bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trends of Microwave Devices Design Based on Artificial Neural Networks: A Review
Authors: Katkevičius Andrius , Plonis Darius , Damaševičius Robertas , Maskeliūnas Rytis
Published: July 2022

The usage of techniques of the artificial neural networks (ANNs) in the field of microwave devices has recently increased. The advantages of ANNs in comparison with traditional full-wave methods are that the prediction speed when the traditional time-consuming iterative calculations are not required and also the complex mathematical model of the microwave device is no longer needed. Therefore, the design of microwave device could be repeated many times in real time. However, methods of artificial neural networks still lag behind traditional full-wave methods in terms of accuracy. The prediction accuracy depends on the structure of the selected neural network and also on the obtained dataset for the training of the network. Therefore, the paper presents a systematic review of the implementation of ANNs in the field of the design and analysis of microwave devices. The guidelines for the systematic literature review and the systematic mapping research procedure, as well as the Preferred Report Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis statements (PRISMA) are used to conduct literature search and report the results. The goal of the paper is to summarize the application areas of usage of ANNs in the field of microwave devices, the type and structure of the used artificial neural networks, the type and size of the dataset, the interpolation and the augmentation of the training dataset, the training algorithm and training errors and also to discuss the future perspectives of the usage of ANNs in the field of microwave devices.
Exploring the Relationship between Energy and Food Security in Africa with Instrumental Variables Analysis
Authors: Zakari Abdulrasheed , Toplak Jurij , Tomažič Luka Martin
Published: July 2022

The well-being of human populations and their sustainable development are strongly predicated on energy and food security. This is even more true of Africa due to often suboptimal food production, undernourishment, and extreme poverty. This article researches the relationship between energy and food security using Cobb–Douglas production functions based on the World Development Indicators data for 28 African countries. The methodological approach includes cross-sectional dependence and unit root tests, instrumental variables two-stage least-squares and generalized method of moments, and panel Driscoll–Kraay standard errors. Results suggest that the promotion of energy security promotes food security. This is possible because food production and distribution are energy-intensive. Therefore, energy is fundamental to achieving food security and zero hunger. The availability, affordability, accessibility, and acceptability of energy can thus help to fix the growing agricultural production shortage in Africa. An important policy focus should be on achieving energy security.
Model Assessment of the Complex Workload of Harvester Operator
Authors: Hnilica Richard , Jankovský Martin , Dado Miroslav
Published: July 2022

This article deals with the complex evaluation of a working environment. The aim of this paper is to find a mathematical model for a comprehensive risk assessment of a harvester operator. The developed model is based on the mutual evaluation of dependent and independent variables. The selected independent (explanatory) input variables of the model are the equivalent sound pressure level, peak sound pressure level, operative temperature, and mental stress. The selected dependent variable is the riskiness of the work, which we determined by means of heart rate variability evaluation. Based on the underlying measured data, we compiled a mathematical model that seems to be perspective. This model takes into account quantitative information on risk factors that can be determined by objectivization, as well as qualitative information on the health of the assessed person.
Assessing the Vitality Status of Plants: Using the Correlation between Stem Water Content and External Environmental Stress
Authors: Tian Hao , Zhao Yandong , Gao Chao , Xie Tao , Zheng Tong , Yu Chongchong
Published: July 2022

Plant vitality is an important indicator of plant health. Previous studies have often assessed plant vitality using related physiological parameters, but few studies have examined the effects of changes in plant vitality on stem water content (StWC), which can be measured online, in real time, and nondestructively using a novel fringing impedance sensor. In the present study, the sensor calibration results showed a linear fitting relationship between the sensor output voltage and StWC, with coefficients reaching 0.96. The coefficients of correlations between StWC and four plant physiological parameters related to plant vitality (net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, and intercellular carbon dioxide concentration) were more than 0.8, indicating that StWC can be used to characterize plant vitality to a certain extent. A comparison between plants with normal vitality and weakened vitality showed that the self-regulation ability of plants gradually weakened as the plant vitality decreased, the diurnal mean of StWC lowered, and the diurnal range of StWC increased. In conclusion, StWC can be used as a new parameter to assess plant vitality.
Integrating Elliptic Curve Cryptography with the Modbus TCP SCADA Communication Protocol
Authors: Chochtoula Despoina , Ilias Aristidis , Stamatiou Yannis C. , Makris Christos
Published: July 2022

SCADA systems monitor critical industrial, energy and other physical infrastructures in order to detect malfunctions, issue alerts and, in many cases, propose or even take remedial actions. However, due to their attachment to the Internet, SCADA systems are, today, vulnerable to attacks such as, among several others, interception of data traffic, malicious modifications of settings and control operations data, malicious modification of measurements and infrastructure data and Denial-of-Service attacks. Our research focuses on strengthening SCADA systems with cryptographic methods and protection mechanisms with emphasis on data and messaging encryption and device identification and authentication. The limited availability of computing power and memory in sensors and embedded devices deployed in SCADA systems make render cryptographic methods with higher resource requirements, such as the use of conventional public key cryptography such as RSA, unsuitable. We, thus, propose Elliptic Curve Cryptography as an alternative cryptographic mechanism, where smaller key sizes are required, with lower resource requirements for cryptographic operations. Accordingly, our approach integrates Modbus, a commonly used SCADA communication protocol, with Elliptic Curve Cryptography. We have, also, developed an experimental set-up in order to demonstrate the performance of our approach and draw conclusions regarding its effectiveness in real SCADA installations.
Identification of Ancestry Informative Markers in Mediterranean Trout Populations of Molise (Italy): A Multi-Methodological Approach with Machine Learning
Authors: Salvatore Giovanna , Palombo Valentino , Esposito Stefano , Iaffaldano Nicolaia , D’Andrea Mariasilvia
Published: July 2022

Brown trout (Salmo trutta), like many other freshwater species, is threated by the release in its natural environment of alien species and the restocking with allochthonous conspecific stocks. Many conservation projects are ongoing and several morphological and genetic tools have been proposed to support activities aimed to restore genetic integrity status of native populations. Nevertheless, due to the complexity of degree of introgression reached up after many generations of crossing, the use of dichotomous key and molecular markers, such as mtDNA, LDH-C1* and microsatellites, are often not sufficient to discriminate native and admixed specimens at individual level. Here we propose a reduced panel of ancestry-informative SNP markers (AIMs) to support on field activities for Mediterranean trout management and conservation purpose. Starting from the genotypes data obtained on specimens sampled in the main two Molise’s rivers (Central-Southern Italy), a 47 AIMs panel was identified and validated on simulated and real hybrid population datasets, mainly through a Machine Learning approach based on Random Forest classifier. The AIMs panel proposed may represent an interesting and cost-effective tool for monitoring the level of introgression between native and allochthonous trout population for conservation purpose and this methodology could be also applied in other species.
Soil Risk Assessment in the Surrounding Area of Hulene-B Waste Dump, Maputo (Mozambique)
Authors: Bernardo Bernardino , Candeias Carla , Rocha Fernando
Published: July 2022

Soil contamination in areas close to unplanned dumpsites represents an increasing risk to the ecosystems and human health. This study aimed to evaluate soil quality in the area surrounding the Hulene-B waste dump, Maputo, Mozambique, and to estimate potential ecological and human health risks. A total of 71 surface soil samples were collected in the surrounding area of the dump, along with 10 samples in areas considered not impacted by the dump. Chemical and mineralogical analyses were performed using XRF and XRD. Quartz was the most abundant mineral phase, followed by feldspars, carbonates, clay minerals, and Fe oxides/hydroxides. Results showed a significant contribution to ecological degradation by PTE enrichment, ranked as Zn >> Cu > Cr > Zr > Pb > Ni > Mn. Carcinogenic risk for both children and adults was significant due to Pb soil content. Soil sample concentrations of Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Zr, posing a risk especially in children, suggested the need for continuous monitoring, as well as the definition and implementation of mitigation measures.
A New Look at Cenozoic Fossil Wood from Thailand
Authors: Mustoe George , Aranyanark Chiraporn , Boonchai Nareerat , Jintasakul Pratueng
Published: July 2022

Thailand contains two notable fossil forest regions. Pleistocene fluvial sediments in the Tak region in the northern highlands contain silicified trunks of large trees. Deposits in the Khorat Plateau in northeast Thailand contain a multitude of wood fossils that span a probable age range of Miocene to Pleistocene. At Ban Tak fossil logs are primarily mineralized with crystalline quartz. Incomplete mineralization is characteristic of the Tak wood, with intercellular spaces commonly remaining open. The resulting permeability allows penetration of moisture, and allows introduction of microbes and the accumulation of clays, iron oxides, soluble salts and other materials that may cause discoloration and deterioration. Hydration swelling of these components results in stress. Excavation of the huge logs means that they occupy topographically low positions prone to flooding during the monsoon season. These factors make the fossils vulnerable to weathering. A variety of methods have been employed in attempts to reduce the damage, including the construction of various styles of shelters to protect the fossil logs from direct precipitation. At Khorat, compositions of individual specimens range from pure quartz and pure opal to mixtures of the two polymorphs. Many specimens are preserved indoors in the Khorat Fossil Museum in Mueang Nakhon Ratchasima District, both as indoor exhibits and as outdoor displays in a garden plaza. The environmental complexities at the Tak and Khorat fossil wood localities challenge conservators, but their creative attempts provide useful lessons for future preservation efforts. Our report describes the geologic setting and our research mineralogy of specimens at both localities, and discusses conservation strategies.
Integrated Geomatics Surveying and Data Management in the Investigation of Slope and Fluvial Dynamics
Authors: Parenti Carlotta , Rossi Paolo , Soldati Mauro , Grassi Francesca , Mancini Francesco
Published: July 2022

In mountain environments, slope and fluvial dynamics often interact, and their relationship can be investigated through an integrated methodological approach. Landslides are a source of supplying sediments into riverbeds and can interact or interrupt the water course. Water courses can trigger or re-activate slope movements. The complexity of investigating the interaction between the two dynamics needs a complementarity of methods and techniques, combining remote and proximal sensing, geotechnical in situ surveys, and repositories and catalogue datasets. This leads to a synergistic use of all the heterogeneous data from different fields and formats. The present paper provides a literature review on the approaches and surveying procedures adopted in the investigation of slope and fluvial dynamics and highlights the need to improve the integrated management of geospatial information complemented by quality information. In this regard, we outline a geodatabase structure capable of handling the variety of geoscientific data available at different spatial and temporal scales, with derived products that are useful in integrated monitoring tasks. Indeed, the future adoption of a shared physical structure would allow the merging and synergistic use of data provided by different surveyors as well as the effective storing and sharing of datasets from a monitoring perspective.
Colostomy Reversal following Hartmann’s Procedure: The Importance of Timing in Short- and Long-Term Complications: A Retrospective Multicentric Study
Authors: Clementi Marco , Pietroletti Renato , Carletti Filippo , Sista Federico , Grasso Antonella , Fiasca Fabiana , Cappelli Sonia , Balla Andrea , Rizza Vinicio , Ciarrocchi Andrea , Guadagni Stefano
Published: July 2022

The restoration of bowel continuity following Hartmann’s Procedure (HP) has been reported hitherto with high morbidity and mortality rates. No clear guidelines exist about timing in Hartmann’s Reversal (HR), the literature data being conflicting. We have sought to investigate the effect of the interval time between HP and HR in short- and long-term HR outcomes through a retrospective study based on consecutive patients undergoing HR between 2009 and 2017 in two regional hospitals in Italy. Demographic characteristics, comorbidities, intra- and post-operative data, as well as early complications, were recorded. Long-term data were collected on the surgical site occurrences of Incisional Ventral Hernia (IVH). One hundred and five patients were recruited for the study. Late HR, female gender, and long operating time were related to the highest incidence of peri-operative complications. Patients who developed IVH had undergone HR at significantly shorter times and had a higher Body Mass Index (BMI). The timing of HR seems to be an important variable linked to the onset of early and late post-operative complications. The patients submitted to early HR show a significantly lower complication rate but, at the same time, a higher rate of IVH incidence after restorative surgery. These data, in our opinion, reflect the need for planning, where possible, an early restoration of bowel continuity after HP.
Elevated Plasma Levels of C1qTNF1 Protein in Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration and Glucose Disturbances
Authors: Budnik Agnieszka , Sabasińska-Grześ Marta , Michnowska-Kobylińska Magdalena , Lisowski Łukasz , Szpakowicz Małgorzata , Łapińska Magdalena , Szpakowicz Anna , Kondraciuk Marcin , Kamiński Karol , Konopińska Joanna
Published: July 2022

In recent years, research has provided increasing evidence for the importance of inflammatory etiology in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathogenesis. This study assessed the profile of inflammatory cytokines in the serum of patients with AMD and coexisting glucose disturbances (GD). This prospective population-based cohort study addressed the determinants and occurrence of cardiovascular, neurological, ophthalmic, psychiatric, and endocrine diseases in residents of Bialystok, Poland. To make the group homogenous in terms of inflammatory markers, we analyzed only subjects with glucose disturbances (GD: diabetes or prediabetes). Four hundred fifty-six patients aged 50–80 were included. In the group of patients without macular degenerative changes, those with GD accounted for 71.7%, while among those with AMD, GD accounted for 89.45%. Increased serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines were observed in both AMD and GD groups. C1qTNF1 concentration was statistically significantly higher in the group of patients with AMD, with comparable levels of concentrations of other proinflammatory cytokines. C1qTNF1 may act as a key mediator in the integration of lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses in macrophages. Moreover, C1qTNF1 levels are increased after exposure to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), which plays a key role in atherosclerotic plaque formation and is also a major component of the drusen observed in AMD. C1qTNF1 may, therefore, prove to be a link between the accumulation of oxLDL and the induction of local inflammation in the development of AMD with concomitant GD.
A Novel Approach for the Shape Characterisation of Non-Melanoma Skin Lesions Using Elliptic Fourier Analyses and Clinical Images
Authors: Courtenay Lloyd , Barbero-García Innes , Aramendi Julia , González-Aguilera Diego , Rodríguez-Martín Manuel , Rodríguez-Gonzalvez Pablo , Cañueto Javier , Román-Curto Concepción
Published: July 2022

The early detection of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer (NMSC) is crucial to achieve the best treatment outcomes. Shape is considered one of the main parameters taken for the detection of some types of skin cancer such as melanoma. For NMSC, the importance of shape as a visual detection parameter is not well-studied. A dataset of 993 standard camera images containing different types of NMSC and benign skin lesions was analysed. For each image, the lesion boundaries were extracted. After an alignment and scaling, Elliptic Fourier Analysis (EFA) coefficients were calculated for the boundary of each lesion. The asymmetry of lesions was also calculated. Then, multivariate statistics were employed for dimensionality reduction and finally computational learning classification was employed to evaluate the separability of the classes. The separation between malignant and benign samples was successful in most cases. The best-performing approach was the combination of EFA coefficients and asymmetry. The combination of EFA and asymmetry resulted in a balanced accuracy of 0.786 and an Area Under Curve of 0.735. The combination of EFA and asymmetry for lesion classification resulted in notable success rates when distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions. In light of these results, skin lesions’ shape should be integrated as a fundamental part of future detection techniques in clinical screening.
Pretransplant BMI Significantly Affects Perioperative Course and Graft Survival after Kidney Transplantation: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Dobrzycka Małgorzata , Bzoma Beata , Bieniaszewski Ksawery , Dębska-Ślizień Alicja , Kobiela Jarek
Published: July 2022

Background. The number of kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) with overweight and obesity is increasing. It was shown that obesity is related to inferior patient and graft survival. We aimed to analyze intraoperative parameters and postoperative short and long-term course of kidney transplantation (KT) in body mass index (BMI)-stratified cohorts of KTRs. Methods. A retrospective analysis of a prospectively built database of 433 KTRs from 2014 to 2017 from a single transplant center was performed. The objective of the study was to analyze the association between BMI at the time of transplantation with intraoperative parameters, adverse events in early postoperative course, and the overall mortality and graft loss in BMI-stratified cohorts: normal (18.5 and 24.9 kg/m2), overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) and obese (≥30 kg/m2). Results. Obesity was related to longer total procedure time (p = 0.0025) and longer warm ischemia time (p = 0.0003). The postoperative course in obese patients was complicated by higher incidence of DGF (delayed graft function), early surgical complications (defined as surgical complications <30 days from KT), reoperation rate, vascular complications, incidence of lymphocele and wound dehiscence. There was no difference between the normal weight and overweight KTRs. The one-month kidney function (p = 0.0001) and allograft survival (p = 0.029) were significantly inferior in obese patients with no difference between normal weight and overweight patients. One-year death-censored graft survival was better in patients with BMI < 30 (88.6 vs. 94.8% p = 0.05). BMI was a significant predictor of graft loss in univariate (p = 0.04) but not in multivariate analysis (p = 0.09). Conclusion. Pretransplant obesity significantly affects the intraoperative and postoperative course of kidney transplantation and graft function and survival. The course of transplantation of overweight is comparable to normal BMI KTRs, and presumably pretransplant weight reduction to the BMI < 30 kg/m2 may improve the short-term postoperative course of transplantation as well as may improve graft survival. Thus, pretransplant weight reduction in obese KTRs may significantly improve the results of kidney transplantation. Metabolic surgery may play a role in improving results of KT.
Real-World Functioning in Psychiatric Outpatients: Predictive Factors
Authors: Bozzatello Paola , Giordano Benedetta , Montemagni Cristiana , Rocca Paola , Bellino Silvio
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Investigations on predictors of real-world functioning were mainly performed in patients with schizophrenia, while fewer studies have been conducted in other psychiatric disorders. Objective: Our objective was to identify clinical, socio-demographic, and illness-related predictors of real-world functioning during 12 months of standard treatments in outpatients with different diagnoses. Methods: Outpatients (n = 1019) with schizophrenia (SZ), major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), and borderline personality disorder (BPD) were evaluated with the following tools: SCID-5-CV and SCID-5-PD, CGI-S, SAT-P, DAI-10, and PSP. Change of PSP (ΔPSP) between baseline and 12 months was used as the dependent variable in multiple regression analysis. Results: Higher PSP score at baseline and the achievement of main milestones predicted better functioning after follow-up in all subgroups of patients, with the exception of BD. In the total sample, ΔPSP was related to age of onset, treatments, and quality of life, and inversely related to psychiatric anamnesis, antidepressants, and global symptoms. In SZ, ΔPSP was related to adherence and quality of life. In MDD, ΔPSP was related to psychotherapy and quality of life, and inversely related to antidepressants and global symptoms. In BD, ΔPSP was related to age of onset, antipsychotics, and quality of life, while it was inversely related to psychiatric anamnesis. In BPD, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, psychotherapy, and quality of life were directly related to ΔPSP, while suicidal attempts and global symptoms had an inverse relation. Conclusions: Several socio-demographic and illness-related variables predicted improvement of real-world functioning, besides psychopathology and severity of the disease.
Associations of Chronic Diabetes Complications and Cardiovascular Risk with the Risk of Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Protasiewicz Timofticiuc Diana Cristina , Vladu Ionela Mihaela , Ștefan Adela-Gabriela , Clenciu Diana , Mitrea Adina , Pădureanu Vlad , Efrem Ion Cristian , Diaconu Ileana-Diana , Turcu Adina , Țenea-Cojan Tiberiu Ștefăniță , Hâncu Anca Mihaela , Forțofoiu Maria , Mirea Munteanu Oana , Moța Maria
Published: July 2022

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with increased mortality and morbidity, including cardiovascular diseases and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The aim of this study was to assess the associations between cardiovascular risk, chronic diabetes complications and the risk of OSA in adult patients with T2DM. Methods: The study included 529 patients with T2DM in whom moderate-to-severe OSA risk was assessed using the STOP-Bang questionnaire, dividing the subjects into two groups: group 1: STOP-Bang score <5, and group 2: STOP-Bang score ≥5, respectively. In all the subjects, cardiovascular risk was assessed using the UKPDS risk engine. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0, the results being statistically significant if p value was <0.05. Results: 59% of the subjects scored ≥5 on the STOP-Bang questionnaire. We recorded statistically significant differences between the two groups regarding diabetes duration, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, albuminuria, as well as cardiovascular risk at 10 years for both coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke (p < 0.05). Furthermore, through logistic regression, adjusting for confounding factors, we demonstrated that the STOP-Bang score ≥ 5 is a risk factor for 10-year fatal and nonfatal CHD risk. Conclusions: It is extremely important to screen and diagnose OSA in patients with T2DM, in order to improve the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in these patients.
The Impact of Mental Stress on Cardiovascular Health—Part II
Authors: Henein Michael Y. , Vancheri Sergio , Longo Giovanni , Vancheri Federico
Published: July 2022

Endothelial dysfunction is one of the earliest manifestations of atherosclerosis, contributing to its development and progression. Mental stress induces endothelial dysfunction through increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system, release of corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus, inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis by cortisol, and increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Mental-stress-induced increased output of the sympathetic nervous system and concomitant withdrawal of the parasympathetic inflammatory reflex results in systemic inflammation and activation of a neural–hematopoietic–arterial axis. This includes the brainstem and subcortical regions network, bone marrow activation, release of leukocytes into the circulation and their migration to the arterial wall and atherosclerotic plaques. Low-grade, sterile inflammation is involved in all steps of atherogenesis, from coronary plaque formation to destabilisation and rupture. Increased sympathetic tone may cause arterial smooth-muscle-cell proliferation, resulting in vascular hypertrophy, thus contributing to the development of hypertension. Emotional events also cause instability of cardiac repolarisation due to brain lateralised imbalance of cardiac autonomic nervous stimulation, which may lead to asymmetric repolarisation and arrhythmia. Acute emotional stress can also provoke severe catecholamine release, leading to direct myocyte injury due to calcium overload, known as myocytolysis, coronary microvascular vasoconstriction, and an increase in left ventricular afterload. These changes can trigger a heart failure syndrome mimicking acute myocardial infarction, characterised by transient left ventricular dysfunction and apical ballooning, known as stress (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy. Women are more prone than men to develop mental-stress-induced myocardial ischemia (MSIMI), probably reflecting gender differences in brain activation patterns during mental stress. Although guidelines on CV prevention recognise psychosocial factors as risk modifiers to improve risk prediction and decision making, the evidence that their assessment and treatment will prevent CAD needs further evaluation.
Structural Heart Alterations in Brugada Syndrome: Is it Really a Channelopathy? A Systematic Review
Authors: Oliva Antonio , Grassi Simone , Pinchi Vilma , Cazzato Francesca , Coll Mónica , Alcalde Mireia , Vallverdú-Prats Marta , Perez-Serra Alexandra , Martínez-Barrios Estefanía , Cesar Sergi , Iglesias Anna , Cruzalegui José , Hernández Clara , Fiol Victoria , Arbelo Elena , Díez-Escuté Nuria , Arena Vincenzo , Brugada Josep , Sarquella-Brugada Georgia , Brugada Ramon , Campuzano Oscar
Published: July 2022

Brugada syndrome (BrS) is classified as an inherited cardiac channelopathy attributed to dysfunctional ion channels and/or associated proteins in cardiomyocytes rather than to structural heart alterations. However, hearts of some BrS patients exhibit slight histologic abnormalities, suggesting that BrS could be a phenotypic variant of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. We performed a systematic review of the literature following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Statement (PRISMA) criteria. Our comprehensive analysis of structural findings did not reveal enough definitive evidence for reclassification of BrS as a cardiomyopathy. The collection and comprehensive analysis of new cases with a definitive BrS diagnosis are needed to clarify whether some of these structural features may have key roles in the pathophysiological pathways associated with malignant arrhythmogenic episodes.
Effectiveness of a Multifaced Antibiotic Stewardship Program: A Pre-Post Study in Seven Italian ICUs
Authors: Mandelli Giulia , Dore Francesca , Langer Martin , Garbero Elena , Alagna Laura , Bianchin Andrea , Ciceri Rita , Di Paolo Antonello , Giani Tommaso , Giugni Aimone , Gori Andrea , Lefons Ugo , Muscatello Antonio , Olivieri Carlo , Pan Angelo , Pedeferri Matteo , Rossi Marianna , Rossolini Gian Maria , Russo Emanuele , Silengo Daniela , Viaggi Bruno , Bertolini Guido , Finazzi Stefano
Published: July 2022

Multidrug resistance has become a serious threat for health, particularly in hospital-acquired infections. To improve patients’ safety and outcomes while maintaining the efficacy of antimicrobials, complex interventions are needed involving infection control and appropriate pharmacological treatments in antibiotic stewardship programs. We conducted a multicenter pre-post study to assess the impact of a stewardship program in seven Italian intensive care units (ICUs). Each ICU was visited by a multidisciplinary team involving clinicians, microbiologists, pharmacologists, infectious disease specialists, and data scientists. Interventions were targeted according to the characteristics of each unit. The effect of the program was measured with a panel of indicators computed with data from the MargheritaTre electronic health record. The median duration of empirical therapy decreased from 5.6 to 4.6 days and the use of quinolones dropped from 15.3% to 6%, both p < 0.001. The proportion of multi-drug-resistant bacteria (MDR) in ICU-acquired infections fell from 57.7% to 48.8%. ICU mortality and length of stay remained unchanged, indicating that reducing antibiotic administration did not harm patients’ safety. This study shows that our stewardship program successfully improved the management of infections. This suggests that policy makers should tackle multidrug resistance with a multidisciplinary approach based on continuous monitoring and personalised interventions.
Usefulness of the MADIT-ICD Benefit Score in a Large Mixed Patient Cohort of Primary Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death
Authors: Willy Kevin , Köbe Julia , Reinke Florian , Rath Benjamin , Ellermann Christian , Wolfes Julian , Wegner Felix K. , Leitz Patrick R. , Lange Philipp S. , Eckardt Lars , Frommeyer Gerrit
Published: July 2022

Background: Decision-making in primary prevention is not always trivial and many clinical scenarios are not reflected in current guidelines. To help evaluate a patient’s individual risk, a new score to predict the benefit of an implantable defibrillator (ICD) for primary prevention, the MADIT-ICD benefit score, has recently been proposed. The score tries to predict occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias and non-arrhythmic death based on data from four previous MADIT trials. We aimed at examining its usefulness in a large single-center register of S-ICD patients with various underlying cardiomyopathies. Methods and results: All S-ICD patients with a primary preventive indication for ICD implantation from our large single-center database were included in the analysis (n = 173). During a follow-up of 1227 ± 978 days, 27 patients developed sustained ventricular arrhythmias, while 6 patients died for non-arrhythmic reasons. There was a significant correlation for patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) (n = 29, p = 0.04) to the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmia. However, the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias could not sufficiently be predicted by the MADIT-ICD VT/VF score (p = 0.3) in patients with (n = 142, p = 0.19) as well as patients without structural heart disease (n = 31, p = 0.88) and patients with LV-EF < 35%. Of the risk factors included in the risk score calculation, only non-sustained ventricular tachycardias were significantly associated with sustained ventricular arrhythmias (p = 0.02). Of note, non-arrhythmic death could effectively be predicted by the proposed non-arrhythmic mortality score as part of the benefit score (p = 0.001, r = 0.3) also mainly driven by ICM patients. Age, diabetes mellitus, and a BMI < 23 kg/m2 were key predictors of non-arrhythmic death implemented in the score. Conclusion: The MADIT-ICD benefit score adds a new option to evaluate expected benefit of ICD implantation for primary prevention. In a large S-ICD cohort of primary prevention, the value of the score was limited to patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Future research should evaluate the performance of the score in different subgroups and compare it to other risk scores to assess its value for daily clinical practice.
Soil Quality Assessment in Tourism-Disturbed Subtropical Mountain Meadow Areas of Wugong Mountain, Central Southeast China
Authors: Rana Sohel , Xu Ziheng , Jemim Razia Sultana , Liu Zhen , Wang Yanmei , Geng Xiaodong , Cai Qifei , Feng Jian , Zhou Huina , Zhang Tao , Li Mingwan , Guo Xiaomin , Li Zhi
Published: July 2022

Meadow soil is a vital ecosystem component and can be influenced by meadow vegetation. Evaluating soil quality in mountain meadows subjected to different levels of tourism disturbance is essential for scientific research, ecological restoration, and sustainable management. This study aimed to evaluate meadow soil quality at different tourism-disturbance levels and attempted to establish a minimum data set (MDS) with compatible indicators for soil quality assessment of subtropical mountain meadows. We analyzed fifteen soil physical, chemical, and biological indicators in control check (CK), light disturbance (LD), medium disturbance (MD), and severe disturbance (SD) meadow areas in Wugong Mountain, west of Jiangxi, China. In addition, a soil quality index (SQI) was determined using the established MDS based on the integrated soil quality index. Average soil permeability, soil pH, available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), and number of fungal OTUs were finally introduced into the MDS to evaluate meadow soil quality at different tourism-disturbance levels. The study found that the soil of the Wugong Mountain meadow was acidic, the bulk density was loose, and the nutrient content was rich. Additionally, SQI decreased with increase in tourism-disturbance level. The mean SQI values of the Wugong Mountain meadow areas were: CK, 0.612; LD, 0.493; MD, 0.448; and SD, 0.416. Our results demonstrate that the SQI based on the MDS method could be a valuable tool with which to indicate the soil quality of mountain meadow areas, and the SQI can be regarded as a primary indicator of ecological restoration and sustainable management.
Development of a Mucoadhesive Liquid Crystal System for the Administration of Rifampicin Applicable in Tuberculosis Therapy
Authors: Santos Kaio Pini , Rodero Camila Fernanda , Ribeiro Camila Maríngolo , Gremião Maria P. D. , Peccinini Rosângela Gonçalves , Pavan Fernando Rogerio , Pearce Camron , Gonzalez-Juarrero Mercedes , Chorilli Marlus
Published: July 2022

Since 1966, rifampicin (RIF) has been considered one of the most potent drugs in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by infection with M. tuberculosis (Mtb). New nanostructured formulations for RIF delivery and alternative routes of administration have been studied as potential forms of treatment. This study evaluates a liquid crystal system for RIF delivery, using alternative drug delivery routes. The systems developed are composed of surfactant, oleylamine, and soy phosphatidylcholine. With the aid of polarized light microscopy, it was possible to determine that the developed systems had a hexagonal mesophase. All systems developed showed non-Newtonian pseudoplasticity and a high degree of thixotropy. Liquid crystal systems with RIF showed an increase in elastic potential, indicating greater mu-coadhesiveness. The evaluation of mucoadhesive forces revealed an increase in the mucoadhesive potential in the presence of mucus, indicating the presence of satisfactory mucoadhesive forces. The 9DR and 10DR liquid crystal systems, when submitted to Differential Scanning Calorimetry analysis, remained structured even at temperatures above 100 °C, showing excellent stability. The developed liquid crystal systems showed a tolerable degree of cytotoxicity and bactericidal potential, for example, the 9DR system demonstrated a reduction in bacterial load after the third day and reached zero CFU on the seventh day of the test. The developed systems were also evaluated in the preclinical model of Mtb-infected mice, using the nasal, sublingual, and cutaneous route for the delivery of RIF associated with a nanostructured liquid crystal system as a possible tool in the treatment of TB.
Influence of Cell Type in In Vitro Induced Reprogramming in Cattle
Authors: Recchia Kaiana , Pessôa Laís Vicari de Figueiredo , Pieri Naira Caroline Godoy , Pires Pedro Ratto Lisboa , Bressan Fabiana Fernandes
Published: July 2022

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been considered an essential tool in stem cell research due to their potential to develop new therapies and technologies and answer essential questions about mammalian early development. An important step in generating iPSCs is selecting their precursor cell type, influencing the reprogramming efficiency and maintenance in culture. In this study, we aim to characterize bovine mesenchymal cells from adipose tissue (bAdMSCs) and fetal fibroblasts (bFFs) and to compare the reprogramming efficiency of these cells when induced to pluripotency. The cells were characterized by immunostaining (CD90, SSEA1, SSEA3, and SSEA4), induced differentiation in vitro, proliferation rates, and were subjected to cell reprogramming using the murine OSKM transcription factors. The bFFs presented morphological changes resembling pluripotent cells after reprogramming and culture with different supplementation, and putative iPSCs were characterized by immunostaining (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and AP). In the present study, we demonstrated that cell line origin and cellular proliferation rate are determining factors for reprogramming cells into pluripotency. The generation of biPSCs is a valuable tool to improve both translational medicine and animal production and to study the different supplements required to maintain the pluripotency of bovine cells in vitro.
Combination Therapy Comprising Paclitaxel and 5-Fluorouracil by Using Folic Acid Functionalized Bovine Milk Exosomes Improves the Therapeutic Efficacy against Breast Cancer
Authors: Kumar Dulla Naveen , Chaudhuri Aiswarya , Dehari Deepa , Shekher Anusmita , Gupta Subash C. , Majumdar Shreyasi , Krishnamurthy Sairam , Singh Sanjay , Kumar Dinesh , Agrawal Ashish Kumar
Published: July 2022

Paclitaxel (PAC) has been approved by FDA for clinical use (Taxol®), yet dose-dependent severe toxicity due to the adjuvant Cremophor EL® in combination with ethanol is a major drawback. The drawbacks of the current therapy can be overcome by (i) finding a suitable vehicle that cannot only bypass the above adjuvant but also be used to deliver drugs orally and (ii) combining the PAC with some other chemotherapeutics to have the enhanced therapeutic efficacy. In the current work, we have used folic acid (FA) functionalized bovine milk-derived exosomes for oral delivery of PAC in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Exosomes before and after the drug loading were found to have a particle size in the range of 80–100 nm, polydispersity index (PDI ~0.20), zeta potential (~−25 mV), entrapment efficiency (~82%), practical drug loading (~28%) and sustained drug release for 48 h. Significant decreases in IC50 were observed in the case of exosomes loaded drugs which further improved following the FA functionalization. FA functionalized coumarin-6-loaded exosomes showed remarkably higher cellular uptake in comparison with free coumarin-6. Moreover, FA-functionalized drug-loaded exosomes showed a higher apoptotic index with better control over cell migration. Collectively, data suggested the enhanced efficacy of the combination following its loading to the folic acid functionalized exosomes against breast cancer.
Development of Micro Laser Powder Bed Fusion for Additive Manufacturing of Inconel 718
Authors: Khademzadeh Saeed , Gennari Claudio , Zanovello Andrea , Franceschi Mattia , Campagnolo Alberto , Brunelli Katya
Published: July 2022

The development of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing techniques for microfabrication raises the need for the employment of new process configurations and parameters. In this study, micro-LPBF of Ni-based superalloy Inconel 718 using a spot laser of 30 µm was examined. The response surface method with a central composite design was employed to determine the optimum process parameter. A wide range of heat treatment cycles was applied to additively manufacture Inconel samples. The mechanical behavior of heat-treated Inconel 718 parts fabricated via micro-LPBF was investigated and correlated to the microstructural characteristics. The result showed that using optimum input energy density led to a homogenous distribution of nanosized (<10 nm) circular γ′ and plate-like γ″ particles in the γ matrix. Uniaxial tensile tests on heat-treated samples showed that ageing temperature is the most determinant factor in the mechanical strength of additively manufactured Inconel 718.
Membrane-Coated Biomimetic Nanoparticles: A State-of-the-Art Multifunctional Weapon for Tumor Immunotherapy
Authors: Zhang Yuanyuan , Zhang Xinyi , Li Haitao , Liu Jianyong , Wei Wei , Gao Jie
Published: July 2022

The advent of immunotherapy, which improves the immune system’s ability to attack and eliminate tumors, has brought new hope for tumor treatment. However, immunotherapy regimens have seen satisfactory results in only some patients. The development of nanotechnology has remarkably improved the effectiveness of tumor immunotherapy, but its application is limited by its passive immune clearance, poor biocompatibility, systemic immunotoxicity, etc. Therefore, membrane-coated biomimetic nanoparticles have been developed by functional, targeting, and biocompatible cell membrane coating technology. Membrane-coated nanoparticles have the advantages of homologous targeting, prolonged circulation, and the avoidance of immune responses, thus remarkably improving the therapeutic efficacy of tumor immunotherapy. Herein, this review explores the recent advances and future perspectives of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles for tumor immunotherapy.
Model-Based Performance Analysis of Membrane Reactor with Ethanol Steam Reforming over a Monolith
Authors: Bobrova Ludmilla , Vernikovskaya Nadezhda , Eremeev Nikita , Sadykov Vladislav
Published: July 2022

Membrane reactors (MR) with an appropriate catalyst are considered to be an innovative and intensified technology for converting a fuel into the hydrogen-rich gas with the simultaneous recovery of high-quality hydrogen. Characteristics of an asymmetric membrane disk module consisting of a gas-tight nanocomposite functional coating (Ni + Cu/Nd5.5WO11.25-δ mixed proton-electron conducting nanocomposite) deposited on a gas-permeable functionally graded substrate has previously been extensively studied at lab-scale using MRs, containing the catalyst in a packed bed and in the form of a monolith. The catalytic monolith consisted of a FeCrAl substrate with a washcoat and an Ni + Ru/Pr0.35Ce0.35Zr0.35O2 active component. It has been shown that the driving potential for hydrogen permeation across the same membrane in a monolithic catalyst –assisted MR is greater compared to the packed bed catalyst. This paper presents results of the study where a one-dimensional isothermal model was used to interrelate catalytic and permeation phenomena in a MR with ethanol steam reforming over the monolith, operating at atmospheric pressure and in the temperature range of 700–900 °C. The developed mathematical reaction–transport model for the constituent layers of the catalyst-asymmetric membrane assembly together with a Sieverts’ equation for the functional dense layer, taking also into account the effect of boundary layers, was implemented in a COMSOL Multiphysics environment. Good agreement with the experimental data of the lab-scale MR with reasonable parameters values is provided. In numerical experiments, concentration profiles along the reactor axis were obtained, showing the effect of the emerging concentration gradient in the boundary layer adjacent to the membrane. Studies have shown that a MR with a catalytic monolith along with appropriate organization of a stagnant feed flow between the monolith and the membrane surface may enhance production and flux of hydrogen, as well as the efficiency characteristics of the reactor compared to a reactor with packed beds.
Membrane Water Treatment for Drinking Water Production from an Industrial Effluent Used in the Manufacturing of Food Additives
Authors: Hernández Karina , Muro Claudia , Monroy Oscar , Diaz-Blancas Vianney , Alvarado Yolanda , Diaz María del Carmen
Published: July 2022

An integrated membrane process for treatment of effluents from food additive manufacturing was designed and evaluated on a laboratory scale. The principal focus was water recovery with the possibility of its reuse as potable water. The industrial effluent presented high content of dyes and salts. It was red in color and presented brine characteristics. The whole effluent was fed into the integrated process in continuous flow. The steps of the process are as follows: sedimentation (S), adsorption by activated carbon (AC), ion exchange using resins (IEXR), and reverse osmosis (RO) (S–AC–IEXR–RO). The effect of previous operations was evaluated by stress-rupture curves in packaged columns of AC and IEXR, membrane flux, and fouling dominance in RO. Fouling was evaluated by way of the Silt Density Index and membrane resistance examination during effluent treatment. The integrated membrane process provided reclaimed water with sufficiently high standards of quality for reuse as potable water. AC showed a high efficiency for color elimination, reaching its rupture point at 20 h and after 5L of effluent treatment. IEXR showed capacity for salt removal, providing 2.2–2.5 L of effluent treatment, reaching its rupture point at 11–15 h. As a result of these previous operations and operating conditions, the fouling of the RO membrane was alleviated, displaying high flux of water: 20–18 L/h/m2 and maintaining reversible fouling dominance at a feed flow rate of 0.5–0.7 L/h. The characteristics of the reclaimed water showed drinking water standards