bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Urine Flow Cytometry on the UF-1000i System and Urine Culture of Urine Samples from Urological Patients
Authors: Fritzenwanker Moritz , Grabitz Marcel Oliver , Arneth Borros , Renz Harald , Imirzalioglu Can , Chakraborty Trinad , Wagenlehner Florian
Published: December 2021

Introduction: The aims of this study were to evaluate urine flow cytometry (UFC) as a tool to screen urine samples of urological patients for bacteriuria and to compare UFC and dipstick analysis with urine culture in a patient cohort at a urological department of a university hospital. Methods and Material: We screened 662 urine samples from urological patients (75.2% male; 80.7% inpatients; mean age 58 years). UFC results were compared to microbiological urine culture. Results: The accuracy in using the UFC-based parameters for detecting cultural bacteriuria was 91.99% and 88.97% for ≥105 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL and ≥104 CFU/mL, respectively. UFC and leukocyte dipstick analysis measured leukocyturia similarly (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.87, p value <0.01%), but dipstick analysis scored less accurately on bacteriuria (accuracy 59.37% and 62.69%). UFC remained effective in subgroup analysis of patients of both sexes and with different urological conditions with its overall use only slightly impaired when assessing gross hematuria (NPV 84.62% for ≥104 CFU/mL). UFC also reliably removed those urine samples below cutoffs with negative predictive values of 99.28% for ≥105 CFU/mL and 95.86% for ≥104 CFU/mL. Conclusion: Counting bacteria with UFC is an accurate and rapid method to determine significant bacteriuria in urological patients and is superior to dipstick analysis or indirect surrogate parameters such as leukocyturia. When UFC is available, we recommend it to be used for the diagnosis of bacteriuria over findings obtained by dipstick analysis.
A Commentary on the “Duration of Oral Antibiotics Administration for Cetuximab-Induced Acneiform Eruption”
Authors: AlMulhem Jawaher Tariq A. , Zuaiter Farah A.O.A.
Published: December 2021

Acneiform eruption is a devastating cutaneous side effect of cetuximab, a monoclonal antibody used to treat a variety of cancers. Despite its effectiveness, many patients avoid or discontinue it after experiencing its dermatological side effects as it negatively impacts their quality of life (QoL). This displays the immense need for multidisciplinary collaboration to prevent and treat cetuximab-induced acneiform eruption (CIAE). Prevention methods include, but are not limited to, education, skin care routines, and prophylactic drugs. The following measures reduce the likelihood of developing CIAE and decrease its severity, making it easier to treat if it were to occur. Ongoing research on the treatment of CIAE continues. Of these treatments, oral tetracyclines and systemic corticosteroids have been shown to be the most effective by far. This commentary aims to evaluate the study by Park et al. [Dermatology. 2021;237(3):457–63], further elaborate on prevention and treatment measures of CIAE, and highlight the implications of CIAE on a patient’s QoL.
Decreasing Number of Urodynamics in Urological and Gynaecological Clinics Reflects Decreased Importance for Surgical Indications: German Population-Based Data from 2013 to 2019
Authors: Baunacke Martin , Leuchtweis Isabel , Kaufmann Albert , Schmidt Marcel , Groeben Christer , Borkowetz Angelika , Eisenmenger Nicole , Thomas Christian , Huber Johannes
Published: December 2021

Introduction: The routine use of urodynamic studies (UDS) has been questioned. Additionally, the material and personnel costs are poorly remunerated. We aimed to analyse the UDS utilization in Germany. Methods: We analysed UDS performed by hospitals based on quality reports from 2013 to 2019. A representative sample of 4 million insured persons was used to estimate outpatient UDS utilization from 2013 to 2018. Results: There was an overall decrease of 14% in UDS in Germany from 2013 to 2018 (60,980 to 52,319; p = 0.003). In the outpatient sector, there was a slight non-continuous drop of 11% from 34,551 to 30,652 from 2013 to 2018 (p = 0.06). UDS utilization in hospitals decreased by 26% from 26,429 in 2013 to 19,453 in 2019 (p = 0.004). University hospitals showed a smaller decrease (3,007 to 2,685; p = 0.02). In urology, the number of UDS (11,758 to 6,409; p < 0.001) and the number of performing departments (328 to 263 clinics; p < 0.001) decreased. Gynaecological departments also showed a decrease in UDS (1,861 to 866; p < 0.001) and performing departments (159 to 68; p < 0.001). However, in paediatrics, there was an increase in UDS (1,564 to 2,192; p = 0.02). By age, the number of children remained constant (1,371 to 1,252; p = 0.2), but there was a strong decrease seen in 60- to 79-year-olds (9,792 to 5,564; p < 0.001). Conclusion: UDS appear to be less important in the indication for surgery. Despite high resource expenditure and low remuneration, the decrease in urodynamics in the outpatient sector is less pronounced, indicating a trend to perform UDS in an outpatient setting.
Invasive Right Ventricular Pressure-Volume Analysis: Basic Principles, Clinical Applications, and Practical Recommendations
Authors: Brener Michael I. , Masoumi Amirali , Ng Vivian G. , Tello Khodr , Bastos Marcelo B. , Cornwell William K. , Hsu Steven , Tedford Ryan J. , Lurz Philipp , Rommel Karl-Philipp , Kresoja Karl-Patrik , Nagueh Sherif F. , Kanwar Manreet K. , Kapur Navin K. , Hiremath Gurumurthy , Sarraf Mohammad , Van Den Enden Antoon J.M. , Van Mieghem Nicolas M. , Heerdt Paul M. , Hahn Rebecca T. , Kodali Susheel K. , Sayer Gabriel T. , Uriel Nir , Burkhoff Daniel
Published: December 2021

Right ventricular pressure-volume (PV) analysis characterizes ventricular systolic and diastolic properties independent of loading conditions like volume status and afterload. While long-considered the gold-standard method for quantifying myocardial chamber performance, it was traditionally only performed in highly specialized research settings. With recent advances in catheter technology and more sophisticated approaches to analyze PV data, it is now more commonly used in a variety of clinical and research settings. Herein, we review the basic techniques for PV loop measurement, analysis, and interpretation with the aim of providing readers with a deeper understanding of the strengths and limitations of PV analysis. In the second half of the review, we detail key scenarios in which right ventricular PV analysis has influenced our understanding of clinically relevant topics and where the technique can be applied to resolve additional areas of uncertainty. All told, PV analysis has an important role in advancing our understanding of right ventricular physiology and its contribution to cardiovascular function in health and disease.
The Foundational Lawlessness of the Law Itself: Racial Criminalization &
the Punitive Roots of Punishment in America
Authors: Muhammad Khalil Gibran
Published: December 2021

Empirical researchers and criminal justice practitioners have generally set aside history in exchange for behavioral models and methodologies that focus primarily on crime itself as the most measurable and verifiable driver of American punitiveness. There are innumerable legal and political questions that have arisen out of these approaches. Everything from the social construction of illegality to the politicization of punishment to the stigmatization of physical identities and social statuses have long called into question the legal structures that underpin what counts as crime and how punishment is distributed. And yet, until quite recently, the question of what history has to offer has mostly been left to historians, historically minded social scientists, critical race and ethnic studies scholars, community and prison-based activists, investigative journalists, and rights advocates. What is at stake is precisely the foundational lawlessness of the law itself. At all times, a White outlaw culture that rewarded brute force and strength of arms against racialized others unsettles basic assumptions about how we are to understand criminalization and punitiveness over time: that is, who has counted as a criminal and to what end has the state used violence or punishment?
Spatial and Temporal Context Jointly Modulate the Sensory Response within the Ventral Visual Stream
Authors: He Tao , Richter David , Wang Zhiguo , de Lange Floris P.
Published: December 2021

Both spatial and temporal context play an important role in visual perception and behavior. Humans can extract statistical regularities from both forms of context to help process the present and to construct expectations about the future. Numerous studies have found reduced neural responses to expected stimuli compared with unexpected stimuli, for both spatial and temporal regularities. However, it is largely unclear whether and how these forms of context interact. In the current fMRI study, 33 human volunteers were exposed to pairs of object stimuli that could be expected or surprising in terms of their spatial and temporal context. We found reliable independent contributions of both spatial and temporal context in modulating the neural response. Specifically, neural responses to stimuli in expected compared with unexpected contexts were suppressed throughout the ventral visual stream. These results suggest that both spatial and temporal context may aid sensory processing in a similar fashion, providing evidence on how different types of context jointly modulate perceptual processing.
Art Communities at Risk: On Russia
Authors: Tsvetkova Yulia
Published: December 2021

The artist writes about being persecuted by the Russian government for “body-positive” art, which could lead to a lengthy jail sentence.
Is It the End of the COP as We Know It? An Analysis of the First Year of Virtual Meetings in the UN Environment and Sustainable Development Arena
Authors: Chasek Pamela
Published: December 2021

The year 2020 started much like any other on the United Nations multilateral calendar. But then the COVID-19 pandemic forced the UN and the world to shut down. After the initial shock wore off, secretariats and governments began to contemplate how to conduct multilateral negotiations during a pandemic. As they created new virtual working methods, they also had to figure out how to maintain trust among delegations and in the process itself to ensure the outcomes of these meetings would be respected. To understand how UN meetings adapted to a virtual environment and maintained trust, this article analyzes a sample of 18 meetings of UN environmental and sustainable development bodies that took place in the 12 months between April 2020 and March 2021. The research examines these cases to see how these meetings were conducted, how they built the necessary trust, and what can be learned from this experience.
One Text, Many Literary Traditions: The Multidimensionality of Wole Soyinka’s Death and the King’s Horseman
Authors: Ojaruega Enajite Eseoghene
Published: December 2021

Death and the King’s Horseman, published in 1975, is undoubtedly Wole Soyinka’s most acclaimed play. When awarding the playwright the Nobel Prize in Literature in October 1986, the Committee specifically cited it as a “drama of existence”. Many literary critics have written about the play from multifarious perspectives. However, the dramatic text is still open to multidimensional interpretations that can further illuminate the rich texture of this canonical work. My study contextualises this dramatic masterpiece as yielding to a form of critical inquiry that makes it cohere with definitions of various literary traditions. It can be interrogated as Yoruba/Nigerian national literature, African literature, postcolonial literature, and world literature. It is, therefore, in this effort to use many approaches to see the play as a holistic text that I have chosen to interrogate it as “one text, many literary traditions”.
Understanding the Socioeconomics of International Migration Decisions and Outcomes Through the Capability-Based Migration Framework
Authors: Obi Chinedu
Published: December 2021

This dissertation critically reviews neoclassical migration theories and conceptualises the capability-based framework as a prospect in migration theory. I show that most of the neoclassical migration theories were formed in the twentieth century. They therefore require an update to accommodate contemporary migration dynamics. I argue that a multifaceted and multidimensional capability-based approach that centralises human agency and capabilities can address the earlier theories’ shortcomings. Hence, I adopt the capability-based migration framework as the main framework in my dissertation. The dissertation differs from previous empirical studies in its unique methodology and exceptional attention to the grey areas in the migration discourse. Using data from prospective Nigerian migrants living in Nigeria, actual migrants living in Italy and a collection of secondary data sources, the dissertation addresses three research questions: how do capabilities influence migration decisions in the home country; what are the capability-depriving constraints faced by migrants in the host country; and how do migrants contribute to capability improvement in the home country?
Human Trafficking in the Context of Global Migration: Modern Manifestation of De Facto Slavery, Servitude and Forced or Compulsory Labour
Authors: Ssenyonjo Manisuli
Published: December 2021

In recent years there has been a significant increase in trafficking in human beings as a global phenomenon. COVID-19 pandemic created conditions that increased the number of persons who were vulnerable to human trafficking and disrupted current and planned anti-trafficking initiatives. Human trafficking treats human beings as commodities to be bought and sold and put to forced labour often for lower or no payment. This constitutes a modern form of de facto slavery, servitude and forced or compulsory labour. This article provides an overview of international law on human trafficking and considers response to human trafficking in Africa. It further considers whether diplomats can be held accountable for exploitation of migrant domestic workers in receiving States. It further examines whether diplomatic immunity can be used as a bar to the exercise of jurisdiction by domestic courts and tribunals of a state which hosts the diplomat (the ‘receiving state’) in cases of employment of a trafficked person by a former or serving diplomat. It ends by considering whether trafficked persons should be held to bear individual criminal responsibility for crimes they have committed (or were compelled to commit) in the course, or as a direct consequence, of having been trafficked. Such crimes may include unlawful entry into, presence or residence in another country of transit or destination, working without a work permit, sex work, and use of false identity/false passport.
Islamic Practices, Traditions and Beliefs in Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean in the Early 16th Century: Georgius Gemnicensis’ Ephemeris
Authors: Bria Gianfranco , Busca Maurizio
Published: December 2021

This article reports several excerpts of Georgius Gemnicensis’ Ephemeris, a travel journal in which the author recounted his experiences in Mamluk Egypt and the Eastern Mediterranean, and provided a number of details about customs, beliefs and Islamic practices in such territories at the beginning of the 16th century. Despite the fact that it does not outline a complete landscape, the Ephemeris provides many useful reports about Muslim daily practices (rituals, festivals, beliefs) and culture, in which mystical Islam played an undeniable role, intertwining with other religious traditions and various exogenous and endogenous narratives.
Multiple Voices of the Past: (Hi)stories and Memories from the Ethnically Mixed Neighbourhoods in Pristina
Authors: Ermolin Denis S.
Published: December 2021

Using the Bakhtinian term heteroglossia developed by Andrea L. Smith, this article analyses the multiple and sometimes internally contradictory narratives, memories and stereotypes articulated in everyday talk about the common past in Pristina that could be heard nowadays in post-war Kosovo (mostly among Kosovo Albanians) and among the people who used to live in Kosovo prior to 1999 (mostly Kosovo Serbs) and then left the country for Serbia (Belgrade, Niš, etc.) or went abroad. The study explores the existing memories, images and stereotypes shared among the current and former citizens of Pristina (Kosovo) – both Albanians and Serbs – about each other and their city. It relies on the basic tools of cultural memory studies and applies them to the analysis of existing local narratives in the present-day Albanian and Serbian communities that used to be parts of one and the same city of Pristina. The article offers a discussion of the opposition between urban and rural models of mindset in changing Pristina and its importance in understanding some of the factors of ethnic conflict in Kosovo. The basic social unit selected for analysis is ethnically mixed neighbourhood and its memory due to the fact that this social and spatial entity functioned as the primary condition and source of interaction, mutual familiarity and cooperation both during peace and war. The empirical data for the study were collected in 2010–2020 during short visits to Pristina (Kosovo) and Niš (Serbia).
“Zbor imaat graǵanite”: The First Sociological Study, the Polish Sociological Expert Aid to Macedonia in the Mid-1960s and the Post-Earthquake History of Interethnic Relations in Skopje
Authors: Trajanovski Naum
Published: December 2021

On the early morning of 26 July 1963, a calamitous earthquake struck the Macedonian capital of Skopje, taking the lives of 1,070 people and destroying more than two-thirds of the urban fabric. The politically non-aligned Yugoslav government immediately issued a call for help for the earthquake-torn city, which was picked up by more than eighty states across the globe, as well as the United Nations and other international organizations. The domestic authorities, in turn, sought to reimagine post-disaster Skopje as a “City of Solidarity,” a symbol of the trans-bloc cooperation, and an “Open City” – one open to domestic and intra-federal migrations and the epitome of the trans-Yugoslav state-building slogan of “brotherhood and unity.” However, the mounting interethnic tensions in the 1980s, the Yugoslav dissolution, and the 2001 insurgency dramatically shifted the public optics over the post-earthquake urban reconstruction and demographic politics – a narrative which found a particular stronghold in the memory politics of post-2001 Macedonia.construct their own interpretations of the social change.
The present paper discusses one overlooked episode from the post-earthquake reconstruction of Skopje: from December 1964 to April 1965, the first ever large-scale sociological survey was conducted among Skopjans as part of the Polish expert aid and the preparations for the UN-sponsored Skopje Urban Project. Although the published study contained an exclusive portrayal of the economic and demographic features of the local households and revealed some of the major interethnic issues in the city, it never received proper treatment by the authorities and – up to the Yugoslav dissolution – in the scholarship. Thus, in order to present the major outcomes of this cross-national endeavor, I reconstruct the prehistory, the fieldwork and the immediate results of the survey by triangulating a set of archival materials, semi-structured interviews with its Polish and Macedonian conveners, and secondary literature on Skopje’s urban reconstruction. Finally, I argue that the survey – its realization, results and aftermath – can be read as a key to a better understanding of the post-earthquake history of Skopje and the interethnic relations in the city.
Book Review: Nadège Ragaru, “Et les Juifs bulgares furent sauvés”: Une histoire des saviors sur la Shoah en Bulgarie
Authors: Detrez Raymond
Published: December 2021

This presentation reviews a recent book by the French historian and political scientist Nadège Ragaru, analyzing how Bulgarian society has been dealing with the fate of the Bulgarian Jews during World War II. Pressurized by its Nazi German ally to send 20,000 Bulgarian Jews to extermination camps then located in the General Government, a part of the former Republic of Poland, the Bulgarian wartime government participated in the deportation of 11,343 Jews from the territories under Bulgarian administration in Greek Thrace and Yugoslav Macedonia, while withholding, after protests by some politicians and intellectuals, the Church and a part of the Bulgarian population, from completing the number of 20,000 by sending another 8,000 Jews from Bulgaria proper. In three consecutive chapters, Ragaru discusses how the People’s Courts dealt with the persecutors of the Jews, analyzes the ideological sensibilities raised by a film (a Bulgarian-DDR coproduction) about the deportation, and examines the use of three original short documentary shootings of the events. In the two final chapters, Ragaru deals with the relative pluralism of opinions that has been the case since the fall of the communist regime and the internationalization of the topic, especially as the tense relations with North Macedonia are concerned. Ragaru’s general conclusion is that in spite of the increased preparedness to admit Bulgaria’s involvement, the salvation continues to be overstated, while the complicity is smuggled away.
Book Review: Milan Scholz, “České a polské hledání identity. Myšlení Tomáše Garrigua Masaryka a Romana Dmowského v komparativní perspektivě”
Authors: Masař Tomáš
Published: December 2021

The paper is a presentation of the latest book by Milan Scholz. The author focuses on the relationship between the thought of Masaryk and that of Dmowski in the context of their activity and respective Czech and Polish debates on national identity.
Feminativi v frazemih slovenskega jezika
Authors: Markežič Tjaša
Published: December 2021

Feminine Forms Derived from Masculine Nouns in Slovenian IdiomsThis article deals with feminine forms derived from masculine nouns in Slovenian idioms, collected in different dictionaries of Slovenian idioms. Examining the Gigafida 2.0 corpus indicates that the use of such idioms or parts thereof in everyday language is fairly widespread, and the examples are chosen to indicate the possible variety of these elements. We also noticed that a woman as a social being is still neglected. Some examples from Gigafida 2.0 corpus express an explicit negative connotation. Derywaty żeńskie od rzeczowników rodzaju męskiego w słoweńskich idiomachW artykule poddano analizie formy żeńskie derywowane od rzeczowników rodzaju męskiego występujących w słoweńskich idiomach, potwierdzonych w opracowaniach leksykograficznych języka słoweńskiego. Analiza materiału pozyskanego z korpusu Gigafida 2.0 pokazuje, że użycie idiomów tego typu lub ich fragmentów jest w języku potocznym stosunkowo częste. Materiał przykładowy ma również na celu wskazanie różnorodności ich występowania. Badania ujawniają wciąż jeszcze niższą pozycję społeczną kobiet, a niektóre przykłady z formami żeńskimi z korpusu Gigafida 2.0 wykazują wyraźnie negatywne konotacje.
Blurring the Boundaries between Real Worlds, Discourse Worlds and Text Worlds
Authors: Tincheva Nelly
Published: December 2021

Blurring the Boundaries between Real Worlds, Discourse Worlds and Text WorldsWhat do the article title ‘Black Widow Breaks Up With Kylo Ren’ and a Twitter message saying ‘The scene in The Departed where Mark Wahlberg shoots Matt Damon is the blueprint for how to handle corrupt cops’ have in common? Clearly, they both combine references to actors and movies, but do they combine them through the same cognitive technique(s)? This paper starts by addressing the question of how these two instances of reference differ. The line of argumentation that is supported suggests that a world-building theory needs to be employed in order to understand the difference. In doing this, the paper aims and contributes to the theoretical advancement of world-building approaches by arguing for the introduction of the concept of ‘Real Worlds’ in research on Text Worlds and Discourse Worlds. Data set sample analyses employing the Real World concept are included to verify the main theoretical premise. The analyzed texts cover traditional genres such as political speeches as well as modern-day, boundary-blurring genres such as Twitter messages. Zacieranie granic między światem rzeczywistym, światem dyskursu i światem tekstu Co mają wspólnego artykuł zatytułowany Czarna wdowa zrywa z Kylo Renem i wiadomość na Twitterze o treści „Scena w The Departed, w której Mark Wahlberg strzela do Matta Damona, jest schematem postępowania ze skorumpowanymi gliniarzami”? Oczywiście oba łączą odniesienia do aktorów i filmów, ale czy łączą je za pomocą tych samych technik poznawczych? Artykuł rozpoczyna się od odpowiedzi na pytanie, czym różnią się te dwa przypadki odniesienia. Wynikiem zaprezentowanej argumentacji jest sugestia, aby w celu zrozumienia różnicy między nimi wyjść od teorii tworzenia światów. Opowiedzenie się za wykorzystaniem koncepcji „świata rzeczywistego” w badaniach nad światem tekstu i światem dyskursu ma na celu rozwój i wzmocnienie teorii tworzenia światów. W weryfikacji podstawowej przesłanki teoretycznej w artykule uwzględniono wyniki analizy próbek ze zbioru danych, w których wykorzystano koncepcję „świata rzeczywistego”. Analizie poddano zarówno teksty reprezentujące tradycyjne gatunki, takie jak przemówienia polityczne, jak również teksty, w których dochodzi do zacierania granic międzygatunkowych, na przykład wiadomości w serwisie społecznościowym Twitter.
Samogłoski ustne gwary kurpiowskiej
Authors: Garczyńska Justyna
Published: December 2021

Oral Vowels in the Kurpie DialectThe aim of the article is a phonetic and acoustic description of stressed oral vowels occurring in the Kurpie dialect, depending on the gender and age of respondents. The realizations of the examined vowels were compared with the standard Polish pronunciation. It can be concluded that the dialectal realizations are best preserved for the vowels [ɔ] and [ɨ], and also for [a] in the group of women. The research results confirmed the disappearance of sounds [e], [ɑ] and [o]. In the analyzed material, the individual realizations were best maintained for [e] and then for [ɑ]. An inclined [o] was present only in one person. Dialectal realizations of vowels are better preserved by women and people of the oldest and middle generations. Samogłoski ustne gwary kurpiowskiejCelem artykułu jest opis fonetyczno-akustyczny akcentowanych samogłosek ustnych, występujących współcześnie w mowie trzech pokoleń Kurpiów, kobiet i mężczyzn. Gwarowe realizacje badanych samogłosek porównano z wymową ogólnopolską. Na podstawie analiz można stwierdzić, że realizacje gwarowe najlepiej zachowane są dla samogłosek [ɔ] oraz [ɨ], a w grupie kobiet także dla [a]. W grupie samogłosek pochylonych odrębne realizacje najlepiej utrzymują się dla [e], a następnie dla [ɑ], zaś [o] wystąpiło tylko u jednej kobiety. Gwarowe realizacje samogłosek lepiej zachowują kobiety oraz osoby z najstarszego i średniego pokolenia.
Od dystansu do poufałości. Formuły powitalne listów elektronicznych kierowanych przez nauczycieli do rodziców
Authors: Piechnik Anna
Published: December 2021

From Formality to Familiarity: Greeting Formulas in Emails Written by Teachers to ParentsThe purpose of the article is the analysis of greeting formulas in emails written by teachers to parents. The linguistic material is based on 513 email messages sent to parents by means of an online parent portal (e-dziennik). The messages in question were sent by teachers representing a number of schools in Lesser Poland Province. The formal relationship between the participants of the communication and the written form of the exchanges clearly pertains to the traditional formality of the situation; as a result, expectations are raised in terms of the official style of utterances produced under these circumstances. The analysis of the obtained material indicates that greeting formulas used in emails diverge significantly from those used in official paper-based correspondence. Traditional formulas such as Szanowni Państwo (Dear Sir/Madame, Dear Sirs) are clearly replaced by formulas originating from direct verbal communication (Dzień dobry, Witam). There is an apparent tendency to become familiar with recipients by using emoticons or the language formulas present in private correspondence between people who have a close relationship. In addition to the lack of text segmentation, the overall linguistic layout and spelling strategies that prevail in both greeting formulas and the entire body of letters indicate a negligent attitude in terms of text layout. Od dystansu do poufałości. Formuły powitalne listów elektronicznych kierowanych przez nauczycieli do rodzicówCelem artykułu jest analiza formuł powitalnych w listach elektronicznych nauczycieli do rodziców. Bazę materiałową stanowi 513 e-maili kierowanych przez nauczycieli wybranych szkół w południowej Polsce do rodziców za pośrednictwem dzienników elektronicznych. Formalny typ relacji między uczestnikami komunikacji oraz pisemna forma komunikatu stanowią tradycyjnie jaskrawy wykładnik oficjalności sytuacji i – co za tym idzie – powodują oczekiwanie oficjalnego stylu komunikatu powstającego w takiej sytuacji. Analiza materiału pokazuje, że formuły inicjalne listów elektronicznych znacząco odbiegają od grzecznościowych form powitalnych stosowanych w oficjalnej korespondencji papierowej. Nad tradycyjnym Szanowni Państwo wyraźnie dominują formuły zaczerpnięte z bezpośredniej komunikacji ustnej (Dzień dobry, Witam). Daje się zauważyć skłonność do przełamywania dystansu w postaci stosowania zwrotów do adresata, charakterystycznych dla korespondencji prywatnej między osobami będącymi w bliskiej relacji uczuciowej czy używania emotikonów. Kształt językowy i ortograficzny znacznej części formuł inicjalnych (ale i całości listów) oraz brak segmentacji tekstów świadczą o braku dbałości o graficzną stronę wiadomości.
Polskie miasta i wsie XXI wieku. Zacieranie się granic, języków i kultur
Authors: Kurek Halina
Published: December 2021

Polish Cities and Villages in the 21st Century: Blurring of the Borders, Languages and CulturesUp to the middle of the 20th century, big cities, as economic units and communities that were characterized by the very varied professional and social structure of their inhabitants, marked not only administrative borders but also clear linguistic and cultural borders for the traditional monolithic village. After the Second World War, due to various socio-economic processes which resulted in big cities absorbing the surrounding villages, the administrative borders also started to change. Migrations from villages to cities and improved education began the process of blurring cultural and linguistic borders in the 20th century. At the beginning of the 21st century, the phenomenon of linguistic-cultural unification was facilitated by the trend of inhabitants of big cities starting to move to suburban villages. However, the rapid intensification of this phenomenon was mainly influenced by the common availability of the internet. The English language and the American style of culture became the factors that unified the linguistic and cultural differences between Polish cities and villages. The first quarter of the 21st century marked the beginning of the process of blurring not only the cultural differences between the city and the village, but also the virtual borders between Polish culture and the foreign culture of the Western world. Polskie miasta i wsie XXI wieku. Zacieranie się granic, języków i kulturDo połowy XX wieku wielkie miasta jako organizmy gospodarcze i zbiorowości charakteryzujące się bardzo zróżnicowaną strukturą zawodową i społeczną ludności, oddzielały od monolitycznej, tradycyjnej wsi nie tylko granice administracyjne, lecz także wyraźne granice językowe i kulturowe. Po II wojnie światowej na skutek różnorodnych procesów społeczno-ekonomicznych, powodujących między innymi wchłanianie przez wielkie miasta okolicznych wsi, zmianom zaczęły też ulegać granice administracyjne. Migracje ze wsi do miast i wzrost poziomu wykształcenia ludności napływowej rozpoczęły w drugiej połowie XX wieku proces zacierania się również granic kulturowych i językowych. Na początku XXI wieku zjawisko unifikacji językowo-kulturowej znacznie przyspieszyła moda na osiedlanie się w podmiejskich wsiach mieszkańców dużych miast. Gwałtowne nasilenie się omawianego procesu nastąpiło jednak przede wszystkim na skutek powszechnej dostępności Internetu. Język angielski i kultura w stylu amerykańskim stały się czynnikami unifikującymi zróżnicowania językowe i kulturowe polskich miast i wsi. W pierwszej ćwierci XXI wieku rozpoczął się więc proces zacierania się granic językowo-kulturowych pomiędzy miastem a wsią, a także wirtualnych granic pomiędzy rodzimą kulturą polską a obcą kulturą świata zachodniego.
"(In)distinct Languages": Revisiting the Dualism of Literal and Literary Meaning in Roman Jakobson and Donald Davidson
Authors: Mijatović Aleksandar
Published: December 2021

(In)distinct Languages: Revisiting the Dualism of Literal and Literary Meaning in Roman Jakobson and Donald Davidson The paper traces the relationship between the literal and literary language that is found in structuralism and analytic philosophy. The paper’s gist provides a comparative account of Roman Jakobson’s and Donald Davidson’s notions of poetic language and their relation to the general idea of language as it is given in their work. In reconsidering Jakobson’s and Davidson’s arguments, I propose abandoning the dualistic hypotheses of the oppositions between literal and non-literal language, and between literal and literary language. I contend that the notions of first and literal meanings are necessary for other types of interpretation. The dualistic hypothesis requires the cascade model, which displays a bottom-top transition across hierarchically arranged levels of meanings. Instead, I outline the multilayered structure of language with two thresholds: mimetic and semiotic. Therefore, the cascade model should be replaced with the palimpsest model of concurring, merging, and blending layers of meanings. Języki (nie)odrębne. Jeszcze raz o dualizmie znaczeń, dosłownego i literackiego, u Romana Jakobsona i Donalda DavidsonaW artykule poddano analizie relacje między językiem dosłownym a językiem literackim, występujące w strukturalizmie i filozofii analitycznej. W rozważaniach istotna była konfrontacja koncepcji języka poetyckiego Romana Jakobsona i Donalda Davidsona oraz ich związku z ogólną ideą języka, jaką można znaleźć w ich pracach. Rozważając ponownie argumenty Jakobsona i Davidsona, autor proponuje porzucić dualistyczne hipotezy, zasadzające się na opozycji między językiem dosłownym a językiem niedosłownym oraz między językiem dosłownym a językiem literackim. Twierdzi, że pojęcia znaczenia pierwszego i dosłownego są niezbędne w innych typach interpretacji. Hipoteza dualistyczna wymaga modelu kaskadowego, który ukazuje przejście od dołu do góry przez hierarchicznie ułożone poziomy znaczeń. Zamiast tego autor zarysowuje wielowarstwową strukturę języka z dwoma poziomami: mimetycznym i semiotycznym i wskazuje na konieczność zastąpienia modelu kaskadowego palimpsestowym modelem współbieżności, łączenia i mieszania warstw znaczeniowych.
Język polityków czeskich jako przykład mieszania kodów językowych w oficjalnych sytuacjach komunikacyjnych
Authors: Kubok Beata
Published: December 2021

The Language of Czech Politicians as an Example of Mixing Language Codes in Official Communication SituationsThe topic of this article is the language of politicians from two different cultural and linguistic circles that were active in politics after the Velvet Revolution (1989): Miloš Zeman and Karel Schwarzenberg. On the basis of selected statements from both these politicians, the topics they discuss will be presented using different language codes of the Czech language. This article examines the possibilities hidden in the high variability of the Czech language and the mechanisms of using it in the process of communicating with voters. Język polityków czeskich jako przykład mieszania kodów językowych w oficjalnych sytuacjach komunikacyjnychTematem artykułu jest język polityków pochodzących z dwóch odmiennych kręgów kulturowych oraz językowych, aktywnych w polityce po aksamitnej rewolucji (1989) – Miloša Zemana oraz Karela Schwarzenberga. Na podstawie wybranych wypowiedzi (z ostatnich dziesięciu lat) obu polityków zostaną przedstawione podejmowane przez nich tematy oraz zastosowane do ich prezentacji mieszane gatunki mowy, wykorzystujące różne kody językowe czeszczyzny. Artykuł śledzi możliwości ukryte w dużej wariantywności języka czeskiego oraz mechanizmy wykorzystania jej w procesie komunikowania się z wyborcami.
Najstarsi mieszkańcy współczesnej wsi a globalne zmiany społeczno-kulturowe (na przykładzie gminy Wręczyca Wielka). Studium socjolingwistyczne
Authors: Jelonek Tomasz
Published: December 2021

The Oldest Inhabitants of a Contemporary Village and Global Social and Cultural Changes (by the Example of Wręczyca Wielka Municipality): A Sociolinguistic StudyThe main purpose of this article is to show the influence of globalization-related social and cultural changes on the language and linguistic perception of the world presented by the oldest inhabitants of a contemporary village. The research material contains the informal utterances of respondents aged 65+, which were collected during geographical research from 2011 to 2020 in the area of Wręczyca Wielka municipality near Klobuck in the north of Silesia Province. The first part of the article is a short description of the traditional rural community. Next, the author describes the changes which have been seen in Polish villages since 1945. In the second part, on the basis of the respondents’ utterances, the author shows the influence of the aforementioned changes on the language and linguistic perception of the world of the oldest inhabitants of Wręczyca Wielka municipality. Najstarsi mieszkańcy współczesnej wsi a globalne zmiany społeczno-kulturowe (na przykładzie gminy Wręczyca Wielka). Studium socjolingwistyczneGłównym celem artykułu jest próba ukazania wpływu globalnych zmian społeczno-kulturowych na język i językowe postrzeganie świata przez najstarszych mieszkańców współczesnej wsi. Materiał badawczy stanowią nieoficjalne wypowiedzi informatorów powyżej sześćdziesiątego piątego roku życia, zgromadzone podczas badań terenowych w latach 2011–2020 w gminie Wręczyca Wielka na północy województwa śląskiego w powiecie kłobuckim. W pierwszej części artykułu scharakteryzowano pokrótce tradycyjną społeczność wiejską. Przybliżono także szeroko pojęte przemiany, które dokonały się na polskich wsiach po roku 1945. W drugiej części – na podstawie wypowiedzi informatorów – omówiono wpływ wspomnianych przemian na język i językowe postrzeganie świata przez najstarszych mieszkańców gminy Wręczyca Wielka.
Jak polscy kaktusiarze "mówią" o swoich roślinach
Authors: Kurdyła Tomasz
Published: December 2021

How Polish Cactus Growers “Talk” About Their PlantsThe hobby cultivation of cacti in Poland dates back to the 19th century, but it flourished most in the 1930s and 1960s. The language of cactus growers has developed in two official and colloquial varieties, in both of which official botanical terminology predominates. In the colloquial variety, jargon synonyms often appear. They are created by morphological derivation (decomposition and suffixation); less often, they are usually created by semantic derivation. Imagery and collocations are carriers of the linguistic image of cacti, which appear to cactus growers as being immature and requiring care, like children (there is a similar image of plants in Polish dialects). Women are mainly responsible for the evolution of this emotional sociolect variant. Jak polscy kaktusiarze „mówią” o swoich roślinachHobbystyczna uprawa kaktusów w Polsce sięga XIX wieku, największy rozkwit przeżywała w latach 30. i 60. ubiegłego stulecia. Język kaktusiarzy wykształcił się w dwu odmianach, oficjalnej i potocznej, obu mocno nasyconych oficjalną terminologią botaniczną, przy czym w wariancie potocznym (internetowym) często pojawiają się synonimy żargonowe, spotocyzowane. Tworzy się je na drodze derywacji morfologicznej (dekompozycja i sufiksacja), rzadziej semantycznej. Metaforyka oraz kolokacje są nośnikiem językowego obrazu kaktusów, które jawią się ich hodowcom jako istoty niedorosłe, wymagające opieki, niemal jak dzieci (podobny obraz roślin w gwarach polskich). Wykształcenie tego emocjonalnego wariantu socjolektu jest zasługą głównie kobiet.
„Преходен“ език на юг от Екватора. Предефиниране на езика на българските емигранти в Австралия въз основа на предаването му между поколенията
Authors: Исса [Issa] Катя [Katia]
Published: December 2021

A “Transitional” Language South of the Equator: Redefining the Language of Bulgarian Immigrants in Australia Based on Its Transmission Between GenerationsIn the terminological apparatus of sociolinguistics, there are many unambiguous and ambiguous concepts that refer to the non-first language of different social groups. In line with the new European tendency, Bulgarian sociolinguistics names the language of Bulgarian emigrants around the world using terms offered in the theoretical papers of famous authors or schools working in the field of sociolinguistic emigration. The text proposed here is an attempt to redefine all these concepts and summarize them into one which indicates the hereditary Bulgarian emigrant language that is characteristic of the language of the Bulgarian immigrant community in Australia. Język „przejściowy” na południe od równika. Redefinicja języka bułgarskich imigrantów w Australii na podstawie jego przekazu międzypokoleniowegoW aparacie terminologicznym socjolingwistyki istnieje wiele pojęć, zarówno jednoznacznych, jak i nie w pełni jednoznacznych, odnoszących się do języka niebędącego językiem prymarnym różnych grup społecznych. Zgodnie z najnowszymi tendencjami w nauce europejskiej bułgarska socjolingwistyka określa język bułgarskich emigrantów na całym świecie z wykorzystaniem terminów proponowanych w pracach teoretycznych znanych autorów lub szkół zajmujących się emigracją z punktu widzenia socjolingwistyki. Proponowany tekst stanowi próbę przedefiniowania wszystkich tych pojęć i sprowadzenia ich do ujęcia, w którym wskazuje się na dziedziczony przez emigrantów język bułgarski jako czynnik wyróżniający społeczność bułgarskich imigrantów w Australii od strony językowej.
Jazyková krajina Banskej Bystrice (Kontinuita textov a križovatka etník)
Authors: Odaloš Pavol
Published: December 2021

Language Landscape of Banská Bystric (Continuity of Texts and Intersection of Ethnic Groups)The language landscape of Banská Bystrica is made up of visible language, which means written language in the form of contextually fixed words, sentences and complex sentences of a commercial and non-commercial nature. Non-commercial language fulfills a communicative function in terms of presenting basic orientation information in and around Banská Bystrica town, and about the town’s activities, the church and cemetery buildings, and monuments. Commercial language has a business function because it becomes part of the process of business transactions: first in the form of advertising texts offering commercial products; later in the form of information concerning goods offered directly by business facilities. The language landscape of Banská Bystrica is a collection of texts in Slovak, German and Hungarian and is a manifestation of the ethnolinguistic activities of Slovaks, Germans and Hungarians. Some texts in English, German, Latin, Russian and Romanian are evidence of the vitality of these languages in presenting facts about the present day and the history of this town. Krajobraz językowy Bańskiej Bystrzycy (kontinuum tekstów a krzyżowanie się grup etnicznych)Na krajobraz językowy Bańskiej Bystrzycy składają się teksty o charakterze komercyjnym i niekomercyjnym, dostępne w wersji wizualnej, powstałe w języku pisanym, w formie kontekstowo uwarunkowanych słów, zdań prostych i zdań złożonych. Język o charakterze niekomercyjnym pełni funkcję komunikacyjną w zakresie przekazywania podstawowych informacji orientacyjnych w mieście Bańska Bystrzyca i w jego okolicach, a także informacji o działalności związanej z miastem, o budynkach kościelnych i cmentarnych oraz o zabytkach. Język o charakterze komercyjnym pełni funkcję biznesową, ponieważ staje się częścią procesu obrotu gospodarczego: najpierw w postaci tekstów reklamowych oferujących produkty handlowe, później w formie informacji o produktach oferowanych bezpośrednio przez placówki handlowe i usługowe. Krajobraz językowy Bańskiej Bystrzycy tworzą teksty w językach słowackim, niemieckim i węgierskim, będące przejawem działalności etnolingwistycznej Słowaków, Niemców i Węgrów. Teksty w językach angielskim, niemieckim, rosyjskim, rumuńskim i po łacinie świadczą o istotnej roli tych języków w przedstawianiu faktów dotyczących współczesności i historii tego miasta.
Słownictwo z zakresu komunikacji międzyludzkiej w polskich tekstach literackich
Authors: Tyrpa Anna
Published: December 2021

Vocabulary Concerning Human Communication in Polish Literary Texts Novels that cover action taking place in the 21st century refer to all kinds of social phenomena, including the ways in which people communicate, which are very different from those popular only 40 years ago. Literary works provide the names of devices (computer, laptop, palmtop, iPhone, iPad, tablet, smartphone), as well as the companies which manufacture them (Dell, Apple, Nokia, Samsung). Novels include the names of computer software (Windows, Word, Excel), social media (Facebook), and internet communicators (Messenger). There are also words that denote the activities performed while using these devices and applications (to log in, to click, to email, to google). The majority of these words originate from English and have international scope. Słownictwo z zakresu komunikacji międzyludzkiej w polskich tekstach literackich Powieści obyczajowe i kryminalne o akcji rozgrywającej się w XXI wieku rejestrują wszelkie zjawiska społeczne. Do nich można zaliczyć sposoby komunikowania się ludzi, tak różne od tych sprzed 40 lat. Utwory literackie dostarczają nazw urządzeń (komputer, laptop, palmtop, iPhone, iPad, tablet, smartfon) oraz firm je produkujących (Dell, Apple, Nokia, Samsung). Znajdujemy w nich nazwy programów komputerowych (Windows, Word, Excel), mediów społecznościowych (Facebook), komunikatorów (Messenger). Nie brak określeń czynności wykonywanych w trakcie ich używania (zalogować się, kliknąć, mailować, guglać). Absolutna większość tych słów pochodzi z języka angielskiego i ma zasięg międzynarodowy.