bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attentional Demands and Postural Control in Athletes With and Without Functional Ankle Instability
Authors: Rahnama Leila , Salavati Mahyar , Akhbari Behnam , Mazaheri Masood
Published: February 2010

Study Design

Case-control study.

Objective

To compare the effect of dual-tasking on postural and cognitive performance between subjects with functional ankle instability (FAI) and a matched control group without FAI.

Background

Deficit and expertise in sensorimotor functions have been proposed as factors that can modify the interference between postural control and cognition. To the authors' knowledge, no study has investigated the posture-cognition interaction in individuals with recurrent ankle sprain, an orthopaedic condition with documented sensorimotor deficits.

Methods

Single-limb postural stability was assessed in 15 recreational athletes with FAI and 15 matched healthy athletes without FAI. Each athlete stood on a Biodex Stability System at platform stabilities of 7 and 5, while they performed or did not perform a digits-backward cognitive task. Overall stability index (OSI), anteroposterior stability index (APSI), and mediolateral stability index (MLSI) were used as measures of postural performance.

Results

At stability level 5, the individuals in the FAI group had poorer postural stability compared to those in the group without FAI (OSI, P<.01; MLSI, P<.01). A significant increase in OSI (P<.01) and MLSI (P = .02) was also demonstrated by the individuals in the FAI group during dual-task performance compared to the single-task performance.

Conclusion

Subjects with FAI demonstrated poorer postural stability when tested at level 5 on the Biodex Stability System, but not at level 7. Also, the results indicate that concurrent performance of a cognitive task decreased postural stability in the subjects with FAI, suggesting an increased dependency on attentional demands for maintenance of balance in that group. Such findings highlight the need for the assessment of postural control in patients with ankle sprain to include cognitive loading. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(3):180–187. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3188
Tumor control after surgery and radiotherapy for pineocytoma
Authors: Clark Aaron J. , Ivan Michael E. , Sughrue Michael E. , Yang Isaac , Aranda Derick , Han Seunggu J. , Kane Ari J. , Parsa Andrew T.
Published: February 2010

Object

Pineocytoma is a rare tumor, and the current literature on these tumors is primarily composed of case reports and small case series. Thus, recommendations on appropriate treatment of these tumors are highly varied. Therefore, the authors performed a systematic review of the literature on tumor control after surgery for pineocytoma to determine the relative benefits of aggressive resection and postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy.

Methods

A comprehensive search of the published English-language literature was performed to identify studies citing outcome data of patients undergoing surgery for pineocytoma. Determination of rates of progression-free survival (PFS) was performed using Kaplan-Meier analysis.

Results

Sixty-four articles met the criteria of the established search protocol, which combined for a total of 166 patients. Twenty-one percent of these patients had undergone a biopsy procedure, 38% had undergone subtotal resection (STR), 42% had undergone gross-total resection, and 28% were treated with radiation therapy. The 1- and 5-year PFS rates for the resection group versus the biopsy group were 97 and 90% (1 year), and 89 and 75% (5 years), respectively (p < 0.05, log-rank test). The 1- and 5-year PFS rates for the GTR group versus the group undergoing STR combined with radiation therapy were 100 and 94% (1 year), and 100 and 84% (5 years), respectively (p < 0.05, log-rank test). There was no significant difference in PFS for STR only compared with STR in addition to radiation therapy.

Conclusions

Gross-total resection is the ideal treatment for pineocytoma and might represent a cure for these lesions. When gross-total resection is not possible, adjuvant radiation therapy after STR is of questionable benefit for these patients.
Onyx embolization of a carotid cavernous fistula via direct transorbital puncture
Authors: Elhammady Mohamed Samy , Peterson Eric C. , Aziz-Sultan Mohammad Ali
Published: February 2010

The treatment of indirect carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs) is challenging and primarily accomplished by endovascular means utilizing a variety of embolic agents. Transvenous access to the cavernous sinus is the preferred method of embolizaiton of indirect CCFs as they are frequently associated with numerous small-caliber meningeal branches. Although the inferior petrosal sinus is the simplest, shortest, and most commonly used venous route to the cavernous sinus, the superior ophthalmic vein, superior petrosal sinus, basilar plexus, and pterygoid plexus present other endovenous options. Occasionally, however, use of these venous routes may not be possible due to vessel tortuosity or sinus thrombosis and occlusion.

The authors report a case of an indirect CCF that could not be treated endovascularly due to inability to access the cavernous sinus via a transfemoral transvenous approach. Angiography revealed a small, deeply located superior ophthalmic vein that was thought to be suboptimal for a direct cutdown. The cavernous sinus was cannulated directly via a transorbital approach using fluoroscopic guidance with a 3D skull reconstruction overlay. The fistula was subsequently obliterated using ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx). The technique and advantages of both 3D osseous reconstruction as well as Onyx embolization are discussed.
Long-range plasticity between intact hemispheres after contralateral cervical nerve transfer in humans
Authors: Zuo Chuan-Tao , Hua Xu-Yun , Guan Yi-Hui , Xu Wen-Dong , Xu Jian-Guang , Gu Yu-Dong
Published: February 2010

Object

Peripheral nerve injury in a limb usually causes intrahemispheric functional reorganization of the contralateral motor cortex. Recently, evidence has been emerging for significant interhemispheric cortical plasticity in humans, mostly from studies of direct cortical damage. However, in this study, a long-range interhemispheric plasticity was demonstrated in adults with brachial plexus avulsion injury (BPAI) who had received a contralateral cervical nerve transfer, and this plasticity reversed the BPAI-induced intrahemispheric cortical reorganization.

Methods

In this study, 8 adult male patients with BPAI were studied using PET scanning.

Results

The results indicated that the right somatomotor cortices, which may contribute to the control of the injured limb before brachial plexus deafferentation, still played an important role when patients with BPAI tried to move their affected limbs, despite the fact that the contralateral C-7 nerve transfer had been performed and the peripheral output had changed dramatically. Such findings are consistent with the results of the authors' previous animal study.

Conclusions

The brain may try to restore the control of an injured limb to its original cortex area, and a complicated change of peripheral pathway also can induce long-range interhemispheric cortical reorganization in human motor cortex.
Flow patterns and velocity distributions in the human vertebrobasilar arterial system
Authors: Kobayashi Nobuaki , Karino Takeshi
Published: February 2010

Object

The authors conducted a study to elucidate the relationship between the flow patterns and the formation of aneurysms at the bifurcation of the basilar artery (BA).

Methods

Six isolated, transparent vertebrobasilar arterial systems were prepared from humans postmortem, and flow patterns and velocity distributions were studied in detail using flow visualization and cinemicrographic techniques.

Results

The authors found that if the diameters of 2 vertebral arteries (VAs) were nearly equal and they formed a symmetrical inverted Y-shaped junction with the BA, the BA flow was also symmetrical. The fluid elements that flowed into the BA from 2 VAs traveled almost parallel to the vessel wall of the BA without mixing with each other, and then they flowed out through ipsilateral superior cerebellar and posterior cerebral arteries. In contrast to this, if the diameters of 2 VAs were very different or the BA was badly bent, the BA flow was disturbed as a result of the formation of swirling and secondary flows. The approaching velocity profile at the BA's terminal bifurcation was flattened if the inverted Y-junction was symmetrical, and it was sharpened if the junction was asymmetrical. Thus, in the latter case, fluid elements impinged on the vessel wall around the flow divider of the bifurcation with much larger velocities and, hence, larger kinetic energy, compared with the case of a symmetrical inverted Y-junction, exerting high fluid pressures, wall shear stresses, and wall tensions on the vessel wall there.

Conclusions

The symmetrical structure of the inverted Y-junction in a normal vertebrobasilar arterial system provides a flattened approaching velocity profile at the terminal bifurcation of the BA, lowering the hemodynamic stresses (pressure, tension, and shear stress) exerted on the wall of the bifurcation. This may account for the relatively low incidence of aneurysm formation at this site.
Architectural Approach to eHealth for Enabling Paradigm Changes in Health
Authors: Blobel B.
Published: February 2010

Objectives: For improving safety and quality of care as well as efficiency of health delivery under the well-known burdens, health services become specialized, distributed, and therefore collaborative, thereby changing the health service paradigm from organization-centered over process-controlled to personal health (pHealth).

Methods: Personalized eHealth services provided independent of time and location have to be based on advanced technical paradigms of mobile, pervasive and autonomous computing, enabling ubiquitous health services. Personalized eHealth systems require a multidiscipli-nary approach including medicine, informatics, biomedical engineering, bioinformatics and the omics disciplines but also legal and regulatory affairs, administration, security, privacy and ethics, etc. Interoperability between different components of the intended system must be provided through an architecture-centric, model-driven, formalized process.

Results: In order to analyze, design, specify, implement and maintain such an interactive environment impacted by so many different domains, a formal and unified methodology for system analysis and design has been developed and deployed, based on an overall architectural framework. The paper introduces the underlying paradigms, requirements, architectural reference models, modeling and formalization principles as well as development processes for comprehensive service-oriented personalized eHealth inter-operability chains, thereby exploiting all inter-operability levels up to service interoperability. A special focus is put on ontologies and knowledge representation in the context of eHealth and pHealth solutions. Furthermore, EHR solutions, security requirements, existing and emerging standards, and educational challenges for realizing personalized pHealth are briefly discussed.

Conclusion: For personal health, bridging between disciplines including ontology coordination is the crucial demand. All aspects of the design and development process have to be considered from an architectural viewpoint.
La Arqueología de la Construcción. Un laboratorio para el análisis de la arquitectura de época romana
Authors: Pizzo Antonio
Published: February 2010

El articulo trata de los alcances obtenidos recientemente en los estudios de arquitectura romana y, concretamente, en el análisis de los procesos de construcción, gestión y organización de una obra. Se presenta un resumen de los contenidos y los primeros resultados conseguidos en los Seminarios de Arqueología de la Construcción organizados por el Instituto de Arqueología-Mérida, la Università di Siena y la École Normale Superieure de Paris. A raíz de estos seminarios se extraen una serie de problemáticas y de objetivos específicos que evidencian la peculiaridad de las temáticas relativas al reconocimiento de las dinámicas constructivas. Entre los principales aspectos tratados se documentan los elementos materiales relativos al proyecto arquitectónico, a las distintas etapas de la construcción, a las distintas técnicas constructivas y soluciones tecnológicas empleadas.
Arqueología de un espacio habitado, trabajado y defendido. El sistema fortificado de Salinas de Añana (Álava)
Authors: Plata Montero Alberto
Published: February 2010

La lectura estratigráfica de la muralla de la villa alavesa de Salinas de Añana, así como la ejecución de excavaciones en su recinto fortificado, nos han proporcionado abundante información sobre la evolución de su paisaje construido desde la Alta Edad Media hasta la actualidad. La investigación que presentamos se divide en dos partes. En la primera, describimos las principales fases documentadas durante la intervención arqueológica. En la segunda, nos hemos centrado en comprender el ordenamiento espacial resultante tras el proceso de fundación de una villa creada a principios del siglo XII en la que, además, se agruparon las distintas comunidades aldeanas que desde la Tardoantigüedad habitaban, trabajaban y defendían el Valle Salado. Para ello, hemos empleado la metodología del «Análisis Sintáctico del Espacio» desarrollada en el mundo anglosajón, prestando una especial atención a las herramientas dirigidas a determinar el patrón global de los asentamientos (Alpha Analysis), pues este patrón es, en definitiva, el que conecta la lógica social del espacio con la lógica espacial de la sociedad que lo creó.
Edificio Histórico y Arqueología: un compromiso entre exigencias, responsabilidad y formación
Authors: Caballero Zoreda Luis
Published: February 2010

Se analizan las características de pluriestratificado y pluritipologizado que definen al edificio histórico desde el punto de vista arqueológico. Estas características son las exigencias del Bien que crean un nuevo marco de referencia a la hora de relacionarnos con él, tanto el arqueólogo historiador como el arquitecto restaurador, y que, por tanto, nos marcan las condiciones imprescindibles a las que, como profesionales, tenemos que ajustarnos en el momento de la intervención/ conocimiento del Patrimonio construido y, de rebote, las condiciones de nuestra formación.
Esto es, dichas características plantean las exigencias del edificio histórico y las responsabilidades del arquitecto y del arqueólogo, de las que hasta ahora no éramos totalmente conscientes. Como tales responsabilidades se pueden ordenar en cuatro grupos de actividades profesionales que, a su vez, agrupan cuatro materias principales de nuestra formación: Interpretar, saber reconocer, conservar y comunicar las relaciones contextuales que autentican el edificio histórico.
Evolución constructiva de Santa Eulalia de Bóveda (Lugo, Galicia)
Authors: Blanco-Rotea Rebeca , Benavides García Rosa , Sanjurjo Sánchez Jorge , Fernández Mosquera Daniel
Published: February 2010

El conjunto monumental de Santa Eulalia de Bóveda (Lugo, Galicia) es una de las arquitecturas más emblemáticas, pero también problemáticas, del patrimonio lucense. Desde su descubrimiento en el año 1926 muchos han sido los investigadores que han analizado el edificio desde un punto de vista arquitectónico, arqueológico, artístico e incluso simbólico, aportando variadas interpretaciones sobre este conjunto. Sin embargo, todavía no existe un consenso sobre su cronología, su funcionalidad o su evolución constructiva. Este texto corresponde a los trabajos realizados en Bóveda desde tres puntos de vista: el análisis de su arquitectura, el análisis de su decoración y la búsqueda de unos métodos de datación absoluta; y pretende ser una reflexión sobre los resultados obtenidos, una apuesta de futuro y un llamamiento sobre la necesidad de trabajar de forma conjunta entre profesionales de distintos campos disciplinares.
Estudios previos a la intervención en la capilla de la antigua iglesia de San Miguel, en Morón de la Frontera (Sevilla)
Authors: Pinto Puerto Francisco , Guerrero Vega José María
Published: February 2010

Los problemas que aquejan a la pequeña capilla renacentista dedicada a la Virgen de la Antigua, en la iglesia parroquial de San Miguel de Morón de la Frontera, la han llevado a un estado de degradación cercano a la ruina. Al plantearnos la intervención sobre este edificio surgió la necesidad de conocer las causas de la inestabilidad estructural que llevó a su urgente apuntalamiento en 1998. Para ello entendíamos que no era suficiente tomar como punto de partida el estado actual del edificio y calcular sobre él los refuerzos necesarios. El precario estado en que se encuentra muestra, a simple vista, las cicatrices y huellas de un complejo devenir que debíamos descodificar, diseñando para ello una serie de trabajos de auscultación y reconocimiento. Todos estos trabajos nos han permitido conocer y comprender sus etapas constructivas y destructivas, esto es, contar con las referencias necesarias, aunque nunca suficientes, para la realización del proyecto de restauración arquitectónica.
Indagini Stratigrafiche e Sistemi Informativi Architettonici: il GIS della chiesa di S. Maria in Valle Porclaneta
Authors: Trizio Ilaria
Published: February 2010

[it] La chiesa di Santa Maria in Valle Porclaneta e i suoi ambienti accessori sono quanto resta di un antico monastero benedettino, edificato nel cuore del territorio abruzzese (Magliano dei Marsi, L’Aquila) sul finire del XII secolo.
Sebbene la letteratura, a partire dalla fine dell’Ottocento, si sia spesso occupata di questo manufatto, il processo di conoscenza storico-critica del complesso si è rivelato difficoltoso a causa dell’assenza di dati archeologici, della scarsità di fonti documentarie pervenute, e, soprattutto a causa del susseguirsi di numerosi interventi di restauro che, succedutisi senza soluzione di continuità per tutto il secolo scorso, ne hanno letteralmente stravolto la compagine originale.
A fronte delle difficoltà incontrate, la sovrapposizione tra i pochi dati documentali e i dati derivati dall’indagine diretta delle strutture, eseguita con l’ausilio di un Sistema Informativo Architettonico ha consentito di ipotizzare una ricostruzione cronologica delle principali fasi di vita del complesso monastico.
La cattedrale e la città: il cantiere del Duomo di Siena. Risultati delle indagini archeologiche
Authors: Causarano Marie Ange
Published: February 2010

[it] Il contributo tratta degli studi condotti nell’ultimo decennio all’interno della cattedrale di Siena. Le indagini geologiche condotte nella collina del Duomo e lo scavo stratigrafico svolto in alcuni locali situati sotto il coro e il transetto della cattedrale hanno evidenziato lo stratificarsi delle fasi di vita che, dal periodo ellenistico, hanno interessato quest’area della città. A queste ricerche si è affiancato lo studio dello sviluppo del Duomo tra XI e XV secolo, condotto tramite l’analisi diretta dell’architettura e dei suoi materiali: i dati provenienti dalle indagini di scavo e dallo studio degli elevati hanno permesso l’individuazione delle principali trasformazioni subite dalla parte absidale del monumento tra XI e inizio XVIII secolo. L’analisi degli elevati svolta sulle murature del cleristorio ha permesso inoltre di comprendere l’organizzazione del cantiere che procedette nella costruzione delle navate e le trasformazioni subite dal corpo basilicale tra la seconda metà del XIII secolo e la metà del XIV secolo. L’individuazione delle principali tecnologie costruttive impiegate nella cattedrale tra XI e XV secolo, lo studio dei metodi, delle tecniche e degli strumenti di lavorazione utilizzati, hanno portato nuovi dati sull’ambito culturale di formazione delle maestranze all’opera nel Duomo.
Estimating the Scope of Household Water Treatment in Low- and Medium-Income Countries
Authors: Rosa Ghislaine , Clasen Thomas
Published: February 2010

For populations without reliable access to safe drinking water, household water treatment (HWT) provides a means of improving water quality and preventing disease. We extracted data on reported HWT practices from 67 national surveys and reports on the scope of HWT. An estimated 33.0% of the households (1.1 billion people) in these countries report treating their drinking water at home. The practice is widespread in the Western Pacific (66.8%) and Southeast Asia (45.4%) regions, and it is less common in the Eastern Mediterranean (13.6%) and Africa (18.2%). Boiling is the most dominant method with 21.0% of the study households (598 million people) using the method. Despite being at higher risk of waterborne disease because of lower coverage of improved water sources, African and rural households are less likely to practice HWT or use microbiologically adequate methods. Validation of the household surveys and further analysis of these data could help optimize HWT practices.
Assessment of Fever in African Children: Implication for Malaria Trials
Authors: Oyakhirome Sunny , Profanter Katharina , Kremsner Peter G.
Published: February 2010

We evaluated methods for assessing body temperature by comparing subjective assessment of fever by parents and doctors with objective axillary, tympanic, and rectal measurements of body temperature in 1000 children ≤ 10-years-old who presented at outpatient clinics with recent history of fever. Sensitivity of subjective assessment of fever were higher at thresholds of ≥ 38.3°C with specificity as low as 60%. Axillary methods showed better specificity at fever thresholds of > 38.0°C with maximum sensitivity of 63% at thresholds of ≥ 37.5°C. Bland-Altman analysis showed wide limits of agreement between objective methods of measurements: −1°C to 3°C for comparison of rectal and axillary, −1°C to 2°C for rectal and tympanic, and −1°C to 2°C for tympanic and axillary measurements. A choice of method to measure body temperature for diagnosis of fever in African children should be informed by a trade off between its specificity and sensitivity that considers thresholds > 38.0°C.
Histopathological, Serological, and Molecular Confirmation of Indigenous Alveolar Echinococcosis Cases in Mongolia
Authors: Ito Akira , Agvaandaram Gurbadam , Bat-Ochir Oyun-Erdene , Chuluunbaatar Batsaikhan , Gonchigsenghe Nyamkhuu , Yanagida Tetsuya , Sako Yasuhito , Myadagsuren Narankhajid , Dorjsuren Temuulen , Nakaya Kazuhiro , Nakao Minoru , Ishikawa Yuji , Davaajav Abmed , Dulmaa Nyamkhuu
Published: February 2010

Alveolar echinococcosis cases diagnosed histopathologically in 2002, 2006, 2007, and 2009 in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia were reconfirmed by evaluating the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene of mitochondrial DNA. The most recent three cases using paraffin-embedded and ethanol-fixed specimens revealed that one was of the “Asian” haplotype, whereas two others were of the “Inner Mongolian” type. All patients were born in the western provinces of Mongolia, they never resided outside of Mongolia, and they were given a preliminary diagnosis of malignant hepatic tumor or abscess. The most recent two cases were also confirmed serologically to be active alveolar echinococcosis.
Identification of Malaria Retinopathy Improves the Specificity of the Clinical Diagnosis of Cerebral Malaria: Findings from a Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Birbeck Gretchen L. , Beare Nicholas , Lewallen Susan , Glover Simon J. , Molyneux Malcolm E. , Kaplan Peter W. , Taylor Terrie E.
Published: February 2010

The diagnosis of cerebral malaria (CM) is difficult to confirm in endemic regions with limited neurodiagnostics. Accurate diagnoses are critical for trials and outcomes studies. Findings from an autopsy-based study suggest that identifying malaria retinopathy in children satisfying the standard clinical case definition of CM improves our ability to accurately diagnose CM in vivo. In a post hoc analysis of a prospective exposure-control study to evaluate CM as a risk factor for epilepsy, we stratified children meeting the standard case definition by their retinopathy status (presence versus absence) and compared these groups for pre-existing risk factors for epilepsy. We also compared them to the concurrently enrolled, non-comatose controls. Children meeting the standard case definition of CM who lacked malaria retinopathy had a higher prevalence of pre-existing developmental problems and family history of epilepsy. This subset of patients may represent children with a pre-existing propensity to adverse neurologic symptoms and outcomes.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Monoselective Halogenation of CH Bonds: Efficient Access to Halogenated Arylpyrimidines using Calcium Halides
Authors: Song Bingrui , Zheng Xiaojian , Mo Jun , Xu Bin
Published: February 2010

A wide variety of ortho‐halogenated arylpyrimidines were prepared with high monoselectivity and functional‐group tolerance by using calcium halides as crucial halogenating agents and cupric trifluoroacetate as oxidant in the presence of air.
Neighbor effects in marmosets: social contagion of agonism and affiliation in captive Callithrix jacchus
Authors: Watson Claire F.I. , Caldwell Christine A.
Published: February 2010

Researchers have demonstrated the neighbor effect for affiliative and agonistic neighbor vocalizations in captive chimpanzees. We extend the investigation of the neighbor effect to New World monkeys, Callithrix jacchus. We collected data on vocalizations and behaviors of 31 focal individuals and concurrent neighbor vocalization within three behavioral categories: intragroup and intergroup aggression and intragroup affiliation. We investigated whether there was an influence of neighbor vocalizations on focal behavior within the same behavioral category. For data analysis we used approximate randomization of paired‐sample t‐tests. We found that marmosets performed intergroup aggressive behavior (bristle, anogenital present for neighbor loud shrill only) for significantly longer, and emitted significantly more intergroup agonistic vocalizations (twitter, loud shrill), at a high frequency of intergroup agonistic neighbor vocalizations (twitter, loud shrill) than at low. The marmosets were also significantly more likely to engage in bristle behavior immediately after hearing a neighbor intergroup aggressive call (twitter, loud shrill) than directly beforehand. High neighbor intragroup agonistic calls (chatter) were associated with significantly longer spent in related behavior (composite of: attack, chase, steal food). Affiliative behaviors (share food, grooming invite) were engaged in by marmosets for significantly longer at higher frequencies of affiliative neighbor chirp calls than at low. Marmosets were also significantly more likely to perform food sharing and active affiliative contact immediately after rather than before hearing a neighbor chirp call. Our findings suggest that neighbor vocalizations influence marmoset behavior through social contagion and indicate that the neighbor effect for affiliation and aggression generalizes to the marmoset. Am. J. Primatol. 72:549–558, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Volatile Organic Compound Abatement in Semiconductor and Solar Cell Fabrication with Respect to Resource Depletion
Authors: Schottler M. , Hottenroth H. , Schlüter B. , Schmidt M.
Published: February 2010

In semiconductor and crystalline silicon solar cell fabrication, volatile organic compound (VOC) abatement is state of the art and obligatory in many countries. Thermal or catalytic oxidation is used as the preferred reduction technique in this field. Because of low concentrated exhaust gas, oxidation needs additional energy which is not to be ignored. Against the background of resource depletion, the question arises whether, from an environmental point of view, treatment is more beneficial than the direct release of emissions. The overall potential environmental impact of several scenarios has been investigated using a method based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The results show that below an exhaust concentration of 600 mg/m3 for semiconductor fabrication and below 1500 mg/m3 of nontoxic solvents for solar cell fabrication, exhaust conditioning causes a greater potential environmental impact than the direct release without any treatment.
Combined Transition‐Metal‐ and Organocatalysis: An Atom Economic C3 Homologation of Alkenes to Carbonyl and Carboxylic Compounds
Authors: Kemme Susanne T. , Šmejkal Tomáš , Breit Bernhard
Published: February 2010

A combination of regioselective room‐temperature/ambient‐pressure hydroformylation (transition‐metal catalysis) and decarboxylative Knoevenagel reactions (organocatalysis) allowed for the development of an efficient, one‐pot C3 homologation of terminal alkenes to (E)‐α,β‐unsaturated acids and esters, (E)‐β,γ‐unsaturated acids, (E)‐α‐cyano acrylic acids, and α,β‐unsaturated nitriles. All reactions proceed under mild conditions, tolerate a variety of functional groups, and furnish unsaturated carbonyl compounds in good yields and with excellent regio‐ and stereocontrol. Further, an iterative C2 homologation of (E)‐α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acids is possible through a combination of decarboxylative hydroformylation employing a supramolecular catalyst followed by decarboxylative Knoevenagel condensation with an organocatalyst.
Fritz Haber und Clara Immerwahr. Lernen aus der Geschichte
Authors: Wöhrle Dieter
Published: February 2010

Dieser Beitrag über Fritz Haber (1868–1934) und seine erste Frau Clara Immerwahr (1870–1915) führt uns nicht nur das wechselhafte Leben dieser beiden Persönlichkeiten vor Augen, die ihr Leben voller Hoffnung begannen und in Tragik beendeten. Ihre Geschichte ist einbettet in die Zeit vom Aufbruch und dann Niedergang des Deutschen Reiches im Ersten Weltkrieg und lässt auch Wissenschaft und Industrie dieser Periode an einigen Beispielen vor uns erstehen.
Nanomaterialien zum Anfassen. Do‐it‐yourself !
Authors: Becht Saskia , Ernst Susanne , Bappert Reiner , Feldmann Claus
Published: February 2010

Acht ausgewählte Experimente sollen Synthese, Eigenschaften, Funktion und Anwendungen von Nanomaterialien veranschaulichen und den Leser zum Do‐it‐yourself‐Experiment in Schule und Hochschule animieren. Konkret handelt es sich hierbei um: (1) Lichtstreuung von Suspensionen, (2) Opale zum Selbermachen, (3) Quanteneffekte und rotes Gold, (4) Oberflächen und Oberflächenfunktionalisierung, (5) Pyrophores Eisen, (6) Superparamagnetismus und magnetische Flüssigkeiten, (7) TiO2 und die Farbstoffsolarzelle sowie (8) Leuchtstoffe und lumineszierende Biomarker. Bewusst sind alle Experimente auf eine einfache und schnelle Durchführbarkeit ausgerichtet, auch wenn dies im Einzelnen Einschränkungen hinsichtlich der Qualität der Materialeigenschaften mit sich bringt. Geweckt werden soll vor allem das Interesse an Nanowissenschaften und Nanotechnologie sowie die Neugier auf mehr.
Freilichtmuseum Hagen
Authors: Schwedt Georg
Published: February 2010

Im Mäckingerbachtal bei Hagen in Westfalen entstand seit den 1960er Jahren das heutige Landesmuseum für Handwerk und Technik (Landschaftsverband Westfalen‐Lippe) als ein Museum Technischer Kulturdenkmale. In über 50 Gebäuden auf etwa 40 Hektar Fläche und an einem fast drei Kilometer langen Weg wurden Handwerks‐ und Gewerbegebäude aus dem 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhundert wieder aufgebaut und deren Gewerbe in Betrieb gesetzt. Mit der Chemie haben vor allem Handwerke aus den Branchen Nichteisenmetalle, Eisen und Stahl, Druck und Papier, Leder sowie Nahrung und Genussmittel zu tun, womit auch die Gliederung dieses einmaligen Freilichtmuseums in Europa angesprochen ist.
Eingekapseltes Fett‐Tröpfchen
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: February 2010

Polyoxometallate (POM) können bemerkenswert komplexe Strukturen mit chemisch modifizierbaren Hohlräumen und Zugangsöffnungen ausbilden. Als jüngsten Gast in einer solchen POM‐Nanokapsel konnte die Arbeitsgruppe von Achim Müller an der Universität Bielefeld jetzt eine neuartige Zusammenballung von 24 Molekülen der Buttersäure begrüßen.
Bakterium weckt stille Gene beim Pilz
Authors: Feil Sylvia
Published: February 2010

In der Natur leben Mikroorganismen auf engstem Raum miteinander. Über die chemische Kommunikation über Artgrenzen hinweg ist jedoch noch nicht viel bekannt. Axel Brakhage und Christian Hertweck aus Jena untersuchten nun unter Laborbedingungen eine Kokultur zwischen Pilz und Bakterien. Dabei fanden sie ein erstaunlich enges Miteinander beider Arten vor und neue Sekundärmetaboliten beim Pilz.
Genomanalyse von Tumoren
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: February 2010

Die technischen Verbesserungen bei der Genomsequenzierung lassen den Preis eines einzelnen menschlichen Genoms immer tiefer fallen. Der systematische Vergleich von Krebsgenomen mit der DNA der gesunden Zellen desselben Patienten ist bereits praktikabel und dürfte schon bald die Krebsmedizin revolutionieren.
Und es gibt sie doch: Kohlensäure
Authors: Feil Sylvia
Published: February 2010

Die Kinetik der chemischen Reaktion von Kohlensäure in wässriger Lösung war bislang wenig charakterisiert. Erik Nibbering und Mitarbeiter vom Max‐Born‐Institut in Berlin haben mit israelischen Kollegen verfolgt, wie Bicarbonat in schwerem Wasser ultraschnell zur deuterierten Kohlensäure protoniert wird. Die freie Kohlensäure überdauert mehrere Nanosekunden, bevor sie wieder deprotoniert.
Some tests for uniformity of circular distributions powerful against multimodal alternatives
Authors: Pycke Jean‐Renaud
Published: February 2010

The author introduces new statistics suited for testing uniformity of circular distributions and powerful against multimodal alternatives. One of them has a simple expression in terms of the geometric mean of the sample of chord lengths. The others belong to a family indexed by a continuous parameter. The asymptotic distributions under the null hypothesis are derived. We compare the power of the new tests against Stephens's alternatives with those of Ajne, Watson, and Hermans‐Rasson's tests. Some of the new tests are the most powerful when the alternative has three or four modes. A heuristic justification of this feature is given. An application to the analysis of archaeological data is provided. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 38:80–96; 2010 © 2010 Statistical Society of Canada
Testing the psychometric properties of the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ) in Turkish university students and community samples
Authors: Senol‐Durak Emre , Durak Mithat , Elagöz Feride Özlem
Published: February 2010

Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ) has been extensively used to assess coping styles in the clinical or non‐clinical context. The present study investigates the psychometric properties of WCQ in Turkish culture and attempts to get its shorter version by using three separate and independent samples (two groups of university students and one community sample). The constructive study was conducted with a sample of full‐time university students (N = 472) and it indicated that the most relevant factor structure was seven‐factor model. The factors were planful problem‐solving, seeking refuge in supernatural forces, keep to self, seeking social support, seeking refuge in fate, escape/avoidance and accepting responsibility. After that, confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test the adequacy of these factors with two different samples. Study 1 was conducted with a sample of university students (N = 485) and Study 2 was conducted with a sample of community (N = 416). Results demonstrated that seven‐factor solution revealed better results in both samples in terms of goodness of fit indexes in confirmatory factor analysis. The results of reliability and validity analysis revealed that psychometric properties of WCQ were acceptable. In addition to getting shorter version of WCQ, the present study enhances cross‐cultural information that increases awareness about the coping styles in a non‐western culture. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioners Message:

• Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ) is a feasible measure especially for non‐native clinicians to understand the client's coping styles by exploring and being sensitive to his/her cultural values in order to establish therapeutic alliance throughout the therapy assess.

• Turkish version of WCQ includes specifi c dimensions of seeking refuge in fate and supernatural forces.

• Clinicians can assess behavioural as well as cognitive responses of coping behaviours by WCQ.

• WCQ can be used to identify focal point of the therapy when dealing with depression, negative affect and self esteem problems of Turkish clients.
The impact of metabolic syndrome on left ventricular myocardial performance
Authors: Voulgari Christina , Moyssakis Ioannis , Papazafiropoulou Athanasia , Perrea Despoina , Kyriaki Despoina , Katsilambros Nicholas , Tentolouris Nicholas
Published: February 2010

Background

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is common and is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Recent prospective studies suggested that MetS is associated with increased risk of heart failure. In the present cross‐sectional study, we examined the association between left ventricular myocardial performance with MetS.

Materials and Methods

A total of 550 non‐diabetic subjects, 275 without MetS and 275 with MetS, matched for gender, age and body mass index and free of clinically apparent macrovascular disease were studied. MetS was diagnosed using the NCEP‐ATP III criteria. Left ventricular myocardial performance was assessed using the Tei index.

Results

Both men and women with MetS had higher values of the Tei index, indicating worse myocardial performance, in comparison with those without MetS (p < 0.001). Participants with a cluster of more components of the MetS had higher Tei index values than those with fewer components of the MetS. In addition, among normotensive subjects, those with MetS had significantly higher Tei index values than subjects without MetS. Multivariate linear regression analysis, after adjustment for age and body mass index, demonstrated that MetS status and from the individual components of the MetS, high fasting blood glucose levels, higher blood pressure, low high density lipoprotein levels and high waist circumference were associated with worse myocardial performance.

Conclusion

MetS is associated with subclinical myocardial dysfunction in both men and women. Strategies to reduce the cardiovascular burden and the risk of heart failure associated with MetS should aim at prevention of the MetS and its related conditions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuous CD27 triggering in vivo strongly reduces NK cell numbers
Authors: De Colvenaer Veerle , Taveirne Sylvie , Hamann Jörg , de Bruin Alex M. , De Smedt Magda , Taghon Tom , Vandekerckhove Bart , Plum Jean , van Lier Rene , Leclercq Georges
Published: February 2010

NK cells are important mediators of the early defense. In mice, immature and mature NK (mNK) cells constitutively express the TNF receptor family member CD27; however, mNK cells eventually lose CD27 expression and become resting NK cells. Interaction of CD27 with its ligand, CD70, enhances proliferation and effector functions of NK cells. We used mice that constitutively express CD70 on B cells (CD70‐Tg) to study the in vivo effects of continuous triggering of CD27 on NK cells. Continuous CD70‐CD27 interaction resulted in strongly down‐modulated CD27 expression on NK cells and gradually reduced absolute NK cell numbers. This reduction was most prominent in the mNK cell subpopulation and was at least partially due to increased apoptosis. Residual NK cells showed lower expression of activating Ly49 receptors and normal (liver) or decreased (spleen) IFN‐γ production. Nevertheless, NK cells from CD70‐Tg mice displayed higher YAC‐1 killing capacities. CD70‐Tg NK cells exhibited up‐regulated expression of NKG2D, which is in accordance with the increased YAC‐1 lysis, as this is mainly NKG2D‐dependent. Taken together, this study is the first to demonstrate that continuous CD70 triggering of CD27 on NK cells in vivo results in a severe reduction of NK cells. On a single cell basis, however, residual NK cells display enhanced cytotoxicity.
Assembly of Dinuclear CuII Rigid Blocks by Bridging Azido or Poly(thiocyanato)chromates: Synthesis, Structures and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Polymers and Polynuclear Complexes
Authors: Kolotilov Sergey V. , Cador Olivier , Gavrilenko Konstantin S. , Golhen Stéphane , Ouahab Lahcène , Pavlishchuk Vitaly V.
Published: February 2010

Reaction of a dinuclear cationic copper(II) complex of 4,4′‐[2‐(3‐hydroxyiminobutyl)imino]biphenyl [CuII2(LH)2]2+ with N3– resulted in the formation of a dinuclear azido [CuII2(LH)2(N3)2(H2O)2] complex or a 2D coordination polymer [CuII2(LH)2(N3)2]n. Reaction of the dinuclear complex with [CrIII(NCS)6]3– or [CrIII(NCS)4(NH3)2]– produced a 2D polymer {[CuII2(LH)2(CH3CN)2]3[CrIII(NCS)6]2}n or a 1D chain, constructed from tetranuclear units {[CuII2(LH)2][CrIII(NCS)4(NH3)2]2}n. Structures of the compounds were determined by X‐ray crystallography and complexes were characterised by the temperature dependency of the magnetic susceptibility and by ESR spectroscopy. Magnetic properties of homometallic compounds were fit with the model of a dimer with the Hamiltonian Ĥ = –JŜ1·Ŝ2. For heterometallic complexes χMT curves were fit as the superposition of magnetism resulting from both [CuII2(LH)2]2+ and the adjacent CrIII‐containing anion. J values for the complexes lie in the range from –12.74(4) to –17.77(8) cm–1. It was shown that the 4,4′‐biphenyl bridge efficiently mediates exchange interactions.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of 3′‐O‐Acetal‐Protected 2′‐Deoxynucleosides as Building Blocks for Nucleic Acid Chemistry
Authors: Rodríguez‐Pérez Tatiana , Fernández Susana , Martínez‐Montero Saúl , González‐García Tania , Sanghvi Yogesh S. , Gotor Vicente , Ferrero Miguel
Published: February 2010

We have developed a simple and convenient synthetic strategy for the preparation of tetrahydropyranyl, 4‐methoxytetrahydropyranyl, and tetrahydrofuranyl ethers of 2′‐deoxynucleosides, which are useful building blocks for nucleic acid chemistry. Enzymatic benzoylation provides an efficient alternative for protecting the 5′‐hydroxy group of the parent nucleosides in a regioselective manner. Subsequently, tetrahydropyranylation and tetrahydrofuranylation of the 2′‐deoxynucleosides at the 3′‐hydroxy group were accomplished with p‐toluensulfonic acid, MgBr2, or camphorsulfonic acid as catalysts. Deprotection of the 5′‐O‐benzoyl group furnished 3′‐O‐acetal‐protected 2′‐deoxynucleosides. The three‐step process is expected to enable the large‐scale synthesis of protected nucleosides.
Glassy Carbon Paste Electrodes for the Determination of Fructosyl Valine
Authors: Chien Hui‐Ching , Chou Tse‐Chuan
Published: February 2010

Nearly 200 million people worldwide have type‐2 diabetes. Glucose sensors are routinely used for diagnosis; however, the relative amount of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) may be a better marker. A working electrode made from bare glassy carbon paste was used for sensing fructosyl valine (Fru‐Val), a component of HbA1c. Amperometric measurements revealed a linear relationship between Fru‐Val concentration and the sensing current. The square correlation coefficient and the sensitivity were 0.999 and 5.26 μA mM−1, respectively. The minimum detection limit was less than 0.05 mM.
Joint turbo equalisation and carrier synchronisation for SC‐FDE schemes
Authors: Dinis Rui , Araújo Teresa , Pedrosa Pedro , Nunes Fernando
Published: February 2010

In this paper we consider the use of single carrier (SC) modulations combined with frequency‐domain equalisation (FDE) in future broadband wireless systems. We propose iterative receiver structures with joint equalisation and carrier synchronisation. The proposed receivers can be regarded as modified frequency‐domain turbo equalisers where we perform a decision‐directed frequency offset estimation within each iteration of the turbo equaliser.

Our performance results show that the proposed receiver structure has good bit error rate (BER), even with moderate frequency offsets and in severely time‐dispersive channels. Moreover, our receiver has a relatively low implementation complexity, due to its fast Fourier transform (FFT)‐based frequency‐domain implementation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐linear flux‐splitting schemes with imposed discrete maximum principle for elliptic equations with highly anisotropic coefficients
Authors: Pal Mayur , Edwards Michael G.
Published: February 2010

Families of flux‐continuous, locally conservative, finite‐volume schemes have been developed for solving the general tensor pressure equation of petroleum reservoir simulation on structured and unstructured grids. The schemes are applicable to diagonal and full tensor pressure equation with generally discontinuous coefficients and remove the O(1) errors introduced by standard reservoir simulation schemes when applied to full tensor flow approximation. The family of flux‐continuous schemes is quantified by a quadrature parameterization. Improved convergence using the quadrature parameterization has been established for the family of flux‐continuous schemes.

When applied to strongly anisotropic full‐tensor permeability fields the schemes can fail to satisfy a maximum principle (as with other FEM and finite‐volume methods) and result in spurious oscillations in the numerical pressure solution. This paper presents new non‐linear flux‐splitting techniques that are designed to compute solutions that are free of spurious oscillations. Results are presented for a series of test‐cases with strong full‐tensor anisotropy ratios. In all cases the non‐linear flux‐splitting methods yield pressure solutions that are free of spurious oscillations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon Nanotubes Based Nafion Composite Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications
Authors: Cele N. P. , Sinha Ray S. , Pillai S. K. , Ndwandwe M. , Nonjola S. , Sikhwivhilu L. , Mathe M. K.
Published: February 2010

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) containing Nafion composite membranes were prepared via melt‐blending at 250 °C. Using three different types of CNTs such as pure CNTs (pCNTs), oxidised CNTs (oCNTs) and amine functionalised CNTs (fCNTs); the effect of CNTs surface oxidation as well as functionalisation in composite membranes was investigated by focussing on three aspects: thermo‐mechanical stability, thermal degradation and proton conductivity. The oCNTs‐containing Nafion composite membrane exhibited concurrent improvement in most of the properties as compared to that of pure Nafion or other CNTs‐containing Nafion composite membranes.
Palladium and Palladium Gold Catalysts Supported on MWCNTs for Electrooxidation of Formic Acid
Authors: Chen C. H. , Liou W. J. , Lin H. M. , Wu S. H. , Borodzinski A. , Stobinski L. , Kedzierzawski P.
Published: February 2010

Novel multi‐wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) supported Pd–Au catalyst for electrooxidation of formic acid was prepared and compared with a similarly prepared Pd/MWCNTs and with a commercial Pt–Ru/Vulcan catalyst. The catalysts were prepared by a two‐stage polyol method, followed by H2–Ar annealing and were characterised by using X‐ray diffraction, FE‐TEM and EDX. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to test their catalytic activity towards formic acid electrooxidation and accessible metal surface in the catalyst layer. In the case of the precursor of Pd–Au/MWCNTs catalyst (before H2–Ar annealing), subsequent deposition of Pd and Au led to a material of the core‐shell structure, catalytically inactive. Annealing of the core shell Pd–Au/MWCNTs precursor in H2–Ar resulted in the formation of the novel Pd–Au/MWCNTs catalyst. A highly dispersed Pd–Au solid solution (average XRD particle size 4.8 nm) is formed, and the novel catalyst is more active than the Pd/MWCNTs one. Both the Pd–Au/MWCNTs and the Pd/MWCNTs catalysts turned out to be more active than a commercial, highly dispersed Pt–Ru/Vulcan catalyst.