bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes of Coral Reefs Condition in the Core Zones of Kapoposang Island MPA, Makassar Straits
Authors: Arifin T , Rahmania R , Yulius  , Gunawan D P , Setyawidati N A , Gusmawati N , Ramadhan M
Published: May 2020

Coral reefs in Kapoposang Islands have been degraded for years due to environmental pressures and human activities. After designated as marine protected area (MPA), coral reefs conditions (e.g. living coral coverage - both hard and soft corals) were monitored regularly since 2015 by several agencies. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of MPA management in Kapoposang by analyzing changes of coral reef coverage in its two core zones. The survey was conducted in July 2019 using Line Intercept Transect (LIT), video transect, and satellite imagery analysis, then compared to data from the previous assessment. Results of recent survey, i.e.: living coral reefs coverage ranged from 46.73% - 73.08%; 21 genera found with 10 dominant genera, which Porites sp., is a resistant coral genus and the most dominant genus in Kapoposang MPA; the highest coral recruitment was found in Suranti island at a depth of 10 meters, while the lowest is in Papandangan island; several genera in the form of recruitment (e.g. Acropora sp., Goniopora sp., Fungia sp., Favona sp., and Porites sp.); percentage of macroalgae is 2.95% of total coral reef substrate cover; the most densely macroalgae coverage is found in Suranti, while the lowest is in Kapoposang island.
The composition of mollusks in mangrove ecosystem conservation area Bagek Kembar, West Lombok
Authors: Candri D A , Sani L H , Ahyadi H , Farista B , Virgota A
Published: May 2020

Mangrove association mollusks was one of the indicator to describe the status of mangrove ecosystem’s health. This research aimed to analyze the condition of mangrove rehabilitation based on the composition of association mollusks compared with non-rehabilitation area which resulted from a natural succession. It held on July 2019 at mangrove conservation area Bagek Kembar, West Lombok. Data collection method used stratified random sampling by placed some plots sized 1x1 m randomly in a larger plot (10x10 m) which have been determine randomly before. The result showed that there are 24 species of association mollusks which belong to 11 families found in these area. The abundance of mollusks in natural and rehabilitation mangrove was different which is in a row 50.2647 ind/m
2 and 88.4 ind/m
2. Cerithidea cingulata has the highest abundance among the other species with the number of abundance 48.8 ind/m2 in non-rehabilitation ecosystem and reach 29.17 ind/m
2 in rehabilitation area. Based on this research, the condition of mangrove conservation Bagek Kembar still categorized as non-stable condition for supporting the survival of mangroves associated mollusks.
Analysis of social forestry governance in Jeneberang I forest manajement unit
Authors: Solie A T , Supratman  , Malamassam D , Ridwan
Published: May 2020

Social forestry is one of the Ministry of Forestry policies in alleviating poverty and creating employment for people in and around forests, and forests sustainability. Social forestry governance is one of the important things in evaluating the performance of social forestry policy implementation. This study aims to analyze 5 key elements of social forestry governance, referring to Cadman T. (2011), that is interest representation, accountability and transparency, decision-making, and implementation. The study was conducted in the KPH Jenneberang I area, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province. Two groups of social forestry scheme permit holders were selected purposively as research locations. Primary and secondary data were obtained through field observations, in-depth interviews, Focus Group Discussions (FGD), and documentation studies. The study found that the implementation of social forestry policy with the target area as the main indicator of performance achievements has implications for the suboptimal quality of social forestry governance. Conflicts between the community and the government and between the community and the community are the effects of current governance. Changing the target area of social forestry licenses to target the number of social forestry business groups operating as key indicators of performance achievements, becoming one of the solutions to optimize the quality of social forestry governance.
Level of work day (human, animal, and machine) at each stage of rice farming in irrigated rice fields
Authors: Salam M , Rukmana D , Mahyuddin  , Tenriawaru A N , Akhsan  , Riadi A F
Published: May 2020

The purpose of this study was to analyze the outpouring of labor (human, animal and machine) used at each stage of rice farming in irrigated rice fields in Mulyasri Village, Tomoni District, East Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi. The sample of respondents in this study was 32 irrigated rice farmers. Data collection method used in this study was interviews and questionnaires. The data analysis method used in this research was a quantitative descriptive method. This research was conducted from October 2018 to November 2018. The results of this research indicated that the use of human labor (men) amounted to 82.94 HOK/Ha (58.78%) HOK/Ha, the use of female labor was 5.08 HOK/Ha (3.60 %) HOK/Ha and it is less than the use of human labor (men) and also machine labor amounted 53.08 HOK/Ha (37.62%) HOK/Ha.
Pulu-mandoti value chain analysis in Enrekang Regency
Authors: Busthanul N , Tenriawaru A N , Amrullah A , Mahyuddin  , Heliawaty  , Akib M N
Published: May 2020

Pulu-Mandoti rice is a local rice variety that has high economic value. This rice is phenomenal because it can only grow in two villages, one of which is Salukanan Village, Enrekang Regency. The distinctive aroma, texture, and taste make the demand for rice increased in the market even to foreign countries. It has an impact on the price of the Pulu-Mandoti and affects the farmer’s revenue. Value chains can help find out the extent of the role of each actor especially farmers who are directly related to the benefits received. This study aims to analyze the value chain of Pulu-Mandoti rice commodities. This research was conducted in Salukanan Village, Baraka Sub-district, Enrekang District, South Sulawesi by using quantitative descriptive research methods. Sampling was done by simple random sampling with a total sample of 39 respondent farmers. The results showed that the Pulu-Mandoti farmer’s margin was 47.83%, while retailers obtained the highest margin at 52.17%, this was due to retailers having strength in marketing as well as extensive information about market conditions and prices
Soil classification for sustainable agriculture
Authors: Yusnita D , Ahmad A , Solle M S
Published: May 2020

Agriculture is one of the people’s livelihoods in Baebunta Sub-District. High activity rainfall in Luwu area could cause soil degradation and decrease nutrient in the soil. Soil type gives us information about morphological, physical and chemical characteristic and mineral content. As a medium for growing plants, the soil becomes one of the important factors in assessing the sustainability of agriculture. This study aims to classify and provide management recommendations of soil from Baebunta Sub-District in North Luwu District, South Sulawesi for sustainable agriculture. The sampling method uses catena transect, and soil analysis for physical and chemical properties, and soil minerals, as the parameter in classifying soil types from the Order to the Family Category using the USDA Soil Taxonomy system. The land uses dominant was a paddy field. The results showed that soil formed are Biotite-Quartz-Sandy Typic Endoaquepts, Orthoclase-Quartz-Loamy Skeletal Lithic Dystrudepts, Biotite-Quartz-Fine-Silt Typic Endoaquepts, Coarse-Silt Lithic Typic Endoaquepts. The soil family categories have nutrient-carrying minerals like biotite but the dominance of quartz mineral showed the need for improving management like adding the organic material for stabilizing the soil aggregates, reduce toxic mineral and nutrient leaching so that the soil can be sustainable for agriculture.
Exploration study for corporate farming application readiness
Authors: Amiruddin A , Demmallino E B , Jamil H , Hardianti S
Published: May 2020

Farming group is an idea that is based on efforts to maintain farming, so they can compete in the industrial era. The goal is to fulfil three main requirements in the business world, namely to meet the quality, quantity and continuity requirements in running the business. Corporate farming is the activity of merging farming land to be managed jointly by farmers and integrated into one management. This system can be used as a solution to overcome various problems faced by farmers nowadays. The Seppae farmer group was the only intermediate farmer group in Bialo Village, Gantarang District, Bulukumba Regency. This farmer group was used as the main approach in agricultural extension activities. The group approach was seen as efficient and can be a medium for the process of learning and interacting from farmers so that it was expected that changes in farmer’s behaviour towards better and quality. However, the farmer group was only a place for members to get government assistance distributed by the group leader. Farming activities currently carried out by the Seppae farmer group would be more efficient if managed collectively by implementing a corporate farming system. The purpose of this study was to determine the readiness of members of farmer groups to become members of collective farming groups in implementing a corporate farming system based on the farmer group readiness approach. The research method used was an exploratory study with a descriptive qualitative method by looking at the prospects of a group approach. The results showed that Seppae farmer groups was not ready to conduct collective farming groups, farm collectivity performance was still carried out individually and the requirements for forming corporate farming had not been met based on a group approach caused by farmers did not understand the corporate farming system.
Physical and proximate analysis of green banana cake premix flour
Authors: Rahman A N F , Bilang M , Ikawati L N
Published: May 2020

Green banana cake is a traditional cake from South Sulawesi, Indonesia. This cake is made from “Raja” banana wrapped in a mixture of wheat flour, rice flour, coconut milk, sugar, and food coloring. Weighing the raw material in making the dough of green banana cake takes approximately 30-45 minutes, therefore we need a green banana dough cake premix flour that is ready for use. The purpose of this study was to analyze the physical properties and proximate of green banana cake premix flour, premix dough and exported dough. The method used is to analyze the physical and proximate properties of green banana cake premix flour (40% wheat flour: 30% rice flour: 20% coconut milk: 10% sugar and pandanus leaves powder 0.1%), dough green banana cake premix flour after cooked at 100°C and dough green banana cake which has been exported abroad as a comparison. This study used a complete randomized design method with two replications. The results showed a physical analysis of the elasticity and hardness of the dough green banana cake premix flour and the exported dough was 193.7%; 362.8% and 2.71 N/mm2; 1.65 N/mm2, respectively. The proximate content of green banana cake premix flour, premix dough and exported dough as in order were water content (6.75%; 9.39%; 7.84%), ash content (0.95%; 0.51%; 0.24%), protein content (8.74%; 4.67%; 2.11%), fat content (8.17%; 3.07%; 0.92%), and carbohydrates (56.64%; 25.02%; 39.34%).
The effect of solvent type and extraction duration on purple corn anthocyanin compounds (Zea Mays L)
Authors: Sugiharto K , Rahman A N F , Zainal
Published: May 2020

The development of the food processing industry and the limited amount and quality of natural dyes cause an increase in the use of synthetic dyes. Since the discovery of synthetic dyes, the use of pigments as dyes has decreased. Therefore the use of natural dyes needs to be raised again. Purple corn (Zea Mays L) has the potential as a natural food coloring due to its high anthocyanin content. Anthocyanins can act as natural dyes, antioxidants, antimutagenic, and anti-carcinogens. This study aimed to determine the solvent and extraction duration of purple corn dye on yield and anthocyanin levels. The study was conducted by the maceration extraction method (in which simple filtering was done by soaking purple corn in ethanol 96% and water at room temperature and protected from sunlight) using maceration time (5 hours, 10 hours, 15 hours, 20 hours). The extraction results are then filtered and then analyzed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. From this study, it was found that there was an effect of the type of solvent and the length of time of extraction on the yield and levels of anthocyanin obtained. it shows that the best treatment in extracting anthocyanin of a Purple Corn is to use ethanol solution and 20 hours of maceration time, which produces 577.78 mg/l of anthocyanin.
Effect of the addition of honey on the growth of lactic acid bacteria in functional drinks of fermenting cassava stored at frozen temperatures
Authors: Sari N , Tahir M M , Zainal
Published: May 2020

Cassava is a food that contains fat, protein, and minerals so that it can be processed by fermentation. The purpose of this study was to find out how to increase the content of honey against the growth of lactic acid bacteria associated with the probiotic tapai based cassava functional drinks stored in frozen storage conditions. Functional drinks based on cassava with additional honey 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% which will then be analyzed by the total lactic acid bacteria. The results obtained indicate that the total lactic acid (LAB) bakery in cassava-based functional drinks (Manihot esculenta) in freezing temperature storage decreased in the treatment of honey additions of 2% and 4% but increased in the treatment of adding honey 6% and 8% despite the increase and decrease in total bacteria the results are not significantly different.
Spatial analysis of landslide vulnerability in Enrekang District, South Sulawesi
Authors: Ahmad A , Lopulisa C , Imran A M , Baja S , Solle M S
Published: May 2020

Enrekang is one of the districts in South Sulawesi, which including prone areas to landslides disaster in Indonesia. Landslide events are strongly influenced by trigger factors, namely; climate, earthquakes and human activities in utilising land, while geological factors, soil factors, hydrogeological factors, land use factors and geomorphological factors (slopes and landforms) are the controlling factors for the occurrence of landslides. This study aims to link the controlling factors and triggering factors to delineate the level of landslide vulnerability in Enrekang Districts to become more detailed. The method used is the scoring with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The parameters were; slope, geology (lithology and structure), land cover, landform, population map, rainfall, texture of soil and earthquake event. This parameter will be evaluated by several experts through a questionnaire. The expert assessment results will be analysed further with expert choice software to get the weight values of each parameter. The weight obtained will be used to assess the vulnerability of landslides by using Argis 10.3 software by overlaying each parameter. The vulnerability of Enrekang districts is divided into five, namely very low vulnerability (1%), low (5%), moderate (21%), high (51%), and very high (22%). The Areas with a very high level of vulnerability can be found in the northern part of Maiwa Sub-District, most Enrekang Sub-Districts, the northern part of Buntu Batu Sub-District, the west to the north of Alla subdistrict, and the northern and eastern parts of Curio sub-district, and the southern part of Baraka Sub-District. Most of Enrekang Districts has a high vulnerability of landslide, so the application of vegetative and mechanical soil conservation techniques is needed in utilising land in sloping areas to prevent landslides.
Analysis of soil-forming factors and soil classification using soil taxonomy system: A case study of Baraka District, Enrekang Regency
Authors: Lopulisa C , Neswati R , Wahid W
Published: May 2020

The difference in the soil-forming factors can affect the nature of the soil formed. The method was used in this research is quantitative descriptive based on primary and secondary data. The field survey was conducted using the random stratified method at 15 soil profile divided into four north-south transects. The determination of soil characteristics value were adjusted by the Soil Survey Laboratory Manual method, while the determination of dominant soil minerals used the Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR). Determination of soil type used the soil taxonomy system, which refers to the 12th edition of the soil taxonomy key book. The results of the study showed that there are two soil orders in the Baraka district, Enrekang Regency that is Alfisols and Inceptisols. Alfisols was found in the six soil profile that classified as Typic Paleustalfs (subgroup) mixed family of Isohypethemic Typic Paleustalfs, Kaolinitic with Isohypethemic Typic Paleustalfs, while Inceptisol was found in the nine soil profile that classified as Lithic Haplustepts, Dystic Haplustepts, Typic Dystrudepts and on the family category that is clay mixture Isohypethemic Typic Dystrustepts, clay mixture Isohypethemic Dystric Haplustepts, clay mixture Isohypethemic Lithic Haplustepts, Carbonatic compound Isohypethemic Dystric Haplustepts. The results of this research also indicate that the dominant soil-forming factors in the Baraka District, Enrekang Regency are the parent material, vegetation, and slopes.
Analysis of conformity between existing land use with regional spatial planning: A case study of Sidenreng Rappang Regency, South Sulawesi
Authors: Neswati R , Syafiuddin M , Jumardianto  , Chairuddin Z
Published: May 2020

It requires spatial planning is suitable for the direction of land use. This study aimed to evaluate the suitability of existing land use with regional spatial planning, and determine the course of spatial use control. The research using a comparative quantitative method and for making land units using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Land units were produced from overlapping between the administration map, land use map (existing), and map of spatial plans. Three categories were made consists of suitable, unsuitable, and not implemented yet. The results of the research showed that existing land use in Sidenreng Rappang regency consists of nine types, namely paddy fields, plantations, settlements, swamps, shrubs, moor, forests, lake, and mixed gardens. Analysis of land use suitable with the regional spatial planning covers 123,882 ha (63.57%), 66,033 ha (33.88%) unsuitable, and 4,952 ha (2.54%) has not been implemented yet. The direction for controlling the use of the land is applying four control instruments, both those that have been implemented and those that have not been achieved so far, namely licensing, zoning regulations, granting incentives and disincentives, and imposing sanctions. Land use directives in Sidenreng Rappang Regency are well implemented (66.11 %) but require instructions that have not been achieved with a spatial regulation (33.88%).
Morphological Characteristics of Arenga pinnata Merr. from Maros and Sinjai Provenances in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, and its relationship with Brix Content
Authors: Nirawati  , Restu M , Kuswinanti T , Musa Y , Paembonan S A , Millang S , Syahidah  , Larekeng S H
Published: May 2020

Palmae is a tree family that has the third biggest potential after the Gramineae and Fabaceae families. Arenga belongs to the genus of the multipurpose palm family (Mogea, Seibert, and Smits 1991), famously known as the “tree of life” and it has high economic potential, especially its sap. The sap produced is the result of photosynthesis which has a high amount of sugar with various inorganic substances and nutrients and good for health. This research provided information regarding the association of sugar content with morphological characteristics and environmental factors, in this case, the intensity of light, humidity and elevation. Morphological parameters observed were stem height, the girth of the bunch, number of green leaves, length of petiole, leaf width (lad), leaf length (pad), number of the female and male inflorescence. Correlation analysis between morphological characters and Brix content showed a moderate correlation on length of the leaf, number of green leaves, and stem height. While the character of environmental factors to Brix content had a moderate correlation on light intensity below the tree stand with a negative correlation value, which was not in line with the value of confidence interval (UpperCI = 0.004) and significantly affected the Brix content.
Carbon stock analysis of some cocoa planting systems in South Sulawesi
Authors: Mustari K , Asrul L , Kaimuddin  , Faradilla L
Published: May 2020

In an effort to control carbon emissions in the air, steps taken are improving forest vegetation and protecting natural forest vegetation as the biggest absorber of carbon gas emissions. Cocoa as the largest plantation crop in Indonesia is expected to be able to absorb CO2 gas emissions in the air due to its ability to absorb carbon. A carbon analysis study was carried out on cacao plantation to determine the level of carbon uptake in each cropping system in South Sulawesi. Hence, the results of the analysis can be a reference in climate change mitigation efforts. Three regencies, each with 3 districts were selected as study locations, namely East Luwu Regency (Burau, Wotu and Mumpangana Districts), Pinrang Regency (Patampanua, Batulappa and Lembang Districts), and Bantaeng Regency (Gantarangkeke, Tompobulu, and Eremerasa Districts). Carbon stored measurements was conducted using allometric formula. Measurements were carried out on 200 m2 observation plot. Results show that carbon sequestration levels were 33.19 tons C/Ha, 25.52 tons C/Ha, 32.07 tons C/Ha in East Luwu, Pinrang and Bantaeng regencies, respectively. The amount of carbon emissions absorbed in East Luwu Regency was 57.46 t/Ha, Pinrang Regency 67.12 t/Ha, and Bantaeng Regency 60.07 t/Ha. The CO2 content based on the composition of land cover in East Luwu Regency was 121.81 tons CO2/Ha, Pinrang Regency 93.69 tons CO2/Ha, and Bantaeng Regency 117.70 tons CO2/Ha.
Screening of eight mutants of Sinjai lokal red rice (Oryza sativa) to salinity stress
Authors: Kasim N , Musa Y , Mustari K , Syaiful S A , Riadi M , Sjahril R , Ahyani N
Published: May 2020

The research aimed to determine the growth and tolerance of M7 brown rice mutant lines against stress by application of several doses of NaCl. The research was conducted at the Bio-Science and Biotechnology Laboratory for Plant Production, Agricultural Cultivation, Faculty of Agriculture of Universitas Hasanuddin. It was conducted from October 2018 to February 2019, which was compiled based on 2 factorial design patterns and a randomized block design as it’s environmental design. The first factor consisted of 9 genotypes, i.e. 8 red rice mutant lines namely g1, g2, g3, g4, g5, g6, g7, g8 and one comparison line g9 as red rice parent which was not mutated. The second factor consisted of 4 NaCl dosage levels namely 0 dS/m, 4 dS/m, 8 dS/m, 12 dS/m. The results of the NaCl treatment on several Sinjai local red rice mutant lines show that the g2 genotype had the highest average value on the parameters of the weight of the plants on a fresh and dry condition. It indicated the g2 genotype as a mutant genotype that has tolerance to salinity stress at the vegetative growth phase.
Characteristic of panicle in M4 red rice mutants
Authors: Kannapadang S , Sjahril R , Riadi M
Published: May 2020

The need for rice is always increasing every year in line with population growth making rice commodities have a very important role. Red rice which has been known for a long time, needs to be given priority in research to overcome the problem of food and nutrition shortages. Rice panicle, a crucial organ that has economic values, is an important yield component to improve. This study aimed to obtain information on relationship within the panicle characters on rice production. The experiment was conducted within 6 month using 10 red rice mutant lines M4 and 2 non-mutant lines as controls. Data from yield components used were number of grains per panicle, panicle density, percentage of filled grain per panicle, grain length, grain width, and grain thick. Based on the results of the path analysis on these characters, it is known that four characters that have a total positive and significant direct effect on the weight of grain per panicle were the number of grains per panicle, panicle density, panicle length and percentage of filled grain per panicle. Hence, these characters are important and effective to be used as a selection component in increasing grain production in red rice plants. Tests of several M4 generation red rice mutants based on grain characterization show very significant differences in grain length and grain width characters. The longest grain is GK2 strain (10.33 mm) and the widest grain is G9 strain (3.29 mm).
Mutation breeding for improvement of aromatic rice mutant by using ion beam irradiation
Authors: Okasa A M , Riadi M , Toriyama K , Ishii K. , Hasyashi Y. , Sato T , Abe T , Trisnawaty  , Panga N J , Sjahril R
Published: May 2020

One of the effective methods in plant breeding is the mutation breeding. Recently new techniques in mutation breeding has risen by using heavy ion beam irradiation. The local rice variety, Pare Bau was used to study the effect of heavy ion beam for aromatic rice improvement. Dry seeds of rice were irradiated at dose of 10 Gy Argon ion. Selected mutants from M2 were planted on M3 generation to check their stability in growth performance and early flowering. Results show that one M3 mutant line showed significantly lower plants height and larger percentage of fertile grain in comparison to control. Therefore, these results indicate that heavy-ion irradiation may provide useful genetic resources for high yield breeding on early generation of mutant line.
Growth of F0 seedlings of oysters mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) with different ages of explants
Authors: Ferial  , Syaiful S A , Dachlan A
Published: May 2020

The success of oyster mushroom cultivation is determined by the quality of seed and the planting media used and environmental factors. This research aimed to obtain quality oyster mushrooms F0 seed based on the type of mushrooms and ages of different explants. The experiment was conducted at the National Agriculture Training Center in Batangkaluku from January to April 2018. The trial was set using factorial randomized block design method with two factors. The first factor was the type of oysters mushroom, namely white oysters mushroom and brown oysters mushroom. The second factor was the difference in the age after the growth of pinhead, consisting of 3 levels, namely 1 day, 3 days and 5 days. There were 6 combination treatments repeated 4 times, resulted in 24 treatment units, and each treatment unit used 3 units as observation object, bringing the total to 72 treatment units. The results show that the interaction between the type of white oysters mushroom and age 5 days after the growth of pinhead provided the best response to the diameter of mycelium F0 (2.84 cm) and the density level of mycelium F0 that categorized as thick density (score 4.17). The largest mycelium thickness, with a score of 3.42, ie. mycelium grows thinly evenly. The treatment of oysters mushroom gave the best response to white oysters mushroom, while the treatment of age after pinhead growth gave the best response at the age of 3 days.
Growth and production of South Sulawesi local waxy corn genotypes (Zea mays ceratina L.)
Authors: Syaiful S A , Riadi M , Mustaman F A , Amin A R , Farid M , Mollah A , Makmur
Published: May 2020

The study was conducted in the Experimental Farm of the Indonesian Cereals Research Institute (ICERI) located in the Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province from September to December 2017. The research aimed to study the quantitative and qualitative characters of some local waxy corn genotypes in South Sulawesi. This experiment was arranged in Randomized Block Design with three replications. The treatment included 9 local waxy corn genotypes from Barru, Bone, Bulukumba, Gowa, Jeneponto, Maros, Soppeng, Takalar, Wajo regencies and URI variety as a control. Local waxy corn genotypes of Bone and Bulukumba has the best phenotype characteristics with the highest grain yield (4.13 t/ha and 4.15 t/ha). Qualitative characters that are easily observed among different local waxy corn genotypes are panicle type, silk color (pistils), and kernel type. All the characteristics have high heritability (>0.50). Silking, weight of dry cob without husk, and cob diameter are the characteristics that give direct effect on the production positively (1.05; 0.001; 0.49, respectively).
Kinship of katokkon chili (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) in Tana Toraja and North Toraja Regencies
Authors: Sjahril R , Riadi M , Ridwan I , Kasmiati  , Suryani I , Trisnawaty AR
Published: May 2020

Katokkon chili (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) is one of the chili varieties in the districts of Tana Toraja and North Toraja which has a diversity of shapes in terms of morphology. This study aimed to identify morphological and cytological diversities and to determine kinship of several accessions of katokkon chili. The study used a survey method in which location determination and sampling were done by purposive sampling. The characters observed were plant height, leaf length, leaf width, petiole length, number of flowers per node, fruit length, fruit width, thickness of fruit flesh, fruit stalk length, and number of seeds per fruit. The survey results identified a total of 30 accessions of katokkon chilies consisted of 16 accessions from Tana Toraja Regency and 14 accessions from North Toraja Regency. Morphological analysis results using dendrogram show that the 30 accessions of chili katokkon obtained still had a high kinship with varying fruit shapes and leaf colors. At 96.70% similarity level, two groups were determined (group I consisted of 23 accessions and group II consisted of 7 accessions). Based on the observed characters, at 56.53% similarity, the accession can be categorized into two groups, namely group I (plant height, leaf length, petiole length, and leaf width) and group II (fruit length, fruit stalk length, fruit diameter, number of seeds per fruit and fruit thickness).
Food security and sustainable agriculture
Authors: Ala A , Ridwan I
Published: May 2020

Responding to the increase of the world population, food availability in developing countries will need to increase, 60% by 2030 and double by 2050. These figures are equivalent to 42% and 70% growth in global food production, respectively. Many Indonesian lived in poor rural areas especially children still experience malnourished, underweight and suffer from stunted growth. This paper discusses food security issues from the perspective of sustainable agriculture, its challenges and policies supporting the efforts to sustain food security. The paper also compares the food security concept with food sovereignty related to the production aspect and the sustainability of the supply chain and accessibility of the food.
Characterization and pathogenicity test of indigenous cellulolytic fungi as biofertilizer candidate
Authors: Fikrinda F , Susanna S , Khalil M , Sriwati R , Syafruddin S , Sufardi S
Published: May 2020

Cellulolytic fungi have an important role in regulating plant nutrition to sustain plant productivity. This study was aimed to characterize and test the pathogenicity of cellulolytic fungi isolated from the dry land of Aceh as a candidate for biofertilizer. A total of 30 isolates was characterized by their cellulolytic and phosphatase activity semi-quantitatively. The cellulolytic activities on amorph and crystalline cellulose were determined on the Mandel medium with CMC and Avicell as carbon sources respectively while phosphatase was observed on the Pikovskaya medium. The pathogenicity test of the potential isolates on maize, rice, and soybean was determined by the Knop’s medium slants method. The results show that isolates with the ability to degrade amorph cellulose were more (93.33%) than crystalline (86.67%) and 80% isolates had activities on both cellulose types. Beside cellulolytic, most isolates (93.33 %) also had phosphatase activity. There were 23 isolates whose cellulolytic and phosphatase activities, five isolates were non-pathogenic on maize, rice, and soybean, two isolates on maize and rice, and one isolate on rice. These results indicate that the indigenous cellulolytic fungi from the dry land of Aceh were potential to be developed as biofertilizers in the cultivation of maize, rice, and/or soybean.
Green leafhopper (Nephotettix virescens Distan) biotype and their ability to transfer tungro disease in South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Rosida N , Kuswinanti T , Nasruddin A , Amin N
Published: May 2020

The study was conducted to determine the variation of the green leafhopper biotype in South Sulawesi and their ability to transmit the tungro virus. GLH colonies were collected from several districts in South Sulawesi (Sidrap, Pinrang, Maros and Gowa). Green leafhopper colonies were selected for their population growth and their ability to transfer tungro virus. All GLH colonies from Pinrang, Sidrap, Gowa, and Maros have a high level of virulence in all resistant varieties, where the percentage of nymphs becomes the second instar and the number of green leafhopper populations in one life cycle (first-generation/F1) in all resistant varieties were not significantly different from TN1 (no gene for resistance). Among resistant varieties, IR 38 (Glh 6) was the most adaptive variety to the four colonies of green leafhoppers (Pinrang, Sidrap, Gowa, and Maros) with the highest average population. All GLH colonies are able to transfer tungro virus to all resistant varieties. The percentage of tungro virus infection ranged from 50% to 100% in all resistant varieties transmitted by each GLH. The ability of GLH colonies to transfer viruses ranked from high to low, Sidrap, Pinrang, Gowa, and Maros. Of all GLH resistant varieties tested, no more varieties were resistant to GLH colonies from Sidrap. There are three variants colonies of GLH were successfully identified, namely biotypes 1650, 1654, and 1604.
Effectiveness of nylon exclusion net for preventing chili fruit damage by the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Nasruddin A D , Nurariaty A , Melina M
Published: May 2020

Oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel) is one of the most damaging insect pests of chili plants causing yield loss up to 90% in Indonesia. Chili growers apply insecticides so heavily that the pest has been reported resistant to insecticides in many places. Safer but more effective alternative control measures must be sought and developed. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of nylon net cage in protecting chili plants from the fruit fly attack. The study was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, from January to June 2018. This experiment consisted of three treatments: plants caged with nylon net, plants sprayed weekly with insecticide, and unsprayed and uncaged plants (control plants). Treatments were arranged in a complete randomized block design with three replications and each replication consisted of four chili plants. The results showed that the use of nylon net cage provided a total protection, 0% fruit damaged by the fruit fly. In contrast, the plants sprayed with insecticide and control plants suffered fruit damage of 29.1 and 37.5%, respectively. Therefore, nylon net was effective but weekly insecticide spray was not effective in protecting the plants from the fruit fly attack.
Neutron attenuation and mechanical properties of polymer composites filled with boron carbide particles
Authors: Nurazila M Z , Hafizal Y , Megat Harun M A
Published: May 2020

In this work, neutron attenuation and mechanical properties of thermoplastic natural rubber (TPNR) blend filled with boron carbide (B4C) have been studied as a function of filler loading. Thermoplastic natural rubber of high density polyethylene/natural rubber (HDPE/NR) blend with different amounts of boron carbide (5–20 wt%) have been prepared via melt blending method. All samples were subjected to neutron transmission and tensile tests. The results showed that neutron shielding performance of the composites were improved significantly with the addition of B4C into TPNR matrix. On the other hand, mechanical properties of the composites were found to decrease with increasing filler loading.
Study on the shielding materials for low-energy gamma sources
Authors: Aminordin Sabri A H , Abdul Aziz M Z , Olukotun S F , Tabbakh F , Tajudin S M
Published: May 2020

Photon dosimetry is indispensable in designing an irradiation facilities shielding. Monte Carlo simulation was utilized to investigate the efficiency of relatively new developed clay and Gadolinum (Gd)-doped polymer as a radiation shielding material for low energy gamma sources (Am-241 and Co-57). The calculated linear attenuation coefficient (µ) of Am-241 and Co-57 for clay is higher within 6.6 % and 0.9 % compared to ordinary concrete, respectively. The µ value for Gd-doped polymer is higher by a factor of 9 and 5 compared to clay for Am-241 and Co-57, respectively. A thickness of 2 cm and 5 cm from both clay and concrete were adequate to attenuate almost 90 % incident photons from Am-241 and Co-57, respectively. The same thickness of 2 cm by Gd-doped polymer could attenuate almost 95 % of Co-57 photons. 3 cm thickness of clay and concrete could shield the gamma source dose rate of Am-241 (1 MBq) down to 0.05 µSv/hr, while almost 10 cm needed for Co-57 source. Gd-doped polymer with thickness of 2 cm could shield almost 94 % the dose rate from Co-57 source. For higher energy gamma sources, clay and ordinary concrete need to be doped with a higher Z element to ensure safety of the radiation.
Peat soil stabilization using electrokinetic stabilization (EKS) treatment at Parit Lapis Kadir, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
Authors: Wahab Abdul , Embong Zaidi , Naseem Abbas Ali , Bin Ahmad Tajudin Saiful Azhar , Zaman Qamar Uz
Published: May 2020

Peat is found all over the world, which covered about 4.5% of the total world land and considered one of the most challenging soil, it creates many problems in constructions projects due to its characteristics like low shear strength, high water content and high compressibility. Hence, buildings and roads construction on peat has become more complex and differential settlements, slope failures, global instabilities, and long-term excessive settlements have occurred. Developing countries such as Malaysia, also facing such type of problems in building and road constructions. To overcome this problem, several matters related to soft soil strength, its essential to be resolved in proper way. This can be done by performing soil treatment to enhance its strength and physical properties. The application of soil improvement by using the electrokinetic stabilization (EKS) method has the potential to overcome problems such as low shear strength, high moisture content and high compressibility of the low permeable soil. The principles of EKS method involve applying a low potential gradient through electrodes which are inserted in the low permeable soil that cannot readily be drained. The voltage gradient of 110 V and 150 V was applied to the peat soil with the help of aluminium electrodes for the operational period of 3 and 6 hours. The peat sample was collected from Parit Lapis Kadir, Batu Pahat, Johor state, Malaysia. Some soil parameters like shear strength (τ) moisture content (WN), liquid limit (WL), maximum dry density (MDD), optimum moisture content (OMC) and dynamic properties were examined for pre and post EK. The result shows that shear strength was improved from 10.7 to 58 and 64 kPa, moisture content was reduced from 476.84 to 336.22 and 306.38%, the liquid limit was improved from 152.33 to 198.10 and 213.96%, maximum dry density was increased from 7.97 × 10−7 to 7.29× 10−7 and 8.39 × 10−7 kg/m3 and optimum moisture content was improved from 27.56 to 114.01 and 125.25%. The shear wave velocity (SWV) was increased from 75.5 m/s to 109.5 m/s. The experimental results suggest the potential of developing EKS technique to stabilize shear strength of soft peat is effectively and efficiently.
Mobile robot for radiation mapping in indoor environment
Authors: Abd Rahman Nur Aira , Mohamed Sahari Khairul Salleh , Abdul Jalal Muhammad Fairuz , Rahman Anwar Abdul , Abd Adziz Mohd Izwan , Hassan Mohd Zaid
Published: May 2020

Radiation mapping is the process of measuring radiation intensity level at distributed sampling points in a predefined region of interest (ROI). This procedure is crucial in any radiological related emergency to locate contamination hotspot(s) or in routine inspections in any radiation facilities. When workers knowingly enter a high radiation zone to perform radiation mapping, they are exposed to the risk of radiation exposure. Mobile robot is a potential solution that could eliminate the health and safety risk and subsequently improve the measurement accuracy. This paper reports implementation of mobile robot for radiation mapping by using a commercial mobile robot platform, Turtlebot2 in conjunction with Robot Operating System (ROS). Mobile robot is capable to generate physical map of the targeted environment by using Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM). Simultaneously, Geiger Muller detector is utilized to perform radiation measurement. The radiation data is directly plotted on the physical map hence the radiation intensity distribution throughout the ROI could be assessed. Functionality of the radiation mapping robot is evaluated in real-world experiments and the results will be presented in the paper.
Radiation vulcanization of natural rubber latex by Caesium-137 source
Authors: Chai C K , Mat Lazim M N
Published: May 2020

Radiation vulcanized natural rubber latex is a rubber latex vulcanized by using ionizing radiation such as gamma radiation or electron beam. Gamma radiation is preferred over electron beam due to its higher penetration power, and Cobalt-60 is commonly used as a gamma radiation source for the irradiation process. Caesium-137 is another source for gamma radiation but it is not commonly used for RVNRL preparation despite its longer half-life. Caesium-137 retains its source activity much longer than Cobalt-60 and a Caesium-137 based irradiation facility would require less replenishment compares with the one with Cobalt-60. One of the reasons preventing the application of Caesium-137 for RVNRL preparation is its lower gamma radiation energy. This study aimed to analyze RVNRL prepared by using Caesium-137 source from a gamma cell and to compare its tensile properties with RVNRL prepared by using Cobalt-60 source. Results showed evidence of radiation induced crosslinking in RVNRL prepared by Caesium-137 source. At radiation dose of 12 kGy, the tensile properties of RVNRL prepared by Caesium-137 source is comparable to those by Cobalt-60. At radiation dose below 12 kGy, the effectiveness of Caesium-137 in radiation vulcanization is found to be better than that of Cobalt-60.
Study of the magnet for 1 MeV cyclotron
Authors: Ibrahim Maslina Mohd , Wah Leo Kwee , Aziz Noor Farhana Husna A
Published: May 2020

The cyclotron is a circular particle accelerator. It was invented by Lawrence and Livingston in 1932. Currently, at least 4 cyclotrons are operating in Malaysia with the energy range of 8.5 MeV to 18 MeV. Typically, those cyclotron facilities are used for the medical radioisotope production. The potential of cyclotron with its applications has embarked us to the conceptual design of 1 MeV Cyclotron. Magnet as an essential component of Cyclotron to guide the beam into the circular desired orbit. Therefore, this paper will discuss the design of this magnet for 1 MeV Cyclotron by using different structure of magnet yoke with the aim to achieve a uniform fringe magnetic field of 1.7 Tesla. As the result, the profile at the median plane of the air gap and the characteristic of edge focusing is simulated by using the 2D Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM 4.2) software.
Geometrodynamics of spacetime “surfing”
Authors: Alias Anuar
Published: May 2020

The idea of hyper-fast travel in the framework of General Relativity has firstly been introduced by Miguel Alcubierre. It was interesting, as it shows the possibility to locally modified spacetime surrounding an intended vehicle to move at huge speed which is rather different than the method of spacetime topological breaking as in a wormhole theory. Instead of puncturing through a hole in spacetime as in a wormhole, this method of spacetime geometrical modification, manipulates the geometrodynamics contraction and expansion of spacetime curvature so that the intended object’s hypersurface surfs on the surrounding spacetime hyperspace. In this paper we will explore in more detail mathematically, how the concept has been derived in the framework of General Relativity. Starting from developing the metric to the expression of energy density that governs the spacetime “surfing” geometrodynamics in relation with the necessary parameters describing the spacetime warp bubble.
Ageing assessment of biological shielding integrity for PUSPATI TRIGA Reactor
Authors: Ramli Nurhayati , Karim Julia Abdul , Razi Hasniyati Md , Ariff Mustafa Muhammad Khairul , Masenwat Noor Azreen , Sani Suhairy , Hussain Mohd Huzair
Published: May 2020

For more than 35 years of operation and utilization of the neutron source from the PUSPATI TRIGA Reactor (RTP), the reactor has faced ageing challenged and degradation in several structures, systems and components (SSCs). Several modifications have been made since 2010 to ensure safe operation and sustainability, however, due to recent intensively request from the user to use the neutron source, it has shown degradation behaviour in the reactor SSCs including the biological shielding of the RTP. In this paper, it described the assessment of the safety barriers integrity specifically at the biological shielding concrete structure of the RTP. In-service inspection and X-Ray diffraction methodology were used to investigate and analyses the condition. The investigation results show no irregularity except slightly degradation occurrences has been noticed and aware.