bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic position of the enigmatic genus Sheareria ( Asteraceae)—evidence from molecular, morphological and cytological data
Authors: Gao Tian-Gang , Wang Wei , Bayer Randall J. , Li De-Zhu
Published: February 2019

The systematic position of the monoecious rheophyte, Sheareria (Asteraceae), a genus endemic to China, has been long disputed and never rigorously examined. In this study, two molecular datasets (trnL‐F, ITS), plus morphological and cytological characters, were used to assess the systematic position of Sheareria. The broader phylogenetic analyses based on the trnL‐F data placed Sheareria in the tribe Astereae with strong support. This placement was also supported by the lanceolate style, “Asteroid type” ligule epidermis, yellow anthers, green achenes, and basic chromosome number of x = 9. Analysis of the tribe Astereae based on the ITS dataset showed that Sheareria and three East Asian genera (Kalimeris, Aster, Rhynchospermum) formed a strongly supported clade characterized by flat, 2‐ribbed, glandular disc achenes. Detailed morphological comparisons indicate that Sheareria is more similar to Kalimeris than to Rhynchospermum. Within this clade, Sheareria is distinguished from other genera by its monoecious breeding system (vs. gynomonoecious). Based on fossil and geological evidence, the development of monoecy in Sheareria is discussed. Within Sheareria, only one species, S. nana, is recognized; S. leshanensis, a newly described species, is placed in synonymy.
Historical biogeography of a disjunctly distributed, Spanish alpine plant, Senecio boissieri (Asteraceae)
Authors: Peredo Elena L. , Revilla M. Ángeles , Jiménez-Alfaro Borja , Bueno Álvaro , Prieto J. Antonio Fernández , Abbott Richard J.
Published: February 2019

Little is known about the historical biogeography of alpine plants that are disjunctly distributed across the mountains of the Iberian Peninsula. Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and chloroplast microsatellite (cpSSR) variation were surveyed in the Spanish alpine endemic, Senecio boissieri, to resolve the causes of its disjunct distribution in the southern Sierra Nevada and Baza, centrally located Sierra Guadarrama, and northern Cordillera Cantábrica. RAPD analysis identified two divergent genetic groups, one containing individuals from the Cordillera Cantábrica and another comprising individuals from the three other mountain ranges. Chloroplast DNA variation was much more limited with only one of forty‐two cpSSR loci examined showing polymorphism. At this locus the same allele occurred at high frequency in material from each mountain range. A possible reason for RAPD divergence in the Cantabrian material is its derivation from plants surviving the last glacial maximum in a northern refugium, isolated from the main distribution of the species spanning the area between the southern and central Spanish sierras. Postglacial fragmentation of the species range in southern and central Iberia would have resulted in the current disjunction of genetically similar populations in southern and centrally located mountains.
New molecular and morphological insights prompt transfer ofBlechumtoRuellia(Acanthaceae)
Authors: Tripp Erin A. , Daniel Thomas F. , Lendemer James C. , McDade Lucinda A.
Published: February 2019

The genusBlechumP. Browne (Acanthaceae) is best known by the widespread tropical weed formerly referred to asBlechum pyramidatum(Lam.) Urb. (recently re‐established asRuellia blechumL.). Some species ofBlechumhave been transferred toRuelliabased on macromorphological and molecular data, but comprehensive study of taxa assigned toBlechumis lacking. We reexamined morphological characters that have been used to distinguishBlechumfrom Ruellia including inflorescence structure and pollen and capsule morphology. Second, we conducted phylogenetic analyses including nine accessions from five of six species traditionally treated inBlechum(and that we here consider valid species) plus a synoptic sample of species of Ruellia based on the work of the first author. Results indicate thatBlechumis nested within Ruellia with strong support. An alternative phylogenetic hypothesis of monophyly of Ruellia exclusive of species traditionally treated inBlechumwas rejected under a likelihood but not a parsimony criterion. Based on morphological similarities, common chromosome numbers, and molecular data, we transfer the genusBlechumto Ruellia. Third, we studied specimens and images of specimens of as many pertinent historical collections as we could acquire. This study resulted in nomenclatural and taxonomic renovations that include several new taxonomic synonyms (reduction ofBlechum killipii, Blechum linnaei, andBlechum trinitense), two new combinations (Ruellia haughtiiandRuellia panamensis), one new lectotypification (Blechum browneiαsubcordatumf.albiflorum), and additional recommendations for future typification. Based on our morphological and molecular studies, six species ofRuelliaare treated as constituting theBlechumlineage ofRuellia. A preliminary key is provided to distinguish these species, but theBlechumlineage as a whole deserves further attention and fieldwork to determine the precise limits of each taxon.
Klackenbergia (Gentianaceae – Exaceae), a new endemic genus from Madagascar
Authors: Kissling Jonathan , Buerki Sven , Mansion Guilhem
Published: February 2019

Several lines of evidence (morphological, karyological and molecular) support the exclusion of both Sebaea madagascariensis Klack. and S. condensata Klack. from Sebaea Sol. ex. R. Br. (Gentianaceae – Exaceae), resulting in the establishment of a new genus Klackenbergia Kissling and two new species combinations: K. stricta (Schinz) Kissling (= S. madagascariensis) and K. condensata (Klack.) Kissling. Klackenbergia is endemic to Madagascar and is morphologically recognized by its inflorescence with long bracts and bracteoles and subsessile flowers arranged in axillary fascicules at each node. Affinities with the other genera of the tribe Exaceae (Exacum, Gentianothamnus, Ornichia, Sebaea, Tachiadenus) are discussed.
Shape analysis for the automated identification of plants from images of leaves
Authors: Hearn David J.
Published: February 2019

Species identification is a necessary component of most studies of biological diversity, and computational approaches are beginning to automate it. In particular, leaves of plants provide taxon‐specific information that has successfully been applied to plant identification. Prior studies have not investigated the number of leaves or the resolution of the digitized leaf image required to represent a species’ shape. Moreover, the relationship between accuracy and the size of the leaf shape database, and methods to integrate automated approaches with more traditional dichotomous keys have yet to be explored. Here, I use a database of 2,420 leaves from 151 species to address these issues. Using distance metrics derived from Fourier and Procrustes analyses, it is found that a minimum of 10 leaves of each species, 100 margin points, and 10 Fourier harmonics are required to accurately represent leaf shape of a species. These results are used to assess the success of species identification from images of leaves: 72% for all 151 species. The tight relationship between database size and accuracy is then used in conjunction with results from probability theory to predict accuracy of species identification when dichotomous multiple‐entry keys and combined Fourier and Procrustes analysis are used together. Combining these two approaches to identification can greatly improve identification accuracy. Open‐source software is available to implement the automated distance‐based approach.
Non‐parametric bootstrapping of partitioned datasets
Authors: Torres-Carvajal Omar
Published: February 2019

Non‐parametric bootstrapping is one of the most commonly used methods for branch support assessment. Unlike Bayesian posterior probability values, which are influenced by a priori data partitioning, non‐parametric bootstrapping is usually applied to unpartitioned (combined) datasets. The resulting bootstrap support values are misleading in that they do not measure how well clades are supported by all the partitions, unless all partitions are equal in size (i.e., number of characters). Since most empirical studies include data partitions that are heterogeneous in size, our current bootstrapping approach for partitioned datasets (i.e., bootstrapping the combined dataset) is not adequate. Here I propose a simple modification to non‐parametric bootstrapping that takes a priori data partitioning into account by obtaining bootstrap replicates for each partition separately and combining them in such a way that the size (i.e., number of characters) of each partition is taken into account. With this “corrected” bootstrap support value, characters from smaller partitions will have greater influence on final bootstrap values, and those in larger partitions relatively less influence than they would for unpartitioned data.
Revised lectotypification of Lycopodium complanatum L. (Lycopodiaceae)
Authors: Thulin Mats , Aagaard Sunniva M.D. , Wikström Niklas , Jarvis Charlie
Published: February 2019

The currently accepted lectotype of the circumboreal species Lycopodium complanatum L., or Diphasiastrum complanatum (L.) Holub, is a specimen of the related species L. tristachyum Pursh, or D. tristachyum (Pursh) Holub, mainly distributed in eastern North America and Europe. This lectotype, in LINN, is here superseded in favour of an alternative original element in the Celsius herbarium in Uppsala, supported by an epitype, on the grounds of serious conflict with the protologue. Thereby the traditional usage of the well‐known name L. complanatum can be maintained.
Typification of names of temperate North American plants proposed by Linnaeus
Authors: Reveal James L. , Jarvis Charles E.
Published: February 2019

Lectotypifications are proposed for the names of the following 36 temperate North American species proposed by Carl Linnaeus: Allium canadense, Amaranthus lividus, Aristolochia arborescens, Asarum canadense, Aster tenuifolius, Baccharis foetida, Bartsia pallida, Chenopodium anthelminticum, Croton argenteus, Erigeron carolinianus, Gentiana villosa, Hedysarum viridiflorum, Hedysarum volubile, Hippophaë canadensis, Iris versicolor, Lonicera dioica, Lonicera symphoricarpos, Lupinus perennis, Lysimachia ciliata, Lythrum petiolatum, Myrica aspleniifolia, Oenothera sinuata, Onoclea sensibilis, Polypodium bulbiferum, Rudbeckia laciniata, Rudbeckia triloba, Ruellia strepens, Rumex verticillatus, Sideroxylon decandrum, Sideroxylon lycioides, Smilax lanceolata, Solidago lateriflora, Tabernaemontana amsonia, Tragia urens, Triosteum angustifolium and Verbena carolina. In addition, neotypes are established for six Linnaean names that lack original material: Agave virginica, Blechnum virginicum, Juglans cinerea, Magnolia virginiana var. grisea, Menispermum carolinum and Teucrium virginicum.
What’s Wrong with Risk?
Authors: Parr Tom , Slavny Adam ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: February 2019

Imposing pure risks—risks that do not materialise into harm—is sometimes wrong. The Harm Account explains this wrongness by claiming that pure risks are harms. By contrast, The Autonomy Account claims that pure risks impede autonomy. We develop two objections to these influential accounts. The Separation Objection proceeds from the observation that, if it is wrong to v then it is sometimes wrong to risk v-ing. The intuitive plausibility of this claim does not depend on any account of the facts that ground moral wrongness. This suggests a close relationship between the factors that make an act wrong and the factors that make risking that act wrong, which both accounts fail to recognise. The Determinism Objection holds that both accounts fail to explain the wrongness of pure risks in a deterministic world. We then develop an alternative—The Buck-Passing Account—that withstands both objections.
Genistein protects against doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity through Nrf‐2/HO‐1 signaling in mice model
Authors: Bai Zhifeng , Wang Zhijian
Published: February 2019

Doxorubicin (DOX)‐induced cardiomyopathy is a lethal disease. DOX‐induced cardiotoxic effects are attributed towards increased redox status and apoptotic signaling. In this study, we show that genistein offers protection against DOX‐induced cardio toxicity in the mice model. DOX‐mediated increase in serum cardiac troponin and redox markers (ROS, LPO, 4‐hydroxynonenal‐protein adducts [HNE] levels) was significantly reduced by genistein treatment. Significantly increased TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐8 expressions during DOX‐induced inflammatory responses were down regulated by genistein treatment. Further, we found that genistein regulated antioxidant response through increased Nrf‐2, HO‐1, NQO1 protein expressions. In addition, DOX downregulated survival proteins (p‐Akt, Bcl‐2) with concomitant upregulation in Erk (1/2), Bax and cleaved caspase‐3 expressions. The apoptotic activation was significantly downregulated by genistein treatment through suppression of apoptosis. Altogether, these findings show that genistein protects against DOX‐induced cardiotoxic effects through activation of Nrf‐2/HO‐1 signaling.
Catalytic degradation of O‐cresol using H2O2 onto Algerian Clay‐Na
Authors: Herbache Hayat , Ramdani Amina , Taleb Zoubida , Ruiz‐Rosas Ramiro , Taleb Safia , Morallón Emilia , Pirault‐Roy Laurence , Ghaffour Noreddine
Published: February 2019

Clay material is used as a catalyst to degrade an organic pollutant. This study focused on the O‐cresol oxidative degradation in aqueous solution by adding H2O2 and Mont‐Na. The catalytic tests showed a high catalytic activity of Mont‐Na, which made it possible to achieve more than 84.6% conversion after 90 min of reaction time at 55°C in 23.2 mM H2O2. The pH value was found to be negatively correlated with the degradation rate of O‐cresol. UV–Vis spectrophotometry revealed that the increase of degradation rate at low pH is related to the formation of 2‐methylbenzoquinone as intermediate product. In addition, the content of iron in Mont‐Na decreased after the catalytic test, bringing further evidence about the O‐cresol catalytic oxidation. The mineralization of O‐cresol is also confirmed by the different methods of characterization of Mont‐Na after the catalytic oxidation test. The effect of the O‐cresol oxidation catalyzed by natural clay is significant.

Practitioner points

Algerian Montmorillonite‐Na is used as a catalyst to degrade an organic pollutant: O‐cresol.

It shows a great potential for catalyst properties in the presence of the oxidizing reagent H2O2.

It proved to be an effective means for the degradation of O‐cresol contained in wastewaters.
Novel self‐immobilized biomass mixture based on mycelium pellets for wastewater treatment: A review
Authors: Wang Li , Yu Tianmiao , Ma Fang , Vitus Tankpa , Bai Shanshan , Yang Jixian
Published: February 2019

Mycelial pellets, as a novel biomass material, can adsorb pollutants as a biosorbent, or combine other substances and organisms to form self‐immobilized biomixture (SIB) to remove pollutants from wastewater. The pellets are eco‐friendly, have a good self‐immobilization capacity, and are easy to filter. In addition, some mycelial fungi can remove the pollutants in water through biodegradation. This study reviewed biomixture based on mycelial pellets and the two ways, through which SIB remove pollutants in water: pure pellets and the pellets with other materials. The characteristics and functions of each part of SIB were discussed. The study also highlighted the shortcomings of the technology and provided recommendations for further development of this technology.
Species and correlations between selenium and mercury in fishpond ecosystems
Authors: Yu Xiaoping , Wang Mengxue , Nan Xuejiao , Guo Yafei , Deng Tianlong
Published: February 2019

The chemical species and contents of selenium and mercury in water, sediments, and crucian carps collected from three wild and three aquaculture fishponds in Tianjin, China, were determined, and the interaction between selenium and mercury in water was also investigated by the calorimetry method. The results revealed that the average contents of total selenium (TSe) and total mercury (THg) in each item of the wild areas were higher than in those of the aquaculture areas, and significant differences (95% confidence) were presented for THg both in the sediments and crucian carps. The molar ratios between TSe and THg in all investigated fishponds were far higher than 1, indicating good protective effects of selenium on mercury toxicity. Obviously, negative correlations (r > 0.9993) were found between TSe and THg in water. The antagonism of selenium on mercury in water was confirmed to mainly result from the reaction between selenate and Hg2+ to form an insoluble selenium–mercury oxygenated compound, by which the addition of selenate into the water of fishponds would reduce the environmental risk of mercury.

Practitioner points

Se and Hg in different fishpond ecosystems were investigated and compared.

Direct evidence was provided for the interaction between Se and Hg in water.

The addition of Se(VI) into fishpond ecosystems would reduce the environmental risk of Hg.
A comprehensive survey of error measures for evaluating binary decision making in data science
Authors: Emmert‐Streib Frank , Moutari Salisou , Dehmer Matthias
Published: February 2019

Binary decision making is a topic of great interest for many fields, including biomedical science, economics, management, politics, medicine, natural science and social science, and much effort has been spent for developing novel computational methods to address problems arising in the aforementioned fields. However, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of any prediction method for binary decision making, the choice of the most appropriate error measures is of paramount importance. Due to the variety of error measures available, the evaluation process of binary decision making can be a complex task. The main objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive survey of error measures for evaluating the outcome of binary decision making applicable to many data‐driven fields.

This article is categorized under:

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Key Design Issues in Data Mining

Technologies > Prediction

Algorithmic Development > Statistics
Modelling Agricultural Strategies in the Dutch Roman Limes via Agent-Based Modelling (ROMFARMS)
Authors: Joyce Jamie
Published: February 2019

This chapter presents an agent-based model developed to investigate the impact on land and labour costs of different agricultural strategies that could have been undertaken in the Early and Middle Roman periods (12 BCE to 270 CE) in the Lower Rhine delta. A short description of the sub-processes in ROMFARMS to simulate settlement population dynamics, arable farming, animal husbandry and wood acquisition is provided. The results show that settlements in the Dutch limes zone during the Roman period were mostly limited by the relatively small labour pool available. Whilst not prevented outright by the availability of labour, the results show that only a small proportion of the total quantity of grain demanded by to military settlements, towns and vici can be supplied by local settlements. Two different possible scales of supply were envisaged with the results indicating that a macro-regional supply network was more feasible in which all settlements in the Lower Rhine delta were involved in the supply of consumer-only settlements. Whilst several methodological issues were noted, ROMFARMS is presented as an innovative tool for Dutch Roman archaeology with good potential for further development.
The Economy of Laetanian Wine: A Conceptual Framework to Analyse an Intensive/Specialized Winegrowing Production System and Trade (First Century BC to Third Century AD)
Authors: Martín i Oliveras Antoni , Calvo Víctor Revilla
Published: February 2019

The Roman economy has been defined as an agrarian regime, where wheat was mainly cultivated combined with livestock farming and intensive cash crops such as wine and olive oil. Possibilities for economic growth in a winegrowing area such as the Laetanian region inHispania Citeriordepended upon changes in agrarian productivity but were subject to agro-ecological and agroeconomic endowments that could affect the settlement patterns, the fluctuations in population, the forms of production related to the vineyard crop capacities, the spread of new techniques of cultivation and processing and the adoption of new technological advances. The combination of these factors explains how comparative advantages arose from other winegrowing territories, achieved through intensification and specialization processes that generated an increase of winemaking production surplus capable of being traded in different overseas markets.
Correction to: Organizational Ethical Virtues of Innovativeness
Authors: Riivari Elina , Lämsä Anna-Maija
Published: February 2019

The article Organizational Ethical Virtues of Innovativeness, written by Elina Riivari and Anna-Maija Lämsä, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on 3 March 2017 without open access. With the author(s)’ decision to opt for Open Choice the copyright of the article changed on 7 February 2019 to © The Author(s) 2019 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
Ronald Dworkin and Duncan Kennedy: Two Views of Interpretation
Authors: Zreik Raef
Published: February 2019

Ronald Dworkin and Duncan Kennedy represent arguably two opposing poles in legal theory. This paper offers a novel frame for reading their respective legal theories which reconceptualizes the traditional way in which they were opposed, and new ways to compare them, to understand their commonalities and their differences.

While Dworkin is taken to be a champion of a theory of rights, he is also associated with a certain theory of interpretation which holds that even in hard cases judges have limited discretion and a right answer to every legal question we might reasonably encounter. Kennedy, in contrast, seems to disagree with Dworkin in every conceivable respect such as the nature of law and legal reasoning, the role of right, the relation of law to its outsides (politics/ideology), thus questioning the objectivity and neutrality of legal reasoning, and he seems to be advocating what could be termed as a “radical indeterminacy” thesis.

The paper attempts reading Dworkin and Kennedy alongside each other, rather than in opposition, and so it deploys two interrelated strategies to establish such frame. One is concerned softening what appear to be rigid opposition through scrutinizing their writings, whereas the other takes stock of the common themes, presuppositions, images of law, and sensibilities that both share either explicitly or implicitly. This double strategy reveals the arguments that are attributed to them and which they themselves deny they are making. To that end, the paper unveils an unacknowledged shift toward phenomenology in legal theory that took place in the last few decades.
The effects of non-esterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate on the hepatic CYP2E1 in cows with clinical ketosis
Authors: Peng Zhicheng , Li Xiaobing , Wang Zhe , Liu Guowen , Li Xinwei
Published: February 2019

Dairy cows with ketosis display severe oxidative stress as well as high blood concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) plays an important role in the induction of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to investigate CYP2E1 expression and activity in the liver of clinically ketotic cows (in vivo) and the effects of NEFA and BHB on CYP2E1 expression and activity in hepatocytes (in vitro). Dairy cows with clinical ketosis exhibited a low blood concentration of glucose but high concentrations of NEFA and BHB. Hepatic mRNA, protein expression, and activity of CYP2E1 were significantly higher in cows with clinical ketosis than in control cows. In vitro, both NEFA and BHB treatment markedly up-regulated the mRNA and protein expressions as well as activity of CYP2E1 in cow hepatocytes. Taken together, these results indicate that high levels of NEFA and BHB significantly up-regulate the expression and activity of hepatic CYP2E1, and may be influential in the induction of oxidative stress in cows with clinical ketosis.
New and known species of the genusPungentusThorne & Swanger, 1936 (Dorylaimida, Nordiidae) from Iran
Authors: Heydari F. , Gharibzadeh F. , Pourjam E. , Pedram M.
Published: February 2019

This contribution provides morphological and molecular data for one new and one known species of the genusPungentus. The first species,P. azarbaijanensisn. sp., was recovered from the rhizospheric soil of grasses, collected in West Azarbaijan province, Iran, and was characterized by 2082–2365 μm long females having an angular lip region separated from the rest of the body by a constriction, 33–35 μm long odontostyle, vulva at 43.5–51.0%, 27.0–29.5 μm long rounded-conoid tail, and males unknown. It was compared morphologically with five species:P. angulosus,P. crassus,P. marietani,P. parapungensandP. pungens, which have didelphic-amphidelphic female reproductive system, body longer than 1.5 mm, and odontostyle longer than 20 μm. The second species,P. engadinensis, was recovered in three different regions of Iran (Mazandaran, Semnan and East Azarbaijan provinces). It was compared morphologically with some other populations reported all over the world. Besides morphological studies, molecular phylogenetic studies using partial sequences of 28S rDNA D2-D3 fragments were performed, and the phylogenetic relations of the two Iranian populations with other species and genera were discussed.
Pinning down the role of common luminal intestinal parasitic protists in human health and disease – status and challenges
Authors: Stensvold Christen Rune
Published: February 2019

While some single-celled intestinal parasites are direct causes of diarrhoea and other types of intestinal pathology, the impact of other gut micro-eukaryotes on human health remains elusive. The fact that some common luminal intestinal parasitic protists (CLIPPs) have lately been found more often in healthy than in diseased individuals has fuelled the hypothesis that some parasites might in fact be protective against disease. To this end, the use of new DNA technologies has helped us investigate trans-kingdom relationships in the gut. However, research into these relationships is currently hampered by the limited data available on the genetic diversity within the CLIPPs genera, which results in limited efficacy of publicly available DNA sequence databases for taxonomic annotation of sequences belonging to the eukaryotic component of the gut microbiota. In this paper, I give a brief overview of the status on CLIPPs in human health and disease and challenges related to the mapping of intestinal eukaryotic diversity of the human gut.
MULTIDIRECTIONAL INTERPOLATION OF LIDAR DATA FROM SOUTHERN VERACRUZ, MEXICO: IMPLICATIONS FOR EARLY OLMEC SUBSISTENCE
Authors: Ramírez-Núñez Carolina , Cyphers Ann , Parrot Jean-François , Höfle Bernhard
Published: February 2019

From their beginnings some 4,000 years ago to their decadence around 400 b.c., the Olmec people achieved a high level of sociopolitical complexity and dominated their native geographic territory, the southern Gulf Coast of Mexico. The first Olmec capital of San Lorenzo, Veracruz, was the only site in Mesoamerica that produced imposing monumental stone sculpture and architecture between 1800 and 1000 b.c. These characteristics reflect the capabilities of its centralized political system headed by hereditary rulers with divine legitimation. Key issues regarding the development of San Lorenzo Olmec culture center on subsistence and environment. The present study focuses on a portion of the landscape located immediately north of the first Olmec capital of San Lorenzo, Veracruz, that has been proposed as a key resource area during the development of the first civilization in Mesoamerica. We calculate the surface, volume, and water depth of this area based on archaeological data and a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) derived from an airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) survey. The expected minimum and maximum area, local minimum altitude, and the DTM of 5-m spatial resolution provide a basis for inferences regarding the characteristics of the wetland ecosystem during Olmec times. The goal is to quantify and qualify the potential of this resource zone relying on LiDAR topography. Our models validate the observations in the field and, when combined with algorithms, they confirm the archaeological conclusions. We affirm that the northern plain in Olmec times was deeper than it is today and would have been a source of abundant aquatic resources for the primary subsistence of the early Olmec society.
Perinatal intracardiac teratoma: unusual presentation and review of the literature
Authors: Moreau de Bellaing Anne , Houyel Lucile , Bonnet Damien
Published: February 2019

Intracardiac teratomas are rare primary tumours. We report the case of an infant prenatally diagnosed with an isolated multi-cystic mass developed in the right ventricle causing neonatal refractory ventricular arrhythmia. Despite rescue extracorporeal support and partial surgical resection, he died as almost all the previous reported perinatal intracardiac teratomas whatever the prenatal tolerance and the size of the tumour. The common poor outcome of fetal intracardiac teratomas should be known when counselling parents during pregnancy.
The intergenerational transmission of family meal practices: a mixed-methods study of parents of young children
Authors: Loth Katie A , Uy Marc James A , Winkler Megan R , Neumark-Sztainer Dianne , Fisher Jennifer Orlet , Berge Jerica M
Published: February 2019

Objective

The current mixed-methods study explored qualitative accounts of prior childhood experiences and current contextual factors around family meals across three quantitatively informed categories of family meal frequency patterns from adolescence to parenthood: (i) ‘maintainers’ of family meals across generations; (ii) ‘starters’ of family meals in the next generation; and (iii) ‘inconsistent’ family meal patterns across generations.

Design

Quantitative survey data collected as part of the first (1998–1999) and fourth (2015–2016) waves of the longitudinal Project EAT (Eating and Activity in Adolescents and Young Adults) study and qualitative interviews conducted with a subset (n40) of Project EAT parent participants in 2016–2017.

Setting

Surveys were completed in school (Wave 1) and online (Wave 4); qualitative interviews were completed in-person or over the telephone.

Participants

Parents of children of pre-school age (n40) who had also completed Project EAT surveys at Wave 1 and Wave 4.

Results

Findings revealed salient variation within each overarching theme around family meal influences (‘early childhood experiences’, ‘influence of partner’, ‘household skills’ and ‘family priorities’) across the three intergenerational family meal patterns, in which ‘maintainers’ had numerous influences that supported the practice of family meals; ‘starters’ experienced some supports and some challenges; and ‘inconsistents’ experienced many barriers to making family meals a regular practice.

Conclusions

Family meal interventions should address differences in cooking and planning skills, aim to reach all adults in the home, and seek to help parents who did not eat family meals as a child develop an understanding of how and why they might start this tradition with their family.
The optimal design and analysis of wideband second-order microwave integrator
Authors: Gautam Usha , Rawat Tarun Kumar
Published: February 2019

The implementation of stable, accurate, and wideband second-order microwave integrators (SOMIs) is presented in this paper. These designs of SOMIs are obtained by using different combinations of transmission line sections and shunt stubs in cascading. Particle swarm optimization (PSO), cuckoo search algorithm (CSA), and gravitational search algorithm (GSA) are applied to obtain the optimal values of the characteristic impedances of these line elements to approximate the magnitude response of ideal second-order integrator (SOI). The performance measure criteria for the proposed SOMIs are carried out based on magnitude response, absolute magnitude error, phase response, convergence rate, pole-zero plot, and improvement graph. The simulation results and statistical analysis demonstrate that GSA surpasses the PSO and CSA to approximate the ideal SOI in all state-of-the-art, that is eligible for wide-band microwave integrator. The designed SOMI is compact in size and suitable to cover microwave applications. The magnitude errors for the proposed SOMIs GSA based are as low as 4.9954 and 3.6573, respectively. The structure of the designed SOMI is implemented in the form of microstrip line on RT/Duroid substrate with dielectric constant 2.2 and having height 0.762 mm. The simulated and measured magnitude result agrees well with the ideal one in the frequency range of 3–15 GHz.
Counterrevolutionary Friends:Caribbean Basin Dictators and Guatemalan Exiles against the Guatemalan Revolution, 1945–50
Authors: Moulton Aaron Coy
Published: February 2019

It was in January 1950 that Guatemalan Col. Carlos Castillo Armas, a rather unfamiliar figure at the time, headed for El Salvador, giving no sign that he would eventually become one of the most notorious antagonists in the destruction of the 1944-54 Guatemalan Revolution. Late in 1950, he and some 70 compatriots attacked Guatemala City's Base Militar, hoping to overthrow Juan José Arévalo's government and prevent Jacobo Arbenz from assuming the presidency. Though the assault failed and its participants were imprisoned, the dissident bribed his way out of jail and took into exile a newfound reputation as an influential conspirator.
Damage and Strain Localization Around a Pressurized Shallow‐Level Magma Reservoir
Authors: Got Jean‐Luc , Amitrano David , Stefanou Ioannis , Brothelande Elodie , Peltier Aline
Published: February 2019

Structures developing above long‐term growing shallow‐level magma reservoirs, such as resurgent domes, may contain information on the reservoir itself. To understand the formation of such tectonic features, we have investigated the deformation process around a shallow pressurized magma reservoir embedded in a damaging elastic volcanic edifice. Our model allows evidencing the effect of the progressive damage in producing the fault pattern associated to tectonic surface deformation. Damage is first isotropic around the cavity and constitutes a damaged zone. Then the free‐surface effect appears, and an anisotropic shear strain develops from the boundary of the damaged zone; it localizes on reverse faults that propagate upward to the surface. When the surface deformation is sufficient, normal faulting appears. Finally, the complete structure shows an undeformed wedge above the damaged zone. This structure is similar to those found by analog modeling and from field geologic observations. From this model, we found a relation to estimate the reservoir radius and depth from the graben and dome widths. From limit analysis, we deduced an analytical expression of the magma reservoir pressure which provides a better understanding of the magma pressure buildup during doming. The dip of reverse faults limiting the dome can be inferred from the minimal pressure required to rupture the crust around the reservoir. Finally, the magma reservoir overpressure, the dip of the faults, the reservoir depth, and the damaged zone radius are inferred from three parameters: the ratio ρR computed from the dome and graben widths, the cohesion, and the friction angle.
Reduced Mineralization of Terrestrial OC in Anoxic Sediment Suggests Enhanced Burial Efficiency in Reservoirs Compared to Other Depositional Environments
Authors: Isidorova Anastasija , Mendonça Raquel , Sobek Sebastian
Published: February 2019

Freshwater reservoirs are important sites of organic carbon (OC) burial, but the extent to which reservoir OC burial is a new anthropogenic carbon sink is currently unclear. While burial of aquatic OC (by, e.g., phytoplankton) in reservoirs may count as a new C sink, the burial of terrestrial OC in reservoirs constitutes a new C sink only if the burial is more efficient in reservoirs than in other depositional environments. We carried out incubation experiments that mimicked the environmental conditions of different depositional environments along the land‐sea continuum (oxic and anoxic freshwater, oxic and anoxic seawater, oxic river bedload, and atmosphere‐exposed floodplain) to investigate whether reservoirs bury OC more efficiently compared to other depositional environments. For sediment OC predominantly of terrestrial origin, OC degradation rates were significantly lower, by a factor of 2, at anoxic freshwater and saltwater conditions compared to oxic freshwater and saltwater, river, and floodplain conditions. However, the transformation of predominantly terrestrial OC to methane was one order of magnitude higher in anoxic freshwater than at other conditions. For sediment OC predominantly of aquatic origin, OC degradation rates were uniformly high at all conditions, implying equally low burial efficiency of aquatic OC (76% C loss in 57 days). Since anoxia is more common in reservoirs than in the coastal ocean, these results suggest that reservoirs are a depositional environment in which terrestrial OC is prone to become buried at higher efficiency than in the ocean but where also the terrestrial OC most efficiently is transformed to methane.
miR-1260b, mediated by YY1, activates KIT signaling by targeting SOCS6 to regulate cell proliferation and apoptosis in NSCLC
Authors: Xia Yang , Wei Ke , Yang Feng-Ming , Hu Liu-Qing , Pan Chun-Feng , Pan Xiang-Long , Wu Wei-Bing , Wang Jun , Wen Wei , He Zhi-Cheng , Xu Jing , Xu Xin-Feng , Zhu Quan , Chen Liang
Published: February 2019

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the most common aggressive malignancies. miRNAs have been identified as important biomarkers and regulators of NSCLC. However, the functional contributions of miR-1260b to NSCLC cell proliferation and apoptosis have not been studied. In this study, miR-1260b was upregulated in NSCLC plasma, tissues, and cell lines, and its high expression was correlated with tumor size and progression. Functionally, miR-1260b overexpression promoted cell proliferation and cell cycle, conversely inhibited cell apoptosis and senescence. Mechanically, miR-1260b negatively regulated SOCS6 by directly binding to its 3′-UTR. Furthermore, miR-1260b-mediated suppression of SOCS6 activated KIT signaling. Moreover, YY1 was an upstream regulator of miR-1260b. This study is the first to illustrate that miR-1260b, mediated by YY1, activates KIT signaling by targeting SOCS6 to regulate NSCLC cell proliferation and apoptosis, and is a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for NSCLC. In sum, our work provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of NSCLC involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis.
Alveolar type 2 progenitor cells for lung injury repair
Authors: Olajuyin Ayobami Matthew , Zhang Xiaoju , Ji Hong-Long
Published: February 2019

Alveolar type 2 progenitor cells (AT2) seem closest to clinical translation, specifying the evidence that AT2 may satisfactorily control the immune response to decrease lung injury by stabilizing host immune-competence and a classic and crucial resource for lung regeneration and repair. AT2 establish potential in benefiting injured lungs. However, significant discrepancies linger in our understanding vis-à-vis the mechanisms for AT2 as a regime for stem cell therapy as well as essential guiding information for clinical trials, including effectiveness in appropriate pre-clinical models, safety, mostly specifications for divergent lung injury patients. These important gaps shall be systematically investigated prior to the vast therapeutic perspective of AT2 cells for pulmonary diseases can be considered. This review focused on AT2 cells homeostasis, pathophysiological changes in the pathogenesis of lung injury, physiological function of AT2 cells, apoptosis of AT2 cells in lung diseases, the role of AT2 cells in repairing processes after lung injury, mechanism of AT2 cells activation promote repairing processes after lung injury, and potential therapy of lung disease by utilizing the AT2 progenitor cells. The advancement remains to causally connect the molecular and cellular alteration of AT2 cells to lung injury and repair. Conclusively, it is identified that AT2 cells can convert into AT1 cells; but, the comprehensive cellular mechanisms involved in this transition are unrevealed. Further investigation is mandatory to determine new strategies to prevent lung injury.
Single-cell analysis reveals fibroblast heterogeneity and myeloid-derived adipocyte progenitors in murine skin wounds
Authors: Guerrero-Juarez Christian F. , Dedhia Priya H. , Jin Suoqin , Ruiz-Vega Rolando , Ma Dennis , Liu Yuchen , Yamaga Kosuke , Shestova Olga , Gay Denise L. , Yang Zaixin , Kessenbrock Kai , Nie Qing , Pear Warren S. , Cotsarelis George , Plikus Maksim V.
Published: February 2019

During wound healing in adult mouse skin, hair follicles and then adipocytes regenerate. Adipocytes regenerate from myofibroblasts, a specialized contractile wound fibroblast. Here we study wound fibroblast diversity using single-cell RNA-sequencing. On analysis, wound fibroblasts group into twelve clusters. Pseudotime and RNA velocity analyses reveal that some clusters likely represent consecutive differentiation states toward a contractile phenotype, while others appear to represent distinct fibroblast lineages. One subset of fibroblasts expresses hematopoietic markers, suggesting their myeloid origin. We validate this finding using single-cell western blot and single-cell RNA-sequencing on genetically labeled myofibroblasts. Using bone marrow transplantation and Cre recombinase-based lineage tracing experiments, we rule out cell fusion events and confirm that hematopoietic lineage cells give rise to a subset of myofibroblasts and rare regenerated adipocytes. In conclusion, our study reveals that wounding induces a high degree of heterogeneity among fibroblasts and recruits highly plastic myeloid cells that contribute to adipocyte regeneration.
Selection of immunoglobulin elbow region mutations impacts interdomain conformational flexibility in HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies
Authors: Henderson Rory , Watts Brian E. , Ergin Hieu N. , Anasti Kara , Parks Robert , Xia Shi-Mao , Trama Ashley , Liao Hua-Xin , Saunders Kevin O. , Bonsignori Mattia , Wiehe Kevin , Haynes Barton F. , Alam S. Munir
Published: February 2019

Somatic mutations within antibody variable and framework regions (FWR) can alter thermostability and structural flexibility, but their impact on functional potency is unclear. Here we study thermostability and use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to assess the role of FWR mutations during maturation of HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). The tested bnAbs show lower thermostability than their unmutated ancestor antibodies. FWR mutations in the Fab elbow region are frequently observed in HIV-1 bnAbs and MD simulations show that such FWR mutations alter interdomain flexibility in two HIV-1 bnAbs. In a CD4-binding site lineage, reversion mutations result in a loss of neutralization potency in an early intermediate and affinity-matured bnAb against autologous and heterologous Tier-2 viruses, respectively. Elbow region reversion mutations in a glycan-V3 bnAb modestly reduces potency against an autologous virus isolate. Thus, selection of mutations in the Fab elbow region impacts interdomain conformational flexibility and paratope plasticity during bnAb development.
Trifluoroacetate induced small-grained CsPbBr3 perovskite films result in efficient and stable light-emitting devices
Authors: Wang Haoran , Zhang Xiaoyu , Wu Qianqian , Cao Fan , Yang Dongwen , Shang Yuequn , Ning Zhijun , Zhang Wei , Zheng Weitao , Yan Yanfa , Kershaw Stephen V. , Zhang Lijun , Rogach Andrey L. , Yang Xuyong
Published: February 2019

Quantum efficiencies of organic-inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskite light-emitting devices (LEDs) have increased significantly, but poor device operational stability still impedes their further development and application. All-inorganic perovskites show better stability than the hybrid counterparts, but the performance of their respective films used in LEDs is limited by the large perovskite grain sizes, which lowers the radiative recombination probability and results in grain boundary related trap states. We realize smooth and pinhole-free, small-grained inorganic perovskite films with improved photoluminescence quantum yield by introducing trifluoroacetate anions to effectively passivate surface defects and control the crystal growth. As a result, efficient green LEDs based on inorganic perovskite films achieve a high current efficiency of 32.0 cd A−1 corresponding to an external quantum efficiency of 10.5%. More importantly, our all-inorganic perovskite LEDs demonstrate a record operational lifetime, with a half-lifetime of over 250 h at an initial luminance of 100 cd m−2.
Mixing of meteoric and geothermal fluids supports hyperdiverse chemosynthetic hydrothermal communities
Authors: Colman Daniel R. , Lindsay Melody R. , Boyd Eric S.
Published: February 2019

Little is known of how mixing of meteoric and geothermal fluids supports biodiversity in non-photosynthetic ecosystems. Here, we use metagenomic sequencing to investigate a chemosynthetic microbial community in a hot spring (SJ3) of Yellowstone National Park that exhibits geochemistry consistent with mixing of a reduced volcanic gas-influenced end member with an oxidized near-surface meteoric end member. SJ3 hosts an exceptionally diverse community with representatives from ~50% of known higher-order archaeal and bacterial lineages, including several divergent deep-branching lineages. A comparison of functional potential with other available chemosynthetic community metagenomes reveals similarly high diversity and functional potentials (i.e., incorporation of electron donors supplied by volcanic gases) in springs sourced by mixed fluids. Further, numerous closely related SJ3 populations harbor differentiated metabolisms that may function to minimize niche overlap, further increasing endemic diversity. We suggest that dynamic mixing of waters generated by subsurface and near-surface geological processes may play a key role in the generation and maintenance of chemosynthetic biodiversity in hydrothermal and other similar environments.