bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrating Ultrabright Polymer Dots and Stereo NIR‐II Imager for Assessing Anti‐Angiogenic Drugs in Oral Cancer Model
Authors: Huang Bo‐Han , Li Fang‐Yu , Su Shih‐Po , Chen Chiung‐Tong , Chang Kuo‐Wei , Yang Muh‐Hwa , Chen Min‐Chieh , Chiang Huihua Kenny , Chan Yang‐Hsiang , Lee Yi‐Jang
Published: January 2025

The development of efficient platforms for the evaluation of anti‐angiogenic agents is critical in advancing cancer therapeutics. In this study, we exploited an ultrabright semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots) integrating with a three‐dimensional (3D) near‐infrared‐II (NIR‐II) fluorescence imaging system designed to assess the efficacy of potent anti‐angiogenic agents PX‐478 and BPR0C261 in an oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tumour model, which depends on angiogenesis for dissemination. PX‐478, a hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) inhibitor, and BPR0C261, a microtubule‐disrupting agent, were administrated into tumour‐bearing mice established using murine MTCQ1 tongue cancer cells through intraperitoneal injection and oral gavage, respectively. Our findings showed that PX‐478 and BPR0C261 significantly inhibited tumour growth and extended the life span of tumour‐bearing mice without decreasing the body weights. The Pdots‐based NIR‐II vascular imaging demonstrated that the tumour vascularity was suppressed by PX‐478 and BPRC0261. Accordingly, the excised tumours treated with anti‐angiogenic agents showed less blood vessels than that treated with vehicles. The expression of endothelial markers CD31 was also found to be reduced in tumours treated with PX‐478 and BPRC0261 using immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and Western blot analysis. Furthermore, PX‐478 could suppress the expression of HIF‐1α and vascular endothelial growth factor‐A (VEGF‐A), but BPRC0261 only suppressed VEGF‐A. Taken together, this innovative 3D NIR‐II imaging system combining the biocompatible Pdots with unique optical specificity enables non‐invasive, real‐time monitoring the efficacy of anti‐angiogenic compounds.
The trajectory of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and its dynamic relationship with inhibitory control
Authors: Pang Tao , Yang Li , Liu Yuxin , Chang Suhua
Published: January 2025

Background

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder in childhood, characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Impaired inhibitory control is observed in the majority of individuals with ADHD. Understanding the relationship between inhibitory control and the developmental trajectory of ADHD is essential for informing clinical prognosis and guiding early interventions.

Methods

We utilized Latent Growth Curve Modeling (LGCM) to map the developmental course of ADHD symptoms using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study. Concurrently, we examined the longitudinal correlation between inhibitory control and ADHD symptoms at corresponding time points. Additionally, a Bivariate Latent Change Score Model (BLCSM) was employed to investigate the relationship between changes in inhibitory control and ADHD symptoms. We also integrated Polygenic Risk Scores (PRS) into the LGCM as predictors to explore the impact of genetic factors associated with inhibitory control and ADHD on the trajectory of ADHD symptoms.

Results

The LGCM analysis demonstrated that baseline inhibitory control influenced both the initial state and the rate of change of ADHD symptoms. Inhibitory control exhibited both concurrent and prospective associations with ADHD symptoms. Notably, the BLCSM revealed that changes in inhibitory control could predict future changes in ADHD symptoms, and vice versa. Dynamic changes in inhibitory control were found to affect future changes in ADHD symptoms. Additionally, the PRS for inhibitory control and ADHD were significantly linked to the initial state and rate of change of ADHD symptoms.

Conclusions

Our findings underscore a sustained correlation between inhibitory control and ADHD symptoms, highlighting the critical association between inhibitory control and the developmental trajectory of ADHD in children. Furthermore, the predictive value of inhibitory control for ADHD suggests a new avenue for early intervention, potentially improving the prognosis for ADHD patients.
Immediate Pre‐Endodontic Dentin Sealing (IPDS) Improves Resin‐Dentin Bond Strength
Authors: Carvalho Marco A. , Lazari‐Carvalho Priscilla C. , Maffra Paulo E. T. , Izelli Thábata F. , Gresnigt Marco , Estrela Carlos , Magne Pascal
Published: January 2025

Objective

Chemicals used during canal disinfection and endodontic sealers have a deleterious effect on dentin bond strength. The aim of this study was to evaluate a novel clinical sequence to improve the resin–dentin microtensile bond strength (μTBS) to endodontically treated teeth.

Materials and Methods

Twenty human molars were distributed in four experimental groups (n = 5, N = 20): C—control group without exposure to any endodontic chemical substances (2.5% sodium hypochlorite, 17% EDTA and endodontic cement); LDh—late dentin hybridization (Dh) with Dh at the time of final restoration, after exposure to chemical substances; IPDS—immediate pre‐endodontic dentin sealing, with Dh before exposure to chemical substances; and PLDh—late Dh after exposure to chemical substances and after dentin repreparation with ultrasonic diamond tip. Teeth were restored with resin composite and the microtensile test was performed after 24 h.

Results

The highest bond strength values were found in the PLDh, IPDS, and C groups, without statistically significant differences among them. The lowest value was found in the LDh group. The LDh group presented a decrease of 70% when compared with the control group.

Conclusion

The resin–dentin microtensile bond strength was significantly improved by dentin hybridization before exposure to chemicals used during endodontics. Otherwise, substantial dentin repreparation is necessary to restore the bond strength after this exposure.

Clinical Significance

Early dentin hybridization (IPDS) before endodontic treatment not only improves the microtensile bond strength to dentin but also omitting this procedure would require significant repreparation of the exposed dentin after endodontic treatment to restore the bond strength. Hence, it allows the preservation of healthy tooth structure (no need for repreparation), as well as the reinforcement of weakened cusps and improvement of isolation (if combined with deep margin elevation, when necessary).
Neighborhoods, Networks, and Neurodegeneration: A Call for Population‐Level Policy and Advancing the Exposome
Authors: Babulal Ganesh M.
Published: January 2025

See related article by Ganguli et al.
A Novel Integrated Geriatric Services Hub for Frailty Identification and Comprehensive Management of Community‐Dwelling Older Adults in Singapore: Impact on Health Service Utilization
Authors: Sum Grace , Choo Robin Wai Munn , Nai Ze Ling , Goh Siew Fong , Lim Wee Shiong , Ding Yew Yoong , Tan Woan Shin ,   Geriatric Services Hub Program Group
Published: January 2025

Background

Healthcare systems need to address the high healthcare use of frail older adults. The Geriatric Services Hub (GSH) is a novel program in Singapore that delivers frailty screening, comprehensive geriatric assessment and coordinated care for community‐dwelling older persons with bio‐psycho‐social needs. We aimed to evaluate the effects of the GSH on healthcare use.

Methods

We compared healthcare utilization of 634 GSH participants with 634 unique propensity score‐matched non‐GSH community‐dwelling older adults at 12 months before and after GSH enrolment. Baseline matching covariates included demographics, socioeconomic status, disease burden, calendar quarter of enrolment, and past healthcare utilization. We did exact matching on frailty categories (Clinical Frailty Score (CFS) score 4, 5, and 6–7). Difference‐in‐differences technique was used to derive effect estimates.

Results

After propensity score matching, baseline covariates were adequately balanced. Healthcare utilization declined in both groups after GSH enrolment. Relative to the comparators and after accounting for pre‐enrolment differences, participation in the GSH was associated with greater primary care (mean difference: 0.06, 95% CI−0.64 to 0.77) and specialist outpatient clinic visits (mean difference: 0.42, 95% CI −0.29 to 1.13), and fewer emergency department visits (mean difference: −0.18, 95% CI −0.69 to 0.34). However, these effects did not reach statistical significance. While number of hospitalizations did not differ between the groups, cumulative length of stay differed by 1.15 bed‐days and was not statistically significant. No statistically significant differences were observed within CFS groups.

Conclusion

GSH was not associated with significant reductions in healthcare use in the first year of enrolment. Higher utilization of primary care and specialist outpatient clinic services could reflect the increased identification of care needs with the potential to reduce unnecessary healthcare use such as emergency department visits. Prospective studies with a longer follow‐up would ascertain if the GSH translates to reduced healthcare utilization as hypothesized.
Facial Thread Lifting Complications
Authors: Yi Kyu‐Ho , Park Soo Yeon
Published: January 2025

Background

Thread lifting is a minimally invasive technique for addressing facial aging and skin laxity. Despite its popularity, it carries risks of complications ranging from minor bruising to severe structural injuries. Comprehensive understanding of these complications is vital for optimizing outcomes.

Aims

To analyze the complications associated with facial thread lifting, provide insights into their underlying mechanisms, and propose effective management strategies to minimize risks.

Patients/Methods

A comprehensive review of complications from thread lifting was conducted, focusing on patient outcomes and procedural challenges. Data from clinical studies, case reports, and expert recommendations were analyzed to identify common and severe complications. Advanced techniques, such as ultrasound‐guided procedures, were evaluated for their efficacy in preventing complications.

Results

Common complications included bruising, pain, swelling, bleeding, and dimpling, often arising from improper technique or anatomical factors. Severe issues such as infection, granuloma, thread migration, nerve damage, and parotid gland injuries were less frequent but posed significant challenges. Management strategies included massage, saline or filler injections, botulinum toxin, and surgical interventions for persistent or severe cases. Ultrasound‐guided techniques demonstrated efficacy in reducing risks, particularly for glandular and vascular injuries.

Conclusions

While thread lifting offers a promising alternative to surgical facelifts, its success depends on precise technique, anatomical knowledge, and effective complication management. Preventive measures, including preoperative planning, proper thread placement, and patient‐specific customization, are crucial. Future advancements in imaging technologies and thread materials will likely enhance safety and efficacy, ensuring better patient satisfaction and outcomes.
Exploring Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use for the Management of Acne Vulgaris Among University Students: Forms, Trends, and Information Sources
Authors: Taha Sari , Taha Manal , Zyoud Sa'ed H.
Published: January 2025

Background

Acne vulgaris is a common skin disease that has physical and psychological impacts. Patients diagnosed with acne often use complementary and alternative medicine, despite the insufficient evidence.

Aims

This cross‐sectional study sought to identify the types, trends in and reasons for utilizing complementary and alternative medicine for acne among university students.

Patients/Methods

The study was conducted among health sciences students from March to June, 2023, using clinical examination and a questionnaire. All participants were assessed for a diagnosis of acne.

Results

The final sample size consisted of 367 participants, of whom 68.9% were females and 31.1% were males. The study revealed a high prevalence of acne (74.4%). Among those with acne, 59.7% reported using complementary and alternative medicine, with the biological forms being most frequent at 90.2%. The reasons commonly stated for using complementary and alternative medicine were lack of severity (48.5%) and the potential for internet‐based self‐treatment (33.1%). The main sources of information were the internet (44.8%) and social media (41.1%). Age, gender, and the occurrence of acne on the chin were associated with complementary and alternative medicine use (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The use of complementary and alternative medicine for treating acne is widespread, with a tendency toward biological forms. Healthcare practitioners should be familiar with the patterns of complementary and alternative medicine use for the treatment of acne to better meet patient needs and concerns. Policymaking can leverage the role of online resources in addressing the use of unconventional treatment modalities.
Efficacy of ultrasound‐indicated cerclage without prior preterm birth
Authors: Suga Naoko , Koizumi Akari , Takamizu Ai , Ueki Norikazu , Yoshida Koyo , Makino Shintaro
Published: January 2025

Aim

Our study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ultrasound‐indicated cerclage in singleton pregnancies with cervical shortening (<25 mm), excluding those with a history of preterm birth (PTB) and infection/inflammation.

Materials and methods

Among the 1556 women admitted for a cervix measuring <25 mm via transvaginal ultrasound at Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital between January 2001 and December 2023, our study focused on 47 singleton patients with no prior history of PTB. After receiving information on both risks and benefits, 25 patients opted for ultrasound‐indicated cerclage (cerclage group), while 22 chose expectant management (expectant management group). All participants underwent screening for infection/inflammation of the lower genital tract. The primary outcome, the rate of PTB (<37 weeks', <34 weeks', and <28 weeks' gestation), was assessed in both groups.

Results

The cerclage group demonstrated a significantly lower rate of PTB before 37 and 34 weeks' gestation. Although there was no statistically significant difference, the cerclage group exhibited a delay of 3.6 weeks in the average week of gestation compared to the expectant management group. Notably, the hospitalization period in the cerclage group was significantly reduced by 42 days.

Conclusion

Performing an ultrasound‐indicated cerclage in cases of a short cervical length <25 mm without a prior history of PTB and infection/inflammation reduces the rates of PTB (<37 and <34 weeks' gestation) and hospitalization period.
Finding a Needle in a Haystack: A Systematic Approach for Searching Through Public Databases for Youth Mental Well‐Being Programs
Authors: Balter Alice‐Simone , Pulat Doga , Suri Anjali , Moloney Madison , Al‐Khooly Dina , Somir Indika , Bandoles Emerald , Utchay Clementine , Sylvestre Desiree , Pierre Sandra , Parkes Sheldon , Brodkin Sabrina , Andrade Brendan F.
Published: January 2025

Background

This practice paper exemplifies a systematic approach used to learn about existing mental well‐being programs for youth 11–14 years to inform curriculum development for after‐school settings.

Methods

We reviewed 3389 mental well‐being programs from publicly accessed databases and conducted a content analysis using inductive and deductive coding to explore the domains each program addressed.

Results

Through our content analysis of the final eight programs, we found strong alignment with the Collaborative for Academic, Social and Emotional Learning (CASEL) core social–emotional competencies: self‐awareness, self‐management, social awareness, relationship skills, and decision‐making.

Implications for Practice

Although using established processes (e.g., PICO, CFIR) to review public databases is an effective research strategy, engaging in research‐intensive endeavors is time consuming and may not be practical for after‐school administration. The benefits of community–academic partnerships, such as EMPOWER, are highlighted as an approach, and opportunity, to promote evidence‐based research practices to inform programming in community organizations.

Conclusion

Enhancing youth social emotional competencies is an important means to supporting youth mental well‐being. Incorporating a systematic approach to select youth mental well‐being programs provides a structure, for our EMPOWER project, that can steer the choice of curricula to meet the needs of after‐school program contexts.
Well‐being interventions for rural health professionals: A scoping review
Authors: McKennon Skye , Fricke Suzanne , DeWitt Dawn
Published: January 2025

Introduction

The objective of this scoping review is to identify interventions to promote well‐being that have been tried or proven effective to prevent or address burnout in rural health care professionals and trainees (HCPTs). Secondarily, we aimed to identify potentially applicable and feasible well‐being interventions that could help rural HCPTs.

Methods and analysis

We used PRISMA guidelines to conduct a scoping review of peer‐reviewed English language studies, from all countries, published in core health sciences databases. We focused on intervention studies for burnout and well‐being in rural HCPTs published from July 2013 to January 2024. Searches identified 571 studies; 18 additional studies were identified from hand searches of websites, reviews, and bibliographies identified in the original search strategy. Two authors screened and extracted all data using Covidence.

Findings

After deduplication, 507 studies were screened for inclusion, and 50 full‐text studies were assessed for eligibility. After discussion and consensus, 30 studies were selected for inclusion. We included selected “applicable” studies, for example, online interventions. We excluded potentially applicable studies that would not be feasible in rural settings, that is, health system interventions requiring substantial personnel and infrastructure. Interventions included individual interventions (eg, mindfulness), increased support for professionals (eg, remote pharmacist assistance), and interventions to improve quality or teamwork.

Conclusions

Few interventional studies have been done to support well‐being and prevent burnout in vulnerable rural HCPTs. While individual interventions, such as mindfulness, are most effective to date, studies replicating or extending these interventions, and to identify supports that address workload and systems issues are needed.
Panel Threshold Mixed Data Sampling Models With a Covariate‐Dependent Threshold
Authors: Yang Lixiong , Chen I‐Po , Lee Chingnun , Ye Yihang
Published: January 2025

This paper introduces a panel threshold mixed data sampling model with a covariate‐dependent threshold and unobserved individual‐specific threshold effects (PTMIDAS‐CDT), in which we allow for a covariate‐dependent threshold effect in the relationship between dependent and independent variables sampled at different frequencies, and allow for unobserved individual‐specific threshold effects. Based on the Chamberlain–Mundlak correlated random effects (CRE) device and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique, we develop the estimator of model parameters and suggest test statistics for threshold effect, threshold constancy, the equal weighting scheme, and unobserved individual‐specific threshold effects. We establish the asymptotic properties of the proposed estimator in the small‐threshold‐effect framework and derive the limiting distributions of the suggested test statistics. Monte Carlo simulations are conducted to examine the performance properties of the estimation and testing procedures. The simulation results point out that the estimation procedure works well in finite samples, and the test statistics have good size and power properties. The model is illustrated with an application to the nexus between climate change and economic growth.
Expression of osteogenic proteins in kidneys of cats with nephrocalcinosis
Authors: Hengtrakul Nuttha , Furrow Eva , Borofsky Michael , Toth Ferenc , Lulich Jody P.
Published: January 2025

Background

Nephrocalcinosis is a common pathological finding in cats with chronic kidney disease and nephrolithiasis. Understanding its pathogenesis may identify future therapeutic targets.

Hypothesis

Nephrocalcinosis is associated with expression of an osteogenic phenotype.

Animals

Kidneys with medullary mineralization were obtained from 18 cats (10 with and 8 without nephroliths) undergoing necropsy.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study. Microradiography and histopathology (modified von Kossa stain) were used to confirm parenchymal mineralization. Immunohistochemistry for 5 osteogenic markers was performed to determine their co‐localization with nephrocalcinosis. The proportion of kidneys with stronger immunointensity in mineralized versus non‐mineralized regions was analyzed using 1‐tailed sign tests. The proportion of kidneys with co‐localization of nephrocalcinosis and each marker was compared between kidneys with and without nephroliths using Fisher's exact tests.

Results

Nephrocalcinosis co‐localized with osteopontin immunoreactivity in all 18 cats (100%) and with osteocalcin in 12 cats (67%). Both osteogenic markers had stronger immunointensity in mineralized regions compared with non‐mineralized regions. Limited co‐localization was observed with other markers: bone morphogenic protein‐2 in 2 kidneys (both with nephroliths) and tissue non‐specific alkaline phosphatase in 1 kidney (without nephroliths); runt‐related transcription factor‐2 was undetected. No statistically significant differences were found in the co‐localization of nephrocalcinosis with osteogenic proteins between kidneys with and without nephroliths.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Expression of osteogenic proteins in areas of nephrocalcinosis indicates that nephrocalcinosis is associated with the development of an osteogenic phenotype. Targeting these processes could offer a novel approach to prevent nephrolithiasis at its origin.
Subsidies for Permanent Employment in the Time of Covid‐19
Authors: Accetturo Antonio , Modena Francesca , Ziglio Giacomo
Published: January 2025

This paper examines the impact of a regional policy aimed at fostering permanent employment in the aftermath of the Covid‐19 recession. Using administrative micro‐data from the Italian private sector, we identify the impact of the subsidies by exploiting the variation in their implementation across regions and time. We find that, on average, there was a positive and sizeable impact on conversion from fixed‐term to open‐ended job positions. We observe that the average effect hides some heterogeneity, with medium‐high educated workers and youths benefiting more. As a further result, we show that the policy had no effect on labour poaching.
With a Little Help From Nurseries
Authors: Puccioni Chiara , Vuri Daniela
Published: January 2025

This study evaluates the impact of an Italian government initiative launched in 2007, which allocated €1 billion to regional governments to enhance early childhood care services for children aged 0–2, targeting both public and private childcare options. Exploiting variations in the timing of implementation across regions, we assess the program's effectiveness in increasing the public provision of early childcare services and maternal labor market participation. Results show a significant increase in both public childcare slots and labor market participation among mothers. However, the initiative had limited effects on less‐educated women, likely due to the service's relatively high costs, which may hinder broader accessibility.
Runs of Homozygosity and Inferences in Wild Populations
Authors: Shafer Aaron B. A. , Kardos Marty
Published: January 2025

Long homozygous chromosome segments are known as runs of homozygosity (ROH); these reflect patterns of identity by descent and can be used to measure individual inbreeding, map recessive traits, and reconstruct demographic histories. Here, we review some key considerations with ROH detection and the inferences pertaining to inbreeding and demographic analyses in wild populations.
Traffic estimation in work zones using a custom regression model and data augmentation
Authors: Mashhadi Ali Hassandokht , Rashidi Abbas , Hamedi Masoud , Marković Nikola
Published: January 2025

Accurately estimating traffic volumes in construction work zones is crucial for effective traffic management. However, one of the key challenges transportation agencies face is the limited coverage of continuous count station (CCS) sensors, which are often sparsely located and may not be positioned directly on roads where construction work zones are present. This spatial limitation leads to gaps in traffic data, making accurate volume estimation difficult. Addressing this, our study utilized a custom regularized model and variational autoencoders (VAE) to generate synthetic data that improves traffic volume estimations in these challenging areas. The proposed method not only bridges the data gaps between sparse CCS sensors but also outperforms several benchmark models, as measured by mean absolute percentage error, root mean square error, and mean absolute error. Moreover, the effectiveness of VAE‐augmented models in enhancing the precision and accuracy of traffic volume estimations further underscores the benefits of integrating synthetic data into traffic‐modeling approaches. These findings highlight the potential of the proposed approach to enhance traffic volume estimation in construction work zones and assist transportation agencies in making informed decisions for traffic management.
The Milan Score Predicts Objective Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Patients With Type 2 Esophagogastric Junction
Authors: Ferrari Davide , Siboni Stefano , Sozzi Marco , Visaggi Pierfrancesco , Kristo Ivan , Tolone Salvatore , Marabotto Elisa , Bernardi Daniele , Schoppmann Sebastian F. , Rogers Benjamin D. , Hobson Anthony , Haworth Jordan , Lee Yeong Yeh , Louie Brian E. , Masuda Takahiro , Ivy Megan L. , Milito Pamela , Centorrino Erica , Theodorou Dimitrios , Triantafyllou Tania , Pasta Andrea , Calabrese Francesco , Tee Vincent , Cusmai Lorenzo , Penagini Roberto , Coletta Marina , Savarino Edoardo , Asti Emanuele , Gyawali C. Prakash , De Bortoli Nicola
Published: January 2025

Introduction

High‐resolution manometry (HRM) allows assessment of esophagogastric junction (EGJ) disruption. While type 3 EGJ predicts definitive gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), type 2 EGJ is less clearly implicated in GERD pathogenesis. This study aimed to characterize physiologic findings in type 2 EGJ to determine if the HRM‐based Milan Score can define GERD within type 2 EGJ.

Methods

535 patients with suspected GERD who underwent HRM and reflux monitoring were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical, HRM, and reflux study data were compared between the EGJ morphology subtypes, with objective GERD defined according to Lyon Consensus 2.0. The Milan Score, a novel metric that integrates ineffective esophageal motility, EGJ‐contractile integral, EGJ morphology, and straight leg raise response, was abnormal when ≥ 137 (risk rate 50% for GERD). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to assess the accuracy of the Milan Score to predict objective GERD.

Results

Type 3 EGJ was associated with the highest rate of objective GERD, followed by type 2 and type 1 EGJ (p < 0.001), with a corresponding stepwise increase in AET from type 1 to 3 EGJ (p < 0.001). Type 2 EGJ with Milan Score < 137 resembled type 1 EGJ (objective GERD in 23.6% vs. 33.2%, p = 0.09), and type 2 EGJ with score ≥ 137 resembled type 3 EGJ (objective GERD in 88.2% vs. 78.8%, p = 0.11). On ROC analysis, the Milan Score had an area under the curve of 0.858.

Conclusion

While type 2 EGJ includes varying GERD severity, the Milan Score can segregate patients at risk for objective GERD.
The helmeted hornbill casque is reinforced by a bundle of exceptionally thick, rod‐like trabeculae
Authors: Surapaneni Venkata A. , Flaum Benjamin , Schindler Mike , Hayat Khizar , Wölfer Jan , Baum Daniel , Hu Ruien , Kong Ting Fai , Doube Michael , Dean Mason N.
Published: January 2025

Among hornbill birds, the critically endangered helmeted hornbill (Rhinoplax vigil) is notable for its casque (a bulbous beak protrusion) being filled with trabeculae and fronted by a very thick keratin layer. Casque function is debated but appears central to aerial jousting, where birds (typically males) collide casques at high speeds in a mid‐flight display that is audible for more than 100 m. We characterized the structural relationship between the skull and casque anatomy using X‐ray microtomography and quantitative trabecular network analysis to examine how the casque sustains extreme impact. The casque comprises a keratin veneer (rhamphotheca, ∼8× thicker than beak keratin), which slots over the internal bony casque like a tight‐fitting sheath. The bony casque's central cavity contains a network of trabeculae—heavily aligned and predominantly rod‐like, among the thickest described in vertebrates—forming a massive rostrocaudal strut spanning the casque's length, bridging rostral (impact), and caudal (braincase) surfaces. Quantitative network characterizations indicate no differences between male and female trabecular architectures. This suggests that females may also joust or that casques play other roles. Our results argue that the casque's impact loading demands and shapes a high‐safety‐factor construction that involves extreme trabecular morphologies among vertebrates, architectures that also have the potential for informing the design of collision‐resistant materials.
Manifestations of Head and Neck Cancer in Patients With Plummer–Vinson Syndrome: A Systematic Review
Authors: Silva Brunno Santos de Freitas , Souza Débora Peclat , Fernandes Alessah Carolyna de Andrade , Rodrigues Larissa Rosa Santana , Kujan Omar , Yamamoto‐Silva Fernanda Paula
Published: January 2025

Objective

To investigate the clinical manifestations of head and neck cancer in patients with Plummer–Vinson syndrome (PVS) and to assess related oral comorbidities.

Materials and Methods

Case reports covering head and neck cancer manifestations in patients diagnosed with PVS were included Studies were identified through seven main electronic databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, LILACS, and LIVIVO), and a search for gray literature was performed using ProQuest Dissertations and Theses and Google Scholar. Independent reviewers applied predefined eligibility criteria in a two‐phase selection process.

Results

Out of a total of 19,183 citations identified, seven met the inclusion criteria. Prevalent symptoms included dysphagia and esophageal webs, with atrophic glossitis and angular cheilitis being common oral manifestations. Most patients presented with long‐standing iron deficiency anemia. Head and neck cancers predominantly affected the pharynx and tongue borders, with younger age groups notably affected. The overall risk of bias attributable to the quality of the reports was assessed as “low”.

Conclusions

Despite the rarity of PVS‐related head and neck cancer, this review underscores its association, particularly in younger patients. A thorough examination of dysphagia and oral manifestations in PVS patients is crucial for early detection and prevention of head and neck cancer.
Comparative Study of OLP and OLL: Demographic and Clinical Profile in a Reference Center in Brazil
Authors: de Oliveira Thales Felipe dos Santos , Gonçalves Michelle Roxo , Martins Marco Antonio Trevizani , Martins Manoela Domingues , Lo Muzio Lorenzo , Visioli Fernanda , Carrard Vinicius Coelho
Published: January 2025

Objective

To compare the demographic and clinical profiles of oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral lichenoid lesions (OLL) diagnosed at a reference center in Southern Brazil from 2010 to 2019.

Methods

This retrospective study included 117 cases of suspected OLP submitted for biopsy. Investigated variables comprised sociodemographic profiles, medical history, harmful habits, clinical characteristics, and histopathological features. Categorical and numerical variables were analyzed using chi‐square and Mann–Whitney tests (p < 0.01), respectively.

Results

Applying strict diagnostic criteria, 29% (n = 34) of cases were classified as OLP and 71% (n = 83) as OLL. OLP cases had mainly multifocal manifestations (82.4%), exhibiting a reticular pattern (100%) and primarily occurring on the buccal mucosa (94.1%). Conversely, OLL cases presented both unilateral (48.2%) and multifocal (51.8%) distributions, with a predominantly atrophic‐erosive pattern (77.1%) and higher occurrence on the buccal mucosa (69.9%) and tongue (48.2%). OLL patients reported a higher frequency of systemic disorders and medication use (p < 0.01). Hypertension was the most prevalent condition, leading to the frequent use of cardiovascular medications. Two OLL cases without initial dysplasia underwent malignant transformation.

Conclusion

Patient profiles and clinical manifestations of the entities were similar, highlighting the utility of a differential diagnosis, particularly given the apparent association between malignant transformation and OLL cases.
Nonocclusive Ablation Technique Using a Novel Cryoballoon for Failed Left Superior Pulmonary Vein Isolation Despite Complete Occlusion
Authors: Murata Kazuya , Yamauchi Yasuteru , Yasui Yumi , Oda Atsuhito , Arai Hirofumi , Sagawa Yuichiro , Arima Hideki , Kurabayashi Manabu , Miyazaki Shinsuke , Sasano Tetsuo
Published: January 2025

Background

An indicator of successful cryoballoon (CB)‐assisted pulmonary vein (PV) isolation is complete PV occlusion. However, CBs may exhibit a weaker freezing effect on the equatorial plane. This study investigates the predictors of failed left superior PV (LSPV) isolation despite complete occlusion with novel CBs.

Methods

This retrospective analysis enrolled 300 consecutive patients who underwent first‐time ablation with POLARx or POLARxFIT between November 2021 and October 2023. Of the total, complete occlusion of the LSPV was achieved in 200 patients. Patients in whom LSPV isolation was achieved with additional nonocclusive freezing of the LSPV roof due to nonisolation of LSPV despite complete occlusion (Group A) were compared with those in whom isolation was achieved with complete PV occlusion alone (Group B).

Results

Group A had a larger LSPV diameter (21.5 ± 4.6 mm vs. 18.8 ± 3.3 mm, p = 0.052), larger left atrial volume on CT (142.3 ± 47.8 cc vs. 117.8 ± 39.0 cc, p = 0.028), higher nadir temperature (−54.1 ± 5.1°C vs. −60.2 ± 4.4°C, p < 0.001), and smaller northern latitude of the balloon contact site on the LSPV roof side (20.9° ± 3.8° vs. 38.9° ± 6.7°, p < 0.001) compared with Group B. A 27.5° north latitude was observed in most of Group A (sensitivity, 100%; specificity, 96%).

Conclusions

Adequate contact positioning of the northern hemisphere to the LSPV is critical for effective isolation, particularly when isolation is challenging despite complete occlusion. In such cases, nonocclusive cryoablation against the LSPV roof might be effective.
Meta‐Analysis of Pulsed‐Field Ablation Versus‐ High‐Power Short‐Duration Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Xue Jun , Huang Qunying , Yu Fuling , Mao Yinjun
Published: January 2025

Purpose

To optimize the effectiveness and safety of pulmonary vein isolation, pulsed‐field ablation (PFA) and high‐power short‐duration ablation (HPSD) have recently been incorporated into clinical practice. The objective of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis, focusing on the efficacy, safety, and procedural efficiency of PFA and HPSD in the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods

A thorough search was performed across multiple databases to identify trials that compared PFA with HPSD for AF from their inception until July 2024. The odds ratio (OR) and mean difference (MD), accompanied by a 95% confidence interval (CI), were employed as indicators of treatment efficacy.

Results

The analysis included six eligible trials, encompassing a total enrollment of 1382 patients. No statistically significant disparities were observed in terms of freedom from any atrial arrhythmia (OR 1.10; 95% CI 0.75, 1.63) or periprocedural complications (OR 1.04; 95% CI 0.52, 2.09) between the two ablation techniques. The likelihood of requiring a repeat ablation procedure was significantly reduced with PFA compared to HPSD (OR 0.63; 95% CI 0.41–0.97); however, there was no significant difference in the incidence of PV reconnection between patients initially treated with HPSD and those using PFA (OR 0.83; 95% CI 0.53–1.30). The PFA technique demonstrated significantly shorter procedure time (MD −34.58; 95% CI −45.20, −23.96) and left atrium (LA) dwell time (MD −34.52; 95% CI −58.42, −10.61), but longer fluoroscopy time (MD 8.81; 95% CI 6.25, 11.37). The subgroup analyses revealed that PFA continued to exhibit superior procedure time and LA dwell time but inferior fluoroscopy time.

Conclusion

The efficacy and safety profiles of both PFA and HPSD are comparable in patients undergoing ablation therapy for AF; however, PFA is associated with shorter procedural time and longer fluoroscopy time.
Mucositis Pain and Its Temporal Relationship to White Cell Count
Authors: Douglas Claire , Morse James D. , Anderson Brian J.
Published: January 2025

Background

Children who have received chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy treatment resulting in neutropenia can suffer painful mucositis. We explored the relationship between pain score and white cell count in children with mucositis due to immunosuppression and assessed the influence of opioid and ketamine analgesia.

Methods

Children with mucositis nursed in the pediatric oncology and hematology ward were invited to partake in this observational study following referral to the pediatric pain service for intravenous analgesia. Pain scores, white cell count, neutrophil count, and analgesia requirements were recorded daily until intravenous analgesia was either stopped or transitioned to oral analgesia. Data were analyzed using nonlinear mixed effects models that sought a relationship between white cell count and pain score using a sigmoid maximal effect (EMAX) model. The impact of analgesic use on pain score was determined. The temporal relationship between white cell count and pain score was characterized by using a delayed effect model with an equilibration half‐time.

Results

Fifty children were enrolled in the study from January 2022 to December 2023. The equilibration half‐time relating the rise in white cell count and pain response was 0.29 days. The initial pain score (estimated in those children already started on treatment with paracetamol and tramadol) was 6.3 (maximum pain 10). The maximum pain reduction was 59% of that initial pain score. Morphine and ketamine further reduced pain; the maximum response for opioids was 38% reduction and that for ketamine was 11%.

Conclusion

Pain relief from mucositis is related to an increase in white cell count after a period of severe neutropenia, where white cell count is a surrogate for neutrophil count. There is a delay in analgesic response of approximately 1 day. This analgesic response to increasing white cell count had greater dominance than analgesia achieved using either opioids or ketamine.
PmRGL2/PmFRL3–PmSVP Module Regulates Flowering Time in Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.)
Authors: Gao Feng , Segbo Silas , Huang Xiao , Zhou Pengyu , Ma Chengdong , Ma Yufan , Lin Ximeng , Bai Yang , Tan Wei , Coulibaly Daouda , Ouma Kenneth Omondi , Iqbal Shahid , Ni Zhaojun , Shi Ting , Gao Zhihong
Published: January 2025

Temperate fruit trees rely on environmental and endogenous signals to trigger dormancy release and flowering. However, the knowledge of DELLA protein PmRGL2, a Prunus mume homolog of REPRESSOR OF GA‐Like 2 (RGL2), which serves as an important inhibitory factor in gibberellin (gibberellin acid [GA]) signalling, is limited related to on its regulatory effects on dormancy release and flowering. In our study, the protein–protein interaction assays showed an interaction between PmRGL2 and PmFRL3, a Prunus mume homolog of FRIGIDA‐LIKE (FRL). The FRL protein regulates flowering induction by binding to chaperone proteins. To understand the transcriptional regulation of PmRGL2 in Prunus mume, in detail's we constructed a ChIP‐Seq library at four key stages of flower bud development. Genome‐wide analysis screened a MCM1‐AGAMOUSDEFICIENS Serum Response Factor box (MADS box) protein for two SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASEs (SVPs). Genetic analysis showed that overexpressing PmSVP in Arabidopsis thaliana reduced the GA content and delayed flowering, whereas PmSVP‐like overexpression increased the GA content and promoted flowering. Protein–DNA binding assays revealed that the PmRGL2/PmFRL3 protein complex promoted PmSVP transcription while repressing PmSVP‐like transcription, which inhibited the flowering process. As chilling requirements increased, the PmFRL3 protein was degraded. ThePmRGL2/PmFRL3 protein complex is disrupted. With the increase in the GA content within the flower buds, the PmRGL2 protein was degraded in response to GA signalling, and the function of PmSVP‐like was released. It dominated flowering, leading to this process in Prunus mume. Therefore, we propose a mechanism by which the PmRGL2/PmFRL3 protein complex responds to GA and low‐temperature signalling to regulate PmSVP and PmSVP‐like synergistically and thus Prunus mume flowering time.
The HECT ubiquitin‐protein ligases UPL1 and UPL2 are involved in degradation of Arabidopsis thalianaACC synthase 7
Authors: Marczak Małgorzata , Cieśla Agata , Janicki Maciej , Mehdi Syed Muhammad Muntazir , Kubiak Piotr , Ludwików Agnieszka
Published: January 2025

Ethylene is an important plant hormone whose production relies on the action of key enzymes, one of which is 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylate synthase (ACS). There are three classes of ACS, which are all partially regulated by degradation through the ubiquitin‐proteasome system (UPS), which regulates ethylene production. Arabidopsis has a single class III ACS, ACS7, but although it is known to be degraded by the 26S proteasome, the UPS proteins involved are poorly characterised. In this work, we used mass spectrometry to identify novel components of the ubiquitin system that may contribute to the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis via ACS7. We found two HECT‐type ligases, UPL1 and UPL2, which regulate ACS7 stability. In vitro experiments showed that UPL1 and UPL2 E3 ligases directly control ACS7 turnover. In addition, increased ethylene levels were observed in UPL1‐ and UPL2‐knockout plants in response to NaCl and NaCl+MG132 treatment, respectively. Under the same conditions, we observed increased ACS7 transcript levels in upl1 compared to WT plants under control and stress conditions, further confirming that UPL1 and UPL2 regulate ACS7‐dependent ethylene production in response to stress. We used molecular modelling to predict ACS7 ubiquitylation sites and cell‐free degradation assays to verify that lysine residues at positions 174, 238 and 384 regulate ACS7 protein stability. Overall, this study provides new insights into the regulation of ACS7 protein stability, and hence ethylene production, in plant growth and development and the response to stress.
Associations Among EEG Aperiodic Slope, Infant Temperament, and Maternal Anxiety/Depression Symptoms in Infancy
Authors: Sacks Dashiell D. , Levin April R. , Nelson Charles A. , Bosquet Enlow Michelle
Published: January 2025

The aperiodic “slope” of the EEG power spectrum (i.e., aperiodic exponent, commonly represented as a slope in log–log space) is hypothesized to index the cortical excitatory‐inhibitory balance. Slope has been associated with various neurodevelopmental outcomes in older children and adults, as well as with family history of ADHD in infants. Here, we investigate associations among EEG aperiodic slope, temperament, and maternal internalizing (anxiety and depression) symptoms in a large cohort of typically developing infants. A steeper slope was associated with higher scores on the temperament domains of orienting/regulation and surgency but was not associated with negative affectivity. Maternal symptoms did not appear to be directly associated with the slope, but the slope moderated the association between maternal symptoms and temperament. Specifically, a steeper slope was associated with a stronger negative association between maternal internalizing symptoms and infant orienting/regulation. These results demonstrate associations between slope and behavior as early as infancy, which may reflect early differences in the development of global inhibitory networks. Longitudinal research in early childhood is necessary to better understand the nature of these relations during development and their potential impact on later socioemotional outcomes.
Hydrologic variability and plant composition drive relative abundance of marsh birds at created and reference marshes in southeastern Louisiana, U.S.A.
Authors: Lipford Aylett , Moran Leah L. K. , Fowler Drew N. , King Sammy L.
Published: January 2025

Coastal marsh loss occurs at an alarming pace globally, with extremely high rates along the northern Gulf of Mexico, particularly in Louisiana. In Louisiana, marsh creation projects combat wetland loss; however, biotic responses of vegetation and wildlife receive little to no consideration during and after construction. Habitat characteristics such as hydrologic processes, plant composition, and habitat structure affect the abundance of marsh birds, and understanding these features is important when creating suitable habitat for marsh birds. Our study compared hydrologic characteristics, plant composition, and habitat structure between created (n = 10) and reference (n = 9) sites across southeastern Louisiana and determined the relationship of these habitat characteristics to marsh bird relative abundance. We performed bird surveys (n = 766), including call‐back surveys for secretive marsh birds, at all sites across three breeding seasons (2021–2023). We used drone imagery to determine plant composition and used water level recording devices to assess hydrologic characteristics. Our results indicate that hydrologic variation and plant composition are drivers of marsh bird relative abundance regardless of whether a marsh is created or not. While some habitat features differed between created and reference sites, our results indicated that created marshes can support similar abundances of marsh birds as reference sites, depending on what habitat features are present at the site. Our study demonstrates the importance of creating marshes that promote hydrologic connectivity and water level variability, which in turn supports diverse emergent vegetation communities and provides suitable habitat for a variety of marsh bird species.
Farming and biochar in the EU and the road to sustainability: Drawing connections through the Common Agricultural Policy and the regulation of organic and carbon farming
Authors: Cavallin Elisa
Published: January 2025

Considering the significant impact of agriculture on the environment, there is corresponding potential residing in proper management of agricultural soils and in farming. Agricultural systems are instrumental to achieving climate and environmental goals and for paving the road towards sustainability. However, this requires a transition from business‐as‐usual agriculture and farming, which must be supported by policy and legislation through systemic and coordinated measures. Other more pointed measures, such as the targeted use of certain technologies, for example, the proper use of biochar, can also be leveraged. But what is the state of play in the pursuit of sustainability in farming in the EU legislation and policy? How significant are these developments for biochar in the transition towards sustainability? This article considers these issues in relation to three different yet connected policy and legislative fields in the broader agriculture domain: the Common Agricultural Policy, organic farming and the emerging domain of carbon farming.