bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Geometric Structures of Catalyst Particles and Growth of Carbon Nanocoils
Authors: Li Da‐Wei , Pan Lu‐Jun , Liu Dong‐Ping , Yu Nai‐Sen
Published: June 2010

The relationship between the geometric structures of catalyst particles and the growth of carbon nanocoils (CNCs) is investigated. It is found that the CNCs usually consist of over two, but less than five tubules. The catalyst particles at the tips of CNCs are all polyhedron structures, in most cases, hexahedron. It is considered that a catalyst particle has two kinds of crystal facets, the catalytically active facet and the carbon precipitation facet. The active facet mainly plays the roles of decomposition of hydrocarbon and diffusion of the formed carbon atoms, while carbon tubules are grown from the precipitation facets and twisted to form a carbon coil. Catalysts with different numbers of active facets and geometric structures form different types of CNCs.
Time windows in retention over the first year‐and‐a‐half of life: Spacing effects
Authors: Hsu Vivian C.
Published: June 2010

The time window construct describes when and how an earlier experience will be enduring. According to the construct, there is a limited period after an event occurs, or time window, in which a second event can retrieve and be integrated with the memory of the first event. The construct also holds that when the integration occurs later in the time window, its effects are more enduring. This study examined the time window construct for session spacing with 6‐ to 18‐month‐old human infants. Infants of all ages exhibited the retention benefit of two (integrated) sessions only when the second session occurred within the time window, but only 6‐month‐olds remembered longer when it occurred late in the time window. Combined with 3‐month‐olds' data, these findings document the generality and predictive validity of the time window construct throughout the infancy period with one modification: Integration late in the time window only benefits infants younger than 9 months. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 764–774, 2010.
Kinematic analysis of overground locomotion in chicks incubated under different light conditions
Authors: Sindhurakar Anil , Bradley Nina S.
Published: June 2010

Domestic chicks walk within 3–4 hr after hatching following 21 days of incubation. However, differences in light exposure can vary incubation duration. Based on pilot studies, we predicted that there would be a positive relationship between incubation duration and locomotor competence at hatching. Embryos were incubated in one of three conditions that varied light duration and intensity, and overground locomotor performance was tested on the day of hatching. Chicks incubated in continuous bright light hatched 1–2 days earlier than chicks incubated in less or no light. Kinematic findings indicated that locomotor skill was similar across incubation conditions and led us to reject our hypothesis. We propose that light may accelerate locomotor development without adversely affecting skill. Our findings raise two important implications for future studies: whether light exposure accelerates locomotor circuit development; and/or it unmasks adaptive motor skill by accelerating development of other physiological systems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 802–812, 2010.
Slope limiting for vectors: A novel vector limiting algorithm
Authors: Luttwak Gabi , Falcovitz Joseph
Published: June 2010

Slope or flux limiters are used in high‐order methods to maintain monotonicity of the solution near discontinuities. For vectors or tensors, these limiters are applied separately to each component. Such a procedure is inherently frame‐dependent and can break rotational or planar symmetries present in a problem. Instead, we propose a new frame‐invariant VIP monotonicity criterion for vectors. We use this new concept to formulate a VIP slope‐limiter for the SMG/Q scheme for Lagrangian hydrodynamics. The new limiter is found to improve symmetry preservation in a number of test problems, including the Saltzman test, 2D and 3D Sedov–Taylor problems, and 2D Noh problem. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial variability in the flowpath of hillslope runoff and streamflow in a meso‐scale catchment
Authors: Uchida Taro , Asano Yuko
Published: June 2010

Recent studies have reported that not only water travelling through the soil layer but also emerging from fractured/weathered bedrock, contributes to hillslope runoff from steep wet hillslopes. Therefore, discharge is derived from a variety of hillslope sources. However, data are often lacking about how spatial variability in the water movement in bedrock on hillslopes affects hydrological behaviours in individual catchments because most previous studies have focused on single hillslopes in individual catchments. Therefore, we began by examining spatial variability in the bedrock groundwater contribution to hillslope runoff using a data set from Fudoji (central Japan), which has uniform bedrock geology, soil type and land use. We found that most hillslope runoff within the meso‐scale catchment (4·27 km2) was a mixture of water flowing through the soil layer (subsurface flow) and water emerging from bedrock (groundwater flow). The depths of water sources (flowpath) that contributed to hillslope runoff varied greatly, even though the catchment had uniform bedrock geology, soil type and land use. Furthermore, we examined how bedrock groundwater affected hydrological behaviour in the catchment and found that the streamflow of first‐ to sixth‐order streams were a mixture of water from the soil layer and bedrock groundwater, indicating that the end member of streamflow was the same as hillslope runoff in terms of the depth of flowpath. We also found that the mixing ratio of water from the soil layer and bedrock groundwater in first‐order streams exhibited a significant spatial variation, but that the mixing ratio in third‐ to sixth‐order streams did not. This indicates that depth of flowpath is a key component for describing hillslope and catchment hydrological responses. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dependence of effective hydraulic conductivity on rainfall intensity: loamy agricultural soils
Authors: Langhans Christoph , Govers Gerard , Diels Jan , Clymans Wim , Van den Putte An
Published: June 2010

Effective hydraulic conductivity (Ke) can be estimated with statistical models derived from datasets of field measured conductivities. Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) estimate constant Ke values, but suffer from large prediction errors because the functions usually do not account for soil structural heterogeneities. Rainfall‐runoff data have shown that the effective hydraulic conductivity, defined as final infiltration rate at steady state given ponding, is dependent on rainfall intensity. In this study a statistical approach to establish functions for rainfall intensity‐dependent Ke values is presented, including some specific functions for Western European loamy agricultural soils. Steady‐state rainfall experiments have been conducted with a drip‐type rainfall simulator at multiple intensities on small plots, installed on fields covered by four typical crops of the central part of the Belgian loess belt. A mixed linear model has been applied to temperature standardized and ln‐transformed values of apparent steady‐state infiltration rate and rainfall intensity data for the determination of significant explanatory variables and their parameters. Crop type was a necessary classification effect that accounts for much of the variation that could not be explained by continuous variables of soil and surface properties. However, soil surface bulk density, silt and sand content, tortuosity in surface microtopography, plant and residue cover (RC) were predictors that improved predictions combined with crop effect. Model efficiency (ME) values were between 0·81 and 0·97 for calibration and between 0·75 and 0·95 for validation. The application of the functions is limited to sloping, loamy agricultural soils in a Western European climate, during the spring and early summer growing phase, with not fully developed canopy cover and an RC of less than 20%. These limitations bound field conditions that are vulnerable to severe erosion events. A dynamic Ke could be applied in infiltration models, changing runoff and erosion response in hillslope models. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Somatic mutations and germline sequence variants in patients with familial colorectal cancer
Authors: Gylfe Alexandra E. , Sirkiä Johanna , Ahlsten Manuel , Järvinen Heikki , Mecklin Jukka‐Pekka , Karhu Auli , Aaltonen Lauri A.
Published: June 2010

It is estimated that up to 35% of colorectal cancers (CRC) can be explained by hereditary factors. However, genes predisposing to highly penetrant CRC syndromes account for only a small fraction of all cases. Thus, most CRCs still remain molecularly unexplained. A recent systematic sequencing study on well‐annotated human protein coding genes identified 280 somatically mutated candidate cancer genes (CAN genes) in breast and colorectal cancer. It is estimated that 8% of all reported cancer genes show both somatic and germline mutations. Therefore, the identified CAN genes serve as a distinct set of candidates for being involved in hereditary susceptibility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of colorectal CAN genes in familial CRC. Samples from 45 familial CRCs without known cancer predisposing mutations were screened for somatic and germline variants in 15 top‐ranked CAN genes. Six of the genes were found to be somatically mutated in our tumor series. We identified 22 nonsynonymous somatic mutations of which the majority was of missense type. In germline, three novel nonsynonymous variants were identified in the following genes: CSMD3, EPHB6 and C10orf137, and none of the variants were present in 890 population‐matched healthy controls. It is possible that the identified germline variants modulate predisposition to CRC. Functional validation and larger sample sets, however, will be required to clarify the role of the identified germline variants in CRC susceptibility.
Transcriptional response of hepatic largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) mRNA upon exposure to environmental contaminants
Authors: Sanchez Brian C. , Carter Barbara , Hammers Heather R. , Sepúlveda María S
Published: June 2010

Microarrays enable gene transcript expression changes in near‐whole genomes to be assessed in response to environmental stimuli. We utilized oligonucleotide microarrays and subsequent gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to assess patterns of gene expression changes in male largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) hepatic tissues after a 96 h exposure to common environmental contaminants. Fish were exposed to atrazine, cadmium chloride, PCB 126, phenanthrene and toxaphene via intraperitoneal injection with target body burdens of 3.0, 0.00067, 2.5, 50 and 100 µg g−1, respectively. This was conducted in an effort to identify potential biomarkers of exposure. The expressions of 4, 126, 118, 137 and 58 mRNA transcripts were significantly (P ≤ 0.001, fold change ≥2×) affected by exposure to atrazine, cadmium chloride, PCB 126, phenanthrene and toxaphene exposures, respectively. GSEA revealed that none, four, five, five and three biological function gene ontology categories were significantly influenced by exposure to these chemicals, respectively. We observed that cadmium chloride elicited ethanol metabolism responses, and along with PCB 126 and phenanthrene affected transcripts associated with protein biosynthesis. PCB 126, phenanthrene and toxaphene also influenced one‐carbon compound metabolism while PCB 126 and phenanthrene affected mRNA transcription and mRNA export from the nucleus and may have induced an antiestrogenic response. Atrazine was found to alter the expression of few hepatic transcripts. This work has highlighted several biological processes of interest that may be helpful in the development of gene transcript biomarkers of chemical exposure in fish. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Embryonic stem cell neurogenesis and neural specification
Authors: Germain Noélle , Banda Erin , Grabel Laura
Published: June 2010

The prospect of using embryonic stem cell (ESC)‐derived neural progenitors and neurons to treat neurological disorders has led to great interest in defining the conditions that guide the differentiation of ESCs, and more recently induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), into neural stem cells (NSCs) and a variety of neuronal and glial subtypes. Over the past decade, researchers have looked to the embryo to guide these studies, applying what we know about the signaling events that direct neural specification during development. This has led to the design of a number of protocols that successfully promote ESC neurogenesis, terminating with the production of neurons and glia with diverse regional addresses and functional properties. These protocols demonstrate that ESCs undergo neural specification in two, three, and four dimensions, mimicking the cell–cell interactions, patterning, and timing that characterizes the in vivo process. We therefore propose that these in vitro systems can be used to examine the molecular regulation of neural specification. J. Cell. Biochem. 111: 535–542, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Restoration of DNA‐binding and growth‐suppressive activity of mutant forms of p53 via a PCAF‐mediated acetylation pathway
Authors: Perez Ricardo E. , Knights Chad D. , Sahu Geetaram , Catania Jason , Kolukula Vamsi K. , Stoler Daniel , Graessmann Adolf , Ogryzko Vasily , Pishvaian Michael , Albanese Christopher , Avantaggiati Maria Laura
Published: June 2010

Tumor‐derived mutant forms of p53 compromise its DNA binding, transcriptional, and growth regulatory activity in a manner that is dependent upon the cell‐type and the type of mutation. Given the high frequency of p53 mutations in human tumors, reactivation of the p53 pathway has been widely proposed as beneficial for cancer therapy. In support of this possibility p53 mutants possess a certain degree of conformational flexibility that allows for re‐induction of function by a number of structurally different artificial compounds or by short peptides. This raises the question of whether physiological pathways for p53 mutant reactivation also exist and can be exploited therapeutically. The activity of wild‐type p53 is modulated by various acetyl‐transferases and deacetylases, but whether acetylation influences signaling by p53 mutant is still unknown. Here, we show that the PCAF acetyl‐transferase is down‐regulated in tumors harboring p53 mutants, where its re‐expression leads to p53 acetylation and to cell death. Furthermore, acetylation restores the DNA‐binding ability of p53 mutants in vitro and expression of PCAF, or treatment with deacetylase inhibitors, promotes their binding to p53‐regulated promoters and transcriptional activity in vivo. These data suggest that PCAF‐mediated acetylation rescues activity of at least a set of p53 mutations. Therefore, we propose that dis‐regulation of PCAF activity is a pre‐requisite for p53 mutant loss of function and for the oncogenic potential acquired by neoplastic cells expressing these proteins. Our findings offer a new rationale for therapeutic targeting of PCAF activity in tumors harboring oncogenic versions of p53. J. Cell. Physiol. 225: 394–405, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of calcium and ROS in cell death induced by polyunsaturated fatty acids in murine thymocytes
Authors: Prasad Aparna , Bloom Michael S. , Carpenter David O.
Published: June 2010

We investigated the mechanisms whereby omega‐3 and ‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) cause cell death of mouse thymocytes using flow cytometry, focusing on the respective roles of intracellular calcium concentration, [Ca2+]i and reactive oxygen species (ROS). We applied the C‐22, 20, and 18 carbon omega‐3 (DHA, EPA, ALA) and omega‐6 (DTA, ARA, and LNA) fatty acids to isolated thymocytes and monitored cell death using the DNA‐binding dye, propidium iodide. When applied at 20 µM concentration, omega‐3 fatty acids killed thymocytes over a period of 1 h with a potency of DHA > EPA > ALA. The omega‐6 PUFAs were more potent. The C18 omega‐6 fatty acid, LNA, was the most potent, followed by DHA and ARA. Cell death was always accompanied by an increase in the levels of [Ca2+]i and ROS. Both increases were in proportion to the potency of the PUFAs in inducing cell death. Removing extracellular calcium did not prevent the elevation in [Ca2+]i nor cell death. However, the intracellular calcium chelator, BAPTA, almost totally reduced both the elevation in [Ca2+]i and cell death, while vitamin E reduced the elevation in ROS and cell death. BAPTA also prevented the elevation in ROS, but vitamin E did not prevent the elevation in [Ca2+]i. Thapsigargin, which depletes endoplasmic reticulum calcium, blocked the elevation in [Ca2+]i, but CCCP, a mitochondrial calcium uptake inhibitor, did not. These results suggest that the six PUFAs we studied kill thymocytes by causing release of calcium from endoplasmic reticulum, which causes release of ROS from mitochondria which leads to cell death. J. Cell. Physiol. 225: 829–836, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adipocytes decrease Runx2 expression in osteoblastic cells: Roles of PPARγ and adiponectin
Authors: Liu Li‐Fen , Shen Wen‐Jun , Zhang Zhong Hua , Wang Li Juan , Kraemer Fredric B.
Published: June 2010

The mechanisms through which bone marrow adipocytes might influence differentiation and function of osteoblasts are not completely understood. To investigate the direct effects of bone marrow fat cells on osteoblast function, an ex vivo co‐culture system was utilized comprising either primary fat cells or differentiated 3T3‐L1 adipocytes and osteoblastic cells on transwells. In co‐culture, both adipocytes and osteoblastic cells were differentiated into adipocytes or osteoblasts, respectively, before culturing on transwells. Co‐culture with either primary fat cells or fully differentiated 3T3‐L1 adipocytes significantly decreased mRNA and protein expression of runt‐related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) in osteoblastic cells. An increase in mRNA and protein expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) occurred concomitantly with the reduction of Runx2 expression. Adiponectin concentration was increased in the media by co‐culture. In addition, co‐culture with conditioned media from fat cells increased PPARγ promoter activity and decreased Runx2 promoter activity. Knockdown of PPARγ or adiponectin receptor 1 in osteoblastic cells by siRNA prevented the down‐regulation of mRNA expression of Runx2 in osteoblastic cells cultured with fully differentiated 3T3‐L1 cells. Furthermore, co‐transfection with PPARγ decreased Runx2 promoter activity. A marker of osteogenesis, alkaline phosphatase activity in osteoblastic cells was significantly decreased by co‐culture. Annexin V/propidium iodide staining showed that co‐culture did not induce apoptosis in osteoblastic cells. Thus, we conclude that adipocytes modulate key metabolic functions of osteoblasts through the release of secretory products. PPARγ plays a key role in mediating the effects of adipocytes on osteoblasts. J. Cell. Physiol. 225: 837–845, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Do information and communication technologies (ICTs) contribute to development?
Authors: Heeks Richard
Published: June 2010

This editorial introduces the three papers in this Policy Arena on the contribution of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to development. Contribution in terms of technology diffusion and use – especially of mobile phones – is easy to detect. But focus has only recently shifted along the ‘ICT‐for‐development value chain’ from these indicators of ICT readiness and availability, to the question of development impact.

In part, the absence or poor quality of ICT impact assessment to date derives from its lack of conceptual foundations. This editorial maps out the intellectual roots of the emerging sub‐discipline of ‘development informatics’ to show where such foundations may come from. It also summarises the conceptualised contributions made by each of the Policy Arena papers. The papers draw on models of enterprise value chains, empowerment and Sen's capability theory to demonstrate ICTs' contribution to conceptions of development as economic growth, as sustainable livelihoods, and as freedom.

Of course, not all ICT initiatives succeed, and the editorial provides a good practice summary drawn from experiences of success and failure. It moves beyond the perennial call for practitioners and policy makers to incorporate impact assessment as part of this good practice. First, by identifying the need to address motivational and structural issues around impact assessment. Second, by calling on policy makers to be more aware of the transformational potential of ICTs in development; so‐called ‘Development 2.0’. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ICT4WHAT?—Using the choice framework to operationalise the capability approach to development
Authors: Kleine Dorothea
Published: June 2010

Identifying the particular contribution of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to specific development goals has proven to be extremely difficult. This paper argues that instead of trying to make ICTs fit with a linear conceptualisation of impacts and an often economistic view of development, the field of information and communication technologies for development (ICT4D) should be used as a prime example of a development process which has to be analysed in a systemic and holistic way. Amartya Sen's capability approach offers a way of thinking about development not as economic growth, but as individual freedom. The Choice Framework is presented as a way of operationalising this approach and visualising the elements of a systemic conceptualisation of the development process. An individual case study, related to telecentres in rural Chile, is used to demonstrate the way the Choice Framework can be applied as a guide to a systemic and holistic analysis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A case for recognizing distinctions among constructs that capture interpersonal mistreatment in work organizations
Authors: Tepper Bennett J. , Henle Christine A.
Published: June 2010

Leading organizational behavior scholars have argued that construct proliferation threatens the interpretability of interpersonal mistreatment research and have argued that researchers should employ the same terminology to refer to constructs that have been studied under distinct labels (e.g., bullying, deviance, retaliation, abuse, undermining). We argue that most of the construct labels researchers regularly employ capture meaningful theoretical differences, although the corresponding measures often fail to capture the distinctive features of mistreatment constructs. We further argue that a more immediate threat to the interpretability of research in this area is that scholars have overlooked the distinctions among the individual forms of mistreatment that comprise extant operational definitions. We offer recommendations for addressing what we perceive to be the major limitations of current interpersonal mistreatment research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal analysis reveals differential effects of various crosslinkers on bovine annulus fibrosis
Authors: Zhu Keng , Slusarewicz Paul , Hedman Tom
Published: June 2010

Treatment of a pathological spinal disc in vivo by injection of protein crosslinking reagents to restore the disc's mechanical properties is a new approach to the treatment of degenerative disc disease. In this study, the thermal stability of the collagen in disc annulus was measured by differential scanning calorimetry following treatment with six different crosslinking agents. The crosslinkers used were; L‐threose (LT), genipin (GP), methylglyoxal (MG), 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), glutaraldehyde (GA), and proanthrocyanidin (PA). Untreated tissue displayed a prominent peak at about 66–68°C. Comparison of endothermal patterns of untreated and crosslinker‐treated disc annulus tissue samples showed that a new peak appeared at a higher temperature following treatment. The temperature of the new peak qualitatively depended on the crosslinker in the following order GA > MG > GP > PA = EDC > LT, suggesting that the enhanced thermal stability of collagen in the annulus tissue was related to the nature of the crosslinker. Also, the enthalpic ratios of the lower temperature (noncrosslinked) peaks in the treated and untreated tissue, and of the higher and lower temperature peaks in the treated tissue, both indicated that the various agents crosslinked the tissue with different efficiencies. Our data suggest that the ability of GP to penetrate into the disc and form long‐ and short‐range crosslinks may make it the most suitable candidate for clinical development. In addition, binary combinations of long‐ and short‐range crosslinkers, such as PA with LT, may also provide synergistic effects due to their substantially different physicochemical properties. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:8–13, 2011
Adjuvant radiation therapy is associated with improved survival for adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Coates Jodi M. , Martinez Steve R. , Bold Richard J. , Chen Steven L.
Published: June 2010

Background

The role of adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) for adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the breast remains unclear.

Materials and Methods

We queried the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database for patients with breast ACC resected between 1988 and 2005, and divided patients based on the receipt of RT. Univariate and multivariate survival comparisons were made for overall and disease‐specific survival.

Results

Three hundred seventy six patients met criteria for inclusion. Demographics and staging were similar between groups. Univariate analysis revealed an absolute overall and cause‐specific survival benefit of 21% and 7% at 10 years (P = 0.005 andP = 0.12 respectively). In the multivariate analysis, RT was a significant predictor of overall and cause‐specific survival with hazard ratios of 0.44 (95% Confidence interval (CI) = 0.22–0.88) and 0.1 (95% CI: 0.01–0.88), respectively.

Conclusions

RT after local surgical therapy for ACC of the breast improved both cause‐specific and overall survival. Use of RT in this rare tumor should be considered in patients otherwise eligible for RT. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:342–347. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Delphian node metastasis in head and neck cancers—Oracle or myth?
Authors: Iyer N. Gopalakrishna , Shaha Ashok R. , Ferlito Alfio , Thomas Robbins K. , Medina Jesus E. , Silver Carl E. , Rinaldo Alessandra , Takes Robert P. , Suárez Carlos , Rodrigo Juan P. , Bradley Patrick J. , Werner Jochen A.
Published: June 2010

Delphian node (DN) refers to the pre‐laryngeal or pre‐cricoid nodal tissue often identified during laryngeal or thyroid surgery. The original nomenclature is based on the assumption that metastasis to this node was predictive of aggressive disease and poor outcome for patients. In this article, we review the existing literature on the topic to determine the significance of DN metastasis in laryngeal, hypopharyngeal and thyroid cancers. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:354–358. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High pretherapeutic thymidylate synthetase and MRP‐1 protein levels are associated with nonresponse to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in oesophageal adenocarcinoma patients
Authors: Langer Rupert , Ott Katja , Feith Marcus , Lordick Florian , Specht Katja , Becker Karen , Hofler Heinz
Published: June 2010

Background

The aim of this study was to determine whether pretherapeutic protein expression levels of the excision repair cross‐complementing (ERCC1) enzyme, thymidylate synthetase (TS), multidrug‐resistance protein 1 (MRP‐1) and P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) are associated with tumour response to cisplatin and fluorouracil (5‐FU)‐based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in oesophageal adenocarcinomas

Methods

The expression levels of ERCC1, TS, MDR‐1 and P‐gp were determined immunohistochemically in pretherapeutic tumour biopsies from 40 oesophageal adenocarcinoma patients and were correlated with histopathological tumour regression and with patient survival. Protein expression was compared to mRNA data, which was previously published for ERCC1, TS and MRP‐1 and newly determined for the purpose of this study for MDR‐1/P‐gp.

Results

High‐TS and ‐MRP‐1 protein expression was correlated with tumour non‐response to chemotherapy (P = 0.001 and P = 0.036, respectively). For ERCC‐1 and P‐gp, no association between pretherapeutic protein expression and response was found. There was no correlation between mRNA levels and protein expression for all investigated markers. Survival analysis revealed a trend towards increased survival for low‐ERCC‐1 expression (P = 0.079).

Conclusions

The pattern of pretherapeutic expression of TS and MRP‐1 is related to chemotherapy response in oesophageal adenocarcinoma patients. Immunohistochemical assessment of these markers may be helpful for response prediction. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:503–508. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
pT0 prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Gross Jenna L. , Masterson Timothy A. , Cheng Liang , Johnstone Peter A.S.
Published: June 2010

The purpose of our study was to perform a literature review of current data to determine the frequency and correlates of pT0 prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy alone. A comprehensive search was made of MEDLINE and PUBMED. Seven studies were identified involving 18,135 patients with 74 reported pT0 cases. The most frequent correlates from our pooled data of patients with pT0 specimens include preoperative PSA <10 ng/ml, only one positive core biopsy, and Gleason score <7. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:331–333. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison between a linear ion trap and a triple quadruple MS in the sensitive detection of large peptides at femtomole amounts on column
Authors: Vatansever Bilgin , Lahrichi Sabine Laila , Thiocone Aly , Salluce Nunzio , Mathieu Marc , Grouzmann Eric , Rochat Bertrand
Published: June 2010

In addition to the importance of sample preparation and extract separation, MS detection is a key factor in the sensitive quantification of large undigested peptides. In this article, a linear ion trap MS (LIT‐MS) and a triple quadrupole MS (TQ‐MS) have been compared in the detection of large peptides at subnanomolar concentrations. Natural brain natriuretic peptide, C‐peptide, substance P and D‐Junk‐inhibitor peptide, a full D‐amino acid therapeutic peptide, were chosen. They were detected by ESI and simultaneous MS1 and MS2 acquisitions. With direct peptide infusion, MS2 spectra revealed that fragmentation was peptide dependent, milder on the LIT‐MS and required high collision energies on the TQ‐MS to obtain high‐intensity product ions. Peptide adsorption on surfaces was overcome and peptide dilutions ranging from 0.1 to 25 nM were injected onto an ultra high‐pressure LC system with a 1 mm id analytical column and coupled with the MS instruments. No difference was observed between the two instruments when recording in LC‐MS1 acquisitions. However, in LC‐MS2 acquisitions, a better sensitivity in the detection of large peptides was observed with the LIT‐MS. Indeed, with the three longer peptides, the typical fragmentation in the TQ‐MS resulted in a dramatic loss of sensitivity (≥10×).
Characterization of bacterial lipid profiles by using rapid sample preparation and fast comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography in combination with mass spectrometry
Authors: Purcaro Giorgia , Tranchida Peter Quinto , Dugo Paola , Camera Erminia La , Bisignano Giuseppe , Conte Lanfranco , Mondello Luigi
Published: June 2010

The bacteria fatty acid profile has been extensively studied for taxonomic classification purposes, since bacteria, in general, contain particular and rare fatty acids, compared with animal and plant tissues. As for any real‐world sample type, the development of rapid and reliable methods for (i) sample identification (in this case, bacterium type), and (ii) constituent identification (in this instance, the fatty acid profile) is desirable. In this research, a half‐an‐hour procedure, to analyze bacteria, was developed: a 2‐min one‐step sample preparation step was followed by a relatively fast comprehensive 2D GC‐MS separation (25 min). Furthermore, dedicated MS libraries were constructed for the identification of bacteria and fatty acids. Finally, data processing, only qualitative at this stage, was carried out with the support of a novel comprehensive 2D GC software.
Kinetic study of the gas‐phase reaction of hydroxyl radical with CF3CH2OCH2CF3 using the laser photolysis–laser induced fluorescence method
Authors: Sengupta S. , Indulkar Y. , Kumar A. , Dhanya S. , Naik P. D. , Bajaj P. N.
Published: June 2010

The laser photolysis‐laser‐induced fluorescence method was used for measuring the kinetic parameters of the reaction of OH radicals with CF3CH2OCH2CF3 (2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl ether), in the temperature range of 298–365 K. The bimolecular rate coefficient at 298 K, kII(298), was measured to be (1.47 ± 0.03) × 10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, and the temperature dependence of kII was determined to be (4.5 ± 0.8) × 10−12exp [−(1030 ± 60)/T] cm3 molecule−1 s−1. The error quoted is 1σ of the linear regression of the respective plots. The rate coefficient at room temperature is very close to the average of the three previous measurements, whereas the values of Ea/R and the A‐factor are higher than the two previously reported values. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 519–525, 2010
Graded aluminium material by incremental bulk forming
Authors: Neugebauer R. , Lampke T. , Dietrich D. , Bergmann M.
Published: June 2010

Ein stranggepresstes massives Halbzeug der Aluminiumlegierung EN AW‐6082 wurde durch ein inkrementelles Walzverfahren umgeformt. Das als Gradierungswalzen bezeichnete Verfahren ist durch stark inhomogene Verformungen gekennzeichnet. Lokal extreme Dehnungen führen zu einer Hochverformung in definierten Bereichen des Halbzeuges mit der Ausbildung eines Gradienten der Korngröße. Am erzeugten Gradientenwerkstoff wurde mittels registrierender Eindringhärteprüfung die Vickershärte bestimmt. Die Gefügecharakterisierung erfolgte mittels Kristallitorientierungskartographie im Rasterelektronenmikroskop (EBSD). Der Vergleich des Ausgangszustandes mit dem verformten Halbzeug zeigt in Abhängigkeit vom Grad der Verformung einen zunehmenden Anteil kleiner Körner, der von einer Texturänderung begleitet ist. Anhand der Korngrößenverteilungen wird belegt, dass die Kornfeinung des ursprünglich grobkristallinen Werkstoffs bis hin zu Korngrößen unter 1 μm erfolgt. Eine starke Härtesteigerung im Randbereich ist weiteres Indiz für den Kornfeinungseffekt.

An extruded bulk semi‐finished product of the aluminium alloy EN AW‐6082 was processed by an incremental rolling process. The applied method, termed gradiation rolling, is characterized by highly inhomogeneous deformation. Local extreme strain generation leads to a severe plastic deformation in defined areas of the billet volume resulting in the formation of a gradient of the grain size. Characteristics of the processed material were determined. The Vickers microhardness was verified. A microstructural characterization by crystal orientation mapping (EBSD analysis) was carried out. The comparison of the deformed material with the initial state shows an increasing proportion of small grains related to the degree of deformation. A corresponding change of the texture can be observed. The grain refinement of the original coarse crystalline material to grain sizes below 1 μm is demonstrated. A large increase of the hardness in the near suface area is further indication of the grain refining effect.
Formation of columnar microstructure when brazing steels as well as nickel and titanium alloys
Authors: Bach Fr.‐W. , Holländer U. , Möhwald K. , Nicolaus M.
Published: June 2010

Seit den 50er Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts ist bekannt, dass sich beim Löten mit reinem Kupfer von Stählen unterschiedlichen Kohlenstoffgehalts Stängelkristallite in der Lötnaht bilden. Gelötete Verbindungen mit einem solchen Gefügeaufbau zeichnen sich durch eine grundwerkstoffähnliche Festigkeit aus, wenn die Stängelkristallite die Lötnaht durchdringen. Mit Hilfe thermodynamischer Beziehungen und grundlegenden Transportgleichungen wurde ein physikalisches Modell entwickelt, mit dem die Stängelkristallitbildung in Abhängigkeit der relevanten Parameter quantitativ beschrieben werden kann. Das hierzu für das Lotsystem Fe∣C∣Cu experimentell verifizierte Modell [1] lässt sich unter Berücksichtigung der notwendigen Voraussetzungen auf andere Werkstoffsysteme anwenden. Weiterhin wurde das Modell auf hochlegierte Stähle sowie auf Nickel‐ und Titanlegierungen erweitert.

Since the 1950s it is known that a formation of columnar microstructure occurs in the seam when brazing steels with different carbon content to liquid copper. Brazed joints with such a microstructure are characterised by a base‐material‐like strength if the crystallites penetrate the seam. With the aid of thermodynamic relations and fundamental transport properties a physical model was developed which describes the columnar microstructure formation as a function of relevant parameters. The model can be applied in principle to any brazing system with metallurgical properties comparable to those of the Fe‐C‐Cu system. Furthermore the model was expand to high‐alloyed steels as well as nickel and titanium alloys.
X‐ray diffraction residual stress analysis on PVD‐multilayer coatings
Authors: Tillmann W. , Selvadurai‐Laßl U. , Vogli E. , Fischer G. , Hoffmann F.
Published: June 2010

Für die verarbeitende Industrie werden zunehmend harte und verschleißfeste Beschichtungen mit hoher Lebensdauer entwickelt. Keramische PVD‐Schichten besitzen bereits eine hohe Härte und Verschleißfestigkeit. Allerdings weisen derartige Schichten eine begrenzte Lebensdauer durch eine niedrige Duktilität auf. Zur Erhöhung ihrer Lebensdauer beim industriellen Einsatz werden zunehmend Multilayer weiterentwickelt. Dieser Beitrag stellt die ersten Untersuchungsergebnisse zum Einfluss der Substratvorbehandlung, des Schichtdesigns und der Prozessparameter von mehrlagigen metall‐keramischen PVD‐Schichten auf die Eigenschaften eines innovativen Gesamtverbundes, Ti/TiAlN und Cr/CrAlN auf Stahl vor. Sie belegen, dass die Vorbehandlung des Substrats und das Schichtdesign einen deutlichen Einfluss auf die Schichtmerkmale und den Eigenspannungszustand ausüben.

Hard and wear resistant thin layers provides significant improvements in tools employed in manufacturing industry and are recently of great interest to increase as well as to enhance the tools’ performance and lifetime. Ceramic PVD‐layers already feature a high hardness combined with a high abrasive wear resistance. However, such layers possess only a limited lifetime due to their low toughness. To increase the toughness as well as the durability of such layers multilayer systems are steadily developed. This research work presents the first results of the influence of the steel substrate pretreatments, multilayer designs and coating process parameters on the properties of two innovative PVD metal‐ceramic multilayers, Ti/TiAlN and Cr/CrAlN. It was obviously that the substrate pretreatment and the multilayer design have a large influence on the layer properties and residual stresses.
Sensory alien hand syndrome in corticobasal degeneration: A cerebral blood flow study
Authors: Delrieu Julien , Payoux Pierre , Toulza Olivier , Esquerre Jean‐Paul , Vellas Bruno , Voisin Thierry
Published: June 2010

The presence of alien hand syndrome (AHS) is suggestive of the diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration when it develops in a progressive way. Sensory AHS (sAHS) should be distinguished from the motor form described more commonly. The physiopathology of sAHS remains unclear. The aim of this study is to determine cerebral regions involved in sAHS. We compared perfusion single photon emission computer tomography scans of patients with sAHS (n = 3) and without (n = 4). We observed significant decrease of regional cerebral blood flow over the nondominant thalamus in sAHS+ compared to sAHS− patients. This result suggests the involvement of the nondominant thalamus in sAHS. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Definition and classification of hyperkinetic movements in childhood
Authors: Sanger Terence D. , Chen Daofen , Fehlings Darcy L. , Hallett Mark , Lang Anthony E. , Mink Jonathan W. , Singer Harvey S. , Alter Katharine , Ben‐Pazi Hilla , Butler Erin E. , Chen Robert , Collins Abigail , Dayanidhi Sudarshan , Forssberg Hans , Fowler Eileen , Gilbert Donald L. , Gorman Sharon L. , Gormley Mark E. , Jinnah H. A. , Kornblau Barbara , Krosschell Kristin J. , Lehman Rebecca K. , MacKinnon Colum , Malanga C. J. , Mesterman Ronit , Michaels Margaret Barry , Pearson Toni S. , Rose Jessica , Russman Barry S. , Sternad Dagmar , Swoboda Kathy J. , Valero‐Cuevas Francisco
Published: June 2010

Hyperkinetic movements are unwanted or excess movements that are frequently seen in children with neurologic disorders. They are an important clinical finding with significant implications for diagnosis and treatment. However, the lack of agreement on standard terminology and definitions interferes with clinical treatment and research. We describe definitions of dystonia, chorea, athetosis, myoclonus, tremor, tics, and stereotypies that arose from a consensus meeting in June 2008 of specialists from different clinical and basic science fields. Dystonia is a movement disorder in which involuntary sustained or intermittent muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements, abnormal postures, or both. Chorea is an ongoing random‐appearing sequence of one or more discrete involuntary movements or movement fragments. Athetosis is a slow, continuous, involuntary writhing movement that prevents maintenance of a stable posture. Myoclonus is a sequence of repeated, often nonrhythmic, brief shock‐like jerks due to sudden involuntary contraction or relaxation of one or more muscles. Tremor is a rhythmic back‐and‐forth or oscillating involuntary movement about a joint axis. Tics are repeated, individually recognizable, intermittent movements or movement fragments that are almost always briefly suppressible and are usually associated with awareness of an urge to perform the movement. Stereotypies are repetitive, simple movements that can be voluntarily suppressed. We provide recommended techniques for clinical examination and suggestions for differentiating between the different types of hyperkinetic movements, noting that there may be overlap between conditions. These definitions and the diagnostic recommendations are intended to be reliable and useful for clinical practice, communication between clinicians and researchers, and for the design of quantitative tests that will guide and assess the outcome of future clinical trials. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Traveling wave solutions for a generalized Ostrovsky equation
Authors: Gandarias M. L. , Bruzon M. S.
Published: June 2010

In this paper looking for traveling wave solutions, we find that when the polynomial of velocity is quintic the generalized Ostrovsky equation (GOE) has abundant exact solutions that can be expressed in terms of the Jacobi elliptic functions. Hence, the GOE has a plenty of periodic waves, solitary waves, compactons, etc. These solutions are derived from the solutions of a simple non‐linear ordinary differential equation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Instant coffee with high chlorogenic acid levels protects humans against oxidative damage of macromolecules
Authors: Hoelzl Christine , Knasmüller Siegfried , Wagner Karl‐Heinz , Elbling Leonilla , Huber Wolfgang , Kager Nina , Ferk Franziska , Ehrlich Veronika , Nersesyan Armen , Neubauer Oliver , Desmarchelier Aurélien , Marin‐Kuan Maricel , Delatour Thierry , Verguet Clotilde , Bezençon Claudine , Besson Amélie , Grathwohl Dominik , Simic Tatjana , Kundi Michael , Schilter Benoît , Cavin Christophe
Published: June 2010

Scope: Coffee is among the most frequently consumed beverages. Its consumption is inversely associated to the incidence of diseases related to reactive oxygen species; the phenomenon may be due to its antioxidant properties. Our primary objective was to investigate the impact of consumption of a coffee containing high levels of chlorogenic acids on the oxidation of proteins, DNA and membrane lipids; additionally, other redox biomarkers were monitored in an intervention trial.

Methods and results: The treatment group (n=36) consumed instant coffee co‐extracted from green and roasted beans, whereas the control consumed water (800 mL/P/day, 5 days). A global statistical analysis of four main biomarkers selected as primary outcomes showed that the overall changes are significant. 8‐Isoprostaglandin F2α in urine declined by 15.3%, 3‐nitrotyrosine was decreased by 16.1%, DNA migration due to oxidized purines and pyrimidines was (not significantly) reduced in lymphocytes by 12.5 and 14.1%. Other markers such as the total antioxidant capacity were moderately increased; e.g. LDL and malondialdehyde were shifted towards a non‐significant reduction.

Conclusion: The oxidation of DNA, lipids and proteins associated with the incidence of various diseases and the protection against their oxidative damage may be indicative for beneficial health effects of coffee.
Differentiation between [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a] pyrimidine and [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a]‐ pyrimidine regioisomers by 1H15N HMBC experiments
Authors: Salgado Antonio , Varela Carmen , García Collazo Ana María , Pevarello Paolo
Published: June 2010

The condensation of malonoaldehyde derivatives with either a 3‐amino‐[1,2,4]‐triazole or a 3,5‐diamino‐[1,2,4]‐triazole precursor was studied. In agreement with previous reports, two different bicycles, namely, bearing the regioisomeric [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine (1) or[1,2,4] triazolo [4,3‐a]pyrimidine (2) structural surrogates, could be obtained. We found that, depending on the triazole precursor, only one regioisomer resulted, either of the 1 or 2 series. We also observed that these two structural surrogates could be unambiguously differentiated by indirectly measuring their 15N chemical shifts by 1H15N HMBC experiments. The occasional conversion of [1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐a]pyrimidines to the [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine counterparts could be unequivocally determined by 15N NMR data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Good nutritional control may prevent polyneuropathy after bariatric surgery
Authors: Thaisetthawatkul Pariwat , Collazo‐Clavell Maria L. , Sarr Michael G. , Norell Jane E. , Dyck P. James B.
Published: June 2010

Previously we showed that peripheral neuropathy occurs after bariatric surgery and was associated with malnutrition (mainly sensory polyneuropathy). This study asks whether a multidisciplinary approach to bariatric surgery lowers risk for developing peripheral neuropathy. We performed a retrospective cohort study of all patients with bariatric surgery at the Mayo Clinic between 1985 and 2002. Patients underwent intensive nutritional management before and after surgery. Potential risk factors were analyzed using life‐table methods (Cox regression). Univariate analysis showed the following risk factors: increased serum glycosylated hemoglobin and triglycerides, prolonged hospitalization, postoperative gastrointestinal symptoms, and nausea and vomiting. Peripheral neuropathy occurred less frequently (7% vs. 13%, P < 0.01) and specifically the sensory polyneuropathy subtype (1% vs. 7%, P < 0.0001) than in our prior cohort. A systematic, multidisciplinary approach of intensive nutritional management before and after surgery with frequent follow‐up greatly decreased development of peripheral neuropathy (especially sensory polyneuropathy) in patients receiving bariatric surgery. Muscle Nerve, 2010