bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Woman versus the Indian
Authors: Bonnin Gertrude Simmons
Published: January 2022

Chapter 1 is the first of 7 chapters in Part 1 of the book, which highlights the backgrounds of the women whose experiences structure the narrative. Gertrude Simmons Bonnin’s story, along with the others in this section, is key to understanding how these women became politicized and looked to voting rights as an instrument in their struggle for broader civil and human rights.
This chapter introduces us to Gertrude Simmons (later Bonnin), a member of the Yankton Sioux in South Dakota. The chapter looks at Simmons’s visit home, a suffragist speaking tour of South Dakota, and the massacre at Wounded Knee Creek—all which occurred in South Dakota in 1890—to argue that people of color were always at the heart of debates over suffrage. In large part, this was because women of color were generating important ideas about women’s rights and their place in the nation. But it was also because white suffragists constantly invoked race in their speeches, writings, and activism. It explores the federal government’s policy towards and conquest of Native nations in the American West; U.S. territories and the suffrage campaign; suffragists’ reaction to the violence at Wounded Knee; and early suffrage referendum in western states.
The Application of Democracy to Women
Authors: Lee Mabel Ping-Hua
Published: January 2022

As the women of New York continued their efforts to pass suffrage at the state level, Mabel Ping-Hua Lee insisted that Chinese women be involved in both the political revolutions in China and the United States. Mabel Lee’s participation in the 1912 New York City suffrage meetings and parade had connected her to a number of the city’s activists, as did her matriculation to Barnard College in 1913. White suffragists recognized the valuable contributions Lee could bring to the two state campaigns of 1915 and 1917 and asked for her help. As a staunch suffragist and feminist, Lee agreed, but her true passion lay in the position of Chinese women in their new nation. As she closely followed the work of Chinese feminists, conversations with American suffragists helped shape her ideas as she brought the two strands of thought together in her advocacy for women’s rights in the new China. Working with white suffragists also helped her combat the stereotypes about China that white Americans held. But as much as Lee fought for suffrage in New York, she could not vote there. This placed Chinese-born women like Mabel Lee in a position unique among all other women in the United States.
The Invasion of Jim Crow, 1913–1914
Authors: Parker Alison M.
Published: January 2022

The expansion of segregation throughout the U.S. capital and the nation during the early years of Woodrow Wilson’s administration invaded and destabilized the Terrell family’s personal and professional lives. Mollie Terrell decided to accompany her daughters Mary and Phyllis to Oberlin for the fall semester in 1913. The Terrell daughters encountered racism and Jim Crow at Oberlin. Disappointed in her beloved alma mater with its progressive abolitionist heritage, Mary Church Terrell confronted Oberlin College president Henry Churchill King. When he rejected her critiques, Terrell contacted her compatriots at the NAACP, hoping to assert the full equality of African Americans. Simultaneously, Robert Terrell remained in Washington, D.C., where he engaged in a difficult senate confirmation fight for his re-nomination as a Municipal Court Judge. Although he faced openly racist opposition from Democratic Party senators, led by Senator James K. Vardaman of Mississippi, he ultimately prevailed.
Attraction and Politics in the Great Depression
Authors: Parker Alison M.
Published: January 2022

In the early 1930s, several years after her husband’s death, Terrell had a love affair with a married Oscar Stanton DePriest, the first black U.S. Representative from the North. Not just any man could be a good partner for her. It had to be someone who could weather comparisons to Robert Terrell—a man of high professional status, with charisma, intelligence, and good looks. Oscar Stanton DePriest (1871–1951), Republican representative from Illinois, fit the bill. Their relationship was an opportunity for Terrell to create another collaborative political and civil rights romantic partnership. Elegant, well-educated, and cultured, she offered him access to Washington’s black elite and the opportunity to be associated with one of the most famous black women in America. In turn, DePriest offered Terrell a chance to be at the center of black national political power with one of the most famous black men in America. As compatible fighting spirits, neither succumbed to prejudice and discrimination without a struggle. A further bond was that both remained Republicans in the 1930s and beyond, even as many black voters began to shift their allegiances to the Democratic Party.
Introduction
Authors: Rana Swati
Published: January 2022

The introduction presents the central figures of this study: visibly racialized immigrants who embrace aspects of the American dream, from imperialism to individualism, racial betrayal to upward mobility. Building on ethnic and postcolonial studies, as well as theories of socioformal character and racial form, the introduction develops a method for reading such figures, showing how characterization and racialization are linked. It presents a new hermeneutic—race character critique, which bridges literary persona and social personhood, showing how this method grapples with the burden of representation of ethnic literature by mapping out (rather than collapsing) the relationship between the author as character within the historical record and the character function of the author within the text. The introduction offers an overview of the period from 1900 to 1960 in which this study is based, showing how this method illuminates a vexed genealogy of non-European immigration at the pivot of race and ethnicity. The dynamics of characterization are also those of contestation, the introduction demonstrates. Readers can critically engage with the American dream precisely through characters that appear to exemplify its ideology and develop a structural reading of minority identity shaped by necessity and constraint.
Paule Marshall’s Brown Girls
Authors: Rana Swati
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on Paule Marshall’s characterization of Black upward mobility in the semiautobiographical novel, Brown Girl, Brownstones (1959). While the main characters of mother and daughter are often opposed in terms of their orientation toward the American dream, this analysis draws them together in a chiasmus of character shaped by their shared experience of racism. The Brooklyn brownstone emblematizes the difficult succession of European and non-European immigrants, and Barbadian immigrants in particular, reorienting readers toward a structural critique. Shaped not just by individual will but by determinative social forces, the spectacular figure of self making is brought into focus as a constrained character to be integrated rather than disavowed.
Conclusion
Authors: Rana Swati
Published: January 2022

The conclusion highlights the double movement of the book as it reveals the figure of the American dream and refracts this figure into all its complexity. Ethnic literature’s shared engagement with and inevitable difference from this figure brings out both ubiquity and unevenness. Constellating distinct literary traditions in this way develops new comparative methods and orientations to ethnic archives, along with a better understanding of how race and ethnicity are being realigned at present. The conclusion emphasizes what characterization as contestation accomplishes—how the interplay of the many facets of character across literary and social worlds breaks down persistent archetypes and foregrounds structural constraints. In closing, the book points to attentiveness, underscoring the agency of literature and of literary critique.
That Rachel Dolezal
Authors: Charles Julia S.
Published: January 2022

The epilogue extends the book’s arguments into the twenty-first century. This concluding chapter shifts the conversation away from fictive depictions of Black-to-white passing toward Dolezal’s real-life white-to-Black passing. Dolezal attempts to reclassify longstanding racial categories by “passing” for Black, therefore turning on its head the seemingly one-way phenomenon of Black-to-white passing. This concluding chapter situates, as the media attempted to do, the Dolezal scandal within the larger legacy of Black-to-white passing in order to remark on the utility of African American passing literature for contemporary America. This chapter examines the public criticism and/or approval of Dolezal’s racial performance. The latter of which—the defense of her performance—caused an equally enormous firestorm in the academy.
Fascist Entanglements
Authors: Hammond Kelly A.
Published: January 2022

The Japanese Empire observed the ways its Axis partners dealt with Muslims in their own empires. Through a close reading of a secret Japanese document called “Italy’s Muslim Policy” (J. Itaria no Kaikyō seisaku), this chapter makes it clear that imperial Japan was both conscious and critical of the way the Italian Fascists and the Nazis handled Muslims under their control. Finally, as this chapter situates imperial Japan’s experiences with Muslims in the broader perspective of the global war and Japan’s relationship with other Axis powers, the focus shifts to Afghanistan. Afghanistan is not generally discussed in histories of Nazi Germany or imperial Japan’s foreign policy during the war. Yet it became a space where Nazi and Japanese imperial objectives and ideologies overlapped and came into conflict.
Introduction
Authors: Jemison Elizabeth L.
Published: January 2022

Black and white southerners both claimed that Christian citizenship shaped their actions as they sought to create entirely different societies in the postemancipation Mississippi River Valley, a region of especially rapid and violent political change as well as an evangelical religious stronghold. The meanings of citizenship and of Christian identity shifted in these years amid rapid political change, and two opposite versions of Christian citizenship emerged. Black southerners argued that both true Christianity and the new amended U.S. Constitution promised racial equality and denounced prejudice. Former Confederates upheld proslavery Christianity as a more biblically faithful theology, transforming it into a postemancipation argument for white male paternalistic social order.
Afterword
Authors: Zellinger Elissa
Published: January 2022

The Afterword argues that this book’s metaphor for lyric—that is, the assertion that genres have strains—offers a useful tool for poetry studies. Notes of one genre can be located in other verse forms by closely attending to trace devices or tropes. Generic strains can even infect other poems and manifest in symptoms that do not entirely deplete the original verse form. "Strain" also offers further analogies for thinking about the construction of poetic, liberal selfhood. The connection between lyric and subjectivity provides as an innovative way to address the discourse of U.S. selfhood in a variety of poetic texts and contexts. Indeed, this book’s discussion of lyric not only concerns the history of American liberalism but also its future. The poets and poems examined here continue to demonstrate their relevance today due to their ability to diagnose liberal injustices.
Introduction
Authors: Lang Andrew F.
Published: January 2022

The introduction frames the context and scope of the book, outlines the arguments and sub-arguments, and places the book in its historiographical context. The book is organized into three parts, each titled from a line in the Gettysburg Address. Part 1 includes two chapters on the antebellum years; Part 2 comprises four chapters on the Civil War; and Part 3 features two chapters on the Reconstruction era. The introduction dedicates significant space to the definitions and use of American exceptionalism and its nineteenth-century counterpart, “civilization.” The introduction explains that the book’s use of American exceptionalism is placed within a historical context; framed within the disparate worldviews of Black and white Americans, Unionists and Confederates, women and men; and is not validated or disproven as an objective fact.
Epilogue
Authors: Lang Andrew F.
Published: January 2022

The epilogue uses speeches and writings in 1880s from Frederick Douglass, Albion Tourgée, and Ulysses S. Grant to explore the contested meanings, outcomes, and implications of the American Civil War Era. Each correspondent explained that the era’s noble verdicts—Union, emancipation, and civil rights—were at once mutually reinforcing and antagonistic. To uphold the foundational ideals of Union required emancipation and the Reconstruction amendments. But biracial equality itself required enforcement from a large, mobilized, federal and military state that allegedly undermined the United States’ claim as a decentralized, antimilitaristic republic. The era was thus a referendum on the attributes of nineteenth-century American exceptionalism, just as those very attributes conflicted with the idealistic purposes of the era.
The Colored Men of Portland Have Always Enjoyed All Their Rights
Authors: Gosse Van
Published: January 2022

Black politics matured early in Maine, led by activists like Reuben Ruby, a fixture in Portland’s politics from the 1830s to the 1860s. He worked closely with General Samuel Fessenden, who had been a leading Federalist. The latter became Maine’s leading abolitionist in the 1830s, working with Ruby in the National Republican and then Whig parties (they were both delegates at the latter’s 1834 founding convention). Although they tried to bring black voters into the Liberty Party in the 1840s, Portland’s black electorate remained strong. Whigs, led by Abram W. Niles, who held low-level city jobs and party positions. Repeatedly, these voters garnered national attention, as when the younger William Fessenden defeated Portland’s Democratic congressmen with their votes in 1840; in 1848, efforts to bring them over to the Free Soil Party were also widely publicized. By the later 1850s, the black electorate was incorporated into the Republican Party, with Ruby holding a federal patronage position.
We Are True Whigs
Authors: Gosse Van
Published: January 2022

Black Rhode Islanders were disfranchised with little fanfare in 1822 but regained the vote in 1842, in the context of the Dorr War, an all-white armed insurgency to overturn the state government based on a sharply restricted franchise. Having defeated the insurgents, the “Law and Order” government (future Whigs) instituted a property requirement for naturalized voters, mainly Irish, and opened the franchise to African Americans, who had helped suppress the Dorrites. From then through the Civil War, led by party operatives like William J. Brown, black voters operated as a submachine, a balance of power keeping the Whigs and their conservative Republican successors in control of the state. In the later 1850s, however, the wealthy New York hotelier George T. Downing moved to Newport and organized a fierce but unsuccessful campaign for school integration, roiling the black community.
We Think for Ourselves
Authors: Gosse Van
Published: January 2022

Beginning in the late 1830s, Black New Yorkers mobilized statewide to regain unrestricted suffrage, offering an organizing model for free people of color nationwide. Leaders like the young Henry Highland Garnet, Dr. James McCune Smith, Samuel Ringgold Ward, and the veteran Stephen Myers (an associate of Governor William Seward) built a network covering dozens of counties. With the radical antislavery Liberty Party putting pressure on the Whigs, this effort culminated in an 1846 referendum in which “Equal Suffrage for colored persons” was overwhelmingly defeated.
Coal, Conflict, and Community
Authors: Inscoe John C.
Published: January 2022

This final chapter juxtaposes film portrayals of coal mining communities on both sides of the Atlantic and the generational impulses to escape them or not. No aspect of Appalachia’s social and economic character has generated of a comparison than have the coalfields of central Appalachia and those of South Wales. A strong sense of community has been a vital element of the coal culture that evolved in both regions. The social and economic hardships inherent in coal mining communities have produced some of the most effective and realistic screen depictions of Appalachia and its people over the course of the twentieth century, Inscoe argues. The primary drama in which the films engage takes place more above ground than below, making communities and households their central framing devices. The few films set in Appalachian coal towns are more recent (the 1980s and 1990s) and are built on a much older and richer tradition of British-based or produced films set in the UK’s own coal country. The three films discussed in this chapter—The Stars Look Down (1940), The Proud Valley (1940), How Green Was My Valley (1941), Matewan (1987), Coal Minder’s Daughter (1990), October Sky (1999)—embrace multiple tones both positive and negative.
Prelude
Authors: Foster B. Brian
Published: January 2022

I got it wrong from the beginning. I think.

It wasn’t that I had decided to move into the back bedroom, or that I had decided to move into the back bedroom of a house in the Mississippi Delta. It wasn’t even that I had decided to move in the middle of the summer in the middle of the day. Well, I did get that part wrong; but I’m thinking of another kind of wrong, one that happened in the middle of that night, my first night in Clarksdale: July 23, 2014....
Hard … Make It Easy
Authors: Foster B. Brian
Published: January 2022

This chapter chronicles the establishment and growth of blues tourism in the Mississippi Delta, with attention to the town of Clarksdale. Foster argues that this blues development agenda was established to address the region's declining demographic and economic profile. By the end of the chapter, a tension emerges—between the viability of blues tourism as an economic boon and the question of which communities benefit the most from the growing revenue stream.
Introduction
Authors: Casimir Jean
Published: January 2022

This book focuses on the sovereignty of the Haitian people and creation of the Haitian state between 1697 and 1915. It seeks to understand how Haitians have been able to exist amid political structures that sought to exclude them through a decolonial lens. The modern history of Haitians dates to two calamities—the appropriation of its resources and its repopulation through the slave trade in the seventeenth century. This book also seeks to correct past historiographical oversights by focusing on the bossales—the African-born enslaved who made up the majority on the island.
Resisting the Production of Sufferers
Authors: Casimir Jean
Published: January 2022

This chapter brings together the reflections of theorists of the coloniality of power, including Anibal Quijano, Walter Mignolo, and Louis Sala-Molins. It looks at the French colonial history of Haiti, beginning with the Code Noire (1685) and ending in the early nineteenth century, from the perspective of indigenous people and bossales rather than Europeans. The chapter seeks to reinstall the Haitians as agents of their own destiny rather than historiographically relegate them to the status of a conquered people. This chapter argues both the colonial and independent administrators operated on a nation rather than within or with the nation.
The State in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Casimir Jean
Published: January 2022

Imperial societies are shaped by centuries of common life among the diverse social forces that compose them. In Haiti, Casimir argues, there was a social force that, since the beginning of the colony in 1697, developed its own norms, institutions, and functioning modes. He argues the state in Haiti was ultimately forced to embrace the very social forces that had held the colonial administrations and their technocrats in check. Yet the Haitian governments were not sovereign; rather it was the Haitian people who were sovereign and created themselves. The Haitian state is therefore an articulation between the governments and oligarchs and the Haitian people.
The Vogue for Vaudeville
Authors: Monod David
Published: January 2022

Why did vaudeville become an entertainment “craze” and develop a national distribution network? This chapter argues that vaudeville performers were style-leaders and the first modern celebrities. Vaudeville’s modish associations made it especially popular with female spectators of diverse class, racial and ethnic identities. Vaudeville profited from the popularity of variety entertainment among fashionable people which roof gardens and music halls established in the 1880s and 1890s. Those earlier amusements helped break the variety show’s connection to male-dominated concert saloons and established the variety show’s stars as style-leaders.
Vaudeville Modernism
Authors: Monod David
Published: January 2022

Around the turn of the century many artists, architects and designers adopted a new sensibility which we call modernist. Modernism questioned ideas about the solidity of material existence and saw reality as something defined by perspectives and feelings. Modernists wanted to make people experience their world in new ways. This chapter looks at ideas in modern art such as the indeterminate nature of the self and the “liberation” of sexuality. It also explores a range of vaudeville acts – mind readers, illusionists, impersonators, comedians and dancers – to show how vaudeville contributed to the creation of a modernist cultural moment in the early twentieth century.
The Secret of Selling the Negro
Authors: Bailey Yelena
Published: January 2022

Chapter 2 discusses the history of homeownership as a component of U.S. nationalism and white identity and how government policies led to the creation of a new, racialized market for home goods. Paying specific attention to the impact exclusionary policies had on perceptions of Black consumerism and belonging, this chapter examines the marketing that was aimed at Black urban inhabitants through magazines like Ebony. As the flagship Black magazine of the mid-twentieth century, Ebony reflects the way Black consumerism was cultivated in connection to the streets, often in derogatory ways.
Epilogue: The Enduring Punitive Turn
Authors: Sherry Michael S.
Published: January 2022

Donald J. Trump’s candidacy and presidency tapped into the ugliest dimensions of the punitive turn, including its roots in the American experience of war and its pursuit of vengeance. Those dimensions were borne out especially in Trump’s immigration rhetoric and policy and his language about presumed enemies, including Hillary Clinton. Yet he so undercut the rule of law and administrative competence that he made the punitive turn not so much harsher as more chaotic and capricious. Rollback of the punitive turn gained further rhetorical support as his presidency ended, but detaching crime-fighting from war-fighting remained difficult. The nation still waged “war on crime,” even if fewer people now called it that.
Introduction
Authors: Contois Emily J. H.
Published: January 2022

During the Great Recession, a number of social, cultural, political, and economic trends collided and caused a specific gender discourse—the dude—to rise and expand in American society, particularly in food media and culture. This section covers key ideas about gender coding and food, such as the notion that steak is masculine, while salad is feminine. It also defines the dude alongside hegemonic masculinity, situating him within the history of how gender crisis has played out within U.S. consumer culture from the 1880s to the present. The twenty-first-century dude also reacted to male body and health norms, popular culture exemplars, and increasing male body dissatisfaction, which the book explores through the concept of ambivalent masculine body discipline.
Crafting Dude Food Media
Authors: Contois Emily J. H.
Published: January 2022

Dude food is a culinary genre of playful excess, sentiments animated by the dude and closely related to the mid-2010s phenomenon of the dad bod. Food brands exploited the tensions of dude food as they marketed convenience, packaged, snack, and fast food to men. Contemporary cookbooks written for men also deployed conventionally manly and millennial dude tropes to convince men that cooking at home would not diminish their masculinity. The chapter considers these cookbooks’ titles, imagery, recipes, headnotes, and organizational structure.
Creating a Dude Chef
Authors: Contois Emily J. H.
Published: January 2022

In 2006, Guy Fieri won the second season of the reality show cooking competition, Next Food Network Star, becoming a widely successful but very polarizing dude chef in the years since. Within the history of food television, Fieri animates the gendered tension between education and entertainment, which is but one of the reasons that audiences both loved and hated him. Fieri’s dude masculinity was first constructed relationally alongside the gender identities of contestants on Next Food Network Star, and further complicated by the ways he has always emphasized fatherhood as part of his brand, unique cuisine, and loud culinary persona. Despite a zero-star poor review in the New York Times, Fieri’s brand power has only increased in recent years, though he has remained an apolitical “good dude.”
Don’t Tell Things Like That
Authors: Parry Tyler D.
Published: January 2022

The book’s third chapter examines the politics of marriage for formerly enslaved African Americans following the Civil War, in which they gained legal recognition for their domestic relationships. In reviewing the testimonies of formerly enslaved people, one finds a stark divide between those who claimed the custom was as authentic as any other ceremony, against those who, for reasons of self-protection, downplayed the significance or denied the existence of broomstick weddings on their own plantation. Consequently, jumping the broom largely faded from popularity in the postbellum era, but the chapter shows how its memory survived among certain sections of the descendant community. Under unique circumstances, some African Americans continued to practice it throughout the rural South, and other sources reveal that many formerly enslaved people refused to marry using legally-recognized protocols, as they considered the broomstick wedding as legitimate. In certain cases, this caused some couples to reject governmental requirements to remarry. But even for those who rejected it, the colloquial expression “jump the broom” remained in the parlance of Black southerners into the twentieth century. The colloquial expression was important for retaining memories of the ancestral past, and it would help spur its revival during the late-twentieth century.
Into the White Mind
Authors: Parry Tyler D.
Published: January 2022

This chapter contextualizes the “broomstick wedding” in North America as a product of the social classifications that white Americans largely modelled from their British counterparts, though they simultaneously repositioned the discourse within the particular cultural framework of the antebellum United States. Specifically, it examines how slave owners understood the broomstick wedding and its relationship to slavery, determining that the elite patterns of matrimony existent in Britain were adopted by the southern aristocracy. Among American writers, social constructs of “race” and “otherness” were imbedded within elite discourses surrounding the broomstick ceremony that were once typically concentrated within class distinctions among British writers. On the other end, Northern abolitionists also opined on the broomstick wedding, framing it as a degrading custom forced upon the enslaved by those who enslaved them. Thus, the negative portrayals of those populations who “jumped the broom” came from various angles, highlighting how race and class were important components of differentiation. In the United States, then, “jumping the broom” becomes much more associated with constructs of “blackness,” as American writers and minstrel performers portrayed it as a custom connected to slavery and the traditions of enslaved people.
Every Black Person Should Do It
Authors: Parry Tyler D.
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines how the broomstick wedding’s cultural importance skyrocketed by the 1990s. Not only were African Americans actively embracing the custom, some entrepreneurs established businesses that manufactured, crafted, and designed matrimonial broomsticks for Black couples using heritage weddings. The ritual’s popularity coincided with a variety of cultural moments that helped garner more interest in ancestral traditions, including Afrocentrism, genealogy, a rising Black middle class, and a rapidly growing and financially robust wedding industry. Holding few resources about the custom’s origins, its rising popularity prompted various authors to promote mythical histories surrounding its origins. Due to its association with Black Americans and its wide documentation among enslaved people, some prominent writers claimed it originated in West Africa. Though their theory did not go uncontested, it gained significant traction among many Black couples seeking a connection with their African past, even if there was little evidence to bolster the claim.
Introduction
Authors: Varel David A.
Published: January 2022

The Introduction identifies the central themes, activities, and turning points in Reddick’s career. It traces his involvement with organizations including the Schomburg Library, University of Chicago, the Association for the Study of African American Life and History, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and Alabama State University; and with figures such as W. E. B. Du Bois, Carter G. Woodson, Martin Luther King Jr., and Kwame Nkrumah. It also outlines Reddick’s intellectual agenda as it evolved throughout the civil rights movement and into the Black Power era. Above all, it explains Reddick’s historiographical significance, particularly as it helps us understand the radical, international, and intellectual roots of the twentieth century’s long black freedom struggle.
Coming of Age at Fisk University
Authors: Varel David A.
Published: January 2022

This chapter chronicles Reddick’s early life from his adolescence in Jacksonville, Florida to his collegiate career in Nashville, Tennessee. It explains how Fisk University, where he earned a BA in 1932 and an MA in 1933 while studying under Charles S. Johnson, E. Franklin Frazier, Lorenzo Dow Turner, Horace Mann Bond, and Arturo Schomburg, provided Reddick with the social network and intellectual training that guided his early entry into professional academic life. At Fisk, he became active in Carter G. Woodson’s Association for the Study of Negro Life and History; published in the Journal of Negro Education, The Crisis, and Opportunity; criticized the Southern Agrarians, and studied the racism in history textbooks. This chapter also explains how the Great Depression loomed large in Reddick’s formative years and pushed his politics to the left.
The Black History Movement during the Depression
Authors: Varel David A.
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores Reddick’s pioneering work in the fledgling field of black history. During the 1930s, Reddick worked as a professor of history at Kentucky State College and Dillard University, and he took a leading role in the black fraternity Phi Beta Sigma. He also completed his PhD in history from the University of Chicago, where he studied under the Lost Cause scholar Avery O. Craven. While tracking Reddick’s activities across these institutions, special focus is on Reddick’s contributions to Carter Woodson’s Association for the Study of Negro Life and History. Reddick gathered the testimonies of former slaves and influenced the larger effort by the Works Progress Administration, published a landmark historiographical article in the Journal of Negro History, completed an innovative dissertation on the role of white newspapers in New Orleans in sowing divisions and helping provoke the Civil War, and documented racial discrimination at libraries, archives, journals, and conferences.
Cold War Civil Rights in Atlanta
Authors: Varel David A.
Published: January 2022

This chapter explains how the Cold War, and especially the Red Scare, shaped Reddick’s actions while serving as the chief librarian of Atlanta University from 1948 to 1955, where he worked with Clarence Bacote, Hylan G. Lewis, and Benjamin Mays. Reddick’s refusal to condone America’s militarist foreign policy and its persecution of leftists at home contributed to his becoming the subject of a Federal Bureau of Investigation probe as well as a target of white Southern politicians, such as Herman Talmadge, who were committed to halting the burgeoning civil rights movement. Reddick nevertheless continued to his cultivate Pan-African ties, particularly by coordinating a monthlong visit by Nigeria’s Nnamdi Azikiwe and by co-authoring with W. Sherman Savage a history of his fraternity, Phi Beta Sigma. Reddick also promoted desegregation as a two-way street while helping prepare for a post-Brown v. Board of Education world. He likewise participated in local politics and the protracted struggles of the Association for the Study of Negro Life and History in the wake of Carter G. Woodson’s death. Finally, he left in Atlanta in 1955 after being fired by Atlanta University president Rufus Clement.
The Nonviolent Crusade from Montgomery to Madras
Authors: Varel David A.
Published: January 2022

This chapter tracks the most momentous years of Reddick’s life as he became a professor of history at Alabama State College in Montgomery and emerged as a major leader within the southern civil rights movement. He helped guide and document the Montgomery Improvement Association during the Montgomery Bus Boycott, and he then did the same for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, serving as a founding member of its nine-member executive committee and as the organization’s official historian. Reddick also became a close mentor to Martin Luther King Jr. during these years, and he wrote the first biography of King, Crusader Without Violence (1959), helped King write a memoir on the boycott, Stride Toward Freedom (1958), and traveled with King and his wife Coretta Scott King to India. After supporting the local student sit-in movement in 1960, Alabama Governor John Patterson had him fired from Alabama State College, thus symbolizing his significant stature within the civil rights movement.
Introduction
Authors: Stein Michael
Published: January 2022

Dr. Michael Stein opens his introduction by saying that while his patients ask for a lot of things in his office—medication, referrals, refills—only recently have he and his patients begun talking directly about money. Questions about his patients’ ability to afford the medications Stein is prescribing lead to larger conversations about patients’ financial situations. These discussions reveal the precarity of patient lives outside of Stein’s office. Stein notes the stories in this book are not stories of sickness or of bodies, but of people and poverty, which Stein says should perhaps be approached from a public health perspective.
Introduction
Authors: Raz Mical
Published: January 2022

This chapter introduces definitions of child maltreatment and the prevalence of child abuse investigations. The introduction also maps the early history of both public and medical interest in the intentional harm to children.
Slavery, Empire, Free Trade
Authors: Sell Zach
Published: January 2022

This chapter considers the convergence between U.S. territorial conquest and the British imperial pursuit of free trade through a focus upon tariff policies, particularly following the annexation of Texas. Free trade policies were important for colonial territorial expansion across empires. In Britain, the repeal of the Corn Laws, tariffs on imported grains, established a free trade policy that also secured the United States’ role as an important market for British manufactured goods and as a supplier of agricultural commodities. The repeal of the Corn Laws eliminated tariffs that would enable the importation of cheap grain from the western United States. For U.S. slaveholders, the aggressive pursuit of free trade policies ensured continued access to British markets commodities produced through slavery. Free trade policies shared between the United States and Britain made possible the breaking down of barriers to the movement of commodities produced through slavery. Cheap food for factory workers and cheap raw materials for factories meant reduced wages and production costs for British manufacturers and expanded markets for U.S. slaveholders.
Blue Past and Future
Authors: Sell Zach
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines how the past and future of indigo were deployed in efforts to explain the mid-nineteenth-century global economy in which patterns of accumulation drew the United States and India into relation, particularly through Britain’s global dominance in manufacturing. This dominance depended upon U.S. slavery–produced cotton and colonial markets in India, particularly the North-Western Provinces. The history of indigo was used to narrate partially the circumstances of this convergence during an era when the violence of U.S. racial slavery expanded as a settler colonial project and colonial agrarian projects across India placed intensifying demands on peasant cultivators through exposure to unstable prices in global commodities markets. For planters in both eastern colonial India and the southern United States, such comparisons emerged to differentiate and describe the character of enslaving and colonial projects, projects already connected through global patterns of trade, production, and accumulation.
Application of ant colony optimization metaheuristic on set covering problems
Authors: Buhat Christian Alvin , Villamin Jerson Ken , Cuaresma Genaro
Published: January 2022

Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) metaheuristic is a multi-agent system in which the behaviour of each ant is inspired by the foraging behaviour of real ants to solve optimization problem. Set Covering Problems (SCP), on the other hand, deal with maximizing the coverage of every subset while the weight nodes used must be minimized. In this paper, ACO was adapted and used to solve a case of Set Covering Problem. The adapted ACO for solving the SCP was implemented as a computer program using SciLab 5.4.1. The problem of determining the optimal location of Wi-Fi Access Points using the 802.11n protocol in the UP Los Banos Math Building was solved using this metaheuristic. Results show that in order to have 100% coverage of the MB, 7 access points are required. Methodology of the study can be adapted and results of the study can be used by decision makers on related optimization problems.
El terror del plano especular: el nudo entre cine y materialismo salvaje
Authors: Leal Ugalde Juan
Published: January 2022

En el siguiente artículo abordaré el trabajo del pensador Jacques Lezra, observando las potencialidades del cine para interrogar el “terror” a través del plano especular. Para ello, sigo la lectura que Lezra hace en Materialismo salvaje de tal plano considerando la secuencia “tres mujeres, tres bombas” de La batalla de Argel (Gillo Pontecorvo, 1966). A través de ésta, abordaré cómo la imagen reflejada ante el espejo aparece como un enigma que pone en juego una imaginación del “terror”, que en tanto concepto débil, ofrece una singular oportunidad para perseguir el nudo entre cine y materialismo salvaje. Para ello, busco problematizar el plano especular como puesta en tensión de las concepciones que operan junto a un principio representacional de la mirada del sujeto y del aparato cinematográfico. Por último, complementaré este recorrido observando los planos especulares de los filmes de Chantal Akerman, Jeanne Dielman, 23 quai du commerce, 1080 Bruxelles (1975) y From the Other Side (2002), considerando que éstos motivan una singular manera de exponer el horror de la historia.
MULTIMODAL PEDAGOGICAL DESIGN AND LESSONS IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF EXISTENTIALISM (ON THE EXAMPLE OF A. ZVYAGINTSEV'S FILMS)
Authors: Gudov V. A. , Gudova M. Y.
Published: January 2022

The authors of the article consider the concept of multimodal pedagogical design in the works of the founders of this concept M. Kalantzis and B. Cope. They connect the necessity of multimodal pedagogical design implementation with the formation of new, non-didactic digital pedagogy and the need to strengthen the emotional involvement of students, especially those from another culture and need to be immersed in a socio-cultural context. The experience of multimodal pedagogical design application is analyzed on the example of using films and website of Russian director A. Zvyagintsev, who develops traditions of existential cinematography and creates complex intertextual and culture-centered artistic language in his film narratives. The authors involve scientists from the Center for Media Education (Taganrog), Ural Federal University, and foreign colleagues to discuss the potential of cinematography as one of the instruments of multimodal pedagogical design around which the study of certain disciplines can be built. The conclusion is that only by engaging modern multimodal means of transferring knowledge and transforming existential experience, such as modern cinema and social networks, websites, blogs, it is possible to successfully attract and retain the attention of the audience in the remote education process.
INDEPENDENT WORK AND ITS CONTROL IN THE CONTEXT OF IMPROVING UNIVERSITY EDUCATION
Authors: Makuseva T. G. , Yаkovleva E. V.
Published: January 2022

The paper considers some areas of improving students' independent work and its control, in particular, the compatibility of students' independent work at the university, aimed at developing new skills among young people, in which much is assigned to planning this activity, managing it and exercising control over it, with the innovative nature of modern education. In the general problem of the organization of independent work of students, a significant place is occupied by the forms and methods of its control, the purpose of which is to activate the student's work, educating him to be responsible for his product of intellectual labor. The authors consider in detail the task of using the information received to manage the educational process, including the process of self-study of students, offering their own version of the system of organizing and monitoring the success of students' independent work. An indispensable condition for the implementation of such a system for monitoring students' independent work ("micro-credits") is the availability of sufficiently reliable information about the complexity of all tasks that a student is required to complete during the semester. Without this, the system does not work, as does the system for monitoring current academic performance without coordinating it with the accepted methodology of training sessions. The authors noted that in the proposed system, only the part of independent work that is associated with mandatory tasks is controlled. The following methods were used to determine the actual time spent on students' independent work on the implementation of its individual elements: expert assessments of teachers on the complexity of individual elements; determination of actual time spent by monitoring students' independent work in the presence of a teacher (during extracurricular time); self-photographing of independent studies by students; experimental determination by teachers of their own time spent on the implementation of individual elements of student independent work. The article shows the results of the analysis of the complexity of the main evaluation tools of the independent work of a student, as well as the average time spent on one element of independent work. The basic requirements for the formation of a system for monitoring the performance of mandatory tasks are given.
THE EFFECT OF EBA AIDED TEACHING ON STUDENTS’ HEAT-TEMPERATURE AND MELTING - DISSOLVING CONCEPTIONS
Authors: Köksal E. A. , Aydogan S.
Published: January 2022

In this study, the question of if the computer aided instruction remediates the misconceptions of elementary fourth grade students about “heat-temperature” and “melting-dissolving” was aimed to be determined. The study was designed according to pre-test and post-test experimental group design. The population was fourth grade students attending a primary school in Nigde, Turkiye during 2014-15 education and instruction year. The sample was 96 students, who were attending three primary schools at Yesilgolcuk district in Nigde. The research took a total of 12 hours during four weeks. The researcher made use of the videos and animations of Morpha Campus and Okulistic electronic contents in Education Information Network (EBA) to teach experimental group students by computer aided instruction. Misconception Test was administered to both experimental and control group students. The data were analysed by t test and Crosstab. SPSS Statistic 22 software was used in these analyses. As a result, Morpha Campus and Okulistic e-contents in EBA eliminated more misconceptions of experimental group students. Moreover, outgoing misconceptions were also decreased with the use of EBA instruction.
EPR in Plastic Waste Management: Policy Tool yet to be Realised
Authors: Samuel Mercy , Ahlawat Shefali
Published: January 2022

Managing single use plastic waste is increasingly becoming difficult as compared to its rampant use in packaging products. It’s the benefits, both technical and cost, which make it a sought-after packaging material choice. At the same time, it imposes environmental hazards in decomposing it with limited options for recycling. This article attempts to decode the policy instrument called Extended Producer Responsibility in managing plastic waste. Plastic waste management rules 2016 had introduced the instrument of EPR which makes the producer responsible for the plastic waste introduced by them in the market. Given the present condition of plastic litter in the cities and municipal corporations working on their own to manage this menace it appears that the policy tool is not implemented in true sense This paper examines the genesis of implementation mechanisms, the success or failure of the same in curbing or managing the plastic waste from the producers end. It also attempts to look into the role of intermediaries, feasibility of reverse logistics, introduction of appropriate incentives and disincentives to make the policy instrument effective.
O controle empresarial externo no Direito da Concorrência
Authors: Prata de Carvalho Angelo Gamba
Published: January 2022

Muitas vezes ignorado ou até rechaçado pela doutrina brasileira e com escassas referências no direito positivo, o controle externo consiste no exercício do poder de controle por entidade estranha à comunhão societária. Apesar de o Direito da Concorrência fazer menção expressa a tal fenômeno, não estabelece disciplina específica. É preciso, portanto, desenvolver critérios minimamente consistentes para que sejam evitados reducionismos excessivos e seja preservada a função econômica dos contratos analisados, para que então seja possível compreender a sua real função na organização dos mercados.