bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of magnesium on cognition after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage in a randomized trial
Authors: Huenges Wajer I. M. C. , Dorhout Mees S. M. , van den Bergh W. M. , Algra A. , Visser‐Meily J. M. A. , Rinkel G. J. E. , van Zandvoort M. J. E.
Published: July 2018

Background and purpose

In randomized trials magnesium supplementation did not improve clinical outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH) on handicap scales. After aSAH, many patients have cognitive problems that may not translate into handicap. The effect of magnesium on cognitive outcome after aSAH was studied.

Methods

In total, 209 patients who had been included in the Magnesium for Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage (MASH‐2) trial in the University Medical Centre of Utrecht were studied. Patients had been randomized to 64 mmol magnesium sulfate daily or placebo during hospitalization. Three months after aSAH patients underwent a neuropsychological examination (NPE) consisting of six neuropsychological tests or a brief cognitive assessment. Poisson and linear regression analyses were used to analyse the effect of magnesium on cognition.

Results

In the magnesium group 53 (49.5%) of the 107 patients and in the placebo group 51 (50.0%) of the 102 patients scored lower than the median cognitive score [relative risk 0.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.76–1.30]. Linear regression analyses showed no significant relationship between intervention and cognition (B = 0.05, 95% CI −0.15 to 0.33).

Conclusions

Treatment with magnesium has no effect on cognitive outcome after aSAH.
Perampanel in routine clinical use across Europe: Pooled, multicenter, observational data
Authors: Rohracher Alexandra , Zimmermann Georg , Villanueva Vicente , Garamendi Iñigo , Sander Josemir W. , Wehner Tim , Shankar Rohit , Ben‐Menachem Elinor , Brodie Martin J. , Pensel Max C. , Di Gennaro Giancarlo , Maurousset Aude , Strzelczyk Adam , Rheims Sylvain , Rácz Attila , Menzler Katja , Bertol‐Alegre Vicente , García‐Morales Irene , López‐González Francisco Javier , Toledo Manuel , Carpenter Katherine J. , Trinka Eugen
Published: July 2018

Objective

To pool observational data on the routine use of perampanel to obtain information on real‐world outcomes and data in populations typically underrepresented in clinical trials.

Methods

Individual‐level data of people with epilepsy treated with perampanel at 45 European centers were merged into a single dataset. Prespecified outcomes were: 1‐year retention rate, 1‐year seizure freedom rate (duration ≥6 months), and incidence of treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs). In addition, relationships were explored with logistic regression analyses.

Results

The full analysis set comprised 2396 people: 95% had focal seizures; median epilepsy duration was 27 years; median number of concomitant antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) was 2; and median prior AEDs was 6. One‐year retention rate was 48% (1117/2332; 95% confidence interval [CI] 46‐50%), and 1‐year seizure‐free rate (≥6‐month duration) was 9.2% (74/803; 95% CI 7‐11%). Median treatment duration was 11.3 months (1832 patient‐years); median dose was 8 mg. In 388 individuals with available data at 3, 6, and 12 months, responder rates were 42%, 46%, and 39%, respectively. During the first year, TEAEs were reported in 68% of participants (1317/1497; 95% CI 66‐70%). Logistic regression found higher age at perampanel initiation was associated with higher seizure‐free rate, and higher number of prior AEDs with lower seizure‐free rate and lower rates of somatic TEAEs. In 135 individuals aged ≥65 years, 1‐year retention rate was 48% and seizure‐free rate was 28%.

Significance

Across a large, treatment‐resistant population, add‐on perampanel was retained for ≥1 year by 48% of individuals, and 9% were seizure‐free for ≥6 months. TEAEs were in line with previous reports in routine clinical use, and less frequent than in the clinical trial setting. No new or unexpected TEAEs were seen. Despite the limitations of observational studies, our data indicate that some individuals may derive a marked benefit from the use of perampanel.
Does MAX matter for mutual funds?
Authors: Goldie Bradley A. , Henry Tyler R. , Kassa Haimanot
Published: July 2018

Extreme returns (MAX) have been shown to impact future expected stock returns. We examine whether this relationship is present in mutual fund returns. We find that high MAX funds, as measured by past extreme daily returns, underperform both in portfolio sorts and cross‐sectional tests. We further test possible explanations for why MAX funds underperform. First, we measure mutual fund flows to determine investor response to MAX. Second, we examine the underlying holdings of MAX funds to measure their concentration in MAX stocks. We find evidence that both fund flows and holdings contribute to the MAX effect on mutual fund returns.
Is finance a veil? Lead‐and‐lag relationship between financial and business cycles: The case of China
Authors: Shen Chung‐Hua , Shi Jun‐Guo , Wu Meng‐Wen
Published: July 2018

This study examines the lead‐and‐lag relationship between financial cycles (FCs) and business cycles (BCs) by using Chinese provincial data. We construct FCs of the financial sector on the basis of three financial variables: credit‐to‐GDP (gross domestic product) ratios, house prices, and equity prices. We use the panel dynamic logit model to investigate the lead‐and‐lag effect between two sectors. Results show that each province has its own unique FCs and BCs. Hence, financial policies should be different in dissimilar provinces. Next, we find that FCs lead BCs and not vice versa. Furthermore, the leading effect is stronger in rich provinces than in poor areas.
Fatigue properties of multifunctional metal‐ and carbon‐fibre‐reinforced polymers and intrinsic capabilities for damage monitoring
Authors: Backe S. , Balle F. , Hannemann B. , Schmeer S. , Breuer U.P.
Published: July 2018

Carbon‐fibre‐reinforced polymers (CFRP) structures offer enhanced lightweight potential in comparison with monolithic metallic concepts. Brittle failure behaviour and the insufficient level of electrical conductivity limit the lightweight potential of composites. One promising new approach to solve these issues is the additional integration of metal fibres. Structural components are subjected to cyclic loads during their lifetime. Therefore, the present study focuses on the influence of additional steel fibre reinforcement on the fatigue behaviour of CFRP laminates. Magnetic properties are determined because of the deformation‐induced phase transformation of the chosen austenitic steel fibres, which are also applied as intrinsic damage sensors. Interrupted fatigue tests are carried out accompanied by scanning electron microscopy to obtain differences in failure mechanisms. Beside a detailed overview of the steel fibre influence on the fatigue properties of conventional CFRP structures, the functional evidence of a new method for nondestructive testing by a magnet inductive measuring device is shown.
Predicting lipstick sensory properties with laboratory tests
Authors: Rafferty D. W. , Dupin L. , Zellia J. , Giovannitti‐Jensen A.
Published: July 2018

Objective

Sensory perceptions and performance are important to the success of a lipstick formulation, but in vivo evaluation can be expensive and time‐consuming. The goal of this work was to develop and use laboratory test methods to predict the sensory and performance properties of lipstick.

Methods

Twelve model lipstick formulations were prepared, in which only the emollient varied, resulting in a variety of sensory and performance properties. The lipsticks were tested for sensory perceptions of spreadability, stickiness, opacity and gloss with a nine‐person panel. The performance properties were evaluated with a friction test using a CETR UMT‐2 tribometer, an application test using an analytical balance, a tack test using a Texture Analyser TA.XT‐Plus and a colour development/retention test using photography and image analysis. The results of the laboratory tests were compared with the results of the sensory panel using statistical modelling.

Results

The results of the laboratory tests correlated well with the measured sensory properties. The results of the friction test classified the lipsticks into four groups, which were termed oily, creamy, waxy and sticky; these classifications were also evident in the other laboratory test data. Surprisingly, it was found that the friction test could be used alone to predict all the measured sensory properties with statistical models. The correlation between the coefficient of friction and the measured sensory properties is explained by the balance of adhesive and cohesive properties of the lipstick. These properties are influenced by the emollient and affect the application properties and resulting film.

Conclusion

The emollient has a significant effect on the sensory and performance properties of a lipstick, which can be predicted with the developed laboratory tests. Furthermore, the friction test can be used to sufficiently predict four important lipstick sensory attributes: spreadability, stickiness, opacity and gloss. Using the methods presented here, lipstick formulations may be more rapidly developed and optimized.
Dry brushing: Does it improve plaque removal? A secondary analysis
Authors: van der Sluijs E , Slot DE , Hennequin‐Hoenderdos NL , van der Weijden GA
Published: July 2018

Objective

This article is a secondary analysis comparing the effects on plaque removal of brushing with a dry toothbrush and brushing with a prewetted toothbrush.

Methods

The participants had been included in two previous experiments involving single‐brushing exercises. The 46 non‐dental participants were systemically healthy and ≥18 years of age. In the first experiment, the control intervention was brushing with a prewetted toothbrush, while during the second experiment it was brushing with a dry toothbrush. Both experiments scored plaque before and after the brushing exercises and assessed participants’ perception. The data of these two previous experiments were compared in this secondary analysis.

Results

Plaque score reduction following brushing with a dry toothbrush was 58%, while with a prewetted toothbrush, it was 57%. The mean plaque index score reduction of 0.08 between a dry and a prewetted toothbrush was not significant (P = .096). Prewetting the participants’ toothbrush had no influence on the perception of toothbrush filament stiffness (P = .410) nor on the perception of cleaning capability (P = .449). In both experiments, brushing without dentifrice was judged to be unpleasant.

Conclusion

On average, following a 2‐minute brushing exercise, plaque scored were reduced by 57% or more. Dry brushing did not contribute significantly to toothbrush efficacy. The participants did not find that prewetting a toothbrush influenced the cleaning capability and filament stiffness.
Mind Over Data
Authors: Pearl Judea , Mackenzie Dana
Published: July 2018

In this excerpt from The Book of Why, Judea Pearl and Dana Mackenzie explain how the founders of modern statistics “squandered” the chance to establish the science of causal inference
The avian gut microbiota: community, physiology and function in wild birds
Authors: Grond Kirsten , Sandercock Brett K. , Jumpponen Ari , Zeglin Lydia H.
Published: July 2018

Gastrointestinal microbiota play a vital role in maintaining organismal health, through facilitating nutrient uptake, detoxification and interactions with the immune system. The gastrointestinal microbiota of birds has been poorly studied, especially in wild species under natural conditions. Studies of avian gut microbiota are outnumbered ten to one by studies of mammals, and are dominated by research on domestic poultry. Unlike domestic poultry, wild birds vary widely in environmental preferences, physiology, and life‐history traits, such as migratory behavior and mating systems. Species characteristics result in a vast diversity in gut microbiota and its composition and function. Avian life‐history characteristics pose selection pressures on the gut microbiota, and ultimately affect host health. Here, we review current knowledge of the gut microbiota of wild birds, including: partitioning of digestive function and microbiota among different gastrointestinal compartments, microbial diversity and function in the context of host diet, energetics and behavior, and the intrinsic and extrinsic factors impacting gut microbiota in free‐living birds. The shared core microbiota of wild bird species is dominated by members of four major phyla: Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. However, microbial communities varies inter‐ and intra‐specifically, and among gastrointestinal tract sections. To conclude, we identify three key research areas that warrant further investigation: 1) expanding the range of avian host taxa investigated, 2) identifying the function of avian gut microbiota in physiology and immunology, and 3) transitioning from observational studies to experimental manipulations to identify key determinants of wild bird gut microbiota composition.
Improving the culture of safety on a high‐acuity inpatient child/adolescent psychiatric unit by mindfulness‐based stress reduction training of staff
Authors: Hallman Ilze S. , O'Connor Nancy , Hasenau Susan , Brady Stephanie
Published: July 2018

Problem

The purpose of this study was to reduce perceived levels of interprofessional staff stress and to improve patient and staff safety by implementing a brief mindfulness‐based stress reduction (MBSR) training program on a highacuity psychiatric inpatient unit.

Methods

A one‐group repeated measure design was utilized to measure the impact of the (MBSR) training program on staff stress and safety immediately posttraining and at 2 months. Two instruments were utilized in the study: the Toronto Mindfulness Scale and the Perceived Stress Scale.

Findings

The MBSR program reduced staff stress across the 2‐month post‐training period and increased staff mindfulness immediately following the brief training period of 8 days, and across the 2‐month post‐training period. A trend toward positive impact on patient and staff safety was also seen in a decreased number of staff call‐ins, decreased need for 1:1 staffing episodes, and decreased restraint use 2 months following the training period.

Conclusions

A brief MBSR training program offered to an interprofessional staff of a high‐acuity inpatient adolescent psychiatric unit was effective in decreasing their stress, increasing their mindfulness, and improving staff and patient safety.
Assessing the educational needs of mental health nurses working in an adolescent inpatient psychiatric ward in Japan
Authors: Inoue Masue , Fabbro Letitia Del , Mitchell Marion
Published: July 2018

Problem

In Japan, preregistration education is not sufficient to prepare nurses to work as child adolescentmental health nurses.

Methods

Nominal group technique (NGT) using focus group discussions, and Knowles’ Adult Learning Theory, were used to examine the continuing educational needs of nurses in a Japanese adolescentmental health unit.

Findings

Nurses caring for adolescent patients with mental health issues need continuing education. This research demonstrates the utility of nominal group technique in needs analysis in this context.

Conclusions

Educational priorities include instruction on patients’ developmental stage, promoting patient self‐sufficiency, and strategies for meeting the needs of families.A family‐centered care approach is recommended.
Interstitial cell network volume is reduced in the terminal bowel of ageing mice
Authors: Gamage Prasanna P. K. M. , Patel Bhavik A. , Yeoman Mark S. , Ranson Rachel N. , Saffrey M. Jill
Published: July 2018

Ageing is associated with impaired neuromuscular function of the terminal gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which can result in chronic constipation, faecal impaction and incontinence. Interstitial cells of cajal (ICC) play an important role in regulation of intestinal smooth muscle contraction. However, changes in ICC volume with age in the terminal GI tract (the anal canal including the anal sphincter region and rectum) have not been studied. Here, the distribution, morphology and network volume of ICC in the terminal GI tract of 3‐ to 4‐month‐old and 26‐ to 28‐month‐old C57BL/6 mice were investigated. ICC were identified by immunofluorescence labelling of wholemount preparations with an antibody against c‐Kit. ICC network volume was measured by software‐based 3D volume rendering of confocal Z stacks. A significant reduction in ICC network volume per unit volume of muscle was measured in aged animals. No age‐associated change in ICC morphology was detected. The thickness of the circular muscle layer of the anal sphincter region and rectum increased with age, while that in the distal colon decreased. These results suggest that ageing is associated with a reduction in the network volume of ICC in the terminal GI tract, which may influence the normal function of these regions.
Overcoming mental disorder stigma: A short analysis of patient memoirs
Authors: Tekin Şerife , Outram Simon Michael
Published: July 2018

There is controversy concerning the relationship between stigma and the conceptualization of mental illness as a biomedical disease. Proponents of the biomedical model argue that conceptualizing mental illness as a biochemical disease benefits patients, because it not only enables them to receive medical treatments but also helps them avoid the stigmas associated with mental illness. Opposing this position, others suggest that biomedical causal trajectory further contributes to stigma. When considering individuals' sense of well‐being while living with a mental illness, we believe that this debate detracts us from the most important aspects of removing stigma and enabling patients to develop fulfilling lives. Thus, using patient memoirs, we refocus attention on the patient experience itself, searching for how patients' memoirs can illustrate roads to recovery, resilience, and coping. We examine first what facilitates patients to live a fulfilling life and next, what obstacles they identify to a fulfilling life in the face of their encounter with mental illness.
A C3HC4‐type RING finger protein regulates rhizobial infection and nodule organogenesis in Lotus japonicus
Authors: Cai Kai , Yin Jun , Chao Hongmin , Ren Yaping , Jin Liping , Cao Yangrong , Duanmu Deqiang , Zhang Zhongming
Published: July 2018

During the establishment of rhizobia‐legume symbiosis, the cytokinin receptor LHK1 (Lotus Histidine Kinase 1) is essential for nodule formation. However, the mechanism by which cytokinin signaling regulates symbiosis remains largely unknown. In this study, an LHK1‐interacting protein, LjCZF1, was identified and further characterized. LjCZF1 is a C3HC4‐type RING finger protein that is highly conserved in plants. LjCZF1 specifically interacted with LHK1 in yeast two‐hybrid, in vitro pull‐down and co‐immunoprecipitation assays conducted in tobacco. Phosphomimetic mutation of the potential threonine (T167D) phosphorylation site enhanced the interaction between LjCZF1 and LHK1, whereas phosphorylation mutation (T167A) eliminated this interaction. Transcript abundance of LjCZF1 was up‐regulated significantly after inoculation with rhizobia. The LORE1 insertion mutant and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein 9‐mediated knockout mutant Lotus japonicus plants demonstrated significantly reduced number of infection threads and nodules. In contrast, plants over‐expressing LjCZF1 exhibited increased numbers of infection threads and nodules. Collectively, these data support the notion that LjCZF1 is a positive regulator of symbiotic nodulation, possibly through interaction with LHK1.
A red pumpkin seed extract reduces melanosome transfer to keratinocytes by activation of Nrf2 signaling
Authors: Endo Karin , Mizutani Taeko , Okano Yuri , Masaki Hitoshi
Published: July 2018

Background

The induction of skin pigmentation by ultraviolet (UV) radiation has been shown to result from factors secreted from UV‐exposed keratinocytes that enhance melanogenesis in melanosomes (MSs) and stimulates their transfer to keratinocytes. Among those factors, it has been reported that α‐melanocyte stimulating hormone, which is converted from the precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC) following UV exposure, stimulates the transfer of MSs from melanocytes to surrounding keratinocytes.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a red pumpkin seed (RPS) extract on the transfer of MSs to keratinocytes and to clarify the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the UVB‐induced transfer of MSs.

Methods

The transfer of MSs into keratinocytes was examined by measuring the incorporation of fluorescent beads, which were used as pseudo‐MSs. mRNA expression levels of POMC, Nrf2, and Nrf2‐related genes were determined using real‐time PCR. Intracellular ROS levels were estimated with H2DCFDA.

Results

The incorporation of fluorescent beads into keratinocytes was enhanced by treatment with the conditioned medium (CM) from keratinocytes exposed to UVB or H2O2. UVB or H2O2 exposed keratinocytes had an up‐regulated mRNA expression level of POMC. Treatment of keratinocytes with the RPS extract enhanced their intracellular antioxidant system via the activation of Nrf2 signaling and suppressed their incorporation of fluorescent beads that had been stimulated by the CM from UVB or H2O2 exposed keratinocytes.

Conclusion

These results indicate that the RPS extract suppresses MS transfer stimulated by ROS generated following UVB exposure through the activation of Nrf2 signaling.
Family Histories and Teen Pregnancy in the United States and Canada
Authors: Smith Chelsea , Strohschein Lisa , Crosnoe Robert
Published: July 2018

Objective: This study took a long view of childhood experiences that can contribute to the risk of teen pregnancy in the United States and Canada, two countries with different norms and policies surrounding family life and inequality.

Background: Teenage pregnancy is a major life experience arising from life course trajectories unfolding during a young woman's childhood. Cross‐national comparisons can elucidate family‐based pathways while embedding youth within broader national contexts of the United States and Canada, which are similar in some respects yet different in others.

Method: Longitudinal data from the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Young Adult Survey (n = 3,122) and the Canadian National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (n = 2,517) connected childhood histories to teenage pregnancy. Competing risk models estimated the risk of teenage pregnancy with family structure changes and episodes in poverty during childhood.

Results: Teenage pregnancy, family change, and poverty were more common in the United States. In the United States, only multiple experiences of instability and poverty were associated with greater risk of teenage pregnancy, but, in Canada, any experience of childhood disadvantage was associated with elevated risk.

Conclusion: The risk of teen pregnancy was higher among both U.S. and Canadian adolescents from more unstable and economically insecure families and that link between cumulative experiences of childhood disadvantage and adolescent pregnancy was stronger in Canada.

Implications: Policies and interventions to reduce teen pregnancy must address childhood socioeconomic disadvantage.
A review of the global distribution of Alexandrium minutum (Dinophyceae) and comments on ecology and associated paralytic shellfish toxin profiles, with a focus on Northern Europe
Authors: Lewis Adam Michael , Coates Lewis Nicholas , Turner Andrew D. , Percy Linda , Lewis Jane
Published: July 2018

Alexandrium minutum is a globally distributed harmful algal bloom species with many strains that are known to produce paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) and consequently represent a concern to human and ecosystem health. This review highlights that A. minutum typically occurs in sheltered locations, with cell growth occurring during periods of stable water conditions. Sediment characteristics are important in the persistence of this species within a location, with fine sediments providing cyst deposits for ongoing inoculation to the water column. Toxic strains of A. minutum do not produce a consistent toxin profile, different populations produce a range of PSTs in differing quantities. Novel cluster analysis of published A. minutum toxin profiles indicates five PST profile clusters globally. Some clusters are grouped geographically (Northern Europe) while others are widely spread. Isolates from Taiwan have a range of toxin profile clusters and this area appears to have the most diverse set of PST producing A. minutum populations. These toxin profiles indicate that within the United Kingdom there are two populations of A. minutum grouping with strains from Northern France and Southern Ireland. There is a degree of interconnectivity in this region due to oceanic circulation and a high level of shipping and recreational boating. Further research into the interrelationships between the A. minutum populations in this global region would be of value.
Comparison of multiple thawing techniques on thaw time and stability of hemostatic proteins in canine plasma products
Authors: Torkildsen L. , Bishop M. A. , Barr J. W. , Pashmakova M. B.
Published: July 2018

Objectives

To compare thawing times of fresh frozen canine plasma between a 37 °C warm water bath, running water bath and dry plasma thawer and compare haemostatic protein stability after thawing in a warm water bath or dry plasma thawer.

Materials and Methods

To measure thawing times, a 240‐mL bag of frozen plasma was thawed in warm water bath, running water bath or dry plasma thawer‐10 times for each method. To evaluate stability of haemostatic proteins, fresh canine donor plasma samples were split into 120‐mL bags and 3‐mL control aliquots before freezing. Bags were thawed by warm water bath or dry plasma thawer and aliquots equilibrated to room temperature. Concentrations of haemostatic proteins, albumin, D‐dimers, prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time were obtained.

Results

The running water bath had the shortest thaw time: median thaw time of 15 minutes versus 18 minutes for both the dry plasma thawer and warm water bath. Statistically significant differences in partial thromboplastin time, factor VII, factor X, von Willebrand factor, and von Willebrand factor collagen binding assay were detected among groups but were unlikely to be clinically relevant.

Clinical Significance

A traditional running water bath provided the fastest thawing time but the dry plasma thawer resulted in the most stable haemostatic proteins.
Macrobenthic infaunal communities associated with deep‐sea hydrocarbon seeps in the northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Washburn Travis W. , Demopoulos Amanda W. J. , Montagna Paul A.
Published: July 2018

There are thousands of seeps in the deep ocean worldwide; however, many questions remain about their contributions to global biodiversity and the surrounding deep‐sea environment. In addition to being globally distributed, seeps provide several benefits to humans such as unique habitats, organisms with novel genes, and carbon regulation. The purpose of this study is to determine whether there are unique seep macrobenthic assemblages, by comparing seep and nonseep environments, different seep habitats, and seeps at different depths and locations. Infaunal community composition, diversity, and abundance were examined between seep and nonseep background environments and among three seep habitats (i.e., microbial mats, tubeworms, and soft‐bottom seeps). Abundances were higher at seep sites compared to background areas. Abundance and diversity also differed among microbial mat, tubeworm, and soft‐bottom seep habitats. Although seeps contained different macrobenthic assemblages than nonseep areas, infaunal communities were also generally unique for each seep. Variability was 75% greater within communities near seeps compared to communities in background areas. Thus, high variability in community structure characterized seep communities rather than specific taxa. The lack of similarity among seep sites supports the idea that there are no specific infauna that can be used as indicators of seepage throughout the northern Gulf of Mexico, at least at higher taxonomic levels.
Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide O‐antigen ligases share similar membrane topology and biochemical properties
Authors: Ruan Xiang , Monjarás Feria Julia , Hamad Mohamad , Valvano Miguel A.
Published: July 2018

WaaL is an inner membrane glycosyltransferase that catalyzes the transfer of O‐antigen polysaccharide from its lipid‐linked intermediate to a terminal sugar of the lipid A‐core oligosaccharide, a conserved step in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Ligation occurs at the periplasmic side of the bacterial cell membrane, suggesting the catalytic region of WaaL faces the periplasm. Establishing the membrane topology of the WaaL protein family will enable understanding its mechanism and exploit it as a potential antimicrobial target. Applying oxidative labeling of native methionine/cysteine residues, we previously validated a topological model for Escherichia coli WaaL, which differs substantially from the reported topology of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa WaaL, derived from the analysis of truncated protein reporter fusions. Here, we examined the topology of intact E. coli and P. aeruginosa WaaL proteins by labeling engineered cysteine residues with the membrane‐impermeable sulfhydryl reagent polyethylene glycol maleimide (PEG‐Mal). The accessibility of PEG‐Mal to targeted engineered cysteine residues in both E. coli and P. aeruginosa WaaL proteins demonstrates that both ligases share similar membrane topology. Further, we also demonstrate that P. aeruginosa WaaL shares similar functional properties with E. coli WaaL and that E. coli WaaL may adopt a functional dimer conformation.
The Theologian as Critic: The Contribution of Tinyiko Sam Maluleke
Authors: Ngong David Tonghou
Published: July 2018

Tinyiko Sam Maluleke is a prolific South African theologian whose work mounts a thoroughgoing critique of the status of Christianity in contemporary sub‐Saharan Africa. Situating his work within its archival context, this article argues that the work of Maluleke emphasizes the vocation of the theologian as critic. The essay looks at some key themes in his work and suggests that Maluleke's critique of African Christianity is soteriological in nature, that is, he questions the role the Christian faith may play in the salvation of (South) Africa.
Banana blossom agar (BABA), a new medium to isolate members of the Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii species complex useful for resource limited countries
Authors: Khayhan Kantarawee , Juntaboon Siriprapa , Fang Wenjie , Chaowasku Tanawat , Amornthipayawong Dechphipat , Boekhout Teun
Published: July 2018

Isolation of representatives of the Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii species complex can be made using dopamine containing media, such as Niger seed agar and l‐DOPA agar. Here, we describe an alternative medium that uses banana flowers. Banana is a dopamine containing fruit and is widely available in tropical and subtropical countries that have high numbers of cryptococcosis patients. This banana blossom‐based agar is useful for the enrichment of isolates of the C. neoformans/C. gattii species complex from environmental and clinical materials. The banana blossom agar (BABA) with and without creatinine can differentiate between the melanin forming isolates of the C. neoformans/C. gattii species complex from other yeasts that do not form melanin.
A Thomistic Model of Friendship with God as Deification
Authors: Christianson Raphael Joshua
Published: July 2018

While friendship with God is an important theme for Thomas Aquinas, Aquinas never explicitly delineates what such friendship looks like. In this article, I present a systematic description of friendship with God according to Thomas Aquinas. I examine three dynamics (mutuality, benevolence, and communicatio) and two effects (mutual indwelling and union) which Aquinas attributes to human friendship, and I show how they can exist analogically in friendship with God. Such a presentation reveals that friendship with God effects the deification of the human person, and such a deified condition is the intended state of the human person, in which he or she can be most fully human. This conclusion allows me to propose a way to define a human person as a relation (using the term deificatus), analogous to Aquinas's definition of person for the Trinity. In turn, I show how this reality impacts a Thomistic understanding of genuine human friendship, whereby one friend loves the other qua deificatus.
Not Crying “Peace” The Theological Politics of Herbert McCabe
Authors: Hewitt Simon
Published: July 2018

Herbert McCabe was, by widespread acclaim, one of the greatest Catholic thinkers in the English speaking world during the final quarter of the last century. He was also deeply committed to radical left‐wing politics. What is the relationship between these two facts? I lay out what I take to be the key themes in McCabe's politics before arguing that, in contrast to significant strands in present day political theology, he had a keen sense of the respective roles of faith and reason in guiding political action. This allowed him to commit himself to a politics which was more radical than much of what has followed him, whilst having a clear sense of how Christian faith ought to be allowed to condition political engagement. The article concludes by drawing out lessons from McCabe for thinking about faith and politics. Not least of these is that we ought to avoid the lure, often articulated in terms of the ‘unifying’ role of the Church, to eschew conflict.
Contribution to the flora of Pakistan: Hedysarum alii and H. shahjinalense spp. nov. (Fabaceae) and three new records
Authors: Haidar Ali , Qaiser M.
Published: July 2018

Two new species of Hedysarum, H. alii Haidar Ali & Qaiser sp. nov. and H. shahjinalense Haidar Ali & Qaiser sp. nov. are described from Chitral in Pakistan. As far as known, both new species are endemic to Chitral and are categorized as ‘Critically Endangered’ (CR). In addition, three other species of Hedysarum are recorded from Pakistan for the first time, viz. H. volkii Rech. f., H. brahuicum Boiss. and H. sericeum M. Bieb. These are also ‘Critically Endangered’ (CR) at a national level. A key to all 12 species of Hedysarum occurring in Pakistan is provided.
New taxa and taxonomic notes in Aspidistra (Convallariaceae s.s.) in China, Laos and Vietnam
Authors: Averyanov Leonid V. , Tillich H.‐J. , Pham Van The , Nguyen Sinh Khang , Le Tuan Anh , Nguyen Hoang Tuan , Maisak Tatiana V. , Le Tuan Anh Hoang , Nguyen Danh Duc , Truong Quang Cuong , Thuong Nguyen Thi Lien , Vu Tien Chinh
Published: July 2018

This paper continues the publication of newly obtained results from a continuing taxonomic investigation of the genus Aspidistra in mainland southeast Asia. It includes descriptions and illustrations of seven taxa discovered in China and Vietnam, A. deflexa Aver., Tillich & V.T. Pham, A. heterocarpa Aver., Tillich & V. T. Pham var. heterocarpa, A. heterocarpa Aver., Tillich & V. T. Pham var. echinata Aver., Tillich & T.A. Le, A. nigra Aver., Tillich & K. S. Nguyen, A. sessiliflora Aver. & Tillich, A. sinuata Aver. & Tillich and A. tonkinensis (Gagnep.) F. T. Wang & K. Y. Lang var. compacta Aver. & Tillich. Specific taxonomic status is proposed for A. vietnamensis (Aver. & Tillich) Aver & Tillich. described at first as a variety of A. elatior Blume. The name A. connata Tillich is accepted as a synonym of A. subrotata Y. Wan & C. C. Huang. One species, A. hainanensis W. Y. Chun & F. C. How is reported as new for the flora of Vietnam, and another one, A. semiaperta Aver. & Tillich as new for the flora of Laos. New or updated data on ecology, phenology, tentative relationships, distribution and conservation status are reported for all mentioned taxa.
Can we distinguish three maintenance processes in working memory?
Authors: Morey Candice C. , Cowan Nelson
Published: July 2018

We describe three mechanisms—consolidation, refreshing, and removal—as processes that may serve to strengthen new memories. We detail their explicit and implied differences and similarities, and highlight points upon which theorists disagree about their supposed characteristics. We consider the challenges remaining in refining definitions of these processes and with situating them within working memory theories, and consider how these process definitions and theories should restrict each other.
Plasma membrane H+‐ATPase activity and graft success of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) onto interspecific rootstocks of marang (A. odoratissimus) and pedalai (A. sericicarpus)
Authors: Zhou Y. , Underhill S. J. R.
Published: July 2018

Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is primarily grown as a staple tree crop for food security in Oceania. Significant wind damage has driven interest in developing its dwarfing rootstocks. Due to the predominantly vegetative propagation of the species, grafting onto interspecific seedlings is an approach to identifying dwarfing rootstocks. However, grafting of breadfruit onto unrelated Artocarpus species has not been investigated.

Here we first report the success of breadfruit grafting onto interspecific rootstocks, marang (A. odoratissimus) and pedalai (A. sericicarpus). To address the low graft survival, we investigated the relationship of plasma membrane (PM) H+‐ATPase activity to graft success.

We provide the first evidence for a positive correlation between PM H+‐ATPase activity and graft survival. The graft unions of successful grafts had higher PM H+‐ATPase activity compared to those of failed grafts. Rootstocks with low PM H+‐ATPase activity in leaf microsomes before grafting had lower graft survival than those with high enzyme activity, with graft success of 10% versus 60% and 0% versus 30% for marang and pedalai rootstocks, respectively. There was a positive correlation between graft success and the PM H+‐ATPase activity measured from the rootstock stem microsomes 2 months after grafting [marang, r(7) = 0.9203, P = 0.0004; pedalai (r(7) = 0. 8820, P = 0.0017]. Removal of scion's own roots decreased the leaf PM H+‐ATPase activity of grafted plants regardless of the final graft outcome. Recovery of the enzyme activity was only found in the successful grafts.

The function of PM H+‐ATPase in graft union development and graft success improvement is discussed.
Robust Sourcing from Suppliers under Ambiguously Correlated Major Disruption Risks
Authors: Zhao Ming , Freeman Nickolas K.
Published: July 2018

As the severity and frequency of supply chain disruptions increases due to globalization and outsourcing, companies are faced with the challenge of managing correlated disruption risks. However, correctly estimating supplier correlations is difficult and relying on incorrect estimates can be costly. Motivated by these challenges, we consider models for managing disruption risks when suppliers are ambiguously correlated. Our models are based on profit‐oriented correlation structures that only require accurate estimates of the marginal disruption probabilities for available suppliers. Analysis of the models, along with extensive numerical studies, show that they offer high‐quality solutions and provide several important insights regarding supplier selection, appropriate budgets for efforts to better understand the prevailing correlation structure, and identifying subsets of the available suppliers that should be considered for strategic alliances. In addition to these benefits, we discuss a progressive, profit‐oriented approach for risk management that is based on these models and is easily implemented in situations with minimal in formation regarding supplier correlations.
Assessment of photosynthetic performance in the two life history stages of Alaria crassifolia (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae)
Authors: Borlongan Iris Ann , Nishihara Gregory N. , Shimada Satoshi , Terada Ryuta
Published: July 2018

Understanding of the physiological responses of kelp to environmental parameters is crucial, especially in the context of environmental change that may have contributed to the decline of kelp forests all over the world. The current study presents the photosynthetic characteristics of the macroscopic sporophyte and microscopic gametophyte stages of the brown alga Alaria crassifolia from Hokkaido, Japan, as determined by examining their photosynthetic responses over a range of temperature and irradiance using dissolved oxygen and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. Net photosynthetic rates of the sporophyte were consistently higher than those of gametophyte across temperature gradients and irradiance levels. Photosynthesis–irradiance curves at 8°C, 16°C, and 20°C revealed similar initial slopes (α = 0.4–0.9) on the two life history stages, but higher compensation (E
c = 4–7 μmol photons m−2 s−1) and saturation irradiances (E
k = 53–103 μmol photons m−2 s−1) for the sporophyte than for the gametophyte (E
c = 0–7 μmol photons m−2 s−1; E
k = 7–10 μmol photons m−2 s−1). Both stages exhibited chronic photoinhibition, as shown by the failure of recovery in their maximum quantum yields (F
v/F
m) following high irradiance stress, with greater possibility of photodamage at low temperature. Gametophytes were less sensitive to low temperatures than sporophytes, given their relatively stable F
v/F
m response. Nevertheless, temperature optima for photosynthesis of both stages coincide with each other at 20–23°C, which correspond to the growth and maturation periods of A. crassifolia in Japan. This species is also likely to suffer from thermal inhibition as both GP rates and F
v/F
m decreased above 24°C.
Taking a Closer Look at the Empowerment‐Performance Relationship: Evidence from Law Enforcement Organizations
Authors: Hassan Shahidul , Park Jongsoo , Raadschelders Jos C. N.
Published: July 2018

This article examines the influence of empowering leadership practices on police officers' job performance, perceptions of managerial effectiveness, and unit performance. These relationships are examined using multisource survey data collected from 100 law enforcement managers, 446 of their subordinates, and 98 of their direct supervisors. The analysis shows that empowering leadership contributes positively to subordinate officers' job performance and unit effectiveness. Empowering leadership is also positively associated with subordinate but not with supervisor ratings of managerial effectiveness. Task‐oriented leadership, however, is positively associated with both subordinate and supervisor ratings of managerial effectiveness. Implications of these results for managerial leadership in law enforcement organizations are discussed.
Cardiovascular adaptations after 10 months of intense school‐based physical training for 8‐ to 10‐year‐old children
Authors: Larsen Malte Nejst , Nielsen Claus Malta , Madsen Mads , Manniche Vibeke , Hansen Lone , Bangsbo Jens , Krustrup Peter , Hansen Peter Riis
Published: July 2018

This study examined cardiovascular adaptations in 8‐ to 10‐year‐old schoolchildren after 10 months (a full school year) of 3 × 40 minute per week of small‐sided ball games (SSG, including football, basketball, and/or floorball) or circuit strength training (CST). The study involved 291 Danish schoolchildren, 8‐10 years old, cluster‐randomized to SSG (n = 93, 4 schools, 5 classes), CST (n = 83, 4 schools, 4 classes), or a control group (CON, n = 115, 2 schools, 5 classes). Before and after the 10‐month intervention, resting heart rate and blood pressure measurements were performed as well as comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography and peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT). Analysis of baseline‐to‐10‐months changes showed between‐group differences (P < 0.05) after both training interventions in diastolic blood pressure (delta scores: SSG −2.1 ± 6.0 mm Hg; CST −3.0 ± 7.1 mm Hg; CON 0.2 ± 5.3 mm Hg). Moreover, there were between‐group differences in delta scores (P < 0.05) in interventricular septum thickness (SSG 0.17 ± 0.87 mm; CST 0.30 ± 0.94 mm; CON −0.15 ± 0.68 mm), left‐atrial volume index (SSG 0.32 ± 5.13 mL/m2; CON 2.60 ± 5.94 mL/m2), and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (SSG −0.4 ± 3.3 mm; CON: 0.1 ± 3.6 mm). No significant between‐group differences were observed for the PAT‐derived reactive hyperemia index. In conclusion, 10 months of 3 × 40 minutes per week of SSG and CST in 8‐ to 10‐year‐old children decreased diastolic blood pressure and elicited discrete cardiac adaptations, suggesting that intense physical exercise in school classes can have effects on cardiovascular health in children.
Transcriptomics analyses reveal the molecular roadmap and long non‐coding RNA landscape of sperm cell lineage development
Authors: Liu Lingtong , Lu Yunlong , Wei Liqin , Yu Hua , Cao Yinghao , Li Yan , Yang Ning , Song Yunyun , Liang Chengzhi , Wang Tai
Published: July 2018

Sperm cell (SC) lineage development from the haploid microspore to SCs represents a unique biological process in which the microspore generates a larger vegetative cell (VC) and a smaller generative cell (GC) enclosed in the VC, then the GC further develops to functionally specified SCs in the VC for double fertilization. Understanding the mechanisms of SC lineage development remains a critical goal in plant biology. We isolated individual cells of the three cell types, and characterized the genome‐wide atlas of long non‐coding (lnc) RNAs and mRNAs of haploid SC lineage cells. Sperm cell lineage development involves global repression of genes for pluripotency, somatic development and metabolism following asymmetric microspore division and coordinated upregulation of GC/SC preferential genes. This process is accompanied by progressive loss of the active marks H3K4me3 and H3K9ac, and accumulation of the repressive methylation mark H3K9. The SC lineage has a higher ratio of lncRNAs to mRNAs and preferentially expresses a larger percentage of lncRNAs than does the non‐SC lineage. A co‐expression network showed that the largest set of lncRNAs in these nodes, with more than 100 links, are GC‐preferential, and a small proportion of lncRNAs co‐express with their neighboring genes. Single molecular fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that several candidate genes may be markers distinguishing the three cell types of the SC lineage. Our findings reveal the molecular programming and potential roles of lncRNAs in SC lineage development.
Tense and the other: Temporality and urban multiculture in Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Higgins Katie W.
Published: July 2018

Expressions of concern about the national future, or the surfacing of history through postcolonial melancholia and nostalgia for a lost Golden Age, illustrate how temporality and tense have been absorbed into discourses, affective attachments and practices of cultural recognition and national belonging. First, this paper aims to develop the discussion of urban multiculture in human geography in an original direction through a theoretically‐driven argument for the significance of social divisions of tense. It contributes new knowledge about the availability of this discursive field when the issue of cultural recognition arises. Second, through considering the relational dynamics between settler, Indigenous and exogenous peoples together, the paper ties together debate on migration and ethnicity with indigeneity and colonialism. Third, the paper emphasises the importance of careful attention to local histories, contexts and oppressions when researching conviviality and multiculture in a settler colonial context. The analysis draws on 12 months of qualitative research with first‐generation British migrants in Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand to examine several illustrative encounters of British migrants with Māori, the Indigenous peoples, and exogenous alterity, a term used to refer to migrants and racialised citizens deemed “foreign.”