bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immune Modulatory Effects of Vitamin D on Herpesvirus Infections
Authors: Galdo-Torres Daniel , Andreu Sabina , Caballero Oliver , Hernández-Ruiz Israel , Ripa Inés , Bello-Morales Raquel , López-Guerrero José Antonio
Published: February 2025

In addition to its classical role in calcium and phosphate metabolism regulation, vitamin D also has an important impact on immunity modulation. Vitamin D regulates the immune response, shifting from a proinflammatory state to a more tolerogenic one by increasing the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines while downregulating proinflammatory cytokines. Thus, low levels of vitamin D have been associated with an increased risk of developing autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes. Furthermore, this prohormone also enhances the release of well-known antimicrobial peptides, like cathelicidin LL-37 and β-defensins; therefore, it has been proposed that vitamin D serum levels might be related to the risk of well-known pathogen infections, including herpesviruses. These are a group of widely spread viral pathogens that can cause severe encephalitis or tumors like Kaposi’s sarcoma and Burkitt lymphoma. However, there is no consensus on the minimum levels of vitamin D or the recommended daily dose, making it difficult to establish a possible association between these two factors. This narrative non-systematic review will analyze the mechanisms by which vitamin D regulates the immune system and recent studies about whether there is an association between vitamin D serum levels and herpesvirus infections.
Human Placenta MSC-Derived DNA Fragments Exert Therapeutic Effects in a Skin Wound Model via the A2A Receptor
Authors: Lee Hankyu , Lee Hyun-Jung , Jang Hyeon-Jun , Park Hyeri , Kim Gi Jin
Published: February 2025

PDRN, polydeoxyribonucleotide, which is used as a tissue-regeneration material, is present in human cells under physiological conditions and stimulates regeneration and metabolic activity. PDRN can be used as a biomaterial for several types of regeneration, including wound healing, to promote cell growth and growth-factor production. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of PDRN derived from human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hPD-MSCs) on cellular regeneration through A2A receptor signaling and to investigate its therapeutic effects in a mouse model of wound healing. Human PDRN (UNIPlax) was extracted from hPD-MSCs fragmented via a sonication system and evaluated for its effect on the migration of HaCaT cells in an in vitro system and in a wound-healing mouse model in vivo. Compared with the sham treatment, UNIPlax treatment significantly increased the migration of injured HaCaT cells (p < 0.05). Additionally, the tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was greater than that of the sham group (p < 0.05), and the effects of this treatment were mediated through the A2A receptor. Furthermore, UNIPlax treatment led to a decrease in wound size; in addition, the area of granulation and the rate of collagen formation at the wound site were significantly greater than those in the sham group in the wound-healing mouse model (p < 0.001). We also confirmed that UNIPlax promoted tissue regeneration and the expression of VEGF through the A2A receptor. Taken together, these findings indicate that UNIPlax has potential for regeneration of damaged tissues, including during wound healing.
Surrogate-Assisted Cost Optimization for Post-Tensioned Concrete Slab Bridges
Authors: Yepes-Bellver Lorena , Brun-Izquierdo Alejandro , Alcalá Julián , Yepes Víctor
Published: February 2025

The study uses surrogate modeling techniques to evaluate cost optimization methodologies for post-tensioned concrete slab bridges. These structures are key components in transportation infrastructure, where design efficiency can yield significant economic benefits. The research focuses on a three-span slab bridge, with spans of 24, 34, and 28 m, optimized through the Kriging surrogate model combined with heuristic algorithms such as simulated annealing. Input variables included deck depth, base geometry, and concrete grade, with Latin Hypercube Sampling ensuring diverse design exploration. Results reveal that the optimized design achieves a 6.54% cost reduction compared to conventional approaches, primarily by minimizing material usage—concrete by 14.8% and active steel by 11.25%. Among the predictive models analyzed, the neural network demonstrated the lowest prediction error but required multiple runs for stability, while the Kriging model offered accurate local optimum identification. This work highlights surrogate modeling as a practical and efficient tool for bridge design, reducing costs while adhering to structural and serviceability criteria. The methodology facilitates better-informed decision-making in structural engineering, supporting more economical bridge designs.
Orthodontic Treatment of a Transmigrating Impacted Lower Canine Using a Digitally Designed and 3D-Printed Lingual Appliance Combined with Corticotomy and Laser Therapy—A Case Report
Authors: Kuc Anna Ewa , Kotuła Jacek , Kulgawczyk Maria , Kotuła Krzysztof , Grzech-Leśniak Zuzanna , Zalewska Aneta , Kulikowska-Kulesza Justyna , Kawala Beata , Lis Joanna , Sarul Michał
Published: February 2025

Background: Canines play a vital functional and aesthetic role in human dentition, yet impacted canines, particularly in the mandible, are rare and can lead to functional disorders, such as the absence of canine guidance, while negatively affecting a patient’s self-esteem. Transmigration of mandibular canines adds complexity to treatment. One method to reduce the treatment time, especially for impacted teeth, is corticotomy-assisted orthodontic therapy (CAOT). Methods: A 13-year-old patient presented with a horizontally impacted lower right canine, positioned below the roots of the lower incisors, showing transmigration. A digitally designed and 3D-printed lingual appliance was attached to the lower molars with hooks on the lingual side, enabling the application of multi-directional orthodontic forces. CAOT was performed using an Er:YAG laser (LightWalker, Fotona, Ljubljana, Slovenia) at 200 mJ, 12 Hz, 2.4 W, with a pulse duration of 100 µs, and an MSP H14 conical tip (0.6 mm spot diameter). Photobiomodulation (PBM) with a 635 nm diode laser (Lasotronix, Smart ProM, Piaseczno, Poland) was applied at 10 J per point (20 J/cm2) for 100 s per point, with a total energy of 20 J per session to reduce the risk of root resorption, manage pain, and accelerate healing as the tooth was moved into the alveolar ridge. Results: The treatment duration was two and a half years. The lingual appliance with hooks allowed precise traction of the canine, aided by exposure from the lingual side and the attachment of a hook. Gentle forces applied via orthodontic thread gradually moved the canine beneath the oral mucosa. Mid-treatment cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans confirmed the absence of root resorption of the lower incisors. A corticotomy, enhanced by laser therapy, was performed before moving the canine into the alveolar ridge. The canine was successfully rotated 180° and positioned without any signs of resorption in the canine or adjacent teeth. Conclusions: The use of a digitally designed and 3D-printed lingual appliance with hooks allowed the precise control of the traction of impacted teeth. When combined with corticotomy and laser therapy, it minimised root resorption risks, reduced pain, accelerated healing, and improved the overall success of the orthodontic treatment.
Smoking Cessation Strategies After Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Nazir Anum , Shetty Ujjar Smrthi , Seddiki Moncef Oualid , Jheinga Mala , Fan Lampson
Published: February 2025

Smoking is one of the strongest modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease. It is the cause of approximately 10–30% of deaths due to cardiovascular disease around the world. There is a 50% reduction in the risk of myocardial infarction by one year for people who successfully quit smoking. Considering the risk associated with smoking and the benefits of smoking cessation, it is important to identify and implement effective smoking cessation strategies. There are pharmacological as well as non-pharmacological interventions to assist in smoking cessation. Pharmacological therapies including nicotine replacement therapy; bupropion and varenicline have generally been studied more in patients with cardiovascular disease than the non-pharmacological interventions. Non-pharmacological strategies for smoking cessation include behavioural interventions such as counselling sessions and cognitive behavioural therapy. Studies and randomised controlled trials have demonstrated the safety of most of the pharmacological interventions. Nonetheless, the success rates are variable for the different pharmacological options. Data suggest that greater success can be achieved in smoking cessation with a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment. However, more studies are needed to explore the best therapeutic options to improve the success of smoking cessation.
Endometriosis in Adolescents: A Closer Look at the Pain Characteristics and Atypical Symptoms: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Viscardi Maria Federica , Piacenti Ilaria , Musella Angela , Cacciamani Laura , Piccioni Maria Grazia , Manganaro Lucia , Muzii Ludovico , Porpora Maria Grazia
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Endometriosis affects up to 10% of women of reproductive age and about 47% of adolescents with pelvic pain. Symptoms include dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and chronic pelvic pain (CPP). Adolescents often present atypical symptoms that can make endometriosis more difficult to diagnose. This study aimed to compare characteristics of pain, atypical symptoms, and the effects of hormonal treatments between adolescents and adults with endometriosis. Methods: A total of 238 women with endometriosis were included: 92 aged 12–18 (group A) and 146 over 18 (group B). Data on menarches, cycle length, comorbidities, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, CPP, analgesic use, pain characteristics, atypical symptoms, and endometrioma size were recorded. The efficacy, compliance, and side effects of hormonal treatments were also assessed. Quality of life (QoL) was measured using the SF-12 questionnaire at baseline and after six months of therapy. Results: Adolescents had earlier menarche (p < 0.001), longer menstrual periods (p < 0.001), and higher analgesic use (p = 0.001) compared to adults. Dysmenorrhea was more frequent (p = 0.01), lasted longer (p < 0.001), and was associated with higher pain scores (p < 0.001) in adolescents. CPP was more common in adolescents (p < 0.001), often described as “confined” (p = 0.04) and “oppressive” (p = 0.038), while adults reported it as “widespread” (p = 0.007). Headaches (p < 0.001) and nausea (p = 0.001) were also more frequent in adolescents. Both groups showed significant improvement in QoL with hormonal treatment (p < 0.001) and reported minimal side effects. Conclusions: Adolescents with endometriosis often present with earlier menarche, longer menstrual periods, more severe dysmenorrhea, and atypical symptoms. Hormonal contraceptives and dienogest are effective and safe treatments that improve pain and QoL.
A Flatness Error Prediction Model in Face Milling Operations Using 6-DOF Robotic Arms
Authors: Iglesias Iván , Sánchez-Lite Alberto , González-Gaya Cristina , Silva Francisco J. G.
Published: February 2025

The current trend in machining with robotic arms involves leveraging Industry 4.0 technologies to propose solutions that reduce path deviation errors. This approach presents significant challenges alongside promising advancements, as well as a substantial increase in the cost of future industrial robotic cells, which is not always amortizable. As an alternative or complementary approach to this trend, methods encouraging the occasional use of Industry 4.0 devices for characterizing the behavior of the actual physical cell, calibration, or adjustment are proposed. One such method, called FlePFaM, predicts flatness errors in face milling operations using robotic arms. This is achieved by estimating tool path deviation errors through the integration of a simple model of the robot arm’s mechanics with the cutting forces vector of the process, thereby optimizing machining conditions. These conditions are determined through prior empirical estimations of mass, stiffness, and damping. The conducted tests enabled the selection of the most favorable combination of variables, such as the robot wrist configuration, the position and orientation of the workpiece, and the predominant milling orientation. This led to the identification of the configuration with the lowest absolute flatness error according to the model’s predictions. The results demonstrated a high degree of similarity—between 97% for the closest case and 57% for the farthest case—between simulated and experimental flatness error values. FlePFaM represents a significant step forward in adopting innovative robotic arm solutions for reliable and efficient production. FlePFaM includes dimensional flatness indicators that provide practical support for decision making.
Screening of Antagonistic Trichoderma Strains to Enhance Soybean Growth
Authors: Yu Na , Gao Yijia , Chang Feng , Liu Wenting , Guo Changhong , Cai Hongsheng
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the isolation and screening of Trichoderma strains that exhibit antagonistic properties against soybean root-infecting Fusarium species, particularly F. oxysporum. From soybean rhizosphere soil, 37 antagonistic Trichoderma strains were identified using the plate confrontation method, demonstrating inhibitory effects ranging from 47.57% to 72.86% against F. oxysporum. Strain 235T4 exhibited the highest inhibition rate at 72.86%. Molecular identification confirmed that the strains belonged to eight species within the Trichoderma genus, with notable strains promoting soybean growth in greenhouse tests. In pot experiments, the application of Trichoderma significantly reduced the disease index of soybean plants inoculated with F. oxysporum, particularly with strain 223H16, which achieved an 83.78% control efficiency. Field applications further indicated enhanced soybean growth metrics, including increased pod numbers and plant height, when treated with specific Trichoderma strains. Additionally, Trichoderma application enriched the fungal diversity in the soybean rhizosphere, resulting in a significant reduction of Fusarium populations by approximately 50%. This study highlights the potential of Trichoderma species as biological control agents to enhance soybean health and productivity while improving soil fungal diversity.
The Influence of Friction Parameters and Material Type on Results in the Block-on-Ring Friction System
Authors: Madej Marcin , Leszczyńska-Madej Beata
Published: February 2025

The block-on-ring friction system is one of the more universal methods of measuring the tribological properties of materials, where we are able to compare the properties of different materials using a prescribed counter sample. When preparing for a test, we usually determine the parameters that appear to be optimal for testing a given material for its applications. The question remains whether and how such a choice affects the results obtained. In this paper, tests have been carried out on two commonly used plain bearing alloys, B83 and B89. The T-05 tester used for the tests allows the rotation of the counter sample to be adjusted, and, in this study, this was varied in the range of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 rpm. Another parameter variable in the tests was the friction distance, and two distances of 100 and 250 m were used. As the tests were carried out under technically dry friction conditions, it was possible to capture both the effect of the running-in period and the stable friction path. The tests showed that the alloys tested over the longer friction distance of 250 m responded differently to a change in parameters, with alloy B83 showing a sinusoidal variation in wear resistance with a maximum at medium speed, whereas alloy B89 is characterized by a continuous increase in wear with increasing speed. The coefficient of friction is more dependent on speed, and the basic conclusion can be drawn that increasing speed results in a lower coefficient of friction. This research has confirmed the need for the careful selection of test parameters and the difficulty of comparing results when there is even a slight difference in the test parameters used at different test centers.
Preparation and Performance Optimization of Fe2+:ZnSe Solid Solution by High-Pressure–High-Temperature Method
Authors: Wang Lijuan , Yang Haohao , Zheng Shiyun , Fan Xin , Gao Qiong , Wang Fangbiao , Chen Qi , Liu Peng , Li Linjun
Published: February 2025

In this paper, high-purity zinc selenide (ZnSe) prepared by the Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) method was used as the raw material, and iron ion-doped zinc selenide polycrystals were successfully fabricated through the thermal diffusion method at 1100 °C for 30 h. The results showed that iron ions (Fe2+) successfully penetrated into the zinc selenide crystals, but the concentration of iron ions inside the crystals was relatively low, and the crystals exhibited numerous defects. To address this issue, we performed secondary sintering and annealing on the samples under high-temperature and high-pressure (HPHT) conditions, with the annealing temperature range set at 900–1200 °C. The results demonstrated that, under the synergistic effects of high temperature and high pressure, the lattice spacing in the crystals significantly decreased, defects were reduced, the distribution of iron ions became more uniform, and the concentration of iron ions in the central region increased. Additionally, the density and hardness of the samples were significantly improved. The method of secondary sintering under high-temperature and high-pressure provides a novel approach for the preparation of iron ion-doped zinc selenide polycrystalline ceramics, contributing to the enhancement of ceramic properties.
CO2-Responsive Worm-like Micelle Based on Double-Tailed Surfactant
Authors: Liu Fanghui , Huang Huiyu , Zhang Mingmin , Mu Meng , Chen Rui , Su Xin
Published: February 2025

CO2-responsive worm-like micelles (WLMs) are considered promising for applications in smart materials, enhanced oil recovery, and drug delivery because of their reversible and tunable properties. This study presents a novel system of CO2-responsive WLMs, which is constructed using a double-tailed surfactant (DTS). When exposed to CO2, the DTS molecules undergo protonation, resulting in the formation of ultra-long-chain cationic surfactants that self-assemble into worm-like micelles. The zero-shear viscosity of the DTS–CO2 solution achieves approximately 300,000 mPa·s, which is 300,000 times higher than that of pure water. In contrast, the DTS–air solution exhibits a viscosity of only 2 mPa·s. The system retains a viscosity above 100,000 mPa·s across a temperature range of 25–120 °C under a CO2 atmosphere. Moreover, it demonstrates reversible transitions between high- and low-viscosity states without any loss of responsiveness, even after multiple cycles. The critical overlap concentration of the DTS–CO2 micellar system is determined to be 80 mM. This research offers valuable insights into the development of CO2-responsive surfactants, highlighting their potential for designing advanced functional materials.
Dual-Scale Collaborative Optimization of Microtubule Self-Healing Composites Based on Variable-Angle Fiber Design
Authors: Li Peng , Fan Baijia , Wang Shenbiao , Tan Jianbin , Cheng Wentao
Published: February 2025

To enhance the mechanics and self-healing properties of the self-healing composite, this study introduces an innovative optimization method for variable-angle fiber-reinforced self-healing composites with microtubule network carriers. The study aims to minimize macroscopic structural compliance and carrier head loss. Firstly, a topological description function (TDF) for the self-healing composite was introduced, taking into account the configuration and geometry of the macroscopic structure and microtubule network carrier as design variables. Secondly, the relationship between the fiber laying angle and component spindle direction was established. An element stiffness matrix for variable-angle fibers was derived to determine the compliance of the self-healing composite. Then, the microtubule network head loss was calculated based on the Hardy Cross method. Finally, by integrating the Moving Morphable Component (MMC) method and the enumeration method, a dual-scale collaborative optimization framework was developed. The set of double-objective Pareto non-inferior solutions of the self-healing composite was obtained by iteration. Numerical examples show that (1) under the same optimization conditions, the non-inferior solution set of variable-angle fiber design is superior to those of fixed-angle fiber designs (0°, 45°, and 90°). (2) Compared with single-objective (compliance) optimization of the carrier-free composite, the Pareto solution set of the variable-angle dual-scale collaborative optimization can provide a better compliance optimization solution, and the maximum compliance solution of the solution set is only 10.64% higher. This paper proposes a method combining variable-angle and dual-scale collaborative optimization, which provides a useful reference for the topology design of a self-healing composite.
A Comparison of the Efficacy and Safety of Denosumab and Zoledronic Acid in Patients with Bone Metastatic Breast Cancer Receiving CDK4/6 Inhibitor Therapy
Authors: Öner İrem , Anık Hicran , Kurt İnci Bediz , Kubilay Tolunay Pınar , Ateş Öztürk , Yalçıntaş Arslan Ülkü , Karaçin Cengiz
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: Bone metastases in patients can cause significant quality-of-life declines due to skeletal-related events (SREs). SRE is defined as the occurrence of radiotherapy for bone pain, pathologic fracture, bone surgery, spinal cord compression, or hypercalcemia. Bone-modifying agents (BMAs), such as denosumab and zoledronic acid, are crucial in reducing the frequency and severity of SREs. The inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors has emerged as the standard treatment for hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer, demonstrating significant improvements in survival outcomes. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of denosumab and zoledronic acid in preventing SRE in patients receiving CDK4/6 inhibitors with endocrine therapy. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 328 patients diagnosed with bone metastatic breast cancer receiving first-line CDK4/6 inhibitor therapy (palbociclib or ribociclib). Patients were assigned to receive either subcutaneous denosumab or intravenous zoledronic acid every 4 weeks. Time to the first skeletal-related event post bone-modifying agent initiation, SRE incidence, and the safety data were evaluated. The data were analyzed using independent samples t-tests, chi-square tests, and Kaplan–Meier methods for time-to-event data. Results: In the denosumab group, the median time to the first skeletal-related event was significantly longer than in the zoledronic acid group (44.55 months and 29.16 months, respectively). Denosumab treatment was associated with a statistically significant reduction in the risk of developing the first SRE after bone-modifying agent initiation compared to zoledronic acid (HR: 0.56, p = 0.001). Additionally, ECOG PS and the number of metastatic bone sites were identified as independent prognostic factors for time to the first SRE. The safety profile was consistent with previous studies reported in the literature. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that when used with CDK4/6 inhibitors, denosumab is associated with a delay in SREs and a lower SRE incidence than zoledronic acid in patients with bone metastases. These findings support the efficacy of denosumab in preventing SREs and suggest that CDK4/6 inhibitors may have distinct effects on the bone microenvironment, particularly when combined with denosumab.
Optimizing Alfalfa-Fermented Green Juice (aFGJ) Preparation and Its Effects on Microbial Community and Nutrient Composition in Alfalfa Silage
Authors: Mao Ting , Ye Ze , Niu Yongyan , Zheng Qun , Yang Tao , Wang Zhiye
Published: February 2025

To study the relationship between the microbial community structure and the quality of alfalfa silage by adding alfalfa-fermented green juice (aFGJ), the Box–Behnken design was used to optimize the process of preparing aFGJ. High-throughput sequence technology was used to detected the microbial community structure of aFGJ and silage samples, and two silage experiments were designed: silage with aFGJ (LZQC) and silage with no addition (CK). In addition, the chemical composition and fermentation quality of silage samples at different times were determined. The result showed that the optimal aFGJ culture condition for LAB quantity was an addition of 2.6% glucose to alfalfa green juice and an anaerobic culture at 35 °C for 49 h, and the number of viable bacteria can reach 8.0 × 108 cfu·mL−1. The main microorganisms (species level) were Lactobacillus brevis (57.63%) and Lactobacillus plantarum (37.31%). There was a significant increase in the relative abundance of Pediococcus. pentosaceus and L. plantarum and a reduction in L. brevis after silage for 70 days with the added aFGJ; meanwhile, the chemical composition (DM losses, aNDF) and fermentation quality (pH, NH3-N/TN, LA) were significantly better than that of the CK group. The addition of aFGJ changed the types and abundance of microbial communities, increased the number of beneficial lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and decreased the number of harmful bacteria, which had a significant effect on the quality of the silage.
Anti-Melanogenic Effects of L-Theanine on B16F10 Cells and Zebrafish
Authors: Yu Chih-Li , Pang Haiyue , Run Zhao , Wang Guey-Horng
Published: February 2025

L-Theanine, a natural amino acid found in green tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves, is known for its diverse psychotropic effects. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of L-theanine on melanin production and uncover its regulatory mechanism. We evaluated the anti-melanogenic activities of L-theanine in vitro and in vivo. In B16F10 murine melanoma cells induced by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, melanin content and intracellular tyrosinase activity were determined, and melanogenesis-related protein expression and signaling pathways were analyzed by Western blotting. Melanin reduction was further assessed using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) test. L-Theanine reduced the intracellular tyrosinase activity and melanin content of B16F10 cells. It also attenuated the expression of melanogenesis-related proteins, such as microphthalmia- associated transcription factor, tyrosinase (TYR), TYR-related protein-1, and dopachrome tautomerase. L-Theanine modulated the protein kinase A (PKA), cAMP responder element binding protein (CREB), phosphorylation of/protein kinase B (Akt), glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), and β-catenin. The antimelanogenic activity of L-theanine (<2 mg/mL) was further confirmed using zebrafish larvae. L-Theanine inhibited melanogenesis by downregulating the PKA/CREB and Akt/GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling pathways. In summary, L-theanine shows potential as a skin-whitening compound, warranting further investigation for its possible applications in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.
Co-Improvement in Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Performance of MoS2 by Ni Doping and Graphene Oxide Compounding
Authors: Guo Guiquan , Li Yuqin , Zhang Shujiao , Xing Cuijuan , Wang Qi
Published: February 2025

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is a promising catalyst for hydrogen evolution through water electrolysis with low cost and high efficiency, but its hydrogen evolution performance can be further improved. Using sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4·2H2O) and thiourea (NH2CSNH2) as raw materials, MoS2 was prepared by the hydrothermal method. Ni-doped MoS2(Ni-MoS2) was prepared by using nickel dichloride dihydrate (NiCl2·2H2O) as a Ni source and doping Ni into MoS2 by the hydrothermal method. Under the conditions of different temperatures (190 °C, 200 °C, and 210 °C) and different Ni doping molar ratios (2%, 3%, and 4%), the optimum temperature and doping ratio of the prepared materials were explored by conducting a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by the electrolysis of water. The results showed that the optimum preparation temperature was 200 °C and the optimum molar ratio of Ni doping was 3%. Graphene oxide (GO) was obtained by oxidation of graphite (G), and then Ni-MoS2/GO was prepared by the hydrothermal method with Ni-MoS2 and GO. The performance of HER was tested. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results show that the composite Ni-MoS2/GO has good HER performance, which is better than that of MoS2 or Ni-MoS2. In 0.5 M H2SO4 solution, the η10 is as low as 196 mV, the Tafel slope is 122 mV/dec, the Cdl is 13.98 mF/cm2, and it has good stability. The enhancement of electrocatalytic activity is mainly due to the doping of a small amount of Ni, which increases the defects of the catalyst and forms more active sites. GO improves the conductivity of the material. Ni doping and GO compounding promote the HER performance of MoS2.
Topic Issue: “Translational Advances in Neurodegenerative Dementias”
Authors: Antonioni Annibale , Di Lorenzo Francesco
Published: February 2025

Neurodegenerative dementia, a collective term for a range of disorders characterized by progressive cognitive and functional decline, is an urgent challenge in global healthcare [...]
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of a Novel [18F]AlF-H3RESCA-FAPI Radiotracer Targeting Fibroblast Activation Protein
Authors: Zhang Qingyu , Hu Zhoumi , Zhao Haitao , Du Fuqiang , Lv Chun , Peng Tukang , Zhang Yukai , Zhang Bowu , Liu Jianjun , Wang Cheng
Published: February 2025

Background: Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key contributors to the tumorigenic process, with fibroblast activation protein (FAP) overexpressed on CAFs in numerous epithelial carcinomas. FAP represents a promising target for tumor imaging and therapy. We aimed to develop a novel [18F]AlF-H3RESCA-FAPI radiotracer with a high labeling yield at room temperature for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of FAP-expressing tumors. Methods: The H3RESCA-FAPI chelator was synthesized and radiolabeled with [18F]AlF. Its radiotracer binding affinity to FAP was assessed using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Its in vitro stability, plasma clearance, and biodistribution were evaluated. PET imaging was performed in U87MG tumor-bearing mice, with a blocking study to assess tracer specificity. Results: The [18F]AlF-H3RESCA-FAPI radiotracer demonstrated a high binding affinity to FAP (KD < 10.09 pM) and favorable radiochemical yields (92.4 ± 2.4%) with >95% radiochemical purity. In vitro and in vivo studies showed good stability and rapid clearance from non-target tissues. PET imaging revealed specific tumor uptake, which was significantly reduced by co-injection with unlabeled DOTA-FAPI-04. Conclusions: [18F]AlF-H3RESCA-FAPI is a promising radiotracer for PET imaging of FAP-expressing tumors. Further optimization of its pharmacokinetics could make it a potential candidate for clinical translation.
Synthesis and Characterization of Smartphone-Readable Luminescent Lanthanum Borates Doped and Co-Doped with Eu and Dy
Authors: Hristova Katya , Kostova Irena P. , Eftimov Tinko A. , Patronov Georgi , Tsoneva Slava
Published: February 2025

Despite notable advancements in the development of borate materials, improving their luminescent efficiency remains an important focus in materials research. The synthesis of lanthanum borates (LaBO3), doped and co-doped with europium (Eu3⁺) and dysprosium (Dy3⁺), by the solid-state method, has demonstrated significant potential to address this challenge due to their unique optical properties. These materials facilitate efficient energy transfer from UV-excited host crystals to trivalent rare-earth activators, resulting in stable and high-intensity luminescence. To better understand their structural and vibrational characteristics, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy were employed to identify functional groups and molecular vibrations in the synthesized materials. Additionally, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was conducted to determine the crystalline structure and phase composition of the samples. All observed transitions of Eu3⁺ and Dy3⁺ in the excitation and emission spectra were systematically analyzed and identified, providing a comprehensive understanding of their behavior. Although smartphone cameras exhibit non-uniform spectral responses, their integration into this study highlights distinct advantages, including contactless interrogation, effective UV excitation suppression, and real-time spectral analysis. These capabilities enable practical and portable fluorescence sensing solutions for applications in healthcare, environmental monitoring, and food safety. By combining advanced photonic materials with accessible smartphone technology, this work demonstrates a novel approach for developing low-cost, scalable, and innovative sensing platforms that address modern technological demands.
Minimizing Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions of POME Treatment System Using MILP Model
Authors: Pallikodathan Sivakumar , Man Hasfalina Che , Ghazi Tinia Idaty Mohd , Sulaiman Alawi , Nagarajoo Gunasilan , Shukery Mohamad Firdza
Published: February 2025

This paper presents a strategic planning model aimed at optimizing the economic and environmental impacts of palm oil mill effluent (POME) treatment systems. The model determines the optimal selection of POME treatment systems to minimize the environmental impact, specifically focusing on three systems: an anaerobic digester tank system (ADT), a covered lagoon system (CL) with biogas capture, and an open pond system (OP). The model incorporates constraints related to fresh fruit bunch (FFB) production, POME generation, the biological oxygen demand (BOD), the chemical oxygen demand (COD), and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The optimization framework, formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model, is solved using the GAMS 40.1.0 software. Integer decision variables are used to represent the choice of POME treatment system that minimizes the environmental impact. The study specifically considers the ADT, CL, and OP systems, with the results indicating that the ADT system is the most effective in reducing the BOD, COD, and CO2-equivalent emissions, thereby highlighting its environmental benefits. The model selects the ADT treatment system, which exhibits the lowest COD, BOD, and CO2e emissions. Specifically, the COD registered an 85% reduction, from 84,830 mg/L to 12,725 mg/L. The BOD level was reduced by 88%, resulting in a BOD level of 41,208 mg/L to 4945 mg/L. The minimum CO2e emissions that could be achieved was about 3173 t CO2e per annum. This model provides a valuable tool for governmental agencies and policymakers to guide the private sector in developing environmentally sustainable POME treatment strategies.
A New Method for Automatic Glacier Extraction by Building Decision Trees Based on Pixel Statistics
Authors: Liu Xiao , Cheng Hongyi , Liu Jiang , Su Xianbao , Wang Yuchen , Qiao Bin , Wang Yipeng , Wang Nai’ang
Published: February 2025

Automatic glacier extraction from remote sensing images is the most important approach for large scale glacier monitoring. Commonly used band calculation indices to enhance glacier information are not effective in identifying shadowed glaciers and debris-covered glaciers. In this study, we used the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test as the theoretical basis and determined the most suitable band calculation indices to distinguish different land cover classes by comparing inter-sample separability and reasonable threshold range ratios of different indices. We then constructed a glacier classification decision tree. This approach resulted in the development of a method to automatically extract glacier areas at given spatial and temporal scales. In comparison with the commonly used indices, this method demonstrates an improvement in Cohen’s kappa coefficient by more than 3.8%. Notably, the accuracy for shadowed glaciers and debris-covered glaciers, which are prone to misclassification, is substantially enhanced by 108.0% and 6.3%, respectively. By testing the method in the Qilian Mountains, the positive prediction value of glacier extraction was calculated to be 91.8%, the true positive rate was 94.0%, and Cohen’s kappa coefficient was 0.924, making it well suited for glacier extraction. This method can be used for monitoring glacier changes in global mountainous regions, and provide support for climate change research, water resource management, and disaster early warning systems.
Coefficient Estimates in a Class of Close-to-Convex Functions
Authors: Trojnar-Spelina Lucyna
Published: February 2025

In this paper, we consider analytic functions with the formalization f(0)=f′(0)−1=0, which satisfy Re{(1−αz2)f′(z)}>0,z∈Δ={z∈C:|z|<1}, where α∈[−1,1]. The set of such functions is a subclass of the class of close-to-convex functions. In this paper, we present sharp bounds of |an|, where an is the n−th Taylor’s coefficients for functions in this class. In addition, we consider several symmetric coefficient problems when the second coefficient a2 is established. In particular, we provide bounds of |an+1−an| and of |2na2n−(2n−1)a2n−1| for the considered class under this additional assumption.
The Systemic Unity in Mathematics and Science: Beyond Techno-Science Myths
Authors: Longo Giuseppe
Published: February 2025

Dualistic views in mathematics and natural sciences are severely reducing the scope of science. It began by claiming, more than one century ago, that, in mathematical theories, “a formal list of signs“ (the axioms and rules of inference, independent from meaning) could allow one to consistently and completely deduce all “true” theorems. It continues today by claiming that “we can control evolution by re-writing the instructions of life written in the four signs of DNA” or mimicking completely human cognition in “sequences of 0 and 1s”, independently of our biological body and brain and their historicity. The damages of and the alternatives to these views will be briefly hinted.
Multivalent Inactivated Vaccine Protects Chickens from Distinct Clades of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Subtypes H5N1 and H5N8
Authors: Kilany Walid H. , Safwat Marwa , Zain El-Abideen Mohamed A. , Hisham Islam , Moussa Yasmine , Ali Ahmed , Elkady Magdy F.
Published: February 2025

Background/Objective: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 subtype remains a significant menace to both the poultry industry and human public health. Biosecurity and mass vaccination of susceptible commercial poultry flocks are crucial to reduce the devastating economic loss and hinder the evolution of the virus. Methods: In this study, we developed a multivalent avian influenza virus (AIV) vaccine, including strains representing the HPAI 2.2.1.1., 2.2.1.2., and 2.3.4.4b clades circulating in Egypt and the Middle East. Specific pathogen-free (SPF) two-week-old chickens were vaccinated with a single vaccine shot and observed for four weeks post-vaccination before being challenged. The challenge experiment involved using one strain of HPAI H5N1 subtype clade 2.2.1.2 and two strains of HPAI H5N8 subtype clade 2.3.4.4b derived from chickens and ducks. To assess the vaccine’s potency and efficacy, the pre-challenge humoral immune response and post-challenge survival and virus shedding were evaluated. Results: All the vaccinated birds exhibited 100% seroconversion 2 weeks post-vaccination (2 WPV). In addition, protective antibody titers against each diagnostic antigen, i.e., 7.8 ± 1.8 (H5N1, clade 2.2.1.2), 10.0 ± 0.0 (H5N1, clade 2.2.1.1), and 7.5 ± 0.9 (H5N8, clade 2.3.4.4b) were detected 3 WPV. The vaccination achieved complete protection (100%) against all challenge viruses with no disease symptoms. The vaccinated birds exhibited a statistically significant reduction in oropharyngeal virus shedding 2 days post-challenge (DPC). Conclusions: This study illustrated that a single application of a multivalent genetic-matching whole AIV vaccine under laboratory conditions elicits adequate protection against the HPAI challenge, representing 2.2.1.2 and 2.3.4.4b clades. The developed vaccine has the potential to be a vaccine of choice against a broad range of HPAI in commercial flocks raised under field conditions in endemic areas.
Memory Cells in Infection and Autoimmunity: Mechanisms, Functions, and Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Giri Shilpi , Batra Lalit
Published: February 2025

Memory cells are central to the adaptive immune system’s ability to remember and respond effectively to previously encountered pathogens. While memory cells provide robust protection against infections, they can also contribute to autoimmunity when regulation fails. Here, we review the roles of memory T and B cells in infection and autoimmunity, focusing on their differentiation, activation, effector functions, and underlying regulatory mechanisms. We elaborate on the precise mechanisms by which memory cells contribute to autoimmune diseases, highlighting insights from current research on how pathogenic memory responses are formed and sustained in autoimmunity. Finally, we explore potential therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating memory cells to prevent or treat autoimmune disorders, including B cell-depleting therapies (e.g., Rituximab), T cell-targeting agents (e.g., Abatacept), and cytokine inhibitors (e.g., IL-17 or IL-23 blockers) that are currently used in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and psoriasis.
Study methods in medical education: a literature review
Authors: Lima Matheus Eugênio de Sousa , Abreu Italo Eugênio de Souza Gadelha de , Júnior Hermano José Moreira Gurgel , Memória Luca de Borba Pontes , Sagiorato Raphaela Noely , Mangolin Leticia Ribeiro
Published: February 2025

Medical education poses unique challenges due to its vast and complex content, requiring effective learning strategies. This study evaluates diverse methodologies, such as problem-based learning, spaced repetition, virtual simulations, and gamification, to optimize knowledge retention and engagement. Analyzing 14 studies from SCIELO, MEDLINE, and LILACS over the last decade, the review highlights the effectiveness of active learning techniques like spaced repetition, active recall, and virtual simulations in improving retention and engagement. Traditional methods, such as rereading and highlighting, showed limited efficacy. Metacognitive strategies, though underused, were identified as highly effective for deep learning. The review stresses the importance of integrating evidence-based, innovative teaching methods, including flashcards (e.g., Anki™), and virtual simulations into medical curricula. However, challenges such as contextual variability and subjective factors like motivation were noted. Future research should focus on hybrid strategies and long-term impacts, while considering personalized learning approaches tailored to individual student needs to better address the evolving demands of medical education.
Associação de hipotireoidismo e transtornos mentais: depressão e ansiedade
Authors: Alencar Marco Antônio Melo , Amoedo Bruno Lopes , Silva Juliane Bento da , Pinho Jéssica Caroline Lopes , Cordeiro Guilherme Toschi Fernandes Sevilha , Leão Viviane Isabela Nascimento , Dutra Ivna Peixoto , Barbosa Maria Júlia Leal
Published: February 2025

O hipotireoidismo é uma síndrome clínica causada pela redução dos hormônios tireoidianos. Pode ser primário, devido à baixa secreção de T4 e T3, ou secundário, causado por alterações no hipotálamo ou hipófise. O hipotireoidismo subclínico (SCH) apresenta TSH elevado, mas T4 normal. Alterações hormonais afetam o cérebro, podendo impactar serotonina e noradrenalina. Objetivos: O estudo avalia a associação entre hipotireoidismo e transtornos mentais, como depressão e ansiedade, destacando sua correlação. Busca compreender como as alterações hormonais influenciam essas condições, contribuindo para um melhor entendimento da relação entre disfunções tireoidianas e saúde mental. Métodos: O estudo é uma revisão integrativa, reunindo pesquisas das bases PubMed, MEDLINE e SciELO com os termos “hypothyroidism”, “mental disorders” e “anxiety”. Foram selecionados 12 artigos (2010-2023), dos quais 7 embasaram o estudo; os demais foram excluídos por falta de abrangência temática. Resultados: A análise revelou que mulheres, idosos e indivíduos sedentários com hipotireoidismo são mais suscetíveis a transtornos mentais, como depressão, ansiedade e ideação suicida. Além disso, o hipotireoidismo subclínico apresenta maior risco para depressão e ansiedade, sendo esta última mais frequente em mulheres em comparação a indivíduos eutireoideos. Conclusão: A associação entre hipotireoidismo e transtornos mentais é comum, mas não exclusiva. O papel dos hormônios tireoidianos na fisiopatologia dessas condições ainda não é totalmente compreendido. As principais hipóteses envolvem déficits de serotonina e noradrenalina, porém mais estudos são necessários para confirmar essa relação.
Aconselhamento psicológico no hospital: reflexões sobre a prática em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI)
Authors: Possidônio Francisca Enislane Nascimento
Published: February 2025

O presente estudo analisa as práticas de psicologia hospitalar em UTIs, com base na experiência de uma estagiária em psicologia hospitalar intensivista.  Trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa, com abordagem exploratória, onde a entrevista semiestruturada foi utilizada como método de coleta de dados. A entrevista foi conduzida de forma online, seguindo um roteiro de perguntas elaborado com base no referencial teórico e nas questões de pesquisa previamente definidas pelos autores. As principais demandas psicológicas envolvem ansiedade, medo e incertezas, que afetam pacientes, familiares e equipes. Por meio do acolhimento, da escuta ativa e da terapia breve focal, o psicólogo promove suporte emocional e facilita a adaptação ao adoecimento. O artigo também discute os desafios estruturais e institucionais enfrentados pelos profissionais e propõe soluções para aprimorar o cuidado psicológico em ambientes hospitalares intensivos.
Enterprise competitiveness and social responsibility practices from the perspective of human resources - a case study of Algeria Telecom
Authors: Abdelkader Megharbi
Published: February 2025

This study explores the relationship between enterprise competitiveness and social responsibility practices from the perspective of human resources, using Algeria Telecom as a case study. In an increasingly globalized and competitive market, companies must balance economic performance with ethical and social commitments. This research examines how human resource strategies, including employee engagement, training, and workplace well-being, influence both corporate social responsibility (CSR) and business competitiveness. By analyzing Algeria Telecom's policies and practices, the study identifies key factors that contribute to sustainable corporate success. The findings suggest that integrating CSR into HR policies enhances employee motivation, improves corporate reputation, and strengthens overall market positioning. This research highlights the essential role of human resources in aligning social responsibility initiatives with business objectives to ensure long-term competitiveness and sustainable development.