bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rock varnish on architectural stone: microscopy and analysis of nanoscale manganese oxide deposits on the Smithsonian Castle, Washington, DC
Authors: Vicenzi Edward P. , Grissom Carol A. , Livingston Richard A. , Weldon-Yochim Zoe
Published: July 2016

The Smithsonian Institution Building, commonly referred to as the Castle, is located on the National Mall in Washington, DC, and was constructed in the mid-nineteenth century for the purpose of housing all museum and scientific functions for the newly formed institution. Matching gateposts designed by the Castle’s architect were erected more than a century later in the Enid A. Haupt Garden opposite the Castle. Black patches were recently noted on both structures, which are clad with locally quarried Seneca red sandstone. Portable x-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry links the discoloration with elevated Mn concentrations. The discolored patches resemble rock varnish, a Mn-rich coating observed on rock surfaces formed in a variety of environments. Bulk rock and varnish chemistry, in addition to microscopy and microanalysis of the varnish, are presented here. On a bulk chemical basis, the Seneca sandstone is relatively poor in Mn, containing ~500 ppmw. In contrast, the rock varnish is greatly enriched in Mn relative to the stone and to a lesser degree in Pb, Ca, Zn, Cu and Ni. Cross sections of the black encrusted regions show that the stone’s red coloration has been modified by black pigmentation from the surface down to ~250 μm. X-ray diffraction of blackened particles produced no discernable pattern, indicating concentrations below the detection limit, poor crystallinity, or both. Scanning electron microscopy and EDS-based x-ray microanalysis of the uppermost portion of the cross section reveal nanometer scale (<20–200 nm) Mn-rich and clay particles concentrated in a thin film (≪1 μm) at the surface. Additionally, Mn oxide particles decorate the surfaces of fine-grained minerals in sandstone pores within the discolored zone. Imaging and microanalysis of the rock surface reveal that the Mn-rich varnish is a discontinuous film ≪1 μm in thickness with an estimated composition of Na0.2Ca0.1Mg0.1Al0.1Si0.5Mn1.9Fe0.5O6.7. This composition most likely represents a nanoscale mixture of a Mn oxide (e.g., birnessite or todorokite) and an Al-rich silicate mineral. Seneca sandstone on the Smithsonian Castle and gateposts is discolored in patches owing to the Mn-rich phase being deposited into two zones: (1) a vanishingly thin patina, and (2) nanoparticles coating grain boundaries and pores in the uppermost ~200–250 μm of the stone. While the mineralogy is similar to well-studied varnish formed in arid settings, rock varnish on the Smithsonian structures is significantly thinner. Because this architectural rock varnish is young, it may represent the earliest stages of formation of the more commonly described varnishes reported in the literature.
Characterization of Haku Maki prints from the “Poem” series using light-based techniques
Authors: Chua Lynn , Hoevel Claire , Smith Gregory D.
Published: July 2016

Four brightly colored calligraphic prints from the “Poem” series (1970/71) by Japanese artist Haku Maki (1924–2000) were examined using multiple light-based analytical techniques in an effort to address conservation concerns regarding these artworks. A distracting white haze on the surface of some of the prints was determined by light microscopy and infrared microanalysis to be fungal mycelium from an inactive mold infestation that occurred prior to the artwork’s acquisition by the museum. Pigment analysis by Raman, X-ray fluorescence, and infrared microspectroscopies identified the artist’s palette as containing common printing ink colors such as aniline black (PBk1), carbon black (PBk7), phthalocyanine blue (PB15), Prussian blue (PB27), ultramarine blue (PB29), molybdate orange (PR104), chrome yellow (PY34), barium yellow (PY31), viridian (PG17), barium sulphate (PW21), and synthetic organic red pigments (PR3, PR22, PR48:3). Although aniline black and molybdate orange are common industrial pigments, reference vibrational spectra to assist in their identification have not appeared previously in the conservation literature. Moreover, this investigation includes to the authors’ knowledge the first published identification of these pigments in a work of fine art. Haku Maki’s unique ‘cement-on-woodblock’ printing technique in combination with his vibrant palette creates dynamic, embossed effects in these prints. However, lightfastness testing using a microfade tester identified the potential for light-based damage to the artwork, in some instances showing poorer lightfastness for colors reported to be stable pigments and greater stability than anticipated for others. These analyses are the first objective study of this innovative artist’s material choices, and they enhance our understanding of his printing technique while helping to determine the proper stewardship protocols to protect his artistic legacy.
Early Mortality on Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT): The Prairie CRRT Study
Authors: Prasad Bhanu , Urbanski Michelle , Ferguson Thomas W. , Karreman Erwin , Tangri Nav
Published: July 2016

Background:

Patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) have an increased short-term and long-term risk of mortality. In most North American intensive care units (ICUs), these patients receive continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT).

Objective:

We aim to identify clinical and demographic factors associated with mortality within 24 h of initiating CRRT.

Design:

This paper is a prospective cohort study.

Setting:

The setting involves three ICUs (12-bed surgical ICU, 10-bed medical ICU, and a 7-bed combined ICU for both medical and surgical patients) of the Regina Qu'Appelle Health Region (RQHR) Saskatchewan, Canada. Patients: The patients were 106 individuals with AKI who were admitted to the ICUs and received CRRT from April 2013 to September 2014.

Measurements:

Date and time of admission, transfer to, and initiation of CRRT were documented. Demographic data, use of vasoactive medications, ventilator settings, pH, urine output, and chronic disease comorbidities were measured.

Methods:

The methods involved a stepwise multiple variable logistic regression model using death within 24 h of starting CRRT as the dependent variable, with significant variables derived from univariate analysis as covariates.

Results:

Of the 2634 patients admitted to the ICUs in the study period (April 2013 to September 2014), 83. 6 % (2201/2634) had no AKI. Two hundred and sixty-nine or 10.2 % of the patients had stage 3 AKI. One hundred six of the 269 patients (40%) were started on CRRT. Of those on CRRT, 66/106 died in the ICU while on CRRT. Seventeen of the 66 patients (26%) died within 24 h of initiating therapy. In univariate logistic regression models, factors associated with early mortality included fraction of inspired oxygen (per 0.1 unit) (OR 1.39, 95 % CI 1.09-1.77); epinephrine dose >10 μg/min (OR 5.81, 95 % CI 1.86-18.16); vasopressin >0.02 μg/min (OR 3.99, 95 % CI 1.07-14.84); and norepinephrine dose >20 μg/min (OR 11.04, 95 % CI 2.38-51.24) which were associated with early mortality. When included in stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis, only FiO2 (per 0.1 unit) and the dose of norepinephrine of >20 μg/min were independently associated with early mortality.

Limitations:

The small sample size was a limitation of this study.

Conclusion:

Patients admitted to the ICU with AKI requiring CRRT have a high risk of early mortality. In these patients, vasopressor use and hypoxia were independently associated with adverse short-term survival.
Caffeine in Brazil: intake, socioeconomic and demographic determinants, and major dietary sources
Authors: Giovanini de Oliveira Sartori Alan , Vieira da Silva Marina
Published: July 2016

Background

The objectives of the study were to describe caffeine intake by 10 years of age or older Brazilian individuals and to investigate possible associations with demographic and socioeconomic determinants as well as the major dietary sources.

Methods

The data used are from the personal food consumption module (n = 34,003) of a country-representative household budget survey. Consumed foods and beverages were identified during the application of food diaries. Caffeine contents in food and beverage sources were obtained primarily in national publications. Multivariate regressions were calculated to assess the correlations between population factors and caffeine intake.

Results

The daily intake per person was estimated as 115.7 mg, ranging from 84.7 mg, for 10–13 years of age children and adolescents, to 139.8 mg, for individuals with no education. The percentage of individuals whom diet reveals daily caffeine intake higher than 400 mg is up to 3.0 %, according to age groups. Males and individuals living in the Northeast or South regions or in the states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and Espírito Santo are likely to ingest higher contents of the substance. The major dietary sources are coffee (63.1 %) and coffee with milk (24.9 %), cola soft drinks (3.6 %) and yerba mate (1.9 %).

Conclusions

Caffeine intake in Brazil is below the recommended limit reference value for adults, and the percentage of individuals whom diet reveals excessive content of caffeine is low. Thus, excessive caffeine intake may not be a health issue in Brazil and depends on the domicile and gender. The major source in the Brazilian diet is coffee.
The offset-midpoint traveltime pyramid of P-waves in homogeneous orthorhombic media
Authors: Hao Qi , Stovas Alexey , Alkhalifah Tariq
Published: July 2016

The offset-midpoint traveltime pyramid describes the diffraction traveltime of a point diffractor in homogeneous media. We have developed an analytic approximation for the P-wave offset-midpoint traveltime pyramid for homogeneous orthorhombic media. In this approximation, a perturbation method and the Shanks transform were implemented to derive the analytic expressions for the horizontal slowness components of P-waves in orthorhombic media. Numerical examples were shown to analyze the proposed traveltime pyramid formula and determined its accuracy and the application in calculating migration isochrones and reflection traveltime. The proposed offset-midpoint traveltime formula is useful for Kirchhoff prestack time migration and migration velocity analysis for orthorhombic media.
Further testing of the bedding-plane-slip model for hydraulic-fracture opening using moment-tensor inversions
Authors: Tan Yunhui , Engelder Terry
Published: July 2016

Moment tensors are calculated by using the P-wave first motion peak amplitudes of 59 microseismic events with high signal-to-noise ratio. These events are from a surface microseismic data set gathered during hydraulic-fracture stimulation of the Marcellus gas shale in Washington County, Pennsylvania, USA. The majority of these 59 events have a horizontal nodal plane ([Formula: see text] a few degrees) characteristic of a dip-slip/horizontal-slip moment tensor. If the horizontal nodal plane is an auxiliary, the vertical nodal plane has a pure dip-slip motion, which is inconsistent with the opening motion for vertical hydraulic fractures that enables proppant loading. This points to slip on horizontal nodal planes with the auxiliary vertical nodal planes aligned with the local maximum horizontal stress orientation as indicated by drilling-induced fractures in nearby vertical wells. These 59 microseismic events are caused by slip on horizontal mechanical discontinuities such as bedding planes during the opening of vertical hydraulic fractures, a model first proposed by research teams headed by Rutledge and Eisner, respectively. During several stimulation stages in the Washington County Marcellus gas shale, a pattern of opposite slip direction develops within “double lineaments” of microseismic clouds. This suggests that fracking fluid is not only able to move in the direction of fracture propagation, but it can also spread sideways into previously unstimulated rock. A secondary microseismic cloud consistently initiates at approximately 133 m (400 ft) from the position opposite the central perforation toward the unstimulated heel of the horizontal wells. From these moment tensors, we have concluded that microseismic focal mechanisms with horizontal nodal planes are direct evidence of the presence of treatment fluid in open hydraulic fractures.
Detection of near-surface hydrocarbon seeps using P- and S-wave reflections
Authors: Duchesne Mathieu J. , Pugin André J.-M. , Fabien-Ouellet Gabriel , Sauvageau Mathieu
Published: July 2016

The combined use of P- and S-wave seismic reflection data is appealing for providing insights into active petroleum systems because P-waves are sensitive to fluids and S-waves are not. The method presented herein relies on the simultaneous acquisition of P- and S-wave data using a vibratory source operated in the inline horizontal mode. The combined analysis of P- and S-wave reflections is tested on two potential hydrocarbon seeps located in a prospective area of the St. Lawrence Lowlands in Eastern Canada. For both sites, P-wave data indicate local changes in the reflection amplitude and slow velocities, whereas S-wave data present an anomalous amplitude at one site. Differences between P- and S-wave reflection morphology and amplitude and the abrupt decrease in P-velocity are indirect lines of evidence for hydrocarbon migration toward the surface through unconsolidated sediments. Surface-gas analysis made on samples taken at one potential seeping site reveals the occurrence of thermogenic gas that presumably vents from the underlying fractured Utica Shale forming the top of the bedrock. The 3C shear data suggest that fluid migration locally disturbs the elastic properties of the matrix. The comparative analysis of P- and S-wave data along with 3C recordings makes this method not only attractive for the remote detection of shallow hydrocarbons but also for the exploration of how fluid migration impacts unconsolidated geologic media.
Stochastic inversion for facies: A case study on the Schiehallion field
Authors: Walker Matthew , Grant Sara , Connolly Patrick , Smith Lindsey
Published: July 2016

Schiehallion is a Palaeocene-age oil field located 175 km west of Shetland in the North Atlantic Ocean. Accurate mapping of lithofacies in this mature field is vital for continuous development of the reservoir model and for identification of infill drilling opportunities. Our new 1D stochastic inversion (ODiSI) tool can be used to estimate reservoir properties of interest (e.g., volume of shale and porosity), with associated uncertainties on these quantities (in the form of standard deviations at each sample in the inverted data sets). In addition, ODiSI outputs a set of possible lithofacies profiles at each trace location in the data set. We have outlined our initial attempts to use these profiles to generate a single lithofacies estimate volume over a small area of the original inversion. The resulting lithofacies estimate volume clearly indicates a geologically plausible distribution of the four lithofacies modeled in the field (shale, sand, shaley sand, and cemented sand) in a lateral sense. However, unlike the inputs to the estimate, the vertical distribution of facies returned is only reasonably consistent with the lithofacies logs observed at the available well control. From this, we have concluded that the process of deriving a lithofacies estimate from the ODiSI outputs needs further development.
Inferring shear-velocity structure of the upper 200 m using cultural ambient noise at the Ngatamariki geothermal field, Central North Island, New Zealand
Authors: Civilini Francesco , Pancha Aasha , Savage Martha Kane , Sewell Steven , Townend John
Published: July 2016

We have determined subsurface structure using the refraction microtremor (ReMi) method at the Ngatamariki geothermal field, Central North Island, New Zealand. The local geology is such that refraction and reflection studies are hindered by energy scattering and attenuation in the near-surface layers. The ReMi method uses surface waves from ambient noise and active sources to determine S-wave velocities in the shallow subsurface. We have deployed two lines of 72-channel, 10 Hz vertical geophones with 10 m spacing, and we were able to model near-surface S-wave velocity to depths of 57–93 m for 2D profiles and as much as 165 m for 1D profiles. Shear-velocity anomalies were detected on one line that were spatially correlated with a fault. The location of the fault was previously inferred from stratigraphic offset in the geothermal wells, suggesting that the ReMi method can provide important constraints on near-surface geology in noisy geothermal settings.
Utility of the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio passive seismic method for estimating thickness of Quaternary sediments in Minnesota and adjacent parts of Wisconsin
Authors: Chandler Val W. , Lively Richard S.
Published: July 2016

Quaternary glacial and fluvial sediments in Minnesota and adjacent areas are a major source for groundwater, and they are important to many geologic investigations. Unfortunately, the thicknesses of these widespread sediments are often poorly known. The horizontal-to-vertical-spectral ratio (HVSR) passive seismic method is being increasingly used in the region to assist in mapping the thickness of these sediments and the topography of the underlying bedrock surface. HVSR results when control sites with known sediment thickness are used to derive calibration curves that in turn are used to estimate sediment thicknesses in areas lacking control. The HVSR method must be used with appropriate caution. Extreme variations in S-wave velocities of near-surface materials can complicate or even negate the use of calibration curves, and very irregular bedrock surfaces can produce weak, multipeak HVSR spectra that are difficult to interpret. Over soft bedrock, HVSR peaks may reflect intrabedrock features, and velocity contrasts within the glacial sequence can overwhelm HVSR bedrock signatures. Nonetheless, the HVSR method has proven a useful tool to investigate Quaternary geology and depth to bedrock in areas of the state where subsurface data are limited. Thickness estimate errors are usually less than 25%, which is adequate for many geologic applications. The addition of multilocation spectral profiles and cross sections anchored with bedrock control points has allowed us to use data with poor signal quality and to achieve good continuity away from control stations. HVSR methods provide a suitable and cheaper alternative to conventional seismic studies, and they help to target sites for Quaternary drilling programs, bedrock topography evaluation, and determining glacial sediment thickness for 3D mapping. In areas where conventional seismic profiling may be necessary, the HVSR method is useful in selecting and prioritizing targets. The HVSR method should have widespread application in the glaciated areas of the north-central midcontinent.
A solution to unexploded ordnance detection problem from its magnetic anomaly using Kaczmarz regularization
Authors: Abdelazeem Maha , Gobashy Mohamed M.
Published: July 2016

Old military events pose a critical and severe problem for many countries, including the Egyptian northwestern coast. These result in extensive areas of surface/subsurface landmines that affect the economic development plans of many countries. Detection of these landmines becomes a target for many geophysical research teams. Currently, unconventional near-surface flight technologies, such as quad-hexacopters instead of regular land surveys, are used for safety reasons in the acquisition phase. We have introduced a new processing and modeling technique of magnetic data conducted over mines or near-surface geophysical targets for accurate and precise determination of location and depth. The technique is based on the application of the Kaczmarz regularization method to the ill-posed magnetic inverse problem. The advantage of this method is the optimum transformation of regularized normal equations to an equivalent augmented regularized normal system of equations. The condition number of the updated system, which determines the degree of ill posedness, is greatly lower than the original one; this improves and guarantees a good solution to the system. The method is applied to an unexploded ordnance (UXO) test site in the United Kingdom. Our results have determined that the technique is appropriate and promising in efficiently addressing a wide number of problems that are important to near-surface geophysicists, including UXO detection.
Gene Expression in Mouse Thyrotrope Adenoma: Transcription Elongation Factor Stimulates Proliferation
Authors: Gergics Peter , Christian Helen C. , Choo Monica S. , Ajmal Adnan , Camper Sally A.
Published: July 2016

Thyrotrope hyperplasia and hypertrophy are common responses to primary hypothyroidism. To understand the genetic regulation of these processes, we studied gene expression changes in the pituitaries of Cga−/− mice, which are deficient in the common α-subunit of TSH, LH, and FSH. These mice have thyrotrope hypertrophy and hyperplasia and develop thyrotrope adenoma. We report that cell proliferation is increased, but the expression of most stem cell markers is unchanged. The α-subunit is required for secretion of the glycoprotein hormone β-subunits, and mutants exhibit elevated expression of many genes involved in the unfolded protein response, consistent with dilation and stress of the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutants have elevated expression of transcription factors that are important in thyrotrope function, such as Gata2 and Islet 1, and those that stimulate proliferation, including Nupr1, E2f1, and Etv5. We characterized the expression and function of a novel, overexpressed gene, transcription elongation factor A (SII)-like 5 (Tceal5). Stable expression of Tceal5 in a pituitary progenitor cell line is sufficient to increase cell proliferation. Thus, Tceal5 may act as a proto-oncogene. This study provides a rich resource for comparing pituitary transcriptomes and an analysis of gene expression networks.
Recording Territory, Recording History: Negotiating the Sociopolitical Landscape in Colonial Highland Maya Títulos
Authors: Matsumoto Mallory E.
Published: July 2016

The colonial-era documents commonly referred to as títulos were composed in Maya communities of the Guatemalan highlands in the context of significant societal change following the initial Spanish conquests in the region in 1524. Based on detailed analysis of five Nija’ib’ K’iche’ títulos and examples from other Highland Maya títulos, this article argues that the Highland Maya títulos served as instruments in negotiating power in the immediate community. As community records composed by indigenous scribes using the alphabet introduced by the colonizers, the títulos physically manifested their elite authors’ privileged access to literacy and their influence on local historiography. Furthermore, the títulos redefined the sociopolitical landscape by integrating written records of territorial claims, historical events, social relationships, and political status into the dialogue of local-level power negotiations.
Within the Grasp of Company Law: Land, Legitimacy, and the Racialization of the Métis, 1815–1821
Authors: Hughes Michael
Published: July 2016

By 1815 the Red River Métis were coalescing as a social and political group, asserting their rights to land as an indigenous community. Their opponents, the Hudson’s Bay Company, sought to establish a colony at Red River, while their allies, the North West Company, claimed access to these lands due to prior usage. After conflict between the parties erupted at the Battle of Seven Oaks, both companies waged propaganda campaigns to articulate their version of events. These publications sought to legitimate both companies’ rule through their specific constructions of jurisdiction, land rights, Métis family structure, and race.
A locus inPristionchus pacificusthat is responsible for the ability to give rise to fertile offspring at higher temperatures
Authors: Leaver Mark , Kienle Simone , Begasse Maria L. , Sommer Ralf J. , Hyman Anthony A.
Published: July 2016

Temperature is a stress factor that varies temporally and spatially, and can affect the fitness of cold-blooded organisms, leading to a loss of reproductive output; however, little is understood about the genetics behind the long-term response of organisms to temperature. Here, we approach this problem in the model nematode Pristionchus pacificus by utilising a large collection of natural isolates with diverse phenotypes. From this collection we identify two strains, one from California that can give rise to fertile offspring up to 28°C and one from Japan that is fertile up to 30°C. We show that the optimum temperature and the upper temperature limit for fertility is shifted higher in the Japanese strain suggesting that there is a mechanism that controls the temperature response of fertility across a range of temperatures. By crossing the two strains, and using genetic mapping, we identify a region on chromosome V that is responsible for maintaining fertility at higher temperatures. Thus, we conclude that fitness of P. pacificus at high temperature is under genetic control, suggesting that it could be subject to natural selection.
An interview with Enrico Coen
Authors: Vicente Catarina
Published: July 2016

Enrico Coen CBE FRS is a Project Leader at the John Innes Centre in Norwich, UK, who uses a variety of approaches to study patterning and morphogenesis in plants. We met with Enrico at the Spring Meeting of the British Society for Developmental Biology, where he was awarded the Waddington Medal, to ask him more about his career and his passion for art and book-writing.
Sympathetic Vasoconstriction in Skeletal Muscle: Adaptations to Exercise Training
Authors: Just Timothy P. , Cooper Ian R. , DeLorey Darren S.
Published: July 2016

Sympathetic vasoconstriction in the skeletal muscle vascular bed is essential for the regulation of vascular resistance and therefore control of blood pressure and muscle blood flow at rest and during exercise. In this article, we address the hypothesis that aerobic exercise training alters sympathetic vasoconstrictor responsiveness and enhances contraction-mediated inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstriction (functional sympatholysis) through a nitric oxide–dependent mechanism.
The Age-Associated Reduction in Propulsive Power Generation in Walking
Authors: Franz Jason R.
Published: July 2016

Propulsive power generation during push-off in walking decreases with advancing age. A common explanation is an accommodation for sarcopenia and muscle weakness. Yet, muscle strengthening often yields disappointing outcomes for walking performance. We examine the hypothesis that declines in force or power generating capacity of propulsive leg muscles cannot fully explain the age-related reduction in propulsive power generation during walking.
A Corporate Beauty Contest
Authors: Graham John R. , Harvey Campbell R. , Puri Manju
Published: July 2016

We provide new evidence that the subjective “look of competence” rather than beauty is important for CEO selection and compensation. Our experiments, studying the facial traits of CEOs using nearly 2,000 subjects, link facial characteristics to both CEO compensation and performance. In one experiment, we use pairs of photographs and find that subjects rate CEO faces as appearing more “competent” than non-CEO faces. Another experiment matches CEOs from large firms against CEOs from smaller firms and finds large-firm CEOs look more competent. In a third experiment, subjects numerically score the facial traits of CEOs. We find competent looks are priced into CEO compensation, more so than attractiveness. Our evidence suggests this premium has a behavioral origin. First, we find no evidence that the premium is associated with superior performance. Second, we separately analyze inside and outside CEO hires and find that the competence compensation premium is driven by outside hires—the situation where first impressions are likely to be more important.

This paper was accepted by Lauren Cohen, finance.
O Programa Nuclear Iraniano e o Acordo E3/EU+3 | The Iranian Nuclear Program and the E3/EU+3 Agreement
Authors: Morales Martinez Elias David , Mena del Prete Giovani Benito
Published: July 2016

O artigo analisa o desenvolvimento do programa nuclear iraniano e a sua relação com o acordo entre o Irã e o grupo E3/EU+3 que está sendo negociado desde 2013. A partir de uma análise histórica, consideramos os diferentes momentos do programa nuclear iraniano desde a sua criação, que contou com o apoio estadunidense nos anos 1950, passando pela sua paralisação com a Revolução Islâmica de 1979. A partir dos anos 1990 evidenciamos três fases. A primeira com o presidente Kathami, responsável pela sua retomada. No século XXI o presidente Ahmadinejad imprime ao programa nuclear o discurso dissuasório utilizando-o como ferramenta política, a qual foi acertadamente aproveitada pelo atual presidente Rohani, quem iniciou as negociações com o grupo E3/EU+3 para o acordo histórico sobre o programa nuclear do Irã.ABSTRACTThe article analyzes the development of the Iranian nuclear program and its relation to the agreement between Iran and the E3/EU+3 group. From an historical analysis, we consider the different milestones of the Iranian nuclear program from the time when its inception, which was supported by the U.S. since the 1950s, until its closure from the Islamic Revolution in 1979. We noted three phases of this program starting from the 1990’s. The first phase occurred during the time of President Khatami, who was responsible for the resumption (of the program).  At the beginning of the XXI century President Ahmadinejad marked the roadmap of the nuclear program with a dissuasive speech using it as a political tool, which was rightly seized by President Rohani, who initiated the negotiations with the E3/EU+3 group for the historic agreement for Iran’s nuclear program (2013-2015).Palavras-chave: Irã, Programa Nuclear Iraniano, Grupo E3/EU+3.Keywords: Iran; Iranian Nuclear Program, E3/EU+3 Group DOI: 10.12957/rmi.2015.16847Recebido em 23 de junho de 2015 / Aceito em 13 de novembro de 2015.Received June 23, 2015 / Accepted November 13, 2015
TICKNER, Arlene. B.; BLANEY, David. L. (EDS.). Claiming the International. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2013. ISSN: 9780415630689
Authors: Bandarra Leonardo Carvalho Leite Azeredo
Published: July 2016

O campo da teoria das relações internacionais passa, atualmente, por processo de alargamento do seu escopo e de suas percepções da realidade. Um dos diversos fatores que têm contribuído para esse processo é o crescente interesse dos teóricos do Sul Global em tentar fazer com que suas vozes sejam ouvidas. Um exemplo desse processo são as Epistemologias Geoculturais, que tentam promover a compreensão das relações internacionais por meio do contexto histórico e da visão de mundo peculiar dos países do Sul Global. Instar a criação de um quadro inteligível das Epistemologias Geoculturais é o principal objetivo do livro Claiming the International, organizado pelos professores Arlene Tickner e David Blaney.ABSTRACTThe field of International Relations theory is currently experiencing a process of widening of its scope and of perceptions of reality. One of the sundry factors that have contributed to that process is the increasing interest of theorists from the Global South to attempt to make their voices heard. An example of this process is the Geocultural Epistemologies, which try to foster the understanding of International Relations through the historical background and peculiar world-view of the countries of the Global South. Providing an intelligible framework of the Geocultural Epistemologies is the main objective of the book Claiming the International, which was organised by professors Arlene Tickner and David Blaney.Palavras-chave: epistemologias geoculturais; teoria das Relações Internacionais; Sul GlobalKeywords:  geocultural epistemologies; theory of International Relations; Global South DOI: 10.12957/rmi.2015.17411 Recebido em 15 de Julho de 2015 / Received on July 15, 2015.Aceito em 20 de Dezembro de 2015 / Accepted December 20, 2015.
STUENKEL, Oliver. The BRICS and the future of global order. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2015, 228p. ISBN: 978-0-7391-9321-1
Authors: Cunha Débora Coutinho
Published: July 2016

No livro The BRICS and the future of global order, Oliver Stuenkel narra a trajetória dos BRICS, desde sua origem, em 2001, até seus mais recentes passos em direção a uma maior institucionalização, em um processo de evolução que o autor descreve como um dos acontecimentos definidores da política internacional do início do século XXI. Stuenkel analisa a ascensão dos BRICS e sua contribuição para a reforma da ordem global, em direção à multipolarização e à redistribuição de poder no sistema internacional de forma mais condizente com a realidade.ABSTRACTIn the book The BRICS and the future of global order Oliver Stuenkel traces the history of the BRICS from its origins, in 2001, to its recent steps towards greater institutionalization, in a process the author describes as one of the defining  developments in international politics of the beginning of the twenty-first century. Stuenkel analyzes the rise of the BRICS countries and their contribution to a reform of the global order towards a more multipolar world and a redistribution of global power that better reflects reality.Palavras-chave: BRICS – Relações Externas; BRICS – Relações Econômicas; Política Mundial - século XXI. Keywords: BRIC countries – Foreign Relations; BRIC countries – Foreign Economic Relations; World Politics – 21st centuryDOI: 10.12957/rmi.2015.19917 Recebido em 02 de dezembro de 2015 / Received December on 02, 2015.Aceito em 20 de dezembro de 2015 / Accepted December on 20, 2015.
Das praças para as urnas: movimentos dos Indignados e Occupy Wall Street | From squares to ballot: “Indignados” movement and Occupy Wall Street
Authors: Tostes Ana Paula Balthazar , Barros Silva Lucca Viersa
Published: July 2016

Após um longo período em que movimentos sociais pareciam estar em retração, desde o fim do ano de 2010 as sociedades civis em diversos países, com focos e dinâmicas diferentes, foram para as ruas. Neste artigo analisa-se dois movimentos advindos desse período de protestos, o Occupy Wall Street ocorrido nos Estados Unidos, e o movimentos dos Indignados (ou Movimento 15M) na Espanha. O objetivo desse artigo é contribuir para reflexão sobre as trajetórias distintas, mas em certa medida bem-sucedidas de dois movimentos sociais anti sistêmicos. Primeiro, o Movimento dos Indignados na Espanha, que se organizou e se institucionalizou, dando origem ao partido político Podemos. Segundo, o Occupy Wall Street, que não se desdobrou em um novo partido político, no entanto pode ser atribuído em parte à força política do senador Bernie Sanders nas eleições primarias do partido Democrata nos Estados Unidos em 2016.ABSTRACTAfter a long period in which social movements seemed to be in retraction,  since 2010 civil societies in many countries, with different focuses and dynamics, took the streets. Since the Arab Spring events until the manifestations in the US, Spain and even later in Brazil drove social scientists to continue with the social movements theme in search for the attempt to understand the protest and nonpartisan popular manifestations' reasons, impacts, differences and dynamics that took place over these years. This article analyzes two movements derived from this protest period, the Occupy Wall Street which happened in the US, and the “Indignados” movement (or 15M movement) in Spain. This article's goal is to contribute to the reflexion on the distinct path, but in a certain way well-succeeded of two anti-systemic movements that became popular, in particular from 2013. First, the “Indiganados” movement in Spain, which got organized and institucionalyzed and gave rise to the political party Podemos. Second, Occupy Wall Street, which didn't unfold into a new political party, but can be partially attributed to Bernie Sanders political strenght in the presidential primary elections of the Democratic party in the US in 2016.Palavras-chave: movimentos sociais; Occupy; Indignados; 15M; Podemos, eleições nos EUAKeywords: social movements; Occupy; Indignados; 15M; Podemos; elections in US DOI: 10.12957/rmi.2015.23761Recebido em 15 de Janeiro de 2016 | Received on January 15, 2016Aceito e, 28 de Janeiro de 2016 | Accepted January 28, 2016.
Diagnosis of chronic liver disease: An overview
Authors: Gibson Stewart
Published: July 2016

Chronic liver disease is a major cause of mortality and morbidity, the incidence of which is increasing in the UK. The most common causes of liver disease are: alcohol, obesity and viral hepatitis—meaning much of the burden of liver disease is potentially preventable. Early diagnosis is essential to prevent the development of cirrhosis and life-threatening complications. The disease is often silent until advanced, and this can be challenging. Clinicians should have a low threshold to investigate for liver disease where risk factors are present. Close cooperation between primary and secondary care is essential to care for this complex group of patients, and provides opportunities for cost savings in addition to improved patient care.
A study of health and social care waste management behaviour
Authors: Manzi Sean , Nichols Andy , Richardson Janet
Published: July 2016

Understanding waste management behaviour requires a range of data collection approaches. Observational studies collecting qualitative data are as useful as quantitative studies for understanding behaviour. Previous studies have examined quantities of waste being disposed of, who disposed of the waste, and the material composition of the waste, however, attention to the motivations and reasoning behind the disposal of the waste has been limited. The study was conducted at one healthcare site and three social care sites in the South West of England from 1 May to 31 July 2012. Data were collected by overt observation using photographs, diagrammatic sketches, field notes and digitally recorded informal discussions with employees responsible for disposing of waste. Three primary themes were evident in the data; communication; influence of the environment on the employee; how employees think about waste management. Ensuring that the environment facilitates appropriate waste management behaviour can help improve waste segregation and recycling rates. Clear and visible communication of waste management information will help remind employees how best to dispose of waste. Understanding how employees think about waste management can inform the development of interventions to improve overall waste management practice.
Managing the winter surge in demand for resources
Authors: Pagel Christina , Lutman Daniel , Polke Eithne , Ray Samiran , Ramnarayan Padmanabhan
Published: July 2016

This article evaluates whether providing extra clinical resource during the winter of 2014/15 improved the availability of paediatric intensive care retrieval teams in a North London retrieval service. We explored the potential impact of different staffing patterns in future years to inform service planning. We used retrospective routine data to compare the proportion of referrals refused due to lack of capacity between the winter of 2014/15 and the previous five winters. In the winter of 2014/15, an additional team were on shift for 12% of the time. We compared shifts where the additional team were available in the winter of 2014/15 to similar shifts in previous years. We used mathematical modelling to predict the potential impact of staffing levels in future winters. From 1 November 2014 to 3 January 2015, the service performed 380 emergency retrievals and refused 25 due to no available team (6.2%). The proportion of refusals during shifts with the additional team available in 2014/15 was 4.2% vs 12.4% in similar shifts from 2009/10 to 2013/14 (p = 0.026). Mathematical modelling showed that staffing an additional full-time team could result in 2% of referrals refused compared to 8% without and that much benefit could be obtained by a third team working a 12-hour shift from 10am until 10pm (refusal rate 2.8%).
Making a difference: optimising medication management
Authors: Nazarko Linda
Published: July 2016

Medication management is not simply about maintaining safety, it is also about enabling vulnerable residents to experience the best possible quality of life. Linda Nazarko describes how this can be done in a care home setting
Experiences of those going into care: the family carer's perspective
Authors: Barber Christopher
Published: July 2016

The second part of Chris Barber's series on the experiences of those moving into long-term residential care; this article focuses on the issues faced by many family care givers placing a relative into care or a nursing home
Implementing the Care Certificate: handling information
Authors: Ashurst Adrian
Published: July 2016

Handling information is an integral part of running any residential home. Consultant Editor Adrian Ashurst discusses the importance of proper data practice in a care setting, looking at the legislation behind best practice
Hearing the voices of kinship foster carers in Northern Ireland: an inquiry into characteristics, needs and experiences
Authors: Houston Stan , Hayes David , MacDonald Mandi
Published: July 2016

This study describes an investigation into the characteristics, needs and experiences of kinship foster carers in Northern Ireland. By adopting a mixed-methods approach with 54 carers, a number of salient themes was captured. The respondents were predominantly grandparents who experienced a significant incidence of health-related issues. The cohort also endured high levels of stress, particularly at the beginning stage of the foster placement. Consequently, their need for practical, emotional and respite support was most evident. In terms of the children for whom they cared, many required help at school, and some presented with challenging emotions and behaviours. Overall, these findings emphasised the importance of relationship-based social work and demonstration of accurate empathy to the carer.
Former carers: issues from the literature
Authors: Cavaye Joyce , Watts Jacqueline Halina
Published: July 2016

The aim of this review is to explore existing knowledge about former carers. These are individuals who were previously unpaid carers but for whom caregiving has now ended. Research has focused on the phase of caregiving when carers are actively providing care. Thus, while there is an extensive literature about caregiving, there is limited understanding about the post-caregiving experiences of former carers. Electronic searches of major bibliographic databases found relatively little literature on ‘former’ carers but much on ‘bereaved’ carers who are, by virtue of bereavement, also former carers. This review explores existing knowledge on former carers with the intention of increasing understanding about their experiences post-caregiving. It reviews the evidence to determine what impact caregiving has on carers’ lives in the post-caregiving period. Findings suggest that former carers experience high levels of psychological distress, and that caregiving has a profound and long-lasting impact on their lives.
Portabilidade, Evanescências e Rubricas: Discussões em torno da Literatura Digital na Sala de Aula
Authors: Corrêa Alamir Aquino
Published: July 2016

Esse texto trata de três aspectos que afetam a tentativa de abordagem em sala de aula do texto literário criado em ambiente digital, observando suas relações com a formação pedagógica de futuros professores. A integridade do objeto e sua possível recepção, denominada de portabilidade, será caracterizada pelo enfrentamento direto do texto pelo fruidor e a sua difícil ou improvável reprodutibilidade em sala de aula enquanto experiência estética. No caso da evanescência, tanto o acesso, enquanto experiência estética, quanto o estudo, como crítica, se tornam problemáticos diante de obstáculos como georrefenciamento, direito autoral, transitoriedade do objeto e obsolescência de software e hardware. Por último, as rubricas ou os mecanismos norteadores da experiência de leitura não só a organizam, mas também impõem desde antes os limites da percepção do objeto literário.
“The ghost within the ghost in the machine”: Uma Entrevista com Jerome McGann
Authors: Brito Matheus De , Portela Manuel
Published: July 2016

Centrando-se em obras recentes de McGann, esta entrevista aborda as razões subjacentes à sua perspetiva crítica, e analisa a sua poética da interpretação como uma interrogação material das criações da imaginação.
Designing Digital Editions
Authors: Portela Manuel
Published: July 2016

A review of Elena Pierazzo, Digital Scholarly Editing: Theories, Models and Methods, Farnham, UK: Ashgate, 2015. 252 pp. ISBN-13: 978-1472412119.
Self-Reflexive Materialities in Contemporary American Fiction
Authors: Pournara Lizzy
Published: July 2016

Review of Alexander Starre, Metamedia: American Book Fictions and Literary Print Culture after Digitization. Iowa: University of Iowa Press, 2015, 316 pp. ISBN 978-1-60938-359-6.
A Necessária Fricção (ou talvez não)
Authors: Fontes Bruno
Published: July 2016

Recensão crítica à obra de Marsha Kinder e Tara McPherson (Eds.), Transmedia Frictions – The digital, the Arts, and the Humanities, Oakland, CA: University of California Press, 2014, 416 pp. ISBN 978-0-520-28185-1.
Humano no Meio do Caminho
Authors: Marques da Silva Ana
Published: July 2016

Recensão crítica à obra de Stefan Herbrechter, Posthumanism: A Critical Analysis. London: Bloomsbury, 2013, 239 pp. ISBN 978-1-7809-3606-2.
Representativeness in Corpora of Literary Texts: Introducing the C18P Project
Authors: Gemeinböck Iris
Published: July 2016

Currently there are very few specialised corpora of literary texts that are tailored to the needs of literary critics who are interested in corpus stylistic analyses of prose fiction. Many existing corpora including literary texts were compiled for linguistic research interests and are often unsuitable for corpus stylistic purposes. The paper addresses three of the main problems: the absence of labelling of the texts for literary genre, the use of extracts, and the prevalence of linguistic periodisation schemes. C18P is a corpus of prose fiction designed specifically to address these issues. It traces the early development of the novel from 1700 up until the Victorian era. It can, for instance, be used for an analysis of the characteristic linguistic features of individual literary genres and forms. The following paper introduces the design of the corpus as well as some of its potential uses.
A Ilegível Sucata
Authors: Schwäbl Tiago
Published: July 2016

Recensão crítica à obra de Aleida Assmann, Im Dickicht der Zeichen. Berlin: Suhrkamp Verlag, 2015, 360 pp. ISBN 978-3-518-29679-0.
Publicação em Acesso Aberto ou Não, Eis a Questão.
Authors: Bettencourt Sandra
Published: July 2016

Recensão crítica à obra de Martin Paul Eve, Open Access and the Humanities: Contexts, Controversies and the Future. Cambridge University Press, 2014, 209 pp. ISBN 978-1107484016.
Annotation of Toponyms in TEI Digital Literary Editions and Linking to the Web of Data
Authors: Frontini Francesca , Brando Carmen , Riguet Marine , Jacquot Clémence , Jolivet Vincent
Published: July 2016

This paper aims to discuss the challenges and benefits of the annotation of place names in literary texts and literary criticism. We shall first highlight the problems of encoding spatial information in digital editions using the TEI format by means of  two manual annotation experiments and the discussion of various cases. This will lead to the question of  how to use existing semantic web resources to complement and enrich toponym mark-up, in particular to provide mentions with precise geo-referencing. Finally the automatic annotation of a large corpus will show the potential of visualizing places from texts, by illustrating an analysis of the evolution of literary life from the spatial and geographical point of view.