bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gastric ultrasound assessment of two preoperative fasting regimens in pediatric patients: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Elghamry Mona Raafat , Elkeblawy Amira Mahfouz , Alshawadfy Abdelrhman Mohamed , Ramadan Kareem Mohammed
Published: December 2024

Background

Preoperative fasting aims to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration. Our aim was to compare the incidence of increased gastric content after preoperative liberal versus a standard fasting in children.

Method

Two hundred children, presented for elective surgeries, were instructed to follow either 6‐4‐2 (standard group) or 6‐4‐0 (liberal group) preoperative fasting regimens. Preoperative ultrasound was used to evaluate gastric contents. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with an “at‐risk stomach.” Secondary outcomes included qualitative and quantitative gastric assessment, last meal, actual fasting duration, regurgitation, vomiting, aspiration incidence, surgery cancellation rate, and complications of prolonged fasting (e.g., hunger).

Results

The actual fasting duration was significantly longer than prescribed in each group (p < 0.001 for both groups) and was significantly longer in the standard group (CI95%: 0.744–2.016, medium effect size η2 = 0.068). In the liberal group, 3% of patients had an “at‐risk stomach,” and 2% of cases were canceled. Qualitative gastric assessment was comparable between the two groups (OR 1.536, CI95%: 0.883–2.670, low effect size Cramer V = 0.139). However, the estimated gastric volume/weight ratio was significantly increased in the standard group (CI95%: 0.114–0.214; large effect size η2 = 0.171). In the standard group, 9% of patients were hungry, and 10% were thirsty; no patients experienced adverse effects in either group.

Conclusion

Prolonged preoperative fasting may be unnecessary. The 6‐4‐0 fasting regimen can be applied to pediatric patients before elective surgeries without increasing the incidence of “at risk stomach,” but further studies with larger sample size are needed to confirm these results.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (Trial no.: NCT04961814).
Cost‐Effectiveness of rTMS as a Next Step in Antidepressant Non‐Responders: A Randomized Comparison With Current Antidepressant Treatment Approaches
Authors: Dalhuisen Iris , Bui Kim , Kleijburg Anne , van Oostrom Iris , Spijker Jan , van Exel Eric , van Mierlo Hans , de Waardt Dieuwertje , Arns Martijn , Tendolkar Indira , van Eijndhoven Philip , Wijnen Ben
Published: December 2024

Background

Although repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an effective and commonly used treatment option for treatment‐resistant depression, its cost‐effectiveness remains much less studied. In particular, the comparative cost‐effectiveness of rTMS and other treatment options, such as antidepressant medication, has not been investigated.

Methods

An economic evaluation with 12 months follow‐up was conducted in the Dutch care setting as part of a pragmatic multicenter randomized controlled trial, in which patients with treatment‐resistant depression were randomized to treatment with rTMS or treatment with the next pharmacological step according to the treatment algorithm. Missing data were handled with single imputations using predictive mean matching (PMM) nested in bootstraps. Incremental cost‐effectiveness and cost‐utility ratios (ICERs/ICURs) were calculated, as well as cost‐effectiveness planes and cost‐effectiveness acceptability curves (CEACs).

Results

Higher QALYs, response, and remission rates were found for lower costs when comparing the rTMS group to the medication group. After 12 months, QALYs were 0.618 in the rTMS group and 0.545 in the medication group. The response was 27.1% and 24.4% and remission was 25.0% and 17.1%, respectively. Incremental costs for rTMS were −€2.280, resulting in a dominant ICUR for QALYs and ICER for response and remission.

Conclusion

rTMS appears to be a cost‐effective treatment option for treatment‐resistant depression when compared to the next pharmacological treatment step. The results support the implementation of rTMS as a step in the treatment algorithm for depression.

Trial Registration

The trial is registered within the Netherlands Trial Register (code: NL7628, date: March 29, 2019)
Genome sequencing and assembly of feral chickens in the wild of Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Ashari Hidayat , Liu Li‐Sheng , Dagong Muhammad Ihsan Andi , Cai Zheng‐Fei , Xie Guo‐Li , Yin Ting‐Ting , Zhang Ya‐Ping , Han Jian‐Lin , Peng Min‐Sheng
Published: December 2024

The feralization of domestic chicken makes the conservation and management of red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) more complicated and challenging. We collected two Sulawesi feral chickens, located east of the Wallace Line, for whole‐genome sequencing and de novo genome assembly. Phylogenetic and f4‐statistics analyses indicated that the Sulawesi feralized domestic chickens (G. g. domesticus) received gene flow from G. g. gallus. We integrated ~45× ultra‐long Oxford Nanopore Technology reads and ~28× PacBio HiFi reads to generate a de novo genome assembly of a female Sulawesi feral chicken (GGsula) with a contig N50 of 19.88 Mbp. We characterized structural variations in GGsula, and found some were related to nervous system. Our study provides the first genome assembly of feral chickens, which is a unique genomic resource to explore the process of chicken domestication and feralization.
Allergens in ophthalmic medicaments in New Zealand
Authors: Hettiaratchi Carneshika Bernadette , Kennedy Harriet
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives

Eyelid allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) attributed to ophthalmic medications is often underreported, which can result in poor outcomes. Patch testing for eyelid ACD requires up‐to‐date knowledge of potential allergens. The aim of this study was to investigate allergens in ophthalmic medicaments in New Zealand.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional review of ophthalmic medicaments available in New Zealand in October 2023. Prescription and over‐the‐counter products were catalogued with their respective ingredient lists according to product data sheets. Products unapproved for use as per Section 29 of the Medicines Act 1981, or that were unavailable for purchase were excluded. Ingredients were classified according to their function. Allergens in the New Zealand Baseline Series Extended (NZBSE) were recorded.

Results

Seventy‐three topical ophthalmic medicaments were identified with a total of 143 formulations (brands). Twenty‐eight formulations were excluded, leaving a total of 67 topical medicaments (115 formulations) for analysis. Fifty‐eight per cent of formulations contained at least one NZBSE allergen. The most frequently identified NZBSE allergen was benzalkonium chloride (contained in 48% of formulations), followed by propylene glycol (6%), lanolin (4%), parabens (4%), caine anaesthetics (2%), neomycin sulphate (2%), and cetearyl alcohol (1%).

Conclusions

The majority of ophthalmic preparations contain known allergens. Patch test series must be based on local data and revised regularly to ensure the diagnostic accuracy of patch testing. Patch testing patient's own products is imperative.
Consumer views of functional electrical stimulation and robotic exoskeleton in SCI rehabilitation: A mini review
Authors: Pei Yalian , Tobita Mari , Dirlikov Benjamin , Arnold Dannae , Tefertiller Candace , Gorgey Ashraf
Published: December 2024

Background

Functional electrical stimulation (FES) and robotic exoskeletons represent emerging technologies with significant potential for restoring critical physical functions such as standing and walking—functions that are most susceptible after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the further development and successful integration of these technologies into clinical practice and daily life require a deep understanding of consumer perspectives.

Objective

This review synthesizes consumer perspectives from a diverse range of technology stakeholders, including medical service providers, researchers, and persons affected by SCI—those living with SCI and their caregivers. By capturing this diverse range of perspectives, the review aims to describe the real‐world implications, challenges, and expectations associated with FES and robotic exoskeleton technologies.

Methods

Relevant literature was primarily identified through a search in EBSCO, SCOPUS, and Web of Science. The authors supplemented the search by reviewing reference lists including appropriate articles identified by the authors. The PICO question guiding this process was defined as P (persons with SCI and caregivers, researchers, clinicians, and developers), I (use of FES or robotic exoskeletons), C (technology users compared to non‐users), and O (stakeholder perspectives and experiences). Each identified article underwent a thorough appraisal, after which findings were summarized to present consumers' viewpoints on FES and robotic exoskeleton technologies.

Results

The review focuses on key areas such as perceived benefits, limitations, implementation barriers, and consumer expectations. The benefits identified are multifaceted, extending from physical improvements, such as enhanced mobility and muscle strength, to psychological gains including increased confidence and sense of independence. However, these technologies also face perceived limitations, often related to accessibility, cost, and usability challenges. Beyond technical issues, implementation barriers are related to factors like insurance coverage and the need for specialized training for both users and providers. Consumer expectations include hope for technological advancements, increased accessibility and affordability, and a desire for more personalized and adaptable solutions tailored to the unique needs of individuals with SCI.

Conclusion

This comprehensive overview of consumer perspectives offers insights into the needs and preferences of the end‐users, which are essential for creating user‐centric technology and effectively translating research findings into clinical practice.
Implementability of opioid deprescribing interventions at transitions of care: A scoping review
Authors: Wang Jeffery , Schneider Carl R. , Langford Aili V. , Sawan Mouna , Lin Chung‐Wei Christine , Pratama Antonius Nugraha Widhi , Gnjidic Danijela
Published: December 2024

Continuation of opioids at transitions of care increases the risk of long‐term opioid use and related harm. To our knowledge, no study has examined the implementability of opioid deprescribing interventions at transitions of care. Our scoping review aimed to identify the type of opioid deprescribing interventions employed at transitions of care and assess the implementability of tested interventions. Nine electronic databases were searched on 15 May 2023 for English‐language studies of adults transitioning between care settings, where opioid deprescribing interventions targeting patients, clinicians or health systems were implemented. Implementability was assessed using the Cochrane Intervention Complexity Assessment Tool for Systematic Reviews to determine intervention complexity, and mapped to the Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance (RE‐AIM) framework to understand the process evaluation. A total of 79 studies were identified, with 94.0% (n = 74) examining hospital‐to‐home transitions. Mixed interventions (combination of pharmacological and nonpharmacological) were tested in 49.0% (n = 39) of studies. Pharmacological interventions were identified in 31.0% (n = 24) of studies, and the remaining 20.0% (n = 16) applied nonpharmacological interventions. Mixed interventions comprising multiple components were the most complex and resulted in reduced opioid use across transitions of care in 28.0% (n = 22) of studies. Few studies reported on RE‐AIM dimensions including implementation (5.0% of studies), reach (4.0%), adoption (4.0%) and maintenance (0%). Most opioid deprescribing interventions targeted hospital to home care transition with mixed results in opioid deprescribing. Further research should consider the implementability of interventions during transitions of care to elucidate the impact of opioid deprescribing interventions across care settings.
Technopoetics of the Anthropocene: Rendering Our Present through Echoes in Mexican Bots and Machines
Authors: Tijerina Martínez Francisco Gerardo
Published: December 2024

The Anthropocene is marked with a multilayered environmental crisis that requires cultural changes. Although a complex task, the contemporary Mexican artists studied here have explored this issue through literary means. In this paper, I analyse La máquina distópica (The Dystopian Machine) and El mono infinito (The Infinite Monkey) as technopoetical tools to understand the present from a historical perspective. I suggest that the usage of canonical figures such as Amparo Dávila and Ada Lovelace in these pieces provides a critical grounding that tensions the notion of individual authorship and affords a transhistorical and transtemporal approach to an endangered planet.
Hydroxyl chalcone derivative DK02 as a multi‐target‐directed ligand for Alzheimer's disease: A preclinical study in zebrafish
Authors: Haridevamuthu Balasubramanian , Bharti Ankit Kumar , Nayak Santosh Pushpa Ramya Ranjan , Narayanan Dhaareeshwar , Loganathan Sumathi Dhivya , Chagaleti Bharath Kumar , Saravanan Venkatesan , Rajagopal Rajakrishnan , Alfarhan Ahmed , Muthu Kumaradoss Kathiravan , Arockiaraj Jesu
Published: December 2024

Background and Purpose

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a widespread neurodegenerative condition characterized by amyloid‐beta (Aβ) plaques and tau protein aggregates, leading to significant cognitive decline. Existing treatments primarily offer symptomatic relief, underscoring the urgent need for novel therapies that address multiple AD pathways. This study evaluates the efficacy of DK02, a hydroxyl chalcone derivative, in a scopolamine‐induced dementia model in zebrafish, hypothesizing that it targets several neurodegenerative mechanisms simultaneously.

Experimental Approach

We employed a blend of experiments, including in silico docking, in vitro enzyme inhibition assays and in vivo zebrafish models, to assess therapeutic effects of DK02. Methods included molecular docking to forecast interaction sites, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition testing, and various behavioural and histopathological analyses to gauge DK02's cognitive and neuroprotective impacts.

Key Results

DK02 emerged as a potent AChE inhibitor via virtual screening, and significantly enhanced cognitive functions in zebrafish, by improving memory retention and reducing anxiety‐like behaviours. DK02 also displayed strong antioxidant properties, reducing oxidative stress‐induced neuronal damage. Histopathological analysis confirmed its neuroprotective effects by showing decreased amyloid plaque burden and mitigated structural brain damage.

Conclusion and Implications

DK02 shows promise as a multi‐target‐directed ligand for AD, offering a new therapeutic path by simultaneously addressing cholinergic, oxidative and amyloid pathways. Its potential to enhance cognitive functions and curtail neurodegeneration suggests advantages over current symptomatic treatments. Further research into DK02 mechanisms and long‐term impacts is essential for its development in AD therapy.
Risk Factors Associated With Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy due to Rare Mutations in Mitochondrial DNA‐Encoded Respiratory Complex I Subunits
Authors: Bayona‐Bafaluy Pilar , Sanz‐Pons Javier , Esteban Olivia , Bueno‐Borghi Luca , Ruiz‐Pesini Eduardo
Published: December 2024

An in‐depth analysis of susceptibility factors modifying the penetrance of rare Leber hereditary optic neuropathy‐causing mutations in respiratory complex I genes encoded in mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid has not been performed. To bridge this gap, we conducted a review of the literature on rare mutations associated with LHON, selected those with substantial evidence of pathogenicity, and performed an in‐depth analysis of the various pedigrees. Examining the influences that modify the penetrance of the classical mutations associated with this disease may offer insights into susceptibility factors in individuals carrying the rare mutations.
Family Firms' Boards: A Systematic Review and Research Agenda
Authors: Bettinelli Cristina , Sangermano Andrea , Bergamaschi Mara , Bennedsen Morten
Published: December 2024

Research Question/Issue

Despite the growing interest in family firms (FFs) and their boards of directors (boards), the empirical research remains fragmented, which makes a comprehensive understanding challenging. This review aims to unify the research landscape and to provide a framework for future studies to better understand boards in FFs.

Research Findings/Insights

Our analysis of 99 papers published between 2001 and 2023 shows that the literature on boards in FFs relies heavily on input–output models that use archival data. Although traditional perspectives remain dominant, new ideas are gaining traction by recognizing the importance of family ownership, exploring alternative or complementary theoretical lenses, uncovering board processes, and using advanced analytical methods.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

We propose five research directions: (1) Investigate how family dimensions shape FF boards and their impact on firm outcomes; (2) examine the impact of board characteristics on board decision‐making and effectiveness in FFs; (3) analyze the specific mechanisms through which board processes in FFs influence firm outcomes; (4) expand the research geographically and explore the influence of temporal and institutional contexts on FF boards; and (5) employ a wider range of research methods to study FF boards.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

Our results indicate that research on boards in FFs is evolving and broadening, most notably, through the integration of classical theories borrowed from the general management field (e.g., agency, stewardship, and resource dependence theories) with more specific theories (e.g., socioemotional wealth theory) and themes related to corporate social responsibility.
Developmental phenotype and quality of life in SLC13A5 citrate transporter disorder
Authors: Ozlu Can , Adams Raegan M. , Solidum Rayann M. , Cooper Sydney , Best Carrie R. , Elacio Jennifer , Kavanaugh Brian C. , Spelbrink Emily M. , Brown Tanya L. , Nye Kimberly , Liu Judy S. , Bailey Rachel M. , Goodspeed Kimberly , Porter Brenda E.
Published: December 2024

Aim

To describe the neurodevelopment and quality of life in SLC13A5 (solute carrier family 13 member 5) citrate transporter disorder (developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 25, DEE25), a rare genetic early infantile epileptic encephalopathy caused by deficiency of a sodium‐citrate transporter, characterized by heavy seizure burden in the neonatal period.

Method

We analyzed longitudinal neurodevelopmental outcomes from a prospective natural history study of DEE25, using standardized assessments of Mullen Scales of Early Learning, Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales.

Results

There was significant global impairment across the cohort, with variable quality of life and limited genotype–phenotype correlation. Patient‐specific scores were stable across visits with evidence of modest gains in early childhood and static skills in adolescence and adulthood.

Interpretation

There is a poor prognosis in terms of multiple measures of age‐appropriate development.
Assessing Disability in Thalassaemia: A Position Statement by the Thalassaemia International Federation
Authors: Farmakis Dimitrios , Angastiniotis Michael , Papingiotis Georgios , Cannon Lily , Eleftheriou Androulla
Published: December 2024

Thalassemia is not currently conceived per se as a disability, but it can be a disability‐inducing condition if poorly treated or as complications increase with age. People living with thalassemia do not wish, on the one hand, to be considered disabled persons to avoid stigma and loss of opportunities to achieve social inclusion in all paths of life while, on the other, they are in need of lifelong appropriate, disease‐specific health and social care, including disability allowances and schemes, in order to be able to smoothly integrate into society and achieve professional, educational, personal, and social goals. The ongoing debate on whether thalassemia is a disability or not is thus complex and inconclusive and has created a vast heterogeneity of policies and approaches across the globe. Given that the risk to develop disabilities is subject to individualised assessment, the thalassemia International Federation (TIF) proposes a specific disability risk assessment model for thalassaemia (DRAM‐Thal), based on the findings of a targeted literature review and of the TIF survey 2022–2023. This model considers both clinical features and social parameters and is addressed to national healthcare and social services and all other relevant stakeholders. At the same time, this work prompts further research on this understudied topic that heavily affects the rights and daily life of people living with the disease.
Healthcare Utilization Patterns in Sickle Cell Patients and Their Association With Sickle Cell Retinopathy
Authors: Minniti Caterina P. , Suman Pamela D. , Dahlan Kevin , Crouch Andrew , Goodman Michelle , Mian Umar K.
Published: December 2024

Background/Aim

A few shave identified systemic and hematologic risk factors for Proliferative Sickle Cell Retinopathy (PSR) development. The relevance of healthcare utilization as a risk factor for PSR has not been defined. This study evaluates patterns of healthcare utilization among patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) and retinopathy.

Methods

A retrospective study of adults with SCD, using EMR, was conducted from January 2017 to December 2019, seen at the Montefiore Medical Center eye clinic.

Results

Four hundred twelve patients with SCD were included in this analysis (65.8% HbSS (SS)) and 34.2% HbSC (SC). HBSS patients had higher utilization of hematology outpatient visits and inpatient admissions than HBSC. For individuals with either HBSC or HBSS disease, higher outpatient healthcare utilization was associated with higher number of inpatient admissions. The prevalence of retinopathy was 24% and 55% in SS and SC patients respectively, with PSR in 60% SS and 87.6% SC of these patients. Patients with HBSC with higher outpatient visits and inpatient admissions experienced significantly lower PSR rates. In contrast, for patients with HBSS, higher outpatient visits were significantly associated with higher PSR prevalence.

Conclusion

Healthcare utilization patterns in individuals with HBSS and HBSC varied according to their prevalence of PSR. These differences may be useful in stratifying patients' risk for retinopathy development and in deciding follow‐up eye examination frequency.
The gut microbiota mediates memory impairment under high‐altitude hypoxia via the gut–brain axis in mice
Authors: Li Wenhao , Wang Yuhao , Shi Yi , He Fenfen , Zhao Zaihua , Liu Jingchun , Gao Zhenbo , Zhang Jianbin , Shen Xuefeng
Published: December 2024

Hypoxia is a predominant risk factor at high altitudes, and evidence suggests that high‐altitude hypoxia alters the gut microbiota, which plays an essential regulatory role in memory function. However, the causal relationship between the gut microbiota and memory impairment under hypoxic conditions remains unclear. In this study, we employed a high‐altitude hypoxia model combined with fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) approach in mice to explore the effects of the gut microbiota on memory impairment in a hypoxic environment. We observed that high‐altitude hypoxia exposure reduced short‐ and long‐term memory and hippocampus‐dependent fear memory abilities, along with decreased relative abundance of Ligilactobacillus and Muribaculum. Moreover, hypoxic conditions increased intestinal and blood–brain barrier permeability. FMT from hypoxia‐exposed mice into naïve antibiotic‐treated mice resulted in similar memory impairments, Ligilactobacillus and Muribaculum abundance changes, and increased intestinal/blood–brain barrier permeability. Correlation analysis showed a robust positive association between Ligilactobacillus and Muribaculum with hippocampus‐dependent contextual fear memory. Likewise, Ligilactobacillus was positively correlated with short‐term memory. Therefore, Ligilactobacillus and Muribaculum may be key microbes in reducing memory ability in hypoxia, with the intestinal and blood–brain barriers as primary pathways. Our findings provide further evidence for the potential regulatory mechanism by which gut microbiota dysbiosis may contribute to memory impairment in a high‐altitude environment.
Impact of Crop Type on Biodiversity Globally
Authors: Fan Shunxiang , Newbold Tim , Tscharntke Teja , Tang Wenhui , Yu Zhenrong , Liu Yunhui
Published: December 2024

The negative impact of agricultural land on biodiversity is widely recognized. However, there remains a knowledge gap regarding the role of different crop types in maintaining biodiversity within the agricultural landscape. By extracting biodiversity data from global datasets and classifying different crop types, we quantified the contribution of different crop types to biodiversity. Our results indicate that biodiversity levels vary widely among crop types. We found a general loss of biodiversity when natural vegetation is converted to agricultural land, and highest losses in fiber crops, cereals and oil crops, and least in other crops (such as coffee or cocoa) and in mixed crops. In general, perennial crops retain more biodiversity than annual crops. Losses of biodiversity can be mitigated through mixed cropping of multiple crop types, especially by combining annual and perennial crops. The negative impact of converting natural vegetation to agriculture is greater in tropical than in nontropical areas, and hence, the import of commodities from these biodiversity‐rich regions may be particularly detrimental. Given the ongoing increase in biodiversity losses from global intensification and expansion of agricultural land, maintaining or restoring natural vegetation, rating the crop‐type‐specific biodiversity, diversifying crops, and preferring perennial over annual crops, particularly in the tropics, need to be better considered and implemented in global agri‐environmental schemes.
Corporate culture and debt maturity
Authors: Asad Suzona , Hasan Mostafa Monzur , Qiu Buhui
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the relationship between corporate culture and debt maturity structure. Utilizing a text‐based measure of corporate culture derived from a cutting‐edge machine learning approach, we uncover a strong positive link between corporate culture and short‐term debt usage. We further find that this relationship is particularly pronounced for firms with high information asymmetry and heightened financing constraints. We conduct several sensitivity analyses that confirm the robustness of our findings. Overall, the findings enhance our understanding of how corporate culture influences corporate financing decisions.
Cold sintering of geopolymer powders
Authors: Lattanzi Lorenzo , Conte Alberto , Sin Augusto , Garcia Javier Mena , Randall Clive A. , Colombo Paolo
Published: December 2024

Geopolymers (GP) represent a promising class of inorganic materials with diverse applications due to their properties, including high temperature resistance and strong interfacial bonding ability. They are produced through alkali activation of aluminosilicate sources, such as metakaolin or fly ashes. Despite their attractive characteristics, conventional casting methods for GP production often result in prolonged curing times and inferior mechanical properties to OPC or other benchmark materials. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of rapidly densifying GP matrices using cold sintering technology (CSP), a novel approach previously employed in ceramic systems. Through CSP, it was possible to obtain a dense body starting from GP sodium‐based powder with optimal moisture content (10% wt.) under mild isostatic pressure (70 MPa) and moderate temperature (150°C) conditions, with a short duration process (10 min). The resulting products exhibited chemical stability (high resistance to boiling test), high density (> 90% theoretical density) and good mechanical properties (flexural strength equal to 30 MPa and compressive strength over 200 MPa) without requiring additional thermal treatments. SEM, EDS and NMR studies indicated that the predominant densification mechanism was likely to be homogeneous dissolutions and precipitation of the material, consistent with pressure solution creep. Dilatometric tests were performed to track the densification process in real‐time and to determine the activation energy, which revealed an exceptionally low value for the system (21.7 kJ/mol). Our results demonstrate the potential of CSP as a rapid and efficient method for producing high‐quality GP‐based components, paving the way for their broader application in various fields.
Recovery of alkaline proteinases from fisheries wastes: biochemical characterization and applications
Authors: Friedman Ivana Soledad , Contreras Edgardo Martín , Fernández‐Gimenez Analia Verónica
Published: December 2024

Fish visceral waste, which is normally discarded, is considered one of the richest sources of proteinases with potential biotechnological applications. For this reason, alkaline proteinases from viscera of Argentine hake Merluccius hubbsi, Brazilian flathead Percophis brasiliensis, Brazilian codling Urophycis brasiliensis, and stripped weakfish Cynoscion guatucupa were characterized. Individuals were caught by a commercial fleet off the coast of the Argentinean Sea. The intestine and pyloric caeca were dissected out and then minced and triturated with distilled water. The proteinase activity of P. brasiliensis extracts was enhanced by all the ions tested (Mn2+, K+, Na+, Ca+2) while the enzymes of the other species were stable in the presence of those ions, retaining more than 60% of their enzymatic activity. Alkaline proteinases of all species showed extreme stability to 5% v/v surfactants at 60 min (Sodium dodecyl sulfate, Triton X‐100, Tween 20, Tween 80), and relative stability toward an 6% v/v oxidizing agent (H2O2) and organic solvents 80% (acetone, isopropanol, methanol, ethanol). The enzyme extracts were incubated for 60 min with these compounds. Interestingly, alkaline proteinases from all species were compatible with the commercial detergents (Ala, Skip, and Ace). These results demonstrate that proteinases recovered from a no‐cost sample such as fishery residues can be used for industrial applications, such as detergent formulations.
Early neuropsychological screening and long‐term functional outcome in a sample of patients affected by mild stroke: The ReSCog Project
Authors: Pini Elisa , Pepe Fulvio , Laini Veronica , Ciccarelli Nicoletta , Magni Eugenio
Published: December 2024

Stroke causes severe long‐term disabilities with a significant reduction in quality of life. This study aims to explore the predictive value of cognitive screening in the acute phase of mild stroke on patients' functional outcome after discharge. A total of 110 patients with mild stroke were recruited. Patients were included in the study if they were discharged directly home from the acute units. The cognitive profile of patients was assessed with the Oxford Cognitive Screen (OCS). The OCS was administered 3–10 days after stroke, providing a five domain‐specific cognitive profile. Long‐term functional outcomes were evaluated by the Stroke Impact Scale 3.0 (SIS 3.0), a self‐reported questionnaire that includes physical, cognitive, emotional and social participation dimensions. All patients completed the survey online on average 10 months after stroke. Our results show that OCS is positively associated with physical and cognitive dimensions, after adjusting for age and stroke severity measured by NIHSS at admission. In conclusion, OCS in acute mild stroke seems to be an independent predictor of long‐term functional outcomes and could help clinicians in the long‐term management of patients.
Clinical Trials Conducted on Herbal Remedies for the Treatment of Melasma: A Scoping Review
Authors: Parvizi Mohammad Mahdi , Hekmat Maryam , Yousefi Nahid , Javaheri Rojan , Mehrzadeh Arman , Saki Nasrin
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Melasma, also known as chloasma, is a common skin disorder characterized by acquired hyperpigmentation. Many patients with this condition prefer using herbal remedies instead of chemical agents. This study aims to review clinical trials conducted on the effectiveness of herbal remedies in treating melasma.

Methods

In this scoping review, we searched the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, SID, and Magiran databases until August 2024. We designed the search strategy using MeSH database keywords “melanosis,” “herbal medicine,” “plant extracts,” “complementary therapies,” “traditional medicine,” “Persian medicine,” “clinical trials,” and their Entry Terms. We then reviewed and summarized the relevant articles.

Results

We found a total of 21 clinical trials examining the effectiveness of herbal remedies in treating melasma. The literature review revealed that licorice, rhubarb, a mixture of melon seed and chickpea, sorrel, Aloe vera leaf gel, parsley, tomato, fern, olive, pine bark, and Indian gooseberry had positive effects in treating melasma. Licorice is the most extensively studied herbal remedy for melasma treatment. Some patients who used licorice, rhubarb, and parsley experienced redness and skin allergies.

Conclusion

Few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of herbal remedies in treating melasma. Further research, including clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta‐analyses, is necessary to assess the efficacy of herbal remedies and natural products, as well as their potential adverse effects.
Complainer's Dilemma
Authors: Leo Greg , Pate Jennifer
Published: December 2024

Technological innovations have made complaining easier. Often, when it is easy to complain, only problems that meet a high threshold of complaints are addressed. We present a novel model of the strategic environment facing complainers and demonstrate that the properties of the resulting games' equilibria justify the existence of high complaint thresholds. By setting the thresholds appropriately, an administrator can prevent complaints that are not worth addressing. Policies that minimize the cost of complaining while requiring a large threshold are universally more efficient for large constituencies. Our results regarding the equilibrium for large constituencies are facilitated by the application of the Lambert‐W function, demonstrating how this tool can be employed to analyze games with a large number of players. We motivate the model using a rich data set of complaints from New York City.
A novel placement method of a calibration‐free pH capsule for continuous wireless measurement of intragastric pH in horses
Authors: Hodgson Evelyn , Thirouin Marthe , Narayanan Pranav , Romano Tallia‐Rume , Wise Jessica , Bond Stephanie
Published: December 2024

Background

Current methods to measure intragastric pH in horses have limitations. A wireless capsule has been designed for continuous esophageal pH monitoring in humans.

Objectives

To (1) determine the feasibility and describe the methodology of measuring intragastric pH wirelessly in horses; and (2) determine attachment duration of the capsules.

Animals

Eleven healthy adult horses.

Methods

Capsules were attached to squamous and glandular gastric mucosa under gastroscopic guidance, using suture loops and 1 to 4 hemostasis clips. pH was continuously recorded using a wireless recorder in both fed and fasted states. Gastroscopy was performed daily to assess capsule attachment and any mucosal damage. Data were analyzed using commercially available software. Values are reported as median (interquartile range).

Results

Capsules were successfully placed and data obtained in squamous (n = 11) and glandular (n = 7) regions. The overall duration of squamous capsule attachment was 27 hours (15‐32); 1 clip (n = 4) was 15 hours (11‐20), 2 clips (n = 2) was 20 hours (16‐23), 3 clips (n = 4) was 32 hours (30‐32), and 4 clips (n = 1) was 33 hours. The overall duration of glandular capsule attachment was 10 hours (8‐21); 1 clip (n = 2) was 11 hours (10‐13), 2 clips (n = 2) was 19 hours (14‐23), 3 clips (n = 2) was 7 hours (7‐8), and 4 clips (n = 1) was 158 hours. There was no substantial damage to the gastric mucosa as a consequence of attachment.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

This novel technique enables the wireless measurement of intragastric pH in horses at known locations under fed and fasted conditions, providing a viable alternative for continuous monitoring in both research and clinical scenarios.
The role of macroautophagy in substance use disorders
Authors: Yu Zhaoying , Lin Shujun , Gong Xinshuang , Zou Zhiting , Yang Xiangdong , Ruan Yuer , Qian Liyin , Liu Yu , Si Zizhen
Published: December 2024

Macroautophagy, a universal cellular process, sends cellular material to lysosomes for breakdown and is often activated by stressors like hypoxia or drug exposure. It is vital for protein balance, neurotransmitter release, synaptic function, and neuron survival. The role of macroautophagy in substance use disorders is dual. On one hand, substances like cocaine, methamphetamine, opiates, and alcohol can activate macroautophagy pathways to degrade various neuroinflammatory factors in neuronal cells, providing a protective function. On the other hand, long‐term and excessive use of addictive substances can inhibit macroautophagy pathways, obstructing the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes and losing the original protective function. This review first summarizes the key proteins and signaling pathways involved in macroautophagy, including mTORC1, AMPK, and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and suggests that the regulation of macroautophagy plays a central role in drug‐rewarding behavior and addiction. Second, we focus on the interactions between macroautophagy and neuroinflammation induced by drugs, evaluating the potential of macroautophagy modulators as therapeutic strategies for substance use disorder (SUD), and identifying autophagy‐related biomarkers that can be used for early diagnosis and monitoring of treatment response. Our review summarizes the important scientific basis involved in macroautophagy pathways for the development of new therapies for SUD.
PALAEOLITHIC MAP ENGRAVED FOR STAGING WATER FLOWS IN A PARIS BASIN SHELTER
Authors: Thiry Médard , Milnes Anthony
Published: December 2024

The Ségognole 3 shelter lies within a quartzitic sandstone megaclast in a lag deposit in the Paris Basin. It displays a female sexual configuration associated with a horse engraving, stylistically attributed to the Upper Palaeolithic. Recent studies have demonstrated that modifications to the natural features of the shelter had been undertaken to cause water to flow through what is seen as the vulva. New investigations reported here describe additional modifications to natural features in the shelter to direct rainwater infiltration to a network of channels engraved onto the shelter floor to form a functioning representation of watercourses. The carved motifs and their relationship with natural features in the sandstone of the shelter can be compared with major geomorphological features in the surrounding landscape. The engraved floor is not quite a map but more like a model in miniature of the surrounding landscape, potentially a world‐first 3D‐model of a Palaeolithic territory.
Lacanian realism: Literatura de la crisis and Ángel Zapata's aesthetic of failure
Authors: Veiga‐Expósito Alejandro
Published: December 2024

Since Spain's socio‐economic crisis of the 2010s, critical approaches have analysed the surge in literature which addresses the crisis's political and socio‐economic consequences. These approaches have largely assessed literature by its capacity to raise readers' awareness of capitalist exploitation. However, if we follow Slavoj Žižek's claim that capitalist ideology operates not by hiding its exploitation process but by cynically disavowing it, this raises the question: how can the role of literature be to raise readers' awareness if they are already cynically aware of capitalist exploitation? To explore whether this question of cynicism is applicable to Spanish politics and literature, I contend that Ángel Zapata's book Luz de tormenta (2018) proposes an aesthetic experience in which no awareness is raised. Rather, following a Lacanian theory of subjectivity, I argue that through Zapata's book readers experience subjectivity as inherently lacking, thereby interrupting the process by which capitalism perpetuates itself (its promise to fill that lack).
New Immunosuppressants in Pediatric Kidney Transplantation: What's in the Pipeline for Kids?
Authors: Tönshoff Burkhard , Patry Christian , Fichtner Alexander , Höcker Britta , Böhmig Georg A.
Published: December 2024

The 1‐ and 5‐year patient and graft survival rates of pediatric kidney transplant recipients have improved considerably in recent years. Regardless of early success, kidney transplantation is challenged by suboptimal long‐term allograft and patient survival. Many kidney transplants are lost due to immune (rejection) and nonimmune allograft injuries, and patient survival is limited from cardiovascular disease, infection, and malignancy. Many of these co‐morbidities are due to side effects of the currently available immunosuppressive drugs, especially calcineurin inhibitors and glucocorticoids, which are associated with long‐term toxicity. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop new, more specific and less toxic immunosuppressive drugs. Unfortunately, there have also been no new drug approvals for adult kidney transplant recipients since belatacept in 2012, leaving the immunosuppressive drug armamentarium unchanged for more than 20 years. As a consequence of the lack of innovation in adult kidney transplant recipients, the pipeline of novel immunosuppressive agents for pediatric solid organ transplant recipients is also limited. The most promising agent in the near future, at least for adolescent patients, appears to be belatacept, despite its many limitations. In this review article, we report on three areas that appear to be the most relevant topics at this time: (i) extended‐release tacrolimus, (ii) costimulation blockade with belatacept, and (iii) treatment of antibody‐mediated rejection. Improved synergies between the pharmaceutical industry and the transplant community are needed to achieve the ultimate goal of improving long‐term outcomes in pediatric kidney transplantation.
Subjective health complaints and life satisfaction in older adults: the predictive role of geriatric depression
Authors: Başcıllar Mehmet , Karakaya Cihangir
Published: December 2024

Background

Given the growing number of older adults, it is crucial to understand geriatric depression and to determine the impact of depression on well‐being and health. The aim of this study was to examine the predictive effect of geriatric depression on subjective health complaints and life satisfaction in older adults.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study was carried out in two family health centres in a city centre in the northwest of Türkiye. The sample consisted of 257 older adults. Structural equation modelling path analysis was utilised to examine the extent to which geriatric depression predicted subjective health complaints and life satisfaction among older adults.

Results

The study found that geriatric depression was a predictor of both subjective health complaints and life satisfaction. Results showed that as geriatric depression scale score increased, subjective health complaints also increased (Std. β = 0.470, P < 0.001), while life satisfaction decreased (Std. β = −0.573, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Geriatric depression is a complex health issue that biopsychosocially affects older adults. The findings of this study highlight the importance of identifying, diagnosing, and treating depression in older adults.
Understanding the Crucial Role of Seminal Plasma Exosomes in Bull Fertility: A Review
Authors: Sethi Manisha , Mohanty Tushar Kumar , Shah Nadeem , Bhakat Mukesh , Kumar Nishant , Baithalu Rubina Kumari
Published: December 2024

Bull fertility is a multi‐factorial trait and is affected by many factors, such as nutrition, genetics, and epigenetics. Superior quality male germplasm with high genetic merit helps to improve the livestock production trait. To achieve the target of livestock production, the availability of superior male germplasm is a great concern. In developing countries, there is a gap between the highly fertile frozen semen doses produced and the highly fertile frozen semen doses required. Improving the quality of existing low‐fertile semen from high genetic merit bulls seems to play a promising role in filling this gap. Seminal exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by the epithelial cells of the testis, epididymis, and accessory sex glands such as the prostate gland. They contain a cargo of bioactive molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids and various metabolites. These molecules are transferred to the spermatozoa during its maturation and help in sperm capacitation, maturation, acrosome reaction, and fertilisation. Studies reveal that seminal exosomes help to improve the sperm functionality of low‐quality sperm. Identification of the molecular profile of exosomes of bulls with proven fertility and their addition in an extender containing low‐fertile semen may help to ameliorate the sperm quality of low‐fertile semen, which may eventually aid in generating quantities of highly fertile ejaculates.
Influence of HLA‐G 3′ Untranslated Region Haplotypes and SNP +3422 Gene Variants as Host Genetic Factors on the Outcomes of SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection During Acute and Post‐Acute Phases in a German Cohort
Authors: Rohn Hana , Elischer Fynn , Larbig Louisa , Jansen Sarah , Schramm Sabine , Otte Mona , Konik Margarethe , Paniskaki Krystallenia , Weber Peter , Reinold Johanna , Gäckler Anja , Krawczyk Adalbert , Wilde Benjamin , Trilling Mirko , Michita Rafael T. , Möhlendick Birte , Siffert Winfried , Brenner Thorsten , Dinse Hannah , Skoda Eva M. , Horn Peter A. , Witzke Oliver , Rebmann Vera
Published: December 2024

HLA‐G, an important immune‐checkpoint (IC) molecule that exerts inhibitory signalling on immune effector cells, has been suggested to represent a key player in regulating the immune response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Type 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2). Since specific single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the HLA‐G 3′untranslated region (UTR), which arrange as haplotypes, are crucial for the regulation of HLA‐G expression, we analysed the contribution of these genetic variants as host factors in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during acute and post‐acute phases. HLA‐G gene polymorphisms in the 3′UTR were investigated by sequencing in an unvaccinated Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) cohort during acute SARS‐CoV‐2 infection (N = 505) and in the post‐acute phase (N = 253). The HLA‐G 3′UTR haplotype known as UTR‐3 (p = 0.002) and the variant rs17875408 (also known as +3422) T variant (p = 0.004) are independent prognostic risk factors for fatal COVID‐19. The +3422T variant (p = 0.006) predicted also the early loss of neutralising SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies. In addition, the HLA‐G 3′UTR haplotype UTR‐7 (p = 0.023) emerged as an independent prognostic factor for increased susceptibility to Long‐COVID symptoms after SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Our study highlights that due to the variability of the 3′UTR genetic background, HLA‐G has the potential to contribute to the progression of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, extending to the development of Long‐COVID symptoms, despite the likely alterations in the microenvironment and associated HLA‐G‐specific regulatory elements over the course of the disease. By spotlighting HLA‐G, the importance of the genetic background of IC and their pivotal role in modulating immune responses during and after COVID‐19 are emphasised.