bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anthropology and the ‘Indigenous Slot’
Authors: Karlsson Bengt G.
Published: May 2004

This article examines the present mobilization of indigenous peoples in India and their assertions of indigeneity at the United Nations. The notion of ‘indigenous peoples’ is highly controversial in India, and both the government and leading social scientists/anthropologists claim that it is neither possible nor desirable to single out any such category of peoples in the country. Above all, the fear is that the indigenous rights’ agenda will lead to further divisions of the society and fuel violent ethnic separatism. This, however, does not prevent marginalized ‘tribal peoples’ from asserting themselves as indigenous and claiming rights on the basis of this identity. Particularly during the last ten years an increasing number of indigenous delegates from India have participated in the United Nations (UN) Working Group on Indigenous Populations’ annual sessions in Geneva. At the UN these delegates express solidarity and a common plight with the world’s indigenous peoples. What is this all about and how should we as anthropologists relate to the emerging globalized field of indigenous politics? These are questions I address in the article. As a minimal requirement, I claim that anthropologists need to move beyond the sterile debate about whether the concept of indigenous peoples is relevant and take note of the fact that the concept is already out there.
Morality and Merchandise
Authors: Hurley Molly , Trimarco James
Published: May 2004

In this article the authors explore the conflicts and contradictions of vending and shopping at ground zero in New York City. At the center of the analysis are the vendors of World Trade Center souvenirs, who have been subject to both praise and condemnation by tourists who visit the site, police who patrol it, journalists who represent it in the media and politicians who negotiate its management. A substantial number of people describe ground zero as a sacred space, an area that should be protected from the contaminating effects of commerce. Yet simultaneously commerce is central to American national identity. A series of paradoxes about the meaning of capital in modern American society lie at the heart of this analysis.
The Body as Wound
Authors: Ferrándiz Francisco
Published: May 2004

During the 1990s, Venezuela saw both an intensification in the levels of everyday violence and in the ideological operations blaming the poor for this state of affairs, resulting in a large-scale criminalization of shantytown dwellers, especially young men. This production of social stigma is of one piece with the implementation of repressive state policies. Based on one-year’s ethnographic fieldwork on the well-known spirit possession cult of MarÌa Lionza in the shantytowns of Caracas, this article discusses one relevant aspect of the extensive social trauma taking shape in the shadow of these events. As an emergent form of popular religion where different styles of embodiment are constantly being produced, the cult quickly activated spirits of a particular type dormant in its populous pantheon: the delinquents – malandros. These spirits, which became an instant success among young spiritist mediums, trace out the tragic encounter of scores of poor Venezuelans with the change of the century.
‘They are Taking Our Culture Away’
Authors: Kirtsoglou Elisabeth , Theodossopoulos Dimitrios
Published: May 2004

This article is concerned with the efforts of a Garifuna community in Honduras to claim a space in the growing local tourist economy. Its inhabitants maintain that they suffer a form of culture loss because they do not control the commodification of their culture through tourism. By examining the local perspective, we argue that cultural performances could be treated as cultural property and consumed by tourists in a context of mutual exchange as opposed to a hegemonic one. We suggest that every cultural performance entails a statement about collective identity and thus the local battle for cultural ownership relates to the politics of self-representation and the position of the community in the wider world. The members of the community we studied articulate their desire to become an attraction, which can fully satisfy the tourist quest for authenticity and difference. Only this has to take place on their own terms, to serve their interests and to promote the image they have about themselves and their culture.
Claiming Community
Authors: Jensen Steffen
Published: May 2004

The article explores how the concept of community has become the nodal point for political power struggles, state formation and the production of political subjectivity. The ethnographic focus of the article is on the coloured townships in Cape Town, and the ways in which the local state bureaucrats and policy makers engage with and are engaged by township politicians. The article illustrates that community is a polyvalent category, invoked by a multiplicity of political representatives. It forms the central focal point in state-endorsed participation projects; perceptions of the townships and their people are organized around it, and it is the organizing principle for local power struggles in the townships over the right to define, defend and represent the people. The article also testifies to the continued marginalization of the townships and illustrates how fraught with ambiguities the production of political subjectivity is in situations of poverty, violence and marginalization.
Diamonds are Forever: Mining Precious Stones in the Group
Authors: Campbell Jane
Published: May 2004

The theme of the symposium is Relational Goods. This paper offers the experience of a group from the perspective of an individual group member. The material illustrates the following group phenomena: exchange, mirror reactions, translation, socialization, multiple transferences, projection, projective identification, the social unconscious, remembering and repeating, the foundation and the dynamic matrix, activation of the collective unconscious and others. The emphasis, however, is on exchange and the goods exchanged are relational goods, the ‘diamonds’ of the story.
Towards an Economics of Human Relations: on the Role of Psychology in Economics
Authors: Zamagni Stefano
Published: May 2004

In this paper, I concentrate on the relationship between economics and psychology, focusing on ways to enlarge the scope of economic research to make it more relevant for the analysis of policy means and of policy ends and, more generally, with the intention of fostering a climate for change and stimulating debate.
Bridge Building Between Two Discourses: the Economic and the Group-Analytic
Authors: Dalal Farhad
Published: May 2004

Foulkes insisted that human beings are constituted through, and by, relationships from the first. Over recent years, corroborating evidence for this insight has been accumulating in a surprising variety of disciplines which include physics, biology, sociology, mathematics, complexity and economics. It turns out that the insight was more profound than Foulkes himself realized – that the nature of existence itself is relational. These insights have a considerable bearing on how we think about our work as group analysts.
Drawing the Isolate into the Group Flow
Authors: Ormont Louis R.
Published: May 2004

Every group has members who stay out of the main flow. If isolates are not woven into the group’s fabric – if they cannot participate in the group verbally and emotionally – then they usually leave the experience dissatisfied. Even before they leave, their presence is centrifugal. They rarely make identification with others, and contribute little to the mutual understanding members are expected to offer one another; other participants experience them as detached and indifferent. Among the types of resistance presented by peripheral members are: (1) denying responsibility; (2) giving advice, and (3) distorting. This paper describes how to recognize these patterns, how to empower the group to work on them, and thus how to integrate the avoiding member, for his or her own benefit as well as that of the group.
De la Critique de la Mesure des Sensations au Problème Philosophique de la Liberté Humaine: Réflexions Autour de l'“Essai sur les Données Immédiates de la Conscience” d'Henri Bergson
Authors: Miquel Paul Antoine
Published: May 2004

This article attempts to show that, in opposition to analytical and phenomenological traditions, when Bergson examines the epistemological problem of the measurement of sensations, he tries to connect it with the philosophical question of human freedom, which science cannot solve. It is not possible to conclude that every philosophical problem is a scientific problem. But philosophy does not come first. It needs an indirect approach and a metaphorical language. As Bergson says, intuition is riding intelligence. The problem of measuring sensation concerns the difficulty of establishing sensation as a mental object or a representation that can be compared or distinguished from others. What sensation does is not separate from what it does to us. It is not only something thought, it is something lived and connected with duration, like human freedom, which is nothing but a specific feeling. This living is not a phenomenological illusion, it is a naturalistic puzzle. If we take the Bergsonian conclusion, sensation is simply a spiritualistic reality. We contest this dual approach, but we try to separate this wrong solution from the very accurate puzzle that Bergson presents us with.
Mixing Economics and Ethics: Carl Menger vs Gustav Von Schmoller
Authors: Haller Markus
Published: May 2004

Schmoller and Menger provide strictly antagonistic accounts of how ethics and economics should be related. Their contentions are mainly methodological. Whereas Schmoller hopes to integrate ethics within economics in order to improve its empirical basis, Menger wishes to identify the different behavioural mechanisms linked to the economic and the ethical perspectives, and therefore wants to keep them separate wherever possible. Menger’s critique of Schmoller’s account suggests that the integration of ethics within economics cannot rationally be grounded upon postulates of psychological realism and methodological collectivism, as Schmoller proposed.
Presidential Expressions and Viewer Emotion: Counterempathic Responses to Televised Leader Displays
Authors: Bucy Erik P. , Bradley Samuel D.
Published: May 2004

Despite the biological predisposition to recognize and mimic facial expressions, research has shown that contextual or experiential factors may elicit emotionally incongruent, or counterempathic, responses. This experimental study reports how counterempathic responses to televised leader displays may be evoked in political communication. Findings suggest that unexpected nonverbal communication is subject to cognitive appraisal, which may influence emotional responding. Subjects were shown a series of four news stories, each followed by a 30-second televised reaction of President Bill Clinton. The story–reaction sequences varied by story topic, level of emotion and degree of leader display appropriateness. Physiological (heart rate, skin conductance and facial muscle activation, or EMG) and emotional self-report measures indicated that evaluations of display appropriateness moderated how much attention was given to the display, the affective direction of viewers’ facial muscle activation and the level of autonomic activation, or arousal. The EMG data showed that viewers frowned in response to positive expressive displays that followed positive news. Smiling activation also decreased for high-intensity, positive displays. By manipulating the valence and intensity of the associated news event, facial mimicry, and emotional responses to leaders generally, are shown to be situationally influenced by the larger social and informational context.
One Name for the Evolutionary Baby? A Preliminary Guide for Everyone Confused by the Chaos of Names
Authors: Mysterud Iver
Published: May 2004

Evolutionary studies of human behavior and design are increasing in popularity. There are now few topics or disciplines where an evolutionary perspective is not applied. For the past 40 years, evolutionary approaches to human behavior and design have been given many names, e.g. human ethology, human sociobiology, human behavioral ecology, evolutionary anthropology and evolutionary psychology. This diversity may be confusing when one first becomes interested in evolutionary studies. Different names have come and gone – often because they have become unpopular in someone’s mind – while some names have survived and remained, but are often used with different meanings. This article presents the preliminary result of a scrutiny of names used in the evolutionary literature and what they mean. I also briefly discuss why there is a surplus of names and consider if we should attempt to find one name for the field(s) or if we should continue with the diversity.
The Paradoxical Unity of Culture
Authors: Markus György
Published: May 2004

The two main domains of high culture - the arts and the sciences - seem to be completely different, simply unrelated. Is there any sense then in talking about culture in the singular as a unity? A positive answer to this question presupposes that there is a single conceptual scheme, in terms of which it is possible to articulate both the underlying similarities and the basic differences between these domains. This article argues that - at least in respect of ‘classical’ modernity - there is such a framework: the normatively conceived Author-Work-Recipient relation. It allows the disclosure of the paradoxical unity of culture: its two main realms are constituted as polar opposites and thus as strictly complementary. Through such an organization, culture could fulfil an affirmative, compensatory role. At the same time however, it also allowed culture to acquire the character of social critique, a function realized through the antagonistically opposed projects of Enlightenment and Romanticism - projects whose illusions are now evident.
Between Chieftaincy and Knighthood: A Comparative Study of Ottoman and Safavid Origins
Authors: Rahimi Babak
Published: May 2004

Tracing the history of the Ottoman and Safavid empires back to the Middle Period of Islamic history, this article focuses on their origins in the chieftaincies and the hybrid cultural formations of the Anatolian regions. While considering the inter/intracivilizational historical context of their respective rise to power, it is argued that the structural makeup of the empires differed primarily in their disparate forms of Sufi-knightly cultures, identified here as knightly-heroic (Ottoman) and millenarian-populist (Safavid), which is essentially tied to two distinctive types of tribal political organizations: frontierchieftaincy (Ottoman) and sectarian-chieftaincy (Safavid). Although the original Ottoman and Safavid chieftaincies, based on the militant Ghazi and Qizilbash orders, dissolved once the roaming bands of warriors were replaced by more settled military formations in the course of long-term state-building processes, the influence of their Sufi-knightly cultural heritages is still manifest in modern Iranian and Turkish societies.
The Making of Sweden
Authors: Wittrock Björn
Published: May 2004

In the first millennium CE trade and kinship networks linked Western Europe and Central Asia via Scandinavia and the Russian rivers. These networks broke down when the early states began to emerge in Scandinavia during the 11th and 12th centuries, concurrent with the Christianization of the far North. Two cultural fault-lines mark Nordic history – between Western and Eastern Christendom and between feudal and non-feudal societies – and make this region distinct from Russia and Germany. The Swedish state, with Finland as an integral part of the realm until the 19th century, was neither a composite monarchy, nor a feudal or despotic state. Sweden was one of the largest but also least populated countries in Europe. Its relative lack of resources led to unusual but efficient techniques of state-making demonstrated in two periods when Sweden was prominent in an all-European perspective: first as a Great Power (1620–1720) when it developed characteristics that did not appear elsewhere in Europe until the 20th century, and then during the rapid modernization that began around 1870. In this latter period there were five key junctures in the transition from the constitutional limbo and social democratic breakthroughs of the interwar period to the antinomies of present-day Sweden.
Icelandic Anomalies
Authors: Arnason Johann P.
Published: May 2004

Iceland differs from the other Nordic countries in very significant ways, and broader comparative perspectives may be useful. Contrasts and parallels with other ‘new societies’ – overseas offshoots of European civilization – should be explored further. In the Icelandic case, the foundations of the ‘new society’ were laid during the High Middle Ages. The medieval heritage is crucial to Icelandic national identity, but it is not a sufficient explanation of later nation-forming processes. The nationalist turn in the early 19th century began as a response to changes at the centre of the Danish composite monarchy but led to demands for separate statehood. In the course of the process that culminated in separation from Denmark, Icelandic intellectuals in Copenhagen and political leaders of the peasantry in Iceland represented different versions of nationalism. But the shared political culture that crystallized during this period continued to shape the course of events after independence.
Computational and Experimental Characterization of Continuously Fiber Reinforced Plastic Extrusions: Part II – Long-Term Flexural Loading
Authors: Zheng Zhiyin , Engblom John J.
Published: May 2004

Experimental characterization of time-dependent properties for rectangular hollowcored, continuous fiber reinforced, commingled recycled plastic extruded forms under long-term (creep) flexural loading has been presented in this paper. Finite element based computer models have been developed to predict the effects of damage progression in such reinforced extruded plastic forms. In the long-term (creep) tests, reinforced and unreinforced extrusions with varying compositions were used as specimens. These extruded specimens were submerged in heated water and subjected to different loads. Experimental results indicate that fiber micro-buckling and fiber–matrix interface failure occur during the creep loading environment. The fiber micro-buckling occurs over time, compared with similar but dramatic damage that occurs in a short-period of time during short-term (static) loading, as discussed in Part I of this work. Experimental data also shows that these damage modes significantly reduce the long-term (life cycle) flexural properties, and the specimens with a coupling agent demonstrated much better performance. “Damage dependent” finite element models were developed using different material property types to represent the glass-fiber roving, fiber–matrix interface and plastic matrix respectively. Material nonlinearity of the plastic matrix has been incorporated along with stress-based failure criteria to account for fiber–matrix interfacial shear failure and local fiber micro-buckling. A user-defined material model has been incorporated into an industrial standard finite element software package to accommodate damage progression. The developed finite element based model(s) have correlated well with the long-term (creep) test results, and can provide a valuable tool in designing reinforced plastics for long-term loading conditions.
Effects of Symmetric and Antisymmetric Fiber Orientations on the Natural Frequencies of FRP Aircraft Panel Boards
Authors: Chandrasekaran E. , Jayaraman K. , Nazeer S. Mohamed
Published: May 2004

An aircraft instrument panel board is housing high precision instruments and the vibration of the panel board, which is fitted to the aircraft frame, affects their performance. The amplitudes of this vibration can be reduced if the natural frequencies of the panel boards are kept away from the operating frequencies of the aircraft so that the occurrence of resonance can be avoided at low frequency ranges. This paper presents the experimental investigations conducted on the free vibration characteristics of composite (E-glass–Poly Vinyl Ester) aircraft instrument panel boards. These boards are prepared by hand layup technique and their physical properties, elastic properties and the first three natural frequencies are determined experimentally. These natural frequencies are also obtained using a FEM software package and compared with the experimental results for their dependability. The natural frequencies of the composite panel board for symmetric, and antisymmetric glass fiber orientations for different fiber orientations and for odd and even number of layers are determined and the results obtained are discussed.
Interfacial Studies in Fatigue Behavior of Polyurethane Sandwich Structures
Authors: Sharma S. C. , Murthy H. N. Narasimha , Krishna M.
Published: May 2004

Interfacial studies in fatigue behavior of sandwich structures of polyurethane foam (PUF) core and fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) outer skins were carried out using three-point bending test according to ASTM-C393. Three types of specimens, namely, Epoxy/Glass-PUFEpoxy/Glass (EPE), Polyester/Glass-PUF-Polyester/Glass (PPP) and Epoxy/Glass-PUF-Polyester/ Glass (EPP) were considered for investigation. The fatigue response of all three types of sandwich structures exhibited two distinct regions, namely, steady region and deteriorating region. In steady region, while EPE specimens showed the highest bending fatigue strength due to the superior properties of the interfaces between the skin and the core, PPP specimens showed the lowest fatigue properties. In deteriorating region, while all the three types of specimens showed drastic reduction in bending fatigue strength, the overall stiffness degradation was the highest in EPE and the lowest in PPP specimens. Debonding and sliding between the skin and the foam at the interface caused stiffness degradation, due to which the sandwich structures failed at the interface and not at the skin level. The fatigue failure mechanism was studied using finite element analysis (FEA).
Community Food Systems and Planning Curricula
Authors: Hammer Janet
Published: May 2004

This article examines the teaching of food systems in U.S. planning programs. An overview of current food systems education in planning programs is provided, followed by an exploration of options for teaching community food systems in planning programs. An in-depth examination of an ongoing community food systems course provides contours for an emerging pedagogy of food system planning—one that is anchored in critical analysis of existing food and community issues and development of the skills requisite for effective participation in community food system planning.
Community Food Assessment
Authors: Pothukuchi Kameshwari
Published: May 2004

Community food assessments (CFAs) constitute a first step in planning for community food security. Community food security is a situation in which all community residents obtain a safe, culturally acceptable, nutritionally adequate diet through a sustainable food system that also maximizes community self-reliance and social justice. Through a study of nine CFAs, this article discusses their common threads to planning, how a planning approach might strengthen CFAs, and what planners might learn from them. Four CFAs led by professionals with planning backgrounds employed spatial mapping techniques to analyze a variety of issues, explored more and diverse community-food linkages, used multiple sources and methods, envisioned a key role for community planning agencies, distributed their findings widely to a local and national audience of professional planners, and helped place planners in leadership positions of the national community food security movement. Implications of this study for planning education, research, and practice are discussed.
Marginality Theory: The Lack of Construct Validity
Authors: Del Pilar Jose A. , Udasco Jocelynda O.
Published: May 2004

The 75-year history of marginality theory is reviewed and evaluated, leading to the recommendation that the use of the marginality idea be discarded by social scientists because it lacks construct validity. A review of the literature reveals that, at present, the concept of marginality is employed in five different social science lines of investigation. These models are examined fromthe perspective of their contribution to the validity of the construct and are found wanting. Marginality is shown to be a concept that did not fulfill its promise of explaining the effects on people of immigration, culture clash, and other transitional situations, such as status, role, or class changes. Evidence is presented that marginality is unscientifically founded and has been applied so indiscriminately as to be useless in the social sciences.
Entering and Succeeding in the “Culture of College”: The Story of Two Mexican Heritage Students
Authors: Cabrera Nolan L. , Padilla Amado M.
Published: May 2004

In this retrospective study, the academic resilience of two individuals of Mexican heritage who graduated from Stanford University is described. The respondents (a woman and a man) now in their early 20s came from home backgrounds of extreme impoverishment and adversity. By means of in-depth interviews the challenges the two respondents faced in school beginning in kindergarten and continuing through their graduation from Stanford is described. Both respondents attribute their academic success to the support given them by their mothers and their personal motivation to succeed in school; however, the authors show that this was also possible because the respondents acquired knowledge of the “culture of college” that is essential for the transition from high school to college. The authors describe the processes of this information transmission and how even though it changed the life of their respondents, it has not altered the life of their family.
A Critical Examination of Normalistas' Self-Conceptualization and Teacher-Efficacy
Authors: Flores Belinda Bustos , Clark Ellen Riojas
Published: May 2004

Prior to entering a U.S. bilingual teacher preparation program, Mexican teachers (normalistas ) were assessed regarding their ethnic identity, self-conceptualization, and teaching efficacy. The findings indicated that normalistas'ethnic identity is tied to country of origin, rather than their adopted country. Five salient conceptualization factors were identified: personality (carácter ), interests, occupational activity, interpersonal style, and moral worth. The multivariate regression analysis of self-concept and teacher efficacy constructs showed that the participants'view of self, specifically character, and moral worth may affect their teacher efficacy ( p < .05). Researchers suggest that teacher preparation programs focus on the development and enhancement of normalistas' sociopolitical awareness to ensure understanding of U.S. language minority students' educational needs.
A Review of Latino Youth Development Research and a Call for an Asset Orientation
Authors: Rodriguez Michael C. , Morrobel Diana
Published: May 2004

A focus on youth development is the strongest means of prevention of problems faced by Latino youths. Latino youths are the fastest growing segment of the U.S. population and have high rates of developmental deficits. However, youth development researchers have not attended to the inclusion and reporting of results for Latino youths. This study presents a challenge to youth development researchers, service providers, and policy makers to adopt a youth development orientation in their work. A comprehensive review of six youth development journals and two Latino-focused journals allowed for the evaluation of the inclusion of Latino youths. Of 1,010 empirical articles, 30% included Latino youths, 6% reported results for Latino youths, and less than3% focused on Latino youths. The researchers reporting results for Latino youths were largely unguided by specific theoretical frameworks and heavily deficit oriented. A framework to increase attention to Latino youths in developmental research is suggested.
Promoting Academic Success Among Latino Youths
Authors: Martinez Charles R. , DeGarmo David S. , Eddy J. Mark
Published: May 2004

This article describes results from the Oregon Latino Youth Survey, which was designed to identify factors that promote or hinder academic success for Latino middle school and high school youngsters. The study samples included a total of 564 Latino and non-Latino students and parents. Analyses showed that Latino students reported a high frequency of discriminatory experiences and institutional barriers at school, and Latino students and their parents were more likely to experience institutional barriers compared to non-Latinos. Furthermore, Latino students and parents reported that they and/or their youngsters were more likely to drop out of school compared to non-Latinos. Path models showed that lower acculturation and more institutional barriers were related to less academic success for Latino students. More parent academic encouragement and staff extracurricular encouragement were associated with better academic outcomes for Latino students. Finally, family socioeconomic disadvantage had an indirect effect on Latino youngster academic success, through effects on parent monitoring and school involvement.
Living through College Literacy
Authors: Leki Ilona
Published: May 2004

This case study of a Chinese undergraduate nursing student focuses on her literacy experiences in her nursing major. Although traditional academic writing played some role in her education, the unusual demands of nonacademic, disciplinary documents, particularly nursing care plans (NCPs), played a more significant and more intractable role in her education and in the difficulties she faced. This investigation of features of academic literacy across the curriculum also embeds this student’s experience in broader concerns of the nursing curriculum and nursing regulatory agencies, further complicating the role of disciplinary literacy acquisition.
The Production of Information for Genred Activity Spaces
Authors: Bazerman Charles , Little Joseph , Chavkin Teri
Published: May 2004

Genres, although aligning people to joint activity and joint attention, shape the substantive material or information represented within the bounded space of the text. Each genre creates a space that prompts the production of particular kinds of information to populate that space. The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 that mandated the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) was invented out of a perceived social need for greater information about the effects of human activity on the environment. The EIS has since spawned a constellation of related genres, has created a large informational market to fulfill the requirements of these genres, and has led to a proliferation of information. The set of relations among genre, information, and activity found in this one sphere of environmental information are suggestive of how information is produced and used in generic forms.
Fourth Graders Composing Scientific Explanations About the Effects of Pollutants
Authors: Chambliss Marilyn J. , Christenson Lea Ann , Parker Carolyn
Published: May 2004

Explanation as a genre may support children’s reasoning and understanding particularly effectively. In this study, 20 fourth graders were given the task of explaining the effects of a pollutant on an ecosystem to third graders. Before writing, they completed a commercially developed science unit, instruction in reading and writing an explanation, and text reading. An analysis of their writings revealed that all children used rhetorical devices to connect with third-grade readers. Sixteen children synthesized text content with personal experiences to compose subexplanations that reported information, gave examples, and presented scenarios and that were logically ordered to enhance reader understanding. Nine of these children explicitly used the scientific model to explain phenomena. Outcomes suggested that writing explanations supported children’s reasoning about and understanding of an important scientific model.
Tasks, Ensembles, and Activity
Authors: Bracewell Robert J. , Witte Stephen P.
Published: May 2004

This article is concerned with characterizing literacy activity as it is practiced in professional workplaces. Its starting point is activity theory, which grew out of the work of Vygotsky and has been subsequently elaborated in Russia and elsewhere. First, the authors propose that existing versions of activity theory are unable to account adequately for practical human activity in contemporary workplaces, and present a revised perspective that opens the way for new theoretical developments. Second, they elaborate two new constructs, task and work ensemble, and apply them to a short collaborative writing sequence collected in the field. Both constructs are seen to account in a substantive way for the structure of the composing activity carried out by the collaborators. They close with a discussion of the complementarity and theoretical advantages of the two constructs.
Book-Length Scholarly Essays as a Hybrid Genre in Science
Authors: Varghese Susheela Abraham , Abraham Sunita Anne
Published: May 2004

Drawing on existing work on popularizations, this investigation of book-length scholarly essays by practicing scientists across three disciplines reveals a hybrid genre that is neither popularization nor research report. The study utilizes both textual analysis and personal commentary from the writer-researchers to achieve a three-way comparison between the popularization, research article, and the book-length scholarly essay that clarifies how these essays contribute to the authors’ academic agendas. Writing for both a general audience and a jury of their peers, these academics employ an argumentative generic structure. Such argumentation develops a rhetoric of rational inquiry, where understanding how answers to perplexing problems are arrived at is just as important as the answers themselves. This genre also suggests the possible resurfacing of the essayist tradition in the sciences, as these practicing researchers engage with wider audiences in theoretical and philosophical speculation.
“It’s All up to You”: How Welfare-to-Work Educational Programs Construct Workforce Success
Authors: Sandlin Jennifer A.
Published: May 2004

This article discusses how two welfare education programs construct workforce success. Discourse about success in these programs falls into two basic camps: an individual-based selfmotivation perspective and an external, structural, socioeconomic perspective. Although the individualistic perspective adhered to by the programs came into conflict with structural problems faced by students, the programs ultimately chose to uphold a perspective that reinforces the American myth of success that has been prevalent in the United States since the 17th century.
Learning and Transformation in the Context of Hawaiian Traditional Ecological Knowledge
Authors: Feinstein Benjamin C.
Published: May 2004

Traditional ecological knowledge is a potentially powerful medium in which to teach environmental education and has the potential for influencing transformative learning. Although many educators agree that one of the focuses of environmental education is adult transformation, this has not been extensively explored in the context of Hawaiian environmental knowledge. Specifically, there has been very little work done in immersion courses where nonnative and part-native students learn from local and indigenous experts. The purpose of this study is to explore the possibility of transformative learning in this context. This article investigates student responses to the course curriculum and instructional methodologies of an undergraduate, introductory immersion course on Hawaiian environmental knowledge. The article also explores one student’s transformation through her participation in the course and describes the conditions that were met to catalyze that transformation.
Transformative and Restorative Learning: A Vital Dialectic for Sustainable Societies
Authors: Lange Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2004

This study explores the potential of critical transformative learning for revitalizing citizen action, particularly action toward a sustainable society. Through an action research process with 14 university extension participants, it was found that a dialectic of transformative and restorative learning is vital for fostering active citizenship. This study also found that transformation is not just an epistemological process involving a change in worldview and habits of thinking; it is also an ontological process where participants experienced a change in their being in the world. As participants shifted into a new mode of relatedness with their material, social, and environmental realities, they sought avenues for socially responsible involvement as active citizens.
Toward a Critical HRD in Theory and Practice
Authors: Fenwick Tara J.
Published: May 2004

Drawing from critical management studies and critical pedagogy, this article proposes principles and practices to support the emerging critical human resource development (HRD) field as one stream among existing theories and practice of HRD. A critical HRD would challenge the subjugation of human knowledge, skills, and relationships to organizational or shareholder gain and focus on transforming workplaces and HRD practice toward justice, fairness, and equity. Because both HRD practices and critical perspectives themselves are so diverse, a critical HRD must be formulated in sufficiently broad terms to encourage a variety of conceptual developments including discursive, gendered, materialist, and anti-racist lines of analysis. Theoretical dilemmas of a critical HRD are discussed, such as ideological contradictions between the radical orientation of critical theory and the managerialist or performative frames to which much HRD practice is accountable. Possible configurations of a critical HRD are described, as these might play out in contexts of HRD practice.
Assessing the Transitions to Middle and High School
Authors: Barber Brian K. , Olsen Joseph A.
Published: May 2004

This study assessed patterns of change in perceived school and youth functioning, and the extent to which perceived change in the school environment predicted changed youth functioning, across four consecutive grade transitions, two of which involved the transition to a new school. Youth reported decreased quality of the school environment and decreased academic/personal/interpersonal functioning at every grade transition. This pattern was most pronounced at the transition from sixth to seventh grade, a transition that did not correspond to the transition to middle school but did correspond to the move from small family pods during the first year of middle school to the more typical middle school environment in the eighth grade. Analyses revealed that perceived change in several elements of the school environment (most strongly, perceived change in teacher support) did significantly explain changes in levels of student academic, personal, and interpersonal functioning.
Individual Variation and Family-Community Ties
Authors: Cleveland H. Harrington , Crosnoe Robert
Published: May 2004

Intergenerational closure refers to parents’ knowing the parents of their adolescents’ friends. This study treated intergenerational closure—as reported by the parents of adolescent twins—as the dependent variable in a behavioral genetic analysis. The sample consisted of identical and fraternal twin pairs in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Models that were fit to twin covariance matrices estimated that additive genetic influences accounted for 44% of the variance in intergenerational closure and shared environmental influences for 44%. These findings provide evidence that the heritable characteristics of adolescents influence the connections between their families and their extrafamilial social networks.
Adolescent Problem Behavior and Problem Driving in Young Adulthood
Authors: Bingham C. Raymond , Shope Jean T.
Published: May 2004

Motor vehicle crashes are the leading cause of death among drivers younger than age 35, making problem driving behavior among young drivers a significant public concern. Effective intervention requires a better understanding of the antecedents of problem driving. Problem behavior theory, social control theory, and Kandel’s model of substance use development were used to predict young-adult problem driving (i.e., drug-, drinking-, and risky driving). Using a longitudinal sample of 1,845 young adults, path analysis showed that drinking-driving and drug-driving were predicted by adolescent marijuana use, as well as greater alcohol misuse and tolerance of deviance. Risky driving was predicted by greater alcohol misuse, less cigarette smoking, greater tolerance of deviance, and better school performance during adolescence. These results highlight the qualitative difference between substance-related driving behavior, which is socially proscribed, and risky-driving behavior, which is more normative. Implications for prevention are discussed.
Association of Financial Resources with Parenting and Adolescent Adjustment in African American Families
Authors: Taylor Ronald D. , Rodriguez Antoinette U. , Seaton Eleanor K. , Dominguez Antonio
Published: May 2004

The association of mothers’ report of the adequacy of family financial resources with African American mothers’ and adolescents’ depressive symptoms was assessed. Findings for families with male adolescents revealed that mothers’ report of the adequacy of families’ financial resources was linked to mothers’ and adolescents’ depressive symptomatology and mothers’ optimism. Mothers’ report of the adequacy of family financial resources was positively associated with family routine. Mothers’ optimism was also positively associated with family routine and mediated the association of family financial resources with family routine. Findings for families with female adolescents revealed that family resources were positively associated with family routine. Explanations for the differences in the findings for families with male or female adolescents were discussed. The need for more research assessing the processes that mediate the relations of families’ financial resources with African American adolescents’ and parents’ well-being was discussed.
Body Image and the Appearance Culture Among Adolescent Girls and Boys
Authors: Jones Diane Carlson , Vigfusdottir Thorbjorg Helga , Lee Yoonsun
Published: May 2004

This research evaluates the contributions of three dimensions of appearance culture (appearance magazine exposure, appearance conversations with friends, and peer appearance criticism) and body mass index (BMI) to internalization of appearance ideals and body image dissatisfaction. Four hundred thirty-three girls and 347 boys in Grades 7 through 10 responded to several measures on a self-report questionnaire. The results of path analyses indicated that Internalization mediated the relationship between Appearance Conversations With Friends and Body Dissatisfaction for both boys and girls. In addition, Internalization, Peer Appearance Criticism, and BMI made direct contributions to Body Dissatisfaction for boys and girls, although the strength of the relationships varied by gender. The proposed mediated relation between Appearance Magazine Exposure and Body Dissatisfaction was confirmed only for the girls. The findings provide needed information about the contributions of the peer appearance culture to internalization and body image disturbances for adolescent boys and girls.
Moderating Effects of Adolescents’ Self-Efficacy Beliefs on Psychological Responses to Social Change
Authors: Pinquart Martin , Silbereisen Rainer K. , Juang Linda P.
Published: May 2004

This study investigated whether self-efficacy beliefs measured before the onset of social change would moderate effects of social change on adolescents’ life satisfaction, optimism regarding their future, and educational success. Self-efficacy beliefs of 593 German adolescents were measured between 1985 and 1988 before German unification. In 1992, perceived social change due to unification and outcome variables was assessed. Higher levels of perceived negative social change and lower levels of prior self-efficacy predicted lower levels of life satisfaction and less optimism regarding one’s future after German unification in 1992. In addition, we found that higher self-efficacy buffers negative effects of unification-based change on both psychological outcome variables. However, no interaction effect between perceived social change and self-efficacy was found on the probability of attending the highest school track in 1992.
Adolescents’ Perceptions of Parental Management of Peer Relationships in an Ethnically Diverse Sample
Authors: Mounts Nina S.
Published: May 2004

Relations between adolescents’ reports of parental management of peer relationships (consulting, mediating, and autonomy granting in regard to peer relationships) and positive friendship quality, friendship conflict, delinquent activity, and drug use were examined in an ethnically diverse sample of 322 7th and 8th graders. Regression analyses revealed that higher levels of consulting and mediating were related to higher levels of positive friendship quality and that higher levels of autonomy granting were related to lower levels of friend conflict, delinquent activity, and drug use. Higher levels of consulting were related to lower levels of delinquent activity and drug use. Relations between parental management and delinquent activity were moderated by ethnicity and family structure. The relation between parental management and drug use was moderated by ethnicity.
Relationships Between Future Orientation, Impulsive Sensation Seeking, and Risk Behavior Among Adjudicated Adolescents
Authors: Robbins Reuben N. , Bryan Angela
Published: May 2004

Because of high levels of risk behavior, adjudicated adolescents are at high risk for negative health outcomes such as nicotine and drug addiction and sexually transmitted diseases. The goal of this article is to examine relationships between future orientation and impulsive-sensation-seeking personality constructs to risk behaviors among 300 adjudicated adolescents. Significant relationships between impulsive sensation seeking and future orientation were found for several risk behaviors. Individuals with more positive future orientation were less likely to use marijuana, hard drugs, alcohol during sex, had fewer alcohol problems, had lower levels of alcohol frequency and quantity of use, and perceived greater risks associated with such behaviors. Higher impulsivity reliably predicted alcohol problems, alcohol use, condom use, and cigarette smoking.