bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jets in a Crossflow: Effects of Hole Spacing to Diameter Ratio on the Spatial Distribution of Heat Transfer
Authors: Scherer V. , Wittig S. , Morad K. , Mikhael N.
Published: March 2015

Detailed measurements of local heat transfer coefficients are presented for air injection through a row of holes into a crossflow. Pitch-to-diameter ratios of 2,4, and 6 are realized and the momentum flux ratio is varied in the range from 0.25 to 4.0. The injection angle of the jets is fixed at 90°. The experimental technique developed uses an Infrared Camera to measure the temperature distribution on the constant heat flux test surface. This measurement technique allows detailed spatial resolution of the heat transfer and gives information about the three-dimensional mixing process of the jets with the mainstream. The experimental results indicate a large influence of the hole spacing to diameter ratio, (s/d), on the heat transfer coefficient. With s/d = 2.0, the spanwise heat transfer coefficients in the vicinity of the injection holes are noticed to be highly uniform. For momentum flux ratios, J, greater than 1, two regions of high heat transfer coefficient exist. The first region occurs in the vicinity of the injection holes. The second region observed some distance downstream is due to the reattachment of the jets to the surface.
Air Force Basic Research for Airbreathing Propulsion
Authors: Tishkoff J. M. , McMichael J. M. , Haritos G. K.
Published: March 2015

The Air Force Office of Scientific Research provides financial support for basic research efforts in airbreathing propulsion. This support is divided among three subject areas: structural materials, combustion, and internal fluid mechanics. Summaries are given in each of those areas to address recent accomplishments which are candidates for transition to applied research and advanced technology. Future needs and opportunities for basic research also will be discussed.
Reduced NOx Emissions Using Low Radial Swirler Vane Angles
Authors: Alkabie H. S. , Andrews G. E.
Published: March 2015

The influence of vane angle and hence swirl number of a radial swirler on the weak extinction, combustion inefficiency and NOx emissions was investigated at lean gas turbine combustor primary zone conditions. A 140mm diameter atmospheric pressure low NOx combustor primary zone was developed with a Mach number simulation of 30% and 43% of the combustor air flow into the primary zone through a curved blade radial swirler. The range of radial swirler vane angles was 0–60 degrees and central radially outward fuel injection was used throughout with a 600K inlet temperature. For zero vane angle radially inward jets were formed that impinged and generated a strong outer recirculation. This was found to have much lower NOx characteristics compared with a 45 degree swirler at the same pressure loss. However, the lean stability and combustion efficiency in the near weak extinction region was not as good. With swirl the central recirculation zone enhanced the combustion efficiency. For all the swirl vane angles there was little difference in combustion inefficiency between the swirlers. However, the NOx emissions were reduced at the lowest swirl angles and vane angles in the range 20–30 degrees were considered to be the optimum for central injection. NOx emissions for central injection as low as 5ppm at 15% oxygen and 1 bar were demonstrated for zero swirl and 20 degree swirler vane angle. This would scale to well under 25 ppm at pressure for all current industrial gas turbines.
Numerical Prediction of Flow and Combustion Characteristics of a Model Annular Combustor
Authors: Chow S. K. , McGuirk J. J.
Published: March 2015

Two instantaneous chemistry descriptions (full chemical equilibrium and laminar flamelet) were applid to the prediction of gaseous reaction in a small-scale combustor. The chemical state relationships were combined with a single conserved scalar/β-function pdf/k-ε turbulence model closure. Encouraging results were obtained for the flowfield and conserved scalar distributions, although only when the jet entry boundary conditions were altered to accord closely with several expected experimental features. These predictions imply that any acceptable approach to combustor modelling must extend calculations to include the outer annulus. Exit temperature levels were predicted fairly well, but the quality of internal distributions deteriorated due to errors in predicted fuel/air mixing. Differences between the two chemistry models were small except for CO and H2 species concentrations where the flamelet model gave better agreement with experiments.
Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability Usage in the Development of the 501F Combustion Turbine and Auxiliaries
Authors: Engel R. J. , Tyler P. J. , Wood L. R. , Entenmann D. T.
Published: March 2015

Westinghouse has been a strong supporter of Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM) principles during product design and development. This is exemplified by the actions taken during the design of the 501F engine to ensure that high reliability and availability was achieved. By building upon past designs, utilizing those features most beneficial, and improving other areas, a highly reliable product was developed. A full range of RAM tools and techniques were utilized to achieve this result, including reliability allocations, modelling, and effective redesign of critical components. These activities began during the conceptual design phase and will continue throughout the life cycle of these engines until they are decommissioned.
Low NOx Combustor for Automotive Ceramic Gas Turbine: Conceptual Design
Authors: Sasaki Masafumi , Kumakura Hirotaka , Suzuki Daishi
Published: March 2015

Three low NOx combustors, i.e. a lean premixing combustor, a rich-lean two stage combustor and a lean diffusion flame combustor, were tested in order to find out a suitable combustion concept for an automotive ceramic gas turbine combustor. The prevaporization-premixing lean combustion was proposed as the most promising candidate to meet Japanese 10 mode regulation for gasoline passenger car.

The required conditions for the uniform premixture formation in the prevaporization-premixing tube were achieved by a fine droplet size atomizer and by means of swirl and turbulent generator. Air ratio range, air loading and other dimension criteria in the lean primary combustion zone were also proposed in the present paper.
On the Propagation of Viscous Wakes and Potential Flow in Axial-Turbine Cascades
Authors: Korakianitis Theodosios
Published: March 2015

This paper investigates the propagation of pressure disturbances due to potential-flow interaction and viscous-wake interaction from upstream blade rows in axial-turbine-blade rotor cascades. Results are obtained by modeling the effects of the stator viscous wake and the stator potential-flow field on the rotor flow field. A computer program is used to calculate the unsteady flow fields. The amplitudes for the two types of interaction are based on a review of available experimental and computational data. We study the propagation of the isolated potential-flow interaction (no viscous-wake interaction), of the isolated viscous wake interaction (no potential-flow interaction), and of the combination of interactions. The discussion uses as example a lightly-loaded cascade for a stator-to-rotor-pitch ratio R = 2. We examine the relative magnitudes of the unsteady forces for two different stator-exit angles. We also explain the expected differences when the stator-to-rotor pitch ratio is decreased (to R = 1) and increased (to R = 4). We offer new and previously unpublished explanations of the mechanisms of generation of unsteady forces on the blades. The potential flow field of the rotor cuts into the potential flow field of the stator. After the potential-flow disturbance from the stator is cut into a rotor cascade, it propagates into the relative flow field of the rotor passage as a potential-flow disturbance. The potential flow field of the rotor near the leading edge and the leading edge itself cut into the wake and generate two counter-rotating vortical patterns flanking the wake centerline in the passage. The vortical pattern upstream of the wake centerline generates an increase in the local pressure (and in the forces acting on the sides of the passage). The vortical pattern downstream of the wake centerline generates a decrease in the local pressure (and in the forces acting on the sides of the passage). The resulting unsteady forces on the blades are generated by the combined (additive) interaction of the two disturbances.
Comparison of Hydromechanical Controls and Electronic Controls for Marine Propulsion Gas Turbines
Authors: Weisert J. S.
Published: March 2015

Allison Gas Turbine Division of General Motors Corporation has manufactured industrial and marine gas turbines for nearly 30 years. The selection of a viable control system is critical for any gas turbine installation, and especially for marine applications. This paper will describe the hydromechanical control system previously used on Allison 501-K marine gas turbines, and the electronic closed loop control system currently used. The discussions of these control systems will include schematics; a description of the components; and a description of the operation of each system. The two systems will be compared, and the newer closed loop control system will be shown as a significant improvement.
Development of High Efficient Industrial Gas Turbine Engines Based on NK-Series Aeroengine Family
Authors: Kuznetsov N. D. , Orlov V. N. , Kahovsky K. V.
Published: March 2015

The paper gives principles of aeroengines conversion into industrial gas turbines. New constructive solutions for designing gas turbines with thermal efficiency 38% are discussed. Data are based on KSPA “TRUD” experience of NK-12 and NK-8 aeroengines conversion.
Development and Early Field Experience of the Typhoon Gas Turbine
Authors: Carchedi F. , Gallimore S. , Siemiernik A. F. , Goodman D. A.
Published: March 2015

The Typhoon gas turbine is a third generation industrial gas turbine of high thermal efficiency and significantly reduced component count. It is designed for all power generation duties within the 4 MW power bracket and is available in both 50 Hz and 60 Hz output.

The paper describes, and presents results, from the Development programme undertaken, including performance, emissions, package tests and cyclic endurance programme. Early field experience is also reviewed.
The Selective Bleed Variable Cycle Engine
Authors: Do Nascimento Marco A. R. , Pilidis Pericles
Published: March 2015

A new concept in aircraft propulsion is described in this paper. A variable cycle jet engine is being investigated for a supersonic STOVL aircraft. The engine is the selective bleed turbofan, a two shaft three compressor engine. At low flight speeds this engine operates as a medium bypass turbofan, and for the supersonic cruise condition it operates as a low bypass ratio turbofan in the dry mode.

In this paper, the performance of the engine and some of the components is analysed. Off-design engine performance characteristics are explained, compressor running lines are shown, and variable geometry requirements are described.

The performance analysis shows that fuel savings are significant, thus reducing aircraft take-off weight. The major advantage of this engine is that all the components are employed all the time, for all operating modes, thus incurring low weight penalties.
Off-Design Performance Prediction of Turbofans Using Gasdynamics
Authors: Mirza-Baig F. S. , Saravanamuttoo H. I. H.
Published: March 2015

This paper describes a mathematical model by which the off-design performance of turbofans can be predicted, knowing just the design point parameters. Off-design performance has been estimated by using gas-dynamic properties of the exhaust nozzles, which regulate the aerothermodynamic behaviour of the upstream components. Approximate overall performance of a turbofan at typical cruising conditions can be estimated, making the use of compressor and turbine maps redundant.
Computerized Preliminary Design of Turbomachinery
Authors: Stricker J. M. , Norden C. M.
Published: March 2015

The Air Force’s Aero Propulsion and Power Laboratory is continually engaged in internal studies to define advanced technology payoffs in the field of turbomachinery. These studies examine advanced components and materials as well as unique engine cycles. Well known methods currently exist to establish cycle performance. These are not sufficient, however, to determine the “optimum” configuration since dimensions, weight, and configurational data are important also. The need for rapid response capability which gives consideration to engine component/integration trades, is critical to providing timely technical information for planning purposes.
Optimal Thermal Management System for HALE UAV
Authors: Patel R. S. , Lents C. E.
Published: March 2015

This paper discusses an optimal thermal management system for a High Altitude Long Endurance Unmanned Air vehicle (HALE UAV). It examines several configurations to reject waste heat from the vehicle’s propulsion engine cooling system as well as the avionic cooling system and identifies the configuration which has a minimum impact on aircraft endurance, component reliability, and development risks. The optimization process incorporates two basic heat rejection approaches. One is a conventional approach which rejects cooling system waste heat to the atmosphere, and the other is a waste heat recovery approach which converts a portion of the waste heat into electricity to power avionics. Both concepts were optimized for three types of propulsion engines: Spark Ignition Piston engines, Rotary engines, and Diesel engines.
Development of a Freejet Capability for Evaluating Inlet-Engine Compatibility
Authors: Maywald P. V. , Beale D. K.
Published: March 2015

The Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) is installing a freejet test capability into the Aero-propulsion Systems Test Facility (ASTF). The freejet will provide the capability for ground determination of turbine engine and aircraft inlet compatibility by utilizing full-scale inlets and engines as test articles in a simulated flight environment. The details of the design, installation, and projected testing capability are described for a 57 ft2 supersonic nozzle and a 77 ft2 subsonic nozzle. Support systems for mechanically pitching and yawing the freejet nozzles are also reported as well as the test cell hardware for capturing the freejet nozzle flow. The plans for demonstrating the freejet capability prior to its initial operational date are explained. The technology development efforts to validate and utilize the freejet test capabilities are also described.
Jet Engine Test System Including Expert System for Diagnosis
Authors: Suzuki K. , Umene K. , Ishizawa H.
Published: March 2015

A jet engine test run system has been developed which enables automatic engine testing ( functional and performance checks, including engine control trims ). This system includes an expert system for diagnostic procedures which are the result of proper judgements based on experience and knowledge and high speed processing.

In this paper, we describe the construction and an application of the jet engine test equipment and the expert system for jet engine diagnostics.
Pacing Strategy in Short Cycling Time Trials
Authors: de Jong Jelle , van der Meijden Linda , Hamby Simone , Suckow Samantha , Dodge Christopher , de Koning Jos J. , Foster Carl
Published: March 2015

Purpose:

To reach top performance in cycling, optimizing distribution of energy resources is crucial. The purpose of this study was to investigate power output during 250-m, 500-m, and 1000-m cycling time trials and the characteristics of the adopted pacing strategy.

Methods:

Nine trained cyclists completed an incremental test and 3 time trials that they were instructed to finish as quickly as possible. Preceding the trials, peak power during short sprints (PPsprint) and gross efficiency (GE) were measured. During the trials, power output and oxygen consumption were measured to calculate the contribution of the aerobic and anaerobic energy sources. After the trial GE was measured again.

Results:

Peak power during all trials (PPTT) was lower than PPsprint. In the 250-m trial the PPTT was higher in the 1000-m trial (P = .008). The subjects performed a significantly longer time at high intensity in the 250-m than in the 1000-m (P = .029). GE declined significantly during all trials (P < .01). Total anaerobically attributable work was less in the 250-m than in the 500-m (P = .015) and 1000-m (P < .01) trials.

Conclusion:

The overall pacing pattern in the 250-m trial appears to follow an all-out strategy, although peak power is still lower than the potential maximal power output. This suggests that a true all-out pattern of power output may not be used in fixed-distance events. The 500-m and 1000-m had a more conservative pacing pattern and anaerobic power output reached a constant magnitude.
Smartphone-Derived Heart-Rate Variability and Training Load in a Women’s Soccer Team
Authors: Flatt Andrew A. , Esco Michael R.
Published: March 2015

Purpose:

This study evaluated the 7-d mean and coefficient of variation (CV) of supine and standing ultrashort log-transformed root mean square of successive R-R intervals multiplied by 20 (lnRMSSDx20) obtained with a smartphone application (app) in response to varying weekly training load (TL). In addition, the authors aimed to determine if these values could be accurately assessed in as few as 5 or 3 d/wk.

Methods:

Nine women from a college soccer team performed daily heart-rate-variability measures with an app in supine and standing positions over 3 wk of moderate, high, and low TL. The mean and CV over 7, 5, and 3 d were compared within and between weeks.

Results:

The 5- and 3-d measures within each week provided very good to nearly perfect intraclass correlations (ICCs .74–.99) with typical errors ranging from 0.64 to 5.65 when compared with the 7-d criteria. The 7, 5, and 3-d supine CV and the 7-day standing CV were moderately lower during the low-load than the high-load week (P .003–.045, effect sizes 0.86–0.92), with no significant changes occurring in the other measures.

Conclusion:

This study supports the use of the mean and CV of lnRMSSD measured across at least 5 d for reflecting weekly values. The supine lnRMssDx20 CV as measured across 7, 5, and 3 d was the most sensitive marker to the changes in TL in the 3-wk period.
Molecular “go” signals reveal their secrets
Authors: Mueller Kristen L.
Published: March 2015

A pair of crystal structures reveals how viruses mimic both chemokine receptors and chemokines.
How the immune system readies for battle
Authors: Zahn Laura M.
Published: March 2015

Levels of “housekeeping” proteins are maintained directly, but those of immune response proteins depend on more transcription.
How insects survive desiccation and cold
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: March 2015

Peptides designed on the basis of capa, which controls insect renal tubule function, may provide new strategies for insect pest control.
A More Flexible Lipoprotein Sorting Pathway
Authors: Chahales Peter , Thanassi David G.
Published: March 2015

Lipoprotein biogenesis in Gram-negative bacteria occurs by a conserved pathway, each step of which is considered essential. In contrast to this model, LoVullo and colleagues demonstrate that the
N
-acyl transferase Lnt is not required in
Francisella tularensis
or
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
. This suggests the existence of a more flexible lipoprotein pathway, likely due to a modified Lol transporter complex, and raises the possibility that pathogens may regulate lipoprotein processing to modulate interactions with the host.
Oral focal mucinosis: a rare case with literature review
Authors: Sowmya G V , Manjunatha Bhari Sharanesha , Nahar Prashant , Aggarwal Hersheal
Published: March 2015

Oral focal mucinosis (OFM) is an unusual disease that affects diverse localised areas of the mouth, where the connective tissue undergoes focal degeneration. It was described for the first time by Tomich in 1974. It presents as an asymptomatic pedunculated or sessile growth, commonly on the gingiva, with most cases being in women. Its pathogenesis is linked to overproduction of hyaluronic acid by fibroblasts during collagen production, ensuing in focal myxoid degeneration. It has no characteristic features and diagnosis depends on histological scrutiny. We report a rare case of oral focal mucinosis affecting a 54-year-old man who presented with a sessile gingival growth mimicking a common tumour-like lesion.
Comparison of structure and magnetic properties of Mn–Zn ferrite mechanochemically synthesized under argon and oxygen atmospheres
Authors: Masoudi Mohamad Taghi , Saidi Ali , Hashim Mansor , Hajalilou Abdollah
Published: March 2015

Nanocrystalline Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 ferrite was successfully synthesized by ball milling a powder mixture of MnO, ZnO, and Fe2O3 under argon and oxygen atmospheres. The effects of the milling time, milling atmosphere, and annealing temperature on the milled powders were examined. X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used to evaluate the powder particle structure. The XRD results indicated that after 20 h of ball milling the MnO–ZnO–Fe2O3 powder reacted with a solid-state diffusion reaction route producing Mn–Zn ferrite nanoparticles in the milled samples with both atmospheres. However, some Fe3O4 phase alongside Mn–Zn ferrite, both being spinel-phase, was detected for 40 h milled powders in the argon atmosphere. Those milled powders in the argon atmosphere had smaller crystallite size than the other ones. In the final stage of milling (40 h), the average crystallite size and lattice strain were 20 nm and 0.51%, respectively, ans 25 nm and 0.48% for milled samples in the argon and oxygen atmospheres, respectively. Vibrating sample magnetometer results indicate that the saturation magnetization and coercivity were 34 emu/g and 30 Oe, 18 emu/g and 70 Oe, respectively, for the 40 h milled samples in argon and oxygen, which were annealed at 800 °C for 2 h.
A NOTE ON THE SELF-FINANCING CONDITION FOR FUNDING, COLLATERAL AND DISCOUNTING
Authors: BRIGO DAMIANO , BUESCU CRISTIN , PALLAVICINI ANDREA , LIU QING
Published: March 2015

We present the derivation of the self-financing condition used in a derivative pricing framework with funding, collateral and discounting. This is done in a way that clarifies the structure of the relevant funding accounts. This clarification is achieved by properly distinguishing between price processes, dividend processes and gains processes. Without this explicit distinction, the resulting self-financing condition can be erroneous, as we illustrate in the case of two papers: Piterbarg (2010) and Burgard & Kjaer (2011a). In these papers, the self-financing condition is equivalent to assuming that a subportfolio is self-financing on its own and without including the cash position. We show that the final result in Piterbarg (2010) is correct, even if the related self-financing condition is not. In the process, we raise a further question on the supplementary source of randomness in the funding rate dynamics that has no hedging counterpart in the replicating portfolio.
Geoelectrical Data Inversion by Clustering Techniques of Fuzzy Logic to Estimate the Subsurface Layer Model
Authors: Raj A. Stanley , Oliver D. Hudson , Srinivas Y.
Published: March 2015

Soft computing based geoelectrical data inversion differs from conventional computing in fixing the uncertainty problems. It is tractable, robust, efficient, and inexpensive. In this paper, fuzzy logic clustering methods are used in the inversion of geoelectrical resistivity data. In order to characterize the subsurface features of the earth one should rely on the true field oriented data validation. This paper supports the field data obtained from the published results and also plays a crucial role in making an interdisciplinary approach to solve complex problems. Three clustering algorithms of fuzzy logic, namely, fuzzyC-means clustering, fuzzyK-means clustering, and fuzzy subtractive clustering, were analyzed with the help of fuzzy inference system (FIS) training on synthetic data. Here in this approach, graphical user interface (GUI) was developed with the integration of three algorithms and the input data (AB/2 and apparent resistivity), while importing will process each algorithm and interpret the layer model parameters (true resistivity and depth). A complete overview on the three above said algorithms is presented in the text. It is understood from the results that fuzzy logic subtractive clustering algorithm gives more reliable results and shows efficacy of soft computing tools in the inversion of geoelectrical resistivity data.
Loss of AMP‐Activated Protein Kinase Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Proinflammatory Response in Unstimulated Abcd1‐Knockout Mice Mixed Glial Cells
Authors: Singh Jaspreet , Suhail Hamid , Giri Shailendra
Published: March 2015

X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X‐ALD) is caused by mutations and/or deletions in the ABCD1 gene. Similar mutations/deletions can give rise to variable phenotypes ranging from mild adrenomyeloneuropathy (AMN) to inflammatory fatal cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) via unknown mechanisms. We recently reported the loss of the anti‐inflammatory protein adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPKα1) exclusively in ALD patient‐derived cells. X‐ALD mouse model (Abcd1‐knockout (KO) mice) mimics the human AMN phenotype and does not develop the cerebral inflammation characteristic of human ALD. In this study we document that AMPKα1 levels in vivo (in brain cortex and spinal cord) and in vitro in Abcd1‐KO mixed glial cells are similar to that of wild type mice. Deletion of AMPKα1 in the mixed glial cells of Abcd1‐KO mice induced spontaneous mitochondrial dysfunction (lower oxygen consumption rate and ATP levels). Mitochondrial dysfunction in ALD patient‐derived cells and in AMPKα1‐deleted Abcd1‐KO mice mixed glial cells was accompanied by lower levels of mitochondrial complex (1‐V) subunits. More importantly, AMPKα1 deletion induced proinflammatory inducible nitric oxide synthase levels in the unstimulated Abcd1‐KO mice mixed glial cells. Taken together, this study provides novel direct evidence for a causal role for AMPK loss in the development of mitochondrial dysfunction and proinflammatory response in X‐ALD.
Complex Dynamics in Generalized Hénon Map
Authors: Cai Meixiang
Published: March 2015

The complex dynamics of generalized Hénon map with nonconstant Jacobian determinant are investigated. The conditions of existence for fold bifurcation, flip bifurcation, and Hopf bifurcation are derived by using center manifold theorem and bifurcation theory and checked up by numerical simulations. Chaos in the sense of Marotto's definition is proved by analytical and numerical methods. The numerical simulations show the consistence with the theoretical analysis and reveal some new complex phenomena which can not be given by theoretical analysis, such as the invariant cycles which are irregular closed graphics, the six and forty-one coexisting invariant cycles, and the two, six, seven, nine, ten, and thirteen coexisting chaotic attractors, and some kinds of strange chaotic attractors.
A Rare Cause of Colonic Obstruction “Colonic Intussusception”: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Yoldas Tayfun , Karaca Avni Can , Ozturk Safak , Unver Mutlu , Calıskan Cemil , Korkut Mustafa Ali
Published: March 2015

Colocolic intussusceptions are rare clinical entities in adults and almost always caused by a leading lesion which often warrants resection. Mostly being malignant, the leading lesions are rarely benign lesions where intraluminal lipomas are the most frequent among them. Most adult intussusceptions require surgical resection owing to two major reasons: common presence of a leading lesion and significantly high risk of malignancy—reaching as high as 65% regardless of the anatomic site—of the leading lesion. Resection of the affected segment is usually the treatment of choice, since preoperative diagnosis of the lesion is usually ineffective and most leading lesions are malignant. This paper represents two cases of adult colocolic intussusception caused by intraluminal lipomas with a brief review of the literature.
Oxide Nanolayers in Stratified Samples Studied by X-Ray Resonant Raman Scattering at Grazing Incidence
Authors: Leani Juan José , Sánchez Héctor Jorge , Pérez Carlos Alberto
Published: March 2015

X-ray resonant Raman scattering is applied at grazing incidence conditions with the aim of discriminating and identifying chemical environment of iron in different layers of stratified materials using a low resolution energy dispersive system. The methodology allows for depth studies with nanometric resolution. Nanostratified samples of Fe oxides were studied at the Brazilian synchrotron facility (LNLS) using monochromatic radiation and an EDS setup. The measurements were carried out in grazing incident regime with incident photon energy lower than and close to the Fe-K absorption edge. The result allowed for characterizing oxide nanolayers, not observable with conventional geometries, identifying the oxidation state present in a particular depth of a sample surface with nanometric, or even subnanometric, resolution using a low-resolution system.
Herb-Drug Pharmacokinetic Interaction of a Traditional Chinese Medicine Jia-Wei-Xiao-Yao-San with 5-Fluorouracil in the Blood and Brain of Rat Using Microdialysis
Authors: Chiang Meng-Hsuan , Chang Li-Wen , Wang Ju-Wen , Lin Lie-Chwen , Tsai Tung-Hu
Published: March 2015

According to a survey from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD), Jia-Wei-Xiao-Yao-San (JWXYS) is the most popular Chinese medicine for cancer patients in Taiwan. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a general anticancer drug for the chemotherapy. To investigate the herb-drug interaction of JWXYS on pharmacokinetics of 5-FU, a microdialysis technique coupled with a high-performance liquid chromatography system was used to monitor 5-FU in rat blood and brain. Rats were divided into four parallel groups, one of which was treated with 5-FU (100 mg/kg, i.v.) alone and the remaining three groups were pretreated with a different dose of JWXYS (600, 1200, or 2400 mg/kg/day for 5 consecutive days) followed by a combination with 5-FU. This study demonstrates that 5-FU with JWXYS (600 mg/kg/day or 1200 mg/kg/day) has no significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of 5-FU in the blood and brain. However, JWXYS (2400 mg/kg/day) coadministered with 5-FU extends the elimination half-life and increases the volume of distribution of 5-FU in the blood. The elimination half-life of 5-FU in the brain for the pretreatment group with 2400 mg/kg/day of JWXYS is significantly longer than that for the group treated with 5-FU alone and also reduces the clearance. This study provides practical dosage information for clinical practice and proves the safety of 5-FU coadministered with JWXYS.
Comparison of Percutaneous Endoscopic Lumbar Discectomy and Open Lumbar Surgery for Adjacent Segment Degeneration and Recurrent Disc Herniation
Authors: Chen Huan-Chieh , Lee Chih-Hsun , Wei Li , Lui Tai-Ngar , Lin Tien-Jen
Published: March 2015

Objective. The goal of the present study was to examine the clinical results of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD) and open lumbar surgery for patients with adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) and recurrence of disc herniation.Methods. From December 2011 to November 2013, we collected forty-three patients who underwent repeated lumbar surgery. These patients, either received PELD (18 patients) or repeated open lumbar surgery (25 patients), due to ASD or recurrence of disc herniation at L3-4, L4-5, or L5-S1 level, were assigned to different groups according to the surgical approaches. Clinical data were assessed and compared.Results. Mean blood loss was significantly less in the PELD group as compared to the open lumbar surgery groupP<0.0001. Hospital stay and mean operating time were shorter significantly in the PELD group as compared to the open lumbar surgery groupP<0.0001. Immediate postoperative pain improvement in VAS was 3.5 in the PELD group and −0.56 in the open lumbar surgery groupP<0.0001.Conclusion. For ASD and recurrent lumbar disc herniation, PELD had more advantages over open lumbar surgery in terms of reduced blood loss, shorter hospital stay, operating time, fewer complications, and less postoperative discomfort.
Reliability-Based Design Optimization for Crane Metallic Structure Using ACO and AFOSM Based on China Standards
Authors: Fan Xiaoning , Bi Xiaoheng
Published: March 2015

The design optimization of crane metallic structures is of great significance in reducing their weight and cost. Although it is known that uncertainties in the loads, geometry, dimensions, and materials of crane metallic structures are inherent and inevitable and that deterministic structural optimization can lead to an unreliable structure in practical applications, little amount of research on these factors has been reported. This paper considers a sensitivity analysis of uncertain variables and constructs a reliability-based design optimization model of an overhead traveling crane metallic structure. An advanced first-order second-moment method is used to calculate the reliability indices of probabilistic constraints at each design point. An effective ant colony optimization with a mutation local search is developed to achieve the global optimal solution. By applying our reliability-based design optimization to a realistic crane structure, we demonstrate that, compared with the practical design and the deterministic design optimization, the proposed method could find the lighter structure weight while satisfying the deterministic and probabilistic stress, deflection, and stiffness constraints and is therefore both feasible and effective.
Molecular Analysis of a Recurrent Sarcoma Identifies a Mutation in FAF1
Authors: Weber Georg F.
Published: March 2015

A patient presented with a recurrent sarcoma (diagnosed as leiomyosarcoma) 12 years after the removal of an initial cancer (diagnosed as extracompartmental osteosarcoma) distally on the same limb. Following surgery, the sarcoma and unaffected muscle and bone were subjected to measurements of DNA exome sequence, RNA and protein expression, and transcription factor binding. The investigation provided corroboration of the diagnosis leiomyosarcoma, as the major upregulations in this tumor comprise muscle-specific gene products and calcium-regulating molecules (calcium is an important second messenger in smooth muscle cells). A likely culprit for the disease is the point mutation S181G in FAF1, which may cause a loss of apoptotic function consecutive to transforming DNA damage. The RNA levels of genes for drug transport and metabolism were extensively skewed in the tumor tissue as compared to muscle and bone. The results suggest that the tumor represents a recurrence of a dormant metastasis from an originally misdiagnosed neoplasm. A loss of FAF1 function could cause constitutive WNT pathway activity (consistent with the downstream inductions of IGF2BP1 and E2F1 in this cancer). While the study has informed on drug transport and drug metabolism pharmacogenetics, it has fallen short of identifying a suitable target for molecular therapy.
Use of Finite Point Method for Wave Propagation in Nonhomogeneous Unbounded Domains
Authors: Moazam S. , Nalbantoglu Z. , Celikag M.
Published: March 2015

Wave propagation in an unbounded domain surrounding the stimulation resource is one of the important issues for engineers. Past literature is mainly concentrated on the modelling and estimation of the wave propagation in partially layered, homogeneous, and unbounded domains with harmonic properties. In this study, a new approach based on the Finite Point Method (FPM) has been introduced to analyze and solve the problems of wave propagation in any nonhomogeneous unbounded domain. The proposed method has the ability to use the domain properties by coordinate as an input. Therefore, there is no restriction in the form of the domain properties, such as being periodical as in the case of existing similar numerical methods. The proposed method can model the boundary points between phases with trace of errors and the results of this method satisfy both conditions of decay and radiation.
Numerical Analysis of the Soil Deformation Caused by Tunneling under Vehicle Loads in the Coastal Reclamation Area
Authors: Zou Baoping , Wang Jianxiu , Tian Qian , Guo Wei , Yang Jianhui , Yi Jue , Lou Zhanyou
Published: March 2015

Prediction of tunneling induced soil deformation is an important issue in the design of tunnels constructed in the densely populated urban areas. In this paper, commercial FEM software 3D ABAQUS is adopted to simulate the behavior of soil caused by tunneling under vehicle loads in the coastal reclamation area. A field case study was also carried out to verify the accuracy of the proposed model. A good agreement was achieved. It is also found from the studies that the areas affected by soil deformation can be classified into four zones: the key disturbed zone, the secondary disturbed zone, the general disturbed zone, and minor-disturbed zone. The maximum soil deformation occurs on side of the longitudinal medial axis of the tunnel. The shape of the settlement curve is almost the same as that of the normal distribution curve. The soil deformation in the action zone of vehicle load is greater than that of the nonaction zone of vehicle load.
A Novel Imbalanced Data Classification Approach Based on Logistic Regression and Fisher Discriminant
Authors: Shi Baofeng , Wang Jing , Qi Junyan , Cheng Yanqiu
Published: March 2015

We introduce an imbalanced data classification approach based on logistic regression significant discriminant and Fisher discriminant. First of all, a key indicators extraction model based on logistic regression significant discriminant and correlation analysis is derived to extract features for customer classification. Secondly, on the basis of the linear weighted utilizing Fisher discriminant, a customer scoring model is established. And then, a customer rating model where the customer number of all ratings follows normal distribution is constructed. The performance of the proposed model and the classical SVM classification method are evaluated in terms of their ability to correctly classify consumers as default customer or nondefault customer. Empirical results using the data of 2157 customers in financial engineering suggest that the proposed approach better performance than the SVM model in dealing with imbalanced data classification. Moreover, our approach contributes to locating the qualified customers for the banks and the bond investors.
Fuzzy Time Series Forecasting Model Based on Automatic Clustering Techniques and Generalized Fuzzy Logical Relationship
Authors: Qiu Wangren , Zhang Ping , Wang Yanhong
Published: March 2015

In view of techniques for constructing high-order fuzzy time series models, there are three types which are based on advanced algorithms, computational method, and grouping the fuzzy logical relationships. The last type of models is easy to be understood by the decision maker who does not know anything about fuzzy set theory or advanced algorithms. To deal with forecasting problems, this paper presented novel high-order fuzz time series models denoted as GTS(M, N)based on generalized fuzzy logical relationships and automatic clustering. This paper issued the concept of generalized fuzzy logical relationship and an operation for combining the generalized relationships. Then, the procedure of the proposed model was implemented on forecasting enrollment data at the University of Alabama. To show the considerable outperforming results, the proposed approach was also applied to forecasting the Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite Index. Finally, the effects of parametersMandN, the number of order, and concerned principal fuzzy logical relationships, on the forecasting results were also discussed.
Effective and Efficient Herbst Appliance Therapy for Skeletal Class II Malocclusion Patient with a Low Degree of Collaboration with the Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Souki Bernardo Quiroga , Bastos Barbra Duque Costa , Araujo Luana Fialho Ferro , Moyses-Braga Wagner Fernando , Pantuzo Mariele Garcia , Cheib Paula Loureiro
Published: March 2015

The current concept for effective and efficient treatment of skeletal Class II malocclusion prescribes that interceptive approach should be delivered during the pubertal growth stage. However, psychosocial issues and a greater risk of dental trauma are also factors that should be addressed when considering early Class II therapy. This paper reports a case of a patient that sought orthodontic treatment due to aesthetic discomfort with the incisors’ protrusion. Two previous treatments failed because patient’s collaboration with removable appliances was inadequate. Given his history of no collaboration and because the patient was in the prepubertal stage, it was decided to try a different approach in the third attempt of treatment. Traumatic injury protective devices were used during the prepubertal stage and followed by Herbst appliance and fixed multibrackets therapy during the pubertal stage, resulting in an adequate outcome and long-term stability.
Molecular and Genetic Analyses of Collagen Type IV Mutant Mouse Models of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage Identify Mechanisms for Stroke Prevention
Authors: Jeanne Marion , Jorgensen Jeff , Gould Douglas B.
Published: March 2015

Background—

Collagen type IV alpha1 (COL4A1) and alpha2 (COL4A2) form heterotrimers critical for vascular basement membrane stability and function. Patients with
COL4A1
or
COL4A2
mutations suffer from diverse cerebrovascular diseases, including cerebral microbleeds, porencephaly, and fatal intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, the pathogenic mechanisms remain unknown, and there is a lack of effective treatment.

Methods and Results—

Using
Col4a1
and
Col4a2
mutant mouse models, we investigated the genetic complexity and cellular mechanisms underlying the disease. We found that
Col4a1
mutations cause abnormal vascular development, which triggers small-vessel disease, recurrent hemorrhagic strokes, and age-related macroangiopathy. We showed that allelic heterogeneity, genetic context, and environmental factors such as intense exercise or anticoagulant medication modulated disease severity and contributed to phenotypic heterogeneity. We found that intracellular accumulation of mutant collagen in vascular endothelial cells and pericytes was a key triggering factor of ICH. Finally, we showed that treatment of mutant mice with a US Food and Drug Administration–approved chemical chaperone resulted in a decreased collagen intracellular accumulation and a significant reduction in ICH severity.

Conclusions—

Our data are the first to show therapeutic prevention in vivo of ICH resulting from
Col4a1
mutation and imply that a mechanism-based therapy promoting protein folding might also prevent ICH in patients with
COL4A1
and
COL4A2
mutations.
The New Lex Mercatoria in the Sudanese Legal System
Authors: Khalil Ali Abdelrahman
Published: March 2015

This article examines the status of the new lex mercatoria within the Sudanese legal system. Its thesis is that the Sudanese legal system is capable of accommodating this rising new lex mercatoria as an autonomous legal order and that Sudanese courts have shown a considerable willingness to apply its rules. This thesis is examined and data proved through identifying the legal and jurisprudential basis for the enforcement of the new lex by Sudanese courts. Thereafter, this is further fostered by examining the Sudanese judicial application of this law.
A new species of Oromia (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from the Canary Islands
Authors: MACHADO ANTONIO , LÓPEZ HERIBERTO
Published: March 2015

The weevil Oromia thoracica n. sp. from Gran Canaria (Canary Islands) is described and compared to its closest allies. It can easily be distinguished by less sculptured elytra, its differently shaped antennal scrobe, and by the pronotum not constricted anteriorly and expanded over the head. Some ecological data are also provided, and considerations on the fauna occurring in the mesovoid shallow substratum (MSS) from the locality of this new species are made. Additional records and comments on other Oromia species as well as an identification key to the species of the genus are given.
Demonstration of a GOES-R Satellite Convective Toolkit to “Bridge the Gap” between Severe Weather Watches and Warnings: An Example from the 20 May 2013 Moore, Oklahoma, Tornado Outbreak
Authors: Gravelle Chad M. , Mecikalski John R. , Line William E. , Bedka Kristopher M. , Petersen Ralph A. , Sieglaff Justin M. , Stano Geoffrey T. , Goodman Steven J.
Published: March 2015

With the launch of the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite–R (GOES-R) series in 2016, there will be continuity of observations for the current GOES system operating over the Western Hemisphere. The GOES-R Proving Ground was established in 2008 to help prepare satellite user communities for the enhanced capabilities of GOES-R, including new instruments, imagery, and products that will have increased spectral, spatial, and temporal resolution. This is accomplished through demonstration and evaluation of proxy products that use current GOES data, higher-resolution data provided by polar-orbiting satellites, and model-derived synthetic satellite imagery. The GOES-R demonstration products presented here, made available to forecasters in near–real time (within 20 min) via the GOES-R Proving Ground, include the 0–9-h NearCast model, 0–1-h convective initiation probabilities, convective cloud-top cooling, overshooting top detection, and a pseudo–Geostationary Lightning Mapper total lightning tendency diagnostic. These products are designed to assist in identifying areas of increasing convective instability, pre-radar echo cumulus cloud growth preceding thunderstorm formation, storm updraft intensity, and potential storm severity derived from lightning trends. In turn, they provide the warning forecaster with improved situational awareness and short-term predictive information that enhance their ability to monitor atmospheric conditions preceding and associated with the development of deep convection, a time period that typically occurs between the issuance of National Weather Service (NWS) Storm Prediction Center convective watches and convective storm warnings issued by NWS forecast offices. This paper will focus on how this GOES-R satellite convective toolkit could have been used by warning forecasters to enhance near-storm environment analysis and the warning-decision-making process prior to and during the 20 May 2013 Moore, Oklahoma, tornado event.