bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Des techno-thrillers américains comme théâtre de guerre mondiale : quel rôle pour l’OTAN ?
Authors: Cholet Théo
Published: December 2024

Cet article s’intéresse à la manière dont des auteurs de techno-thrillers américains ont représenté et se sont représentés l’OTAN de 1986 à 2000, à un moment où l’ordre bipolaire prenait fin et où un nouvel ordre commençait à prendre forme. Pour ce faire, le cadre méthodologique proposé par Alex MacLeod est repris. Au travers d’une contextualisation , d’une intertextualisation et d’une déconstruction / reconstruction , l’enjeu est d’analyser ce moment de transition pour l’Alliance à partir d’artefacts culturels biaisés. L’article se déploie en quatre mouvements. Le premier est le lieu d’un effort définitionnel et méthodologique. Le deuxième examine la façon dont l’OTAN était représentée à la fin de la Guerre froide. Les deux derniers s’intéressent aux fictions d’interrègne en les segmentant en deux thèmes : celles qui pensent l’élargissement de l’OTAN et celles qui imaginent sa disparition.
Réarmement nucléaire en Russie, en Chine et aux États-Unis : vers une dissuasion tripolaire ?
Authors: Fayet Héloïse
Published: December 2024

En 2024, le réarmement nucléaire mondial s’intensifie, notamment avec l’essor de l’arsenal chinois, qui vise à atteindre la parité stratégique avec les États-Unis et la Russie. Face à cette montée en puissance et à l’ombre grandissante des armes nucléaires dans les crises actuelles, les États-Unis adaptent leur stratégie et modernisent leur arsenal. L’absence de maîtrise des armements au sein de cette relation tripolaire accroît les risques d’escalade. Dans ce contexte, la France doit assumer un rôle accru de sa défense en s’appuyant sur sa dissuasion nucléaire .
L’identité professionnelle du directeur d’école primaire au prisme de l’ancienneté dans l’exercice de la fonction
Authors: Redondo Cécile , Jarillo Julie , Ravestein Jean
Published: December 2024

Cet article concerne l’exercice de la direction d’école du premier degré en France. Après avoir rappelé le contexte historique de la naissance de la fonction ainsi que l’actualité de la question en lien avec les nouveaux référentiels professionnels de l’Éducation nationale, nous présentons les résultats d’une enquête par questionnaire diffusée à l’échelle nationale à l’été 2019 à laquelle ont répondu plus de 2 500 directeur·rices d’école. Notre problématique interroge le rôle de la variable « ancienneté » des directeur·rices dans l’exercice de la fonction. Nos résultats interprétés dans une perspective sociologique en considérant la dimension inductive de l’approche, mettent en lumière une manière d’exercer la fonction qui varie en termes de posture et de contexte de travail selon l’ancienneté des directeur·rices dans l’Éducation nationale.
Une génération sacrifiée ?
Authors: Coquard Benoît
Published: December 2024

La dévaluation de la force physique comme force de travail – la « force de travail simple », comme dit Marx –, et des valeurs de virilité qui en sont solidaires a de multiples conséquences. Ce chapitre montre que, si les valeurs de virilité ont toujours cours dans le périmètre de « l’entre soi » des jeunes des classes populaires démunis de capital scolaire (dans la version « beauf » ou « caillera »), ceux qui les ont intériorisées font l’expérience de leur dévaluation – et même de leur inversion en « stigmate » – non seulement sur le marché du travail, mais aussi sur le marché matrimonial : en « jouant les durs », ils « se sont grillés » auprès des filles de leur entourage. De façon générale, l’expérience du désenclavement culturel et de l’altérité sociale a des effets destructeurs sur la représentation qu’ils se faisaient d’eux-mêmes : ces « moments de vérité » induisent un retour sur soi, qui implique une objectivation douloureuse (que résume la sentence : « pas de diplôme, pas de taf, pas de meuf ! »), une révision à la baisse des aspirations, une conversion au réalisme, qui conduisent à devoir épouser une condition dominée. De sorte que la socialisation primaire des jeunes des classes populaires est devenue un véritable handicap pour leur insertion dans la vie adulte.
Une génération sacrifiée ?
Authors: Thibault Martin
Published: December 2024

Cette enquête au sein des services de maintenance de la RATP met en évidence, à contrario, les réticences des jeunes ouvriers qualifiés à l’engagement syndical (indépendamment de leurs origines). Pour en rendre compte, il montre l’ambiguïté de leur rapport à l’identité ouvrière, ce qu’elle doit à leur rapport prolongé avec le système scolaire, au souci de se démarquer d’un « monde défait », à la représentation enchantée de l’emploi dans le secteur public (avec ses perspectives de promotion) et aux stratégies managériales qui font obstacle à la transmission intergénérationnelle de la culture syndicale. Leur respect à l’égard des anciens militants et la rareté des promotions suffisent rarement à dépasser leurs réticences à l’engagement syndical, qui impliquerait le renoncement à toute promotion. Ceux qui franchissent le pas s’en tiennent à un « syndicalisme de terrain », « pragmatique », centré sur l’atelier.
Modelado integral de reactores nucleares. Un enfoque conceptual
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, México, Espinosa-Paredes Gilberto , Pérez Valseca Alejandría D. ,   Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, México
Published: December 2024

El propósito de esta obra es presentar, de forma conceptual, tres disciplinas fundamentales para comprender el comportamiento de los reactores nucleares de potencia mediante el modelado matemático aplicado a la simulación numérica.
Estas tres disciplinas son:
La física de reactores nucleares, que permite entender los procesos neutrónicos.
La termohidráulica, enfocada en la ciencia de los termofluidos.
La transferencia de calor en el combustible nuclear, un aspecto que requiere un enfoque simultáneo e interdisciplinario.
Este libro está dirigido a estudiantes de pregrado, posgrado e investigadores interesados en comprender el comportamiento integrado de los reactores nucleares de potencia a través del modelado matemático. Incluye esquemas para entender los fenómenos inherentes de retroalimentación, utilizando modelos de orden reducido basados en ecuaciones diferenciales ordinarias, así como modelos más complejos que dependen de la posición y se describen mediante ecuaciones diferenciales parciales, o incluso una combinación de ambas aproximaciones.
La obra está diseñada para ser accesible a cualquier persona con una sólida formación universitaria en física de reactores, fenómenos de transporte, termodinámica y programación. Un estudiante puede, de manera independiente, entender este libro y adquirir las herramientas necesarias para abordar la literatura actual y realizar investigaciones rigurosas.
El modelado matemático presentado en este libro permite analizar reactores con tecnologías de Generación III+ y anteriores, así como las tecnologías emergentes de Generación IV, orientadas al diseño y análisis de reactores nucleares pequeños y microreactores.
An application of potential function in robot path planning and three optimized formulas for equivalent resistance
Authors: Dai Jianwei , Jiang Xiaoyu , Zheng Yanpeng , Zhang Xing , Jiang Zhaolin
Published: December 2024

The study proposed an innovative path planning algorithm based on the potential function of a special case of the cobweb resistor network, addressing the path planning problem in globe environments with obstacles. For the non-regular $ m \times n $ cobweb resistor network with arbitrary longitude, we found that by introducing Chebyshev polynomial of the second class, the precise equivalent resistance formulas could be optimized effectively. Compared with the original formula, optimized equivalent resistance formulas significantly reduced the time cost in large-scale data calculations. Furthermore, we have plotted 3D views of the equivalent resistance formulas for several special cases and conducted simulation experiments on the computational efficiency of the original and optimized formulas at different data scales, verifying the superiority of the optimized formulas. These findings provided new perspectives and tools for the computation of resistor networks and the design of path planning algorithms.
A novel fractional approach to finding the upper bounds of Simpson and Hermite-Hadamard-type inequalities in tensorial Hilbert spaces by using differentiable convex mappings
Authors: Khan Zareen A. , Afzal Waqar , Abbas Mujahid , Ro Jongsuk , Aloraini Najla M.
Published: December 2024

Function spaces are significant in the study and application of mathematical inequalities. The objective of this article is to develop several new bounds and refinements for well-known inequalities that involve Hilbert spaces within a tensorial framework. Using self-adjoint operators in tensor Hilbert spaces, we developed Simpson type inequalities by using different types of generalized convex mappings. Our next step involved developing a variety of new variations of the Hermite and Hadamard inequalities using convex mappings with some special means, specifically arithmetic and geometric means. Furthermore, we developed a number of new fractional identities, which are used in our main findings, by using Riemann-Liouville integrals. In addition, we discuss some examples involving log convex functions and their consequences.
Soft almost weakly continuous functions and soft Hausdorff spaces
Authors: Al-Ghour Samer , Al-Mufarrij Jawaher
Published: December 2024

Beyond the realm of soft topology, soft continuity can aid in the creation of digital images and computational topological applications. This paper investigates soft almost weakly continuous, a novel family of generalized soft continuous functions. The soft pre-continuous and soft weakly continuous function classes are included in this class. We obtain many characterizations of soft almost weakly continuous functions. Furthermore, we investigate the link between soft almost weakly continuous functions and their general topology counterparts. We present adequate conditions for a soft almost weakly continuous function to become soft weakly continuous (soft pre-continuous). We also present various results of soft composition, restriction, preservation, product, and soft graph theorems in terms of soft almost weakly continuous functions.
Dhikr e sofferenza. Soggettività e pratiche di cura tra le donne curde
Authors: Buffon Veronica
Published: December 2024

Questo articolo intende riflettere sulla relazione tra la pratica sufi del dhikr (“rammemorazione di Dio”) e le memorie di sofferenza che le donne curde in un villaggio nel Kurdistan settentrionale incorporano nella loro esperienza del quotidiano. Con un taglio etnografico, l’articolo traccia le forme attraverso cui le donne rappresentano e interpretano le sofferenze accumulate e il senso di marginalità prodotto dal lutto, dalla violenza politica esercitata dallo stato e dai processi di assimilazione e di medicalizzazione nel conflitto. In un contesto di forte polarizzazione politica è attraverso la creazione e la co-partecipazione a uno spazio di cura femminile che le rappresentazioni della sofferenza sono così messe in discussione. La pratica della “rammemorazione” favorisce un approccio intersezionale attraverso cui realizzare un essere-in-comune che è al tempo stesso critica etico politica al conflitto turco-curdo e rivelazione di nuove soggettività femminili e collettive.
I giovani maoresi e la mobilità. La sfida dell’istruzione tra vecchie e nuove disuguaglianze
Authors: Schierano Paola
Published: December 2024

La mobilità costituisce una dinamica strutturale della maggior parte delle realtà europee d’oltremare, ovvero delle regioni, dai territori e dai paesi – non indipendenti – integrati o associati all’Unione europea. Nonostante gli sforzi finanziari, i piani di allineamento e di coesione volti al recupero del ritardo strutturale, i cittadini europei d’Oltremare si trovano spesso obbligati a trasferirsi sul “continente” per proseguire gli studi, lavorare, o ancora, per beneficiare di migliori condizioni socio-economiche. Gli studenti rappresentano la categoria più mobile dell’Oltremare europeo, tra i quali spiccano i giovani originari di Mayotte (Dipartimento francese d’oltremare dell’Oceano Indiano), la metà dei quali risiede in Francia e, in misura minore, sull’isola di La Réunion. Nell’intrecciare esperienza etnografica e approfondimento storico, il presente articolo tenta di contribuire a una più ampia riflessione su giovani, disuguaglianze e divario tra centri e (ultra)periferie, analizzando le specificità del sistema scolastico a Mayotte – il quale integra scuola repubblicana e scuola coranica – nonché i fattori e i limiti della mobilità studentesca maorese. L’obiettivo del saggio è mostrare come politiche diseguali, eredità del passato coloniale, riverberino nel presente dei francesi originari di Mayotte condizionandolo profondamente sul piano migratorio, formativo e professionale. L’analisi si conclude con un breve excursus dedicato agli effetti della prima ondata della pandemia da Covid-19 sulle esistenze dei giovani maoresi in mobilità, troppo spesso in bilico tra isolamento, discriminazioni e abbandono scolastico.
La triade « ethnie – langue – culture » pour préserver l’héritage linguistique et culturel
Authors: Lapteva Irina , Borisova Ol’ga , Černov Anatolij
Published: December 2024

Dans cet article, nous allons examiner la triade « ethnie – langue – culture » sur la base des langues officielles de la Russie. La langue permet de former des catégories sémantiques qui jouent un rôle clé dans la conscience des groupes ethniques. Nous partons des statistiques établies par l’Académie des sciences de Russie qui montre la dynamique des porteurs des langues minoritaires dans les vingt dernières années, la vitalité des langues officielles dans les régions, et d’autres paramètres de cet ordre. Nous entendons présenter les activités des collaborateurs de l’Institut de recherche en sciences humaines (NIIGN) qui visent à préserver les langues mordves et à systématiser l’héritage culturel et linguistique du peuple mordve. Les auteurs réfléchissent sur la mise en place des corpus en ligne en mari et présentent le projet : « La langue mordve en chiffres : travail pour l’avenir » et les perspectives de produits électroniques éducatifs et d’une communication globale.
Littératures sames et questions environnementales : séminaire « Nordic and Russian Sámi Literatures in Ecocritical and Postcolonial Perspectives », Helsinki, 24 novembre 2023
Authors: Moine Aleksi
Published: December 2024

L’auteur rapporte un séminaire organisé sur les littératures sames étudiées du point de vue de l’écocritique et du postcolonialisme, montrant l’importance et le développement des thèmes environnementaux dans les textes d’auteurs et autrices sames depuis la fin du xxe siècle à nos jours.
Les vêtements traditionnels oudmourtes dans les collections du musée national de la République d’Oudmourtie : histoire de leur formation et de leur représentativité
Authors: Perevozčikov Juri , Zhujkov Artjom
Published: December 2024

Dans la Russie prérévolutionnaire, la culture traditionnelle oudmourte, entre autres le costume, était représentée avant tout dans les collections du musée Pierre-le-Grand d’Anthropologie et d’Ethnographie (Kunstkamera), de l’Académie des Sciences de Russie et du musée ethnographique de Russie (les deux à Saint-Pétersbourg). De nos jours, la plus grande collection d’échantillons de vêtements traditionnels oudmourtes, la plupart d’entre eux tissés main, est conservée au musée National Kuzebaj Gerd de la République d’Oudmourtie à Iževsk. Elle a été complétée à partir des années 1920 grâce au travail des responsables du musée (Kuz’ma Chajnikov (Kuzebaj Gerd), Vladimir Semenov, Serafima Lebedeva), ainsi que de ceux des institutions scientifiques et culturelles au niveau fédéral (Vera Belitser, Tatyana Krjukova). Dans les collections du musée national d’Oudmourtie, on trouve pratiquement tous les ensembles traditionnels des groupes ethnoterritoriaux des Oudmourtes. En même temps, comme le montre cet article, pour constituer une collection particulièrement représentative il est indispensable de continuer à collecter des objets faisant partie des ensembles vestimentaire des Oudmourtes qui vivent en dehors des frontières de la République d’Oudmourtie (l’ensemble vestimentaire méridional périphérique).
Écarts et interrogations
Authors: Veivo Harri
Published: December 2024

La poésie finlandaise des années 1960 analyse et interroge la société de son temps, en rapide évolution. Les poètes, à la recherche d’une écriture qui leur permettrait de s’émanciper de l’esthétique des années 1950, jugée inapte à doter la poésie d’une fonction critique, s’intéressent à l’avant-garde du début du siècle ainsi qu’aux mouvements internationaux contemporains. Dans le même temps, ils questionnent les présupposés et les limites de leur art pour créer des récits, des figures, des espaces et des symboles capables de représenter les tensions et les contradictions de la société où ils vivent. Cet article analyse ce travail d’appropriation et de création dans trois recueils marquants pour la période, Luonnollinen tanssi(La danse naturelle, 1965) de Väinö Kirstinä, 365(1967) de Veikko Polameri et Minä viihtyy(Je se sent bien, 1967) de Kari Aronpuro, contribuant à travers ces lectures à une discussion plus générale sur la dynamique de l’évolution des avant-gardes et des néo-avant-gardes.
L’humour comme exutoire : les petites gens face au pouvoir en Hongrie, sous le régime de type soviétique
Authors: Lőrinszky Ildikó
Published: December 2024

Cet article offre un aperçu de quarante ans d’histoire hongroise, appréhendée à travers l’humour politique. Entre 1948 et 1989, le pays a vécu sous un régime dictatorial de type soviétique. Cette période se divise en deux parties, séparées par l’insurrection de 1956 : la première est une dictature stalinienne dont la figure emblématique est Mátyás Rákosi ; la deuxième est marquée par le nom de János Kádár, qui dirige le pays de 1956 jusqu’au tournant de 1989. À partir de la fin des années 1960, la Hongrie (la « baraque la plus joyeuse du camp ») est gouvernée avec des méthodes plus douces, mais la censure, officiellement inexistante, est omniprésente dans la vie culturelle. Les blagues vilipendant les tares du régime restent cantonnées à une existence souterraine. Elles ont laissé peu de traces écrites. Le corpus utilisé ici est constitué de deux recueils mal connus, qui mériteraient des études plus approfondies : le premier, publié anonymement, est paru à Rome en 1957 ; le deuxième est un recueil édité par János Homa en 1994, avec des contributeurs bénévoles.
Se définir par les ancêtres : étude des structures de parenté symbolique au sein de l’association Maavalla Koda en Estonie
Authors: Servan-Schreiber Anastasia
Published: December 2024

Le présent article interroge les modalités relationnelles au sein de l’association Maavalla Koda, qui représente en Estonie les « croyants de la terre1 », les maausulised. Cette réflexion aborde les manifestations du mouvement en tant que mode de construction d’un système de parenté symbolique au sein du Maausk. Il semblerait que les dispositions rituelles soient liées à la manière dont l’espace, le récit, le temps et les rites font sens au sein du néopaganisme estonien. Ces dispositions structurent l’espace social à travers l’actualisation de la sphère familiale dans le présent. En effet, les rituels collectifs organisés par les membres de Maavalla Koda peuvent être compris comme la mise en acte d’une double incarnation : l’incarnation de la présence des ancêtres dans le présent, à travers les pratiques traditionnelles engagées, et l’incarnation du sacré dans la vie quotidienne à travers la mise en scène, ou mise en acte, d’une parenté mythique et symbolique.
Comprendre le recours aux contrats courts dans l’hôtellerie-restauration
Authors: Kornig Cathel , Recotillet Isabelle , Saccomanno Benjamin
Published: December 2024

Cet article interroge le point de vue des dirigeant·es d’entreprises de l’hôtellerie-restauration sur leurs usages des contrats courts ainsi que leurs pratiques en la matière. Il interroge également la variété des modes de recours dans les différents sous-secteurs d’activité (restaurants traditionnels, fast-foods, bars, hôtels, traiteurs, restauration collective). Régulièrement mentionné dans les débats publics à propos des contrats à durée déterminée (CDD) de moins d’un mois, le secteur de l’hôtellerie-restauration est souvent pointé du doigt sans que soient pour autant détaillées les pratiques de recrutement correspondantes. Cet article part de l’hypothèse d’une incomplétude de l’explication du recours aux CDD courts. Cette dernière s’appuierait uniquement sur un « effet secteur » qui considère que les comportements en matière de gestion des ressources humaines sont partout les mêmes, mais qui ne prend pas en compte les caractéristiques intrinsèques des organisations ainsi que les parcours de leurs dirigeant·es. Pour compléter et enrichir l’explication, nous proposons une typologie établie à partir de 51 entretiens auprès de patron·nes et recruteur·ses du secteur de l’hôtellerie-restauration, et mettons ainsi en lumière une diversité d’usages des contrats de moins d’un mois qui s’inscrivent dans les stratégies de ces entreprises.
Empowering Academicians
Authors: Sundari V. Mohana , Vijayraja R. , Kumar G.
Published: December 2024

This research explores strategies to boost research output among academicians in Tamil Nadu's self-financing colleges. Despite higher education's research emphasis, these professionals face challenges in conducting and disseminating research. Identifying effective empowerment strategies is crucial for enhancing the research culture. The study aims to link academician empowerment to improved research performance by examining personal, professional, technological, institutional, and community factors. It highlights the balancing act between teaching, administrative duties, and research responsibilities, compounded by limited resources like time and infrastructure. Using a quantitative approach with 197 participants, the research employs analysis, exploring relationships Findings underscore the positive impact of empowerment on research performance, with implications for policymakers and administrators to enhance environments and academic quality in these institutions, despite limitations in sample representativeness and the study's focus on self-financing colleges within Tamil Nadu.
Research Supervision in African Higher Education
Authors: Sharma Manjari , Gupta Sharad
Published: December 2024

This chapter delves into the challenges and transformative potential of research supervision within the African higher education landscape. It provides practical insights into effective supervision strategies, mentoring frameworks, and innovative methodologies aimed at fostering high-quality research proposals and dissertations among postgraduate students. By exploring culturally relevant supervision frameworks through the lens of the Africanisation concept, the chapter highlights the importance of integrating indigenous knowledge systems into the academic discourse. It addresses key issues such as the gap between traditional and modern supervision models, limited mentorship programs, and cross-cultural challenges. The chapter offers solutions including structured mentorship programs, supervisor training, and enhanced research infrastructure, aiming to empower supervisors and postgraduate students alike, ultimately contributing to the development of a more inclusive and supportive research environment.
Ethical Decision-Making in Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Chauhan Naman , Thakur Gesu , Joshi Ankush , Kumar Vikash , Singh Yashvir
Published: December 2024

Strong ethical decision-making frameworks are required as artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly integrated throughout businesses. This study examines the ethical conundrums raised by the creation and use of AI, with an emphasis on privacy, accountability, openness, and fairness. The study emphasizes the significance of explain ability and openness in building user trust, especially in eliminating biases and guaranteeing informed decision-making, by analyzing ethical standards from 16 industries. The aims, inputs, outputs, and limits of AI systems are clearly communicated, and the relationship between transparency and important criteria like auditability, privacy, and fairness is highlighted. The study emphasizes how important interdisciplinary cooperation and governance are to making sure AI respects cultural norms and societal values. In order to reduce biases, future developments in AI ethics will emphasize ongoing audits and stakeholder involvement with an emphasis on explainable AI (XAI).
Digital Skills in the Formation of Human Capital for Tourism Activity
Authors: Rivas García Rosa María , Cortés Ruiz Jésica Alhelí , García Marcial Dayan Alonso , Corona Alma Karina Aguilar
Published: December 2024

The formation of human capital aimed at developing digital skills impacts the competitiveness of the tourism sector. The purpose of this chapter is to outline a proposal for the digital skills necessary for the formation of human capital in the tourism industry based on the educational theory for the development of skills. The chapter addresses issues related to the conceptualization of tourism and the industries that make up the activity, the concepts and classification of digital skills with global parameters, the formation of human capital and the vision of UN Tourism for the digitalization of the sector; with the purpose of specifying, based on the list of tourism industries, the skills aimed at developing digital skills. The result outlines the confluence of digital skills with Knowledge, Know-How, Transversal Competencies and Skills of Being; emphasizing Know-How Competencies and Using specialized software for the tourism industry with the specification of Tourism Industries and commonly used specialized software.
Nanotherapeutics
Authors: Kumar Abhiram , Dhiman Chhavi , Narayan Kumar Pranav , Kumar Madhaw , Sharma Mani
Published: December 2024

The human gut microbiome played a major key role towards contributing essential functions to its host of an ecosystem. It refers to the entire community of microorganisms that colonize in specific locations including other microbes such as fungi, archaea, viruses, protozoans, and bacteria. The scientific community well understood that healthy gut flora is majorly responsible for the overall human health of the host. This chapter aims to explore the innovative application of nanotherapeutics in addressing two critical health challenges- gut microbiome dysbiosis and cancer apoptosis. By leveraging nanotechnology, we delve into targeted drug delivery systems that can selectively restore microbial balance in the gut and induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Through a comprehensive review of current research and advancements, this chapter will highlight the potential of nanotherapeutics in revolutionizing treatment strategies for complex diseases at the intersection of microbiology and oncology.
The Evolution and Future of CAR T-Cell Therapy in Cancer Treatment
Authors: Shakthivel C. D.
Published: December 2024

Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy represents a groundbreaking advancement in cancer immunotherapy, offering a highly targeted and effective approach, especially for hematologic malignancies. By genetically engineering T cells to recognize and destroy cancer cells, CAR T-cell therapy has shown significant success in cases of relapsed or refractory leukemia and lymphoma. However, challenges such as resistance mechanisms, off-target effects, and toxicity management, particularly cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), persist. This chapter explores the evolution of CAR T-cell technology, from first-generation to the latest innovations like dual-targeting CARs and armored CAR T cells. It highlights recent developments in solid tumor treatment and emerging applications in autoimmune and infectious diseases. Ongoing research focuses on improving efficacy, reducing toxicities, and enhancing the accessibility of this revolutionary therapy.
Recent Advancement in Car-T-Cell Therapy
Authors: Pazhamalai Vivek , Manideepa G. , Mathumida R.
Published: December 2024

Chimeric antigen receptor is an emerging immunotherapy in the field of malignancy treatment. CAR-T cell therapy is the invitro modified t cells gain immunological properties that divert the defense system in our body to terminate the malignant cells. CARs are special receptors crafted to target a particular tumor antigen to functionally re-engineered T lymphocytes. Even though CARs can activate T cells similarly to endogenous T-cell receptors, minimal in vivo growth of CAR-T cells and unsatisfactory clinical outcomes have been a huge barrier to the medical application of this technique to date. The insertion of a costimulatory domain can improve T-cell responses mediated by chimeric antigen receptors even further. The commonly targeted hematological antigens are CD19 and BCMA, with mesothelin, GPC3, CEA, MUC1, HER2, and EGFR for solid malignancies. This chapter elaborates role and functions of CAR-T cell therapy in malignancy treatment, factors affecting efficacy, safety and future perspectives of CAR-T cell therapy.
Spatial Omics and Gene Circuits
Authors: Biradar Shantagoud , Korrapati Chandana , Krishna Ramya J. , Nanjundeshwara Nagashri
Published: December 2024

Spatial transcriptomics is a powerful tool in biomedical research that enables the analysis of gene expression patterns within their spatial context. By providing insights into the spatial organisation of gene expression, this technology can help address limitations in the design of synthetic gene circuits in a controlled manner. In cancer biology, combining spatial transcriptomics with other approaches allows researchers to gain a deeper understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics of gene regulation. This method has significant potential for revealing tissue architecture and cellular heterogeneity, which complements the analysis of gene circuits. This study explores the advantages of spatial transcriptomics and gene circuit analysis, focusing on integrating these techniques to understand better the spatial and temporal regulation of genes within tissues.
Research on Shape Memory Behaviour of Rib Knitted Fabric from Wool Yarn Descaled by Ultrasonic Wave
Authors: Dao Thi Chinh Thuy , Phuong Duong Vu Mai , Phuong Nguyen Thu , Chu Dieu Huong
Published: December 2024

Wool is a special material with the shape memory capability, so it can be used not only for apparel but also for functional applications such as protecting clothes and thermo-regulating clothes. However, wool fibers have a surface structure of overlapping cuticle cells known as scales which significantly affect fiber properties. This research investigated the appearance, strength, extension and the shape memory behavior of the wool yarn and also the wool knitted fabric before and after descaling its cuticle cells using calcium carbonate (CaCO3) powder with the concentration of 5 g/l, 10 g/l, 15g/l, and 20g/l in ultrasonic bath. The results showed that ultrasonic wave and abrasive calcium carbonate powder could reduce the size and the sharpness of wool scale. Wool yarn breaking strength and elongation tended to increase due to the increase of CaCO3 concentration, while the value of CV (%) decreased. The shape memory behavior was evaluated according to the change in length for the wool yarn, and the change in loop dimensions for the knitted fabric in different environmental humidity and temperature. Wool yarn descaled with CaCO3 powder showed more change in length in comparison to original yarn, but the change was a little bit of less than 3%. For the wool rib knitted fabric, the change in vertical direction was negligible, while the change in horizontal direction was significant, especially in the case of rib knitted fabric made of wool yarn descaled with CaCO3 powder. Wool yarn descaled showed a little change in length while the wool knitted fabric showed the more stable in shape by the course direction in comparison to those before descaling treatment.
Supercritical CO2 Extraction Pretreatment for Polyester/Nylon Microfiber Towel
Authors: Yan Jun , Chen Yi Tong , Gao Yi Lin , Zhang Hui Min , Li Hong , Liao Yong Ping
Published: December 2024

A new degreasing pretreatment technology for quick-drying towels has been developed to solve the environmental pollution caused by a large amount of waste gas during the degreasing process. The optimal deoiling rate of oil extracted from the microfiber surface in supercritical CO2 fluid is 95.45% when the temperature is 100°C, the pressure is 14 MPa, the time is 60 min, and the CO2 flow rate is 30 g/min. The implications of various treatment temperatures and times on the effectiveness of oil agent removal are addressed.
Investigation on the Effect of Water Quenching to Microstructure, Crystal Structure, Hardness, and Wear of Gray Iron
Authors: Lubis Abdul Munir Hidayat Syah , Darmawan Agung Setyo , Anggono Agus Dwi , Ngafwan Ngafwan , Putra Aldo Cahya , Ramadani Krisnandita Akbar
Published: December 2024

Gray cast iron has been one of the most widely used engineering materials since a long time ago. However, the development of casting techniques and methods to produce various models of cast iron products for the domestic market is not followed by improvements in product quality. The intriguing aspect of gray iron products is the diverse morphologies that graphite can assume, leading to distinct variations in mechanical and physical properties. Quenching is a typical heat treatment procedure performed to improve the mechanical properties of a material that entails the rapid cooling of the material from a high temperature to a low temperature. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of water quenching effects on microstructure, crystal structure, hardness, and wear of gray iron, which undergoes quenching from the austenitizing temperature. Gray cast iron was obtained from the local foundry industry, then thermally treated at 900°C, held for 15 minutes, and rapidly quenched by water. The quenching procedure induces a significant alteration in the overall microstructure, where transition of most dendrite arms to the eutectic phase microstructure is observed. Moreover, the quenching process is attributed to the reduction of crystal size and growth of carbon crystal. The average crystal size of the sample was reduced from 47.833 nm to 17.97 nm, hence improving the hardness from 16.375 HRC to 48.04 HRC, which in turn improved wear resistance under high loading condition from 0.014 g/sec to 0.00042 g/sec.
Optimization of Aluminium Casting with Alumina Reinforcement via Stir Casting: Impact on Physical and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Respati Sri Mulyo Bondan , Kholis Nur , Purwanto Helmy , Wibowo Prasetyo
Published: December 2024

Aluminum casting using the stir casting method is a common practice in the industrial sector. This study aims to optimize the effect of stirring speed on the physical and mechanical properties of aluminum casting reinforced with alumina powder (Al2O3). The material used in this study is derived from discarded vehicle rim waste. The stir casting method was performed at varying speeds of 500, 600, and 700 rpm, with a mold temperature of 250°C and a pouring temperature of 700°C. Physical testing to examine the microstructure was conducted using optical metallography, hardness testing was performed using the Rockwell hardness scale B, and tensile strength was measured using a Universal Testing Machine. The microstructure observations showed that a stirring speed of 500 rpm yielded the best results, with minimal porosity. The highest hardness value recorded was 65 HRB at 500 rpm, consistent with the microstructure observations. The highest tensile strength was also recorded at 500 rpm, reaching 262 MPa.
Construction of a Binary Organocatalytic System Based on Urea-Based Hydrogen Bond Donors and Polyether Ionic Liquids and its Application to CO2 Cycloaddition Reactions
Authors: Wang Ya Ya , Jin Xin
Published: December 2024

To alleviate the environmental problems caused by the excessive emission of CO2, this study designed and synthesized a binary organocatalytic system based on urea-based hydrogen bond donors and polyether ionic liquids based on a cycloaddition reaction that converts CO2 and small-molecule epoxides into cyclic carbonates with high industrial application value. The binary system is based on a polyether ionic liquid, introducing an organic base (to trap and activate CO2), hydrogen bond donor (to activate the epoxide), and nucleophilic reagent unit (to help open the ring of epoxides), with a variety of active sites. In this paper, the effects of the hydrogen bond donor as well as polyether ionic liquids structure on the activity of the binary system were investigated, the optimal HBD/Lewis base binary catalytic system was established, and the cycle life of this binary system was tested.
Esploratori dell’inconscio: un commento al libro Salute mentale: quale clinica?
Authors: Tringali Andrea
Published: December 2024

Che cos’è una psicoterapia? Scindendo al massimo le distinzioni offerte dai diversi orientamenti teorici e clinici, potrebbe essere definita come la cura dei problemi di natura psicologica basata sull’interazione tra terapeuta e paziente. Ne dovrebbe conseguire, dunque, che per parlare di psicoterapia è necessario che ci sia un paziente, una persona che soffre, che si rivolge a un terapeuta (uno specialista della cura) per essere guarito da questa sofferenza. La questione, apparentemente semplice, diviene più complessa se si tenta di dare una definizione della sofferenza.[...]
Public Perception and Value of Functional Neurosurgery in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-sectional Survey
Authors: Aleid Abdulsalam Mohammed , Alahmari Aseel Abdullah , Alanazi Nouf Faris , Almohammedsaleh Montadhar M. , Al Qasim Nawaf Y. , Alessa Awn A. , Alhussain Abdulmonem A. , AlAtrash Reem Sayeb , Aljabr Abdulmajeed Abdulaziz , Almalki Sami F.
Published: December 2024

Objectives:

Hope and expectations can influence surgical outcomes even in complex brain treatments. Public understanding of specific treatments like functional neurosurgery can vary. This study explores how familiar the Saudi Arabian people are with functional neurosurgery and how they perceive its significance.

Methodology:

A cross-sectional online survey (n = 1,832) in Saudi Arabia investigated residents’ understanding and attitudes towards functional neurosurgery. The voluntary survey used pre-validated questions and data collected from their responses. Statistical analysis was performed to identify the patterns and correlations.

Results:

A total of 1832 participants, comprising 1240 females and 592 males were included in the analysis. Most of them were with academic bachelor’s degrees (66.6%), full-time employed (42.1%) and lived in the Northern Province (60%) of urban areas (80.6%) in Saudi Arabia. Nearly half (44.8%) of participants had some awareness of functional neurosurgery for neurological disorders, with a moderate understanding (average score of 3.69 out of 5). Participants with postgraduate degrees had the most knowledge, followed by younger adults (18–24 years old). The study also indicated a possible gender gap, with males showing a slightly better understanding than females (mean: male = 3.88, female = 3.71). Participants rated for functional neurosurgery procedures: potential benefits highest (3.72), followed by safety (3.46), then effectiveness/recommendation (3.24). Perception of functional neurosurgery varied by gender (female mean = 3.04, male mean = 3.06), age (18–24 years old highest at 4.01) and education (postgraduate mean = 4.01). Regression analysis revealed a significant positive correlation (B = 0.816, P < 0.001) between understanding and perception.

Conclusions:

This study in Saudi Arabia suggests moderate public awareness and positive perception of functional neurosurgery, with higher knowledge levels in younger adults, those with postgraduate degrees and males. The study identified a potential need to address a gender gap and improve overall understanding, particularly amongst those without higher education.
Exploring the Influence of Environmental Exposures on Parkinson’s Disease in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional Investigation
Authors: Alkathem Jafar Ali , Alyaseen Eman Mohammed , Ayash Fatimah Mohammed , Alzahrani Mohammed Jamaan , Alshehri Abdullah Mohammed , Alsabhan Sultan Salman , Alhodibi Mostafa Habeeb
Published: December 2024

Introduction:

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative condition affecting a growing global population, particularly in ageing demographics. Numerous environmental factors have been proposed as potential contributors to PD risk, including exposure to pesticides, heavy metals, rural residence, agricultural activities, well water consumption, infections and air pollution. This research seeks to investigate the association between these environmental factors and the development of PD in the specific context of Saudi Arabia.

Methods:

To explore the relationship between environmental factors and PD, we conducted a cross-sectional survey involving 919 participants. Participants were selected through a structured questionnaire, interviews and a review of medical records. Individuals diagnosed with PD were recruited from tertiary care centres and neurology clinics across Saudi Arabia. Age- and gender-matched controls were selected from the general population to ensure a representative sample.

Results:

Our analysis unveiled compelling associations between environmental exposures and the prevalence of PD in Saudi Arabia. Notably, participants reporting high pesticide exposure exhibited the highest PD prevalence at 63.9%, whereas those with low pesticide exposure had a prevalence of 30.07%. Furthermore, prolonged exposure to air pollution, occupational exposure to heavy metals, contamination of well water sources and residing in areas with high air pollution levels were all significantly linked to increased disease prevalence.

Conclusion:

These findings underscore the substantial impact of environmental factors on the incidence of PD in the Saudi Arabian population. The study highlights the imperative for preventive measures to mitigate these risks, emphasising the need for targeted interventions and public health strategies aimed at reducing exposure to environmental risk factors associated with PD.
Hypersensitivity to fluoroquinolone: A case series
Authors: Patel Jahnvi Navinbhai , Mondal Annesha , Thacker Kuntal S. , Kanani Neeta J.
Published: December 2024

Fluoroquinolones are extensively used for empirical therapy of a wide range of infections because of their broad-spectrum bactericidal activity, oral efficacy, and good tolerability. Fixed drug eruption (FDE) is a form of drug-induced skin reaction marked by red rashes with sharp borders and erythematous lesions. FDEs are known to arise from a variety of medications such as analgesics, anticonvulsants, sedatives, and antibiotics. Among antibiotics, tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones are most commonly associated with FDE. The aim is to focus on the cutaneous adverse drug reaction caused by fluoroquinolones through a compilation of three case reports from the Dermatology Outpatient Department of Medical College, Baroda, and SSG Hospital.
Current Concepts, Management, and Outcomes of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Encarnacion-Santos Daniel , Chmutin Gennady , Abdurakhmonov Shokhrukhjon , Bozkurt Ismail , Geraldino Emmanuel Batista , Prakash Surya , Chaurasia Bipin
Published: December 2024

Background:

A spinal cord injury (SCI) is defined as damage to the spinal cord, which may cause temporary or permanent changes in the motor or sensory function. The etiology of SCI can be categorized as either traumatic or non-traumatic. Traumatic SCI is caused by external physical forces, such as motor vehicle accidents, falls, or violent sports-related injuries, which lead to acute spinal cord damage. On the other hand, non-traumatic SCI develops through chronic or acute disease processes, including infections, malignancies, or degenerative pathologies.

Materials and Methods:

This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to conduct a systematic review focused on surgical outcomes and treatment modalities for traumatic spinal cord injuries. A comprehensive search was performed in the ScienceDirect and PubMed/MEDLINE databases using R software, Rayyan Intelligent Systematic Review, and EXCEL criteria. This review aimed to identify relevant studies and compile data on the treatment and outcomes of traumatic SCI.

Results:

A total of 38,622 patients with traumatic spinal cord injuries were included in this systematic review. Of these, 19,778 patients were categorized based on neurological deficits: •Complete paraplegia: 1905 patients (9.6%) •Incomplete paraplegia: 402 patients (2%) •Complete tetraplegia: 1417 patients (7.1%) •Incomplete tetraplegia: 550 patients (2.7%) •Death: 45 patients (0.2%) In terms of the level of injury, 18,844 cases were categorized as follows: thoracic injuries: 57%, lumbar injuries: 7.7%, and cervical injuries: 7%.

Conclusion:

This research emphasizes the importance of adhering to global protocol guidelines for the management of traumatic SCIs. These guidelines can be instrumental in achieving optimal postoperative outcomes across different regions and countries. Given the high incidence of traumatic SCIs, especially from traffic accidents, which result in thousands of injuries and significant loss of life, the implementation of standardized protocols is crucial for improving patient care and minimizing the burden of these injuries.
Role of astrocytes and microglia in hepatic encephalopathy associated with advanced chronic liver disease: lessons from animal studies
Authors: Claeys Wouter , Geerts Anja , Van Hoecke Lien , Van Steenkiste Christophe , Vandenbroucke Roosmarijn E.
Published: December 2024

Hepatic encephalopathy, defined as neuropsychiatric dysfunction secondary to liver disease, is a frequent decompensating event in cirrhosis. Its clinical impact is highlighted by a notable increase in patient mortality rates and a concomitant reduction in overall quality of life. Systemically, liver disease, liver function failure, portosystemic shunting, and associated multi-organ dysfunction result in the increase of disease-causing neurotoxins in the circulation, which impairs cerebral homeostasis. Key circulating neurotoxins are ammonia and inflammatory mediators. In the brain, pathophysiology is less well understood, but is thought to be driven by glial cell dysfunction. Astrocytes are the only brain resident cells that have ammonia-metabolizing machinery and are therefore putatively most susceptible to ammonia elevation. Based on a large body of mostly in vitro evidence, ammonia-induced cellular and molecular disturbances include astrocyte swelling and oxidative stress. Microglia, the brain resident macrophages, have been linked to the translation of systemic inflammation to the brain microenvironment. Recent evidence from animal studies has provided novel insights into old and new downstream effects of astrocyte and microglial dysfunction such as toxin clearance disruption and myeloid cell attraction to the central nervous system parenchyma. Furthermore, state of the art research increasingly implicates neuronal dysfunction and possibly even irreversible neuronal cell death. Cell-type specific investigation in animal models highlights the need for critical revision of the contribution of astrocytes and microglia to well-established and novel cellular and molecular alterations in hepatic encephalopathy. In this review, we therefore give a current and comprehensive overview of causes, features, and consequences of astrocyte and microglial dysfunction in hepatic encephalopathy, including areas of interest for future investigation.