bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An observational study of patient care outcomes sensitive to handover quality in the Post‐Anaesthetic Care Unit
Authors: Lillibridge Nichole , Botti Mari , Wood Beverley , Redley Bernice
Published: May 2017

Aims and objectives

To identify patient care outcome indicators sensitive to the quality of interprofessional handover between the anaesthetist and the Post‐Anaesthetic Care Unit nurse.

Background

The relationship between interprofessional clinical handover when patients are transferred from the operating theatre to the Post‐Anaesthetic Care Unit and patient outcomes of subsequent patient care delivery is not well understood.

Design

Naturalistic, exploratory descriptive design using observation.

Methods

Observations of 31 patient journeys through Post‐Anaesthetic Care Units across three public and private hospitals. Characteristics of interprofessional handover on arrival in the Post‐Anaesthetic Care Unit, the trajectory of patient care activities in Post‐Anaesthetic Care Unit and patient outcomes were observed.

Results

Of the 821 care activities observed across 31 “patient journeys” in the Post‐Anaesthetic Care Unit, observations (assessments and vital signs) (52.5 %), communication (15.8 %) and pain management (assessment of pain and analgesic administration) (10.3%) were most common. Examination of patterns in handover communications and subsequent trajectories of patient care activities revealed three patient trajectory typologies and two patient outcome indicators expected to be sensitive to the quality of interprofessional handover communication in the Post‐Anaesthetic Care Unit: pain on discharge from the Post‐Anaesthetic Care Unit and timely response to clinical deterioration. An additional process indicator, seeking missing information, was also identified.

Conclusions

Patient's pain on discharge from Post‐Anaesthetic Care Unit, escalation of care in response to early signs of deterioration and the need for nurses to seek out missing information to deliver care are indicators expected to be sensitive to the quality of interprofessional handover communication in the Post‐Anaesthetic Care Unit. Future research should test these indicators.

Relevance to clinical practice

Patient outcomes sensitive to the quality of interprofessional handover on patient arrival in the Post‐Anaesthetic Care Unit can be used to evaluate handover quality improvement initiatives. Quality handovers can improve management of pain and clinical deterioration in Post‐Anaesthetic Care Unit and reduce time wasted searching for missing information.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension – progress in understanding the disease and prioritizing strategies for drug development
Authors: Ghataorhe P. , Rhodes C. J. , Harbaum L. , Attard M. , Wharton J. , Wilkins M. R.
Published: May 2017

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), at one time a largely overlooked disease, is now the subject of intense study in many academic and biotech groups. The availability of new treatments has increased awareness of the condition. This in turn has driven a change in the demographics of PAH, with an increase in the mean age at diagnosis. The diagnosis of PAH in more elderly patients has highlighted the need for careful phenotyping of patients and for further studies to understand how best to manage pulmonary hypertension associated with, for example, left heart disease. The breadth and depth of expertise focused on unravelling the molecular pathology of PAH has yielded novel insights, including the role of growth factors, inflammation and metabolic remodelling. The description of the genetic architecture of PAH is accelerating in parallel, with novel variants, such as those reported in potassium two‐pore domain channel subfamily K member 3 (KCNK3), adding to the list of more established mutations in genes associated with bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPR2) signalling. These insights have supported a paradigm shift in treatment strategies away from simply addressing the imbalance of vasoactive mediators observed in PAH towards tackling more directly the structural remodelling of the pulmonary vasculature. Here, we summarize the changing clinical and molecular landscape of PAH. We highlight novel drug therapies that are in various stages of clinical development, targeting for example cell proliferation, metabolic, inflammatory/immune and BMPR2 dysfunction, and the challenges around developing these treatments. We argue that advances in the treatment of PAH will come through deep molecular phenotyping with the integration of clinical, genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic information in large populations of patients through international collaboration. This approach provides the best opportunity for identifying key signalling pathways, both as potential drug targets and as biomarkers for patient selection. The expectation is that together these will enable the prioritization of potential therapies in development and the evolution of personalized medicine for PAH.
Time Alone or Together? Trends and Trade‐offs Among Dual‐Earner Couples, Sweden 1990–2010
Authors: Neilson Jeffrey , Stanfors Maria
Published: May 2017

In recent decades, the dual‐earner couple has become increasingly normative, potentially reducing the time couples and families spend together. The authors investigated how coupled individuals allocated time together, alone, with children, and as a family, exploring changes between 1990 and 2010 in Sweden using three waves of the Swedish Time Use Survey (N = 9,544). Ordinary least squares and decomposition analyses find a trend toward time together over time alone, with childless couples spending similar time together and parents increasing family time. The shift toward family time evolved differently for men and women, indicating gender convergence in private and public spheres, but at higher costs of time alone for women. Change is behavioral and general, applying quite equally across gender and educational groups. There are educational gradients concerning time with children and certain qualitative aspects of time together, indicating that dual‐earner society may be family friendly, but not equally for all.
Diagnostic Ultrasound of the Vagus Nerve in Patients with Diabetes
Authors: Tawfik Eman A. , Walker Francis O. , Cartwright Michael S. , El‐Hilaly Rana A.
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Autonomic neuropathy is a serious and common complication of diabetes mellitus. The vagus nerve is the longest autonomic nerve, and may be affected in diabetes as a part of generalized neuropathy. Our objective was to assess for possible sonographic changes of the vagus nerve in diabetic patients.

METHODS

The vagus nerve was bilaterally scanned in 20 healthy volunteers and 54 patients with diabetes in the axial plane at the lateral neck.

RESULTS

The mean cross‐sectional area of the vagus nerve was significantly smaller in patients with diabetes compared with controls. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses revealed an area under the curve of .96, and an optimum cutoff point of 3 mm2 with a sensitivity of 85.2% and specificity of 100%.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrates a degree of vagus nerve atrophy in patients with diabetes. This finding may have relevance in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic neuropathy if further validated.
Consequences of regulatory fit for leader–follower relationship quality and commitment
Authors: Johnson Russell E. , Lin Szu‐Han (Joanna) , Kark Ronit , Van Dijk Dina , King Danielle D. , Esformes Einat
Published: May 2017

A central tenet of regulatory focus theory is that people hold more positive appraisals and exhibit greater dedication when their regulatory focus is congruent with the orientation of the immediate context, a phenomenon known as regulatory fit. Unfortunately, scant attention has been paid to regulatory fit in interpersonal contexts and the consequences of relationship partners having congruent promotion and prevention foci. Integrating regulatory fit theory with theories of relational leadership, we predicted that regulatory fit would enhance relationship quality and commitment within leader–follower dyads. These predictions were examined across three samples, using data collected from multiple sources and at multiple times. Our results indicated that promotion fit, prevention fit and the interaction between them predicted relationship quality and commitment to the leader, which in turn predicted leader‐targeted citizenship behaviour and withdrawal cognition. These relationships remained after controlling for demographic fit and followers’ and leader's individual regulatory foci.

Practitioner points

Leader–follower regulatory fit predicts high‐quality relationship with one's supervisor.

Leader–follower promotion fit predicts affective commitment to supervisor.

Leader–follower prevention fit predicts normative commitment to supervisor.

Promotion fit and prevention fit interact to have synergistic effects on outcomes.
A Strategy for Sperm Cryopreservation of Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar, for Remote Commercial‐scale High‐throughput Processing
Authors: Yang Huiping , Hu E , Buchanan John T. , Tiersch Terrence R.
Published: May 2017

Sperm cryopreservation is an essential tool for long‐term storage of genetic resources for aquaculture fishes. The goal of this study was to develop an efficient and streamlined protocol for high‐throughput processing for sperm cryopreservation in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. The objectives were to evaluate: (1) osmolality of blood serum for determining extender osmolality, (2) effects of extenders for fresh sperm dilution and refrigerated storage, (3) effects of methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on fresh sperm motility, and (4) motility and fertility after thawing. In this study, sperm samples were collected at a hatchery site in Canada and shipped to a freezing site located 2200 miles (3550 km) away in the USA. Evaluation of three extenders indicated that Mounib solution was suitable for diluting dry sperm for sample processing. Ten percent of methanol or DMSO was less toxic to sperm cells than was 15% within 30 min. Further testing with methanol at 5, 10, and 15%, and sperm solution : extender dilutions (v:v) of 1:1, 1:3, and 1:19 (at concentrations of 5 × 107, 3 × 108, and 1 × 109 cells/mL) indicated that methanol at 5 and 10% showed less toxicity to fresh sperm within 1 h at sperm:extender dilutions of 1:1 and 1:3. Post‐thaw motility of sperm cryopreserved with 10% methanol was significantly higher than that with 10% DMSO, and fertility reflected those results (0–1% in DMSO vs. 38–55% in methanol). Further evaluation of sperm cryopreservation with 10 and 15% methanol at sperm dilution ratios of 1:1, 1:3, and 1:19 indicated that post‐thaw motility in 10% methanol was significantly higher than that in 15% methanol, and post‐thaw fertility in 10% methanol at 1:1 and 1:3 dilution ratios had fertilization rates similar to that of fresh sperm controls. Sperm samples from 12 males cryopreserved with 10% methanol showed male‐to‐male variation in post‐thaw motility (0–36%). Overall, a simplified standard protocol was established for cryopreservation of shipped sperm of Atlantic salmon using extender without egg yolk and yielded satisfactory post‐thaw motility and fertilization rates. This procedure can be readily adopted by aquaculture facilities to take advantage of high‐throughput cryopreservation capabilities at remote service centers. Most importantly, this approach lays the groundwork for an alternative commercial model for commercial‐scale production, quality control, and development of industrial standards. Control of male variability and sperm quality remain important considerations for future work.
Data Breach, Privacy, and Cyber Insurance: How Insurance Companies Act as “Compliance Managers” for Businesses
Authors: Talesh Shauhin A.
Published: May 2017

While data theft and cyber risk are major threats facing organizations, existing research suggests that most organizations do not have sufficient protection to prevent data breaches, deal with notification responsibilities, and comply with privacy laws. This article explores how insurance companies play a critical, yet unrecognized, role in assisting organizations in complying with privacy laws and dealing with cyber theft. My analysis draws from and contributes to two literatures on organizational compliance: new institutional organizational sociology studies of how organizations respond to legal regulation and sociolegal insurance scholars' research on how institutions govern through risk. Through participant observation at conferences, interviews, and content analysis of insurer manuals and risk management services, my study highlights how insurers act as compliance managers for organizations dealing with cyber security threats. Well beyond pooling and transferring risk, insurance companies offer cyber insurance and unique risk management services that influence the ways organizations comply with privacy laws.
Upper gastrointestinal complications following ablation therapy for atrial fibrillation
Authors: Park S.‐Y. , Camilleri M. , Packer D. , Monahan K.
Published: May 2017

Background

Following ablation therapy for cardiac arrhythmias, patients may develop upper gastrointestinal (UGI) symptoms. The vagus nerve is close to the atria and may be affected by ablating energy.

Aim

To identify structural or functional complications in UGI tract following ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) and clinical outcomes and association with vagal dysfunction.

Methods

Using natural language processing of electronic medical records and an AF ablation database of 5380 patients treated during 17 years, we identified 40 patients with UGI complications. We evaluated vagal dysfunction by electrocardiogram (ECG) showing lack of sinus arrhythmia (variation in R‐R interval by ≥120 milliseconds, in presence of normal sinus P waves and constant P‐R interval).

Key Results

Among 40 patients: (A) eight had structural GI complications confirmed by diagnostic tests: seven with esophageal ulcer/erosions and no signs of UGI bleeding and one developed esophagopericardial fistula (and survived with treatment); (B) 15 had functional UGI complications confirmed by objective motility tests. Nine had newly developed symptoms and six had aggravated symptoms; and (C) the remaining 17 had GI symptoms without relevant diagnostic results. Most UGI issues resolved spontaneously or with conservative treatment. However, 2 died several weeks after ablation procedure; cause of death was suspected atrioesophageal fistula or esophageal rupture. Vagal dysfunction persisted for 3 months in 13 and was transient in 8.

Conclusions/Inferences

Although most GI issues resolved spontaneously, there should be a high index of clinical suspicion in patients with persistent symptoms. Vagal dysfunction may serve as a marker of more extensive tissue damage.
Segmental colonic dilation is associated with premature termination of high‐amplitude propagating contractions in children with intractable functional constipation
Authors: Koppen I. J. N. , Thompson B. P. , Ambeba E. J. , Lane V. A. , Bates D. G. , Minneci P. C. , Deans K. J. , Levitt M. A. , Wood R. J. , Benninga M. A. , Di Lorenzo C. , Yacob D.
Published: May 2017

Background

Colonic dilation is common in children with intractable functional constipation (FC). Our aim was to describe the association between segmental colonic dilation and colonic dysmotility in children with FC.

Methods

We performed a retrospective study on 30 children with intractable FC (according to the Rome III criteria) who had undergone colonic manometry and contrast enema within a 12‐month time period. Colonic diameter was measured at 5 cm intervals from the anal verge up to the splenic flexure. Moreover, the distance between the lateral margins of the pedicles of vertebra L2 was measured to provide a ratio (colonic diameter or length/distance between the lateral margins; “standardized colon size” [SCS]). All manometry recordings were visually inspected for the presence of high‐amplitude propagating contractions (HAPCs); a parameter for colonic motility integrity. The intracolonic location of the manometry catheter sensors was assessed using an abdominal X‐ray.

Key Results

Colonic segments with HAPCs had a significantly smaller median diameter than colonic segments without HAPCs (4.08 cm vs 5.48 cm, P<.001; SCS 1.14 vs 1.66, P=.001). Children with prematurely terminating HAPCs had significantly larger SCS ratios for colonic diameter than children with fully propagating HAPCs (P=.008). SCS ratios for the length of the rectosigmoid and the descending colon and the SCS ratio for sigmoid colon diameter were significantly larger in children with FC compared to a previously described normative population (P<.0001, P<.0001 and P=.0007 respectively).

Conclusions & Inferences

Segmental colonic dilation was associated with prematurely terminating HAPCs and may be a useful indicator of colonic dysmotility.
Primary Cutaneous Mucormycosis in an Extremely Preterm Infant Successfully Treated with Liposomal Amphotericin B
Authors: Lowe Christopher D. , Sainato Rebecca J. , Stagliano David R. , Morgan Maribel M. , Green Brian P.
Published: May 2017

Cutaneous mucormycosis is a rare but often fatal invasive fungal infection that occurs most commonly in patients with diabetes, malignancy, and other immunocompromising conditions. We report an extremely preterm (<28 weeks) baby boy who developed polymicrobial sepsis and primary cutaneous mucormycosis within his first 10 days of life. He was successfully treated with medical management alone since he was not a candidate for surgery. Successful treatment of cutaneous mucormycosis without surgical debridement has been reported on only two other occasions. This case highlights the importance of rapid and thorough evaluation of skin lesions when evaluating preterm infants and other immunocompromised patients, even when other sources of infection have been identified.
Mother Nature in Eczema: Maternal Factors Influencing Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Vaughn Alexandra R. , Tannhauser Paige , Sivamani Raja K. , Shi Vivian Y.
Published: May 2017

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory skin disease. Current knowledge about the etiology of AD suggests that it is multifactorial and involves the interaction of several factors, including environmental triggers, genetics, immunologic factors, and skin barrier dysfunction. The prenatal environment has a significant influence on fetal development, including the maturation of skin barrier function. This review summarizes maternal factors that have been reported to influence the development of AD in offspring, including maternal genetics, nutrition, breastfeeding, environment, and behaviors.
Sovereignty and the Vicissitudes of Recognition: Peoplehood and Performance in a De Facto State
Authors: Bobick Michael
Published: May 2017

In this article, I examine the issues of statehood, sovereignty, and recognition through the case of Transnistria, an unrecognized, de facto state located in eastern Moldova. This article explores the relationship between sovereignty and (the lack of) recognition by examining the forms recognition takes vis‐à‐vis the Transnistrian state and its constituents. I argue that a monopoly on coercion is not sufficient for sovereignty. Rather, a distinct people and form of peoplehood must exist and be recognized as such. This article presents an ethnographic approach to recognition that examines the interplay between sovereignty, performance, and peoplehood in Transnistria. The relationship between recognition and state sovereignty is, I argue, fourfold, and includes (1) international recognition by other states, (2) the recognition of a state's sovereign authority by its own population, (3) the recognition of a degree of collective “peoplehood” by the population themselves, and (4) the consequent recognition of this peoplehood by the state.
Geographies of Discretion and the Jurisdictional Imagination
Authors: Kahn Jeffrey S.
Published: May 2017

The modernist ideal of liberal constitutionalism affords jurisdiction a special place as the organizing principle behind the distribution of official state power. Nonetheless, little attention has been paid to the intricate spatial infrastructures that give jurisdiction its form. In this article, I argue that the complex architectures that undergird various jurisdictional registers combine to segment material and virtual landscapes into historically specific, multilayered geographies of discretion, dictating where, when, and to whom various institutions are permitted to speak the law. Looking to politicized litigation and advocacy over the rights of Haitian asylum seekers in the United States, I demonstrate how battles over jurisdictional cartographies can both instantiate and remake the spatiality of nation‐states and the cosmologies of liberal sovereignty on which they rest.
The Fight Against Poverty and the Gendered Remaking of Community in Mexico: New Patriarchal Collusions and Gender Solidarities
Authors: Dygert Holly
Published: May 2017

Mexico's antipoverty program Oportunidades (previously Progresa, and now Prospera) was designed to reduce poverty rates by augmenting the “human capital” of poor children. The program targets women in an effort to achieve this end, and employs a conditional cash transfer (CCT) mechanism to incentivize new kinds of care work. The program's creators intended for this maternalist approach to supplant community‐based initiatives, thereby shifting the locus of poverty alleviation from communities to mothers. Nonetheless, this article shows how Oportunidades’ maternalist approach intersected with a community‐based public health initiative to position recipients as new kinds of communitarian citizens in a Ñuu Savi (Mixtec) village. Other villagers and officials colluded in using the CCT mechanism to transfer previously communal responsibilities to the “poor women” designated as program beneficiaries. Without concomitant access to decision‐making processes, the women came to occupy a truncated form of communitarian citizenship. Program recipients took advantage of the contradictions that this created to form new solidarities with municipal officials and to stake out a new voice in the process.
Façade Egalitarianism? Mafia and Cooperative in Sicily
Authors: Rakopoulos Theodoros
Published: May 2017

What happens when a criminal organization operating through hierarchical relations establishes a cooperative institution committed to equal participation? This article explores the organizational intersection of a Mafia cooperative, drawing from a trial case involving several Sicilian mafiosi sharing a social life (convivenza) with laypeople in an agrarian winemaking cooperative. This intersection begs exploration of the Mafia's striving for social consent, which is a relatively understudied feature of organized crime. The Mafia's use of egalitarian practices and lawful organization reveals a process of converting cooperative egalitarianism into a hierarchy. This article explores the Mafia cooperative as a paradoxical institution, and it examines the empirical collapse of conceptual dichotomies of coercion–consent and hierarchical–egalitarian systems of social organization. By investigating a Mafia cooperative and its associated convivenza, the article moves beyond such apparent dichotomies to analyze complex outcomes of this social life and to propose a Gramscian attention to consent rather than the traditional focus on violence in Mafia studies.
The Politics of Russian‐Language Film Showings in Post‐Soviet Georgia
Authors: Sherouse Perry
Published: May 2017

A law was implemented in Georgia in 2011 that required all foreign films to be shown with Georgian state language dubbing or subtitling. At that time, Russian was the default language of film showings. A year later, the largest movie theater in Tbilisi was fined for showing films in Russian language without Georgian state language subtitling or dubbing. This fine, however, had little effect on film‐showing practices. I describe how media‐language politics involved collaboration among social actors in the Georgian Ministry of Culture, the movie theater industry, and the film‐dubbing industry. To do so, I develop the concept of dormant law: a mostly unenforced hard law that codifies aspirational conditions. Through the possibility of selective activation, dormant law functions as a latent instrument of politics. In political and popular discourse during President Saakashvili's era (2004–2013), social actors framed Russian as a potentially hazardous symbolic resource embedded in infrastructure, whereas they framed English as either harmless or enriching to “Georgianness.” In film‐language debates, citizens and politicians reflected on the meanings of “international” languages, in contrast with Georgian. The Film Law manifested a hierarchy of social value in which English and Russian were competing codes, iconic of possible future Georgian modernities.
“Je suis en terrasse”: Political Violence, Civilizational Politics, and the Everyday Courage to Be
Authors: Browning Christopher S.
Published: May 2017

Following the attacks against the Paris offices of the satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo in January 2015 and the subsequent acts of political violence in Paris the following November, a number of memes spread swiftly across social media. Most notable of these were proclamations of “Je suis Charlie,” “Je suis Paris,” “Je suis en terrasse,” and tricolorizing one's Facebook profile page. Although there are various ways by which this phenomenon might be explained, this article argues that, at least for some people, they seem to have operated as key mechanisms by which individuals/society sought to reestablish what Tillich calls “the courage to be,” and which in more contemporary terminology might be labeled a sense of ontological security—the ability to go on in the face of what would otherwise be debilitating anxieties of existential dread. The article argues the memes did this through a number of mechanisms. These included establishing a sense of vicarious identification with the victims; embracing increased levels of danger and seeking to confront the question of mortality head on; reasserting a sense of community and home via the reinstantiation of everyday routines now ascribed with enhanced political and existential significance; and reaffirming a new civilizationally inflected self‐narrative.
Commitment to care: the most important coping strategies among family caregivers of patients undergoing haemodialysis
Authors: Salehi‐tali Shahriar , Ahmadi Fazlollah , Zarea Kourosh , Fereidooni‐Moghadam Malek
Published: May 2017

Background

Caregivers of patients undergoing haemodialysis often experience an intensive burden of care; therefore, it is important to understand the type of strategies that are used by caregivers to adapt and to commit themselves to caring for another individual.

Aim

The aim of this study was to explore the specific coping strategies used by family caregivers of patients undergoing haemodialysis.

Methods

In this qualitative study, 16 family caregivers of patients undergoing haemodialysis were selected through purposive sampling in four dialysis centres in south of Iran. Semi‐structured interviews were used to collect data. A content analysis of the interviews was performed to determine relevant themes.

Results

Data analysis resulted in the emergence of four categories including ‘cultural and religious constructs’, ‘sense of responsibility’, ‘self‐restraint’ and ‘satisfactory caring’, as whole of these categories are included in the main theme of ‘commitment to care’ which is experienced by the family caregivers during the care of patients undergoing haemodialysis.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that coping strategies stemming from the cultural beliefs of caregivers are very salient in their commitment to care; thus, the health‐care team, especially nurses, should encourage family caregivers to use these strategies to maintain their physical and psychological health and to provide quality care for patients.
Family members' experiences with intensive care unit diaries when the patient does not survive
Authors: Johansson Maria , Wåhlin Ingrid , Magnusson Lennart , Runeson Ingrid , Hanson Elizabeth
Published: May 2017

Objective

The aim of the study was to explore how family members experienced the use of a diary when a relative does not survive the stay in the intensive care unit (ICU).

Method

A qualitative method with a hermeneutic approach was used. Nine participants who read/wrote eight diaries in total were interviewed. The collected data were analysed using a hermeneutic technique inspired by Geanellos.

Findings

The analysis revealed an overall theme ‘the diary was experienced as a bridge connecting the past with the future’, which was a metaphor referring to the temporal aspect where there was the period with the diary up until the patient's death and then the postbereavement period. The diary contributed to both a rational and emotional understanding of the death of the patient and disclosed glimmers of light that still existed before the illness deteriorated. Further, the diary bridged the space between family members themselves and between family and nursing staff. It helped to maintain a feeling of togetherness and engagement in the care of the patient which family members found comforting.

Conclusion

Family members of nonsurvivors had a need to have the ICU time explained and expressed. The diary might work as a form of ‘survival kit’ to gain coherence and understanding; to meet their needs during the hospital stay; and, finally, to act as a bereavement support by processing the death of the patient.
Women with vulvodynia: awareness and knowledge of its care among student healthcare staff
Authors: Törnävä Minna , Koivula Meeri , Helminen Mika , Suominen Tarja
Published: May 2017

Background

Many women with vulvodynia are women of fertile age, and this syndrome may cause many physical and psychosexual functional disorders. Women with vulvodynia often find that healthcare professionals seem to demonstrate a lack of awareness about the syndrome and its care. These issues have not been previously studied among student healthcare staff.

Aim

To investigate awareness and knowledge about vulvodynia and its care among staff in the student healthcare sector in Finland.

Method

The study design was cross sectional. A survey instrument called ‘Awareness and knowledge of vulvodynia and its care’ was developed for this study and was used for data collection. The data were collected from a web‐based survey conducted with student healthcare professionals (N = 191, n = 79) in all 13 student healthcare units in Finland. Descriptive statistical methods were used to describe the connections between the factors associated with awareness of vulvodynia and its care. Ethical standards were followed throughout the study.

Results

The primary results of the study indicated that the respondents had somewhat good awareness of how to identify vulvodynia and somewhat poor awareness of the treatments for vulvodynia. Participants' awareness of the meaning of encountering patients, as well as the information and support they provided, was good. Based on the knowledge test, knowledge of vulvodynia and its care was estimated to be poor. The respondents' experience‐based skills in treating vulvodynia and education about vulvodynia were mostly associated with better awareness and knowledge about vulvodynia and its care.

Conclusion

The student healthcare staff who meet and care for women of fertile age have irregular awareness and knowledge of vulvodynia and its care. The creation of educational programs to develop such awareness and knowledge is recommended to obtain a standard quality of care for all women with vulvodynia.
A method to define the palaeowind strength from lacustrine parameters
Authors: Wang Junhui , Jiang Zaixing , Xian Benzhong , Chen Ji , Wang Xiabin , Xu Wenmao , Liu Hui
Published: May 2017

Gravelly beach ridges, which are formed solely by swash processes, may accurately reflect past wave conditions. The thickness (or height) of a gravelly beach ridge approximately equals the height of wave inundation, which is the sum of the surge and wave run‐up. Their ancient counterparts, if well‐preserved and identified, can be used to estimate palaeowave conditions, which can later be converted to palaeowind intensities based on wind–wave relationships. A technique is described for estimating the palaeowind speed in this paper, which is referred to as the gravelly beach‐ridge thickness technique. By comparing these estimates with instrumental wind records obtained at a modern lake, Qinghai Lake in north‐western China, the beach‐ridge thickness technique is shown to be useful for estimating the average wind speed (Vavg). When applying this method to ancient fetch‐limited basins, five parameters are necessary: (i) the thickness of the isolated gravelly beach ridge; (ii) the average depth of the water body; (iii) the palaeofetch; (iv) the angle between the palaeowind direction and the normal to the shoreline; and (v) the particle size. This technique was applied to an ancient example in the Eocene Dongying Depression, located in eastern China. The results indicate that the average wind speed of the northern wind ranged between 2·27 m sec−1 and 8·36 m sec−1 from 45·0 Ma to 42·0 Ma, and displayed a generally decreasing trend that included early strengthening followed by weakening and later strengthening during this period. The beach‐ridge thickness technique provides a new perspective on delineating palaeowind conditions and can be applied to ancient fetch‐limited basins with gravelly beach ridges worldwide. Generally, if a water body is sufficiently large (fetch exceeding 40 km), deep (average depth exceeding 10 m) and waves (or winds) are determined to approach the shoreline with high angles (angle of incidence <35°), then the calculation errors will be small to negligible.
New Models of Contracting in the Public Sector: A Review of Alliance Contracting, Prime Contracting and Outcome‐based Contracting Literature
Authors: Sanderson Marie , Allen Pauline , Gill Randeep , Garnett Emma
Published: May 2017

The coordination of public services is an enduring challenge and an important policy priority. One way to achieve collaboration across organizational boundaries, which is being considered in public services such as the English National Health Service (NHS), is through the adoption of alliance contracting, prime provider contracting and outcome‐based contracting. This article reviews the cross‐sectoral literature concerning the characteristics of these new contractual models, how they function, their impact, and their relation to public sector governance objectives. These new contractual forms are characterized as models which, in line with the New Public Management (NPM)/post‐NPM agenda, seek to incentivize providers through the transfer of risk from the commissioners to the providers of services. Key findings are that the models are likely to incur high transaction costs relating to the negotiation and specification of outcomes and rely heavily on the relational aspects of contracting. There is also found to be a lack of convincing cross‐sectoral evidence of the impact of the models, particularly in relation to improving coordination across organizations. The article questions the reconciliation of the use of these new contractual models in settings such as the English NHS with the requirements of public sector governance for transparency and accountability. The models serve to highlight the problems inherent in the NPM/post‐NPM agenda of the transfer of risk away from commissioners of services in terms of transparency and accountability.
Performance of a new‐generation continuous autotransfusion device including fat removal and consequences for quality controls
Authors: Seyfried T. F. , Gruber M. , Bitzinger D. , Pawlik M. T. , Breu A. , Graf B. M. , Hansen E.
Published: May 2017

Background and objectives

Cell salvage plays a key role in blood conservation. To maintain high performance, quality management is recommended. Accordingly, a new‐generation autotransfusion device was tested for its performance and compared with its predecessor. Two different calculations of quality parameters were applied.

Materials and methods

In an experimental study, the continuous autotransfusion devices CATSmart and Continuous Autotransfusion System (C.A.T.S) plus were tested using banked blood adjusted to a haematocrit of 20% and anticoagulated with heparin 5 U/L. Test blood was processed using an emergency programme, a high‐quality programme/smart wash programme and a low‐volume wash programme. Samples were taken after the production of 200 mL of red blood cells (RBC) and after the final emptying of the separation chamber. In an additional set of tests, blood containing 1·25% fat was processed with both devices to examine fat removal.

Results

Both devices demonstrated an equally high performance with regards to product hematocrit (Hct); RBC recovery; and elimination rates of protein, heparin and fat. The high fat elimination rate (>99·8%) reported for C.A.T.S plus was confirmed for CATSmart, regardless of the used programme. Samples taken during the ongoing process show a higher haematocrit and RBC recovery rate than samples taken after the final emptying of the separation chamber. Interface sensors were not affected by fat in the blood.

Conclusions

The new‐generation autotransfusion device CATSmart is not inferior to its predecessor and shows high performance with regards to RBC recovery, plasma and fat elimination in all programme modes. Samples for quality controls should be taken during blood processing.
Prognostic significance of morphotypes in canine lymphomas: A systematic review of literature
Authors: Sayag D. , Fournel‐Fleury C. , Ponce F.
Published: May 2017

Correlation between morphotypes and prognosis of canine lymphomas presented discordant results in literature, leading to some dilemma for application in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to present a systematic review of literature on the prognostic significance of morphotypes in canine lymphomas. Standardized Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) criteria were applied. Retrospective and prospective studies were included. Level of evidence was determined for each study. Some acceptable evidence suggested a significant prognostic impact of morphotypes in canine lymphomas. However, the evidence is not sufficiently robust to determine with precision the most appropriate classification scheme. Updated Kiel and World Health Organization (WHO) classifications seem to remain the most appropriate classification systems with regards to the number of available studies and their levels of evidence. Limitations included lack of randomized control trial, and relative lack of prospective studies available. Current recommended classification of canine lymphoma is the systematic determination of morphotype in each new case. The Updated Kiel and the WHO classifications adapted to dog both remain the schemes with the most valuable interest. Prospective studies in larger population, and international consensus to define precisely each morphotype, are warranted, with application of standardized staging method and treatment.
The Woman Who Turned Into a Jaguar, and Other Narratives of Native Women in Archives of Colonial Mexico
Authors: Sousa Lisa
Published: May 2017

The Woman Who Turned Into a Jaguar examines gender relations in indigenous societies of central Mexico and Oaxaca from the 1520s to the 1750s, focusing mainly on the Nahua, Ñudzahui (Mixtec), Bènizàa (Zapotec), and Ayuk (Mixe) people. This study draws on an unusually rich and diverse corpus of original sources, including Ñudzahui- (Mixtec-), Tíchazàa- (Zapotec-), and mainly Nahuatl-language and Spanish civil and criminal records, published texts, and pictorial manuscripts. The sources come from more than 100 indigenous communities of highland Mexico. The book considers women’s lives in the broadest context possible by addressing a number of interrelated topics, including: the construction of gender; concepts of the body; women’s labor; marriage rituals and marital relations; sexual attitudes; family structure; the relationship between household and community; and women’s participation in riots and other acts of civil disobedience.
The study highlights subtle transformations and overwhelming continuities in indigenous social attitudes and relationships. The book argues that profound changes following the Spanish conquest, such as catastrophic depopulation, economic pressures, and the imposition of Christian marriage, slowly eroded indigenous women’s status. Nevertheless, gender relations remained inherently complementary. The study shows how native women and men under colonial rule, on the one hand, pragmatically accepted, adopted, and adapted certain Spanish institutions, concepts, and practices, and, on the other, forcefully rejected other aspects of colonial impositions. Women asserted their influence and, in doing so, they managed to retain an important position within their households and communities across the first two centuries of colonial rule.
The Long Afterlife of Nikkei Wartime Incarceration
Authors: Inouye Karen M.
Published: May 2017

This book maps the terrain of memory in the wake of large-scale injustice, using five case studies of how the unjust wartime imprisonment of Nikkei in North America has reverberated in both Canada and the United States over the past six decades: politically engaged sociological writing in the 1960s and 1970s, the rise of personal disclosure during American efforts at redress, the political and cultural questions that arose in Canadian redress work, the ritualized commemoration of suffering in the Manzanar pilgrimages and in the codification of Fred Korematsu Day, and the pursuit of retroactive diplomas for Japanese Americans and Japanese Canadians forced from their high schools, colleges, and universities in 1942. Building on these case studies, the book offers a transnational study of how Nikkei strive not to lay their past to rest, but instead to perpetuate it in ways that encourage direct, empathetic, and muscular political engagement across often profound cultural and political divides. In this respect, it follows a particularly important thread that binds people together, allows them to coexist, and, thereby, to become more fully human.
Confessions of the Shtetl
Authors: Schainker Ellie R.
Published: May 2017

Confessions of the Shtetl explores Jewish conversions to a variety of Christian confessions in nineteenth-century imperial Russia. The book analyzes the surprisingly restrained policy of the Russian state and Orthodox Church toward conversion of Jews which highlights the meaning and management of toleration and religious diversity in imperial Russia more broadly. The book also offers a micro-level sociocultural history of converts, focusing on their motivations and post-baptism trajectories, and on relationships with Christians forged prior to baptism that facilitated religious transfers. It explores the responses of local Jewish and Christian families, communities, and authorities to this extreme form of boundary crossing, highlighting the various measures at the Jewish community’s disposal to contest apostasy. Finally, the book offers a cultural history of Jewish and Russian/Christian public discourses surrounding conversion and the questions it raised, ranging from the grounds of religious toleration to the nature of Jews themselves. Overall, the argument is that the Jewish encounter with imperial Russia was a genuinely religious drama with a diverse, attractive, and aggressive Christianity. The book unsettles the vision of Jews in the Pale of Settlement as a ghettoized community and analyzes the spatial, social, and cultural ties between Jews and Christians. Drawing on previously untapped archival files, the mass circulation press, novels, and memoirs, the book argues that baptism did not constitute a total break with Jewishness or the Jewish community and that conversion marked the start of a complicated experiment with new forms of identity and belonging.
Conclusion
Authors: Farquhar Michael
Published: May 2017

This chapter revisits the arguments that run throughout the book and considers their broader implications in regard to debates about Saudi “religious expansion”, the evolution of the Wahhabi tradition within the kingdom’s borders, and the rise of Salafism in locations around the world in the last decades of the twentieth century.
No Way Out? Post-Soviet Ukraine’s Memory Wars in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Shevel Oxana
Published: May 2017

Oxana Shevel takes up the theme of historical memory as a central component of Ukrainian identity. Conceptions of history have become pivotal in understanding what it means to be Ukrainian, and in particular the nature of the relationship between Ukraine and Russia. Shevel seeks to explain why these issues have become so polarized and what paths might be open to handling the politics of memory in a way that is less divisive. She sees potential in the fact that a significant minority of survey respondents favors a pluralism in which individuals are free to maintain different interpretations of historical events. She examines Spain’s successful efforts to overcome the divides in that country as a possible positive model for Ukraine.
Impossible Modernism
Authors: Lehman Robert S.
Published: May 2017

Impossible Modernism reveals in the modernism of T.S. Eliot and Walter Benjamin a shared project: both authors sought to resist the forms of narrating events that had been codified by academic historians during the nineteenth century; and both sought to re-envision the possibilities of historical representation by turning to specifically literary devices. Tracing the fraught relationship between poetry and history back to Aristotle’s Poetics and forward to Nietzsche’s Untimely Meditations, the book begins by establishing the coordinates of the intellectual-historical problem that Eliot and Benjamin would inherit. Turning to Eliot and Benjamin, it discovers in their major works—Eliot’s poetic experiments from “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” to The Waste Land, and Benjamin’s critical writings from “On the Program of the Coming Philosophy” to The Arcades Project—alternative models for imagining the shape of historical time and the possibility of historical change, models derived from literary forms such as lyric, satire, anecdote, allegory, and myth. The book thus cuts across debates over the autonomy of the aesthetic, the political investment of modernism, and the relative merits of formalist or historicist reading practices so as to develop an original understanding of the familiar incitement to “make it new.”
Borderland Capitalism
Authors: Kim Kwangmin
Published: May 2017

This book provides an examination of the Muslim notability (begs) and their development of capitalistic enterprises in Eastern Turkestan under the Qing Empire. The begs, the powerful organizers of trade, agriculture, and labor in the oases, needed the empire and its military as a patron of their capitalistic reorganization of the oasis agriculture and the expansion of their access to new markets and resources. The Qing needed the begs as the foundation of imperial security and as partners in revenue extraction from local agriculture and mining development constituencies. However, the capitalistic transformation of the oasis economy created socio-economic tensions between the begs and the rural villagers. From the latter’s ranks, resistance grew in the form of bandits and refugees fleeing into the mountains that surrounded the oases, where these people would amass to form outsider communities. These communities, under the leadership of Sufi holy men (khwaja), eventually engaged in over political action in the early 1800s, which culminated in war against the Qing state. The Qing fell in Central Asia in 1864, as this new crisis deepened after Opium War (1839-42). This book offers a new perspective on Qing imperial history, and also contributes to a revised narrative on the history of global capitalism and imperialism on a truly global scale, and in an interconnected fashion.