bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cytological and cytochemical investigations on granular cells in oral lichen planus
Authors: Triantafyllou Asterios
Published: April 2006

Two biopsy specimens showed unusual histology characterized by features consistent with resolving oral lichen planus and voluminous, finely granular cells in the lamina propria. resembling the cells of granular cell tumour. Immunocytochemistry and lipid‐pigment histochemistry indicated that the granular cells are macrophages of low proliferative activity laden with early ceroid. It is likely that damaged basal keratinocytes provide debris for the formation of the latter. ‘Oral ceroid granuloma’ would be an appropriate term for collections of such reactive macrophages occurring in the oral tissues.
Expression of heat shock protein 27 in adult human third molar dental pulp
Authors: Sens Donald A. , McGuirt Joan P. , Khan Wasil , Todd John H. , Howell Robert M.
Published: April 2006

This study is the first to define the expression of hsp 27 in the pulp of the adult human third molar. Using a monoclonal antibody against human hsp 27, immuno‐reactivity was demonstrated in the odomoblasts. odontoblast processes, pulp fi‐broblasts, and smooth muscle and endothelial cells of vessel walls. Nerves were negative. Pulp fibroblasts were characterized by cytoplasraic staining and variable nuclear staining. Odontoblasts also displayed consistent cytoplasmic staining and variable nuclear staining. Western. Northern, and RT‐PCR analysis confirmed the expression of hsp 27 mRNA and protein. Hsp 27 was also shown to be present in both the unphosphorylated and phosphorylated isoforms. In general, nuclear localization and phosphorylation of hsp 27 has been correlated with cells responding to stress or other stimuli. This study demonstrates that pulp from a single human third molar provides sufficient material to support a detailed molecular analysis of gene expression.
Glandular odontogenic cyst with hyaline bodies: an unusual dentigerous presentation
Authors: Ide Fumio , Shimoyama Tetsuo , Horie Norio
Published: April 2006

We present an unusual case of glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC) enclosing the crown of an impacted canine that developed in the anterior mandible in a 54–year‐old woman. Microscopically, it contained numerous glandular structures and hyaline bodies in the epithelial lining. The present rare case is sufficiently distinctive to be considered a dentigerous variant of GOC.
Desmoplastic ameloblastoma: correlative histopathology, radiology and CT‐MR imaging
Authors: Thompson I. O. C. , van Rensburg L. J. , Phillips V. M.
Published: April 2006

A desmoplastie variant of ameloblastoma with osteoplasia in the stroma is reported. This tumour presented in the canine/premolar region of the left maxilla of a 31 ‐year‐old woman. It was treated by partial hemimaxiilectorny and immediate reconstruction with a non‐vascularised iliac graft. The location of this lesion, its histology and radiological features differ from those of the conventional ameloblastoma. The behaviour and prognosis of the desmoplastie ameloblastoma (DA) cannot at this stage be predicted due to the small number of cases that have been reported and a lack of long‐term follow‐up. To our knowledge this is the first documentation of the CT and MRI features of desmoplastie ameloblastoma with pathologic correlation.
Efficacy of bioadhesive patches in the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis
Authors: Mahdi A. B. , Coulter W. A. , Woolfson A. D. , Lamey P.‐J.
Published: April 2006

This study evaluated the efficacy of bioadhesive hydrogel patches, made of a pharmaceutical grade cellulose derivative, in the control of pain and as an aid to healing of aphthous ulceration. Patients kept a twice daily ulcer diary to record their pain level on a visual analogue scale. The sensitivity of the test ulcer was assessed by a challenge with pure orange juice as a stimulant before and after application of the patch by the patient. A significant reduction in stimulated pain was recorded following application of the patches to the ulcers (P<0.01). The patches were found to adhere longer to large ulcers in the early stages of ulceration, when they achieved their maximum protective and pain‐attenuating effects. The ulcer size was recorded daily by the patient and patients claimed a reduction in healing time following patch therapy.
Perception of stimulus size in patients with burning mouth syndrome
Authors: Lamey P.‐J. , Hobson R. S. , Orchardson R.
Published: April 2006

Twenty subjects with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and 20 control subjects were tested for oral size perception. Blindfolded subjects assessed the size of holes (2.38–12.70 mm diameter) presented to the tongue, using their fingers to select a matching hole from a comparator series of 31 holes (0.76–15.87 mm diameter) using first static then phasic touch. Both groups overestimated the size of the holes less than 10 mm in diameter but no systematic disparity was evident with holes greater than 10 mm in diameter. The relationship between the stimulus size and the illusion (expressed as the ratio of apparent size to real size) was hyperbolic with the illusion tending towards unity for holes greater than 10 mm. No differences were found in object size perception amongst patients with BMS or control subjects. It is therefore unlikely that altered oral size perception is a precipitating factor or accompanying feature in patients with BMS.
Performance of a computer simulated neural network trained to categorise normal, premalignant and malignant oral smears
Authors: Brickley M. R. , Cowpe J. G. , Shepherd J. P.
Published: April 2006

The accurate detection of malignant neoplasms whilst they are still small is recognised as one of the main factors increasing chances of survival. Neural networks have many biomedical applications and they have been applied to neoplasia but their use in oral pathology has only recently been documented. The objectives of this study were to train networks to discriminate between normal and dysplastic mucosa. Each network was trained by back propagation, internal cross validation and tested on additional data. The data were derived by analysing 348 intra‐oral smears and included mean nuclear and mean cytoplasmic areas of the smears measured by image analysis. A neural network differentiated between normal/non‐dysplastic mucosa and dysplastic/malignant mucosa (specificity 0.82, sensitivity 0.76). These early results suggest that integrating neural networks and image analysis, as well as investigating additional criteria, could enhance automation and accuracy of smear techniques in diagnosing oral malignancy.
Interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist and interleukin‐4 in gingival crevicular fluid of patients with inflammatory periodontal disease
Authors: Kabashima Hiroaki , Nagata Kengo , Hashiguchi Isamu , Toriya Yoshikazu , Iijima Tadahiko , Maki Kouji , Maeda Katsumasa
Published: April 2006

Interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1ra) and interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) were detected in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) by an immunochemical method. However, we could not detect IL‐4 in GCF from severe inflammation sites. In addition, we sought to detect which cells had produced cytokines in moderately inflamed gingival tissues by means of immunohistochemistry. The cell types expressing CD 68 were identified as monocytes/macrophages and stained positively for IL‐1ra. The helper T cells identified by immunostaining for CD 4 stained positively for IL‐4. These results suggest that IL‐4 is one of the mediators regulating the degree of local inflammation in periodontal disease.
Ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumor of the anterior tongue. Report of a case
Authors: van der Wal J. E. , van der Waal I.
Published: April 2006

The ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumor of the anterior tongue (ECT) is a recently described entity of the anterior dorsum of the tongue. The lesion is histologically characterized by a lobular proliferation of ovoid and fusiform cells, which often have multilobulated nuclei and occasional foci of atypia in a chondromyxoid background. We report a case of ECT with a discussion on the differential diagnosis and pathogenesis.
Florid oral manifestations in an atypical familial adenomatous polyposis family with late presentation of colorectal polyps
Authors: Thakker N. S. , Evans D. G. R. , Homer K. , Davies D. R. , Armstrong J. , Guy S. , Harris R. , Sloan P.
Published: April 2006

Early identification and prophylactic surgery are essential in preventing development of malignancy in colorectal polyps in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Previous studies indicate a 100% cumulative risk of developing colonic polyps in individuals with FAP by the age of 34 yr. However, we have previously reported late‐onset and non‐penetrance of polyposis in four families. We describe here in detail one of these families with florid oral manifestations detectable on panoramic radiography of the jaws, which were instrumental in the diagnosis of FAP in the index patient and for ascertainment of her family for screening. The pathological adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene mutation in this family was shown to segregate with dento‐osseous changes. Panoramic jaw radiography is a common examination carried out prior to dental or oral surgical procedures. This case illustrates the importance of appropriate investigations, including family history and colonoscopy, even in relatively older patients with radiological findings such as those described here and in members of their families at risk of FAP.
Increased matrix metalloproteinase‐2 activity induced byTGF‐β1 in duct cells of human salivary gland is associated with the development of cyst formation in vivo
Authors: Azuma Masayuki , Tamatani Tetsuya , Yuki Tokuyuki , Motegi Katsumi , Hoque Mohammad Obaidul , Yoshida Hideo , Sato Mitsunobu
Published: April 2006

Proteolytic enzyme activity has been shown to be important for cyst formation. In this study, we constructed a cyst‐like structure in vivo and analyzed molecular mechanisms involved in the development of the lesion. When SV40‐immortalized duct cells of normal human salivary gland (NS‐SV‐DC) were treated with TGF‐βl at a concentration of 1 ng/ml or 5 ng/ml followed by co‐inoculation with Matrigel into the backs of nude mice, they formed large cysts containing fluid when 5 ng/ml of TGF‐βl was used. Analysis of the fluid demonstrated high MMP activity. Immunohistochemical staining exhibited strong reactivity with anti‐MMP‐2 antibody in TGF‐pl (5 ng/ml)‐treated NS‐SV‐DC. Northern blot analysis indicated that the expression of TGF‐β1 and MMP‐2 mRNAs in ceils was greatly enhanced by treatment with 5ng/ml TGF‐βl. These findings suggest that the in vivo cyst formation by TGF‐βl‐treated cells is associated with continuous induction of MMP‐2 activity.
Differentiating myoepithelial and acinar cells in rat neonatal parotid gland and histogenetic concepts for salivary gland tumors
Authors: Norberg Lena , Dardick Irving , Burford‐Mason Aileen P.
Published: April 2006

Histogenetic concepts for salivary gland tumors are predicated on the presence of reserve or undifferentiated cells in normal glands, presumably the source for cell renewal and induction of tumors. Developing rat parotid gland, which remains fetal‐like at birth, provides the opportunity to study differentiation and observe whether cytologically undifferentiated cells do or do not have functional indicators of specific differentiation pathways. Immunohistochemistry and immune‐electron microscopy, when applied to parotid gland at birth, at 12 days of age and in the adult gland, indicate that commitment to myoepithelial cell differentiation occurs prior to development of structural changes characteristic of these cells. Conversely, secretory granules are evident in differentiating acinar cells prior to synthesis of amylase. The results suggest that an appearance of undifferenliation does not confer reserve cell status either in the normal salivary gland or their tumors.
The effect of sodium lauryl sulphate on the expression of cytokeratin mRNA in hamster cheek pouch epithelium
Authors: Baert J. H. , Veys R. J. , Ampe K.
Published: April 2006

The effect of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) on cytokeratin (CK) gene expression in hamster cheek pouch epithelium was studied with a hybridohistochemical technique. Using specific human anti‐sense RNA probes, the plausible hamster mRNA counterparts for these human CK mRNAs were localized by detection of heterologous hybrids. In comparison with normal epithelium, the expression and distribution pattern of CK mRNAs in the hamster cheek pouch were obviously changed after application of SLS. There was a decreased expression of CK mRNAs in the hyperplastic basal layer, and increased expression in the hypertrophic granular layer. Strikingly, hybridization with the human CK 18 cRNA probe revealed an additionally expressed CK mRNA in the SLS‐treated epithelium that was not found in the untreated epithelium. The present study indicates that cRNA probes for human CK mRNAs can be used successfully, not only to distinguish between different hamster CK mRNAs but also to investigate changes in CK gene expression upon the induction of non‐neoplastic and neoplastic alterations in the hamster cheek pouch model. This may help elucidate the molecular changes involved in epithelial pathologies.
Unaltered strong immunohistochemical expression of CD44‐v6 and ‐v5 isoforms during development and progression of oral squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Prffko Jòzsef , Bànkfalvi Agnes , Klauke Kariona , Dreier Rita , Joos Ulrich , Böcker Werner , Schmid Kurt Werner
Published: April 2006

The present study was designed to immunolocalize CD44‐v6 and ‐v5 isoforms in normal, dysplastic and malignant oral mucosa as well as in primary and meta‐static oral squamous cell carcinomas. Routinely formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded tissues of 100 oral carcinoma patients were immunohistochemically investigated following wet autoclave antigen retrieval. Both CD44‐v6 and ‐v5 epitopes were uniformly strongly expressed on the cell surface of basal and intermedial epithelial cells of normal and dysplastic mucosa and in all primary and melastatic squamous cell carcinomas with the exception of end‐differentiated keratinizing cells. Our results strongly suggest that CD44‐v6 and‐v5 isoform expression is not altered during development and progression of oral carcinomas. Thus, they seem to be irrelevant factors in the prediction of prognosis in this type of cancer.
Intraoral minor salivary gland tumors: a retrospective study of 62 cases in a Venezuelan population
Authors: Rivera‐Bastidas Helen , Ocanto Romer A. , Acevedo Ana Maria
Published: April 2006

From 1968 to 1992 sixty‐two cases of tumors of minor salivary glands were diagnosed from a Venezuelan population at the Oral Histopathology Laboratory of the Central University of Venezuela School of Dentistry. The diagnosis of individual tumors was based on the 1991 World Health Organization classification. Tumors were analyzed considering histological type, age and sex of the patient, and intraoral location. Pleomorphic adenomas constituted the most common histological diagnosis of the benign sample (71%). and 62% of the malignant tumors were diagnosed as mucoepidermoid carcinomas. The principal location was the palate, and a marked female prevalence was observed. Geographic differences appear to exist when compared with results of studies representing a cross‐section of different world population groups.
Synthesis of elastin by pleomorphic adenomas
Authors: Grosso Leonard E.
Published: April 2006

Previous morphologic and histochemical studies have documented extracellular elastin and elastic fibers within the matrix of pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary glands. By morphologic criteria, the elastin appeared to be synthesized by the tumor rather than being a consequence of stroma produced in response to the tumor cells. To examine this issue, nine pleomorphic adenomas were studied by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization with tropoelastin‐specific antibodies and complementary DNAs. Corroborating the previous morphologic studies, immunohistochemistry demonstrated abundant extracellular elastin within the matrix of pleomorphic adenomas. Additionally, both immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization demonstrated continued synthesis of tropoelastin by the neoplastic cells. Tropoelastin production was seen in neoplastic cells with all morphologies.
The polymorphous odontogenic cyst
Authors: High A. S. , Main D. M. G. , Khoo S. P. , Pedlar J. , Hume W. J.
Published: April 2006

Over the years there have been sporadic reports of unusual cystic lesions of the jaws, not readily classified under conventional headings but which have been variously diagnosed as median‐mandibular. glandular, sialo‐odontogenic or botryoid odontogenic cyst. We present five cases which do not fit into other categories of odontogenic cyst, two of which have recurred within a few years of conservative treatment. This paper aims to alert clinicians to the propensity for regrowth of these cysts, proposes the term polymorphous odontogenic cyst for these lesions, to encompass their varied histological appearances and discusses their distinction from other cyst types with mucous and papillary formations in epithelium.
Immunoglobulin G subclass measurements in recurrent aphthous stomatitis
Authors: Vicente Mario , Soria Adela , Mosquera Alicia , Pérez Jaime , Lamas Ana , Castellano Teresa , Ramos Angel
Published: April 2006

We have measured serum levels of IgG subclasses and total IgG, IgA and IgM in a group of 34 recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) patients. At the time of blood collection. 23 of the 34 patients had active oral lesions. The remaining 11 patients were at an inactive stage. All measurement were performed in the Beckmann 360 Array Protein System. Serum levels of IgG2 subclass were significantly lower (P<0.05) in the whole group of patients (34) when compared to the control group. This relationship was still significant (P<0.05) when only the 11 patients without active oral lesions were considered but disappeared in patients at an active stage. We conclude that low serum levels of IgG2 may play a role in the pathogenesis of RAS, just as in other recurrent infectious diseases, and that serum levels of this immunoglobulin subclass, as well as total IgA, may undergo transient changes, depending on the different periods of activity and quiescence of the disease.
MTS1 gene mutations in archival oral squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Dawson Carole D. , Chang Kuo‐Wei , Soil Dennis B.
Published: April 2006

Multiple tumor suppressor gene 1 (MTS1) has been found mutated or deleted in a variety of human cancers. Our purpose was to identify and characterize MTS1 gene mutations in primary oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) in each of the three exons of the MTS1 gene. Seventeen archival samples of oral SCC were evaluated for the presence of MTS1 mutations using single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and DNA sequencing. Three of 17 tumors exhibited MTS1 gene mutations; one tumor exhibited a mutation in exon 2 and two tumors exhibited mutations at the splice site junction of intron 2 and exon 3. Three tumors also exhibited a common base change in the 3’untranslated region of exon 3, which is interpreted as a likely polymorphic variant. An examination of the three tumors exhibiting MTS1 point mutations revealed no unique characteristics relative to p53 immunohistochemical activity, mitotic frequency, or degree of histologic differentiation. This study indicates that MTS1 gene mutations may be involved in at least a minor proportion of oral SCCs.
Immunohistochemical evaluation of the Ca2+‐binding S‐100 proteins S‐100A1, S‐100A2, S‐100A4, S‐100A6 and S‐100B in salivary gland tumors
Authors: Huang Jian Wen , Ming Zhao , Shrestha Prashanta , Mori Masahiko , Ilg Evelyn , Schäfer Beat W. , Heizmann Claus W.
Published: April 2006

The Ca2+‐binding S‐100 proteins are involved in the regulation of a number of cellular processes and an altered expression has been reported in several neoplastic tissues. Tissue specimens of normal salivary glands (n = 23). pleomorphic adenomas (n=60). basal cell adenomas (n=6). canalicular ademomas (n=2), myoepitheliomas (n = 2). adenoid cystic carcinomas (n=26) and adenocarcinomas NOS (n=11) were evaluated for the expression of S‐100A1, S‐100A2. A‐100A4, S‐100A6 and S‐100B by using highly specific polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies generated against the recombinant human protein. In normal salivary glands, the ductal cells showed mild to intense immunoreactivity for S‐100A 1, S‐100A2. S‐100A4and S‐100A6, while S‐100B was observed in nerve fibers in the connective tissue. The normal myoepithelial cells were unreactive. In pleomorphic adenoma, the luminal tumor cells of the duct‐like structures showed moderate to intense immunoreactivity for S‐100A2. while reactivity for S‐100A 1. S‐100A4 and S‐100A6 was relatively weak. The non‐luminal cells, also termed neoplastic myoepithelial cells, showed immunoreactivity for S‐100B, while tumor cells in the solid, myxoid and chondroid areas were immunoreactive for S‐100A 1. S‐100A4, S‐100A6 and S‐100B. The non‐luminally located tumor cells in basal cell adenomas and canalicular adenomas, and numerous tumor cells in clusters in myoepitheliomas were intensely reactive for S‐100A2. In adenoid cystic carcinomas and in adenocarcinomas not otherwise specified, the luminal cells forming the tubular or cribriform structures were markedly positive for S‐100A2 and/or S‐100A6. Squamous metaplastic cells in salivary tumors showed intense immunoreactivity for S‐100A2. The results of the present study suggest that the majority of the tumor ceils in salivary neoplasms, despite the most heterogeneous tumor cell differentiation, express S‐100 proteins more heterogeneously than the normal glandular ducts. The salivary ducts in normal glands, the luminal tumor cells and squamous metaplastic cells in the neoplastic lesions were intensely immunoreactive for S‐100A2 as compared to S‐100A1, S‐100A4orS‐100A6. In contrast, the non‐luminal tumor cells showed a rather heterogeneous expression of the S‐100 proteins.
Differential expression of type I cytokeratins in hamster cheek pouch epithelium following treatment with dimethylbenzanthracene
Authors: Shearer B. H. , McMillan M. D. , Jenkinson H. F.
Published: April 2006

Cytokeratin (CK) expression in untreated, paraffin‐treated or dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)‐treated hamster cheek pouch epithelium was investigated utilizing monoclonal antibodies AE1 or AE3, which react with type I or type II CKs, respectively, and by in situ hybridization utilizing type I CK‐specific probes. The latter were isolated from a cDNA library of hamster cheek pouch mRNA and designated CK 13 and CK 10 based on their respective homologies (>95% amino acids) with murine CK 13 and human CK 10. Treatment of hamster cheek pouch epithelium with DMBA resulted in increased expression of type I CK, detected immunohistochemically with monoclonal AE1, but decreased expression of type II CKs detected with AE3. Despite an overall increase in type I CKs, in situ hybridization demonstrated differential expression of type I CKs with altered distribution of CK 13 mRNA and reduced expression of CK 10 mRNA, providing additional sensitive markers for DMBA‐associated changes in CKs. These changes were constant at 2 to 22 weeks in the pre‐neoplastic and neoplastic epithelium following the initial application of DMBA.
Discrimination of complex histopathological tumour profiles by experienced and inexperienced observers
Authors: Landini Gabriel , Geake John G.
Published: April 2006

One of the tasks that pathologists routinely perform in diagnosis is the assessment of complexity of shape or texture of microscopic images. Because some of these complex patterns can be approximated in terms of fractal structures, it is important to understand how fractal structures are perceived by pathologists, and whether pathologists use specific perceptual strategies to quantify such patterns. Knowledge about this could be advantageous for either producing specific training programmes to increase complexity discrimination or to utilise more unbiased and quantitative imaging methodologies in histopathology. We have previously demonstrated that non‐expert observers with high abilities in simultaneous information processing were best at the task of discriminating the fractal dimension of self‐similar computer‐generated curves. Here we compare the performance of experienced and inexperienced observers in a similar task of discriminating epithelial profiles. The results suggest that there are no differences between experienced and inexperienced observers in this task of complex profile discrimination.
Juvenile xanthogranuloma occurring in the oral cavity: case report and histopathological findings
Authors: Kawashiri Shuichi , Kumagai Shigehiro , Nakagawa Kiyomasa , Yamamoto Etsuhide , Imai Kazushi
Published: April 2006

Juvenile xanthogranuloma is commonly seen in the dermis, and only very rarely develops in the oral mucosa. Here we report a case that occurred in the anterior palate of a 9‐year‐old boy. The lesion appeared as a dark red and well‐defined nodule measuring 12×14 mm. Histologically, it consisted of a proliferation of histiocytes and fibroblastic stroma intermingled with foamy cells. Many lipid droplets without limiting membrane were observed in the cytoplasm under electron microscopy, but no Langerhans' cell granules were observed. The proliferative histiocytes were positive for lysozyme and macrophage HAM56 under immunohistochemical observation, but not for S‐100 protein. From these findings, the lesion was diagnosed as juvenile xanthogranuloma. The post‐operative course, now amounting to 7 years, has been uneventful.
Immunohistochemical detection of Fas antigen in oral epithelia
Authors: Muraki Y. , Yoshioka C. , Fukuda J. , Haneji T. , Kobayashi N.
Published: April 2006

A monospecific and high liter polyclonal antibody, designated as Fas D, raised against synthetic polypeptides selected from a part of the human Fas antigen (aa 104‐514), was used to identify the Fas antigen in human oral epithelia in normal and pathological states. The human gingival proteins had been extracted and analysed by an ABC (avidin‐biotin complex) immunoblotting technique. The antibody interacted with a single band in gingival proteins with an estimated molecular weight of 35, 000, which is in good agreement with that calculated from amino acid sequences of the human Fas antigen. Using an indirect immunohistochemical method, the antibody localized an the stratum spinosum and the basal part of the stratum corneum of normal human gingiva. Specimens obtained from patients with odontogenic keratocysts, leukoplakia, lichen planus, and squamous cell carcinoma were also stained with the antibody. The pattern of the Fas antigen distribution in oral stratified squamous epithelia was, with some overlapping, characteristic for each disease.
The fibroblast population in oral submucous fibrosis
Authors: de Waal J. , Olivier A. , van Wyk C. W. , Maritz J. S.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of the investigation was to compare the morphology of fibroblasts cultured from healthy oral mucosa and mucosa of patients with oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) and to collate the occurrence of cell types of similar morphology. Cells cultured from biopsy specimens from the buccal mucosa of six subjects who did not chew the areca nut and six patients with OSF who chewed areca nut were grown according to standard techniques. Ninety cells per cell line were recorded daily for 8 days, classified into types F1, F2 and F3 according to their morphology, and the results statistically analyzed. We found that there was a relative increase of F3 cells in relation to Fl cells in OSF resulting in the ratio of F3 to F1 cells being significantly larger in OSF than the ratio in the controls. As it has been reported that F3 cells m rat connective tissues produce significantly more collagen types I and III than F1 cells, we concluded that a change of fibroblast population has occurred in OSF and that this relative increase of F3 cells in humans, which could be committed to the production of large quantities of collagen, can be an explanation for the excessive collagen formation in OSF.
An immunohistochemical study of oral submucous fibrosis
Authors: Haque M. F. , Harris M. , Meghji S. , Speight P. M.
Published: April 2006

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic disease of the oral cavity characterized by inflammation and progressive mucosal fibrosis. These reactions may be the result of either direct stimulation from exogenous antigens like areca alkaloids or by changes in tissue antigenicity that may lead to an autoimmune response. This study investigated the presence and distribution of inflammatory cells and MHC class II antigen expression by epithelial and immunocompetent cells using a three‐stage immunoperoxidase method on frozen sections. Thirty OSF tissue specimens and ten normal buccal mucosae were studied and compared. All tissues were investigated using antibodies to T cells (CD3), T helper/inducer cells (CD4), T suppressor/cytotoxic cells (CD8), B cells (CD20), naive T cells and monocytes (CD45RA), macrophages. Langerhans' cells (CD68) and HLA‐DR‐positive cells (HLA‐DR alpha). The predominant cell populations detected in normal tissues were CD3, CD4 and HLA‐DR‐positive cells. The distribution of CD4‐positive cells was similar to that of CD3‐positive cells, which were scattered, often uniformly distributed, both in the epithelium and connective tissue. CD8‐positive cells were occasionally seen in the normal epithelium and lamina propria. Few scattered B cells (CD20) and macrophages (CD681) were observed in normal mucosa. Naive T cells (CD45RA) were seen in all normal tissues focally concentrated around the connective tissue papillae with a similar distribution to that of CD3‐positive cells. All normal sections showed HLA‐DR‐positive cells scattered both in the epithelium and in the lamina propria. Epithelial cells did not show any positive reaction to this antibody and many intraepithelial positive cells showed a dendritic morphology. The cell populations detected in OSF showed higher numbers of CD3 and HLA‐DR‐positive cells compared with those of the normal tissues. The pattern of staining for CD4‐positive cells in OSF tissues was similar to that of CD3‐positive cells both in the epithelium and connective tissue and was higher than that in normal tissues. A few scattered CD8‐positive cells and only occasional CD20‐ and CD68‐positive cells were seen in OSF sections. Few CD45RA‐positive cells were found in the epithelium and lamina propria of OSF sections. However, OSF specimens showed high numbers of HLA‐DR‐positive cells in the basal layer of the epithelium, juxtaepithelium and in the lamina propria in a similar distribution to that of CD3 cells compared with the normal tissues. Most HLA‐DR‐positive cells in the epithelium showed dendrites directed vertically towards the surface. The increased evidence of CD4 and HLA‐DR‐positive cells in OSF tissues suggests that most lymphocytes were activated and shows an increased presence of Langerhans' cells. The presence of these immunocompetent cells and high ratio of CD4 to CD8 in OSF tissues suggest an ongoing cellular immune response leading to a possible imbalance of immunoregulation and alteration in local tissue architecture.
Characterisation of the inflammatory cell infiltrate in chronic hyperplastic candidosis of the oral mucosa
Authors: Williams D. W. , Potts A. J. C. , Wilson M. J. , Matthews J. B. , Lewis M. A. O.
Published: April 2006

The inflammatory cell infiltrate in biopsy material of chronic hyperplastic candidosis (CHC) from the oral mucosa was characterised using immunocytochemical techniques. Nine specimens were stained for human kappa and lambda immunoglobulin light chains. CD68 antigen (macrophages), lysozyme (macrophages, granulocytes), CD3 antigen (T‐lymphocytes), CD20 antigen (B‐lymphocytes) and leucocyte common antigen (LCA). In addition, these and a further 13 specimens were also examined for immunoglobulin (Ig)‐containing cells (IgA, IgG and IgM). The density of the infiltrate varied considerably between cases: T‐lymphocytes were the dominant cell type (153.9%), with fewer B‐lymphocytes (8.2%) and macrophages (14.2%). Many Ig‐containing cells were seen, and although IgG‐containing cells predominated, (60.8%, SD ±9.0) there was a high proportion of IgA‐containing cells (36.7%, SD ± 9.1) with few IgM‐containing cells (2.5%, SD ±3.0). Many neutrophils, together with smaller numbers of T‐lymphocytes and macrophages were seen in the epithelium. It is suggested that mucosal defence to Candida infection involves a cell‐mediated reaction in which there is recruitment of macrophages and local production of immunoglobulin with a prominent IgA component.
The influence of cigarette consumption and smoking machine yields of tar and nicotine on the nicotine uptake and oral mucosal lesions in smokers
Authors: Andersson Gunilla , Vala Eeva Kazemi , Curvall Margareta
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this investigation, which has been performed as two studies, was to evaluate the association between the daily exposure to nicotine (measured as cigarette smoking machine yields) and the actual uptake of nicotine by cigarette smokers, as well as the association between oral mucosal changes and the exposure to cigarette smoke. In Study 1, consumption data, soft tissue changes and nicotine intake were measured in 47 habitual smokers using cigarettes with tar and nicotine yields within the ranges 9.3–12.2 and 0.72–1.16 mg per cigarette, respectively. The subjects were divided into three groups based on daily cigarette consumption: group averages (standard deviation) were 10.8 (2.2). 17.9 (1.9) and 28.4 (6.1) cigarettes per day. The group averages of tar deliveries from their usual brands of cigarettes were 11.1. 11.0 and 10.5 mg per cigarette, and group averages of nicotine deliveries were 1.05. 1.05 and 1.06 mg per cigarette, respectively. In Study 2, the same data were measured in a group of 77 habitual smokers with an average individual consumption of 11–21 cigarettes per day. The participants in Study 2 were divided into three groups according to tar delivery from their usual brands of cigarettes, with group averages of tar being 6.4 (1.2). 11.0(1.2) and 16.0 (1.1)mg per cigarette, and of nicotine being 0.70 (0.12), 1.05 (0.12) and 1.34 (0.08) mg per cigarette, respectively. The average consumption of all three groups was within the range 17.1 to 17.9 cigarettes per day. The daily exposures to nicotine and tar were measured as the smoking machine yields multiplied by the number of cigarettes smoked per day. Nicotine uptake was determined by monitoring nicotine and its seven main metabolites in 24‐h urine samples. In Study 1 there were significant differences between the three groups in the total amount of nicotine and metabolites excreted in the 24‐h urine. The average nicotine uptake was 14.9, 24.4 and 35.4 mg per day, respectively. In Study 2, the 24‐h excretion of nicotine and metabolites was about the same in all three groups and averaged 24.5 mg per day. The nicotine uptake was significantly correlated to the number of cigarettes smoked per day but not to the smoking machine yields of tar and nicotine per cigarette. The average prevalences for each of the different oral mucosal lesions (leukoedema, smoker's palate and hairy tongue) were found to increase with increasing consumption and nicotine uptake (Study 1): they were also independent of tar and nicotine yields from the cigarettes smoked (Study 2). These results indicate that the actual uptake of nicotine by smokers could not be estimated from the smoking machine yields. Reduction in exposure to smoke components may best be accomplished if smokers are encouraged to smoke fewer lower‐yield cigarettes and to avoid smoking more of each cigarette.
DNA diagnosis of X‐linked amelogenesis imperfecta (AIH1)
Authors: Lench Nicholas J. , Brook Alan H.
Published: April 2006

Mutations in the amelogenin gene, AMGX, are known to cause X‐linked ameiogenesis imperfecta (AIH1). We have used DNA single‐strand conformational polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing to diagnose this disorder unequivocally in two related boys aged 3 and 7 years, respectively, from a family in which an existing mutation in the amelogenin gene is segregating.
GB virus infection in patients with oral cancer and oral lichen planus
Authors: Nagao Yumiko , Sata Michio , Noguchi Seiji , Suzuki Hiroshi , Mizokami Masashi , Kameyama Tadamitsu , Tanikawa Kyuici
Published: April 2006

We studied the incidence of GBV‐C infection in patients with oral cancer or oral lichen planus (OLP). Subjects included 38 patients with oral cancer and 34 patients with OLP from whom serum was collected to detect GBV‐C‐RNA using reverse transcription (RT) “nested” PCR. GBV‐C‐RNA was positive in 1 (2.6%) oral cancer patient and 3 (8.8%) OLP patients. All 4 GBV‐C‐positive patients were also positive both for the antibody for hepatitis C virus (anti‐HCV) and HCV‐RNA, indicating simultaneous infection with GBV‐C and HCV. In conclusion. GBV‐C infection was found in 5.5% (4/72) of oral cancer or OLP patients and all patients infected with GBV‐C also had HCV infection. This suggests that GBV‐C infection is unlikely to play an important role in the pathogenesis of oral cancer and OLP.
Follicular carcinoma in lingual thyroid presenting as a latero‐cervical mass. Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Bigotti G. , Coli A.
Published: April 2006

A follicular carcinoma arising in a lingual thyroid and presenting as a submandibular mass is reported. The tumor showed a mixture of solid sheets of follicular cells and well‐formed follicles displaying variable levels of cytological atypia. True vascular invasion was confirmed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of carcinoma arising in lingual thyroid that presented as a latero‐cervical mass.
Glial choristoma in the oral cavity: histopathologic and immunohistochemical features
Authors: Ide Fumio , Shimoyama Tetsuo , Horie Norio
Published: April 2006

This report describes the morphologic and immunohistochemical features of two cases of glial choristoma arising in the palate. The bulk of the lesions consisted of mature neuroglial tissue admixed with salivary glands, adipose tissue and lymphoid aggregates in case 1 and of cartilage, bone and foci of smooth muscle cells in case 2. In addition, case 2 showed choroid plexus and melanin‐containing epithelium. Neuroglial tissue was intensely positive for CD57 as well as for glial fibrillary acidic protein, S‐100 protein and vimentin. Neuron‐specific enolase and neurofilament were locally or weakly positive. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen was negative in case 1 but sparsely positive in case 2. These features reflect the fact that glial choristoma is a developmental malformation of heterotopic central nervous tissue with limited growth potential.
Cutaneous lymphocyte associated antigen (CLA) and αeβ7 integrins are expressed by mononuclear cells in skin and oral lichen planus
Authors: Walton L. J. , Thornhill M. H. , Macey M. G. , Farthing P. M.
Published: April 2006

The cutaneous lymphocyte associated‐ (CLA‐) positive subset of lymphocytes appears to migrate preferentially into skin by interacting with E‐selectin on vascular endothelium: lymphocytes expressing the αeβ7 integrin accumulate preferentially in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. To determine whether the mononuclear cell population of the oral mucosa resembles that of the skin or intestine, and using lichen planus as a model, the proportions of CLA‐ and αeβ7‐positive cells in the epithelium, lamina propria and peripheral blood were compared by immunostaining and flow cytometry. In both skin and oral lichen planus, selective accumulation of CLA‐positive cells was seen in the epithelium but not in the lamina propria. In contrast, large numbers of αeβ7‐positive intraepithelial cells were found in oral but not in skin lichen planus. These results show that in terms of CLA and αeβ7 expression there are important differences in the mononuclear cell population of oral mucosa and skin.
An association between salivary gland disease and serological abnormalities in Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Nakamura Seiji , Ikebe‐Hiroki Akiko , Shinohara Masanori , Ohyama Yukiko , Mouri Takefumi , Sasaki Masanori , Shirasuna Kanemitsu , Nomoto Kikuo
Published: April 2006

In the labial salivary glands (LSGs) of 16 primary and 18 secondary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) patients, infiltrating lymphocytes were histologically and immunohistochemically examined: also, the serum levels of rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibodies, anti‐DNA antibodies, anti‐SS‐A and anti‐SS‐B antibodies, and immunoglobulins (including IgG, IgM and IgA) were all assayed. An immunohistochemical analysis of the lymphocyte subsets in LSGs revealed that severe lymphocytic infiltration was frequently accompanied by marked B cell accumulation both in primary and secondary SS patients. Furthermore, local B cell accumulation was also closely associated with elevated levels of anti‐SS‐A and anti‐SS‐B antibodies and IgG, and this association was statistically significant in the group with primary SS but not in the group with secondary SS. Thus, local lymphocytic infiltration, especially B cell accumulation, in the salivary glands is suggested to be involved in serological abnormalities in primary SS. while complicated autoimmune diseases other than SS may also be involved in serological abnormalities in secondary SS.
The spectrum of giant cells in tumours of the salivary glands: an analysis of 11 cases
Authors: Donath K. , Seifert G. , Röser K.
Published: April 2006

In view of the different terminology for salivary gland tumours with giant cells, eleven cases were analysed by histopathology and immunocytochemistry. Four cases (three pleomorphic adenomas, one carcinosarcoma in a pleomorphic adenoma) were classified as having a foreign‐body giant cell reaction, and five cases (two mucoepidermoid carcinomas, one acinic cell carcinoma, two carcinomas in pleomorphic adenomas) as having a sarcomatoid osteoclast‐like giant cell reaction. In two further cases a giant cell tumour and a giant cell granuloma were associated with carcinomas in pleomorphic adenomas. All giant cells showed characteristic expression of CD68 as a typical marker for histiocytes and macrophages with their origin in mononuclear haematopoetic stem cells. There was no evidence for an epithelial origin of the giant cells because all those examined had a negative reaction to cytokeratin. Foreign‐body cells were characterized by cytoplasmic vacuoles and irregularly dispersed nuclei. They showed a focally circumscribed reaction mostly outside the connective tissue pseudocapsule of the tumours. The sarcomatoid osteoclast‐like giant cell reactions in carcinomas were distinctly intermingled with the carcinomatous patterns. In contrast, the associated osteoclast‐like giant cell tumour was distinctly separate from the salivary gland tumour tissue and was composed of numerous larger osteoclast‐like giant cells with a greater number of nuclei (more than 20): these giant cells were uniformly distributed throughout the tumour tissue. The giant cell granuloma was also separate from the carcinoma and was composed of nests of smaller, more irregularly distributed giant cells.
Sequestration of the alveolar bone by invasive aspergillosis in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Filippi Andreas , Dreyer Thomas , Bohle Rainer‐Maria , Pohl Yango , Rosseau Simone
Published: April 2006

Compared to non‐invasive aspergillosis, invasive aspergillosis in the region of the mouth, jaw and face has rarely been reported. It occurs particulary often in the presence of haematological oncological illness. The case of a patient suffering from acute myeloid leukemia is described: he contracted invasive aspergillosis of the lungs and the alveolar processes in the course of chemotherapeutic treatment. All the alveolar processes in the region of the premolars and molars were demarcated and had to be removed by sequestrectomy. The therapy of invasive aspergillosis should be carried out within the framework of intensive interdisciplinary treatment. In addition to systemic and local antimycotic therapy, the debridement of necrotic hard and soft tissue was necessary.
Apoptosis‐associated markers in oral lichen planus
Authors: Dekker Nusi P. , Lozada‐Nur Francina , Lagenaur Laurel A. , MacPhail Laurie A. , Bloom Craig Y. , Regezi Joseph A.
Published: April 2006

Hypothesizing that loss of basal cells in oral lichen planus is due to apoptosis. we evaluated LP specimens for apoptosis‐regulating proteins [positive regulators Bcl‐xs, Bax, Fas/Fas‐ligand, p53. and negative regulators (anti‐apoptotic) Bcl‐2, Bcl‐xL] and compared results with reactions in normal mucosa and chronically inflamed gingiva. Also, sections were evaluated with an in situ TUNEL assay that identifies apoptotic DNA fragments. Basal keratinocytes in normal buccal mucosa, nonspecific gingivitis, and LP were negative for Bcl‐2 protein, but meta‐nocytes and iymphoid cells were positive. Keratinocyte staining for Bcl‐x was negative to weak in normal buccal mucosa and gingivitis, and moderate in LP. Keratinocytes (especially upper prickle cells) in all tissues stained similarly for Bax at weak to moderate levels. Also, no differences in Fas and Fas‐ligand staining were evident. Prominent p53‐positive staining was seen in all LP biopsies (10–100% of basal keratinocytes) but not in normal buccal mucosa and gingivitis. Few basal keratinocytes in 5/10 LP cases exhibited a positive in situ signal for DNA fragment‐associated apoptosis. That the Bcl‐2 family of proteins and Fas/Fasligand were detected in normal and diseased tissues, and were occasionally expressed differently in oral LP, supports the notion that apoptosis is a potential mechanism of keratinocyte loss, especially in LP. The pattern of p53 staining in oral LP suggests over‐expression of wild‐type protein; a phenomenon that would arrest the cell cycle to allow repair of damaged DNA. or trigger apoptosis. While immunohistochemical evidence for apoptosis‐associated basal keratinocyte death in LP was slight, it appeared that it may be p53 protein, and possibly Bcl‐x. associated.
Anti‐Toxoplasma gondii immunoglobulins A and G in human saliva and serum
Authors: Loyola Adriano Mota , Durighetto Antonio Francisco , Silva Deise Aparecida Oliveira , Mineo Jose Roberto
Published: April 2006

Paired human saliva and serum samples from 60 individuals were tested for specific IgA and IgG antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii. The study in both fluids was carried out by indirect immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA). Saline antigenic extract of T. gondii was used to coat plastic surfaces upon which the samples were then incubated: monospecific conjugates of anti‐IgA and anti‐IgG‐peroxidase were then incubated with the samples after a washing procedure to separate the unbound antibodies. The enzymatic activity was measured and the results expressed in terms of ELISA index. Toxoplasma‐specific IgG antibodies were detected in 43 of the serum samples (7l.7%) and in 12 of the saliva samples (20.0%) whereas Toxoplasma‐specific IgA antibodies were detected in 18 of the serum samples (30.0%) and in 12 of the saliva samples (20.0%). No association was observed when the Toxoplasma‐specific IgG reactive and non‐reactive serum samples were compared with the reactive and non‐reactive saliva samples for this class of immunoglobulin. On the other hand, a significant association was observed when the Toxoplasma‐specific IgA reactive and non‐reactive serum samples were compared with the reactive and non‐reactive saliva for this type of antibody. In conclusion, our results show that the detection of salivary IgA reflects the serum level of this isotype but salivary IgG does not. Moreover, the isolated detection of salivary IgG may not contribute to epidemiological studies of chronic toxoplasmic infections.