bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic Feasibility of Vegetable Production under Polyhouse:A Case Study of Capsicum and Tomato
Authors: Murthy D Sreenivasa , Prabhakar B S , Hebbar S S , Srinivas V , Prabhakar M
Published: August 2023

Polyhouse cultivation of vegetables is emerging as a specialized production technology to overcome biotic and abiotic stresses and to break the seasonal barrier to production. It also ensures round the year production of highvalue vegetables, like capsicum, especially, during off-season. Cost is the major issue in sustaining this technology. The present study examined the economic viability of production of capsicum and tomato in a naturally ventilated polyhouse of medium cost category with drip irrigation system. Data were generated by cost accounting method for estimating the feasibility of production and was analyzed by using project evaluation methods, like Pay Back Period (PBP), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Cultivation of capsicum in a polyhouse was found to be highly feasible as reflected in higher values of NPV (Rs.3,23,145/500 m2), BCR (1.80) and IRR (53.7%) with payback period of less than two years. Breakeven price for capsicum production in a polyhouse (Rs.11.80/kg) was lesser than average wholesale price. Production of tomato in a polyhouse was found not feasible, as the breakeven price was more than the average market price and all the project appraisal parameters indicated that it was not feasible. Only at about 48% premium price over the prevailing market price or reduction of cost of polyhouse structure by 60% from Rs.400 to Rs.160 /m2, could make the tomato production viable in a poly house.
Statistical Models for Stability Analysis in Watermelon
Authors: Venugopalan R , Pitchaimuthu M
Published: August 2023

Fourteen promising F1 hybrids of watermelon namely IIHR-188 X IIHR-118, IIHR 114 X IIHR 118 , IIHR 119 X IIHR- 20-1, Arka Manik X IIHR 46, IIHR 43 X IIHR 46, Arka Manik X IIHR-188, Arka Jyothi, NS-295, Kushboo, Madhubala, Apoorva, CWH-7 and Riya were evaluated in experimental plots of Division of Vegetable Crops, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore during 2002-04. Information about biometrical characters such as fruit length (cm), fruit girth (cm), days to first male flower opening&female flower opening, rind thickness(cm) and TSS (%) along with yield (t ha-1), were used to develop stability models to identify stable hybrid(s) for a wide range for cultivation. Stability models thus developed indicated that two hybrids, viz., Arka Jyothi (with yield potential of 75.91 t ha-1) across the years and NS-295 (64.25 t ha-1) were stable for a wide range for cultivation. Statistical measures of stability, viz., regression coefficient, deviation from regression co-efficient and ecovalence measures, were worked out and utilized for grouping of hybrids into different categories based on their cumulative performance over the years.
Effect of Plant Growth Regulators in Yield and Fruit Quality in Pomegranate cv. Ruby
Authors: Ghosh S N , Bera B , Roy S , Kundu A
Published: August 2023

An investigation was carried out during 2006-07 and 2007-08 to harness beneficial effects of plant growth regulators on yield and fruit quality in pomegranate cv. Ruby. Seven treatments with three growth regulators, viz., NAA at 25, 50 ppm; GA3 at 10, 20 ppm; 2,4-D at 5, 10 ppm and control (water spray) were sprayed three times starting at 50% flowering stage and, subsequently, at 21 days' interval. Results revealed that application of NAA at 25 ppm gave significantly high fruit set (44.3%) and fruit retention (44.1%) which resulted in highest fruit yield of 7.8 kg/plant at the age of 7 years, as against 1.7 kg in the control. Fruit weight and quality improved significantly due to growth regulator sprays.
Heterosis in Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.)
Authors: Yadav Murlee , Chaudhary Rashmi , Singh D B
Published: August 2023

The present investigation was conducted to determine heterosis in 6 lines and 4 tester crosses of bitter gourd, where the six lines used were MC-84 (L1), S-17 (L2), JMC-21 (L3), NDBT-15(L4), VRBT-94 (L5) and Gy-1 (L6) and the four testers were VRBT-6-9 (T1), JMC-22 (T2), VRBT-89 (T3) and MC-56 (T4). Most of the crosses failed to manifest significant heterosis for many of the horticultural traits but traits, like vine length and fruit length showed positive significant heterosis, while, days to first appearance of female flower manifested negative significant heterosis in several crosses. Two crosses, namely, MC-84 x VRBT-6-9 and MC-84 x JMC-22 were identified to have potential in terms of yield, whereas two more crosses viz., S-17 x VRBT-6-9 and S-17 x JMC-22 were found superior in terms of powdery mildew resistance.
Comparative Study of Pesticide Residue Pattern in Vegetables Grown Using IPM and Non-IPM Practices
Authors: Sharma Debi , Moorthy P N Krishna , Krishnamoorthy A
Published: August 2023

Pesticide residue persistence pattern in three vegetable crops, viz., tomato, cabbage and cauliflower, cultivated following previously developed pesticide residue-free IPM packages, was compared with a crop cultivated under conventional or non - IPM conditions. It was observed that vegetables grown as per IPM practices were safer to consume at harvest compared to those grown as per conventional cultivation practices, with chemical control as the sole means of plant protection. Pesticide residues, if present, were mostly in trace amounts (< 0.01 ppm) in vegetables grown as per IPM practices, except the residues of methomyl and monocrotophos in cabbage, where slightly higher levels of pesticides were observed.
Cashew research in India
Authors: Bhat M G , Nagaraja K V , Rupa T R
Published: August 2023

Cashew, after its introduction from Brazil during the 16th Century, has established very well in India. A total of 40 high-yielding varieties have been released so far by the Directorate of Cashew Research, Puttur, and various Agricultural Universities, for cultivation. Of these, 13 are hybrids and 27 are selections. Research achievements in the area of crop improvement, management, protection and post-harvest technology over the last six decades are reviewed and documented here. As India has been importing raw nuts to the tune of 6.5 lakh tons annually to cater the demand of established processing factories, research priorities have been identified to meet the challenges of enhancing production and productivity of cashew in the country.
Genetic Variability in Indian Spinach (Basella alba L.)
Authors: Varalakshmi B , . Devaraju
Published: August 2023

Evaluation of eleven germplasm lines of the Indian spinach (basella) revealed maximum leaf weight/plant in IIHR-1 (160.5g), followed by IIHR-18 (111.6g) and IIHR-3 (98.3g). Results of genetic studies revealed that phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation for all the traits studied, indicating environmental influence on expression of these characters. Moderate heritability along with high genetic advance was recorded for leaf weight and total plant weight, indicating the presence of additive gene effects. Hence, selection can be employed for improvement of these characters in basella. Higher plant weight was found to be significantly and positively associated with branch number, leaf number, leaf weight and stem weight. Leaf number had the maximum direct positive effect on total plant weight, followed by leaf length. Indirect effects of other characters through these characters were also seen to be positive. Thus, for yield improvement in basella, emphasis may be laid on indirect selection through leaf characters like leaf number, leaf length and leaf weight.
Effect of Basin Versus Drip Irrigation on Quality Production in Mosambi Sweet Orange
Authors: Ghosh S N , Pal P P
Published: August 2023

An investigation was undertaken to find out the effect of basin and drip irrigation on growth, production, fruit quality, foliar N, P, K values and soil moisture status in Mosambi sweet orange grown in laterite soil. Treatments included drip irrigation at 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 Epan with and without black polythene mulching, basin irrigation @ 30 liter/plant at 18 days interval + black polythene mulching and control (No watering + black polythene mulching). The plants receiving irrigation at 0.8 Epan + polythene mulching resulted 136 fruits per plant with superior in fruit quality in terms of highest TSS (11.2°B), sugar (8.5%) and vitamin C (47.8 mg/100ml) content. Maximum fruit weight of 166 g and diameter of 7.0 cm were recorded in the fruits of the plants which received irrigation at 1.0 Epan + polythene mulching. Foliar nitrogen content was highest (2.65%) in plants with drip irrigation at 0.8 Epan + polythene mulching while phosphorus and potassium content were non-significant among the treatments. Irrigation (drip or basin) of the plants during dry months resulted lower shoot drying as compared to no irrigation.
Effect of planting geometry and nitrogen levels on crop growth, fruit yield and quality in okra grown during early winter in terai zone of West Bengal
Authors: Jana J C , Guha S , Chatterjee R
Published: August 2023

A field-experiment was conducted in early winter of 2006 and 2007 under sub-Himalayan terai agroclimatic region of West Bengal to evaluate comparative effect of planting geometry and nitrogen levels on growth, yield and fruit quality in okra variety Arka Anamika. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design and replicated thrice, with four levels of nitrogen, viz., 50 kg, 100 kg, 150 kg and 200 kg ha-1 and four different spacings viz., 30 cm x 15 cm, 30 cm x 30 cm, 45 cm x 30 cm and 60 cm x 30 cm. Among different treatment combinations, application of 150 kg N ha-1 and 45 cm x 30 cm spacing recorded the highest number of fruits plant-1 (13.7), individual fruit weight (18.5 gm), fruit yield plant-1 (195.0 g), fruit yield ha-1 (12.2 t) and Vitamin C content in fruits (25.3 mg /100 g). Fertilization with 200 kg N ha-1 and 45 cm x 30 cm spacing recorded the highest value for nitrate content in fruits (658.1 mg kg-1). The study amply revealed scope for growing okra crop profitably during early winter season of mild, cool temperature by adopting nitrogen levels of 150 kg ha-1 with plant spacing of 45 cm x 30 cm in the terai agro-climatic region of West Bengal.
Evaluation of Mulch Colour for Enhancing Winter-Strawberry Production under Polyhouse in Mid-Hills of Himachal Pradesh
Authors: Shylla Bunty , Sharma C L
Published: August 2023

Strawberry cultivation in Himachal Pradesh is mainly based on outdoor planting using hay as mulch and, very recently, using black polythene as mulch. The bulk of its production under field conditions usually occurs in April- May when market price is quite low. In an effort to make the crop remunerative through enhanced winter-production, a polyhouse experiment was set up to investigate influence of mulch colour on off-season fruiting response, fruit size and quality in strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.). Plants of cv. Chandler were planted in September, 2004. Irrigation was imposed using the given through T-Tape system, from 8.00 AM to 5.00 PM. Yellow plastic mulch significantly increased number of fruits, effected early and higher total yield compared to black or silver-over-purple plastic mulches. Un-mulched bed produced lowest yield and fruit quality. Yellow plastic mulch raised soil temperature by at least 2°C compared to the un-mulched bed.
Proliferation and Rooting Efficiency Studies in Sour Cherry (Prunus cerasus) Using in Vitro Techniques
Authors: Singh S R , Sundouri A S , Sharma M K , Srivastava K K , Dar H A
Published: August 2023

Murashige and Skoog's medium (MS) and Woody plant (WP) medium supplemented with IBA and BAP at different concentrations were tested for culture proliferation in sour cherry. MS medium supplemented with 1 mg L-1 BAP + 0.1 mg L-1 IBA, and, Woody plant medium fortified with 2 mg L-1 BAP + 0.1 mg L-1 IBA recorded maximum proliferation efficiency. MS medium supplemented with BAP @ 0.1 mg L-1 and devoid of auxin recorded optimum elongation of micro-shoots. MS medium fortified with 2 mg L-1 IBA gave highest rooting percentage and average number of roots per explant. BAP and IBA in MS medium were ideal for proliferation indices like number of shoots per explant, average length of shoots (mm) and percentage of shoots with desired length for rooting, and, can be used in a multiplication programme.
Effect of Ethrel® on Flowering, Sex-Expression and Yield in Cashew
Authors: Gawankar M S , Sawale R D , Pawar S N , Chavan S A
Published: August 2023

A field trial was conducted at Regional Fruit Research Station, Vengurle, Dist. Sindhudurg, (Maharashtra) to assess the efficacy of Ethrel® in relation to flowering behavior and yield enhancement in cashew on seven year old Cashew trees of Vengurle -7 variety during 2008-09. Three sprays of Ethrel® @ 100 ppm, 200 ppm and 400 ppm along with water spray were given before flushing, after flushing and during fruit-set. Control consisted of no. spray. Among treatments, Ethrel® @ 100 ppm significantly increased number of flowering panicles m-2 (12.0), number of perfect flowers per panicle (52.8), fruit-set m-2 (28.8), number of nuts per panicle (2.9) and yield tree-1 ( 1.51 kg tree-1) than control and water spray. Thus, lower concentration of Ethrel® had a beneficial effect on cashew.
Variability in Markingnut (Semecarpus anacardium L.) Accessions from Marathwada Region of Maharashtra State
Authors: Deshmukh N A , Waskar D P , Sable P B
Published: August 2023

A survey was conducted in markingnut growing area (Aurangabad, Beed, Hingoli, Nanded and Parbhani districts) of Marathwada region in Maharashtra (India) during 2005-07 to assess existing natural variability for superior genotypes and good fruit-quality among 264 markingnut seedling trees and 27 superior clones. All the genotypes showed considerable variability with respect to physico-chemical characters. Fruit weight varied from 5.0 (PD-2) to 15.88 g (HD-5) and hypocarp weight from 3.37 (AD-2 and PD-1) to 10.67g (HD-5). Individual pericarp weight ranged from 1.59 (PD-2) to 5.21 g (HD-5) and kernel weight ranged from 0.16 (PD-2) to 1.07 g (HD-5). There was wide variation in chemical characteristics. Also, T.S.S. varied from 5.67 (BD-3) to 13.10°B (ND-3) and titratable acidity from 0.22 (AD-1) to 1.93% (BD-3). Kernel protein content ranged from 13.22 (AD-2) to 25.75% (HD-5), carbohydrate content from 17.92 (PD-3) to 26.91% (AD-3), fat content from 31.57 (HD-3) to 40.59% (PD-4) and pericarp oil (B.S.L) content from 27.80 (BD-4) to 41.74% (HD-2). On the basis of physico-chemical characters assessed, genotypes HD-5 and ND-3 were found to be most promising.
Nutrient Dynamics of Annual Growth-Flush in Mango (Mangifera indica L.)
Authors: Kotur S C , Keshava Murthy S V
Published: August 2023

Internal nutrient dynamics in mango (cv. Alphonso) were studied during its annual growth flush (January - June, 2002). The study consisted of sampling mature leaves and growth belonging to the previous thirteen seasons at least (representing the seasonal growth of the previous six years) at fruit-set and post-harvest stages of plant growth. The samples were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca and Mg. The study indicated that phosphorus moved from 2nd, 3rd and 4th internodes to current season's growth and accumulated at other internodes, potassium moved from mature leaves to the new growth and accumulated in all the other internodes. Calcium and magnesium moved from 9th and older internodes to current season's growth, whereas, N was mostly remobilized from much older parts and by absorption from soil. The results imply that fertilizer application in productive mango trees should aim at keeping nutrient reserves of the permanent framework well-supplied to achieve sustained fruit production.
Statistical Genomics and Bioinformatics
Authors: Narain Prem
Published: August 2023

Some important and interesting topics in the newly emerging disciplines of Statistical genomics andbioinformatics have been discussed briefly in relation to plants with possible references to fruit crops. This paper is therefore divided into two parts relating to the two disciplines, respectively. In the first part, mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL), association mapping, mapping of gene expression transcripts (eQTL), marker-assisted selection, and a systems approach to quantitative genetics have been dealt with. In the second part, generation of databases, annotation, annotated sequence databases, and sequence similarity search have been described.
Guava Improvement in India and Future Needs
Authors: Dinesh M R , Vasugi C
Published: August 2023

Guava (Psidium guajava L; Myrtaceae) is an important fruit crop of India. High heterozygosity and frequent cross pollination resulted in the present day variability in seedling populations from which promising genotypes have been selected. As of now, there are about 160 cultivars available in India, among which 'Allahabad Safeda' and 'Sardar' varieties are widely cultivated. Crop improvement work attempted in India resulted in release of several superior selections / hybrids. Also, interspecific hybrids resistant to guava wilt were developed at CISH, Lucknow which are graft compatible with commercial varieties of P. guajava. The use of new biotechnological tools like DNA fingerprinting to study the extent of genetic variation among cultivars, rapid multiplication through in vitro shoot-tip culture needs to be employed extensively. Attempts need to be made to spot genetic markers for wilt resistance to improve efficiency in developing wilt resistant clones and rootstocks. Survey to identify superior genotypes with Allahabad Safeda traits and high density planting characters like early bearing, compact plant type, favourable response to pruning, good branch angle to minimize branch breakage even under heavy bearing, and, with a high fruit : shoot ratio need to be paid due attention. Work on aneuploidy breeding, development of autotetraploids and in vitro genetic manipulation of somatic cells needs to be intensified.
Effect of Pruning Intensity on Leaf Tissue Micronutrient Status in Three Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Cultivars under High Density Planting
Authors: Singh Sanjay Kumar , Singh S K
Published: August 2023

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of pruning on leaf micro nutrient (Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn) status in nonfloral and floral shoots of three mango cultivars ('Amrapali', 'Mallika' and 'Dashehari') under high density planting during 2005-2007. All the three cultivars differed significantly in Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn content in leaves of non- floral as well as floral shoots. Pruning showed marked influence only on Cu and Zn content in the leaves of non- floral and floral shoots. Leaf nutrient status in terms of Fe and Mn also varied in cultivars irrespective of pruning intensity, and pruning did not have significant impact on Fe and Mn status in leaf tissue. Non-floral shoots had greater concentration of Cu and Zn than floral shoots in both the years of experiment. Highest Cu, Fe and Mn content was recorded in 'Mallika' mango, while, Zn content was highest in 'Dashehari' mango. Severe pruning (90 cm from apex) improved Cu and Zn content in leaves of non-floral shoots as well as floral shoots. The lowest amount of Cu and Mn was noted in 'Dashehari' leaves, while, 'Amrapali' had the lowest Zn and Fe content in both non-floral and floral shoots. Severely pruned 'Mallika' trees registered the highest amount of Cu, while lightly pruned 'Dashehari' trees had highest Zn content in their floral and non-floral leaves. Moderate pruning in' Mallika' enhanced Mn content in leave of non-floral and floral shoots. No-pruning in 'Dashehari' trees led to lower Cu content but Zn content was the least in lightly pruned 'Amrapali' trees. Severe pruning in 'Dashehari' trees drastically reduced Mn content. Thus, severe pruning in old mango trees may be advisable to improve micronutrient status in floral and non floral shoots.
Effect of Spacing and Crop Duration on Growth, Flowering and Bulb Production in Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) Cv. Double
Authors: Malam V R , Singh S P , Ahlawat T R , Mathukia R K , Jat Giriraj
Published: August 2023

Field experiments were conducted at Junagadh during 2002-05 to study the response of spacing (45 x 45, 45 x 30, 45 x 15, 30 x 30 and 30 x 15 cm) and crop duration (first year crop, first ratoon and second ratoon) on growth, flowering, cut flower yield and bulb production in tuberose cv. Double. The widest spacing (45 cm x 45 cm) registered the highest values for plant height (46.18 cm), number of leaves per clump (67.25), spike length (89.64 cm), spike diameter (0.95 cm), diameter of open flower (4.6 cm), rachis length (34.8 cm), number of spikes per clump (4.1), number of florets per spike (48.2), number of bulbs per clump (18.40) and number of bulblets per clump (31.60). It also induced early spike emergence and flowering. A planting distance of 30 x 30 cm realized the highest cut flower yield (2.72 lakh ha-1) and that of 30 cm x 15 cm recorded the highest bulb production (22 lakh ha-1). Ratoon crops showed higher plant height, number of leaves, bulbs, bulblets and spikes per clump and cut flower yield as well as bulb production over the first year crop. Early spike emergence and flowering was also noted in ratoon crops compared to the first year crop. However, spike and flower quality was inferior to that of first year crop with regard to spike length and diameter, number of florets per spike, diameter of open flower and rachis length.
Effect of Cultivars and Season on Grafting Success in Sapota under Paschim Midnapur Conditions of West Bengal
Authors: Ghosh S N , Bera B , Roy S , Banik B C
Published: August 2023

Two sets of experiments were carried out during 2007-08 to assess incompatibility of sapota cultivars to softwood grafting, and to find out the best time for softwood grafting, in a private orchard at Jhargram of Paschim Midnapore, West Bengal. Considerable variation in success of softwood grafting among sapota cultivars was observed. Among ten cultivars studied, CO-2 showed highest compatibility with Khirnee rootstock to softwood grafting, followed by Cricket Ball and DSH-2. There was a total failure in graft-take in cultivars CO-1, DSH-1 and Guthi. Softwood grafting success was highest in sapota when carried out on 1stJuly (72%) followed by 15th August (70%), 5th June (62%) and 15th June (56%).
Influence of De-Navelling and Stalk-End Nutrient Application on Nutrient Composition of 'Robusta' Banana Fruits
Authors: Kotur S C , Keshava Murthy S V
Published: August 2023

The contents of N, P, Mg, S, Fe and Mn in banana fruit increased significantly due to denavelling from 0.32%, 0.086%, 0.12%, 0.024%, 52 ppm and 4.8 ppm, under 'control' to 0.37%, 0.085%, 0.13%, 0.027%, 59 ppm and 6.7 ppm, respectively. Dipping stalk end of the bunch in fresh cow dung enhanced these above nutrients to 0.40%, 0.086%, 0.14%. 0.028%, 63 ppm and 7.6 ppm, respectively. When cow dung was enriched with ammonium sulphate, the fruits showed 0.50-0.51% of N, 0.081-0.090% of P, 0.16-0.23% of Mg, 0.032-0.040% of S, 59-111 ppm of Fe and 8.1-17.8 ppm of Mn. Addition of potassium sulphate further enhanced this effect in respect of K (2.11-2.44%) and Fe (74-115 ppm) in fruit. Increasing level of ammonium sulphate in the blend significantly decreased Ca content of the fruit from 0.24% at 5 g to 0.10% at 25 g. When potassium sulphate was included in the blend, Ca content showed further reduction (0.19% at 5 g to 0.10% at 25g). At 15 g of ammonium sulphate and 7.5 g of potassium sulphate the maximum bunch weight of 27.993 kg was obtained (as against 16.724kg under retention of male bud throughout) corresponding to the enhanced nutrient composition of 2.44% of K, 0.12% of Ca, 0.18% of Mg, 0.033% of S, 115ppm of Fe and 14.9ppm of Mn that may have nutraceutical implications.
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management Strategies on Growth and Yield of Cape Gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.)
Authors: Sandhu Savreet , Gill Bikramjit Singh
Published: August 2023

An investigation was undertaken during 2009-10 to study the impact of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of Cape gooseberry genotype 'Aligarh'. Treatments consisted of application of biofertilizers (Azotobacter, Azospirillium and Pseudomonas) applied alone or in combination, with 75% and 100% NPK, plus full dose of FYM. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with twenty treatments replicated thrice. Seedlings inoculated with Azotobacter + 100% NPK + FYM gave maximum plant height, stem thickness, shoot number per plant and fruit yield per plant. Treatment of Azotobacter inoculation + 75% NPK +FYM gave maximum leaf area and minimum days to fruit picking. Biological routes to improving soil fertility and soil health for optimum crop production, therefore, form a vital component of integrated nutrient management.
Development of Fertilizer Prescription Targeted Yield-Equation for Carrot Crop Based on Soil Test Values
Authors: Basavaraja P K , Reddy P N Narasimha , Rajesh N L , Apoorva K B
Published: August 2023

A field experiment was conducted on red soils (Kandic paleustalfs) of Zonal Agricultural Research Station, GKVK, Bangalore during kharif 2008-09 to develop a targeted yield equation for carrot crop. After developing three levels of fertility gradient with respect to available NPK in soil, the main experiment was conducted by taking carrot as a test crop. Initial soil data, carrot root yield and NPK uptake by carrot crop were used for obtaining four important basic parameters, viz., nutrients required to produce a quintal of carrot roots (NR%), contribution of nutrients from fertilizers (CF%), contribution of nutrients from soil (CS%) and contribution of nutrients from organic matter (%C-OM). These parameters were used for developing fertilizer-adjustment targeted yield equation. Comparison of the present soil testing laboratory method with Soil Test Crop Response approach of fertilizer recommendation clearly indicated superiority of STCR targeted yield approach for efficient and economic use of fertilizers to attain the required yield target.
Compatibility of Biocontrol Agent Trichoderma viride with Various Pesticides
Authors: Madhavi G Bindu , Bhattiprolu S L , Reddy V Bali
Published: August 2023

Compatibility of Trichoderma viride with 25 pesticides was evaluated in vitro. Among six seed-treatment chemicals tested, T. viride showed a high compatibility with the insecticide Imidacloprid (7.6cm mycelial growth), followed by Mancozeb (6.3cm) and Tebuconazole (3.7cm). Contact fungicides, viz., Pencycuron and Propineb were found to be fully compatible with T. viride. Among the 10 herbicides also tested, the fungus was highly compatible with Imazathafir (9.0cm) followed by 2,4-D Sodium salt (8.9cm) and Oxyfluoforen (6.5cm) while being totally incompatible with systemic fungicides like Carbendazim, Hexaconazole, Tebuconazole and Propiconazole.
Evaluation of F1 Hybrids in Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.) for Yield and Quality
Authors: Thangamani C , Pugalendhi L , Sumathi T , Kavitha C
Published: August 2023

To study the combining ability and heterosis for yield and quality characters, full diallel analysis was carried out in bitter gourd during January - April 2008 (Thai pattam), with 10 diversified parents, at Research Farm, Horticultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Coimbatore. Parental mean and gca effects revealed that the parents Preethi, CO-1, MC-30, Uchha Bolder, Green Long and MC-105 were the best genotypes for improvement of yield, combined with quality characters. Hybrids, viz., Preethi x MC-30, KR x USL, MC-105 x MC-10 and Priyanka x CO-1 registered favourable values for mean, significant sca and standard heterosis for yield and quality parameters. Hence, these hybrids are recommended for commercial exploitation of heterosis. Comparison of parental gca and sca of hybrids revealed that hybridization between good x good, good x poor, medium x poor and poor x good combiners gave rise to hybrids with significant sca effects. Considering the mean performance, sca and standard heterosis, hybrid 'Preethi x MC-30' registered favourable values for the most important characters like earliness, number of fruits, fruit yield and quality. Top performing F1 hybrids can be tested over seasons and locations for assessing stability for high yield and quality.
Standardization of IBA Concentration for Rooting of Cuttings of some Indigenous Fruit Crops of Assam
Authors: Angami Thejangulie , Das R P
Published: August 2023

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of different concentrations of IBA (250, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ppm) on rooting of cuttings in five indigenous fruit species- Barthekera (Garcinia pedunculataRoxb.), Teportenga (Garcinia xanthochymus Hk.f), Jalphai (Eleocarpus floribundus Bl ), Nagatenga (Rhus semialata Murr.) and Outenga (Dillenia indica Linn.) during March 2007. Among all the five species studied, Outenga registered highest percentage of rooting (38.86), number of primary roots (12.00), survival percentage (40.47) and longest shoots (20.41cm). IBA @ 2000 ppm exhibited highest percentage of rooting (37.13), number of primary roots (9.13), survival percentage (35.69) and longest shoots (17.91cm).
Influence of Gibberellic Acid and Planting Date on Growth and Flowering in Gladiolus Cv. Yellow Frilled
Authors: Kumari Suman , Patel B S , Mahawer L N
Published: August 2023

The present investigation was conducted during 2004-05 rabi season to test the influence of gibberellic acid (GA3) and planting date on growth and flowering in gladiolus cv. Yellow Frilled, at S.D.A.U., S.K. Nagar (Gujarat). This was done in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and analysed under factorial setup to study the interaction. Results revealed that the earliest sprouting in corm, maximum plant height, number of leaves plant-1, leaf area plant-1, early spike emergence, number of spikes plant-1plot-1, spike length, rachis length, number of florets spike-1, and flowering duration were recorded in the earliest planting date, i.e., 25th October. Dipping corm in GA3 (100pm) also proved to be the best leading to earliest corm sprouting, and various growth/flowering parameters. From these results, it is concluded that in gladiolus, planting on 25th October along with dipping of corms in gibberellic acid (100ppm) at the time of planting, is most effective for improved growth and flowering.
Comparative Performance of Spray Chrysanthemum Cultivars under Polyhouse and Open-Field Cultivation at Different Dates of Planting
Authors: Gantait Subhendu s , Pal P
Published: August 2023

Fifteen cultivars of spray chrysanthemum were evaluated in polyhouse and open-field, with three planting dates from mid-July to mid-August during 2003-05. Overall plant growth, flower stem length, number of flowers per plant, shelf life and vase life of flower were found to be maximum under 15th July planting compared to 30th July and 15th August plantings both under polyhouse and open-field conditions. Flower size and flower yield (g/plant) was highest under 30th July planting in polyhouse condition, whereas, in open-field it was the 15th July planting. Early flowering was recorded in 15th August planting both in polyhouse and open-field. Cultivar Arati showed maximum flower stem length and flower yield. Some of the other cultivars, viz., Yellow Anemone, Sarad Mala, Apsara Violet and Aditi also exhibited high yield both under polyhouse and open-field conditions. Polyhouse always recorded higher yield than open-field. Cultivar Yellow Anemone planted on 15th July recorded highest number of flowers per plant regardless of growth environment. Highest flower yield (794.94g) per plant was recorded in cv. Arati in 30th July planting under polyhouse, while, it was maximum in 15th July planting in open-field.
Evaluation of Fungicides, Soil Amendment Practices and Bioagents against Fusarium solani-Causal Agent of Wilt Disease in Chilli
Authors: Madhavi G Bindu , Bhattiprolu S L
Published: August 2023

Chilli is affected by the wilt disease caused by Fusarium solani, under irrigated conditions. In absence of resistant cultivars, the disease needs to be controlled by management practices. In vitro evaluation of six fungicides by Poisoned Food Technique showed that a combination of carbendazim+mancozeb was effective in inhibiting mycelial growth (93.6%), followed by Carbendazim alone (92.4%). In vivo soil drench using the same fungicides proved effective in controlling the pathogen. Integration of different treatments, including seedling dip, with Carbendazim, addition of vermicompost, drenching with fungicide, and application of Trichoderma viride was found to be effective in managing the disease, in comparison to individual treatments.
Studies on Rejuvenation of Old, Unproductive 'Alphonso' Mango Trees in Orchards
Authors: Reddy Y T N , Kurian Reju M
Published: August 2023

A field trial on pruning was conducted from 2004 to 2009 to induce rejuvenation of twenty six year old, unproductive 'Alphonso' mango trees, at Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore. In the study, three treatments imposed comprised of two pruning treatments, namely 30cm and 45cm pruning of third order branches from the point of origin, and a control (no pruning). Pruning increased the mean cumulative fruit yield for four years, which was almost double that of control, although the two pruning treatments were on par. Maximum mean cumulative fruit yield (86.3kg/plant) was obtained with 30cm pruning, whereas control treatment recorded a fruit yield of 47.2kg/plant. Fruit quality attributes such as average fruit-weight, TSS, acidity and shelf-life were not affected by the two pruning treatments, for rejuvenation of 'Alphonso' mango.
Antioxidant-Rich Amaranth Varieties, Arka Samraksha and Arka Varna
Authors: Varalakshmi B , Rao V Kesava , Naik G
Published: August 2023

Amaranth improvement in India hither to was concerned with development of high-yielding varieties, and hardly any research efforts have been made for its nutritional improvement. Keeping this in view, at Indian Institute of Horticultural Research two high-yielding amaranth varieties, Arka Samraksha and Arka Varna with high antioxidant activity, low amounts of nitrates and oxalates were developed using modified bulk method of selection from segregating population of the crosses IIHR-4 x IIHR-70 and IIHR-7 x IIHR-30 . Arka Samraksha is a high-yielding (10.9 t/ha in 30-35 days), pulling-type variety with green leaves and stem, antioxidant activity of 499mg (AEAC units) and minimum nitrate content of 27.3 mg and 1.34 g oxalates per 100 g fresh leaf weight. Arka Varna also a pulling type, high-yielding variety (10.6 t/ha in 30-35 days) with green leaves and a pink stem, high antioxidant activity of 417 mg (AEAC units), low nitrate content of 37.6 mg and 1.42 g oxalates per 100 g fresh leaf weight.
Evaluation of Potato-Based Crop Sequences for Crop Diversification in Malwa Region of Madhya Pradesh
Authors: Kushwah S S , Singh O P , Gupta B S
Published: August 2023

A study was conducted to evaluate different crop sequences under limited-period irrigation conditions at farmers' fields in four villages of Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh during 2007-08. Six crop sequences, viz., Soybean-Garlic, Soybean-Onion, Soybean-Wheat, Soybean-Potato, Green gram-Radish-Potato and Green gram-Potato-Wheat were compared. Results revealed that crop sequence had remarkable influence on various competition indices. Highest potato equivalent yield (506.25q/ha) was recorded in green-gram- radish-potato crop sequence, followed by soybeangarlic, green-gram-potato-wheat and soybean-potato crop sequences. Land Utilization Index (LUI) was highest in green-gram-potato-wheat crop sequence and minimum in soybean-garlic and soybean-potato (both at 0.64) crop sequences. Green-gram-radish-potato crop sequence attained highest production efficiency (200.89kg/ha per day). Highest cost of input, output and net returns were obtained in greengram-radish-potato crop sequence whereas, Cost: Benefit ratio was maximum under soybean-onion crop sequence, followed by soybean-wheat and green-gram-radishpotato sequence.
Banana Production and Productivity Enhancement through Spatial, Water and Nutrient Management
Authors: Mustaffa M M , Kumar V
Published: August 2023

Bananas and plantains globally the fourth important food crop, recorded wide variation in production and productivity in most of the banana growing regions. This is attributed mainly to the variety, type of planting material used, season and method of planting besides management techniques such as water and nutrients. Among all the commercial varieties of banana, owing to comparatively higher yield potential and better marketability both in domestic and export markets the Cavendish group of bananas such as Grand Naine, Williams, Robusta are preferred over other cultivars of banana. Planting sword suckers is beneficial and more ideal conventional planting material than the water suckers, butts and bits of rhizomes. However, the in-vitro banana plants of Dwarf Cavendish and Robusta are superior to conventional suckers due to their vigorous growth, early flowering (19 days) and reduced crop duration by 29 and 22 days, respectively. With reference to plant spacing and planting density which is determined by varieties grown, soil fertility status, prevailing climatic conditions etc. and maintenance of lower density of 625-1000 plants ha-1 recorded low productivity at <30t ha-1, while, high density of 5000 plants ha-1 recorded 120t ha-1. However, time taken for maturity was distinctly longer in higher densities, with 120 and 160 days Bunch grade and fruit quality are, however determined by pre-harvest bunch management practices. Influence of method of irrigation, fertilizer application and the role of nutrient elements, organic farming, INM and use of bunch sleeves on yield and fruit quality in different commercial cultivars under various conditions is discussed.
Morphological and Biochemical Characterization of Chrysanthemum
Authors: Banerji B K , Batra Atul , Dwivedi A K
Published: August 2023

Ten large flowered chrysanthemum cultivars, viz., 'Beat Rice May', 'Beauty', 'Casa Grande', 'Jet Snow', 'John Weber' , 'Miss Maud Jeffries', 'Penny Lane', 'Shanker Dayal', 'Snow Ball' and 'S.S. Arnold' from National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI), Lucknow, were evaluated for morphological and biochemical characterization. Morphological data were recorded on vegetative and floral characters. Biochemical characterization included analysis of anthocyanins, carotenoides, chlorophyll content (chlorophyll a, b and total) and flavonoids. Results on morphological and biochemical parameters clearly indicated distinctness among cultivars with reference to differences in morphological characters and chemical composition of pigments.
Heavy Metal Contamination of Water Bodies, Soils and Vegetables in Peri-Urban Areas: A Case Study in Bangaluru
Authors: Varalakshmi L R , Ganeshamurthy A N
Published: August 2023

A study was conducted in peri-urban Bangaluru (where city wastewater from four water bodies, viz., Bellandur, Varthur, Byramangala and Nagavara tanks, is being used for cultivation of vegetable crops) to assess heavy metal contamination in water, soil and vegetable samples. Analyses revealed that concentration of cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) in waters from all the tanks exceeded recommended levels of 0.01 and 0.1 mg/l, respectively, while content of lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) are within safe limits. Concentration of Cd was highest in the water of Bellandur tank (0.039 mg/ l) and of Cr was highest in the water of Byramangala tank (0.311 mg/l). Bellandur and Varthur tanks were found highly contaminated with Cd, Pb and Ni. Mean concentration of heavy metals in soils receiving sewage water from the four tanks ranged from 1.92 to 2.9 mg/kg for Cd, 47.04 to 68.12 mg/kg for Pb, 35.08 to 92.78 mg/kg for Cr and 48.2 to 57.3 mg/kg for Ni. Cd and Pb content were highest in soils around Varthur and Bellandur tanks, while, mean concentration of Cr was highest in soils around Byramangala tank. Similar trends were observed for heavy metal content in vegetables. Among the vegetables studied, leafy vegetables accumulated higher concentration of heavy metals, followed by root vegetables. Cd concentration in all the vegetables grown around Varthur and Bellandur tanks exceeded the safe limit prescribed under Prevention of Food Adulteration Act (PFA 1954). Pb and Ni concentration exceeded safe limits in all the vegetables in all the tank areas studied.
Development of Hand-Operated Mechanical Ginger Peeler
Authors: Jayashree E , Viswanathan R
Published: August 2023

Ginger, an underground rhizome, is valued as a spice and is used in both dry and fresh form. The process of peeling is labour-intensive and is a time-consuming operation in post-harvest handling of ginger done manually by women labour. To reduce time and labour requirement, a mechanical ginger peeler having a square mesh drum was developed. Peeling trials were conducted for varying drum loads (6kg, 8kg and 10kg), varying drum speeds (35rpm, 40rpm and 45rpm) and for different peeling durations (5 min, 10 min and 15 min). Optimum machine parameters for maximum efficiency were: drum load of 8 kg per batch, operated at drum speed of 40rpm for peeling duration 15 min. Peeling efficiency and material loss at optimum conditions were determined to be 55.60% and 4.68%, respectively. Dry ginger obtained after mechanical peeling was found to contain essential oil at 2%, oleoresin 4.6%, moisture content 9.82% and crude fibre content 2.5%.
Varietal Assessment, Heritability Estimates and Correlation Studies in Apple Cultivars of South Kashmir
Authors: Kumar Amit , Mir Md. Yasir
Published: August 2023

A study was conducted to assess agronomic performance and heritability estimates among different cultivars of apple in district Pulwama of Kashmir valley. Twenty cultivars aged 20 to 22 years were selected for the present study. Data were collected on physical and chemical characters of fruit and yield of the tree. Results revealed that 'Red Delicious' (315.43kg) and Ambri (310.40kg) Difenoconazoled highest yield among all the cultivars. Red Delicious apple recorded maximum fruit weight (182.63g). maximum TSS (16.35%) and total sugars (12.11%) with least acidity (0.07%) was recorded in Ambri apples. All the characters studied showed high heritability estimates except for cropping efficiency (61.06%) which scored least heritability. Length (0.843) and breadth (0.854) of fruit positively and significantly correlated with weight of the fruit. Acidity was negatively correlated with all other biochemical characters.
Effect of Organic Practices on Fruit Quality in Papaya Cv. Surya
Authors: Reddy Y T N , Shivu Prasad S R , Kurian Reju M , Ganeshamurthy A N , Pannerselvam P
Published: August 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2009-10 at Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore using papaya cv. 'Surya'. Ten organic nutrient treatments along with recommended dose of fertilizers and control (no manure/fertilizer) were used totaling twelve treatment combinations of FYM, biofertilizers and vermicompost. Fruit quality parameters such as total carotenoids, lycopene, TSS, average fruit weight and ascorbic acid content were analyzed. Among the treatments, application of 50% recommended dose of fertilizers in the form of farm yard manure (FYM) applied as Azospirillum+Phosphate solubilizing bacteria+Mycorrhiza+Vermicompost showed high level of carotenoids, lycopene and low levels of ascorbic acid. TSS and average fruit weight were not affected by various organic nutrient treatments.
Effect of Various Irrigation Methods on Growth, Flowering and Yield of Tuberose (Polyanthes tuberosa Linn.)
Authors: Deshmukh M R
Published: August 2023

Tuberose flower has very good fragrance and is suitable for loose and cut flowers. Although crop improvement has been researched upon in various institutes and state agricultural universities, irrigation management in this crop has not been given much emphasis. This factor is important and crucial in crop production. A field trial was conducted at Precision Farming Development Centre, Rahuri, with the objective of studying performance of tuberose cv. Suvasini Double under three irrigation systems, viz., drip, micro-sprinkler and surface irrigation (conventional method). Irrigation through drip and micro-sprinkler was applied at 0.85 PE; and in the conventional method of irrigation, the interval was set at 60 mm CPE with 6 cm depth of irrigation. Micro-sprinkler system proved to be the best and gave a flower yield of 6.77 lakh spikes/ ha with better flower quality, than drip or surface method of irrigation. B:C ratio was also higher under micro-sprinkler (2.68 ).
Standardization of Leaf Sampling Technique for Macronutrients in Apricot under Temperate Conditions
Authors: Rehman H U , Sharma M K , Banday F A
Published: August 2023

Macro- and micro-nutrient content influenced by position of leaf on the shoot and time of sampling was studied to determine leaf-sampling time for apricot grown in temperate region of the country. Results revealed that middle order leaves were the most suitable for determining nutrient needs in apricot trees. Leaf samples should be collected during June - July for determining N, K and Ca; first fortnight of July for P; and, from mid-June to mid-July for Mg.
Effect of Soil and Foliar Application of Nutrients on Growth and Yield in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)
Authors: Narayan Kamal , Dubey P , Sharma D , Katre Vijay T , Tiwari S P , Mishra Anita
Published: August 2023

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of foliar feeding of water- soluble fertilizers in combination with soil-applied fertilizers on growth, yield and quality attributes in tomato cv. Pant T-3. The experiment was laid out during 2009-10 in a randomized block design with four replications and six treatments. Water-soluble fertilizers were sprayed along with different levels of soil-applied fertilizers. Results of the experiments revealed that among the treatments, 87.5% recommended dose of NPK + foliar spray of water-soluble fertilizers recorded tallest plants, higher number of primary and secondary branches, more fruits per cluster, fruits per plant, fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit pericarp thickness, highest fruit yield per plant and fruit-yield per hectare. However, early flowering and fruiting were observed in the Control (100% recommended dose of fertilizer). Economically, 87.5% recommended dose of NPK + foliar spray of water-soluble fertilizers was recorded highest net return of, Rs.1,25,890.05 and highest benefit:cost ratio of 2.73, in our trial.
Effect of Phosphorus Solublizing Bacteria (PSB) on Growth and Yield in Tomato
Authors: Poonia M K , Dhaka B L
Published: August 2023

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of phosphate solublizing bacteria (PSB) on growth and yield of tomato. PSB culture was applied through soil and seedling root dip before transplanting with two levels of phosphorus fertilizers, i.e., 75% and 100% of recommended P, and compared. Results revealed that application of 100% P with seedling dip in PSB 1:10 solution recorded significantly higher plant height (86.30cm), leaf area index (3.52), number of fruits/plant (16.32), fruit weight (77.75g), fruit yield/plant (1125g) and yield (392.26 q/ha) compared to other treatment combinations, except 100% P with 5kg/ha soil application of PSB. The same treatment also recorded the highest (3.41) cost:benefit ratio. However, no significant difference was noticed in 100% recommended P with seedling dip in PSB solution, or soil application.
Record of Thrips on Mango
Authors: Krishnamoorthy A , Ganga Visalakshi P N
Published: August 2023

During a trial in 2009 at Moorapoor Village, Dharmapuri district, Tamil Nadu, for control of mango hoppers and thrips using entomo-pathogens, inflorescences were seen to harbour different species of thrips. Close microscopic observation revealed presence of Frankliniella schultzei (Tryb.), Thrips palmi Karny, T. hawaiiensis (Morgan) and T. subnudula. However, Thrips palmi was the predominant species whereas, for the first time Frankliniella schultzai and Thrips subnudula (Karny, 1927) are reported here on inflorescence of mango in India.