bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An analysis of capital budgeting methods, the cost of capital and decision-makers in listed South African firms
Authors: Hall John H.
Published: February 2017

This study’s purpose was to link the length of decision-makers’ employment in a firm and their academic qualifications to their choice of capital budgeting methods and of cost of capital techniques. The results show that the net present value (NPV) is more popular than the internal rate of return (IRR) as a capital budgeting technique. Also, irrespective of how long respondents have been employed by a company, they all use a discount rate. However, there is a significant tendency among respondents with postgraduate qualifications to prefer the NPV as a capital budgeting technique. Thus, in South Africa, academic qualifications do play a role in decision-makers’ capital budgeting practices.
Ownership concentration, free cash flow agency problem and future firm performance: New Zealand evidence
Authors: Jiang Haiyan , Habib Ahsan
Published: February 2017

This study seeks to empirically examine the effect of ownership concentration on mitigating free cash flow agency problem in New Zealand. Following Jensen’s (1986) argument that managers have incentives to misuse free cash flows, this study tests whether concentrated ownership structure helps alleviate such a problem or exacerbates it. A natural consequence of this agency problem will be overinvestment and other operational inefficiencies which are likely to have a detrimental impact on firms’ future performance. The second objective of this paper is to examine the association between FCFAP conditional on ownership concentration on future firm performance. We measure free cash flow agency problem as the product of positive free cash flows and growth opportunities proxied by Tobin’s Q and find that financial institution-controlled ownership structure in New Zealand is positively associated with free cash flow agency problem. We also document that free cash flow agency problem conditional on ownership concentration negatively affects future firm performance.
Audit Committee Oversight of Fraud Risk: The Role of Social Ties, Professional Ties, and Governance Characteristics
Authors: Wilbanks Robert M. , Hermanson Dana R. , Sharma Vineeta D.
Published: February 2017

SYNOPSIS

This study examines audit committee (AC) oversight of fraudulent financial reporting (FFR) risk and management integrity, and how such oversight varies with AC social ties, professional ties, and governance characteristics. Specifically, based on a survey of 134 U.S. public company AC members, we find that AC participants with social ties (i.e., personal ties) to the CEO are negatively associated with AC actions to assess FFR risk and management integrity. Further, the AC appears to cut back on more observable FFR and MI actions when the responding AC member has a social tie to the CEO, consistent with socially connected ACs being reluctant to engage in observable monitoring actions that could jeopardize a social tie to the CEO. However, AC participants with professional ties to other independent directors and those with professional experience as corporate controllers are positively related to such actions. We also find that AC size is positively related to FFR risk assessment, while female AC participants and those serving on boards with greater independence are more likely to report engaging in AC activities to assess management integrity. Finally, when asked more broadly about who they rely on and who is responsible for assessing the risk of FFR, AC members mainly point to the external audit partner, CFO, and head of internal audit. We discuss implications and directions for future research.
Virtual surgical planning and 3D printing in repeat calvarial vault reconstruction for craniosynostosis: technical note
Authors: LoPresti Melissa , Daniels Bradley , Buchanan Edward P. , Monson Laura , Lam Sandi
Published: February 2017

Repeat surgery for restenosis after initial nonsyndromic craniosynostosis intervention is sometimes needed. Calvarial vault reconstruction through a healed surgical bed adds a level of intraoperative complexity and may benefit from preoperative and intraoperative definitions of biometric and aesthetic norms. Computer-assisted design and manufacturing using 3D imaging allows the precise formulation of operative plans in anticipation of surgical intervention. 3D printing turns virtual plans into anatomical replicas, templates, or customized implants by using a variety of materials. The authors present a technical note illustrating the use of this technology: a repeat calvarial vault reconstruction that was planned and executed using computer-assisted design and 3D printed intraoperative guides.
Use of an intraventricular strip electrode for mesial temporal monitoring in children with medically intractable epilepsy
Authors: Kim Hyunmi , Oh Ahyuda , Olson Larry , Chern Joshua J.
Published: February 2017

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this study was to evaluate mesial temporal electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring, using an intraventricular strip electrode (IVSE) along the ventricular surface of the hippocampus, in children with medically intractable epilepsy.

METHODS

The authors reviewed 10 consecutive cases in which subdural electrode placements and mesial temporal monitoring were recommended. The median age of the patients was 12.7 years (range 4.5–19.3 years). Both grids and IVSE were placed in all patients. The 4-contact IVSE was used in 5 cases, and the 6-contact IVSE in the other 5 cases. The median number of contacts, including IVSE contacts, was 122 (range 66–181). A total of 182 seizures were analyzed.

RESULTS

The IVSE localized seizure-onset zones in 8 patients. The seizure-onset zone was identified exclusively by IVSE in 3 patients and was simultaneous in IVSE and subdural electrodes in 5 patients. Among the 5 patients with simultaneous onset on both IVSE and subdural electrodes, 4 had basal temporal onset and one had orbitofrontal and lateral midtemporal onset. In the remaining 2 patients, the absence of IVSE seizure onset permitted sparing of mesial temporal structures. An Engel Class Ia outcome was achieved in 9 of 10 cases. No complication was associated with IVSE placement.

CONCLUSIONS

Intracranial monitoring using IVSE offers an alternative in terms of quality of EEG recording. IVSE was useful in children who already required open craniotomy for intracranial monitoring over an extensive network of hyper-excitability.
Building Responsive Health Systems to Help Communities Affected by Migration: An International Delphi Consensus
Authors: Pottie Kevin , Hui Charles , Rahman Prinon , Ingleby David , Akl Elie , Russell Grant , Ling Li , Wickramage Kolitha , Mosca Davide , Brindis Claire
Published: February 2017

Persons affected by migration require health systems that are responsive and adaptable to the needs of both disadvantaged migrants and non-migrant populations. The objective of this study is to support health systems for populations affected by migration. Materials and Methods: An international Delphi consensus process was used to identify policy approaches to improve health systems for populations affected by migration. Participants were leading migrant health experts from Americas, Europe, Middle East, Asia, and Australasia. We calculated average ranking scores and qualitatively analyzed open-ended questions. Results: Participants identified the following key areas as priorities for policy development: health inequities, system discrimination, migrant related health data, disadvantaged migrant sub-groups, and considerations for disadvantaged non-migrant populations. Highly ranked items to improve health systems were: Health Equity Impact Assessment, evidence based guidelines, and the International Organization for Migration annual reports. Discussion: Policy makers need tools, data and resources to address health systems challenges. Policies need to avoid preventable deaths of migrants and barriers to basic health services.
Le vallon de Charbieux (suite). Etude botanique d'un site incendié
Authors: Delaigue Jacques
Published: February 2017

Le vallon de Charbieux, prospecté par l'auteur en 1989-1990, s'était révélé être un site botanique riche et intéressant de la costière rhodanienne de la rive droite du fleuve. Détruit par un incendie en août 1990, l'étude en fut immédiatement reprise, et, durant les cinq années suivantes, l'auteur observa la régénération de la végétation, les changements intervenus et les différents comportements des plantes vis-à-vis de l'agression ignée.

Il conclut à un appauvrissement modéré mais sélectif de la flore, affectant surtout les espèces les plus intéressantes, souvent les plus fragiles.
Contribution à la connaissance des Coléoptères Carabiques (Coleoptera, Carabidae et Cicindelidae) de la réserve naturelle de la Truchère-Ratenelle (Saône-et-Loire, France)
Authors: Braunert Carlo , Coulon Jacques
Published: February 2017

La réserve de La Truchère-Ratenelle comprend quatre types de milieux : les bois, l'étang Fouget, les dunes éoliennes et la tourbière de la Lioche. 132 espèces de Carabiques ont été capturées. Ces captures sont discutées en fonction du milieu de récolte. L'étang Fouget et les dunes éoliennes sont les plus riches. Plusieurs groupes d'espèces sont bien représentés tels les Agonum et Europhilus, les Amara du sous-genre Zezea, les Harpalus et les Badister. Les dunes éoliennes sont remarquables par la présence d'espèces psammophiles exceptionnelles en dehors des côtes maritimes. L'intérêt faunistique de la réserve est renforcé aussi par la présence de plusieurs espèces rares dans la région.
Association of aescin with β- and γ-cyclodextrins studied by DFT calculations and spectroscopic methods
Authors: Ramos Ana I , Vaz Pedro D , Braga Susana S , Silva Artur M S
Published: February 2017

Background: Aescin, a natural mixture of saponins occurring in Aesculus hippocastanum, exhibits important flebotonic properties, being used in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency in legs. The inclusion of aescin into cyclodextrins (CDs) is a technical solution for its incorporation into the textile of stockings, but details of the physicochemistry of these host–guest systems are lacking. This work investigates the inclusion of aescin into the cavities of two native cyclodextrins, β-CD and γ-CD.

Results: The continuous variation method applied to aqueous-phase 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) has demonstrated that the preferred CD/aescin inclusion stoichiometries are 2:1 with β-CD and 1:1 with γ-CD. The affinity constant calculated for γ-CD·aescin was 894 M−1, while for 2β-CD·aescin it was estimated to be 715 M−1. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations on the interaction of aescin Ib with CDs show that an inclusion can indeed occur and it is further demonstrated that the wider cavity of γ-CD is more adequate to accommodate this large guest. ROESY spectroscopy is consistent with the formation of a complex in which the triterpenic moiety of aescin is included into the cavity of γ-CD. The higher stability of this geometry was confirmed by DFT. Furthermore, DFT calculations were applied to determine the chemical shifts of the protons H3 and H5 of the CDs in the optimised structures of the inclusion complexes. The calculated values are very similar to the experimental data, validating the approach made in this study by NMR.

Conclusion: The combination of experimental data from aqueous-state NMR measurements and theoretical calculations has demonstrated that γ-CD is the most suitable host for aescin, although the inclusion also occurs with β-CD. The geometry of the γ-CD·aescin complex is characterised by the inclusion of the triterpene segment of aescin into the host cavity.
1 brybry dans le bidou . Le vocabulaire des forums sur la grossesse et la procréation médicalement assistée : représentations de la norme et communautés
Authors: Raschini Elisa
Published: February 2017

Certains forums français de discussions consacrés à la grossesse ou à la procréation médicalement assistée montrent que les énonciatrices – toutes des femmes – peuvent parfois employer des mots tels brybry , gygy , fofos , zozos , zhom pour parler de l’embryon, du gynécologue, des follicules, des spermatozoïdes, des hommes leurs compagnons. Cet article s’interroge sur la façon dont ces énonciatrices envisagent l’emploi d’un tel vocabulaire par rapport à ce qu’elles peuvent considérer comme la norme linguistique, ainsi que par rapport à la communauté à laquelle elles peuvent s’identifier. L’approche de folk linguistique permet de dégager plusieurs points de vue : d’une part, ce vocabulaire, qui n’a pas encore intégré le système de la langue standard, peut quand même être perçu comme normal, voire comme prescriptif dans le dispositif de communication (le forum de discussion) utilisé par ces énonciatrices ; d’autre part, ce même vocabulaire peut parfois être considéré comme moralement blâmable par rapport à la rectitude perçue de la langue standard ; enfin, il peut être pensé comme un élément important pour assurer la cohésion d’une communauté discursive, qui se définit ici par le dispositif de communication, mais aussi et surtout par le genre et l’expérience corporelle, réelle ou souhaitée, de la grossesse.
Navidezna zvrnjenost objektov na državnem ortofotu ali kaj moramo vedeti, ko uporabljamo državni ortofoto? // Radial displacement of objects on the national orthophoto or what we should know when using national orthophoto?
Authors: Triglav Čekada Mihaela
Published: February 2017

Državni ortofoto merila 1 : 5000, narejen na podlagi posnetkov Cikličnega aerofotografiranja Slovenije (CAS) in digitalnega modela reliefa (DMR), je najbolj pogosto uporabljen vir za različne GIS analize in fotointerpretacijo. Na tem sloju prikazujemo tudi druge vektorske ali rasterske sloje, ki so lahko položajno tudi bolj natančni od ortofota. Uporabniki ortofota se večkrat ne zavedajo, da ima lahko ortofoto tudi položajne napake. V tem članku zato, preko geometrijskih povezav posnetka in prikaza ortofota, izpeljemo največjo zvrnjenost objektov, ki se nahajajo nad ali pod DMR-jem. Ugotavljamo, da zvrnjenost višjih objektov na ortofotu, kot so višje skalne stene (višina 50 m), višje stavbe (na primer cerkveni zvoniki) in gozdni rob, lahko presega dovoljena položajna odstopanja ortofota, vsaj v skrajnih primerih, ko se ti objekti nahajajo blizu šiva med dvema posnetkoma. Pri ortofotih, narejenih s pomočjo brezpilotnih letalnikov, je problematika položajne točnosti še večja, saj za izdelavo ne uporabljamo DMR-jev enovite točnosti, kot pri izdelavi državnega ortofota.The Slovenian national orthophoto in the scale 1:5,000 is made from the Cyclical Aerophotogrammetric Survey of Slovenia (CAS) images and the digital terrain model (DTM). It is the most widely used spatial source for a variety of GIS analyses and visual photointerpretation in Slovenia. Different vector or raster spatial layers can be shown on it, which may be even more precise than the orthophoto. The users of the orthophoto are often not aware, that orthophoto may include positional errors. Using the geometrical connection between the original image and the orthophoto we derive the maximal radial displacement expected on orthophoto for objects of different height above or below the DTM. We show that radial displacement of higher objects, like higher rocky cliffs (height 50 m), tall buildings (like church towers) and forest edge, may exceed the permitted positional error of the orthophoto, at least in the extreme cases when these objects are located near the seam lines of the orthophoto. We also mention orthophotos made from images of unmanned aerial vehicles (drones), where the problem of its positional accuracy is even broader, as for their production the DTM with nonuniform vertical accuracy is used.
Tidal and seasonal influences in dolphin habitat use in a southern Brazilian estuary
Authors: Lopes Paitach Renan , Simões-Lopes Paulo César , Jussara Cremer Marta
Published: February 2017

In this study we describe how franciscana and Guiana dolphin habitat use is influenced by tidal cycles and seasonality in Babitonga Bay. The franciscanas use a greater area in winter and a smaller area in summer, but the extent of the area used did not vary with the tide. Guiana dolphins did not change the extent of the area used within seasons or tides. Franciscanas remained closer to the mouth of the bay and the islands during ebb tide, moving to the inner bay areas and closer to the mainland coast during flood tide. Guiana dolphin used areas closer to the mainland coast during the flood tide. Guiana dolphin patterns of movement do not seem to be related to the tidal current. Franciscanas used sandier areas while Guiana dolphins preferred muddy areas, with some seasonal variation. We suggest that these dolphins modify their distributions based on habitat accessibility and prey availability. This study enhances our knowledge of critical habitat characteristics for franciscana and Guiana dolphins, and these factors should be considered when planning local human activities targeting species conservation.
Northernmost record of the pantropical portunid crab Cronius ruber in the eastern Atlantic (Canary Islands): natural range extension or human-mediated introduction?
Authors: González José A. , Triay-Portella Raül , Escribano Aitor , Cuesta José A.
Published: February 2017

The pantropical crab Cronius ruber (Lamarck, 1818) (Brachyura: Portunidae) is recorded for the first time from the Canary Islands. Previously known from off Cape Verde Islands and Senegal, this is the northernmost record of the species in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Crabs have been caught by means of a collecting small trap for sampling in shallow waters, and then identified by both morphological characters and DNA barcoding (16S). Cytochrome c oxidase I partial sequence has been obtained for this species for the first time. This relatively large and very aggressive crab species seems to be rapidly occupying both hard substrates (sublittoral caves) and soft substrates (sand with seagrass meadow) adjacent to shallow rocky bottoms, at depths between 2 and 10 m, in the warm southern waters of Gran Canaria Island. The reasons for this species’ occurrence are discussed herein. Among them, natural range extension may be a consequence of tropicalization in the eastern Atlantic. Also, a human-mediated introduction could be based on the heavy traffic of ships (ballast waters or oil platforms) arriving at the Canary Islands from African countries and from Brazil in the last decade.
Over Hill and Dale in the Border Ballads
Authors: Bouyssou Roland
Published: February 2017

Les Border Ballads procèdent d’un art oral qui rassemble les talents du conteur, du poète, du musicien et du chanteur. Elles sont l’œuvre de communautés aux confins montagneux de l’Angleterre et de l’Écosse, qui leur ont donné naissance et les ont maintenues vivantes en les renouvelant. Chaque ballade est un condensé, souvent tragique, de passions primaires—amour, haine, jalousie, instinct guerrier—parfois associées à un surnaturel maléfique. Dans un décor à peine esquissé, l’action dramatique est brève et rapide, les dialogues sont vifs et heurtés, les sentiments bruts et violents. Enfin, le rythme prosodique propre à la ballade, les procédés du style oral et des mélodies simples contribuent à créer un art complexe et dépouillé d’une rude beauté
Pyrénées, vers un millénaire de présence anglaise
Authors: Aymard Robert
Published: February 2017

Pyrenean place names keep alive the memory of almost a thousand years of English presence: from Edward I, an English king who was also Duke of Aquitaine (as well as the grandson of Henry II Plantagenet of Anjou and Eleanor of Aquitaine) to summit conquerors such as Lady Lister, Charles Packe and Lord Henry Russell-Killough in more recent times
La Saveur des Alpes : Les Britanniques d’hier et d’aujourd’hui en Haute-Savoie
Authors: Geoffroy Christine
Published: February 2017

The Golden Age of mountaineering in the Alps is most often remembered in terms of conquest and physical exploit, and associated with the somewhat arrogant appropriation of the alpine mountain range as a would-be favourite British "playground".This paper proposes a reading of the writings of two British alpinists of the time, Leslie Stephen and Alfred Wills, showing that the motive for their presence in the mountain was not only a sportive one but derived from a special link that they had formed with the alpine scenery. Their regular immersion in this landscape, their need for co-presence with the mountain, are evidence of a deeper link with the place and its inhabitants, whether with the guides who accompanied them or with the artists—some of them rope companions themselves, such as the painter and alpinist Gabriel Loppé—who used to settle in the region in the summer. The private collection of letters sent or received by Alfred Wills between 1850 and 1880 brings additional evidence to this perspective.Finally as British migration to the valley of Chamonix has reached record figures in the last few years, we cannot but question the persistence of this relation to the mountain among some of these new seasonal or permanent residents, met in the course of a survey conducted in the area between 2004 and 2006
La Sacralisation littéraire et picturale de la montagne au XIXe siècle : (re)naissances et épiphanies
Authors: Dupeyron-Lafay Françoise
Published: February 2017

Mountains, that had been objects of indifference, fear, or even terror and loathing until the mid-18th century, became literary and pictorial subjects in their own right from the Romantic period onwards, especially in the wake of Rousseau’s La Nouvelle Héloïse (1761)—that radically changed the approach to nature—, and the first ascents of Mont Blanc in the 1780s that marked the beginning of Alpine tourism, and turned Chamonix (and later the Swiss Alps) into indispensable features of the "Grand Tour". We shall see the various—and sometimes complementary and converging—approaches to mountains from the late 18th century on: those emphasizing their pristine, Edenic nature; those extolling their power, sublimity and elemental violence, Turner’s paintings being emblematic in this respect : and those bringing out their divine essence, their sacred and holy quality. The corpus will mainly pertain to the latter category and through the study of Novalis, De Quincey, Ruskin, and Caspar David Friedrich’s paintings, we shall discover stories of birth and rebirth, regeneration and redemption. In the works of these authors, mountains—whether real or merely imaginary, whether the results of experience or pure fantasy—are nevertheless the locus of intense epiphanies leading to the advent of the self as true individual and artist
Montagnes mythiques des Indiens des États-Unis : le sacré et le juridique
Authors: Berthier-Foglar Susanne
Published: February 2017

In the United States the protection of sacred mountains is guaranteed by the First Amendment, at least since 1978, when the American Indian Religious Freedom Act was passed. Subsequent legislative texts have enhanced the right of Native Americans to access sites located on federal land. Moreover tribes argue that the presence of other activities on their sacred sites is often akin to prohibiting their religion. While federal authorities often take Native American requests into account, they also tend to blur the reasons for protecting their sacred sites, arguing that other—often cultural and mainstream—reasons exist warranting the protection. On the other hand, strong mainstream lobbies are also a factor hampering Native American demands. This article is based on three examples of sacred mountains: Devils Tower, Cave Rock, and the San Francisco Peaks
Monts d’Australie, espaces des mythes, des quêtes, des déchirements
Authors: Selles Colette
Published: February 2017

From Ayers Rock (Uluru) to Tasmanian mountains, this article focuses on real and symbolic spaces. It aims at underlining the existential, spiritual dimension of the perception and representation of the Australian landscape traditionally associated with Aboriginal people, and which stands in stark contrast with the colonial enterprise characterized by violation and exploitation. However, a more harmonious future is suggested with visions of rebirth, regeneration and plenitude in the Tasmanian highlands
Winter, Montana: the Mountain Literature of Rick Bass
Authors: Gavillon François
Published: February 2017

La montagne et l’hiver—partout présents dans les œuvres de Rick Bass—ne figurent jamais un simple décor pour activité récréative. Au contraire, ils apparaissent comme des composantes majeures dans l’existence des personnages comme dans l’économie générale des textes : non pas seulement un environnement mais un lieu où résider et travailler, un lieu d’écriture aussi et de conscience affinée. Cette étude a pour objet d’examiner le rôle des deux topoi comme constitutifs d’une "poétique" bassienne de la montagne hivernale : la montagne comme lieu, comme temporalité, comme force agissante, comme art enfin. On y apercevra aussi les avatars successifs de l’auteur—géologue, écrivain, activiste et homme des bois—maniant les rhétoriques combinées du discours scientifique, de la fiction merveilleuse et de la non-fiction prophétique
Parker Mountain, or the Geography of Pathos in Russell Banks’s Affliction (1989)
Authors: Omhovère Claire
Published: February 2017

Les romans de Russell Banks confèrent à la géographie une importance qui va bien au delà des fonctions mimétique et métonymique habituellement remplies par un simple décor. Dès la première lecture d’Affliction, il est manifeste que la géographie ne sert pas seulement à transposer l’espace en images, ni même à fournir un fond à l’intrigue, mais qu’elle contribue pleinement à la cohérence spatio-narrative du roman. Cet article s’attachera donc tout particulièrement à étudier les perturbations qu’introduit la représentation de la montagne dans le régime réaliste du roman. A travers Parker Mountain, Banks convoque en effet les terreurs et aspirations qui s’expriment à travers deux traditions populaires : l’univers fabuleux du conte et le récit de la frontière. Il s’agira ici de montrer comment Banks joue sur les attentes génériques du lecteur pour provoquer une réflexion sur la violence que les sociétés humaines visent à contenir
De San Francisco à Chicago : les « villes de papier » de Frank Νorris
Authors: Antolin Pascale
Published: February 2017

This paper seeks to examine the role played by the city in three major novels by Frank Norris: McTeague, The Octopus and The Pit. Far from being mere referential backgrounds, where poverty and misery reign supreme, Norris's cities (San Francisco and Chicago) play a specific symbolic role in each novel and this role grows increasingly complex from one book to the next. The city is a most appropriate means for the novelist to suggest and impose naturalism as he sees it—a combination of realistic verisimilitude and romantic grandioseness.
"[T]he rising silhouette of the city" : une poétique des choses urbaines dans "Coming, Aphrodite !" et "The Diamond Mine" de Willa Cather
Authors: Manresa Céline
Published: February 2017

In most of her novels, Willa Cather situates her fiction within the vast, untrodden expanses of the American West. However, as Cather temporarily decided to turn away from the natural landscapes of the West in order to approach the city, she had to find a new mode of writing. Indeed, if the novel’s format fits the ever-stretching horizontality of the wilderness, the condensed space of the short story seems to be harmoniously adjusted to the architectured yet protean texture of the city. By focusing on two short stories devoted to the representation of New York at the turn of the twentieth century—"Coming, Aphrodite!" and "The Diamond Mine"—, this analysis aims at showing that in her short stories in particular, Cather invents a genuine poetics of urban concreteness. She establishes a subtle compromise between realist and modernist approaches. Indeed, avoiding any panoramic view of the setting, Cather succeeds in conveying an elusive and fragmentary evocation of New York City. In order to create an intimate urban cartography, Cather emphasizes a selection of topographic and architectural landmarks emerging in the blur of the city. Now, if material things simultaneously delineate and fashion the outlines of the city, they also contribute to the modelling of the protagonists’ bodies. Elaborating an analogy between the partially veiled and yet carnal silhouettes of the heroines and the hazy yet concrete contours of the city, Cather’s writing moves from a pictorial to a sculptural dimension. Sensitive to the ever-renewed colours, lights, sounds and shapes of the city, Willa Cather’s literary language is permeated by the intensity of the urban experience, which ultimately paves the way for a poetic encounter between the text and the tangible world of the city.
The Town and the City in Charles Williams's Fiction
Authors: Levy Maurice
Published: February 2017

Charles Williams n'est pas très connu en France. Il a pourtant eu son heure de gloire entre les deux guerres, comme ami de C.S. Lewis, de Tolkien, de Dorothy Sayers et comme membre du célèbre groupe des "Inklings" d'Oxford. Poète, dramaturge, romancier, auteur de nombreux essais, il a longtemps été l'objet d'un culte fervent de la part d'un groupe restreint de fidèles admirateurs. L'objet de cette communication est d'explorer le rôle de la ville dans ses œuvres de fiction, plus particulièrement dans Shadows of Ecstasy, Descent into Hell, War in Heaven, et All Hallows' Eve. Romans difficiles, dont l'économie tourne autour de la duelle problématique de la Ville et de la Cité, l'une occultant l'autre pour mieux l'appeler, la faire exister comme entité virtuelle, et la convoquer comme illustration de thèses que l'auteur développe dans de nombreux articles et qui relèvent d'une orientation lointainement théologique. Il sera important de montrer comment dans chaque roman la dynamique narrative naît de cette opposition entre la ville des hommes et la Cité de Dieu, et dans quelle mesure est efficace, ou simplement acceptable dans un univers fictionnel, cette tacite référence à St Augustin.
City of Wars: the Representation of Wartime London in Two Novels of the 1940s: James Hanley’s No Directions and Patrick Hamilton’s The Slaves of Solitude
Authors: Murat Jean-Christophe
Published: February 2017

Cette étude analyse la représentation de la ville anglaise en guerre—ou plus exactement de Londres et de sa banlieue—dans deux romans britanniques des années quarante : No Directions de James Hanley (1943), et The Slaves of Solitude de Patrick Hamilton (1947). Aucun de ces deux textes ne doit être considéré comme un documentaire sur l’existence urbaine pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. No Directions entretient des liens assez forts avec la rhétorique et les images—alors à très la mode—des Poètes de la Nouvelle Apocalypse (New Apocalyptic poetry) ; l’expérimentation formelle et linguistique y est donc omniprésente, frisant même l’artificiel par endroits. En apparence, The Slaves of Solitude est un roman plus conventionnel ; pourtant sa langue et son univers sont profondément polyphoniques. No Directions fut écrit et publié alors que la guerre n’était pas encore terminée, ce qui crée un véritable suspense quant à l’issue du conflit et aux orientations de la société anglaise. Le roman de Hamilton, au contraire, est postérieur à 1945, ce qui permet sans doute à l’auteur de faire preuve d’un sens de l’humour et de l’ironie assez déroutant. Dans les deux romans, la guerre est vécue non par des militaires mais par des civils et des non-combattants : No Directions représente le point de vue des occupants d’un immeuble d’habitation de Chelsea, à Londres, au cours d’un raid aérien nocturne. The Slaves of Solitude choisit de décentrer l’action vers la banlieue lointaine—et fictive—de Thames Lockdon, qui accueille des Londoniens évacués par les bombardements. Alors que le roman de Hanley est un récit de l’expérience directe de la guerre (la terreur des attaques aériennes, les va-et-vient entre la cave et les appartements...), la terne pension où cohabitent les personnages de The Slaves est le théâtre d’une bien plus insidieuse guerre des mots, par laquelle Miss Roach, la protagoniste, se livre à un examen impitoyable—mais pas toujours lucide—des enjeux de la fidélité et de la trahison (des amis, puis de la nation).
La crise de l’urbain et la condition moderne dans les romans de Saul Bellow
Authors: Lönhardt Timea
Published: February 2017

This paper proposes to study the correspondence that Saul Bellow’s novels establish between the urban crisis and the human condition in the United States of the second half of the twentieth century, which will eventually entail a discussion of the writer’s conception of the modern world in its social, political and intellectual aspects. After defining the place and the role of the city in Bellow’s fictional universe, we will note the influence of the research conducted at the Chicago School of Sociology in the first decades of the twentieth century on Bellow’s view of the modern urban environment. We will then analyze in more detail the Bellovian critique of the urban crisis which is the core of the writer’s "city novel", Dean’s December, and which created a lot of controversy in the highly politicized American letters of the 1980s. We will close this analysis with a discussion of the accusations of "cultural conservatism" that Bellow sustained during the 1970s and 1980s, and we will offer an interpretation of the writer’s resistance to contemporary canons as a modern literary requirement.
Renaissance à Bulawayo, Zimbabwe : la ville dans The Stone Virgins de Yvonne Vera
Authors: Gauffre Marie-Jeanne
Published: February 2017

In post-independence, violence-ridden Zimbabwe, Yvonne Vera’s main character in The Stone Virgins (2002), Nonceba, slowly returns to life after witnessing her sister’s murder and enduring brutal rape herself in their village. Her physical and mental reconstruction significantly takes place in the metropolis of Bulawayo where she takes refuge. Indeed, both a protective shell and the centre of a network of streets opening out into the outer world, Bulawayo cons trasts with the confinement and paralysis of the main characters, whose injured selves echo outside chaos. Specifically, through Nonceba’s gradual journey out of her abysmal pain and destructive solitude to the welcoming potentiality of the city, the novel, unemphatically combining horror and beauty, testifies to the fragile—yet abiding—power of human bonds, and to the infinite resilience of the Zimbabwean people.
A Pilgrim’s Progress to Slab City in The Royal Family by William T. Vollmann
Authors: Palleau-Papin Françoise
Published: February 2017

Le roman La Famille royale de William T. Vollmann dépeint les villes de la Côte ouest des Etats-Unis en une épopée dantesque, une descente aux enfers à la recherche du salut dans la déchéance. Chaque ville représente une philosophie, une structure de l’espace mental dans l’espace urbain. Le roman élabore une dialectique conflictuelle entre San Francisco et Sacramento pour l’essentiel, mises en regard de Los Angeles et de Las Vegas plus brièvement. Au bout de son périple urbain, la quête métaphysique du héros déchu s’achève à Slab City, une utopie dont le dénuement et l’âpre poésie restent ouverts à tous les possibles.
La ville à l’écran : esthétique du spectaculaire et du tentaculaire dans Metropolis de Fritz Lang et Brazil de Terry Gilliam
Authors: Costa de Beauregard Raphaëlle
Published: February 2017

This paper addresses the city as a cultural construct in Metropolis (Fritz Lang, 1928) and Brazil (Terry Gilliam, 1985): first as a dream space for the development of futurist architecture, then as a privileged screen-space for chiaroscuro and the German expressionist context, and its transposition in Technicolor, and third as the locus for an irretrievable metamorphosis of the human species, particularly in the depiction of Woman as a "femme fatale".
Symbolic versus Practical Reconciliation between Mainstream and Indigenous Australian Economies
Authors: Oost Victor
Published: February 2017

Le gouvernement fédéral de John Howard met en œuvre, depuis quelques années, une politique fondée sur "l’obligation mutuelle," c’est-à-dire l’obligation de réciprocité dans ses rapports avec les communautés indigènes. Comment ce volet de ce que le Premier Ministre a appelé "la réconciliation pratique" va-t-il influer sur le processus de réconciliation nationale symbolique, préconisée par le gouvernement Hawke en 1991? Derrière l’objectif avoué de résultats concrets sur le terrain, certains leaders aborigènes y voient le retour des politiques d’assimilation des années cinquante. D’autres chefs, tel Noël Pearson, accueillent favorablement cette rupture d’avec l’aide sociale et la dépendance qu’elle crée, puisqu’on met l’accent sur la responsabilité collective des Aborigènes.Jusqu’à ce que le parti de John Howard soit élu en 1996, la réconciliation fut souvent considérée comme un rapprochement spirituel et culturel, les Aborigènes devant pardonner aux blancs les torts commis, alors que les blancs devaient admettre leur responsabilité dans l’oppression et l’éviction des noirs de leurs terres, par le passé. Cependant, vu qu’un traité reconnaissant l’égalité constitutionnelle entre noirs et blancs pourrait entraîner l’exigence de réparations financières, il est peu probable qu’à l’avenir un gouvernement fédéral sauterait le pas.En attendant, dans quelle mesure les avancées concrètes annoncées, comme par exemple les efforts consentis dans les domaines de la santé, de l’instruction et de l’intégration économique—notamment sur le marché de l’emploi—seraient-elles compatibles avec la défense du droit foncier et des pratiques traditionnelles des Aborigènes ? Nous traiterons des convergences et des contradictions entre les perceptions, chez les blancs et les noirs, de l’inégalité socio-économique qui frappe ces derniers. Les progrès matériels réalisés concourent-ils à une évolution significative vers la réconciliation, ou, au contraire, seraient-ils en train d’entraver le processus ?
"Mouth !" : voix et lieux du pouvoir dans Norma Rae de Martin Ritt (1979)
Authors: Oster Corinne
Published: February 2017

Hollywood has never been eager to make movies about the American working class. In the few films that depict social conflict in US society, a few characters, and even fewer women, stand out as the protagonists of a working-class America in which they struggle, often barely surviving, often trying to get out of their condition. Hollywood, indeed, seems to only depict the working class as a setting one aspires to leave, and the pattern frequently found in these films is that of a shift from poverty to a spectacular achievement of the American dream. In many of these films, the way out—or up—for women is more often marriage than a job. Among the few films that stray from that pattern, Norma Rae (Martin Ritt, 1979) thus offers a complex view of a working class woman in the US in the 1970s, inspired by a real factory worker. This article raises a few questions about the film: to what extent does Norma Rae’s social status highlight specific ideological stakes when in situations of conflict? Is she positioned as a stereotypical victim (both of men and of her class), and does she actually gain the power to overcome the conflicts inherent to her status (as a woman and as a member of the working class), hence rewriting the stereotypes that have been established to restrain her? Finally, how is her (new) power presented, and to what extent can it be analyzed as a threat to the patriarchal order?
Race, Gender, and Power : Black Women, White Women, and Racial Segregation in the Southern United States (1920-1970)
Authors: Stefani Anne
Published: February 2017

The experience of southern women in the 20th century is distinct from that of American women in general, just as the history of the segregated South is from that of the rest of the nation. The doctrine of white supremacy, which permeated southern society, politics, and culture from the end of Reconstruction to the 1960s, rested not only on racism but also on a rigid patriarchal order, in which white women were to play a key role as guardians of the white race, while black women were relegated to the lowest level of society. The culture of segregation thus drove a wedge between black and white women, the latter belonging to the group responsible for the former’s oppression, and the two being submitted in different ways to the power and authority of white men. These conditions account for the fact that the women who became engaged in the struggle for racial equality in the region did so separately at first, and then joined their efforts in the civil rights movement. Moreover, owing to the combination of race and gender oppression inherent in segregationist culture, the women who challenged racism were bound to undermine the gender norms that had been imposed on them by segregation in the process. However, if the participation of black and white women in the civil rights movement proved as empowering to both groups, it did not foster a strong sense of solidarity among them. Indeed, the experience of southern women remained fraught with contradictions and marked by a fundamental paradox: due to their respective statuses in southern society, the struggle for racial justice drew black and white women together while estranging them at the same time.
Shirley Chisholm : du conflit au pouvoir
Authors: Charlery Hélène
Published: February 2017

Shirley Chisholm is a pioneer in the history of black women in American politics. Her several campaigns first to the New York State Assembly, to the US Congress, and then to the White House, and her unpredicted elections or results, paved the way for future black and female candidates in politics because she had changed the image of representatives in Congress or in national politics. Mostly remembered as the first black woman elected to Congress and the first black presidential candidate, she made tremendous efforts to move forward generally forgotten social, racial and gender issues in the legislative political agenda.
Conservative Women and Feminism in the United States: Between Hatred and Appropriation
Authors: Coste Françoise
Published: February 2017

Le mouvement féministe a toujours suscité de fortes polémiques aux Etats-Unis et ses adversaires les plus virulents ont souvent été des femmes. L’antiféminisme féminin a été particulièrement vivace lors de la deuxième vague du féminisme, à partir des années 1970. Là, des femmes comme Phyllis Schlafly ont su utiliser des concepts traditionnels, notamment religieux, pour démontrer que les femmes étaient en réalité les membres les plus choyés de la société et pour saper les progrès des femmes américaines, comme le prouve l’échec de l’Equal Rights Amendment. Cet anti-féminisme féminin se poursuit dans la période contemporaine, marquée par de nombreux revers pour tes femmes américaines. Contrairement aux années 1970, les principales voix anti-féministes se réclament aujourd’hui du féminisme, tout en attaquant parallèlement les principes du féminisme contemporain, comme ceux dénonçant le système patriarcal ou les violences faites aux femmes. Pour ces intellectuelles conservatrices, le féminisme est devenu obsolète car l’égalité hommes-femmes a été conquise aux Etats-Unis. Les contradictions internes à l’antiféminisme féminin au sujet de la dichotomie supériorité/égalité entre les sexes sont donc évidentes
From Margaret Thatcher, a woman of power, to Jane Davidson, a woman in power: women’s position in the National Assembly for Wales
Authors: Bory Stéphanie
Published: February 2017

Gardiennes des valeurs traditionnelles et piliers centraux de la communauté, les femmes ont toujours joué un rôle important dans la société galloise, contribuant au XIXe siècle à promouvoir la culture de leur nation. Ce ne fut pourtant qu’au XXe siècle que de nombreuses femmes devinrent actives sur la scène politique, éclipsant parfois même les hommes au sein de plusieurs mouvements. Deux d’entre elles ont particulièrement marqué les consciences: Margaret Thatcher (1925-) et Megan Lloyd George (1902-1966). Si la "dame de fer" est considérée comme la femme qui a fait plier la Principauté majoritairement travailliste, la fille de David Lloyd George est devenue le symbole des femmes galloises modernes en défendant non seulement l’autonomie galloise mais aussi leur place en politique. Ces deux aspects sont aujourd’hui illustrés par l’Assemblée nationale pour le pays de Galles, mise en place en 1998 et comptant parmi ses membres presque autant de femmes que d’hommes, tout comme le gouvernement gallois. Il s’agit donc d’étudier la place qu’elles occupent au sein des instances galloises afin de voir à quel point elles réussissent à peser sur leurs politiques.
Pouvoirs en conflit dans le personnage de Jane Shore dans The First and Second Parts of King Edward IV de Thomas Heywood
Authors: Fouassier Frédérique
Published: February 2017

In The First and Second Parts of King Edward IV, Thomas Heywood gives a patriarchal and Calvinist interpretation of the very popular story of King Edward IV and his mistress Jane Shore. This paper purposes to study the skein woven by the concepts of femaleness, conflict and power in Heywood’s Jane Shore, by comparing her to other Renaissance versions of her character. She unwillingly arouses Edward’s desire, unaware as she is of the power of her beauty on men. She decides to use her status as a courtesan to help those in need. But there is no possibility for a Calvinist Mary-Magdalene, and Jane dies in utter destitution, stressing her didactic value to women in the audience.
On The Verge: Dramatisation de la violence symbolique dans The Verge de Susan Glaspell
Authors: Jouve Emeline
Published: February 2017

This article explores the representations of violence in Susan Glaspell’s play first produced by the Provincetown Players, the amateur theatre group that Glaspell and her husband, George Cram Cook, founded in 1915. In this work, the playwright sheds light on what sociologist Pierre Bourdieu later defined, in his seminal Masculine Domination, as "symbolic violence." Following Glaspell, we will examine the mechanisms of this masculine domination that oppresses her female heroine, Claire. The playwright also shows how women are able to counteract patriarchal violence and free themselves from the yoke of alienating conventions. The playwright does not trap Claire in the role of the passive victim but, instead, depicts her as a rebellious artist, Glaspell viewed her writing as political activism and encouraged active participation from her audience. This analysis will therefore consider the strategies used by the playwright to raise her spectators’ awareness of the issues surrounding symbolic violence.
Twin Peaks, ou l’exploration de l’espace américain
Authors: Baqué Zachary
Published: February 2017

Most studies of David Lynch's work tend to include Twin Peaks (1990-1991) in their interpretation, thus forgetting that the auteur theory cannot easily operate when TV series are analyzed, insofar as they are less the products of a single person than the point at which various interests intersect. According to the director, one of the reasons for the success of the series is that it can he labeled as "very American." The aim of this article is to show that there are three major ways of representing the American territory onscreen, which all have a specific aesthetic function (poetic, realistic and metafilmic). Thus American space is first understood as a semiotic entity, then as a human creation and finally as a crux in which pre-existing fictions converge to become myths. Twin Peaks does not turn elements of Americana into fetishes, it simply underlines the fact that they are constructed or idealized.
Poétique de l’espace insulaire dans The Wedding de Dorothy West
Authors: Duboin Corinne
Published: February 2017

I will examine how Dorothy West reconstructs the referential space of Martha’s Vineyard, Massachussets, in her last novel, The Wedding (1995). By focusing on her fictional mapping of the island and its black enclave, the Oval, my aim is to explore West’s poetics of space with relation to her criticism of the black upper class of the Os.