bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UTILIZATION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES AMONG RURAL FARMERS IN SELECTED LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF TARABA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Momodu, H. M.  , Rukwe, D. T.
Published: April 2023

The research was conducted to examine utilization of information and communication technologies (ICTs) among rural farmers in selected Local Government Areas of Taraba State, Nigeria. Specifically, to identify the most used ICTs device by respondents; ascertain agricultural information needs of respondents and identify problem faced by the respondent. The research method employed for this study was survey using structured questionnaire. The study used 61 respondents that were purposively selected and the data collected analysed using descriptive statistics. The findings showed that the major devices used by the respondents are phones (90.20%), radio (86.90%), television (67.20%) and internet (55.70%). The farmers were in deer need of information such as information on new markets (88.50%), market prices (86.90%) for their produce, new production practices (83.60%), new agricultural technologies (80.30%), trade laws (77.00%), Agricultural inputs (70.50%) among others. The farmers highlighted majorly their challenges of high cost of service, poor and expensive connectivity, low level of education, and high cost of ICTs device. The study concluded that the use of ICTs among farmers will go a long way in boosting agricultural activities as information would be readily available. The study recommended that communication network subscribers should subsidize cost of service and ensure network connectivity of internet facilities to enhance the dissemination of agricultural information to farmers without hitches.
DETERMINANTS OF TABLE EGG DEMAND IN MUBI NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, ADAMAWA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Gabdo, B. H.
Published: April 2023

The study modelled table egg data to uncover the factors influencing table egg demand in Mubi North Local Government Area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The research entailed a household survey based on multistage sampling that elicited data from 260 households. Diagnostic checks such as Smirnov-Kolmogorov test was used to test for normality, link test for model specification, Cook-Weisberg test for heteroscedasticity, Durbin-Watson test for autocorrelation and variance inflating factor for multicollinearity. Result of diagnostic checks following ordinary least square (OLS) technique revealed heteroscedastic, auto-correlated and non-normally distributed data set for the study, hence, necessitated the robust regression to correct for those anomalies. The factors influencing demand of table egg were predicted with coefficients in tandem with a priori expectations. Price of egg and age of household heads showed negative coefficient, while, price of substitute (fish), income, education, household size, and knowledge on nutrition status of egg showed positive coefficient. The results further disclosed a high R2 of 72.17 and low Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 8.2145 revealed that the model was correctly specified. The study validated theoretical postulation of inverse proportionality between price and demand of commodity; applicable also in model for table egg demand in the study.
PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF LAYER CHICKENS FED DIETARY LEVELS OF SORGHUM ICSV400 VARIETY
Authors: Jama’a, N. A.  , Abubakar, M.  , Bello, K. M.  , Doma, U. D.
Published: April 2023

The study was conducted to evaluate the reproductive performance of layer chickens fed dietary levels of sorghum ICSV400 variety. Five (5) diets (17% CP) were formulated, in which the sorghum variety ICSV 400 was included at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels and the diets designated as treatments T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. Sorghum was used to replace maize as a dietary energy source. The study used 400 Shika brown points of lay pullets allotted to five (5) treatments which were replicated four (4) times each with 20 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design (CRD). After flushing for seven (7) days using the experimental diets, initial weights of the birds in each replicate were recorded. Records of feed intake, number of eggs laid with egg mass was taken on daily basis. The initial weights of layers were similar statistically and ranged from 1.65-1.74 kg. Daily feed intake (DFI) was significantly affected by the dietary treatments with the values varying between 111.00 and 123.00 g. The feed consumption and number of eggs laid increased with the increase in levels of sorghum variety ICSV400. The highest percent hen day production was observed in birds on diet 5 (100% ICSV400) which was significantly different from the remaining diets. The henhouse percent egg production (HHPP) was also better on diet 5 (100 % ICSV400) and significantly (P<0.001) differ with the rest of the four (4) diets. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was better (1.71) on diet 1 (control) and the lowest on diet 5 (100% ICSV400) which differ significantly (P<0.01) among the five (5) treatments. It was concluded that ICSV400 sorghum is suitable and safe as an energy source in layer diets and can completely (100%) replace maize without negative effects on any of the performance parameters. It is recommended that ICSV400 sorghum variety is suitable source of energy in the diets of layer chickens.
STUDIES ON GC-MS ANALYSIS OF BLACK PEPPER (Piper nigrum) AND PAWPAW (Carica papaya) SEEDS USING METHYLATED SPIRIT AND HEXANE EXTRACT
Authors: Abdurrahman, M.  , Tijjani, A.  , Zaharaddeen, S.  , Aliyu, M.
Published: April 2023

The study was carried out to determine the phytochemical compounds present in the black pepper and pawpaw seeds extract using gas chromatography analytical techniques. Interpretation of each compounds identified from GC-MS analysis was conducted using the database of National Institute Standard and Technology (NIST) library. Identification of compounds was done by comparing the mass spectrum fragmentation pattern of each of the constituents in the methylated spirit and hexane fraction with those stored in the NIST library. The result revealed presences of compounds like Oleic Acid (29.43%), piperine (3.19%), Caryophyllene (1.24%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (21.12%), l-(+)-Ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate (1.15%), Naphthalene, 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydro- (2.68%), Hexadecanoic acid (0.82%), 9-Octadecenamide (39.87%), Heptadecanoic acid (15.65%) and 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)- (4.79%) in methylated spirit and hexane extract of black pepper and pawpaw seeds. These compounds have potential anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, pesticide and anticancer activity. The study provided a detailed comparison of detection and identification of various bioactive phytochemicals from of black pepper and pawpaw seeds. The study recommended the use of these plants (black pepper and pawpaw seeds) for the pest control and pharmaceutical.
CRUDE OIL PRICE SHOCKS AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY IN NIGERIA (1987-2020): EVIDENCE FROM NON-LINEAR AUTO REGRESSIVE DISTRIBUTED LAG AND GRANGER CAUSALITY ANALYSIS
Authors: Hammayo, Abubakar
Published: April 2023

The study examined empirically the asymmetric relationship between crude oil price shocks and agricultural productivity in Nigeria (1987-2020) from the perspectives of non-linear auto regressive distributed lag (NARDL) and granger causality analysis. The study used an annual time series data from the World development indicators (WDI) data bank for the period of 1987-2020. The newly introduced non-linear auto-regressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach was applied in the model specification and data analysis for the study. The results of the NARDL in both short and long run revealed that decrease in crude oil prices has a negative and significant (P≤0.0011) impact on agricultural productivity in Nigeria and vice versa. The results of the granger causality test revealed a unidirectional causality from crude oil prices to agricultural productivity with evidence from the current decline of global crude oil prices from December 2019 to April 2020 which is in line with the growth hypothesis. The study recommended the urgent need for the Nigerian government to device possible means of diversifying its economy and the reduction of overdependence on the revenue derived from the oil sector to boost productivity in the agricultural sector of the economy. Also, there is urgent need for the world health organization (WHO) to develop a vaccine that will eliminate the COVID-19 virus that poses a tremendous challenge to the world economy.
EVALUATION OF THE INSECTICIDE ACTIVITY OF SODOM APPLE (Calotropis procera) AGAINST MAIZE WEEVILS (Sitophilus zemais) CAUSING DAMAGE ON STORE MAIZE
Authors: Abubakar, S.  , Zaharaddeen, S.  , Tijjani, A.  , Aliyu, M.
Published: April 2023

Laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the insecticidal activity of leaves and stem bark powder of Sodom apple (Calotropis procera) and optimum concentration for the management of maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais). Actellic dust was used a positive control and untreated maize seeds serving as negative control. The experiment was laid in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) comprising of Leaves powder (1 g, 3 g and 5 g), stem bark powder (1 g 3 g and 5 g), Actellic dust and control. These were applied to 100 g healthy maize seeds and repeated three times. Contact activity of the plant products were evaluated and data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) and means were separated using NDMRT at 1% and 5% probability level. The results showed that the application of 5 g/100g leaves significantly (P<0.05) caused highest mortality of adult S. zeamais at 24 (2.33), 48 (2.66), 72 (2.33) and 96 (2.00) hours by contact toxicity comparable to other treated seeds. Similarly, maize seeds treated with 5 g /100 g of the leaves powder significantly (P<0.05) decreased Oviposition (3.33), Adult emergence (3.00), Percentage grain damage (3.67%), Number of exit holes (3.33) and Weight loss (1.63%). Germination of the treated seeds was not affected negatively. The 5 g of leave of C. procera could be recommended as suitable alternatives to chemical pesticides to be used as contact protectants against S. zeamais on stored maize seeds.
EFFECT OF TERMITES (GNATHAMITERMES Perplexus) INFESTATION ON SPATIAL VARIATION OF SOIL PROPERTIES AND HORTICULTURAL CROPS GROWTH
Authors: Abdallah, Y.  , Jibrin, A. D.
Published: April 2023

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of termites (Gnathamitermes perplexus) infestation on spatial variation of soil properties and horticultural crops growth in Alkaleri Local Government area of Bauchi State, Nigeria. A total of 68 soil samples were collected from two (2) location; 34 each from termites infested area and in a location without termite’s infestation. Results showed that the soils were characterized by very low to medium organic matter content, very low to low levels of nitrogen content, available phosphorus range between low and high, exchangeable bases (calcium, magnesium) in both soils ranges between very low and low, Sodium content ranges between medium and high with only slight variation in Cation exchange capacity (CEC). Results of soil analysis further revealed that pH (water) and pH (CaCl2) of both soils of the study area were acidic in nature. Correlation analysis showed that there was positive and significant relationship between pH versus CEC at 0.044**; organic matter versus CEC at 0321**; and calcium versus CEC at 0.909**. Correlation was again significant at P≤0.05 levels between available phosphorus versus calcium at 0.307* and available phosphorus versus CEC at 0.263*. T-test carried out revealed that the activities of termites in the infested soil placed the nutrients status higher compared to the surrounding soils without termites infestation. The study concluded that termite’s activities have also affected the lateral and spatial variation of both chemical and physical soil properties and horticultural crops growth in the research area. The study recommended that government, cooperate organizations and private individuals should encourage and provide adequate funding for a further research in both soils and horticultural crops infested with termites and farmers be enlightened to adopt modern techniques and skills for soil and fertility management.
VALIDITY OF SELF-REPORT TO MEASURE FARM SIZE: EVIDENCE FROM NORTHERN GUINEA SAVANNAH OF BORNO STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Shehu, A.  , Kadafur, M. I.  , Goni, I. C.
Published: April 2023

The study was explored to examine the validity of self-report to measure farm size: Evidence from Northern Guinea Savannah of Borno State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 667 respondents. The data were collected using Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM-area) direct measure and interview of a household head. Data were analysed using both descriptive statistics (count, percentage and mean) and inferential statistics (multiple regression and intra-class correlation). The results found the F-value of 2.7778 significant at P≤0.001implying that the model was reliable; and the deterministic coefficient was found to be 3.3% meaning that socio-economic characteristics were not the major determinants of self-reported farm size precision because 96.7% variations were accounted by other variables. The regression coefficient was 0.0128 signifying that if years of education increased by 1 year, the precision in self-reporting farm size will increase by 0.0128%. The intra-class correlation using two-way mixed effects model (where; people effects are random and measures effects are fixed) connotes that there is no agreement between two methods of measurement as depicted by average measure of intra-class correlation of 0.066. It was then concluded that farmers’ self-reported farm size was not valid and the only socio-economic factor that is affecting it was education. The study therefore, recommended that the use of any available application for measuring farm size during surveys like UTM-area measure which available at play store and compatible with Androids phone should be used.
EFFECTS OF NIGER STATE RICE INVESTMENT CONSORTIUM PROJECT ON COMMERCIALIZATION LEVELS OF SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN NIGER STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Ndanitsa, M. A.  , Umar, I. S.  , Alhassan, H. A.  , Ndako, N.  , Dauda, M.
Published: April 2023

The study assessed the effects of Niger State Rice Investment Consortium (NSRIC) project on commercialization levels of smallholder rice farmers in Niger State, Nigeria. A total sample size of 234; made up of 117 participants and 117 non-participants drawn from 12 localities in three (3) Local Government Areas (LGAs) were selected through multi-stage sampling technique. Data were collected from primary source using well-structured questionnaire administered by the researcher and with the assistance of well-trained enumerators from the Niger State Bureau of Statistics (NSBS). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, household commercialization index (HCI), Tobit regression model and Henry Garrett technique. The result showed that the respondents were in their productive age with mean age of 39 and 44 years of participants and non-participants, respectively; and also, the participants (80.34%) and non-participants (81.22%) were married. The result further revealed the mean farm size of 2.0ha and 1.84ha for participants and non-participants, respectively. The result of HCI revealed the mean household commercialization indices of 67.25%, 31.57% and 49.41% for participant, non-participant and pooled sample, respectively. The Tobic regression analysis disclosed that the coefficients of household size and extension contact were negative but however, significantly influenced smallholder level of rice commercialization. The coefficient of gender, farm size, quantity of rice produced, NSRIC project participant, access to market information, unit price of product, irrigation, access to tractorization and training were positive and significantly influenced smallholder rice commercialization. The costs and returns analysis revealed that the farmers earned N123,684.08 and N46,872.14 for participants and non-participants, respectively. It was recommended that governments at all levels should develop appropriate policies and strategies to promote the commercialization of smallholder Agriculture in the State and farmers themselves should form and maintain effective farmer groups to take advantage of better market prices for their products through their collective bargaining power.
EFFECT OF REPLACING MAIZE WITH CASSAVA LEAF SIEVATE MEAL ON GROWTH, HAEMATOLOGICAL AND SERUM INDICES OF BROILER CHICKS
Authors: Kehinde, A. S.  , Adelakun, K. M.  , Abdul-Azeez, F. I.  , Fadimu, B. O.
Published: April 2023

The study was carried out to examine effect of replacing maize with cassava leaf sievate meal on growth, haematological and serum indices of broiler chicks. In the study, 288 day old broiler chicks were randomly allotted to experimental diets (starter and finisher) cassava sievate-leaf meal (CSLM) based diets with the CSLM as replacement for maize. The trial lasted eight (8) weeks; and also four (4) diets each were compounded for starter and finisher phases in which CSLM replaced maize (0, 15, 30 and 45%). The diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous based on the age birds. The chicks were raised on deep litter system with stand health and management practices to evaluate growth performance, haemotogical and serum indices. Test feed stuffs, diets and blood samples and all data collected were also analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The proximate composition of feed stuffs revealed that cassava sievate meal (CSM) had 2.34% crude protein (CP), while the values for cassava leaf meal CLM and CSLM were 19.45% and 8.50, respectively; and the highest nitrogen free extract (NFE) (87.09%) was recorded for CSM. The starter and finisher diets had recommended levels of energy (2800 Kcal/kg -3000 Kcal/kg) and crude protein (19-22%). Daily feed intake compared (P≤0.05) in T1 – T4­­, the best daily weight gain (38.569) was recorded for T1 and compared with T­2. Utilization of feeds reduced with increased level of CSLM; and highest pack cell value (PCV) 24.34% was recorded for T4 while other haemotological factors were significantly (P≤0.05) varied. Serum creatinine and Cholestrol were elevated at T4. The study concluded that CSLM can be utilized by broiler chicks up to 45% as replacement for maize without any adverse effect. It was therefore, recommended that poultry farmers should adopt 30% CLSM inclusion in the diet of growing broiler for efficient growth and good body health.
ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING ADOPTION OF IMPROVED RICE TECHNOLOGY IN NIGER STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Ahmad, B. S.  , Adeniji, O. B.  , Tsado, J. H.  , Mohammed, U.
Published: April 2023

The study was carried out in Niger State, Nigeria to analyze factors affecting adoption of improved rice technology. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 180 respondents. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for the data analysis. The result disclosed that 55% of the respondents were still in their active and productive age. 95% of the respondents were married and majority 77% had moderate house hold size of 1-10 people. Majority (91.1%) had no formal education and 96.7% were small holder rice farmers. On farm adoption research and town criers ranked the 1st as rice farmer major sources of information. The major improved rice technologies adopted by the farmers were weed control (67.2%) and recommended land preparation practices (59.45%). The major factors affecting the adoption of improved rice technologies were marital status and extension contact at P≤0.01 probability level; other factors include cooperative membership and age of the respondents at P≤0.1 probability level, though age was inversely related to adoption of improved rice technologies. It was recommended that institutional credit organizations should provide credit facilities at a low interest rate to the rice farmers to enable them adopt the improved rice technologies.
DETERMINANTS OF WEALTH STATUS OF POULTRY ENTREPRENEURS IN ABA AGRICULTURAL ZONE OF ABIA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Ogbonna, S.  I.
Published: April 2023

The study dwelt on determinants of wealth status of poultry entrepreneurs in Aba agricultural zone of Abia State, Nigeria. Multi-stage random sampling method was used for the study. Data were collected from a randomly sampled 60 poultry entrepreneurs using a structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and OLS regression model were used to analyze the data. The findings of the study showed that 50% of poultry entrepreneurs were within the age bracket of 36-45 years with mean age of 46.13. Results of the respondents’ marital status showed that 63.3% of entrepreneurs were married; 73.3% had secondary education and 66.7% of the respondent’s belonged to cooperative society. The results of the ordinary least square (OLS) showed that age, stock size and breeding stock were negatively related to the wealth status of the poultry entrepreneur at P≤0.05% significance level, implying that as age of the respondents increased, wealth status of the poultry operators decreased. Marital status and amount of credit received positively influenced wealth status of poultry enterprise at P≤0.01%. Also, household income was positively related to wealth status and significant at P≤0.1% level. The R2 value of 0.819 implied that wealth status of the respondents was explained by all the explanatory variables by about 82%. It was concluded that all the explanatory factors had positive influence on wealth status of the respondents except the age of the entrepreneurs that showed negative influence. The study recommended that government should assist by enacting policies that would compel formal financial institutions to give adequate credit to poultry farm owners’ increase their stock size. Investors who are married should stock improved breeds of poultry to enhance their income, savings and wealth.
EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL CREDIT DELIVERY ON INCOME OF ARABLE CROP FARMERS IN NIGER STATE OF NIGERIA
Authors: Ndanitsa, M. A.  , Adetunji, A. O.  , Mohammed, D.  , Ndako, N.
Published: April 2023

The study examined performance of agricultural credit delivery on income of arable crop farmers in Niger State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used for the study and data were collected using structured questionnaires and interview schedules from a total sample size of 326. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, simultaneous equation model and Chow test. The result revealed that 60% of the respondents were within the age brackets of 31 – 50 years with average age of 45 years. Most (78%) of the respondents cultivated 0.5 – 3.0 hectares. The determinants of agricultural credit, potential credit demand and loan repayment were all significant at P≤0.01 probability level. Interest on loan, loan application cost, farm size and predicated loan repaid were all significant and important determinants of credit demand by farmers. However, coefficient of application form cost was negative; suggesting that high cost of loan application reduces credit demand among the beneficiaries. Furthermore, lending experience, transaction cost, credit source, interest on loans was significant at P≤0.1, P≤0.1 and P≤0.05 and P≤0.01, respectively, as the determinants of credit supply. The results revealed that late release of approved fund for disbursement, inadequate information and equipment, insufficient funds, loan diversion, illiteracy and lack of awareness; poor loan repayment and lack of infrastructure were the constraints affecting the loan beneficiaries. The constraints to credit by farmers included insufficient amount of loan, excessive bureaucracy, poor credit delivery, high interest rate, demand for collateral, short repayment period, farvouritism, lack of supervision and advisory services and dishonesty among lenders were the constraints affecting loan delivery by the beneficiaries. It was recommended that, formation of cooperative societies, use of credible credit officers and increase in farm size be put in place to effect the needed change in credit delivery in the study area.
FARMERS’ PERCEPTION OF SORGHUM (SORGHUM bicolor [L.] Moench) PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS AND TRAIT PREFERENCES IN NORTH EASTERN NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR STRIGA RESISTANCE BREEDING
Authors: Buba U. M.  , Mangshin, G. B.
Published: April 2023

The study was conducted to assess farmers’ perception of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] moench) production constraints and trait preferences in north eastern Nigeria: Implications for striga resistance breeding. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), is globally an important cereal crop and a major staple crop in sub-Saharan Africa. However, its production is seriously constrained by myriads of biotic and abiotic problems. Combining pest resistance and good agronomic traits can increase sorghum productivity through systematic breeding programs. A field survey was conducted across three (3) States namely; Adamawa, Gombe and Bauchi selected in North Eastern Nigeria. The research was to determine farmers’ preferred traits and production constraints, with special emphasis on S. hermonthica and its breeding priorities. A multi-stage cluster sampling technique was employed to interview 156 farmers. Analysis of data revealed that majority (77%) of the respondents was subsistence farmers with a mean farm size of 6 hectares. Farmers identified inadequate capital, infestation due to striga incidence, drought and soil degradation as major sorghum production constraints. Incidence of striga was widespread (78.2%) across the three (3) States. About 83% of the respondents agreed that land degradation was the main cause of striga infestation. Majority of farmers (41%) considered yield as the most preferred trait in sorghum followed by early crop maturity (32.6%); and the most popular striga control measure was physical methods. To improve sorghum productivity, farmers preferred traits and production constraints need to be integrated into future breeding programs in order to improve level of adoption of new varieties.
THE PERFORMANCE OF MICROFINANCE PROVIDERS ON POVERTY ALLEVIATION AMONG YAM FARM HOUSEHOLDS IN SELECTED LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS OF NIGER STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Ndanitsa, M. A.  , Sallawu, H.  , Ndako, N.  , Dauda, M.
Published: April 2023

The study examined the performance of microfinance providers on poverty alleviation among yam farm household in some selected Local Government Areas of Niger State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to draw up respondents for the survey. Data were collected from 120 respondents using structured questionnaire and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, poverty gap index, Foster-Greer-Thorbeck index, head count ratio, severity index, farm budget technique, and Gini coefficient. The results revealed that most (89.17%) yam farm household were males and married (87.50%). The average age of the respondents was 37.83 years; 75% were into poultry farming; 44.17% and 30.83% obtained credit from commercial and microfinance banks, respectively. Also, average income of the respondents before and after the loan was N38, 401.04 and N83, 329.21, respectively. The results also revealed even though credit had positive impact on the livelihood of the respondents in the area, the result of the Gini coefficient (0.6631) showed that there was inequality in income distribution among the respondents in the area. The study therefore, recommended that additional microcredit providers be established in the study area to increase its impact among the respondents especially in poverty alleviation. Also, integrated community development effort should be encouraged to provide rural infrastructures in the study area.
EVALUATION OF POTTING MIXTURES AND PROVENANCE ON EMERGENCE AND SEEDLING GROWTH OF GUM ARABIC (Senegalia senegal [L.] Britton)
Authors: Sabo, M. U.  , Aboki, I. Y.  , Fakuta, M. N.  , Emmanuel, L.
Published: April 2023

The experiment was conducted at the Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, Gum Arabic nursery Sub-station Gashua, Yobe (120 46’ N longitude 110 00’E and altitude 360m above sea level) to evaluate the effect of potting mixtures and provenance on the emergence and seedling growth performance of gum arabic (Senegalia senegal) in  2017 and 2018. The treatments consisted of eight (8) difference potting mixtures of top soil, river sand cowdung in the ratios (2:0:1, 2:0:3, 2:1:1, 2:1:3, 2:2:1, 2:2:3, 2:3:1, 2:3:3) and two (2) provenance (Yusufari and Gujba). The experiments were laid out in Randomized Complete Design in three (3) replications. Potting mixture showed no significant difference in days to emergence of S. senegal while seeds of Yusufari origin significantly influenced early days to emergence in both years of the study. At three (3) months after sowing (3 MAS) with ratios 2:1:1, 2:3:1 and 2:2:3 though statistically similar, significantly gave superior seedlings height in 2017 and 2018 experimentation with Gujba provenance producing taller seedlings. At 3MAS with ratio 2:1:1, 2:0:1, 2:1:3 and 2:2:1 thought statistically comparable, significantly increased seedling stem diameter, number of primary branches and canopy spread than other ratios in both seasons. Also, at 3MAS potting mixtures of 2:1:1, 2:1:3, 2:3:1 and 2:2:3, thought statistically similar, significantly increased height at first branch and root length more than the other ratios regardless of the study year. The study concluded that Gujba provenance gave superior seedling growth performance in most of the sampling period. The study concluded that potting mixture in the ration 2:1:1 was most appropriate for morphological growth characters of gum Arabic provenances. It is therefore recommended for profitable seedling production in the study area.
FARMER’S PERCEPTION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN DISSEMINATION OF AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION TO RURAL FARMERS IN NIGER STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Sule, B. A.  , Datsu, J. B.  , Abubakar, S.  , Tauheed, L.
Published: April 2023

The study assessed farmers’ perception of the effectiveness of information and communication technologies  (ICTs)  in dissemination  of Agricultural  information  to rural  farmers  in Bosso Local  Government  Area  of  Niger  State,  Nigeria.  A multi-stage simple random sampling technique was used to select 100 farmers from the study area. Data generated were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results showed that 62% of the farmers were aware of the ICTs, 63% had access to ICTs, 41% owned radio, television, and mobile phone while 27% owned radio and mobile phone. The results further revealed that all ((100%) the farmers perceived ICTs as effective tools in extension service delivery. Also, 63%  of  the respondents  considered  access to mobile  phone  to  be  timely  and  relevant  in  accessing  agricultural information. Mobile phone (40%) was ranked first as an effective means of accessing agricultural information by the farmers. It was also disclosed that television (32%) and mobile phone (40%) were the major factors leading to ICTs effectiveness.  Erratic power supply (32.0%) and inadequate extension services (25%) were the major problems that militated against the use of ICTs among farmers in the study area. The study concluded that ICTs are effective tools in dissemination of agricultural information in the study area, and mobile phone was the most effective means of accessing agricultural information by the respondents due to its dual purpose. The study also concluded that erratic power supply and inadequate extension services are the major problems militating against the use of ICTs among farmers. It was recommended that in order for farmers to understand and appreciate the benefits of ICT to improved agricultural production, extension agents should educate farmers particularly on the use of mobile phone which is considered more accessible and convenient.
ANALYSIS OF GENDER VULNERABILITIES TO CLIMATE CHANGE AMONG FARMERS IN KANO STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Idris, A. A.  , Suleiman, M. S.  , Abdullahi, A.  , Nasiru, A.
Published: April 2023

The study was designed to assess gender vulnerabilities to climate change among farmers in Kano State, Nigeria. The probability and non-probability sampling technique were used to select 250 farmers drawn from 50 co-operatives in the four (4) selected Local Government Areas (LGAs). Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. The results revealed the farmer’s average age of 46 years; majority (95.2%) were married with an average household size of 14 persons; and 43.6% of the farmers had informal (Qur’anic) education. Vulnerability analysis showed that women and children were more vulnerable to scarcity of water (48.1%) and diseases (58.5%), respectively, and men (59.2%) were vulnerable to market distance. It was further disclosed that age influenced the farmers’ adaptive strategies to climate change at P≤0.01 significant; and household size was significant at P≤0.05. However, farmer’s annual and years of farming experienced had no significant influences on the use of adaptive strategies. In conclusion, women and children were most affected by the changes in climate and had low adaptive capacity compared to men. The study recommended that women and children who are more vulnerable should be given special attention by all the stakeholders in order to reduce the level of their vulnerability.
ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE OF GROUNDNUT MARKETING IN NIGER STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Bako, R. U.  , Ibrahim, F. D.  , Ojo, A. O.  , Mohammed, U. S.
Published: April 2023

The study analyzed the structure and performance of groundnut marketing in Niger State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to sample 92 marketers and data was collected with the aid of a well-structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Gini coefficient, and gross margin analysis. The result revealed that the mean age of groundnut marketers was 35 years; 54.3% of respondents were female; 73.9% married; 38.0% had no formal education and 10.59 mean years of marketing experience. The result further revealed a Gini coefficient of 0.66 which is an indication of high level of concentration in the market; and gross margin of ₦7,929.63 was realized per 100kg bag of groundnut marketed. The study also found lack of credit facilities as the major problem encountered by marketers. Recommendations made include, formation of cooperative organizations among traders and price regulatory agencies should be strengthen and enlighten on the need to stabilize the price of groundnut.
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY OF MAIZE PRODUCING FARMS IN NIGERIA
Authors: Muhammad Auwal Ahmed
Published: April 2023

The paper compared the technical efficiency levels of maize farms in Nigeria using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and slacks-based measure (SBM) of efficiency model. Slacks based super-efficiency and ordinary least square models were also used to examine the super-efficient farms and the causes of technical inefficiency in the study area. The mean technical efficiency scores of DEA and SBM models were 0.78 and 0.66, respectively, implying that farmers could increase their corresponding efficiency levels by 22% and 34% with the current inputs level and technology. The findings indicated that there is a statistically significant difference (P≤0.01). Between the technical efficiency scores of DEA and SBM models as well as the inputs slacks at varying levels of probability. The variation in the efficiency estimates was attributed to the inherent bias nature of DEA model which does not capture the whole aspect of inefficiency. Thus, SBM model gives more accurate and reliable estimates than the conventional DEA and hence it is reliable. Moreover, the results showed that 15 farmers were super-efficient and regarded as those that utilized inputs optimally during production process. The inefficiency analysis revealed that experience, education, extension services and age have significant impact on technical efficiency. Therefore, the study concluded that maize farmers who had many years of experience and are also privilege to meet with extension personnel have tendency to acquire new skills and operate at the optimum efficiency level. The study recommended that super-efficient farmers should be used as a bench-mark by the inefficient ones since they have the ability to use their farm inputs optimally. This can reduce inefficiencies and lead to more output and reduced production costs as well.
PROFITABILITY OF YAM PRODUCTION IN PAIKORO LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF NIGER STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Baba, K. C.  , Aliyu, Y. Y.  , Adedeji, S. O.  , Bwala, A.  M.  , Umar, A.
Published: April 2023

The study examined the profitability of yam production among small-holder yam farmers in Paikoro Local Government Area of Niger State. Primary data were collected from 90 yam farmer’s selected using simple random sampling technique. The data were collected with the aid of a well-structured questionnaire and oral interview Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and budgetary techniques. The results of the socio-economic characteristics shows that majority (50%) of yam farmers were male, within the age range of 46- 55 years. Majority of the farmer had farm size less-than 1 hectare with at least 10 years farming experience. The total revenue was ₦582,588.72 per hectare while the total cost was estimated to be ₦218,197.98 per hectare.  The net farm income was ₦364,390.74 per hectare. The return on investment was 1.67 meaning that on ₦1 invested on the yam production will yield ₦1.67 per hectare meaning that yam production was profitable in the study area. The major constraints faced by the yam farmers were inadequate access to credit facilities, poor transportation network, pests and diseases, poor storage facility and high cost of labour. It could be concluded that yam production in the study areas was economically viable, and among the constraints identified in the study areas, majority of the respondents attested to the fact that inadequate access to credit and poor transportation network were major constraints faced. It was therefore, recommended that, infrastructure facilities like good road network should be provided for the yam farmers in the study area. The concept of cooperative movement should be encouraged in the study area so as to solve the problem of credit facilities to the farmers. It is also recommended that effort should be made to intensify the number of extension visits as this signifies a strong factor in yam production in the study area.
TRADITIONAL GOAT PRODUCTION AND INCOME GENERATION OF GOAT FARMERS IN ZANGON-KATAF LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Kaine, A. I. N.  , Ajeiigbe, E. A.  , Ogbonna, S. I.
Published: April 2023

The study was conducted in Zangon-Kataf Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. Multi-stage random sampling procedure was used to select 50 farmers used for the study. Structured questionnaire was used to collect data required for the study. Data collected were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative techniques. The result established that goat farmers in the study area were relatively young with a mean age of 38 years. Literacy level and household size were high. Enterprise variables established that the farmers were experienced and that goat production was an income generating enterprise with positive net profit and a mean net income of N2,719.00, that is, $7.769 at N350 per doller.  Return on investment (ROI) was established to be positive with a value 0.13 implying that goat production in the study area was profitable. The constraints to goat production in the study area were poor road network, pest and diseases, among others. It was recommended that, campaign and sensitization of the profitability of goat production should be carried out. Also, non-governmental organizations, government and financial institutions should assist goat producers by providing funds in form of soft loan, credit facilities and needed capital to improve their financial base and increase their production capability.
PERFORMANCE OF DATE PALM FRUIT MARKETING IN JIGAWA STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Musa, S.  , Mshelia, S. I.  , Tashikalma, A. K.
Published: April 2023

The study examined the performance of date palm fruit marketing in Jigawa State, Nigeria. Purposive and simple random sampling procedure were employed in selecting 122 marketers in the study area. Data was obtained through primary source with the aid of questionnaire and gross margin, marketing efficiency, Return on Investment (ROI) and marketing margin were employed in the analysis. The average gross margin of retailers and wholesalers were ₦0.46/kg and ₦2.01/kg, respectively. Gross margin for wholesalers revealed a total monthly revenue of ₦21,069,750.00 and ₦19,843,500.00 for retailers with 42555.38 kg as total quantity of date palm fruit traded by wholesalers and 47840.63 as total quantity traded by retailers. The result revealed that gross margin for both retailers (₦48.23/kg) and wholesalers (₦36.17/kg) were positive, an indication that both categories of respondents are making profit. The average marketing efficiency of wholesalers and retailers were 117.11% and 115.08%, respectively. The marketing efficiency of retailers (109.83%) in Shuwarin market was higher than that of wholesalers (107.30%); and efficiency of wholesalers (120.36%) was higher than retailers (117.53%) in Babaldu market. The result indicated that marketing efficiency of retailers (117.12%) was higher than wholesalers (116.10%) in Maigatari market and retailers (110.36%) had higher efficiency than wholesalers (106.33%) in Gumel market, while wholesalers (135.44%) had higher efficiency than retailers (130.48%) in Kazaure market which is an indication that both wholesalers and retailers are efficient in the marketing of date palm fruit in the area. The Return on Investment (ROI) indicated that marketing of date palm fruit was profitable since the ratio-values were greater than one implying that ₦1 invested into the business, marketers get an average of ₦0.15 and ₦0.17 for retailers and wholesalers, respectively. The average marketing margin of retailers and wholesalers were 16.20 and 20.41, respectively, an indication that wholesalers realized higher margin (higher profit) than retailers. In conclusion, wholesalers realized higher profit in bulk transactions while retailers realized more profit in smaller transactions. Purchase of large quantity of date palm fruit during peak period, provision of storage and processing facilities in the study area were recommended.
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN, WOOD ASH AND INTRA-ROW SPACING ON STAND COUNTS AND NUMBER OF SEED TUBERS OF POTATO (Solanum tuberosum L.) PER SQUARE METER ON THE JOS PLATEAU, NIGERIA
Authors: Amali, P. E.  , Daure, G. L.
Published: April 2023

Field experiment was conducted during 2018 and 2019 rainy seasons at the experimental farm of Potato Programme, Kuru, National Root Crops Research Institute Umudike, Abia State of Nigeria. Kuru is located on (Lat. 09o 44’N, Long 08o 44” E, 1239.4m amsl) in the northern Guinea Savanna Ecological zone of Nigeria. The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of various rates of nitrogen (0, 60 and 120 kg N/ha), wood ash (0, 2.5 and 5.0 t/ha) and intra-row spacing (20, 30 and 40 cm) on stand count and number of seed tubers of potato. A split plot design was used where the factorial combinations of N and intra-row spacing were assigned to the main plots, while wood ash was assigned to sub plots. The treatments were replicated three (3) times. The result revealed that application of 60 - 120 kg N/ha and 2.5 - 5.0 t/ha wood ash enhanced crop growth and yield of potato like stand count and number of seed tuber, respectively. Therefore, during manure application of Nitrogen at 60 kg N/ha with wood ash at 5.0 t/ha and at reduced intra-row spacing (20cm and 30cm) is recommended for cultivation Potato in the region.
RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES OF MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM AGRIBUSINESS ENTERPRISES IN NORTH-WEST, NIGERIA
Authors: Magaji, B. D.  , Oladimeji, Y. U.  , Hassan, A. A.  , Siewe, Francois  , Njiforti, P. P.
Published: April 2023

The study identifies the common risk management strategies (RMS) used by micro, small and medium scale enterprises (MSMAEs) in North-west, Nigeria. A sample of 334 MSMAEs were selected using multi-stage sampling procedure. Data were collected in 2020 with the use of structured questionnaire. Both descriptive statistics and principal component analysis (PCA) were employed to describe and analyse risk management strategies of MSMAEs. The result revealed that there were three categories of RMS namely, investment, budgeting and marketing. The investment RMS were the most used strategies with a mean score ( of 3.73 and a standard deviation ( of 2.85. This is followed by the marketing RMS with a mean score of 2.98 and a standard deviation of 2.08, irrespective of the business status. The least important RMS were the budgeting RMS with a mean score of 1.91 and a standard deviation of 1.52. The PCA results also revealed that RMS factor under micro agribusinesses had the highest and smallest correlation in terms of maintaining accurate and up-to-date financial record (0.93) and savings (0.66), respectively. Similarly, under the small agribusinesses, RMS factor had the highest and smallest correlation with timing or type of sales modification (0.95) and Borrowing (0.54). Furthermore, in medium agribusinesses, RMS factor had the highest and smallest correlation with timing of sale of output (0.92) and keeping of business record (0.68). In conclusion, MSMAEs managed their risk through investment, budgeting and marketing strategies. It was recommended that regular capacity building especially in the area of record keeping, maintaining accurate and up-to-date financial record, budgeting cash flow and outflows and conducting basic financial analysis couple with effective marketing management system should be given priority in risk management strategies in the sector.
AGRICULTURAL CREDIT UTILIZATION AMONG BENEFICIARIES OF DEVELOPMENT EXCHANGE CENTRE IN TAFAWA BALEWA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: Bulus, G.  , Egbeadumah, O. M.  , Musa, Andarawus
Published: April 2023

The study examined agricultural loan utilization among borrowers of Development Exchange Centre (DEC) in Tafawa Balewa Local Government Area of Bauchi State, Nigeria. Data were collected from 47 randomly selected respondents through the instrument of questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Access to Credit Index, t-test, and regression analysis. The results showed that beneficiaries had fair access to credit index of 0.46 having received an average loan amount of N31, 500 being 46.1% of the loan applications T-test however, revealed a significant diversion of the granted amount at 0.5%, implying that borrowers diverted some of the funds to non-agricultural use. It was found out that crop production beneficiaries utilized the loan on fertilizer, labour, farm assets, storage bags, agrochemicals and seed or seedlings; and animal production beneficiaries used the loan for stocking, feed, labour, drugs and livestock equipment. Regression results of the factors affecting loan utilization showed that age, household size, non-farm income source, educational level and farming experience were significant (P<0.05).  It was concluded that farmers did not make the best use of the loan amount acquired; perhaps due to inadequate loan supervision. It was therefore, recommended that while more should be given in terms of loan volume to farmers, it should be followed by intense supervision as it was found to correlate positively with loan utilization.