bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frewriting Exercises
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

The most effective way I know to improve your writing is to do freewriting exercises regularly. At least three times a week. They are sometimes called ‘‘automatic writing,’’ ‘‘babbling,’’ or ‘‘jabbering’’ exercises. The idea is simply to write for ten minutes. (later on, perhaps fifteen or twenty). Don’t stop for anything. Go quickly without rushing. Never stop to look back, to cross something out, to wonder how to spell something, to wonder what word or thought to use, or to think about what you are doing. If you can’t think of a word or a spelling, just use a squiggle or else write, ‘‘I can’t think of it.’’ Just put down something. The easiest thing is just to put down whatever is in your mind. If you get stuck it’s fine to write ‘‘I can’t think what to say, I can’t think what to say’’ as many times as you want; or repeat the last word you wrote over and over again; or anything else. The only requirement is that you never stop.
The Teacherless Writing Class
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

I Have been speaking till now as though writing were a transaction entirely with yourself. It is a transaction with yourself-lonely and frustrating-and I have wanted, in fact, to increase that transaction: help you do more business with yourself. But writing is also a transaction with other people. Writing is not just getting things down on paper, it is getting things inside someone else’s head. If you wish to improve your writing you must also learn to do more business with other people. That is the goal of the teacherless writing class. Imagine you are blind and deaf. You want to speak better.
The Open-ended Writing Process
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

The open-ended writing process is at the opposite extreme from the direct writing process. It is a way to bring to birth an unknown, unthought-of piece of writing-a piece of writing that is not yet in you. It is a technique for thinking, seeing, and feeling new things. This process invites maximum chaos and disorientation. You have to be willing to nurse something through many stages over a long period of time and to put up with not knowing where you are going. Thus it is a process that can change you, not just your words.
Poetry As No Big Deal
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

I remember Jeremy, a little English boy whose mother had to tell him that his music lessons were ending. His music teacher had decided he wasn’t musical. He looked crestfallen and said to his mother, “But !feel musical.” Many people feel poetic. Capable of poetry. Sometimes they feel that way even though they have no particular idea or image or feeling they want to write about. Just a feeling that they would like to write a poem and that they could write a good one. It’s a feeling that inhabits the midparts of the body anywhere between the gut and the breast.
Nausea
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

Revising is when it may hit you. Revulsion. 1be feeling that all this stuff you have written is stupid, ugly, worthless-and cannot be fixed. Disgust.

Nausea hits some people at the beginning of the revising process. 1bey have successfully produced pages and pages of words, fast and furiously, or perhaps (unaffected by my preaching) they pondered every word and continually corrected as they went along. But either way, when they tum back to revise, they find nothing of value in all they have written.
Criterion-Based Feedback And Reader-Based Feedback
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

But because these questions are so broad, you usually get better feedback if you ask much more specific questions such as these: Is the basic idea a good one? Is it supported with logical reasoning or valid argument? Are there too many abstractions and too few examples or concrete details? Is the whole thing unified rather than pulling in two or three conflicting directions? Are the sentences clear and readable? Chapter 22 contains twenty-four of these questions grouped under the four general questions listed above.
A Catalogue Of Criterion-Based Questions
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

These four criteria can be fruitfully applied to any kind of writing but most of the specific questions in this chapter are framed so that they fit expository or nonfiction writing better than poetry or fiction. The questions which follow are too many to ask any one reader on one occasion (although you could ask yourself all these questions if you were revising one of your own pieces as carefully as you could). As in the rest of the book, I am trying to help you take charge of things by giving you more recipes than you can use for one meal. Try out these questions on different pieces of your writing and on different readers so you gradually learn which ones are most useful for you and which ones will be most important under various circumstances.
Writing and Voice
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

A dramatic necessity goes deep into the nature of the sentence. Sentences are not different enough to hold the attention unless they are dramatic. No ingenuity of varying structure will do. All that can save them is the speaking tone of voice somehow entangled in the words and fastened to the page for the ear of the imagination. That is all that can save poetry from sing-song, all that can save prose from itself. I am writing here about resonance. I think of a fancy men’s room stall with highly polished black marble walls running all the way from floor to ceiling. “1b.ey really believe in privacy here,” I thought to myself, but as I was humming under my breath without thinking about it, I began to notice that some of the notes seemed too loud. Gradually I figured out-trying different tunes and finally a chromatic scale-that I was sitting in a box that resonated perfectly to one frequency.
How To Get Power Through Voice
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

What if this hypothesis about voice is correct? One thing follows from it that’s more important than anything else: everyone, however inexperienced or unskilled, has real voice available; everyone can write with power. Even though it may take some people a long time before they can write well about certain complicated topics or write in certain formal styles, and even though it will take some people a long time before they can write without mistakes in spelling and usage, nevertheless, nothing stops anyone from writing words that will make readers listen and be affected. Nothing stops you from writing right now, today, words that people will want to read and even want to publish. Nothing stops you, that is, but your fear or unwillingness or lack of familiarity with what I am calling your real voice.
Nearly Singular Fields: Electrostatics and Elastostatics of Composite Materials
Authors: Greengard L
Published: November 2023

A classical problem in materials science involves the determination of effective transport properties in composites. The simplest problem is perhaps described by the second order elliptic partial differential equation where σ is piecewise constant, supplemented by suitable boundary conditions or by a radiation condition at infinity. This is a standard model for steady-state heat conduction and conductivity. For our purposes, it will be more convenient to rewrite (1) as an interface problem; we seek a potential function u which is harmonic in each component, continuous, and satisfies the continuity of flux condition
Neutron Scattering Characterization of MicroStructure In Uranium Silicides, Ceramic Composites and Ni-Based Alloys
Authors: Richardson James W
Published: November 2023

Neutron scattering has proven to be a valuable tool for studying the microstructural properties of technologically important materials. The exceptionally high penetration power of neutrons enables the investigation of bulk materials, while unusual scattering contrasts observed in many materials provide unique access to important properties. Macroscopic performance of components under extreme conditions, which ultimately determines their viability for special applications, is often closely related to microstructural properties such as particle size, residual stress and phase stability. Neutron scattering experiments performed with samples exposed to realistic environmental conditions provide direct correlations between microscopic and macroscopic properties.
Hybrid Classical and Quantum Modeling of Defects, Interfaces, and Surfaces
Authors: Ellis D E , Mundim K , Rylander J W
Published: November 2023

Electronic structures associated with defects, interfaces, and surfaces play a critical role in structural, electrical , and transport properties of materials. Atomic-scale information on electron densities, wavefunctions, and spectroscopic properties is needed to understand nanometer and micron scale behavior; however, the requisite composition and geometrical data are typically lacking. We describe a hybrid approach which makes use of classical Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, coupled to Embedded Cluster Density Functional (ECDF) algorithms.
Recent Advances In High Performance Computer Simulations For Materials Science
Authors: Lomdahl P S , Beazley D M , Zhou S J , Holian B L
Published: November 2023

We briefly present recent results obtained with our parallel molecular dynamics (MD) code, SPaSM, performing large-scale multi-million atom simulations to study crack blunting and dislocation generation in copper. We also discuss some recent work addressing the problems associated with analyzing and visualizing the data generated from multi-million particle MD simulations.
African-American Poetry, Ideology, and the Left during the 1930s and 1940s from Third Period to the Popular Front and Beyond
Authors: Smethurst James Edward
Published: November 2023

The Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA) and the New Negro Renaissance originated at roughly the same time. The precise birth dates of both are impossible to fix exactly. Even the start of the CPUSA as an organization is variously put at the foundings of the Communist Party and the Communist Labor Party after a split within the Socialist Party of America (SP) in 1919 and at the unification of the two Communist organizations in 1921.Nonetheless, both the CPUSA and the New Negro Renaissance were products of the post-World War I, post-October Revolution moment that produced an ideological crisis in the capitalist world order, as well as what might be thought of as the prewar world of the Left.
“Adventures of a Social Poet”Langston Hughes in the 1930s
Authors: Smethurst James Edward
Published: November 2023

The difficulty in authoritatively reading Hughes’s “true”personality and “true”artistic enterprise-which are often conflated-has been much remarked, directly by critics and indirectly in the belletristic works of such writers as Wallace Thurman and Melvin Tolson.Since the late 1920s, Hughes’s use of a wide variety of tones, voices, styles, and subjects in many literary or quasi-literary genres has often been seen as a flaw, betraying a facility that, though possessing a certain charm, is at least a little shallow without any real distinctiveness. In many of these accounts, Hughes both evades the rigors of “high”literature while insufficiently mastering African-American “folk”utterance.
The Counselee As Individual
Authors: Weil Jon
Published: November 2023

Those who seek genetic counseling, or have the need thrust upon them, represent a broad cross-section of society. Outside the genetic counseling context, most would probably be regarded as reasonably successful and competent, bringing to life’s vicissitudes an adequate, if not stellar complement of individual and interpersonal supports and coping mechanisms. Thus, as we ad dress the psychosocial issues relevant to genetic counseling, and as the genetic counselor addresses them with the counselee, a broad presumption of psychological normality is appropriate. While the genetic counselor must be alert to potential dysfunction and psychopathology, counselees should be approached as individuals who have demonstrated substantial competence in their lives, which they now bring to a new set of challenging circumstances. For the most part, counselees experience normal, albeit painful and complex responses to difficult, sometimes potentially ovetwhelming situations (Butani, 1974).
The Structure of Psychosocial Genetic Counseling
Authors: Weil Jon
Published: November 2023

Genetic counseling interactions vary greatly in length and complexity. At one extreme lies the teratogen telephone consultation in those cases which allow reassurance to be readily provided. At the other lies a family’s on going involvement with a specialty medical service such as a hemoglobinopathies, metabolic, or cystic fibrosis clinic. This relationship includes multiple family members and spans successive stages in the individual, family, and disease life cycles. More medial is the single face-to-face session, which may also include intake and/or follow-up interactions. Despite this diversity, and the array of other differences that characterize genetic counseling with specific counselees, certain elements are common to most genetic counseling cases. These are examined in the present chapter. This chapter is not intended to promote uniformity or a formula-based approach to genetic counseling. The purpose is to discuss how the sequential, yet overlapping and interconnected elements of the genetic counseling process contribute to successfully addressing the counselee’s psychosocial circumstances and concerns.
Soil Invertebrates
Authors: Coleman David C , Blair John M , Elliott Edward T , Wall Diana H
Published: November 2023

The array of species constituting soil invertebrates is very large, encompassing virtually all terrestrial invertebrate phyla. Communities of soil fauna offer opportunities for the study of such ecological phenomena as species interactions, resource utilization, and responses of ecosystems to perturbations to ecosystems. Soil invertebrates are also important for processing energy in soil systems. It is possible to determine community- and system level energetics using standard assumptions of consumption, assimilation, respiration, and excretion rates (Petersen and Luxton 1982). Several invertebrate groups such as millipedes, oribatid mites, and earthworms and snails are important accumulators and processors of labile calcium and perhaps other elements in numerous forested and desert ecosystems (Cromack et al. 1988).
Philosophy And The Possibility Of Religious Orthodoxy
Authors: Donagan Alan
Published: November 2023

Titles of  philosophical lectures, like those of sermons, are apt to mislead. I hope mine has not misled you. I propose to examine whether the kind of position that is referred to as ‘‘orthodoxy’’ in certain religions is compatible with commitment to philosophy as an intellectual enterprise. The question, of course, is an old one. In the form ‘‘Quid Athenae Hierosolymis?’’ it was a weapon with which the Christians of the late Roman Empire attacked philosophy. The boot is on the other leg now. Philosophy, or perhaps I should say what is widely taken to be its legitimate—and better—successor, natural science, is accepted by the vast majority of the educated as the sole legitimate source of respectable intellectual opinion about the origin, nature, and destiny of man; and the old religious orthodoxies, which are correctly perceived to deny that claim, are therefore dismissed as superstitious survivals.
The Scholastic Theory Of Moral Law In The Modern World
Authors: Donagan Alan
Published: November 2023

Although no more than one religion can be true, it is now generally accepted that there may be honest mistakes about whether a given religion is the true one. Yet neither scholastic philosophers nor most plain men have yet been brought to agree that there may be honest fundamental mistakes about morality. Differences about morality are socially divisive, because many plain men consider that the state ought to enforce morality by legislation, if it can do so without infringing its citizens’ moral rights. I remember that the church in which I was brought up as a child in Australia provoked great hostility by supporting legislation to close all liquor bars, in order to make it difficult to commit the sin of drinking alcohol. Since there are more drinkers than would-be divorcers, that hostility was much greater than that aroused toward the Catholic Church in New York by the opposition of some Catholics to changes in the divorce laws. Such examples remind us that the question I propose to discuss: ‘‘How can what belongs to common morality be distinguished from what belongs to the way of life of a particular religion?’’ is, if nothing else, a timely one.
Teleology And Consistency In Theories Of Morality As Natural Law
Authors: Donagan Alan
Published: November 2023

This paper resembles a carnival monster: a great papier-mache head, in which controversial conclusions about the teleological foundation of the conception of morality as natural law are drawn from confessedly indirect evidence, supported by a ridiculously unimpressive body and legs in which those conclusions are tested by investigating how any theory of natural law can meet the fashionable contemporary charge that it cannot be consistent. Still, however grotesque my monster, its topic is timely.
Alasdair Maclntyre’s After Virtue
Authors: Donagan Alan
Published: November 2023

Alasdair MacIntyre’s After Virtue has been rightly recognized as a contribution to philosophical ethics of the first importance. It is also of the first importance to members of our society, who are concerned with philosophical ethics not only for its own sake, but also with its implications for the Christian community. Since MacIntyre has followed Keats’s advice to Shelley, to ‘‘load every rift with ore,’’ the simplifications necessary for commenting on it are more than usually likely to result in blunders. It is therefore particularly gracious of him to have consented to preside over our meeting and-I hope-to put right any blunders with which we, the invited speakers, may unintentionally darken counsel. If a religious community Christian or other-goes seriously wrong about philosophical ethics, it is likely to go wrong in matters of religious faith also.
Reduction: Ontological and Linguistic Facets
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H
Published: November 2023

Among the many issues in the logic and methodology of science to whose clarification Ernest Nagel has contributed by his thorough and illuminating analyses, the subject of theoretical reduction holds a place of special philosophical interest. Reduction affords an important mode of scientific explanation; it raises intriguing questions concerning the relation between the concepts of the reducing and of the reduced theory; it is a procedure that reaches across the boundary lines of scientific disciplines; and its potential scope encompasses all the major branches of empirical science, since problems of reducibility arise in fields as diverse as physics and chemistry, biology, psychology, and the social and historical disciplines. All these aspects lend philosophical interest and importance to the topic of reduction.
On the “Standard Conception” of Scientific Theories
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H
Published: November 2023

Theories, it is generally agreed, are the keys to the scientific understanding of empirical phenomena: to claim that a given kind of phenomenon is scientifically understood is tantamount to saying that science can offer a satisfactory theoretical account of it. Theories are normally constructed only when prior research in a given field has yielded a body of knowledge that includes empirical generalizations or putative laws concerning the phenomena under study. A theory then aims at providing a deeper understanding by construing those phenomena as manifestations of certain underlying processes governed by laws which account for the uniformities previously studied, and which, as a rule, yield corrections and refinements of the putative laws by means of which those uniformities had been previously characterized.
“I Love the Way Janie Crawford Left Her Husbands” Zora Neale Hurston’s Emergent Female Hero
Authors: Washington Mary Helen
Published: November 2023

In the past few years of teaching Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God,1 I have become increasingly disturbed by this text, particularly by two problematic relationships I see in the novel: women’s rela-tionship to the community and women’s relationship to language. Their Eyes has often been described as a novel about a woman in a folk community, but it might be more accurately described as a novel about a woman outside of the folk community.
The Politics of Fiction, Anthropology, and the Folk Zora Neale Hurston
Authors: Carby Hazel V
Published: November 2023

The work of Zora Neale Hurston, in particular the novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, has been the object of more than a decade of critical attention. But, in addition to the critical consideration of Hurston’s writings, her work has received the level of institutional support necessary for Hurston to enter the American literary mainstream. Two examples of this support would be the special Hurston seminar held at the Modern Language Association annual conference in 1975 and the award of two grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities to Robert Hemenway to write Hurston’s biography.
Consequentialism: Nature’s Morality
Authors: Hardin Garrett
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this brief chapter is to distinguish between two controversial ideas that are all too often confused in the public mind: evolution and natural selection. The chapter that follows develops at greater length the properties and importance of the second idea.
Coercion
Authors: Hardin Garrett
Published: November 2023

If you want to understand the nature and consequences of coercion, don’t expect much help from a dictionary. A typical definition of the verb coerce is as follows: “tr.v. To force to act or think in a given manner; to compel by pressure or threat.” The emphasis on force satisfies the lawyers, who apparently use the word in no other way. For emotional people, lay or lawyerish, the word coercion has, as the political scientist William Ophuls admits, “a nasty fascist ring to it.” But Ophuls is not satisfied with this condemnation. Some qualification is needed, because (he says) “political coercion in some form is inevitable,” and the act “is an inextricable part of politics, and the problem is how best to tame it and bend it to the common interest.” Yet probably not one person in a hundred has realized that coercion is inescapable.
The Dream of One World
Authors: Hardin Garrett
Published: November 2023

No discussion of the future of the human population is complete without a careful description and evaluation of the dream of One World. The hope that humanity might someday be united into a single world sovereignty was broached injudeo literature as early as the 5th century B.C. Castigating unholy priests, Malachi (chapter 2, verse 10) asked: “Have we not all one father? Hath not one God created us? ” Malachi undoubtedly meant “all of us”; he hoped to extend the family feeling at least to an entire village, the members of which are apt to be relatives anyway.
Ambivalent Value of Growth
Authors: Hardin Garrett
Published: November 2023

A short generation after writing his celebrated Essay, Malthus once more tried to get a drowsy world to understand the fantastic potential of exponential growth. In his 1820 textbook of economics he wrote: ... [I]f any person will take the trouble to make the calculation, he will see that if the necessaries of life could be obtained and distributed without limit, and the number of people could be doubled every twenty-five years, the population which might have been produced from a single pair since the Christian era, would have been sufficient, not only to fill the earth quite full of people, so that four should stand in every square yard, but to fill all the planets of our solar system in the same way, and not only them, but all the planets revolving round the stars which are visible to the naked eye, supposing each of them to be a sun, and to have as many planets belonging to it as our sun has.
Making Music at the Piano
Authors: Maris Barbara English
Published: November 2023

Beginners can make music at the piano and play musically even during the earliest phases of piano study, and this books shows how. Written for beginning adult students of any age, the book enables students to play gratifying music right away while continuing to develop their skills steadily, whether they are studying on their own or with an instructor. Throughout, the book features numerous Concepts to Consider (focusing on conceptual learning) and Activities to Explore (which build on the Concepts and emphasize ways to strengthen the kinesthetic aspects of learning). The author discusses nearly every aspect encountered by the beginner, from appropriate goals and good playing habits to the basics of how people learn and how the piano works. She provides a hands-on explanation of the characteristics of music playing and suggests specific strategies for using practice time effectively and for developing rhythmic security and technical control of sound. For students who to play as well as practice, this book is the ideal guide.
Moving Efficiently at the Piano
Authors: Maris Barbara English
Published: November 2023

When I was a little girl, one of my first piano books was John Thompson’s Modern Course for the Piano: Teaching Little Fingers to Play.1 Later I learned that we do not really play the piano with our fingers. Instead, our hands and arms, as extensions of our bodies, deliver our fingers to the keys that function as levers in sending energy to the piano mechanism. The secret to effective piano technique is not in isolating fingers or building muscular strength but in learning how to coordinate and synchronize the parts of the body. Interdependence of muscles enables the stronger ones to help weaker ones. Constant adjustment of the body eliminates rigidity in the muscles and joints.
Looking Ahead
Authors: Maris Barbara English
Published: November 2023

At the beginning of this book, I shared my assumptions that you are capable of working independently but currently are studying with a piano teacher. Although I did not say so in that introductory section, throughout this book I also have assumed that eventually your formal piano classes or lessons will come to closure. Seasons and semesters and centuries do end. Even if you are taking lessons outside a school situation, it will be appropriate periodically to reassess your priorities. If you decide to stop directed piano study, for whatever reasons, your continued participation in musical activities will depend on the habits you have developed—including your ability to work independently.
1972–1973
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

Walking around the Theatre District during the 1972–1973 season, one was accosted by symbols of Broadway’s darkest hour. Several theatre marquees advertised shows long closed. Porn movie houses were proliferating beyond 42nd Street and Eighth Avenue, some opening next door to legitimate theatres. Additional policemen on duty at certain time only emphasized New York’s rising crime rate, something that was affecting boxoffice figures. Not visible, but well known, was the dwindling number of new plays, especially off Broadway. More plays were coming from London and regional theatres. Box-office receipts were down, and Playbill was losing so much money it announced that it might have to start charging for its theatre programs.
1977–1978
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

While the season did not have the quality of the previous one, it was an American season, with fifteen of the twenty-two new plays on Broadway penned by native playwrights and thirty-seven of Off Broadway’s fifty new works by Americans as well.
1985–1986
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

Despite the new Marquis Theatre, which opened this season in the high-rise Marriott Marquis Hotel, replacing the beloved Helen Hayes, Bijou, and Morosco theatres, Broadway was shrinking. In August, three Broadway theatres (the Neil Simon, Ambassador, and Virginia) were declared designated landmarks, and it seemed that the threat of similarly destructive ventures had passed.
1986–1987
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

For the first time in five seasons, both Broadway attendance and box office increased. British musicals accounted for much of the rise, but eleven plays managed to last over 100 performances on the Street, and five of those ran over 300 times.
1988–1989
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

With only eleven new plays (three of them British), six musicals, and seven specialty items, the Broadway total of twenty-four productions hit a new low. Off Broadway, a total of thirty-five new plays included six foreign works. But revivals both on and off the Street turned New York into a museum of past theatre glories rather than a showcase for new plays. Eight Shakespearean plays were mounted (six as part of the continuing Shakespeare Marathon at the Public Theatre), joined by remountings of Eugene O’Neill, Tennessee Williams, Thornton Wilder, and other native playwrights’ work. Samuel Beckett, Luigi Pirandello, Sean O’Casey, George Bernard Shaw, and Joe Orton were also represented.
Guam, 1968-1969
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

The radio crackled to life in Joe Campbell’s Marianas Diver Shop. “The water is clear, calm, everything looks O.K.” The dive was on! By 10:30 A.M., on Sunday, December 15, 1968, forty—seven divers, U.S. Navy professionals, U.S. Air Force sport divers, and civilian sport divers began the hour long boat trip along the northwestern shore of Guam to Twin Reefs. It was the site chosen for the first of many battles to open “the new Pacific war.” An island—wide “seastar tournament” was organized by the University of Guam’s Department of Marine Studies. Navy men submerged with two 90—cubic—foot tanks, the sport divers carried an array of equipment including hamburger tongs, forks, and special spears for picking up the venomous creatures.
The War of the Worlds
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

The Martian invasion of Earth described by H. G.Wells in The War of the Worlds (1898) is a prototype for science fiction dealing with the threat of invasion.1 Like all good science—fiction writers, Wells had a solid scientific education and kept the company of, and even collaborated with, some of the leading scientists of his day. And like all good science fiction, The War of the Worlds incorporated contemporary science and social issues. The plot of the book emerged out of discussions with his brother Frank about their doubts that civilization had the ability to meet crises bravely and intelligently—this book was to deal with that problem.2 Written at a time when the British empire was threatened, the opponents, largely Bismarck’s Germany, lurked just across the channel. Their invasion of London was a more likely possibility in the minds of readers than the possibility of inhabitants on Mars. But what the Martians looked like, how they behaved, and whether the citizens of Earth would conquer them, appealed to popular imagination.
Under Capricorn
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

In May 1970, Chesher traveled to Hawaii, Guam, and Australia to discuss developments in Acanthaster control and research.1 A mini—conference was arranged at the University of Hawaii, which had set up an Acanthaster research program. It was intended to embrace many aspects: population dynamics of adult and larval populations, analysis of larval development and survival in the plankton, analysis of metamorphosis, settlement of post—larval stages, predation of juveniles and adults, feeding preferences and rate, symbiotic relationships, the ecological impact of Acanthaster predation, as well as the feasibility of stimulating reef community recovery.2 Joseph Branham and four or five colleagues at the University of Hawaii had been studying a population of about 20,000 starfish on Molokai. At the same time, the Hawaiian Fish and Game Division surveyed the Molokai population and carried out experiments using ammonium hydroxide to kill the starfish.
A tree fell in the forest…
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

The early 1970s saw many new reports of large herds of crown—of—thorns starfish and devastation of coral—reefs in widespread localities, from the Indian Ocean to Fiji, Tahiti, New Guinea, the Philippines, the Ryukyu Is lands in Japan, as well as the Great Barrier Reef and Micronesia. The re ports came from amateur and professional divers, local fisherman, fishery departments, and museum and university workers. And they were scattered in various scientific journals, local government and conservation journals, as well as newspapers. Indeed, widespread concern about the crown—of—thorns paralleled a growing interest in submarine life as scuba began to be widely used by amateur divers and marine scientists.
Remote Control
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

The notion that the starfish outbreaks might be natural and relatively harmless found new scientific support in the early 1970s. Special funds for crown—of—thorns research were made available in Australia. Following the recommendation of the joint government Committee of Inquiry, a crown—of—thorns Advisory Committee was established to recommend grants—in—aid. Four of its members had been on the Committee of In quiry. Advertisements inviting applications were placed in all major Australian newspapers and posters were displayed at all Australian universities and other research institutions. From 1971 to 1975, the Committee awarded over $A440,000 to projects on reef ecology, starfish larval development, coral formation, as well as monitoring and control measures. Public seminars were held in Brisbane in 1972 and again in 1974 to en able grantees to meet and discuss their research. Interested members of the public were invited to attend and participate in discussions.
Coral Bleaching and Global Warming
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

During the 1990s, international conservation agencies and governments of many countries came to recognize the dangers facing coral reefs. A survey conducted on behalf of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1984—89 indicated that people had significantly damaged or destroyed reefs in ninety—three countries.1 Coral reefs covered some 600,000 km2 throughout the tropical world, and there were estimates that about 10% of them were degraded beyond recovery, with another 30% likely to decline within the next two decades. Reefs identified as being at greatest risk are in South and Southeast Asia, East Africa, and the Caribbean.2 Some of the most serious problems are over—fishing and destructive fishing methods, including the use of dynamite and sodium cyanide; sedimentation and pollution; rapid population growth in tropical developing nations; and tourist—related activities and associated impacts.3 To some, the degradation of reef ecosystems seemed practically irreversible because it appeared impossible in practice to put an end to the human impact.
Cassandra and the Seastar
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

Coral—reef environmental science has come a long way since the days of “Save the Barrier Reef” bumper stickers in Australia, and the Westinghouse survey in Guam. The International Coral Reef Initiative would encourage and help governments and international organizations to strengthen their commitment to conserving, restoring, and promoting sustainable use of coral reefs and associated environments. Networks of laboratories, sharing and comparing data, would help resolve complex problems of distinguishing between human—induced impacts and long—term natural oscillations.
A History of Sight-Singing Instruction in the United States
Authors: Demorest Steven M
Published: November 2023

The history of sight-singing instruction in the United States is composed of many different movements and methods, often occurring simultaneously, that waxed and waned depending on the personalities of their advocates or on prevailing educational philosophy. Since the importance of singing ‘‘by note” or ‘‘by rule” was first suggested to early colonists, a continual debate has raged over whether everyone needs to learn to read music and, if so, what method will best achieve that goal.
Integrating Sight-Singing into the Choral Rehearsal
Authors: Demorest Steven M
Published: November 2023

The lesson models in chapter 4 demonstrate how sight-singing can be presented systematically to choirs at beginning and advanced levels to build essential skills. The lesson models are all designed to be presented as a separate part of the rehearsal, distinct from work on the performance literature, though the lesson material can be based on music taken from choral literature. However, it is important that a teacher’s commitment to sightsinging not end at the moment that the rehearsal of the literature begins. When a IO-minute sight-singing lesson is followed by a rehearsal in which parts are pounded out on the piano, sight-singing becomes an academic exercise rather than a useful skill. However, we must acknowledge that our students’ voices and musicality are often developed well beyond their musicianship skills and that there is often a wide range of reading abilities within a single ensemble. To provide literature that keeps students challenged as performers, teachers often choose music that is beyond the choir’s ability to sight-read successfully. How do we deal with the challenge of incorporating reading into the rehearsal without compromising the quality of the literature we perform? Solutions to this challenge may be found in the organization of the choir program itself, the choice of literature, and the teaching approaches utilized in the rehearsal.
The Reign of Galba ( June 68 to January 69)
Authors: Morgan Gwyn
Published: November 2023

The moment Galba was recognized as emperor, people began dusting off stories to prove that he had long been destined for the principate. Suetonius has several examples, among them claims—liberally sprinkled with circumstantial detail—that Augustus and Tiberius had each foreseen this outcome. The reality was more prosaic, but Servius Sulpicius Galba was justly proud of his ancestry. The Sulpicii, a patrician clan, had held office in Rome since the early republic, and as Suetonius observes, to give a detailed account would be a long and tedious business. The branch that bore the surname Galba came to the fore during the Hannibalic War, and was the dominant line thereafter. Its members were some of them heroes and some of them scoundrels, some of them gifted and some of them mediocrities—like Galba’s father, Gaius.
Adoption and Assassination ( January 69)
Authors: Morgan Gwyn
Published: November 2023

Since Galba was old and childless, everybody recognized that if he was given time to pick a successor, he would have to adopt the man of his choice. Even when Romans appeared to abandon dynastic succession, they believed in grafting the next emperor onto the family tree of the incumbent. When Galba began thinking seriously about the matter is uncertain, since Tacitus states only that it was “some time before” he announced his choice on 10 January 69. But as he had not pursued the idea of adopting an heir in the years immediately following the deaths of his two children in the 40s, it seems likeliest that his proclamation as emperor on 9 June 68 was what started him thinking about the issue, and not solely because he had achieved the traditional aristocratic aim of surpassing the achievements of all his ancestors. This timing suggests that we should give him credit for worrying about the welfare of the state as well. He may not have cared who inherited his personal effects, but he recognized that he could not show this indifference when it came to the question who would succeed him as emperor.
Otho Prepares for War ( January and February)
Authors: Morgan Gwyn
Published: November 2023

When Otho assassinated Galba on 15 January, he may have had no idea how serious the situation in Germany had become. Galba, from 9 Jan ary on, tried to restrict the information he was receiving to his immediate entourage, and—despite Plutarch—Otho cannot have been invited to their meetings. In public, before the guard and in the senate, Galba talked only of a mutiny by two legions. Since mutinies had been brought under control fairly easily in the past, Otho had no more reason than anybody else outside the charmed circle to imagine that this outbreak would be different, especially once he began planning to remove the man everybody thought the source of the troops’ grievances. No doubt he heard the rumors circulating through the city, but he could discount them. Hence Suetonius can tell a story about his own father: Suetonius Laetus served as a military tribune in the war against Vitellius, and he asserted repeatedly that during the campaign “Otho had stated that he would not have made away with Galba, had he not been confident that he could carry through the business without a war.”
The Harrison Act
Authors: Musto David F
Published: November 2023

In January 191.2 Wright returned to the United States with two goals: increasing the number of signatories to the Convention and dispelling any doubt that this nation would pass the necessary domestic legislation. Southern resistance to any invasion of states’ rights made Democratic control of the House especially significant for the narcotic reformers. Representative Francis Burton Harrison, a well-born Tammany Democrat, agreed to shepherd the antinarcotic legislation through the House. Harrison’s task was to assure his colleagues that the various trade interests and concerned parties had achieved a generally acceptable narcotic bill or at least one that would engender no unyielding hostility. He did not display as much interest in the specific form or philosophy of the legislation as in its political viability.
State And Local Narcotic Control
Authors: Musto David F
Published: November 2023

Early local and state narcotic controls in the United States grew out of the danger perceived by those American communities that were directly affected. Pennsylvania, the home of leading morphine manufacturers, enacted an antimorphine law as early as 1860. Two decades later Ohio passed a law against smoking opium, and in 1897, twelve years after the way had been prepared by pharmaceutical research for massive production of the com­ pound, Illinois enacted a law against cocaine.1 Soon thereafter, as the activity of the American Pharmaceutical Association between 1901 and 1903 suggests, efforts within the states to control opiates and cocaine rapidly reached across the nation. Cocaine’s euphoric and stimulant qualities, as well as its association with crime and with a feared and repressed minority put it at the top of any list of outlawed substances. These characteristics of cocaine are similar to the description in the mid-193os of marihuana’s effects.
Renewed Efforts at Control, 1986-1997
Authors: Musto David F
Published: November 2023

By the end of the twentieth century, we in the United States will have experienced approximately 140 years of drug control efforts at the state, national, and international levels. As we look back over the waxing and waning popularity of mood-altering substances, it is difficult to escape the suspicion that, although drug abuse is a real and deeply imbedded social problem, attempts to solve it are sometimes nearly overwhelmed by wars of words. The contest is waged by opposing camps of fiercely committed partisans. As times change, and as drug fads decline and are replaced by health or moral crusades, one camp gains adherents, new laws are demanded and passed, old ones are abolished, and sometimes still older ones are retrieved, brushed off, and re-implemented as innovations. Meanwhile, the opposition has not entirely disappeared, but continues to fight rearguard actions and wait for the next opportunity to prevail.
The Antimetabolites: The Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim (Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole)
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B
Published: November 2023

The sufonamides were the first effective chemotherapeutic agents to be used systematically for the treatment of bacterial infections. Sulfonamide-containing compounds were synthesized early in this century by German chemists for use as dyes. Their therapeutic potential was not exploited until 1935, when Domagk demonstrated that one of these dyes, prontosil, was effective in treating mice infected with streptococci. Later it was found that prontosil is metabolized in the tissues to para aminobenzenesulfonamide ( sulfanilamide), the chemotherapeutically active part of the molecule. Subsequently, thousands of com pounds were synthesized, and many were introduced for the treatment of infection.
The Urinary Tract Antiseptics: Nalidixic Acid and Cinoxacin; Nitrofurantoin; Methenamine; Fosfomycin
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B
Published: November 2023

Several of the drugs that have already been discussed are used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. The sulfonamides, ampicillin, the fluoroquinolomes, and the tetracyclines are the principal drugs employed in treating acute, uncomplicated infections of the urinary tract. Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) is often used to treat chronic or recurrent infection. Others, such as the aminoglycosides, cephalo sporins, and carbenicillin, are used much less often for restricted indications.
Drugs that Act on Mycobacteria: Isoniazid, Rifampin, Ethambutol, Streptomycin, and Pyrazinamide; The Second-Line Antituberculosis Drugs; Drugs Effective Against Leprosy; Drugs Effective Against the Mycobacterium avium Complex
Authors: Scholar Eric M , Pratt William B
Published: November 2023

The treatment of tuberculosis is a special problem within the field of chemotherapy. Some of the drugs used in treating this dis ease [streptomycin, para-aminosalicylic acid (PAS), cycloserine, kanamycin] have been presented in earlier chapters, since it was more convenient to consider them along with other agents having a similar mechanism of action. Many of the drugs employed in antituberculosis therapy are used only in treating infections caused by mycobacteria.
Practical Reason And Incompletely Theorized Agreements
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: November 2023

My central topic is the operation of practical reason in collective institutions. How might a multimember body-a legislature, a court, a club, a set of citizens composing a nation-proceed in the face of conflict and disagreement on fundamental matters? As we will see, the answer bears particularly on legal reasoning but also on the exercise of practical reason by political institutions and by individual agents.
Analyzing Bartók’s Works of 1918–1922: Motives, Tone Patches, and Tonal Mosaics
Authors: Gillies Malcolm
Published: November 2023

Bela Bartók was a highly self-aware, self-critical, and self-analytical composer. Although too much can be made of his reluctance to speak on personal musical issues,1 he was one of those composers who spoke more through his music than about his music. In his precise use of pitch notations, refined through nearly forty years of transcription and analysis of folk song as well as through composition, he left abundant self-analyses of his own works, in the form of their scores, drafts, and sketches. Indeed, Bartók’s generation of composers—caught between the dying gasps of Romanticism and the advent of musical modernisms—anguished especially over the notation of its music.