bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is it worth the hype? Influence of Artificial Intelligence efforts on key financial company metrics
Authors: Maier Daniel
Published: January 2024

Artificial Intelligence poses a consortium of multiple digital technologies able to perform tasks which were thought about that they can only be done by humans. To do so, it applies complex learning and decision-making processes based on analysis of structured and unstructured data. Currently, AI is assumed to have massive benefits in the areas of efficiency and performance of companies, although the impact on financial key performance indicators (KPI) is still unexplored. The underlying thesis of this research is that the financial impact of AI can already be seen in practice. The research question is whether there is an impact of company-driven AI efforts on financial KPI, like the return on assets (ROA) and the market capitalization.

To obtain the intended results, a theoretical and empirical analysis was chosen as particular approach. Firstly, the existing scientific research is examined regarding already measurable financial impacts of digital technologies. In a second step, a regression model for panel data will be applied on a dataset containing financial data of the forty biggest German companies and their respective AI effort per year as a binary variable over a time period of seven years.

As a result, a financial influence of AI cannot be verified yet on a statistically significant level. Despite of this, an increasing number of AI efforts over the last years can be confirmed.
Dziewiętnastowieczny spór o kodeks Liwiusza z kościoła św. Piotra i św. Pawła w Legnicy
Authors: Broda Michał
Published: January 2024

This publication presents a dispute over the codex of Livy from the library of the Church of St. Peter and St. Paul in Legnica, which took place in 1870-1871 between the historian Hermann Kraffert and the philologist Rudolf Peiper in the Silesian newspapers Liegnitzer Stadtblatt, Breslauer Zeitung and Schlesische Zeitung, as well as in the scholarly magazine Jahrbücher für Classische Philologie. It was initiated by a note in Liegnitzer Stadtblatt of 10 May reporting the discovery of a manuscript containing unknown books of Livy’s Ab urbe condita. Several threads are noticeable in the dispute. The first is the question of whether Kraffert was indeed the discoverer of the codex, to which he laid claim; among the others are its age, its value to science, its provenance and its owners, as well as the matter of publicising the discovery worldwide. The dispute also provided an opportunity to present other issues relating to the codex of Legnica and Livy’s manuscript tradition, particularly the fourth decade of the codex, books 31-40. Initially it proceeded in a calm atmosphere, but as time passed, the antagonism between the two adversaries began to grow.
Flow Allocation Games
Authors: Bertschinger Nils , Hoefer Martin , Schmand Daniel
Published: January 2024

We study a game-theoretic variant of the maximum circulation problem. In a flow allocation game, we are given a directed flow network. Each node is a rational agent and can strategically allocate any incoming flow to the outgoing edges. Given the strategy choices of all agents, a maximal circulation that adheres to the chosen allocation strategies evolves in the network. Each agent wants to maximize the amount of flow through his or her node. Flow allocation games can be used to express strategic incentives of clearing in financial networks. We provide a cumulative set of results on the existence and computational complexity of pure Nash and strong equilibria as well as tight bounds on the (strong) prices of anarchy and stability. Our results show an interesting dichotomy. Ranking strategies over individual flow units allows us to obtain optimal strong equilibria for many objective functions. In contrast, more intuitive ranking strategies over edges can give rise to unfavorable incentive properties.

Funding: This work was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Research Group ADYN [411362735].
Diffuse B-cell lymphoma of the mandible disguised as acute osteomyelitis
Authors: Adalja Devina , Tagliaferri Ariana , Rezkalla Abraam , Taha Basil
Published: January 2024

Background: Primary bone lymphoma (PBL) is a rare form of extra nodal non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). Case description: We describe a 39-year-old-male with no medical history who presented with unilateral facial swelling following a tooth extraction. Initial diagnoses after various presentations over the course of three weeks, based on inflammatory and infectious aetiologies. However, the patient was ultimately diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Discussion: Symptoms of PBL are very similar to inflammatory and infectious diseases of the bone, such as osteomyelitis or osteonecrosis. Clinical features of PBL involving the head and neck include persistent jaw pain, tooth mobility secondary to extensive destruction of bone, and in advanced cases, lip numbness and swelling. On examination it may present as an exposed necrotic bone with surrounding soft tissue oedema. Misdiagnosis of these lesions as an infectious or inflammatory aetiology may lead to an unnecessary delay in lymphoma treatment, and subsequently worsen the prognosis if caught at a later stage. Therefore, any concerning lesion, especially in the oral cavity, must be subjected to early histopathological evaluation to differentiate PBL from osteomyelitis and/or osteonecrosis. Conclusion: This case report highlights the importance of an early histopathological evaluation to prevent delay in the diagnosis of primary bone lymphomas.
Prescribing pre-exposure prophylaxis therapy
Authors: Robertson Deborah
Published: January 2024

Deborah Robertson provides an overview of recently published articles that may be of interest to non-medical prescribers. Should you wish to look at any of the papers in more detail, a full reference is provided
VORTIOXETINE
Authors: Rees Dr Sharon
Published: January 2024

In this column, Sharon Rees aims to refresh knowledge and interest in some of the commonly used drugs in a series of posts on X. This month she is talking about #vortioxetine
Jobs for the generalist: non-vocational degrees and employability
Authors: Telling Kathryn
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores the relationship between liberal arts degrees and employability. Higher education institutions’ promotional websites contribute to an imaginary future of work that is both extremely concrete (often referred to as the ‘real world’) and, at the same time, unknowable and uncertain. Liberal arts degrees are often presented as particularly good at preparing students for the unknown future graduate labour market via the cultivation of a capacity to learn in general (as opposed to learning any particular content). Students, however, often question real-world narratives, bringing to the fore a different, more traditionally educational reality. They also respond to ideas about the unknown future of work in different ways: while relatively privileged students can face the unknown with mindfulness and even a kind of fatalistic pleasure, those with less of a safety net may seek to control that future through much more directional means.
Identity and the ‘ideal’ student: citizens, cosmopolitans, consumers?
Authors: Telling Kathryn
Published: January 2024

This chapter turns to the question of how higher education students today are conceptualised on liberal arts degrees’ promotional websites and by some senior academics. Two interconnected types of ideal liberal arts student are presented here: the good citizen concerned with social justice; and the well-travelled cosmopolitan. While students in interviews in very gentle ways questioned any inherent link between social justice and the liberal arts, some more forcefully sought to disentangle the conflation of geographical mobility with open-mindedness. For first-generation students in particular, this implicit link made by academics and on websites did a disservice to their more complex relationships to home. The chapter turns finally to consumerism, which was portrayed by some senior academics as central to students’ motivations, especially in relation to the current tuition fee regime. This section, in tandem with the interpretations of precarious and teaching-focused staff, seeks to untangle some of the complexity of what students are saying when they make statements that sound to senior academics like consumerist demands, foregrounding intellectual and emotional concerns as much as market-based ones about consumer rights.
Meritocracy and mass higher education: character, ease and educational intimacy
Authors: Telling Kathryn
Published: January 2024

This chapter addresses itself to questions of fairness and the liberal arts. Should degrees of this sort be for everybody? Can they be for everybody? And how do these questions help us to see something bigger about the relationship between meritocracy and mass higher education? The chapter argues that there are clear connections between elitism and the liberal arts, for instance, the selection of students based on ‘character’ and the privileging of small class sizes. The entanglement of ability, character and restrictive admissions is clear on institutions’ promotional websites. However, some (especially junior) academics and (especially less privileged) students seek to disentangle them, asking what is a fair test in educational settings. Finally, the chapter looks at how the idea of hard work, in turn, gets entangled with the ideas about ability and character already discussed, and shows that it is this entanglement that is rarely challenged.
Research and knowledge development on unpaid care in the UK
Authors: Lloyd Liz
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses the development of knowledge about unpaid care since 1990 and explores the increase in interest in unpaid care. Perceptions of demographic trends and their influence on policies are considered. The chapter examines the different research methods used, the different groups involved in producing knowledge, including feminist and disabled researchers. Key findings from research are identified. The development of knowledge has paralleled the development of policies and strategies throughout this period and the relationship between research and policy development is considered. The chapter also discusses the ways in which knowledge has shaped ideas about unpaid care and unpaid carers more broadly, including the emergence of the term ‘carer’. The theoretical framework developed in subsequent chapters is introduced.
Corporate tax and corporate welfare
Authors: Farnsworth Kevin
Published: January 2024

The tax system is not simply about raising revenues; it is also about distributing favours and picking winners. Many of the ‘penalties’ but also rewards of the tax system over the past few decades have been distributed disproportionately to big business, coinciding with increases in other types of corporate welfare. This chapter focuses on the issue of corporate taxation, but it also looks at how tax shares and tax benefits are distributed unevenly, not just between citizens and corporations but also between different types of business.
Social services in Nazi Germany and the role of social workers between complicity and rare resistance
Authors: Kuhlmann Carola
Published: January 2024

Social work in Germany has emerged from Christian charity in the monasteries and hospitals of the Middle Ages, with their doctrine of giving alms to all who begged for it. From about 1500 a new idea became established, that poor people should be examined to see whether they were ‘worthy’ of support. Honorary municipal officials judged the willingness to work and the moral way of life of the poor. The ‘unworthy poor’ were locked up in poorhouses and penitentiaries in order to educate them to work. The division into ‘worthy’ and ‘unworthy’ received a new, eugenic interpretation in the 19th century, and especially during the National Socialist era.
Adoption social work practice in Ireland: critical reflections on present-day injustices
Authors: McGettrick Claire
Published: January 2024

This book considers how social work practice has been complicit in historical injustices and examines instances where social workers have resisted human rights abuses in the past. Social work and the populations it serves can only benefit from a frank and honest engagement with its complex history. However, to do so successfully, the social work profession must also confront discriminatory practices in the present. In this chapter I argue that in the adoption field in Ireland, oppressive social work practices are not a phenomenon that can be consigned to the past. Despite the profession’s grounding in human rights and social justice principles, adoption social work practice often requires the execution of policies that are at odds with such values. So-called ‘historical’ injustices are perpetuated through the withholding of records from adopted people and the micro-management of those who wish to reunite with their families of origin. Conversely, it is noteworthy that social workers have been among the most vocal advocates for children’s rights in intercountry adoption, often in the face of significant opposition. Yet, social workers in the same field engage in practices that discriminate against adult adopted people. In this chapter I explore the possible reasons for this contradiction. My work is grounded in three main perspectives, each of which informs this chapter, the foremost being that I am an adopted person who grew up under Ireland’s closed, secret adoption system.
Political education in an unequal society
Authors: Reay Diane
Published: January 2024

This chapter criticises the neoliberal approach to education, which, in England, has diminished political literacy and widened the gap in democratic participation. It examines how the marketisation of schools turns many away from civic cooperation to concentrate instead on self-centred advancement. By comparing the focus on promoting critical and independent thinking in Nordic countries with its neglect in English education, it points to why changes can be adopted to overcome current problems. It explains the need to combine the type of engaged pedagogy promoted by Paolo Freire, bell hooks and John Dewey, with reforms to break down the hierarchical structure of the education system in England, so that class divisions can be displaced by greater awareness of the need to collaborate and enhanced ability to work together as fellow citizens.
Different approaches to teaching civic and national identity
Authors: Sant Edda
Published: January 2024

This chapter considers the problematic issues raised by attempts to teach students their civic and national identity. It contrasts experiences in diverse places such as Colombia, Hong Kong and Catalonia, and explores what can be learnt in developing political education in any liberal democracy influenced by Anglo-American political culture. Three main types of approach are examined: partisan approaches (both nationalistic and anti-nationalistic), which cannot generate a common identity when people feel differently about who they are; deliberative approaches, which tend to neglect real worldview clashes and overrely on rational analysis that can marginalise people who are not used to formal reasoning practices; and agonistic approaches, which call for the pedagogies of articulation (talking through one’s experiences), differences (reflecting on the origins of assumptions) and equivalences (getting together to share and express ideas in response to common concerns).
The evidence on educational methods for political engagement
Authors: Kerr David , Hoskins Bryony
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines findings from research on citizenship education to see what learning methods tend to raise the level of engagement in political activities such as voting, protest and joining a political party. It explains why the evidence suggests we need to apply the principle of ‘learning as acquisition’ to transmit political knowledge from teachers to students as a first step in enabling young people to have a better understanding of politics, as well as the principle of ‘learning as participation’ to facilitate the co-creation of meaning that develops young people’s competences that lead to future engagement. It recommends that more should be done to ensure that learning opportunities are fairly shared through methods such as maintaining an open classroom climate; overseeing inclusive activities from class councils to mock elections; contextualising debates in local politics; and using interactive methodologies to enhance political knowledge, efficacy and participation.
Conclusion: The Making of Graduate Lives
Authors: Ingram Nicola , Bathmaker Ann-Marie , Abrahams Jessie , Bentley Laura , Bradley Harriet , Hoare Tony , Papafilippou Vanda , Waller Richard , Friedman Sam
Published: January 2024

The final chapter of the book draws together the overall contribution of the research in a discussion focused on rethinking constructions of graduate success. In particular, the chapter draws out the significance of the material and the symbolic in graduate employment, and highlights the importance to graduates in our study of not only making a living, but also making a life. The chapter brings together the theoretical tools we have used to open up a conversation about re-imagining constructions of graduate success. We end with a reflection on doing longitudinal qualitative inquiry.
Understanding Our Bodies through Datafication
Authors: Kent Rachael
Published: January 2024

Through different technological, practical and economic shifts, from the self-quantification movement to consumer self-tracking to the increasing everyday datafication of health and digital phenotyping, this chapter traces how data collection, mining and sharing have become an integral part of health management and self-care for users, citizens and patients under digital capitalism. Through behavioural economic theories of choice architecture and nudge theory, the chapter argues for the need to pay ethical attention to the persuasive and coercive design within self-tracking and digital health technologies. It analyses the impact of health gamification and what it means when we understand our health, body and identity through data, current debates in new materialism and the political economy of the datafication of health. The chapter concludes by considering the ongoing and long-term assemblage of humans with the reductive patterns of datafication and how these processes can promote the regulation and agential (re)organisation of bodily experience of the digital health self through everyday reductive processes of datafication.
Health ‘Disciples’: Technology ‘Addiction’ and Embodiment
Authors: Kent Rachael
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores shifting social media and self-tracking sharing and performative etiquettes over time, including practices of both technological compulsions and ‘addiction’, as well as the complexities around narratives and practices of digital detoxing. It examines how and why users digitally detox from self-tracking (devices) and social media platforms for a time or indeed quit them altogether. It examines users’ perceived burdens of self-tracking and the self-regulation promoted by these technologies: how they can become emotionally detrimental to users’ sense of wellbeing, mental and physical health. It is through the ubiquity of mediated identity that individuals represent and mould their diets and bodies to the desired aesthetics on social media and become self-proclaimed disciples of ‘health’. This chapter looks at these practices in detail, from users becoming ‘lay experts’ of health in their striving for health knowledge, to the technical issues they can face during this self-policing knowledge cycle, to related compulsive practices and addictive behaviours, to burdens of being a health disciple and practices of digital detox.
Reinterpreting Male Bodies and Health in Crisis Times: From “Obesity” to Bigger Matters
Authors: Monaghan Lee F.
Published: January 2024

Medicalized concerns about an “obesity epidemic” and the need to treat the body as a modifiable “project” are well rehearsed. Such preoccupations have also been amplified recently, following the outbreak of COVID-19 and calls for responsible risk management and pandemic preparedness. Yet, there is fallout from the ongoing war on obesity. While women and girls are disproportionately impacted (eg, in terms of stigma and body dissatisfaction), men’s and boys’ bodies and health (behaviors) have also been rendered “problematic.” This chapter draws from critical weight/fat studies and other literature (eg, medical sociology, critical studies on men) when reinterpreting male bodies and health in crisis times. Rather than endorse an individualizing, pathologizing, depoliticizing “problem frame” wherein the majority of male bodies are deemed to be deficient (lazy, greedy, ill, risky, irresponsible), this chapter underscores the significance of social structures and processes—the fundamental causes of health inequalities, which exceed fleshy bodies while also impacting upon them.
Our Bodies, Our Disciplines, Our Selves
Authors: Jutel Annemarie
Published: January 2024

In this retrospective reflection, sociologist of diagnosis Annemarie Jutel reflects on the progression of her academic thought vis-à-vis Drew Leder’s theories about bodily disappearance, highlighting the embodied nature of academic scholarship. In the same way that the body of the transcendent subject is not perceived, for it disappears in favor of subjective intentions, so too, argues Jutel, should our scholarly points of departure—which frequently include the very intimate personal experiences of the scholar—vanish in favor of broader, theoretical concepts.
Spatial Framing and Methodological Choices
Authors: Londoño Catalina Montoya
Published: January 2024

Chapter 2 explains the contribution of studies on peacebuilding and space as well as political geography and peacebuilding to the notion of peacebuilding and the proposition that countries and international organizations promote peacebuilding agendas in targeted spaces of intervention. To grasp this process, spatial framing is key, as international actors promote an image of those spaces and project values and priorities through which transformation of violent dynamics will occur. In line with works on peacebuilding and space, this book recognizes the key role of socially constructed spaces to shape peacebuilding practices. At the same time, it takes inspiration from political-geography literature that portrays peace as interpreted in different ways by different actors in different spaces, scales and times. The chapter asks questions about how relevant peacebuilding places were promoted discursively by international actors and how the analysis was carried out, and offers some observations about the sample.
Collective Agency: A Semiotic View
Authors: Raud Rein
Published: January 2024

Quite a few influential accounts of group agency (Searle, 1992; List and Pettit, 2011; Tuomela, 2013; Bratman, 2014; Gilbert, 2014) share the view that agency can only be attributed to real individual subjects, while groups can only metaphorically be considered as agents, because only individuals have the capability to really act. This view relies on an unproblematizing conception of the individual subject as a singular, self-identical, and continuous entity among other such entities of various kinds. On the other hand, it is customary to think of meanings as shared, supraindividual items that do not paradigmatically exist solely in the consciousness of one individual, but appear in their interaction. This leaves the semiotic aspect of any kind of action with a curious structural hiatus; on the one hand, the action belongs to the individual, on the other, however, any meaning that is involved in it does not. The goal of the present chapter is to have a closer look at this conceptual knot. Let me state at the outset that I do not believe the problem can be efficiently solved in the framework of the received view of what agency is, nor in the terms of the object-centered ontology on which this view relies. The standard account of agency could be summarized as something like this: an individual mind regularly entertains a variety of identifiable mental states, such as beliefs, thoughts, ideas, and intents. In interaction with its environment, it is capable of forming particular intents to carry out particular actions.
Theorizing Side-directed Behavior
Authors: McLean Paul , Song Eunkyung
Published: January 2024

Much social behavior within networks arises ostensibly as an utterance or reciprocal, dyadic response directed to particular others. But fundamental to that behavior’s meaning and relational objectives is the presence of an audience. Indeed, the behavior or gesture may be more urgently targeted at the audience than the putative alter. We use the ethologist Frans de Waal’s term, “side-directed behavior,” to capture this phenomenon, and we use it illustratively to interpret behavior in small groups across a number of settings, such as classrooms, school bullying networks, workplace dynamics, and political patronage systems. We also identify some traces of the concept in classical and contemporary social theory. Finally, we draw out implications of side-directed behavior for how we treat the intersection of social networks and culture. Failing to consider systematic side-directed behavior in coding, depicting, and analyzing networks can lead to the analysis of structures distinctly misrepresentative of reality. Meanwhile, close attention is needed to the semiotics of these situations, which are more complex than what is often dealt with in the literature on sociolinguistics. For example, via what signals do people appreciate the “true” targets of network ties from talk?
The Western Military Vision of Future War
Authors: Chin Warren
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores how current political and technological change are presenting new challenges to Western military powers and how Western militaries are responding. It takes issue with a common assumption that new doctrines are largely the result of internal forces and interests that lead to concepts of warfighting that do not correspond to reality. In this case, a concerted effort has been made to address the threat posed by the likes of Russia and China. The chapter sets out the logic of this operational doctrine and considers what this means for the future of the war–state relationship.
Introduction
Authors: Erkkilä Tero , Chou Meng-Hsuan , Kauppi Niilo
Published: January 2024

In this chapter, we present our theoretical framework for studying knowledge alchemy – a generic process of transforming mundane practices and policies of knowledge governance into competitive ones following imagined global gold standards and universal symbolic formulas. We argue that knowledge alchemy is prevalent around the world, informing national and institutional policies and practices on global competitiveness, higher education and innovation. Given how interdependent the world remains, knowledge alchemy is also embedded in transnational administration and steers global policy making. To understand contemporary national and transnational governance, it is thus essential to know how knowledge alchemy unfolds across multiple policy domains and sectors.
States, Taxes, and the Polities They Create
Authors: Manning Carrie
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines the notion that tax bargains underlie the formation of states, finding support in the comparative politics literature on state formation. Tax policy is not just the result of the interplay of a set of actors at a given point in time. Rather, who these actors are, what resources, beliefs, and values they bring to the table, and how they interact with one another is the result of earlier policies. The social contract at the time of state formation is the starting point, and the mechanism for reinforcing this social contract is the tax bargain. The tax bargain then constrains the kinds of tax policies that are possible. The chapter draws on theories and concepts from public economics, comparative politics, political theory, and fiscal sociology to show a surprisingly broad shared understanding in these different scholarly traditions about how taxation is tied to state formation and governance across regime types and throughout history. Finally, it sets out the processes and mechanisms through which a historical social contract can be reproduced and carried forward over time through the tax bargain.
Tax and Expenditure Limitations vs. an Expanding Social Contract
Authors: Manning Carrie
Published: January 2024

The last half-century in the United States has been marked by two highly consequential and starkly contrasting social movements: the civil rights movement and the conservative tax revolt. Together, they help illustrate the two principal claims of this book. First, tax bargains set at the time of state consolidation tend to become ‘taken for granted’ arrangements that inscribe the scope and roles of the state and the boundaries of the political community entitled to protection and services from the state. The tax bargain entrenches the political and economic power of dominant actors at the time the bargain is set, and those advantages gain momentum and widen the gap between them and others not privileged by the tax bargain and the social contract it supported. Second, when those understandings are challenged at ‘critical junctures’ by social or political mobilization that seeks to expand the role of the state and the political community, the tax bargain serves as a rally point and a concrete policy tool to support an agenda of resistance to change. This chapter describes the conservative tax revolt, and specifically the tax and expenditure limitations it championed, as a tool of resistance to an expanded social contract.
Pornography and Violent Video Games
Authors: David Matthew
Published: January 2024

Digital networks increase scope to access explicit sexual and violent content. The question of concealment and evasion take on a distinct meaning in relation to non-consensually circulated (‘revenge’) pornography. However, regulation is possible here precisely because those that disclose such content are often not as anonymous as they believe they are. Where issues of access, concealment and evasion are very significant in relation to pornography online, the question of incitement remains key to discussions of both sexually explicit materials and violent online gaming. Does the consumption of such material incite real-world acts of violence, from sexual violence to mass shootings? Debates echo longstanding disputes over ‘media effects’ in relation to violent behaviour; and these disputes remain polarized because the same evidence can be read in very different ways. Debate around incitement is complicated by divergent affordances, as networks enable new scope to explore and validate diverse sexual desires and fantasies.
Conclusions
Authors: David Matthew
Published: January 2024

Digital access has offered new routes to commit fraud, circulate obscene content, groom, stalk and bully, surveil and download. Digital encryption conceals identities in relation to terrorist communications, fraud, hate speech, stalking, planting fake news, ‘scareware’ threats, online obscenity, bullying and trolling. Distributed networks and services afford jurisdictional evasions in relation to obscene and hateful content, fraudulent and extorting communications, peer-to-peer and torrent-based downloading and streaming. Digital communications may incite radicalization, polarization, normalization and/or disinhibition in relation to hate, abuse, dispute and theft. Yet, in relation to each of these, digital networks have alternative affordances that, when applied, may inhibit criminality and protect potential victims. Networked technologies are symmetrical in principle (affording greater levels of harm alongside greater levels of protection), but such symmetry in principle is not the same as symmetry in practice. The way digital technologies are used determines outcomes, not any logic of technology itself.
Introduction: Interpreting Contentious Memories and Conflicts over the Past
Authors: DeGloma Thomas , Jacobs Janet
Published: January 2024

This chapter provides an introductory exploration of the issues involved with interpreting contentious memories and social conflicts over the past. We provide a first look at the various core dimensions of mnemonic conflict and contention, discussing the tensions between countermemories and dominant or default memories, as well as autobiographical memory/personal testimony and collective memory. We also discuss how mnemonic disputes can revolve around the existence, nature, and relevance of the past. Above all, we discuss the importance of conscious reflection on the ways that we interpret contentious memory and encourage readers to reflect on their interpretive lenses as they engage in the research process. We stress the need to consider psychosocial, interactionist, and cultural modes of analysis, while also being aware of various critical interpretive perspectives that help us to illuminate different social dimensions of power in the world. We then provide a thorough overview of the book, detailing some of the main contributions of each chapter.
On the Social Distribution of Soldiers’ Memories: Normalization, Trauma, and Morality
Authors: Lomsky-Feder Edna
Published: January 2024

This chapter aims to address the interrelationship between personal and national memories of war as reflected by the recollections of different generations of combatants among Israeli society. This multi-generational observation offers the analysis a dynamic dimension and enables us to learn of how the interrelationship between personal and national memory changes in different historical-cultural contexts, and in accordance with the nature of the fighting. More particularly, the article aims to explore the cultural discourses that shape the field of memory within which the subjects remembering operate. That is, to identify the different discourses that grant meaning to the combat experience, track their changes over time, examine their interplay, and situate the mode through which they shape personal memories and are shaped by them. In the analysis, special attention was paid to the various shifting manifestations of the trauma discourse that has become central to shaping Israeli war memory compared to other discourses: the heroic, critical, and resilience. The tension between the discourses and ongoing interpretive shift from heroism to resilience and vulnerability creates a new category of meaning for personal memories of war, which I refer to as “normalized trauma.”
Building a Case for Citizenship: Countermemory Work among Deported Veterans
Authors: Aptekar Sofya
Published: January 2024

The US government has deported thousands of US military veterans as part of the racist system of criminalization and incarceration. This chapter examines the shared countermemory project with which deported veterans establish their claims of belonging in the United States. The very existence of deported veterans explodes many US cultural schemes around veterans and the military. Drawing on materials produced by deported veterans, interviews, and fieldwork, I show the tensions and struggles between this shared and social autobiographical memory work and the dominant schema through which veterans, immigrants, and deviance are commonly understood. The ways that deported veterans co-construct and use autobiographical memories in response to challenges posed to their mnemonic authority stretch official collective meanings of military service and the nation. I consider the complexities of studying this countermemory work in the context of hegemonic US militarism and complicity with US imperial violence and offer questions that open possibilities themselves contained in the memories of deported veterans.
Conclusion: Memory and the Social Dynamics of Conflict and Contention: Interpretive Lenses for New Cases and Controversies
Authors: Jacobs Janet , DeGloma Thomas
Published: January 2024

This chapter provides a summary discussion of issues central to contentious memory, with particular attention to trauma and power. It discusses the contributions of the authors in this book, summarizing how their interpretive lenses challenge us to see important processes and dimensions related to social conflicts over the past.
What is ‘Rural’, Anyway?
Authors: AbiNader Millan Alexander
Published: January 2024

Research on gender-based violence (GBV) across place has consistently demonstrated rural/urban differences in violence prevalence and risk as well as context-specific barriers to accessing services and community-level resources for prevention and intervention. Although the definition of rurality is central to this line of inquiry, how it should be operationalised continues to be debated among scholars. In criminological studies, ‘place’ is often defined in terms of discrete categories: rural, suburban or urban. Discrete definitions of place obscure intragroup differences which may account for a variety of characteristics that likely contribute to GBV perpetration and effective prevention and intervention. Further, the commonly used rural/urban categorisations, based on thresholds of population density, population size and level of commuting, often result in labelling areas as urban that might qualitatively be considered rural. For example, most areas with the highest yields of agriculture products in the United States are considered to be in metropolitan statistical areas (that is, they are proximal to large cities and in areas with high commuting rates, and therefore in counties that are not considered rural) even though most would consider farmland to be inherently rural places. This chapter will contribute to theoretical framings of rural GBV by presenting different operationalisations of rurality in the United States and critically addressing the use of discrete and continuous measures of rurality in GBV research.
Urban and Rural Media Reporting on Violence Against Transgender People
Authors: Olson Lisa M. , Settembrino Marc , Allen Sam , Howard Megan
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines news coverage about transgender people murdered in Louisiana from 2010 to 2020. We present a content analysis of 84 articles about 16 victims in rural and urban markets. Specifically, we ask, how does community context influence the quantity and quality of reporting on murders of transgender people? Overall, we found that most articles included in this study did not deadname, misgender or otherwise stigmatise victims. However, we found that misgendering and/or deadnaming is more likely to occur when articles are reporting on official sources such as police reports or court records. Additionally, family members also contribute to confusion in media reports about an individual’s name and gender identity. In terms of community context, we found that a larger proportion of rural publications deadnamed or misgendered victims compared to urban publications. Finally, we observe that rural publications may be more likely to engage in deadnaming and misgendering due to a lack of resources and reliance on wire services for content. However, we argue that such articles can and should be edited to avoid othering transgender people.
‘Nowhere to Go’: Intimate Violence and Opioid Use in Rural Vermont
Authors: Stone Rebecca , Halim Nafisa , Campbell Julia K. , Kinney Diane , Rothman Emily F.
Published: January 2024

In the United States, many rural communities are confronted with the dual burden of intimate partner violence (IPV) and the opioid crisis. In the past decade, rural US communities have experienced extremely high rates of opioid use disorder and opioid-related fatalities. At the same time, rural communities continue to experience high rates of IPV and a lack of accessible services. This chapter presents the findings of an interdisciplinary, community-based participatory study of 33 rural Vermont residents who have experienced co-occurring opioid use and IPV and 18 service providers representing a county Coordinated Community Response team. Their experiences richly illustrate the reality of social and geographic isolation, inaccessible social services, and the amplified impact of stigma in small town settings. We demonstrate important challenges for delivering victim services for rural residents with complex, interrelated needs, especially when supporting communities via teleservices, as so many organisations have had to do during the COVID-19 pandemic. We conclude with recommendations for multidisciplinary, inter-agency approaches to reducing barriers to care.
From Industrial to Global Capitalism
Authors: Lane David
Published: January 2024

Globalisation is defined as a spatial and temporal set of relationships involved in and between networks and transactions embedded in different political systems. For different countries and regions, charts are used to illustrate the political, social, personal, cultural and economic growth of globalisation. Distinctions are made between internationalisation, globalisation and glocalisation. Globalisation is considered part of a movement from national industrial based capitalism to post-industrial capitalism underpinned by neoliberalism. The hegemony of the USA and the rise of transnational corporations (TNCs) are outlined. Various graphs show changes in world national income by continents over a 200-year period. Losers and winners are defined in terms of countries and social groups. Significant changes are identified between different groups of countries, notably the rise of China, and social groups in different countries. The author discusses the dilemma of democracy, organised on the basis of the nation state, and economic coordination, taking place on a global level.
The Challenge of State Capitalisms
Authors: Lane David
Published: January 2024

Chapter 15, The Challenge of State Capitalisms, considers state capitalism in a generic sense as an economy in which the state plays a major coordinating role in a capitalist economy. Three types of political economy in which the state has a predominant role are distinguished: state socialism, state-capitalism (with a hyphen), and state-controlled capitalism. All three present theoretical alternatives to liberal capitalism. In the light of definitions of these terms, the chapter outlines the ways scholars apply these terms to describe societies. Notably, in what sense, if any, the Soviet Union was, and contemporary China is, state capitalist. Lenin’s notion of ‘state capitalism’ as applied to Russia after the October Revolution is contrasted with later developments. Whereas earlier theoretical approaches emphasised state ownership controlled by a bureaucratic class, as a constituent factor defining state capitalism, more recent discussion has emphasised the form taken by the extraction of surplus value. The discussion highlights whether countries can move from pre-capitalism to socialism missing out the stage of capitalism. In this framework, the debate on political capitalism presented by contemporary China is distinguished from other capitalist societies.
Scale
Authors: Atkins Ed
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses how a focus on large-scale renewable infrastructure in energy transitions can lead to distributive injustice. To do so, it explores the role of hydropower in energy transitions – highlighting a process of cost-shifting in which some communities at the ‘energy periphery’ bear the burden of change, while others enjoy the benefits. This contrasts with the experience of smaller-scale, locally centred energy projects – where the benefits are more accessible to communities. To explore this, this chapter draws on the case of renewable energy generation in Orkney – which is rooted in a particular community and sense of place. In highlighting this case, the chapter illuminates the transformative potential of community-centred approaches to energy transitions. It ends by detailing the first rule of a just energy transition: the need to push for community-centred renewables.
The Criminalisation of Unaccompanied Migrant Minors
Authors: Papadopoulos Ioannis
Published: January 2024

In times when migration flows are increasing considerably at a global level, Greece is often viewed as the gateway to Europe for significantly high numbers of asylum-seeking individuals, including unaccompanied minors. Between 2016 and 2020, under Greek law unaccompanied children were to be temporarily placed in a protective environment upon irregular entry into the country, pending referral to suitable accommodation. However, in practice, they were being subjected to detention processes instead. This raises crucial questions in the field of children’s rights and migration policing, especially when certain aspects of the reality that unaccompanied minors experience in detention remain to this day insufficiently examined. Hence, this qualitative study applies Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis in order to assess the lived experiences of unaccompanied children from detention facilities in N. Greece between the years 2016 and 2020 and provide a rich in detail picture of the context that they were subjected to at the time. By combining a legal approach with criminology, voice is given to unaccompanied children and professionals throughout and unexplored areas with respect to the character of detention are revealed, with emphasis placed on the discrepancy between the law and practice. The findings demonstrate that unaccompanied children in Greece are criminalised through detention processes, while being deprived of the right to be heard. Conclusively, this study promotes child-friendly practices in the international migration context and makes a novel contribution to contemporary knowledge with a view to safeguarding the fundamental rights of unaccompanied minors experiencing detention upon arrival in host countries.
Criminals in Waiting
Authors: Papadopoulos Ioannis
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores detention as it currently applies in the case of unaccompanied children in Greece. Starting with a definition of the term ‘unaccompanied minor’, issues concerning the vulnerability of this population are brought to the table, followed by a discussion on guardianship procedures according to the national policy. The status of unaccompanied children in Greece is hereby portrayed in detail, followed by a presentation with respect to the framework that regulates the issue of irregular entry into the country. Thus, an in-depth review of the applicable law occurs and the pathway that asylum-seeking individuals follow upon arrival is demonstrated, coupled with a presentation of the reception and identification procedures that apply. Subsequently, a thorough analysis of the Greek legislation on protective custody and detention processes is performed, coupled with a description of the context and the services which should be available in case unaccompanied children are subjected to detention.
Under the Research Lens
Authors: Papadopoulos Ioannis
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses the current gaps in contemporary research, as well as how this study will be a novel contribution to knowledge. Initially, the theoretical underpinnings of the crimmigration debate are emphasised and focus is placed on the need to examine whether detention processes for unaccompanied children in Greece place them within the context of crimmigration. The second part looks into the right of detained unaccompanied children to express themselves openly with respect to the matters that affect them, including judicial and administrative proceedings. Therefore, the centre of attention is the correct application of Art. 12 CRC. Thus, references will be made to the literature and the researcher’s role in assisting unaccompanied children towards describing their experiences will be highlighted, along with the difficulties which are involved in the process, followed by a presentation and analysis of the ‘vicious circle of UAM detention’, as originally introduced by the author.