSJ de Castilla La Mancha de 27 de septiembre de 2017 que reconoce el derecho a una madre funcionaria a reducir su jornada laboral al 50%, manteniendo su retribución íntegra para cuidar de su hija menor con diabetes Mellitus tipo 1, considerada como enfermedad grave que no requiere hospitalización, que precisa atención continuada y permanente, aunque su hija se encuentre escolarizada.

The sentence of the supreme contentious-administrative court object of comment rejects the appeal filed by the Community Board of Castilla-La Mancha against the judgment of the higher court of justice of Castilla La Mancha of September 27, 2017 that recognizes the right to a civil servant woman to reduce her working day to 50%, maintaining her full remuneration to care for a minor girl with type 1 diabetes Mellitus, considered a serious illness that does not require hospitalization, which requires continuous and permanent care, although her daughter is in school.
El cómputo del dies a quo en los permisos retribuidos en la jurisprudencia de la Sala cuarta del Tribunal Supremo
Authors: Rivas Vallejo Pilar
Published: May 2022

El cómputo del día inicial de los permisos retribuidos y en particular del permiso por matrimonio comienza el primer día laborable posterior al día festivo si el hecho causante se produjo en día no laborable.

The computation of the initial day of paid leave and, in particular, of marriage leave, begins on the first working day after the holiday if the event occurred on a non-working day.
Retribución de las vacaciones de los trabajadores a tiempo parcial con ampliaciones de jornada.
Authors: García Murcia Joaquín
Published: May 2022

La retribución del tiempo de vacaciones de los trabajadores a tiempo parcial debe incluir el promedio del salario obtenido por ampliación de jornada a lo largo de los once meses anteriores.

The calculation of the wage for the annual leave of part-time workers must include the average salary obtained during the previous eleven months when there has been an increase in working hours.
Outcome Mapping — creating a map of behavioral changes
Authors: Kosheleva N.
Published: May 2022

Any social project implies monitoring and assessment of its outcomes. In a perfect world, monitoring and assessment system should be included in the project already at the planning stage. Around twenty years ago, the assessment department of the Canadian International Development Research Center (IDRC) developed a method of project planning that includes a monitoring and assessment system. This method is based on a concept that all social changes stem from the changes in the behavior of people and organizations. This method was called Outcome Mapping, which basically means creating maps of behavioral changes.
China’s Evolving Approach to Foreign Aid
Authors: Yuan Jingdong , Su Fei , Ouyang Xuwan
Published: May 2022

China’s role in foreign aid and, more broadly, in development cooperation on the global stage has grown significantly since it began seven decades ago. Particularly in recent years, through such platforms as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China’s profile and engagement in global governance in foreign aid and related areas has been further enhanced. China’s ambition is taking a more proactive approach in foreign aid and moving towards a model of international development cooperation by linking with the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and by including the BRI as a major platform to achieve key development goals. This paper provides a timely analysis of the evolution of China’s foreign aid policy in the past seven decades with a particular focus on the developments since 2000. It discusses China’s development finance to Africa and the major sectors receiving Chinese aid. It also analyses recent trends of Chinese foreign aid and identifies some of the challenges that China faces as it becomes a major player in international development financing.
SELECTING VEGETATION INDEX FOR MAPPING LAND USE AND COVER CHANGE (2019-2021) TOWARD SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT IN XAYTHANY DISTRICT, VIENTIANE LAO PDR
Authors: MAOKHAMPHIOU Touksamphanh , Quang Pham Duy , Hoa Nguyen Hai , Truong Vu Van , Tuan Le Phu
Published: May 2022

Remote sensing technology offers an effective tool to monitor the changes in land use/cover over time. This study tested five vegetation indices for land-use/cover mapping and SAVI was then selected with thresholds defined for land cover (SAVI > 0.52 for forest cover; SAVI > 0.21 and SAVI <= 0.52 for agriculture; SAVI > 0.05 and SAVI <= 0.21 for others; SAVI <=0.05 for water). The overall accuracy assessments of land use/cover in 2019 (91.0% of accuracy, Kappa coefficient of 0.87), in 2020 (93.0% of accuracy, Kappa coefficient of 0.90), and in 2021 (94.5% of accuracy, Kappa coefficient of 0.92) have confirmed using Sentinel-2 data for monitoring the spatio-temporal changes of land-use/cover is reliable in Xaythany District. The extent of forest cover in Xaythany District, Vientiane Province in 2019 and 2021 were 31659.1 ha and 31369.9 ha, the area of agriculture in 2019 and 2021 were estimated at 40511.3 ha and 41105.9 ha, respectively. In addition, forest cover in Xaythany District decreased by 289.2 ha in 2021 compared to 2019 and main drivers for deforestation and land use/cover change during the period of 2019-2021 were defined in the order of slash-burning and shifting cultivation, other land use conversions, and other socioeconomic influences.
MOULD RESISTANCE OF THE BAMBOO Thyrsostachys siamensis TREATED WITH OLEORESIN HEAT
Authors: Hong Tang Thi Kim , Mai Trinh Hien , Hien Nguyen Thi Thanh
Published: May 2022

The bamboo Thyrsostachys siamensis is one of the most common species growing mainly and also largely cultivated in South Vietnam. The culms are the main raw material of many bamboo companies for industrial manufacturing of round and laminated bamboo furniture for exportation. Bamboo has low natural durability against fungi and insects. Compared with wood, bamboo is easier to damage by fungi and insects. An effective and eco-friendly method is needed to improve their physical and chemical properties, and mould resistance. In this research, mould resistance of the bamboo species Thyrostachys siamensis treated oleoresin heat under different temperatures (120ºC to 140ºC) and durations (60 min to 120 min) was tested in laboratory and field condition. Oleoresin used in this study is extracted from Dipterocarpus alatus. In the laboratory experiment, mould growth on the specimens was evaluated 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks after they were exposed to the inoculation with a conidia mixture of six moulds isolated from infected bamboos. In the field experiment, evaluation of mould growth on the samples was done 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks after exposure at the storage site of Bamboo factory, Binh Duong. The results showed that oleoresin heat treatment with D. alatus oleoresin at equal to 140ºC for at least 60 min completely inhibited mould growth on the bamboo T. siamensis.