bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulation in Regional Anaesthesia: A Narrative Review of Its History, Evolution and Future Prospects
Authors: Satapathy Ashish Ranjan , Khalid Iskandar Bin , Fathil Shahridan Mohd
Published: December 2024

Regional anaesthesia has seen a resurgence of sorts since the widespread advent of ultrasound into clinical practice. The ability to access hitherto inaccessible nerves and fascial planes in the human body whilst ensuring visualisation of the needle tip during block performance has opened the proverbial floodgates leading to its widespread adoption, further supported by a growing body of evidence for its many benefits in a patient’s perioperative journey and pain management. The concomitant advancement of technology and the development of powerful simulation and artificial intelligence tools has given a much-needed impetus towards improving training and safe practice in regional anaesthesia. Methods: We performed a detailed search of databases, including PubMed Medline, Web of Science, EBSCO, Embase and the Cochrane Library, up to October 2024. Our search was conducted using phrases including (but not limited to) “history of anaesthesia”, “history of simulation”, “regional anaesthesia and simulation”, AI and “artificial intelligence and anaesthesia”.
Pediatric Bell’s Palsy: Prognostic Factors, Management Strategy, and Treatment Outcomes
Authors: Di Sarno Lorenzo , Caroselli Anya , Graglia Benedetta , Causio Francesco Andrea , Gatto Antonio , Pansini Valeria , Di Vizio Natalia Camilla , Chiaretti Antonio
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Bell’s palsy (BP) is a neurological disorder characterized by sudden unilateral peripheral facial paralysis. The etiology in children remains largely unknown, and standardized management strategies are lacking. The aim of this retrospective cohort study is to evaluate clinical features, laboratory markers, and therapeutic options associated with recovery to identify potential prognostic factors and validate therapeutic strategies, with a particular focus on the role of corticosteroids and vitamin supplementation. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on 88 children (aged < 18 years) diagnosed with BP at a single tertiary care center between 2010 and 2023. Clinical data, including House–Brackmann (HB) scores, were collected at baseline and at a two-month follow-up. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the associations between demographic, clinical, and laboratory parameters with recovery outcomes. Prednisone and vitamin supplementation were administered at the discretion of the treating pediatrician. Results: In total, 81.8% of patients achieved complete recovery at 2-month follow-up (HB grade 1). No significant associations were found between recovery and gender, age, side of paralysis, initial HB grade, or laboratory markers. However, the use of prednisone was associated with a higher rate of incomplete recovery (p = 0.024), with higher doses correlating with poorer outcomes (p = 0.022). Vitamin supplementation showed no significant impact. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that corticosteroid therapy may not be a disease-modifying factor that ultimately influences outcomes in pediatric BP. Further large-scale studies are needed to define evidence-based protocols for managing pediatric BP.
A Semantic Segmentation Method for Remote Sensing Images Based on an Improved TransDeepLab Model
Authors: Wang Jinxin , Wang Manman , Cong Kaiwei , Qin Zilong
Published: December 2024

Due to the various types of land cover and large spectral differences in remote sensing images, high-quality semantic segmentation of these images still faces challenges such as fuzzy object boundary extraction and difficulty in identifying small targets. To address these challenges, this study proposes a new improved model based on the TransDeepLab segmentation method. The model introduces a GAM attention mechanism in the coding stage, and incorporates a multi-level linear up-sampling strategy in the decoding stage. These enhancements allow the model to fully utilize multi-level semantic information and small target details in high-resolution remote sensing images, thereby effectively improving the segmentation accuracy of target objects. Using the open-source LoveDA large remote sensing image datasets for the validation experiment, the results show that compared to the original model, the improved model’s MIOU increased by 2.68%, aACC by 3.41%, and mACC by 4.65%. Compared to other mainstream models, the model also achieved superior segmentation performance.
Unlocking Female Fertility with a Specific Reproductive Exercise Program: Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trail
Authors: Kovács Barbara Petra , Balog Júlia , Sebők Barbara , Keszthelyi Márton , Várbíró Szabolcs
Published: December 2024

According to World Health Organization (WHO) data, 16% of people are affected by infertility across the globe. One underlying factor is the age-related decline of ovarian reserve (DOR), which can lead to a higher chance of infertility and has no widely accepted treatment currently. Specific supplements and moderate exercise have been shown to improve fertility; however, there is no consensus to date on the type of exercise providing the best results. Our goal is to develop a novel exercise program combined with natural supplements for the improvement of fertility. We also propose a single-centered, randomized, open-label clinical trial using our newly developed exercise in the intervention group, compared to walking and no exercise in the other groups, to investigate the benefits of this exercise program in the future. In this study, we developed a structured, novel combination of exercises focusing on the pelvic and ovarian regions, core strengthening and improvement of blood circulation in this region. The 70 min full body “reproductive gymnastics”, includes strengthening, stretching, and relaxation exercises combined with yoga-inspired moves and diaphragmatic breathing with meditation elements to activate the parasympathetic pathway and stress relief. We believe we can improve fertility through the combination of natural supplements and our targeted, moderate physiotherapy program in women with DOR.
Study on the Properties of Basalt Fiber-Calcined Gangue-Silty Clay Foam Concrete for Filling Undermined Goaf Areas of Highways
Authors: Yin Yucong , Li Qinglin , Zhang Yangpeng , Jiao Xiaodong , Feng Pengrui , Zhang Hexiang
Published: December 2024

The collapse of surface goaf beneath highways can result in instability and damage to roadbeds. However, filling the goaf areas with foam concrete can significantly enhance the stability of the roadbeds while considerably reducing the costs of filling materials. This study analyzes the effects on destructive characteristics, mechanical properties, stress–strain curve features, and relevant metrics, while also observing the microstructure of basalt fiber-calcined gangue-silty clay foam concrete (BF-CCG-SCFC). The results indicate that the water–binder ratio significantly influences the cubic compressive strength, split tensile strength, and fluidity of BF-CCG-SCFC. Silty clay reduces the cubic compressive strength, split tensile strength, and fluidity of BF-CCG-SCFC. Conversely, an appropriate amount of calcined gangue and basalt fiber significantly increases the cubic compressive strength and split tensile strength, while decreasing fluidity. To satisfy the strength and fluidity requirements of the filler material in hollow areas, the optimal water–binder ratio for BF-CCG-SCFC is 0.55, the ideal mixing ratio of calcined gangue to silty clay is 2:2, and the basalt fiber content should be 1%. The study examines the influence of varying water–binder ratios, the combined proportions of calcined gangue and silty clay, and different basalt fiber contents on the elastic modulus, peak stress, and peak strain of BF-CCG-SCFC. Additionally, the water–binder ratio influences the matrix strength through the non-hydration reactions of doped particles, while gangue and clay induce a “gradient hydration effect” during the hydration process. The incorporation of basalt fibers enhances the mechanical interlocking between the fibers and the matrix.
Experimental Study on Seismic Performance of Dovetail Profiled Steel Concrete Composite Shear Walls with Self-Tapping Screw Connections
Authors: Huang Zhenfeng , Tan Youwen , Zhong Zheng , Zhang Sumei , Guo Lanhui , Wang Yunhe
Published: December 2024

To achieve the assembled connection between dovetail profiled steel sheets and the boundary members in dovetail profiled steel concrete composite shear walls (DPSCWs), self-tapping screws were employed. Three DPSCW specimens connected with self-tapping screws were tested under combined axial and cyclic lateral loads to evaluate their hysteretic response, focusing on the influence of the number of self-tapping screws and the axial compression ratio. The self-tapping screw-connected DPSCWs exhibited a mixed failure mode, characterized by shear failure of the profiled steel sheets and compression-bending failure of multiple wall limbs divided by ribs on the web concrete. Except for slight deformation at the screw holes located on the profiled sheets at the corners of the wall, the connections exhibited minimal visible damage. The yield drift ratio of the DPSCW specimens in the test ranged from 1/286 to 1/225, and the ultimate drift ratio ranged from 1/63 to 1/94, both meeting the relevant deformation standards specified in the “Code for Seismic Design of Buildings. Increasing the number of self-tapping screws enhanced the development of local tensile fields on the profiled steel sheets, thereby improving the wall’s load-carrying, deformation, and energy dissipation capacities. However, increasing the axial compression ratio improved the initial stiffness of DPSCWs but reduced their load bearing and deformation capacity. Moreover, a design method for the self-tapping screw connections in DPSCWs was proposed.
Effects of Moisture Infiltration on Interfacial Characteristics of Fiber Asphalt Mastic-Aggregate and the Cracking Resistance of Mixture
Authors: Lou Keke , Jia Silin , Xiao Peng , Wu Haochen , Wu Yuhao
Published: December 2024

The interfacial properties of fiber asphalt aggregate and the cracking resistance of asphalt mixture are directly affected by moisture infiltration. In order to investigate the correlation between interfacial properties and immersion stability of asphalt mixture, three different types of fiber, including basalt fiber (BF), glass fiber (GF), and polyester fiber (PF); five types of fiber contents (0.1% to 0.5% by mass of the mixtures); and two types of aggregates (basalt and limestone) were selected. Experimental methods such as the Bond Strength Test (BBS), Disk-Shaped Compact Tension test (DCT), and interfacial image processing were used in order to assess the strength of interfacial interaction and resistance to cracking under both dry and wet conditions. The results showed that the addition of fibers could enhance fiber asphalt mastic-aggregate interfacial strength; under the influence of moisture infiltration, the interfacial strength showed a significant downward trend. In the process of fiber content increasing from 0.1% to 0.5%, the peak load and fracture energy of fiber asphalt mixtures were first increased and then decreased. The interface between asphalt mastic and aggregate is easier to spalling after being subjected to moisture infiltration, resulting in a decrease in cracking resistance. Compared with the dry environment, after moisture infiltration, the correlation index between interfacial strength and fracture energy is much higher than other influencing factors. The interfacial strength is still an important factor affecting the fracture energy. These findings provide valuable insights for the design and application of more durable asphalt pavement.
Typical Case of Converter Smelting with High Cooling Ratio in Chinese Iron and Steel Enterprises: CO2 Emission Analysis
Authors: Yang Huapeng , Feng Chao , Li Yubin , Guo Feihong , Zhu Rong , Zhang Minke , Wang Xing , Du Xin , Huo Liyun , Wen Fuxin , Ren Tao , Wei Guangsheng , Liu Fuhai
Published: December 2024

In this study, the effects of using different scrap ratios in a converter on carbon emissions were analyzed based on life cycle assessment (LCA) theory, and the carbon emissions from the converter were evaluated with the use of coke and biochar as heating agents at high scrap ratios. In this industrial experiment, the CO2 emissions during the converter smelting process decreased with the increase in the scrap steel ratio. For every 1% increase in the scrap steel ratio, the carbon emissions during the steelmaking process decreased by 14.09 kgCO2/t steel. Based on statistical data for the actual use of a charcoal heating agent in the converter, the relationship between the utilization coefficient of the heating agent and the scrap ratio was calculated as η=7.698×102x−2.596. When biochar was used as a converter heating agent, the scrap ratio required to achieve the lowest carbon emissions was 36%, and the converter emissions could be reduced by 172 kgCO2/t·steel relative to the use of coke. The use of biochar as a converter heating agent can contribute to the elimination of 330 million tons of scrap through furnace–converter long-process steelmaking, yielding an annual reduction in CO2 emissions of 158 million tons.
Preparation and Flame-Retardant Mechanism of MgAlZn-Based Hydrotalcite-like Coal Spontaneous Combustion Inhibitor
Authors: Li Lei , Li Yaohui , Li Zulin , Wu Lingling , Gou Jingchuan , He Xingrong , Xu Chenxi , Xie Caijing , Wu Wanyue
Published: December 2024

In this work, the coprecipitation approach was successfully used to create Mg-Al hydrotalcite-like inhibitors modified with varying amounts of Zn, and their characteristics were assessed. The findings indicate that the flame retardancy of Mg-Al hydrotalcite (MgAl-LDHs) is not significantly affected by Zn content. By adding MgAl-LDHs, the temperature at which the exothermic reaction started to occur was raised from 146.2 °C to 193.6 °C, according to the test of spontaneous combustion tendency. In the excavation route, the utility model can serve as a temporary fire prevention and extinguishment tool. Furthermore, the analysis of the functional group changes during the reaction was conducted using FTIR. After applying MgAl-LDHs, the oxidation of organic groups on the coal surface was clearly prevented, indicating that the inhibitor had a substantial flame-retardant effect on coal. In conclusion, this work creates a material that resembles hydrotalcite and is easy to use, inexpensive, and effective in preventing coal from spontaneously combusting.
The Effect of the Addition of Silicon Dioxide Particles on the Tribological Performance of Vegetable Oils in HCT600X+Z/145Cr46 Steel Contacts in the Deep-Drawing Process
Authors: Trzepieciński Tomasz , Szwajka Krzysztof , Szewczyk Marek , Zielińska-Szwajka Joanna , Slota Ján , Kaščák Ľuboš
Published: December 2024

Friction is an unfavourable phenomenon in deep-drawing forming processes because it hinders the deformation processes and causes deterioration of the surface quality of drawpieces. One way to reduce the unfavourable effect of friction in deep-drawing processes is to use lubricants with the addition of hard particles. For this reason, this article presents the results of friction tests of dual-phase HCT600X+Z steel sheets using the flat die strip drawing test. Sunflower oil and rapeseed oil with the addition of 1, 5 and 10 wt.% of silicon dioxide (SiO2) particles were used as lubricants. Tests were also carried out in dry friction conditions and lubricated conditions using SiO2-modified oils and oils without the addition of particles, as a reference. Tests were carried out at different pressure values between 2 and 8 MPa. The effect of friction on the change in sheet surface roughness was also examined. For the entire range of pressures analysed, pure sunflower oil showed lower efficiency in reducing the coefficient of friction compared to pure rapeseed oil. In the pressure range of 4–8 MPa, the lubricants with 5 wt.% and 10 wt.% of particles were more effective in reducing friction than the biolubricant with the addition of 1 wt.% of SiO2. The lowest average roughness was observed for lubrication with sunflower oil containing 5 wt.% of particles. In relation to rapeseed oil, the addition of 10 wt.% of SiO2 provided a sheet surface with the lowest average roughness.
Energy Efficiency in Turning: A Comparative Analysis of Screw Drive and Linear Drive CNC Machine Tools
Authors: Terelak-Tymczyna Agnieszka , Marchelek Krzysztof , Ziętek Ryszard Daniel , Frankowski Paweł , Zubkiewicz Agata , Miądlicki Karol
Published: December 2024

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the energy efficiency of screw drive and linear drive CNC machine tools in turning operations. Two CNC lathes were investigated, one equipped with screw drives and the other with linear drives, during the turning of specially prepared parts. The research examines active and reactive energy consumption, offering insights into the energy efficiency of different drive technologies. The analysis indicates that lathes with linear drives exhibited a higher reactive power consumption (8 kVar) during idle operation in comparison to those with screw drives (1.2 kVar). However, both drive systems demonstrated comparable potential for reducing reactive power consumption through implementing compensation techniques, with a reduction in reactive power consumption of nearly 70%. For both drive systems, the reduction in power use with compensation was at the level of 23–30% for screw drives and 36–47% for linear drives. The study highlights the importance of considering both active and reactive energy in evaluating the energy efficiency of machine tools. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of energy consumption in turning processes, aiding in the selection and optimization of drive systems for improved sustainability in manufacturing. Future research should explore tool wear impacts, machine-specific energy optimization, and AI-driven solutions for real-time energy management.
Improving Corrosion Resistance of Zircaloy-4 via High-Current Pulsed Electron Beam Surface Irradiation
Authors: Yang Shen , Yao Heran , Hu Zhiyong , Chen Tao
Published: December 2024

Zircaloy-4 is extensively used in nuclear reactors as fuel element cladding and core structural material. However, the safety concerns post-Fukushima underscore the need for further enhancing its high-temperature and high-pressure water-side corrosion resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of high-current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB) irradiation on the microstructures and corrosion resistance of Zircaloy-4, with the goal of improving its performance in nuclear applications. Results showed that after irradiation, the cross-section of the sample could be divided into three distinct layers: the outermost melted layer (approximately 4.80 μm), the intermediate heat-affected zone, and the bottom normal matrix. Large numbers of twin martensites were induced within the melted layer, which became finer with increasing irradiation times. Additionally, plenty of ultrafine/nanoscale grains were observed on the surface of the sample pulsed 25 times. Zr(Fe, Cr)2 second-phase particles (SPPs) were dissolved throughout the modified layer and Fe and Cr elements were uniformly distributed under the action of HCPEB. As a result, the corrosion resistance of the sample pulsed 25 times was significantly improved compared to the initial one. Research results confirmed that HCPEB irradiation is an effective method in improving the service life of Zircaloy-4 under extreme environmental conditions.
Flow Behavior Analysis of the Cold Rolling Deformation of an M50 Bearing Ring Based on the Multiscale Finite Element Model
Authors: Wei Wenting , Liu Zheng , Liu Qinglong , Zhou Guanghua , Liu Guocheng , Liu Yanxiong , Hua Lin
Published: December 2024

Through the ferrite single-phase parameters of M50 bearing steel obtained based on nanoindentation experiments and the representative volume element (RVE) model established based on the real microstructure of M50, this paper established a multiscale finite element model for the cold ring rolling of M50 and verified its accuracy. The macroscale and mesoscale flow behaviors of the ring during the cold rolling deformation process were examined and explained. The macroscopic flow behavior demonstrated that the stress distribution was uniform following rolling. The equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ) grew stepwise over time, with the raceway showing the highest PEEQ. The mesoscopic simulation revealed that the stress was concentrated in the cementite, and the maximum occurred at the junction of the ferrite and cementite. The largest PEEQ was found in the ferrite matrix positioned between the two adjacent cementites. The cementite flew with the deformation of the ferrite. The radial displacement of the cementite decreased from the edge of the raceway to both ends and decreased from the inner to the outer surface. Its axial displacement was basically the same on the inner surface and decreased from the inner to the outer surface. Its circumferential displacement decreased from the inner and outer surfaces to the intermediate thickness region.
A Construction of Maslov-Type Index for Paths of 2 × 2 Symplectic Matrices
Authors: Yang Yan , Her Hai-Long
Published: December 2024

In this article, we construct a kind of Maslov-type index for general paths of 2×2 symplectic matrices that have two arbitrary endpoints. Our method is consistent and direct no matter whether the starting point of the path is an identity or not, which is different from those regarding the Conley–Zehnder–Long index of symplectic paths starting from an identity and Long’s Maslov-type index of symplectic path segments. In addition, we compare this index with the Conley–Zehnder–Long index.
Numerical Study on Combustion Behavior of Tuyere and Raceway in Blast Furnace with Oxygen-Rich Blast and Hydrogen Injection
Authors: Shi Ruimeng , Pei Yue , Ren Mengmeng , Xue Zheng , Li Xinqi , Liu Heping
Published: December 2024

The injection of hydrogen into a blast furnace is a promising technology to fulfill the low-carbon ironmaking purpose. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model is developed to investigate the effect of hydrogen injection rate and blast oxygen enrichment rate on the tuyere, raceway, and surrounding coke bed behaviors. It was found that hydrogen injection leads to a higher water vapor volume fraction in the raceway and a higher hydrogen fraction in the coke bed. The magnitude of velocity and temperature near the tuyere only increase slightly due to the cold inlet temperature of hydrogen, which also results in lower coke bed temperature. The volume-averaged temperature decreases from 2146 K to 2129 K when the injection rate increases from 0 to 1000 Nm3/h. Oxygen enrichment rate presents a highly positive correlation with temperature in the raceway and coke bed, water vapor and carbon dioxide volume fraction in the raceway, and pulverized coal burnout rate. Because more carbon participates in the raceway reaction with an increase in oxygen enrichment rate from 0% to 10%, the final carbon monoxide fraction in the coke bed increases from 0.29 to 0.40, and the final hydrogen fraction decreases from 0.15 to 0.13. With the increase in hydrogen injection, the temperature of the raceway and the coke bed decreased slightly. Pulverized coal burnout changes little with the hydrogen injection rate increasing from 500 Nm3/h to 1500 Nm3/h, which is because hydrogen combustion promotes pulverized coal at the front part of the raceway but inhibits it at the end due to the relative lack of oxygen. These results will help better understand the combustion behavior in the tuyere and raceway of the blast furnace with oxygen-rich blast and hydrogen injection.
Temperature-Dependent Mechanical Properties of CoCrFeNi Medium-Entropy Alloy Produced by Laser-Directed Energy Deposition
Authors: Klimova Margarita , Krasanov Igor , Astakhov Ilya , Kovalenko Ekaterina , Kochura Elizaveta , Semenyuk Anastasia , Zherebtsov Sergey , Klimova-Korsmik Olga , Stepanov Nikita
Published: December 2024

The temperature dependence of the mechanical properties of the CoCrFeNi medium-entropy alloy (MEA) manufactured by laser-directed energy deposition (L-DED) and additionally annealed at 1200 °C for 24 h was studied. The microstructure of the as-deposited alloy was represented by a single-phase face-centered cubic structure with coarse columnar grains and a high density of dislocation. Annealing resulted in the development of recrystallization and a reduction in dislocation density. The CoCrFeNi alloy produced by L-DED demonstrated mechanical properties comparable with those of the fine-grained equiatomic CoCrFeMnNi alloy, produced by casting followed by thermomechanical processing. Namely, as-deposited CoCrFeNi had a yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of YS = 370 MPa and UTS = 610 MPa at room temperature, and YS = 565 MPa and UTS = 965 MPa at cryogenic temperature, along with a ductility of ~60%. Annealing resulted in a decrease in strength to YS = 180/350 MPa at 293/77 K. A quantitative analysis of various strengthening mechanisms showed that some strength increment of the as-deposited alloy was ensured by the high dislocation density formed during L-DED.
Annealing Study on Praseodymium-Doped Indium Zinc Oxide Thin-Film Transistors and Fabrication of Flexible Devices
Authors: Wu Zhenyu , Ning Honglong , Li Han , Wei Xiaoqin , Luo Dongxiang , Yuan Dong , Liang Zhihao , Su Guoping , Yao Rihui , Peng Junbiao
Published: December 2024

The praseodymium-doped indium zinc oxide (PrIZO) thin-film transistor (TFT) is promising for applications in flat-panel displays, due to its high carrier mobility and stability. Nevertheless, there are few studies on the mechanism of annealing on PrIZO films and the fabrication of flexible devices. In this work, we first optimized the annealing-process parameters on the glass substrate. As the annealing temperature rises, the film tends to be denser and obtains a lower surface roughness, a narrower optical-band gap and less oxygen-vacancy content. However, the μ-PCD test shows the 250 °C-annealed film obtains the least defects. And the PrIZO TFT annealed at 250 °C exhibited a desired performance with a saturation mobility (μsat) of 14.26 cm2·V−1·s−1, a subthreshold swing (SS) of 0.14 V·dec−1, an interface trap density (Dit) of 3.17 × 1011, an Ion/Ioff ratio of 1.83 × 108 and a threshold voltage (Vth) of −1.15 V. The flexible devices were prepared using the optimized parameters on the Polyimide (PI) substrate and subjected to static bending tests. After bending at a radius of 5 mm, the mobility of devices decreases slightly from 12.48 to 10.87 cm2·V−1·s−1, demonstrating the great potential of PrIZO for flexible displays.
Inchworm Robots Utilizing Friction Changes in Magnetorheological Elastomer Footpads Under Magnetic Field Influence
Authors: Xue Yun , Lee Chul-Hee
Published: December 2024

The application of smart materials in robots has attracted considerable research attention. This study developed an inchworm robot that integrates smart materials and a bionic design, using the unique properties of magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) to improve the performance of robots in complex environments, as well as their adaptability and movement efficiency. This research stems from solving the problem of the insufficient adaptability of traditional bionic robots on different surfaces. A robot that combines an MRE foot, an electromagnetic control system, and a bionic motion mechanism was designed and manufactured. The MRE foot was made from silicone rubber mixed with carbonyl iron particles at a specific ratio. Systematic experiments were conducted on three typical surfaces, PMMA, wood, and copper plates, to test the friction characteristics and motion performance of the robot. On all tested surfaces, the friction force of the MRE foot was reduced significantly after applying a magnetic field. For example, on the PMMA surface, the friction force of the front leg dropped from 2.09 N to 1.90 N, and that of the hind leg decreased from 3.34 N to 1.75 N. The robot movement speed increased by 1.79, 1.76, and 1.13 times on PMMA, wooden, and copper plate surfaces, respectively. The MRE-based intelligent foot design improved the environmental adaptability and movement efficiency of the inchworm robot significantly, providing new ideas for the application of intelligent materials in the field of bionic robots and solutions to movement challenges in complex environments.
Laser Welding of Micro-Wire Stent Electrode as a Minimally Invasive Endovascular Neural Interface
Authors: Wen Bo , Shen Liang , Kang Xiaoyang
Published: December 2024

Minimally invasive endovascular stent electrodes are an emerging technology in neural engineering, designed to minimize the damage to neural tissue. However, conventional stent electrodes often rely on resistive welding and are relatively bulky, restricting their use primarily to large animals or thick blood vessels. In this study, the feasibility is explored of fabricating a laser welding stent electrode as small as 300 μm. A high-precision laser welding technique was developed to join micro-wire electrodes without compromising structural integrity or performance. To ensure consistent results, a novel micro-wire welding with platinum pad method was introduced during the welding process. The fabricated electrodes were integrated with stent structures and subjected to detailed electrochemical performance testing to evaluate their potential as neural interface components. The laser-welded endovascular stent electrodes exhibited excellent electrochemical properties, including low impedance and stable charge transfer capabilities. At the same time, in this study, a simulation is conducted of the electrode distribution and arrangement on the stent structure, optimizing the utilization of the available surface area for enhanced functionality. These results demonstrate the potential of the fabricated electrodes for high-performance neural interfacing in endovascular applications. The approach provided a promising solution for advancing endovascular neural engineering technologies, particularly in applications requiring compact electrode designs.
Metasurface-Coated Liquid Microlens for Super Resolution Imaging
Authors: Gu Tongkai , Wang Kang , Cai Anjiang , Wu Fan , Chang Yasheng , Zhao Haiyan , Wang Lanlan
Published: December 2024

Inspired by metasurfaces’ control over light fields, this study created a liquid microlens coated with a layer of Au@TiO2, Core-Shell nanospheres. Utilizing the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect of Au@TiO2, Core-Shell nanospheres, and the formation of photonic nanojets (PNJs), this study aimed to extend the imaging system’s cutoff frequency, improve microlens focusing, enhance the capture capability of evanescent waves, and utilize nanospheres to improve the conversion of evanescent waves into propagating waves, thus boosting the liquid microlens’s super-resolution capabilities. The finite difference time domain (FDTD) method analyzed the impact of parameters including nanosphere size, microlens sample contact width, and droplet’s initial contact angle on super-resolution imaging. The results indicate that the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the field distribution produced by the uncoated microlens is 1.083 times that of the field distribution produced by the Au@TiO2, Core-Shell nanospheres coated microlens. As the nanosphere radius, droplet contact angle, and droplet base diameter increased, the microlens’s light intensity correspondingly increased. These findings confirm that metasurface coating enhances the super-resolution capabilities of the microlens.
Glauconite-Based Nanocomposites with Zn/Cu/B: Multifunctional Micronutrient Fertilizers
Authors: Khitrin Ivan , Maximov Prokopiy , Dasi Evan , Ibraeva Kanipa , Ponomarev Konstantin , Maximova Natalia , Belousov Peter , Ruban Alexey , Rudmin Maxim
Published: December 2024

The full potential of glauconite-based nanocomposites as micronutrient fertilizers remains underexplored, particularly their interaction with Zn, Cu, and B. Despite the promising applications, the mechanisms of nutrient sorption and their effects on plant growth require further investigation, especially concerning structural changes and nutrient delivery efficiency. This study investigates the modification of glauconite with Zn, Cu, and B solutions to create multifunctional nanocomposites with enhanced properties. It was established that the activation process preserves the primary globular–lamellar morphology of glauconite while introducing structural changes. Nanocomposites were synthesized using chemical activation and characterized using XRD, SEM-EDS, TEM, FTIR, and BET analyses. Agrochemical tests evaluated their effects on oat growth under controlled conditions. Nanocomposites with zinc sulfate exhibited an increase in specific surface area and mesoporosity, enhancing sorption capacity and facilitating the formation of inner-sphere complexes on the mineral’s basal surface. Modification with copper led to the formation of secondary phases, such as sulfates, on the surfaces of microflakes and globules while preserving the crystalline structure with inner-sphere coordination of Cu2+. Boron-modified nanocomposites were characterized by localized restructuring, pore channeling, and an increase in mesopore diameter, along with the formation of outer-sphere complexes relative to the basal surface of glauconite. Thermogravimetric and calorimetric analyses with mass spectrometry revealed specific endothermic and exothermic effects, particularly in Zn-modified samples, confirming changes in dehydration energetics. Agricultural tests on oats (Avena sativa) demonstrated the effectiveness of Cu- and B-modified nanocomposites in improving plant growth parameters, including a 7% increase in plant height and a 6.4% increase in dry weight. Zn-modified nanocomposites showed high germination rates (up to 100%) at low dosages but require optimization to avoid phytotoxicity at higher concentrations. The findings highlight the potential of adapting nanocomposites for targeted nutrient release. Additionally, glauconite nanocomposites have potential applications in restoring degraded soils, treating polluted runoff, and developing slow-release agrochemical systems.
Analysis of the Shear Strength of Iron Oxide-Kaolinite Cementing Materials in Granite Red Soil
Authors: Yan Hualing , Cen Nanbo , Zheng Qinmin , Lin Jinshi , Jiang Fangshi , Huang Yanhe , Zhang Yue
Published: December 2024

Shear strength is the key index to determine the stability of a soil slope, and cementation between iron oxide and clay minerals is one of the internal factors affecting soil shear strength; however, the effects of the form of iron oxide on the shear strength of granite-weathered red soil are still unclear. Kaolinite, which is the main clay mineral of granite red soil, was selected as the research object, and the effects of three different forms of iron oxide (hematite: HT, goethite: GT, and amorphous iron oxide: AIO) on the soil microstructure, microscopic quantitative parameters, cohesion, internal friction angle, and shear strength were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and the shear strength test. The results revealed that the iron oxide promoted the cementation of soil particles, and the cementation characteristics differed with the different forms of iron oxide. Hematite mainly showed flocculent cementation, poor cementation, and simple soil microstructures. Goethite mainly exhibited acicular cementation and the best cementation effect. The degree of aggregation of the soil particles was increased by the coatings, thus forming larger aggregate particles. The cementation effect of amorphous iron oxide was between those of hematite and goethite but included both the flocculation cementation of hematite and acicular cementation of goethite. Amorphous iron oxide and goethite effectively increased the contact area and friction degree between soil particles, while hematite had the opposite effect. The addition of three kinds of ferric oxide reduced the fractal dimension of soil, increased the apparent porosity, and promoted the irregularity of particles to a certain extent, among which hematite had the most significant growth on the long and short axes of the particles. At a content of 10 g kg−1, the addition of AIO and GT increased the soil cohesion and internal friction angle, and therefore increased the soil shear strength, and it was mainly determined by the soil microstructure: the contact area, apparent porosity, and particle short axis. These results indicated that GT and AIO are the main cementing materials affecting soil mechanical properties, and the transformation of iron oxide should be paid attention to when predicting soil slope stability.
Study on Impurity Removal from Lepidolite Leaching Solution and the Extraction Process of Rubidium
Authors: Tan Wen , Yang Yanbo , Liang Donghui , Weng Wei , Chi Xiaopeng , Zhong Shuiping
Published: December 2024

Efficient removal of iron and aluminum impurities is critical for the extraction of lithium and rubidium from zinnwaldite, a lithium-bearing mineral. In this study, solvent extraction using P507 was employed to remove iron and aluminum from zinnwaldite leaching solutions. However, stripping iron from the organic phase proved challenging due to the strong interaction between iron ions and the extractant. To address this, a novel reduction stripping method was developed using ascorbic acid (AA) as a reductant. This method exploits the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ in the aqueous phase, weakening the binding between iron ions and the organic phase, thus enabling efficient stripping. The optimized process achieved over 99.99% removal of iron and aluminum impurities. Subsequently, rubidium was selectively extracted using t-BAMBP, with a total recovery rate of 88.53%. Scaling-up experiments confirmed the feasibility of the process for industrial applications, demonstrating high efficiency and reagent recyclability. This study offers a promising approach for the efficient extraction and separation of valuable metals from zinnwaldite, with potential for broader applications in metal processing.
Efficient CO2 Electrocarboxylation Using Dye-Sensitized Photovoltaics
Authors: Zhang Yingtian , Ren Huaiyan , Zhou Huawei , Luo Peipei , Wan Qi , Zhang Xianxi , Wang Bo , Chen Baoli , Zhang Bo
Published: December 2024

This paper presents the solar-driven electrocarboxylation of 2-bromopyridine (2-BP) with CO2 into high-value-added chemicals 2-picolinic acid (2-PA) using dye-sensitized photovoltaics under simulated sunlight. Using three series-connected photovoltaic modules and an Ag electrode with excellent catalytic performance, a Faraday efficiency (FE) of 33.3% is obtained for 2-PA under mild conditions. The experimental results show that photovoltaics-driven systems for electrocarboxylation conversion of CO2 with heterocyclic halide to afford value-added heterocyclic carboxylic acid are feasible and effective.
Progress in Continuous Flow Synthesis of Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework Material Synthons
Authors: Yao Xingjun , Wen Sanmiao , Ji Ningning , Deng Qiulin , Li Zhiliang , Wang Hongbing , Shang Qianqian
Published: December 2024

Hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) materials are typically formed by the self-assembly of small organic units (synthons) with specific functional groups through hydrogen bonding or other interactions. HOF is commonly used as an electrolyte for batteries. Well-designed HOF materials can enhance the proton exchange rate, thereby boosting battery performance. This paper reviews recent advancements in the continuous synthesis of HOF synthons, in the continuous synthesis of HOF’s unit small molecules enabling the multi-step, rapid, and in situ synthesis of synthons, such as carboxylic acid, diaminotriazine (DAT), urea, guanidine, imidazole, pyrazole, pyridine, thiazole, triazole, and tetrazole, with online monitoring. Continuous flow reactors facilitate fast chemical reactions and precise microfluidic control, offering superior reaction speed, product yield, and selectivity compared to batch processes. Integrating the continuous synthesis of synthons with the construction of HOF materials on a single platform is essential for achieving low-cost, safe, and efficient processing, especially for reactions involving toxic, flammable, or explosive substances.
Electrochemical Fingerprint Analyses Using Voltammetry and Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Multivariate Analyses for the Discrimination of Schisandra Fruits
Authors: Machida Koichi , Kotani Akira , Osaki Tomoya , Kobayashi Ayaka , Yamamoto Kazuhiro , Hakamata Hideki
Published: December 2024

The appearances of Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus (SSF) and Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus (SCF) are very similar. Thus, being able to distinguish between SSF and SCF is useful for the quality control of these herbal medicines. In this study, two kinds of electrochemical fingerprint analyses using voltammetry or HPLC with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) were developed in combination with multivariate analysis for discriminating between SSF and SCF. The data sets of the oxidation current values from voltammograms of SSF and SCF samples ranging from +0.5 to +1.0 V were applied to perform a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Moreover, the data sets of the current heights of the characteristic target peaks on the chromatograms at an applied potential of +0.9 V were also applied to perform PLS-DA. In each PLS-DA obtained from the voltammograms and chromatograms, the scores for the SSF samples were plotted on a different region compared with the scores for the SCF samples. Considering the results of the cross-validation, the HPLC-ECD clearly discriminated between the SSF and SCF samples when compared with the voltammetry. In conclusion, our results show that the present electrochemical fingerprint analyses coupled with PLS-DA are useful as a means for discriminating between the SSF and SCF samples.
Indocarbocyanine–Indodicarbocyanine (sCy3–sCy5) Absorptive Interactions in Conjugates and DNA Duplexes
Authors: Gulyak Evgeny L. , Brylev Vladimir A. , Zhitlov Mikhail Y. , Komarova Olga A. , Ustinov Alexey V. , Sapozhnikova Ksenia A. , Alferova Vera A. , Korshun Vladimir A. , Gvozdev Daniil A.
Published: December 2024

Sulfonated indocyanines 3 and 5 (sCy3, sCy5) are widely used to label biomolecules. Their high molar absorption coefficients and lack of spectral overlap with biopolymers make them ideal as linker components for rapid assessment of bioconjugate stoichiometry. We recently found that the determination of the sCy3:sCy5 molar ratio in a conjugate from its optical absorption spectrum is not straightforward, as the sCy3:sCy5 absorbance ratio at the maxima tends to be larger than expected. In this work, we have investigated this phenomenon in detail by studying the spectral properties of a series of sCy3-sCy5 conjugates in which the dyes are separated by linkers of various lengths, including DNA duplexes. It was found that when sCy3 and sCy5 are located in close proximity, they consistently exhibit an “abnormal” absorbance ratio. However, when the two dyes are separated by long rigid DNA-based spacers, the absorbance ratio becomes consistent with their individual molar absorption coefficients. This phenomenon should be taken into account when assessing the molar ratio of the dyes by UV-Vis spectroscopy.
Size Dependence of the Band Gap of Core–Shell Tantalum and Tantalum Oxide (V) Nanoclusters
Authors: Shilov Valentin A. , Borisyuk Petr V. , Bortko Diana V. , Karazhanov Smagul , Lebedinskii Yuri Y. , Vasilyev Oleg S.
Published: December 2024

Monodisperse films of spherical tantalum oxide (V) nanoclusters and spherical tantalum nanoclusters with a tantalum oxide shell with diameters of 1.4–8 nm were obtained by magnetron sputtering. The size of the deposited nanoclusters was controlled using a quadrupole mass filter. The chemical composition was certified using the XPS method. Using the Reflected Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy (REELS), the dependence of the band gap width on the nanocluster size was determined. It was found that starting from a certain nanocluster size, the band gap width increases as the nanocluster size decreases. Based on experimental data and a theoretical model, the effective mass of electrons dependence as a function of nanocluster size was obtained.
Controlled Multi-Dimensional Assembly of Calcium Carbonate Particles with Industrial By-Product Carbide Slag and CO2
Authors: Shen Yuke , Jiang Xiaoli , Tang Chengcai , Ma Wei , Cheng Jianyu , Wang Hongxu , Zhu Hongyu , Zhao Lin , Zhang Yagang , Zhao Panfeng
Published: December 2024

The utilization of carbide slag, an industrial by-product, as a resource to prepare value-added products has a profound impact not only for sustainable synthesis and the circular economy but also for CO2 reduction. Herein, we report the very first example of the controlled multi-dimensional assembly of calcium carbonate particles at the micrometer scale with industrial by-product carbide slag and CO2. Calcium carbonate particles of distinctly different sizes, shapes, and morphologies are obtained by finely tuning the assembly conditions. This strategy yields diverse assembled structures, including simple cubic, mulberry-like assembled unit, stacked cubic polycrystalline, and rotated polycrystalline structures, using the same starting materials. This innovative approach not only highlights the adaptability and efficiency of utilizing industrial by-products via multi-dimensional assembly but also provides new insights into the potential applications of the resulting calcium carbonate.
The Effects of Polystyrene Microplastics and Copper Ion Co-Contamination on the Growth of Rice Seedlings
Authors: Jin Huiyu , Lin Guohe , Ma Mingzi , Wang Lin , Liu Lixiang
Published: December 2024

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging pollutants of global concern, while heavy metals such as copper ions (Cu2+) are longstanding environmental contaminants with well-documented toxicity. This study investigates the independent and combined effects of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) and Cu on the physiological and biochemical responses of rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.), a key staple crop. Hydroponic experiments were conducted under four treatment conditions: control (CK), PS-MPs (50 mg·L−1), Cu (20 mg·L−1 Cu2+), and a combined PS-MPs + Cu treatment. The results showed that PS-MPs had a slight stimulatory effect on root elongation, while Cu exposure mildly inhibited root growth. However, the combined treatment (PS-MPs + Cu) demonstrated no significant synergistic or additive toxicity on growth parameters such as root, stem, and leaf lengths or biomass (fresh and dry weights). Both PS-MPs and Cu significantly reduced peroxidase (POD) activity in root, stem, and leaf, indicating oxidative stress and disrupted antioxidant defenses. Notably, in the combined treatment, PS-MPs mitigated Cu toxicity by adsorbing Cu2+ ions, reducing their bioavailability, and limiting Cu accumulation in rice tissues. These findings reveal a complex interaction between MPs and heavy metals in agricultural systems. While PS-MPs can alleviate Cu toxicity by reducing its bioavailability, they also compromise antioxidant activity, potentially affecting plant resilience to stress. This study provides a foundation for understanding the combined effects of MPs and heavy metals, emphasizing the need for further research into their long-term environmental and agronomic impacts.