bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Research to Practice: Clinical Utility of Quantitative Nosology
Authors: Lin Sin-Ying , Eaton Nicholas R
Published: December 2020

Despite the rising number of evidence-based practices, many practitioners favor personal clinical judgment over evidence for treatment selection. Recommendations to resolve this situation have focused on knowledge translation, a process of moving from what has been learned through research to the actual applications of that knowledge. Here, we additionally suggest establishing a framework wherein research directly aims to facilitate clinicians’ decision-making at different stages of treatment for individual clients. To establish such a framework, we revisit the foundation that has guided our understanding of mental illness—psychiatric nosology. This article first compares the conventional categorical nosology (e.g., DSM categories) to two types of modern quantitative nosology—the dimensional (e.g., HiTOP) and network approach—which emerged to overcome the shortcomings of categorial nosology. We then review the current state of these two types of quantitative nosology regarding their clinical utility in assessment, explanation of functional impairment, prognosis prediction, treatment selection, and outcome monitoring. Lastly, we suggest future directions for each approach considering their unique methodological advantages and recommend unifying the dimensional and network approaches to establish a comprehensive framework that can inform clinicians at different treatment stages.
MFSD2 is a differentially expressed gene in brain metastatic human breast cancer.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: December 2020

Metastasis to the brain is a clinical problem in patients with breast cancer (1-3). We mined published microarray data (4, 5) to compare primary and metastatic tumor transcriptomes for the discovery of genes associated with brain metastasis in humans with metastatic breast cancer. We found that the major facilitator superfamily domain containing 2, encoded by MFSD2, was among the genes whose expression was most different in the brain metastases of patients with metastatic breast cancer as compared to primary tumors of the breast. MFSD2 mRNA was present at increased quantities in brain metastatic tissues as compared to primary tumors of the breast. Expression of MFSD2 in primary tumors was significantly correlated with patient overall survival. MFSD2 is essential for the development and function of the blood-brain barrier (6). Modulation of MFSD2 expression may be relevant to the biology by which tumor cells metastasize from the breast to the brain in humans with metastatic breast cancer.
Increasing resident participation in waste management through intrinsic factors cultivation
Authors: Sunarti  , Tjakraatmadja J.H. , Ghazali A. , Rahardyan B.
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resident participation in waste management is essential to overcome waste problems effectively. In many developing countries, the local government has been struggling to encourage resident involvement in the waste management process, but the participation rate is still low. Thus, it requires a system that can encourage residents to participate effectively and sustainably. Therefore, this study aimed to determine what determinant factors, either extrinsic or intrinsic, significantly improve resident participation by changing behaviour toward waste management.METHODS: This study tried to get insights from previous studies about key determinant factors affecting resident behaviour toward waste management to improve participation, significantly using a literature review method.FINDINGS: Educational setting for residents is crucial to improve waste management participation by cultivating key intrinsic factors with support from extrinsic factors that lead to changing behaviour. This study identified eight types of key contents shared in the educational setting to ensure its improvement. Key intrinsic factors should be cultivated, including six kinds of knowledge and five emotional domain factors. The six critical types of knowledge include technical experience, waste management performance knowledge, perception of benefits, environmental awareness, understanding of individual and social responsibility, and understanding the social norms and regulations. The five intrinsic factors in the emotional domain include environmental efficacy, motivation, personal moral norms, PBC, and Attitude toward waste management. All the critical determinant factors, including intrinsic and extrinsic factors, should support each other to improve residents’ behaviour, leading to sustainable participation.CONCLUSION: Relevance of educational content to the residents is crucial to ensure educational intervention effectiveness. With full support from the antecedent factors, waste management behaviour can be nurtured sustainably, significantly increasing the participation rate. Combining extrinsic and intrinsic factors is recommended to ensure the effectiveness of the improvement of resident participation.
Driver Response to a Dynamic Speed Feedback Sign on Freeway Exit Ramps based on Sign Location, Interchange Type, and Time of Day
Authors: Mahmud Shakir , Motz Matthew , Holpuch Travis , Ingle Anthony J. , Gates Timothy , Savolainen Peter T.
Published: December 2020

Roadway segments that include horizontal curves experience a disproportionate number of crashes compared to straight segments. Many of these crashes are lane departure-related, and excessive speed is often a contributing factor. One particularly vulnerable area for such crashes is freeway interchange ramps, which require a substantial reduction in speed to be safely negotiated. While dynamic speed feedback signs (DSFS) have been found to be an effective speed and crash reduction countermeasure at horizontal curves, the use of such signs on freeway interchange ramps has been limited nationwide. Consequently, the effectiveness of DSFS as a speed reduction countermeasure in such settings has remained largely untested. A before-and-after field evaluation was performed at three freeway exit ramps to assess the impacts of a DSFS on driver speed selection and braking characteristics while approaching and entering the ramp curves. The effectiveness of the feedback sign was tested across various conditions, including sign location, interchange type, time of day, light condition, and vehicle type. In general, the greatest benefits to driver behavior were achieved with the DSFS positioned at the point of curvature, during which curve entry speeds were reduced by approximately 2 mph compared to the pre-DSFS condition. These findings were consistent between the system- and service-interchanges and across all vehicle types. The DSFS was also found to be most effective during daytime off-peak periods compared to peak periods and at night. Based on the study findings, the continued use of DSFS as a speed reduction treatment at freeway exit ramps is recommended.
A two-lab direct replication attempt of Southgate, Senju, & Csibra (2007)
Authors: Kampis Dora , Karman Petra , Csibra Gergely , Southgate Victoria , Hernik Mikołaj
Published: December 2020

The study by Southgate, V., Senju, A., and Csibra, G. (Southgate et al., 2007) has been widely cited as evidence for false-belief attribution in young children. Recent replication attempts of this paradigm have yielded mixed results: several studies were unable to replicate the original finding, raising doubts about the suitability of the paradigm to assess non-verbal action prediction and Theory of Mind. In a preregistered collaborative study including two of the original authors, we tested 160 24- to 26-month-olds across two locations using the original stimuli, procedure, and analyses as closely as possible. We found no evidence for action anticipation: only roughly half of the infants looked in anticipation to the location of an agent’s impending action when action prediction did not require taking into account the agent’s beliefs and a similar number when the agent held a false-belief. These results and other non-replications suggest that the paradigm does not reliably elicit action prediction and thus cannot assess false belief understanding in 2- year-old children. While the results of the current study do not support any claim regarding the presence or absence of Theory of Mind in infants, we conclude that an important piece of evidence that has to date supported arguments for the existence of this competence, can no longer serve that function.
Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale: Relationship to Occupation and Measurement Invariance across Gender
Authors: Miroshnik Kirill G. , Shcherbakova Olga V. , Kaufman James C.
Published: December 2020

Kaufman Domains of Creativity Scale (K-DOCS) is a self-report of creative behavior in five distinct domains. The present study aims to translate K-DOCS into Russian and evaluate its psychometric properties. The psychometric analysis was performed on a sample of adults recruited through Yandex Toloka (N = 1011; Mage = 35.94, SDage = 10.95) from various regions of Russia and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the model with five correlated factors showed the best fit to empirical data. All factors demonstrated good internal consistency and moderate test-retest reliability. The correlation and hierarchical regression analyses for K-DOCS factors, creative achievements by CBI (Creative Behavior Inventory), and personality traits by BFI–2 (Big Five Inventory – 2) yielded evidence for an adequate level of convergent and discriminant validity. We also examined differences across K-DOCS factors among occupations defined by Holland’s typology and attempted to investigate K-DOCS measurement invariance across gender. As a result, we obtained evidence supporting the construct validity of K-DOCS and established its partial measurement invariance across gender. The current study shows that Russian K-DOCS has satisfactory psychometric properties and can serve as a trusted guide into various manifestations of humans’ creative behavior.
What you morph is not what you get: Subjective and neural responses to facial expressions of emotion depend on perceived intensity/arousal (not on amount of morphing)
Authors: Ferreira-Santos Fernando , Pereira Mariana R. , Paiva Tiago O. , Almeida Pedro R. , Martins Eva C. , de Haan Michelle , Baldeweg Torsten , Barbosa Fernando
Published: December 2020

The behavioral and electrophysiological study of the emotional intensity of facial expressions of emotions has relied on image processing techniques termed ‘morphing’ to generate realistic facial stimuli in which emotional intensity can be manipulated. This is achieved by blending neutral and emotional facial displays and treating the percent of morphing between the two stimuli as an objective measure of emotional intensity. Here we argue that the percentage of morphing between stimuli does not provide an objective measure of emotional intensity and present supporting evidence from affective ratings and neural (event-related potential) responses. We show that 50% morphs created from high or moderate arousal stimuli differ in subjective and neural responses in a sensible way: 50% morphs are perceived as having approximately half of the emotional intensity of the original stimuli, but if the original stimuli differed in emotional intensity to begin with, then so will the morphs. We suggest a re-examination of previous studies that used percentage of morphing as a measure of emotional intensity and highlight the value of more careful experimental control of emotional stimuli and inclusion of proper manipulation checks.
Study of Biochemical parameters and Body Mass Index along with its associated risk factors among Health Science students- A cross-sectional study
Authors: Shreevastva Naveen Kumar , Makaju Hari Sharan , Dhungana Arun , Pandeya Arun
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Body mass indexis a valuable tool used to identify disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either undernutrition or overnutrition. Neither underweight nor overweight and obesity is a desirable health status and may cause negative health outcomes.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine body mass index among medical,dental and nursing students and to assess the factors associated with it.

Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in health science students of Kathmandu Medical College Public Limited, Kathmandu, NepalfromMay 2017 to July 2018. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated in 644 students including both male and female of Medical, Dental and Nursing students. Blood samples were collected from the students having BMI > 24.9Kg/m2for the estimation of triglyceride, cholesterol and glucose which were compared with the same parameters of  students whose BMI was normal (≤24.9 Kg/m2).

Results: A Total of 644 study population was taken, the majority ranges between 17-20 years. The occurrence of overweight was higher in the male (10.1%) of medical and in the female (8.4%) of dental students. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among the study group was found to be 8.7% and 2.8% respectively.Serum triglyceride, cholesteroland glucose concentrations in the subject with BMI > 24.9Kg/m2were significantly higher than that in subject with BMI ≤24.9 Kg/m2.

Conclusion: Obesity and overweight are prevalent among the students. As a result, the biochemical parameters such as triglycerides, glucose and cholesterol show significantly higher values.
Effectiveness of Structured Teaching Program on Knowledge and Practices on Menstrual Hygiene among Adolescent Schoolgirls in Government Schools of Lalitpur
Authors: Maharjan Susan , Maharjan Manju , Shrestha Niran , Singh Sarita , Shrestha Rajani
Published: December 2020

Introduction: Adolescent girls often have lack of knowledge and practices regarding reproductive health including menstruation.

Objectives: To evaluate effectiveness of structured teaching program (STP) to increase level of knowledge and practices on menstrual hygiene among adolescent school girls.

Methodology: Pre-experimental one group pre-posttest study design was applied in four government schools using power analysis for sample size calculation. Data were re- checked for its consistency and analyzed. Descriptive statistical methods were used for describing sample characteristic and inferential statistics was used to evaluate effectiveness of STP. Chi-squared test was used to examine association between selected demographic variables and pretest knowledge level of adolescent girls on menstrual hygiene.

Result: The mean age of participants was 13.79 ±1.3 years (range from 11-18 years).  Distribution of pre-test knowledge among respondents regarding menstrual hygiene showed, 49.21% moderate and 50.79% adequate knowledge respectively. In the case of post-test, all of them demonstrated adequate knowledge and none of them showed inadequate knowledge. Pre-test practices among respondents regarding menstrual hygiene recorded as 3.75% inadequate, 61.25% moderate and 35.0% adequate practices. The pre-test mean score for the level of knowledge was 13.36±1.64, whereas the post-test mean score was 15.8±0.73. Practice related pre-test mean score was 10.66±1.81 in comparison to, post-test mean score 13.34±0.75. There was no significant association found between knowledge regarding menstrual hygiene among adolescents with socio-demographic variables at p<0.05 level.

Conclusion: It is concluded that the Structured Teaching Program is an effective strategy to improve knowledge and practice regarding menstrual hygiene for adolescent girls.
Profile of Patients with Brain Abscess
Authors: Khatiwada Roshan , Bista Prakash , Jha Rajiv , Khadka Nilam Kumar , Shrestha Rajendra , Khambu Bikesh
Published: December 2020

Introduction:  Despite of the advent of modern neurosurgical techniques and antibiotics, brain abscess possesses a major neurosurgical challenge in treatment. In this study we present the profile , clinical features , radiological features , treatment received and their outcome of cases of brain abscess that we managed in our center.

 

Methods:  Total 30 patients diagnosed with brain abscess who underwent treatment in last four months were included in this study.  A descriptive observational data of brain abscess and the outcome variables in the form of Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at discharge ,  hospital stay, and mortality were studied. The ultimate outcome was measured in Glasgow Outcome Score.

 

Results: Total number of cases was 30, outwith male dominance 19 (63.3%) .  Age ranged from 2 months to 60 years. Twenty-five patients were of acute pyogenic abscess while and rest were tubercular abscess.  Common clinical features were headache (70%), fever (30%), vomiting (23%), seizure (23%) and focal neurological deficits (16.7%). Overall mean hospital stay was 31 days. The common aetogenic factors included chronic suppurative otitis media (16.7%), tuberculosis (16.7%), post-traumatic (10%), congenital heart disease (10%) and rest (46%) were of unknown source. lobe Temporal lobe and cerebellar were most common site involved (20%) each followed by frontal (16.7%). Surgery was done in 25 (83.3%) cases out of which 12 underwent burr hole and aspiration and 12 patients underwent craniotomy and excision and one patient underwent burr hole and followed by craniotomy. Five patients were managed conservatively. Complete resolution of abscess with complete recovery of preoperative neurological-deficit was seen n 28 (93.3%) cases.

 

Conclusion:  Early diagnosis and timely intervention improves the outcome of brain abscess. Most of the cases required surgical intervention and drainage of pus and had good postoperative outcome.
Hypertension and Associated Demographic Factors among Chepang Adults in Nepal
Authors: Dhungel Kshitiz Upadhyay , K.C. Agya
Published: December 2020

Background and Objectives: Hypertension is one of the leading health problems globally. In developing countries like Nepal, the prevalence of hypertension is increasing yearly. This study aims to find the prevalence of hypertension and associated demographic factors among Chepang people, an indigenous ethnic group also known as one of the isolated tribal groups of Nepal.

Material and Methods: It is a descriptive cross-sectional study performed in total of 324 respondent living in chepang community of Majbang-09 of Kalika Municipality. Semi structured questionnaire including socio-demographic, anthropometric measurement, 24 hour diet recall, and food frequency to explore dietary diversity information. Data entry and analysis was done using SPSS 20. Chi-Square test was used to measure the association between variables and was considered significant at p <0.05.

Results: According to the study the 35.5% of the respondent were hypertensive and 50.3% of were pre-hypertensive. More than half of the respondent (58.3%) had normal BMI followed by (26.9%) of the respondent were overweight, (9.0%) of the respondent were under nutrition and (5.9%) of the respondent were obese. Among the respondent who had hypertension (60.7%) were above 60 years and the lowest (21.3%) were below 40 years.

Conclusion: The socio demographic variables like age, sex, educational status, annual income and marital status were found to be significantly associated with hypertension.
Prevalence of Anemia among Women: A Hospital- Based Study in Eastern Nepal
Authors: Sinha Amar Kumar , Manandhar Naresh
Published: December 2020

Background and Objectives: Prevalence of anemia is a common health problem among the women particularly in developing countries. The purpose of our study is to determine the prevalence of anemia among women in eastern Nepal. The study is planned to find out the prevalence of anemia among the women in eastern Nepal.

Material and Methods: Retrospective study was conducted among the women in between group of age 20->70 years during Dec 2015 to Aug.2016. Anemia was classified as per the WHO guideline i.e. Mild, moderate and severe.

Results: Out of 877 women included in the study, 512 (58.4%) women were diagnosed anemic. The highest prevalence of anemia 61.5% & 60.6% were found at the age group of 50-59 and 20-29 yrs respectively among the anemic patients. Mean and SD (Std. deviation) of hemoglobin and age was 10.21 ± 1.45 gm/dl and 35.59 ± 14.14 yrs of the anemic populations respectively.

Conclusion: It is concluded that the anemia still constitutes a health problem among women with the present prevalence 74.2% in Dalit caste in eastern Nepal. Further research is recommended to identify the specific risk factors of anemia in women.
Janusz Mariański: Nowa religijność i duchowość — mit czy rzeczywistość? [New Religiosity and Spirituality — a Myth or Reality?]. Warszawa 2019, 265 pp.
Authors: Štefaňak Ondrej
Published: December 2020

Janusz Mariański: Nowa religijność i duchowość — mit czy rzeczywistość?[New Religiosity and Spirituality — a Myth or Reality?]. Warszawa 2019, 265 pp. - the review.
Granice nowego dramatu serbskiego — płynne i stale wytyczane na nowo. Perspektywa lokalna i recepcja w Polsce
Authors: Abrasowicz Gabriela
Published: December 2020

Since the turn of the millennium, Serbian drama has been increasingly valued and recognized in the post-Yugoslav region and in Europe. In recent years, the process of globalization has become progressively stronger, with an improved infrastructure for promotion that has made possible the crossing of material and symbolic boundaries. This in turn has led to transformations in artistic expression, as well as increasing opportunities for mobility, co-productions, and translations. The status of the drama has been somewhat problematic because of its situation between literature and theatre. Its heterogeneous nature has required the development of an appropriate method of presentation. The performative/stage reading has emerged as a compelling answer.
Przekład — kontekst — polityka. Próba lektury Rozważań o Polsce Draga Jančara
Authors: Kopczyk Michał
Published: December 2020

This article discusses Drago Jančar’s 1997 essay, Adam Michnik ali premišljevanje o Poljski (Adam Michnik; Or, Reflections on Poland). The essay was translated into Polish first by Joanna Pomorska (2001) and then, about two decades later, by Nikodem Szczygłowski. The aim of the article is to interpret Jančar’s essay in light of ongoing changes to the political situation in Europe and to evaluate to what extent the political context influences the interpretation of the work in question.
Prezydenckie orędzia do izb parlamentu w rozwiązaniach konstytucyjnych i praktyce politycznej Francji
Authors: Jakubiak Łukasz
Published: December 2020

The article is devoted to the presidential messages addressed to the chambers of parliament within the French political system. On the threshold of the Third Republic, the then regulations banned the President from speaking in parliament and this was also maintained under the constitutions of the Fourth and Fifth Republics. As a consequence, the presidential messages had to be read by the Presidents of the National Assembly and of the Senate. The constitutional changes introduced in 2008 created the opportunity to appear in person before the chambers of parliament assembled as Congress. This amendment has affected the practice of applying Article 18 of the 1958 Constitution, which currently regulates both forms of presidential messages. The aim of the article is to assess the impact of the 2008 amendment on the French presidency, as well as to analyze the practice of formulating messages by successive presidents of the Fifth Republic, in order to identify the basic similarities and differences between them. The wider institutional context is no less important in this respect. One of its components is the significantly strengthened position of the French head of state, compared to the Third and Fourth Republics. The latter feature of the existing system of government seems to considerably affect the presidential messages formulated from the beginning of Charles de Gaulle’s presidency until now
Alexandria, Kom el-Dikka. Fieldwork in the 2019 season
Authors: Majcherek Grzegorz
Published: December 2020

The report offers an account of archaeological and conservation work carried out at the site. Excavations in the central part of the site (Sector F) were continued for the fourth season in a row. Exploration of remains of early Roman houses led to the discovery of a well preserved multicolored triclinium mosaic floor with a floral and geometric design. A large assemblage of fragments of polychrome marble floor tiles, recorded in the house collapse, showed the scale of importation of decorative stone material from various regions of the Mediterranean. Overlying the early Roman strata was direct evidence of intensive construction work carried out in the vicinity in the form of large-scale kilnworks, supplying lime most probably for the building of the late Roman bath and cistern. Included in the presentation is a brief review of the limited conservation work that was conducted in the complex of late antique auditoria.
Development of a settlement on the northeastern promontory at 'Marea'
Authors: Derda Tomasz , Gwiazda Mariusz , Pawlikowska-Gwiazda Aleksandra
Published: December 2020

The ancient topography of the settlement on the northeastern promontory at ‘Marea’ (North Hawariya) was the subject of investigations carried out at the site in 2018 within the frame of a broader excavation project. Fieldwork established the date of some structures recognized along an ancient road. The oldest remains turned out to be from the Roman period, when the promontory became a rubbish dump for production waste, mostly sherds of Amphores égyptienne 3 and 4, from the nearby pottery kilns. Two superimposed occupation levels were recognised, the earlier one from the beginning of the 3rd century AD or later, the later one from the 5th–6th century. The buildings followed a regular grid that fits into the overall plan of the town. The research has resulted in a better understanding of the changes occurring in this part of ‘Marea’.
Weed infestation of winter pea crops under the action of herbicides, plant growth regulators and microbial preparations
Authors:   Uman national university of horticulture, Karpenko V.P. , Boyko Ya. O. , Pritulyak R. M.
Published: December 2020

Weed infestation of agricultural crops in Ukraine is growing and is becoming a big threat to stable and high yields. Therefore, today, it is impossible to do without the development of science-based measures to control the level of weed infestation in crops, adaptation of herbicides to ecological farming methods and energy-optimized cultivation technologies. The analysis of the results of studies of weediness of winter pea crops at different rates of application of MaxiMox herbicide (0.8; 0.9; 1.0 and 1.1 l/ha) separately and in tank mixtures with plant growth regulator Agriflex Amino at the rate of 1.0 kg/ha on the background of seed treatment before sowing with the microbial preparation Optimize Pulse at the rate of 3.28 l/t, and without treatment is given. Spraying of vegetating plants with herbicide and their tank mixture with a plant growth regulator was carried out in the phase of 3-4 developed runners (BBCH 13–14) of the crop. Weed infestation of winter pea crops was counted on the thirtieth day after plant treatment with preparations. Weeds were counted by the quantitative weight method per 1 m2 according to the method of S. A. Tribel. Statistical processing of the data was carried out according to the generally accepted methods. It has been established that with the combined application of different rates of MaxiMox herbicide with plant growth regulator Agriflex Amino on the background of seed treatment before sowing with the microbial preparation Optimize Pulse, the technical efficiency of weed control increases, both in terms of quantity and weight. The greatest number and weight of destroyed weeds was noted in variants with the introduction of MaxiMox herbicide at the rates of 0.8; 0.9; 1.0 and 1.1 l/ha in combination with plant growth regulator Agriflex Amino at the rate of 1.0 kg/ha on the background of seed treatment with the microbial preparation Optimize Pulse at the rate of 3.28 l/t, where the percentage of destroyed weeds averaged 91–99 % quantitatively and 94–100 % in mass. The increase in the effectiveness of the studied preparations obviously occurred due to the improvement of biometric indices of winter pea plants under the direct action of the plant growth regulator and microbial preparation, which eventually increased the competitiveness of the crop to weeds.
Winter resistance of winter wheat plants depending on the predecessors of perennial legume
Authors: Tkachuk A.P.
Published: December 2020

The article is devoted to solving the problem of increasing the winter hardiness of winter wheat crops when it is grown after the predecessors of six types of perennial legumes. The features of the passage of the growth and development phases of winter wheat plants in the autumn, depending on the predecessors, are shown. The dynamics of plant height in the autumn-spring period is analyzed. The change in the density of winter wheat plants during the period of full germination and during the spring renewal of vegetation was studied. The winter cutting of winter wheat plants, the area of damage to the leaf surface, the proportion of damaged plants and the percentage of their height decrease during the winter period were calculated. The level of grain yield of winter wheat, depending on the predecessors, was investigated, and correlation-regression relationships between it and the factors influencing wintering were revealed. A close correlation has been proved between grain yield and the percentage of damaged winter wheat plants during the winter period and their height at the beginning of spring regrowth. It is shown that the most favorable conditions overwintered and the level of grain yield of winter wheat when grown after various types of leguminous perennial grasses is observed after the predecessor of meadow clover, where damage is observed by unfavorable conditions, only 16.7 % of the plants overwintered and their height at the time of the spring renewal of vegetation is 6 cm. This makes it possible to obtain a grain yield of winter wheat of 5.8 t/ha without the use of mineral fertilizers. The use of leguminous perennial grasses as precursors of winter wheat that develop over two to three years (meadow clover, white melilot, sand sainfoin) contributes to the formation of a significantly higher yield of winter wheat grain compared to predecessors of perennial legumes that vegetate for a long time period – five to eight years (horned lily, sowing alfalfa, eastern goat's rue). The yield of winter wheat after the predecessor of horned clover was the lowest – by 30.5% less than after the predecessor of meadow clover.
Yield and quality of cornflowers of real dependence on a way of cultivation of seedling and terms of landing in the conditions of the Right-bank Forest-steppe of Ukraine
Authors:   Uman national university of horticulture, Ulyanych E.I. , Vasilenko O.V. , Yatsenko V.V. , Kucher I.O.
Published: December 2020

It is shown and proved then the first and mass seedling emergence 2 days faster due to cell 70 and 25 cm3 compere to cell 200 cm3 or direct sowing. Growth period from transplanting to budding of plants grown from cells 25 cm3 was 19 days only. It was shortest and 4 days earlier compere to plants from cell 200 cm3 or direct sowing. Longest growth period from transplanting to budding of plants was 30 days due to cassettes with cells 25 cm3. Plants from seedlings longer formed first yield. It was 44 days which was 7 days longer compere with direct sowing. The most active growth of foliage of the Basil plant observed before transplanting to open soil due to cells 200 cm3. The leaves surface was 242,7 cm 2. Plants which grown in cassettes with cells 70 and 200 cm3 had better biometric data. They were not depending from sowing and transplanting dates. It was indicated then with increasing of substrate volume seedling quality indicators increased as well. Most active process of leaf surface growth in basil plants took place in seedlings, which were grown in cassettes with a cell volume of 200 cm3 and before planting it in open ground, the leaf surface area was 242.7 cm2. Regardless of the time of sowing seeds and planting seedlings in the open ground, the best biometric indicators were plants grown in cassettes with a cell volume of 200 cm3, that is, with increasing food area per plant and seedling quality indicators increased. The longest peduncle (10,1 cm) had plants of second term of transplanting due to cells 70 and 200 cm3. Higher yield had plants grown from cells 70 and 200 cm3. Their yield was from 24,6 to 27,2 t/ha and depend of transplanting terms. Yield increase according to control was from 2,1 to 4,7 t/ha. Lowest yield shown plants which were grown in cassettes with volume of cells 25 cm3 from 23,4 to 25,3 t/ha.
Biochemical components of 1-MCP treated apples after exposure at 20±20С at the end of storage
Authors:   Uman national university of horticulture, Melnyk A.V. , Khudik L.M.
Published: December 2020

The soluble solids content, level of organic acids, sugars, vitamins and their ratios are the main biochemical indicators of nutritional value that determine the taste of fruits. At the beginning of storage, soluble solids content increases in winter apple varieties, then decreases, and the level of organic acids is mostly reduced due to the active use in respiration. Ascorbic acid is a natural antioxidant, which relatively low content in apples usually reduces during refrigerated storage. The preservation of product’s quality and slowing of ripening achieve by post-harvest treatment of apples with ethylene inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), which reduces the loss of soluble solids content, titrated acidity and ascorbic acid. The purpose of the research was to identify the effect of post-harvest treatment of apples with 1-methylcyclopropene on the change in the content of soluble solids, titrated and ascorbic acids in the early winter apple fruits during the extended life cycle at room conditions at the end of long-term storage. Research objects were early-winter apple cultivars ‘Calville’ and ‘Spartan’, treated after harvest with 1-MCP (‘SmartFreshTM’ 0,068 g•m-3) for 24 h at 5 ± 1 ⁰C, during storage at 3 ± 1 ⁰C and relative humidity 85–90 % for two, three, four, five and six months (non-treated fruits – control). Physical-chemical parameters of apple fruits were evaluated monthly at the end of seven days exposure at 20 ± 2⁰C after refrigerated storage. The soluble solids content was determined by refractometer, the content of titrated acids — in recalculation on malic acid - by titration of the aqueous extract, the content of ascorbic acid – by titrimetric method. Data are means of three replicates. It was founded the decrease in soluble solids content of control fruits both varieties as a result of exposure at 20 ± 2⁰C during storage and increase in this indicator for 1-MCP treatment products during the first two and three months of storage with its subsequent decrease. 1-MCP treated fruits contained in twice higher titrated acids content and on 0.51–0.57 mg/100 g significantly higher ascorbic acid content at the end of the seven-day exposure at 20 ± 2⁰C after six months in refrigerator. Consequently, post-harvest 1-MCP treatment is significantly effective for the preservation of the main chemical components’s content of apple fruits at elevated temperature.
Application of Focused Ion Beam System as A Defect Localization and Root Cause Analysis Tool
Authors: Ooi C.C. , Siek K.H. , Sim K.S.
Published: December 2020

Focused ion beam system has been widely used as a critical failure analysis tool as microprocessor technology advances at a ramping speed. It has become an essential step in failure analysis to reveal physical defects post electrical fault isolation. In this highly competitive and challenging environment prevalent today, failure analysis throughput time is of utmost important. Therefore quick, efficient and reliable physical failure analysis technique is needed to avoid potential issues from becoming bigger. This paper will discuss the applications of FIB as a defect localization and root cause determination tool through the passive charge contrast technique and pattern FIB analysis.
Super-Conducting Quantum Interference Device Technique: 3-D Localization of a Short within a Flip Chip Assembly
Authors: Wills Kendall Scott , Diaz de Leon Omar , Ramanujachar Kartik , Todd Charles P.
Published: December 2020

In the current generations of devices the die and its package are closely integrated to achieve desired performance and form factor. As a result, localization of continuity failures to either the die or the package is a challenging step in failure analysis of such devices. Time Domain Reflectometry [1] (TDR) is used to localize continuity failures. However the accuracy of measurement with TDR is inadequate for effective localization of the failsite. Additionally, this technique does not provide direct 3-Dimenstional information about the location of the defect. Super-conducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) Microscope is useful in localizing shorts in packages [2]. SQUID microscope can localize defects to within 5um in the X and Y directions and 35um in the Z direction. This accuracy is valuable in precise localization of the failsite within the die, package or the interfacial region in flipchip assemblies.
Application of Acoustic Fourier Domain Imaging for the Evaluation of Advanced Micro Electronic Packages
Authors: Semmens Janet E. , Kessler Lawrence W.
Published: December 2020

Acoustic Micro Imaging (AMI) has been used for years to evaluate microelectronic packages for the presence of internal defects. The drive in micro electronic packaging is to reduce the size of the components as much as possible to keep pace with the shrinking size of the end products. This leads to smaller/thinner packages with internal features and possibly defects that are approaching the resolution limits for conventional AMI. Recently AMI has been combined with Fourier transforms of the acoustic signal to produce frequency domain images. Previously features that were at or below the accepted resolution limits for a given frequency were not detected in the time domain images, however these features are revealed in the frequency domain images.
Materials Analysis and Process Monitoring in MegaFabs
Authors: Tracy Bryan
Published: December 2020

The essential role of the material analysis laboratory in modern IC production is confirmed by the scale of the investment made in such facilities. The laboratories are part of the initial design of the fab and are well staffed and superbly well equipped. There are many factors which drive this investment, but perhaps the most compelling is the realization that the materials analysis lab is required to support early fab start-up, support production needs, and to pursue process development. During this talk, examples of each of these functions will be presented. The metrology of IC production is highly varied, and the implementation of this metrology varies widely company-to-company and even within any given company. The balance of in-fab vs out-offab measurements is of considerable importance and will be discussed in detail during this talk. Pertinent examples of contamination analysis and defect review will be presented. Looking ahead to 100 and 70nm nodes, the imaging requirements are daunting and will require scanning electron microscopes with astoundingly high resolution. Remembering that the physical gate length in a modern microprocessor is approximately one half the technology node size, it is clear that imaging 35nm transistors at 500KX will be required. Examples of state-of-the-art SEM, TEM and STEM will be presented as a "look-ahead" into the imaging requirements of the sub 100nm technology generations. The introduction of exotic materials such as high and low K oxides and ultra-thin barriers present special challenges and will spur a lively debate as to which measurements are needed, which measurements can/should be taken in the fab, and, of course, the turnaround time and cost? The rush to early process transfer and early production has given rise to the concept of "concurrent process development and transfer", where the new process flow is transferred to the megafab, almost in its infancy. In this case, the role of the materials analysis lab is expanded to directly aid "next generation" process development. As can be seen from the discussion above, the importance and linkage between Materials Analysis and IC process control has never been greater.
Microcalorimeter Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy in Routine Semiconductor Failure Analysis
Authors: Simmnacher B. , Weiland R. , Langer E. , Bühler M. , Höhne J. , Hollerith C.
Published: December 2020

Microcalorimeter based energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS) combines in a revolutionary way resolution of wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDS) with the ease of use of conventional EDS. The necessary operating temperatures (~100mK) for the superconducting sensor are supplied by a mechanical, maintenance free and fully automated cooling system, allowing the integration of the system not only in a traditional F/A environment, but also as an inline (cleanroom) installation. Typical examples of material analysis in everyday F/A work show that the detector exhibits an energy resolution of about 10 eV. With this performance, the solution of well known overlap problems existing for element combinations commonly used in semiconductor technology (peak separation of Ti/N, Ta/Si, W/Si) is possible. Structures of small volume can be investigated successfully, since the tool is optimized for work in the low energy range. The case of a failing TiN-layer showed that μcalorimeter EDS allows also thin film analysis: oxide layers with a thickness difference of a few nm can be distinguished; subsequent depth-profiling with Auger electron spectroscopy confirmed the results.
Applications of EELS to Semiconductor Devices Failure Analysis by Using a 300 keV TEM
Authors: Bow Jong-Shing , Chang Wen-Tung , Tsou Yun-Ming , Chou Hsing-Shuang , Chiou Christ
Published: December 2020

A 300 keV TEM equipped with an EELS and energy selected imaging (ESI) system has proven to be a necessary and powerful analytical tool for R&D and failure analysis support. The advantages and the efficacy of this advanced elemental mapping technique can be optimized when the TEM is operated correctly. Variants of ESI, elemental mapping, jump-ratio mapping, and pre-edge imaging have been adapted to explore root causes of different type of failures in semiconductor manufacturing.
Laser Milling Methods for Package Failure Analysis
Authors: Dias Rajen , Skoglund Lars , Wang Zhiyong
Published: December 2020

Current methods used for package level destructive physical analysis (DPA) such as chemical and mechanical decapsulation methods, reactive ion etching (RIE) and diamond saw x-section methods could potentially result in artifacts such as die cracking, delamination or corrosion when used on complex packaging technologies such as multiple thin die stacked packages with combination of flip chip and wire bond interconnections. Many of the shortcoming of these ubiquitous DPA tools are being addressed by a laser milling approach to DPA. The system described in this paper consists of a ultraviolet (UV) laser used for local micromachining or milling to access package internal features and a near infrared(IR) laser used for precise soldering of fine wires to enable testing and fault isolation. Applications of the laser milling tool described in the paper are 1) Delayering of multilayer printed circuit board (PCB) substrates to expose internal metal traces so that they can be tested to fault isolate the failure without loosing electrical functionality of the product. 2) Silicon milling to expose flip chip interconnections. 3) Package cross sectioning and 4) Plastic package decapsulation.
Laser-Voltage-Prober Measurements on Bipolar Devices
Authors: Stuffer Anton , Egger Peter , Pohl Helmut , Moffat Antje
Published: December 2020

Modern package technologies like flip-chip, require measurements of transient signals from the chip backside [1], [2]. This is because frontside access is not possible while running a test pattern. This is an established method for CMOS devices and commercial equipment is available. This paper demonstrates the usefulness of a Laser- Voltage-Prober for transient signal measurements from the backside on bipolar-devices.
PC Card Based Optical Probing of Advanced Graphics Processor Using Time Resolved Emission
Authors: Marks Howard Lee , Ton Tung , Block Jeffrey A. , Kasapi Steven , Shaw Chris
Published: December 2020

Internal node timing probing of silicon integrated circuits (ICs) has been a mainstay of the microelectronics industry since very early in its history. In recent years, however, due in part to the increase in the number of interconnection layers and continued proliferation of packaging techniques exposing only the silicon substrate, conventional probing technologies such as e-beam and mechanical probing have become cumbersome or impractical. In an effort to continue transistor-level probing, backside optical probing technologies have been developed and adopted [1]. Chronologically, such techniques include picosecond image circuit analysis (PICA)[2], laser voltage probing (LVP)[3], and dynamic or time-resolved emission (TRE)[4]. In typical examples of backside probing the device under test (DUT) relies on device stimulation from automatic test equipment (ATE) or equivalent bench top setup. This generally requires a specially designed DUT card designed to accommodate a low-profile socket and lid. The DUT card, which is significantly smaller than the tester motherboard, is designed to fit within the chamber opening of the probe system in order to interact with the optical column. Tester stimulation of packaged parts, however, does not address the need to probe the DUT in-situ and in the intended application, such as a PC board. It is often desirable to probe the DUT under conditions typical of the final product or running standardized application based tests. We present here this application and have addressed some of the challenges associated with PC card based optical probing and show successfully performed time-resolved emission on a second-generation advanced graphics processor in a standard graphics card.
Time-Resolved Optical Measurements from 0.13μm CMOS Technology Microprocessor Using a Superconducting Single-Photon Detector
Authors: Stellari Franco , Song Peilin , Weger Alan J. , McManus Moyra K.
Published: December 2020

In this paper we examine the use of the Superconducting Single-Photon Detector (SSPD) [1] for extracting electrical waveforms on an IBM microprocessor fabricated in a 0.13µm technology with 1.2V nominal supply voltage. Although the detector used in our experiments is prototype version of the one discussed in [1] demonstrating lower performance, we will show that it provides a significant reduction in acquisition time for the collection of optical waveforms, thus maintaining the usability of the PICA technique for present and future low voltage technologies.
IC Diagnostic with Time Resolved Photon Emission and CAD Auto-Channeling
Authors: Desplats Romain , Eral Alban , Beaudoin Felix , Perdu Philippe , Chion Alain , Shah Ketan , Lundquist Ted
Published: December 2020

The use of time resolved photon emission (TRPE) to compare internal measurements with simulations can dramatically reduce the time required for IC analysis. During debug, this technique makes it possible to probe only transistors of interest. Two limitations must be overcome: precise location of transistor photon emission areas and distinction between photons emitted by closely spaced transistors. Otherwise results may be seriously biased. Introducing CAD auto-channeling for TRPE makes it possible to generate virtual layers where emissions are expected. As a result, transistor TRPE areas can be automatically located and emission from nearby transistors is taken into account, thus significantly reducing the duration of IC analysis.