bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermoplastic Polyurethane Hydrolysis Stability
Authors: Schollenberger C.S. , Stewart F.D.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the monomer types commonly used in making thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers. It gives chemical structure of the polymers and their general properties. Also de scribed are studies of the hydrolysis of thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers. This will include information on author's choice of hydrolysis stability test, the influence of polymer structure on hydrolysis stability, and the discovery of the dominant factor in poly(ester-urethane) hydrolysis stability. Effective ways of im proving the hydrolysis stability of poly(ester-urethanes), and the adverse effect of added carboxylic compounds are also de scribed. The hydrolysis stability of thermoplastic poly(ester-ure thane) elastomers based on the special-structured polyester-glycol, poly(ε-caprolactone), is also discussed. Hydrolysis stability characteristics of two types of thermoplastic poly(ether-urethanes) are discussed.
Short Fibers Rubber Composites: the Comparative Properties of Treated and Discontinuous Cellulose Fibers
Authors: Boustany K. , Arnold R.L.
Published: March 2007

Composites produced by dispersion of selected short cellu lose fibers in elastomeric matrices are useful engineering materials. These fibers are pre-treated to provide dispersion in conventional mixing equip ment while minimizing fiber damage, and to give bonding to utilize the rubber reinforcing ability of the fiber. In the uncured composite, the fibers contribute higher green tensile strength, and almost no die swell on extru sion. The vulcanized composites show a monotonic increase in Young's Modulus and a decrease in ultimate elongation with increasing fiber load ing. As with many composites, the tensile strength is less than the matrix strength at very low fiber loading, but at higher fiber levels the matrix is reinforced and the composite tensile strength exceeds the matrix strength. The stiffening action of the fibers provides a harder material with greatly reduced solvent swelling characteristics compared to the matrix rubber. Finally, the tensile properties of the composite are precisely related to the orientation of the fibers in the matrix which can vary from uniaxial to random.
Flash-Fire Propensity of Plastics and Elastomers
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Cumming Heather J. , Murphy Regina M.
Published: March 2007

Various plastics and elastomers were evaluated for flash-fire propensity, using the USF flash-fire screening test method. The test results were compared with those obtained with the NBS and Douglas test methods. Polyurethane flexible foams were among the materials exhibiting the greatest flash-fire propensity in all three tests, and polychloroprene flexible foams were among the materials exhibiting the least flash-fire pro pensity in the USF and Douglas tests. The materials that appeared to be the least prone to flash fires included polyvinyl chloride, polyphenylene oxide and sulfide, polyether and polyaryl sulfone, and polychloroprene, polyphosphazene, and silicone flexible foams.
Alternative Low Cost Roofing Material Candidates Based On Bagasse Filled Composites
Authors: Usmani Arthur M. , Ball George L. , Salyer Ival O. , Werkmeister Dennis W. , Bryant Ben S.
Published: March 2007

Four composite material systems useful for roofing in the tropics were developed which utilize major percentages of bagasse (sugar cane residue) filler, and minor amounts of phenolic or other resin binders. The various materials were actually manufactured in small quantities in three developing countries and trial exposure roofs installed.
ε-Caprolactam Polymerization in the Presence of Linearized Polyurethane Wastes
Authors: Sczepaniak M. , Kuczynska-Szczepaniak D.
Published: March 2007

The wastes of cross-linked polyurethane resins from adipic acid and ethylene glycol polyester, methylenediisocyanate and 1,4-butandiol were subjected to linearization with ε-caprolac tam.
Vinyl Urethane Foam Composites By the Rim Process
Authors: Mann Max F.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the development of a polyurethane structural foam formulation for making automotive door liners. The system is a two-component one, and yields a specific gravity of 0.3 g/cm3. The liners are pro duced by a one-step process in which a PVC foam is stretched over the mold. Non-automotive applications are also possible, for instance, cover panels for bathroom scales, decorative panels for room dividers, and headboards for beds.
A New Sampling Procedure for Toluenediisocyanate (TDI
Authors: Westerhoff C.B. , Ozkan M. , Sowinski E.J.
Published: March 2007

The current sampling and analytical procedure recommended by NIOSH for TDI is NIOSH Method No. 141. This method requires sampling with a midget impinger con taining acid scrubber solution and subsequent colorimetric analysis. The analytical method is based on the well tested Marcali Method. Inconveniences in obtaining per sonal samples with impingers are well known (i.e. sample spillage, scrubber solution evaporation, etc.). It is because of these difficulties that a new personal sampling pro cedure for TDI was developed. In this method, sample collection is accomplished by passing a known volume of air through a silica gel tube which has been spiked with an acid solution. TDI is trapped in the tube as a salt of the amine derivative of TDI and subsequently analyzed by the procedure in NIOSH method No. 141. Validation data are presented indicating the limits and reliability of this new sampling method.
Ultraviolet Degradation of Polyester-Based Polyurethane
Authors: Rek V. , Bravar M.
Published: March 2007

The structural changes after ageing of polyurethane by UV irradiation has been studied by comparative spectroscopic measurements. The polyurethane was prepared from diphenylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate, (MDI) and polyester from adipic acid and ethylene glycol. The experimental results show that various oxidized structures are formed in UV degraded samples with simultaneous decomposition of polyurethane. This leads to the forma tion of new structures such as carbonyl, azo, carbodiimide, quinoid as well as polyene sequences. According to the experimental results and the data taken from the literature, the mechanism of the process was discussed.
Polymer Polyol for Improved Chain Extender Compatibility for Use in Elastomers
Authors: Timberlake J.F. , Barksby N. , Gerkin R.M. , Lawler L.F.
Published: March 2007

Union Carbide Corporation has developed the unique NIAX® polymer polyol E-701 which improves the storage stability of the chain ex tender/polyol blends. The improved stability allows blends to be stored without significant phase separation of the liquid chain extender prior to use. Data are presented which compare the storage stability of ethylene glycol in this unique polymer polyol versus other polyols and polymer polyols.
Novel Polyurethane Shoe Sole Systems Having Superior Low Temperature Flex Properties
Authors: Galan R.J. , Narayan T. , Markovs R.A.
Published: March 2007

Polyurethane microcellular shoe sole systems based on polyester polyols have traditionally exhibited superior physical properties as compared to polyether polyol based systems. Only in cold temperature flexibility have polyethers performed better than polyesters.

Novel polyester polyol shoe sole systems with vastly improved cold tempera ture flex performance have been developed. These ELASTOPAN systems rely on new methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate) prepolymers that can be used to mold unit soles capable of achieving more than 60,000 flexes at —20°F.

Liquidity of these sytems at room temperature greatly simplifies storing and handling of material in preparation for production. Once in production, day tanks can operate at lower temperatures and still maintain acceptable material viscosities. Production equipment (pumps, tanks, mix heads) tends to remain cleaner due to exceptional material lubricity and flowability.
Estimation of Molecular Weight Distribution of Elastomers and Polymer Melts through Dynamic Rheometry
Authors: Deiber Julio A. , Peirotti Marta B. , Bortolozzi Raúl A.
Published: March 2007

This work presents a rheometric molecular weight distribution technique (RMWD) to estimate molecular parameters of low and high poly dispersity samples of elastomers and polymer melts. Samples of polystyrene, polybutadiene, polyethylene and styrene-butadiene rubbers are considered in this study. Important conclusions are obtained concerning the elimination of experimental information with glassy modes that are not relevant for the RMWD technique. A discussion on the calibration of this technique is pre sented involving an interplay with size exclusion chromatography and capil lary rheometry. Estimation of molecular weights Mw and Mn, and polydisper sity Po through rheometry is a promising technique, which when comple mented with rheological theories of polymer melts, may give additional infor mation into the chemical architecture of polymer chains. Correlations between rheological and molecular parameters are also presented.
Practicing Accountabilty in Human Service Institutions
Authors: BUCKHOLDT DAVID R. , GUBRIUM JABER F.
Published: March 2007

Based on observational studies of three kinds of human service institutions, this paper discusses several concerns and reportorial practices of professional caregivers who strive to be accountable to third-party reviewers. It is argued that a conventional understanding of accountability fails to appreciate the situated concerns and practices of caregivers who strive to report not only accurately but also successfully for a variety of organizational purposes. Reporting thus involves social and organizational processes beyond the issues of accurate or objective representation as it is formally conceived in models of technical accountability.
“Teaching” Retarded Adults
Authors: KIELHOFNER GARY
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the interactions of students with teachers and aides in a classroom for mentally retarded adults. Based on a year of participant observation in and out of the classroom an analysis of trouble management and its consequences for retarded students is offered. Constrained by organizational definitions and expectations, teachers and aides engage in practices aimed at maintaining order and keeping up the appearance of a classroom. These practices result in a social order which paradoxically teaches retarded adults to be incompetent and to attend to the appearances of social order without understanding it.
The Politics of Trouble in an Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: WARREN CAROL A.B.
Published: March 2007

Trouble and the response to it by staff at an adolescent psychiatric hospital are interpreted as a form of micropolitics. The response to trouble is structured by the everyday social control and other activities of the institution and, therefore, varies with the level of staff involved. The micropolitics of trouble takes place within a more general macropolitical context, of which continual documentation is the most proximate feature. The handling and documentation of trouble within the institution is constrained by third party insurance requirements, provisions of mental health legislation, and the economics of bed space in private social control institutions. Psychiatric language and diagnoses form the symbolic link between the micro- and macropolitics of trouble.
Economic Adaptability
Authors: SWAY MARLENE
Published: March 2007

Gypsies have survived as an ethnic group by becoming skilled in a variety of marginal economic enterprises that allow them to remain outside the dominant economic system and its conventional wage-labor relations. This study explores the adaptive strategies that underlie and promote this highly flexible and successful pattern of exploiting the economic margins. These strategies include nomadism, creating profitable uses for objects viewed as worthless within the conventional society, organizing work within the group in ways that minimize gender and age distinctions, and pursuing a number of different economic activities depending on local circumstances and opportunities.
Making Rank
Authors: VAN MAANEN JOHN
Published: March 2007

Drawing upon field research carried out in the police force of an American city, this study examines the deep, recurrent organizational tension between the street culture of policing, epitomized by the so-called “patrolman's mentality,” and the administrative culture of the police hierarchy, as this tension is reflected in the processes of becoming a sergeant. Sergeants are selected from among the patrol ranks by procedures that favor administratively inclined candidates. Once promoted and assigned, new sergeants are left more or less on their own in learning and adapting to the demands of their positions, as socialization at the sergeant level tends to be informal and individualistic in character. “Street sergeants” and “station house sergeants” quickly develop different supervisory styles and strategies, each with distinctive attractions and drawbacks for those supervised, yet each reflecting the “street” or “desk” pattern of the incumbent's established organizational career.
John as Theologos: the Imperial Mysteries and the Apocalypse
Authors: Brent Allen
Published: March 2007

The title θεoλόγoς was used in Ephesus in the sixth century in connection with the cult of St John in which the evangelist and Seer were considered one and the same person. Furthermore, θεoλόγoς was a term with its own pagan cultic connotations from earlier centuries, one of whose forms specifically related to the imperial cult. My concern in this paper has been to argue that the Christian application of this term to John the Seer reflected that earlier paganism. Such reflections bear their own witness to what I establish by independent analysis, namely that the visions of the Apocalypse are contra-cultural reflections of the imperial cult. John the Seer produces for the Christian cult alternative images to those produced by the func tionary in the imperial cult who bears the title of θεoλόγoς.
The Trans jordanian Origin of St. Matthew's Gospel
Authors: Slingerland H. Dixon
Published: March 2007

The thesis of this study is that Matt 4:15 and 19:1 represent Matthaean redaction and reflect the geographical perspective of the first gospel. According to this perspective, Matthew's gospel was composed eastward of the Jordan River and not in Syrian Antioch. From Matt 4:25 and other less direct evidence, the study proposes the Decapolis as a likely region of composition.
The Search for the Original Text of Acts— the International Project On the Text of Acts
Authors: Osburn Carroll D.
Published: March 2007

In spite of extensive work in the manuscript tradition by a host of textual critics over many years, there has never been so little agreement about the nature of the original text of Acts as at the moment. Following a summary of critical work on the textual history of Acts, this article addresses the necessity of the production of a critical edition of the text of Acts based upon a complete and accurate apparatus and an adequate understanding of the history of the transmission of the text. A progress report is given of the work of The International Project on the Text of Acts. Collations continue in the Greek manuscripts of Acts as well as in the lectionaries. The text of Acts in Latin, Syriac, Coptic, Armenian, Georgian and Ethiopic is being re-investigated from fresh collations. Patristic citations are being accessed through Augustine.
The Sociological Factors Behind Philippians 3.1-11 and the Conflict At Philippi
Authors: Tellbe Mikael
Published: March 2007

This article suggests that the argument in Phil. 3.1-11 was shaped by the particular sociological and historical situation of the Philippian church, namely, the ongoing conflict between the church and Roman society at Philippi. This was a conflict caused—at least in part—by a clash between the Christian gospel and the ideology of the civic cult of the city. The identity of the agitators in Phil. 3.2-6 was most likely Jewish-Christian, that is, Judaizers. Their appeal to accept circumcision would have been theologically attractive for the Philippian believers as a means of securing their identity as true members of God's people. Moreover, for a church which suffered from the clash with the surrounding society, the same message would also have been sociologically attractive as a means of mitigating the conflict and obtaining recognition as a religio licita and protection from Rome. Therefore, Paul strongly warns the Philippian believers against the agitators and encourages them to identify with the power and sufferings of Christ and not with the Jewish community.
Christians and Epicureans in 1 Corinthians
Authors: Tomlin Graham
Published: March 2007

In the context of recent sociological and rhetorical studies of 1 Corinthians, this article proposes a possible philosophical source for Corinthian theology that diverged fromPaul's, namely the influence of first-century Epicureanism, which was probably a notable presence in Corinth at the time. In the light of a close reading of Epicurean literature, it examines evidence from different parts of the letter for such influence, including, among others, the dispute concerning the resurrection, sexual attitudes, the love of wisdom and dining at pagan temples. It suggests that the theology of a group of well-off Corinthian Christians was influenced by the kind of ideas and behaviour most prevalent in Epicurean circles, prompting Paul's critique of 'worldly' wisdom.
The correspondence between parent report and child performance for receptive and expressive vocabulary beyond infancy
Authors: Ring Erin Dyer , Fenson Larry
Published: March 2007

Parent judgement of their toddler's receptive and expressive vocabulary skills was compared with children's laboratory performance on comprehension and production language tasks. Parents reviewed two separate sets of pictures. For one set they were asked whether their child would recognize the named member of each of 35 pairs of pictured items. For the other set, they were asked whether their child would be able to verbalize each of the pictured objects or actions. After the parent completed each task, the child was tested on the same items. Parents also completed the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (CDI), which includes a broader index of expressive vocabulary. The results indicated significant correspondence between parent report and child judgement for comprehension ( r = 0.55) and for production ( r = 0.67). The CDI expressive vocabulary scale score also correlated with child performance on the expressive vocabulary task ( r = 0.78).
How to build a lexicon: a case study of lexical errors and innovations
Authors: Swan Deanne W.
Published: March 2007

An English-speaking boy produced 121 lexical innovations and 98 over-regularizations between 30 and 56 months and during a subsequent period, 63 through 71 months. Both phenomena exhibited an increase and decrease in production, reaching a peak at 3;4. The derivational strategies used to produce lexical innovations demonstrated developmental change from simple to complex strategy use, but the inflectional strategies of over-regularizations did not. Results are discussed in the light of Clark's principles as well as Rule-Use and Connectionist explanations of children's morphological development.
The language play of kindergarten children
Authors: Ely Richard , McCabe Allyssa
Published: March 2007

Play has long been hypothesized to serve important social, emotional and cognitive functions. Although the existence of language play has been documented, the types and functions of language play in naturalistic settings have received scant attention. In this study, children's classroom language play and its relationship to measures of literacy and metalinguistic develop ment were examined. Twenty kindergarten children were observed and audiotaped for one hour. Following the observation period, children were administered the Test of Early Reading Ability (TERA), a word definition task and a riddle explication task. Language play was found in more than 23% of children's utterances and was positively correlated with the riddle explication task. Children's ability to explicate riddles correlated positively with their TERA scores. Young children's language play represents an important aspect of their metalinguistic and literacy development.
Salient object parts and infants' acquisition of novel object words
Authors: Poulin-Dubois Diane , Graham Susan A. , Riddle Andrea S.
Published: March 2007

In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the early acquisition of object labels is facilitated by the presence of perceptually salient object parts. Twenty-two infants (mean age = 1;8.21 years) participated in four lexical training sessions during which they were introduced to two types of object words: words whose referents possessed one salient part (e.g., peacock) and words whose referents had no salient parts (e.g., pigeon) as rated by adult judges. Multiple-choice comprehension tests were administered at the end of each session to assess word learning. A generaliz ation task was also administered to examine the status of object parts in determining word extension. The results indicated that the words whose referents possessed a salient part were learned more easily than those whose referents did not possess a salient part. The magnitude of this effect was related to the size of children's vocabularies, but not to the age of the children. These findings support the hypothesis that salient object parts contribute to the acquisition of object labels in the early stages of lexical development.
Can conditioning procedures yield representative infant vocalizations in the laboratory?
Authors: Nathani Suneeti , Stark Rachel E.
Published: March 2007

The quantity and quality of vocalizations produced in the home and laboratory by 36 typically developing infants, aged 3-18 months, were compared. Conditioning procedures were employed in order to obtain typical infant vocalizations in the laboratory. Analyses indicated that vocalizations were comparable in quantity and quality across the two settings. Earlier findings that frequency and complexity of vocalizations increase with age were also confirmed. These results suggest that with the use of conditioning procedures the laboratory can be an effective setting for recording infant vocalizations. Advantages of the laboratory setting include a favourable acoustic environment and the feasibility of maintaining stricter experimental control than is possible in more naturalistic contexts, such as the home.
A cross-linguistic study of children's comprehension of universal quantifiers: a comparison of Mandarin Chinese, Portuguese and English
Authors: Brooks Patricia J. , Xiangdong Jia  , Braine Martin D.S. , Da Graca Dias Maria
Published: March 2007

The development of children's grasp of lexical cues to universal quantification was investigated in 3- to 10-year-olds and in adult native speakers of Mandarin Chinese, Portuguese and English. The experiments focused on children's acquisition of the English quantifiers all and each and their counterparts in Mandarin and Portuguese. Participants selected best-fitting interpretations of sentences containing universal quantification from sets of pictures portraying collective, distributive, and exhaustive states or activities. The collective representation corresponds to the meaning of all in 'All of the turtles are in a tank', with the 'group' interpretation that all the turtles are in the same tank. The distributive representation assumes a pairing and is canonically associated with each. For the sentence 'Each turtle is in a tank', turtles and tanks would ideally be in one-to-one correspondence. The exhaustive representation corresponds to the favoured inter pretation of sentences with two plural definite noun phrases. For the sentence 'The turtles are in the tanks', sets of turtles and tanks would be associated exhaustively with each other with none left over. The results of the picture selection task demonstrate that children learning Mandarin and Portuguese acquire correspon dences between collective and the distributive interpretations and natural language expressions by age five. For young American children the universal quantifiers all and each are not closely coupled with collective and distributive interpretations initially. Children learning English gradually master a whole system of cues which jointly influence quantifier interpretation. Across the languages tested, strong evidence for the early availability of an exhaustive representation was not found.
The role of Aktionsart in the acquisition of Russian aspect
Authors: Stoll Sabine
Published: March 2007

In contrast to what is often assumed in universalist approaches to language acquisition, this paper demonstrates that the acquisition of aspect in at least one language, namely in Russian, is not based on an innate primitive category. The results of a comprehension experiment run with Russian preschool children (age 2-6 years) show that Russian aspect is not acquired in a single step, but rather develops as a slow process. This development is further shown to depend on differences in the intrinsic temporal semantics ('Aktionsart') of the verb. Morphological properties of the verb, by contrast, do not seem to play a significant role in the acquisition process. Thus, aspect acquisition relies on an increasing competence in lexical differentiation of Aktionsarten rather than on a direct linking of conceptual primitives with morphological markers. A very early and prominent role is played by verbs with telic Aktionsart. In line with what has been shown for the acquisition of tense in several languages, the telic Aktionsart might have a bootstrapping effect in the acquisition of aspect, too.
The temporal interpretation of Dutch children's root infinitivals: the effect of eventivity
Authors: Wijnen Frank
Published: March 2007

This study concerns the presence and status of Tense in young children's nonfinite main clauses, or root infinitivals (RIs). Verb- containing utterances produced by four Dutch-speaking boys (age range 1;9-3;2) were classified along the following dimensions: finite-infinitive; temporal reference, as indicated by linguistic and non-linguistic context; and type of verb - eventive vs. non- eventive. The data show that (a) the proportion of non-eventive verbs in RIs is close to zero, whereas they make up approximately half of the finite predicates, and (b) RIs are used to refer to present, past as well as (predominantly) future eventualities, while the temporal reference of finite sentences is restricted to 'present'. It is argued that these findings support the assumption that RIs do not contain Tense, and that their temporal reference comes about as a result of the contextual interpretation of an event variable, if available. The results of a pilot experiment suggest that the pattern in production is mirrored in comprehension.
The Advantages of Inter-disciplinary Team Collaboration to School Psychological Services
Authors: Janzen Henry L.
Published: March 2007

One of the problems which has confronted the school psychologist over the years has been the need to make decisions in virtual isolation of other educators, teachers and parents. Amongst other things, this has resulted in the creation of an unnecessary barrier between school psychologists and teachers who have felt somewhat bypassed in the diagnosis and treatment of problem children. Inter-disciplinary team collaboration involves school psychologists, teachers, school principals, parents and, under certain circumstances, even social workers, police and medical experts working in direct cooperation, and has many advantages.
Changing Mother Attitudes Toward Child Rearing
Authors: Wulf Kathleen M. , Bartenstein Evelyn
Published: March 2007

The authors discuss various methods of parent education, their strengths and shortcomings, and then describe a pilot study which examines a new approach focusing on information in child development rather than on train ing, in a lecture group interaction format. Positive comments from the mothers who participated in the study indicated that the approach has a group dynamics component, therapeutic in nature.
Preliminary Elaboration of a Diagnostic Tool of Visual Perception
Authors: Mangina Constantine A.
Published: March 2007

The author of the following two articles is concerned to explore the role of visual perception in specific learning abilities and disabilities. In the first article he describes the design of his own instrument for diagnosing visual perception in children. He then goes on in the second to outline an experi ment he carried out using the instrument to demonstrate the existence of a strong relationship between visual perception and mathematical ability.
Group Counselling with Emotionally Disturbed School Children in Taiwan
Authors: Chiu Peter
Published: March 2007

Although there has been much study and research into the problems of emo tionally disturbed children in the West, relatively little work has been carried out in this area in other parts of the world. This article describes a study in Taiwan, and it is of especial interest to see how Western assessment techniques and measures can be used in a Chinese culture.
Growing A Community Team
Authors: Buchan L. Gerald , Hale B. John
Published: March 2007

A workshop format generated growth concepts with a cross-section of profes sionals from a small Oregon community. They were invited to explore ways to improve their working interaction as a community team. Techniques draw from Transactional Analysis, Gestalt Therapy, and Role Playing concepts served to enhance the learning process. The limited duration of the workshop prevented full growth of a 'community team.' However, emerging trends as noted by the Group Perception Inventory suggested new communication and attitudinal new works.
Early Childhood Assessment in Schools: Its Needs and Strengths
Authors: Cataldo Christine Z.
Published: March 2007

In the early childhood years, testing is now commonplace in schools. With a focus on the need to achieve meaningful and humanistic assessments of young children, many issues and problems are presented in this article. Methods of implementing an effective screening-instruction-evaluation system are offered, with particular attention to how the system might respond to the needs of all participants.
Diabetes and Pregnancy: Need and Use of Intensive Therapy
Authors: Matheson Della , Efantis Jonell
Published: March 2007

This paper explains the physi ology of pregnancy and interre lates this information with the effects of pregnancy on the woman with pregestational diabetes mellitus. A review of the effects of diabetes on the fetus is presented, with information provided on the major complications that can negatively affect the fetus. The positive influence of intensive therapy on maternal and fetal outcome is stressed. The essential components of this therapy, along with possible variations in insulin treatment, are discussed. Emphasis is placed on the need for involving many disciplines in establishing this treatment.
Combined Insulin-Sulfonylurea Treatment of Type II Diabetes
Authors: Bingham Pauline R. , Riddle Matthew C.
Published: March 2007

The literature on type II (noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) proposes many forms of treatment. This diversity suggests that there is no single best way to treat this condition. At Oregon Health Sciences University, we have been using the combination of insulin given in the evening and sulfonylurea drugs given during the day as an alternative to multiple-dose insulin regimens when diet or diet and oral hypoglycemic agent therapies do not achieve adequate glucose control. This approach, while effective in our experience, is not widely accepted. This paper reviews the literature on combined insulin and sulfonylurea therapy for treatment of certain stages of type II diabetes, the rationale for use of this therapy, and our experience to date.
Role of the Diabetes Nurse Educator in Improving Patient Education
Authors: Davis Ellend.
Published: March 2007

Hospitalized patients learn from staffnurses as well as from specialized diabetes nurse educators. This paper examines the involvement of staff nurses in diabetes patient education and the useful roles of the specialist, particularly as change agent and consultant. It focuses on how the diabetes nurse educator bridges the knowledge gap between the expertise of the specialist and practices of the staff nurse in providing patient education for self-care.
Exercise Options for Persons With Diabetic Complications
Authors: Graham Claudia , Lasko-M Peggy
Published: March 2007

Exercise is a cornerstone in the management of diabetes, yet many persons with diabetes fail to participate in basic physical activity due to secondary diabetic complications. This inactivity can lead to disuse syndrome—a deterioration of functional capacity. Disuse syndrome, coupled with diabetes, can produce significant physiological problems andfurther disability. This review provides the health educator with information about the pathology and role of exercise for persons with diabetic compli cations. Examples of exercise to minimize disuse syndrome are given for individuals with peripheral vascular disease, retinopathy, neuropathies, and nephropathy.
Use of a Course on Self-Control Behavior Techniques to Increase Adherence to Prescribed Frequency for Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose
Authors: Jones Phyllis M.
Published: March 2007

A 12-week behavioral change program consisting of a course on Self-Control Behavior Techniques, which used a self- study format and included self- management techniques, was developed and implemented to evaluate the effectiveness of the course and the behavioral change techniques in helping people with insulin-treated diabetes mellitus to increase adherence to the prescribed frequency for self- monitoring blood glucose (SMBG). A two-group pretest posttest experimental design was used (treatment n = 11, control n = 14). The treatment group achieved significantly higher posttest scores for the course. However, the control group achieved a significantly higher goal-adherence rate. The course was effective in teaching the knowledge and skills necessary for learning the techniques; the educational approach was an effective method for learning; and the application of the techniques resulted in an increase in frequency of SMBG but did not result in achievement of adherence to the goal for frequency of SMBG.
Designing and Evaluating Diabetes Education Material for American Indians
Authors: Hosey Gwendolyn M. , Freeman William L. , Stracqualursi Frances , Gohdes Dorothy
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the methods used to develop and evaluate diabetes education material for American Indians and Alaska Natives living in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. Reading skills of individuals and readability of a sample of existing diabetic education material were measured. Using the Wide Range Achievement Test to measure reading skills, the authors found that 66% of the sample read at a 5th "grade" or higher level. Readability of a sample of available diabetic education material was found to be, on average, at the 10th "grade" level. Diabetes education booklets targeted to a 5th to 7th "grade" level were developed and assessed for acceptability and compre hension. Final evaluation, using the cloze procedure, showed that 62 % of the target audience under stood the messages in the booklets. A comprehensive assessment process was found to be useful in developing effective diabetes education material for Indian communities.
Assessment of Sulfonylurea Adherence and Metabolic Control
Authors: Mason Barbara J. , Matsuyama Joy R. , Jue Sandra G.
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to compare sulfonylurea adherence assessment by providers, patients' self-report, pill counts, and a medication event monitoring system (MEMS-3®) device, and correlate the estimates of metabolic control by provider, patient, and laboratory. Forty-seven outpatient veterans with fair to poor metabolic control of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus were enrolled and received monthly refills of sulfonylurea in vials with a cap containing an electronic medication monitoring microprocessor. Pill counts and fasting plasma glucoses were measured monthly, and glycohemoglobin and a 24-hour diet recall were obtained at 0 and 60 days. Investigators then asked providers and patients to assess adherence and metabolic control. Forty-seven percent were nonadherent to medication using MEMS-3®, 29% using pill counts, 29% using provider assessment, and 31 % using self-report. Thirty-one percent of providers and 53% of patients assessed metabolic control differently than laboratory values. Assessment of medication adherence by provider, patient, and pill counts did not explain metabolic control as closely as assessment by MEMS-3®.
Using Focus Groups to Characterize the Health Beliefs and Practices of Black Women with Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes
Authors: MAILLET NANCY A. , D'ERAMO MELKUS GAIL , SPOLLETT GERALYN
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this focus group intervention was to characterize the health beliefs, self care practices, diabetes education needs, weight-loss issues, and facilitators and barriers to diabetes health care in black women with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Major themes that emerged from the focus group were motivation to prevent complications, unrealistic weight goals set by providers, multiple barriers to diet and exercise, and a dual role of family as supporter and deterrent to diabetes management, especially related to diet. These findings suggest that culturally sensitive and appropriate patient educational programs must be provided for minority groups such as black women who have higher rates of diabetes-related complications.
The Relative Effectiveness of Educational and Behavioral Instruction Programs for Patients With NIDDM: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Campbell Elizabeth M. , Redman Selina , Moffitt Pauls. , Sanson-Fisher Rob W.
Published: March 2007

In this randomized trial patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes were allocated to one of four programs: a minimal instruction program (n=59). an education program of individual visits (n=57), an education program incorporating a group education course (n=66), and a behavioral program (n=59). Individual and group education programs had higher attrition rates than the behavioral and minimal programs. The four programs, which involved different amounts of patient contact time, delivery format, and instructional strategies. all produced reductions in HbA atid BMI, with no significant differences between the programs. There were no differences between groups over three time periods in total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, systolic blood pressure, or proportion of patients consulting an ophthalmologist. The behavioral program ploduced a greater reduction in diastolic blood pressure over 12 months that the education programs and a greater reduction in the cholesterol risk ratio over 3 months than the other programs. The behavioral program patients were more likely to have visited a podiatrist after 6 months and reported higher satisfaction.
Predictors of Adherence to Nutrition Recommendations in People With Non- Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Boehm Susan , Schlenk Elizabeth A. , Funnell Martha M. , Powers Holly , Ronis David L.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine how the components of psychosocial adjustment to diabetes predict adherence to nutrition recommendations based on self-reported successful completion of contingency contracts. The relationships between the components of psychosocial adjustment and adherence to nutrition recommendations were examined in a convenience sample of patients with non-insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus participating in a contingency contracting intervention with nurses. Patients completed a standardized instrument, the Diabetes Care Profile, at the time they were enrolled into this randomized clinical trial. High and low levels of adherence to nutrition recommendations were identified by a median split of the number of contingency contracts completed for adherence to nutrition recommendations. Subjects who reported higher regimen adherence and a higher support ratio (received more diabetes-specific social support than desired) were significantly less likely to engage in contingency contracting for adherence to nutrition recommendations .
Applied Social Psychology: The Unfulfilled Promise
Authors: Helmreich Robert
Published: March 2007

The conflict between applied and theoretical social psychology is reviewed. It is argued both that this applied-theoretical distinction is a pernicious one which diverts attention from more basic issues of generality and validity and that the applicability of mainstream social psychology is disappointingly slight. While developments in statistical techniques and computer data processing have increased the opportunities for larger- scale, multivariate research which may reflect more accu rately the complexities of the natural world, most reports in the major journals of the field continue to be of small, laboratory experiments using college students as subjects. The prospects for future change in orientation are discussed.
Information Search as Affected by Attribution Type and Response Category
Authors: Garland Howard , Hardy Andrew , Stephenson Laura
Published: March 2007

A 2x4 split plot factorial experiment investigated the effects of person vs. stimulus attribution and response category (i.e., accomplishments, opinions, emotions and actions) on requests for consistency, consensus and distinctiveness informa tion. Requests for all three types of information were signifi cantly affected by both independent variables, alone and in interaction. Person attribution led to more requests for con sistency and distinctiveness information than stimulus attribu tion, while stimulus attribution led to more requests for consensus. Under person attribution, actions and accomplishments produced more consistency requests than emotions and opinions, while accomplishments produced greatest concern with distinc tiveness. Under stimulus attribution, accomplishments led to greatest concern with consensus.
Interpersonal Trust and Construct Complexity for Positively and Negatively Evaluated Persons
Authors: Garske John P.
Published: March 2007

College subjects were administered Rotter's Interpersonal Trust Scale and a modified version of Bieri's grid procedure for measur ing cognitive complexity for positive and negative social stimuli. As hypothesized, low trusters had significantly more differentiated cognitions for socially distant persons than high trusters. Contrary to hypotheses, socially close persons yielded significantly lesser complexity for high trusters than low trusters and significantly greater complexity for females than males. It was concluded that low generalized expectancies for interpersonal trust might be more adaptive and less problematical than previously contended.
Bringing Personality Theory Back to Home
Authors: Mancusol James C.
Published: March 2007

Though Rychlak (1976) has presented a compelling analy sis, it is noted that currently available concepts do appear to be compatible with the kind of personality theory he envisions. Spe cifically, current constructivist concepts of memory do allow one to speak of choice and creativity.
Liking for Common and Uncommon First Names
Authors: West Stephen G. , Shults Thomas
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effects of two subject characteristics (sex of subject, commonness of subject's own name) and two name character istics (sex of name, commonness of name being rated) on the ratings of first names. The primary results were: (1) common names were liked better than uncommon names, (2) male common names were liked better than female common names, whereas, male uncommon names were liked less than female uncommon names, and (3) differential ratings were obtained as a function of subject characteristics only for the ratings of common names.
Social Psychology and Science: Another Look
Authors: Schlenker Barry R.
Published: March 2007

The social-psychology-as-history thesis is reexamined in light of recent arguments. No valid arguments have been ad vanced which would fundamentally distinguish the social and natural sciences. At best, the history thesis has more bearing on the utility of universal generalizations than it does on their exis tence ; prematurely judging this issue by fiat could lead to such :onsequences as abandoning theory construction and the search for any type of explanation.
Social Psychology as Both Science and History
Authors: Godow Rew A.
Published: March 2007

In a brief discussion of some of the issues concerning the nature of social psychology which have been raised in recent articles by Gergen, Schlenker, Manis, and Thorngate, it is argued that there is a view about the nature of social psychology which takes advantage of and to some extent reconciles both Gergen's arguments for social psychology as history and Schlenker's argu ments for social psychology as science.
Is Social Psychology Really Different?
Authors: Manis Melvin
Published: March 2007

Gergen (1976), outlines a number of problems that make it difficult to apply general social psychological the ories, or to assess their validity unequivocally. These dif ficulties are not unique to social psychology, however. The application of general scientific principles has never been a simple matter, not even in the well-established physical sci ences. Moreover, there are formidable difficulties in asses sing general theoretical propositions in every field of in quiry, since empirical procedures will inevitably depend on assumptions about local field conditions, the adequacy of meas urement techniques, and the like. As a consequence, if re sults are inconsistent with theoretical expectations, there will always be some uncertainty as to where the problem lies. Social psychologists should not assume that their difficulties are totally unlike those encountered in other fields of sci entific inquiry. The problems raised by Gergen do not, con sequently, rule out the possible development and application of general social psychological theories.
Environmental and Social Psychology - How Different Must They Be
Authors: Krupat Edward
Published: March 2007

It is suggested that environmental and social psychology, while currently different in methodology and orientation, need not be. Lewin's B = f(P,E) is discussed, and it is suggested that environmental psycholo gy is really the next logical step in broadening the perspective of psychol ogy as it moves outward from the individual to the social environment to the physical environment.
The Effect of Forced Compliance on Attitude Change and Behavior Change
Authors: Cook David A. , Pallak Michael S. , Storms Michael D. , McCaul Kevin D.
Published: March 2007

Subjects wrote either a discrepant, a consonant, or no essay and later volunteered to answer written questions des cribed as an opportunity to explore the target issue. Greater attitude change and greater volunteering were obtained in the discrepant essay condition.
Getting What You Expect: Effects of Expectation on Intragroup Attraction and Interpersonal Distancel
Authors: Barrios Billy , Giesen Martin
Published: March 2007

An experiment examined the effects of expectations about an interaction and sex of subjects on member attraction and interpersonal distance in a small group. Groups of subjects and a moderator completed ratings, discussed a socially relevant issue, then again completed ratings. Participants were completely "free" to select their own seating positions. Results indicated that type of expectation produced specific alterations in intersubject attraction, but did not influence subject-moderator attraction. These differences were neatly reflected in subjects' seating choices. Finally, the importance of expected interaction "cli mate" was underscored for any theory of human spatial behavior.