bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A further use for the Harvest plot: a novel method for the presentation of data synthesis
Authors: Crowther Mark , Avenell Alison , MacLennan Graeme , Mowatt Graham
Published: September 2011

When performing a systematic review, whether or not a meta‐analysis is performed, graphical displays can be useful. Data do still need to be described, ideally in graphical form. The Harvest plot has been developed to display combined data from several studies that allows demonstration of not only effect but also study quality. We describe a modification to the Harvest plot that allows the presentation of data that normally could not be included in a forest plot meta‐analysis and allows extra information to be displayed. Using specific examples, we describe how the arrangement of studies, height of the bars and additional information can be used to enhance the plot. This is an important development, which by fulfilling Tufte's nine requirements for graphical presentation, allows researchers to display evidence in a flexible way. This means readers can follow an argument in a clear and efficient manner without the need for large volumes of descriptive text. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term results and prognostic factors of gastric cancer patients with only positive peritoneal lavage cytology
Authors: Oh Cheong Ah , Bae Jae Moon , Oh Seung Jong , Choi Min Gew , Noh Jae Hyung , Sohn Tae Sung , Kim Sung
Published: September 2011

Background and Objectives

The purpose of the present study was to investigate clinicopathologic features of gastric cancer patients with only positive peritoneal cytology in the absence of overt peritoneal metastases, and which might distinguish patients with poorer prognosis.

Methods

Between September 1994 and August 2006, clinicopathological features were retrospectively evaluated in 37 consecutive patients with gastric cancer who underwent a curative resection and had positive peritoneal cytology in the absence of overt peritoneal metastases. Survival including disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS), and recurrence patterns were analyzed according to clinicopathologic characteristics.

Results

The median follow‐up period was 16.1 months (range, 3–45 months). The median DFS and OS of patients after curative resection were 10 months (range, 1–33 months) and 15 months (range, 2–45 months), respectively. All patients had recurred, in 34 (92%) with peritoneal dissemination. The overall 1‐, 2‐, 3‐, and 5‐year survival rates for the 37 consecutive patients were 43.2%, 45.9%, 5.4%, and 0%, respectively. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that Borrmann type IV was an independent predictor for poorer prognosis.

Conclusions

A Borrmann type IV carcinoma may be the candidates for intraperitoneal chemotherapy among advanced gastric cancer patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012;105:393–399. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
LC‐MS/MS profiling for detection of endogenous steroids and prostaglandins in tissue samples
Authors: Surowiec Izabella , Koc Mariusz , Antti Henrik , Wikström Pernilla , Moritz Thomas
Published: September 2011

Roles of steroid hormones, and compounds that can influence their levels in cells, are of increasing interest in e.g. cancer research, partly because resistance to hormone therapies often complicates treatment. To elucidate the processes involved, the hormones and related compounds need to be accurately measured. Reversed‐phase liquid chromatography with dynamic multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometric detection in electrospray mode is capable of providing such measurements. Therefore, LC‐MS/MS was developed for sensitive, selective analysis of 11 steroid hormones, cholesterol and two prostaglandins. The effects of the tissue matrix, and solid‐phase extraction (SPE) sample clean‐up, on the LC‐MS/MS signals of the hormones were also investigated. The results show that the developed LC‐MS/MS method, following SPE clean‐up to reduce matrix interference, can detect selected steroids in extracts of mouse tissues. The method provides linear measurements of the steroids at concentrations up to few ng/μL, and limits of detection in the range 0.03–0.2 pg/μL (for some compounds lower than those of previously reported methods).
Central segment harvest of costal cartilage in rhinoplasty
Authors: Lee Michael , Inman Jared , Ducic Yadranko
Published: September 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Our objective was to review our experience with a conservative central boat harvest of costal cartilage in patients undergoing rhinoplasty. It involves taking only the central portion of the rib for reconstruction. When cartilage harvest is performed in the above manner, donor site morbidity is minimized without limiting aesthetic results. The key seems to be preservation of intact costal cartilage on three sides, limiting harvest to the central portion only. This central portion is straight and much less prone to warping than the cartilage toward the periphery.

Study Design:

A retrospective review of a single surgeon's experience.

Methods:

All rhinoplasty operations performed by the senior author (Y.D.) from January 2000 to August 2009 that required the harvest of rib cartilage were reviewed.

Results:

A total of 322 cases were identified in which rib cartilage was harvested via the described technique. In all cases sufficient cartilage volume was obtained for the intended purpose. Average operation time was 10 minutes. No drains were used, and only one patient developed seroma formation. Postoperative pain and scar were minimal. No major complications were noted, and on postoperative analysis there was no evidence of cartilage warping or displacement.

Conclusions:

When harvesting costal cartilage for rhinoplasty, the above technique allows for sufficient graft tissue while decreasing donor site morbidity and minimizing warping.
Kymographic characterization of vibration in human vocal folds with nodules and polyps
Authors: Chodara Ann M. , Krausert Christopher R. , Jiang Jack J.
Published: September 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Digital kymography (DKG) can provide objective quantitative data about vocal fold vibration, which may help distinguish normal from pathological vocal folds as well as nodules from polyps.

Study Design:

Case‐control study.

Methods:

There were 87 subjects who were separated into three groups: control, nodules, and unilateral polyps, and examined using a high‐speed camera attached to an endoscope. Videos were analyzed using a custom MATLAB program, and three DKG line‐scan positions (25%, 50%, and 75% of vocal fold length) were used in statistical analyses to compare vocal fold vibrational frequency, amplitude symmetry index (ASI), amplitude order, and vertical and lateral phase difference (VPD and LPD, respectively).

Results:

Significant differences among groups were found in all vibrational parameters except frequency. Polyps and nodules groups exhibited greater ASI values (less amplitude symmetry) than the control group. Although the control group consistently showed its largest amplitudes at the midline, the polyps group showed larger amplitudes toward the posterior end of the vocal folds. A significant anterior‐posterior pattern in amplitude was not found in the nodules group. LPD values were usually largest (most symmetrical) in the control group, followed by nodules and polyps. LPD at the 25% position allowed for differentiation between polyp and nodule groups. The largest VPD (more pronounced mucosal wave) values were usually found in the control group.

Conclusions:

Vibratory characteristics of normal and pathological vocal folds were quantitatively examined and compared using multiline DKG. These findings may allow for better characterization of pathologies and eventually assist in improving the clinical utility of DKG.
It's time for the heroes to go home
Authors: Frieze Deborah , Wheatley Margaret
Published: September 2011

All of us love the idea of a hero, someone who will do the heavy lifting and magically fix our problems. But waiting for a savior is counterproductive, the authors contend. Instead they introduce the model of “leaders‐as‐hosts.” This more inclusive leader is more suited to grappling with the big, seemingly insoluble problems routinely faced by organizations, communities, and countries. They point to examples of the successful implementation of this model in Columbus, Ohio, in dealing with such issues as healthcare, homelessness, and hunger.
Preparing for the talent exodus ahead
Authors: Morgan Howard , Jay Joelle K.
Published: September 2011

Talent development within organizations seems to have been a casualty of the recession. That is short‐sighted, according to Morgan and Jay. Complacent leaders may be misreading signs of employee loyalty and commitment. The authors detail a number of ways that leaders can prevent their most talented employees from defecting. Organizations must not be deluded into thinking that things will “go back to normal.” Developing talent during times of crisis can assure that your best employees help drive success as you navigate the “new normal.”
The interplay of cholinergic function, attention, and falls in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Yarnall Alison , Rochester Lynn , Burn David J.
Published: September 2011

Dopamine loss in the substantia nigra causes several of the motor signs seen in Parkinson's disease, but there is now increasing evidence highlighting the importance of cholinergic loss in the pathophysiology of nonmotor symptoms. The nucleus basalis of Meynert supplies the majority of the cholinergic input to the cerebral cortex, with the pedunculopontine nucleus providing many subcortical structures with acetylcholine. Both these structures undergo degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD), with more severe loss associated with cognitive impairment. The risk of dementia in PD is greater than that in control subjects, with impairments in attention, visuospatial function, and executive control dominating. Imaging studies have demonstrated degeneration of the cholinergic system in PD, Parkinson's disease dementia, and dementia with Lewy bodies, with improvements in attention seen following the introduction of cholinesterase inhibitors. Conversely, anticholinergic drugs are associated with cognitive decline, with neuropathology studies indicating the presence of increased neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaque formation. In addition, these drugs are also known to precipitate visual hallucinations, lending support to a cholinergic basis for visual hallucinations in PD. Gait, falls, and cognition may also be related, as evidenced by the findings that fallers perform less well on test of attention than nonfallers and that greater postural instability is associated with worse scores on attention and executive function. It is therefore feasible that cognition (namely, attention), visual hallucinations, falls, and gait are subserved by acetylcholine, and this is further explored in this clinically orientated review. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Succession planning in nonprofit organizations
Authors: Froelich Karen , McKee Gregory , Rathge Richard
Published: September 2011

Executive leadership is a critical component in the success of nonprofit organizations. An upcoming period of leadership transition is anticipated as substantial numbers of baby boomers, now at the peak of their careers, reach retirement age. With nonprofit organizations growing in both size and number, an impending leadership deficit is a concern. To help prepare for these important transition events, this study focuses on planning for executive succession. A survey exploring details of succession planning was undertaken of executive directors of 501(c)(3) charitable nonprofits and CEOs of 501(c)(4) cooperative organizations—the more business‐oriented user‐owned and controlled nonprofit organizations prominent in agricultural, utility, and finance sectors. We found that planning and preparation do not match the level of interest and concern for executive succession. Although the replacement of long‐serving leaders is acknowledged as difficult, few proactive steps are undertaken.
Financial capacity and sustainability of ordinary nonprofits
Authors: Bowman Woods
Published: September 2011

This article divides financial issues into capacity and sustainability in two time frames: long and short. Long term emphasizes maintaining services; short term emphasizes resiliency. An organization's long‐term financial capacity is sustainable if its rate of change is sufficient to maintain assets at their replacement cost. A key contribution of this study is a sustainability principle that gives managers short‐term budget surplus targets needed to achieve this objective. The formulas are applied to national data to give a picture of the sector and establish benchmarks for “normal” practice. “Ordinary nonprofits” are active public charities without endowments that are not primarily membership associations or grant makers.
Nonprofit sustainability during times of uncertainty
Authors: Besel Karl , Williams Charlotte Lewellen , Klak Joanna
Published: September 2011

Nonprofit organizations in the United States depend on a diverse set of funding streams to sustain their operations. This study examines the ability of nonprofits to leverage funds from the private sector during the current economic downturn within four areas receiving federal funding for community and economic development. Both survey research and individual interviews were used to examine how nonprofits within these areas are incorporating their board members and community leaders to continue services during a time of resource scarcity.
Role ambiguity and volunteer board member performance in nonprofit sport organizations
Authors: Doherty Alison , Hoye Russell
Published: September 2011

We explore the relationship between multidimensional role ambiguity and individual board member performance within nonprofit voluntary sport organizations. Role ambiguity accounted for 29 percent of the variance in perceived board member performance, and ambiguity about one's responsibilities was the strongest predictor. These findings extend our understanding of the drivers of individual board member performance within voluntary sport organizations and the multidimensional nature of role ambiguity. The study supports previous arguments that knowing what to do is fundamental to one's performance, and more critical than knowing how to do it, and what difference it makes.
Block copolymers as polymeric stabilizers in non‐aqueous emulsion polymerization
Authors: Atanase Leonard‐I. , Riess Gérard
Published: September 2011

This review summarizes the background and recent advances of block copolymer stabilized oil‐in‐oil emulsions. For non‐polymerizable emulsions which have promising application possibilities for biomedical and cosmetic formulations, it is shown that tailor‐made block copolymers are by far the most efficient stabilizers with respect to low molecular weight surfactants. The characteristic features of oil‐in‐oil emulsions comprising one polymerizable phase are described. These types of non‐aqueous emulsions are of interest as nanoreactor systems for the polymerization of moisture‐sensitive monomers or catalysts. Furthermore they are the starting point of novel heterophase polymerization processes for the preparation of sterically stabilized polymer particles, as well as of ‘liquid‐filled polymeric materials’. The concept of oil‐in‐oil emulsions is finally extended to those systems where the two phases are polymerizable by distinct polymerization mechanisms. This approach could offer attractive possibilities for the development of special coatings with neither water nor solvent evaporation in their drying or curing step. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Photovoltaics literature survey (no. 88)
Authors: Shrestha Santosh
Published: September 2011

In order to help keep readers up‐to‐date in the field each issue of Progress in Photovoltaics will contain a list of recently published journal articles most relevant to its aims and scope. This list is drawn from an extremely wide range of journals, including IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Journal of Applied Physics, Applied Physics Letters, Progress in Photovoltaics and Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. To assist the reader, the list is separated into broad categories, but please note that these classifications are by no means strict. Also note that inclusion in the list is not an endorsement of a paper's quality. If you have any suggestions please email Santosh Shrestha at s.shrestha@unsw.edu.au. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The interplay between transient α‐helix formation and side chain rotamer distributions in disordered proteins probed by methyl chemical shifts
Authors: Kjaergaard Magnus , Iešmantavičius Vytautas , Poulsen Flemming M.
Published: September 2011

The peptide backbones of disordered proteins are routinely characterized by NMR with respect to transient structure and dynamics. Little experimental information is, however, available about the side chain conformations and how structure in the backbone affects the side chains. Methyl chemical shifts can in principle report the conformations of aliphatic side chains in disordered proteins and in order to examine this two model systems were chosen: the acid denatured state of acyl‐CoA binding protein (ACBP) and the intrinsically disordered activation domain of the activator for thyroid hormone and retinoid receptors (ACTR). We find that small differences in the methyl carbon chemical shifts due to the γ‐gauche effect may provide information about the side chain rotamer distributions. However, the effects of neighboring residues on the methyl group chemical shifts obscure the direct observation of γ‐gauche effect. To overcome this, we reference the chemical shifts to those in a more disordered state resulting in residue specific random coil chemical shifts. The 13C secondary chemical shifts of the methyl groups of valine, leucine, and isoleucine show sequence specific effects, which allow a quantitative analysis of the ensemble of χ2‐angles of especially leucine residues in disordered proteins. The changes in the rotamer distributions upon denaturation correlate to the changes upon helix induction by the co‐solvent trifluoroethanol, suggesting that the side chain conformers are directly or indirectly related to formation of transient α‐helices.
An approach to crystallizing proteins by metal‐mediated synthetic symmetrization
Authors: Laganowsky Arthur , Zhao Minglei , Soriaga Angela B. , Sawaya Michael R. , Cascio Duilio , Yeates Todd O.
Published: September 2011

Combining the concepts of synthetic symmetrization with the approach of engineering metal‐binding sites, we have developed a new crystallization methodology termed metal‐mediated synthetic symmetrization. In this method, pairs of histidine or cysteine mutations are introduced on the surface of target proteins, generating crystal lattice contacts or oligomeric assemblies upon coordination with metal. Metal‐mediated synthetic symmetrization greatly expands the packing and oligomeric assembly possibilities of target proteins, thereby increasing the chances of growing diffraction‐quality crystals. To demonstrate this method, we designed various T4 lysozyme (T4L) and maltose‐binding protein (MBP) mutants and cocrystallized them with one of three metal ions: copper (Cu2+), nickel (Ni2+), or zinc (Zn2+). The approach resulted in 16 new crystal structures—eight for T4L and eight for MBP—displaying a variety of oligomeric assemblies and packing modes, representing in total 13 new and distinct crystal forms for these proteins. We discuss the potential utility of the method for crystallizing target proteins of unknown structure by engineering in pairs of histidine or cysteine residues. As an alternate strategy, we propose that the varied crystallization‐prone forms of T4L or MBP engineered in this work could be used as crystallization chaperones, by fusing them genetically to target proteins of interest.
A tale of two GTPases in cotranslational protein targeting
Authors: Saraogi Ishu , Akopian David , Shan Shu‐Ou
Published: September 2011

Guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) comprise a superfamily of proteins that provide molecular switches to regulate numerous cellular processes. The “GTPase switch” paradigm, in which a GTPase acts as a bimodal switch that is turned “on” and “off” by external regulatory factors, has been used to interpret the regulatory mechanism of many GTPases. Recent work on a pair of GTPases in the signal recognition particle (SRP) pathway has revealed a distinct mode of GTPase regulation. Instead of the classical GTPase switch, the two GTPases in the SRP and SRP receptor undergo a series of conformational changes during their dimerization and reciprocal activation. Each conformational rearrangement provides a point at which these GTPases can communicate with and respond to their upstream and downstream biological cues, thus ensuring the spatial and temporal precision of all the molecular events in the SRP pathway. We suggest that the SRP and SRP receptor represent an emerging class of “multistate” regulatory GTPases uniquely suited to provide exquisite control over complex cellular pathways that require multiple molecular events to occur in a highly coordinated fashion.
Rational disruption of the oligomerization of the mini‐ferritin E. coli DPS through protein‐protein interface mutation
Authors: Zhang Yu , Fu Jing , Chee Sze Y. , Ang Emmiline X. W. , Orner Brendan P.
Published: September 2011

DNA‐binding protein from starved cells (DPS), a mini‐ferritin capable of self‐assembling into a 12‐meric nano‐cage, was chosen as the basis for an alanine‐shaving mutagenesis study to investigate the importance of key amino acid residues, located at symmetry‐related protein‐protein interfaces, in controlling protein stability and self‐assembly. Nine mutants were designed through simple inspection, synthesized, and subjected to transmission electron microscopy, circular dichroism, size exclusion chromatography, and “virtual alanine scanning” computational analysis. The data indicate that many of these residues may be hot spot residues. Most remarkably, two residues, R83 and R133, were observed to shift the oligomerization state to ˜50% dimer. Based on the hypothesis that these two residues constitute a “hot strip,” located at the ferritin‐like threefold axis, the double mutant was generated which completely shuts down detectable formation of 12‐mer in solution, favoring a cooperatively folded dimer. The fact that this effect logically builds upon the single mutants emphasizes that complex self‐assembly has the potential to be manipulated rationally. This study should have an impact on the fundamental understanding of the assembly of DPS protein cages specifically and protein quaternary structure in general. In addition, as there is much interest in applying these and similar systems to the templation of nano‐materials and drug delivery, the ability to control this ferritin's oligomerization state and stability could prove especially valuable.
A historic account of the invasion of Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in the continental United States, with remarks on their identification
Authors: Hauser Martin
Published: September 2011

BACKGROUND: Drosophila suzukii is an oriental species first reported outside Asia from Hawaii in 1980. The first confirmed records for the continental United States were made in 2008 in California. The identification of this pest is difficult because very few published resources exist.

RESULTS: It has since been recorded in Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Utah, Michigan, Wisconsin, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina and Florida. Males are relatively easy to identify by the black apical wing spots and the single row of combs on the first and second tarsal segment of the fore leg. The male genitalia are also very characteristic and will aid in identifying teneral specimens. Females can be identified by the large ovipositor, which is 6–7 times as long as the diameter of the spermatheca. Immature stages can only be identified by molecular techniques.

CONCLUSION: Although this species has been recorded from many US states and Canadian provinces, it has not been established in all of these places, and the main economic damage is restricted to the western part of North America. With the characters laid out in this paper, it should be possible to identify the pest with high certainty. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
New concepts in molecular and energy transport within carbon nanotubes: Thermopower waves and stochastically resonant ion channels
Authors: Shimizu Steven , Choi Wonjoon , Abrahamson Joel T. , Strano Michael S.
Published: September 2011

Our laboratory has been interested in how carbon nanotubes can be utilized to illustrate new concepts in molecular and energy transfer. In the first example, we predict and demonstrate the concept of thermopower waves for energy generation. Coupling an exothermic chemical reaction with a thermally conductive CNT creates a self‐propagating reactive wave driven along its length. We realize such waves in multi‐walled nanotubes (MWNT) and show that they produce concomitant electrical pulses of high specific power >7 kW/kg. Such waves of high power density may find uses as unique energy sources. In the second system, we fabricate and study single‐walled nanotube (SWNT) ion channels for the first time and show that the longest, highest aspect ratio, and smallest diameter synthetic nanopore examined to date, a 500 µm SWNT, demonstrates oscillations in electro‐osmotic current at specific ranges of electric field, that are the signatures of coherence resonance, yielding self‐generated rhythmic and frequency‐locked transport. The observed oscillations in the current occur due to a coupling between stochastic pore blocking and a diffusion limitation that develops at the pore mouth during proton transport.
The study on the atomic force microscopy base nanoscale electrical discharge machining
Authors: Huang Jen‐Ching , Chen Chung‐Ming
Published: September 2011

This study proposes an innovative atomic force microscopy (AFM) based nanoscale electrical discharge machining (AFM‐based nanoEDM) system which combines an AFM with a self‐produced metallic probe and a high‐voltage generator to create an atmospheric environment AFM‐based nanoEDM system and a deionized water (DI water) environment AFM‐based nanoEDM system. This study combines wire‐cut processing and electrochemical tip sharpening techniques on a 40‐µm thick stainless steel sheet to produce a high conductive AFM probes, the production can withstand high voltage and large current. The tip radius of these probes is approximately 40 nm. A probe test was executed on the AFM using probes to obtain nanoscales morphology of Si wafer surface. The silicon wafer was as a specimen to carry out AFM‐base nanoEDM process in atmospheric and DI water environments by AFM‐based nanoEDM system. After experiments, the results show that the atmospheric and DI water environment AFM‐based nanoEDM systems operate smoothly. From experimental results, it can be found that the electric discharge depth of the silicon wafer at atmospheric environments is a mere 14.54 nm. In a DI water environment, the depth of electric discharge of the silicon wafer can reach 25.4 nm. This indicates that the EDM ability of DI water environment AFM‐based nanoEDM system is higher than that of atmospheric environment AFM‐based nanoEDM system. After multiple nanoEDM process, the tips become blunt. After applying electrochemical tip sharpening techniques, the tip radius can return to approximately 40 nm. Therefore, AFM probes produced in this study can be reused. SCANNING 34: 191–199, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Primary teachers' attitudes toward science: A new theoretical framework
Authors: van Aalderen‐Smeets Sandra I. , Walma van der Molen Juliette H. , Asma Lieke J. F.
Published: September 2011

Attention to the attitudes of preservice and inservice primary teachers toward science is of fundamental importance to research on primary science education. However, progress in this field of research has been slow due to the poor definition and conceptualization of the construct of primary teachers' attitude toward science. This poor theoretical background has led to the use of a multitude of different concepts and measurement instruments. The main goal of this article is to present a new and comprehensive theoretical framework for primary teachers' attitudes toward science. The framework is based on an extensive review of previously used concept definitions of the construct. It is argued that this framework should serve as a necessary conceptual basis for future research and interventions in this domain, as well as for the construction of valid measurement instruments. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 96:158–182, 2012
Application of principal component analysis to a full profile correlative analysis of FTIR spectra
Authors: Broderick Scott R. , Suh Changwon , Provine J , Roper Christopher S. , Maboudian Roya , Howe Roger T. , Rajan Krishna
Published: September 2011

We have demonstrated an informatics methodology for finding correlations between the full profile Fourier transform infrared spectra of polycrystalline 3C‐silicon carbide (poly‐SiC) films and their growth conditions, thereby developing high‐throughput structure‐process relationships. Because SiC films are a structural element in photonic sensors, this paper focuses on the interpretation of their optical response, the multivariate tracking of critical processing pathways, and the identification of controlling processing mechanisms. Using principal component analysis, we have developed a data analysis tool to aid in the assessment of the relative contributions of experimental parameters in low‐pressure chemical vapor deposition processes to optical responses on the basis of the size of eigenvalues of the spectral data set. The applied methodology for identifying spectral relationships of stoichiometry, dopant chemistry, and microstructure of poly‐SiC provides more effective guidelines to manipulate optical responses by controlling multiple experimental parameters. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and properties of Ni–Co–P/nano‐sized Si3N4 electroless composite coatings
Authors: Hu Jia , Fang Liang , Zhong Pei‐Wen , Tang An‐Qiong , Yin Bo , Li Yun
Published: September 2011

Ni–Co–P/nano‐sized Si3N4 composite coating was successfully fabricated on aluminum alloys by electroless plating in this work. The surface and cross‐sectional morphologies, composition, microstructure, microhardness, friction and wear behavior of deposits were investigated with SEM, EDS, XRD, Vickers hardness and high‐speed reciprocating friction, respectively. It was found that a Ni–Co–P/nano‐sized Si3N4 composite coating on aluminum alloy substrate is uniform and compact. The existence of nano‐sized Si3N4 particles in the Ni–Co–P alloy matrix causes a rougher surface with a granular appearance, and increases the microhardness but decreases the friction coefficients and wear rate of electroless coatings. Meanwhile, the effects of heat treatment at 200, 300, 400 and 500 °C for 1 h on the hardness and tribological properties were researched. It is revealed that both of the microhardness and tribological properties of Ni–Co–P coatings and Ni–Co–P/Si3N4 composite coatings increase with the increase of heating temperature in the range of 200–400 °C, but show different behavior for the two coatings after annealing at 500 °C. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MiR-17 Modulates Osteogenic Differentiation Through a Coherent Feed-Forward Loop in Mesenchymal Stem Cells Isolated from Periodontal Ligaments of Patients with Periodontitis
Authors: Liu Yali , Liu Wenjia , Hu Chenghu , Xue Zengfu , Wang Guang , Ding Bofu , Luo Hailang , Tang Liang , Kong Xiangwei , Chen Xiaoyan , Liu Na , Ding Yin , Jin Yan
Published: September 2011

Chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis, are the most common causes of bone tissue destruction. Recently, human periodontal ligament tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PDLSCs), a population of multipotent stem cells, have been used to reconstruct tissues destroyed by chronic inflammation. However, the impact of the local inflammatory microenvironment on tissue-specific stem cells and the mechanisms controlling the effects of the local inflammatory environment remain poorly understood. In this study, we found that the multidifferentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from periodontitis-affected periodontal ligament tissue (P-PDLSCs) was significantly lower than that of MSCs isolated from healthy human periodontal ligament tissue (H-PDLSCs). Inflammation in the microenvironment resulted in an inhibition of miR-17 levels, and a perturbation in the expression of miR-17 partly reversed the differentiation potential of PDLSCs in this microenvironment. Furthermore, inflammation in the microenvironment promoted the expression of Smad ubiquitin regulatory factor one (Smurf1), an important negative regulator of MSC osteogenic differentiation. Western blotting and 3′ untranslated regions (3′-UTR) reporter assays confirmed that Smurf1 is a direct target of miR-17 in PDLSCs. Our data demonstrate that excessive inflammatory cytokine levels, miR-17, and Smurf1 were all involved in a coherent feed-forward loop. In this circuit, inflammatory cytokines led to direct activation of Smurf1 and downregulation of miR-17, thereby increasing degradation of Smurf1-mediated osteoblast-specific factors. The elucidation of the molecular mechanisms governing MSC osteogenic differentiation in a chronic inflammatory microenvironment could provide us with a better knowledge of chronic inflammatory disorder and improve stem cell-mediated inflammatory bone disease therapy.
Construction of contiguous tetrasubstituted chiral carbon stereocenters via direct catalytic asymmetric aldol and mannich‐type reactions
Authors: Matsunaga Shigeki , Yoshino Tatsuhiko
Published: September 2011

Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of unnatural amino acids with vicinal tetrasubstituted chiral carbon stereocenters is described. In the first part, direct catalytic asymmetric aldol reaction of simple non‐activated ketone electrophiles with α‐substituted α‐isothiocyanato ester donors was realized. A Mg/Schiff base catalyst promoted the aldol reaction, and α‐amino‐β‐hydroxy esters were obtained in up to 98% ee and 98:2 d.r. In the second part, the Mg/Schiff base catalyst and a Sr/Schiff base catalyst were utilized for stereodivergent direct asymmetric Mannich‐type reaction of ketimines. The Mg/Schiff base catalyst gave syn‐α,β‐diamino esters, while the Sr/Schiff base catalyst produced anti‐α,β‐diamino esters in good to high enantioselectivity, up to 97% ee. DOI 10.1002/tcr.201100020
Transtibial Ertl amputation for children and adolescents: A case series and literature review
Authors: Firth Gregory Bodley , Masquijo Julio Javier , Kontio Ken
Published: September 2011

Purpose

Despite advances in limb reconstruction, there are still a number of young patients who require trans-tibial amputation. Amputation osteoplasty is a technique first described by Ertl to enhance rehabilitation after trans-tibial amputation. The purpose of the study reported here was to evaluate the results of the original Ertl procedure in skeletally immature patients and to assess whether use of this procedure would result in a diminished incidence of bony overgrowth.

Methods

The cases of four consecutive patients (five amputations) treated between January 2005 and June 2008 were reviewed. Clinical evaluation consisted of the completion of the prosthesis evaluation questionnaire (PEQ) and physical examination. Radiographic analysis was performed to evaluate bone-bridge healing, bone overgrowth, and the development of genu varum as measured by the medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA).

Results

The best mean PEQ score in the question section was 91.8 (range 74–100) for ‘well being’ and the worst mean score was 66.6 (range 50–78) for ‘residual limb health’. Examination of the residual limbs revealed no bursae, and all knees were stable with full range of movement. All bony bridges united at an average age of 1.7 (range 1–2) months. One case required stump revision for bony overgrowth, and one case developed asymptomatic mild genu varum.

Conclusions

The original Ertl osteomyoplasty may serve as one of the options for treatment of trans-tibial amputation in older children.

Clinical relevance

Our results suggest that the Ertl osteomyoplasty is a feasible option in this challenging patient population.
Maternal cultural values and parenting practices: Longitudinal associations with Chinese adolescents’ aggression
Authors: Shuster Michael M. , Li Yan , Shi Junqi
Published: September 2011

Interrelations among cultural values, parenting practices, and adolescent aggression were examined using longitudinal data collected from Chinese adolescents and their mothers. Adolescents’ overt and relational aggression were assessed using peer nominations at Time 1 (7th grade) and Time 2 (9th grade). Mothers reported endorsement of cultural values (collectivism and social harmony) and parenting practices (psychological control and inductive reasoning) at Time 1. While controlling for Time 1 adolescent aggression, maternal collectivism and social harmony indirectly and longitudinally linked to adolescent aggression through maternal parenting practices. Specifically, maternal collectivism was positively related to inductive reasoning, which, in turn, negatively related to adolescent overt aggression at Time 2. Similarly, maternal social harmony negatively related to psychological control that positively predicted later adolescent relational aggression. Results of the present study shed light on mechanisms through which culture may indirectly influence adolescent aggression.
STRICT TOPOLOGY AS A MIXED TOPOLOGY ON LEBESGUE SPACES
Authors: MAGHSOUDI SAEID , NASR-ISFAHANI RASOUL
Published: September 2011

LetXbe a locally compact space, and 𝔏∞0(X,ι) be the space of all essentially boundedι-measurable functionsfonXvanishing at infinity. We introduce and study a locally convex topologyβ1(X,ι) on the Lebesgue space 𝔏1(X,ι) such that the strong dual of (𝔏1(X,ι),β1(X,ι)) can be identified with$({\frak L}_0^\infty (X,\iota ),\|\cdot \|_\infty )$. Next, by showing thatβ1(X,ι) can be considered as a natural mixed topology, we deduce some of its basic properties. Finally, as an application, we prove thatL1(G) , the group algebra of a locally compact Hausdorff topological groupG, equipped with the convolution multiplication is a complete semitopological algebra under theβ1(G) topology.
Effects of constant and changing temperature conditions on diapause induction inHelicoverpa armigera(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Mironidis G.K. , Savopoulou-Soultani M.
Published: September 2011

The effects of photoperiod and temperature on the induction and termination of facultative pupal diapause inHelicoverpa armigera(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were investigated under laboratory conditions. ExposingH. armigeralarvae to both constant and fluctuating temperature regimes with a mean of 25°C and 20°C resulted in a type-III photoperiodic response curve of a short-long day insect. The long-day critical daylengths for diapause induction were ten hours and 12 hours at the constant temperatures of 25°C and 20°C, respectively. Higher incidences of diapause and higher values both for the longer and the shorter critical photoperiods for diapause induction were observed at fluctuating regimes compared with the corresponding constant ones. At alternating temperatures, the incidence of diapause ranged from 4.2% to 33.3% and was determined by the temperature amplitude of the thermoperiod and by the interaction of cryophase or thermophase with the photoperiod.Helicoverpa armigeralarvae seem to respond to photoperiodic stimuli at temperatures >15°C and <30°C; all insects entered diapause at a constant temperature of 15°C, whereas none did so at a constant temperature of 30°C under all the photoperiodic regimes examined. Although chilling was not a prerequisite for diapause termination, exposure of diapausing pupae to chilling conditions significantly accelerated diapause development and the time of adult emergence. Therefore, temperature may be the primary factor controlling the termination of diapause inH. armigera.
On notions of determinism in topological dynamics
Authors: HOCHMAN MICHAEL
Published: September 2011

We examine the relations between topological entropy, invertibility, and prediction in topological dynamics. We show that topological determinism in the sense of Kamińsky, Siemaszko, and Szymański imposes no restriction on invariant measures except zero entropy. Also, we develop a new method for relating topological determinism and zero entropy, and apply it to obtain a multidimensional analog of this theory. We examine prediction in symbolic dynamics and show that while the condition that each past admits a unique future only occurs in finite systems, the condition that each past has a bounded number of futures imposes no restriction on invariant measures except zero entropy. Finally, we give a negative answer to a question of Eli Glasner by constructing a zero-entropy system with a globally supported ergodic measure in which every point has multiple preimages.
French immersion experience and reading skill development in at-risk readers
Authors: KRUK RICHARD S. , REYNOLDS KRISTIN A. A.
Published: September 2011

We tracked the developmental influences of exposure to French on developing English phonological awareness, decoding and reading comprehension of English-speaking at-risk readers from Grade 1 to Grade 3. Teacher-nominated at-risk readers were matched with not-at-risk readers in French immersion and English language programs. Exposure to spoken French phonetic and syllabic forms and to written French orthographic and morphological forms by children attending French immersion programs was expected to promote phonological, decoding and reading comprehension achievement. Growth in all outcomes was found, with children in immersion experiencing higher final status in phonological awareness and more rapid growth and higher final status in decoding, using multilevel modeling. At-risk readers in French immersion experienced faster growth and higher final status in reading comprehension. Benefits to reading of exposure to an additional language are discussed in relation to cross-language transfer, phonological grain size and enhanced executive control processes.
Impaired Visual Scanning and Memory for Faces in High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: It's Not Just the Eyes
Authors: Snow Joseph , Ingeholm John E. , Levy Ilana F. , Caravella Rachel A. , Case Laura K. , Wallace Gregory L. , Martin Alex
Published: September 2011

Prior studies suggest that autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are associated with a domain-specific memory impairment for faces. The underlying cause of this problem and its relation to impaired visual scanning of faces—particularly of the eyes—remains to be determined. We recorded eye movements while 22 high-functioning ASD and 21 typically developing (TD) adolescents encoded and later recognized faces and objects from a single, nonsocial object category (electric fans). Relative to TD subjects, ASD individuals had poorer memory for faces, but not fans. Correlational analyses showed significant relationships between recognition memory and fixations. Eye tracking during encoding revealed that TD subjects made more fixations to faces than fans, whereas ASD individuals did not differ in number of fixations made to each stimulus type. Moreover, although both the TD and ASD groups showed a strong preference for fixating the eyes more than the mouth, the ASD subjects were less likely than TD subjects to scan regions of the face outside of the primary facial features (i.e., eyes, nose, and mouth). We concluded that ASD individuals have a domain-specific memory impairment for faces relative to mechanical objects and that this impairment may be related to abnormal scanning during encoding. (JINS, 2011, 17, 1021–1029)
Quantitative Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis of Submicrometric Particles Using a Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Paoletti Luigi , Bruni Biagio M. , Gianfagna Antonio , Mazziotti-Tagliani Simona , Pacella Alessandro
Published: September 2011

The quantitative scanning electron microscope–energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis of a horneblende and two augite prismatic samples reduced to submicrometric particles was performed, and error due to the particle effects (“absent mass” and the “reduced absorption” effect) was minimized. Correction factors as a function of fragment size were obtained for O, Na, Mg, Si, Ca, and Fe. In addition, the influence of chemical composition of the samples used as standards (the matrix effect) on correction factors was evaluated. The results indicate that the absent mass effect is dominant for all elements except for the light elements O and Na, for which the reduced absorption effect is dominant. No significant matrix effect has been observed. By using corrected SEM-EDX data, the error on quantification of the element concentration has been estimated to be 3% relative for light elements and below 2% relative for heavy elements (notably, about 1% relative for Fe).
Introduction: Analysis of Cultural Heritage
Authors: Walker Clive , Joosten Ineke
Published: September 2011

The following seven papers in this section are from the 9th Region Workshop of the European Microbeam Analysis Society (EMAS) on Electron Probe Analysis of Materials Today—Practical Aspects that took place April 25–28, 2010 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. The meeting was organized in collaboration with the Netherlands Institute for Cultural Heritage (ICN).
International Water Law in Central Asia: The Nature of Substantive Norms and what Flows from It
Authors: ZIGANSHINA Dinara
Published: September 2011

Water security issues arising from the Central Asian states’ heavy reliance on, and competition over, the shared waters of the Aral Sea Basin have attracted urgent political and academic discussion. However, any analysis of the role that international law plays in addressing these substantive complex problems remains incomplete and imprecise. This article sets the stage for a deeper understanding of international law and of its potential operation in the context of the transboundary waters in the Aral Sea Basin. It seeks to explore the substantive norms operating in the field, namely, the rule of equitable and reasonable use, the no-harm rule, and obligations relating to environmental protection, with a view to understanding how these substantive norms work and ascertaining what conduct is required of the states with respect to their shared watercourses.
Design Theory for Dynamic Complexity in Information Infrastructures: The Case of Building Internet
Authors: Hanseth Ole , Lyytinen Kalle
Published: September 2011

We propose a design theory that tackles dynamic complexity in the design for Information Infrastructures (IIs) defined as a shared, open, heterogeneous and evolving socio-technical system of Information Technology (IT) capabilities. Examples of IIs include the Internet, or industry-wide Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) networks. IIs are recursively composed of other infrastructures, platforms, applications and IT capabilities and controlled by emergent, distributed and episodic forms of control. II's evolutionary dynamics are nonlinear, path dependent and influenced by network effects and unbounded user and designer learning. The proposed theory tackles tensions between two design problems related to the II design: (1) the bootstrap problem: IIs need to meet directly early users’ needs in order to be initiated; and (2) the adaptability problem: local designs need to recognize II's unbounded scale and functional uncertainty. We draw upon Complex Adaptive Systems theory to derive II design rules that address the bootstrap problem by generating early growth through simplicity and usefulness, and the adaptability problem by promoting modular and generative designs. We illustrate these principles by analyzing the history of Internet exegesis.