bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Appointments for Intake Interviews: An Analysis of Appointment-Keeping Behavior at an Urban Community Mental Health Center
Authors: Rock Daniel L.
Published: September 2011

The present descriptive study profiles a number of variables related to outcome, i.e., show vs no-show, for routine intake appointments at a large urban community mental health center. Data obtained from 156 individuals at their initial contact with the community mental health center were analyzed using general loglinear and chi-squared procedures. Method of contact (in person, telephone) and latency for intake appointment (number of days between initial mental health center contact and date of intake appointment) are statistically significantly related to outcome. Individuals who contact the community mental health center by telephone and have relatively short latencies for intake appointments are more likely to “show” for their intake appointments than individuals who make contact in person and have relatively long latencies. Results are discussed in relation to previous research involving appointment keeping. Suggestions for future research are presented.
Existing Decision-Making Practices at Local Television Stations
Authors: Joseph Ted
Published: September 2011

This note provides insights into the reporters' decision-making process at 105 local VHF television stations. They are allowed control or equal power over most job-related decisions. On many other decisions, they are consulted before management makes a decision; on some matters they are not involved.
Choice of Immediate versus Delayed Reinforcement and Depression
Authors: O'Hara Michael W. , Rehm Lynn P.
Published: September 2011

Rehm (1977) suggested that depressed persons may prefer immediate reward at the expense of long-term reward. 41 women who had just participated in a psychological experiment were given the option of receiving the pay which they had been promised ($20) immediately or waiting up to 60 days and receiving $30. A point-biserial correlation of −.07 was obtained between subjects' Beck Depression Inventory scores and their choices of immediate versus delayed payment.
Relationship between Perceived Somatotype and Body Cathexis of College Males
Authors: Tucker Larry A.
Published: September 2011

The primary purpose of this study was to determine if males grouped according to self-perceived somatotype differ significantly in body concept, while a subordinate purpose was to identify the perceived somatotype response trends of a college male population. The Perceived Somatotype Scale and the Body Cathexis Scale were administered to 88 male undergraduates, and the data were analyzed by multiple regression. The somatotype the males perceived as their own, and the body build perceived as ideal accounted for 27.9% and 4.3% of the variance in body-cathexis scores, respectively. A measure of discrepancy between the perceived somatotype-self and ideal indices accounted for 22.7% of the variance in the criterion. As self-perception of somatotype deviates from mesomorphic and moves toward the ectomorphic and endomorphic poles, especially the latter, self-concept relative to the body tends to decline rapidly. Moreover, males who perceive their physiques differ from their perceived ideals tend to report significantly less body satisfaction than those who perceive no such discrepancy.
Systematic Desensitization as a Treatment for Maladaptive Anger and Aggression: A Review
Authors: Warren Ricks , McLellarn Robert W.
Published: September 2011

Recently a variety of behavioral treatments for maladaptive anger and aggression have been evaluated. The present article reviews 3 case reports and 5 controlled studies which assess the effectiveness of systematic desensitization as a treatment of anger-based problems. While each investigation offers some support for the effectiveness of desensitization, methodological flaws and conflicting patterns of results obscure interpretation of the findings. It is concluded that because the nature of anger and aggression responses is complex it may be more appropriate to utilize a more multifaceted assessment and treatment approach.
Psychotherapy for Medicare Patients: Can Psychologists Do the Job?
Authors: Sparacino Jack , Ronchi Don
Published: September 2011

The recent debate concerning the legitimacy of allowing psychologists to bill the government directly for psychotherapy provided to Medicare patients is critically evaluated. A review of outcome studies of psychotherapy in general and psychogeriatric studies in particular suggests that the government's insistence that further evidence be provided that psychotherapy “works” is misdirected. Given the large proportion of elderly individuals in poor mental health and data indicating that once brought into the mental health system they respond particularly well to psychotherapeutic intervention, psychologists should be granted the same eligibility status as physicians. A home-visit intervention program is outlined which would increase access to care, involve psychologists, psychiatrists, nurses, and other professionals and personnel-in-training, and monitor elderly patients' mental and physical health.
Childhood Memory of Parental Authority as Related to Family Constellation Variables
Authors: Rule Warren R. , Comer Ann T.
Published: September 2011

Several investigations of family constellation variables and parental authority have shown that firstborns demonstrate higher perception of parental authority than do later borns. This study approached early childhood perceptions from a different perspective, long-term memory. Also, an attempt was made to equalize several variables that might influence research on birth-order research and parental authority. A sample of 282 dentists was interviewed regarding childhood perceptions of parental strictness-permissiveness and family constellation variables. No relationships were found for parental strictness-permissiveness and family constellation variables. The implications of the lack of relationships were discussed.
Emotional Elements of Mental Illness: Psychological Concomitants of Stress
Authors: Curtis John M.
Published: September 2011

Traditional theories of mental illness have attributed causality to such widely divergent views as intrapsychic mechanisms, biological processes, and interpersonal events. Popular medical explanations in which organicity has been ruled out have often attributed aberrant behavior and symptom formation to atavistic notions like “nerves” and more recently to concepts like “stress.” The “stress hypothesis,” enunciated by Selye, views maladaptive behavior as a function of sequential reaction involving alarm and mobilization, resistance, exhaustion, and ultimate decompensation with its attendant symptom formation. The present discussion articulates the putative emotional elements of abnormal behavior, namely, the uncontrollable feelings of fear, anger, and guilt. These specific emotions seem to be reactions to excessive and intolerable “stress,” the ineffectual management of which might lead to eventual symptom formation. The common sources of such reactions are identified to which therapeutic attention is recommended to help deal more effectively with these potentially counterproductive emotions.
Internal Reliabilities of the Scales from the Inpatient Multidimensional Psychiatric Scale
Authors: Cairns Victoria , Von Zerssen Detlev , Mombour Werner , Rackensperger Walter
Published: September 2011

Three different measures of internal reliability were calculated for each of the 12 scales from the Inpatient Multidimensional Psychiatric Scale with data from a sample of 1654 inpatients. The homogeneity of the items forming the different scales could be assessed and the least homogeneous scales examined in more detail. The minimum number of items necessary to bring Cronbach's alpha to over .90 was also calculated for each scale and satisfactory figures were obtained.
Relationship between Locus of Control and Maladaptive Fears
Authors: Traub Gary S.
Published: September 2011

The Rotter I-E Scale and the Fear Survey Schedule were administered to 205 introductory psychology students. All but one of the 89 items on the fear schedule were related to externality and 66 of these correlations reached statistical significance. Over-all fear as reflected in the total score on the schedule was also significantly related to externality ( r = .40, p < .001). Contrary to the hypothesis of Phares (1976), there was no U-shape relationship between locus of control and fear. In general, the results support a linear relationship between externality and fear for college students.
Developmental Differences in Use of Conceptual and Evaluative Meaning as Encoding Dimensions
Authors: O'Connor John J.
Published: September 2011

Evaluative meaning and taxonomic item dimensions were investigated with 80 second and 80 sixth graders. Logic from the adult memory literature was used to generate a task presumed to reflect differential encoding processes of children. Developmental differences were found in amount recalled and ability to profit from repeated exposures over time. Differential encoding processes were demonstrated for taxonomic item features across ages but not for evaluatively polarized words. Results were discussed in terms of organizational strategies employed and the need for more systematic efforts to estimate task variance.
Reflections on the Telephone Book, a Note on Associations
Authors: Levy Erwin
Published: September 2011

The concept of association is reconsidered with a view to the role of associations as required parts of functional whole-contexts.
A Spanish Translation of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Form G
Authors: Levy Nissim , Padilla Amado
Published: September 2011

A Spanish version of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Form G is described. Over 2 weeks the reliabilities ranged from .79 to .89.
The Social Clock Phenomenon as Reflected in the Biographical Correlates of Kansas Pioneers
Authors: Matter Darryl E.
Published: September 2011

Neugarten (1968) has called internalized concepts that regulate progression through the age related events of the adult years the “social clock.” This study suggests that major life events such as marriage and migration were well structured by the social and political milieu existing at the turn of the century. Given the dates of birth for the 410 men and 415 women who settled in an area of north central Kansas before 1911, dates of and ages at marriage, dates of and ages at migration to Kansas, years of death (and, therefore, ages at death), and the numbers and sex of children may be predicted with reasonable accuracy. These biographical variables are highly intercorrelated.
Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior in Single-Sex and Mixed-Sex Groups: Are Traditional Sex Roles Changing?
Authors: Aries Elizabeth Joan
Published: September 2011

The study examines the degree to which traditional sex differences in behavioral interaction in groups obtain even in a sample of very bright, career-oriented men and women who are similar in respect to a variety of personality attributes and personal aspirations. 21 experimental groups were studied, 7 all-male, 6 all-female, and 8 mixed-sex groups. Groups were composed of 5 or 6 members. Each group had 40 min. to discuss an ethical dilemma and come to a consensus decision. The data indicated that, while rates of interaction departed from traditional sex-role stereotypes, with females dominating the mixed groups verbally, interaction styles and nonverbal postures remained sex-role stereotypic. Males devoted a greater proportion of their interaction to task behavior, i.e., giving opinions, suggestions, and information, and the females to reactions, i.e., agreements and disagreements. Males exceeded females in displays of nonverbal postures associated with dominance. Most behavioral measures were not affected by the sex composition of the group. Implications of these findings for work settings are discussed.
Behavioral/Emotional Problems in Mentally Retarded Children and Youth
Authors: Groden Gerald , Pueschel Siegfried M. , Domingue Dale , Deignan Liza
Published: September 2011

A survey was made of 1,114 mentally retarded children seen at a community mental retardation evaluation clinic between January, 1970 and April, 1977 to determine the prevalence of behavioral and emotional problems. 25% of the surveyed population showed such problems. Prevalence was related to level of intelligence and age, but not to sex or economic status.
Atmospheric Developments in Co-Adaptation
Authors: Hust Bruce Edward
Published: September 2011

The concept of psychological atmosphere, describing the effects of a style of leadership in early research, was further refined by Hust within the construct of co-adaptation. Atmosphere is discussed as an intervening motivational variable, made recognizable by distinct patterns of interactive behavior but also subject to development over time. In the operational context of co-adaptation, differential atmospheric conditions were established by manipulating interpersonal status in the structure of 24 four-member groups of adolescents enrolled in special education. Over four trials on an independent group task involving extraction of objects from a bottle, patterns of affiliation and productivity were seen from which emergent atmospheres could be inferred.
Male and Female Corrections Officers: Personality and Rated Performance
Authors: Schuerger J. M. , Kochevar K. F. , Reinwald J. E.
Published: September 2011

The present data support a personological “type” consistent with Holland's Realistic type and also support the classification of corrections officers in this type. Noteworthy among the characteristics of corrections officers are control, low anxiety, introversion. Personality characteristics predictive of first performance ratings among male officers are intelligence, control, conservatism, and self-sufficiency. Highly rated female officers showed a generally similar pattern, but in addition differed from their male counterparts in being low on dominance and suspicion. Personality characteristics predictive of later performance ratings differed sharply from those predictive of first ratings. An hypothesis of self-selective turnover is offered to explain the variation in predictability over occasions.
Turntaking in Family Interaction
Authors: Poole Millicent E. , Gelder Amanda J. , Dickinson Valda M.
Published: September 2011

An examination of turntaking in 80 family triads was undertaken using the Defining Issues Test, to determine whether linkages would occur between same-sex or cross-sex parent-child systems. Contrary to expectations, no differences emerged in families with a male or female adolescent.
Wolof Adolescents' Opinions of the Best Periods in Life from Certain Viewpoints
Authors: Vandewiele Michel
Published: September 2011

A questionnaire completed by 630 Senegalese secondary school students requested their opinions for various periods in the life of an individual (childhood, adolescence, adulthood, old age) of happiness, freedom, financial security, health, etc. Periods given the most favorable comments were adolescence and adulthood, while the most unfavorable comments are reserved for old age.
Physical Distance, Sex, and Intimacy in Self-Disclosure
Authors: Hansen Jeffrey E. , Schuldt W. John
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to determine if physical distance, subjects' sex, experimenters' sex, intimacy of questions, and individual differences in experimenters affect the duration of self-disclosure. Analysis showed males talked more than females, subjects talked more to female experimenters than to male experimenters, and subjects talked more in response to questions of medium than of low intimacy and talked more in response to questions of low intimacy than of high intimacy. Higher-order interactions were discussed.
Correlations between the Quick Test and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised
Authors: Traub Gary S. , Spruill Jean
Published: September 2011

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised and the Quick Test were administered to 103 adults. Despite relative inexperience of examiners, a Pearson correlation of .64 between scores was obtained. The Quick Test tended to underestimate superior WAIS-R IQs but did an excellent job in predicting average IQs. The Quick Test is a valid screening device.
Perceptions of Child Psychologists Held by Parents of Australian School Children
Authors: Murphy Gregory C. , Hudson Alan M. , King Neville J.
Published: September 2011

To ascertain which particular professional or other sources of help would be sought by parents faced with various problems of their children, two versions of a questionnaire were distributed to 1245 families in metropolitan Melbourne, Australia. The results from the 434 usable returned questionnaires indicated that for services which child psychologists would be competent to provide, parents of school children would either prefer to consult an alternative professional or would not seek any professional advice. Doctors and teachers were the preferred sources of professional advice. The socio-economic status of respondents produced no general effect in terms of their patterns of preferences.
Innovativeness and Cognitive Complexity
Authors: Payne Steven K. , Beatty Michael J.
Published: September 2011

This study tested the hypothesis that there should be a positive and significant relationship between innovativeness and cognitive complexity. A Pearson product-moment correlation of .43 confirmed the hypothesis for 75 college men and women.
Taped Vocalization as a Reinforcer of Vocal Behavior in a Female Agile Gibbon (Hylobates Agilis)
Authors: Maples Ernest G. , Haraway Maury M.
Published: September 2011

The study demonstrated the effectiveness of tape-recorded answering calls as reinforcers of vocal behavior in a female agile gibbon. Following baseline, typical conditioning, extinction, and reconditioning effects were demonstrated. The findings support the proposition that many species-typical behaviors may act as reinforcers.
Sentence Recall as Affected by Task Instructions and Delay
Authors: Mason Susan E.
Published: September 2011

The present experiment was designed to investigate the effects of orienting tasks on sentence recall. Three task conditions were included, a phonemic-task, a semantic-task, and a “no-orienting-task” control group. Both immediate and delayed recall were tested. As predicted, subjects in the semantic condition performed significantly better than those given phonemic instructions. On immediate recall, the performance of control subjects was similar to that of semantic subjects but superior to phonemic subjects. When the retention test was delayed, the difference between control and phonemic groups was nonsignificant. The results are not consistent with the depth-of-processing model.
Relationship of Problem-Solving Behaviors and Jungian Personality Types
Authors: Hunter Fumiyo , Levy Nissim
Published: September 2011

This study investigated individual differences in solving Dunker's Box Problem and Witkin's embedded figures problems in relation to Jungian personality types. Differential predictions for problem-solving performance were made for four personality types based on the conceptual framework of Jungian typology and the type of problems used. As predicted, the typological grouping differentiated the performance patterns in various problem tasks. No significant effect was found for sex or the interaction of sex and personality types in any of the performance measures.
Dimensions of Levenson's Locus of Control with Australian High School Students
Authors: Hong Sung-Mook , Bartenstein Carolyn
Published: September 2011

The Levenson Locus of Control Questionnaire was completed by 91 male and 82 female Australian high school students. Principal component analysis gave three interpretable factors: General External Control, Internal Control and Powerful Others Control. This factor pattern is different from those of Levenson (1974) and Walkey (1979). Further analyses utilizing mean scale scores and correlations showed some agreements and disagreements with these previous studies on scale characteristics. Evidence for the multidimensionality of the questionnaire and suggestions for further research on locus of control of high school students were also presented.
Effect of Headstart Programs on the Factor Structure of Mental Ability
Authors: Barclay Allan , Allen John
Published: September 2011

8 subtests of the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills were administered to a group of 80 black third grade children of lower socio-economic status and to a matched sample of 80 children who had been involved 5 yr. previously in a Headstart program. Separate subtest-by-subtest intercorrelational matrices were then factored and coefficients of congruence calculated. Previous Headstart experience was not related to any factor structure changes on this test.
Guttman Scaling of Moral Comprehension Stages
Authors: Tsujimoto Richard N.
Published: September 2011

This study examined whether Rest's (1979) objective test of moral comprehension could yield comprehension stage data that form a Guttman scale. If so, the test's construct validity and its usefulness for certain research purposes would be enhanced (Rest, 1973). Subjects were 197 adults in junior college, college, or graduate school. Each completed Rest's (1979) Defining Issues Test and an 11-item version of Rest's multiple-choice test of moral comprehension, which assesses comprehension of Kohlberg's Stages 4, 5A, and 5B. For each comprehension item the subject chooses one of four multiple-choice alternatives. A subject was scored as comprehending Stage 4 if he answered at least three out of four Stage 4 items correctly, Stage 5A if he answered three out of four Stage 5A items correctly, and 5B if he answered both Stage 5B items correctly. These criteria were chosen because the probability of reaching or exceeding each criterion by randomly guessing is low and quite uniform across the three stages: 5% for Stage 4 and Stage 5A, and 6% for Stage 5B. Using Henry's (1952) method for assigning scale scores to non-scale-types (see Nie, et al., 1975), the coefficient of reproducibility was .95 and the coefficient of scalability was .84. Thus, the comprehension stage data do form a Guttman scale.
Effects of Seating Orientation on Appreciation of Humor
Authors: Yates James F. , Miller Robert S.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments tested Berlyne's prediction that subjects' preexisting arousal states affect their appreciation of humor. Seating orientation was varied to effect changes in arousal. In Exp. 1, 18 female undergraduates rated 10 tape-recorded jokes for humorousness while seated either side-by-side or face-to-face with a female stranger. As predicted, jokes were rated more highly in the more arousing side-by-side condition. However, no difference in subjects' rated mirth was observed. In Exp. 2, 32 female and 32 male undergraduates rated the 10 jokes while seated in either arrangement with a same-sex stranger. Despite methodological improvements in the mirth measure and evidence of its reliability, again no differences for mirth were observed. As predicted, female subjects rated jokes more highly when side-by-side but (opposite to prediction) so did males. These results support Berlyne's theory but suggest that heightened arousal in the side-by-side condition may have been related to the physical distance between subjects rather than to seating orientation per se.
Comparison of Scores for Normal Preschool Children on Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised and Mc Carthy Scales of Children's Abilities
Authors: Gullo Dominic F. , McLoughlin Caven S.
Published: September 2011

In this study, the relationship between preschoolers' performance on the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R) and the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities was examined. The sample of 15 3-yr.-olds and 15 4-yr.-olds was randomly selected from four nursery school classes. Scores on the Peabody correlated significantly with the General Cognitive Index, Verbal, and Perceptual scales of the McCarthy tests for the 3-yr.-olds; and with the Index, Verbal, Perceptual, and Motor scales for the 4-yr.-old group. For the 3-yr.-olds, t tests indicated a significantly lower Peabody mean score than the McCarthy mean score. Implications of using the revised Peabody test as a measure of general cognitive ability with normal preschoolers are discussed.
Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (Peter): Wonderlic Personnel Test
Authors: Mackaman S. L. , Bittner A. C. , Harbeson M. M. , Kennedy R. S. , Stone D. A.
Published: September 2011

To ascertain the suitability of the Wonderlic Personnel Test for inclusion in a battery of Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (PETER) parallel forms were administered daily, without coaching or feedback, for 19 consecutive work days to 13 Navy enlisted men who were high school graduates. Over Days 1 to 10 and 18 to 19, unique forms were administered; forms were repeated over Days 11 to 17. The mean score significantly increased from about 23 to 29 amounting to 0.7 standard score units. Subsequent to Day 4, the change in performance was linear and accounted for 57% of the Days 5 to 19 variation. The standard deviations were homogeneous over all repeated and unrepeated days, and the reliability correlations were differentially stable across all days, with a task definition of r = .70. The group mean increase of more than 21 percentile points on the Wonderlic has implications for selection and counseling. It is noteworthy that the average subject in our group scored equal to “stenographer” or “draftsman” on the first occasion but typical of “engineer” or “accountant” on the last. It was concluded that the Wonderlic is suitable for inclusion in PETER.
Enhancing Memory for Lecture Sentences: A Depth of Processing Perspective
Authors: Morgan Susan V. , Puglisi J. Thomas
Published: September 2011

Two studies examined the hypothesis that college students' memory for lecture material would be enhanced by the lecturer's use of critically placed pauses at the end of lecture sentences to encourage deep, elaborative processing. Pauses had no effect on subjects' ( n = 46) recognition of verbatim reproductions of stimulus sentences in Exp. 1. A small, but significant effect was obtained in Exp. 2 in which subjects ( n = 24) recalled more information from sentences presented with elaborative pauses than from sentences presented without pauses, both immediately following the lecture and five days later. Results were interpreted in terms of Craik's depth of processing theory.
Sex and Time of Day as Determinants of Whether People Enter the Cafeteria Together or Alone
Authors: Smith Gene F. , Adams Lance
Published: September 2011

Observations of 2,987 students in a college cafeteria showed that women more often than men entered in the company of others. Also, people entered together more often for later meals. Both findings are assumed to result from self-presentation strategies designed to avoid an attribution of unpopularity.
Effects of Type of Payoff and Instructions on Individual Risk-Taking Behavior
Authors: Ettenson Richard T. , Coughlin Richard C.
Published: September 2011

32 subjects were presented 4 items involving decisions either to take a certain amount of money or select a probability level for winning a larger amount. In a 2 × 2 design, subjects either made these decisions hypothetically or actually played out their choices for money. For half of each group, the items described a fixed payoff regardless of the probability level selected, while for the other half there were variable payoffs where the amount won increased as the probability of success decreased. Data indicated that subjects were more conservative when playing for real money with a fixed payoff but not when there was a variable payoff. These results suggest that the presence of conservatism in real risk-taking situations may be a function of the type of payoff.
Effects of Lying and Conformity on Decision-Making Behavior
Authors: Wardle Miriam Gayle , Gloss David S.
Published: September 2011

Research on the relationship between conformity and temptation to lie utilized a measure of temptation to lie from 40 subjects by administration of the Machiavellian Scale several weeks prior to the experimental sessions. The first experimental session measured group conformity. Subjects who agreed with a simulated group more than six times were considered conformers. The data showed that the conformers yielded on the average more than three times as much as the independents. In the second experimental situation, stimuli for belief that no correct answer could be objectively obtained were presented. The only way a subject would obtain a significant number of so-called correct answers was to lie. Subjects whose scores were three standard deviations greater than those expected by chance were considered liars. The results showed that lying was not a function of conformity. The Machiavellian Scale, administered again to the same subjects, showed that subjects who cheated were more tempted to lie again, while those who had not succumbed to temptation were less likely now to lie. A significant relationship between conformity and absolute changes in attitude supported the hypothesis that individuals who conform change their attitudes more readily than individuals who remain independent. Implications for decision making are discussed.
The Adaption-Innovation Continuum, Occupational Type, and Course Selection
Authors: Kirton Michael J. , Pender Steven
Published: September 2011

Data on 2,375 subjects collected in 15 independent studies were cross-tabulated with reference to different occupational types and varying degrees of self-selection to courses. The results confirm the 1980 findings of Kirton and of Thomson that mean scores on the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory are more innovative for occupational groups which deal with more numerous and less rigid paradigms. The data also support the hypothesis that groups whose members have themselves taken the initiative to attend courses are on the average more innovative than groups sent by sponsoring organizations. The factors outlined above were additive and subtractive in regular and predictable increments.
Personality Characteristics of Patients with Exclusive Abuse of Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs
Authors: Holm Lena , Bergman Hans , Borg Stefan
Published: September 2011

44 patients exhibiting dependence on sedative-hypnotic drugs (not alcohol or hard drugs) scored higher than a pair-matched control group from the general population on a Swedish version of Edwards Personal Preference Schedule only with regard to Defense of Status and Guilt Feelings.
Attitudes of Fundamentalists toward Nonmarital Sex
Authors: Maret Stephen M. , Maret Lezlie D.
Published: September 2011

This study assessed the attitudes of fundamentalists and nonfundamentalists toward nonmarital sex. Subjects were 151 college students. Fundamentalists were significantly less accepting of both premarital and extramarital sexual relations than nonfundamentalists. A sex difference was also evident regardless of religious indication; males showed more approval than females for both types of nonmarital sex. Implications are discussed.
Dimensions of Parental Behavior: Results of Cluster and Factor Analyses
Authors: Ownby Raymond L. , Murray Joseph N.
Published: September 2011

This study presents cluster and factor analyses of 55 parents' judgments about parental behaviors obtained through unstructured interviews with parents. Results confirm previous studies in showing that control and affection are important dimensions of parental behavior and suggest that another dimension, Active Involvement, may also be useful in understanding parents' behavior.
Beliefs about Obesity: Effects of Age, Ethnicity, Sex and Weight
Authors: Harris Mary B. , Smith Sara Dawn
Published: September 2011

To find out if subjects' knowledge of the complex nature of obesity increases with age, 447 nursery school, first grade, fifth grade, and adult subjects were asked if they knew anyone fat and, if so, who; what the causes of obesity are; and whose fault it is if someone is fat. Older subjects were increasingly likely to know people who were fat and to give complex causal explanations for obesity; moreover, adults were less likely than children to see the fat individual as responsible for his obesity. Female subjects were more likely than males to know someone fat and to give complex explanations of obesity. Anglo, Hispanic, Native American and black subjects did not differ on any measure. Children who were underweight, of average weight or overweight also did not differ in knowledge or beliefs. The results suggest that, although accuracy of knowledge increases with age, education about obesity at all age levels may be needed to reduce incorrect beliefs and accompanying negative attitudes toward obesity.
Development of a Measure of Job Time-Demands
Authors: Johnson Phyllis J.
Published: September 2011

To develop a scale to measure job time-demands experienced by people involved in employment and family responsibilities, job time-demands were conceptualized as the time required in employment that could coincide or conflict with time for family responsibilities. The scale was tested with samples of employed divorced mothers who had custody of a child under 13 yr. Divorced mothers were selected because they are primarily responsible for managing both employment and family responsibilities. 381 useable questionnaires were obtained. Factor analysis of responses to the 14-item scale reflected three aspects of job time-demands: Flexibility in Work Schedule, Family-Work Schedule Conflicts, and Irregular Work Demands. Those mothers who said their jobs created difficulties in management of family responsibilities had significantly higher job time-demands than those who said they did not, except in the factor of Irregular Work Demands. Occupational classification and hours worked do not appear to be adequate substitutes for measuring job time-demands. Refinement and potential applications are discussed.
Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects of Adolescent Drug Use: Interplay of Personality, Family, and Peer Correlates
Authors: Brook Judith S. , Whiteman Martin , Gordon Ann Scovell
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine domains of personality, family, and peer variables and their relationship to the qualitative (stage) and quantitative (frequency) aspects of adolescents' drug use. Black (245) and white (418) high school freshmen and sophomores served as subjects. Analysis indicated that the same personality and peer factors differentiated between the quantitative as well as the qualitative drug groups. However, more family variables were related to stage than to frequency of use. Several models were proposed for examining the interrelationships of the three domains and associations with stage and frequency of drug use. The data supported an independent model for the stage groups; that is, each of the three domains (personality, family, and peer) was associated with the adolescents' stage of drug use independent of the latter's relationship with the remaining domains. For the frequency groups, the data supported a mediational model; that is, the family and personality domains were associated with the peer domain which in turn was associated with frequency of drug use. One interpretation advanced is that stage of drug use is sensitive to an array of factors from all three domains whereas the frequency with which adolescents use the drug depends on the current influence of the peer group.
Psychological Factors Related to Employees' Theft in the Convenience Store Industry
Authors: Terris William , Jones John
Published: September 2011

Four studies are presented that examine various aspects of theft in the convenience store industry. Study 1 was a survey of both managers' ( n = 24) and retail clerks' ( n = 54) opinions on how and why convenience store employees steal. Results showed that the most frequently used theft techniques involved various ways of stealing cash from a register. Major reasons for employees' theft included financial need, low wages, revenge, and thrill-seeking. Major perceptions about why some employees never steal included fear of apprehension and personal honesty. Study 2 ( N = 61) showed that convenience store employees with more tolerant attitudes toward theft and violence, as measured by a pre-employment psychological test, the Personnel Selection Inventory, were more likely to engage in theft and other types of counterproductive behavior. Study 3 showed that the use of the inventory for 19 months by a 30-unit convenience store chain, for the purpose of screening out potential employee thieves and other counterproductive employees, was reliably more effective in reducing company shrinkage than a pre-employment polygraph procedure that was used for 23 months. Finally, Study 4 showed that the inventory had no adverse impact upon any protected group. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Relationship between Achievement Locus of Control and Expectancy of Success of Academically Gifted High School Students
Authors: Douglas Peggy , Powers Stephen
Published: September 2011

The achievement locus of control was investigated in 66 academically gifted high school students. Subjects were administered Lefcourt's Multidimensional-Multiattributional Causality Scale. Data suggest a pattern of attributions in which effort was ranked higher than ability, context, or luck. Subjects were more internal than external. Stable attributions were not clearly different from unstable attributions. Confidence was correlated .45 with grade expected. Students with greater confidence tended to attribute academic success less to ability (—.34). Expectancy of success was correlated A6 with internality, a dimension of causality, and not with the two dimensions of stability. This supported the social learning theory of the relationship between change in expectancy and causality.
Accuracy of MMPI Decision Rules in Establishing DSM III Diagnoses
Authors: Rogers Richard , Wasyliw Orest E. , Dolmetsch Robert
Published: September 2011

The usefulness of MMPI decision rules in identifying corresponding DSM III diagnosis was explored. A study of 118 outpatient evaluations yielded a low degree of accuracy for both the Meehl-Dahlstrom and Henrichs decision rules. Given those results, a discriminant analysis was performed for three DSM III diagnostic categories (schizophrenic disorders, affective disorders, and no mental disorders); this analysis suggested potential usefulness for multivariate-based MMPI decision rules.
Effect of Rating Inconsistency on Mixed Standard Scales
Authors: Waters L. K. , Edwards Jack E. , Reardon Maryellen
Published: September 2011

To investigate possible differential effects of consistent and inconsistent ratings, 100 college students rated their instructors on 7 dimensions using a mixed-standard scale format. Dimensional means for consistent ratings were generally higher than those for inconsistent ratings. Consistent ratings were also more strongly related to an over-all evaluation of the instructor. It was recommended that more attention be given the freqency of inconsistent ratings in research on mixed-standard scales.
Effects of a Fear Appeal on Arousal, Self-Reported Anxiety, and Attitude towards Smoking
Authors: Watson M. , Pettingale K. W. , Goldstein D.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes the effects of an anti-smoking film on level of arousal and anxiety in a group of smokers and nonsmoking control. The aims of the study were threefold: to determine whether a fear appeal of this kind would increase arousal; to examine the relationship between self-reported, behavioral, and somatic responses to this type of fear appeal; and to assess the extent to which responses were influenced by consistent individual differences in the reporting of emotional states. The results indicated that a close correspondence existed between the self-reported and somatic measures of anxiety and that smokers showed a greater increase in anxiety than nonsmokers. Individual differences in reporting of emotional state were not related to somatic responses. Over-all, fear appeals of the type used here may be useful in manipulating level of anxiety and attitudes towards smoking.
Logical and Moral Development in Pre-Adolescent Children
Authors: Arbuthnot Jack , Faust David , Sparling Yvonne , Kee William
Published: September 2011

A 10-wk. educational intervention on moral reasoning with pre-adolescents confirmed hypotheses that advanced concrete operations and beginning formal operations are necessary but not sufficient conditions for acquisition of Stage 2 and 3 structures, respectively.
Worry and Emotionality Components of Test Anxiety in Relation to Situational and Personality Determinants
Authors: Gjesme Torgrim
Published: September 2011

The amount of Worry and Emotionality components among pupils in Grade 6 with different motivational and cognitive characteristics was examined. A number of interactions indicated that the influence of both cognitive factors, i.e., ability and Future Time Orientation, and motivational factors, i.e., the achievement motives, on amount of Worry and Emotionality increased significantly as the perceived instrumentality (importance) of the school activity increased. Since it is the worry component which normally reduces quality of performance, one way to reduce worries at school for the pupils of low ability, the failure-oriented (highly anxious) pupils, the low future time-oriented pupils, and the girls, is to reduce the importance of the activity.
Effect of Mode of Representation on Visual Humor
Authors: Sheppard Alice
Published: September 2011

24 photographs representing four types of humor (aggression, superiority, incongruity, and the unexpected) were redrawn as cartoons and rated by 361 college students. Photographs were judged more humorous than cartoons, with additional effects related to type of humor and sex. The belief that an event really occurred, as found in photographs, may be important for effective visual humor.
Management of Compliance to Progressive Relaxation and Orthopedic Exercises in Treatment of Chronic Back Pain
Authors: Petty Nancy E. , Mastria Marie A.
Published: September 2011

A 42-year-old woman with chronic back pain for 19. yr. was taught behavioral self-management strategies to establish and maintain a relaxation and orthopedic exercises regimen. The gradual improvement in compliance to the exercises seemed to be more a function of antecedents (instructions from the therapist, graphed data, and response products of the patient's own verbal behavior) than of the unreliably administered consequences written into the self-management package. However, average daily pain level was dramatically reduced early in treatment, and the number of consecutive days with neither pain nor analgesic consumption was increased from two days during baseline to 64 days after which treatment was terminated. At 6-wk. and 4-mo. follow-ups, the patient reported that she had remained pain free and was continuing to comply with her exercise routine.
Children's Self-Esteem and Maternal Behavior in Three Low-Income Samples
Authors: Peterson Gary W. , Southworth Lois E. , Peters David F.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationships between children's perceptions of maternal child-rearing behavior and a measure of children's self-esteem within low-income samples. Three cohort samples of 2,194 fifth and sixth grade children from rural Appalachia were surveyed. Siegelman's analysis of the Bronfenbrenner Parent Behavior Questionnaire (Cornell Parent Behavior Inventory) was used to operationalize children's perceptions of maternal loving, demanding, and punishing behaviors. Children's self-esteem was measured with the Lipsitt Self-concept Scale. Multiple regression analysis was used to replicate the findings within each of the three samples. In general, the maternal loving and demanding dimensions exhibited positive relationships, while maternal punishment was negatively correlated with children's self-esteem.
Concurrent Validity of the Overcontrolled Hostility Scale for Psychotics
Authors: Werner Paul D. , Becker Jacqueline M. T. , Yesavage Jerome A.
Published: September 2011

MMPI Overcontrolled Hostility scores of 31 male psychotic inpatients correlated negligibly with scores on measures of expressed hostility and assaultiveness. The scale does not appear useful as an index of potential for violence by acute inpatients.
Development of Independent Walking in a Profoundly Retarded Woman
Authors: Feldstein Jerome H. , Girouard Margaret
Published: September 2011

A profoundly retarded adult, who walked only with assistance and typically scooted on her buttocks or used a wheelchair, was trained to walk without support through priming, prevention of scooting, fading of an apparent support object, and reinforcemenr. The 4.6-m criterion distance was reached in 10 20-trial training sessions; walking was extended to other settings and employed in regular activities. Reasons for the failure to eliminate scooting and a strategy for doing so were discussed.
How B is B4? Attachment and Security of Dutch Children in Ainsworth's Strange Situation and at Home
Authors: van Ijzendoorn M. H. , Tavecchio L. W. C. , Goossens F. A. , Vergeer M. M. , Swaan J.
Published: September 2011

Ainsworth's Strange Situation is a procedure for determining the quality of the attachment between caregivers and young children. This procedure, developed in the United States, has here been applied to a Dutch sample of 66 mother-child pairs. In doing so, the stability, reliability, and validity of the instrument have also been investigated. The instrument was validated by means of a questionnaire for the mothers concerning the feelings of (in-)security their children experience in everyday separations.
Individual Imagery Psychotherapy vs Didactic Self-Help Seminars: Comparative Effect on Problem Behaviors
Authors: Morrison James K. , Becker Robert E. , Heeder Robyn
Published: September 2011

13 clients undergoing 15 sessions of individual imagery psychotherapy (emotive-reconstructive therapy) were compared with 13 persons participating in 8 2-hr., 20-min. didactic self-help seminars to assess the comparative effectiveness of each treatment on a measure of psychological problem behaviors (primarily related to anxiety and depression). As predicted, results indicated that both treatments effected a significant decrease of problem behaviors, but that clients in therapy reported a significantly greater decrease in such symptoms than the self-help group.
Assessing Adults' Socialization: Attitudes of Top, Middle, and Supervisory Managers
Authors: Sukel W. M.
Published: September 2011

Socialization refers to the inculcation and transmission of attitudes. Parents, teachers, and managers are socializing agents who transmit attitudes to children, students, and subordinates. In this exploratory study attitudes toward social, community, and employee programs of 166 managers in manufacturing, banking, and retailing were surveyed. Respondents indicated their favorability toward several attitudes using a Likert-type scale. Data were analyzed for differences among top, middle, and supervisory managers and extent of similarity at the top levels of management. The findings suggest that managers were not significantly different. There appears to be greater similarity, however, at top levels of management.
Perceived Parental Bonding Patterns in a Canadian Student Group
Authors: Baker Brian , Helmes Edward
Published: September 2011

Parental representations of 116 Canadian University students were examined using Parker's Parental Bonding Instrument, which has two scales, one of care versus indifference/rejection and the other of overprotection versus encouragement of independence. On the care dimension there was no essential difference between the Canadian students and Parker's non-psychiatric subjects. On the overprotection dimension though, the students scored significantly lower than did Australian students and non-psychiatric patients. Other results are discussed.