bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Analysis of Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy, Bisphosphonate, and Wharton Jelly-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Preserving Bone and Cartilage Integrity and Modulating IL31, IL33, and BMP2 in the Cartilage of Ovariectomized Rat Model
Authors: Cheng Jai-Hong , Chen Cheng-Wei , Chou Wen-Yi , Chen Po-Cheng , Wu Kuan-Ting , Jhan Shun-Wun , Hsu Shan-Ling , Wu Yi-No , Chen Hou-Tsung
Published: December 2024

Background: Osteoporosis (OP) is a chronic inflammatory bone disease characterized by reduced bone structure and strength, leading to increased fracture risk. Effective therapies targeting both bone and cartilage are limited. This study compared the therapeutic effects of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT), bisphosphonate (Aclasta), and human Wharton jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs) in a rat model of OP. Methods: Female rats were assigned to four groups: Sham (no surgery or treatment), OP (bilateral ovariectomy, OVX), ESWT (OVX + ESWT on both tibias at 0.25 mJ/mm2, 1500 impulses per tibia), Aclasta (OVX + zoledronic acid 0.1 mg/kg via tail vein injection), and WJMSC (OVX + 2 × 10⁶ WJMSCs). Pathological changes, bone microarchitecture (by micro-CT), serum cytokines (by ELISA), and tissue-specific molecular markers (by immunohistochemistry) were evaluated. Results: All treatments improved bone density, preserved cartilage, and modulated cytokines (IL31, IL33, VEGF, and BMP2), with Aclasta showing the greatest improvements in bone parameters and cartilage preservation. ESWT and WJMSC also demonstrated significant effects, with ESWT highlighting non-invasive chondroprotective potential. Conclusions: Aclasta provided the best overall therapeutic response, particularly in bone regeneration. However, ESWT and WJMSC also showed comparable chondroprotective effects. ESWT emerges as a promising non-invasive alternative for OP management when pharmacological or cell-based therapies are not feasible.
The Correlation Between Biological Markers and Prognosis in Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Hajjar Rami , Duta Ciprian , Faur Ionut Flaviu , Prodan-Barbulescu Catalin , Alhajjar Hadi , Pantea Stelian
Published: December 2024

Background: Thyroid cancer incidence is rising globally. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common subtype, usually with a favorable prognosis, while follicular, medullary, and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas carry higher risks. This study examines the relationship between biological markers—BRAF V600E mutation, thyroglobulin (Tg), and calcitonin—and thyroid cancer prognosis. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 395 thyroid cancer patients treated from 2010 to 2018 at the Emergency Clinical Hospital “Pius Brînzeu” in Timișoara. Patients were grouped by BRAF V600E mutation status (n = 178 with, n = 217 without). Preoperative Tg and calcitonin levels were measured, and survival rates were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression. Results: Patients with the BRAF V600E mutation were older, presented with advanced stages, and had higher Tg and calcitonin levels, correlating with tumor progression (e.g., Tg: 30.5 ng/mL in stage I vs. 62.0 ng/mL in stage IV). Lower biomarker levels (<30 ng/mL Tg, <15 pg/mL calcitonin) were associated with significantly better five-year survival rates (82.1% vs. 67.5%). Advanced stage, age, and elevated biomarkers independently predicted increased mortality risk. Conclusions: The BRAF V600E mutation is associated with more aggressive thyroid cancer and poorer outcomes. Tg and calcitonin are reliable prognostic markers, aiding in risk stratification and personalized treatment strategies to improve outcomes in thyroid cancer care.
The Potential Causal Association of Apolipoprotein A and B and Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Mendelian Randomisation Study
Authors: Lee Young , Seo Je Hyun
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Research has suggested a potential relationship between apolipoproteins A (ApoA) and B (ApoB) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This study explored the potential causal relationship between ApoA/ApoB levels and AMD/AMD subtypes using two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR). Methods: We selected 308 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for ApoA and 198 SNPs for ApoB from the UK Biobank data. Summary statistics for AMD were collected from the genome-wide association study of the FinnGen project. We performed two-sample MR to assess the causal effects of ApoA/ApoB on AMD and its subtypes. Potential confounders, including body mass index, C-reactive protein level, and smoking status, were assessed using a multivariable MR analysis. Results: ApoA showed a significant causal association with AMD (odds ratio [OR] = 1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05–1.25, p = 0.003) and was linked to both dry (p = 0.004) and wet (p = 0.025) AMD. ApoB showed a decreasing trend in dry AMD risk (p = 0.074), though not significant, and was not associated with overall or wet AMD. The multivariable MR analysis showed no significant association of ApoA with any AMD subtype (p > 0.05). ApoB decreased dry AMD risk (OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.80–0.99, p = 0.039), with trends for overall and wet AMD that were not significant (p = 0.070 and p = 0.091, respectively). Conclusions: These findings suggest that ApoB is associated with lower AMD risk, particularly for dry AMD. Further research is needed to clarify lipid biomarker’s role as AMD risk factors.
Surface Functionalization of Activated Carbon: Coupling of 3-(Aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane and (3-Glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane
Authors: Pustahija Lucija , Bandl Christine , Alem Sayed Ali Ahmad , Kern Wolfgang
Published: December 2024

This study aimed to functionalize the surface of activated carbon, and thus render the surface more hydrophilic and reactive. To attain this goal, sequential surface functionalization was carried out using (i) oxidation (pre-activation) and (ii) secondary functionalization. The carbon surface was pre-activated in an autoclave via solvothermal oxidation (i.e., wet oxidation) with nitric acid. Alternatively, plasma-assisted oxidation with a mixture of argon and oxygen (i.e., dry oxidation) was employed. A subsequent step included the reduction in formed carbonyl groups with LiAlH4. Following that, secondary functionalization was performed with 3-(aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (APTMS) or (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS), respectively. Changes in the surface composition of carbon after functionalization and morphology were examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Oxidized carbon samples were successfully modified at their surfaces with APMTS and GPTMS, yielding Si content of 3.2 at. % and 1.9 at. % for wet-oxidized carbon and 5.1 at. % and 2.8 at. % for dry-oxidized carbon, respectively.
Potentiating Virus-like Particles for Mucosal Vaccination Using Material Science Approaches
Authors: Radiom Milad
Published: December 2024

Virus-like particles (VLPs) exhibit such unique colloidal and structural properties that make them ideal candidates for various bio-nanotechnology applications, among which mucosal vaccination is particularly promising. However, since mucosal surfaces present harsh environments to VLPs, stabilization of VLP capsids or alternative delivery strategies are necessary. Addressing these challenges requires interdisciplinary research, and the intersection of material science and immunology is presented in this review. Approaches such as crosslinking capsid coat proteins, incorporating VLPs in polymer matrices and hydrogels, or forming crystalline nano-/micro-structures show potential for developing muco-stable VLP vaccines or for delivering these vaccines in a sustainable manner. This review explores recent material science approaches that leverage VLPs as nanotools for various applications and with the potential for translation to mucosal vaccination.
Genetic Sex Determination of Free-Ranging Short-Finned Pilot Whales from Blow Samples
Authors: Arranz Patricia , Coya Ruth , Turac Elena , Miralles Laura
Published: December 2024

Whale blow, the vapor exhaled during respiration of cetaceans, provides valuable genetic information to monitor health status and population dynamics. However, obtaining samples of sufficient quality and quantity remains a challenge, particularly for small odontocetes. Here, we developed both field and laboratory protocols optimized for the genetic analysis of blow samples of short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus). Blow collection was performed from a small research vessel at a slow speed using a hand-held carbon fiber pole equipped with a sterile Petri dish. Determination of the sex was conducted using up to five PCRs of multiplexed markers from a classical methodology (SRY + ZFX/ZFY genes) and a novel protocol (SRY + FCB17) optimized for highly degraded, fragmented and/or scarce DNA. A total of 47 blow samples of free-ranging pilot whales off the Canary Islands were collected. The presence of DNA was confirmed in 98% of the blow samples, which were further processed resulting in 32 of them with positive genetic sex determination applying the novel methodology (70%), compared to only 8 (19%) with the classical method. Results confirmed the success of sampling, DNA extraction and sex determination using multiplexed markers in blow samples of odontocetes. This protocol represents an important management tool to conduct future non-invasive health assessments of small cetaceans in the wild.
Insights from Biophotonic Imaging and Biochemical Analysis on Cellular and Molecular Alterations Exhibited in Dull Skin
Authors: Matsubara Akira , Omotezako Tatsuya , Xu Ying , Evdokiou Anna , Li Lijuan , Zhao Wenzhu , Braga Camila Pereira , Swift Dionne , Nagasawa Hitomi , Byrd Jennifer I. , Jarrold Brad , Deng Gang , Wang Junjie , Hakozaki Tomohiro
Published: December 2024

Dullness or lack of radiance in facial appearance is a common concern among females. Previous studies have linked skin dullness to aging and revealed alterations in skin pigments. However, younger individuals (ages ≤ 35) also report concerns about dull skin in their hectic daily lives, which may not involve pigmentation changes. We hypothesized that the mechanisms underlying dullness in youth differ from those associated with aging. To investigate this, we measured cellular and molecular changes in 132 healthy Japanese and Chinese females aged 18 to 35 using biophotonic multiphoton tomography and biochemical tape-strip analysis. Our findings revealed that dull skin exhibited a thicker stratum granulosum and less densely packed keratinocytes in deeper layers. Biochemical analysis showed upregulation of interleukin-36γ and downregulation of E-cadherin in dull skin, with interleukin-36γ levels negatively correlating (p = 0.023) with metabolites of filaggrin. These alterations resemble those observed in inflammatory skin conditions, suggesting an additional mechanism of skin dullness beyond pigmentation. In vitro cultured cell models evaluated the efficacy of three skincare ingredients: galactomyces fermentation filtrate, bisabolol, and batyl alcohol. Galactomyces suppressed interleukin-36γ (p = 0.037), while both batyl alcohol (p = 0.006) and bisabolol (p = 0.049) showed beneficial effects on filaggrin. Targeting these biomarkers may improve the appearance of dull skin.
STIL Overexpression Is Associated with Chromosomal Numerical Abnormalities in Non-Small-Cell Lung Carcinoma Through Centrosome Amplification
Authors: Ohtsuka Shunsuke , Kato Hisami , Ishikawa Rei , Watanabe Hirofumi , Miyazaki Ryosuke , Katsuragi Shin-ya , Yoshimura Katsuhiro , Yamada Hidetaka , Sakai Yasuhiro , Inoue Yusuke , Takanashi Yusuke , Sekihara Keigo , Funai Kazuhito , Sugimura Haruhiko , Shinmura Kazuya
Published: December 2024

STIL is a regulatory protein essential for centriole biogenesis, and its dysregulation has been implicated in various diseases, including malignancies. However, its role in non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) remains unclear. In this study, we examined STIL expression and its potential association with chromosomal numerical abnormalities (CNAs) in NSCLC using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset, immunohistochemical analysis, and in vitro experiments with NSCLC cell lines designed to overexpress STIL. TCGA data revealed upregulated STIL mRNA expression in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC), the two major subtypes of NSCLC. Immunohistochemical analysis of cases from our hospital (LUAD, n = 268; LUSC, n = 98) revealed STIL protein overexpression. To elucidate the functional role of STIL, an inducible STIL-overexpressing H1299 NSCLC cell line was generated. Overexpression of STIL in these cells promoted centrosome amplification, leading to chromosomal instability. Finally, analysis of arm-level chromosomal copy number alterations from the TCGA dataset revealed that elevated STIL mRNA expression was associated with CNAs in both LUAD and LUSC. These findings suggest that STIL overexpression is associated with CNAs in NSCLC, likely through centrosome amplification, which is linked to chromosomal instability and might represent a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC treatment.
Revision of the Global Fauna of Leptochela Stimpson, 1860 (Crustacea: Decapoda), Highlighting Phylogenetic Clades and a New Species
Authors: Vereshchaka Alexander L. , Lunina Anastasiia A. , Kulagin Dmitry N. , Olesen Jørgen , Corbari Laure
Published: December 2024

Leptochela Stimpson (1860) is a shallow-water, benthopelagic genus within the predominantly pelagic superfamily Pasiphaeoidea. We inventoried a global fauna of 17 currently valid species of Leptochela and identified a newly discovered eighteenth species. Our analysis combined both morphological and molecular data, using 13 characters (including two multistate characters) and 5 gene markers, respectively. The results revealed incongruence between the molecular and morphological datasets. However, our phylogenetic conclusions were based on a consensus approach, integrating morphological, molecular, and total evidence trees, which revealed three robust clades. We discuss the evolutionary development of quantitative and qualitative morphological traits in Leptochela and explore the potential causes of the incongruence between morphological and molecular signals, particularly in the context of pelagic eucarids transitioning from pelagic to benthopelagic habitats. Additionally, we describe the new species from Madagascar and provide a key to all known species of Leptochela.
Comparative Study of Coagulation Dynamics: Cardoon Flower Extract vs. Chymosin
Authors: Gomes Sandra , Pina Ivanilda , Fernandes Jaime , Dias João , Reboredo Fernando , Martins António P. L. , Alvarenga Nuno
Published: December 2024

Milk coagulants play a crucial role in defining curd characteristics. The objective of this study was to compare the coagulation dynamics of two commonly used coagulants in cheesemaking: cardoon flower extract (Cynara cardunculus L.) and commercial chymosin, using sheep milk from four different origins in the Baixo Alentejo region of Portugal, as the substrate. Milk composition was determined using the MilkoScan 133B, while the milk-clotting time (MCT) was measured following ISO 23058/IDF 199:2006 guidelines with slight modifications and coagulation kinetics, and technological properties were evaluated using the Optigraph apparatus. The results demonstrate that the type of coagulant impacts the coagulation properties of sheep milk. Pearson’s correlation analysis indicated that milk samples with higher protein content exhibited longer coagulation times but resulted in firmer curds. On the other hand, the use of cardoon flower extract introduced greater variability compared to chymosin, with a delayed onset of coagulation, reduced curd firmness, and increased variability in enzymatic kinetics. These results suggest that cardoon extract, while traditional, introduces greater heterogeneity in curd formation compared to the more consistent action of chymosin.
CT-Free Attenuation Correction in Paediatric Long Axial Field-of-View Positron Emission Tomography Using Synthetic CT from Emission Data
Authors: Montgomery Maria Elkjær , Andersen Flemming Littrup , Mathiasen René , Borgwardt Lise , Andersen Kim Francis , Ladefoged Claes Nøhr
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Paediatric PET/CT imaging is crucial in oncology but poses significant radiation risks due to children’s higher radiosensitivity and longer post-exposure life expectancy. This study aims to minimize radiation exposure by generating synthetic CT (sCT) images from emission PET data, eliminating the need for attenuation correction (AC) CT scans in paediatric patients. Methods: We utilized a cohort of 128 paediatric patients, resulting in 195 paired PET and CT images. Data were acquired using Siemens Biograph Vision 600 and Long Axial Field-of-View (LAFOV) Siemens Vision Quadra PET/CT scanners. A 3D parameter transferred conditional GAN (PT-cGAN) architecture, pre-trained on adult data, was adapted and trained on the paediatric cohort. The model’s performance was evaluated qualitatively by a nuclear medicine specialist and quantitatively by comparing sCT-derived PET (sPET) with standard PET images. Results: The model demonstrated high qualitative and quantitative performance. Visual inspection showed no significant (19/23) or minor clinically insignificant (4/23) differences in image quality between PET and sPET. Quantitative analysis revealed a mean SUV relative difference of −2.6 ± 5.8% across organs, with a high agreement in lesion overlap (Dice coefficient of 0.92 ± 0.08). The model also performed robustly in low-count settings, maintaining performance with reduced acquisition times. Conclusions: The proposed method effectively reduces radiation exposure in paediatric PET/CT imaging by eliminating the need for AC CT scans. It maintains high diagnostic accuracy and minimises motion-induced artifacts, making it a valuable alternative for clinical application. Further testing in clinical settings is warranted to confirm these findings and enhance patient safety.
Kappa Free Light Chains in Multiple Sclerosis as a Marker of Intrathecal Humoral Response: A Sex-Disaggregated Study
Authors: Candeloro Raffaella , Galloppa Maila , Lombardo Laura , Laudisi Michele , Ghisellini Sara , Negri Giovanna , Ferri Caterina , Marcialis Carla , Bellini Tiziana , Pugliatti Maura , Castellazzi Massimiliano
Published: December 2024

Background: Kappa free light chains (KFLCs) are emerging as promising biomarkers for intrathecal B cell activity for diagnosing multiple sclerosis (MS) through cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. In this study, we evaluated the ability of KFLC formulas to identify the presence of MS and their agreement with the ‘gold standard’ of CSF IgG oligoclonal bands (OCBs). Methods: A total of 233 patients were included in this study: 149, comprising 43 males and 106 females, had MS, and the remainder, 40 males and 44 females, had other neurological diseases (ONDs). We evaluated the potential of KFLCs in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and accordance. All analyses were conducted using a sex-disaggregated approach. Results: KFLCs showed a high sensitivity for both sexes with respect to the diagnosis of MS, with values between 74.42% and 93.03%. The specificity of the various formulas was much lower for females when compared to males, with values between 45.45% and 59.09%, with a significant difference between the two sexes for the K Index > 5.9 (p = 0.0451). Cohen’s kappa showed substantial agreement for men and moderate agreement for women between the KFLC indices and OCB. Conclusions: This study highlights the potential of KFLCs as a biomarker for MS but emphasises the need for sex-specific thresholds to improve diagnostic accuracy.
Secondary Primary Carcinoma Arising on the Flap Skin in the Oral Cavity—Case Series
Authors: Kos Boris , Martinovic Dinko , Muller Danko , Markota Iva , Karlovic Zoran , Bozic Josko , Dediol Emil
Published: December 2024

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) causes considerable morbidity and mortality rates, posing a major global health burden. The management of the OSCC is multidisciplinary, but still the gold standard is surgical resection and reconstruction of the postablative defect. The appearance of secondary primary OSCC is not uncommon; however, it is quite rare that it appears on the skin of the flap that was used for reconstruction during the previous surgical therapy. Methods: We present three cases in which a secondary primary OSCC appeared on the skin of two radial forearm free flaps and two on regional pectoralis major flaps. Results: Our case series show that, although relatively rare, there is a chance of a secondary primary tumor on the flap used for intraoral reconstruction after the first oncological reconstruction. According to the latest and available literature, there is still no explanation of the underlying mechanism that leads to this occurrence. Conclusions: The learning point of this case series should be that, aside from the neck metastasis or recurrence of the primary oral cancer, the clinicians should also bear in mind that the flap itself should be physically examined in detail.
Anatomy Education and Training Methods in Oral Surgery and Dental Implantology: A Narrative Review
Authors: Barausse Carlo , Felice Pietro , Pistilli Roberto , Pellegrino Gerardo , Bonifazi Lorenzo , Tayeb Subhi , Neri Irene , Koufi Foteini-Dionysia , Fazio Antonietta , Marvi Maria Vittoria , Manzoli Lucia , Ratti Stefano
Published: December 2024

Background: Oral and implant surgery represent highly specialized fields within dentistry that require a deep understanding of complex anatomical structures, together with practical hands-on experience. The present review examines common trends in oral and implant surgery training, focusing on how traditional methods like donated body dissection coexist with different and modern educational tools, and highlights the pros and cons of the different approaches in order to optimize training outcomes. Methods: A systematic literature search was carried out using the databases PubMed and Cochrane Library including the last 10 years of published articles about training in oral surgery and implantology. Starting from a total of 1319 studies, 47 were included to be carefully evaluated, and 20 studies were finally selected for this narrative review. The studies utilize methodologies such as randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cross-sectional surveys, case–control studies, and systematic reviews. The results were thematically organized, highlighting key quantitative outcomes and drawing connections between the different educational approaches. Results: From the narrative review, it emerged that oral and implant surgery training requires a careful balance between traditional methods, such as donated human body dissection, and modern technological advancements like virtual simulations and synthetic models. While animal and synthetic models have specific uses, their application remains limited in replicating the full complexity of human anatomy. These last technologies offer flexibility and expanded access to education but do not substitute for the hands-on experience gained through donated human body dissection. Conclusions: As educational institutions continue to evolve their training programs, ensuring access to human body dissection remains of paramount importance. Combining the strengths of both traditional and modern approaches may help optimize oral and implant surgery education, enhancing student preparedness without overlooking the critical value of direct anatomical experience.
Variance Resonance in Weakly Coupled Harmonic Oscillators Driven by Thermal Gradients
Authors: Boffi Tarcisio , De Gregorio Paolo
Published: December 2024

We study two harmonic oscillators with high quality factors, driven by equilibrium and off equilibrium thermal noise, the latter mimicked by establishing a temperature gradient. The two oscillators are coupled via a third reciprocal harmonic interaction. We deepen the case of a weak coupling between the two oscillators, and show the emergence of a “spike” in the displacement variance of the colder oscillator, when the respective elastic constants approach each other. Away from the peak, the displacement variance of each oscillator only reflects the value of the local temperature. We name this phenomenon the variance resonance, or alternatively covariance resonance, in the sense that it comes about as one element of the covariance matrix describing both oscillators. In fact, all of the elements of the covariance matrix show some distinctive behavior. The oscillator at the lower temperature, therefore, oscillates as if driven by a higher temperature, resonating with the other one. By converse, the variance of the hotter oscillator develops a deep dent, or depression, around the same region. We could not reproduce this behavior if either the coupling constant is not small compared to those of the two oscillators, or if the quality factors are not large enough. In fact, in such instances the system tends to resemble one which is in equilibrium at the average temperature, regardless of the relative strengths of the elastic constants of the two oscillators. Our results could have various applications including for example precision measurement systems, when not all parts of the apparatuses are at the same temperature.
Falling Short on Long-Term Care Efficiency Change? A Non-Parametric Approach
Authors: Mercadier Augusto Carlos , Belmonte-Martín Irene , Ortiz Lidia
Published: December 2024

The European Commission’s 2015 aging report forecasts a substantial increase in public spending on Long-Term Care (LTC) for OECD countries by 2060, posing significant fiscal challenges. This study aims to assess the efficiency and productivity of the LTC sector from 2010 to 2019 and explore whether efficiency gains can alleviate these fiscal pressures. Using a non-parametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model, combined with Tobit regression, we estimate the efficiency of OECD countries and examine the role of decentralization in shaping performance outcomes. The findings reveal that, on average, countries operate at 94% efficiency, with modest productivity growth. However, technical inefficiencies persist, especially in unitary countries, while federal countries, though initially less efficient, show greater improvements over time. Despite these gains, the current efficiency levels are insufficient to counterbalance the projected increase in LTC demand. Policymakers should prioritize reforms that enhance efficiency through decentralization, promoting accountability and competition as mechanisms to sustain the LTC system in the face of demographic shifts.
Post-COVID-19 Student and Faculty Perceptions of Online Computing Labs: Better Targeted, Better Perceptions, but Still Need Improvement
Authors: Hou Yunfei , McIntyre Miranda May , Fu Joyce , Herrera Jesus , Aldirawi Hani , Van Wart Montgomery
Published: December 2024

In many disciplines, the growth of online courses was propelled by the COVID-19 pandemic, but this trend moderated as health concerns receded. Before the pandemic, computer science-related disciplines were less keen on online labs because of their inherently hands-on nature. This study presents a comparative analysis of student and faculty perceptions towards online labs in three computing-related disciplines a year after the pandemic. Through a survey with 242 students and 20 faculty responses, we found students were, overall, positive about their online lab experience—as were faculty. Students and instructors both agree that (1) where provided, online lab courses are being taught effectively, and (2) it is crucial to continue investing in technology infrastructure to enhance the quality and accessibility of both online and in-person labs. However, students and instructors disagree on two issues: (1) teamwork for lab activities and assignments (i.e., faculty tended to have a more optimistic view of online collaborative activities); and (2) modality for lab sessions (i.e., student preferences were evenly split between synchronous and asynchronous labs while faculty mostly preferred synchronous online labs). Faculty appear more optimistic about the effectiveness of online labs but show heightened concern regarding technological disruptions. Notably, all comments from students asserted the importance of having recorded demonstrations, even when a live synchronous demonstration may have been provided. Utilizing recordings and making them available is an example of a best practice worth promoting despite the added effort for faculty.
Addressing School Absenteeism Through Monitoring: A Review of Evidence-Based Educational Policies and Practices
Authors: Sälzer Christine , Ricking Heinrich , Feldhaus Michael
Published: December 2024

In many countries, indicators related to educational contexts, inputs, processes, and outputs serve as important benchmarks for allocating funding to educational institutions. Educational monitoring provides a valuable approach for gathering data on these indicators. This review offers a critical analysis of the current state of educational monitoring of school attendance in Germany, emphasizing the need for a more comprehensive monitoring system including such data. We provide an overview of the current state of research, propose a theoretical framework, and outline the key requirements for effective monitoring. From this foundation, we examine existing empirical evidence on the impact of monitoring school attendance. Our findings indicate that comprehensive and ongoing monitoring is essential for preventing and reducing student absenteeism. Moreover, we emphasize that consistent attendance monitoring is vital for educational policy and practice, offering considerable potential for school improvement. It functions as an early warning system, helping to identify students at risk of academic failure or dropping out. By systematically tracking attendance, schools can implement basic preventive measures and tailor interventions to address the specific needs of at-risk students, ultimately fostering academic achievement and engagement.
Research of Chinese Entity Recognition Model Based on Multi-Feature Semantic Enhancement
Authors: Yuan Ling , Zeng Chenglong , Pan Peng
Published: December 2024

Chinese Entity Recognition (CER) aims to extract key information entities from Chinese text data, supporting subsequent natural language processing tasks such as relation extraction, knowledge graph construction, and intelligent question answering. However, CER faces several challenges, including limited training corpora, unclear entity boundaries, and complex entity structures, resulting in low accuracy and a call for further improvements. To address issues such as high annotation costs and ambiguous entity boundaries, this paper proposes the SEMFF-CER model, a CER model based on semantic enhancement and multi-feature fusion. The model employs character feature extraction algorithms, SofeLexicon semantic enhancement for vocabulary feature extraction, and deep semantic feature extraction from pre-trained models. These features are integrated into the entity recognition process via gating mechanisms, effectively leveraging diverse features to enhance contextual semantics and improve recognition accuracy. Additionally, the model incorporates several optimization strategies: an adaptive loss function to balance negative samples and improve the F1 score, data augmentation to enhance model robustness, and dropout and Adamax optimization algorithms to refine training. The SEMFF-CER model is characterized by a low dependence on training corpora, fast computation speed, and strong scalability. Experiments conducted on four Chinese benchmark entity recognition datasets validate the proposed model, demonstrating superior performance over existing models with the highest F1 score.
Method of Mobile Speed Measurement Using Semi-Supervised Masked Auxiliary Classifier Generative Adversarial Networks
Authors: Yoon Eunchul , Kim Sun-Yong
Published: December 2024

We propose a semi-supervised masked auxiliary classifier generative adversarial network (SM-ACGAN) that has good classification performance in situations where labeled training data are limited. To develop SM-ACGAN, we combine the strengths of SSGAN (semi-supervised GAN), ACGAN-SG (auxiliary classifier GAN based on spectral normalization and gradient penalty), and MaskedGAN. Additionally, we devise a novel masking technique that performs masking adaptively depending on the real/fake ratio of the input data and a novel regularization technique that stabilizes the generator training depending on the maximum ratio of the average power of the generated fake data to the average power of the noise latent variables. Finally, we devise a rule of selecting an appropriate quantity of unlabeled data and labeled fake data generated by the generator for effective data augmentation. Through simulations, we demonstrate that SM-ACGAN has lower root mean square error (RMSE) values and lower variance, demonstrating superior mobile speed measurement performance on Rician channels compared to ACGAN-SG, MaskedGAN, SSGAN, a CNN (convolutional neural network), and a DNN (deep neural network).
Bi-PredRNN: An Enhanced PredRNN++ with a Bidirectional Network for Spatiotemporal Sequence Prediction
Authors: Han Seung-Hyun , Cho Da-Jung , Chung Tae-Sun
Published: December 2024

In recent years, significant advancements have been made in spatiotemporal sequence prediction, with PredRNN++ emerging as a powerful model due to its superior ability to capture complex temporal dependencies. However, the current unidirectional nature of PredRNN++ limits its ability to fully exploit the temporal information inherent in many real-world sequences. In this research, we propose an enhancement to the PredRNN++ model by incorporating a bidirectional network, enabling the model to consider both past and future contexts during prediction. This bidirectional extension enhances the model’s ability to predict sequences accurately and reliably, especially for data with intricate temporal patterns. Our experimental results demonstrate that the Bidirectional PredRNN++ outperforms the original model across several benchmark datasets, highlighting its potential for a wide range of applications in spatiotemporal data analysis.
Dynamic Control of Sodium Cold Trap Purification Temperature Using LSTM System Identification
Authors: Appiah Rita , Heifetz Alexander , Kultgen Derek , Tsoukalas Lefteri H. , Vilim Richard B.
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the dynamic regulation of the sodium cold trap purification temperature at Argonne National Laboratory’s liquid sodium test facility, employing long short-term memory (LSTM) system identification techniques. The investigation introduces an innovative hybrid approach by integrating model predictive control (MPC) based on first principles dynamic models with a multi-step time–frequency LSTM model in predicting the temperature profiles of a sodium cold trap purification system. The long short-term memory–model predictive controller (LSTM-MPC) model employs a sliding window scheme to gather training samples for multi-step prediction, leveraging historical data to construct predictive models that capture the non-linearities of the complex system dynamics without explicitly modeling the underlying physical processes. The performance of the LSTM-MPC and MPC were evaluated through simulation experiments, where both models were assessed on their capacity to maintain the cold trap temperature within predefined set-points while minimizing deviations and overshoots. Results obtained show how the data-driven LSTM-MPC model demonstrates stability and adaptability. In contrast, the traditional MPC model exhibits irregularities, particularly evident as overshoots around set-point limits, which can potentially compromise its effectiveness over long prediction time intervals. The findings obtained offer valuable insights into integrating data-driven techniques for enhancing real-time monitoring systems.
A New Voltage-Doubler Rectifier for High-Efficiency LLC Resonant Converters
Authors: Yeo Jung-Hyun , Kim Chong-Eun
Published: December 2024

The LLC resonant converter is widely recognized as an effective solution for achieving high efficiency in high-frequency operations. This is primarily due to its ability to perform zero-voltage switching (ZVS) on primary switches and zero-current switching (ZCS) on secondary rectifier switches. However, implementing the secondary rectifier of an LLC resonant converter often requires the use of jumpers on the PCB to construct circuit topologies such as the center-tap rectifier (CTR), full-bridge rectifier, and voltage-doubler rectifier (VDR). In conventional VDR configurations, the source voltage of the high-side FET fluctuates according to the switching operation of the primary switch. This fluctuation necessitates auxiliary windings or bootstrap circuits to provide a floating voltage source, adding significant complexity to gate drive circuits in high-power-density applications. This complexity poses a major barrier to the practical adoption of VDRs. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a novel rectification circuit based on the VDR topology, specifically designed for LLC resonant converters, offering simplified gate drive circuitry and improved suitability for high-power-density applications.
A Refined Approach for Angle of Attack Estimation and Dynamic Force Hysteresis in H-Type Darrieus Wind Turbines
Authors: Michna Jan , Rogowski Krzysztof
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the aerodynamic performance and flow dynamics of an H-type Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) using combined numerical and experimental methods. The analysis examines the effects of operational parameters, such as rotor solidity and pitch angle, on aerodynamic loads and flow characteristics, using a 2-D URANS simulation with the Transition SST model to capture transient effects. Validation was conducted in a low-turbulence wind tunnel to observe the impact of variable flow conditions. The LineAverage method for determining the angle of attack demonstrated strong correlations between rotor configuration and load variations, particularly highlighting the influence of blade number and pitch angle on aerodynamic efficiency. This research supports optimization strategies for Darrieus VAWTs in urban environments, where turbulent, low-speed conditions challenge conventional wind turbine designs.
Opportunities for the Transformation and Development of Power Plants Under Water Stress Conditions: Example of Adamów Power Plant
Authors: Kałuża Tomasz , Kanclerz Jolanta , Hämmerling Mateusz , Janicka-Kubiak Ewelina , Zaborowski Stanisław
Published: December 2024

In the vicinity of the Adamów power plant, which operates in the catchment area of the Kiełbaska river, there is a significant shortage of water resources caused by the intensive use of water by the energy industry and agriculture. The development of the plant by replacing the outdated coal-fired (lignite-fired) units with modern gas and steam units may contribute significantly to reducing the negative impact on the environment and reduce the demand for water resources relative to coal technology. Gas and steam units are a much more energy-efficient technology. This implies a lower demand for water, a reduction in pollutant emissions, and greater operational flexibility, which enables the units to adapt to changing hydrological and environmental conditions. The high efficiency of these units limits the need for frequent water-refilling, while allowing for a more sustainable and stable production of energy. Based on an analysis of hydrological data for the years 2019–2023, it was estimated that water stress is observed in this catchment area on 198 days per year, which accounts for c.a. 54% of the hydrological year. Therefore, it is assumed that inter-catchment pumping stations with a flow of 0.347 m3∙s−1 will be required. This sets the demand for water at 5.95 million m3 per year. The planned water transfer will be carried out from Jeziorsko reservoir on the Warta river through the catchment area of Teleszyna river. Moreover, there are plans for the reconstruction of the layout of Kiełbaska Duża and Teleszyna rivers, which would involve the restoration of natural run-offs, following the discontinuation of open-pit lignite mining. This will additionally be supported by the reduced demand for water in the water use system when using the modernised power plant. The analysed data made it possible to develop hydrological scenarios that take the future reduction in water stress into account by implementing plans to restore the former hydrographic system in the region. These investments would also foresee the creation of new retention reservoirs (in former mining pits) with a capacity of nearly 900 million m3, which will significantly increase the region’s water resources and retention potential, supporting hydrological and energy security for the years to come.
Smart Electric Vehicle Charging Approaches for Demand Response
Authors: Diaz-Londono Cesar , Li Yang
Published: December 2024

This editorial explores the recent advancements in the field of smart Electric Vehicle (EV) charging approaches, particularly in the context of demand response [...]
Current Harmonics Suppression of Six-Phase Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motor Drives Using Back-Electromotive Force Harmonics Compensation
Authors: Huang Po-Sheng , Tsai Cheng-Ting , Hwang Jonq-Chin , Lin Cheng-Tsung , Lin Yu-Ting
Published: December 2024

This paper investigates a back-electromotive force (EMF) harmonic compensation strategy for six-phase permanent-magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) to reduce current harmonics and improve system performance. Ideally, the back-EMF waveform should be perfectly sinusoidal. However, manufacturing imperfections such as suboptimal magnetic circuit design, uneven winding distribution, and mechanical eccentricity introduce low-order spatial harmonics, particularly the 5th, 7th, 11th, and 13th orders, which distort the back-EMF, increase current harmonics, complicate control, and reduce efficiency. To address these issues, this study proposes a compensation strategy utilizing common-mode and differential-mode current control. By injecting the 6th and 12th harmonics into the decoupled voltage commands along the d-axis and q-axis, the strategy significantly reduces current harmonic distortion. Experimental validation was conducted using a TMS320F28386D microcontroller, which controlled dual inverters via PWM signals and processed real-time current feedback. Rotor position feedback was provided by a resolver to ensure precise and responsive motor control. At a rotational speed of 900 rpm, with a peak phase current Im of 200 A and an IGBT switching frequency of 10 kHz, the phase-a current total harmonic distortion (THD) was reduced from 11.86% (without compensation) to 6.83% (with compensation). This study focused on mitigating harmonics below the 14th order. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed back-EMF harmonic compensation strategy effectively minimizes current THD, highlighting its potential for improving the performance and efficiency of multi-phase motor systems.
Biogenic ZnO Nanoparticles Effectively Alleviate Cadmium-Induced Stress in Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Plants
Authors: Coppa Eleonora , Quagliata Giulia , Palombieri Samuela , Iavarone Chiara , Sestili Francesco , Del Buono Daniele , Astolfi Stefania
Published: December 2024

This study investigated the potential of biogenic ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) to alleviate cadmium (Cd) toxicity in durum wheat plants exposed for 14 days to 25 μM CdSO4. By applying ZnO-NPs at two different concentrations (25 and 50 mg L−1), we observed increased chlorophyll content, beneficially impacting the photosynthetic efficiency, and enhanced sulfur, zinc, and iron accumulation. Moreover, the ZnO-NP treatment reduced the Cd accumulation in shoots, mitigating leaf chlorosis and oxidative damage. This response was clearly mediated by the increased thiol and phytochelatin production, as well as the enhanced sulfate uptake rate, with TdSultr1.3 as the most responsive gene coding for high-affinity transporter to Cd stress. In conclusion, the application of biogenic ZnO-NPs appears to be a promising approach for reducing the uptake of heavy metals by plants. In addition, it could be successfully used in combination with contamination prevention measures and/or remediation of contaminated sites to remove and mitigate the harmful effects of Cd on the environment and human health.
Effects of Different Fertilization Treatments on Leaf Litter Quality in a Plantation in Heilongjiang Province, China
Authors: Sun Siqi , Gao Yangjing , Zhou Kuo , Jiang Luping , Liu Xiaoting , Zhao Xiyang
Published: December 2024

Litter decomposition is a highly complex physical and biochemical process that plays a crucial role in promoting energy transformation in forest ecosystems. This study examines the impact of different concentrations of nitrogen and compound fertilizers on the quality of litter in a plantation of Populus euramericana ‘N3016’ × Populus ussuriensis. The major components and elemental contents of litter from different decomposition layers (the undecomposed layer and semidecomposed layer) were analyzed across various months. Overall, the application of nitrogen fertilizer or compound fertilizer did not significantly alter the cellulose, lignin, or potassium (K) contents of the litter in the different decomposition layers. Nitrogen fertilizer increased the average content of undecomposed layer (U-layer) nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) by 0.220% and 0.009%, respectively. Compound fertilizer increased the average content of U-layer nitrogen (N) by 0.055%. These findings suggest that while fertilization can increase the initial N and P contents in litter to some extent, it has a minimal overall impact on litter quality. Future research should be focused on the effects of climatic conditions, soil properties, soil fauna, and microbial activity on litter decomposition.
Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Crest-Fixed Corrugated Steel Claddings Under Wind Uplift Loading at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Pieper Lisa , Mahendran Mahen
Published: December 2024

The 2019–2020 Black Summer bushfire in Australia is a good example of the frequent and severe bushfires (wildfires) observed around the world in recent years. Fire-enhanced winds and fire–wind interactions during those bushfire events have caused increased wind velocities in the vicinity of a bushfire front. This can lead to a premature failure of the building envelope, making it vulnerable to ember attack and direct flame contact. In Australia, crest-fixed cold-formed steel (CFS) claddings are commonly used for buildings in bushfire-prone areas because of their non-combustibility. Therefore, this study investigated the pull-through failure behaviour of corrugated CFS claddings under wind uplift/suction loading at elevated temperatures, simulating fire-enhanced winds during a bushfire by means of experimental and numerical studies. Experimental results showed a negligible influence of the thermal expansion of the cladding system on the pull-through failure behaviour, while a significant decrease in pull-through capacity was observed with increasing temperatures. Suitable finite element models were developed, validated and used in a detailed numerical parametric study. Based on the findings from these studies, a design equation was proposed for the pull-through capacity of the crest-fixed corrugated claddings at elevated temperatures.