bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The termination pattern and postsynaptic targets of rubrospinal fibers in the rat spinal cord: A light and electron microscopic study
Authors: Antal M. , Sholomenko G. N. , Moschovakis A. K. , Storm‐Mathisen J. , Heizmann C. W. , Hunziker W.
Published: May 2005

The spinal course, termination pattern, and postsynaptic targets of the rubrospinal tract, which is known to contribute to the initiation and execution of movements, were studied in the rat at the light and electron microscopic levels by using the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L) in combination with calbindin‐D28k (CaBP), γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glycine immunocytochemistry. After injections of PHA‐L unilaterally into the red nucleus, labelled fibers and terminals were detected at cervical, thoracic, and lumbar segments of the spinal cord. Most of the descending fibers were located in the dorsolateral funiculus contralateral to the injection site, but axons descending ipsilaterally were also revealed. Rubrospinal axon terminals were predominantly found in laminae V–VI and in the dorsal part of lamina VII at all levels and on both sides of the spinal cord, but stained collaterals were also seen in the ventrolateral aspect of Clark's column and in the ventral regions of lamina VII on both sides. The proportion of axonal varicosities revealed on the ipsilateral side varied at different segments and represented 10–28% of the total number of labelled boutons. Most of the labelled boutons were engaged in synaptic contacts with dendrites. Of the 137 rubrospinal boutons investigated, only 2 were found to establish axosomatic synaptic junctions in the lumbar spinal cord contralateral to the PHA‐L injection. With the postembedding immunogold method, 80.8% of dendrites establishing synaptic contacts with rubrospinal terminals did not show immunoreactivity for either GABA or glycine, whereas 19.2% of them were immunoreactive for both amino acids. Rubrospinal axons made multiple contacts with CaBP‐immunoreactive neurons in laminae V'VI. Synaptic contacts between rubrospinal terminals and CaBP‐immunoreactive dendrites were identified at the electron microscopic level, and all CaBP‐containing postsynaptic dendrites investigated were negative for both GABA and glycine. The results suggest that rubrospinal terminals establish synaptic contacts with both excitatory and inhibitory interneurons in the rat spinal cord, and a population of excitatory interneurons receiving monosynaptic rubrospinal input is located in laminae V'VI. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of catecholamine‐containing nerves on blood vessels of the rat trachea
Authors: Baker David G. , McDonald Donald M.
Published: May 2005

This study was performed to determine the distribution of catecholamine‐containing sympathetic nerves on blood vessels of the rat trachea. The glyoxylic acid method was used to visualize catecholamine‐containing axons in tracheal whole mounts, and silicone vascular casts were used to elucidate the architecture of the vasculature. We also examined the relationship of these axons to the trachea's plexus of cholinergic nerves and ganglia, using tracheal whole mounts stained for acetylcholinesterase activity. We found that most catecholamine‐containing axons were associated with arterioles located between cartilaginous rings or in the posterior membrane. In both regions, catecholamine‐containing nerves were most abundant at the origin of terminal arterioles, which supplied the airway mucosa and smooth muscle. At the origin of these vessels, the fluorescent axons changed their orientation from longitudinal to circumferential. Few fluorescent axons were present beyond this region of the terminal arterioles, and none was found on capillaries or venules or on smooth muscle cells of the posterior membrane. Fluorescent axons were present in some tracheal ganglia but none enveloped neuronal cell bodies or had varicosities, and no ganglion cells had glyoxylic acid‐induced fluorescence. Catecholamine‐fluorescence was also present in clusters of small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells, which were located in the adventitia of the posterior membrane and in the longitudinal nerve trunks which ran the length of the trachea. Pargyline pretreatment increased the fluorescence of axons and SIF cells but did not reveal a different distribution of these structures. We conclude that most catecholamine‐containing axons in the rat trachea innervate arterioles, particularly terminal arterioles, and presumably participate in the control of blood now to the airway wall. We obtained no evidence that such axons innervate the ganglia or smooth muscle of the rat trachea. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Time‐course and extent of retinal ganglion cell death following ablation of the superior colliculus in neonatal rats
Authors: Harvey Alan R. , Robertson Donald
Published: May 2005

This study has examined the deleterious effect of superior colliculus (SC) ablation on the viability of identified retinotectally projecting ganglion cells in the neonatal rat retina. The time‐course and extent of lesion‐induced retinal ganglion cell (rgc) death has been determined and an estimate obtained for the rate of clearance of individual dying neurons. In order to demonstrate the projection of rgcs to the SC and the subsequent death of these same neurons after SC lesions, the fluorescent dye diamidino yellow (DY) was injected into the left SC of anesthetized 2 day old Wistar rats (P2: day of birth = P0). DY retrogradely labels the nuclei of tectally projecting rgcs; if these identified rgcs subsequently die, their DY‐labelled nuclei become pyknotic and can be visualized in retinal wholemounts. At P4 the rats were again anesthetized and the injected area, seen as a yellow patch in the SC, was removed by aspiration. Rats were perfused 2 to 336 hours after the lesion and retinal wholemounts of the right eye were prepared. Control rats received only DY injections and were perfused at times corresponding to the lesioned animals. In three sham‐operated rats; the injected SC was reexposed at P4 but the tectal tissue was not removed. In each of the 42 rats that were analyzed, about 10% of the retina containing retrogradely labelled rgcs was counted; the number of pyknotic versus normally labelled rgcs was determined and changes in normal cell density were also assessed. Pyknotic rates in control and sham‐operated rats were similar (average O.8%, n = 11). In SC‐lesioned rats, the proportion of pyknotic DY‐labelled rgcs increased to about 2.5% 4 to 8 hours postlesion (PL); the peak period of death occurred at 23 hours PL (8.0%). The amount of pyknosis decreased thereafter and most dying cells had been eliminated by 50 hours PL. Phagocytosis of dying cells was a common feature of retinae in SC lesioned rats. In the long‐term (336 hours) rats, counts of normal DY‐labelled rgcs in corresponding regions of control and lesioned rats revealed an average decrease in rgc density of 47.3% after P4 tectal ablation. Calculations suggest a clearance time of about 3 hours for dying neonatal rgcs. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization of projections from the medial nucleus of the amygdala: A PHAL study in the rat
Authors: Canteras N. S. , Simerly R. B. , Swanson L. W.
Published: May 2005

The organization of axonal projections from the four recognized parts of the medial amygdalar nucleus (MEA) were characterized with the Phaesolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHAL) method in male rats. The results indicate that the MEA consists of two major divisions, ventral and dorsal, and that the former may also consist of rostral and caudal regions. As a whole, the MEA generates centrifugal projections to several parts of the accessory and main olfactory sensory pathways, and projections to (a) several parts of the intrahippocampal circuit (ventrally); (b) the ventral striatum, ventral pallidum, and bed nuclei of the stria terminalis (BST) in the basal telencephaon; (c) many parts of the hypothalamus; (d) midline and medial parts of the thalamus; and (e) the periaqueductal gray, ventral tegmental area, and midbrain raphé. The dorsal division of the MEA (the posterodorsal part) is characterized by projections to the principal nucleus of the BST, and to the anteroventral periventricular, medial, and central parts of the medial preoptic, and ventral premammillary hypothalamic nuclei. These hypothalamic nuclei project heavily to neuroendocrine and autonomic‐related parts of the hypothalamic periventricular zone. The ventral division of the MEA (the anterodorsal, anteroventral, and posteroventral parts) is characterized by dense projections to the transverse and interfascicular nuclei of the BST, and to the lateral part of the medial preoptic, anterior hypothalamic, and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei. However, dorsal regions of the ventral division provide rather dense inputs to the medial preoptic region and capsule of the ventromedial nucleus, whereas ventral regions of the ventral division preferentially innervate the anterior hypotha lamic, dorsomeclial, and ventral parts of the ventromedial nuclei. Functional evidence suggests that circuits associated with dorsal regions of the ventral division may deal with reproductive behavior, whereas circuits associated with ventral regions of the ventral division may deal preferentially with agonistic behavior. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cholecystokinin activates catecholaminergic neurons in the caudal medulla that innervate the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in rats
Authors: Rinaman L. , Hoffman G. E. , Dohanics J. , Le W. ‐W. , Stricker E. M. , Verbalis J. G.
Published: May 2005

Stimulation of gastric vagal afferents by systemic administration of cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK) inhibits gastric motility, reduces food intake, and stimulates pituitary secretion of oxytocin and adrenocorticotropic hormone in rats. To characterize further the central neurol circuits responsible for these effects, the present study used triple‐labeling immunocytochemical methods to determine whether or not exogenous CCK activates cFos expression in catecholaminergic neurons in the caudal medulla that project to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). To identify these neurons, the retrograde tracer fluorogold (FG) was iontophoresed into the PVN of anesthetized rats under stereotaxic guidance. After 2 weeks, rats were injected with CCK (100 μg/kg, i. p.) and then anesthetized and killed 1 hour later by perfusion fixation. Medullary sections were processed for triple immunocytochemical localization of cFos, retrogradely transported FG, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). In rats with FG injections centered in the PVN (n = 10), approximately 70% of the FG‐labeled neurons in the caudal nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) and ventrolateral medulla (VLM) expressed cFos. Of these activated PVN‐projecting neurons, approximately 78% in the NST and 89% in the VLM were catecholaminergic (TH positive). These results indicate that PVN‐projecting catecholaminergic neurons within the caudal medulla are activated by periph eral administration of CCK, further implicating these ascending catecholaminergic path ways in the neuroendocrine, physiological, and behavioral effects produced by gastric vagal stimulation. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Müller glial cells of the tree shrew retina
Authors: Reichenbach A. , Frömter C. , Engelmann R. , Wolburg H. , Kasper M. , Schnitzer J.
Published: May 2005

The tree shrew is one of the few mammalian species whose retinae are strongly cone dominated, which is usually the case in reptilian and avian retinae. Müller cells of the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) retina were studied by transmission electron microscopy of tissue sections and freeze‐fracture replicas, by immunolabeling of the intermediate filament protein vimentin in radial paraffin sections and in whole retinae, as well as by intracellular dye injection in slices of retinae. In addition, enzymatically isolated cells were stained by Pappenheim's panoptic staining method. The cells showed an ultrastructure that is similar to other mammalian Müller cells with two exceptions: Due to the extensive lateral fins of cone inner segments, the apical microvilli of Müller cells are arranged in peculiar palisades, and the basket‐like Müller cell sheaths around neuronal somata in both nuclear layers consist of unusual multilayered membrane lamellae. Unlike Müller cells in other mammalian species studied thus far, but similar to reptilian and avian Müller cells, those of tree shrews commonly have two or more vitread processes rather than one main trunk. Müller cell densities range between some 13,000 mm−2 in the periphery and about 20,000 mm−2 in the retinal center. Neuron:(Müller) glial cell ratios were estimated to be 7.9:1 in the center and 6.2:1 in the periphery. For each Müller cell, about 1.5 (cone) photoreceptor cells, four or five interneurons of the inner nuclear layer, and about one cell of the ganglion cell layer were counted. This is a much lower number of neurons per Müller cell than in most other mammals studied. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fos expression induced by changes in arterial pressure is localized in distinct, longitudinally organized columns of neurons in the rat midbrain periaqueductal gray
Authors: Murphy A. Z. , Ennis M. , Rizvi T. A. , Behbehani M. M. , Shipley M. T.
Published: May 2005

The distribution of neurons expressing Fos within the periaqueductal gray (FAG) following pharmacologically induced high or low blood pressure was examined to determine (1) if PAG neurons are responsive to changes in arterial pressure (AP) and (2) the relationship of these cells to the functionally defined hypertensive and hypotensive columns in PAG. Changes in AP differentially induced robust Fos expression in neurons confined to discrete, longitudinally organized columns within PAG. Increased AP produced extensive Fos‐like immunoreactivity within the lateral PAG, beginning at the level of the oculomotor nucleus. At the level of the dorsal raphe, Fos expression induced by increased AP shifted dorsally, into the dorsolateral division of PAG; this pattern of Fos labeling was maintained throughout the caudal one‐third of PAG. Double‐labeling for Fos and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase confirmed that Fos‐positive cells induced by increased AP were located in the dorsolateral division of PAG at these caudal levels. Fos positive cells were codistributed, but not colocalized, with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase‐positive cells. Decreased AP evoked a completely different pattern of Fos expression. Fos‐positive cells were predominantly located within the ventrolateral PAG region, extending from the level of the trochlear nucleus through the level of the caudal dorsal raphe. Double‐labeling studies for Fos and serotonin indicated that only 1–2 double‐labeled cells per section were present. Saline infusion resulted in very few Foslike immunoreactive cells, indicating that volume receptor activation does not account for Fos expression in PAG evoked by changes in AP. These results indicate that (1) substantial numbers of PAG neurons are excited by pharmacologically induced changes in AP and (2) excitatory barosensitive PAG neurons are anatomically segregated based on their responsiveness to a specific directional change in AP. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Orthograde axonal transport studies of projections from the zona incerta and pretectum to the basilar pontine nuclei in the rat
Authors: Mihailoff Gregory A.
Published: May 2005

This study employed orthogradely transported axonal tracers to demonstrate, in the rat, projections that reach the basilar pontine nuclei from the zona incerta or pretectal nuclei. Except for the most rostral levels, all subdivisions of the zona incerta give rise to substantive basilar pontine projections. Although some topographic differences exist among the temination patterns of various subdivisions, no clear somatotopically organized scheme is apparent. Most incertopontine axons descend to the basilar pons in association with fibers of the medial lemniscus or crus cerebri and reach ipsilateral ventral and medial pontine gray regions. A sparse number of terminals are evident in the contralateral medial pontine gray. The anterior pretectal axons also descend with the medial lemniscus and crus cerebri to enter exclusively the ipsilateral basilar pons where they terminate most densely in ventral and medial regions. Dual orthograde labeling experiments indicate that some pretectal terminal fields in the pontine gray are shared with incertopontine projections and with afferents from the dorsal column nuclei. This potential convergence of basilar pontine afferent projections is significant in light of (1) the known somatosensory input to the zona incerta and pretectum and (2), the fractured somatotopy of peripheral cutaneous inputs that arrive in the cerebellar cortex via mossy fibers. The present studies also employed electron microscopy to identify synaptic boutons formed by incerto‐ and pretectopontine axons, and they proved to be remarkably similar. Each is a medium to small‐sized bouton that contains spheroidal synaptic vesicles and forms asymmetric membrane specializations. Most incerto‐ and pretectopontine boutons participate in glomerular synaptic complexes that include a single, centrally located bouton contacted on its perimeter by several types of dendritic profiles including shafts and spine‐like appendages. A relatively small number of labeled boutons of either type contacts single, isolated dendritic elements in the neuropil. Taken together, these findings suggest that some basilar pontine neurons might receive convergent inputs from the zona incerta and pretectum as well as other somatosensory related systems such as the dorsal column nuclei and sensorimotor cortex. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative analysis of synaptogenesis in the inner plexiform layer of macaque monkey fovea
Authors: Crooks J. , Okada M. , Hendrickson A. E.
Published: May 2005

Synaptogenesis has been tracked by using quantitative electron microscopic methods in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the developing Macaca monkey fovea from fetal day (Fd) 55 to Fd132. Vesicle‐containing profiles were classified according to whether (1) they contained a ribbon indicating that they originated from a bipolar cell, or (2) the profile formed a junction. Group 2 was further subdivided by morphological characteristics into (2a) amacrine, (2b) bipolar, or (2c) unknown profiles. Ribbon‐containing bipolar profiles are clearly identifiable at Fd55 when they occur at a density of 0.9/100 μm2. Bipolar synapses increase rapidly to 4.7/100 μm2 by Fd88, similar to their density at Fd132. Identifiable amacrine profiles forming a junction are rare at Fd55–68. By Fd88, amacrine synaptic density has jumped to 6.7/100 μm2 and continues to increase to 9.5/100 μm2 at Fd132. These quantitative data strongly suggest that, at the Macaca fovea, bipolar synaptogenesis both begins and ends before amacrine synaptogenesis. The large number of immature amacrine synaptic profiles and densities at Fd132 suggests that amacrine synapses continue to form after Fd132. This study confirms that cone‐dominated monkey fovea has a different sequence of synaptogenesis than the rod‐ dominated peripheral retina (Nishimura and Rakic, [1985] J. Comp. Neurol 241:420–434). The data support the concept that synaptic developmental sequence is determined by the type of photoreceptor which dominates a particular retinal region or species.

Bipolar ribbon synapses are observed in the outer half of the IPL at Fd55, are present in the inner IPL at Fd60, and then, with increasing age, are found throughout the IPL. This pattern strongly suggests that vertical OFF bipolar pathways form earlier than ON pathways in the IPL. In contrast, amacrine profiles are found throughout the IPL at the youngest ages, with an adult‐like banding pattern present by Fd132. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tempo of neurogenesis and synaptogenesis in the primate cingulate mesocortex: Comparison with the neocortex
Authors: Granger B. , Tekaia F. , Le Sourd A. M. , Rakic P. , Bourgeois J. ‐P.
Published: May 2005

In the neocortex, the onset of the rapid phase (phase 3) of synaptogenesis occurs after the end of neurogenesis. However, we still do not know whether or not these two developmental events are causally related. The present study compares the time‐course and tempo of neurogenesis and synaptogenesis in the anterior cingulate cortex (area 24 of Brodmann) and in the primary visual cortex (area 17) in a series of pre‐ and postnatal rhesus monkeys. Autoradiographic analysis of animals fetally injected with 3H‐thymidine showed that all neurons destined for area 24 are generated by embryonic day 70, which is 30 days earlier than in area 17. The rapid phase of synaptogenesis in area 24 starts during the third embryonic month and continues at the same rate through the remainder of gestation and the first 2 months after birth, as has been seen in neocortical areas examined previously. Statistical analysis of the linear portions of the rapid phase indicates that, although neurogenesis in area 24 is completed 1 month earlier than in area 17, the rapid phase of synaptogenesis occurs 41 days later. Moreover, the tempo of synaptic accretion was remarkably similar to that in motor, somatosensory, visual, or associational areas. All were grouped within the same time window of about 40 days, centered at birth. After the second postnatal month, synaptic density in area 24 remains at a high level until sexual maturity. This work shows that the rapid phase of synaptogenesis in the cingulate mesocortex is not linked temporally to the end of neurogenesis. We suggest that it is regulated by the same genetic or humoral factors that control synaptogenesis in the phylogenetically newer neocortical areas. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology and distribution of microglial cells in the young and adult mouse cerebellum
Authors: Vela José Miguel , Dalmau Ishar , González Berta , Castellano Bernardo
Published: May 2005

The morphology and distribution of microglial cells were studied in the normal cerebellum of young and adult mice using the histochemical demonstration of nucleoside diphosphatase as a specific microglial marker. Our results showed that microglial cells were present in all cerebellar lobules of both young and adult mice, but their distribution and morphology were not homogeneous throughout the cerebellum. Heterogeneity in microglial cell distribution was exclusively related to their location in the different histological layers, and no significant differences were found either between the different cerebellar lobules or between young and adult mice. Microglial density was higher in the cerebellar nuclei than in the cortex; within the cortex, the molecular layer was less densely populated by microglial cells than the granular layer and the white matter. The morphological study revealed that microglial cells were ramified in all cerebellar lobules of both young and adult mice but showed different sizes and ramification patterns as a function of their specific location in the different histological layers. Several typologies of microglial cells were described on the basis of observations in both horizontal and coronal sections. The specific layer‐related pattern of microglial distribution and morphology in mouse cerebellum strongly suggests a physical and functional adaptation of these cells to the characteristics of their microenvironment. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proportions and structure of contacting and non‐contacting varicosities in the perivascular plexus of the rat tail artery
Authors: Luff Susan E. , Young Simone B. , McLachlan Elspeth M.
Published: May 2005

Most sympathetic postganglionic noradrenergic varicosities of the perivascular plexus of small muscular arteries in laboratory mammals make contact with the outer smcoth muscle cells of the media at neuromuscular junctions. These neurovascular junctions have most of the characteristics of those in skeletal muscle. In the rat tail artery, which bears a particularly dense perivascular plexus, many studies indicate that both purinergic and noradrenergic mechanisms underlie neurally mediated vasoconstriction. We have examined the relationship of large axonal varicosities to the smooth muscle surface of proximal parts of this vessel using three‐dimensional reconstructions from serial thin sections photographed in the electron microscope. Unlike in small arterioles, less than 50% of the large varicosities lying within 1 μm of the outer surface of this artery were found to make neuromuscular junctions. In some non‐contacting varicosities, accumulations of synaptic vesicles were aggregated toward axonal membrane which was bare of Schwann cell toward the vessel surface. Prejunctional membrane specializations were detected at 20% of contacting and 12% of non‐contacting varicosities. All of the latter lay close (< 350nm) to the smooth muscle. These anatomical data suggest that, in the rat tail artery, transmitter release by exocytosis may occur from both types of varicosity. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mapping subcortical extrarelay afferents onto primary somatosensory and visual areas in cats
Authors: Minciacchi Diego , Granato Alberto , Antonini Antonella , Tassinari Giancarlo , Santarelli Marialaura , Zanolli Luciana , Macchi Giorgio
Published: May 2005

Projections from the claustrum (Cl) and the thalamic anterior intralaminar nuclei (MN) to different representations within the primary somatosensory (S1) and visual (V1) areas were studied using the multiple retrograde fluorescent tracing technique. The injected cortical regions were identified electrophysiologically. Retrograde labeling in Cl reveals two different projection patterns. The first pattern is characterized by a clear topographic organization and is composed of two parts. The somatosensory Cl shows a dorsoventral progression of cells projecting to the hindpaw, forepaw, and face representations of S1. The visual Cl has cells projecting to the vertical meridian representation of V1 surrounded dorsally by neurons projecting to the representation of retinal periphery. A second pattern of Cl projections is composed of neurons that are distributed diffusely through the nucleus. In both somatosensory and visual sectors, these intermingle with the topographically projecting cells. Neurons retrogradely labeled from cortical injections are always present in the AIN. In the central medial nucleus, the segregation of modality is evident: The visual‐projecting sector is dorsal, and the somatosensory is ventral. Projections from the central lateral nucleus display detectable somatotopic and retinotopic organization: Individual regions are preferentially connected with specific representations of S1 or V1. In the paracentral nucleus, no clear regional preferences are detectable. Also performed were comparisons of the proportions of neurons projecting to different sensory representations. Projections to V1 from both AIN and Cl are biased towards the retinal periphery representation. S1 projection preference is for the forepaw representation in Cl and for the hindpaw in the AIN. The quantitative analysis of multiply labeled cells reveals that, compared to Cl, the AIN contains a higher proportion of neurons branching between different representations of S1 or V1. The concept of topographic vs. diffuse projecting systems is reviewed and discussed, and functional implications of quantitative analysis are considered. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An integrated cognitive–behavioural approach to the aetiology and treatment of violence
Authors: Timmerman Irma G. H. , Emmelkamp Paul M. G.
Published: May 2005

In this article a number of environmental and psychological variables that play an important role in the assessment and treatment of violent offenders are discussed. Several theories on the aetiology of deviant and criminal behaviour are presented, with a special emphasis on parental rearing styles, traumatic experiences, co‐current mental disorders and personality disorders. These theories are integrated in a model of the development of criminal behaviour. This holistic model may be useful in the assessment and treatment of offenders, since it offers theory based explanations for the development of violent behaviour in individual offenders. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A selective review of research on offenders with developmental disabilities: assessment and treatment
Authors: Lindsay William R. , Taylor John L.
Published: May 2005

The process of deinstitutionalization has changed the nature of research on offenders with developmental disabilities, transferring the focus of enquiry from institutions to the community. As a result, there have been significant increases in the extent of research on assessment, treatment and service systems. This selective review focuses on anger and aggression, fire‐setting and inappropriate sexual behaviour to illustrate the way in which developments are beginning to support clinical work in the area. We now have a number of assessments to delineate psychological variables and there are also developments in the assessment of risk for future violence. Treat‐ment programmes are becoming increasingly sophisticated, relying increasingly on developments in cognitive techniques. Controlled trials indicate that treatment for anger and aggression may be effective in terms of both proximal and socially validated outcomes. There is a lack of controlled outcome research in other areas. More recent research comparing individuals in different levels of security may have impacts on services. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stalking—perceptions and attitudes amongst helping professions. An EU cross‐national comparison
Authors: Kamphuis Jan H. , Galeazzi Gian M. , De Fazio Laura , Emmelkamp Paul M. G. , Farnham Frank , Groenen Anne , James David , Vervaeke Geert
Published: May 2005

This study examined recognition of and attitudes towards abnormal, persistent, unwanted attention, or stalking, in two professional groups closely involved in assisting the victims of this behaviour, i.e. police officers and general practitioners (GPs), in four European countries (Belgium, n = 185; UK, n = 118; Netherlands, n = 113; Italy, n = 100). Responses to standardized questions on systematically developed vignettes depicting various male‐on‐female stalking scenarios were examined in terms of responses to a questionnaire on stalking‐related attitudes. Hierarchical stepwise multiple regressions analyses revealed that country of citizenship, profession (GP or police officer), and in particular individual attitudinal variables made independent contributions in explaining stalking recognition and stalking perceptions. Clinical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The hostage experience: implications for negotiation strategies
Authors: Giebels Ellen , Noelanders Sigrid , Vervaeke Geert
Published: May 2005

From a clinical and social psychological perspective, this exploratory study aims at relating the hostage experience to hostage negotiation strategies. Therefore, we conducted 11 semi‐structured and in‐depth interviews with victims of two types of hostage‐taking: sieges and kidnappings. The results showed that all hostages reported feelings of helplessness. Additionally, feelings of uncertainty and isolation were particularly strong for victims of kidnapping, while this was not the case for victims of sieges. Furthermore, our analyses suggest that prudence is called for labeling the positive bond that is likely to develop between hostages and their captors as some sort of psychological artifact. We conclude with some general guidelines for estimating and promoting the psychological well‐being of hostages during their captivity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cd(SeRf)2 (Rf = 2,4,6‐(CF3)3C6H2)—An improved CVD single source precursor for II–VI Semiconductors: Synthesis, growth and characterization
Authors: Park Hyung S. , Mokhtari Mohamed , Roesky Herbert W.
Published: May 2005

CdSe is one of the most promising photoelectrochemical materials. A common problem of the CVD of multicomponent systems is obtaining the appropriate stoichiometry in the gas phase. This can be overcome by using single source precursors containing the required elements. This communication reports on an improved precursor of this type. The figure shows an AFM image of a layer of CdSe on silica. Conclusions are drawn about the growth mechanism.

magnified image
Flow cytometric evaluation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus adhesion inhibition to human epithelial cells
Authors: Falcioni T. , Papa S. , Campana R. , Mannello F. , Casaroli A. , Burattini S. , Baffone W.
Published: May 2005

Background

The present report demonstrates the usefulness of flow cytometry for a quantitative assessment of adhesion inhibition of a Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain to human epithelial cells to acquire more information about the nature of its adhesins.

Methods

The inhibition of the adhesive process to Hep‐2 was assayed by adding several monosaccharides to infected cells monolayers. The quantification of the adherent bacteria, labeled with a specific primary antibody plus a secondary fluorescein isothiocyanate–conjugated antibody, was performed by flow cytometry in comparison with light microscopy. The adherence was quantified in terms of the proportion of cells with adherent V. parahaemolyticus and as the mean of adherent bacteria per cell.

Results

The adhesion showed a percentage of 98% with a mean fluorescence channel of 331 comparable to those obtained by light microscopy. The addition of monosaccharides resulted in a D‐mannose and N‐acetyl‐galactosamine sensitive adherence. Even if this environmental strain also showed a mannose‐sensitive cell‐associated hemoagglutination that could mediate V. parahaemolyticus adherence, our results suggest that different sites for an irreversible adherence to host cell are involved.

Conclusions

Flow cytometry in combination with indirect immunofluorescence is an effective tool to investigate the adhesive process of bacteria to epithelial cells because it is more sensitive and reproducible than visual counting of bacteria performed in light microscopy. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The problems of memory in aging: Molecular aspects
Authors: Mandel P.
Published: May 2005

Mandel, P.:. The problems of memory in aging: Molecular aspects. Drug Dev. Res. 2: 431–432, 1982.

It is generally accepted that molecular mechanisms are involved in induction of memory engrams. Thus one may expect that aging, which alters brain metabolism, will also alter memory. The free‐radical theory and the cross‐linking theory of aging seem to be the most tempting for speculating about memory alterations. The loss of neurons and of their circuits, which probably plays a fundamental role in memory alternation, may result from free‐radical effects that alter DNA, induce an increase of repair phenomena, and thus favor mistakes in the repair of DNA.
The effects of the placenta and fetal fluids on the acceptance of foster young
Authors: Grota Lee J.
Published: May 2005

Maternal acceptance of foster young was altered by the interaction of the type of delivery of the rat pup and the presence or absence of placenta or liver. The presence of tissues which the mother ate did not alter the survival among normally delivered pups, but decreased survival among surgically delivered pups. Injecting the mothers with homogenates of these tissues indicated that eating of the placenta or liver by the mother was not essential for the effects. A 3rd experiment simulated normal and surgical delivery by washing surgically delivered animals with saline and smearing normally delivered animals with amniotic fluids, respectively. The data from this experiment showed that survival of the young was determined by the presence or absence of amniotic fluids on the pup interacting with the presence or absence of some material present in the placenta and liver.
Inception of a 24‐hr memory capacity in two mouse strains
Authors: Nagy Z. Michael , Misanin James R. , Wetzel Barbara
Published: May 2005

Separate groups of C3H and Swiss‐Webster (S‐W) mice received 25 escape training trials in a straight alley at 8 or 10 days of age. Each of these groups was then divided into 3 retention groups, receiving an additional 25 training trials, 1, 6, or 24 hr following original training. Comparisons of the retest scores with original training scores, as well as with litter‐mate controls without prior training, indicated that both strains trained at 8 days of age failed to demonstrate retention of learning when retested 24 hr after training, although they showed reliable 1‐hr retention and some evidence of 6‐hr retention. However, mice trained at 10 days of age performed better on the retention tests at all retest intervals than they had on original training, as well as better than maturation controls without prior training. These results indicate that a 24‐hr retention capacity for escape training develops between 8‐10 days of age in both mouse strains.
Reduction of maternal nest building in female mice by testosterone propionate treatment
Authors: Gandelman Ronald
Published: May 2005

The administration of testosterone propionate (TP) to nulliparous mice between Days 13‐18 of gestation resulted in a reduction of maternal nest building as assessed by measuring the amount of nesting material brought into the home cage. Nest building, evoked in nulliparae by the presence of young, was also significantly reduced by TP treatment. In addition, the administration of TP concurrently with progesterone prevented the latter from eliciting nest building.
Effects of early experiences on shock‐and illness‐induced passive avoidance behaviors
Authors: Ader Robert
Published: May 2005

Rats were either handled, shocked, or unmanipulated during the preweaning period or during the 21 days immediately following weaning. At maturity animals were tested in 2 passive avoidance situations. Half the animals were first tested in an illness‐induced taste aversion situation using sour water as the CS and different doses of cyclophosphamide as the US. The remaining animals were first tested in a 1‐trial passive avoidance situation using a “step‐through” apparatus and a single electric shock. Early experience had no effect on the development of a taste aversion at any dosage of cyclophosphamide. Prior conditioning of a taste aversion did influence performance in the step‐through avoidance situation. Fewer of these previously conditioned animals attained the training criterion and, within this previously conditioned population, the handled groups displayed less “emotional” behavior than the controls. Response latencies in the shock‐induced passive avoidance test did not differentiate between handled and shocked animals. Animals manipulated prior to weaning had consistently shorter latencies than the unmanipulated controls.
A further analysis of the responsiveness of experienced and inexperienced ring dove (Streptopelia risoria) foster parents to squabs
Authors: Hansen Ernst W.
Published: May 2005

The responsiveness of experienced and inexperienced ring dove foster parents to young (2‐day‐old) and older (4‐ to 5‐day‐old) squabs was compared (a) 4 days after the 2nd egg was laid, and (b) at about the time of hatching. In the 4‐day groups inexperienced male foster parents showed more squab directed attention than did experienced males. In addition, older squabs introduced to inexperienced subjects gained significantly more weight than any other subgroup. In the 13‐day groups, the only differences obtained gave indications of enhanced behavioral responsiveness to the squabs by inexperienced foster parents.
A “User‐Friendly” Chemical Approach Towards Paramagnetic Cobalt Phosphide Hollow Structures: Preparation, Characterization, and Formation Mechanism of Co2P Hollow Spheres and Tubes
Authors: Hou Hongwei , Peng Qi , Zhang Shuyuan , Guo Qixun , Xie Yi
Published: May 2005

User‐friendly chemistry principles have been implemented for the synthesis of hollow Co2P structures. In comparison with the original organometallic approach, the resulting alternative route is safe, simple, and inexpensive. The X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, X‐ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) images, and transmission electronic microscope (TEM) images were used to characterize the products, which exhibit paramagnetic behavior down to 2 K, as determined with a commercial superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer. The experimental investigations suggest that the formation of Co2P hollow structures, hollow spheres, and tubes can be explained by an aggregation mechanism and a thermodynamically governed regime. Initially formed Co2P nanoparticles are driven to aggregate into Co2P hollow spheres by the gas bubbles produced. The formation of Co2P tubes then occurs from the hollow spheres via hollow vessels in a thermodynamically governed process. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Two Morphologies of Stable, Highly Ordered Assemblies of a Long‐Chain‐Substituted [2 × 2]‐Grid‐Type FeII Complex Adsorbed on HOPG
Authors: Mourran Ahmed , Ziener Ulrich , Möller Martin , Breuning Esther , Ohkita Masakazu , Lehn Jean‐Marie
Published: May 2005

The programmed self‐assembly of a multimetallic grid‐type supramolecular architecture and its hierarchical organization on graphite are described. The doubly functionalized 4,6‐bis(2,2'‐bipyridyl‐6‐yl)‐2‐phenylpyrimidine derivative 1, equipped with CH2OC16H33 moieties at the terminal pyridine rings, was designed as a new bis(tridentate) ligand and synthesized using Stille‐type coupling reactions. Treatment of ligand 1 with Fe(BF4)2·6H2O in CHCl3/CH3CN led to the spontaneous formation of a [2 × 2]‐grid‐type FeII complex 2 in quantitative yield. The self‐assembled tetranuclear complex 2 was adsorbed onto highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), which showed two morphologies of highly ordered two‐dimensional arrays of the metallo‐supramolecular architectures. The resulting monolayers of the grid‐type complex 2 are much more stable than that obtained from the corresponding unsubstituted grid‐type complex owing to the additional attractive forces between the hexadecyl moieties in 2 and the HOPG surface. Moreover, the reproducibility of the STM images of the hexadecyl‐substituted grid 2 was strongly improved compared to the unsubstituted one. These results suggest that the introduction of long alkyl chains into metallo‐supramolecular architectures would have general advantages for their organization and STM investigation on HOPG. Details of the preparation and the STM investigation of ligand 1 are also presented. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Lipidomics and consequences: a new classification system for lipids
Authors: Spener Friedrich
Published: May 2005

No abstracts.
Studies on the response of potentiometric sensors and the characterization of reactive impurities in propylene carbonate and gamma‐butyrolactone as solvents
Authors: Coetzee J. F. , Chang T.‐H. , Deshmukh B. K. , Fonong T.
Published: May 2005

This article deals with an experimental protocol developed to characterize reactive impurities that seriously compromise the utility of relatively insert solvents such as those discussed here. It was found that potentiometric sensors for hydrogen, silver(I), and copper(II) ions give Nernstian response over a broad activity range in solutions of widely differing buffer capacity in γ‐butyrolactone (GBL), a promising but inadequately explored solvent for a variety of applications. Advantage was taken of the proper response of these sensors in applying the “ion probe method” described before to characterize impurities in both unpurified and purified γ‐butyrolactone on the basis of their reactivities rather than their concentrations alone. The same sensors were also used in conventional potentiometric titrations of impurities in propylene carbonate (PC), a solvent that has been extensively used in fundamental studies of solute‐solvent interactions as well as in the construction of commercial lithium batteries. The results of the potentiometric studies served as a guide in the design of appropriate gas chromatographic measurements. Three impurities not reported before were found in a reagent grade propylene carbonate: triethylamine and chloride ion, both at concentrations above 10−4 M, as well as 1,2‐dibromopropane. The effectiveness of different purification procedures was studied.
Suspended gate field‐effect transistor sensitive to gaseous hydrogen cyanide
Authors: Li Jing , Petelenz Danuta , Janata Jiří
Published: May 2005

The optimization, characterization, and analytical performance of a suspended gate field‐effect transistor (SGFET), with a selective polyaniline/mercury layer, for monitoring low levels of hydrogen cyanide in air are described. Reversible and reproducible detection is reported.
Progress in sensor array research
Authors: Diamond Dermot
Published: May 2005

This article reviews developments in sensor array research, with the main focus being on arrays of electrochemical sensors, particularly potentiometric and amperometric/voltammetric electrodes. Comparison is made with single electrode measurements and the differences in approach highlighted. Progress in classification of complex gas/vapor samples into fuzzy categories is surveyed. Techniques for processing array data are summarized and relevant literature given.
Ion‐selective electrode potentiometric detection in ion‐chromatography
Authors: Isildak Ibrahim , Covington Arthur K.
Published: May 2005

Anion‐ and cation‐responsive, all solid‐state, tubular PVC membrane electrodes were used as detectors in nonsuppressed ion chromatography. Separation and detection of 11 monovalent inorganic and organic anions with a 2 μl cell volume detector were demonstrated using low concentration eluents. A simple and selective method for chromatographic separation and potentiometric detection at sub‐ppb levels of seven cations was achieved in 7 minutes. As the detector was selective and sensitive only to monovalent cations, with no interference from other cations, the method was easily applicable to other sample types, including the determination of sodium and potassium ions in inorganic and organic chemicals. The overall efficiency of ion chromatographic procedures allows the possibility of routine separation and detection of inorganic and organic anions and cations at low levels in a simultaneous system. Thus, a simple, selective, sensitive, reproducible method was developed needing only 8 minutes or less to complete an independent separation and simultaneous potentiometric detection of 14 inorganic and organic monovalent common anions and cations with anion and cation‐exchange columns in series. The method is flexible as the anions will not interfere with the detection of cations and cations will not interfere with the detection of anions, so that detectors can be used at the end of the two columns in series or one detector can be used at the end of each column. Applications to natural water samples are described.