bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mathematical Modeling of the Impact of Hospital Occupancy: When Do Dwindling Hospital Beds Cause ED Gridlock?
Authors: Whelan Lori , Burns Boyd , Brantley Michael , Haas Tyler , Arthur Annette O. , Thomas Stephen H.
Published: July 2014

Objectives. The time emergency department (ED) patients spend from presentation to admittance is known as their length of stay (LOS). This study aimed to quantify the inpatient occupancy rate (InptOcc)/ED LOS relationship and develop a methodology for identifying resource-allocation triggers using InptOcc-LOS association-curve inflection points. Methods. This study was conducted over 200 consecutive days at a 700-bed hospital with an annual ED census of approximately 50,000 using multivariate spline (piecewise) regression to model the InptOcc/LOS relationship while adjusting for confounding covariates. Nonlinear modeling was used to assess for InptOcc/LOS associations and determine the inflection point where InptOcc profoundly impacted LOS. Results. At lower InptOcc, there was no association. Once InptOcc reached ≥88%, there was a strong InptOcc/LOS association; each 1% InptOcc increase predicted a 16-minute (95% CI, 12–20 minutes) LOS prolongation, while the confounder-adjusted analysis showed each 1% InptOcc increase >89% precipitating a 13-minute (95% CI, 10–16 minutes) LOS prolongation. Conclusions. The study hospital’s InptOcc was a significant predictor of prolonged ED LOS beyond the identified inflection point. Spline regression analysis identified a clear inflection point in the InptOcc-LOS curve that potentially identified a point at which to optimize inpatient bed availability to prevent increased costs of prolonged LOS.
Joint DOD and DOA Estimation for High Speed Target Using Bistatic MIMO Radar
Authors: Chen Jinli , Li Jiaqiang , Li Peng , Zhu Yanping , Long Weijun
Published: July 2014

In bistatic multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar, range migration and invalidly synthesized virtual array resulting from the serious mismatch of matched filter make it difficult to estimate direction of departure (DOD) and direction of arrival (DOA) of high speed target using the traditional superresolution algorithms. In this study, a method for joint DOD and DOA estimation of high speed target using bistatic MIMO radar is proposed. After multiplying the received signals with the conjugate of the delayed versions of the transmitted signals, Fourier transform (FT) of the multiplied signals over both fast time and slow time is employed. Then, the target components of radar return corresponding to the different transmitted waveforms can be perfectly separated at the receivers by extracting the target frequency-domain data along slow-time frequency dimension when the delay between the transmitted signals and their subsequent returns is timed. By splicing the separated target components distributed along several range cells, the virtual array can be formed, and then DOD and DOA of high speed target can be estimated using the superresolution algorithm with the range migration and the mismatch of matched filter properly removed. Simulation results have proved the validity of the proposed algorithm.
Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Li Xiao-Ling , Hu Nan , Tan Meng-Shan , Yu Jin-Tai , Tan Lan
Published: July 2014

Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) such as depression, apathy, aggression, and psychosis are now recognized as core features of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and there is a general consensus that greater symptom severity is predictive of faster cognitive decline, loss of independence, and even shorter survival. Whether these symptoms result from the same pathogenic processes responsible for cognitive decline or have unique etiologies independent of AD-associated neurodegeneration is unclear. Many structural and metabolic features of the AD brain are associated with individual neuropsychiatric symptoms or symptom clusters. In addition, many genes have been identified and confirmed that are associated with symptom risk in a few cases. However, there are no single genes strongly predictive of individual neuropsychiatric syndromes, while functional and structural brain changes unique to specific symptoms may reflect variability in progression of the same pathological processes. Unfortunately, treatment success for these psychiatric symptoms may be lower when comorbid with AD, underscoring the importance of future research on their pathobiology and treatment. This review summarizes some of the most salient aspects of NPS pathogenesis.
SOCS1 and Regulation of Regulatory T Cells Plasticity
Authors: Takahashi Reiko , Yoshimura Akihiko
Published: July 2014

Several reports have suggested that natural regulatory T cells (Tregs) lose Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) expression and suppression activity under certain inflammatory conditions. Treg plasticity has been studied because it may be associated with the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Some studies showed that a minor uncommitted Foxp3+T cell population, which lacks hypomethylation at Treg-specific demethylation regions (TSDRs), may convert to effector/helper T cells. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), a negative regulator of cytokine signaling, has been reported to play an important role in Treg cell integrity and function by protecting the cells from excessive inflammatory cytokines. In this review, we discuss Treg plasticity and maintenance of suppression functions in both physiological and pathological settings. In addition, we discuss molecular mechanisms of maintaining Treg plasticity by SOCS1 and other molecules. Such information will be useful for therapy of autoimmune diseases and reinforcement of antitumor immunity.
Performance Evaluation of MBA-OLSR Routing Protocol for MANETs
Authors: Jabbar Waheb A. , Ismail Mahamod , Nordin Rosdiadee
Published: July 2014

This paper proposes a multipath battery aware routing protocol, namely, MBA-OLSR, based on OLSRv2 and its multipath extension. The proposed approach considers the remaining battery energy of the nodes for calculating the initial cost of the multiple links between source-destination pairs. The MBA-OLSR aims to construct energy efficient routes and extend the network lifetime to avoid network failure due to battery exhaustion. The protocol performance is evaluated in different simulation scenarios of wireless mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) environment. The simulation results demonstrate that our approach can achieve longer network lifetime and lower energy cost per packet. In addition, the results show improvement in terms of packet delivery ratio and end-to-end delay.
Molecular Mechanisms for Biliary Phospholipid and Drug Efflux Mediated by ABCB4 and Bile Salts
Authors: Morita Shin-ya , Terada Tomohiro
Published: July 2014

On the canalicular membranes of hepatocytes, several ABC transporters are responsible for the secretion of bile lipids. Among them, ABCB4, also called MDR3, is essential for the secretion of phospholipids from hepatocytes into bile. The biliary phospholipids are associated with bile salts and cholesterol in mixed micelles, thereby reducing the detergent activity and cytotoxicity of bile salts and preventing cholesterol crystallization. Mutations in theABCB4gene result in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, low-phospholipid-associated cholelithiasis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and cholangiocarcinoma.In vivoand cell culture studies have demonstrated that the secretion of biliary phospholipids depends on both ABCB4 expression and bile salts. In the presence of bile salts, ABCB4 located in nonraft membranes mediates the efflux of phospholipids, preferentially phosphatidylcholine. Despite high homology with ABCB1, ABCB4 expression cannot confer multidrug resistance. This review summarizes our current understanding of ABCB4 functions and physiological relevance, and discusses the molecular mechanism for the ABCB4-mediated efflux of phospholipids.
Preparation and Flame Retardant and Smoke Suppression Properties of Bamboo‐Wood Hybrid Scrimber Filled with Calcium and Magnesium Nanoparticles
Authors: Fu Bin , Li Xingong , Yuan Guangming , Chen Weimin , Pan Yage
Published: July 2014

The physical and mechanical properties of bamboo‐wood hybrid scrimber filled with different loadings of nanoparticles were studied. The effects of nanoparticles on flame retardant and smoke suppression properties of bamboo‐wood hybrid scrimber were studied by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter (CONE), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results showed that the physical and mechanical properties of bamboo‐wood hybrid scrimber were improved by adding a moderate loading of nanoparticles; the optimal loading of nanoparticles was 10%. The heat transfer in bamboo‐wood hybrid scrimber was prevented and the escaping channel of combustible gas was blocked by the uniformly filling effect of nanoparticles. The gas concentration was diluted by the noncombustible gas produced by pyrolysis of nanoparticles; the combustion chain reaction was suppressed by highly reactive free radicals produced by pyrolysis of nanoparticles. The residual mass of bamboo‐wood hybrid scrimber filled with nanoparticles in thermogravimetric (TG) curve at 900 s and burned by method of cone calorimeter (CONE) at 600 s was increased compared to that of untreated one, which showed that inorganic mineral powder has the effect of catalytic charring.
Gravity Affects the Closure of the Traps inDionaea muscipula
Authors: Pandolfi Camilla , Masi Elisa , Voigt Boris , Mugnai Sergio , Volkmann Dieter , Mancuso Stefano
Published: July 2014

Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipulaEllis) is a carnivorous plant known for its ability to capture insects thanks to the fast snapping of its traps. This fast movement has been long studied and it is triggered by the mechanical stimulation of hairs, located in the middle of the leaves. Here we present detailed experiments on the effect of microgravity on trap closure recorded for the first time during a parabolic flight campaign. Our results suggest that gravity has an impact on trap responsiveness and on the kinetics of trap closure. The possible role of the alterations of membrane permeability induced by microgravity on trap movement is discussed. Finally we show how the Venus flytrap could be an easy and effective model plant to perform studies on ion channels and aquaporin activities, as well as on electrical activityin vivoon board of parabolic flights and large diameter centrifuges.
The Relevance ofHLASequencing in Population Genetics Studies
Authors: Sanchez-Mazas Alicia , Meyer Diogo
Published: July 2014

Next generation sequencing (NGS) is currently being adapted by different biotechnological platforms to the standard typing method forHLApolymorphism, the huge diversity of which makes this initiative particularly challenging. Boosting the molecular characterization of theHLAgenes through efficient, rapid, and low-cost technologies is expected to amplify the success of tissue transplantation by enabling us to find donor-recipient matching for rare phenotypes. But the application of NGS technologies to the molecular mapping of the MHC region also anticipates essential changes in population genetic studies. Huge amounts ofHLAsequence data will be available in the next years for different populations, with the potential to change our understanding ofHLAvariation in humans. In this review, we first explain howHLAsequencing allows a better assessment of theHLAdiversity in human populations, taking also into account the methodological difficulties it introduces at the statistical level; secondly, we show how analyzingHLAsequence variation may improve our comprehension of population genetic relationships by facilitating the identification of demographic events that marked human evolution; finally, we discuss the interest of bothHLAand genome-wide sequencing and genotyping in detecting functionally significant SNPs in the MHC region, the latter having also contributed to the makeup of theHLAmolecular diversity observed today.
Molecular Pathways: Connecting Fibrosis and Solid Tumor Metastasis
Authors: Cox Thomas R. , Erler Janine T.
Published: July 2014

Pathologic organ fibrosis is a condition that can affect all major tissues and is typically ascribed to the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix components, predominantly collagens. It typically leads to compromise of organ function and subsequent organ failure, and it is estimated that 45% of deaths in the developed world are linked to fibrotic disease. Fibrosis and cancer are known to be inextricably linked; however, we are only just beginning to understand the common and overlapping molecular pathways between the two. Here, we discuss what is known about the intersection of fibrosis and cancer, with a focus on cancer metastasis, and highlight some of the exciting new potential clinical targets that are emerging from analysis of the molecular pathways associated with these two devastating diseases. Clin Cancer Res; 20(14); 3637–43. ©2014 AACR.
Phase I Dose-Escalation Study of MEDI-573, a Bispecific, Antiligand Monoclonal Antibody against IGFI and IGFII, in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors
Authors: Haluska Paul , Menefee Michael , Plimack Elizabeth R. , Rosenberg Jonathan , Northfelt Donald , LaVallee Theresa , Shi Li , Yu Xiang-Qing , Burke Patricia , Huang Jaiqi , Viner Jaye , McDevitt Jennifer , LoRusso Patricia
Published: July 2014

Purpose: This phase I, multicenter, open-label, single-arm, dose-escalation, and dose-expansion study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and antitumor activity of MEDI-573 in adults with advanced solid tumors refractory to standard therapy or for which no standard therapy exists.

Experimental Design: Patients received MEDI-573 in 1 of 5 cohorts (0.5, 1.5, 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg) dosed weekly or 1 of 2 cohorts (30 or 45 mg/kg) dosed every 3 weeks. Primary end points included the MEDI-573 safety profile, maximum tolerated dose (MTD), and optimal biologic dose (OBD). Secondary end points included MEDI-573 pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics, immunogenicity, and antitumor activity.

Results: In total, 43 patients (20 with urothelial cancer) received MEDI-573. No dose-limiting toxicities were identified, and only 1 patient experienced hyperglycemia related to treatment. Elevations in levels of insulin and/or growth hormone were not observed. Adverse events observed in >10% of patients included fatigue, anorexia, nausea, diarrhea, and anemia. PK evaluation demonstrated that levels of MEDI-573 increased with dose at all dose levels tested. At doses >5 mg/kg, circulating levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and IGFII were fully suppressed. Of 39 patients evaluable for response, none experienced partial or complete response and 13 had stable disease as best response.

Conclusions: The MTD of MEDI-573 was not reached. The OBD was 5 mg/kg weekly or 30 or 45 mg/kg every 3 weeks. MEDI-573 showed preliminary antitumor activity in a heavily pretreated population and had a favorable tolerability profile, with no notable perturbations in metabolic homeostasis. Clin Cancer Res; 20(18); 4747–57. ©2014 AACR.
The Inflammasome in Liver Injury and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Mehal Wajahat Zafar
Published: July 2014

The liver possesses a strong inflammatory response, as seen experimentally and clinically with liver inflammation due to toxic and metabolic stress, sepsis and ischemia. Initiation of this inflammatory response requires the interaction of two types of extracellular signals which collectively upregulate and activate a cytosolic molecular complex termed the inflammasome. Signal 1 is via activation of pattern recognition receptors, and signal 2 is delivered by diverse stimuli including particulates and adenosine triphosphate. The common end result of inflammasome activation is the activation of the protease caspase-1 with release of active interleukin-1β. The inflammasome is important in a wide range of conditions including alcoholic and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Kupffer cells are known to be important, but the consequences of inflammasome activation in other hepatic immune cells have not been well characterized. The inflammasome pathway is also known to be required for a full fibrotic response, as demonstrated by reduced lung, skin and liver fibrosis in inflammasome-deficient mice. Identification of the inflammasome machinery has opened up novel therapeutic avenues by the use of antagonists for Toll-like receptors as well as the adenosine triphosphate receptor P2X7, and the interleukin-1 receptor. There is now great interest in how inflammasome pathways are regulated. The initial challenge is to understand how an acute inflammatory response is sustained. This is a significant issue as the known stimuli result in an acute response that is self-limited to under 24 h. This suggests that there are significant regulators which allow sustained inflammasome activation in conditions such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and alcoholic hepatitis.
The Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Kirstein Martha M. , Vogel Arndt
Published: July 2014

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and deadly malignancies worldwide. The multikinase inhibitor sorafenib still remains the only approved agent for advanced HCC. In most cases, HCC develops based on advanced liver cirrhosis, whereas the underlying risk factors can be identified in the vast majority of patients. Methods: Here, we summarise and review the pathomechanisms in dependence of the underlying disease, gene signatures and frequent mutations in HCC. Results: Worldwide, HCC is most commonly caused by viral hepatitis B and C. It is less frequently associated with chronic exposure to toxins or hereditary liver diseases. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is an emerging risk factor with increasing prevalence nowadays. Emerging innovative technologies including whole-genome or -exome analyses have been applied for molecular and prognostic classifications as well as therapeutic implications. Mutations leading to activation of the Wnt pathway and inactivation of p53 were most frequently identified in HCC. Conclusions: Recent advances have significantly improved our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of HCC and its complex genetic landscape. The emerging data will open the door towards novel and more effective targeted and personalized therapies in this devastating disease.
Molecular Pathogenesis of Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Rizvi Sumera , Gores Gregory J.
Published: July 2014

It has become increasingly apparent of late that inflammation plays an integral role in a spectrum of malignancies including cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Primary sclerosing cholangitis with chronic inflammation is the most common risk factor for CCA in the Western world. Recent work has highlighted that inflammatory pathways are essential in carcinogenesis and tissue invasion and migration. Inflammation advances carcinogenesis by induction of DNA damage, evasion of apoptosis, promotion of cell proliferation, and neoangiogenesis. CCA is characterized by the presence of a desmoplastic stroma consisting of cancer-associated fibroblasts, tumor-associated macrophages, and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. This rich inflammatory milieu is vital to the cancer ecosystem, and targeting its components represents an attractive therapeutic option.
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Diagnosis and Investigation
Authors: Nascimbeni Fabio , Loria Paola , Ratziu Vlad
Published: July 2014

Given the worldwide increase in obesity and diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease. NAFLD is associated with increased hepatic and extrahepatic morbidity and mortality, mainly related to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with fibrosis. An early diagnosis in the high-risk population with features of insulin resistance and a proper identification of those patients with progressive liver disease are needed. Practicing physicians dealing with NAFLD should be aware of and should carefully evaluate the extended spectrum of NAFLD-related extrahepatic diseases, which significantly affects liver- and non-liver-related prognosis. This clinical practice-oriented article reviews the diagnostic methods and staging strategies for NAFLD and proposes an investigational algorithm for a global evaluation of NAFLD patients.
Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Dyson Jessica , Day Chris
Published: July 2014

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is now the commonest cause of chronic liver disease in developed countries. Treatment depends on the stage of disease, and non-invasive methods for risk stratification are urgently needed. Lifestyle modification (aimed at weight loss and increasing physical activity) and management of the features of metabolic syndrome are vital for all patients with NAFLD. Metformin is the first-line therapy for diabetic patients with NAFLD and also reduces the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Clinicians should have a low threshold for introducing a statin for the management of dyslipidaemia. Antihypertensive agents that target the renin-angiotensin system should be first-line in NAFLD for the management of hypertension. For patients with progressive disease, liver-directed pharmacotherapy with vitamin E should be considered. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis cirrhosis is an increasingly common indication for liver transplantation.
Advances in Pathogenesis and Management of Pruritus in Cholestasis
Authors: Kremer Andreas E. , Bolier Ruth , van Dijk Remco , Oude Elferink Ronald P.J. , Beuers Ulrich
Published: July 2014

Chronic pruritus is a burdensome feature of numerous hepatobiliary disorders such as primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, cholangiocarcinoma, inherited forms of cholestasis and intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Bile salts, μ-opioids, serotonin, histamine and steroids have been controversially discussed in the pathogenesis of cholestatic pruritus. However, for these substances neither a correlation with itch severity nor a causative link has ever been established. Recent findings indicate that the potent neuronal activator lysophosphatidic acid and autotaxin, the enzyme forming lysophosphatidic acid, may play a key element in the pathogenesis of cholestatic pruritus. Serum activity of autotaxin correlated with itch intensity and response to antipruritic treatment in patients with cholestatic pruritus, but not other forms of pruritus. Autotaxin activity thereby represents the first biomarker for pruritus and had a positive predictive value of 70% in differentiating cholestatic pruritus from other forms of pruritus. Treatment options for patients with cholestatic pruritus include the anion exchange resin colestyramine, the PXR agonist rifampicin, the μ-opioid antagonist naltrexone, and the serotonin reuptake inhibitor sertraline. These drugs are recommended by evidence-based guidelines as a stepwise therapeutic approach. Patients unresponsive to these drugs should be referred to specialized centers to receive experimental approaches such as UVB phototherapy, albumin dialysis, plasmapheresis or nasobiliary drainage. This review discusses pruritogen candidates in cholestasis, gives novel insights into the neuronal signaling pathway of pruritus and summarizes evidence-based treatment options for patients suffering from pruritus in cholestasis.
Viral Hepatitis and Liver Transplantation: Pathogenesis, Prevention and Therapy of Recurrent Disease
Authors: Gambato Martina , Lens Sabela , Fernández-Carrillo Carlos , Alfaro Ignacio , Forns Xavier
Published: July 2014

Cirrhosis secondary to hepatitis C virus infection is the leading cause of liver transplantation in most countries. Hepatitis C has an accelerated course after transplantation, and for this reason graft and patient survival are decreased in comparison with other indications of liver transplantation. The development of direct-acting antivirals has been a major step in the management of hepatitis C and in a few years from now the infection will be eradicated with the combination of oral drugs with a good safety profile. This will likely allow prevention of hepatitis C recurrence in most cases. Meanwhile, management of hepatitis C virus infection still relies on the combination of interferon, ribavirin and the first-generation protease inhibitors telaprevir and boceprevir.
Therapy of Acute and Fulminant Hepatitis B
Authors: Tillmann Hans L. , Patel Keyur
Published: July 2014

Although new hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are decreasing due to improving vaccination coverage, patients without vaccination coverage can still suffer from manifestation of acute hepatitis B with jaundice and (although rarely) liver failure. No treatment is indicated for mild acute hepatitis B; however, antiviral therapy should be initiated for patients showing signs of significant liver impairment as exemplified by deterioration of prothrombin time to an equivalent of 1.5 or 50% of the ‘Quick test'. For fulminant hepatitis, there is no complete agreement on whether antiviral treatment would alter the course, but it should still be started, as it would reduce the risk of reinfection in case there is a need for liver transplantation. Patients in danger of progression towards acute liver failure should be referred to transplant centers as early as possible.
Genotypes and Genetic Variability of Hepatitis B Virus
Authors: Kramvis Anna
Published: July 2014

Sequence heterogeneity is a feature of hepatitis B virus (HBV), the prototype member of the family Hepadnaviridae. Based on an intergroup divergence of greater than 7.5% across the complete genome, HBV has been classified phylogenetically into 9 genotypes, A-I, with a putative 10th genotype ‘J', isolated from a single individual. With between approximately 4 and 8% intergroup nucleotide divergence across the complete genome and good bootstrap support, genotypes A-D, F, H, and I are classified further into subgenotypes. There is a broad and highly statistically significant correlation between serological subtypes and genotypes, and in some cases, serological subtypes can be used to differentiate subgenotypes. The genotypes, and certain subgenotypes, have distinct geographical distributions and are important in both the clinical manifestation of infection and response to antiviral therapy. HBV genotypes/subgenotypes and genetic variability of HBV are useful in epidemiological and transmission studies, tracing human migrations, and in predicting the risk for the development of severe liver disease and response to antiviral therapy. Moreover, knowledge of the genotype/subgenotype is important in implementing preventative strategies. Thus, it is crucial that new strains are correctly assigned to their respective genotype/subgenotype and consistent, unambiguous, and generally accepted nomenclature is utilized.
Reduction of Infectivity in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Carriers among Healthcare Providers and Pregnant Women by Antiviral Therapy
Authors: Gerlich Wolfram H.
Published: July 2014

The main purpose of therapy for infectious diseases is restoration or protection of the patient's health, but suppression or elimination of infectious agents is also important. In two well-defined situations, reduction of potential infectivity may be the main reason for therapy in hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers who do not suffer from significant disease: (1) healthcare providers who perform exposure-prone procedures to prevent transmission of HBV to individuals, and (2) pregnant women in the third trimester to prevent transmission to the fetus. This article describes the necessity to recognize highly viremic HBV-infected individuals in these situations, the methods to estimate the risk of transmission, and the therapeutic possibilities to prevent transmission. With today's methods of monitoring HBV DNA, it is possible to reliably estimate the risk of transmission. The drugs entecavir or tenofovir are able to suppress infectivity of HBV carriers to levels acceptable for healthcare providers performing exposure-prone procedures. According to the CDC, ‘chronic HBV infection in itself should not preclude the practice or study of medicine, surgery, dentistry, or allied health professions.' Treatment of pregnant women with very high levels of HBV DNA prevents the transmission to the fetus and further if the newborn receives immediate active/passive immunization against HBV.
Hepatitis B Virus Drug Resistance Tools: One Sequence, Two Predictions
Authors: Neumann-Fraune Maria , Beggel Bastian , Kaiser Rolf , Obermeier Martin
Published: July 2014

Drug resistance testing, genotype analysis, and the determination of immune and vaccine escape variants support personalized antiviral treatment for hepatitis B patients. As phenotypic drug resistance testing for hepatitis B virus (HBV) is especially labor-intensive, due to the lack of simple cell culture systems, genotypic methods play a very pronounced role. The genetic structure of HBV allows the simultaneous analysis of two different genes by examination of a single region in the genome of HBV. Nevertheless, the overlapping open reading frames of the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and the reverse transcriptase (RT) have to be interpreted separately. In diagnostic procedures, standard Sanger type sequencing (mostly performed as a dye-dideoxynucleotide terminator system) is still the most commonly used method. This allows using established techniques for interpreting those types of genetic information. Besides reviewing the foundation of drug resistance interpretation for HBV, different interpretation systems, either commercially available (TRUGENE, Abbott, ViroScore) or free to use (geno2pheno[HBV], HIV-GRADE HBV tool), are compared in this article.
Pericytes in Chronic Lung Disease
Authors: Rowley Jessica E. , Johnson Jill R.
Published: July 2014

Pericytes are mesenchymal cells embedded within the abluminal surface of the endothelium of microvessels such as capillaries, pre-capillary arterioles, post-capillary and collecting venules, where they maintain microvascular homeostasis and participate in angiogenesis. In addition to their roles in supporting the vasculature and facilitating leukocyte extravasation, pericytes have been recently investigated as a subpopulation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) due to their capacity to differentiate into numerous cell types including the classic MSC triad, i.e. osteocytes, chondrocytes and adipocytes. Other studies in models of fibrotic inflammatory disease of the lung have demonstrated a vital role of pericytes in myofibroblast activation, collagen deposition and microvascular remodelling, which are hallmark features of chronic lung diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary hypertension. Further studies into the mechanisms of the pericyte-to-myofibroblast transition and migration to fibrotic foci will hopefully clarify the role of these cells in chronic lung disease and confirm the importance of pericytes in human fibrotic pulmonary disease.
Genome-Wide Linkage and Regional Association Study of Blood Pressure Response to the Cold Pressor Test in Han Chinese
Authors: Yang Xueli , Gu Dongfeng , He Jiang , Hixson James E. , Rao Dabeeru C. , Lu Fanghong , Mu Jianjun , Jaquish Cashell E. , Chen Jing , Huang Jianfeng , Shimmin Lawrence C. , Rice Treva K. , Chen Jichun , Wu Xigui , Liu Depei , Kelly Tanika N.
Published: July 2014

Background—

Blood pressure (BP) response to cold pressor test (CPT) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We performed a genome-wide linkage scan and regional association analysis to identify genetic determinants of BP response to CPT.

Methods and Results—

A total of 1961 Chinese participants completed the CPT. Multipoint quantitative trait linkage analysis was performed, followed by single-marker and gene-based analyses of variants in promising linkage regions (logarithm of odds ≥2). A suggestive linkage signal was identified for systolic BP response to CPT at 20p13 to 20p12.3, with a maximum multipoint logarithm of odds score of 2.37. On the basis of regional association analysis with 1351 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the linkage region, we found that marker rs2326373 at 20p13 was significantly associated with mean arterial pressure responses to CPT (
P
=8.8×10
−6
) after false discovery rate adjustment for multiple comparisons. A similar trend was also observed for systolic BP response (
P
=0.03) and diastolic BP response (
P
=4.6×10
−5
). Results of gene-based analyses showed that variants in genes
MCM8
and
SLC23A2
were associated with systolic BP response to CPT (
P
=4.0×10
−5
and 2.7×10
−4
, respectively), and variants in genes
MCM8
and
STK35
were associated with mean arterial pressure response to CPT (
P
=1.5×10
−5
and 5.0×10
−5
, respectively).

Conclusions—

Within a suggestive linkage region on chromosome 20, we identified a novel variant associated with BP responses to CPT. We also found gene-based associations of
MCM8
,
SLC23A2
, and
STK35
in this region. Additional work is warranted to confirm these findings.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT00721721.
Producing Targets for Conservation: Science and Politics at the Tenth Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity
Authors: Campbell Lisa M. , Hagerman Shannon , Gray Noella J.
Published: July 2014

Biodiversity targets were prominent at the Tenth Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Having failed to reach the CBD's 2010 target, delegates debated the nature of targets, details of specific targets, and how to avoid failure in 2020. As part of a group of seventeen researchers conducting a collaborative event ethnography at COP10, we draw on observations made during negotiations of the CBD Strategic Plan and at side events to analyze the production of the 2020 targets. Once adopted, targets become “naturalized,” detached from the negotiations that produced them. Drawing on insights from science and technology studies, we analyze the interaction of science and politics during negotiations and discuss what targets do within the CBD and the broader global conservation governance network.
Negotiating the Nagoya Protocol: Indigenous Demands for Justice
Authors: Suiseeya Kimberly R. Marion
Published: July 2014

In October 2010, parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization. One impetus behind the Nagoya Protocol was the mandate to address the unjust impacts—such as the loss of access to resources, exploitation of traditional knowledge, and expropriation of rights to resources—of the global demand for genetic resources on indigenous peoples and local communities (ILCs). Using collaborative event ethnography, this article demonstrates the limited nature, scope, and engagement of the ILC justice discourse in the negotiations, despite the supposedly inclusive nature of the CBD. I attribute the constrained discourse in part to the existence of a justice metanorm as evidenced through the emergence of shared meanings and prescriptive status of justice instruments.
Studying Global Environmental Meetings to Understand Global Environmental Governance: Collaborative Event Ethnography at the Tenth Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity
Authors: Campbell Lisa M. , Corson Catherine , Gray Noella J. , MacDonald Kenneth I. , Brosius J. Peter
Published: July 2014

This special issue introduces readers to collaborative event ethnography (CEE), a method developed to support the ethnographic study of large global environmental meetings. CEE was applied by a group of seventeen researchers at the Tenth Conference of the Parties (COP10) to the Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD) to study the politics of biodiversity conservation. In this introduction, we describe our interests in global environmental meetings as sites where the politics of biodiversity conservation can be observed and as windows into broader governance networks. We specify the types of politics we attend to when observing such meetings and then describe the CBD, its COP, challenges meetings pose for ethnographic researchers, how CEE responds to these challenges generally, and the specifics of our research practices at COP10. Following a summary of the contributed papers, we conclude by reflecting on the evolution of CEE over time.
Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio is Related to Stent Thrombosis and High Mortality in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Ayça Burak , Akın Fatih , Celik Omer , Sahin Irfan , Yildiz S. Sezai , Avci I. Ilker , Gulsen Kamil , Okuyan Ertugrul , Dinckal M. Hakan
Published: July 2014

We investigated whether the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) can predict stent thrombosis (STh) and high mortality rate in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We analyzed data of 102 patients with STh and 450 patients with STEMI admitted to 2 high volume hospitals. Preprocedural NLR was significantly higher in patients with STh ( P < .001). There was a significantly higher mortality rate in patients with high NLR during hospitalization ( P < .001). Also, in the STh group there was a significantly higher mortality rate in patients with high NLR ( P < .001). In receiver–operating characteristic analysis, NLR >4.8 had 56% sensitivity and 68% specificity for predicting STh. The NLR >4.9 had 70% sensitivity and 65% specificity for predicting in-hospital mortality. On multivariate regression analysis, NLR was found to be significantly related to STh. In patients with STEMI, preprocedural high NLR is associated with both STh and higher mortality rates.
Empowering Latino Parents to Transform the Education of Their Children
Authors: Pstross Mikulas , Rodríguez Ariel , Knopf Richard C. , Paris Cody Morris
Published: July 2014

This article emphasizes the role of parental involvement in the college preparation of Latino elementary and secondary school students. Although literature shows that education is highly valued in Latino families, actual college enrollment rates for Latino youth are below average. This has been attributed to barriers including lack of financial resources, problems in communication with schools, and low familiarity with the college planning process. The American Dream Academy is a university outreach program that is designed to help Latino families overcome these barriers. We conducted a qualitative analysis of speeches that were prepared and delivered by parents at graduation ceremonies of the program from 2007 to 2009. Our analysis revealed six themes: facing challenges, envisioning success, understanding the school system, taking ownership, community raising a child, and creating a supportive home environment. The findings enrich existing literature and help understand the complex systems that are at play with parental involvement in Latino families.
Identity in Descriptions of Others Across Ethnic Groups in South Africa
Authors: Adams Byron G. , Van de Vijver Fons J. R. , de Bruin Gideon P. , Bueno Torres Cynthia
Published: July 2014

We examined the structure of identity implied in descriptions of others in four South African ethnic groups (Black, Coloured, Indian, and White). We tested the validity of an identity model with attributes, relational orientation, situational aspects, ideology, and valence as constituent dimensions of other-identity, and social distance as a moderator of constituent dimensions. Data were collected from 1,160 participants who provided descriptions of individuals they knew (parents, friends, grandparents, neighbors, and teachers) in semistructured interviews. Results confirmed that relational orientation provides a better conceptual framework of other-identity than individualism–collectivism: Personal orientation (individualism) and collective membership orientation (collectivism) are situated at the endpoints of the relational orientation dimension, with implicit and explicit relational orientation placed in between. We found that ethnic differences are most salient in implicit and explicit relational orientation categories in White and Black South Africans, respectively. We found that the identity of distal individuals was described in less abstract and more norm-regulated terms than the identity of proximal individuals. We concluded that all dimensions of the model are relevant for other-identity.
The Acculturation of Relational Mobility
Authors: Zhang Rui , Li Liman Man Wai
Published: July 2014

In this article, we extended the socioecological approach in cross-cultural psychology to the acculturation context. We focused on relational mobility among Asian Canadians and how it is related to their acculturation experience. Previous research shows that relational mobility, which is a feature of one’s social environment, is generally higher in North America than East Asia. In Study 1, we found that migration does not completely bridge the cross-national gap in relational mobility. Compared with European Canadians, Asian Canadians continued to perceive lower relational mobility around them. Study 2 explored the relations between relational mobility and Asian Canadians’ acculturation experiences. Relational mobility was correlated specifically with sociocultural adaptation, but not contact, acculturation orientations, psychological adaptation, or experience of discrimination. It was also uniquely associated with normative belief about relational mobility. Finally, we largely replicated the effects of relational mobility on self-esteem (Study 1) and close friendships (Study 2) in the acculturation context, with the latter effects further mediated by normative belief about relational mobility. Implications of our findings for relational mobility and acculturation research are discussed.
Work–family interface and its relationship with job performance: the moderating role of conscientiousness and agreeableness
Authors: Zaman Sahira , Anis-ul-Haque M , Nawaz Sumbal
Published: July 2014

This study examines the relationship between work–family interface and job performance. Furthermore, it focuses on the moderating role of conscientiousness, agreeableness, and the relationship between work–family interface (inter-role conflict and inter-role integration) and job performance. A purposive sample of 345 residents of Karachi consisting of 173 males and 172 females, belonging to double income families and employed in various factories, participated in the study. Data were collected using the Work–Family Interface Scale, the Job Performance Scale, and two personality dimensions of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (Conscientiousness and Agreeableness). Multiple regression analysis results indicated that the inter-role conflict dimension of work–family interface and agreeableness dimension of personality were significantly negatively associated with job performance. Conscientiousness and agreeableness significantly moderated inter-role integration and job performance, whereas no evidence was found of them having a moderating role in inter-role conflict and job performance. This research contributes towards an understanding of the role of positive dispositional attributes moderating between both aspects of work–family interface and job performance.
Governance and Performance in a “Marketized” Nonprofit Sector
Authors: Bode Ingo
Published: July 2014

Nonprofit organizations are now involved in human service provision internationally. However, these organizations perform in variable ways that potentially undermine their public service function. Eldercare is a case in point. Drawing on various strands of organization theory and taking German care homes as an example, this article argues that differences in performance (concerning “input quality”) may emanate from a distinctive mode of external governance that is crowding out capacity for quality-oriented internal governance. This is illustrated by evidence from an embedded case study. The findings hint at general problems with a “marketized” devolution of public services to nonprofits.
The Employment of Veterans in State and Local Government Service
Authors: Lewis Gregory B. , Pathak Rahul
Published: July 2014

Has veterans’ preference been successful in increasing military veterans’ access to state and local government (SLG) jobs? U.S. Census data for 1980 through 2011 show that veterans are more likely than nonveterans to work for SLGs, despite some characteristics that would normally make them less likely to take SLG jobs. This is especially true in states that offer absolute preference or pay well relative to the private sector.
Rejecting Admission Offers to a Selective Math and Science School
Authors: Jones Brent M.
Published: July 2014

An exploratory study of applicants who rejected admission to the Texas Academy of Mathematics and Science (TAMS) is described in this article. TAMS is a residential early college entry program at the University of North Texas in Denton. Up to 600 mathematically talented sophomores apply to TAMS each year and among the 200 selectees, a predictable 10% to 15% will decline admission and remain in high school. Over 9 years, decliners responded to surveys asking why they rejected offers they had vigorously pursued. Respondents indicated their dissonance sprang mostly from preoccupation with extracurricular pursuits, reluctance to leave family and friends, and reassessments of their preparedness for early college entry and science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers. Several interventions are offered to help prospects make informed decisions before applying. Findings may provide insights to guide enrollment policies at other accelerative programs.
Gender, presidencies, and prime ministerships in Europe: Are women gaining ground?
Authors: Jalalzai Farida
Published: July 2014

To what extent have women made progress in attaining presidential and prime ministerial positions in Europe? We might expect women in this region to have made significant strides in executive office holding, given the more favorable political, cultural, and social conditions women face. At the same time, Europe is not monolithic. The diversity within one large region allows not only for an assessment of the conditions best facilitating women’s executive incorporation but also the ability to scrutinize the degree to which they exercise more substantial powers. While Europe boasts the greatest numbers of women executives to date, women face many limits in the type of positions they occupy and powers afforded their offices, although important exceptions surface. Statistically, women’s success relates to dual executive structures. Likewise critical is the pipeline from which future leaders are recruited. Prospects for women leaders in Eastern Europe appear less auspicious than for their West European counterparts, further demonstrating women’s uneven advances. Numbers, pathways, and political clout shape women’s advancement in this historically male preserve, resulting in mixed progress overall.
Reliability and Validity of the NDNQI® Injury Falls Measure
Authors: Garrard Lili , Boyle Diane K. , Simon Michael , Dunton Nancy , Gajewski Byron
Published: July 2014

Although remarkable efforts have been made to improve patient fall reporting through the utilization of standardized definitions, injury falls reporting has rarely been examined. This study used an overall intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) estimate and factor analysis to assess the reliability and validity of the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators® (NDNQI®) falls with injury measure. Data were collected from an online Fall Injury Level Survey that was administered to 1,159 NDNQI site coordinators (39.7% response rate; 91% registered nurses [RNs]). Estimated overall ICC was .85. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) with a Promax rotation (root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.053) identified three latent factors: No Injury, Minor Injury, and Moderate/Major Injuries. Final confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) assessment (comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.914, Tucker Lewis Index [TLI] = 0.910, RMSEA = 0.048) confirmed an acceptable model fit. Results provided strong evidence that the NDNQI falls with injury measure is reliable and valid in supporting hospitals’ fall prevention efforts and future injurious falls research.