bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial Distribution of PM2.5‐Related Premature Mortality in China
Authors: Zheng Sheng , Schlink Uwe , Ho Kin‐Fai , Singh Ramesh P. , Pozzer Andrea
Published: November 2021

PM2.5 is a major component of air pollution in China and has a serious threat to public health. It is very important to quantify spatial characteristics of the health effects caused by outdoor PM2.5 exposure. This study analyzed the spatial distribution of PM2.5 concentration (45.9 μg/m3 national average in 2016) and premature mortality attributed to PM2.5 in cities at the prefectural level and above in China in 2016. Using the Global Exposure Mortality Model (GEMM), the total premature mortality in China was estimated to be 1.55 million persons, and the per capita mortality was 11.2 per 10,000 persons in the year 2016, resulting in higher estimates compared to the integrated exposure‐response model. We assessed the premature mortality attributed to PM2.5 through common diseases, including ischemic heart disease (IHD), cerebrovascular disease (CEV), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer (LC), and lower respiratory infections (LRI). The premature mortality due to IHD and CEV accounted for 68.5% of the total mortality, and the per capita mortality (per 10,000 persons) for all ages due to IHD was 3.86, the highest among diseases. For the spatial distribution of disease‐specific premature mortality, the top two highest absolute numbers of premature mortality associated with IHD, CEV, LC, and LRI, respectively, were found in Chongqing and Beijing. In 338 cities of China, we have found a significant positive spatial autocorrelation of per capita premature mortality, indicating the necessity of coordinated regional governance for an efficient control of PM2.5.
Data‐Driven Identification of Turbulent Oceanic Mixing From Observational Microstructure Data
Authors: Couchman Miles M. P. , Wynne‐Cattanach Bethan , Alford Matthew H. , Caulfield Colm‐cille P. , Kerswell Rich R. , MacKinnon Jennifer A. , Voet Gunnar
Published: November 2021

Characterizing how ocean turbulence transports heat is critically important for accurately parameterizing global circulation models. We present a novel data‐driven approach for identifying distinct regions of turbulent mixing within a microstructure data set that uses unsupervised machine learning to cluster fluid patches according to their background buoyancy frequency N, and turbulent dissipation rates of kinetic energy ϵ and thermal variance χ. Applied to data collected near the Velasco Reef in Palau, our clustering algorithm discovers spatial and temporal correlations between the mixing characteristics of a fluid patch and its depth, proximity to the reef and the background current. While much of the data set is characterized by the canonical mixing coefficient Γ = 0.2, elevated local mixing efficiencies are identified in regions containing large density fluxes derived from χ. Once applied to further datasets, unsupervised machine learning has the potential to advance community understanding of global patterns and local characteristics of turbulent mixing.
Rapid Mass Loss in West Antarctica Revealed by Swarm Gravimetry in the Absence of GRACE
Authors: Zhang Chaoyang , Shum C. K. , Bezděk Aleš , Bevis Michael , de Teixeira da Encarnação João , Tapley Byron D. , Zhang Yu , Su Xiaoli , Shen Qiang
Published: November 2021

GRACE observations revealed that rapid mass loss in the West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) abruptly paused in 2015, followed by a much lower rate of mass loss ( Gt yr−1) until the decommissioning of GRACE in 2017. The critical 1‐year GRACE intermission data gap raises the question of whether the reduced mass loss rate persists. The Swarm gravimetry data, which have a lower resolution, show good agreement with GRACE/GRACE‐FO observations during the overlapping period, i.e., high correlation (0.78) and consistent trend estimates. Swarm data efficiently bridge the GRACE/GRACE‐FO data gap and reveal that WAIS has returned to the rapid mass loss state ( Gt yr−1) that prevailed prior to 2015 during the GRACE intermission data gap. The changes in precipitation patterns, driven by the climate cycles, further explain and confirm the dramatic shifts in the WAIS mass loss regime implied by the Swarm observations.
Predicting Patagonian Landslides: Roles of Forest Cover and Wind Speed
Authors: Parra Eric , Mohr Christian H. , Korup Oliver
Published: November 2021

Dense tree stands and high wind speeds characterize the temperate rainforests of southern Chilean Patagonia, where landslides frequently strip hillslopes of soils, rock, and biomass. Assuming that wind loads on trees promote slope instability, we explore the role of forest cover and wind speed in predicting landslides with a hierarchical Bayesian logistic regression. We find that higher crown openness and wind speeds credibly predict higher probabilities of detecting landslides regardless of topographic location, though much better in low‐order channels and on midslope locations than on open slopes. Wind speed has less predictive power in areas that were impacted by tephra fall from recent volcanic eruptions, while the influence of forest cover in terms of crown openness remains.
Development of Heterogeneous Ice Nucleation Rate Coefficient Parameterizations From Ambient Measurements
Authors: Cornwell Gavin C. , McCluskey Christina S. , DeMott Paul J. , Prather Kimberly A. , Burrows Susannah M.
Published: November 2021

Ice nucleating particles (INPs) are a rare subset of particles that can have an outsized impact relative to their prevalence. To simulate INP variability, models require parameterizations for the most important sources of INPs. Most parameterizations in the literature were developed from laboratory experiments that used proxies for ambient particles. Whether these laboratory models effectively represent ambient aerosol is still not well understood and parameterizations developed from field measurements may be more atmospherically relevant. Expanding on previous work in which we used an ice chamber and a single‐particle mass spectrometer (SPMS) to characterize INP composition, we calculate heterogeneous ice nucleation rate coefficients for ambient particles. We find good agreement between our dust and previous measurements of airborne dust. We also use a Monte Carlo approach to assess the relative contribution of each measurement to the uncertainty and find that the biggest source is the sampling efficiency of the SPMS.
Do There Exist Energy Closures to the Observed Mirror Waves?
Authors: Hau L.‐N. , Chang C.‐K. , Wang B.‐J.
Published: November 2021

Low‐frequency mirror waves are frequently observed in the planetary magnetosheaths for the plasma conditions of and . This study first shows that the thermodynamic conditions of the observed mirror events may well be described by a set of double‐polytropic (DP) laws first proposed by Hau and Sonnerup (1993, https://doi.org/10.1029/93gl01706), and , with the polytropic values being in the ranges of and . The physical basis of the empirical thermodynamic relations is then examined based on the mixed Vlasov‐MHD formulation for low‐frequency linear mirror instability (Ferrière & Andre, 2002, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009273) which shows that the theoretical energy equations possess the DP forms with and being functions of ; in particular, for mirror unstable cases and . The theoretical predictions are found to be in high agreements with the empirical polytropic values with the average errors of ∼6.5%.
The Spontaneous Nature of Lightning Initiation Revealed
Authors: Sterpka C. , Dwyer J. , Liu N. , Hare B. M. , Scholten O. , Buitink S. , Veen S. ter , Nelles A.
Published: November 2021

Here, we present new radio interferometer beamforming observations of lightning initiation using data from the Low‐Frequency Array (LOFAR). We show that the first lightning source in the flash increases exponentially in intensity by two orders of magnitude in 15 μs, while propagating 88 m away from the initiation location at a constant speed of 4.8 ± 0.1 × 106 m/s. A second source replaces the first source at the initiation location, and subsequent propagation of the lightning leader follows. We interpret the first source to be a rapidly propagating and intensifying positive streamer discharge that subsequently produces a hot leader channel near the initiation point. How lightning initiates is one of the greatest unsolved problems in the atmospheric sciences, and these results shed light on this longstanding mystery.
Pacific Warming Pattern Diversity Modulated by Indo‐Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Gradient
Authors: Zhang Leying , Zhao Jiuwei , Kug Jong‐Seong , Geng Xin , Xu Haiming , Luo Jingjia , Park Jae‐Heung , Zhan Ruifen
Published: November 2021

The multi‐model ensemble mean sea surface temperature (SST) of CMIP5 models shows an El Niño‐like Pacific warming (PW) trend, contradictory with the observational result which manifests a La Niña‐like PW pattern. Here, we demonstrate that these two SST PWs coexist in the CMIP5 models and they are largely determined by the model's tropical Indo‐Pacific SST gradient. When the Pacific warms faster than the Indian Ocean (IO), the model tends to project an El Niño‐like PW pattern. In contrast, a La Niña‐like warming trend prevails if a more rapid IO warming is simulated. We suggest that the PW pattern in an individual model is nonstationary and may transform from a La Niña‐like to an El Niño‐like when its interbasin SST gradient changes with more robust warming in the Pacific, and vice versa. Our conclusions shed great light on the future SST PW pattern change projected by the coupled models.
High Remanent Magnetization Measured in Hydrothermally Altered Lavas
Authors: Kanakiya Shreya , Turner Gillian M. , Rowe Michael C. , Adam Ludmila , Lindsay Jan M.
Published: November 2021

Magnetic surveys are used to identify and monitor hydrothermally altered regions on volcanoes. Commonly such magnetic data are interpreted on the premise that hydrothermal alteration consumes Fe‐Ti oxides in the host rocks, reducing their total magnetization. Here, we report a contrasting observation from Whakaari (White Island) volcano in New Zealand. We study the magnetic properties of 42 conduit‐filling and surficial lithologies that have undergone varying degrees of acid‐sulfate alteration. We find that while the induced magnetization of lavas decreases with hydrothermal alteration, some altered lavas have an order of magnitude higher remanent magnetization than fresh lavas. We discuss plausible mechanisms by which altered lavas can retain high remanent magnetization including the importance of magnetic mineralogy and grain size. Our results urge caution in correlating reduced magnetization with hydrothermally altered regions. Furthermore, they highlight the importance of measuring both the induced and remanent magnetization of samples used to interpret field‐scale data.
The Fractal Nature of Clouds in Global Storm‐Resolving Models
Authors: Christensen Hannah M. , Driver Oliver G. A.
Published: November 2021

Clouds in observations are fractals: they show self‐similarity across scales ranging from 1 to 1,000 km. This includes individual storms and large‐scale cloud structures typical of organized convection. It is not known whether global storm‐resolving models reproduce the observed fractal scaling laws for clouds and organized convection. We compute the fractal dimension of clouds using Himawari satellite data and compare this to global storm‐resolving model simulations completed as part of the DYAMOND intercomparison project. We find cloud fields in these simulations are indeed fractal, and reproduce the observed fractal dimension to within 10%. We find the fractal dimension is sensitive to the choice of boundary layer parametrization scheme used in each model simulation, and not to the convection parametrization as might have been expected.
Conjugate Observation of Magnetospheric Chorus Propagating to the Ionosphere by Ducting
Authors: Shen Yangyang , Chen Lunjin , Zhang Xiao‐Jia , Artemyev Anton , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Cully Christopher M. , James H. Gordon , Yau Andrew W. , Howarth Andrew D. , Bortnik Jacob , Wu Jiashu , Tian Sheng , Hartinger Michael D. , Connors Martin , Horne Richard B.
Published: November 2021

Whistler‐mode chorus waves are critical for driving resonant scattering and loss of radiation belt relativistic electrons into the atmosphere. The resonant energies of electrons scattered by chorus waves increase at increasingly higher magnetic latitudes. Propagation of chorus waves to middle and high latitudes is hampered by wave divergence and Landau damping but is promoted otherwise if ducted by density irregularities. Although ducting theories have been proposed since the 1960s, no conjugate observation of ducted chorus propagation from the equatorial magnetosphere to the ionosphere has been observed so far. Here we provide such an observation, for the first time, using conjugate spacecraft measurements. Ducted chorus waves maintain significant wave power upon reaching the ionosphere, which is confirmed by ray‐tracing simulations. Our results suggest that ducted chorus waves may be an important driver for relativistic electron precipitation.
The Role of a Weakened Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in Modulating Marine Heatwaves in a Warming Climate
Authors: Ren Xianglin , Liu Wei
Published: November 2021

We explore the effect of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) slowdown on global marine heatwaves (MHWs) under anthropogenic warming by maintaining AMOC strength in climate model simulations throughout the 21st century. The AMOC slowdown has an insignificant effect on global MHWs during the past four decades, except those over the North Atlantic warming hole (NAWH) where the weakened AMOC reduces the occurrence and duration of MHWs by about half by creating a cooler mean‐state sea surface temperature. As the AMOC continues weakening in current century, its effect becomes significant on MHWs in the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The weakened AMOC induces a bipolar‐seesaw‐like change in MHW frequencies, with more frequent MHWs in the Southern Hemisphere but less frequent MHWs in the North Hemisphere except over the NAWH. The reason for the exception is that the NAWH region would enter a near‐permanent MHW state without an AMOC slowdown.
Terrestrial Resonant Oscillations During the 11 April 2012 Sumatra Doublet Earthquake
Authors: Nayak Srinivas , Bagiya Mala S. , Maurya Satish , Hazarika Nava Kumar , Kumar A. S. Sunil , Prasad D. S. V. V. D. , Ramesh D. S.
Published: November 2021

The Earth's background free oscillations at ∼3.7 and ∼4.4 mHz resonantly couple with the atmospheric acoustic modes and thus energy cross‐talk between the earth‐atmosphere system is maximum at these frequencies. The present study proposes resonant coupling between the Earth's surface and atmosphere during the 11 April 2012 Sumatra doublet earthquake and offer a possible explanation to this occurrence. Following both these earthquakes, prolonged ionospheric oscillations centered at frequency of ∼4 mHz were observed in GPS (Global Positioning System) derived total electron content (TEC) towards north‐northeast of the epicenters. We scrutinize these oscillations in terms of the manifestations of plausible non‐tectonic and tectonic forcing mechanisms surrounding the epicentral region. Non‐tectonic forcing such as the geomagnetic field coupling factor and observation geometry played a critical role in determining the amplitude anisotropy of resonant ionospheric signatures. Further, the Rayleigh waves of the first earthquake (Mw 8.6) were already characterized by an excess of energy at ∼4 mHz. We propose this could make the Mw 8.6 earthquake particularly efficient to excite the 4 mHz resonance in the atmosphere. The resonant ionospheric signatures after the second earthquake (Mw 8.2) were observed to be closely associated with the Earth's free oscillations caused by R2 Rayleigh wave train of the Mw 8.6 earthquake event. Together, all the above point to a scenario where the resonant ionospheric signatures during the Sumatra doublet event were indeed related to the seismic source. Therefore, resonant co‐seismic ionospheric signatures could provide additional information on the low‐frequency features of seismic ruptures.
On Optimum Solar Wind‐Magnetosphere Coupling Functions for Transpolar Voltage and Planetary Geomagnetic Activity
Authors: Lockwood Mike , McWilliams Kathryn A.
Published: November 2021

Using 65,133 hourly averages of transpolar voltage (ΦPC) from observations made over 25 yr by the SuperDARN radars, with simultaneous SML and interpolated am geomagnetic indices, we study their optimum interplanetary coupling functions. We find mean lags of 18, 31, and 45 min for ΦPC, am, and SML, respectively, and fit using a general coupling function with three free fit exponents. To converge to a fit, we need to average interplanetary parameters and then apply the exponent which is a widely used approximation: we show how and why this is valid for all interplanetary parameters, except the factor quantifying the effect of the clock angle of the interplanetary magnetic field, sind(θ/2), which must be computed at high time resolution and then averaged. We demonstrate the effect of the exponent d on the distribution, and hence weighting, of samples and show d is best determined from the requirement that the coupling function is a linear predictor, yielding d of 2.50 ± 0.10, 3.00 ± 0.22, and 5.20 ± 0.41 for ΦPC, am, and SML, respectively. To check for overfitting, fits are made to half the available data and tested against the other half. Ensembles of 1,000 fits are used to study the effect of the number of samples on the distribution of errors in individual fits and on systematic biases in the ensemble means. We find only a weak dependence of solar wind density for ΦPC and SML but a significant one for am. The optimum coupling functions are shown to be significantly different for ΦPC, am, and SML.
Parametric Dependence of Polarization Reversal Effects on the Particle Pitch Angle Scattering by EMIC Waves
Authors: Lou Yuequn , Cao Xing , Ni Binbin , Wu Mingyu , Zhang Tielong
Published: November 2021

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves play an important role in the loss of radiation belt electrons and ring current protons. After EMIC waves are excited near the magnetic equator, they will propagate to high latitudes and suffer a polarization reversal from left‐handed to right‐handed polarized at the crossover frequency. To improve the current understanding of the EMIC wave‐induced loss of radiation belt electrons and ring current protons, we perform a detailed analysis of the sensitivity of polarization reversal effects to L‐shell, electron number density, and wave frequency spectrum. Our results show that polarization reversal contributes significantly to the pitch angle diffusion coefficients at low pitch angles extending to the loss cone angle for various parameter sets. Compared with the diffusion coefficients only using L‐mode dispersion relation, inclusion of polarization reversal mainly enhances the electron scattering loss at several MeV and weaken the proton scattering loss over a broad energy range from a few keV to 1 MeV. While the increase of electron diffusion coefficients can be up to a factor of 5, the decrease of proton diffusion coefficients can be larger than an order of magnitude. As L‐shell or electron density increases, the affected resonant region by polarization reversal for both electrons and protons tends to expand to lower energies, while an increase of peak wave frequency will shift the resonant region to higher energies. Our results confirm the vital importance of including polarization reversal in understanding the EMIC wave‐induced scattering loss of radiation belt electrons and ring current protons.
An Early‐Time Solution of Pulse‐Decay Method for Permeability Measurement of Tight Rocks
Authors: Wang Yue , Nolte Steffen , Gaus Garri , Tian Zhiguo , Amann‐Hildenbrand Alexandra , Krooss Bernhard , Wang Moran
Published: November 2021

This contribution presents an early‐time solution for permeability evaluation in pulse‐decay tests. A nonlinear governing equation for gas transport in the sample is derived considering the pressure dependence of gas compressibility and Klinkenberg slippage effect, and the early‐time solution is obtained through the integral balance analysis. The permeability coefficient can be determined by the proposed solution through the pressure transients during the early‐time stage of the tests, that is, before the upstream pressure pulse penetrates through the core sample and reaches the downstream side. To test the proposed solution, measurements were performed on a core sample of the Cretaceous Eagle Ford shale, Texas, USA, under different pore and confining pressures. Helium was used as the testing fluid to minimize the Joule‐Thomson effect and adsorption. The experimental results show that the permeability coefficients obtained from this new solution agree well with those from the late‐time solution, and prove our solution accurate and efficient for permeability evaluation. The present approach provides a good supplement to the pulse‐decay method and is suitable for measurements of low‐permeable rocks.
Influence of Deformation and Fluids on Ti Exchange in Natural Quartz
Authors: Bestmann Michel , Pennacchioni Giorgio , Grasemann Bernhard , Huet Benjamin , Jones Michael W. M. , Kewish Cameron M.
Published: November 2021

Using a combination of microstructural, spectroscopic, and geochemical analyses, we investigate how subgrain rotation recrystallization and fluid migration affect Ti concentration [Ti] in naturally deformed quartz veins from the Prijakt Nappe (Austroalpine Unit, Eastern Alps). These coarse‐grained quartz veins, that formed at amphibolite facies conditions, were overprinted by lower greenschist facies deformation to different degrees. During the overprint, subgrain rotation recrystallization was dominant during progressive deformation to ultramylonitic stages. The initial [Ti] (3.0–4.7 ppm) and cathodoluminescence (CL) signature of the vein crystals decrease during deformation mainly depending on the availability of fluids across the microstructure. The amount of strain played a subordinate role in resetting to lower [Ti] and corresponding darker CL shades. Using a microstructurally controlled analysis we find that the most complete re‐equilibration in recrystallized aggregates ([Ti] of 0.2–0.6 p.m.) occurred (a) in strain shadows around quartz porphyroclasts, acting as fluid sinks, and (b) in localized microshear zones that channelized fluid percolation. [Ti] resetting is mainly observed along wetted high angle boundaries (misorientation angle >10–15°), with partial [Ti] resetting observed along dry low angle boundaries (<10–15°). This study shows for the first time that pure subgrain rotation recrystallization in combination with dissolution‐precipitation under retrograde condition provide microstructural domains suitable for the application of titanium‐in‐quartz geothermobarometry at deformation temperatures down to 300–350°C.
Magma Chamber Formation by Dike Accretion and Crustal Melting: 2D Thermo‐Compositional Model With Emphasis on Eruptions and Implication for Zircon Records
Authors: Melnik O. E. , Utkin I. S. , Bindeman I. N.
Published: November 2021

We present a 2D thermo‐elastic model of a magma body formation in a granitic crust by injection of rhyolitic or basaltic dikes and sills. Elastic analytical solutions enable the computation of rock displacement in response to magma intrusion and evacuation during volcanic eruptions. Phase diagrams for magma and rocks govern melting/crystallization behavior and temperature evolution in 16 million computational cells. Calculated temperature histories are used to predict zircon crystallization/dissolution, their ages, and isotopic ratios within individual batches of magma and rocks. Incremental dike injection naturally generates magma batches of melt that form kilometer‐wide clusters appearing in different parts of the domain with diverse shapes, horizontal and vertical interconnectivity. The volume of eruptive melt strongly depends on magma influx rates Q, the width of the injection region W, and eruptions. For example, rhyolitic dike injection with Q = 0.125 m3/s with W = 5 km during 100 ka generates ∼50 km3 of eruptive melt while no significant melt forms if W = 10 km. Injection of basaltic dikes into the granitic crust generates comparable amounts of rhyolitic melt from dike‐residual and country rocks. High injection intensities produce magma reservoirs capable of large eruptions, while repetitive eruptions lead to shrinkage of magma bodies. High heat input causes host rock zircons to lose a significant portion of their old cores. Magmatic zircons in the periphery form quickly due to rapid cooling of intruded dikes while in the central part crystals can grow during several hundreds of ka. The model predicts highly heterogeneous O and Hf isotopic ratios recorded in zircons.
Metabolic health, menopause, and physical activity—a 4-year follow-up study
Authors: Hyvärinen Matti , Juppi Hanna-Kaarina , Taskinen Sara , Karppinen Jari E. , Karvinen Sira , Tammelin Tuija H. , Kovanen Vuokko , Aukee Pauliina , Kujala Urho M. , Rantalainen Timo , Sipilä Sarianna , Laakkonen Eija K.
Published: November 2021

Background

In women, metabolic health deteriorates after menopause, and the role of physical activity (PA) in mitigating the change is not completely understood. This study investigates the changes in indicators of metabolic health around menopause and evaluates whether PA modulates these changes.

Methods

Longitudinal data of 298 women aged 48–55 years at baseline participating in the ERMA and EsmiRs studies was used. Mean follow-up time was 3.8 (SD 0.1) years. Studied indicators of metabolic health were total and android fat mass, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, blood glucose, triglycerides, serum total cholesterol, and high- (HDL-C) and low-density (LDL-C) lipoprotein cholesterol. PA was assessed by accelerometers and questionnaires. The participants were categorized into three menopausal groups: PRE-PRE (pre- or perimenopausal at both timepoints, n = 56), PRE-POST (pre- or perimenopausal at baseline, postmenopausal at follow-up, n = 149), and POST-POST (postmenopausal at both timepoints, n = 93). Analyses were carried out using linear and Poisson mixed-effect models.

Results

At baseline, PA associated directly with HDL-C and inversely with LDL-C and all body adiposity variables. An increase was observed in total (B = 1.72, 95% CI [0.16, 3.28]) and android fat mass (0.26, [0.06, 0.46]), SBP (9.37, [3.34, 15.39]), and in all blood-based biomarkers in the PRE-POST group during the follow-up. The increase tended to be smaller in the PRE-PRE and POST-POST groups compared to the PRE-POST group, except for SBP. The change in PA associated inversely with the change in SBP (−2.40, [−4.34, −0.46]) and directly with the change in WHR (0.72, [0.05, 1.38]).

Conclusions

In middle-aged women, menopause may accelerate the changes in multiple indicators of metabolic health. PA associates with healthier blood lipid profile and body composition in middle-aged women but does not seem to modulate the changes in most of the studied metabolic health indicators during the menopausal transition.
Photoheterotrophy by aerobic anoxygenic bacteria modulates carbon fluxes in a freshwater lake
Authors: Piwosz Kasia , Villena-Alemany Cristian , Mujakić Izabela
Published: November 2021

Lakes are a significant component of the global carbon cycle. Respiration exceeds net primary production in most freshwater lakes, making them a source of CO2 to the atmosphere. Driven by heterotrophic microorganisms, respiration is assumed to be unaffected by light, thus it is measured in the dark. However, photoheterotrophs, such as aerobic anoxygenic photoheterotrophic (AAP) bacteria that produce ATP via photochemical reactions, substantially reduce respiration in the light. They are an abundant and active component of bacterioplankton, but their photoheterotrophic contribution to microbial community metabolism remains unquantified. We showed that the community respiration rate in a freshwater lake was reduced by 15.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 6.6–23.8%) in infrared light that is usable by AAP bacteria but not by primary producers. Moreover, significantly higher assimilation rates of glucose (18.1%; 7.8–28.4%), pyruvate (9.5%; 4.2–14.8%), and leucine (5.9%; 0.1–11.6%) were measured in infrared light. At the ecosystem scale, the amount of CO2 from respiration unbalanced by net primary production was by 3.69 × 109 g CO2 lower over these two sampling seasons when measured in the infrared light. Our results demonstrate that dark measurements of microbial activity significantly bias the carbon fluxes, providing a new paradigm for their quantification in aquatic environments.
Once weekly selinexor, carfilzomib and dexamethasone in carfilzomib non-refractory multiple myeloma patients
Authors: Gasparetto Cristina , Schiller Gary J. , Tuchman Sascha A. , Callander Natalie S. , Baljevic Muhamed , Lentzsch Suzanne , Rossi Adriana C. , Kotb Rami , White Darrell , Bahlis Nizar J. , Chen Christine I. , Sutherland Heather J. , Madan Sumit , LeBlanc Richard , Sebag Michael , Venner Christopher P. , Bensinger William I. , Biran Noa , Ammu Sonia , Ben-Shahar Osnat , DeCastro Andrew , Van Domelen Dane , Zhou Tianjun , Zhang Chris , Bentur Ohad S. , Shah Jatin , Shacham Sharon , Kauffman Michael , Lipe Brea
Published: November 2021

Background

Proteasome inhibitors (PIs), including carfilzomib, potentiate the activity of selinexor, a novel, first-in-class, oral selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE) compound, in preclinical models of multiple myeloma (MM).

Methods

The safety, efficacy, maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) of selinexor (80 or 100 mg) + carfilzomib (56 or 70 mg/m2) + dexamethasone (40 mg) (XKd) once weekly (QW) was evaluated in patients with relapsed refractory MM (RRMM) not refractory to carfilzomib.

Results

Thirty-two patients, median prior therapies 4 (range, 1–8), were enrolled. MM was triple-class refractory in 38% of patients and 53% of patients had high-risk cytogenetics del(17p), t(4;14), t(14;16) and/or gain 1q. Common treatment-related adverse events (all/Grade 3) were thrombocytopenia 72%/47% (G3 and G4), nausea 72%/6%, anaemia 53%/19% and fatigue 53%/9%, all expected and manageable with supportive care and dose modifications. MTD and RP2D were identified as selinexor 80 mg, carfilzomib 56 mg/m2, and dexamethasone 40 mg, all QW. The overall response rate was 78% including 14 (44%) ≥ very good partial responses. Median progression-free survival was 15 months.

Conclusions

Weekly XKd is highly effective and well-tolerated. These data support further investigation of XKd in patients with MM.
Spatial transcriptomics reveals gene expression characteristics in invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Lv Jianke , Shi Qianqian , Han Yunwei , Li Weidong , Liu Hanjiao , Zhang Jingyue , Niu Chen , Gao Guangshen , Fu Yiru , Zhi Renyong , Wu Kailiang , Li Shuai , Gu Feng , Fu Li
Published: November 2021

Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) is a special histological subtype of breast cancer, featured with extremely high rates of lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastasis. Based on a previous series of studies, our team proposed the hypothesis of “clustered metastasis of IMPC tumor cells”. However, the transcriptomics characteristics underlying its metastasis are unknown, especially in spatial transcriptomics (ST). In this paper, we perform ST sequencing on four freshly frozen IMPC samples. We draw the transcriptomic maps of IMPC for the first time and reveal its extensive heterogeneity, associated with metabolic reprogramming. We also find that IMPC subpopulations with abnormal metabolism are arranged in different spatial areas, and higher levels of lipid metabolism are observed in all IMPC hierarchical clusters. Moreover, we find that the stromal regions show varieties of gene expression programs, and this difference depends on their distance from IMPC regions. Furthermore, a total of seven IMPC hierarchical clusters of four samples share a common higher expression level of the SREBF1 gene. Immunohistochemistry results further show that high SREBF1 protein expression is associated with lymph node metastasis and poor survival in IMPC patients. Together, these findings provide a valuable resource for exploring the inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity of IMPC and identify a new marker, SREBF1, which may facilitate accurate diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
Organometallic small molecule kinase inhibitors – direct incorporation of Re and 99mTc into Opaganib®
Authors: Lengacher Raphael , Wang Youchao , Braband Henrik , Blacque Olivier , Gasser Gilles , Alberto Roger
Published: November 2021

Replacing an adamantyl unit in the protein kinase inhibitor Opaganib® with an integrated [(η5-Cp)M(CO)3] (M = Re, 99mTc) unit retains the lead's bioactivity and yields a true matched-pair pharmacomimetic.
2-Aminopyridine – an unsung hero in drug discovery
Authors: Rao Ramdas Nishanth , Chanda Kaushik
Published: November 2021

2-Aminopyridine is a simple, low molecular weight and perfectly functionalised moiety known for the synthesis of diverse biological molecules.
On the nature of bonding in a new boronyl species Zn2(BO)2: a linear four-center two-electron σ bond
Authors: Li Da-Zhi , Zhang Li-Juan , Pei Ling
Published: November 2021

In dizinc complexes with boronyl as ligands, D∞h OBZnZnBO possesses a linear four-center two-electron (4c–2e) σ bond. A similar 4c–2e σ bond is also observed in D∞e HZnZnH and NCZnZnCN.
In–Co–Zn/C–N catalysts derived from ZIFs for selective hydrogenation of CO2 into methanol
Authors: Liu Bing , Fang Tingfeng , He Yumei
Published: November 2021

In2O3 combines ZIF derived Co–Zn/C–N catalyst perform a CO2 conversion of 7.0% with methanol selectivity over 77% and the STY of methanol is 3.3 mmol gcat−1 h−1 under the condition of CO2/H2 = 3 : 1, 2 MPa, 300 °C and GHSV = 6 L gcat−1 h−1.
Spiers Memorial Lecture. Next generation nanoelectrochemistry: the fundamental advances needed for applications
Authors: Wu Yanfang , Jamali Sina , Tilley Richard D. , Gooding J. Justin
Published: November 2021

After introducing nanoelectrochemistry, this introductory lecture focuses on recent developments in two major application areas of nanoelectrochemistry; electrocatalysis and using single entities in sensing.
A review: research progress on the formation mechanism of porous anodic oxides
Authors: Li Chengyuan , Ni Yilin , Gong Jingjing , Song Ye , Gong Tianle , Zhu Xufei
Published: November 2021

Owing to the great development potential of porous anodic oxides (PAO) in many fields, research on their formation mechanisms, fabrication processes and applications has a history of more than ten years.
Water stable fluorescent organotin(iv) compounds: aggregation induced emission enhancement and recognition of lead ions in an aqueous system
Authors: Kaur Kulwinder , Singh Raghubir , Kaur Varinder , Capalash Neena
Published: November 2021

Water stable fluorescent organotin(iv) compounds are investigated for their structural aspects, aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE) properties and ability to recognize lead ions in the aqueous medium.
Self-assembled porous nanoparticles based on silicone polymers with aggregation-induced emission for highly sensitive detection of nitroaromatics
Authors: Zhao Xiangzhong , Liang Yan , Wang Ting , Li Fangfang , Wang Hua
Published: November 2021

Tetraphenylbenzene functionalized polysiloxane with AIE feature can self-assemble to unique porous structure and show high performance as fluorescent sensor.
Dense SnS2 nanoplates vertically anchored on a graphene aerogel for pseudocapacitive sodium storage
Authors: Guo Xin , Wang Shuai , Yu Linpeng , Guo Chunyu , Yan Peiguang , Gao Hong , Liu Hao
Published: November 2021

A 2D heterostructure with dense SnS2 nanoplates vertically anchored on a graphene aerogel (SnS2@GA) was achieved via a controlled self-assembly process followed by a thermally induced sulfidation treatment for high-performance sodium-ion batteries.
Stereodivergent synthesis via iridium-catalyzed asymmetric double allylic alkylation of cyanoacetate
Authors: Shen Chong , Cheng Xiang , Wei Liang , Wang Ruo-Qing , Wang Chun-Jiang
Published: November 2021

Ir-catalyzed asymmetric double AAA reaction of cyanoacetate was developed, affording cyanoacetate derivatives in high yield with excellent stereocontrol. Notably, quasi-DKR is involved in the sequential protocol with two distinct allylic carbonates.
3D printing of metal–organic framework composite materials for clean energy and environmental applications
Authors: Kearns Eleanor R. , Gillespie Rohan , D'Alessandro Deanna M.
Published: November 2021

Rising CO2 levels strain the planet's ecosystems. New technologies are required to combat this climate emergency. Metal–organic frameworks and additive manufacturing provide options for gas storage and separations, water remediation, light generation, and catalysis.
Effect of chemical corrosion on charge transport behaviour in epoxy/Al2O3 nanocomposite irradiated by gamma ray
Authors: Gao Yu , Li Jing , Xu Bangbang , Ye Binyuan , Du Boxue
Published: November 2021

Chemical corrosion and gamma‐ray irradiation appeared with the loss of coolant accident may seriously threaten the safe operation of a nuclear power plant, where epoxy resin (ER)‐based materials are widely used. It is urgent to study the effects of the corrosion and the irradiation on the electrical performance in an ER‐based nanocomposite. In this work, ER/Al2O3 nanocomposite samples with 0, 1, 3, 5‐wt% nano Al2O3 filler content were prepared at the thickness of 2 mm, and the total gamma irradiation dose was 0, 500, and 1000 kGy. The samples were chemically corroded in a boric acid solution (pH = 4.7) and a trisodium phosphate alkaline solution (pH = 11) at 60°C and 100°C for 48 h. Charge transport behaviour in the samples was derived from the surface potential decay method. In addition, the sample structures were characterised to analyse the corrosion mechanism in the solutions. The results indicated that the depth and the density of the trap showed a temperature‐dependent manner associated with the corrosion. With the addition of appropriate content of the filler, the trap centre was deepened and the carrier mobility was limited even after the corrosion. It is found that the appearance of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups during corrosion, the interaction between the nanoparticle and the matrix and the crosslinking reaction caused by the irradiation are responsible for the variation in charge transport behaviour.
Augmented global attention network for image super‐resolution
Authors: Du Xiaobiao , Jiang Saibiao , Liu Jie
Published: November 2021

Convolutional networks dominate many machine vision fields. Nevertheless, a significant drawback of the convolution operation is that it only operates in the local region, so it lacks global information. Self‐attention has become the latest technology for capturing long‐range interactions, but it is mainly used for generative modeling and sequence modeling tasks. Using self‐attention to tackle super‐resolution as a substitute for convolution is considered. Therefore, augmented global attention convolution (AGAC) is proposed as an alternative to convolution to use self‐attention for super‐resolution. The proposed augmented global attention convolution can capture global context to produce more realistic super‐resolution results. Due to the most existing works that have not exploited position information, a two‐dimensional relative self‐attention mechanism is proposed to enhance self‐attention. To deal with the super‐resolution task, the authors come up with an augmented global attention convolutional network (AGAN) to enhance the convolution operator with the self‐attention mechanism through concatenating the convolution pattern map with the generated set of feature maps. Many experiments and analyses are conducted to demonstrate that the proposed model surpasses the advanced models with comparable parameters and performance.
ProbingKepler’s hottest small planets via homogeneous search and analysis of optical secondary eclipses and phase variations
Authors: Singh V. , Bonomo A. S. , Scandariato G. , Cibrario N. , Barbato D. , Fossati L. , Pagano I. , Sozzetti A.
Published: November 2021

Context.High-precision photometry can lead to the detection of secondary eclipses and phase variations of highly irradiated planets.

Aims.We performed a homogeneous search and analysis of optical occultations and phase variations of the most favorable ultra-short-period (USP) (P< 1 days) sub-Neptunes (Rp< 4R⊕), observed byKeplerand K2, with the aim to better understand their nature.

Methods.We first selected 16Keplerand K2 USP sub-Neptunes based on the expected occultation signal. We filtered out stellar variability in theKeplerlight curves, using a sliding linear fitting and, when required, a more sophisticated approach based on a Gaussian process regression. In the case of the detection of secondary eclipse or phase variation with a confidence level higher than 2σ, we simultaneously modeled the primary transit, secondary eclipse, and phase variations in a Bayesian framework, by using information from previous studies and knowledge of theGaiaparallaxes. We further derived constraints on the geometric albedo as a function of the planet’s brightness temperature.

Results.We confirm the optical secondary eclipses for Kepler-10b (13σ), Kepler-78b (9.5σ), and K2-141b (6.9σ), with marginal evidence for K2-312b (2.2σ). We report new detections for K2-106b (3.3σ), K2-131b (3.2σ), Kepler-407b (3.0σ), and hints for K2-229b (2.5σ). For all targets, with the exception of K2-229b and K2-312b, we also find phase curve variations with a confidence level higher than 2σ.

Conclusions.Two USP planets, namely Kepler-10b and Kepler-78b, show non-negligible nightside emission. This questions the scenario of magma-ocean worlds with inefficient heat redistribution to the nightside for both planets. Due to the youth of the Kepler-78 system and the small planetary orbital separation, the planet may still retain a collisional secondary atmosphere capable of conducting heat from the day to the nightside. Instead, the presence of an outgassing magma ocean on the dayside and the low high-energy irradiation of the old host star may have enabled Kepler-10b to build up and retain a recently formed collisional secondary atmosphere. The magma-world scenario may instead apply to K2-141b and K2-131b.
Consistency and convergence for a family of finite volume discretizations of the Fokker–Planck operator
Authors: Heida Martin , Kantner Markus , Stephan Artur
Published: November 2021

We introduce a family of various finite volume discretization schemes for the Fokker–Planck operator, which are characterized by different Stolarsky weight functions on the edges. This family particularly includes the well-established Scharfetter–Gummel discretization as well as the recently developed square-root approximation (SQRA) scheme. We motivate this family of discretizations both from the numerical and the modeling point of view and provide a uniform consistency and error analysis. Our main results state that the convergence order primarily depends on the quality of the mesh and in second place on the choice of the Stolarsky weights. We show that the Scharfetter–Gummel scheme has the analytically best convergence properties but also that there exists a whole branch of Stolarsky means with the same convergence quality. We show by numerical experiments that for small convection the choice of the optimal representative of the discretization family is highly non-trivial, while for large gradients the Scharfetter–Gummel scheme stands out compared to the others.
Trauma der Orbita
Authors: Zorn Malte , Liekfeld Anja , Bode-Hofmann Mechthild , Gabel-Pfisterer Ameli
Published: November 2021

Die Behandlung orbitaler Verletzungen gehört zum Alltag der medizinischen Akutversorgung. Bei 10 – 25% aller Gesichtsverletzungen ist die Orbita beteiligt. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die möglichen Pathologien nach Orbitatrauma sowie das primärdiagnostische Vorgehen und die therapeutischen Optionen.
Switchable Synthesis of Sulfoxides, Sulfones and Thiosulfonates through Selectfluor-Promoted Oxidation with H2O as O-Source
Authors: Guo Xuqiang , Sun Xuejun , Zhao Yulei , Jiang Mengmeng
Published: November 2021

A practical and efficient protocol for the switchable synthesis of sulfoxides, sulfones, and thiosulfonates via Selectfluor-mediated oxidation of sulfides and thiols, respectively, at ambient temperature has been developed. All these organosulfur compounds can be prepared with nearly quantitative yields by applying eco-friendly H2O as O-source. The formation of sulfoxides and thiosulfonates takes only a few minutes (3–20 min). As suggested by the control experiments, the oxidation procedure might proceed through the fluorination of sulfide, nucleophilic addition with H2O, and elimination of hydrogen fluoride.
Recent Advances in Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Couplings in the Synthesis/Functionalization of Cyclic Scaffolds Using Molecular Oxygen as the Sole Oxidant
Authors: Barboza Amanda Aline , Dantas Juliana Arantes , Jardim Guilherme Augusto de Melo , Ferreira Marco Antonio Barbosa , Costa Mateus Oliveira , Chiavegatti Attilio
Published: November 2021

Over the past years, Pd(II)-catalyzed oxidative couplings have enabled the construction of molecular scaffolds with high structural diversity via C–C, C–N and C–O bond-forming reactions. In contrast to the use of stoichiometric amounts of more common oxidants, such as metal salts (Cu and Ag) and benzoquinone derivatives, the use of molecular oxygen for the direct or indirect regeneration of Pd(II) species presents itself as a more viable alternative in terms of economy and sustainability. In this review, we describe recent advances on the development of Pd-catalyzed oxidative cyclizations/functionalizations, where molecular oxygen plays a pivotal role as the sole stoichiometric oxidant.

1 Introduction

2 Oxidative C–C and C–Nu Coupling

2.1 Intramolecular Oxidative C–Nu Heterocyclization Reactions

2.1.1 C–H Activation

2.1.2 Wacker/Aza-Wacker-Type Cyclization

2.1.3 Tandem Wacker/Aza-Wacker and Cyclization/Cross-Coupling Reactions

2.2 Intermolecular Oxidative C–Nu Heterocoupling Reactions

2.3 Intramolecular Oxidative (C–C) Carbocyclization Reactions

2.4 Intermolecular Oxidative C–C Coupling Reactions

2.4.1 Cyclization Reactions

2.4.2 Cross-Coupling Reactions

2.4.3 Homo-Coupling Reactions

3 Aerobic Dehydrogenative Coupling/Functionalization

4 Oxidative C–H Functionalization

5 Summary
Synthesis and Applications of Chiral Bicyclic Bisborane Catalysts
Authors: Wang Xiao-Chen , Yang Zhao-Ying , Zhang Ming
Published: November 2021

The development of chiral borane Lewis acid catalysts opened the door for transition-metal-free catalyzed asymmetric organic reactions. Herein, we have summarized our work on the preparation of two classes of novel chiral bicyclic bisborane Lewis acid catalysts derived from C
2-symmetric [3.3.0] dienes and [4.4] dienes, respectively. These catalysts not only form frustrated Lewis pairs with Lewis bases to catalyze asymmetric hydrogenation reactions but also activate Lewis basic functional groups in traditional Lewis acid catalyzed asymmetric reactions.

1 Introduction

2 Synthesis of C
2-Symmetric Fused Bicyclic Bisborane Catalysts and Their Use in Imine Hydrogenation

3 Synthesis of Spiro Bicyclic Bisborane Catalysts and Their Use in ­N-Heteroarene Reduction

4 Other Types of Asymmetric Reactions Promoted by Chiral ­Bicyclic Bisborane Catalysts

5 Conclusion