bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Length and Isometric Pattern of the Anterolateral Ligament With Serial Computer Tomography
Authors: Helito Camilo Partezani , Helito Paulo Victor Partezani , Bonadio Marcelo Batista , da Mota e Albuquerque Roberto Freire , Bordalo-Rodrigues Marcelo , Pecora Jose Ricardo , Camanho Gilberto Luis , Demange Marco Kawamura
Published: December 2014

Background:

Recent anatomical studies have identified the anterolateral ligament (ALL). Injury to this structure may lead to the presence of residual pivot shift in some reconstructions of the anterior cruciate ligament. The behavior of the length of this structure and its tension during range of motion has not been established and is essential when planning reconstruction.

Purpose:

To establish differences in the ALL length during range of knee motion.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

Ten unpaired cadavers were dissected. The attachments of the ALL were isolated. Its origin and insertion were marked with a 2 mm–diameter metallic sphere. Computed tomography scans were performed on the dissected parts under extension and 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion; measurements of the distance between the 2 markers were taken at all mentioned degrees of flexion. The distances between the points were compared.

Results:

The mean ALL length increased with knee flexion. Its mean length at full extension and at 30°, 60°, and 90° of flexion was 37.9 ± 5.3, 39.3 ± 5.4, 40.9 ± 5.4, and 44.1 ± 6.4 mm, respectively. The mean increase in length from 0° to 30° was 3.99% ± 4.7%, from 30° to 60° was 4.20% ± 3.2%, and from 60° to 90° was 7.45% ± 4.8%. From full extension to 90° of flexion, the ligament length increased on average 16.7% ± 12.1%. From 60° to 90° of flexion, there was a significantly higher increase in the mean distance between the points compared with the flexion from 0° to 30° and from 30° to 60°.

Conclusion:

The ALL shows no isometric behavior during the range of motion of the knee. The ALL increases in length from full extension to 90° of flexion by 16.7%, on average. The increase in length was greater from 60° to 90° than from 0° to 30° and from 30° to 60°. The increase in length at higher degrees of flexion suggests greater tension with increasing flexion.

Clinical Relevance:

Knowledge of ALL behavior during the range of motion of the knee will allow for fixation (during its reconstruction) to be performed with a higher or lower tension, depending on the chosen degree of flexion.
The Role of Employee Identification and Organizational Identity in Strategic Communication and Organizational Issues Management about Genetic Modification
Authors: Henderson Alison , Cheney George , Weaver C. Kay
Published: December 2014

This article examines the organizational identities and strategic communication of two New Zealand primary export organizations as they managed intense public debate surrounding the potential impacts of genetic modification. We examine the similarities and differences in identifications at multiple levels in these organizations, illustrating the value and, by implication, policy positions held simultaneously by individual organizational members, groups, and the organizations as collective entities. These positions also serve as points of reference in public discourse about genetic modification. Our empirically grounded, critical interpretive analysis reveals the roles played by employee identification and organizational identity formation in strategic communication and organizational issues management about controversial public policies. In these ways, the analysis makes important connections between “the organizational voice” typically represented in issues management and individual members’ identifications, and offers evidence for how the latter might be taken into account in the development of strategic communication.
Defining Distinctiveness
Authors: Evans Sandra K.
Published: December 2014

Because of disruption stemming from digital media products and services, radio stations across the country are enacting organizational changes to provide digital content while maintaining a strong radio broadcast presence. This study asks: How do views on organizational competition correspond with organizational identity discourse? And, how do cognitive competitor networks differ among public media organizations, and among people in similar roles across different organizations? Theories of organizational identity, networks, and strategic groups are applied to interview data from 75 people in 14 organizations. The way individuals perceived competitors encapsulated the connection between organizational identity and strategy. Descriptive network analysis of cognitive competitor networks showed that people in similar departments across organizations had similar views about competitors, but there was divergence among these role-based groups. This study demonstrates how views about competitors inform organizational identity discourse and produces dialectical tensions with regard to strategy that, if ignored, can potentially hamper innovation.
Strategic Vision and Values in Top Leaders’ Communications
Authors: Mayfield Jacqueline , Mayfield Milton , Sharbrough William C.
Published: December 2014

This study extends motivating language theory (MLT) to clarify how top leaders can construct and transmit strategic vision communications and related values messages to improve organizational performance. The propositions and models configure MLT’s utility for transmitting vision and values through CEO language, and also expand the existing MLT framework to include multilevel and external communication. In addition, one of the proposed models presents a cybernetic feedback process that embraces external and internal organizational stakeholders. Furthermore, top leader examples of motivating language in practice are examined. Finally, this theoretical article contributes proposed frameworks for organizational-level motivating language implementation, diffusion, and future empirical analysis of MLT in leader strategic vision and related values communications.
Leveraging Social Networks for Strategic Success
Authors: Eisenberg Eric M. , Johnson Zachary , Pieterson Willem
Published: December 2014

Increasingly unpredictable and competitive organizational environments have put pressure on leaders across all industries to better manage change. Key to successful change management is the ability to both: (1) communicate the desired change in ways that create line of sight; and (2) develop regular sources of feedback that measure the extent to which the change has diffused throughout the organization. Social Network Analysis provides this type of useful feedback. By allowing leaders to visualize the informal communication networks in their organizations, social network analysis can help organizations continuously assess and evaluate the effectiveness of their change strategies. Social Network Analysis is gaining in popularity today due to the convergence of interest in performance dashboards and in social media. Organizations investing in social network analysis are doing so now because it helps them to identify individuals who are critical to the organization’s communication flow as well as opportunities for strategic communication aimed at tuning the network to better promote organizational effectiveness.
A Successful US Academic Collaborative Supporting Medical Education in a Postconflict Setting
Authors: McQuilkin Patricia , Marshall Roseda E. , Niescierenko Michelle , Tubman Venée N. , Olson Bradley G. , Staton Donna , Williams Jackson H. , Graham Elinor A.
Published: December 2014

This article describes a model employed by the Academic Collaborative to Support Medical Education in Liberia to augment medical education in a postconflict setting where the health and educational structures and funding are very limited. We effectively utilized a cohort of visiting US pediatric faculty and trainees for short-term but recurrent clinical work and teaching. This model allows US academic medical centers, especially those with smaller residency programs, to provide global health experiences for faculty and trainees while contributing to the strengthening of medical education in the host country. Those involved can work toward a goal of sustainable training with a strengthened host country specialty education system. Partnerships such as ours evolve over time and succeed by meeting the needs of the host country, even during unanticipated challenges, such as the Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa.
Textures and microstructures of AA3xxx hotbands from two different continuous casting processes
Authors: Wen X. Y. , Wen W. , Liu Y. , Long Z. D. , Ningileri S. , Zhai T. , Li Z.
Published: December 2014

Microstructure observation and texture analysis of two AA3xxx hotbands made by twin belt casting route and a proprietary pellet casting and compacting process were carried out respectively with the aid of scanning electron microscopy and orientation distribution function from X-ray diffraction. The textures and microstructures of the two alloys made by the two processes were systematically studied and discussed, which showed significant differences through hotband thickness in individual alloys. The results as obtained in the present investigation may provide practically useful reference for the microstructures and textures control and optimisation in production of hotband of aluminium alloys and final downstream rolling products.
Electrochemical behaviours of (NiCoFeCrCu)95B5 high entropy alloy coatings
Authors: Liu D. , Cheng J. B. , Ling H.
Published: December 2014

Plasma transferred arc cladding process was used to fabricate (NiCoFeCrCu)95B5 multielement alloy coating. The microstructure and electrochemical behaviours of the coating were investigated. Results show that the precipitation of intermetallic compounds in the coating is effectively inhibited by the rapid solidification process. The coating has simple ordered body centred cubic and face centred cubic solid solution phases. The as prepared coating has excellent corrosion resistance in hydrochloric acid solution. The corresponding corrosion current and corrosion rates are effectively reduced, and the electrochemical impedance is significantly improved referenced to those of the 304 stainless steel.
Biological significance of HLA locus matching in unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Morishima Yasuo , Kashiwase Koichi , Matsuo Keitaro , Azuma Fumihiro , Morishima Satoko , Onizuka Makoto , Yabe Toshio , Murata Makoto , Doki Noriko , Eto Tetsuya , Mori Takehiko , Miyamura Koichi , Sao Hiroshi , Ichinohe Tatsuo , Saji Hiroo , Kato Shunichi , Atsuta Yoshiko , Kawa Keisei , Kodera Yoshihisa , Sasazuki Takehiko
Published: December 2014

Key Points

Significant HLA locus mismatches responsible for transplant-related events were determined in 7898 unrelated marrow donor transplants. This information provides a rationale for use of an algorithm for unrelated donor selection.
Hepcidin is suppressed by erythropoiesis in hemoglobin E β-thalassemia and β-thalassemia trait
Authors: Jones Emma , Pasricha Sant-Rayn , Allen Angela , Evans Patricia , Fisher Chris A. , Wray Katherine , Premawardhena Anuja , Bandara Dyananda , Perera Ashok , Webster Craig , Sturges Pamela , Olivieri Nancy F. , St. Pierre Timothy , Armitage Andrew E. , Porter John B. , Weatherall David J. , Drakesmith Hal
Published: December 2014

Key Points

Expanded erythropoiesis strongly drives hepcidin suppression in severe transfusion-dependent HbE β-thalassemia. β-thalassemia carriers, but not HbE carriers, have enhanced erythropoiesis associated with mildly suppressed hepcidin.
Early goal-directed therapy: what do we do now?
Authors: Levy Mitchell M
Published: December 2014

The meta-analysis of early goal-directed therapy (EGDT) by Gu and colleagues in the previous issue of Critical Care adds to the ongoing controversy about the value of EGDT for resuscitating patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. The results of the ProCESS (protocolized care for early septic shock) and ARISE (Australasian resuscitation in sepsis evaluation) trials failed to demonstrate any benefit of EGDT or protocolized resuscitation when compared with ‘usual care’. The questions are the following: What is ‘usual’ care? What is ‘real world’ care? Do the results of a robust and well-conducted randomized controlled trial - in which many patients may be excluded for a variety of reasons - reflect the care given to patients on a daily basis in our emergency departments and intensive care units? Of course, there are no obvious answers to these questions, and many clinicians look forward to managing these patients without protocols. For now, the data do seem to support the management of patients with septic shock without mandated central lines or protocols. Does this mean we should go back to the era of ‘do whatever you want’? No consensus exists among clinicians regarding optimal hemodynamic monitoring, and to date no method has been proven to be superior. Given the amount of fluids given prior to randomization in the ProCESS and ARISE trials, ‘usual care’ appears to now include aggressive, early fluid resuscitation with at least 20 mL/kg of crystalloid and rapid administration of appropriate antibiotics. Certainly, this reflects the impact of the original trial by Rivers and colleagues and the broad-based implementation of the Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines and bundles. If this continues to define ‘usual care’, then perhaps it is no longer necessary to mandate specific protocols for resuscitation, as it appears that standard sepsis management has evolved to be consistent with published protocols.
Rotational thrombelastometry: a step forward to safer patient care?
Authors: Saner Fuat H
Published: December 2014

The study by Hincker and colleagues indicated that the perioperative use of rotational thrombelastometry (ROTEM™) could predict thromboembolic events in 90% of the cases in non-cardiac surgery. Viscoelastic tests (VETs) - ROTEM™ and thrombelastography (TEG™) - are used mainly to predict bleeding complications. Most conventional coagulation tests, like prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time, can identify a disturbance in plasmatic hemostasis. However, the relevance of these assays is limited to the initiation phase of coagulation, whereas VETs are designed to assess the whole clotting kinetics and strength of the whole blood clot and reflect more the interaction between procoagulants, anticoagulants, and platelets. The first reports about VET and hypercoagulable state were published more than 25 years ago. Since then, several studies with different quality and sample size have been published, sometimes with conflicting results. A systematic review about hypercoagulable state and TEG™ indicated that further studies are needed to recommend VETs as a screening tool to predict postoperative thrombosis.
Fluid resuscitation should respect the endothelial glycocalyx layer
Authors: Guidet Bertrand , Ait-Oufella Hafid
Published: December 2014

Endothelial glycocalyx degradation induced by fluid overload adds to the concern of a detrimental effect of uncontrolled fluid resuscitation and the risk of unnecessary fluid infusion. As a consequence, the use of new tools for monitoring response to fluids appears promising. From that perspective, the monitoring of plasma concentration of glycocalyx degradation markers could be useful.
Evaluation of urinary tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 in acute kidney injury: a prospective observational study
Authors: Yamashita Tetsushi , Doi Kent , Hamasaki Yoshifumi , Matsubara Takehiro , Ishii Takeshi , Yahagi Naoki , Nangaku Masaomi , Noiri Eisei
Published: December 2014

Introduction

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) is an emerging acute kidney injury (AKI) biomarker. We evaluated the performance of urinary TIMP-2 in an adult mixed ICU by comparison with other biomarkers that reflect several different pathways of AKI.

Methods

In this study, we prospectively enrolled 98 adult critically ill patients who had been admitted to the adult mixed ICU. Urinary TIMP-2 and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) and plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and erythropoietin (EPO) were measured on ICU admission. We evaluated these biomarkers’ capability of detecting AKI and its severity as determined by using the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes serum creatinine criteria, as well as its capacity to predict in-hospital mortality. The impact of sepsis, the leading cause of AKI in ICUs, was also evaluated.

Results

We found AKI in 42 patients (42.9%). All biomarkers were significantly higher in AKI than in non-AKI. In total, 27 patients (27.6%) developed severe AKI. Urinary TIMP-2 was able to distinguish severe AKI from non-severe AKI with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) of 0.80 (95% confidence interval, 0.66 to 0.90). A total of 41 cases (41.8%) were complicated with sepsis. Although plasma NGAL and IL-6 were increased by sepsis, urinary TIMP-2 and NAG were increased not by sepsis, but by the presence of severe AKI. Plasma EPO was increased only by septic AKI. In-hospital mortality was 15.3% in this cohort. Urinary TIMP-2 and NAG, and plasma NGAL, were significantly higher in non-survivors than in survivors, although plasma IL-6 and EPO were not. Among the biomarkers, only urinary TIMP-2 was able to predict in-hospital mortality significantly better than serum creatinine.

Conclusion

Urinary TIMP-2 can detect severe AKI with performance equivalent to plasma NGAL and urinary NAG, with an AUC-ROC value higher than 0.80. Furthermore, urinary TIMP-2 was associated with mortality. Sepsis appeared to have only a limited impact on urinary TIMP-2, in contrast to plasma NGAL.
Variants of uncertain significance in BRCA: a harbinger of ethical and policy issues to come?
Authors: Cheon Jae Yeon , Mozersky Jessica , Cook-Deegan Robert
Published: December 2014

After two decades of genetic testing and research, the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes are two of the most well-characterized genes in the human genome. As a result, variants of uncertain significance (VUS; also called variants of unknown significance) are reported less frequently than for genes that have been less thoroughly studied. However, VUS continue to be uncovered, even for BRCA1/2. The increasing use of multi-gene panels and whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing will lead to higher rates of VUS detection because more genes are being tested, and most genomic loci have been far less intensively characterized than BRCA1/2. In this article, we draw attention to ethical and policy-related issues that will emerge. Experience garnered from BRCA1/2 testing is a useful introduction to the challenges of detecting VUS in other genetic testing contexts, while features unique to BRCA1/2 suggest key differences between the BRCA experience and the current challenges of multi-gene panels in clinical care. We propose lines of research and policy development, emphasizing the importance of pooling data into a centralized open-access database for the storage of gene variants to improve VUS interpretation. In addition, establishing ethical norms and regulated practices for sharing and curating data, analytical algorithms, interpretive frameworks and patient re-contact are important policy areas.
Partitioning of web applications for hybrid cloud deployment
Authors: Kaviani Nima , Wohlstadter Eric , Lea Rodger
Published: December 2014

Hybrid cloud deployment offers flexibility in trade-offs between the cost-savings/scalability of the public cloud and control over data resources provided at a private premise. However, this flexibility comes at the expense of complexity in distributing a system over these two locations. For multi-tier web applications, this challenge manifests itself primarily in the partitioning of application- and database-tiers. While there is existing research that focuses on either application-tier or data-tier partitioning, we show that optimized partitioning of web applications benefits from both tiers being considered simultaneously. We present our research on a new cross-tier partitioning approach to help developers make effective trade-offs between performance and cost in a hybrid cloud deployment. The general approach primarily benefits from two technical improvements to integer-programming based application partitioning. First, an asymmetric cost-model for optimizing data transfer in environments where ingress and egress data-transfer have differing costs, such as in many infrastructure as a service platforms. Second, a new encoding of database query plans as integer programs, to enable simultaneous optimization of code and data placement in a hybrid cloud environment. In two case studies the approach results in up to 54% reduction in monetary costs compared to a premise only deployment and 56% improvement in response time compared to a naive partitioning where the application-tier is deployed in the public cloud and the data-tier is on private infrastructure.
Classical solutions for the Cahn-Hilliard equation with decayed mobility
Authors: Huang Rui , Mei Ming , Yin Jingxue
Published: December 2014

We consider the Cahn-Hilliard equation with concentration dependent mobility in two dimensions. Global existence and uniqueness of classical solutions are established for a mobility with some delayed structure and general potential including

−
u
+
γ

u
3

for both

γ
>
0

and

γ
<
0

.
The Irish Joke, Migrant Networks, and the London Irish in the 1680s
Authors: Burke Helen
Published: December 2014

This essay analyzes the Irish jokes that circulated in London in the 1680s, paying particular attention to those that emanated from the stage and from the two earliest Irish joke books, Bog Witticisms; or, Dear Joy’s Common-Places (1682) and Teagueland Jests, or Bogg-Witticisms (1690). Like ethnic jokes in general, these Irish jokes sought to stereotype and ridicule the population that they depicted, in this case, the London-Irish. But, as this essay illustrates, these comic representations can also serve as a rich source of information on the cultural, social, and economic life of that population during that period, documenting its resilience and energy as it mapped itself onto the landscape of that city. To recover this information, however, requires a different mode of reading, one that focuses on the “ground,” or background detail of the joke, rather than its “figure,” the material that is on its surface.
Making a Play for Patronage: Dennis O’Bryen’s A Friend in Need Is a Friend Indeed (1783)
Authors: O’Shaughnessy David
Published: December 2014

The Whig pamphleteer Dennis O’Bryen is one of a number of Irish playwrights in eighteenth-century London whose cultural and political contribution to the city has been overlooked. This essay offers the early career of O’Bryen as a case study in how the theater might be used to gain political patronage in the 1780s. O’Bryen, a bankrupt Irish immigrant in 1780, became a close confidante and trusted political adviser to Charles James Fox after the Haymarket performance of O-Bryen’s play, A Friend in Need Is a Friend Indeed (1783). Drawing on both Goldsmith’s The Good Natur’d Man (1768) and a scandalous episode in Fox’s life, the play was a creative attack on Fox’s political opponents Lord Shelburne and the moneylender John “Jew” King.
A preliminary exploration of the physical properties of seagrass wrack that affect its offshore transport, deposition, and retention on a beach
Authors: Oldham Carolyn , McMahon Kathryn , Brown Eloise , Bosserelle Cyprien , Lavery Paul
Published: December 2014

Lay Abstract

The accumulation of seagrass wrack on beaches provides a link between the marine and terrestrial environments and has been shown to play an important role in beach ecology. However there are parts of the world where accumulations of wrack are so pronounced that the wrack piles affect beach shape, and erosion can block harbors and breakwaters. The production of poisonous gases caused by its decay can become a human health hazard. Ideally, numerical models should allow us to predict wrack accumulation under a variety of management scenarios; however, there are few data to use in such numerical modeling. Indeed our understanding of how wrack is deposited to and removed from beaches is limited. This paper provides an exploratory investigation of a range of physical properties of seagrass wrack and establishes a baseline understanding of how these physical properties might impact on its transport and accumulation onto beaches.
Calm1 signaling pathway is essential for the migration of mouse precerebellar neurons
Authors: Kobayashi Hiroaki , Saragai Shunsuke , Naito Atsushi , Ichio Koji , Kawauchi Daisuke , Murakami Fujio
Published: December 2014

The calcium ion regulates many aspects of neuronal migration, which is an indispensable process in the development of the nervous system. Calmodulin (CaM) is a multifunctional calcium ion sensor that transduces much of the signal. To better understand the role of Ca2+-CaM in neuronal migration, we investigated mouse precerebellar neurons (PCNs), which undergo stereotyped, long-distance migration to reach their final position in the developing hindbrain. In mammals, CaM is encoded by three non-allelic CaM (Calm) genes (Calm1, Calm2 and Calm3), which produce an identical protein with no amino acid substitutions. We found that these CaM genes are expressed in migrating PCNs. When the expression of CaM from this multigene family was inhibited by RNAi-mediated acute knockdown, inhibition of Calm1 but not the other two genes caused defective PCN migration. Many PCNs treated with Calm1 shRNA failed to complete their circumferential tangential migration and thus failed to reach their prospective target position. Those that did reach the target position failed to invade the depth of the hindbrain through the required radial migration. Overall, our results suggest the participation of CaM in both the tangential and radial migration of PCNs.
Canonical Wnt signalling regulates epithelial patterning by modulating levels of laminins in zebrafish appendages
Authors: Nagendran Monica , Arora Prateek , Gori Payal , Mulay Aditya , Ray Shinjini , Jacob Tressa , Sonawane Mahendra
Published: December 2014

The patterning and morphogenesis of body appendages – such as limbs and fins – is orchestrated by the activities of several developmental pathways. Wnt signalling is essential for the induction of limbs. However, it is unclear whether a canonical Wnt signalling gradient exists and regulates the patterning of epithelium in vertebrate appendages. Using an evolutionarily old appendage – the median fin in zebrafish – as a model, we show that the fin epithelium exhibits graded changes in cellular morphology along the proximo-distal axis. This epithelial pattern is strictly correlated with the gradient of canonical Wnt signalling activity. By combining genetic analyses with cellular imaging, we show that canonical Wnt signalling regulates epithelial cell morphology by modulating the levels of laminins, which are extracellular matrix components. We have unravelled a hitherto unknown mechanism involved in epithelial patterning, which is also conserved in the pectoral fins – evolutionarily recent appendages that are homologous to tetrapod limbs.
Sound production inOnuxodon fowleri(Carapidae) and its amplification by the host shell
Authors: Kéver Loïc , Colleye Orphal , Lugli Marco , Lecchini David , Lerouvreur Franck , Herrel Anthony , Parmentier Eric
Published: December 2014

Onuxodon species are well known for living inside pearl oysters. As in other carapids, their anatomy highlights their ability to make sounds but sound production has never been documented in Onuxodon. This paper describes sound production in Onuxodon fowleri as well as the anatomy of the sound production apparatus. Single-pulsed sounds and multiple-pulsed sounds that sometimes last more than 3 s were recorded in the field and in captivity (Makemo Island, French Polynesia). These pulses are characterized by a broadband frequency spectrum from 100 to 1000 Hz. Onuxodon fowleri is mainly characterized by its ability to modulate the pulse period, meaning that this species can produce pulsed sounds and tonal-like sounds using the same mechanism. In addition, the sound can be remarkably amplified by the shell cavity (peak gain can exceed 10 dB for some frequencies). The sonic apparatus of O. fowleri is characterized by a rocker bone in front of the swimbladder, modified vertebrae and epineurals, and two pairs of sonic muscles, one of which (primary sonic muscle) inserts on the rocker bone. The latter structure, which is absent in other carapid genera, appears to be sexually dimorphic suggesting differences in sound production in males and females. Sound production in O. fowleri could be an example of adaptation where an animal exploits features of its environment to enhance communication.
Evidence for multiple, distinct ADAR-containing complexes in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Schweidenback Caterina T.H. , Emerman Amy B. , Jambhekar Ashwini , Blower Michael D.
Published: December 2014

ADAR (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA) is an RNA-editing enzyme present in most metazoans that converts adenosines in double-stranded RNA targets into inosines. Although the RNA targets of ADAR-mediated editing have been extensively cataloged, our understanding of the cellular function of such editing remains incomplete. We report that long, double-stranded RNA added to Xenopus laevis egg extract is incorporated into an ADAR-containing complex whose protein components resemble those of stress granules. This complex localizes to microtubules, as assayed by accumulation on meiotic spindles. We observe that the length of a double-stranded RNA influences its incorporation into the microtubule-localized complex. ADAR forms a similar complex with endogenous RNA, but the endogenous complex fails to localize to microtubules. In addition, we characterize the endogenous, ADAR-associated RNAs and discover that they are enriched for transcripts encoding transcriptional regulators, zinc-finger proteins, and components of the secretory pathway. Interestingly, association with ADAR correlates with previously reported translational repression in early embryonic development. This work demonstrates that ADAR is a component of two, distinct ribonucleoprotein complexes that contain different types of RNAs and exhibit diverse cellular localization patterns. Our findings offer new insight into the potential cellular functions of ADAR.
Let the Stalker Beware? Analysis of the Law of Stalking in Scotland
Authors: Middlemiss Sam
Published: December 2014

This article analyses the significance of changes to the law in Scotland dealing with stalking by outlining the previous legal position and examining the new legal rules and their impact. Stalking has been proven to be extremely harmful to the victims of the behaviour and their families, and proper legislative rules to deal with it in Scotland have been long overdue. The legislative protection required for stalking victims was introduced in 2010 and it now seems an opportune time to review the legal rules and their impact in protecting victims against stalkers in Scotland. In the process, consideration of statistical data concerning stalking prosecutions is also considered. The article also includes analysis of the legal position of stalking victims in England and Wales where new offences have recently been introduced.
The Interpretation of Genocidal Intent under the Genocide Convention and the Jurisprudence of International Courts
Authors: Aydin Devrim
Published: December 2014

Many scholars studying substantive criminal law examine the crime in an analytical way to determine the elements of crime, determining these elements as the material or objective element ( actus reus) and the mental or subjective element ( mens rea). In accordance with this, a crime consists of a physical act or omission (material element) and the psychological bond that links the act to the perpetrator (mental element). The elements of the crime of genocide are derived from the definition of Article 2 of the 1948 United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. According to this, the crime of genocide is committing any of the acts enumerated in the Convention with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such. The mental element of genocide was not mentioned either during the Nuremberg trials or in the Convention. The discussion on the mental element of the crime of genocide or ‘genocidal intent’ took place within international criminal law for the first time during the trials at international courts for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda in order to prove the perpetrators' genocidal intent. This article discusses the definition of genocide, the mental element of the crime in substantive criminal law, the mental element of the crime of genocide and the jurisprudence of the international tribunals related to the issue.
Multi-Frequency Study of the SZ Effect in Cosmic Structures
Authors: Colafrancesco Sergio
Published: December 2014

The Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect (SZE) is a relevant probe for cosmology and astrophysics. A multi-frequency approach to study the SZE in cosmic structures turns out to be crucial in the use of this probe for astrophysics and cosmology. Astrophysical and cosmological applications to galaxy clusters, galaxies, radiogalaxies and large-scale structures are discussed. Future directions for the study of the SZE and its polarization are finally outlined.
Forty Years of X-Raying Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies
Authors: Boller Thomas
Published: December 2014

Forty years after the discovery of Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies (NLS1s), and 20 years since the discovery of the remarkable ultrasoft soft X-ray emissions of NLS1s, strategic publications improved the understanding of the Seyfert phenomenon more generally. New theoretical models emerged from the observations and stimulated the discussions on the innermost regions of AGN. NLS1s are an amazing class of AGN for X-ray, optical and multiwavelength science.
Mass Accretion Processes in Young Stellar Objects: Role of Intense Flaring Activity
Authors: Orlando Salvatore , Reale Fabio , Peres Giovanni , Mignone Andrea
Published: December 2014

According to the magnetospheric accretion scenario, young low-mass stars are surrounded by circumstellar disks which they interact with through accretion of mass. The accretion builds up the star to its nal mass and is also believed to power the mass out ows, which may in turn have a signicant role in removing the excess angular momentum from the star-disk system. Although the process of mass accretion is a critical aspect of star formation, some of its mechanisms are still to be fully understood. On the other hand, strong  aring activity is a common feature of young stellar objects (YSOs). In the Sun, such events give rise to perturbations of the interplanetary medium. Similar but more energetic phenomena occur in YSOs and may in uence the circumstellar environment. In fact, a recent study has shown that an intense flaring activity close to the disk may strongly perturb the stability of circumstellar disks, thus inducing mass accretion episodes (Orlando et al. 2011). Here we review the main results obtained in the eld and the future perspectives.
Auger Highlights
Authors: Castellina Antonella
Published: December 2014

The Pierre Auger Observatory has been designed to investigate the origin and nature of the ultra high energy cosmic rays using a hybrid detection technique. A review of selected results is presented, with the emphasis given to the measurement of energy spectrum, mass composition and arrival directions.
AGILE Highlights after Six Years in Orbit
Authors: Pittori Carlotta
Published: December 2014

AGILE is an ASI space mission in collaboration with INAF, INFN and CIFS, dedicated to the observation of the gamma-ray Universe in the 30 MeV - 50 GeV energy range, with simultaneous X-ray imaging capability in the 18-60 keV band. The AGILE satellite was launched on April 23rd, 2007, and produced several important scientic results, among which the unexpected discovery of strong
ares from the Crab Nebula. This discovery won to the AGILE PI and the AGILE Team the Bruno Rossi Prize for 2012 by the High Energy Astrophysics division of the American Astronomical Society. Thanks to its sky monitoring capability and fast ground segment alert system, AGILE detected many Galactic and extragalactic sources: among other results AGILE discovered gamma-ray emission from the microquasar Cygnus X-3, detected many bright blazars, discovered several new gamma-ray pulsars, and discovered emission up to 100 MeV from Terrestrial Gamma-Ray Flashes. We present an overview of the main AGILE Data Center activities and the AGILE scientic highlights after 6 years of operations.
Black Hole Results from XMM-Newton
Authors: Schartel Norbert
Published: December 2014

XMM-Newton is one of the most successful science missions of the  European Space Agency. Since 2003 every year about 300 articles are published in refereed journals making directly use of XMM-Newton data. All XMM-Newton calls for observing proposals are highly oversubscribed by factors of six and more. In the following some scientic highlights of XMM-Newton observations of black holes are summarized.
High-Resolution X-Ray Spectroscopy of Galactic Supernova Remnants
Authors: Katsuda Satoru , Tsunemi Hiroshi
Published: December 2014

High-resolution X-ray spectroscopy of Galactic supernova remnants (SNRs), based on grating spectrometers onboard XMM-Newton and Chandra, has been revealing a variety of new astrophysical phenomena. Broadened oxygen lines for a northwestern compact knot in SN 1006 clearly show a high oxygen temperature of ~300 keV. The high temperature together with a lower electron temperature (kTe ~ 1 keV) can be reasonably interpreted as temperature non-equilibration between electrons and oxygen behind a collisionless shock. An ejecta knot in the Puppis A SNR shows blueshifted line emission by ~ 1500kms-1. The line widths are fairly narrow in contrast to the SN 1006's knot; an upper limit of 0.9 eV is obtained for O VIII Lyα, which translates to an oxygen temperature of kTO < 30 keV. The low temperature suggests that the knot was heated by a reverse shock whose velocity is 4 times slower than that of a forward shock. Anomalous intensity ratios in O VII Heα lines, i.e., a stronger forbidden line than a resonance line, is found in a cloud-shock interaction region in Puppis A. The line ratio can be best explained by the charge-exchange emission that should arise at interfaces between the cold/warm clouds and the hot plasma. There are several other targets for which we plan to analyze high-quality grating data prior to the operation of the soft X-ray spectrometer onboard Astro-H.
X-Ray and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Dim X-Ray Point Sources Constituting the Galactic Ridge X-Ray Emission
Authors: Morihana Kumiko , Tsujimoto Masahiro , Ebisawa Ken
Published: December 2014

We present the results of X-ray and Near-Infrared observations of the Galactic Ridge X-ray Emission (GRXE). We extracted 2,002 X-ray point sources in the Chandra Bulge Field (l =0°.113, b = 1°.424) down to ~10-14.8 ergscm-2s-1 in 2-8 keV band with the longest observation (900 ks) of the GRXE. Based on X-ray brightness and hardness, we classied the X-ray point sources into three groups: A (hard), B (soft and broad spectrum), and C (soft and peaked spectrum). In order to know populations of the X-ray point sources, we carried out NIR imaging and spectroscopy observation. We identied 11% of X-ray point sources with NIR and extracted NIR spectra for some of them. Based on X-ray and NIR properties, we concluded that non-thermal sources in the group A are mostly active galactic nuclei and the thermal sources are mostly white dwarf binaries such as cataclysmic variables (CVs) and Pre-CVs. We concluded that the group B and C sources are X-ray active stars in flare and quiescence, respectively.
The X-Ray Binary KS 1731{260: Possible Analogy with Her X-1
Authors: Šimon Vojtěch
Published: December 2014

The X-ray binary with the neutron star (NS), KS 1731-260, displays superorbital cycle similar to that in Her X-1. The accretion disk had the memory of the cycle-length even when this modulation sometimes disappeared in the main outburst of KS 1731-260, and during anomalous low state in Her X-1. The disk still existed during such seasons. Although irradiation of the disk by X-rays is a viable explanation for the disk precession and warping (see model of Foulkes et al.), the mechanisms which give rise to the observed X-ray modulation are quite dierent for each of these systems. Variable absorption can explain this cycle only in Her X-1. We propose a variable mass accretion rate onto the NS in KS 1731-260 due to a highly variable impact of the inflowing mass stream with the changing phase of the cycle.
A Review of Astrophysical Jets
Authors: Beall James H.
Published: December 2014

Astrophysical jets are ubiquitous: this simple statement has become a commonplace over the last three decades and more as a result of observing campaigns using detectors sensitive from radio to gamma-ray energies. During this epoch, theoretical models of these sources have become more complex, moving from assumptions of isotropy that made analytic calculations possible, to fully anisotropic models of emission from the jets and their interactions with the interstellar and intra-cluster medium. Such calculations are only possible because we have extensive computational resources. In addition, the degree of international cooperation required for observing campaigns of these sorts is remarkable, since the instruments include among others the Very Large Array (VLA), the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA), and entire constellations of satellite instruments, often working in concert. In this paper, I discuss some relevant observations from these eorts and the theoretical interpretations they have occasioned.
Multiscale Modeling of Astrophysical Jets
Authors: Beall James H. , Guillory John , Rose David V. , Wolff Michael T.
Published: December 2014

We are developing the capability for a multi-scale code to model the energy deposition rate and momentum transfer rate of an astrophysical jet which generates strong plasma turbulence in its interaction with the ambient medium through which it propagates. We start with a highly parallelized version of the VH-1 Hydrodynamics Code (Coella and Wood 1984, and Saxton et al., 2005). We are also considering the PLUTO code (Mignone et al. 2007) to model the jet in the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) and relativistic, magnetohydrodynamic (RMHD) regimes. Particle-in-Cell approaches are also being used to benchmark a wave-population models of the two-stream instability and associated plasma processes in order to determine energy deposition and momentum transfer rates for these modes of jet-ambient medium interactions. We show some elements of the modeling of these jets in this paper, including energy loss and heating via plasma processes, and large scale hydrodynamic and relativistic hydrodynamic simulations. A preliminary simulation of a jet from the galactic center region is used to lend credence to the jet as the source of the so-called the Fermi Bubble (see, e.g., Su, M. & Finkbeiner, D. P., 2012)

*It is with great sorrow that we acknowledge the loss of our colleague and friend of more than thirty years, Dr. John Ural Guillory, to his battle with cancer.
Design and Tests of the Hard X-ray Polarimeter X-Calibur
Authors: Beilicke M. , Cowsik R. , Dowkontt P. , Guo Q. , Kislat F. , Barthelmy S. , Okajima T. , Mitchell J. W. , Schnittman J. , Zeiger B. , De Geronimo G. , Baring M. G. , Bodaghee A. , Miyazawa T. , Finkelstein K. D. , Krawczynski H.
Published: December 2014

X-ray polarimetry promises to give qualitatively new information bout high-energy astrophysical sources, such as binary black hole  systems, micro-quasars, active galactic nuclei, and gamma-ray bursts. We designed, built and tested ahard X-ray polarimeter, X-Calibur, to be used in the focal plane of the InFOCuS grazing incidence hard X-ray telescope.X-Calibur combines a low-Z Compton scatterer with a CZT detector assembly to measure the polarization of 20−60 keV X-rays making use of the fact that polarized photons Compton scatter preferentially perpendicular to the electric field orientation; in principal, a similar space-borne experiment could be operated in the 5−100 keV regime. X-Calibur achieves a high detection efficiency of order unity.
The World Space Observatory - Ultraviolet (WSO-UV) Space Telescope; Status Update in 2013
Authors: Gómez de Castro Ana I. , Shustov Boris , Sachkov Mikhail
Published: December 2014

This is a short primer and a brief update on the status of the World Space Observatory-Ultraviolet (WSO-UV) project dated in May 2013. WSO-UV is a 170m primary space telescope equipped for ultraviolet imaging and spectroscopy that will be operational in 2017 hosting an open science program for the world-wide scientic community.
SiFAP: A New Fast Astronomical Photometer
Authors: Ambrosino Filippo , Meddi Franco , Nesci Roberto , Rossi Corinne , Sclavi Silvia , Bruni Ivan
Published: December 2014

A fast photometer based on SiPM technology was developed and tested at the University of Rome "La Sapienza" and at the Bologna Observatory. In this paper we present the improvements applied to our instrument, concerning new cooled sensors, a new version of the electronics and an upgraded control timing software.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Bisnovatyi-Kogan Gennady S.
Published: December 2014

Short comments to the conference talks.
Final Remarks
Authors: Auriemma Giulio
Published: December 2014
Prevalence of infectious and non-infectious diseases in cattle population in Chittagong district of Bangladesh
Authors: Badruzzaman A. T. M. , Siddiqui Md. Saiful Islam , Faruk Md. Omer , Lucky Nasrin Sultana , Zinnah Mohammad Ali , Hossain Ferdaus Mohd. Altaf , Rahman Md. Masudur
Published: December 2014

Background: Cattle are affected by many infectious and noninfectious diseases that can lead to economic losses to the farmers in terms of reduced growth and production performance and mortality.Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of infectious and noninfectious diseases of cattle in Chittagong district of Bangladesh.Methods: A total of 2614 clinical cases were diagnosed at five different veterinary hospitals in Chittagong district of Bangladesh during the year 2013. Disease diagnosis was made on the basis of ownerâ€™s statement, general examination, clinical signs, gross pathology, and laboratory procedures. Data were analyzed to determine disease prevalence in cattle with respect to breed, sex and season.Results: Diagnosed diseases were categorized as infectious diseases, parasitic diseases, digestive disorders, metabolic diseases, respiratory diseases and other diseases. According to our results, the prevalence of digestive disorders was the highest (45.14%) followed by parasitic diseases (30.64%), infectious diseases (9.49%), respiratory diseases (3.90%), metabolic diseases (3.18%) and other diseases (3.18%). Disease prevalence was highest in Cross-bred cattle (44. 23%) followed by Red Chittagong cattle (28.46%) and Non-descript Deshi (27.31%). Female were more susceptible to diseases (54.32%) than male cattle (45.68%). Disease prevalence varied according to seasons. Highest prevalence was recorded in summer season (37.49%) followed by rainy season (34.81%) and winter season (27.70%).Conclusions: Our large set of data on cattle disease prevalence in Chittagong district of Bangladesh provides valuable insight to design and implement priority based research on specific disease and to take efficient control strategies against the diseases.