bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacodynamics of frigid zone plant Taxus cuspidata S. et Z. against skin melanin deposition, oxidation, inflammation and allergy
Authors: Shi Yang , Liu Ling , Sun Heyang , Chen Chen , Feng Jing , Chen Yongchao , Lin Yuan , Kopylov Philipp , Wang Qi , Zhang Yong
Published: January 2023

Background

Taxus cuspidata S. et Z. is a precious species of frigid zone plant belonging to the Taxaceae family, which possesses anticancer, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and antibacterial pharmacological properties. While taxane extracted from Taxus chinensis has been reported to elicit antioxidant activities, whether Taxus cuspidata S. et Z. has skin-protective actions against injuries remained unknown. This study aims to explore the pharmacological effects of three Taxus extracts on skin melanin deposition, oxidation, inflammation, and allergy so as to provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of various diseases related to skin damage.

Methods

Skin melanin deposition was evaluated by measuring melanin content in the skin of guinea pigs by alkali lysis method. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated by measuring superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentration and glutathione (GSH) content in skin tissue homogenates of Kunming mice by SOD assay kit and micro reduced GSH assay kit. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting were used to examine the levels of both SOD and recombinant glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). Skin inflammation was evaluated by xylene-induced ear swelling test and egg-white-induced paw swelling test in mice. In a mouse model of skin allergy induced by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP), allergy was determined by licking body counts and histamine concentrations in tissue homogenates using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Two proinflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β were measured by qRT-PCR. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining was conducted to assess the degree of skin lesion.

Results

All three Taxus extracts including Taxus chinensis essential oil, Taxus chinensis extract and Taxus chinensis extract compound reduced the melanin deposits in the back skin relative to the non-treated control animals, of which Taxus chinensis essential oil produced the greatest effect. In contrast, the three Taxus extracts elevated SOD and GSH levels in the skin tissues, and the highest increase was seen with Taxus chinensis essential oil. Three Taxus extracts, especially Taxus chinensis essential oil, effectively reduce the rate of ear and paw swelling. All three Taxus extracts reduced the number of body licks, the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, and the histamine content in tissue homogenates of mice and alleviated skin damage. Consistently, Taxus chinensis essential oil yielded the greatest magnitude of decreases.

Conclusion

While all three Taxus extracts possessed the anti-skin melanin deposition, oxidation, and allergy properties, Taxus chinensis essential oil produced the superior effects.
Abstracts in Russian
Authors: Editorial Article
Published: January 2023

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Pengaruh Metode Sterilisasi Permukaan terhadap Kultur Biji Jeruk Japansche Citroen (JC) Citrus limonia Osbeck
Authors: TUWO MUSTIKA , DEWI ANDI NURHIQMAH , APPA YOSHELINE GAYATRI DWIMUTIARA , RAMDANI RESKIA IMTIHANI , SALSABILA AURELIA
Published: January 2023

Effect of Surface Sterilization Methods on Seed Culture of JC Citrus limonia Osbeck Japansche Citroen (JC) Citrus limonia Osbeck is one type of citrus that is commonly used as rootstock. JC seed propagation through in vitro culture will be more effective. The initiation stage is the first step of in vitro culture to obtain microbial-free explants and initiate the initial growth. At this stage the problem of contamination becomes the main limiting factor. This study aims to obtain the appropriate method of sterilizing of JC orange seed explants in in vitro culture propagation. A total of four sterilization methods have been tested at the Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University. The sterilization material used is tween 80, fungicide, 20-30% NaOCl and 90% alcohol. The variables observed in this study were the time of appearance of contamination, the percentage of types of contaminants (bacteria and fungi), the percentage of sterile explants and the percentage of live explants after 28 days of culture. The results showed that the fourth method was the optimal sterilization method with the lowest contamination level of 30% of the other three methods with the highest explant survival rate of 60% compared to the other three methods.
Identifikasi Senyawa Fitokimia Ekstrak Bulung Boni (Caulerpa sp.) dari Pantai Serangan
Authors: RAHMAWATI DINA , WIRAWAN I GEDE PUTU , SUDIARTA I PUTU
Published: January 2023

Bulung boni (Caulerpa sp.) is a type of algae that spreads in almost all Indonesian oceans. Generally, bulung boni grow in shallow water and attach to the sand substrate. This study aimed to determine the bioactive compounds of bulung boni and how they differ from other algae. The identification of bulung boni bioactive compounds was conducted using the GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) method. Based on the results of GC-MS analysis, bulung boni contains 10 compounds that mainly included into alkane group, i.e. 1-dodecene, Tetradecene, Decene, Pentadecene, Hexadecene, Dodecanol, Haxadecanoic acid, Heptadecene, Oktadecane, and Nanodecene.
Sistem Pelaporan Pelanggaran, Tata Kelola Yang Baik, dan Budaya Organisasi pada Pencegahan Kecurangan dalam Pengelolaan Keuangan Desa
Authors: Dinda Natalia Sang Ayu Putu , Sujana I Ketut
Published: January 2023

The research aims to prove that the violation reporting system, good governance and organizational culture have an effect on preventing fraud in village financial management. The research was conducted in all villages in Badung Regency, with a total sample of 138 respondents, but 129 respondents could process data. The sample technique used is saturated sample technique, so that all members of the population are sampled. The data collection method in this study used questionnaires distributed to respondents with the criteria of being village officials as stipulated in the Regulation of the Minister of Home Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia number 114 of 2014, including village heads, village secretaries, financial officers in each village in the district. Badung. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis. The results showed that the violation reporting system, good governance and organizational culture had a positive effect on preventing fraud in village financial management.

Keywords: Whistleblowing System; Good Governance; Organizational Culture.
Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Kecurangan Laporan Keuangan di Badan Usaha Milik Negara Indonesia
Authors: Abriatika Farrasnanda Noni , Mutmainah Siti
Published: January 2023

The research objective was to analyze empirically the influence of pressure, opportunity, rationalization and capability factors on fraudulent financial statements. Cases of fraudulent financial statements that caused substantial losses for many parties prompted research to be carried out. The object in this study is a State Owned Enterprise. The purposive sampling technique in this study resulted in 268 observations. The research method is quantitative, and the analysis used is logistic regression. The results showed that ROA had a negative effect on the occurrence of financial statement fraud, while the proportion of KI, auditor turnover, and CEO tenure did not affect the occurrence of financial statement fraud. Research contributes to various parties as a material consideration in assessing information that may influence the occurrence of fraudulent financial statements.

Keywords: Fraud Diamond Theory; Return on Assets; Independent Commissioners; Auditor Changes; CEO Tenure
Insentif Pajak Covid-19, Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak, Omnibus Law Perpajakan dan Penerimaan Pajak
Authors: Nofriani Sherli , Putri Adriyanti Agustina , Aristi Mentari Dwi
Published: January 2023

Indonesia's tax revenue in 2017-2021 has fluctuated so it is necessary to know the factors that affect tax revenue. The purpose of the study was to find out and analyze the effect of Covid-19 Tax Incentives, Taxpayer Compliance and Tax Omnibus Law on Tax Revenues at KPP Madya Pekanbaru 2020-2021. The methods of this thesis is a descriptive statistical analysis, data quality test, classical assumption test and hypothesis test. Independent Variables are Covid - 19 Tax Incentives, Taxpayer Compliance and Omnibus Law taxation while the Dependent Variables are Tax Revenues. The total population in this study is 1,296 corporate taxpayers using random sampling and eliminated using the slovin formula, obtained 93 sample respondents. The research is quantitative with cross-section primary data in the form of likert-scale questionnaires. The results showed that the Covid-19 Tax Incentive Variable, Taxpayer Compliance and Tax Omnibus Law had a positive effect on Tax Revenue at the Pekanbaru Intermediate KPP for 2020 - 2021.

Keywords: Covid-19; Incentives; Obedience; Omnibus Law
Peran Brand Trust Memediasi Brand Image Terhadap Brand Loyalty: Studi Pada Toko Dwipa Umalas Badung
Authors: Sastrawan Made Dwi , Pramudana Komang Agus Satria
Published: January 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan peran brand trust memediasi brand image terhadap brand loyalty: pada Toko Dwipa Umalas Badung. Penelitian ini dilakukan kepada pembeli yang berbelanja pada Toko Dwipa, Umals, Badung dengan sample penelitian sebanyak 100 responden dengan teknik sampel non probability sampling dengan metode purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuisioner yang disebarkan secara langsung kepada pembeli Toko Dwipa, Umalas, Badung. Adapun teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu analisis jalur, uji asumsi klasik dan uji sobel. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Brand Image berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Brand Loyalty pada Toko Dwipa Umalas Badung. Brand Image berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Brand Trust Pada Toko Dwipa Umalas Badung. Brand Trust berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap Brand Loyalty Pada Toko Dwipa Umalas Badung. Brand trust secara signifikan memediasi hubungan antara brand image terhadap brand loyalty Pada Toko Dwipa Umalas Badung. Implikasi penelitian ini diharapkan mampu memberikan masukan kepada pihak manajemen Toko Dwipa Umalas Badung sehingga dapat meningkatkan brand trust melalu inovasi serta kualitas layanan sehingga dapat meningkatkan brand image yang berpengaruh terhadap brand loyalty konsumen untuk berbelanja.

Kata kunci: Brand Image, Brand Trust, Brand Loyalty.
PENGARUH GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN, KOMPENSASI FINANSIAL, DAN IKLIM ORGANISASI TERHADAP MOTIVASI KERJA KARYAWAN NEW KUTA GOLF
Authors: Dewi Putu Evi Rosalinda , Surya Ida Bagus Ketut
Published: January 2023

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of leadership style, financial compensation and organizational climate on employee motivation at New Kuta Golf Bali. The sample used was 62 employees, with proportional random sampling method. The method of data collection was done through interviews and questionnaires. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression. The results of the analysis found that: 1) Leadership style had a positive and significant effect on employee motivation at New Kuta Golf Bali; 2) Financial compensation has a positive effect on employee work motivation; 3) Organizational climate also has a positive effect on employee motivation. Keyword: leadership style; financial compensation; organizational climate; work motivation.
REAKSI PASAR SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH STOCK SPLIT
Authors: Mayangsari Ni luh Astrid , Wiagustini Ni Luh Putu
Published: January 2023

Stock split ialah suatu jenis kegiatan dalam lingkup pasar modal yang dapat dilaksanakan oleh perusaahaan yang telah go public sebagai upaya meningkatkan kuantitas banyaknya saham yang ada dipasaran. Pada saat harga saham berada pada angka yang terlalu tinggi maka akan dilakukan stock split. Hal ini membuat saham yang diperdagangkan dipasaran menjadi kurang aktif. Penelitian ini mempunyai tujuan untuk melakukan analisis terhadap suatu perbedaan likuiditas dan abnormal return baik sebelum dan sesudah stock split. Yang mana penelitian ini memiliki jumlah populasi sebanyak 57 perusahaan di Bursa Efek Indonesia yang melakukan stock split periode 2014- 2018, pengambilan saham dengan mempergunakan sensus. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode analisis data uji t-test. Berdasarkan analisis yang telah peneliti lakukan maka ditemukan bahwa terdapat perbedaan likuiditas, dimana nilai likuiditas saham sebelum stock split lebih besar dari pada likuiditas saham sesudah stock split; terdapat perbedaan nilai abnormal return saham, dimana nilai rata-rata abnormal return saham sebelum stock split lebih besar dari pada abnormal return saham sesudah stock split.        

Kata Kunci: Likuiditas; Abnormal Return; Stock Split; Reaksi Pasar; Bursa Efek Indonesia
PERAN CITRA MEREK DALAM MEMEDIASI PENGARUH ELECTRONIC WORD OF MOUTH TERHADAP NIAT BELI KOSMETIK LIPTINT
Authors: Ariesi Desak Putu , Suprapti Ni Wayan Sri
Published: January 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan peran citra merek dalam memediasi pengaruh e-WoM terhadap niat beli produk Liptint Emina Magic Potion. Sampel penelitian terdiri atas 110 orang konsumen pengguna kosmetik di Kota Denpasar yang sering berbelanja online tetapi belum pernah menggunakan Liptint Emina Magic Potion. Data diambil melalui survei online menggunakan kuesioner, dan kemudian dianalisis menggunakan path analysis dan uji sobel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa e-WoM berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap citra merek produk kosmetik liptint merek Emina Magic Potion, e-WoM meningatkan niat beli produk kosmetik liptint merek Emina Magic Potion, citra merek berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap niat beli liptint merek Emina Magic Potion, citra merek secara signifikan memediasi pengaruh e-WoM terhadap niat beli produk liptint merek Emina Magic Potion. Hal ini memiliki arti bahwa e-WoM mampu meningkatkan niat beli konsumen terhadap produk kosmetik liptint merek Emina Magic Potion melalui citra merek kuat yang ada di benak konsumen. 

Kata kunci: citra merek, e-WoM, niat beli
Does Gender and Academic Year Affect The Performance of Entrepreneurship Education?
Authors: Christina Christina , Christian Timotius Febry , Utami Christina Whidya , Kristanti Lili
Published: January 2023

Entrepreneurship education has received special attention from Indonesia government in the last 10 years. It is one of the government programs to increase the number of entrepreneurs to support Indonesia’s vision to become a developed country in 2045. Research on gender issues and women entrepreneurship have attracted attention, thus increased tremendously. Yet, there are still few scholars whose research is about the relationship between gender and entrepreneurship academic performance, especially in Indonesia. This study aims to compare entrepreneurship subject final score, using gender and academic year as the independent variables. The data used in this study is secondary data taken from the academic system. There are 3336 data used in this research. There are four levels of the academic year and there are 834 data in each academic year, consist of 374 males and 460 females. The comparative test is analyzed using a two-way ANOVA. The result of this study shows that there is a significant difference between the male and female final scores on entrepreneurship subjects from the second semester until the fifth semester. Females tend to have higher scores compared to males. The result of this study also shows that there is a significant difference in the final score between each academic year. The result of the two-way ANOVA shows that there is no interaction between academic year and gender. Based on the finding, it is recommended to do further research to find the reason behind the good achievement by female.
Influence Of Organizational Citizenship Behavior To Employee Performance With Employee Competences And Job Satisfaction As Predictors
Authors: Supriyadi Andhi , Aryaningtyas Aurilia Triani
Published: January 2023

In the age of globalization where the midst of increasingly fierce competition, human ability as a resource for mastery of technology, adaptation and responsiveness to change is needed. This research is done to explore and analyze the impact of job satisfaction and competency on employee performance. Besides that organizational citizenship behavior is a mediating variable. Respondents used in this study were employees of the Garment Company factory in Semarang Regency as many as 105 people. The questionnaire method is used to collect the primary data needed. The AMOS SEM program is used for analytical tools.   The results of the study found that: 1). Employee competency variables and job satisfaction variables have a positive influence on OCB. 2). Employee competency variables and job satisfaction variables have a positive influence on employee performance. 3). OCB has a positive influence on employee performance. 4). Employee competency variables and job satisfaction variables have a positive influence through OCB on employee performance.
Palynological Research of Bohai Abrikosovsky Settlement (Primorsky Krai)
Authors:   Pacific Geographical Institute of the Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lyashchevskaya Marina S. , Bazarova Valentina B. ,   Pacific Geographical Institute of the Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Astashenkova Elena V. ,   Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnology of the Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Gelman Evgeniya I. ,   Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnology of the Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Kudryavtseva Ekaterina P. ,   Pacific Geographical Institute of the Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Piskareva Yana E. ,   Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnology of the Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: January 2023

For the first time palynological research was carried out on the Abrikosovsky settlement, located in the Krounovka river valley. This site is dated back to the epoch of the Bohai state (698–926). It was determined that during its existence there were transformations of surrounding landscape associated with climatic and anthropogenic causes. Several stages of the settlement development have been defined. Pollen of cultivated, edible wild plants and industrial crops were found in the cultural layer sediments. The inhabitants of the settlement could use stalks of nettle or hemp for the production of textiles. Reed could be one of the building materials (fascine making), its phytoliths were found in the cultural layer. It was determined that one of the natural disasters was recurring strong freshets and floods in the second half of the summer.
Subrecent Pollen Spectra of the Middle Volga Region and their Applicability for Climate and Land-Use History Reconstruction
Authors:   Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Ershova Ekaterina G. ,   Moscow State University, Ponomarenko Elena V. ,   Ottawa University, Vyazov Leonid A. ,   Institute of the problems of Northern Development, Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS
Published: January 2023

The paper presents the results of spore-pollen analysis of 47 surface soil samples from the Middle Volga region, taken both in territories with vegetation close to zonal one and in heavily disturbed vegetation areas and agricultural lands. The analysis showed an ambiguous relationship between subrecent spectra and modern vegetation, both local and regional. This is explained by strong anthropogenic transformation of landscapes and the spread of conifer plantations, which form the basis of the modern “pollen rain”. Comparison of the soil subrecent spectra with the spectra of the buried soils uncovered during archaeological excavations in Bolgar showed that the soils of different archaeological eras differ in the composition of the pollen preserved in them, which reflects significant changes in the landscape over time. These changes are associated mainly with the change of the dominant types of land use. It is shown that the pollen spectra of the trampled open areas (roadsides, wastelands and cattle tracks) have characteristic distinctive features, which can be used in the interpretation of the results of archaeological-soil studies.
Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of the Application of Factor Analysis on Archaeological Data
Authors:   Izhevsk State Technical University, Kovtun Svetlana P. , Shilova Zoia V. ,   Dubna State University, Abramova Irina V. ,   Perm State National Research University
Published: January 2023

The problem of bringing into line the methods of archaeology with the methods of multidimensional mathematics is considered in the paper. The aim is to test the factor analysis on the archaeological data of the Tarasovo burial ground of the 1st –5th centuries on the Middle Kama, followed by a critical comprehension of the results obtained. Previously, this method was not used to study the social structure of the Kama river region population. Ontological, gnosiological and epistemological aspects of the factor model were identified and described. Interdisciplinary operational concepts of its construction were implemented at different levels. Some social and informative features of a selection of male burials of the 3rd –5th centuries were found, presumably, marking the lifetime social status of persons. An attempt to demonstrate the semiotic ambiguity of these features has been made. The conclusion about its influence on the quality of social interpretation of factors has been made. Some problems related to the search for reasons that reduce the heuristic potential of the factor model have been formulated, as well as the quality and volume of social information in the given epistemological conditions. The structure of the formal text does not cover all the types of interconnections and relations of the social space of the burial as a whole. The interpretation of the obtained factors from the standpoint of sociological and culturological approaches have demonstrated the difficulties of transferring social categories into formalized ones and vice versa. A further perspective of this problem is seen in the foundation of a theory of coordination of the structures of a mathematical model and the subject structures of a social object, taking into account its subject features.
Prinsip-Prinsip dalam Pemasaran Syariah
Authors: Arifin Ichwan , Prawiro Abdurrahman Misno Bambang
Published: January 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk prinsip-prinsip pemasaran dalam perspektif syariah dan bagaimana menjadi sebuah perusahaan pemasaran (Marketing company) berbasiskan syariah dalam kepuasan konsumen. Metode penelitian menggunakan penelitian kualitatif,dengan metode yang berlandaskan pada pendekatan deskriptif analisis. Hasil penelitianHasil penelitian jugaa menujukan hasil efektif dengan penerapan konsep strategi pemasaran sustainable marketing enterprise (Value Architecture). Peningkatan pemasaran tersebut tidak terlepas dari peran manajemen dalam memahami lingkungan eksternal maupun internal, melakukan maintenance yang baik terhadap nasabah dan melakukan penetrasi pasar untuk memperluas segmentasi pasar yang dianalisis menggunakan teori kerangka kerja Sustainable Marketing Enterprise(SME).Kata Kunci : Prinsip, Sustainable, dan Pemasaran Syariah.
Pengembangan Wakaf Produktif Oleh Nazhir Berbadan Hukum
Authors: Syaifullah Hamli , Muttaqien Muhammad Khaerul , Hasbillah Mohammad Fikri Nazhif
Published: January 2023

Penelitian ini fokus membahas terkait pengembangan wakaf produktif oleh Nazhir berbadan hukum dengan fokus penelitian di Yayasan Global Wakaf ACT. Pendekatan yang digunakan ialah deskriptif kualitatif berbasis studi kasus, dengan berfokus pada kasus yang terjadi di Yayasan Global Wakaf ACT. Penelitian ini berfokus pada dua  pertanyaan, yaitu: (1) Bagaimana model pengembangan wakaf produktif berbadan hukum?; (2) Seberapa besar dampak pengembangan wakaf produktif berbadan hukum? Penelitian ini menghasilkan dua temuan, yaitu: (1) pengembangan wakaf berbasis badan hukum ialah menjadikan aset wakaf sebagai bentuk aset bisnis, dengan dua pembagian, yaitu wakaf yang menghasilkan keuntungan, contohnya ialah wakaf ekonomi dan pangan dan wakaf tidak menghasilkan keuntungan, contohnya ialah wakaf pendidikan dan kesehatan;  (2) model pengembangan wakaf berbadan hukum memiliki dampak signifikan terhadap pengelolaan dan pengembangan wakaf, sehingga keberadaan wakaf mampu menghasilkan wakaf kembali.Kata Kunci : Pengembangan Wakaf, Wakaf  Berbadan Hukum, dan Nadzhir Profesional.
Hubungan antara Gaya Humor dengan Persepsi Mahasiswa terhadap Efektivitas Mengajar Dosen dalam Pembelajaran Jarak Jauh
Authors: Desmiyati Desmiyati , Wijaya Erik , Andani Kurniati W.
Published: January 2023

During COVID-19 pandemic, learning activities were carried out online at home using online media. According to the college student's point of view, distance learning is considered less effective and boring so that using humor in the teaching and learning process is considered to increase the teaching effectiveness of lecturers in the classroom. Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between humor style and collage student’s perceptions of the teaching effectiveness of lecturers in distance learning. This research is quantitative research using non-probability sampling techniques, namely convenience sampling and snowball sampling. Participants in this study were 396 college students with age range of 18-25 years old. The measuring instrument used in this research were Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ) from Martin et al. (2003) which has been adapted into Indonesian by Laia (2014) and Teaching Effectiveness Scale (TES) from Calaguas (2013). The results of this study indicated that there was a positive and significant relationship between humor style on the self-enhancing humor dimension and teaching effectiveness in terms of the college student’s perceptions with a value of r = .287, p = .000 < .05. Other results show that the self-enhancing humor dimension has a positive and significant relationship with variables of teaching effectiveness on the dimensions of personality, subject matter expertise, relational competence with students, professional competence, teaching style, and classroom management style. This means, the higher the lecturer's self-enhancing humor, the higher teaching effectiveness of lecturer.
Peranan Stres Akademik Terhadap Subjective Well-Being dengan Perceived Social Support sebagai Moderator pada Mahasiswa Magang Atau Bekerja
Authors: Islahuddiny Barirahma Martinasia , Dewi Fransisca Iriani Roesmala , Sari Meylisa Permata
Published: January 2023

In this era of rapid growth on technology literacy, students as a bridge between the world of school and work hold great responsibilities and are required to work in a fast-paced environment, more complex than their predecessors. As students who are doing internships or working, they have two responsibilities, namely academic and professional at the same time. This can cause students to experience poor learning patterns due to lack of time management skills and tend to multi-task. Those who have many academic and other demands but are unable to cope with them will experience academic stress. In addition, time management is closely related to the work-life balance phenomenon. This can affect the low subjective well-being. Thus, academic stress can affect the decline of subjective well-being in students who are doing internships or working. This study aims to examine the relationship between academic stress and subjective well-being moderated by perceived social support. Data was collected by distributing questionnaires using the Perceived Academic Stress Scale (PAS), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE), and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) with 387 participants using linear regression quantitative research design. The result shows that p < 0.05 for regression and p > 0.05 for moderation analysis. Thus, show that there is an influence between academic stress and subjective well-being and social support cannot strengthen the effect of academic stress and subjective well-being.
Estrés percibido durante la pandemia del COVID-19 en estudiantes universitarios de Popayán (Colombia)
Authors: Molano Tobar Nancy Janneth , Vélez Tobar Raquel Amalia , Rojas Galvis Efraín Alirio
Published: January 2023

Objetivo. Identificar el nivel de estrés percibido durante la pandemia del COVID-19 en Universitarios de Popayán-Colombia. Método. Estudio descriptivo correlacional con una muestra probabilística de 295 estudiantes de una universidad pública, a quienes se aplicó la Escala de Estrés Percibido (EEP) a través de un formulario electrónico, utilizando métodos descriptivos de tendencia central y de dispersión y correlación de Pearson, calculados mediante el software SPSS, v. 24.0. Resultados. Se logró determinar que la población universitaria en el último mes exhibía un considerable nivel de estrés debido al proceso de aislamiento por la pandemia de COVID-19. De igual manera, se encontró un significativo nivel de estrés ante la preocupación de no superar las dificultades. Discusión y conclusiones. Los participantes manifestaron un componente que afecta su salud mental ante la situación, el cual esta mediado por las condiciones socioeconómicas y las expectativas de futuro en el ámbito académico y social, mayor en los varones que en las mujeres. Lo anterior sugiere la necesidad de tomar medidas de prevención y promoción relacionadas con la salud mental.
Afrontamiento, autocuidado y salud mental durante el primer año de pandemia de COVID-19
Authors: Nuñez Mera Wendy Johana , Manjarres Maestre Adriana Carolina
Published: January 2023

La crisis sanitaria generada a causa del COVID-19 ha traído consigo múltiples efectos económicos, sociales, educativos y psicológicos. En el ámbito de la salud, las afectaciones han sido no solo físicas sino también mentales, lo que ha afectado profundamente al personal sanitario y a la sociedad en general. El presente artículo pretende dar a conocer los factores que están relacionados con la aceptación de las medidas de protección y su relación con el bienestar psicológico, a fin de brindar información concisa sobre la implicación que tiene la salud mental para el afrontamiento de la crisis pandémica.
Estrategias de afrontamiento ante la pandemia por COVID-19 en familias nucleares: diferencias entre padres e hijos
Authors: Toiber-Rodríguez Marla Naiví , Montero-Pardo Xolyanetzin , Padilla-Bautista Joaquín Alberto , Aguilar-Delgadillo Cintia , Espinoza-Salgado Fátima Sagrario
Published: January 2023

Introducción. La pandemia por COVID-19 es un evento estresor no normativo que hace que las familias utilicen recursos externos e internos para afrontarlo. Objetivos: Describir las estrategias de afrontamiento que utilizan las familias nucleares mexicanas, y comparar la percepción que tienen de aquellas dependiendo de la edad, género, etapa del ciclo de vida y rol familiar del participante. Método. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en el que se aplicó la Escala de Afrontamiento Familiar ante la Pandemia por COVID-19 a 854 participantes a través de un formulario de Google Forms en las redes sociales. Resultados. La estrategia de afrontamiento familiar más empleada fue la colaboración y el apoyo conyugal. Se emplearon pruebas U de Mann-Whitney para buscar diferencias en las características señaladas en los objetivos. Se encontraron diferencias en padres/madres, comunicación y apoyo del sistema familiar, colaboración y apoyo conyugal, apoyo fraterno e interacción conflictiva madre-hijo; en las hijas, en violencia conyugal e interacción conflictiva madre-hijo. Discusión. Las familias en el futuro postpandémico requerirán de políticas sociales en las que la salud mental sea una meta común en los sectores políticos, educativos y de protección social.
Propiedades psicométricas preliminares de la Escala de Estresores relacionados con el Distanciamiento Social por la Covid-19
Authors: Bravo-González María Cristina , Miguel-Corona Roberto , Ordaz-Carrillo Maetzin Itzel , Vaquero-Cázares José Esteban
Published: January 2023

A raíz de la contingencia sanitaria derivada de la gran cantidad de contagios de la COVID-19 en el mundo, se pusieron en marcha diversas estrategias para disminuir la propagación del virus. En México se estableció la Jornada Nacional de Sana Distancia, que implicó considerables esfuerzos de distanciamiento social de la población. Ante ese panorama, surgió la necesidad de evaluar la percepción de las situaciones generadoras de estrés, para lo cual se desarrolló la Escala de Estresores relacionados con el Distanciamiento Social por motivo de pandemia. Por tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue mostrar el proceso de elaboración y análisis de las propiedades psicométricas de este instrumento en una muestra de 2,656 personas residentes en México. Luego de un análisis factorial exploratorio y de la utilización del coeficiente alfa de Cronbach, se eliminaron diez reactivos, por lo que la versión final consta de 16 reactivos agrupados en cuatro factores. Los análisis arrojaron índices satisfactorios para el total de la escala y por cada elemento, por lo que se concluye que esta escala puede evaluar estresores relacionados con el distanciamiento social de manera fiable y válida, aunque queda por realizarse aún el análisis factorial confirmatorio.
Peningkatan Skill Dasawisma pada Pelatihan TABULAMPOT (Tanaman Buah Dalam Pot) di Di Desa Kemuning Lor Kabupaten Jember
Authors: Damanhuri  , Pertami Rindha Rentina Darah , Jumiatun
Published: January 2023

Pemanfaatan lahan pekarangan menjadi lahan produktif sebagai sumber pangan keluarga perlu ditingkatkan. Kelompok ibu-ibu rumah tangga (dasawisma) yang merupakan mitra mampu memanfaatkan lahan pekarangan dengan baik. Dalam pengembangannya, mitra berkeinginan memanfaatkan pekarangan untuk tanaman buah. Tujuan dari kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah memberikan pelatihan dan edukasi terkait pemanfaatan lahan pekarangan untuk  budidaya buah dalam pot (tabulampot). Pelaksanaan kegiatan dimulai pada bulan Juli sampai dengan November 2021 bertempat di rumah RT.01 RW.13 di dusun Rayap Desa Kemuning Lor Kabupaten Jember. Berdasarkan hasil kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa mitra dapat mempraktekkan teknik budidaya buah dalam pot (tabulampot) di pekarangan. Selain itu mitra juga dibekali mengenai jenis dan komponen media tanam yang sesuai SOP untuk pertumbuhan tanaman buah optimal dan berbuah cepat.
Strategi Pemasaran Produk Pestisida "Sidamethrin" PT Yasida Makmur Abadi, Gresik
Authors: Firdaus An Nisa Rahmania , Kurniawan Bagus P. Yudia , Kustriari Tanti
Published: January 2023

This study is provided input to the company regarding the marketing strategy of PT Yasida Makmur Abadi's "sidamethrin" pesticide product, Gresik. The analytical tools used in this study are External Factor Evaluation (EFE), Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE), External Internal (IE), SWOT, and Analytical Hierarchy Proces (AHP). The results of the research conducted based on the results of the questionnaire, including:  Internal factors in marketing sidamethrin pesticide products of PT Yasida Makmur Abadi, Gresik is that the quality of sidamethrin products is very guaranteed, and sidamethrin products are easy to obtain and available with an influence value of 0.44. The main weaknesses in marketing sidamethrin pesticide products of PT Yasida Makmur Abadi, Gresik are perishable product packaging, and limited distribution areas with an influence value of 0.3). External factors in marketing sidamethrin pesticide products of PT Yasida Makmur Abadi, Gresik is the potential area and the availability of business information online or offline that can increase promotional activities with an influence value of 0.31. The main threat in marketing sidamethrin pesticide products of PT Yasida Makmur Abadi, Gresik is the emergence of product innovations on the part of competitors, the emergence of competitors in the sales process, the same active ingredients can provide more profits, and the vigorous promotion of competitors with an influence value of 0.29. IE analysis, showing that the marketing of pt Yasida Makmur Abadi's sidamethrin pesticide product, Gresik is at square I (Aggressive). AHP analysis, an alternative strategy that can be used, namely the development of the quality of human resources, especially those in the field
Non-Destructive Method to Evaluate The Relationship Between Skin Color and Quality Characteristic of Avocado (Persea americana Mill.)
Authors: Aprilliani Fenny , Hernowo Hernowo
Published: January 2023

Color analysis can be used to determine the quality characteristic and the level of maturity of agricultural products, including avocados. Avocado ‘Mentega’ with three different levels of maturity A1: less than 80%, A2: 80-85%, and A3: levels of maturity more than 85% were collected from Bandungan, Indonesia. The avocado characteristic was conducted with 33 samples for each maturity level with a weight of approximately 366±16 g. The mass and dimensional loss (%), color properties (L*a*b*), and firmness (kg.mm-2) were evaluated. The results showed significant effects of maturity level on mass loss, firmness, and color properties (L* and a*). Storage for 10 days at room temperature for sample A3 (maturity level more than 85%) showed the highest mass loss (4.77±2.31%), dimensional loss (114.36±7.83% for length and 22.79±15.78% for width), and the lowest value of firmness (0.46±0.31 kg.mm-2). The relationship between skin color and quality characteristic of avocado ‘Mentega’ was developed using the data of fruit firmness and avocado maturity index (AMI) by the formula F = -0.1116x-0.9692; MAPE = 21.74%. The actual and estimation data of firmness show that the model is fitted to describe the actual fruit firmness under the same experimental conditions.
الفكر الاسلامي ودوره في التكامل الابستمولوجي
Authors: Saleh Ammar Bassem
Published: January 2023

لقد شهد هذا الزمن صراعا علميا وبحثيا  مهما في  اهمية التكامل الابستمولوجي  من حيث حقيقته ومسوغاته.
حاول البحث إبراز أوجه التكامل ومقومات   العلوم المعرفية  في الوقت الذي لم يغفل عن بيان أن إدراك التطور العلمي يعد  من الأمور العسيرة ،إذ إن من الأسس  التي قامت عليها نظرية المعرفة في تطور مجالات العلوم كافة وعلى جميع الأصعدة.
 كما وأكد البحث ان قيام الحضارة الإسلامية وازدهارها لم يكن الا نتيجة حتمية للتكامل بين المعارف من خلال ضرورة التكامل المعرفي  ، وقد أبرز البحث جملة من الحقائق بعد أن تمت معالجة المقدمات الممهدة لها؛ اذ وضح البحث أهمية و ضرورة إدخال جميع أنواع المعارف والعلوم - من كونية وطبيعية ودينية وغيرها - ضمن مصطلح الفكر الإسلامي بلحاظ أن جميع المعارف والعلوم في الإسلام متكاملة يكمل أحدها الآخر.
  يؤكد البحث أن الابستمولوجية  لا تعني القطيعة النهائية مع الماضي وإنما هي قضية تحول تدريجي للثقافة، من ثقافة تقليدية تعبر عن بيئة قديمة وتفسير العالم تفسيراً تقليدياً إلى ثقافة متطورة قادرة على فهم التقنية ومظاهر التجديد الذي تحملها الحداثة معها.
تَماسكُ النّصِّ الشّفويّ من منظور علم الاجتماع المعرفيّ سلطة النَّموذج الارشاديَّ في كتاب"قواعد الشّعر" لثعلب
Authors: Mahmoud Hussein N. , Sarhat Saad R.
Published: January 2023

تتناول هذه الدراسة التماسك النصّي في الخطاب الشّفوي وفق رؤية سوسيولوجيّة معرفيّة،ففي ظلّ التداخل المعرفيّ الذي تشهده اليوم الساحةُ الفكرية،أصبح من الضرورة بمكان إجراء مقاربات "بينيّة"على الحقول المعرفيّة.من هنا كان النظر إلى التراث اللغويّ بكلّ حقوله وإلى التراث الأدبي بشقيه: الإبداعي والنّقدي, وفق المناهج الاجتماعية مثمرًا و ذا جدوى.
يراد بسوسيولوجيا المعرفة ذلك الحقلٌ المعرفيٌّ  الذي يُعنى بدراسة النتاجات الفكرية والعقلية عِبر ربطها بالواقع الاجتماعي والنّسق الفكريّ السائد في المجتمع،وهذا بالاستناد إلى وجود علاقة جدليّة تربط الوعي بالمجتمع، فمن مهام هذا الحقل المعرفي دراسة الطرق التي من خلالها تؤثّر الثقافة و العوامل الاجتماعية في الفكر وأنماطه ومصادره.
تتّسمُ العلامة اللغويّة في الخطاب الشفهيّ بالطابع الأفقيّ أو الزمني،وذلك على ما تقتضيه الطبيعة الشفهيّة للغة التي فيها لا يستطيع الإنسان السيطرة على الملفوظات إلّا حين تكون العلامة عبارة عن تتابع وامتداد خطيّ للأصوات،على حين يضعف سلطان الإنسان إزاء هذه العلامات حين تتراكم وتمتدّ امتدادَا عموديًا،فعندئذٍ لا بدَّ من الاستعانة بوسائل الحفظ و التضبير،ومن أهمّ هذه الوسائل الكتابة التي معها تنتعش الطبيعة العمودية للغة و تصبح اللغة أكثر طواعية واستجابة للتعمّق في الخطاب،بما يفضي بالنّاص إلى البحث عن وسائل تماسك مكانيّة بدلًا من البحث عن وسائل تماسك زمنيّة,إلّا أنّ سيادة الثقافة الشفويّة على حياة العرب حتى بعد عصر التّدوين غذّت النزوع الشّفوي في النتاجات الأدبيّة,وبذلك ترى بوضوح أنَّ النصوص العربيّة القديمة-بحكم انتمائها إلى ثقافة شفهية-تتميّز بتوافرها اللافت على على وسائل تماسكيّة كثيرة ,ولا سيّما الشعر الذي يتسلّح كلُّ بيت منه بحشد من العناصر اللغوية التي تشدّ أزره,وكان ممَّا زاد على ذلك التوجهات النقديّة ذات النزعة التجزيئيّة التي سلّطت الضوء على البيت الواحد في القصيدة  ولم  تتجاوزها إلى أجزاء أخرى.
و كتاب قواعد الشعر لأبي العباس ثعلب(ت291)يضرب أنموذجًا في الانتصار للشفويّة,وكانت محاولة مبكّرة لصياغة قواعد للنصّ,لولا حاجتها الى المزيد من التقنين, إذ ينطلق ثعلب من رؤية ملتزمة تجاه التراث الشعري ، وهو بهذه الرؤية يروج لنماذج الاسلاف ، بهدف تقليص التعبير الشعري بمجموعة من الصيغ والقوالب ، البسيطة الشائعة ، لأجل تضييق المجال على التطورات المتلاحقة التي بدأت تشييع بين الشعراء المحدثين ، ولعل هذا يثبت صلة الكتاب بالسمات والخصائص التي تناقلتها العرب بلغوييهم ونقادهم وشعرائهم عن الشعر العربي ,وما ينبغي ان يكون عليه هذا الشعر
اختياراتُ أَبي عليٍّ الشَّلوبين في كتابِهِ التَّوطئة في النحو النحو
Authors: Suhaila Taha Mohamed , Hasan Mohanad Ahmed
Published: January 2023

اختيارات أبي علي الشلوبين في كتابه ((التوطئة في النحو))
الحمد لله ربّ العالمين والصلاة والسلام على أشرف خلق الله محمد وعلى آله وصحبه وسلم أجمعين أمّا بعد:-
  ممّا لا شك فيه أنّ النحو العربي من أجلّ العلوم مكانة , وأجودها نفعاً , حيث به يستقيم اللسان وتعلو المرءُ في البيان.
    وقد صنّف سلفنا الصالح مصنفات جليلةٍ في علوم العربية , وفي النحو خاصةً ولم يقتصروا على كتب التقعيد, بل تجاوز ذلك إلى أن بدأوا يتنافسون في أن  يكون لكل قطرٍ مذهب نحوي , ويكون لكل عالم منهج يميزه عن غيره , مقيداً اللاحق من السابق مصنفاً ماتمليه عليه القريحة .
    وخلال بحثنا في كتب التراث اللغوية  استوقفنا كتابه  ((التوطئة في النحو))  لأبي علي الشلوبين (ت 645هـ) ولم يدرس هذا الكتاب مع أنّ فيه جهوداً نحوية كبيرة  ومحقق من قبل الدكتور يوسف  أحمد المطوع .
 ولقد تأثر الشلوبين بالجو الفكري للنحاة في عصره , فهو مع  اتصاله الفكري الدائم مع بعض النحاة المعاصرين له في المشرق والمغرب يورد كثيراً من آراء سابقيه . فيفاضل بينها ,ويرجح مايراه يتفق مع رأيه ويرفض مايختلف مذهبه ....
التراث واثره في الشعر الجاهلي/الدلالة والمعرفة
Authors: Farag Rehab Mohamed
Published: January 2023

تعد اللغة العربية لغة التراث التي تربط الحاضر بالماضي وهي مركزية التفاعل والاندماج مع اللغات الاخرى لما تتميزبه من سمات اسلوبية ودلالية وسياقية فضلا عن كونها  لغة القران الكريم الذي حفظ
 مقوماتها وجذورها العربية كما حفظ للعرب لغتهم،وقدتميزت اللغة العربية عن غيرها من اللغات بسر
 فصاحتها وقوة تعبيرها وتطور دلالتها مع تطور الحياة ةالعصر،وهي لغة العرب الموحدة التي جمعتهم
 تحت راية الاسلام وقد وجدت مع ولادة الانسان العربي ،لذا كان من الاولى الحفاظ عليها وعلى تراثها
 الذي يعبرعن الوظائف الاجتماعية والسياسية الادبية ،من هنا وجدنا ان التراث العربي وجب دراسته لانه يعد اساس الدراسات ومن المرتكزات الاساسية لديمومة اللغة والحياة،وقد حافظ الشعر العربي القديم عليه بانواعه المختلفة من اجل اثراء اللغة وتاثيرها في التكامل المعرفي وعكس هذا التاثير على المتلقي ،من هنا جاء بحثنا(التراث واثره في الشعر الجاهلي –الدلالة والمعرفة) ليلقي الضوء على اهم مرتكزات اللغة ،وتضمن محاور منها:التراث لغة واصطلاحا،اثر التراث في الاساطير،التراث التاريخي،التراث الادبي،اثراللغة في تكوين التراث،ودرس اثره في الصورة الشعرية والموسيقى جاءت اهمية البحث من خلال اهمية التراث لانه يعد من اوجه التكامل المعرفي الذي لايمكن التغاضي عنه ولانه من المصادر المعرفية المهمة والتي اسلهم منها الشعراء مواردهم ومقومات شعرهم
Metaphoric Usage of Human Body Parts in T.S. Eliot’s Selected Poems
Authors: Ali Ayad Hammad , Ayyed Omar Saadoon
Published: January 2023

The current paper is devoted to study the human body parts metaphorically which Thomas Stearns Eliot recruits in his poems. Eliot is conventionally known of metaphorizing many body parts in order to fabricate situations that embrace certain implications which are often difficult for the reader to decode their real meanings. The poet creates his images and symbols involving body parts through utilizing specific figures of speech including conceptual metaphor and synecdoche that added an artistic value to his poetry. However, the aim of the paper is to figure out these human body parts which are used figuratively, then analyze them metaphorically to grasp their intended meanings easily. In addition, this paper aims at showing how Eliot frames the symbolic images through hiring human organs and how to perceive their connotations within the context. A model of conceptual metaphor has been utilized in the process of analysis for it is adequate to the research’s objective. It has been proved that Eliot focuses on some basic human body parts, particularly the sensory organs, such as ‘eyes’, ‘feet’, ‘hands’, ‘hair’ and ‘heart’. Each one expresses certain conceptions in the sense that ‘hands’ are used as a symbol of work, while ‘heart’ symbolically represents sensations and ‘eyes’ is a metonymy for woman or man. Consequently, these are called organic images.
الاستعمار الألمـاني فـي الكـاميـرون 1884 ــــ 1916م
Authors: AL-Tikrity Harith A. , ALjuboury Hussein A.
Published: January 2023

كانت القارة الأفريقية طيلة تاريخها الحديث ومنذُ أن بدأت الكشوفات التاريخية محل نهب واستغلال من قبل المستعمر الأجنبي الأوربي حتى أنها لم يبق فيها موضع قدم إلاَّ وأصبح تحت سيطرة القوى الاستعمارية الاوربية، إذ لم تشهد قارة في العالم ما شهدته القارة الافريقية من أذلال لسكانها بدءً من استرقاق سكانها واستغلال مواردها الطبيعية ونهب ثرواتها الطبيعية من زراعة ومعادن.
ولذلك أرتأى الباحثان دراسة الظروف التي ساعدت على وجود المُستعمر الألماني في تلك المنطقة من القارة الأفريقية ، لما يحملهُ هذا الموضوع من خفايا حول بدايات هذا الاستعمار وتوسعه، لذلك تم تقسيم البحث على خمسة محاور رئيسة تناول الأول: بدايات التوجـه الألماني نحــو أفـريقيـا في حين درس الثاني مؤتمر برلين عام1884م، اما الثالث فخصص لمتابعة النشـاط التجـاري والكشـفي الألمـاني في الكـاميــرون، في حين ناقش المحور الرابع الـوجــود الألـماني فـي الكـاميـرون، والخامس درس: الحــرب العالميـة الأولى وأثرهــا على الاحــتلال الألـماني فـي الكـاميــرون .
فلسطين في كتابات الرحالة اليهود رحلة بنيامين التطيلي أنموذجا (561 ـــــ 569 ه /1165 ـــــ 1173م)
Authors: Mohammed Al-Jandeel Hashim Saab
Published: January 2023

تعد الرحلات من اهم المصادر التاريخية، لذا وقع اختياري على دراسة ما كتبة الرحالة اليهودي بنيامين التطيلي الاندلسي عن فلسطين من خلال رحلته الى فلسطين في القرن السادس الهجري/ الثاني عشر الميلادي، وتكمن اهمية هذا الموضوع كونه يبحث في ما دونه هذا الرحالة من ملاحظات عن فلسطين خلال حقبة السيطرة الصليبية، والتي على ما يبدو إن الهدف منها كان احصاء عدد اليهود في المدن التي زارها والوقوف على أحوالهم .
    فضلا عن كونها تعكس تصور الرحالة اليهود عن الصراع بين الاسلام والمسيحية على ارض فلسطين ولذي تناولت في السيرة الذاتية للرحالة بنيامين التطيلي، وتاريخ رحلته ومسارها وأهدافها وما دونه عن فلسطين ومدنها والوجود اليهودي فيها .
الديانة الوثنية في بلاد المغرب القديم
Authors: Mouas Nora
Published: January 2023

عرفت منطقة بلاد المغرب القديم ممارسات دينية كثيرة ارتبطت بتقديس وعبادة المظاهر الطبيعة، كالمياه (الامطار) و الأحجار، الجبال، الكهوف والمغارات، النباتات والحيوانات وغيرها، بالإضافة الى عبادة الالهة الرسمية شأنهم شأن الشعوب القديمة الأخرى، و مع الزمن تطور التفكير الديني المغاربي القديم عندهم الى مرحلة أكثر نضجا وتطورا، فقد اتخذ الانسان المغاربي القديم، من مظاهر الطبيعة المختلفة آلهة، وصنع منها أوثانا يقدسها ويتعبدها، يتوسل اليها في أحزانه ويشكرها في أفراحه.
         كما كان الانسان المغربي القديم متفتحا على تيارات دينية أخرى، الشرقية أو الغربية، وعليه كان العدد الكبير للآلهة الوثنية التي قدسها، حيث أقام لها دور للعبادة لمنزلتها الكبيرة بين ألهتهم المحلية.
        نريد في هذه الدراسة إلقاء الضوء على أبرز مظاهر الطبيعة المختلفة، التي قدسها الانسان المغاربي القديم، والتي اختارها لإقامة مراسيمه الطقوسية الأولى ، بالإضافة الى التعرف على  أهم التيارات الدينية - الشرقية أو الغربية - الوافدة الى بلاد المغرب القديم