bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Three Year Analysis of CMS Use in Resident University Courses
Authors: Malikowski Steven R.
Published: October 2010

American universities have adopted course management systems (CMSs) at levels that are unprecedented in learning technology. Researchers have investigated CMS use for a few reasons. First, they are interested in learning what universities are getting from the large investment into these systems. Second, there are so many features in a CMS that researchers are curious which features are used most. And third, identifying the most-used features can lead to further research into how these features can be used more effectively. Current research has provided helpful information, but it typically lacks statistical analysis, performance-based data, and longitudinal data. The study described here built on previous research by addressing these issues. CMS use at one university was studied from 2005 to 2007. Results showed that few significant changes in CMS use occurred in this time, with CMSs primarily used to transmit information to students and occasionally used for student interaction. Recommendations for further research are included.
Examining the Influence of Gender on the Modality Effect
Authors: Flores Raymond , Coward Fanni , Crooks Steven M.
Published: October 2010

This study aimed to investigate the effects of modality and gender on learning from a computer-based matrix graphic organizer. A 2 × 2 factorial experiment was created by crossing two presentation modes (visual text vs. spoken text) and gender. Dependent measures included transfer and comprehension tests. Results revealed a significant modality by gender interaction on the transfer test. These results suggest that when the goal of learning is to transfer information to new contexts, males benefit from a dual mode presentation of text, whereas females benefit from a text only (single mode) presentation. This study adds to the literature by showing that gender is another factor to consider in conjunction with expertise and modality in multimedia learning.
Comparing Student Role Perceptions: Traditional to Community-Based Curriculum
Authors: Nickerson Carolyn , Resick Lenore K.
Published: October 2010

This phenomenological study explored role perceptions of senior baccalaureate nursing students in a traditional curriculum (TC) and a community-based curriculum (CBC) following one U.S. schools curriculum revision. Researchers inquired into that moment when students intervened like a nurse. Results were analyzed by groups and then compared. The assumptions and style of the Dutch school of phenomenology guided the collection and analysis of data. Among identified themes were traditional nursing role functions. Students from the CBC perceived a comparatively broader scope for nursing practice, broader definition of client, and a more nuanced description of the nurses role. Seniors from the TC described a developmental trajectory which culminated in being able to intervene like a nurse. Responses from both participant groups confirm the importance of nurse-client and nurse-nurse proximities for the development of professional nursing in both structured and unstructured settings.
Microfluidics of Nanodrug Delivery at Different Angles of Drug Injection
Authors: Venu Vinod A. , Bolledla Narender Reddy
Published: October 2010

Studies into methods of using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology for medical and biological application have led to the development of several interesting devices such as microneedles, micropumps, and microreservoirs. Such microsystems featuring controlled transport process are important in laboratory testing of predecessors of implantable smart devices as well as analysis of pharmaceuticals and performing biomedical precision tasks. In the present study dealing with nanodrug delivery, nanofluid flow in a microchannel with various angles of drug injection is considered. The nanofluid is a solid-liquid mixture in which nonmetallic nanoparticles are suspended. A transient 3-D problem of controlled nanodrug delivery has been numerically solved. The velocity profile and dimensionless nanodrug concentration profile for different angles of drug injection were obtained at different axial stations along the length of the microchannel (z = 0.5, 5, and 10mm), with one particle diameter (10 nm) and one Reynolds number ratio (? = 1.69).
The cricetid rodents from Gratkorn (Austria, Styria): a benchmark locality for the continental Sarmatian sensu stricto (late Middle Miocene) in the Central Paratethys
Authors: Prieto Jérôme , Böhme Madelaine , Gross Martin
Published: October 2010

The cricetid rodents from Gratkorn (Austria, Styria): a benchmark locality for the continental Sarmatiansensu stricto(late Middle Miocene) in the Central Paratethys

The recent discovery of a terrestrial vertebrate assemblage in the clay pit St. Stefan at Gratkorn (Austria, Styrian Basin) is of major importance for our understanding of the evolution of late Middle Miocene mammal assemblages in the Paratethys realm. The cricetid rodent assemblage includes four species:Megacricetodon minutusDaxner, 1967,Democricetodonsp. nov. (sensuKälin & Engesser 2001),Eumyarionsp., and "Cricetodon" fandlisp. nov. The latter species belongs to the "Cricetodon" fandli-C. klariankaeHír, 2007 lineage, which allows for a long-distance correlation with other late Middle Miocene/earliest Late Miocene European localities. The biostratigraphic conclusions drawn from the study of the fossils from Gratkorn concurs with the age estimates based on regional geology, paleomagnetic measurements, and the gastropod-based biostratigraphy at the base of the Late Sarmatians. str.(late Serravallian, latest Volhynian), around 12-12.2 Ma (Chron C5An.1n) ago.
La télésurveillance policière dans les lieux publics : l'apprentissage d'une technologie
Authors: Charest Mathieu , Tremblay Pierre , Boivin Rémi , D'Élia Maurizio
Published: October 2010

Few studies have investigated law enforcement agencies' motivation and capacity to integrate video surveillance of public places into patrol- and criminal-investigation practices or the extent to which that motivation and capacity are constrained by independent regulatory agencies. In this paper, we assess the impact of a law-enforcement experiments in video surveillance in Montreal during a five-year period (2004 to 2008). Two strategies are compared. The first strategy made use of CCTV as a proactive and integrated element of a problem-solving initiative targeting an open-air drug-dealing market. The second strategy was essentially passive and CCTV cameras were spread along a street known for its nightlife, bars scene, and clubs. Findings show that video surveillance is, in fact, effective when closely linked to traditional police strategies and focused on a specific, recurrent, and localized problem. CCTV did manage to have an impact on the incidence of drug-dealing transactions as well as a collateral impact on the incidence of other offences, especially violent crimes. The second and more common approach, however, had no impact on crime.
L'impact de la couverture médiatique des violences sexuelles sur les taux d'agressions sexuelles au Québec entre 1974 et 2006
Authors: Boudreau Marie-Eve , Ouimet Marc
Published: October 2010

In Quebec, the rate of sexual assault has risen since the 1980s, while the rate of aggravated (more serious) sexual assault has abated. How can these contradictory tendencies be explained? This study examines the empirical merits of the hypothesis that the increased rate of simple sexual assault is a result of more frequent denunciations of these offences in the period observed. The empirical corpus of this study is made up of 461 articles about sexual assault that appeared in the Journal de Montréal between 1974 and 2006. The results suggest that the increase in simple sexual assault in Quebec is an artificial phenomenon, attributable, in the main, to a higher level of denunciation of sexual assault, which has been encouraged by an increase in media coverage of sexual violence and the enactment of legislation in 1983. The secondary hypothesis that this denunciation has had a dissuasive effect is also examined.
Punishing Processes in Youth Court: Procedural Justice, Court Atmosphere and Youths' Views of the Legitimacy of the Justice System
Authors: Greene Carolyn , Sprott Jane B. , Madon Natasha S. , Jung Maria
Published: October 2010

For those who are negotiating their way through court, there are potentially many aspects of the court-room atmosphere that can be perceived as unpleasant. Moreover, issues arising from general delays, confusion, and unprofessional conduct may be related to broader evaluations of the entire justice system, independently of how fairly people feel that they, personally, were treated by specific court actors. We explored this by interviewing youths after their first court appearance and by independently coding the overall atmosphere of the court-room. We found that, independently of how fairly youths felt they themselves had been treated, the atmosphere of the courtroom was significantly related to their overall assessments of the legitimacy of the criminal justice system. Those who experienced an atmosphere of confusion and unprofessionalism tended to view the entire justice system as less legitimate than did those who experienced better days.
A Descriptive Analysis of How Canadian Police Officers Administer the Right-to-Silence and Right-to-Legal-Counsel Cautions
Authors: Snook Brent , Eastwood Joseph , MacDonald Sarah
Published: October 2010

The administration of the right-to-silence and right-to-legal-counsel cautions in 126 investigative interviews (37 videotapes, 89 transcripts) was evaluated with a 78-item coding manual. We found that the right-to-silence and right-to-legal-counsel cautions were administered in 87% and 83% of the interviews, respectively. Average speech rates for both cautions exceeded acceptable levels for ensuring listening comprehension. Although the right-to-silence and right-to-legal-counsel cautions were not always read verbatim, the interviewers rarely missed rights that are contained in the cautions or incorrectly read the cautions. Interviewees almost always confirmed that they understood both cautions, but interviewers rarely attempted to verify that they actually understood them. Attempts to explain various rights in both cautions were always done correctly. Interviewees invoked their right to silence in 25% of cases and chose to speak to a lawyer in 31% of cases. The implications of these findings for improving the administration of justice in Canada are discussed.
G. de Humboldt et la linguistique générale
Authors: Quilien Jean
Published: October 2010

Jean QUILLIEN: G. von Humboldt et la linguistique générale. The conception of the sign as the central element of language is a constant feature in the history of language theories and becomes essential with Saussure who, by considering the arbitrary sign, the semiotic unit, as the theoretical matrix of the science of language, lays the foundations of modern structural linguistics, which he situates within the general field of semiology. G. von Humboldt, who was the theoretical source of nineteenth century historical and comparative linguistics, developed a theory of language that took structural analysis into account. Language is ergon,

a system of signs, and the word, bringing together signifiant and signifié,

is the semiotic unit; this, however, is only one dimension, and not the most important. In order to understand language, semiotic analysis must give way to semantic analysis. The definition of language as a semiotic system is only the condition of speech, and not speech itself; it is a virtuality and is not actualized, whereas speech is essentially

in actu. Language should not be considered separately from its realization in discourse, that is, the discourse of an actual speaker in a given culture, the member of a community and heir to its history. In short, language is in essence energeia, an infinite production of meaning, and every language includes a certain view of the world. Humboldt tried therefore to account for the two dimensions of language, the semiotic and the semantic, the former being subordinate to the latter. If it is the word sign which is the keyword for Saussure, in the case of Humboldt it is the word meaning.
Destutt lecteur de Beauzée
Authors: Branca Sonia
Published: October 2010

Destutt, lecteur de Beauzée (S. Branca) Beauzée, the grammarian who was responsible for the articles on grammar in the Encyclopédie, was one of D. de Tracy's main sources. The author attempts to show the philosophical differences between these two men (sensualism vs. rationalism) are reflected in grammatical analyses. The two themes analysed are the organization of the clause and the scope of the articles in noun phrases.
La vague condillacienne
Authors: Auroux Sylvain
Published: October 2010

La vague condillacienne (S. Auroux) The author draws a graph of the successive editions of Condillac's works on logic and compares these editions with the various editions of the main treatises of logic.
Ellipse et syntaxe de concordance chez quelques grammairiens classiques
Authors: Clerico Geneviève
Published: October 2010

GENEVIÈVE CLÉRICO: Some classical grammarians' conception of ellipsis and the syntax of concord. Linacre, Sanctius, Lancelot, Du Marsais and Beauzée ail made use of ellipsis in the various parts of linguistic analysis (morpho-syntax, lexicology, semantics) and they all suggested highly interesting theoreticaljustifications for its «foundation».

First, a few salient points on «reconstruction» and «suppletion», key elements in the organisation of «grammaire générale», are reviewed. This is followed by a more specific study of the potentialities of ellipsis applied to the syntax of concord, since the use of ellipsis for complement government is more generally known. Is is a fact that the restitution of a basie canonical form by rewriting, controversial though it may be, is more readily accepted in the treatment of syntactic concatenation and of intra-propositional relations than in concord phenomena, just as well described by syllepsis, the only figure of substitution that these grammarians still include in their methodological framework. We test the usefulness of ellipsis for a satisfactory treatment of «concord through meaning» (conceptio), or to account for the contrast between «generic» and «specific» terms. We are led to conclude that ellipsis is unable ta throw light on certain linguistic facts.
Ellipse et attraction chez Dumarsais
Authors: Soublin Françoise
Published: October 2010

FRANÇOISE SOUBLIN: Ellipsis and attraction in Dumarsais. After Sanctius, ellipsis is used ta regularize and order grammatical facts and explanations. In this function, Dumarsais introduces a newer concept, «attraction» (derived from Dangeau's rules of sound assimilation) which competes with ellipsis. The analysis of this competition is based on a few key examples and leads ta an examination of its implications for the respective roles of analysis and intuition in grammar.
Le sujet de l'impératif
Authors: Dobrovie-Sorin Carmen
Published: October 2010

CARMEN DOBROVIE-SORIN: The subject of the imperative. This paper considers the status of the empty subject noun phrase of the imperative in French and in Rumanian. For Rumanian the analysis draws a parallei between the cases of lexical nouns that occur in the vocative case (to the right of the verb) and the cases with a surface subject. It is shown that in Rumanian the subject of the imperative is of the same type as the subject of other inflected verbs (in Rumanian pronominal subjects are generally deleted). In French thesubject of the imperative may be (is is shown that the empty subject slot is to the right of the verb, as in Rumanian) unlike the nominative subject of other inflected verbs. This possibility is explained by a relation of quantification that binds the subject of the imperative to an «imperative quantifier» which defines the domain of reference of the subject as the set of aIl co-speakers. Our hypothesis, which is is that the subject of the imperative can only occur (as an empty slot) to the right of the verb, accounts for the difference in clitic placing between the imperative and other structures (Tu le tapes / Tape-le).
Did Montague invent "Montague Grammar"?
Authors: E. McMahon William
Published: October 2010

William E. McMahon: Did Montague Invent «Montague Grammar»?

Is Montague Grammar a variant of categorial grammar? After a careful examination of Ajdukiewicz's, Bar Hillel's and Bochenski's categorial theories, the author says in conclusion that Montague Grammar is not reducible to Ajdukiewicz categorial grammar and that it is not simply a categoriaI grammar. There is in Montague Grammar a synthesis of recent developments in logical theory which transcends categorial theory. But we have to make a distinction between assessing its originality and accepting its empirical relevance.
La "logique intensionnelle"est-elle vraiment intensionnelle ?
Authors: Desclés Jean-Pierre
Published: October 2010

Jean-Pierre Descles: Is the «lntensional Logic» Truly Intensional? Starting from an analysis of a concept as «course-of-values» in

Grundgsetze (the Basic Laws of Arithmetic) of Frege, the A. proposes a new characterization of intensionaI equality vs extensional equality. This opposition belongs to a project for defining clearly the duaiity intensioniextension by means oÏ mathematical anà logic tools (combinatory logic and topology -theories of topoi and sheaves -). This approach is closely connected with an adequate formalization of traditional and classic viewpoints in logic, for instance with Leibnitz's views. It is not clear that the actual «intensionallogic» constructed from the works of Karnap, Church and Montague is connected with the classic and old problem of the intension. The linguistics needs an intensional approach for treatinf examples with negation in natural languages.
L'opérateur intensionnel "savoir"
Authors: Martin Robert
Published: October 2010

Robert. Martin: The Intensional operator «savoir» (to know).

It is undertaken to explain that the following forms

* Je ne sais pas que p (I do not know that p) * Je sais si p (I know if p),

which present difficulties of reception, may however be used under certain conditions, notably in connection with the verb «dire» (to say):

Je ne sais pas que p = «Je dirai/tu diras que je ne sais pas que p») (1 do not know that p = «I will say /You will say that I do not know that p»)

Je sais si p = «Je le sais, mais je ne le dirai pas» (I know if p = «I know it, but I will not say it»).

The notion which is used is that of the universe of belief, and it is attempted to demonstrate that it is more advantageous in linguistics than a plurality of epistemic worlds. The difference between (ne pas) savoir/ dire que p «not) to know/ to say that p) and (ne pas) savoir/ dire si p «not) to know/ to say if p) lies essentially in the fact that the conjunction que (that) signifies the explication of p in at least one universe of belief (either taken into account or rejected) whereas the indirect interrogative

si (if) leaves the value of p inexplicated.
Grammaire et logique à Port-Royal
Authors: Pariente Jean-Claude
Published: October 2010

JEAN-CLAUDE PARIENTE: Grammar and Logic at Port-Royal

Grammar and logic make their appearance at Port-Royal within a system of relationship that were at once anthropological and technical; it is the latter which are examined here. Grammar is subjected to the principle of the reference of facts of language to thought. But this principle does not suffice in resolving all problems and sorne are thus referred to logic which, for its part, analyses the syllogism by basing itself on the theory of parenthetical clauses, and assimilates the results of grammar in order to transcend the level of simple syllogisms. The web of relationships thus woven between logic and grammar seems to encourage the joint development of the two disciplines; however, it in fact constitutes an obstacle to this development, for it imposes on each the constraint of respecting the limits of the other.
Un quart de siècle de grammaire générative : de l'énumération à la restriction
Authors: Grunig Blanche-Noëlle
Published: October 2010

BLANCHE-NOËLLE GRUNIG: A Quarter Century of Generative Grammar: : from Enumeration to Restriction

The author shows how in the course of the last quarter century Chomsky has veered from his original exercise the essential aim of which was the enumeration of the grammatical sentences of a language, to another where actual enumeration is overshadowed by the search for constraints that so limit the power of operations that they be compatible with neuronal reality. The author tries to identify the few principles that can, in her eyes, be candidates for the construction of such constraints: in particular, she picks out principles of formally-remarkable category, of critical distance, uniqueness, maximality and identity.
Langue primitive et comparatisme dans le système de Carlo Denina
Authors: Marazzini Claudio
Published: October 2010

Nowadays, La clef des langues (1804) of C. Denina is known to scholars: it has been presented in Historiographia linguistica,

1983-1/ 2. My new intervention considers the characteristics of Denina's comparativism. He was guided by a strong sense of history; in fact Denina would found the inquiry on the research of concrete data. The problem of the primitive language was irrelevant. For Denina, it is necessary to compare only the languages that have a sure commun origine During this comparison he researched the constant mIes (or «clefs») of every language; these mIes are one of his principal objects of research, because they permit to recognize the foreseeable changes that differentiate the languages of commun origine So Denina (like Turgot) elaborated a theory similar to the sound laws, free from every universalism and from every explanation bound up with simbology of the sound.
Elocution and general phonetic theory: John Herries
Authors: Kemp Alain
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT: During the second half of the 18th century in Britain a strong movement to improve the standard of public speaking led · to the publication of a number of works on elocution, or · the art of effective delivery. Since these attempted to desc, ribe the components of speech, so that the speaker could obtain conscious control over them, they constitute an important episode in the bistory of phonetics. John Herries, author of one of these works, is notable in paying more attention than most to · the mechanism of speech production. In the present article bis book is surnmarised with particular reference to this, and sorne comparison is made of bis treatment of nonsegmental features of speech with that of other contemporary writers.
Amatus sum vel fui : l'évocation de la personne
Authors: Brousseau-Beuermann Christine
Published: October 2010

RÉSUMÉ: L'evocatio ou attraction de la troisième personne du nom par la première personne du pronom, disparaît des grammaires lorsque le nom n'est plus marqué par la personne; mais cette figure de construction est illustrée par certains exemples analysés aujourd'hui par les philosophies du discours. Abondamment discutée aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles, à propos du sophisme Amatus sum (veZ fui), de l'exemple sum/ vocor Petrus, ou du classique Ego Priscianus scribo, cette figure de construction est analysée en ses composantes, sémantique et discursive, notamment par Roger Bacon et Raoul le Breton, qui distinguent les deux relations inversement complémentaires de la spécification de la substance par la forme du nom placé dans le prédicat, et l'attraction de la troisième personne du nom par la première personne du sujet qui est plus définie.
Ramisme et post-ramisme : la répartition des "arts" au XVI s.
Authors: Clerico Geneviève
Published: October 2010

AB8TRACT: The Renaissance witnesses a new apportionment of the different. disciplines within the trivium and a new definitionof the tasks assigned to rhetoric, dialectics and grammar. Agricola first, then Ramus, propose a new conception of dialectics incorporating. the,. inventio and

dispositio of the rhetoric of yore, reducing the latter to. an analysis of patterns rather than contents. Ramus organises his grammatical works and his dialectics according to visual classifYing criteria, with a constant aim at making the study of grammar autonomous by excluding the semantic · point of view from his classification. His successor, Sanctius, extends his undertaking through his De Arte dicendi (1556) and his

Organum Dialecticum et Rhetoricum (1579) on the one · hand significant works though little known; through his Minerva (1562-1587) above aIl, which presents syntactic · developments that are partly grounded in Ramist postulates but · systematized by a transfer to the grammatical sphere of the notion of «figures of construction» •. Ellipsis, constantly resorted to by Sanctius, allows him to reduce the gap between the rational status of the languag~ (its «causes»), and the multiple aspects of usage.
L'énonciation dans la rhétorique antique : les « figures de pensée »
Authors: Desbordes Françoise
Published: October 2010

RÉSUMÉ: La rhétorique antique, technique de la persuasion, n'a pas produit une théorie de renonciation, mais a perçu cette dimension du langage et en a tenu compte dans l'élaboration de ses catégories propres. On tente de montrer ici qu'une de ces catégories, celle des figures de pensée, qui a pu passer pour une sorte de fourre-tout sans principe, trouve son unité, au moins tendancielle, dans son rapport à certains traits de renonciation.
Aspects de l'énonciation chez Apollonius Dyscole
Authors: Lambert Frédéric
Published: October 2010

RÉSUMÉ : L'imbrication de la syntaxe et du sens chez le grammairien grec Apollonius Dyscole (11e siècle) révèle une conception pragmatique du langage. L'examen de deux problèmes, la référence et le repérage énonciatif , est particulièrement significatif à cet égard. En effet, il apparaît que pour Apollonius, non seulement référence, repérage énonciatif et syntaxe ont partie liée, mais surtout ce lien resterait incompréhensible si on ne le considérait comme une manifestation d'un caractère fondamental du langage : l'intégration de la subjectivité.
Sibawayhi et l'énonciation : une proposition de lecture
Authors: Guillaume Jean-Patrick
Published: October 2010

RÉSUMÉ : Bien qu'il soit considéré comme le principal texte fondateur de la tradition grammaticale arabe, et qu'il ait effectivement exercé une influence considérable sur son développement le Kitaab de Siibawayhi n'en reflète pas moins une démarche radicalement différente de celle des grammairiens « classiques ». Cette démarche donne un statut déterminant aux opérations effectuées par le locuteur en vue de construire une séquence linguistique appropriée à son « vouloir-dire » spécifique ; ces opérations, organisées en stratégies, mettent enjeu des choix indissociable- ment formels et sémantiques. Cette hypothèse générale est illustrée par l'analyse de l'une de ces opérations, particulièrement fondamentale, celle d' isnaad qui correspond à une relation predicative non assertée.
Intention de signifier et engendrement du discours chez Roger Bacon
Authors: Rosier-Catach Irène , de Libéra Alain
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : In his semiological, semantic and grammatical analyses, Roger Bacon always takes into account the relationship between language's system, signs, utterances and conditions of enunciation. First, in the case of Semiology, signs have an original "imposition", but the speaker is able to "reimpose" them, in a given situation corresponding to a definite state of the world. Second, in the case of Semantics, R.B. gives an original response to the problem of the ambiguity of utterances having one or several logical operators. One possible solution is to make the interpretation depend upon the surface marks of the utterance ; according to a second solution, the interpretation depends upon the "modus proferendi" ; he introduces the "generatio sermonis" as considered from three points of view : those of the speaker, of the hearer and of the person analyzing the utterance. Third, in the case of grammar, the play between the meaning produced by the combination of phrases and the intention of meaning explains at the same time the correctness, the degree of deviation and the error. The specific deviation found in a figurative construction is the sign of a definite intention of meaning.
Anglo-saxon England : Aelfric's « Excerptiones de arte grammatica anglice »
Authors: Law Vivien
Published: October 2010

L'Angleterre est l'un des premiers pays européens à développer un usage littéraire de son vernaculaire. Pourtant c'est l'étude du latin qui domina la formation de la tradition grammaticale anglo-saxonne. La célèbre grammaire de Aelfric (10e siècle), est une grammaire du latin - les Excerptiones de Prisciano - traduite dans le vernaculaire. Nous n'y trouverons donc pas une description du vieil anglais, les formes vernaculaires qui accompagnent les paradigmes latins ont pour seule fonction d'éclairer ces derniers. On trouve évidemment une terminologie grammaticale en anglais, qui provient largement des gloses antérieures. Après la conquête normande, cette terminologie sera totalement oubliée.
À l'aube de la grammaire française : Sylvius et Meigret
Authors: Glatigny Michel
Published: October 2010

On a commencé à réfléchir sur le français en même temps qu'on édictait des règles pour son usage. Les deux perspectives - théorique et pédagogique - coexistent de façon variable qu'il s'agisse de la visée surtout pratique de Palsgrave (1530), du désir d'explication chez Sylvius (1531) ou de la recherche de la congruité par Meigret (1550). Dans leur souci de systématiser, les auteurs sont souvent conduits à postuler un parallélisme inexistant entre la marque et la fonction. Si la pression du cadre latin reste forte, on rencontre chez ces premiers grammairiens du français, un embryon de distributionalisme. Leurs efforts ont conduit à expérimenter des procédures et à mettre en place des concepts fondamentaux et des cadres d'analyse qui seront exploités ultérieurement.
La contribution de R. J. Cuervo (1844-1911) à la « norma hispanica »
Authors: Garrido Antonio
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : This paper evaluates the nature and richness of Cuervo's normativism. His attitude towards languages was rooted in the belief - conforted by the presuppositions of historical linguistics - that in the long run, Spanish would inevitably split and diversify in America. Deeply preoccupied by this autonomous development of the life of languages, Cuervo proposed that the speakers submit themselves to a norm meeting two criteria : the use of the language by educated persons and the results of linguistics.
L'introduction de la philologie comparée dans les universités espagnoles (1857-1900)
Authors: Gutierrez-Cuadrado Juan
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : This paper reviews the programms of comparative philology introduced in Spain during the second half of the 19th century. It offers a series of hypotheses aiming at explaining why one had to wait until the «plan de estudios» of the minister Garcia Alix to see this discipline consolidate its position. The first programs of comparative analysis remained unproductive. The fault lies with the quite particular structure of the Spanish University.
Robert Kilwardby as « scientific grammarian »
Authors: Sirridge Mary
Published: October 2010

RÉSUMÉ: La grammaire, au XIIIe siècle, cherche à se constituer en dispipline scientifique selon le modèle aristotélicien. Ce modèle doit cependant être redéfini pour s'adapter aux contraintes imposées par la spécificité de son objet. Robert Kilwardby est un des auteurs qui oeuvra dans ce sens. En admettant que la scientificité soit une notion relative et graduée, il peut expliquer que la grammaire, dont l'objet n'est pas du domaine du nécessaire, puisse être considérée comme une science inférieure. En acceptant qu'il y ait une certaine connaissance du singulier, par abstraction de la forme, il résout la difficulté provenant de ce que la grammaire s 'occupe principalement de types d'expression et d'exemples. En privilégiant l'aspect universel et abstrait du langage au détriment de son aspect matériel et concret il répond à l'exigence d'universalité de l'objet
Discours, sémantique et argumentation selon la tradition talmudique
Authors: Rozenberg Jacques
Published: October 2010

RÉSUMÉ: Notre étude s ' attachera d'une part à aborder la Tradition Talmudique du point de la sémantique moderne, et d'autre part à mettre au jour les éléments de rationalité qui, dans cette tradition, sont susceptibles de préciser certains problèmes contemporains . Pour ce faire, nous présenterons quelques aspects de l'argumentation talmudique en essayant de repérer ses conditions de possibilité dans la langue hébraïque elle-même. En effet, la nature polyphonique de l'hébreu, qui n'a jamais incorporé son système vocalique à l'alphabet consonantique, privilégie la dimension orale par laquelle s'opère la transmission de Maître à disciples. Par ailleurs, la syntaxe de la langue hébraïque, qui ignore aussi bien la prédication que les attitudes propositionnelles, fait appel aux procédures métalin- guistiques du Talmud afin d'éclaircir l'ensemble des contextes dénonciation propres à la Tradition. Dès lors, l'argumentation talmudique apparaîtrait comme un moyen opératoire visant à lester la transmission des énoncés de la pesanteur personnelle qui risque toujours d'y être investie.
Meillet, Saussure et la linguistique générale
Authors: Koerner Konrad
Published: October 2010

RÉSUME : La biographie de Meillet indique qu'il était élève de Saussure à l'École Pratique des Hautes Études à Paris pendant les années 1885-89 et qu'il le remplaça durant l'année 1889-90 lorsque celui-ci prit un congé d'un an. Nous savons, de plus, que même après que Saussure eut accepté un poste de professeur en grammaire comparée à Genève en 1891, les deux hommes restèrent en contact. La série de lettres adressées par Saussure à Meillet qui a été retrouvée témoigne de l'amitié qui existait entre ces deux érudits. Mais ce qui est plus important, c'est le rapport entre Meillet et Saussure dans le domaine de la linguistique générale : l'influence de Saussure sur Meillet reconnue par ce dernier d'une part, et l'influence possible de certaines idées de Meillet sur la théorie linguistique de son ancien maître, d'autre part. Dans cet exposé, je reverrai en premier lieu la production scientifique de Meillet en ce qui concerne l'évolution de ses idées dans le domaine de la linguistique générale par opposition à ses travaux en linguistique historique et comparée. J'aborderai ensuite la question de l'impact de certaines observations de Meillet sur l'enseignement de la linguistique générale de Saussure durant les années 1907-1911. La bibliographie de Meillet démontre que celui-ci oeuvrait presqu'exclusivement dans le domaine de la linguistique indo-européenne, même si l'on note son intérêt pour des questions de méthode et de théorie générale dans la recherche scientifique. Cet intérêt théorique se révèle davantage dans ses comptes rendus ou ses articles destinés à une audience moins spécialisée que dans ses livres dont la plupart sont consacrés à des langues ou des groupes de langues de la famille indo-européenne. Il reste cependant que Meillet insistait souvent sur le caractère systématique et social du langage - points de vue partagés par Saussure. Toutefois, la réaction de Meillet vis-à-vis du Cours de linguistique générale publié par Charles Bally et Albert Sechehaye suggère que, pour Meillet, Saussure demeurait avant tout l'auteur du Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles dans les langues indoeuropéennes de, 1878.
Le soleil et la lune, l'eau et le feu selon Meillet : De la grammaire comparée à l'anthropologie
Authors: Létoublon Françoise
Published: October 2010

RESUME : Antoine Meillet est revenu à plusieurs reprises au cours de sa carrière sur le problème du genre grammatical, entre 1904 et 1931. Son analyse amenant à affiner la définition de l'arbitraire du signe linguistique ne semble rien devoir sur ce point à l'enseignement de Saussure, mais doit s'expliquer par d'étroites affinités avec l'École de Paris de Y Année sociologique, en particulier Lévy-Bruhl, à qui Meillet doit peut-être aussi certaines limites de son anthropologie. Partant de la notion d'arbitraire du genre, nous analysons en détail les textes de Meillet sur la question, puis les replaçons dans le contexte culturel de la première moitié du xx* siècle : en prenant conscience des limites de son analyse par rapport à ses contemporains, linguistes et sociologues, nous pensons mieux dégager l'originalité de Meillet et le caractère novateur de son apport.
Meillet, the Researcher and the Teacher
Authors: Krippes Karl
Published: October 2010

RESUME : Dans la préface de son livre Le Langage (1923 : 13), Vendryès remarque que pour écrire un traité complet sur le langage, on aurait à étudier toutes les langues de la terre. Alors qu'un tel linguiste idéal est introuvable, Vendryès pense que nombreux, parmi ses contemporains, sont ceux qui auraient été capables de nommer quelqu'un approchant cet idéal - se pourrait-il qu'il se réfère à son maître, Antoine Meillet ? Ce dernier en effet était parvenu à dominer les principales langues représentatives de la famille indo-européenne. Cette connaissance lui conféra une immense perspicacité dans ses ouvrages de linguistique générale, comme de linguistique indo-européenne. Meillet était plus qu'un comparatiste de premier plan, c'était un chercheur et un professeur. Cet article explore ce triple aspect de la vie de Meillet.
Ce que les savants allemands doivent à Antoine Meillet
Authors: Rousseau Jean
Published: October 2010

RESUME : Apprécier le traitement réservé par Antoine Meillet à deux pères fondateurs de la linguistique suppose un examen préalable de la querelle du substrat qui a conduit, à tort, les linguistes allemands à suspecter ses positions d'être guidées par un sentiment patriotique déplacé. A propos de Bopp, Meillet explique à la fois l'essor de la grammaire comparée et les limites de ses thèses par les présupposés romantiques organicistes ; mais on pourra repérer aussi dans ses propres analyses une vision non réfléchie du primitif. De même, le reproche adressé à Humboldt de tenir la langue pour une manifestation de l'activité psychique de chaque nation, Meillet pourrait lui aussi l'encourir par ses usages discutables d'une volonté des sujets parlants, ou de leur « mentalité ». Cet examen est donc l'occasion de révéler dans la propre théorie de Meillet une part d'ombre peut-être inhérente à toute pratique comparative.
Aperçus sur la notion de personne dans des grammaires des Xlle et XIIIe siècles
Authors: Brousseau-Beuermann Christine
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : This paper presents some key notions for the history of persona and related problems (except for (in)transitive construction), in Xllth and XHIth cy. The single concept from Priscian is further analysed, as semantics gets refined ; for instance, the individual suppositum is distinguished from the interlocutor. Syntactic research leads some Modists to affirm that the personal property is prior in substance than in verb, thus reversing the order in which parts od speech were said to have been invented, and substituting syntactic order, i.e. based on actual speech.
Can est be used impersonally, a clue to the understanding of the verbum substantivum
Authors: Sirridge Mary
Published: October 2010

RESUME : On analyse ici trois textes relevant de la tradition grammaticale "Baconienne" ou "intentionaliste", qui traitent d'un ensemble de questions autour de l'usage impersonnel de est : le commentaire sur Priscien Mineur et les Sophismata Grammaticalia de Robert Kilwardby, la Summa Grammatica de Roger Bacon. On notera que ces textes utilisent une méthode commune et développent une doctrine similaire, et l'on attirera l'attention sur certaines divergences significatives.
L'émergence des catégories aspectuelles dans la grammaire générale de Port-Royal à Beauzée
Authors: Fournier Jean-Marie
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : The Chapters entitled « tenses » (or time ?) in the General Grammar treatises written between 1660 (Port-Royal) and 1765 (cf. the item « tense » in the Encyclopédie by Beauzée) are among those which reveal the most significant changes from an author to the other. One of the main points lies in the rule which commands the use of « passé-simple » and « passé-composé ». Over a period of about a century, a whole range of changes are the source, from paraphrases to innovations, of the rising up of new concepts. Theory, first based on relations of order between events considered as isolated points, then gradually takes into account the length of time connected to certain events, representing them in terms of intervals. This evolution of the conceptual material is related to the emergence of the notion of aspect in the field of the time and tense theory.
Perception et discours dans l'ancien stoïcisme
Authors: Ildefonse Frédérique
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : As the Stoics (particularly through the status they grant to apprehensive representation) work out the relationship between perception and discourse, their definition of representation as alteration rather than impression may be understood as an effort to uphold perceptive multiplicity. I endeavour to find out how the multiplicity which perception implies is to be transcribed into discourse, and why such a transcription requires us to distinguish between two ways of partitioning discursive language, which are hinted at by the two expressions mérè tou logou and sloicheia tou logou.
Processus de littéralisation dans l'« Arte » de José de Anchieta
Authors: Horta Nunes José
Published: October 2010

RÉSUMÉ : Cet article analyse la conceptualisation de la lettre et le fonctionnement des règles d'orthographe dans Y Arte de José de Anchieta, première grammaire du tupi au XVIe siècle au Brésil. Une relation est établie entre cette grammaire et celles d'auteurs européens de la même époque. Le processus de littéralisalion chez Anchieta, marqué par l'incidence d'un discours informatif, ethnographique et naturaliste, fonctionne comme un dispositif organisateur des locuteurs dans le milieu multilingue brésilien. Ce processus produit une distinction géographique entre la côte et l'intérieur du pays, qui tend à absorber les différences dialectales du tupi et à ignorer l'existence d'autres peuples et langues indigènes. Les formes d'écriture et de lecture, ainsi que les formes d'interprétation des règles d'orthographe, jouent un rôle considérable dans ce processus.
Les premières analyses des particularités morphosyntaxiques du basque au XVIIe siècle
Authors: Oyharçabal Bernard
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : It is well known that Basque presents certain morphosyntactic properties that can be considered as exotic within the linguistic context of Europe. Therefore it is interesting to see how the grammarians who first tried to describe this language riewed some of these properties. Larramendi wrote the first published Basque grammar in 1729. However, almost one century before, A. Oihenart had devoted several pages of an essay on history he published in 1638 to the description of Basque grammar : declension paradigms, case system, verb inflection. Taking Larramendi's grammar as its main reference, this paper shows Oeihenart as a precursor in his penetrating analysis of ergative morphology, indefinite declension and auxiliary verbs.
Charles Peirce and the Drawings of the Mind
Authors: Haaparanta Leila
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : This papers shows the relevance of geometry in the modelization of any kind of thought. Searching for a perfect logical notation, Peirce's logical studies are governed by a geometrical model and his phenomenological studies are also to be understood via the same model.
Logique et grammaire pure. Propositions, sujets et prédicats chez Peirce
Authors: Chauviré Christiane
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : The Peircian pure-grammatical analysis of the proposition determines to what types signs must belong if they are to combine in a semantically well-formed proposition ; that is to say it establishes what semiotical status the predicative signs and subject-signs whose combination yields a proposition must have. This analysis matches the new logic of predicates and relations that Peirce is constructing along lines similar to Frege's, and belongs with the theories of semantic categories provided by various philosophers (Husserl and the Polish Logical school on the one hand, Frege, Russell and Wittgenstein on the other).
Les Grammaires des dames en France & l'apprentissage des langues à la fin du XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Reuillon-Blanquet Madeleine
Published: October 2010

RÉSUME : Dans la seconde moitié du XVIIIe siècle en France, tout le monde, philosophes, littérateurs, femmes, prêtres ou mondains, ne cesse de dénoncer l'éducation frivole et routinière donnée à la jeune fille. Traités et Préceptes qui lui sont consacrés foisonnent, et limitent ou élargissent plus ou moins l'éventail des sciences qu'elle peut aborder.

Si la Grammaire est toujours considérée comme indispensable, l'étude des langues, vivantes ou mortes, est très controversée. Les Grammaires à l'usage des Dames ou des demoiselles sont fort nombreuses : peu de grammairiens se consacrent à l'apprentissage des langues. Parmi eux, Bencirechi, Nicolas Adam, ou Levizac, dont les origines et les expériences pédagogiques sont très diverses, offrent des méthodes plus ou moins ambitieuses ou exigeantes dans le but poursuivi.
Paradigms for their sex? Women's grammars in late eighteenth-century England
Authors: Percy Carol
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : Elizabeth Elstob addressed characteristically if not exclusively female needs by not writing her Old English grammar in Latin. Her successors had humbler aspirations : the few identifiably female eighteenth-century grammarians were mostly among the many schoolteachers who wrote elementary English grammars in the 1780s and 1790s. Those texts written for a female audience constitute a small if distinct subgenre, traditional in linguistic content, but almost uniformly illustrated with examples invoking a distinctly feminine world, limited and concrete. The grammars increasingly incorporate such pedagogical strategies as conversation and play, often overtly linked to women's increasing responsibility for elementary education.
Frauen + (viel) Grammatik = (viel) Frauengrammatik ? Zur Verbreitung und Typologie spezieller Grammatiken im 18. Jahrhundert
Authors: Dobnig-Jülch Edeltraud , Staudinger Susanne
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT : While the number of grammars produced in German-speaking countries rather exploded in the XVIH^-century, there is only a small corpus of grammars addressed to women and only one by a female author. Foreign language grammars (mainly on French) predominate and most of them appeared after 1790 and are not written exclusively for women, but also for beginners, unlearned persons or those ignorant of Latin. Although problems arise from the fact that many grammars have been lost, the close study of seven « Frauengrammatiken » allows a preliminary classification into 3 groups : 1) perfect « drilling » grammars (mostly by dialogues) 2) restricted or « light » grammars (compensating for mental weakness) and 3) elaborated or « heavy » grammars (allowing for unlimited grammatical insight). Thus, the history of grammars for women could be seen to reflect, in very small part of course, the general history of women in the XVIIIth century.
Ferdinand Brunot, méthodologue de l'enseignement de la langue française
Authors: Besse Henri
Published: October 2010

RESUME : F. Brunot (1860-1937) s'est beaucoup intéressé à la pédagogie du français (surtout en tant qu'idiome maternel), et plus particulièrement à l'enseignement de la « grammaire » de cette langue. Très critique à l'égard de la méthode courante, il en propose unet inspirée de la méthode directe, qui se veut fondée sur les acquis de la grammaire historique (plus que comparée), et « en harmonie » avec l'idéologie positiviste et républicaine de son temps. On s'interroge sur les raisons du relatif échec de ces propositions.