bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward a better understanding of climate and human impacts on late Holocene fire regimes in the Pacific Northwest, USA
Authors: Walsh Megan K , Duke Haley J , Haydon Kevin C
Published: July 2018

In order to fully appreciate the role that fire, both natural and anthropogenic, had in shaping pre-Euro-American settlement landscapes in the Pacific Northwest (PNW), it is necessary to develop a more robust method of evaluating paleofire reconstructions. Here we demonstrate an approach that includes the identification of charcoal morphotypes (i.e. visually distinct charcoal particles), and incorporates both paleoecological and archaeological data sets, to more specifically determine both the nature of past fire regimes (i.e. fuel type and fire severity) and the likely ignition source of those fires. We demonstrate the usefulness of this approach by reconstructing the late Holocene fire and vegetation histories of Lake Oswego (Clackamas County), Oregon, and Fish Lake (Okanogan County), Washington, using macroscopic charcoal and pollen analysis of sediment cores. The histories were compared with climatic records from the PNW as well as archaeological, ethnographic, and historical records from the Lower Columbia River Valley and Southern Columbia Plateau cultural regions. Our results indicate that while centennial-to-millennial-scale climate change had limited influence on the fire regimes at the study sites during the past ∼3800 years, the use of fire by Native Americans for a variety of reasons, particularly after ca. 1200 calendar years before present (AD 750), had a far greater impact. Charcoal morphotype ratios also indicate that fires in the two watersheds were fundamentally different in their severity and impact, and led to major shifts in the forests and woodlands surrounding Lake Oswego, but helped maintain the ponderosa pine-dominated forest at Fish Lake. The elimination of fire from the two study sites during the past 100–300 years is likely the combined result of Euro-American contact and the arrival of disease in the PNW, as well as 20th-century fire suppression and grazing effects on fuel continuity, which has implications for future forest management and restoration efforts in the PNW.
“Turncoats, Traitors, and Provocateurs”: Communist Collaborators, the German Occupation, and Stalin’s NKVD, 1941–1943
Authors: Burds Jeffrey
Published: July 2018

Historians have long assumed that Germany closely followed a take-no-prisoners policy in dealing with captured communists in the East. That was the direct conclusion to be drawn from Hitler’s notorious Commissar Order issued on the eve of the Barbarossa invasion, which prescribed summary execution of all communists and communist officials. Data published in the Soviet Union largely confirmed this impression, reflecting a dramatic reduction in Communist Party members during the first six months of the war in the East. New data suggest, however, that far from annihilating communist cadres as part of the so-called “Jewish-Communist” threat, the German occupation authorities instead recruited many former communists for service in occupation governmental work, as spies, or in other roles vital to German authorities in eastern zones. Post-Soviet archives offer profound insights into the development of Stalin’s special policy towards these suspected communist turncoats.
Intracellular Ca2+ Release and Synaptic Plasticity: A Tale of Many Stores
Authors: Padamsey Zahid , Foster William J. , Emptage Nigel J.
Published: July 2018

Ca2+ is an essential trigger for most forms of synaptic plasticity. Ca2+ signaling occurs not only by Ca2+ entry via plasma membrane channels but also via Ca2+ signals generated by intracellular organelles. These organelles, by dynamically regulating the spatial and temporal extent of Ca2+ elevations within neurons, play a pivotal role in determining the downstream consequences of neural signaling on synaptic function. Here, we review the role of three major intracellular stores: the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and acidic Ca2+ stores, such as lysosomes, in neuronal Ca2+ signaling and plasticity. We provide a comprehensive account of how Ca2+ release from these stores regulates short- and long-term plasticity at the pre- and postsynaptic terminals of central synapses.
Is Man the Measure of All Things? A Social Cognitive Account of Androcentrism
Authors: Bailey April H. , LaFrance Marianne , Dovidio John F.
Published: July 2018

Androcentrism refers to the propensity to center society around men and men’s needs, priorities, and values and to relegate women to the periphery. Androcentrism also positions men as the gender-neutral standard while marking women as gender-specific. Examples of androcentrism include the use of male terms (e.g., he), images, and research participants to represent everyone. Androcentrism has been shown to have serious consequences. For example, women’s health has been adversely affected by over-generalized medical research based solely on male participants. Nonetheless, relatively little is known about androcentrism’s proximate psychological causes. In the present review, we propose a social cognitive perspective arguing that both social power and categorization processes are integral to understanding androcentrism. We present and evaluate three possible pathways to androcentrism deriving from (a) men being more frequently instantiated than women, (b) masculinity being more “ideal” than femininity, and/or (c) masculinity being more common than femininity.
Histopathology of Unilateral Cryptorchidism
Authors: Verkauskas Gilvydas , Malcius Dalius , Dasevicius Darius , Hadziselimovic Faruk
Published: July 2018

Defective mini-puberty inducing insufficient gonadotropin secretion is one of the most common causes of nonobstructive azoospermia in men suffering from congenital isolated unilateral or bilateral cryptorchidism. The aim of our study was to determine the risk for azoospermia by histologic criteria in a cohort of unilateral cryptorchid boys undergoing orchidopexy and bilateral testicular biopsy. We performed a retrospective analysis of data available in the library of the Cryptorchidism Research Institute, Liestal, Switzerland. Complete histological evaluations were available for 319 boys operated on for unilateral cryptorchidism with simultaneous biopsy of the contralateral descended testicle. The median age was 39 (5–192) months and 58 patients were <18 months of age. Forty-eight percent of undescended testis (UDT) and 21% of contralateral testis had no A dark (Ad) spermatogonia. Furthermore, in 11% of boys Ad spermatogonia were lacking in both testes. Positive correlation was found between the spermatogonia/tubule ratio of the UDT and contralateral testis (Spearman rank order correlation is 0.16, P = .003). The extent of alteration in the UDT correlated with the contralateral descended testis, indicating that unilateral cryptorchidism is a bilateral disease. Observed impaired transition from gonocytes into Ad spermatogonia indicates defective mini-puberty, providing one of explanations for azoospermia and infertility development in unilateral cryptorchid men.
Hawaiian style graffiti and the questions of sovereignty, law, property, and ecology
Authors: Kato Masahide T.
Published: July 2018

Based on the ethnographic insight gained from the fieldwork conducted between 2006 and 2012 on the island of O‘ahu, this article attempts to capture the aesthetic and symbolic expressions of decolonization in aerosol writing pieces by a crew primarily composed of Kanaka Maoli (“true human being,” indigenous people of Hawai‘i) writers. By focusing on the indigenous aesthetic practice of kaona (“hidden meaning”), the article analyzes the ways in which Hawaiian style graffiti unveils the contested issues of jurisdiction, sovereignty, property claims, and ecological integrity under the prolonged colonial and military occupation. It simultaneously illuminates the decolonial vision brought forth by Kānaka Maoli writers that seeks to transcend and transform the realities imposed by the colonial and occupational power. Through socio-historical contextualization, the article draws parallels between the time of Hawaiian Kingdom and the present, to unravel the integration of ancestral knowledge and contemporary expressions in Hawaiian style graffiti.
The Gigatown Competition in New Zealand: competition as digital infrastructure allocation?
Authors: Randell-Moon Holly Eva Katherine
Published: July 2018

The Gigatown Competition (2013-2015) was a joint initiative between the telecommunications company Chorus and the New Zealand government to award a New Zealand town ‘the fastest internet in the Southern Hemisphere’ through a social media competition. Towns accrued points based on the volume of social media content related to the Competition and the benefits of ultra-fast broadband (UFB). I undertake a discourse analysis of select promotional materials and participation in the Competition to show how support for UFB as a necessary infrastructure for the New Zealand economy was achieved. I argue the Gigatown initiative mobilises a form of community participation in information and communications technologies (ICT) infrastructure premised on urban centres and towns competing against one another for their future viability. The success of the Competition and enthusiastic participation of towns in South Island can be contextualised by the governing and economic rationalities of urban austerity.
‘We have to wait in a queue for our turn quite a bit’: Examining children’s physical activity during primary physical education lessons
Authors: Powell Emma , Woodfield Lorayne A , Nevill Alan M , Powell Alexander J , Myers Tony D
Published: July 2018

The overall purpose of this study was to examine children’s physical activity (PA) during primary physical education (PE). This was achieved through the following two research objectives: (1) to measure children’s PA, lesson context and teacher promotion of PA during PE lessons; and (2) to explore teachers’ and children’s perspectives on PA levels during PE lessons. Evidence suggests that children’s PA during PE is below recommended levels and further research is required to understand the reasons why. Through a mixed method design, 138 children were observed using the System for Observing Fitness and Instruction Time, 80 children participated in group interviews, and 13 teachers were interviewed, across three primary schools in England. Findings indicated that the mean percentage of lesson time allocated to moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA) was 42.4% and the average lesson length was 35.3 minutes. Qualitative themes identified were: ‘knowledge and beliefs’; ‘teacher pedagogy’; and ‘teacher development’. The findings indicate that a change in perspective is needed, which includes a focus on PA during primary PE lessons. Intervention work is required that targets teachers’ knowledge and beliefs towards PE along with the development of effective teaching strategies. However, this needs to be grounded in an ecological approach which will allow researchers and schools to target the various levels of influence. It is strongly recommended that interventions are grounded in behaviour change theory, as this study indicates that sharing knowledge about pedagogical strategies to increase children’s MVPA does not necessarily produce changes in teachers’ behaviours.
Changes in Finnish adolescents’ alcoholic beverage preferences 1999–2017
Authors: Lintonen Tomi , Ahtinen Suvi , Konu Anne
Published: July 2018

Aims:

The purpose was to examine the changes in alcoholic beverage preferences among 14- and 16-year-olds in Finland from the year 1999 to 2017. In addition, the effects of age, gender and drinking style on beverage preference was studied.

Methods:

Nationally representative surveys of adolescent health behaviours in Finland from 1999 ( n = 4943) and 2017 ( n = 2451) among 14- and 16-year-olds were analysed using cross-tabulations and logistic regression modelling. Beverage data were coded from an open-ended question concerning the latest drinking occasion.

Results:

While the prevalence of 14- and 16-year-old adolescents’ alcohol drinking was more than halved between 1999 and 2017, the popularities of different beverages did not change equally. Drinking beer, cider and strong beverages mirrored the total decrease, as did the drinking of several different beverage types at a time. Wine drinking decreased only a little and alcopops actually increased in popularity. Taking the amounts of pure ethanol in the beverages into account, the proportion of alcohol drunk in the forms of beer and cider decreased notably, and in the form of wine it decreased a little. Strong beverages increased their share of alcohol drunk, but the most notable increase was seen in the share of alcopops, which more than doubled their share of the pure ethanol drunk.

Conclusions:

Increased popularity of alcopops among the under-aged together with the recent alcohol law change increasing the availability of alcopops in Finland call for attention to be paid both to marketing and the control of age limits of these products.
Know your customer: Client captivation and the epistemics of market research
Authors: Nilsson Johan
Published: July 2018

Market research requires both making knowledge and maintaining client relationships. This article inquires into how this feature of commissioned knowledge is dealt with by a group of market researchers. Reception determines the value of the knowledge produced, prompting producers to both prepare informative content and ensure that it lands well with the recipient. Therefore, the nature and dispositions of clients and how their reception can be shaped are integral to the making of knowledge. The article explores an ethnographic case of how market researchers attempt to appeal to and shape the dispositions of their clients throughout the research process. Drawing on means of capture as a metaphor, I show how market researchers frame working with clients as a straightforward issue despite conflicting definitions of just who the client is and what it means to help them.
Common standards, different stakes: A comparative and multi-scalar analysis of accountability reforms in the Spanish education context
Authors: Verger Antoni , Prieto Miriam , Pagès Marcel , Villamor Patricia
Published: July 2018

An increasing number of countries are adopting accountability systems in education that rely on the external evaluation of students’ learning outcomes through standardized assessments. The international dissemination of this form of accountability, often known as test-based accountability, does not imply that exactly the same policy is adopted everywhere. Accountability reforms, as any other globalizing policy model, are context-specific. The concrete form that accountability reforms adopt is contingent on a range of political, historical and institutional conditions, and to policy-making dynamics and logics that operate at multiple scales. This paper analyzes the trajectory of accountability reforms in two Spanish regions, Madrid and Catalonia, from a comparative and multi-scalar perspective. Based on document analysis of media and official sources, and exploratory interviews with key informants, the paper shows that, although these two regions have pioneered the adoption of test-based accountability reforms in the Spanish context, their accountability systems have evolved quite differently. While accountability reforms in Madrid have been oriented toward the promotion of school choice and competition, Catalonia has adopted an uneven lower-stakes accountability approach with multiple ramifications. In this paper, we explain how and why such diverging trends have been possible within the context of a common general regulatory framework.
The association of serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate variability with diabetic retinopathy in Asians with type 2 diabetes: A nested case–control study
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Kumari Neelam , Low Serena , Ang Keven , Yeo Darren , Yeoh Lee Ying , Liu Allen , Kwan Pek Yee , Tang Wern Ee , Tavintharan Subramaniam , Sum Chee Fang , Lim Su Chi
Published: July 2018

Background:

Fluctuation of kidney function may signify intra-glomerular microvascular hemodynamic instability. We aim to examine the association of long-term serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate variability with diabetic retinopathy.

Methods:

We included type 2 diabetes mellitus patients who attended the Diabetes Centre in 2011–2014 and were followed up (median = 3.2 years). Digital colour fundus photographs were assessed for diabetic retinopathy at follow-up. Diabetic retinopathy severity was categorized into non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. We conducted a nested case–control study involving 177 diabetic retinopathy (118 non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 50 proliferative diabetic retinopathy) and 327 age- and gender-matched non-diabetic retinopathy. Serum creatinine measured before follow-up visit was obtained (⩾3 readings/patient). Variability was calculated as intra-individual standard deviation/√ n/( n – 1).

Results:

Diabetic retinopathy have higher adjusted-serum creatinine-standard deviation than non-diabetic retinopathy [9.1 (4.9–21.6) vs 5.4 (3.4–10.1) µM, p < 0.001]. After multivariable adjustment, adjusted-serum creatinine-standard deviation was associated with diabetic retinopathy [odds ratio = 1.47, 95% confidence interval (1.02–2.10), p = 0.04]. The area under the curve increased significantly after adding adjusted-serum creatinine-standard deviation [0.70 (0.65–0.75) vs 0.72 (0.68–0.77), p < 0.03]. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy have higher adjusted-serum creatinine-standard deviation than non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy [15.5 (6.6–39.7) vs 7.47 (4.52–17.8) µM, p < 0.001]. After adjustment, adjusted-serum creatinine-standard deviation remained associated with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy [1.48 (1.04–2.12), p = 0.03] and proliferative diabetic retinopathy [2.43 (1.34–4.39), p = 0.003; p-trend = 0.002]. Similar findings were observed for estimated glomerular filtration rate variability.

Conclusion:

Serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate variability is associated with the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy independent of intra-individual means. This may inform novel therapeutic strategies aiming to achieve stable renal function in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Variability of Gross Tumor Volume Delineation for Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy of the Lung With Tri-60Co Magnetic Resonance Image-Guided Radiotherapy System (ViewRay): A Comparative Study With Magnetic Resonance- and Computed Tomography-Based Target Delineation
Authors: Wee Chan Woo , An Hyun Joon , Kang Hyun-Cheol , Kim Hak Jae , Wu Hong-Gyun
Published: July 2018

Introduction:

To evaluate the intra-/interobserver variability of gross target volumes between delineation based on magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in patients simulated for stereotactic body radiotherapy for primary lung cancer and lung metastasis.

Materials and Methods:

Twenty-five patients (27 lesions) who underwent computed tomography and magnetic resonance simulation with the MR-60Co system (ViewRay) were included in the study. Gross target volumes were delineated on the magnetic resonance imaging (GTVMR) and computed tomography (GTVCT) images by 2 radiation oncologists (RO1 and RO2). Volumes of all contours were measured. Levels of intraobserver (GTVMR_RO vs GTVCT_RO) and interobserver (GTVMR_RO1 vs GTVMR_RO2; GTVCT_RO1 vs GTVCT_RO2) agreement were evaluated using the generalized κ statistics and the paired t test.

Results:

No significant volumetric difference was observed between all 4 comparisons (GTVMR_RO1 vs GTVCT_RO1, GTVMR_RO2 vs GTVCT_RO2, GTVMR_RO1 vs GTVMR_RO2, and GTVCT_RO1 vs GTVCT_RO2; P > .05), with mean volumes of GTVs ranging 5 to 6 cm3. The levels of agreement between those 4 comparisons were all substantial with mean κ values of 0.64, 0.66, 0.74, and 0.63, respectively. However, the interobserver agreement level was significantly higher for GTVCT compared to GTVMR ( P <.001). The mean κ values significantly increased in all 4 comparisons for tumors >5 cm3 compared to tumors ≤5 cm3 (all P < .05).

Conclusion:

No significant differences in volumes between magnetic resonance- and computed tomograpghy-based Gross target volumes were found among 2 ROs. Magnetic resonance-based GTV delineation for lung stereotactic body radiotherapy also demonstrated acceptable interobserver agreement. Tumors >5 cm3 show higher intra-/interobserver agreement compared to tumors <5 cm3. More experience should be accumulated to reduce variability in magnetic resonance-based Gross target volumes delineation in lung stereotactic body radiotherapy.
A Review on Differences in Effects on Normal and Malignant Cells and Tissues to Electroporation-Based Therapies: A Focus on Calcium Electroporation
Authors: Frandsen Stine K , Gehl Julie
Published: July 2018

Calcium electroporation is a potential novel anticancer treatment, where high concentrations of calcium are introduced into the cell cytosol by electroporation. This is a method where short, high-voltage pulses induce a transient permeabilization of the cell membrane and thereby allow influx and efflux of ions and molecules. Electroporation is used in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs (electrochemotherapy) as a standard treatment for cutaneous metastases, and electroporation using a higher electric field and number of pulses (irreversible electroporation) is increasingly being used as an anticancer treatment. In this review, calcium electroporation is described with emphasis on the investigations of differences in the effect on normal and malignant cells and tissues in vitro and in vivo. Calcium electroporation has been shown to induce cell death in vitro and tumor necrosis in vivo with a difference in sensitivity between different tumor types. Normal cells treated in vitro are significantly less affected than cancer cells, and a similar trend is shown in vivo where muscle and skin tissue surrounding a treated tumor as well as muscle and skin directly treated with calcium electroporation were less affected than tumors. The mechanism behind this difference in sensitivity is not fully understood but might be affected by differences in electric impedance, membrane repair, and expression of plasma membrane calcium ATPases in normal and malignant cells. The research on calcium electroporation shows a potential novel anticancer treatment with significant effect on cancer cells and tissues while normal cells and tissues are clearly less affected.
Evaluation of Wound Dressing Made From Spider Silk Protein Using in a Rabbit Model
Authors: Setooni Zahra , Mohammadi Mostafa , Hashemi Arman , Hashemi Mohammad , Mozafari Fateme , Simi Fateme , Bargahi Afshar , Daneshi Adel , Hajiani-E-Asl Mohammad Reza , Farzadinia Parviz
Published: July 2018

The aim of the present article was to study the healing of wounds using spider silk. Eight New Zealand female rabbits were selected as animal model. First, 3 identical wounds with length of 15 mm and a depth of 4 mm on the back of each rabbit were created. The first group, as standard control, did not receive any special treatment, they were treated only with saline and Vaseline locally. The second group, as positive control, received a thin film of phenytoin 1% ointment locally. The third group, as treated group, received a thin film of spider silk protein. At the end of the study, a biopsy of skin was done. After tissue preparation, all sections were evaluated. Some morphometrical parameters such as counting cells, fibroblasts, blood vessels, determination of the area of the wound closure, necrotic tissue, speed of wound healing, and epidermal thickness were done, and for data statistical analysis, SPSS software and Excel software were used. The results of this study showed that spider silk dressing may benefit as a possible effect of nanoparticles in the test preparation in wound healing.
Reflections of Men of Mexican Origin: A Grounded Theory Study of Intimate Partner Violence Risk Factors
Authors: Mancera Bibiana M. , Mungal Angus Shiva , De Santis Joseph , Provencio-Vasquez Elias
Published: July 2018

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a societal problem with many repercussions for the health care and judicial systems. In the United States, women of color are frequently affected by IPV and experience negative, physical, and mental ramifications. Increasing IPV perpetration and perpetration recurrence rates among men of Mexican origin (MMO) warrants a better understanding of unique risk factors that can only be described by these men. Qualitative studies regarding MMO and distinct IPV risk factors among this populace are few and infrequent. The purpose of this study was to describe IPV risk factors among men of MMO and to describe the process by which these men are able to overcome IPV perpetration risk factors. Fifty-six men of Mexican origin from a low-income housing community in far-west Texas were recruited for participation in audiotaped focus groups. Grounded theory (GT) methodology techniques were utilized to analyze, translate, and transcribe focus group data. Data collection ended when saturation occurred. Participants described risk factors for IPV. Emerging themes included: environment as a context, societal view of MMO, family of origin, normalcy, male and female contributing factors to IPV, and breaking through. Theme abstractions led to the midrange theory of Change Through Inspired Self-Reflection which describes the process of how MMO move from IPV perpetration to nonviolence. The results of the study provide insight on what MMO believe are IPV risk factors. There are implications for clinicians who provide services to MMO, and provide the impetus for future research among this population.
Are We Using the Most Appropriate Methodologies to Assess the Sensitivity of Rainforest Biodiversity to Habitat Disturbance?
Authors: Whitworth A. , Pillco Huarcaya R. , Whittaker L. , Braunholtz L.
Published: July 2018

Accurately assessing how biodiversity responds in the Anthropocene is vital. To do so, a number of indicator taxa are commonly used to monitor human-impacted forests and the subsequent recovery of their biodiversity. This makes monitoring more economically feasible, yet only valuable if the responses observed truly reflect the status of biodiversity. Many challenges exist for getting this monitoring right, including choosing the most effective indicators and ultimately choosing the most appropriate methods to capture trends. We have reason to believe that the methods currently used to assess human-impacted tropical forest might be misrepresenting trends related to the degree of impact of disturbance to biodiversity and to the value of secondary forests for biodiversity conservation. Using recent case studies that assessed butterflies, we challenge the paradigm that fruit-baited butterfly traps are the best method for assessing human-impacted tropical forests, and that their use solely along the forest floor is underestimating the impacts to biodiversity in tropical forests. We suggest that alternative or additional methods could provide a more representative picture of the overall butterfly biodiversity responses to human-impacted tropical forests and that similar assessments of other groups and methods should be carried out.
Deepening Futures with Neuroscience
Authors: Rhemann Maureen
Published: July 2018

Strides in Neuroscience, coupled with Futures Studies, have the potential to complement one another in exploring how the brain thinks about the future and how we might anticipate disruption. This article explores disruption through anticipatory thinking and the lenses of both Futures and Neuroscience in bringing a cross-disciplinary approach to understanding how we think about futures and how Futures and Neuroscience might join forces to create broader insights and adapt futurist toolsets leading to better foresight models and data collection methods.
DNA methylation changes in CD4+ T cells isolated from multiple sclerosis patients on dimethyl fumarate
Authors: Maltby Vicki E , Lea Rodney A , Ribbons Karen A , Sanders Katherine A , Kennedy Daniel , Min Myintzu , Scott Rodney J , Lechner-Scott Jeannette
Published: July 2018

Background

Dimethyl fumarate is an oral treatment for multiple sclerosis, whose mechanism of action is not fully understood.

Objective

To investigate the effects of dimethyl fumarate on DNA methylation in the CD4+ T cells of multiple sclerosis patients.

Methods

We performed Illumina EPIC arrays to investigate the DNA methylation profiles of CD4+ T cells derived from multiple sclerosis patients before and after dimethyl fumarate treatment.

Results

Treatment with dimethyl fumarate resulted in 97% of differentially methylated positions showing hypermethylation. Four genes, SNORD1A, SHTN1, MZB1 and TNF had a differentially methylated region located within the transcriptional start site.

Conclusion

This study investigates the effect of dimethyl fumarate on DNA methylation in multiple sclerosis patients.
Grandparent–Grandchild Relationships in Chinese Immigrant Families in Los Angeles: Roles of Acculturation and the Middle Generation
Authors: Xu Ling , Chi Iris , Wu Shiyou
Published: July 2018

Being a grandparent is an important social role for Chinese older adults. Despite an increasing number of older Chinese immigrants in the United States and the uniquely differing culture of the United States relative to Chinese culture, few studies focused specifically on Chinese immigrant families in the United States. By conducting four focus groups ( n = 32) in Los Angeles, CA, this study aimed to explore grandparent–grandchild relationships in Chinese immigrant families in the U.S. We found that the majority of Chinese immigrant grandparents maintained close relationships with their grandchildren. Grandparents’ adjustments of acculturation played an important role in maintaining close relationships with their grandchildren through improved English language proficiency, acceptance of American culture, and adjusted expectations. In addition, the middle generation acted as instructors, models, and interpreters in grandparent–grandchild relationships. The study contributed to literature by finding that Chinese immigrant grandparents and middle generation parents play important roles in their grandchildren’s lives via cohesive relationships. Practical services or programs can consider decreasing the acculturation gaps with grandchildren and linking three generations together when strengthening grandparent-grandchild relationships in the United States.
Using Computer-Assisted Instruction to Teach Science Vocabulary to Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability
Authors: McKissick Bethany R. , Davis Luann Ley , Spooner Fred , Fisher Larry B. , Graves Carlie
Published: July 2018

Rural special educators face unique challenges in providing high quality special education services, especially when teaching grade-aligned science content. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is one strategy that has the potential to address two major challenges (i.e., a lack of preservice training and limited professional development opportunities) in providing grade-aligned content instruction with fidelity. This study investigated the use of a CAI intervention package to teach three middle school students with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability the structure and function of five key elements of an amoeba. Results showed a functional relation between the number of correct responses made during probe sessions and introduction of the CAI intervention. Implications for practice and suggestions for future research are also discussed.
Noncovalent inhibition of C481S Bruton tyrosine kinase by GDC-0853: a new treatment strategy for ibrutinib-resistant CLL
Authors: Reiff Sean D. , Muhowski Elizabeth M. , Guinn Daphne , Lehman Amy , Fabian Catherine A. , Cheney Carolyn , Mantel Rose , Smith Lisa , Johnson Amy J. , Young Wendy B. , Johnson Adam R. , Liu Lichuan , Byrd John C. , Woyach Jennifer A.
Published: July 2018

Key Points

Inhibition of the ibrutinib-resistant C481S BTK mutant can be achieved by the reversible BTK inhibitor GDC-0853. BTK inhibitors, which lack ITK inhibition, preserve natural killer cell–mediated cellular cytotoxicity to CD20 directed monoclonal antibodies.
CD44 is a RAS/STAT5-regulated invasion receptor that triggers disease expansion in advanced mastocytosis
Authors: Mueller Niklas , Wicklein Daniel , Eisenwort Gregor , Jawhar Mohamad , Berger Daniela , Stefanzl Gabriele , Greiner Georg , Boehm Alexandra , Kornauth Christoph , Muellauer Leonhard , Sehner Susanne , Hoermann Gregor , Sperr Wolfgang R. , Staber Philipp B. , Jaeger Ulrich , Zuber Johannes , Arock Michel , Schumacher Udo , Reiter Andreas , Valent Peter
Published: July 2018

Key Points

CD44 is a RAS/STAT5-dependent target in neoplastic mast cells and correlates with aggressiveness of mastocytosis. Depletion of CD44 in neoplastic mast cells is associated with reduced invasion and prolonged survival in SCID mice.
Exploration of 3D printing to create zero-waste sustainable fashion notions and jewelry
Authors: Pasricha Anupama , Greeninger Rachel
Published: July 2018

This research followed design as a research paradigm to apply zero-waste principles to 3D printing in efforts to ensure sustainable applications of 3D technology in the apparel and fashion industry. Researchers used Rhinoceros 5, Tinkercad, MakerBot Replicator 2 desktop 3D printer, and polylactic acid filament to create elaborate designs. This design research is the first successful attempt at 3D printing for biodegradable zero-waste fashion notions and accessories. The researcher employed design thinking and strategies to create objects without the use of rafts and supporters removing waste creation. Multiple attempts resulted in an acceptable outcome of five pendant designs for necklaces, two earring designs, and nine layer-designed buttons. The buttons were attached to a draped cape design utilizing 95% of the fabric. There is a considerable potential to use this disruptive technology in designing and creating fashions that are unique, sustainable (zero-waste), and made on demand.
A Qualitative Exploration of the Experiences and Perceptions of Women Living With a Diagnosis of Breast Cancer in Barbados: Financial Loss
Authors: Vigilance Jacqueline , Harewood Heather , Greaves Natalie
Published: July 2018

Abstract 45

Background

Cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Latin America and the Caribbean. It is the second leading cause of death in Barbados and has an age standardized mortality rate of 117.7 and 179.3 per 100,000 in females and males, respectively. Breast cancer has the highest incidence and mortality rates for cancers among women in Barbados. Little research has been done on the factors influencing cancer survivorship in Barbados.

Aims

This study sought to examine the lived experiences of patients diagnosed and treated for breast cancer in Barbados with a view to identifying health system, societal and individual characteristics that facilitate or inhibit survivorship.

Methods

Individual, face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted until the point of saturation (12th interview). Participants were purposively selected with the assistance of a cancer charity on the island. All participants were female aged 27-69 years. All interviews were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis with constant comparison. ATLAS.ti (8) data management software used.

Results

Patient survivorship was affected by a complex interaction between: a) health system characteristics b) patient characteristics (inner resilience), and c) societal acceptance (namely perceptions and experiences of stigma and social support). The results presented in this paper highlight the health system characteristics related to the financing of cancer care. Patients experienced financial hardship although primary health care is free to citizens at the point of access. Public cancer care was not always timely; with care via the private sector requiring out-of-pocket spending, this often led to catastrophic financial hardship and dependence on social networks that facilitated care access. The experience of financial loss due to personal financing of care was further exacerbated by diminished employability and job-related discrimination due to cancer diagnosis.

Significance

These results highlighted the need for financial support structures for cancer patients in small island developing states such as Barbados as part of universal access to health care.

AUTHORS’ DISCLOSURES OF POTENTIAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

No COIs from the authors.
The Association of Maternal Thyroid Autoimmunity During Pregnancy With Child IQ
Authors: Derakhshan Arash , Korevaar Tim I M , Taylor Peter N , Levie Deborah , Guxens Monica , Jaddoe Vincent W V , Nelson Scott M , Tiemeier Henning , Peeters Robin P
Published: July 2018

Context

Thyroperoxidase antibody (TPOAb) positivity is a major risk factor for gestational thyroid dysfunction. During the first 18 to 20 weeks of pregnancy, high concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) stimulate the thyroid to ensure adequate thyroid hormone availability for the developing fetus. However, TPOAb-positive women have an impaired thyroidal response to hCG stimulation.

Objective

To study the association of maternal TPOAb positivity during pregnancy with child IQ.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This study was embedded in two prospective birth cohorts: Generation R (Rotterdam, the Netherlands) and Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC; United Kingdom). Mother-child pairs with available data on early pregnancy TPOAb (≤18 weeks of gestation) and offspring IQ were included (n = 3637 for Generation R and n = 2396 for ALSPAC).

Main Outcome Measures

Child IQ at 5 to 10 years of age.

Results

In Generation R, TPOAb positivity was associated with a 2.0 ± 0.9-point lower mean child IQ (P = 0.03). Sensitivity analyses showed negative effect estimates already from TPOAb concentrations considerably lower than currently used manufacturer cutoffs. In ALSPAC, neither TPOAb positivity nor TPOAb concentrations below manufacturer cutoffs were associated with child IQ (TPOAb positivity: 0.7 ± 1.0; P = 0.45). Adjustment for maternal TSH or free T4 concentrations or urinary iodine/creatinine ratio did not change the results.

Conclusion

TPOAb positivity during pregnancy was associated with lower child IQ in Generation R but not in ALSPAC. Further studies are needed to elucidate whether differences between the study populations, such as maternal iodine status, could be the underlying cause for these differences.
Balanced Rac1 activity controls formation and maintenance of neuromuscular acetylcholine receptor clusters
Authors: Bai Yanyang , Guo Daji , Sun Xiaoyu , Tang Genyun , Liao Tailin , Peng Yinghui , Xu Junyu , Shi Lei
Published: July 2018

Rac1, an important Rho GTPase that regulates the actin cytoskeleton, has long been suggested to participate in acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clustering at the postsynaptic neuromuscular junction. However, how Rac1 is regulated and how it influences AChR clusters have remained unexplored. This study shows that breaking the balance of Rac1 regulation, by either increasing or decreasing its activity, led to impaired formation and maintenance of AChR clusters. By manipulating Rac1 activity at different stages of AChR clustering in cultured myotubes, we show that Rac1 activation was required for the initial formation of AChR clusters, but its persistent activation led to AChR destabilization, and uncontrolled hyperactivation of Rac1 even caused excessive myotube fusion. Both AChR dispersal and myotube fusion induced by Rac1 were dependent on its downstream effector Pak1. Two Rac1 GAPs and six Rac1 GEFs were screened and found to be important for normal AChR clustering. This study reveals that, although general Rac1 activity remains at low levels during terminal differentiation of myotubes and AChR cluster maintenance, tightly regulated Rac1 activity controls normal AChR clustering.
Changing the name of the NBPF/DUF1220 domain to the Olduvai domain
Authors: Sikela James M. , van Roy Frans
Published: July 2018

We are jointly proposing a new name for a protein domain of approximately 65 amino acids that has been previously termed NBPF or DUF1220. Our two labs independently reported the initial studies of this domain, which is encoded almost entirely within a single gene family. The name Neuroblastoma Breakpoint Family (NBPF) was applied to this gene family when the first identified member of the family was found to be interrupted in an individual with neuroblastoma.

Prior to this discovery, the Pfam database had termed the domain DUF1220, denoting it as one of many protein domains of unknown function. It has been Pfam’s intention to use “DUF” nomenclature to serve only as a temporary placeholder until more appropriate names are proposed based on research findings.

We believe that additional studies of this domain, primarily from our laboratories over the past 10 years, have resulted in furthering our understanding of these sequences to the point where proposing a new name for this domain is warranted. Because of considerable data linking the domain to human-specific evolution, brain expansion and cognition, we believe a name reflecting these findings would be appropriate. With this in mind, we have chosen to name the domain (and the repeat that encodes it) Olduvai. The gene family will remain as NBPF for now. The primary domain subtypes will retain their previously assigned names (e.g. CON1-3; HLS1-3), and the three-domain block that expanded dramatically in the human lineage will be termed the Olduvai triplet.

The new name refers to Olduvai Gorge, which is a site in East Africa that has been the source of major anthropological discoveries in the early-mid 1900’s. We also chose the name as a tribute to the scientists who made important contributions to the early studies of human origins and our African genesis.
Measuring Decreasing and Increasing Impatience
Authors: Rohde Kirsten I. M.
Published: July 2018

Many studies show that time preference data from experiments and surveys are related to field behavior. Time preference measures in these studies typically depend simultaneously on utility curvature, the level of impatience, and the change in the level of impatience. Thus, these studies do not allow one to establish which of these three components drive(s) the field behavior of interest. Of these components, the change in the level of impatience is theoretically thought to be the main driver of time inconsistencies and self-control problems. To test this theoretical presumption, one has to measure the change in the level of impatience independently from utilities and levels of impatience. This paper introduces a measure of the degree of decreasing impatience, the DI-index. It measures the change of impatience independently from the level of impatience and independently from utility. It can also be used to test various discounting models. An experiment finds no correlation between the degree of decreasing impatience and self-reported self-control problems in daily life, suggesting that changing impatience is not the sole driver of self-control problems.

Data and the supplementary material are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2017.3015 .

This paper was accepted by Manel Baucells, decision analysis.
A purpose-designed monofilament-fibre pad for debridement of hard-to-reach wounds: experience in clinical practice
Authors: Dissemond Joachim , Eberlein Thomas , Bültemann Anke , Riepe Gunnar , Stoffels Ingo , Stephen-Haynes Jackie , Roes Claas , Abel Martin
Published: July 2018

Objective:

Effective and comfortable debridement is an important part of managing complex wounds. This user test evaluated a monofilament-fibre pad (with handle) (Debrisoft Lolly, Lohmann & Rauscher GmbH & Co. KG) in the debridement of various hard-to-reach wounds.

Method:

The multicentre, international user test was performed by experienced physicians and nurses in Germany and the UK, who used the monofilament-fibre pad in their clinical practice. After debridement, using the monofilament-fibre pad, the clinicians completed an evaluation questionnaire. The assessment comprised of performance, usability, tolerability, safety and suitability of the device for debridement, comparing it with standard methods used in the clinicians' centres.

Results:

A total of 23 clinicians in 20 centres each treated between six and 10 patients with the monofilament-fibre pad (a total of 155 wounds of different aetiologies). Most participating patients had deep wounds (n=63 (41%)) or cavity (n=31 (20%)) wounds. When compared with the standard debridement method used at the centres, the tested device was scored as ‘easier’ or ‘equally easy’ to use in all cases. When comparing the standard debridement procedure with the monofilament-fibre pad, debridement duration was reported as equal to or shorter than the standard method in 90% of cases when using the monofilament-fibre pad. Debridement efficacy was scored by the clinician as ‘better’ or ‘equal’ for the monofilament-fibre pad in 67% of cases. Overall, patients reported that the study device was comfortable.

Conclusion:

The monofilament-fibre pad effectively, easily and safely removed slough and debris from wounds of various aetiologies and was effective in wounds of different shapes, such as in cavity wounds and those in hard-to-reach locations.
Use of a gelling fibre dressing in complex surgical or chronic wounds: a case series
Authors: Ivins Nicola , Braumann Chris , Kirchhoff Jan-Birger , Waldemar Uhl , Jones Nia J.
Published: July 2018

Objective:

To evaluate the safety and performance of a gelling fibre dressing, with respect to wound exudate management, maceration and periwound skin conditions.

Method:

Complex (non-healing) surgical or chronic wounds healing by secondary intention were treated with a gelling fibre dressing (Biosorb, Acelity) as part of a prospective, two-centre case series product evaluation study. Dressing performance was evaluated at each change, and weekly for up to four weeks or until the wound healed, if this was in less than four weeks. The main outcome measure was dressing performance, wound bed and periwound skin condition.

Results:

A total of 15 patients, aged 26–87 years, were enrolled; 10 patients (66.7%) presented with chronic wounds including venous leg ulcers (VLUs), arterial leg ulcer, one mixed leg ulcer, pressure ulcer (PU), and diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). The remaining wounds (33.3%) were postsurgical complex wounds healing by secondary intention, located in the upper leg, foot, abdomen, and sacrum. Mean wound area was 22.6±36.6cm2(range: 1.3–144.0cm2). Treated wounds showed complete granulation in eight (53.0%) wounds, 75% granulation coverage in two (13.3%) wounds, 50% coverage in three (20.3%), and 25% coverage in two (13.3%) wounds. Patients evaluated the dressing effectiveness as ‘excellent’ or ‘very good’ in 45% of cases, ‘moderate’ in 45%, and ‘poor’ in 10% of cases. Results of Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) showed 70% of patients rated their pain as ‘low’ and 30% as ‘moderate’ at dressing removal. Clinicians' evaluation of dressing ability to absorb and retain wound exudate was rated ‘excellent’ or ‘very good’ in 80% of cases, and moderate in 20% and poor in 10% of cases. Overall, clinicians' impression of the dressing performance was reported as ‘excellent’ or ‘very good’ in 80% of cases and ‘moderate’ in 20% of cases. No patient had to be removed from the study due to adverse events directly related to the dressing or its performance.

Conclusion:

These clinical findings suggest the new gelling fibre dressing to be safe and effective in wound treatment of complex (non-healing) surgical or chronic wounds, to manage exudate effectively, and to optimise the conditions of wounds healing by secondary intention