bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The interplay of genetic influences and social processes in developmental theory: Specific
mechanisms are coming into view
Authors: REISS DAVID , NEIDERHISER JENAE M.
Published: July 2002

In the coming years we can look forward to research that clarifies specific mechanisms that
account for the interplay between genetic and environmental influences on psychological
development. Certain misconceptions, arising from research traditions initiated by Francis
Galton on the one hand and G. Stanley Hall on the other, may now be set aside in the light of
new evidence. Three important findings promise a new synthesis. First, while each of us is born
with about 100,000 genes that, under ordinary circumstances, do not change, the expression of
these genes on behavior is dynamic. Some genetic influences are expressed early in development,
but others are manifest many years later. Second, genetic factors often account not only for some
of the individual differences in the measures of adjustments we typically use to monitor
development but also for individual differences in environmental experiences that covary with
those measures of adjustment. Indeed, genetic factors have been found to account for a surprising
amount of covariance between measures of the social environment and of adjustment in young
children, adolescents, and adults. Third, the expression of genetic influences are very malleable
and responsive to the social environment. These new findings are revealing specific mechanisms
for the interplay of genetic and social environmental factors in four domains. First, the social
environment may play both a necessary and specific role in the expression of particular genetic
influences on a range of behaviors from depression to social responsibility. Second, an
understanding of the interplay between the social environment and genetics may lead to a clearer
definition of the phenotypic manifestations of particular genetic influences. Third, we
will—as a result of these studies—have a clearer fix on the timing of important
events and their sequence in development. Fourth, this new genre of work promises to illumine
more completely mechanisms by which the social environment influences development
independent of genetic influence.
Is Asperger syndrome/high-functioning autism necessarily a disability?
Authors: BARON–COHEN SIMON
Published: July 2002

This article considers whether Asperger syndrome (AS) or high-functioning autism (HFA)
necessarily leads to disability or whether AS/HFA simply leads to
“difference.” It concludes that the term “difference” in relation to
AS/HFA is a more neutral, value-free, and fairer description than terms such as
“impairment,” “deficiency,” or “disability”; that the
term “disability” only applies to the lower functioning cases of autism; but that the
term “disability” may need to be retained for AS/HFA as long as the legal
framework provides financial and other support only for individuals with a disability. Two
models are summarized which attempt to define in what way individuals with AS/HFA are
“different”: the central coherence model, and the folk psychology–folk
physics model. The challenge for research is to test the value of such models and to precisely
characterize the differences in cognitive style.
Motherhood during the teen years: A
developmental perspective on risk factors for childbearing
Authors: MILLER–JOHNSON SHARI , WINN DONNA–MARIE , COIE JOHN , MAUMARY–GREMAUD ANNE , HYMAN CLAIRE , TERRY ROBERT , LOCHMAN JOHN
Published: July 2002

The role of peer relations in childhood
and behavioral and family characteristics in early adolescence as risk factors for adolescent
childbearing was investigated. Sociometric surveys across third, fourth, and fifth grade and
parent and child measures of behavioral and family functioning at sixth and eighth grade were
collected in a lower income, urban sample of 308 African American females. Results replicated
earlier findings on the role of childhood aggression as a predictor of teen motherhood. In
addition, girls who displayed stable patterns of childhood aggression were at significantly higher
risk not only to have children as teenagers but to have more children and to have children at
younger ages. Results also indicated that females who were depressed in midadolescence were at
greater risk to become parents between age 15 and 19 years. These findings demonstrate the need
to take a differentiated approach to understanding teen childbearing and varying developmental
pathways in the prediction of teen motherhood.
Unsteady analyses of thermal glass fibre drawing processes
Authors: FOREST M. GREGORY , ZHOU HONG
Published: July 2002

Fibre drawing is an important industrial process for synthetic polymers and optical communications.
In the manufacture of optical fibres, precise diameter control is critical to waveguide
performance, with tolerances in the submicron range that are met through feedback controls
on processing conditions. Fluctuations arise from material non-uniformity plague synthetic
polymers but not optical silicate fibres which are drawn from a pristine source. The steady
drawing process for glass fibres is well-understood (e.g. [11, 12, 20]). The linearized stability
of steady solutions, which characterize limits on draw speed versus processing and material
properties, is well-understood (e.g. [9, 10, 11]). Feedback is inherently transient, whereby one
adjusts processing conditions in real time based on observations of diameter variations. Our
goal in this paper is to delineate the degree of sensitivity to transient fluctuations in processing
boundary conditions, for thermal glass fibre steady states that are linearly stable. This is
the relevant information for identifying potential sources of observed diameter fluctuation,
and for designing the boundary controls necessary to alter existing diameter variations. To
evaluate the time-dependent final diameter response to boundary fluctuations, we numerically
solve the model nonlinear partial differential equations of thermal glass fibre processing. Our
model simulations indicate a relative insensitivity to mechanical effects (such as take-up rates,
feed-in rates), but strong sensitivity to thermal fluctuations, which typically form a basis for
feedback control.
Analysis of a mean field model of
superconducting vortices
Authors: SCHÄTZLE R. , STYLES V.
Published: July 2002

We study a mean-field model of superconducting vortices in one and two dimensions. The
existence of a weak solution and a steady-state solution of the model are proved. A special
case of the steady-state problem is shown to be of the form of a free boundary problem.
The solutions of this free boundary problem are investigated. It is also shown that the weak
solution of the one-dimensional model is unique and satisfies an entropy inequality.
Another look at recent results concerning bifurcation in one-dimensional models of superconductivity
Authors: HASTINGS S. P.
Published: July 2002

In the preceding paper of this issue of EJAM, Bolley & Helffer [5] add to their extensive set of
results on bifurcation in the one-dimensional Ginzburg–Landau model of superconductivity.
One of their new results concerns the direction of bifurcation of symmetric solutions. We give
another approach to this problem.
Elder abuse and neglect: an update
Authors: Wolf Rosalie
Published: July 2002

For those of us who have been working in the elder abuse movement for a decade or more, progress towards understanding and prevention of elder abuse has been exceptionally slow. This situation may be attributed as much to the complexities of elder abuse as to the importance given to the problem by national governments. However, one trend in the past five years is particularly noteworthy. The increased awareness of elder abuse among the nations of the world, underscored by an
‘“explosion” of interest’ in the UK, has been the most salutary accomplishment. The purpose of this paper is to review the status of the field with specific reference to the past five years. Of necessity, this review is selective and thus may omit worthy research and policy achievements. As with an earlier paper (see Rev Clin Gerontol 1992; 2: 269-76), this review is limited to elder abuse in domestic settings.
The aging lung
Authors: Dyer Christopher AE , Stockley Robert A
Published: July 2002

Over a lifetime, the human lung is exposed to a multitude of factors capable of altering its structure and function. The frequency of acute, self-limiting lung disease, exposure to environmental pollutants and previous tobacco consumption in elderly people makes it difficult to identify pulmonary changes that can be attributed to ‘normal aging’ alone. It is likely that all these factors may have some influence on both lung structure and function.
Vers une modélisation de l'accentuation du français (seconde partie)
Authors: Di Cristo Albert
Published: July 2002

Nous proposons d'effectuer dans cette étude un large tour d'horizon des problèmes liés à l'interprétation de l'accent en général et de l'accentuation du français contemporain en particulier. Cet état des lieux (première partie) débouche sur l'esquisse d'une modélisation du cadre accentuel du français (seconde partie) fondée sur une classification fonctionnelle des catégories d'accentuation et la mise en óuvre généralisée du principe de bipolarisation accentuelle qui permet, selon nous, de rendre compte du caractère probabilitaire de l'accentuation du français et de la variabilité de ses motifs rythmiques attestés dans les formes prosodiques de surface.
Corn Bunting Miliaria calandra populations, landscape and land-use in an arable district of eastern England
Authors: Mason Christopher F. , Macdonald Sheila M.
Published: July 2002

A study of Corn Buntings Miliaria calandra, a rapidly declining red-listed species in the United Kingdom, was conducted over five years in the intensively cultivated, arable landscape of north-east Essex, eastern England. Mean densities in study plots ranged from 8 to 15 territories per km2, with evidence of a decline over the five years. A total of 278 singing males was located in 247 km2 of farmland, some 2–3% of the U.K. population and therefore of national significance. The distribution of territories was highly clumped and there was marked territory fidelity between years. There was a strong preference for territories encompassing field boundaries without hedges and a general avoidance of hedges. Territories occupied in four or five years were more likely to contain water-filled ditches and/or weedy farm tracks than territories occupied in a single year. Song posts may be important resources. There was little preference shown for particular crops or other land-uses during the breeding season. During the winter period there was a strong selection for feeding on the small amount of grass, and in the late winter period, on stubbles. Lack of feeding opportunities in winter would appear to be critical to Corn Buntings. It is suggested that a retention of stubbles over winter on the 26% of farmland destined for spring sowing could be highly beneficial to Corn Bunting populations and that this could be initially targeted at those areas currently holding dense breeding populations.
Weak inclusion systems
Authors: CAˇZAˇNESCU VIRGIL EMIL , ROŞU GRIGORE
Published: July 2002

We define weak inclusion systems as a natural extension
of
inclusion systems. We prove that
several properties of factorisation systems and inclusion
systems
remain valid under this extension and we obtain new properties as algebraic
tools in abstract model theory.
HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE UNCERTAIN TAXONOMIC STATUS OF CYSTOPTERIS DICKIEANA R.SIM (DICKIE'S BLADDER FERN)
Authors: DYER A. F. , PARKS J. C. , LINDSAY S.
Published: July 2002

Cystopteris dickieana R.Sim is a rare fern protected in Britain under the 1981 Wildlife and Countryside Act. Most current floras treat it as a distinct species but ever since it was first discovered in Scotland in the 1830s, there has been considerable debate about its taxonomic status within the C. fragilis complex. This debate centres on the relative importance of two characters, the architecture of the fronds and the surface sculpturing of the spores, in delimiting C. dickieana from other taxa in the C. fragilis complex. The type specimens of C. dickieana have distinctive fronds. Plants with similar frond architecture have, to date, been recorded growing naturally only at the site in Scotland from which the type specimens were collected and at one other site nearby. The type specimens of C. dickieana also have mature spores with surface sculpturing often described as ‘rugose’. These are distinctive and unusual in the genus Cystopteris, in which most taxa have ‘echinate’ spores. However, rugose-spored plants have been recorded not only at, and near, the type locality in Scotland but also at many other sites in the northern hemisphere in populations of plants defined largely on the basis of frond architecture as C. fragilis or C. baenitzii. This indicates that spore sculpturing should not be used alone to delimit C. dickieana from other taxa within the C. fragilis complex but, despite this, the literature on ‘C. dickieana’ contains many reports of studies on material identified as C. dickieana solely on the basis of spore sculpturing. This, combined with the fact that most comparative studies have also failed to include material known to have come from the type locality, has resulted in considerable and continuing uncertainty over the taxonomic status and distribution of C. dickieana.
SYSTEMATIC STUDIES OF BORNEAN ZINGIBERACEAE: III. TAMIJIA: A NEW GENUS
Authors: SAKAI S. , NAGAMASU H.
Published: July 2002

A new monotypic genus, Tamijia (Zingiberaceae), and its species T. flagellaris are described from Sarawak, Borneo. T. flagellaris is quite unique with the lateral staminodes connate to the labellum, the plane of distichy of the leaf shoot transverse to the rhizome, long trailing inflorescences and ovary unilocular with parietal placentation. Although the species is placed in Alpineae based on the plane of distichy, it is quite distinctive from most of the species in the tribe in some other characters, and is important in considering the current system of tribes and genera of the family.
RELATIONSHIPS AND DIVERGENCE PATTERNS IN HYPOPTERYGIUM ‘ROTULATUM’ S.L. (HYPOPTERYGIACEAE, BRYOPSIDA) INFERRED FROM trnL INTRON SEQUENCES. STUDIES IN AUSTRAL TEMPERATE RAIN FOREST BRYOPHYTES 7
Authors: PFEIFFER T.
Published: July 2002

The phylogenetic relationship of species within the Hypopterygium ‘rotulatum’ (Hedw.) Brid. s.l. complex is analysed by sequencing the trnL intron of cp DNA. Furthermore, the divergence in variable New Zealand H. ‘rotulatum’ samples is investigated along a latitudinal gradient. The presented data strongly support the delimitation of at least two distinct species within Hypopterygium ‘rotulatum’ s.l. in New Zealand, Australia and Tasmania, which correspond with the morphological species H. muelleri Hampe (possibly conspecific with H. debile Reichardt) and H. didictyon Müll. Hal., a species known from Chile. The distribution patterns of these species are discussed on a regional (New Zealand) and global scale; indicating an australasian distribution pattern of H. muelleri and a palaeoaustral pattern of H. didictyon.
Was there a European Order in the Twentieth Century? From the Concert of Europe to the End of the Cold War
Authors: Soutou Georges-Henri
Published: July 2002

This study attempts to explain how in the twentieth century the concept of a European order which had evolved from the European balance of the nineteenth century, but with an added democratic dimension after 1919 and 1945, played a role in international relations, despite the two world wars which almost put an end to it; how it helped to sustain the concept of a minimum of European solidarity, despite numerous national and ideological conflicts; and how, at the start of a new century, this concept may again be significant for a continent that has not had a similar opportunity to establish a lasting peace since the Congress of Vienna. The concept of a European order may in particular serve as a way of accommodating Russia, which has no real prospect of becoming a member of the European Union.
Recordings of non-Western chant and polyphony
Authors: Moody Ivan
Published: July 2002

Chant from the Greek tradition continues to be explored in its various manifestations by performers with very different interpretational approaches. Lycourgos Angelopoulos has continued his pioneering work both liturgically and in concert, though he has not recorded a great deal recently. His two most recent discs, which fill significant gaps in the recorded repertory, date from 1993 and 1994. The first (5) is a concert recorded in 1990, particularly interesting in that it contains two pieces from the Athonite tradition as practised today: the mode 1 kathisma from the Akathistos Hymn as notated by Fr Georgios Rigas (d. 1958) and verses from Psalm 135 in four modes as sung by the much beloved Deacon Dionysios Firfiris, proptopsaltis of the cathedral of Karies on Athos until his death in 1990. The psalm verses are sung in Angelopoulos's own transcription. The second disc (7) brings together a collection of magnificent seventeenth- and eighteenth-century compositions for Christmas. It includes a particularly impressively structured koinonikon by the Constantinopolitan Daniel Protopsaltis (d. 1789), which includes a fine kratima (a melody sung to nonsense syllables) before the final alleluia. The performance style of the Greek Byzantine Choir is, as ever, tasteful, technically brilliant (the precision of the ornamentation alone leaves one amazed) and inspired. Worthy of emphasis is the fact that this repertory is being sung by a choir. Choral (as opposed to solo) psaltic singing is undergoing something of a revival in Greece at present. A number of good choirs are working in the field, but the Greek Byzantine Choir remains the only one to have been extensively recorded and distributed outside Greece.
A Human Right to Healthcare Access: Returning to the Origins
of the Patients' Rights Movement
Authors: d'ORONZIO JOSEPH C.
Published: July 2002

The current concern with reforming and regulating
managed care under the general rubric of “patients'
rights” has eclipsed the more fundamental need to
legislate the human rights of those without adequate access
to any healthcare. To characterize the regulatory activity
as a “rights” movement inflates its moral dimension.
The concept of “rights” carries a serious and
powerful moral force that is currently inappropriately
applied to the parochial concerns of a segment of the population
privileged to have health insurance coverage. By contrast,
the language of “rights” refers to a high level
of universality for the most rudimentary of human concerns.
If there was a universal right to become a patient equal
to other patients, a concept of patients' rights would
have legitimacy. As it is, however, the central determinant
of this “right” is how much the insurance policy
costs and what is covered. To so diminish the meaning of
“right” within the miasma of managed
care is to lose sight of the real possibilities of applying
a positive “right” to healthcare and,
in the long run, is to diminish the ethics of healthcare.
Reconsidering the Pseudo-Patient Study
Authors: HERRERA C.D.
Published: July 2002

In pseudo-patient study (PPS), fieldworkers cloak their
identities and intentions and pose as “patients.”
This enables them to observe the practice of healthcare from
within a naturalistic, nonreactive research setting. Rosenhan
and his assistants conducted the most famous PPS, where they
faked symptoms of schizophrenia so that they could gain
admittance to a mental-health facility and observe the
treatment that genuine patients were receiving. More subtle
pseudo-patients might arrange “appointments” over
the phone, after reporting varying levels of health insurance.
Others might provide dummy lab specimens or test a physician's
response to technical questions. A few genuine patients have
transformed their legitimate stays in the hospital into fieldwork,
transforming themselves into disguised participant-observers.
Assessing the Arguments for and against Euthanasia and Assisted
Suicide: Part Two
Authors: THOMASMA DAVID C.
Published: July 2002

In Márquez's Of Love and Other Demons
Abrenuncio the physician and the Marquis discuss the outbreak
of rabies that is the centerpiece of the book, since the
Marquis' daughter has been bitten by a rabid dog. Abrenuncio
notes that the poor “had the courage to poison the food of their
rabid kin in order to spare them of a ghastly death... People
believe that we physicians do not know that such things occur...
That is not true, but we lack the moral authority to endorse them.
What we do instead is... commend them to St. Hubert and tie them to
a pillar in order to prolong and intensify their suffering.”
Universal Emergency Access under Managed Care: Universal
Doubt or Mission Impossible?
Authors: LARKIN GREGORY LUKE , WEBER JAMES E. , DERSE ARTHUR R.
Published: July 2002

Appropriate concerns about cost and unequal access
to healthcare have resulted in the creation of powerful
managed networks seeking to share the risks of high healthcare
costs among plans, providers, and patients. Much to their
credit, these managed networks have slowed the rise in
healthcare spending by as much as 44% in markets with high
HMO penetration. However, whether these savings will materially
improve access and quality remains to be seen.
Convergence Theorems for Some Layout Measures on Random Lattice and Random Geometric Graphs
Authors: DÍAZ JOSEP , PENROSE MATHEW D. , PETIT JORDI , SERNA MARÍA
Published: July 2002

This work deals with convergence theorems and bounds on the cost of several layout
measures for lattice graphs, random lattice graphs and sparse random geometric graphs.
Specifically, we consider the following problems: Minimum Linear Arrangement, Cutwidth,
Sum Cut, Vertex Separation, Edge Bisection and Vertex Bisection. For full square lattices,
we give optimal layouts for the problems still open. For arbitrary lattice graphs, we present
best possible bounds disregarding a constant factor. We apply percolation theory to the
study of lattice graphs in a probabilistic setting. In particular, we deal with the subcritical
regime that this class of graphs exhibits and characterize the behaviour of several layout
measures in this space of probability. We extend the results on random lattice graphs to
random geometric graphs, which are graphs whose nodes are spread at random in the unit
square and whose edges connect pairs of points which are within a given distance. We also
characterize the behaviour of several layout measures on random geometric graphs in their
subcritical regime. Our main results are convergence theorems that can be viewed as an
analogue of the Beardwood, Halton and Hammersley theorem for the Euclidean TSP on
random points in the unit square.
Intersecting Systems
Authors: AHLSWEDE R. , ALON N. , ERDŐS P. L. , RUSZINKÓ M. , SZÉKELY L. A.
Published: July 2002

An intersecting system of type (∃, ∀, k,
n) is a collection [ ]={[Fscr ]1, ..., [Fscr ]m} of pairwise disjoint families of k-subsets of an n-element set satisfying the following condition. For every ordered pair [Fscr ]i and [Fscr ]j of distinct members of [ ] there exists an A∈[Fscr ]i that intersects every B∈[Fscr ]j. Let In
(∃, ∀, k) denote the maximum possible cardinality of an intersecting system of type (∃, ∀, k, n).
Ahlswede, Cai and Zhang conjectured that for every k≥1, there exists an
n0(k) so that In
(∃, ∀, k)=(n−1/k−1)
for all n>n0(k). Here we show that this is true for k≤3, but false for all k≥8. We also prove some related results.
Geometrical Bijections in Discrete Lattices
Authors: CARSTENS HANS-GEORG , DEUBER WALTER A. , THUMSER WOLFGANG , KOPPENRADE ELKE
Published: July 2002

We define uniformly spread sets as point sets in d-dimensional
Euclidean space that are wobbling equivalent to the standard lattice
ℤd. A linear image ϕ(ℤd)
of ℤd is shown
to be uniformly spread if and only if det(ϕ) = 1. Explicit geometrical and number-theoretical constructions are given. In 2-dimensional Euclidean space we obtain bounds
for the wobbling distance for rotations, shearings and stretchings that are close to optimal.
Our methods also allow us to analyse the discrepancy of certain billiards. Finally, we take a
look at paradoxical situations and exhibit recursive point sets that are wobbling equivalent,
but not recursively so.
Complexity and Probability of Some Boolean Formulas
Authors: SAVICKÝ PETR
Published: July 2002

For any Boolean function f, let L(f)

be its formula size complexity in the basis {∧, [oplus ] 1}.
For every n and every k[les ]n/2, we describe

a probabilistic distribution on formulas in the basis {∧, [oplus ] 1}

in some given set of n variables and of size at most
[lscr ](k)=4k.
Let pn,k(f) be
the probability that the formula chosen from the distribution
computes the function f. For every function f with
L(f)[les ][lscr ](k)α,
where α=log4(3/2), we have
pn,k(f)>0. Moreover,
for every function
f, if pn,k(f)>0,
then

formula here

where c>1 is an absolute constant. Although the
upper and lower bounds are exponentially
small in [lscr ](k), they are quasi-polynomially related whenever

[lscr ](k)[ges ]lnΩ(1)n. The construction

is a step towards developing a model appropriate for investigation of the
properties of a
typical (random) Boolean function of some given complexity.
On the Structure of Dense Triangle-Free Graphs
Authors: BRANDT STEPHAN
Published: July 2002

As a consequence of an early result of Pach we show that every maximal triangle-free
graph is either homomorphic with a member of a specific infinite sequence of graphs or
contains the Petersen graph minus one vertex as a subgraph. From this result and further
structural observations we derive that, if a (not necessarily maximal) triangle-free graph
of order n has minimum degree δ[ges ]n/3,
then the graph is either homomorphic with a
member of the indicated family or contains the Petersen graph with one edge contracted.
As a corollary we get a recent result due to Chen, Jin and Koh. Finally, we show that every
triangle-free graph with δ>n/3 is either homomorphic with
C5 or contains the Möbius
ladder. A major tool is the observation that every triangle-free graph with
δ[ges ]n/3 has a unique maximal triangle-free supergraph.
Experimental aspects of nutrition and fetal growth
Authors: Bloomfield FH , Harding JE
Published: July 2002

Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) remains a major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality and, as yet, there is no effective treatment. Most fetuses with ultrasound evidence of moderate to severe IUGR do not grow better out of the womb than in, despite early enteral feeds and subsequent calorie supplementation. Research into possible therapies for growth restricted babies has thus also been directed towards the fetus. Major advances have been made in recent years in the understanding of the physiology of fetal growth, and it has become clear that fetal nutrition is the determining factor.
Ultrasound assessment of chorionicity and amnionicity in twin pregnancies
Authors: Monteagudo Ana , Timor-Tritsch Ilan E
Published: July 2002

Sonography during the first trimester of pregnancy is essential in twin pregnancies. This is due to the fact that a short two minute scan can reliably determine chorionicity and amnionicity. However, if the scan is not performed until the second or third trimester, the determination of chorionicity and amnionicity may be tedious and time consuming at the end of which many competent sonographers will frequently mis-assign chorionicity and amnionicity. A first trimester scan can therefore determine the appropriate management of the patient for the entire duration of the pregnancy.
Detection of deoxyribonuclease I and II activities in Japanese quail oocytes
Authors: Stepińska Urszula , Olszańska Bozenna
Published: July 2002

Birds exhibit physiological polyspermy, i.e. numerous spermatozoa enter the
germinal disc of an oocyte and form pronuclei during fertilisation. However,
only one of them unites with the female pronucleus to form a zygote nucleus;
the supernumerary spermatozoal nuclei degenerate at the early cleavage
stages. To establish a factor responsible for spermatozoal degeneration, the
presence of DNase activity was studied in vitro in extracts of Japanese
quail oocytes using λ DNA/HindIII as a substrate. The experimental
conditions were designed to reveal the presence of either DNase I or DNase
II activities, separately. Degradation of the substrate DNA was evaluated by
electrophoresis on agarose gels stained with ethidium bromide. High
activities of DNase I and DNase II were found in the germinal discs of the
largest vitellogenic oocytes. DNase I activity was estimated to be about
3 × 10−3 Kunitz units and DNase II about 4 × 10−2 Kunitz units per germinal
disc. DNase I activity in an oocyte seems to increase during oogenesis since
DNA degradation by the extracts from the germinal discs of the largest
vitellogenic oocytes was much higher than by those from previtellogenic and
small vitellogenic oocytes. The presence of high DNase I and II activities
in the largest vitellogenic oocytes would point to their role in degradation
of DNA from supernumerary spermatozoa entering the ovum during polyspermic
fertilisation in birds. The enzymes could be a factor, or one of the
factors, in the late block to polyspermy in the cytoplasm of avian eggs. It
is suggested here that the DNase activities might also be responsible for
poor efficiency in obtaining transgenic birds by microinjection of exogenous
DNA into the fertilised chick ovum.
The site of fertilisation determines dorsoventral polarity but not chirality in the zebra mussel embryo
Authors: Luetjens Craig Marc , Dorresteijn Adriaan W.C.
Published: July 2002

The dorsoventral polarity of unequally cleaving spiralian embryos becomes established at an early stage. The factors determining the position of the dorsoventral axis are still unknown. We present data showing that the sperm entry point (SEP) in both normal development and under experimental conditions determines the position of the first cleavage furrow in Dreissena embryos. The position of the spindles at second cleavage is directed by the site of fertilisation also, and the large, dorsal D quadrant of the 4-cell stage always forms opposite the SEP. The spiral chirality at third cleavage seems to be independent of both the fertilisation point and the arrangement of the quadrants. Dextral and sinistral third cleavages are found in a single egg batch, but sinistral cleavages prevail. We postulate that two factors coordinate the proper positioning of the dorsoventral axis. The sperm entry point as an epigenetic factor determines the dorsal side of the embryo. But since the dorsoventral axis forms oblique to the first cleavage furrow, this first decision is still ambiguous, and a second decision is required that, due to the alternative chirality of spiral cleavage, finally sets up the dorsoventral axis.
THE TROPICAL EXTRAVAGANCE OF BERTHA MASON
Authors: Thomas Sue
Published: July 2002

AS SUSAN L. MEYER SUGGESTS, “[a]n interpretation of the significance of the British empire in Jane Eyre must begin by making sense of Bertha Mason Rochester, the mad, drunken West Indian wife whom Rochester keeps locked up on the third floor of his ancestral mansion” (252). In Richard Mason’s deposition concerning the marriage of Edward Fairfax Rochester and Bertha Antoinetta Mason in Spanish Town, Jamaica, Bertha is described as the child of Jonas Mason, West India planter and merchant, and Antoinetta Mason, identified only as a Creole. In Rochester’s account of Bertha’s family the “germs of insanity” are passed on by the Creole mother (334; ch. 27). In this essay I retraverse late eighteenth- to mid-nineteenth-century ethnographic discourses about white Creole degeneracy and situate Brontë’s representations of the Creoleness of Bertha and Richard Mason in relation to them, arguing that Jane Eyre demarcates both femininity and masculinity in imperial and racial terms, while also blurring these categories. Brontë, I demonstrate, links the degenerate moral and intellectual character of the white Creole with the cruelties of the slave-labour system in Jamaica, and with historical Jamaican slave rebellions figured through metaphor and allusion. This depiction suggests that Brontë has carefully historicized the relationships among Bertha Mason Rochester, Edward Fairfax Rochester, and Jane Eyre.
The value of hydrometric information in water resources management and flood control
Authors: Walker Susan
Published: July 2002

Hydrometric information is fundamental to the planning, operation and management of water resources and flood defence. The data network is greatly valued by those who use it, yet assignment of a monetary or economic value is problematic. Data managers are often frustrated by the need to continue to justify a network. The paper focuses on the uses of data within the Environment Agency of the UK, explores the difficulties in assigning a value to the data and attempts to review the value ascribed to such data by drawing on some UK and wider examples. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Forecasting minimum temperature during winter and maximum temperature during summer at Delhi
Authors: Mohanty U C , Ravi N , Madan O P , Paliwal R K
Published: July 2002

A knowledge of minimum temperature during winter and maximum temperature during summer is a very useful for individuals, as well as for organisations whose workers and machines have to operate in the open, e.g. the armed forces, railways, roadways, tourism, etc. Accurate forecasts of minimum temperature during winter help in the prediction of cold‐wave conditions and those of maximum temperature during summer help in the prediction of heat‐wave conditions over northern India. Models for forecasting the minimum temperature during December and the maximum temperature during May at Delhi have been developed using surface and upper‐air meteorological data from 1984–89. The results of testing the models on independent data from recent years (1994–95) are presented. The results are encouraging and more than 80% of the forecasts are correct within ±2°C. Possible reasons for large deviations are also investigated. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society
Objective fronts
Authors: Hewson T D
Published: July 2002

This paper addresses the long‐standing problem of plotting atmospheric fronts objectively. A thermodynamic definition of a front is proposed. Time‐independent diagnostic quantities are then devised according to this definition. These can be computed from any gridded dataset. Fronts are then plotted, without human intervention, by utilising standard graphics package facilities, such as contouring, to represent the diagnostics. The methodology includes applying threshold criteria to erase automatically fronts which are thermally weak. By tuning these criteria a good match with subjective fronts is obtained. In addition, the objective surface fronts very often coincide with troughs in surface pressure, implying that a thermodynamic definition is sufficient. The objective front‐plotting is further developed to recognise split fronts, and ana‐ and kata‐front characteristics. Many examples are presented; these illustrate how objective fronts are potentially a very powerful tool for both forecasting and research. At the Joint Centre for Mesoscale Meteorology plots and animations showing objective fronts have been produced on a daily basis for many months now. Copyright © 1998 Royal Meteorological Society
Experiments with a straightforward model for the spatial forecast of fog/low stratus clearance based on multi‐source data
Authors: Reudenbach Ch , Bendix J
Published: July 2002

A straightforward model for the spatial calculation of the time of fog clearance is presented which is based on thermodynamic equations, spatial data sets such as NOAA‐AVHRR satellite data, Digital Elevation Model, and horizontal and vertical meteorological observations. The model has been tested on two days with extended fog layers within the study area. The local validation of the model reveals an accuracy in fog clearance of 4 minutes by comparing the model result with meteorological observations. A spatial validation by means of a reference NOAA overpass indicates an under‐estimation of the fog‐covered area by the model of 2.9% at the time of the reference image. Five minutes before reference time, the spatial correspondence of the modelled and the reference fog coverage increases to 98.9%. The temporal deviation of uncoinciding pixels between reference and modelled fog image at reference time is less than ±30 minutes in 68% of the total number of fog‐covered pixels and therefore matches the accuracy of local tephigram methods. However, for individual pixels a time error of up to ±60 minutes occurs for the time of fog clearance. Time errors are probably mainly due to an inaccurate estimation of fog thickness. Copyright © 1998 Royal Meteorological Society
Recognizing subjectivity: a case study in manual tagging
Authors: BRUCE REBECCA F. , WIEBE JANYCE M.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we describe a case study of a sentence-level categorization in which tagging
instructions are developed and used by four judges to classify clauses from the Wall Street
Journal as either subjective or objective. Agreement among the four judges is analyzed, and
based on that analysis, each clause is given a final classification. To provide empirical support
for the classifications, correlations are assessed in the data between the subjective category
and a basic semantic class posited by Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech and Svartvik (1985).
Exploring the relationship between age, executive abilities,
and psychomotor speed
Authors: KEYS BETH A. , WHITE DESIRÉE A.
Published: July 2002

Age-related declines in executive abilities have been
widely reported and are thought to result from neuropathological
changes in the prefrontal cortex. Some investigators have
suggested that age-related changes in cognition may be
the result of slowed information processing speed rather
than declines in specific cognitive abilities. We examined
the relationships among age, executive abilities, and psychomotor
speed in 40 older adults and 46 young adults. Both verbal
and nonverbal tasks were administered that measured 2 aspects
of executive ability: set formation and set shifting. Executive
and psychomotor speed tasks were paired based on similarities
in basic task demands. Our results revealed that poorer
executive performance was associated with increasing age.
Further, although psychomotor speed attenuated the relationship,
age accounted for a unique and significant proportion of
variance in executive performance after controlling for
psychomotor speed. These results suggest that age has an
effect on prefrontally mediated executive abilities that
cannot be explained solely in terms of psychomotor slowing.
(JINS, 2000, 6, 76–82.)
Attention in HIV-infected children: Results from the Hemophilia
Growth and Development Study
Authors: WATKINS JOHN M. , COOL VALERIE A. , USNER DALE , STEHBENS JAMES A. , NICHOLS SHARON , LOVELAND KATHERINE A. , BORDEAUX JANICE D. , DONFIELD SHARYNE , ASARNOW ROBERT F. , NUECHTERLEIN KEITH H.
Published: July 2002

Attentional functioning was examined in three groups
of 7- to 19-year-old male participants with hemophilia:
(1) HIV seronegative controls (HIV−, N =
66), (2) HIV seropositive participants with CD4+ lymphocyte
counts greater than or equal to 200 (HIV+ CD4+ ≥200,
N = 79), and (3) severely immune suppressed HIV
seropositive participants (HIV+ CD4+ <200, N
= 28). Two measures sensitive to attention deficits were
used: the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and the Span
of Apprehension (Span). On the CPT, there was a decrement
in attention in both HIV+ groups, as indexed by an increase
in false alarm rate from Block 1 to Block 3, that was not
present in the HIV− group. The longer the HIV+ children
were required to sustain attention to the CPT, the more
they responded to the incorrect stimulus. This effect decreased
as age increased. Span percent correct and latency to correct
were associated with the presence of a premorbid history
of intracerebral hemorrhage, but were not sensitive to
HIV status or degree of immune suppression in the HIV+
children, suggesting morbidity related to hemophilia.
The remaining CPT and Span variables—hit rate, sensitivity,
latency, percent correct, and latency to correct—showed
the expected associations with age, but none showed conclusive
associations with HIV status or immune suppression in the
HIV+ participants. (JINS, 2000, 6, 443–454.)
Evidence for a deficit in procedural learning in children and
adolescents with autism: Implications for cerebellar contribution
Authors: MOSTOFSKY STEWART H. , GOLDBERG MELISSA C. , LANDA REBECCA J. , DENCKLA MARTHA B.
Published: July 2002

To examine the hypothesis that abnormalities in
those cognitive functions for which cerebellar components
have been implicated contribute to the pathophysiology
of autism, tests of judgment of explicit time intervals
and procedural learning were administered to 11 participants
with autism and 17 age-and-IQ-matched controls. Results
indicated that the group with autism demonstrated significant
impairments in procedural learning compared with the group
of controls. No significant difference in judgment of explicit
time intervals was found. The data suggest that deficits
in procedural learning may contribute to the cognitive
and behavioral phenotype of autism; these deficits may
be secondary to abnormalities in cerebellar–frontal
circuitry. (JINS, 2000, 6, 752–759.)
Neuropsychology and Family Therapy—Anyone for an Integration?
Authors: Larøi Frank
Published: July 2002

Far too few books are devoted to family reactions to
brain injury. At best, chapters in neuropsychological
rehabilitation books have examined this area, albeit mostly
from a family support perspective (e.g., counseling, education,
and family training). Harder to come by, however, are books
concerned with family therapy, where treatment goals include
bringing about behavioral change in a disturbed family
unit by essentially psychological methods. This book attempts
to do just that—synthesize family therapy principles
and apply them specifically to traumatic brain injury and
degenerative dementia.
Quantitative analysis of hemispatial neglect in the intracarotid
sodium amobarbital (ISA) test
Authors: Ahern Geoffrey L. , Herring Anne M. , Labiner David M. , Weinand and Martin E.
Published: July 2002

There are dramatic changes in the electroencephalogram
of the inactivated hemisphere in the intracarotid sodium
amobarbital test. One of the more profound behavioral changes
during this procedure is left hemispatial neglect accompanying
right hemisphere inactivation. The present study was designed
to ascertain whether there was a clear relationship between
the degree of hemispheric inactivation (as measured by
the electroencephalogram) and the degree of left hemispatial
neglect during this procedure. Sixty-nine participants
undergoing right hemisphere intracarotid sodium amobarbital
testing were presented with a random letter cancellation
test at various points during the procedure. Neglect was
quantified as significant, moderate,
minimal, or none, based on how many target
letters the patients missed. The simultaneous electroencephalogram
from each of these testing points was spectrally analyzed
and topographic maps were generated. The degree of neglect
was then compared with the comparable topographic map.
It was found that as the amobarbital-induced right hemispheric
dysfunction regressed, the degree of neglect lessened in
a systematic fashion, as did the profound electroencephalographic
changes induced by the drug. Thus, there is a clear relation
between the degree of hemispheric inactivation induced
by the amobarbital and the degree of left hemispatial neglect.
This relationship held regardless of side of hemispheric
language dominance or epileptic focus. These results replicate
previous findings that right hemisphere inactivation during
the intracarotid sodium amobarbital test results in left
hemispatial neglect. They extend these findings by clearly
showing that neglect changes in a quantitative fashion
(rather than being an all-or-none phenomenon) and further,
show that there is a clear relationship between the severity
of neglect and the degree of hemispheric dysfunction. (JINS,
1998, 4, 99–105.)
Cognitive outcome in children and adolescents following
severe traumatic brain injury: Influence of psychosocial,
psychiatric, and injury-related variables
Authors: MAX JEFFREY E. , ROBERTS MARY ANN , KOELE SHARON L. , LINDGREN SCOTT D. , ROBIN DONALD A. , ARNDT STEPHAN , SMITH WILBUR L. , SATO YUTAKA
Published: July 2002

Previous studies of childhood traumatic brain injury
(TBI) have emphasized injury-related variables rather than
psychiatric or psychosocial factors as correlates of cognitive
outcomes. We addressed this concern by recruiting a consecutive
series (N = 24) of children age 5 through 14 years
who suffered a severe TBI, a matched group who sustained
a mild TBI, and a second matched group who sustained an
orthopedic injury. Standardized intellectual, memory, psychiatric,
family functioning, family psychiatric history, neurological,
and neuroimaging assessments were conducted at an average
of 2 years following injury. Severe TBI, when compared
to mild TBI and orthopedic injury, was associated with
significant decrements in intellectual and memory function.
A principal components analysis of independent variables
that showed significant (p < .05) bivariate
correlations with the outcome measures yielded a neuropsychiatric
factor encompassing severity of TBI indices and postinjury
psychiatric disorders and a psychosocial disadvantage
factor. Both factors were independently and significantly
related to intellectual and memory function outcome. Postinjury
psychiatric disorders added significantly to severity indices
and family functioning and family psychiatric history added
significantly to socioeconomic status in explaining several
specific cognitive outcomes. These results may help to
define subgroups of children who will require more intensive
services following their injuries. (JINS, 1999,
5, 58–68.)
Acquisition of output irregular orthographic representations
in normal adults: An experimental study
Authors: BASSO ANNA , BURGIO FRANCESCA , PRANDONI PAOLA
Published: July 2002

Twenty normal controls without previous knowledge
of French were asked to learn 12 French words that could
not be written by Italian correspondence rules. After acquisition
of the phonological representations, participants were
presented the pictures and asked to write the corresponding
words (baseline). They were then presented 3 times with
the pictures and the corresponding written words. After
a filled delay of 10 min, they were re-presented the pictures
and asked to write the corresponding words (testing). A
week later, participants were again requested to write
the words (follow-up). Number of words correctly written
at testing and at follow-up significantly differs from
baseline, as well as number of words correctly written
at testing and at follow-up. These results are discussed
and it is suggested that acquisition of irregular output
orthographic representations can be supported by knowledge
of orthographic representations for reading and that rehabilitation
of patients with damage to output orthographic representations
can utilize input orthographic representations. (JINS,
1999, 5, 405–412.)
Valuing mineral stocks and depletion in green national income accounts
Authors: DAVIS GRAHAM A. , MOORE DAVID J.
Published: July 2002

This paper investigates the theory and practice of adjusting national income and product accounts for the stock and depletion of mineral assets. These green income adjustments can have a significant impact on the accounts of mineral-based developing economies and the macroeconomic policies that might be derived from these accounts. We propose that the popular methods used to adjust the accounts for the impacts of mineral assets and depletion are upwardly biased, and we present alternative stock valuation and depletion formulas that are empirically supported variants of the formulas currently in use.