bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A radical change in counselor education and certification
Authors: BRAMMER LAWRENCE M. , SPRINGER HARRY C.
Published: January 2012

The new Washington state certification plan for school counselors includes promising innovations. The plan calls for behaviorally stated performance standards related to client outcomes. Resulting programs for in‐service as well as pre‐service counselors are developed in a partnership among professional associations, school districts, and university counselor education personnel. Professional identity and involvement are encouraged through counselor self‐assessment against specific performance criteria, individualized training and self‐renewal programs, and lifelong professional development plans. A new role is developed of a counselor staff development specialist who functions as a school training consultant and counselor educator.
Undergraduate students as academic advisers
Authors: UPCRAFT M. LEE
Published: January 2012

An experimental college tried to solve its academic advising problems by employing undergraduate students to advise freshmen. The evaluation of faculty, freshmen students, and the undergraduate students themselves was generally positive, although some problems arose.
The counselor: who? what?
Authors: ARBUCKLE DUGALD S.
Published: January 2012

The author examines the criticisms of counselors which center on such factors as age, sex, race, and elitism. Areas of confusion regarding the functions of the counselor are related to the teacher‐counselor issue, the professional functions of the counselor, and the basic purpose of counseling. The counselor is seen primarily as doing psychological counseling with individuals and groups, rather than teaching or advising.
PPS director: administrator or counselor educator?
Authors: LINDBERG ROBERT E.
Published: January 2012

What is the primary role of the director of pupil personnel services? Is he a general administrator or a counselor educator? The author of this article feels that there is a great need for more directors who are oriented toward counselor education, and he focuses on three areas in which this type of director can have a great impact on school counseling.
Human values and counseling
Authors: AJZEN RACHEL
Published: January 2012

The author describes some of the philosophical and practical problems concerning personal values and professional ethics that counselors encounter in their work. She discusses ethical problems in counseling research and practice and points out some of the differences among various types of deliberate influence and implicit influence.
Occupational floundering
Authors: VARGA LOU
Published: January 2012

The phenomenon of occupational floundering occurs when a person enters the labor market in search of full‐time work without a chosen commitment to an occupational goal. It is a period of effort in which job seekers experience varying degrees of need deprivation and frustration. Floundering can be divided into three stages: the period of initial entry into the labor market; the shopping period; and the mid‐career stage. Floundering is not necessarily as destructive a phenomenon as current vocational theories tend to imply, since it sometimes provides experiences that facilitate personal growth and self‐acceptance as well as providing a means by which a significant portion of the labor force eventually becomes stabilized.
The case for guidance: testimony before Congress
Authors: ERPENBACH WILLIAM J.
Published: January 2012

The author, as a member of APGA's Federal Relations Committee, recently presented testimony on counseling and, guidance services before the U.S. House of Representatives' Subcommittee on Labor, Health, Education and Welfare and Related Agencies. This testimony, on behalf of APGA and ASCA, concerned fiscal year 1973 appropriations for the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Title III (ESEA, III)—Counseling, Guidance and Testing. This article is drawn from the author's testimony and is directed toward reporting some of the positive outcomes of counseling and guidance, the dilemma of cutbacks in services, and the need for substantial expansion of fiscal and. personal support for counseling and guidance.
Etcetera
Authors: Sinick Daniel
Published: January 2012

George Washington University Publishers interested in having their materials reviewed here are requested to send two copies to Dr. Daniel Sinick, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20006. Items reviewed in this column are not available from APGA.
Counseling: a new priority in Latin America
Authors: ESPIN OLIVA M. , RENNER RICHARD R.
Published: January 2012

Despite burgeoning enthusiasm in Latin American countries for educational guidance and vocational counseling, Latin American efforts in these areas are not often mentioned in the U.S. professional literature. This brief survey with an annotated bibliography is an effort to inform counselors about some of the recent developments in Latin America that relate to their profession. The article explains some of the underlying social, cultural, and educational conditions that have helped shape recent trends, and the authors sketch the increasing use of innovative apprenticeship training and student loan programs, which have greatly increased demands for the provision of guidance services in recent years. Despite the problem of underprofessionalization, the field of vocational guidance and counseling is growing in importance in the Latin American countries.
Getting into print in P&G: how it's done
Authors: WALL JUDY
Published: January 2012

A manuscript submitted to the editor of this journal (or any journal) goes through many stages of production before it appears in print. In this article the author, a staff member at APGA headquarters, provides an overview of the production process, with a view to giving P&G'ers an inside look at what happens to a manuscript between the time it's submitted and the time it's published.
the poem as catalyst in group counseling
Authors: LESSNER JOHANNA W.
Published: January 2012

Poetry has always sung the human themes of joy and suffering, discovery and loss. In this article the author describes the use of poetry in group sessions to help members identify and express feelings and to explore new ways of being. The author hopes, through illustration, to stimulate counselors and therapists in various settings to include poetry as part of communication, healing, and growth.
Research in Counseling
Authors: Warner Richard W.
Published: January 2012

This column is based on the belief that research can provide meaningful data to the practicing counselor. While individual studies may not provide sufficient data on which to act, a combination of separate research efforts or a large‐scale, long‐term research project does have the possibility of providing sufficient data. This column will undertake to provide that data by either reviewing the current research in a specific area or examining the results from a long‐term project. The emphasis will be on implications for the counselor, so there will be little if any information on research design or statistical procedures. Readers desiring more detail about a particular study should write directly to the original author(s). Readers who desire to have the results of their research and/or innovative approaches considered for review in this column should send the material to Richard W. Warner, Jr., Counselor Education, 2054 Haley Center, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36830.
Comparative guidance through international study
Authors: DRAPELA VICTOR J.
Published: January 2012

In the contemporary world of instant communication, which creates parallel trends in diverse cultures, comparative guidance studies have acquired a new importance. They promote a higher degree of cross‐cultural openness and sensitivity, at the same time stimulating clarification of values. Here the author reviews earlier publications on comparative guidance and presents examples of new insights into guidance practices that can be gained through international studies. He offers suggestions on planning professional travel abroad and on including comparative guidance studies in existing counselor training programs.
Fantasy in Career Development
Authors: Crabbs Michael A.
Published: January 2012

Fantasy activity has long been recognized as a normal psychological process that individuals use to deal with emotions, goals, and beliefs. Recent developments in this area have led some counselors to employ fantasy as a technique in the counseling relationship. This article explores the development of fantasy activity as a part of career development, reviews relevant research, and cites examples of the use and implementation of fantasy.
Self‐Defeating Behavior Workshops: Systems Approach for Hard‐to‐Serve Veterans
Authors: Banks Jerry , Grimmer James , Hardy Robert E. , Hiatt Darrell , Lowe John
Published: January 2012

For the past two and one‐half years, the self‐defeating behavior (SDB) theory has been applied to a population of veterans who had a history of problems in job training, vocational placement, and academic settings. A group‐therapy structure meeting eight times during a four‐week period is the basic approach of the SDB seminar. In conjunction with the SDB seminar, a variety of support people and agencies have combined efforts to develop a systems approach to helping the veterans eliminate behaviors that are self‐defeating. Results from the systems approach have been excellent.
Community College Advising Model
Authors: McCusker Ann Marie , Osterlund Blair L.
Published: January 2012

Traditionally, community college advisement of new students has taken either a group or individual approach. An appropriate advising model affords the opportunity to draw from the assets of both approaches; that is, if grouping is done, individual attention may be given to students by using pertinent student and curriculum factors. The model presented prescribes a specific course of action for a particular kind of student but remains flexible in its application.
Men in Hiding: A Challenge for the Counselor
Authors: SCHER MURRAY
Published: January 2012

Men in our society are culturally conditioned to conceal their emotions and innermost thoughts. This article discusses how men learn to hide, why counselors should bring them out of hiding, and how counselors can do so.
As We Explore New Frontiers
Authors: YOUNG OWEN D.
Published: January 2012

“Whether we shall have new frontiers at all, whether they shall be large or small, grand or petty, will depend on the spirit of the men now young who must make them,” says Owen D. Young in this article, which is taken with Mr. Young's permission from an address delivered in May at the University of Rochester Conference on New Frontiers in American Life.
A Special Room for Counseling
Authors: HARRIS GRACE E.
Published: January 2012

This account of how a large, bare classroom was converted into an attractive room for interviews will encourage others who are eager to have a more appropriate setting for their work. In this case the popularity of the room with both students and parents attests to its success.
New Freedom for the Blind
Authors: GANS MADELINE G. , PIRUPS‐HVARRE CARL C.
Published: January 2012

War labor shortages have broken down many of the barriers against the employment of the physically handicapped. Among those gaining new work opportunities are the visually handicapped. They need sound vocational guidance, particularly at this time. The special problems involved are discussed here. See also Occupations, May, 1941, page 585.
The Placement Service of the American Friends Service Committee: A Technique in Race Relations
Authors: LOESCHER FRANK S.
Published: January 2012

To provide employment opportunities for trained Negroes of skill and promise in fields not traditionally open to Negroes—where all races may work creatively and harmoniously together.

To facilitate employment opportunities for other “minority group” workers, where such service is not provided by other agencies.
Mechanism and function of decreased FOXO1 in renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Zhou Libin , Yin Bingde , Liu Yongchao , Hong Yan , Zhang Changcun , Fan Jie
Published: December 2011

Background and Objectives

Forkhead box O‐class 1 (FOXO1), a putative tumor suppressor, is dysregulated in many cancers. Our study aims to reveal the underlying functions and regulation mechanisms of FOXO1 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC).

Methods

The clinical significance of FOXO1 expression in surgically resected specimens was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The siRNAs targeted FOXO1 and miR‐27a inhibitor were transfected into RCC cells. QRT‐PCR, Western blot, and cell proliferation assay were used to assess the expression and function of FOXO1 and miR‐27a.

Results

The positive immunostaining for FOXO1 was low in 51 RCC samples compared with 15 normal kidney tissues. And the expression of FOXO1 was related with RCC subtypes and the grade and stage in clear cell RCC (cRCC) (P < 0.05). Inhibition of FOXO1 promoted proliferation of 769‐P cells. However, upregulation of FOXO1 by miR‐27a inhibitor was accompanied by the anti‐proliferative effect in cells of 786‐O and Caki‐1. Furthermore, the expression of FOXO1 mRNA and miR‐27a had inverse relation in eight cRCC samples.

Conclusion

Reduced expression of FOXO1 is common in RCC and a potentially suitable marker of different histological subtypes and prognosis of cRCC. Increasing expression of FOXO1 by the miR‐27a inhibitor could prevent cell growth. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:841–847. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous determination of serotonin and creatinine in urine by combining two ultrasound‐assisted emulsification microextractions with on‐column stacking in capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Huang Huan , Chen Zhijun , Yan Xiaomei
Published: December 2011

This article describes the development of a rapid, simple, and sensitive analytical approach for the simultaneous determination of serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine) and creatinine in urine samples by combining two ultrasound‐assisted emulsification microextractions (USAEMEs) in series with on‐column stacking in CE. This serial USAEME procedure comprises analytes extraction from the donor solution (urine with K2CO3 additive) to an organic solvent followed by a back‐extraction from the organic phase into a small volume of hydrochloric acid. After 15 min of sample pretreatment, the acidic acceptor solution was analyzed directly on CE in the mode of capillary zone electrophoresis. The adoption of HCl as the acceptor phase not only provided effective back‐extraction but also facilitated pH‐mediated on‐column stacking in CE analysis. About 360‐fold sensitivity enhancement was achieved for serotonin detection. The limits of detection were 7.9 nM for serotonin and 13.3 μM for creatinine, respectively. Satisfactory results were obtained with respect to precision and recovery. The proposed method has been demonstrated to be convenient and effective for the analysis of real urine samples. We believe that two USAEMEs in series will find wide applications in simplified sample pretreatment prior to CE analysis.
Redox‐Responsive Degradable PEG Cryogels as Potential Cell Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering
Authors: Dispinar Tugba , Van Camp Wim , De Cock Liesbeth J. , De Geest Bruno G. , Du Prez Filip E.
Published: January 2012

A Michael addition strategy involving the reaction between a maleimide double bond and amine groups is investigated for the synthesis of cryogels at subzero temperature. Low‐molecular‐weight PEG‐based building blocks with amine end groups and disulfide‐containing building blocks with maleimide end groups are combined to synthesize redox‐responsive PEG cryogels. The cryogels exhibit an interconnected macroporous morphology, a high compressive modulus and gelation yields of around 95%. While the cryogels are stable under physiological conditions, complete dissolution of the cryogels into water‐soluble products is obtained in the presence of a reducing agent (glutathione) in the medium. Cell seeding experiments and toxicologic analysis demonstrate their potential as scaffolds in tissue engineering.

magnified image
Multifunctional Luminescent Organic/Inorganic Hybrid Films
Authors: Roppolo Ignazio , Messori Massimo , Perruchas Sandrine , Gacoin Thierry , Boilot Jean‐Pierre , Sangermano Marco
Published: December 2011

Transparent light‐emitting hybrid materials are produced by UV curing of acrylic resins containing silica precursors and photoluminescent [Cu4I4L4] clusters. Acrylic double‐bond conversion is followed by means of FT‐IR spectroscopy, and optical measurements are performed on cured films showing a high transparency of the films up to a content of 30 wt% TEOS and a bright luminescence with a maximum of emission centered at 565 nm (yellow‐orange). This study shows the possibility to obtain new advanced materials in which functional properties such as photoluminescence and scratch resistance are successfully conjugated in a hybrid film that maintains high transparency.

magnified image
Human O6‐methylguanine‐DNA methyltransferase containing C145A does not prevent hepatocellular carcinoma in C3HeB/FeJ transgenic mice
Authors: Herzig Maryanne C.S. , Hildreth Kim , Huamani Jessica , Perez Marissa , Goins Beth A. , McMahan C. Alex , Reddick Robert L. , Walter Christi A.
Published: December 2011

The prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was diminished from 60% to 18% at 15 months of age in C3HeB/FeJ male transgenic mice expressing hMGMT in our previous studies. To directly test if the methyltransferase activity is required for diminished tumor prevalence, two separate lines of transgenic mice bearing an enzymatically inactive form of hMGMT were used. In these lines, cysteine 145 was substituted with alanine (C145A). Expression of the hMGMT C145A transgene in liver was demonstrated by Northern blots and Western blots. Immunohistochemistry revealed predominantly nuclear localization of the hMGMT C145A protein. hMGMT C145A transgenic mice were crossed with lacI transgenic mice to assess mutant frequencies in the presence of the mutant protein. Mutant frequencies were similar among livers of lacI × hMGMT C145A bi‐transgenic mice and lacI × wild‐type (WT) mice. DNA sequence analysis of recovered lacI mutants revealed similar mutation spectra for hMGMT C145A and WT mice. The prevalence of HCC was also similar for the two tested lines of hMGMT C145A mice, 45% and 48% prevalence with median tumor sizes of 11 and 8 mm, and WT mice, 40% prevalence and median tumor size of 10 mm. These results provide evidence that residue C145 in hMGMT is required to reduce the prevalence of HCC in C3HeB/FeJ mice transgenic for hMGMT. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Black currant phytoconstituents exert chemoprevention of diethylnitrosamine‐initiated hepatocarcinogenesis by suppression of the inflammatory response
Authors: Bishayee Anupam , Thoppil Roslin J. , Mandal Animesh , Darvesh Altaf S. , Ohanyan Vahagn , Meszaros J. Gary , Háznagy‐Radnai Erzsébet , Hohmann Judit , Bhatia Deepak
Published: December 2011

Black currant fruits containing high amounts of anthocyanins are known to possess potent antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties. We have previously reported that anthocyanin‐rich black currant skin extract (BCSE) inhibits diethylnitrosamine (DENA)‐initiated hepatocarcinogenesis in rats although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Our present study investigates the anti‐inflammatory mechanisms of BCSE during DENA rat liver carcinogenesis. Dietary BCSE (100 or 500 mg/kg) treatment for 22 wk afforded a striking inhibition of DENA‐induced hepatic gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase‐positive preneoplastic foci in a dose‐responsive fashion. There was a significant increase in hepatic expression of heat shock proteins (HSP70 and HSP90), cyclooxygenase‐2, and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) in DENA‐exposed rat livers. Dietary BCSE dose‐dependently abrogated all these elevated inflammatory markers. The possible cardiotoxicity of BCSE was assessed by monitoring cardiac functions using transthoracic echocardiography. BCSE‐mediated anti‐inflammatory effects during rat liver carcinogenesis have been achieved without any cardiotoxicity. Our results provide convincing evidence, for the very first time, that suppression of the inflammatory cascade through modulation of the NF‐κB signaling pathway could be implicated, at least in part, in the chemopreventive effects of black currant bioactive phytoconstituents against experimental hepatocarcinogenesis. These results coupled with an excellent safety profile of BCSE support the development of black currant phytochemicals for the chemoprevention of inflammation‐driven hepatocellular cancer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correction of vibration artifacts in DTI using phase‐encoding reversal (COVIPER)
Authors: Mohammadi Siawoosh , Nagy Zoltan , Hutton Chloe , Josephs Oliver , Weiskopf Nikolaus
Published: December 2011

Diffusion tensor imaging is widely used in research and clinical applications, but still suffers from substantial artifacts. Here, we focus on vibrations induced by strong diffusion gradients in diffusion tensor imaging, causing an echo shift in k‐space and consequential signal‐loss. We refined the model of vibration‐induced echo shifts, showing that asymmetric k‐space coverage in widely used Partial Fourier acquisitions results in locally differing signal loss in images acquired with reversed phase encoding direction (blip‐up/blip‐down). We implemented a correction of vibration artifacts in diffusion tensor imaging using phase‐encoding reversal (COVIPER) by combining blip‐up and blip‐down images, each weighted by a function of its local tensor‐fit error. COVIPER was validated against low vibration reference data, resulting in an error reduction of about 72% in fractional anisotropy maps. COVIPER can be combined with other corrections based on phase encoding reversal, providing a comprehensive correction for eddy currents, susceptibility‐related distortions and vibration artifact reduction. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Slice‐by‐slice B1+ shimming at 7 T
Authors: Curtis Andrew T. , Gilbert Kyle M. , Klassen L. Martyn , Gati Joseph S. , Menon Ravi S.
Published: December 2011

Parallel transmission has been used to reduce the inevitable inhomogeneous radiofrequency fields produced in human high‐field MRI greater than 3 T. Further improvements in the transmit homogeneity and efficiency are possible by leveraging the additional degree of freedom permitted by multislice acquisitions. Compared to simple scaling of the flip angle to compensate for B1+ falloff along the radiofrequency coil, calculation of B1+ shim solutions on a slice‐by‐slice basis can markedly improve homogeneity and/or reduce transmitted power and global SAR. Performance measures were acquired at 7 T with a 15‐channel head‐only transceive array featuring elements distributed over all three logical axes, facilitating B1+ shimming over arbitrary orientations. Compared to a circularly polarized volume mode of the same coil, shimming to maximize excitation efficiency on a slice‐by‐slice basis yielded improvements in mean B1+ by 12.8 ± 2.4% and a reduction in standard deviation of B1+ of 16.3 ± 6.8%, while reducing relative SAR by 6.2 ± 3.1%. When shimming for greater uniformity, the mean and standard deviation of B1+ were further improved by 15.9 ± 2.6% and 26.2 ± 10.4%, respectively, at the expense of a 135 ± 8% increase in global SAR. Robust multislice‐shim solutions are demonstrated that can be quickly calculated, applied in real time, and reliably improve on volume coil modes. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hypothalamic mTOR pathway mediates thyroid hormone‐induced hyperphagia in hyperthyroidism
Authors: Varela Luis , Martínez‐Sánchez Noelia , Gallego Rosalía , Vázquez María J , Roa Juan , Gándara Marina , Schoenmakers Erik , Nogueiras Rubén , Chatterjee Krishna , Tena‐Sempere Manuel , Diéguez Carlos , López Miguel
Published: January 2012

Hyperthyroidism is characterized in rats by increased energy expenditure and marked hyperphagia. Alterations of thermogenesis linked to hyperthyroidism are associated with dysregulation of hypothalamic AMPK and fatty acid metabolism; however, the central mechanisms mediating hyperthyroidism‐induced hyperphagia remain largely unclear. Here, we demonstrate that hyperthyroid rats exhibit marked up‐regulation of the hypothalamic mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway associated with increased mRNA levels of agouti‐related protein (AgRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), and decreased mRNA levels of pro‐opiomelanocortin (POMC) in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC), an area where mTOR co‐localizes with thyroid hormone receptor‐α (TRα). Central administration of thyroid hormone (T3) or genetic activation of thyroid hormone signalling in the ARC recapitulated hyperthyroidism effects on feeding and the mTOR pathway. In turn, central inhibition of mTOR signalling with rapamycin in hyperthyroid rats reversed hyperphagia and normalized the expression of ARC‐derived neuropeptides, resulting in substantial body weight loss. The data indicate that in the hyperthyroid state, increased feeding is associated with thyroid hormone‐induced up‐regulation of mTOR signalling. Furthermore, our findings that different neuronal modulations influence food intake and energy expenditure in hyperthyroidism pave the way for a more rational design of specific and selective therapeutic compounds aimed at reversing the metabolic consequences of this disease. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypothalamic obesity syndrome: Rare presentation of CNS+ B‐cell lymphoblastic lymphoma
Authors: Quigg Troy C. , Haddad Nadine G. , Buchsbaum Jeffrey C. , Shih Chie‐Schin
Published: December 2011

Hypothalamic obesity syndrome can affect brain tumor patients following surgical intervention and irradiation. This syndrome is rare at diagnosis in childhood cancer, but has been reported with relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Here we present a case of hypothalamic obesity syndrome as the primary presentation of a toddler found to have CNS+ B‐cell lymphoblastic lymphoma. Cytogenetic studies on diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid revealed MLL gene rearrangement (11q23). Hyperphagia and obesity dramatically improved following induction and consolidation chemotherapy. We describe a novel presentation of hypothalamic obesity syndrome in CNS B‐cell lymphoblastic lymphoma, responsive to chemotherapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 930–933. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Shorter hospitalization trends among children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Raphael Jean L. , Mueller Brigitta U. , Kowalkowski Marc A. , Oyeku Suzette O.
Published: January 2012

Background

Vaso‐occlusive crises (VOC) contribute to frequent hospitalizations among children with sickle cell disease (SCD). The objective of this study was to determine whether length of stay (LOS) has decreased for VOC hospitalizations between 1997 and 2009.

Procedure

We analyzed pediatric discharges (aged 0–18) with a primary or secondary diagnosis of SCD with crisis from the Kid's Inpatient Database (years 1997, 2003, and 2009), a nationally representative sample of pediatric hospital discharges. We conducted bivariate and multivariate, sample‐weighted linear regression analyses to determine associations between independent variables (patient demographics, hospital characteristics, co‐diagnoses, and procedures) and LOS.

Results

Both the number (22,661–21,741) and proportion of VOC hospitalizations (0.34–0.29%) among all pediatric hospitalizations marginally decreased between 1997 and 2009 (P < 0.01). Mean LOS decreased from 4.59 to 4.21 days (P < 0.01). For all study years, older age was the only socio‐demographic variable associated with longer LOS, controlling for other factors. Between 1997 and 2009, LOS decreased for all age categories, with the largest statistically significant reduction occurring among adolescents (5.69–4.76 days).

Conclusions

Nationally representative hospital data indicate modest but meaningful reductions in LOS for children with VOC over a 12‐year period. Adolescents who typically have the greatest disease severity showed the largest reduction in LOS. However, adolescents continue to account for a large proportion of inpatient stays for VOC. These findings illustrate that the adolescent period is a critical time in the lifespan for targeted intervention. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;59:679–684. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Invasive pneumonia and septic shock in infants as a presentation of cystic fibrosis with vitamin‐deficiency
Authors: Al‐Khadra Eman S. , Chau Kin‐wai , Barone Cara Pizzo , Colin Andrew A.
Published: January 2012

Herein we describe three infants with the rare presentation of pneumonia with septic shock as their initial medical encounter leading to the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF). At the time of their presentation all three children had significant nutritional deficiency. We initiated an aggressive treatment regimen including nutritional supplementation which resulted in improvement in their pulmonary status and no further recurrences.

This series highlights the possible presentation of CF in infancy as a life‐threatening invasive infection of Staphylococcus aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It also supports neonatal screening and emphasizes the role of early attention to nutritional status and vitamin supplementation. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:722–726. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The trachea with an air‐fluid level: A rare and bizarre radiological sign
Authors: Marsh Rosemary , Gupta Atul , Gilchrist Francis J. , Puckey Michele , Padley Simon P. , Hogg Claire , Lenney Warren , Bush Andrew
Published: January 2012

We report three children with an unusual radiological sign: “trachea with an air fluid level.” We suggest this is related to paucity of cough leading to recurrent chest infections. Voluntary cough suppression as a cause of chronic lower respiratory tract infection is recorded in adults (The Lady Windermere Syndrome) but has not previously been reported in children. We propose that in these children impaired airway mucus clearance may be also be caused by voluntary cough suppression. However, the complex physiology of coughing means it is difficult to distinguish between true voluntary cough suppression and paucity of cough due to a subtle neurological deficit. In two patients, the cycle has led to permanent lung damage with bronchiectasis and reduced lung function. In the third, early diagnosis and multidisciplinary intervention has so far delayed progression to bronchiectasis. With greater awareness of this phenomenon in children, there is potential for effective early intervention with medical, physical, and psychological therapies. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012. 47:826–830. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Setting proteins free: Progresses and achievements in proteomics of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues
Authors: Tanca Alessandro , Pagnozzi Daniela , Addis Maria Filippa
Published: December 2011

Formalin fixation, followed by paraffin embedding, is long established as the standard procedure for the stabilization and preservation of tissue architecture, essential for enabling microscopic examination and long‐term storage of samples. During the years, this has led to the generation of a worldwide repository of patient tissues with associated complete clinical records. As such, this represents a golden mine for all those attempting to identify proteomic signatures of disease, aimed to the understanding of pathological processes and to the identification of new biomarkers. However, access to this resource has been hampered by the stable cross‐linked network generated on tissue molecules during formalin fixation. Recently, researchers have been actively working to overcome this limitation, reaching unexpected achievements. This review aims to discuss and compare the various strategies devised for extracting full‐length proteins or peptides from fixed tissues, and to provide a general perspective on studies comparing matched fixed and fresh‐frozen tissue proteomes, applying proteomic techniques for biomarker discovery from archival tissues, and attempting to exploit gel‐based approaches. In addition, the concomitant progresses in understanding the impact of tissue processing variables and the extent and nature of formaldehyde‐induced modifications are presented. In conclusion, the future perspectives and open challenges in this field are discussed.
T cells localized to the androgen‐deprived prostate are TH1 and TH17 biased
Authors: Morse Matthew D. , McNeel Douglas G.
Published: December 2011

BACKGROUND

T cells infiltrate the prostates of prostate cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant androgen deprivation. These prostate‐infiltrating T cells have an oligoclonal phenotype, suggesting the development of an antigen‐specific T‐cell response. We hypothesized that androgen deprivation might elicit a prostate tissue‐specific T‐cell response that could potentially be combined with other immune‐active therapies, and consequently sought to investigate the nature and timing of this T‐cell response following castration.

METHODS

We investigated the phenotype and cytokine expression of T cells at various time points in the prostates of Lewis rats following surgical castration, and used adoptive transfer of prostate‐infiltrating lymphocytes (PILs) to determine whether the infiltration by T cells was mediated by effects of castration on the prostate or lymphocytes.

RESULTS

Prostate T‐cell infiltration shortly after castration was TH1 biased up to approximately 30 days, followed by a predominance of TH17‐type cells, which persisted until at least 90 days post castration. PILs from sham‐treated or castrate rats localized to the prostates of castrate animals.

CONCLUSIONS

These observations suggest castration elicits a time‐dependent prostate‐specific T‐cell infiltration, and this infiltration is likely mediated by effects of castration on prostate tissue rather than T‐cells. These findings have implications for the timing of immunotherapies combined with androgen deprivation as treatments for prostate cancer. Prostate 72:1239–1247, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
LNCaP prostate cancer cells with autocrine interleukin‐6 expression are resistant to IL‐6‐induced neuroendocrine differentiation due to increased expression of suppressors of cytokine signaling
Authors: Ge Dongxia , Gao Allen C. , Zhang Qiuyang , Liu Sen , Xue Yun , You Zongbing
Published: December 2011

BACKGROUND

Neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) is one of the mechanisms underlying development of castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). In this study, we investigated IL‐6‐induced NED in two LNCaP sublines.

METHODS

LNCaP‐S17, an LNCaP subline that secretes IL‐6, and LNCaP‐C3, a control subline that does not express IL‐6, were analyzed for IL‐6‐induced NED, activation of JAK2 and STAT3 pathways, and expression of IL‐6/IL‐6R signaling proteins and downstream target genes.

RESULTS

IL‐6 did not induce NED in LNCaP‐S17 cells, even though IL‐6 induced NED in LNCaP‐C3 cells. IL‐6 activated JAK2 and STAT3 pathways in LNCaP‐C3 cells but not in LNCaP‐S17 cells. IL‐6 did not activate ERK1/2, AKT, or NF‐κB pathways in either cell line. Both LNCaP‐C3 and LNCaP‐S17 cell lines expressed IL‐6R, gp130, and TYK2 at almost the same levels and did not express JAK1 or JAK3. The basal level of JAK2 expression was slightly higher in LNCaP‐C3 cells than in LNCaP‐S17 cells. Two suppressors of cytokine signaling, SOCS7 and cytokine‐inducible SH2 protein (CIS), were expressed constitutively at higher levels in LNCaP‐S17 cells than in LNCaP‐C3 cells, while SOCS1 to SOCS6 were expressed at approximately the same levels. Using siRNA to knockdown SOCS7 and CIS expression in LNCaP‐S17 cells led to increased phosphorylation of STAT3 upon IL‐6 stimulation.

CONCLUSIONS

LNCaP‐S17 cells are resistant to exogenous IL‐6‐induced NED due to increased levels of CIS/SOCS7 that block activation of JAK2‐STAT3 pathways. Prostate 72:1306–1316, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In‐Si(111)(4 × 1)/(8 × 2) nanowires: Electron transport, entropy, and metal‐insulator transition
Authors: Schmidt W. G. , Wippermann S. , Sanna S. , Babilon M. , Vollmers N. J. , Gerstmann U.
Published: December 2011

In this paper the recent experimental and theoretical progress in understanding the properties of the In‐Si(111)(4 × 1)/(8 × 2) nanowire array – a prototypical model system for exploring electron transport at the atomic scale – is reviewed. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations illustrate how strongly structural, vibrational, and electronic properties of atomic‐scale wires are intertwined. Numerical simulations of the nanowire optical response in comparison with recent measurements settle eventually the long‐standing debate on the nanowire ground‐state geometry in favor of hexagons. Soft phonon modes are found to transform the nanowire structurally between the insulating hexagon structure and metallic In zigzag chains. The subtle balance between the lower energy of the insulating phase and the larger vibrational entropy of the metallic wires is demonstrated to cause the temperature‐dependent phase transition. The dynamic fluctuation model proposed earlier to explain the phase transition is shown to contradict the experimental information on the metal insulator transition of the nanowires. The influence of adatoms on the quantum transport and phase transition is discussed.

magnified image

Schematic drawing of the main structural motifs of the In‐induced Si(111)(8 × 2) and (4 × 1) reconstructions, In hexagons and zigzag chains, respectively.
Modification of carrier localization in basal‐plane stacking faults: The effect of Si‐doping in a‐plane GaN
Authors: Badcock T. J. , Kappers M. J. , Moram M. A. , Dawson P. , Humphreys C. J.
Published: December 2011

The optical properties of Si‐doped a‐plane GaN epilayers grown on r‐plane sapphire are studied. The low temperature emission is dominated by basal‐plane stacking fault (BSF) recombination throughout the investigated doping range (1 × 1017 to 5 × 1019 cm−3). From temperature dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements in conjunction with PL excitation studies, the carrier localization energy within the BSF is inferred to decrease from 17 meV to a negligible level as the doping density increases from 1 × 1017 to 5 × 1018 cm−3. It is proposed that electrons, ionized from the Si‐donor atoms at the growth temperature, are able to transfer to the BSFs, where they progressively fill the available density of localized states. For doping levels in excess of 1 × 1018 cm−3, the luminescence linewidth broadens significantly and the luminescence transients decay with a single exponential time constant. This behaviour is attributed to the onset of band‐filling which causes a marked increase in the free electron density within the BSFs.
Possible improvements to the self‐consistent‐charges density‐functional tight‐binding method within the second order
Authors: Bodrog Zoltán , Aradi Bálint
Published: December 2011

Improving the precision of self‐consistent‐charges density‐functional tight‐binding method (SCC‐DFTB) without losing its computational efficiency is primarily thought and hoped to be possible, if possible at all, by moving beyond its current two‐centre‐approximative tight‐binding structure and the second‐order nature of SCC. In this paper, however, we point out that there may still be possibilities of making it more precise without such an extension. Two improvements within the very second‐order SCC are proposed here. First, inclusion of a multipole expansion of interacting atomic charge fluctuations, and second, a semi‐empirical refinement of their interaction potential profiles and their self‐interaction energies. Besides showing in detail what is to be improved with respect to the current SCC‐DFTB realizations, we fully derive the respective new formulas ready to implement.
Structural and electronic properties of conducting Cu nanowire encapsulated in semiconducting zigzag carbon nanotubes: A first‐principles study
Authors: Du Xiu‐Juan , Chen Zheng , Zhang Jing , Yao Chuan‐Sheng , Chen Cheng , Fan Xiao‐Li
Published: December 2011

Under the generalized gradient approximation (GGA), the structural and electronic properties of conducting Cu8 nanowires encapsulated in semiconducting zigzag carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been investigated by using the first‐principles projector‐augmented wave (PAW) potential within the density function theory (DFT) framework. Among these three Cu8 wire‐encapsulated C cables, (11,0) and (13,0) nanocables are formed endothermically, (14,0) nanocable is formed exothermically. Consequently, it is expected that the thicker Cu wire would be pulled spontaneously into wider nanotubes by forces amounting to a fraction of a nanonewton. The high electrical transport behaviors of the Cu8‐encapsulated C cables coming only from the Cu8 nanowire indicate the Cu8‐encapsulated C cables can be applicable for the ultralarge‐scale integration (ULSI) circuits.
Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors from Vietnamese Blumea balsamifera L.
Authors: Nguyen Mai Thanh Thi , Nguyen Nhan Trung
Published: January 2012

From the MeOH extract of the aerial part of Blumea balsamifera L., a new dihydroflavonol, (2R,3S)‐(−)‐4′‐O‐methyldihydroquercetin (1), together with seven known compounds has been isolated. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. Compounds 1–4 and 6–8 displayed significant xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity in a concentration‐dependent manner, and compounds 1, 6 and 8 showed more potent inhibitory activity, with IC50 values ranging from 0.23 to 1.91 µ m, than that of a positive control allopurinol (IC50 2.50 µ m). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Initial Parathyroid Surgery in 606 Patients with Renal Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Schneider Ralph , Slater Emily P. , Karakas Elias , Bartsch Detlef K. , Schlosser Katja
Published: December 2011

Background

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the outcome of different surgical procedures for patients on permanent dialysis who underwent initial parathyroidectomy for renal hyperparathyroidism (rHPT).

Methods

Out of a prospective database of patients who underwent parathyroid surgery for rHPT between 1976 and 2009, patients on permanent dialysis who underwent initial parathyroidectomy were further analyzed regarding perioperative biochemical changes and postoperative outcome.

Results

A total of 606 patients were analyzed. Total parathyroidectomy with autotransplantation (group A) was performed in 504 patients, total parathyroidectomy without autotransplantation in 32 (group B), subtotal parathyroidectomy in 21 (group C), and incomplete parathyroidectomy in 49 (group D).

After surgery, mean calcium levels dropped from 2.76 to 1.91 mmol/l in group A, from 2.67 to 2.11 mmol/l in group B, from 2.70 to 2.09 mmol/l in group C, and from 2.65 to 1.94 mmol/l in group D. The parathyroid hormone level dropped from 1,371.4 pg/ml to 28.8 pg/ml in group A, from 1,078.4 pg/ml to 27.0 pg/ml in group B, from 2,377.9 pg/ml to 61.4 pg/ml in group C, and from 1,010.2 pg/ml to 99.5 pg/ml in group D. Persistent rHPT occurred in 2/504 patients from group A (0.4%), 0/32 patients from group B (0%), 1/21 patients from group C (4.8%), and 2/49 patients from group D (4.1%). After a mean follow‐up of 57.6 months, recurrent rHPT occurred in 27/504 patients from group A (5.4%), in 0/32 patients from group B (0%), in 2/21 patients from group C (9.5%), and in 3/49 patients from group D (6.1%).

Conclusions

Total parathyroidectomy with or without autotransplantation is a feasible and safe surgical procedure for patients on permanent dialysis with otherwise uncontrollable rHPT.
Is adenomyosis the neglected phenotype of an endomyometrial dysfunction syndrome?
Authors: Brosens Ivo , Kunz Georg , Benagiano Giuseppe
Published: December 2011

Since the dissociation between adenomyoma and endometriosis in the 1920s and the laparoscopic progress in the diagnosis and surgery of endometriosis, the literature has been greatly focused on the disease endometriosis. The study of adenomyosis, on the other hand, has been neglected as the diagnosis remained based on hysterectomy specimens. However, since the introduction of magnetic resonance and sonographic imaging techniques in the 1980s, the myometrial junctional zone has been identified as a third uterine zone and interest in adenomyosis was renewed. This has also been the start for the interest in the role of the myometrial junctional zone dysfunction and adenomyosis in reproductive and obstetrical disorders.
Lipase Induction in Yarrowia lipolytica for Castor Oil Hydrolysis and Its Effect on γ‐Decalactone Production
Authors: Braga Adelaide , Gomes Nelma , Belo Isabel
Published: December 2011

γ‐Decalactone is an aromatic compound of industrial interest, resulting from the biotransformation of ricinoleic acid, the major constituent of castor oil. In order to increase the availability of the substrate to the cells for the aroma production, castor oil previously hydrolyzed can be used. This hydrolysis may be promoted by enzymatic action, more specifically by lipases. In this work, the influence upon the aroma production of the lipase produced by Yarrowia lipolytica, a microorganism able to carry out the biotransformation, was studied. In a first approach, lipase induction conditions were analyzed using different Y. lipolytica strains and culture conditions, such as the inoculation mode of the lipase production medium. Lipase production was not affected by the cells centrifugation, so this step was eliminated, reducing the time and phases of the process. Moreover, Y. lipolytica W29 was shown to be the most adequate strain for lipase production. To investigate the importance of castor oil hydrolysis, the pre‐addition of an inducer of lipase production (olive oil) to the biotransformation medium was tested. Results showed that the highest aroma production (1,600 mg L−1) was obtained without a lipase inducer. However, the pre‐induction of lipase decreased the lag phase for γ‐decalactone secretion.
A dual‐process model of brand extension: Taxonomic feature‐based and thematic relation‐based similarity independently drive brand extension evaluation
Authors: Estes Zachary , Gibbert Michael , Guest Duncan , Mazursky David
Published: December 2011

The success of a brand extension depends largely on the similarity between the brand and its extension product. Recent psychological and neuroscientific evidence supports a dual‐process model that distinguishes taxonomic feature‐based similarity from thematic relation‐based similarity. In addition to providing a parsimonious organizational framework for prior brand extension research, this dual‐process model also provides novel predictions about the processing and evaluation of taxonomic brand extensions (e.g., Budweiser cola) and thematic brand extensions (e.g., Budweiser chips). Results indicate that taxonomic and thematic similarities independently contribute to branding professionals' and lay consumers' evaluations of real and hypothetical brand extensions (Studies 1A and 1B). Counter‐intuitively, thematic brand extensions are processed more rapidly (Study 2), judged more novel, and evaluated more positively than taxonomic extensions (Study 3). When induced to consider the commonalities between the brand and the extension product, however, taxonomic extensions are judged more novel and evaluated more positively (Study 3). Implications for brand extension and marketing more generally are discussed.