bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A simple and sensitive method for determination of Norfloxacin in pharmaceutical preparations
Authors: Ye Zhuo , Wang Le , Wen Jianguo
Published: August 2015

In this approach, a new voltammetric method for determination of norfloxacin was proposed with high sensitivity and wider detection linear range. The used voltammetric sensor was fabricated simply by coating a layer of graphene oxide (GO) and Nafion composited film on glassy carbon electrode. The advantage of proposed method was sensitive electrochemical response for norfloxacin, which was attributed to the excellent electrical conductivity of GO and the accumulating function of Nafion under optimum experimental conditions, the present method revealed a good linear response for determination of norfloxacin in the range of 1×10-8mol/L-7×10-6 mol/L with a detection limit of 5×10-9 mol/L. The proposed method was successfully applied in the determination of norfloxacin in capsules with satisfactory results.
Atorvastatin calcium loaded chitosan nanoparticles: in vitro evaluation and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rabbits
Authors: Ahmed Abdul Baquee , Konwar Ranjit , Sengupta Rupa
Published: August 2015

In this study, we prepared atorvastatin calcium (AVST) loaded chitosan nanoparticles to improve the oral bioavailability of the drug. Nanoparticles were prepared by solvent evaporation technique and evaluated for its particle size, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, in vitro release and surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, the pharmacokinetics of AVST from the optimized formulation (FT5) was compared with marketed immediate release formulation (Atorva(r)) in rabbits. Particle size of prepared nanoparticles was ranged between 179.3 ± 7.12 to 256.8 ± 8.24 nm with a low polydispersity index (PI) value. Zeta potential study showed that the particles are stable with positive values between 13.03 ± 0.32 to 46.90 ± 0.49 mV. FT-IR studies confirmed the absence of incompatibility of AVST with excipient used in the formulations. In vitro release study showed that the drug release was sustained for 48 h. Results of pharmacokinetics study showed significant changes in the pharmacokinetic parameter (2.2 fold increase in AUC) of the optimized formulation as compared to marketed formulation (Atorva(r)). Thus, the developed nanoparticles evidenced the improvement of oral bioavailability of AVST in rabbit model.
Trends in Radical Surgical Treatment Methods for Breast Malignancies in China: A Multicenter 10-Year Retrospective Study
Authors: Zhang Bai-Lin , Sivasubramaniam Priya G. , Zhang Qian , Wang Jing , Zhang Bin , Gao Ji-Dong , Tang Zhong-Hua , Chen Guo-Ji , Xie Xiao-Ming , Wang Zhongzhao , Yang Hong-Jian , He Jian-Jun , Li Hui , Li Jia-Yuan , Fan Jin-Hu , Wang Xiang , Qiao You-Lin
Published: August 2015

Background.

Incidence rates of breast cancer continue to rise in the People's Republic of China. The purpose of this study was to describe Chinese trends in radical surgical modalities and influential imaging and demographic factors for breast malignancies.

Materials and Methods.

This study was a hospital-based, multicenter, 10-year (1999–2008), retrospective study. Descriptive statistical tests were used to illustrate information regarding radical surgical trends for the treatment of breast malignancies. Chi-square tests were used to assess effect of demographic factors in addition to imaging and pathological data on the specific surgical method.

Results.

A total of 4,211 patients were enrolled in the survey. Among them, 3,335 patients with stage 0 to stage III disease undergoing mastectomy or breast-conserving surgery (BCS) were included in the final analysis. The rate of BCS increased from 1.53% in 1999 to 11.88% in 2008. The rate of mastectomy declined over this time period, from 98.47% in 1999 to 88.12% in 2008, with increasing use of diagnostic imaging methods and pathological biopsies. A significantly greater percentage of patients with office work, high education levels, unmarried status, younger age, and early pathological stages preferred BCS compared with mastectomy.

Conclusion.

Rates of mastectomy in China remain elevated due to diagnosis at higher stages; however, because of increased use of diagnostic imaging, improvement of biopsy methods, and patient education, rates of less invasive lumpectomy are increasing and rates of mastectomy have decreased in China.

Implications for Practice:

In this study, 4,211 cases were collected from 1999 to 2008 through a multicenter retrospective study of varying geographic and socioeconomic areas to illustrate trends of surgeries in the People's Republic of China. The correlations between demographic and tumor characteristics and among methods of surgical treatment were explored. This study shows that the rate of breast-conserving surgery (BCS) increased and the rate of mastectomy declined over this time period with increasing use of diagnostic imaging methods and pathological biopsies. Patients with office work, high education levels, unmarried status, younger age, and early pathological stages preferred BCS compared with mastectomy in China.
Integration of Oncology and Palliative Care, a Forgotten Indicator: Shared Decision-Making
Authors: Huillard Olivier , Colombet Isabelle , Montheil Vincent , Weiler Fabienne , Boudou-Rouquette Pascaline , Arrondeau Jennifer , Tlemsani Camille , Cessot Anatole , Giroux Julie , Alexandre Jerome , Goldwasser François , Vinant Pascale
Published: August 2015

A review article addressing the integration of oncology and palliative care is missing an important indicator: shared decision-making in patient care between oncologists and the palliative care team.
In Reply
Authors: Hui David , Bruera Eduardo
Published: August 2015

In a study of the integration of oncology and palliative care, shared decision-making in patient care is addressed by the existing set of indicators. However, oncologists may have a variable level of participation in onco-palliative meetings, and further study is needed to support this novel intervention.
Changing Beliefs and Practices in Women With Breast Cancer in China
Authors: Gadd Michele A.
Published: August 2015

The trends of surgical therapy for breast cancer in China between 1999 and 2008 show persistent use of modified radical mastectomy and slow uptake of sentinel node mapping for women with early-stage breast cancer. Additional health care programs must be developed and implemented in China to promote awareness and a multidisciplinary approach to treating breast cancer, including adoption of screening mammography, breast-conserving surgery, and sentinel node mapping and biopsy.
Pore structure of cement pastes through NAD and MIP analysis
Authors: Zeng Qiang , Li Kefei , Fen-Chong Teddy , Dangla Patrick
Published: August 2015

Two cement pastes (water to cement ratio, w/c = 0·5, 0·3) were investigated through mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and nitrogen adsorption/desorption (NAD) methods at different hardening ages. The pore structure is characterised by specific surface area, pore volume and pore size distribution. The results show that: (a) the pore structure has strong scale dependence and NAD–MIP joint measurement helps to identify the different pore structure patterns; (b) MIP total pore volume captures the global process of the hydrates filling process with curing age, the mesopore (2–70 nm) volume is dominated by hydrates filling for w/c = 0·5 but countered by high-density calcium-silicate-hydrate growth for w/c = 0·3; (c) specific surface area is sensitive to calcium-silicate-hydrate growth and specific surface area values are likely to confirm that high w/c (0·5) favours low-density calcium-silicate-hydrate growth whereas low w/c (0·3) facilitates high-density calcium-silicate-hydrate formation.
Nano–micro modelling of mechanical properties of cement paste based on molecular dynamics
Authors: Zhou Jikai , Huang Junkai , Jin Long
Published: August 2015

The elastic properties and tensile strength of cement paste were investigated from a theoretical viewpoint. By means of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the Mori–Tanaka homogenisation method and Griffith fracture theory, a comprehensive methodology was developed to explore the mechanical properties of cement paste from nanoscale to microscale. A series of nanostructures representing the main constituents of cement paste was constructed and analysed in the light of MD simulations, in which microporomechanics analysis was conducted to consider the influence of gel porosity. The outcomes were then upscaled for the elastic constants of cement paste using the Mori–Tanaka homogenisation method. Finally, the tensile strength of cement paste was obtained according to Griffith fracture theory. The calculation results were in good agreement with the experimental data, which shows that the multiscale coupling method based on MD is capable of capturing the mechanical properties of cement paste from the atomic scale, thus providing a new perspective on the multiscale study of cement-based materials.
Appropriate public-realm design for the blind and partially sighted
Authors: Smithies Nicola Jane
Published: August 2015

Highway and public-realm designers are introducing shared-space concepts to many urban centres, without the usual segregation of a kerb between the footway and carriageway. With approximately two million of the UK population being visually impaired or blind, designers must take into account the needs of such vulnerable road users. This paper evaluates current design guidance and the approaches used to accommodate blind and partially sighted people. A study was carried out, the results of which show blind and partially sighted people’s interpretations of surfacing types, such as tactile paving, and how these are used to navigate. Results of the research were then implemented in public-realm design within Bolton town centre. Research results showed that blind and partially sighted participants are able to identify many surface types, not just a kerb face, and use these as the means to identify their location. There was evidence of differences in the interpretation between the research results and guidance about the use and value of tactile paving. Results from this investigation were implemented in urban design by the use of colour-contrasting materials, constant levels that also aid the mobility impaired, and the use of tactile paving.
Research and innovation in Africa’s rural transport sector
Authors: Geddes Robert
Published: August 2015

The African Community Access Programme is a research initiative for the rural transport sector in Africa. The programme is funded by the UK Department for International Development and by partner governments in Africa. The programme in turn has funded a wide range of research projects in the rural transport sector. It provides support to users of the research outputs at all stages of the uptake process. Users of these new ideas include national transport sector institutions, local government organisations, practitioners and community groups. Under the programme the uptake of new ideas and innovations has been most effective in the road engineering aspects of rural transport. This includes the adoption of new standards and specifications for low traffic roads. The rate of uptake is affected by the level of institutional maturity and cohesion in the participating countries, and how closely the innovation is aligned to sector policies and strategic plans. Particular success has been achieved when there is a champion for the idea in the user organisation. The programme has focused on effective communication of research findings to user groups and building a strong community of practice for the rural transport sector. Long-term support from the principal funder has been a key factor.
Asbestos in recycled materials – modern risks and future concerns
Authors: Fox Melissa
Published: August 2015

The presence of asbestos fibres and asbestos-containing materials within recycled building materials is not a new phenomenon, but due to increased awareness and therefore increased analysis of these recycled materials, it has become an additional contaminant for developers to consider when investigating construction sites. Further to this, asbestos replacements such as man-made mineral fibre and refractory ceramic fibre currently being used in construction may be the problems of the future, the risks of which should be considered now.
Space for tricycles and bike trailers: necessary provisions
Authors: Gaffga Gregor , Hagemeister Carmen
Published: August 2015

As cycling is becoming more popular, better infrastructure for riding and parking bicycles is being provided. For transport of larger goods or children, tricycles or trailers are more comfortable than bikes, or may even be the only option. Persons with certain physical problems may prefer a tricycle, or some cyclists may choose to ride a sporty recumbent tricycle. In an online survey, the special problems of tricyclists and cyclists using a trailer were assessed. The main infrastructural problems for trikes and trailers were obstacles such as chicane barriers, bollards and inadequately dropped kerbs. Garages were relatively important for parking trikes and trailers at night. Those persons who have a choice prefer to use a bicycle without a trailer when they travel part of their journey on public transport. The perceived social interactions differed only slightly when using a bike or a trike, or a bike with or without a trailer. Tricyclists and trailer users perceived that they were overtaken with more clearance than when riding a bike. Thus infrastructural elements and public transport are much greater barriers to the use of tricycles and bike trailers than the social interaction on the road. Their elimination can contribute to promoting everyday bicycle use.
Testing a data assimilation approach to reduce geomechanical uncertainties in modelling land subsidence
Authors: Baù Domenico , Alzraiee Ayman , Zoccarato Claudia , Gambolati Giuseppe , Ferronato Massimiliano , Bottazzi Francesca , Mantica Stefano , Teatini Pietro
Published: August 2015

The compaction of a gas/oil bearing reservoir or an aquifer system due to subsurface fluid production may result in land subsidence as has been observed worldwide during the 20th century. Uncertainties on geomechanical parameters typically affect model prediction of anthropogenic land settlement. Usually, soil compressibility, Young’s modulus, and the Poisson ratio, that is, the most important parameters characterising the rock geomechanical properties, are derived from laboratory tests and/or in situ measurements, whose reliability may be limited in some cases. In the present work, the authors test the capability to reduce the uncertainty on geomechanical parameters by assimilating a given number of surface displacements. A data-assimilation algorithm, known as ensemble smoother (ES), is used along with a radial-symmetric finite element (FE) code in a realistic orthotropic geological setting, where a 1200-m deep disk-shaped reservoir is assumed to be developed. The results show that the ES constitutes a quite promising tool to reduce geomechanical uncertainties in modelling land subsidence.
Mechanical and physical properties of concrete containing FGD waste
Authors: Khatib Jamal M. , Mangat Pal S. , Wright Lee
Published: August 2015

The work reported here forms part of a wide-ranging research project on the optimum use of waste from dry and semi-dry flue gas desulfurisation (FGD) processes in concrete. This study examined the influence of a typical simulated desulfurised waste (SDW) on the physical and mechanical and physical properties of concrete. SDW was chosen due to the wide variability in the composition of actual FGD waste. Two binder systems were investigated: cement and SDW (C-SDW) and cement, slag and SDW (C-S-SDW). The SDW content ranged from 0 to 70% and the slag from 0 to 90% as partial cement replacements. The properties examined included compressive and flexural strengths, water absorption, shrinkage and expansion. The results showed that replacing cement with SDW beyond 20% systematically reduces strength. An increase in SDW content reduces shrinkage. The presence of small amounts of slag allows the use of high proportions of SDW. The use of desulfurised waste in concrete applications is possible as adequate strength can be achieved.
Behaviour of infilled reinforced-concrete frames with various interface conditions
Authors: Le Dinh Quoc Khanh , Bui Thanh Cong , Nguyen Yen Van
Published: August 2015

This paper presents experimental studies on the behaviour of infilled reinforced-concrete (RC) frames using autoclaved aerated concrete blocks with different interface conditions between the infilled masonry and RC frames. The experiments were conducted on three groups with a total of five models: two completely infilled frames, two incompletely infilled frames and a bare frame (to verify the results). The behaviour of the structure was evaluated in terms of the level of stiffness degradation, the lateral displacement, the energy dissipation capacity and the displacement ductility ratio. The finite-element method calculation results for the modified equivalent strut model were in good agreement with the experimental results in the elastic stage.
Carbon fibre-reinforced polymer for the repair of fatigue cracks in steel structures
Authors: May Ian M. , Roy Michael , Lang Chris , Khan Rashid A.
Published: August 2015

Fatigue cracking can occur in any complex steel structure. The user is generally unaware until the crack reaches a length that can be observed with the naked eye. At this time repair is needed: in some situations the repair may not require welding and can be relatively easily carried out. Carbon composite patches applied over the crack represent a possible choice. This paper describes an experimental investigation of the fatigue crack growth rate in welded steel details with carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) repairs. Three types of specimen were tested, including a cruciform section and a longitudinally stiffened plate. Both plain steel unpatched specimens and patched specimens repaired with CFRP composite to extend the fatigue life were tested. The test results were used to validate the three-dimensional (3D) finite-element models, (FEM), which were used to predict crack growth in both the plain steel and repaired plates. The analysis was based on linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) and the Paris law and was carried out using Abaqus in conjunction with Zencrack. The FEM were found to give an accurate predictions of the crack growth rate in both the unpatched specimens and patched specimens. It is concluded that the patching technique using CFRP can give a useful extension of life and that the finite-element analysis described could be used in practice to design such repairs with confidence.
Riding the Populist Web: Contextualizing the Five Star Movement (M5S) in Italy
Authors: Lanzone Liza , Woods Dwayne
Published: August 2015

This article focuses on three mechanisms to explain the rise of populist movements across Europe. They are politicization of resentment, exploitation of social cleavages, and polarization of resentment and feelings of non-representation. We conceptualize populism as a strategic power game aiming to transform potential majorities into real ones by creating or reframing social cleavages. Our theoretical model is used to explain the rise of the Five Star Movement (M5S). Beppe Grillo’s M5S gained notoriety on the national political scene in Italy just before the 2013 elections and succeeded in get-ting nearly 25 percent of the overall vote. Moreover, it was the only political force that was able to attract votes across the different regions in Italy, making it the country’s only truly national party.
Characteristics of the Coagulate Obtained During the Process of Model Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Brovkina Julija , Shulga Galija , Ozolins Jurijs , Irbe Zilgma , Turks Maris , Rjabovs Vitalijs
Published: August 2015

In the process of wastewater treatment by coagulation a large amount of sediment is being produced, which is the main drawback of this method. Therefore, the development of utilization or recirculation technology of the waste obtained, the research of the obtained by-products should be conducted. Within the scope of this work, the sediment, that is being formed during the coagulation of the model wastewater containing the wood originated pollutants, was studied. Using the aluminium-containing composition coagulant on a base of polyaluminium chloride, coagulates characterized by the low sludge volume index within 30 minutes (89 ml g-1), and the optimal time of sedimentation is 20-30 minutes. The coagulate particles have an average size of 45.8 μm. The derived coagulate is composed primarily of carbon (27.9%), oxygen (49.4%) and aluminum (10.9%). Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen belong to an organic part of coagulate-the wood pollutants, which, in turn, has a high content of hemicellulose. It is concluded that the existing hemicellulose in the obtained coagulate is characterized by O-acetyl-4-O-methyl-D-glucuron-β-D-xylan with β-(1-4)-glucomannose.
Ecological Quality Analysis of the Rezekne River after Zooplankton
Authors: Deksne Rasma , Božko Margarita , Kuzmina Jekaterina , Linužs Andris
Published: August 2015

During seasonal studies 2012 (August/October), samples of zooplankton were collected and analyzed according standard method. Chemical quality of the Rezekne River's water investigated. Changes of quantitative and qualitative characteristics, saprobity index, species diversity (Shannon- Wiener index) and Renkonen index were employed for the analysis of zooplankton community structure in the Rezekne River. The Rezekne River saprobity varies from o – saprobity to β – mesosaprobity. The lowest ecological quality was determined in the leg of the Rezekne River in the territory of Rezekne city, which characterises with decrease in the total zooplankton abundance and species diversity according to Shannon - Wiener index, increase of saprobity.
Changes of Landscape Spatial Structure as a Result of Transformation of Land-Ownership
Authors: Jankauskaitė Margarita , Veteikis Darijus
Published: August 2015

The aim of the research is to analyse the landscape structure changes from the end of the Soviet times in 1974– 1986 until 2005 when market economy existed in Lithuania. The changes of landscape structure were observed in 100 sample areas (squares) each of them having 2.5 km2 area and distributed in different landscape types. The changes in sample areas (squares) with determination of land cover structure transformations were observed using topographic photos and ortophoto images at a scale 1:10 000. More distinct manifestation of landscape re-naturalisation through land abandonment and conversion to forests, swamps and shrubs, also through transformation of arable land to meadows and pastures was the main direction of land cover changes. The opposite but lower scale conversion of forests, shrubs and other land use types to agrarian fields was also noticed. Acceleration of the conversion of landscape structure towards technogenisation through quick expansion of construction, recreational use and development of infrastructure was another important landscape structure conversion going on in the opposite direction of technogenisation. It manifested mainly as the change of agrarian fields, suburban gardens to built-up territories and as increase of percentage of other land use types related to them (ponds, streets and roads).
Investigations of Changes of Stinging Nettle’s (Urtica dioica L.) Crop Density
Authors: Jankauskienė Zofija , Gruzdevienė Elvyra
Published: August 2015

Recently all countries are looking for the renewable resources. Stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) is a perennial plant owning many valuable properties, including yielding natural fibres. Fiber nettle is a cultivated form of the wild nettle. The aim of the research was to investigate changes of productivity of stinging nettle’s crop established at different crop densities. Main criterion discussed in the article is the number of the stems per measuring unit (i.e., crop density). The investigation was carried out at the Upytė Research Station of LRCAF in 2008-2012. The crop of different implantation density was established: 60x60 and 60x100 cm. The results of our investigation show that in the first cropping year stinging nettle produced 25-43 stems per plant. Plants from the crop of 2nd year, 60x60, were grosser, more productive than that of the 1st year crop. Plants of the 1st year crop, 60x100, had more stems per plant than that of 1st year crop, 60x60, but amount of stems per ha1 was higher in the crop of 1st year crop, 60x60. The inundation early in 2010 led to the decrease of plant density of stinging nettle’s crop. Crop density in the spring was lower than that in the autumn. The greatest increase of amount of stems per plant was found in the plots of lower implantation density (60 x 100 cm). It could be that the optimal crop density (112-136 plants m-2) was already achieved in the crop of 4th and 5th cropping year, and it will not increase any more in more matured crop in following years. Further investigation would be intrigued.
Review of Creosote Pollution Toxicity and Possibilities of Bioremediation
Authors: Jurys A. , Gailiutė I. , Aikaitė-Stanaitienė J. , Grigiškis S. , Maruška A. , Stankevičius M. , Levišauskas D.
Published: August 2015

Creosote oil is a complex mixture of hydrocarbon compounds obtained from high temperature distillation of coal tar. It is used for over 100 years as a fungicide, insecticide, miticide, and sporicide to protect wood and is applied by pressure methods to wood products, primary utility poles and railroad ties. This treated wood is intended for exterior or outdoor uses only. Its commercial uses include railroad ties 70%, utility poles 15-20%, and other miscellaneous commercial uses 10-15%. Composition of the creosote depends on the source and it has typically 85% polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 10% phenolic compounds, and 5% heterocyclic. Between 20 and 40% of the total weight of typical creosote can be attributed to the 16 PAHs defined as priority pollutants by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The production of creosote in the European Union (EU) has been estimated to be approximately 60.000-100.000 t per year. The presence of the toxic PAHs and phenolic compounds make creosote treated wood harmful for the environment at the end of its service life and direct or indirect human exposure to creosote treated wood may cause carcinogenic affect to kidney, liver, bladder, eyes and skin. In this presentation we review creosote environmental pollution toxicity and possibilities of remediation.
The Flow Change of Mixed and Hazardous Waste at Utena Regional Landfill
Authors: Kepalaitė Ingrida
Published: August 2015

While optimising the waste management, the Region waste management system – the system of regional waste management centres was created in Lithuania. Utena regional landfill is one of its elements. Since 2010 the waste flows were started to calculate by different fractions. Visually observing the waste disposal, it was noticed that the proportions of unsorted waste quantities flows were different in the districts, so it was decided that the custom random works of the mixed municipal waste content determination will be carried out in 2012 and 2013 four times a year, in different seasons. There is a possibility to dispose the sorted waste in Lithuania. Also, in all the municipalities there are Bulky and hazardous waste receiving and temporary storage sites, where the hazardous waste can be delivered. However, it was noticed that the sorting is insufficient – among the mixed municipal waste there are improper waste to be deposited, including the hazardous waste. The aim of the work is to analyze the change of the waste quantities at Utena regional landfill, distinguishing the quantities of the hazardous waste.
Thixotropic Properties of Latvian Illite Containing Clays
Authors: Lakevičs Vitālijs , Stepanova Valentīna , Niedra Santa , Dušenkova Inga , Ruplis Augusts
Published: August 2015

Thixotropic properties of Latvian Devonian and Quaternary clays were studied. Dynamic viscosity of the water clay suspensions were measured with a rotating viscometer. Influence of concentration, pH and modifiers on the thixotropic clay properties was analyzed. It was found that Latvian clays have thixotropic properties. Stability of clay suspensions is described with the thixotropy hysteresis loop. Increasing the speed of the viscometer rotation, dynamic viscosity of the clay suspension decreases. It was found that the solid phase concentration and mineralogical composition make an impact on the thixotropy of clays. Decreasing the solid phase concentration in the clay suspensions from 50% to 25%, dynamic viscosity decreases proportionally to the solid phase concentration. It was found that modifying clay suspensions with carboxymethyl cellulose (0,1g) increases concentration of structure forming. In the same time, modifying of clay suspensions with calcified soda (0,1g) decreases the structure forming concentration. Dependence of pH value from the solid phase concentration slightly decreases with the clay phase concentration increasing in the suspension.
Effect of Lignosilicon on the Content and Antioxidant Activity of the Polyphenols of Buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum Moench
Authors: Lebedeva G. , Roze L. , Lauberts M. , Jasina L. , Rancane S. , Telysheva G.
Published: August 2015

Lignin preparations, introduced into soil jointly with buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, variety 'Aiva' (cultivated throughout Latvia) seeds during the sowing in quantities of 20 kg ha-1 and 40 kg ha-1, exerted a favourable effect on the ned in alcohol extracts from the biomass of different morphological parts of buckwheat, were represented mainly by rutin. The content of rutin in the ethanol extracts from the biomass of flowers with bract reached the maximum values in the phase of accomplishing blooming - beginning of fruit formation to be 2.74% in terms of dry mass (exceeding the rutin content development of plants and the synthesis of flavonoids in flowers with bract. Flavonoids, determin the control by 65%) in the variant with 40 kg ha-1 of Lignosilicon. Lignin preparations favoured the increase in the radical scavenging capacity of the alcohol extracts of the biomass of flowers with bract of buckwheat, as well as grain and hulls. The increment of the buckwheat grain crop, in comparison with the control on the background of 40 kg ha-1 of lignin, was 12%, and that on the background of 20 kg ha-1 and 40 kg/ha of Lignosilicon 10% and 15%, respectively.
Changes of Photosynthesis-Related Parameters and Productivity of Spring Oilseed Rape under Different Nitrogen and Sulphur Fertilizers Supply
Authors: Mintāle Zane , Vikmane Māra
Published: August 2015

Fertilization with essential mineral elements is important to get high quality yield results. The lack of necessary mineral elements in soil can affect oilseed rape plant physiological functions, photosynthesis and plant productivity. Oilseed rape plants have high requirements for nitrogen and as oil crop – for sulphur. The aim of the investigation was to explain changes of chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters in spring oilseed rape leaves and yield changes under nitrogen and sulphur supply. During laboratory experiments changes of chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters and during field experiments changes of yield parameters under different nitrogen and sulphur supply were observed. Laboratory and field experiments showed that sulphur fertilizer rate 18 kg ha-1 is the most effective sulphur dose for spring oilseed rape, when nitrogen 55 kg ha-1 is added, because its presence has positive effect on photosynthetic reactions. There was found out in laboratory experiments that chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters Fv/Fm and PI can be used to describe sulphur and nitrogen mineral element supply efficacy on spring oilseed rape. There was observed in the field experiment that oilseed rape yield increases significantly (from +0.34 t ha-1 to +0.64 t ha-1) under optimal (S18N55) nutrient supply, but lack of sulphur leads to significant yield losses. To avoid excessive fertilizer usage, its negative impact on plant physiology and yield losses, we consider that sulphur: nitrogen = 1:3 as additional fertilizer is optimal for spring oilseed rape plants.
The System of Lithuanian Protected Territories from Environment Conservation Point of View
Authors: Margelienė Jolanta , Budrienė Aušra
Published: August 2015

The article analyses the system of Lithuanian protected territories as well as their types form environment conservation point of view. The system of protected territories of LR includes the following types of areas: 6 state reserves, 1 biosphere reserve, 396 strict reserves, 5 national parks, 30 regional parks, 29 biosphere polygons and 3 recuperation plots. The system of protected territories, the order of establishment, management and the legal basics of protection of protected territories is determined by the law of protected areas of LR that was approved in 1993. The purpose of reserves is to preserve unique landscape complexes, their biota gene pool, to organize scientific research and observation, to promote natural and cultural values. The aims of the establishment of Lithuanian national and regional parks are not only to preserve naturally and culturally valuable landscape but also to support ethno cultural traditions of Lithuanian regions and to provide conditions for recreation. The purpose of strict reserves is to preserve the complexes of natural and cultural heritage or separate landscape elements, plant and animal species, to secure landscape diversity and ecological balance. Live and inanimate natural monuments are preserved naturally for scientific, cultural, educational and aesthetic needs. The purpose of biosphere polygons is to preserve bird species by assuring favorable conditions, to perform the monitoring of protected species, scientific research, etc. The aim of the recuperation plots is to restore natural resources. The system of Lithuanian legal acts allows applying such limitations that are necessary to preserve existing values in every protected territory.
Using Anther Culture Method for Flax Breeding Intensification
Authors: Miķelsone Andra , Grauda Dace , Stramkale Veneranda , Ornicāns Reinis , Rashal Isaak
Published: August 2015

Flax breeding is a long and complicated process based on hybridization and following selection of the best plants. Because of possible occasional cross-pollination the development of genetically stable homozygous lines could last more than 15 years. For more rapid creating of initial material for flax breeding anther culture methods for producing doubled haploid (DH) lines could be used successfully. The goal of this study was to develop the best anther culture protocol for producing DH lines from hybrids included in Latvian flax breeding programme and to do preliminary field evaluation of obtained DH lines. F4 hybrids were used in the experiment. Method, most applicable for establishing of DH from anther cultures, was elaborated; 13 DH lines were obtained during the experiment. Such agronomic important traits, as vegetation period, total plant height, number of seed vessels, number of seeds in a seed vessel, 1000 seeds weight, oil and bast fibre content were evaluated for obtained DH lines. Several accessions showed high 1000 seeds weight, number of seeds in a seed vessel, good oil and bast fibre content. It was concluded that anther culture method is of value of using as an adjunct to classical methods of flax breeding.
Investigation of Biomass Ash Properties for Their Utilization Assesment
Authors: Noviks Gotfrids
Published: August 2015

Ash is a mineral waste group, which quantity increases on a global scale and now it has achieved hundreds of millions of tons, and as they are an integral part of the any solid fuel, including biomass the production rate will continue. At the same time ash, due to their nature and composition is a unique material that can be valuable technogenic resource. The paper studies the wood ash physical properties (density, porosity, specific free surface) composition and the metal adsorption ability. It was found that wood ash contains a significant percentage of metals in the mobile phase, which dissolve in the water and thus are able to spread into the surrounding soil. The study established a high adsorption activity of ash (95-99%) to the metals. It was found that the adsorption capacity of the ash is possible to increase with the activation of the ash particle surfaces and changing the pore structure.
Evaluation of Biomass Briquetting Mechanism
Authors: Repsa Edgars , Kronbergs Eriks , Kronbergs Andris
Published: August 2015

The main task of this investigation is evaluation of patented (LV 14604 B) biomass briquetting mechanism. Theoretical relationship between necessary drive force and resistance force during pressing in die was determined. Briquettes from grinded common reed (Phragmites Australis) or common reed-peat mixture were produced with designed experimental briquetting press. Density of common reed briquettes depending on the size of particles was stated. Density of briquettes obtained during compacting was from 826.3±16.4 to 934.5±35.1 kg m-3. The minimum of density 826.3±16.4 kg m-3 had briquettes with particles from 6 mm grinding screen, but maximum density 934.5±35.1 kg m-3 had briquettes, when particles from 1.5 mm grinding screen had been used. Compositions of reed particles with peat allow obtaining briquettes density > 1000 kg m-3 if peat proportion in mixture is 30%. Results of theoretical and experimental investigation show that the designed pressing mechanism can be recommended for mobile biomass briquetter design.
A Review of Methods for Reduction of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Waste Water and Flue Gases
Authors: Semjonova I. , Teirumnieks E.
Published: August 2015

This review describes methods which can be used for the reduction of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emissions from wastewater and flue gases including principles of operation of the methods and studies of their effectiveness. There are discussed both methods, which nowadays are already used industrially, and their improvement opportunities as well as recent technological trends in this field. The methods have been classified into two main categories: flue gas treatment and wastewater treatment.
Wood Biomass from the Model Wastewater and Its Fractionation
Authors: Shulga Galia , Vitolina Sanita , Brovkina Julia , Neiberte Brigita , Verovkins Anrijs , Puķe Maris , Vedernikovs Nikolajs
Published: August 2015

The production of veneer in Latvia and many countries of East Europe is accomplished by the hydrothermal treatment of hardwood in special water basins. As a result, formed effluents contain wood-originated pollutants, which are responsible for the enhanced chemical oxygen demand and the intensive colour of the wastewater. Keeping in mind the volume of the polluted effluents formed annually at the Latvian plywood plants, it is very important to extract qualitatively and quantitatively the formed biomass from the effluent. The choose of an effective method of the waste biomass extraction depends on chemical characterisation of the effluent. In this work, for imitating woodworking wastewater, birch sawdust was hydrothermally treated in mild alkaline conditions at 90°C. The yield of the solid biomass did not exceed 7% and contained, mainly, hemicelluloses in the polysaccharide form and lignin. The applied instrumental analysis (FTIR-, UV-, Raman spectroscopy) testify the dominant content of hemicelluloses in the obtained biomass. The fractionation of the biomass was performed using concentrated sulphuric acid and ethanol. As the obtained results have shown, the content of lignin, hemicelluloses and water-soluble degraded wood products in the solid biomass corresponded to the following mass ratio: 1.2 /6.7 /1.0, respectively.
Sustainable Thermal Insulation Biocomposites from Locally Available Hemp and Lime
Authors: Sinka Maris , Sahmenko Genadijs
Published: August 2015

The key focus of the presented research is on sustainable thermal insulation biocomposites which can be made from locally available hemp and lime. The main gains of the use of such material are given, with emphasis on CO2 reduction. In the first stage samples of an artificial hydraulic lime using three different limes and three hydraulic additives are created and tested, the one with the highest compressive strength (DL60 lime with 40% metakaolin addition) are chosen for further research. In the second stage three different density mixes with the chosen binder are created, optimal hemp/binder ratio is determined, as well as compressive strength and thermal conductivity. Results indicate that created mixtures have good potential as self-bearing thermal insulation material used in low-rise buildings.
Production and Foreign Trade of Mineral Products in Latvia and Belarus
Authors: Sproge Ilze , Curkina Irina , Jekabsone Sandra , Tsilibina Valentina , Rumyantseva Julia , Piletsky Kirill
Published: August 2015

Latvia and Belarus are small countries with limited scope of natural resources. However, the available mineral resources play important role in production of mineral products for domestic and foreign consumption. Main goal of the paper is to characterize the role of extraction industry in national economy and mineral products trade in two neighboring countries - Latvia and Belarus. To achieve the goal, the role of mining and quarrying industry in Latvia and Belarus was identified; trade of mineral resources in Latvia was analyzed. The main trends in the development of its own mineral resources of the Republic of Belarus were identified, the role of mineral resources in the commodity structure of foreign trade of the Republic of Belarus was shown, ways to increase the level of security of the country's own organic and mineral resources were determined, including the improvement of the legal framework. The research was performed in 2012; the following methods were used in the paper: comparative analysis and synthesis, statistical analysis and monographic methods.
Soil Contamination in One of Preschools Influenced by Metal Working Industry
Authors: Taraškevičius Ričardas , Zinkutė Rimantė , Čyžius Gediminas Juozas , Kaminskas Mykolas , Jankauskaitė Margarita
Published: August 2015

The aim of research was to estimate the present impact of drill plant or other pollution sources on soil anomalies of the preschool area and to reveal the depth of penetration of pollutants. Soil samples from 9 cores in the territory of the preschool were taken from 5 depth intervals: 0-0.5 m, 0.5-1.0 m, 1.0-1.5 m, 1.5-2.0 m and 2.0-3.0 m. Total number of samples was 45. Each sample was sieved to less then 2 mm fraction, milled and homogenised with binder before pressing 2 pellets. All pressed pellets were analysed by energy-dispersive x-ray fluorescence for determination of the contents of harmful chemical elements As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sn, V, Zn and major elements Al, Ca, K, Fe, Mg, Na, P, S. Si, Ti. Samples where maximum permitted concentrations of Mo, Pb, Sn are exceeded occur not only in the uppermost layers, but also in the deeper layers. The highest median contents of most harmful chemical elements, except V and As, are in the uppermost 0.0-0.5 m layer and decrease with depth until 2.0-3.0 m or 1.5-2.0 m. To eliminate the influence of soil clay content in different samples, normalisation of concentration coefficients by the median of Al, K and Ti concentration coefficients was used. The depth of penetration is largely influenced by lithological composition of soil and is much deeper in sandy soil without layers enriched in clay.
The Mathematical Modeling of Metals Mass Transfer in Three Layer Peat Blocks
Authors: Teirumnieka Ērika , Kangro Ilmārs , Teirumnieks Edmunds , Kalis Harijs
Published: August 2015

The mathematical model for calculation of concentration of metals for 3 layers peat blocks is developed due to solving the 3-D boundary-value problem in multilayered domain-averaging and finite difference methods are considered. As an example, mathematical models for calculation of Fe and Ca concentrations have been analyzed.
Investigations of Properties of Powdered Ferromagnetic Sorbents
Authors: Treijs J. , Teirumnieks E. , Mironovs V. , Lapkovskis V. , Shishkin A.
Published: August 2015

The paper examines possible application of certain disperse materials based on iron powders as ferromagnetic sorbents for collecting the oil products spilled on the water surface. Sorption ability is defined for the investigated ferromagnetic sorbents.
Reduction of Oil Shale Losses
Authors: Valgma Ingo , Väizene Vivika , Kolats Margit , Karu Veiko , Pastarus Jüri Rivaldo , Rahe Tiit , Iskül Riho
Published: August 2015

Oil shale utilisation losses reach 70% in some cases. These are closely related to legislation, backfilling and waste rock usage. Much smaller sections include production of oil, electricity and chemicals in which most of the research and development is performed today. Current urgent topics for investigating, testing and developing of oil shale mining related questions are backfilling, mechanical extracting of shale, fine separation, selective separation and optimised drilling and blasting. Reducing oil shale losses will be more actual in the future, because the depth of mining increases and the taxes for resource and pollutants are increasing as well.
Functionalized Bark for Recycled Polypropylene-Based Composites
Authors: Verovkins Anrijs , Neiberte Brigita , Shulga Galia , Shapovalov Viktor , Valenkov Andrej
Published: August 2015

A new method for the modification of the bark surface using N,N-diethyl-2,3-epoxypropylamine (DEEPA) was developed. As a result, the part of the bark phenolic hydroxyl groups were replaced with amine groups. The conditions of the modification were found, and the modified products were analysed. The different amount of the introduced amino groups in hardwood and softwood bark was gained by the various contents of lignin in the wood species. The recycled propylene-based composites filled with the modified bark were characterised by higher mechanical parameters in comparison with the composites filled with unmodified bark. The differences in the mechanical properties of the polymer composites filled with softwood - pine (Pinus sylvestris) bark and hardwood - grey alder (Alnus incana) bark has been established.
Trends in Education for Sustainable Development in Some Former Soviet Countries (Use of ESD Potential for Provincial and Regional Studies)
Authors: Vyshkin Efim
Published: August 2015

The major part of the decade for education on sustainable development declared by United Nation in 2005 is over and it is the time to review the outcomes of the efforts of national and international educational and research communities. These results differ greatly. One of the ways to grasp the picture is to look at the map of regional centres of expertise on education for sustainable development organized under the aegis of United Nations University and with its help. The biggest states formed on the ruins of the collapsed Soviet Empire are the most backward ones in this respect. For instance on the huge territory of Russia there are only two such centres, in Samara and Nizhny Novgorod. There are certain political, geographical, economic, social and even linguistic factors deterring the implementation of sustainable development methodology in national education systems. Nevertheless it can be fruitfully used on a regional level. This was proved at a number of international research conferences on provincial life and environment held at Samara State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. A great potential of this philosophy for regional studies even in such restrictive conditions was revealed.