bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De l'homme sans domicile au père sans logement personnel : tensions de genre dans l'intervention sociale
Authors: Mayol Séverine
Published: January 2015

Résumé : À partir d’entretiens réalisés auprès de professionnels et de bénéficiaires des dispositifs d’hébergement d’urgence, l’auteure se propose de réfléchir aux représentations et à la place de la paternité des hommes sans domicile. Pourquoi la paternité des hommes sans domicile n’est-elle pas aussi présente dans les dispositifs que la maternité ? La paternité est-elle invisible ou occultée ? Comment expliquer cette absence de prise en compte ? Cette réflexion permet de saisir une partie des changements sociaux relatifs aux rôles et aux rapports sociaux de sexe dans la société des inclus. En effet, les tensions qui naissent entre les visions du monde des hommes hébergés et la réalité des dispositifs et des discours des travailleurs sociaux reflètent les tensions, négociations et résistances, entre normes contemporaines de genre et normes traditionnelles de genre.
Nekaj misli o konceptu prožnosti v geografiji naravnih nesreč // Some thoughts on the concept of resilience in geography of natural hazards
Authors: Komac Blaž , Lapuh Lucija
Published: January 2015

Koncept prožnosti se v zadnjem času uveljavlja kot pripomoček za razumevanje pokrajinske stvarnosti. Čeprav so ga uporabljali že v antiki, pojem v sodobnem pomenu izhaja iz fizike, kjer označuje lastnost materiala, da se ob motnji povrne v prvotno lego. V sedemdesetih letih prejšnjega stoletja so ga uporabili v biologiji, potem pa je počasi prešel na druge vede. V geografiji se je uveljavil v zadnjem desetletju, zlasti na področju ekonomske geografije, v zadnjem času pa tudi na področju naravnih nesreč. V članku predstavljamo naravno- in družbenogeografske kazalnike s katerimi merimo prožnost pri naravnih nesrečah in iz njih izračunane indekse, ki so nam lahko v pomoč pri razumevanju geografske stvarnosti.The concept of resilience has recently been gaining ground as a tool for understanding the landscape. Although it was already used in antiquity, the concept in its modern sense derives from physics, where it designates a characteristic of the material that is returns to its original position after a fault. The term was first used in biology in the seventies of the last century, and then it slowly moved to other sciences. It has been established in geography over the last decade, especially in the field of economic geography, and recently in the field of natural hazards. In this paper we present different natural- and social-geographic indicators to measure resilience of natural hazards and from the calculated indices that can help us better understand geographical environment.
The Use of ICT in Planning Practice
Authors: Pinto Nuno Norte , Lancrenon Dominique , Berchtold Martin
Published: January 2015

The use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in spatial planning is contemporary of the development of computers, and has benefited from the possibilities that ICT brought in terms of data processing and visualisation, with the development of geographical information systems (GIS) being the most successful and widespread example of this relationship. Today, there is a myriad of new ICT being developed based on the existence of a large and affordable computational capacity and on the seemingly infinite data made available. And yet, there is still (and there is scientific evidence of) a large gap between the research and development of ICT and their effective use in the professional practice in planning. In this chapter, the authors discuss the main roots of this gap and present some of the main challenges that researchers and practitioners will face to take advantage of the resources available to effectively reduce that gap.
Smart Sensoring and Barrier Free Planning
Authors: Rodrigues da Silva Antônio Nélson , Zeile Peter , Aguiar Fabíola de Oliveira , Papastefanou Georgios , Bergner Benjamin Sebastian
Published: January 2015

As more and more people face mobility constraints due to the natural aging process of the population, barrier-free planning becomes an important urban planning issue. It is elemental to know the place of spatial barriers associated with the negative emotion - the “stress” of probands. To achieve this, a method of psycho-physiological monitoring was developed, using a special technical device to measure autonomic bodily functions as indicators for emotions - a Smartband. This chapter presents the main characteristics and the outcomes of two projects that have applied the method, one in Germany and the other in Brazil. Future research directions are also discussed in this chapter. In summary, the next steps are to automate the interpretation of the collected data and to combine the existing methods with the development of a smartphone-based app to allow people to give some qualitative hints about urban parameters.
The Human Fetal Placenta Promotes Tolerance against the Semiallogeneic Fetus by Inducing Regulatory T Cells and Homeostatic M2 Macrophages
Authors: Svensson-Arvelund Judit , Mehta Ratnesh B. , Lindau Robert , Mirrasekhian Elahe , Rodriguez-Martinez Heriberto , Berg Göran , Lash Gendie E. , Jenmalm Maria C. , Ernerudh Jan
Published: January 2015

A successful pregnancy requires that the maternal immune system is instructed to a state of tolerance to avoid rejection of the semiallogeneic fetal–placental unit. Although increasing evidence supports that decidual (uterine) macrophages and regulatory T cells (Tregs) are key regulators of fetal tolerance, it is not known how these tolerogenic leukocytes are induced. In this article, we show that the human fetal placenta itself, mainly through trophoblast cells, is able to induce homeostatic M2 macrophages and Tregs. Placental-derived M-CSF and IL-10 induced macrophages that shared the CD14+CD163+CD206+CD209+ phenotype of decidual macrophages and produced IL-10 and CCL18 but not IL-12 or IL-23. Placental tissue also induced the expansion of CD25highCD127lowFoxp3+ Tregs in parallel with increased IL-10 production, whereas production of IFN-γ (Th1), IL-13 (Th2), and IL-17 (Th17) was not induced. Tregs expressed the suppressive markers CTLA-4 and CD39, were functionally suppressive, and were induced, in part, by IL-10, TGF-β, and TRAIL. Placental-derived factors also limited excessive Th cell activation, as shown by decreased HLA-DR expression and reduced secretion of Th1-, Th2-, and Th17-associated cytokines. Thus, our data indicate that the fetal placenta has a central role in promoting the homeostatic environment necessary for successful pregnancy. These findings have implications for immune-mediated pregnancy complications, as well as for our general understanding of tissue-induced tolerance.
Bortezomib Reduces Pre-Existing Antibodies to Recombinant Immunotoxins in Mice
Authors: Manning Michael L. , Mason-Osann Emily , Onda Masanori , Pastan Ira
Published: January 2015

Recombinant immunotoxin (RIT) therapy is limited in patients by neutralizing Ab responses. Ninety percent of patients with normal immune systems make neutralizing Abs after one cycle of RIT, preventing repeated dosing. Furthermore, some patients have pre-existing Abs from environmental exposure to Pseudomonas exotoxin, the component of the RIT that elicits the neutralizing Ab response. Bortezomib is an U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved proteasome inhibitor that selectively targets and kills plasma cells that are necessary for the neutralizing Ab response. We hypothesized that bortezomib may abrogate neutralizing Ab levels, making dosing of RIT possible in mice already immune to RIT. We immunized BALB/c mice with multiple doses of SS1P, a RIT whose Ab portion targets mesothelin. Mice with elevated Ab levels were separated into groups to receive saline, bortezomib, the pentostatin/cyclophosphamide (PC) regimen, or the bortezomib/PC (BPC) combination regimen. Four weeks after finishing therapy, plasma Ab levels were assayed, and bone marrow was harvested. The bortezomib and PC regimens significantly reduced Ab levels, and we observed fewer plasma cells in the bone marrow of bortezomib-treated mice but not in PC-treated mice. The BPC combination regimen almost completely eliminated Abs and further reduced plasma cells in the bone marrow. This regimen is more effective than individual regimens and may reduce Ab levels in patients with pre-existing neutralizing Abs to Pseudomonas exotoxin, allowing RIT treatment.
Athletic Trainers' Familiarity With and Perceptions of Academic Accommodations in Secondary School Athletes After Sport-Related Concussion
Authors: Williams Richelle M. , Welch Cailee E. , Parsons John T. , McLeod Tamara C. Valovich
Published: January 2015

Context:

Sport-related concussion can affect athletes' sport participation and academic success. With the recent emphasis on cognitive rest, student-athletes may benefit from academic accommodations (AA) in the classroom; however, athletic trainers' (ATs') perceived familiarity with, and use of, AA is unknown.

Objective:

To assess secondary school ATs' perceived familiarity with, attitudes and beliefs about, and incorporation of AA for student-athletes after sport-related concussion. A secondary purpose was to determine whether employment status altered familiarity and use of AA.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Online survey.

Patients or Other Participants:

Of 3286 possible respondents, 851 secondary school ATs accessed the survey (response rate = 25.9%; 308 men [36.2%], 376 women [44.2%], 167 respondents [19.6%] with sex information missing; age = 37.3 ± 10.1 years).

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Participants were solicited via e-mail to complete the Beliefs, Attitudes and Knowledge Following Pediatric Athlete Concussion among Athletic Trainers employed in the secondary school setting (BAKPAC-AT) survey. The BAKPAC-AT assessed ATs' perceived familiarity, perceptions, and roles regarding 504 plans, Individualized Education Programs (IEPs), and returning student-athletes to the classroom. Independent variables were employment status (full time versus part time), employment model (direct versus outreach), years certified, and years of experience in the secondary school setting. The dependent variables were participants' responses to the AA questions. Spearman rank-correlation coefficients were used to assess relationships and Mann-Whitney U and χ2 tests (P < .05) were used to identify differences.

Results:

Respondents reported that approximately 41% of the student-athletes whose sport-related concussions they managed received AA. Respondents employed directly by the school were more familiar with 504 plans (P < .001) and IEPs (P < .001) and had a greater belief that ATs should have a role in AA. Both the number of years certified and the years of experience at the secondary school were significantly correlated with perceived familiarity regarding 504 plans and IEPs.

Conclusions:

The ATs employed directly by secondary schools and those with more experience as secondary school ATs were more familiar with AA. Understanding AA is important for all ATs because cognitive rest and “return to learn” are becoming more widely recommended in concussion management.
Reliability of Goniometric and Trigonometric Techniques for Measuring Hip-Extension Range of Motion Using the Modified Thomas Test
Authors: Wakefield C. Brent , Halls Amanda , Difilippo Nicole , Cottrell G. Trevor
Published: January 2015

Context

Goniometric assessment of hip-extension range of motion is a standard practice in clinical rehabilitation settings. A weakness of goniometric measures is that small errors in landmarking may result in substantial measurement error. A less commonly used protocol for measuring hip range of motion involves applying trigonometric principles to the length and vertical displacement of the upper part of the lower extremity to determine hip angle; however, the reliability of this measure has never been assessed using the modified Thomas test.

Objective

To compare the intrarater and interrater reliability of goniometric (GON) and trigonometric (TRIG) techniques for assessing hip-extension range of motion during the modified Thomas test.

Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Setting

Institutional athletic therapy facility.

Patients or Other Participants

A total of 22 individuals (12 men, 10 women; age range, 18–36 years) with no pathologic knee or back conditions.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Hip-extension range of motion of each participant during a modified Thomas test was assessed by 2 examiners with both GON and TRIG techniques in a randomly selected order on 2 separate days.

Results

The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) revealed that the reliability of the GON technique was low for both the intrarater (ICC = 0.51, 0.54) and interrater (ICC = 0.30, 0.65) comparisons, but the reliability of the TRIG technique was high for both intrarater (ICC = 0.90, 0.95) and interrater (ICC = 0.91, 0.94) comparisons. Single-factorial repeated-measures analyses of variance revealed no mean differences in scoring within or between examiners for either measurement protocol, whereas a difference was observed when comparing the TRIG and GON tests due to the differences in procedures used to identify landmarks.

Conclusions

Using the TRIG technique to measure hip-extension range of motion during the modified Thomas test results in superior intrarater and interrater reliability when compared with the GON technique.
Plasma and Electrolyte Changes in Exercising Humans After Ingestion of Multiple Boluses of Pickle Juice
Authors: McKenney Michael A. , Miller Kevin C. , Deal James E. , Garden-Robinson Julie A. , Rhee Yeong S.
Published: January 2015

Context:

Twenty-five percent of athletic trainers administer pickle juice (PJ) to treat cramping. Anecdotally, some clinicians provide multiple boluses of PJ during exercise but warn that repeated ingestion of PJ may cause hyperkalemia. To our knowledge, no researchers have examined the effect of ingesting multiple boluses of PJ on the same day or the effect of ingestion during exercise.

Objective:

To determine the short-term effects of ingesting a single bolus or multiple boluses of PJ on plasma variables and to characterize changes in plasma variables when individuals ingest PJ and resume exercise.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Nine euhydrated men (age = 23 ± 4 years, height = 180.9 ± 5.8 cm, mass = 80.7 ± 13.8 kg, urine specific gravity = 1.009 ± 0.005).

Intervention(s):

On 3 days, participants rested for 30 minutes, and then a blood sample was collected. Participants ingested 0 or 1 bolus (1 mL·kg−1 body weight) of PJ, donned sweat suits, biked vigorously for 30 minutes (approximate temperature = 37°C, relative humidity = 18%), and had a blood sample collected. They either rested for 60 seconds (0- and 1-bolus conditions) or ingested a second 1 mL·kg−1 body weight bolus of PJ (2-bolus condition). They resumed exercise for another 35 minutes. A third blood sample was collected, and they exited the environmental chamber and rested for 60 minutes (approximate temperature = 21°C, relative humidity = 18%). Blood samples were collected at 30 and 60 minutes postexercise.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, and changes in plasma volume.

Results:

The number of PJ boluses ingested did not affect plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, or changes in plasma volume over time. The plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, and plasma osmolality did not exceed 144.6 mEq·L−1 (144.6 mmol·L−1), 4.98 mEq·L−1 (4.98 mmol·L−1), and 289.5 mOsm·kg−1H2O, respectively, in any condition at any time.

Conclusions:

Ingesting up to 2 boluses of PJ and resuming exercise caused negligible changes in blood variables. Ingesting up to 2 boluses of PJ did not increase plasma sodium concentration or cause hyperkalemia.
Intersections of multiplicative translates of 3-adic Cantor sets
Authors: Abram William C. , Lagarias Jeffrey C.
Published: January 2015

This paper is motivated by questions concerning the discrete dynamical system on the

3

-adic integers

\mathbb{Z}_{3}

given by multiplication by

2

. The exceptional set

\mathcal{E}(\mathbb{Z}_3)

is defined to be the set of all elements of

\mathbb{Z}_3

whose forward orbits under this action intersect the

3

-adic Cantor set

\Sigma_{3, \bar{2}}

(of

3

-adic integers whose expansions omit the digit

2

) infinitely many times. It has been shown that this set has Hausdorff dimension at most

\frac{1}{2}

, and it is conjectured that it has Hausdorff dimension

0

. Upper bounds on its Hausdorff dimension can be obtained with sufficient knowledge of Hausdorff dimensions of intersections of multiplicative translates of Cantor sets by powers of

2

. This paper studies more generally the structure of finite intersections of general multiplicative translates

S= \Sigma_{3, \bar{2}} \cap \frac{1}{M_1} \Sigma_{3, \bar{2}} \cap \dots \cap \frac{1}{M_n} \Sigma_{3, \bar{2}}

by integers

1 < M_1 < M_2 < \dots < M_n

. These sets are describable as sets of

3

-adic integers whose

3

-adic expansions have one-sided symbolic dynamics given by a finite automaton. This paper gives a method to determine the automaton for given data

(M_1, \dots, M_n)

and to compute the Hausdorff dimension, which is always of the form

\log_{3}(\beta)

where

\beta

is an algebraic integer. Computational examples indicate that in general the Hausdorff dimension of such sets depends in a very complicated way on the integers

M_1, \dots, M_n

. Exact answers are obtained for certain infinite families, which show as a corollary that a relaxed notion of generalized exceptional set has a positive Hausdorff dimension.
Naturally-Acquired Dengue Virus Infections Do Not Reduce Short-Term Survival of Infected Aedes aegypti from Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Authors: Carrington Lauren B. , Nguyen Hoa L. , Nguyen Nguyet Minh , Duong T. H. Kien , Tuan Trung Vu , Giang Nguyen Thi , Tuyet Nhu Vu , Thi Dui Le , Thi Long Vo , Tran Chau N. , Simmons Cameron P.
Published: January 2015

Transmission of dengue virus (DENV) from mosquito to human is dependent upon the survival of the mosquito beyond the virus extrinsic incubation period. Previous studies report conflicting results of the effects of DENV on Aedes aegypti survival. Here, we describe the effect of DENV on the short-term survival (up to 12 d) of 4,321 Ae. aegypti mosquitoes blood-fed on 150 NS1-positive dengue patients hospitalized in the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Mosquito survival was not different between cohorts that fed upon blood from which 0% of mosquitoes became DENV infected (N = 88 feeds), or 100% became infected (N = 116 feeds). Subgroup analysis also did not reveal serotype-dependent differences in survival, nor a relationship between survival and human plasma viremia levels. These results suggest that DENV infection adds minimal cost to Ae. aegypti, an important finding when parameterizing the vector competence of this mosquito.
Malaria PCR Detection in Cambodian Low-Transmission Settings: Dried Blood Spots Versus Venous Blood Samples
Authors: Canier Lydie , Khim Nimol , Kim Saorin , Eam Rotha , Khean Chanra , Loch Kaknika , Ken Malen , Pannus Pieter , Bosman Philippe , Stassijns Jorgen , Nackers Fabienne , Alipon SweetC , Char Meng Chuor , Chea Nguon , Etienne William , De Smet Martin , Kindermans Jean-Marie , Ménard Didier
Published: January 2015

In the context of malaria elimination, novel strategies for detecting very low malaria parasite densities in asymptomatic individuals are needed. One of the major limitations of the malaria parasite detection methods is the volume of blood samples being analyzed. The objective of the study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of a malaria polymerase chain reaction assay, from dried blood spots (DBS, 5 μL) and different volumes of venous blood (50 μL, 200 μL, and 1 mL). The limit of detection of the polymerase chain reaction assay, using calibrated Plasmodium falciparum blood dilutions, showed that venous blood samples (50 μL, 200 μL, 1 mL) combined with Qiagen extraction methods gave a similar threshold of 100 parasites/mL, ∼100-fold lower than 5 μL DBS/Instagene method. On a set of 521 field samples, collected in two different transmission areas in northern Cambodia, no significant difference in the proportion of parasite carriers, regardless of the methods used was found. The 5 μL DBS method missed 27% of the samples detected by the 1 mL venous blood method, but most of the missed parasites carriers were infected by Plasmodium vivax (84%). The remaining missed P. falciparum parasite carriers (N = 3) were only detected in high-transmission areas.
The Perceived Effect of Duty Hour Restrictions on Learning Opportunities in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Sabri Nessrine , Sun Ning-Zi , Cummings Beth-Ann , Jayaraman Dev
Published: January 2015

Background

Many countries have reduced resident duty hours in an effort to promote patient safety and enhance resident quality of life. There are concerns that reducing duty hours may impact residents' learning opportunities.

Objectives

We (1) evaluated residents' perceptions of their current learning opportunities in a context of reduced duty hours, and (2) explored the perceived change in resident learning opportunities after call length was reduced from 24 continuous hours to 16 hours.

Methods

We conducted an anonymous, cross-sectional online survey of 240 first-, second-, and third-year residents rotating through 3 McGill University–affiliated intensive care units (ICUs) in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, between July 1, 2012, and June 30, 2013. The survey investigated residents' perceptions of learning opportunities in both the 24-hour and 16-hour systems.

Results

Of 240 residents, 168 (70%) completed the survey. Of these residents, 63 (38%) had been exposed to both 24-hour and 16-hour call schedules. The majority of respondents (83%) reported that didactic teaching sessions held by ICU staff physicians were useful. However, of the residents trained in both approaches to overnight call, 44% reported a reduction in learner attendance at didactic teaching sessions, 48% reported a reduction in attendance at midday hospital rounds, and 40% reported a perceived reduction in self-directed reading after the implementation of the new call schedule.

Conclusions

A substantial proportion of residents perceived a reduction in the attendance of instructor-directed and self-directed reading after the implementation of a 16-hour call schedule in the ICU.
Distance, Production, Virtual Trade and Growth: A Note
Authors: Mandal Biswajit
Published: January 2015

This paper argues that distance is not necessarily harmful to trade. It is shown that there may be an increase in the production and volume of trade if time zones of the trading nations are non-overlapping. This implies a positive effect of distance on the volume of trade in general and virtual trade in particular. It is also shown that exploitation of time zone differences raises welfare and ensures capital accumulation. The paper builds on the emerging literature on time zones and pure theory of international trade.
The effect of dry and wet deposition of condensable vapors on secondary organic aerosols concentrations over the continental US
Authors: Knote C. , Hodzic A. , Jimenez J. L.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The effect of dry and wet deposition of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the gas phase on the concentrations of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is reassessed using recently derived water solubility information. The water solubility of SVOCs was implemented as a function of their volatility distribution within the WRF-Chem regional chemistry transport model, and simulations were carried out over the continental United States for the year 2010. Results show that including dry and wet removal of gas-phase SVOCs reduces annual average surface concentrations of anthropogenic and biogenic SOA by 48 and 63% respectively over the continental US. Dry deposition of gas-phase SVOCs is found to be more effective than wet deposition in reducing SOA concentrations (−40 vs. −8% for anthropogenics, and −52 vs. −11% for biogenics). Reductions for biogenic SOA are found to be higher due to the higher water solubility of biogenic SVOCs. The majority of the total mass of SVOC + SOA is actually deposited via the gas phase (61% for anthropogenics and 76% for biogenics). Results are sensitive to assumptions made in the dry deposition scheme, but gas-phase deposition of SVOCs remains crucial even under conservative estimates. Considering reactivity of gas-phase SVOCs in the dry deposition scheme was found to be negligible. Further sensitivity studies where we reduce the volatility of organic matter show that consideration of gas-phase SVOC removal still reduces average SOA concentrations by 31% on average. We consider this a lower bound for the effect of gas-phase SVOC removal on SOA concentrations. A saturation effect is observed for Henry's law constants above 108 M atm−1, suggesting an upper bound of reductions in surface level SOA concentrations by 60% through removal of gas-phase SVOCs. Other models that do not consider dry and wet removal of gas-phase SVOCs would hence overestimate SOA concentrations by roughly 50%. Assumptions about the water solubility of SVOCs made in some current modeling systems (H* = H* (CH3COOH); H* = 105 M atm−1; H* = H* (HNO3)) still lead to an overestimation of 35%/25%/10% compared to our best estimate.
Dual-channel photoacoustic hygrometer for airborne measurements: background, calibration, laboratory and in-flight intercomparison tests
Authors: Tátrai D. , Bozóki Z. , Smit H. , Rolf C. , Spelten N. , Krämer M. , Filges A. , Gerbig C. , Gulyás G. , Szabó G.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. This paper describes a tunable diode laser-based dual-channel photoacoustic (PA) humidity measuring system primarily designed for aircraft-based environment research. It is calibrated for total pressure and water vapor (WV) volume mixing ratios (VMRs) possible during airborne applications. WV VMR is calculated by using pressure-dependent calibration curves and a cubic spline interpolation method. Coverage of the entire atmospheric humidity concentration range that might be encountered during airborne measurements is facilitated by applying an automated sensitivity mode switching algorithm. The calibrated PA system was validated through laboratory and airborne intercomparisons, which proved that the repeatability, the estimated accuracy and the response time of the system are 0.5 ppmV or 0.5% of the actual reading (whichever value is the greater), 5% of the actual reading within the VMR range of 1–12 000 ppmV and 2 s, respectively. The upper detection limit of the system is theoretically about 85 000 ppmV, limited only by condensation of water vapor on the walls of the 318 K heated PA cells and inlet lines, and was experimentally verified up to 20 000 ppmV. The unique advantage of the presented system is its applicability for simultaneous water vapor and total water volume mixing ratio measurements.
Internally and externally induced deformations of the magnetospheric equatorial current as inferred from spacecraft data
Authors: Tsyganenko N. A. , Andreeva V. A. , Gordeev E. I.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Based on a data pool of 79 yearly files of space magnetometer data by Polar, Cluster, Geotail, and THEMIS satellites between 1995 and 2013, we developed a new quantitative model of the global shape of the magnetospheric equatorial current sheet as a function of the Earth's dipole tilt angle, solar wind ram pressure, and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). This work upgrades and generalizes an earlier model of Tsyganenko and Fairfield (2004) by extending the modeling region to all local times, including the dayside sector. In particular, an essential feature of the new model is the bowl-shaped tilt-related deformation of the equatorial surface of minimum magnetic field, similar to that observed at Saturn, whose existence in the Earth's magnetosphere has been demonstrated in our recent work (Tsyganenko and Andreeva, 2014).
Phytoplankton dynamics in contrasting early stage North Atlantic spring blooms: composition, succession, and potential drivers
Authors: Daniels C. J. , Poulton A. J. , Esposito M. , Paulsen M. L. , Bellerby R. , St. John M. , Martin A. P.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The spring bloom is a key annual event in the phenology of pelagic ecosystems, making a major contribution to the oceanic biological carbon pump through the production and export of organic carbon. However, there is little consensus as to the main drivers of spring bloom formation, exacerbated by a lack of in situ observations of the phytoplankton community composition and its evolution during this critical period. We investigated the dynamics of the phytoplankton community structure at two contrasting sites in the Iceland and Norwegian Basins during the early stage (25 March–25 April) of the 2012 North Atlantic spring bloom. The plankton composition and characteristics of the initial stages of the bloom were markedly different between the two basins. The Iceland Basin (ICB) appeared well mixed to > 400 m, yet surface chlorophyll a (0.27–2.2 mg m–3) and primary production (0.06–0.66 mmol C m–3 d–1) were elevated in the upper 100 m. Although the Norwegian Basin (NWB) had a persistently shallower mixed layer (< 100 m), chlorophyll a (0.58–0.93 mg m–3) and primary production (0.08–0.15 mmol C m–3 d–1) remained lower than in the ICB, with picoplankton (> 2 μm) dominating chlorophyll a biomass. The ICB phytoplankton composition appeared primarily driven by the physicochemical environment, with periodic events of increased mixing restricting further increases in biomass. In contrast, the NWB phytoplankton community was potentially limited by physicochemical and/or biological factors such as grazing. Diatoms dominated the ICB, with the genus Chaetoceros (1–166 cells mL–1) being succeeded by Pseudo-nitzschia (0.2–210 cells mL–1). However, large diatoms (> 10 μm) were virtually absent (< 0.5 cells mL–1) from the NWB, with only small nanno-sized (< 5 μm) diatoms present (101–600 cells mL–1). We suggest micro-zooplankton grazing, potentially coupled with the lack of a seed population of bloom forming diatoms, was restricting diatom growth in the NWB, and that large diatoms may be absent in NWB spring blooms. Despite both phytoplankton communities being in the early stages of bloom formation, different physicochemical and biological factors controlled bloom formation at the two sites. If these differences in phytoplankton composition persist, the subsequent spring blooms are likely to be significantly different in terms of biogeochemistry and trophic interactions throughout the growth season, with important implications for carbon cycling and organic matter export.
Global hydrological droughts in the 21st century under a changing hydrological regime
Authors: Wanders N. , Wada Y. , Van Lanen H. A. J.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Climate change very likely impacts future hydrological drought characteristics across the world. Here, we quantify the impact of climate change on future low flows and associated hydrological drought characteristics on a global scale using an alternative drought identification approach that considers adaptation to future changes in hydrological regime. The global hydrological model PCR-GLOBWB was used to simulate daily discharge at 0.5° globally for 1971–2099. The model was forced with CMIP5 climate projections taken from five global circulation models (GCMs) and four emission scenarios (representative concentration pathways, RCPs), from the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project. Drought events occur when discharge is below a threshold. The conventional variable threshold (VTM) was calculated by deriving the threshold from the period 1971–2000. The transient variable threshold (VTMt) is a non-stationary approach, where the threshold is based on the discharge values of the previous 30 years implying the threshold to vary every year during the 21st century. The VTMt adjusts to gradual changes in the hydrological regime as response to climate change. Results show a significant negative trend in the low flow regime over the 21st century for large parts of South America, southern Africa, Australia and the Mediterranean. In 40–52% of the world reduced low flows are projected, while increased low flows are found in the snow-dominated climates. In 27% of the global area both the drought duration and the deficit volume are expected to increase when applying the VTMt. However, this area will significantly increase to 62% when the VTM is applied. The mean global area in drought, with the VTMt, remains rather constant (11.7 to 13.4%), compared to the substantial increase when the VTM is applied (11.7 to 20%). The study illustrates that an alternative drought identification that considers adaptation to an altered hydrological regime has a substantial influence on future hydrological drought characteristics.
Spatial distributions of earthquake-induced landslides and hillslope preconditioning in northwest South Island, New Zealand
Authors: Parker R. N. , Hancox G. T. , Petley D. N. , Massey C. I. , Densmore A. L. , Rosser N. J.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Current models to explain regional-scale landslide events are not able to account for the possible effects of the legacy of previous earthquakes, which have triggered landslides in the past and are known to drive damage accumulation in brittle hillslope materials. This paper tests the hypothesis that spatial distributions of earthquake-induced landslides are determined by both the conditions at the time of the triggering earthquake (time-independent factors), and also the legacy of past events (time-dependent factors). To explore this, we undertake an analysis of failures triggered by the 1929 Buller and 1968 Inangahua earthquakes, in the northwest South Island of New Zealand. The spatial extent of landslides triggered by these events was in part coincident (overlapping). Spatial distributions of earthquake-triggered landslides are determined by a combination of earthquake and local characteristics, which influence the dynamic response of hillslopes. To identify the influence of a legacy from past events, we use logistic regression to control for the effects of time-independent variables (seismic ground motion, hillslope gradient, lithology, and the effects of topographic amplification caused by ridge- and slope-scale topography), in an attempt to reveal unexplained variability in the landslide distribution. We then assess whether this variability can be attributed to the legacy of past events. Our results suggest that the 1929 Buller earthquake influenced the distribution of landslides triggered by the 1968 Inangahua earthquake. Hillslopes in regions that experienced strong ground motions in 1929 were more likely to fail in 1968 than would be expected on the basis of time-independent factors alone. This effect is consistent with our hypothesis that unfailed hillslopes in the 1929 earthquake were weakened by damage accumulated during this earthquake and its associated aftershock sequence, and this weakening then influenced the performance of the landscape in the 1968 earthquake. While our results are tentative, the findings emphasize that a lack of knowledge of the damage state of hillslopes in a landscape potentially represents an important source of uncertainty when assessing landslide susceptibility. Constraining the damage history of hillslope materials, through analysis of historical events, therefore provides a potential means of reducing this uncertainty.
A strategy to overcome adverse effects of autoregressive updating of streamflow forecasts
Authors: Li M. , Wang Q. J. , Bennett J. C. , Robertson D. E.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. For streamflow forecasting, rainfall–runoff models are often augmented with updating procedures that correct forecasts based on the latest available streamflow observations of streamflow. A popular approach for updating forecasts is autoregressive (AR) models, which exploit the "memory" in hydrological model simulation errors. AR models may be applied to raw errors directly or to normalised errors. In this study, we demonstrate that AR models applied in either way can sometimes cause over-correction of forecasts. In using an AR model applied to raw errors, the over-correction usually occurs when streamflow is rapidly receding. In applying an AR model to normalised errors, the over-correction usually occurs when streamflow is rapidly rising. In addition, when parameters of a hydrological model and an AR model are estimated jointly, the AR model applied to normalised errors sometimes degrades the stand-alone performance of the base hydrological model. This is not desirable for forecasting applications, as forecasts should rely as much as possible on the base hydrological model, with updating only used to correct minor errors. To overcome the adverse effects of the conventional AR models, a restricted AR model applied to normalised errors is introduced. We show that the new model reduces over-correction and improves the performance of the base hydrological model considerably.
Multi-scale analysis of bias correction of soil moisture
Authors: Su C.-H. , Ryu D.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Remote sensing, in situ networks and models are now providing unprecedented information for environmental monitoring. To conjunctively use multi-source data nominally representing an identical variable, one must resolve biases existing between these disparate sources, and the characteristics of the biases can be non-trivial due to spatio-temporal variability of the target variable, inter-sensor differences with variable measurement supports. One such example is of soil moisture (SM) monitoring. Triple collocation (TC) based bias correction is a powerful statistical method that is increasingly being used to address this issue, but is only applicable to the linear regime, whereas the non-linear method of statistical moment matching is susceptible to unintended biases originating from measurement error. Since different physical processes that influence SM dynamics may be distinguishable by their characteristic spatio-temporal scales, we propose a multi-timescale linear bias model in the framework of a wavelet-based multi-resolution analysis (MRA). The joint MRA-TC analysis was applied to demonstrate scale-dependent biases between in situ, remotely sensed and modelled SM, the influence of various prospective bias correction schemes on these biases, and lastly to enable multi-scale bias correction and data-adaptive, non-linear de-noising via wavelet thresholding.
Catalytic metal-gate field effect transistors based on SiC for indoor air quality control
Authors: Puglisi D. , Eriksson J. , Bur C. , Schuetze A. , Lloyd Spetz A. , Andersson M.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. High-temperature iridium-gated field effect transistors based on silicon carbide have been used for sensitive detection of specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in concentrations of health concern, for indoor air quality monitoring and control. Formaldehyde, naphthalene, and benzene were studied as hazardous VOCs at parts per billion (ppb) down to sub-ppb levels. The sensor performance and characteristics were investigated at a constant temperature of 330 °C and at different levels of relative humidity up to 60%, showing good stability and repeatability of the sensor response, and excellent detection limits in the sub-ppb range.
Volcanic soils and landslides: the case study of the Ischia island (southern Italy) and relationship with other Campania events
Authors: Vingiani S. , Mele G. , De Mascellis R. , Terribile F. , Basile A.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. An integrated investigation has been carried out over the soils involved in the landslide phenomena occurred in the 2006 at Mt. Vezzi in the Ischia island (southern Italy). Chemical, physical (i.e. particle size distribution, hydrological analyses and direct measurements of soil porosity), mineralogical and micromorphological properties of three soil profiles selected in two of the main detachment crowns were analysed. The studied soils, having a volcanic origin, showed a substantial abrupt discontinuity of all the studied properties in correspondence of the 2C horizon, also identified as sliding surface of the landslide phenomena. With respect to the above horizons, the 2C showed (i) as a grey fine ash, almost pumices free, with a silt content increased by the 20%, (ii) ks values one order of magnitude lower, (iii) a porosity concentrated in the small size (15 to 30 μm modal class) pores characterized by very low percolation threshold (around 15–25 μm), (iv) occurrence of expandable clay minerals and (v) higher Na content in the exchange complex. Therefore, most of these properties indicated 2C as a lower permeability horizon than the above. Nevertheless, only the identification of a thin (6.5 mm) finely stratified ash layer on the top of 2C enabled to assume this interface as an impeding layer to vertical and horizontal water fluxes, as testified by the hydromorphic features (e.g. Fe / Mn concretions) within and on the top of the layer. Despite the Mt. Vezzi soil environment has many properties (high gradient northern facing slope, similar forestry, volcanic origin of the parent material) in common with those of many Campania debris-mud flows, the results of this study did not support the found relationship between Andosols and debris-mudflows, but emphasize the role of vertical discontinuities as landslide predisposing factor.
Influence of long-term mineral fertilization on metal contents and properties of soil samples taken from different locations in Hesse, Germany
Authors: Czarnecki S. , Düring R.-A.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Essential and non-essential metals occur in soils as a result of weathering, industrial processes, fertilization, and atmospheric deposition. Badly adapted cultivation of agricultural soils (declining pH value, application of unsuitable fertilizers) can enhance the mobility of metals and thereby increase their concentrations in agricultural products. As the enrichment of metals in soils occurs over long time periods, monitoring of the long-term impact of fertilization is necessary to assess metal accumulation in agricultural soils. The main objective of this study was to test the effects of different mineral fertilizer variations on soil properties (pH, Corg, and cation exchange capacity (CEC)) and pseudo-total and mobile metal contents of soils after 14 years of fertilizer application and to determine residual effects of the fertilization 8 years after cessation of fertilizer treatment. Soil samples were taken from a field experiment which was carried out at four different locations (210, 260, 360, and 620 m above sea level) in Hesse, Germany. During the study, a significant decrease in soil pH and an evident increase in soil carbon content and cation exchange capacity with fertilization were determined. The CEC of the soils was closely related to their organic C contents. Moreover, pseudo- and mobile metal (Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn) contents in the soils increased due to application of 14 years of mineral fertilizer treatments (N, P, NP, and NPK) when compared to control plots. Eight years after termination of the fertilization in the soil samples taken from soil profiles of the fertilized plots (NPK) for monitoring the residual effects of the fertilizer application, a decrease of 82.6, 54.2, 48.5, 74.4, and 56.9% in pseudo-total Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn contents, respectively, was determined.
Winter observations of CO2 exchange between sea-ice and the atmosphere in a coastal fjord environment
Authors: Sievers J. , Sørensen L. L. , Papakyriakou T. , Sejr M. K. , Søgaard D. H. , Barber D. , Rysgaard S.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Eddy covariance observations of CO2-fluxes were conducted during March–April 2012 in a temporally sequential order at three locations on fast sea-ice and on newly formed polynya ice in a coastal fjord environment in North East Greenland. CO2 fluxes at the three sites, ICEI, POLYI and DNB, were found to increase over time in accordance with the progression of springtime warming: FCO2ICE1 =1.4 ± 4.9 mmol m−2 d−1, FCO2POLY1 =-3.4 ± 31.4 mmol m−2 d−1 and FCO2DNB =36.7 ± 72.8 mmol m−2 d−1, where values given are the mean and SD, and negative/positive values indicate uptake/outgassing respectively. Observations were carried out at the three sites for 8, 4 and 30 days respectively. A correlation analysis indicates a strong connection between net radiative forcing, wind-speed and CO2-fluxes. Correlations between latent heat fluxes and CO2-fluxes were found for the first time and support the presence of adsorption/desorption processes of CO2 in moist snow.
Percepciones de los estudiantes hacia la clase de Filosofía general en el campus central de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras
Authors: Moreno Angelo
Published: January 2015

En el marco del diplomado en Investigación Científica de la DICU de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, celebrado en 2010, se planteó un perfil de investigación que se concretó con su desarrollo en julio del 2011, bajo el nombre de “Percepciones de los estudiantes hacia la clase de Filosofía en el campus central de la UNAH”. Este estudio se realizó a partir de una encuesta que buscaba evaluar la importancia de la clase de Filosofía teniendo en cuenta las opiniones de los alumnos sobre la clase que recibieron en educación media y comparando algunas de las percepciones con la clase que recibieron en la universidad. La encuesta evaluó cinco componentes: 1) conocimiento del programa y de los contenidos; 2) la percepción de la clase de filosofía; 3) el conocimiento de los temas y autores; 4) mediación docente; y 5) actitud hacia la Filosofía. La encuesta fue aplicada a finales de julio del 2011 a una muestra de 215 estudiantes de 17 secciones de Filosofía. En el trabajo que sigue, se expondrá el análisis de los resultados más importantes de esta investigación. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i12.1701 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología, No. 12, junio 2013: 27-42
Enfermedad hemolítica del recién nacido por anticuerpos antieritrocitarios maternos
Authors: Laitano Gina
Published: January 2015

La enfermedad hemolítica del recién nacido es una complicación inmunológica de la gestación, y está basada en la incompatibilidad de grupo sanguíneo entre la madre y el recién nacido. La mayoría de los antígenos que la provocan pertenecen al sistema ABO y el antígeno D del sistema Rh; pero en ocasiones es producida por antígenos de otros sistemas sanguíneos, como son el sistema Kell, Kidd, Duffy, Diego, Lutheran, MNS, entre otros. La madre puede inmunizarse por transfusiones previas de hematíes con antígenos no presentes en la mujer, embarazos o abortos que ocasionen hemorragia feto-materna. Para investigar la enfermedad hemolítica del recién nacido, el médico y el laboratorio de Inmunohematología deben llevar a cabo una evaluación prenatal, que incluya aspectos obstétricos, hemoterapéuticos y estudios de laboratorio, de manera que permitan establecer el diagnóstico, orientar el pronóstico y decidir las medidas preventivas más adecuadas. Por lo que se vuelve necesaria la implementación de medidas para la prevención de la inmunización materna y así evitar la enfermedad hemolítica del recién nacido. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i12.1706 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología, No. 12, junio 2013: 106-116