bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly Conductive Cellulose Network/Polyaniline Composites Prepared by Wood Fractionation and In Situ Polymerization of Aniline
Authors: Ke Shaoqiu , Ouyang Tulong , Zhang Kai , Nong Yuhong , Mo Ying , Mo Qiufeng , Wei Yongxuan , Cheng Fangchao
Published: April 2019

Highly conductive cellulose network/polyaniline (PANI) composites are successfully formed using chemical fractionation of solid wood followed by in situ polymerization of aniline monomers in the purified wood. The increased porosity of the wood caused by the fractionation process enables the uniform deposition of PANI particles in the microstructure of the material, resulting in a high electrical conductivity of up to 36.79 S cm−1, and a high weight gain rate of up to 143%. The interaction between PANI and the cellulose microfibril network leads to a decreased crystallinity of the composites. The electrode prepared from the cellulose network/PANI composites exhibits promising gravimetric specific capacitances of up to 218.75 F g−1 and areal specific capacitances of up to 0.41 F cm−2, and it can be assembled into all‐solid‐state supercapacitors with favorable energy storage performance, which may be attributed to the larger surface area, higher PANI content of the electrode, and the positive effect of the cellular structure of the cellulose network on electron transport. The present process can preserve the naturally hierarchical structure of wood and impart a promising conductivity to the composites, and it provides a promising way to produce hierarchical biomass‐based electronic materials for high‐performance storage field.
Thermal Analysis, Morphology and Electrochemical Application of Graphene Decorated SnO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Elemike Elias E. , Maumau Thandiwe R. , Onwudiwe Damian C.
Published: April 2019

In this present investigation, reduced graphene oxide (rGO)–SnO2 nanocomposites were synthesized via hydrothermal and microwave methods. The nanocomposites were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and cyclic voltammetric (CV) methods.The SEM images demonstrated different morphologies and the TGA equally showed different thermal behavior of the nanocomposites. Some conditions such as concentrations and synthetic procedures were varied in order to optimize the nanocomposites formulation and devise the means for excellent product applications. The results of the research showed that the nanocomposites have higher activity under microwave assisted conditions.
Surface Tension Measurements of Viscous Materials by Pendant Drop Method: Time Needed to Establish Equilibrium Shape
Authors: Jůza Josef
Published: April 2019

The pendant drop method of surface tension measurements published in 1938 has been frequently used since late 1960s. The time to reach equilibrium drop shape for viscous materials was mentioned in few papers only. The aim of this paper is to estimate time needed to reach a shape sufficiently close to equilibrium as a function of required precision and material viscosity. The procedure is based on Roe's error analysis of the pendant drop method and on a prerequisite of similarity in relaxation times of pendant drop and that of ellipsoid droplet published by Luciani and Utracki. An equation for time needed to reach equilibrium shape of pendant drop has been derived. Estimates have been verified through measurements of a test liquid; strong correction using empirical coefficients is needed to predict equilibration times correctly. The formula found is useful to assess whether the measurement can be accomplished before the material starts to degrade or otherwise change significantly. Since approximation using formula for ellipsoid relaxation is a weak point of the estimate, the challenge remaining for future is to describe the relaxation of pendant drop.
A Simple Energetic Approach to Describe Propagation of Fast‐running Cracks in Thermoplastic Polymers
Authors: Lach Ralf , Grellmann Wolfgang
Published: April 2019

Applying dynamic fracture mechanics, a simple analytical model for the evolution of the crack propagation velocity during unstable crack growth has been developed. Based on the energy balance concept, rarely used in dynamic fracture mechanics, this model allows the estimation of the crack growth energy and the process zone size to be 1.2 J at breaking of the specimen and 0.65 mm in diameter, respectively, for polycarbonate at room temperature. Furthermore, the model is able to describe the influence of the specimen geometry of the crack propagation kinetics adequately in principal agreement with experimental results found in literature.
Analytical and Physico‐Chemical Characterization of Interactions Between Polyurethane Coatings and Ambient Fluids Leads to Implications for an Improved Coating System
Authors: Wittchen Sergei , Cepus Valentin
Published: April 2019

The purpose of this work is the characterization and comparison of two brilliant polyurethane coating systems with combined analytical and physico‐chemical methods such as dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and swelling tests. Based on correlations between the amount of hardener and the change in coating properties, information's for the improvement of the coating stability in spite of repeated contact with ambient fluids such as water or ethanol are derived. The main information's for the improvement of the investigated coating system are the introduction of more hard segments into the binder system and the increase of the cross‐linking density until the saturation value for glass transition temperature (Tg) is reached.
Dyeing and Antibacterial Properties of Some Newly Synthesized Sulfonamide Reactive Dyes
Authors: Zahran Magdy Kandil , Gaffer Hatem El‐Sayed , Mashaly Hamada Mostafa
Published: April 2019

Dyeing performance and antibacterial properties of four novels synthesized reactive dyes (D1–4) were studied in this paper. The dyeing process was achieved under a variety of conditions, embracing concentrations of the dye (1–9%), soda ash (0–25 g L−1), Glauber salt (0–100 g L−1), dyeing temperature (40–90 °C), dyeing time (30–90 min), and material to dye liquor ratio (1:05–1:80). The maximum color strength (expressed as K/S) values of the dyed cotton fabrics obtained at 3% (based on fabric weight, wof) dye concentration, 20 g L−1 sodium carbonate, 100 g L−1 Glauber's salt, temperature 80 °C (for D1, D2 & D4), and 60 °C (for D3), fixation time 60 min, and material‐to‐liquor ratio (M/L) 1:10. The fastness properties towards washing, perspiration, rubbing, and light were evaluated. All dyed fabrics showed antibacterial potency against both gram positive (S. aureus) and gram negative (E. coli) bacteria.
Study on Preparation and Properties of Rubber Blends Based on Nitrile Butadiene Rubber and Chloroprene Rubber
Authors: Khang Do Quang , Lien Tran Kim , Hai Luong Nhu , Minh Do Quang , Sy Do Trung , Hai Le Hong
Published: April 2019

In this work, nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR)/chloroprene rubber (CR) blends were prepared and investigated. The results showed that NBR and CR in the NBR/CR (50/50) blend were partially compatible. This blend had a relatively regular and compact structure, which improved the mechanical properties as well as the weather resistance, thermal stability, and oil, grease resistances. At the DLH compatibilizer content of 1% (made from Cashew nut shell liquid) or D01 (made from Tung oil), the materials possess better mechanical and physical properties due to much more regular and compact structure. NBR/CR blends can be potential materials for industrial applications which demand high oil and grease resistance and good weather resistance as well as good thermal stability.
Effect of vasopressor use on digit survival after replantation and revascularization—A large retrospective cohort study
Authors: Retrouvey Helene , Makerewich Jacqueline R. , Solaja Ogi , Giuliano Anthony M. , Niazi Ahtsham U. , Baltzer Heather L.
Published: April 2019

Purpose

Despite the common use of intraoperative vasopressors in hand microsurgery, the association between intraoperative vasopressor use and digital replant failure has not yet been examined. Our study aims to examine the association between intraoperative vasopressor use (phenylephrine and/or ephedrine) and postoperative digital failure of replanted or revascularized digits.

Methods

All patients from a single tertiary hand center who underwent unilateral digital replantation or revascularization procedures between 2005 and 2016 were included in this retrospective cohort study. The relationship between intraoperative vasopressors used to maintain hemodynamic stability and digit failure was then evaluated using logistic regression. Specifically, phenylephrine (total dose 10–3,600 mcg) and ephedrine (5–110 mg) use were evaluated.

Results

During the study period, 281 patients underwent digital replantation or revascularization. Of those, 86 (31%) were given an intraoperative vasopressor. Digit failure was more likely in patients with crush or avulsion injuries compared to clean‐cut mechanism (odds ratio [OR] 2.02, p = .02), and in patients with replantation (OR 7.85, p < .0001) as compared to revascularization procedures. Using multivariate logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, comorbidities, number of digits injured, injury type, and procedure type, the odds of digital failure with vasopressor use were not increased (p = .84). When evaluating vasopressors used after tourniquet deflation, failure increased with ephedrine use (OR = 2.42, p = .0496) and phenylephrine use (OR = 2.21, p = .31).

Conclusions

The use of vasopressors was not associated with failure if administration of vasopressors was before tourniquet deflation. The administration of vasopressors after tourniquet deflation should be cautioned.
Numerical solution for (2 + 1)‐dimensional time‐fractional coupled Burger equations using fractional natural decomposition method
Authors: Prakasha Doddabhadrappla G. , Veeresha Pundikala , Rawashdeh Mahmoud S.
Published: April 2019

The aim of the present work is to find the numerical solutions for time‐fractional coupled Burgers equations using a new novel technique, called fractional natural decomposition method (FNDM). Two examples are considered in order to illustrate and validate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. The numerical simulation has been conducted to ensure the exactness of the present method, and the obtained solutions are offered graphically to reveal the applicability and reliability of the FNDM. The outcomes of the study reveal that the FNDM is computationally very effective and accurate to study the (2 + 1)‐dimensional coupled Burger equations of arbitrary order.
Transcriptional Response of White Adipose Tissue to Withdrawal of Vitamin B3
Authors: Shi Wenbiao , Hegeman Maria A. , Doncheva Atanaska , van der Stelt Inge , Bekkenkamp‐Grovenstein Melissa , van Schothorst Evert M. , Brenner Charles , de Boer Vincent C. J. , Keijer Jaap
Published: April 2019

Scope

Distinct markers for mild vitamin B3 deficiency are lacking. To identify these, the molecular responses of white adipose tissue (WAT) to vitamin B3 withdrawal are examined.

Methods and results

A dietary intervention is performed in male C57BL/6JRccHsd mice, in which a diet without nicotinamide riboside (NR) is compared to a diet with NR at the recommended vitamin B3 level. Both diets contain low but adequate level of tryptophan. Metabolic flexibility and systemic glucose tolerance are analyzed and global transcriptomics, qRT‐PCR, and histology of epididymal WAT (eWAT) are performed. A decreased insulin sensitivity and a shift from carbohydrate to fatty acid oxidation in response to vitamin B3 withdrawal are observed. This is consistent with molecular changes in eWAT, including an activated MEK/ERK signaling, a lowering of glucose utilization markers, and an increase in makers of fatty acid catabolism, possibly related to the consistent lower expression of mitochondrial electron transport complexes. The synthesis pathway of tetrahydropteridine (BH4), an essential cofactor for neurotransmitter synthesis, is transcriptionally activated. Genes marking these processes are technically validated.

Conclusion

The downregulation of Anp32a, Tnk2 and the upregulation of Mapk1, Map2k1, Qdpr, Mthfs, and Mthfsl are proposed as a WAT transcriptional signature marker for mild vitamin B3 deficiency.
Accelerated interleaved spiral‐IDEAL imaging of hyperpolarized 129Xe for parametric gas exchange mapping in humans
Authors: Zanette Brandon , Santyr Giles
Published: April 2019

Purpose

To demonstrate the feasibility of mapping gas exchange with single breath‐hold hyperpolarized (HP) 129Xe in humans, acquiring parametric maps of lung physiology. The potential benefit of acceleration using parallel imaging for this application is also explored.

Methods

Six healthy volunteers were scanned with a modified spiral‐IDEAL sequence to acquire gas exchange‐weighted images using a single dose of 129Xe. These images were fit with the model of xenon exchange (MOXE) on a voxel‐wise basis calculating parametric maps of lung physiology, specifically: air–capillary barrier thickness (δ), alveolar septal thickness (d), capillary transit time (tx), pulmonary hematocrit (HCT), and alveolar surface area‐to‐volume ratio (SVR). An accelerated version of the sequence was also tested in subset of 4 volunteers and compared to the fully sampled (FS) results.

Results

Mean image‐wide values calculated from MOXE parametric maps derived from FS dissolved 129Xe spiral‐IDEAL images were: δ = 0.89 ± 0.17 μm, d = 7.5 ± 0.5 μm, tx = 1.1 ± 0.2s, HCT = 28.8 ± 2.3%, and SVR = 140 ± 16 cm−1, in good agreement with previously published values based on whole‐lung spectroscopy of healthy human subjects. Parallel imaging sufficiently reduces artifacting in accelerated images, but increases disagreement with MOXE parameters derived from FS data with mean voxel‐wise unsigned relative differences of: δ = 39 ± 9%, d = 22 ± 3%, tx = 117 ± 43%, HCT = 11 ± 2%, and SVR = 31 ± 12%.

Conclusion

Dissolved HP 129Xe spiral‐IDEAL imaging for gas exchange mapping is feasible in humans using a single breath‐hold. Accelerated gas exchange mapping is also shown to be feasible but requires further improvements to increase quantitative accuracy.
Driving mutually coupled gradient array coils in magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Ertan Koray , Taraghinia Soheil , Atalar Ergin
Published: April 2019

Purpose

In contrast to conventional linear gradients, gradient coil arrays with arbitrary spatial dependency might experience strong mutual coupling. Although conventional gradient power amplifiers with feedback loop might compensate the effect of coupling, required voltages for the compensation are generally unknown and has to be considered beforehand to ensure that amplifier voltage limits are not exceeded. A first‐order circuit model is proposed to be used as a feedforward model which enables analytical formulas of required voltages to drive the mutually coupled gradient coil arrays.

Theory and Methods

A first‐order circuit model including the mutual couplings is provided to analytically calculate the input voltages and minimum achievable rise times for a given set of gradient array currents and amplifier limitations. Previously designed 9‐channel Z‐gradient coil array and home‐built gradient amplifiers (50 V and 20 A) are used in the experiments. Three sets of currents optimized for linear Z‐gradient, second‐order Z2, and third‐order Z3 fields are used in the bench‐top experiments. The current weightings for the linear Z‐gradient are also used as the readout gradient in the 3T MRI experiments.

Results

Current measurements for the example magnetic field profiles with minimum rise times are demonstrated for the simultaneous use of 9‐channel gradient coils and amplifiers. MRI experiments verify that a linear Z‐gradient field with a desired time waveform can be generated using a mutually coupled array coils.

Conclusion

Bench‐top and MRI experiments demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed circuit model and analytical formulas to drive the mutually coupled gradient coils.
Investigation of the relationship between bladder function and sarcopenia using pressure flow studies in elderly male patients
Authors: Majima Tsuyoshi , Funahashi Yasuhito , Matsukawa Yoshihisa , Inoue Satoshi , Sassa Naoto , Kato Masashi , Yamamoto Tokunori , Gotoh Momokazu
Published: April 2019

Aims

Although detrusor underactivity is often encountered in elderly patients, the etiology remains unclear. We have hypothesized that sarcopenia was associated with impaired bladder contractility. Therefore, we have evaluated the relationship between bladder contractility and clinical parameters including sarcopenia markers in elderly male patients.

Methods

This retrospective, single‐centre study included male patients over 65 years of age who underwent a pressure flow study (PFS). We excluded patients with any previous medical histories that could affect bladder function, currently on urinary medication, and with no available data of abdominal CT scan. The psoas muscle area (PMA) (cm2/m2) was measured as a surrogate for psoas muscle mass on computed tomography. PMA, serum CRP, and albumin are known as sarcopenia markers. Correlation and multiple regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association of bladder contractility index (BCI) with the following parameters: age, body mass index (BMI), prostate volume, bladder outlet obstruction index (BOOI), serum C‐reactive protein (CRP), serum albumin, and PMA.

Results

Out of 558 male patients identified in our PFS database, 119 patients were enrolled. In the correlation analysis, age, prostate volume, serum albumin, BOOI, and PMA significantly correlated with BCI. However, no significant correlation of BCI with CRP or BMI was observed. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that serum albumin, BOOI, and PMA were significantly associated with BCI.

Conclusions

We have demonstrated that serum albumin and PMA were significantly positively associated with detrusor contractility. It is possible that sarcopenia is associated with impaired detrusor contractility.
Next‐generation quantum theory of atoms in molecules for the photochemical ring‐opening reactions of oxirane
Authors: Bin Xin , Azizi Alireza , Xu Tianlv , Kirk Steven R. , Filatov Michael , Jenkins Samantha
Published: April 2019

The conical intersections corresponding to the C─O and C─C ring opening were optimized and the reaction paths traversing these intersections were obtained. Investigation of the C─O ring opening revealed that when traversing the lowest energy conical intersection, the reaction path returns to the closed ring geometry. The C─O path traversing the intersection featuring torsion of terminal CH2 group however, led to a ring‐opened geometry, an H‐shift and the formation of acetaldehyde that can undergo further dissociation. The observation of different reaction paths was explained by the 3‐D paths from quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) that defined the most preferred direction of electronic motion that precisely tracked the mechanisms of bond breaking and formation throughout the photo‐reactions. The size, orientation, and location of these most preferred 3‐D paths indicated the extent and direction of motion of atoms, bonds, and the degree of torsion or planarity of a bond indicating a predictive ability.
Characterization of gelsevirine metabolites in rat liver S9 by accurate mass measurements using high‐performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Hua‐Hai , Huang Ya‐Jun , Liu Yan‐Chun , Jiang Xu‐Yan , Zhang Shuo‐Xin , Liu Zhao‐Ying
Published: April 2019

Rationale

Gelsemium elegans Benth. belongs to the family Loganiaceae and is widely distributed in northern America, east Asia, and southeast Asia. It has attracted wide attention for its diverse biological effects and complex architectures. Gelsevirine is one of the major components in G. elegans. Compared with other alkaloids from G. elegans, gelsevirine exhibits equally potent anxiolytic effects but with less toxicity. However, the metabolism of gelsevirine has not been clearly elucidated.

Methods

The metabolism of gelsevirine was investigated using liver S9 fractions derived from rat liver homogenates by centrifugation at 9000 g. A rapid and accurate high‐performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (HPLC/QqTOF‐MS) method was applied to characterize the gelsevirine metabolites.

Results

We discovered a total number of four metabolites of gelsevirine. The metabolic pathways of gelsevirine consisted of hydrogenation, N‐demethylenation and oxidation in rat liver S9.

Conclusions

This is the first study on the metabolism of gelsevirine. We proposed possible metabolic pathways of gelsevirine. These findings may warrant future studies of the in vivo metabolism of gelsemine in animals.
Chattering‐free adaptive sliding mode control for continuous‐time systems with time‐varying delay and process disturbance
Authors: Cui Yanliang , Xu Lanlan
Published: April 2019

This paper concerns the controller design for continuous‐time linear systems with time‐varying delay and process disturbance. A novel adaptive sliding mode control law is mainly proposed to attract the sliding mode to first‐order sliding surface within a finite time; afterwards, the uniformly ultimately bounded stability of the closed‐loop system on the sliding surface is simultaneously guaranteed. In addition, the chattering phenomena can be conveniently excluded if the disturbance is a low‐intensity process. Once the high‐intensity disturbance is involved, the state variation can be significantly reduced as well. Furthermore, by the technique of a novel exponential free‐matrix technique, the convergence rate of the closed‐loop system can be conveniently preregulated. Numerical example is provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Swendsen‐Wang dynamics for general graphs in the tree uniqueness region
Authors: Blanca Antonio , Chen Zongchen , Vigoda Eric
Published: April 2019

The Swendsen‐Wang (SW) dynamics is a popular Markov chain for sampling from the Gibbs distribution for the ferromagnetic Ising model on a graph G = (V,E). The dynamics is conjectured to converge to equilibrium in O(|V|1/4) steps at any (inverse) temperature β, yet there are few results providing o(|V|) upper bounds. We prove fast convergence of the SW dynamics on general graphs in the tree uniqueness region. In particular, when β < βc(d) where βc(d) denotes the uniqueness/nonuniqueness threshold on infinite d‐regular trees, we prove that the relaxation time (i.e., the inverse spectral gap) of the SW dynamics is Θ(1) on any graph of maximum degree d ≥ 3. Our proof utilizes a monotone version of the SW dynamics which only updates isolated vertices. We establish that this variant of the SW dynamics has mixing time and relaxation time Θ(1) on any graph of maximum degree d for all β < βc(d). Our proof technology can be applied to general monotone Markov chains, including for example the heat‐bath block dynamics, for which we obtain new tight mixing time bounds.
A Bayesian approach for individual‐level drug benefit‐risk assessment
Authors: Li Kan , Luo Sheng , Yuan Sammy , Mt‐Isa Shahrul
Published: April 2019

In existing benefit‐risk assessment (BRA) methods, benefit and risk criteria are usually identified and defined separately based on aggregated clinical data and therefore ignore the individual‐level differences as well as the association among the criteria. We proposed a Bayesian multicriteria decision‐making method for BRA of drugs using individual‐level data. We used a multidimensional latent trait model to account for the heterogeneity of treatment effects with latent variables introducing the dependencies among outcomes. We then applied the stochastic multicriteria acceptability analysis approach for BRA incorporating imprecise and heterogeneous patient preference information. We adopted an efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm when implementing the proposed method. We applied our method to a case study to illustrate how individual‐level benefit‐risk profiles could inform decision‐making.
Improvement in the Efficiency of Alkylsilyl Functionalized Copolymer for Polymer Solar Cells: Face‐On Orientation Enhanced by Random Copolymerization
Authors: Lei Hui , Huang Bin , Chen Lie , Chen Shanshan , Xu Guodong , Huang Shaorong , Tan Yun , Yang Changduk , Chen Yiwang
Published: April 2019

Herein, an alkylsilyl functionalized alternative (D‐A1) copolymer with high crystallization property as the polymer matrix and planar [1,2‐c:4,5‐c]dithiophene‐4,8‐dione (BDD) block as the second acceptor unit (A2) are selected to construct two D‐A1‐D‐A2 type random copolymers PBDT‐TZ‐BDD‐1/19 and PBDT‐TZ‐BDD‐1/9. It is found that incorporation of a small amount of BDD block into the alkylsilyl functionalized copolymer by random copolymerization can effectively manipulate the energy levels, light absorption, molecular packing and the photovoltaic properties when blended with ITIC (indacenodithieno[3,2‐b]thiophene (IT) as the central donor unit and 2‐ (3‐oxo‐2,3‐dihydroinden‐1‐ylidene)malononitrile (IC) as end groups). More importantly, random copolymerization provides a beneficial trade‐off that the slightly reduced periodic sequence promotes the compatibility with the acceptor, whereas introduction of planar BDD units allows a preferred face‐on orientation with enhanced π–π stacking of the random copolymer to facilitate the charge transfer. As a result, the random copolymer PBDT‐TZ‐BDD‐1/19 delivers a significantly higher power conversion efficiency (11.02%) than the alternative binary copolymer counterpart together with the remarkably improved short circuit current and fill factor. These results demonstrate that random polymerization of a small amount of planar units into the highly crystalline polymer matrix is a promising strategy to develop high‐performance polymer solar cells.
Modeling of Turbulent Flow around Bubbles in Molten Steel
Authors: Duan Haojian , Ren Yin , Zhang Lifeng
Published: April 2019

Turbulent flow around bubbles in the molten steel is predicted by using a two‐dimensional axisymmetric model. The dependence of bubble terminal velocity and bubble shape on its size is taken into account. The recirculation region is not observed for the free spherical and spheroidal bubbles, while it is found at the rear of the free spherical‐cap bubbles and the rigid bubbles. For the free spherical and spheroidal bubbles, the velocities at the rear of bubbles and at the bubble surface are raised with increasing turbulence kinetic energy. For free spherical‐cap bubbles and rigid bubbles, the wake flow is more easily formed in the weaker turbulence and the recirculation volume increases as the turbulent kinetic energy decreases.
Immature stages of beetles representing the ‘Opatrinoid’ clade (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): an overview of current knowledge of the larval morphology and some resulting taxonomic notes on Blapstinina
Authors: Kamiński Marcin Jan , Lumen Ryan , Kubicz Magdalena , Steiner Warren , Kanda Kojun , Iwan Dariusz
Published: April 2019

This paper summarizes currently available morphological data on larval stages of representatives of the ‘Opatrinoid’ clade (Tenebrionidae: Tenebrioninae). Literature research revealed that larval morphology of approximately 6% of described species representing this lineage is currently known (139 out of ~ 2325 spp.). Larvae of the five following species are described and illustrated: Zadenos mulsanti (Dendarini: Melambiina; South Africa), Blapstinus histricus, Blapstinus longulus, Trichoton sordidum (Opatrini: Blapstinina; North America), and Eurynotus rudebecki (Platynotini: Eurynotina; South Africa). The majority of studied larvae were associated with adults using molecular tools, resulting in an updated phylogeny of the ‘Opatrinoid’ clade. This revised phylogeny provides an evolutionary context for discussion of larval morphology. Based on the morphological and molecular evidence, the following synonym is proposed within Blapstinina: Trichoton Hope, 1841 (= Bycrea Pascoe, 1868 syn. nov.). Based on this decision, a new combination is introduced: Trichoton villosum Pascoe, 1868 comb. nov. The economic importance of the ‘Opatrinoid’ clade larvae is also briefly discussed, as well as potential future avenues of research.
Correction to: Clinical epidemiology of infectious disease among patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Ishigami Junichi , Matsushita Kunihiro
Published: April 2019

The article “Clinical epidemiology of infectious disease among patients with chronic kidney disease”, written by Junichi Ishigami and Kunihiro Matsushita, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on 3rd September 2018 without open access.
Sehr hochfrequenter Ultraschall in der ästhetischen Medizin und Chirurgie
Authors: Kruglikov Ilja L.
Published: April 2019

Der sehr hochfrequente Ultraschall basiert auf einem nicht invasiven Einsatz von Ultraschallwellen mit Frequenzen über 10 MHz. Behandlungen mit solchen Ultraschallfrequenzen wurden in den letzten Jahren auf vielfältige Weise in der Dermatologie sowie in der ästhetischen Medizin eingesetzt. Der sehr hochfrequente Ultraschall kann in der ästhetischen Medizin sowohl als effektive Stand-alone- Behandlungsmethode eingesetzt werden, als auch in Kombination mit anderen energiebasierten Verfahren, verschiedenen Injektionsanwendungen sowie als supportive Maßnahme in der ästhetisch-plastischen Chirurgie.
First Trimester Diagnosis of Sirenomelia: A Case Report
Authors: Satarkar Shilpa
Published: April 2019

Sirenomelia or the mermaid syndrome is a rare and lethal congenital anomaly. It is characterized by fusion of lower extremities. It is associated with bilateral renal agenesis, anomalies of rectum, sacrum, cardiovascular system and abdominal wall. Pathognomic finding is a single umbilical artery, the ‘persistent vitelline artery’ which distinguishes sirenomelia from caudal regression syndrome. Sirenomelia has strong association with maternal diabetes mellitus. We report a case of sirenomelia diagnosed in first trimester. Early diagnosis was possible as protocol-based anatomic evaluation was performed. Diagnosis of sirenomelia is easier in first trimester as severe oligohydramnios in later gestation hampers the fetal evaluation.
Tangible interface for shape modeling by block assembly of wirelessly connected blocks
Authors: Son Jinwon , Jang Hoik , Choi Young
Published: April 2019

Tangible computer-aided design (CAD) that can generate and manipulate 3D models more efficiently than conventional modeling interfaces is a new interface technology between users and computers through tangible physical devices. Because the majority of tangible CAD systems use cameras or projectors, 3D models of complex structures with visual occlusion cannot be generated. In this work, we propose and develop a system that allows users to create complex shapes by assembling wireless blocks. By allowing more freedom in the orientations of blocks, models created by the assembly operation can be used to generate true 3D shapes compared to the 2.5D shapes resulting from previous research. The physical blocks of the proposed system include infrared proximity sensors, inertial magnetic units, Zigbee modules, and Arduino microcontrollers. The status of the block assembly is transmitted to the workstation wirelessly by the Zigbee. The workstation collects the sensor data of the blocks and generates and renders 3D models of the physically assembled blocks. The concept of the proposed tangible CAD system can be used in various application areas where simple, easy-to-use shape modeling interfaces for creating models by assembling small blocks are sufficient. The education and gaming industries are good examples of where this concept can be applied easily.

Highlights A 3D shape modeling system through physical block assembly with sensors is developed. Using wireless communication, a degree of freedom of block assembly is increased. The rotation of the block was calculated through the 9-axis sensor and applied to the rendered 3D model. Through efficient data processing, the problems of real-time wireless communication environment are overcome. Users who are not trained in CAD tools can easily create 3D shape models.
Formation of graphene oxide from carbon rods of zinc-carbon battery wastes by audiosonic sonication assisted by commercial detergent
Authors: Dwandaru Wipsar Sunu Brams , Parwati Lia Desi , Wisnuwijaya Rhyko Irawan
Published: April 2019

This study aims to determine the effect of audiosonic sonication in normal modes on the formation of graphene oxide (GO) from carbon rods of zinc-carbon (ZnC) battery wastes. The method used in this study was sonication with an audiosonic frequency in normal modes, assisted by a surfactant solution derived from a commercial detergent. A graphite-detergent solution was exposed to audiosonic waves using a frequency of 170 Hz for 3 h with a pattern on the surface of the solution. The graphite solution was a mixture of 0.8 g of graphite powder and 100 ml of distilled water that was mixed using a blender for 2 min. 25 ml of the solution was then taken and dripped with two drops of detergent solution containing 0.2 g detergent powder dissolved into 100 ml distilled water, so that a graphite-detergent solution was obtained. The tools used in this study included UV–Visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy (FTIR), and a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The solution that was audiosonicated showed a strong visible nodal pattern on its surface. The UV–Vis spectroscopy produced absorbance peaks at wavelengths of 225 nm and 270 nm, and the FTIR indicated the presence of OH and CC functional groups, which suggested the existence of GO. The SEM images showed GO in the form of coral-like materials.
Characteristic scales of Townsend’s wall-attached eddies
Authors: Lozano-Durán Adrián , Bae Hyunji Jane
Published: April 2019

Townsend (The Structure of Turbulent Shear Flow, 1976, Cambridge University Press) proposed a structural model for the logarithmic layer (log layer) of wall turbulence at high Reynolds numbers, where the dominant momentum-carrying motions are organised into a multiscale population of eddies attached to the wall. In the attached-eddy framework, the relevant length and velocity scales of the wall-attached eddies are the friction velocity and the distance to the wall. In the present work, we hypothesise that the momentum-carrying eddies are controlled by the mean momentum flux and mean shear with no explicit reference to the distance to the wall and propose new characteristic velocity, length and time scales consistent with this argument. Our hypothesis is supported by direct numerical simulation of turbulent channel flows driven by non-uniform body forces and modified mean velocity profiles, where the resulting outer-layer flow structures are substantially altered to accommodate the new mean momentum transfer. The proposed scaling is further corroborated by simulations where the no-slip wall is replaced by a Robin boundary condition for the three velocity components, allowing for substantial wall-normal transpiration at all length scales. We show that the outer-layer one-point statistics and spectra of this channel with transpiration agree quantitatively with those of its wall-bounded counterpart. The results reveal that the wall-parallel no-slip condition is not required to recover classic wall-bounded turbulence far from the wall and, more importantly, neither is the impermeability condition at the wall.
A gradient perspective on modeling interdialectal transitions
Authors: Jeszenszky Péter , Stoeckle Philipp , Glaser Elvira , Weibel Robert
Published: April 2019

Finding the boundaries of linguistic variants and studying transitions between variants are key interests in classical linguistic geography. However, the definition of boundaries in areal linguistics is vague, and a quantitative characterization of transitions at the interface between dialectal variants is missing. We conceptualize these transitions as gradients, aiming to quantitatively account for the transition patterns which are traditionally only implicitly inferred from visualizations. Fitting of logistic functions in different spatial scopes (profiles as well as surfaces) is proposed as an approach to model the transition at the interface between the dominant usage areas of dialectal variants. Logistic functions can accommodate the breadth of boundary concepts, ranging from sharp isoglosses to transitions with different gradualities. The parameters of the fitted logistic models as well as supplementary measures then allow for the quantitative characterization and comparison of transitions across variables. To demonstrate the proposed methodology, we use Swiss German syntactic data on dialectal variables with a single transition zone.
The Technological and Chronological Implication of 14C Concentrations in Carbon Samples Extracted from Mongolian Cast Iron Artifacts
Authors: Park J S , Honeychurch W , Chunag A
Published: April 2019

Cast iron objects recovered primarily in eastern Mongolia, spanning the Xiongnu through the Early Historic periods (ca. 3rd BC–AD 17th century), were examined for their radiocarbon (14C) concentration and microstructure. Most of the samples examined were found to have originated from charcoal-based smelting with a few exceptions that were made using a mineral coal-based technique. A comparison of 14C dates with dates derived from artifact typology allowed the charcoal-smelted objects to be classified into two groups, based on whether the radiometric and typological periodization are in agreement or not. In addition, those with differing 14C and typological dates can be divided into two subgroups with and without evidence for a melt treatment applied after original casting. These conflicting dating results are confusing and would seem to provoke skepticism about the use of 14C measurements for dating iron artifacts. We demonstrate however that 14C analysis, when combined with metallographic examination and other lines of chronological evidence, can clarify the history of a given iron object and its multiple users, often separated in time by more than a millennium.
Signaling with Reform: How the Threat of Corruption Prevents Informed Policy-making
Authors: SCHNAKENBERG KEITH E. , TURNER IAN R.
Published: April 2019

Lobbying is a potential source of corruption but is also a valuable source of information for policy-makers. We analyze a game-theoretic model that shows how the threat of corruption affects the incentives of noncorrupt politicians to enlist the help of lobbyists to make more informed decisions. Politicians face a dilemma because voters cannot always tell whether a politician allows access to lobbyists to solicit corruption or to seek information. Thus, a noncorrupt politician may deny access to lobbyists to signal that she is noncorrupt even though doing so impedes her ability to make good policy. This signaling may decrease the welfare of the voters depending on the value of the lost policy information relative to the value of screening out corrupt politicians.
SAFEGUARDING THE LEGITIMACY OF ILLEGAL, UNREPORTED AND UNREGULATED FISHING VESSEL LISTINGS
Authors: Scanlon Zoe
Published: April 2019

Punitive measures taken against vessels listed on RFMO IUU vessel lists often have very direct effects on the individuals associated with those vessels, such as the owner or operator. With developments such as cross-listing mechanisms and cross-references in international agreements, the number of actors that are encouraged or obliged to take measures against listed vessels now extends to a much wider group, well beyond just the Members of the listing RFMO. The impacts of these punitive measures on such individuals are accordingly very significant. Despite this, however, these listing procedures contain relatively limited due process features. This article considers whether this could contribute to diminishing the perceived legitimacy of IUU listings and generate a risk of reluctance by some actors within the international community to impose punitive measures on listed vessels.

Movement towards enhanced due process in decision-making processes appears to be emerging within many international organizations in recognition of the fact that increasingly, individuals are directly affected by decisions of international organizations. Examining such developments in other fora, this article considers possible adjustments to listing procedures, which might assist in safeguarding the legitimacy and effectiveness of IUU vessel lists. IUU lists play a significant role in international efforts to combat IUU fishing, and upholding their effectiveness is accordingly of critical importance.
Glottalisation of word-final stops in Australian English unstressed syllables
Authors: Penney Joshua , Cox Felicity , Szakay Anita
Published: April 2019

Glottalisation functions as a cue to coda stop voicelessness in many varieties of English, occurring most commonly for alveolar stops, although varieties differ according to the context and frequency with which glottalisation is used. In Australian English, younger speakers glottalise voiceless coda stops at much higher rates than older speakers suggesting a recent change to the variety, yet this change has only been examined in stressed syllables for stops with alveolar place of articulation. In addition, research has found that glottalisation occurs in a trading relationship with preceding vowel duration to cue coda stop voicing: younger speakers make less use of vowel duration and more use of glottalisation. This study investigates glottalisation as a cue to coda voicing in unstressed syllables, an environment in which coda voicing-related vowel durational differences are already reduced. We examine this phenomenon in two separate datasets of Australian English with reference to stops at three places of articulation to explore dialect-specific distributional patterns and to track the potential progression of change. The results suggest that glottalisation occurs in conjunction with voiceless stops at all places of articulation in the unstressed Australian English contexts examined here. The results also confirm that younger speakers employ glottalisation more than older speakers, and show that females glottalise more than males, both results supporting previous suggestions of a recent change to the variety.
N-learning: An Approach for Learning and Teaching Skills in Multirobot Teams
Authors: Costa Luís Feliphe S. , Nascimento Tiago P. , Maia Rosiery da S. , Gonçalves Luiz Marcos G.
Published: April 2019

We propose the N-learning practical approach for teaching and learning behaviors in a multirobot system, which is performed through mandatory behavior acquisition based on interactions between the robots at execution time. The proposed methodology can be used to self-program the robots of a team by programming only a single robot with a set of codes that contain behaviors to be transferred and used by other robots as necessary. These codes are implemented in a modular fashion. An advantage of our approach is that when a team of robots is required to perform a specific mission, the set of behaviors required to accomplish that mission can be implemented only once in a single robot or in a distributed fashion. Then, these distributed behaviors are transferred to each of the other robots in the team according to their demand, without the need to reprogram them by hand since the robots in the team can share them autonomously. As an application example, a human critic can teach (or program) only one or a few robots, and these robots are thus able to exchange knowledge with the other team members since they have been preinstalled to run the N-learning system basics. Simulated and real robot experiments are performed to demonstrate the feasibility and validation of our approach.
Effect of Worry Level on Recall Memory for Odors in ApoE-ε4 Carriers and Non-Carriers
Authors: Bower Emily S. , Szajer Jacquelyn , Murphy Claire
Published: April 2019

Objective:Increased levels of worry, age, and presence of the apolipoprotein-E (ApoE)-ε4 allele are associated with the risk of developing cognitive declines and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Odor memory performance has been shown to vary as a function of age and ApoE genotype, and odor memory tests are sensitive to preclinical AD. Worry is known to influence verbal memory; however, its effects on odor memory are unknown. This study aimed to assess the relationships between worry, age, and ε4 status on odor memory.Method:Worry was evaluated for young (n= 53) and older (n= 45) adults using the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Odor memory was assessed using the California Odor Learning Test, an olfactory analogue to the California Verbal Learning Test.Results:A significant main effect of worry on long-delayfreerecall was found, such that increasing worry was associated with better recall across age and ε4 status. A significant interaction effect between ε4 status and worry on both short-and long-delaycuedrecall was found, such that across age, higher worry was associated with increased cued recall scores among ε4-negative adults, and decreased scores among ε4-positive adults.Conclusions:Findings demonstrated that worry influences odor memory and exerts a particular effect on cued recall among ε4 carriers who are at a greater risk of developing AD. Worry is a modifiable predictor of cognitive decline and risk of dementia in aging. Future studies on the effects of treatments aimed at reducing worry (e.g., cognitive behavioral therapies for anxiety) on changes in cognitive functioning are warranted.
“CHANGE” FRAMES AND THE MOBILIZATION OF SOCIAL CAPITAL FOR FORMERLY INCARCERATED JOB SEEKERS
Authors: Smith Sandra Susan
Published: April 2019

When deciding whether to provide job-matching assistance to formerly incarcerated job seekers, which factors do individuals with job information and influence privilege? Drawing from in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 126 ethnoracially diverse jobholders at one large, public sector employer, I show that jobholders’ assistance relied on the cultural frames for action they deployed. Two frames dominated discussion—the second chance frame and the signaling change frame. Through the former, jobholders argued that all individuals were capable of change and entitled to more chances to prove themselves. These jobholders were strongly inclined to help. Through the latter, jobholders either referenced the nature of offenses for which job seekers were punished, a proxy for their ability to change, or they referenced evidence that job seekers had changed, a proxy for former prisoners’ commitment to do better. These jobholders tended to be noncommittal. Two frames were mentioned significantly less often—the rigid structures and the opportunities to assist frames. Neither implicated the former prisoners’ essential attributes but instead identified factors outside of job seekers’ control. A significant minority of jobholders also offered some combination of these four frames. Importantly, ethnoracial background, which informed the extent, nature and quality of jobholders’ experiences with the formerly incarcerated, also shaped which frame or set of frames jobholders deployed.