bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resistance
Authors: Waymer Damion
Published: September 2018

Critical management reflectively improves organizations' impact within their political economy (or economies) and discourse arena(s) so as to make them better places to work and societies better places to live. To accomplish such goals, strategic management utilizes operational and discourse practices to understand and overcome many forms of resistance that it encounters in its effort to achieve its mission and vision. Strategic communication, in the face of resistance, engages with other voices to collaboratively forge the standards (through ethics statement and public policies) by which to judge institutional legitimacy. In such engagement, critics have the potential to force through unwanted change management strategies based on organizations' resource dependency. This entry contributes to strategic management and resistance literatures by highlighting the ways that such organizational maneuvering masks support for deliberative democracy and can distort power/knowledge social constructions.
Risk Management and Communication
Authors: Heath Robert L.
Published: September 2018

Risk management and communication are timeless challenges of human society (recently reemphasized as risk society). Risk management and communication entails policies, plans, goals, practices, functions, rhetoric operations, customs, and cultures that reflect the ability of individuals, groups, organizations, and communities to reduce risks and the likelihood they will manifest into crises, and the planning and communication before, during, and after an event that strategically increases safety or fairly distributes risk. Conceptualized as such, risk is uncertainty regarding the occurrences and consequences (benefit/harm) of events, choices, actions, and such matters that constitute the conditions of risks and responses to them. Four models have emerged: mental models, risk perception, critical and cultural assessments, and infrastructural risk management and communication. Management presumes the role of technical assessment (sound science) and strategic planning based on precautionary principles. Risk communication, whether one‐way or two‐way, presumes the ability to bring technical expertise (efficacy) into play to maximize social trust and response efficacy.
Institutional Risk
Authors: Merkelsen Henrik
Published: September 2018

The concept of institutional risk is defined as the risk that the regulator will not meet its organizational and policy objectives. The counterpart of institutional risk is societal risk, that is, the risks in society that regulators are entrusted to manage. In recent decades risk management has for various reasons become an attractive solution for societal regulation on all levels. Despite this successful risk colonization regulators increasingly seek to protect the institutions that manage social risks against criticism from the public. This leads to a spiraling, even pathological, effect whereby risk management expands even further to new societal domains and increasingly centers on the reputational risks of risk management institutions.
Situational Analysis
Authors: Daugherty Emma L.
Published: September 2018

This entry addresses the definition, formulation, process, and methods involved when conducting a situational analysis as the first step in the development of a strategic communications plan. Methods such asSWOT, environmental scanning, market sensing, and the five forces model of competition are explained. Areas researched in a situational analysis include the organization's industry (which is to be comprehensively examined), its operations, products, services, or programs, its customers and other key publics, and the competition.
Social Capital
Authors: Sommerfeldt Erich J.
Published: September 2018

This entry overviews the concept of social capital, which has come to be perceived as essential to a successfully functioning civil society and democracy. Social capital is most commonly described as the sum of resources found within a network of relationships, and the ability of those within a network to take advantage of those resources.Structuralperspectives on social capital have examined the concept through techniques such as network analysis.Cognitive and exchange‐basedapproaches to social capital research associate social capital with variables such as trust, social support, and information exchange. Social capital has also been measured by the extent to which an individual isengagedin social activities or organizations within his or her community. The entry reviews these various perspectives of social capital research and links the concept with the potential for strategic communication to make communities a better place in which to live.
Strategic Ambiguity
Authors: Johansen Winni
Published: September 2018

The concept of strategic ambiguity was introduced by Eric Eisenberg in the 1980s as a reaction to the prevailing ideology of clarity and openness. Based on a relativist view of meaning according to which all types of meaning, including the “literal” meaning, are contextual, strategic ambiguity can be defined as the promotion of unified diversity in organizations. Research on strategic ambiguity has developed in two directions. In the first tradition, strategic ambiguity is viewed as a problem, which has to be eliminated. In the second tradition, strategic ambiguity is viewed as a discursive resource, which can be applied by organizations in the communication of their goals. Finally, the concept of strategic ambiguity does not only belong to academia, but has also entered the world of management and communication consultants.
Strategic Communication Plans
Authors: Ohlson Tanja , Yakis‐Douglas Basak
Published: September 2018

Strategic communication plans are tools to assist with voluntary, purposive, goal‐oriented communication of an organization with its stakeholders (investors, employees, other stakeholder groups) and organizational constituents (analysts and specialist media). These plans are most useful to organizations, first, in achieving transparency toward their internal and external stakeholders (legitimizing the organizational strategy, managing reputation, and reducing uncertainty about future strategic actions), and second, when applied in ways that allow the reflection of the nonlinear, path‐dependent nature of strategy that takes into consideration the increasingly interconnected operational and international environments.
Strategic Relationships
Authors: Ki Eyun‐Jung
Published: September 2018

Strategic relationships are discussed from the perspective of social relations and organization–public relationships. This entry discusses the three stages of relationship management: antecedents, relationship cultivation strategies, and relationship outcomes. The past, current, and future of each stage are discussed. Future research agendas and research gaps are proposed.
Strategic Silence
Authors: Harlow William Forrest
Published: September 2018

Scholars in communication and other fields have studied silence in a variety of contexts. Many of these studies consider groups and individuals who have been marginalized or who are otherwise unable to advocate their own cause. Strategic silence, in contrast, is the intentional choice of an empowered actor to remain silent in order to advance a strategic interest. The concept of strategic silence applies across business, politics, and other fields.
Strategy and Strategizing
Authors: Heath Robert L. , Frandsen Finn
Published: September 2018

This entry discusses strategy and strategizing as situationally relevant knowledge that can inform the choices that effectively, efficiently, and ethically use the resources (practices, actions, means, functions, and such) needed to influence outcomes. Introducing strategy into discussions of communication and management presupposes that instances of both are variously strategic. Such discussions risk presuming the ability to instrumentally control outcomes rather than merely influence them, and should recognize that organization in stakeholder communities is an effect of communication. The terms strategic and strategizing presuppose contextually relevant, task‐oriented (strategized) choices which by layers (macro, meso, and micro) are planned to achieve preferred outcomes. Strategic implies that, without proper knowledge, management and communication practices are variously random, coincidental, unfocused, and such. However, if knowledge of strategy (and strategizing) is sufficiently well understood and ably applied, organizations can increase the probability of achieving outcomes they desire while minimizing unintended consequences.
Strategy as Discourse
Authors: Pieczka Magda
Published: September 2018

Strategy as discourse is a distinct approach to the analysis of organizational strategy that problematizes the taken‐for‐granted objects of strategic knowledge, that is, environment or market, showing them as constructed through discursive practices rather than as objectively existing entities. It is also seen as a language‐focused extension to strategy‐as‐practice, an interpretivist approach to strategy that focuses on the micro level of activities undertaken by strategists. Strategy as discourse belongs to a wider phenomenon of the linguistic turn in social sciences, understood as the shift away from the conception of language as conduit for information toward the focus on its constitutive role. In parallel to discourse studies more broadly, discourse approach to strategy can be conducted in a range of ways such as: narrative, rhetorical and conversational analysis, or critical discourse analysis. It can take an interpretive, critical, or functional approach and work at micro, meso, or macro levels of analysis.
Supply Chain Communication
Authors: Gambetti Rossella C. , Biraghi Silvia , Martinelli Elisa Martina , Tunisini Annalisa
Published: September 2018

The supply chain in its current customer‐centric configuration relies heavily on communication flows to facilitate actors' interaction and support decision making along all the phases connecting upstream and downstream stakeholders. This entry illustrates the role communication flows play in managing information exchange, focusing in particular on how communication enhances strategic intangible assets along the supply chain (e.g., supply chain identity, culture and image).
Turns
Authors: Torp Simon Møberg
Published: September 2018

When new scientific perceptions, understandings, or paradigms arise that fundamentally change or challenge our existing ways of looking at things, they are known as “turns.” In this entry, various different definitions and understandings of the concept of turns are presented. The first and second Copernican turn and the epistemological turn are cited as examples of classical turns, while the linguistic turn, the interpretive turn, the rhetorical turn, the (radical) socio‐cultural turn, the cultural turn, and the strategic turn are presented as examples of more recent turns.
Value‐Added Theory
Authors: Saffer Adam J.
Published: September 2018

Value‐added theory is an analytic framework for studying the origins of collective actions. The theory consists of four components of social behavior and six determinants of collective action, which lead to five types of collective action. Smelser used “value‐added,” a concept from economics, as a metaphor to describe how collective actions occur in a valued‐added process where certain social conditions (referred to as determinants) build on each other in a manner that increases the likelihood of a collective action. Value‐added theory claims that: if a social system is
structurally conducive
to collective action, and a group of people recognize a
structural strain
, and a
generalized belief
emerges within said group, and a selection of participants can be
mobilized
to act, and the
social control
forces are unable to counter the prior determinants—then a collective action will occur.
Strategic Politics of Peace
Authors: Connaughton Stacey L.
Published: September 2018

Peacebuilding is growing as a topical area of interest to communication researchers and practitioners. Through a review of relationship management, dialogue, diplomacy, and nation‐building literatures, this entry argues that strategic communication has much to contribute to the study and practice of peacebuilding, the strategic politics of peace. An example of a university‐based peacebuilding initiative, the Purdue Peace Project explains how communication researchers and practitioners can utilize empirical knowledge and theory to inform practice and inspire peace.
CommunicationSWOTAnalysis
Authors: Lurati Francesco , Zamparini Alessandra
Published: September 2018

In this entry, theSWOTanalysis framework (one of the most used analytical tools in strategy development) is applied to communication strategy development and planning. A communicationSWOTanalysis is performed by examining specific communication factors. Internal strengths and weaknesses refer to communication execution, relationship quality, identity, and reputation. External opportunities and threats are determined by competitors' communication strengths and weaknesses; broad social, technological, economic, environmental, and political (STEEP) trends; and the general characteristics of the organization's stakeholders. Communication issues are identified at the intersection between an organization's internal and external factors. The ultimate aim of the analysis is to define a communication strategy formulated in terms of goals and objectives. Communication goals describe the states an organization wants to promote in order to see its issues settled.
Low Cost, Robust, Environmentally Friendly Geopolymer–Mesoporous Carbon Composites for Efficient Solar Powered Steam Generation
Authors: Liu Fenghua , Zhao Binyuan , Wu Weiping , Yang Haiyan , Ning Yuesheng , Lai Yijian , Bradley Robert
Published: September 2018

High‐efficiency, environment friendly, renewable energy‐based methods of desalination represent attractive and potentially very powerful solutions to the long‐standing problem of global water shortage. Many new laboratory‐scale materials have been developed for photothermal desalination but the development of low‐cost, easy‐to‐manufacture, and scalable materials and systems that can convert solar irradiation into exploitable thermal energy in this context is still a significant challenge. This paper presents work on a geopolymer–biomass mesoporous carbon composite (GBMCC) device with mesoporous and macroporous structures for harvesting solar energy, which is then used in a device to generate water vapor with high efficiency using negative pressure, wind‐driven, steam generation. The GBMCC device gives water evaporation rates of 1.58 and 2.71 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 and 3 suns illumination, with the solar thermal conversion efficiency up to 84.95% and 67.6%, respectively. A remarkable, record high water vapor generation rate of 7.55 kg m−2 h−1 is achieved under 1 sun solar intensity at the wind speed of 3 m s−1. This is a key step forward todays efficient, sustainable and economical production of clean water from seawater or common wastewater with free solar energy.
A Ferroelectric/Electrochemical Modulated Organic Synapse for Ultraflexible, Artificial Visual‐Perception System
Authors: Wang Hanlin , Zhao Qiang , Ni Zhenjie , Li Qingyuan , Liu Hongtao , Yang Yunchang , Wang Lifeng , Ran Yang , Guo Yunlong , Hu Wenping , Liu Yunqi
Published: September 2018

Human eyes undertake the majority of information assimilation for learning and memory. Transduction of the color and intensity of the incident light into neural signals is the main process for visual perception. Besides light‐sensitive elements that function as rods and cones, artificial retinal systems require neuromorphic devices to transform light stimuli into post‐synaptic signals. In terms of plasticity timescale, synapses with short‐term plasticity (STP) and long‐term potentiation (LTP) represent the neural foundation for experience acquisition and memory formation. Currently, electrochemical transistors are being researched as STP–LTP devices. However, their LTP timescale is confined to a second‐to‐minute level to give unreliable non‐volatile memory. This issue limits multiple‐plasticity synapses with tunable temporal characteristics and efficient sensory‐memory systems. Herein, a ferroelectric/electrochemical modulated organic synapse is proposed, attaining three prototypes of plasticity: STP/LTP by electrochemical doping/de‐doping and ferroelectric‐LTP from dipole switching. The device supplements conventional electrochemical transistors with 10000‐second‐persistent non‐volatile plasticity and unique threshold switching properties. As a proof‐of‐concept for an artificial visual‐perception system, an ultraflexible, light‐triggered organic neuromorphic device (LOND) is constructed by this synapse. The LOND transduces incident light signals with different frequency, intensity, and wavelength into synaptic signals, both volatile and non‐volatile.
A Hollow Porous CdS Photocatalyst
Authors: Sun Qiming , Wang Ning , Yu Jihong , Yu Jimmy C.
Published: September 2018

Efficient light harvesting and charge separation are of great importance in solar‐energy conversion on photocatalysts. Herein, the synthesis of a novel hollow porous CdS photocatalyst with effectively restrained electron–hole recombination is reported. By using microporous zeolites as a host and a hard template, ultrasmall Pd and PdS nanoparticles can be anchored separately onto the inner and outer surfaces of a hollow CdS structure. The metallic Pd pulls the photoexcited electrons away from CdS while PdS pushes the holes for more thorough oxidation of the sacrificial agent. The final Pd@CdS/PdS product exhibits superior visible‐light‐driven photocatalytic H2 evolution rate of up to 144.8 mmol h−1 g−1. This is among the highest values of all the reported CdS‐based catalysts. This synthetic approach may be used to fabricate other highly efficient catalysts with spatially separated cocatalysts.
Iron‐Catalyzed C(sp2)−C(sp3) Cross‐Coupling of Chlorobenzamides with Alkyl Grignard Reagents: Development of Catalyst System, Synthetic Scope, and Application
Authors: Bisz Elwira , Szostak Michal
Published: September 2018

Direct preparation of alkylated amide‐derivatives by cross‐coupling chemistry using sustainable protocols is challenging due to sensitivity of the amide functional group to reaction conditions. Herein, we report the synthesis of alkyl‐substituted amides by iron‐catalyzed C(sp2)−C(sp3) cross‐coupling of Grignard reagents with aryl chlorides. The products of these reactions are broadly used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals and other biologically‐active molecules. Furthermore, amides are used as versatile intermediates that can participate in the synthesis of valuable ketones and amines, providing access to motifs of broad synthetic interest. The reaction is characterized by its good substrate scope, tolerating a range of amide substitution, including sterically‐bulky, sensitive and readily modifiable amides. The reaction is compatible with challenging organometallics possessing β‐hydrogens, and proceeds under very mild, operationally‐simple conditions. Optimization of the catalyst system demonstrated the beneficial effect of O‐coordinating ligands on the cross‐coupling. The reaction was found to be fully chemoselective for the mono‐substitution at the less sterically‐hindered position. Mechanistic studies establish the order of reactivity and provide insight into the role of amide to control mono‐selectivity of the alkylation. The protocol provides the possibility for convenient access to alkyl‐amide structural building blocks using sustainable cross‐coupling conditions with high efficiency.

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Synthesis of Enones and Enals via Dehydrogenation of Saturated Ketones and Aldehydes
Authors: Pan Gao‐Fei , Zhu Xue‐Qing , Guo Rui‐Li , Gao Ya‐Ru , Wang Yong‐Qiang
Published: September 2018

A general, efficient and economic palladium‐catalyzed dehydrogenation to form enones or enals has been developed. The approach possesses extremely broad substrate scope including various linear or cyclic saturated ketones and aldehydes. The protocol is ligand‐free, and molecular oxygen is used as the sole clean oxidant in the reaction. Due to mild reaction conditions, good functional group compatibility, and versatile utilities of enones and enals, the method can be applied in the late‐stage synthesis of natural products, pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals.

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UV‐Induced Ferroelectric Phase Transformation in PVDF Thin Films
Authors: Almadhoun Mahmoud N. , Khan Mohammad A. , Rajab Karam , Park Ji Hoon , Buriak Jillian M. , Alshareef Husam N.
Published: September 2018

Thin films of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) enable access to efficient hybrid devices that operate at low voltages. However, the preparation of thin films from solution typically yields nonferroelectric crystalline phases that require additional processing steps to transform the nonferroelectric phases to the more desirable ferroelectric polymorphs. Here, a rapid photonic annealing technique is reported that induces an α‐ to β‐phase transformation in PVDF thin films, opening up the opportunity to process the material via high‐throughput processing conditions such as roll‐to‐roll processing. This photonic annealing process uses a microsecond‐scale light pulse to transform the spin‐coated films into the desired ferroelectric PVDF phase. The structural evolution in these films is investigated under brief pulses of light, and it is shown that under optimal photonic annealing conditions, robust devices with a remnant polarization (Pr) up to 5.4 µC cm−2and a coercive field (Ec) around 120 MV m−1can be achieved.
Nature of Power Generation and Output Optimization Criteria for Triboelectric Nanogenerators
Authors: Dharmasena R. D. Ishara G. , Deane Jonathan H. B. , Silva S. Ravi P.
Published: September 2018

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) are in the forefront of next‐generation energy harvesting technologies, having been demonstrated as a leading candidate for numerous applications in energy harvesting and self‐powered sensing. However, critical parameters affecting TENG output behavior and their optimization are not well understood. Herein, for the first time, the power output characteristics of TENGs are fully unveiled by vigorously analyzing their impedance behavior as a function of excitation source and device parameters. In this paper, Norton's theorem, first presented in 1926 for two terminal linear electrical networks, is extended to represent TENGs, allowing accurate visualization of their dynamic power output behavior via small signal analysis. TENG impedance plots are introduced to accurately determine the peak power point of a given design, which holds paramount importance in understanding and improving TENGs. The knowledge with empirical understanding for these variations results in the design and construction of more efficient TENG devices for future applications.
Fyn kinase is a novel modulator of erythropoietin signaling and stress erythropoiesis
Authors: Beneduce Elisabetta , Matte Alessandro , De Falco Luigia , Mbiandjeu Serge , Chiabrando Deborah , Tolosano Emanuela , Federti Enrica , Petrillo Sara , Mohandas Narla , Siciliano Angela , Babu Wilson , Menon Vijay , Ghaffari Saghi , Iolascon Achille , De Franceschi Lucia
Published: September 2018

The signaling cascade induced by the interaction of erythropoietin (EPO) with its receptor (EPO‐R) is a key event of erythropoiesis. We present here data indicating that Fyn, a Src‐family‐kinase, participates in the EPO signaling‐pathway, since Fyn−/− mice exhibit reduced Tyr‐phosphorylation of EPO‐R and decreased STAT5‐activity. The importance of Fyn in erythropoiesis is also supported by the blunted responsiveness of Fyn−/− mice to stress erythropoiesis. Fyn−/− mouse erythroblasts adapt to reactive oxygen species (ROS) by activating the redox‐related‐transcription‐factor Nrf2. However, since Fyn is a physiologic repressor of Nrf2, absence of Fyn resulted in persistent‐activation of Nrf2 and accumulation of nonfunctional proteins. ROS‐induced over‐activation of Jak2‐Akt‐mTOR‐pathway and repression of autophagy with perturbation of lysosomal‐clearance were also noted. Treatment with Rapamycin, a mTOR‐inhibitor and autophagy activator, ameliorates Fyn−/− mouse baseline erythropoiesis and erythropoietic response to oxidative‐stress. These findings identify a novel multimodal action of Fyn in the regulation of normal and stress erythropoiesis.
Inverse relationship of serum albumin to the risk of venous thromboembolism among acutely ill hospitalized patients: Analysis from the APEX trial
Authors: Chi Gerald , Gibson C. Michael , Liu Yuyin , Hernandez Adrian F. , Hull Russell D. , Cohen Alexander T. , Harrington Robert A. , Goldhaber Samuel Z.
Published: September 2018

Hypoalbuminemia is a common finding and independent predictor for unfavorable prognosis. The prognostic value of albumin measurement for short‐term VTE prediction in hospitalized patients remains unclear. In the APEX trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01583218), medical inpatients were randomized to receive either extended‐duration betrixaban or shorter‐duration enoxaparin and followed for 77 days. Baseline albumin concentrations were obtained in 7266 subjects with evaluable VTE endpoints. The association of baseline albumin to VTE was assessed, with adjustment for patient characteristics, thromboprophylaxis, and biomarkers for fibrinolysis and inflammation (ie, D‐dimer and C‐reactive protein [CRP]). VTE risk refinement was evaluated by incorporation of albumin to well‐validated risk assessment models. A stepwise increase in the risk of VTE (P < .0001) was observed with lower levels of albumin. Patients at the bottom albumin quartile (<35 g/L) had a two‐fold greater odds for developing VTE compared with the top quartile (≥42 g/L) (OR = 2.119 [95% CI, 1.592‐2.820]; adjusted OR = 2.079 [1.485‐2.911]). The odds for VTE increased by 1.368 (95% CI, 1.240‐1.509) times per SD decrement of albumin (5.24 g/L). Compared with the propensity score‐matched pairs of patients with albumin ≥35 g/L, patients with albumin <35 g/L had a greater risk of VTE (OR = 1.623 [1.260‐2.090]; adjusted OR = 1.658 [1.209‐2.272]). Albumin measurement also refined VTE risk discrimination and reclassification after inclusion in the risk assessment models. In conclusion, acutely ill hospitalized patients with low serum albumin had an increased VTE risk through 77 days. VTE risk assessment models for medical inpatients should consider incorporation of baseline albumin measurement.
The influence of maternal height on offspring's birth weight in Merida, Mexico
Authors: Azcorra Hugo , Mendez Nina
Published: September 2018

Objectives

To analyze the influence of maternal height (MH) on offspring's birth weight (BW) in infants born from January 2016 to May 2017, in Merida, Mexico.

Methods

A total of 3462 singletons born at term in a public hospital were analyzed. Data extracted from hospital records were MH; number of previous births; and infant's sex, BW, and gestational length. MH was divided into 4 categories at quartile points: Q1:129‐147, Q2:148‐151, Q3:152‐155, and Q4:156‐180 cm. BW data were transformed to z‐score values using the WHO Child Growth Standard. The association between MH and infants' BW was analyzed through a multiple regression model in which gestational length, infant's sex, maternal age, ethnicity, and number of previous birth were included as covariates.

Results

Mean values of MH and infants' BW were 151.43 cm (SD = 6.32) and 3172 g (SD = 401) (corresponding to −0.29 SD in BW z‐score), respectively. The regression model showed that the shortest quartile of MH was associated with −0.43 (95% CI −0.35 −0.51) SD in infants' BW compared with the highest quartile. The second and third shortest quartiles of MH were associated with −0.24 (95% CI −0.16 −0.32) and −0.17 (95% CI −0.09 −0.25) SD of infants BW, respectively.

Conclusions

MH remains an important factor for infant BW even in the presence of other determinants. The influence of MH on infants' BW in this population is similar to that found in other populations in low‐, middle‐, and high‐income countries.
No clear evidence for correlations between handgrip strength and sexually dimorphic acoustic properties of voices
Authors: Han Chengyang , Wang Hongyi , Fasolt Vanessa , Hahn Amanda C , Holzleitner Iris J , Lao Junpeng , DeBruine Lisa M , Feinberg David R , Jones Benedict C
Published: September 2018

Objectives

Recent research on the signal value of masculine physical characteristics in men has focused on the possibility that such characteristics are valid cues of physical strength. However, evidence that sexually dimorphic vocal characteristics are correlated with physical strength is equivocal. Consequently, we undertook a further test for possible relationships between physical strength and masculine vocal characteristics.

Methods

We tested the putative relationships between White UK (N = 115) and Chinese (N = 106) participants' handgrip strength (a widely used proxy for general upper‐body strength) and five sexually dimorphic acoustic properties of voices: fundamental frequency (F0), fundamental frequency's SD (F0‐SD), formant dispersion (Df), formant position (Pf), and estimated vocal‐tract length (VTL).

Results

Analyses revealed no clear evidence that stronger individuals had more masculine voices.

Conclusions

Our results do not support the hypothesis that masculine vocal characteristics are a valid cue of physical strength.
A brief procedure for big data analysis of gene expression
Authors: Wang Kewei , Wang Wenji , Li Mang
Published: September 2018

There are a lot of biological and experimental data from genomics, proteomics, drug screening, medicinal chemistry, etc. A large amount of data must be analyzed by special methods of statistics, bioinformatics, and computer science. Big data analysis is an effective way to build scientific hypothesis and explore internal mechanism. Here, gene expression is taken as an example to illustrate the basic procedure of the big data analysis.
Carbonyl‐Olefin‐Kreuzmetathese mittels Licht‐induzierter 1,3‐Diol‐Bildung‐ und Fragmentierungssequenz
Authors: Pitzer Lena , Sandfort Frederik , Strieth‐Kalthoff Felix , Glorius Frank
Published: September 2018

Eine durch sichtbares Licht vermittelte Carbonyl‐Olefin‐Kreuzmetathese wird beschrieben. Photoinduzierte Lochkatalyse ermöglicht ausgehend von Aldehyden und Styrolen die Bildung von 1,3‐Diolen, die anschließend unter sauren Bedingungen direkt zu Kreuzmetatheseprodukten fragmentieren. Die Verwendung von 1,3‐Diolen als Intermediate anstelle der energetisch anspruchsvolleren Oxetane liefert eine neue, orthogonale Strategie für die Carbonyl‐Olefin‐Kreuzmetathese. Darüber hinaus erfordert dieser Ansatz keine Metalle, Liganden oder Additive und liefert die Produkte mit einer hohen E‐Selektivität. Ein möglicher Mechanismus wird gezeigt, erklärt und durch theoretische Berechnungen sowie Experimente belegt. Weiterhin wird eine praktische Synthese eines neuen Photokatalysators auf Acridiniumbasis inklusive vollständiger Charakterisierung vorgestellt.
Polymer complexes. LXXIII. Synthesis, characterization, thermal properties, electron spin resonance study and antimicrobial activity of Cu(II) polymer complexes: Relation between representative Pascal constants and thermal activation energy of decomposition
Authors: El‐Sonbati A.Z. , Diab M.A. , Morgan Sh.M. , El‐Mogazy M.A.
Published: September 2018

A series of copper(II) polymer complexes (1–4) of 3‐allyl‐5‐(4‐nitrophenylazo)‐2‐thioxothiazolidine‐4‐one (HL) were synthesized and characterized using various spectroscopic techniques. Infrared spectral data indicate that the copper ion is coordinated through the oxygen atom of the carbonyl group and the nitrogen atom of the hydrazone group. Magnetic moment and
electron spin resonance studies indicate a square planar geometry for the Cu(II) polymer complexes. The polymer complex 4 is polycrystalline with a high degree of crystallinity compared with polymer complexes 1–3. The affinity of polymer complexes 1–4 to calf thymus DNA was determined through UV–visible DNA binding titration, with intrinsic binding constants of 3.09 × 105, 4.76 × 105, 5.19 × 104 and 9.22 × 105 M−1 for 1–4, respectively. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of 3‐allyl‐2‐thioxothiazolidin‐4‐one, HL and Cu(II) polymer complexes 1–4 were investigated. Polymer complex 4 has greater antibacterial activity than 3‐allyl‐2‐thioxothiazolidin‐4‐one, HL and Cu(II) polymer complexes 1–3 against Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium. The thermal activation energy of decomposition of the polymer complexes decreases in the order 2 > 1 > 3. This is consistent with the order of the strength of metal–anion interactions, i.e. NO3− >Cl− >CH3COO−.
Self‐Assembly and C−H⋅⋅⋅Anion Hydrogen Bonding of Palladium(II)‐based Metallacalixarenes Using Pyridyl‐ or Phenyl‐Bridged Di‐Naphthoimidazoles
Authors: Deng Wei , Yu Zheng‐Su , Liu Xue‐Hui , Yu Shu‐Yan
Published: September 2018

Metal‐directed self‐assembly approaches led to the formation of two novel boat‐shaped palladium(II)‐based metallacalixarenes 1 (1 a, 1 b and 1 c) and 2 (2 a, 2 b and 2 c), by using the two new ligands 2,6‐bis(1H‐naphtho[2,3]imidazol‐1‐yl)pyridine (L1) and 1,3‐bis(1H‐naphtho[2,3]imidazol‐1‐yl)benzene (L2) with cis‐coordinated PdII precursor (tmeda)Pd(ONO2)2 (tmeda=N, N, N′, N′‐tetra‐methylethylenediamine), repectively. All complexes with different counterions were systematically characterized in solution, and their structures were determined by X‐ray single crystallography analyses in the solid state. The crystal architectures were subtly regulated among different anions through two types (inter‐ and intra‐)molecular C−H hydrogen bonding interactions and other weak interactions. The anion complexation with the two metal‐assembled anion receptors were further investigated in solution.
Trigraphene and its Derivates: A Novel Carbon Allotrope
Authors: Kang Baotao , Yuan Yuan , Wu Si , Ai Hongqi , Kang Sunwoo , Lee Jin Yong
Published: September 2018

A new family of all‐carbon structures is proposed via substituting the sp2 carbon atom in graphene and graphyne with carbon trigons. Owing to the existence of carbon trigons, these porous carbon allotropes are named as trigraphene and trigraphyne. The calculations of geometrical, vibrational, and energetic properties by density functional theory reveal that all these structures are metastable and dynamically stable. It is further disclosed from the electronic band structures that trigraphene and α‐trigraphyne are metal, while β‐trigraphyne and γ‐trigraphyne are semiconductor with indirect band gaps of 0.33 and 0.52 eV, respectively. Our results suggest a strategy to design new carbon materials with desired properties, and these all‐carbon materials would have many interesting applications once obtained.
The role of prefrontal cortex in a moral judgment task using functional near‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Dashtestani Hadis , Zaragoza Rachel , Kermanian Riley , Knutson Kristine M. , Halem Milton , Casey Aisling , Shahni Karamzadeh Nader , Anderson Afrouz A. , Boccara Albert Claude , Gandjbakhche Amir
Published: September 2018

Background

Understanding the neural basis of moral judgment (MJ) and human decision‐making has been the subject of numerous studies because of their impact on daily life activities and social norms. Here, we aimed to investigate the neural process of MJ using functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), a noninvasive, portable, and affordable neuroimaging modality.

Methods

We examined prefrontal cortex (PFC) activation in 33 healthy participants engaging in MJ exercises. We hypothesized that participants presented with personal (emotionally salient) and impersonal (less emotional) dilemmas would exhibit different brain activation observable through fNIRS. We also investigated the effects of utilitarian and nonutilitarian responses to MJ scenarios on PFC activation. Utilitarian responses are those that favor the greatest good while nonutilitarian responses favor moral actions. Mixed effect models were applied to model the cerebral hemodynamic changes that occurred during MJ dilemmas.

Results and conclusions

Our analysis found significant differences in PFC activation during personal versus impersonal dilemmas. Specifically, the left dorsolateral PFC was highly activated during impersonal MJ when a nonutilitarian decision was made. This is consistent with the majority of relevant fMRI studies, and demonstrates the feasibility of using fNIRS, with its portable and motion tolerant capacities, to investigate the neural basis of MJ dilemmas.
Chemosystematic Significance of Essential Oil Constituents and Furanocoumarins of Underground Parts and Fruits of Nine Heracleum L. Taxa from Southeastern Europe
Authors: Ušjak Ljuboš J. , Drobac Milica M. , Niketić Marjan S. , Petrović Silvana D.
Published: September 2018

The composition of the essential oils and the furanocoumarin profiles of CH2Cl2 extracts from underground parts and fruits of nine Heracleum taxa (Apiaceae) from Southeastern Europe were statistically analyzed to evaluate their chemosystematic significance. Eight investigated taxa (H. orphanidis and members of H. sphondylium group: H. sphondylium, H. sibiricum, H. montanum, H. ternatum, H. pyrenaicum subsp. pollinianum, H. pyrenaicum subsp. orsinii and H. verticillatum) belong to the type section of the genus. Additionally analyzed taxon, H. austriacum subsp. siifolium, belongs to H. sect. Wendia. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the essential oils was performed by GC‐FID and GC/MS, and of the furanocoumarins by LC/MS. Furanocoumarins were identified using standards and/or based on UV, MS, 1H‐ and ROESY NMR spectra. Multivariate statistics (PCA, nMDS, UPGMA) of analyzed metabolites showed that the investigated taxa were grouped according to their taxonomic classification. PCA revealed the significance of some monoterpenes and (Z)‐falcarinol of the underground parts oils, octyl esters of the fruit oils, and most of the total of 12 identified furanocoumarins.
Three‐dimensional printing assisted transcatheter closure of atrial septal defect with deficient posterior–inferior rim
Authors: Yan Chaowu , Wang Cheng , Pan Xiangbin , Li Shiguo , Song Huijun , Liu Qiong , Xu Nan , Wang Jianpeng
Published: September 2018

Objective

Though successful transcatheter closure has been reported in secundum atrial septal defect (ASD) with deficient posterior–inferior rim, it is still difficult to screen the appropriate candidates. Three‐dimensional printing (3DP) makes in vitro trial occlusion possible, and might provide a feasible method in the prediction of successful closure.

Methods

Thirty‐five consecutive ASD patients (10M/25F, age, 47.7 ± 11.8 years) with deficient posterior–inferior rim (≤3 mm) were referred for attempted transcatheter closure, and personalized heart model (elastic rubber) was produced based on end‐systolic MSCT images. The in vitro measurement and trial occlusion were performed for preoperative evaluation (in vitro successful/unsuccessful group), and the results were compared with postoperative outcomes.

Results

Successful in vitro occlusion was achieved in 30 patients (7M/23F), and the size of ASD was 27.1 ± 4.4 mm. The posterior–inferior rim was 0.95 ± 1.22 mm (rim defect in 17 patients), and 12 patients were associated with aortic rim deficiency. The subsequent transcatheter closure was performed successfully in 29 patients, and the occluder‐diameter was identical to that of in vitro occlusion (35.0 ± 4.4 mm). The follow‐up (1.4 ± 0.58 years) showed no residual shunt and related‐complications. In unsuccessful in vitro group (n = 5), the range of rim deficiency was wider (P = 0.019) and the rim to inferior vena cava was shorter (4.60 ± 2.07 mm vs. 10.71 ± 5.28 mm, P = 0.016). Furthermore, transcatheter closure failed in all patients.

Conclusions

In ASD with deficient posterior–inferior rim, 3DP allows accurate determination of the size and surrounding rims of ASD. Based on personalized heart model, in vitro trial occlusion is an effective method to identify the appropriate candidates for transcatheter closure.
Chemically stimulated luminescence from food proteins
Authors: Costa‐Lima Bruno , Zhao Jing , Boatright William L.
Published: September 2018

Background and objectives

Protein powders contain metastable radicals that are released upon hydration. The influence of protein source, free radical content, and hydration condition on luminescence was investigated.

Findings

Hydration of rice, soy, pea, and egg albumin generated a burst of luminescence in the absence of added enhancers/stimulates. Rice proteins were generated from 3 to 10 times more luminescence than other protein samples. Hydrating proteins with 25 mM H2O2 increased the luminescence intensities from all food proteins. Luminescence maximums occurred between 550–600 nm for rice protein, 500–600 nm for soy protein, and two peaks from egg albumin (500–550 nm and <450 nm). Carbon‐centered metastable radicals were most abundant in rice protein which contained between 3.87 × 1016–53.44 × 1016 spins per gram. Plotting intrinsic luminescence versus spins per gram (including all types of proteins examined) revealed an r‐square of 0.771.

Conclusions

Based on peak shape, g‐value (2.0050 ± 0.0003) and power saturation (4–8 mW), metastable radicals in proteins were identified as carbon‐centered. Both intrinsic and added sources of oxidative stimuli strongly correlate with the generation of chemically stimulated luminescence from hydrated proteins.

Significance and novelty

These findings are the first to correlate the quantity of metastable radicals in rice proteins with intrinsic luminescence generated upon hydration and provide spectral characterization of luminescence from these proteins.
Hydrodeoxygenation of Sorbitol into Bio‐Alkanes and ‐Alcohols Over Phosphated Ruthenium Molybdenum Catalysts
Authors: Weng Yujing , Wang Tiejun , Wang Chenguang , Liu Qiying , Zhang Yulong , Duan Peigao , Wang Longlong , Yin Hongxing , Liu Shijun , Ma Longlong
Published: September 2018

Biofuels such as renewable alkanes and higher alcohols have drawn considerable interests for the use in internal combustion engines. Especially, higher alcohols could be used as a blending agent for diesel fuels. Herein, carbon supported phosphated ruthenium‐molybdenum (RuMoP) catalysts were employed in continuous trickle‐bed reactor for converting sorbitol into renewable alkanes and higher alcohols. The results showed that RuMoP on an active carbon (AC) support presented a complete sorbitol conversion and high yields of alkanes and alcohols in gasoline and diesel range. Subsequently, carbon nanotube (CNT) supported RuMoP was prepared and studied in detail for comparison. RuMoP/CNT presented a low C−C bond cracking property in sorbitol conversion and high selectivity of C6 products in gas‐phase (C6 alkane, 74.7 %) and oil‐phase (C6 alkane and alcohols, 87.8 %). Finally, detailed characterizations (N2‐adsorption, XRD, HRTEM, XPS, NH3‐TPD, Py‐IR spectrums, etc.) were performed over relevant catalysts (RuMoP/C and RuMoP/CNT) for correlating their catalytic and physicochemical properties.
Heterostructure CoS/NC@MoS2Hollow Spheres for High‐Performance Hydrogen Evolution Reactions and Lithium‐ION Batteries
Authors: Zhao Yueying , Bi Mengfan , Qian Fangfang , Zeng Peiyuan , Chen Mengna , Wang Ruojie , Liu Yangyang , Ding Yang , Fang Zhen
Published: September 2018

Uniquely structured CoS/N‐doped carbon@MoS2(denoted as CoS/NC@MoS2) hollow spheres were successfully synthesized by using a well‐designed N‐rich Co‐metal organic framework (ZIF‐67) precursor and template. Owing to the good mechanical stability and conductivity of carbon hollow spheres, N‐doped carbon, and Co−Mo bonds, the as‐prepared CoS/NC@MoS2composites exhibit outstanding electrochemical performance both in electrocatalytic and energy storage applications. An overpotential of 77 mV at 10 mA cm−2, and a Tafel slope of 67 mV dec−1could be obtained in acid environment for the hydrogen evolution reaction. As an anode material for lithium‐ion batteries, the as‐prepared composites exhibit good cycling stability with a high reversible specific capacity of 802.4 mA h g−1at a current density of 1 A g−1after 400 cycles and good rate capability.
Heat Exchanger at ACHEMA 2018
Authors: Reiser Sarah
Published: September 2018

Wärmeübertragung ist in den Prozessen der chemischen Industrie allgegenwärtig. Dies spiegelte sich auch auf der ACHEMA wider, wo Aussteller zu dieser Thematik nicht nur im Themengebiet Thermischen Verfahren zu finden waren, sondern unter anderem auch im Bereich des Anlagenbaus, der Mess‐, Regel‐ und Prozesstechnik. Es wird ein Einblick in die Stimmung der Aussteller sowie zu aktuellen Trends und Herausforderungen der Branche gegeben. Die Neuerungen in den Bereichen Platten‐ und Rohrbündelwärmetauscher, CFD‐Simulation von Wärmetauschern sowie Optimierung der Energierückgewinnung werden vorgestellt.
Predictors of positive electrophysiological study in patients with syncope and bundle branch block: PR interval and type of conduction disturbance
Authors: Roca‐Luque Ivo , Oristrell Gerard , Francisco‐Pasqual Jaume , Rodríguez‐García Julián , Santos‐Ortega Alba , Martin‐Sanchez Gabriel , Rivas‐Gandara Nuria , Perez‐Rodon Jordi , Ferreira‐Gonzalez Ignacio , García‐Dorado David , Moya‐Mitjans Angel
Published: September 2018

Background

Electrophysiological study (EPS) is indicated in patients with syncope and bundle branch block (BBB). Data about predictors of positive EPS in these patients is scarce.

Objective

To assess clinical and electrocardiographic (ECG) predictors of positive EPS in patients with syncope and BBB.

Methods

Observational single‐center study that included all consecutive patients with syncope and BBB that underwent EPS from January 2011 to June 2017. Results of EPS were considered positive according to current ESC syncope guidelines.

Results

During study period, 271 patients were included (64.9% male, age: 73.9 ± 12.2 years, number of syncopal episodes: 2.4 ± 2.5, LVEF: 56.1 ± 9.9%). Type of BBB: RBBB + LAFB/LPFB in 39.8%, isolated LBBB in 38.7% and isolated RBBB in 18.5% of the patients. Duration of QRS and PR interval were 141.9 ± 16.7 and 182.8 ± 52.2 milliseconds. EPS was positive in 41.7% of the patients. In multivariate analysis, conduction disturbance pattern and long PR interval (OR 8.6; 2.9‐25; P < 0.0001) were predictors of positive EPS. Conduction disturbance patterns related with positive EPS were: BBB different than isolated RBBB (OR 15.2; 2.2‐23.4; P = 0.005), LBBB or RBBB+long PR + left fascicular block (OR 4.5; 1.06‐20.01; P < 0.042), and RBBB+left fascicular block compared with LBBB (OR 4.8; 1.2‐16.7; P = 0.025). Clinical factors and syncope characteristics were not related with EPS result.

Conclusions

Diagnostic yield of EPS in patients with syncope and BBB is moderate (41%). Type of conduction disturbance pattern and PR interval are associated with the electrophysiological (EP) test result. Patients with LBBB or bifascicular block have the highest rate of positive EP test. Long PR interval increases the proportion of positive EPS in all conduction disturbance patterns.