bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hybrid PIV/PTV measurements of velocity and position distributions of gas‐conveyed particles in small, narrow channels
Authors: Korevaar Martin W. , Padding Johan T. , Deen Niels G. , (Hans) Kuipers J. A. M. , Wang Jue , de Wit Martin , Schutyser Maarten A. I.
Published: July 2015

Pneumatic conveying of particles is generally applied in large ducts. However, new applications are emerging which benefit from millimeter‐sized ducts; for example, triboelectric separators where intensive wall‐particle contact is desirable. An optical method is proposed to measure the distribution of the position and velocity of 100–1000 μm particles in such narrow ducts. Images of the system are captured using a digital camera on which a Hough transform is applied to detect the particles and their positions. The velocities are acquired by applying a hybrid particle tracking and particle image velocimetry approach. This made it is possible to overcome challenges caused by suboptimal lighting, nonsmooth background, and a large ratio between particle and duct diameter
. It is shown that the algorithm is subpixel accurate when sufficient particles can be sampled. Finally, typical results are shown to illustrate the method's capabilities. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3616–3627, 2015
On identification of well‐conditioned nonlinear systems: Application to economic model predictive control of nonlinear processes
Authors: Alanqar Anas , Durand Helen , Christofides Panagiotis D.
Published: July 2015

The focus of this work is on economic model predictive control (EMPC) that utilizes well‐conditioned polynomial nonlinear state‐space (PNLSS) models for processes with nonlinear dynamics. Specifically, the article initially addresses the development of a nonlinear system identification technique for a broad class of nonlinear processes which leads to the construction of PNLSS dynamic models which are well‐conditioned over a broad region of process operation in the sense that they can be correctly integrated in real‐time using explicit numerical integration methods via time steps that are significantly larger than the ones required by nonlinear state‐space models identified via existing techniques. Working within the framework of PNLSS models, additional constraints are imposed in the identification procedure to ensure well‐conditioning of the identified nonlinear dynamic models. This development is key because it enables the design of Lyapunov‐based EMPC (LEMPC) systems for nonlinear processes using the well‐conditioned nonlinear models that can be readily implemented in real‐time as the computational burden required to compute the control actions within the process sampling period is reduced. A stability analysis for this LEMPC design is provided that guarantees closed‐loop stability of a process under certain conditions when an LEMPC based on a nonlinear empirical model is used. Finally, a classical chemical reactor example demonstrates both the system identification and LEMPC design techniques, and the significant advantages in terms of computation time reduction in LEMPC calculations when using the nonlinear empirical model. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3353–3373, 2015
Concomitant fat embolism syndrome and pulmonary embolism in a patient with a femoral shaft fracture
Authors: Ebina Masatomo , Inoue Akira , Atsumi Takahiro , Ariyoshi Koichi
Published: July 2015

Case

A 22‐year‐old man was injured in a traffic accident and developed respiratory distress on his first day of admission. On postadmission day 3, he developed serious respiratory distress with a suddenly altered mental status. Chest computed tomography revealed a pulmonary embolism that had not been evident when he was admitted. The patient was intubated and a continuous heparin infusion was started to treat the pulmonary embolism. Palpebral conjunctival petechiae were noticed the following day, at which point the patient fulfilled Gurd's criteria for fat embolism syndrome. Within a few days, his respiratory status was improved. Brain magnetic resonance imaging also provided evidence of fat embolism syndrome. His femoral shaft fracture was repaired on day 20.

Outcome

The patient was discharged home on postadmission day 63.

Conclusion

Concomitant fat embolism syndrome and pulmonary embolism, although very rare, should be considered when a trauma patient's respiratory status worsens.
Vibrational relaxation and decoherence in structured environments: a numerical investigation
Authors: Bonfanti Matteo , Hughes Keith H. , Burghardt Irene , Martinazzo Rocco
Published: July 2015

Vibrational relaxation is a key issue in chemical reaction dynamics in condensed phase and at the gas‐surface interface, where the environment is typically highly structured and cannot be expressed in terms of a simple friction coefficient. Rather, full knowledge of the coupling of the molecular oscillator to the environment is required, as typically subsumed in the spectral density of the environmental coupling. Here, we focus on harmonic Brownian motion and investigate the effectiveness of classical, canonical position autocorrelation functions to compute the spectral density of the coupling needed to describe vibrational relaxation in complex environments. Classical dynamics is performed on model systems, and several effects are investigated in detail, notably the presence of anharmonicity, the role of a high‐frequency “Debye” cutoff in the environment and the influence of the detailed structure of the latter. The spectral densities are then used in standard independent oscillator Hamiltonian models which are numerically solved at T = 0 K to investigate quantum relaxation and decoherence.

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Altersabhängige Level von 5‐Methyl‐, 5‐Hydroxymethyl‐ und 5‐Formylcytosin in Hirngeweben des Menschen und der Maus
Authors: Wagner Mirko , Steinbacher Jessica , Kraus Theo F. J. , Michalakis Stylianos , Hackner Benjamin , Pfaffeneder Toni , Perera Arshan , Müller Markus , Giese Armin , Kretzschmar Hans A. , Carell Thomas
Published: July 2015

Die absoluten Level von 5‐Hydroxymethyl‐ (hmC) und 5‐Methylcytosin (mC) in humanen Hirngeweben wurden in Abhängigkeit vom Lebensalter bestimmt. Zusätzlich wurden die absoluten 5‐Formylcytosin‐Level (fC) in adulten Individuen und die Level dieser modifizierten Cytosinbasen in menschlichen Neuronen quantifiziert. Wir vergleichen diese Daten mit den altersabhängigen Mengen von fC, hmC und mC in Hirngeweben der Maus. Bei hmC wird mit zunehmendem Alter zunächst ein Anstieg der Modifikationsdichte beobachtet. Im voll entwickelten Gehirn steigt das hmC‐Level nicht weiter an, sondern bleibt auf einem konstant hohen Niveau von ca. 1.2 % beim Menschen. Dieser Wert ist etwa doppelt so hoch wie das hmC‐Level im zerebralen Cortex der adulten Maus. Im Unterschied dazu sinkt das fC‐Level in den frühen Entwicklungsstadien mit zunehmendem Alter stark ab. Bei hmC könnte es sich dementsprechend um eine stabile epigenetische Modifikation handeln, während fC in den frühen Gehirnentwicklungsphasen vermutlich eher als Intermediat der aktiven DNA‐Demethylierung auftritt.
Dimere TADDOL‐Phosphoramidite in der asymmetrischen Katalyse: Domino‐Deracemisierung/Cyclopropanierung von Sulfoniumyliden
Authors: Klimczyk Sebastian , Misale Antonio , Huang Xueliang , Maulide Nuno
Published: July 2015

Eine Gold‐katalysierte asymmetrische Cyclopropanierung von nicht‐aktivierten Olefinen mit Sulfoniumyliden unter Verwendung eines bimetallischen Katalysators mit einem neuartigen dimeren TADDOL‐Phosphoramiditliganden wird vorgestellt. Die Reaktion ermöglicht eine seltene Gold‐katalysierte dynamische Deracemisierung von chiralen racemischen Substraten, woraus gefolgert wird, dass der Katalysator mehrere Aufgaben auf synergistische Weise übernimmt. Die Produkte sind nützliche Synthesebausteine und ermöglichen einen effizienten Zugang zu Naturstoffen.
In Situ Microfocus Chemical Computed Tomography of the Composition of a Single Catalyst Particle During Hydrogenation of Nitrobenzene in the Liquid Phase
Authors: Price Stephen W. T. , Geraki Kalotina , Ignatyev Konstantin , Witte Peter T. , Beale Andrew M. , Mosselmans J. Fred W.
Published: July 2015

Heterogeneous catalysis performed in the liquid phase is an important type of catalytic process which is rarely studied in situ. Using microfocus X‐ray fluorescence and X‐ray diffraction computed tomography (μ‐XRF‐CT, μ‐XRD‐CT) in combination with X‐ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy (XANES), we have determined the active state of a Mo‐promoted Pt/C catalyst (NanoSelect) for the liquid‐phase hydrogenation of nitrobenzene under standard operating conditions. First, μ‐XRF‐CT and μ‐XRD‐CT reveal the active state of Pt catalyst to be reduced, noncrystalline, and evenly dispersed across the support surface. Second, imaging of the Pt and Mo distribution reveals they are highly stable on the support and not prone to leaching during the reaction. This study demonstrates the ability of chemical computed tomography to image the nature and spatial distribution of catalysts under reaction conditions.
In Vivo Remote Control of Reactions inCaenorhabditis elegansby Using Supramolecular Nanohybrids of Carbon Nanotubes and Liposomes
Authors: Miyako Eijiro , Chechetka Svetlana A. , Doi Motomichi , Yuba Eiji , Kono Kenji
Published: July 2015

A supramolecular nanohybrid based on carbon nanotubes and liposomes that is highly biocompatible and capable of permeation through cells is described. The nanohybrid can be loaded with a variety of functional molecules and is structurally controlled by near‐infrared laser irradiation for the release of molecules from the nanohybrids in a targeted manner via microscopy. We implemented the controlled release of molecules from the nanohybrids and demonstrated remote regulation of the photoinduced nanohybrid functions. As a proof of principle, nanohybrids loaded with amiloride were successfully used in the spatiotemporally targeted blocking of amiloride‐sensitive mechanosensory neurons in livingCaenorhabditis elegans. Our prototype could inspire new designs for biomimetic parasitism and symbiosis, and biologically active nanorobots for the higher‐level manipulation of organisms.
Vegetal fiber‐based biocomposites: Which stakes for food packaging applications?
Authors: Berthet Marie‐Alix , Angellier‐Coussy Hélène , Guillard Valérie , Gontard Nathalie
Published: July 2015

Considering the needs of designing suitable food packaging that is able to decrease food losses while reducing the overall environmental impact of the food/packaging system, full biocomposites, i.e., both biodegradable and bio‐sourced, are becoming serious candidates for food packaging applications. This article aims at reviewing the knowledge about the functional properties of vegetal fibers‐based biocomposites, by considering the specific stakes relative to the food packaging application, i.e., the targeted functional properties, including mechanical properties and mass transfer properties (especially the permeability toward O2, CO2, and water vapor), the processability of materials using conventional equipments, the economical competitiveness, and the food safety. The first part summarizes the main characteristics of the constituents, i.e., matrices and fillers, and the processing routes to prepare biocomposites. In the second part, the ways to better understand and control the mass transfer properties in biocomposites will be deciphered by reminding the role of mass transfers in the food/packaging system and by focusing on how mass transfer properties are impacted by the material structure and mechanical properties. Food safety aspects will also be considered, by highlighting the possible undesirable migration from biocomposites toward food. This review will conclude on the main bottlenecks that should be resolved in order to make the use of biocomposites more viable for food packaging applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42528.
Phosphorus‐containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane/polyimides hybrid materials with low dielectric constant and low coefficients of thermal expansion
Authors: Li Xuesong , Hao Jinmeng , Jiang Qiyang , Mu Jianxin , Jiang Zhenhua
Published: July 2015

Novel phosphorus‐containing polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)/polyimides (PI) hybrid materials with low dielectric constant and low linear coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) were prepared and characterized. The POSS/PI hybrid materials were synthesized with octa(aminopropyl)silsesquioxane (OAPS) and a series of phosphorus‐containing polyamide acids(PAA). The PAAs were synthesized with bis(4‐aminophenoxy) phenyl phosphine oxide (BAPPO), 4,4’‐diaminodiphenyl ether (ODA) and 3,3',4,4'‐biphenyl tetracarboxylic diandhydride (BPDA). The structures and properties of the hybrid materials were characterized. And the effect of the phosphorus‐containing structure on the POSS/PI hybrid materials was discussed. The dielectric constants and CTE of the hybrid materials were remarkably lower than that of the unmodified POSS/PI films. The lowest values of dielectric constant and CTE could achieve as low as 2.64 (1 MHz) and 27.45 ppm/K. Besides, the hybrid materials also had excellent thermal properties. The highest 5% weight loss temperature of the hybrid materials was as high as 580°C under air. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42611.
Effect of solvent on electrical conductivity and gas sensitivity of PEDOT: PSS polymer composite films
Authors: Hwang Jun Sung , Oh Tae Hwan , Kim Se Hyun , Han Sung Soo , Lee Sung Jun , Lee Se Geun , Lee Young Jae , Jang Seung Soon
Published: July 2015

Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) was blended with polyethylene oxide (PEO) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and composite film was cast. Additional solvents of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethylene glycol (EG) were mixed and their effects on electrical conductivity and structural changes were investigated. The electrical conductivity increased in response to the additional solvent, leading to an increase in the PEDOT ratio relative to the control. PEDOT:PSS/PEO composite film had a much higher electrical conductivity than PEDOT:PSS/PVA. When blended with PEO, the quinoid structure revealed by Raman spectroscopy increased relative to the PVA‐blended case, indicating higher electrical conductivity. The current–voltage response and gas sensitivity showed much better performance in PEDOT:PSS/PEO/DMSO composite film. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42628.
Beitrag zur Erdbebenbemessung im Holztafelbau
Authors: Walter Burkhard , Hoffmann‐Berling Falk
Published: July 2015

Dieser Aufsatz behandelt die Erdbebenbemessung von Holzbauwerken und deren dynamisches Verhalten. Dabei liegt besonderes Augenmerk auf der Holztafelbauweise. Bei dieser Bauweise setzt sich die dynamische Bauwerksantwort aus mehreren Verformungsanteilen zusammen. Die zutreffende Berücksichtigung der Schub‐ und Biegesteifigkeiten hat einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Ermittlung der Grundschwingdauer von Bauwerken in Holztafelbauweise. Hierfür werden in der Praxis anwendbare Ingenieurmodelle vorgestellt und anhand von Beispielberechnungen erläutert.

Contribution to seismic design of timber structures

This contribution deals with the seismic design of timber structures and their dynamic response with particular focus on wood‐panel buildings. In this kind of constructions several deformation types contribute to the overall dynamic response. The appropriate consideration of shear and flexural stiffness has an crucial influence on the determination of the fundamental periods of wood‐panel structures. For this purpose engineering models suitable for practical use are presented and demonstrated by worked examples.
Ermüdung von Verbunddübelleisten in UHPC unter zyklischer Pull‐out‐Beanspruchung
Authors: Gallwoszus Joerg , Claßen Martin
Published: July 2015

Zur effizienten Verbindung von ultrahochfestem Beton (UHPC) mit hochfestem Stahl in modernen Stahl‐Beton‐Verbundkonstruktionen können Verbunddübelleisten als leistungsfähige Alternative zu Kopfbolzendübeln eingesetzt werden. Diese Verbunddübelleisten müssen neben der Schubsicherung auch die Übertragung von Zugkräften in der Verbundfuge sicherstellen, um ein Abheben der Betonplatte vom Stahlträger zu verhindern. Insbesondere in den sehr schlanken Betongurten hoch‐ und ultrahochfester Verbundträger, in denen die Verbundmittel zum Teil sehr kleine Verankerungstiefen aufweisen, kann dies zu konstruktiven Problemen führen. Während zum Tragverhalten von Verankerungen mit Verbunddübelleisten unter statischen Lasten bereits erste Erkenntnisse existieren, fehlen entsprechende Untersuchungen zur Ermüdung von Verbunddübelleisten unter zyklischer Zugbeanspruchung. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden statische und zyklische Zugversuche an einbetonierten Verbunddübeln in Betonplatten aus UHPC vorgestellt. Während in den Versuchen unter statischer Beanspruchung die Einflüsse unterschiedlicher Verankerungstiefen des Verbunddübels sowie die Verwendung einer Querbewehrung zur Verdübelung des Verbundmittels mit dem umgebenden Beton untersucht wurden, standen bei den zyklischen Versuchen insbesondere die lastabhängigen Parameter (Oberlast und Lastschwingbreite) im Fokus. Abschließend wird ein Konzept zur Abschätzung der Bruchlastspielzahl von Verankerungen mit Verbunddübelleisten in UHPC vorgeschlagen.

Fatigue of composite dowels in UHPC under cyclic pull out loading

Composite dowels can be used as a powerful alternative to headed studs for the efficient combination of ultra‐high performance concrete (UHPC) with high‐strength steel in modern steel‐concrete composite structures. Besides sufficient shear resistance, the composite dowels have to ensure the transmission of tensile forces in the composite connection in order to prevent lifting of the concrete slab. In particular, in the very slender concrete slabs of high‐strength composite beams, in which the composite dowels have very small embedment depths, this can lead to structural problems. While initial findings concerning the structural anchorage behavior of composite dowels under static loads already exist, studies on the fatigue of composite dowels under cyclic pull out loading are still lacking, so far. The present paper presents static and cyclic pull out tests of composite dowels in UHPC slabs. While the influence of different embedment depths as well as the use of a transverse reinforcement have been investigated in the experiments under static loading, the cyclic tests particularly focused on load‐dependent parameters (upper load level and load range). Finally, an approach to estimate the lifetime of composite dowels in UHPC under cyclic pull out loading is proposed.
Verfahren zum Erdbebennachweis von durch Stahlbetonwände ausgesteiften Gebäuden mit explizitem Nachweis der Verformungen
Authors: Köber Dietlinde , Zahn Franz A.
Published: July 2015

In [1] wird ein Bemessungsverfahren für durch Erdbeben beanspruchte Tragwerke vorgestellt, mit dem die explizite Berücksichtigung von torsionsbedingten Verschiebungen möglich ist und bei dem realistische Biegesteifigkeiten für die Wände verwendet werden. Da mit diesem vereinfachten Verfahren mit vertretbarem Aufwand nur der getrennte Tragsicherheitsnachweis für Erdbebenbeanspruchungen in den Gebäudehauptrichtungen möglich ist, wird in diesem Aufsatz der Frage nachgegangen, ob ein Gebäude, für welches der Nachweis in beiden Hauptrichtungen erbracht wird, auch für Erdbebenbeanspruchung unter 45° zu den Hauptrichtungen ausreichende Standsicherheit besitzt. Zu diesem Zwecke werden zwei Beispielgebäude zunächst mit dem in [1] beschriebenen Verfahren auf ihre Standsicherheit in den Hauptrichtungen untersucht und anschließend mit dem Programm ETABS nachgerechnet, und zwar zunächst jeweils in einer Gebäudehauptrichtung und danach für eine Beanspruchung unter 45° zu dieser.

Alternative Seismic Design Methodology for Reinforced Concrete Wall Buildings Incorporating the Prediction of Wall Displacements. Check by Push‐Over Analysis

In [1] a design methodology is presented for the seismic design of structures, using realistic cracked member stiffness and explicitly allowing for additional wall displacements related to torsion. Because the methodology is only suited for earthquake design separately in the principal directions of the building, the question arises whether a building so designed will also be safe for skew earthquake actions. In order to address this problem this paper presents the application of the proposed methodology, [1], to two example structures in each principal direction. These two buildings are then analysed using the program ETABS, first in one principal direction and then for lateral loads at a 45° angle.
Semiparametric transformation models for multiple continuous biomarkers in ROC analysis
Authors: Kim Eunhee , Zeng Donglin , Zhou Xiao‐Hua
Published: July 2015

Recent technological advances continue to provide noninvasive and more accurate biomarkers for evaluating disease status. One standard tool for assessing the accuracy of diagnostic tests is the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Few statistical methods exist to accommodate multiple continuous‐scale biomarkers in the framework of ROC analysis. In this paper, we propose a method to integrate continuous‐scale biomarkers to optimize classification accuracy. Specifically, we develop semiparametric transformation models for multiple biomarkers. We assume that unknown and marker‐specific transformations of biomarkers follow a multivariate normal distribution. Our models accommodate biomarkers subject to limits of detection and account for the dependence among biomarkers by including a subject‐specific random effect. We also propose a diagnostic measure using an optimal linear combination of the transformed biomarkers. Our diagnostic rule does not depend on any monotone transformation of biomarkers and is not sensitive to extreme biomarker values. Nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation (NPMLE) is used for inference. We show that the parameter estimators are asymptotically normal and efficient. We illustrate our semiparametric approach using data from the Endometriosis, Natural History, Diagnosis, and Outcomes (ENDO) study.
Spectroscopic and molecular docking studies on the interaction between N‐acetyl cysteine and bovine serum albumin
Authors: Jahanban‐Esfahlan Ali , Panahi‐Azar Vahid , Sajedi Sanaz
Published: July 2015

The interaction between N‐acetyl cysteine (NAC) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated by UV–vis, fluorescence spectroscopy, and molecular docking methods. Fluorescence study at three different temperatures indicated that the fluorescence intensity of BSA was reduced upon the addition of NAC by the static quenching mechanism. Binding constant (Kb) and the number of binding sites (n) were determined. The binding constant for the interaction of NAC and BSA was in the order of 103 M−1, and the number of binding sites was obtained to be equal to 1. Enthalpy (ΔH), entropy (ΔS), and Gibb's free energy (ΔG) as thermodynamic values were also achieved by van't Hoff equation. Hydrogen bonding and van der Waals force were the major intermolecular forces in the interaction process and it was spontaneous. Finally, the binding mode and the binding sites were clarified using molecular docking which were in good agreement with the results of spectroscopy experiments. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 103: 638–645, 2015.
Connecting biology and organic chemistry introductory laboratory courses through a collaborative research project
Authors: Boltax Ariana L. , Armanious Stephanie , Kosinski‐Collins Melissa S. , Pontrello Jason K.
Published: July 2015

Modern research often requires collaboration of experts in fields, such as math, chemistry, biology, physics, and computer science to develop unique solutions to common problems. Traditional introductory undergraduate laboratory curricula in the sciences often do not emphasize connections possible between the various disciplines. We designed an interdisciplinary, medically relevant, project intended to help students see connections between chemistry and biology. Second term organic chemistry laboratory students designed and synthesized potential polymer inhibitors or inducers of polyglutamine protein aggregation. The use of novel target compounds added the uncertainty of scientific research to the project. Biology laboratory students then tested the novel potential pharmaceuticals in Huntington's disease model assays, using in vitro polyglutamine peptide aggregation and in vivo lethality studies in Drosophila. Students read articles from the primary literature describing the system from both chemical and biological perspectives. Assessment revealed that students emerged from both courses with a deeper understanding of the interdisciplinary nature of biology and chemistry and a heightened interest in basic research. The design of this collaborative project for introductory biology and organic chemistry labs demonstrated how the local interests and expertise at a university can be drawn from to create an effective way to integrate these introductory courses. Rather than simply presenting a series of experiments to be replicated, we hope that our efforts will inspire other scientists to think about how some aspect of authentic work can be brought into their own courses, and we also welcome additional collaborations to extend the scope of the scientific exploration. © 2015 by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 43(4):233–244, 2015.
Biochemistry in an undergraduate writing‐intensive first‐year program: Seminar courses in drugs and bioethics
Authors: Mills Kenneth V.
Published: July 2015

The College of the Holy Cross offers a universal first‐year program called Montserrat, in which first‐year students participate in a living‐learning experience anchored by a yearlong seminar course. The seminar courses are part of a thematic cluster of four to eight courses; students in the cluster live together in a common dormitory and participate in shared co‐curricular events designed to engage the entire cluster in intellectual discourse related to the theme. A two‐semester seminar within the “Natural World” cluster was offered using biochemical principles as the underlying content. In the first semester, students were introduced to drug design, activity and abuse via student presentations and guided readings on ethnobotany, drug laws, drug use in religion, and prescription drug costs. In the second semester, students discussed primary readings in ethics followed by case study analyses of assisted reproduction technologies, informed consent, genetic privacy, performance enhancing drugs and genetically modified organisms. Student learning outcomes were evaluated via rubrics and a College‐facilitated survey. © 2015 by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 43(4):263–272, 2015.
Blockade of CD82 by a monoclonal antibody potentiates anti‐leukemia effects of AraC in vivo
Authors: Nishioka Chie , Ikezoe Takayuki , Yokoyama Akihito
Published: July 2015

We recently found that CD82 inhibits matrix metalloproteinase 9 and augments adhesion of CD34+/CD38− acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells to the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. The present study found that the use of an anti‐CD82 monoclonal antibody (CD82 mAb) mobilized CD34+ leukemia cells from BM into the peripheral blood in a humanized AML murine model. The use of CD82 mAb in combination with cytarabine (AraC) significantly prolonged survival of immunodeficient mice‐bearing human AML cells than did treatment with either AraC or CD82 mAb alone. Taken together, the combination of an anti‐leukemic agent and the mobilizing agent CD82 mAb may be a promising treatment strategy to treat patients with AML.
A Metallosalen‐based Porous Organic Polymer for Olefin Epoxidation
Authors: Liu Tao‐Tao , Lin Zu‐Jin , Shi Peng‐Chao , Ma Tao , Huang Yuan‐Biao , Cao Rong
Published: July 2015

Porous organic polymers (POPs) are newly developed porous materials, which show a great promise in gas adsorption and separation, heterogeneous catalysis etc. This work reports a new salen‐(Mn)‐based porous organic polymer (Mn‐POP) serving as a solid catalyst for heterogeneous catalytic olefin epoxidation. Mn‐POP was synthesized by Sonogashira–Hagihara reaction when 1,3,5‐triethynylbenzene and the privileged salen‐(Mn) as monomers. The effective coupling of these two monomers was confirmed by UV/Vis and infrared spectroscopy. Gas adsorption studies revealed that Mn‐POP has a BET surface area of 836 m2 g−1, and mesoporosity (up to 3.4 nm). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the material has uniformly spherical shapes. Further olefin epoxidation experiments proved that Mn‐POP is a good solid catalyst for olefin epoxidation with high activity (up to 99 % conversion) and excellent selectivity (up to 96 %) when O2 acts as oxidizer. Moreover, Mn‐POP catalyst is easily recoverable and can be reused for at least five times without loss of activity and selectivity.
Photodecarboxylations in an Advanced Meso‐Scale Continuous‐Flow Photoreactor
Authors: Josland Sam , Mumtaz Saira , Oelgemöller Michael
Published: July 2015

Selected photodecarboxylations of phthalimides were realized under continuous‐flow conditions using an advanced meso‐scale photoreactor. The improved efficiency, yields, and productivities of these photochemical reactions highlight the benefits of using flow as opposed to conventional batch operation modes. Flow chemistry furthermore allows for an easy combination of multiple reaction steps in series. This is demonstrated by the successful synthesis of a pharmaceutical target molecule through a tandem photochemical‐thermal procedure carried out in uninterrupted flow.
Near infrared in vivo flow cytometry for tracking fluorescent circulating cells
Authors: Suo Yuanzhen , Liu Tao , Xie Chengying , Wei Dan , Tan Xu , Wu Liao , Wang Xiaoling , He Hao , Shi Guohua , Wei Xunbin , Shi Chunmeng
Published: July 2015

The in vivo flow cytometry (IVFC) is now a powerful technique in biomedical research, especially for tracking specific cells in circulatory system. The current fluorescence‐based IVFC is limited to visible spectrum, while near infrared (NIR) dyes have their advantages, such as deeper penetration, less absorption and less scattering for NIR fluorescence. Here, using an NIR in vivo flow cytometer with a 785 nm laser excitation, the measurement of fluorescent dye IR‐780 labeled circulating cells is demonstrated. Representative peaks corresponding to NIR fluorescent circulating cells are detected and quantified. In addition, blood flow information, including the blood flow velocity and flow volume per unit time, is obtained. By simultaneous detection of IR‐780 and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) signals from dual labeled cells, the IR‐780 is shown to be a suitable fluorescent dye for multicolor detection by IVFC, including NIR. Thus, the IVFC is extended to the NIR range and shows potential application in biomedical research. © 2015 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
The calcium‐sensing receptor and integrins modulate cerebellar granule cell precursor differentiation and migration
Authors: Tharmalingam Sujeenthar , Wu Chiping , Hampson David R.
Published: July 2015

In the developing cerebellum granule cell precursors (GCPs) proliferate in the external granule cell layer before differentiating and migrating to the inner granule cell layer. Aberrant GCP proliferation leads to medulloblastoma, the most prevalent form of childhood brain cancer. Here, we demonstrate that the calcium‐sensing receptor (CaSR), a homodimeric G‐protein coupled receptor, functions in conjunction with cell adhesion proteins, the integrins, to enhance GCP migration and cell homing by promoting GCP differentiation. During the second postnatal week a robust peak in CaSR expression was observed in GCPs; reciprocal immunoprecipitation experiments conducted during this period established that the CaSR and β1 integrins are present together in a macromolecular protein complex. Analysis of cell‐surface proteins demonstrated that activation of the CaSR by positive allosteric modulators promoted plasma membrane expression of β1 integrins via ERK2 and AKT phosphorylation and resulted in increased GCP migration toward an extracellular matrix protein. The results of in vivo experiments whereby CaSR modulators were injected i.c.v. revealed that CaSR activation promoted radial migration of GCPs by enhancing GCP differentiation, and conversely, a CaSR inhibitor disrupted GCP differentiation and promoted GCP proliferation. Our results demonstrate that an ion‐sensing G‐protein coupled receptor acts to promote neuronal differentiation and homing during cerebellar maturation. These findings together with those of others also suggest that CaSR/integrin complexes act to transduce extracellular calcium signals into cellular movement, and may function in this capacity as a universal cell migration/homing complex in the developing brain. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 76: 375–389, 2016
A conserved role for calpains during myoblast fusion
Authors: Buffolo Marcio , Batista Possidonio Ana Claudia , Mermelstein Claudia , Araujo Helena
Published: July 2015

Myoblast fusion is a key step during skeletal muscle differentiation as it enables the formation of contractile fibers. Calpains have been implicated in some aspects of myogenesis in mammals, but whether they exert a conserved function during myoblast fusion has not been investigated. Here, we studied Calpain function in two models of myogenesis: in vitro analysis of chick myogenic cultures and in vivo analysis of Drosophila melanogaster muscle development. First we showed that Calpain A is important for fly muscle function. In addition, Calpain A knockdown reduced lateral body wall muscle length and width, as well as the number of nuclei in dorsal oblique muscles, consistent with fewer cells fusing to form fibers. Treatment of chick cultures with a selective Calpain inhibitor led to the formation of thinner myotubes containing a reduced number of nuclei, consistent with decreased myoblast fusion. Dynamic changes in IκBα labeling and transfection with a dominant‐negative IκBα suggest a role for the NFκB pathway during chick myogenesis and a possible role of Calpains in attenuating NFκB signals that restrict myoblast fusion. Our data suggest that different model organisms may be used to study the role of Calpains in regular myogenesis and Calpain‐related muscular degenerative disorders. genesis 53:417–430, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Seasonal effects on egg production and level of paternity in a natural population of a simultaneous hermaphrodite snail
Authors: Janssen Ruben , Baur Bruno
Published: July 2015

In a seasonal environment, the suitable time window for females to reproduce is restricted by both environmental conditions and the availability of males. In simultaneous hermaphrodites, which are female and male at the same time, selection on a trait that is solely beneficial for one sexual function cannot occur independently. Therefore, it is assumed that the optimal time window for reproduction is a compromise between the two sexual functions in simultaneous hermaphrodites, mediated by environmental conditions. We examined seasonal patterns of reproduction and the resulting paternity in a natural population of the simultaneously hermaphroditic land snail Arianta arbustorum. Adult and premature individuals (snails in a short protandric phase) were collected on four occasions over the entire active season. The snails were allowed to deposit eggs after which we assessed the level of paternity in their hatched offspring. Individuals mated throughout the reproductive season, whereas egg production – the major task of the female function – was restricted to the first half of the season. Snails collected in autumn were allowed to hibernate under laboratory conditions. As a result, we found that premature individuals began to mate late in the reproductive season, but did not start to produce eggs before emerging from hibernation. Our results demonstrate a temporal shift of reproductive activities; the egg production and oviposition occur mainly in the first half of the season, while sperm production and mating occur over the entire season. In subadult and adult snails, sperm obtained from several partners in the second part of the reproductive season are stored during hibernation for the fertilization of eggs in the successive years. These results extend our understanding of the influence of both natural and sexual selection on reproductive strategies in hermaphrodites.
Interactive effects of elevated CO2 and precipitation change on leaf nitrogen of dominant Stipa L. species
Authors: Shi Yaohui , Zhou Guangsheng , Jiang Yanling , Wang Hui , Xu Zhenzhu , Song Jian
Published: July 2015

Nitrogen (N) serves as an important mineral element affecting plant productivity and nutritional quality. However, few studies have addressed the interactive effects of elevated CO2 and precipitation change on leaf N of dominant grassland genera such as Stipa L. This has restricted our understanding of the responses of grassland to climate change. We simulated the interactive effects of elevated CO2 concentration and varied precipitation on leaf N concentration (Nmass) of four Stipa species (Stipa baicalensis, Stipa bungeana, Stipa grandis, and Stipa breviflora; the most dominant species in arid and semiarid grassland) using open‐top chambers (OTCs). The relationship between the Nmass of these four Stipa species and precipitation well fits a logarithmic function. The sensitivity of these four species to precipitation change was ranked as follows: S. bungeana > S. breviflora > S. baicalensis > S. grandis. The Nmass of S. bungeana was the most sensitive to precipitation change, while S. grandis was the least sensitive among these Stipa species. Elevated CO2 exacerbated the effect of precipitation on Nmass. Nmass decreased under elevated CO2 due to growth dilution and a direct negative effect on N assimilation. Elevated CO2 reduced Nmass only in a certain precipitation range for S. baicalensis (163–343 mm), S. bungeana (164–355 mm), S. grandis (148–286 mm), and S. breviflora (130–316 mm); severe drought or excessive rainfall would be expected to result in a reduced impact of elevated CO2. Elevated CO2 affected the Nmass of S. grandis only in a narrow precipitation range. The effect of elevated CO2 reached a maximum when the amount of precipitation was 253, 260, 217, and 222 mm for S. baicalensis, S. bungeana, S. grandis, and S. breviflora, respectively. The Nmass of S. grandis was the least sensitive to elevated CO2. The Nmass of S. breviflora was more sensitive to elevated CO2 under a drought condition compared with the other Stipa species.
Ecophenotypic plasticity leads to extraordinary gastropod shells found on the “Roof of the World”
Authors: Clewing Catharina , Riedel Frank , Wilke Thomas , Albrecht Christian
Published: July 2015

The often extraordinary shell forms and shapes of gastropods found in palaeolakes, such as the highly diverse Gyraulus fauna of the famous Steinheim Basin, have been puzzling evolutionary biologists for centuries, and there is an ongoing debate whether these aberrant shell forms are indicative of true species (or subspecies) or ecophenotypic morphs. Interestingly, one of the Steinheim Gyraulus morphs – a corkscrew‐like open‐coiled shell – has a recent analogue in the Lake Bangong drainage system on the western Tibetan Plateau. Therefore, a combination of morphological, molecular, palaeolimnological, and ecological analyses was used in this study to assess whether the extraordinary shell shape in Gyraulus sp. from this drainage system represents a (young) ecophenotypic phenomenon or if it has been genetically fixed over an extended period of time. Our morphological, ecological, and palaeolimnological data suggest that the corkscrew‐like specimens remain restricted to a small pond near Lake Bangong with an elevated pH value and that the colonization may have occurred recently. The phylogenetic reconstruction based on two gene fragments shows that these nonplanispiral specimens cluster within the previous described Tibetan Plateau Gyraulus clade N2. A network analysis indicates that some haplotypes are even shared by planispiral and nonplanispiral specimens. Given the ephemerality of the phenomenon, the compact network patterns inferred, the likely young phylogenetic age of the aberrant Gyraulus shells studied, and the ecological peculiarities of the study site, we suggest that the evolution of the aberrant shell forms on the Tibetan Plateau could likely be considered as a rapid ecophenotypic response, possibly induced by ecological stress. This finding may thus have implications for the ongoing debate about the processes that have caused the extraordinary shell diversity in palaeolakes such as the Steinheim Basin.
Clinical outcomes according to QRS duration and morphology in the Eplerenone in Mild Patients: Hospitalization and SurvIval Study in Heart Failure (EMPHASIS‐HF)
Authors: Cannon Jane A. , Collier Timothy J. , Shen Li , Swedberg Karl , Krum Henry , Van Veldhuisen Dirk J. , Vincent John , Pocock Stuart J. , Pitt Bertram , Zannad Faiez , McMurray John J.V.
Published: July 2015

Aims

We examined the relationship between different degrees of QRS prolongation and different QRS morphologies and clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure, reduced ejection fraction (HF‐REF), and mild symptoms in the Eplerenone in Mild Patients Hospitalization and SurvIval Study in Heart Failure trial (EMPHASIS‐HF). We also evaluated the effect of eplerenone in these patients according to QRS duration/morphology.

Methods and results

Patients were categorized as: QRS duration (ms) (i) <120 (n = 1375); (ii) 120–149 (n = 517); and (iii) ≥150 (n = 383), and QRS morphology (i) normal (n = 1252); (ii) left bundle branch block (BBB) (n = 608); and (iii) right BBB/intraventricular conduction defect (IVCD) (n = 415). The outcomes examined were the composite of cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization and all‐cause mortality. Both abnormal QRS duration and QRS morphology were associated with higher risk, e.g. the rates of the composite outcome were: 10.2, 17.6, and 15.5 per 100 patient‐years in the <120, 120–149, and ≥150 ms groups, respectively. Eplerenone reduced the risk of the primary outcome and mortality, compared with placebo, consistently across the QRS duration/morphology subgroups.

Conclusion

We found that even moderate prolongation of QRS duration and right BBB/IVCD were associated with a high risk of adverse outcomes in HF‐REF. Eplerenone was similarly effective, irrespective of QRS duration/morphology.
Versatile myeloid cell subsets contribute to tuberculosis‐associated inflammation
Authors: Dorhoi Anca , Kaufmann Stefan H.E.
Published: July 2015

Tuberculosis (TB), a chronic bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), typically affects the lung and causes profound morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Recent advances in cellular immunology emphasize the complexity of myeloid cell subsets controlling TB inflammation. The specialization of myeloid cell subsets for particular immune processes has tailored their roles in protection and pathology. Among myeloid cells, dendritic cells (DCs) are essential for the induction of adaptive immunity, macrophages predominantly harbor Mtb within TB granulomas and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) orchestrate lung damage. However, within each myeloid cell population, diverse phenotypes with unique functions are currently recognized, differentially influencing TB pneumonia and granuloma functionality. More recently, myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been identified at the site of Mtb infection. Along with PMNs, MDSCs accumulate within the inflamed lung, interact with granuloma‐residing cells and contribute to exuberant inflammation. In this review, we discuss the contribution of different myeloid cell subsets to inflammation in TB by highlighting their interactions with Mtb and their role in lung pathology. Uncovering the manifold nature of myeloid cells in TB pathogenesis will inform the development of future immune therapies aimed at tipping the inflammation balance to the benefit of the host.
Orderly Nanopatterned Indium Tin Oxide Electrode Combined with Atomic‐Layer‐Deposited Metal Oxide Interlayer for Inverted Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Lin Zhenhua , Zhu Mei , Chang Jingjing , Jiang Changyun , Zhang Jie , Wu Jishan , Choi Wee Kiong , Zhu Chunxiang
Published: July 2015

In this work, well‐ordered periodic nanogroove structures are constructed on the surfaces of indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates through a simple and cost‐effective patterning method, laser interference lithography (LIL). By using the nanopatterned ITO electrodes coated conformally with metal oxide thin films as the electron‐selective interlayer (ESL) fabricated by low‐temperature atomic layer deposition (ALD), periodically nanostructured cathode–active‐layer interfaces are formed in the inverted organic solar cells (OSCs). Compared with a planar‐ITO cathode, a nanopatterned ITO cathode with 30 nm high nanogrooves leads to considerably improved short‐circuit current and power conversion efficiency for poly(3‐hexylthiophene)/[6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT/PCBM) based cells. The improvement in the photocurrent is caused by enhanced light absorption and improved charge‐carrier generation in the devices with nanostructured cathode–active‐layer interfaces.
Acute and chronic toxicity of sodium sulfate to four freshwater organisms in water-only exposures
Authors: Wang Ning , Dorman Rebecca A. , Ingersoll Christopher G. , Hardesty Doug K. , Brumbaugh William G. , Hammer Edward J. , Bauer Candice R. , Mount David R.
Published: July 2015

The acute and chronic toxicity of sulfate (tested as sodium sulfate) was determined in diluted well water (hardness of 100 mg/L and pH 8.2) with a cladoceran (Ceriodaphnia dubia; 2-d and 7-d exposures), a midge (Chironomus dilutus; 4-d and 41-d exposures), a unionid mussel (pink mucket, Lampsilis abrupta; 4-d and 28-d exposures), and a fish (fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas; 4-d and 34-d exposures). Among the 4 species, the cladoceran and mussel were acutely more sensitive to sulfate than the midge and fathead minnow, whereas the fathead minnow was chronically more sensitive than the other 3 species. Acute-to-chronic ratios ranged from 2.34 to 5.68 for the 3 invertebrates but were as high as 12.69 for the fish. The fathead minnow was highly sensitive to sulfate during the transitional period from embryo development to hatching in the diluted well water, and thus, additional short-term (7- to 14-d) sulfate toxicity tests were conducted starting with embryonic fathead minnow in test waters with different ionic compositions at a water hardness of 100 mg/L. Increasing chloride in test water from 10 mg Cl/L to 25 mg Cl/L did not influence sulfate toxicity to the fish, whereas increasing potassium in test water from 1 mg K/L to 3 mg K/L substantially reduced the toxicity of sulfate. The results indicate that both acute and chronic sulfate toxicity data, and the influence of potassium on sulfate toxicity to fish embryos, need to be considered when environmental guidance values for sulfate are developed or refined. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:115–127. Published 2015 SETAC. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the United States.