bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Biblical Canon of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tawāhǝdo Church (EOTC)
Authors: Assefa Daniel
Published: May 2022

The Ethiopian Orthodox Tawāhǝdo Church (EOTC) has the broadest biblical canon of the Christian world. However, one needs to admit that there is a constant. The majority of the books that were part of the canon in early period of Christianity in Ethiopia, in medieval Ethiopia, and in the contemporary period are also common to other churches. Further, some of the books that belong solely to the Ethiopian canon were excluded by other churches only after the fourth century. Before that period, these books were appreciated by some church fathers and some texts of authority. The same criteria valid for determining the canon elsewhere, namely apostolicity, orthodoxy, antiquity, and use are also applicable to the Ethiopian biblical canon. The criteria may of course vary depending on the book’s nature. Adaptability in welcoming and preserving the peculiar books as well as in interpreting them in the light of Christological doctrine and liturgy explains the history of the EOTC’s biblical canon.
Reading from the End, Looking Forward
Authors: Behr John
Published: May 2022

A consideration of the way in which the Scriptures are used in Orthodox Liturgy, the history of how the proclamation of the gospel, “in accordance with the Scriptures (OT),” led to the writings of the Apostle and then the composition of the gospels, and the hermeneutics implied in this, leads to the conclusion that something like a perspectival or paradigm shift is required in our mental framework when reading Scripture, from that implied and imposed by the notion of the “Bible” divided into the Old Testament and the New covering separate temporal periods, both in the past, leading also to a more dynamic and immediate understanding of God’s activity of creation and the coming of the Christ.
Translation of the Bible into Armenian
Authors: Hambardzumyan Garegin
Published: May 2022

The Armenian translation of the Bible is among the oldest translations. At the dawn of the fifth century AD Armenia was in the midst of geopolitical changes and cultural transformation. The formation of the Armenian alphabet made it possible to undertake a vast body of translation work from Greek, Syriac, and other languages and to create a unique literary culture. In translating the Bible into Armenian, the prominent clergy of the era created an environment in which both fluency in the native language and spiritual literacy were obtained first and foremost through the reading of the Bible. As a lasting consequence, the role of the Bible in the lives of the Armenian people goes beyond a simply religious application, it is perceived both symbolically and historically as the foundation of the Armenian Christian culture per se. The current contribution briefly touches on the historical formation of the Armenian translation of the Bible, the development of its canon, and its textually unique features.
The Bible and the Armenian Church
Authors: Hovhanessian Vahan
Published: May 2022

The chapter presents a review of the use of the Bible among the Armenians through the centuries. The introduction of the chapter offers a brief review of key events associated with the Armenian Bible, such as the conversion of Armenia to Christianity, the invention of the Armenian alphabet, and the translation of the Bible into Armenian, highlighting the impact of the translation of the Bible on the Armenian people. The chapter then examines the interpretation of the Bible in the Armenian Church, hermeneutics, exegetical centers, and key commentators. The third part of the chapter offers an anthology of Armenian patristic writings to demonstrate how Armenians read and prayed the Bible, which was the source of their spirituality and prayer-life. The chapter ends with a brief exploration of the use of the Bible in the Armenian worship and liturgy.
The Modern Search for the Literal Sense
Authors: Seitz Christopher R.
Published: May 2022

Antiochene biblical interpretation (AI) has been viewed as a precursor of historical-critical reading. It has also been regarded as a keen foe of allegorical reading, such as emerged from the rival school of Alexandria. As such, it holds the potential for helping to focus on biblical hermeneutics in the present period (which has its own aversion to allegory). There is in the concerns of AI attention to proper historical appraisal. But because AI is a species of Christian interpretation in which the Old Testament is heard and applied in a second witness, that dimension remains critical to account for. Though their treatment at this level has been held to be anemic or even sub-Christian, this chapter hopes to show that, just in its provisionality, AI shows the challenge of coordinating the literal sense and extended sense-making, in the light of a two-testament biblical witness.
“Splendid Brilliancy”
Authors: Humphrey Edith M.
Published: May 2022

Orthodox views of the inspiration of Scripture have been variously expressed, and do not show a development or formalization over time, but a common approach that views the Bible as neither mechanically received nor merely anthropocentric. As with the incarnation, the Scriptures are understood to be “theanthropic,” so that divine inspiration and human illumination cohere together. A survey of both church fathers and contemporary Orthodox theologians discloses much variety, as interpreters adapt to varying situations, but also several common themes: the source and power of Scripture to show forth the Incarnate Word; the mutually interpretive relationship of Old and New Testaments; Scripture as the central core of Holy Tradition; and the practical and divinizing impact of the inspired Word. These insights place Orthodox theologians in a promising vantage-point for engaging with various scholarly approaches to interpretation and with the public perceptions and suspicion of its continued power.
The Coptic Bible
Authors: Takla Hany N.
Published: May 2022

The Coptic Bible is the version that was read primarily by the native population of Egyptian Christians, especially the monks. It formed the basis for the entire corpus of literary and liturgical heritage of the Coptic Orthodox Church. The aim of this chapter is to present the origin of this version as primarily a translation from more ancient Greek manuscripts than have survived to date. It will also survey the early development history of the translation, the dialects it is preserved in, the scholarly research and publication over more than four centuries, the current state of preservation, and its value and limitations for biblical criticism.
Eastern Orthodox Views on Ancient Jewish Biblical Interpretation
Authors: Beck Bruce N.
Published: May 2022

This chapter examines the history of Jewish biblical traditions received by Christians in antiquity. Selected encounters between Christian and Jewish leaders are assessed, including Justin Martyr, Origen, Jerome, and John Chrysostom. The difficult history of Christian–Jewish relations is given due attention. The impact of the Dead Sea Scrolls discovery, and the theological reconstructions of Judaism by Christian scholars in the aftermath of the Holocaust, transformed many institutions of higher learning during the second half of the twentieth century. The ascendancy of Jewish Studies had a profound effect on several Orthodox scholars during their doctoral studies, who through their teaching and publications have demonstrated the benefits of consulting comparative Jewish sources in their publications. Three scholars are presented as cases of integrating comparable Jewish sources in biblical studies, patristic hermeneutics, and mysticism and transformation. Thus, the advantages of doing comparative scholarship are illuminated in sharp relief.
The New Testament in the Orthodox Church
Authors: Nikolakopoulos Konstantin
Published: May 2022

The hermeneutical tradition of the Eastern church does not only allow for scientific research, but rather demands it. With this, however, the orthodox way of exegesis is not exhausted. In order to attain a comprehensive understanding of the New Testament, exegetes should approach the holy writings from various angles. In addition to their pedagogical function, all rhetorical texts of the holy authors contribute to the theological immersion in the redemptory sense of the writings. The use of rhetorical figures of thought hints at this fact, especially since, thanks to these rhetorical elements, pedagogical and consequentially anthropological-soteriological perspectives have to be attributed to the “spirit” of the writings. The exegete who participates in the liturgical life of the church and breathes the grace of the Holy Spirit, uses the methods as tools, and is aware that he does not conduct a personal, subjective exegesis, but instead continues the hermeneutic tradition of the whole church.
Byzantine Lectionary Manuscripts and Their Significance for Biblical Textual Criticism
Authors: Paulson Gregory S.
Published: May 2022

While lectionaries make up approximately one-third of all surviving biblical Greek manuscripts, they have been largely neglected within the field of textual criticism. This chapter examines why lectionaries, as representatives of the Byzantine text, have been generally ignored by text critics for generations and regarded as inconsequential for textual criticism. While editors of critical editions do not usually state explicitly why they excluded lectionaries, it was likely due to their late date, their perceived uniformity, and their noncontinuous text form. In recent years, lectionaries have received new scholarly attention, combined with a paradigm shift in the field of biblical textual criticism. These developments have brought about a new understanding within textual criticism that noncontinuous text forms should be counted among a broad range of diverse witnesses and can help to determine manuscript relationships and offer evidence for the creation of variants. In this new era of lectionary research, scholars have recognized that the value of lectionaries also goes beyond the long-held desideratum of establishing the earliest attainable text; lectionaries offer a unique window into how the Byzantine church used scripture amid the rhythms and rituals of public worship.
Gay Guerilla
Authors: Kandler Zachary
Published: May 2022

This chapter explores the music of Julius Eastman, a Black and openly gay 20th century avant-garde classical music composer. He serves as a subject for composer studies in music therapy, which draws implications from the works of nonclinical musicians on the clinical field of music therapy. Eastman pushed stylistic boundaries and cultivated a queer aesthetic in the white and straight dominated world of avant-garde classical music, all the while resourcing music as a platform for social and political activism. These qualities in his music offer insight into the role of clinical music in queer and trans music therapy, in which music should help express the fluid and complex identities of clients, invite opportunities to reclaim power, and offer engagement in social justice activity. A queer and trans music therapy approach can learn from Eastman’s performative and compositional stance and inform how therapists may support clients to transcend binaries and social conventions.
The New Frontiers in the Narrative of María Luisa Bombal
Authors: Candia-Cáceres Alexis
Published: May 2022

This chapter analyzes the novels La última niebla (The Final Mist, 1935), La amortajada (The Shrouded Woman, 1938), and House of Mist (1947) by Chilean author María Luisa Bombal. It studies the writer’s biographical journey as well as her break with the literary movements of the time, particularly naturalism, the critical reception of her work, the representation of women and eroticism, and the questioning of official religion, especially, Catholicism. Utilizing a series of resources from literary theory, literary criticism, philosophy, gender studies, and historical analysis, it proposes that Bombal’s writing has opened up new frontiers in contemporary Latin American narrative.
Latin American Narrative in the Late Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Centuries
Authors: Gallego Cuiñas Ana
Published: May 2022

The Latin American narrative of the twenty-first century has its roots in the 1990s, when globalization, new technologies, and the processes of expansion and consolidation of the Spanish publishing conglomerates impacted on the book market. After 2001, there was a proliferation of many aesthetics and new turns (subjective, documentary, post-memory, neorealism, neofantasy, feminist, queer, nomadic, digital, neoruralism) that appealed to both national and global identities. Of all of them, those that have become the most relevant are feminist and queer literature, since writing by women, feminized bodies, and dissident subjectivities has taken an unprecedented center stage in the Latin American literary field during the last decade. Lastly, the most significant changes that have taken place in the modes of production, circulation, and reception of Latin American narrative concern material culture, including the growth of independent publishing, fairs, and festivals. The chapter also examines the remarkable “spectacularization” of the writer, the increasing precarity of the literary profession, and the professionalization of mediators, and the “Randomization” of Latin American literature.
Hull House Maps and Papers, 1895
Authors: Font-Casaseca Núria
Published: May 2022

In 1895, Jane Addams and other residents of Hull House published Hull-House Maps and Papers, the result of a social survey led by Florence Kelley about the working conditions and social characteristics of families living in the Chicago’s 19th Ward. The book included some essays prepared by a group of residents and neighbors and two sets of detailed maps that showed the total weekly earnings for each household and the nationality of each inhabitant. A detailed analysis of the maps and essays and the context in which they were produced is relevant today, not only as a pioneer example of mixed-methods research, but also due to their innovative cartographic proposal and their effort to produce high-quality data and visual materials to be used as a tool to promote social and legislative changes. The sympathetic, relational, and experimental approach to social research developed by Addams transformed the settlement into a place where the social and ethical aspects of knowledge production were combined with a scientific attitude directed to achieve structural reforms and constitutes an inspiration for contemporary urban researchers committed to a feminist, participatory, and critical approach to diversity and inequality.
Making the Jane Addams Papers Accessible to New Audiences
Authors: Moran Hajo Cathy
Published: May 2022

Scholars have been the only ones able to easily access primary sources on Jane Addams and her work for social justice, social work, woman suffrage, immigrants, and peace. Over the past 45 years, the Jane Addams Papers Project has been working to expand the audience for these critical papers. Whether through microfilm, print, or digital publication, the goal has been the same—to bring Addams’s words, ideas, and world to a large and varied public. With digital publication the project can significantly expand public access. It is developing tools to encourage creative use of the materials—lesson plans for middle school students, guides for National History Day projects, and crowdsourcing tools to enable the public to participate in the project. By making the data that underlies the edition accessible to digital humanities scholars, the project plans to develop datasets that can be used to analyze and interpret the papers. From maps that plot Addams’s correspondence and associates, to social-network visualizations and text analyses of her speeches and correspondence, the digital edition will encourage new questions and analysis that would not have been possible a short time ago.
Diversity Machines
Authors: Simone AbdouMaliq
Published: May 2022

The chapter posits urban popular economy as a multidimensional process that identifies and assembles diverse facets of the urban environment—laws, policies, buildings, spatial uses, material resources, social compositions, styles of governance, and so forth in order to create territories of operation for poor, working class, and lower-middle-class residents whose lives are increasingly unsettled in precarious forms of livelihood. As residents circulate through more provisional emplacements in work and home, forms of livelihood and care are more dispersed across disparate urban geographies. This necessitates new forms of collaboration and political struggle, increasingly based on diversifying points of contact across the urban system.
Citizenship and Statelessness through a Superdiversity Lens
Authors: Sardelić Julija
Published: May 2022

This chapter investigates citizenship and statelessness through the lens of superdiversity. Earlier scholarly literature defined citizenship as a legal status, which is a predisposition for individuals to possess certain rights. By contrast, statelessness was understood as a legal status lacking these rights. Later works have argued that not all citizens have equal access to citizenship rights, and that not all populations are equally vulnerable to statelessness. Several policy papers have connected this specifically to ethnic discrimination, since certain ethnic minorities have a hindered access to citizenship rights or to citizenship status altogether and end up as stateless. While not diminishing the importance of ethnic discrimination, this chapter argues that other factors should be considered when contemplating the connection between citizenship and rights, and between statelessness and rightlessness, most notably, how these factors are intertwined in dynamic power relations. The chapter applies a superdiversity approach to examine the factors that accompany ethnic inequalities and contribute to the dissociation of citizenship from rights. It also shows that statelessness entails different degrees of access to rights rather than simply being a state of rightlessness.
Power and AI
Authors: Lazar Seth
Published: May 2022

AI and related computational systems are being used by some to exercise power over others. This is especially clear in our online lives, which are increasingly structured and governed by computational systems using some of the most advanced techniques in AI. But it is also apparent in our offline lives, as computational systems using AI are used by powerful actors, including states, local government, and employers. Proponents of various principles of “AI Ethics” sometimes imply that the sole normative function of those principles is to ensure that AI is used to achieve socially acceptable goals. Drawing attention to the ways in which AI systems are used to exercise power demonstrates the inadequacy of this normative analysis. When new and intensified power relations develop, we must attend not only to what power is used for, but also to how and by whom it is used.
Structured Access
Authors: Shevlane Toby
Published: May 2022

Structured access is an emerging paradigm for the safe deployment of artificial intelligence (AI). Instead of openly disseminating AI systems, developers facilitate controlled, arm’s length interactions with their AI systems. The aim is to prevent dangerous AI capabilities from being widely accessible, whilst preserving access to AI capabilities that can be used safely. The developer must both restrict how the AI system can be used and prevent the user from circumventing these restrictions through modification or reverse engineering of the AI system. Structured access is most effective when implemented through cloud-based AI services, rather than disseminating AI software that runs locally on users’ hardware. Cloud-based interfaces provide the AI developer greater scope for controlling how the AI system is used, and for protecting against unauthorized modifications to the system’s design. This chapter expands the discussion of “publication norms” in the AI community, which to date has focused on the question of how the informational content of AI research projects should be disseminated (e.g., code and models). Although this is an important question, there are limits to what can be achieved through the control of information flows. Structured access views AI software not only as information that can be shared but also as a tool with which users can have arm’s length interactions. There are early examples of structured access being practiced by AI developers, but there is much room for further development, both in the functionality of cloud-based interfaces and in the wider institutional framework.
Imaginary Geography
Authors: Müller Adalberto
Published: May 2022

Geographical references are not used by Emily Dickinson as mere baubles. They belong to the structure of her poems, participating in the process of meaning, as it happens, whether she mentions birds or historical events. Understanding the “expansion” of Dickinson’s poetry toward distant landscapes might help her readers reconsider both her well-known “seclusion”—as she is constantly inviting readers to experience foreign spaces and “foreignhood”—and the way her everyday life was affected by international trade and geopolitics. Furthermore, reading translations of her works can show how important it is to understand the transformation of literary works outside the borders of their original languages, as species that travel abroad and return with messages from “spicy islands” and “routes of Evanescence.” This essay reads translations of Dickinson’s poems and poems written in response to Dickinson by outstanding poets of Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries, including Juan Ramón Jiménez, Manuel Bandeira, Gilberto Owen, Jorge de Sena, Augusto de Campos, Silvina Ocampo, Ana Cristina César, and Ana Luísa Amaral. These poets invite us to consider the existence of a Dickinson latina.
“Seam by Seam”
Authors: Merish Lori
Published: May 2022

Focusing on a select group of poems and letters, the chapter revisits Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar’s classic assessment of Dickinson as a “highly conscious literary seamstress” by examining the rich meanings and figurative complexities of sewing as material practice and female “craft” within her work. Despite her well-known disparagement of the “honorable Work” of women, such as the charitable activities of sewing circles, sewing is envisioned in some of Dickinson’s letters and poems as a significant vehicle of female sociality. The porousness of cloth and garments—that they bear the imprint of both maker and wearer—means that they are especially charged sites of such sociality. Although most scholars underscore Dickinson’s class privilege and elite self-conception, sewing affords for Dickinson the prospect of a flickering sense of kinship with working-class women. This essay contextualizes that identification by addressing the regional prominence of women in the textile and garment industries, including the straw hat industry that grew in and around Amherst in the middle decades of the century; most of those hats were produced by women and sewn at home, through the piecework system. Turning to Dickinson’s production of her fascicles and the history of women sewers in the antebellum bookbinding industry, the chapter concludes by considering the use of personification in Dickinson’s poems about books as an enactment and displacement of this identification with (paid) needlewomen.
“How ruthless are the gentle –”
Authors: Dill Lesley
Published: May 2022

In this essay, Dill writes as an artist immersed for decades in Dickinson’s words as inspiration for her art. She reflects on how those words unlocked an extensive career of marrying poetic text with image. Dill highlights how the breadth of her material—wood, paper, bronze, fabric, music, and even the human body—externalize and animate the equally wide-ranging profundities of Dickinson’s language—hunger, truth, danger, dualism, luminance. While living in India from 1991 to 1992, Dill discovered a natural connection between Dickinson’s words and the indecipherable, musical, and transcendental worlds of India. She discloses how her art evolved to show that words not only hold meaning in the mind but are an experience of the ears, eyes, and breath. Consequently, a single phrase can be reincarnated in a diversity of art-making processes. Dickinson’s words are, to Dill, particularly regenerative, appearing in ever-new iterations over time. From cerebral resonance to the simple beauty of a glyph, Dill proves the atmosphere of Dickinson’s poetry—and language as a whole—to be a powerful and intoxicating medium.
“You felt your Second”
Authors: Kohler Michelle
Published: May 2022

The mid-nineteenth century saw a rapid shift in the availability of clocks and watches in the United States, and the resulting proliferation of timepieces provoked the twin anxieties of fine temporal incrementalization and inadequate attempts at synchronization. These anxieties colluded to render small time increments fraught units of experience, not only in relation to large systems like the railroad but also in private spaces and in solitude. In Emily Dickinson’s poems most explicitly about timekeeping, she both depicts the visceral, lonely entrapment of small time increments and works to offer release from such isolation by crafting alternative temporal spaces, and by forging communities to inhabit those spaces together—apart from, but not incognizant of, time’s immediacy as it ticks within the public apparatus of timekeeping. Dickinson’s temporal sociality in these poems belies some of the strongest generic claims about how, and when, her poems address readers, future or otherwise. Many of Dickinson’s poems do not narrow into the singular space of a lyric or historic now but rather take the experience of such narrow immediacy and open it outward into a communal space, pulling a “we” into temporal structures of camaraderie that are decidedly, purposively other than a singular lyric moment or a singular historical moment.
“The Finite – furnished / With the Infinite –”
Authors: Leader Jennifer
Published: May 2022

Fundamental to many of her biblically constructed allusions, Dickinson’s typological and eschatological imaginations are shorthand that allow her to represent moments of spiritual, psychological, and metaphysical liminality and indeterminacy. Dickinson’s typological imagination encompasses both material space and teleological potentialities, and her imagery in these poems is most centered on physical and spatial relationships. In poems where she uses her eschatological imagination, her emphasis is on the shift from time to eternity. Dickinson strategically employs these two ways of knowing as vehicles of hope for continued connection with dead loved ones in this life and for reunification with them in the next. This analysis of her biblical imagination sheds light upon some of her deepest poetic impulses to evince the radical goodness of the physical world and of the human relations within it. It also newly illustrates the depths of Dickinson’s intimacy with the Bible and the Bible’s role as a first and formative influence upon her writing.
Quantum Information and the Quest for Reconstruction of Quantum Theory
Authors: Grinbaum Alexei
Published: May 2022

An operational approach to quantum theory consists in a derivation of its formalism from fundamental postulates with a clear physical meaning. This approach anchors fundamental issues, e.g. causality, continuity or compositionality, in the mathematical study of “post-quantum” models and their comparison with quantum theory. Such non-classical models enable a new understanding of quantum theory and strengthen its philosophical interpretation in the language of information. Quantum theory emerges as a “resource theory”: the non-classical resources, e.g. entanglement or contextuality, can be quantified against the background of alternative models and consequently used to build quantum technological devices. On the philosophical side, it is an open issue whether the information-theoretic approach amounts to a particular informational form of structural realism or delves into the issues of subjectivity and phenomenology of the quantum mechanical observer.
Tony Leggett’s Challenge to Quantum Mechanics and its Path to Decoherence
Authors: Freitas Fábio
Published: May 2022

Tony Leggett’s work, despite its great recognition, has a side that is virtually unknown. In this article, we focus on how his efforts, along with his Ph.D. student Amir Caldeira established the physical bases for decoherence and how this was seen by his contemporaries. His work on the transition from quantum-like properties to the classical ones aimed to find experimental contexts that might show that quantum mechanics could break down with regard to macroscopic superposition. We argue that the physics community decided to separate the heuristic part of his research, which provided the tools to study the interaction of quantum systems with the environment, from his “philosophical” considerations regarding the implications of QM.
Instrumentation and the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Paulo da Silva Neto Climério
Published: May 2022

The preconditions for the experimental tests of quantum mechanics rested not only on theoretical developments such as the famous Bell’s theorem but also on the impressive evolution of instruments and experimental techniques since World War II. This chapter presents an overview of the critical instrumentation used in the experimental tests of Bell’s inequalities, complementarity principle, and decoherence effect and their historical development. Its central claim is that, except for tunable lasers, the instruments used in the foundational experiments were available about a decade before physicists applied them to quantum foundations. They were mostly developed by researchers with no connection to quantum foundations in fields brought onto sharp focus by the Cold War. Additionally, it provides some novel insights into how the strategies physicists used to choose their instruments and experimental setup influenced their results and the overall history of experimental quantum foundations.
On How Epistemological Letters Changed the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Murgueitio Ramírez Sebastián
Published: May 2022

In this chapter, I explain how the journal Epistemological Letters helped the foundations of quantum mechanics consolidate as an important and respectable scientific field during a time when the discipline itself was not very well respected by the broader physics community. In particular, I show that the following five features of the journal played a significant role in helping the foundations of quantum mechanics flourish during the 1970s: (1) the subject matter, as this was the only journal completely dedicated to the foundations of quantum mechanics; (2) the interdisciplinary methodology encouraged by the journal and the institution behind it; (3) their efforts to reach out to anybody interested in the foundations of quantum mechanics, regardless of their department, position, or “academic status”; (4) the informal style of the journal, which facilitated an environment for open, frequent, and productive debates; (5) its high quality contributions.
Quantum Historiography and Cultural History
Authors: Kojevnikov Alexei
Published: May 2022

In the 1960s and 1970s, research on the history of quantum physics stood at the forefront of methodological innovations in the discipline of history of science. This review of the formative stage of quantum historiography describes the path from Thomas Kuhn’s project of oral histories and archival databases to Paul Forman’s pathbreaking study of 1971, which inaugurated the cultural approach in the history of the exact sciences. Forman’s analysis connected the culture of Weimar Germany, the status of the exact sciences within it, related ideological currents in physics, and the emerging concepts of quantum acausality, individuality, and Anschaulichkeit. Subsequent controversies surrounding the Forman Thesis helped develop the sociology of scientific knowledge. Several key case studies discussed in recent literature on quantum history provide further tests of the main assumptions behind Forman’s cultural approach and illustrate its heuristic role.
Interpretation in Electrodynamics, Atomic Theory, and Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Hon Giora , Goldstein Bernard R.
Published: May 2022

The problem of interpretation is not unique to quantum mechanics, for it is apparent in classical electrodynamics and was acknowledged at the time. In the original quantum theory, an agreed mechanical interpretation emerged, but it then became clear that this interpretation led to insurmountable difficulties. The formal solution of the quandaries in the quantum theory were provided by the theory of matrix mechanics and the theory of wave mechanics: they both exposed the latent foundational problem of interpretation. We claim that this problem is inherent to physics. We examine two cases, electrodynamics and the physics of the atom, and then analyze in some detail the position taken by Erwin Schrödinger. The two cases serve to highlight the problematic relation between symbolic language and verbal expressions where the latter reflects mental images of the physics at stake, and the former its mathematical structure.
Hidden Variables
Authors: Bub Jeffrey
Published: May 2022

The question of whether there are ‘inner properties’ or ‘hidden variables’ of a quantum system that determine a definite outcome in a measurement, or whether quantum probabilities are ultimately ‘irreducible,’ has been a recurring issue in the foundations of quantum mechanics since Born raised the question in a seminal 1926 paper on the probabilistic interpretation of the wave function. This chapter focuses on three impossibility proofs or ‘no go’ theorems, by von Neumann, Kochen and Speaker, and Bell, and includes sections on stochastic hidden variables and the Bohm-Bub 1966 theory. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the hidden variable program in the general context of conceptual issues in the foundations of quantum mechanics.
Agential Realism—A Relation Ontology Interpretation of Quantum Physics
Authors: Barad Karen
Published: May 2022

A relational ontology interpretation of quantum physics, based on a reconstruction and further elaboration of Niels Bohr’s philosophy-physics, offers an account of quantum physics that makes claims about the larger physical world, not merely the outcome of laboratory experiments. While Newtonian physics supports an ontology consisting of individual entities that precede their interactions (relata precede relations), quantum physics resists such a metaphysics of individualism, and instead supports the understanding that reality is made of relations: that relata come into being only through and as constitutive parts of their intra-actions (that is, relata only exist within relations). On this agential realist account, the nature of nature is an ongoing dynamism of intra-activity through which the world is differentially articulated, and some of those articulations are what we call measurements.
The Philosophy of Wholeness and the General and New Concept of Order
Authors: Szczeciniarz Jean-Jacques , Kouneiher Joseph
Published: May 2022

Quantum mechanics is one of the two fundamental revolutions in physics in the twentieth century. Quantum theory is the most predictively accurate theory in history. However, there remain many open foundational questions concerning the interpretation of quantum mechanics, the measurement of a quantum system probe and the notion of reality or belief among others. In this paper we discuss Bohm and Penrose’s work to deal with the foundational questions of “quantum physics” and the “nature of reality”. We present the essential bases of quantum mechanics that lead to the understanding of the quantum object, the notion of entanglement and Bell’s inequalities. The emphasis is first on geometric interpretations of quantum probabilities and Bell’s inequalities and then we take up the philosophical bases proposed by Bohm and Penrose which are inseparable from their thinking as a physicist and mathematical-physicist.
A Brief Historical Perspective on the Consistent Histories Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Rocha Gustavo Rodrigues , Rickles Dean , Boge Florian J.
Published: May 2022

It will be presented in this chapter a historical account of the consistent histories interpretation of quantum mechanics based on primary and secondary literature. Firstly, the formalism of the consistent histories approach will be outlined. Secondly, the works by Robert Griffiths and Roland Omnès will be discussed. Griffiths’ seminal 1984 paper, the first physicist to have proposed a consistent-histories interpretation of quantum mechanics, followed by Omnès’ 1990 paper, were instrumental to the consistent-histories model based on Boolean logic. Thirdly, Murray Gell-Mann and James Hartle’s steps to their own version of consistent-histories approach, motivated by a cosmological perspective, will then be described and evaluated. Gell-Mann and Hartle understood that spontaneous decoherence could path the way to a concrete physical model to Griffiths’ consistent histories. Moreover, the collective biography of these figures will be put in the context of the role played by the Santa Fe Institute, co-founded by Gell-Mann in 1984 in Santa Fe, New Mexico, where Hartle is also a member of the external faculty.
Dead as a Doornail? Zero-Point Energy and Low-Temperature Physics in Early Quantum Theory
Authors: Kragh Helge
Published: May 2022

According to quantum mechanics, an oscillator at zero absolute temperature will continue to vibrate with a zero-point energy. This non-classical phenomenon was predicted by Max Planck in 1911, but for a long time it was contested and remained hypothetical. Only in experiments with molecular spectra from 1924 was the zero-point energy confirmed experimentally, and the following year it emerged as a consequence of quantum mechanics. Although Walther Nernst claimed that also vacuum was filled with zero-point energy, specialists in quantum physics denied that this was the case. Nonetheless, with the discovery of the Casimir effect predicted in 1948 Nernst’s idea was vindicated. Later still, the zero-point energy of free space turned up in the vacuum energy or so-called dark energy associated with Einstein’s cosmological constant. The chapter offers a history of the concept of zero-point energy with a focus on the period from 1911 to about 1928.
The Early Debates about the Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Jähnert Martin , Lehner Christoph
Published: May 2022

One of the most striking features of the development of quantum mechanics is the intensity of the debate about its physical meaning that accompanied its development. The dissent laid in the competition between the Göttingen proponents of matrix mechanics and Schrödinger, as well as in the criticism of both formalisms by the “older generation” of physicists, like Einstein, Sommerfeld, and Planck. The establishment of a unified formalism and its physical interpretation was an important goal for the group around Bohr and the Göttingen physicists. It seemed to be reached in the statistical theory, its mathematical codification by von Neumann, and its epistemological defense by Bohr. However, no full agreement was reached. The early history of the dissent from the orthodoxy up to the debates at the Solvay conference is often seen as the result of preestablished metaphysical commitments. We stress a different reading, they were debates about promising research strategies.
Five-session CAT care planning approach
Authors: Carradice Angela , Daykin Andrea
Published: May 2022

The five session cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) care planning approach has been developed to offer a relational psychological intervention for clients with complex needs, and the multi-disciplinary teams working with them. Features of this approach include staying in the present (‘here and now’; rather than considering past experiences), the 24-hour clock exercise, and an informed use of psychotherapy file in order to develop a diagrammatic reformulation of the client’s difficulties to guide the development of a care plan going forward. The approach is well received by clients, team members, and psychologists. The evidence base is growing and demonstrates a range of potential benefits for clients and teams. However, more research is needed including a randomized control trial. Other research could consider in more depth the experience of those using the approach (particularly clients) to help scope further developments and focus future research questions. Longer term follow-up would also be beneficial.
Endings in CAT
Authors: Pickvance Deborah
Published: May 2022

Brief therapy models have different approaches to the end of therapy, with regard to its significance, its management, and to the use and importance of a time-limit. The cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) approach to ending is underpinned by theory, in particular by James Mann’s ideas about the meaning of time and its impact in therapy, and incorporates understanding and practice from both psychoanalytic and cognitive models. The ending of a CAT is an important stage which the therapist needs to address actively throughout the therapy. Reciprocal role enactments in relation to the ending of therapy are anticipated and addressed. CAT uses specific tools, the therapist’s and client’s goodbye letters, to facilitate ending and to help the client draw maximum benefit from the therapy.
Development and testing of methods for detecting off-wrist in actimetry recordings
Authors: Pilz Luísa K , de Oliveira Melissa A B , Steibel Eduardo G , Policarpo Lucas M , Carissimi Alicia , Carvalho Felipe G , Constantino Débora B , Tonon André Comiran , Xavier Nicóli B , da Rosa Righi Rodrigo , Hidalgo Maria Paz
Published: May 2022

Study Objectives

In field studies using wrist-actimetry, not identifying/handling off-wrist intervals may result in their misclassification as immobility/sleep and biased estimations of rhythmic patterns. By comparing different solutions for detecting off-wrist, our goal was to ascertain how accurately they detect nonwear in different contexts and identify variables that are useful in the process.

Methods

We developed algorithms using heuristic (HA) and machine learning (ML) approaches. Both were tested using data from a protocol followed by 10 subjects, which was devised to mimic contexts of actimeter wear/nonwear in real-life. Self-reported data on usage according to the protocol were considered the gold standard. Additionally, the performance of our algorithms was compared to that of visual inspection (by 2 experienced investigators) and Choi algorithm. Data previously collected in field studies were used for proof-of-concept analyses.

Results

All methods showed similarly good performances. Accuracy was marginally higher for one of the raters (visual inspection) than for heuristically developed algorithms (HA, Choi). Short intervals (especially < 2 h) were either not or only poorly identified. Consecutive stretches of zeros in activity were considered important indicators of off-wrist (for both HA and ML). It took hours for raters to complete the task as opposed to the seconds or few minutes taken by the automated methods.

Conclusions

Automated strategies of off-wrist detection are similarly effective to visual inspection, but have the important advantage of being faster, less costly, and independent of raters’ attention/experience. In our study, detecting short intervals was a limitation across methods.
Advocacy to support climate and health policies: recommended actions for the Society of Behavioral Medicine
Authors: Mendoza-Vasconez Andrea S , McLaughlin Elizabeth , Sallis James F , Maibach Edward , Epel Elissa , Bennett Gary , Nogueira Leticia , Thayer Julian , Dietz William H
Published: May 2022

Climate change poses serious threats to public health and is exacerbating health inequities. Policy changes are essential to mitigate climate change impacts on human and planetary health. The purpose was to describe recommendations by the Policy and Advocacy Subgroup of the Society of Behavioral Medicine (SBM) Climate Change, Behavior Change and Health Presidential Working Group (PWG). The Policy and Advocacy subgroup was comprised of experts in public health, climate policy, and health behavior change, who worked together to identify priorities and develop recommendations. We worked under the premise that building political will for climate policy action is the most urgent goal, and we recommended promotion of citizen advocacy for this purpose. Because citizen advocacy is a set of behaviors, SBM members can use behavioral science to identify and scale up interventions, working collaboratively with communities targeted for marginalization. Recommendations for SBM included establishing an organizational home for climate and health work, providing training and resources, engaging in climate advocacy as an organization, and networking with other organizations. Recommendations for a proposed SBM Climate and Health Committee, Council, or Special Interest Group included developing trainings and resources, seeking opportunities for networking and collaborations, and identifying a research agenda. Individual behavior changes are insufficient to address climate change; policy actions are needed. SBM and similar organizations can support their members to work in developing, evaluating, and scaling up advocacy interventions for action on climate policy to magnify the power of the health and medical sectors to protect planetary and human health.
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Extended High-Frequency Hearing Thresholds in Tinnitus With a Normal Audiogram
Authors: Jafari Zahra , Baguley David , Kolb Bryan E. , Mohajerani Majid H.
Published: May 2022

Objectives:

Current evidence supports the growing application of extended high-frequency (EHF: 9 to 20 kHz) audiometry in hearing research, which likely results from the high vulnerability of this frequency region to damage induced by known auditory risk factors. The present systematic review and meta-analysis were performed to investigate whether adults with a normal audiogram and tinnitus show increased EHF hearing thresholds relative to control peers.

Design:

A comprehensive search was undertaken on electronic databases consisting of PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley, and Google Scholar using combined keywords: “tinnitus,” “extended high frequency,” “normal audiogram,” and “hidden hearing loss.”

Results:

From 261 articles found by searching databases, nine studies met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. A significant difference was observed between tinnitus and control groups in the effect size analysis of hearing thresholds at 10, 12.5, 14, 16, and 18 kHz (p ≤ 0.001), and the I-square heterogeneity analysis was below 50% in all studies (p ≥ 0.131). Visual inspection by the Funnel plot and Egger’s regression test (p ≥ 0.211) also exhibited no publication bias in the meta-analyses.

Conclusions:

Our findings are in support of the idea that in most cases, tinnitus is associated with some degree of cochlear mechanical dysfunction, which may not be detected by conventional audiometry alone. This finding underscores the significance of EHF audiometry in clinical practice, which may help both early identification of individuals susceptible to developing tinnitus and reduce the number of new cases through preventive counseling programs.