bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and treatment of deep neck space abscesses
Authors: Daramola Opeyemi O. , Flanagan Carrie E. , Maisel Robert H. , Odland Rick M.
Published: June 2009

Objective

To review our experience with deep neck abscesses and identify unique trends in our patient population.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Subjects and Methods

Evaluation of patients with deep neck space abscesses between 2001 and 2006. Peritonsillar abscess, superficial craniocervical infection, and salivary gland infections were excluded from selection of study population. A total of 106 cases were reviewed.

Results

Dental infections were the most common cause of deep neck abscesses (49.1%). Comorbidities included substance abuse (53.7%), psychiatric illness (10.4%), hypertension (9.4%), head and neck cancer (6.6%), and diabetes mellitus (5.7%). All patients received systemic antibiotics, eight patients required tracheotomy, 85 patients underwent surgical drainage in the operating room, and 11 had bedside drainage. Median and lower quartile of time in hospital was 2 and 3 days, respectively, whereas upper quartile was 4 days (range, 1 to 27 days). Patients with comorbidities or concurrent illness tended to stay longer (P < 0.05, Mann‐Whitney test). There were six complications and no mortality.

Conclusion

Substance abuse and poor orodental hygiene are important predisposing factors to deep neck abscesses. Appropriate management continues to favor a combination of early surgical drainage and systemic antibiotics.
Surgical treatment of dysthyroid orbitopathy
Authors: Chu Eugene A. , Miller Neil R. , Grant Michael P. , Merbs Shannath , Tufano Ralph P. , Lane Andrew P.
Published: June 2009

Objectives

Orbital decompression for dysthyroid orbitopathy may be performed by open or transnasal endoscopic approaches; however, criteria for the selection of the appropriate surgical technique have not been well‐defined. Our goal was to compare the surgical outcomes of orbital decompression techniques employed by the otolaryngology and ophthalmology services at a single institution, so as to clarify the indications and develop a rationale for optimal management.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary care academic medical center.

Subjects and Methods

Orbital decompressions on 112 orbits of 69 patients from 2001 to 2008 at a tertiary care academic medical center.

Results

The majority (83%) of orbital decompressions were performed primarily for proptosis, whereas the remainder was indicated for dysthyroid optic neuropathy. Maximum reduction of proptosis was achieved with an endoscopic medial and inferior orbital wall decompression combined with a lateral orbitotomy with fat removal. The average reduction in proptosis was 7.4 mm ± 2.3 mm (primary surgery for proptosis). The endoscopic approach alone provided the least average proptosis reduction but was highly successful in the treatment of dysthyroid optic neuropathy.

Conclusions

A three‐wall decompression using a combined endoscopic and external approach provides the greatest amount of decompression. The endoscopic approach as a single modality is best suited for patients with mild proptosis and for patients with dysthyroid optic neuropathy. Cooperation between otolaryngology and ophthalmology achieves the best care for patients with thyroid eye disease who require surgical treatment.
Revision endoscopic orbital decompression in the management of Graves' orbitopathy
Authors: Leung Man‐Kit , Platt Michael P. , Metson Ralph
Published: June 2009

Objective

Endoscopic orbital decompression has proved to be an effective treatment for Graves' orbitopathy. In select patients, however, persistent or recurrent orbital symptoms necessitate additional therapy. The objective of this study is to determine the safety and effectiveness of revision endoscopic orbital decompression in patients with refractory Graves' orbitopathy.

Study Design

Case‐control series.

Setting

Academic medical center.

Methods

The study population consisted of 10 patients with Graves' orbitopathy who underwent 13 revision endoscopic orbital decompressions (three bilateral cases) between 1991 and 2008. Outcome measures, including reduction in proptosis, improvement in visual acuity, and complication rates, were compared with a control cohort of 10 consecutive patients (16 orbits) who underwent primary endoscopic decompression during the same time period.

Results

Indications for revision decompression included exposure keratopathy (n = 8, 62%), optic neuropathy (n = 3, 23%), and gaze restriction (n = 2, 15%). There were no intraoperative complications. Mean reduction in proptosis was 1.4 mm less for patients who underwent revision decompression compared with primary cases (mean decompression 3.6 ± 1.0 mm vs 5.0 ± 2.1 mm, respectively), although this difference was not statistically significant (P= 0.13). Visual acuity improved in 62 percent of revision cases, compared with 20 percent of primary cases (P= 0.09). Rates for postoperative complications, which included sinusitis and frontal mucocele formation, were also similar between revision and primary decompression groups (38% vs 13% respectively,P= 0.17).

Conclusions

This report is the first to describe the endoscopic technique for revision orbital decompression. It appears to be a safe and effective procedure for the treatment of refractory orbitopathy in patients with Graves' disease.
Differences in individual NYSE specialists' performances and strategies
Authors: Köksal Bülent
Published: June 2009

This paper shows that there exist differences in the performances of individual NYSE specialists in terms of the execution costs and participation strategies to the posted quotes and trades. We find that quoted and effective spreads, quoted depth, and number of trades that receive price improvement differ significantly across individual specialists. The explanatory power of the model as measured by adjusted R2 increases when we include the individual specialist dummies. Evidence suggests that some of the differences across specialist firms documented in the previous literature are due to the differences in individual specialists. We find that, as the trading frequency increases, order processing costs increase for the portfolios of the individual specialists which implies that specialists use profits from active stocks to subsidize inactive stocks in their portfolios. Using 2001 NYSE System Order Data in the decimal pricing environment, we also show that individual NYSE specialists differ significantly in their participation strategies to the posted quotes and trades. This suggests that there are significant differences in execution costs between specialists because they use different quoting and trading strategies.
Effect of n‐Butyl‐2‐Cyanoacrylate on High‐Risk Colonic Anastomoses
Authors: Kayaoglu Huseyin Ayhan , Ersoy Omer Faik , Ozkan Namik , Celik Alper , Filiz Nurper Onuk
Published: June 2009

We investigated the effect of n‐butyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate (BCA) on colonic anastomosis under clean contaminated procedure (CCP) and bacterial peritonitis (BP) conditions in rats. Male Wistar albino rats (n = 80) were divided into two groups: CCP and BP. In the CCP group, colonic resection and anastomosis were performed. BP was induced by cecal ligation and puncture. BCA was administered to the anastomosis in half of the rats in both groups. Anastomotic assessment was done on postoperative days 3 and 7 by evaluating the burst pressure, and gross anastomotic and histopathologic healing indices. The presence and severity of adhesion formation was also investigated. There were no differences in terms of gross healing parameters on days 3 and 7. Burst pressures were also similar on both days (p = 0.244 and p = 0.101, respectively). In the early phase (day 3), adhesion development (p < 0.001), granulocytic cell infiltration (p = 0.02), inflammation (p = 0.019) and necrosis (p = 0.019) were higher in the BCA groups. Mononuclear cell infiltration (p = 0.659), fibroblastic cell infiltration (p = 0.538) and capillary formation (p = 0.316) were similar. In the late phase (day 7), adhesion development (p < 0.001), necrosis (p = 0.001) and granulocytic cell infiltration (p = 0.034) were higher in the treatment groups. Fibroblastic cell infiltration (p = 0.017) and capillary formation (p = 0.016) were lower in BCA treated rats, particularly in the BP condition. Mononuclear cell infiltration did not differ (p = 0.176). The application of BCA did not provide any benefit under either CCP or BP conditions. Moreover, BCA caused increased inflammatory reactions, necrosis and adhesion formation. During the late phase of healing, the ongoing enhanced inflammation caused a reduction in capillary formation and fibroblastic infiltration, particularly under BP conditions.
Multidimensional Discriminative Factors for Unprotected Sex Among Adolescents in Southern Taiwan
Authors: Yen Cheng‐Fang , Cheng Chung‐Ping , Wang Shing‐Yaw , Ko Nai‐Ying , Hsu Su‐Ting
Published: June 2009

Establishing the discriminative factors for unprotected sex among adolescents is essential for early identification of at‐risk teens and for the prevention of unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the discriminative effects of demographic, individual, family, peers, and school life factors on unprotected sex in a large‐scale, representative adolescent population in Southern Taiwan. A total of 9,736 adolescent students were recruited into this study and completed the questionnaires. The multidimensional discriminative factors for unprotected sex were examined using χ2 automatic interaction detection analysis and logistic regression models. The results of the χ2 automatic interaction detection analysis revealed that having friends, using illicit drugs, being of an older age, suspension from school, and low family monitoring had discriminative effects on unprotected sex in adolescents. The logistic regression analysis further confirmed the discriminative effect of these factors. Because of the adverse effects of unprotected sex in adolescents, we suggest that parents and health professionals should pay attention to adolescents with the discriminative factors for unprotected sex identified in this study.
Problem‐Based Learning: A Strategic Learning System Design For The Education Of Healthcare Professionals in the 21ST Century
Authors: Gwee Matthew Choon‐Eng
Published: June 2009

Problem‐based learning (PBL) was first implemented by McMaster University medical school in 1969 as a radical, innovative, and alternative pathway to learning in medical education, thus setting a new educational trend. PBL has now spread widely across the globe and beyond the healthcare disciplines, and has prevailed for almost four decades. PBL is essentially a strategic learning system design, which combines several complementary educational principles for the delivery of instruction. PBL is specifically aimed at enhancing and optimizing the educational outcomes of learner‐centered, collaborative, contextual, integrated, self‐directed, and reflective learning. The design and delivery of instruction in PBL involve peer teaching and learning in small groups through the social construction of knowledge using a real‐life problem case to trigger the learning process. Therefore, PBL represents a major shift in the educational paradigm from the traditional teacher‐directed (teacher‐centered) instruction to student‐centered (learner‐centered) learning. PBL is firmly underpinned by several educational theories, but problems are often encountered in practice that can affect learning outcomes. Educators contemplating implementing PBL in their institutions should have a clear understanding of its basic tenets, its practice and its philosophy, as well as the issues, challenges, and opportunities associated with its implementation. Special attention should be paid to the training and selection of PBL tutors who have a critical role in the PBL process. Furthermore, a significant change in the mindsets of both students and teachers are required for the successful implementation of PBL. Thus, effective training programs for students and teachers must precede its implementation. PBL is a highly resource‐intensive learning strategy and the returns on investment (i.e. the actual versus expected learning outcomes) should be carefully and critically appraised in the decision‐making process. Implementation of PBL can be a daunting task and will require detailed and careful planning, together with a significant commitment on the part of educators given the responsibility to implement PBL in an institution. PBL can offer a more holistic, value‐added, and quality education to energize student learning in the healthcare professions in the 21st century. Successful implementation of PBL can therefore help to nurture in students the development of desired ‘habits of mind, behavior, and action’ to become the competent, caring, and ethical healthcare professionals of the 21st century. Thus, PBL can contribute to the improvement of the healthcare of a nation by healthcare professionals, but we need to do it right.
Experience of Problem‐Based Learning in Nursing Education at Kaohsiung Medical University
Authors: Chou Fan‐Hao , Chin Chi‐Chun
Published: June 2009

Nursing education must keep up with the rapidly changing medical landscape to support the competences of nurses in the areas of critical thinking, problem solving, and creativity. Problem‐based learning (PBL) provides an appropriate strategy for nursing education innovation. Nursing curricula based on PBL remain in the growing stage in Taiwan. Kaohsiung Medical University introduced PBL into nursing education in 2002. The critical events in the process included: (1) nurturing key tutors; (2) using PBL teaching methods in an elective course—Oncology Nursing, and designing a new elective course—Symposiums Regarding Clinical Cases; (3) holding conferences inside and outside the school to promote PBL teaching methods; (4) linking e‐learning and PBL teaching methods; (5) conducting PBL research; (6) establishing a committee of PBL, objective structured clinical examination, and teaching material review for the College of Nursing; and (7) setting up a required course—Nursing Ethics. We now have 12 key tutors in the College of Nursing. We have also completed two studies to evaluate the ability of students and to explore the experience of tutors. From our studies, we know that PBL can increase learner abilities in self‐directed learning, critical thinking, and PBL performance. The approach helps students to cope with the changing medical landscape. Furthermore, tutors and teachers develop adequate PBL teaching skills. Based on the experience above, we believe that we are on the right path in terms of continuing tutor development, gradually increasing the number of PBL courses, and undertaking further research to promote PBL methods in Taiwan.
Problem‐Based Learning Curriculum in Medical Education at Kaohsiung Medical University
Authors: Lin Yu‐Chih , Huang Yu‐Sheng , Lai Chung‐Sheng , Yen Jeng‐Hsien , Tsai Wen‐Chan
Published: June 2009

Problem‐based learning (PBL) was first introduced to Kaohsiung Medical University in 1997 and was incorporated into the reform of the medical curriculum in 2005. An action committee was organized to manage PBL activities at Kaohsiung Medical University. A 2‐year PBL curriculum with 14 blocks was delivered both in the School of Medicine and School of Post‐Baccalaureate Medicine. Each block consists of lectures of basic and clinical science, clinical skills, and three PBL tutorials. Fifty‐three well‐edited PBL cases were created during the past 4 years. Some issues have arisen from the PBL curriculum including lack of tutors, low tutor numbers in tutorials, tutor training, and adequacy of assessment. Therefore, faculty development and a better system of evaluation and assessment are now our major tasks. We hope that our efforts to improve the PBL curriculum will provide students with a better education system.
Short‐Term Outcomes Of A Near‐Full PBL Curriculum In A New Taiwan Medical School
Authors: Tsou Kuo‐Inn , Cho Shu‐Ling , Lin Chaou‐Shune , Sy Leticia B. , Yang Li‐King , Chou Ting‐Ywan , Chiang Han‐Sun
Published: June 2009

Problem‐based learning (PBL), which incorporates principles of adult learning, is an important innovation in medical education. The use of PBL in health professional curricula is becoming more widespread. The curriculum design and the ways of implementing PBL are different among schools. More evidence is needed before a full PBL curriculum can be successfully implemented in an Asian medical school. Fu Jen Medical School is the first school in Taiwan to adopt a near‐full PBL approach for the 3rd and 4th year curriculum (the medical education in Taiwan is mostly a 7‐year undergraduate program). Fu Jen Medical School launched the interdisciplinary case‐based, small group learning and integrated curriculum in 2002. This study investigated the short‐term outcomes of this PBL curriculum, evaluated from several aspects. First, the self‐directed learning readiness of the medical students before and after they entered the PBL curriculum was investigated using the Self‐Directed Learning Readiness Scale (SDLRS). Second, semi‐structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 5th and 6th year medical students and clinical instructors to understand the impact of PBL on the learning of clinical medicine. Finally, the passing rates in the Taiwan Medical Licensure Examination were compared with those of other medical schools in Taiwan. After 1 year of PBL, medical students at Fu Jen Medical School showed significant increases in the total SDLRS score, and in the subscores for learning strategy and self‐assessment. These changes persisted until the end of 2 years of PBL. Students in their clinical years claimed that they were more active in learning, and had better learning skills and confidence in self‐directed learning as compared with students from lecture‐based curricula. PBL helps their clinical reasoning process, self‐directed learning abilities and the use of knowledge in basic science to explain the clinical problem. On the other hand, the students thought that PBL had limited breadth and depth in clinical medicine and could not give them enough confidence in facing the national licensure examination. The initial batches of medical students (students from the first three cohorts) had the highest passing rate for Part 1 (basic sciences in medicine) and students from the first two cohorts had a 100% passing rate for Part 2 (clinical medicine) of the Taiwan Medical Licensure Examination. A near‐full PBL curriculum in Asian medical schools is feasible and could encourage students to improve their self‐directed learning abilities, learn adequate knowledge in basic sciences, and experience positive effects on learning clinical medicine. Better preparation of students for integrated learning of basic and clinical sciences are still needed, as is an emphasis on tutor training to improve the effectiveness of tutorial discussions.
Genealogy of Colonial Discourse: Hindu Traditions and the Limits of European Representation
Authors: Gelders Raf
Published: June 2009

In the aftermath of Edward Said'sOrientalism(1978), European representations of Eastern cultures have returned to preoccupy the Western academy. Much of this work reiterates the point that nineteenth-century Orientalist scholarship was a corpus of knowledge that was implicated in and reinforced colonial state formation in India. The pivotal role of native informants in the production of colonial discourse and its subsequent use in servicing the material adjuncts of the colonial state notwithstanding, there has been some recognition in South Asian scholarship of the moot point that the colonial constructs themselves built upon an existing, precolonial European discourse on India and its indigenous culture. However, there is as yet little scholarly consensus or indeed literature on the core issues of how and when these edifices came to be formed, or the intellectual and cultural axes they drew from. This genealogy of colonial discourse is the subject of this essay. Its principal concerns are the formalization of a conceptual unit in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, called “Hinduism” today, and the larger reality of European culture and religion that shaped the contours of representation.
Symposium 1: Joint BAPEN and British Society of Gastroenterology Symposium on ‘Coeliac disease: basics and controversies’ Coeliac disease: optimising the management of patients with persisting symptoms?
Authors: Evans Kate E. , Sanders David S.
Published: June 2009

The vast majority of patients with coeliac disease will derive benefit from a gluten-free diet. However, some patients will not improve on the gluten-free diet or they will have a relapse of their symptoms. The present review will focus on this group of patients. Definitions for non-responsive coeliac disease and refractory coeliac disease will be provided. The most common reason for recurrent symptoms is continued gluten exposure. Other causes of persisting symptoms are discussed, including alternative causes of villous atrophy or co-existent pathology. Current literature is reviewed, including an initial investigation strategy for patients with persisting symptoms. A pragmatic management plan is described that can be initiated by any clinician. Finally, the current optimal investigational pathway for patients with refractory (or suspected refractory) coeliac disease is discussed and the reported effects of a number of therapeutic options are summarised. The aim of the present article is to provide clinicians with an up-to-date review of the literature in this clinical field and allow them to determine the most appropriate management strategy.
Explaining the Horse Race of 2008
Authors: Linn Suzanna , Moody Jonathan , Asper Stephanie
Published: June 2009

October 2, 2008, the New York Times presidential campaign coverage carried the headline “Poll Finds Obama Gaining Support and McCain Weakened in Bailout Crisis.” Similarly, the headline on October 21 read “Obama Appeal Rises in Poll; No Gains for McCain Ticket.” The 2008 presidential election, more so than any previous campaign, was presented as a horse race between senators Barack Obama and John McCain. In the midst of president George W. Bush's plummeting approval ratings, a growing discontent among the American people about the continued U.S. presence in Iraq, and the largest economic recession since the Great Depression, the media did not cast the election as a debate about issues. Rather, the 2008 election was about the candidates' relative positioning, how they got there, and what strategies they would employ to secure victory.
The American Voter and the Economy, 2008
Authors: Erikson Robert S.
Published: June 2009

Why did Obama defeat McCain in 2008? As with any national election outcome, the immediate culprit that comes to mind is economic performance. When the U.S. is prosperous, the electorate votes the incumbent presidential party back into office. When the U.S. economy sours, the incumbent (or incumbent party) loses. In 2008, the application of this rule led to a correct prediction once again. Economy up, Republicans out. It is difficult to challenge this conventional wisdom that the economy contributed to the transfer of the White House from the Republicans to Democrat Obama.
Economic Considerations and the 2008 Presidential Election
Authors: Holbrook Thomas M.
Published: June 2009

The idea that economic conditions influence election outcomes and voting behavior is hardly novel and would appear to be close to uniformly accepted, especially in the case of American presidential elections. Beginning with the early aggregate studies (Arcelus and Meltzer 1975; Bloom and Price 1975; Kramer 1971; Tufte 1978) and the important individual-level work that followed soon thereafter (Kiewiet 1983; Kinder and Kiewiet 1979, 1981; Fiorina 1981), election scholars have devoted considerable attention to the influence of the economy on voting behavior and election outcomes. Although the findings are many and sometimes disparate, a few general conclusions have emerged: economic voting is incumbency oriented rather than policy oriented (Fiorina 1981; Kiewiet 1983); at the individual level, evaluations of the national economy are more closely tied to vote choice than are evaluations of personal finances (Kiewiet 1983; Kinder and Kiewiet 1979, 1981; Kinder, Adams, and Gronke 1989); and, with the exception of 2000, the incumbent party is habitually returned to office when economic times are good and tossed out when economic times are bad (Campbell and Garand 2000). In short, we know a lot about how the economy influences voters and elections, and it would seem that there are few issues left to resolve.
Obama and the Economy in 2008
Authors: Lewis-Beck Michael S. , Nadeau Richard
Published: June 2009

We believe the economy was much on voters' minds in the 2008 presidential election. More formally, a traditional economic retrospective voting theory—electors disapprove of past economic conditions and vote against the government—should serve well as an explanation of Obama's victory (Fiorina 1981; Lewis-Beck 1988, 34).
Congress and Foreign Policy: Congressional Action on the Darfur Genocide
Authors: Uscinski Joseph , Rocca Michael S. , Sanchez Gabriel R. , Brenden Marina
Published: June 2009

As of January 2008, more than 400,000 people have been killed and more than 2.5 million people have been displaced in the regions of Darfur and Chad. This event has not gone unnoticed in the United States, as the 109th United States Congress (2005–2006) considered several measures in the House of Representatives to provide funding and peacekeeping forces to quell the violence in Darfur. The goal of this article is to explain individual members' of Congress (MCs') support for Darfur legislation by examining the influence of their individual, district, and institutional characteristics. The Darfur case provides the opportunity to analyze factors critical to congressional behavior in a context where there is reason to expect an MC's usual set of incentives—e.g., reelection and adherence to party—to be less prominent. In all, we contribute to congressional and foreign policy research by parceling out the determinants of congressional support for foreign policy in comparison to domestic policy.
Polarized Agents: Campaign Contributions by Lobbyists
Authors: Koger Gregory , Victor Jennifer Nicoll
Published: June 2009

Are professional lobbyists loyal partisans? There are thousands of professional lobbyists in Washington, D.C., who work with members of Congress and their staffs, many of whom also make contributions to congressional candidates and political parties. Although many lobbyists have backgrounds in partisan politics, they may have incentives to give money to candidates from both parties. This article finds that professional lobbyists tend to make personal contributions to their preferred party exclusively.
Globalizing Higher Education: Designing the International Leadership Academy at the University of Utah
Authors: Lehman Howard P.
Published: June 2009

Nearly all campuses are determining ways by which they could internationalize the curriculum to connect their campus with the world. While study abroad programs are quite common, a less used mechanism that makes this important connection is a global leadership program. At the University of Utah, one innovative program is the International Leadership Academy, which integrates globalization into a class that provides students with conceptual skills as they enter a global market. This article discusses the design and implementation of a program that connects globalization and leadership. The ILA not only prepares students to make use of the many international opportunities in Utah, but exposes them to competing theories and explanations of international leadership.
The Political Science Discipline in Argentina: The Political Scientist's National Association's Role
Authors: Mazzoccone Diego , Mosquera Mariano , Espejo Silvana , Fancio Mariana , Gonzalez Gabriela , Litvinov Tamara , Schvetz Glenda Margarita
Published: June 2009

It is very difficult to date the birth of political science in Argentina. Unlike other discipline of the social sciences, in Argentina the first distinction can be made between political thought on the one hand, and political science in another. The debate over political thought—as the reflection of different political questions—emerged in our country in the nineteenth century, especially during the process of constructing the Argentine nation-state. Conversely, political science is defined in a general way as the application of the scientific method to the studies on the power of the state (Fernández 2001).
Oil, Revolution, and International Conflict: A Toxic Mix
Authors: Colgan Jeff
Published: June 2009

What is the relationship between oil and international conflict? In an era of increased dependence on, and greater volatility within, global markets for oil and energy, this question is central to understanding contemporary world politics. It is an empirical fact that petrostates—defined as states that have at least 10% of GDP derived from oil exports—are more prone to international conflict than non-petrostates. Indeed, in the period 1965–2001, petrostates engaged in militarized interstate disputes at roughly twice the rate of non-petrostates, on average. What explains this propensity?
Can Saddam be Contained? History Says Yes
Authors: Mearsheimer John J. , Walt Stephen M.
Published: June 2009

Should the United States invade Iraq and depose Saddam Hussein? Over the past few months, advocates of war have advanced a number of reasons why toppling Saddam is desirable. He is a bloodthirsty tyrant. He has defied the United Nations on numerous occasions. He has backed terrorists in the past. Removing him will reinforce respect for American power and spark democratic reform in the Middle East. If you're looking for a reason to support a war, in short, there are lenty from which to choose.
PROSLAVERY EXTREMISM GOES TO WAR: THE COUNTERREVOLUTIONARY CONFEDERACY AND REACTIONARY MILITARISM
Authors: BONNER ROBERT E.
Published: June 2009

Recent scholarship on Southern intellectual history has tended to minimize the importance of America's most reactionary defenders of bondage. This essay revisits the significance of proslavery extremists by attending to how George Fitzhugh and a group of fellow polemicists legitimated Confederate authoritarianism during the early 1860s. By joining together as avowed counterrevolutionaries during a period of rapid change, these publicists vindicated force and “institutionalism” as an alternative to the American founders' commitment to consensual government and equal political rights. Conjuring up sweeping historical vistas and developing a modish vocabulary of organic social development helped these popular essayists gain a hearing for their strikingly frank hostility towards popular government. In their growing attention to martial themes, they forecast an impending transition within Southern authoritarianism. As emancipation made earlier proslavery efforts obsolete, the enduring affinity for martial principles among Southern conservatives demonstrated the prescience of those writers who first recast an emphasis on racial domination into an even broader species of reactionary militarism.
LIBERALISM AND EMPIRE IN A NINETEENTH-CENTURY ALGERIAN MIRROR
Authors: PITTS JENNIFER
Published: June 2009

Le Miroir, published in Paris in 1833 by Hamdan ben Othman Khodja (c.1773–1842), was the first Algerian contribution to French public deliberation about France's emerging empire in North Africa. A work of a self-consciously liberal cosmopolitan, and modernizing, perspective, theMiroirwas almost alone in French debates in making a principled argument for a complete French withdrawal from Algeria—what Khodja called a “liberal emancipation” of the country. TheMiroirargued for an independent Algeria that might take its place in a nineteenth-century Europe of emerging nations, and that might engage with European states as a diplomatic equal. The work illustrates the constraints on those who sought to preserve some independence, discursive as well as political, in the face of European expansion, as well as the critical possibilities of liberal discourse at a moment when it was being marshaled in France and Britain in the service of empire.
QUENTIN SKINNER'S HOBBES AND THE NEO-REPUBLICAN PROJECT
Authors: COLLINS JEFFREY R.
Published: June 2009

For nearly half a century, Quentin Skinner has been the world's foremost interpreter of Thomas Hobbes. When the contextualist mode of intellectual history now known as the “Cambridge School” was first asserting itself in the 1960s, the life and writings of John Locke were the primary topic for pioneers such as Peter Laslett and John Dunn. At that time, Hobbes was still the plaything of philosophers and political scientists, virtually all of whom wrote in an ahistorical, textual-analytic manner. Hobbes had not been the subject of serious contextual research for decades, since the foundational writings of Ferdinand Tönnies. For Skinner, he was thus an ideal subject, providing a space for original research on a major figure, and an occasion for some polemically charged methodological manifestos. Both of these purposes animated his 1965 article “History and Ideology in the English Revolution,” and his 1966 article “The Ideological Context of Hobbes's Political Thought”. The latter of these remains to this day one of the most widely cited scholarly articles in the fifty-year run of Cambridge'sHistorical Journal. Among other results of these early efforts was the scholarly controversy during which Howard Warrender chided Skinner for having reduced the “classic texts in political philosophy” to mere “tracts for the times”.
Is it Merely a Question of “What” to Prompt or Also “When” to Prompt?
Authors: Thillmann Hubertina , Künsting Josef , Wirth Joachim , Leutner Detlev
Published: June 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the effectiveness of prompts depends on their point of presentation time in self-regulated learning. First, based on the cognitive load theory, we investigated whether presenting prompts during the learning process instead of before has a positive effect on the process and outcome of self-regulated learning. Second, based on an integration of the cognitive load theory and a model of learning regulation goals, we investigated whether presenting prompts during learning and according to a theoretically optimal course of learning regulation has a positive effect on the process and outcome of self-regulated learning. In an experimental study with a one-factorial between-subjects design, with “point of presentation time of prompts” as independent variable and strategy use as well as learning outcome as dependent variables, 95 students were randomly assigned to one of three conditions. During self-regulated learning in a computer-based learning environment on a physics domain, all conditions got the same prompts, whereas their point of presentation time differed (according to optimal regulation course/contrary to optimal regulation course/before learning). Results revealed that presenting prompts during learning instead of before had a positive effect on learning outcome. Results further revealed that adapting the presentation of prompts according to an optimal course of learning regulation did not have an additional positive effect on learning outcome. A mediator analysis showed that the effect of point of presentation time of prompts on learning outcome was mediated by strategy use during learning. Results are discussed with respect to new directions for assessment and support of self-regulated learning.
Promoting Self-Regulated Learning Through Prompts
Authors: Bannert Maria
Published: June 2009

In this contribution the four papers of this special issue on “Promoting Self-Regulated Learning Through Prompts” are discussed with the help of two crucial questions: What learning activities should be prompted and how should they be prompted? Overall, it is argued that future research has to conduct more in depth process analysis that incorporates multi-method assessment methods and to further account for individual learner characteristics. Prompting research, at present, needs more insights on how students actually deal with learning prompts.
Activation of Learning Strategies in Writing Learning Journals
Authors: Glogger Inga , Holzäpfel Lars , Schwonke Rolf , Nückles Matthias , Renkl Alexander
Published: June 2009

Writing learning journals is a method of fostering the application of learning strategies. However, students often do not spontaneously apply many learning strategies in writing learning journals. Prompts can be used to address this deficit. The present study analyzed the effects of prompts with different specificity on the application of learning strategies. High school students from two classrooms (N = 51) wrote learning journals in mathematics in two consecutive weeks. They received cognitive and metacognitive prompts for writing the learning journals. In a within-subjects design, students once received nonspecific and once received specific prompts. We counterbalanced whether specific prompts or nonspecific prompts were presented first. Specific prompts increased the quantity of cognitive learning strategies and, in part, the diversity of the specific learning strategies. Thus, production deficiencies could be overcome. However, the quality of learning strategies could not be enhanced. The deficits in applying high-quality strategies were obviously more fundamental.
Brightening of 630.0 nm equatorial spread‐F airglow depletions
Authors: Martinis Carlos , Baumgardner Jeffrey , Mendillo Michael , Su Shin‐Yi , Aponte Nestor
Published: June 2009

Observations from the Boston University all‐sky imaging system at Arecibo, Puerto Rico (18.3°N, 66.7°W, 28°N mag), show an unusual behavior of nighttime 630.0‐nm airglow depletions. Associated with equatorial spread‐F (ESF), these structures move eastward before reversing their motion and become airglow enhancements. Few other cases have been found, all during December solstices. For the case study presented here, data from the Arecibo incoherent scatter radar and the Republic of China Scientific Satellite (ROCSAT‐1) provide supporting information. The radar shows that around local midnight the background zonal and meridional plasma motions reverse to westward and southward, respectively. ROCSAT‐1 shows enhanced ion density, i.e., a low‐latitude plasma blob, above the bright feature recorded by the all‐sky imager, indicating a possible connection between both phenomena. Drifts parallel to the magnetic field are observed only in the region where the enhancement occurs. One possible interpretation of this change in the brightness of the depleted structure involves the influence of northward meridional winds and a reversal in the zonal drift motion, most likely caused by a zonal wind reversal.
Effect of thermal refraction on heat flow near the San Andreas Fault, Parkfield, California
Authors: Fulton Patrick M. , Saffer Demian M.
Published: June 2009

Heat flow data near the San Andreas Fault (SAF) do not reveal a near‐fault anomaly as expected from frictional heat generation, an observation interpreted to indicate that the fault slips at a depth‐averaged shear stress <20 MPa. The data also contain large unexplained scatter, which has been a separate major issue in the analysis of heat flow within the California Coast Ranges. Here we use numerical models of heat conduction to evaluate the hypothesis that thermal refraction, due to contrasts in thermal conductivity in the subsurface, both produces the observed scatter in heat flow and as a result obscures the thermal signature from frictional heating on a fault that supports large shear stress during slip. Our study focuses on the region around the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) near Parkfield, California. Our results show that surface heat flow is most sensitive to the contrast between Tertiary sediments and basement rocks and to wavelengths of basement topography of ∼10 km. With realistic thermal conductivity contrasts and a reasonable interpretation of this geologic contact, we show that thermal refraction is a plausible explanation for the observed heat flow scatter. However, refraction effects are unable to mask frictional heat generation in a manner consistent with observations. We show that even with large refraction effects, low background heat flow, a regional NW–SE decrease in heat flow, or nonsteady state heat conduction, the data are most consistent with a fault that produces little to no frictional heat.
Melt channelization in ascending mantle
Authors: Hewitt I. J. , Fowler A. C.
Published: June 2009

We study a model for channels of magma flow within mantle undergoing decompression melting. Cylindrical conduits in a viscous, porous, compacting matrix are considered, and it is found that the dynamics of the conduit walls are governed by the competition between melting (caused by decompression) and viscous closure (caused by the reduced pressure in the conduit). There are many similarities with the Röthlisberger channels which transport melt water beneath glaciers. Pressure in these mantle conduits is very nearly magmastatic, and ascent velocities on the order of 100 m a−1 are predicted. Flow from the surrounding porous partially molten matrix into the low‐pressure channel is considered and can supply a continual source of melt. The accumulation region is on the order of the compaction length, and the residual matrix is reduced to very low melt fractions, typically <0.5%. Channels form naturally from porous flow in the matrix because of the enhanced melting rate in regions of higher porosity, which have a larger heat flux from below. The vast majority of melt could be expected to flow eventually into one of these channels, which therefore offer a physical grounding for the conceptual near‐fractional melting models used to explain field observations.
Intrusion of warm Bering/Chukchi waters onto the shelf in the western Beaufort Sea
Authors: Okkonen Stephen R. , Ashjian Carin J. , Campbell Robert G. , Maslowski Wieslaw , Clement‐Kinney Jaclyn L. , Potter Rachel
Published: June 2009

Wind‐driven changes in the path of warm Bering/Chukchi waters carried by the Alaska Coastal Current (ACC) through Barrow Canyon during late summer are described from high‐resolution hydrography, acoustic Doppler current profiler–measured currents, and satellite‐measured sea surface temperature imagery acquired from mid‐August to mid‐September 2005–2007 near Barrow, Alaska. Numerical simulations are used to provide a multidecadal context for these observational data. Four generalized wind regimes and associated circulation states are identified. When winds are from the east or east‐southeast, the ACC jet tends to be relatively strong and flows adjacent to the shelf break along the southern flank of Barrow Canyon. These easterly winds drive inner shelf currents northwestward along the Alaskan Beaufort coast where they oppose significant eastward intrusions of warm water from Barrow Canyon onto the shelf. Because these easterly winds promote sea level set down over the Beaufort shelf and upwelling along the Beaufort slope, the ACC jet necessarily becomes weaker, broader, and displaced seaward from the Beaufort shelf break upon exiting Barrow Canyon. Winds from the northeast promote separation of the ACC from the southern flank of Barrow Canyon and establish an up‐canyon current along the southern flank that is fed in part by waters from the western Beaufort shelf. When winds are weak or from the southwest, warm Bering/Chukchi waters from Barrow Canyon intrude onto the western Beaufort shelf.
Field characterization of wave‐induced underwater light field fluctuations
Authors: Gernez Pierre , Antoine David
Published: June 2009

A field characterization of the amplitude and periods of the underwater light field fluctuations is presented on the basis of field measurements of the downward and upward irradiances at a deep‐sea mooring in the Mediterranean Sea (BOUSSOLE site). The optical time series at this site includes multispectral irradiance measurements at two depths and irradiance profiles taken from free‐fall radiometers. It is already several years long and is paralleled by a time series of wind and waves. When pooled together, both data sets provide an opportunity to complement previous field experiments dedicated to the understanding of underwater light fluctuations, which were mostly carried out in coastal waters and essentially for the downward irradiance, by exploring more systematically the electromagnetic spectrum and the range of environmental parameters. In addition, the characteristics of the upward flux are also investigated. The behavior of the amplitude and period of the Ed fluctuations are coherent with previous findings, although a more global picture is provided. The conditions for maximum fluctuations under clear skies are for wave heights of ∼0.5 m or wind speeds between ∼1 and 5 m s−1. Fluctuations are reduced under clear skies for wave heights >∼1.5 m or for wind speeds >7 m s−1. The dominant periods of the fluctuations in the upward flux are changing in parallel to those in the downward flux. The amplitude of the fluctuations in the upward flux is, however, evolving in the opposite direction as compared to the downward flux, e.g., decreasing when the water becomes clearer.
Lagoon of Venice ecosystem: Seasonal dynamics and environmental guidance with uncertainty analyses and error subspace data assimilation
Authors: Cossarini G. , Lermusiaux P. F. J. , Solidoro C.
Published: June 2009

An ensemble data assimilation scheme, Error Subspace Statistical Estimation (ESSE), is utilized to investigate the seasonal ecosystem dynamics of the Lagoon of Venice and provide guidance on the monitoring and management of the Lagoon, combining a rich data set with a physical‐biogeochemical numerical estuary‐coastal model. Novel stochastic ecosystem modeling components are developed to represent prior uncertainties in the Lagoon dynamics model, measurement model, and boundary forcing by rivers, open‐sea inlets, and industrial discharges. The formulation and parameters of these additive and multiplicative stochastic error models are optimized based on data‐model forecast misfits. The sensitivity to initial and boundary conditions is quantified and analyzed. Half‐decay characteristic times are estimated for key ecosystem variables, and their spatial and temporal variability are studied. General results of our uncertainty analyses are that boundary forcing and internal mixing have a significant control on the Lagoon dynamics and that data assimilation is needed to reduce prior uncertainties. The error models are used in the ESSE scheme for ensemble uncertainty predictions and data assimilation, and an optimal ensemble dimension is estimated. Overall, higher prior uncertainties are predicted in the central and northern regions of the Lagoon. On the basis of the dominant singular vectors of the ESSE ensemble, the two major northern rivers are the biggest sources of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) uncertainty in the Lagoon. Other boundary sources such as the southern rivers and industrial discharges can dominate uncertainty modes on certain months. For dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and phytoplankton, dominant modes are also linked to external boundaries, but internal dynamics effects are more significant than those for DIN. Our posterior estimates of the seasonal biogeochemical fields and of their uncertainties in 2001 cover the whole Lagoon. They provide the means to describe the ecosystem and guide local environmental policies. Specifically, our findings and results based on these fields include the temporal and spatial variability of nutrient and plankton gradients in the Lagoon; dynamical connections among ecosystem fields and their variability; strengths, gradients and mechanisms of the plankton blooms in late spring, summer, and fall; reductions of uncertainties by data assimilation and thus a quantification of data impacts and data needs; and, finally, an assessment of the water quality in the Lagoon in light of the local environmental legislation.