bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated microglial pyroptosis is critically involved in the development of post-cardiac arrest brain injury
Authors: Chang Yuan , Zhu Juan , Wang Di , Li Hua , He Yihua , Liu Kewei , Wang Xiaoqiang , Peng Yuqin , Pan Suyue , Huang Kaibin
Published: July 2020

Background

Brain injury is the leading cause of death and disability in survivors of cardiac arrest, where neuroinflammation is believed to play a pivotal role, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Pyroptosis is a pro-inflammatory form of programmed cell death that triggers inflammatory response upon infection or other stimuli. This study aims to understand the role of microglial pyroptosis in post-cardiac arrest brain injury.

Methods

Sprague-Dawley male rats underwent 10-min asphyxial cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation or sham-operation. Flow cytometry analysis, Western blotting, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), co-immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence were used to evaluate activated microglia and CD11b-positive leukocytes after cardiac arrest and assess inflammasome activation and pyroptosis of specific cellular populations. To further explore the underlying mechanism, MCC950 or Ac-YVAD-cmk was administered to block nod-like receptor family protein 3 (NLRP3) or caspase-1, respectively.

Results

Our results showed that, in a rat model, successful resuscitation from cardiac arrest resulted in microglial pyroptosis and consequential inflammatory infiltration which was mediated by the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Targeting NLRP3 and caspase-1, the executor of pyroptosis, with selective inhibitors MCC950 and Ac-YVAD-cmk treatment significantly prevented microglial pyroptosis, reduced infiltration of leukocytes, improved neurologic outcome, and alleviated neuro-pathological damages after cardiac arrest in modeling rats.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that microglial pyroptosis mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome is critically involved in the pathogenesis of post-cardiac arrest brain injury and provides a new therapeutic strategy.
Three-dimensional morphometric analysis reveals time-dependent structural changes in microglia and astrocytes in the central amygdala and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of heart failure rats
Authors: Althammer Ferdinand , Ferreira-Neto Hildebrando Candido , Rubaharan Myurajan , Roy Ranjan K. , Patel Atit A. , Murphy Anne , Cox Daniel N. , Stern Javier E.
Published: July 2020

Background

Cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure, are the most common cause of death globally. Recent studies support a high degree of comorbidity between heart failure and cognitive and mood disorders resulting in memory loss, depression, and anxiety. While neuroinflammation in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus contributes to autonomic and cardiovascular dysregulation in heart failure, mechanisms underlying cognitive and mood disorders in this disease remain elusive. The goal of this study was to quantitatively assess markers of neuroinflammation (glial morphology, cytokines, and A1 astrocyte markers) in the central amygdala, a critical forebrain region involved in emotion and cognition, and to determine its time course and correlation to disease severity during the progression of heart failure.

Methods

We developed and implemented a comprehensive microglial/astrocyte profiler for precise three-dimensional morphometric analysis of individual microglia and astrocytes in specific brain nuclei at different time points during the progression of heart failure. To this end, we used a well-established ischemic heart failure rat model. Morphometric studies were complemented with quantification of various pro-inflammatory cytokines and A1/A2 astrocyte markers via qPCR.

Results

We report structural remodeling of central amygdala microglia and astrocytes during heart failure that affected cell volume, surface area, filament length, and glial branches, resulting overall in somatic swelling and deramification, indicative of a change in glial state. These changes occurred in a time-dependent manner, correlated with the severity of heart failure, and were delayed compared to changes in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Morphometric changes correlated with elevated mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and markers of reactive A1-type astrocytes in the paraventricular nucleus and central amygdala during heart failure.

Conclusion

We provide evidence that in addition to the previously described hypothalamic neuroinflammation implicated in sympathohumoral activation during heart failure, microglia, and astrocytes within the central amygdala also undergo structural remodeling indicative of glial shifts towards pro-inflammatory phenotypes. Thus, our studies suggest that neuroinflammation in the amygdala stands as a novel pathophysiological mechanism and potential therapeutic target that could be associated with emotional and cognitive deficits commonly observed at later stages during the course of heart failure.
The role of host eIF2α in viral infection
Authors: Liu Yuanzhi , Wang Mingshu , Cheng Anchun , Yang Qiao , Wu Ying , Jia Renyong , Liu Mafeng , Zhu Dekang , Chen Shun , Zhang Shaqiu , Zhao Xin-Xin , Huang Juan , Mao Sai , Ou Xumin , Gao Qun , Wang Yin , Xu Zhiwen , Chen Zhengli , Zhu Ling , Luo Qihui , Liu Yunya , Yu Yanling , Zhang Ling , Tian Bin , Pan Leichang , Rehman Mujeeb Ur , Chen Xiaoyue
Published: July 2020

Background

eIF2α is a regulatory node that controls protein synthesis initiation by its phosphorylation or dephosphorylation. General control nonderepressible-2 (GCN2), protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase (PKR) and heme-regulated inhibitor (HRI) are four kinases that regulate eIF2α phosphorylation.

Main body

In the viral infection process, dsRNA or viral proteins produced by viral proliferation activate different eIF2α kinases, resulting in eIF2α phosphorylation, which hinders ternary tRNAMet-GTP-eIF2 complex formation and inhibits host or viral protein synthesis. The stalled messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complex aggregates under viral infection stress to form stress granules (SGs), which encapsulate viral RNA and transcription- and translation-related proteins, thereby limiting virus proliferation. However, many viruses have evolved a corresponding escape mechanism to synthesize their own proteins in the event of host protein synthesis shutdown and SG formation caused by eIF2α phosphorylation, and viruses can block the cell replication cycle through the PERK-eIF2α pathway, providing a favorable environment for their own replication. Subsequently, viruses can induce host cell autophagy or apoptosis through the eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP pathway.

Conclusions

This review summarizes the role of eIF2α in viral infection to provide a reference for studying the interactions between viruses and hosts.
Is limited aortic resection more justified in elderly patients with type A acute aortic dissection?-insights from single center experience
Authors: Qin Wei , Su Cunhua , Li Liangpeng , Carmichael Michael. , Huang Fuhua , Chen Xin
Published: July 2020

Background

This study compared limited aortic repair (ascending, and /or hemi-arch replacement) versus extended-arch repair (ascending, arch and proximal descending aortic replacement) used for patients aged 65 or older, who had type A acute aortic dissection (AAD), analyzing the influence of the extent of aortic repair on outcomes.

Methods

From January, 2001 to December, 2015, 103 patients aged 65 or older underwent operation due to type A AAD in Nanjing First Hospital. The cohort was divided into two subgroups according to the surgical approaches, including limited aortic replacement (LAR, n = 41) and total arch replacement + stent elephant trunk implantation (TAR+SET, n = 62).

Results

There was no significant difference in gender, age, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, PCI history, atrial fibrillation, pericardial effusion, aortic valve insufficiency (≥ moderate), shock situation before operation, and Euro-score II between the two groups except limb malperfusion and tear location. The cross-clamp time, CPB time, intubation time, ICU stay time and hospital time were all significantly less in the LAR group than in the TAR+SET group. A total of 89 patients were discharged home successfully after operation, with a difference of hospital mortality (P = 0.04). The overall survival rates at 5-year follow-up were 82.5 ± 6.0% in LAR group and 75.2 ± 5.6% in TAR+SET group, but with no difference (p = 0.151). The freedom from adverse aortic events at 5-year was 84.3 ± 6.5% in LAR group versus 97.9 ± 2.1% in TAR+SET group, with a statistical difference (p = 0.03).

Conclusion

These findings support limited aortic resection is acceptable for elderly patients with type A AAD if surgical principles allow.
Variation in KSHV prevalence between geographically proximate locations in Uganda
Authors: Nalwoga Angela , Webb Emily L. , Muserere Claudios , Chihota Belinda , Miley Wendell , Labo Nazzarena , Elliott Alison , Cose Stephen , Whitby Denise , Newton Robert
Published: July 2020

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) transmission within endemic areas may vary. KSHV seroprevalence has been studied by different groups of researchers using different methods, making it difficult to make direct comparisons. Here we show results on KSHV seroprevalence using the same laboratory method from four different but geographically proximate populations in Uganda.

Blood samples from the urban Entebbe Mother and Baby Study (EMaBS), the rural General Population Cohort (GPC), the fishing community Lake Victoria Island Intervention Study on Worms and Allergy related Diseases (LaVIISWA) and the high-risk sexual behaviour Good Health for Women Project (GHWP), were tested for IgG antibody levels to K8.1 and ORF73 recombinant proteins using ELISA.

All adult participants of the EMaBS study and the GHWP were women, while the GPC (54% female) and LaVIISWA (52% female) studies had both males and females. EMaBS children were all 5 years of age while their mothers were 14 to 47 years of age. GHWP women were 15 to 45 years old, LaVIISWA participants were 1 to 72 years old while GPC participants were 1 to 103 years old. KSHV seropositivity varied in the different populations. In children aged 5 years, EMaBS had the lowest prevalence of 15% followed by GPC at 35% and LaVIISWA at 54%. In adult women, seropositivity varied from 69% (EMaBS) to 80% (LaVIISWA) to 87% (GPC) to 90% (GHWP).

The reasons for the variation in prevalence are unclear but may reflect differences in the prevalence of cofactors between these four geographically proximate populations.
A novel PIEZO1 mutation in a patient with dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis: a case report and a brief review of literature
Authors: Zama Daniele , Giulietti Giulia , Muratore Edoardo , Andolfo Immacolata , Russo Roberta , Iolascon Achille , Pession Andrea
Published: July 2020

Background

Dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis (DHS) or hereditary xerocytosis is a rare, autosomal dominant hemolytic anemia characterized by macrocytosis, presence of stomatocytes and dehydration of red blood cells (RBCs). The dehydration is caused by a defect in cellular cation content. The most frequent expression of the pathology is hemolytic well-compensated anemia with high reticulocyte count, a tendency to macrocytosis, increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mild jaundice. We here describe a new mutation of PIEZO1 gene, the most frequent mutated gene in DHS, in a family affected by hereditary hemolytic anemia.

Case presentation

We describe the case of a 12-years-old girl with well-compensated chronic hemolysis, increased MCHC and a father who had the same hematological characteristics. After excluding secondary causes of chronic hemolysis and enzymatic defects of the RBCs, microscopic observation of the peripheral blood smear, tests of RBC lysis, ektacytometry, SDS-PAGE and in last instance genetic analysis has been performed. This complex diagnostic workup identified a new variant in the PIEZO1 gene, never described in literature, causative of DHS. This pathogenetic variant was also detected in the father.

Conclusions

This case report highlights the importance of a correct and exhaustive diagnostic-workup in patients with clinical suspicious for hemolytic anemia in order to make a differential diagnosis. This is relevant for the management of these patients because splenectomy is contraindicated in DHS due to high thrombotic risk.
Chlorhexidine-impregnated sponge versus chlorhexidine gel dressing for short-term intravascular catheters: which one is better?
Authors: Buetti Niccolò , Ruckly Stéphane , Schwebel Carole , Mimoz Olivier , Souweine Bertrand , Lucet Jean-Christophe , Timsit Jean-François
Published: July 2020

Background

Chlorhexidine-gluconate (CHG) impregnated dressings may prevent catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI). Chlorhexidine-impregnated sponge dressings (sponge-dress) and gel dressings (gel-dress) have never been directly compared. We used the data collected for two randomized-controlled trials to perform a comparison between sponge-dress and gel-dress.

Methods

Adult critically ill patients who required short-term central venous or arterial catheter insertion were recruited. Our main analysis included only patients with CHG-impregnated dressings. The effect of gel-dress (versus sponge-dress) on major catheter-related infections (MCRI) and CRBSI was estimated using multivariate marginal Cox models. The comparative risks of dressing disruption and contact dermatitis were evaluated using logistic mix models for clustered data. An explanatory analysis compared gel-dress with standard dressings using either CHG skin disinfection or povidone iodine skin disinfection.

Results

A total of 3483 patients and 7941 catheters were observed in 16 intensive care units. Sponge-dress and gel-dress were utilized for 1953 and 2108 catheters, respectively. After adjustment for confounders, gel-dress showed similar risk for MCRI compared to sponge-dress (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.28–2.31, p = 0.68) and CRBSI (HR 1.13, 95% CI 0.34–3.70, p = 0.85), less dressing disruptions (OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.60–0.86, p < 0.001), and more contact dermatitis (OR 3.60, 95% CI 2.51–5.15, p < 0.01). However, gel-dress increased the risk of contact dermatitis only if CHG was used for skin antisepsis (OR 1.94, 95% CI 1.38–2.71, p < 0.01).

Conclusions

We described a similar infection risk for gel-dress and sponge-dress. Gel-dress showed fewer dressing disruptions. Concomitant use of CHG for skin disinfection and CHG-impregnated dressing may significantly increase contact dermatitis.

Trials registration

These studies were registered within ClinicalTrials.gov (numbers NCT01189682 and NCT00417235).
Treatment fidelity in the Tinnitus Retraining Therapy Trial
Authors: Scherer Roberta W. , Erdman Sue Ann , Gold Susan , Formby Craig ,   for the TRTT Research Group
Published: July 2020

Background

Treatment fidelity, defined as ensuring that the recipient receives the intended intervention, is a critical component for accurate estimation of treatment efficacy. Ensuring fidelity and protocol adherence in behavioral trials requires careful planning during the design phase and implementation during the trial. The Tinnitus Retraining Therapy Trial (TRTT) randomized individuals with severe tinnitus to tinnitus retraining therapy (TRT, comprised of tinnitus-specific educational counseling (TC) and sound therapy (ST) using conventional sound generators (SGs)); Partial TRT (TC and placebo SGs); or standard of care (SOC), using a patient-centered care approach. Study audiologists administered both types of counseling in the TRTT, creating a challenge for managing protocol adherence.

Methods

We developed methods to enhance treatment fidelity including training, competency assessment, scripts, visual aids, and fidelity monitoring. Protocol monitors identified critical topics and content to be addressed for each type of counseling session, prepared corresponding scripts, and developed training aids and treatment-specific checklists covering those topics. Study audiologists’ competency assessment required submission and review by the protocol monitors of an audiotape of one TC and one SOC counseling session. Treatment-specific aids included scripts, a 3-D model of the ear, handouts, and for TC, an illustrated flip-chart with talking points that followed the scripted content. During the trial, audiologists completed treatment-specific checklists during each counseling session, indicating topics covered/discussed and submitted audiotapes of counseling sessions. Protocol monitors reviewed audiotapes using corresponding treatment-specific checklists. Results for individual checklist items were tabulated and proportions calculated.

Results

Twenty-five audiologists were certified for TC and/or SOC counseling and 24 completed at least one counseling session. Adherence to each of 33 critical items on the TC checklist as assessed by the protocol monitor ranged from 70 to 100% across 37 counseling sessions (median 97%), with no difference between adherence for TRT (median, 97%) and partial TRT (median, 100%). Adherence to each of 44 critical items on the SOC checklist across 30 SOC counseling sessions ranged from 42 to 100% (median, 87.5%).

Conclusion

The TRTT used multiple methods to address treatment fidelity. The close adherence to each treatment type was critical for evaluating the efficacy of the study interventions in this randomized trial.

Trial registration

clinicaltrials.gov NCT01177137. Registered on 5 August 2010.
Ddx56 maintains proliferation of mouse embryonic stem cells via ribosome assembly and interaction with the Oct4/Sox2 complex
Authors: Wang Jingwen , Liu Jiahui , Ye Miaoman , Liu Feng , Wu Su , Huang Junjiu , Shi Guang
Published: July 2020

Background

Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are important source of clinical stem cells for therapy, so dissecting the functional gene regulatory network involved in their self-renewal and proliferation is an urgent task. We previously reported that Ddx56 interacts with the core transcriptional factor Oct4 by mass spectrometry analysis in ESCs. However, the exact function of Ddx56 in ESCs remains unclear.

Methods

We investigated the role of Ddx56 in mouse ESCs (mESCs) through both gain- and loss-of-function strategies. The effect of Ddx56 on mESCs was determined based on morphological changes, involvement in the network of pluripotency markers (Nanog, Oct4, Sox2), and altered lineage marker expression. In addition, the role of Ddx56 in mESCs was evaluated by polysome fractionation, qRT-PCR, and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP). Finally, RNA sequencing was applied to explore potential network regulation by Ddx56 in mESCs.

Result

We found that Ddx56 participated in ribosome assembly, as knockout or RNAi knockdown of Ddx56 led to ribosome dysfunction and cell lethality. Surprisingly, exogenous expression of C-terminal domain truncated Ddx56 (Ddx56 ΔC-ter) did not affect ribosome assembly, but decreased mESC proliferation by downregulation of proliferation-related genes and cell cycle changing. In terms of mechanism, Ddx56 interacted with the Oct4 and Sox2 complex by binding to Sox2, whereas Ddx56 ΔC-ter showed weaker interaction with Sox2 and led to retardation of mESC proliferation.

Conclusions

Ddx56 maintains ESC proliferation by conventional regulation of ribosome assembly and interaction with the Oct4 and Sox2 complex.
A multivalent vaccine candidate targeting enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli fimbriae for broadly protecting against porcine post-weaning diarrhea
Authors: Duan Qiangde , Pang Shengmei , Wu Wenwen , Jiang Boyu , Zhang Weiping , Liu Siguo , Wang Xiaojun , Pan Zhiming , Zhu Guoqiang
Published: July 2020

Fimbriae-mediated initial adherence is the initial and critical step required for enterotoxigenicEscherichia coli(ETEC) infection. Therefore, vaccine candidates have been developed that target these fimbriae and induce specific anti-fimbriae antibodies to block initial ETEC attachment. While this vaccine effectively protects against ETEC-associated post-weaning diarrhea (PWD), developing a broadly effective vaccine against initial ETEC attachment remains a challenging problem, owing to the immunological heterogeneity among these antigens. Here, we applied multi-epitope fusion antigen (MEFA) technology to construct a FaeG–FedF–FanC–FasA–Fim41a MEFA using the adhesive subunits of predominant fimbriae K88 and F18 as the backbone, which also integrated epitopes from adhesive subunits of the rare fimbriae K99, 987P, and F41; we then generated a MEFA computational model and tested the immunogenicity of this MEFA protein in immunized mice. We next evaluated the potential of the fimbriae-targeted MEFA as a vaccine candidate to effectively prevent PWD using in vitro assessment of its anti-fimbriae, antibody-directed inhibition of bacterial adherence. Computational modeling showed that all relevant epitopes were exposed on the MEFA surface and mice subcutaneously immunized with the MEFA protein developed IgG antibodies to all five fimbriae. Moreover, anti-fimbriae antibodies induced by the MEFA protein significantly inhibited the adhesion of K88+, F18+, K99+, 987P+, and F41+ ETEC strains to piglet small intestinal IPEC-1 and IPEC-J2 cell lines. Taken together, these results indicate that FaeG–FedF–FanC–FasA–Fim41a MEFA protein induced specific anti-fimbriae neutralizing antibodies against the five targeted fimbriae. Critically, these results show the potential of fimbriae-targeted MEFA and indicate their promise as a broad, effective vaccine against PWD.
Sub-lethal doses of albendazole induce drug metabolizing enzymes and increase albendazole deactivation in Haemonchus contortus adults
Authors: Kellerová Pavlína , Raisová Stuchlíková Lucie , Matoušková Petra , Štěrbová Karolína , Lamka Jiří , Navrátilová Martina , Vokřál Ivan , Szotáková Barbora , Skálová Lenka
Published: July 2020

The efficacy of anthelmintic therapy of farm animals rapidly decreases due to drug resistance development in helminths. In resistant isolates, the increased expression and activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), e.g. cytochromes P450 (CYPs), UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) and P-glycoprotein transporters (P-gps), in comparison to sensitive isolates have been described. However, the mechanisms and circumstances of DMEs induction are not well known. Therefore, the present study was designed to find the changes in expression of CYPs, UGTs and P-gps in adult parasitic nematodes Haemonchus contortus exposed to sub-lethal doses of the benzimidazole anthelmintic drug albendazole (ABZ) and its active metabolite ABZ-sulfoxide (ABZSO). In addition, the effect of ABZ at sub-lethal doses on the ability to deactivate ABZ during consequent treatment was studied. The results showed that contact of H. contortus adults with sub-lethal doses of ABZ and ABZSO led to a significant induction of several DMEs, particularly cyp-2, cyp-3, cyp-6, cyp-7, cyp-8, UGT10B1, UGT24C1, UGT26A2, UGT365A1, UGT366C1, UGT368B2, UGT367A1, UGT371A1, UGT372A1 and pgp-3, pgp-9.1, pgp-9.2, pgp-10. This induction led to increased formation of ABZ metabolites (especially glycosides) and their increased export from the helminths’ body into the medium. The present study demonstrates for the first time that contact of H. contortus with sub-lethal doses of ABZ (e.g. during underdose treatment) improves the ability of H. contortus adults to deactivate ABZ in consequent therapy.
The experiences of family caregivers living with breast cancer patients in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review
Authors: Kusi Grace , Boamah Mensah Adwoa Bemah , Boamah Mensah Kofi , Dzomeku Veronica Millicent , Apiribu Felix , Duodu Precious Adade , Adamu Bakinam , Agbadi Pascal , Bonsu Kwadwo Osei
Published: July 2020

Introduction

Caregivers of women with breast cancer in low-and-middle-income countries experience significant physical and economic burdens. The review aimed to map the evidence of studies that had reported on the experiences of family caregivers of women diagnosed with breast cancer.

Methods

A systematic literature search was conducted in CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science databases using a combination of key search terms and medical subject heading terms such as “family caregiver,” “breast cancer,” “home care,” “low-and-middle-income countries,” “experience,” “effect,” and “coping mechanism.” A total of 1781 articles were retrieved and screened. Nineteen studies addressing caregiving experiences were included in the final review based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results

The systematic review yielded 19 studies that focused on caregivers’ motivation, needs of caregivers, intervention for caregivers, and consequences of caregiving. The most significant correlates of the quality of life among caregivers were disease severity, functional status of patients, and family income. The challenges encountered by caregivers were mostly psychosocial.

Conclusions

Caregivers play a crucial role in the management of women with breast cancer. However, they are faced with increasing challenges in their caregiving roles. Understanding the nature and extent of the burden experienced by family caregivers in developing countries will facilitate the development of appropriate interventions that can help improve caregivers’ quality of life. Gaps in recent studies were identified, and suggestions for future research were also addressed in this review.

Systematic review registration

PROSPERO CRD42019118391
Stability, bifurcation, and chaos control of a novel discrete-time model involving Allee effect and cannibalism
Authors: Shabbir Muhammad Sajjad , Din Qamar , Ahmad Khalil , Tassaddiq Asifa , Soori Atif Hassan , Khan Muhammad Asif
Published: July 2020

This paper is related to some dynamical aspects of a class of predator–prey interactions incorporating cannibalism and Allee effects for non-overlapping generations. Cannibalism has been frequently observed in natural populations, and it has an ability to alter the functional response concerning prey–predator interactions. On the other hand, from dynamical point of view cannibalism is considered as a procedure of stabilization or destabilization within predator–prey models. Taking into account the cannibalism in prey population and with addition of Allee effects, a new discrete-time system is proposed and studied in this paper. Moreover, existence of fixed points and their local dynamics are carried out. It is verified that the proposed model undergoes transcritical bifurcation about its trivial fixed point and period-doubling bifurcation around its boundary fixed point. Furthermore, it is also proved that the proposed system undergoes both period-doubling and Neimark–Sacker bifurcations (NSB) around its interior fixed point. Our study demonstrates that outbreaks of periodic nature may appear due to implementation of cannibalism in prey population, and these periodic oscillations are limited to prey density only without leaving an influence on predation. To restrain this periodic disturbance in prey population density, and other fluctuating and bifurcating behaviors of the model, various chaos control methods are applied. At the end, numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of our theoretical findings.
The energy potential of soft rush (Juncus effusus L.) in different conversion routes
Authors: Müller Jürgen , Jantzen Christian , Wiedow Denny
Published: July 2020

Background

Rushes are prominent wetland plants that are well adapted to conditions of waterlogging. Tall rushes like soft rush (Juncus effusus L.) tend to dominate the vegetation and offer a great biomass potential. Removing rush biomass is often necessary to enhance various ecosystem services of wetlands. There is an urgent need for sustainable use of the removed biomass apart from expensive composting ore useless landfill.

Methods

We investigated three alternative energy utilisation routes for soft rush biomass and evaluated their energetic potential: biomethanisation via wet fermentation technique (a), biomethanisation via solid-state fermentation technique (b) and combustion (c). Batch experiments (a), experimental fermenters (b), and thermo-calorimetric equipment (c) were used to measure energy output per unit rush biomass input.

Results

The wet fermentation technique had significantly higher biogas yields than solid-state fermentation (399 LN kg−1 oDM compared to 258 LN kg−1 oDM). These yields constitute 59 and 43%, respectively, of the biogas potential of maize silage as a reference. Solid-state fermentation technique needs longer retention time compared to wet co-digestion to earn comparable methane yields. Soft rush biomass shows high heating values (15.06 MJ kg FMw15−1) compared to other herbaceous solid fuels.

Conclusions

Low costs for substrate production make energetic utilisation of Juncus effusus an interesting alternative, if short distances between fields and biomass conversion plant can be realised. All investigated conversion routes appear promising, provided that the substrate specifics are considered in the design of the conversion technique. Besides the size of the rush dominated area and the distribution of these areas in the landscape, the investment costs and the subsidies for the conversion plant play a pivotal role in the selection of the preferred conversion path.
A global view of regulatory ecosystem services: existed knowledge, trends, and research gaps
Authors: Mengist Wondimagegn , Soromessa Teshome , Feyisa Gudina Legese
Published: July 2020

Ecosystem services (ES) are growing fields of research. It helps to provide an inherent way to understand the synergy and trade-offs between human beings and their natural environment. Regulatory ecosystem services (RES) are significantly important to maintaining the world in which people can live, and control the negative effects of flood, disasters, and diseases. It can also provide regulatory services like ecosystem protection, human safety, and the provision of other ES. However, emerging ES decision-making agendas focus on ES that is tangible and has a direct link with human well-being. Thus, the attention given to RES is low due to its less tangible benefits and complexity to measure the benefits. Disregarding and lack of attention from policymakers and scientific community may lead to unintended risks to human well-being and significant influences on the provision of other ES. This study describes the research trends on RES, knowledge generated, and the major limitation. We concluded that though there is an exponential growth of scientific publications on ES, no adequate studies were found on RES. Also, the existed studies varied in their size and types of RES indicators covered, habitats/ecosystems, and geographic extent addressed. There was also a lack of connecting knowledge generated on the benefits of RES with the national policy of natural resource management, inconsistency of ES classification, and methodological diversity. Therefore, scientific communities are promoted to link RES studies with human health. Besides, the researcher should give priority for the least studied ecosystems and its services, developing robust methodology, and proposing management options to enhance the regulatory services of ecosystems.
Selecting critical features for data classification based on machine learning methods
Authors: Chen Rung-Ching , Dewi Christine , Huang Su-Wen , Caraka Rezzy Eko
Published: July 2020

Feature selection becomes prominent, especially in the data sets with many variables and features. It will eliminate unimportant variables and improve the accuracy as well as the performance of classification. Random Forest has emerged as a quite useful algorithm that can handle the feature selection issue even with a higher number of variables. In this paper, we use three popular datasets with a higher number of variables (Bank Marketing, Car Evaluation Database, Human Activity Recognition Using Smartphones) to conduct the experiment. There are four main reasons why feature selection is essential. First, to simplify the model by reducing the number of parameters, next to decrease the training time, to reduce overfilling by enhancing generalization, and to avoid the curse of dimensionality. Besides, we evaluate and compare each accuracy and performance of the classification model, such as Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machines (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). The highest accuracy of the model is the best classifier. Practically, this paper adopts Random Forest to select the important feature in classification. Our experiments clearly show the comparative study of the RF algorithm from different perspectives. Furthermore, we compare the result of the dataset with and without essential features selection by RF methodsvarImp(),Boruta, and Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) to get the best percentage accuracy and kappa. Experimental results demonstrate that Random Forest achieves a better performance in all experiment groups.
Original composition and formation process of slab-derived deep brine from Kashio mineral spring in central Japan
Authors: Kusuhara Fumitake , Kazahaya Kohei , Morikawa Noritoshi , Yasuhara Masaya , Tanaka Hidemi , Takahashi Masaaki , Tosaki Yuki
Published: July 2020

Brine samples from the wells in the Kashio mineral spring (an “Arima-type” hot spring at Ooshika-Mura, central Japan) were analyzed to determine the original chemical and isotopic compositions of the deep brine end-member before its dilution by meteoric water and to elucidate the origin of the end-member. The trends of variation between Cl, δD, and δ18O indicated the existence of a two-component mixing system and a systematic variation in the mixing ratio, which were mentioned in previous studies. By carefully tracking the variation in tritium (3H) and atmospheric noble gas in the brine, the Cl concentration in the end-member was determined to be 24,000 mg/L. This value is consistent with the result of previous studies. Based on the estimated composition and other related data, we inferred that the end-member originated from slab-derived fluid, which in turn may have undergone oxygen isotope exchange reactions with minerals. Although both the Arima and Kashio brines are considered to be derived from fluid dehydrated from the Philippine Sea slab, the chemical and isotopic compositions of the Kashio end-member are different from those of the Arima end-member. In particular, the Kashio end-member is characterized by low Cl concentration (~ 40% lower than that in the Arima end-member), low hydrogen isotope ratio, and low 3He/4He ratio (1.4 Ra). These results indicate that the chemical and isotopic compositions of the slab-derived fluid are different for each location. The significant difference in δD could reflect the difference in the dehydration depth. Finally, the low temperature and relatively low 3He/4He ratio of the brine end-member could be explained by its long residence time within the crust.
Laboratory investigation of earthquake lightning due to landslide
Authors: Enomoto Yuji , Yamabe Tsuneaki , Mizuhara Kazuyuki , Sugiura Shigeki , Kondo Hitoshi
Published: July 2020

Several laboratory experimental studies of photoemission characteristics of rocks as they fracture have been conducted to elucidate the mechanism of earthquake lightning (EQL). In most of these studies, granite, which exhibits remarkable photoemission, is widely used to explain the mechanism attributed to the exoelectron emission effect or piezo-induced effect of quartz, a constituent mineral of granite. Photoemission induced by rock fracturing has been observed prominently during landslides caused by earthquakes. According to the literature on historical earthquakes, landslide-induced EQL was witnessed even at locations where quartz was not present. In this study, we therefore studied the physicochemical characteristics of photoemissions associated with impact shear fractures in various rocks, selected based on historical earthquake records of landslide EQL. As a result, we could highlight various physicochemical processes associated with the frictional heating generated during shear impacts between rocks.
Effects of intensive care unit ambient sounds on healthcare professionals: results of an online survey and noise exposure in an experimental setting
Authors: Schmidt Nadine , Gerber Stephan M. , Zante Björn , Gawliczek Tom , Chesham Alvin , Gutbrod Klemens , Müri René M. , Nef Tobias , Schefold Joerg C. , Jeitziner Marie-Madlen
Published: July 2020

Background

Noise levels on intensive care units (ICUs) are typically elevated. While many studies reported negative effects of ICU ambient sounds on patients, only few investigated noise as a factor to influence well-being or performance in healthcare professionals.

Methods

An online survey in the German-speaking part of Switzerland was conducted to assess how ICU soundscapes are subjectively perceived by healthcare professionals. The questionnaire was answered by 348 participants. Additionally, effects of noise on working memory performance were evaluated in an experimental noise exposure setting. Twenty-six healthcare professionals and 27 healthy controls performed a 2-back object-location task while being exposed to either ICU or pink noise.

Results

Survey results demonstrate that a majority of participants was aware of heightened noise levels. Participants reported that mostly well-being, performance, and attention could be reduced, along with subjective annoyance and fatigue by ICU ambient sounds. Although no significant effects of noise exposure on working memory performance was observed, self-assessments revealed significantly higher stress levels, increased annoyance and distraction ratings as well as decreased confidence in performance after ICU-noise exposure.

Conclusion

Subjective assessments indicate that heightened noise levels on ICUs induce annoyance, with heightened stress levels, impaired well-being, and reduced performance being potential consequences. Empirical evidence with objective and physiological measures is warranted.
A case of endosalpingiosis in the lymph nodes of the mesocolon
Authors: Niwa Koichiro , Sakamoto Kazuhiro , Goto Michitoshi , Kojima Yutaka , Takahashi Makoto , Ishiyama Shun , Kawai Masaya , Okazawa Yuu , Tomita Natumi , Seki Eiichiro , Fukumura Yuki , Yao Takashi
Published: July 2020

Background

Endosalpingiosis in the lymph nodes of the mesocolon is very rare. We reported a case with appendiceal endometriosis who had endosalpingiosis in the lymph nodes of the mesocolon that was found during laparoscopic ileocecal resection.

Case presentation

The patient was a 44-year-old woman who had visited a physician for fever, bloody stool, and abdominal pain 1 year earlier. She was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis on colonoscopy, and symptoms improved with oral treatment. A colonoscopy performed 2 months after diagnosis detected a hard, 20-mm submucosal tumor (SMT) in the cecum. On abdominal contrast CT, an intensely stained mass, including a low-density region, was observed in the cecum. A boring biopsy was performed after mucosal resection of the cecal SMT at our hospital, but diagnosis could not be made. Since the possibility of a malignant lesion could not be ruled out, laparoscopic ileocecal resection was performed. In the resected specimen, a 29 × 27 × 21-mm mass was present in the appendicular root. On histopathological examination, appendiceal endometriosis and endosalpingiosis in the lymph nodes around the ileocolic artery were observed. The postoperative course was favorable, and the patient was discharged 7 days after surgery.

Conclusion

Differentiation of endosalpingiosis in lymph nodes in the mesocolon from lymph node metastasis of adenocarcinoma is important in patients with an abdominal mass.
Zotepine loaded lipid nanoparticles for oral delivery: development, characterization, and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies
Authors: Nagaraj B. , Tirumalesh C. , Dinesh S. , Narendar D.
Published: July 2020

Background

The purpose of this work was to prepare and evaluate the zotepine (ZT) loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) that might improve the oral bioavailability. ZT is an anti-psychotic drug used for the treatment of schizophrenia. Currently, it is available as parenteral and oral dosage form. But, ZT has a poor oral bioavailability of about 7–13% due to limited aqueous solubility and first-pass effect. ZT-SLNs were developed using homogenization method and characterized for optimal system based on physicochemical characteristics and in vitro release. The optimized ZT-SLNs were evaluated for permeation through rat intestine using evert sac method. The crystalline nature of the ZT-SLNs was studied using DSC and XRD analysis. Surface morphology studies were conducted using SEM. Physical stability of the optimized ZT-SLN was evaluated at refrigerator and room temperature over 2 months. Further, pharmacokinetic (PK) studies of ZT-SLN were conducted in male Wistar rats, in comparison with ZT coarse suspension (ZT-CS), in vivo.

Results

Among all the developed ZT-SLN formulations, optimized formulation (F1) showed Z-avg, PDI, and ZP of 104.3 ± 1.6 nm, 0.17 ± 0.01, and − 30.5 ± 2.5 mV, respectively. In vitro release and permeation studies exhibited 82.9 ± 1.6% of drug release and 19.6 ± 2.1% of percentage drug permeation over 48 h and 120 min, respectively. DSC and XRD studies revealed the conversion of ZT to amorphous form. SEM studies showed spherical shape with improved PDI of ZT-SLN formulation. PK studies showed a significant (p < 0.05) improvement in AUC of about 1.3-fold, in comparison with ZT-CS in Wistar rats.

Conclusion

Therefore, the results concluded that SLNs could be considered as a new alternative delivery system for the enhancement of oral bioavailability of ZT.
State of Cancer Control in Rwanda: Past, Present, and Future Opportunities
Authors: Rubagumya Fidel , Costas-Chavarri Ainhoa , Manirakiza Achille , Murenzi Gad , Uwinkindi Francois , Ntizimira Christian , Rukundo Ivan , Mugenzi Pacifique , Rugwizangoga Belson , Shyirambere Cyprien , Urusaro Sandra , Pace Lydia , Buswell Lori , Ntirenganya Faustin , Rudakemwa Emmanuel , Fadelu Temidayo , Mpunga Tharcisse , Shulman Lawrence N. , Booth Christopher M.
Published: July 2020

Rwanda is a densely populated low-income country in East Africa. Previously considered a failed state after the genocide against the Tutsi in 1994, Rwanda has seen remarkable growth over the past 2 decades. Health care in Rwanda is predominantly delivered through public hospitals and is emerging in the private sector. More than 80% of patients are covered by community-based health insurance (Mutuelle de Santé). The cancer unit at the Rwanda Biomedical Center (a branch of the Ministry of Health) is responsible for setting and implementing cancer care policy. Rwanda has made progress with human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B vaccination. Recently, the cancer unit at the Rwanda Biomedical Center launched the country’s 5-year National Cancer Control Plan. Over the past decade, patients with cancer have been able to receive chemotherapy at Butaro Cancer Center, and recently, the Rwanda Cancer Center was launched with 2 linear accelerator radiotherapy machines, which greatly reduced the number of referrals for treatment abroad. Palliative care services are increasing in Rwanda. A cancer registry has now been strengthened, and more clinicians are becoming active in cancer research. Despite these advances, there is still substantial work to be done and there are many outstanding challenges, including the need to build capacity in cancer awareness among the general population (and shift toward earlier diagnosis), cancer care workforce (more in-country training programs are needed), and research.
Anatomical Evaluation of a Conventional Pectoralis II Versus a Subserratus Plane Block for Breast Surgery
Authors: Robinson Hal , Mishra Shailendra , Davies Lauren , Craigen Fiona , Vilcina Vija , Parson Simon , Shahana Shahida
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND:

Pectoralis I and II (Pecs I/Pecs II) blocks are modern regional anesthetic techniques performed in combination to anesthetize the nerves involved in breast surgery and axillary node dissection. Pecs II spread and clinical efficacy is thought to be independent of whether injection occurs between pectoralis minor and serratus anterior or deep to serratus anterior. Injecting deep to serratus anterior onto the rib may be technically easier; however, our clinical experience suggests that this approach may be less effective for axillary dissection. We undertook a cadaveric study to evaluate a subserratus plane approach for use in breast and axillary surgery.

METHODS:

Ultrasound-guided blocks using methylene blue dye were performed on 4 Genelyn-embalmed cadavers to assess and compare dye spread after a conventional Pecs II and a subserratus plane block at the third rib.

RESULTS:

Conventional Pecs II injection demonstrated staining of the intercostobrachial nerve, third intercostal nerve, thoracodorsal nerve, long thoracic nerve, medial pectoral, and lateral pectoral nerve. The subserratus plane produced significantly less axillary spread, incomplete staining of the medial pectoral, and very minimal staining of the lateral pectoral nerve. Dye spread was limited to the lateral cutaneous branches of the intercostal nerves in both injections.

CONCLUSIONS:

In our cadaveric study, injecting deep to serratus plane produced significantly less axillary spread. For breast surgery excluding the axilla, both techniques may be effective; however, for axillary dissection, the conventional Pecs II is likely to produce superior analgesia and additionally may help achieve complete coverage of the deeper pectoral nerve branches.
Viable Hemostasis Obtained With Prothrombin Complex Concentrate in Patients Who Refuse Standard Allogeneic Blood Transfusion and Undergo Complex Cardiac Surgery: A Case Series
Authors: Iso Tomona , Rizk Elsie , Harris Jesse E. , Salazar Eric , Heyne Kirk , Herrera Elizabeth , Varisco Jessica , Swan Joshua T.
Published: July 2020

Human 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4F-PCC) may reduce blood loss during surgery. This case series described perioperative outcomes among 9 patients who refused standard allogeneic blood transfusion, underwent complex cardiac surgery with aortic involvement, and received intraoperative 4F-PCC. Additional intraoperative cointerventions included protamine (n = 9), aminocaproic acid (n = 8), fibrinogen concentrate (n = 6), desmopressin (n = 6), factor VIIa (n = 2), and tranexamic acid (n = 1). Outcomes included postoperative death (n = 1), major postoperative bleeding (n = 1), deep vein thrombosis (n = 2), and ischemic stroke (n = 1). When standard allogeneic blood transfusion is refused, viable hemostasis can be obtained using 4F-PCC during complex cardiac surgeries with a high risk of bleeding.