bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fluxo escolar de alunos com deficiência em um município: o que revelam os dados oficiais
Authors: Macalli Ana Carolina , Gonçalves Taísa Grasiela Gomes Liduenha , Caiado Katia Regina Moreno
Published: February 2019

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar o fluxo escolar dos alunos com deficiência em um município do interior paulista. Para isso, foi realizado um levantamento dos dados oficiais do município divulgados no Censo Demográfico de 2010. Em seguida, analisaram-se os Microdados de Censo da Educação Básica, disponibilizados pelo Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacional Anísio Teixeira (INEP), do Ministério da Educação, referentes às matrículas de alunos com deficiência entre 2007 a 2011. Desde 2003, o Ministério da Educação mantém o Programa “Educação Inclusiva: Direito à Diversidade”, que visa a transformar os sistemas educacionais em inclusivos, por meio de formação – promovida por um município polo aos municípios que compõem sua área de abrangência – oferecida a gestores e educadores. A escolha do município teve dois critérios: pertencer à região de abrangência do município-polo de São Carlos e apresentar o menor Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) dentre os municípios da abrangência. Os resultados mostram que grande parte dos alunos com deficiência no município apresenta o fluxo escolar interrompido. Com relação à implementação do Programa “Educação Inclusiva: Direito à Diversidade” e seus desdobramentos no município, fica claro que seu objetivo não foi efetivado, pois não conseguiu reverter os altos índices de defasagem idade-série, repetência e evasão escolar.
Aspectos estruturais da região de São Francisco de Assis, RS
Authors: Maciel Filho Carlos Leite , Sartori Pedro Luiz Pretz
Published: February 2019

This work focuses on the structural features of the São Francisco de Assis region, in the western part of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. An outstanding anticline was determined, having in the southwest a parallel syncline and na other anticline, both of them with low inclination and plunging to the northwest.The structural ondulations are formed not only by inclination beds, but by fault blocks. Diabase sills and dikes were formed near the principal lines of weakness.The structures are of the Cretaceous age and are associated with the Sul-rio-Grandense Arch, formed during the Wealdenian reactivation.
Geotermometria de basaltos terciários e mesozóicos do nordeste do Brasil
Authors: Sial Alcides Nóbrega , Sartori Pedro Luiz Pretz
Published: February 2019

Chemical data of some Tertiary olivine basaltic samples from the States of Rio Grande do Norte and Paraíba, and of Mesozoic tholeiitic basalts from the Maranhão sedimentary basin as well, allowed a preliminar estimate of the crystalization temperatures of their plagioclases through the KUDO and WELL’s geothermometer (5).In the calculation of the equilibrium temperatures between the plagioclase crystals and the liquid, the chemical composition of their edges and the composition of the rock matrix were used.In olivine basalts, temperatures rangibg from 1078 °C to 11680 ° C at 1 Kbar water pressure were recorded, in accordance with previously determined temperatures through HAKLI and WRIGHT’s (3) approach (SIAL, 8). For the tholeiitic basalts, temperature estimates ranged from 1140 °C to 1230 ° C, at 1 Kbar water pressure.
Relações existentes entre resultados significativos da análise matemática com fundamentos nos axiomas do corpo ordenado completo dos números reais
Authors: Teixeira Evelin Maria Abreu
Published: February 2019

This article treats about the existing relations among supremum, infimum, monotone and bounded sequence, convergent sequence, boxing intervals, Arquimede's theorem, cover by open, finity cover, accumulation points, Cauchy sequence and cut, significant results of the Mathematical Analysis, these results are based upon axioms of complete ordered body of real numbers.
Análise de variância de ajustamento de curvas polinominais
Authors: Copetti Cleberto Luiz , Cappelletti Ana Maria A.
Published: February 2019

This paper presents the betterment analysis to the adjustment of polynomial curves, made by the least squares method for regression. The experimental representative points of the studied curve were given by a moviment of extension jump of an athlete. On got the fourth degree polinomial as the model that better adjusts the curve studied. All calculations were realized in IBM-360 computer from Federal University of Santa Maria.
Análise textural da formação Tupanciretã
Authors: Menegotto Egydio
Published: February 2019

The Tupanciretã Formation in Rio Grande do Sul, is made up by basal conglomerate, that occurs only at the southern part of the area, by sandstone, siltstone and clay. The main lithologyconsists on fine to very fine sandstones, frequantly silty-sandstones. They presents the mean size from about2 to 4 ∅, standard deviation ranging between 1,0 to 2,0, sometimes 2,0 to 4,0, being from poorly to bad classificated. The skewness is positive and the distribution is lepto to mesokurtic.The sand grains presents high sphericity, ranging 0,8 and 0,9, sub-rounded borders, about 0,6, kindney-from polished surface texture.
Valores singulares de matrizes uniformes
Authors: Iemma Antonio Francisco
Published: February 2019

In this pape is presented a simple procedure for determination of singular value of uniform non negative matrices. This procedure is recommended for teachers of elementary courses in statistics to students with small basis in matrix algebra.
Estudo anatômico do xilema secundário e da casca de Acacia recurva Benth. (Leguminosae Mimosoideae)
Authors: Marchiori José Newton Cardoso
Published: February 2019

This study describes the wood and bark of Acacia recurva Benth. The anatomical structure of this liana is compared with some other South-American species of the same genus.
A estrutura do xilema secundário de Mimosa daleoides Benth. (Leguminosae Mimosoideae)
Authors: Marchiori José Newton Cardoso
Published: February 2019

The gross, macroscopic and microscopic wood structure of Mimosa daleoides Benth. (Leguminosae Mimosoideae) are described.Aside from quantitative and histometric data from the secondary xylem, illustrations of wood are furnished.The secondary xylem of this shrub is compared with other wood species of the same genus.
The effectiveness of vegetable oil formulations in reducing oviposition of Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae) in large red chili fruits
Authors: Hidayat Yusup , Fauziaty Muthia Riefka , Dono Danar
Published: February 2019

Chili peppers (Capsicum annuum), in their many varieties, constitute a culturally and economically important horticultural crop in a number of countries. The Indonesian cayenne large red chili (Capsicum annuum var. annuum) is used widely in Indonesia mainly in cooking. There have been reports of increased infestation of large red chili by insect pests, particularly fruit flies. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of five edible vegetable oils (palm oil, coconut oil, soybean oil, corn oil, and candlenut oil) and one non-edible vegetable oil (neem oil) in reducing landings, oviposition, and infestation by the Oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel) in large red chili fruits. This lab-based experiment entailed exposure of large red chili fruits to 20 mature B. dorsalis females (14–21 days old) inside a 15-l plastic container. Six separate containers each held 10 large red chili fruits with a single oil treatment in each. Prior to exposure, each of the treated and control large red chili fruits was punctured once with a needle in order to create an opening for oviposition. Results indicate that the coconut oil formulation was most effective in preventing damage from B. dorsalis females, and reducing fruit fly landings, oviposition, and infestation.
La genèse de la pensée algébrique : macroanalyse d’une séquence d’enseignement expérimentale au primaire
Authors: Polotskaia Elena , Savard Annie , Freiman Viktor
Published: February 2019

Nous présentons une analyse rétrospective de l’expérimentation réalisée auprès d’élèves de 6 à 8 ans au Québec pendant trois ans. Inspirés par les travaux de Davydov, nous avons conçu des activités de résolution de problèmes écrits ayant une structure additive simple permettant aux élèves de modéliser des relations entre les quantités faisant évoluer leur raisonnement mathématique. Les enseignants formés dans le cadre de l’expérimentation ont réalisé plusieurs activités de manipulation, modélisation et résolution avec les élèves, ce qui leur assure une meilleure réussite dans la résolution des problèmes. Notre analyse rétrospective de l’ensemble des interventions expérimentales réalisées nous a permis de clarifier certains éléments théoriques à considérer dans le développement du raisonnement algébrique chez les élèves.
Pattern recognition techniques for the identification of Activities of Daily Living using mobile device accelerometer
Authors: Pires Ivan Miguel , Garcia Nuno M. , Pombo Nuno , Flórez-Revuelta Francisco , Spinsante Susanna , Canavarro Teixeira Maria , Zdravevski Eftim
Published: February 2019

This paper focuses on the recognition of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) applying pattern recognition techniques to the data acquired by the accelerometer available in the mobile devices. The recognition of ADL is composed by several stages, including data acquisition, data processing, and artificial intelligence methods. The artificial intelligence methods used are related to pattern recognition, and this study focuses on the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The data processing includes data cleaning, and the feature extraction techniques to define the inputs for the ANN. Due to the low processing power and memory of the mobile devices, they should be mainly used to acquire the data, applying an ANN previously trained for the identification of the ADL. The main purpose of this paper is to present a new method based on ANN for the identification of a defined set of ADL with a reliable accuracy. This paper also presents a comparison of different types of ANN in order to choose the type for the implementation of the final model. Results of this research probes that the best accuracies are achieved with Deep Neural Networks (DNN) with an accuracy higher than 80%. The results obtained are similar with other studies, but we compared tree types of ANN in order to discover the best method in order to obtain these results with less memory, verifying that, after the generation of the model, the DNN method, when compared with others, is also the fastest to obtain the results with better accuracy.
Individuals physically interacting in a group rapidly coordinate their movement by estimating the collective goal
Authors: Takagi Atsushi , Hirashima Masaya , Nozaki Daichi , Burdet Etienne
Published: February 2019

How can a human collective coordinate, for example to move a banquet table, when each person is influenced by the inertia of others who may be inferior at the task? We hypothesized that large groups cannot coordinate through touch alone, accruing to a zero-sum scenario where individuals inferior at the task hinder superior ones. We tested this hypothesis by examining how dyads, triads and tetrads, whose right hands were physically coupled together, followed a common moving target. Surprisingly, superior individuals followed the target accurately even when coupled to an inferior group, and the interaction benefits increased with the group size. A computational model shows that these benefits arose as each individual uses their respective interaction force to infer the collective’s target and enhance their movement planning, which permitted coordination in seconds independent of the collective’s size. By estimating the collective’s movement goal, its individuals make physical interaction beneficial, swift and scalable.
Responses of Phaseolus calcaltus to lime and biochar application in an acid soil
Authors: Yao Luhua , Yu Xiangyu , Huang Lei , Zhang Xuefeng , Wang Dengke , Zhao Xiao , Li Yang , He Zhibin , Kang Lin , Li Xiaoting , Liu Dan , Xiao Qianlin , Guo Yanjun
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Rice bean (Phaseolus calcaltus), as an annual summer legume, is always subjected to acid soils in tropical to subtropical regions, limiting its growth and nodulation. However, little is known about its responses to lime and biochar addition, the two in improving soil fertility in acid soils.

Materials and Methods

In the current study, a pot experiment was conducted using rice bean on a sandy yellow soil (Orthic Acrisol) with a pH of 5.5. The experiment included three lime rates (0, 0.75 and 1.5 g kg−1) and three biochar rates (0, 5 and 10 g kg−1). The biochar was produced from aboveground parts of Solanum tuberosum using a home-made device with temperature of pyrolysis about 500 °C.

Results and Discussion

The results indicated that both lime and biochar could reduce soil exchange Al concentration, increase soil pH and the contents of soil microbial biomass carbon and microbial biomass nitrogen, and enhance urease and dehydrogenase activities, benefiting P. calcaltus growth and nodulation in acid soils. Lime application did decrease the concentrations of soil available phosphorus (AP) and alkali dispelled nitrogen (AN), whereas biochar application increased the concentrations of soil AP, AN and available potassium (AK). However, sole biochar application could not achieve as much yield increase as lime application did. High lime rate (1.5 g lime kg−1) incorporated with low biochar rate (5 g biochar kg−1) could obtain higher shoot biomass, nutrient uptake, and nodule number when compared with high lime rate and high biochar rate.

Conclusion

Lime incorporated with biochar application could achieve optimum improvement for P. calcaltus growing in acid soils when compared with sole lime or biochar addition.
Low Vision Aids: Visual Outcomes and Barriers in Children with Low Vision
Authors: Venkataramanan V. R. , Karanam Sairani , Konana Vinaya Kumar , Potti Sudhakar , Harsha Netra , Shruthi S.
Published: February 2019

Aims:

To study the demographic profile, cause of low vision, visual outcome and the barriers in using low vision aids (LVA).

Design:

Prospective observational clinical study.

Methods:

This study was performed on 50 children aged 10-17 years who attended LVA clinic. Unaided, best corrected acuity was assessed using ETDRS chart for distance and Bailey – Lovie chart for near. For distance tasks, telescopes were tried and for near tasks, magnifiers and high plus glasses were tried, improvement in vision was noted. Reasons for not purchasing low vision aids were noted.

Results:

Reading black board was the most common first priority in 31 (62%) children. Reading small and medium prints was the most common second priority in 30 (60%) children. Outdoor games (n=14, 28%) was the most common third priority of low vision children. Macular dystrophy (42%) was the major cause of low vision. With LVA, 64% of children could improve to log MAR 0.5 or better for distance and 44 (88%) children could read N6 to N12. Out of 24 children who did not purchase LVA, cost (n=7) and cosmetic blemish (n=7) were main barriers.

Conclusion:

There was significant improvement in both near and distance visual acuity with LVA. There is a need for LVA to be made available free of cost for the under privileged and for the devices to be made more cosmetically acceptable. Preventable cause for low vision can be eliminated by creating awareness in public.
The Hiphive Package for the Extraction of High‐Order Force Constants by Machine Learning
Authors: Eriksson Fredrik , Fransson Erik , Erhart Paul
Published: February 2019

The efficient extraction of force constants (FCs) is crucial for the analysis of many thermodynamic materials properties. Approaches based on the systematic enumeration of finite differences scale poorly with system size and can rarely extend beyond third order when input data is obtained from first‐principles calculations. Methods based on parameter fitting in the spirit of interatomic potentials, on the other hand, can extract FC parameters from semi‐random configurations of high information density and advanced regularized regression methods can recover physical solutions from a limited amount of data. Here, the hiphive Python package, that enables the construction of force constant models up to arbitrary order is presented. hiphive exploits crystal symmetries to reduce the number of free parameters and then employs advanced machine learning algorithms to extract the force constants. Depending on the problem at hand, both over and underdetermined systems are handled efficiently. The FCs can be subsequently analyzed directly and or be used to carry out, for example, molecular dynamics simulations. The utility of this approach is demonstrated via several examples including ideal and defective monolayers of MoS2 as well as bulk nickel.
Quantitative genetic analyses of postcanine morphological crown variation
Authors: Stojanowski Christopher M. , Paul Kathleen S. , Seidel Andrew C. , Duncan William N. , Guatelli‐Steinberg Debbie
Published: February 2019

Objectives

This article presents estimates of narrow‐sense heritability and bivariate genetic correlation for 14 tooth crown morphological variants scored on permanent premolars, first molars, and second molars. The objective is to inform data collection and analytical practices in dental biodistance and to provide insights on the development of molar crowns as integrated structures.

Materials and Methods

African American dental casts from the Menegaz‐Bock collection were recorded for the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System. Estimates of narrow‐sense heritability and genetic correlation were generated using SOLAR v.8.1.1, which included assessment of age, sex, and birth year as covariates. Both continuous scale and dichotomized estimates are provided.

Results

Heritability estimates were nonsignificant for the majority of variables; however, for variables yielding significant estimates, values were moderate to high in magnitude and comparable to previous studies. Comparing left and right‐side heritability estimates suggests directional asymmetry in the expression of environmental variance, something not seen in anterior tooth traits. Genetic correlations were moderate among antimeres and metameres and low for different traits scored on the same tooth crown. Although several negative correlations were noted, few reached statistical significance. Results affirm some of the current data cleaning and analytical practices in dental biodistance, but others are called into question. These include the pooling of males and females and combining left and right‐side data into a single dataset.

Conclusions

In comparison to anterior tooth crown traits, postcanine heritabilities were more often non‐significant; however, those traits with significant heritability also tended to produce higher estimates. Genetic correlations were unremarkable, in part, because they were underpowered. However, M1 results may provide insight into the complex relationship between genes, environment, and development in determining ultimate crown form.
The impact of race and insurance status on baseline histopathology profile in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Kuhar Hannah N. , Ganti Ashwin , Eggerstedt Michael , Mahdavinia Mahboobeh , Gattuso Paolo , Ghai Ritu , Batra Pete S. , Tajudeen Bobby A.
Published: February 2019

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory disease process characterized by different phenotypes and histopathology profiles. Race and access to care have been implicated in CRS disease severity. Structural histopathology reporting may aid in delineating the inflammatory burden responsible for this effect.

Methods

A structured histopathology report of 14 variables was utilized to assess sinus tissue removed during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). Histopathology variables and 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) scores were compared by race (Black, White, Latino, and Asian) and insurance status (Medicare, Medicaid, and private insurance).

Results

A total of 201 CRS patients (124 White, 38 Black, 28 Latino, and 9 Asian) undergoing FESS were included. Black patients demonstrated increased SNOT‐22 scores (50.74 ± 20.32 vs 41.47 ± 22.75, p < 0.022) and number of eosinophils per high‐power field (>5/HPF) (60.5% vs 44.8%, p < 0.05). White patients demonstrated decreased eosinophil aggregates (22.6% vs 35.1%, p < 0.039) and eosinophils/HPF (<5/HPF) (42.7% vs 55.8%, p < 0.048). Medicaid patients showed increased SNOT‐22 score (55.50 ± 24.46 vs 41.39 ± 21.74, p < 0.003), polypoid disease (61.5% vs 42.3%, p < 0.05), subepithelial edema (80.8% vs 53.1%, p < 0.006), hyperplastic/papillary changes (23.1% vs 8.0%, p < 0.028), fibrosis (61.5% vs 38.5%, p < 0.036), eosinophil aggregates (46.2% vs 24.6%, p < 0.022), and eosinophils/HPF (>5/HPF) (65.4% vs 45.1%, p < 0.043). When controlling for insurance status, Black race was no longer associated with increased SNOT‐22 (p < 0.104) or eosinophils/HPF (>5/HPF) (p < 0.183).

Conclusion

Black and Medicaid patients demonstrated more severe disease by histopathology and SNOT‐22 scores. These findings were no longer significant among Black patients after adjusting for insurance status, suggesting that the prevailing factor influencing worse disease may be access to care.
Electronic Structure and Electromagnetic Properties for 2D Electromagnetic Functional Materials in Gigahertz Frequency
Authors: Cao Mao‐Sheng , Shu Jin‐Cheng , Wang Xi‐Xi , Wang Xin , Zhang Min , Yang Hui‐Jing , Fang Xiao‐Yong , Yuan Jie
Published: February 2019

Two‐dimensional (2D) materials exhibit massive potential for research and development in the scientific world due to the unique electrical, optical, thermal, and mechanical properties. Particularly, they have received intensive attentions in the microwave absorption (MA) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. Herein, the structure and electronic state of 2D materials are examined systematically, and the origination of electromagnetic (EM) response is shown, including electron transport, dipole relaxation, magnetic resonance, and eddy current. Furthermore, the latest research progress of 2D materials in EM field is introduced, and the application prospect and limitation are highlighted.
Experimental Calibration of Sn‐Related Varshni Parameters for High Sn Content GeSn Layers
Authors: Bertrand Mathieu , Thai Quang‐Minh , Chrétien Jérémie , Pauc Nicolas , Aubin Joris , Milord Laurent , Gassenq Alban , Hartmann Jean‐Michel , Chelnokov Alexei , Calvo Vincent , Reboud Vincent
Published: February 2019

From temperature‐dependent photoluminescence of a single Ge0.84Sn0.16 sample, Sn‐related Varshni parameters are extracted and used as input parameters in an 8‐band k·p model, and predict direct bandgap energies of high Sn content GeSn alloys with concentration varying from 8% to 16%. Then, exhaustively compared are the calculated direct Γ‐valley bandgap energies to photoluminescence results of 13% and 16% Sn content alloys and to direct bandgap energies found in literature. The agreement between k·p modeling and experimental datasets is close to 3% for different strain conditions of GeSn epilayers. The outcome of this study is an 8‐band k·p model with a fixed set of parameters, the model being self‐sufficient to describe the direct bandgap of Ge1−xSnx layers with x varying from 8% to 16% for large ranges of strain and temperature.
Phosphine‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Dearomative [3+2]‐Cycloaddition of 3‐Nitroindoles and 2‐Nitrobenzofurans
Authors: Wang Huamin , Zhang Junyou , Tu Youshao , Zhang Junliang
Published: February 2019

Over the past years, the metal‐catalyzed dearomative cycloaddition of 3‐nitroindoles and 2‐nitrobenzofurans have emerged as a powerful protocol to construct chiral fused heterocyclic rings. However, organocatalytic dearomative reaction of these two classes of heteroarenes has become a long‐standing challenging task. Herein, we report the first example of phosphine‐catalyzed asymmetric dearomative [3+2]‐cycloadditio of 3‐nitroindoles and 2‐nitrobenzofurans, which provide a new, facile, and efficient protocol for the synthesis of chiral 2,3‐fused cyclopentannulated indolines and dihydrobenzofurans by reacting with allenoates and MBH carbonates, respectively through a dearomative [3+2]‐cycloaddition.
Anwendungen von Einzelzellmethoden in der mikrobiellen Naturstoffforschung
Authors: Cahn Jackson K. B. , Piel Jörn
Published: February 2019

Die diversen Mikroorganismen, die Naturstoffe produzieren, sind eine wichtige Quelle für neuartige Therapeutika, Arzneimittelkandidaten und wissenschaftliche Hilfsmittel. Der allergrößte Teil der mikrobiellen Vielfalt konnte jedoch nicht axenisch kultiviert werden und gehört komplexen Lebensgemeinschaften an. Während meta′omische Methoden wie Metagenomik, ‐transkriptomik und ‐proteomik kollektive molekulare Merkmale der “mikrobiellen dunklen Materie” identifizieren, kann die Untersuchung einzelner Mikrobiom‐Bakterien eine Herausforderung sein. Um diese Limitierungen zu überwinden, wurden in den letzten eineinhalb Jahrzehnten mehrere Techniken für das Studium einzelner Bakterienzellen entwickelt. Während verschiedene dieser Methoden in der mikrobiellen Ökologie Verbreitung finden, werden sie bisher weniger häufig in der Naturstoffforschung eingesetzt. In diesem Aufsatz stellen wir die verfügbaren und neu aufkommenden Techniken für die gezielte Einzelzellanalyse vor, mit einem besonderen Schwerpunkt auf Anwendungen in der Entdeckung und Untersuchung von Naturstoffen.
Synthesis of a highly active amino‐functionalized Fe3O4@SiO2/APTS/Ru magnetic nanocomposite catalyst for hydrogenation reactions
Authors: Liu Yue , Lv Mingxin , Li Lu , Yu Hailong , Wu Qiong , Pang Jinhui , Liu Yuxiang , Xie Congxia , Yu Shitao , Liu Shiwei
Published: February 2019

An amino‐functionalized silica‐coated Fe3O4 nanocomposite (Fe3O4@SiO2/APTS) was synthesized. The Fe3O4@SiO2 microspheres possessed a well‐defined core–shell structure, uniform sizes and high magnetization. An immobilized ruthenium nanoparticle catalyst (Fe3O4@SiO2/APTS/Ru) was obtained after coordination and reduction of Ru3+ on the Fe3O4@SiO2/APTS nanocomposite. The Ru nanoparticles were not only ultra‐small with nearly monodisperse sizes but also had strong affinity with the surface of Fe3O4@SiO2/APTS. The obtained catalyst exhibited excellent catalytic performance for the hydrogenation of a variety of aromatic nitro compounds, even at room temperature. Moreover, Fe3O4@SiO2/APTS/Ru was easily recovered using a magnetic field and directly reused for at least five cycles without significant loss of its activity.
A Sustainable Process for the Production of Varnishes Based on Pelargonic Acid Esters
Authors: Benessere Vincenzo , Cucciolito Maria E. , De Santis Augusta , Di Serio Martino , Esposito Roberto , Melchiorre Massimo , Nugnes Fiorella , Paduano Luigi , Ruffo Francesco
Published: February 2019

This work demonstrates the possibility of using pelargonic acid (PA) esters as solvents for vegetable‐based varnishes. First, PA was efficiently produced through a chemocatalytic cleavage of oleic acid, practicing an optimized scale‐up of previously developed conditions. PA was then esterified with several alcohols ROH (R = Me, i‐Pr, n‐Bu, n‐Hex, 2‐ethylhexyl, and sec‐octyl) and the products were formulated with a commercial rosin (Phenolic Modified Rosin Esters). Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measures and determination of rheological parameters of the corresponding varnishes disclosed their suitability for applications in offset, coldset, heatset printing inks, and coatings. Furthermore, inks obtained were used to efficiently produce preliminary industrial offset prints.
Novel phosphinate‐containing zinc polyacrylate and its utilization as flame retardant for polyamides
Authors: Garth Kim , Döring Manfred , Kraemer Roland , Roth Michael , Thomas Carsten
Published: February 2019

A new organophosphorus, zinc‐containing polyacrylate is synthesized that has potential use as flame retardant for polyamides. To achieve this goal, the Phospha‐Michael addition is utilized to selectively add 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phospha‐phenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO) to one acrylate group of zinc acrylate followed up by radical polymerization of the remaining acrylate group in a one‐pot approach. To verify the effectiveness of the synthesis method, it is compared to a second two‐step approach via diethyl zinc. In order to investigate the influence of molecular weight as well as phosphorus content on the flame retardant properties, the small‐molecule complex zincbis(3‐(6‐oxidodibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinin‐6‐yl)propionate) and the nonphosphorus thermoset poly(zinc diacrylate) are synthesized as well. All three substances are investigated as flame retardants for pure and glass‐fiber (GF) reinforced polyamide 6 (PA 6) and 66 (PA 66) in different compounds with and without melamine polyphosphate (MPP). Most of the samples show excessive dripping in the vertical burning test UL‐94 V. However, V‐1 classification is achieved in GF‐reinforced PA 66 with the DOPO‐ and zinc‐containing polyacrylate in combination with MPP. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47586.
Mechanical, wear, and dielectric behavior of TiO2 reinforced high‐density polyethylene composites
Authors: Ponnuruthiyil Shaji Akhil , Shaik Mahammad Ali , Golla Brahma Raju
Published: February 2019

Almost fully dense high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced with submicron‐sized titanium dioxide (TiO2) ceramic filler (up to 40 vol %) was fabricated using compression molding. More than 98.5% ρth (theoretical density) could be obtained for all the HDPE compositions and its measured density varied between 0.94 and 2.25 g cc−1. The hardness of HDPE increased considerably from 32.6 to 69 MPa (i.e., by two times) with the addition of 40 vol % TiO2. The compression strength (19.03–34.16 MPa) and modulus of elasticity (0.49–1.05 GPa) of HDPE were also found to increase with the addition of TiO2 filler. However, the HDPE exhibited good ductility (59% strain) up to 20 vol % TiO2 and it was reduced with the further addition of TiO2. The strain decreased drastically to 7.6% for HDPE‐40 vol % TiO2. Addition of TiO2 filler leads to a considerable decrease in wear rate and coefficient of friction (COF). The wear studies revealed that the HDPE‐40% TiO2 composite exhibited a low wear rate of 1.82 × 10−5 mm3 N m−1 and COF of 0.13. The dielectric constant of HDPE (at 10 kHz) was also considerably increased from 5.31 to 20.02 with the addition of TiO2 up to 40 vol %. Achievement of such high dielectric constant for HDPE materials is the highest ever reported for HDPE. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47610.
Polyimide‐coated fabrics with multifunctional properties: Flame retardant, UV protective, and water proof
Authors: Sezer Hicyilmaz Ayse , Altin Yasin , Bedeloglu Ayse
Published: February 2019

Multifunctional technical textiles are of great interest both by industry and academia and these products are considered as high value‐added products that contribute to the economies of countries. In this study, polyamic acid (PAA) was synthesized through polycondensation of pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) and 4,4′‐oxydianiline (ODA) in dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) at low temperature. Then, PAA was coated onto woven cotton and polyester fabric by padding technique. Finally, polyimide (PI)‐coated multifunctional cotton and polyester fabrics were obtained by an easy coating technique and low‐temperature imidization. Thus, low cost, easily accessible and widely used cotton and polyester fabrics were converted to high‐performance textile products, which are flame retardant, UV protective, acid resistant, and waterproof. The chemical, thermal, morphological, optical, mechanical, wettability, chemical resistance, and flame retardancy properties of developed fabrics were investigated. Optical results showed that both PI‐coated cotton and polyester fabrics are UV‐A protective compared to noncoated fabrics. Moreover, PI‐coated samples have high contact angles which are 111.43° and 113.40° for PI‐coated cotton (PI‐c‐C) and PI‐coated polyester (PI‐c‐PET), respectively. Young's modulus of PI‐c‐PET fabrics increased four times more than noncoated polyester fabric. PI coating changed the burning behavior of both cotton and polyester fabrics in a positive way. All the test results showed that these developed multifunctional textile products might find an application in different industrial areas such as automotive, aerospace, protective clothing, and so on due to easy and inexpensive production techniques and also superior properties. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 47616.
On Intraspecific and Interspecific Variation in Teleost Scleral Ossification
Authors: Kindl Gabriel H. , O'Quin Kelly E.
Published: February 2019

Scleral ossicles are bony elements found along the eyes of many fishes, amphibians, and reptiles. These bones provide a superficial layer of support to the eye and may facilitate visual acuity. Previous research has shown that scleral ossicle diversity is generally limited among teleosts, but that scleral ossicles have been lost numerous times among teleosts inhabiting benthopelagic habitats (Franz‐Odendaal. Anat Rec 291 (2008) 161–168). In this study, we further investigate these patterns of intraspecific and interspecific variation by examining eyes from multiple individuals of 10 riverine teleosts native to Kentucky as well as one population of the Mexican blind cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus, and by re‐analyzing a quantitative database of scleral ossicle number and depth preference from over 100 teleosts using newly resolved teleost phylogenies. Consistent with the limited diversity of most teleost families, we find that intraspecific variation in scleral ossicle number and size is virtually nonexistent among the species sampled, although we do find evidence of additional interspecific variation among the Cyprinodontiformes, as well as dramatic intrapopulation variation among cavefish from Chica Cave. Although our data replicates the negative relationship between scleral ossicle number and the depth preference previously found among teleosts (Franz‐Odendaal. Anat Rec 291 (2008) 161–168), even when accounting for phylogenetic relationships, our results further reveal that this relationship is relatively weak. We conclude that further sampling may reveal additional interspecific and even intraspecific variation among some groups of teleosts, and that depth could serve as a proxy for other life history traits that more directly influence teleost scleral ossicle diversity such as prey‐capture strategies. Anat Rec, 302:1238–1249, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Easily‐prepared Hydroxy‐containing Receptors Recognize Anions in Aqueous Media
Authors: Morshedi Mahbod , Boer Stephanie A. , Thomas Michael , White Nicholas G.
Published: February 2019

Despite their ready availability, O−H groups have received relatively little attention as anion recognition motifs. Here, we report two simple hydroxy‐containing anion receptors that are prepared in two facile steps followed by anion exchange, without the need for chromatographic purification at any stage. These receptors contain a pyridinium bis(amide) motif as well as hydroxyphenyl groups, and bind mono‐ and divalent anions in 9:1 CD3CN:D2O, showing a selectivity preference for sulfate. Notably, a “model” receptor that does not contain hydroxy groups shows only very weak sulfate binding in this competitive solvent mixture. In the solid state, X‐ray crystallographic studies show that the receptors tend to form extended assemblies with anions; however, 1H and DOSY NMR studies as well as molecular dynamics simulations show that only 1:1 complexes are present in solution. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that one of the receptors suffers from competing intramolecular hydrogen bonding, while another binds partially‐hydrated anions, with the receptor's O−H groups forming hydrogen bonds to water molecules within the anion's coordination sphere.
Bayesian analysis for step‐stress accelerated life testing under progressive interval censoring
Authors: Kohl Christian , Kateri Maria
Published: February 2019

A step‐stress accelerated life testing model is considered for progressive type‐I censored experiments when the tested items are not monitored continuously but inspected at prespecified time points, producing thus grouped data. The underlying lifetime distributions belong to a general scale family of distributions. The points of stress‐level change are simultaneously inspection points as well while there is the option of assigning additional inspection points in between the stress‐level change points. In a Bayesian framework, the posterior distributions of the parameters of the model are derived for characteristic choices of prior distributions, as conjugate‐like and normal priors; vague or noninformative. The developed approach is illustrated on a simulated example and on a real data set, both known from the literature. The results are compared to previous analyses; frequentist or Bayes.
Demonstration of allelopathy of horseradish root extract on lettuce seed
Authors: Simpson Tyler , Chiu Yu‐Chun , Richards‐Babb Michelle , Blythe Jessica M. , Ku Kang‐Mo
Published: February 2019

Allelopathy plays crucial roles in invasive plant viability and agricultural production systems. However, there is no well‐established hands‐on learning activity to teach the concept of allelopathy. Nor is there an activity which allows students to gain knowledge about glucosinolates and their corresponding enzyme, myrosinase, which are present in almost all Brassica crops. Lettuce germination was counted by the students from three different treatments including water treated with Parafilm sealing, horseradish treated with Parafilm sealing, and horseradish treated without Parafilm sealing. Additionally, lettuce root length was measured by students using ImageJ software from each treatment using pictures captured by students' smartphones. Students took an identical quiz as a pre‐laboratory and a post‐laboratory assignment. Their average scores on the pre‐laboratory and post‐laboratory quizzes were 3.14 and 6.56 out of 10, respectively, indicating the lab activity significantly improved students' understanding of allelopathy and glucosinolate‐myrosinase system. In addition, students (n = 76) completed a survey post‐laboratory to assess their self‐efficacy. This simple and cost‐effective laboratory activity improved students' knowledge and skill development as it made learning more inviting, meaningful, and fun. © 2019 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 47(3):333–340, 2019.
Neural stem cell therapy for stroke: A multimechanistic approach to restoring neurological function
Authors: Baker Emily W. , Kinder Holly A. , West Franklin D.
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Neural stem cells (NSCs) have demonstrated multimodal therapeutic function for stroke, which is the leading cause of long‐term disability and the second leading cause of death worldwide. In preclinical stroke models, NSCs have been shown to modulate inflammation, foster neuroplasticity and neural reorganization, promote angiogenesis, and act as a cellular replacement by differentiating into mature neural cell types. However, there are several key technical questions to address before NSC therapy can be applied to the clinical setting on a large scale.

Purpose of Review

In this review, we will discuss the various sources of NSCs, their therapeutic modes of action to enhance stroke recovery, and considerations for the clinical translation of NSC therapies. Understanding the key factors involved in NSC‐mediated tissue recovery and addressing the current translational barriers may lead to clinical success of NSC therapy and a first‐in‐class restorative therapy for stroke patients.
Self‐determination among adolescents with physical disabilities in Zimbabwean inclusive‐community setting: an exploratory study
Authors: Mpofu Jabulani , Sefotho Maximus M.
Published: February 2019

The purpose of this study was to explore self‐determination among adolescents with physical disabilities living in inclusive‐community settings of Makonde Urban, Zimbabwe. An inclusive community is one that aims to remove exclusionary practices within the community and promote community systems that accept all people irrespective of their difference. Inclusive communities on their own are not uniquely designed for people with disabilities, but they have been adopted by most developing countries as a basic strategy to influence and enhance self‐determination among people with disabilities. A constructivist‐lived experience perspective underpinned this research, in which multiple case studies were used to interact with the participants on inclusion and self‐determination in adolescents with physical disabilities. Fourteen participants, 9 males and 5 females, were purposively sampled. Data were collected through face‐to‐face interviews and transcribed verbatim. Three themes emerged from the inductive thematic analysis of data sources. It was found that participants were having low levels of self‐determination in choosing inclusive‐community activities to participate at home, at school, and in their communities. The findings of this study have the potential for the inclusive communities' policy makers and researchers to better understand the level of self‐determination in choosing inclusive‐community activities to participate among adolescents with physical disabilities in inclusive‐community settings.
Fluorescence Properties of Flavin Semiquinone Radicals in Nitronate Monooxygenase
Authors: Su Dan , Kabir Mohammad Pabel , Orozco‐Gonzalez Yoelvis , Gozem Samer , Gadda Giovanni
Published: February 2019

Fluorescent cofactors like flavins can be exploited to probe their local environment with spatial and temporal resolution. Although the fluorescence properties of the oxidized and two‐electron‐reduced states of flavins have been studied extensively, this is not the case for the one‐electron‐reduced state. Both the neutral and anionic semiquinones have proven particularly challenging to examine, as they are unstable in solution and are transient, short‐lived species in many catalytic cycles. Here, we report that the nitronate monooxygenase (NMO) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 is capable of stabilizing both semiquinone forms anaerobically for hours, thus enabling us to study their spectroscopy in a constant protein environment. We found that in the active site of NMO, the anionic semiquinone exhibits no fluorescence, whereas the neutral semiquinone radical shows a relatively strong fluorescence, with a behavior that violates the Kasha–Vavilov rule. These fluorescence properties are discussed in the context of time‐dependent density functional theory calculations, which reveal low‐lying dark states in both systems.
Group CBT most effective anxiety treatment
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: February 2019

Group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) was the only significantly effective psychotherapy in reducing anxiety symptoms post‐treatment and at short‐term follow‐up, a network meta‐analysis of trials for children and adolescents has found. If replicated, the study may mean that group CBT is the first choice of treatment for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents.
Parental unawareness and adolescent denial of suicide risk highly prevalent, researchers find
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: February 2019

A recent study suggests that many adolescents at risk for suicide go undetected, because their parents are unaware of the teens' thoughts, and because the teens deny having such thoughts. This means that suicide screening requires a “multi‐informant” and personalized approach, based specifically on risk factors for unawareness and denial, the researchers conclude.
An incidental intracranial lesion in a young woman with head trauma: The key role of CT bone reconstruction in the diagnosis of an osteoma of the anterior cranial fossa
Authors: Gkasdaris Grigorios , Birbilis Theodossios , Ioannidis Orestis , Tsalis Konstantinos
Published: February 2019

Key Clinical Message

A young female was subjected to brain CT due to head trauma after a car accident. A lesion was found in the area of the right frontal lobe raising concern. After reconstruction of the CT slices, the radiologic features indicated a skull base osteoma, without the need for further intervention.
Visible Light Mediated C(sp3)‐H Alkenylation of Cyclic Ethers Enabled by Aryl Ketone
Authors: Zhang Mengmeng , Yang Liming , Yang Hui , An Guanghui , Li Guangming
Published: February 2019

C−H alkenylation of cyclic ethers (THF, 1,4‐dioxane) using the readily available nitroalkenes as the alkenylating reagents has been developed. It allows the rapid access to the α‐alkenyl ethers with high E‐selectivity. The previous inaccessible α‐dienyl ethers are successfully obtained. Acyclic ether can also participate in this alkenylation process. The mechanism study reveals that alkenylation proceeded through a proton coupled electron transfer (PCET) process with a de‐nitration.
Facilitating Tetrafluoroborate Intercalation into Graphite Electrodes from Ethylmethyl Carbonate‐Based Solutions
Authors: Huang Yuhao , Fan Hui , Kamezaki Hisamitsu , Kang Bo , Yoshio Masaki , Wang Hongyu
Published: February 2019

Kinetically facile intercalation of anions into graphite electrodes is essential for the good performance of dual‐ion batteries. The intercalation of BF4− anions into graphite electrodes is found to be strongly impeded in the electrolyte of 1.25 m LiBF4−ethylmethyl carbonate. For this, both the strong attraction between Li+ and BF4− clusters and the special solvation state of the anion are to blame. Two strategies are employed to tailor the solvation states of ions in the solutions, which prove easy and effective in facilitating anion intercalation into graphite electrodes.
Synthetic, Structural, and RNA Binding Studies on 2‐Aminopyridine‐Modified Triplex‐Forming Peptide Nucleic Acids
Authors: Kotikam Venubabu , Kennedy Scott D. , MacKay James A. , Rozners Eriks
Published: February 2019

The development of new RNA‐binding ligands is attracting increasing interest in fundamental science and the pharmaceutical industry. The goal of this study was to improve the RNA binding properties of triplex‐forming peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) by further increasing the pKa of 2‐aminopyridine (M). Protonation of M was the key for enabling triplex formation at physiological pH in earlier studies. Substitution on M by an electron‐donating 4‐methoxy substituent resulted in slight destabilization of the PNA–dsRNA triplex, contrary to the expected stabilization due to more favorable protonation. To explain this unexpected result, the first NMR structural studies were performed on an M‐modified PNA–dsRNA triplex which, combined with computational modeling identified unfavorable steric and electrostatic repulsion between the 4‐methoxy group of M and the oxygen of the carbonyl group connecting the adjacent nucleobase to PNA backbone. The structural studies also provided insights into hydrogen‐bonding interactions that might be responsible for the high affinity and unusual RNA‐binding preference of PNAs.