bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IRRIGATION RATE AFFECTS SWEET POTATO YIELD, QUALITY AND STORAGE LIFE
Authors: Smittle Doyle A. , Hall Melvin R. , Thompson Paul G.
Published: February 2019

Responses of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L>) Lam) to irrigation rates were evaluated under line-source irrigation systems on Tifton loamy sand soil in Georgia and on a Bude silt loam soil in Mississippi. Total water (rainfall plus irrigation) rates ranged from about 55% to 160% of pan evaporation (Epan). Marketable yields increased with irrigation rate until total water was about 75% of Epan then decreased rapidly with greater irrigation rates. Sweet potato yields were more sensitive to excessive water rates when grown on a silt loam than on a sandy loam soil. Storage loss and quality of cooked 'Jewel' sweet potato roots also increased as the irrigation rate increased until total water was 75% to 95% of Epan then decreased rapidly at water rates of 135 to 160% of Epan.
YIELD AND QUALITY OF TRIPLOID WATERMELON HYBRIDS.
Authors: Maynard Donald N. , Elmstrom Gary W.
Published: February 2019

Evaluations of 30 triploid (seedless) watermelon hybrids were conducted in the Spring 1989 season at Bradenton and Leesburg, Florida. There was considerable variation in relative cultivar yields at the two locations. However, consistency in some cultivars did occur. 'HMX 7924' produced the highest total yield and 'CFREC 88-2' had high total yields at both locations. On the other hand, 'ACX 882322', 'Fengshan No. 1', 'FMX 28', 'Fummy', 'Honeyheart', 'Nova', and 'NVH 4295' produced low total yields at both locations. Average fruit weight was high for 'Ssuper Sweet Brand 5244', 'CFREC 88-4', and 'HMX 7924' whereas 'ACX 882322', 'FMX 28', 'Fengshan No. 1', 'Nova', and 'PSR 49087' produced low average fruit weight. Soluble solids exceeded 11% in all entries at Bradenton whereas two entries were lower than 10% at Leesburg. Several experimental lines out performed the named cultivars suggesting that future introductions will be superior to those already available.
RESPONSE OF OKRA TRANSPLANTS GROWN UNDER VisPore ROW COVER AND PLASTIC MULCH
Authors: Khan V. A. , Stevens C. , Brown J. E.
Published: February 2019

Early okra production was evaluated using `Clemson Spineless' transplants grown under clear polyethylene mulch plus VisPore row cover (VCM), black polyethylene mulch plus VisPore row cover (VBM), clear polyethylene mulch (CM), black polyethylene mulch (BM) and bare soil (BS) for two years. Early yield (1st four harvests in early June) was significantly greater for VCM treatment while total marketable yield at the end of 8 wks were significantly greater for VCM, BM, and VBM treatments, respectively in both years. Enterprise budget analysis showed that VCM and BM treatments had the highest net-return to management on a per acre basis.
EVALUATION AND PRODUCTION OF IRISH POTATO IN GEORGIA
Authors: Bhardwaj H.L. , Bhagsari A.S. , Haynes K.G.
Published: February 2019

Two experiments, each with 100 (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes, were planted to compare fall-planted (August 22, 1988) crop with spring-planted (March 14, 1989) crop and to identify high yielding genotypes for each planting. Significant variation for tuber yield, 90-100 days after planting, was observed in both experiments. The mean yield of spring planting (25.8 Mg/ha with a range of 9.8 to 49.5 Mg/ha) was significantly higher than mean yield of fall-planting (18.2 Mg/ha with a range of 8.5 to 30.2 Mg/ha). The five highest yielding genotypes in fall planting were: B-0245-15, B-0175-2, B-0242-2, Kennebec, and Norchip whereas the five highest yielding genotypes in spring planting were: B-0180-36, B-9792-88, B-0179-17, B9988-7, and Belchip.

An additional split-split-plot experiment with 4 replications was initiated March 14, 1989 to identify optimum rate of N fertilizer and spacing within rows. This experiment consisted of three Nitrogen levels (0, 125, and 250 kg/ha), three genotypes (Atlantic, Kennebec, and La Rouge), and two spacings between plants (10 and 20 cm). All plots received 120 kg P and 170 kg K/ha. Data showed that N rates of 125 Kg/ha and 250 kg/ha gave identical tuber yields (50 Mg/ha). Closer spacing of 10 cm within rows resulted in significantly higher tuber yield (46 Mg/ha) as compared to 20 cm spacing (33 Mg/ha).
DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF SEVERAL ROW COVERS ON YIELD OF WHITE POTATOES IN MISSOURI
Authors: Wilson Mack A. , Aide Michael
Published: February 2019

Four types of row covers were evaluated on 'Norchip' and 'Atlantis' potatoes at Charleston, Missouri on a Lilbourn sandy loam entisol. Row covers used were spun-bonded polyester, insolar slitted, clear slitted and VisPore. The row covers increased the mean afternoon soil temperature above the ambient afternoon air temperature from 3 to 25°F when potato plants were covered. The number of plants which emerged were significantly different among treatment for the cultivar 'Norchip'. Data for plant height was significantly different between the bare soil control and the row cover treatments. Yield (Kg/HA) were higher with the spunbonded polyester and insolar slitted row covers for both number and weight of grade A (47.6-82.6 mm) potatoes, and results were significantly different.
SINGLE ROOT SELECTION FOR INTERNAL COLOR OF SWEETPOTATO
Authors: Hall Melvin R.
Published: February 2019

In 1983-1987, a Gardner color difference meter standardized to a pink tile (L=70.5, a=+23.9, b=+9.3) and equipped with an aperture of 3.8 cm (1983-1986), 1.9 cm (1987), or 1.0 cm (1988-1989) was used to measure lightness (L) and intensity (chroma) of `Georgia Red' sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] seed roots cut into longitudinal sections. Individual roots were selected with good color when L<68 and chroma≥39 and fair color when L≥72 and chroma <35 (1983-1985), L<65 and chroma≥42 for good color and L≥80 and chroma <25 for fair color (1986), L≤66 and chroma≥41 for good color and L≥85 and chroma≤20 for fair color (1987). In each year, roots falling between the defined selection values were discarded. In 1988, root sections from a common 1983-ancestor parent root were bulked for plant propagation if L and chroma values were similar. Subsequent measurements of these bulk populations were made in 1989. Measurements by a color difference meter were helpful in making objective judgements in selecting for internal color of sweetpotato. Also, these measurements were helpful in following changes in internal color through several generations of vegetative propagation.
THE EFFECT OF COVER CROP AND SOIL SOLARIZATION ON TURNIP GREEN YIELD AND NUTRIENT MINERALIZATION
Authors: Earhart D. R. , Haby V. A. , Leonard A. T. , Davis J. V.
Published: February 2019

Soil solarization following previous N application rates of 0, 56, 112, 168 and 224 kg·ha-1 as ammonium nitrate, and one cover crop of-sorghum-sudah (Sorghum bicolor var.) increased yields of turnip foliage (greens) by 3066 kg·ha-1 over the non-solarized treatment. Greater yield was obtained with 56 kg·ha-1 less N with solarization than non-solarization (112 vs 168 kg·ha-1). A blanket N application of 22 kg·ha-1 ameliorated the solarization effect on the 2nd harvest. Solarization had no significant effect on turnip leaf element concentration. Linear and quadratic increases in leaf N occurred as soil N increased. There was also a linear increase in tissue K and Mg due to solarization. No interactive effects were noted. Soil analysis showed salinity (EC) decreased and Ca increased with solarization. An increase in N rates decreased pH, NO3, and Mg, and increased soil salinity and NH4. Solarization had an interactive effect on soil salinity by increasing EC at 0 N and decreasing at 56 to 168 kg N·ha-1.
EVALUATION OF MUSCADINE CULTIVARS FOR NORTH LOUISIANA
Authors: Payne J.T. , Johnson C.E.
Published: February 2019

Twenty-six muscadine cultigens were evaluated for fruit size, color, soluble solids, and other horticultural characteristics pertaining to fresh market use. Seventeen cultigens were evaluated for 7 years and 9 were evaluated for 2 years. Entries with the largest fruit size were `Granny Vale', `GA 33-1-4', `Sweet Jenny', and `Black Fry' with fruit weights averaging over 10.5 grams each. `Summit', `GA 33-1-4' `Sweet Jenny', `Fry', `Dixieland', and `GA 9-4-1' were consistently over 17% soluble solids during the years of this study. The yield per vine was highest on `Watergate', `Carlos', `Summit', `Higgins', and `Redgate'. The highest average yield was 30.0 kg per vine on `Watergate'. Recently released cultivars `Black Fry', `Black Beauty', and `Granny Vale' exhibited extremely good characteristics for the fresh market industry.
ABSCISSION PATTERNS FOR FIVE EARLY MATURING PIGEONPEA GENOTYPES
Authors: Marsh Lurline
Published: February 2019

The floral abscission patterns of five early maturing pigeonpea genotypes; ICPL 146 1985HK, ICPL 87 Isotation (85K), ICPL 85010, ICPL 85024 and ICPL 8304 were studied on field grown plants in Missouri. Individual plants were bagged with nylon nets at the beginning of flowering, and the buds, flowers and pods were collected weekly and counted. Abscission began after anthesis and was excessive throughout most of the flowering period. The number of open flowers which abscised was much greater than that of buds or immature pods. The maximum number of weekly abscission of flowers per plant was 470 for ICPL 146 1985HK. Low night temperature below 10°C enhanced abscission of buds, flowers and immature pods in pigeonpea.
NATURAL COOLING OF TALL BEARDED IRIS
Authors: Knoblauch Kurt , Einert A.E.
Published: February 2019

Iris rhizomes were dug and graded by size. One hundred rhizomes, avg. wt. 23.4 g., were singly potted in 6 inch plastic standard pots. The pots were plunged, to the pot rim, into fresh sawdust, in an open coldframe.

After 4 weeks in the coldframe, and at subsequent two week intervals, pots were brought into a greenhouse for forcing. Half of each group was forced under long day conditions by night break, following a natural daylength. The other half received continuous lighting. Forcing studies were terminated when irises in the field bloomed.

Bloom dates were similar under long days and continuous light treatments. The highest percentage of plants bloomed under long days. Stalk heights at anthesis averaged 12 to 18 in. Stalk height decreased as natural cooling time increased in plants under long days, but not under continuous light. Plants with shorter flower stalks also had shorter foliage.
POTENTIAL OF SOME INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS IN BREEDING SOUTHERN HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY
Authors: Gupton C. L. , Spiers J. M. , Draper A. D.
Published: February 2019

Eight clones with various Vaccinium species in their background were evaluated to determine their potential for improving fruit characteristics in the southern highbush blueberry. One clone was crossed with each of the others to produce seven sets of progenies which were evaluated with the parent clones. Heritability estimates were computed as the regression of progeny on parental means for each character. The progenies ranged from small to average berry size and weight, were above average for picking scar, and were generally less than average for color, firmness, and flavor. Mean of progenies was not significantly different from the parental mean for any character. Very high (0.45-0.85) heritability estimates were found for each character except berry firmness (0.22). These results suggest that considerable improvement in each character except possibly berry firmness should result from phenotypic recurrent selection in a broad based population involving these parents.
PERFORMANCE OF ASIAN HEAR SCIONS ON PYRUS CALLERYANA ROOTSTOCK
Authors: Aung Hla , Matta Frank B.
Published: February 2019

One year old Asian pear scion cultivars were grafted onto Pyrus calleryana rootstock utilizing two grafting methods (whip grafting and splice side grafting). Percentage survival of grafted scions was 78 and 96 via the splice side graft and the whip graft, respectfully. Shoot length and caliper 80 days after grafting did not vary between cultivars. `Yakumo' and 'Chojuro' produced a greater number of branches as compared to the remaining cultivars. `Yakumo', `Chojuro', `Seuri' and `Hosui' produced the least amount of shoot growth. Branching angle was greatest for `Seigyoku', `Chojuro' and `Yakumo' with 60, 70, and 55 degrees, respectfully. As indicated by leaf area, `Seuri' and `Hosui' produced large leaves and `Yakumo' and `Chojuro' produced small leaves.
SCREENING SWEET POTATOES FOR DROUGHT TOLERANCE
Authors: Newell Lavetta , Bardwell Tonda , Garner James O.
Published: February 2019

In two experiments, 16 sweet potato genotypes (Ipomoea batatas L.) were evaluated for drought tolerance using the detached - leaf water loss method as reported by Walker and Miller (1986). Dry weight loss was also determined. Differences in the rate of leaf water loss over a 48 hour period were found.

Vardaman had the greatest amount of dry matter loss and the lowest level of water loss. However, no relationship between dry matter loss and water loss was found.
DIFFERENCES IN CHILLING TOLERANCE OF SWEET POTATO GENOTYPES
Authors: Phromtong Chana , Woods Floyd M. , Garner James O. , Silva Juan L.
Published: February 2019

Sixteen sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) genotypes were chilled for 36 hours at 5C with 85% RH and a 12 hour photoperiod. Transpiration, leaf diffusive resistance and visual scores for plant quality were taken before chilling and 2 days after the chilling treatment. Differences between the before and after readings were used to indicate the extent of chilling injury or tolerance. Visual score gave a better separation of the genotype for tolerance, however, the difference in transpiration was the most critical of the two objective measurements.
CRITICAL TISSUE MOISTURE LEVELS NEEDED FOR MAINTENANCE OF ROSE PLANT VIABILITY.
Authors: Pemberton H. Brent , Roberson William E.
Published: February 2019

Field grown `Mr. Lincoln' rose plants were dug and wrapped in plastic to reduce moisture loss during transport to the lab. Plants were then pruned, weighed, and returned to the plastic cover. After recording initial weights, plants were allowed to dry for 0, 1, 4, 7, or 24 hours at 16°C. Plants were then oven dried, potted, or soaked in water for 20 hours before potting for each drying time treatment. The potted plants were forced to first flower in a glasshouse at which time growth measurements were made. Undried plants had a moisture content of 48%. Seven hours drying reduced moisture content to 41%, but had no effect on growth or flowering. The 24 hour drying time resulted in a plant moisture content of 33%, a plant loss of 44%, and delayed growth initiation and flowering by up to 15 days compared to undried controls. Soaking after 24 hours drying increased plant survival from 38 to 75%. Plants that survived the excessive drying produced flowering growth comparable to plants with a moisture content of > 40%. A critical moisture level for rose plant survival was found to be between 33 and 41%.
SEASONAL WOOD DEVELOPMENT EFFECTS ON FROST TOLERANCE AND FRUIT MATURITY OF RABBITEYE BLUEBERRIES
Authors: Neuendorff E. W. , Patten K. P.
Published: February 2019

Rabbiteye blueberry flower buds are initiated and differentiated on three distinct wood types - spring growth on old weak growth, spring growth on vigorous 1-year-old shoots, or postharvest late summer/fall growth. Flower buds on spring growth are usually formed and visible by July, while buds formed on postharvest growth flushes appear in late summer and early fall. To evaluate the influence of wood type on cold damage, shoots of `Tifblue' and `Delite' were tagged by season of growth. Following a -10°C freeze in Feb. flower buds on shoots from each growth flush were examined for dead ovaries. Flower buds surviving the freeze were evaluated following a -2° late frost in Mar. Influence of wood type on floral bud and fruit development was determined. All fruit were removed from 5 shoots of each wood type on 2 harvest dates corresponding to early and midseason harvests. Floral buds formed on fall growth were more freeze and frost tolerant than those initiated on spring growth at similar stages of bud development. `Tifblue' was more cold tolerant than `Delite'. Floral buds formed on both spring wood types were earlier to develop than buds formed on fall wood. There were no differences in ripening patterns and quality of fruit removed from spring - new and fall wood. Fruit formed on spring - old wood were later maturing and smaller sized for both harvests than spring-new or fall wood. Postharvest pruning to encourage fall growth may be a cultural means of frost avoidance.
EFFECT OF CONTINUOUS VS PERIODIC pH ADJUSTMENT ON GROWTH OF `GEORGIA JET' AND `T1-155' SWEET POTATO CULTIVARS GROWN USING THE NUTRIENT FILM TECHNIQUE (NFT)
Authors: Martinez Edwin , Bonsi Conrad , Loretan Phili p , Hill Walter , Mortley Desmond , Morris Carlton
Published: February 2019

Sweet potato, selected as a potential food source for future long-term manned space missions, is being evaluated for NASA's Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems (CELSS) program. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effects of two pH treatments on the growth and storage root yield of `T1-155' and `Georgia Jet ' sweet potato cultivars. Vine cuttings of these cultivars were grown in a specially designed Tuskegee University NFT system. Plants were subjected to a continuous pH treatment in which the nutrient solution pH was maintained at 5.00 ± 0.10 throughout the growth period, and a periodic pH treatment in which the nutrient solution pH was adjusted to 6.00 at biweekly changeover intervals and when reservoirs were refilled with deionized water between biweekly changeovers. Results showed that for both cultivars the treatment with periodic pH adjustment had significantly higher storage root yield than treatment with continuous pH adjustment. This experiment is being repeated.
END-OF-DAY FAR-RED LIGHT PROMOTES POSTHARVEST LEAF CHLOROSIS IN POTTED MINIATURE ROSES
Authors: Clark David G. , Kelly John W.
Published: February 2019

Potted miniature roses (Rosa × hybrida `Confection ' & `Meijikatar') were treated at the end of each 8 hour photoperiod with 30, min of red (R) or far-red (FR) light for 21 days. These light treatments convert phytochrome to the Pfr and Pr forms respectively. Plants were paper sleeved and stored in cardboard boxes at 16°C for 5 days to simulate postharvest shipping conditions. `Meijikatar' plants treated with FR light showed more postharvest leaf chlorosis than plants treated with R light or controls.

`Meijikatar' plants treated at the end of each 12 hour photoperiod with FR light exhibited more postharvest leaf chlorosis than plants treated with R light. There were no differences in postharvest leaf chlorosis between plants treated with FR light followed by R light or plants treated with R light followed by FR light. These results suggest that an avoidance of end-of-day FR light will result in less postharvest leaf chlorosis in potted roses.
PRODUCTION OF SATIN FLOWER POTTED PLANTS FROM CUTTINGS
Authors: Hartley Gwendolyn , Anderson Robert G.
Published: February 2019

Satin flower (Clarkia amoena subsp. whitneyi; syn. Godetia whitneyi) is a cool temperature, high light plant used as a cutflower in Japan, Europe and California. The stiking flower color patterns, large, long-lasting flowers and branching pattern could make this plant an important potted flowering plant. Cuttings, 6-8 cm long with flower buds (0.5-2.0 cm long), were harvested from secondary and tertiary stems of field-grown pinched plants of `Grace Red'. Cuttings were rooted in intermittent mist and potted in 10 cm pots two weeks later. The terminal flower buds and stem tip were removed one week later and the plants flowered within 4 weeks with 4-6 equal lateral branches. In the fall, `Grace Rose Pink' seed was sown Oct. 4, 1989, plants were grown under 100 umole s-1 cm-2 HPS 18 hr. supplemental light. Cuttings from the primary stem were harvested at the same stage, rooted in two weeks, potted and pinched one week later. Cuttings grown under supplemental light flowered 4 weeks later while cuttings grown under ambient light flowered over 10 weeks later. Over 70% of the terminal cuttings in supplemental light were 22-30 cm tall with 4-6 equal lateral branches that flowered uniformly.
EARLY TEMPERATURES INFLUENCE BROCCOLI GROWTH AND HEAD QUALITY
Authors: Jones A. R. , Sanders D. C. , Dufault R. J.
Published: February 2019

Three broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Italica group) cultivars (Baccus, Packman, and Southern Comet) were grown for 14, 24, or 34 days at 22/18C (day/night) in a greenhouse. Then plants were moved to growth chambers where temperatures were maintained at 26/22, 30/26, or 34/30C and were grown for 1, 2, or 3 weeks before returning them to the greenhouse. A1 varieties when exposed to high temperatures developed smaller heads Packman when exposed to high temperatures resulted in a reduction in uniformity. Other cultivars were not effected. Lack of openness, an important marketable characteristic was reduced by high temperatures. However, Baccus at 34 days old was not effected by the heat. We would expect this response since this is the head development stage and cultivar is heat tolerant. Plant exposed to high temperatures developed heads earlier when held for 3 weeks. When plants were held at 36/30C for 3 weeks, the largest reduction in plant growth was recorded. However, all plants showed a reduction in growth when exposed to high temperatures.
Harvest Date and Size Distribution of Peach Fruit Are Altered with Fall-applied Ethephon
Authors: Durner Edward F. , Gianfagna Thomas J. , Rooney Francis X. , Teiger Gale S. , Seiler Martin J. , Cantarella Mark J.
Published: February 2019

Ethephon was applied at 100 mg·liter-1 to peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch., cvs. Jerseydawn and Cresthaven] trees in Oct. 1987 and 1988 to increase flower bud hardiness and delay bloom the following spring. Flower bud survival after exposure to -26C in Jan. 1988 was enhanced with fall ethephon application in both cultivars. Ethephon delayed bloom by 7 (1988) and 3 (1989) days in `Jerseydawn' and by 10 (1988) and 4 (1989) days in `Cresthaven'. Total fruit production per tree for `Jersey-dawn' was not affected by ethephon treatment in 1988; however, yield was enhanced with ethephon treatment in 1989. For `Cresthaven', yield was enhanced by ethephon treatment in both years. Most fruit from the untreated trees were harvested on the first harvest dates and were in the largest size categories, while most fruit from the treated trees were harvested on the last harvest dates and were in the smaller size categories both years in both cultivars. Smaller pistils and heavier prethinning crop loads lead to smaller fruit and a later harvest date. Chemical names used: 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon).
Prostrate Growth Habit Enhances Fresh-market Tomato Fruit Yield and Quality
Authors: Ozminkowski Richard H. , Gardner Randolph G. , Henderson Warren R. , Moll Robert H.
Published: February 2019

Two inbred lines of fresh-market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), NC 20G-1 and NC 53G-1, both exhibiting prostrate growth habit (PGH), were crossed with the upright growth habit cultivar Piedmont and advanced to the F2 generation. Plants of each F2 population were grown without plant support on black plastic and subjectively rated in field plots for PGH. Extreme upright and prostrate plants were chosen from each F2 population for harvest. Mean comparisons between plants of extreme upright and prostrate habit showed increased total and marketable yields from plants with a prostrate habit. Decay and groundscarring of fruit were less in prostrate than in normally upright plants; the percentage of misshapen fruit was similar in both. The PGH character may be useful in increasing total and marketable yield of ground-culture tomatoes.
Germination Response of Uniola latifolium
Authors: Wade Michael R. , Gilman D.F.
Published: February 2019

Broadleaved uniola (Uniola latifolium Michx.) caryopses and florets were prechilled or not prechilled, supplied with potassium nitrate (KNO3) or water only, and diurnal germination temperature alternations of 15/30C or 20/30C were used. Caryopses and florets both reached 50% germination by 10 days after planting with KNO3; however, in water, caryopses reached 50% germination significantly earlier than florets (18 vs. 30 days). Germination temperature and prechilling had no effect on days to 50% germination. Final germination percentages were significantly higher for caryopses than florets at both germination temperatures and for caryopses germinated at 15130C than at 20/30C (85% vs. 74%). Significantly more seeds germinated with KNO3 than in water (85% vs. 57%). Prechilling had no effect on final germination percentage. Caryopses germinated with KNO3 at 15/30C achieved the highest final germination percentage.
Temperature and GA3 Effects on Emergence and Flowering of Potted Paeonia lactiflora
Authors: Evans Michael R. , Anderson Neil O. , Wilkins Harold F.
Published: February 2019

Various durations of rooting at 15C and storage at 5.X and exogenous GA, (1000 ppm) application were used on dormant unrooted peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) tubers of `Sarah Bernhardt', `Festiva Supreme' `Krinkled White', and `Scarlet O'Hara'. Four weeks of cooling were sufficient to break dormancy. Days to emergence, first bud color, and anthesis were reduced as the length of cold storage increased from 4 to 20 weeks. Height and number of shoots emerging per pot increased with increased cooling. All flower buds aborted when tubers were cooled for 20 weeks. When noncooled tubers were given a 1000-ppm GA, soil drench, shoots emerged within 7.5 days; untreated tubers failed to emerge after 5 months. When tubers were treated with GA,, all flower buds aborted.
A Vertically Installed, Flush-mounted Tensiometer for Turfgrass Research
Authors: Gaussoin R.E. , Murphy J.A. , Branham B.E.
Published: February 2019

A method for measuring soil water potential in field soils was adapted for use in turfgrass soils. The system uses tensiometers installed flush with the soil surface and permits a measuring depth as shallow as 2.5 to 5.0 cm. Water potential within a tensiometer was measured with a portable pressure transducer. Linear relationships between water potential measured with mercury manometers or vacuum gauge-equipped tensiometers and the pressure transducer were obtained (r2 = 0.99 and 0.97, respectively). The system accurately measures soil water potential of turfgrass soils, while permitting routine cultural practices to be performed.
Shrinkage of Selected Two-component Container Media
Authors: Nash Mark A. , Pokorny Franklin A.
Published: February 2019

Component and particle-size effects on shrinkage of two-component potting media were determined. Milled pine bark-sand mixtures were used to determine particle-size effects on shrinkage. Shrinkage curves formed an inverted V with maximum shrinkage at the 1:1 (v/v) ratio. No shrinkage occurred when bark was mixed with bark or sand with sand. Shrinkage increased linearly in the range of 0% to 50% bark and decreased linearly in the range of 50% to 100% bark. Each half of the shrinkage curve was a mirror image of the other half. Shrinkage curves for peat-sand and peat-perlite were similar in form to that of bark-sand media.
Nitrogen Form Influences Root Growth of Sodded Creeping Bentgrass
Authors: Glinski D.S. , Mills H.A. , Karnok K.J. , Carrow R.N.
Published: February 2019

Root growth of `Penncross' creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) plugs sodded into a sandy loam soil and fertilized with five 1:1, 1:3, and 0:1) were evaluated. Root growth and root: shoot ratios were higher with as the predominant N form. Results from this study indicate should be the predominant N form when rapid and extensive root development is desired for the establishment of sodded bentgrass.
Relative Changes in Polyamines during Citrus Flower Development
Authors: Kushad Mosbah M. , Orvos Andrea R. , Yelenosky George
Published: February 2019

Several stages of citrus (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck. cv. Valencia) flowers, from very small bud (stage 1) to anthesis (stage 6), were evaluated for free and conjugated polyamines. The concentration of putrescine and spermidine synthesis increased markedly during the early stages, and then declined as the flower buds grew. At anthesis, putrescine and spermidine concentrations had increased significantly. Spermine concentration was very low and showed no significant change during the first three floral developmental stages; however, by stages 5 and 6, spermine concentration showed a slight but significant increase. Eighty percent of the total polyamine content in fully developed flowers is localized in the reproductive organs and only 20% is localized in the petals and the calyx. This study relates changes in conjugated and free polyamines to citrus flower growth.
Surface and Ultrastructural Feeding Injury to Strawberry Leaves by the Twospotted Spider Mite
Authors: Campbell Richard J. , Grayson Randolph L. , Marini Richard P.
Published: February 2019

Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate damage to strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) leaves caused by twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch.). Mites damaged epidermal cells on the lower leaf surface, but did not damage major vascular elements of the leaf. Mite-damaged spongy and palisade parenchyma cells had coagulated protoplasts, with some cells devoid of cellular contents. Mesophyll cells adjacent to damaged regions showed no ultrastructural distortion or disruption of chloroplasts.
Growth Versus Net Photosynthesis in Clones of Ficus benjamina
Authors: Ottosen Carl-Otto
Published: February 2019

Clones of Ficus benjamina L. differed by up to 18% in leaf net photosynthetic rates (PN) measured at various leaf positions. Differences in stomatal conductance (Gs), internal CO2 concentration (CI), and transpiration (T) were observed in one study. The uppermost leaves showed lower PN and higher T rates than lower leaves. Total leaf area, total fresh or dry leaf weight, and total biomass above soil differed among clones. The difference in above-ground dry weight between the fastest- and slowest-growing clones increased during growth, reaching 37% at the end of the experiments. Photosynthetic measurements could not be correlated with growth, although, in one study, the fastest-growing clones also had the highest PN rates.
Kanamycin Sensitivity of Mango Somatic Embryos
Authors: Mathews Helena , Litz Richard E.
Published: February 2019

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) somatic embryos representing various developmental stages were subjected to various concentrations of kanamycin in the culture medium. The level of kanamycin necessary for growth inhibition was dependent on the size and stage of the somatic embryos at the time of treatment and the kind of exposure. Growth of proembryos in liquid suspension was arrested at 12.5 μ g·ml-1, while the maturation of later stages of somatic embryos on solid medium was inhibited at 200 μg·m l-1.
Microcomputer-controlled Freezing, Data Acquisition and Analysis System for Cold Hardiness Evaluation
Authors: Wample Robert L. , Reisenauer Guy , Bary Andy , Schuetze Fred
Published: February 2019

A computerized system capable of controlling the freezing rate and collecting, storing, and analyzing data from multiple samples to determine their freezing point using low-temperature exotherm analysis is described. Details include electrical diagrams of modifications to the multiplexer/amplifier interface to provide additional signal amplification and permit control of the freezer's compressor. Computer software is described that permits variable temperature decline rates. Data analysis consists of a program in “C” that sequentially compares each data point in a low-temperature exotherm profile. Low-temperature exotherms are identified by a user-specified minimum differential between sequential data points. Examples of exotherm output and data analysis are given.
EFFECTS OF SOIL pH, WATERING RATE, AND SOIL ANENDMENTS ON THE PRODUCTIVITY OF GREENHOUSE-GROWN CHAYOTE (SECHIUM EDULE)
Authors: Wolff Xenia
Published: February 2019

Chayote (Sechium edule Swartz) is a minor vegetable crop gaining in popularity in the U.S., but with only scant cultural information on it available. The soil pH and water requirements-and the effects of various soil amendments on plant productivity were detemined in three separate greenhouse pot studies. Chayote plants were grown in either one of eight soil pH levels (5.0 to 6.5), were watered at one of three rates (1.3, 2.5, or 5.0 cm per week), or were planted in one of 16 soil amendment treatments (Oliver silt loam soil or a 1 soil: 1 peat moss (v/v) mix amended with inorganic N-P-K fertilizer, 25 or 50 kg cow or rabbit manure/ha, or 12.5 or 25 kg chicken manure/ha). Data on date of germination, plant height, single and total leaf areas, total plant and separate plant part fresh and dry weights, and presence of flowers were collected. Greatest plant productivity was achieved with a soil pH range of 5.6 to 6.5, a watering rate of 2.5 cm per week, and with several of the soil amendment treatments.
YIELD AND NITROGEN UPTAKE OF BROCCOLI AND SOIL NITRATE STATUS AS INFLUENCED BY RATE AND TIMING OF NITROGEN APPLICATION
Authors: Borowski A. M. , Morse R. D. , Alley M. M.
Published: February 2019

A Preliminary study conducted in 1985 indicated no significant yield response to 8 treatments ranging in amount of total N applied from 56 to 290 kg N/ha. Treatments in 1986 were as follows: base rate N at 0, 56, 112, and 168 kg N/ha with 0, 1, or 2 sidedressings at 56 kg N/ha each applied at 3 and 6 wks after seeding. Yield differences for base rate n were significant at the first harvest only, while sidedressing effects on yield were significantly different for 3 of the 4 harvests and total yield. Nitrogen uptake during the first 32 days after seeding (DAS) was minimal, 0.17 kg N/ha/day, but increased to 8.05 kg N/ha/day during head formation (55 to 77 DAS). Initial soil nitrate status was high in the top 25 cm (52 kg N3O /ha) but decreased to 10.6 kg NO3/ha in the control plot by the end of the season. Sidedressings, prior to and during head formation, are recommended to maintain an adequate available N supply throughout the growing season.
ONPLANT: A PRECISION PLANTING MODEL FOR ONIONS
Authors: Randle William M.
Published: February 2019

An interactive computer-based model has been developed to simulate the effects of precision planting onion on quality and yield. Variables used by the model are seed germination, plant survival, planter efficiency, onion growth potential, maximum onion size, sizing potential and inside-outside bed effects. Data bases obtained from 3 onion cultivars were used in the development of the model. The model shows when germination and plant survival are high, single seed drops by the planter results in high yield and large bulbs. At lower germination and survival values, however, a compromise is needed between maximizing yield and obtaining large bulbs.
THE EFFECTS OF MILD WINTER WEATHER CONDITIONS ON PEACH FRUIT SHAPE
Authors: Bacon Terry , Byrne David H.
Published: February 2019

Mild winter weather conditions reduce fruit yield and quality of many peach cultivars grown in the Medium Chill Region of the United States. Peach fruit shape instability limits marketing options for growers in this region. The Stonefruit Breeding Program at Texas A&M University evaluated a wide range of peach cultivars and breeder selections from throughout the world during the mild winters of 1988-198 9 and 1989-1990. Fruit shape response was highly variable among genotypes with similar chilling requirements. The implication of this is that the potential is high for eliminating fruit shape instability due to highly variable winter conditions in the Medium Chill Peach Production Region.
YIELDS AND PETIOLE SAP POTASSIUM CONCENTRATIONS OF TOMATOES GROWN WITH FIVE POTASSIUM FERTIGATION LEVELS
Authors: Riede S.A. , Coltman R.R.
Published: February 2019

`Celebrity' tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown in peat-perlite under greenhouse conditions with five potassium (K) fertilization concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 200 and 300 (mg/liter) K in irrigation waters. Petiole sap K concentrations were monitored on a weekly basis with calorimetric paper test strips. Petiole sap K concentrations (ug/ml) were stable throughout crop development at each feed concentration. Total and marketable fruit yields increased linearly with increasing petiole sap K concentrations. However, the relationship between petiole sap K) concentrations and K levels in the irrigation waters was quadratic with a plataeu occuring at about 200 mg K/liter in the irrigation waters. Corresponding maximum sap K concentrations obtained were about 6200 ug K/ml. Yield responded quadratically to increasing K levels in the irrigation system, with maximum yields occuring at about 200 mg K/liter. Fruit yields appeared to decline as feed concentrations were increased beyond 200 mg K/liter. At optimum feed concentrations, maximum marketable yield of about 2.6 kg/plant were obtained on plants grown 21 weeks from seed.
CARROT RUST FLY CONTROL FOR ORGANIC FARMERS
Authors: Giraud Deborah
Published: February 2019

The carrot rust fly (Psila rosae) lays eggs in the crowns of carrots, celery, and parsnips. Its larvae are dark brown maggots which burrow into the crown and roots of the plants making them unsalable. This is a pest of economic significance in coastal plantings. This project evaluated several non-chemical strategies available to organic farmers over three growing seasons. These included the use of traps to monitor populations and determine fields where infcstations are likely to occur, parasitic nematodes, the use of trap crops, and row covers as an exclusion technique. Floating row covers were the only successful treatment in reducing maggot damage in these fresh market carrots.
VERIFICATION OF AN INTERGENERIC HYBRID BETWEEN DESERT WILLOW AND CATALP A
Authors: Marquard Robert D. , Tipton Jimmy L.
Published: February 2019

Desert willow (Chilopsis linearis) is native to the arid southwestern U.S. and is used as a landscape shrub. Catalpa (Catalpa bignonioides) is a small tree common in the southern U.S. that is used as a landscape plant. Both species have showy flowers and are members of the Bignoniaceae family. Controlled crosses were made using pollen from a single catalpa tree and desert willow stigmas of the cv. `Marfa Lace'. Fruit developed normally and seven seedlings were produced that had leaf morphology intermediate between the parents. From starch gel electrophoresis, putative hybrids had isozyme banding patterns consistent with hybridization between the parent species. A second biochemical verification is being conducted using probes for ribosomal RNA genes.
GROWTH AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE PATTERNS OF AN EPISODIC AND CONTINUOUS GROWING WOODY PLANT
Authors: Kuehny Jeff , Halbrooks Mary , Graham Charles
Published: February 2019

Current recommendations for sufficiency of nutrients in soil-less media for container grown nursery crops have been based on weak acid extraction and pour through sampling of media. Since the concentration of nutrients found in pour through samples are similar to those available in the media solution, sufficiency levels as determined by hydroponics studies have also been considered to be applicable to plants grown in a solid medium such as pine bark. Many variables, however, may affect nutrient availability in a solid medium which are not the same as those in a well-stirred hydroponics system. Objectives of this experiment were to compare growth and nutrient uptake patterns of Euonymous kiautschovica `Manhattan' and Prunus persica `Jefferson' grown in a pine bark/sand medium or a hydroponics system. Quantitative growth characteristics, depletion rates of nutrients in solution, concentration of ions in pour through samples, and tissue levels of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg will be reported.
AN IRRIGATION SCHEDULING MODEL FOR TURNIP GREENS
Authors: Simonne Eric , Smittle Doyle A.
Published: February 2019

An irrigation scheduling model for turnip greens (Brassica rapa L.) was developed and validated.. The irrigation scheduling model is represented by the equation: 12.7 (i-3) * 0.5 ASW = 0i-1 + Ei(0.365+0.00154i+0.00011i2) - R - I where crop age is i; effective root depth is 12.7 * (i-3) with a maximum of 300 mm; usable water (cm/cm of soil) is 0.5 ASW; deficit on the previous day is Di-1 evapotranspiration; is pan evaporation (Ei) times 0.365+0.0154i+0.00011i2; rainfall (R) and irrigation (I) are in millimeters. Yield measured as leaf weight, and quality analyzed in terms of color (Gardner XL20 cronameter L, a, b), leaf blade and blade: stem weight ratio were determined. Leaf yield and quality responses were affected by both irrigation and fertilizer rates. Yield increased quadratically as irrigation rates increased from 0 to 190% of the model rate. Maximum leaf yields were produced by irrigations at 100% of the model rate. Leaf quality parameters also tended to change quadratically with irrigation rates. Leaf yield and quality changed quadratically as nitrogen fertilizer rates increased from 80 to 120% of the median recommended N rate for Georgia.
IS PECAN PRODUCTION BEING LIMITED BY INSUFFICIENT SUNLIGHT?
Authors: Wood Bruce W. , Joyner William R.
Published: February 2019

Observations of net assimilation rates (`A') by pecan sun and shade leaves in relation to various levels of solar irradiation, the light adaptation characteristics of these leaf types, the role of clouds in suppressing the penetration of solar irradiation, and the abundance of cloud cover in the southeastern U.S. during the growing season, suggest that nut production throughout the U.S. pecan belt is being limited by insufficient sunlight with the southeastern U.S. (comprising about 2/3 of the commercial U.S. pecan production) being especially impacted. In support of this hypothesis, regression analysis showed cultivar-type nut production for Georgia from 1977-1989 to be significantly (P<.0001, R2 = 0.79) associated with sunlight levels ≥ 3000 Wh m-2d-1 from mid August to early October for the same year. This is taken as evidence that the amount of sunlight reaching the canopy seems to be a major factor that should be considered in relation to orchard site selection and canopy management techniques.
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON SHORT SEASON PIGEONPEAS.
Authors: Marsh Lurline , Dkhili Mohsen
Published: February 2019

Five early maturing pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) genotypes; ICPL 146 1985HK, ICPL 87 Isolation (85K), ICPL 85010, ICPL 85024 and ICPL 8304 were evaluated in a growth chamber study and in a greenhouse/outdoor study. Genotypes grown in growth chanter at 25/15°C, day/night with 14 hour photoperid and light intensity of 480 μEm-2sec-1, produced 5-7 main stem branches within the first 7 weeks and flowerd within 54-65 days. Those grown at the same conditions but with 10°C night temperature produced only 1-4 branches in the same period and flowered between 65 and 79 days. Plants grown in the greenhouse in the fall when photoperiod was 13½ hours, and temperature ranged from 31-42°C during day and 9-18°C during night flowered in 55 to 65 days. These plants grew faster than those started outdoors, where average weekly temperature was below 10°C for 4 of the 5 weeks before their transferal to the greenhouse and eventual flowering between 75 and 94 days. Some outdoor seedlings experienced epicotyl damage by a -1°C cold and these initiated shoots from axillary buds on underground nodes and flowered within 98–101 days.
PATHWAYS OF BACKCROSSING ZINNIA ANGUSTIFOLIA × Z. ELEGANS INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS TO THE PARENTAL SPECIES
Authors: Boyle Thomas H.
Published: February 2019

Allotetraploid Z. angustifolia × Z. elegans hybrids (2 n =46) were reciprocally backcrossed to Z. angustifolia (2 n = 22 or 44) and Z. elegans (2 n = 24 or 48). Pollen germination and pollen tube penetration of the stigmatic surface were observed for all 8 cross combinations. At 14 days after pollination, the percentage of florets with embryos ranged from 0 to 69%, and some hybrid embryos exhibited developmental abnormalities. Seed-propagated backcross (BC1) populations were generated with Z. angustifolia (2 n =44)as ♀ or ♂, and Z. elegans (2 n =48) as ♀ BC1 progeny from these 3 crosses demonstrated low to high levels of resistance to bacterial leaf and flower spot (incited by Xanthomonas campestris pv. zinniae) and high levels of resistance to powdery mildew (incited by Erysiphe cichoracearum). BC1 hybrids derived from crossing allotetraploid hybrids as ♀ and Z. elegans (2 n =48) lines have commercial potential as disease-resistant, flowering annuals.
EFFECTS OF NaHSO3 ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF BELL PEPPER
Authors: Xu Weicheng , Su Faxian , Zhang Guangchen , Hou Jianwei , Zhao Sheng , Deng Yuan , Read Paul E. , Yang Guochen
Published: February 2019

Sodium hydrogen sulfate (NaHSO3) in aqueous solution was sprayed on bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) plants beginning at first anthesis to test its effects as a photorespiration represser and resulting effects on yield. NaHSO3 sprays promoted plant height, stem diameter, fruit number and plant weight and increased the net assimilation rate, thus increasing yield. Concentrations of 60, 100, 120, 130, 200, 240 and 300 ppm were all effective, with 200 ppm optimum. Sprays repeated for three times at 7 day intervals were more effective in increasing growth and yield of bell pepper than spraying once or twice. This technique has gained acceptance as a practical method for improving production of bell pepper in Northeast China. Additional research is underway to further refine this practice.
EFFECT OF PHOTOPERIOD ON FLOWER INITIATION OF COFFEE
Authors: Schuch Ursula K. , Fuchigami Leslie H. , Nagzao Mike A.
Published: February 2019

Floral initiation in coffee has been shown to be stimulated by short days in young plants, but the inductive stimulus for mature plants is still not clear. Experiments were conducted to determine whether floral initiation in immature and mature plants is promoted by short photoperiods, and delayed by long photoperiods. In a growth chamber study, 18-month-old coffee (Coffea arabica L. cv. Guatemalan) plants exposed to 8 hr photoperiods developed flower buds after 4 weeks, whereas no floral initiation was observed on the plants exposed to 16 hr photoperiods for ten weeks. Trees growing in the field were illuminated with incandescent light from midnight to 3:00 a.m. from July to December 1989. The control plants received no artificial light during the same time period. Night light interruption delayed flower initiation until the end of December on branches that were fully exposed to the light. On control trees, flower buds started to emerge at the beginning of November. These results indicate that in immature and mature coffee plants floral initiation is stimulated by short days, and delayed by long days.
CELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF SUCROSE SYNTHASE IN CALAMONDIN FRUIT BY IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL MICROSCOPY
Authors: Nolte Kurt D. , Erdos Gregory W. , Koch Karen E.
Published: February 2019

Localization of sucrose synthasa (SS), an enzyme Previously shown to be highly active in transport tissues of citrus fruit, was further defined via immunohistochemical analysis of stage II calamondin fruit. Using the indirect immunogold technique, 8 μm sections were first reacted with rabbit anti-SS polyclonal serum followed by incubation with 5 nm gold conjugated goat-anti-rabbit IgG. Little immunolabel was observed in the majority of peel tissues, however an abundant immunoreaction was evident in parenchyma cells directly adjacent to the segment epidermis surrounding juice sacs. Antibody was not associated with this epidermnl layer. Similarly, in juice vesicle stalks (JVS) the internal parenchyma cells showed significant SS localization compared to minimal immunoreaction in the epidermal layers of the JVS. Although the antigen did not appear to be specifically localized within the vascular bundles, an extensive distribution of the enzyme was associated with the parenchymatous cells immediately adjacent to vascular strands.