bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mini Wind Turbine for Small Scale Power Generation and Storage (Archimedes Wind Turbine Model)
Authors: Ozeh Michael , Mishra Ashreet , Wang Xiuling
Published: January 2019

The Archimedes wind turbine boasts an innovative blade design with the potential of harvesting energy from wind with much more efficiency. The blade design utilizes both lift and drag forces, and boasts several other advantages over conventional horizontal axis and vertical axis wind turbines, which implies higher power production efficiency and a possibility of being used in urban areas with attendant low wind speed regimes for small scale power generation, being more portable. However, there exists a dearth of experimental reports on the Archimedes wind turbine besides CFD simulations, to observe and study its real-life performance and power production potential. This paper is an experimental report on the design and wind test of the Archimedes wind turbine prototype, together with calculations made to gauge its tip speed ratio, power output and energy production potential. To show the viability of the prototype, the power produced is used to charge a HTC Desire cell phone, which proves that it can be relied upon to meet the title objective of small scale power storage with a power bank. Results are thereafter compared to other published work and show relatively good agreement. Minor deviations are attributed to the challenges encountered during the fabrication process.
Analysis of Flow and Thermal Stress in a Blast Furnace Blowpipe
Authors: Cui Yuhan , Lee Justina , Walla Nicholas J. , Silaen Armin K. , Goodloe Dale D. , Zhou Chenn Q.
Published: January 2019

The blowpipe is used to transmit hot blast air in blast furnace operation, which is continually manipulated and part of a high-temperature and high-pressure environment. In order to optimize blowpipe functionality and reliability, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was applied to simulate the flow pattern of hot blast air, to generate details of input conditions for mechanical simulation of thermal stress, and to help identify areas of failure corresponding to high stresses and plastic strain. In this investigation, parametric studies were conducted to study the effects of thermal paper thickness, thermal paper length, and refractory thickness on the thermal and stress distributions. The results of this investigation can offer useful information for new blowpipe designs with reduced failure and better reliability.
Evaluation of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Systems on Thermo-Economic Characteristics of PTSC Solar-Based Power Generation Plants
Authors: Alashkar Adnan , Gadalla Mohamed
Published: January 2019

In this study, the effect of adding a Thermal Energy Storage (TES) system on the performance and financial parametric of a solar-based power generation plant is investigated. The effect of the storage period of the TES on the annual energy output, storage volume, net savings, and Levelized Cost of Electricity (LEC) of the plant is studied. The analysis is done for two different Heat Transfer Fluids (HTF) (Therminol VP-1, Hitec Solar Salt) inside the Parabolic Trough Solar Collector (PTSC), and for different storage fluids (Molten Salts, Oils) in an attempt to study its effect on the performance of the TES system and the solar-based power generation plant. In addition, a comparison between passive and active TES systems is conducted. Moreover, a complete thermo-economic analysis based on the Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) values of the city of Abu Dhabi is provided with regards to the operation of the plant with and without a TES system. Further, a study is conducted to investigate the effect of reducing the storage volume of the TES by utilizing parallel TES tanks arrangement. The simulation results suggest that direct-active TES systems are the most efficient. For instance, when Therminol VP-1 is used as an HTF and a storage fluid, the annual energy increased by 77% and reduced LEC from 6.03 c/kWh to 4.09 c/kWh. In addition, the use of parallel arrangement TES tanks increased the net saving of the system from $ 4,757,483 to $ 4,891,279.
Multibody Dynamics Approaches for Study on Good and Bad Whole-Body Vibrations
Authors: Duan Shanzhong (Shawn)
Published: January 2019

Whole-body vibrations (WBV) have been used for enhancing muscle strength and bone density of human bodies, training athletes and dancers, and helping people with disabling conditions and rehabilitations. On the other hand, WBV-induced occupational diseases have been reported. Researchers in automotive, farm equipment, and heavy machinery have put forward a few models for studying harmful vibrations on human bodies.

This paper will review the effects of frequencies and magnitudes of WBV on a human body. Discussion of effects of frequencies and magnitudes on a human body will provide a preliminary boundary line between good and bad whole-body vibrations. Two multibody dynamics models and associated application cases will be proposed to show how the models may be used to represent whole-body vibrations under both good and bad vibrations. Three basic vibration elements associated with whole-body vibrations of the human body are handled as follows: (1) ligaments are modeled as spring elements; (2) muscles and tendons are modeled as damping elements; (3) bones are modeled as rigid bodies with masses/inertias and connected by idealized massless joints. In such a biomechanical vibration system, the spring elements (ligaments) help hold the human body skeleton structure in a stable condition, pass spring forces and potential energy to rigid bodies (bones) for bone vibrational motions. The damping elements (muscles and tendons) play roles of a damper and absorb energy input from the whole-body vibration resource.

Based on the proposed multibody dynamics models, Kane’s method is then used to develop equations of motion. The equations will be further used for development of simulation algorithms to understand frequencies and magnitudes of both good and bad whole-body vibrations.

The models may be utilized to understand why frequencies and magnitudes of whole-body vibrations will provide benefits to human health under one situation but cause occupational diseases under another scenario.
Towards Net-Zero Energy Buildings: A Case Study in Humid Subtropical Climate
Authors: Betharte Owen , Najafi Hamidreza , Nguyen Troy
Published: January 2019

The growing world-wide energy demand and environmental considerations have attracted immense attention in building energy efficiency. Climate zone plays a major role in the process of decision making for energy efficiency projects. In the present paper, an office building located in Melbourne, FL is considered. The building is built in 1961 and the goal is to identify and prioritize the potential energy saving opportunities and retrofit the existing building into a Net-Zero Energy Building (NZEB). An energy assessment is performed and a baseline model is developed using eQUEST to simulate the energy performance of the building. Several possible energy efficiency improvement scenarios are considered and assessed through simulation including improving insulation on the walls and roof, replacing HVAC units and upgrade their control strategies, use of high efficiency lighting, and more. Selected energy efficiency improvement recommendations are implemented on the building model to achieve the lowest energy consumption. It is considered that photovoltaic (PV) panels will be used to supply the energy demand of the building. Simulations are also performed to determine the number of required PV panels and associated cost of the system is estimated. The results from this paper can help with the decision making regarding retrofit projects for NZEB in humid subtropical climate.
Structural Analysis of Ground Mounted Solar Panel Array
Authors: Ashhar Tufail Md , Pratiher Barun
Published: January 2019

In the current study, CFD simulations and static structural analysis were carried out to estimate the wind loads for up and downstream wind directions on ground mounted arrayed solar panels. The goal of simulations is to estimate the loads (i.e. drag and lift forces and also moment coefficients) and wind pressure that act upon their surface. Static structural analysis coupled with CFD simulation is done to determine the total deformation due to wind loads on each panel. The motive of the study is to protect the integrity of the solar panels in a situation like cyclone and typhoon so that energy production is not hindered throughout their service life. Simulations were carried out on arrayed nine panels with changing various parameters (i.e. clearance height, inter row spacing between panels and panel inclination) that effect wind loading on the panels.
Entropy Generation Minimization for Energy-Efficient Desalination
Authors: Lienhard John H.
Published: January 2019

Desalination systems can be conceptualized as power cycles, in which the useful work output is the work of separation of fresh water from saline water. In this framing, thermodynamic analysis provides powerful tools for raising energy efficiency. This paper discusses the use of entropy generation minimization for a spectrum of desalination systems, including those based on reverse osmosis, humidification-dehumidification, membrane distillation, electrodialysis, and forward osmosis. The energy efficiency of desalination is shown to be maximized when entropy generation is minimized. Equipartition of entropy generation is considered and applied to these systems. The mechanisms of entropy generation in these systems are characterized, including the identification of major causes of irreversibility. Methods to limit discarded exergy are also identified. Prospects and technology development needs for further improvement are mentioned briefly.
Heat Dissipator With Aztec Inspired Radial Geometry
Authors: Perez-Hernandez Alheli , Luviano-Ortiz Luis , Hernandez-Guerrero Abel , Botello-Arredondo Israel
Published: January 2019

The increase in the power of chips and microchips has resulted in the generation of heat fluxes to be dissipated of the order of 100 W/cm2 in very small areas [1], therefore, dissipating this heat has become a priority for the proper functioning of these dispositives. Thus, the proposition of new geometries and dissipation methods has become an area of great interest in scientific research. This research presents the analysis of a new geometry for a heat sink capable of dissipating very high energy flows by means of liquid cooling. The analyzes are based on previous analyzes of serpentine type geometries, where the heat flux to dissipate was 10 W/cm2 [2]. The operating conditions, such as velocity and pressure drop, as well as heat transfer are analyzed. Water is used as the dissipation fluid at an inlet velocity of 0.1 m/s. The geometry to be analyzed, called “Aztec Geometry,” is a radial type geometry that was originally designed for fuel cells, and has small fins arranged in three radial stripes. The results indicate that the pressure drop is on the order of 85 Pa, which is less than the pressure drop when radial coil microchannels are used (between 100 and 870 Pa). The dissipated heat is larger than the heat dissipated in radial coil microchannels (205 W versus 145 and 194 W), proving that the proposed radial geometry has a greater dissipation capacity at a lower cost than previously proposed geometries in the market.
Development of a Low Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Composite Tooling via 3D Printing
Authors: Maravola Michael , Cortes Pedro , Juhasz Michael , Rutana Douglas , Kowalczyk Bridger , Conner Brett , MacDonald Eric
Published: January 2019

The use of additive manufacturing (AM) provides an opportunity to fabricate composite tooling rapidly and cost effectively. This project appears to have demonstrated the use of an additive technology for the production of composite processing tools. In particular, this work has addressed tooling that is functional in the range of autoclave temperatures around 300–350°F. This has led to the use of Invar and ceramic materials for use in composite molding tools because of their relatively low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) performance, which is in range to that commonly displayed by carbon fiber reinforced composites during their solidifying-curing process. In this project, two main approaches have been considered. The first approach consisted on using binder jetting for 3D printing sand molds to cast molten Invar to produce the composite tooling. Indeed, 3D sand printing offers the ability to cast complex geometries without the geometric limitations associated with conventional pattern making. The second innovative approach was based on printing a mold based on silica sand and infiltrating it with a polymer to yield a robust ceramic composite tooling. An additional technology using a Hybrid Direct Energy Deposition (DED) System for cladding Invar upon a steel molding structure has also been considered for producing potential composite tooling. Indeed, this unique approach could represent a promising technology for producing low cost composite tooling since only a small layer of Invar would be printed upon a non-expensive substrate. The results have shown that the aforementioned processes have successfully resulted on low CTE composite tooling molds. This work presents innovative AM processes by initially investigating 3D ceramic systems for composite tooling.
Study on Large Deformation of Laminated Piezoelectric Rectangular Plate
Authors: Chen Li Hua , Cui Shou Jie , Zhang Xiao Zhi , Zhang Wei
Published: January 2019

For the laminated piezoelectric rectangular plate with large deflection and large rotation, the nonlinear equilibrium differential equations are derived and solved. Firstly, the global Cartesian coordinate system to describe the undeformed geometry and the local orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system to describe the deformed geometry are established respectively on the mid-plane of the plate before and after the deformation, and the relationship between the two coordinates is expressed by transformation matrix. For the convenience of calculation, the expressions of the nonlinear curvatures and inplane strains are obtained by Taylor series expansion. Considering the piezoelectric effect, three equilibrium partial differential equations describing nonlinear bending problems are obtained by the principle of virtual work. Furthermore, in order to simplify the solution process, the stress function is introduced to automatically satisfy the first two equations for the large deformation of the cantilever plate, and the relationship between stress function, the mid-plane internal force and shear force is also given for the first time. Therefore, the stress function and the transversal displacement are the main unknowns of the governing equation and compatibility equation. Additionally, the approximate deflection function and stress function are given which can satisfy all the displacement boundary conditions and only part of the force boundary conditions. Thereby, the generalized Galerkin method is used to obtain the approximate solution of the nonlinear bending problem. Finally, the results in the study are verified by comparison with the results obtained from the finite element method. It also provides a theoretical basis for the engineering application of the large deformation of the piezoelectric cantilever plate.
Turbulent Multi-Jet Air Impingement for Applications in Commercial Cooking
Authors: Shevade Shantanu S. , Rahman Muhammad M. , Guldiken Rasim O.
Published: January 2019

Convective heat transfer coefficient and its interdependency with various key parameters is analyzed for turbulent multi-jet impingement. Air is used as the working fluid impinging on the flat surface via a three-nozzle arrangement. A thorough investigation of velocity and temperature distribution is performed by varying Nozzle Velocity, Height over Diameter ratio (H/D) and Spacing over Diameter ratio (S/D). Convective heat transfer coefficient, average impingement surface temperature, and heat transfer rate are calculated over the impingement surface. It was found that higher S/D ratios result in higher local heat transfer coefficient values near stagnation point. However, increased spacing between the neighboring jets results in less coverage of the impingement surface reducing the average heat transfer. Lower H/D ratios result in higher heat transfer coefficient peaks. The peaks for all three nozzles are more uniform for H/D ratios between 6 and 8. For a fixed nozzle velocity, heat transfer coefficient values are directly proportional to nozzle diameter. For a fixed H/D and S/D ratio, heat transfer rate and average impingement surface temperature increase as the nozzle velocity increases until it reaches a limiting value. Further increase in nozzle velocity causes drop in heat transfer rate due to ingress of large amounts of cold ambient air in the cooking space.
A Project-Based Learning STEM Program for Middle and High School Students
Authors: Gharib Mohamed , Cieslinski Gerald Benjamin , Al-Marri Jowaher , Creel Brady
Published: January 2019

For a successful STEM education, more hands-on and project-based programs are required to be developed and applied in classrooms. In this paper, a short STEM program called Engineering Explorers, aimed to familiarize young students with engineering and its background science is presented. The program included science activities, hands-on engineering projects and contests to challenge students’ math, science, and problem-solving skills. This program, which was developed and conducted at Texas A&M University at Qatar, has shown high impact in motivating students to learn more about science and engineering. Throughout the program, students learn science concepts, design, teamwork and creativity through interactive activities. Built around the engineering design and fabrication processes, Engineering Explorers teaches students how to solve problems systematically and understand how to implement STEM basics into their future science projects. With a theme of using technology for coastal cleanup, the students designed a battery-powered hovercraft capable of cleaning a coastline; a serious problem in Qatar. The students researched hovercraft theory and ways in which components of the hovercraft contribute to how it works. They implemented their designs using 3D printing technology. The details of the program including the contents, preparation, guiding the students during the workshop, developed hovercrafts, end of program competition, and sample survey outputs are presented.
Experimental Investigation of Ejector Refrigeration System With Double Condensers
Authors: Sait H. H. , Habibullah B. A. , Turkman N. , Ma H. B.
Published: January 2019

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of a steam jet refrigerator suitable for renewable or low-medium grade waste energy applications. An experimental system of an ejector refrigeration system was constructed and fabricated. Different parameters of the ejector refrigeration system were investigated, such as the high-temperature evaporator (HTE) temperature, low temperature evaporator (LTE) temperature, and back pressure. The coefficient of performance (COP) of the ejector refrigeration system was determined. In addition, the effects of the operating temperatures on the COP and critical back pressure were investigated. The results are expected to motivate the use of ejector refrigeration systems for air-conditioning.
Improving Engineering Students’ College Math Readiness by MSEIP Summer Bridge Program
Authors: Islam Nazmul , Zhou Yong
Published: January 2019

This paper details improvement of the Engineering Summer ridge (ESB) program at the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV). Here we provide some of our experiences to fine-tune the program depending on the student need. Initial goal of ESB program was to challenge the freshman students intellectually, improve student communication and socialization skills, and provide student an early introduction to the University expectations and culture. The students who are graduating from the high school has lack of these qualities and the ESB program at UTRGV prepares engineering students to cultivate these qualities and to meet the challenges of University requirements. First-year college students require developmental education in Reading, Writing, or Mathematics will become “college-ready” in those subject areas through the ESB program. In our 2017 ESB program, we focused mostly with the Calculus-ready component. Specific goals of our ESB program include improving the College algebra and Pre-calculus level math expectations, and help students eliminate the math gap by passing the COMPASS Test as well as the Pre-calculus Test by UTRGV math department in the summer to get ready for Calculus I in their first semester. Study to the six-year tracking data suggests that, participants in ESB program demonstrated higher engineering interests. Improvement of engineering math readiness and overall the success rate in the selected engineering major will be presented in this paper.
Translator Dynamics and Performance Comparison on One and Two Cylinder Free Piston Engines
Authors: Bade Mehar , Clark Nigel N. , Famouri Parviz , Guggilapu PriyaankaDevi
Published: January 2019

Free Piston Linear Engines and Alternators (FPLEA) may be designed following several different baseline configurations. Common designs include a translator that carries permanent magnets, with either one piston attached to one end of the translator, or a piston at each end of the translator. The single cylinder engine requires a reversing force from a spring so that it can operate whereas the dual cylinder version can operate without a spring, but inclusion of a stiff springs would serve to raise operating frequency. Higher spring constants drive higher frequencies and also reduce the variability of the FPLEA compression ratio. The major component choices include the use of one or two cylinders, a spring constant, a bore and a stroke, and volumetric heat release. For design, the alternator is a component with translating mass that depends by design on the frequency, stroke and electrical power. The alternator demand must be matched to the engine power or the operating condition will change for the next cycle. Though there are many different FPLEA configurations, the performance comparisons of several baseline configurations have not been completely explored. A MATLAB®/Simulink numerical model with translator rod dynamics and in-cylinder thermodynamics is employed to predict the overall performance and efficiency of diesel-fueled FPLEA. This allowed comparisons of different FPLEA configurations for a variety of design variables. First, a two-cylinder FPLEA design is considered where the spring constant is varied, changing the frequency of operation and the motion of the translator. The simulation results show that without springs the motion is far from sinusoidal, and low in frequency and power, whereas the presence of stiff springs in the system strongly dictates nearly sinusoidal motion and high power at high frequency. Further, Fourier coefficients are used to characterize the motion of springs for different configurations. Effects of other parameters such as stroke and bore are also examined. Comparison is also performed for competing designs with the same power, but with one or two cylinders. The results provide a basis for selecting major design parameters before proceeding with a detailed design.
Minimum Energy Control of Redundant Systems Using Evolutionary Bi-Level Optimization
Authors: Nusbaum Uriel , Weiss Cohen Miri , Halevi Yoram
Published: January 2019

Redundant manipulators are mechanical systems with more degrees of freedom than required for their task. The paper considers the problem of energy minimization, given a required task, for such systems. The problem is formulated as a constrained optimal control with additional inequality constraints. A dynamic projection enables transforming the problem into an equivalent unconstrained, reduced order one. The solution scheme presented here combines the problems of path planning and tracking control. It includes decomposition of the problem into a bi-level structure. The parametric, higher-level problem is solved using a genetic algorithm and the lower level one is solved using optimal control. Comparison with full optimal control solutions shows the superiority of the combined evolutionary algorithm in terms of computational feasibility and overall energy savings.
Application of Electrostatic Adhesion Method in Metal-Powder-Based Additive Manufacturing Layer-Forming Process
Authors: Tsao Teng-Yueh , Chang Jen-Yuan (James)
Published: January 2019

Similar to direct energy deposition (DED) technology, electrostatic adhesion method can also be employed to deposit powder on targeted areas without direct contact. In this paper, feasibility of utilizing the electrostatic adhesion method (EAM) in material deposition step of metal-power-based additive manufacturing is assessed through theoretical models and experimental verifications. A dielectric layer is proposed to be pre-coated on targeted areas to keep the powders being electrostatically attracted and charged without dropping before laser scanning process. Through this study, it is found that the net force of a single metallic particle on top of the deposited powder layer with a different thickness of the dielectric layer can be determined, leading to the suggestion of suitable coating thickness corresponding with desired particle radius. Results showed that the deposition layer thickness can be predicted with the knowing coated dielectric layer thickness and the powder size distribution. With the proposed electrostatic deposition method, a thinner layer compared to DED technology can be deposited, while maintaining its ability to deposit powder layer over a larger area. Through experiments, the developed electrostatic model is validated with results indicating that the deposition layer thickness can be predicted and controlled with the knowing coated dielectric layer thickness and the powder size distribution.
A statistical method for the evaluation of long term trends in underwater noise measurements
Authors: Harris Peter , Sotirakopoulos Kostas , Robinson Stephen , Wang Lian , Livina Valerie
Published: January 2019

Deep ocean ambient sound levels have been the subject of recent studies, with particular interest in the identification of long term trends. This paper describes a statistical method for performing long term trend analysis and uncertainty evaluation of the estimated trends. Uncertainties are needed if the quality of the estimates are to be assessed and if the results from different studies or different methods are to be compared. The measured data span 14 years, from 2003 to 2017, and originate from the Southern Ocean close to Cape Leeuwin, Australia. The method uses a flexible discrete model incorporating terms that capture seasonal variations in the data and a moving-average statistical model to describe the serial correlation of residual deviations, with uncertainties validated using bootstrap resampling. The method is applied to time series representing monthly and daily aggregated statistical levels for five frequency bands to obtain estimates for the change in sound pressure level over the examined period with associated uncertainties. The results show a statistically significant reduction in sound pressure levels over the examined period at that location. Possible explanations for these changes are postulated, including the effects of shipping, wind speed, sea surface temperature, and changes in Antarctic ice volume.
Moxifloxacin in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Pharmacokinetics and Penetration into Bronchial Secretions in Ward and Intensive Care Unit Patients
Authors: Sionidou Maria , Manika Katerina , Pitsiou Georgia , Kontou Paschalina , Chatzika Kalliopi , Zarogoulidis Paul , Kioumis Ioannis
Published: January 2019

This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of moxifloxacin (MXF) in serum and sputum/bronchial secretions of 22 patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD) hospitalized in the ward and intensive care unit (ICU). The data showed that ICU patients had lower concentrations in secretions (P= 0.01).
In Vivo
Efficacy of Novel Monobactam LYS228 in Murine Models of Carbapenemase-Producing
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Infection
Authors: Weiss W. J. , Pulse M. E. , Nguyen P. , Growcott E. J.
Published: January 2019

LYS228 has potent antibacterial activity against carbapenem-resistant strains of
Enterobacteriaceae
. LYS228 was efficacious in neutropenic thigh models established with
Klebsiella pneumoniae
producing KPC-2 or NDM-1; pretreatment with uranyl nitrate considerably shifted calculated static doses of LYS228.
Population Pharmacokinetics and Dosing Optimization of Linezolid in Pediatric Patients
Authors: Li Si-Chan , Ye Qi , Xu Hua , Zhang Long , Wang Yang
Published: January 2019

Linezolid is a synthetic antibiotic very effective in the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens. Although the clinical application of linezolid in children has increased progressively, data on linezolid pharmacokinetics in pediatric patients are very limited.
Genetic Variation/Evolution and Differential Host Responses Resulting from In-Patient Adaptation ofMycobacterium avium
Authors: Kannan N. , Lai Y.-P. , Haug M. , Lilleness M. K. , Bakke S. S. , Marstad A. , Hov H. , Naustdal T. , Afset J. E. , Ioerger T. R. , Flo T. H. , Steigedal M.
Published: January 2019

Members of theMycobacterium aviumcomplex (MAC) are characterized as nontuberculosis mycobacteria and are pathogenic mainly in immunocompromised individuals. MAC strains show a wide genetic variability, and there is growing evidence suggesting that genetic differences may contribute to a varied immune response that may impact the infection outcome.
Evaluating Shigella flexneri Pathogenesis in the Human Enteroid Model
Authors: Ranganathan Sridevi , Doucet Michele , Grassel Christen L. , Delaine-Elias BreOnna , Zachos Nicholas C. , Barry Eileen M.
Published: January 2019

The enteric pathogen
Shigella
is one of the leading causes of moderate-to-severe diarrhea and death in young children in developing countries. Transformed cell lines and animal models have been widely used to study
Shigella
pathogenesis.
Spotted Fever Group
Rickettsia
Infection and Transmission Dynamics in
Amblyomma maculatum
Authors: Suwanbongkot Chanakan , Langohr Ingeborg M. , Harris Emma K. , Dittmar Wellesley , Christofferson Rebecca C. , Macaluso Kevin R.
Published: January 2019

Tick vectors are capable of transmitting several rickettsial species to vertebrate hosts, resulting in various levels of disease. Studies have demonstrated the transmissibility of both rickettsial pathogens and novel
Rickettsia
species or strains with unknown pathogenicity to vertebrate hosts during tick blood meal acquisition; however, the quantitative nature of transmission remains unknown.
Flagellar Stators Stimulate c-di-GMP Production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Baker Amy E. , Webster Shanice S. , Diepold Andreas , Kuchma Sherry L. , Bordeleau Eric , Armitage Judith P. , O’Toole George A.
Published: January 2019

The ability of bacterial cells to control motility during early steps in biofilm formation is critical for the transition to a nonmotile, biofilm lifestyle. Recent studies have clearly demonstrated the ability of c-di-GMP to control motility via a number of mechanisms, including through controlling transcription of motility-related genes and modulating motor function. Here, we provide evidence that motor components can in turn impact c-di-GMP levels. We propose that communication between motor components and the c-di-GMP synthesis machinery allows the cell to have a robust and sensitive switching mechanism to control motility during early events in biofilm formation.
Diagnosing Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Hematology Patients: a Retrospective Multicenter Evaluation of a Novel Lateral Flow Device
Authors: Mercier Toine , Schauwvlieghe Alexander , de Kort Elizabeth , Dunbar Albert , Reynders Marijke , Guldentops Ellen , Rijnders Bart , Verweij Paul E. , Lagrou Katrien , Maertens Johan
Published: January 2019

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a potentially lethal infection in patients with hematological diseases or following allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Early diagnosis is essential, as delayed treatment results in increased mortality.
Imaging Mass Spectrometry and Proteome Analysis of Marek’s Disease Virus-Induced Tumors
Authors: Pauker V. I. , Bertzbach L. D. , Hohmann A. , Kheimar A. , Teifke J. P. , Mettenleiter T. C. , Karger A. , Kaufer B. B.
Published: January 2019

Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus that infects chickens and causes the most frequent clinically diagnosed cancer in the animal kingdom. Not only is MDV an important pathogen that threatens the poultry industry but it is also used as a natural virus-host model for herpesvirus-induced tumor formation. In order to visualize MDV-induced lymphoma and to identify potential biomarkers in an unbiased approach, we performed imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) and noncontact laser capture microdissection. This study provides a first description of the visualization of MDV-induced tumors by IMS that could be applied also for diagnostic purposes. In addition, we identified and validated potential biomarkers for MDV-induced tumors that could provide the basis for future research on pathogenesis and tumorigenesis of this malignancy.
The Egg Abundance of Eastern Baltic Cod Gadus morhua callarias (Gadidae) in the 20th Century as a Population Status Indicator
Authors: Karaseva E. M.
Published: January 2019

Data on the egg abundance of cod Gadus morhua callarias in the ichthyoplankton of deepwater basins of the Baltic Sea in 1903–2000 are presented. The maxima of the total cod egg abundance that were observed in 1947–1956 and 1976–1981 are associated with the activation of cod reproduction in the northeastern areas of the sea and coincide with the period of growth in the salinity of the near-bottom water layer. The cod reproduction is characterized by alternating periods of expansion of spawning ground area (owing to the Gotland Basin in the northeast) and its decrease, with the maintenance of the annual reproduction only in the Bornholm Basin (the southwest of the sea). It is assumed that the dynamics of the egg abundance in the periods of mass cod spawning in northeastern areas was opposite in the Gotland and Bornholm basins.
Protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial evaluating a parenting with home visitation programme to prevent physical and emotional abuse of children in Indonesia: the Families First Programme
Authors: Ruiz-Casares Mónica , Lilley Sarah , Thombs Brett D , Platt Robert William , Scott Susan , Isdijoso Widjajanti , Hermanus Emmy , Andrina Michelle , Mayo Nancy
Published: January 2019

Introduction

Every year, up to 1 billion children are victims of violence worldwide. Most child abuse takes place in the context of punishment. The Families First Programme, an adaptation of the Positive Discipline in Everyday Parenting Programme to the West Java context, is a parenting support programme anchored on children’s rights that gives parents guidance on child development, parenting and positive discipline practices. This trial will evaluate the effectiveness of the Families First Programme compared with a waitlist control group.

Methods and analysis

This is a pragmatic, parallel-group, stratified, cluster-randomised controlled trial. Twenty rural and urban villages in the Cianjur District, Indonesia, involving 720 caregivers of children up to 7 years of age, will be randomised. Villages will receive either a parenting programme consisting of 10 group sessions and four home visits over 3 months and standard community health and social services or just the latter. After completion of the trial period, the programme will be offered to those in the delayed group. Outcome data will be collected before randomisation (baseline), immediately postintervention (3 months postrandomisation) and 6 months later (9 months postrandomisation). The primary outcome will be frequency of physical and emotional punishment as measured by a weighted sum from three self-report items. Primary outcome analysis will use Poisson regression with generalised estimating equations and assess the interaction between intervention and time over baseline and 3 and 9 months postrandomisation assessments. Concurrent process evaluation will be conducted to assess programme satisfaction and facilitators and barriers to the implementation of the programme generalisable to other settings.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethics approval was obtained from McGill University and Universitas Katolik Indonesia Atma Jaya. Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at scientific conferences and events for decision-makers, including in the participating communities.

Trial registration number

NCT03374761.
Impact of rural Family Physician programme on maternal and child health indicators in Iran: an interrupted time series analysis
Authors: Jabbari Beyrami Hossein , Doshmangir Leila , Ahmadi Ayat , Asghari Jafarabadi Mohammad , Khedmati Morasae Esmaeil , Gordeev Vladimir S
Published: January 2019

Objectives

The establishment of the Family Physician (FP) programme in the rural areas of Iran in 2005 has made health services accessible and affordable. This paper aims to assess the overall trends of maternal and child health (MCH) indicators in a 20-year period and possible effects of the FP programme (intervention) on these indicators in Iran.

Design and setting

An interrupted time series analysis was conducted on 20 annual MCH-related data points from 1994 to 2013. The intervention time was at the 12th data point in 2005.

Outcomes

MCH indicators were grouped into three categories:structure(mother’s age, education, occupation and gravidity),process(number of antenatal care visits (ACVs), laboratory tests, ultrasounds and natural vaginal deliveries (NVDs)) andoutcomes(maternal mortality ratio (MMR), neonatal mortality rate (NMR), birth weight (BW), history of abortion and/or stillbirth, and haemoglobin level (Hb)).

Results

The adjusted slope of the ACV trend decreased sharply after the intervention (b=−0.36, p<0.01), whereas it increased for the frequency of ultrasounds (b=0.2, p<0.01) and did not change for number of laboratory tests (b=−0.09, p=0.95). The intensification of the descending slope observed for NVD (b=−1.91, p=0.03) disappeared after the adjustment for structural confounders (b=1.33, p=0.26). There was no significant slope change for MMR (b=1.12, p=0.28) and NMR (b=0.67, p=0.07) after the intervention. The slope for the history of abortion trend was constant before and after the intervention, but it considerably intensified for the history of stillbirths after the intervention (b=1.72, p<0.01). The decreasing trend of BW turned into a constant mode after the intervention (b=33.2, p<0.01), but no change was observed for Hb (b=−0.02, p=0.78).

Conclusion

Although the FP programme had a positive effect on theprocessand proximaloutcomeindicators (BW), no dramatic effect on mortality outcome indicators was distinguished. It shows that there should be determinants or mediators of mortalityoutcomesin this setting, other than accessibility and affordability of MCH services.
Association between hepatitis C virus infection and osteoporotic fracture risk among postmenopausal women: a cross-sectional investigation in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Ming-Shyan , Chen Po-Han , Wang Po-Chang , Lin Huang-Shen , Huang Tung-Jung , Chang Shih-Tai , Chiu Wen-Nan , Chen Mei-Yen
Published: January 2019

Purpose

Early low bone mass is a risk factor for osteoporotic fractures associated with multiple factors, including menopause and chronic liver diseases. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) also plays a major role in chronic liver disease and has many extrahepatic consequences, such as decreased bone mineral density (BMD). This study aimed to examine the hypothesis that HCV seropositivity is independently associated with menopausal BMD loss.

Methods

This community-based, cross-sectional study was based in two rural townships in Yunlin County, Taiwan. A total of 636 menopausal women aged 45–80 years who underwent annual health checks were included. Viral markers of HCV, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) scores were measured. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between various predictors and the presence of low BMD.

Results

The participants (median age: 65 years) had a HCV seropositivity rate of 32.2%. BMD was significantly lower in the HCV-seropositive participants in different anatomic locations than in the seronegative individuals (lumbar spine: −1.5 vs −1.1; total hip: −0.9 vs −0.6; femoral neck: −1.2 vs −1.0; p<0.05). HCV-seropositive subjects had higher rates of major osteoporotic fractures (11.3%±7.6%vs 9.0±6.8%; p<0.001) and hip fractures (3.4%±4.7%vs 2.3±4.9%; p=0.006) and a higher risk of lower BMD (osteopenia and osteoporosis) based on a multivariable regression analysis (adjusted OR: 1.8; 95% CI 1.16 to 2.81; p=0.009).

Conclusions

HCV infection may be an independent risk factor for menopausal BMD loss and fractures predicted by FRAX.
Preadmission use of benzodiazepines and stroke outcomes: the Biostroke prospective cohort study
Authors: Colin Olivier , Labreuche Julien , Deguil Julie , Mendyk Anne-Marie , Deken Valérie , Cordonnier Charlotte , Deplanque Dominique , Leys Didier , Bordet Régis
Published: January 2019

Objectives

We tested the hypothesis that stroke outcomes in patients with preadmission use of benzodiazepine are worse.

Method

In a prospective cohort study, we recruited patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Mortality, functional outcomes and cognition were evaluated at 8 and 90 days after stroke.

Results

370 patients were included. 62 (18.5%) of the 336 remaining patients were treated with benzodiazepines when stroke occurred, and they did not receive any other psychotropic drug. The mortality rate was higher in benzodiazepines users than non-users at day 8 (2.2% vs 8.1%, p=0.034) and day 90 (8.1% vs 25.9%, p=0.0001). After controlling for baseline differences using propensity-score matching, only the difference in mortality rate at day 90 was of borderline of significance, with a matched OR of 3.93 (95% CI, 0.91 to 16.98). In propensity-score-adjusted cohort, this difference remained significant with a similar treatment effect size (adjusted OR, 3.50; 95% CI, 1.57 to 7.76). A higher rate of poor functional outcome at day 8 and day 90 defined bymodified Rankin scale (mRS) ≥2 or by theBarthel index (BI) <95 was found in benzodiazepines users. In propensity-score-adjusted cohort, only the difference in mRS≥2 at day 90 remained significant (adjusted OR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.02 to 3.48). In survivors at day 8 and at day 90, there was no significant difference in cognitive evaluation.

Conclusion

Our study has shown that preadmission use of benzodiazepines could be associated with increased post-stroke mortality at 90 days. These findings do not support a putative neuroprotective effect of γ-aminobutyric acidAreceptors agonists and should alert clinicians of their potential risks.

Trial registration number

NCT00763217.
Children with Hemiparesis Arm and Movement Project (CHAMP): protocol for a multisite comparative efficacy trial of paediatric constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) testing effects of dosage and type of constraint for children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy
Authors: Ramey Sharon Landesman , DeLuca Stephanie , Stevenson Richard D , Case-Smith Jane , Darragh Amy , Conaway Mark
Published: January 2019

Introduction

The Children with Hemiparesis Arm and Movement Project (CHAMP) addresses two pressing issues concerning paediatric constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT): effects of two dosages and two types of constraint on functional outcomes. Systematic reviews conclude that CIMT is one of the most efficacious treatments, but wide variations in treatment protocols, outcome measures and patient characteristics have prevented conclusions about potential effects of dosage levels and constraint methods.

Methods and analysis

CHAMP is a multisite comparative efficacy randomised controlled trial of 135 children (2–8 years) with hemiparetic cerebral palsy. The 2×2 factorial design tests two dosage levels—60 hours (3.0 hours/day, 5 days/week × 4 weeks) and 30 hours (2.5 hours/day, 3 days/week × 4 weeks) and two constraint conditions—full-arm, full-time cast and part-time splint, plus usual and customary (UCT) controls, yielding five groups: (1) 60 hours CIMT+full-time cast, (2) 60 hours CIMT+part-time splint, (3) 30 hours CIMT+full-time cast, (4) 30 hours CIMT+part-time splint and (5) UCT. Trained therapists deliver the standardised ACQUIREc protocol for CIMT. Blinded assessments at baseline, end of treatment, and 6 and 12 months post treatment include the Assisting Hand Assessment, and subscales from the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2 and modified Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test. Parents complete the Pediatric Motor Activity Log and Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory. A new Fidelity of Implementation Rehabilitation Measure monitors treatment delivery. Data analyses involve repeated-measures multivariate analysis of co-variance controlling for selected baseline variables.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethics boards at site universities approved the study protocol. To promote equipoise, parents of UCT controls are offered ACQUIREc after 6 months. A Data Safety and Monitoring Committee reviews results regularly, including measures of child and family stress. We will disseminate CHAMP results via peer-reviewed publications and presentations to professional and advocacy organisations.

Trial registration number

NCT01895660; Pre-results.
Chinese herbal medicine for postpartum constipation: a protocol of systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zhai Jingbo , Li Yan , Lin Jingyi , Dong Shuo , Si Jinhua , Zhang Junhua
Published: January 2019

Introduction

Constipation is one of the most common gastrointestinal symptoms in postpartum mothers. The choice of treatments for postpartum constipation remains a challenging clinical problem. Chinese herbal medicine has become increasingly popular as an alternative therapy for constipation. This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine for postpartum constipation.

Methods and analysis

We will search PubMed (1946 to present), EMBASE (1974 to present), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (all years), Web of Science (1900 to present), Chinese Biomedical Literatures Database (1978 to present), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (1979 to present) and WANFANG data (1998 to present) to identify any eligible study. No restriction will be put on the language, publication date or status of the study. The primary outcome will be the spontaneous bowel movement. Secondary outcomes will be stool consistency, quality of life, transit time, relief of constipation symptoms and adverse events. We will perform the meta-analysis when more than one trial examines the same intervention and outcomes with comparable methods in similar populations. If the heterogeneity is not significant statistically (p>0.10 or I2<50%), the fixed-effect model will be built to estimate the overall intervention effects. Otherwise, the random-effect model will be used to provide more conservative results.

Ethics and dissemination

No ethical issues are foreseen because no primary data will be collected. The results will be published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal.

PROSPERO registration number

CRD42018093741