bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How Buddhists and Catholies of Sri Lanka See Each Other- A factor analytic approach
Authors: Fernando Charlie
Published: March 2007

Si lors des élections de 1956, les problèmes liés au renou veau bouddhiste singhalais étaient dominants, en 1970, par contre, c'était les problèmes économiques qui étaient centraux.

Ces changements ont-ils pu avoir un impact sur les rela tions entre les groupes religieux ? Plus spécifiquement, les attitudes des Bouddhistes et des Catholiques en ont-ils été affectées?

Utilisant l'analyse factorielle, l'auteur montre que les grou pes religieux sont jugés sur le fait d'être « partisan de la justice », «fidèle à la nation », «profondément religieux ». La tension entre ces trois critères, qui n'existerait peut-être pas dans le contexte culturel occidental, peut être dans le cas présent un facteur de dynamisme.

La conscience des problèmes économiques n'a qu'un impact relatif sur les relations entre les groupes religieux.

Dans un contexte «établi », cette conscience coexiste avec une attitude positive vis-à-vis de l'autre groupe.

Dans un contexte «jeune» et «hors de Colombo », cette conscience peut impliquer une attitude plus radicale : le rejet du groupe d'appartenance et de l'autre groupe, en tant que groupes religieux.

Mais même ce radicalisme, selon l'auteur, peut être vu dans un modèle culturel basé sur la justice, la nation et la religion.
Some reflections on the idea of dynastic capitalism
Authors: Ferrarotti Franco
Published: March 2007

Le développement économique réalisé en Italie à partir de la seconde moitié des années 1950 fut considérable, bien que profondément inégal. Il a en tous cas provoqué des change ments sociaux profonds dans la société italienne. Néanmoins, le capitalisme italien reste fort marqué par des traits propres à la société traditionnelle. C'est la raison pour laquelle on peut le caractériser par la notion de capitalisme dynastique.
La relègation superstructurelle des références culturelles
Authors: Willaime Jean-Paul
Published: March 2007

In order to understand the major lines which cut across the contemporary religious field, the author considers it indis pensable to point out the two fundamental characteristics of post-industrial capitalistic societies (taken as an ideal type, in Weber's understanding of the term).
Arrière-plan socio-politique et caractéristiques des nouvelles religions en Corée
Authors: Leverrier Roger
Published: March 2007

In order to understand the religious phenomenon which has given birth to the new religions in Korea it is necessary to knlow its socio-political background. The movement was started with the intention of bringing about a solution to the extremely difficult situation inside the country : the eco nomical, political and social disorder of the society of the nineteenth century. The deterioration of traditional religions and ideologies left the Korean people without any ideological or moral guide: Buddhism, Confucianism were incapable of responding to the needs of the time. To those elements we have to add the danger coming from the West, that is, the danger coming from the increasing Western influence in Asia /, thereby demonstrating the failure of the traditional system ; but we have to consider also the temptation which Christianity represented for this hopeless people.

These circumstances provoked a religious movement of self- defense and also determined the characteristics of this move ment. The unity of the people had to be achieved — thus a tendency towards syncretism followed. In order to give hope to a despairing population, all the new religions started to announce a new era and paradise on earth. Elements taken from the popular beliefs and tendancies related to the practices of Chamanism play an important role in these religions which want to present themselves as possessing divine omnipotence. Finally we have to insist on the nationalistic character of these religions which consider the Korean people as the chosen people of the new era.

In certain sects, we have to recognize the praiseworthy effort to save human dignity and the traditional values of the Far East ; unfortunately, it is impossible to find even one sect which has succeeded in achieving an organized syn thesis of the elements taken from here and there ; this remains a serious question for the future.
Le culte des saints chez les musulmans au Népal et en Inde du nord
Authors: Gaborieau Marc
Published: March 2007

This article tries to present the fundamental features of the cult of the saints in the Indian sub-continent. At the starting- point of this study, there are the ethnological observations which have been made in Nepal and which have been published elsewhere. These observations are re-examined and placed in a larger context, such as can be reconstituted accor ding to the rather rare literature on the subject.
La théorie systémique dans la sociologie de la religion dans les pays de langue allemande
Authors: Schöfthaler Traugott
Published: March 2007

Within the last decade, Niklas Luhman, one of the best known German Sociologists, has developed a concept of systems theory which is closely related to problems of religion. It is one of the core concepts of recent German sociology of religion. Luhmann follows Parsons' and Bellah's views of societal and religious evolution, but he does it with a Durk heimian bias and in a specific German manner. Luhmann believes in the end of civil religion. In his theory religion enables man to cope with general contingencies of society and personality by ciphering them. Implementing this function Christian theology has to deal more with relevation than with humanism, and more with interpreting than with changing society.
Changing Functions of Religion in a Socialist Society
Authors: Vrcan Srdjan
Published: March 2007

L'analyse des fonctions générales et permanentes de «la reli gion» dans «la société socialiste» est pleine de risques, prend faci lement une coloration idéologique et s'épuise vite dans les classi ques considérations abstraites et conflictuelles à propos de deux visions du monde -théiste et athéiste- antagonistes.
Dynamics of Changes in Rural Religiosity under Industrialization
Authors: Marianski Janusz
Published: March 2007

L'auteur de cet article s'attache à l'analyse des changements que connaÎt la religiosité rurale en Pologne tout au long du proces sus d'industrialisation de cette société.
Lecture épistémologique et éthique des sociologies du quotidien
Authors: Bondolfi Alberto
Published: March 2007

The «everyday» is not the direct object of any one human science. It is rather a kind of substrata within each discipline.

But, on reflection, is not the notion of the everyday capable of challenging the currently established division of knowlege?

Sarting from this question, the author of this article proposes some epistemological and ethical reflections which initiate a pro cess of inter-disciplinarity or even trans-disciplinarity. His remarks must therefore be understood as an attempt to compare what is stated by «theories of the everyday» and certain reflec tions found in philosophical and theological ethics.
Les conditions sociales du surgissement d'une Eglise populaire
Authors: Opazo Bernales Andres
Published: March 2007

Religious movements of social protest have existed in many societies. In the years 70ies such a phenomenon has developed in Central America, but with new characteristics. They do not appear as sects against the official Church, but those movements are born inside the Church and are theologically legitimised. They don't want to organize religiously the social reality, but they accept its secular character. Such a «popular Church» or «Church of the poors» includes also important sections of the clergy and even of the hierarchy.
Neoconservative and Ideological Struggle Toward Central-America in the U.S.A
Authors: Ezcurra Ana Maria
Published: March 2007

L'article montre l'existence et les caractéristiques de l'offen sive néo-conservative américaine sur le terrain du christianisme, où elle est menée par le biais de l'Institute on Religion and Demo cracy contre les secteurs progressistes de l'Église aux États- Unis et en Amérique Latine. Cette offensive s'insère dans une structure plus large de guerre idéologique, qui s'intéresse en premier lieu aux questions de politique étrangère et qui concerne particulière ment ceux qui appuyent les mouvements de libération latino- américains. D'où la mise en route d'une étude sur le rôle, les prio rités, les principes doctrinaux et les mécanismes du combat idéolo gique que le néo-conservatisme développe contre «l'ennemi inté rieur», la soit disante «nouvelle classe» aux États-Unis, qui s'iden tifie et appuie «l'ennemi extérieur» (USSR, Cuba).
Religion et éthique: une approche marxiste
Authors: Houtart François
Published: March 2007

The article is based on a marxist methodological approach to religion. However Marx's thought is not considered to be a fixed inheritance, but rather a dynamic scientific method for analysing social reality, religion included. In the first part of the article, the author views religion as a form of social consciousness, bringing about the question of subjectivity. The differences in religious representations are related to the various forms of consciousness. This leads to the second part of the article, devoted to the social effects of the religious forms of social consciousness: representa tions, ethics, motivations for collective action. The article aims to show that the ambivalent social character of religious representa tions is related to the existence (adoption or rejection) of a social analysis as a mediation between social reality and the religious interference.
Éducation catholique et nationalisme dans l'enseignement secondaire québécois
Authors: Turcotte Paul-André
Published: March 2007

Two types of nationalism emerge from the French Québec secondary school system between the 1920's and the 1970's. The classical humanities school system, controlled by the clergy, socia lizes its clientèle to a differential nationalism which focuses histo rical singularity on the fusion of ethnic identity, french culture and the catholic religion. This nationalism emphasizes the impor tance of the cultural sphere permeated by religion and relegates the economic sphere to a level of secondary significance. In con trast, the public secondary school system, born out of the initiati ves of the teaching brothers congregations, gives rise to a pragma tic nationalism. It adopts the logic of the technical and scientific approach in order to achieve the deproletarization of the franco phone population and the latter's appropriation of the economic activities within the framework of a french and catholic society. These two nationalism give rise to conflicts between the teaching brothers congregations bolstered by a lower class aspiring to social mobility, and the official Church supported by the ruling bourgeoisie founded on the liberal professions.
«Intégrisme islamique»?
Authors: Carré Olivier
Published: March 2007

Present experts on the Muslim world talk of Islamic integrism, of Shiite radicalism, of Sunnite activism, of mobilization around religious symbols, of da'wa (preaching), mission Kerygma) and of neo-fundamentalism.
Haïtian Pilgrimage to O.L. of Saut d'Eau: a Sociological Analysis
Authors: Laguerre Michel
Published: March 2007

Notre Dame de Saut d'Eau apparaît comme l'un des plus importants centres de pèlerinage marial en Haïti. Il fait même figure de symbole national.
Conflict of Law and Religion in Contemporary India
Authors: Momin A.R.
Published: March 2007

Le processus de modernisation en Inde, au travers de ses structures normatives et institutionnelles, entre très souvent en conflit avec l'éthique de la civilisation indienne orientée vers la tradition.

Ce type de conflit a été particulièrement perceptible dans la sphère juridique lors de la suppression du Hindu Code Bill en 1955-56. Il a été mis en lumière lors du récent jugement de la Cour Suprême à propos du maintien de la pension alimentaire en faveur d'une femme musulmane divorcée. Ce jugement a entraîné beau- coup de ressentiment et d'agitation parmi les Musulmans qui le considèrent comme une ingérence insupportable dans leurs lois reli gieuses. Des manifestations et débats ont été organisés à travers tout le pays réclamant des amendements à la Constitution qui, dans son article 44, recommande l'adoption d'un code civil unique.

L'auteur de cet article examine ledit jugement et la contro verse qu'il a engendrée, les réponses formulées par les différentes communautés religieuses ainsi que les répercussions probables que l'on peut en attendre.
Introduction: le catholicisme espagnol dix ans après la mort de Franco
Authors: Nesti Arnaldo
Published: March 2007

In this introduction, A. Nesti lays out the principle characte ristics of the nature and dialectic of contemporary Spanish Catho licism: the dependence of Spain on foreign investments, the role of the monarchy at the time of the change in regime, the forma tion of a political class for whom the anti-Franco struggle was unknown, the impulse in favour of change within the boundaries of civil society and the Church, and the europeanization of the Iberian peninsula.
Televangelism in America
Authors: Hadden Jeffrey K. , Shupe Anson
Published: March 2007

L'essor des « télé-évangélistes » représente un développement his torique significatif dans l'histoire religieuse des Etats-Unis. Pour comprendre la portée de ce phénomène, les Auteurs de cet article en examinent quatre aspects:

1. ses origines et sa croissance parallèle à celle des masse-médias électroniques commerciales;

2. un mode de financement et une « théologie de la prospérité » unique en leur genre;

3. la mesure de son audience;

4. sa capacité de mobilisation des chrétiens en tant que force politique.

Les Auteurs concluent que « l'Eglise électronique » n'est pas une péripétie éphémère ou un phénomène transitoire, mais bien un trait permanent qui façonne et continuera de façonner la culture américaine.
Question sociale, modernisation, éthique religieuse : Le jeune Weber entre le christianisme et la machtpolitik
Authors: De Bernart Maura , De Marco Pietro
Published: March 2007

The authors of this article explore the biographic vicissitudes of Max Weber during the 1890's. These vicissitudes are taken up here as a model of the conflict resulting from a dual, lived expe rience both intellectual and moral. On the one hand, the lived experience of modernity, represented for Weber by the fundamen tal characteritics of German-national, liberal culture and on the other hand the moral lived experience, by the activities of the churches faced with the social question.
Relition et économie: apports et limites de l'analyse du religieux à partir de cadres théoriques empruntés à l'économie
Authors: VOYE Liliane
Published: March 2007

This paper considers four issues concerning the application to the religious field of concepts and theories taken from economics. (1) Does this approach seek to describe the religious, or does it offer new insights following on from the application of new concepts? (2) Does the appeal to rational choice theory, which is favoured in this approach, neglect the fact that the material and the imaginary are inextricably intertwined? (3) Does not the appeal to rational choice overlook the impact on the religious of a social structure which is in the process of transformation? (4) Should the appeal to economy not take into account the transition of an economy that was centred on work into an economy dominated by hedonism?
Ethique environnementale et théorie du fait moral chez Durkheim
Authors: TESSIER Robert
Published: March 2007

The Weberian “spirit of capitalism” is both a mass phenomenon and a particular ethic. Weber said that this ethic should drive the general behaviour of our civilization until the last drop of its impetus was consumed. According to this idea, we suggest that the threat of exhaustion of natural resources is the occasion for a new societal ethic. We consider the Durkheimian theory of “moral fact” and attempt a content analysis of newspapers. Utilizing the theme of acid rain in Quebec we show that there is a relation between the two variables of the hypothesis, and explain this relationship by means of the Durkheimian theory of the sacred.
La science de la vérité et l'art de la distinction. Intransigeance et compromis dans le catholicisme contemporain
Authors: POULAT Emile
Published: March 2007

The Catholic Church rests on the absolute of the revealed truth of which it is the repository, on the relativity of an historical duration nobody masters and on the inescapable perplexities of human language. Between this absolute and these contingencies, what choice does the Church have? Compromise is in the nature and at the very heart of Catholic intransigence, because it defines itself exclusively in relation to something else, something impossible to reject. This is what has characterized it as the Church from its origins, unlike so many Christian or neo-Christian sects over the last 2000 years. Reducing compromise to a frontal assault between two orientations would be to oversimplify: liberals and intransigents, the converted and the unconvinced, modernists and conservatives, Catholics of the left and Catholics of the right. We need to move away from this impoverishing and deforming problematic, accepted by both sides and setting the parameters of many people's lives.
Judaïsme, christianisme, islam: réflexions sur leurs spécificités réelles ou prétendues (vision d'un non théologien)
Authors: AMIN Samir
Published: March 2007

The three monotheistic religions, as opposed to “non-revealed” religions, are closely related: affirming their monotheism, they also accommodate supernatural beings other than God. While a certain rationalization is evident in other aspects of their organization and their beliefs, their attitudes are different in their relations with society, Islam and Judaism having more similarities with each other than with Christianity. In its early stages, Christianity drew away from the theocratic route, subsequently returning to it, before drawing away once more. The rupture with Judaism is a real one. Christianity also moved more rapidly towards laicism and, in its modern form, is evolving towards a religion without dogma. Paradoxically, the Catholic Church, the most centralized, has had to adapt to the new emancipating conception of reason, probably because it has never proposed the establishment of the kingdom of God on earth. Today, modern thinkers are bourgeois or socialist first, before being Christian or Jewish. The author expects the same development to occur in Islam.
Partners in Power: Governing the Self-sustaining Community
Authors: Schofield Barry
Published: March 2007

The language of community is widely diffused in both social theory and in public policy. Under New Labour it finds expression in obligations on health authorities and local councils to consult and collaborate with their communities in formulating and providing services. Yet such initiatives often treat community as an already existing entity, a proper noun that refers to a solid and stable reality. This article analyses the contemporary appeal of community and outlines some of the problems of trying to think of `it' in the abstract, as a reified essence. Instead, the article offers a different way of thinking about community, as an assemblage of artefacts - political rationales, expert discourses, administrative technologies and bodies - that constitute `its' manifold components in precise historical contexts. Drawing on Foucault's insights into governmentality, the article traces the discursive ways in which managers utilize these empirical resources in the specific setting of an urban regeneration scheme.
Protective Treatments for Cotton Awnings
Authors: Brysson Ralph J. , Berard W. Norbert , Bailey John V.
Published: March 2007

The cooperative research program of the USDA's Southern Utilization Research Branch and the National Canvas Goods Manufacturers' Association for improvement in the durability of cotton awnings and other outdoor fabrics is described, and the preliminary weathering exposure studies performed under the joint program are pre sented. Data were obtained on a number of laboratory experimental and proprietary weather-resistant treatments for awning fabrics that had been exposed to outdoor weathering. Laboratory-prepared coatings and standard commercial coatings are com pared after twelve months' weather exposure. Data are presented to demonstrate the increase in weather durability of heavy duty cotton sewing threads treated by the vat dyeing and acetylation process.
The SRRL Integrated System for Opening and Cleaning Cotton—the Carding Cleaner and the Integrated Unit
Authors: Kyame George J. , Latour William A.
Published: March 2007

The changes made in a conventional one-process picker to convert the unit into a com mercial size Carding Cleaner are described. The results of pilot scale tests of the machine in an experimental line are compared with those of a control line composed of conven tionat textile mill equipment. The data presented show that the carding cleaner line achieved an average cleaning efficiency of about 59% at a production rate of 435 lb. hr., as compared with the control line which achieved 35% cleaning at 356 lb. hr. Lint losses are 1 3 to 12of those observed in the control line.

Also presented are data obtained in preliminary tests of a tentative integrated clean ing system comprised of the SRRL Opener-Cleaner and the SRRL Carding Cleaner. Nearly 82% cleaning with a lint loss of 0.70% was achieved in the integrated system as compared w ith 52% cleaning and 1 14% lint loss for the control line.
The Methylation of Cellulose Xanthate1
Authors: Barrett Bernard J. , Lindsley Charles H.
Published: March 2007

The distribution of xanthate groups along cellulose chains in commercial viscose solutions very probably affects the processing qualities of the viscose and also the physical properties of the spun yarn. The rayon manufacturer, therefore, as well as the cellulose chemist, is interested in knowing what that distribution is. Xanthate groups are too unstable to permit direct determination of their location; attempts have been made to fix their location by quantitative replacement with methoxyl groups. After hydrolysis of the methylcellulose thus produced to methylglucoses, various means have been used to identify the latter, but the results have not been sufficiently accurate to determine the positions of the original xanthate groups. In the present work use was made of chro matographic methods to separate and identify the products of hydrolysis. However, during a careful re-examination of the methylation procedure it has been found that about 20% of the xanthate groups are not replaced but are converted to the S-methyl ester. In this form they are lost during hydrolysis. Hence, although adequate means are now available for determining the positions of methyl groups in methylcellulose, better means of replacing xanthate groups must now be sought if the original problem is to be solved.
Properties of Wool Modified with Difunctional Isocyanates
Authors: Moore J.E. , O'Connell R.A.
Published: March 2007

The reaction of wool with toluene-2,4-diisocyanate and hexamethylene diisocyanate is described, The treated wools exhibit greater resistance towards solubilization in hot acid and alkali and towards attack by several other chemical agents. The wet single-fiber stress-strain properties exhibited below 30% extension are only slightly affected by treat ment with isocyanates. The values for stress at break and elongation at break, however, are considerably lowered by treatment with difunctional isocyanates. but not with phenyl isocyanate. Fabric stiffness and crease recovery are only slightly affected by the iso cyanate pickups studied
Evaluation of Soil Removal from Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Diamond W.J. , Levin H.
Published: March 2007

Certain characteristies of a soil-fiber complex are critically important to valid com parison of the relative soil removal abilities of washing machines and detergents. These characteristics, stated herein, are obtained by a method of direct precipitation of zirconyl phosphate soil in cotton fabric. Soiled test cloths thus prepared permit evaluation of soil removal with a high degree of preciston and reproducibility.
Application of Statistical Theory of Elastomers to Supercontracted Keratin Fibers
Authors: Haly A.R. , Feughelman M.
Published: March 2007

Supercontraction in lithium bromide solutions of wool, human hair, and kid mohair takes place in two distinct stages. Evidence is presented which suggests that the polypeptide chains in these fibers. after supercontraction in lithium bromide solution, reach a condition both at the end of the first contraction stage and at the end of the second stage when the chain segments between positions of cross-linking approximate a random configuration.

The mean number of amino acid residues in the chains between positions of cross- linking was calculated from degree of contraction data, assuming that the chains were randomly kinked. In addition, the number was calculated from stress-strain data, using a formula which has been derived for rubber. The values obtained in these two ways were in satisfactory agreement.

The nature and distribution of cross-linkages are briefly considered, and it is pointed out that the results are consistent with cystine analyses of the fibers.
Charge Transfer Upon Contact Between Metals and Insulators
Authors: Van Ostenburg D.O. , Montgomery D.J.
Published: March 2007

The equilibrium charge distribution between substances in contact is calculated in the one-dimensional approximation for metal-insulstor and insulator-insulator contacts. The direction of charge transfer is such as to equalize the Fermi levels, and the magni tude of charge transferred depends on the positions of the energy bands in the substances in contact. For example, in an insulator it is possible to have a large charge density (∼ 10 11 esu) within a thin layer (∼ 10-8 cm.) or a small charge density (∼ 10-1 esu) in a thick layer (∼ 10-1 cm.), to give the same potential shift (∼ 1 ev), depending on the relative position of the bands. The energy levels in most insulators of high resistiv ities are too poorly known to allow strict quantitative comparison with experiment, but the results permit a semiquantitative explanation of some observations on static electrification.
Penetration and Supercontraction of Keratin Fibers by Lithium Bromide Solutions
Authors: Haly A.R. , Griffith June
Published: March 2007

With the aid of a microscope, measurements were made of the diametral swelling and degree of supercontraction of wool fibers in lithium bromide solutions at room temperature. Considerable differences were found between supercontractions measured around the orthocortical and around the paracortical sides the fibers. The mode of pentration of the solutions into the fibers was studied, and it was concluded that the epicuticle is an important barrier to the entry of the reagent. In addition, rates of supercontraction of wool, kid mohair; and human hair fibers in lithium bromide solutions at 89° and 100° C. were determined. Supercontraction-time curves exhibit three well- defined zones; an attempt is made to explain these characteristics. Some histological observations are reported.
The Effect of Nuclear Radiation on Fibrous Materials
Authors: Teszler Otto , Wiehart Hans , Rutherford Henry A.
Published: March 2007

The dye adsorption characteristics of a series of cotton and rayon samples exposed for different periods of time to gamma rays and to thermal neutrons have been deter mined. For this work substantive dyes of known behavior toward degraded celluloses were used. The effect produced in the case of neutrons was twofold. At the early stages and again during the later stages of irradiation, the dye adsorption of the samples was increased: at intermediate exposures the adsorption was decreased. Because hy drolyzed cellulose behaves in the former manner and the acidic type of oxidized cellulose in the latter, the data suggest that neutrons have an effect similar to both hydrolysis and oxidation. Gamma rays (CO60). however, gave only the effect of oxidation.
Factors Influencing the Air Permeability of Felt and Felt-Like Structures
Authors: Davis Norman C.
Published: March 2007

Variations from the rated air permeability of filter fabrics have, in industry, resulted in impurities in the finished filtered product, inefficiencies of operation, and other dif ficulties. Several investigators have sought to relate the fundamental characteristics of filters with varying degrees of success.

In this paper, the tested air pernieabilities of a random sample population are in vestigated and their relationships to fabric density, thickness, and average fiber diameter are studied. A formulation, Y = C 1 /X, is suggested and shown to be vatid for the constant pressure drop across the filter at which the tested air permeabilities are re corded.
Microscopical Study of a Multilayer Nylon Body Armor Panel After Impact
Authors: Susich G. , Dogliotti L.M. , Wrigley A.S.
Published: March 2007

A body armor panel consisting of twelve identical layers of 2 X 2 basket weave nylon fabric was investigated after impact by a fragment simulator .22-caliber steel missile in the range of 330-420 m. sec. (1100-1400 ft. sec.) striking velocities. The kinetic energy of the projectile was either slightly higher or lower than that the panel could absorb (706,000 g.-cm.).

Completely and partially penetrated holes were investigated. The area surrounding the bullet holes was studied to learn about the various types of deformations and damages in each layer. The microscopic observations were obtained at various magni fications (5, 10, and 200 X) from cross sections of the panel and from individual layers removed from the panel.

Cross sections at various levels were made in three directions, either perpendicular or parallel to the panel surface. In these sections the distortion of the fabric pattern, alignment of extended, unravelted. and broken yarns into the direction of bullet move ment, compression of yarns, softening, heat relaxation, fusion, decomposition, and fibrillation of nylon filaments were observed. It was recognized that the permanent damage was localized to a small area close to the path of the fast-moving missile.

After separating the panel into individual layers, the stoppage of the projectile was studied. A slight dissipation of the stress was observed in those layers which were exposed to the bullet after it was stowed down. Some damages to nylon filaments were caused by the transient and localized heat generated during the impact of the missile. Fibrillation indicates the vigorous movements of filaments which took place in the panel during penetration. The restriction of permanent deformations and defects to small regions was explained by the presence of cross yarns. They prevent the propagation oi the stress from the impacted spot to any considerable length along the yarns.
On the Physical Properties of Rayon and Nylon 66 Tire Cords at Elevated Temperature'
Authors: Charles Frank R. , Tarzi Clement
Published: March 2007

Currently produced rayon and nylon tire yarns, greige cords, and dipped cords (the nylon dipped cord having been Kidde treated, hot-stretched, and heat-set) were tested for reversible physical properties at 70°, 100°, 220°, and 300° F. As the temperature was raised, the nylon samples showed greater loss of breaking strength, greater increase in extensibility, greater loss of Hookean slope, and (for the cords) greater increase in con tracting force than the corresponding rayon samples. Heat aging at 220° F. in an air- circulating oven for periods up to five days caused no significant change in the values ob tained at 220° F. for strength, extensibility, or Hookean slope for either the rayon or nylon samples.

The rayon cords had the expected advantage of a high initial modulus; this advantage over the nylon cords was improved as the testing temperature was increased from 70°- 300° F. It is believed that this would mean less growth and a smaller degree of cyclic extension, for tires made from the rayon cords, under temperature conditions likely to be met with in normal driving.
Attempts to Introduce Amide Cross-Links into Wool
Authors: Maclaren J.A.
Published: March 2007

Peptide-forming reagents have been Applied to wool in an attempt to convert "salt links" into amide cross-links. Wool which has been modified with biscyclohexyl carbodi imide is almost unchanged in weight, handle, and appearance but has increased resistance to attack by alkali, alkaline thioglycollate, urea-bisultite, and trypsin. The mechanism of the changes involved is not known.

The extraction of wool with alkaline thioglycollate solutions has been developed as a routine test.
Life Outside the Mathematics Classroom
Authors: McNair Rodney E.
Published: March 2007

Mathematics achievement continues to be a critical indicator of success. Efforts to reform mathematics curricula and instruction include a focus on increased student participation and on strengthening the connections between mathematics and students’ lives outside the classroom. In this article, the author discusses the importance of considering the role of the students’ social environment in determining how students will participate in mathematics classroom activities and in determining what kinds of connections can be made to life outside the classroom. It is argued that these issues may be particularly important for students in urban environments who are not sheltered from the realities of the real world.
Faculty Socialization
Authors: Johnson Barbara J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the socialization experience of African American faculty at urban Black colleges. Specifically, this qualitative study explored influences and barriers in the socialization experience of African American tenure-track and tenured faculty in the social sciences and humanities at two urban Black colleges. Clear institutional values and expectations, which were learned formally and informally, were an influential component of the socialization process. Senior faculty, written publications, and department chairs informed new faculty of the institutional values and expectations for promotion and tenure. However, a perceived barrier in the socialization process was that senior faculty were not informing new faculty about the ropes of the institution. New faculty indicated they had to learn the ropes of the institution through trial and error. Nonetheless, this perceived barrier did not significantly detract from the overall positive socialization experience of faculty at the urban Black colleges in this study.
Teacher-Parent Relations in Preschool
Authors: Handler Ellen
Published: March 2007

This study of structural determinants of teacher-parent relations is based on observations at different types of preschools and inter views with preschool teachers. A typology of teacher-parent interactions was developed in terms of differences in parent power vis-à-vis teachers. The discussion points up the limited applicability of prior descriptions of teacher-parent relations and suggests implications of this typology for the outcome of school decen tralization programs.
Treating Black Students Like White Students
Authors: Johnson David A.
Published: March 2007

An "integrated school" is in some ways more than blacks-and-whites together; in some ways it is less. Here a pattern of integration is described.
Teacher Expectations and Race and Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Gollub Wendy Leebov , Sloan Earline
Published: March 2007

Evidence of teacher bias continues to accumulate.
The Deviant Defining Process
Authors: Crocco Margaret Smith
Published: March 2007

Schools and "helping agencies" are jointly defining deviant behavior.
Urban Education and Student Prospects
Authors: Koppel Ross , Delroccili John
Published: March 2007

The distinction between "aspiration" and "expectation" seems to show that they form in consequence of somewhat different influences.
Interest Groups' Roles in a Teachers' Strike
Authors: Lemke Randal A.
Published: March 2007

In Saint Louis, community leaders and students intervened in a teachers' strike, as victims. The matter seemed too urgent to leave it to officials and union.
Quality of Working Life (QWL)
Authors: Koch E. L.
Published: March 2007

An alternative prescription for school administration and management.
Literacy, Ceta, and Unemployment
Authors: Coles Gerald S. , Coppel Lynn
Published: March 2007

Will literacy be one of the costs of political advantage?
Black Students' Occupational Expectaltions
Authors: Dawkins Marvin P
Published: March 2007

Attending desegrated schools does not change blacks' occupational expectations uniformly and substantially.
The Flight of Blacks from Central-City Public Schools
Authors: Katzman Martin T.
Published: March 2007

Black enrollments in central cities have declined because blacks are moving to the suburbs or enrolling in parochial schools. Also, the black birth rate is declining. What are the consequences of black suburbanization?
"Democratic Reform" Progressivism and the Junior High Controversy in Buffalo (1918-1923)
Authors: Finn Mary E.
Published: March 2007

Political conflict over control of the schools prevented the implementation of a promising "democratic reform" program in the intermediate schools in Buffalo.
Racism, Capitalism, and the Schools
Authors: Reitz Charles
Published: March 2007

The evidence supports the conclusion that racism in Buffalo has been sustained by social, political, and educational structures.
Teachers and the Workplace
Authors: Altenbaugh Richard J.
Published: March 2007

Teachers remember their responses to the introduction of "efficiency" in the schools of Pittsburgh.
School Performance of Adolescents in Juvenile Court
Authors: Finn Jeremy D. , Stott Michael W.R. , Zarichny Kerry T.
Published: March 2007

Pupils charged as juvenile delinquents do not participate in school, are not involved.
School-Based Social and Health Services for At-Risk Students
Authors: Dryfoos Joyg.
Published: March 2007

A variety of school-based support programs as means for dealing with educational health, and life issues of at-riskpopulations.
A Collaboration to Restructure Mathematics and Science Teacher Education
Authors: Bebout Harriett C. , Jones Karen , Raftery Kathryn V. , White Shirley B. , Bobango Janet C. , Fowler Thaddeus W.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the first year of a collaboration between school faculty in an urban elementary school and university faculty in a nearby college of education for the purposes of enhancing the learning of mathematics and science by the schoolchildren and of providing quality urban field experience sites in mathematics and science for preservice elementary teachers. The article describes the history of the partnership and some of the specific activities, such as the regular partnership meetings, the field experience sites, the Family Math program, and the classroom research activities. The final section provides critical reflections about the partnership in relation to current themes in the collaboration literature.
Thinking in Urban, Multicultural Classrooms
Authors: Rios Francisco A.
Published: March 2007

This study attempts to identify qualitative differences in how four teachers in an urban, multicultural high school think about classroom events based on their differing conceptions of multicultural education. Research methods are described including the coding scheme developed to analyze and compare the teachers. Results indicate that, with respect to attributions and principles of practice, these teachers do differ and that their thinking about multicultural education is a factor that contributes to this difference. Findings hint that, to the degree that a teacher's conception of multicultural education becomes more sophisticated, the number and kind of attributions increase, which results in more complex thinking.
Defining a Fulfilling and Relevant Environmental Education
Authors: Weintraub Bernard A.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the relevance of environmental education in modem society, with a particular focus on its role in urban areas. It does this by exploring the words environment and education and envisioning how they relate to each other The author finds that environmental education can enable a relevant and fulfilling education within a community-specific environment. Such an education would emerge from, and thrive on, broad community introspection into the scope both of its natural resource needs and of the values that it desires to nurture. The piece concludes that environmental education, properly conceptualized, has much to offer all communities.
Dumping Ground or Effective Alternative
Authors: Groth Cori
Published: March 2007

Focusing on students'perspectives, this article examines whetheran urban dropout prevention program offers students effective alternatives to regular classes or if, instead, the program is simply a dumping groundfor unwanted students. Findings generatedfrom interviews and observations suggest both. Although the analysis of the students'perceptions indicate that the program helps students to remain in school and acquire credits, the program does little to help students create and apply practical knowledge in their everyday lives. Nor does the program help students to acquire the skills either for fitting into the dominant culture or for surviving as resisters of that culture. A discussion ofpolicy implications is provided along with suggestionsforfuture research.
Risk Factors for School Violence
Authors: Warner Beth S. , Weist Mark D. , Krulak Amy
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the history of violence in the schools, which is of significant concern, particularly in urban areas. Types and frequencies of violence in schools are presented, along with student, familial, and school factors that are related to school-based violence. Impacts on psychological functioning and the educational process for students are discussed. Strategies are then presented that administrators, teachers, support, and counseling staff can use to decrease the likelihood of violence.
Culturally Diverse High-Achieving Students in an Urban High School
Authors: Hébert Thomas P. , Reis Sally M.
Published: March 2007

Many high ability students from culturally diverse populations exist in large economically deprived urban environments and they are often included in the statistical reports of high school dropouts. A 3-year investigation of the culture of highability, high-achieving students in an urban high school was undertaken by researchers from the National Research Center on the Gifted and Talented. Through ethnographic interviews and case study methods, descriptions emerged of culturally diverse teenagers who achieved in an urban high school. Specific factors that enabled these students to succeed included: the development of a belief in self, supportive adults, interaction with a network of high-achieving peers, extracurricular activities, challenging classes such as honors classes, personal characteristics such as motivation and resilience, and family support. The findings of the study offer educators useful suggestions and strategies for addressing the academic needs of talented youth in an urban setting.
Minor Deviant Behaviors and Adolescent Sexual Activity
Authors: WHITBECK LES B. , CONGER RAND D. , SIMONS RONALD L. , KAO MEEI-YING
Published: March 2007

Using three waves of longitudinal data from 73 adolescent girls and 79 adolescent boys and their parents, this research investigated the effects of early tobacco and alcohol use on adolescent sexual behaviors 2 years later. The results indicated that when controlling for physical maturation, all of the effects of early tobacco and alcohol use at Year 1 on adolescents' sexual activity during Year 3 were mediated by their effects on adolescents' sexual attitudes and peer associations during Year 2. The findings suggest that the relationship between age-related deviant behaviors and sexual activity is largely due to the effects of early transitions to such behaviors on peer associations.
Geographic Illiteracy among College Students
Authors: EVE RAYMOND A. , PRICE BOB , COUNTS MONIKA
Published: March 2007

Over 300 college students were given a survey assessing four aspects of geographic knowledge, which included cultural, spatial, and map reading considerations. A variety of demographic and academic factors were compared to levels of geographic literacy as measured by the survey. Weak relationships were found between some of the academic factors and geographic competence. However, very powerful relationships were evident between geographic literacy and race, age, and especially gender.
Perceived Structural Barriers and Academic Performance among American Indian High School Students
Authors: WOOD PETER B. , CLAY W. CHARLES
Published: March 2007

American Indian students have long registered significantly lower academic performance than their White counterparts. The primary theoretical explanation for this differential that has guided research for many decades is the cultural discontinuity thesis. Drawing on a diverse literature, we propose an alternative to this conventional wisdom in which we emphasize the role of perceived structural barriers to mobility within the stratification system. We test both of these hypotheses on a sample of 352 American Indian and more than 1,000 White high school students who participated in a 1991 survey in selected Oklahoma public schools. Our findings show that perceived structural constraints play a significant role in reducing academic performance among American Indian students. Consequently, we argue that the impact of cultural discontinuities has likely diminished over time, whereas the impact of perceived structural barriers has likely increased—a development which seems to parallel Wilson's (1978) “declining significance of race” thesis regarding Black Americans. Directions for further study are suggested.
Computer Game Playing in Early Adolescence
Authors: GRIFFITHS MARK
Published: March 2007

Home computer game playing appears to be one of the social and leisure phenomena of the nineties, yet there is still little known about the acquisition, development, and maintenance of computer game playing among children and adolescents. A survey of 147 eleven-year-old computer game players attending a summer camp revealed that their main reasons for playing were for fun, for a challenge, because there was nothing else to do, and because their friends did. Males played computer games significantly more regularly than did females and were significantly more likely to play sports simulation games and violent games. Females were found to play platform games and puzzlers significantly more than did males. It is suggested that computer game playing for most children is a fairly absorbing and harmless activity but that, for a small minority of children, it may be problematic.
The Experience of Living with Violence for Preadolescent Children of Battered Women
Authors: PELED EINAT
Published: March 2007

Based on in-depth interviews with preadolescents and their mothers, a detailed description is provided of the experience of children who were exposed to violence at home. Findings are organized into five semichronological phases: (a) living with ordinary fights, (b) witnessing violent events, (c) being challenged by mothers' public confrontations of the violence, (d) adjusting to new realities in the long-term aftermath of violence, and (e) living with violence as a history. Discussion centers on the meanings of secret, witnessing, and exposure. Results indicate potential directions for understanding, studying, and intervening with children exposed to women-battering.