bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chitosan nanoparticle-delivered siRNA reduces CXCR4 expression and sensitizes breast cancer cells to cisplatin
Authors: Yu Shaonan , Chen Yan , Li Xuefeng , Gao Zhongli , Liu Guifeng
Published: April 2017

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) has been reported as a poor prognostic biomarker in human breast cancers, and has been suggested as a promising therapeutic target of breast cancer treatment. The present study aims to investigate the delivery efficiency of siRNA by chitosan into breast cancer cells, and then to examine the regulatory role by chitosan nanoparticle-delivered siRNA on CXCR4 expression and on the chemosensitivity of breast cancer cells. Our results demonstrated that the siRNA could be capsuled by chitosan into nanoparticles with a diameter of 80–110 nm, and with a zeta potential of 20–50 mV. The chitosan nanoparticle delivered siRNA efficiently into breast cancer MCF-7 cells significantly reduced the expression of CXCR4 in both mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, the reduced CXCR4 by chitosan nanoparticle-delivered siRNA was associated with increased sensitivity of breast cancer cells to cisplatin. Reduced growth and increased apoptosis of MCF-7 cells were observed in the CXCR4 siRNA group than in the control siRNA group. Taken together, our results present the treatment potential of chitosan nanoparticle-delivered siRNA targeting CXCR4 in breast cancers.
Integrated relaxation oscillator with no comparator for energy harvesting
Authors: Ma Yanzhao , Wang Danghui , Zhang Shengbing , Fan Xiaoya
Published: April 2017

A fully‐integrated 12 kHz relaxation oscillator for energy harvesting application is presented. The oscillator has no comparator and no reference voltage. A conventional comparator has been replaced by a pseudo‐inverter chain to avoid comparator offset effect. Moreover, inverter threshold variation has no impact on the frequency. The circuit has been designed with 0.18 µm standard CMOS process. The oscillator operates in subthreshold region and consumes an ultra‐low power of 120 nW. A temperature coefficient of 31 ppm/°C has been achieved over −40 to 90°C.
High‐precision distortion parameters estimation for polarimetric SAR calibration
Authors: Zhang Haiying , Li Zhenfang , Fang Chao
Published: April 2017

This Letter proposes a high‐precision and non‐iterative polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) (PolSAR) calibration algorithm. By solving a system of non‐linear equations, the distortion parameters can be obtained directly. The proposed algorithm is assessed by the simulated PolSAR data. The experimental results show that the algorithm can accurately solve all distortion parameters even though the crosstalk is high and has a better estimation performance compared with the widely used non‐iterative Quegan algorithm.
Efficient energy management for a grid‐tied residential microgrid
Authors: Anvari‐Moghaddam Amjad , Guerrero Josep M. , Vasquez Juan C. , Monsef Hassan , Rahimi‐Kian Ashkan
Published: April 2017

In this study, an effective energy management system (EMS) for application in integrated building and microgrid system is introduced and implemented as a multi‐objective optimisation problem. The proposed architecture covers different key modelling aspects such as distributed heat and electricity generation characteristics, heat transfer and thermal dynamics of sustainable residential buildings and load scheduling potentials of household appliances with associated constraints. Through various simulation studies under different working scenarios with real data, different system constraints and user's objectives, the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed model are studied and validated compared with the existing residential EMSs. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed EMS has the capability not only to conserve energy in sustainable homes and microgrid system and to reduce energy consumption costs accordingly, but also to satisfy user's comfort level through optimal scheduling and operation management of both demand and supply sides.
Comprehensive approach for hybrid AC/DC distribution network planning using genetic algorithm
Authors: Ghadiri Ali , Haghifam Mahmoud R. , Miri Larimi Sayyed Majid
Published: April 2017

The neoteric AC/DC distribution networks are becoming more practical and cost‐effective for several reasons such as high penetration of DC distributed generations (DGs) and also ever‐increasing growth of sensitive DC electronic loads. Using these networks eliminates some required conversion stages which result in reduced costs and better power quality and reliability. This paper evaluates the economic efficiency of hybrid AC/DC distribution systems compared with conventional AC ones. For this purpose, a conceptual methodology for AC/DC distribution system planning is developed for making a fair comparison between AC and AC/DC distribution systems costs. The proposed methodology determines the optimal AC/DC distribution substation location and size and AC/DC feeder routing, as well as length and capacity of AC/DC feeders in both low‐voltage and medium‐voltage sides. The cost function comprises of investment and operational costs, including costs of construction, reliability, and loss. The proposed AC/DC planning approach is implemented in a region with no pre‐assigned distribution system in different cases, and results are compared in both AC and AC/DC planning scenarios. Numerical results reveal that using hybrid AC/DC distribution systems in comparison with commonly used AC ones can lead to reduced total costs in the presence of sensitive loads and also high penetration of DGs.
Adaptive modified firefly algorithm for optimal coordination of overcurrent relays
Authors: Tjahjono Anang , Anggriawan Dimas O. , Faizin Alfa K. , Priyadi Ardyono , Pujiantara Margo , Taufik Taufik , Purnomo Mauridhi Hery
Published: April 2017

One major concern in using over current relays (OCRs) is their coordination in power system protection to decrease the pressure of electrical equipment and avoid mal‐trip in the primary and backup relays. The issue has recently become more challenging with the increasing use of distributed generation (DG). This study proposes the use of firefly algorithm (FA) to achieve an optimised coordination of OCRs in power system protection when DG is present in the system. Typically, the FA is done by selecting plug setting and time setting multiplier parameters. However, the algorithm associated with such method requires a long convergence time and has the risk of getting trapped in local optima. Therefore, an adaptive modified FA (AMFA) has been developed to overcome these issues and obtain the optimised coordination of OCRs. The AMFA is tested in five case studies of a power system with DG whose results are then compared with those obtained from the conventional and FA methods. The results demonstrate that the proposed AMFA is able to achieve the optimised coordination of OCRs in all test cases with significant improvement in time reduction reaching 40.446%.
Technique to interconnect and control co‐simulation systems
Authors: Broderick Stephen , Cruden Andrew , Sharkh Suleiman , Bessant Nigel
Published: April 2017

A ‘Run Time Scheduler’ (RunTS) is presented, a minimalist Discrete Event Simulator able to sequence the operation of multiple simulators, coordinating a simulation of several elements so to form a whole system. Dynamic cause‐effect chains may emerge. In operation the net simulation possesses a known steady‐state other than when changed. RunTS controls the application of state‐changes, passing these to specific simulators to determine new steady‐states. Messages can pass between simulations concerning configuration data, commands and results. Simulators must meet connectability criteria. The method allows variable periods between simulation stages rather than a fixed tempo, and can undertake specific simulation sequences unique to each event, through use of a novel per‐event state‐machine. RunTS is part of INSim, a Smart Grid simulator working with a mix of components including Electric Vehicles, Smart Agents and OpenDSS, a power network analysis tool.
Successful deployment and operational experience of using linear state estimator in wide‐area monitoring and situational awareness projects
Authors: Zhang Lin , Chen Heng , Martin Kenneth , Faris Anthony , Vutsinas Megan , Bradberry Tim , Phillips Evan , Abu‐Jaradeh Backer , Bui Josh
Published: April 2017

The US power industry has been pushing forward the adoption of synchrophasor technology for wide‐area monitoring and situational awareness. Many applications have been developed to take advantage of the GPS time‐stamped synchrophasor data. Linear state estimator (LSE) is one of the recent developments in the synchrophasor industry that has been gradually accepted and adopted by several US utilities under pilot projects. This study is aimed to provide the insights of successful deployments at the utility level, and to present key applications and business values of using LSE. One major contribution of this study is that the LSE has been enhanced to a production‐grade application for real‐time operation at control centre. The other major contribution of this study is to demonstrate the benefits and use cases of the LSE application based on first‐hand implementation and deployment experience at utilities. The LSE can (i) validate and condition phasor measurement unit data, (ii) provide an independent non‐iterative state estimator (SE) to complement the SE in Energy Management System for situational awareness, data analytics and grid resiliency and (iii) expand synchrophasor measurement observability for down‐stream synchrophasor applications. Several use cases are demonstrated in real time by pilot projects deployed at Bonneville Power Administration, Duke Energy, and Southern California Edison. LSE application's use cases and business values are presented to illustrate its successful deployment and operational experience in wide‐area monitoring and situational awareness system.
Colour image dehazing using near‐infrared fusion
Authors: Jang Dong‐Won , Park Rae‐Hong
Published: April 2017

This study proposes a colour image dehazing method using a near‐infrared (NIR) image. Haze is a degradation in colour images caused by light scattering and is dependent on the wavelength of the light and the size of atmospheric particles. According to Rayleigh's law, an NIR image is less scattered than a red‐green‐blue (RGB) image, and in this study, it is observed that in a small patch of a haze‐free image, the high‐frequency (HF) components of the RGB and NIR images are similar to each other; in contrast, those in a small patch of a hazy image are different from each other. This study proposes a new dehazing method that fuses the HF components of the RGB and NIR images in a local hazy patch; the HF components in the patch are then used to generate the weight maps used to combine detail layers. The proposed method enhances the detail layer of a hazy RGB image by fusing the detail layers of the RGB and NIR images, while the base layer is restored using an existing single image dehazing method. Experimental results show that the proposed method is qualitatively better than existing methods.
Non-polymeric asymmetric binary glass-formers. I. Main relaxations studied by dielectric, 2H NMR, and 31P NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Pötzschner B. , Mohamed F. , Bächer C. , Wagner E. , Lichtinger A. , Minikejew R. , Kreger K. , Schmidt H.-W. , Rössler E. A.
Published: April 2017

In Paper I of this series of two papers we study the main relaxations of a binary glass former made of the low-Tg component tripropyl phosphate (TPP, Tg = 134 K) and of a specially synthesized (deuterated) spirobichroman derivative (SBC, Tg = 356 K) as the non-polymeric high-Tg component for the full concentration range. A large Tg contrast of the neat components is put into effect. Dielectric spectroscopy and different techniques of 2H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as well as of 31P NMR spectroscopy allow to selectively probe the dynamics of the components. For all concentrations, two well separated liquid-like processes are identified. The faster α2-process associated with the low-Tg component TPP shows pronounced dynamic heterogeneities reflected by quasi-logarithmic correlation functions at low TPP concentrations. The slower α1-process involves the reorientation of the high-Tg component SBC. Its correlation function is Kohlrausch-like as in neat glass formers. The corresponding time constants and consequently their glass transition temperatures Tg1 and Tg2 differ more the lower the TPP concentration is. Plasticizer and anti-plasticizer effect, respectively, is observed. At low temperatures a situation arises that the TPP molecules isotropically reorient in an arrested SBC matrix (Tg2 < T < Tg1). At T < Tg2 the liquid-like reorientation of TPP gets arrested too. We find indications that a fraction of the TPP molecule takes part in the slower α1-process of the high-Tg component. All the features known from polymer-plasticizer systems are rediscovered in this non-polymeric highly asymmetric binary mixture. In Paper II [B. Pötzschner et al., J. Chem. Phys. 146, 164504 (2017)] we study the secondary (β-) relaxations of the mixtures.
Calibration and characterization of a highly efficient spectrometer in von Hamos geometry for 7-10 keV x-rays
Authors: Jarrott L. C. , Wei M. S. , McGuffey C. , Beg F. N. , Nilson P. M. , Sorce C. , Stoeckl C. , Theoboald W. , Sawada H. , Stephens R. B. , Patel P. K. , McLean H. S. , Landen O. L. , Glenzer S. H. , Döppner T.
Published: April 2017

We have built an absolutely calibrated, highly efficient, Bragg crystal spectrometer in von Hamos geometry. This zinc von Hamos spectrometer uses a crystal made from highly oriented pyrolytic graphite that is cylindrically bent along the non-dispersive axis. It is tuned to measure x-ray spectra in the 7–10 keV range and has been designed to be used on a Ten Inch Manipulator for the Omega and OmegaEP target chambers at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics in Rochester, USA. Significant shielding strategies and fluorescence mitigation have been implemented in addition to an imaging plate detector making it well suited for experiments in high-intensity environments. Here we present the design and absolute calibration as well as mosaicity and integrated reflectivity measurements.
Invited Review Article: Gas puff imaging diagnostics of edge plasma turbulence in magnetic fusion devices
Authors: Zweben S. J. , Terry J. L. , Stotler D. P. , Maqueda R. J.
Published: April 2017

Gas puff imaging (GPI) is a diagnostic of plasma turbulence which uses a puff of neutral gas at the plasma edge to increase the local visible light emission for improved space-time resolution of plasma fluctuations. This paper reviews gas puff imaging diagnostics of edge plasma turbulence in magnetic fusion research, with a focus on the instrumentation, diagnostic cross-checks, and interpretation issues. The gas puff imaging hardware, optics, and detectors are described for about 10 GPI systems implemented over the past ∼15 years. Comparison of GPI results with other edge turbulence diagnostic results is described, and many common features are observed. Several issues in the interpretation of GPI measurements are discussed, and potential improvements in hardware and modeling are suggested.
Intensity control of individual DBD plasma filament. II. Fundamental physical mechanism
Authors: Paliwoda M. C. , Rovey J. L.
Published: April 2017

Filamentary volume dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) produces patterned plasma structures that are currently being explored for reconfigurable metamaterial applications. Previous work has demonstrated control of the presence and intensity of a single DBD plasma filament (within an array of filaments) by biasing a low voltage needle electrode. The results were attributed to redistributed charge inside the DBD due to the modified electric field created by the needle electrode. In the present work, results from a 3D electrodynamic field simulation bolster this argument. Results show that increasing needle bias voltage causes changes in the transverse electric field structure, resulting in redistribution and build-up of surface charge at the needle location. This reduces the needle plasma filament intensity and eventually extinguishes the filament. Specifically, extinguishment of the filament corresponds with the following transitions in the field profile: (1) the applied longitudinal electric field profile along the needle lies below that of the adjacent mesh filament; (2) the surface charge on the dielectric at the needle and adjacent mesh locations is equal; and (3) the transverse electric field reverses direction and forces charge toward the needle location. The calculated surface charge on the dielectric barrier agrees with experimentally measured filament light intensity to within 8%, in agreement with theoretical predictions. Analysis of the data and trends suggests a method for predicting filament pattern formation and reducing the necessary voltage bias.
A new ab initio potential energy surface of LiClH (1A′) system and quantum dynamics calculation for Li + HCl (v = 0, j = 0–2) → LiCl + H reaction
Authors: Tan Rui Shan , Zhai Huan Chen , Yan Wei , Gao Feng , Lin Shi Ying
Published: April 2017

A new ab initio potential energy surface (PES) for the ground state of Li + HCl reactive system has been constructed by three-dimensional cubic spline interpolation of 36 654 ab initio points computed at the MRCI+Q/aug-cc-pV5Z level of theory. The title reaction is found to be exothermic by 5.63 kcal/mol (9 kcal/mol with zero point energy corrections), which is very close to the experimental data. The barrier height, which is 2.99 kcal/mol (0.93 kcal/mol for the vibrationally adiabatic barrier height), and the depth of van der Waals minimum located near the entrance channel are also in excellent agreement with the experimental findings. This study also identified two more van der Waals minima. The integral cross sections, rate constants, and their dependence on initial rotational states are calculated using an exact quantum wave packet method on the new PES. They are also in excellent agreement with the experimental measurements.
Integrating polarization conversion and nearly perfect absorption with multifunctional metasurfaces
Authors: Cheng Hua , Wei Xiaoyun , Yu Ping , Li Zhancheng , Liu Zhe , Li Junjie , Chen Shuqi , Tian Jianguo
Published: April 2017

Manipulating electromagnetic waves with artificial nanostructures has garnered great interest for their properties and potential applications. However, existing devices performing various desired operations at different wavelengths usually require cascading with different geometry patterns, which does not offer satisfactory simplicity. Here, we theoretically and experimentally demonstrate that an ultrathin, multifunctional metasurface, consisting of an array of nanorods, can perform various functions at different wavelengths. Simulated and experimental results indicate that nearly perfect absorption, linear-to-circular conversion, and linear cross-polarization conversion can be integrated into one multifunctional metasurface. Furthermore, the multifunctional metasurface can maintain very high performance across a large range of incident angles. The proposed configuration is extremely compact and easy to fabricate; these qualities should support the development of practical applications.
Unusual magnetic transition near metal-insulator transition and paramagnetic anomaly in VO2
Authors: Yin Chongyang , Zhang Run , Qian Guoyu , Fu Qingshan , Li Canglong , Wang Mingchao , Zhu Changming , Wang Liguang , Yuan Songliu , Zhao Xiujian , Tao Haizheng
Published: April 2017

Experiments for vanadium dioxide show a magnetic transition characterized by a sharp variation in susceptibility associated with the metal-insulator transition at the temperature Tc. The sample is shown to be of Pauli paramagnetism above Tc but of anomalous paramagnetism below Tc. Considering co-contributions of Pauli paramagnetism of residual V4+ ions and Curie-like paramagnetism of V-V dimers, we propose a phenomenological expression for the temperature-dependent susceptibility below Tc, which yields an excellent agreement with the experimental data. The unusual temperature dependence of Curie-like susceptibility below Tc is explained to be due to the fact that every dimer is formed by spin paring at an angle θ close to 180° and hence has an effective spin expressed as Seff=cos(θ/2) which decreases with lowering temperature. The observed metal-insulator and magnetic transitions are argued to be due to a transition from the high-temperature Pauli paramagnetic state of V4+ ions to the low-temperature dimerized state.
Suspended graphene with periodic dimer nanostructure on Si cavities for surface-enhanced Raman scattering applications
Authors: Ho Hsin-Chia , Nien Li-Wei , Li Jia-Han , Hsueh Chun-Hway
Published: April 2017

Periodic gold dimer nanoantennas on a one-atomic-layer graphene sheet elevated above Si cavities were fabricated to systematically study the effects of the cavity depth on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The periodic trend of Raman intensity as a function of the cavity depth resulting from the interference effect between the plasmonic resonance of the gold dimer and the cavity resonance of the underlying Si cavity was observed, and the electric field was greatly enhanced compared with the non-suspended system. The finite-difference time-domain method was used to simulate the interaction between the electromagnetic wave and the suspended system and to verify the observed SERS response in experiments. Our work has the advantages of combining the superior properties of graphene with suspended metallic nanostructures to result in the enhanced electric field for SERS applications.
Quantitative analysis of domain textures in ferroelectric ceramics from single high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction images
Authors: Wang Zhiyang , Daniels John E.
Published: April 2017

In this study, the possibility of determining the orientation distribution function (ODF) and quantifying the domain textures of polycrystalline ferroelectrics based on single high-energy X-ray diffraction images using a Rietveld refinement method is assessed. A spherical harmonics texture model is incorporated in the approach to determine the ODFs for phase constituents in poled lead-free ferroelectric ceramics (1 − x)(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 − xBaTiO3 with x = 0.0625 and 0.075 from both single high-energy synchrotron diffraction images and full rotation diffraction data collected with the samples rotated perpendicular to the poling axis. A quantitative comparison is made between the complete pole figures and pole density profiles obtained from the ODFs extracted from the different diffraction data. The results show that a good approximation to the domain textures of fiber-type in poled ceramics as determined from the full rotation data can be obtained from single diffraction images, with the dominant pole densities within a maximum difference of ∼0.15 multiples of a random distribution. It thus demonstrates that single high-energy X-ray diffraction images are suitable for the quantification of domain texture in ferroelectric ceramics. The analysis validates the applicability of high-energy synchrotron X-day diffraction to observe the texture evolution in situ in ferroelectric ceramics under fast or continuous loading conditions.
Tunable Schottky barrier in van der Waals heterostructures of graphene and g-GaN
Authors: Sun Minglei , Chou Jyh-Pin , Ren Qingqiang , Zhao Yiming , Yu Jin , Tang Wencheng
Published: April 2017

Using first-principles calculations, we systematically investigated the electronic properties of graphene/g-GaN van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures. We discovered that the Dirac cone of graphene could be quite well preserved in the vdW heterostructures. Moreover, a transition from an n-type to p-type Schottky contact at the graphene/g-GaN interface was induced with a decreased interlayer distance from 4.5 to 2.5 Å. This relationship is expected to enable effective control of the Schottky barrier, which is an important development in the design of Schottky devices.
Multifunctional tunneling devices based on graphene/h-BN/MoSe2 van der Waals heterostructures
Authors: Cheng Ruiqing , Wang Feng , Yin Lei , Xu Kai , Ahmed Shifa Tofik , Wen Yao , Zhan Xueying , Li Jie , Jiang Chao , Wang Zhenxing , He Jun
Published: April 2017

The vertically stacked devices based on van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) of two-dimensional layered materials (2DLMs) have attracted considerable attention due to their superb properties. As a typical structure, graphene/hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN)/graphene vdWH has been proved possible to make tunneling devices. Compared with graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides possess intrinsic bandgap, leading to high performance of electronic devices. Here, tunneling devices based on graphene/h-BN/MoSe2 vdWHs are designed for multiple functions. On the one hand, the device shows a typical tunneling field-effect transistor behavior. A high on/off ratio of tunneling current (5 × 103) and an ultrahigh current rectification ratio (7 × 105) are achieved, which are attributed to relatively small electronic affinity of MoSe2 and optimized thickness of h-BN. On the other hand, the same structure also realizes 2D non-volatile memory with a high program/erase current ratio (>105), large memory window (∼150 V from ±90 V), and good retention characteristic. These results could enhance the fundamental understanding of tunneling behavior in vdWHs and contribute to the design of ultrathin rectifiers and memory based on 2DLMs.
Effects of pasture allowance on milk production of dairy cows offered increasing amounts of partial mixed rations in spring
Authors: Auldist M. J. , Wright M. M. , Marett L. C. , Jacobs J. L. , Wales W. J.
Published: April 2017

Milk production was measured in Holstein–Friesian cows offered low, medium or high allowances of ryegrass pasture (15, 25 or 40 kg DM/cow.day to ground level) and receiving different amounts of supplement (6, 10, 12 or 14 kg DM/cow.day) as a partial mixed ration (PMR). The 27-day experiment was conducted in spring when cows were 45 ± 17.3 days in milk (mean ± s.d.). Two groups of six cows received each of the 12 combinations of pasture allowance and PMR amount. The PMR comprised wheat grain (38%, DM basis), maize grain (18%), lucerne hay (22%) and canola meal (22%). When 6 kg DM PMR/cow.day was offered, cows grazing the low allowance produced less milk and energy-corrected milk than did cows grazing the medium and high allowances. There was no effect of pasture allowance on production of milk or energy-corrected milk at any other amount of PMR offered. When cows were offered 14 kg DM PMR/cow.day, milk fat concentrations were lower for cows grazing the high pasture allowance than for cows grazing the medium allowance. There were no differences in milk fat concentrations between cows grazing the different pasture allowances at any other amount of PMR offered. When cows were offered 6 kg DM PMR/cow.day, cows grazing the low pasture allowance yielded less milk fat than did cows grazing the medium pasture allowance. Cows grazing the high allowance had greater concentrations and yields of milk protein than did cows grazing the low allowance at all amounts of PMR offered, while cows grazing the medium allowance yielded more milk protein at some amounts of PMR. Pasture utilisation decreased with increases in both pasture allowance and amount of PMR. These results will enable farmers to better optimise feeding systems that combine both pasture and PMR.
Ocean Size and Corresponding Life History Diversity among the Four Run Timings of California Central Valley Chinook Salmon
Authors: Satterthwaite William H. , Carlson Stephanie M. , Criss Anne
Published: April 2017

We used coded wire tag data to compare spawner age structure and seasonal patterns of age‐specific size at date among fish harvested in the ocean from the four seasonal run timings (fall, late‐fall, winter, and spring) of Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha from the Central Valley, California, and we examined differences between the fall‐run fish (the most abundant run) from the Sacramento and San Joaquin River basins. The runs varied in their ocean size at a common age and date, and within each run, monthly mean ocean sizes appeared to stop increasing when spawners began to return to freshwater. Despite support for multiple hypotheses, no single factor explained all of the variation among and within runs. Ocean size at a common date was well explained by a “juvenile head‐start” hypothesis, predicting larger sizes for the spring and fall runs due to earlier ocean entry. Month of spawner return was well explained by a “premature adult migration” hypothesis, predicting earlier returns (within years, regardless of age) by winter‐ and spring‐run fish spawning further upstream. However, neither release timing nor spawning elevation could fully explain observed patterns in spawner age structure, such as an unusually high occurrence of age‐2 San Joaquin River fall‐run spawners and the near absence of age‐4 or older spawners in the winter run. Larger smolt size might explain earlier maturation by the San Joaquin versus Sacramento River fall run, but smolt size could not explain patterns in age structure across runs. Metabolic costs of holding upstream with large size might explain the lack of older spawners among the winter run but are inconsistent with the late‐fall run having the highest frequency of age‐4 and older spawners. Our results demonstrate multiple pathways by which differences both within and among the runs may contribute to differences in their fishery vulnerability and demographic decoupling, which could contribute to a stabilizing portfolio effect.

Received August 29, 2016; accepted February 2, 2017 Published online April 27, 2017
The When of Sociopolitical Transformation
Authors: Leeb Claudia
Published: April 2017

“The When of Sociopolitical Transformation: The Moment of the Limit” introduces the idea of the moment of the limit to engage with the first tension inherent in the idea of the political subject—the tension between the idea of a free and autonomous subject that is not impacted by power, and the idea of a subject as completely subjected to power. It acknowledges the ways in which subjects are subjected to power in capitalism, but avoids postulating the idea of a subjected subject through theorizing the moment of the limit, which it accomplishes through a reading of the real (Lacan) and the non-identical (Adorno). The moment of the limit is the moment when power fails to completely subject or subordinate individuals, and at this moment the political subject with the capacity to not only resist but to transform the status quo can emerge.
Conclusion
Authors: Leeb Claudia
Published: April 2017

“Conclusion” comes back to the tensions inherent in the idea of the political subject, and reviews how the book addresses these tensions. It discusses the tensions inherent in the idea of the political subject in Part I of the book, and how the idea of the political subject-in-outline developed in the book creatively engages with these tensions. It also explains the ways in which Part II related to the first part of the book by discussing how cultural and economic forces are interconnected, and how the conception of the unconscious connects Part I and Part II of the book.
The Economic Impacts of 2015 Avian Influenza Outbreak on the U.S. Turkey Industry and the Loss Mitigating Role of Free Trade Agreements
Authors: Çakır Metin , Boland Michael A , Wang Yanghao
Published: April 2017

We investigate the economic impacts of the 2015 HPAI outbreak on turkey producers in Minnesota and the United States. Using a partial equilibrium model of the meat and poultry industry we find that the cost of the outbreak to U.S turkey producers was $225 million; $207 million of which were due to the loss in exports. However, it could have been worse if not for implementation of regional bans by trading partners who have negotiated free trade agreements with the United States. Our results show that for every percentage point of additional exports, U.S. turkey producers avoided a loss of about $6 million.
Philodemus of Gadara
Authors: Essler Holger
Published: April 2017

Philodemus of Gadara (b. Gadara c. 110–d. after 40 bce) was an Epicurean philosopher (see also Oxford Bibliographies article in Classics “Epicureanism”) and poet of Greek epigrams (for a discussion whether the poet and the philosopher were different persons, see Biography). After studying in Athens with Zeno of Sidon, the head of the Epicurean Garden at the time, he moved to Italy and became a protégé of L. Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus, father-in-law of Julius Caesar and consul in 58 bce. He seems to have been in contact with part of the Roman political and cultural elite, especially with members of the circle of Maecenas. Cicero calls him a personal acquaintance (In Pisonem 68) and may have drawn on his De pietate in the doxographical part of De natura deorum 1. Horace seems to be influenced by him in his Ars poetica and Philodemus himself addresses several of his books to high-ranking individuals: apart from his patron Piso, to C. Vibius Pansa Caetronianus, consul 43 bce, to Virgil (also Vergil) and to his (and Horace’s) friends Plotius Tucca, L. Varius Rufus, and Quintilius Varus. Whereas Philodemus’s poems enjoyed some popularity during his lifetime and thirty-four of them were included in the Greek Anthology, all of his extensive philosophical writings are preserved only in the charred scrolls discovered at the Villa dei Papiri in Herculaneum. The majority contain philosophical works by Philodemus, some books are preserved in multiple copies, some appear to be drafts. They cover several areas, most prominently history of philosophy, ethics, aesthetics (rhetoric, music, poetry), and theology. The discussion can be very subtle and specialized. Philodemus often provides information about or quotations from Hellenistic sources otherwise lost or unattested. The scrolls are, however, heavily damaged and difficult to read. Thus, analysis of the content of Philodemus’s philosophical writings largely depends on the availability of new and reliable editions of these papyri and many general conclusions depend on single readings (see the Oxford Bibliographies article in Classics “Herculaneum Papyri” by W. B. Henry).
Ovid’s Metamorphoses
Authors: Fratantuono Lee
Published: April 2017

Ovid’s Metamorphoses is an epic poem in fifteen books that offers a panoramic vision of classical mythology from the creation of the world through the apotheosis of Julius Caesar. The hexameter epic was composed in the last years before the poet’s exile in 8 ce; the text that has survived is complete, though now and again it shows evidence of a lack of final revision. Ovid refers to his own work at Tristia 1.1.117–120, where he speaks of the fifteen books of his epic that have been saved from the metaphorical funeral pyre, books that reflect the poet’s own changing fortunes in the wake of his banishment to Tomis. Ovid’s magnum opus is deeply invested in intertextual relationships with the literary achievements of his predecessors, including the tradition of metamorphic myth that was popular in the Hellenistic Age. It is also very much a product of the political and social milieu of Augustan Rome, with attendant reflection and commentary on the nature of the Augustan principate and the place of the poet in the nascent new order. Ovid’s epic of transformation and wondrous metamorphosis has had a profound influence on later art and literature, inspiring works as diverse as the 14th-century Old French Ovide moralisé, the paintings of the Italian Renaissance master Titian, and the first opera of Mozart (Apollo et Hyacinthus, K. 38).
Community-Based Justice Systems
Authors: Kras Kimberly R.
Published: April 2017

Community-based justice systems reflect the inherent importance of communities as a part of justice system processes as opposed to simply being subjected to it. Much of what we know and understand about community involvement in the justice system consists of community-based corrections both in adult and juvenile systems. Extensive bibliographies have been completed on adult community corrections (see the Oxford Bibliographies article in Criminology “Community Corrections” by Beth M. Heubner) and juvenile community corrections (see the Oxford Bibliographies article in Criminology the “Juvenile Justice System” by Terrance J. Taylor), yet developments in these areas warrant additional citation. The Bureau of Justice Statistics reports at the end of 2014, approximately 4.7 million adults were under community corrections supervision, with an additional 1.5 million adults incarcerated in prisons and jails, and, as such, community-based justice alternatives to incarceration are an important feature in the justice system as a way to divert individuals convicted of certain types of crime from detention, jail, or prison, and to attempt to deliver punishment and seek rehabilitation and reintegration in the community. Further, community justice aims to restore victims and repair communities affected by crime. A broad literature exists surrounding the practices and policies in this area to be evidence based, with special attention to those alternatives that achieve the best outcomes, such as reductions in recidivism or substance use. In addition to these important justice-related outcomes, the cost-savings ratio of supervising convicted persons in the community rather than in prisons is significant, according to the Washington State Institute for Public Policy. In the early 21st century, these efforts toward evidence-based practices and cost beneficence are discussed nationally and internationally via legislation on justice reinvestment. The following article presents the most-important works spanning community-based justice efforts across the field.
Paid Work
Authors: Wielers Rudi
Published: April 2017

Ever since the emergence of sociology as a discipline, sociologists have shown an interest in paid work. Marx, Weber, and Durkheim’s interest in societal changes was inspired by the rise of market relations and paid work. The classical sociologists studied the growth and spread of paid work in relation to the development of inequality, rationalization, and social cohesion. Since then, the form and content of employment relationships has changed substantially and keeps on changing. The continued interest of sociologists in these developments has culminated in a well-established field of research. This article explores that field of research in three parts. The first part of the bibliography lists textbooks, reference manuals, journals, and national research traditions. The field shows substantial variety due to the constant development of the labor market and employment relations, and due to institutional differences in the architecture of employment relations. The second part of the article focuses on developments in paid work. The following themes are explored: the growth of paid work relationships, the increase in the number of paid work hours, the major changes in the architecture of employment relationships, the effects of paid work relationships on the well-being of workers, and the development of work values and work-hour preferences. The third part focuses on different labor market positions. This section starts with the standard employment relationship and then moves on to its counterpart: unemployment. It continues with workers in nonstandard positions, such as temporary jobs, part-time jobs, jobs with irregular and long work hours, and self-employed workers.
William Maxwell
Authors: Comba Gretchen
Published: April 2017

William Maxwell (b. 1908–d. 2000) was born in Lincoln, Illinois, and lived there until he was fourteen, when he moved to Chicago. He attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and then spent a year at Harvard, where he earned an MA in 1931. He then returned to Urbana, where he took graduate courses and taught freshman composition for two years. In 1936, Maxwell moved to New York City and found work at the New Yorker, where he served for forty years, first in the art department and then as a fiction editor. In 1945, Maxwell married Emily Gilman Noyes, and the couple had two children, Katherine Farrington and Emily Brooke. As a fiction editor, he worked with such notable writers as John Cheever, Vladimir Nabokov, Frank O’Connor, John O’Hara, V. S. Pritchett, J. D. Salinger, John Updike, and Eudora Welty. From 1969 to 1972, he served as president of the National Institute of Arts and Letters. During the course of his lifetime, he published six novels, two collections of stories, two collections of tales (one printed privately), a volume of collected stories, a family history, a volume of essays and reviews, and two books for children. The defining event in Maxwell’s life was the death of his mother in the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic. In the 1985 Godine edition of the novel The Chateau, a “Note about the Author” appears on the final page, and in this note Maxwell recalls his mother’s death: “It happened too suddenly, with no warning, and we none of us could believe it or bear it. My father’s face turned the color of ashes and stayed that way a whole year. The nightmare went on and on.” The subject of his mother’s death is treated, either directly or indirectly, in a number of his works, including his final novel, So Long, See You Tomorrow, which won the William Dean Howells medal and the National Book Award. In addition to these and other awards that honor individual works, Maxwell received several awards for lifetime achievement, including the Gold Medal for lifetime achievement in the category of fiction from the American Institute of Arts and Letters and the PEN/Malamud Award for Excellence in Short Fiction, which recognizes a body of work that exemplifies excellence in the short-story genre.
Orexin Receptor Antagonism in Painful Diabetic Neuropathy
Authors: Joseph Herring W. , Ge Joy Y. , Jackson Saheeda , Assaid Christopher , Connor Kathryn M. , Michelson David
Published: April 2017

Objectives:

To evaluate whether orexin receptor antagonism with filorexant provides pain relief in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN).

Methods:

In this double-blind, placebo-controlled, enriched-enrollment, randomized-withdrawal proof-of-concept study, patients with PDN (aged 18 to 75 y) entered a 2-week, single-blind active run-in period with filorexant 10 mg nightly, before randomization 1:1 to placebo or filorexant in a 2-week, double-blind treatment period. The primary efficacy endpoint was time to efficacy failure among “primary responders” (≥30% decrease in evening pain intensity during the run-in). Secondary endpoints were time to efficacy failure among “all responders” (≥20% decrease in evening pain intensity during the run-in) and mean change from baseline in evening pain intensity throughout last 3 days of the double-blind period.

Results:

Of the 182 patients treated during the run-in, 170 were randomized in the double-blind period, including 65 primary responders and 88 responders. There was no significant difference in proportion of patients with efficacy failure during the double-blind period with filorexant versus placebo among primary (24.3% vs. 32.1% [P=0.411]) or all (34.0% vs. 43.9% [nominal P=0.302]) responders or in mean change from baseline in evening pain intensity scores (estimated treatment difference: −0.587 [P=0.269], primary; −0.687 [P=0.108], all). Adverse events were reported by 24.7% of patients during the run-in. A higher proportion of patients treated with filorexant versus placebo reported adverse events during the double-blind period (23.9% vs. 13.4%).

Discussion:

These data do not provide evidence for the efficacy of nightly filorexant for the treatment of PDN.
Influence of Gender on the Performance of Cardiopulmonary Rescue Teams: A Randomized, Prospective Simulator Study
Authors: Amacher Simon Adrian , Schumacher Cleo , Legeret Corinne , Tschan Franziska , Semmer Norbert Karl , Marsch Stephan , Hunziker Sabina
Published: April 2017

Objectives:

Little is known about the influence of gender on resuscitation performance which may improve future education in resuscitation. The aim of this study was to compare female and male rescuers in regard to cardiopulmonary resuscitation and leadership performance.

Design:

Prospective, randomized simulator study.

Setting:

High-fidelity patient simulator center of the medical ICU, University Hospitals Basel (Switzerland).

Subjects:

Two hundred sixteen volunteer medical students (108 females and 108 males) of two Swiss universities in teams of three.

Interventions:

None.

Measurements and Main Results:

We analyzed data on the group and the individual level separately. The primary outcome on the group level was the hands-on time within the first 180 seconds after the onset of the cardiac arrest. Compared with male-only teams, female-only teams showed less hands-on time (mean ± sd) (87 ± 41 vs 109 ± 33 s; p = 0.037) and a longer delay before the start of chest compressions (109 ± 77 vs 70 ± 56 s; p = 0.038). Additionally, female-only teams showed a lower leadership performance in different domains and fewer unsolicited cardiopulmonary resuscitation measures compared with male-only teams. On the individual level, which was assessed in mixed teams only, female gender was associated with a lower number of secure leadership statements (3 ± 2 vs 5 ± 3; p = 0.027). Results were confirmed in regression analysis adjusted for team composition.

Conclusions:

We found important gender differences, with female rescuers showing inferior cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance, which can partially be explained by fewer unsolicited cardiopulmonary resuscitation measures and inferior female leadership. Future education of rescuers should take gender differences into account.