bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resolution of Experimental Lung Injury by Monocyte-Derived Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase
Authors: D’Alessio Franco R. , Tsushima Kenji , Aggarwal Neil R. , Mock Jason R. , Eto Yoshiki , Garibaldi Brian T. , Files Daniel C. , Avalos Claudia R. , Rodriguez Jackie V. , Waickman Adam T. , Reddy Sekhar P. , Pearse David B. , Sidhaye Venkataramana K. , Hassoun Paul M. , Crow Michael T. , King Landon S.
Published: July 2012

Although early events in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI) have been defined, little is known about the mechanisms mediating resolution. To search for determinants of resolution, we exposed wild type (WT) mice to intratracheal LPS and assessed the response at intervals to day 10, when injury had resolved. Inducible NO synthase (iNOS) was significantly upregulated in the lung at day 4 after LPS. When iNOS−/− mice were exposed to intratracheal LPS, early lung injury was attenuated; however, recovery was markedly impaired compared with WT mice. iNOS−/− mice had increased mortality and sustained increases in markers of lung injury. Adoptive transfer of WT (iNOS+/+) bone marrow-derived monocytes or direct adenoviral gene delivery of iNOS into injured iNOS−/− mice restored resolution of ALI. Irradiated bone marrow chimeras confirmed the protective effects of myeloid-derived iNOS but not of epithelial iNOS. Alveolar macrophages exhibited sustained expression of cosignaling molecule CD86 in iNOS−/− mice compared with WT mice. Ab-mediated blockade of CD86 in iNOS−/− mice improved survival and enhanced resolution of lung inflammation. Our findings show that monocyte-derived iNOS plays a pivotal role in mediating resolution of ALI by modulating lung immune responses, thus facilitating clearance of alveolar inflammation and promoting lung repair.
Prostaglandin E2 Induces Oncostatin M Expression in Human Chronic Wound Macrophages through Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Pathway
Authors: Ganesh Kasturi , Das Amitava , Dickerson Ryan , Khanna Savita , Parinandi Narasimham L. , Gordillo Gayle M. , Sen Chandan K. , Roy Sashwati
Published: July 2012

Monocytes and macrophages (mϕ) are plastic cells whose functions are governed by microenvironmental cues. Wound fluid bathing the wound tissue reflects the wound microenvironment. Current literature on wound inflammation is primarily based on the study of blood monocyte-derived macrophages, cells that have never been exposed to the wound microenvironment. We sought to compare pair-matched monocyte-derived macrophages with mϕ isolated from chronic wounds of patients. Oncostatin M (OSM) was differentially overexpressed in pair-matched wound mϕ. Both PGE2 and its metabolite 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 (PGE-M) were abundant in wound fluid and induced OSM in wound-site mϕ. Consistently, induction of OSM mRNA was observed in mϕ isolated from PGE2-enriched polyvinyl alcohol sponges implanted in murine wounds. Treatment of human THP-1 cell-derived mϕ with PGE2 or PGE-M caused dose-dependent induction of OSM. Characterization of the signal transduction pathways demonstrated the involvement of EP4 receptor and cAMP signaling. In human mϕ, PGE2 phosphorylated Axl, a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). Axl phosphorylation was also induced by a cAMP analogue demonstrating interplay between the cAMP and RTK pathways. PGE2-dependent Axl phosphorylation led to AP-1 transactivation, which is directly implicated in inducible expression of OSM. Treatment of human mϕ or mice excisional wounds with recombinant OSM resulted in an anti-inflammatory response as manifested by attenuated expression of endotoxin-induced TNF-α and IL-1β. OSM treatment also improved wound closure during the early inflammatory phase of healing. In summary, this work recognizes PGE2 in the wound fluid as a potent inducer of mϕ OSM, a cytokine with an anti-inflammatory role in cutaneous wound healing.
Impaired Humoral Immunity and Tolerance in K14-VEGFR-3-Ig Mice That Lack Dermal Lymphatic Drainage
Authors: Thomas Susan N. , Rutkowski Joseph M. , Pasquier Miriella , Kuan Emma L. , Alitalo Kari , Randolph Gwendalyn J. , Swartz Melody A.
Published: July 2012

Lymphatic vessels transport interstitial fluid, soluble Ag, and immune cells from peripheral tissues to lymph nodes (LNs), yet the contribution of peripheral lymphatic drainage to adaptive immunity remains poorly understood. We examined immune responses to dermal vaccination and contact hypersensitivity (CHS) challenge in K14-VEGFR-3-Ig mice, which lack dermal lymphatic capillaries and experience markedly depressed transport of solutes and dendritic cells from the skin to draining LNs. In response to dermal immunization, K14-VEGFR-3-Ig mice produced lower Ab titers. In contrast, although delayed, T cell responses were robust after 21 d, including high levels of Ag-specific CD8+ T cells and production of IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-10 upon restimulation. T cell-mediated CHS responses were strong in K14-VEGFR-3-Ig mice, but importantly, their ability to induce CHS tolerance in the skin was impaired. In addition, 1-y-old mice displayed multiple signs of autoimmunity. These data suggest that lymphatic drainage plays more important roles in regulating humoral immunity and peripheral tolerance than in effector T cell immunity.
Proteinase 3, the Autoantigen in Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis, Associates with Calreticulin on Apoptotic Neutrophils, Impairs Macrophage Phagocytosis, and Promotes Inflammation
Authors: Gabillet Julie , Millet Arnaud , Pederzoli-Ribeil Magali , Tacnet-Delorme Pascale , Guillevin Loïc , Mouthon Luc , Frachet Philippe , Witko-Sarsat Véronique
Published: July 2012

Proteinase 3 (PR3) is the target of anti-neutrophil cytoplasm Abs in granulomatosis with polyangiitis, a form of systemic vasculitis. Upon neutrophil apoptosis, PR3 is coexternalized with phosphatidylserine and impaired macrophage phagocytosis. Calreticulin (CRT), a protein involved in apoptotic cell recognition, was found to be a new PR3 partner coexpressed with PR3 on the neutrophil plasma membrane during apoptosis, but not after degranulation. The association between PR3 and CRT was demonstrated in neutrophils by confocal microscopy and coimmunoprecipitation. Evidence for a direct interaction between PR3 and the globular domain of CRT, but not with its P domain, was provided by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils from healthy donors was decreased after blocking lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), a CRT receptor on macrophages. In contrast, neutrophils from patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis expressing high membrane PR3 levels showed a lower rate of phagocytosis than those from healthy controls not affected by anti-LRP, suggesting that the LRP-CRT pathway was disturbed by PR3-CRT association. Moreover, phagocytosis of apoptotic PR3-expressing cells potentiated proinflammatory cytokine in vitro by human monocyte-derived macrophages and in vivo by resident murine peritoneal macrophages, and diverted the anti-inflammatory response triggered by the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells after LPS challenge in thioglycolate-elicited murine macrophages. Therefore, membrane PR3 expressed on apoptotic neutrophils might amplify inflammation and promote autoimmunity by affecting the anti-inflammatory “reprogramming” of macrophages.
Intratumoral hu14.18–IL-2 (IC) Induces Local and Systemic Antitumor Effects That Involve Both Activated T and NK Cells As Well As Enhanced IC Retention
Authors: Yang Richard K. , Kalogriopoulos Nicholas A. , Rakhmilevich Alexander L. , Ranheim Erik A. , Seo Songwon , Kim KyungMann , Alderson Kory L. , Gan Jacek , Reisfeld Ralph A. , Gillies Stephen D. , Hank Jacquelyn A. , Sondel Paul M.
Published: July 2012

hu14.18–IL-2 (IC) is an immunocytokine consisting of human IL-2 linked to hu14.18 mAb, which recognizes the GD2 disialoganglioside. Phase 2 clinical trials of i.v. hu14.18–IL-2 (i.v.-IC) in neuroblastoma and melanoma are underway and have already demonstrated activity in neuroblastoma. We showed previously that intratumoral hu14.18–IL-2 (IT-IC) results in enhanced antitumor activity in mouse models compared with i.v.-IC. The studies presented in this article were designed to determine the mechanisms involved in this enhanced activity and to support the future clinical testing of intratumoral administration of immunocytokines. Improved survival and inhibition of growth of both local and distant tumors were observed in A/J mice bearing s.c. NXS2 neuroblastomas treated with IT-IC compared with those treated with i.v.-IC or control mice. The local and systemic antitumor effects of IT-IC were inhibited by depletion of NK cells or T cells. IT-IC resulted in increased NKG2D receptors on intratumoral NKG2A/C/E+ NKp46+ NK cells and NKG2A/C/E+ CD8+ T cells compared with control mice or mice treated with i.v.-IC. NKG2D levels were augmented more in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes compared with splenocytes, supporting the localized nature of the intratumoral changes induced by IT-IC treatment. Prolonged retention of IC at the tumor site was seen with IT-IC compared with i.v.-IC. Overall, IT-IC resulted in increased numbers of activated T and NK cells within tumors, better IC retention in the tumor, enhanced inhibition of tumor growth, and improved survival compared with i.v.-IC.
Resolvin D1 and Resolvin D2 Govern Local Inflammatory Tone in Obese Fat
Authors: Clària Joan , Dalli Jesmond , Yacoubian Stephanie , Gao Fei , Serhan Charles N.
Published: July 2012

The unprecedented increase in the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related disorders is causally linked to a chronic state of low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue. Timely resolution of inflammation and return of this tissue to homeostasis are key to reducing obesity-induced metabolic dysfunctions. In this study, with inflamed adipose, we investigated the biosynthesis, conversion, and actions of Resolvins D1 (RvD1, 7S,8R,17S-trihydroxy-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid) and D2 (RvD2, 7S,16R,17S-trihydroxy-4Z,8E,10Z,12E,14E,19Z-docosahexaenoic acid), potent anti-inflammatory and proresolving lipid mediators (LMs), and their ability to regulate monocyte interactions with adipocytes. Lipid mediator-metabololipidomics identified RvD1 and RvD2 from endogenous sources in human and mouse adipose tissues. We also identified proresolving receptors (i.e., ALX/FPR2, ChemR23, and GPR32) in these tissues. Compared with lean tissue, obese adipose showed a deficit of these endogenous anti-inflammatory signals. With inflamed obese adipose tissue, RvD1 and RvD2 each rescued impaired expression and secretion of adiponectin in a time- and concentration-dependent manner as well as decreasing proinflammatory adipokine production including leptin, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β. RvD1 and RvD2 each reduced MCP-1 and leukotriene B4-stimulated monocyte adhesion to adipocytes and their transadipose migration. Adipose tissue rapidly converted both resolvins (Rvs) to novel oxo-Rvs. RvD2 was enzymatically converted to 7-oxo-RvD2 as its major metabolic route that retained adipose-directed RvD2 actions. These results indicate, in adipose, D-series Rvs (RvD1 and RvD2) are potent proresolving mediators that counteract both local adipokine production and monocyte accumulation in obesity-induced adipose inflammation.
Assessing the Nonaviation Performance of Selected US Airports
Authors: Volkova Nadezda , Müller Jürgen
Published: July 2012

This article applies econometric analysis to identify the determinants of nonaeronautical revenues and rent payments at selected US airports, based on a panel data set from 2000 to 2008. The study focuses on specialty retail and food and beverage (F&B) services, which are the major nonaviation activities at US airports, in addition to parking and rental car services. The performance of specialty retail and F&B is influenced by characteristics such as concession space and number and characteristics of passengers—in particular, domestic versus international, leisure versus business, and origin and destination (O&D) versus connecting passengers. The article illustrates how different passenger types contribute to specialty retail and F&B revenue, and how specialty retail and F&B revenues differ in their contributions to rent payments to airports. We also show how nonaviation performance differs for terminals serving only low-cost carriers (LCCs) and terminals that serve full-service airlines.
Gliomatosis Cerebri in Two Dogs
Authors: Plattner Brandon L. , Kent Marc , Summers Brian , Platt Simon R. , Freeman A. Courtenay , Blas-Machado Uriel , Clemans Jessie , Cheville Norman F. , Garcia-Tapia David
Published: July 2012

A 3.5 yr old Saint Bernard was evaluated for nonambulatory tetraparesis and cranial nerve dysfunction, and a 7 yr old rottweiler was evaluated for progressive paraparesis. Clinical signs of left-sided vestibular and general proprioceptive ataxia and cranial nerve VII dysfunction in the Saint Bernard suggested a lesion affecting the brain stem. Signs in the rottweiler consisted of general proprioceptive/upper motor neuron paraparesis, suggesting a lesion involving the third thoracic (T3) to third lumbar (L3) spinal cord segments. MRI was normal in the Saint Bernard, but an intra-axial lesion involving the T13–L2 spinal cord segments was observed in the rottweiler. In both dogs, the central nervous system (CNS) contained neoplastic cells with features consistent with gliomatosis cerebri (GC). In the Saint Bernard, neoplastic cells were present in the medulla oblongata and cranial cervical spinal cord. In the rottweiler, neoplastic cells were only present in the spinal cord. Immunohistochemistry disclosed two distinct patterns of CD18, nestin, and vimentin staining. GC is a rarely reported tumor of the CNS. Although GC typically involves the cerebrum, clinical signs in these two dogs reflected caudal brainstem and spinal cord involvement.
L-2-hydroxyglutaric Aciduria in Two Female Yorkshire Terriers
Authors: Sanchez-Masian Daniel F. , Artuch Rafael , Mascort Joan , Jakobs Corlenis , Salomons Gajja , Zamora Angeles , Casado Mercedes , Fernandez Matilde , Recio Alfredo , Lujan Alejandro
Published: July 2012

Two female Yorkshire terrier puppies were presented with generalized tonic-clonic seizures and ataxia. MRI revealed bilaterally symmetrical, diffuse regions of gray matter hyperintensity on T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences. Urinary organic acids were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and were consistent with a diagnosis of L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L2HGA). The L2HGDH gene encodes for the enzyme L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase, which helps break down L-2-hydroxyglutaric acid. In both puppies described in this report, a homozygous mutation at the translation initiation codon of the homolog canine L2HGDH gene was detected (c.1A>G; p.Met1?), confirming the diagnosis of L2HGA at the DNA level. Canine L2HGA is caused by more than one mutation of L2HGDH, as reported in humans.
Effects of Illuminance and Heat Rays on Photo-Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization Mediated by 4-Methoxy-2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-Oxyl
Authors: Yoshida Eri
Published: July 2012

The effects of illuminance and heat rays released from the light source on the photo-controlled/living radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate were investigated with the aim of strict control of molecular weight. The bulk polymerization was performed at room temperature using 4-methoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl as the mediator and (2RS,RS)-azobis(4-methoxy-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) as the initiator in the presence of (4-tert-butylphenyl)diphenylsulfonium triflate as the accelerator by irradiation with a high-pressure mercury lamp. The polymerization by the direct irradiation from the light source yielded polymers containing an uncontrolled high-molecular-weight polymer and having the molecular weight distribution over 3. On the other hand, the polymerization by the indirect irradiation with reflective light using a mirror produced polymers with controlled molecular weights with comparatively narrow molecular weight distribution at ca. 1.4. Too high an illuminance caused an increase in the molecular weight distribution. During the polymerization, the monomer conversion increased as the illuminance increased. It was found that the elimination of heat rays from the illuminating light was indispensable for the molecular weight control by the photo-controlled/living radical polymerization.
The Effect of Accelerators and Mix Constituents on the High Early Strength Concrete Properties
Authors: Sounthararajan V. M. , Sivakumar A.
Published: July 2012

The present research study focused on the high early strength concrete properties that can be produced with large replacement of cement by fly ash. Also, the effects of adding fibres on the compressive strength gain and early age strength gain properties are determined. Tests were conducted on different high strength concrete specimens, where fly ash was substituted for cement up to 50%. Different types of concrete specimens were casted and tested for different fine-to-coarse aggregate ratio, metallic fibre content, cement-to-total-aggregate ratio, and accelerator dosage. The test results indicated that high early strength concrete (50.7 MPa at 7 days) was obtained for higher F/C ratio of 0.8, C/TA ratio of 0.24, and higher dosage level of steel fibre at 1.5%.
Amount of Plant Foods Eaten and Sexual Differences in Feeding among Wild Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) of Kanyawara Community
Authors: Chemurot Moses , Isabirye-Basuta Gilbert , Sande Eric
Published: July 2012

The amount of plant foods eaten and sexual differences in food intake among chimpanzees in Kibale Forest was investigated between July 2007 and January 2008. Continuous focal animal sampling was used to collect data on the diet, number, and duration of feeding bouts of 18 individuals of the Kanyawara chimpanzee community. Chimpanzees utilized 42 plant species for fruits, leaves, and piths. Among plant parts eaten, fruits contributed the greatest percentage of fresh weight (18) in the diets compared to leaves (5.1) and piths (3.6). The duration of feeding bouts varied, ranging from 1.5 to 45.8 minutes. When Mimusops bagshawei fruits were eaten, the numbers of feeding bouts per chimpanzee per day were high compared to when they were not. While our study agrees with previous studies that females spend more time feeding per day, it shows that the long feeding time among females does not translate to increased food weight. We suggest that the social role of females in taking care of the young and their attention being taken up by this role while feeding and fears associated with male presence is the reason for long feeding time among females.
Sleep Telemedicine: A Survey Study of Patient Preferences
Authors: Kelly Jessica M. , Schwamm Lee H. , Bianchi Matt T.
Published: July 2012

Telemedicine is an increasingly recognized option for cost-effective management of chronic conditions. We surveyed Sleep Clinic patients about their experiences and preferences regarding different forms of telemedicine. Adult Sleep Clinic patients seen between 2009 and 2011 received a brief survey either by postal mail (n=156) or, for those with an available email address, electronically (n=282). The overall response rate was 28.1% (n=123 responses), with email response rates being higher than postal mail responses. The most commonly reported barriers to in-person physician visits were parking cost (44%), time away from work/school (34%), and cost of gas (26%). Whereas 89% of respondents indicated using telephone and 55% of respondents indicated using email to communicate with providers, none reported experience with video telemedicine. Despite this lack of experience, over 60% reported feeling comfortable or willing to try it. Of those who were uncomfortable about video telemedicine, the two main reasons were that in-person visits feel more natural (48%) and that the doctor might need to perform an examination (24%). More than half of respondents reported willingness to pay a copay for a video visit. Video telemedicine represents a feasible option for chronic sleep disorders management.
C-Peptide Reduces Mitochondrial Superoxide Generation by Restoring Complex I Activity in High Glucose-Exposed Renal Microvascular Endothelial Cells
Authors: Vejandla Himani , Hollander John M. , Kothur Anand , Brock Robert W.
Published: July 2012

Hyperglycemia-mediated microvascular damage has been proposed to originate from excessive generation of mitochondrial superoxide in endothelial cells and is the suggested mechanism by which the pathogenesis of diabetes-induced renal damage occurs. C-peptide has been shown to ameliorate diabetes-induced renal impairment. Yet, the mechanisms underlying this protective benefit remain unclear. The objective of this study was to determine whether C-peptide affords protection to renal microvascular endothelial cell mitochondria during hyperglycemia. Conditionally immortalized murine renal microvascular endothelial cells (MECs) were exposed to low (5.5 mM) or high glucose (25 mM) media with either C-peptide (6.6 nM) or its scrambled sequence control peptide for 24 or 48 hours. Respiratory control ratio, a measure of mitochondrial electrochemical coupling, was significantly higher in high glucose renal MECs treated with C-peptide than those of high glucose alone. C-peptide also restored high glucose-induced renal MEC mitochondrial membrane potential changes back to their basal low glucose state. Moreover, C-peptide prevented the excessive mitochondrial superoxide generation and concomitant reductions in mitochondrial complex I activity which are mediated by the exposure of the renal MECs to high glucose. Together, these data demonstrate that C-peptide protects against high glucose-induced generation of mitochondrial superoxide in renal MECs via restoration of basal mitochondrial function.
Thermodynamic Analysis of Evaporation of Levitated Binary and Ternary Liquid Fuel Droplets under Normal Gravity
Authors: Raghuram S. , Raghavan Vasudevan
Published: July 2012

The present study presents a thermodynamic model for predicting the vaporization characteristics of binary and ternary hydrocarbon fuel droplets under atmospheric pressure and normal gravity conditions. The model employs activity coefficients based on UNIFAC group contribution method and evaluates the vapor-liquid equilibrium of binary and ternary droplets. The gas-phase properties have been evaluated as a function of temperature and mixture molecular weight. The model has been validated against the experimental data available in literature. The validated model is used to predict the vaporization characteristics of binary and ternary fuel droplets at atmospheric pressure under normal gravity. Results show multiple slopes in the droplet surface regression indicating preferential vaporization of fuel components based on their boiling point and volatility. The average evaporation rate is dictated by the ambient temperature and also by composition of the mixture.
Effects of Prickly Pear Dried Leaves, Artichoke Leaves, Turmeric and Garlic Extracts, and Their Combinations on Preventing Dyslipidemia in Rats
Authors: Qinna Nidal A. , Kamona Basma S. , Alhussainy Tawfiq M. , Taha Hashem , Badwan Adnan A. , Matalka Khalid Z.
Published: July 2012

The successful use of herbal combinations in managing diseases or conditions over a single herb has lead us to evaluate the anti-dyslipidemic properties of the combination of the artichoke leaves extract, turmeric extract, prickly pear dried leaves (PPL) and garlic extract versus each one alone in two different hyperlipidemic animal models. A two-week treatment of each of the natural extracts, combination 1 (artichoke, turmeric and PPL) or combination 2 (artichoke, turmeric, PPL and garlic) prior to a single intraperitoneal injection of Pluronic F-127 resulted in decreasing significantly serum LDL levels by garlic and PPL extracts and serum LDL/HDL ratios by turmeric, PPL, combination 1 and 2. In a 10-day high fat diet model, only the combination 1 and 2 lowered serum cholesterol, LDL by 8–12%, decreased significantly triglycerides, LDL/HDL ratio; and increased significantly HDL (P<0.0001). However, a long term treatment of each natural product for 7 weeks resulted in decreasing significantly serum LDL levels and LDL/HDL ratio (P<0.05–0.0001). Furthermore, only artichoke and PPL inhibited significantly HMG-CoA reductase activity (P<0.05). In conclusion, short term, as well as long term, treatment using the combination of artichoke, turmeric, PPL and garlic extract prevents dyslipidemia; partially through inhibiting HMG-CoA reductase.
Receptor Binding by Cholera Toxin B-Subunit and Amino Acid Modification Improves Minimal Peptide Immunogenicity
Authors: Boberg Andreas , Stålnacke Alexandra , Bråve Andreas , Hinkula Jorma , Wahren Britta , Carlin Nils
Published: July 2012

We increase our understanding of augmenting a cellular immune response, by using an HIV-1 protease-derived epitope (PR75–84), and variants thereof, coupled to the C-terminal, of the B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB). Fusion proteins were used for immunizations of HLA-A0201 transgenic C57BL/6 mice. We observed different capacities to elicit a cellular immune response by peptides with additions of five to ten amino acids to the PR epitope. There was a positive correlation between the magnitude of the elicited cellular immune response and the capacity of the fusion protein to bind GM-1. This binding capacity is affected by its ability to form natural pentamers of CTB. Our results suggest that functional CTB pentamers containing a foreign amino acid-modified epitope is a novel way to overcome the limited cellular immunogenicity of minimal peptide antigens. This way of using a functional assay as readout for improved cellular immunogenicity might become highly valuable for difficult immunogens such as short peptides (epitopes).
Similar Device Architectures for Inverted Organic Solar Cell and Laminated Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Khatri Ishwor , Bao Jianfeng , Kishi Naoki , Soga Tetsuo
Published: July 2012

Here, we examine the device architecture of two different types of solar cells mainly inverted organic solar cells and solid state dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) that use organic materials as hole transportation. The inverted organic solar cells structure is dominated by work on titanium dioxide () and zinc oxide (ZnO). These layers are sensitized with dye in solid state DSSCs. Because of the similar device architecture, it becomes possible to fabricate laminated solid-state DSSCs. The performance of the device was improved by varying the top metal electrode. In laminated solid-state DSSC, we expect that excited dye molecules inject electron into the conduction band of nanocrystalline layer, whereas P3HT provides efficient hole transportation. These solar cells are promising for future energy source as they are cheaper, light weight, flexible and made into large areas, which are showing growing importance.
Identifying the Turning Point: Using the Transtheoretical Model of Change to Map Intimate Partner Violence Disclosure in Emergency Department Settings
Authors: Catallo Cristina , Jack Susan M. , Ciliska Donna , MacMillan Harriet L.
Published: July 2012

Background. The transtheoretical model of change (TTM) was used as a framework to examine the steps that women took to disclose intimate partner violence (IPV) in urban emergency departments. Methods. Mapping methods portrayed the evolving nature of decisions that facilitated or inhibited disclosure. This paper is a secondary analysis of qualitative data from a mixed methods study that explored abused women’s decision making process about IPV disclosure. Findings. Change maps were created for 19 participants with movement from the precontemplation to the maintenance stages of the model. Disclosure often occurred after a significant “turning point event” combined with a series of smaller events over a period of time. The significant life event often involved a weighing of options where participants considered the perceived risks against the potential benefits of disclosure. Conclusions. Abused women experienced intrusion from the chaotic nature of the emergency department. IPV disclosure was perceived as a positive experience when participants trusted the health care provider and felt control over their decisions to disclose IPV. Practice Implications. Nurses can use these findings to gauge the readiness of women to disclose IPV in the emergency department setting.
Prognostic Significance of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Serum Determination in Women with Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Bandiera Elisabetta , Franceschini Roberta , Specchia Claudia , Bignotti Eliana , Trevisiol Chiara , Gion Massimo , Pecorelli Sergio , Santin Alessandro Davide , Ravaggi Antonella
Published: July 2012

Introduction. We performed a review of the literature to elucidate the potential prognostic significance of serum vascular endothelial growth factor (sVEGF) levels in ovarian cancer. Methods. Eligible studies in English and Italian were identified in MEDLINE/PubMed from VEGF discovery to October 2011. All studies evaluating: (i) sVEGF levels before any surgical and chemotherapeutic treatment; (ii) the association between sVEGF levels and the established prognostic variables; (iii) the value of sVEGF levels in predicting patients’ outcomes, were selected for this review. Results. The search resulted in 758 titles. Nine studies met the inclusion criteria. A statistically significant association between the level of sVEGF and FIGO stage, tumour grade, residual tumour size, lymph node involvement, and presence of ascites was found in at least one study. sVEGF, in comparison with the established prognostic factors, appears to be the best prognostic marker for overall survival, since it stands out as an independent prognostic factor in most of the studies considered. Moreover, sVEGF levels were shown to be independent prognostic factors by 2 out of the 3 studies that considered DFS as an end point. Conclusion. High levels of sVEGF identify a subgroup of patients with higher risk of death and/or recurrence. These patients should be eligible for individually tailored therapeutic interventions.
Novel m.15434C>A (p.230L>I) Mitochondrial Cytb Gene Missense Mutation Associated with Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Zarrouk Mahjoub Sinda , Mehri Sounira , Ourda Fatma , Finsterer Josef , Ben Arab Saïda
Published: July 2012

Background. Previously it has been shown that various types of hypertrophic and dilative cardiomyopathy (hCMP, dCMP) can be attributed to disturbed mitochondrial oxidative energy metabolism. Several studies described mutations in mitochondrial DNA-located genes encoding for subunits of respiratory chain complexes, including the cytochrome b gene (MT-CYB), causing CMPs.Methods and Results. In the present study the MT-CYB gene was analysed in 30 patients with hCMP, 40 patients with dCMP, and 50 controls for alterations. Altogether, 27 MT-CYB variants were detected. Twenty-four of them were single nucleotide polymorphisms defining common haplogroups. The variant m.15434C>A was found in a single patient with severe dCMP and assessed as novel mutation, since it was not found in healthy controls or available data sets, and was nonhaplogroup associated with Phylotree. This variant altered an amino acid (L230I) with a high interspecific amino acid conservation index (CI=97.7%) indicative of the functional importance of the residue.Conclusions. Though the L230I mutation seems to play a causative role for dCMP, prospective studies on yeast or transgenic mice models with defined mutation are warranted to study the pathogenetic impact of this mutation.
Seasonality of Fruit-Feeding Butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) in a Brazilian Semiarid Area
Authors: Nobre Carlos Eduardo Beserra , Iannuzzi Luciana , Schlindwein Clemens
Published: July 2012

A survey of 6,000 trap/hours using fruit-bait traps was conducted, in order to characterize the community of fruit-feeding butterflies and their seasonal variation in a semiarid area of NE Brazil, which exhibits a highly seasonal rainfall regime. The community was composed of 15 species, the four most abundant comprising more than 80% of the total individuals. In the first sampling month, 80% of the species had already been recorded. A strong positive correlation was found between butterfly abundance and precipitation of the sampled year. The highly seasonal pattern of the studied community may be related to the availability of both larvae and adult food resources. The endemic Fountainea halice moretta presented the highest positive correlations with other butterfly species and with total butterfly abundance and illustrates well the seasonal variation of the whole community. Hamadryas februa was the only species trapped in all sampling months, probably due to the ability of adults to aestivate during the dryer months. The open and more disturbed sample area showed higher abundance of butterflies in the rainy season and lower abundance in the dry season. Both abundance and richness were affected by season in a manner that the rainy period had significantly more individuals and species.
Morphological and Pomological Diversity of Fig (Ficus carica L.) Cultivars in Northwest of Tunisia
Authors: Gaaliche Badii , Saddoud Olfa , Mars Messaoud
Published: July 2012

The fig (Ficus carica L.) is one of the oldest fruit trees cultivated in Tunisia. Djebba region is located in the northwest of Tunisia. It is very famous by fig culture. Many specific fig genotypes are very appreciated locally and nationally. Taking into account these considerations, Djebba fig cultivars are subject of label products, namely, “Djebba figs.” This study was focused on fig germplasm characterization of 17 cultivars in Djebba region based on morphological and pomological traits. Results revealed a large variability within the local fig germplasms. The comprehensive analyses of all the data permitted to distinguish some particular genotypes as distinct cultivars, and groups of cultivars as polyclone varieties. It was possible to discriminate six distinct cultivars and two groups of multiclone varieties (Soltani and Thgagli) with different degrees of polymorphism. Hypotheses of homonymy and synonymy were suggested for some cultivars. The diversity is currently threatened by genetic erosion. Measure of conservation is necessary to be undertaken.
Comparative Evaluation of Two Types of Immediately Loaded Implants Using Biomechanical and Histomorphometric Tests: An Animal Case Study
Authors: Rismanchian Mansour , Movahedian Bijan , Khalighinejad Navid , Badrian Hamid , Mohammad Razavi Sayed , Nekouie Afsaneh
Published: July 2012

Introduction. In order to minimize the required time to regain esthetic and function, immediately loaded implants were suggested. The aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate the Nisastan and XIve implants using biomechanical and histomorphometric tests. Materials and Methods. In this experimental study, 6 Nisastan one-piece immediately loaded screw type implant (OPILS) and 6 Xive implants with 3.4 mm diameter and 11 mm long were used. The implants were immediately loaded with temporary coating. After three months, the torque required to break bone-implant contact was measured and was recorded. All implants were extracted with surrounding bone and histologically were evaluated. The data were inputted into the SPSS 11.5 to run student T-test statistical analyses (). Results. The success rates of both types of implants was 100%, and none of them failed due to mobility or bone loss. The mean removal torque value (RTV) was 142.08 and 40 N/Cm for Xive and Nisastan implants, respectively, and their RTVs showed a significant difference between two mentioned implants (). None of the histomorphometric values showed significant differences between the two implants (). Discussion. both systems have the capability to induce osseointegration under immediate loads but that Xive implants showed higher capability for bone contact.
Extraction and Characterization of Sugarcane Peel Wax
Authors: Inarkar Mangesh B. , Lele S. S.
Published: July 2012

Sugarcane peel is an agrowaste product and contains considerable amount of wax. This has a good technoeconomic potential. In view of this, the present study aims at extraction and characterization of wax from sugarcane peel. The yield of crude wax was 0.95% on dry weight basis. During Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) prominent peaks obtained at 2921.73 and 2851.64 (–CH), 1463.44 (–CH2), 1376.96 (–CH3), 1108.4 and 1170.16 (–C–O) 3395.60 (–OH), 1710.25 (–CHO), and 1736.63 (–COOH) indicate presence of alkanes, ketones, alcohols, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids, respectively. Alcohol and hydrocarbon fractions were also found by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Melting point of crude wax was observed to be 62.1°C. Molecular weight of wax was estimated to be 1706 Dalton. Composition of crude wax found using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) was alkanes (28.83%), ester (66.26%), fatty acids (4.58%), aldehyde (0.11%), and alcohol (0.22%).
Leaf Litter Decomposition and Nutrient Dynamics in Woodland and Wetland Conditions along a Forest to Wetland Hillslope
Authors: Qiu Song , McComb Arthur J. , Bell Richard W.
Published: July 2012

Leaf litters of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Sm.) and banksia (Banksia menziesii R. Br.) were decomposed at woodland and wetland conditions for two years to test site influence on the rates of decomposition. Weight loss was rapid in early rains but slowed substantially in the following months, resulting in 2/3 to 1/2 weights remaining after two years of field exposure. Litter weight loss was well described by a two-substrate quality decay model (R2=0.97−0.99), and the half-lives were 2.6–3.2 weeks (labile fraction) and 6.4–6.9 years (recalcitrant fraction) for jarrah, and 1.0–1.7 weeks (labile) and 6.6–9.9 years (recalcitrant) for banksia. The nutrient mobility was K≈Mg≈S>Ca>P, and the losses of K, Mg and S were correlated with the weight loss of litter (R2=0.77−0.94, P<0.03). P mass increased by 129% in jarrah litter and 174% in banksia litter in the woodland site, suggesting woodland with tree cover provided a better habitat for microbial biomass than non-inundated wetland, hence a notable P conservation in the decomposing litter.
Students' Beliefs about Willingness to Access Complementary and Alternative Therapies (CAT) Training for Future Integration into Psychology Practice
Authors: Wilson Lee-Ann M. , Hamilton Kyra , White Katherine M.
Published: July 2012

It is suggested that all psychologists gain basic training in the types of complementary and alternative therapies (CAT) their clients may be using. As psychology students are the next cohort of health professionals who will inform future initiatives in the field, it is important to understand the factors which influence their decisions about CAT integration. Drawing on the theory of planned behavior, we investigated the beliefs that differentiate between psychology students who are high or low on willingness to access training in CAT for future practice use. Undergraduate psychology students () completed a questionnaire assessing the likelihood of positive and negative consequences of accessing training and utilizing CAT within a psychological practice, important others’ approval, and barriers preventing them from this integration behavior. Those students higher on willingness were more likely to endorse positive outcomes (e.g., offering a more holistic approach to therapy) of accessing CAT training for future practice use and to believe that important others (e.g., clients) would support this behavior. A regression analysis examining the relative importance of these belief sets broadly supported the belief-based analyses. These beliefs of student psychologists can inform educators and policy makers about CAT training and integration in psychology practice.
Current Trends in the Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Review
Authors: Nwokediuko Sylvester Chuks
Published: July 2012

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic disorder of the upper gastrointestinal tract with global distribution. The incidence is on the increase in different parts of the world. In the last 30 to 40 years, research findings have given rise to a more robust understanding of its pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management. The current definition of GERD (The Montreal definition, 2006) is not only symptom-based and patient-driven, but also encompasses esophageal and extraesophageal manifestations of the disease. The implication is that the disease can be confidently diagnosed based on symptoms alone. Nonerosive reflux disease (NERD) remains the predominant form of GERD. Current thinking is that NERD and erosive reflux disease (ERD) are distinct phenotypes of GERD rather than the old concept which regarded them as components of a disease spectrum. Non erosive reflux disease is a very heterogeneous group with significant overlap with other functional gastrointestinal disorders. There is no gold standard for the diagnosis of GERD. Esophageal pH monitoring and intraluminal impedance monitoring have thrown some light on the heterogeneity of NERD. A substantial proportion of GERD patients continue to have symptoms despite optimal PPI therapy, and this has necessitated research into the development of new drugs. Several safety concerns have been raised about chronic use of proton pump inhibitors but these are yet to be substantiated in controlled studies. The debate about efficacy of long-term medical treatment compared to surgery continues, however, recent data indicate that modern surgical techniques and long-term PPI therapy have comparable efficacy. These and other issues are subjects of further research.
Single Frame Fringe Pattern Analysis for Phase Recovery with Analytic Signal
Authors: Assid Khalid , Dembele Vamara , Alaoui Faiçal , Nassim Abdel Karim
Published: July 2012

We consider a new application of the normalized Hilbert-Huang transform to extract directly the phase from a single fringe pattern. We present a technique to provide, with good accuracy, the phase distribution from a single interferogram without unwrapping step and this by a new exploitation of the analytic signal corresponding to each intrinsic mode function, resulting from one-dimensional empirical mode decomposition of the fringe pattern. A theoretical analysis was carried out for this technique, followed by computer simulations and a real experimental fringe pattern for verification.
Simultaneous Estimation of Lafutidine and Domperidone by Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
Authors: Jadhav Kiran , Dhamecha D. L. , Ghadlinge S. V. , Asnani G. P. , Patil M. B.
Published: July 2012

A simple, accurate, and precise method for simultaneous estimation of Lafutidine and Domperidone in combined-dosage form have been described. The method employs formation and solving of simultaneous equations using 279 and 284 nm as two analytical wavelengths. This method allows the simultaneous determination of Lafutidine and Domperidone in concentration ranges employed for this purpose with the standard deviation of <1.0% in the assay of tablet.
The Newest Hypothesis about Vitiligo: Most of the Suggested Pathogeneses of Vitiligo Can Be Attributed to Lack of One Factor, Zinc-α2-Glycoprotein
Authors: Bagherani Nooshin
Published: July 2012

Zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) is a recently identified adipokine, assigned to the chromosome 7q22.1. It is a multidisciplinary protein, which is secreted in various body fluids. The ZAG plays roles in lipolysis, regulation of metabolism, cell proliferation and differentiation, regulation of melanin synthesis, cell adhesion, immunoregulation, and so forth. Vitiligo is the most common depigmenting skin disorder, characterized by acquired, progressive, and circumscribed amelanosis of the skin and hair. It commonly begins in childhood or young adulthood. The pathogenesis of this disorder is uncertain, but it appears to be dependent on the interaction of genetic, immunological, and neurological factors. For the first time, we pointed the probable association between ZAG and vitiligo. Herein, I have described this association in different views. By confirming this association, a surprising progression will occur in the treatment of this prevalent debilitating disease.
Pyrolysis of Tall Oil-Derived Fatty and Resin Acid Mixtures
Authors: Lappi Hanna , Alén Raimo
Published: July 2012

Neutralised mixtures of tall oil-derived fatty acids and resin acids were separately pyrolysed (at 750∘C for 20 s) by pyrolysis gas chromatography with mass-selective and flame ionisation detection (Py-GC/MSD/FID) to clarify their thermochemical behaviour. The pyrolysate of fatty acid salts characteristically contained high amounts of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons and minor amounts of monoaromatics, whereas the pyrolysis of resin acid salts mainly resulted in the formation of aromatics with up to three benzene rings and only in very low amounts of aliphatic hydrocarbons. The data obtained are useful when considering the suitability of various tall oil products containing fatty and resin acid fractions for the production of biofuels and chemicals via pyrolysis.
Ondansetron HCl Microemulsions for Transdermal Delivery: Formulation and In Vitro Skin Permeation
Authors: Malakar Jadupati , Nayak Amit Kumar , Basu Aalok
Published: July 2012

Ondansetron HCl delivery through oral route suffers due to its low bioavailability due to first-pass metabolism. Therefore, the microemulsion-based transdermal delivery may be a better substitute for it. The pseudoternary phase diagrams were constructed to determine compositions of microemulsions, and ondansetron HCl microemulsions for transdermal delivery were developed using isopropyl myristate or oleic acid as the oil phase, Tween 80 as the surfactant, and isopropyl alcohol as the cosurfactant evaluated for in vitro skin permeation through excised porcine skin. The in vitro skin permeation from these formulated microemulsions was sustained over 24 hours. The microemulsion F-8 (contained 10% of isopropyl myristate as oil phase, 8% of aqueous phase, and 82% of surfactant phase containing Tween 80 and isopropyl alcohol, 3 : 1) showed the highest permeation flux of 0.284±0.003 μg/cm2/hour. All these microemulsions followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model (R2=0.971  to  0.998)
with non-Fickian, “anomalous” mechanism over a period of 24 hours.
Detection of Common Deletional Alpha-Thalassemia Spectrum by Molecular Technique in Kelantan, Northeastern Malaysia
Authors: Rosnah B. , Rosline H. , Zaidah A. Wan , Noor Haslina M. N. , Marini R. , Shafini M. Y. , Nurul Ain F. A.
Published: July 2012

Thalassemia is a hereditary blood disorder that results from genetic defects causing deficient synthesis of hemoglobin polypeptide chains. Although thalassemia mostly affects developing countries, there is limited knowledge of its accurate frequency and distribution in these regions. Knowing the prevalence of thalassemia and the frequency of responsible mutations is therefore an important step in the prevention and control program as well as treatment strategies. This study was performed to determine the prevalence and to study the spectrum of gene deletions that are responsible in α-thalassemia in Kelantan, located in northeastern Malaysia. A total 400 first-time blood donors from multiple areas of donation centre were chosen randomly. The presence of three types of α-thalassemia gene deletion in southeast Asian population which were -SEAdeletion, -α3.7 rightward deletion, and -α4.2 leftward deletion was detected by using multiplex PCR method. 37 (9.25%) of blood donors were confirmed to have α-thalassemia deletion types. 34 (8%) were heterozygous for α3.7 deletion, 1 (0.25%) was heterozygous for α4.2 deletion, and 2 (0.5%) were heterozygous for SEA type deletion. Alpha-thalassemia-2 with 3.7 deletion was the most common determinant detected in Kelantan Malay compared to other ethnic groups. It has been noted that alpha-thalassemia-2 with 3.7 deletion is the most common type of α-thalassemia throughout the world.