bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Automated and Standard Administration of the Purdue Pegboard with Mentally Retarded Adults
Authors: Guarnaccia Vincent J. , Daniels Lawrence K. , Sefick William J.
Published: September 2011

Standard and automated administrations of the Purdue Pegboard to 32 mentally retarded adults were compared in a test-retest paradigm. The automated administration involved videotape and audio input. Both types of administration yielded equivalent scores except on the assembly portion of the test where the difference favored the automated presentation. Spearman rank-order test-retest correlations over a 2-mo. period showed both types of test administration to be equally reliable.
Human Sex Differences in Extreme Isolation
Authors: McClure Gary , Forgays Donald G.
Published: September 2011

This report compares the responses of male and female adult subjects in the water-immersion sensory-isolation environment. Endurance, subjective time estimates, and heart rate were dependent variables. Duration under water, with voluntary termination possible, was an average of about 4 hr. for both males and females. Subjective estimate of total time in isolation averaged about 3 ½ hr. for females and almost 4 hr. for males. Subjective time estimate of consecutive 30-min. time intervals was a bit more than 30 min. for males and about 33 min. for females. Mean heart rate (beats/minute) averaged in the 80s for both groups. None of these differences is statistically significant. This study clarifies the mixed findings reported in the literature as to sex differences in isolated environments.
“Shaping” of Frequency Discrimination Performance Using Only Intrinsic Reinforcement
Authors: Auerbach Carl
Published: September 2011

This experiment compared two modes of practice at a difficult frequency discrimination, i.e., one in which the frequency difference was initially correctly discriminated only 65% of the trials in a two-alternative forced-choice task. One group of Ss ( N = 13) was assigned to a progressive-practice group, in which the frequency difference to be discriminated was progressively changed from a large, easy, difference to the difficult, small, difference. The other group of Ss ( N = 13) received the same amount of practice as the first, but all at the difficult discrimination. Only the progressive-practice group improved their discrimination performance. Since no feedback was given, the effect of progressive practice is interpreted as “shaping” Ss' attentional response by virtue of the information provided by the successively more difficult discriminations. This “shaping” process is potentially available as a learning mechanism for other fine discriminations.
Methodological Note on the Perceiver and the Perceived: A Replication
Authors: Clark Henry , Hochhaus Larry
Published: September 2011

Fraternity pledges' written descriptions of other pledges were obtained in an attempt to replicate the findings of the Dornbusch, Hastorf, Richardson, Muzzy, and Vreeland (1965) study. The same coding scheme was used, except a change in the statistical analysis was employed to determine the amount of category agreement in three conditions, when a common perceiver described two people, when a common perceived was described by two people, and when there was no common perceived or perceiver. The common perceiver had significantly higher agreement; the common perceived did not produce higher agreement than cultural factors. Results were interpreted as showing the importance of the manner in which the perceiver structures his internal world.
Failure of Conservation Training of Disadvantaged Black Teenagers: A Neo-Piagetian Interpretation
Authors: Case Robbie , Pascual-Leone Juan
Published: September 2011

From a structural point of view, conservation tasks resemble Witkin's field-dependence situations. According to our neo-Piagetian theory, therefore, the failure of certain disadvantaged black teenagers to profit from conservation training may be related to their field dependence.
Developmental Aspects of Auditory and Visual Scanning
Authors: Fisher Lawrence , Rubenstein Gerald
Published: September 2011

60 Ss from Grades 1 through 6 were administered an auditory and visual scanning procedure and 27 of those Ss were given arithmetic and reading achievement tests. Data indicated scanning ability increases linearly with grade in school and the relationship between the scanning measures also increases sharply with grade. Auditory scanning was related to academic achievement; visual scanning only approached significance with arithmetic achievement but was unrelated to reading achievement.
Nursing Behavior of Infant Pigtail Monkeys (Macaca Nemestrina): Preferences for Nipples
Authors: Erwin J. , Anderson Brian , Bunger Daniel
Published: September 2011

Nursing behavior of 56 singleton infant pigtail monkeys ( Macaca nemestrina) was monitored. Infants over 1 mo. of age showed strong preferences for one of their mothers' nipples, while few infants less than 1 mo. old did so. The infants which had the lowest birthweights for each sex showed no clear preference even though they were older than 1 mo. A trend toward lateral preference (for the right nipple) was identical for male and female infants. Analysis of the development of preference for nipple may provide useful information for assessing developmental progress.
Graffiti Content as an Index of Political Interest
Authors: Jorgenson Dale O. , Lange Charles
Published: September 2011

Graffiti in 25 male restrooms on a college campus were examined for political references on the eve of the 1972 national elections and at three subsequent time periods. As predicted, the proportion of “political” content in the graffiti was significantly greater on the eve of the election than at any of the other periods.
Comparative Study of Verbal Originality in Deaf and Hearing Children
Authors: Johnson Roger A. , Khatena Joe
Published: September 2011

Verbal originality scores were obtained from Onomatopoeia and Images, Form 1B, given to 181 deaf and 236 hearing Ss aged 10 to 19 yr. The hearing Ss scored significantly higher than the deaf Ss. Significant main effects for age were found but not for sex. The only significant interaction was found for hearing status and age. Deaf Ss became more productive as age increased, while performance of hearing Ss relative to age fluctuated.
Sensory Integration and Single-Modality Scanning
Authors: Fisher Lawrence , Rubenstein Gerald
Published: September 2011

An auditory scanning, visual scanning, and auditory-visual integration test was administered to 72 children from grades 1, 2, 3, and 5 to determine whether increases in sensory integration skills could be accounted for by increases in skills of single modalities. Using a multiple regression model, the results indicated that increases in integrative functioning occur independently of developmental changes in individual modalities. Implications for future research are presented.
Conjugate Lateral Eye Movement and Latency of Verbal Response to Arithmetic Questions
Authors: Croghan Leo M. , Bullard P. Carol
Published: September 2011

24 left movers, 24 right movers and 24 mixed movers, categorized on the basis of their conjugate lateral eye movements, were measured on latency of verbal response to arithmetic questions. The predicted superiority of right movers in speed of response did not occur nor did interference with habitual direction of conjugate lateral eye movement affect results. However, the mixed group took longer to respond to a second series of questions than did the left and right movers. This post hoc finding may indicate inefficient hemispheric competition within the mixed group when subjects are asked to add another task to that of arithmetic problem-solving.
Psychological Dynamics and Self-Perceptions of Vasectomy Candidates
Authors: Hamersma Richard J. , Miller Clarke , Anderegg Thomas , Rudolph Bonnie
Published: September 2011

Growing concern with population control has focused attention on various methods of contraception including vasectomy. Psychological research on this topic is scant, however. In this study, 9 vasectomy candidates who were undergoing the operation were compared to 9 husbands whose wives were about to have a tubal ligation. Their responses on the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and the Adjective Check List were compared. Most of the data showed no significant differences except on one scale of Counseling Readiness. The results, and others, indicate that vasectomy candidates may have a tendency to deny the anxiety connected with the operation due to its irreversible nature.
Some Personality Correlates of Self-Rated Academic Success
Authors: Mehryar A. H. , Hekmat H. , Khajavi F.
Published: September 2011

Using subjects' own ratings of their academic performance, a group of American university students were divided into academically successful ( n = 312) and unsuccessful ( n = 170) subgroups. A comparison of mean scores of the two groups on nine personality variables covered by Eysenck's PEN Inventory and Lanyon's Psychological Screening Inventory showed that academic success, as rated by subjects themselves, is associated with low psychoticism, neuroticism, and discomfort but high extraversion and defensiveness.
Profile of Perceptual-Cognitive Traits and Personality Style of Possible Relevance to Creative Productivity
Authors: Ewing James H. , Gillis Carol A. , Ebert John N. , Mathews Hugh M.
Published: September 2011

The amount of illusory movement perceived on the autokinetic test, manifestations of primary process expression on the Rorschach, and creative productivity as measured by the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking, were collected from 47 volunteer college students. Those individuals who expressed primary process thinking as blatant affect and the fusion of images, and elaborated on a stimulus pictorially, had extensive movement on the autokinetic test ( P < .05). We further delineated certain personality characteristics of these individuals employing a 26-item bipolar questionnaire. They are among other things, active, striving, assertive, in touch with and free to express emotion, rebellious, incautious, self-determining, productive, motivated to influence others, and excelling in producing objects or ideas which are unique.
Measurement of Field-Independence-Dependence in Children: A Methodological Note
Authors: Keogh Barbara K. , Tardo Karen
Published: September 2011

Three techniques for assessment of field-independence-dependence were found feasible and appropriate for use with primary grade children in a school setting. Ss were readily able to understand directions and to manage the apparatus. They appeared interested and highly motivated to perform well. Findings must be interpreted cautiously, however. Small size of samples, especially in the test-retest reliability analyses, makes generalizability limited. Importantly, too, strength of relationship between the three measures varied; r between the two rod-and-frame techniques was statistically significant, but only the Nickel apparatus related significantly to the Children's Embedded-figures Test. Questions must be raised as to the comparability of techniques in assessment of field-independence-dependence, at least for primary grade children. Finally, these Ss were from middle socioeconomic backgrounds and were pupils in a stable and achievement-oriented school. Feasibility of using the techniques with children from markedly different social and economic backgrounds is uncertain.
Shifts in Kinesthesis through Time and after Active and Passive Movement
Authors: Craske Brian , Crawshaw Martin
Published: September 2011

The position sense of a stationary arm was investigated subsequent to an horizontally adductive movement with axis the shoulder joint. The right arm was the treated arm: it reached a test position actively, using minimal voluntary effort, or passively from each of 10 starting positions. The blindfolded S localized the index finger of the treated arm by attempting to touch it with the index finger of his left hand. The results indicate that subsequent to active movement the final position of a limb is more accurately known than a position resulting from passive movement. A second finding is that concomitant with both forms of limb placement there is a unidirectional drift of perceived limb position over trials.
Social Desirability as Related to Convergence of Temporal Speech Patterns
Authors: Natale Michael
Published: September 2011

Studies have suggested that the degree of “matching” or convergence of paralinguistic behavior in dyadic communication is related to various personality variables. This investigation sought to determine the relationship between the degree of noncontent temporal speech convergence and the individual's measured social desirability. Ss were 8 male dyads and 5 female dyads who were volunteers from an introductory psychology course. Social desirability was measured by the Marlowe-Crowne scale; the classifications of temporal speech parameters were vocalizations, pauses, and switching pauses. A multiple regression analysis supports the proposition that individuals with high social desirability converge more in their duration of switching pauses than individuals with low social desirability.
Perception of Geometrical Arrays Tachistoscopically Exposed in Right and Left Visual Fields
Authors: Fudin Robert , Feldman Darryl B.
Published: September 2011

Geometrical stimuli (48 6-item arrays of familiar forms, e.g., circle), tachistoscopically presented in the right or left visual field, were more accurately perceived in the right than left visual field by 15 college students. Targets about half the length of the displays exposed here were perceived with equal facility in both visual fields (Bryden, 1960). Results suggest that length of array might affect the difference in perceptual accuracy of forms shown in the right and left visual fields. Figures in the right visual field were predominantly processed from left to right, and forms in the left visual field from right to left. Since more symbols were identified in the right than left visual field, the left to right encoding sequence may be more efficient than a right to left movement. Limited experience of most Ss in reading symbols from left to right is probably only one factor. Extensive experience reading alphabetical material from left to right might have developed the physiological mechanism underpinning this sequence more than the one serving the opposite movement.
Cognitive and Personality Factors Associated with the Double Trapezium Illusion
Authors: Matheny Adam P. , Dolan Anne Brown
Published: September 2011

76 pairs of 9- to 11-yr.-old twins (41 female, 35 male) who were discordant on the magnitude of error for the double trapezium illusion were given the Children's Personality Questionnaire and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC). The Wilcoxon matched-pair signed-ranks test was used to determine whether the twins with relatively smaller magnitudes of error than their co-twins also manifested systematic differences on the personality factor scores and the WISC subtest scores. Among the female pairs, twins with smaller magnitudes of the illusion were relatively more stable (Factor C), more shrewd (Factor N), obtained higher scores on Similarities and Digit Span, and had longer reaction times before responding to the figures. Among the male pairs, similar trends were found but the differences were not as pronounced. The results are discussed in terms of Piaget's theory concerning children's deployment of attention and Kagan's reflective-impulsive dimension in children's cognitive judgments.
Perceptions of Emotionally Disturbed Male Adolescents on the Thematic Apperception Test
Authors: Bachtold Louise M.
Published: September 2011

20 boys aged 13 to 16 yr. and in classrooms for educationally handicapped students were studied by the TAT for adaptive functioning, Scored for pAggression, pDominance, nAggression, nAchievement, and nAutonomy, responses indicated that interactions between these disturbed adolescents and their environment were most likely to involve aggression and dominance and least apt to deal with achievement. Although IQs for all boys were average or above ( M: 106), typical responses to the pictures were descriptive rather than development of a complete story. Difficulty in the expression of prediction and interpretation of personal experience was indicated.
Effects of Auditory Stimulation upon Non-Nutritive Sucking by Premature Infants
Authors: Miller Leon K.
Published: September 2011

Changes in non-nutritive sucking contingent upon presentation of an auditory stimulus previously found capable of eliciting heart-rate acceleration was investigated in a sample of 24 premature infants. Across 30 10-sec. presentations of the stimulus, only transient changes in sucking rate during the first 6 trials were observed, and these effects obtained primarily for those infants showing few abnormalities in their non-nutritive sucking behavior. These results were discussed as reflecting possible differences in infants' attention associated with sucking pathology and the dependence of psychological assessment upon the specific response index used.
Conditioning of Affect to a Neutral Stimulus: Number of Trials
Authors: Sachs Donald H.
Published: September 2011

A conditioning model can be used to explain the evaluation process and interpersonal attraction. Since number of trials is an important variable in conditioning research, it was predicted that evaluation of a neutral stimulus should become progressively more positive with trials when paired with positive reinforcers and it should become more negative when paired with negative reinforcers. Subjects in the experimental groups were presented with 15 paired presentations of a geometric figure and attitudes that were either similar or dissimilar. Subjects in the control groups were presented with attitudes without the figure. Evaluations of the figure were made before and after the presentations. Evaluations became more negative over trials when the figure was paired with dissimilar attitudes, but there was no change when it was paired with similar attitudes (Groups × Trials interaction, p < .001). There was no change over trials in the control groups. Differential awareness among the groups was not significant. The results demonstrate the utility of the conditioning model.
Task Requirements and Field Dependence in Incidental Learning
Authors: Wolk Stephen , Svoboda Cyril P.
Published: September 2011

The role of orienting task and field dependence/independence in incidental learning was explored in the present study. 56 students read discursive text for acquisition of content or for detection of typographical errors. Incidental items were instances of objects, names, and numbers. Content reading produced more incidental learning, and field-dependents exceeded independents in incidental learning only on the cover task of content reading. Also, the retention level of incidental material after 21 days was substantial. Variation in attentional set was suggested as an important factor in incidental learning.
Communication Length as a Function of Dress Style and Social Status
Authors: Giles Howard , Chavasse William
Published: September 2011

In a 2 × 2 factorial design of dress style (smart vs casual) and status (high vs low) of a male E, it was found using length of communication on a questionnaire as a dependent measure that another's style of dress had more impact on the quantity of information presented to him than did his social status for a sample of predominantly middle-aged housewives ( ns = 18, 17, 20, 20).
Cultural Deprivation and Response Biases of Preschool Children for Complex and Novel Stimuli
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Dockstader Steven , Parker-Schumacher Mary
Published: September 2011

As a test of the hypothesis that a consequence of cultural deprivation is the avoidance of arousal-provoking stimuli the response biases to complex/novel and simple/familiar stimuli of 29 deprived and 35 non-deprived preschoolers were determined using a signal detection-like procedure. Consistent with the hypothesis, the deprived Ss demonstrated a pronounced response bias for the simple/familiar stimuli. With qualification, it was suggested that the response bias of the deprived group might stem from possible aversive effects of complex/novel stimuli on these Ss.
Identification of Tachistoscopically Exposed Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Letter Arrays
Authors: Fudin Robert , Garcia Margarita , Solomon Nathan A.
Published: September 2011

Six-letter arrays containing symmetrical, e.g., H, M, T, or asymmetrical letters, e.g., J, K, R, were tachistoscopically exposed bilaterally for 100 msec. to 100 college students. Significantly more asymmetrical than symmetrical letters were identified, and significantly more Ss identified more asymmetrical than symmetrical items. This experiment, which incorporated methodological considerations suggested by Harcum (1964) and Bryden (1968), corroborates their findings. Their ideas and other findings were used to account for the data. Asymmetrical letters have more intrinsic left-to-right directionality than symmetrical elements. The rapidly fading after-stimulation of tachistoscopically presented alphabetical material is usually scanned from left to right. Individual array letters might also be scanned in the same direction. Confluence of directionality of letter and scan, which obtains only with asymmetrical letters, might have typically allowed asymmetrical targets to be scanned more rapidly and, consequently, more efficiently than symmetrical displays.
Field Dependence, Blood Uric Acid and Cholesterol
Authors: Flemenbaum Abraham , Flemenbaum Esther
Published: September 2011

A preliminary report of the correlation of field dependence, blood uric acid, and cholesterol is presented here for 65 recently admitted patients to the psychiatric services of the University of Minnesota. The values for all three variables were taken once within 24 to 48 hr. after admission and prior to drug treatment whenever possible. Results are suggestive that the initial hypothesis; high blood uric acid, low-cholesterol individuals are more field-independent and high-cholesterol, low blood-uric acid individuals are more field-dependent holds, although this difference is mostly influenced by the values of cholesterol. Probably because of the small number of subjects tested no relationship could be observed with blood types used as genetic markers. Further controlled studies are suggested and are currently being carried out.
Effects of Four Psychological Primary Colors on Anxiety State
Authors: Jacobs Keith W. , Suess James F.
Published: September 2011

Effects of the four psychological primary colors were assessed by randomly assigning 40 undergraduates (13 male, 27 female) to 4 treatment groups, with each group receiving either red, yellow, green, or blue illumination. Anxiety state was assessed at 5-min. intervals using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The red and yellow groups had significantly higher A-state scores than the blue and green groups, and these values did not change significantly during the 15-min. testing session.
Reading Level and Locus of Interference in the Stroop Color-Word Task
Authors: Fournier Patricia A. , Mazzarella Madeline M. , Ricciardi Morena M. , Fingeret Allan L.
Published: September 2011

Color-word interference as a function of reading level was studied with 20 3rd and 4th graders. An equal amount of interference with color naming due to presentation of colors in a verbal form was found for both good ( n = 10) and poor ( n = 10) reading levels. Additional interference due to presentation of colors in conflicting color names was found only for good readers. Differences in reading comprehension rather than general reading ability were proposed to account for differences between good and poor readers.
Hemispheric Factors and Scanning Dynamics in the Processing of Briefly Exposed Stimuli by Human Subjects: Bibliography
Authors: Fudin Robert , Masterson Catherine C.
Published: September 2011

268 journal articles on hemispheric factors and scanning dynamics involved in the encoding of briefly exposed stimuli by human Ss are grouped into the categories of experiments with normal Ss, experiments with various types of patients, and review and theoretical articles.
Effects of Stimulus-Response Correspondence and Verbal Expectancy on Choice Reaction Time
Authors: Craft John L. , Hinrichs James V.
Published: September 2011

The effects of S-R correspondence, verbal prediction, and stimulus discriminability were examined in a discrete, two-choice reaction-time task. Correctness of prediction and S-R correspondence were significant main effects. In addition, responses were significantly faster for correct predictions on noncorresponding trials than for incorrect predictions on corresponding trials. This latter finding indicates that an expectancy mechanism can partially offset the negative effect of spatial S-R noncorrespondence on absolute magnitude of choice reaction time.
Effects of Manipulation of Augmented Knowledge of Results and Work Surface Angle on Performance of a Serial Positioning Task
Authors: Less Menahem , Warren W. , Eickelberg B. , Cookrish Neil
Published: September 2011

The effects of manipulating augmented information feedback on performance efficiency of 24 male adults in a simple motor skill were studied. The three levels of information feedback were no augmented knowledge of results, positive augmented knowledge of results and negative augmented knowledge of results, using light and tone as signal modes. The motor skill was a serial-positioning movement, simulating many industrial assembly tasks, and was given at three work surface angles (0°, 9° and 18°), utilizing an automated geometric work station. Results indicated that, disregarding the signal mode, feedback had no effect on performance. However, when light was utilized as a mode of signal, results were superior at 0° and 18° angles when positive knowledge of results was provided. Work surface angle had little effect on performance efficiency, the 18° angle being slightly superior to the 0° and 9° angles.
Why Can't We Tickle Ourselves?
Authors: Claxton Guy
Published: September 2011

When we tickle ourselves something prevents the sensation being as strong as when someone else does it. It is suggested that the ‘something’ may be: (i) the predictability of the stimulus; (ii) the presence of feedback from the movement of the arm doing the tickling; (iii) the presence of a corollary discharge from the voluntary movement of the tickling arm; (iv) the absence of a social/sexual context. To study these, Ss rated perceived ‘tickle-strength’ in situations where they were tickled: (a) with their eyes closed; (b) with their eyes open; (c) with their own arm doing the tickling, but being moved by someone else; (d) by themselves. One group of Ss was divided into same sex and different sex subject-experimenter pairs. The results showed significant effects of predictability and sensorimotor feedback.
Further Evidence concerning the Validity of Kagan's Comments on the Clinical Interpretation of the Bender Gestalt
Authors: Wallbrown Jane D. , Wallbrown Fred H.
Published: September 2011

The validity of Kagan's hypothesis regarding the involvement of impulsivity in the reproduction of Bender-Gestalt drawings was examined for 76 first graders from a suburban school. The correlation between Koppitz errors on the Bender and impulsivity as defined by mean latency on the Matching Familiar Figures Test was –.31 ( p < .01) but the value of r decreased to only –.23 when IQ was partialled out. These findings did not support Kagan's hypothesis since latency for matching accounted for only 5% of the variance in Bender errors. That is, Koppitz errors on the Bender showed almost, if not complete, discriminant validity from impulsivity as defined by latency for matching figures. The r between Bender errors and total working time on the Bender itself was negligible, indicating that Koppitz errors cannot be explained in terms of impulsivity as defined by inadequate working time.
A New Method for Toilet Training Developmentally Disabled Children
Authors: Edgar Clara Lee , Kohler Hugh F. , Hardman Scott
Published: September 2011

20 profoundly retarded children (4 to 12 yr.) were trained, using a variety of relaxation and tension activities designed to help them differentiate and gain control of the toileting musculature. Operant techniques were used to reinforce appropriate urination. The post-training scores of the experimental and control groups differed significantly for both accidental and appropriate urination.
Visual Decentration: From Stereometric Points to Planeometric Forms
Authors: Forman George E. , Kuschner David S. , Dempsey Jean
Published: September 2011

19 3-yr.-olds chose to put blocks together to produce good continuation across stereometric edges. 4 mo. later they began to produce good continuation across planeometric edges. A group of 15 4-yr.-olds chose to produce symmetrical forms rather than simply to align edges. Symmetrical form was produced across planeometric surfaces but not across stereometric contours. These data suggest that visual decentration is first a shift from looking at single points touched to single points displaced from touch and, at a still later age, a shift to the organization of many points. The failure of the older group to produce a symmetrical form across stereometric contours could have resulted from the cultural press to attend to planeometric information.
Re-Examination of Trace Storage in Free Recall
Authors: Reardon Eugene , Polzella Donald , Brown Thomas V.
Published: September 2011

Two opposing theories of trace storage in free recall, the trace organization at storage hypothesis and the trace organization at retrieval hypothesis were investigated using the technique of cued recall. Subjects sorted 84 unrelated words into 28 groups of 3 words and then were asked to recall the sorted words without cues, with cue doublets taken from within each sorted group or with cue doublets combined at random from the input words. The results strongly support the contention that the acquisition of a list of unrelated words involves the storage of cohesive subjective groups and that accessibility to subjective groups may be provided via test cues selected from the input list.
Blinking and Thinking
Authors: Holland Morris K. , Tarlow Gerald
Published: September 2011

Blinking is related to certain cognitive processes. For example, individuals “punctuate” their speech by blinking between phrases and at the end of sentences. Daydreaming is associated with low rates of blinking. Blinking occurs between fixations and may be timed so as not to interfere with significant visual input. Apparently, blinking occurs at transitions between internal events and is inhibited at other times. In the experiment reported here, blinking was measured while the activity of operational memory was manipulated with mental load kept constant. The rate of blinking was significantly reduced when the cognitive operation of internal counting was being performed. It is inferred that the blink rate is low when information in memory is being operated on. To suspend blinking during certain cognitive activities would be adaptive if blinking disrupts them. Since the blackout period of the blink produces a rapid change in visual level, blinking disrupts those cognitive processes utilizing display areas accessible to visual input. Operational memory and the visual imagination may share components with the visual perceptual system. To protect these vulnerable processes from interference, blinking may be inhibited when they are active.
Developmental and Sex Differences in Performance on the Brief Conceptual Style Test
Authors: Keller Barbara Bledsoe
Published: September 2011

The brief (19-item) Conceptual Style Test was individually administered to 85 first, third, and sixth grade school children. Analytic and relational responses were tabulated. An analytic response is one in which visual stimuli are grouped on the basis of similarity of stimulus elements. A relational response is one in which the grouping of the stimuli is based on a functional relationship between the stimuli. The number of analytic responses produced increased with age. This is consistent with previous findings in which the 30-item Conceptual Style Test was used. Although no sex differences were found in conceptual style, the developmental trend for boys appeared to differ from that of the girls. One advantage of the 30-item test is that it appears to elicit a higher percentage of scorable analytic and relational responses in first graders than does the brief form.
Effect of Speed Instructions on the Microgenetic Development of Children's Word Associations
Authors: Karst Thomas O.
Published: September 2011

First, third, and fifth grade boys (15 from each grade) associated to word lists under standard and speeded conditions. Younger boys and boys in the speeded condition produced relatively more developmentally immature and fewer developmentally mature responses. Interactions between the two factors of age and experimental condition were not demonstrated.
Effects of Hypoxia on Peripheral Visual Response to Dim Stimuli
Authors: Kobrick John L.
Published: September 2011

Response times (RTs) of 9 Ss were obtained for detection of 48 flash stimuli distributed throughout the visual field during 3 ¼-hr. exposures to each of 4 hypoxia conditions (0, 13,000, 15,000, 17,000 feet equivalent elevation). The luminances of all stimuli were set in common at the detection threshold value for the visual periphery. RTs were impaired in direct relation to hypoxic exposure severity, the peak impairments occurring within 90 min. followed by gradual recovery. Since the present results showed less impairment than previous data for brighter stimuli using the same task, it is concluded that stimulus contrast is more critical to peripheral signal detection than absolute stimulus luminance, particularly under hypoxic exposure.
Relationships among Perceptual-Motor, Self-Concept, and Academic Measures for Children in Kindergarten, Grades One and Two
Authors: Cobb Patrick R. , Chissom Brad S. , Davis Myron W.
Published: September 2011

Most studies repotting correlations of psychomotor and cognitive measures deal with perceptual-training programs for the remediation of academic deficiencies. This study provided additional information about the relationships of perceptual-motor ability and academic achievement for children in kindergarten through the second grade, and included self-concept. A small positive relationship between perceptual-motor ability and academic ability was observed for all three grade levels. There was little indication of any significant relationship between self-concept and academic ability, which provides no basis for the hypothesis proposing self-concept as an intervening variable in the relationship between the perceptual-motor and academic areas, at least for such young subjects.
Measures of Visual-Auditory Integration and Their Relations to Reading Achievement in Early Grades
Authors: Warren David H. , Anooshian Linda J. , Widawski Mel H.
Published: September 2011

Several tests of visual-auditory integration were designed to represent the various tasks that have been found to correlate with reading achievement in the early grades. The battery of tests was administered to about 100 first, 84 second, and 110 third graders. Several questions were posed: (1) Do the various tests of integration measure the same underlying ability or are there separate abilities that are tapped by the various tests? (2) Are the various tests correlated with reading because they tap a common integrative ability that is related to reading or are there several abilities, each related to reading independently of the others? (3) To what extent are the relationships between the integrative abilities and reading separate from the relationship between reading and IQ? Results indicated that there are separate integrative abilities, and multiple regression analyses showed that several of the integrative measures were correlated with reading independently of the other measures. Further, several of the integrative measures accounted for significant reading variance beyond that accounted for by IQ tests. The results were discussed in the context of the need to differentiate adequately between various patterns of perceptual weakness in the diagnosis and remediation of perceptually based reading difficulties.
Projected Social Distance as a Function of Praise Conditions and Status Orientation: Comparison with Physical Interpersonal Spacing in the Laboratory
Authors: Adler Leonore Loeb , Iverson Marvin A.
Published: September 2011

A figure-placement procedure was used to measure projected social distances which 39 students perceived between themselves and stimulus persons of either higher or lower status. After receiving valid praise from their partners, projected social distances were significantly closer than after false praise (flattery). Male subjects responded with larger projected social distances for false praise than did females. In this condition a clear parallel was obtained between the physical spacing in a laboratory situation and the projected social distances of the figure-placement task.
Increasing Reading Comprehension of Two Hyperactive Children: Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Dubey Dennis R. , O'Leary Susan G.
Published: September 2011

The differential effectiveness of oral and silent reading on comprehension was evaluated for two third-grade children who were hyperactive and who displayed comprehension deficits. Oral reading resulted in significantly fewer comprehension errors than did silent reading. Time to read a story and number of comprehension errors were negatively correlated. Several possible mechanisms involved in the effect of responding orally were discussed.
Issues in Treatment Efficacy Research with Alcoholics
Authors: Piorkowski Geraldine K. , Mann Edward T.
Published: September 2011

A variety of therapeutic strategies have been used in the treatment of alcoholic patients. Within this context, behavioral techniques have been widely employed with varying degree of effectiveness. This paper attempts to explore theoretically 2 widely used behavioral therapeutic methods, systematic desensitization and covert sensitization, along with traditional insight-oriented therapy. Possible merits and limitations of applying these treatment approaches to alcoholic patients are explored.
Self-Concept and Participation in Children's Gymnastics
Authors: Maul Terry , Thomas Jerry R.
Published: September 2011

20 third grade children participating in a community athletic program of gymnastics were not significantly different on either academic or movement related self-concept measures from 15 children who did not participate in an athletic program. Academic and movement self-concepts were related but were more situationally specific than general.
Contingency Awareness in Premature Infants
Authors: Solkoff Norman , Cotton Candice
Published: September 2011

Infants of low birthweight were placed in an artificial contingency situation in which leg movement produced movement of an overhead mobile. When compared with 5 non-contingent controls, these 5 infants showed an increase both in frequency of kicks and in the amount of time spent focusing on the mobile.
Is the Reaction Time-Movement Time Relationship ‘Essentially Zero’?
Authors: Magill Richard A. , Powell Frank M.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that, if RT-MT correlations are “essentially zero,” then the magnitude of that correlation should not be subject to variation due to the manipulation of various experimental variables. In this experiment, Ss were tested with either RT-MT together or done separately. Results indicated significant relationships for 18 males but not for 18 females. The “essentially zero” position was discussed as being procedurally specific.
Between-Days Consistency in Personal Tempo
Authors: Smoll Frank L.
Published: September 2011

Between-days performance of repetitive movements at a self-paced tempo was studied. 60 Ss performed an accuracy task involving successive arm swings at an individually chosen tempo on each of 2 consecutive days. Between-days correlations for Ss' selected tempos of performance and for within- S variance in motor response times indicated that personal tempo is at least a moderately stable attribute.
Effect of Target Separation on Selective Attention
Authors: Solman R. T.
Published: September 2011

A visual search task, in which subjects searched circular stimulus displays for two instances of a prespecified target, was used to investigate the effects of target-separation on accuracy. When a comparison was made of the total number of targets correctly located at each separation, no significant differences were found, and this suggested that, within the range of separations (maximum of 2.53°) examined, the selective processing of the relevant items was not influenced by the distance separating them. Also, assuming that the redundancy of target items increased the probability of a target being perceived, the differences between the number of first targets correctly located and the number correct in a single target condition, were in the predicted direction. However, they failed to reach significance.
Development and Preliminary Testing of a Driving Hazard Questionnaire
Authors: Soliday Stanley M.
Published: September 2011

A questionnaire that assesses hazard perception in automobile drivers was developed. Its items consist of 60 one- or two-sentence descriptions of commonly encountered driving situations each of which a respondent rates for danger of an accident on a 7-point rating scale. The questionnaire was given to 15 women 30 or more yr. of age, 15 men 30 or more, 15 women under 30, and 15 men under 30, all of whom were drivers. Results showed that women rated the situations as being more hazardous than the men did, and that the younger group rated them as being more hazardous than the older group did. Some significant correlations between ratings and numbers of self-reported accidents and traffic violations were found. These showed that individuals having had no accidents or violations in the immediately preceding 5 yr. generally rated the driving situations as being more dangerous than those having had at least one during that time.
A Unifying Principle of Memory Span, Forgetting, and Serial Position Effect
Authors: Kaplan Ira T.
Published: September 2011

Lists of 5 to 10 digits, spoken at the rate of 2 digits per second, were presented to 10 Ss. The last digit in each list also occurred earlier in the list, and S's task was to write down the digit that followed the last one on its prior occurrence. The data were analyzed as measures of memory span, forgetting, and the serial position effect. These three phenomena were then related to one another by means of a principle that described how the probability of recall of each item in a list varied as a function of the numbers of preceding and following items. The effects of presentation rate and delayed recall were also discussed.
Pupillary Measurement and Release from Proactive Inhibition
Authors: Engle Randall
Published: September 2011

One of the explanations of release from proactive inhibition in short-term memory is that the subjects re-attend to the items on the release trial because the items are different from the previous ones. It is further assumed that this increase in attention causes the release items to be learned better than the preceding items. This experiment measured the pupils of the subjects' eyes while they were participating in a proactive-inhibition release-type task. The results showed no increase in attention, as indexed by pupil size, on the release trial. This did not support the attentional explanation of the proactive-inhibition release phenomenon.
Instructional, Pacing, and Feedback Control of Respiratory Behavior
Authors: Epstein Leonard H. , Webster Jeffrey S.
Published: September 2011

Procedures designed to affect respiration rate and amplitude were assessed for 4 groups of 8 subjects each. The groups were exposed to combinations of procedures providing feedback for decreasing respiration amplitude, pacing respiration rate, and instructions on rate and amplitude of breathing. After an initial baseline, effects were examined during both treatment and self-management phases for respiratory activity and concurrent heart-rate and electromyogram activity. Reliable effects of pacing on respiration rate, and a slight, but non-significant effect on amplitude were observed. No effects were observed for any heart-rate or electromyogram measures.
Creative Perceptions of Hungarian and American Students
Authors: Khatena Joe , Bledsoe Joseph C. , Zétényi Tamas
Published: September 2011

The creative self-perceptions on Something About Myself of 227 Hungarian and 672 American high school and college males and females were compared. Americans obtained significantly higher mean scores on Environmental Sensitivity, Self strength and Intellectuality as well as on the Total Scale, whereas Hungarians obtained significantly higher scores on Initiative, Individuality, and Artistry. The observed differences were attributed to variability in cultural emphasis.
Note on Decision Time/Movement Time Relationships in Normal and Depressed Subjects
Authors: Byrne D. G.
Published: September 2011

It has been suggested that under normal conditions, there is no relationship between decision and movement time components of response latency. However, for normal Ss, induced elevation of decision time produces compensatory reductions in movement time. Psychomotor retardation, commonly observed in depressive patients, shows in the main, elevations for decision time. Such patients should also produce compensatory reductions in movement time. This was found not to be so. While 15 controls exhibited no relationship between decision and movement times, 30 depressive Ss exhibited a positive one. The result was discussed in terms of a post hoc postulate of motivational deficit among depressive patients.
Pupillary Changes during Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval of Information
Authors: Gardner Rick M. , Beltramo Janelle S. , Krinsky Richard
Published: September 2011

6 subjects were each auditorily presented six lists of 7-digit numbers for retention intervals of 0, 5, and 10 sec. Pupil size was recorded during stimulus presentation, retention interval, and recall of items. Results indicated that pupil dilation occurred during encoding and retrieval of stimulus items. Pupillary constriction was found during the retention interval when rehearsal was presumed to occur.
Differential Age Correlates of Reading Ability
Authors: Hartlage Lawrence C.
Published: September 2011

To determine whether there may be differential age correlates of reading ability, 130 children in Grades 1 through 3 were tested on five component reading skills, with results correlated moderately with both teachers' ranking and objective reading test scores at each age. Greater involvement of auditory-sequencing skills was found in younger than in older readers, with visual-sequencing skills apparently being of importance in reading at all three ages. Visual and auditory space performance, although significantly correlated with reading at all age levels, tended to diminish in importance in later ages.
Effect of Color in Rearing and Testing Environment on the Behavior of Young Domestic Chicks
Authors: Boltz Jeffrey B. , Drickamer Lee C.
Published: September 2011

Young domestic chicks were reared individually in compartments of four different colors and then tested either in a color-preference test with stationary objects ( N = 128) or with a moving stimulus ( N = 128). For each type of test we used four background colors in the test arena. The dependent variables included color preferences, following behavior and emotional responses of the young chicks. The results showed no significant effects of the color of the arena-background in either test situation. The color of the rearing compartment was a significant factor affecting color preferences in the test with stationary objects. In both test situations the colors red, and then green, were the most potent in affecting the color preferences and emotional responses exhibited by the chicks.