bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hopelessness Among Middle-Aged and Older Blacks: The Negative Impact of Discrimination and Protecting Power of Social and Religious Resources
Authors: Mitchell Uchechi A , Gutierrez-Kapheim Melissa , Nguyen Ann W , Al-Amin Nadia
Published: September 2020

Background and Objectives

Hopelessness—a state of despair characterized by a negative outlook towards the future and a belief in insurmountable challenges—is a risk factor for major depression, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality among older adults. It is also an understudied consequence of discrimination. Older blacks disproportionately report experiencing discrimination and, as a result, may be at greater risk of feeling hopeless. However, social and religious resources may protect against the adverse effects of discrimination. The current study examines whether social support, social engagement, religious attendance, and religiosity buffer the effects of self-reported everyday discrimination on hopelessness among a nationally representative sample of blacks.

Research Design and Methods

Using data from the 2010/2012 psychosocial assessment of the Health and Retirement Study, we regressed hopelessness on everyday discrimination, stratifying by 2 age groups, ages 51–64, representing middle-age (n = 1,302), and age 65 and older, representing old age (n = 887). Interaction terms tested whether each resource moderated the discrimination–hopelessness relationship controlling for depressive symptoms, socioeconomic status, and demographic characteristics.

Results

Greater reports of everyday discrimination were associated with higher levels of hopelessness for middle-aged and older blacks. For middle-aged blacks, the resources did not moderate the discrimination–hopelessness relationship; rather, higher levels of support (b = −0.294, p < .01), religiosity (b = −0.297, p < .001), religious attendance (b = −0.218, p < .05) were independently and inversely associated with hopelessness. For older blacks, higher levels of religiosity moderated the discrimination–hopelessness relationship (b = −0.208, p < .05) and higher levels of support (b = −0.304, p < .05) and social engagement (b = −0.236, p < .05) were independently and inversely associated with hopelessness.

Discussion and Implications

Findings suggest that self-reported everyday discrimination increases hopelessness among middle-aged and older blacks but social and religious resources may counterbalance its effects, in age-specific ways, to protect against hopelessness. Religiosity may be especially important for older blacks as a buffer against the negative consequences of discrimination on hopelessness.
Membrane-bound mucins of the airway mucosal surfaces are densely decorated with keratan sulfate: revisiting their role in the Lung’s innate defense
Authors: Carpenter Jerome , Kesimer Mehmet
Published: September 2020

Understanding the basic elements of the airway mucosal surfaces and how they form a functional barrier is essential in understanding disease initiation, progression, pathogenesis and ultimately treating chronic lung diseases. Using primary airway epithelial cell cultures, atomic force microscopy (AFM), multiangle light scattering and quartz crystal micro balance with dissipation monitoring techniques, here we report that the membrane bound mucins (MBMs) found in the periciliary layer (PCL) of the airway surface are densely decorated with keratan sulfate (KS). AFM and immunoblotting show that the KS sidechains can be removed enzymatically with keratanase II (KII) treatment, and the antibody accessibility for B2729 (MUC1), MUCH4 (MUC4) and OC125 (MUC16) was substantially enhanced. Light scattering analysis confirmed that KII treatment removed ~40% of the mass from the mucin fractions. Surface binding experiments indicated that MBMs were able to pack into a tighter conformation following KS removal, suggesting that negatively charged KS sidechains play a role in mucin–mucin repulsion and contribute to “space filling” in the PCL. We also observed that soluble filtrate from the common airway pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa is capable of stripping KS from MBMs. Altogether, our findings indicate that KS glycosylation of MBMs may play an important role in the integrity of the airway mucosal barrier and its compromise in disease.
3. The Sources, Forms, and Individual Remedies of EU Law
Authors: Foster Nigel
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter includes questions on a wide variety of often overlapping points concerned with the sources of European Union (EU) law. The EU sources of law are the Treaties, Protocols, and the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, which are regarded as primary sources. There is then the secondary legislation to consider which can be enacted by the institutions of the Union by virtue of the powers given by the Member States and contained in the Treaties. Additional sources of law in the EU legal order are agreements with third countries, fundamental rights, general principles, and the case law of the European Court of Justice (CJEU) establishing, amongst other case law developments, the doctrine of direct effects, supremacy of EU law, and state liability.
4. The Supremacy of EU Law and its Reception in the Member States
Authors: Foster Nigel
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter presents sample exam questions along with examiner’s tips, answer plans, and suggested answers about the supremacy of EU law and its reception in Member States. Both the legal arguments for supremacy and the political logic are often considered in establishing the reasoning for EU law supremacy. The first question concentrates on the reasons for EU law supremacy from the point of view of the Union and in the view of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU (or also abbreviated CoJ)). A general question about the exit process of a state by a Member State in the light of Brexit is included.
7. Co-ownership and Trusts of Land
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary, and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter considers co-ownership (the distinction between joint tenancies and tenancies in common and the process of tracing logically the devolution of both the legal estate and the equitable interests) and trusts of land, and what should be taken into account in order to determine the beneficial interests of the parties in a domestic setting; the Trusts of Land and Appointment of Trustees Act 1996 (TLATA 1996); and co-ownership under constructive and resulting trusts.
8. Implied and Resulting Trusts
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans, suggested answers, and author commentary. This book offers advice on what to expect in exams and how best to prepare. This chapter covers questions on implied and resulting trusts.
11. Equitable Estoppel
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans, suggested answers, and author commentary. This book offers advice on what to expect in exams and how best to prepare. This chapter covers questions on equitable estoppel.
16. Skills for Success in Coursework Assessments
Authors: Malcolm Rosalind
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans, suggested answers, and author commentary. This book offers advice on what to expect in exams and how best to prepare. This chapter gives advice on skills for success in coursework assessments.
Concentrate Q&A Criminal Law
Authors: Allen Mischa
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary, and advice on study skills. This includes pitfalls to avoid in the caution sections; and tips for gaining extra marks in questions. Further reading is provided at the end of chapters. Concentrate Questions & Answers Criminal Law offers advice on what to expect in exams and how best to prepare. The book begins by looking at exam and study techniques and then moves on to consider the elements of a crime (including actus reus and mens rea), murder and manslaughter, non-fatal offences, and sexual offences. It then looks at a range of property offences, before exploring the defences in depth. The book concludes with a consideration of secondary participation and inchoate offences, a chapter on mixed questions, and a chapter on how to tackle coursework assessments.
6. Property Offences
Authors: Allen Mischa
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary and advice on study skills. This chapter presents sample exam questions on theft, fraud, and other property offences such as robbery and burglary, along with suggested answers. The law of property is vast, and contained in a number of different pieces of legislation. As this chapter explains, the Fraud Act 2006 was designed to replace many of the discrepancies and inconsistencies in the diverse provisions of the Theft Acts of 1968 and 1978. It pays to be methodical in approaching property problems. Dishonesty is an important concept throughout the property offences. The recent decision in Ivey v Genting Casinos, which has an important effect on the definition of dishonesty in criminal law, is dealt with in detail in this chapter.
8. Secondary Liability and Inchoate Offences
Authors: Allen Mischa
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary, and advice on study skills. This chapter presents sample exam questions on the inchoate offences and accessories, along with suggested answers. The doctrine of joint enterprise is also considered, especially the decision in R v Jogee, which reverses the previous common law position. Inchoate offences and issues of accessorial liability can feature on exam papers in the form of questions dealing with discrete topics, but typically they will feature as part of a problem question dealing with a range of substantive offences. For this reason, candidates sometimes fail to prepare properly to deal with these areas. There is also the fact that accessorial liability is amongst the most confusing and conceptually difficult areas of criminal liability. Some clarity has been achieved in this area in the Supreme Court’s decision in R v Jogee.
10. Skills for Success in Coursework Assessments
Authors: Allen Mischa
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, diagram answer plans, suggested answers, author commentary, and advice on study skills. This chapter deals with how to achieve success in coursework assessments in criminal law. It offers advice on how to get started, and the different approaches needed to write the longer, more detailed answers required of coursework. An example of a coursework answer is provided. Research and planning are essential. It is crucial to employ critical analysis, to stay relevant, and to stick to the word limit. Assessments must be approached logically and be tightly structured. Finally, students need to become familiar with correct referencing of legal authorities.
4. The royal prerogative
Authors: Clements Richard
Published: September 2020

The Q&A series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each chapter includes typical questions, diagram problem and essay answer plans, suggested answers, notes of caution, tips on obtaining extra marks, the key debates on each topic, and suggestions on further reading. This chapter considers the royal prerogative. The questions deal with issues such as the continued existence of prerogative power; the Queen’s formal legal power; the UK government’s exercise of royal prerogative powers; the use of the prerogative in foreign affairs; and judicial review of the prerogative. Many of the prerogative powers are now exercised by the Prime Minister in the name of the Queen.
7. The Human Rights Act 1998
Authors: Clements Richard
Published: September 2020

The Q&A series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each chapter includes typical questions, diagram problem and essay answer plans, suggested answers, notes of caution, tips on obtaining extra marks, the key debates on each topic, and suggestions on further reading. This chapter describes issues relating to the Human Rights Act 1998. The questions presented here deal with issues such as the response to terrorism; the effect of the Human Rights Act 1998 on English law; whether the Human Rights Act 1998 should be replaced with a UK bill of rights; the Human Rights Act not changing parliamentary supremacy, but the courts being able to issue a declaration of incompatibility; and the effect of the Human Rights Act on individual rights.
11. Administrative law: ombudsmen, tribunals, and delegated legislation
Authors: Clements Richard
Published: September 2020

The Q&A series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each chapter includes typical questions, diagram problem and essay answer plans, suggested answers, notes of caution, tips on obtaining extra marks, the key debates on each topic, and suggestions on further reading. This chapter is about administrative law. The citizen may use judicial review in the courts to ensure that public bodies obey the law, but there are alternatives to the courts, such as the Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman and the tribunal system. The questions here deal with issues such as the Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman; the tribunal system; and delegated legislation such as statutory instruments.
3. Divorce, dissolution, and judicial separation
Authors: Heenan Susan , Heenan Anna
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter focuses on divorce, dissolution, and judicial separation as means of ending marriage or civil partnership. It first considers the grounds for divorce/dissolution and highlights five facts that can be used to prove a marriage has irretrievably broken down: adultery, behaviour, desertion, two years’ separation with consent, and five years’ separation. The chapter then compares no-fault divorce with divorce based on fault and provides an overview of the debates surrounding reform. Finally, it considers alternatives to the court process when dealing with divorce, dissolution, and judicial separation, with a particular focus on mediation.
5. Financial provision on divorce or dissolution
Authors: Heenan Susan , Heenan Anna
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses financial provision on divorce or dissolution of marriage or civil partnership, including housing and everyday expenses of the parties and any children involved. It considers the courts’ statutory powers to redistribute property in case of divorce, nullity, judicial separation, or the dissolution of a civil partnership. The chapter explains how civil partners in England and Wales are treated under the Civil Partnership Act 2004 (CPA) and the courts’ application of the provisions of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 (MCA) in reaching a decision in divorce cases. It also discusses the three principles of financial needs, compensation, and sharing used by the courts in making an award; nuptial agreements; the Law Commission Report on Matrimonial Property, Needs and Agreements; and provision for children under the MCA, the CPA, the Child Support Act 1991, and the Children Act 1989.
Criminal Law Concentrate
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. Criminal Law Concentrate covers fundamental principles of this area of law and helps the reader to succeed in exams. Topics covered include the basis of criminal liability, actus reus, mens rea, and strict liability. The chapters also examine offences such as non-fatal offences, sexual offences, homicide, inchoate offences, theft, and fraud. Defences are also examined in the final two chapters. This edition has been updated to include: recent developments in the law and new cases such as Jogee, Conroy, Golds, Ivey, and Joyce; more detail on sexual offences; more revision tips and tables to improve learning; and an ‘Exam essentials’ feature.
5. Non-fatal offences against the person
Authors: Herring Jonathan
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter examines the five principal non-fatal offences against the person: assault and battery (the common assaults) and the offences under ss 47, 20, and 18 Offences Against the Person Act 1861 (OAPA). The victim’s consent may negate the offence, but whether or not it does depends to a great extent on the type of crime, what the victim knows, the extent of the harm which is caused, and matters of public policy. Stalking and harassment may amount to a crime in certain circumstances. Four of the principal assaults are aggravated if the crime committed is motivated by religious or racial hatred.
1. Origins, institutions, and sources of law
Authors: Homewood Matthew J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter traces the origins and development of the European Union (EU) and EU law. The European Economic Community (EEC) was created by the European Community Treaty (the EEC Treaty or Treaty of Rome), signed by the six original Member States in 1957. The Treaty on European Union 1992 created the EU, incorporating the EEC, together with two new policy areas, Co-operation on Justice and Home Affairs and Common Foreign and Security Policy. The Treaty of Lisbon amended the two founding Treaties and replaced all references to the ‘European Community’ with ‘European Union’. Together, the two amended Treaties (the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and the Treaty on European Union) constitute the Treaties on which the EU is founded. This chapter also looks at the UK’s withdrawal from the EU under Article 50 (Brexit).
2. Supremacy, direct effect, indirect effect, and state liability
Authors: Homewood Matthew J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the key concepts within the EU legal order: supremacy, direct effect, indirect effect, and state liability. The doctrine of supremacy dictates that EU law takes precedence over conflicting provisions of national law. If a provision of EU law is directly effective, it gives rise to rights upon which individuals can rely directly in the national court. If an EU measure is not directly effective, a claimant may be able to rely on it through the application of indirect effect, which requires national law to be interpreted in accordance with relevant EU law. State liability gives rise to a right to damages where an individual has suffered loss because a Member State has failed to implement a directive or has committed other breaches of EU law.
6. Free movement of persons
Authors: Homewood Matthew J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses the law on the free movement of persons in the EU. Free movement of persons is one of the four ‘freedoms’ of the internal market. Original EC Treaty provisions granted free movement rights to the economically active—workers, persons exercising the right of establishment, and persons providing services in another Member State. The Treaty also set out the general principle of non-discrimination on grounds of nationality, ‘within the scope of application of the Treaty’. All these provisions are now contained in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). Early secondary legislation granted rights to family members, students, retired persons, and persons of independent means. The Citizenship Directive 2004/38 consolidated this legislation.
2. The nature of a trust
Authors: McDonald Iain , Street Anne
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the nature of trusts. Trusts arise when the legal and equitable interests in property are divided. Trusts are either express or implied. An express trust can be either private or public. Private trusts are created for the benefit of private individuals or classes of individuals. Public trusts are trusts which will benefit members of the public. Implied trusts are those which are not expressly created. There are three broad types of implied trusts: resulting, constructive, and statutory.
4. Constitution
Authors: McDonald Iain , Street Anne
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. When a person transfers legal title to another, the legal title is said to vest in the other person. This chapter considers the rules for the transfer of title (ownership) in property in relation to different types of property. The general principle is that unless the property has been transferred by the correct legal rules then the transfer fails; it is said to be imperfect. The chapter begins by briefly considering the legal rules in relation to validly transferring property to another person. It then deals with equitable rules which have developed to overcome the strict application of the legal rules of vesting.
5. Formalities
Authors: McDonald Iain , Street Anne
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the formalities needed to create a testamentary (made by a will) and an inter vivos trust, and the formalities regulating the transfer of an existing equitable interest. There are different formalities in relation to the creation of trust dependent on the type of property which is subject to the trust. The main formalities considered are set out in s 53 Law of Property Act 1925. Three types of trusts of property are relevant to the chapter: trusts of property other than land, including trusts of personal property; trusts of land or an interest in land; and dispositions of an equitable interest.
6. Charitable trusts
Authors: McDonald Iain , Street Anne
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses charitable trusts. Charitable trusts differ from private trusts in a number of ways. A charitable trust must be: for a recognized charitable purpose; for the ‘public benefit’; and for exclusively charitable purposes. The public benefit requirement raises different issues under each head of charity. Legislation related to charities and their regulation has recently been consolidated by the Charities Act 2011. Cy-près is a power which allows failing charitable trusts to be applied to other related charities.
7. Non-charitable purpose trusts
Authors: McDonald Iain , Street Anne
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses non-charitable purpose trusts. The beneficiary principle requires a valid trust to have human beneficiaries. Charitable trusts are the largest exception to the ‘beneficiary principle’. However, there are further ‘anomalous’ exceptions to this rule: monuments: the erection and upkeep of monuments and graves; animals: the upkeep of individual animals; and masses: the saying of private masses. They are ‘gifts of imperfect obligation’ because the trustee does not have to carry out the obligations and there are no human beneficiaries to enforce it. Because they do not satisfy the beneficiary principle, and have no human beneficiary, the courts have taken a strict approach to the categories of purpose trusts.
10. Variation of trusts
Authors: McDonald Iain , Street Anne
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter focuses on the circumstances in which the courts may approve the variation of a trust. A trust may be varied by a power within the trust itself; by the collective consent of the beneficiaries; by the court, through its inherent jurisdiction; or by statute. The power of the courts to intervene will depend on whether the variation relates to administrative or managerial matters or a reorganization of the beneficial interests. The Variation of Trusts Act 1958 gives the courts a wide jurisdiction to vary a trust for the benefit of those beneficiaries unable to consent.
13. Equitable remedies
Authors: McDonald Iain , Street Anne
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. The common law provides the remedy of damages as of right for any breach. However, damages may not always provide a suitable or adequate remedy. One of the key equitable maxims states that ‘equity will not suffer a wrong without a remedy’. Therefore, over the years the courts have developed a number of equitable remedies to address the limitations of the common law response. This chapter considers the range of equitable remedies which have been developed by the courts: specific performance; injunctions; rescission; rectification; and account.
Company Law Concentrate
Authors: Roach Lee
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. Company Law Concentrate helps readers to consolidate knowledge in this area of law. This sixth edition has been fully updated and includes coverage of the 2018 UK Corporate Governance Code, the Wates Corporate Governance Principles, the UK Stewardship Code 2020, the Companies (Miscellaneous Reporting) Regulations 2018, and the reforms proposed following the consultation on insolvency and corporate governance. Case law updates include BAT Industries plc v Sequana SA [2019], Burnden Holdings (UK) Ltd v Fielding [2019], Popely v Popely [2019], and Vedanta Resources plc v Lungowe [2019]. Chapters examine business structures, incorporation, the constitution of the company, directors, members, corporate governance, capital and capital maintenance issues, members’ remedies, and corporate rescue and liquidation.
1. Business structures
Authors: Roach Lee
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the four principal business structures in the UK, namely the sole proprietorship, ordinary partnership, limited liability partnership (LLP), and company. The LLP and the company are created via a process called incorporation and are therefore known as incorporated business structures or, as they are referred to in their respective statutes, as ‘bodies corporate’. The sole proprietorship and the ordinary partnership are not created via incorporation and so are known as unincorporated business structures.
9. Corporate rescue and liquidation
Authors: Roach Lee
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses the various procedures available to companies experiencing financial difficulties that are so severe that the company’s survival is in jeopardy. It focuses on procedures that aim to help struggling companies (such as administration); help creditors recover monies owed (such as receivership); and commence the process of ending the company’s existence and provide for the distribution of its remaining assets (namely winding up).
3. Sources of Law I: Domestic Legislation
Authors: Thomas Mark , McGourlay Claire
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. This chapter examines domestic legislation. Domestic legislation is created by Parliament, which consists of the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the Monarch. It is divided into primary legislation and secondary legislation. Primary legislation takes the form of ‘Acts of Parliament’, commonly referred to as ‘statutes’. Statutes can cover a vast variety of laws including criminal law, land law, contract law, and many others. Meanwhile, secondary legislation—also known as delegated legislation or subordinate legislation—is the most common instrument for implementing change within the UK. Parliament has neither the time, the resources, nor the expertise to deal with certain matters. It is for these reasons that the majority of legislation is made outside of Parliament. Accordingly, Parliament may delegate such powers, through an Act of Parliament to other bodies and institutions to implement. Such bodies often include the Privy Council, government ministers, local authorities, and other regulatory agencies.
9. Funding Access to the English Legal System
Authors: Thomas Mark , McGourlay Claire
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. This chapter addresses funding access to the English legal system. Funding legal services may be provided publicly or privately. Public funding relates to funding available from the state, whereas private funding specifically refers to the assets and monetary resources available to that specific individual. Only certain individuals are entitled to benefit from public funding, whilst all persons can, in theory, privately fund legal services. Moreover, legal aid—meaning state-funded assistance in legal matters—is available in both criminal and civil cases but is restricted to narrow circumstances and types of cases. The availability of legal aid depends on several tests set by the government. Where legal aid is not available and the individual cannot privately fund their case, pro bono institutions may be available to provide advice.
3. Registered land
Authors: Sayles Victoria
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses registered land. Registered land is land where title has been registered at the Land Registry. The objective behind registered land is to create a register which accurately reflects the state of registered property, both in terms of its current owner and any third party proprietary interests affecting it. Once registered, subsequent disposals of the freehold, or leasehold of more than seven years in duration, must be completed by registration to confer legal title (s 27 Land Registration Act 2002 (LRA 2002)). When registering title to land, the specific class of title registered will reflect the strength of that title; with the strongest and most common class registered being absolute title. In principle, third party proprietary interests will only affect a purchaser of registered land where they have been entered on the register, typically as a notice but sometimes (where a beneficial interest under a trust) as a restriction.
4. Unregistered land
Authors: Sayles Victoria
Published: September 2020

Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter discusses unregistered land. This is land where title has not been registered at the Land Registry. Proof of ownership comes from an examination of title deeds relating to that land. Identification of any third party proprietary interests burdening a piece of unregistered land cannot be discovered by a search of the land register. Rather, an examination of the title documents and various registers is required to discover their existence. The most important is a search of the Land Charges Register which is made against the names of previous owners, not the property address. Legal interests over unregistered land bind the world, with the exception of the puisne mortgage, which requires registration as a land charge to be binding. Interests covered by the Land Charges Act 1972 must be registered as the appropriate land charge to bind a purchaser. Failure to register such an interest appropriately means that the interest will not bind certain types of purchasers of the land.
Concentrate Questions and Answers Company Law
Authors: Moore Imogen
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions and coursework. Each book includes: typical questions; suggested answers with commentary; illustrative diagrams; guidance on how to develop your answer; key debates; suggestions for further reading; and advice on exams and coursework. Concentrate Q&A Company Law offers expert advice on what to expect from your company law exam and coursework, how best to prepare, and guidance on what examiners are really looking for. Written by an experienced examiner, it provides: reminders of points to consider; indications of key debates for each topic; exam-length suggested answers; clear commentary with each answer; diagram answer plans; cautionary points; tips to make your answer stand out from the crowd; and annotated further reading suggestions at the end of every chapter. The book should help you to: identify typical company law exam questions; structure and write a first-class answer; avoid common mistakes; show the examiner what you know; develop and demonstrate your understanding; identify connections between topics; and find relevant and helpful further reading. As well as separate chapters on exam skills and preparing coursework, it covers: companies and corporate personality; the corporate constitution; shares and shareholders; directors’ duties; company management and governance; minority shareholder remedies; corporate liability (contracts, torts, and crimes); share capital; loan capital; and corporate insolvency. The book is suitable for undergraduate students taking a module in company law on the LLB and GDL, and undergraduate students studying aspects of company law on other degreecourses.
8. Corporate Liability: Contracts, Torts, and Crimes
Authors: Moore Imogen
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions and coursework. Each book includes typical questions, suggested answers with commentary, illustrative diagrams, guidance on how to develop your answer, suggestions for further reading, and advice on exams and coursework. This chapter examines company contracts including: pre-incorporation contracts, the company’s capacity, directors’ authority, and restrictions on the powers of directors to bind the company. The chapter also considers liability of the company for tortious and criminal acts, including vicarious liability; attribution; and the particular area of corporate manslaughter and the Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide Act 2007.
10. Loan Capital
Authors: Moore Imogen
Published: September 2020

The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offers the best preparation for tackling exam questions and coursework. Each book includes typical questions, suggested answers with commentary, illustrative diagrams, guidance on how to develop your answer, suggestions for further reading, and advice on exams and coursework. This chapter examines loan capital—borrowing by companies. It focuses on: the legal distinction between fixed and floating charges created by companies over their assets as security for loans, the registration of charges, applications for extension of the period for registration, the priority of charges on insolvency, and the avoidance of charges under the Insolvency Act 1986.
From specimens to commodities: the London nursery trade and the introduction of exotic plants in the early nineteenth century*
Authors: Alcorn Keith
Published: September 2020

Nursery owners played a critical role in transforming imported plants and trees from scientific specimens into commodities that became widespread in British gardens in the first half of the nineteenth century. This article uses rare surviving business records of London nurserymen to investigate the scale and structure of the nursery trade and its business practices between 1800 and 1850 and how nursery businesses innovated to meet the needs of an emerging middle class.
Global trend of aetiology-based primary liver cancer incidence from 1990 to 2030: a modelling study
Authors: Liu Zhenqiu , Xu Kelin , Jiang Yanfeng , Cai Ning , Fan Jiahui , Mao Xianhua , Suo Chen , Jin Li , Zhang Tiejun , Chen Xingdong
Published: September 2020

Background

Predictions of primary liver cancer (PLC) incidence rates and case numbers are critical to understand and plan for PLC disease burden.

Methods

Data on PLC incidence rates and case numbers from 1990 to 2017 were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease database. The estimated average percentage change (EAPC) was calculated to quantify the trends of PLC age-standardized incidence rates (ASRs). Bayesian age-period-cohort models were constructed to project PLC incidence rates and case numbers through 2030.

Results

Globally, the PLC case number doubled from 472 300 in 1990 to 953 100 in 2017. The case number will further increase to 1 571 200 in 2030, and the ASR will increase from 11.80 per 100 000 in 2018 to 14.08 per 100 000 in 2030. The most pronounced increases are observed in people afflicted by non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and in older people. The trends of PLC incidence rates between 1990 and 2030 are heterogeneous among countries and can be summarized as five scenarios: (i) 46 countries that have and will continue to experience a persistent increase (e.g. Australia); (ii) 21 countries that experienced an initial decrease (or remained stable) but are predicted to increase (e.g. China); (iii) 7 countries that experienced an initial increase but are predicted to remain stable (e.g. USA); (iv) 29 countries that experienced an initial increase but are predicted to decrease (e.g. Egypt); and (v) 82 countries that have and will continue to experience a persistent decrease (e.g. Japan).

Conclusion

PLC incidence rates and case numbers are anticipated to increase at the global level through 2030. The increases in people afflicted by NASH and among older people suggest a dearth of attention for these populations in current prevention strategies and highlight their priority in future schedules for global control of PLC.
Dealing with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on a rapid response team operation in Brazil: Quality in practice
Authors: Rocha Hermano Alexandre Lima , Alcântara Antonia Célia de Castro , Netto Fernanda Colares de Borba , Ibiapina Flavio Lucio Pontes , Lopes Livia Amaral , Rocha Sabrina Gabriele Maia Oliveira , Leite Elias Bezerra
Published: September 2020

Quality problem or issue

Up to 13 July 2020, >12 million laboratory-confirmed cases of coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) infection have been reported worldwide, 1 864 681 in Brazil. We aimed to assess an intervention to deal with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the operations of a rapid response team (RRT).

Initial assessment

An observational study with medical record review was carried out at a large tertiary care hospital in Fortaleza, a 400-bed quaternary hospital, 96 of which are intensive care unit beds. All adult patients admitted to hospital wards, treated by the RRTs during the study period, were included, and a total of 15 461 RRT calls were analyzed.

Choice of solution

Adequacy of workforce sizing.

Implementation

The hospital adjusted the size of its RRTs during the period, going from two to four simultaneous on-duty medical professionals.

Evaluation

After the beginning of the pandemic, the number of treated cases in general went from an average of 30.6 daily calls to 79.2, whereas the extremely critical cases went from 3.5 to 22 on average. In percentages, the extremely critical care cases went from 10.47 to 20%, with P < 0.001. Patient mortality remained unchanged. The number of critically ill cases and the number of treated patients increased 2-fold in relation to the prepandemic period, but the effectiveness of the RRT in relation to mortality was not affected.

Lessons learned

The observation of these data is important for hospital managers to adjust the size of their RRTs according to the new scenario, aiming to maintain the intervention effectiveness.
Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics Are Associated With Biologic Therapy Use in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Sherlock Mary E , Zachos Mary , Issenman Robert M , Mulder Daniel J
Published: September 2020

Background

Biologic agents are a highly useful class of medications for treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Limited evidence exists to guide initiation of biologic therapy, especially in pediatric patients. It is unclear if disease severity is connected to biologic response. We hypothesized that the clinical, biochemical and radiographic characteristics of pediatric IBD at diagnosis were associated with subsequent initiation of biologic therapy.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of the charts of all pediatric patients diagnosed with IBD at our centre over 14 years. Kaplan–Meier curves evaluated patient characteristics at diagnosis with time to initiation of biologic therapy. A Cox proportional hazards model was used for multivariate characteristic analysis.

Results

A total of 198 patients were included, 57.6% had Crohn’s disease, 27.8% had ulcerative colitis and 14.6% had IBD type unclassified. Mean follow-up time was 47.8 months. About 55.5% of the patients received a biologic medication, the mean time to biologic initiation was 21.5 months. Earlier initiation of biologic therapy was frequently associated with older age, higher disease activity index and lower serum albumin.

Conclusions

Older pediatric patients with more severely active disease and lower serum albumin levels at the time of IBD diagnosis were more likely to initiate biologic therapy when considering biologic initiation, even many years after diagnosis. Identification of these characteristics may help inform decisions to initiate biologic therapy earlier in the IBD disease course.
Signatures of Introgression across the Allele Frequency Spectrum
Authors: Martin Simon H , Amos William
Published: September 2020

The detection of introgression from genomic data is transforming our view of species and the origins of adaptive variation. Among the most widely used approaches to detect introgression is the so-called ABBA–BABA test or D-statistic, which identifies excess allele sharing between nonsister taxa. Part of the appeal of D is its simplicity, but this also limits its informativeness, particularly about the timing and direction of introgression. Here we present a simple extension, D frequency spectrum or DFS, in which D is partitioned according to the frequencies of derived alleles. We use simulations over a large parameter space to show how DFS carries information about various factors. In particular, recent introgression reliably leads to a peak in DFS among low-frequency derived alleles, whereas violation of model assumptions can lead to a lack of signal at low frequencies. We also reanalyze published empirical data from six different animal and plant taxa, and interpret the results in the light of our simulations, showing how DFS provides novel insights. We currently see DFS as a descriptive tool that will augment both simple and sophisticated tests for introgression, but in the future it may be usefully incorporated into probabilistic inference frameworks.