bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Fox Matthew
Published: November 2023

The literary texts which form the subject of this book all date from the period when Rome’s republican constitution was disintegrating, to be replaced by the personal domination of constitutional powers known as the principate or empire. Looking back on the change, Tacitus perceived symmetry and regularity in Rome’s constitutional development.
The Account of the Regal Period in Dionysius of Halicarnassus’ Antiquitates Romanae
1
Authors: Fox Matthew
Published: November 2023

Dionysius’ strongly idealized vision of the regal period raises again questions concerning belief in historical reconstructions. Dionysius’ critics, of whom there have been many, have supposed that his praise of Rome was essentially the work of a propagandist, and that Dionysius’ rhetorical interests were to blame for his failure to follow the most basic tenets of historical method. In order to explain the processes whereby Dionysius passed off an idealization as true history, I shall examine precisely what lies behind his characterization of the regal period: what he thinks the regal period was like and in what way he conveys this in his narration. Thereafter, I shall adduce his views on historiography, in order to understand more precisely the theoretical framework upon which his idealization is based, and to observe in greater detail how ideas of historical composition are manifested in the narrative account. I demonstrate that it was not through stupidity or intellectual limitation that Dionysius produced his idealization: rather that, although his account appears to take little notice of modern conceptions of historical composition, it does fit very closely into a system of historiography which had its own logic, a knowledge of which can lead to a better understanding of how all idealizing historical accounts function.
Introduction
Authors: Fear A T
Published: November 2023

The Roman province of Baetica was created in c.16 BC by the emperor Augustus from part of the old republican province of Hispania Ulterior. In modern terms it comprised most of the present-day Spanish province of Andalusia and the southern part of that of Extremadura. It comes as a surprise to many to learn that, after Switzerland, Spain is the most mountainous country in Europe. The Iberian peninsula is one of strong geographical contrasts, and perhaps Baetica, though often portrayed as simply a lowland region given over to arable farming and arboriculture, demonstrates this more than any other region of the country. An analysis of the development and the nature of life in the province must take into account the radically contrasting landscapes found there, and examine the evidence in terms not of a unitary whole, but of the various natural geographical areas into which the region is divided.
The Flavian Municipal Law: Peregrini, Cives Latini, and Cives Romani
Authors: Gives Latini Peregrini
Published: November 2023

Any discussion of the extent of Roman-style urbanization and practices in Baetica in the early imperial period must centre to a large degree on an examination and assessment of Vespasian’s grant of the ius Latii to Hispania and its consequent impact on provincial life. Our evidence for the grant is twofold: literary and epigraphic. Unfortunately, despite the importance of the event, our only literary record is a brief afterthought at the end of Pliny’s account of the Iberian peninsula which ironically renders redundant most of what he has said previously about the legal status of the various communities there. Nevertheless Pliny’s notice does show us that the grant gave a right which had previously been enjoyed by very few towns in the region to all communities there.
Dionysian Imagery in Fifth-Century Athens
Authors: Carpenter Thomas H
Published: November 2023

Dionysian Imagery in Fifth-Century Athens is a response to the question, `What can surviving visual sources reveal about fifth-century Attic perceptions of Dionysos?' In this sequel to his book Dionysian Imagery in Archaic Greek Art (1986), Thomas Carpenter defines a methodology for using ancient Greek imagery as evidence for cultural and religious activity based on an empirical rather than theoretical approach. Red-figure vases provide the richest source of Dionysian iconography, but the significant volume of evidence supplied by architectural sculpture, coins, and the theatre also demands attention. The conclusions that Carpenter draws from his extensive study challenge commonly-held views about the meaning of Dionysian imagery: women depicted with the god in red-figure vase scenes are demonstrated to be semi-divine nymphs rather than human `maenads' and cannot be seen as evidence for maenadic practices in Attic cults; although many fifth-century depictions are mock-heroic, the Dionysos of the comic theatre is never represented, nor is the god ever dressed in feminine clothing. It is also argued that the introduction of accessories associated with ecstatic worship in Dionysian scenes can be explained with reference to narratives rather than attributed to cult practices. While seeking to unravel the important social and cultural implications of this religious imagery, Carpenter takes care to point out the problems inherent in the evidence available for scrutiny.
Bacchae and Frogs
Authors: Carpenter Thomas H
Published: November 2023

After vase painting, Euripides’ Bacchae is the richest source of Dionysian imagery to survive from fifth-century Athens. When the play was pro duced, Dionysian narratives had already appeared on Attic vases for more than a century and a half, and the death of Pentheus itself had appeared on them for nearly a century. Presumably an Athenian attending the performance would have been familiar with other images connected with the god and might also have seen other versions of the Pentheus story in the theatre. He might recently have attended the performance of Aristophanes’ Frogs where Dionysos was also a central character.
Conclusion
Authors: Carpenter Thomas H
Published: November 2023

For fifth-century Athenians the name Dionysos would have had a multitude of associations coming from many sources: from poetry, the theatre, traditional tales, vases, sculpture, monumental painting, and cult to name a few of the more tangible ones. The incarnate Dionysos who appears in images usually has a human form, and extant evidence (literary and archaeological) allows the conclusion that some Athenians might have recognized three broad categories into which representations of the anthropomorphic Dionysos fit: the mythic, the comic, and the cultic. Failure to recognize the differences between these forms has led to much scholarly confusion in the past as attempts have been made to patch together a whole Dionysos from contradictory bits of evidence.
Horace’s Narrative Odes
Authors: Lowrie Michéle
Published: November 2023

Narrative has not traditionally been a subject in the analysis of lyric poetry. This book deconstructs the polarity that divides and binds lyric and narrative means of representation in Horace's Odes. While myth is a canonical feature of Pindaric epinician, Horace cannot adopt the Pindaric mode for aesthetic and political reasons. Roman Callimacheanism's privileging of the small and elegant offers a pretext for Horace to shrink from the difficulty of writing praise poetry in the wake of civil war. But Horace by no means excludes story-telling from his enacted lyric. On the formal level, numerous odes contain narration. Together they constitute a larger narrative told over the course of Horace's two lyric collections. Horace tells the story of his development as a lyricist and of the competing aesthetic and political demands on his lyric poetry. At issue is whether he can ever truly become a poet of praise.
Social Distinctions
Authors: Dickey Eleanor
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters we have discussed all the major types of address which occur in the works surveyed. Some facets of the way the Greek address system worked, however, cannot easily be seen from a discussion of the individual terms, since they concern certain types of speakers or addressees who use or receive a number of different kinds of address. In this chapter we shall examine selected groups of speakers and addressees to determine their usage of various terms.
The Theory of the Mixed Constitution at Rome
Authors: Lintott Andrew
Published: November 2023

The application of the theory of the mixed constitution to Rome in the works of Polybius and Cicero can be properly appreciated only in the light of the origins of the theory in classical Greece, where the one full exposition surviving to us is to be found in Aristotle’s Politics. The problems in Aristotle’s treatment require a separate discussion, and the reader here must be content with summal): But this too must be briefly set in its historical context.
Varro and the Antiquarianism of Philosophy
Authors: Tarver* Thomas
Published: November 2023

Antiquarianism and philosophy: it may seem odd that these two things could have much, if anything, in common. At least at first sight, that is. But the impact of Greek ideas and philosophical techniques on Rome in the late Republic and early Empire was not only part of that larger cultural interaction which we have come to call ·Hellenization’, but \Vas quite capable itself of producing, like the larger whole of which it was an essential part, some interesting, even curious, phenomena.
Sotadies
Authors: Hoffmann Herbert
Published: November 2023

In this book the author explores the work of the fifth-century BC Athenian vase-painter, Sotades, one of the most familiar names in vase painting. Previous scholarship has dealt mainly with questions of attribution, style, and iconographic interpretation, but Dr Hoffman concentrates on inherent meaning: what does the imagery of these decorated vases really signify? He argues that, contrary to widely held conceptions, there is an underlying unity of meaning in Greek vases and their imagery, a unity rooted in the religious beliefs and ritual practices of the society from which they spring. Each chapter discusses a specific aspect of the artist's iconology, placing it in the context of fifth-century BC Greek philosophical and religious thought.
Split Sense
Authors: Hoffmann Split Sense[CTHerbert
Published: November 2023

An unusual group of Sotadean rhyta poses a curious problem in interpretation, for they combine the longitudinally split heads of two different animals: in the one instance the left side of a donkey’s head with the right half of a ram’s (Figs. 32-4, Cat. N1-4), the right side of a ram with the left side of a boar in the other (Fig. 36, Cat. P1). Even without taking account of the Greek habit of contrasting opposites in the animal kingdom in order to characterize human cultural differences, the pairing of these animals in this grotesque fashion would be assumed to have some social purpose and meaning.
Kekrops and the Sphinx
Authors: Hoffmann Herbert
Published: November 2023

The theme of the ram’s-head rhyton examined in the previous chapter-rites of passage and the transition from mortal to immortal-is also the leitmotiv of the celebrated Sphinx Vase by Sotades in the British Museum (Figs. 40-7, Cat. Ei). Here, the initiation topos is treated with considerably greater refinement. The vase is very probably a pottery replica of a lost precious-metal vessel consisting of two separate parts: a sphinx-stand and a removable drinking horn. The projecting spout between the sphinx’s paws may be a token reference to the function of the original as a rhyton (see Introduction).
Amazon
Authors: Hoffmann Herbert
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers the celebrated Amazon Vase in Boston (Figs. 5oa-c, Cat. Hr) and calls attention to a noteworthy example of upernoia(concealed meaning) in Attic painting. The object, a statuette-rhyton, was found intact on top of a child’s grave at the foot of a royal pyramid at Kush (Meroe) in the Sudan, at the time of Sotades the residence of a Persian satrap. It served as a funeral dedication.
The Cicada on the Omphalos
Authors: Hoffmann Herbert
Published: November 2023

A finely turned pottery phialein Boston has a life-size cicada perched on its central boss, or omphalos (Fig. 65, Cat. Ur). The interior is fluted, making it a pottery facsimile of a precious-metal libation bowl like the similarly shaped bowls represented on the Persepolis reliefs. The vessel was found in 1890 in an Athenian tomb together with eight other pottery vessels, and can be dated to the middle of the fifth century BC. The rim bears an inscription in neatly incised letters: SO(tades) E(poie): ‘Sotades made (me)’.
Aletheia
Authors: Hoffmann Herbert
Published: November 2023

The three white-ground cups by the Sotades Painter discussed in this chapter are said to have been found a century ago in an Athenian tomb together with six other vases (including the cicada-phiale discussed in Chapter n). The extremely delicate fabric of these objects, as well as their decoration in the fugitive white-ground technique, indicate that they were created especially for the tomb. Their decoration deals in each instance with the theme of death and immortality.
Cicero’s Correspondence
Authors: Hutchinson G O
Published: November 2023

There has been a great revival of interest in the writings of Cicero, one of the most important Latin prose writers; his letters have remained unaccountably neglected, save for basic textual and explanatory work, and for detailed history. This study shows that Cicero's letters should be regarded as artistic works, the artistry no less real for being bound up with personal situations. With close analyses, extensive use of contemporary literature, and a new understanding of the role of rhythm in the letters, Prof Hutchinson reveals the value of approaching the letters as writing. Such an approach will be found of significance for history as well as literature. All Latin in the text is translated. translated.
Time
Authors: Hutchinson G O
Published: November 2023

The subject of time in these letters may be a difficult one; but it throws much light on their qualities. We have already discussed letters where past events are enclosed into the form of narrative; but there the treatment of time is comparatively simple, and more akin to that in other kinds of literature. Time in letters is particularly complicated. One may find some leads by using, or perverting, ideas from philosophy and linguistics.

Kant conceives of time as something subjective, the containing mould in which our arrangement of our experience is inevitably formed. It is we who organize occurrences (or rather states of mind) in time. Without venturing to deny the absolute reality of time-could we forgive ourselves? – we may still find suggestive for literature the idea of time as in effect a shaping of perceptions by the mind, and as a framework for contemplating them rather than an object of contemplation in itself.
The Constitution of the Roman Republic
Authors: Lintott Andrew
Published: November 2023

There is no other published book in English studying the constitution of the Roman Republic as a whole. Yet the Greek historian Polybius believed that the constitution was a fundamental cause of the exponential growth of Rome's empire. He regarded the Republic as unusual in two respects: first, because it functioned so well despite being a mix of monarchy, oligarchy and democracy; secondly, because the constitution was the product of natural evolution rather than the ideals of a lawgiver. Even if historians now seek more widely for the causes of Rome's rise to power, the importance and influence of her political institutions remains. The reasons for Rome's power are both complex, on account of the mix of elements, and flexible, inasmuch as they were not founded on written statutes but on unwritten traditions reinterpreted by successive generations. Knowledge of Rome's political institutions is essential both for ancient historians and for those who study the contribution of Rome to the republican tradition of political thought from the Middle Ages to the revolutions inspired by the Enlightenment.
The Assemblies
Authors: Lintott Andrew
Published: November 2023

Under the developed Roman Republic, as Polybius pointed out, it was the people who conferred magistracies, enacted or rejected laws, had the ultimate say in capital punishment and (though this ceased to be true de facto after his day) in decisions of war, peace, and alliance. The people were not the only source of political power, but they may be reasonably described as a sovereign authority, if one considers that they were in theory permitted to abolish the Republic by legislation or by the conferral of extraordinary powers on a magistrate: indeed it is arguable that they did just that, first when they voted extraordinary powers to Julius Caesar as dictator, then when the lex Titia created the triumvirate in 43 BC, and finally when the assembly confirmed Augustus’ unprecedented package of powers in 23 BC.
Criminal Justice
Authors: Lintott Andrew
Published: November 2023

Some indications of the nature of Roman judicial procedure have emerged in preceding chapters, when the subject of discusssion has been the functions of assemblies and those of certain magistrates-in particular the praetors, tribunes of the plebs, aediles, and tresviri capitales. It is not within the scope of this book to investigate the intricate web of actions comprised in Roman private law, which sought to resolve disputes between individual citizens and indeed aliens under Roman jurisdiction: what is germane is the procedure where the individual came face to face with public authority because of an alleged offence against the community.
Discriminating Pleasures: Aristotle’s Poetics and the Civic Spectator
Authors: Too Yun Lee
Published: November 2023

Chapter 3 remains with the fourth century in offering a reading of Aristotle’s contribution to ancient criticism. What justifies the current study giving this attention to Plato’s close contemporary is the way in which scholars have constructed chronologies of literary history which attribute significance to this author and his work, even, on occasion, to the disregard of Plato. Aristotle fills an important gap between classical Greek discussions of literature and the Hellenistic period. His and Theophrastus’ works apart, no substantial works of criticism exist from Plato until the first century BCE so that we must rely on fragments and testimonia preserved in later authors for the intervening period. Aristotle is a reference point, and precisely a terminus post quem, for the narrative of ‘criticism’, which ancient and modern scholars understand as a discourse about literature. In antiquity, Dio Chrysostom attributed the beginnings of the arts of criticism (kritikē) and of grammar (grammatikē) to the philosopher (Or. 36. 1).
From Criticism to Self-Censorship, from Republic to Empire
Authors: Too Yun Lee
Published: November 2023

It is possible to write a narrative of literary criticism which stresses the continuities between the Greek critical enterprise and the Roman one. The texts I have examined up to this point show that critical activity in the sense of a process of literary discrimination and Judgement is the norm rather than the exception where ancient communities are concerned. In the pre-Roman period, literary criticism is an activity that is imposed from outside upon the process of literary production by leaders, legislators, and their representatives and from within by the very authors who participate in the production of literary material. In the case of Plato and Aristotle, it is the writers of literary texts who themselves attempt to constrain the work of other authors, while the Alexandnan Mouseion-Library endeavours to formalize literary norms and ideals which the critic-poets also enact in their own work. Working from this background, this chapter seeks to demonstrate that this activity is not one confined to Hellenic culture. It examines the specificities of criticism in the Roman period in particular, to show how they articulate ideals of discursive order and constraint both around and against a rehistoricized Greek past and shifting contemporary political ideals.
Rhetoric and Assumptions: Romans and Rabbis on Sex
Authors: Satlow Michael l.
Published: November 2023

When we examine the contact between Jews and non-Jews in the Graeco-Roman world, we ask two sets of questions. First, we seek to describe the similarities and differences between the various groups. Second, we attempt to explain the significance of these similarities and differences. The first task, that of description, appears on the surface to be relatively straightforward.
The Rabbis and the Documents
Authors: Cotton Hannah M
Published: November 2023

On 2 December 127 CE Babatha daughter of Shim’on had her guardian, Judah son of Eleazar Khthousion, write the following sworn subscription to her land declaration, submitted in Rabbath Moab on the occasion of the census held in the Roman province of Arabia by the governor, Titus Aninius Sextius Florentinus: ‘I, Babatha daughter of Shim’on, swear by the genius (tyche) of the Lord Caesar that I have in good faith registered as has been written above. I, Judanes son of Eleazar, acted as guardian and wrote for her.’ This subscription has survived only in its Greek translation in the verified copy of Babatha’s land declaration. Seven months earlier, around 25 April, another Jew, whose name has not been preserved, but whose patronymic is Levi, thus X son of Levi, because he was illiterate had his sworn declaration written for him by the Nabataean Onainos son of Sa ‘adalos.
The Emperor
Authors: Lendon J E
Published: November 2023

When Augustus learned of his daughter Julia’s adulteries, he withdrew into seclusion, overwhelmed, observers thought, by shame. Shame at his own disgusting lusts and repulsive appearance might explain Tiberius’ lurking on Capri.Even Nero’s murder of Corbulo at Cenchreae could be put down to a fastidious unwillingness to be seen by his distinguished general while dressed to play the lyre.Conjectures like these, whatever their worth, emphasize the emperors’ participation in the wider values of Graeco-Roman society. People who knew expected the emperor to have the same sense of shame as everybody else, at least while he remained sane. The collapse of this sense of shame could be depicted as an essential part of an emperor’s transformation into a tyrannical monster, and Domitian’s ruddy complexion, which fortified him against blushing at his acts, might therefore be implicated in his tyranny.
Philosophical Allegiance in the Greco—Roman World
Authors: Sedley* David
Published: November 2023

AT the risk of over-generalization, I shall be claiming in this paper that in the Greco-Roman world, especially during the Hellenistic and Roman periods, what gives philosophical movements their cohesion and identity is less a disinterested common quest for the truth than a virtually religious commitment to the authority of a founder figure. More specifically, I shall try to illustrate how this kind of loyalty can look when put into practice, using the earliest datable instance known to me, from the writings of the first-century BC Epicurean Philodemus. I accept that there may be individual professed school-adherents who break this pattern. But the pattern itself must be appreciated before the nature of any such exceptions can be understood.
Cicero on Stoic Moral Philosophy and Private Property
Authors: Annas Julia
Published: November 2023

IN Book III of the De Oificiis Cicero is discussing cases where what is morally right appears to conflict with what is advantageous. In the course of this he retails some examples and the conflicting treatment of them by two heads of the Stoic school, Diogenes of Babylon and Antipater of Tarsus. Both of these were long since dead: Diogenes was a pupil of Chrysippus, and one of the members of the famous embassy to Rome of the three leading Athenian philosophers in 155 Be; Antipater was Diogenes’ pupil, as was Panaetius, whose work On Duties Cicero is following, as he tells us, in the first two books of De Officiis.
Philosophy and Religion in the Late Republic
Authors: Brunt P A
Published: November 2023

From the second century BC Greek culture was increasingly imbibed by the Roman élite. Many of them thus became familiar, or at least superficially acquainted, with Greek philosophic ideas, partly through the medium of instruction in Greek rhetoric, which had a more practical value for those who followed a political career. It was members of the elite who filled the great priesthoods at Rome and were responsible for the maintenance of the state cults. Scholars have commonly held that in the late Republic these cults were increasingly neglected, that traditional beliefs on religious matters were weakening, and that the attempt made by Augustus to restore the old religion was artificial and had little permanent effect.
Plutarch: Roman Heroes and Greek Culture
Authors: Pelling Christopher
Published: November 2023

Marcellus enjoyed all the better reputation with the common people, because he adorned the city with works of visual art which were delightful in their Hellenic grace and their truth to nature. On the other hand it was Fabius Maximus who earned the approval of the older people, because after he had captured Tarentum he did not disturb or remove anything of the kind: he carried off all the city’s money and other valuables, but allowed all the statues to remain in place, adding the famous remark, ‘Let us leave the Tarentines their angry gods’. Such people blamed Marcellus, firstly for rendering the city vulnerable to envy, if not only men but even gods were to be paraded like captives in his triumphal procession; and secondly because until then the people had spent their time either in warfare or in agriculture and had never tasted luxury or leisure, so that their character had been like that of Euripides’
Song and Artefact
Authors: Finkelberg Margalit
Published: November 2023

Although we have seen that only the ‘poetics of truth’ was relevant to the traditional Greek view of poetry, this does not necessarily mean that the ‘poetics of fiction’ was altogether alien to the Greek tradition. The very fact that Homeric man, as our discussion has shown, was held to be either responsible or not responsible for his activities, makes the poetics of fiction possible. Whether or not this possibility would also be actualized depends on whether or not the class of activities for which Homeric man is held individually responsible makes provision for an activity which can act as a typological counterpart to poetry. There is no difficulty in seeing that the activity in question is represented by handicrafts. Proceeding from their position within the classification of Homeric man’s activities discussed in Chapter 2, handicrafts can be defined as an activity of Homeric man belonging to the class of activities (constituted by practical wisdom, skills, and sports) which possess the semantic characteristics ‘teaching’ and ‘knowledge’ and for which, therefore, man is held individually responsible; it is thus opposed to the class of activities (constituted by instincts, emotions, insight, heroic valour, and singing) which possesses the semantic characteristics ‘giving’ and ‘ignorance’ and for which, therefore, man is not held individually responsible. At the same time, handicrafts and poetry, or ‘singing’, are not only set against each other as members of the opposed classes of Homeric man’s activities: their relationship is determined by the fact that they are seen as the only productive activities in their respective classes. That is to say, within the general opposition between the two classes of human activity, handicrafts and singing form a particular opposition relevant to these two activities alone, that between the author’s being, and not being, responsible for his work. This allows one to suggest that the two typological variants of poetics, the ‘poetics of truth’ and the ‘poetics of fiction’, are both present in Homer.
Translation
Authors: Whitehead David
Published: November 2023

Well personally, men of the jury, as I was just saying to those seated nearby, I am amazed at this affair here. By God! To think that Demosthenes is the only man in the polis invulnerable both to the laws, which insist that an individual entering into agreements to his disadvantage is still bound by them, and to the people’s decrees— which you are under oath to observe when you cast your votes—proposed not by any of Demosthenes’ enemies but by the man himself.
TheGreat King and the Cities
Authors: Ma John
Published: November 2023

How to talk about the Hellenistic world? The topic is well agreed on (if not always defined with rigour), the scholarship plentiful, so that the diversity of this world and of possible approaches can be illustrated by some recent (or not so recent) works, without any claim at comprehensiveness. There have been synoptic treatments of the period, textbooks or essays rather than intensive scholarly studies (the exception still being M. Rostovtzeff’s Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World); other large-scale works have examined its political history, and the coming of Rome.
Rationalization and Disenchantment in Ancient Greece: Max Weber among the Pythagoreans and Orphics?
Authors: Bremmer Jan
Published: November 2023

Every attempt at periodization in history carries the danger of dividing the flow of time into a strict before and after. Naturally, we would all claim to be aware of this problem, but experience teaches that it is hard to escape such easy categorizations. In any case, a certain truth can hardly be denied to important distinctions such as that represented by the concept of the Renaissance or, even more clearly, that of the Enlightenment. The opposition of muthos vs. logos is another of these well-known distinctions, popularized in particular by Wilhelm Nestle (1865-1959), who in his book Vom Mythos zum Logos attempted to sketch the process of rationalization in Greece.
The Rhetoric of Muthos and Logos: Forms of Figurative Discourse
Authors: Calame Claude
Published: November 2023

Staunchly clinging to the Alps, the Swiss historian and anthropologist cannot remain unresponsive to the profound transformation undergone by mountain reality at the end of the eighteenth century. Naturally, the change affected the productive basis of societies and cultures whose economy was divided between self-sufficiency and commercial revenues accruing from the crossing of the passes. But it also profoundly affected the representation of the mountain landscape from which those communities derived their income, a landscape which was gradually being appropriated by the city-dwellers who came there in search of strong sensations or who made it an object of learned study. Aesthetic aspirations and scholarly interests accordingly combined to produce a wholly new image of the Alps, ranging from the romantic idyll of healthy life on the mountain pasture to the geological upheavals which shape the grandiose and sublime setting. This complex symbolic representation still underlies many of the postcards and brochures published to attract tourists to the Alpine winter- or summer-sports resorts.
What is a Muthos for Plato?
Authors: Murray Penelope
Published: November 2023

‘We cannot tell (nor could Plato himself have told) where the figure or myth ends and the philosophical truth begins.’This comment of Benjamin Jowett’s on the Timaeus encapsulates the problem which I shall be considering in this paper: what constitutes muthos for Plato, and how far can we speak of Platonic myth as something separable from Platonic philosophy?I shall begin by summarizing the discussion of myth in Republic book 2, where the question is raised as to what kind of education the young guardians should receive in the ideal state. The educators begin with mousike, and mousike includes logoi--stories (or discourse perhaps). There are two kinds of logoi, says Socrates at 377a1, one true, the other false (to men alethes, pseudos d’ heteron).
Frontier and Society in Roman North Africa
Authors: Cherry David
Published: November 2023

This book seeks to define the cultural, social, and economic consequences of the Roman occupation of North Africa (c.50 BC-AD 250), mainly in the semi-arid frontier-zone of what is today Algeria. It also offers a fresh look at the development and purpose of the north African frontier-system. Through detailed examination of the region's archaeological and epigraphic record, including the marriage-patterns recorded on its surviving, funerary inscriptions, Professor Cherry demonstrates that there was probably little acculturation in the north African frontier-zone. The Roman army, long considered to be a powerful instrument of Romanization and a bridge to the indigenous societies of the provinces of the Empire, is shown to have functioned primarily as an army of occupation on the north African frontier, segregated, by choice or circumstance, from the region's aboriginal population.
Introduction
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G
Published: November 2023

This book is about the transformation of cities and life in cities during what is sometimes known as the age of Migrations or the Dark Ages, that is the years from c.400 to c.650 AD, the period when the classical Roman world was changing into the world of the Middle Ages. At the centre of the investigation is the development of urbanism over the whole area, East as well as West, of what had been the Roman Empire.
The Rise of the Bishop
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G
Published: November 2023

In the loosely structured post-curial municipal administration the most permanent functionary and the only one who had achieved his position with popular consent was the bishop. The bishop would therefore seem to have been the natural leader and spokesman of his city. It is therefore not surprising that in civic emergencies we often find the local bishop in precisely that position. Moreover it is the case that as cities shrank and secular government declined, whatever administrative tasks remained tended to fall to the bishop.
Monotheism and Pagan Philosophy in Later Antiquity
Authors: Frede Michael
Published: November 2023

There is a temptation to think that one thing which ultimately distinguished Christians from pagans in antiquity was that the Christians, following the Jews, believed in one God, whereas the pagans believed in many gods. Sometimes this is expressed by saying that the Christians were monotheists, while the pagans were polytheists. Obviously, even in antiquity, Christians were tempted to present matters as if they believed in one God, whereas the pagans believed in many gods. This is the way matters are presented, for instance, by Marius Victorinus.
The Chaldaean Oracles: Theology and Theurgy
Authors: Athanassiadi Polymnia
Published: November 2023

The Chaldaean Oracles are a divine revelation in Greek hexameter verse of a cosmological and soteriological system and of a set of moral and ritual rules and instructions. In this, as in many other respects, the poem is not unlike the Koran. A persistent tradition, first detectable in Iamblichus, echoed by the emperor Julian and repeated by Proclus, attributes its authorship to a certain Julian the Theurgist; this claim is corroborated by the tenth-century Suda Lexicon, where, in two separate entries, Julian the Theurgist is described as the author of oracles in hexameters who lived at the time of Marcus Aurelius, and Julian the Chaldaean as his father and a philosopher.
Homer and the Resources of Memory
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

How could a poet who worked in an oral tradition maintain the momentum of his song? How could a poet such as Homer weave a tale which filled an evening or, perhaps, a whole long night? The answer lies in memory, as we have known. But this bald explanation does not do justice either to the complexity of memory or to the richness of the Homeric epics. Now that so much more information has become available to us, from cognitive psychology and linguistics, about the workings of the mind, we can identify with greater precision those contributions which memory makes to the composition and performance of oral traditional song. In this study the author shows that the demands made on the poet, who relies neither on rote memory nor on written notes, have led him adopt to certain memory-based strategies which have left their traces in the text. What we discover is that the poet in an oral tradition makes intense and creative use of those resources of memory, which are available to us all - episodic memory, auditory memory, visual memory, and spatial memory - to assist him both in the preparation of his song and at the moment of performance.
Post-Hellenistic Philosophy
Authors: Coys-Stones G R
Published: November 2023

This book traces, for the first time, a revolution in philosophy which took place during the early centuries of our era. It reconstructs the philosophical basis of the Stoics' theory that fragments of an ancient and divine wisdom could be reconstructed from mythological traditions, and shows that Platonism was founded on an argument that Plato had himself achieved a full reconstruction of this wisdom, and that subsequent philosophies had only regressed once again in their attempts to 'improve' on his achievement. The significance of this development is highlighted through parallel studies of the Hellenistic debate over the status of Jewish culture; and of the philosophical beginnings of Christianity, where the notions of 'orthodoxy' and 'heresy' in particular are shown to be tools in the construction of a unified history of Christian philosophy stretching back to primitive antiquity.
Antiquity in Graeco-Egyptian Anti-Semitism
Authors: Coys-Stones G R
Published: November 2023

The distinctive character of Jewish culture attracted the attention of the Greeks a long while before the two peoples ever came into close contact. The Jewish practice of circumcision, for example, and the forms observed in their sacrifices were early on noted by the Greeks as something alien, intriguing, and in any case distinctly un-Hellenic.1 Such knowledge as the mainland Greeks had of the Jews (and this knowledge was probably not in the first place very extensive or profound) suggested an exotic people to them, one linked in their minds with the Magi and Gymnosophists.2 But in the Ptolemaic city of Alexandria the Greeks were to encounter Jewish culture at first hand, and in a way that demanded a more considered response: and while attitudes towards the distant cultures of the Magi and Indian sages remained aloof, perhaps, but increasingly benign, the Greeks’ response to the Jews hardened there into a more systematic form of cultural anti-Semitism.
Alcibiades and Athens
Authors: Gribble David
Published: November 2023

It is not the aim of this book to add to the extensive literature on Alcibiades' life and career. Instead the author focuses on the explosive mix of fear and fascination excited by Alcibiades in his contemporaries and in particular in key literary texts: Thucydides, the mysterious pseudo-Andocides 4, the encomium of Isocrates 16, the final scene of Plato's Symposium. The book is about the acute tension between the classical city and the individual of superlative power, status, and ambition. It looks at the way Alcibiades is approximated to archetypes of the individual 'outside' the city: the tyrant, the athletic victor, the ostracism victim, the scapegoat, the barbarian. Whereas modern discussions of ancient Athens and Athenian civic texts stress collective ideology, this study focuses on the opposing strand in tension with this dominant ideology: the fascination with the powerful individual. The book is thus at once a contribution to the study of civic ideology, and also to that of the individual and of the role of the individual in classical texts - rhetoric, the historiography of Thucydides, the Platonic dialogue. The book also considers the development of the post-classical depiction of Alcibiades, concluding with a study of Plutarch's reaction both to this tradition and to the classical texts.
Comic Business
Authors: Revermann Martin
Published: November 2023

Comic Business situates Aristophanic comedy in the context of competitive (re)performance culture in 5th- and 4th-century Greece. It seeks to illuminate how the dazzling busyness of Aristophanic comedy is the creation of a carefully manipulating craftsman trying to outdo his rivals in the fierce competition of the dramatic festivals. Theoretically informed by theatre semiotics and frame-based models of conceptualizing the theatrical event, it analyses in a number of case studies how theatrical resources of all kinds are utilized in order to generate theatrical meaning as well as capture and sustain audience interest. The approach therefore combines philological analysis with methodologies developed in Theatre Studies.
Reading the Past
Authors: Chaplin Jane D
Published: November 2023

On 18 July 380 BCE, the Praenestines drew up their forces at the river Allia and prepared to attack the Romans. The latter were caught in the midst of recruiting an army to face the emergency, but managed not only to break up the assault but also to drive the enemy back to its city; the Romans then took over the eight towns under Praenestine control, accepted the surrender of the Praenestines, and set up a victory monument (6. 28. 5-29. IO).
Borrowing: The Presentation and Status of the Greek Words in Latin Medical Terminology
Authors: Langslow D R
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with the presentation and use of Greek medical terms in our four Latin medical texts. It is limited, then, to a few aspects of just one part of linguistic borrowing, namely to lexical borrowing; semantic borrowing is considered in the chapter on semantic extension (3. 3 below).
Compounding and Affixal Derivation
Authors: Langslow D R
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I consider the numerous medical terms that show the results of Latin derivational processes. 1 These processes involve, in nearly every case, suffixation and/or conversion (the use of an adjective as a noun); there are a few examples of purification (5. 4. 1, 2) and a very few instances of compounding, with which I begin (5. 2). While the chapter does not pretend to be an exhaustive account of the derivational morphology of Latin medical vocabulary, it does include all the prominent types to be found in our four authors. I am concerned above all, once again, with the formation of nouns (5. 3), though some important adjectival formations also receive attention (5. 4).
The Shield of Achilles
Authors: Alden Maureen
Published: November 2023

Thefunction of para-narratives as a commentary on the events of the main plot of the Iliad is seen particularly clearly in the poet’s description of the scenes depicted by Hephaestus on the shield he makes for Achilles at the request of Thetis. The poet is perfectly free to describe any decoration he wishes his audience to imagine on the shield. He could have followed the pattern of some of his other descriptions of armour and weapons, which concentrate simply on ornament and luxury. For example, the bands of gold and the dark blue snakes decorating Agamemnon’s breastplate are lovingly described, and so is his shield emblazoned with Panic and Fear and a three-headed snake (II. II. I 9-28, 32-40). The scenes depicted on the shield are quite different: nowhere else does the poet of the Iliad extrapolate into narrative static motifs such as those represented on the shield.
The Paradigm of Meleager: Application and Implication
Authors: Alden Maureen
Published: November 2023

The Iliad’s version of the story of Meleager presents that hero as the recipient of a number of requests from a succession of persons. Each of these requests is for the same thing: the hero should abandon his wrath and fight in defence of the town. This version of the story displays correspondences with the situation of Achilles: like Meleager, Achilles receives requests from a series of ambassadors, and each of these ambassadors corresponds to a figure in the succession of persons approaching Meleager. The ambassadors, like those who approached Meleager, all ask Achilles to lay aside his anger and fight in their defence. Meleager neglected the early requests put to him, despite the accompanying offer of a handsome present (a wealthy estate): he did not fight until requested to do so by his wife, but by the time of his wife’s request, the emergency of his city had escalated to a crisis, the offer of the handsome present was past, and Meleager returned to the fighting empty-handed. The story of Meleager appears to be offered to Achilles as an example of a hero who was angry, but who laid aside his anger, as Achilles is being urged to do. It is presented as a dissuasive pattern, an example to be avoided: Achilles is being asked to return to battle in exchange for the handsome presents offered in the early stages of the sequence of approaches: he is being advised not to delay until he is requested to return to the fighting by someone he cannot refuse. Nothing suggests that the Calydonian elders or the priests they send to offer gifts to Meleager have close ties of affection with Meleager, but they are rapidly followed by members of Meleager’s family, his dearest friends, and finally his wife, who persuades him to go out and fight.
The Domestic Consumption of Olive Oil
Authors: Foxhall Lin
Published: November 2023

The domestic consumption needs of rich households in ancient Athens for olive oil falls into three basic categories: food, lighting, and personal cleansing and adornment. This last category includes the use of oil in the gymnasium as well as the use of oil for perfume (Raftopoulos 1995; 1996; Brun 2000). This chapter attempts to quantify these demands roughly, and the results are summarized in Table 4.1. Obviously, even a very crude estimate must depend heavily on the judicious use of comparative and ‘proxy’ data, and the resulting figures are inevitably very approximate. Nonetheless, the exercise is useful for the purpose of making a guess at the levels of production for which such households aimed, and thus for building the understanding of the economic, cultural, and nutritional significance of the olive in ancient Athens and Attica, and perhaps more widely in the Greek world, although there are bound to have been significant regional differences in consumption patterns.
Arboriculture and Ornamental Gardens in Ancient Greece
Authors: Foxhall Lin
Published: November 2023

It seems very odd that the Greeks are not better known for their ornamental horticulture in all its many forms; indeed it has been suggested that the Greeks never made gardens for pleasure (e.g. Burford 1993: 137; cf. Osborne 1992b; Carroll-Spillecke 1989). On the contrary, there is a considerable of documentary, archaeological, and iconographic evidence to suggest that they did. Greek gardens were not, of course, herbaceous borders behind the house designed in the style of temperate-zone English or American gardens. It is hardly surprising, given ecological parameters of southern Greece, that they share much more in common with the gardens of southern California. Moreover, the word ‘garden’ itself is misleading: most scholars have tried to translate that back into ancient Greek as kepos, which demonstrably does not mean ornamental garden most of the time (Osborne 1992b).
Conclusions
Authors: Foxhall Lin
Published: November 2023

The central theme of this work has been the ways in which the cultivation of the olive fits into both the cultural and the agricultural systems of the Mediterranean region of ancient Greece, as part of ‘the economy’. Agriculture is one kind of cultural appropriation of the natural world (Bourdieu 1977; 1993: 214–25). In the case of complex societies like those of ancient Greece and Rome, such appropriation is via economic and political, as well as social, institutions (cf. Thomas 1983: 254–6 for the phenomenon in seventeenth- and eighteenth-century England). Hence, the study of farming and farming techniques, as I have shown, is as inseparable from the study of these wider realms as it is indispensable to the understanding and reconstruction of them.