bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global Shift: The U.N. System and the New Regionalism in Latin America
Authors: Puntigliano Andrés Rivarola
Published: August 2010

This study analyzes Latin America in light of the post–Cold War transformation of the global system. Much of Latin American foreign policy studies traditionally has been concerned with the region's subordinate position to “core” countries (generally, developed states and their ruling elites) and the degree to which these countries' policies constrain Latin American policies and development. While this juxtaposition is still a major topic, it ignores the leverage of new “spheres of authority” (SOAs), where global rules and norms are increasingly sustained. A hypothesis presented here is that the U.N. system is an example of such an SOA, which creates a new context for the insertion of periphery demands in the international agenda. A second hypothesis is that such insertion is increasingly made through the creation of new regional groupings, which are an expression of national development and security demands. Such processes carry both new possibilities and challenges.
The Erosion of Racial Equality in the Context of Cuba's Dual Economy
Authors: Blue Sarah A
Published: August 2010

Scholars of Cuba have long linked Afro-Cubans' fate to the revolutionary government. As the government's influence on people's daily lives has declined over the past decade, the question arises of whether Afro-Cubans have sustained the gains they achieved in the revolution's first 30 years. This article uses survey data, collected in December 2000 from 334 Cuban families in Havana, to assess the impact of the post-1993 economic reforms on rising racial inequality in Cuba. It asks whether racial inequities occur in accessing dollars through state employment, self-employment, or remittances, and whether educational gains are tied to higher income. Results indicate that the structural means through which racial discrimination was once virtually eliminated through equal access to education and employment, and through which income levels became equalized according to educational level regardless of racial group, has lost its equalizing force in contemporary Cuba.
Liberal and Illiberal Democracy in Latin America
Authors: Smith Peter H. , Ziegler Melissa R.
Published: August 2010

This article examines the incidence of liberal and “illiberal” democracy in Latin America from 1978 through 2004. It demonstrates, first, that illiberal democracy—which combines free and fair elections with systematic constraints on citizens’ rights—became the norm throughout the region. Second, it shows that regime transitions most often ended not in liberal democracy but in illiberal democracy. Third, rare events logit analysis reveals that two variables, hyperinflation and presidential elections, had significant impact on movement toward fuller democracy. As a form of short-term economic shock, hyperinflation generates widespread discontent; given the opportunity to vote, citizens elect reformist opposition candidates who, once in office, remove controls on civil liberties. This scenario substantially increases the likelihood of transition from illiberal to liberal democracy.
Executive-Legislative Deadlocks in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Marsteintredet Leiv
Published: August 2010

This study analyzes the causes of executive-legislative deadlocks in the Dominican Republic in the period 1978–2005. Deadlocks are considered a pernicious element in (presidential) democracies. The study applies a combination of simple statistical techniques and process tracing to test four institutional hypotheses, which argue that certain institutional and party system constellations increase the probability of deadlocks. The hypotheses point to necessary causes of deadlocks, but their predictions are imprecise. Presidents' persuasive powers and coalition building have helped alleviate the deadlock problem. Analysis of the deadlock periods shows that the additional triggering or sufficient causes for deadlocks are either exogenous to the political institutions or related to the instability of coalitions in the nation's nonideological party system, which consists of three almost equal-sized parties.
Indigenous Rights, Resistance, and the Law: Lessons from a Guatemalan Mine
Authors: Fulmer Amanda M. , Godoy Angelina Snodgrass , Neff Philip
Published: August 2010

Using a case study of a controversial mine in an indigenous area of Guatemala, this article explores the transnational dynamics of development and regulation of large-scale extractive industry projects in the developing world. It examines the roles played in the Marlin mine dispute by national law, international law, international financial institutions, and corporate social responsibility. It concludes that these legal regimes have a role in protecting human rights but have not addressed the fundamental questions of democratic governance raised by this case.
Tactical Innovation, Democratic Governance, and Mixed Motives: Popular Movement Resilience in Peru and Ecuador
Authors: Dosh Paul
Published: August 2010

Urban popular movements that organize illegal land invasion communities present an intriguing puzzle. When most invasion organizations acquire land titles, their participation levels plummet and their agendas stagnate; yet some neighborhoods achieve land titles, sustain high participation, and acquire other services, such as piped-in water. Why do these organizations achieve movement resilience? The more typical trajectory of movement collapse is explained by the disappearance of the key selective incentive, property security. Some organizations, however, evade this “security trap” through mixed motives: their basic material agenda is supplemented by a nonmaterial and often altruistic agenda, which sustains participation in the face of reduced selective incentives. Examining three neighborhood case studies in Lima and Quito, this article argues that a new, “innovator” type of invasion organization is more likely to exhibit sustained participation and movement resilience due to tactical innovation, democratic governance, and mixed motives.
Networks of Trade Protest in the Americas: Toward a New Labor Internationalism?
Authors: von Bülow Marisa
Published: August 2010

In the mid-1990s, for the first time in the history of the Americas, truly hemispherewide collaboration among labor organizations became possible. Yet this new political opportunity structure has not brought actors together in an undisputed new labor internationalism. This article focuses on two key sources of contention among labor organizations in the context of free trade mobilizations between 1990 and 2004: the discussions about coalition building with other civil society actors and the debates about including a social clause in trade agreements. It argues that transnational collective action occurs parallel to the continued relevance of national-level claims and targets, and that this simultaneity represents a real source of challenges, for scholars and labor organizations alike. Based on social network data and qualitative interviews in Brazil, Mexico, Chile, and the United States, the article analyzes the actions taken by labor organizations, and how these changed through time.
Professionalization and Probity in a Patrimonial State: Labor Inspectors in the Dominican Republic
Authors: Schrank Andrew
Published: August 2010

Are international labor rights campaigns making a difference in Latin America? This article reveals that Dominican policymakers and bureaucrats are responding to foreign pressure by redoubling their commitment to a distinctively Franco-Iberian model of labor law enforcement, in which skilled labor inspectors use their discretion to balance society's demand for protection with the economy's need for efficiency. In so doing, they provide an alternative to traditional collective bargaining practices—which at least partly decouples both the intensity of the enforcement effort and the degree of worker protection from the level of unionization—and an example for the rest of the region. The article therefore concludes by reconsidering the Central American experience in light of the Dominican findings and discussing their joint implications for our understanding of administrative reform, industrial relations, and globalization, not only in the so-called CAFTA countries but in Latin America more generally.
Backlash Reconsidered: Neoliberalism and Popular Mobilization in Bolivia
Authors: Haarstad Håvard , Andersson Vibeke
Published: August 2010

This article argues that the common narrative of a Bolivian backlash against neoliberalism should be reconsidered in light of the continuities and mutual constraints between popular mobilization and neoliberal policy reforms. The study draws on literature that conceptualizes neoliberalism as a particular construction of state and social forms; but unlike those works, it includes an analysis of International Monetary Fund policy shifts to understand how popular mobilization constrains policy implementation. Responding to popular mobilization between 1985 and 2006, the IMF came to accept divergence from orthodox policy in order to encourage political stability. The government of Evo Morales and the IMF are mutually constrained by concern for the investment climate. This study further advocates that analysts probe beyond simple binary divisions between “neoliberalism” and “alternatives” and look more seriously for pragmatic strategies for negotiating neoliberal spaces.
Democratic Values and Public Opinion Toward Immigrants: The Case of Ecuador
Authors: Orcés Diana M.
Published: August 2010

Scholars of support for democracy traditionally have been concerned with its causes, with the assumption that higher citizen support for democratic values will enhance democracy's chances of survival in a country. Beyond this fundamental proposition, however, the consequences of varying levels of support for democratic values remain largely unexplored. This article examines the relationship between support for democratic values and views toward immigration in Latin America, a region that is experiencing an unprecedented increase in the movement of people across borders. Through an analysis of Ecuadorian attitudes toward Colombian immigrants, this study finds strong evidence for the argument that support for democratic values has potential benefits not only for democratic sustainability in the region, but also for the reduction of social conflict and distrust that can stem from increasing immigration in a volatile economic context.
Constructing Mutuality: The Zapatistas' Transformation of Transnational Activist Power Dynamics
Authors: Andrews Abigail
Published: August 2010

This article examines the evolution of transnational Zapatista solidarity networks. Although scholars have described an emerging “mutuality” between the Zapatista movement and its allies at the level of international framing, this article considers how the Zapatistas forged this mutuality on the ground, through active redefinition of alliances with Northern supporters. It argues that the Zapatistas delimited who was included in their solidarity networks, set new terms for partnerships, and redefined legitimacy in their transnational alliances. In so doing, they asserted their autonomy from donors. They also fostered discourses and practices of mutual solidarity and Southern leadership, shifting the balance of power between North and South. The case both illuminates the possibilities for Southern movements to challenge Northern control from within and suggests potential pitfalls of doing so; by defying Northern NGOs' influence, the Zapatistas may have risked their long-term viability.
Phase Formation of Sodium Bismuth Titanate Perovskite During Solid‐State Processing
Authors: Aksel Elena , Jones Jacob L.
Published: August 2010

Phase formation of sodium bismuth titanate (Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 or NBT) during the calcination process is investigated using in situ high‐temperature diffraction. Reactant oxide and carbonate powders were heated from room temperature to 700°C and diffraction patterns were measured sequentially and continuously in 60 s intervals during heating using a laboratory X‐ray powder diffractometer with a curved position‐sensitive detector. A small fraction of a transient phase was observed in the range of 500°–650°C and attributed to a reaction between Bi2O3 and TiO2. A diffusion‐dependent particle conversion mechanism is proposed for the formation of NBT in which the Bi2O3 particle and structure transforms into the perovskite phase.
Syringolymphoid hyperplasia with alopecia
Authors: Tomaszewski Maria‐Magdalena , Lupton George P. , Krishnan Jayashree , Welch Mark , James William D.
Published: August 2010

Syringolymphoid hyperplasia with alopecia is an uncommon skin disorder described in 1969 by Sarkany. Since then only three additional cases have been reported, all in the European literature. We present a 59‐year‐old man with two persistent hyperpigmented hairless patches of 13 years duration. Biopsy specimens revealed characteristic hyperplastic changes of the eccrine glands and ducts and a dense lymphocytic infiltrate surrounding eccrine structures with “syringotropism”. Perifollicular lymphocytic infiltration and changes consistent with follicular mucinosis and mycosis fungoides were also present. Imunophenotyping and gene rearrangement studies showed I he cells to be primarily of the T helper phenotype with rearrangement of I he surface receptor gene.

Tomaszewski M‐M, Lupton GP, Krishnan J, Welch M, James WD. Syringolymphoid hyperplasia with alopecia: A case report.
Lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma of the skin: A light‐microscopic and immunohistochemical study
Authors: Requena Luis , Yus Evaristo Sánchez , Jiménez Esther , Roo Elia
Published: August 2010

Cutaneous carcinoma histopathologically resembling nasopharyngeal carcinoma has been termed lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma of the skin. We present an additional example of this rare cutaneous neoplasm that was located on the left temple of an 83‐year‐old woman. Serology for Epstein‐Barr virus was negative, and exploration of the nasopharyngeal region disclosed no abnormalities. Histopathologically, the neoplasm consisted of a relatively well‐circumscribed, dermal‐hypodermal nodule composed of irregular aggregates of epithelial cells with vesicular nuclei, some of them in mitosis, and scant cytoplasm. A dense lymphocytic infiltrate was present within the neoplastic aggregates, obscuring the epithelial component, and at scanning magnification, the lesion closely resembled cutaneous lymphoma or pseudolymphoma. There was local sebaceous differentiation. Immunohistochemistry showed positivity in the epithelial component for AE1/AE3 and AEB‐903 cytokeratins and negativity for 8–18 cylokeratins. The inflammatory infiltrate was positive for leukocyte common antigen, UCHL‐1, L‐26, Leu‐22, and OPD‐4 in variable proportions. Scattered cells within this inflammatory infiltrate were also positive for S‐100 protein, vimentin, HAM‐56, and MAC‐387. In situ hybridization investigations for the presence of Epstein‐Barr virus genomic DNA yielded negative results. Lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma of the skin is a distinct cutaneous neoplasm of unknown histogenesis, although some foci of adnexal differentiation have been found in some specimens. The possibility of cutaneous metastasis from occult nasopharyngeal carcinoma should be ruled out.

Requena L, Sánchez Yus E, Jiménez E, Roo E. Lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma of the skin: A light‐microscopic and immunohistochemical study.
A case of ductal sweat gland carcinoma connected to syringocystadenoma papilliferum arising in nevus sebaceus
Authors: Ansai Shin‐ichi , Koseki Shin , Hashimoto Hideki , Hozumi Yutaka , Kondo Shigeo
Published: August 2010

We report a case of a tumor arising in the preauricular region in a 50‐year‐old woman. The histopathological findings revealed it to be a ductal sweat gland carcinoma connected to a syringocystadenoma papilliferum (SCAP) arising in a nevus sebaceus. Mucinous stroma, considered to be deposition of hyaluronic acid, was also observed in the ductal carcinoma portion. The immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings in the ductal carcinoma were compared with those in the SCAP. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index of the cells in the ductal carcinoma was higher than that of those in the SCAP. Both the ductal sweat gland carcinoma and SCAP showed findings compatible with the ductal segment of a sweat gland.

Ansai S, Koseki S, Hashimoto H, Hozumi Y, Kondo S. A case of ductal sweat gland carcinoma connected to syringocystadenoma papilliferum arising in nevus sebaceus.
THE EFFECT OF ANTI‐LYMPHOCYTE SERUM, MITOGENS AND ENZYMATIC TREATMENT ON THE AGGLUTINATION AND SURFACE CHARGE OF LYMPHOID CELLS
Authors: WIIG JOHAN N.
Published: August 2010

Agglutination of thymocytes and B‐cells with anti‐lymphocyte serum subsequent to treatment of the cells with trypsin or neuraminidase was slightly and similarly increased, independent of the effect on the surface charge shown previously. The enzymatic treatment did not increase capping of antiserum binding sites. Agglutination caused by binding of IgG antibodies of antilymphocyte serum was not accompanied by change in the net surface charge. Neither did binding of the mitogens phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin A or poke‐weed mitogen influence the surface charge of the cells.
PRECIPITATING ANTIBODIES AGAINST NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS IN NORMAL SERA AND THEIR POSSIBLE ORIGIN
Authors: Hoff Gerd Eva , HøIby Niels
Published: August 2010

Crossed Immunoelectrophoresis was used to study precipitating antibodies against Neisseria meningitidis in sera from 214 normal persons and in human gammaglobulin. A polyspecific meningococcal antigen preparation and a corresponding rabbit antiserum constituted the reference system. All the sera contained one to five precipitins against N. meningitidis which could be identified and quantified by means of the reference system. The precipitin score, which expresses the number and titre of precipitins in each serum, increased with age. More than 25 precipitins were found in the gammaglobulin preparation, including antibodies against the groupspecific polysaccharides A, B and C. Absorption of three of the five normally occurring precipitins (nos. 4, 19, 22) with antigens from various bacteria showed that precipitins nos. 4 and 19 could be completely absorbed by antigens from other Neisseria species, but not by antigens from other genera. This indicates that these two precipitins may have been induced by non‐pathogenic Neisseria species or by meningococci. The finding of protective antibodies in gammaglobulin might indicate the possibility of its use in prophylaxis or therapy against meningococcal infections.
HUMAN T CELL RESPONSE TO HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS ANTIGEN IN VITRO
Authors: BERLE E. J. , THORSBY E.
Published: August 2010

Herpes simplex virus type I antigen (HSV‐Ag) added to T cells from individuals with clinical history of recurrent herpes labialis causes a proliferative response in vitro. This T cell response requires presensitization of the responding cell donor and will occur only in the presence of adherent cells (macrophages). The intensity of the response is closely related to the number of adherent cells present, being optimal at a ratio of 10:1 between T cells and adherent cells. Preliminary studies also indicate that the response to HVS‐Ag is restricted by the HLA‐D/DR determinants of the T cell donor.
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION OF F(ab‘)2 PREPARATIONS BY PEPSIN DIGESTION OF TOTAL SERUM PROTEIN
Authors: POULSEN FRITZ , HJORT TAGE
Published: August 2010

An easy and rapid method for producing F(ab')2 fragments by pepsin treatment of total serum protein is described. No further purification of the hydrolysate was used. Most serum proteins were degraded to small peptides which were removed by dialysis, the preparations thus being relatively rich in F(ab')2 fragments. The degree of hydrolysis was determined by means of an antiserum against the part of the γ‐chain which is degraded by pepsin. Under optimal conditions for hydrolysis, unsplit IgG could not be detected by double immunodiffusion. Using sperm‐agglutinating and immobilizing sera, the F(ab')2 preparations could be characterized functionally. After hydrolysis the agglutinating activity was relatively unchanged, whereas the immobilizing activity had vanished.
A CASE OF ADULT RHABDOMYOMA IN THE TONSILLAR REGION
Authors: SILSETH CHARLES , VERESS BÉLA , BERGSTRÖM BJÖRN
Published: August 2010

A case of rhabdomyoma in a 71‐year‐old woman is reported. The lobulated, soft tumour was situated in the left tonsillar region. It was encapsulated, easily removable and of a uniformly greyish‐red colour on the cut surface. Both light and electron microscopy showed the classical features of a benign rhabdomyoma of adult type, with large »spider« cells and typical myofilaments, as well as Z‐band fragments. To achieve the correct diagnosis in such cases the most important thing is probably to bear the possibility of this rare, but benign tumour in mind.
AMYLOID DEPOSITS IN HUMAN HIP JOINTS
Authors: LADEFOGED CHR.
Published: August 2010

The occurrence of amyloid in capsular tissue and cartilage from human hip joints were studied by the macroscopic iodine/sulphuric acid test, by light and polarization microscopy, and finally by electron microscopy. It is concluded that the congophilic substance with green dichroism, which in an earlier light and polarization microscopic study was found in a large percentage of hip joints of elderly persons, is amyloid.
RENAL BIOPSY FINDINGS IN ORTHOSTATIC PROTEINURIA
Authors: VON BONSDORFF MARTIN , TÖRNROTH TOM , PASTERNACK AMOS
Published: August 2010

Percutaneous renal biopsy was performed on 15 patients with orthostatic proteinuria and 6 control subjects without proteinuria in order to investigate possible renal alterations. The light‐microscopic findings were either normal or showed slight mesangial proliferation in the orthostatic group but were normal in the control subjects, while the immunofluorescence‐microscopic study revealed mesangial, capillary or arteriolar deposits of complement C3 and/or immunoglobulins in 10 out of 12 cases with orthostatic proteinuria; complement C3 was seen in only one control subject. The electron‐microscopic findings were similar in the two groups, showing slight subepithelial, intramembranous and mesangial alterations. Focal loss of the epithelial foot processes was seen in only one case with orthostatic proteinuria. It is concluded that there are no histological, electron microscopical or immunohistochemical alterations specific for orthostatic proteinuria. A finding of complement in the glomeruli in about half and of immunoglobulin in some of the patients with orthostatic proteinuria is in favour of an association to present or previous glomerulonephritis.
EVALUATION OF THYROID SCINTIGRAPHIC LESIONS BY WHOLE‐ORGAN SECTIONS AND AUTORADIOGRAPHY
Authors: RISBERG BJÖRN , ENESTRÖM SVERKER , LENNQUIST STEN , BERGMAN CHRISTER
Published: August 2010

A new technique for detailed morphological evaluation of scintigrams of thyroid lesions based on rapid, whole‐organ sectioning technique combined with autoradiography is described. The findings in 10 thyroid specimens illustrate the possibilities for assessement of thyroid scintigrams, especially of hot nodules, by this technique.
ISCHAEMIC HEART DISEASE
Authors: HANSEN BIRGIT FISCHER
Published: August 2010

Pato‐anatomic findings in epicardial coronary vessels, myocardium and supraventricular parts of the conducting system were investigated by a comprehensive autopsy‐technique (17) in a consecutive series of 63 patients dying from ischaemic heart disease. Two thirds of left ventricular acute myocardial infarctions (LV‐AMI's) were transmural and one third was sub‐endocardial. Coronary thrombosis was seen more often in transmural than in sub‐endocardial LV‐AMI (p < 0.05) whereas severe arteriosclerotic stenois (≥ 75%) of a least two major arteries was seen more often in sub‐endocardial than in transmural LV‐AMI (p < 0.05). Minor epicardial arteries showed stenosis ≥ 75% in about one fifth of LV‐AMI's, but ramus diagonalis from the left anterior descendent artery differed from other minor arteries and was diseased to the same extent as major arteries. Pre‐mural stretches of coronary arteries seemed to be sites of predilection for thrombosis and arteriosclerotic stenosis. Myocardial rupture was only seen in hearts with thrombotic transmural LV‐AMI's and with no signs of previous LV‐AMI. Thrombosis of epicardial coronary veins was present in all cases of valvular heart disease and furthermore in large transmural LV‐AMI's. Prevalence of infarction fibrosis was higher (p < 0.05) and post‐attack survival time was shorter (p < 0.02) in sub‐endocardial than in transmural LV‐AMI's. Morfologic injury to supraventricular parts of the conducting system was seldom demonstrated in cases with conducting disturbances. A clinical diagnosis of definite and probable AMI was at autopsy verified in 95% and 67% respectively.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE MACULA DENSA DURING ALTERED SODIUM INTAKE
Authors: NØRGAARD TOVE
Published: August 2010

Cells of the macula densa from sodium‐depleted, sodium‐loaded and normal rabbit kidneys were investigated morphometrically by light and electron microscopy. The total macula densa volume constituted 0.14 per cent of the cortical volume and was unchanged during altered sodium balance. Ultrastructurally the macula densa cells appeared similar at the three different levels of sodium intake investigated. However, the relative volume of the Golgi apparatus in the cells of the macula densa decreased from the normal value of 1.54 per cent of the cytoplasmic volume to 1.25 per cent during sodium‐load, indicating that functional changes take place in the cells of the macula densa under these conditions. The volume of the Golgi apparatus was unchanged in the sodium‐depleted group. The volume of the cytoplasm, the nuclei and the intercellular space which normally constitute 56 per cent, 28 per cent and 15 per cent of the total volume of the macula densa, respectively, were unchanged during sodium‐load and sodium‐depletion. The mitochondria which normally constitute 24 per cent of the cytoplasmic volume were similarly unchanged.
REPRODUCIBILITY OF THE CELLULAR DNA‐DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS IN MULTIPLE FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATES FROM HUMAN MALIGNANT TUMORS
Authors: AZAVEDO E. , TRIBUKAIT B. , KONAKA C. , AUER G.
Published: August 2010

The reproducibility of the cellular composition in multiple fine needle aspirates from human malignant tumors was investigated by means of single cell and flow DNA‐cytophotometry. The results indicate that the DNA‐distribution patterns in multiple aspirates from the same tumor are more or less identical.
A HISTOCHEMICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF HUMAN URETHRAL UROEPITHELIUM
Authors: ALM PER , COLLEEN STIG
Published: August 2010

The ultrastructure and histochemistry of the human urethral mucosa was studied. By scanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) the cover cell of the urethra was found to be polygonal and with a surface topography characterized by numerous microvilli and micro‐ridges. By transmission electronmicroscopy (TEM) the cover cells were shown to be interconnected with tight junctions but to lack the asymmetric luminal membrane and the fusiform vacuoles that characterize urothelium above the bladder neck. Histochemical analyses showed the human urethral cells to harbour large amounts of glycogen, and the glycocalyx facing the urethral lumen displayed high affinity for alcian blue and colloidal iron, indicating the presence of acid mucopolysaccharides. The reactivity with alcian blue appeared at pH 2.5, but was abolished by pre‐treatment with sialidase. Studies with TEM or using SEM with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (EDX) confirmed the high content of acid mucopolysaccharides in the luminal glycocalyx of the cover cells by demonstrating high binding capacity for ruthenium red. The quantitative binding of ruthenium red was not influenced by pH shifts between 4.5 and 7.5. Utilizing the SEM + EDX technique, small variations in quantity of negative charge (i.e. of bound ruthenium red) were detected within individual cover cells, but considerable variations were found between cells. The significance of these physicochemical properties of the human urethral lining is discussed with special reference to the previously demonstrated liability of this mucosal surface to interact with microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
EXPERIMENTAL POST‐TRAUMATIC LUNG INSUFFICIENCY IN DOGS
Authors: LIUM B. , AASEN A. O. , SAUGSTAD O. D. , GULDVOG I. , NORDSTOGA K. , AMUNDSEN E.
Published: August 2010

The ultrastructure of developing lung lesions in two groups of dogs exposed to a combination of haemorrhagic hypotension and liver trauma was studied with particular attention to changes at the alveolar level and lung micro‐vessels. Lung samples were obtained every four hours and at collapse in one group and 12 hrs after initiation of the trauma in the other. An interstitial oedema was recognized in biopsies obtained 4 hrs after initiation of the trauma, and before marked lesions were observed at the ultrastructural level in endothelial cells. Endothelial damage was, however, evident in biopsies obtained at 8 hrs and at collapse. Aggregates of degranulated and degenerated leucocytes and platelets were occasionally found to obstruct respiratory capillaries together with erythrocytes, some of which seemed to be haemolysing. A considerable amount of protein‐rich oedema, cellular debris and fibrinoid material was found in alveolar lumina at collapse. The present experiments indicate that increased vascular permeability in lung micro‐vessels is of importance for the development of the characteristic lesions seen in shock lungs. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms, initiating the lung lesions, are discussed with special emphasis on the significance of kinin activation and the presence of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and microthrombi.
RHABDOMYOMA
Authors: LEHTONEN E. , ASIKAINEN U. , BADLEY R. A.
Published: August 2010

A case of adult type rhabdomyoma in the neck region of a 77‐year‐old man is presented. In electron microscopy, some tumour cells showed irregularly orientated sarcomere formation with distinct Z‐bands. All cells contained rod‐like inclusions with attached thin cytoplasmic filaments. When stained with antibodies against desmin, many tumour cells showed a diffuse peroxidase reaction, but the tumour also contained cells with cross striations. After phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin staining, dense cytoplasmic inclusions were seen; these structures showed strong affinity to antibodies against desmin. Our results apparently confirm the suggestion that the rod‐like inclusions in rhabdomyoma cells are modified Z‐bands. The desmin staining patterns in the present tumour may represent different stages in disorderly proliferation and degeneration of rhabdomyoma cells.
TUMOURS IN ICELAND
Authors: GEIRSSON GUNNLAUGUR , JÓHANNESSON GUDMUNDUR , TULINIUS HRAFN
Published: August 2010

The histological material from patients with invasive cervical carcinoma diagnosed in Iceland during the period 1955–1974 was reviewed and retyped in accordance with the WHO classification of tumours. Out of 314 malignant epithelial tumours 86.0 per cent were squamous carcinomas (subtypes: 6% microcarcinomas, 30% keratinizing, 45% non keratinizing and 5% small cell carcinomas), 9.0 per cent adenosquamous carcinoma, 3.5% adenocarcinoma and 1.5 per cent undifferentiated carcinoma. A mass screening for uterine cancer in the population, ages 25–59, led to an increased incidence of cervical carcinoma, due to the finding of early tumours (clinical stages IA and IB). The increase was most marked in the first five years of screening (1965–69). The screening did not increase the incidence of the more advanced stages and a longer observation will be needed to determine whether a decline will occur in such tumours. All the major histological types of cervical carcinoma appear to progress at the same rate through the clinical stages, from the early to the far advanced.
IMMUNOHISTOLOGICAL STUDIES ON VALVULAR VEGETATIONS IN NONBACTERIAL THROMBOTIC ENDOCARDITIS (NBTE)
Authors: LEHTO V.‐P. , STENMAN S. , SOMER T.
Published: August 2010

Thrombi and thrombus formation in nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) were studied using light microscopy and immunohistology. Samples from vegetations on cardiac valves were taken at autopsy from five patients with NBTE and adenocarcinoma as an underlying disease. Morphological studies disclosed proliferative changes underneath the thrombi. In immunofluorescence microscopy, focal deposits of immunoglobulins and complement components C1q and C3 were found. The results suggest that immune complexes, elicited by the underlying malignant process, may play important role in the pathogenesis of the thrombus formation in NBTE.
INTESTINAL MUCOSAL HETEROTOPIA OF AN URAETHRAL CARUNCLE
Authors: JÄRVI OSMO H. , MARIN SINIKKA
Published: August 2010

Colic mucosa‐like intestinal heterotopia in an uraethral caruncle – not previously reported – was demonstrated in a 26 year old woman. A diverging developmental differentiation seems to be the most plausible explanation. The relationship to other intestinal epithelial and mucosal metaplasias and developmental heterotopias is discussed.
OSTEOSCLEROSIS OF THE FEMORAL HEAD IN LONG‐TERM URAEMIC RABBITS
Authors: TVEDEGAARD ERLING , NIELSEN MAJA , KAMSTRUP OLE
Published: August 2010

The morphology of the femoral head of rabbits was studied by histomorphometric analysis of undecalcified sections after four and eight months' duration of surgically induced chronic renal failure. A significant increase in trabecular bone mass and osteoid tissue was found in the uraemic rabbits. Signs of osteonecrosis or increased bone resorption were not seen. 99mTechnetium‐methylenediphosphonate osteoscintigrams showed increased uptake in the axial skeleton and all periarticular regions in uraemic rabbits. The serum concentrations of calcium and phosphate in the uraemic rabbits were increased.
THE LUKES AND COLLINS CLASSIFICATION OF NON‐HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMAS
Authors: ALAVAIKKO MARTTI , AINE RISTO
Published: August 2010

Cytomorphological categories of the Lukes and Collins classification could be recognized in 92% out of a retrospective series of 301 non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas. The follicular center cell (FCC) group constituted the majority (54%). Certain differences between the cytological subgroups were observed as regards age and sex and the growth pattern. Follicular features in the growth pattern were found in 16% of the cases. The large cleaved FCC type behaved differently from the other FCC types in many respects. The occurrence of cleaved FCC lymphomas appeared to be exceptional in childhood. There were no small lymphocytic and plasmacytoid lymphocytic lymphomas in children or young adults, and large non‐cleaved FCC lymphomas and immunoblastic sarcomas were rare in these. In the small non‐cleaved FCC group both the Burkitt type and the non‐Burkitt type exhibited a bimodal age distribution with a peak under 10 years of age and another at age 60–70 years. Five convoluted lymphocyte lymphomas, between 2 and 29 years of age, were found in this series. The heterogeneous group of unclassified lymphomas included as a special case one lymphoma with deeply multilobated nuclei.
THE LUKES AND COLLINS CLASSIFICATION OF NON‐HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMAS
Authors: AINE RISTO , ALAVAIKKO MARTTI , KATAJA MATTI
Published: August 2010

In a retrospective study of 301 non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma patients the clinical and prognostic value of the classification of Lukes and Collins was studied. A slight majority of the cases were of the follicular center cell types. Stages III‐IV were found in 46% of the entire group at the time of diagnosis. The lymphomas showing follicular center cell types were frequently localized (63%). About 65% of all cases survived one year and about 45% five years. The females showed a better survival. The nodal lymphoma cases had the poorest survival. Two prognostically different subgroups of non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas were discerned. The more favourable group consisted of the small cleaved FCC type (five‐year relative survival 74%), the small lymphocytic type (62%) and the plasmacytoid lymphocytic type (51%). The small non‐cleaved FCC type, the large non‐cleaved FCC type and the immunoblastic sarcoma type formed the other group with a less favourable prognosis. Mortality due to these types manifested itself to a level of 65% in the first two years.
SEVERE FUNCTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL CHANGES CAUSED BY LITHIUM IN THE DEVELOPING RAT KIDNEY
Authors: CHRISTENSEN STEN , OTTOSEN PETER D. , OLSEN STEEN
Published: August 2010

Lithium (Li) was administered to rats during maternal pregnancy and/or 8 weeks post‐natally, to study the effects on renal function and structure in the developing kidney. Plasma Li was 0.5–1.0 mmol/l 3 and 8 weeks post‐natally. Functionally, post‐natal Li leads to growth retardation, polyuria with lowering of renal concentration ability, and uremia associated with as much as 80% lowering of the normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Pre‐natal Li alone did not affect the concentrating ability but caused a 20% increase in GFR when evaluated 8 weeks post‐natally. Post‐natal Li caused very severe structural changes, consisting of up to 3 mm cortical cysts (= dilated distal convoluted tubules), extensive interstitial fibrosis with cell infiltration, and atrophy of the cortical collecting ducts. Morphometric measurements showed a significant reduction in the volume of the proximal tubular cells. Pre‐natal Li caused only slight structural changes, and animals treated both pre‐ and post‐natally were less affected than animals treated post‐natally only. The structural changes caused by post‐natal Li were unrelated to changes in the concentrating ability but showed a significant correlation with the lowering of the GFR. It is concluded that the post‐natally developing rat kidney is particularly sensitive to the nephrotoxic effects of Li, which in low concentrations causes impairment of renal function, leading to uremia. Pre‐natal Li exposure by maternal lithium treatment had little effect on renal function and structure when evaluated post‐natally.
THE PROPHYLACTIC EFFECT OF DIPYRIDAMOLE ON THE SIZE OF MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION FOLLOWING CORONARY ARTERY OCCLUSION
Authors: ADOLFSSON J. , TORNLING G. , UNGE G. , LJUNGQVIST A.
Published: August 2010

Experimental myocardial infarction was induced in adult female Sprague‐Dawley rats by ligation of the left coronary artery. During four weeks preceding the operation the animals were given dipyridamole (3 mg/kg initial body weight) i.p. twice a day 5 days per week. Control animals were given saline. Ten days after the operation the rats were killed and the hearts serially sectioned and stained. The volumes of necrotic and non‐necrotic myocardial tissue were determined by morphometry on the histological sections. In the dipyridamole‐treated aminals the volume of non‐necrotic myocardium was larger and the necrotic tissue volume smaller than in the control amimals.
ARGYROPHIL REACTION IN PARATHYROID GLANDS
Authors: FRIGERIO B. , CAPELLA C. , WILANDER E. , GRIMELIUS L.
Published: August 2010

The argyrophil reaction occurs in the parathyroid cells with the Grimelius silver nitrate stain. In the present study, Bouin's fluid was found to be superior to other tested fixatives (formalin, Karnovsky's fluid, GPA etc) in this respect. A study of the argyrophil reaction on the ultrastructural level showed an accumulation of silver particles in the secretory granules, which means that the Grimelius silver stain can be assumed to be an indicator of the secretory granules stored in the parathyroid cells. Whether the argyrophil reaction can be of help in differential diagnosis between different abnormal parathyroid conditions is not yet clear.
IMMUNOLOGICAL CHALLENGE CAUSES MITOGENIC STIMULATION IN NORMAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS
Authors: FRANZÉN LENNART , NORRBY KLAS
Published: August 2010

Because polyamine‐induced mast‐cell secretion causes mitogenesis in surrounding tissue cells in the rat mesentery, we studied whether an immunological challenge in guinea‐pig and rat that normally involves mast‐cell secretion caused mitogenesis in adjacent normal tissue cells. The appropriate antigen was injected intraperitoneally into pre‐sensitized animals. Mast‐cell secretion was assessed as histamine release and proliferation by estimating DNA synthesis and mitotic index in the mesentery of the intact animals. In both species the immunological challenge causing significant release of mast‐cell histamine was followed by a marked mitogenic response in fibroblasts and mesothelial cells of the mesentery. Although the present study was not primarily designed to study the molecular mechanisms for stimulating cell proliferation, the results suggest that the role of primary mast‐cell products on a quantitative basis is significantly different in the mitogenesis following immunological challenge than in polyamine‐induced mast‐cell mediated mitogenesis in the rat.
THE ANTRAL GASTRIN‐PRODUCING CELLS AND TISSUE GASTRIN IN DUODENAL ULCER PATIENTS
Authors: NIELSEN H. OVERGAARD , HAGE E. , CHRISTIANSEN L. A.
Published: August 2010

Morphometric estimation of the antral G‐cells, radioimmunoassay estimation of the antral tissue gastrin, estimation of the antral mucosal volume and gastric acid secretion have been carried out on 10 duodenal ulcer patients. The total antral tissue gastrin varied from 52.4 to 245.1 μg and the mean G‐cell gastrin from 0.5 to 1.8 pg. No constant relationship was found between G‐cell densities and antral gastrin concentration, suggesting that no constant relationship exists between G‐cell numbers and G‐cell function. Furthermore, no constant relationship was observed between total antral gastrin and acid secretion.
INHIBITION OF PRECIPITATION IN COUNTER CURRENT ELECTROPHORESIS. A SENSITIVE METHOD FOR DETECTION OF MINK ANTIBODIES TO ALEUTIAN DISEASE VIRUS
Authors: Aasted Bent , Cohn Anders
Published: August 2010

Inhibition of precipitation in counter current electrophoresis was at least 32 times more sensitive when compared to the normal counter current electrophoresis for the demonstration of mink antibodies against Aleutian disease virus (ADV). ADV antigen can be produced from mink organs or in cell culture. The reactivity of the two types of antigen in the two kinds of counter current electrophoresis methods is described in this report. When 22 mink sera were titrated in normal counter current electrophoresis against cell culture produced antigen and organ produced antigen, significantly lower antibody titres were found with cell culture produced antigen. This difference was not found when inhibition of precipitation of counter current electrophoresis was used.
MONOCYTE FUNCTIONS IN DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Geisler Carsten , Almdal Thomas , Bennedsen JØRgen , Rhodes Joan M. , KØLendorf Klaus
Published: August 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the functions of monocytes obtained from 14 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) compared with those of monocytes from healthy individuals. It was found that the total number of circulating monocytes in the 14 diabetic patients was lower than that from the healthy individuals. Phagocytosis of Candida albicans was decreased in the monocytes from the patients, whereas pinocytosis of acridine and phagocytosis of latex and sheep red blood cells were normal. The chemotactic response towards casein was enhanced. The possible consequences of these findings for the elucidation of concomitant infections in diabetic patients are discussed.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HUMAN T LYMPHOCYTE SUBSETS DEFINED BY MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES AND BY AVIDITY DIFFERENCES TO SHEEP ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Hokland P. , Hokland M. , Heron I.
Published: August 2010

By E‐rosette sedimentation procedures and fluorescence activated cell sorting of monoclonal antibody‐coated T lymphocytes, we have investigated the relationship between the human T lymphocyte subsets defined by the monoclonal antibodies against the T4 and T8 antigens and those defined by avidity differences to sheep erythrocytes. Though a correlation was demonstrated between the T4+ (inducer) cells and the high avidity (»active«) T cells and between the T8+ (suppressor) cells and low avidity T cells, these subsets were far from identical, and it is concluded that the application of monoclonal antibodies represents another valuable and standardized approach for estimating T cell subsets.
PENETRATION OF MACROPHAGE RIBONUCLEASE INTO FIBROBLASTS AND THE EFFECTS ON NUCLEIC ACID AND COLLAGEN METABOLISM
Authors: Aho Sirpa , Lehtinen Pirjo , Kulonen Eino
Published: August 2010

RNAase isolated from macrophage culture medium was labelled with 3H‐acetic anhydride. The acetylation density of 1.8 acetyl residues/104 dalton RNAase was achieved. After just 5 mins' incubation of granulation‐tissue slices with 3H‐Ac‐RNAase, the enzyme had entered fibroblasts, and after 20 min there was only slight increase of the radioactivity. After 1 h incubation 32% of the ingested RNAase was in the nuclei, 23% in the cytosol and about 2% in RER. After the same period of incubation with 3H‐Ac‐RNAase, 47% of nuclear RNA of the fibroblasts was lost, as compared with the control incubation, and the amount of cytosol RNA increased by about 40%. During a 3‐h incubation, in low concentrations, the biologically active macrophage RNAase stimulated 3H‐thymidine incorporation into DNA of proliferative granulation‐tissue slices and 3H‐proline incorporation into hydroxylated collagen of mature granulation‐tissue slices. Thus it was concluded that the fibrogenic effect of the macrophage RNAase on the granulation‐tissue fibroblasts takes place through the RNA metabolism and the main target of the enzyme in the fibroblasts is the nuclear RNA.
ALPHA‐NAPHTHYL ACETATE ESTERASE ACTIVITY IN HUMAN ADULT AND CORD BLOOD ROSETTE FORMING CELLS
Authors: Lassila Olli , Alanen Anna
Published: August 2010

Alpha‐naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity was studied in cells forming rosettes with sheep and mouse erythrocytes. In adult peripheral blood, on the average 74% of E‐rosette‐forming cells expressed simultaneous focal ANAE activity, whereas most cells forming rosettes with mouse erythrocytes were negative. No difference was observed in ANAE‐staining proportions of active and total E‐rosette forming cells in adult peripheral blood. The proportions of total and active E‐rosette and M‐rosette forming cells were similar in adult peripheral blood and cord blood lymphocytes. However, the mean percentage of cord blood total E‐rosette‐forming cells expressing ANAE activity (61%) was significantly lower (P < 0.001) than in adult peripheral blood.
LEVELS OF β‐GALACTOSIDASE IN RESIDENT AND INFLAMMATORY PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES FROM C3H AND C57BL MICE
Authors: Rhodes J. M. , Bennedsen J. , Larsen S. Olesen
Published: August 2010

Lysosomal enzymes are usually increased after injection of irritants, but it was surprisingly found that the levels of β‐galactosidase were decreased in inflammatory peritoneal macrophages from C57B1 but not from C3H mice.