bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resistance switching in HfO2 metal-insulator-metal devices
Authors: Gonon P. , Mougenot M. , Vallée C. , Jorel C. , Jousseaume V. , Grampeix H. , El Kamel F.
Published: April 2010

Resistance switching is studied in Au/HfO2 (10 nm)/(Pt, TiN) devices, where HfO2 is deposited by atomic layer deposition. The study is performed using different bias modes, i.e., a sweeping, a quasistatic and a static (constant voltage stress) mode. Instabilities are reported in several circumstances (change in bias polarity, modification of the bottom electrode, and increase in temperature). The constant voltage stress mode allows extracting parameters related to the switching kinetics. This mode also reveals random fluctuations between the ON and OFF states. The dynamics of resistance switching is discussed along a filamentary model which implies oxygen vacancies diffusion. The rf properties of the ON and OFF states are also presented (impedance spectroscopy).
Particle dispersion in two-dimensional peristaltic flow
Authors: Jiménez-Lozano Joel , Sen Mihir
Published: April 2010

Particle dispersion in a two-dimensional peristaltic flow with zero pressure rise is investigated. It is found that depending on the degree of occlusion of the peristalsis, particle motion can be forward or retrograde. Dispersion of a group of particles is quantified using the mean particle position and the variance around this. The degree of occlusion of the wave can be used to promote dispersion of particles and aggregation in the form of a traveling bolus. The efficacy of particle trapping increases with the amplitude ratio. Entrapment and motion of particles within the bolus are studied. The trapped particles arrange themselves in a self-similar manner, as shown in Poincaré sections, which are characterized using the fractal dimension.
Orthogonal polynomials and operator orderings
Authors: Hamdi Adel , Zeng Jiang
Published: April 2010

An alternative and combinatorial proof is given for a connection between a system of Hahn polynomials and identities for symmetric elements in the Heisenberg algebra, which was first observed by Bender et al. [“Resolution of the operator-ordering problem by the method of finite elements,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 56, 2445 (1986); “Continuous Hahn polynomials and the Heisenberg algebra,” J. Math. Phys. 28, 509 (1987)] and proven by Koornwinder [“Meixner-Pollaczek polynomials and the Heisenberg algebra,” J. Math. Phys. 30, 767 (1989)]. In the same vein two results announced by Bender and Dunne [“Polynomials and operator orderings,” J. Math. Phys. 29, 1727 (1988)] connecting a special one-parameter class of Hermitian operator orderings and the continuous Hahn polynomials are also proven.
A benchmark study of the vertical electronic spectra of the linear chain radicals C2H and C4H
Authors: Fortenberry Ryan C. , King Rollin A. , Stanton John F. , Crawford T. Daniel
Published: April 2010

The ability of coupled-cluster models to predict vertical excitation energies is tested on the electronic states of carbon-chain radicals of particular relevance to interstellar chemistry. Using spin-unrestricted and -restricted reference wave functions, the coupled-cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) model and a triples-including model (CC3) are tested on the σ radicals C2H and C4H. Both molecules exhibit low-lying excited states with significant double-excitation character (as well as states of quartet multiplicity) and are thus challenging cases for excited-state approaches. In addition, we employ two diagnostics for the reliability of the CC results: the approximate excitation level (AEL) relative to the ground state and the difference between excitation energies obtained with spin-unrestricted and spin-restricted reference wave functions (the U-R difference). We find that CCSD yields poor excitation energies for states with AEL significantly larger than ca. 1.1 and/or large U-R differences, as well as for certain states exhibiting large spin contamination or other inadequacies in the reference determinant. In such cases, connected triple excitations can be included in the model and generally provide improved results. Furthermore, we find that large discrepancies exist between CC and multireference (MR) results for certain states. These disagreements are not related to basis-set effects, but likely arise from the lack of spin adaptation in conventional spin-orbital CC implementations and active space selection in the MR models.
Communications: Evidence for the role of fluctuations in the thermodynamics of nanoscale drops and the implications in computations of the surface tension
Authors: Sampayo José G. , Malijevský Alexandr , Müller Erich A. , de Miguel Enrique , Jackson George
Published: April 2010

Test-area deformations are used to analyze vapor-liquid interfaces of Lennard-Jones particles by molecular dynamics simulation. For planar vapor-liquid interfaces the change in free energy is captured by the average of the corresponding change in energy, the leading-order contribution. This is consistent with the commonly used mechanical (pressure-tensor) route for the surface tension. By contrast for liquid drops, one finds a large second-order contribution associated with fluctuations in energy. Both the first- and second-order terms make comparable contributions, invalidating the mechanical relation for the surface tension of small drops. The latter is seen to increase above the planar value for drop radii of ∼8 particle diameters, followed by an apparent weak maximum and slow decay to the planar limit, consistent with a small negative Tolman length.
Proton deflectometry of a magnetic reconnection geometry
Authors: Willingale L. , Nilson P. M. , Kaluza M. C. , Dangor A. E. , Evans R. G. , Fernandes P. , Haines M. G. , Kamperidis C. , Kingham R. J. , Ridgers C. P. , Sherlock M. , Thomas A. G. R. , Wei M. S. , Najmudin Z. , Krushelnick K. , Bandyopadhyay S. , Notley M. , Minardi S. , Tatarakis M. , Rozmus W.
Published: April 2010

Laser-driven magnetic reconnection is investigated using proton deflectometry. Two laser beams of nanosecond duration were focused in close proximity on a solid target to intensities of I∼1×1015 W cm−2. Through the well known ∇ne×∇Te mechanism, azimuthal magnetic fields are generated around each focal spot. During the expansion of the two plasmas, oppositely oriented field lines are brought together resulting in magnetic reconnection in the region between the two focal spots. The spatial scales and plasma parameters are consistent with the reconnection proceeding due to a Hall mechanism. An optimum focal spot separation for magnetic reconnection to occur is found to be ≈400±100 μm. Proton probing of the temporal evolution of the interaction shows the formation of the boundary layer between the two expanding plasma plumes and associated magnetic fields, as well as an instability later in the interaction. Such laboratory experiments provide an opportunity to investigate magnetic reconnection under unique conditions and have possible implications for multiple beam applications such as inertial confinement fusion experiments.
Spin-glasslike behavior and exchange bias in multiferroic Bi1/3Sr2/3FeO3 ceramics
Authors: Tian Z. M. , Yuan S. L. , Zheng X. F. , Jia L. C. , Huo S. X. , Duan H. N. , Liu L.
Published: April 2010

Spin-glasslike (SGL) behavior and exchange bias (EB) effect have been reported in multiferroic Bi1/3Sr2/3FeO3 ceramics. Temperature dependence of magnetization and high field relaxation properties reveal the existence of SGL phases. After field cooling the sample from 350 to 10 K, exchange bias field (HEB), vertical magnetization shifts (MShift) and increment of saturation magnetization (MS) are observed, and exhibit a strong dependence on the strength of cooling fields. Furthermore, HEB shows a linear dependence on MShift. This observed EB effect is discussed in terms of the exchange coupling between ferromagnetic clusters and the SGL phases at interface.
Gigantic uphill diffusion during self-assembled growth of Ge quantum dots on strained SiGe sublayers
Authors: Valakh M. Ya. , Lytvyn P. M. , Nikolenko A. S. , Strelchuk V. V. , Krasilnik Z. F. , Lobanov D. N. , Novikov A. V.
Published: April 2010

Raman spectroscopy and atomic-force microscopy were applied to study the morphology of nanoislands grown on strained Si1−xGex sublayers. It was shown that the growth of nanoislands on strained Si1−xGex sublayer not only induces the effect of their spatial ordering but also enhances the role of interdiffusion processes. Unusual high island volume increase during the epitaxy is explained by anomalous strong material diffusion from the sublayer into the islands, induced by nonuniform field of elastic strains.
Thermal induced facet destructive feature of quantum cascade lasers
Authors: Zhang Quande , Liu Feng-Qi , Zhang Wei , Lu Quanyong , Wang Lijun , Li Lu , Wang Zhanguo
Published: April 2010

We present a study on the facet damage profile of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs). Conspicuous cascade half-loop damage strips on front facet are observed when QCLs catastrophically failed. Due to the large difference on thermal conductivities between active region and the substrate, dominant heat is compulsively driven to the substrate. Abundant heat accumulation and dissipation on substrate build large temperature gradient and thermal lattice mismatch. Thermal-induced stress due to sequential mismatch leads to the occurrence of the multistep damages on front facet. Good agreement is achieved between the observed locations of damaged strips and the calculated results.
Voltage induced magnetic anisotropy change in ultrathin Fe80Co20/MgO junctions with Brillouin light scattering
Authors: Ha Seung-Seok , Kim Nam-Hee , Lee Sukmock , You Chun-Yeol , Shiota Yoichi , Maruyama Takuto , Nozaki Takayuki , Suzuki Yoshishige
Published: April 2010

We investigate voltage induced perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) changes in MgO/Cr/Au/Fe80Co20/MgO/polyimide/ indium tin oxide (ITO). In order to observe the PMA change, spin wave frequency was measured by Brillouin light scattering with finite bias voltages applied between Au and ITO electrodes. The obtained PMA constants from spin wave frequency of Fe80Co20 layer show clear bias voltage dependences, which agree well with the previous polar-Kerr effect measurement results and theoretical study. This study suggests spintronics devices operated by an electric field for next generation devices complying with low-power consumption.
Beryllium-dihydrogen complexes on nanostructures
Authors: Lee Hoonkyung , Huang Bing , Duan Wenhui , Ihm Jisoon
Published: April 2010

Using the first-principles density-functional method, we investigate the adsorption characteristics of H2 molecules onto alkaline or alkaline earth metal-incorporated nanostructures. Only the cases with beryllium (Be) result in the dihydrogen complex through the orbital coupling between the Be’s s or p orbitals and the H2’s σ orbitals. This is a salient example of a d orbital-free Kubas-type dihydorgen complex and can be utilized for room-temperature hydrogen storage because of a desirable binding energy of H2 molecules (∼0.4 eV/H2).
Thermophysical Properties of Methane
Authors: Friend Daniel G. , Ely James F. , Ingham Hepburn
Published: April 2010

New correlations for the thermophysical properties of fluid methane are presented. The correlations are based on a critical evaluation of the available experimental data and have been developed to represent these data over a broad range of the state variables. Estimates for the accuracy of the equations and comparisons with measured properties are given. The reasons for this new study of methane include significant new and more accurate data, and improvements in the correlation functions which allow increased accuracy of the correlations especially in the extended critical region. For the thermodynamic properties, a classical equation for the molar Helmholtz energy, which contains terms multiplied by the exponential of the quadratic and quartic powers of the system density, is used. The resulting equation of state is accurate from about 91 to 600 K for pressures <100 MPa and was developed by considering PVT, second virial coefficient, heat capacity, and sound speed data. Tables of coefficients and equations are presented to allow the calculation of these and other thermodynamic quantities. Ancillary equations for properties along the liquid–vapor phase boundary, which are consistent with the equation of state and lowest order scaling theory, are also given. For the viscosity of fluid methane, a low-density contribution based on theory is combined with an empirical representation of the excess contribution. The approximate range of the resulting correlation is 91 to 400 K for pressures <55 MPa. The correlation for the thermal conductivity includes a theoretically based expression for the critical enhancement; the range for the resulting correlation is about 91 to 700 K for pressures below 100 MPa.
Thermodynamic and Transport Properties of Carbohydrates and their Monophosphates: The Pentoses and Hexoses
Authors: Goldberg Robert N. , Tewari Yadu B.
Published: April 2010

This review contains recommended values of the thermodynamic and transport properties of the five and six membered ring carbohydrates and their phosphates in both the condensed and aqueous phases. Equilibrium data, enthalpies, heat capacities, and entropies have been collected from the literature. The accuracy of these data have been assessed, adjusted to 298.15 K and to a common standard state, and entered into a catalog of thermochemical reactions. The solution of this reaction catalog yields a set of recommended values for the formation properties of these substances. The volumetric data have also been critically evaluated. Recommended values are presented for standard state molar volumes and the temperature and pressure derivatives of the molar volume, i. e., the expansivity and the compressibility. The excess property data of aqueous solutions of these substances have been correlated to yield recommended values of the parameters of the virial expansion model used to represent the data. The transport data considered here includes both viscosity and diffusion data of aqueous solutions of the carbohydrates. The available phase diagram data and transition temperatures are summarized.
Evaluated Kinetic and Photochemical Data for Atmospheric Chemistry: Supplement III. IUPAC Subcommittee on Gas Kinetic Data Evaluation for Atmospheric Chemistry
Authors: Atkinson R. , Baulch D. L. , Cox R. A. , Hampson R. F. , Kerr (Chairman) J. A. , Troe J.
Published: April 2010

This paper updates and extends previous critical evaluations of the kinetics and photochemistry of gas phase chemical reactions of neutral species involved in atmosphere chemistry [J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 9, 295 (1980); 11, 327 (1982); 13, 1259 (1984)]. The work has been carried out by the authors under the auspices of the IUPAC Subcommittee on Gas Phase Kinetic Data Evaluation for Atmospheric Chemistry. Data sheets have been prepared for 360 thermal and photochemical reactions, containing summaries of the available experimental data with notes giving details of the experimental procedures. For each reaction, a preferred value of the rate coefficient at 298 K is given together with a temperature dependence where possible. The selection of the preferred value is discussed; and estimates of the accuracies of the rate coefficients and temperature coefficients have been made for each reaction. The data sheets are intended to provide the basic physical chemical data needed as input for calculations which model atmospheric chemistry. A table summarizing the preferred rate data is provided, together with an appendix listing the available data on enthalpies of formation of the reactant and product species.
Control of Beet western yellows virus in Brassica napus crops: infection resistance in Australian genotypes and effectiveness of imidacloprid seed dressing
Authors: Coutts B. A. , Webster C. G. , Jones R. A. C.
Published: April 2010

Eighteen Brassica napus (canola) genotypes were examined for their responses to infection with Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) and infestation by Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) in a field experiment and in a series of pot experiments under controlled-environment conditions. When exposed to infection with BWYV in the field, plants of cvv. Tranby and Trigold remained uninfected with BWYV. Only 2–5% of plants of cvv. Stubby and Banjo became infected, but infection incidence was 14–23% in cvv. Tanami and Jade, and reached 45–65% in 12 other commercial cultivars or advanced breeding lines of B. napus. Once plants became infected, the sensitivity rankings for most genotypes were 2–3: mild to moderate symptoms consisting of plant stunting and reddening of lower leaves. When plants of cvv. Tranby, Trigold, Stubby, and susceptible control cv. Pinnacle growing in pots were exposed to spread of BWYV by viruliferous winged M. persicae flying from an infested cv. Pinnacle plant infected with BWYV, similar numbers of aphids colonised each of the different cultivars. Thus, no aphid feeding preference was apparent among the different B. napus cultivars. However, all 18 plants of cv. Pinnacle became infected with BWYV, but only 1, 2, and 5 plants of cvv. Trigold, Tranby, and Stubby became infected, respectively. When 68 plants each of cvv. Tranby, Trigold, and Stubby were each inoculated with 1–10 viruliferous aphids/plant, only 1 of cv. Trigold, 3 of cv. Tranby, and 6 of cv. Stubby became infected with BWYV despite infection of 45 plants of cv. Pinnacle. This shows that cvv. Tranby, Trigold, and Stubby have resistance to infection with BWYV by aphid transmission. In 2 experiments when viruliferous M. persicae were placed on plants of B. napus grown from seed treated with imidacloprid (240 g a.i./100 kg seed), they infested 72% of plants grown from treated seed and transmitted BWYV to 62% of them regardless of the growth stage inoculated. Aphids colonised 100% of plants grown from untreated seed but 0% of plants sprayed with imidacloprid (2 g a.i./L water), and infection with BWYV was diminished markedly by the foliar spray. This suggests that insufficient insecticide adhered to most of the dressed seeds to kill the aphids and prevent BWYV transmission. B. napus cultivars found to have infection resistance to BWYV can be used in conjunction with imidacloprid seed dressings (if applied effectively) as components of an integrated disease management strategy for control of BWYV in B. napus crops.
Growing-season rainfall, ear number and the water-limited potential yield of wheat in south-western Australia
Authors: Zhang Heping , Turner Neil C. , Simpson Narelle , Poole Michael L.
Published: April 2010

Knowledge of the contribution of ear number per unit area, grains per ear, and kernel weight to grain yield is important in understanding the limits to the water-limited potential yield of wheat in rain-fed agricultural regions. This paper analyses the relationships between grain yield, yield components and growing-season rainfall using data from the low-, medium-, and high-rainfall zones of the cropping region of south-western Australia. The aim of the paper is to quantify the contribution of ear number, grains per ear and kernel weight to grain yield and define the yield components of wheat required to achieve its water-limited yield. The grain yield of wheat was closely related to the number of grains per unit area (r2 = 0.90) and ears/m2 (r2 = 0.75), but poorly correlated with kernel weight (r2 = 0.30) and grains/ear (r2 = 0.09). The number of grains per unit area was highly related (r2 = 0.75) to the number of ears per unit area across the rainfall zones of the cropping region, and strongly correlated (r2 = 0.88–0.94) to the spike dry weight at anthesis. The highest yields achieved in the field were close to the water-limited potential estimated using the French and Schultz method. To achieve this water-limited potential, wheat requires 1 ear per m2 for every mm of growing-season rainfall (r2 = 0.92). We conclude that the number of ears per unit area is the most important factor required in order to achieve high yields of up to a yield of 6 t/ha in wheat in rain-fed south-western Australia.
Epigenetic stability increases extensively during
Drosophila
follicle stem cell differentiation
Authors: Skora Andrew D. , Spradling Allan C.
Published: April 2010

Stem and embryonic cells facilitate programming toward multiple daughter cell fates, whereas differentiated cells resist reprogramming and oncogenic transformation. How alterations in the chromatin-based machinery of epigenetic inheritance contribute to these differences remains poorly known. We observed random, heritable changes in GAL4/UAS transgene programming during Drosophila ovarian follicle stem cell differentiation and used them to measure the stage-specific epigenetic stability of gene programming. The frequency of GAL4/UAS reprogramming declines more than 100-fold over the nine divisions comprising this stem cell lineage. Stabilization acts
in cis
, suggesting that it is chromatin-based, and correlates with increased S phase length. Our results suggest that stem/early progenitor cells cannot accurately transmit nongenetic information to their progeny; full epigenetic competence is acquired only gradually during early differentiation. Modulating epigenetic inheritance may be a critical process controlling transitions between the pleuripotent and differentiated states.
Below the Line
Authors: Rank Mark Robert
Published: April 2010

This chapter provides a more detailed look at the landscape of American poverty, including the manner in which poverty is measured, lessons learned with respect to the patterns and features of U.S. poverty, the extent of poverty in the United States compared with poverty in other Western industrialized countries, and an understanding of the human meaning and pain associated with poverty.
In Our Self-Interest
Authors: Rank Mark Robert
Published: April 2010

This chapter builds a case on self-interest. Poverty drains Americans both individually and as a community and society. Each individual directly and indirectly pays a high price for allowing poverty to walk in the midst of society. The chapter discusses a set of analyses that demonstrates for the first time the fact that the majority of Americans experience poverty at some point during their lives. Unbeknownst to many, poverty touches Americans in their own backyard. Such a connection is demonstrated.
True to Values
Authors: Rank Mark Robert
Published: April 2010

This chapter takes up the issue of values. The goal of reducing poverty is consistent, and in fact critical, to the realization of two core sets of values held in high esteem by the majority of Americans. These include the Judeo-Christian ethic and the American civic values that have shaped the country (liberty, justice, equality, and democracy). It is argued that if we examine these sets of values carefully, we find that attitudes of apathy toward the poor contradict their very core. In order to remain consistent with American principles, a concerted attempt to reduce poverty is necessary on the part of the country's inhabitants. Although there is room for disagreement regarding the causes and solutions to impoverishment, there can be no disagreement about the imperative to confront this issue if one professes allegiance to either the Judeo-Christian ethic or the founding values on which the country was built.
Essence of Citizenship
Authors: Rank Mark Robert
Published: April 2010

This chapter develops a third argument for why Americans should care about poverty: active involvement and concern for those experiencing misfortune is an important (but often neglected) aspect of citizenship. As members of communities larger than simply themselves as individuals, Americans share an obligation and responsibility to alleviate grievous ills, such as poverty, that befall other members of their community. This position is based on the assertion that the concept of citizenship necessitates a sense of shared responsibility and stewardship. Such obligations become particularly binding when it can be demonstrated that a specific problem is largely the product of structural inequities. Part of Americans' civic responsibility lies in addressing such inequities. In addition, by alleviating the blight of poverty, Americans are exerting wise stewardship over their communities. Such stewardship is also an essential component of the concept of citizenship.
A New Paradigm
Authors: Rank Mark Robert
Published: April 2010

The first step on the road to positive change is a national shift in how Americans think about poverty. This chapter begins by describing the major tenets of the old paradigm. Much of this will be quite familiar, since variations of it can be heard in political sound bites, mainstream policy research, the popular media, and informal discussions with one's neighbors. The chapter then describes the foundations of a new paradigm for comprehending poverty. This paradigm is based upon several of the major themes found within the first two-thirds of this book and represents a sharp break from the old ways of viewing poverty. Finally, the chapter concludes with several examples intended to illustrate that a paradigm shift in thinking can occur within a relatively short span.
Feminism and Evolutionary Psychology
Authors: Campbell Anne
Published: April 2010

For many feminists in the social sciences, evolutionary psychologists are still seen as the enemy. The disagreement is not about the desirability of social change, but about where the causes of gender differences can be found. Unlike social constructionists, evolutionary psychologists accept that beliefs reside in the mind and not just in discourse and language. Traditional empirical method may not be perfect but it has the advantage of being a self-correcting system. Liberal feminists identify causes that are proximate and external but ultimately incompatible with a mass of empirical research. To acknowledge the impact of culture is not the same as saying that gender has no biological basis and that the nature of men and women is wholly constructed by society. Many social science feminists reject the notion that evolution could have had an impact on the minds of the two sexes. Reductionism allows us to work toward the truth by first decomposing the explanation into its constituent elements, which span the range from the biological to cultural. But let us remove all constraints from women and see whether evolutionary psychologists are right in expecting a dearth of massive change in the choices women make.
The Male Flash of Anger: Violent Response to Transgression as an Example of the Intersection of Evolved Psychology and Culture
Authors: Fessler Daniel M. T.
Published: April 2010

The male flash of anger illustrates how evolutionary psychology and cultural anthropology provide complementary components in vertically integrated explanations. Anger is a response to transgression and accounts for the age- and sex-biased distribution of violent risk-taking behavior. Evolutionary psychology also provides an ultimate explanation for the processes occurring at the level of the neurotransmitter: childhood experience influences adult risk-taking propensities, while culturally-constituted socialization practices and interactional patterns shape childhood experience, inscribing culturally-preferred responses to transgression on individual actors; these tacit lessons are further reinforced by overt morally weighted cultural schemas and lexicons. Cultural group selection can occur because those systems that most successfully meet the challenges posed by the socioecological setting are most likely to prosper and spread. Because any given system is the product of unique historical events, even dysfunctional beliefs and practices may persist.
The Impact of Primatology on the Study of Human Society
Authors: Rodseth Lars , Novak Shannon A.
Published: April 2010

Human social organization is in part a recombination of three African ape patterns: a gorilla-like sexual bond, a chimpanzee-like bond among males, and a bonobo-like band among females. However, the human bond, even if patrilocal, is never merely a male kinship network to which females are attached through sexual bonds. Women's sociality is more elaborate than any other female hominoid's, with the possible exception of bonobos, and the local community is always a “high-density network” constituted by multiple overlapping alliances between women as well as between men and between sexual partners. The nesting of pair bonds within communities usually goes beyond a two-level hierarchy of bonds and bands, with descent groups, sodalities, religious cults, and other groupings uniting members of different families within the same community. Relationships between communities, furthermore, are uniquely elaborated in human societies.
1 Emergence of the Modern Child Welfare System
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: April 2010

This chapter reviews the first century of development in child welfare (roughly 1850 to 1960) which ended, after World War II, with a renewed commitment to child welfare research and to the development of institutions to support that research. Topics discussed include the invention of foster care, early studies of foster care, the early residual approach to child welfare, the establishment of the Children's Bureau, child labor, the emergence of the modern child welfare system, and the golden age of research in child welfare.
4 The Changing Portrait of the American Family
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: April 2010

This chapter examines how the child welfare system has adapted to the changing conditions of American families. After World War II mothers began a long steady entry back into the labor force that would continue for the next half century. Increasingly, women with preschool children were expected to work outside the home. Although education (and thus child care) was provided for children ages six to eighteen, very little was available for children under six. The failure to provide universal day care placed increasing demands on the mothers of these children.
5 The End of Child Welfare: The Transformation of Child Welfare into Child Protective Services
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: April 2010

This chapter explores the transformation of the public child welfare system into a child protection system. In 1962, in the Journal of the American Medical Association C. Henry Kempe and his colleagues reported on hundreds of children under three years of age who had been “battered,” and whose broken bones or cranial injuries could not be adequately or consistently explained. The dramatic image of infants being battered horrified the public. Child protection advocates passed mandatory child abuse reporting laws, with the result that annual child abuse reports have risen in the United States from 10,000 in 1962 to more than 3 and a quarter million in 2002. In the ensuing decades, the child welfare system has been redirected from aiding disadvantaged children to investigating child abuse reports.
6 The Decision to Remove a Child
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: April 2010

Critical to the functioning of the child welfare system is the process of decision-making. Which children should be removed from their families and placed in foster care? When should they be removed? These questions are central to effective decision-making of the child welfare system. What process is used to make these decisions? How precise is our knowledge that guides this decision-making by social workers? This chapter shows that these critical decisions are rarely made with scientific precision and accuracy.
7 Dealing with Child Abuse, the Red Herring of Child Welfare
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: April 2010

This chapter questions the soundness of child abuse remaining the principal focus of decision-making. It describes how efforts to protect children from alleged physical and sexual assault have absorbed virtually all the resources of the child welfare system. It argues that the proper place for the investigation and prosecution of the physical and sexual assault of children is with the police and judicial system. If the police were to play their appropriate role, the child welfare system could return to its original mandate: serving disadvantaged and deprived children. Child welfare social workers lack the investigative training and coercive authority required to deal with the physical and sexual assault of children. Placing responsibility for protection from abuse with child welfare mires the profession in a morass it cannot solve.
8 Wealth and Poverty in America: The Economic Condition of Children
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: April 2010

This chapter analyzes the distribution of resources in the U.S. and other industrialized market economies, identifying those economic and social assumptions that drive our free market system. America is a rich and bountiful country with enough resources to provide for all its citizens. Its free market capitalist system has produced enormous wealth. Yet, in spite of this great wealth there is also great poverty. One of the key reasons for this poverty is the vast political and economic inequality, which creates a condition in which the least powerful are the ones most vulnerable — in this instance, the children of single parents.
12 Child Future Savings Account: Social Security for Children
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: April 2010

This chapter proposes a “social savings” approach that would break the continuing “cycle of poverty” among children. This is essentially the same approach that was used to end poverty among the elderly. In 2003, Britain implemented a Child Trust Fund that uses this approach. No doubt the Child Future Savings Account proposal has limitations, but it suggests the kinds of strategies, within a broader structural understanding of child welfare, that might solve the problems children face. Ending child poverty will take more than providing immediate relief of hardship. Long-term solutions designed to break the cycle of poverty are required.
A Red Bird in a Brown Bag
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E.
Published: April 2010

The House Finch is among the most mundane birds, so ubiquitous and familiar across the U.S. and Canada that it does not rate a glance from most bird enthusiasts. But males have carotenoid-based plumage coloration that varies markedly among individuals, making the House Finch a model species for studies of the function and evolution of colorful plumage. In more depth and detail than has been attempted for any species of bird, this book takes a tour of the hows and whys of ornamental plumage coloration. The book begins by reviewing the history of the study of colorful plumage, which began in earnest with the debates of Darwin and Wallace but which was largely forgotten by the middle of the 20th century. Documenting the extensive plumage variation among males both within and between populations of House Finches, the book explores the mechanisms behind plumage variation and looks at the fitness consequences of condition-dependent ornament display for both males and females. The book concludes by examining the processes by which carotenoid-based ornamental coloration may have evolved.
Darwinism and Wallacism
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E.
Published: April 2010

This chapter reviews the history of the study of bird coloration, starting with the debates of Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace in the 19th century. Although Darwin proposed the idea that ornamental coloration evolves under the pressure of female choice, this idea remained untested for plumage color until the 1990s, when research was conducted on mate choice experiments with House Finches. The chapter discusses why it took so long for the idea to be tested.
In the Eye of the Beholder
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E.
Published: April 2010

This chapter contrasts the tri-stimulus visual system of humans, based on three visual cones, with the tetra-stimulus visual system of birds, based on four visual cones. A key difference between the vision of humans and birds is that birds see ultraviolet light that is invisible to humans. Methods for quantifying plumage color are discussed in addition to methods for scoring the extent of color (patch size) and pigment symmetry.
You Are What You Eat
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E.
Published: April 2010

The red coloration of male House Finches results from carotenoid pigmentation, and this chapter reviews the physiology of carotenoid pigmentation of feathers. House Finches were originally supposed to use beta-carotene to produce the red pigment echinenone, but studies with better analytical tools revealed that most red coloration was due to 3-hydroxy-echinenone, which was produced from beta-cryptoxanthin. House Finches cannot store carotenoids — they must access carotenoids daily as feathers are grown.
A Matter of Condition
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E.
Published: April 2010

This chapter considers the effects of environmental conditions during molting on the coloration of red plumage in male House Finches. It shows that access to carotenoid pigments during molting have a large effect on feather color. Likewise, exposure to certain parasites during feather growth depresses carotenoid coloration. Good nutrition is needed for birds to reach full color expression. Environmental regulation of color expression means that critical information about male condition at the time of molting is encoded in feather coloration.
The Feeling’s Mutual
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E.
Published: April 2010

House Finches are sexually dichromatic, meaning the males have bright colors and females are drab. Some females, however, have some carotenoid coloration and female color shows the same environmental control and functions as male coloration. Pigment access, parasites, and nutrition affect female color, and males respond to female coloration during mate choice. Comparisons among finches related to House Finches indicate that red female coloration is not simply a correlated trait responding to selection on males.
From the Halls of Montezuma to the Shores of Tripoli (New York)
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E.
Published: April 2010

This chapter presents the biogeography of the House Finches, which has an extensive range across North America. House Finches were accidentally established by people on the east coast in the mid-20th century and had spread throughout the eastern U.S. and Canada by the late 20th century. Across their native range in western North America, taxonomists recognize eighteen subspecies of House Finches. Across their range, male House Finches vary in the size of their red throat/breast patch as well as in the brightness of red coloration.
Epilogue
Authors: Hill Geoffrey E.
Published: April 2010

This chapter discusses future research challenges in studies of red coloration in the House Finch and studies of ornamental traits in general.
An American Icarus Named Grope
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

This chapter describes how flying fantasies first captured the author's interest upon reading “The American Icarus” by Henry Murray, published in 1955 as a chapter in a book that contained several case studies by various authors. Grope was the name Murray gave to the subject of his investigation. Grope was a reclusive undergraduate student at the time he was studied, a person whose presence on campus was barely noticed. There was nothing at all about his inconspicuous outward appearance to indicate that his private life was filled with spectacular imaginary shows of personal heroism. Murray described Grope as “unsurpassed” in that regard. A recurring theme in his imaginary exploits was flying. Such images were periodically accompanied by images of fire, water, and falling through space. The occasional interweaving of these images reminded Murray of the legend of Icarus.
Outside Opinions
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

The image of Peter Pan pounding on the window trying to get his mother's attention as her arms are wrapped around another child and Barrie's account of his childhood project of begging Margaret to answer the question “What about me?” are so clearly alternative versions of the same story that they require little comment. At this juncture, however, objections can be raised about having located and latched onto a childhood memory that happens to coincide with a plot in a story and exaggerating it far beyond its true importance. This chapter discusses the convening of a diagnostic council, described in Chapter 5, whose members were charged with the task of studying case materials and arriving at a consensus regarding critical components of a person's life.
Life at the Intersection
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

This chapter focuses on the women in J. M. Barrie's life. These are Mary Ansell and Sylvia Llewelyn Davies, with Margaret Ogilvy, of course, always lurking about in Barrie's mind.
Carl Jung’s Search for Permanence
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

This chapter focuses on the core of the story that led to Jung's vision of levitation, drawing on George Atwood and Robert Stolorow's Faces in a Cloud, Peter Homans' Jung in Context, and Jung's autobiography Memories, Dreams, Reflections. These three works have deepened the author's understanding of the collective unconscious, why Jung needed to invent it, and how he worked on it until he got it right. The chapter first describes the collective unconscious and discusses its hidden role in personality development. It then looks into the conditions that led to Jung's “discovery” of the collective unconscious and how it slowly evolved as a potential healer of his fractured sense of self.
Larry, a Lonely Long-Distance Runner
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

Flying fantasies originates from a desire to recapture feelings of being the object of the devoted care and attention of the mother. These images are expressions of latent, impossible-to-verbalize yearnings for the reestablishment of a subjective sense of self that was acquired during a period of core-relatedness with a devoted caretaker before trouble set in. This chapter discusses the case of Larry, whose mother committed suicide when he was four years old.
Perry Smith
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

Perry Smith was charged, found guilty, and subsequently executed for his participation in the murder of four members of the Clutter family in Holcomb, Kansas. Perry was the lead character in Truman Capote's “non-fiction novel” In Cold Blood. In his dreams of flight, Perry was assisted in his imaginary voyages through the sky by a large bird that appeared in his dreams and rescued him from life's hardships by carrying him to heaven. This chapter continues the inquiry into the meaning of fantasized flight by considering the need-fulfilling role of the imaginary bird that made frequent appearances in Perry's dreams.
Tonka and His Flying Backpack
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M.
Published: April 2010

This chapter presents the case of a young man dubbed as Tonka, after the toy manufacturing company, because of his attempts to create a flying backpack. Tonka began his project when he was seven. He devoted himself to it after school and during weekends for nearly two years. A serious illness at age nine interrupted his work, and he never resumed interest in it.
A Paradigm Shift in Developmental Perspectives?
Authors: Saleebey Dennis
Published: April 2010

The idea that the development and socialization of children is a singular function of early life experience in the psychosocial interior of the family has been undergoing many challenges and revisions over the past three decades. This chapter describes the conventional views of child rearing, both professional and cultural, and presents some challenges to those ideas. Gathering themes from those challenges, it suggests a beginning of a different framework for understanding development and for working with families and children.
Toward Critical Social Practices
Authors: Pakman Marcelo
Published: April 2010

This chapter examines the sources of strain for community-based practitioners historically, and how an understanding of the “poetics” and “micropolitics” of practice currently can help in the actual conditions of public mental health practice. It argues that poetics and micropolitics, as generative frames, legitimize the local social arena as a locus of a necessary expertise for psychotherapists. They are action-oriented frames that bring to the field the power of the mythical, generative, metaphoric word, opposed to the logos, the illusory literal word at the center of the Western metaphysical tradition that Jacques Derrida has relentlessly deconstructed. They bring poiesis, generation, to its place in a well-developed, theoretically-sound community mental health, as an area of participatory action-oriented science.
Culturally Competent Community-Based Clinical Practice
Authors: Corwin Maria D.
Published: April 2010

This chapter examines the mandate for cultural competence and the advances in theory, organizational strategies, and practice techniques that are now available to guide agencies and clinicians in making progress toward making culturally competent services in community-based systems of care a reality. Advances in culturally informed organizational and practice theories have moved the mental health field closer to its professed goal of serving appropriately, and effectively, individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds. However, there has been insufficient research that tests the effectiveness of culturally informed intervention strategies and techniques. There is also a need for epidemiological studies of the risk factors associated with minority status, differences in clinical presentation, cross-ethnicity prevalence rates, and differences in the use of mental health services, in order to develop more effective prevention and early-intervention programs.
Similarity and Difference in Cross-Cultural Practice
Authors: Nye Catherine
Published: April 2010

Differences in cultural practices at the behavioral level are obvious. How families are constituted, who sleeps by whom, what people eat, what work they do, their child-rearing practices, all vary from culture to culture. Much of the early literature on diversity focused on difference at this behavioral level. Differences in meanings, ideals, and values, which are enacted in cultural practices, are more subtle and complex. For clinicians, questions about the impact of difference at both the behavioral and the symbolic level on the intrapsychic world of the individual are most complex and most relevant. How do differences in cultural practices and meanings shape the intrapsychic world of the individual? How are the individual's affects, cognition, and experience of self and other shaped by culture? How profound are the differences? Are there areas where cultural differences do not make a difference? Though these questions are relatively new to the human services, they have been central to the discipline of anthropology since the 1920s. Within anthropology, the conversation about similarity and difference across cultures is framed in terms of “universalism” and “cultural relativism.” For more than 80 years, proponents of “universalist” and “relativist” perspectives in anthropology have been engaged in a lively debate about their relative merits. In the hope that clinicians can build on the knowledge generated by this ongoing debate, this chapter reviews the history of these ideas in anthropology, explores the current state of this debate, and then discusses the implications for clinical practice.
The Road to Becoming an Antiracism Organization
Authors: Donner Susan E. , Miller Joshua
Published: April 2010

This chapter proposes a broadly sketched road for human service agencies, which also assume that mitigating the impact of racism may go some distance in helping them achieve whatever their central goals are. It suggests a framework for becoming an anti-racism organization. It draws from the literature about institutional stages of anti-racism development, offers a description of anti-racism change activities for practitioners, and suggests change processes that social service agencies can pursue. Included is an organizational audit to assist in this process. Barriers and roadblocks, and ideas about responding, are considered.