bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity within compulsive buyers: A Q‐sort study
Authors: Thornhill Kate , Kellett Stephen , Davies Jason
Published: September 2011

Objectives. This study investigated how compulsive buyers make sense of their excessive shopping behaviour to explore possible sources of heterogeneity between compulsive buyers.

Method. Twenty female participants met ‘caseness’ for compulsive buying (CB) on the CB Scale (CBS), prior to completing a Q‐sort specifically related to their experiences of shopping. Participants provided details of occupation, income, and debt levels and completed two psychometric scales: the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale‐Shopping Version (YBOCS‐SV).

Results. Principle component analysis (PCA) identified two groups within the compulsive buyers (labelled positive reinforcement and emotional distress) that explained 44% of the study variance. Ten women defined the positive reinforcement factor and tended to identify with pleasurable aspects of buying. Six women characterized the emotional distress factor and endorsed varied financial, emotional, and interpersonal difficulties associated with their CB. The emotional distress group carried significantly greater current debt levels and had significantly more severe CB.

Conclusions. The study illustrates that compulsive buyers can relate to their ‘symptoms’ in dissimilar ways. The clinical implications of such heterogeneity are discussed, methodological shortcomings identified, and areas for future research indicated.
Prediction of Turbulent Convective Heat Transfer to Supercritical CH4/N2 in a Vertical Circular Tube
Authors: Du Zhongxuan , Lin Wensheng , Gu Anzhong
Published: September 2011

Cooling of supercritical CH4/N2 mixture is the most important heat transfer process during coalbed methane (CBM) liquefaction. In this paper, numerical studies of the turbulent convective heat transfer of supercritical CH4/N2 flowing inside a vertical circular tube have been conducted with Lam–Bremhorst low Reynolds turbulence model. The present numerical investigations focus on the effects of the nitrogen content, heat flux, and flow orientation. Results indicate that as nitrogen content increases, the maximum heat transfer coefficient gradually decreases and corresponds to lower temperature. Heat transfer coefficient is slightly affected by heat flux in the liquid-like region and increases with increasing heat flux in the gas-like region. Buoyancy effect gradually increases with decreasing bulk temperature, and reaches its maximum at the pseudo-critical point, and then drops as bulk temperature further decreases. It is significant in the liquid-like region and negligible in the gas-like region. At the same time, buoyancy effect enhances heat transfer in the upward flow and impairs it in the downward flow.
Comment on “A Test of the Snowball Theory for the Rate of Evolution of Hybrid Incompatibilities”
Authors: Barbash Daniel A.
Published: September 2011

Matute
et al
. (Reports, 17 September 2010, p. 1518) tested the theory that the number of genes involved in hybrid incompatibility increases faster than linearly. However, the method they used is inappropriate because it detects genes that are haploinsufficient in a hybrid background but that would not contribute to lethality in wild-type hybrids, thus overestimating the frequency of hybrid inviability.
Information Transduction Capacity of Noisy Biochemical Signaling Networks
Authors: Cheong Raymond , Rhee Alex , Wang Chiaochun Joanne , Nemenman Ilya , Levchenko Andre
Published: September 2011

Noise limits information transfer through a single signaling pathway in a single cell to just one bit.
Heads Up

The Evolution of the Human Head
by Daniel E. Lieberman

Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2011. 768 pp. $39.95. ISBN 9780674046368.
Authors: Ravosa Matthew J.
Published: September 2011

Marshaling diverse evidence, Lieberman constructs a framework for understanding the form, function, and evolution of the human head.
Selective Catalytic C–H Alkylation of Alkenes with Alcohols
Authors: Lee Dong-Hwan , Kwon Ki-Hyeok , Yi Chae S.
Published: September 2011

A ruthenium catalyst forms carbon-carbon bonds between olefins and alcohols while liberating only water as a by-product.
Transgenerational Epigenetic Instability Is a Source of Novel Methylation Variants
Authors: Schmitz Robert J. , Schultz Matthew D. , Lewsey Mathew G. , O’Malley Ronan C. , Urich Mark A. , Libiger Ondrej , Schork Nicholas J. , Ecker Joseph R.
Published: September 2011

Spontaneous methylation rates that may affect phenotype in the plant
Arabidopsis
are higher than the mutation rate.
Patent Reform Shuffles Who Is First in Line
Authors: Malakoff David
Published: September 2011

President Barack Obama is expected to sign into law this week the first major overhaul of the U.S. patent system in nearly 60 years, marking the end of a 6-year legislative battle over how best to reduce bureaucratic delays and costly litigation.
Pushing the Envelope in Neuroblastoma Therapy
Authors: Couzin-Frankel Jennifer
Published: September 2011

A study in children with few options is matching drugs to their tumors and creating mouse models for each patient. Whether the science is up to it is a matter for debate
Distribution and molecular diversity of arborescentGossypiumspecies
Authors: Feng Chunda , Ulloa Mauricio , Perez-M. Claudia , Stewart James McD.
Published: September 2011

Mexico is a center of diversity of Gossypium . As currently circumscribed, arborescent Gossypium species (subsection Erioxylum ) are widely distributed in dry deciduous forests located from Sinaloa in the north of its range to Oaxaca in the south of its range. However, extensive morphological variation exists among accessions from these different geographic regions. The objective of this work was to determine whether the observed morphological variation is reflected at the molecular level. Molecular diversity and phylogenetic relationships were estimated with 210 randomly amplified polymorphic DNA fragments and 766 amplified fragment length polymorphism fragments among 33 accessions of arborescent Gossypium, including 23 of Gossypium aridum , the most widely distributed of the arborescent Mexican diploid Gossypium species. Over 90% of the fragments were polymorphic; however, each accession contained only between 32% and 46% of the total loci. Two thirds of the loci among the G. aridum accessions had allelic frequencies lower than 80%. The genetic distance between Gossypium gossypioides (subsection Selera ) and species of subsection Erioxylum ranged between 0.64 and 0.84. The genetic distance between two recognized species, Gossypium lobatum and Gossypium schwendimanii , within subsection Erioxylum was 0.32. Most molecular data support the traditional classification of Gossypium species and the geographical ecotypes of the G. aridum accessions. A newly collected accession, US-72, of subsection Erioxylum was genetically distant (range, 0.42–0.54) from the other species of the subsection. Molecular data support the recognition of this taxon as a new species. The molecular diversity among accessions of G. aridum was greater than that among the species of subsection Erioxylum. The results indicate this subsection deserves additional study to establish a defensible taxonomic treatment of the various taxa and to resolve genetically distant geographical ecotypes.
MOVING APPLICATIONS TO THE CLOUD: AN APPROACH BASED ON APPLICATION MODEL ENRICHMENT
Authors: LEYMANN FRANK , FEHLING CHRISTOPG , MIETZNER RALPH , NOWAK ALEXANDER , DUSTDAR SCHAHRAM
Published: September 2011

In this paper we describe a method and corresponding tool chain that allows moving an application to the cloud. In particular, we support to split an application such that various parts of it are moved to different clouds. This split can be done manually or by support of optimization algorithms. The split application is then automatically provisioned in the different target clouds. A metamodel for such applications supporting the proposed method is introduced. The architecture of a supporting tool is described. Experiences from the usage of the proposed method are reported.
Announcement Effect on the Credit Spreads of US Dollar Malaysian Bonds
Authors: Jin Yap Chee , Gerard Gannon
Published: September 2011

The main purpose of this paper is to extend the empirical research on the behavior of credit spreads on the USD denominated Malaysian bonds. We find that international political events have more influence on the changes of bond yield spreads from Malaysian USD issues than domestic events. Significant results are consistent across different issues. However, the resignation by the former Prime Minister, Dr Mahathir Mohamad, created a mixed response from the market. Using an error correction model, this study also found that the monetary policy by the US Federal Reserve has a long-term and significant impact on the behavior of the Malaysian USD issues. This study also provides further evidence that the current theoretical framework is sufficient to explain changes in the credit spread of bonds issued by the emerging market.
Ultracapacitors in E-cars, YES or NOT
Authors: Patocka Miroslav , Cervinka Dalibor , Hutak Petr , Vorel Pavel
Published: September 2011

The article deals with problems of usage of ultracapacitors in electric vehicles. Connection of the ultracapacitor to the traction battery is described and simulation of the complex energy management of the small electric car is performed. Some recomadations in which cases it is suitable to use the ultracapacitor are included finally.
Hydrogen sulfide preconditioning or neutrophil depletion attenuates ischemia-reperfusion-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in rat small intestine
Authors: Liu Yajun , Kalogeris Theodore , Wang Meifang , Zuidema Mozow (Yusof) , Wang Qun , Dai Hongyan , Davis Michael J. , Hill Michael A. , Korthuis Ronald J.
Published: September 2011

The objectives of this study were to determine whether neutrophil depletion with anti-neutrophil serum (ANS) or preconditioning with the hydrogen sulfide (H2S) donor NaHS (NaHS-PC) 24 h prior to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) would prevent postischemic mitochondrial dysfunction in rat intestinal mucosa and, if so, whether calcium-activated, large conductance potassium (BKCa) channels were involved in this protective effect. I/R was induced by 45-min occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery followed by 60-min reperfusion in rats preconditioned with NaHS (NaHS-PC) or a BKCa channel activator (NS-1619-PC) 24 h earlier or treated with ANS. Mitochondrial function was assessed by measuring mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial dehydrogenase function, and cytochrome c release. Mucosal myeloperoxidase (MPO) and TNF-α levels were also determined, as measures of postischemic inflammation. BKCa expression in intestinal mucosa was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. I/R induced mitochondrial dysfunction and increased tissue MPO and TNF-α levels. Although mitochondrial dysfunction was attenuated by NaHS-PC or NS-1619-PC, the postischemic increases in mucosal MPO and TNF-α levels were not. The protective effect of NaHS-PC or NS-1619-PC on postischemic mitochondrial function was abolished by coincident treatment with BKCa channel inhibitors. ANS prevented the I/R-induced increase in tissue MPO levels and reversed mitochondrial dysfunction. These data indicate that neutrophils play an essential role in I/R-induced mucosal mitochondrial dysfunction. In addition, NaHS-PC prevents postischemic mitochondrial dysfunction (but not inflammation) by a BKCa channel-dependent mechanism.
The lumbrical muscle: a novel in situ system to evaluate adult skeletal muscle proteolysis and anticatabolic drugs for therapeutic purposes
Authors: Bergantin Leandro Bueno , Figueiredo Leonardo Bruno , Godinho Rosely Oliveira
Published: September 2011

The molecular regulation of skeletal muscle proteolysis and the pharmacological screening of anticatabolic drugs have been addressed by measuring tyrosine release from prepubertal rat skeletal muscles, which are thin enough to allow adequate in vitro diffusion of oxygen and substrates. However, the use of muscle at accelerated prepubertal growth has limited the analysis of adult muscle proteolysis or that associated with aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Here we established the adult rat lumbrical muscle (4/hindpaw; 8/rat) as a new in situ experimental model for dynamic measurement of skeletal muscle proteolysis. By incubating lumbrical muscles attached to their individual metatarsal bones in Tyrode solution, we showed that the muscle proteolysis rate of adult and aged rats (3–4 to 24 mo old) is 45–25% of that in prepubertal animals (1 mo old), which makes questionable the usual extrapolation of proteolysis from prepubertal to adult/senile muscles. While acute mechanical injury or 1- to 7-day denervation increased tyrosine release from adult lumbrical muscle by up to 60%, it was reduced by 20–28% after 2-h incubation with β-adrenoceptor agonists, forskolin or phosphodiesterase inhibitor IBMX. Using inhibitors of 26S-proteasome (MG132), lysosome (methylamine), or calpain (E64/leupeptin) systems, we showed that ubiquitin-proteasome is accountable for 40–50% of total lumbrical proteolysis of adult, middle-aged, and aged rats. In conclusion, the lumbrical model allows the analysis of muscle proteolysis rate from prepubertal to senile rats. By permitting eight simultaneous matched measurements per rat, the new model improves similar protocols performed in paired extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles from prepubertal rats, optimizing the pharmacological screening of drugs for anticatabolic purposes.
Quadratic Programming for TDMA Scheduling in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Treplán Gergely , Tornai Kálmán , Levendovszky János
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a novel Multihop Aperiodic Scheduling (MAS) algorithm which guarantees energy-efficient data collection by Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) under delay constraints. Present Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols in WSNs typically sacrifice packet latency and/or the reliability of packet transfer to achieve energy-efficiency. Thus, the paper is concerned with developing a novel protocol to achieve energy efficient and reliable multihop data transfer in WSNs satisfying given latency requirements. Energy efficiency is achieved by optimizing the scheduling of the underlying Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) system by minimizing the wake-up number of the nodes. Schedule optimization is transformed into a quadratic programming (QP) task, which is then solved by the Hopfield net in polynomial time. In this way, an energy efficient scheduling can be obtained which meets a given delay requirement in TDMA systems. The performance of the new algorithm has been evaluated by simulations and compared to the performance of well-known scheduling methods, such as SMAC, UxDMA (a slot assignment algorithm for WSN), and traditional tree-based protocols. The simulations have demonstrated that our method reduces global power consumption for time-driven monitoring.
Comparative Genomics in Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenneL.): Identification and Characterisation of an Orthologue for the Rice Plant Architecture-Controlling GeneOsABCG5
Authors: Shinozuka Hiroshi , Cogan Noel O. I. , Spangenberg German C. , Forster John W.
Published: September 2011

Perennial ryegrass is an important pasture grass in temperate regions. As a forage biomass-generating species, plant architecture-related characters provide key objectives for breeding improvement.In silicocomparative genomics analysis predicted colocation between a previously identified QTL for plant type (erect versus prostrate growth) and the ortholocus of the riceOsABCG5 gene (LpABCG5), as well as related QTLs in other Poaceae species. Sequencing of anLpABCG5-containing BAC clone identified presence of a paralogue (LpABCG6) in the vicinity of theLpABCG5 locus, in addition to three other gene-like sequences. Comparative genomics involving five other 5 grass species (rice,Brachypodium, sorghum, maize, and foxtail millet) revealed conserved microsynteny in the ABCG5 ortholocus-flanking region. Gene expression profiling and phylogenetic analysis suggested that the two paralogues are functionally distinct. Fourteen additional ABCG5 gene family members, which may interact with theLpABCG5 gene, were identified through sequencing of transcriptomes from perennial ryegrass leaf, anther, and pistils. A larger-scale phylogenetic analysis of the ABCG gene family suggested conservation between major branches of the Poaceae family. This study identified theLpABCG5 gene as a candidate for the plant type determinant, suggesting that manipulation of gene expression may provide valuable phenotypes for perennial ryegrass breeding.
Microwave-Assisted Improved Regioselective Synthesis of 12H-Benzopyrano[3,2-c][1]benzopyran-5-ones by Radical Cyclisation
Authors: Basu Pradipta Kumar , Ghosh Amrita
Published: September 2011

Two new effective methodologies have been adopted for the preparation of 4-(2′-bromobenzyloxy)benzopyran-7-ones 3(a–h). In the first methodology, 4-hydroxy[1]benzopyran-2-ones 1(a–d) was alkylated with 2-bromobenzyl bromide 2a or 2-bromo-5-methoxy benzyl bromide 2b under phase transfer catalysis condition using lithium hydroxide/tetrabutyl ammonium bromide in N,N-dimethylformamide at 40–50°C and in the second method the microwave irradiation protocol has been exploited by simply mixing of 4-hydroxy[1]benzopyran-2-ones 1(a–d) with 25% excess of 2-bromobenzyl bromide 2a or 2-bromo-5-methoxy benzyl bromide 2b. A catalytic amount of TBAB and potassium carbonate were added and irradiated in an open Erlenmeyer flask in a microwave oven for 4–10 min. The tributyltin-hydride-mediated radical cyclisation of 3(a–h) was carried out under microwave irradiation to generate 12H-benzopyrano[3,2-c][1]benzopyran-5-ones 4(a–h) in 78–88% yield and in this technique yields were significantly improved and reaction time was shortened compared to the previously reported conventional radical cyclisation method.
Optimization of DC‐DC Converters via Geometric Programming
Authors: Ribes-Mallada U. , Leyva R. , Garcés P.
Published: September 2011

The paper presents a new methodology for optimizing the design of DC‐DC converters. The magnitudes that we take into account are efficiency, ripples, bandwidth, and RHP zero placement. We apply a geometric programming approach, because the variables are positives and the constraints can be expressed in a posynomial form. This approach has all the advantages of convex optimization. We apply the proposed methodology to a boost converter. The paper also describes the optimum designs of a buck converter and a synchronous buck converter, and the method can be easily extended to other converters. The last example allows us to compare the efficiency and bandwidth between these optimal‐designed topologies.
Th1 Cytokine-Secreting RecombinantMycobacterium bovisBacillus Calmette-Guérin and Prospective Use in Immunotherapy of Bladder Cancer
Authors: Luo Yi , Henning Jonathan , O'Donnell Michael A.
Published: September 2011

Intravesical instillation ofMycobacterium bovisbacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been used for treating bladder cancer for 3 decades. However, BCG therapy is ineffective in approximately 30–40% of cases. Since evidence supports the T helper type 1 (Th1) response to be essential in BCG-induced tumor destruction, studies have focused on enhancing BCG induction of Th1 immune responses. Although BCG in combination with Th1 cytokines (e.g., interferon-α) has demonstrated improved efficacy, combination therapy requires multiple applications and a large quantity of cytokines. On the other hand, genetic manipulation of BCG to secrete Th1 cytokines continues to be pursued with considerable interest. To date, a number of recombinant BCG (rBCG) strains capable of secreting functional Th1 cytokines have been developed and demonstrated to be superior to BCG. This paper discusses current rBCG research, concerns, and future directions with an intention to inspire the development of this very promising immunotherapeutic modality for bladder cancer.
A Retrospective on Nuclear Receptor Regulation of Inflammation: Lessons from GR and PPARs
Authors: Li Min-Dian , Yang Xiaoyong
Published: September 2011

Members of the nuclear receptor superfamily have vital roles in regulating immunity and inflammation. The founding member, glucocorticoid receptor (GR), is the prototype to demonstrate immunomodulation via transrepression of the AP-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) have emerged as key regulators of inflammation. This review examines the history and current advances in nuclear receptor regulation of inflammation by the crosstalk with AP-1 and NF-κB signaling, focusing on the roles of GR and PPARs. A better understanding of the molecular mechanism by which nuclear receptors inhibit proinflammatory signaling pathways will enable novel therapies to treat chronic inflammation.
CsmA Protein is Associated with BChl a in the Baseplate Subantenna of Chlorosomes of the Photosynthetic Green Filamentous Bacterium Oscillochloris trichoides belonging to the Family Oscillochloridaceae
Authors: Zobova Anastasiya , Taisova Alexandra , Lukashev Eugeny , Fedorova Nataliya , Baratova Ludmila , Fetisova Zoya
Published: September 2011

The baseplate subantenna in chlorosomes of green anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria, belonging to the families Chloroflexaceae and Chlorobiaceae, is known to represent a complex of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a with the ~6 kDa CsmA proteins. Earlier, we showed the existence of a similar BChl a subantenna in chlorosomes of the photosynthetic green bacterium Oscillochloris trichoides, member of Oscillochloridaceae, the third family of green photosynthetic bacteria. However, this BChl a subantenna was not visually identified in absorption spectra of isolated Osc. trichoides chlorosomes in contrast to those of Chloroflexaceae and Chlorobiaceae. In this work, using room and low-temperature absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of alkaline-treated and untreated chlorosomes of Osc. trichoides, we showed that the baseplate BChl a subantenna does exist in Oscillochloridaceae chlorosomes as a complex of BChl a with the 5.7 kDa CsmA protein. The present results support the idea that the baseplate subantenna, representing a complex of BChl a with a ~6 kDa CsmA protein, is a universal interface between the BChl c subantenna of chlorosomes and the nearest light-harvesting BChl a subantenna in all three known families of green anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria.
Least Squares Problems with Absolute Quadratic Constraints
Authors: Schöne R. , Hanning T.
Published: September 2011

This paper analyzes linear least squares problems with absolute quadratic constraints. We develop a generalized theory following Bookstein′s conic‐fitting and Fitzgibbon′s direct ellipse‐specific fitting. Under simple preconditions, it can be shown that a minimum always exists and can be determined by a generalized eigenvalue problem. This problem is numerically reduced to an eigenvalue problem by multiplications of Givens′ rotations. Finally, four applications of this approach are presented.
Immunomodulatory Effect ofRhaphidophora korthalsiion Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity
Authors: Yeap Swee Keong , Omar Abdul Rahman , Ali Abdul Manaf , Ho Wan Yong , Beh Boon Kee , Alitheen Noorjahan Banu
Published: September 2011

Thein vivoimmunomodulatory effect of ethanolic extracts from leaves ofRhaphidophora korthalsiiwas determined via immune cell proliferation, T/NK cell phenotyping, and splenocyte cytotoxicity of BALB/c mice after 5 consecutive days of i.p. administration at various concentrations. Splenocyte proliferation index, cytotoxicity, peripheral blood T/NK cell population, and plasma cytokine (IL-2 and IFN-γ) in mice were assessed on day 5 and day 15. High concentration of extract (350 μg/mice/day for 5 consecutive days) was able to stimulate immune cell proliferation, peripheral blood NK cell population, IL-2, and IFN-γcytokines, as well as splenocyte cytotoxicity against Yac-1 cell line. Unlike rIL-2 which degraded rapidly, the stimulatory effect from the extract managed to last until day 15. These results suggested the potential of this extract as an alternative immunostimulator, and they encourage further study on guided fractionation and purification to identify the active ingredients that contribute to thisin vitroandin vivoimmunomodulatory activity.
Physical Activity, Ambulation, and Motor Impairment Late after Stroke
Authors: Danielsson Anna , Willén Carin , Sunnerhagen Katharina Stibrant
Published: September 2011

Objective. To assess walking capacity and physical activity using clinical measures and to explore their relationships with motor impairment late after stroke.Subjects. A nonrandomised sample of 22 men and 9 women with a mean age of 60 years, 7–10 years after stroke.Methods. Fugl-Meyer Assessment, maximum walking speed, 6 min walk test, perceived exertion, and heart rate were measured, and the Physiological Cost Index was calculated. Physical activity was reported using The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly.Results. Mean (SD) 6 min walking distance was 352 (±136) m, and Physiological Cost Index was 0.60 (±0.41). Self-reported physical activity was 70% of the reference. Motor impairment correlated with walking capacity but not with the physical activity level.Conclusion. It may be essential to enhance physical activity even late after stroke since in fairly young subjects both walking capacity and the physical activity level were lower than the reference.
Percutaneous Ultrasound-Guided Biopsies in the Evaluation of Thoracic Tumours after PET-CT: A Prospective Diagnostic Study
Authors: Stigt Jos A. , Oostdijk Ad H. , Boers James E. , van den Berg Jan Willem K. , Groen Harry J.M.
Published: September 2011

Background: Lesions detected by positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) during the analysis of thoracic tumours are often impalpable at physical examination, and subsequent ultrasound (US) may aid in finding these lesions for pathologic evaluation. Objectives: The success rate of percutaneous US-guided biopsies of palpable and non-palpable lesions and the impact on tumour stage were studied prospectively. Methods: Lesions, significant for diagnosis and disease stage, with metabolic activity on PET-CT and presumed appropriate for percutaneous approach under US guidance were selected for cytologic aspiration or tissue core biopsies. Results: In 127 patients, 134 lesions (subdivided into 24 local thoracic, 74 supraclavicular and 36 distant metastatic lesions) were biopsied percutaneously under US guidance. Malignancy, benign disease and inadequate biopsies were found in 80% (106/134), 14% (19/134) and 7% (9/134), respectively. In 55% (56/102) of patients, biopsies confirmed the disease stage. Fifty-one percent (18/35) of distant lesions and 54% (43/68) of supraclavicular lesions were impalpable on physical examination. Conclusions: US-guided biopsies in patients with suspected thoracic malignancy on PET-CT provide an excellent tool for obtaining a pathological diagnosis, leading to a definitive disease stage in over half of the patients.
Contribution of the Amiloride-Sensitive Component and the Na+/H+ Exchanger to Renal Responsiveness to Vasoconstrictors
Authors: Vargas Pablo , Wangensteen Rosemary , Rodríguez-Gómez Isabel , Perez-Abud Rocío , Osuna Antonio , Quesada Andrés , Vargas Félix
Published: September 2011

Aims: This study analyzed the role of the amiloride-sensitive component and the participation of the Na+/H+ exchanger in renal responsiveness to vasoconstrictors in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Methods: The renal responses to vasoconstrictors (angiotensin II, phenylephrine, vasopressin and KCl) were studied under baseline conditions and after the administration of amiloride (10 and 100 µmol/l) or the specific Na+/H+ exchange inhibitor ethylisopropylamiloride (EIPA, 10 µmol/l). The effects of amiloride and EIPA on renal responsiveness to vasoconstrictors were also analyzed in endothelium-denuded preparations. Results: Amiloride reduced renal responsiveness to all vasoconstrictors in a dose-related manner, whereas EIPA did not affect the renal pressor response to KCl. The inhibitory effects of amiloride and EIPA on renal responsiveness to vasoconstrictors persisted after endothelium removal. Conclusion: These results indicate that the amiloride-sensitive component and the Na+/H+ exchanger play an important role in responsiveness to the main endogenous vasoconstrictors in the renal vasculature. These results also suggest that amiloride might be useful as an inhibitor of renal vasoconstriction, even in diseases with endothelial dysfunction.
Glycosaminoglycan Content in Term and Preterm Milk during the First Month of Lactation
Authors: Coppa Giovanni V. , Gabrielli Orazio , Zampini Lucia , Galeazzi Tiziana , Maccari Francesca , Buzzega Dania , Galeotti Fabio , Bertino Enrico , Volpi Nicola
Published: September 2011

Background: In a recent study, we performed a complete structural characterization of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in human mature milk. However, no data are available on the total content of GAGs in human milk from healthy mothers having delivered term or preterm newborns. Objectives: In this study, we evaluated the total content of GAGs in pooled milk from healthy mothers having delivered term or preterm newborns during the first month of lactation. Methods: Highly specific and sensitive analytical approaches were used to quantify human milk total GAGs. Results: Highest GAG values are present at day 4 (9.3 and 3.8 g/l in preterm and term milk, respectively), followed by a progressive decrease up to day 30 (4.3 and 0.4 g/l). The more remarkable differences are related to the first phases of lactation in which a strong decrease in GAGs was observed between days 4 and 10 (about –73% in term and –50% in preterm newborns). Conclusions: During the first month of lactation, the absolute amount of polysaccharides was constantly and significantly higher in preterm than in term milk, with a similar behavior in the decrease. These data further indicate that human milk GAGs may have an active role in protecting newborns during the first phases of lactation.
Propofol Safety in Bronchoscopy: Prospective Randomized Trial Using Transcutaneous Carbon Dioxide Tension Monitoring
Authors: Carmi Uri , Kramer Mordechai R. , Zemtzov Dmitry , Rosengarten Dror , Fruchter Oren
Published: September 2011

Background: Midazolam is commonly used for sedation during flexible bronchoscopy because of its relatively wide therapeutic window. Recently, sedation with propofol for bronchoscopy has gained popularity, although concern has been raised regarding its potential ability to induce severe respiratory depression. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety of sedation under midazolam + alfentanil compared to propofol. Methods: We conducted a prospective randomized trial using continuous transcutaneous carbon dioxide tension monitoring. The study group included 115 patients undergoing bronchoscopy, prospectively randomized to receive sedation with either midazolam + alfentanil (n = 59) or propofol (n = 56). Results: Intra-procedural carbon dioxide tension values were higher in the midazolam + alfentanil group than in the propofol group (maximum 53.72 vs. 49.49 mm Hg, mean 46.78 vs. 43.78 mm Hg), but the differences did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.149 and 0.193, respectively). Carbon dioxide tension values were significantly higher in the midazolam + alfentanil group than in the propofol group at 5 and 10 min following procedure (51.7 vs. 49.3 mm Hg, p = 0.026, and 50.8 vs. 42.7 mm Hg, p < 0.01, respectively), and significantly more patients in the midazolam + alfentanil group needed oxygen supplementation or airway support (24 vs. 8 patients, respectively). Conclusion: Midazolam + alfentanil and propofol are equally safe for sedation during bronchoscopy. Sedation with propofol, using small boluses at short intervals, does not cause excessive respiratory drive depression and represents an excellent alternative to traditional sedation agents.
Atrial Fibrillation and Mortality in Heart Failure
Authors: Chamberlain Alanna M. , Redfield Margaret M. , Alonso Alvaro , Weston Susan A. , Roger Véronique L.
Published: September 2011

Background—

Heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF) share common risk factors and often coexist. The combination of HF and AF may carry a worse prognosis than either condition alone; however, the magnitude of this risk remains controversial and it is not known whether the timing of AF influences the risk of death.

Methods and Results—

We determined the risk of all-cause mortality in relation to the presence of AF prior to or after HF diagnosis in a community-based cohort of persons diagnosed as having HF between 1983 and 2006. Of 1664 individuals with HF, 553 had a history of AF and 384 developed AF after HF. During a median follow-up of 4.0 years, 450 deaths occurred among persons with prior AF, 314 among those with AF after HF, and 572 among patients without AF. In fully adjusted models, compared with patients without AF, those with AF prior to HF had a 29% increased risk of death, whereas those who developed AF after HF exhibited >2-fold increased risk of death.

Conclusions—

In the community, AF is frequent in the setting of HF and is associated with a large excess risk of death. The magnitude of this excess risk differs markedly according to the timing of AF, with AF developing after HF conferring the largest increased risk of death compared with HF patients without AF.
Cardiovascular Pharmacogenomics
Authors: Roden Dan M. , Johnson Julie A. , Kimmel Stephen E. , Krauss Ronald M. , Medina Marisa Wong , Shuldiner Alan , Wilke Russell A.
Published: September 2011

Patients vary in their responses to drug therapy, and some of that variability is genetically determined. This review outlines general approaches used to identify genetic variation that influences drug response. Examples from specific therapeutic areas are presented, such as cholesterol management, arrhythmias, heart failure, hypertension, warfarin anticoagulation, and antiplatelet agents. A brief view of potential pathways to implementation is presented.
Intrinsic Aerobic Capacity Sets a Divide for Aging and Longevity
Authors: Koch Lauren Gerard , Kemi Ole J. , Qi Nathan , Leng Sean X. , Bijma Piter , Gilligan Lori J. , Wilkinson John E. , Wisløff Helene , Høydal Morten A. , Rolim Natale , Abadir Peter M. , van Grevenhof Elizabeth M. , Smith Godfrey L. , Burant Charles F. , Ellingsen Øyvind , Britton Steven L. , Wisløff Ulrik
Published: September 2011

Rationale:

Low aerobic exercise capacity is a powerful predictor of premature morbidity and mortality for healthy adults as well as those with cardiovascular disease. For aged populations, poor performance on treadmill or extended walking tests indicates closer proximity to future health declines. Together, these findings suggest a fundamental connection between aerobic capacity and longevity.

Objectives:

Through artificial selective breeding, we developed an animal model system to prospectively test the association between aerobic exercise capacity and survivability (aerobic hypothesis).

Methods and Results:

Laboratory rats of widely diverse genetic backgrounds (N:NIH stock) were selectively bred for low or high intrinsic (inborn) treadmill running capacity. Cohorts of male and female rats from generations 14, 15, and 17 of selection were followed for survivability and assessed for age-related declines in cardiovascular fitness including maximal oxygen uptake (VO
2max
), myocardial function, endurance performance, and change in body mass. Median lifespan for low exercise capacity rats was 28% to 45% shorter than high capacity rats (hazard ratio, 0.06;
P
<0.001). VO
2max
, measured across adulthood was a reliable predictor of lifespan (
P
<0.001). During progression from adult to old age, left ventricular myocardial and cardiomyocyte morphology, contractility, and intracellular Ca
2+
handling in both systole and diastole, as well as mean blood pressure, were more compromised in rats bred for low aerobic capacity. Physical activity levels, energy expenditure (V
o
2
), and lean body mass were all better sustained with age in rats bred for high aerobic capacity.

Conclusions:

These data obtained from a contrasting heterogeneous model system provide strong evidence that genetic segregation for aerobic exercise capacity can be linked with longevity and are useful for deeper mechanistic exploration of aging.
Redefinition of Transient Ischemic Attack Improves Prognosis of Transient Ischemic Attack and Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Mullen Michael T. , Cucchiara Brett L.
Published: September 2011

Background and Purpose—

The recent redefinition of transient ischemic attack (TIA) reclassifies patients with acute infarction on magnetic resonance imaging as ischemic stroke. Redefinition will improve the prognosis of both TIA and ischemic stroke, an epidemiological paradox known as the Will Rogers phenomenon. We sought to quantify the impact of this phenomenon.

Methods—

Incidence of TIA, risk of death/disability after stroke, rate of acute infarction on magnetic resonance imaging after TIA, and 90-day stroke risk after TIA with and without infarction on magnetic resonance imaging were determined based on published data. The impact on poststroke disability in the redefined cohort of patients with ischemic stroke was computed. A sensitivity analysis was performed to account for uncertainty in input variables.

Results—

Using the new TIA definition, the 90-day risk of stroke following TIA is 1%. In the United States, redefinition will increase annual ischemic stroke incidence from 691 650 to 747 755 and result in a 3.4% absolute reduction in poststroke disability. In a sensitivity analysis, this risk reduction varies from 1.5 to 6.5%, and is most dependent on the incidence of TIA.

Conclusions—

Redefinition of TIA reduces stroke risk after TIA to approximately 1% at 90 days, and reduces the rate of poststroke disability by approximately 3.4%.
Subthreshold Membrane Depolarization as Memory Trace for Perceptual Learning
Authors: Hoshino Osamu
Published: September 2011

Experience-dependent synaptic plasticity characterizes the adaptable brain and is believed to be the cellular substrate for perceptual learning. A chemical agent such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is known to affect synaptic alteration, perhaps gating perceptual learning. We examined whether and how ambient (extrasynaptic) GABA affects experience-dependent synaptic alteration. A cortical neural network model was simulated. Transporters on GABAergic interneurons regulate ambient GABA levels around their axonal target neurons by removing GABA from (forward transport) or releasing it into (reverse transport) the extracellular space. The ambient GABA provides neurons with tonic inhibitory currents by activating extrasynaptic GABAa receptors. During repeated exposures to the same stimulus, we modified the synaptic connection strength between principal cells in a spike-timing-dependent manner. This modulated the activity of GABAergic interneurons, and reduced or augmented ambient GABA concentration. Reduction in ambient GABA concentration led to slight depolarization (less than several millivolts) in ongoing-spontaneous membrane potential. This was a subthreshold neuronal behavior because ongoing-spontaneous spiking activity remained almost unchanged. The ongoing-spontaneous subthreshold depolarization improved a suprathreshold neuronal response. If the stimulus was long absent for perceptual learning, augmentation of ambient GABA concentration took place and the ongoing-spontaneous subthreshold depolarization was depressed. We suggest that a perceptual memory trace could be left in neuronal circuitry as an ongoing-spontaneous subthreshold membrane depolarization, which would allow that memory to be accessed easily afterward, whereas a trace of a memory that has not recently been retrieved fades away when the ongoing-spontaneous subthreshold membrane depolarization built by previous perceptual learning is depressed. This would lead that memory to be accessed with some difficulty. In the brain, ambient GABA, whose level could be regulated by transporter may have an important role in leaving memory trace for perceptual learning.
Reconstruction of integrin activation
Authors: Ye Feng , Kim Chungho , Ginsberg Mark H.
Published: September 2011

Integrins are integral membrane proteins that mediate cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion. They are important for vascular development and hematopoiesis, immune and inflammatory responses, and hemostasis. Integrins are also signaling receptors that can transmit information bidirectionally across plasma membranes. Research in the past 2 decades has made progress in unraveling the mechanisms of integrin signaling and brings the field to the moment of attempting synthetic reconstruction of the signaling pathways in vitro. Reconstruction of biologic processes provides stringent tests of our understanding of the process, as evidenced by studies of other biologic machines, such as ATP synthase, lactose permease, and G-protein–coupled receptors. Here, we review recent progress in reconstructing integrin signaling and the insights that we have gained through these experiments.
Tracking human multiple myeloma xenografts in NOD-Rag-1/IL-2 receptor gamma chain-null mice with the novel biomarker AKAP-4
Authors: Mirandola Leonardo , Yu Yuefei , Jenkins Marjorie R , Chiaramonte Raffaella , Cobos Everardo , John Constance M , Chiriva-Internati Maurizio
Published: September 2011

Background

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a fatal malignancy ranking second in prevalence among hematological tumors. Continuous efforts are being made to develop innovative and more effective treatments. The preclinical evaluation of new therapies relies on the use of murine models of the disease.

Methods

Here we describe a new MM animal model in NOD-Rag1null IL2rgnull (NRG) mice that supports the engraftment of cell lines and primary MM cells that can be tracked with the tumor antigen, AKAP-4.

Results

Human MM cell lines, U266 and H929, and primary MM cells were successfully engrafted in NRG mice after intravenous administration, and were found in the bone marrow, blood and spleen of tumor-challenged animals. The AKAP-4 expression pattern was similar to that of known MM markers, such as paraproteins, CD38 and CD45.

Conclusions

We developed for the first time a murine model allowing for the growth of both MM cell lines and primary cells in multifocal sites, thus mimicking the disease seen in patients. Additionally, we validated the use of AKAP-4 antigen to track tumor growthin vivoand to specifically identify MM cells in mouse tissues. We expect that our model will significantly improve the pre-clinical evaluation of new anti-myeloma therapies.
Latency profiles of full length HIV-1 molecular clone variants with a subtype specific promoter
Authors: van der Sluis Renée M , Pollakis Georgios , van Gerven Marja L , Berkhout Ben , Jeeninga Rienk E
Published: September 2011

Background

HIV-1 transcription initiation depends on cellular transcription factors that bind to promoter sequences in the Long Terminal Repeat (LTR). Each HIV-1 subtype has a specific LTR promoter configuration and even minor sequence changes in the transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) or their arrangement can impact transcriptional activity. Most latency studies have focused on HIV-1 subtype B strains, and the degree to which LTR promoter variation contributes to differences in proviral latency is therefore largely unknown. Latency differences may influence establishment and size of viral reservoirs as well as the possibility to clear the virus by therapeutic intervention.

Results

We investigated the proviral transcriptional latency properties of different HIV-1 subtypes as their LTRs have unique assemblies of transcription factor binding sites. We constructed recombinant viral genomes with the subtype-specific promoters inserted in the common backbone of the subtype B LAI isolate. The recombinant viruses are isogenic, except for the core promoter region that encodes all major TFBS, including NFκB and Sp1 sites. We developed and optimized an assay to investigate HIV-1 proviral latency in T cell lines. Our data show that the majority of HIV-1 infected T cells only start viral gene expression after TNFα activation.

Conclusions

There were no gross differences among the subtypes, both in the initial latency level and the activation response, except for subtype AE that combines an increased level of basal transcription with a reduced TNFα response. This subtype AE property is related to the presence of a GABP instead of NFκB binding site in the LTR.
Effects of metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1 inhibition by small hairpin RNA on ovarian carcinoma OVCAR-3 cells
Authors: Zhang Ruitao , Shi Huirong , Chen Zhimin , Wu Qinghua , Ren Fang , Huang Haoliang
Published: September 2011

Background

Metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1) is demonstrated to be up-regulated in several types of cancer, and can serve as biomarker for cancer invasion and metastasis. To investigate the relations between MACC1 and biological processes of ovarian cancer, MACC1 specific small hairpin RNA (shRNA) expression plasmids were used to investigate the effects of MACC1 inhibition on ovarian carcinoma OVCAR-3 cells.

Methods

Expressions of MACC1 were detected in different ovarian tissues by immunohistochemistry. MACC1 specific shRNA expression plasmids were constructed and transfected into OVCAR-3 cells. Then, expressions of MACC1 were examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot. Cell proliferation was observed by MTT and monoplast colony formation assay. Flow cytometry and TUNEL assay were used to measure cell apoptosis. Cell migration was assessed by wound healing and transwell migration assay. Matrigel invasion and xenograft model assay were performed to analyze the potential of cell invasion. Activities of Met, MEK1/2, ERK1/2, Akt, cyclinD1, caspase3 and MMP2 protein were measured by Western blot.

Results

Overexpressions of MACC1 were detected in ovarian cancer tissues. Expression of MACC1 in OVCAR-3 cells was significantly down-regulated by MACC1 specific small hairpin RNA. In OVCAR-3 cells, down-regulation of MACC1 resulted in significant inhibition of cell proliferation, migration and invasion, meanwhile obvious enhancement of apoptosis. As a consequence of MACC1 knockdown, expressions of Met, p-MEK1/2, p-ERK1/2, cyclinD1 and MMP2 protein decreased, level of cleaved capase3 was increased.

Conclusions

RNA interference (RNAi) against MACC1 could serve as a promising intervention strategy for gene therapy of ovarian carcinoma, and the antitumor effects of MACC1 knockdown might involve in the inhibition of HGF/Met and MEK/ERK pathways.
Need for Global Partnership in Cancer Care: Perceptions of Cancer Care Researchers Attending the 2010 Australia and Asia Pacific Clinical Oncology Research Development Workshop
Authors: Lyerly H. Kim , Abernethy Amy P. , Stockler Martin R. , Koczwara Bogda , Aziz Zeba , Nair Reena , Seymour Lesley
Published: September 2011

Cancer research globally faces significant barriers, many of which are magnified in the developing country setting.
Economic Assessment of the Association of Northern California Oncologists Member Practices
Authors: Buell Roberta , Falconer Patricia , González José Luis
Published: September 2011

The Association of Northern California Oncologists economic assessment of member practices was well-received, would be well-received if repeated in the future, and had a salutary impact on those practices that volunteered to participate.
Donating Tissue for Research: Patient and Provider Perspectives
Authors: Baer Allison R. , Smith Mary Lou , Bendell Johanna C.
Published: September 2011

This article illustrates common patient and provider concerns about donating tissue for the purpose of research, discusses best practices, and provides answers to common patient questions.