bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Repugnance of Customary Law
Authors: Demian Melissa
Published: April 2014

The Constitution of Papua New Guinea (PNG) features a peculiar artifact of colonial-era law known as a repugnancy clause. This type of clause, used elsewhere as a neutral mechanism to identify conflicts between legal provisions, has in PNG become a tool for the moral-aesthetic evaluation of “customary law.” In this article, I follow the history of the PNG repugnancy clause from its colonial origins and through the relevant case law since the country's independence in order to ask both how the clause acquired its non-legal meaning through legal usage, and why it has been retained in its original form in PNG when so many postcolonial legal regimes have discarded it. Comparative material from Indonesia, sub-Saharan Africa, and especially Australia is used to contextualize the durability of the PNG repugnancy clause, and theoretical material on the affect of disgust and shame is brought to bear in order to understand the use of repugnancy in its moral-aesthetic sense. The article concludes with a meditation on the way the repugnancy clause has enabled the judiciary of PNG to distance the law of the country not simply from an uneducated or inadequately Christian general populace, but also from a history in which all Papua New Guineans were regarded as a contaminating threat to the European colonizers whose legal system the country has inherited.
Sequence variation in mitochondrialcox1 andnad1 genes of ascaridoid nematodes in cats and dogs from Iran
Authors: Mikaeili F. , Mirhendi H. , Mohebali M. , Hosseini M. , Sharbatkhori M. , Zarei Z. , Kia E.B.
Published: April 2014

The study was conducted to determine the sequence variation in two mitochondrial genes, namely cytochromecoxidase 1 (pcox1) and NADH dehydrogenase 1 (pnad1) within and among isolates ofToxocara cati,Toxocara canisandToxascaris leonina. Genomic DNA was extracted from 32 isolates ofT. cati, 9 isolates ofT. canisand 19 isolates ofT. leoninacollected from cats and dogs in different geographical areas of Iran. Mitochondrial genes were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. Sequence data were aligned using the BioEdit software and compared with published sequences in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods. Based on pairwise comparison, intra-species genetic diversity within Iranian isolates ofT. cati,T. canisandT. leoninaamounted to 0–2.3%, 0–1.3% and 0–1.0% for pcox1 and 0–2.0%, 0–1.7% and 0–2.6% for pnad1, respectively. Inter-species sequence variation among the three ascaridoid nematodes was significantly higher, being 9.5–16.6% for pcox1 and 11.9–26.7% for pnad1. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the pcox1 and pnad1 genes indicated that there is significant genetic diversity within and among isolates ofT. cati,T. canisandT. leoninafrom different areas of Iran, and these genes can be used for studying genetic variation of ascaridoid nematodes.
Bifurcations of ion acoustic solitary and periodic waves in an electron–positron–ion plasma through non-perturbative approach
Authors: Saha Asit , Chatterjee Prasanta
Published: April 2014

Ion acoustic solitary waves and periodic waves in an unmagnetized plasma with superthermal (kappa-distributed) electrons and positrons are investigated through a non-perturbative approach. Model equations are transformed to a planar dynamical system. Then by using the bifurcations of phase portraits of this planar dynamical system, we have established that our model has solitary wave and periodic wave solutions. We have obtained two analytical solutions for these solitary and periodic waves depending on the parameters. From these solitary wave and periodic wave solutions, we have shown the combined effects of temperature ratio (σ) of electrons and positrons, spectral index (κ), speed of the traveling wave (v), and density ratio (p) of positrons and electrons on the characteristics of ion acoustic solitary and periodic waves. The spectral index, density ratio, speed of the traveling wave, and temperature ratio significantly affect the characteristics of ion acoustic solitary and periodic structures. The present study might be helpful to understand the salient features of nonlinear ion acoustic solitary and periodic structures in the interstellar medium.
Creating an acute energy deficit without stimulating compensatory increases in appetite: is there an optimal exercise protocol?
Authors: Deighton Kevin , Stensel David J.
Published: April 2014

Recent years have witnessed significant interest from both the scientific community and the media regarding the influence of exercise on subsequent appetite and energy intake responses. This review demonstrates a consensus among the majority of scientific investigations that an acute bout of land-based endurance exercise does not stimulate any compensatory increases in appetite and energy intake on the day of exercise. Alternatively, preliminary evidence suggests that low volume, supramaximal exercise may stimulate an increase in appetite perceptions during the subsequent hours. In accordance with the apparent insensitivity of energy intake to exercise in the short term, the daily energy balance response to exercise appears to be primarily determined by the energy cost of exercise. This finding supports the conclusions of recent training studies that the energy expenditure of exercise is the strongest predictor of fat loss during an exercise programme.
Reduced brain reward response during cooperation in first-degree relatives of patients with psychosis: an fMRI study
Authors: Gromann P. M. , Shergill S. S. , de Haan L. , Meewis D. G. J. , Fett A.-K. J. , Korver-Nieberg N. , Krabbendam L.
Published: April 2014

Background.

Psychosis is characterized by a profound lack of trust and disturbed social interactions. Investigating the neural basis of these deficits is difficult because of medication effects but first-degree relatives show qualitatively similar abnormalities to patients with psychosis on various tasks. This study aimed to investigate neural activation in siblings of patients in response to an interactive task. We hypothesized that, compared to controls, siblings would show (i) less basic trust at the beginning of the task and (ii) reduced activation of the brain reward and mentalizing systems.

Method.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were acquired on 50 healthy siblings of patients with psychosis and 33 healthy controls during a multi-round trust game with a cooperative counterpart. An a priori region-of-interest (ROI) analysis of the caudate, temporoparietal junction (TPJ), superior temporal sulcus (STS), insula and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was performed focusing on the investment and repayment phases. An exploratory whole-brain analysis was run to test for group-wise differences outside these ROIs.

Results.

The siblings’ behaviour during the trust game did not differ significantly from that of the controls. At the neural level, siblings showed reduced activation of the right caudate during investments, and the left insula during repayments. In addition, the whole-brain analysis revealed reduced putamen activation in siblings during investments.

Conclusions.

The findings suggest that siblings show aberrant functioning of regions traditionally involved in reward processing in response to cooperation, which may be associated with the social reward deficits observed in psychosis.
Subtypes of major depression: latent class analysis in depressed Han Chinese women
Authors: Li Y. , Aggen S. , Shi S. , Gao J. , Li Y. , Tao M. , Zhang K. , Wang X. , Gao C. , Yang L. , Liu Y. , Li K. , Shi J. , Wang G. , Liu L. , Zhang J. , Du B. , Jiang G. , Shen J. , Zhang Z. , Liang W. , Sun J. , Hu J. , Liu T. , Wang X. , Miao G. , Meng H. , Li Y. , Hu C. , Li Y. , Huang G. , Li G. , Ha B. , Deng H. , Mei Q. , Zhong H. , Gao S. , Sang H. , Zhang Y. , Fang X. , Yu F. , Yang D. , Liu T. , Chen Y. , Hong X. , Wu W. , Chen G. , Cai M. , Song Y. , Pan J. , Dong J. , Pan R. , Zhang W. , Shen Z. , Liu Z. , Gu D. , Wang X. , Liu X. , Zhang Q. , Flint J. , Kendler K. S.
Published: April 2014

Background.

Despite substantial research, uncertainty remains about the clinical and etiological heterogeneity of major depression (MD). Can meaningful and valid subtypes be identified and would they be stable cross-culturally?

Method.

Symptoms at their lifetime worst depressive episode were assessed at structured psychiatric interview in 6008 women of Han Chinese descent, age ⩾30 years, with recurrent DSM-IV MD. Latent class analysis (LCA) was performed in Mplus.

Results.

Using the nine DSM-IV MD symptomatic A criteria, the 14 disaggregated DSM-IV criteria and all independently assessed depressive symptoms (n = 27), the best LCA model identified respectively three, four and six classes. A severe and non-suicidal class was seen in all solutions, as was a mild/moderate subtype. An atypical class emerged once bidirectional neurovegetative symptoms were included. The non-suicidal class demonstrated low levels of worthlessness/guilt and hopelessness. Patterns of co-morbidity, family history, personality, environmental precipitants, recurrence and body mass index (BMI) differed meaningfully across subtypes, with the atypical class standing out as particularly distinct.

Conclusions.

MD is a clinically complex syndrome with several detectable subtypes with distinct clinical and demographic correlates. Three subtypes were most consistently identified in our analyses: severe, atypical and non-suicidal. Severe and atypical MD have been identified in multiple prior studies in samples of European ethnicity. Our non-suicidal subtype, with low levels of guilt and hopelessness, may represent a pathoplastic variant reflecting Chinese cultural influences.
Direct comparison of first-contact versus longitudinal register-based case finding in the same population: early evidence that the incidence of schizophrenia may be three times higher than commonly reported
Authors: Hogerzeil S. J. , van Hemert A. M. , Rosendaal F. R. , Susser E. , Hoek H. W.
Published: April 2014

Background.

The incidence of schizophrenia is commonly estimated by screening for psychosis among subjects presenting to psychiatric services. This approach (using a first-contact sampling frame) cannot account for cases that did not meet criteria for schizophrenia at first contact. We compared the usual approach directly with a register-based approach (using a longitudinal sampling frame) that also includes subjects initially diagnosed with other non-schizophrenic disorders.

Method.

We compared data from the Longitudinal Psychiatric Register (LPR) of The Hague over 1980–2009 with data previously collected in a first-contact study, and applied both methods to calculate the incidence of schizophrenia for subjects aged 20–54 years in the same catchment area and over the same period (October 2000 to September 2005). We reconstructed treatment pathways and diagnostic histories up to the end of 2009 and performed sensitivity analyses.

Results.

The LPR identified 843 first onsets of schizophrenia, corresponding to a treated incidence rate (IR) of 69 per 100 000 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI) 64–74]. The first-contact study identified 254 first onsets, corresponding to a treated IR of 21 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI 18–23). Two-thirds of the difference was accounted for by subjects treated for other disorders before the onset of psychosis, and by patients in older age groups.

Conclusions.

The incidence of schizophrenia was three times higher in a longitudinal register study than in a high-quality first-contact study conducted in the same population. Risk estimates based only on first-contact studies may have been affected by selection bias.
A new “chain” of events: polymers in the Powder Diffraction FileTM (PDF®)
Authors: Gates Stacy D. , Blanton Thomas N. , Fawcett Timothy G.
Published: April 2014

Developments in X-ray analysis, and advances in scientific research, have dramatically influenced the types of data now considered suitable for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction FileTM (PDF®). Initially, the PDF was geared towards the identification of unknown crystalline materials by comparison of d-spacings and peak intensities. Today, the International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) maintains and continuously enhances the quality and content of the PDF database to better provide customers and scientists with a comprehensive reference source that supports their needs, and interests. The events that initially led to the inclusion of crystalline polymer data to the PDF have recently been amended to also encompass semi-crystalline and amorphous polymeric materials as well. This paper discusses the resultant updates being made to the PDF in support of this new data form, and also highlights several features and benefits of providing this data to PDF users.
X-ray diffraction characterization of a distorted Debye–Scherrer film strip – the effect of deacetylation on cellulose triacetate and an improved structural model for cellulose II
Authors: Blanton T. N. , Kaduk J. A. , Johnson Q.
Published: April 2014

A Debye–Scherrer film that had been stored for several years in an office environment file cabinet was observed to be shriveled and distorted in appearance. An investigation using X-ray diffraction was carried out to determine the cause of the physical change in the film strip. As expected, silver phases were detected, due to the photographic capture layer coated on the surface of all traditional X-ray films. An unexpected result was the presence of cellulose II, an indication that a chemical change had occurred in the original cellulose triacetate (CTA) polymer film base. Laboratory experiments used to demonstrate an accelerated method of deacetylation of CTA were carried out, resulting in phase pure cellulose II. A density functional geometry optimization allowed for the generation of an improved structural model for cellulose II. Calculated and experimental powder patterns for cellulose II have been submitted to the International Centre for Diffraction Data for inclusion in future releases of the Powder Diffraction File.
X-ray powder diffraction data for meloxicam, C14H13N3O4S2
Authors: Wu Xiao Qing , Tang Pei Xiao , Li Shan Shan , Zhang Li Li , Li Hui
Published: April 2014

X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters, and space group for meloxicam, C14H13N3O4S2, are reported [a = 6.997(2) Å, b = 8.113(2) Å, c = 13.604(4) Å, α = 85.774(2)°, β = 88.311(1)°, γ = 74.994(1)°, unit-cell volume V = 743.821 Å3, Z = 2, and space group P-1]. All measured lines were indexed, and no detectable impurity was observed.
Adherence to nutritional guidelines in pregnancy: evidence from the Growing Up in New Zealand birth cohort study
Authors: Morton Susan MB , Grant Cameron C , Wall Clare R , Carr Polly E Atatoan , Bandara Dinusha K , Schmidt Johanna M , Ivory Vivienne , Inskip Hazel M , Camargo Carlos A
Published: April 2014

Objective

To determine adherence to nutritional guidelines by pregnant women in New Zealand and maternal characteristics associated with adherence.

Design

A cohort of the pregnant women enrolled into New Zealand’s new birth cohort study, Growing Up in New Zealand.

Setting

Women residing within a North Island region of New Zealand, where one-third of the national population lives.

Subjects

Pregnant women (n 5664) were interviewed during 2009–2010. An FFQ was administered during the face-to-face interview.

Results

The recommended daily number of servings of vegetables and fruit (≥6) were met by 25 % of the women; of breads and cereals (≥6) by 26 %; of milk and milk products (≥3) by 58 %; and of lean meat, meat alternatives and eggs (≥2) by 21 %. One in four women did not meet the recommendations for any food group. Only 3 % met all four food group recommendations. Although adherence to recommendation for the vegetables/fruit group did not vary by ethnicity (P=0·38), it did vary for the breads/cereals, milk/milk products and meat/eggs groups (all P<0·001). Adherence to recommendations for the vegetables/fruit group was higher among older women (P=0·001); for the breads/cereals group was higher for women with previous children (P<0·001) and from lower-income households (P<0·001); and for the meat/eggs group was higher for women with previous children (P=0·003) and from lower-income households (P=0·004).

Conclusions

Most pregnant women in New Zealand do not adhere to nutritional guidelines in pregnancy, with only 3 % meeting the recommendations for all four food groups. Adherence varies more so with ethnicity than with other sociodemographic characteristics.
Surface Charge and Carbon Contamination on an Electron-Beam-Irradiated Hydroxyapatite Thin Film Investigated by Photoluminescence and Phase Imaging in Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Hristu Radu , Tranca Denis E. , Stanciu Stefan G. , Gregor Maros , Plecenik Tomas , Truchly Martin , Roch Tomas , Tofail Syed A. M. , Stanciu George A.
Published: April 2014

The surface properties of hydroxyapatite, including electric charge, can influence the biological response, tissue compatibility, and adhesion of biological cells and biomolecules. Results reported here help in understanding this influence by creating charged domains on hydroxyapatite thin films deposited on silicon using electron beam irradiation and investigating their shape, properties, and carbon contamination for different doses of incident injected charge by two methods. Photoluminescence laser scanning microscopy was used to image electrostatic charge trapped at pre-existing and irradiation-induced defects within these domains, while phase imaging in atomic force microscopy was used to image the carbon contamination. Scanning Auger electron spectroscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy were used as a reference for the atomic force microscopy phase contrast and photoluminescence laser scanning microscopy measurements. Our experiment shows that by combining the two imaging techniques the effects of trapped charge and carbon contamination can be separated. Such separation yields new possibilities for advancing the current understanding of how surface charge influences mediation of cellular and protein interactions in biomaterials.
Focal-Series Reconstruction in Low-Energy Electron Microscopy
Authors: Duden Thomas , Thust Andreas , Kumpf Christian , Tautz F. Stefan
Published: April 2014

In low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) we commonly encounter images which, beside amplitude contrast, also show signatures of phase contrast. The images are usually interpreted by following the evolution of the contrast during the experiment, and assigning gray levels to morphological changes. Through reconstruction of the exit wave, two aspects of LEEM can be addressed: (1) the resolution can be improved by exploiting the full information limit of the microscope and (2) electron phase shifts which contribute to the image contrast can be extracted. In this article, linear exit wave reconstruction from a through-focal series of LEEM images is demonstrated. As a model system we utilize a heteromolecular monolayer consisting of the organic molecules 3,4,9,10-perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride and Cu-II-Phthalocyanine, adsorbed on a Ag(111) surface.
Quotas and qualifications: the impact of gender quota laws on the qualifications of legislators in the Italian parliament
Authors: Weeks Ana Catalano , Baldez Lisa
Published: April 2014

This article addresses concerns that candidates nominated because of gender quota laws will be less qualified for office. While questions of candidate quality have long been relevant to legislative behavior, quota laws requiring a certain percentage of candidates for national office to be women have generated renewed interest. Gender quotas are often perceived to reduce the scope of political competition. By putting gender identity center stage, they preclude the possibility that elections will be based on ‘ideas’ or ‘merit’ alone. Other electoral rules that restrict candidate selection, such as the centralization of candidate selection common in closed list PR systems, have been found to reduce the quality of candidates. Rules that open selection, such as primaries, result in higher quality candidates. We exploit the institutional design of Italy’s mixed electoral system in 1994, where quotas were applied only to the PR portion of the list, to compare the qualifications of men, women, and ‘quota women’. We estimate regressions on several measures of deputies’ qualifications for office and performance in office. We find that unlike other rules limiting candidate selection, quotas are not associated with lower quality on most measures of qualifications. In fact, quota women have more local government experience than other legislators and lower rates of absenteeism than their male counterparts. Contrary to critics, quota laws may have apositiveimpact on legislator quality. Once the quota law was rescinded, quota women were less likely to be re-elected than non-quota women or men, which suggests that discrimination – not qualification – limits women’s status as candidates.
Understanding the Distributed Practice Effect
Authors: Küpper-Tetzel Carolina E.
Published: April 2014

The distributed practice effect is one of the most researched memory effects in cognitive psychology. Beneficial distributed practice effects for long-term retention have been demonstrated in different domains and they are remarkably large in size, too. However, despite strong effects, this research field still lacks a unified theory offering explanations for a wide range of findings. This article reviews empirical studies on the distributed practice effect that have immediate relevance for educational settings. Against the backdrop of this review, the article discusses theory candidates and ways of specifying them for empirical tests using nonstandard statistical methods. I conclude that future studies will have to fine-tune theories to strengthen the significance of empirical results and to allow for better recommendations to educators. This promises to increase the enthusiasm to systematically implement distributed practice in instruction routines and bridge psychological research and educational practice.
The Cue Is Key
Authors: van den Hoven Elise , Eggen Berry
Published: April 2014

This paper aims to put the memory cue in the spotlight. We show how memory cues are incorporated in the area of interaction design. The focus is on external memory cues – cues that exist outside the human mind but have an internal effect on memory reconstruction. Examples of external cues include people, environments, and things, where the latter are most relevant for the aim of this paper since these cues can be incorporated in designs. This paper makes a dual contribution to research: (1) it provides insights into how memory research informs the design of devices to facilitate personal memory recall; and (2) by taking a design perspective, it raises questions about memory cues as part of real-life remembering to inform psychological memory research. Since memory theory inspires design and both fields would benefit from collaboration, we would like these questions to be an inspiration for future memory research, in particular targeting external memory cues.
Brain Sparing in Fetal Mice: BOLD MRI and Doppler Ultrasound Show Blood Redistribution During Hypoxia
Authors: Cahill Lindsay S , Zhou Yu-Qing , Seed Mike , Macgowan Christopher K , Sled John G
Published: April 2014

Mice reproduce many features of human pregnancy and have been widely used to model disorders of pregnancy. However, it has not been known whether fetal mice reproduce the physiologic response to hypoxia known as brain sparing, where blood flow is redistributed to preserve oxygenation of the brain at the expense of other fetal organs. In the present study, blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Doppler ultrasound were used to determine the effect of acute hypoxia on the fetal blood flow in healthy, pregnant mice. As the maternal inspired gas mixture was varied between 100% and 8% oxygen on the timescale of minutes, the BOLD signal intensity decreased by 44 ± 18% in the fetal liver and by 12 ± 7% in the fetal brain. Using Doppler ultrasound measurements, mean cerebral blood velocity was observed to rise by 15 ± 8% under hypoxic conditions relative to hyperoxia. These findings are consistent with active regulation of cerebral oxygenation and clearly show brain sparing in fetal mice.
Processed pseudogenes acquired somatically during cancer development
Authors: Cooke Susanna L. , Shlien Adam , Marshall John , Pipinikas Christodoulos P. , Martincorena Inigo , Tubio Jose M.C. , Li Yilong , Menzies Andrew , Mudie Laura , Ramakrishna Manasa , Yates Lucy , Davies Helen , Bolli Niccolo , Bignell Graham R. , Tarpey Patrick S. , Behjati Sam , Nik-Zainal Serena , Papaemmanuil Elli , Teixeira Vitor H. , Raine Keiran , O’Meara Sarah , Dodoran Maryam S. , Teague Jon W. , Butler Adam P. , Iacobuzio-Donahue Christine , Santarius Thomas , Grundy Richard G. , Malkin David , Greaves Mel , Munshi Nikhil , Flanagan Adrienne M. , Bowtell David , Martin Sancha , Larsimont Denis , Reis-Filho Jorge S. , Boussioutas Alex , Taylor Jack A. , Hayes Neil D. , Janes Sam M. , Futreal P. Andrew , Stratton Michael R. , McDermott Ultan , Campbell Peter J. ,   ICGC Breast Cancer Group, Provenzano Elena , van de Vijver Marc , Richardson Andrea L. , Purdie Colin , Pinder Sarah , Mac Grogan Gaetan , Vincent-Salomon Anne , Larsimont Denis , Grabau Dorthe , Sauer Torill , Garred Øystein , Ehinger Anna , Van den Eynden Gert G. , van Deurzen C.H.M , Salgado Roberto , Brock Jane E. , Lakhani Sunil R. , Giri Dilip D. , Arnould Laurent , Jacquemier Jocelyne , Treilleux Isabelle , Caldas Carlos , Chin Suet-Feung , Fatima Aquila , Thompson Alastair M. , Stenhouse Alasdair , Foekens John , Martens John , Sieuwerts Anieta , Brinkman Arjen , Stunnenberg Henk , Span Paul N. , Sweep Fred , Desmedt Christine , Sotiriou Christos , Thomas Gilles , Broeks Annegein , Langerod Anita , Aparicio Samuel , Simpson Peter T. , van ’t Veer Laura , Erla Eyfjörd Jórunn , Hilmarsdottir Holmfridur , Jonasson Jon G. , Børresen-Dale Anne-Lise , Lee Ming Ta Michael , Wong Bernice Huimin , Tan Benita Kiat Tee , Hooijer Gerrit K.J.
Published: April 2014

Cancer evolves by mutation, with somatic reactivation of retrotransposons being one such mutational process. Germline retrotransposition can cause processed pseudogenes, but whether this occurs somatically has not been evaluated. Here we screen sequencing data from 660 cancer samples for somatically acquired pseudogenes. We find 42 events in 17 samples, especially non-small cell lung cancer (5/27) and colorectal cancer (2/11). Genomic features mirror those of germline LINE element retrotranspositions, with frequent target-site duplications (67%), consensus TTTTAA sites at insertion points, inverted rearrangements (21%), 5′ truncation (74%) and polyA tails (88%). Transcriptional consequences include expression of pseudogenes from UTRs or introns of target genes. In addition, a somatic pseudogene that integrated into the promoter and first exon of the tumour suppressor gene, MGA, abrogated expression from that allele. Thus, formation of processed pseudogenes represents a new class of mutation occurring during cancer development, with potentially diverse functional consequences depending on genomic context.
Effect of amide bonds on the self-assembly of gemini surfactants
Authors: Hoque Jiaul , Gonuguntla Spandhana , Yarlagadda Venkateswarlu , Aswal Vinod K. , Haldar Jayanta
Published: April 2014

The effect of amide bonds on micellar aggregation of gemini surfactants was studied by small angle neutron scattering and conductivity methods. The micellar aggregation properties were found to depend strongly on the number and position of amide bonds in the molecules.
Regulatory effects of resveratrol on glucose metabolism and T-lymphocyte subsets in the development of high-fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Wang Bin , Sun Jin , Li Longnan , Zheng Jing , Shi Yonghui , Le Guowei
Published: April 2014

Resveratrol maintained glucose600 dpi in TIF format)??> homeostasis and alleviated T-lymphocyte subset-related inflammatory response in the development of high-fat-diet-induced obesity.
Rapid and quantitative analysis of pesticides in fruits by QuEChERS pretreatment and low-temperature plasma desorption/ionization orbitrap mass spectrometry
Authors: Albert Anastasia , Kramer Andrea , Scheeren Simon , Engelhard Carsten
Published: April 2014

Low-temperature plasma ambient desorption/ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry is validated for quantitative analysis of pesticides in real samples.
Zn(ii) and Cu(ii) complexes of a new thiophene-based salphen-type ligand: solution-processable high-performance field-effect transistor materials
Authors: Asatkar Ashish K. , Senanayak Satyaprasad P. , Bedi Anjan , Panda Snigdha , Narayan K. S. , Zade Sanjio S.
Published: April 2014

Organic field-effect transistor (OFET) devices based on solution-processed Cu(ii) and Zn(ii) complexes of a new thiophene-based salphen-type ligand exhibited high p-type mobilities (up to 1.5 cm2V−1s−1).
A genetically encoded aldehyde for rapid protein labelling
Authors: Tuley Alfred , Lee Yan-Jiun , Wu Bo , Wang Zhiyong U. , Liu Wenshe R.
Published: April 2014

Using a mutant pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase-tRNAPylCUA pair, 3-formyl-phenylalanine is genetically incorporated into proteins at amber mutation sites in Escherichia coli.
Reactive simulations of the activation barrier to dissolution of amorphous silica in water
Authors: Kagan Michael , Lockwood Glenn K. , Garofalini Stephen H.
Published: April 2014

Free energy barriers for hydrolyzation of different Si sites on amorphous silica surfaces from the Qi (i = the number of bridging oxygen atoms) to Q(j) (j = (i − 1)) reaction during dissolution to form the labeled Qij reaction; the distribution indicates the importance of including structural heterogeneity of amorphous silica surfaces in computations.
Electrochemical reactions of lithium–sulfur batteries: an analytical study using the organic conversion technique
Authors: Kawase Ayako , Shirai Soichi , Yamoto Yoshinari , Arakawa Ryuichi , Takata Toshikazu
Published: April 2014

The polysulfide intermediates within lithium–sulfur cells were analyzed utilizing LC/MS and NMR to elucidate the details of the electrochemical reactions.
Boron-doped graphene as a promising anode for Na-ion batteries
Authors: Ling Chen , Mizuno Fuminori
Published: April 2014

We propose boron-doped graphene as a Na-ion battery anode with potential to greatly enhance the energy density and rate capability.
Understanding the degradation mechanism of rechargeable lithium/sulfur cells: a comprehensive study of the sulfur–graphene oxide cathode after discharge–charge cycling
Authors: Feng Xuefei , Song Min-Kyu , Stolte Wayne C. , Gardenghi David , Zhang Duo , Sun Xuhui , Zhu Junfa , Cairns Elton J. , Guo Jinghua
Published: April 2014

Degradation mechanism of rechargeable lithium/sulfur-graphene oxide cell was studied using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray spectroscopy.
Influence of spherical assembly of copper ferrite nanoparticles on magnetic properties: orientation of magnetic easy axis
Authors: Chatterjee Biplab K. , Bhattacharjee Kaustav , Dey Abhishek , Ghosh Chandan K. , Chattopadhyay Kalyan K.
Published: April 2014

The spherical assembly of nanoparticles induces a high degree of alignment of magnetic easy axis as compared to randomly oriented nanoparticles which increases the reduced remanence ensuing straightened hysteresis loop.
Assessment of fetal exposure and maternal elimination of perfluoroalkyl substances
Authors: Zhang Tao , Qin Xiaolei
Published: April 2014

The fetal exposure and maternal elimination of PFOS and PFOA during pregnancy were quantified.
The structure of ferricytochrome c552from the psychrophilic marine bacterium Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H
Authors: Harvilla Paul B. , Wolcott Holly N. , Magyar John S.
Published: April 2014

The molecular structure of the electron-transfer protein cytochromec552from a cold-adapted, hydrocarbon-degrading marine bacterium is reported (PDB: 4O1W).
Imbalance of iron influx and efflux causes brain iron accumulation over time in the healthy adult rat
Authors: Chen Jie-Hua , Singh Nadia , Tay Huimin , Walczyk Thomas
Published: April 2014

A novel approach for studying brain iron homeostasis in animal models using stable isotope tracers.
Synthesis, physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity of mono-/dinitroxyl amides
Authors: Kavala Miroslav , Brezová Vlasta , Švorc Ľubomír , Vihonská Zuzana , Olejníková Petra , Moncol Ján , Kožíšek Jozef , Herich Peter , Szolcsányi Peter
Published: April 2014

Novel TEMPO and PROXYL derivatives reveal (quasi)reversible redox behavior. The EWG-substituents increase their oxidation potential in comparison to the EDG-groups. Unlike pyrrolidinyl derivatives, the piperidinyl nitroxides inhibit the growth ofStaphylococcussp.
Cyclodextrin ion channels
Authors: Chui Jonathan K. W. , Fyles T. M.
Published: April 2014

Cyclodextrin ion channels, assembled by click chemistry, exhibit mechanistically diverse behaviors including transient blockage by hydrophobic guests.
π-conjugated sulfonium-based photoacid generators: an integrated molecular approach for efficient one and two-photon polymerization
Authors: Jin Ming , Hong Hong , Xie Jianchao , Malval Jean-Pierre , Spangenberg Arnaud , Soppera Olivier , Wan Decheng , Pu Hongting , Versace Davy-Louis , Leclerc Tiffanie , Baldeck Patrice , Poizat Olivier , Knopf Stephan
Published: April 2014

D–π–A type π-conjugated photoacid generators through the para-to-meta substitution strategy show high efficiency in photoinitiated cationic polymerization reactions at 405 nm and 800 nm excitation.
Investigation of the mechanism of the Ag/SiNx firing-through process of screen-printed silicon solar cells
Authors: Wu Shiliang , Wang Wei , Li Li , Yu Dong , Huang Lei , Liu Wenchao , Wu Xiaoshan , Zhang Fengming
Published: April 2014

The mechanism of a Ag/SiNx firing-through process in the manufacture of crystalline silicon solar cells.
Common precursor strategy for the synthesis of bestatin, amprenavir intermediate and syn-4-hydroxy-5-phenyl-γ-lactam
Authors: Kumar Brijesh , Aga Mushtaq A. , Rouf Abdul , Shah Bhahwal A. , Taneja Subhash C.
Published: April 2014

A synthetic strategy using α,β-unsaturated ester as a common precursor for the preparation of bestatin hydrochloride, an anticancer agent; 1,3-diaminoalcohol, an amprenavir intermediate andsyn-4-hydroxy-5-phenyl-γ-lactam, an intermediate of bioactive molecules with good yields and excellent stereoselectivity is described.
Amine-functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes impart osteoinductive and bactericidal properties in poly(ε-caprolactone) composites
Authors: Kumar Sachin , Bose Suryasarathi , Chatterjee Kaushik
Published: April 2014

Amine functionalization of multiwall carbon nanotubes improves mechanical properties, enhances ostoeblast proliferation and mineralization, and imparts bactericidal properties in polycaprolactone composites.
Identification of a spin-coupled Mo(iii) in the nitrogenase iron–molybdenum cofactor
Authors: Bjornsson Ragnar , Lima Frederico A. , Spatzal Thomas , Weyhermüller Thomas , Glatzel Pieter , Bill Eckhard , Einsle Oliver , Neese Frank , DeBeer Serena
Published: April 2014

The molybdenum atom in FeMoco is imperative to the high activity of the enzyme and has been proposed to be Mo(iv). We demonstrate that only Mo(iii) fits Mo HERFD XAS data, the first example of Mo(iii) in biology. Theoretical calculations further reveal an unusual spin-coupled Mo(iii).
Ferromagnetism in Cr-doped passivated AlN nanowires
Authors: Kanoun Mohammed Benali , Goumri-Said Souraya , Schwingenschlögl Udo
Published: April 2014

We predict the effect of Cr doping on the electronic and magnetic properties of passivated AlN nanowires.
Ab initio DFT+U analysis of oxygen transport in LaCoO3: the effect of Co3+ magnetic states
Authors: Ritzmann Andrew M. , Pavone Michele , Muñoz-García Ana B. , Keith John A. , Carter Emily A.
Published: April 2014

Increased low spin Co3+ content in LaCoO3 leads to higher oxygen diffusivity by promoting larger oxygen vacancy concentrations.
Bioinspired underwater superoleophobic surface with ultralow oil-adhesion achieved by femtosecond laser microfabrication
Authors: Yong Jiale , Chen Feng , Yang Qing , Zhang Dongshi , Farooq Umar , Du Guangqing , Hou Xun
Published: April 2014

A method to fabricate superoleophobic silicon surface with ultralow oil-adhesion using a femtosecond laser.
Microwave-assisted synthesis of hemin–graphene/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanocomposite for a biomimetic hydrogen peroxide biosensor
Authors: Lei Wu , Wu Lihua , Huang Wenjing , Hao Qingli , Zhang Yuehua , Xia Xifeng
Published: April 2014

The ternary nanocomposite hemin–graphene sheets/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (H–GNs/PEDOT) synthesized by a microwave-assisted method exhibits good electrocatalytic activity towards the reduction of hydrogen peroxide.
Simplified implementation of optimised carrier‐based PWM in three‐level inverters
Authors: Grandi G. , Loncarski J.
Published: April 2014

Carrier‐based modulation has been widely adopted since it offers some benefits compared to space‐vector modulation in both two‐level and in multilevel three‐phase inverters, such as inherent simplicity, flexibility, reduced computational times and easy implementation on industrial DSPs. Among the numerous types of pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques, the centred PWM (CPWM) is nearly optimal modulation since it minimises the RMS of the output current harmonics. Despite optimised CPWM being easy to implement in two‐level inverters, the complexity increases in the case of three‐level and multilevel inverters. A straightforward and simplified procedure to implement optimised CPWM in carried‐based modulation for the three‐level inverter is proposed and numerically verified.
Does size matter?
Authors: Carreras B. A. , Newman D. E. , Dobson Ian
Published: April 2014

Failures of the complex infrastructures society depends on having enormous human and economic cost that poses the question: Are there ways to optimize these systems to reduce the risks of failure? A dynamic model of one such system, the power transmission grid, is used to investigate the risk from failure as a function of the system size. It is found that there appears to be optimal sizes for such networks where the risk of failure is balanced by the benefit given by the size.
Spurious phenomena occurring during current measurement on ultra-thin dielectric layers: From electro-thermal effects to surface damage
Authors: Grandfond A. , Gautier B. , Militaru L. , Albertini D. , Descamps-Mandine A.
Published: April 2014

In this paper, the conduction properties of dielectric ultra-thin layers are studied using atomic force microscopy. Especially, the conductive-atomic force microscope allows to measure the leakage current at the nanoscale and to study the degradation mechanisms locally. Nonetheless, the dielectric layer seems to be damaged by a technique's specific phenomenon: hillocks appear when a positive tip bias is applied on different dielectrics. In this paper, the formation of these hillocks is studied. Contrary to what is observed during the dielectric breakdown, the conductivity is reduced after hillocks formation which occurs after the dielectric breakdown. Moreover, we have observed the formation of cavities in the silicon substrate linked to the formation of hillocks, which is not compatible with a swelling process (as dielectric breakdown induced epitaxy). We propose that these results may be explained by an electro-thermal effect due to the large dissipated energy, maybe combined with the oxidation of the substrate. Finally, the interdependence of measurements is demonstrated during serial acquisition.
Design of voice coil motor dynamic focusing unit for a laser scanner
Authors: Lee Moon G. , Kim Gaeun , Lee Chan-Woo , Lee Soo-Hun , Jeon Yongho
Published: April 2014

Laser scanning systems have been used for material processing tasks such as welding, cutting, marking, and drilling. However, applications have been limited by the small range of motion and slow speed of the focusing unit, which carries the focusing optics. To overcome these limitations, a dynamic focusing system with a long travel range and high speed is needed. In this study, a dynamic focusing unit for a laser scanning system with a voice coil motor (VCM) mechanism is proposed to enable fast speed and a wide focusing range. The VCM has finer precision and higher speed than conventional step motors and a longer travel range than earlier lead zirconium titanate actuators. The system has a hollow configuration to provide a laser beam path. This also makes it compact and transmission-free and gives it low inertia. The VCM's magnetics are modeled using a permeance model. Its design parameters are determined by optimization using the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno method and a sequential quadratic programming algorithm. After the VCM is designed, the dynamic focusing unit is fabricated and assembled. The permeance model is verified by a magnetic finite element method simulation tool, Maxwell 2D and 3D, and by measurement data from a gauss meter. The performance is verified experimentally. The results show a resolution of 0.2 μm and travel range of 16 mm. These are better than those of conventional focusing systems; therefore, this focusing unit can be applied to laser scanning systems for good machining capability.
Spectroscopic ellipsometry determination of the optical constants of titanium-doped WO3 films made by co-sputter deposition
Authors: Vargas M. , Rubio E. J. , Gutierrez A. , Ramana C. V.
Published: April 2014

Titanium (Ti) doped tungsten oxide (WO3) thin films were grown by co-sputter deposition of W and Ti metal targets. The sputtering powers to the W and Ti were kept constant at 100 W and 50 W, respectively, while varying the growth temperature (Ts) in the range of 25–400 °C. The structural quality of Ti-doped WO3 films is dependent on Ts. Ti-doped WO3 films grown at Ts < 400 °C were amorphous. A temperature of 400 °C is critical to promote the structural order and formation of monoclinic, nanocrystalline films. The optical constants and their dispersion profiles determined from spectroscopic ellipsometry indicate that there is no significant inter-diffusion at the film-substrate interface for W-Ti oxide film growth of ∼40 nm. The index refraction (n) at λ = 550 nm varies in the range of 2.15–2.40 with a gradual increase in Ts. Lorentz-Lorenz analysis (n(λ) = 550 nm) of the data indicates the gradual improvement in the packing density coupled with structural transformation accounts for the observed optical quality of the Ti-doped WO3 films as a function of Ts. A correlation between the growth conditions and optical constants is discussed.
Trapping in GaN-based metal-insulator-semiconductor transistors: Role of high drain bias and hot electrons
Authors: Meneghini M. , Bisi D. , Marcon D. , Stoffels S. , Van Hove M. , Wu T.-L. , Decoutere S. , Meneghesso G. , Zanoni E.
Published: April 2014

This paper describes an extensive analysis of the role of off-state and semi-on state bias in inducing the trapping in GaN-based power High Electron Mobility Transistors. The study is based on combined pulsed characterization and on-resistance transient measurements. We demonstrate that—by changing the quiescent bias point from the off-state to the semi-on state—it is possible to separately analyze two relevant trapping mechanisms: (i) the trapping of electrons in the gate-drain access region, activated by the exposure to high drain bias in the off-state; (ii) the trapping of hot-electrons within the AlGaN barrier or the gate insulator, which occurs when the devices are operated in the semi-on state. The dependence of these two mechanisms on the bias conditions and on temperature, and the properties (activation energy and cross section) of the related traps are described in the text.
Anharmonicity, mechanical instability, and thermodynamic properties of the Cr-Re σ-phase
Authors: Palumbo Mauro , Fries Suzana G. , Pasturel Alain , Alfè Dario
Published: April 2014

Using density-functional theory in combination with the direct force method and molecular dynamics we investigate the vibrational properties of a binary Cr-Re σ-phase. In the harmonic approximation, we have computed phonon dispersion curves and density of states, evidencing structural and chemical effects. We found that the σ-phase is mechanically unstable in some configurations, for example, when all crystallographic sites are occupied by Re atoms. By using a molecular-dynamics-based method, we have analysed the anharmonicity in the system and found negligible effects (∼0.5 kJ/mol) on the Helmholtz energy of the binary Cr-Re σ-phase up to 2000 K (∼0.8Tm). Finally, we show that the vibrational contribution has significant consequences on the disordering of the σ-phase at high temperature.
Global optimization of cholic acid aggregates
Authors: Jójárt Balázs , Viskolcz Béla , Poša Mihalj , Fejer Szilard N.
Published: April 2014

In spite of recent investigations into the potential pharmaceutical importance of bile acids as drug carriers, the structure of bile acid aggregates is largely unknown. Here, we used global optimization techniques to find the lowest energy configurations for clusters composed between 2 and 10 cholate molecules, and evaluated the relative stabilities of the global minima. We found that the energetically most preferred geometries for small aggregates are in fact reverse micellar arrangements, and the classical micellar behaviour (efficient burial of hydrophobic parts) is achieved only in systems containing more than five cholate units. Hydrogen bonding plays a very important part in keeping together the monomers, and among the size range considered, the most stable structure was found to be the decamer, having 17 hydrogen bonds. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the decamer has the lowest dissociation propensity among the studied aggregation numbers.
Measuring the Newtonian constant of gravitation with a differential free-fall gradiometer: A feasibility study
Authors: Rothleitner Christian , Francis Olivier
Published: April 2014

An original setup is presented to measure the Newtonian Constant of Gravitation G. It is based on the same principle as used in ballistic absolute gravimeters. The differential acceleration of three simultaneously freely falling test masses is measured in order to determine G. In this paper, a description of the experimental setup is presented. A detailed uncertainty budget estimates the relative uncertainty to be of the order of 5.3 × 10−4, however with some improvements a relative uncertainty in G of one part in 104 could be feasible.
Binding energies of the ground triplet state $a^3\Sigma _u^+$a3Σu+ of Rb2 and Cs2 in terms of the generalized Le Roy–Bernstein near-dissociation expansion
Authors: Sovkov V. B. , Ivanov V. S.
Published: April 2014

Formulae of Le Roy–Bernstein near-dissociation theory are derived in a general isotope–invariant form, applicable to any term in the rotational expansion of a diatomic ro-vibrational term value. It is proposed to use the generalized Le Roy–Bernstein expansion to describe the binding energies (ro-vibrational term values) of the ground triplet state \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$a^3\Sigma _u^+$\end{document}a3Σu+ of alkali metal dimers. The parameters of this description are determined for Rb2 and Cs2 molecules. This approach gives a recipe to calculate the whole variety of the binding energies with characteristic accuracies from ∼1 × 10−3 to 1 × 10−2 cm−1 using a relatively simple algebraic equation.