bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modes and Keys: Cellular Harmony
Authors: Noble Denis
Published: November 2023

Charles Darwin was a man for islands. What he liked about them was their isolation. He did not enjoy isolation for its own sake, of course, but he did appreciate the chance to study species that, being isolated, had developed in unique ways. This is how he made some of the key discoveries that led up to his theory of evolution by natural selection. He was studying forms of life, particularly birds and tortoises, in the Galapagos. The various islands in this archipelago ofif the coast of South America were more or less cut ofif from one another. The animal species on these islands had consequently diverged from each other.
Introduction
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2023

The scientific approach to children’s sleep problem is relatively new; however, much information of practical value now exists but is not sufficiently well known.

This book aims to inform parents and others about the modern approach to such problems.

It must be the case that from earliest times children have caused their parents grief because they would not or could not sleep well. Some early depictions of domestic scenes show babies sleeping contentedly, but quite the opposite is acknowledged in, for example, Thomas Phaire’s Boke of Chyldren, the first paediatrics textbook in English, published in 1545.
Lack of sleep as a cause of being very sleepy
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2023

If your child is often very sleepy, the first thing to determine is whether he is getting enough sleep for his age.

Try to assess how many hours he is actually asleep at night, not just how long he spends in bed.

Consider the possible reasons for actual loss of sleep (discussed in Chapters 5–7), depending on your child’s age.

This is very unlikely. Most people (including children) will be affected by not having enough sleep. They may forget how they used to feel and be pleasantly surprised how much better they are if their sleep improves.
Parasomnias when deeply asleep: ‘arousal disorders’
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2023

These sleep disorders (which include sleepwalking) are common in children, who usually grow out of them before adulthood.

The tendency to have these disorders is often inherited. Some can be alarming for parents to witness, but, as the child remains asleep during the episodes, he himself will not actually be distressed.

There can be a risk, however, that the child will be accidentally injured. Parents need to know what to do and what not to do when these episodes occur.
Children at high risk of sleep disorders
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2023

Some groups of children are at particular risk of sleep problems that can be serious and complicated.

They can often be helped providing the cause of their sleep disturbance is correctly identified and appropriate treatment is given.

Fact: This is not so. The same treatment methods that are used for other children are appropriate and are likely to be effective if used correctly.
Getting help with your child’s sleep problem
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2023

The help needed for your child’s sleep problem, and who might provide it, depends on how complicated the problem is. The sequence of possible steps in obtaining help can be: self-help (only useful up to a point); consulting your GP or health visitor; seeing a hospital specialist; and attending a sleep disorders clinic. Precise diagnosis should lead to effective treatment if carried out properly.

Fact: Although there is room for improvement in the provision of help with sleep problems, many effective treatments of different types have been developed and can be made available if the right avenues are explored.
Discussion Summary: Patient Characteristics In Headache Clinics
Authors: Dahlöf Carl
Published: November 2023

Comorbidity is an important factor in severely affected patients in headache clinics. A subset of patients with medication overuse have also abused other substances, and thus are generally abuse prone. Depression is very often comorbid with migraine, especially in headache clinic patients and the same is true for anxiety. The usefulness of having an experienced psychiatrist associated with a headache centre has been experienced by several multidisciplinary headache clinics. The psychiatrist should supplement and support the psychologists of the headache centre when patients have serious psychiatric comorbidity. The spectrum of patients seen in a headache clinic varies enormously from setting to setting.
Provocation And Treatment As Diagnostic Procedures
Authors: Goadsby Peter J
Published: November 2023

The second edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders runs to 160 pages, which reflects the complexity of headache disorders. Here I will consider issues around the differential diagnosis of primary headaches. Secondary headache differential diagnosis is well covered in general headache texts and elsewhere in this volume (see also, Ducros and Evers in this volume). Given that 20–25 per cent of consultations to neurologists are for headache, it is not surprising that some patients can be difficult to diagnose. As diagnosis underpins all management, we have evolved some approaches on an inpatient basis to assist us in clinical practice. In this chapter I will deal with provocative challenges first, and then with treatment courses as a diagnostic tool. To some extent what is done here represents what we have developed as approaches to disentangling the complex problems referred to the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery (London) over the last decade.
The Team Approach (Overall Concept And Use Of Other Specialties)
Authors: Mathew Ninan T
Published: November 2023

Recurrent headaches diminish quality of life, decrease job and social functioning, and increase utilization of healthcare resources. Even though patients with primary headaches utilize resources and cost health plans more than other chronic diseases, in general, they are dissatisfied with the care they receive. Controlled data on the efficacy of multidisciplinary headache management is sparse. Recent reports from headache centres confirm the large clinical experience that a disease management model using a multidisciplinary team improved individualized patient care and outcome in those with complex chronic headaches.
Discussion Summary: Multidisciplinary Management— Medication Overuse
Authors: Goadsby Peter
Published: November 2023

Moreover, it is likely that in some patients’ headache frequency increases first, and this is followed by a change in acute medication. Certainly it is clear that not all patients with migraine have a change in headache when exposed to daily use of analgesics, and not all get better when the frequent use is stopped. The former is best illustrated by observations in rheumatology and gastroenterology clinics where patients have been observed who use, for example, opioids daily and have a background history of migraine but do not develop daily headache. Remarkably patients with other primary headaches, such as cluster headache or SUNCT (Short-lasting, Unilateral, Neuralgiform headache attacks with Conjunctival injection and Tearing), can develop either increased frequency of primary headache or an interparoxysmal headache with medication overuse. Dr Katsarava remarked that his clinical data and new data with the nociception-specific blink reflex (this volume) are consistent with the above analysis.
National Healthcare Plans For Headache?
Authors: Steiner T J
Published: November 2023

Headache disorders—common neurological complaints—significantly damage health and life-style. Migraine alone is the 19th greatest cause of disability worldwide. Collectively, measurably affecting half the adults of the world, headache disorders are almost certainly among the top 10 causes of disability, and in the top five in women. In the USA and EU, an estimated 1 000 000 people are absent from work or school every working day because of migraine. If the preceding sentence is true, at least equal losses are attributable to other headache disorders.
Literary and Scientific Institutions in the Nineteenth-Century Cape Colony
Authors: Dubow Saul
Published: November 2023

When the Cape colony was first captured from the Dutch in 1795 it was, according to the historian de Kiewiet, 'economically more undeveloped, politically more inexperienced, and culturally more backward than any of the greater colonies of settlement. After one and a half centuries the Colony contained one town worthy of the name, and five or six little villages. The rest of the population was scattered over an immense area.'1 Little had changed by the time of the British reoccupation of the Cape in 1806, notwithstanding some energetic efforts to improve its prosperity during the preceding three-year Batavian interlude.
Of Special Colonial Interest: The Cape Monthly Magazine and the Circulation of Ideas
Authors: Dubow Saul
Published: November 2023

A further register of the confidence in colonial achievement that characterized the Cape at mid-century was the launch of the Cape Monthly Magazine in January 1857. Although not the first literary venture of this type, the Monthly was notably more ambitious and successful than any of its periodical predecessors. It lay at the very centre of the interlocking network of institutions that constituted the focus of the previous chapter-the South African Library, Museum, and the Botanical Gardens-and it did much to promote these by carrying reports and commentaries relating to their activities.
Representation and Productive Ambiguity in Mathematics and the Sciences
Authors: Grosholz Emily R
Published: November 2023

Emily Grosholz offers an original investigation of demonstration in mathematics and science, examining how it works and why it is persuasive. Focusing on geometrical demonstration, she shows the roles that representation and ambiguity play in mathematical discovery. She presents a wide range of case studies in mechanics, topology, algebra, logic, and chemistry, from ancient Greece to the present day, but focusing particularly on the seventeenth and twentieth centuries. She argues that reductive methods are effective not because they diminish but because they multiply and juxtapose modes of representation. Such problem-solving is, she argues, best understood in terms of Leibnizian ‘analysis’ - the search for conditions of intelligibility. Discovery and justification are then two aspects of one rational way of proceeding, which produces the mathematician’s formal experience. Grosholz defends the importance of iconic, as well as symbolic and indexical, signs in mathematical representation, and argues that pragmatic, as well as syntactic and semantic, considerations are indispensable for mathematical reasoning. By taking a close look at the way results are presented on the page in mathematical (and biological, chemical, and mechanical) texts, she shows that when two or more traditions combine in the service of problem solving, notations and diagrams are sublty altered, multiplied, and juxtaposed, and surrounded by prose in natural language which explains the novel combination. Viewed this way, the texts yield striking examples of language and notation that are irreducibly ambiguous and productive because they are ambiguous. Grosholtz’s arguments, which invoke Descartes, Locke, Hume, and Kant, will be of considerable interest to philosophers and historians of mathematics and science, and also have far-reaching consequences for epistemology and philosophy of language.
Bioorganic Chemistry and Biology
Authors: Grosholz Emily R
Published: November 2023

It makes sense to formalize inference. It doesn’t make sense to formalize a molecule; rather, we say that we represent the molecule using a variety of modes and solve problems about it by various reductive strategies. One such strategy is to analyze the molecule in terms of its symmetries, and then use that group of automorphisms, mapped onto suitable groups of matrices, to investigate it as a dynamical system and construct molecular orbitals in terms of atomic orbitals.
Geometry, Algebra, and Topology
Authors: Grosholz Emily R
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I return to the notion of mathematical experience, as it is treated by Jules Vuillemin in his book La Philosophie de l’alge`bre, in order to bring the discussion of mathematical rationality out of the seventeenth century and into the twentieth. I want to show that the patterns of argument I have described in the last three chapters also hold for the structuralist mathematics of the twentieth century, and for mathematical logic and set theory.
Italian irregular plurals in -a
Authors: Acquaviva Paolo
Published: November 2023

Our first case study involves a small class of Italian irregular nouns featuring a mix of morphological and semantic idiosyncrasies, the most obvious being that they agree as masculines in the singular but as feminines in the plural. These plurals display several of the morphological and semantic properties we have seen in Part l as typical of lexicalized plurals.
Arabic broken plurals
Authors: Acquaviva Paolo
Published: November 2023

A long and illustrious grammatical tradition has labelled ‘broken plural’ (jamf mukassarkass,pluralis, plumlis fractus) an Arabic pluralization pattern which con sists in reshaping the stem of the singular: for example, the singular kalb ‘dog’, is altered (‘broken’) to form the plural kifoab ‘dogs’.
Service users’ expectations and views of mental health nurses
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Playle John , Cooper Linda
Published: November 2023

The primary role of mental health professionals and services is to meet the defined health needs of the individuals they serve, ultimately service users (SUs) and their carers. Whilst this is a rather obvious statement, it can as a core principle easily get lost in the design and delivery of care. As with any public serv- ice there are often many different competing agendas, politi- cal, professional, and economic, that may lead to the importance of SU views and expectations lacking the priority they deserve. However, there is a growing recognition that the involvement and views of SUs and carers is an important prin- ciple and quality measure. It is vital that mental health nurses (MHNs) work together in partnership with SUs based on a clear understanding of their needs and negotiated expectations. At a wider level it is important to take a systematic approach to reviewing the evidence base related to SUs’ expectations and views of MHNs in order to advance understanding of the con- tribution that MHNs can make to the modernization of mental health care provision.
Fostering guided self-help
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Playle John , Cooper Linda
Published: November 2023

At the point of registration mental health nursing students should be confident in providing evidence-based clinical inter- ventions that optimize health, well-being, and quality of life for patients using a range of communication skills. Central to such interventions is the establishment of a relationship with indi- viduals with mental health problems and the provision of feed- back that is constructive and facilitates positive change.
Medication management
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Playle John , Cooper Linda
Published: November 2023

Mental health nurses have an important role in administering and monitoring the effects of medication in addition to help- ing service users to maximize the benefits of treatment and minimize associated adverse effects. Medication is a very effec- tive treatment for mental health problems, but large numbers of service users either stop taking it or take it reluctantly (World Health Organization [WHO] 2003).
Legal, professional, and ethical issues
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Playle John , Cooper Linda
Published: November 2023

A chapter on the legal and ethical issues informing mental health nursing practice may seem unusual in a book that focuses on skills. However, all the mental health nursing skills described in this book are underpinned by a requirement to deliver them ethically and in accordance with the law. The UK Nursing and Midwifery Council’s code of professional conduct (NMC 2008) states that you are personally accountable for your practice. This means that you are answerable for your actions and omissions, regardless of advice or directions from another professional.
Prevention, recognition, and therapeutic management of violence
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Playle John , Cooper Linda
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we look at the key skills needed to work safely and effectively with service users who may be violent whilst receiving mental health nursing care. There are three interre- lated sets of skills to be considered here: recognizing that a service user is likely to become violent in the imminent future; working with this service user to prevent their anger or resent- ment turning into violence; and, if this does not work, thera- peutically managing the actual violent behaviour that takes place (Box 18.1).
Fungi
Authors: Blair Jaime E
Published: November 2023

Members of Kingdom Fungi play an integral role in global nutrient cycling and are important symbionts with other eukaryotes and some prokaryotes. they are intimately associated with plants as mutualistic mycorrhizae and as the primary decomposers of lignin. Fungi are most closely related to Metazoa as part of the Opisthokonta, a eukaryotic supergroup which also includes unicellular choanoPagellates, icthyosporeans, and nucleariids (1, 2). While estimates vary (3), Kingdom Fungi may contain upward of several million species, with only a small fraction (100,000) being formally described. Here I review the relationships and divergence times among the major fungal lineages.
Adjunction, Phase Interpretation, and Condition C∗
Authors: Biskup Petr
Published: November 2023

As is well known, there is an adjunct-argument asymmetry with respect to reconstruction and Condition C (van Riemsdijk & Williams 1981; Lebeaux 1988; Speas 1990; Heycock 1995; Fox 1999, 2000; Chomsky 2004a; Stepanov 2000, 2001; Lasnik 2003).
The Ellipsis Movement Generalization and the Notion of Phase∗
Authors: Nakamura Masanori
Published: November 2023

The notion of phase plays an integral part in the current version of the minimalist approach. It has been proposed that derivations proceed phase by phase, handing a specified portion of syntactic structure over to the phonological component as soon as a phase is fully constructed (Chomsky 2000, 2001, 2008; see also Fox & Pesetsky 2005 for relevant discussion). The adoption of phase enables us to build a theory of grammar whereby the derivational system of human language attends only to a limited part of structure at one time, severely lessening the computational burden.
Hobbes: Motives And Reasons
Authors: Irwin Terence
Published: November 2023

Hobbes is dissatisfied with the error and disagreement among moral philosophers, in contrast to the consensus that natural philosophers have reached. In natural philosophy, inquiry proceeds from indisputable and undisputed first principles, and secures agreement at each step. Moral philosophy, by contrast, presents us with unresolved controversy, because inquirers begin from common beliefs and apparently plausible views. The Aristotelian dialectical approach to moral inquiry begins from ‘appearances’ and does not confine itself to evident and indisputable starting points. Hobbes believes that it leads to insoluble and fruitless disputes. He does not believe that this difference between the progress of natural philosophy and the relative backwardness of moral philosophy marks a difference in the subject matter or in the appropriate method.
The ‘British Moralists’
Authors: Irwin Terence
Published: November 2023

Whewell and Sidgwick both recognize a tradition of British moral philosophers whose outlook is defined, explicitly or implicitly, by questions raised by Hobbes. While philosophers in this tradition are also open to influences from outside Britain, they are especially concerned with Hobbes and his successors. Before we discuss, them, therefore, it may be useful to survey some of the different tendencies in the British moralists, and some of the different ways of dividing them into different schools or movements.
Butler: Nature
Authors: Irwin Terence
Published: November 2023

Butler’s sermons are intended ‘to explain what is meant by the nature of man, when it is said that virtue consists in following, and vice in deviating from it; and by explaining to show that the assertion is true’ (P13). He says that this claim about nature is the view of the ancient moralists; they believe that vice is ‘more contrary’ to human nature than torture and death are. In the comparative ‘more contrary’ Butler suggests that torture and death are to some degree contrary to nature. He therefore attributes to the ancients a doctrine of degrees of naturalness, and hence a graded conception of nature, according to which torture and death are indeed contrary to nature, but less contrary than vice is. These remarks about the ancients recall the Stoics, and especially passages in Cicero that assume a graded conception of nature.
Price
Authors: Irwin Terence
Published: November 2023

Price’s book is suitably entitled a Review. He not only examines the main contributions to moral theory since Hobbes, but also surveys the relevant disputes in epistemology. He examines Locke, Shaftesbury, Hutcheson, Hume, and comments (briefly, in a later edition) on Smith, Reid, and Paley. He is the first moralist who clearly uses Cudworth’s Eternal and Immutable Morality. He follows Butler, Clarke, and Balguy on many points, but his historical and philosophical horizon extends beyond them; he uses his first-hand knowledge of Plato and the Stoics to defend the rationalist side of the argument.
Rousseau
Authors: Irwin Terence
Published: November 2023

Rousseau’s works do not include any treatise on moral philosophy, but they include different sorts of material that is relevant to moral philosophy. Several of his main works are primarily relevant to social philosophy, since they deal with interactions between individuals and different sorts of social contexts. One of Rousseau’s preoccupations arises from his objections to Hobbes. According to Hobbes, the most illuminating way to understand society, and especially the state, is to contrast it with the condition of human beings without society, in the state of nature. When we consider non-social human beings, we can see that each individual needs society, and in particular needs a commonwealth with coercive power, in order to satisfy the desires that we form without any commonwealth. The commonwealth offers peace, which we can see, from the point of view of the state of nature, to be better than the war of all against all that is characteristic of the state of nature.
Derivation as a Syntactic Process in Greenlandic
Authors: Rischel Jørgen
Published: November 2023

A major issue in modern linguistic theory has been how to account for derivational morphology. Chomsky (1970) argued that there are some types of nominalization which cannot be adequately described as transforms of sentence-like structures, and which accordingly must be present as constituents in underlying representations. This ‘lexicalist’ attitude towards derivational morphology is taken more generally by Kiefer (1972). It is argued that derived words function essentially like non-derived words, that derivations are often lexicalized, that most types of derivation are only quasi-productive, and that derivational elements are more closely associated with the stem than flex- ional elements, all of this supporting a distinction between inflexion and derivation, as well as a non-transformational approach to the latter.
Compound Stress in Danish without a Cycle
Authors: Rischel Jørgen
Published: November 2023

The existence or non-existence of cyclic rules in phonology is an important issue in the current debate. Among the processes which are widely assumed to be cyclic, the graded reduction of stresses in com- pound words probably holds a particularly high rank. The mechanism involved was stated in such terms by Chomsky et al. (1956), and the more recent formulation of it in Chomsky and Halle (1968) largely dominates descriptive approaches at the present time.
On Unit Accentuation in Danish—and the Distinction Between Deep and Surface Phonology
Authors: Rischel Jørgen
Published: November 2023

It is no coincidence that the first part of the title of this paper is strongly reminiscent of that of a paper read by L. Hjelmslev before the Linguistic Circle of Copenhagen twenty-five years ago (Hjelmslev 1957). In spite of obvious affinities to ‘metrical phonology’ the present paper is not directly coupled to the work of the MIT school (some recent advances in ‘lexical phonology’, which are crucially relevant to issues raised in this paper, could not be considered before completion of the manuscript). Rather,I am trying to summarize and follow up my previous work on the hierarchical nature of Danish stress, with special emphasis on certain issues which have vexed me since I was exposed to Hjelmslev’s and Eli Fischer-Jørgensen’s views on prosodic patterning in the late 1950s (also cf. Fischer-Jørgensen 1961). At the same time, of course,I am drawing heavily on theoretical advances within generative phonology. In fact, the general setting within which I am dealing with stress is generative, but I have preferred to stick to fairly loose formulations and a minimum of formal apparatus in agreement with my earlier work. I hope that the presentation is sufficiently explicit to make my points clear, though.
Typology and Reconstruction of Numeral Systems:
Authors: Rischel Jørgen
Published: November 2023

When speaking about reconstruction and typology one most often refers to the greater or lesser relevance of phonological typology for reflections about the sound pattern of a proto-language, or (less often) to similar considerations in the realms of morphology and syntax. The present paper is rather marginal in the sense that it deals with the lexicon, and more specifically with a closed set of morphemes which exhibits somewhat particular morphosyntactical and phonological behaviour.
Being, Existence, and Ontological Commitment1
Authors: Inwagen Peter Van
Published: November 2023

Ontology is a very old subject, but ̔ontology̕ is a relatively new word.(Ontologia seems to have been a seventeenth-century coinage.) After the passing of the Wolff-Baumgarten school of metaphysics, and before the twentieth century, ̔ontology̕ was never a very popular word, except, perhaps, among the writers of manuals of scholastic philosophy. Currently, however, the word is very fashionable, both among analytical philosophers and philosophers in the existential-phenomenological tradition. Its popularity with the former is due to Quine, and its popularity with the latter is due to Heidegger.
Theoretical Practice: The Bohm– Pines Quartet
Authors: Hughes R I G
Published: November 2023

My egalitarian tendencies will be all too evident throughout this essay, dealing as it does with four papers from the Physical Review. True, I largely neglect their literary dimension; whatever the attention I pay to the narrative elements in them will betray a sadly undiscriminating taste. Pace Danto, however plebian they may be, these papers are indisputably texts. They are written utterances that take up and respond to earlier utterances in the genre, and themselves invite responses from their intended readers. This explains why a paper can be too original for its own good, why early papers in chaos theory, for instance, were denied space in physics journals. For, although each paper is individuated by the original contribution it offers, the dialogic relation in which it stands both to its predecessors and its successors requires that all of them be informed by a common set of assumptions. These shared assumptions— some methodological, others theoretical, some explicit, many tacit— provide a normative frame-work for theoretical discourse. This in turn enables us to speak meaningfully of ‘theoretical practice’. The details of the framework may vary from one sub-discipline of physics to another.
Laws of Physics, the Representational Account of Theories, and Newton’s Principia
Authors: Hughes R I G
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 8 of Book II of the Physics, Aristotle argues for a teleological account of nature. His argument has the form of a disjunctive syllogism: Things happen by chance or to some end; it is implausible that the regularities in nature happen by chance; therefore they happen to some end. The same syllogism reappears in Thomas Aquinas’ Fifth Way,? and, as late as the last decade of the sixteenth century, it informs the debate between Mutabilitie and Nature in the final stanzas of Edmund Spenser’s The Faerie Queene. But, half a century later, Descartes declares, in Part I of the Principles of Philosophy, ‘We shall entirely reject from our Philosophy the search for final causes’.? Aristotle’s syllogism does not hold him in its sway, because he rejects its major premiss.
Modelling, the Brownian Motion, and the Disunities of Physics
Authors: Hughes R I G
Published: November 2023

As a regulative ideal of physics, the importance of theoretical unification would be hard to deny. The achievements of Isaac Newton in the seventeenth century, and of James Clark Maxwell 200 years later, are celebrated precisely because each brought apparently diverse phenomena within the ambit of a single theory. Newton’s mechanics accommodated both celestial and terrestrial phenomena; Maxwell’s electromagnetic theory accommodated not only electrical and magnetic phenomena but optical phenomena as well. Similarly, in the latter part of the twentieth century, practitioners of field theory partially realized the goal of a unified ‘final theory’, one which would accommodate the four ‘fundamental forces’ of nature. In the 1960s, electromagnetic forces and the weak nuclear force were unified in the electro-weak model proposed by Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam.
Theoretical Explanation
Authors: Hughes R I G
Published: November 2023

abstract

By a theoretical explanation, I mean an explanation of a regularity in the world, or in our account of the world, in terms of a scientific theory. An account of theoretical explanation should satisfy various desiderata.
The Discourse of Physics Exemplified by the Aharonov – Bohm Effect
Authors: Hughes R I G
Published: November 2023

The critic Ernest Jones has provided a Freudian analysis of Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Georg Lukacs a Marxist reading of Scott’s Heart of Midlothian, and Hans Reichenbach a logical reconstruction of Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity. Each of these projects provided a valuable way of thinking about its object of study, but none of them exhausted what can be said about it. In this essay, I will employ M. M. Bakhtin’s ‘speech genres’ to bring out aspects of a paper in the Physical Review, ‘Significance of Electromagnetic Potentials in the Quantum Theory’, co-authored in 1959 by Yakir Aharonov and David Bohm.
Decision aids in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Köpke Sascha , Mühlhauser Ingrid
Published: November 2023

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a recurrent inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system usually starting in early adult life. The cause and mechanisms of the disease remain mostly unexplained. All features of MS are characterized by uncertainty – in fact, it has been claimed that the most constant feature of the disease is uncertainty (NCC-CC, 2004). Diagnostic criteria are based mostly on experts’ consensus rather than evidence as an individual patient’s course and prognosis is variable and hard to predict. The disease is commonly characterized by periodic relapses with a large variety of possible presentations from mild sensory dysfunctions to severe and highly disabling symptoms like complete loss of vision or paraplegia. However, at least one-third of people with a diagnosis of MS seem to remain relatively unaffected by the disease (Ramsaransing and De Keyser, 2006).
Barriers and facilitators to implementation of shared decision-making
Authors: Légaré France , Ratté Stéphane , Gravel, Karine , Graham Ian D
Published: November 2023

The expanded availability of health information, the consumer movement, the desire of patients to be actively involved in their health care, the need to manage public expectations, and the increased concern about patient safety are among the factors that support the idea of an extended role for patients in clinical decision-making. However, shared decision-making has not yet been adopted by health practitioners. Although there are very few data available on specific interventions found to be effective for implementing shared decision-making in clinical practice, a growing body of knowledge can inform us about those interventions most likely to be successful or worth considering in future initiatives. In this chapter, we highlight the specific challenges associated with the barriers and facilitators to the adoption of shared decision-making in clinical practice. The first section reports on a conceptual model for assessing the barriers and facilitators. It then addresses measurement issues and presents a few instruments that could be useful for assessing barriers and facilitators to the implementation of shared decision-making. The second section briefly reports on implementation studies of shared decision-making in clinical practice. The last section identifies strengths and limitations associated with a barriers and facilitators assessment approach as well as areas needing further research.
Decision aids and beyond: The next decade of decision support technologies
Authors: Elwyn Glyn , O’Connor Annette , Frosch Dominick , Volk, Bob , Feldman-Stewart Deb
Published: November 2023

Decision aids – a term that has gained valuable currency in health care settings – are a form of decision support technology: they are tools which are designed to support individuals in making decisions about situations where deliberation is regarded as a useful process, i.e. where at least two reasonable options exist and where high-quality information needs to be presented, preferably in understandable formats. The label has been used for over a decade, in a wide range of settings and in research studies, including systematic reviews, and seems to differentiate tools that are designed specifically for patients (or users of health care services) from expert systems designed to support professional decision-making. Whereas the term is very well recognized and concise, some have worried that the term ‘aid’ does not do justice to the importance of what seems to be emerging as a key group of interventions in health care interactions, part of a family of health technologies that impact on patient outcomes.
The Evolving Norms of Medical Ethics
Authors: Emanuel Ezekiel J
Published: November 2023

Medical ethics is coeval with the development of medical practice. In ancient Greece, as medicine was developing and schools of practice were evolving, it became necessary to develop codes of medical ethics. The sheer existence of the Hippocratic Oath attests to the inherent need for guidance on ethical issues in medical practice. Many of the issues addressed in the Hippocratic Oath, such as confidentiality, avoiding sex with patients, euthanasia, and abortion, are issues for medical practitioners today. Seeing a vulnerable person laid low by illness, examining his or her naked body, hearing sensitive information, and so on require that ethical norms be defined. These issues are timeless, they are inherent in medical practice.
Harnessing Advanced Technologies for Global Health Equity
Authors: Singer Peter A , Bhatt Archana , Frew Sarah E , Greenwood Heather , Mackie Jocelyn , Panjwani Dilnoor , Persad Deepa L , Salamanca-Buentello Fabio , Séguin Béatrice , Taylor Andrew D , Thorsteinsdóttir Halla , Walji Aneesa , Daar∗ Abdallah S
Published: November 2023

Innovation in science and technology (S&T) has significantly contributed to medical advances and has consequently had a large impact on public health. However, the benefits of this progress have yet to be equally shared. Millions of people in developing countries continue to face health challenges that no longer burden the industrialized world. With pandemics such as HIV/AIDS plaguing countries in sub-Saharan Africa, life expectancies in this region are 40 years and falling—nearly half of those in developed countries. This immense disparity in global health equity is perhaps the greatest ethical challenge of our time.
The Goddess Of The Yangtze
Authors: Turvey Samuel
Published: November 2023

Once upon a time, so the story goes, lived a beautiful and kind-hearted girl on the south bank of the Yangtze. She had lost her parents and lived with her stepfather, a mean-spirited man who showed her no love and beat her regularly. As she grew up into a slim, graceful maiden, she longed to be free of her cruel guardian, but he realized that she would fetch a good price if he sold her to a trader in women on the north bank. He concocted a story to lure her into accompanying him over the river, but when their boat was halfway across, they were caught in a sudden storm and became drenched with rain. The old man, seeing the outline of his stepdaughter’s young body through her thin wet dress, felt a wave of lust and forced himself upon her. Managing to break free, and realizing the fate that awaited her when they arrived at the shore, she threw herself into the fast-flowing river.
The Protean Elemen T: Carbon in New Guises
Authors: Gratzer Walter
Published: November 2023

Whether anything made of only the atoms of a single element can decently be classed as a polymer is a question fit for pedants. But new forms of this most remarkable of elements, discovered in the past two decades or so, have opened new vistas to the eager gaze of chemists and physicists. They are, moreover, finding practical applications of a kind which would have seemed closer to science fiction than science only a few years ago. So all this excitement can scarcely be disregarded here.
The Quiddity of Polymers: Shapes, Sizes, and Their Effects
Authors: Gratzer Walter
Published: November 2023

It is time now to consider what form the various polymer molecules take, and how a grasp of the science has led to the development of a dazzling range of extraordinary materials. We have already seen that the atoms at either end of a carbon– carbon double bond are more or less locked in place in either the cis or the trans configuration, while a single bond allows free rotation of those atoms about its axis. This much is true, but the dispositions of the atoms along the polymer chain is nevertheless limited by the nature of a covalent bond, which specifies favourable (i.e. low-energy) positions of the angle of rotation, also called the torsional angle. Free rotation means only that the atoms can flip from one favourable torsional state to another with some ease.
Could Spinoza Have Presented the Ethics as the True Content of the Bible?
Authors: Fraenkel Carlos
Published: November 2023

In what may appear provocative to some, I will argue in this chapter that the answer to the question posed in the title is a qualified ‘yes’.To show this I offer a new interpretation of the role of religion and its relation to philosophy in Spinoza’s work. My main goal is to explain the inconsistencies in Spinoza’s treatment of Scripture by taking two intellectual contexts into account: the philosophical interpretation of the purpose of religion in medieval Islamic and Jewish thought and various approaches to Scripture in the Netherlands of the seventeenth century, in particular those of Lodewijk Meyer, the Calvinist Reformed Church, and the Quaker movement.
Hume and Spinoza on the Relation of Cause and Effect
Authors: Scribano Emanuela
Published: November 2023

In his paper ‘Hume contra Spinoza?’, Wim Klever revived Richard Popkin’s earlier suggestion that we should mistrust Hume’s condemnation of Spinoza’s philosophy. According to Popkin, Hume’s conventional condemnation of the systematic atheistwould seem to hide the fact that Hume’s own views on the philosophy of religion derive from Spinoza.Klever, for his part, broadened Popkin’s perspective and proposed to include in Hume’s debt to Spinoza his entire theory of knowledge.
Power, Activity, And Being A Discussion Of Aristotle: MetaphysicsΘ, Trans. And Comm. Stephen Makin
Authors: Witt Charlotte
Published: November 2023

stephen makin’s contribution to the Clarendon Aristotle fits well with the series’ intention to provide accurate translations of important texts to students and scholars supplemented by an introduction and a commentary that focus on philosophical issues and problems. This book has many virtues, including a smooth, intelligible translation, a sensible and largely helpful orientation in the introduction, and a detailed, philosophically sophisticated commentary.
Cryptic Female Choices
Authors: Dixson Alan F
Published: November 2023

The last chapter focused on the effects of sexual selection, via sperm competition, upon the evolution of the male genitalia in mammals, with special reference to the question of human reproduction and evolution. However, in human beings as in other mammals, it is the female’s reproductive tract which constitutes the arena for sperm competition. Spermatozoa must traverse anatomical and physiological sieves and barriers in the vagina, cervix, uterus, uterotubal junction, and oviduct before encountering an ovum, enclosed in its vestments (Figure 4.1). Once it is acknowledged that the female’s anatomy and physiology may influence the fate of spermatozoa, it is logical to ask whether such factors might act differently upon the ejaculates of rival males. If, for example, one male possesses a more advantageous penile morphology, or copulatory pattern, or a biochemically more effective mixture of accessory glandular secretions, then the female’s reproductive system might preferentially receive and transport his spermatozoa. It is this hidden female potential which William Eberhard refers to as cryptic female choice. Although Eberhard was not the first scientist to employ this term (see Thornhill 1983) he provided the major synthesis of this important concept (Eberhard 1985; 1996). Cryptic female choice may partially explain, for example, why sexual selection has favoured the evolution of complex phallic morphologies in animals in which females mate with multiple partners. The phallus may function as an internal courtship device under such conditions.
Copulatory Patterns
Authors: Dixson Alan F
Published: November 2023

The desire for novelty and a capacity for inventiveness pervades human sexuality, just as it affects other areas of our lives. Such inventiveness existed in bygone ages, as captured, for example, by the erotic stone images of couples which adorn ancient Indian temples. These cultural expressions of human sexual diversity, however, can easily obscure those fundamental aspects of copulatory behaviour which humans share with other primates, as well as with mammals in general. In this chapter, I shall attempt to identify homologues of human copulatory patterns, and those which occur in non-human primates. The purpose of this exercise is to address three sets of questions. Firstly, what is the evolutionary basis of the various copulatory postures displayed by people in various parts of the world? Face-to-face (ventro-ventral) copulatory positions are found in most of these populations.
What is sleep?
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2023

There are two distinct types of sleep—non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep—a balance of which is needed to function well during the day. During the night, these two types of sleep alternate with each other. Probably everyone dreams but the purpose of dreaming is generally unclear. The pattern of wakefulness and sleep is controlled by an internal clock in the brain (the body clock). Your level of alertness varies within each 24 hours. The tendency to sleep is greatest in the early hours of the morning (corresponding to deep NREM sleep) and (although less so) in the early afternoon. People vary in the time of day when they are most alert: ‘larks’ in the morning and ‘owls’ in the evening. Most people show neither of these patterns. Daytime naps can make it difficult to get to sleep at bedtime if they are too long or too late in the day. Long naps can make you feel groggy afterwards. Sleep has some features in common with other states of relative inactivity, such as coma or, in some species, hibernation. All of these states usually occur while lying down with little movement and reduced awareness of the environment to varying degrees. However, sleep is very different from the rest.
Excessive sleepiness
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2023

Everyone is likely to have times when they feel tired for no obvious reason. However, if asked, a surprising number of people will say that they are regularly far too sleepy, often to the extent that it affects them seriously. These forms can occur in combination. Excessive sleepiness can have a number of unwelcome effects on your life. Everyday activities can become a burden, enjoying yourself becomes a thing of the past, your emotional life is upset, and your performance during the day may be impaired, possibly causing accidents at work or while driving. Despite these serious consequences, relatively few people who are excessively sleepy seek medical help. Their condition may well be mistaken by themselves or by other people for laziness or boredom. On the other hand, it may be thought that they are suffering from a primarily psychological or medical disorder, or even from failing intellect if the effects are severe. Conditions where the main problem is excessive sleepiness tend to be different from those in which lethargy or fatigue is the most prominent feature (without necessarily needing to sleep excessively), such as chronic fatigue syndrome or CFS (also known as myalgic encephalomyelitis or ME), depression, or a medical illness of one sort or another. However, the distinction may not always be clear; if there is any doubt, it is best to consult your doctor. Again, it is worth remembering that some people need more sleep than others without necessarily having anything wrong with them. However, if you are persistently not at your best during the day or have shown other signs of a sleep disorder (see Chapter 5), you should obtain professional advice.
The Adult Companies
Authors: Chambers E K
Published: November 2023

The doyen of the Court companies, when Elizabeth came to the throne, was the royal company of Players of Interludes. This had already half a century of history behind it. Its beginnings are probably traceable in the reign of Henry VII. Richard III had entertained a company, as Duke of Gloucester, in 1482 ; but nothing is known of it during his short reign from 1583 to 1585.1 Nor is a royal company discoverable amongst the earlier records of Henry VII himself.
International Companies
Authors: Chambers E K
Published: November 2023

The England of Elizabeth and James was a lender rather than a borrower of players. No records have been disinterred of French actors in this country between 1495 and 1629 ; and although there are a few of Italian actors, their visits seem to have been confined to a single brief period. The head-quarters of Italian comedy during the middle of the sixteenth century was at the Court of Mantua, and when Lord Buckhurst went as ambassador to congratulate CharlesIX of France on his wedding, it was by Louis Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers and brother of the Duke of Mantua, that he was entertained on 4 March 1571 ‘with a comedie of Italians that for the good mirth and handling thereof deserved singular comendacion’.