bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L’accompagnement : entre idéalisation, épuisement et créativité
Authors: Lhuilier Dominique
Published: October 2018

De nombreux métiers, cadres organisationnels et institutionnels ont à assurer la prise en charge et l’accompagnement des migrants aux différents temps de leur vie en exil. Privilégiant tantôt des critères juridico-politiques, tantôt des critères socio-sanitaires, ces cadres de travail posent la question des marges de manœuvre, des espaces de jeu à construire pour soutenir les épreuves de la confrontation avec des expériences de dénuement, d’effroi, de sidération, face à ce qui s’est vécu « là-bas » et/ou ce qui se vit « ici », et du travail toujours exposé aux risques du « sale boulot ». Les enjeux de reconnaissance sont essentiels : reconnaissance du sujet au-delà de la catégorie à laquelle il est assigné (étranger, demandeur d’asile, sans papier, mineur isolé, travailleur immigré…), mais aussi reconnaissance des pratiques professionnelles, non pas seulement au prisme des règles de métier, mais du travail de culture résistant aux formes de déshumanisation contenues dans les modes et dispositifs « d’accueil ». L’intensité des affects, des tensions psychiques, des conflits et de la souffrance éthique peut conduire à l’épuisement, voire à l’effondrement. Ce qui interroge les ressources collectives pour penser un agir toujours incertain comme les voies de subversion des empêchements ou dévoiements qui pèsent sur l’activité.
Adversité et créativité dans le contexte de demande d’asile en Guyane française
Authors: Qribi Abdelhak , Chapellon Sébastien
Published: October 2018

L’étude porte sur les conduites, positionnements et adaptations d’un exilé d’origine colombienne et d’un travailleur social exerçant dans un centre d’accueil et d’hébergement pour demandeurs d’asile en Guyane française. Prenant appui sur des entretiens et se situant dans une perspective théorique d’interstructuration du sujet et des institutions, l’analyse met en relief les voies de résistance et de créativité de l’un et de l’autre dans un contexte marqué par l’adversité. Cependant, si usager et professionnel paraissent doués d’une intelligence pratique témoignant d’une connaissance de terrain et de capacités de bricolage et d’invention, on observe que c’est essentiellement leur ancrage dans des valeurs, au fondement même du sens donné à la vie, qui semble guider les conduites, nourrir les choix et animer leur dynamique de personnalisation.
Traumatismes et secrets : les enjeux de la relation clinique avec les mineurs non accompagnés
Authors: Sinanian Alexandre , Robin-Poupard Florence
Published: October 2018

Cet article s’intéresse à la complexité de la prise en charge des mineurs non accompagnés et aux enjeux de la relation clinique. Nous verrons de quelle façon un psychologue superviseur peut en favoriser l’élaboration au sein de groupes d’analyse des pratiques. À partir de ces séances, nous amènerons des éléments de compréhension sur les problématiques cliniques des jeunes migrants, souvent marqués par des expériences traumatiques extrêmes et portant la contrainte de multiples secrets et de conflits de loyauté. Les professionnels sont convoqués dans leur malléabilité , qualité souvent non perçue et parfois source de malaise si elle n’est pas élaborée. Elle est pourtant véritablement l’objet d’une ressource créative, ô combien utile, voire « vitale », chez le professionnel de la relation, pour favoriser l’élaboration et l’intégration des situations extrêmes, tout comme pour supporter l’effet des secrets.
Une expérience collaborative dans un service d’urgences oncologiques
Authors: Altea Anna , Brugeilles Frédéric
Published: October 2018

Cet article raconte une intervention psychosociologique menée à l’hôpital, au sein d’un des seuls services d’urgences oncologiques en France. L’objectif était de renforcer la cohésion dans le collectif de travail, ainsi que l’apprentissage d’une nouvelle dynamique d’équipe autour de la prise en charge du patient. Menée dans une perspective de formation-action, cette démarche a été co-animée par un psychosociologue et par le client lui-même, la responsable du développement professionnel. Elle a abouti à la création d’un livre-album, en collaboration avec un photographe qui a saisi les images fortes de la vie de l’équipe et du déroulement de l’activité, aussi bien le jour que la nuit. Le travail a permis à chaque membre de l’équipe de participer activement à la conception et à la rédaction du livre ainsi qu’aux choix des photos et de leur agencement. Cette aventure humaine a concilié analyse du travail, démarche artistique et expérience collaborative.
Par-delà le mirage et ses désenchantements : la réinsertion socioprofessionnelle de jeunes adultes itinérants
Authors: Bourgeois-Guérin Élise , L’Archevêque Alexandre , Lussier Véronique , Gilbert Sophie
Published: October 2018

En recherche comme dans l’intervention, la question de la réinsertion socioprofessionnelle des jeunes adultes itinérants fait l’objet d’un intérêt marqué. Les enjeux complexes entourant une telle réinsertion sont pourtant peu abordés dans la littérature et encore plus rarement du point de vue de ceux qui les vivent. Le présent article explore le regard que posent de jeunes adultes itinérants sur leur parcours de réinsertion socioprofessionnelle. L’analyse qualitative d’entrevues menées auprès d’eux permet ainsi de dégager trois grands axes thématiques autour desquels ils articulent leurs propos, soit la temporalité, le mouvement et le système.
Pour une histoire intellectuelle des révisions constitutionnelles
Authors: Thiers Éric
Published: October 2018

La doctrine n’est pas tenue à l’écart du processus de révision constitutionnelle. Elle l’alimente abondamment mais par des voies complexes qui restent à identifier. Pour ce faire, le recours à l’histoire intellectuelle est indispensable. En s’intéressant aux modalités concrètes de production et de diffusion des idées à travers un entrelacs de lieux, de milieux et de réseaux où se meuvent les constitutionnalistes, il est ici de mettre en lumière ce processus à travers le rôle de revues comme Pouvoirs , en prenant pour exemple l’introduction de la question prioritaire de constitutionnalité ou en analysant la fonction des comités chargés de préparer les réformes institutionnelles.
Soixante ans de subordination parlementaire
Authors: Portelli Hugues
Published: October 2018

Les pères fondateurs de la Constitution de 1958 ont voulu ramener le Parlement à un rang secondaire dans les institutions et ils y sont parvenus durablement. Tant le dispositif constitutionnel (la Constitution et son interprétation) que les règles du jeu électoral (mode de scrutin et calendrier) ont veillé à ce que les chambres respectent la préséance du pouvoir présidentiel. La pratique des acteurs parlementaires, tant dans l’usage que ces derniers ont fait de leurs pouvoirs que dans leur incapacité à utiliser les ressources du bicamérisme, a achevé d’ancrer cette subordination dans le long terme.
Les présidents de la V e République : jacobins ou girondins ?
Authors: Mastor Wanda
Published: October 2018

Peut-être plus qu’aucune autre, la question de la décentralisation est hautement politique, et les pouvoirs accordés aux territoires ont fluctué au gré des alternances politiques, parfois dans des proportions radicales. D’un caractère « indivisible » jusqu’à la prochaine et probable indépendance de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, en passant par la constitutionnalisation de son organisation « décentralisée », la V e  République peut aussi se raconter à travers le récit du rapport entre le centre et les territoires. La séculaire opposition entre jacobins et girondins, même éloignée de son sens révolutionnaire, semble persister. L’approche chronologique de ce grand récit permet d’y positionner nos huit présidents et de mieux comprendre le « pacte girondin » qui devrait trouver une traduction dans la prochaine révision constitutionnelle.
Les chemins de maraude d’une formation groupale
Authors: Carminati Federico , Galli Carminati Giuliana
Published: October 2018

Chaque année, ASTRAG (ASsociation pour le TRAvail Groupal thérapeutique et social) organise une formation groupale articulée sur quatre week-ends. Cette formation est gratuite et ouverte à tout public intéressé par la dynamique groupale. La situation groupale nous met sans ménagement en contact direct avec des contenus psychiques profonds. Nous pensons que l’analyse de groupe, avec un aspect d’amplification des dynamiques individuelles, est un laboratoire précieux pour avancer, dans le domaine de la psychanalyse dite classique, avec une continuation et un enrichissement réciproque très riches et lumineux. Cet article est conçu comme un « chemin de maraude » qui touche – dans notre cas, discrètement et sans trop de dégâts – aux trésors du savoir analytique pour en faire festin et partage. Nous nous arrêtons dans une première étape autour des première et deuxième topiques, en passant par la vision jungienne de l’inconscient jusqu’à la synthèse de Charles Baudouin, psychanalyste genevois. Nous abordons à la deuxième étape les instances du septénaire de Baudouin à la lumière du Cône de Stocker avec ses trois composantes, biologique, sociale et spirituelle. Les trois niveaux que Baudouin emprunte à Pascal, corps, esprit, cœur, sont parcourus par le développement de l’individu, on pourrait dire selon sa phylogenèse psychologique. La troisième étape de notre chemin de maraude nous plonge donc dans le monde profond de l’inconscient collectif, ce qui va nous suggérer que le groupe est un outil idéal pour explorer les couches profondes et donc s’approcher du monde des archétypes. La dernière étape nous amène en balade à une vision du septénaire de Baudouin légèrement différente en suivant les divers niveaux du processus d’individuation.
Les synchronicités : comment C.G. Jung a influencé la thérapie familiale psychanalytique
Authors: Durastante Richard
Published: October 2018

L’œuvre de C.G. Jung apporte une ouverture incontestable à la thérapie familiale psychanalytique, où se rejoignent parfois les concepts de son fondateur A. Ruffiot et les siens propres. Ainsi, le concept de psyché pure de Ruffiot peut être rapproché de ceux de synchronicité, d’inconscient collectif et d’archétype de Jung. D’autre part, cet article aborde la nécessité de ne pas enfermer le sujet, la famille ou le couple sur leur symptôme, mais de les ouvrir au monde et à une dimension spirituelle qui ne réduit pas la psychanalyse à une technique, mais à un art subtil où psyché et matière se rencontrent. Les travaux en physique quantique relient ainsi plus étroitement l’individu et le monde et contribuent à modifier en conséquence les approches psychothérapeutiques, par le fait de prendre en compte les synchronicités.
Les entreprises et la guerre : vers la responsabilité géopolitique des entreprises ?
Authors: Belhoste Nathalie , Nivet Bastien
Published: October 2018

Les récentes mises en cause de plusieurs multinationales françaises et / ou européennes (BNP Paribas et le génocide rwandais, Lafarge en Syrie, Imerys en Afghanistan, etc.) illustrent la difficulté d’adaptation et de gestion du risque géopolitique par certaines entreprises confrontées à des zones de conflits ou d’effondrement étatique. Les préoccupations à l’égard des comportements et réactions des multinationales dans de tels contextes sont anciennes, et des travaux universitaires ont déjà montré la diversité des attitudes des entreprises et soulevé des questions éthiques importantes. La période actuelle, mêlant volatilité géopolitique, mondialisation et prise de conscience accrue, pose désormais la question de l’émergence d’une forme nouvelle de « responsabilité géopolitique des entreprises », plaçant les entreprises devant une responsabilité particulière, y compris pénale, si et lorsque surgissent des conflits.
Violence religieuse et violence politique : de la paix provisoire à la paix définitive
Authors: Bourdin Bernard
Published: October 2018

Cet article a été spécialement conçu pour introduire les contributions de ce dossier sur la violence. Il propose toutefois une problématique originale : la violence est un fait anthropologique des plus ambivalents. C’est notamment vrai dans sa dimension politico-religieuse. Mais si la violence politico-religieuse est marquée par l’ambivalence, la paix ne l’est pas moins. Violence et paix ne peuvent être juxtaposées. Aux fins de sa démonstration, la réflexion proposée fait appel autant aux ressources de la philosophie politique, que de la psychanalyse et de la Révélation chrétienne. Le rapport que nouent violence et paix est beaucoup trop complexe pour le réduire à une approche monodisciplinaire. S’impose donc le devoir de la transversalité.
Cosmopolitismes méditerranéens ( xix e - xx e siècles)
Authors: Smyrnelis Marie-Carmen
Published: October 2018

Cet article réinterroge, dans ses multiples dimensions, la notion de cosmopolitisme dans les villes du pourtour méditerranéen, en la resituant dans une longue durée de deux siècles ( xix e et xx e siècles). L’hypothèse de trois âges du cosmopolitisme méditerranéen est ainsi testée.
L’obligation comme liberté ou comme contrainte. Sénèque, Paul et Rousseau
Authors: Wiel Véronique
Published: October 2018

Cette étude poursuit des recherches consacrées à une conception originale de la liberté, issue pour l’essentiel des stoïciens et de Paul : la liberté comme usage du monde. La décrire dans ses lignes principales conduit alors à rendre toute sa visibilité à l’une de ses figures : la pratique du don, repérée ici chez Sénèque et Paul. Montrer en quoi l’un et l’autre articulent diversement don et liberté au nom d’une fraternité en acte permet par contraste de pointer l’une des difficultés saillantes de l’individu moderne : le cas du dernier Rousseau, celui des Rêveries , rend visible, tel un miroir grossissant, les refus et incompréhensions de qui ne voit dans la pratique du don que chaînes, transaction aliénante, péril pour soi.
Wet en evangelie
Authors: Van Wyk Gabriel M.J.
Published: October 2018

The gospel is not a new law. A clear distinction must be made between law and gospel, so that the gospel is not mistakenly understood as a new law, but as the gospel (the good news). The relationship between law and gospel must be considered carefully. Two prominent theologians, Martin Luther and Karl Barth, did just that, but in opposition to one another. This article describes and compares their respective views. Barth defends a political use of the gospel. The gospel provides believers with action instructions for the civilian life. Barth argues in terms of analogical thinking and, according to him, believers’ understanding of reality is determined by their understanding of Christ. Luther, on the other hand, believes that the preaching of Christ and the life experience are in contrast. Faith and life are not identical. He understands the believer as the hearer of the gospel – as passive recipient of the grace of God. The passivity here, however, is a highly creative one. The relevance for us of the theological position defended regarding law and gospel is evident from the document ‘Association of the World Communion of Reformed Churches with the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification’. The spirit of the document is clearly Barthian. Fundamental theological differences are on the table with the Lutheran position and there is no question of real consensus. Intensive study and frank ecumenical conversation is required to seek real consensus for the sake of a clear Christian testimony in the world.
Factors associated with successful completion of a substance rehabilitation programme at a psychiatric training hospital
Authors: Dreyer Justine , Pooe Jacobeth M. , Dzikiti Loveness , Kruger Christa
Published: October 2018

Introduction: Comorbid psychiatric and substance use disorders are common globally. Management of either condition is influenced by comprehensive management of the other.Aim: The aim of this study was to determine which patient and substance factors are associated with completion of a substance rehabilitation programme in psychiatric inpatients.Methods: The study was conducted at the Substance Rehabilitation Unit (SRU) of Weskoppies Hospital, a psychiatric training hospital in South Africa. It was a hospital-based two-group cross-sectional study comparing clinical files of completers and non-completers of the SRU programme with respect to patient and substance factors.Results: Most of the patients referred to the SRU were involuntarily admitted, between the ages of 30 and 49 years, male, black or African origin, South African, single, unemployed, never having received a disability grant and with a highest level of education between Grades 8 and 11. Substance-induced disorders, psychotic disorders and Cluster B personality traits were common. Cannabis, alcohol and tobacco were the most frequently used substances. Patients with a lower level of education, who receive a disability grant or who use Nyaope or tobacco, were statistically significantly less likely to complete the SRU programme than those without these factors. Psychiatric diagnosis and general medical comorbidity were not associated with completion.Conclusion: Completion rates were comparable to those in general substance rehabilitation centres. The association of tobacco smoking and non-completion was in keeping with other research. Low educational level may be a predictive factor of non-completion in this population. This study has yielded several recommendations for substance rehabilitation services in this population and filled a number of research gaps. Further research is still needed, especially with regard to substance rehabilitation in Nyaope-users and the role of disability grants. Creative approaches will be necessary in order to support patients at risk of dropout, in light of resource limitations and the drive towards individualised care.
London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy for South African women with mental illness: Exploring perspectives on pregnancy
Authors: Du Toit Elsa , Jordaan Esme , Koen Liezl , Leppanen Jukka M. , Niehaus Dana
Published: October 2018

Introduction: Unplanned pregnancy is a community health concern. Research with South African women revealed the complexities surrounding pregnancy planning. Categorising pregnancies as either planned or unplanned is insufficient, as reducing a multidimensional concept to a dichotomous variable oversimplifies a complex matter.Methods: Pregnant females, 18 years and older with a primary DSM-IV-TR (APA 2000) diagnosis of psychiatric illness, are qualified for inclusion in this quantitative descriptive study. Participants completed a structured psychiatric assessment, including the London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy (LMUP) during care as usual visits at two Maternal Mental Health Clinics.Results: Although 37.1% termed their pregnancy unplanned when asked dichotomously, the LMUP scores revealed that 50.6% of the 170 participants fell outside the ‘planned’ category. Worryingly, 73.3% of the women with unplanned or ambivalent pregnancies did not use contraception. Neither the women’s intention to fall pregnant nor their perception of the right timing for being pregnant could be predicted by the group (unplanned, ambivalent or planned) in which they fell; 82.6% of the unplanned group, 57.1% of the ambivalent group and 6.0% of the planned group indicated not wanting the baby. All the women in the ‘planned’ group agreed with their partner to have a baby. This holds true for 24.4% of the women in the other two groups.Conclusion: Results revealed similar findings as other studies in terms of contraception use, pregnancy timing, pregnancy intent, desire to have a baby, partner involvement and health-promoting behaviours during pregnancy. The large size of the ambivalent category emphasises that pregnancy planning cannot be viewed in terms of two dichotomous points, but should rather be thought of as a scale or continuum.
Correlation between radiological and histopathological findings in patients undergoing nephrectomy for presumed renal cell carcinoma on computed tomography scan at Grey’s Hospital
Authors: Mlambo Nompumelelo E. , Dlamini Nondumiso N.M. , Urry Ronald J.
Published: October 2018

Background: The incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is increasing globally owing to the increased use of cross-sectional imaging. Computed tomography (CT) scan is the modality of choice in the diagnosis and pre-operative assessment of RCC. Nephrectomy is the standard treatment for RCC and pre-surgery biopsy is not routinely practised. The accuracy of CT diagnosis and staging in a South African population has not been established.Objectives: To determine the accuracy of CT scan in the diagnosis and pre-operative staging of RCC at Grey’s Hospital.Methods: A retrospective chart review was performed; CT scan reports and histopathological results of adult patients who underwent nephrectomy for presumed RCC on CT scan between January 2010 and December 2016 were compared.Results: Fifty patients met the inclusion criteria for the study. CT significantly overestimated the size of renal masses by 0.7 cm (p = 0.045) on average. The positive predictive value of CT for RCC was 81%. Cystic tumours and those 4 cm and smaller were more likely to be benign. CT demonstrated good specificity for extra-renal extension, vascular invasion and lymph node involvement, but poor sensitivity.Conclusion: In our South African study population, CT is accurate at diagnosing RCC, but false-positives do occur. Non-enhancing or poorly enhancing, cystic, fat-containing and small lesions (4 cm or smaller) are more likely to be benign and ultrasound-guided biopsy should be considered to avoid unnecessary surgery. CT assessment of extra-renal extension and vascular invasion is challenging and additional imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) venogram, duplex Doppler ultrasound or Positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET/CT) may be beneficial.
Bioremediation and Phytoremediation of Soils Polluted With Hydrocarbons: Assumptions and Comments
Authors: León Iván Balderas , Cerda José Luis Rico , Pizano Gustavo Santoyo , Benavides Liliana Márquez , Martínez Blanca Celeste Saucedo , Yáñez Juan Manuel Sánchez
Published: October 2018

The studies reported in the literature dealing with remediation of soils polluted with hydrocarbons (HCs) very often conclude that the soil was remediated by following some specific actions, microorganisms, plants or both. However, when affirming this, attention should be taken, since environmental regulations related to HCs as pollutants commonly differ from one country to another. In addition, some other research reports on remediation lack of a local environmental regulation, which could indicate the concentration of HCs, permitted in soils. The present short review highlights the importance of these concepts.
Intercultural Sensitivity Assessment of the Postgraduates Majoring in English: A Case Study of Guangxi Normal University
Authors: Zhao Guangcun
Published: October 2018

This study is using Chen and Starosta’s Intercultural Sensitivity Scale (ISS hereafter) to assess the intercultural sensitivity (ICS hereafter) level of postgraduates of Grade 2016 majoring in English from the College of Foreign Studies in Guangxi Normal University (GXNU hereafter) and try to discover what individual factors, such as Work Experience, Work Types and so on, influence their ICS level. The research questions are: 1) what is the postgraduates’ ICS level like? 2) What individual factors influence the postgraduates’ ICS?

By analyzing the 102 copies of valid questionnaires, this study gets the following findings. 1) The subjects’ general ICS level is moderate for their mean ICS total score is 88.63, within the range of 80-100. 2) Among the five factors of ICS, the value of Respect for Cultural Difference is the highest while Interaction Confidence is the lowest. 3) Among the subjects’ individual factors, Work Experience, Having Friends from Different Cultures and Having Passed TEM8 exert significant influence on the subjects’ ICS level, while factors such as Work Types, IC Courses Offered during the Undergraduate Study, Working as Volunteers, and Work Length, have no significantly statistical effect on the subjects’ ICS level.

The above findings successfully answer the two research questions. Then, based on the subjects’ real situations, this study analyzes the underlying causes for the findings from two perspectives. Firstly, Chinese students are greatly affected by the collectivism-oriented cultural value. Secondly, the subjects lack chances of intercultural practice and experience. In the end, four tentative suggestions are put forward to improve the subjects’ ICS level and intercultural communication competence.
Ionic Liquids Applied to Extraction of Xenobiotics from Food, Environmental, and Biological Samples and for Analysis by Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Tuzimski Tomasz , Petruczynik Anna
Published: October 2018

Ionic liquids (ILs) are a class of unique substances composed purely by cation and anions. Because of the unique properties of ILs (e.g., electric conductivity, low volatility, thermostability, and tenability), their use has attracted considerable interest, including an increasing number of publications on their use in analytical separation techniques. ILs applied as extraction solvents in liquid–liquid extraction methods and promote interactions between the analyte and solvent because of their unique chemical functional groups. In solid-phase extraction, ILs are usually used for the modification of stationary phases. ILs in LC are applied as mobile phase additives to obtain a better peak shape and high system efficiency for the analysis of ionic, especially basic, compounds. This review highlights some of the applications of ILs to extraction and analysis by LC of xenobiotics in food, environmental, and biological samples.
An osteopathic cardiologist's review of hypertension: Beyond The Fifth Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure
Authors: Williams Alicia M.
Published: October 2018

Although hypertension was defined more than 100 years ago, it remains the leading cause of office visits and use of prescription drugs. Because hypertension is one of the major risk factors for premature death and disability, the medical community continues to strive toward more aggressive detection, follow-up, and treatment. The Fifth Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure provides an excellent guide for all health practitioners. This publication, along with several recent articles, have provided a comprehensive approach to the hypertensive patient. Although cerebrovascular events have been dramatically reduced by the treatment of hypertension, results regarding cardiac morbidity and mortality have been disappointing. Therefore, from a cardiologist's standpoint, the concept of cardioprotection has evolved into an important component in the treatment of the hypertensive patient.
A variant of adrenomyeloneuropathy in a family with adrenoleukodystrophy and adrenomyeloneuropathy
Authors: Simpson David A. , Pawlak Anne M. , Nigro Michael A. , Wishnow Robin
Published: October 2018

A 31-year-old man was seen with addisonian crisis, followed by the abrupt onset of spastic paraparesis and peripheral neuropathy. A workup revealed adrenal insufficiency, for which the patient was aggressively treated. The workup also revealed an increase in very-long-chain fatty acids consistent with the diagnosis of adrenomyeloneuropathy. Abnormal pituitary dysfunction improved with treatment of the Addison's disease. A review of the patient's pedigree revealed two family members in whom multiple sclerosis had been diagnosed but which, in retrospect, was thought to be adrenomyeloneuropathy. No other family member was found to have Addison's disease. A sibling died at age 8 of Schilder's disease, confirming the presence of adrenoleukodystrophy as well as adrenomyeloneuropathy within this family.
Factors Affecting the Purchase Intention of Virtual Goods in Mobile Game Clash Royale
Authors: Limanto Jeremy , Semuel Hatane , Adiwijaya Michael
Published: October 2018

Concerning Indonesia‘s rapid growth of mobile internet usage and also a growing mobile game market, this research aims to analyze the influence of Customer-to-Customer interaction (C2C) towards the purchase intention of virtual goods in a mobile game. It proposes a conceptual model integrating variables that have been studied in previous research on purchase intention, consumer engagement, brand image, and also C2C interaction, the latter of which plays a critical role, but has received less mobile game attention. The conceptual model has been tested using SmartPLS to a database of 200 players in Indonesia. The results show that consumer engagement, brand image is associated with C2C interaction and purchase intention in mobile game Clash Royale.
Disturbed processing of the carbohydrate‐binding module of family 54 significantly impairs its binding to polysaccharides
Authors: Dvortsov Igor A. , Lunina Nataliya A. , Demidyuk Ilya V. , Kostrov Sergey V.
Published: October 2018

Carbohydrate‐binding modules of the family 54 (CBM54) are characterized by spontaneous rupture of the peptide bond Asn266‐Ser267 (numbering corresponds to that of laminarinase Lic16A of Ruminiclostridium thermocellum). As a result of processing, two parts are formed noncovalently connected to each other. Here, to gain insights into the functional significance of the internal cleavage, we made modifications of the family‐conserved processing site in CBM54 of Lic16A. We demonstrate that the introduced mutations of residues G264 or S267 to alanine block the hydrolysis. Unprocessed, modified proteins bind insoluble polysaccharides pustulan, chitin, xylan, Avicel, phosphoric acid‐swollen cellulose, and β‐d‐glucan of the yeast cell wall 2–20 times worse than the wild‐type module. The data obtained are the first to demonstrate that processing is important for the functioning of CBM54s.
Human nitrobindin: the first example of an all‐β‐barrel ferric heme‐protein that catalyzes peroxynitrite detoxification
Authors: De Simone Giovanna , di Masi Alessandra , Polticelli Fabio , Ascenzi Paolo
Published: October 2018

Nitrobindins (Nbs), constituting a heme‐protein family spanning from bacteria to Homo sapiens, display an all‐β‐barrel structural organization. Human Nb has been described as a domain of the nuclear protein named THAP4, whose physiological function is still unknown. We report the first evidence of the heme‐Fe(III)‐based detoxification of peroxynitrite by the all‐β‐barrel C‐terminal Nb‐like domain of THAP4. Ferric human Nb (Nb(III)) catalyzes the conversion of peroxynitrite to and impairs the nitration of free l‐tyrosine. The rate of human Nb(III)‐mediated scavenging of peroxynitrite is similar to those of all‐α‐helical horse heart and sperm whale myoglobin and human hemoglobin, generally taken as the prototypes of all‐α‐helical heme‐proteins. The heme‐Fe(III) reactivity of all‐β‐barrel human Nb(III) and all‐α‐helical prototypical heme‐proteins possibly reflects the out‐to‐in‐plane transition of the heme‐Fe(III)‐atom preceding peroxynitrite binding. Human Nb(III) not only catalyzes the detoxification of peroxynitrite but also binds NO, possibly representing a target of reactive nitrogen species.
Acquired characteristics, inheritance of
Authors: Weiss Kenneth M.
Published: October 2018

Jean‐Baptiste de Lamarck formulated an early theory of evolution based on the idea that traits acquired by the habits of life could then be inherited, and that this was the source of the evolution of species and their adaptive traits. His assumptions were abandoned by Darwin and subsequently replaced by a model of adaptive evolution working via random mutation and natural selection. Recent evidence suggests the existence of epigenetic mechanisms by which environmental and lifestyle factors can affect gene usage, but it is not clear how often such changes are truly inherited or whether they can affect long‐term evolution.
Anthropoid origins
Authors: Gunnell† Gregg F. , Miller Ellen R.
Published: October 2018

The origin of anthropoid primates (monkeys, apes, humans) is one of the most controversial issues in paleoanthropology. Living anthropoids are united by several morphological features, the most important of which is that the eye sits in a fully closed bony socket, reflecting a key shared innovation of the group—that is, an emphasis on vision over olfaction. Molecular analyses support an origin of anthropoids in Asia, but fossil evidence indicates that Africa is the place where morphologically recognizable anthropoids began their initial diversification. Part of the controversy comes from the use of two competing definitions of Anthropoidea, “crown” versus “stem.” Two different scenarios of anthropoid origins are explored: (1) a deep time African origin, which is consistent with a crown definition; and (2) a Middle Eocene Asian origin, which is consistent with a stem definition. At present there is little consensus about the timing and place of anthropoid origins.
Antibody/antigen
Authors: Villanea Fernando
Published: October 2018

Antibodies are immunoglobulin proteins, and intrinsic components of the immune system. An antibody mediates immune response by recognizing and binding to a specific antigen. An antigen is thus defined as any molecule provoking an immune reaction mediated by an antibody.
Archaic humans
Authors: van Arsdale Adam
Published: October 2018

Archaic humans is a general reference to the populations of humans that existed prior to and alongside early
Homo sapiens
, during the Middle and Late Pleistocene. These fossils and the archaeological materials they left behind have long posed a challenge to researchers engaged in understanding human origins, given the mosaic of derived and ancestral traits that they display. More recently, evidence drawn from genetics, particularly from the study of ancient DNA, has revealed the true nature of the complex relationships between archaic humans and the emergence of modern
Homo sapiens
.
Australopithecine/australopith
Authors: Ward Carol V.
Published: October 2018

The australopiths are a collection of seven to ten species of early hominin that are more closely related to our genus,Homo, than to apes or earlier hominins. They are not a formal scientific group becauseHomolikely evolved from one of them, but are better considered an adaptive radiation of hominins that were committed terrestrial bipeds and to a greater or lesser extent an adaptation to processing more difficult‐to‐chew foods than their predecessors. This combination of features may have been the key to their success and set the stage for the origin ofHomo.
Binocular vision
Authors: Cartmill Matt
Published: October 2018

Almost all mammals have a sector of binocular vision encompassing things that are seen by both eyes at once. Input to the brain from this sector is processed to yield a three‐dimensional stereoscopic image containing information about depth and distance, mainly for objects close to and in front of the animal. The binocular sector tends to be wider in nocturnal mammals (for optical reasons) and in predators that rely on vision in hunting and seizing prey. Modern primates have a larger and higher‐resolution binocular sector than most other mammals. This primate peculiarity has been variously explained as having originated as an adaptation to leaping locomotion, feeding on fruits and nectar, or visually directed predation on insects.
Caldwell,Charles
Authors: Mann Alan
Published: October 2018

Charles Caldwell (1772–1853) was an American physician, trained at the University of Pennsylvania, and a member of the faculty at medical schools in Lexington and Louisville, Kentucky. He was a strong proponent of the controversial and now universally rejected notions of phrenology and polygenism, ideas he introduced to the United States. His support of slavery was based on his view that there were at least four human species, all derived from different primal pairs.
Clade
Authors: Strait David S.
Published: October 2018

A clade refers to a group of taxa that comprise all of the descendants of a single common ancestor. It is one of the central concepts needed to understand and discuss phylogeny.
D
art,
R
aymond
Authors: Falk Dean
Published: October 2018

Raymond Arthur Dart (1893–1988) was an Australian‐born anatomist and anthropologist who chaired the Department of Anatomy at the Medical School of the University of Witwatersrand in Johannesburg, South Africa. In February of 1925, Dart described an astonishing fossil in the journal
Nature
. The specimen, nicknamed the Taungs (now Taung) baby, is recognized as one of the most famous fossils ever discovered. It consisted of a fossilized face, attached jaw, and a natural cast of the braincase (endocast) of an infant. According to Dart, Taung represented a bipedal “man‐ape” that preceded the more recent “ape‐man”
Pithecanthropus
(now
Homo
)
erectus
from Java. Dart named the fossil
Australopithecus africanus
. The subsequent discovery of many more fossils similar to Taung confirmed not only the African origin of early human ancestors but also that
Australopithecus
eventually gave rise to our own genus,
Homo
.
D
enisovans
Authors: Hawks John
Published: October 2018

The Denisovans were an extinct population of human relatives that existed from approximately 500,000 years ago until sometime after 100,000 years ago. Their existence is known only from ancient DNA evidence from three fossil fragments from Denisova Cave, Russia. Although the overall geographic range and extinction time of the Denisovans are not known, genetic evidence shows them to have had a complex population history in which they mixed with other archaic populations and with modern humans. The legacy of Denisovan ancestry is strongest today in the peoples of Melanesia and in Aboriginal Australians.
Dental microwear
Authors: Ungar Peter S.
Published: October 2018

Dental microwear can teach us about diet and tooth‐use behaviors of past peoples and fossil primates. Specific foods leave distinctive patterns of microscopic scratches and pits that can be read to help us reconstruct food preferences of long‐gone human populations and extinct species. Dental microwear analysis is different from the typical tooth form–function approach that paleontologists use to reconstruct diet because it tells us something about what a specific individual ate at a point in time in the past rather than what it was capable of eating, or what its own ancestors evolved to eat.
Dental morphology (human)
Authors: Legge Scott S.
Published: October 2018

Human dental morphology analysis began with straightforward odontographies, or descriptions of dental traits, within various geographical populations in the 1920s. With the development of standardized methods of data collection and adoption of the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System (ASUDAS), dental morphology has become a key tool of biological anthropologists and bioarchaeologists for reconstructing relationships and movements of both living and past populations.
Developmental adaptation
Authors: Thayer Zaneta
Published: October 2018

Developmental adaptation refers to the ability of an organism to modify its phenotype in response to environmental exposures over the course of growth and development. There are many examples of developmental adaptation within anthropology, including studies that evaluate the impacts of early life environments on phenotypes such as lung volume, stature, the immune system, and reproductive hormones. In addition to helping organisms become better adapted to their environment, developmental adaptation may be an important mechanism for facilitating evolutionary change. There is now great interest in the potential for epigenetic modifications to facilitate developmental adaptation.
Ecotourism
Authors: McKinney Tracie
Published: October 2018

One of the fastest‐growing tourism sectors is ecotourism, which focuses on responsible tourism that has a positive effect on the host nation's natural and cultural environment. This form of tourism is particularly important for the nonhuman primates, which are often indigenous to developing regions and are frequently targeted for wildlife viewing excursions. Ecotourism is a key research area for the growing field of ethnoprimatology, and has the potential to support conservation efforts, public education, and sustainable development. More systematic evaluation is needed to assess the costs and benefits of ecotourism on both human and nonhuman primate populations.
Epistasis
Authors: Justice Anne E.
Published: October 2018

Polygenic phenotypes may be the result of epistasis, the interaction between genetic variants at different loci. Epistatic interaction may mask the expression of phenotype or alter the magnitude and direction of effect of an allele on a phenotype. Model organisms have shown that epistasis is a common occurrence and much can be learned about phenotypic variation from identifying epistatic events. Additional advancements in computational and statistical methods and means to functionally assess interactions are underway to identify and confirm these events in humans and nonhuman primates. While identifying epistatic phenotypes in humans and nonhuman primates may be statistically, computationally, and logistically difficult, this is essential in understanding the biological and evolutionary significance of phenotypic variation.
Forensic archaeology
Authors: Schultz John J. , Dupras Tosha L.
Published: October 2018

Forensic archaeology was developed within the discipline of forensic anthropology in response to the need for the use of stringent and proper field methods for the recovery and documentation of human remains and associated evidence from medicolegal contexts. Forensic archaeologists utilize and adapt archaeological methods for searches and recoveries involving human remains from a variety of contexts, including surface scatters and burials, and from much more complex scenes such as mass burials and mass fatalities.
Functional morphology, skull
Authors: Daegling David J.
Published: October 2018

The skull has evolved to accommodate several functional needs. It protects the brain, houses organs of special sensation, provides a scaffold for processing food, and maintains essential spaces for respiration, ingestion and vocalization. Despite having to meet all these distinct needs, the primate skull displays remarkable anatomical diversity. The modern human skull is instantly recognizable: in contrast with other primate skulls, its shape is explicable by the interaction of three factors in our evolutionary history. First, the expansion of our brain has led to a necessarily expanded neurocranium. Second, our adoption of upright posture changed the way we interact with our environment, and as a result the position of our face relative to the braincase and cranial base has radically changed. Finally, our cultural adaptations have lessened our reliance on processing raw foods with our teeth and jaws, and these structures have consequently become reduced in size.
Genetic code
Authors: Quillen Ellen E.
Published: October 2018

The genetic code is the set of rules that describe how nucleic acid‐encoded information (DNA and RNA) creates specific proteins through the processes of transcription and translation. Three‐nucleotide‐long codons in the messenger RNA encode a single amino acid which is the fundamental building block of proteins. Proteins are the workhorse of the cell, serving as structural material, enzymes, transporters, antibodies, and regulators of gene expression. Ultimately, phenotypes are primarily determined by proteins. Due to the flexible nature of the genetic code, not all mutations at the DNA level significantly alter the protein structure and function. Statistical tests have been developed to evaluate the intensity of selection acting on a gene based on the ratio of polymorphisms that alter proteins to those that do not.
Habitat use
Authors: Chapman Colin A. , Valenta Kim
Published: October 2018

Primates are found in all sorts of habitats, from temperate zones, to deserts, to mountains, to lowland forests. Their distribution is driven by two main factors. First, resources (food, shelter, mates) are unevenly distributed in the environment, with some areas containing higher densities of resources than others. Second, primates need to take into account the number of competitors for these resources, both primate and non‐primate competitors.
Hooton,Earnest A.
Authors: Kern Kevin
Published: October 2018

Earnest Albert Hooton (1887–1954) was an early, twentieth‐century US biological anthropologist. One of the most influential figures of his day, he played seminal roles in popularizing, professionalizing, and expanding the discipline of biological anthropology from his position at Harvard University.
Micronutrient deficiency diseases: anemia, scurvy, and rickets
Authors: Mays Simon
Published: October 2018

Anemia is the impairment of oxygen transport to the tissue by red blood cells. Today, it is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in children. The most common form in most populations is iron deficiency anemia. Common causes are dietary deficiencies, diarrheal disease, and chronic blood loss due to burden of gut parasites. Deficiency of vitamin C in the diet, due to lack of fresh fruit and vegetables, causes scurvy. Deficiency of vitamin D causes rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. Most vitamin D is synthesized in the body. This process requires exposure of the skin to ultraviolet light. Frequencies of rickets and osteomalacia in the past are an index of exposure to sunlight. Anemia, scurvy, and rickets may each leave potentially diagnostic traces on the skeleton. Studies of these deficiency diseases in skeletal populations can potentially inform us of important aspects of past lifestyles.
Jolly,Alison
Authors: Sussman† Robert W.
Published: October 2018

Dr. Alison Jolly was a primatologist whose research focused on the behavioral ecology and conservation of Malagasy lemurs. Her main interest wasLemur catta(the ring‐tailed lemur). She wrote scientific articles and books as well as books for general audiences and for children. Jolly's work on lemur behavior and the conservation of Madagascar's flora and fauna is highly recognized.
Lactase persistence
Authors: Wiley Andrea S.
Published: October 2018

Variation in lactase production across the lifespan is a key aspect of human biological variation. Only a few populations—those who have a long history of use of domesticated mammals for milk—have high frequencies of the alleles that underlie lactase persistence, which refers to lactase production throughout life. Lactase is a gastrointestinal enzyme necessary for the digestion of the milk sugar lactose. Most human populations retain the ancestral mammalian genetic trait, characterized by the cessation of lactase production in childhood (lactase impersistence). Lactase‐impersistent individuals who consume milk often suffer from the gastrointestinal symptoms of lactose intolerance, which result from undigested lactose fermentation by bacteria in the colon. The evolution of lactase persistence is an example of human biocultural evolution in the post‐agricultural period. Hypotheses for why it was favored by natural selection in some human populations are described.
Miocene primates
Authors: Harrison Terry
Published: October 2018

During the Miocene (24–5 million years ago), fossil primates are known from Eurasia, Africa, North America, and South America. Omomyoid and adapoid primates that had been a diverse component of the Eocene faunas of North America and Eurasia were restricted to a few relictual representatives by the Miocene. Strepsirrhine primates, closely related to modern lorises and galagos, were living in Africa and Asia, while tarsiids were distributed across tropical Asia. New World monkeys (platyrrhines) were rapidly diversifying in South America at this time, and their Miocene fossil record documents the earliest appearance of modern platyrrhine lineages. Primitive catarrhines, apes, and Old World monkeys were restricted to Africa during the early part of the Early Miocene, but by the Middle and Late Miocene they had also spread throughout Eurasia.