bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observations and Reflections Made in the Course of a Journey through France, Italy, and Germany
Authors: Piozzi Hester Lynch
Published: July 2011

Hester Piozzi's 1789 Observations is an entertaining title, with a conversational, present-tense style that makes it stand out from other (largely male) travel writing of the period. Extremely well-educated and accustomed to society and activity, Hester was stifled in her first marriage to brewer Henry Thrale. A close friend of Samuel Johnson, she collaborated with him on several works, but also found herself increasingly called upon to nurse him as he became ill. Her second marriage to Italian musician Gabriel Mario Piozzi in 1784 was therefore extremely liberating. The European travels recounted in these volumes were an escape, allowing Hester to develop her own literary tone. This first volume recounts the beginnings of their travels through France and Italy, and Hester's enjoyment of her experiences shows through clearly in the liveliness of her writing. For more information on this author, see http://orlando.cambridge.org/public/svPeople?person_id=piozhe
The Life of Jesus, Critically Examined
Authors: Strauss David Friedrich
Published: July 2011

The German theologian David Friedrich Strauss (1808–1874) published his highly controversial The Life of Jesus in three volumes between 1835 and 1836. This translation by George Eliot is based on the fourth German edition (1840). Strauss applied strict historical method to the gospel narratives and caused scandal across the Protestant world by concluding that all miraculous elements were mythical and ahistorical. Strauss introduces Volume 1 with a survey of 'de-mythology' in Western thought. He applies modern historical and scientific criticism to the annunciation and birth narratives; the Davidic descent and genealogies of Jesus; Jesus' visit to the temple; Jesus' baptism and temptation and his relationship with John the Baptist. The volume ends with a chapter on chronology and locality in the life of Jesus. This is a key text of nineteenth-century theology that pioneered the application of historical and scientific methods to the study of religious texts.
Native Tribes of the Northern Territory of Australia
Authors: Spencer Baldwin
Published: July 2011

Sir Walter Baldwin Spencer (1860–1929) was a British Australian biologist and anthropologist, best known for his work amongst the indigenous Aboriginal tribes of Australia. After graduating from Exeter College, Oxford in 1884 Spencer was elected a fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford in 1886 before being appointed the Professor of Biology at the University of Melbourne. In 1911 Spencer was appointed Special Commissioner for Aborigines and undertook fieldwork in the Northern Territories between 1911–1912. This volume, first published in 1914, is the result of his fieldwork. Spencer describes in detail the social customs, kinship structures, marriage ceremonies and religious beliefs of thirteen tribes he encountered in the Northern Territories. Spencer also compares differences and similarities in the religious and social structures of different tribes and includes copious illustrations of religious and political monuments. This volume was the first ethnography of these tribes and provides valuable insights into these societies.
Handbook of Iron Overload Disorders
Authors: Barton James C. , Edwards Corwin Q. , Phatak Pradyumna D. , Britton Robert S. , Bacon Bruce R.
Published: July 2011

A practical, clinically-oriented handbook of iron overload disorders giving a compact guide to normal iron metabolism, iron-related pathobiology, and the diagnosis and management of heritable and acquired iron overload disorders. Many of these disorders were discovered and characterized only in the last decade, and are unmentioned or inadequately described in most texts. Written by clinicians for clinicians, this handbook summarizes information on diverse iron overload conditions, including their history, signs, symptoms, physical examination findings, genetics, genotype-phenotype correlations, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis and treatment. Most physicians, regardless of specialty, encounter patients with systemic or organ-specific iron overload conditions. This book contains essential information for practising adult and pediatric medical specialists in the fields of hematology, gastroenterology, hepatology, rheumatology, endocrinology, diabetology, neurology, oncology, dermatology and internal medicine. Pathologists, pharmacologists, geneticists, genetic counselors and epidemiologists will also find substantial, up-to-date sections in this handbook that are pertinent to their respective fields of interest.
Physics and Politics
Authors: Bagehot Walter
Published: July 2011

Walter Bagehot (1826–1877) was an eminent British journalist, businessman and political commentator. After graduating from University College, London, in 1848, Bagehot joined his father's banking business. In 1857 he began to write articles for The Economist and became editor in 1861, a position he held until his death. This volume, first published in 1872, contains Bagehot's discussion of the scientific principles of progress in a society. Incorporating aspects of other social disciplines, including anthropology and Darwinian evolutionary theory, Bagehot traces the development of political society from an assumed 'pre-political' age to the development of nation-states, and examines the developments necessary for evolution into a liberal, trade-oriented society. Bagehot's appreciation of both conservative and liberal values is evident in this volume, which provides a valuable example of the influence of Darwinian thought in the late nineteenth century. This text is reissued from the 1873 second edition.
Numerical Methods of Statistics
Authors: Monahan John F.
Published: July 2011

This 2001 book explains how computer software is designed to perform the tasks required for sophisticated statistical analysis. For statisticians, it examines the nitty-gritty computational problems behind statistical methods; for mathematicians and computer scientists, it looks at the application of mathematical tools to statistical problems. The first half of the book provides a basic background in numerical analysis emphasizing issues important to statisticians. The next several chapters cover a broad array of statistical tools, such as maximum likelihood and nonlinear regression. The author also treats application of numerical tools: numerical integration and random number generation are explained in a unified manner reflecting complementary views of Monte Carlo methods. The book concludes with an examination of sorting, FFT and the application of other 'fast' algorithms to statistics. Each chapter contains exercises that range from the simple to research problems, as well as examples of the methods at work.
Face Geometry and Appearance Modeling
Authors: Liu Zicheng , Zhang Zhengyou
Published: July 2011

Human faces are familiar to our visual systems. We easily recognize a person's face in arbitrary lighting conditions and in a variety of poses; detect small appearance changes; and notice subtle expression details. Can computer vision systems process face images as well as human vision systems can? Face image processing has potential applications in surveillance, image and video search, social networking and other domains. A comprehensive guide to this fascinating topic, this book provides a systematic description of modeling face geometry and appearance from images, including information on mathematical tools, physical concepts, image processing and computer vision techniques, and concrete prototype systems. The book will be an excellent reference for researchers and graduate students in computer vision, computer graphics and multimedia, as well as application developers who would like to gain a better understanding of the state of the art.
The Importance of Being Innocent
Authors: Faulkner Joanne
Published: July 2011

The Importance of Being Innocent addresses the current debate in Australia and internationally regarding the sexualisation of children, predation on them by pedophiles and the risks apparently posed to their 'innate innocence' by perceived problems and threats in contemporary society. Joanne Faulkner argues that, contrary to popular opinion, social issues have been sensationally expounded in moral panics about children who are often presented as alternatively obese, binge-drinking and drug-using, self-harming, neglected, abused, medicated and driven to anti-social behavior by TV and computers. This erudite and thought-provoking book instead suggests that modern western society has reacted to problems plaguing the adult world by fetishizing children as innocents, who must be protected from social realities. Taking a philosophical and sociological perspective, it outlines the various historical trends, emotional investments and social tensions that shape contemporary ideas about what childhood represents, and our responsibilities in regard to children.
Sequence variability in three mitochondrial DNA regions ofSpirometra erinaceieuropaeispargana of human and animal health significance
Authors: Liu W. , Liu G.H. , Li F. , He D.S. , Wang T. , Sheng X.F. , Zeng D.L. , Yang F.F. , Liu Y.
Published: July 2011

Sequence variability in three mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions, namely cytochromecoxidase subunit 3 (cox3), NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1 and 4 (nad1 andnad4) inSpirometra erinaceieuropaeispargana from different geographical regions in China was examined. A portion of each of thecox3 (pcox3),nad1 (pnad1) andnad4 genes (pnad4) were amplified separately from individualS. erinaceieuropaeispargana by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Representative amplicons were subjected to sequencing in order to estimate sequence variability. The sequences of pcox3, pnad1 and pnad4 were 541, 607 and 847 bp in length, respectively. The A+T contents of the sequences were 68.39–68.76% (pcox3), 63.76–64.91% (pnad1) and 67.18–67.77% (pnad4), respectively, while the intra-specific sequence variations within each of theS. erinaceieuropaeispargana were 0–1.5% for pcox3, 0–2.8% for pnad1 and 0–2.7% for pnad4. Phylogenetic analysis using neighbour joining (NJ), maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP) methods, indicated that all the spargana isolates in Hunan Province representedS. erinaceieuropaei. These findings demonstrated clearly the usefulness of the three mtDNA sequences for population genetics studies ofS. erinaceieuropaeispargana of human and animal health significance.
Purchase rates and energy content of nutritionally promoted and traditional fast foods purchased at lunchtime in Australia – a pilot study
Authors: Atkinson Louise F , Palmer Michelle A
Published: July 2011

Objective

Nutritionally promoted foods are now available at fast-food establishments. Little is known about their popularity, who is purchasing them, or their impact on dietary intake. Our study aimed to determine: how often nutritionally promoted fast foods were purchased; the demographic characteristics of people purchasing these foods; and if purchasing these foods resulted in reduced energy, and increased vegetable, content of lunches compared with those who purchased traditional fast foods.

Design

A survey collecting lunchtime fast-food purchases and demographic details was administered over two months. Nutritionally promoted products included the McDonalds’ ‘Heart Foundation Tick Approved’ range and Subway's ‘Six grams of fat or less’ range. Energy and vegetable contents were estimated using information from fast-food companies’ websites. Differences in demographics, energy and vegetable contents between individuals purchasing nutritionally promoted and traditional lunches were assessed usingχ2andttests.

Setting

Queensland, Australia.

Subjects

Lunchtime diners aged over 16 years at Subway and McDonalds.

Results

Surveys were collected from 927 respondents (58 % male, median age 25 (range 16–84) years; 73 % response rate). Only 3 % (n24/910) of respondents who ordered a main option had purchased a nutritionally promoted item. Purchasers of nutritionally promoted foods were ∼13 years older, predominantly female (79 %), and more often reported involvement in a health-related profession (29 %v. 11 %) than purchasers of traditional foods (P< 0·05). Purchasers of nutritionally promoted foods ordered 1·5 fewer megajoules and 0·6 more vegetable servings than purchasers of traditional foods (P< 0·05).

Conclusions

Nutritionally promoted fast foods may reduce lunchtime energy content, however these foods were infrequently chosen.
Relative Hypoadiponectinemia, Insulin Resistance, and Increased Visceral Fat in Euthyroid Prepubertal Girls With Low‐Normal Serum Free Thyroxine
Authors: Prats‐Puig Anna , Sitjar Carme , Ribot Rosa , Calvo Mar , Clausell‐Pomés Núria , Soler‐Roca Maria , Soriano‐Rodríguez Pilar , Osiniri Inés , Ros‐Miquel Montserrat , Bassols Judit , de Zegher Francis , Ibáñez Lourdes , López‐Bermejo Abel
Published: July 2011

A lower activity of the thyroid axis within the clinical reference range is related to a dysmetabolic phenotype in adult populations. We posited that such an association is already present as early as in prepubertal childhood. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free T4, body fat (bioelectric impedance), insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMAIR)), total and high molecular weight (HMW)‐adiponectin and serum lipids were assessed in 234 euthyroid prepubertal children (113 boys and 121 girls) attending primary care clinics. Visceral fat (abdominal ultrasound) was measured in a subset of these subjects (n = 147; 74 boys and 73 girls). Explants of visceral adipose tissue from an additional six prepubertal children (three boys and three girls) were used to study the regulation of total and HMW‐adiponectin by thyroid hormone. Serum free T4 was in girls independently associated with HMW‐adiponectin, HOMAIR and visceral fat, so that circulating HMW‐adiponectin decreased by 30% (β = 0.305 P < 0.005, R2 = 0.13) and HOMAIR and visceral fat increased, respectively, by 90% (β = −0.255 P < 0.01, R2 = 0.05) and 30% (β = −0.369, P < 0.005, R2 = 0.12) from the highest to the lowest tertile of serum free T4. Nonsignificant differences in these parameters were found in boys. Treatment of visceral fat explants with thyroid hormone increased total and HMW‐adiponectin by 70% and 53%, respectively, above control values (P < 0.01). In conclusion, a dysmetabolic phenotype, consisting of relative hypoadiponectinemia, insulin resistance and increased visceral fat, is associated with low‐normal serum free thyroxine in euthyroid prepubertal girls. These associations may be partly explained by a positive regulation of HMW‐adiponectin secretion by thyroid hormone.
Incorporating individual health-protective decisions into disease transmission models: a mathematical framework
Authors: Durham David P. , Casman Elizabeth A.
Published: July 2011

It is anticipated that the next generation of computational epidemic models will simulate both infectious disease transmission and dynamic human behaviour change. Individual agents within a simulation will not only infect one another, but will also have situational awareness and a decision algorithm that enables them to modify their behaviour. This paper develops such a model of behavioural response, presenting a mathematical interpretation of a well-known psychological model of individual decision making, the health belief model, suitable for incorporation within an agent-based disease-transmission model. We formalize the health belief model and demonstrate its application in modelling the prevalence of facemask use observed over the course of the 2003 Hong Kong SARS epidemic, a well-documented example of behaviour change in response to a disease outbreak.
Limitations imposed by wearing armour on Medieval soldiers' locomotor performance
Authors: Askew Graham N. , Formenti Federico , Minetti Alberto E.
Published: July 2011

In Medieval Europe, soldiers wore steel plate armour for protection during warfare. Armour design reflected a trade-off between protection and mobility it offered the wearer. By the fifteenth century, a typical suit of field armour weighed between 30 and 50 kg and was distributed over the entire body. How much wearing armour affected Medieval soldiers' locomotor energetics and biomechanics is unknown. We investigated the mechanics and the energetic cost of locomotion in armour, and determined the effects on physical performance. We found that the net cost of locomotion (Cmet) during armoured walking and running is much more energetically expensive than unloaded locomotion.Cmetfor locomotion in armour was 2.1–2.3 times higher for walking, and 1.9 times higher for running when compared withCmetfor unloaded locomotion at the same speed. An important component of the increased energy use results from the extra force that must be generated to support the additional mass. However, the energetic cost of locomotion in armour was also much higher than equivalent trunk loading. This additional cost is mostly explained by the increased energy required to swing the limbs and impaired breathing. Our findings can predict age-associated decline in Medieval soldiers' physical performance, and have potential implications in understanding the outcomes of past European military battles.
Humanistic Nursing Theory: application to hospice and palliative care
Authors: Wu Hung‐Lan , Volker Deborah L.
Published: July 2011

wu h.‐l. & volker d.l. (2012) Humanistic Nursing Theory: application to hospice and palliative care. Journal of Advanced Nursing 68(2), 471–479.

Aim.  This article presents a discussion of the relevance of Humanistic Nursing Theory to hospice and palliative care nursing.

Background.  The World Health Organization has characterized the need for expert, palliative and end‐of‐life care as a top priority for global health care. The specialty of hospice and palliative care nursing embraces a humanistic caring and holistic approach to patient care. As this resonates with Paterson and Zderad’s Humanistic Nursing Theory, an understanding of hospice nurses’ experiences can be investigated by application of relevant constructs in the theory.

Data sources.  This article is based on Paterson and Zderad’s publications and other theoretical and research articles and books focused on Humanistic Nursing Theory (1976–2009), and data from a phenomenological study of the lived experience of Taiwanese hospice nurses conducted in 2007.

Discussion.  Theoretical concepts relevant to hospice and palliative nursing included moreness‐choice, call‐and‐response, intersubjective transaction, uniqueness‐otherness, being and doing and community.

Implications for nursing.  The philosophical perspectives of Humanistic Nursing Theory are relevant to the practice of hospice and palliative care nursing. By ‘being with and doing with’, hospice and palliative nurses can work with patients to achieve their final goals in the last phase of life.

Conclusion.  Use of core concepts from Humanistic Nursing Theory can provide a unifying language for planning care and describing interventions. Future research efforts in hospice and palliative nursing should define and evaluate these concepts for efficacy in practice settings.
Oligo–Miocene seagrass‐influenced carbonate sedimentation along a temperate marine palaeoarchipelago, Padthaway Ridge, South Australia
Authors: RIORDAN NICHOLAS K. , JAMES NOEL P. , BONE YVONNE
Published: July 2011

Oligo–Miocene carbonates associated with the Padthaway Ridge form the southern margin of the Murray Basin, South Australia. The carbonates are a thin, somewhat condensed succession of echinoid and bryozoan‐rich limestones that record accumulation in the complex of islands and seaways and progressive burial of the Ridge through time. The rocks are grainy to muddy bioclastic packstones, grainstones and floatstones, composed of infaunal echinoderms, bryozoans, coralline algae and benthic foraminifera, with lesser contributions from molluscs and serpulid worms. Locally as much as half of these skeletal components are Fe‐stained, relict grains that imbue the lithologies with a conspicuous yellow to orange hue. This variably lithified succession is partitioned into metre‐scale, firmground‐bounded and hardground‐bounded beds textured by extensive Thalassinoides burrows. Dominant lithologies are interpreted as temperate seagrass facies. Limestones contain attributes indicative of both seagrass‐dominated palaeoenvironments and carbonate production and accumulation on unconsolidated, barren sandflat palaeoenvironments. Together these two depositional systems are thought to have generated a single multigenerational, amalgamated facies recording sedimentation within a complex temperate seagrass environment. Limestones overlying the Padthaway Ridge reflect a gradually warming climate, increasing water temperature and decreasing nutrient content, within the framework of a ridge gradually being buried in sediment. This succession from cool–temperate to warm–temperate to subtropical through time permits recognition of the relative influence of changing oceanography on a seagrass‐dominated shallow inter‐island sea floor. Criteria are proposed herein to enable future recognition of similar temperate seagrass facies in Cenozoic limestones elsewhere.
Financial incentives to encourage healthy behaviour: an analysis of UK media coverage
Authors: Parke Hannah , Ashcroft Richard , Brown Rebecca , Marteau Theresa M , Seale Clive
Published: July 2011

Background Policies to use financial incentives to encourage healthy behaviour are controversial. Much of this controversy is played out in the mass media, both reflecting and shaping public opinion.

Objective To describe UK mass media coverage of incentive schemes, comparing schemes targeted at different client groups and assessing the relative prominence of the views of different interest groups.

Design Thematic content analysis.

Subjects National and local news coverage in newspapers, news media targeted at health‐care providers and popular websites between January 2005 and February 2010.

Setting UK mass media.

Results The study included 210 articles. Fifteen separate arguments favourable towards schemes, and 19 unfavourable, were identified. Overall, coverage was more favourable than unfavourable, although most articles reported a mix of views. Arguments about the prevalence and seriousness of the health problems targeted by incentive schemes were uncontested. Moral and ethical objections to such schemes were common, focused in particular on recipients such as drug users or the overweight who were already stereotyped as morally deficient, and these arguments were largely uncontested. Arguments about the effectiveness of schemes and their potential for benefit or harm were areas of greater contestation. Government, public health and other health‐care provider interests dominated favourable coverage; opposition came from rival politicians, taxpayers’ representatives, certain charities and from some journalists themselves.

Conclusions Those promoting incentive schemes for people who might be regarded as ‘undeserving’ should plan a media strategy that anticipates their public reception.
Theoretical prediction of the onset of thermoacoustic instability from the experimental transfer matrix of a thermoacoustic core
Authors: Guedra Matthieu , Penelet Guillaume , Lotton Pierrick , Dalmont Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2011

The aim of this paper is to propose a method to predict the onset conditions of the thermoacoustic instability for various thermoacoustic engines. As an accurate modeling of the heat exchangers and the stack submitted to a temperature gradient is a difficult task, an experimental approach for the characterization of the amplifying properties of the thermoacoustic core is proposed. An experimental apparatus is presented which allows to measure the transfer matrix of a thermoacoustic core under various heating conditions by means of a four-microphone method. An analytical model for the prediction of the onset conditions from this measured transfer matrix is developed. The experimental data are introduced in the model and theoretical predictions of the onset conditions are compared with those actually observed in standing-wave and traveling-wave engines. The results show good agreement between predictions from the model and experiments.
Two-dimensional shear wave speed and crawling wave speed recoveries from in vitro prostate data
Authors: Lin Kui , McLaughlin Joyce R. , Thomas Ashley , Parker Kevin , Castaneda Benjamin , Rubens Deborah J.
Published: July 2011

The crawling wave experiment was developed to capture a shear wave induced moving interference pattern that is created by two harmonic vibration sources oscillating at different but almost the same frequencies. Using the vibration sonoelastography technique, the spectral variance image reveals a moving interference pattern. It has been shown that the speed of the moving interference pattern, i.e., the crawling wave speed, is proportional to the shear wave speed with a nonlinear factor. This factor can generate high-speed artifacts in the crawling wave speed images that do not actually correspond to increased stiffness. In this paper, an inverse algorithm is developed to reconstruct both the crawling wave speed and the shear wave speed using the phases of the crawling wave and the shear wave. The feature for the data is the application to in vitro prostate data, while the features for the algorithm include the following: (1) A directional filter is implemented to obtain a wave moving in only one direction; and (2) an L1 minimization technique with physics inspired constraints is employed to calculate the phase of the crawling wave and to eliminate jump discontinuities from the phase of the shear wave. The algorithm is tested on in vitro prostate data measured at the Rochester Center for Biomedical Ultrasound and University of Rochester. Each aspect of the algorithm is shown to yield image improvement. The results demonstrate that the shear wave speed images can have less artifacts than the crawling wave images. Examples are presented where the shear wave speed recoveries have excellent agreement with histology results on the size, shape, and location of cancerous tissues in the glands.
On the sound fields of infinitely long strips
Authors: Mellow Tim , Kärkkäinen Leo
Published: July 2011

Exact solutions are derived for sound radiation from four kinds of infinitely-long strips: namely a rigid strip in a baffle of finite width, a resilient strip in free space, and a resilient or rigid strip in an infinite baffle. In one limit, the strip in a finite baffle becomes a rigid strip in free space and in the other, a line source in a finite baffle. Here “rigid” means that the surface velocity is uniform, whereas “resilient” means that the surface pressure is uniform, and the strip is assumed to have zero mass or stiffness, as if a force were driving the acoustic medium directly. According to the Babinet–Bouwkamp principle, radiation from a resilient strip in an infinite baffle is equivalent to diffraction of a plane wave through a slit in the same. Plots are shown for the radiation impedances, far-field directivity patterns, and on-axis pressure responses of the four kinds of strip. A simple relationship between the radiation admittance of the rigid strip in an infinite baffle and the resilient strip in free space is presented. The two-dimensional rectangular wave functions developed in this paper can be applied to related problems.
The effect of hearing impairment on localization dominance for single-word stimuli
Authors: Akeroyd Michael A. , Guy Fiona H.
Published: July 2011

Localization dominance (one of the phenomena of the “precedence effect”) was measured in a large number of normal-hearing and hearing-impaired individuals and related to self-reported difficulties in everyday listening. The stimuli (single words) were made-up of a “lead” followed 4 ms later by a equal-level “lag” from a different direction. The stimuli were presented from a circular ring of loudspeakers, either in quiet or in a background of spatially diffuse babble. Listeners were required to identify the loudspeaker from which they heard the sound. Localization dominance was quantified by the weighting factor c [B.G. Shinn-Cunningham et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93, 2923–2932 (1993)]. The results demonstrated large individual differences: Some listeners showed near-perfect localization dominance (c near 1) but many showed a much reduced effect. Two-thirds (64/93) of the listeners gave a value of c of at least 0.75. There was a significant correlation with hearing loss, such that better hearing listeners showed better localization dominance. One of the items of the self-report questionnaire (“Do you have the impression of sounds being exactly where you would expect them to be?”) showed a significant correlation with the experimental results. This suggests that reductions in localization dominance may affect everyday auditory perception.
Stoneley waves in three-layered cylindrical solid media
Authors: Cui Hanyin , Trevelyan Jon , Johnstone Sherri
Published: July 2011

This paper considers the propagation of Stoneley modes along the interfaces of three-layered concentric cylindrical solid media in order to assist in the design of ultrasonic transmission rods. The phase velocity dispersion curves and amplitude distributions are numerically analyzed. The modes are analogous to non-dispersive Stoneley waves and are confined to the vicinities of the two interfaces at high frequency. A key finding is that the peak amplitude location for each mode transfers between the two interfaces as a function of frequency. A simplified model is introduced, giving the peak amplitude locations of each mode in different frequency ranges efficiently.
Teaching Biomedical Technology Innovation as a Discipline
Authors: Yock Paul G. , Brinton Todd J. , Zenios Stefanos A.
Published: July 2011

Universities are experimenting with initiatives that define an emerging academic discipline: biomedical technology innovation.
TAGGED JETS AND JET RECONSTRUCTION AS A PROBE OF QGP INDUCED PARTONIC ENERGY LOSS
Authors: NEUFELD RICHARD BRYON
Published: July 2011

Recent experimental advances at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the large center-of-mass energies available to the heavy-ion program at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will enable strongly interacting matter at high temperatures and densities, that is, the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), to be probed in unprecedented ways. Among these exciting new probes are fully-reconstructed inclusive jets and the away-side hadron showers associated with a weakly or electromagnetically interacting boson, or, tagged jets. Full jet reconstruction provides an experimental window into the mechanisms of quark and gluon dynamics in the QGP which is not accessible via leading particles and leading particle correlations. Theoretical advances in this growing field can help resolve some of the most controversial points in heavy ion physics today. I here discuss the power of jets to reveal the spectrum of induced radiation, thereby shedding light on the applicability of the commonly used energy loss formalisms and present results on the production and subsequent suppression of high energy jets tagged with Z bosons in relativistic heavy-ion collisions at RHIC and LHC energies using the Gyulassy-Levai-Vitev (GLV) parton energy loss approach.
Do Handheld Calorimeters Have a Role in Assessment of Nutrition Needs in Hospitalized Patients?
Authors: Hipskind Peggy , Glass Cathy , Charlton Denise , Nowak Diane , Dasarathy Srinivasan
Published: July 2011

Background: Indirect calorimetry is a noninvasive and reliable means of determining resting metabolic rate in humans. Barriers to obtaining an accurate measure of resting metabolic rate (RMR) in hospitalized patients include the expense and the requirement of technical expertise for maintenance. Methods: A literature search on handheld calorimeters was conducted using PubMed and OVID. The search resulted in a total of 54 published articles; 23 of these specifically are about handheld calorimeter devices. Results: Results from a handheld calorimeter were similar to those obtained from metabolic cart studies. The Douglas bag method compared with the MedGem indicated a significant agreement (P = .286). The handheld device was compared with metabolic carts in 9 studies with mixed results. The predictive equations (Harris‐Benedict, Mifflin–St Jeor, and FAO/WHO equations) over‐ and underestimated RMR compared with the MedGem. The Harris‐Benedict equation overestimated the RMR by 3%‐11%, the Mifflin–St Jeor equation overestimated the RMR by 1%, and the FAO/WHO equation overestimated RMR by 12%. Conclusion: The present study examines the validity and reliability of handheld calorimeters for measuring resting energy expenditure based on published literature. Handheld calorimeters are more accurate than predictive equations based on gender, age, and ethnicity for determining resting metabolic rate and are therefore a viable alternative for clinical evaluation of the hospitalized patient.
Essential Fatty Acids and Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Perica Marina Mandelsamen , Delaš Ivančica
Published: July 2011

Psychiatric disorders are a significant source of disability worldwide. Increasing evidence indicates that disturbances of fatty acids and phospholipid metabolism can play a part in a wide range of psychiatric, neurological, and developmental disorders in adults. Essential fatty acids, ω‐3 and ω‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, play a central role in the normal development and functioning of the brain and central nervous system. The aim of this article is to discuss the overall insight into roles of essential fatty acids in the development of mental disorders (depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) and, in light of the fact that disturbances of fatty acid metabolism can play a part in the above‐mentioned disorders, to investigate the current knowledge of lipid abnormalities in posttraumatic stress disorder. The information in this review was obtained after extensive MEDLINE searching of each topic area through relevant published studies from the past 20 years. References from the obtained studies were also used. This review summarizes the knowledge in terms of essential fatty acids intake and metabolism, as well as evidence pointing to potential mechanisms of essential fatty acids in normal brain functioning and development of neuropsychiatric disorders. The literature shows that ω‐3 fatty acids provide numerous health benefits and that changes in their concentration in organisms are connected to a variety of psychiatric symptoms and disorders, including stress, anxiety, cognitive impairment, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. Further studies are necessary to confirm ω‐3 fatty acids’ supplementation as a potential rational treatment in psychiatric disorders.
Review of the Mechanism and Nutrition Recommendations for Patients Undergoing Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Maursetter Laura , Kight Cassandra E. , Mennig Judy , Hofmann R. Michael
Published: July 2011

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is a common treatment modality in the intensive care unit for patients with acute kidney injury requiring renal replacement therapy. It offers hemodynamic stability while maintaining excellent control of solute and extracellular fluid. To those outside of nephrology, continuous dialysis is often a confusing and poorly understood form of renal replacement therapy. This review aims to provide an overview of CRRT as well as address some of the nutrition concerns surrounding this complex group of patients.
Nutrition Support in Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Gervasio Jane M. , Garmon Wesley P. , Holowatyj Michael
Published: July 2011

Acute kidney injury is a frequent complication affecting many hospitalized patients and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Acute kidney injury often occurs in conjunction with critical illness, which is a hypermetabolic state presenting with hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, and increased protein catabolism. In addition to addressing these changes, the clinician should evaluate the important nutrition implications of decreased kidney function. These include vitamins, electrolytes, minerals, trace elements, and the presence and type of renal replacement therapy. Optimal nutrition management in acute kidney injury includes providing adequate macronutrient support to correct underlying conditions and prevent ongoing loss, supplementing micronutrients and vitamins during renal replacement therapy, and adjusting electrolyte replacement based on the degree and extent of renal dysfunction.
Vma8p-GFP Fusions Can Be Functionally Incorporated into V-ATPase, Suggesting Structural Flexibility at the Top of V1
Authors: Nowakowski Szczepan , Mijaljica Dalibor , Prescott Mark , Devenish Rodney J.
Published: July 2011

The vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) complex of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is comprised of two sectors, V1 (catalytic) and VO (proton transfer). The hexameric (A3B3) cylinder of V1 has a central cavity that must accommodate at least part of the rotary stalk of V-ATPase, a key component of which is subunit D (Vma8p). Recent electron microscopy (EM) data for the prokaryote V-ATPase complex (Thermus thermophilus) suggest that subunit D penetrates deeply into the central cavity. The functional counterpart of subunit D in mitochondrial F1FO-ATP synthase, subunit γ, occupies almost the entire length of the central cavity. To test whether the structure of yeast Vma8p mirrors that of subunit g, we probed the location of the C-terminus of Vma8p by attachment of a large protein adduct, green fluorescent protein (GFP). We found that truncated Vma8p proteins lacking up to 40 C-terminal residues fused to GFP can be incorporated into functional V-ATPase complexes, and are able to support cell growth under alkaline conditions. We conclude that large protein adducts can be accommodated at the top of the central cavity of V1 without compromising V-ATPase function, arguing for structural flexibility of the V1 sector.
Deux études de toponymie et de topographie de l'Afrique antique
Authors: Peyras Jean
Published: July 2011

Le fragment épigraphique CIL Vili, 12552C

Les ethniques faisaient partie du tableau annexé au tarif fiscal de Carthage promulgué dans les années 370. Les Ululenses (proches d'Ucculal), Uccunnenses (= Ucculenses, d'Uccula, Hr. Douirat), Vazaritani (de Vazari, Hr. Bajar), Zamenses (de Zama Minor, Ain Zamit ou Zamat), Zuforenses (de Zufor(a), Hr. Zofouir) appartenaient à une région fiscale qui se confondait, selon l'auteur, avec la vallée ou le bassin de l'oued Tine, dans le Tell septentrional tunisien.

El-Bekri, la deuxième guerre punique et la Confédération Cirtéenne

Un passage d'el-Bekri (Kitâb al-Masâlik, 138-139), éclairé par d'autres phrases du même auteur, doit être confronté à différents documents antiques : sources se rapportant à la Confédération de Cirta, Punica d'Appien, Itinéraires antiques, inscription du fundus Aufidianus, actes conciliaires, ainsi qu'à la linguistique berbère et à la toponymie actuelle. Il permet d'avancer que 'Anda se confondait avec Άνδα, ville du IIIe siècle av. J.-C, à situer sur le Henchir el Handa, dans les Béjoua orientaux ; que Dama pouvait être la Zarn(a) de 646 et qu'elle était proche de Jbel Abiod ; que Balta, ancienne Beltà ou Biltha, se trouvait dans le bassin de la Medjerda ou celui du Tine ; que Zana, qu'il faut rechercher dans le massif de l'Edough, n'était autre que Ζάνα de Ptolémée et, peut-être, la Diana (actuellement Deinia) proche de Tuniza, signalée par l'Itinéraire d'Antonin et le Géographe de Ravenne. L'auteur accepte l'affirmation du géographe alexandrin suivant laquelle Ζάνα et Ούάγα étaient des villes des Cirtéens, sur des critères historiques, géographiques et onomastiques.
Les alphabets libyques
Authors: Galand Lionel
Published: July 2011

On peut qualifier de « libycoberbère » un système d'écriture connu par différents documents de l'Afrique du Nord, du Sahara ou des îles Canaries. L'unité originelle de cette écriture ne fait pas de doute, mais dès l'époque des inscriptions Iibyques on observe déjà plusieurs alphabets. Bien qu'on ait souvent distingué un alphabet oriental et un alphabet occidental, il faut renoncer à tracer une limite géographique précise entre les deux, comme le montre la localisation des 26 inscriptions « occidentales » où apparaît le mots V]+, avec la lettre en forme de chevron V· Les deux alphabets sont présents sur une stèle de la vallée de Tisser. L'alphabet « oriental » est associé aux Massyles et certains auteurs attribuent aux Masaesyles l'alphabet au chevron : en raison des données chronologiques, cela implique que la culture des Masaesyles aurait duré plus longtemps que leur royaume. Culturelles ou politiques, les frontières étaient fluctuantes.
Encore un Capitole africain ? Le temple de Cillium
Authors: Barton Ian M.
Published: July 2011

At the site of the Roman city of Cillium, near Kasserine in central Tunisia, the ruins of a temple stand near the highest point of the ancient town, midway between the third-century arch and the theatre. The temple was of characteristic Roman design ; its small size makes it virtually certain that the pronaos was tetrastyle. There are slight indications of a colonnaded enclosure in front.

Plan and situation, together with the presence of a statue base inscribed with the word GENIO, favour the identification of the temple as the Capitolium of the municipium (later colonia) of Cillium, but it is not possible to date its construction.
Commerce international et différenciation des produits : un arbitrage entre exportation et investissement direct
Authors: Barlet Corinne
Published: July 2011

Comercio international y diferenciación de los productos : arbitraje entre exportación e inversión directa,

por Corinne Barlet.

Una empresa que desea penetrar en un mercado extranjero tiene la posibilidad entre exportar sus productos o implantarse directamente en dicho mercado. Este arbitraje puede ser afectado por consideraciones estratégicas diversas. Así, las empresas pueden preferir la inversion directa a la exportación, aunque su coste sea más elevado. El valor estratégico de la inversión directa reside en su capacidad para obstaculizar la penetración de una empresa de la competencia, mediante la election adaptada del bien producido.
Croissance de la productivité, rattrapage et innovation : une analyse des secteurs manufacturiers de l'Ocde
Authors: Fecher Fabienne
Published: July 2011

Growth in Productivity, Catching-up and Innovation: An Analysis of OECD Manufacturing Sectors,

by Fabienne Fecher.

The purpose of this paper is to test a catching-up model for OECD manufacturing sectors over the 1970-1986 period. This model analyses the effect of both the catching-up process and innovative activity on total factor productivity growth. Total productivity is measured at two levels, that of technological progress and that of technical efficiency. The findings show that the reason for the increase in productivity is twofold: both the catching-up process and innovative activity are involved. It appears that R & D is an important contributor to technological progress while the catching-up process is a significant determinant of efficiency change.
Quelle importance accordons-nous à la distribution des revenus ? Estimation d'un modèle structurel de redistribution à l'aide de l'Etude luxembourgeoise sur le revenu
Authors: Saint-Paul Gilles
Published: July 2011

Importancia de la distribución de los ingresos. Evaluación de un modelo estructural de redistribución a partir del Estudio luxemburgués relativo a los ingresos,

por Gilles Saint-Paul.

Un modelo de las preferencias del responsable de las decisiones políticas permite evaluar los parámetros de aversión a las desigualdades específicas de cada país y establecer de esta forma comparaciones internacionales. El procedimiento utilizado permite también evaluar el coste de las transferencias públicas y el valor marginal de los gastos gubernamentales.
Quelle est la configuration des cycles aux États-Unis ? Une modélisation dynamique traditionnelle
Authors: Artus Patrick , Lecointe François
Published: July 2011

What is the Configuration of Cycles in the United States? A Traditional Dynamic Model,

by Patrick Artus, François Lecointe.

The "normal"confïguration of economic cycles has recently been under review in the United States. After examination of the behaviours or mechanisms causing cyclical fluctuations, we have derived a dynamic econometric model for the American economy. This makes it possible to determine the scope, periodicity and sources of American economic cycles, and thus to clarify current debate on what emergence from recession will be like.
La persistance du déficit commercial américain dans les années 1980
Authors: L'Horty Yannick , Pham Kim Sébastien
Published: July 2011

La persistance du déficit commercial américain dans les années 1980,

par Yannick L'Horty, Kim Sébastien Pham.

La balance commerciale des États-Unis cumule plus de dix années consécutives de déficits, et son redressement progressif, amorcé en 1986, s'essoufle au début des années 1990. Pour expliquer les mouvements des balances commerciales, deux principaux déterminants sont traditionnellement mis en avant : le décalage de conjoncture et la compétitivité prix. Les contributions de ces déterminants à l'évolution du déficit américain depuis le début des années 1980 sont analysées et discutées.
Analyse micro-économétrique de la demande de transport urbain pour la ville de Tunis
Authors: Ghazouani Samir , Goaïed Mohamed
Published: July 2011

Análisis microeconómico de la demanda de transporte urbano para la ciudad de Túnez,

por Samir Ghazouani y Mohamed Goaïed.

En este artículo se presenta un análisis de la demanda de transporte urbano para la ciudad de Túnez recurriendose para ello a los modelos de elección discreta, résultantes de una maximización de utilidad aleatoria. Con este fin, se aplican dos versiones de dichos modelos: el Probit independiente y el Logit multinomial.
Perspectives du budget communautaire en union économique et monétaire
Authors: Bonnaz Hervé , Mills Philippe
Published: July 2011

Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion: die Perspektiven für den EG-Haushalt,

von Hervé Bonnaz, Philippe Mills.

Die Wirtschafts- und Währungsunion führt nicht zwangsweise zu einer volumenmäßigen Veränderung des EG-Haushaltes und scheint mit einer dezentralisierten Wahmehmung der kollektiven Aufgaben, wie sie de facto derzeit erfolgt, vereinbar zu sein. Die sich daraus ergebenden Externalitäten ließen sich entweder durch Koordinierung oder durch Harmonisierung lösen. Insbesondae könnten die Umverteilungspolitiken wahrscheinlich auf nationaler Ebene durch die Annahme von Mindestnormen beibehalten werden, zumal sowohl theoretische Argumente, wie beispielsweise die Umvateilung habe den Charakter eines lokalen öffentlichen Gutes, als auch das Vorhandensein wirtschaftlicher und kultureller Hemmnisse, die den freien Personenverkehr behindern, die Vertretbarkeit einer solchen Hypothèse unterstützen. Nichtsdestoweniger wird die WWU einen verstärkten Wettbewerbsdruck zur Folge haben, weshalb sich ihre Mitglieder hinsichtlich der Effizienz ihrer Aktionen zu mehr Wachsamkeit veranlaßt sehen werden.