bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pb2+ recovery from real water samples by adsorption onto nano Fe3O4/chitosan‐acrylamide hydrogel ions in real water samples
Authors: Samadzadeh Mamaghani Arman , Manafi Mohammadreza , Hojjati Mohammad
Published: March 2023

This study examined the removal of Pb(II) using magnetic chitosan hydrogel adsorbent from diverse sample waters. Spectrometry was used to track the effects of magnetic acrylamide nanocomposite dose, pH extraction, and contact duration on Pb(II) removal from sample water. This research also looked at adsorption isotherm models for the sorption of Pb(II). The magnetic chitosan hydrogel adsorbent Pb(II) adsorption capability was 31.74 mg/g respectively. The Freundlich isotherm model fits the removal of Pb(II) utilising magnetic chitosan hydrogel adsorbent. In addition, this adsorbent was shown to have a qmax value of 31.74 mg/g of Pb2+ ions, which is considered to be of high efficiency for Pb2+ ion removal. The studied kinetic models have determined that the pseudo‐second‐order linear model is more suitable to explain the adsorption of lead (II) on magnetic chitosan hydrogel adsorbent. Also, chemical adsorption is the rate‐limiting step in the adsorption process of lead (II) ions.
Impedance matching for curl and truncated spiral antennas above the ground plane
Authors: Hirose Kazuhide , Ito Naonoshin , Nakano Hisamatsu
Published: March 2023

Curl and truncated spiral antennas are studied for input impedance matching a coaxial line. Each antenna is located at quarter wavelengths above the ground plane and analyzed using the moment method. It is found that the curl antenna shows a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of less than two in a 3‐dB axial ratio bandwidth of 30% using a crank feedline with an unbalanced feed. It is also found that the spiral antenna has an axial ratio bandwidth of 24%, where the VSWR remains less than two using parallel feedlines with a quasi‐balanced feed.
The Taste of Arabica Coffee in Several Altitude and Shading Condition
Authors: Saurnida Asiana Siahaan Adriani , Masrul Harahap Erwin , Hanum Chairani , Karim Abubakar , Vincēviča-Gaile Zane
Published: March 2023

The research that aimed to analyze the relationship between altitude and shade of Arabica coffee plants on the taste of coffee has been conducted. This study uses an organoleptic analysis method that refers to the Specialty Coffee Association of America (SCAA) Standard with parameters are fragrance, acidity, body, flavor, after taste, and balance. Coffee flavor test results at all altitudes, coffee beans in the presence of shade have a positive effect on forming flavor, body, quality after taste, and balance, where the flavor of Arabica coffee in shaded conditions has a higher rating scale. In addition, based on the classification of taste quality, Arabica coffee in shaded conditions is included in the category of specialty Arabica coffee with a total scoring is 82.50 to 83.75.
Improving the Capability of Corn Processing into Tortillas by Family Welfare Programme, In Gedong, Ngadirojo, Wonogiri Regency, Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: Afriyanti Afriyanti , Wely Asmoro Novian , Widyastuti Retno , Budi Handayani Catur , Liana Sari Ira , Relawati Rahayu , Soni Peeyush
Published: March 2023

Corn is one of the main agricultural commodities in Wonogiri Regency, Indonesia, especially in the Ngadirojo District. The utilization of corn was not optimal. The community just sold it after harvesting. Community capability, especially Family Welfare Programme, in processing food products is very important and can encourage the food diversification program. Processing corn into tortillas is an alternative effort to increase the added value of agricultural commodities. The aim of this activity was to improve the capability of the Family Welfare Programme member to make tortilla chips. The activities methods were carried out through several stages: (i) the socialization and inventory the potentially of corn; (ii) counseling about corn processing and its benefits; (iii), training and practice of making tortillas; (iv), evaluation of all the activities. The results showed that 100 % of partners have corn land but have not utilized it for processing. In addition, 100 % of partners have never processed corn into tortillas. The test results showed that there is an increase of partner understanding, in the amount of 20.71 %. At the end of the activities, the partners were able to process their own tortilla products. There are four from seven participants who can make tortillas by themselves after the activity.
The Effect of Mangosteen Varieties as Dyes and ZnO Nanostructures Mixture to DSSC - Dye-sensitized Solar Cell Characteristics
Authors: Johar Mawarani Lizda , Puspitasari Ratna , Dewi Risanti Doty , Ali Shah Luqman
Published: March 2023

Dye-sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC) based on ZnO nanostructures has been fabricated using mangosteen peel extract as dyes using the Yonekawa method and the Grätzel method. This research synthesized ZnO nanostructures with nanoparticles, nanorods, nanoflower, and nanotree morphologies. Two different morphological structures of ZnO were mixed with the ratio of 25:75, 50:50, and 75:25, and the performance of the DSSC was investigated. The dye used in the DSSC was extracted from mangosteen peel of different varieties obtained from Blitar, Purwakarta, and Gede Bage. The highest anthocyanin levels were obtained from the Gede Bage sample with a value of 105.774 mg L−1. The results of the I-V curve measurement showed that the most stable values of open-circuit voltage (Voc) and short circuit current (Isc) were obtained from the dye extracted from the Blitar sample with the value of 0.312 V and 3 μA respectively for the Yonekawa method (0.001 28 % efficiency) as well as 0.222 V and 5.5 μA respectively for the Grätzel method (0.00264 % efficiency). The best efficiency was obtained from the mixtures of nanoparticles (75) : nanotrees (25) with the value of 0.034 77 % (0.285 V Voc, 27.5 μA Isc, and FF 26.5 %) using the Yonekawa method.
Bidens pilosa Linn.: Beautiful Weed for the Healthy Mouth – A Mini Review
Authors: Wahjudi Mariana , Meira Gracelynn , Santoso Hadinata , Irwansyah Assidiq Zidane
Published: March 2023

Bidens pilosa L. can be found everywhere in warm and humid regions. The plant has been used as a food and drink supplement, and as medicinal herbs for a long time by people from various places. The assortment of activities of B. pilosa in treating diseases gives a remarkable possibility to explore and develop its utilization for various medicinal purposes. In this mini-review, we explored the application of B. spilosa as herbal medicine for mouth health, specifically mouthwash. Until now, there is no information about the application of this plant for mouthwash. The use of alcohol, cetyl pyridinium, chlorhexidine, and triclosan as active ingredients in mouthwash can control plaque. However, the long-term use of these compounds may show side effects, for instance, changes in taste, and teeth and oral stains. Based on the result, it can be concluded that the B. spilosa plant contains diverse groups of compounds, such as polyacetylenes, flavonoids, and tannins, which are responsible for its various activities. The B. spilosa extracts are non-toxic and have potential active compounds in mouthwash formulation, due to their antimicrobial action against a wide range of microbes, particularly oral microbes and it has additional activities such as anti-inflammation, analgesic, and antioxidant.
Food Waste Product for Overcoming Heat Stress in Broilers
Authors: Tonda Rusli , Fayiz Mousa Atoum Manar , Hendroko Setyobudi Roy , Zalizar Lili , Widodo Wahyu , Zahoor Mohammad , Hermawan David , Damat Damat , Fauzi Ahmad , Putri Asgami , Zainuddin Zainuddin , Yuniati Sri , Hawayanti Erni , Rosa Imelda , Sapar Sapar , Adil Adil , Sukma RA Dodi , Supartini Nonok , Indriatiningtias Retno , Kalsum Umi , Iswahyudi Iswahyudi , Agung Pakarti Trias
Published: March 2023

Broiler farms in tropical areas have to deal with heat stress. Dried rice, a waste recycle product cheaper than corn, contains resistant starch that is mostly excluded from calorie-emanating metabolism yet advantageous for digestion. This study analyzes its potential to function as heat stress suppressor. Employing completely randomized design of three treatments in five repetitions, variables observed were panting frequency, heart weight, and blood profiles (leukocyte, heterophile, lymphocyte, and H:L ratio). The data gained were run through ANOVA, followed by LSD. T1 was of 100 % basal feed, T2 20 % dried rice spread atop 80 % basal feed, and T3 20 % dried rice thoroughly mixed with 80 % basal feed. The lowest panting frequency was of T2 (2.7 s −1 ), significantly different from T3 (2.9 s−1 ) and T1 (3.1 s −1 ). The lowest heart weight was also of T2 (0.44 mg 100 g −1 ), followed by T3 (0.49 mg 100 g −1 ) and T1 (0.57 mg 100 g −1 ). As of blood properties, the lowest H:L ratio was of T1 (0.22), significantly different from T3 (0.47) and T2 (0.59). To sum it up, dried rice is influential in relieving heat stress in broiler.
Naissance d’un gène
Authors: Jordan Bertrand
Published: March 2023

The availability of an extensive set of vertebrate genome sequences, together with large-scale transcriptome studies, has allowed the discovery of numerous non-canonical ORFs (usually quite short) with evidence of transcription, translation and functional involvement. Orthologs for these ORFs can be detected in many vertebrates, and the time of appearance of a functional mini-gene can be ascertained. Some of these have appeared quite recently in evolution and have already very specific expression patterns in humans.
Cystinose
Authors: Cherqui Stéphanie
Published: March 2023

La cystinose est une maladie métabolique autosomique récessive caractérisée par une accumulation lysosomale de cystine dans toutes les cellules de l’organisme. La cystinose infantile débute dans la petite enfance par un syndrome de Fanconi et aboutit à une détérioration progressive de la fonction de la plupart des organes, y compris les reins, les yeux, la thyroïde, les muscles et le pancréas, et finit par entraîner une mort prématurée. Le traitement par la cystéamine ne permet que de retarder la progression de la maladie. Afin de développer une approche de thérapie génique pour la cystinose, un modèle murin qui présente les principales complications de la maladie a été développé grâce à l’identification du gène CTNS, dont le produit, la cystinosine, est un co-transporteur de cystine-protons. Cette revue décrit les étapes allant de la découverte du gène à la thérapie génique pour la cystinose, qui a permis de traiter six patients jusqu’à présent.
Atteinte neurologique et syndrome néphrotique cortico-résistant
Authors: Boyer Olivia , Mollet Géraldine , Dorval Guillaume
Published: March 2023

Les études génétiques portant sur le syndrome néphrotique (SN) héréditaire ont permis d’identifier plus de 60 gènes impliqués dans le développement de formes monogéniques de SN cortico-résistant, isolé ou syndromique, ce dernier étant parfois associé à des troubles neurologiques. Au cours des dernières décennies, diverses études ont établi des liens entre la physiologie des podocytes et celle des neurones, tant sur le plan morphologique (diaphragme de fente et synapse) que fonctionnel (plateformes de signalisation). Des variants dans des gènes codant des protéines s’exprimant dans différents compartiments du podocyte et des neurones sont responsables de phénotypes associant des lésions rénales avec protéinurie à des troubles neurologiques centraux et/ou périphériques. L’objectif de cette revue est de se concentrer sur les syndromes génétiques associant une protéinurie et une atteinte neurologique et de présenter les dernières avancées dans la description de ces troubles neuro-rénaux.
Maladie rénale chronique et retard de croissance
Authors: Bechara Rouba , Rossignol Sylvie , Zaloszyc Ariane
Published: March 2023

Le retard de croissance est une des complications les plus fréquentes chez l’enfant présentant une maladie rénale chronique. Il est corrélé à une morbi-mortalité importante, augmentée par les désordres métaboliques qui y sont associés. D’origine multifactorielle, une hypothèse régulièrement avancée est celle d’une résistance à l’hormone de croissance (GH), caractérisée par un déficit en IGF1 (insulin-like growth factor 1). L’obtention d’une croissance staturale satisfaisante reste un défi majeur pour les néphropédiatres. La prise en charge du retard statural comprend différents axes thérapeutiques : une nutrition adaptée aux besoins de l’enfant, une correction des troubles métaboliques avec optimisation de la dialyse, et un traitement par hormone de croissance recombinante à dose supra-physiologique, qui permet de lever la résistance.
Nuklearmedizinische Strahlenexpositionen während der Schwangerschaft
Authors: Happel Christian , Borowski Markus , Gröner Daniel , Kamp Alexandra , Brix Gunnar , Grünwald Frank , Fiebich Martin
Published: March 2023

In medizinisch begründeten Einzelfällen oder bei unbekannter Frühschwangerschaft kann es
durch die Applikation offener radioaktiver Stoffe in der Nuklearmedizin zu einer pränatalen
Strahlenexposition kommen. Die von Metabolisierung und Biodistribution abhängende Dosis für
das Ungeborene kann messtechnisch nicht ermittelt werden. Eine möglichst valide Abschätzung
der Dosis ist daher von großer Relevanz. Die Abschätzung erfolgt üblicherweise mit den
biokinetischen und dosimetrischen Modellen der ICRP. Bei der Hybridbilddiagnostik muss
zusätzlich auch die Strahlenexposition durch die radiologische Komponente berücksichtigt
werden. Die Aktivität der im Rahmen einer nuklearmedizinischen Diagnostik applizierten offenen
radioaktiven Stoffe führt üblicherweise zu einer Dosis des Ungeborenen von weniger als 20mSv.
Relevante deterministische Strahlenwirkungen sind hier auszuschließen. Es ergeben sich keine
praktischen Konsequenzen für den weiteren Verlauf der Schwangerschaft. Bei höheren Dosiswerten
für das Ungeborene, wie sie insbesondere bei der therapeutischen Anwendung offener
radioaktiven Stoffe bei unbekannter Schwangerschaft auftreten können, kann jedoch eine Dosis
von 100mSv für das Ungeborene überschritten werden, welche als Schwelle für die Induktion von
anatomischen Fehlbildungen, Wachstumshemmungen und funktionellen Störungen gilt.
Dosimetrie bei der Peptid-Radio-Rezeptor-Therapie (PRRT)
Authors: Delker Astrid
Published: March 2023

Die Peptid-Radio-Rezeptor-Therapie (PRRT) hat sich in den letzten Jahren als vielversprechende Therapieoption des inoperablen metastasierten neuroendokrinen Tumors (NET) entwickelt. In Form von Radiotherapeutika wie 177Lu-DOTATATE oder 90Y-DOTATOC kombiniert die PRRT strahlentherapeutische und pharmakologische Prinzipien, um eine selektive und interne Bestrahlung von NET unabhängig von deren Lokalisation im Körper zu ermöglichen. Die patientenspezifische Dosimetrie ist dabei ein elementarer Bestandteil der Patientensicherheit, ermöglicht aber auch grundlegende Wirkmechanismen der PRRT zu identifizieren sowie das therapeutische Fenster optimal auszuschöpfen. Dieser Übersichtsartikel soll die Grundlagen der patientenspezifischen Dosimetrie für die PRRT beleuchten sowie den aktuellen Stand der Forschung zur patientenspezifischen Dosimetrie innerhalb der klinischen Routine der PRRT.
Bildgebung, Kinetik, Quantifizierung
Authors: Braune Anja , Großer Oliver S.
Published: March 2023

Nuklearmedizinische tomografische Verfahren wie die Positronen-Emissions-Tomografie (PET) und Single-Photonen-Emissions-Computertomografie (SPECT) werden in einem quantitativen Setting genutzt (z. B. die PET) bzw. sind, wie im Fall der SPECT, aufgrund der Erfordernisse nuklearmedizinischer Therapien an eine bildbasierte Dosimetrie, als quantitative bildgebende Modalität zu etablieren. Für die quantitative Analyse der bereitgestellten Bilddaten existieren unterschiedliche Konzepte. Ausgehend von der Quantifizierung dynamischer Aufnahmen mittels der Zeitaktivitätskurve wird für die kinetische Modellierung die Patlak-Methode vorgestellt. Verschiedene Methoden zur Auswertung statischer PET-Messungen, wie der Standardized Uptake Value (SUV) und das Standardized Uptake Ratio (SUR), werden diskutiert. Für die SPECT werden exemplarisch verschiedene methodische Entwicklungen auf dem Weg zur quantitativen Modalität adressiert.
Myasthenia Gravis and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: A Rare Combination
Authors: Papadoulas Spyros , Zotou Anastasia , Kouri Natasa , Tsimpoukis Andreas , Zampakis Petros , Koutsogiannis Nikolaos , Chroni Elisabeth
Published: March 2023

Abdominal aortic aneurysm in a patient with myasthenia gravis (MG) is extremely rare. We present a 64-year-old male with MG and an asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysm treated endovascularly. After extubation, he suffered a cardiac arrest due to an acute myocardial infarction. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and a primary coronary angioplasty led to a satisfactory outcome. Special care is needed due to higher rates of postoperative complications in these patients.
Resistance Training Improves Hypertrophic and Mitochondrial
Adaptation in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Zhao Yong-Cai , Wu Yan-Yan
Published: March 2023

Resistance training is employed for pursuing muscle strength characterized by
activation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-mediated hypertrophic
signaling for protein production. Endurance training elevates peroxisome
proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α
(PGC-1α) signaling of mitochondrial adaptations for oxidative
phosphorylation. Now, emerging evidence suggests that, like endurance training,
resistance training also elicits profound effects on mitochondrial adaptations
in skeletal muscle, which means that resistance training yields both strength
and endurance phenotypes in myofibers, which has treatment value for the muscle
loss and poor aerobic capacity in humans. Our review outlines a brief overview
of muscle hypertrophic signals with resistance training, and focuses on the
effects of resistance training on mitochondrial biogenesis and respiration in
skeletal muscle. This study provides novel insights into the therapeutic
strategy of resistance training for the metabolically dysfunctional individuals
with declined mitochondrial function.
Infiltrative Intramuscular Lipoma in the Antebrachium of a Dog
Authors: Tirillini Francesca , Clarke Stephen , Ferreira Amy , Baines Stephen J.
Published: March 2023

This case report describes a dog with an infiltrative intramuscular lipoma in the antebrachium, presenting with chronic left forelimb lameness and altered posture of the digits. Computed tomography showed a fat-attenuating mass displacing the flexor tendons. The mass was surgically excised along with the affected muscle belly and tendon; histopathological examination revealed infiltration of adipose tissue cells within the muscle belly and tendon sheath of the deep digital flexor muscle. After removal of the lipoma, lameness resolved, full ambulatory function returned, without recurrence at 1 year follow-up.
Atomistic mechanisms for catalytic transformations of NO to NH3, N2O, and N2 by Pd
Authors: Yu Peiping , Wu Yu , Yang Hao , Xie Miao , Goddard William A. , Cheng Tao
Published: March 2023

The industrial pollutant NO is a potential threat to the environment and to human health. Thus, selective catalytic reduction of NO into harmless N2, NH3, and/or N2O gas is of great interest. Among many catalysts, metal Pd has been demonstrated to be most efficient for selectivity of reducing NO to N2. However, the reduction mechanism of NO on Pd, especially the route of N−N bond formation, remains unclear, impeding the development of new, improved catalysts. We report here the elementary reaction steps in the reaction pathway of reducing NO to NH3, N2O, and N2, based on density functional theory (DFT)-based quantum mechanics calculations. We show that the formation of N2O proceeds through an Eley-Rideal (E−R) reaction pathway that couples one adsorbed NO* with one non−adsorbed NO from the solvent or gas phase. This reaction requires high NO* surface coverage, leading first to the formation of the trans-(NO)2* intermediate with a low N−N coupling barrier (0.58 eV). Notably, trans-(NO)2* will continue to react with NO in the solvent to form N2O, that has not been reported. With the consumption of NO and the formation of N2O* in the solvent, the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) mechanism will dominate at this time, and N2O* will be reduced by hydrogenation at a low chemical barrier (0.42 eV) to form N2. In contrast, NH3 is completely formed by the L-H reaction, which has a higher chemical barrier (0.87 eV). Our predicted E-R reaction has not previously been reported, but it explains some existing experimental observations. In addition, we examine how catalyst activity might be improved by doping a single metal atom (M) at the NO* adsorption site to form M/Pd and show its influence on the barrier for forming the N−N bond to provide control over the product distribution.
Teaching and Learning Optics at the Secondary Level
Authors: Haagen-Schützenhöfer Claudia , Schubatzky Thomas , Obczovsky Markus
Published: March 2023

Optics is one of the main building bricks of every physics/science curriculum at the secondary level. While a lot of research on teaching/learning optics has been conducted, hardly any syntheses have been proposed that systematically summarize the most relevant and reliable findings and robust conclusions for school practice or point out research gaps. In this review, we offer a synthetic and systematic description of about 70 articles that were published between 2000 and 2020 in the ERIC database and indexed as “peer-reviewed”, “journal articles” mentioning “teaching optics” or “learning optics.” Following a clearly defined procedure, abstracts are scanned to exclude articles that do not match the age-group, do not cover the topic or are not based on empirical research. The remaining articles are analyzed according to a previously developed grid echoing the goals of this handbook. Our aim is to show how PER concerning teaching/learning optics at secondary level has advanced during the last two decades and which instructional strategies proved to be successful in triggering students' understanding of optics. In doing so, we focus on empirical findings about teaching/learning optics and related subtopics of optics in secondary education. Finally, we provide conclusions and recommendations for future research.
Epistemic Models of Sensemaking and Reasoning
Authors: Kapon Shulamit , Berland Leema
Published: March 2023

The terms sensemaking and reasoning have often been used interchangeably in the literature to describe processes of building and revising explanations to resolve gaps in understanding and as a central driving force in the construction of authentic scientific knowledge. We review the literature on this process and examine it from an epistemological perspective. The review is organized according to the following epistemological typology: (1) Epistemic artifacts that scientists and students use and create as they engage in sensemaking of and with science, with a focus on explanations, arguments, and models. (2) Epistemic forms of sensemaking—the sensemaking processes through which the artifacts are created and used, with a focus on mathematical sensemaking, analogical reasoning, and mechanistic reasoning of simple and complex phenomena. (3) Epistemic participation—how students' participation in sensemaking and reasoning can be fostered (or inhibited) by instructional design and discourse, with a focus on framing and sensemaking as an epistemological frame. This epistemological typology affords an articulation of how the notions of sensemaking and reasoning have been conceptualized in the literature, and how these conceptualizations influenced, and were influenced by, physics education research.
PER Informed “Physics Teaching”—Coordinating Learning Goals and Teaching Practices
Authors: Yerushalmi Edit , Eylon Bat Sheva
Published: March 2023

This chapter discusses three major questions guiding research-informed “physics teaching:”What learning goals should physics teaching aim at? What processes and conceptual frameworks involved in doing physics should be targeted at different educational stages?What should physics teaching consider as the foundation it builds on? How should it respond to different students” views and approaches toward the learning and doing of physics?What characterizes the learning processes that allow students to transition from one “state” to the other, and what instructional interactions support these processes?

It describes how the chapters in the third section of the IPHER handbook (2022) are organized in four branches to address these questions: Physics teaching aimed at developing core scientific practices; Physics teaching aimed at extending the scope of the current introductory-level curricula; Physics teaching considering the vertical and horizontal integration of Physics in K-12 curricula; and research considering effective instruction and teaching practices.

We conclude with insights from the educational literature concerning the central “change agents”—teachers and researchers—who are essential in a research-informed “physics teaching” endeavor, in particular, central factors in teacher learning and in the interactions that are required for carrying out effective Research Practice Partnerships.
Argumentation in Physics Education Research: Recent Trends and Key Themes
Authors: Erduran Sibel , Park Wonyong
Published: March 2023

In recent years, argumentation, or the justification of knowledge claims with evidence and reasons, has emerged as a significant educational goal, advocated in international curricula and investigated through school-based research. Research on argumentation in science education has made connections to the cognitive, linguistic, social and epistemic aspects of argumentation. The particular context of physics as the domain underpinning argumentation has been relatively under-researched. The purpose of this paper is to outline how argumentation can be situated within physics education to serve different types of learning goals. Following a review of trends in the literature on physics education research in recent years, we focus on a set of themes to illustrate the nature of issues raised by research on argumentation in physics education. In particular, we trace themes related to subject knowledge, scientific methods and socio-scientific contexts, and subsequently turn to the role of visual tools in supporting the teaching and learning of argumentation in physics. The chapter thus raises questions about how physics education can be enhanced through argumentation. We identify a number of areas for future research and development in argumentation research in physics education.
Physics Computational Literacy: What, Why, and How?
Authors: Odden Tor Ole B. , Caballero Marcos D.
Published: March 2023

Computation has increasingly transformed the way physics is both done and taught, and a growing number of physics departments are teaching their students to use computation to model physical systems, predict and explain phenomena, and analyze data. In this chapter, we present an overview of the physics education research on computation in physics learning environments, from the first documented examples of computation in university-level physics instruction to the present day. We separate this research base into three distinct strands—modeling and representations, practice perspectives, and computational thinking—provide an overview of key publications and results in each strand, and situate these strands relative to one another. Based on this literature base, we argue for the need for a larger-scale organizing framework that could be used to guide future computational physics education research and development: computational literacy. We outline the key elements necessary to acquire computational literacy in physics—material, cognitive, and social—and describe different models for how computational literacy might be achieved at a programmatic level based on published examples from the literature. Finally, we outline primary areas of outstanding work in this area for the physics education research community at large: equity and inclusion, ethical concerns, the need for additional professional development and institutional change, and the need to examine how computation is used in other areas of physics education such as experimental laboratory work.
Front Matter
Authors: Taşar Mehmet Fatih , Heron Paula R. L.
Published: March 2023

The International Handbook of Physics Education Research: Learning Physics covers the subject matter and cognitive aspects of physics learning. As the field of physics education research grows, it is increasingly difficult for newcomers to gain an appreciation of the major findings across all sub-domains, discern global themes, and recognize gaps in the literature. The International Handbook of Physics Education Research: Learning Physics incorporates the understanding of both physics and education concepts and provides an extensive review of the literature in a wide range of important topics.

The International Handbook of Physics Education Research: Learning Physics includes:Subject matter instruction and problem solving with specific topics including factors in student achievement in physics.Cognitive aspects to learning physics, including collaborative learning, higher order learning, and fostering critical thinking skills.Information about student interest, attitudes, motivation, values, beliefs, and opinions toward learning physics.

Readers will find this comprehensive treatment of the literature useful in understanding physics education research and extending to all the physical sciences including chemistry, mathematics, astronomy, and other related disciplines.
The Aims and Values of Physics
Authors: Guerra Andreia , Gurgel Ivã
Published: March 2023

The area of Physics Education Research (PER) dealing with History, Philosophy, and Sociology of Science (HPSS) justifies its approaches and curricular proposals considering the aims and values of physics. However, such categories are historical. If at the beginning of the 20th century, considerations about principles and values were limited to debate about the validity of scientific statements, authors such as Thomas Kuhn in the second and third quarters of the 20th century show that the processes of change in the sciences involve disruptions, leading to new questions on the validity of knowledge. Discussions on social aspects of the sciences intensified in the last decades of the 20th century when researchers dedicated to science studies focused their analyses on practices and controversies of sciences. Given these considerations, this chapter will review the literature seeking to understand the dialogue between the PER field and the fields of HPSS from the 1960s. In particular, we will seek to understand how this appropriation took place in the construction of curricular proposals and how discussions of contemporary perspectives in the fields of HPSS were incorporated into them. Thus, we will discuss, based on the literature review, what issues are presented by contemporary HPSS studies to PER and how these issues shape new problems in the field.
New Methodological Approaches Toward Implementing HPS in Physics Education: The Landscape of Physics Education
Authors: Cavicchi Elizabeth Mary , Andales Hillary Diane , Moeykens Riley S.
Published: March 2023

Physics is a human enterprise, yet that humanity is hidden from students. This chapter, authored by two current physics undergraduates and a teacher-researcher, highlights contextualized teaching methods that reintegrate physics into human context. Our metaphorical Landscape of Physics Education represents decontextualization by elevation, with greatest decontextualization at mountain peaks. It uses water to represent educators' contextualizing efforts, with greatest contextualization at sea level. At lowest elevations, physics is fully contextualized: teachers prioritize content and context; students' voices and identities are celebrated. Educators and students throughout this landscape are informed and inspired by: constructivism; nature of science (NOS); student voice; and gradings' adverse impacts. This chapter takes three tours through contextualizing efforts of the physics education research literature: Historical Experiments and Instruments; Contextualization through Narratives, and Feminist and Indigenous Experience. The Historical Experiments and Instruments Tour features teaching projects where students experiment with historical electromagnetic instruments in a museum, flatten gender hierarchies while learning electrostatics, and develop their own understandings of physical phenomena through partnering with historical investigations. It demonstrates how at low elevations, experiences embrace ambiguity and students: initiate questions; exercise agency; and form personal science identities. The Contextualization by Narratives Tour explores short, stand-alone narratives such as anecdotes, vignettes, short stories, case studies, and role-plays. In its low elevation examples, students co-created curriculum together with teacher researchers; their questions and personal experiences redirected lessons. The Feminist and Indigenous Experience Tour documents physics students' adverse experiences relating to identity; presents theoretical approaches to feminist and indigenous student experience, including feminist standpoint theories and indigenous understanding of “place;” and reports on feminist and indigenous perspectives introduced into classrooms, such as investigating home experiences and using African conflict mediation. This landscape is subjective, with its routes viewed differently by each student. We encourage you to review your own landscape, explore new paths within it, and introduce water features and context wherever you may be.
Expectations on Physics Textbooks
Authors: Grusche Sascha , Strahl Alexander , Bardy Katrin Bölsterli
Published: March 2023

In the physics classroom and outside, physics textbooks are important for teaching and learning physics. Regarding the content and form of physics textbooks, different people have different expectations. However, there is no systematic overview of expectations held by these people, ranging from curriculum-makers, publishers and authors to teachers, students, and education researchers. Therefore, this chapter provides a literature review of research papers about physics textbook expectations. All relevant sections of these papers are analyzed with a system of deductive categories, and the results of the analysis are generalized in inductive categories. Regarding content, textbooks are expected to be course-matching, nature-of-science-oriented, competence-oriented, stereotype-free, curriculum-aligned, interdisciplinary, student-oriented, teacher-oriented, context-based, and error-free. Regarding form, textbooks are expected to be multi-representational, content-method-aligned, clearly laid-out, fulfilling external criteria, fully digital, and research-based. Regarding actions around the textbook, teachers are expected to choose a suitable textbook and encourage textbook use, students are expected to supplement the textbook and read it critically, and education researchers are expected to analyze textbooks and evaluate their effects on students’ learning. Overall, expectation holders are expected to interact more. The expectations stated in the papers are mostly normative or literature-based, but rarely empirical. Moreover, there is almost no relationship between the papers. Therefore, physics textbooks expectations research is not a research field of its own, yet. Creators and users of textbooks should learn from each other more so that the textbooks can be improved.
Textbook and Curriculum Alignment
Authors: Slisko Josip
Published: March 2023

Although textbooks play important roles in shaping implemented physics curricula, there isn't a general agreement about theoretical frameworks and methodological approaches needed for research lines related to complex relationships between textbooks and curricula. To define roles played by textbooks in physics teaching and learning, a four-level view of curriculum is useful: Intended Curriculum, Potentially Implemented Curriculum, Enacted Curriculum and Learned Curriculum. Physics textbooks are a crucial part of the Potentially Implemented Curriculum. The first part of this literature review deals with the articles that analyze the alignment of textbook contents and a particular national physics curriculum. The second part brings the articles that analyze alignment of textbook contents with a meta-curriculum framework (i.e., National Science Education Standards). The third part considers those articles that pay attention to some intra-curricular processes that are influenced by physics textbook features. If students are supposed to read textbooks in an Enacted Curriculum, then their readability or cognitive demands influence Learned Curriculum. Before conclusions, which consider some issues related to needed research of fine processes of textbooks and curricula alignment, a brief look is given to digital learning materials that are textbook complements or that might replace them in the future.
Analysis of Physics Textbook Content
Authors: Yan Xiaomei , He Yuze , Wang Jingying , Li Xiying , Ping Xiaomei , Zhou Danhua
Published: March 2023

The content of physics textbooks has always been an important part of physics education research. This chapter systematically reviewed the empirical studies on the contents of physics textbooks from the 1940s to 2022. The brief history and development of research was outlined, and representative research was identified. This chapter reviewed the contents from conceptual, epistemic and cultural levels and the representations of contents in physics textbooks. This chapter also investigates how different content analysis methods contribute to the issues of physics textbooks within the science education community from the methodology perspective. The findings show the researchers' continuous efforts on improving the validity of concepts and readability of texts, growing attentions on nature of science, argumentation and equal issues of hot topics in science educational research. The implications for future research are provided, including the use of new technologies to examine the content of physics textbooks.
The Meanings of Physics Equations in the Context of the Interplay between Physics and Mathematics
Authors: Kim Minchul , Cheong Yongwook , Song Jinwoong
Published: March 2023

In this chapter the relationship between physics and mathematics in physics education is discussed by focusing on the meaning of physics equations and their role in the interplay between physics and mathematics. We start with the issue of differentiating mathematics equations from physics equations, and then discuss the elaboration of the meaning of physics equations in terms of verbalization. In addition, the meaning of physics equations is discussed employing the frameworks of ontological categories of physics concepts and the epistemological status of scientific knowledge. Then we discuss the interplay between physics and mathematics through three perspectives: 1) mathematization as modeling, 2) mathematization as blending, and 3) epistemological belief concerning mathematization. Finally, empirical studies concerning students' and teachers' comprehension of mathematization are reviewed.
Graphs
Authors: Ivanjek Lana , Planinic Maja , Susac Ana
Published: March 2023

The proficiency in graphing is an important element of scientific literacy. Students at all learning levels have many difficulties with graph interpretation, the most common ones being the slope-height confusion, the interval-point confusion and the iconic graph interpretation. Interpreting the area under a graph seems to be more difficult than interpreting the slope of a graph. In graph construction, students have problems choosing the scale and correctly labeling the axes of a graph, entering or fitting the data. Students solve mathematical graph problems better than the isomorphic physics or other context problems, but spontaneous transfer of knowledge from mathematics to physics is not common. Several diagnostic instruments on graphs were developed, validated and shown to be helpful in diagnosing student difficulties with graphs. Eye-tracking studies were used to explore students' visual attention when solving problems with graphs. The reasons for student difficulties with graphs may lie in students' cognitive abilities. Spatial ability and conceptual knowledge seem to be intertwined and together form the underpinning of students' graphing abilities. Skills for interpreting diagrams and graphs must be learned and are mostly domain specific. Physics instruction may help students develop graphing skills through building conceptual knowledge and promoting transfer from mathematics.
Toward More Rapid Accumulation of Knowledge about What Works in Physics Education: The Role of Replication, Reporting Practices, and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Taylor Joseph A. , Hedges Larry V.
Published: March 2023

This chapter examines the literature on interventions in physics education through the lens of optimizing and accelerating knowledge accumulation. Specifically, intervention research in physics education is discussed in terms of the prevalence of randomized designs and meta-analyses of effects from similar interventions. The authors make several recommendations to the physics education research community, citing calls from within and outside of physics education for more rigorous designs, more comprehensive and transparent study reporting practices, and increased efforts to synthesize intervention research. The call for improved reporting practices is framed in the need for supporting replication studies, both direct (i.e., exact) and conceptual, with an acknowledgement of the challenges related to direct replication and the affordances of conceptual replications for theory-building. Included in the chapter are suggestions for how entities such as funding agencies, preeminent journals, and evidence clearinghouses can facilitate knowledge accumulation by incentivizing and supporting more rigorous primary intervention studies, as well as replications and syntheses thereof.
Quantitative Methods in PER
Authors: Stewart John , Hansen John , Ding Lin
Published: March 2023

Quantitative research methods have a rich history in Physics Education Research (PER). This chapter takes the reader through some of that history and outlines the most commonly used methods in the field including inferential and descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing, Type I and Type II error, classical test theory, factor analysis, item response theory, linear and logistic regression, hierarchical linear modeling, structural equation modeling, cluster analysis, machine learning, and network analysis. A short description of each technique is provided followed by a brief summary of some the studies within PER that have applied the method.
Introduction
Authors: Taşar Mehmet Fatih , Heron Paula R. L.
Published: March 2023

The International Handbook of Physics Education Research: Special Topics covers the topics of equity and inclusion; history and philosophy of physics; textbooks; mathematics; research history, methodologies, and themes. As the field of physics education research grows, it is increasingly difficult for newcomers to gain an appreciation of the major findings across all sub-domains, discern global themes, and recognize gaps in the literature. The International Handbook of Physics Education Research: Special Topics incorporates the understanding of both physics and education concepts and provides an extensive review of the literature in a wide range of important topics.

The International Handbook of Physics Education Research: Special Topics includes:The history and philosophy of physics teaching, including a review of physics textbooks.Teaching mathematics for physics students.Methodologies in physics education research and the future of physics departments.

Readers will find this comprehensive treatment of the literature useful in understanding physics education research and extending to all the physical sciences including chemistry, mathematics, astronomy, and other related disciplines.
Holistic Learning Environments
Authors: Brewe Eric , Etkina Eugenia , Neumann Knut
Published: March 2023

This chapter introduces the idea of holistic learning environments into physics education research and provides a framework for the analysis of such environments. It then uses this framework to analyze chosen examples of learning environments in physics that can be called holistic and to interpret and synthesize existing research on those environments. Finally, the chapter identifies directions for future research on such environments. We define holistic learning environments as classroom-based environments that provide students with the full range of coherent experiences possible in learning physics that incorporate both experimental and theoretical work. In addition to this, we consider a prerequisite for a holistic learning environment the element of intentionality meaning that teaching is an intentional activity that involves beliefs and values and the holistic environment enacts these intentionalities, in other words, the intentionality of the environment determines all decisions of the educators concerning the goals of the course/s, assessments, classroom setup, and students' activities. Therefore, from the intentionalities follow additional elements constitutive for holistic environments: unifying goals that include more than content and specific assessments that address the goals and details of how the assessments are conducted, a philosophical approach to the content, specific classroom settings/interactions and expectations of student behavior, discourse expectations, and teacher orientations and expectations of teacher behavior. The chapter starts by elaborating these elements. We present six examples of holistic learning environments in physics and review their common and unique features in the light of the elements. We analyze research on the implementation of these elements. We conclude the chapter by synthesizing what we know about the quality implementation of holistic learning environments and what areas require further research.
Characterizing Lab Environments Using Activity Theory
Authors: Zwickl Benjamin M. , Ikoro Victoria , Allie Saalih
Published: March 2023

The Physics Laboratory in its broadest sense plays a central role in both research and teaching in physics. With regard to teaching, it offers a learning environment where students can encounter a space that mirrors the complexity of the real world, engage with selected aspects and make connections with abstract concepts. As such the lab environment can be regarded as a large canvas which can be viewed and characterized from many perspectives. From a pedagogical perspective this characterization translates into shaping the environment in the service of teaching and learning with particular goals in mind. However, this is challenging as there is no recipe for creating a simplified sub-environment out of the overall complexity that inherently encompasses a multiplicity of potential goals. The extent to which the outcomes are consistent with the goals depend on a range of factors that include the nature of the physical equipment, measurement and data procedures, mathematical models, collaborative vs individual work, timeframes for completion, etc. Tensions arise on many levels and the result is that students often report negatively on their laboratory experiences. It is clear that the lab environment can be regarded as a “complex system” and as such we suggest that characterizing it using the methods associated with complex systems will allow for useful insights. We therefore use Activity Theory (AT) as a theoretical lens to describe the lab environment in order to deepen our understanding of what is essentially a “goal-directed activity system.” This allows us to take a “wide angle view” of the laboratory environment and then to examine three contrasting lab environments, namely, the “traditional” lab, RealTime Physics and Thinking Critically in Physics Labs.