bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Stark Control of Photochemical Processes
Authors: Sussman Benjamin J. , Townsend Dave , Ivanov Misha Yu. , Stolow Albert
Published: October 2006

A method is presented for controlling the outcome of photochemical reactions by using the dynamic Stark effect due to a strong, nonresonant infrared field. The application of a precisely timed infrared laser pulse reversibly modifies potential energy barriers during a chemical reaction without inducing any real electronic transitions. Dynamic Stark control (DSC) is experimentally demonstrated for a nonadiabatic photochemical reaction, showing substantial modification of reaction channel probabilities in the dissociation of IBr. The DSC process is nonperturbative and insensitive to laser frequency and affects all polarizable molecules, suggesting broad applicability.
FUZZY PRIME IDEALS OF A SEMIRING AND FUZZY PRIME SUB-SEMIMODULES OF A SEMIMODULE OVER A SEMIRING
Authors: AHSAN J. , SAIFULLAH K. , SHABIR M.
Published: October 2006

In this paper we define fuzzy prime right ideals and fuzzy prime subsemimodules of a right R-semimodule. We characterize those semirings for which each fuzzy ideal is prime and those semirings for which each fuzzy right ideal is prime.
RANKING STOCKS USING THE FUZZY MULTIPLE CRITERIA DECISION MAKING APPROACH
Authors: TSAO CHUNG-TSEN
Published: October 2006

This work applies the Fuzzy Multiple Criteria Decision Making (FMCDM) approach to assist in making stock investment decisions. The proposed approach applies to quantitative data and can accommodate qualitative information which is normally difficult to be integrated by traditional finance and accounting methods. A major-sub-criteria hierarchy is established to reduce the possibility of over-weighing some dependent criteria existing in a single-level structure. The ratings of stocks versus qualitative sub-criteria and the weights of major and sub-criteria are assessed in linguistic terms represented by fuzzy numbers. Each sub-criterion is in a benefit, cost, or balanced nature. New standardization methods for cost-nature and balanced-nature criteria are presented. The algorithms of membership functions of the final aggregation are derived from the roots of cubic equations of multiplications of triple fuzzy numbers. Since these algorithms are clearly developed, the investor can easily calculate the fuzzy aggregation values. The defuzzified final aggregation judges the performance of alternative stocks. Moreover, the ratio of the market price to performance (PP) is suggested to filter the over and under-pricing of alternative stocks. A set of buying and selling rules are recommended based on the performance and PP ratio. Finally, an empirical example of evaluating a set of TSE-listed stocks tests the proposed approach.
WHAT CAUSES PERSISTENCE OF STOCK RETURN VOLATILITY? ONE POSSIBLE EXPLANATION WITH AN ARTIFICIAL STOCK MARKET
Authors: YAMAMOTO RYUICHI
Published: October 2006

This paper explores a possible cause of persistence in stock return volatility. Artificial stock markets are examined with different learning mechanisms, i.e. imitative and experiential learning. The simulation result shows that an economy with imitative learning gives rise to persistence of return volatility while an experiential learning economy does not. We find that volatility becomes persistent as investors learn through imitating the prediction methods of others. Imitation is crucial to producing the persistence in stock return volatility.
Regulation of Receptor Trafficking by GRKs and Arrestins
Authors: Moore Catherine A.C. , Milano Shawn K. , Benovic Jeffrey L.
Published: October 2006

To ensure that extracellular stimuli are translated into intracellular signals of appropriate magnitude and specificity, most signaling cascades are tightly regulated. One of the major mechanisms involved in the regulation of G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) involves their endocytic trafficking. GPCR endocytic trafficking entails the targeting of receptors to discrete endocytic sites at the plasma membrane, followed by receptor internalization and intracellular sorting. This regulates the level of cell surface receptors, the sorting of receptors to degradative or recycling pathways, and in some cases the specific signaling pathways. In this chapter we discuss the mechanisms that regulate receptor endocytic trafficking, emphasizing the role of GPCR kinases (GRKs) and arrestins in this process.
Biologically active lipids promote trafficking and membrane association of Rac1 in insulin-secreting INS 832/13 cells
Authors: McDonald Phillip , Veluthakal Rajakrishnan , Kaur Hitchintan , Kowluru Anjaneyulu
Published: October 2006

Despite emerging evidence to suggest that glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) requires membrane targeting of specific small G proteins (e.g., Rac1), very little is known with regard to the precise mechanisms underlying subcellular trafficking of these proteins in the glucose-stimulated islet β-cell. We previously reported activation of small G proteins by biologically active lipids via potentiation of relevant GDP/GTP exchange activities within the β-cell. Herein, we studied putative regulatory roles for these lipids in the trafficking and membrane association of Rac1 in cell-free preparations derived from INS 832/13 β-cells. Incubation of INS 832/13 cell lysates with polyphosphoinositides (e.g., PIP2), phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylserine significantly promoted trafficking of cytosolic Rac1 to the membrane fraction. Lysophosphatidic acid, but not lysophosphatidylcholine or lysophosphatidylserine, also promoted translocation and membrane association of Rac1. Arachidonic acid, diacylglycerol, calcium, and cAMP failed to exert any clear effects on Rac1 translocation to the membrane. Together, our findings provide the first direct evidence in support of our recent hypothesis (Kowluru A, Veluthakal R. Diabetes 54: 3523–3529, 2005), which states that generation of biologically active lipids, known to occur in the glucose-stimulated β-cell, may mediate targeting of Rac1 to the membrane for optimal interaction with its putative effector proteins leading to GSIS.
Intramural Duodenal Hematoma and Hemoperitoneum in Anticoagulant Therapy following Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Authors: Wang Jaw-Yuan , Ma Cheng-Jen , Tsai Hsiang-Lin , Wu Deng-Chyang , Chen Chiao-Yun , Huang Tsung-Jen , Hsieh Jan-Sing
Published: October 2006

Objective: To report the unusual occurrence of intramural duodenal hematoma in a case on anticoagulant therapy, presenting as a complication of gastrointestinal endoscopy. Case Presentation and Intervention: A 74-year-old female patient developed nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain, and subsequently hypovolemic shock, 2 days after fiberoptic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The patient’s international normalized ratio value was 2.7. A computed tomographic scan of the abdomen demonstrated duodenal wall thickening with intramural hematoma, as well as hematoma in the pararenal space and pelvic cavity. The patient was treated by conservative treatment that included correction of clotting abnormalities, blood transfusion, nasogastric decompression, hydration, and parenteral nutrition support. She resumed oral intake after 10 days of support treatment, recovering uneventfully. Conclusion: This case shows the possibility of development of an intramural duodenal hematoma in patients on anticoagulant therapy, without biopsies being taken.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Oral versus Intravenous Iron in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Agarwal Rajiv , Rizkala Adel R. , Bastani Bahar , Kaskas Marwan O. , Leehey David J. , Besarab Anatole
Published: October 2006

Background: It is unknown whether intravenous iron or oral iron repletion alone can correct anemia associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We conducted a randomized multicenter controlled trial in adult anemic, iron-deficient non-dialysis CKD (ND-CKD) patients (≧stage 3) not receiving erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs). Methods: The participants were randomized to receive either a sodium ferric gluconate complex (intravenous iron) 250 mg i.v. weekly × 4 or ferrous sulfate (oral iron) 325 mg t.i.d. × 42 days. Hemoglobin (Hgb), ferritin and transferrin saturation (TSAT) were measured serially, and the Kidney Disease Quality of Life (KDQoL) questionnaire was administered on days 1 and 43. The primary outcome variable was change from baseline (CFB) to endpoint in Hgb values. Results: Seventy-five patients were analyzed (intravenous iron n = 36, oral iron n = 39). CFB in Hgb was similar in the two groups (intravenous iron 0.4 g/dl vs. oral iron 0.2 g/dl, p = n.s.). However, the increase in Hgb was only significant with intravenous iron (p < 0.01). In comparison to oral iron, intravenous iron achieved greater improvements in ferritin (232.0 ± 160.8 vs. 55.9 ± 236.2 ng/ml, p < 0.001) and TSAT (8.3 ± 7.5 vs. 2.9 ± 8.8%, p = 0.007). Intravenous iron caused greater improvements in KDQoL scores than oral iron (p < 0.05). The most common side effect reported with intravenous iron was hypotension, while constipation was more common with oral iron. Conclusions: Oral and intravenous iron similarly increase Hgb in anemic iron-depleted ND-CKD patients not receiving ESAs. Although in comparison to oral iron, intravenous iron may result in a more rapid repletion of iron stores and greater improvement in quality of life, it exposes the patients to a greater risk of adverse effects and increases inconvenience and cost.
Compartmentation of Cyclic Nucleotide Signaling in the Heart
Authors: Fischmeister Rodolphe , Castro Liliana R.V. , Abi-Gerges Aniella , Rochais Francesca , Jurevičius Jonas , Leroy Jérôme , Vandecasteele Grégoire
Published: October 2006

A current challenge in cellular signaling is to decipher the complex intracellular spatiotemporal organization that any given cell type has developed to discriminate among different external stimuli acting via a common signaling pathway. This obviously applies to cAMP and cGMP signaling in the heart, where these cyclic nucleotides determine the regulation of cardiac function by many hormones and neuromediators. Recent studies have identified cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases as key actors in limiting the spread of cAMP and cGMP, and in shaping and organizing intracellular signaling microdomains. With this new role, phosphodiesterases have been promoted from the rank of a housekeeping attendant to that of an executive officer.
Conservative Implications of the Irrelevance of Racism in Contemporary African American Cinema
Authors: Sheridan Earl
Published: October 2006

Historically, African American cinema has been used to illuminate the scourge of racism in American society. From Oscar Micheaux to Spike Lee, the struggle against racism has been a prominent theme in movies by and about African Americans. It is ironic that since the 1990s, when more Black filmmakers than ever before have reached prominence in Hollywood, race and racism have virtually ceased to be major themes, and the few films that do address racism have faired badly at the box office, even among young Blacks. Why has this occurred? There are several factors at work. One is the cautious nature of the film industry itself when it comes to controversial, socially conscious movies. But perhaps more important is a growing conservatism among some young Blacks and a growing despair among others that lead them to discount the relevance of confronting racism in contemporary society.
A Road Map for the Last Journey: Home Telehealth for Holistic End-of-Life Care
Authors: Maudlin Jim , Keene Jeannie , Kobb Rita
Published: October 2006

The Advanced Illness/Palliative Care (AIPC) program started as a 2-year pilot project to determine if a telehealth model of care would benefit veteran patients with life-limiting illness. The goals of the project were to manage the physical, emotional, functional, and spiritual care needs during the last 2 years of patients’ lives and to foster an earlier enrollment of patients into hospice by educating providers about palliative care. The AIPC program partners the skills and expertise of both spiritual and medical care practitioners, along with cutting-edge home telehealth devices to improve symptom management and quality of life for veterans and families coping with end of life.
Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition in Terminally Ill Cancer Patients: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Dy Sydney Morss
Published: October 2006

Many terminally ill patients who are able to eat appear to be eating less than they should, losing weight, and becoming malnourished, and many others develop difficulties with eating. These symptoms and signs are usually a marker of advanced cancer, rather than the cause of decreasing functional status, and providing supplemental nutrition rarely changes the course of the disease. This article reviews evidence on issues relevant to enteral and parenteral nutrition in patients with advanced cancer, including benefits, risks, and discomforts; how these types of nutrition are used and perceived, and how decisions are made; and how decision-making might be improved.
The State of Advance Care Planning: One Decade After SUPPORT
Authors: Collins Lauren G. , Parks Susan M. , Winter Laraine
Published: October 2006

The Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment (SUPPORT) was a landmark study regarding end-of-life decision making and advance care planning. Phase I of the study looked at the state of end of life in various hospitals, and phase II implemented a nurse-facilitated intervention designed to improve advance care planning, patient-physician communication, and the dying process. The observational phase found poor quality of care at the end of life and the intervention failed to improve the targeted outcomes. The negative findings brought public attention to the need to improve care for the dying and spawned a wealth of additional research on decision-making at the end of life. In the decade since SUPPORT, researchers have defined the attributes of a “good death,” addressed the role of advance directives in advance care planning, and studied the use of surrogate decision-making at the end of life. This rekindled the discussion on advance care planning and challenged health care providers to design more flexible approaches to end of life care.
Comparing Cultures and Comparing Processes: Diachronic Methods in Cross-Cultural Anthropology
Authors: Chrisomalis Stephen
Published: October 2006

If cross-cultural researchers hope to contribute to cultural evolutionary theory, methods must be developed to describe and explain cultural processes. The distinction made by Boas between historical and comparative methods limited scholarly interest in the analysis of patterned historical change. Numerous techniques have been developed to draw diachronic inferences from synchronic ethnographic data, with varying degrees of success. The use of archaeological and historical data to draw diachronic inferences similarly has had mixed results but requires fewer assumptions and allows a more direct comparison of cultural change. Shifting the unit of analysis from the culture to the event allows events to be compared with one another. A case study from the evolution of numerical notation systems shows the potential of rigorous diachronic methodologies to complement synchronic ones. Although synchronic analysis is highly useful for studying correlations between traits, diachronic analysis is far better for analyzing processes of change.
Furniture Music, Hotel Lobbies, and Banality
Authors: Trigg Dylan
Published: October 2006

Accusations of empty formalism are something of a cliché when it comes to Kant’s ethics and aesthetics. Nevertheless, in the case of the latter, the accusation might well be justified. Kant’s failure to put disinterestedness in place means that numerous questions remain unanswered concerning the spatiality of aesthetic experience. The purpose of this article is to ask whether a specific spatial context can influence the emergence of Kant’s disinterested delight. The author hence asks two questions: First, is there a definite distinction between interested and disinterested delight? Second, if there is such a distinction, do there exist any factors that would facilitate disinterestedness to occur? Making recourse to an essay by Siegfried Kracauer, as well as compositions by Erik Satie and Brian Eno, the author argues that context does have an influence on the distinction between disinterestedness and interestedness and that the hotel lobby is an excellent illustration of a spatial context that facilities disinterested delight for the reason that it is largely impersonal, indifferent, and so universal.
Training Design: Scenarios of the Future
Authors: Hansen John W.
Published: October 2006

The problem and the solution. The design phase of systematic training is directed toward program strategies and the processes of instruction. It is essentially oriented at creating a program strategy and how to teach the content identified in the analysis phase to the identified learners, under identified conditions, so that the instruction is effective, efficient, appealing, and cost-effective. This involves the selection of the (a) optimal overall training program strategy and (b) methods of instruction. The systematic design of instruction, as a professional practice, is likely to undergo changes as a result of multiple environmental variables. This article predicts what some of those changes might be and how they might affect those charged with (a) operating and sustaining existing training systems or (b) creating new systems for improving organizational system performance.
Training Implementation: Variations Affecting Delivery
Authors: Korte Russell F.
Published: October 2006

The problem and the solution. Criticisms of structured training include its perceived lack of flexibility and creativity. Although disciplined adherence to a linear process may not appear to be problematic in the analysis, design, development, and evaluation phases of instructional design processes, it would be lethal in the implementation phase. Flexibility and creativity are essential when facing learners in real time. Because not every contingency can be identified ahead of time and learners can be fickle, during the implementation phase trainers must clearly understand what is to be achieved and have an adequate repertoire of methods and techniques with which to achieve it. This article surveys developments in the implementation of training focusing on the interaction between instructor and learner. This focus helps reframe the view of implementing training to include the need for increased flexibility and effectiveness through formal and informal learning within organizations.
Differences in polyadenylation site choice between somatic and male germ cells
Authors: McMahon K Wyatt , Hirsch Benjamin A , MacDonald Clinton C
Published: October 2006

Background

We have previously noted that there were differences in somatic and male germ cell polyadenylation site choices. First, male germ cells showed a lower incidence of the sequence AAUAAA (an important element for somatic polyadenylation site choice) near the polyadenylation site choice. Second, the polyadenylation sites chosen in male germ cells tended to be nearer the 5' end of the mRNA than those chosen in somatic cells. Finally, a number of mRNAs used a different polyadenylation site in male germ cells than in somatic cells. These differences suggested that male germ cell-specific polyadenylation sites may be poor substrates for polyadenylation in somatic cells. We therefore hypothesized that male germ cell-specific polyadenylation sites would be inefficiently used in somatic cells.

Results

We tested whether pre-mRNA sequences surrounding male germ cell-specific polyadenylation sites (polyadenylation cassettes) could be used to direct polyadenylation efficiently in somatic cells. To do this, we developed a luciferase reporter system in which luciferase activity correlated with polyadenylation efficiency. We showed that in somatic cells, somatic polyadenylation cassettes were efficiently polyadenylated, while male germ cell-specific polyadenylation cassettes were not. We also developed a sensitive, 3' RACE-based assay to analyze polyadenylation site choice. Using this assay, we demonstrated that male germ cell-specific polyadenylation cassettes were not polyadenylated at the expected site in somatic cells, but rather at aberrant sites upstream of the sites used in male germ cells. Finally, mutation of the male germ cell-specific poly(A) signal to a somatic poly(A) signal resulted in more efficient polyadenylation in somatic cells.

Conclusion

These data suggest that regulated polyadenylation site choice of male germ cell-specific polyadenylation sites requires one or more factors that are absent from somatic cells.
5' long terminal repeat (LTR)-selective methylation of latently infected HIV-1 provirus that is demethylated by reactivation signals
Authors: Ishida Takaomi , Hamano Akiko , Koiwa Tsukasa , Watanabe Toshiki
Published: October 2006

We previously described selective hypermethylation of the 5'-long terminal repeat (LTR) of HTLV-1 provirus in vivo and in vitro. This prompted us to analyze CpG methylation of the two LTRs of the HIV provirus in chronically infected cell lines. The results demonstrate selective hypermethylation of the 5' LTR of the HIV provirus in ACH-2 cells. Moreover, induction of viral gene expression by TNF-α resulted in demethylation of the 5'-LTR. These results suggest that selective epigenetic modification of the 5'LTR of the HIV-1 provirus may be an important mechanism by which proviral activity is suppressed.
Studies on the propagation of surface cracks in a piping elbow subjected to an in-plane bending moment
Authors: Ligoria Lal S. A , Knight G. M S , Murthy D S Ramachandra
Published: October 2006

Analysis and estimation of fracture parameters in flawed nuclear piping systems are of great importance in developing appropriate methodologies for ensuring structural integrity of these systems. The understanding of the response of surface-cracked piping components such as elbows under operating conditions is vital for the development of appropriate flaw acceptance criteria. The propagation of a semi-elliptical surface crack in a thick-walled elbow when subjected to an in-plane bending moment was studied. In the analysis, four different cases, namely a crack at one crown, at both crowns, at the intrados, and at the extrados, were considered. A three-dimensional finite element code using ANSYS was developed to evaluate the mode I stress intensity factor (SIF) based on the displacement extrapolation method. Making use of data from the finite element method (FEM) results, correlations were evolved using regression analysis to evaluate the SIF range in the depth and surface directions. The number of cycles to failure was predicted by applying the Paris law. The number of cycles to failure predicted through the FEM and correlation deviates from the experimental results available in the published literature by a maximum of about 13 per cent. The number of cycles to failure has also been predicted using closed-form solutions available in the literature and is compared with the FEM results.
A method for data consistency checking in compressor and variable-geometry turbine maps
Authors: Galindo J , Lujan J M , Guardiola C , Lapuente G S
Published: October 2006

Turbochargers are widely applied for boosting internal combustion engines. Consequently, a wide variety of specific test benches have been developed for testing such machines. Failure detection is a key factor for saving time and preventing economic losses. A data consistency check method for turbochargers is presented in this paper. This method is based on the geometrical characteristics of the maps of both the variable-geometry turbine and the compressor. The main objective of this method is automatically to detect faulty tests while minimizing parameterization effort. Details on the method basis and an application example considering real-life data are provided.
Preoperative planning and intraoperative guidance for accurate computer-assisted minimally invasive hip resurfacing surgery
Authors: Barrett A R W , Davies B L , Gomes M P S F , Harris S J , Henckel J , Jakopec M , Rodriguez y Baena F M , Cobb J P
Published: October 2006

Hip resurfacing is an alternative to total hip replacement (THR) and is particularly suitable for the younger, more active patient. However, it is a more demanding procedure. This paper describes a system that enables the surgeon to plan the surgery preoperatively with optimally sized and placed components, and then transfer this plan to an intraoperative system that registers computer models to the real patient and tracks surgical tools, allowing the surgeon to ensure that the bone is resected correctly and that the components are fitted in accordance with the plan. The paper describes a series of instruments used with the system which are locked to the bone. These instruments serve the dual purpose of soft tissue retraction and bone immobilization. The system will shortly be the subject of laboratory and clinical evaluation. Registration, a cornerstone of the tracked instrument system, has been tested, and accuracy measures are provided. Experimental results for the remainder of the system will be provided after clinical trials.
Effect of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene thickness on contact mechanics in total knee replacement
Authors: EI-Deen M , Garcia-Finana M , Jin Z-M
Published: October 2006

One of the important design parameters in current knee joint replacements is the thickness of the ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) tibial insert, yet there is no clear definition of the upper limit of the ‘thick’ polyethylene insert. Using one design knee implant and subjecting it to the physiological loads encountered throughout the gait cycle, measurements of the lengths of contact imprints generated were compared with the corresponding theoretical predictions for different insert thicknesses under the same applied load. Multiple regression analysis was applied to test whether the dimensions of contact imprints are influenced by UHMWPE thickness. Good agreement was obtained between the theoretical predictions and the experimental measurements of the dimensions of contact imprints when the knee was at 60° flexion. Therefore, it was possible to estimate the contact pressure at the articulating surface using the theoretical model. Contact imprint dimensions increased with increasing applied load. Statistical analysis of the experimental data revealed that, at 0° flexion, the overall imprint dimensions increased as the UHMWPE thickness increased from 8 to 20 mm. However, the increment was not significant when the thickness subinterval 10-15 mm was considered. Furthermore, at 60° flexion, thickness was not a significant factor for the overall imprint dimensions. No evidence was found from the data to suggest that an increment in polyethylene thickness over 10 mm would significantly reduce the contact imprint dimensions. These findings suggest that thicker inserts can be avoided, as they require unnecessary bone resection.
A modified quasi-dimensional multi-zone combustion model for direct injection diesels
Authors: Zhou P , Zhou S , Clelland D
Published: October 2006

A quasi-dimensional multi-zone combustion model for direct injection diesel engines has been developed and subsequently evaluated using test results from a PA6 engine. In the new model, fuel spray is divided into a number of zones, which are treated as open thermodynamic systems exchanging mass and energy with the surrounding air. This paper pays particular attention to the fuel evaporation process whereby a detailed evaporation model is developed to predict the fuel evaporation rate. The effects of both collision and aggregation of fuel droplets have been included in the fuel evaporation mechanism. The theory of grouping of fuel droplets and interference areas among droplets is used to gain more accurate fuel evaporating and burning rates for the engine. The results from the simulation studies have shown good agreement with the measurements from the experimental engine. In-cylinder pressure and temperature are given particular attention in this study. The developments reported in this paper lead to a better understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms and the effects of various parameters on engine combustion. This work also presents a methodology for the development of a reliable but simple multi-zone model. Conclusions have been reached that the developed model is able to predict the rate of heat release and engine performance with a high accuracy.
Numerical and experimental modelling of a modified version of the Edinburgh Duck wave energy device
Authors: Cruz J M B P , Salter S H
Published: October 2006

This paper presents recent numerical studies conducted at The University of Edinburgh related to a modified version of the Edinburgh duck wave energy converter. Its purpose is seawater desalination rather than electricity production, but under the assumptions taken the results can be applied to both versions. From the design point of view, the key innovation is the change of the shape of the device. Wave energy can be converted into useful work by the same pitching motion by means of a circular cylinder with an offset axis of rotation without the front beak, allowing significant cost reduction. The results to be presented were obtained using the Boundary Element Method (BEM) package WAMIT, based on linear wave theory. The hydrodynamic behaviour of the device is assessed, allowing comparisons with experimental work on a 1:33 scale model. Full-scale figures are also presented. The influences of both the position of the axis of rotation and the submergence ratio are evaluated. A total of ten different configurations, each for two different submergence ratios, are analyzed. Focus is given to the hydrodynamic coefficients, the wave exciting force, the response amplitude operator (body motions), and the relative capture width.
DFG-Projekt RealTest – Test und Zuverlässigkeit nanoelektronischer Systeme (DFG-Project – Test and Reliability of Nano-Electronic Systems)
Authors: Becker Bernd , Polian Ilia , Hellebrand Sybille , Straube Bernd , Wunderlich Hans-Joachim
Published: October 2006

Entwurf, Verifikation und Test zuverlässiger nanoelektronischer Systeme erfordern grundlegend neue Methoden und Ansätze. Ein robuster Entwurf wird unabdingbar, um Fertigungsfehler, Parameterschwankungen, zeitabhängige Materialveränderungen und vorübergehende Störungen in gewissem Umfang zu tolerieren. Gleichzeitig verlieren gerade dadurch viele traditionelle Testverfahren ihre Aussagekraft. Im Rahmen des Projekts RealTest werden einheitliche Entwurfs- und Teststrategien entwickelt, die sowohl einen robusten Entwurf als auch eine darauf abgestimmte Qualitätssicherung unterstützen.
Highly Efficient Suzuki Coupling Reaction of α‐Chloroalkylidene‐β‐lactones and β‐Lactams with Organoboronic Acids
Authors: Ma Shengming , Jiang Xuefeng , Cheng Xin , Hou Hairong
Published: October 2006

The activation of CCl bond of (Z)‐α‐chloroalkylidene‐β‐lactones and (E)‐α‐chloroalkylidene‐β‐lactams via the Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction is reported in this paper. Alkyl, heteroaromatic, substituted phenyl‐ and alkenylboronic acids can be coupled with a wide variety of α‐chloroalkylidene‐β‐lactones and β‐lactams in excellent yields within a short period of time. The cross‐coupling reaction of optically active substrates leads to the optically active compounds without racemization of the corresponding chiral center.
Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed Direct Amination of Benzhydryl Alcohols
Authors: Terrasson Vincent , Marque Sylvain , Georgy Marie , Campagne Jean‐Marc , Prim Damien
Published: October 2006

The Lewis acid‐mediated direct amination of benzylic alcohols is described, providing various benzylic amine derivatives in good yields under mild and environmentally benign conditions. Among the different Lewis acids tested, gold(III) proved to be the catalyst of choice for both chemical (yield, conversion) and practical reasons (a filtration over a silica pad is generally sufficient to obtain the corresponding benzylic amine in analytically pure form).
Organocatalytic, Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Nitroalkanes to Nitroolefins
Authors: Wang Jian , Li Hao , Zu Liansuo , Jiang Wei , Wang Wei
Published: October 2006

An organocatalytic, enantioselective conjugate addition reaction of nitroalkanes with nitroolefins has been developed under neat conditions without using an organic solvent. The process, catalyzed by a modified Cinchona alkaloid, affords synthetically useful 1,3‐dinitro compounds in good yields (70–82 %) with good degrees of enantioselectivity (67–88 % ee).
4,4′‐Disubstituted L‐Prolines as Highly Enantioselective Catalysts for Direct Aldol Reactions
Authors: Gu Liuqun , Yu Menglong , Wu Xiaoyu , Zhang Yazhu , Zhao Gang
Published: October 2006

A new series of 4,4′‐disubstituted prolines (1a–h) has been developed and tested as organocatalysts in the direct catalytic asymmetric aldol reaction of several aliphatic ketones with aldehydes. Catalyst 1g affords the best enantioselectivities for this transformation. The reaction was carried out in DMF using a catalyst loading of 10 mol % at −10 °C to give the aldol products in up to 97 % ee for acetone. In the cases of cyclohexanone and cyclopentanone, the corresponding anti‐products were obtained in 94 % ee.
Versatile Synthesis of Pyrrole‐2‐acetic Esters and (Pyridine‐2‐one)‐3‐acetic Amides by Palladium‐Catalyzed, Carbon Dioxide‐Promoted Oxidative Carbonylation of (Z)‐(2‐En‐4‐ynyl)amines
Authors: Gabriele Bartolo , Salerno Giuseppe , Fazio Alessia , Veltri Lucia
Published: October 2006

The oxidative carbonylation of readily available (Z)‐(2‐en‐4‐ynyl)amines, catalyzed by the PdI2‐KI system, selectively afforded in satisfactory yields (40–95 %) either pyrrole‐2‐acetic ester or (pyridine‐2‐one)‐3‐acetic amide derivatives, depending on the susbtitution pattern of the substrate and the reaction conditions. The presence of an excess of carbon dioxide proved in most cases to be beneficial to both the reaction rate and product selectivity.
Cyclopropyl Building Blocks for Organic Synthesis, 131. Palladium‐Catalyzed Bicyclization with Carbonyl Insertion of Alkenyl‐Tethered Propargyl Carbonates Towards a Scalable Synthesis of Various 2‐(Bicyclo[3.1.0]hex‐1‐yl)acrylates
Authors: Bagutski Viktor , Moszner Norbert , Zeuner Frank , Fischer Urs Karl , de Meijere Armin
Published: October 2006

The Pd‐catalyzed 5‐exo‐trig‐3‐exo‐trig cascade cyclization of 1,6‐enynes with a propargyl carbonate terminus offers the shortest synthetic route to variously substituted 2‐(bicyclo[3.1.0]hex‐1‐yl)acrylates, a novel class of prospective monomers for low‐shrinkage polymers. To apply this reaction to large‐scale preparations of the said bicyclic acrylates, a flexible Pd catalyst system with tunable reactivity has been developed. The dependence of the product and diastereomer distribution on both the reaction conditions, including the type of palladium catalyst used, and on the nature of the substrate has been investigated. A variety of methyl 2‐(bicyclo[3.1.0]hex‐1‐yl)acrylates and parent carboxylic acids as well as some of their derivatives of potential interest towards a technical application were prepared on a multigram scale. A general large‐scale synthesis of the cyclization precursors bearing one or two carbonyl groups in the tether is also disclosed.
A Catalytic Enantioselective Imino‐Reformatsky Reaction
Authors: Cozzi Pier Giorgio
Published: October 2006

The admission of air in the reaction mixture of imine, ethyl iodoacetate and dimethylzinc, in the presence of 20–30 mol % of inexpensive and commercially available N‐methylephedrine as the chiral ligand, promoted the Reformatsky reaction, without the need for other metals or catalysts. Excellent yields (up to 92 %) and enantioselectivities (83–94 %) were obtained for the tested substrates. The reaction shows a broad scope, and all the imines are prepared in situ, using Me2Zn as the dehydrating agent.
Waste‐Free Electrochemical Oxidation of Alcohols in Water
Authors: Palmisano Giovanni , Ciriminna Rosaria , Pagliaro Mario
Published: October 2006

We describe a new sol‐gel molecular electrode made of a thin layer of organosilica doped with the nitroxyl radical TEMPO (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl) electrodeposited on the surface of an ITO‐coated glass and its employment as a selective and versatile oxidation catalyst in the electrochemical conversion of different alcohols to carbonyl compounds. Environmentally friendly water or a water/acetonitrile mixture buffered with bicarbonate is used as solvent. The electrode is highly stable and it can be reused for a prolonged period of time allowing easy separation from the products.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Asymmetric Hydroamination with 4,4′‐Disubstituted BINAP and SEGPHOS
Authors: Hu Aiguo , Ogasawara Masamichi , Sakamoto Takeshi , Okada Atsushi , Nakajima Kiyohiko , Takahashi Tamotsu , Lin Wenbin
Published: October 2006

A family of tunable precatalysts [Pd((S)‐L*)(NCMe)2](OTf)2, where L* is 4,4′‐disubstituted BINAP or SEGPHOS, was synthesized and used for the asymmetric intermolecular hydroamination of aniline to vinylarenes with ee values of up to 85 %, and it is believed that the bulky groups on the 4,4′‐positions and the narrower dihedral angle of the biaryl moiety are responsible for the ee enhancement in these reactions.
The First Catalytic Mannich‐Type Reaction of N‐Alkoxycarbonylamino Sulfones with Silyl Enolates
Authors: Ollevier Thierry , Nadeau Etienne , Eguillon Jean‐Christophe
Published: October 2006

Bismuth triflate was found to be an efficient catalyst in the Mannich‐type reaction of silyl enolates with N‐alkoxycarbonylamino sulfones. The reaction proceeded smoothly with a low catalyst loading of bismuth triflate (0.5–1.0 mol %) to afford the corresponding protected β‐aminocarbonyl compound in very good yields (up to 96 %).
Synthese des unsubstituierten 3,5‐Dioxo‐1,2,4‐oxadiazolidins 34. Mitt. über Hydroxylamin‐Derivate
Authors: Zinner G. , Stoffel R.
Published: October 2006

Durch Addition von Hydroxylamin an Alkoxycarbonylisocyanate erhält man 1‐Hydroxy‐3‐alkoxycarbonylharnstoffe, die im alkalischen Milieu zum unsubstituierten 3,5‐Dioxo‐1,2,4‐oxadiazolidin cyclisieren. Dieses läßt sich in 2‐ und 4‐Stellung methylieren und mit Xanthydrol xanthylieren.
Synthesis of N‐(9H‐Xanthen‐9‐yl)aminoalkanamide and N‐(9H‐Thioxanthen‐9‐yl)aminoalkanamide Derivatives and their in vitro Evaluation as Potential Intercalators and Antitumor Drugs
Authors: Filippatos Evangelos , Papadaki‐Valiraki Aspasia , Todoulou Ourania , Jacquemin‐Sablon Alain
Published: October 2006

A series of new N‐(9H‐xanthen‐9‐yl)aminoalkanamide and N‐(9H‐thio‐xanthen‐9‐yl)aminoalkanamide derivatives was synthesized and evaluated as potential intercalators by measuring their DNA binding affinity. They were also tested for cytotoxic activity against L1210. The results suggest that the cytotoxicity of these molecules was not due to an intercalating mechanism.
Substituierte 2‐Aminonicotinonitrile
Authors: Troschütz Reinhard , Dennstedt Thomas
Published: October 2006

Die Aminolyse des Cyanketen‐O N‐Acetal‐Gemisches 1 Z/E mit den Aminen 2a,b führt zu den E‐konfigurierten primär/sekundären Cyanketenaminalen 3a,b. Durch Reaktion von 3a,b mit der, 1,3‐Biselektrophilen 4, 6a,b, 9 HCl, 12, 13, 15a,b, 17 und 19 lassen sich die N2‐substituierten 2‐Aminonicotinonitrile 5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 14, 16 und 20 herstellen. Umsetzung der 2‐Aminonicotinonitrile mit α‐Phenylethylrest in Position 2 (14b, 16a, 8a, 20b, 5 und 8b) mit Polyphosphorsäure führt zu den primären 2‐Aminonicotinonitrile 21a‐f.
Synthesis of Antitumour Carbon‐Bridged Imidazopyridazine Carbamates
Authors: Denyer Clive V. , Reddy Michael T. , Jenkins D. Con , Rapson Elaine , Watts Stuart D. M.
Published: October 2006

Two carbon‐bridged analogues 11 and 15 of the potent microtubule inhibitor BW1069C85 (1) have been synthesised and evaluated for antitubulin and antitumour activity in vitro. Though the compounds were somewhat less potent than BW1069C85, significant activity against tubulin polymerisation and cell proliferation was demonstrated in the assays.
Wirkung neuer Iminiumverbindungen gegen Bakterien und Pilze, 30. Mitt.: 3‐Alkoxymethyl‐1‐hexyl‐, 3‐Alkylthiomethyl‐1‐hexyl‐, 3‐Alkoxymethyl‐1‐oktyl‐ und 3‐Alkylthiomethyl‐1‐oktylbenzimidazoliumchloride
Authors: Pernak Juliusz , Skrzypczak Andrzej , Krysiński Jerzy , Kaźmierczak Maria , Jedraszczyk Janina , Michalak Lucyna
Published: October 2006

Es werden Synthesen und antimikrobielle Wirkung der Titelverbindungen beschrieben. Die Verbindungen wurden durch Quaternisierung von 1‐Hexyl‐ bzw. 1‐Oktylbenzimidazol mit Chlormethylalkylsulfid bzw. Chlormethylalkylether gewonnen. Die antimikrobielle Wirkung wurde gegen‐über 13 Bakterien‐ und Pilzstämmen geprüft. Die höchste Aktivität zeigten die Verbindungen mit dem Oktylthiomethyl‐ und Decyloxymethylrest.
Novel Synthesis of 1,3,4‐Thiadiazine Derivatives and Their Cycloaddition Reactions
Authors: Wardakhan Wagnat W.
Published: October 2006

4‐Phenyl‐3‐thiosemicarbazide 1 reacted with the α‐halocarbonyl compounds 2a, b to give the thiosemicarbazone derivatives 3a, b. The latter compounds underwent cyclization to the 1,3,4‐thiadiazine derivatives 4a, b which underwent [2 + 4] cycloaddition reactions to give the 4H‐thiopyran derivatives 7a, b. The chemistry of these thiopyrans was studied. Some of the fused derivatives among them compounds 20a, 20b, 21a, 21b allowed good mycelial growth and sporulation by the two fungi. This indicates that the two fungi can use the N‐containing heterocyclic ring as a nitrogen source.
The production of (R)‐2‐hydroxy‐1‐phenyl‐propan‐1‐one derivatives by benzaldehyde lyase from Pseudomonas fluorescens in a continuously operated membrane reactor
Authors: Hildebrand Falk , Kühl Sven , Pohl Martina , Vasic‐Racki Durda , Müller Michael , Wandrey Christian , Lütz Stephan
Published: October 2006

Benzaldehyde lyase (BAL; E.C. 4.1.2.38) from Pseudomonas fluorescens Biovar I catalyzes the reversible formation of benzoins from aromatic aldehydes, and, moreover, the coupling of aromatic with aliphatic aldehydes yielding derivatives of (R)‐2‐hydroxy‐1‐phenyl‐ propan‐1‐one (R)‐HPPs), which are important chiral building blocks. In this paper, we report on the development of a reactor system that allows the selective production of substituted (R)‐HPP‐derivatives. The reaction systems yielding (R)‐1‐(3‐chloro‐phenyl)‐2‐hydroxy‐ propan‐1‐one, (R)‐2‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxy‐1‐(4‐methoxy‐phenyl)‐propan‐1‐one, and (R)‐2‐hydroxy‐3,3‐dimethoxy‐1‐phenyl‐propan‐1‐one were investigated. A kinetic model optimized by batch experiments was developed, for the description of both batch and continuously operated reactors. This model was used to describe the HPP production in a continuously operated enzyme membrane reactor. The reactor type used combines the advantages of high conversion and excellent selectivity with high space‐time yields and total turnover numbers of up to ttn = 43,000. Products were obtained in high yield on a gram scale. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96:835–843. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Women as managers
Authors: Moore Linda L.
Published: October 2006

Whether in the public sector or private corporation, a balanced analysis of self and system is essential for women in management.
Organization development: An overview
Authors: Hammons James O.
Published: October 2006

Some of the most commonly asked questions about organization development are answered.
Quality measures for the use of adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy in patients with colorectal cancer
Authors: Prosnitz Robert G. , Patwardhan Meenal B. , Samsa Gregory P. , Mantyh Christopher R. , Fisher Deborah A. , McCrory Douglas C. , Cline Kathryn E. , Gray Rebecca N. , Morse Michael A.
Published: October 2006

BACKGROUND.

Chemotherapy (CT) and radiation therapy (RT) are essential components of adjuvant (preoperative or postoperative) therapy for many patients with colorectal cancer (CRC); however, quality measures (QMs) of these critical aspects of CRC treatment have not been characterized well. Therefore, the authors conducted a systematic review of the literature to determine the available QMs for adjuvant CT and RT in patients with CRC and rated their usefulness for assessing the delivery of quality care.

METHODS.

The MEDLINE and Cochrane data bases were searched for all publications that contained potential/actual QMs pertaining to adjuvant therapy for CRC. Identified QMs were rated by using criteria developed by the National Quality Forum.

RESULTS.

Thirty‐two articles met the established inclusion/exclusion criteria. Those 32 articles contained 12 potential or actual QMs, 6 of which had major flaws that limited their applicability. The most useful QMs identified were 1) the percentage of patients with AJCC Stage III colon cancer who received postoperative CT and 2) the percentage of patients with Stage II or III rectal cancer who received chemoradiotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS.

To the authors' knowledge, very few QMs pertaining to adjuvant CT or RT for CRC have been published to date, and only half of those measures were rated as useful, acceptable, and valid in the current literature review. Future research should focus on refining existing QMs and on developing new QMs that target important leverage points with respect to the provision of adjuvant therapy for patients with CRC. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
A Grid‐based algorithm for the solution of non‐Markovian stochastic Petri nets
Authors: Distefano S. , Puliafito A. , Scarpa M.
Published: October 2006

WebSPN is a modeling tool for the analysis of non‐Markovian stochastic Petri nets that we developed some years ago. Its solution algorithm is based on a discretization of time and an approximation of non‐exponentially distributed firing time transitions by means of the phase‐type distributions. In order to solve the problems related to the management of the state space (which can become very large) we parallelized the solution algorithm through the MPICH libraries. To improve the MPICH parallel implementation with an adequate security management, a more efficient load distribution and fault‐tolerance capabilities, in this paper we propose the porting of WebSPN from the MPI to the Grid computational paradigm. In addition to a better flexibility in accessing computational and storage resources, one of the main advantages is the introduction of a fault recovery system to detect and recover from potential machine faults. The resulting new tool is named GridSPN. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A peer‐to‐peer decentralized strategy for resource management in computational Grids
Authors: Di Stefano Antonella , Santoro Corrado
Published: October 2006

This paper presents a peer‐to‐peer (P2P) approach for the management, in a computational Grid, of those resources that are featured by numerical quantity and thus characterized by a coefficient of utilization, such as percentage of CPU time, disk space, memory space, etc. The proposed approach exploits spatial computing concepts and models a Grid by means of a flat P2P architecture consisting of nodes connected by an overlay network; such a network topology, together with the quantity of resource available in each node, forms a three‐dimensional surface, where valleys correspond to nodes with a large quantity of available resource. In this scenario, this paper proposes an algorithm for resource discovery that is based on navigating such a surface, in search of the deepest valley (global minimum, that is, the best node). The algorithm, which aims at fairly distributing among nodes the quantity of leased resource, is based on some heuristics that mimic the laws of kinematics. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the algorithm. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.