bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some observations on the transport of food in the alimentary canal of the rat
Authors: Paloheimo Lauri , Mäkelä Aarne , Salo Maija-Liisa
Published: July 2018

Several series of experiments were arranged so as to study in the rat 1) the effect of the degree of the charge of the stomach upon its rate of emptying, and 2) the rate of passage of the food in the empty small intestine. It was observed that the fullness of the stomach had a positive influence on its rate of emptying. In the empty small intestine the transport of the food after the commencement of the meal is very rapid during the first 5 minutes. In this time the food is carried a distance from the pylorus comprising 53—65 % of the length of the small intestine. Five minutes later 65— 78 % of the small intestine contains experimental food. However, the terminal ileum does not appear to be less filled than the other parts of the small intestine. It contains a slimy liquid which has been forced from the »empty» small intestine towards the caecum. Evidently the ileocaecal valve has remained closed. Only after about 1 ½ hours does the food reach the distal end of the small intestine. It is obvious that the rapid filling of the duodenum and jejunum immediately after the beginning of the meal cannot be explained by the classical conception of peristalsis described by Bayliss and Starling. It is remarkable that in the rat the transport of food in the empty small intestine seems to occur at about the same relative rate as in man.
Sokerimaissin viljelystä sekä sitä haittaavista tekijöistä
Authors: Hårdh J. E.
Published: July 2018

Sokerimaissin viljelyä selvittävissä kokeissa Tikkurilassa v. 1953 ja 1954 osoittautui Early Alberta kokeilluista lajikkeista satoisimmaksi. Se on oloihimme ilmeisesti myös riittävän aikainen. Sokerimaissin kylvö suoraan avomaalle on meillä edullisin toimittaa silloin, kun maan lämpötila kylvösyvyydessä on vähintään 12°C. Karjanlanta sekä fosfaattilannoitteet edistävät kasvin nopeata alkukehitystä. Kasvukauden aikana on syytä hävittää rikkaruohot sekä harata maa kaksi kertaa. Lämpimänä kesänä voidaan sokerimaissista saada maassamme kelvollista siementä. Tärkeimmät tähän mennessä maassamme todetut sokerimaissin kasvitaudit ovat fosforin puutteesta johtuva kasvin punertuminen, hallanviat, tuhosienien aiheuttama heikko itävyys sekä tähkän mätäneminen. Viimeksi mainitun aiheuttajina voivat olla Botrytis cinerea Pers. ja Fusarium sambucinum Fuck. Lisäksi eristettiin turmeltuneista tähkistä F. anguioides Sherb. sekä F. graminearum Schw. Sokerimaissin tuholaisiksi on maassamme todettu juurimadot (Agriotes sp.) kahukärpänen (Oscinis frit L.), kauraripsiäinen (Frankliniella tenuicornis Uzel sekä ruohoripsiäinen (Anaphothrips obscurus f. hemimacroptera Pr.).
Exchangeable cations in Finnish soils
Authors: Marttila Ulla
Published: July 2018

An attempt was made to study the cation exchange capacity, the percentage base saturation and the amounts of the most common cations in the different types and depths of the Finnish soils on the basis of a material of 100 soil samples from various parts of the country. The exchangeable cations were leached from the soil with neutral 1N ammonium acetate. Calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and hydrogen were determined and the exchange capacity was calculated as the sum of all these cations. In the different soil types the mean values of the CEC were the following: organic soils 92.1 me per 100 g of soil, non-Litorina clays 28.9 », Litorina clays 27.9 », loam and silt soils 16.9 », sand and fine sand soils 14.5 ». The highest values of the percentage base saturation, on an average 85 % were obtained in the Glacial clay soils and the lowest ones in the organic soils, 34%, and in the Litorina clay soils, 36 %. BS % was generally greater in the deeper than in the surface layers. The contents of clay (
Release of nonexchangeable potassium from Finnish mineral soils
Authors: Kaila Armi
Published: July 2018

Release of nonexchangeable potassium by treatment with 1 N HCI at 50°C was studied on basis of a material consisting of 330 samples of Finnish mineral soils. The results ranged from 1 to 830mg K/100g. The mean content of nonexchangeable acid-soluble potassium was in the surface samples of sand and fine sand soils 95±26 mg/100 g, in loam soils 165±31 mg/100 g, in silt soils 195±52 mg/100 g, in clay loam soils 258±32 mg/100 g, in silty clay soils 283±43 mg/100 g, and in heavy clay soils 345±126 mg/100 g. In the subsoil samples of loam, clay loam, silty clay and heavy clay soils the mean content was significantly higher than in the surface samples, or 283±51 mg/100 g, 404±56 mg/100 g, 535±53 mg/100 g, and 580±37 mg/100 g, respectively. The results seem to be high as compared with data reported from Sweden, Norway and Germany. The content of nonexchangeable potassium released by acid was to some extent connected with the clay content: the correlation coefficient in the whole material was r = 0.74***, but only about 0.5*** both in the separate groups of the 178 nonclay samples and the 152 clay samples. There was only a very low correlation between the contents of nonexchangeable acid-soluble potassium and readily exchangeable potassium. A somewhat higher correlation, r = 0.65***, was found for the relationship between the former and fixation of added potassium under »wet» conditions, but it was markedly decreased by the elimination of the effect of the clay content. Nonexchangeable acid-soluble potassium usually represented a lower part of the total potassium in the surface samples than in the subsoil samples, and also the proportion tended to be higher in the clay soils than in the coarser soils. It varied from 0.2 to 26.3 per cent in the small material studied. In most cultivated soils less nonexchangeable potassium was released from the samples of plough layer than from samples of deeper layers. In a podsol profile the minimum content of nonexchangeable and exchangeable potassium and the maximum of fixation of added potassium was found in the A2 horizon; in a brown podsolic soil all these test values decreased fairly regularly with depth. From some silt and silty clay soils incubated for three months at room temperature a large part, even more than 40 per cent of the added potassium was not recovered by the acid extraction. Ammonium acetate extracted from 9 to 85 per cent of the potassium applied before incubation, and the part of added potassium found as nonexchangeable acid-soluble form varied from 5 to 53 per cent. The equilibrium between the different potassium fractions in soil was discussed. It was supposed that differences in the ability of plants to utilize nonexchangeable potassium may partly depend on the level to which plant roots are able to decrease potassium concentration in the solution around the minerals.
Kuorihumus kasvualustana: Alustavia kokeita
Authors: Suhonen Irma
Published: July 2018

V. 1967 tutkittiin alustavasti tomaatin menestymistä kuorihumusalustalla, kun lannoituksen ohjeena käytettiin kasvihuoneviljelyyn suositeltuja analyysilukuja, sekä kuorihumukseen peruslannoituksena annetun fosforin ja kaliumin vaikutusta kasvuun. Tutkittava kuorihumuserä sisälsi niukasti kasveille käyttökelpoista fosforia. Peruslannoituksena annettu fosfori lisäsi koekasvien painon jopa 7-kertaiseksi lannoittamattomaan verraten. Sen sijaan peruslannoituksena annetulla kaliumilla oli vain vähäinen kasvien painoa lisäävä vaikutus. Tutkittava kuorihumuserä sitoi runsaasti typpeä maatuessaan viljelyn aikana. Se oli ilmavaa, mitä todisti kuorihumuksessa kasvaneiden tomaattien hyvin kehittynyt juuristo. Kuorihumus soveltuu satotulosten perusteella arvioiden yhtä hyvin tomaatin lyhytaikaisen viljelyn kasvualustaksi kuin vertailualustana ollut kasvuturve.
Tenderness of beef as affected by the age of animal
Authors: Laakkonen Eini , Wellington G. H. , Sherbon J. W.
Published: July 2018

Samples from longissimus dorsi and rectus femoris muscles from three old Holstein cows and three young Hereford steers were heated at a rate of 0.1 C/min from 30 to 60 C, and held for 4hr at the latter temperature to obtain total heating time of 10 hr. The young Hereford steer muscles were more tender, and showed better water-holding capacity throughout the experiments than the same muscles from the old Holstein cows. The same differences were also seen in samples heated to 80 C at a rate of 0.8 C/min, and held for 1 hr.
Sprinkler irrigation on clay soils in southern Finland IV. The effect of repeated applications of water and nitrogen fertilization on spring cereals
Authors: Elonen Paavo , Kara Osmo
Published: July 2018

In 1967 and 1968, in the month of June, irrigation of silty clay soil in southern Finland by a single sprinkling, which involved the application of 30 mm of water, increased the yields of spring wheat by an average of between 880 and 970 kg per ha, or 37—51 %, and the yields of barley by 1140—1340 kg per ha, or 37—42 %. Repeating the irrigation after about one week further increased the wheat yields on the average by from 670 to 800 kg per ha and the barley yields between 810 and 860 kg per ha. The effect of the irrigation on the size of the yields was virtually of the same magnitude both years in spite of the fact that in 1967 both June and July were extremely dry months, whereas in 1968 the dry June was followed by a rainy July. The sprinkling affected the ripening of the grain, on the other hand, differently each year: slightly retarding the ripening in 1967 but considerably hastening it in 1968. In the latter year, the irrigation prevented detrimental late tillering and thereby augmented the hectoliter weight and 1000-grain weight of the crops. In response to the one-time sprinkling, the protein content of the grains decreased in the case of the wheat by an average of 1.0—1.3 and of the barley by 0.1—0.7 %-units. The effect of two sprinklings was corresponding decreases of 1.9—3.1 and 0.8—1.0 %-units. The application to the seedlings as surface dressing immediately before irrigation of calcium nitrate containing 60 kg/ha of nitrogen increased the protein content of the wheat on the average by 1.6 and of the barley by 1.9 %-units. The nitrogen fertilization thus prevented excessive lowering of the protein content by irrigation and, furthermore, considerably intensified the salutary effect of the irrigation in augmenting the yield. A disadvantage of abundant nitrogen fertilization was a slight retardation of ripening. The placement of basal dressing with a fertilizer drill at a depth of 9 cm proved effective, particularly in 1967, when both the wheat and the barley yields increased 22 per cent in comparison with the effect of surface dressing. Use of the fertilizer drill, moreover, promoted the ripening process. Sprinkling did not appear to reduce the placement effect of the fertilizer; rather did these two methods form an exceedingly favorable combination.
Mineraalikoostumuksen kuvastuminen kivennäismaan kalsiumin, magnesiumin ja kaliumin pitoisuudessa
Authors: Ryti Ritva
Published: July 2018

Tutkimuksessa on yritetty selvittää kivennäismaan mineraalikoostumuksen ilmenemistä maan kalsiumin, magnesiumin ja kaliumin pitoisuuksissa. Tutkimusaineistona oli 30 eri puolilta maata kerättyä etupäässä viljelymaan muokkauskerroksen tai jankon näytettä. Röntgenografinen tutkimus kohdistettiin alkuperäiseen, vain hienoksi jauhettuun maahan, josta ei edes poistettu orgaanista ainesta. Näytteissä havaittiin näin ollen verraten runsaasti kvartsia ja maasälpiä. Tulokset eivät muuten poikenneet sanottavasti meillä tähän mennessä julkaistuista maittemme mineraalikoostumusta koskevista tiedoista. Eri maalajiryhmissä näytti korkea magnesiumin pitoisuus kytkeytyvän runsaaseen biotiitin ja illiitin esiintymiseen. Kloriitin runsaudella näytti olevan vähemmän merkitystä. Näytteiden kalsiumin ja kaliumin pitoisuuksien vaihtelut eivät selittyneet röntgenografisten havaintojen perusteella.
Experiences in the evaluation of carcass value of live pigs by ultrasonic photography
Authors: Varo Mikko , Perälä Marjatta , Ojala Matti , Varo Hannu
Published: July 2018

In the present study it was found that the mean cross-sectional lean area of three ultrasonic photographs has a closer correlation than any one of the three individual areas to the cross-sectional lean area measured from the carcass. The correlation of this mean value with the lean + bone amount of the most valuable part of the half carcass approached that of the cross-sectional area of the lean measured from the carcass. The correlation of the ultrasonic area measurements with the carcass amounts of fat and lean -f- bone and with the fat-lean ratio calculated from these was closer than that of the ultrasonic thickness measurements. The fat-lean ratio calculated from the areas was also slightly better correlated to carcass quality than was the ratio calculated from the thickness measurements. In other respects the fat thickness measurements appeared to be better than area measurement. Although the measurement of lean correlated to the carcass a value of the animal more poorly than the fat measurements, the highest correlations were nevertheless obtained by the combined use of the fat and lean measurements.
Industrial feeding in Finland in 1970
Authors: Laakkonen Eini
Published: July 2018

A questionnaire was distributed to the customers of industrial canteens. This contained questions concerning the composition of the meal eaten by the Worker on the day of the inquiry, as well as questions concerning his breakfasts in general, his likes and dislikes, etc. The employers Were asked about the annual food consumption figures of their canteens, menus and menu planning, kitchen facilities, education of the kitchen personnel, etc. The nutritive value of meals was estimated as follows: (1) by grouping the dishes and foods eaten into the following groups: A. fruit and vegetables; B. bread made of whole grain flour; C. dish made of meat, fish and/or eggs; and D. milk and milk products; (2) by sorting out the food combinations eaten by individuals; (3) by calculating the consumption of food raw materials per working day and per customer of the canteen based on the annual consumption reported by the employers. The figures obtained from (1) to (3) were compared with one third of the basic food group of the Pattern Dietary. According to the results only 21 % of the persons replying had eaten the combination A -)- B+C + D. Even these combinations did not always contain enough fruit and/or vegetables, and meat, fish and/or eggs. Since many also ate a nutritionally poor breakfast, they probably did not obtain sufficient quantities of several essential nutrients. Also the sodium/potassium equilibrium of the food seemed to be unfavourable, and the consumption of fats and saturated fatty acids was too high.
Relationship between soil nurient concentration and plant nutrient status
Authors: Puustjärvi Viljo
Published: July 2018

Foliar diagnosis as a method for assessing the nutrient status in a grownig medium seems to be useful. It gives the relationship between the available soil nutrient concentration and the plant nutritional status. The proportionality factor (k). a parameter in the given logarithmic equation, is called the efficiency coefficient. It indicates the ability of a plant to absorb nutrients from its growing medium.
The effect of boron fertilization on spring cereals
Authors: Tähtinen Hilkka
Published: July 2018

The research material was collected in the period from 1947-69 and was based on grain yields obtained in field experiments carried out with spring cereals in various parts of Finland. Fertilizers were used with and without boron. The boron, from 0.9 to 2.8 B kg/ha, was applied mainly as fertilizer borate and was mixed into the soil during seed bed preparation. The size of yield when boron was not applied did not depend significantly on the pH, calcium, phosphorus or boron content of the soils. The difference in yield obtained with boron fertilization varied from —520 to + 580 kg/ha. Hot water-soluble boron in the soil, and the joint effect of this and acid ammonium acetate-extractable calcium gave the best correlation with the yield differences. It appears that it is possible to improve the test value of hot water-soluble boron by taking into account the type of soil and its calcium content.
A mutation breeding programme for sprouting resistance in bread wheat
Authors: Kivi E. I. , Hovinen S.
Published: July 2018

A breeding programme involving 60Co mutagen treatment of the early maturing, hexaploid spring wheat variety Ruso, is described. The initial objective of the breeding work was to improve Ruso’s resistance to sprouting in the ear. Treatment in the moist chamber followed by falling number tests were used for screening the mutants. Several very sprouting resistant but late maturing mutants were found. None the less efforts were made to retain also the earliness of the mother variety in the sprouting resistant mutants. In the generation, there remained four usable early mutant lines showing a clear improvement in sprouting resistance. Two of them, in addition, have remarkably stiff straw, even when compared with the already very lodging resistant mother variety.
Nutrition survey of Finnish rural children: V. Seasonal differences in food consumption and nutrient intakes
Authors: Räsänen Leena , Niinikangas Johanna
Published: July 2018

In connection with a survey of child nutrition in Finland the food consumption and nutrient intakes of the children in summer and in winter were compared. The material consisted of 158 children aged 5, 9 and 13 years living in Nurmijärvi. Food consumption was measured by the 24-hour recall method and the nutrient intakes were calculated on the basis of food composition tables. The interviews were made in June and the following January and February. The diet in winter included significantly more fruits and berries, inner organs and blood but less vegetables and milk products other than milk, sour milk or cheese. The differences were the same in all age groups. The intakes of energy and nutrients were notably similar in summer and in winter. Only the intakes of iron, vitamin A and ascorbic acid were higher in winter than in summer. This can be ascribed to the high consumption of inner organs and blood. The large consumption of fruits, citrus fruits in particular, raised the ascorbic acid intake to a quite high level in winter. The differences in the present study between the diets of the children in summer and winter were not similar to those observed earlier among Finnish adults. The increased use of imported foodstuffs and the development of the domestic food industry have obviously levelled off the sharp seasonal fluctuations earlier seen in the Finnish diet.
Ahvenen ja särjen marinointi
Authors: Kuuppo Mailis , Koivurinta Juha , Koivistoinen Pekka
Published: July 2018

Tutkimuksessa etsittiin optimaaliset prosessointiolosuhteet ahvenen ja särjen marinointia varten. Säilyvyyden ja maun kannalta optimaaliset etikka ja suolakonsentraatiot sekä marinointiaika 10°C:n ja 20°C:n lämpötiloissa etsittiin sekä pienille (10—40 g) että isoille (100—300 g) ahvenille ja särjille. Säilyvyyskokeet kestivät 6 kuukautta ja ne tehtiin pienestä särjestä ja isosta ahvenesta valmistetuilla marinadeilla. Marinointilämpötilan, lisäaineiden käytön, pakkausmateriaalin ja varastointilämpötilan vaikutusta tuotteen laatuun ja säilyvyyteen tutkittiin. Sopivat marinointiajat olivat 10°C:n ja 20°C:n lämpötiloissa isoilla ahvenfileillä 5 ja 4 vuorokautta, esikypsennetyillä isoilla ahvenfileillä 2 ja 1 vuorokautta, peratulla isolla särjellä 6 ja 5 vuorokautta sekä nyljetyllä pienellä ahvenella ja isolla särkifileellä 3 vuorokautta ja esikypsennetyllä pienellä särjellä 2 vuorokautta 10°C:n lämpötilassa. Varastoinnin aikana marinadien laadussa ei tapahtunut merkitseviä muutoksia. pH oli kaikissa valmisteissa alle 4.5 ja bakteerimäärät pysyivät melko alhaisina koko varastoinnin ajan. Heti marinoinnin jälkeen korkeammassa lämpötilassa marinoidut kalat olivat pehmeämpiä ja maistuivat voimakkaammin etikalta kuin alhaisemmassa lämpötilassa marinoidut, mutta varastoinnin jälkeen eroja ei enää havaittu. Ahvenmarinadeja pidettiin yleensä särkimarinadeja parempina. Etikan maku oli kaikissa valmisteissa hieman liian voimakas. Raakana marinoituja kaloja pidettiin heti marinoinnin jälkeen hieman sitkeinä, mutta varastoinnin aikana niiden rakenne pehmeni. Esikypsennys ennen marinointia teki kalat liian pehmeiksi ja helposti hajoaviksi. Säilytyslämpötilan ei havaittu vaikuttavan tuotteiden bakteerimääriin ja pH-arvoihin. Käytetyillä lisäaineilla, natriumbentsoaatilla ja p-hydroksibentsoehapon metyyliesterillä ei ollut vaikutusta säilyvyyteen. Lasi- ja muoviastioihin pakattujen marinadien välillä ei ollut merkitseviä eroja.
Determination of available soil phosphorus by chemical methods
Authors: Aura Erkki
Published: July 2018

Phosphorus uptake by oats in pot experiments was compared with phosphorus test values obtained for experimental soils. Phosphorus was extracted from the soil using acid ammonium acetate solution, Bray 1 solution, Olsen solution, ammonium fluoride, distilled water and anion exchange resin. Intensity values were determined by equilibrating the soils with 0.01 M CaCl2 solution. Soil samples were collected from 30 mineral soils. The best test for phosphorus status proved to be the anion exchange resin method. Good results were also obtained with simple water extraction. An advantage of the water and resin method is that the microstructure of the soil is not substantially changed when using these methods. An intensity measurement was not in itself sufficient for analysis of the phosphorus status, since the intensity drops rapidly when soil releases phosphorus.
Phosphate desorption from soil in anion-exchange resin extraction
Authors: Aura Erkki
Published: July 2018

An attempt was made to clarify the mechanisms of phosphate desorption using the anion exchange resin method for extraction of phosphorus from soil. It was shown that there is a linear dependence between the amount of phosphorus desorbed and the square root of the desorption time. Through theoretical examination it was concluded that the above-mentioned relation between the desorption and time is a result of the diffusion of phosphate from porous soil medium. Using this interpretation of the desorption curve as a basis, the activation energy of the phosphate desorption was calculated from the experimental results obtained with resin extraction at different temperatures. The activation energy values were 32—64 kJ/mol depending on soils involved. In application of the results, the mechanisms and rate at different steps of the desorption were examined.
The effect of feeding on the hippuric acid content of cow’s urine
Authors: Kreula M. , Rauramaa A. , Ettala T.
Published: July 2018

The urinary hippuric acid contents of dairy cows on a purified, proteinfree feed (0-feed, 0-cows), as well as the effect of benzoic acid and aromatic amino acid supplements, and silage and hay supplements, on the urinary hippuric acid content, were followed in the present study. The hippuric acid contents of the urine of 0-cows were compared with those of a cow on low-protein, urea-rich feed containing hemicellulose (ULP-cow). and of normally-fed cows (NorP-cows). The urinary hippuric acid content of the 0-cows varied between 0.1 and 0.6g/l (n = 8). The proportion of hippuric acid nitrogen of the total urinary nitrogen was 0.2—0.9 %. The presence of hippuric acid in the urine of the 0-cows indicates an endogenic hippuric acid production within the cow. 0-feed is deficient in all exogenic precursors of benzoic acid. Addition of benzoic acid to the feed of 0-cow caused temporary rise in the hippuric acid contents of the urine, of aromatic amino acids the addition of tyrosine, besides benzoic acid, raised the urinary hippuric acid content by a highly significant amount. The urinary hippuric acid content of the ULP-cow was on average 6.7 g/l (n = 42) and the proportion of hippuric acid on the total urinary nitrogen 5.2 %. The urinary hippuric acid contents of the NorP-cows were on average 11.9 g/l (n = 14), and the proportion of hippuric acid nitrogen of the total urinary nitrogen 10.7%. The difference in the urinary hippuric acid contents with 0- and NorP-cows is significant, as is also the difference in the proportions of hippuric acid nitrogen of the total urinary nitrogen with these cows. The difference in the hippuric acid contents of 0- and ULP-cows is also significant (P < 0.01). The same regards ULP- and NorP-cows (P < 0.01).
Adaptation of silage maize varieties under extreme northern growing condions in Finland
Authors: Pulli Seppo , Tigerstedt P. M. A. , Kara Osmo
Published: July 2018

Trials with maize varieties from various places in the world were started in 1975. In preliminary trials in 1975, 280 varieties were tested. Between 19 and 23 varieties were selected for ordinary variety tests in 1976—78 at the University farm in Siuntio. Weather conditions, particularly average daily temperatures in 1975 were better than the long term averages, and in 1976—78 far below the average growing conditions. Dry matter yields of the seven harvested silage varieties in 1975 varied between 5.8 and 11.5 tons/ha. In 1976—78 the variation in DM yields was 3.8—8.0 tons/ha among 19—23 varieties. In 1975, 44 varieties out of 280 produced mature seed. Only one variety matured in 1978, but none in 1976—77. The developmental stage of silage maize is primarily determined by ear percentage and secondarily by DM %. In 1975 the average ear % of seven varieties was 49.1 %, in 1978 18.1 % and in 1976—77 only 4.0—5.7 % in DM. As a result of the variety tests promising varieties from Yugoslavia, France and Germany could be found. It can be concluded from the long term temperature data that with very early hybrid varieties a mature grain yield can be harvested twice in ten years. Good quality silage material can be harvested six times in ten years and a satisfactory crop can be obtained eight times in then years. The limiting factor for the growth and development of maize in Finland is the low average temperature of the growing season. Important but less significant is the length of the vegetative period, which is determined by the first killing frost in the fall. The temperature deficit is particularly critical at the beginning of the growing season.
Nutritive value of rapeseed meal from two Brassica campestris varieties for growing pigs
Authors: Salo Maija-Liisa
Published: July 2018

The digestibility and nutritive value of two rapeseed meals (Brassica campestris) , one prepared from the medium-glucosinolate varieties Span and Torch, and the other from a low-glucosinolate variety Candle, were determined for three pigs weighing about 45 kg. The pigs received 1600 g barley and 600 g rapeseed meal daily. The composition of the Candle meal was better than that of Span-Torch and its digestibility and nutritive value higher (P < 0.01). When the fat content of Candle meal was corrected to the 1.5 % level of Span-Torch meal, the ME values were 13.6 and 10.4 MJ/kg DM, the NE values 1.01 and 0.78 FU/kg DM (FU = 0.7 kg starch), and the DCP values 318 and 248 g DCP/kg DM for Candle and Span-Torch, respectively (P < 0.01). The difference in the nitrogen balance was also significant (P < 0.01). Thus the Candle meal has about 30 % higher nutritive value for pigs than the Span-Torch meal.
Growth factors and management technique used in relation to the developmental rhythm and yield formation pattern of a clover-grass stand
Authors: Pulli Seppo
Published: July 2018

The effect of the first cutting date and cutting frequency on the clover-grass stand growth and development and on the relationships between plant species were studied at the University of Helsinki in 1974—76. The second study objective was the relationships between several growth factors and the yield components of the stand. The third study area comprised the energy value changes and the photosynthetic activity of the stand during different phases of the growing season. The most rapid growth and development occurred within the temperature range of 400—500° C (∑ > 0° C). The late first cutting date increased yields most in the 2 and 3-cutting systems and least in the 4-cutting system, due to two summer cuts during the dry period of the season. Due to the regrowth ability of the species and lack of water in midsummer leading easily to dormancy there was a negative correlation between the first and the second cut and a positive correlation between the following successive cuts. The most important variables in the regression model describing DM production in the first, second, third and fourth cut were temperature sum in degree days, precipitation during the week before the previous cut, amount of precipitation between cuts and the physiological activity of the stand, respectively. The energy value of spring and autumn DM yield was higher than that of midsummer. The average photosynthetic efficiency was 0.95 % in 1974 and 0.47 % in 1975. The DM content of the yield in spring decreased until the temperature sum of 420° C (∑ > 0° C) and then increased linearly. The DM content, protein content, digestibility of DM and protein yield in the total yields were mostly influenced by the first cut if made when the slope showed either decreasing or increasing values of DM content. Otherwise a late first cutting date or low cutting frequency lowered the quality of the forage. In the mixture the spring growth of timothy ceased by the end of June and was replaced by red-clover. The regrowth of timothy ceased by the middle of July and was replaced by meadow fescue. The growth of red clover was the most uniform throughout the entire growing season.
Consumption of working time in strawberry production
Authors: Yläranta Maritta , Ryynänen Viljo
Published: July 2018

The results of an empirical study of the working time consumed in strawberry production on Finnish farms are reviewed. Forty growers participated in the study, which took place between 1977—80. The purpose of the study was to determine how much time was consumed in working the fallow ground and during the summer of planting, in the first fruiting year and in the next four or five growth periods. Two cultivation methods were treated separately. The whole strawberry cultivation area was 95,1 ha. In the method in which the earth surrounding the bushes was covered with a black plastic film, the total consumption of working time was 409,0 h/ha using a one-row system and 572,5 h/ha using a double-row system during the fallow period and the summer of planting. During the first fruiting year the figure was 492,5 h/ha and in the next fruiting years 1 348,5 h/ha, including the time spent on harvesting. Where mulch was applied, the corresponding averages were 235,5 h/ha, 612,5 h/ha 1 182,0 h/ha. Factors affecting the variation in the total working time between farms were studied by linear regression analysis. Factors such as e.g. total strawberry cultivation area, the number of plants per hectare and the number of the years the grower had been cultivating strawberries, did not explain the variation in the working time satisfactorily. The yield per hectare, percentage of the different varieties cultivated, planting system, cultivation and picking methods explained only 33 % of the variation in labour output of picking.
Fungus diseases of cultivated arctic bramble (Rubus arcticus L.) in Finland
Authors: Ruokola Anna-Liisa
Published: July 2018

During 1975 and 1977—1979 studies were carried out on the fungus diseases of experimentally cultivated arctic bramble (Rubus arcticus L.). The most common pathogenic or weakly pathogenic fungi isolated from the diseased clones were Cylindrocarpon destructans (Zins.) Scholten and Fusarium avenaceum (Cda ex Fr.) Sacc. Some other Fusarium species and Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. were rather uncommon. Didymella applanata (Niessl) Sacc. and plenty of pycnidia of Phoma spp. were established on nearly withered clones; among the isolates were P. exigua Desm. var. exigua Maas, Phoma spp. and Coniotbyrium fuckelii Sacc. (con. st. of Leptosphaeria coniotbyrium (Fuck.) Sacc.). Isolates of little significance were identified in the whole from 26 fungal genera.
Variation in protein content of peas under Finnish conditions
Authors: Karjalainen Reijo , Hovinen Simo
Published: July 2018

The variation of protein content and correlations between protein content and agronomic traits were studied on materials in variety trials over five years and at two locations in southern Finland. Protein content and protein yield of a given genotype varied widely in different years. High temperature during the growing season was the main climate factor influencing protein content. Statistically significant variation in protein content was found between different genotypes. Correlations between protein content and seed yield were weak, negatively significant in only two years. The relationship between seed weight and protein content was negative in all years. Late maturity was positively associated with protein content in all years and at both locations. It is suggested that breeding for protein productivity in northern conditions it is more effective to improve seed yield and yield stability than to attempt improving protein content.
Genetic and management adaptation of field bean (Vicia faba L.) in Finland
Authors: Pulli Seppo , Vestberg Mauritz
Published: July 2018

The investigation of field bean adaptation in Finnish climatic conditions was carried out at the University of Helsinki in 1976—77. The main objectives were to study the effects of seeding time and population density on the quantity and quality of the yield and the vegetative features in the development of two different types of field bean varieties. Field bean yielded 4061 kg/ha in 1976. In 1977only 2042kg/ha was harvested due to the lack of light during the grain filling period and the presense of plant diseases. Delayed seeding lowered yields in both years. Maximum yield was obtained with the seed rate of 240 kg/ha. Two weeks delay in the seeding speeded up flowering by two days. Temperature sum in degree days from seeding to emergence was 140—170°C, from seeding to flowering 618—637°C and from seeding to maturity 1670—1890°C. LAI was 5.7 for early variety and 4.3 for late variety at the time of pod setting representing very effective situation for CGR. Number and distribution of internodes, pods and seeds were primarily influenced by population density and secondly by the differences between varieties.
Determination of plant-available manganese in Finnish soils
Authors: Mäntylahti Väinö
Published: July 2018

The aim of the study was to determine the plant-available manganese in the soil and to study which factors regulate the plant-available manganese. The material consisted of 193 mineral soils and 17 organogenic soils. Oats (Avena saliva L.), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and turnip rape (Brassica campestris oleifera L.) were used as the test plants in the pot experiments. A cation exchange resin method was developed for extracting soil manganese. The method enabled both exchangeable and reducible manganese to be determined. Exchangeable manganese comprised the manganese which was freely present in the soil solution in cationic form, and the manganese in cationic form which could be exchanged from the soil. Reducible manganese was the manganese reducible to the oxidation state, Mn2+, by the action of hydroquinone, hydroxylammonium chloride or ascorbic acid. The content of exchangeable manganese in the soil explained 33,7 % of the variation in the manganese content of the first yield of ryegrass. The greater the number of yields harvested, the smaller was the significance of the content of exchangeable manganese in the soil as an independent variable. On the other hand, when the content of reducible manganese in the soil was used as the independent variable, then the greater the number of yields harvested, the better it explained the variation in the manganese content of the yield. The content of manganese reduced by hydroxylammonium chloride explained 68,6 % of the variation in the manganese content of the fourth yield. The contents of exchangeable manganese and manganese reducible by ascorbic acid explained 73,4 % of the variation in the manganese content of the roots. The pH, the organic carbon content and the content of hydroquinone-reducible manganese in the soil explained 67,0 % of the variation in the content of exchangeable manganese in the plough layer of the mineral soils. The content of "total" manganese in the plough layer of the mineral soils explained 27,6 % of the variation in the content of ascorbic acid-reducible manganese. The plant stands increased the content of exchangeable manganese in the soil and decreased the redox potential of the soil in comparison to the incubated soils. The content of exchangeable manganese started to increase when the redox potential of the soil fell below 0,59 V. Adding glucose promoted the reduction of manganese in the soil, reduction appearing to be both biological and non-biological in origin. Soil moisture increased the content of exchangeable manganese when the moisture was higher than the field capacity. Liming decreased the content of exchangeable manganese in the soil more than would have been expected on the basis of the change in pH values. The manganese content and manganese uptake of the crop were also reduced. Adding large amounts of manganese (Mn 51,5 kg/ha*20 cm) did not prevent liming (calcite 14 t/ha*20cm) from reducing the manganese content of the yield.
Untreated and formaldehyde-treated urea as nitrogen sources for lactating dairy cows
Authors: Setälä Jouko , Syrjälä-Qvist Liisa
Published: July 2018

An experiment was performed with 22 Friesian cows, using a double reversal design with two treatments and one similar sequence for the two groups. The lengths of the standardization period, adaptation periods, test period and post-test period were 4, 1, 8 and 4 weeks, respectively. During the standardization and post-test periods the cows received pre-wilted grass silage ad libitum and a small amount of field-dried baled hay. In the test period hay was given ad libitum and the amount of grass silage was restricted. A concentrate mixture (barley, oats, minerals) was given daily to each cow at the rate of 0.3 kg/kg 4 % milk. During the standardization and post-test periods the mixture contained one percent of untreated urea and during the test period 2.5 % of untreated or treated urea. The urea had been treated with 1.5 % formaldehyde on a weight basis. The concentrate mixture was fed individually to each cow, but group feeding was used for the roughage. Among the cows producing more than 15 kg of 4 % milk a day, those receiving formaldehyde-treated urea had a significantly (P< 0.01) higher milk yield, and the fat content of their milk was significantly (P< 0.05) lower than the group receiving untreated urea. Among the cows producing less than 15kg of 4 % milk/day, the group given treated urea had a significantly (P
Rapeseed meal as a protein source for high-production dairy cows on grass silage-and hay-based feeding
Authors: Syrjälä-Qvist Liisa , Tuori Mikko , Setälä Jouko
Published: July 2018

Twenty-four dairy cows were used in an experiment in which 1) soybean meal, 2) rapeseed meal and 3) rapeseed meal plus urea were compared for feeding value, when given as protein sources in grass silage- and hay-based feeding. About 25 % of the digestible crude protein required for milk production was replaced with these protein sources. The rapeseed meal was mainly of the Span variety. The rapeseed meal composed 13% of a concentrate mixture also containing barley, oats and molassed beet pulp. The daily consumption of rapeseed meal was up to 1.2kg/cow, the average being 1.0kg/cow. As a protein source the rapeseed meal was almost equivalent to the soybean meal. There were no significant differences between the groups in the intake or utilization of the feeds, milk production or milk composition, or liveweight changes. The replacement of silage protein with rapeseed meal or with soybean meal improved the utilization of the protein of the whole ration for milk production.
The suppressiveness of Finnish light coloured Sphagnum peat
Authors: Tahvonen Risto
Published: July 2018

Half of the Sphagnum peat lots used as the substrate significantly reduced or inhibited damping-off caused by Alternaria brassicicola Wiltshire, Plenodomus lingam (Tode ex Fr.) Höhnel and Rhizoctonia solani Kühn on cauliflowers. New peat slowed down the spread of Fusarium oxysporum Schl. f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) Snyder & Hansen from infected tomato plants to healthy ones and development of the disease on infected seedlings in comparison to disinfected peat. When new peat was added to disinfected peat the suppressing effect was regained. The most common microbes in the peat were bacteria, Streptomyces spp., followed by fungi, Penicillium spp., Mortierella spp. and Trichoderma viride Pers. ex Fr. Strepromyces spp. and T. viride effectively inhibited the growth of a number of soil and seedborne fungi on a nutrient medium. Treating the peat or seeds with T. viride and Streptomyces spp, isolates inhibited or reduced damping-off caused by A. brassicicola, P. lingam and R. solani on cauliflower growing on the peat substrate.
Puna- ja mustaherukan kantojen sienet ja lahoisuus vuoden kuluttua leikkauksesta ja leikkausajan vaikutus mustaherukan kasvuun
Authors: Tahvonen Risto
Published: July 2018

Vuosina 1976-80 tutkittiin puna- ja mustaherukalla leikkausaikojen vaikutusta pensaisiin jätettyjen kantojen lahoamisen ja kantojen sieniin sekä mustaherukan kasvutapaan ja satoon. Puna- ja mustaherukkapensaita leikattiin käytännön viljelmillä huhti-, kesä-, elo- ja lokakuussa. Puolet kannoista siveltiin lisäksi Kankerdood-haavanhoitomaalilla. Vuoden kuluttua leikkauksesta pensaisiin jääneet kannot poistettiin ja niiden lahoisuus ja sienet määritettiin. Kokeet toistettiin samanlaisina kahtena vuotena, jolloin koe kesti kokonaisuudessaan kolme vuotta. Vuonna 1974 perustettiin Viikkiin mustaherukalle (lajikkeet ’Öjebyn’ ja ’Brödtorp’) leikkauskoe, jossa vertailtiin viljelyn perustamisesta lähtien vuosittaista syys- ja kevätleikkausta toisiinsa. Leikkauksessa poistettiin sadonkorjuuta haittaavat lamoavat oksat. Yleinen harmaahome (Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr.) oli yleisin sieni leikkauspintojen kuorissa ja mustaherukalla myös puuosassa. Punapahkasientä (Nectria cinnabarina (Tode) Fr.) esiintyi runsaiten lokakuussa ja vähiten elokuussa leikatuissa kannoissa. Leikkauskantojen puuosan yleisiä sieniä olivat edellisten lisäksi Alternaria tenuis Nees, Fusarium spp. ja Phoma spp. Punaherukan kannot lahosivat vuoden aikana voimakkaammin kuin mustaherukan kannot. Punaherukan kantojen lahoaminen näytti etenevän pensaan sisälle, mutta mustaherukalla laho pysähtyi pensaan tyviin ja kasvaviin versoihin. Kesä- ja elokuussa leikatut kannot lahosivat vähemmän kuin loka- ja huhtikuussa leikatut. Kantojen haavapintojen Kankerdood-käsittelyllä ei ollut vaikutusta harmaahomepitoisuuksiin ja kantojen lahoamiseen. Sekundäärinen punapahkasieni hävisi lähes täydellisesti Kankerdood-käsittelyllä.
Sperm test - a useful tool in breeding work of mink
Authors: Sundqvist Christer , Gustafsson Margaretha
Published: July 2018

A sperm test was performed over a period of five consecutive years as a fertility check on a mink farm. As a result of the test sterile males were eliminated from breeding, which led to a distinct increase in the number of kits per female. Results of a histological and stereological analysis of testicular tissue from sterile, sub-fertile and fertile males showed clear agreement with the results of the sperm test. In testes taken from sterile males serious disorders were observed in the seminiferous epithelium. The value of the sperm test method as a fertility test is emphasized.
Extraction of leaf protein from green crops. Chemical composition and nutritive value of products of fractionation
Authors: Näsi Matti
Published: July 2018

Leaf protein was extracted from different green crops in 11 pilot plant esperiments. Of the crops, 4 were grass, 6 clover and one pea. The extraction of juice was on average 55 % of the fresh weight of the green crop and the values for dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) were 22.6 and 24.1 %. Clover gave better recoveries of protein than grass. In the leaf protein concentrate (LPC) obtained from the juice, the separation ratios for DM, CP and TP (true protein) were, respectively, 23.7 %, 48.0 and 80.7 %. Heating to 85°C gave more efficient recoveries of LPC than the combination of heating and acid precipitation. The average DM content of the pressed pulp was 30.4 %, the corresponding value for the whole crop being 16.5 %. Measured on a DM basis, the CP content of the pressed pulp was only 0.4 % units lower than in untreated forage, but the crude fibre content was 7.3 % units higher. In vitro organic matter digestibility and the pepsin-HCI solubility of crude protein were on average 5.1 and 5.5 % units lower in the pulp. The average DM of the plant juice was 6.5 % and contained 21.9 % ash, 21.5 % CP, 10.7 % TP and 29.9 % soluble sugars. Clover and pea had much higher values for CP and TP than grass. In the LPC preparations, CP and TP averaged 43.6 % and 38.5 % of DM. Heat treatment gave higher protein content than precipitation of LPC by combined heating and acidification. The in vitro digestibility and protein solubility of LPC were high, on average 85.6 % and 80.2 %. LPC had fairly high contents of lysine and methionine, 4.1 % and 1.6 g/16 g N. There were only small differences in the amino acid composition between grass and clover and between crops harvested at different growth stages. Green crop fractionation is a potential means of improving grassland production and utilization. Promising results have been obtained with plant juice and LPC fed to monogastric animals and pressed pulp residues in diets for ruminants. The economic aspects of fractionation remain to be evaluated.
Breeding for milk and beef in cattle - designing an overall strategy
Authors: Vilva Veijo , Lindström U. B.
Published: July 2018

A three-stage selection programme of dual purpose bulls was studied in order to assess the significance of the selection stages and the genetic gain to be expected. In accordance with previous studies the results showed that over 90 % of the economic gain comes from the milk traits. In addition the study showed that over 10 % of the gain is due to the increased feed conversion efficiency, mainly in milk production. The beef performance test of young bulls accounted for only 1—2 % of the total economic gain. Therefore the test stations setup for this purpose might be more efficiently utilised by concentrating on measurement of feed conversion. The study also indicated that direct selection for feed efficiency in milk production would give appreciably higher gain even if it were done on the basis of only 5 daughters/ bull. In practice this might be accomplished by measuring the feed consumption of a limited number of daughters per young bull, 4-5 months after calving for about one month or by collecting 200—300 individual mid-lactational feed consumption records for daughters of young bulls.
Dietary fibre and available carbohydrates in Finnish vegetables and fruits
Authors: Varo Pertti , Laine Raili , Veijalainen Kirsti , Espo Aila , Wetterhoff Anne , Koivistoinen Pekka
Published: July 2018

The dietary fibre and available carbohydrate contents of vegetables, fruits and berries commonly consumed in Finland were analysed using the Englyst total carbohydrate method. The tables give the composition of 73 fresh and processed vegetables and fruits. The estimated average daily intakes of carbohydrates received from this category of foods were: total soluble sugars 23.7 g, starch 30.6 g and dietary fibre 7.2 g (energy level 10 MJ).