bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temporal uniformity of the spontaneous mutational
variance of quantitative traits in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: GARCÍA-DORADO AURORA , FERNÁNDEZ JESUS , LÓPEZ-FANJUL CARLOS
Published: July 2002

Spontaneous mutations were allowed to accumulate over 209 generations in more than 100 lines,
all of them independently derived from a completely homozygous population of Drosophila
melanogaster and subsequently maintained under strong inbreeding (equivalent to full-sib mating).
Traits scored were: abdominal (AB) and sternopleural (ST) bristle number, wing length (WL) and
egg-to-adult viability (V). On two occasions – early (generations 93–122) and late (generations
169–209) – ANOVA estimates of the mutational variance and the mutational line × generation
interaction variance were obtained. Mutational heritabilities of morphological traits ranged from
2 × 10−4 to 2 × 10−3
and the mutational coefficient of variation of viability was 0·01. For AB, WL
and V, temporal uniformity of the mutational variance was observed. However, a fluctuation of
the mutational heritability of ST was detected and could be ascribed to random
genotype × environment interaction.
Redox change in sedimentary environments of Triassic bedded
cherts, central Japan: possible reflection of sea-level change
Authors: SUGITANI KENICHIRO , MIMURA KOICHI
Published: July 2002

Middle Triassic radiolarian bedded cherts in the Mino Belt, central
Japan, include a
sequence showing an abrupt facies change from the lower to the upper, where
grey–black bedded
cherts enriched in carbonaceous matter and framboidal pyrite are overlain
by brick-red hematitic bedded
cherts. Brownish-yellow chert enriched in goethite and purple-red chert
occur at the boundary
between the grey–black bedded cherts and the brick-red bedded cherts.
This facies change is in accordance
with stratigraphic variations of geochemical characteristics; the lower
section grey–black
bedded cherts, compared with the upper section brick-red bedded cherts,
are enriched in Ctot and Stot,
and are characterized by lower MnO/TiO2, higher FeO/Fe2O3*
(total iron as Fe2O3) and more variable
Fe2O3*/TiO2 values. Some of the
lower section samples, in addition, are characterized by an enrichment

in some transition metals (Ni, Cu, and Zn). The covariation of mineralogical
and geochemical
characteristics indicates that sedimentary environments and diagenetic
processes were different
between the lower and the upper section bedded cherts. During the deposition
of the lower section
bedded cherts, the sedimentary environment was anoxic and bacterial sulphate
reduction occurred
during the early diagenetic stage. In contrast, the upper section bedded
cherts were subjected to less
reducing diagenetic processes; active sulphate reduction did not occur.
The change of sedimentary
environment and diagenetic process at the site of deposition is likely
to be attributed to the fluctuated
concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water mass of a semi-closed marginal
ocean basin, which was
potentially caused by sea-level change that occurred during Middle Triassic
time.
On the provenance of flysch deposits in the External Hellenides of

mainland Greece: results from heavy mineral studies
Authors: FAUPL P. , PAVLOPOULOS A. , MIGIROS G.
Published: July 2002

The terrigenous materials of the flysch deposits of the External
Hellenides
of mainland Greece
have been characterized by their heavy mineral assemblages, based on 194
samples.
Three major source
types were distinguished. (1) A metamorphic source is shown by abundant

garnet accompanied by traces of
staurolite and chloritoid. In the source of the Pindos and Ionian zones,

blueschist complexes were incorporated
within the metamorphic terrains, demonstrated by the frequent occurrence

of blue amphiboles. (2) The
existence of ophiolitic sources is indicated by the occurrence chrome spinel.

Pyroxenes, green amphiboles
and partly epidote are related to volcanic/metavolcanic complexes.
High
ophiolitic detritus was especially
found in Mid-Cretaceous turbiditic layers supplied from internal terrains.

(3) Granitoid and gneiss source
terrains are indicated, predominantly represented by zircon, tourmaline
and
apatite. This type of source is
characteristic for Mid-Cretaceous turbidites sampled in western parts of
the
Pindos zone. In the terminal flysch
deposits, granitoid detritus played only a subordinate role. An extensive

recycling of Pindos Flysch
material into the younger Western Hellenic Flysch can be excluded.
Stratigraphic trends in the heavy mineral
distribution of the terminal Pindos Flysch give insights into the changing

tectonic situation of the source
terrains. A regional east–west trend with changing ophiolitic detritus,

observed in the Parnassos-Ghiona Flysch, points to a complex feeder system.
‘SO HARD A TEXT’? IMAGES OF CHARLES I, 1612–1700
Authors: SHARPE KEVIN
Published: July 2002

Historians have tended to discuss the image (in the singular) of the monarch in early
modern England. In the case of Charles I, the Eikon basilike, literally ‘the royal image’, presented
a picture of the king that claimed to be stable and authoritative. This article argues rather that royal
images were the product of multiple influences, and shifted through changing circumstances, rendering
all images unstable and open to differing interpretations. Charles, as well as being the son of the Rex
Pacificus, inherited the martial expectations associated with the image of his brother; and images of
the prince and his early years as king in the 1620s continued alongside the changed representations of
personal rule. Though the Eikon for a time seemed to fix Charles's image, its very authority meant that
it was, after 1660, even after 1688, appropriated by all – whigs and tories as well as Jacobites. Most
importantly, through the 30 January sermons, Charles's memory became a text which all parties
needed and sought to claim, a text both shared and contested in the political culture.
IDENTITY, PRACTICE, AND TRUST IN EARLY MODERN NATURAL PHILOSOPHY
Authors: JOHNS ADRIAN
Published: July 2002

Historians of early modern science face a serious problem, in that there was no science
in early modern society. There were, however, other enterprises in the early modern period devoted to
the understanding and manipulation of the physical world. This review identifies important trends in
historians' attempts to comprehend those enterprises. In particular, it identifies four leading currents.
The first is the move to characterize these different enterprises themselves, and in particular to
understand natural philosophy and the mathematical sciences as distinct practical endeavours. The
second is the attention now being paid to the social identity of the investigator of nature. The third is
the attempt to understand the history of science as a history of practical enterprises rather than
propositions or theories. The fourth, finally, is the understanding of natural knowledge in terms of
systems of trust, and in particular in terms of the credit vested in rival claimants. In a combination
of these, the review suggests, lies a future for a discipline that has otherwise lost its subject.
A WOMAN'S LIFE IN MID-EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY IRELAND: THE CASE OF LETITIA BUSHE
Authors: CONNOLLY S. J.
Published: July 2002

Letitia Bushe (c. 1705–57), daughter of a minor Irish landowner and one-time office-
holder, was a member of the intellectual and cultural circle that included Swift's friend, the letter
writer Mary Delany, the ‘proto-bluestocking’ Anne Donnellan, and the ‘heretic’ bishop Robert
Clayton. The means by which, as a single woman of independent but limited means, Bushe maintained
her position within this circle had elements of informal domestic servitude. At the same time a cache
of unusually intimate letters reveals a determined individualist, consciously distancing herself from
some of the official pieties of her society, and enjoying a greater freedom of thought, action, and speech
than might at first sight have been expected. The letters also document Bushe's intense and tortured
relationship with a younger woman, Lady Anne Bligh, an episode which raises important questions
about the nature of women's friendships at this time.
HUGH KENNEDY, Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus (New York: Addison Wesley Longman, 1996). Pp. 358. £44.00 cloth, £15.99 paper.
Authors: Spellberg Denise A.
Published: July 2002

Balanced, well-written surveys of the pre-modern history of the Middle East are still, unfortunately, quite rare, and works that illuminate specific areas of that past with aplomb are rarer still. Such, however, is no longer the state of our field with regard to Islamic Spain, which can now be studied and taught from the excellent survey provided by Hugh Kennedy. The book is a fine political history deftly attuned to the elucidation of critical historiographical issues. The importance of contemporary Arabic sources, or lack thereof, is central to the organization of this text, a point that the author utilizes throughout to prompt a sense of critical inquiry from the reader.
ALEXANDRE POPOVIC, The Revolt of African Slaves in Iraq in the 3rd/9th Century, trans. Léon King (Princeton, N.J.: Markus Wiener Publishers, 1999). Pp. 180. $18.95 paper.
Authors: El-Hibri Tayeb
Published: July 2002

The story of the Zanj revolt in Basra and Khuzistan against the Abbasid caliphate between the years 869 and 883 has received little extensive study by historians. This is not unusual given that, as with other important political events of this period, the information we have in the medieval sources is scarce. Alexandre Popovic makes a significant attempt to provide a comprehensive outline of the Zanj revolt and stress its social and political dimensions. This book, originally a French doctoral thesis submitted in the early 1960s, was first published in 1976. Now, with a grant from the French Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, the book has been translated into English.
The Geography of Time and Labor in the Late Antebellum American Rural South: Fin-de-Servitude Time Consciousness, Contested Labor, and Plantation Capitalism
Authors: Hong Keumsoo
Published: July 2002

Over the past few decades the conceptual metaphors of time, space, and labor have been an organizing focus of the geohistorical discourse of social change. This essay explores the involvement of contested time and labor in shaping the fragmented social geographies of the late antebellum American South. The examination is focused on the intraregional differentiation of time and labor systems and on their ramifications for the development of agrarian capitalism in the context of southern plantations. The descriptive and analytical evidence supports the new staple theory. The physical character of staple crops such as cotton, sugar, tobacco and rice made determinant influences on cultivation methods, seasonal routines, labor organizations, mentalite, and the development of plantation capitalism.
'DOING' ARCHAEOLOGY Digging Through Darkness: Chronicles of an

Archaeologist. By CARMEL SCHRIRE.

Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1995. Pp. x + 276.

$29.95 (ISBN 0-8139-1558 + 9).
Authors: DENBOW JAMES
Published: July 2002

It is hard to put a single categorical label on Carmel

Schrire's Digging Through Darkness. It is at once a

chronicle of her personal development as an archaeologist and a

critique of the colonial dialectic through which indigenous peoples

and European invaders have come to be intertwined. Schrire, as a white

South African woman, is a product of this process, adding texture to a

skilfully written book interlaced with the kind of earthy irony often

intrinsic to multi-cultural dialogue in southern Africa. The book

ranges from panoramic discussions of European expansion and

colonization to introspective essays on the contradictions of growing

up Jewish in South Africa, ‘a minority within the larger white

group ... [that] endure[d] the persistent effort of

certain factions to ally with the Nazis’, while at the same time

taking advantage of an entrenched, colour-coded caste system under

which ‘the Jewish population cashed in the chips of their

appearance’ (p. 30).
Influence of chlormequat chloride (CCC) and

phosphorus on growth and yield of groundnut

(Arachis hypogaea) during the summer season in North West India
Authors: GIRIDHAR K. , GIRI G.
Published: July 2002

Results of an experiment conducted during the summer seasons of
1990

and 1991 in North West India

revealed that a Spanish semi-spreading type groundnut cultivar ICGS 1 produced

93% higher pod

yield than a Valencia bunch type MH 2. Application of chlormequat chloride

(CCC) to both cultivars

at 0·5 ml/l water enhanced yield by 17%. An input of 13 kg

P/ha increased the pod output significantly over control.
Rumen gases and bloat in grazing dairy cows
Authors: MOATE P. J. , CLARKE T. , DAVIS L. H. , LABY R. H.
Published: July 2002

Results are reported from three experiments conducted at the

Dairy Research Institute, Ellinbank,

Australia during 1992/93 which examined the composition and kinetics

of the gas in the rumen

headspace of lactating dairy cows grazing white clover/perennial ryegrass

pastures. Before grazing,

rumen headspace gas was composed of carbon dioxide 65%, methane 31% and
nitrogen 4%

whereas, after one hour of active grazing, the headspace gas was composed
of

carbon dioxide 76%,

methane 22% and nitrogen 2%. The composition of headspace gas was not affected

by antibloat

capsules (which release 250 mg/day of monensin). The headspace gas
from

bloated cows contained

slightly less (P<0·01) carbon dioxide and slightly more

nitrogen than that from non-bloated cows.

A novel technique which employs ethane as a tracer to measure rumen

headspace volume and the

kinetics of the rumen headspace gases is described. The tracer technique
was

used in two experiments

in which the influence of grazing, antibloat capsules and bloat on the
rumen

headspace volume and

the kinetics of the headspace gases were examined. It is concluded that

our ethane tracer technique

provides a simple and inexpensive way to estimate methane production by

grazing ruminants.
Dietary manipulation as a means of decreasing N
losses and methane emissions and improving herbage N
uptake following application of pig slurry to grassland
Authors: MISSELBROOK T. H. , CHADWICK D. R. , PAIN B. F. , HEADON D. M.
Published: July 2002

Slurry was collected from two groups of finishing pigs
fed either a standard commercial diet
(containing 205 g/kg crude protein (CP)) or a specially
formulated lower CP content diet (140 g/kg
CP). The slurries were surface applied to grass/clover
plots on a freely draining soil in SW England
in mid-March 1995 at three application rates: 25, 50 and
70 m3/ha. Measurements were made from
the 50 m3/ha plots of ammonia volatilization,
denitrification, nitrous oxide and methane emissions
and nitrate leaching. Measurements of herbage yield and
apparent N recovery (ANR) were made
from all plots. Decreasing the CP content of the pigs'
diet reduced N excretion by the pigs and also
changed other characteristics of the slurry. Slurry from
pigs fed the lower CP diet (the slurry referred
to hereafter as LS) had a higher dry matter (DM) content,
lower pH, lower total ammoniacal N
(TAN), total N and VFA content with a similar total C content
compared with slurry from pigs fed
the standard commercial diet (the slurry hereafter referred
to as CS). From the 50 m3/ha treated
plots, losses by ammonia volatilization represented 38 and
58% of the applied TAN and net losses
through denitrification represented 5·3 and
12% of the applied TAN for LS and CS respectively.
Nitrous oxide emission was similar from the two slurries, with
net emissions of c. 0·5% of the applied
TAN. Methane emission was significantly less from LS. No
nitrate leaching was detected either in
spring or in the following autumn. Yield and ANR increased
with increasing slurry application rate
up to 50 m3/ha. The best% N recovery was from
the 50 m3/ha application rate with 58 and 47% of
the applied TAN being recovered from LS- and CS-treated plots
respectively. Changes in the slurry
characteristics due to the lower CP diet resulted in lower
losses to the environment and an improved
utilization of the slurry N by the herbage.
Effect of temperature and photoperiod on growth and
reproduction of Helix aspersa var. maxima
Authors: JESS S. , MARKS R. J.
Published: July 2002

Growth and reproduction of the snail Helix aspersa (Müller)

var. maxima were examined at four
combinations of temperature and artificial photoperiod and in transparent

and opaque containers at
two temperatures for over 40 weeks. Effects of temperature on both processes
predominated.
However, following 10 weeks of oviposition at optimum temperature (20°C),

absence of photoperiod
inhibited egg-laying throughout a further 15 weeks. Following inhibition

of oviposition, the albumen
gland atrophied, indicating the storage of secretory products.

Snail growth was improved by rearing in opaque rather than transparent

containers in a long-day
photoperiod. Snail oviposition was unaffected by container type throughout
a 28-week period,
demonstrating an acute perception of photoperiodicity by snails maintained

at low light intensity.
A comparison of management regimes for one-year
rotational set-aside within a sequence of winter wheat
crops, and of growing wheat without interruption.
2. Effects on vegetation and weed control
Authors: SHIELD I. F. , BACON E. T. G.
Published: July 2002

Six management regimes for 1-year set-aside were compared with

continuous winter wheat for their
effects on weed control in two following test crops of winter wheat.
The experiment was repeated in
each of three years (1989–91) on predominantly sandy loam soils
in eastern England. The weed flora
was dominated by Poa spp., Stellaria media,
Matricaria spp., Chenopodium album and volunteer
crops, predominantly wheat.

Managing set-aside by allowing natural regeneration and cutting it
2–4 times during the growing
season resulted in fewest weeds in the following wheat crop. It was
also a low cost option. Winter
wheat, despite the application of herbicides, was not as
effective in minimizing weeds in the winter
wheat test crops as the best set-aside options.

An Italian ryegrass cover crop set seed despite being cut
2–4 times per year. The only serious weed
infestation arising in following wheat crops was from volunteer ryegrass
in the second wheat
following set-aside. The effects of management in the set-aside
year were generally greater in the
second of the following wheats than in the first.
Effect of soil moisture regime, nitrogen and modified
urea materials on yield and quality of geranium
(Pelargonium graveolens) grown on alfisols
Authors: SINGH M.
Published: July 2002

Two field experiments were conducted during 1996–98 at Bangalore, India to study the effect of soil
moisture regimes (0·3, 0·6 and 0·9 IW:CPE ratios) irrigation water:cumulative pan evaporation
(IW:CPE) ratios and three rates of nitrogen application (0, 100 and 200 kg/ha) and in another
experiment, three soil moisture regimes (0·3, 0·6 and 0·9 IW: CPE ratios), two rates of nitrogen
application (100 and 200 kg/ha) and modified urea materials [prilled urea (PU) and dicyandiamide
coated urea (DCDCU)] on oil content, herbage, oil yield and quality of geranium grown on altisols.
Soil moisture maintained at 0·6 IW:CPE ratio significantly increased the herbage and oil yields of
geranium. Application of 200 kg N/ha gave the maximum herbage and oil yield compared with those
obtained from 0 and 100 kg N/ha. DCDCU produced higher yield than PU. The concentration and
quality of essential oil were not influenced either by soil-moisture regime, rates or carriers of N.
Long-term effects of fertilizers and integrated nutrient
supply systems in intensive cropping on soil fertility,
nutrient uptake and yield of rice
Authors: MOHAMMAD SHAIK
Published: July 2002

The long-term effect of fertilizers and an integrated nutrient supply system was studied in a rice–rice
sequence for 8 years at Hyderabad in India from 1988/89 to 1995/96. Nutrient uptake and seed yield
improved with increase in fertilizers up to the recommended dose of 120, 60, 40 kg/ha, N, P2O5 and
K2O in the rainy and post-rainy seasons during the 8 years sequence cycles. The soil became enriched
in organic carbon (OC) and maintained the available P while K concentration was reduced from
medium to low status after 8 years. Integrated nutrient supply by incorporating glyricidia or FYM
15 days before transplanting the rice thereby substituting 25% nitrogen in the rainy season and
application of only 75% of the recommended fertilizers in the post-rainy season maintained the
overall mean yield at a level equal to that from the continuous application of the recommended
fertilizer dose. The practice saved 30 kg N, 15 kg P2O5 and 10 kg K2O/ha in every season and
improved the OC% and available P of the soil. The overall mean production of rice grain following
the substitution of 50% nitrogen with glyricidia in the rainy season and fertilizer application at the
recommended dose in the post-rainy season was also equal to that given by the application of the
recommended fertilizer dose applied in every season and increased the OC% and available P of the
soil. This procedure reduced the fertilizer dose in the rainy season by 60 kg N, 30 kg P2O5 and
20 kg K2O/ha.
Effects of humic substances from composted or
chemically decomposed poplar sawdust on mineral
nutrition of ryegrass
Authors: BIDEGAIN R. A. , KAEMMERER M. , GUIRESSE M. , HAFIDI M. , REY F. , MORARD P. , REVEL J. C.
Published: July 2002

Two organic fertilizers were prepared from the same initial mixture of poplar sawdust, blood and
flour either by composting in a reactor or by chemical oxidation. Both processes resulted in loss of
c. 30% of the organic matter. Composting required 90 days in comparison to only a few hours with
chemical oxidation. Extraction of the organic residues with 1 N KOH gave solutions containing 24·6
and 15·1 g/l of humic substances respectively. These humic solutions were applied to pot-grown
Lolium multiflorum Lam. at 4 and 10 mg carbon per pot to assess the short-term uptake of macro and
microelements by the plants. When the plants were short of phosphorus, the humic substances from
the chemically decomposed sawdust supplied at 10 mg C per pot improved total P uptake and yield.
Humic substances also increased copper and manganese uptake, and by enhancing root development,
also improved nitrogen uptake and biomass yield.
Milking performance and udder health of cows milked with two different
liners
Authors: RASMUSSEN MORTEN D. , FRIMER ERIK S. , KAARTINEN LIISA , JENSEN NIELS E.
Published: July 2002

The effects of milking cows with two different liners were measured
for
a period of 8 months with 115 Danish Holstein cows divided into two groups.
Group
H and L animals were milked with liners with mouthpiece cavity heights
of 30 and
18 mm respectively (other dimensions also differed between the two liners).
Average
teat lengths of first lactation cows were 45 and 40 mm for front and rear
teats. Older
cows had teats ∼10 mm longer. There was no difference in milk yield
or milk flow
rates between the two groups. Average machine-on time was shorter for group
L, and
first lactation cows of group L were less restive. The frequency of red
and blue
discoloured teats immediately after milking was higher for group H, and
teat length
increased on average 5 mm during lactation with no increase for group L.
The small
overall differences in udder health between the two groups were not significant.

Udder health was better for first lactation cows of group L, even though
liners of
group L slipped more often and cows with recorded liner slip had poorer
udder
health. We conclude that special attention should be given to first lactation
cows
when liner type is selected for a herd. We propose that breeding programmes
should
ensure that teat length is kept above 50 mm.
Effects of sheep αs1-casein CC, CD and DD genotypes on milk
composition and cheesemaking properties
Authors: PIRISI ANTONIO , PIREDDA GIOVANNI , PAPOFF CLAUDIO M. , DI SALVO RICCARDO , PINTUS SALVATORE , GARRO GIUSEPPINA , FERRANTI PASQUALE , CHIANESE LINA
Published: July 2002

The effects of sheep αs1-casein CC, CD and DD genotypes on milk
composition and cheese yield were studied. Processed bulk milk was collected from
three groups of 15 ewes, carrying αs1- casein
CC, CD and DD genotypes. CC milk was
higher in casein content than CD or DD milk (+3·5 and +8·6% respectively), and
had a higher protein[ratio ]fat ratio and a smaller casein micelle diameter. In addition, DD
milk had a significantly lower αs1-casein content.
The main differences were in curd
formation: CC milk had better renneting properties. Cheesemaking trials, carried out
in a pilot plant, showed that CC milk had better cheesemaking characteristics than
DD milk, while CD milk was intermediate. Both 1 d old and fully ripened cheeses had
different fat[ratio ]dry matter ratios and αs1-I-casein
electrophoretic mobilities: these were
lower for DD cheese. As a consequence, these genotypes could be considered as
markers of milk and/or cheese quality.
Quantitative assessment of bacterial contamination of raw milk
using bioluminescence
Authors: BROVKO LUBOV Yu. , FROUNDJIAN VALERY G. , BABUNOVA VERONIKA S. , UGAROVA NATALYA N.
Published: July 2002

Enumeration of bacteria in raw milk is of public health and economic importance.
Among the proposed rapid methods for assessment of bacterial contamination in raw
milk, ATP bioluminescence has proved to be one of the most promising (Griffiths,
1991). Several companies produce ATP bioluminescence reagent kits and equipment
for analysing raw milk samples for total bacterial count (Sutherland et al. 1994;
Reybroeck & Schram, 1995). The principle of ATP bioluminescent bacterial assay is
based on the following assumptions (Olsen, 1991). All living organisms contain ATP,
ATP is neither associated with dead cells nor absorbed on to surfaces, colloids and
so on, and there is a fairly constant ratio of ATP to biomass/number of cells for all
microbial taxa independent of metabolic activity or environmental conditions. Of
these assumptions, only the first seems to be indisputable. It is not the number of
bacterial cells, but rather the colony forming unit (cfu) that is the denomination used
when assessing the microbial quality of milk. For Gram-negative rods of the genus
Enterobacteriaceae, a cfu is usually derived from a single cell. However, Gram-positive cocci (staphylococci and streptococci) grow in bunches and chains
respectively (Gregg, 1991), and estimation of cell numbers may not give good
agreement with the colony counts.

Several approaches have been investigated to increase the sensitivity of the
bioluminescent method (Pahuski et al. 1991; Sutherland
et al. 1994; Reybroeck &
Schram, 1995; Froundjian et al. 1999). Although the detection limit achieved by
these modifications (104 cfu/ml) may be sufficient for
practical use (Bautista et al.
1992; Reybroeck & Schram 1995), the accuracy of the analysis was not significantly
improved. The reported values for accuracy of the estimate for cfu/ml in raw milk
(Syx) by the bioluminescent method were in
the range 0·27–0·87 log units (Bautista
et al. 1992; Reybroeck & Schram, 1995). The purpose of the present study was to
determine the reasons for the lack of accuracy of the bacterial ATP assay in raw milk.
Crypto-Protestants and Pseudo-Catholics in the Nineteenth-Century Hispanic Caribbean
Authors: MARTÍNEZ-FERNÁNDEZ LUIS
Published: July 2002

This essay, which stems from a broader project on religion in the
nineteenth-century Hispanic Caribbean, seeks to recreate the
experiences of the thousands of Protestants who struggled
tenaciously to retain or hide their faith in colonial Cuba and Puerto Rico
before the declaration of religious tolerance in 1869 and before the
establishment of the region's first Protestant churches, the Anglican
congregation of Ponce, organised in 1869, the Episcopal mission of
Havana, started in 1871, and the Anglican congregation of Vieques, an
island located eight miles off the coast of Puerto Rico, founded in 1880.
A Persecuted Church: Roman Catholicism in Early Nineteenth-Century Korea
Authors: FINCH ANDREW J.
Published: July 2002

The Catholic Church in Korea dates its foundation from 1784 when
Yi Sŭng-hun returned from Beijing where he had been baptised by
a member of the resident Catholic mission. He had sought out the
Catholic priests at the instigation of Yi Pyok who, in the winter of 1777,
had been a member of a meeting of young, reform-minded Shirhak (‘New
Learning’) scholars. This meeting had been called to examine scientific,
mathematical and religious treatises written by the Jesuits in China. On
his return, Yi Sung-hun brought with him books and religious articles
which he shared with Yi Pyok, and together they began to evangelise
among their friends and neighbours. It was not very long, however, before
their activities began to meet with opposition from other Confucian
scholars and to arouse the suspicions of the authorities. In 1785 Yi Pyok
and other Christians were arrested at a meeting in the house of Kim
Pom-u, a member of the chungin class of technical specialists. Those
present were given a lecture on proper Confucian conduct and released,
apart from Kim Pom-u who was severely beaten and sent into exile where
he died from his injuries. Worse was to follow in 1791 with the execution
of Yun Chi-ch'ung and his cousin, Kwon Sang-yon, for their refusal to
perform the chesa ancestral rites for Yun's dead mother. Nevertheless the
Church continued to grow during the 1790s, and its members pressed the
bishop of Beijing to send a resident priest. This was achieved in 1795 when
a Chinese priest, Fr Chou Wên-mu, arrived in Seoul. Under his ministry,
and with the assistance of members of the laity, the Church grew from
around 4,000 believers to nearly 10,000 at the outbreak of the Shinyu
persecution in 1801. This persecution cost the lives of Fr Chou and at least
300 of the laity, but the Church survived.
‘Solo Saluador’: Printing the 1543
New Testament of Francisco de Enzinas (Dryander)
Authors: NELSON JONATHAN L.
Published: July 2002

Spain in the sixteenth century was not exempt from the movements

of reform sweeping over Europe. Its enthusiastic but short-lived
reception of Erasmian humanism in the 1520s is well-documented.
So is its even more enthusiastic suppression of native ‘Lutheran’

conventicles in the 1550s and the extinction of hope for a Protestant
Church in the kingdom of the Spanish Habsburgs. These events have
relegated Hispanic Protestantism to little more than a footnote in most

histories.

The story, though, is not limited to the Iberian peninsula. A dedicated

cadre of Spaniards did battle in the realm of ideas from places of exile
in
Naples, France, England, Geneva and Germany. In so doing, they
contributed significantly to a core literature of evangelical humanism
in
Spanish. This corpus consists, in part, of translations of Reformers'
works,
such as Melanchthon's Antithesis and Luther's treatise
on Christian
liberty, by Francisco de Enzinas (1540); Calvin's catechism, by Juan

Pérez (Geneva 1556); and Calvin's Institutes, by Cipriano
de Valera
(London 1597). Translations of classics also figure prominently in the

work of Francisco de Enzinas, for example Plutarch's Lives
and
the Decades of Livy.
An effective two-dimensional model for MHD flows with transverse magnetic field
Authors: POTHÉRAT A. , SOMMERIA J. , MOREAU R.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a model for quasi-two-dimensional MHD flows between two
planes with small magnetic Reynolds number and constant transverse magnetic field
orthogonal to the planes. A method is presented that allows three-dimensional effects
to be taken into account in a two-dimensional equation of motion thanks to a model
for the transverse velocity profile. This model is obtained by using a double perturbation
asymptotic development both in the core flow and in the Hartmann layers arising
along the planes. A new model is thus constructed that describes inertial effects in
these two regions. Two separate classes of phenomena are found: one related to inertial
effects in the Hartmann layer gives a model for recirculating flows and the other
introduces the possibility of having a transverse dependence of the velocity profile in
the core flow. The ‘recirculating’ velocity profile is then introduced in the transversally
averaged equation of motion in order to provide an effective two-dimensional equation
of motion. Analytical solutions of this model are obtained for two experimental
configurations: isolated vortices generated by a point electrode and axisymmetric
parallel layers occurring in the MATUR (MAgneticTURbulence) experiment. The
theory is found to give a satisfactory agreement with the experiment so that it can
be concluded that recirculating flows are actually responsible for both vortex core
spreading and excessive dissipative behaviour of the axisymmetric sidewall layers.
Boundary layer receptivity to free-stream sound on elliptic leading edges of flat plates
Authors: WANDERLEY JUAN B. V. , CORKE THOMAS C.
Published: July 2002

The leading-edge receptivity to acoustic waves of two-dimensional bodies is investigated
using a spatial solution of the Navier–Stokes equations in vorticity/stream
function form in general curvilinear coordinates. The free stream is composed of a
uniform flow with a superposed periodic velocity fluctuation of small amplitude. The
method follows that of Haddad & Corke (1998), in which the solution for the basic
flow and the linearized perturbation flow are solved separately. The initial motivation
for the work comes from past physical experiments for flat plates with elliptic leading
edges, which indicated narrow frequency bands of higher neutral-curve Branch I
receptivity. We investigate the same conditions in our simulations, as well as on a
parabolic leading edge. The results document the importance of the leading edge,
junction between the ellipse and flat plate, and pressure gradient to the receptivity
coefficient at Branch I. Comparisons to the past experiments and other numerical
simulations showed the influence of the elliptic leading-edge/flat-plate joint as an
additional site of receptivity which, along with the leading edge, provides a wavelength
selection mechanism which favours certain frequencies through linear superposition.
Transitions and instabilities of flow in a symmetric channel with a suddenly expanded and contracted part
Authors: MIZUSHIMA J. , SHIOTANI Y.
Published: July 2002

Transitions and instabilities of two-dimensional flow in a symmetric channel with
a suddenly expanded and contracted part are investigated numerically by three
different methods, i.e. the time marching method for dynamical equations, the SOR
iterative method and the finite-element method for steady-state equations. Linear
and weakly nonlinear stability theories are applied to the flow. The transitions are
confirmed experimentally by flow visualizations. It is known that the flow is steady
and symmetric at low Reynolds numbers, becomes asymmetric at a critical Reynolds
number, regains the symmetry at another critical Reynolds number and becomes
oscillatory at very large Reynolds numbers. Multiple stable steady-state solutions
are found in some cases, which lead to a hysteresis. The critical conditions for the
existence of the multiple stable steady-state solutions are determined numerically and
compared with the results of the linear and weakly nonlinear stability analyses. An
exchange of modes for oscillatory instabilities is found to occur in the flow as the
aspect ratio, the ratio of the length of the expanded part to its width, is varied, and
its relation with the impinging free-shear-layer instability (IFLSI) is discussed.
Acoustic radiation interparticle forces in a compressible fluid
Authors: DOINIKOV ALEXANDER A.
Published: July 2002

An analytical expression is derived for the time-averaged radiation force induced by
an acoustic wave field between N particles freely suspended in a fluid. Both the host
fluid and the medium inside the particles are assumed to be ideal compressible fluids.
The incident field is assumed to be moderate so that the scattered and refracted
fields of the particles can be taken to linear approximation. Multiple re-scattering
of sound between the particles and shape modes of all orders are allowed for. No
restrictions are imposed on the size of the particles, the separation distances between
them and their number. The present study substantially extends the existing theory,
which is based on essential simplifications and valid only for pairwise interactions.
In particular, the new theory allows one to follow continuously the evolution of
the radiation interaction force from large to small separation distances. The general
results are illustrated in the case of two air bubbles in water. It is shown that generally
the interbubble force behaves in far more complicated way than is predicted by the
classical Bjerknes theory.
Verification of Hasselmann's energy transfer among surface gravity waves by direct numerical simulations of primitive equations
Authors: TANAKA MITSUHIRO
Published: July 2002

The temporal evolution of nonlinear wave fields of surface gravity waves is studied
by large-scale direct numerical simulations of primitive equations in order to verify
Hasselmann's theory for nonlinear energy transfer among component gravity waves.
In the simulations, all the nonlinear interactions, including both resonant and non-resonant
ones, are taken into account up to the four-wave processes. The initial wave
field is constructed by combining more than two million component free waves in such
a way that it has the JONSWAP or the Pierson–Moskowitz spectrum. The nonlinear
energy transfer is evaluated from the rate of change of the spectrum, and is compared
with Hasselmann's theory. It is shown that, in spite of apparently insufficient duration
of the simulations such as just a few tens of characteristic periods, the energy transfer
obtained by the present method shows satisfactory agreement with Hasselmann's
theory, at least in their qualitative features.
Interaction of isotropic turbulence with shock
waves: effect of shock strength
Authors: LEE SANGSAN , LELE SANJIVA K. , MOIN PARVIZ
Published: July 2002

As an extension of the authors' work on isotropic vortical
turbulence interacting
with a shock wave (Lee, Lele & Moin 1993), direct numerical simulation
and linear
analysis are performed for stronger shock waves to investigate the effects of the
upstream shock-normal Mach number (M1). A shock-capturing scheme is developed
to accurately simulate the unsteady interaction of turbulence with shock waves.
Turbulence kinetic energy is amplified across the shock wave, and this amplification
tends to saturate beyond M1 = 3.0. An existing controversy between experiments
and theoretical predictions on length scale change is thoroughly investigated through
the shock-capturing simulation: most turbulence length scales decrease across the
shock, while the dissipation length scale
(ρq3/ε) increases slightly for shock
waves with M1<1.65. Fluctuations in thermodynamic
variables behind the shock wave are
nearly isentropic for M1<1.2, and deviate significantly
from isentropy for the stronger
shock waves, due to the entropy fluctuation generated through the interaction.
On the decay of inhomogeneous turbulence
Authors: CHASNOV J. R.
Published: July 2002

The decay of high-Reynolds-number inhomogeneous turbulence in an
unbounded

domain is considered. The turbulence may be initially localized in one
to

three spatial

directions and the fluid is assumed to be at rest at infinity in those

directions. Previous

arguments used to determine the decay laws of homogeneous turbulence are
extended

to the decay of inhomogeneous turbulence by integrating the turbulence

statistics over

the inhomogeneous directions. Dimensional arguments based on the invariance
or

near-invariance of low-wavenumber spectral coefficients associated with
the

integrated

mean-square velocity are used to determine asymptotic decay laws for inhomogeneous

turbulence. These decay laws depend on the number of inhomogeneous directions
of

the flow field and reduce to the well-known decay laws of homogeneous turbulence

when this number is zero. Different decay laws are determined depending
on the

spectral behaviour at low wavenumbers. Asymptotic similarity states of
the spectrum

during the decay and of the distribution of the mean-square velocity along
the

inhomogeneous directions are also determined. An analytical result for
the decay of

the mean-square velocity at the centre of the initial disturbance is found,
and the

decay proceeds more rapidly with increasing number of inhomogeneous directions

due to the transport of energy along those directions.

Large-eddy simulations of decaying turbulence homogeneous in a plane
and

localized in a single direction are performed to test the theoretical scaling

laws. The

numerically determined asymptotic decay laws of the integrated mean-square
velocity

agree well with the theoretical predictions. A self-similar decay of the
spectra and

mean-square velocity distributions is also observed. The simulation results
suggest

that when the low-wavenumber spectral coefficient is an exact invariant,
a unique

similarity state depending only on the initial value of this invariant

and independent

of all other aspects of the initial conditions is attained asymptotically.
Investigation of transition to turbulence using
white-noise excitation and local analysis techniques
Authors: SHAIKH F. N.
Published: July 2002

Weak free-stream turbulence excites modulated Tollmien–Schlichting
(T–S) waves in
a laminar boundary layer that grow in magnitude with downstream distance
and
ultimately lead to the formation of turbulent spots and then fully
turbulent flow. Hot-wire experiments have indicated that the
development of localized large-amplitude
‘events’ in the velocity records are the essential precursor
to the eventual formation of
turbulent spots in the flow field. Traditional global Fourier
techniques are unable to
resolve the localized nature of these events and hence provide little
useful information
concerning the physical processes responsible for this breakdown process.

This investigation used sequences of computer-generated deterministic
white noise
to excite a laminar boundary layer via a loudspeaker embedded in a flat-plate
model.
This form of excitation generated the modulated disturbance waves of interest
a short
distance downstream from the source in a repeatable and deterministic manner.
Further downstream the pattern of flow breakdown and subsequent generation
of
turbulent spots was similar to that observed in naturally excited situations.
By
repeatedly exciting the boundary layer with a single white-noise sequence
it was
possible to examine the highly nonlinear stages of ‘event’
development and breakdown with a single hot-wire probe.

Two local analysis techniques, the wavelet transform (WT) and singular
spectrum
analysis (SSA), were used in conjunction with the white-noise excitation
technique to
examine the highly nonlinear flow mechanisms responsible for the localized
formation
of events that lead to the eventual breakdown to turbulence.
Vorticity dynamics in a breaking internal gravity wave. Part 1.
Initial instability evolution
Authors: ANDREASSEN ØYVIND , HVIDSTEN PER ØYVIND , FRITTS DAVID C. , ARENDT STEVE
Published: July 2002

A three-dimensional simulation of a breaking internal gravity wave
in a stratified,
compressible, sheared fluid is used to examine the vorticity dynamics accompanying

the transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Our results show that baroclinic
sources
contribute preferentially to eddy vorticity generation during the initial
convective
instability of the wave field; the resulting counter-rotating vortices
are aligned with the
external shear flow. These vortices enhance the spanwise vorticity of the
shear flow via
stretching and distort the spanwise vorticity via advective tilting. The
resulting vortex
sheets undergo a dynamical (Kelvin–Helmholtz) instability which rolls
the vortex
sheets into tubes. These vortex tubes link with the original streamwise
convective
rolls to produce a collection of intertwined vortex loops. A companion
paper (Part 2)
describes the subsequent interactions among and the perturbations to these
vortices
that drive the evolution toward turbulence and smaller scales of motion.
Changes of the mean velocity profiles in the
combined wave–current motion described in a GLM formulation
Authors: GROENEWEG J. , KLOPMAN G.
Published: July 2002

The generalized Lagrangian mean (GLM) formulation is used to describe
the interaction
of waves and currents. In contrast to the more conventional Eulerian formulation

the GLM description enables splitting of the mean and oscillating motion
over the
whole depth in an unambiguous and unique way, also in the region between
wave crest
and trough. The present paper deals with non-breaking long-crested regular
waves on
a current using the GLM formulation coupled with a WKBJ-type perturbation-series

approach. The waves propagate under an arbitrary angle with the current
direction.
The primary interest concerns nonlinear changes in the vertical distribution
of
the mean velocity due to the presence of the waves, but modifications of
the orbital
velocity profiles, due to the presence of a current, are considered as
well. The special
case of no initial current, where waves induce a so-called drift velocity
or
mass-transport velocity, is also studied.
Prandtl number effects in convective turbulence
Authors: VERZICCO R. , CAMUSSI R.
Published: July 2002

The effect of Prandtl number on the dynamics of a convective turbulent
flow is
studied by numerical experiments. In particular, three series of experiments
have been
performed; in two of them the Rayleigh number spanned about two decades
while the
Prandtl number was set equal to 0.022 (mercury) and 0.7 (air). In the third
series, in
contrast, we fixed the Rayleigh number at 6×105 and the
Prandtl number was varied
from 0.0022 up to 15. The results have shown that, depending on the Prandtl
number,
there are two distinct flow regimes; in the first (Pr[lsim ]0.35)
the flow is dominated by
the large-scale recirculation cell that is the most important ‘engine’
for heat transfer.
In the second regime, on the other hand, the large-scale flow plays a negligible
role
in the heat transfer which is mainly transported by the thermal plumes.

For the low-Pr regime a model for the heat transfer is derived
and the predictions
are in qualitative and quantitative agreement with the results of the numerical

simulations and of the experiments. All the hypotheses and the consequences
of the model
are directly checked and all the findings are consistent with the predictions
and with
experimental observations performed under similar conditions. Finally,
in order to
stress the effects of the large-scale flow some counter examples are shown
in which
the large-scale motion is artificially suppressed.