bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global Discord
Authors: Tucker Paul
Published: July 2023

Can the international economic and legal system survive today's fractured geopolitics? Democracies are facing a drawn-out contest with authoritarian states that is entangling much of public policy with global security issues. This book lays out principles for a sustainable system of international cooperation, showing how democracies can deal with China and other illiberal states without sacrificing their deepest political values. The book applies these principles to the international monetary order, including the role of the U.S. dollar, trade and investment regimes, and the financial system. Combining history, economics, and political and legal philosophy, the book offers a new account of international relations. Rejecting intellectual traditions that go back to Hobbes, Kant, and Grotius, and deploying instead ideas from David Hume, Bernard Williams, and modern mechanism-design economists, the book describes a new kind of political realism that emphasizes power and interests without sidelining morality. Incentives must be aligned with values if institutions are to endure. The connecting tissue for a system of international cooperation should be legitimacy, creating a world of concentric circles in which we cooperate more with those with whom we share the most and whom we fear the least.
A European Order
Authors: Tucker Paul
Published: July 2023

This chapter tackles the history of power and ideas during the tragic interwar years. It considers how the notion of international relations is governed by morality in some way over the centuries. Moreover, the evolution of interconnected practices and norms can be traced through the trends of war and peace, and international commerce and finance. Emmerich de Vattel's Law of Nations became a standard within practical affairs and was referenced by American courts during the Republic's early years. The chapter cites how the notion of the sovereign state became a structural pillar of international law, which included a commitment to noninterference in each other's affairs, and a conception of foreign policy and international relations. It also looks into the variants of international law (customs and treaties) and the establishment of the League of Nations.
Geoeconomics within Geopolitics
Authors: Tucker Paul
Published: July 2023

This chapter covers the correlation between geoeconomics and geopolitics. It highlights how geoeconomics suffuses the tense relationship between the United States and China. According to Carl von Clausewitz, geoeconomics is the conduct of competitive foreign policy by economic means, so it must be distinguished from military and political action designed to reap economic benefit. The deployment of economic instruments, such as sanctions, tariffs, and other trade barriers, primarily defines geoeconomic policy. The chapter then considers the nature and nurture aspects of geoeconomic capabilities alongside their vulnerabilities. It also considers four broad scenarios that raise issues such as international institutions fitting with domestic governance.
International Policy Coordination and Cooperation
Authors: Tucker Paul
Published: July 2023

This chapter considers the conventions and norms proposed by David Hume. It examines game-theoretic approaches to strategic interaction to distinguish between coordination and cooperation. Some of the reasons why states want to enter into lasting agreements with other states range between mitigating disputes, securing common benefits, and addressing threats to the values of civilization. The chapter suggests coordination via conventions as a solution to some issues and opportunities concerning distributional bargaining. It cites that cooperation issues are inherently more difficult since each actor would ideally prefer a different outcome than the one that prevails from their acting on rational calculation.
Varieties of Order and System
Authors: Tucker Paul
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines the varieties of order and system while tackling the contingent societal stability of an institutionalized hierarchy with American European Roots. It highlights how any international system of regimes depends on international order, which is fragile if states hover between hostilities. After World War II, the order and system of the world were based on a hierarchy in international relations. According to political scientist David Lake, security relations between a leading state and others have a spectrum, which ranges between alliance, sphere of influence, protectorate, informal empire, and empire. The chapter elaborates on the types of order that consider balance, dominant hegemony, and voluntary hierarchy. It acknowledges China's rise to the post-World War II system's institutionalized hierarchy.
Wishful Thinking
Authors: Tucker Paul
Published: July 2023

This chapter looks into the major implications of a regional hegemon or a global hegemon when thinking about strategy and institutions in a contested Order-System. It considers four geopolitical-economic scenarios of constitutional democracies and the Communist Party of China being affected by Russia's war on Ukraine. Even if the war spread in Ukraine, it was unlikely that the war would have affected China's capacity to act as a superpower since the situation would only change if Vladimir Putin was replaced by a more liberal and Western-friendly regime. The chapter explains how the effective use of power needs a well-judged combination of resolve and restraint. It elaborates on the robustness, resilience, and legitimacy of international relations.
Principles for Constitutional Democracies Legitimately Delegating to International Organizations
Authors: Tucker Paul
Published: July 2023

This chapter covers the principles of constitutional democracies while looking into legitimation norms. It notes the rule of law, constitutionalism, and democracy as the core principles of constitutional democracies that provide security, stability, and means for cooperation. In a democracy, domestic standards for formal processes and public debate exposing justification to examination and challenge are the requirements to be granted with upfront formal consent. The chapter then considers the design precepts for how international organizations exercise their power and responsibility. It also compares the norms concerning legality and legitimacy. The liberal openness of concentric legitimation circles helps ensure developing and emerging-market countries have options.
Legitimacy for a Fragile International Economic System Facing Fractured Geopolitics
Authors: Tucker Paul
Published: July 2023

This chapter looks into the tensions and fault lines within the international economic system. It starts with how commerce helped check the power of absolute sovereigns. The fields of competitive marketplaces, international commerce, net capital flows, gross capital flows, internationally active financial intermediaries, and premier reserve currency are characterized by politics and affected by the hostile politics of sanctions. The chapter tackles the explosive politics of the world's reserve currency. It then looks into four scenarios to further elaborate the notion of international economic regimes and organizations, which implies the demands and pitfalls of the international commercial society entertained by David Hume, Montesquieu, and Adam Smith.
The International Monetary Fund and the International Monetary Order
Authors: Tucker Paul
Published: July 2023

This chapter focuses on the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the international monetary order. It cites the concerns revolving around the IMF despite its promotion of standards and codes for economic resilience. Moreover, the IMF is regarded as an interesting driver in delivering aid to developing countries through its Special Drawing Right. The concern surrounding gross capital flows and national balance-sheet vulnerabilities is primarily rooted in the inadequate handling of the liberalization of capital flows in the 1970s. The chapter explains that the international monetary order is destined to stay outside the clutches of design until and unless some calamity forces the construction of a new institutional equilibrium.
Vigilantes beyond Borders
Authors: Eilstrup-Sangiovanni Mette , Sharman J. C.
Published: July 2023

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have generally served as advocates and service providers, leaving enforcement to states. Now, NGOs are increasingly acting as private police, prosecutors, and intelligence agencies in enforcing international law. NGOs today can be found investigating and gathering evidence; suing and prosecuting governments, companies, and individuals; and even catching lawbreakers red-handed. Examining this trend, this book considers why some transnational groups have opted to become enforcers of international law regarding such issues as human rights, the environment, and corruption, while others have not. Three factors explain the rise of vigilante enforcement: demand, supply, and competition. Governments commit to more international laws, but do a poor job of policing them, leaving a gap and creating demand. Legal and technological changes make it easier for nonstate actors to supply enforcement, as in the instances of NGOs that have standing to use domestic and international courts, or smaller NGOs that employ satellite imagery, big data analysis, and forensic computing. As the growing number of NGOs vie for limited funding and media attention, smaller, more marginal, groups often adopt radical strategies like enforcement. Looking at the workings of major organizations, including Amnesty International, Greenpeace, and Transparency International, as well as smaller players, such as Global Witness, the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, and Bellingcat, the book explores the causes and consequences of a novel, provocative approach to global governance.
Introduction
Authors: Saller Richard P.
Published: July 2023

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Pliny's Natural History, which provides insights regarding Roman values and attitudes about economic production and innovation during the Pax Romana. Archaeological research leaves no doubt that productivity improved and the standard of living was enriched over the millennium from the early Iron Age to the height of the empire. Did the institutions that Rome forcibly imposed around the Mediterranean—notably, peace, laws, and infrastructure—support continued economic growth until external forces such as the Antonine Plague of the later 160s CE brought it to a halt? The lack of statistics for the economy makes this question impossible to answer with empirical certainty, leaving scholars to formulate indirect arguments for growth based on proxy data or models or contemporary economic theory. Nevertheless, the Natural History presents evidence both for the potential of Roman imperialism to expand economic resources and for the limits on technical innovation that might have nurtured sustained growth in productivity.
Pliny’s Purpose, Audience, and Method
Authors: Saller Richard P.
Published: July 2023

This chapter discusses the purpose, audience, method, and organization of Pliny's Natural History, pointing out both the economic implications and some internal inconsistencies. The Natural History obviously was not intended to be a work of economic history. Pliny intends it to serve the end of utilitas (usefulness). The “utility” of the monumental work lay in its serving as a repository for ancient knowledge, which was in danger of being forgotten and lost forever. To this end Pliny lays claim not to originality but to a comprehensiveness that no other author, Greek or Roman, had achieved. Though Pliny claimed to be assembling practical “things worth knowing” (res dignae) for the use of artisans and farmers, in reality this audience could not have afforded the 37 books and would have had a difficult time locating any practical information they might have wanted if they were literate enough to read it.
Innovation and Economic Growth in the Natural History
Authors: Saller Richard P.
Published: July 2023

This chapter focuses on Pliny's ideas about invention and innovation, the foundations of sustained growth. It starts from David Hume's observation in 1742 that “it is more easy to account for the rise and progress of commerce in any kingdom, than for that of learning.” Pliny generalizes about increases in knowledge in a similar vein, and in addition he attests to inventions and discoveries throughout Greek and Roman history. The chapter then examines the inventions reported in the Natural History, Pliny's understanding of the process of discovery and its motives in the context of the Pax Romana. Overall, Pliny believed that discovery, innovation, and enrichment were the results of accident or divine intervention, not of Romans' intentional research. It is striking that Pliny's list of 136 great innovations at the end of Book 7 includes not a single Roman technical innovation.
Cultural Diplomacy, the Political Police, and Nonalignment
Authors: Kalliney Peter J.
Published: July 2023

This chapter emphasizes that the cold war and its aesthetic debates were coextensive with the global literary field in the twentieth century, particularly in the anglophone regions. It describes the imaginative representation of decolonization, which is one of the cold war's major, lasting contributions to literary history. The cold war exacerbated political instability throughout the global south as wars of liberation, resistance to foreign occupation, and civil wars proliferated superpower involvement. The chapter talks about jailing intellectuals that encouraged writers to see themselves as part of an international guild of dissidents, refusing to recognize the cold war's geographical boundaries and ideological allegiances. It argues that a global literary field emerged during the twentieth century through the incorporation of writers from the decolonizing world into transnational systems of literary production and consumption.
The Activist Manquée , or How Doris Lessing Became an Experimental Writer
Authors: Kalliney Peter J.
Published: July 2023

This chapter delves into the intelligence files of the political police, in this case MI5, which kept tabs on Doris Lessing for nearly two decades. Rather than stifling her creativity, the experience of being monitored encouraged Lessing to write in new, more experimental ways. The chapter suggests that Lessing's ongoing encounters with the political police left a sizable imprint on her writing of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s. The chapter looks at claims that help measure the extent to which surveillance influenced Lessing's literary practices, such as the political police and their bureaucratic collaborators who worked hard to steer her away from colonial regions and toward metropolitan Britain. It compares MI5's treatment of anticolonial intellectuals to the FBI's treatment of figures that were jailed, prosecuted, and deported from the United States.
Caribbean Intellectuals and National Culture: C.L.R. James and Claudia Jones
Authors: Kalliney Peter J.
Published: July 2023

This chapter looks at the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) files compiled on Claudia Jones and C.L.R. James, Trinidadians who were deported from the United States in the mid-1950s. It cites research that suggests that surveillance, incarceration, and deportation brought political antagonists much closer to each other as they turned to the nationalist projects of the 1960s. It also explains how fraught encounters between the US political police and Caribbean intellectuals influenced the evolution of anticolonial thought as the struggles of the 1930s morphed into the cold war. The chapter contends that many intellectuals of the Caribbean and African diaspora pressed for cooperative, nonaligned forms of national culture in the spirit of Bandung. James, Jones, and other Caribbean intellectuals of the midcentury learned to appreciate the value of national culture through the painful but productive experience of exile.
Pawned States
Authors: Queralt Didac
Published: July 2023

In the nineteenth century, many developing countries turned to the credit houses of Europe for sovereign loans to balance their books and weather major fiscal shocks such as war. This reliance on external public finance offered emerging nations endless opportunities to overcome barriers to growth, but it also enabled rulers to bypass critical stages in institution building and political development. This book reveals how easy access to foreign lending at early stages of state building has led to chronic fiscal instability and weakened state capacity in the developing world. Drawing on a wealth of original data to document the rise of cheap overseas credit between 1816 and 1913, the book shows how countries in the global periphery obtained these loans by agreeing to “extreme conditionality,” which empowered international investors to take control of local revenue sources in cases of default, and how foreclosure eroded a country's tax base and caused lasting fiscal disequilibrium. The book goes on to combine quantitative analysis of tax performance between 1816 and 2005 with qualitative historical analysis in Latin America, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, illustrating how overreliance on external capital by local leaders distorts their incentives to expand tax capacity, articulate power-sharing institutions, and strengthen bureaucratic apparatus. The book sheds needed light on how early and easy access to external finance pushes developing nations into trajectories characterized by fragile fiscal institutions and autocratic politics.
Introduction
Authors: Queralt Didac
Published: July 2023

This introductory chapter covers different state capacities in the nineteenth century. It notes that countries that then relied on domestic resource mobilization as opposed to foreign debt to fund government hold higher levels of state capacity today. States are weak when governments cannot accomplish their tasks relating to access to natural resources, ethnic division, and colonialism. The chapter explains the consequences of foreign loans for state building by focusing on war finance in the nineteenth century. It considers the Hobson-Lenin hypothesis, wherein European powers used international finance as an imperial domination instrument, under the domestic angle to the surge of external finance in the Bond Era. Moreover, extreme conditionality can be interpreted as a microfoundation of financial imperialism.
The Globalization of Public Credit
Authors: Queralt Didac
Published: July 2023

This chapter focuses on the characteristics of the Bond Era while considering the difference between developmental and revenue finances under the notion of state building. It then examines the first global financial market 1816–1914 by referencing the expansion of capital exports and the secular decline of interest rates in sovereign lending. Public external finance in the Bond Era served three purposes: defense expenditure, debt conversion, and major infrastructure projects. The chapter explains how sovereign lending played a vital role in the rise of global finance. According to descriptive statistics, the lending frenzy in the Bond Era manifested in historically low nominal and effective interest rates and long maturities, all of which contributed to a culture of cheap money.
Debt Traps and Foreign Financial Control
Authors: Queralt Didac
Published: July 2023

This chapter argues that foreign financial control (FFC) played a key role in pushing countries into a debt trap. Foreign financial control is seldom viewed as the culmination of financial imperialism. Thus, foreign control over the finances of a sovereign nation was never taken lightly in the Bond Era since the interventions might be interpreted as a form of colonialism. The chapter then discusses the consequences of pledging and financial control for state building by referencing the case of the Ottoman Public Debt Administration. It also tackles the FFC in China by emphasizing the Qing's reluctance to engage in tax bargaining with provincial rulers.
The Hanzi wenhua quan : Center, Periphery, and the Shaggy Borderlands
Authors: Saussy Haun
Published: July 2023

This chapter evaluates the wider set of relationships between Chinese texts and foreign publics, explaining that the “Chinese-character sphere” or hanzi wenhua quan has many different kinds of borders, internal and external. One kind of border is semantic. Within China, one stumbles on nonsense words and names, relics of lost languages that have been preserved in Chinese-character transcription. Their absurdity is a kind of border separating the past from present understanding. Another kind of border is graphic. Attempting to describe the Chinese script's sphere of influence through a negation of alphabetic writing, as a “world without translation,” simplifies by excluding both a great deal of cultural variability and the many historical processes and practices through which reading methods come to be. The third kind of border is rhetorical or intentional. Translation is certainly one name for the opening of a gap between what is said and what is meant, and without some such gap there is no rhetoric, no subjectivity, and no real dialogue. Ultimately, the formula of the Hanzi wenhua quan, this zone where translation is not necessary, applies more or less smoothly only to one part of the wider world immediately affected by Chinese culture.
Good News, Bad News, Hard News, Soft News
Authors: Amenta Edwin , Caren Neal , Yuan Weijun
Published: July 2023

This chapter discusses the quality of coverage of the 100 organizations when they were their most newsworthy. These organizations made news for a range of reasons, which included assertive political action, such as electioneering, legislative and litigation campaigns, and third-party challenges. Some organizations had big coverage years based on labor strikes and others had big coverage based on civic action. Yet others were in the news for the sorts of collective action often associated with social movements, such as protests and occupations. Finally, some organizations were thrust into the news for congressional investigations and criminal trials. These major moments of attention provided different kinds of news, too. The chapter then looks at good news, bad news, hard news, and soft news. These different types of news were closely linked to the reasons for coverage. However, gaining substantive coverage in a reliable way depended not just on the type of action, but on action combined with favorable organizational characteristics and political contexts.
The Einstein-Klein-Gordon Coupled System
Authors: Ionescu Alexandru D. , Pausader Benoît
Published: July 2023

This book provides a definitive proof of global nonlinear stability of Minkowski spacetime as a solution of the Einstein-Klein-Gordon equations of general relativity. Along the way, a novel robust analytical framework is developed, which extends to more general matter models. The book proves global regularity at an appropriate level of generality of the initial data, and then proves several important asymptotic properties of the resulting spacetime, such as future geodesic completeness, peeling estimates of the Riemann curvature tensor, conservation laws for the ADM tensor, and Bondi energy identities and inequalities. The book is self-contained, providing complete proofs and precise statements, which develop a refined theory for solutions of quasilinear Klein-Gordon and wave equations, including novel linear and bilinear estimates. Only mild decay assumptions are made on the scalar field and the initial metric is allowed to have nonisotropic decay consistent with the positive mass theorem. The framework incorporates analysis both in physical and Fourier space, and is compatible with previous results on other physical models such as water waves and plasma physics.
Bedside Manners
Authors: Dunn Mary
Published: July 2023

This chapter looks at stories of sickness in the Jesuit Relations, which are stories of Indigenous Americans whose behavior under the straightened circumstances of pain and suffering was subject to missionary scrutiny. It talks about the French Jesuits who wrote about the mission, dedicating an enormous and surprising share of their attention to the ailing and infirm Indigenous Americans they had crossed the Atlantic to save. It also confirms why stories of the ailing and infirm take up so much space in the Relations, emphasizing the reason a series of journals ostensibly given to reporting on the progress of a spiritual mission are narratives of physical infirmity. The chapter explains that the Jesuits wrote about the sick and disabled because sickness and disability were everywhere in early modern New France. For the Jesuits of early modern New France, sickness and disability implicated both bodies and souls.
Recovery and Redemption in the Histoire de l’Hôtel Dieu de Quebec
Authors: Dunn Mary
Published: July 2023

This chapter cites Histoire de l'Hôtel-Dieu de Quebec, which was written by Mère Jeanne-Françoise Juchereau de la Ferté. It points out how Histoire traces the institutional history of the Hôtel-Dieu in Quebec from its establishment in 1636 to 1716. The ambition of the Histoire was not to advertise the gains of the Canadian mission but rather to teach generations of nursing sisters what it meant to be a Hospitaller nun attached to the Hôtel-Dieu in Quebec. The chapter explores the Indigenous neglect of the sick and infirm, which was baffling and an appalling custom that left no room to doubt just how sorely the people of the eastern woodlands needed the moral influence of Christianity. It tells the stories of the sickness that figured the nursing sisters of Quebec's Hôtel-Dieu as missionaries whose vocation was to save the souls of others and to sanctify themselves.
Conclusion
Authors: Dunn Mary
Published: July 2023

This chapter recounts the history of the Jesuits, the Hospitaller nuns, Indigenous converts, and ordinary French faithful, covering their stories of infirmity, impairment, and illness. It reflects on stories that told of sickness and disability and pays attention to the social and cultural contexts that shaped them, the frameworks of meaning that gave them heft, and the networks of assumptions that undergirded them. It also mentions divine providence and demonic machination that are filtered through the lens of a post-Tridentine missionary Catholicism. The chapter probes stories that told about embodied difference as a means of hazarding responses to urgent questions of how to live with the facts of sickness and the inevitability of disability. The yield of narrative medicine goes beyond the practical gains to be had from listening to the stories told by the sick and those with disabilities.
Geometric background
Authors: Favre Charles , Gauthier Thomas
Published: July 2023

This chapter begins by reviewing some material from analytic and arithmetic geometry. This includes the notion of subharmonic functions on analytic curves defined over a non-Archimedean or an Archimedean field, as well as the construction of the Laplace operator on the space of subharmonic functions. The chapter also discusses the notion of semi-positive and adelic metrics on a line bundle over a curve, and the definition of heights attached to an adelic metrized line bundle. It then provides a proof of an algebraization theorem of Xie for germs of curves defined by adelic series. This serves as a reference for the following chapters.
Dynamical symmetries
Authors: Favre Charles , Gauthier Thomas
Published: July 2023

This chapter studies various notions of dynamical symmetries for polynomials. It begins by defining the group of dynamical symmetries Σ‎(P) of a single polynomial P and present various characterizations of it especially in the Archimedean case. The chapter investigates the variation of this symmetry group when P belongs to an algebraic family. It then proves that Σ‎(P) consists of those affine transformations mapping the set of preperiodic points of P onto itself. The chapter also introduces the notion of primitive polynomials, which are polynomials that cannot be written as iterates of polynomials of lower degree up to symmetries. It was progressively realized that a polynomial might have symmetries induced by polynomials of degree ≥ 2. The chapter investigates this phenomenon, building on Ritt's theory. It concludes by describing the stratification of the moduli space of polynomials in degree d ≤ 6 induced by the presence of symmetries.
The unicritical family
Authors: Favre Charles , Gauthier Thomas
Published: July 2023

This chapter begins by gathering several facts about the unicritical family and making some computations that will be useful in the sequel. The original papers by Baker-DeMarco were mainly focused on the unicritical family Pt(z) = zd ＋ t. The chapter proposes to extend some of their results, and to illustrate the theorems proved in the previous chapters on this special family. It also introduces the set M of those λ‎ ∈ C∗ such that the bifurcation locus of the pair (Pt, λ‎−1
t) is connected. The chapter proves that this set is compact and perfect. It then provides some images of bifurcation loci that were obtained by A. Chéritat.
Laying the Groundwork
Authors: Tang Shiping
Published: July 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the institutional foundation of economic development (IFED) and its lack of systemic understanding. It elaborates on how no new institutional economics theories explicitly specified what constituted the IFED. As a result, the lack of a systemic understanding of IFED resulted in repercussions for research and policymaking. Existing literature on institutions and development suffers from four major shortcomings: questionable conceptualization, lack of rigorous theorization, modern Whiggish myth, and nonevolutionary understanding of institutional change and development. The chapter highlights the cross-country growth regression literature's regression as one of the reasons why a systemic understanding of IFED is needed.
The Positional Market and Development
Authors: Tang Shiping
Published: July 2023

This chapter cites the channel of social mobility as a critical dimension within the institutional foundation of economic development. It defines social mobility as the institutional system that regulates individuals' and groups' performances in the positional market. Additionally, the incentive structures in the material market and those in the positional market sheds new light on economic history and some of the ongoing natural experiments in recent economic development. The chapter explains that human behavior is driven not just by material gain, thus key modifications must be made to the whole neoclassical economics approach. It cites that states should eliminate all forms of institutional discrimination since institutional discrimination is both morally unjust and economically costly.
Hierarchy, Liberty, and Innovation
Authors: Tang Shiping
Published: July 2023

This chapter covers how democracy is a necessary condition for protecting major scientific breakthroughs that may challenge orthodoxies even though key scientific breakthroughs can indeed pop up under autocracies. The more integrated institutional theory regarding regime and growth is built on four intellectual pillars, which include the endogenous growth model centered on knowledge and the political economy of hierarchy. Moreover, the coming of hierarchy in human society poses two opposing dynamics for the economic development of either facilitating development or hindering innovation. The chapter highlights how progress came to depend critically on scientific and technological progress, underpinned by a sound institutional foundation. Thus, democracy holds an inherent advantage when it comes to growth via innovation.
Democracy’s Unique Advantage in Promoting Development
Authors: Tang Shiping
Published: July 2023

This chapter elaborates on the notion of democracy and growth. It presents the quantitative evidence of a new institutional theory on democracy's indirect and conditional advantage for promoting economic growth, especially growth via innovation. The channel of liberty-to-innovation holds the most critical channel in which democracy holds a unique advantage over autocracy in promoting growth, especially during the stage of growth via innovation. Additionally, political regimes influence growth indirectly through the institutional foundations they lay down and the economic policies they make and implement. The chapter considers liberty as the best solution for knowledge, while liberal democracy is the best solution to social stability.
Development as a Social Evolutionary Process
Authors: Tang Shiping
Published: July 2023

This chapter highlights development as a social evolutionary process. It defines the institutional foundation of economic development (IFED) as a system consisting of several dimensions, with each dimension having many specific institutional arrangements interacting with each other. Since economic development transforms the social and political system of a society, different stages of economic development need different combinations of institutions and adopt an evolutionary approach to IFED and economic development. The chapter also expounds on the social niche construction approach to development. It considers the key directions for adopting a social evolutionary approach toward both the IFED and development itself.
Conclusion
Authors: Tang Shiping
Published: July 2023

This concluding chapter looks into the practical implications of least developed countries in generating and sustaining economic developments. Sound institutions and policies, underpinned by state capacities, fulfil the critical functions of providing possibility, incentive, capability, and opportunity and thus lay a solid foundation for jump-starting and sustaining development. Other than countries that are undergoing systemic violence, states do have ample room for jump-starting growth with some basic policy changes. The chapter highlights the difficulty of sustaining growth momentum with institutional changes and growing state capacities. It acknowledges that human societies will never secure the perfect institutional foundations of development.
Tunis (1805–59)
Authors: Marglin Jessica M.
Published: July 2023

This chapter discusses how Nissim Shamama rose to power in the 1840s and 1850s, a period of rapid transformation in Tunisia and the rest of the Ottoman Empire. The turbulence of these decades also produced shifts in the nature of legal belonging. Like sovereignty, legal belonging was shared between Tunis and Istanbul; in the age of centralization, the division of power became increasingly contested. In Tunisia, the sovereign to whom Jews like the Shamamas could turn for protection was effectively the bey of Tunis. Tracing Nissim's ascension through the ranks of power offers a chance to rewrite the history of citizenship in nineteenth-century Tunisia—not as a story of creation ex nihilo, nor as another example of how modern forms of law pierced the imagined boundary between West and East, but as an account of legal belonging as it emerged in its North African context.
Financial Trouble (1859–64)
Authors: Marglin Jessica M.
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines how, over the course of the nineteenth century, legal belonging in Tunis was inflected by the expansion of extraterritorial privileges. Indeed, the extraterritorial context of legal belonging became a major point of contention in the Shamama lawsuit. Even as Tunis became a magnet for migrants from all over the Mediterranean, a devastating financial crisis was brewing. Short on cash, the bey's government contracted one international loan after another, none of which the treasury could afford. The disastrous effects of these policies included a violent civil war, bankruptcy, and eventually, colonization. As director of finances, Nissim Shamama played a major role in both the negotiations for loans and in the popular uprising; this confluence of events eventually pushed him to depart for Paris, leaving behind his homeland forever.
Tunis to Paris (1864–68)
Authors: Marglin Jessica M.
Published: July 2023

This chapter details how Nissim Shamama left Tunis and moved to Paris in 1864. Although Nissim would never set foot in Tunisia again, he at first remained in constant touch with his superiors in the Bardo. And everywhere he went, he was surrounded by others in the service of the bey, not to mention his small family and the growing entourage of Tunisian Jews he summoned to Europe. But over time, Nissim was pushed out of the prime minister's inner circle; as he grew more alienated from Mustafa Khaznadar, he began to look for ways of securing his future outside Tunisia, including acquiring foreign citizenship. Yet even after obtaining Italian nobility and a decree of naturalization, he did not give up his outward deference to the bey, nor did he fully shed his legal status as a Tunisian Jew. Nissim lived as both an Italian and a Tunisian; this caused no alarm during his lifetime, though it produced endless confusion after his death.
Qā’id Nissim the Tunisian
Authors: Marglin Jessica M.
Published: July 2023

This chapter describes how Augusto Pierantoni constructed a narrative about Nissim Shamama that diametrically opposed the one presented by Mancini. In Pierantoni's eyes, Nissim died a proud subject of the bey of Tunis; the Livornese court had thus “stripped the cadaver” of his true nationality. But before the ambitious young lawyer could demonstrate why Nissim died a Tunisian, he had to address a more basic question: whether a Jew like Nissim could even be a Tunisian national. In order to have Tunisian law applied as Nissim's national law, Pierantoni had to prove that Tunisian Jews were just as Tunisian as Muslims—which required him to weigh in on the relationship between rights and state membership. Next, Pierantoni turned to the question of expatriation; he argued that Tunisian law proscribed voluntary expatriation. The chapter then considers how Pierantoni heavily on Husayn's views on Islam. Tracing Husayn's reasoning offers a glimpse at how Muslims conceived of legal belonging in the Islamic world on their own terms—not as an imitation of European ideas about citizenship, but as an extension of Islamic legal principles.
Lucca to Florence (1880–83)
Authors: Marglin Jessica M.
Published: July 2023

This chapter studies the hearings for Shamama v. Shamama in Lucca, which began on January 7, 1880. When the Luccan judges issue their ruling, they upheld the Livornese court's verdict, proclaiming that Nissim had died stateless and Italian law applied to his estate. Accordingly, his will was held to be valid. The judges determined that Nissim had renounced his Tunisian nationality, which he was permitted to do based on the “natural right” of expatriation. Yet Nissim had failed to fulfill the requirements of the royal naturalization decree. Rejecting Mancini's claim that Nissim was an oriundo italiano, the judges ruled that he had never acquired Italian citizenship. They also summarily dismissed the idea that Jewish law might be Nissim's national law. The Lucca ruling came as developments on both sides of the Mediterranean transformed the nature of the Shamama case. The legal questions that most preoccupied either side shifted—from a laser focus on nationality to the status of Nissim's will under Jewish law. By the time the court of appeal in Florence delivered the final ruling—a decade after Nissim died—the landscape of the lawsuit had become almost unrecognizable.
Descendants (1883–1945)
Authors: Marglin Jessica M.
Published: July 2023

This chapter highlights the lives of Nissim Shamama's descendants. Nissim Jr.'s entire career can be understood as a reaction to the lawsuit that consumed his family; instead of running away from his past, he devoted his life to answering many of the legal questions raised in Shamama v. Shamama. Most of his relatives tried the opposite approach: turning their backs on both law and legal belonging. But no matter how much they tried to move on, questions of citizenship and nationality hounded the family like a curse. The Shamama heirs who lived through World War II were also not lucky. Like all Jews, the Shamamas who remained in Europe in the 1930s and 1940s saw their lives upended. As the Nazis spread across the continent, they turned the question of Jews' belonging into a rallying cry of antisemitism: Jews were racially distinct from Aryan Germans and thus did not deserve to be citizens of Germany. Even in Italy and Vichy France—where most Jews were not stripped of their citizenship—legal belonging took on lethal dimensions as foreign Jews were often the first to be deported.
Museum Encounters
Authors: Zubrzycki GeneviÈve
Published: July 2023

This chapter analyzes the most important cultural institution articulating the history of Polish Jews, the Polin Museum of the History of Polish Jews. The Polin Museum of the History of Polish Jews invites the visitor to experience different Jewish worlds through stories and sensory experience. Together with the Auschwitz-Birkenau Museum and Memorial, and the Museum of the Warsaw Uprising, it is among the most visited museums in Poland. It has also become an important agent of Polish cultural diplomacy abroad and national pedagogy at home, and for that reason the museum and some of its staff have been targets of the Law and Justice government. The goal here is not to explore the political controversies surrounding the museum but to evaluate its core exhibition, assess how the narratives it presents are assimilated by visitors, and discuss its place in the broader mnemonic field.
Conclusion
Authors: Zubrzycki GeneviÈve
Published: July 2023

This concluding chapter reflects on whether and to what extent the Jewish turn is a distinctively Polish phenomenon. It extends the book's findings to comparisons beyond Poland and articulates the theoretical contributions of the study to cultural sociology, the sociology of nationalism, and memory studies. The book shows how a symbolic category—in this case the Jew, or Jewishness—can serve as a foil against which an exclusive national identity is constructed, as well as the means through which an inclusive, expanded national identity can be articulated. It demonstrates the ways and the extent to which dominant modes of imagining the nation shape not only formal membership rules such as citizenship but also symbolic membership in the national community. Most importantly, as the chapter states, the book invites readers to consider the limits of testifying to vanished or diminished communities.
The State, Sovereignty, and Migration Policy
Authors: Rosenberg Andrew S.
Published: July 2023

This chapter presents a historical account of the rise of the institution of state sovereignty and the modern nation-state. This account dispels the commonly held belief among most citizens and leaders of Western states that countries have an inalienable right and duty to restrict their borders. The commonsense ideology of what it means to be a “proper” state motivates increasingly restrictive immigration policies throughout the world and has spurred the construction of massive and expensive border security apparatuses. Most leaders who enact such policies and programs presume they are acting as good stewards of the nation-state. Under this conventional wisdom, the idea that border controls could somehow be racist or discriminatory is out of the question: it is merely the leader's duty to protect the state's borders. The post-Enlightenment expansion of state capacity coincides with the ideology of “high modernism”—the idea that humans can rationally engineer their societies for the greater good.
Colonialism, Immigrant Desirability, and the Persistence of Inequality
Authors: Rosenberg Andrew S.
Published: July 2023

This chapter draws on insights from W.E.B. Du Bois and Frantz Fanon to explain how racial inequality persists in international migration despite its legal prohibition. It looks at the racial bias hypothesis, the racial reaction hypothesis, the colonial legacy hypothesis, and the expansion of closure hypothesis. In short, racial discrimination occurs because the history of legal racism, White supremacy, and colonialism produced non-White subjects that appear objectively undesirable. Because state leaders often appeal to the national interest to justify their migration policies, the public rarely interrogates policies that restrict immigration on the basis of objective desirability, or why some migrants might appear more desirable in general. After decolonization, this inequality has gotten worse because postcolonial states, attempting to perform proper sovereign statehood, enact restrictive policies that reproduce the same restrictions in the global South. The result is a color-blind international system that exhibits more rather than fewer restrictions on movement.
Colonialism and the Construction of Undesirability
Authors: Rosenberg Andrew S.
Published: July 2023

This chapter discusses one historical mechanism that makes some migrants seem more desirable than others. The history of colonialism and explicit racism in international politics created the migrants that today are often viewed as dangerous, poor, and otherwise undesirable. This mechanism explains in part why we see continued racial inequality in international migration despite the end of formal racial quotas. The chapter then connects W.E.B. Du Bois's description of the “global color line” to racial constructivism. Doing so reveals a further synergy between the study of race, racism, and antiracism and the study of international politics via the benefits of adopting a shared positivist constructivism. After describing how material conditions contribute to the social construction of racial undesirability, the chapter presents various explanations for how colonialism led postcolonial states to be seen as economically, politically, and socially undesirable. It also considers the debate over theories of dependency and underdevelopment.
The Expansion of Closure in the Modern International Order
Authors: Rosenberg Andrew S.
Published: July 2023

This chapter begins by describing existing accounts of decolonization and the globalization of the international society. It focuses on how these theories ignore the imposition of nation-state institutions on the postcolonial world, and how these state-level policies reinforce international hierarchy. The chapter then explains world polity theory and how it helps us explain the expansion of Western models of nation-statehood throughout the world. It discusses Antonio Gramsci's concept of hegemony and the effect of continued Anglo-European dominance in the international system on newly independent states' behavior in international institutions. Given this theoretical framework, the chapter elaborates on how and why restrictions on movement quickly emerged in former colonies and examines it in relation to others. It presents quantitative evidence that shows the expansion of restrictive bordering practices throughout the postcolonial world. The chapter concludes with the implications of this increased restrictiveness on the international system and its inhabitants.