bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resource allocation strategy against selfishness in cognitive radio ad‐hoc network based on Stackelberg game
Authors: Liu Zhixin , Zhao Mingye , Chan Kit Yan , Liu Yang , Ma Kai
Published: May 2019

Although the Cognitive Radio Ad‐Hoc Network (CRAHN) is an effective technology to fully utilize the spectrum resource, the appearance of selfish nodes seriously reduces the communication efficiency of CRAHN and generates unfair resource competition. In this paper, a new incentive strategy is proposed to tackle selfish nodes in CRAHN. In our CRAHN model, the Secondary‐User (SU) cooperates with the Primary‐User (PU) in a spectrum leasing mode. Since PU can select multiple SUs as relays but only leases a common authorized spectrum usage time to SUs, the SU has the selfish tendency to reduce its power in relay task, which seriously damage the partnership between PU and SUs. We propose an evaluation coefficient to evaluate the behavior of each SU, where the evaluation coefficient establishes the reward and punishment mechanism to suppress the selfish behavior of SU in relay task. Meanwhile, in order to solve resource allocation problem, a Stackelberg game between PU and SUs is formulated and the optimal solutions are determined in a distributed manner. Simulation results validate that the incentive strategy can effectively suppress the selfish behavior of SUs, in the meantime, the total communication throughput is increased.
New Manhattan distance‐based fuzzy MADM method for the network selection
Authors: Mansouri Mouad , Leghris Cherkaoui
Published: May 2019

Mobile devices are increasingly developing, and more sophisticated wireless networks areavailable as well. Users nowadays want to access the best available technologyanytime, following the always best‐connected concept, which leads often tovertical handovers. It means changing the wireless access type and is animportant research area in the next generation of networking. In contrast, whenchanging the point of attachment while using the same wireless technology, it isa ‘horizontal handover’. When handing over the communications, the transfershould be ‘seamless’, i.e. it should not cause delays or break the session anddisconnect the user. Indeed, the vertical handover process is continuouslyimproving, especially the network selection step, which is the most crucial one. Naturally, multi‐attribute decision‐making (MADM) methods fit this kind ofissues, but they still produce some undesirable results sometimes, due tometrics imprecision and vagueness. The authors propose in this study a newnetwork selection scheme, combining the fuzzy logic and a new MADM method, namedfuzzy Manhattan distance to the ideal alternative. They compare throughsimulations this new technique, with the best known MADM methods, as well aswith fuzzy grey relational analysis, to evaluate its performance in the samecontext.
Detecting Sybil nodes in stationary wireless sensor networks using learning automaton and client puzzles
Authors: Jamshidi Mojtaba , Esnaashari Mehdi , Mohammad Darwesh Aso , Meybodi Mohammad Reza
Published: May 2019

A well‐known harmful attack against wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is the Sybil attack. In a Sybil attack, WSN is destabilised by a malicious node which forges a large number of fake identities to disrupt network protocols such as routing, data aggregation, and fair resource allocation. In this study, the authors suggest a new algorithm based on a composition of learning automaton (LA) model and client puzzles theory to identify Sybil nodes in stationary WSNs. In the proposed algorithm, each node sends puzzles to its neighbours periodically during the network lifetime and tries to identify Sybil nodes among them, considering their response time (puzzle solving time). In this algorithm, each node equipped with a LA to reduce the communication and computation overhead of sending and solving puzzles. The proposed algorithm has been simulated using J‐SIM simulator and simulation results have shown that the proposed algorithm can detect 100% of Sybil nodes and the false detection rate is about 5% on average. Also, the performance of the proposed algorithm has been compared to a wellknown neighbour‐based algorithm through experiments and the results have shown that the proposed algorithm is significantly better than this algorithm in terms of detection and false detection rates.
Design of fractional slot windings with coil span of two slots for use in six‐phase synchronous machines
Authors: Harke Markus
Published: May 2019

The use of a winding step of two slots attempts to strike a balance between traditional distributed windings and fractional slot concentrated windings. It promises less ohmic losses and space for the end windings than distributed windings and less harmonics than fractional slot concentrated windings. This paper gives an introduction into the design of windings with a winding step of two slots for six‐phase machines. The design procedure relies on the star of slots. Whereas for a given combination of slots and poles, the winding of a three‐phase machine is unique, there exist several winding designs for six‐phase machines. They differ by the shape of the phase belts and by the phase shift between the two three‐phase subsystems. The definition of two characteristic figures facilitates the comparison of these windings: one describes the content of sub‐harmonics in the magnetomotive force, the other is a measure for rotor eddy losses. The comparison reveals that windings with 12 small phase belts are better as long as fault tolerance is not an issue. If this is the case, windings with wider phase belts and a proper choice of pole number and phase shift are superior.
CFD and experimental investigation into a non‐intrusive method for measuring cooling air mass flow rate through a synchronous generator
Authors: Bersch Kevin , Connor Peter H. , Eastwick Carol N. , Galea Michael
Published: May 2019

This study presents a detailed methodology for non‐intrusive measurement of cooling air mass flow rate that enables an overall machine evaluation. This approach enables the simultaneous measurement of air mass flow with shaft torque at differing operating points while minimising the change in air flow introduced by the measurement system. The impact of geometric parameters in the designed system is investigated using a detailed 180° computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Special attention was paid to minimising their influence on pressure drop, the mass flow rate through the machine, and measurement uncertainty. Based on the results of this investigation, the system was designed and manufactured, and the experimentally measured data was used to validate the CFD predictions. For the as optimal identified configuration, the flow rate is predicted to decrease by 2.2% relative to unrestricted operation. The achieved measurement uncertainty is ± 2.6% at synchronous speed.
Passive diamagnetic contactless suspension rotor with electrostatic glass motor
Authors: Xu Yuanping , Zhou Jin , Bleuler Hannes , Kan Ryosuke
Published: May 2019

In this work, we introduce a newly developed passive and frictionless diamagnetic contactless suspension rotor with electrostatic glass motor. A 20 mm diameter disc‐shaped rotor comprised of pyrolytic graphite with glass is fabricated. The rotor is diamagnetically and passively levitated by an array of Nd–Fe–B magnets at room temperature without any energy supply. To realise the rotating function, a 700 V high voltage electrostatic glass motor is designed and arranged in the levitation air gap between the rotor and the magnets. To install the stator in this narrow air gap, we fabricated the stator using a flexible printed circuit with 100 μm thickness. The newly developed system is more compact, stable and of high performance. The maximum speed has been improved doubly to 300 rpm in atmosphere. We intend to draw attention to this uncommon levitation and to show that it could be used for micro‐mechatronic system.
Auger-TA energy spectrum working group report
Authors: AbuZayyad Tareq , Deligny Olivier , Ikeda Daisuke , Ivanov Dmitri , Lhenry-Yvon Isabelle , Mariş Ioana , Mockler Daniela , Nonaka Toshiyuki , Roth Markus , Salamida Francesco , Thomson Gordon , Tsunesada Yoshiki , Valiño Inés , Verzi Valerio ,   for the Pierre Auger,   Telescope Array Collaborations
Published: May 2019

The energy spectrum of ultra-high energy cosmic rays is the most emblematic observable for describing these particles. Beyond a few tens of EeV, the Pierre Auger Observatory and the Telescope Array, currently being exploited, provide the largest exposures ever accumulated in the Southern and Northern hemispheres to measure independently a suppression of the intensity, in a complementary way in terms of the coverage of the sky. However, the comparison of the spectra shows differences that are not reducible to an overall uncertainty on the calibration of the energy scale used to reconstruct the extensive air showers. In line with the previous editions of the UHECR workshops, a working group common to both experiments examined these differences by focusing this time on quantification of these differences in the region of the sky commonly observed, where the spectra should be in agreement within uncertainties when directional-exposure effects are taken into account. These differences are compared with the systematic uncertainties of each experiment. We have also revisited the methods of determining cosmic-ray energies and deriving the energy spectrum. We describe the surface detector (SD) spectrum obtained adopting an energy calibration based on the constant intensity cut method (CIC), a Monte Carlo-based attenuation correction, and an energy-dependent CIC attenuation correction.
Cosmic Ray Energy Spectrum derived from the Data of EAS Cherenkov Light Arrays in the Tunka Valley
Authors: Prosin V. , Astapov I. , Bezyazeekov P. , Borodin A. , Brückner M. , Budnev N. , Chiavassa A. , Dyachok A. , Fedorov O. , Gafarov A. , Garmash A. , Grebenyuk V. , Gress O. , Gress T. , Grishin O. , Grinyuk A. , Horns D. , Kalmykov N. , Kazarina Y. , Kindin V. , Kiryuhin S. , Kirilenko P. , Kokoulin R. , Kompaniets K. , Korosteleva E. , Kozhin V. , Kravchenko E. , Kuzmichev L. , Lagutin A. , Lemeshev Yu. , Lenok V. , Lubsandorzhiev B. , Lubsandorzhiev N. , Mirgazov R. , Mirzoyan R. , Monkhoev R. , Osipova E. , Pakhorukov A. , Pan A. , Panasyuk M. , Pankov L. , Petrukhin A. , Poleschuk V. , Popescu M. , Popova E. , Porelli A. , Postnikov E. , Ptuskin V. , Pushnin A. , Raikin R. , Rjabov E. , Rubtsov G. , Sagan Y. , Samoliga V. , Semeney Yu. , Sidorenkov A. , Silaev A. , Silaev A. , Skurikhin A. , Slunecka M. , Sokolov A. , Spiering C. , Sveshnikova L. , Tabolenko V. , Tarashansky B. , Tkachev L. , Tluczykont M. , Ushakov N. , Voronin D. , Wischnewski R. , Zagorodnikov A. , Zhurov D. , Zurbanov V. , Yashin I.
Published: May 2019

The extensive air shower Cherenkov light array Tunka-133 collected data during 7 winter seasons from 2009 to 2017. From 2175 hours of data taking, we derived the differential energy spectrum of cosmic rays in the energy range 6 · 1015 2 · 1018 eV. The TAIGA-HiSCORE array is in the process of continuous expansion and modernization. Here we present the results obtained with 28 stations of the first HiSCORE stage from 35 clear moonless nights in the winter of 2017-2018. The combined spectrum of two arrays covers a range of 2 · 1014 – 2 · 1018 eV.
Supergalactic Structure of Multiplets with the Telescope Array Surface Detector
Authors: Lundquist Jon Paul , Sokolsky Pierre V.
Published: May 2019

Evidence of supergalactic structure of multiplets has been found for ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECR) with energies above 1019 eV using 7 years of data from the Telescope Array (TA) surface detector. The tested hypothesis is that UHECR sources, and intervening magnetic fields, may be correlated with the supergalactic plane, as it is a fit to the average matter density within the GZK horizon. This structure is measured by the average behavior of the strength of intermediate-scale correlations between event energy and position (multiplets). These multiplets are measured in wedge-like shapes on the spherical surface of the fieldof-view to account for uniform and random magnetic fields. The evident structure found is consistent with toy-model simulations of a supergalactic magnetic sheet and the previously published Hot/Coldspot results of TA. The post-trial probability of this feature appearing by chance, on an isotropic sky, is found by Monte Carlo simulation to be ~4.5σ.
Investigating an angular correlation between nearby starburst galaxies and UHECRs with the Telescope Array experiment
Authors: di Matteo Armando , Fujii Toshihiro , Kawata Kazumasa
Published: May 2019

The arrival directions of cosmic rays detected by the Pierre Auger Observatory (Auger) with energies above 39 EeV were recently reported to correlate with the positions of 23 nearby starburst galaxies (SBGs): in their best-fit model, 9.7% of the cosmic-ray flux originates from these objects and undergoes angular diffusion on a 12.9o scale. On the other hand, some of the SBGs on their list, including the brightest one (M82), are at northern declinations outside the Auger field of view. Data from detectors in the northern hemisphere would be needed to look for cosmic-ray excesses near these objects. In this work, we tested the Auger best-fit model against data collected by the Telescope Array (TA) in a 9-year period, without trying to re-optimize the model parameters for our dataset in order not to introduce statistical penalties. The resulting test statistic (double loglikelihood ratio) was – 1.00, corresponding to 1.1σ significance among isotropically generated random datasets, and to – 1.4σ significance among ones generated assuming the Auger best-fit model. In other words, our data is still insufficient to conclusively rule out either hypothesis. The ongoing fourfold expansion of TA will collect northern hemisphere data with much more statistics, improving our ability to discriminate between different flux models.
Measurements and tests of hadronic interactions at ultra-high energies with the Pierre Auger Observatory
Authors: Cazon Lorenzo ,   on hehalf of the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Published: May 2019

Extensive air showers are complex objects, resulting of billions of particle reactions initiated by single cosmic ray at ultra-high-energy. Their characteristics are sensitive both to the mass of the primary cosmic ray and to the details of hadronic interactions. Many of the interactions that determine the shower features occur in kinematic regions and at energies beyond those tested by human-made accelerators.

We will report on the measurement of the proton-air cross section for particle production at a center-of-mass energy per nucleon of 39 TeV and 56 TeV. We will also show comparisons of post-LHC hadronic interaction models with shower data by studying the moments of the distribution of the depth of the electromagnetic maximum, the number and production depth of muons in air showers, and finally a parameter based on the rise-time of the surface detector signal, sensitive to the electromagnetic and muonic component of the shower. While there is good agreement found for observables based on the electromagnetic shower component, discrepancies are observed for muon-sensitive quantities.
Report on Tests and Measurements of Hadronic Interaction Properties with Air Showers
Authors: Dembinski H.P. , Arteaga-Velázquez J.C. , Cazon L. , Conceição R. , Gonzalez J. , Itow Y. , Ivanov D. , Kalmykov N.N. , Karpikov I. , Müller S. , Pierog T. , Riehn F. , Roth M. , Sako T. , Soldin D. , Takeishi R. , Thompson G. , Troitsky S. , Yashin I. , Zadeba E. , Zhezher Y. ,   for the EAS-MSU,   IceCube,   KASCADE-Grande,   NEVOD-DECOR,   PierreAuger,   SUGAR,   Telescope Array,   Yakutsk EAS Array
Published: May 2019

We present a summary of recent tests and measurements of hadronic interaction properties with air showers. This report has a special focus on muon density measurements. Several experiments reported deviations between simulated and recorded muon densities in extensive air showers, while others reported no discrepancies. We combine data from eight leading air shower experiments to cover shower energies from PeV to tens of EeV. Data are combined using the z-scale, a unified reference scale based on simulated air showers. Energy-scales of experiments are cross-calibrated. Above 10 PeV, we find a muon deficit in simulated air showers for each of the six considered hadronic interaction models. The deficit is increasing with shower energy. For the models EPOS-LHC and QGSJet-II.04, the slope is found significant at 8 sigma.
Ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays: Anomalies, QCD, and LHC data
Authors: d’Enterria David
Published: May 2019

Measurements of proton and nuclear collisions at the Large Hadron Collider at nucleon-nucleon c.m. energies up to $ \sqrt {S_{NN} } = 13\,{\rm{TeV}} $ have improved our understanding of hadronic interactions at the highest energies reached in collisions of cosmic rays with nuclei in the earth atmosphere, up to $ \sqrt {S_{NN} } $ ≈ 450 TeV. The Monte Carlo event generators (epos, qgsjet, and sibyll) commonly used to describe the air showers generated by ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECR, with ECR ≈ 1017-1020 eV) feature now, after parameter retuning based on LHC Run-I data, more consistent predictions on the nature of the cosmic rays at the tail of the measured spectrum. However, anomalies persist in the data that cannot be accommodated by the models. Among others, the total number of muons (as well as their maximum production depth) remains significantly underestimated (overestimated) by all models. Comparisons of epos, qgsjet, and sibyll predictions to the latest LHC data, and to collider MC generators such as pythia, indicate that improved description of hard multiple minijet production and nuclear effects may help reduce part of the data-model discrepancies, shed light on the UHECR composition approaching the observed ECR ≈ 1020 eV cutoff, and uncover any potential new physics responsible for the observed anomalies.
Leading cluster approach to simulations of hadron collisions with GHOST generator
Authors: Capdevielle Jean-Noël , Plebaniak Zbigniew , Szabelska Barbara , Szabelski Jacek
Published: May 2019

The model HDPM of CORSIKA has been updated and developed on the base of the recent measurements by ALICE, CMS, TOTEM, LHCb, LHCf... The new model, GHOST, involving a four-source production reproduces correctly the pseudo-rapidity distributions of charged secondaries and has been tested with the data in the mid and forward rapidity region, especially in the complex case of TOTEM, and also with the recent measurements of CMS, up to $ \sqrt s = 13\,{\rm{TeV}} $ (9.0 1016 eV in laboratory system). Special calculations have been devoted to the semi-inclusive data playing an important role in the cosmic ray simulation (fluctuations in earliest collisions, individual cascades measured at high altitude with high energy emulsion chambers). Taking into account the violation of KNO scaling, the negative binomial distribution (NegBin-expressed in terms of scaled elements) $ z = {n \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {n {\bar {n}}}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {\bar {n}}} $ (n is the number of charged secondaries) has been used pointing out a possible asymptotic behaviour of total charged multiplicities at primary energies exceeding 40 TeV (8.5 1017 eV). Thus, larger reduction of the energies devoted to the leading cluster and very large multiplicity of secondary particles could suggest for EAS generated by primary protons a larger production of muons and a shower maximum at higher altitude.
Average shape of longitudinal shower profiles measured at the Pierre Auger Observatory
Authors: Andringa Sofia ,   on behalf of the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Published: May 2019

The average profiles of cosmic ray shower development as a function of atmospheric depth are measured for the first time with the Fluorescence Detectors at the Pierre Auger Observatory. The profile shapes are well reproduced by the Gaisser-Hillas parametrization at the 1% level in a 500 g/cm2 interval around the shower maximum, for cosmic rays with log(E/eV) > 17.8. The results are quantified with two shape parameters, measured as a function of energy.

The average profiles carry information on the primary cosmic ray and its high energy hadronic interactions. The shape parameters predicted by the commonly used models are compatible with the measured ones within experimental uncertainties. Those uncertainties are dominated by systematics which, at present, prevent a detailed composition analysis.
Preliminary results of the AMIGA engineering array at the Pierre Auger Observatory
Authors: Taboada Alvaro ,   for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Published: May 2019

The Auger Muons and Infill for the Ground Array (AMIGA) aims to both extend the detection range of the Pierre Auger Observatory down to energies ~ 1016.5 eV and to measure the muon content of extensive air showers. To accomplish these goals, its detection system is composed of an array of coupled water-Cherenkov and scintillation detectors deployed in a graded triangular grid of 433 and 750 m spacings. At each position, the scintillation detector is buried 2.3 m deep so as to shield it from the air shower electromagnetic component and thus only measure the muon component. These muon detectors have 30 m2 area split into modules, each of them highly segmented in 64 plastic-scintillator strips with an embedded wavelength-shifter optical fiber to transport light to an optical sensor located at the center of the module. During the engineering array phase (finished in November 2017) two module areas (5 m2 and 10 m2) and two optical sensors (photo-multiplier tubes and silicon-photomultipliers) were tested. In this work, we present the final performance of the muon detectors equipped with silicon-photomultipliers which were thereafter selected as the baseline design for the AMIGA production phase. Analyses and results are based both on laboratory and field measurements.
Multi-messenger Astrophysics at Ultra-High Energy with the Pierre Auger Observatory
Authors: Alvarez-Muñiz Jaime ,   for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Published: May 2019

The study of correlations between observations of fundamentally different nature from extreme cosmic sources promises extraordinary physical insights into the Universe. With the Pierre Auger Observatory, we can significantly contribute to multi-messenger astrophysics by searching for ultra-high energy particles, particularly neutrinos and photons which, being electrically neutral, point back to their origin. Using Pierre Auger Observatory data, stringent limits at EeV energies have been established on the photon and neutrino fluxes from a large fraction of the sky, probing the production mechanisms of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. The good angular resolution and the neutrino identification capabilities of the Observatory at EeV energies allow the follow-up of events detected in gravitational waves, such as the binary mergers observed with the Advanced LIGO/Virgo detectors, or from other energetic sources of particles.
Latest results on high-energy cosmic neutrino searches with the ANTARES neutrino telescope
Authors: Sánchez Losa Agustín
Published: May 2019

The ANTARES detector is currently the largest undersea neutrino telescope. Located in the Mediterranean Sea at a depth of 2.5 km, 40 km off the Southern coast of France, it has been looking for cosmic neutrinos for more than 10 years. High-energy cosmic neutrino production is strongly linked with cosmic ray production. The latest results from IceCube Collaboration represent a step forward towards the confirmation of a highenergy cosmic ray source. The ANTARES location in the Northern Hemisphere is optimal for the observation of most of the Galactic Plane, including the Galactic Center. It has constrained the IceCube neutrino excess reports as well as, more recently, the flux from the source identified in the Blazar TXS 0506+056. The latest results of ANTARES on such analyses, including point-like and extended sources, diffuse fluxes, transient phenomena and multi-messenger studies, are presented.
Latest Cosmic Ray Results from IceTop and IceCube
Authors: Andeen Karen , Plum Matthias
Published: May 2019

The IceCube Neutrino Observatory at the geographic South Pole, with its surface array IceTop, detects three different components of extensive air showers: the total signal at the surface, low energy muons on the periphery of the showers, and high energy muons in the deep In Ice array of IceCube. These measurements enable determination of the energy spectrum and composition of cosmic rays from PeV to EeV energies, the anisotropy in the distribution of cosmic ray arrival directions, the muon density of cosmic ray air showers, and the PeV gamma-ray flux. Furthermore, IceTop can be used as a veto for the neutrino measurements. The latest results from these IceTop analyses will be presented along with future plans.
Overview of the Auger@TA project and preliminary results from Phase I
Authors: Sarazin Fred , Covault Corbin , Fujii Toshihiro , Halliday Robert , Johnsen Jeﬀrey , Lorek Ryan , Nonaka Toshiyuki , Quinn Sean , Sagawa Hiroyuki , Sako Takashi , Sato Ricardo , Schmidt David , Takeishi Ryuji ,   for the Pierre Auger,   Telescope Array
Published: May 2019

We report on the first results of a unique in-situ experimental cross-calibration eﬀort of the surface detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory and of the Telescope Array experiment (Auger@TA). In the first phase of Auger@TA, we performed surface detector station-to-station comparisons for a collection of extensive air showers landing near the experimental setup and detected by Telescope Array. Beyond the deduced cross-calibration curve between the Water-Cherenkov-based Auger and Scintillator-based TA Surface Detector stations, we also investigate the consistency of their response for individual reconstructed showers. The dataset is currently too small to draw firm conclusions as-of-yet. Hence, phase I data taking will continue even as we gear up for the deployment of an Auger micro-array within Telescope Array as part of Phase II of this work.
Atmospheric Electricity Studies at the Pierre Auger Observatory: Signal Comparisons between Lightning and Cosmic Ray Events
Authors: Merenda Kevin-Druis ,   on behalf of the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Published: May 2019

The research horizons of the Pierre Auger Cosmic-Ray Observatory widened when the collaboration found exotic (atmospheric) phenomena in both its Fluorescence Detector (FD) and Surface Detector (SD). The Cosmology and Geophysics task force of the Auger Collaboration focused some of its attention on these highly energetic events, which are correlated to some of the most intense convective thunderstorm systems in the world. In this proceeding, we compare the signal of these exotic events and the signal of cosmic rays, as seen in the FD and the SD. The FD has triggered on numerous transient luminous events, dubbed “elves" since their first observation in 2005. The SD observed peculiar events with radially expanding footprints, which are correlated with lightning strikes reconstructed by the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN). The traced signals of both of these atmospheric events last longer in time than cosmic ray signals. The footprints are much larger; typically more SD stations (or more FD pixels) contribute to the observations.
Atmospheric aerosol attenuation effect on FD data analysis at the Pierre Auger Observatory
Authors: Valore Laura ,   for the Pierre Auger Collaboration
Published: May 2019

The atmospheric aerosol monitoring system of the Pierre Auger Observatory has been operating smoothly since 2004. Two laser facilities (Central Laser Facility, CLF and eXtreme Laser Facility, XLF) fire sets of 50 shots four times per hour during FD shifts to measure the highly variable hourly aerosol attenuation to correct the longitudinal UV light profiles of the Extensive Air Showers detected by the Fluorescence Detector. Hourly aerosol attenuation loads (Vertical Aerosol Optical Depth) are used to correct the measured profiles. Two techniques are used to determine the aerosol profiles, which have been proven to be fully compatible. The uncertainty in the VAOD profiles measured consequently leads to an uncertainty on the energy and on the estimation of the depth at the maximum development of a shower (Xmax) of the event in analysis. To prove the validity of the aerosol attenuation measurements used in FD event analysis, the flatness of the ratio of reconstructed SD to FD energy as a function of the aerosol transmission to the depth of shower maximum has been verified.
Precision measurements of cosmic rays up to the highest energies with a large radio array at the Pierre Auger Observatory
Authors: Hörandel Jörg R. ,   for the
Published: May 2019

The Pierre Auger Observatory is presently being upgraded to enlarge its detection capabilities for ultra-high-energy cosmic rays. Part of this upgrade is a radio detector array, aimed to cover a surface area of 3000 km2 to measure the properties of the highest-energy cosmic rays. The plans for this radio upgrade are outlined
Rapeseed: how to value varieties with higher nitrogen use efficiency in France
Authors: Charbonnier Edwige , Fugeray-Scarbel Aline , Lemarié Stéphane
Published: May 2019

This article focuses on the interest in improving the nitrogen use efficiency of rapeseed varieties in France. We show that this trait is of interest at different levels of the value chain and for different markets. Nitrogen use efficiency improves farmers’ margins by reducing fertilizing costs or increasing yields. Nitrogen use efficiency also improves the GHG (greenhouse gas) balance of rapeseed used for biodiesel production and the image of edible rapeseed oil for consumers within the framework of specific labels. Finally, nitrogen use efficiency can also be seen as a trait that improves the protein content of rapeseed oilcake and, therefore, increases its value compared to competing sources of protein. After a detailed presentation of these different valuations, we provide current or possible measures that have been or could be implemented to encourage different actors in the sector to develop and diffuse this trait.
Fan-shaped aurora as seen from Japan during a great magnetic storm on February 11, 1958
Authors: Kataoka Ryuho , Uchino Shiori , Fujiwara Yasunori , Fujita Shigeru , Yamamoto Kazuaki
Published: May 2019

During a great magnetic storm on Feb 11, 1958, a fan-shaped aurora was photographed at Memambetsu, Hokkaido, Japan – the first and oldest photograph record of auroras observed in Japan, accompanied by many hand-made drawings, thus, portraying a rare opportunity of coexistence between photograph images and hand-made drawings. In fact, the same portrayal reminds us of the great red aurora with fan-shaped white pillars observed during the 1872 and 1770 great magnetic storms. The hand-made sketches, photographs, and the spectral data revealed that the white pillars and red glow of the fan-shaped aurora were dominated by auroral green and red lines, respectively. From the analysis of newly digitized microfilm data and hand-made drawings, we found that the fan-shaped aurora appeared during the peak activity of magnetic storm and moved westward at 0.4 km/s at 400-km altitude at 38°–40° magnetic latitudes, which is consistent with the enhanced convection pattern in the middle latitude at storm time. Such a fan-shaped aurora can fundamentally characterize the middle-latitude evening-to-midnight auroras during great magnetic storms, which show the most destabilized transient appearance of the inner magnetosphere.
Unterwegs in der Schweiz Afrikas: Die Homöopathie findet ihren Weg nach Ruanda
Authors: von Wedel Elisabeth
Published: May 2019

Seit 2 Jahrzehnten engagieren sich rund 400 Homöopathinnen und Homöopathen im Rahmen der Homöopathen ohne Grenzen e. V. (HOG). Getreu der Leitidee „Hilfe zur Selbsthilfe durch Homöopathie“ leisten sie entweder humanitäre Soforthilfe, wo es sinnvoll ist, oder verbreiten die Lehre der Homöopathie durch gezielte und lokal angepasste Ausbildungsmaßnahmen. In diesem Beitrag soll ein Einblick in die Arbeit bei HOG gegeben werden. Ruanda, ein Land, in dem noch immer mit den traumatischen Folgen des Genozids im Jahr 1994 gerungen wird, ist Ziel einer Reise der Homöopathen ohne Grenzen.
Entstehung einer medizinischen Versorgungseinheit in einem Dorf in Tansania mit homöopathischem Schwerpunkt
Authors: Koch Th. Anton , Stockhausen Thomas
Published: May 2019

Das Projekt junger Menschen, in Afrika ein Krankenhaus zu bauen, konnte in Matanana, einer Dorfsiedlung in der Hochebene Tansanias im Distrikt Iringa im Jahre 2013 verwirklicht werden. Es wurde unterstützt von Anamed international und Ärzten, besonders von homöopathischen Ärzten, mit dem Ziel, die gesundheitliche Situation im Busch von Tansania zu verbessern. Malariaprophylaxe, Aids, Infektionen, Wundbehandlung, Diabetes und Hypertonie, aber auch Gesundheitsvorsorge, Hygienemaßnahmen und Ausbildung standen auf der Agenda. Im Vordergrund steht dort die Behandlung durch Homöopathie und natürlicher Medizin, die im Anamedgarten wächst, aber es wird auch konventionelle Medizin angewendet. Außerdem wird die Anwendung und Zubereitung von Artemisia annua anamed zur Malariaprophylaxe, zur symptomatischen Therapie der Malaria und für weitere Erkrankungen beschrieben.
Wenn die Sohle schmerzt – Evidenz-Update Plantarfasziitis
Authors: Colakovic Haris
Published: May 2019

Was anfangs nur bei Belastung schmerzt, führt später meist auch in Ruhe und beim morgendlichen Aufstehen zu Problemen – die Plantarfasziitis. Um zu vermeiden, dass sie chronifiziert, sind eine umfassende Diagnostik und eine rasche physiotherapeutische Behandlung wichtig. Einen Goldstandard gibt es für die Behandlung nicht. Der Artikel gibt einen Überblick über Behandlungs methoden und liefert passende Übungen für zu Hause.
Kritische Betrachtung des
Fasziendistorsionsmodells
Authors: Thalhamer Christoph
Published: May 2019

Obwohl die Behandlungsmethode des Fasziendistorsionsmodells (FDM) bereits seit
den 1990er-Jahren existiert, liegen nur wenige klinische Studien zu deren
Wirksamkeit vor. Beim FDM handelt es sich also immer noch um eine
expertenbasierte und nicht um eine auf externe Evidenz gestützte Methode.

Die eingesetzten Techniken sind meist äußerst schmerzhaft. Daher bleibt die
strittige ethische Frage, ob Patienten trotz ungeklärten Nutzens Schmerzen
ausgesetzt werden sollten.
Evaluating the effect of injecting triamcinolone acetonide in two sessions for preventing esophageal stricture after endoscopic submucosal dissection
Authors: Hashimoto Satoru , Mizuno Ken-ichi , Takahashi Kazuya , Sato Hiroki , Yokoyama Junji , Takeuchi Manabu , Sato Yuichi , Kobayashi Masaaki , Terai Shuji
Published: May 2019

Background and study aims Several previous reports indicate that endoscopic injection of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) after widespread endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is effective for preventing esophageal stricture. We investigated the efficacy of injecting TA in two sessions for preventing stricture formation post-ESD.

Patients and methods Sixty-six consecutive patients with widespread mucosal defects that affected more than three-fourths of the circumference of the esophagus were included. The study group (n = 40) received TA injections over two sessions: immediately after and 14 days after ESD. The control group (n = 26) did not receive a TA injection. This study was performed retrospectively against historical controls. The primary endpoint of this study was frequency of stricture after TA injection. The secondary endpoint was number of required endoscopic balloon dilations (EBDs) after TA injection.

Results The post-ESD stricture rate among patients who had subcircumferential mucosal defects was 45.7 % in the study group (16/35 patients), which was significantly lower than the rate of 73.9 % in the control group (17/23 patients; P = 0.031). The number of EBD procedures required was significantly lower in the study group (median 0, range 0 – 7) than in the control group (median 4, range 0 – 20; P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the study and control groups among the patients who had full circumferential mucosal defects.

Conclusion This study showed that performing two sessions of TA injection is an effective and safe treatment for prevention of esophageal stricture following subcircumferential ESD.
Fractures of the Second Cervical Vertebra in 66 Dogs and 3 Cats: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Schmidli Fenella , Stein Veronika , Aikawa Takeshi , Boudrieau Randy , Jeandel Aurelien , Jeffery Nicholas , Jurina Konrad , Moissonnier Pierre , Rupp Stefan , Vidondo Beatriz , Forterre Franck
Published: May 2019

Background In human medicine, fractures of the second cervical vertebra have been studied elaborately and categorized in detail. This is not the case in veterinary medicine where clinical decisions are often based on old studies focusing on the cervical spine in general.

Objectives The aim of this study was to describe the clinical features, fracture types, therapeutic options and outcome of dogs and cats with a fractured axis.

Study Design The present study was a multi-institutional retrospective case series.

Results Crossbreeds and Labrador Retrievers were the most represented dog breeds. Median age was 2 years. Motor vehicle accident was the most common inciting cause, followed by frontal collision. The most common neurological deficits ranged from cervical pain with or without mild ataxia (22/68) to tetraparesis (28/68) and tetraplegia (11/68). Concerning treatment, 37 of 69 patients underwent surgical fracture stabilization, 27/69 received conservative therapy and 5/69 were immediately euthanatized. Of all treated cases, 52/58 showed ambulatory recovery (23/25 of the conservatively treated and 29/33 of the surgically treated cases), whereby in 40/52 cases full recovery without persisting signs was achieved.

Conclusions Fractures of the axis commonly occur in young dogs. In many cases, neurological deficits are relatively mild. Generally, animals with a fractured axis have a very good prognosis for functional recovery. The risk of perioperative mortality is considerably lower than previously reported.
Treatment Options for Metastatic Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors to the Liver: A Review
Authors: Lillemoe Heather A. , Brudvik Kristoffer W. , Vauthey Jean-Nicolas
Published: May 2019

Up to half of patients with a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) will present with metastatic disease, most commonly involving the liver. Prior to the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, treatment options were limited for patients with metastatic GIST to the liver resulting in dismal survival rates. However, with the advent of effective systemic chemotherapy and continued advancements in both surgical and local adjunctive therapy options, significant improvements in survival have been achieved. In this review, the authors characterize the evolution of the treatment approach for metastatic GIST to the liver, including the roles of both surgical resection and adjunctive therapies in today's practice.
Body Mass Index to Age Ratio: A Cost Effective Implant Selection Guideline for Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Bolz Nicholas , Odeh Khalid , Osmani Feroz , Bearison Craig , Schwarzkopf Ran , Iorio Richard
Published: May 2019

The incidence of total hip arthroplasty (THA) is dramatically increasing, placing a financial burden on the health care system as a whole. These economic challenges have inspired innovation in health care and spurred the implementation of value-based-care models. In this new health care environment, it is imperative to develop strategies that reduce cost while maintaining quality. The authors developed an implant selection guideline system for THA based upon a ratio of patient body mass index (BMI) to age. Patients are divided into either a high, medium, or standard demand category based on a BMI/age ratio of > 0.60, 0.60–0.41, and < 0.40, respectively. Retrospectively, the authors reviewed surgical reports of 1,990 patients who underwent primary THA at their institution from January 2012 to March 2014 to identify the type of implants utilized and analyze the potential cost impact of implementing this standardization system into clinical practice. Of 701 standard demand patients, 31.2% received higher cost implants than their demand necessitates under their model. A 16.5% of the 892 medium demand patients received high demand implants. High and medium demand implants cost 21.1 and 10.5% more than standard demand, respectively. Collectively, application of the BMI/age ratio would have resulted in a 2.2% reduction in overall THA implant cost and 15% if high demand implants had been used in every patient. Implementation of a BMI/age ratio for THA implant selection will reduce costs. This strategy may allow hospitals to more accurately predict and control future costs which is of growing importance in today's bundled payment and value-based-care environment.
Pediatric Nasal Reconstruction by Washio Procedure
Authors: O'Rourke Sara Caterina Maria , Neiva Cecilia , Galliani Eva , Kadlub Natacha , Picard Arnaud , Morice Anne
Published: May 2019

The use of the Washio retroauricular flap for nasal reconstruction has been infrequently covered in recent literature, particularly concerning the pediatric population. A retrospective study was conducted between 2014 and 2018 and included all pediatric patients who underwent a Washio retroauricular flap procedure for nasal reconstruction operated on by the same surgeon at a referral center for pediatric plastic and maxillofacial surgery. The mean age at the time of the first stage of the Washio procedure was just under 8 years of age (range: 6 years 3 months–8 years 10 months). The Washio retroauricular flap procedure was successfully employed in three patients with three different anatomical defects, including the nasal alae, nasal tip, and columella, without postoperative healing complications. Arguably, the Washio method is sufficiently versatile to be used in various defect types, allows space and planning for subsequent surgical corrections, avoids additional visible scarring of the face, and spares flaps that may be required at the end of the growth, such as the pedicled forehead flap. It is a safe procedure, provided that at least a two-stage procedure is performed, and a progressive postoperative verticalization is prescribed to limit venous drainage complications.
The Degree of Posttraumatic Enophthalmos Detectable by Lay Observers
Authors: Ugradar Shoaib , Lo Christopher , Manoukian Narek , Putthirangsiwong Bunyada , Rootman Daniel
Published: May 2019

This study was to determine the degree of posttraumatic enophthalmos that is detectable by lay observers. In this case-control study, 60 photographs (frontal and oblique angles) of patients from an oculoplastics registry at the authors' institution were reviewed by lay observers. Patients were included if they had between 1 and 5 mm of unilateral enophthalmos, at least 6 months following trauma. They were divided into five groups of 10 and each group was separated by increments of 1 mm. Controls were selected from the same database and had 0 mm difference between each eye. Patients were excluded if they had any medical condition that might cause enophthalmos (including use of prostaglandin analogues). Participants were also excluded if they had any medical or surgical condition affecting the contralateral side. Lay observers were randomly selected from a pool of volunteers in nonmedical programs at our affiliated university. The primary outcome measure was the asymmetry cut-off (in millimeters) in which more than 50% of the cases (chance) were identified correctly. The generalized mixed model predicts that 66% of lay observers would correctly identify a difference between both eyes at a rate greater than would be predicted by chance, if at least a 5 mm difference existed between them (95% confidence interval [CI] 55.5–75%). This study shows that lay observers only reliably detect unilateral enophthalmos when there is at least a 5 mm difference between the eyes. This study used two-dimensional (2D) photographs and, therefore, results with three-dimensional (3D) observation may be different. In this study of 2D photographs, unilateral posttraumatic enophthalmos is only reliably detected by lay observers when a 5 mm difference exists between the eyes.
Existence of stable standing waves for the fractional Schrödinger equations with combined power-type and Choquard-type nonlinearities
Authors: Feng Binhua , Chen Ruipeng , Ren Jiajia
Published: May 2019

In this paper, we study the orbital stability of standing waves for the fractional Schrödinger equations with combined power-type and Choquard-type nonlinearities. By using variational methods, when one nonlinearity is focusing and L2-critical, the other is defocusing and L2-supercritical, we prove that there exist the orbitally stable standing waves. We extend the results of Bhattarai [J. Differ. Equations 263, 3197–3229 (2017)] and Feng-Zhang [Comput. Math. Appl. 75, 2499–2507 (2018)] to the L2-critical and L2-supercritical nonlinearities.
Effects of different types of defects on ignition mechanisms in shocked β-cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine crystals: A molecular dynamics study based on ReaxFF-lg force field
Authors: Huang Xiaona , Qiao Zhiqiang , Dai Xiaogan , Zhang Kaili , Li Ming , Pei Gang , Wen Yushi
Published: May 2019

Microscopic defects affect shock sensitivity remarkably. We exhibit a molecular dynamics study of defective β-cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX) crystals with void (VH), entrained oxygen (OH), and entrained amorphous carbon (CH), as well as a perfect HMX crystal (PH) for contrast. The crystals were shocked with 9 km/s shock velocity perpendicular to the (010) plane for 50 ps using a ReaxFF-lg force field. The results demonstrate that the shock sensitivity of HMX crystals with different defects is enhanced to different degrees. OH has the highest shock sensitivity, which is slightly higher than that in VH; both OH and VH crystals have much higher shock sensitivity than that in CH. Obvious local high temperature areas are found in defective systems, which are not found in PH. The initial reaction is N–NO2 bond cleavage in PH and is N–NO2 and N–O bond cleavages in defective systems. More products are found in defective HMX crystals during shock simulations, while fewer immediate products and no final product are found in PH. The average temperature, pressure, and decrement of potential energy during simulation are much higher in defective systems compared to the perfect ones.
Thermally triggered tunable vibration mitigation in Hoberman spherical lattice metamaterials
Authors: Li Yangbo , Shen Yan , Cao Siyu , Zhang Xiaoshun , Meng Yongdong
Published: May 2019

Phononic crystals, capable of tailoring mechanical wave propagation and displaying omnidirectional bandgaps, are vital for numerous potential applications such as wave filtering, waveguiding, acoustic cloaking, and energy harvesting. In natural materials, vibration mitigation depending on the intrinsic damping feature usually cannot be readily adjusted and broad attenuation frequency ranges are still rare in these materials. Here, we propose an approach to design metamaterials with tunable vibration mitigation in multiple frequency ranges, which can be dynamically tuned by an external thermal field. The proposed method utilizes reversible Young's Modulus-temperature relationship of glassy polymers and nonuniformity of the steady temperature field in solid structures. Through numerical simulations and low amplitude transmission testing, we demonstrate that the proposed method and metamaterials can exhibit broad and multiple omnidirectional bandgaps. The finding reported here provides a routine to design phononic metamaterial systems with tunable bandgaps, offering a wide range of potential applications in harsh environmental conditions and being extended to baseline lattices with other topologies.