bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Use of Social Media in Supporting the Development of Open Organizations for Innovation
Authors: Standing Craig , Mingers John , Standing Susan
Published: July 2018

Open systems theory purports to offer many benefits related to developing an innovative and sustainable organization. In this paper, we examine if collaborative tools afford a move towards a more open‐orientated organizational form that can support innovation capability and the issues that need to be managed in the process. Constructs that characterize open systems are identified from the literature, and these are used to frame the case analyses on the nature of collaborative tools and changing organizational forms. The validity of the open systems concept is explored through an examination of three case studies. Although collaborative tools offer potential organizational benefits, issues exist in relation to its management and use that can circumscribe its impact. Collaborative tools were used in contexts where there was a weak understanding of open systems concepts, and this resulted in a weak conceptual strategy. The lack of methodological guidance on how to use collaborative tools to become more open was a significant issue. The combination of these two issues created a number of implementation problems including lack of widespread participation and an inability to obtain and leverage knowledge via collaborative tools to improve innovation. The paper highlights that a tool‐focused collaborative systems approach produces less effective integration of collaborative tools and creates problems in moving to a more open organizational form. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Improved Model for the Heat‐Up Stage of the CAS‐OB Process: Development and Validation
Authors: Kärnä Aki , Järvinen Mika , Sulasalmi Petri , Visuri Ville‐Valtteri , Ollila Seppo , Fabritius Timo
Published: July 2018

Details of chemical heating in the CAS‐OB process are not known exactly, making a computational model valuable in process development and control. A phenomena‐based numerical model of the CAS‐OB heating stage is presented. Chemical equilibrium at reaction surfaces is assumed to be limited by mass transfer. Making use of a law of mass action based kinetic approach, reactions, and mass transfer rates are solved simultaneously. Computational fluid dynamics is used to derive heat and mass transfer coefficients, which are then used in our model, consisting of only a few computational nodes. The model includes steel melt, slag, and gas phases, bell, and ladle structures, and three reaction fronts. Radiation, conduction, and convection heat transfer are solved in the system. The model outputs temperatures and chemical composition of the system, and the results are validated with industrial data from two measurement campaigns.
Numerical Investigation of the Formation Mechanism and Control Strategy of Center Segregation in Continuously Casting Slab
Authors: Jiang Dongbin , Wang Weiling , Luo Sen , Zhu Miaoyong
Published: July 2018

Slab center segregation occurs due to fluid flow in the continuous casting process, and is caused by shell bulging, thermal shrinkage, and so on. Their influences on center segregation evolution have been investigated separately in the past, whereas the combined effect is rarely reported. In this work, both shell bulging and thermal shrinkage on center segregation formation are studied. Accordingly, the control strategy of mechanical reduction to improve center segregation is analyzed. The results show that solid phase moves outward and inward periodically with shell bulging, which promotes the transport of rejected solute to the slab center. Near solidification end, solid phase still moves outward with thermal shrinkage, and the concentrated liquid is pushed out and flows to center part. Therefore, the transport behaviors with shell bulging and thermal shrinkage are completely different, and center segregation will be worse when both are considered. As solid phase is compressed by mechanical reduction, enriched liquid transported downward is suppressed and center segregation is reduced. With a greater reduction amount allocated in the later stage, center segregation can be obviously improved. Furthermore, the control strategy of mechanical reduction is to alleviate the relative movement between liquid and solid near the solidification end.
Preparation and characterization of chitosan‐siloxane magnetic nanoparticles for the extraction of pesticides from water and determination by HPLC
Authors: Badawy Mohamed E. I. , Marei Abd El‐Salam M. , El‐Nouby Mahmoud A. M.
Published: July 2018

Novel chitosan‐siloxane functionalized magnetic nanoparticles including chitosan polydimethyl siloxane, chitosan octadecyl siloxane, and chitosan phenyl siloxane were prepared and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Zeta potential measurements. The particles were prepared from Fe3O4 functionalized by siloxane derivatives followed by coating with chitosan through a crosslinking mechanism. Infrared spectroscopy was used to confirm the reaction and conjugation between the three layers of the crosslinking chitosan, siloxane and magnetic nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were applied as effective sorbents for extraction of seven pesticides (abamectin, diazinon, fenamiphos, imidacloprid, lambda‐cyhalothrin, methomyl and thiophanate‐methyl) from water. The particles were used in a magnetic dispersive solid‐phase extraction technique and solid‐phase extraction cartridge. The pesticides were then quantified by using high‐performance liquid chromatography with limit of detection of 0.002–0.046 μg/mL, limit of quantification of 0.006–0.154 μg/mL and excellent linearity in the range of 0.0125–0.15 μg/mL with correlation coefficients (R2) higher than 0.999. The magnetic nanoparticles showed a high recovery efficiency compared to standard octadecylsilane (Sigma–Aldrich) for some pesticides. The results indicated that these methods achieved the rapid and simple extraction of small quantities of adsorbents and solvent with a high recovery rate.
Benzyl isothiocyanate inhibits human brain glioblastoma multiforme GBM 8401 cell xenograft tumor in nude mice in vivo
Authors: Ma Yi‐Shih , Lin Jen‐Jyh , Lin Chin‐Chung , Lien Jin‐Cherng , Peng Shu‐Fen , Fan Ming‐Jen , Hsu Fei‐Ting , Chung Jing‐Gung
Published: July 2018

Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), a member of isothiocyanates (ITCs), has been shown to induce cell death in many human cancer cells, but there is no further report to show BITC suppresses glioblastoma multiforme cells in vivo. In the present study, we investigate the effects of BITC on the inhibition of GBM 8401/luc2 cell generated tumor on athymic nude mice. We established a luciferase expressing stable clone named as GBM 8401/luc2. Thirty male mice were inoculated subcutaneously with GBM 8401/luc2 cells to generate xenograft tumor mice model. Group I was treated with 110 μL phosphate‐buffered solution plus 10 μL dimethyl sulfoxide, Group II‐III with BITC (5 or 10 μmol/100 μL/day, relatively). Mice were given oral treatment of BITC by gavage for 21 days. Results showed that BITC did not affect the body weights. After anesthetized, the photons emitted from mice tumor were detected with Xenogen IVIS imaging system 200 and higher dose of BITC have low total photon flux than that of lower dose of BITC. Results also showed that higher dose of BITC have low total tumor volumes and weights than that of low dose of BITC. Isolated tumors were investigated by immunohistochemical analysis and results showed that BITC at both dose of treatment weakly stained with anti‐MCL1 and ‐XIAP. However, both dose of BITC treatments have strong signals of caspase‐3 and Bax. Overall, these data demonstrated that BITC suppressed tumor properties in vivo. Overall, based on these observations, BITC can be used against human glioblastoma multiforme in the future.
Application of rod vortex generators for flow separation reduction on wind turbine rotor
Authors: Martinez Suarez Javier , Flaszynski Pawel , Doerffer Piotr
Published: July 2018

This paper focuses on flow control on wind turbine blades. A rod vortex generator (RVG) is proposed. Previous experimental and numerical results obtained for channels and blade sections proved RVGs to effectively enhance the streamwise shear stresses and reduce flow separation. The benefits of application of RVGs to control and decrease the flow separation on horizontal axis wind turbine rotor blades are assessed and presented in the paper. The numerical investigation was conducted with the FINE/Turbo solver from Numeca International, which solves the 3D Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes equations. The validation of the numerical model for the clean case is based on phase VI of the Unsteady Aerodynamics Experiment. At selected operating conditions, flow control devices have proven to reattach the flow locally to the wall and improve the aerodynamic performance of the wind turbine. Additionally, the local implementation of RVGs shows strong effect on flow structure and interaction with the main flow to create a “shielding” effect, preventing further penetration of separation towards blade tip. As a consequence, the positive effect of RVGs exists outside the blade span covered by devices. The obtained aerodynamic improvement shows that RVGs may be used as an alternative to traditional flow control devices applied on wind energy turbines.
Battery-aware scheduling in low orbit: the GomX–3 case
Authors: Bisgaard Morten , Gerhardt David , Hermanns Holger , Krčál Jan , Nies Gilles , Stenger Marvin
Published: July 2018

When working with space systems the keyword is resources. For a satellite in orbit all resources are scarce and the most critical resource of all is power. It is therefore crucial to have detailed knowledge on how much power is available for an energy harvesting satellite in orbit at every time—especially when in eclipse, where it draws its power from onboard batteries. The challenge is to maximise operational performance of a satellite, while providing hard guarantees that critically low battery levels are avoided, taking into account these power restrictions. Classic approaches to workload scheduling and analysis are not suitable, because of heterogeneity, interdependencies and system dynamics involved. This paper addresses this problem by a two-step procedure to perform task scheduling for low-earth-orbit satellites exploiting formal methods. It combines time-bounded cost-optimal reachability analyses of priced timed automata networks with a realistic kinetic battery model capable of capturing capacity limits as well as stochastic fluctuations. We also discuss how the time-bounded analysis can be embedded into a workflow that exploits in-orbit current and voltage measurements so as to perpetuate the task scheduling. The core procedure has been exercised in-orbit for the automatic and resource-optimal day-ahead scheduling of G
om
X–3, a power-hungry 3-unit nanosatellite. We explain how this approach has overcome existing problems, has led to improved designs, and has provided new insights.
Cerebrospinal fluid monoamines, pterins, and folate in patients with mitochondrial diseases: systematic review and hospital experience
Authors: Batllori Marta , Molero‐Luis Marta , Ormazabal Aida , Montero Raquel , Sierra Cristina , Ribes Antonia , Montoya Julio , Ruiz‐Pesini Eduardo , O'Callaghan Mar , Pias Leticia , Nascimento Andrés , Palau Francesc. , Armstrong Judith , Yubero Delia , Ortigoza‐Escobar Juan D. , García‐Cazorla Angels , Artuch Rafael
Published: July 2018

Mitochondrial diseases are a group of genetic disorders leading to the dysfunction of mitochondrial energy metabolism pathways. We aimed to assess the clinical phenotype and the biochemical cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biogenic amine profiles of patients with different diagnoses of genetic mitochondrial diseases. We recruited 29 patients with genetically confirmed mitochondrial diseases harboring mutations in either nuclear or mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes. Signs and symptoms of impaired neurotransmission and neuroradiological data were recorded. CSF monoamines, pterins, and 5‐methyltetrahydrofolate (5MTHF) concentrations were analyzed using high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical and fluorescence detection procedures. The mtDNA mutations were studied by Sanger sequencing, Southern blot, and real‐time PCR, and nuclear DNA was assessed either by Sanger or next‐generation sequencing. Five out of 29 cases showed predominant dopaminergic signs not attributable to basal ganglia involvement, harboring mutations in different nuclear genes. A chi‐square test showed a statistically significant association between high homovanillic acid (HVA) values and low CSF 5‐MTHF values (chi‐square = 10.916; p = 0.001). Seven out of the eight patients with high CSF HVA values showed cerebral folate deficiency. Five of them harbored mtDNA deletions associated with Kearns‐Sayre syndrome (KSS), one had a mitochondrial point mutation at the mtDNA ATPase6 gene, and one had a POLG mutation. In conclusion, dopamine deficiency clinical signs were present in some patients with mitochondrial diseases with different genetic backgrounds. High CSF HVA values, together with a severe cerebral folate deficiency, were observed in KSS patients and in other mtDNA mutation syndromes.
Case report. Size does matter: acuut nierfalen door een te groot pessarium
Authors: Verpoort Pieter , Schrier Bart
Published: July 2018

Samenvatting

Een 88-jarige patiënt kwam naar de Spoedeisende Hulp met postrenaal nierfalen en bilaterale hydronefrose. Deze bleken te worden veroorzaakt door een te groot pessarium dat externe druk uitoefende op beide distale ureters. Na verwijdering van het pessarium herstelde de nierfunctie zich volledig. In vijf eerdere case reports over hydronefrose door vreemde voorwerpen in de vagina werd deze veroorzaakt door pessaria (3), een seksueel object van onbekende origine en een vibrator. Slechts één case report beschrijft een bilaterale hydronefrose die wordt veroorzaakt door een pessarium.
Resilience over time: Learning from school‐attending adolescents living in conditions of structural inequality
Authors: Theron Linda , van Rensburg Angelique
Published: July 2018

Introduction

Cross‐sectional studies offer inadequate understandings of adolescent resilience. Nevertheless, few longitudinal studies account for the resilience of school‐attending adolescents challenged by the structural disadvantages associated with South African township residence. This prompts two questions: (i) Do the same (or different) resilience‐enabling resources inform township‐dwelling, school‐attending adolescents' resilience accounts when they self‐explain their resilience at two distinct points in time? (ii) Which resilience‐enabling resources, if any, become significantly more (or less) salient over time and how do township‐dwelling, school‐attending adolescents explain the resilience‐enabling value of these resources?

Methods

To answer the aforementioned, we conducted a longitudinal qualitative study with 140, township‐dwelling, school‐attending, South African adolescents (62.1% girls; mean age: 13.8 years [Time 1]; 15.8 years [Time 2]). They completed a draw‐and‐write activity. This generated visual and narrative data that we analysed using multiple methods (content analyses, chi square tests of frequency counts, and thematic analysis).

Results

A comparison of school‐attending adolescents' accounts of their resilience at two points in time revealed the longevity of nine, generic resilience‐enabling resources. A comparison of how frequently adolescents reported these resources at Time 1 and 2 showed significant increases for education, faith‐based supports, and peer support. A comparison of adolescents' reasons for identifying these three resources showed that education promises an improved future, while all three facilitate respite from hardship and/or mastery over current challenges.

Conclusion

The salience of education, faith‐based supports, and peer support can be explained using developmental, contextual and cultural perspectives. This explanation prompts pragmatic and cautionary lessons for resilience advocates.
Sex‐related differences in the prevalence of cognitive impairment among overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Espeland Mark A. , Carmichael Owen , Yasar Sevil , Hugenschmidt Christina , Hazzard William , Hayden Kathleen M. , Rapp Stephen R. , Neiberg Rebecca , Johnson Karen C. , Hoscheidt Siobhan , Mielke Michelle M. ,   for the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) Research Group
Published: July 2018

Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity may increase risks for cognitive decline as individuals age. It is unknown whether this results in different prevalences of cognitive impairment for women and men.

Methods

The Action for Health in Diabetes, a randomized controlled clinical trial of a 10‐year intensive lifestyle intervention, adjudicated cases of cross‐sectional cognitive impairment (mild cognitive impairment or dementia) 10–13 years after enrollment in 3802 individuals (61% women).

Results

The cross‐sectional prevalences of cognitive impairment were 8.3% (women) and 14.8% (men): adjusted odds ratio 0.55, 95% confidence interval [0.43, 0.71], P < .001. Demographic, clinical, and lifestyle risk factors varied between women and men but did not account for this difference, which was limited to individuals without apolipoprotein E (APOE)‐ε4 alleles (interaction P = .034).

Conclusions

Among overweight and obese adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus, traditional risk factors did not account for the lower prevalence of cognitive impairment observed in women compared with men.
Recurrent Ventricular Arrhythmia Caused by Ingestion of Aconitum (Monkshood) Flowers
Authors: Adami Francesco , Paganussi Peter , Perone Giovanna , Bera Paola , Braga Giosuè , Concoreggi Carlo
Published: July 2018

We report the case of a patient who presented with respiratory failure, recurrent ventricular fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias, and hypotension after an intentional ingestion of aconite flowers. Significant ingestion of this plant can produce life-threatening cardio- and neurotoxicity that may require evacuation from the wilderness to a medical facility capable of advanced treatment and intensive care monitoring.
Policy Success in an Age of Gridlock
Authors: Rothenberg Lawrence S.
Published: July 2018

Since 1990, polarization hindered changing environmental policy statutorily. Yet, in mid-2016 the Lautenberg Act regulating toxics - chemicals employed in commerce - was passed, winning business and environmental support. What might explain this? Has the Trump administration undercut the law's effects? Does the Act's passage portend more progressive actions? We show that the Act was a function of the status quo changing due to regulatory efforts abroad and in the United States, and from outside pressures on business. These influences impacted implementation, with the Trump administration not targeting toxics regulation analogous to other programs. Further, the processes we observe for toxics may not be unique.
Testing for Depressive Realism in a Clinically Depressed Sample
Authors: Venkatesh Shruti , Moulds Michelle L. , Mitchell Christopher J.
Published: July 2018

The depressive-realism effect refers to a phenomenon in which depressed individuals are more realistic at assessing the relationship between two events than non-depressed individuals. Recent evidence suggests that the depressive realism hypothesis is weaker than first thought. Thus, we sought evidence for depressive-realism under conditions that we hypothesised would maximise the effect. We tested a clinically depressed sample of participants who were administered a rumination induction. Twenty-eight clinically depressed and 39 non-depressed participants were randomly allocated to either a rumination condition (focused on the causes, consequences, and meaning of their mood) or a distraction condition (focused on external objects/events such as a classroom). Participants then completed a contingency task in which there was no relationship between their responses and an outcome, and they were asked to make a judgment of how much control they had over an outcome. Both groups and conditions did not differ in their judgments of control; participants in all conditions showed a non-normative judgment of control. The depressive-realism effect was not observed in this study, even when depressed participants were encouraged to ruminate. Rather, the present study clearly demonstrates the robustness of the illusion of control.
Barriers and Facilitators to Injection Safety in Ambulatory Care Settings
Authors: Leback Claire , Hoang Johnson Diep , Anderson Laura , Rogers Kelli , Shirley Daniel , Safdar Nasia
Published: July 2018

OBJECTIVE

Identify factors referred to as barriers and facilitators that can prevent or assist safe injection practices in ambulatory care settings to guide quality improvement.

DESIGN

In this mixed-methods study, we utilized observations and interviews.

SETTING

This study was conducted at ambulatory clinics at a midwestern academic medical center from May through August 2017. Sites included a variety of clinical settings that performed intramuscular, intradermal, intravenous, or intra-articular injections.

PARTICIPANTS AND INTERVENTIONS

Direct observations of injections and interviews of ambulatory care staff were conducted. An observation checklist was created, including standards of injection safety from nationally recognized guidelines. Interview questions were developed using the System Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) model. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and then coded by 2 investigators.

RESULTS

In total, 106 observations and 36 interviews were completed at 21 clinics. Injection safety standards with the lowest adherence included using needleless access devices to prepare injections (33%) and the proper use of multidose vials (<80%). Of 819 coded interview segments, 461 (56.3%) were considered facilitators of safe injection practices. The most commonly identified barriers were patient movement during administration, feeling rushed, and inadequate staffing. The most commonly identified facilitators were availability of supplies, experience in the practice area, and availability of safety needles and prefilled syringes.

CONCLUSIONS

Perceived barriers and facilitators to infection control elements of injection safety are interconnected with SEIPS elements of persons, organizations, technologies, tasks, and environment. Direct observations demonstrated that knowledge of safety injection standards does not necessarily translate to best practices and may not match self-reported data.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:841–848
Drainage system reorganization and late Quaternary tectonic deformation along the southern Dead Sea Transform
Authors: Gellman Yedidia , Matmon A. , Mushkin Amit , Porat N.
Published: July 2018

The Dead Sea Transform (DST) accounts for ~105 km of left-lateral slip between the Arabian plate and the Sinai subplate since the Miocene. Paleoseismic studies along the Arava Valley segment of the DST suggest that late Quaternary deformation has been primarily concentrated along the axis of the transform valley. Here, we examine late Quaternary changes in drainage system characteristics and attribute them to recent tectonic deformation in this region. Field-based geomorphic mapping, topographic cross sections, and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of fluvial deposits were used to map and date recent changes in the fluvial characteristics of catchments along the western margin of the southern Arava. Our results reveal coeval migration of channels, consistent with tectonically induced surface tilting caused by north–south compressional deformation along the western margin of the transform valley. OSL dating indicates this tilting was initiated in the late Pleistocene and continued at least into the mid-Holocene. The late Quaternary tectonic deformation along the southern Arava segment of the DST is distributed across a wider zone than previously considered and extends out to the margins of the transform valley. We associate the inferred wider deformation zone to possible changes in the geometry of motion along the DST.
Viral and bacterial co-infection in hospitalised children with refractory Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia
Authors: Zhang Xinxing , Chen Zhengrong , Gu Wenjing , Ji Wei , Wang Yuqing , Hao Chuangli , He Yanyu , Huang Li , Wang Meijuan , Shao Xuejun , Yan Yongdong
Published: July 2018

To investigate the impact of viral and bacterial co-infection in hospitalised children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (RMPP). Retrospective analysis of 396 children with RMPP in our hospital admitted between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2016 was performed. Nasal aspirate samples were collected for pathogen detection and clinical data were collected. We analysed clinical characteristics, lung imaging characteristics and pathogenic species among these children. Of the 396 RMPP cases, 107 (27.02%) had co-infection with other pathogen, with Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Staphylococcus aureus being the most common bacteria of infection and human bocavirus (HBoV), human rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus being the most common viruses of infection. Children with co-infection were younger than that with single infection (P = 0.010). Children with both virus and bacteria co-infection had been the youngest (P = 0.040). Children with co-infection had a longer fever process, higher leukocyte count, higher C-reactive protein compared with single infection (P < 0.05). Children with co-infection had a higher percentage of pnemothorax and diffuse large area of inflammation in chest X-ray manifestation compared with children with single infection (P < 0.05). S. pneumonia and HBoV was the leading cause of co-infection in RMPP. Co-infections led to more disease severity in children with RMPP compared with single infections.
Quantifying TB transmission: a systematic review of reproduction number and serial interval estimates for tuberculosis
Authors: Ma Y. , Horsburgh C. R. , White L. F. , Jenkins H. E.
Published: July 2018

Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading global infectious cause of death. Understanding TB transmission is critical to creating policies and monitoring the disease with the end goal of TB elimination. To our knowledge, there has been no systematic review of key transmission parameters for TB. We carried out a systematic review of the published literature to identify studies estimating either of the two key TB transmission parameters: the serial interval (SI) and the reproductive number. We identified five publications that estimated the SI and 56 publications that estimated the reproductive number. The SI estimates from four studies were: 0.57, 1.42, 1.44 and 1.65 years; the fifth paper presented age-specific estimates ranging from 20 to 30 years (for infants <1 year old) to <5 years (for adults). The reproductive number estimates ranged from 0.24 in the Netherlands (during 1933–2007) to 4.3 in China in 2012. We found a limited number of publications and many high TB burden settings were not represented. Certain features of TB dynamics, such as slow transmission, complicated parameter estimation, require novel methods. Additional efforts to estimate these parameters for TB are needed so that we can monitor and evaluate interventions designed to achieve TB elimination.
Unusual association between corrected transposition of great arteries and supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection: a rare combination never reported before
Authors: Agrawal Gaurav , Chaurasia Amit K. , Sethi Kanika S.
Published: July 2018

We describe the case of a 52-day-old child who was diagnosed with a rare combination of corrected transposition of great vessels – hypoplastic right ventricle with supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous connection.
Impaired lung function in children and adolescents with Fontan circulation may improve after endurance training
Authors: Hedlund Eva R. , Ljungberg Henrik , Söderström Liselott , Lundell Bo , Sjöberg Gunnar
Published: July 2018

Objectives

The objective of this research was to study lung function, physical capacity, and effect of endurance training in children and adolescents after Fontan palliation compared with healthy matched controls.

Methods

Fontan patients (n=30) and healthy matched control patients (n=25) performed dynamic and static spirometry, and pulmonary diffusing capacity and maximal oxygen uptake tests, before and after a 12-week endurance training programme and at follow-up after 1 year.

Results

Fontan patients had a restrictive lung pattern, reduced pulmonary diffusing capacity (4.27±1.16 versus 6.61±1.88 mmol/kPa/minute, p<0.001), and a reduced maximal oxygen uptake (35.0±5.1 versus 43.7±8.4 ml/minute/kg, p<0.001) compared with controls. Patients had air trapping with a higher portion of residual volume of total lung capacity compared with controls (26±6 versus 22±5%, p<0.05). Vital capacity increased for patients, from 2.80±0.97 to 2.91±0.95 L, p<0.05, but not for controls after endurance training. The difference in diffusing capacity between patients and controls appeared to be greater with increasing age.

Conclusions

Fontan patients have a restrictive lung pattern, reduced pulmonary diffusing capacity, and reduced maximal oxygen uptake compared with healthy controls. Endurance training may improve vital capacity in Fontan patients. The normal increase in pulmonary diffusing capacity with age and growth was reduced in Fontan patients, which is concerning. Apart from general health effects, exercise may improve lung function in young Fontan patients and should be encouraged.
The diffusion of higher-status lexis in medieval England: the role of the clergy
Authors: INGHAM RICHARD
Published: July 2018

For Rothwell (1998: 156) ‘words of ultimately French origin became part of the lexis of English as a result of the myriad daily contacts between Anglo-French and Middle English in the minds and under the pens of a whole literate class’. Although such contact interfaces between Francophone and Anglophone speakers clearly must have existed, not enough is known as to the means by which French-origin lexis was borrowed and diffused. I argue that a principal agency of contact-induced lexical change in Middle English was the clergy in their everyday role of spiritual guidance, whether or not they themselves composed religious texts. French loans in works of spiritual guidance are known to be common from the thirteenth-centuryAncrene Wisseonwards (Trotter 2003a). According to contemporaneous sources, English clerics received a Francophone-medium school education (Orme 1973), which would have familiarised them with the French vocabulary used in religious instruction in chantry schools and beyond.

The various manuscripts of theCursor Mundi, a work of lay religious instruction probably composed around 1300, also offer a revealing window on the process of lexical innovation and replacement instigated by the clergy. An analysis of variant lexical forms, native and French-origin, found in the first 10,000 lines of this work shows that the latter would go on to replace native items the majority of the time. The loss of many native variants, e.g.niþ,menskandþole, and their replacement, respectively, byenvy,honourandsuffer, can be attributed to the role played by the clergy in diffusing French-origin items in the domains of discourse they dominated. Rather than merely reflecting the pre-existing lexical knowledge of monolingual English speakers, the clergy's use of such items initially introduced and then maintained French-origin lexemes in at least the receptive competence of such speakers. Their regular and widespread contact with the population at large would have enabled the take-up of lexical innovation via the spoken medium, thus motivating the use observed in homiletic and devotional written texts of extensive French-origin lexis.
Survival and loss of Old English religious vocabulary between 1150 and 1350
Authors: TIMOFEEVA OLGA
Published: July 2018

Middle English religious vocabulary is radically different from that of the previous period: while Old English is characterised more by lexical pattern replication of Latin (and Greek) etyma, Middle English is the period of matter replication. Due to the intake of new French religious words, English lexemes and also whole word families undergo semantic transformation and lexical replacement. Other terms, however, survive from the Old English period into the present day, resisting contact-induced pressure. This study shows that the survival of old lexemes into Middle English is largely determined by the extent of their diffusion and frequency of occurrence before the Norman Conquest. It is postulated that two kinds of inherited Old English lexis should be distinguished in the Middle English period: (i) established terms that had belonged to the West Saxon standard and were still preserved in general use by the lower regular clergy, parish priests and the faithful at large, and (ii) terms of limited currency that had failed to spread outside local communities with strong ties and survived for a short time after the Conquest in smaller religious foundations. The innovation and spread of new francophone religious lexis was conditioned by the new preaching practices that began to develop in Europe in the wake of the Fourth Lateran Council and the emergence of mendicant orders. Preachers of the new type were the multilingual innovators who generated new lexis in English and at the same time were instrumental in its diffusion, serving as weak ties between the various levels of the medieval society. Urban middle classes, on the other hand, were the most likely English-speaking early adopters of new norms.
Fromsickertosure: the contact-induced lexical layering within the Medieval English adjectives of certainty
Authors: MOLENCKI RAFAŁ
Published: July 2018

The major Old English adjective of certainty was(ge)wiss, which in early Middle English came to be replaced withsickerderived from very weakly attested Old Englishsicor, a word of ultimate Romance origin (from Latinsēcūrus). The relative paucity of occurrences of both adjectives in theDictionary of Old Englishcorpus is attributed to their use in mostly spoken language. The rapid increase in the usage ofsickerin the thirteenth century is a mystery with possible, yet difficult to prove, Norse and/or Anglo-Norman influence. The fourteenth century marks the appearance ofsureandcertainborrowed from Anglo-Norman first by bilingual speakers and writers, and the quick diffusion of the new lexemes to all dialects and genres. This article looks at the adoption of the different senses of these polysemous adjectives into Middle English in the context of subjectification, which appears to affect not only semantic developments within one language but also the process of borrowing. Whensureandcertainwere used epistemically, they tended to occur in the predicative position, usually following the copula. It took several centuries of lexical layering (coexistence of synonyms) beforesickerwas lost from Standard English in the sixteenth century.
Assessing basis risk in index-based longevity swap transactions
Authors: Li Jackie , Li Johnny Siu-Hang , Tan Chong It , Tickle Leonie
Published: July 2018

In this paper, we carry out an investigation on modelling basis risk and measuring risk reduction in a longevity hedge constructed by index-based longevity swaps. We derive the fitting procedures of the M7-M5 and common age effect+Cohorts models and define the level of longevity risk reduction. Based on a wide range of hedging scenarios of pension plans, we find that the risk reduction levels are often around 50%–80% for a large plan, while the risk reduction estimates are usually smaller than 50% for a small plan. Moreover, index-based hedging looks more effective under a more precise hedging scheme. We also perform a detailed sensitivity analysis on the hedging results. The most important modelling features are the behaviour of simulated future variability, portfolio size, speed of reaching coherence, data size and characteristics, simulation method, and mortality structural changes.
Mutual coupling reduction with a wideband planar decoupling structure for UWB–MIMO antennas
Authors: Radhi Alaa H. , Nilavalan R. , Wang Yi , Al-Raweshidy H. S. , Eltokhy Amira A. , Ab Aziz Nur
Published: July 2018

A new planar multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for ultra wideband (UWB) applications is presented. The proposed antenna operates over the frequency band from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz and it consists of two identical circular monopoles on an FR4 substrate. The wide isolation is achieved through a novel planar decoupling structure that is being inserted between the dual antennas. Moreover, a center slot is etched on the common ground to further increase isolation. The effectiveness of the decoupling structure is analyzed, and performance study has been performed to investigate the mutual coupling reduction. A good isolation of more than 31 dB has been achieved through the entire UWB band (more than 12 dB improvement over the reference antenna). The proposed UWB antenna with and without the wideband decoupling structure has been investigated and verified both numerically and experimentally. The measurement results of the proposed UWB–MIMO antenna are in good agreement with the simulation results. The proposed UWB antenna has been compared with previous works regarding antenna size, geometric complexity, bandwidth, and isolation level. The proposed antenna has some outstanding characteristics such as a geometric simplicity, compact size, broad bandwidth, and low correlation which give the antenna an excellent diversity performance and a good candidate for UWB applications.
A negative permittivity metamaterial composed of planar resonators with randomly detuned resonant frequencies and randomly distributed in space
Authors: Machac Jan
Published: July 2018

This paper investigates metamaterials composed of resonant particles with negative electric polarizability located in a three-dimensional net. The main problem in fabricating these materials is the spread of the resonant frequencies of particular planar resonators. This spread is caused by the tolerances of the fabrication process for planar resonators. The simulation shows that there is a limit to the dispersion of resonant frequencies that allow the metamaterial to behave as a metamaterial with negative effective permittivity. Two metamaterials with a negative real part of the effective permittivity were designed on the basis of simulations. The first metamaterial has a regular periodic structure. The second is a metamaterial in which the resonant particles are randomly distributed both in space and in orientation, and it offers an isotropic response. This metamaterial was fabricated by inserting planar resonators into plastic shells that can be poured into any volume and ensure a random distribution of the resonant particles in space. The results of the simulations have been verified by measurements.
Familien mit Methamphetamin-Konsum – Risiken und Hilfen für Mutter und Kind
Authors: Dinger Jürgen , Menz Heike , Nitzsche Katharina , Schmidt Uwe , S. Zimmermann Ulrich , Reichert Jörg
Published: July 2018

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Die Anzahl von Methamphetamin-Konsumierenden ist in Sachsen in den zurückliegenden Jahren sprunghaft angestiegen. Unter ihnen finden sich gehäuft auch junge Frauen im gebärfähigen Alter. Eine Unterstützung mit dem Ziel, die Auswirkungen des Drogenmissbrauches auf das Neugeborene zu minimieren, sollte rechtzeitig, spätestens während der Schwangerschaft, besser noch davor beginnen. Zur Entwicklung entsprechender Angebote sind Kenntnisse hinsichtlich der persönlichen Bedingungen der Frauen sowie der Besonderheiten der kindlichen Entwicklung nach fetaler Drogenexposition erforderlich. Methode: Hierzu wurden ausgewählte Daten von 164 Frauen sowie ihren neugeborenen Kindern analysiert, die von 2007 bis 2016 unmittelbar postnatal stationär an einem Perinatalzentrum wegen des mütterlichen Drogenkonsums aufgenommen und behandelt wurden. Ergebnisse: Etwa zwei Drittel der Frauen waren zum Zeitpunkt der Entbindung zwischen 20 und 30 Jahren alt, nur 48 % nahmen die erste Vorsorgeuntersuchung vor der 13. Schwangerschaftswoche wahr. Bei den Neugeborenen fielen pathologische Befunde an Herz, Urogenitalsystem und ZNS sowie eine heterogene klinische Symptomatik auf. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Daten sollen die in der Geburtshilfe und Kindermedizin Tätigen sensibilisieren, um adäquate Hilfen anbieten zu können. Ein Modell einer im Klinikverbund (Frauenklinik, Kinderklinik, Klinik für Psychiatrie) organisierten zeitgleichen Entzugs-Komplexbehandlung von Mutter und Kind – „MAMADAM – Mama denk’ an mich“ – wird vorgestellt.

Schlüsselwörter: Methamphetamin; fetale Drogenexposition; mütterlicher Drogenkonsum; Methamphetamin-induzierte Schädigung des Kindes; Entzugsbehandlung von Mutter und Kind
Seismicity Induced by Simultaneous Abrupt Changes of Injection Rate and Well Pressure in Hutubi Gas Field
Authors: Tang Lanlan , Lu Zhou , Zhang Miao , Sun Li , Wen Lianxing
Published: July 2018

Hutubi gas field, the largest gas storage field in China, has been operated on annual injection/extraction cycles since 9 June 2013. We study the seismicity near the gas field from 9 June 2013 to 22 October 2015, a time span that the gas field has experienced three injection periods and two extraction periods, and explore its physical mechanism based on the relationship between seismicity and field operation. We identify 273 events (ML > 1) in the region within 10 km of the gas field, with 97% of those occurring in the first two injection periods, 0.4% in the third injection period, and 1% in the two extraction periods. Seismicity in the first two injection periods occurs mostly as shallow clusters (focal depth < 2 km) at two locations: with one along the fault that marks the southern boundary of the gas field and the other about 2 km south to the southeastern tip of the gas field with the seismicity distributed along north‐south direction. The seismicity does not correlate with total gas injection volume, injection rate, or well pressure. It instead occurs 11–17 hr after simultaneous abrupt increases/decreases of gas injection rate and well pressure in the field operation in the first two injection periods when some accumulative injection has reached. Such relationship is consistent with a physical mechanism that the seismicity near Hutubi gas field is induced on pore‐pressured faults with a rate‐ and state‐dependent friction law through an abrupt change of stress in elastic and undrained poroelastic responses to simultaneous abrupt changes of injection rate and well pressure. Our study also points to the possibility that induced seismicity may be controllable in some practical field operations.
Using Sky‐Wave Echoes Information to Extend HFSWR's Maximum Detection Range
Authors: Zhao Mengxiao , Zhang Xin , Yang Qiang , Deng Weibo
Published: July 2018

High Frequency Surface Wave Radar's (HFSWR) main propagation mode, ground wave, can only spread to about 500 km as ground attenuation, much shorter than sky wave that can spread to thousands of kilometers through ionospheric reflection. Due to the poor steerability of HFSWR's vertical directional diagrams, sky‐wave echoes (ionospheric echoes) can also be received in HFSWR, which could be used to extend HFSWR's maximum detection range. Nevertheless, the delay time of long‐range target echo may exceed the pulse repetition period when the target exceeds the original maximum detection range, resulting that the target cannot be detected correctly, which is the so‐called range ambiguity. To maintain HFSWR's performance within its original maximum detection range, we consider using P4 polyphase code's cross‐correlation properties to solve the range ambiguity rather than changing the parameters of the transmitted signal or using multipulse repetition frequency signal. In this paper, we analyze HFSWR's multipath phenomenon first. Then we propose a range ambiguity resolution method to detect long‐range target correctly with P4 code cross‐correlation properties. Subsequently, we give the simulation data processing result, which testifies that using P4 code cross correlation can solve range ambiguity correctly and can extend the maximum detection range to P (group number of P4 code) times the original maximum detection range. Finally, we process the actual data collected in Weihai, China, with this method and detect some targets beyond the original maximum distance.
Generalization of the optical theorem: experimental proof for radially polarized beams
Authors: Krasavin Alexey V. , Segovia Paulina , Dubrovka Rostyslav , Olivier Nicolas , Wurtz Gregory A. , Ginzburg Pavel , Zayats Anatoly V.
Published: July 2018

The optical theorem, which is a consequence of the energy conservation in scattering processes, directly relates the forward scattering amplitude to the extinction cross-section of the object. Originally derived for planar scalar waves, it neglects the complex structure of the focused beams and the vectorial nature of the electromagnetic field. On the other hand, radially or azimuthally polarized fields and various vortex beams, essential in modern photonic technologies, possess a prominent vectorial field structure. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a complete violation of the commonly used form of the optical theorem for radially polarized beams at both visible and microwave frequencies. We show that a plasmonic particle illuminated by such a beam exhibits strong extinction, while the scattering in the forward direction is zero. The generalized formulation of the optical theorem provides agreement with the observed results. The reported effect is vital for the understanding and design of the interaction of complex vector beams carrying longitudinal field components with subwavelength objects important in imaging, communications, nanoparticle manipulation, and detection, as well as metrology.
FOXC1 plays a crucial role in the growth of pancreatic cancer
Authors: Subramani Ramadevi , Camacho Fernando A. , Levin Carly Ivy , Flores Kristina , Clift Alexa , Galvez Adriana , Terres Mauricio , Rivera Servando , Kolli Sai Navana , Dodderer Joshua , Miranda Megan , Rodriguez Alejandro , Pedroza Diego A. , Chatterjee Animesh , Lakshmanaswamy Rajkumar
Published: July 2018

IGF-1R signaling controls various vital cellular functions and this signaling is deregulated in many cancers, including pancreatic cancer. Several efforts have mainly focused on inhibiting the IGF-1R signaling cascade. The outcomes of these focused preclinical studies have been positive, whereas clinical trials of IGF-1R inhibitors in pancreatic cancer have failed, raising the questions about this therapeutic approach. This necessitates a better understanding of the role of IGF-1R signaling in pancreatic cancer. We investigated the impact of IGF-1R signaling on crucial transcription factors and identified the FOXC1 as one of the crucial regulator of IGF-1R signaling. We employed genetic approaches to overexpress and silence FOXC1 in pancreatic cancer cells. Our results demonstrate that IGF-1R and FOXC1 seem to positively regulate each other. Further, FOXC1 increased the metastatic abilities of pancreatic cancer cells by enhancing cell proliferation, migration, invasion, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and angiogenesis. The data from xenograft experiments further established the importance of FOXC1 in pancreatic tumorigenesis. In conclusion, FOXC1 is a potent oncogenic transcription factor, which promotes pancreatic cancer growth and metastasis. Thus, targeting FOXC1 could be a potential therapeutic strategy against pancreatic cancer.