bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Collective inaction, omission, and non-action: when not acting is indeed on ‘us’
Authors: Schwenkenbecher Anne
Published: October 2022

The statement that we are currently failing to address some of humanity’s greatest challenges seems uncontroversial—we are not doing enough to limit global warming to a maximum of 2 °C and we are exposing vulnerable people to preventable diseases when failing to produce herd immunity. But what singles out such failings (inactions) from all the things we did not do (non-actions) when all are unintended? Unlike their individualist counterparts, collective inaction and omission have not yet received much attention in the literature. (Unintended) collective inaction, I argue, can be attributed to a group of agents where a collective action (or a collective outcome) x that the agents did not perform (or did not produce) was collectively feasible at time t where each agent in that group had sufficient reason to contribute to performing (or producing) x or others had a reasonable expectation that they would perform (or produce) x. I show that, perhaps surprisingly, we can speak of collective inaction even where only one member of the group fails to act. However, where large and dispersed groups of agents are concerned, there is often no meaningful way of attributing collective failings. Still, I contend that the failure to close the global emissions gap and—in some cases—to generate herd immunity are indeed on us.
„Time in range“ (TIR) vs. Glykohämoglobin Typ A1c (HbA1c): was zählt für unsere Patienten?
Authors: Harer Clemens , Mader Julia K.
Published: October 2022

„Continuous glucose monitoring systems“ (CGM-Systeme) und CGM-basierte Metrik gewannen in den letzten 10 Jahren massiv an Bedeutung. Dennoch ist der HbA1c nach wie vor der meistverwendete und international anerkannte Marker zur Beurteilung der glykämischen Kontrolle. Ebenso stellt er in klinischen Studien immer noch den wichtigsten Surrogatparameter zur Beurteilung klinischer Outcomes dar. Die Verwendung der Zeit im Zielbereich („time in range“ [TIR]) hat im Vergleich zum HbA1c den Vorteil, dass Hypoglykämien und Glukosevariabilität besser dargestellt werden. Durch Nutzung der TIR kann man auch individuelle Zielbereiche definieren, beispielsweise bei Schwangeren oder multimorbiden Personen. Auch gibt es erste Hinweise, dass klinische Studienergebnisse anhand von TIR und anderen CGM-basierten Metriken bewertet werden können, auch wenn hierzu noch Langzeit- und Endpunktstudien fehlen. Einen wesentlichen Vorteil zeigt die TIR bei der Prädiktion diabetesassoziierter Komplikationen. So kann, basierend auf Änderungen beim erreichten Zielbereich, nicht nur das Auftreten neuropathischer, mikro- oder makrovaskulärer Komplikationen vorhergesagt werden, sondern auch das relative Risiko deren Manifestation. Die Nutzung von CGM im Allgemeinen und das Erreichen der TIR-Ziele spielen auch für Menschen mit Diabetes mellitus und deren Einschätzung ihrer Lebensqualität eine immer größere Rolle.
Die Soziale Arbeit muss auf die „Zeitenwende“ reagieren
Authors: Scherr Albert
Published: October 2022

Die deklarierte Zeitenwende fordert auch Lehrende an Hochschulen, Studierende und Fachkräfte der Sozialen Arbeit und Pädagogik (Sozialpädagogik, Lehramt, Erwachsenenbildung) zu einer Klärung der eigenen Position heraus. Denn in ihren professionellen Positionen sind sie darauf verwiesen, Studierende, Adressat_innen Sozialer Arbeit oder Schüler_innen dabei zu unterstützen, die eigene Haltung zu Aufrüstung und indirekter Kriegsbeteiligung zu klären. Der Beitrag stellt Überlegungen vor, die einen solchen Klärungsprozess anregen sollen. Dabei wird hier nicht die Berechtigung von Waffenlieferungen an die Ukraine bestritten. Kritisch hinterfragt wird aber die vermeintliche Notwendigkeit weiterer Aufrüstung sowie die allzu voreilige und leichtfertige Verabschiedung von realistischem Pazifismus und Antimilitarismus.
Stepwise mathematical derivation of the Herschel–Bulkley laminar fluid flow equations—in pipes
Authors: Ashena Rahman , Badrouchi Foued , Elmgerbi Asad , Mishani Siamak , Sotoudeh Fatemeh , Nekoeian Sahand
Published: October 2022

Stepwise derivation of flow equations of the Herschel–Bulkley (HB) model is not available in the literature. These equations are crucial for mechanical, chemical and petroleum engineering academia and industries where fundamental works on non-Newtonian fluids may be done to reach future models and estimation methods. Therefore, this work focuses on derivation of laminar flow equations and estimation methods of HB fluids through pipes. In this work, first, stepwise derivation of the HB fluid flow parameters consisting of fluid velocity, flow rate, average velocity and relative velocity equations is presented, followed by a straightforward mathematical model for use in numerical solution. Next, stepwise mathematical derivation of the laminar pressure drop equations by Merlo et al. (An innovative model for drilling fluid hydraulics. Paper presented at the SPE Asia Pacific oil and gas conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 1995) and Gjerstad and Time (SPE J 20:1–18, 2014) is presented, and finally practical and user-friendly calculation procedures for different estimation methods are presented. The step-by-step derivation procedures presented in this work contribute to effective learning for engineering students and practitioners in addition to providing a clear example derivation guideline for future researchers to reach other more accurate non-Newtonian hydraulics models and estimation methods.
Greenland mineral exploration history
Authors: Christiansen Flemming G.
Published: October 2022

Greenland has a long mining and mineral exploration history and offers interesting possibilities for investors. There is still optimism in the mineral business, but successful examples are surprisingly few in the new millennium. Based on numerous new tables compiling information on companies, periods, targets, licenses, and costs, this paper gives a description of the past and present activities, the exploration companies involved, their main targets, their limited financial power, and their continued need for and search of investors and large industrial partners. An analysis of the key drivers at different levels is presented: analogues with Canada and elsewhere, dedicated prospectors looking for profit, specific strategic projects, commodity prices, new research results, co-financing, strategies, and regulations by authorities in Greenland and Denmark. Changes in political agenda in Greenland, Denmark, and internationally have had a strong influence on exploration activities in Greenland compared to other countries with an exploration industry, in some cases creating good incentives for investors, in other cases being showstoppers for future exploration and mining. This paper provides, for the first time ever, a summary of the total costs for mineral exploration in Greenland and the total revenue for the governments, and compares these numbers with the public investments in research, data acquisition, and direct investments in national companies.
High efficiently harvesting visible light and vibration energy in (1−x)AgNbO3–xLiTaO3 solid solution around antiferroelectric–ferroelectric phase boundary for dye degradation
Authors: He Tufeng , Cao Zhenzhu , Li Guorong , Jia Yanmin , Peng Biaolin
Published: October 2022

Simultaneously employing light and vibration energy by piezoelectric material to realize environmental remediation is an advanced oxidation method. Silver niobate (AgNbO3) is a visible light driven photocatalyst for the removal of organic pollutants. However, the high recombination rate of photo-generated electrons and holes suppresses its photocatalytic activity. Piezoelectric potential excited by vibration can facilitate the separation of light induced charges. Unfortunately, AgNbO3 is an antiferroelectric. In this work, distinct photo-/vibration-bi-catalysis has been achieved in ferroelectric (1−x)AgNbO3–xLiTaO3 solid solution. The results show that ~96% Rhodamine B (RhB) can be decomposed under the bi-excitation of ultrasound and visible light within 120 min with 0.95AgNbO3–0.05LiTaO3 catalyst. The synergy effect from efficient visible light excitation and enhanced separation of the photo-induced charges from the electric field by the mechanical strain results in the distinct decomposition performance of catalysts.
Best clinical practice guidance for treating deep carious lesions in primary teeth: an EAPD policy document
Authors: Duggal M. , Gizani S. , Albadri S. , Krämer N. , Stratigaki E. , Tong H. J. , Seremidi K. , Kloukos D. , BaniHani A. , Santamaría R. M. , Hu S. , Maden M. , Amend S. , Boutsiouki C. , Bekes K. , Lygidakis N. , Frankenberger R. , Monteiro J. , Anttonnen V. , Leith R. , Sobczak M. , Rajasekharan S. , Parekh S.
Published: October 2022

Purpose

The European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (EAPD) has developed this best clinical practice guidance to help clinicians manage deep carious lesions in primary teeth.

Methods

Three expert groups conducted systematic reviews of the relevant literature. The topics were: (1) conventional techniques (2) Minimal Intervention Dentistry (MID) and (3) materials. Workshops were held during the corresponding EAPD interim seminar in Oslo in April 2021. Several clinical based recommendations and statements were agreed upon, and gaps in our knowledge were identified.

Results

There is strong evidence that indirect pulp capping and pulpotomy techniques, and 38% Silver Diamine Fluoride are shown to be effective for the management of caries in the primary dentition. Due to the strict criteria, it is not possible to give clear recommendations on which materials are most appropriate for restoring primary teeth with deep carious lesions. Atraumatic Restorative Technique (ART) is not suitable for multi-surface caries, and Pre-formed Metal Crowns (PMCs) using the Hall technique reduce patient discomfort. GIC and RMGIC seem to be more favourable given the lower annual failure rate compared to HVGIC and MRGIC. Glass carbomer cannot be recommended due to inferior marginal adaptation and fractures. Compomers, hybrid composite resins and bulk-fill composite resins demonstrated similar values for annual failure rates.

Conclusion

The management of deep carious lesions in primary teeth can be challenging and must consider the patient’s compliance, operator skills, materials and costs. There is a clear need to increase the use of MID techniques in managing carious primary teeth as a mainstream rather than a compromise option.
A digital humanism view on e-tourism
Authors: Werthner Hannes
Published: October 2022

Informatics, its artefacts and methods, change our society and world, from the individual personal level up to the current geo-political powerplay. Today, Information Technology (IT) serves as the operating system of our society. From an ontological point of view Informatics influences also how we perceive the world and how we think about it. This change has happened during the short span of last half century. At the same time, despite of this enormous success, this development has serious shortcomings. I discuss some of them, and describe a positive “answer”: Digital Humanism. I will use this human centered approach to IT to critically review developments in e-tourism; and, one of the main lessons is: do not get lost in small things, have a look at the big picture, also aim for a better future and society. Two disclaimers: (a) This contribution is an opinion piece, not a scientific paper in the strict sense. I hope it provokes a lively, and probably also controversial discussion; and, (b) Some arguments regarding Digital Humanism are already partly expressed in other publications such as (Werthner, Electron Mark 32:145–151, 2022a) and (Werthner et al. Hoepken (eds) Handbook of e-tourism, Springer, Berlin, 2022b).
Mendelian Randomization Study on Causal Association of Pyroglutamine with COVID-19
Authors: Su Wenting , Zhou Shan , Zhu Gaizhi , Xu Yaqi , Gao Ran , Zhang Min , Zeng Qi , Wang Renxi
Published: October 2022

Background

Glutamine family amino acids such as glutamate, pyroglutamate, and glutamine have been shown to play important roles in COVID-19. However, it is still unclear about the role of pyroglutamate in COVID-19. Thus, we use a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to identify the genetic causal link between blood pyroglutamine levels and COVID-19 risk.

Methods

Pyroglutamine genetic instrumental variables (IVs) were chosen from the largest pyroglutamine-associated genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The largest COVID-19 GWAS dataset was employed to evaluate the causal link between blood pyroglutamine levels and COVID-19 risk using two-sample MR analysis.

Results

We found no significant pleiotropy or heterogeneity of pyroglutamine-associated genetic IVs in COVID-19 GWAS. Interestingly, we found that as pyroglutamine genetically increased, the risk of COVID-19 decreased using inverse variance weighted (IVW) (Beta = − 0.644, p = 0.003; OR = 0.525, 95% CI [0.346–0.798]) and weighted median (Beta = − 0.609, p = 0.013; OR = 0.544, 95% CI [0.337–0.878]).

Conclusion

Our analysis suggests a causal link between genetically increased pyroglutamine and reduced risk of COVID-19. Thus, pyroglutamine may be a protective factor for patients with COVID-19.
House of the People
Authors: Sen Ronojoy
Published: October 2022

While there is overwhelming support for democracy in India and voter turnout is higher than in many Western democracies, there are low levels of trust in political parties and elected representatives. This book is an attempt to look beyond Indian elections, which has increasingly occupied analysts and commentators. It focuses on the Lok Sabha (The House of the People), comprising 543 members directly elected for five years by a potential 800 million plus voters in 2019. The book seeks to answer two questions: Is the Indian Parliament, which has the unenviable task of representing a diverse nation of a billion-plus people, working, if not in an exemplary manner, at least reasonably well, to articulate the diverse demands of the electorate and translate them into legislation and policy? To what extent has the practice of Indian democracy transformed the institution of parliament, which was adopted from the British, and its functioning?
Misdated Popes: a Mistake in the Chronology of Seventh-Century Bishops of Rome
Authors: JANKOWIAK MAREK
Published: October 2022

The letter sent by Kyros of Alexandria to Sergios of Constantinople in 638 appears to contain a chronological contradiction: it implies that Sergios was aware before his death of the election of Severinus as the new bishop of Rome two months earlier. Given the travelling times in the seventh century, this is impossible. The problem originates in a mistake made by Louis Duchesne when calculating the chronology of the popes for his edition of the Liber pontificalis: for the period 619–49, all his dates are one year too late. This change of the chronological framework affects the interpretation of a number of documents.
Shining a Light in a Dark Corner: Does EDGAR Search Activity Reveal the Strategically Leaked Plans of Activist Investors?
Authors: Flugum Ryan , Lee Choonsik , Souther Matthew E.
Published: October 2022

We provide evidence of a network of information flow between activists and other investors prior to 13D filings. We match EDGAR search activity to investor IP addresses, identifying specific investors who persistently download information on an individual activist’s campaign targets in the days prior to that activist’s 13D disclosures. This outside investor’s knowledge of pending activist campaign plans seems to benefit both parties: the informed investor, unnamed in the 13D, increases its holdings in the targeted stock prior to the price surge upon 13D disclosure, while the activist earns voting support that increases their likelihood of pursuing and winning a proxy fight.
Differences in the morphological body condition index of sea turtles between species and size classes
Authors: Nishizawa Hideaki , Joseph Juanita
Published: October 2022

The body condition of animals is an important indicator of their habitats and the effects of anthropogenic activities and pollution. Body condition indices calculated from morphometric measurements have been widely employed as they are easy to use and inexpensive. In sea turtles, Fulton's condition index, calculated as the bodyweight divided by the cube of straight carapace length (SCL), has been commonly used and it has been proposed that an index of ≥1.2 indicates a good body condition. However, comparing Fulton's condition index between different species and size classes is problematic as it does not consider the mass-length relationship. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the differences between sea turtles. A literature review indicated that most studies reported the SCL-based Fulton's condition index for green turtles (Chelonia mydas), followed by loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) and hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata). Therefore, we compared the values reported for healthy turtles of these three species. Meta-analysis supported the adequacy of 1.2 as a threshold in juvenile and adult green turtles and large juvenile and adult loggerhead turtles. High Fulton's condition index values were found for hatchlings and post-hatchlings of all three species and small loggerhead turtle juveniles. Low Fulton's condition index values were found for hawksbill turtles, particularly small juveniles. The differences in the Fulton's condition index between species and size classes indicated that it should be used carefully as a threshold for health condition evaluation.
Clinical and psychological factors associated with resilience in patients with schizophrenia: data from the Italian network for research on psychoses using machine learning
Authors: Antonucci Linda A. , Pergola Giulio , Rampino Antonio , Rocca Paola , Rossi Alessandro , Amore Mario , Aguglia Eugenio , Bellomo Antonello , Bianchini Valeria , Brasso Claudio , Bucci Paola , Carpiniello Bernardo , Dell'Osso Liliana , di Fabio Fabio , di Giannantonio Massimo , Fagiolini Andrea , Giordano Giulia Maria , Marcatilli Matteo , Marchesi Carlo , Meneguzzo Paolo , Monteleone Palmiero , Pompili Maurizio , Rossi Rodolfo , Siracusano Alberto , Vita Antonio , Zeppegno Patrizia , Galderisi Silvana , Bertolino Alessandro , Maj Mario ,   Italian Network for Research on Psychoses
Published: October 2022

Background

Resilience is defined as the ability to modify thoughts to cope with stressful events. Patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) having higher resilience (HR) levels show less severe symptoms and better real-life functioning. However, the clinical factors contributing to determine resilience levels in patients remain unclear. Thus, based on psychological, historical, clinical and environmental variables, we built a supervised machine learning algorithm to classify patients with HR or lower resilience (LR).

Methods

SCZ from the Italian Network for Research on Psychoses (N= 598 in the Discovery sample,N= 298 in the Validation sample) underwent historical, clinical, psychological, environmental and resilience assessments. A Support Vector Machine algorithm (based on 85 variables extracted from the above-mentioned assessments) was built in the Discovery sample, and replicated in the Validation sample, to classify between HR and LR patients, within a nested, Leave-Site-Out Cross-Validation framework. We then investigated whether algorithm decision scores were associated with the cognitive and clinical characteristics of patients.

Results

The algorithm classified patients as HR or LR with a Balanced Accuracy of 74.5% (p< 0.0001) in the Discovery sample, and 80.2% in the Validation sample. Higher self-esteem, larger social network and use of adaptive coping strategies were the variables most frequently chosen by the algorithm to generate decisions. Correlations between algorithm decision scores, socio-cognitive abilities, and symptom severity were significant (pFDR< 0.05).

Conclusions

We identified an accurate, meaningful and generalizable clinical-psychological signature associated with resilience in SCZ. This study delivers relevant information regarding psychological and clinical factors that non-pharmacological interventions could target in schizophrenia.
Banking crises, banking mortality and the structuring of the banking market in Switzerland, 1850–2000
Authors: Giddey Thibaud , Mazbouri Malik
Published: October 2022

The Swiss financial centre, as it developed during the twentieth century, has for a long time been presented and perceived as a singularly stable and solid environment escaping crises and restructuring. This view, promoted by the dominant actors – private banks, cantonal banks and large commercial banks – presenting their own development, in a teleological vision, assuccess stories, is strongly challenged by more recent research developments. Our article deals with the evolution of banking demography in Switzerland between 1850 and 2000 and examines the exits of banking institutions from the statistics, identifying six periods of crisis and restructuring. The article proposes a new statistical series that makes it possible to scrutinise with a high level of granularity the banks that fail or are taken over, in particular by observing their category of bank and, for the period 1934–99, their size. It uses historical banking demography as a gateway to understand more broadly the phases of transformation of the financial centre. In doing so, this contribution questions the gap between the existence of significant phases of banking instability, their low importance in collective memory, and the perception of the Swiss banking sector as a model of stability. It also helps to refine our understanding of the evolution of the Swiss financial centre in general.
Repugnant innovation
Authors: Allen Darcy W. E. , Berg Chris , Davidson Sinclair
Published: October 2022

Repugnant innovation is a form of evasive entrepreneurship that occurs in repugnant markets. Repugnance is an informal institution – controlled by long-lived norms, attitudes, customs and traditions – and repugnant innovation acts to shift institutions at the lowest level of the institutional stack. The paper considers three examples of repugnant innovation: e-cigarettes, online gambling, and webcam modelling. Each repugnant innovation challenges the complex mixture of material and moral concerns that contributes to repugnance in their respective markets. The paper adds to and expands on a body of evidence about innovation in apparently unsupportive institutional environments.
A circularly polarized wideband implantable patch antenna for biomedical applications
Authors: Pal Aditya , Mishra Piyush Kumar , Tripathi Vijay Shanker
Published: October 2022

This work represents a circularly polarized implantable patch antenna operating at the ISM band (2.4–2.48 GHz) for biomedical applications. The presented patch antenna has a compact volume of 50 mm3i.e., 10 × 10 × 0.5 mm3. All the Simulations have been carried out within homogeneous skin phantom and head scalp phantom. Miniaturization of antenna and enhancement of bandwidth is achieved by using various techniques described in this work. The designed patch antenna has wide axial ratio bandwidth of 20.08 and 15.44% inside scalp phantom and homogeneous skin phantom, respectively. Obtained impedance bandwidths are 56.79 and 49.75% inside scalp phantom and homogeneous skin phantom, respectively. At 2.45 GHz, obtained peak gains are −25.18 and −28.12 dB, respectively. The proposed antenna is enclosed in a biocompatible material to avoid direct contact with the human tissue. For patient safety concerns, simulated maximum specific absorption ratio values are also investigated and are under the limits of the IEEE standard. The allowable input power is also calculated in this work. Link budget analysis is used in this work to determine the far-field communication range of the designed antenna.
Development of CMIP6‐Based Climate Scenarios for Japan Using Statistical Method and Their Applicability to Heat‐Related Impact Studies
Authors: Ishizaki Noriko N. , Shiogama Hideo , Hanasaki Naota , Takahashi Kiyoshi
Published: October 2022

Climate scenario data set are indispensable for assessing future climate impacts. In this study, we developed statistically downscaled climate scenarios in Japan using modified bias correction method based on five general circulation models selected from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) Phase 6 to facilitate impact assessments and adaptation strategies. Modification of time window of the original correction method results in successful agreement with the observed seasonal change of variables in each grid. The original CMIP6 models have a relatively small bias compared to CMIP5 models. The advantage of CMIP6‐based bias‐corrected scenarios is its availability for multiple global circulation models, which covered wide uncertainty in CMIP6 ensembles, with various emissions scenarios for representative concentration pathway (RCP) including RCP4.5, RCP2.6, and RCP8.5. Several temperature‐related indices derived from the CMIP6‐based climate scenarios agreed well with observations. The number of extremely hot days and nights increased nonlinearly in the future with additional global warming. An increase in the global warming level from 1 to 2°C above the early 1900s would increase the probability of the number of extremely hot days per year exceeding the 2018 case by 4.1 times. The development of bias‐corrected climate scenarios facilitates the study of various climate impacts on a CMIP6 basis.
Aufeis as a Major Forcing Mechanism for Channel Avulsion and Implications of Warming Climate
Authors: Wohl Ellen , Scamardo Julianne E.
Published: October 2022

Prompted by field observation of an aufeis‐induced channel avulsion along the Hula Hula River in June 2021, we use measurements of channel migration zone width along 15 rivers flowing north across the Arctic coastal plain in Alaska, USA. We differentiated sites with aufeis that covered ≥1 km2 in early summer during the period 2017–2021 from sites without such aufeis formation. All but four of the 28 sites with aufeis have widths greater than the 95% confidence interval and 20 sites fall outside of the 95% prediction interval for channel width based on drainage area. Pairwise comparison indicates that the population of aufeis sites have significantly wider channel migration zones (p < 0.0001) than non‐aufeis sites after accounting for drainage area. Seasonal aufeis facilitates lateral channel migration and associated heterogeneity. Loss of aufeis under warming climate may reduce habitat diversity in these river corridors.
Deformation Mechanisms of Blueschist Facies Continental Metasediments May Offer Insights Into Deep Episodic Tremor and Slow Slip Events
Authors: Giuntoli Francesco , Viola Giulio , Sørensen Bjørn Eske
Published: October 2022

Exhumed fossil subduction zones are archives of the deformation conditions and mechanisms from depths not directly accessible. Microstructural analysis of samples exhumed therefrom offers insights into the micromechanics and deformation processes associated with subduction such as earthquakes, slow earthquakes, and aseismic creep. Subducted and exhumed continental metasediments of the Tuscan Metamorphic Units of the Italian Northern Apennines contain a mylonitic foliation and quartz and carpholite dilational hydroshear veins with crack‐and‐seal textures, both developed at blueschist facies conditions (350–400°C, ∼1 GPa). As shown by overprinting relationships and mineral assemblages, these two structure types formed broadly coeval within the stability field of carpholite. Metaconglomerates and metaquartzarenites deformed mainly by dissolution‐precipitation creep and secondary by dislocation creep. Microstructural and electron backscatter diffraction analyses of the veins suggest only limited recrystallization of quartz fibers by subgrain rotation recrystallization, with adjacent metapelite bands acting as decollement horizons, likely by slip on the basal plane of phyllosilicates. We estimated differential stresses of 43–55 MPa and strain rates between 10−13 and 10−14 s−1 from the vein recrystallized quartz fibers. We propose these microstructures and deformation mechanisms to represent a geological evidence of deep episodic tremor and slow slip events in subducted continental metasediments. Pore pressure cyclically reached supralithostatic values triggering tremors causing fracturing of all involved lithotypes. Likely, slow slip was accommodated preferentially by slip on phyllosilicate bands. Aseismic creep occurred mainly by dislocation creep with subgrain rotation recrystallization in vein quartz, slip on the basal plane of phyllosilicates, and dissolution and precipitation creep in the host rock.
Dynamic Downscaling Simulation and Projection of Precipitation Extremes Over China Under a Shared Socioeconomic Pathway Scenario
Authors: Luo Neng , Guo Yan , Feng Jin , Ding Ruiqiang , Gao Zhibo , Zhao Zihui
Published: October 2022

In this study, Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) ‐based dynamic downscaling simulation was performed over China at a horizontal resolution of 25 km. To reduce the systematic large‐scale biases from lateral boundary conditions, a dynamic blending (DB) technique was introduced in downscaling, and its performance was compared with downscaling without DB (NO_DB) as well as the driving global climate model (GCM, i.e., HadGEM3). In the present‐day simulation for verification, added values were found in DB, relative to the GCM and NO_DB, in simulating the precipitation extremes, especially over southeastern China. Possible causes responsible for this improvement were further analyzed. In the GCM, excessive moisture and atmospheric heating in the upper troposphere in conjunction with abnormally strong deep convection resulted in excessive extreme precipitation over southeastern China, while in NO_DB, insufficient moisture and atmospheric heating in the whole troposphere in conjunction with abnormally weak convection suppressed extreme precipitation there. In comparison, DB showed a closer representation of observations in terms of vertical velocity and vertical profiles of atmospheric moisture and heating, accounting for the improved simulation of extreme precipitation. In the future projection under the SSP5‐8.5 scenario, both the GCM and DB predicted that extreme precipitation would increase in most parts of China; however, DB indicated a larger increase over southeastern China relative to the GCM. Stronger moisture flux convergence over southeastern China in DB accounted for this larger increase, and in addition, the thermodynamic effect associated with more precipitable water dominated the stronger moisture flux convergence.
Identification and Geomorphometric Characterization of Volcanic Cones in the Marius Hills, the Moon
Authors: Wan Sheng , Qiao Le , Ling Zongcheng
Published: October 2022

Investigation of the detailed geological characteristics of lunar volcanic cones can peer into their formation and emplacement processes, thus deepening our understanding of pyroclastic eruptions on the Moon. In this work, we focus on the Marius Hills region (centered at 13°N, 55°W), a volcanic plateau in south Oceanus Procellarum, which hosts the most abundant volcanic cones on the Moon, along with other volcanic features. The range of volcanic features indicates various eruption styles and complicated sequences of regional magmatic activities. Based on the SLDEM2015 topography data, with assistance from other multisource topography and image data sets, we identified 360 known and suspected volcanic cones and 22 volcanic domes in the Marius Hills. Following detailed morphological characterizations, the volcanic cones show various morphology types, including C‐shaped, elliptical‐shaped, elongated‐shaped, irregular‐shaped, and rounded‐shaped. The cones (median basal width ∼2.7 km, height ∼115 m, and volume 0.25 km3) contain summit pit craters (15%; median width ∼358 m), exhibiting smaller basal widths and summit pit crater widths compared with lunar mare domes. The mean slope (3.5°–15.6°) and rock abundance (0.3%–3.8%) of volcanic cones in Marius Hills are larger than those of the mare dome, suggesting different eruption mechanisms. Marius Hills cones also show larger basal widths and smaller height/width ratios than terrestrial volcanic cones, which are attributed to multiple factors, including subaerial environment, volatile content of the magma, eruption rate, and lava viscosity.
Versatile platform of nonlocal metasurfaces for both spectral and spatial control of light waves
Authors: Chen Run , Wang Shuming
Published: October 2022

Multifunctional nonlocal metasurfaces based on quasi-bound states in the continuum are experimentally demonstrated, which shapes the wavefronts at the resonant wavelengths while have no effect on other wavelengths. By means of cascade and orthogonal perturbations, the nonlocal metasurface devices can be extended to a versatile platform with multifunction.
Barriers to genetic testing in clinical psychiatry and ways to overcome them: from clinicians’ attitudes to sociocultural differences between patients across the globe
Authors: Pinzón-Espinosa Justo , van der Horst Marte , Zinkstok Janneke , Austin Jehannine , Aalfs Cora , Batalla Albert , Sullivan Patrick , Vorstman Jacob , Luykx Jurjen J.
Published: October 2022

Genetic testing has evolved rapidly over recent years and new developments have the potential to provide insights that could improve the ability to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases. Information obtained through genetic testing has proven useful in other specialties, such as cardiology and oncology. Nonetheless, a range of barriers impedes techniques, such as whole-exome or whole-genome sequencing, pharmacogenomics, and polygenic risk scoring, from being implemented in psychiatric practice. These barriers may be procedural (e.g., limitations in extrapolating results to the individual level), economic (e.g., perceived relatively elevated costs precluding insurance coverage), or related to clinicians’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices (e.g., perceived unfavorable cost-effectiveness, insufficient understanding of probability statistics, and concerns regarding genetic counseling). Additionally, several ethical concerns may arise (e.g., increased stigma and discrimination through exclusion from health insurance). Here, we provide an overview of potential barriers for the implementation of genetic testing in psychiatry, as well as an in-depth discussion of strategies to address these challenges.
Cue-induced cocaine craving enhances psychosocial stress and vice versa in chronic cocaine users
Authors: Kexel Ann-Kathrin , Kluwe-Schiavon Bruno , Baumgartner Markus R. , Engeli Etna J. E. , Visentini Monika , Kirschbaum Clemens , Seifritz Erich , Ditzen Beate , Soravia Leila M. , Quednow Boris B.
Published: October 2022

Stress and craving, it has been found, contribute to the development and maintenance of and relapse in cocaine use disorder. Chronic cocaine users (CU), previous research has shown, display altered physiological responses to psychosocial stress and increased vegetative responding to substance-related cues. However, how psychosocial stress and cue-induced craving interact in relation to the CU’s physiological responses remains largely unknown. We thus investigated the interaction between acute psychosocial stress and cocaine-cue-related reactivity in 47 CU and 38 controls. In a crossed and balanced design, the participants were randomly exposed to a video-based cocaine-cue paradigm and the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) or vice versa to investigate possible mutually augmenting effects of both stressors on physiological stress responses. Over the course of the experimental procedure, plasma cortisol, ACTH, noradrenaline, subjective stress, and craving were assessed repeatedly. To estimate the responses during the cocaine-cue paradigm and TSST, growth models and discontinuous growth models were used. Overall, though both groups did not differ in their endocrinological responses to the TSST, CU displayed lower ACTH levels at baseline. The TSST did not elevate craving in CU, but when the cocaine-cue video was shown first, CU displayed an enhanced cortisol response to the subsequent TSST. In CU, cocaine-cues robustly evoked craving but no physiological stress response, while cue-induced craving was intensified after the TSST. Taken together, though CU did not show an altered acute stress response during the TSST, stress and craving together seemed to have mutually augmenting effects on their stress response.
Working memory updating in individuals with bipolar and unipolar depression: fMRI study
Authors: Manelis Anna , Halchenko Yaroslav O. , Bonar Lisa , Stiffler Richelle S. , Satz Skye , Miceli Rachel , Ladouceur Cecile D. , Bebko Genna , Iyengar Satish , Swartz Holly A. , Phillips Mary L.
Published: October 2022

Understanding neurobiological characteristics of cognitive dysfunction in distinct psychiatric disorders remains challenging. In this secondary data analysis, we examined neurobiological differences in brain response during working memory updating among individuals with bipolar disorder (BD), those with unipolar depression (UD), and healthy controls (HC). Individuals between 18–45 years of age with BD (n = 100), UD (n = 109), and HC (n = 172) were scanned using fMRI while performing 0-back (easy) and 2-back (difficult) tasks with letters as the stimuli and happy, fearful, or neutral faces as distractors. The 2(n-back) × 3(groups) × 3(distractors) ANCOVA examined reaction time (RT), accuracy, and brain activation during the task. HC showed more accurate and faster responses than individuals with BD and UD. Difficulty-related activation in the prefrontal, posterior parietal, paracingulate cortices, striatal, lateral occipital, precuneus, and thalamic regions differed among groups. Individuals with BD showed significantly lower difficulty-related activation differences in the left lateral occipital and the right paracingulate cortices than those with UD. In individuals with BD, greater difficulty-related worsening in accuracy was associated with smaller activity changes in the right precuneus, while greater difficulty-related slowing in RT was associated with smaller activity changes in the prefrontal, frontal opercular, paracingulate, posterior parietal, and lateral occipital cortices. Measures of current depression and mania did not correlate with the difficulty-related brain activation differences in either group. Our findings suggest that the alterations in the working memory circuitry may be a trait characteristic of reduced working memory capacity in mood disorders. Aberrant patterns of activation in the left lateral occipital and paracingulate cortices may be specific to BD.
Adverse prognostic impact of the loss of STAG2 protein expression in patients with newly diagnosed localised Ewing sarcoma: A report from the Children’s Oncology Group
Authors: Shulman David S. , Chen Sonja , Hall David , Nag Anwesha , Thorner Aaron R. , Lessnick Stephen L. , Stegmaier Kimberly , Janeway Katherine A. , DuBois Steven G. , Krailo Mark D. , Barkauskas Donald A. , Church Alanna J. , Crompton Brian D.
Published: October 2022

Background

Ewing sarcoma (EWS) is an aggressive sarcoma with no validated molecular biomarkers. We aimed to determine the frequency of STAG2 protein loss by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and whether loss of expression is associated with outcome.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients with EWS enrolled to Children’s Oncology Group studies. We obtained unstained slides from 235 patients and DNA for sequencing from 75 patients. STAG2 expression was tested for association with clinical features and survival was estimated using Kaplan–Meier methods with log-rank tests.

Results

In total, 155 cases passed quality control for STAG2 IHC. STAG2 expression in 20/155 cases could not be categorised with the limited available tissue, leaving 135 patients with definitive STAG2 IHC. In localised and metastatic disease, STAG2 was lost in 29/108 and 6/27 cases, respectively. Among patients with IHC and sequencing, 0/17 STAG2 expressing cases had STAG2 mutations, and 2/7 cases with STAG2 loss had STAG2 mutations. Among patients with localised disease, 5-year event-free survival was 54% (95% CI 34–70%) and 75% (95% CI 63–84%) for patients with STAG2 loss vs. expression (P = 0.0034).

Conclusion

STAG2 loss of expression is identified in a population of patients without identifiable STAG2 mutations and carries a poor prognosis.
Caspase-1 inhibition improves cognition without significantly altering amyloid and inflammation in aged Alzheimer disease mice
Authors: Flores Joseph , Fillion Marie-Lyne , LeBlanc Andréa C.
Published: October 2022

Human genetic and animal model studies indicate that brain microglial inflammation is a primary driver of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer Disease (AD). Inflammasome-activated Caspase-1 (Casp1) is associated with both AD microglial inflammation and neuronal degeneration. In mice, Casp1 genetic ablation or VX-765 small molecule inhibition of Casp1 given at onset of cognitive deficits strongly supports the association between microglial inflammation and cognitive impairment. Here, VX-765 significantly improved episodic and spatial memory impairment eight months after the onset of cognitive impairment in aged AD mice with significant amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) accumulation and microglial inflammation. Unexpectedly, while cognitive improvement was associated with dendritic spine density and hippocampal synaptophysin level recovery, VX-765 only slightly decreased Aβ deposition and did not alter biochemically-measured Aβ levels. Furthermore, increased hippocampal Iba1+-microglia, GFAP+-astrocytes, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels were unaltered by VX-765. These results support the hypothesis that neuronal degeneration, not Aβ or microglial inflammation, drives cognitive impairment in AD.
Neddylation-mediated degradation of hnRNPA2B1 contributes to hypertriglyceridemia pancreatitis
Authors: Chen Wei , Wang Yilong , Xia Wenwen , Zhang Jinbao , Zhao Yan
Published: October 2022

Hypertriglyceridemia-induced acute pancreatitis (HTGP) is characterized by the acute and excessive release of FFA produced by pancreatic lipases. However, the underlying mechanisms of this disease remain poorly understood. In this study, we describe the involvement of the RNA binding protein hnRNPA2B1 in the development of HTGP. We used palmitic acid (PA) and AR42J cells to create a model of HTGP in vitro. RT-PCR and western blot analyses revealed a decrease in the level of hnRNPA2B1 protein but not mRNA expression in PA-treated cells. Further analyses revealed that hnRNPA2B1 expression was regulated at the post-translational level by neddylation. Restoration of hnRNPA2B1 expression using the neddylation inhibitor MLN4924 protected AR42J cells from PA-induced inflammatory injury by preventing NF-κB activation and restoring fatty acid oxidation and cell proliferation. Furthermore, RNA immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that hnRNPA2B1 orchestrates fatty acid oxidation by regulating the expression of the mitochondrial trifunctional protein-α (MTPα). Administration of MLN4924 in vivo restored hnRNPA2B1 protein expression in the pancreas of hyperlipidemic mice and ameliorated HTGP-associated inflammation and pancreatic tissue injury. In conclusion, we show that hnRNPA2B1 has a central regulatory role in preventing HTGP-induced effects on cell metabolism and viability. Furthermore, our findings indicate that pharmacological inhibitors that target neddylation may provide therapeutic benefits to HTGP patients.
S100A8-mediated metabolic adaptation controls HIV-1 persistence in macrophages in vivo
Authors: Real Fernando , Zhu Aiwei , Huang Boxin , Belmellat Ania , Sennepin Alexis , Vogl Thomas , Ransy Céline , Revol Marc , Arrigucci Riccardo , Lombès Anne , Roth Johannes , Gennaro Maria Laura , Bouillaud Frédéric , Cristofari Sarra , Bomsel Morgane
Published: October 2022

HIV-1 eradication is hindered by viral persistence in cell reservoirs, established not only in circulatory CD4+T-cells but also in tissue-resident macrophages. The nature of macrophage reservoirs and mechanisms of persistence despite combined anti-retroviral therapy (cART) remain unclear. Using genital mucosa from cART-suppressed HIV-1-infected individuals, we evaluated the implication of macrophage immunometabolic pathways in HIV-1 persistence. We demonstrate that ex vivo, macrophage tissue reservoirs contain transcriptionally active HIV-1 and viral particles accumulated in virus-containing compartments, and harbor an inflammatory IL-1R+S100A8+MMP7+M4-phenotype prone to glycolysis. Reactivation of infectious virus production and release from these reservoirs in vitro are induced by the alarmin S100A8, an endogenous factor produced by M4-macrophages and implicated in “sterile” inflammation. This process metabolically depends on glycolysis. Altogether, inflammatory M4-macrophages form a major tissue reservoir of replication-competent HIV-1, which reactivate viral production upon autocrine/paracrine S100A8-mediated glycolytic stimulation. This HIV-1 persistence pathway needs to be targeted in future HIV eradication strategies.
Creating two-dimensional solid helium via diamond lattice confinement
Authors: Lin Weitong , Li Yiran , de Graaf Sytze , Wang Gang , Lin Junhao , Zhang Hui , Zhao Shijun , Chen Da , Liu Shaofei , Fan Jun , Kooi Bart J. , Lu Yang , Yang Tao , Yang Chin-Hua , Liu Chain Tsuan , Kai Ji-jung
Published: October 2022

The universe abounds with solid helium in polymorphic forms. Therefore, exploring the allotropes of helium remains vital to our understanding of nature. However, it is challenging to produce, observe and utilize solid helium on the earth because high-pressure techniques are required to solidify helium. Here we report the discovery of room-temperature two-dimensional solid helium through the diamond lattice confinement effect. Controllable ion implantation enables the self-assembly of monolayer helium atoms between {100} diamond lattice planes. Using state-of-the-art integrated differential phase contrast microscopy, we decipher the buckled tetragonal arrangement of solid helium monolayers with an anisotropic nature compressed by the robust diamond lattice. These distinctive helium monolayers, in turn, produce substantial compressive strains to the surrounded diamond lattice, resulting in a large-scale bandgap narrowing up to ~2.2 electron volts. This approach opens up new avenues for steerable manipulation of solid helium for achieving intrinsic strain doping with profound applications.
Sequential action of a tRNA base editor in conversion of cytidine to pseudouridine
Authors: Kimura Satoshi , Srisuknimit Veerasak , McCarty Kacie L. , Dedon Peter C. , Kranzusch Philip J. , Waldor Matthew K.
Published: October 2022

Post-transcriptional RNA editing modulates gene expression in a condition-dependent fashion. We recently discovered C-to-Ψ editing inVibrio choleraetRNA. Here, we characterize the biogenesis, regulation, and functions of this previously undescribed RNA editing process. We show that an enzyme, TrcP, mediates the editing of C-to-U followed by the conversion of U to Ψ, consecutively. AlphaFold-2 predicts that TrcP consists of two globular domains (cytidine deaminase and pseudouridylase) and a long helical domain. The latter domain tethers tRNA substrates during both the C-to-U editing and pseudouridylation, likely enabling a substrate channeling mechanism for efficient catalysis all the way to the terminal product. C-to-Ψ editing both requires and suppresses other modifications, creating an interdependent network of modifications in the tRNA anticodon loop that facilitates coupling of tRNA modification states to iron availability. Our findings provide mechanistic insights into an RNA editing process that likely promotes environmental adaptation.