bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Sesto Fiorentino Study: Point and One-Year Prevalences of Psychiatric Disorders in an Italian Community Sample Using Clinical Interviewers
Authors: Faravelli Carlo , Abrardi Luca , Bartolozzi Daniela , Cecchi Cristiana , Cosci Fiammetta , D’Adamo Donato , Lo Iacono Beatrice , Ravaldi Claudia , Scarpato Maria Alessandra , Truglia Elisabetta , Rossi Prodi Paolo Maria , Rosi Simone
Published: June 2004

Background: It has been argued that lay interviewers’ use of fully-structured interviews could lead to a diagnostic pattern different to that by treating physicians. Clinical interviewers in community samples should probably identify cases that are closer to those seen in clinical settings. The greatest advantage of using clinical interviewers consists of the immediate assessment of a possible psychopathology, i.e. the evaluation of current disorders. Methods: Two thousand three hundred and sixty-three citizens from the community of Sesto Fiorentino, Italy, were interviewed by their own general practitioners using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Positive cases for any lifetime psychiatric disorder as well as a random sample of the negative cases were re-interviewed by psychiatrists or trained residents in psychiatry using the Florence Psychiatric Interview (FPI). Results: The point prevalence for any current disorder was 8.7%; the two disorders with the highest prevalence were generalised anxiety disorder (2.9%) and major depressive episode (2.7%). The figures increase about 50% when the sub-threshold sequelae of previous disorders are considered. Current comorbidity was generally high. The one-year prevalence of any disorder was 10.6%. Ninety-two percent of the cases sought help, 82% were being treated at the moment of interview. Social impairment was considerable. Conclusions: The period prevalence rates for most of the disorders considered were generally comparable with the range defined by previous studies conducted in other Western countries, despite using different methodologies. Conversely, the use of health facilities, the treatment received and the social impairment were much higher than those reported by the other studies, suggesting a greater similarity with the clinical samples.
Positive Coping Up- and Down-Regulates in vitro Cytokine Productions from T Cells Dependent on Stress Levels
Authors: Sakami Shotaro , Maeda Masaharu , Maruoka Takayuki , Nakata Akinori , Komaki Gen , Kawamura Noriyuki
Published: June 2004

Background: Specific coping styles have been shown to modulate stress-induced immune alterations and influence actual health outcomes. This study examined the effects of stressors and coping styles on human T-cell subpopulations and in vitro cytokine production using a cross-sectional design. Methods: Seventy-one men (18–60 years old) were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire that evaluates quantitative workload, mental demand and coping styles. The numbers of T-cell subpopulations and concentrations of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) after stimulation with phytohemaglutinin were measured. Results: Positive and negative coping were negatively related to IL-4 and the number of CD4+ cells, respectively. Interactions between positive coping and mental demand significantly affected the number of CD8+ cells, IFN-γ, IL-4 and the IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio. Among men reporting high mental demand, positive coping was related to increased IFN-γ and IFN-γ/IL-4. Among men reporting low mental demand, positive coping was related to a decreased number of CD8+ cells and lower concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-4. Analyses adjusting for the numbers of CD3+ and CD8+ cells revealed that the interactive effects of positive coping and mental demand on cytokine levels were attributable to the changes in T-cell function rather than the number of T cells. No modulating effect of anxiety on the associations of stressors and coping with immune function was observed. Depressive symptoms slightly, though not significantly, modulated the association of negative coping and the number of CD4+ cells. Conclusions: From the perspective of immunology, optimal stress characteristics were determined by an individual’s coping styles, with positive coping being associated with stress-induced changes in the number of CD8+ cells and in vitro cytokine production from T cells. Our findings suggest that it is important to consider the interactive effects of the complexity of work and the individual coping style in stress management.
Suitability of Bupropion SR for Nicotine-Dependent Smokers: Problems in a Practice Setting
Authors: Kohlenberg Barbara S. , Antonuccio David O. , Hayes Steven C. , Gifford Elizabeth V. , Piasecki Melissa P.
Published: June 2004

Background: Bupropion SR (Zyban) has been shown in randomized controlled trials to be an efficacious pharmacological aid for smoking cessation; however, recent reports have raised serious concerns about the breadth of its applicability without complications or contraindications. Methods: We examined this issue in a well-documented medical population, i.e. veterans volunteering to participate in a smoking cessation treatment research program involving the use of bupropion SR. Results: Overall, 22% of the 78 subjects who met the study criteria were appropriate for and completed the course of medication. Conclusions: Thus, bupropion SR in nicotine-dependent veterans may not be broadly applicable when conservative prescribing guidelines are carefully followed.
Exercise-Induced Purpura
Authors: Ramelet Albert-Adrien
Published: June 2004

Exercise-induced purpura (EIP) occurs on the lower legs after unusual or major muscular activity, as in marathon runners or as after long walks, especially in the mountains in hot weather. In leisure walkers, patients are otherwise healthy females. There is no relation with chronic venous disorder. Erythematous, urticarial or purpuric plaques arise on the lower leg, usually sparing the skin compressed by socks. Symptoms include itch, pain and a burning sensation. Histopathology demonstrates leukocytoclastic vasculitis. The lesions fade after some days, with frequent relapses at further muscular exercises and may be prevented in some cases by compression, intake of venoactive drugs and local application of steroids. EIP is not uncommon, even if very few descriptions have yet been published. It appears to be consecutive to venous stasis induced by an acute failure of the muscle pump of the calf and thermoregulation decompensation, after a prolonged and unusual exercise, such as running or walking in hot weather.
Laron Syndrome (Primary Growth Hormone Insensitivity): A Unique Model to Explore the Effect of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Deficiency on Human Hair
Authors: Lurie R. , Ben-Amitai D. , Laron Z.
Published: June 2004

Background: Classical Laron syndrome is a recessive disease of primary insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) deficiency and primary growth hormone insensitivity. Affected children have, among other defects, sparse hair growth and frontal recessions. The hair is thin and easy to pluck. Young adults have various degrees of alopecia, more pronounced in males. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of primary IGF-1 deficiency on hair structure. The study sample included 11 patients with Laron syndrome – 5 children (2 untreated) and 6 adults (5 untreated). Hairs were examined by light and electron microscopy. Results: The most significant structured defect, pili torti et canaliculi, was found in 2 young, untreated patients. Grooving, tapered hair and trichorrhexis nodosa were found in the remainder. IGF-1-treated patients had either none or significantly fewer pathological changes compared to the untreated patients. Conclusion: This is the first documentation of the role of primary IGF-1 deficiency on hair structure in human beings.
Type IV Hypersensitivity from Rubber Chemicals: A 15-Year Experience in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Hsuan-Hsiang , Sun Chee-Ching , Tseng Mei-Ping
Published: June 2004

Background: Allergic contact dermatitis from rubber chemicals is frequent but has not been reported form Asia. Objective: To study the pattern of type IV allergy to rubber chemicals in a Chinese-based population. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted by reviewing the patch test results of 2,235 (604 men, 1,631 women) patients from January 1986 to December 2000. Results: Ninety-nine patients (4.4%) had one or more positive reactions, 42 (6.9%) men and 57 (3.5%) women. The incidence did not increase throughout the study period. Among thiuram, mercapto, carba and black-rubber mix, thiuram is the most potent sensitizer, mostly for the hand and mercapto mix for the foot. Thiuram allergy is considered occupation related, while mercapto allergy, mostly from rubber slippers, is not typically related to an occupation. A negative correlation between thiuram and carba was found despite the frequent association between these two mixes. A high risk of rubber sensitization was noted in construction, health service, transportation, agriculture and hairdressing workers. A high frequency of concomitant sensitivity to cobalt was found. Conclusion: This is the first statistically analyzed study of rubber chemical allergy in Asia, which supports major trends concerning rubber chemical allergy from European studies. However, wearing rubber slippers in Taiwan contributes to the high percentage of foot dermatitis. Carba should still be retained in the European standard series because of the coexistence of thiuram and carba in rubber products. The concomitant sensitization to cobalt in rubber-allergic patients needs further evaluations.
Subcutaneous Granuloma pyogenicum in Patients with Antiphospholipid Antibodies
Authors: Kuroda Kei , Mizoguchi Masako
Published: June 2004

We describe 2 cases of subcutaneous granuloma pyogenicum occurring in patients with antiphospholipid antibodies. The 2 patients had asymptomatic nodules with histopathological findings of a typical subcutaneous granuloma pyogenicum. In addition, case 1 was diagnosed as primary antiphospholipid syndrome with livedo reticularis, superficial thrombophlebitis, thrombocytopenia, cerebral and pulmonary infarcts and renal involvement. Case 2 had no clinical manifestations of vascular occlusive diseases, although anticardiolipin antibody levels were highly positive. To our knowledge, these are the first reported cases of subcutaneous granuloma pyogenicum associated with antiphospholipid antibodies. Antiphospholipid-antibody-mediated thrombosis or immunological mechanisms may be involved in subcutaneous granuloma pyogenicum in our cases.
Annular Lichen planus: Study of the Cellular Mechanisms of Annularity
Authors: Yamanaka Yasuko , Akiyama Masashi , Shibaki Akihiko , Kikuchi Toshiro , Shimizu Hiroshi
Published: June 2004

Annular lichen planus is a rare, unique subtype of lichen planus. We report a 34-year-old Japanese male who had multiple, dark red to purple, annular macules with slightly raised borders. Histopathological examination of a skin biopsy specimen from the peripheral region of the macule showed the typical features of lichen planus. Immunohistochemical stainings revealed that a number of CD1a-positive, S-100-protein-positive Langerhans cells were present at the border zone of the annular lesion and most of the infiltrating cells were CD4-positive, CD8-negative lymphocytes. Conversely, inside the annular lesion, the number of Langerhans cells was decreased, and an equal number of CD4-positive cells and CD8-positive cells was present in the sparse infiltration. These results suggest that activation of Langerhans cells initiated a lichenoid tissue reaction but a subsequent depletion of Langerhans cells suppressed the lymphocyte infiltration. These sequential events might be involved in the formation of the unique annular structure in this condition.
A Case of Propylthiouracil-Induced Pyoderma gangrenosum Associated with Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody
Authors: Hong Seok-Beom , Lee Mu-Hyoung
Published: June 2004

A 27-year-old woman who had been receiving propylthiouracil for 2 years for Graves’ disease presented with painful ulceration on the lower limbs which had first appeared 2 weeks previously. Well-circumscribed hemorrhagic ulcerations with ragged borders were noted on both legs. Skin biopsy demonstrated a florid neutrophilic infiltrate and evidence of leukocytoclasis around small blood vessels in the papillary dermis compatible with the diagnosis of pyoderma gangrenosum. A highly positive perinuclear pattern of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody with specificities for IgM myeloperoxidase was observed. The authors think that propylthiouracil is associated with the occurrence of pyoderma gangrenosum in this patient.
Perception of Dreams and Subjective Sleep Quality in Patients with Myasthenia gravis
Authors: Happe Svenja , Klösch Gerhard , Zeitlhofer Josef
Published: June 2004

Objectives: Recent reports have led to the hypothesis of a central nervous system involvement in myasthenia gravis (MG). As the central cholinergic system also plays an important role in sleep/wake rhythms and in the regulation of REM sleep, sleep perception and dreaming may be altered in MG patients. Patients and Methods: Seventeen consecutive patients with MG (mean age 49.5 ± 13.6 years) and 14 healthy controls (mean age 50.5 ± 16.0 years) were investigated by means of the Self-Rating Depression Scale, Self-Rating Anxiety Scale, Quality of Life Index, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale as well as a self-rating questionnaire for sleep and awakening quality and dreaming for 2 weeks. Results: Subjective sleep and awakening quality and sleep efficiency were reduced (p < 0.05), and the number of nocturnal awakenings (p = 0.02) as well as dream recall frequency (p = 0.02) were increased in patients with MG. Patients reported more often body-related and tactile sensations during dreaming (p = 0.001) and dreamed less often visually (p = 0.04). Dream content, emotions, and dream sources did not differ between both groups. Whereas the number of awakenings was related to dream recall frequency in healthy controls, no such a relationship was found in the patient group. Conclusion: There is no clear evidence for the arousal-retrieval model of dream recall in patients with MG, but more for the continuity hypothesis of dreaming. Other factors such as the functional state of the brain, possibly related to a central cholinergic involvement in MG or its anticholinesterase treatment, may be important in explaining dream recall in this patient group.
Serotonin-Mediated Cyclic AMP Inhibitory Pathway in Platelets of Patients Affected by Panic Disorder
Authors: Dell’Osso Liliana , Carmassi Claudia , Palego Lionella , Trincavelli Maria Letizia , Tuscano Daniela , Montali Marina , Sbrana Simone , Ciapparelli Antonio , Lucacchini Antonio , Cassano Giovanni Battista , Martini Claudia
Published: June 2004

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) pathway abnormalities have been suggested to be involved in anxiety disorders including panic (PD). The present study sought at investigating the downstream inhibitory adenylyl cyclase (AC) pathway activated by 5-HT in platelets obtained from 22 patients with a diagnosis of PD versus 22 healthy volunteers. In PD patients, a significant impairment of 5-HT potency to inhibit AC was observed. One month of treatment with paroxetine induced a significant increase of 5-HT potency in T1 patients close to the control values. [35S]GTPγS binding studies showed that in PD patients, a reduction of 5-HT receptor-G protein coupling occurred without any significant changes in G protein levels. These findings demonstrated that (1) a reduction of the inhibitory AC pathway activated by 5-HT occurred in platelets from PD patients; (2) the reduced 5-HT responsiveness in PD was related to an impairment of 5-HT receptor-G protein coupling, and (3) after 1 month of treatment with paroxetine, such a dysfunction significantly reversed together with a significant improvement of clinical symptoms.
Association Study of Adrenergic β3 Receptor (Trp64Arg) and G-Protein β3 Subunit Gene (C825T) Polymorphisms and Weight Change during Clozapine Treatment
Authors: Tsai Shih-Jen , Yu Younger W.-Y. , Lin Ching-Hua , Wang Ying-Chieh , Chen Jen-Yeu , Hong Chen-Jee
Published: June 2004

Weight gain, a common adverse effect of clozapine, may impair health and affect patient compliance during treatment with this agent. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between genetic variants of the adrenergic β3 receptor (ADRB3) and the G-protein β3 subunit (GNB3) and clozapine-induced body weight change (BWC). Eighty-seven treatment-resistant schizophrenic patients were weighed before and after 4 months of clozapine treatment, with the subjects gaining an average of 2.6 kg in body weight. No statistically significant relationship was demonstrated for the investigated ADRB3 Trp64Arg and the GNB3 C825T polymorphisms in terms of BWC post-treatment, suggesting these two polymorphisms do not play a significant role in clozapine-induced BWC. Further exploration of other genetic variants implicated in clozapine-induced BWC is important, however, in order to predict and reduce clozapine-associated weight gain.
Decreased Plasma Antioxidants in Schizophrenia
Authors: Pae Chi-Un , Paik In-Ho , Lee Chul , Lee Soo-Jung , Kim Jung-Jin , Lee Chang-Uk
Published: June 2004

An aberration in the level of antioxidants has been suggested in schizophrenia. Therefore, this study examined the difference in the antioxidant level between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls, as well as the difference between the drug-naïve schizophrenic patients with a first episode (FSPR) and the risperidone-treated chronic schizophrenia (RCSPR) patients. The plasma albumin, bilirubin and uric acid levels were determined in 47 FSPR and 55 chronic schizophrenia patients who met the DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia, and in 68 controls. The albumin and bilirubin levels were significantly lower in the schizophrenic patients compared to the controls, although there was no significant difference between the FSPR and RCSPR patients. The bilirubin level was significantly lower in the negative subgroup of the patient group. This study supports the hypothesis that an aberration in the antioxidant levels may be involved in schizophrenia. In addition, this study suggests that the antioxidant level may be associated with the clinical symptomatology as well as the treatment implications in schizophrenia, particularly the negative symptoms.
Pharmacodynamic Effects of Acamprosate on Markers of Cerebral Function in Alcohol-Dependent Subjects Administered as Pretreatment and during Alcohol Abstinence
Authors: Boeijinga P.H. , Parot P. , Soufflet L. , Landron F. , Danel T. , Gendre I. , Muzet M. , Demazières A. , Luthringer R.
Published: June 2004

Animal studies suggested that acamprosate modulates neuronal hyperexcitability of acute alcohol withdrawal, acting through the glutamatergic neurotransmission. In the present study, we further investigated whether treatment with acamprosate could attenuate the post-alcohol withdrawal hyperexcitability or hyperarousal in humans using brain magnetoencephalography mapping of spontaneous fields. A double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study with a parallel group design comparing 2,000 mg/day of acamprosate versus placebo was conducted in alcohol-dependent subjects meeting DSM-IV criteria for alcohol dependence. Treatments were initiated 8 days before alcohol withdrawal and prolonged during the 15 following (abstinence) days. The study demonstrated that during alcohol withdrawal, acamprosate decreased the arousal level as reflected by alpha slow-wave index (ASI) measurement. This effect was mostly evidenced in left parietotemporal regions and, to a lesser extent, in the contiguous anterior, posterior and right-sided regions. In the placebo group, on the contrary, ASI measures increased between day 2 (acute withdrawal) and day 14 (prolonged withdrawal). The present results suggest a sustained effect of acamprosate on the hyperexcitability state due to alcohol withdrawal in alcohol-dependent patients and that acamprosate may have a protective effect when administered 8 days before alcohol withdrawal.
The Austrian Multicentre Study on Smoking: Subgroups of Nicotine Dependence and Their Craving
Authors: Lesch Otto Michael , Dvorak Alexander , Hertling Ines , Klingler Anton , Kunze Michael , Ramskogler Katrin , Saletu-Zyhlarz Gerda , Schoberberger Rudolf , Walter Henriette
Published: June 2004

Background: The misconception of tobacco smoking as a ‘bad habit’ has been replaced by a diagnosis of addiction. Although help to quit is offered by nicotine replacement, antidepressants and psychotherapeutic support, there is no cure yet. One cause of impediment might be psychiatric comorbidity. Therefore, we searched for smoker subgroups, needing different treatments. Aim of the Study: The study aimed at subtyping smokers in an attempt to better understand the phenomenon of resistant smokers and provide more information that could potentially become useful to treatment centres assuming the subtypes correlate directly with outcomes of different smoking cessation treatments, tailor-made according to subtypes. Methods: 330 out of 430 recruited smokers were classified as nicotine dependent (ICD-10) and tobacco dependent (DSM-IV) and remained in the study. They were investigated with different diagnostic assessments: Fagerström Test (FT), Lübeck Craving Risk Relapse Questionnaire and Lesch Typology Questionnaire (the last two being modified for smoking). Results: Dependence severity degree is reflected by the FT. FT scores ≧5 indicated higher conspicuousness. Four clusters for nicotine craving were found: (1) ‘depressed’, (2) ‘stimulated’, (3) ‘relaxed mood state’ and (4) ‘socially triggered tensed mood’. In contrast to alcoholism, ‘stimulation’ was one of the major craving conditions in smokers. The decision tree, consisting of the FT and the Lesch Typology Questionnaire, distinguishes four subgroups of nicotine-dependent persons. Conclusion: The subgroups reflect different reinforcement and psychosocial disturbances. They match treatment and can be applied as outcome predictors in controlled treatment and relapse prevention studies.
Hostility-Aggressiveness, Sensation Seeking, and Sex Hormones in Men: Re-Exploring Their Relationship
Authors: Aluja Anton , Torrubia Rafael
Published: June 2004

To evaluate the relationship between sex hormones and aggressiveness, hostility and sensation seeking we studied 30 healthy males. Using a standardised technique of radioimmunoassay, we obtained blood values of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 17β-estradiol (E2), total testosterone (TT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and the free androgen index (FAI). Personality was evaluated by the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory and the Sensation-Seeking Scale, form V. The results showed a lack of significant correlations between the measures of aggressiveness-hostility and hormones. Nevertheless, Spearman and Pearson correlations between Sensation Seeking and testosterone were positive and significant after controlling for age. Considerably higher correlations were obtained after controlling for LH and SHBG. A group of subjects with high scores in a factor made up of Experience Seeking, Disinhibition and Boredom Susceptibility obtained significantly higher scores on TT and FAI. Subjects with high scores in a factor made up of Assault, Indirect Aggression and Verbal Aggression obtained significantly higher scores in SHBG and TT. These findings support Zuckerman’s personality model for the sensation-seeking trait.
The hierarchically organized splitting of chromosome bands into sub-bands analyzed by multicolor banding (MCB)
Authors: Lehrer H. , Weise A. , Michel S. , Starke H. , Mrasek K. , Heller A. , Kuechler A. , Claussen U. , Liehr T.
Published: June 2004

To clarify the nature of chromosome sub-bands in more detail, the multicolor banding (MCB) probe-set for chromosome 5 was hybridized to normal metaphase spreads of GTG band levels at ∼850, ∼550, ∼400 and ∼300. It could be observed that as the chromosomes became shorter, more of the initial 39 MCB pseudo-colors disappeared, ending with 18 MCB pseudo-colored bands at the ∼300-band level. The hierarchically organized splitting of bands into sub-bands was analyzed by comparing the disappearance or appearance of pseudo-color bands of the four different band levels. The regions to split first are telomere-near, centromere-near and in 5q23→q31, followed by 5p15, 5p14, and all GTG dark bands in 5q apart from 5q12 and 5q32 and finalized by sub-band building in 5p15.2, 5q21.2→q21.3, 5q23.1 and 5q34. The direction of band splitting towards the centromere or the telomere could be assigned to each band separately. Pseudo-colors assigned to GTG-light bands were resistant to band splitting. These observations are in concordance with the recently proposed concept of chromosome region-specific protein swelling.
Kinetics of meiosis in azoospermic males: a joint histological and cytological approach
Authors: de Boer P. , Giele M. , Lock M.T.W.T. , de Rooij D.G. , Giltay J. , Hochstenbach R. , te Velde E.R.
Published: June 2004

We have developed a protocol for the identification of aberrant chromosome behavior during human male meiosis up to metaphase of the secondary spermatocyte. Histological evaluation by the Johnsen score of a testicular biopsy was combined with immunofluorescence of first meiotic prophase spermatocytes, using antibodies against synaptonemal complex protein 3 (SYCP3) and the product of the ataxia telangiectasia and rad3-related gene (ATR). This combination enables accurate meiotic prophase substaging and the identification of pachytene spermatocytes with asynapsis. Furthermore, we also investigated the competence of late pachytene primary spermatocytes to complete the first meiotic division up to metaphase and of secondary spermatocytes to transform into metaphase by an in vitro challenge with okadaic acid (OA). We tested this protocol on five males with normal Johnsen scores that presented with obstructive azoospermia, five males with low Johnsen scores and non-obstructive azoospermia and six vasectomized control males of proven fertility and normal Johnsen scores. In all azoospermics, the profiling of meiotic prophase stages by immunofluorescence increases the resolving power of the Johnsen score. In both obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermic patients, relatively more leptotene meiotic prophase stages were counted compared to the controls. In non-obstructive azoospermics, a marked heterogeneity in spermatogenesis was found, after combining the results of all three approaches, pointing at functional mosaicism of the germinal epithelium. Asynaptic pachytene spermatocytes were rarely encountered. Also, when first meiotic metaphase could be induced by OA, chiasma counts were normal. In none of the non-obstructive azoospermic males did the pattern of spermatogenesis resemble that of knock-out mouse azoospermics. We conclude that this combined histological and cytological approach enables a detailed phenotypic classification of infertile males, at a level comparable to that applied for male-sterile knock-out mice with a meiotic defect. This may facilitate the identification of candidate genes for human male infertility.
Mapping of three translocation breakpoints associated with orofacial clefting within 6p24 and identification of new transcripts within the region
Authors: Davies S.J. , Wise C. , Venkatesh B. , Mirza G. , Jefferson A. , Volpi E.V. , Ragoussis J.
Published: June 2004

Orofacial clefting (OFC) is a common congenital malformation. Here we report the refinement of three translocation breakpoints of patients exhibiting OFC within the 6p24 region, and the isolation and characterisation of novel genes, one of which is directly disrupted by the translocation breakpoint of a patient. The gene has been characterized and orthologues identified in bovine, murine and pufferfish.
Ultrastructural analysis of chromatin in meiosis I + II of rye (Secale cereale L.)
Authors: Zoller J.F. , Hohmann U. , Herrmann R.G. , Wanner G.
Published: June 2004

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) proves to be an appropriate technique for imaging chromatin organization in meiosis I and II of rye (Secale cereale) down to a resolution of a few nanometers. It could be shown for the first time that organization of basic structural elements (coiled and parallel fibers, chromomeres) changes dramatically during the progression to metaphase I and II. Controlled loosening with proteinase K (after fixation with glutaraldehyde) provides an enhanced insight into chromosome architecture even of highly condensed stages of meiosis. By selective staining with platinum blue, DNA content and distribution can be visualized within compact chromosomes as well as in a complex arrangement of fibers. Chromatin interconnecting threads, which are typically observed in prophase I between homologous and non-homologous chromosomes, stain clearly for DNA. In zygotene transversion of chromatid strands to their homologous counterparts becomes evident. In pachytene segments of synapsed and non-synapsed homologs alternate. At synapsed regions pairing is so intimate that homologous chromosomes form one filament of structural entity. Chiasmata are characterized by chromatid strands which traverse from one homolog to its counterpart. Bivalents are characteristically fused at their telomeric regions. In metaphase I and II there is no structural evidence for primary and secondary constrictions.
Isolated Executive Impairment and Associated Frontal Neuropathology
Authors: Johnson Julene K. , Vogt Brent A. , Kim Ronald , Cotman Carl W. , Head Elizabeth
Published: June 2004

Cognitive impairment in the absence of dementia is common in elderly individuals and is most often studied in the context of an isolated impairment in memory. In the current study, we report the neuropsychological and neuropathological features of a nondemented elderly individual with isolated impairment on a test of executive function (i.e., Trail Making Test) and preserved memory, language, and visuospatial function. Postmortem studies indicated that cortical neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) varied considerably, and some regions contained large numbers of neuritic senile plaques. Semiquantitative immunohistochemistry showed higher NFT and amyloid-beta (Aβ) loads in the frontal cortex relative to the temporal, entorhinal, occipital, and parietal cortices. A survey of the entire cingulate gyrus showed a wide dispersion of Aβ42 with the highest concentration in the perigenual part of the anterior cingulate cortex; Aβ appeared to be linked with neuron loss and did not overlap with the heaviest neuritic degeneration. The current case may represent a nonmemory presentation of mild cognitive impairment (executive mild cognitive impairment) that is associated with frontal and anterior cingulate pathology and may be an early stage of the frontal variant of Alzheimer disease.
Defining the Mandate of Tuberculosis Research in a Postgenomic Era
Authors: Chakhaiyar Prachee , Hasnain Seyed E.
Published: June 2004

The identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Robert Koch in 1882 as the causative agent of tuberculosis, the release of the drug rifampicin in 1970 and the sequencing of the M. tuberculosis genome in 1998 are three major events that have revolutionized tuberculosis research. In spite of these breakthroughs, the continued status of tuberculosis as the largest killer amongst infectious diseases is an issue of major concern. Although directly observed short course chemotherapy exists to treat the disease, the emergence of drug-resistant strains has severely threatened the efficacy of the treatment. The recent sequencing of the M. tuberculosis genome holds promise for the development of new vaccines and the design of new drugs. This is all the more possible when the information from the genome sequence is combined with proteomics and structural and functional genomics. Such an integrated approach has led to the birth of a new field of research christened ‘postgenomics’ that holds substantial promise for the identification of novel drug targets and the potential to aid the development of new chemotherapeutic compounds to treat tuberculosis. The challenge before the scientific community therefore lies in elucidation of the wealth of information provided by the genome sequence and its translation into the design of novel therapies for the disease. All the major developments in the field of tuberculosis research after the sequencing of the M. tuberculosis genome will be discussed in this review.
The Bacteriology of the Supragingival Plaque of Child Dental Patients in Kuwait
Authors: Salako N.O. , Rotimi V.O. , Preeta R. , Khodakhast F.
Published: June 2004

Objective: To investigate the bacterial flora of the gingival plaques of pediatric dental patients in order to establish baseline data for future studies on the complex microbiota of the oral cavity of this group of child dental patients. Subjects and Methods: Forty subjects, aged 3–12 years, were enrolled and investigated after informed consent was obtained. During the patients’ first visit to the dental clinic supragingival plaque samples were collected from the gingival area of buccal and lingual tooth surfaces of all primary and permanent molar teeth using sterile curettes. Serially diluted samples were inoculated onto a set of selective and nonselective media and then incubated at the appropriate atmospheric conditions and temperatures. Representative colonies of isolates were identified by standard methods, including hemolytic characteristics on blood agar and profiling on API 20S and API 20A as appropriate. Results: A total of 183 isolates (123 aerobes and 60 anaerobes) were recovered from the 40 patients with a mean count of 3 per sample of aerobes compared to 1.5 per sample for the anaerobes. Streptococcus sanguis was the predominant aerobic species (23.6%) isolated from 29 (72.5%) of the 40 patients, followed by Streptococcus mitis, 19.5 and 60%, Streptococcus salivarius, 17.1 and 52.5% and Streptococcus mutans, 17.1 and 52.5%. The frequency of isolation of anaerobic bacteria was Prevotella spp. 50% from 30 (75%) of the 40 patients, Fusobacterium spp., 18.3 and 27.5%, Bacteroides spp., Porphyromonas spp. and Peptostreptococcus spp., 6.7 and 10%, 6.7 and 10%, and 5 and 7.5%, respectively. Prevotella intermedia was the single most common species. Conclusion: The results show that there were more aerobic/facultative anaerobic bacteria than the obligate anaerobes in the dental plaque of the pediatric dental patients in Kuwait. The high prevalence of the pioneering streptococci as well as black-pigmented Prevotella spp. and Fusobacterium spp. indicates that the dental plaques of the children were in the developing stage, a precursor to the development of periodontal diseases.
Hodgkin’s Disease: Kuwait Experience
Authors: Al-Shemmari Salem H. , Al-Humood Salah , Ameen Reem , Kamlesh Sajnani , Nemec J. , Varghese Abraham
Published: June 2004

Objective: To describe histologic subtypes, clinical presentation and treatment outcome of Hodgkin’s lymphoma in Kuwait. Subjects and Method: Patients older than 15 years, diagnosed with Hodgkin’s lymphoma between 1980 and 1998, were included in this retrospective analysis. Data were collected using a standardized form that included demographics, histologic subtypes, clinical presentation, stage, extranodal involvement, treatment modality and follow-up. Histology reports were obtained from hospital records. Results: There were 83 (59%) males and 57 (41%) females. Dominant histologic subtypes were nodular sclerosis 65 (46.4%) and mixed cellularity 42 (30%). Constitutional symptoms were reported by 54 (38.6%) of the cases. Two thirds (64%) of the cases were advanced. Primary extranodular involvement included liver (8%), gastrointestinal tract (7%), lung and bone marrow (4% each). Disease-free survival according to treatment groups were: radiotherapy alone 100%, chemotherapy alone 88%, and combined modality 65%. The 5-year Kaplan-Meier estimates of overall disease-free survival was 84%. Conclusion: In the cohort of 137 patients with Hodgkin’s disease the treatment with combined radiotherapy and chemotherapy had a remarkable outcome. However, evaluation of long-term treatment complications is needed.
Radioanatomical Measurements of the Medullary Cavity of the Humerus in Kuwait: Ethnic Differences and Clinical Implications for Fracture Fixation
Authors: Pospula Wieslaw , Abu Al Noor Tarek , Roshdy Tarek , Al Rowaih Ahmad
Published: June 2004

Objective: To compare the difference in diameter of the medullary cavity of the humerus in Arab and South Asian patients in Kuwait. Subjects and Methods: In 46 patients (29 Arab, 17 South Asian) treated at Al-Razi Hospital, Kuwait, for diaphyseal fracture of the humerus, the medullary cavity of the humerus on the radiographs of the uninjured (contralateral side) was examined. Bone density was also measured. Statistical significance was calculated by parametric and nonparametric test using SPSS package. Results: South Asians had a significantly narrower medullary cavity (p < 0.05) and higher cortical indices (p < 0.05) than Arabs, and also a narrower external diameter of the humerus at levels 5 and 6 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In cases of fracture of the humerus, radiographic measurements of the diameter of the medullary cavity of the uninjured side were essential in selecting the appropriate fixation device.
Time Course from First Symptom to the Treatment of Lung Cancer in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey
Authors: Özlü Tevfik , Bülbül Yılmaz , Öztuna Funda , Çan Gamze
Published: June 2004

Objectives: To determine the delay between the onset and the diagnosis and treatment of patients with lung cancer in two cancer centres in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. Subjects and Methods: The records of 226 patients (217 males, 9 females) were evaluated retrospectively for the dates noted for the onset of symptoms, first presentation to a physician, histopathological diagnosis and start of treatment. The median time intervals from the appearance of the first symptom to definitive diagnosis and treatment were calculated. Results: The patients presented to their physicians 30 (range 2–365) days after their complaints began. The time that elapsed between admission and histopathological diagnosis and between the diagnosis and initiation of therapy were 8 (range 1–210) and 17.5 days (range 0–206), respectively. The median time span from presentation to treatment was 30 days (range 1–253). There were no significant time interval differences between onset of symptoms and first presentation and the subsequent diagnostic and therapeutic processes for histopathology, stage of the tumour and treatment procedures (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Reasons for the delayed treatment of lung cancer patients were late presentation to the physician and the long time interval between tissue diagnosis and treatment. This delay was mostly associated with a large number of patients and delayed appointments for imaging procedures – the result of organisational problems within the health services of Turkey.
Vascular Injuries Caused by Orthopaedic Screws
Authors: Safar Hussein A. , Farid Emad , Nakhi Hozaifah , Asfar Sami
Published: June 2004

Objective: To describe 3 cases of vascular injuries due to orthopaedic procedures. Clinical Presentation and Intervention: Of 242 vascular injuries, 3 were due to orthopaedic screws. The 1st patient presented with a late complication (after 3 years) of an orthopaedic screw placed in close proximity to the axillary artery that with time got eroded and leaked to form a false aneurysm which later caused embolisation to the arm and limb ischaemia. The 2nd and 3rd cases were due acute ischaemia following the orthopaedic procedures. Both were injuries to the popliteal artery, one after a long screw and the other after drilling the tibia. The aneurysm of the 1st case was resected, the screw was removed and a reversed segment of the right long saphenous vein was used to repair the axillary artery. In the 2nd patient, a bypass of the left popliteal artery to the tibio-peroneal trunk was performed using a reversed 12-cm-long saphenous vein graft retrieved from the right thigh. In the 3rd patient, the right popliteal vein was ligated, and a reversed 25-cm-long saphenous vein graft retrieved from the left thigh was used for a femoro-popliteal bypass. For the 3 patients, postoperative recovery was unremarkable. Pulses were present within 6–10 months of follow-up. Conclusions: Whenever limb vascularity is compromised after an orthopaedic procedure, a high index of suspicion for an arterial injury should be exercised and prompt referral to the vascular service is mandatory. Repair of injured vessels with a saphenous vein graft provides excellent long-term results.
Endarterectomy vs. Angioplasty in Patients with Symptomatic Severe Carotid Stenosis (EVA-3S) Trial
Authors: EVA-3S Investigators E
Published: June 2004

Endarterectomy versus Angioplasty in Patients with Symptomatic Severe Carotid Stenosis (EVA-3S) is a French multicenter, non-inferiority randomized trial with national research organisation funding. In brief, patients are eligible if they have experienced a carotid TIA or non-disabling stroke within 4 months before randomisation and if they have an atherosclerotic stenosis of the region of the ipsilateral carotid bifurcation of 60% or more, as determined by the NASCET method, that investigators believe is suitable for both carotid surgery and angioplasty. Carotid surgery is performed using standard operative techniques. Carotid angioplasty consists of primary stenting with cerebral protection. The primary endpoints are: (a) any stroke or death within 30 days of the procedure and (b) any stroke or death within 30 days of the procedure plus ipsilateral stroke. To join the study, a centre must form a multidisciplinary team, including a vascular neurologist, a vascular surgeon and an interventionalist. Operator experience must be substantiated through documentation of a sufficient number of cases performed.
The Regulatory Role of Dendritic Cells in the Immune Response
Authors: Granucci Francesca , Zanoni Ivan , Feau Sonia , Capuano Giusy , Ricciardi-Castagnoli Paola
Published: June 2004

Dendritic cells (DCs) are key regulators of immune reactions. They control early innate responses, regulate long-lasting adaptive immunity and contribute to the maintenance of self-tolerance. DCs continuously monitor the environment through a multifaceted innate antigen receptor repertoire and, in response to perturbations, start a complex genetic reprogramming that leads to a complete activation of innate and, then, adaptive immune responses. This review discusses how DCs become efficient activators of NK and, subsequently, T cells following a microbial encounter.
Altered Levels of the Soluble IL-1, IL-4 and TNF Receptors, as well as the IL-1 Receptor Antagonist, in Intermittent Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Benson Mikael , Wennergren Göran , Fransson Mattias , Cardell Lars Olaf
Published: June 2004

Background: The effects of cytokines are modulated by soluble cytokine receptors (SCR) and receptor antagonists. Therefore, allergic disease may depend on altered proportions between cytokines, their SCR and receptor antagonists, rather than absolute changes in cytokine levels. Little is known about SCR in intermittent allergic rhinitis (IAR). Objective: To examine the concentrations of SCR, i.e. sIL-1R2, sIL-4R, sIL-6R and sTNFR1, as well as the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) in nasal fluids from allergen-challenged patients with IAR and healthy controls. Methods: 30 patients with birch- or grass-pollen-induced IAR and 30 healthy controls were studied. In the patients nasal fluids were obtained before as well as 1 and 6 h after allergen provocation. Results: Both symptom scores and rhinoscopic signs of rhinitis increased in the patients after allergen challenge. Comparisons between patients and controls showed that sIL-4R was lower in patients before and 1 and 6 h after provocation. IL-1Ra was lower before and 1 h after provocation. In addition, lower concentrations of sTNFR1 were found in patients after 1 h, while sIL-1R2 concentrations were higher after 1 h. Comparisons of patients before and after challenge showed that IL-1Ra and sTNFR1 decreased after 1 h, while sIL-1R2 increased. No significant differences were found compared to 6 h. sIL-6R did not significantly differ between the study groups. Conclusions: After allergen challenge, significant changes in the nasal fluid levels of IL-1Ra, sIL-1R2 and sTNFR1 were found. By contrast, sIL-4R remained at lower levels than in controls both before and after challenge. Since sIL-4R modulates IgE synthesis, this may play a role in the pathogenesis of IAR.
Impaired Interferon-γ Production in a Subset Population of Severe Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Katsunuma Toshio , Kawahara Hidetoshi , Yuki Keisuke , Akasawa Akira , Saito Hirohisa
Published: June 2004

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by pruritic chronic eczema. The immunopathogenesis of this condition is still not well understood. We assessed the transcription and production of IFN-γ, the Th1 cytokine, and the Th2 cytokine IL-5 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with severe AD. Methods: The subjects included 17 severe (serum IgE: 5,000–92,000 U/ml, median: 20,000 U/ml), 4 mild AD (IgE: 2–520 U/ml) and 8 nonatopic controls (IgE: <100 U/ml). The severe AD patients were classified into two groups according to the response to standard treatment with topical glucocorticoids. Individuals were classified as poorly responsive (AD-P) if the clinical score decreased less than one third after 2 weeks of hospital treatment and as responsive (AD-R) if the score decreased more than one third. PBMCs isolated from the subjects were stimulated with PHA and PMA. Results: The expression of IFN-γ in PBMCs in the AD-P group was much lower than that observed in the other groups at both mRNA and protein levels. There were no significant differences in the levels of IL-5 both in mRNA and protein levels between the groups. There were no significant differences in STAT4 DNA-binding activity following PHA/IL-2/IL-12 stimulation between AD-P and controls. Conclusions: These results suggest that the decreased INF-γ production may account for the abnormal immunopathogenesis of severe, intractable AD.
Chronic Granulomatous Disease: A Clinical Survey of 41 Patients from the Iranian Primary Immunodeficiency Registry
Authors: Movahedi Masoud , Aghamohammadi Asghar , Rezaei Nima , Shahnavaz Nikrad , Babaei Jandaghi Ali , Farhoudi Abolhasan , Pourpak Zahra , Moin Mostafa , Gharagozlou Mohammad , Mansouri Davoud
Published: June 2004

Background: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) represents a group of inherited disorders of the phagocytic system, involving recurrent infections at different sites, especially the respiratory system. The present study was accomplished in order to determine the clinical spectrum of Iranian patients with CGD. Methods: Forty-one patients (29 males and 12 females) with CGD, who had already been referred to two immunodeficiency referral centers in Iran, were reviewed during a 22-year period (1980–2002). Results: These patients belonged to 34 families, and 56% of them were consanguineous. The median age at the time of study was 12 years (3 months to 22 years). The median age at onset of symptoms was 4 months (1 month to 12 years), and the median diagnostic age was 5.5 years (2 months to 20 years), with a diagnostic delay of 3 years on average. The most common presenting complaint in our CGD patients was lymphadenopathy (seen in 11 patients, 26.8%). The most common manifestations of CGD (in descending order) were lymphadenopathy (75.6%), pulmonary infections (65.9%) and skin involvement (63.4%) during their illness, followed by gastrointestinal (56.1%), skeletal (29.3%), upper respiratory tract (26.8%) and central nervous system (2.4%) involvement. Conclusions: Early diagnosis of the disease is crucial. In view of the possibility of timely treatment, i.e. prophylactic treatment of infection, CGD should be excluded in any patient with unexplained infections or granulomas.