bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Literacy in a Second Language
Authors: Grabe William
Published: October 2009

As literacy has emerged to become a major issue in the 1980s, and will continue to do so in the 1990s, the only sure claim to be made is that the notion of literacy is extremely complex and fraught with generally accepted “myths,” hidden assumptions, over-generalizations, and simple all-inclusive responses to the challenges presented. This scenario is no less appropriate to the second language learning context than it is to the first language learning context. Thus, any examination of second language literacy requires discussion of both first language and second perspectives. It is naive to assume that the difficulties, complexities, contradictions, and debates in first language literacy do not apply equally to the large majority of second language learning contexts. Accordingly, second language literacy will be discussed in light of first language perspectives on literacy, reading, and writing, expanding these perspectives into second language contexts. (It should be noted that two excellent reviews of reading and writing in a second language appeared inARAL IX(Carrell 1989a, Hudelson 1989a). This review should be seen as complementary to these two earlier articles.)
Discourse Analysis and Written Discourse Conventions
Authors: Atkinson Dwight
Published: October 2009

The institutionalized, orconventionalized, properties of human language, somewhat neglected as objects of study in contermporary linguistics, have lately been looked upon with renewed interest. Tannen (1987), for example, synthesizing earlier work by Bakhtin (1981), Becker (1979), and Boliner (1976), has argued for a view of discourse as relatively prepatterned across linguistic domains. Similarly, the notion of “emergent grammer” (i.e., of grammer as “set of …recurrent partials, whose status is constantly being renegotiated in speech”; Hopper 1988:118) has been advanced in opposition to more widely-accepted models of grammatical knowledge. Recent research of this type, as well as a number of older studies, indicates a serious interest among certain linguists in formulating a theoretical basis for the study of conventionalized language.
Literacy and Ideology
Authors: Auerbach Elsa
Published: October 2009

The past decade has seen increasing acceptance of the perspective that there can be no disinterested, objective, and value-free definition of literacy: The way literacy is viewed and taught is always and inevitably ideological. All theories of literacy and all literacy pedagogies are framed in systems of values and beliefs which imply particular views of the social order and use literacy to position people socially. Even those views which paint literacy as a neutral, objectively definable set of skills are in fact rooted in a particular ideological perspective, and it is precisely because they obscure this orientation that they are most insidious. In fact, as Fairclough (1989) argues, one of the primary mechanisms of social control is the “naturalization” of institutional practices which legitimize and perpetuate existing power relations.
Content-Centered Learning in the U.S.
Authors: Crandall JoAnn (Jodi)
Published: October 2009

Although estimates of the number of language minority students in U.S. schools vary, there is consensus that the numbers are increasing dramatically. In 1980, there were 24 million language minority individuals living in the United States, including nearly 8 million school-age children and 2.6 million children under age five, one or both of whose parents spoke a language other than English at home (Waggoner 1992). Of the school age children, an estimated 3–5 million had limited English proficiency. Between 1980 and 1990, according to the U.S. Census, the Asian-American population more than doubled and the Hispanic-American population increased by more than 50 percent. Many major metro-politan school districts report a student population speaking more than 60 or 70 different languages, and in one of these, Los Angeles, more than 50 percent of the school age population is language minority.
Genre and Literacy-Modeling Context in Educational Linguistics
Authors: Martin James R.
Published: October 2009

Christie (1992), in the previous year's volume of theAnnual Review of Applied Linguistics, reviewed literacy initiatives in Australia which drew on systemic functional linguistics, focusing on three themes: differences between speech and writing, written genres, and the study of spoken language. This paper is designed to complement her review, highlighting ongoing research within the same general theoretical framework, and focusing on the general question of modeling context in educational linguistics.
Awareness and Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Schmidt Richard
Published: October 2009

One very active research tradition in the field of second language acquisition (SLA) attempts to establish causal relationships between environmental factors and learning. These include the type and quantity of input, instruction and feedback, and the interactional context of learning (Larsen-Freeman and Long 1991). A second very influential line of research and theory in SLA that came to fruition during the 1980s investigates the possible role of universal grammar (UG) in SLA (Eubank 1991b, White 1989). In the Chomskyan tradition, UG refers not to properties of language as the external object of learning but to innate properties of mind that direct the course of primary language acquisition. One question asked within this tradition has been whether or not second language learners still “have access” to UG, but it is assumed that UG principles are not accessible to learner awareness for any kind of conscious analysis of input. It is possible that SLA is the result of UG (a deep internal factor) acting upon input (an external factor), as proposed by White (1989), but what seems to be left out of such an account is the role of the learner's conscious mental processes.
Language and Gender
Authors: Freed Alice F.
Published: October 2009

In the past several years the subfield of sociolinguistics known as language and gender has developed a sophistication that could not have been predicted from the research of the early 1970s. While this area of study has evolved along many of the same lines as other branches of sociolinguistics, the lessons of language and gender research have informed the wider field by producing an awareness of the subtlety of such categories as sex and gender (along with class and ethnicity); it has forced a reevaluation of these categories, once assumed to correlate in a straightforward fashion with language variation.
Sociocultural Theory and Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Lantolf James P. , Pavlenko Aneta
Published: October 2009

Although the sociocultural theory (henceforth SCT) of mental activity, rooted in the work of L. S. Vygotsky and his colleagues, has certainly come to the fore in developmental and educational research (cf. Forman,et al.1993, Lave and Wenger 1991, Moll 1990, Newman,et al.1989), it is still very much the “new kid on the block” as far as SLA research is concerned. Recently, however, SCT has begun to enjoy increased attention among L2 researchers, as is amply attested in the bibliography of this paper. This research has focused on three general areas: activity theory and the relevance of motives and goals for L2 learning; the role of private speech in L2 learning; and learning in the zone of proximal development. These areas serve as the organizing basis for the survey that follows. The overview begins, however, with a brief, but necessary, overview of the theory itself.
Language Policy and Planning in South America*
Authors: Hornberger Nancy H.
Published: October 2009

South America, widely known as a “Spanish-speaking” part of the world, is in fact a region of great linguistic diversity and complexity (see Table 1). The history and hegemony of the colonial languages, Spanish and Portuguese; the elusiveness and elitism of immigrant languages such as German, Italian, Japanese, and English; and the variety and vitality of the indigenous languages have combined to pose continuing challenges to language planners and policy makers. For the colonial languages, which have long enjoyed official status, the pressing language planning issues are those concerning standardization vis-a-vis national and international varieties. Immigrant language concerns maintain a relatively low profile in the policy and planning arena.
The Bilinguals' Creativity
Authors: Kachru Braj B.
Published: October 2009

The term bilinguals' creativity is used here to refer to those creative linguistic processes which are the result of competence in two or more languages. The term is not interpreted in the sense of acquisitional inadequacies of the bilinguals in a particular language, as has generally been done in describing the linguistic behavior of the bilinguals' use of “non-native” languages. The concept creativity applies both to an individual bilingual and to a bilingual speech community (or a speech fellowship). The bilinguals' creativity entails two things: first, the designing of a text which uses linguistic resources from two or more—related or unrelated—languages; second, the use of verbal strategies in which subtle linguistic adjustments are made for psychological, sociological, and attitudinal reasons. Examples of such creativity may be drawn from non-native literatures written in English or French, or the code-mixed varieties of languages (see section 2 below).
Multilingualism and Language Contact: An Introduction
Authors: Richard Tucker G.
Published: October 2009

Various facets of the general topic of multilingualism have been dealt with in previousARALvolumes and as a major substantive focus in Volumes 6 and 14. Nonetheless, it does not seem at all surprising that we return to the topic in Volume 17 given the worldwide incidence of the phenomenon and the attention, and often controversy, which it arouses. Despite pressures and influences toward commonality from a seemingly pervasive mass media, the residents of the world continue to speak an amazing array of mutually unintelligible languages (see, for example, Bright 1992, Cheshire 1991, Comrie 1987, Edwards 1995). These languages vary in typological characteristics, geographical spread, and number of speakers. If written, they also vary in terms of the type of system that is used to record them (e.g., alphabetic, logographic, syllabic-alphabetic).
Language Minorities and Language Maintenance
Authors: Edwards John
Published: October 2009

The position of minority groups and the maintenance of their languages are very much in the news today. For (largely) indigenous minorities, consider the case of continental Europe: As it moves—sometimes erratically—towards federalism, its minorities and its “stateless” peoples are pressing for increased and improved recognition. In October 1981, the European Parliament adopted the Arfé resolution, providing such recognition. A number of further developments have occurred, important among which was the establishment in 1982 of the Dublin-based Bureau for Lesser Used Languages. Its Secretary-General recently observed that:

If our languages have been ignored in the past by European institutions this is no longer the case. The European Community is positive towards the cause of our languages and now includes in its budget a provision of 3.5 million ECU to promote regional and minority languages and cultures (Breathnach 1993:1). (See also Baetens Beardsmore 1993; 1994, Edwards 1994a, Sikma and Gorter 1991.)
Navigation Aspects of JTIDS
Authors: Wray G. L. , Sheppard C. P.
Published: October 2009

The United Kingdom's interest in the Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) and its Relative Navigation (relnav) capability began in 1979 with studies into an Electronic Counter-measures (ECM) Resistant Communications System (ERCS). The Singer Kearfott Division (SKD) Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) JTIDS system, which includes a relnav and position reporting capability, was selected to fulfill this requirement. Early in 1985, approval was also granted to the Royal Navy to procure an ERCS.

Technical studies on JTIDS for airborne applications are being directed by RAE Farnborough and by ARE Portsdown for maritime use. Systems Designers Scientific (SD Scientific) is providing technical support in a number of areas including relnav.

This paper, which was presented at an Ordinary Meeting of the Institute held in London on 15 January, gives a very brief overview of JTIDS and describes the principles of relnav before outlining the structured approach to JTIDS relnav evaluation which has been adopted.
Radar Simulator Studies of Crossing Encounters in Fog
Authors: Curtis Robert G.
Published: October 2009

There is an increasing interest in crossing situations. This has been stimulated by the success of traffic separation schemes to generally reduce the level of risk of collision from ships approaching in opposing directions. There have recently been crossing collisions in the Dover Strait which have occurred during conditions of poor visibility. These might have been avoided if the officers in charge of the vessels had allowed more time to manoeuvre. They bear witness to the fact that, in fog, a vessel can travel a considerable distance before its course alteration is detected on another ship's radar and appropriate collision-avoidance action taken by that other vessel.
Collision Rate as a Danger Criterion for Marine Traffic
Authors: Kwik K. H.
Published: October 2009

For many practical purposes it is desirable to have a yard-stick with which safety can be measured. A criterion for the estimation of the safety of ships against collisions is outlined in this paper. The method is based on mathematical simulation and embodies all relevant factors. Numerical results are given for the English Channel and the German Bight showing the effect of parameter variations.
The Future of Conventional Aids to Navigation
Authors: Wingate Miles
Published: October 2009

The paper first of all defines conventional aids to navigation and compares both the historical and future roles of these aids in relation to developments in the field of radio navigation systems and technological advances in shipborne navigational aids. It goes on to emphasize the need to provide for all classes of vessel, i.e. those equipped with a high level of sophisticated shipborne aids and those equipped with a low level of such aids, including the not-so-well-found vessel, fishing vessels and leisure craft. Mention is made of present mandatory requirements in respect of the carriage of electronic shipborne navigational aids and the effect of changes in these requirements on the future role of conventional aids. The availability, reliability, accuracies and errors of both conventional aids and radionavigation systems are discussed. The paper concludes that, with the anticipated developments in the field of radionavigation systems such as Global Maritime Satellite Navigation, GPS, Differential GPS, Loran-C and Differential Loran-C, there may be a decline in the requirement for some conventional aids to navigation; the provision of these aids, however, is seen as still playing an important role in the overall mix of aids to navigation used by the mariner. The level of importance of this role bears a direct relationship to the level of shipborne navigational aids carried by the various classes of vessel and changes in the mandatory requirements for such aids.
Vehicle Navigation Using the Adaptive Compass
Authors: Foster M. R.
Published: October 2009

Magnetic sensors have been used in navigation for many centuries. During this time the effects of magnetic interference from ferromagnetic materials used in vehicle construction have become an increasing problem, and correction techniques have evolved progressively to allow the continued use of magnetic heading detection. The advent of the microprocessor has made it possible to take a fresh look at the problems of compass operation in vehicles and to devise more accurate processes for the correction of the indicated heading. The compass system described in this paper uses a mathematical representation of the magnetic environment based on fundamental physical principles to supply accurate heading information even in the most magnetically hostile land vehicles.
Search Area Determination and Search Unit Deployment
Authors: Astbury John
Published: October 2009

In any maritime emergency where time elapses from the start of the incident to the arrival of rescue units it is necessary to establish the most probable survivor area. The procedure for establishing a most probable area is known as search area determination and requires the calculation of one position from another, known respectively as the datum point (DP) – the most probable position of survivors – and the last known position (LKP) – the incident position with recourse to the effects of tide and wind. Under the present manual methodology of the search and rescue planning system (USCG 1973), the DP is given an error treatment comprising drift initial position and search and rescue unit navigational (SRU) errors. Error calculations produce a search area radius (R) which is ‘boxed’ and referenced by four corner coordinates given in latitude and longitude.
GPS in the Year 2000 and Beyond
Authors: Baker Colonel Phillip J.
Published: October 2009

The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a military positioning and navigation system that, like all radio navigation systems, will also be used by the civil community. The system has just completed a transition from the development phase into production. In order to speculate on how the GPS will look in the year 2000 and beyond, a determination must first be made on how the system will look in the 1990s after it has become fully operational and has gained some maturity. As the system is being fielded and after it is operational, certain pressures will be exerted to change the system. These pressures will tend to make it change, and various types of change could occur. These potential changes will be examined primarily from the point of view of the civil use of GPS. The pressures come from at least four sources: the military needs of GPS, money, technological innovation and user requirements. These pressures could also cause changes to occur in the various GPS plans and policies associated with civil use. The pressures and/or new policies and plans could affect the GPS hardware and software. In addition to system or policy changes, new applications of GPS will surface and new ways of installing and integrating GPS on various platforms will emerge.
Modern Navigation and Positioning Techniques
Authors: Napier M. E. , Ashkenazi V.
Published: October 2009

Significant developments have taken place in navigation and positioning techniques at sea. These include radio, acoustic and inertial methods, and satellite based techniques. The latter consist of the Transit Doppler system, which has now been in operation for over 20 years, and the Global Positioning System which is due to be inaugurated in the early 1990s. These various systems are described in the paper, and their marine engineering, geodetic and geophysical applications discussed. The paper is based on a lecture presented at the Oceanology International Conference held at Brighton in March 1986.
Integrated Navigation, Communication and Surveillance Systems Based on Standard Distance Measuring Equipment
Authors: Becker A.
Published: October 2009

In the past, various authors have published ideas aiming at the functional integration of communication, navigation and surveillance (COM/NAV/SURV) subsystems with the advantage that the same subsystems and components like transmitters, receivers and antennas can be used more efficiently.
An Omega/Transponder Display System
Authors: Litchford George B. , Saganowich Joseph T.
Published: October 2009

A new application of the Omega navigation system is described in which a ground station is enabled to display multiple vehicle locations. Pulses from the vehicles are triggered by Omega signals and the times of arrival of the pulses at the ground station are processed to provide a ‘radar-like’ display of each vehicle's range and bearing.

This paper was presented at the eleventh Annual Meeting of the International Omega Association held in Quebec in August 1986.
The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Gyroscope: a Review
Authors: Woodman K. F. , Franks P. W. , Richards M. D.
Published: October 2009

A review of the nuclear magnetic resonance gyroscope (NMRG) as a rotation-rate sensor is presented. Most of the activity in the recent past on NMRG research originated in the USA and concentrated almost exclusively on forms of the NMRG utilizing optical-pumping techniques. To date, only the National Air Defence Centre at Warminster, Pennsylvania continues to pursue a low-cost variant of the NMRG while in the UK, only ARE (Slough) and Sussex University remain active in NMRG research. The emphasis on activity in the Navigation Division at ARE (Slough) has continued to be on cryogenic helium-3 (3He) techniques and the use of superconducting shielding (although optical-pumping will also be pursued). The continuing incentive for NMRG research remains the requirement for a ship's low-cost inertial navigation system (SLINS).
Position Fixing with Neither Dead Reckoning nor GMT
Authors: Fu W. B.
Published: October 2009

This is a short summary of a paper which shows what a navigator can do to fix his position at sea using basic equipment (sextant, hand-held compass, almanac, four-figure mathematical tables) without the help of dead reckoning or the benefits of GMT.
Resurrecting the Lunar Distance
Authors: Stark Bruce
Published: October 2009

Barring electronics and steady timekeepers the Moon's orbit provides the readiest means of finding Greenwich time at sea. But the Moon moves so slowly in her monthly circuit that an error of only 1′ in locating her will cause an error of nearly 2 minutes in GMT. Obviously the navigator needs some idea of how well he has pinpointed her. Even a modest error, unless suspected and allowed for, could be disastrous.
Standard Global Reference Datum
Authors: Blanchard W.
Published: October 2009

This paper was presented by W. Blanchard to a meeting of the Technical Committee on 25 March 1987. It has been forwarded to an IAIN Working Party set up to consider possible contributions to the ICAO Future Air Navigation Systems study.
A Change of Editor
Authors: Richey M. W.
Published: October 2009

The next issue of the Journal, which starts the fortieth volume, will have a new Editor, Professor J. F. Kemp, and a new publisher, Oxford University Press.
Anderson Memorial Lecture: On the Navigation of London Taxis and Certain Flying Machines
Authors: Williams J. E. D.
Published: October 2009

Whereas the proper object of all commercial transportation is profit-making, the navigational objectives of taxis and of airliners differ remarkably. In airlines navigation only affects product quality and operating costs but in taxis the revenue (the fare on the meter) is a function of the navigation. Regularity of service is meaningless to taxis whereas regularity of schedule keeping is an imperative of airline navigation because it is only possible to offer air fares a full order lower than taxi fares on aeroplanes costing up to $200,000 a seat by achieving high equipment utilization. Many taxi drivers hire their cabs at a weekly rate which includes maintenance and repair but not fuel. They therefore have a direct interest in the cost of fuel but not in wear and tear of machinery. Finally, taxi drivers are self-employed businessman whose income depends entirely on their navigational skills.
Operational Aspects of JTIDS Relative Navigation
Authors: Doherty P. A. , Sheppard C. P. , Wray G. L.
Published: October 2009

This paper represents a follow-up of work previously reported at an Ordinary Meeting of the Institute and published in the Journal in May 1986 under the title ‘Navigational Aspects of JTIDS’.

Technical studies on JTIDS for the airborne applications are being directed by the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE), Farnborough and by the Admiralty Research Establishment (ARE), Portsdown, for maritime use, for which Systems Designers Scientific is providing technical support in a number of areas. One such field is Relative Navigation (relnav). As part of this MOD-funded work a relnav simulator has been developed at the RAE. This simulator is currently in use for the assessment of the relnav capability and has been used to produce the results presented in following sections.

This report gives a brief description of JTIDS relnav and presents some basic features of relnav performance in simple communities. Then a description of relnav performance in fragmented and loosely coupled communities is presented. Finally a brief summary of the main points and conclusions is given.
Analysis of Apparent Spontaneous Yawing for a Ship Under Way
Authors: de Wit C.
Published: October 2009

In this paper a mathematical model is presented to explain the phenomenon of yawing oscillations of a ship, when sailing in a mean straight course with a constant mean speed. With this model, periodic yawing can be simulated as a result of simultaneous periodic rolling and pitching, emphatically without the input of any rudder action. Additionally, the study throws a new light on the old question of whether the Cardan suspension of the compass bowl should be with the outer gimbal axes fore and aft or athwartships.
Loran-C Chains: Determination of Extent of Cover
Authors: Woodman K. F. , Juleff J. , Allen R. A.
Published: October 2009

A mainly theoretical study has been undertaken to demonstrate how the extent of cover from a hyperbolic navigation system chain can be evaluated. The impetus for the study was the need to assess how Loran-C could be extended over Western Europe, particularly in the South western Approaches, North Sea, English Channel and Bay of Biscay sea areas.

The technique described in this article leads to an accurate determination of the electric field strength at a distance from each transmitting site and takes into account the complexities of the ground-wave propagation path. This field-strength contour is combined with the geometric effects of station siting (expansion factors) to yield a constant S/N contour (–10 dB) which defines the ¼n.m. error and hence the limit of cover for the hyperbolic chain under study.

In order to exercise the analytical methods a hypothetical Loran-C chain was studied comprising a master station at Lessay (France), with secondary stations at Soustons (also in France), at Sylt (dual rated; off the North Sea coast of Germany, near the Danish border) and at a fourth station located in north-west Britain on the Hebridean island of Barra. The study indicated that such a hypothetical chain would significantly improve Loran-C cover over much of western Europe.
Offshore Platform Collision Exposure to Passing Ships
Authors: Wennink Cornelis J.
Published: October 2009

This paper describes a computer aided method which has been developed for assessing impending platform contacts (Impact). Some preliminary results are presented.
Meteorological Office Services for Civil Aviation, the Offshore Industry and Shipping on the High Seas
Authors: Morris R. M.
Published: October 2009

The Central Forecast Office Headquarters (CFO) in Bracknell has a number of national and international functions including a co-located World Area and Regional Area Forecast Centre in support of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The CFO is also a Regional Meteorological Centre within the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and a National Meteorological Centre for the United Kingdom. The CFO receives considerable support from an operational numerical prediction model. There are two versions of the model: a global version has a horizontal resolution of about 150 km and is used to produce forecasts up to 6 days ahead twice daily from 0500 GMT and 1200 GMT starting conditions with results available by 0500 GMT and 1700 GMT, respectively. A regional version of the model has a horizontal resolution double that of the global version and is limited to the area bounded by 80° W –40° E, 30° N – 80° N, with the lateral boundaries updated by interpolations from the global model. The regional model is used to compute forecasts up to 36 hours ahead twice daily, with results available by 0300 GMT and 1500 GMT. The fine-mesh model is used mainly to provide detailed forecasts of precipitation, cloud, surface winds and temperatures, which are better specified on relatively small horizontal grids. Physical and sub-grid scale processes are parametrized in the numerical model.
Marine Safety Information
Authors: Fuller A. C.
Published: October 2009

Marine Safety Information is defined as the coordinated service of navigational and meteorological warnings, meteorological forecasts and distress alerts.

It represents the core information which the Master of a ship is required to receive under the provisions of chapters IV and V of the Safety of Life at Sea Convention (SOLAS).

In essence these cover the responsibilities of nations to broadcast messages relating to marine hazards, the obligation placed upon Masters to report such hazards, and to receive messages broadcast about them.

Three separate kinds of information are dealt with in the SOLAS Convention. First, Meteorological Services: these are the business of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), which seeks to coordinate the work of various national meteorological administrations. Unfortunately a multitude of overlapping services and areas have grown up out of an expanding practical requirement and capability. This has resulted in overlap of services and consequent multiplication of effort.
Present Trends in Naval Bridge Design and Integrated Navigation
Authors: Hadley M. A.
Published: October 2009

Although the Royal Navy has used various bridge designs during the past 20 years it has chosen a readily recognizable layout for its Type 23 frigate. This conservatism is not the result of a wilful disregard for changes being made elsewhere in the marine world but arises from the particular requirements of a warship's bridge and considerable differences in manning. The most significant changes to layout, in recent years, have been the siting of the quartermaster on the bridge, the introduction of the versatile console system (vcs) of instrument display, the provision of engine controls at the quartermaster's console and the siting of a radar display at the bridge front.
Standardization of Electronic Charts
Authors: van Opstal L. H.
Published: October 2009

One of the main motives for establishing the International Hydrographic Bureau (1921) was: ‘To bring about … the greatest possible uniformity in nautical charts and documents’.
Interoperability versus Integration of Omega and GPS
Authors: Schlachta Henry B. , Studenny John
Published: October 2009

This paper was presented at the 14th annual meeting of the International Omega Association, held at Long Beach, California in October 1989.

The integration of Omega and GPS sensors into a single navigation system offers the advantages of good accuracy under almost all signal conditions, low capital investment, and certifiable worldwide navigation. The accuracy of the existing Omega network can be progressively improved as GPS satellite coverage is fully implemented. This is done by having the GPS system update the Omega navigator. Eventually, the same equipment can provide full GPS navigation accuracy but with Omega as a back-up.

This paper proposes a method of further improving the overall accuracy and reliability of Omega-GPS navigation. The conceptsof Omega-GPS integration, interoperability, modes of operation, and Kalman filter data fusion are presented. Four interoperability modes of operation and their ability to improve navigation reliability are also discussed.
Position Fixing in a Fast Moving Ship by Culmination of a Celestial Body
Authors: Ranta Matti A.
Published: October 2009

A well-known navigational method is to determine position through observation of the highest altitude of the Sun at noon. This procedure is based tacitly on the assumption that the observed altitude is a symmetrical function of time about the highest point which appears thus in the meridian. In order to examine the accuracy of this approximation for a fast moving ship, let us consider the situation in more detail. The equations will be formulated using the standard functions in a modern pocket calculator and its application modules.
Land Vehicle Navigation—A Worldwide Perspective
Authors: French Robert L.
Published: October 2009

This paper and the following five papers were presented at the NAV90 Conference on Land Navigation and Information Systems. The Conference was organized by the Institute in September at the University of Warwick. Complete sets of the proceedings are available from the Director, Royal Institute of Navigation, price £60 (to RIN members).

This paper takes a global overview of technical developments in vehicular navigation. From this vantage point, the author gives his perception of some of the critical issues involved in the major shakeout and consolidation which he expects to occur during the next one or two decades, and he speculates on the outcome.
The Development of Datatrak
Authors: Scorer A. G.
Published: October 2009

What are we doing it for? Datatrak designed, built and prepared for the transport market, a complete Automatic Vehicle Location and Reporting System (AVLRS) that covers 95 percent of the road system of Great Britain.
Secrets of PANDORA's Box – Creation of Digital Road Networks for Vehicle Navigation in Europe
Authors: McCallum D. G.
Published: October 2009

The Automobile Association, Ordnance Survey, Philips BV and Robert Bosch GmbH are collaborating in a project to create and test a prototype navigation database. The project, (PANDORA–Prototyping A Navigation Database Of Road-network Attributes) which is being managed by consultants MVA Systematica, is supported by the European Community's DRIVE initiative.

The data requirements of future vehicle navigation systems such as CARIN from Philips, Travelpilot/EVA from Bosch and the Autoguide scheme for London have been examined. Digital street networks have been extracted mainly from Ordnance Survey's large-scale digital mapping, and the necessary road and traffic attributes have been collected by the AA. These data have been integrated into a specially-designed prototype database for parts of London and Birmingham and the major interconnecting roads. Data have been abstracted from the database and supplied to Bosch and Philips using the Geographic Data Files (GDF) standard developed in the DEMETER project. This dataset is being tested in field trials using prototype vehicle navigation systems. The dataset will also be provided to the DRIVE Project ‘Task Forc European Digital Road Map’ as benchmark test task number 12.

This paper describes the project, dealing with its objectives and relationship to other European initiatives, the work undertaken, the standards utilized and developed, its results and conclusions, and the lessons learned with respect to provision of data for larger areas of Europe. A glossary of technical terms and abbreviations is also included.
Results of Collision Avoidance Manoeuvre Experiments Using a Knowledge-Based Autonomous Piloting System
Authors: Iijima Yukito , Hagiwara Hideki , Kasai Hironao
Published: October 2009

One of the most important factors for the safety of navigation is to ensure proper collision avoidance manoeuvres in a congested traffic area. There are many aids for this purpose; for example, an ARPA, which is mandatory for certain ships and which is expected to be effective.
A Stranding Avoidance System Using Radar Image MatchingDevelopment and Experiment
Authors: Hayashi Shogo , Kuwajima Susumu , Sotooka Kouichi , Yamazaki Hisao , Murase Hiroshi
Published: October 2009

The rates of collision and stranding at sea are very high. The primary causes of stranding are: not checking a ship's position, inadequate route planning, operational misjudgement and inefficient watchkeeping. These causes are responsible for 90 percent of strandings according to accident statistics. Reduction in stranding risk would be of considerable economic benefit and would also reduce pollution and be welcomed by shipping companies and, of course, by crews.
Development of Land Mobile Satellite Services in Europe
Authors: Visser A. R.
Published: October 2009

This paper was presented at the Institutes NAV90 Conference but was received too late for inclusion in the Proceedings. Copies of the Proceedings are available on application to the Director.
High-Speed Cruising – New Techniques
Authors: Pike Dag
Published: October 2009

High-speed navigation brings its own problems. These are mainly concerned with time and space, and the inability to carry out many of the normal functions associated with navigation due to the motion of the boat. The time available for navigation is compressed and, at 30 knots, a buoy sighted 1 mile ahead is just two minutes away. Decisions have to be made quickly and the navigator needs to be presented with information in a readily usable form. Many of the traditional techniques of navigation can no longer be used easily, and new techniques which take into account the high-speed environment have to be developed.
The Resolution of Potential Conflict between Commercial and Pleasure Craft in Coastal Waters
Authors: Sutherland M. J.
Published: October 2009

This paper is one of four presented at a joint meeting with the Honourable Company of Master Mariners on 17 April 1991.
Quantitative Estimation of Secondary Surveillance Radar Information
Authors: Weeda D. J. A. , Ligthart L. P. , Nieuwkerk L. R. , Nieuwkerk L. R. , van der Klein D. C. M.
Published: October 2009

Improved radar surveillance for air traffic control can be obtained by the integration of radar systems. Integration, however, might cause the delay of radar information, which would hamper the air traffic controllers in their work. To estimate the delay, a mathematical equation to assess the amount of radar information causing this delay has been deduced from the properties of the behaviour of air traffic. The mathematical equation has been tested using results obtained from operational secondary surveillance radar in the Netherlands.
Radionavigation in the UK in World War II
Authors: Richardson F. C.
Published: October 2009

This paper, and the following one, were originally presented at an Institute afternoon meeting held at the RAF Museum, Hendon, on 5 June 1991. This first paper gives a personal view of the development and use of radionavigation techniques in the UK in World War II. The second paper gives some technical background to the systems discussed in the first one.
Presidential Address. Navigation: A Changing Trade
Authors: Dahl Norman
Published: October 2009

As the title indicates, this paper is principally concerned with navigation as a profession, rather than the essential activity of finding the way there and back again that is continually practised by the whole of humankind. By a profession, I mean the acquisition of a set of defined skills through training and the exercising of those skills as a way of earning a living for most, if not all, of a working lifetime. And looking at the profession of navigation, two interesting facts emerge; one is that it is not a particularly old profession - a century and a half, maybe. The second is that it is not likely to get very much older, at least in the form we know it today.
The CURSOR Radio Navigation and Tracking System
Authors: Duffett-Smith Peter J. , Woan Graham
Published: October 2009

We describe a new type of radio navigation and tracking system which, unlike conventional systems, does not depend on a costly infrastructure of coherent radio transmitters. This new system measures positions using spatial, rather than temporal, coherence and can therefore use any existing radio transmitters set up for any purpose. We describe the principles of operation, applications and present results obtained with a demonstration unit (in Cambridge) which can measure the position of a motor vehicle to a precision of about 5 m using local medium-wave public broadcast transmitters.
The GLONASS System – An Overview
Authors: Ivanov N. , Salischev V.
Published: October 2009

The principal characteristics of the GLONASS system, its current status and deployment outlook are considered. Comparison of the main characteristics of the GPS/GLONASS systems from the user's viewpoint is made. Proposals focused on the operations to be carried out to improve navigation determination accuracy for the users, provided with the combined equipment, are given. The data presented, received simultaneously on the user&s GLONASS equipment and a GP–500 GPS system, indicate that navigational determination accuracies of both systems are approximately equal. The key characteristics of 6–channel user facilities for civil aircraft and helicopters are presented. This equipment has been developed in the Institute of Space Device Engineering (ISDE) in accordance with a standard draft ARING on the combined system. The principal directions of the accuracy characteristic of the GLONASS system updating are considered. It is suggested to use the quantum–optical measurements on the Etalon satellite, launched into GLONASS satellite orbit, so that ephemeris information can be improved. The questions concerning supplying the system integrity and differential corrections information are discussed. It is proposed to combine the global system of integrity signal generation and transmission with differential corrections for regional systems. The version of the information frame developed in ISDE and intended for transmission of this information to users via geostationary satellites by means of signals similar to GPS/GLONASS, and without additional complication of user equipment, is presented here.
Pilot Disorientation as the Most Frequent Cause of Fatal, Weather-Related Accidents in UK Civil and General Aviation
Authors: Pike William S.
Published: October 2009

Over 20 years ago, collision with high ground was identified as being the single most significant cause of fatalities among air travellers worldwide (Smith, 1968), and some human factors responsible were highlighted. The three factors most commonly found to be present during major civil aviation accidents were: (i) pilot's visual flight in instrument meterological conditions (IMC); (ii) navigational error by the crew and'; (iii) pilot's failure to react correctly to new circumstances resulting from air traffic control (ATC) instructions or advice – sometimes made in a language foreign to that of the aircrew. The latter factor will be tested here to see if it still applies to recent cases in the UK.
Marine Meteorological Services to Shipping, Past, Present and Future
Authors: Mackie G. V. , Houghton J. F. T.
Published: October 2009

This paper, and the following two papers, were presented at a joint meeting sponsored by the Institute in association with the Honourable Company of Master Mariners and the London Branch of the Nautical Institute. The meeting was held at Trinity House on 20 November 1991. This first paper was read by Captain Houghton.
Aviation Meteorology
Authors: Dalton Frank
Published: October 2009

British Airways was recently granted permission for its fleet of Boeing 747-400 and 767 aircraft to operate using automatic landing systems in Category IIIB conditions; that is, decision height lower than 50 ft and a runway visual range of less than 200 m. This development might lead some people to think that the weather is no longer a significant factor in aviation operations. However, while these developments are taking place one sees reports such as ‘departure delays are still on the increase’; ‘poor weather slowed airport operations’; ‘BA flight from Singapore delayed by strong winds was five minutes from declaring an emergency’; ‘heavy rain might reduce wing lift when an airliner most needs it’. These reports confirm the realistic state of affairs that the weather, despite the introduction of modern avionics on board the aircraft, and automated instrumentation on the ground assisting aerodrome operations, is still a vital part of aircraft operations decision-making, affecting the safety and efficiency of flying.
Maps and Charts for Visual Air Navigation
Authors: Leary Neill
Published: October 2009

Back in 1914, an army surveyor who was carrying out an airborne reconnaissance of potential sites for a new military aerodrome to the west of London is alleged to have held his map upside down – and that, consequently, RAF Northolt was built to the south of what was then called the Great Central Railway Line instead of about a mile to the north-east near where South Ruislip is now. A short apocryphal story perhaps, undoubtedly distorted by the mists of history, but it serves to illustrate the need for aeronautical charts that are designed with the requirements of visual air navigation firmly in mind.
Personal Underwater Navigation
Authors: Cardew Marcus
Published: October 2009

To both professional and amateur divers, navigation underwater in reduced visibility, or in a current or tideway, can be a daunting business. This paper explores some of the options that are available for extending or improving the diver's sensory envelope and navigational capability in such conditions, and presents some new equipment ideas that have evolved from the author's work in this field.
A Single Chip Integrated Navigation System
Authors: Aardoom Eric , Nieuwland André
Published: October 2009

Recently, integration of different radionavigation systems has become very popular, since it improves system integrity, availability, accuracy and reliability. This paper discusses a new, flexible and cost-effective approach to system integration, centred on a single-chip application specific processor (ASP). An overview of this integrated system is presented and the application of the ASP for the implementation of a six-channel GPS, OMEGA, Loran-C and MLS receiver is given. The ASP is currently being implemented on a 180000 transistor 1·6μ, m CMOS Sea of Gates chip, and is expected to run at 100 MHz clock speed.
Position Reporting Using GPS/OMEGA and INS
Authors: Bethea J. W. , Halpain N. D.
Published: October 2009

Projected requirements for automatic dependent surveillance (ADS) include the downlinking of certain aircraft flight parameters periodically and upon command from the ground. This will require a primary source of the data such as a flight management system (FMS) and, of course, a radio datalink. This paper provides a description of an existing system that could fulfil much of the interim airborne ADS equipment requirements by using GPS/OMEGA/INS/ACARS for existing aircraft which are not equipped with, or envisioned to be equipped with, SATCOM, FMS or IRS.
A Review of Weather Routeing of Sailboats
Authors: Thornton Tim
Published: October 2009

A variety of different techniques has been developed for the weather routeing of sailboats. These have varied according to whether the technique is intended for yachts or for sail-assisted powered vessels, whether the routeing is for long or short time periods, and whether the routeing is used for navigation or design purposes.

The techniques that have been implemented to date are reviewed, comparing their strengths and weaknesses. Ways in which these problems may be overcome in future implementations of weather routeing are also discussed