bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Basic principles of constructing a convergence model for managing innovative development of the economic and social system
Authors: Geraskina Inna , Petrov Alexander
Published: June 2018

Basic principles of constructing a convergence model for managing innovative development of the economic and social system are presented in the paper. The conceptual feature is accounting of system regularities and basic properties of the controlled object. The convergence model is focused on forming a synergetic potential of the economic and social system creating the sensitivity and its adequate reaction to synchronous and multiway managerial influence for development as per the special innovation vector. The model proposed by the authors is based on the collective effect of components (organized, information, production and intellectual) of the management system, determination of spatial-time position of the studied object, affected areas, control parameters and an interference value for stability and ability for changing of social and economic system over to the innovation trend. It was detected that its evolutionary dynamics is determined by the key factors: the existence of limits, the constant striving for the growth and hysteresis. High-priority problems of establishment were designed, and they consist in the modeling and forecasting the organization and management innovations and in arrangement of conditions for transfer to a qualitatively new trend that meets the requirements of the strategic plan.
Development of digital simulation on the basis of technologies of virtual and augmented reality
Authors: Gren Alexander , Jamarillo Benjamin , Kiev Vladislav , Shabrov Nikolai , Vasiliev Dmitry
Published: June 2018

The world scientific and industrial community enters presently a new phase of its development. Suffice to mention such key developments as the strategy of development of “Industry 4.0” for German manufacturers [1], two American concepts: “Industrial Internet” [2] and “Internet of things” [3]. The work on artificial intellect [4] released in 2003 laid the bases for industrial development of systems with artificial intellect, while a wide discussion on the Fourth industrial revolution [5] as a continuation of the concept of “The second industrial era” [6] was initiated in 2016 at the World economical forum. The implementation of these industrial concepts brings about a high level of competition and, as a result, searching new technologies of manufacturing competitive produce. The manufacture of competitive produce is closely connected with the problems of apprehension a great volume of information connected with the results of designing, simulation, marketing and sales of the factories’ produce. The program Industry 4.0 implies a wide use of the cutting-edge digital technologies and, particularly, the technologies of virtual and augmented reality.
Electronic platforms as a new ecosystem of the organization and the conduct of business
Authors: Jaque Roman , Sarygulov Marat , Leitao Joao
Published: June 2018

At the present moment, leading industrial countries and such new and quickly growing economies as China and India that also actively use the possibilities provided by new technological platforms, form a new type economy known as “digital economy” or “economy of joint use”. As the new technological platform is based on information technologies, the best synergetic effect is achieved through using electronic platforms, with their number and variety quickly growing, so they are actually creating a new infrastructure for communication between the primary economic agents. A new ecosystem also provides new possibilities, including instrumental ones, for conduct of business, searching for jobs and developing the business environment. This article analyzes new trends in development of business in the conditions of a newly forming digital economy.
Technological and economic perspectives for development and manufacturing of cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries for transport industry
Authors: Koshtyal Yuri , Maximov Maxim , Nazarov Denis , Rumyantsev Alexander , Sheng Wang Qing
Published: June 2018

Energy accumulators are one of the key directions of research and applied development in the spheres of power generation, saving and efficiency. Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are widely used in portable power sources for modern electronics. However, currently the most perspective sphere of their use is transport industry. In this article we discuss the perspectives of using LIB in road vehicles manufacturing, as well as the main trends development of new cathode materials for LIB. In the medium-term perspective, the issue that is the closest to commercial use is related to nano-technologies and new materials (including nano-materials in LIB components (cathode, anode, electrolyte fluid, separator) that can raise the characteristics of these accumulators to a new level of quality and efficiency.
Digital platforms based marketing innovations: new development trends
Authors: Krasnov Alex , Nikonorov Valentin , Yanenko Marina
Published: June 2018

Marketing innovations in the digital economy are considered as the most important factor for the further digital economy growth. The main trends for development of the information and communication technologies market are studied. The basic types of innovations are analyzed. An algorithm for generation of competitive innovative marketing strategies is proposed. A business strategy that takes into account the digital technologies development is supplemented by a number of innovative components. The main lines for generation of a digital platform for marketing activities transformation with subsequent disclosure of the content of each line are indicated. The digital platform design for the marketing activities transformation is developed. There are three cornerstones of this platform are arrangement of interaction with consumers in the digital environment; improvement of digital methods for processing marketing information; automation of planning and implementation of marketing activities. The marketing complex specifics in the digital economy are specified and supplemented.
Detection of cyber threats to network infrastructure of digital production based on the methods of Big Data and multifractal analysis of traffic
Authors: Lavrova Daria , Poltavtseva Maria , Shtyrkina Anna , Zegzhda Pyotr
Published: June 2018

The article offers an approach to analyzing data security of network infrastructure of digital production providing for contraction of network traffic size and detecting anomalies in the network traffic on the basis of multifractal analysis. The contraction of data size will be provided due to extraction of significant parameters from the network packets and dropping the rest data, as well as due to application of such Big Data method as aggregation. The experimental investigations on contracting data size on analyzing security have proven the operability and efficiency thereof. The method of contracting data size has demonstrated a possibility of traffic volume contraction from hundreds of Gbit to several Mbyte. The suggested approach to security analysis using the assessment of width of multifractional spectrum as a criterion of anomaly presence has detected both simulated attacks of denial of servicing SYN-flood and smurf. Thus, the suggested approach can be efficiently used for analyzing big volumes of dissimilar traffic of network infrastructure of digital production.
Mathematic model of production technology transformation
Authors: Levensov Valery , Radaev Anton , Salkutsan Sergey
Published: June 2018

Modeling the processes of creating and improving production technologies is one of the most important tasks in the sphere of providing competitiveness for enterprises, branches and complexes in the strategic aspect. For the moment, the model Gartner’s Hype Cycle is used for the specified tasks, which describes changes in expectations from technologies in the course of a determined period of time from the moment when this technology appears to the moment of its complete development. At that, the results of analysis of literary sources on the explored theme speak about the lack of effective instruments for mathematical description of the process of developing and implementing production technologies in the practice of industrial enterprises. The given circumstance has validated the necessity of working out a mathematic model for the specified process; its elements should have a determined functional designation and it enables comparing the processes of development of different technologies.
Digitalization – quo vadis?
Authors: Mäkiö Juho , Miroliubov Andrey , Zhgun Valeria
Published: June 2018

Digitalization is changing the global business ecosystem at an unimaginable speed. Although previous industrial revolutions took dozens of years to transform the existing markets, internet-based companies like Google, Amazon and Uber have done it in less than ten years. Business models in the nearest future – how will they look like? Where will the extensive process of the fourth industrial revolution take us? How will our role as entrepreneurs, managers or consumers change in the new business ecosystem? In this paper we consider the changes concerning the process of digitalization as the main prerequisites for transformation of business models. We combine them into three main aspects that influence modern business modeling approaches: technological, social and economic. This prospective gives insight into the way the future business models will look like and leads us to practical recommendations for companies to follow when digitizing their business.
Software complexes and new approaches to non-linear analysis of framed structures
Authors: Meleshko Vladimir
Published: June 2018

There is a great number of non-linear tasks which can be solved with the use of computer-based simulation and finite elements method (FEM). But in order to ensure high speed and accuracy of calculations it is necessary to use new mathematical models and algorithms. The analysis of the known FEM forms and approaches to numerical solution of tasks based on force method is performed in this work. Represented in the document is formulation of the finite-element stress method and algorithmization of the classical force method for calculation of framed structures based on the equation of strain compatibility – contour forces method. Statement of problems which can be more effective from the point of view of elastic-plastic deformations at numerical solution is considered. In particular, the hybrid finite-element method based on the generalized Mohr formula for determination of long bar stiffness coefficient with account of non-linear behavior. The main relationships for creation of finite-element method equation system in the form of force method are represented.
Homeostatic approach to assessing digital manufacturing security
Authors: Pavlenko Evgeny , Zegzhda Dmitry
Published: June 2018

This study suggests a new digital manufacturing security paradigm based on the bio-inspired homeostasis concept to provide structural and functional cyber resilience of digital manufacturing to external destructive actions. Digital manufacturing management state indices, in particular, cyber resilience indices, have been determined. Possible approaches to calculating indices of consistency of the information layer with the physical layer, self-adaptation capability, self-similarity of performance parameters and homeostatic capability have been formulated. The analysis of the suggested approach to ensuring cyber resilience of digital manufacturing has been carried out using the software-configurable network technology. The experimental results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the suggested approach. The developed homeostatic approach lays the groundwork for building a proactive security strategy due to development of predictive methods of processing the system status monitoring results.
Application of deep neural networks for security analysis of digital infrastructure components
Authors: Pechenkin Alexander , Demidov Roman
Published: June 2018

In this article the authors give a consideration to a problem of detecting errors and vulnerabilities in software components of different digital devices. The article shows an ever-increasing criticality of this problem in the course of time related to development of modern concepts the Industrial Internet and the Industry 4.0. It gives an overview of modern approaches to application of methods of computer-assisted learning and artificial intellect in the sphere of cyber security, problems and prospects of application thereof. A new approach is offered to searching software vulnerabilities on the basis of application of deep learning. The approach is based on building semantically significant vector representations of software code and multistage instructing the deep neural network on revealing hierarchical abstractions in computer code testifying to presence of vulnerabilities. The authors describe specific features of the goal of analyzing software code for presence of vulnerabilities and proceeding thereof it is offered to use a neural network with long short-term memory (LSTM). In order to solve a problem of the learning set, the authors offer to use learning with transfer in case of building vector representations of instructions. The article also provides results of experimental investigations on application of offered solutions.
International experience of state support and encouragement of digital economy processes
Authors: Pesotskaya Elena , Petrov Ivan
Published: June 2018

The World Economic Forum estimates that digital transformations have a huge potential for developing business and society within the next decade and the global economy can earn over 30 trln $ additionally for a period up to 2025 [1]. A significant portion of the advantages will be given to the countries, which will deeply and comprehensively implement information and communication technologies to allow the state, society and business to interact. A high speed of data transmission and exchange of information allows innovations to diffuse both at the intra-industry and cross-industry levels, which promotes competitive strength of companies, countries and world’s regions by increasing labor efficiency. In this article we have considered the programs being implemented in developed and developing countries to promote conditions for digital transformation of society and industry, boost industrial cooperation in the research and development, innovative and production areas, develop industrial and innovative infrastructure facilities, upgrade existing production facilities and create new innovative sectors of economy.
Interrelation model capital/output in the conditions of a new technological platform
Authors: Sokolov Valentin , Karpova Galina , Kuryleva Alena
Published: June 2018

Many experts relate rehabilitation of the world economy to forming a new technological platform. In this work we made an attempt to show the trends in the interrelation between capital and output in the conditions of forming new technological platform. In order to do that, we used a modified productive function with technical progress saving labor consumption. Even though this model bears a simulative character, it has all the required capabilities to calculate interrelations “capital/output” for long periods of time and can be a tool to investigate the economical dynamics with consideration of the new character of the economic progress.
Numerical simulation of environmentally-safe technologies in power engineering
Authors: Trinchenko Alexei
Published: June 2018

One of the effective tools of solving engineering problems is the mathematical simulation of newly built and reconstructed industrial equipment. A necessity of solving identical problems fully belongs to ge-nerating equipment of thermal power plants too, which makes the use of methods of mathematic simulation quite a promising one in the course of designing power-generating units. The work presents the results of simula-tion and subsequent incorporation of the method of low-temperature vortex fossil solid-fuel combustion. Based on the developed algorithms and calcu-lation program the assessment of environmental indicators of reconstructed boiler equipment has been carried out and compliance with environmental standards with respect to the level of emissions of gaseous pollutants into environment confirmed. The incorporation of the method being considered into power-generating production has made it possible to reduce emissions of gaseous nitrogen oxides during combustion of coals of different types by 30%.
Orbital Floor Reconstruction: A Comparison of Outcomes between Absorbable and Permanent Implant Systems
Authors: Polacco Marc A. , Kahng Peter W. , Sudoko Chad K. , Gosselin Benoit J.
Published: June 2018

There are distinct advantages and disadvantages between bioresorbable and permanent implants in orbital floor reconstruction. Our aim was to compare the outcomes and complications of resorbable implants and permanent implants in orbital floor fracture repair. A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients who underwent orbital floor fracture repair at a rural, tertiary care center from 2011 through 2016. Main outcome measures included improvement in diplopia, ocular motility, enophthalmos, hypoglobus, and infraorbital nerve sensation. A total of 87 patients underwent orbital floor reconstruction. After exclusion criteria were applied, 22 patients were included in the absorbable implant cohort, and 20 patients in the nonabsorbable implant cohort. All absorbable implants were composed of poly L-lactide/poly glycolide/poly D-lactide (PLL/PG/PDL), and nonabsorbable implants included both titanium/porous polyethylene (Ti/PPE) composite and titanium (Ti) mesh. Mean fracture surface area was 2.1 cm2 (standard deviation [SD]:± 0.9 cm2, range: 0.4–3.6 cm2) for the absorbable implant group and 2.3 cm2 (SD: ± 1.1 cm2, range: 0.6–4.4 cm2) for the nonabsorbable implant group ( p = 0.58). There were no significant differences in diplopia, ocular motility, enophthalmos, hypoglobus, and infraorbital nerve sensation between absorbable and nonabsorbable implant groups. The mean follow-up time for absorbable and nonabsorbable implant groups was 622 (SD ± 313) and 578 (SD ± 151) days respectively ( p = 0.57). For moderate-size orbital floor fracture repairs, there is no difference in outcomes between absorbable implants consisting of PLL/PG/PDL and nonabsorbable implants consisting of Ti mesh or Ti/PPE combination.
Fibula Free Flap in Head and Neck Reconstruction: Identifying Risk Factors for Flap Failure and Analysis of Postoperative Complications in a Low Volume Setting
Authors: Verhelst Pieter-Jan , Dons Flore , Van Bever Pieter-Jan , Schoenaers Joseph , Nanhekhan Lloyd , Politis Constantinus
Published: June 2018

The fibula free flap (FFF) has been a workhorse in maxillofacial reconstruction. High success rates of this technique are reported. However, identifying risk factors for flap failure and analyzing complications can open the way to better patient care. A retrospective analysis was conducted of all FFFs performed over a 20-year period at a low-volume single tertiary center to identify risk factors and postoperative complications. A total of 129 FFFs were included (122 mandible, 7 maxilla). Complete flap failure occurred in 12.4% and partial flap failure in 7.8% of patients. A significant relation was found between younger age and flap failure, and most failures were associated with venous thrombosis. In-hospital surgical complications occurred in 60.5%, in-hospital medical complications in 49.6%, and out-of-hospital complications in 77.5% of patients. The in-hospital reintervention rate was 27.1%, and including salvaged flaps, flap survival rate was 87.6%. Osteomyocutaneous FFF failure (complete 12.4%; partial 7.8%) is an important clinical reality in a low-volume head and neck reconstruction center resulting in an in-hospital reintervention rate of 27.1%. Postoperative complications are frequent, both surgical and out-hospital complications. These results provide a better understanding of the limitations of the FFF in a low-volume center and can be used to optimize care in this kind of setting.
Management of HCV-Related Liver Disease in Hemophilia and Thalassemia
Authors: Di Marco Vito , Rumi Maria Grazia , Colombo Massimo
Published: June 2018

Chronic infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) has long been the dominant complication of substitution therapy in patients with inherited blood disorders and the cause of anticipated death due to end-stage liver disease. In hemophilia, transmission of HCV with clotting factors concentrates started to be curbed in the mid-1980s following the adoption of procedures of virus inactivation of concentrates based on heat, whereas in the 1990s treatment of HCV infection with interferon monotherapy was attempted, however, with little success. The advent of combination therapy of interferon with ribavirin led to a substantial improvement of treatment outcome (40% rate of cure), that however was still of limited efficacy in patients with advanced liver disease, those with high load of HCV genotype 1, and patients coinfected with the human immunodeficiency virus. In this latter population, while the course of hepatitis C was accelerated as a consequence of immunodeficiency, the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy led acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) to decline and hepatitis C to progressively emerge as a dominant cause of mortality, in parallel. In patients with thalassemia, transfusion-related transmission of HCV was efficiently interrupted in 1992 with the advent of sensitive screening tests for testing donors for HCV, whereas treatment with interferon and ribavirin of infected thalassemics was constrained by an increased risk of anemia due to the hemolytic properties of ribavirin coupled with interferon-induced bone marrow suppression. The advent of safe and potent regimens based on the oral administration of direct antiviral agents has revolutionized therapy of HCV in patients with congenital blood diseases, providing substantial clinical benefits and making elimination of infection in these populations, possible.
A Primer on Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Authors: Nguyen Nghia H. , Singh Siddharth
Published: June 2018

With the rapid growth of biomedical literature, there is increasing need to make meaningful inferences from a comprehensive and complex body of evidence. Systematic reviews with or without meta-analyses offer an objective and summative approach to synthesize knowledge and critically appraise evidence to inform clinical practice. Systematic reviews also help identify key knowledge gaps for future investigation. In this review, the authors provide a step-by-step approach to conducting a systematic review. These include: (1) formulating a focused and clinically-relevant question; (2) designing a detailed review protocol with explicit inclusion and exclusion criteria; (3) performing a systematic literature search of multiple databases and unpublished data, in consultation with a medical librarian, to identify relevant studies; (4) meticulous data abstraction by at least two sets of investigators independently; (5) assessing risk of bias in individual studies; (6) quantitative synthesis with meta-analysis; and (7) critically and transparently ascertaining quality of evidence.
A Study of the Separation of Fibrinogen and Antihemophilic Factor (AHF) in Canine, Porcine, and Human Plasmas
Authors: Wagner Robert H. , Richardson Bobby A. , Brinkhous K. M
Published: June 2018

1. Studies are reported on attempts to separate antihemophilic factor (AHF) from fibrinogen in plasma by selective adsorption with fuller’s earth, aluminum hydroxide gel, and Seitz filtration.

2. Fuller’s earth adsorption of canine plasma resulted in almost complete removal of fibrinogen without loss of AHF. By the use of this procedure as part of the fractionation procedure, potent AHF fractions free of fibrinogen have been obtained.

3. Al(OH)3 adsorption of fibrinogen from bovine, canine, and human plasmas is greater than the adsorption of AHF. Al(OH)3 adsorption offers promise for the preparation of fibrinogen-poor AHF fractions of human or bovine plasma.

4. Seitz filtration of plasma causes loss of AHF with little or no loss of fibrinogen.
Coagulation studies on „Reptilase”, an extract of the venom from Bothrops jararaca
Authors: Blombäck Birger , Blombäck Margareta , Nilsson Inga Marie
Published: June 2018

Reptilase — the clot-promoting extract of the venom of Bothrops jararaca — was found to have a thrombin-like activity. No effect could be demonstrated in the first phase of coagulation. Unlike bovine thrombin it was not inactivated by heparin + heparin-cofactor or by the antithrombin of normal plasma. Analyses of N-terminal aminoacids in the fibrin formed by Reptilase revealed the same aminoacids as in the fibrin formed by bovine thrombin. Quantitative differences found may reflect different specificity of the two enzymes.

It is concluded that the use of Reptilase as a haemostaticum is unwarranted.

We wish to thank Professor Erik Jorpes for valuable advice and support in this investigation.
Über einen neuartigen kongenitalen Gerinnungsdefekt (Mangel an Stuart-Faktor)
Authors: Bachmann F , Duckert F , Flückiger P , Hitzig W , Koller F
Published: June 2018

Bei einem Säugling mit ungewöhnlich schwerer hämorrhagischer Diathese wurde ein Gerinnungsdefekt festgestellt, der folgende Charakteristika aufweist: Quicksche Prothrombinzeit stark verlängert, Gerinnungszeit mit Russel Vipers Venom stark verlängert, Prothrombin-Verbrauchstest pathologisch, Faktor-VII-Bestimmung mit bovinem Seitzplasma (einstufig) 1 bis 3%. Faktor IX (einstufig) 30%, Thromboplastingeneration mit Patientenserum stark pathologisch, wird durch Mischung mit Hämophilie-B-Serum völlig, mit Marcoumarserum (Beginn der Marcoumartherapie) ebenfalls normalisiert. Plasma und Serum des Patienten „Stuart” (Graham) und unseres Patienten zeigten in allen Tests dasselbe Verhalten.
L’Accolement des plaquettes à une surface étrangère
Authors: Bounameaux Y
Published: June 2018

1. L’accolement des plaquettes dans le rotator de H. P. Wright dépend de la formation de thrombine agissant en présence de cofacteurs.

2. Les plaquettes ne s’accolent à des levures que si celles-ci ont été “opsonisées”. Cette opsonisation ne fait apparemment intervenir aucun des facteurs de coagulation.

3. Les plaquettes adhèrent instantanément à certaines surfaces, telles celles de grains de BaSO4 ou de kaolin.

4. L’auteur discute l’importance de ces constatations et des conclusions qu’on en peut tirer quant à l’accolement des plaquettes au niveau de l’endothélium lésé.
Über eine neue Familie mit Angiohämophilie A (vaskuläre Hämophilie)
Authors: Klesper Robert , Achenbach Walter
Published: June 2018

Die Kasuistik einer von der echten Hämophilie abzugrenzenden hämorrhagischen Diathese mit verlängerter Blutungszeit und kongenitalem Mangel an Anti-hämophilem Globulin wird um eine Familie erweitert, bei der sich das Leiden über 3 Generationen in dominantem Erbgang verfolgen läßt. Die Krankheit wird als Angiohämophilie” (vaskuläre Hämophilie [16]) bezeichnet und gehört zur Gruppe der hämorrhagischen Diathesen mit hämophilieähnlichem Blutungstyp und verlängerter Blutungszeit bei normaler Thrombozytenzahl. Diese Gruppe der Blutungskrankheiten tritt bei Männern und Frauen auf, wird also nicht wie die Hämophilie rezessiv-geschlechtsgebunden vererbt. Mit Hilfe moderner Gerinnungsteste, welche die Analyse eines Blutthromboplastinmangels gestatten, lassen sich die „Angiohämophilie A” (mit AHG-Mangel) und „B” (mit Faktor-IX-Mangel) von der „Thrombopathie von Willebrand-Jürgens “ (Plättchenfaktor-3-Mangel) und der „Pseudohämophilie ohne nachweisbaren Gerinnungsdefekt” abtrennen. Klinisches Bild, Differentialdiagnose, Prognose und Therapie des Blutungsleidens werden besprochen.
Lack of Antibodies to Clotting Factors in the Blood of Hemophiliacs Refractory to Transfusions)
Authors: Penalver Jorge A , Holburn R. R , Carroll R. T , Tocantins L. M
Published: June 2018

1. The blood of 11 Hemophilia “A” patients refractory to transfusions has been studied for the presence of precipitins against certain clot-accelerating fractions. The tests were invariably negative. Identical results were observed in 10 Hemophilia “A” patients non-refractory to transfusions, in 2 cases of Hemophilia B, in 5 patients with miscellaneous conditions and in 11 normal individuals.

2. When unheated Fraction I of Cohn is used as antigen, false positive results due to formation of fibrin clots were observed with all human sera tested. This may be a source of error in the interpretation of the tests, especially in the blood of refractory Hemophilia “A” patients with an unusually long clotting time and slow prothrombin conversion.

3. These observations do not support the hypothesis that the refractory state to blood transfusions observed in some Hemophilia “A” patients is due to the presence of antibodies against certain clot-accelerating fractions of normal plasma.
Über das Vorkommen eines Antiheparinfaktors in Thrombozyten und Geweben
Authors: Deutsch E , Wawersich E , Franke G
Published: June 2018

Auch in wäßrigen Hirnextrakten konnte eine Antiheparinaktivität nachgewiesen werden, die von der Thrombokinase-Aktivität abgetrennt werden kann. Es wird vorgeschlagen, in Analogie zum Thrombozytenfaktor 4 von einer Hirn-faktor-4-Aktivität zu sprechen. Beide zeigen eine weitgehende Übereinstimmung ihrer Eigenschaften bezüglich Thermolabilität, Lagerungsstabilität, Löslichkeit und Fällbarkeit. Die Wirkung der Hirnextrakte bedarf jedoch zu ihrer vollen Entwicklung einer Inkubation, die bei den Thrombozytenextrakten nicht erforderlich ist. Allerdings verschwindet dieser Unterschied nach Alkoholfraktio-nierung der Hirnextrakte.
Untersuchungen über clie Aktivierung von Serum-Proteasen durch Antigen-Antikörper-Reaktionen
Authors: Kaiser E
Published: June 2018

Es wurde an Hand von Versuchen in vivo und in vitro gezeigt, daß Zusätze von Antigen zum Serum sensibilisierter Kaninchen zu einer Aktivierung der Serumprotease führen, wodurch verschiedene ältere Untersuchungen, insbeson dere aber die Befunde von Ungar zumindest teilweise bestätigt wurden. Für die erwähnte Antigenaktivierung der Serumprotease ist das Komplementsystem von ausschlaggebender Bedeutung; komplementfreies oder C’3-freies Serum läßt sich durch Antigenzusatz nicht aktivieren. Die Antigenaktivierung läßt sich durch Heparin aufheben.

Die mutmaßliche Bedeutung der Versuche als Modell für das anaphylaktische Geschehen wird diskutiert und an Hand von Versuchen mit dem Arthus-Phäno-men (lokalisierte anaphylaktische Reaktion) erläutert.
Use of Different Tissue Thromboplastins in the Control of Anticoagulant-Therapy
Authors: Verstraete Marc , Clark Patricia A. , Wright Irving S.
Published: June 2018

An analysis of the results of prothrombin time tests with different types of thromboplastins sheds some light on the problem why the administration of coumarin is difficult to standardize in different centers. Our present ideas on the subject, based on experimental data may be summarized as follows.

Several factors of the clotting mechanism are influenced by coumarin derivatives. The action of some of these factors is by-passed in the 1-stage prothrombin time test. The decrease of the prothrombin and factor VII levels may be evaluated in the 1-stage prothrombin time determination (Quick-test). The prolongation of the prothrombin times are, however, predominantly due to the decrease of factor VII activity, the prothrombin content remaining around 50 per cent of normal during an adequate anticoagulant therapy. It is unlikely that this degree of depression of prothrombin is of major significance in interfering with the coagulation mechanism in the protection against thromboembolism. It may, however, play a minor role, which has yet to be evaluated quantitatively. An exact evaluation of factor VII is, therefore, important for the guidance of anticoagulant therapy and the method of choice is the one which is most sensitive to changes in factor VII concentration. The 1-stage prothrombin time test with a rabbit lung thromboplastin seems the most suitable method because rabbit brain preparations exhibit a factor VII-like activity that is not present in rabbit lung preparations.
Organization of the ,,Thrombosis Service” in the Netherlands
Authors: Jordan F. L. J
Published: June 2018

The working schedule of the Thrombosis Service at Utrecht, which was founded in 1949, is discussed.

In the Netherlands the Red Cross stimulates the organization of thrombosis services in the towns of some importance. At this moment there are about 9 of such services at work, not all of which are organized by the Red Cross. Some statistical results of the Utrecht Service, calculated over 7 years, are presented.

It appears that it is indeed possible to lower the mortality in myocardial infarction considerably by the application of long-term treatment.
Management of Hepatic Trauma: An Update
Authors: Dahan Isaac , Ho Vanessa , Kapoor Baljendra , Lang Min
Published: June 2018

Being the largest solid abdominal organ, the liver is the second most commonly injured organ after abdominal trauma. In this review, we discuss the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma's (AAST) liver injury grading system and World Society of Emergency Surgery's triage grading system. Furthermore, we discuss the role of imaging in hepatic trauma, as well as the indications, techniques, and roles of nonoperative and operative management.
Effectiveness of Homeopathic Medicines as Add-on to Institutional Management Protocol for Acute Encephalitis Syndrome in Children: An Open-Label Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Oberai Praveen , Padmanabhan Maya , Upadhyaya Alok , Singh Supriya , Singh Samarendra , Vikram Deepika , Khan Tariq , Prasad Ramesh , Gupta A. , Singh J. , Manchanda Raj , Varanasi Roja
Published: June 2018

Background Acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) is endemic to certain parts of India, with limited treatment options. In our initial exploratory comparative observational study of 151 patients with AES, there was significantly reduced mortality with adjunctive homeopathy compared to institutional management protocol (IMP). The present randomized placebo-controlled trial brings more statistical rigor to this research program.

Methods This study was conducted at a pediatric unit from 2013 to 2015. Children aged > 6 months and ≤ 18 years and receiving IMP were randomized to receive adjunctive homeopathy (n = 325) or placebo as control (n = 323). The primary effectiveness analysis was based on Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). Morbidity was assessed using the Liverpool Outcome Score for Assessing Children at Follow-up. Analysis was by intention to treat.

Results A total of 612 children were analyzed (Homeopathy [H] = 304; Control [C] = 308). The primary outcome, GOS, differed significantly between H and C groups. There was 14.8% death/neuro-vegetative state in the H group compared to 29.8% in the C group. Relative risk was 0.49 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.36 to 0.68), with absolute risk reduction of 15.0% (95% CI: 8.6 to 21.6%). Number needed to treat to prevent one additional death/neuro-vegetative state was 6.6 (95% CI: 4.6 to 11.6). Proportional-odds analysis also revealed a greater effect in the H group: odds ratio, 0.40 (95% CI: 0.27 to 0.60). The most frequently used medicines were Belladonna (n = 116), Stramonium (n = 33), Arsenicum album (n = 25), Sulfur (n = 18), Opium (n = 17), and Nux vomica (n = 10).

Conclusion Adjunctive homeopathic medicines may improve clinical outcomes associated with AES. Further randomized and controlled studies, using double-blinded trial design, are recommended to discover if the current findings may be corroborated.
Age-Related Changes and Reference Values of Bicaudate Ratio and Sagittal Brainstem Diameters on MRI
Authors: Garbade Sven , Boy Nikolas , Heringer Jana , Kölker Stefan , Harting Inga
Published: June 2018

Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role in the diagnosis of neurometabolic diseases, and, in addition, temporal patterns of signal and volume changes allow insight into the underlying pathogenesis. While assessment of volume changes by visual inspection is subjective, volumetric approaches are often not feasible with rare neurometabolic diseases, where MRIs are often acquired with different scanners and protocols. Linear surrogate parameters of brain volume, for example, the bicaudate ratio, present a robust alternative that can be derived from standard imaging sequences. Due to the continuing postnatal brain and skull development and later brain involution, it is, however, necessary to compare patient values with age age-adapted normal values.

In this article, we present age-dependent normal values derived from 993 standard scans of patients with normal MRI findings (age range: 0–80 years; mean = 19.9; median = 12.8 years) for bicaudate ratio as a measure of global supratentorial volume, as well as the maximal anteroposterior diameters of mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata as parameters of brainstem volume. The provided data allow quantitative, objective assessment of brain volume changes instead of the usually performed visual and therefore subjective assessment.
Veränderungen der Papilla nervi optici im Kindesalter
Authors: Tegetmeyer H.
Published: June 2018

Die Papilla nervi optici ist mithilfe der ophthalmoskopischen Untersuchung der visuellen Inspektion zugänglich. Dadurch ist es möglich, bereits im Säuglings- und frühen Kindesalter Papillenveränderungen zu erkennen, die mit angeborenen Fehlbildungen des Gehirns einhergehen können oder durch Tumoren, akute Erkrankungen des Sehnerven oder des Zentralnervensystems verursacht werden. Zur Dokumentation, Quantifizierung und Verlaufsbeobachtung der Papillenveränderungen stehen verschiedene bildgebende Verfahren zur Verfügung. Die Einteilung der Papillenveränderungen in angeborene Anomalien, in Papillenveränderungen mit Papillenprominenz und in atrophische Veränderungen im Rahmen einer Optikusatrophie hat sich für die Differenzialdiagnose möglicher Ursachen bewährt. Daraus lassen sich in Kooperation zwischen Pädiatern und Ophthalmologen gezielt weiterführende diagnostische und therapeutische Maßnahmen ableiten.
Erwärmungseffekte in der MRT, Teil 1: Physikalische Grundlagen
Authors: Bauer Reinhard
Published: June 2018

Grundsätzlich wird die MRT als sichere Untersuchung bezeichnet, jedoch birgt sie doch einige Sicherheitsrisiken, welche im klinischen Alltag unbedingt berücksichtigt werden müssen, z. B. erwärmungsbedingte Effekte. Im ersten Teil dieses Beitrags werden die physikalischen Grundlagen dargelegt. Der zweite Teil rückt die Erwärmungsproblematik von Implantaten in den Mittelpunkt und formuliert praktische Tipps zur sicheren Durchführung von MR-Untersuchungen.
Internal endoscopic drainage as first line or second line treatment in case of postsleeve gastrectomy fistulas
Authors: Gonzalez J. , Lorenzo D. , Guilbaud T. , Bège T. , Barthet M.
Published: June 2018

Background and study aims Management of post-sleeve gastrectomy fistulas (PSGF) recently has evolved, resulting in prioritization of internal endoscopic drainage (IED). We report our experience with the technique in a tertiary center.

Patients and methods This was a single-center, retrospective study of 44 patients whose PSGF was managed with IED, comparing two periods: after 2013 (Group 1; n = 22) when IED was used in first line and before 2013 (Group 2; n = 22) when IED was applied in second line. Demographic data, pre-endoscopic management, characteristics of fistulas, therapeutic modalities and outcomes were recorded and compared between the two groups. The primary endpoint was IED efficacy; the secondary endpoint was a comparison of outcomes depending on the timing of IED in the management strategy.

Results The groups were matched in gender (16 female, 16 male), mean age (43 years old), severity of fistula, delay before treatment, and exposure to previous endoscopic or surgical treatments. The overall efficacy rate was 84 % (37/44): 86 % in Group 1 and 82 % in Group 2 (NS). There was one death and one patient who underwent surgery. The median time to healing was 226 ± 750 days (Group 1) vs. 305 ± 300 days (Group 2) (NS), with a median number of endoscopies of 3 ± 6 vs. 4.5 ± 2.4 (NS). There were no differences in number of nasocavity drains and double pigtail stents (DPS), but significantly more metallic stents, complications, and secondary strictures were seen in Group 2.

Conclusion IED for management of PSGF is effective in more than 80 % of cases whenever it is used during the therapeutic strategy. This approach should be favored when possible.
Synchronous high-frequency oscillations in inhibitory-dominant network motifs consisting of three dentate gyrus-CA3 systems
Authors: Zhang Liyuan , Fan Denggui , Wang Qingyun
Published: June 2018

Studies on the structural–functional connectomes of the human brain have demonstrated the existence of synchronous firings in a specific brain network motif. In particular, synchronization of high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) has been observed in the experimental data sets of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). In addition, both clinical and experimental evidences have accumulated to demonstrate the effect of electrical stimulation on TLE, which, however, remains largely unexplored. In this work, we first employ our previously proposed dentate gyrus (DG)-CA3 network model to investigate the influence of an external electrical stimulus on the HFO transitions. The results indicate that the reinforcing stimulus can induce the HFO transitions of the DG-CA3 system from the gamma band to the fast ripples band. Along with that, the consistent oscillations of neurons within DG-CA3 can also be enhanced with the increasing of stimulus. Then, we expand into a simple motif of three coupled DG-CA3 systems in both the feedforward inhibition and feedback inhibition connections, to investigate the synchronous evolutions of HFOs by regulating both the stimulation strength and inhibitory function. It is shown that the comprehensive effects, which lead to band transition, are independent of the motif configurations. The enhanced external electrical stimulus weakens the synchronism and correlation of connected motifs. In contrast, we demonstrate that the increased inhibitory coupling could facilitate correlation to some extent. Overall, our work highlights the possible origin of synchronous HFOs of hippocampal motifs governed by external inputs and inhibitory connection, which might contribute to a better understanding of the interplay between synchronization dynamics and epileptic structure in the human brain.
Modeling and simulation of Cu diffusion and drift in porous CMOS backend dielectrics
Authors: Ali R. , Fan Y. , King S. , Orlowski M.
Published: June 2018

With the advent of porous dielectrics, Cu drift-diffusion reliability issues in CMOS backend have only been exacerbated. In this regard, a modeling and simulation study of Cu atom/ion drift-diffusion in porous dielectrics is presented to assess the backend reliability and to explore conditions for a reliable Resistive Random Access Memory (RRAM) operation. The numerical computation, using elementary jump frequencies for a random walk in 2D and 3D, is based on an extended adjacency tensor concept. It is shown that Cu diffusion and drift transport are affected as much by the level of porosity as by the pore morphology. Allowance is made for different rates of Cu dissolution into the dielectric and for Cu absorption and transport at and on the inner walls of the pores. Most of the complex phenomena of the drift-diffusion transport in porous media can be understood in terms of local lateral and vertical gradients and the degree of their perturbation caused by the presence of pores in the transport domain. The impact of pore morphology, related to the concept of tortuosity, is discussed in terms of “channeling” and “trapping” effects. The simulations are calibrated to experimental results of porous SiCOH layers of 25 nm thickness, sandwiched between Cu and Pt(W) electrodes with experimental porosity levels of 0%, 8%, 12%, and 25%. We find that porous SICOH is more immune to Cu+ drift at 300 K than non-porous SICOH.
Enhanced RadOptic sensitivity in intrinsic bulk InP
Authors: Peng Bo dong , Song Yan , Hei Dong wei , Zhao Jun
Published: June 2018

RadOptic detectors are a promising method to record MeV pulsed radiation for inertial confinement fusion diagnostics. Because of the low radiation-induced refractive index change sensitivity of semiconductors, these detectors have poor responses to MeV gamma pulses. An enhancement of the radiation-refractive index change sensitivity in an InP sample is reported. The refractive index change of the InP sample was recorded by a plate interferometer. The probe laser had a wavelength of 1550 nm (0.8 eV). The excess carrier density was obtained using the refractive index modulation theory and evolution model. For the InP sample, the excess carrier density calculated using the refractive index change was much higher than the excess density calculated by the evolution model. This suggested that the refractive index change of the InP sample is more sensitive to the excess carrier density. The enhancement was attributed to the inter-conduction transition from the Γ valley to the X valley (Γ→X, 0.78 eV). In addition to enhancing the energy deposition efficiency, the radiation-refractive index change sensitivity of RadOptic sensors can also be enhanced by extra absorptions arising from inter-conduction band transitions.
Less can be more: How to make operations more flexible and robust with fewer resources
Authors: Haksöz Çağrı , Katsikopoulos Konstantinos , Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: June 2018

We review empirical evidence from practice and general theoretical conditions, under which simple rules of thumb can help to make operations flexible and robust. An operation is flexible when it responds adaptively to adverse events such as natural disasters; an operation is robust when it is less affected by adverse events in the first place. We illustrate the relationship between flexibility and robustness in the context of supply chain risk. In addition to increasing flexibility and robustness, simple rules simultaneously reduce the need for resources such as time, money, information, and computation. We illustrate the simple-rules approach with an easy-to-use graphical aid for diagnosing and managing supply chain risk. More generally, we recommend a four-step process for determining the amount of resources that decision makers should invest in so as to increase flexibility and robustness.
A simple scaling law for the equation of state and the radial distribution functions calculated by density-functional theory molecular dynamics
Authors: Danel J.-F. , Kazandjian L.
Published: June 2018

It is shown that the equation of state (EOS) and the radial distribution functions obtained by density-functional theory molecular dynamics (DFT-MD) obey a simple scaling law. At given temperature, the thermodynamic properties and the radial distribution functions given by a DFT-MD simulation remain unchanged if the mole fractions of nuclei of given charge and the average volume per atom remain unchanged. A practical interest of this scaling law is to obtain an EOS table for a fluid from that already obtained for another fluid if it has the right characteristics. Another practical interest of this result is that an asymmetric mixture made up of light and heavy atoms requiring very different time steps can be replaced by a mixture of atoms of equal mass, which facilitates the exploration of the configuration space in a DFT-MD simulation. The scaling law is illustrated by numerical results.