bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Propositions Pour Une Reconnaissance Automatique des Syntagmes Nominaux du Persan
Authors: Metzger Jean-Paul , Mahmoudi Seyed Mohammad
Published: November 2010

RÉSUMÉ
L'objet de cet article réside dans la conception globale d'un analyseur morpho-syntaxique du persan pour 1'indexation automatique. L'analyseur se limite donc à la recherche des Syntagmes Nominaux (SN), considérés comme les éléments les plus informatifs, dans le contexte d'une recherche documentaire, pour l'analyse du contenu d'un texte. La mise au point d'un tel analyseur nécessite, au préalable, une segmentation et une catégorisation correcte de toute forme lexico-syntaxique.
Nous présentons très brièvement un aperçu général du traitement automatique des langues naturelles (TAL) et certaines caractéristiques de la langue persane. Puis nous essayons de donner quelques solutions générales pour la construction des règies de réécriture nécessaires pour la reconnaissance automatique des SN en persan. Les règies de réécriture ainsi élaborées sont transcrites en un programme en langage Prolog.
SUMMARY
The aim of this paper is the conception and realisation of a morpho-syntactic parser of persian designed for applications to automatic indexing and computer-assisted instruction of the language (CAT). One of the chief extensions to this research is the automatic processing of natural language by means of artificial intelligence systems.
The main interest of this contribution is to study the automatic recognition of noun phrases in Persian. In the case of automatic indexing, the recognition of the noun phrases would allow the apprehension of the content of the document. Automatic indexing, just as manual indexing, consists of selecting in every document the most informative elements which actually are descriptors or noun phrases (NP).
The setting up or conception of such a parser demands, primarily, a correct segmentation and categorisation of any lexico-syntactic forms in the corpus. After having established all the transcription rules needed for the recognition of NP, we shall then transcribe every phase of the analysis by a program in Prolog language. All the lexical data necessary for the categorisation of morpho-syntactic forms are presented as clauses of Prolog in a data-base.
Analyse Contrastive des Formes Être Prép X en Grec Moderne et en Français
Authors: Moustaki Argyro
Published: November 2010

Taking as a starting point one of Maurice Gross's work on the construction be Prep X, we present the classes we have established for the Greek language.
We have retained the classes established by M. Gross for French. For the Greek study, our point of departure is a selection of 2200 frozen expressions. But we have gone beyond this to study not only frozen expression but also productive phrases. The aim of this analysis was to establish the similarities or differences which exist between Greek and French. By studying the elements of these syntactic strings in both languages, we observe that the area of greatest difference occurs in the selection of prepositions, We have also studied the relationship between the support verb to be in Modern Greek and French and its relations with other support verbs.
This study will serve as a basis for future comparative studies which will ultimately serve to support automatic translation.
Deux Grammaires Françaises Pour Espagnols (XVIIe Siècle)
Authors: Lépinette Brigitte
Published: November 2010

Two French Grammars Published in Spain During the XVIIth Century
In this article, after a brief review of the historical context of the XVIth and XVIIth centuries (especially of the franco-Spanish context), we describe two grammars made to teach French to Spaniards. The first one, written by a Spaniard, is included in the school of the general and philological grammar, developed in Spain during the XVIIth century, which, from a paedagogical viewpoint, is based in the analysis. The second one, included in the school called «grammaires des observations», is based, from a methodological viewpoint, in the learning of the grammatical forms.
Neutral Verbs in English
Authors: Machonis Peter A.
Published: November 2010

This article presents a first attempt at systematically classifying neutral verbs in English. Neutrality, also known as the ergative construction or the causative alternation, is present when the following equation holds:
(1) N0 V N1 = N1 V
In the following sentences, for example:
(2) a. Max chimed the bells.
b. The bells chimed.
(3) a. The enemy sank the battleship.
b. The battleship sank.
the direct object of the (a) sentence is the subject of the (b) sentence, and the meanings are similar. Following Boons, Guillet, Leclère (1976), who presented a classification of over 400 neutral verbs of French, we systematically examined the English lexicon and compiled a list of over 500 neutral verbs of English, indicating an appropriate N1 along with the morphological properties of human and non-human for each N0 and N1. A preliminary glance at these verbs suggests that the morphological and transformational properties associated with each verb are highly idiosyncratic. Furthermore, this study shows that although certain semantic classes tend to favor neutrality, they do not automatically assure it, and presents further evidence for building a formal lexicon, or lexicon-grammar, where pertinent lexical and syntactic information is listed for each individual verb.
Synthesis of Results About Analysis of Corpora in Hungarian
Authors: Pajzs Julia
Published: November 2010

The historical corpus of Hungarian was collected to serve as the source of the Historical Dictionary of Hungarian which is being compiled in the Department of Lexicography and Lexicology of the Research Institute for Linguistics. In order to be able to retrieve the headword lemmas from the corpus a morphological analyser software was designed and applied. The paper describes the process of the analysis and the current results.
A Computer Corpus-Based Study of Subject Raising in Modern Portuguese
Authors: Davies Mark
Published: November 2010

This study is the first comprehensive, data-based examination of subject raising in Portuguese, and is based on 4500+ tokens in more than 26,500,000 words of text from both the written and spoken registers of Brazilian and European Portuguese. We have suggested that there are important differences in raising between the spoken and written registers, which are related to presumably universal production strategies for the two registers. Evidence suggests that morphological factors such as subject-verb agreement play an important role in determining whether raising occurs with first, second, and third person subjects. In terms of differences between the European and Brazilian dialects, we find that split agreement (eles parece saberem) and obligatory coreference {me parece ver um fantasma) are both more common in European Portuguese. Finally, these last two facts, along with a number of related phenomena, suggest that there are important differences in the underlying clause structure of European and Brazilian Portuguese, which can further be extended to include other languages such as Spanish.
Lexical Resources and Tools for Tagging Polish Texts Within Gramlex
Authors: Vetulani Zygmunt , Martinek Jacek , Obrebski Tomasz , Vetulani Zygmunt
Published: November 2010

In this paper we present some of the main results obtained within the European project COPERNICUS 621 "GRAMLEX" aiming at development of basic resources, tools and methods useful in language engineering. Results presented here were obtained by the Polish team of the GRAMLEX project using Polish data but are easily portable to all Indo-European languages. They are of special interest for highly inflectional languages (e.g. for all Slavonic languages). The high portability of results follows from the proposed, very general format of morphological description (GRAMCODE) and from the general character and great simplicity of algorithms referring to this format. In the paper we briefly present the GRAMODE format, as well as the fundamental dictionary based tool for morphological lemmatization and tagging of texts (LEXAN).
Un Cas Familier De Non-Cliticisation
Authors: Postal Paul M.
Published: November 2010

It is traditionally observed in French grammars that, exceptionally, an indirect object pronoun cannot be cliticized to a verb which has a first person, second person or reflexive direct object clitic. Instead, the indirect object pronominal manifests as a strong pronominal form. It is generally believed today that this failure of cliticization is due to constraints on possible sequences of verbal clitics. The present note shows that this dominant view must be incorrect.
Remarques Sur La Construction Des Verbes De Mouvement En O V-le En Coréen
Authors: Chai-Song Hong
Published: November 2010

Hong Chai-Song: Remarks on Verbs of Movement in Korean: the Construction O v-le.
Complex constructions in Korean are built by means of verbal conjunctional suffixes. The suffix Ie is shown to have semantic selection on the subordinate verb which must be a verb of movement. The syntactic properties induced by this conjunctional suffix are studied and contrasted with other intuitively related constructions. This study leads to disambiguation of the construction and allows a systematic study with respect to the lexicon: close to 300 verbs have been found to enter the construction. One finds both proper Korean verbs and Sino-Korean ones. All convey the meaning of movement of the subject. The syntactic and semantic status of the constructions has been found to be strikingly similar to the situation found in certain Romance languages.
Le Placement Linéaire Des Clitiques Pronominaux Non-Sujets En Français Contemporain
Authors: Iordanskaja Lidija
Published: November 2010

Lidija lordanskaja: The Linear Ordering of Pronominal Non Subject Clitics in Modern French.
The author reviews the classical problem of the placement of clitics in French with respect to the order of the source complements. The new element brought into the study is the use of Melcuk's theoretical framework. Dual deep structures that combine the morphology and the prosody of sentences constitute a base set on which mapping on superficial structures is defined. Superficial structures are dependency trees. A system of formal rules is defined and shown to account for the most complex situations described in the literature.
Réponse
Authors: Zribi-Hertz Anne
Published: November 2010

Anne Zribi-Hertz: A reply to Mitsou Ronat.
Frege on Reference in Quotation
Authors: Swiggers Pierre
Published: November 2010

Pierre Swiggers: Frege on reference in quotation.
A discussion about the correct interpretation of an "enigmatic" statement made by Frege.
Un Paradoxe De Gouvernance
Authors: Herschensohn Julia
Published: November 2010

Julia Herschensohn: Pro and the object rising.
About binding constraints that are in contradiction with the theory of government.
Une Analyse Possible De Certains Compléments Prépositionnels
Authors: Vivès Robert
Published: November 2010

Robert Vivès: A possible analysis of certain prepositional complements. Superficial prepositional complements (mainly of adjectives) are shown to originate in a complex noun phrase.
Definition De La Classe Syntaxique D'Une Forme Lexicale a Partir De Sa Terminaison Graphique
Authors: Caradec Robert , Saada Gilles
Published: November 2010

Defining the syntactic class of a lexical form by means of its graphic ending: In order to recognize the syntactic class of a word, a statistical study on a corpus of over 150,000 words has been performed. The result of various experiments is reported, essentially the rate of recognition for endings of length 1 to 5.
Côté, Question Et Quelques Autres
Authors: Noailly-Le Bihan Michèle
Published: November 2010

In contemporary French, we can observe the emergence of new prepositions borrowed from the lexicon of nouns. The most frequent ones are côté and question but others that must be mentioned are façon, genre, style and version.
La Construction "Se-Moyen" Du Français Et Son Statut Dans Le Triangle moyen-passif-réfléchi
Authors: Zribi-Hertz Anne
Published: November 2010

This article deals with the so-called "middle" reflexive construction (se-moyen) of French (e.g. Cette racine se mange, "this root is edible"). It is first postulated that se-moyen appears in early Romance — as shown by Stéfanini 1962 — as a variant of the Passive construction. A first, descriptive, part reviews the various properties usually attributed to se-moyen, as opposed to Passive: it is shown that most of these properties have been inadequately formulated, from an empirical point of view, and that two properties (one of which is never mentioned in specialized literature) must be singled out: the restitution of a human agent in the semantic interpretation, and the restriction of the construction to transitive VPs.
The second part aims at offering a principled explanation for the properties of se-moyen, within a générative transformational framework. After having reviewed — and discarded — various analyses previously proposed in transformational literature, we suggest an alternative account, involving an analysis of middle se as a morphophonological manifestation of the trace left by the NP-Preposing rule.
Représentations Sémantiques Et Suffixes D'Adjectif
Authors: Bogacki Christophe
Published: November 2010

The semantic representation of adjectives constructed with the suffixes -phile and -gène (i. e. the combination of arguments and predicates underlying the surface form) is examined here. It may lead to interesting observations about the surface use of such adjectives, as well as of others.
The Opacity Condition, Core Grammar and the French Causative Construction
Authors: Gibson Jeanne , Raposo Eduardo
Published: November 2010

A recent attempt within the EST framework to account for the facts of the French causative construction is that of Rouveret and Vergnaud 1980. Here, we discuss two major flaws contained in their proposal and the relevance of the issues we raise to the Opacity Condition of Chomsky 1980. One of these flaws involves the various devices which are used to account for the distribution of y and en in the causative construction. Rouveret and Vergnaud fail to recognize that there are significant differences among these devices with respect to core grammar. The other problem with their proposal that we discuss concerns a serious mistake in overgeneration. In addition, we point out that the Opacity Condition of Chomsky 1980 allows an ambiguous interpretation of the notion 'domain of subject' and that the French causative construction provides a set of empirical facts which suggest a resolution of this ambiguity. This is accomplished through a slight modification of the OC. Furthermore, we show that there is a close relationship between this reformulation and the devices used to account for y and en. Only when certain of the devices used to account fory, en are recognized as being outside of core grammar is an empirically adequate account possible.
Introduction to Phonology of English Prefixes
Authors: Lightner Theodore M.
Published: November 2010

This paper is an attempt to circumscribe the set of English prefixes. The coverage of the lexicon is intended to be as complete as possible; i.e. the author's goal is to write a grammar of prefixes with extensive coverage both of phenomena and of words.
The type of grammar which is being built should relate sound and meaning under superficially varied conditions. In particular, although distinctions are made in the lexicon in terms of Greek, Germanic and Latin (or French) types of words, the rules should be general. A number of morphophonologi-cal derivations of prefixed words are given which illustrate the approach.
Automatic Transcription of French Stenotypy
Authors: Derouault Anne-Marie , Merialdo Bernard , Stehle Jean-Luc
Published: November 2010

A.-M. Derouault, B. Marialdo, J.-L. Stehle: automatic transcription of French stenotypy:
This is the description of an automatic transcription system. It takes in account, by using a Markov model, the probability for a given sequence of words to be produced.
Considérations Sémantiques Et Pragmatiques
Authors: Forget Danielle
Published: November 2010

Danielle Forget: Semantical and pragmatical aspects of transparency in indirect discourse.
It is argued that indirect discourse cannot be characterized only by a "neutral syntax" and a semantical opacity. A sentence constructed with an indirect speech is part of the reporter's discourse, which allows an interpretation of its referential frame. Moreover, we found that there are linguistic contexts which lead to a transparent interpretation of a sentence containing an indirect discourse: the reporter does not only retransmit but at the same time involve himself towards the truth of the proposition or part of it.
Verbes Supports Et Opérateurs Dans Les Constructions En A Voir à Un Ou Deux Compléments
Authors: Labelle Jacques
Published: November 2010

Many studies are available on the relationship between verbs and the substantives derived from them by nominalization. The concept of support-verb may lead to a redefinition of the notions of predicate and argument.
This study is an extension of such an approach, where the substantives involved in certain avoir constructions are not morphologically related to a verb.
The systematic description and classification of those substantives takes into account the types of complements they accept (especially locative) and their presence in other constructions, such as those with verb être.
On the Support Verbs Ser and Estar in Portuguese
Authors: Ranchhod Elisabete
Published: November 2010

The description of the distributions of the two auxiliaries ser and estar in Portuguese constitutes a longstanding problem which has been usually dealt with by semantic methods.
In this study, we propose a syntactic approach based on the notion of support verb, that is, on a notion of an auxiliary verb that supports a noun which is considered to be the main predicative element. The nouns can be derived from a verb or an adjective, in which case the support verb is a central element in a nominalization transformation. The nouns can also be stand-alone nouns.
We propose here a systematic classification for these nouns.
Sémantique Et/Ou Roman Feuilleton? Sur Un Style D'Analyse Sémantique Qui Semble à La Mode Aujourd'Hui
Authors: Molino Jean
Published: November 2010

Semantics and/or Serial About a Style in Semantic Analysis that Seems to be Fashionable Nowadays.
In a chapter of his book Les Mots du Discours, O. Ducrot propounds an analysis of the French adverb décidément that seems to us typical of semantics and pragmatics in France nowadays. The detailed discussion of this analysis brings out the difficulties that originate from the author's method; he wants to reconstruct, with comments of a literary and psychological kind, "movements of thought" which is impossible to bear out or invalidate. And these reconstructions come from a conception of linguistics which is based on questionable principles: isomorphism of the signifier and the signified, epistemological irresponsibility, failure to recognize the methods appropriate to linguistics, diachronic and synchronic invariability. In conclusion, there is no magic formula that is likely to explain the meaning of a word, but only differing uses we must try to arrange in homogeneous classes.
Comme Opérateur D'Inclusion Référentielle
Authors: Delabre Michel
Published: November 2010

Comme Operator of Referential Inclusion
Sequences with comme in their Det N1 comme (Det) N2 (un homme comme Charlie Parker...) form present original syntactic and semantic characteristics. The morpheme comme functions as an operator of referential inclusion of (Det) N2 in Det N1, itself a realization of one (or more) sememe of (Det) N2. Various factors, such as the choice of N2 and mostly the form of the verbal phrase, condition a more or less intensive interpretation of similar sequences and clearly differentiate them from comparative sequences introduced by comme, although they both look identical at first sight.
Sur La Sémantique Des Descriptions Demonstratives
Authors: Kleiber Georges
Published: November 2010

The purpose of this paper is to show that it could be advantageous to analyse a demonstrative description of the type Ce + N as an abbreviated form of a presupposed Ce + est +N attributive and classifying structure.
This notion offers the advantage of accounting for the basic semantic properties of the demonstrative description. It also provides a firm basis to analyse the various ways of using demonstrative adjectives. Attention is focused on three points in the paper:
i) The semantic content of the demonstrative adjective and demonstrative pronoun ce,
ii) The presupposition implied in classifying deictic predication,
iii) The partitive aspect of the quantifying operation carried out by the demonstrative adjective.
Remarques Critiques Sur La Linguistique Américaine Et Son Historiographie
Authors: Koerner E.F.K.
Published: November 2010

Critical Remarks on American Linguistics and its Hitoriography
The paper argues that, contrary to recent accounts offered as definitive history of the development of linguistic theory in North America, the 1950s witnessed much more of a continuity than the alleged discontinuity and break with the past. Indeed, it is suggested that a scientific revolution in the Kuhnian sense did not take place following the publication of Syntactic Structures in 1957, but that essential ingredients of transformational theory had been available in post-Bloomfieldian circles (of which Chomsky was a part) from the late 1940s onwards. Zellig S. Harris' "Transfer Grammar" and Charles F. Hockett's "Two Models of Grammatical Description", both published in 1954 (though developed several years earlier), are cited as just two instances in which a générative model of language processing was proposed. Moreover, it is suggested that Noam Chomsky, Morris Halle, and their associates had engaged, from early on, in 'revolutionary rhetoric' (Stephen Murray) which, for social, economic, and other reasons, produced the impression of a paradigm change in the minds of many of the younger generation at the time, where in effect little else than a further articulation of a structuralist conception of language took place.
La Nominalisation En V-n -dela Du Portugais
Authors: De Macedo-Oliveira Maria-Elisa
Published: November 2010

It is the purpose of this paper to explain one syntactic construction, that in Portuguese corresponds to one French type of construction which can be illustrated by the following sentences:
Max donne un coup d'accélérateur à sa voiture.
(Max steps on his car's accelerator)
In Portuguese we would say
O Pedro da uma aceleradela no carro
We can also have this same form using another verb
O Pedro fez uma amolgadela no carro
(Peter had a smash done to his car)
In Portuguese we use the verbs dar (to give) and fazer (to do) followed by a V-n plus the suffix -dela.
These examples intend to show that the sentences used above are in relation with the next two as para-phrases:
O Pedro acelera o carro
(Peter accelerates his car) O Pedro amolga o carro
(Peter smashes his car)
We listed the Portuguese verbs that can be associated with the following forms N0 dar Det V-n (Prep N1+E), N0 fazer Det V-n (Prep N1 + E). The sequence (Prep N1 + E) is linked to the object form of the Portuguese verbs: N0 V (N1 + Prep N1 + E).
The verb list is disposed through columns describing not only the nature of the subject (human or non-human) and the form of the object, but also nominal constructions which are in syntactic relation with verbal construction.
Le [e] Est Mort. Vive Le /e/!
Authors: Spa J.J.
Published: November 2010

Dans les dictionnaires de français on rencontre fréquemment, parmi les signes de transcription phonétique, le symbole [e] pour indiquer la consonne nasale palatale. Dans plus d'un manuel de phonétique on signale cependant que les prononciations [e] et [nj] se confondent, surtout dans la langue populaire. Si tel est le cas il convient de demander s'il n'est pas temps de remplacer [e] par /nj/ au niveau sousjacent. Il y a effectivement un certain nombre de phénomènes qui semblent soutenir une telle réanalyse. D'autres phénomènes, par contre, ne cadrent pas avec elle. Pour concilier les deux ensembles de faits nous proposons l'hypothèse qu'il y a un An/ au niveau sousjacent qui sera converti en [nj] au cours de la dérivation phonologique. Une telle proposition avait déjà été faite par Dell 1972 mais il ne l'avait pas étayée par une argumentation soutenue. L'hypothèse ressemble à celle faite par Leys 1970 pour le son néerlandais [e]. Leys avait proposé de considérer ce son comme le reflet superficiel de la séquence sousjacente /ng/. Booy 1980 et Trommelen 1983 ont critiqué certains aspects de l'argumentation de Leys. Nous démontrerons cependant que les inconvénients de son analyse ne se retrouvent pas dans notre approche.
?*Lui Faire Téléphoner Quelqu'Un D'Autre
Authors: Tasmowski-De Ryck Liliane
Published: November 2010

After a survey of the problems connected with the French faire + Infinitive construction and the ways that have been proposed in the literature to explain them syntactically, we try to show that a discourse-oriented approach may yield better insights into the ways the construction functions. The deviant character of utterances such as ?*il vaudrait mieux lui faire téléphoner quelqu'un d'autre varies with the context into which they fit. In explaining utterances of this type, the notion of perceptual strategy proves to be a decisive one.
Grammaire Générative
Authors: Bès Gabriel G.
Published: November 2010

Generative grammar around 1980
The aim of this paper is to put into interaction Chomsky's methodological claims with his descriptive propositions. §1 presents in compact form Chomsky's methodological positions and in particular Rules and Representations. §2 examines Filters and Control, firstly the control problem and then, systematically, nearly all the filters proposed by Chomsky and Lasnik for English grammar. The main results are the absence of explicative power in all cases and very disturbing descriptive results as regards filters: they suppose different conditions on trace sensivity to them. On Binding is revised in §3 and particularly in relation to Filters and Control. Descriptive results are also disturbing here: they concern structures of obligatory control and embedded infinitive phrases. The Case filter is not a sufficient enough device and filters of the Filters and Control type are always required. Binding conditions on each other leave many unresolved examples. It is claimed (§4) that there is no such permissive notion of counter-examples capable of justifying the detected descriptive problems. Chomsky an hypotheses change, but it is impossible to say if they improve.
Caractère Post-Lexical de la Cliticisation Française
Authors: Labelle Marie
Published: November 2010

Recent analyses of French cliticization (Borer 1981, Aoun 1981, Jaeggli 1981 ) treat object clitic pronouns as lexical affixes. In each case, the clitic is an argument of the verb, generated by a morphological rule which inserts the features PERSON, GENDER, NUMBER, on the verb. The clitic absorbs the Case assigned by the verb. This analysis fails to explain some important facts about French cliticization, in particular the fact that French clitics are not obligatorily arguments of the verb to which they attach. This problem is discussed in relation to Klavans' and Zwicky's analyses of cliticization, and it shown that French clitics seem to have post-lexical, rather than lexical, characteristics.
The French-Language Unit
Authors: Gannon Roger E.
Published: November 2010

La franclingva unuo : gravega ilo de la kanada politiko pri oficialaj lingvoj
Dum la unuaj naǔdek jaroj de la kanada federacio la provinco Kebeko iom post iom perdis sian francan karakteron pro anglakanada/usona influo. Fine de la jaroj 1950-aj ekestis franckanada reago.
Responde, en 1963 starigis Rega Komisiono pri Dulingvismo kaj Dukulturismo. En ties finaj rekomendoj estis alprenita 'individua' lingvopolitiko, ne 'teritoria'. Tiel, la franckanadano havas rajton al servo en sia propra lingvo cie. Kaj la du oficialaj lingvoj devas igi laborlingvoj ce la federacia burokratio : 'la franca igos funkcia lingvo de laboro'. La gistiama cefa barilo al egaleco de la franclingvanoj en la publika servo estas ties 'esence angla karaktero'.
La Komisiono rekomendis la starigon de franclingvaj laborunuoj. Tiuj fine plibonigus la servon al la franclingva publiko. La franclingvaj unuoj ankaǔ akceptus anglalingvanojn, kapablajn labori en la franca.
Komence, la unuoj estis malaltrangaj, kaj cefe en la jam esence franca Kebeko. En la lege dulingva cefurba (Otava) zono estis malmultaj kaj malaltaj franclingvaj burokratoj. En 1973 tamen oni vocdonis plifortigi la unuojn, cefe en Otavo. Ekde 1978 la plano devas esti realigita. Pro politikaj kaj eble humanaj kialoj oni permesis al unulingvaj anglalingvanoj resti en sia jama franca unuo. Tio tamen povus malfortigi la planon.
La realigo de la plano dependas de la rajto de la francaj unuoj komuniki kun la centra oficejo ankaǔ en la franca. La eksteraj rilatoj de la franclingvaj unuoj devas respeguli ties cefe francan karakteron - oni ne atendu finfinan anglan tradukon de ties produktoj. La interkomunikado en la angla devus esti nur intertempa arango, baldaǔ forigota.
Tamen, la francaj unuoj frontis problemojn. lli ofte ja devis komuniki eksteren per la angla. Se ili insistis ricevi dokumenton en la franca, gi malfruis pro la traduktempo. Se ili sendis francan dokumenton al angla unuo refoje okazis prokrasto. La tradukoj ofte estis malbonaj kaj miskomprenigaj. La francaj unuoj devis rigardi la anglan originalon por kompreni la veran signifon! Krome, anglalingvanoj ofte uzis la franclingvanojn kiel tradukistojn, forprenante ilin de la profesiaj taskoj. Kaj multaj franclingvanoj, alkutimigintai labori en la angla, devis lerni funkcii en la franca. Mankis francaj vortostoko, helpiloj. Sed la problemoj estas iom post iom forigataj.
Ankoraǔ estas tro frue prijugi la sukceson au malsukceson de la eksperimento. Sed gi devas igi plena sukceso por igi la francan realeca laborlingvo en la publika servo kaj savi la dulingvisman politikon de la kanada registaro en la okuloj de Kebeko.
Can Language be Planned? Sociolinguistic Theory and Practice for Developing Nations, Joan Rubin and Björn H. Jernudd (eds.)
Authors: Byron Janet
Published: November 2010

Nun aperis brosure la libro de 1971, kiu unuafoje pritraktis la lingvoplanadon (LP) el teoria kaj praktika vidpunktoj, utiligante ankaǔ studojn pri ekonomia planado kaj la moderna naciismo. Gi estos utila al lingvistoj, edukistoj kaj lingvoplanistoj.
En la unua, politika parto, Fishman komparas la LP en Eǔropo kaj en Suda kaj Sudokcidenta Azio. Tie, gi estas kunligita kun la nacia evoluo, sed oni ne plene forigis la anglan au francan. Oni do raciigas la rolon de tiuj lingvoj. Laü Das Gupta, Hinda Unio frontas komplikan rilaton inter religio kaj politiko, kiu igis faktoro en la debato pri la hindia kaj urdua. Laǔ Kelman, komuna lingvo integrigas grupojn en nacion, sed grupo, kies lingvon oni ne elektas por tutnacia uzo, povas esti fremdigita.
La dua parto provizas sep raportojn pri LP, aparte kadre de naciliberigaj movadoj. Ekzistas landoj kies politiko estas plurlingva, aliaj alprenis unulingvan politikon. En la diskutitaj landoj regis brita au usona influo, do la angla igis eduka kaj prestiga lingvo. Plej simple, tie konkurencas indigena lingvo kaj la angla. Pli komplike, kunvivas tri niveloj : loka(j) parola(j) lingvo(j), indigena nacia lingvo, kaj la angla. Dum la edukado, la lernantoj transiras de unu al la alia. Oni progresas socie kaj ekonomie per la angla.
La tria parto estas teoria, pri la celoj kaj limoj de LP. Estas cefe afero de naciaj decidoj kaj elektoj inter eblecoj. La lingvo estas nacia riêajo, kiun oni plej efike utiligu. La sinteno estas, ke lingvo estas esence objektiva socia havajo, prilaborebla interne de certaj limoj.
Unu versio de tiu teorio estas, ke la lingvo estas ilo, instrumento. Tiun starpunkton -la instrumentalismon - atakas Haugen. La lingvoplanisto rajtas kaj povas, laǔ li, pri-labori la lingvon nur enkadre de la karaktero de la lingvotransdono kaj lingvosangigo, t.e., êiam retenante la ambaǔflankan kompreneblecon. Laü Haugen, lingvo estas ne nur ilo sed perilo de idento, kaj tio fakte montrigas en multaj el la studoj en la libro. La fina, kvara parto indikas estontajn perspektivojn. Oni ekzemple komparu la LP en pli agaj (okcidentaj) landoj kun tiu en novaj nacioj; oni pristudu sintenojn al LP, la agentejojn de LP, kaj giajn limojn.
La respondo al la titola demando estas, do, ke jes, la lingvo estas planebla, sed ekzistas problemoj kaj malfacilajoj. La LP estas intenca lingvosango, kiu realigas fenomenojn, kiuj siavice igas inda studobjekto de la historia lingvistiko.
L'avenir du français au Canada et au Québec, Charles Castonguay
Authors: Pupier Paul
Published: November 2010

En la pamfleto, prof. Castonguay analizas la kanadan nacian cenzon de 1971. Li montras kiel kelkaj denaskaj franclingvanoj uzas la anglan hejme, kaj kiel la angla forte altiras la enmigrintojn, parolantojn de tria lingvo. Nur en Kebeko la franca sufice retenas siajn parolantojn. La franclingvaj ontarianoj amase transiras al la angla kiel hejma lingvo kaj kiel lingvo de la nova generacio. La akadianoj (novbrunsvikanoj) ne tiel amase perdas la francan, sed pro la ekonomiaj fortoj ili amase elmigras. Castonguay do evidente senesperigis pri la franca ekster Kebeko. Li postulas pli vastajn aǔtonomajn rajtojn por Kebeko, sed la nunaj konsultaj povoj de la kebeka provinco rilate al la enmigrado ne suficas.
La pamfleto ne donas fresan materialon, sed direktigas al vasta, neklera publiko. Gi estas klara kaj iom polemika, kaj tiel gi sukcesas.
Den Ouden, Bernard D., Language and Creativity: An Interdisciplinary Essay in Chomskyian Humanism
Authors: St. Clair Robert N.
Published: November 2010

La pritrakto de kreiveco en lingvo konfliktas kun la aserto pri la ekzisto de lingvaj universaloj. Post reeenzo pri la Chomsky-aj vidpunktoj, la aǔtoro konkludas, ke lingvaj malsameco kaj kreiveco estas plej taǔge klarigeblaj en terminoj de transformaj procezoj interne de sistemoj de neakiritaj, denaskaj strukturoj. Tiu konkludo antaǔen-pusas la demandon, cu eventuale konfliktoj en lingvo estas ciam laǔnature lingvaj - au eble ne. Le recenzanto konkludas, ke tiuj konfliktoj generale starigas pro malsamo de la bazaj hipotezoj ce la parolanto kaj ce la aǔdanto. Tiu emfazo pri la baza informo prefere ol pri la lingva kadro ankaǔ klarigas, kial miskompren-konfliktoj povas okazi inter esperantistoj, kiuj povas miskomuniki inter si, ec se ili uzas kune saman lingvon.
La néologie et l'aménagement linguistique du Québec
Authors: Boulanger Jean-Claude
Published: November 2010

SUMMARY
Neologisms and Language Planning in Quebec
This article discusses government intervention in language matters, particularly in the area of terminology. How, it questions, does the government of Quebec approach the planning of French terminology in legislative texts and political announcements relative to such aspects of language it wishes to influence as the introduction of neologisms, borrowing, and the use of regionalisms? The author suggests a two-sided approach to language management is at work, one that conceives of terminology from an institutional point of view and advocates situation-specific language intervention solutions. For the Office of the French Language, one concrete means of terminology management has been to develop internal neologistic planning and then, since 1975, to extend these efforts within an international neologistic network, in conjunction with other francophone communities, particularly European ones. These perspectives guide reflections on the role of neologisms in the process of language planning in Quebec.
RESUMO
Neologismoj kaj lingvo-planado en Kebekio
La artikolo traktas registaran intervenon en lingvajn demandojn, precipe rilate al terminologio. Kiel, ĝi demandas, la registaro de Kebekio aliras la planadon de franc-lingva terminologio en legfaraj tekstoj kaj politikaj anoncoj, en rilato al tiu aŭ alia aspekto de la lingvo, ce kiu gi deziras interveni, kiel ekzemple neologismoj, pruntado, regionismoj? La aŭtoro sugestas, ke dufaceta aliro al lingvoprizorgo okazas—aliro, kiu konceptas la terminologion de institucia vidpunkto kaj samtempe pledas por in-tervenaj solvoj adaptitaj al specifaj celoj. Ce la Oficejo de la Franca Lingvo, unu konkreta metodo de terminologia prizorgo estas evoluigo de interna neologisma planado kaj, depost 1975, plivastigo de tiuj klopodoj ene de internacia neologisma reto, kun-labore kun aliaj franclingvaj komunumoj, precipe eŭropaj. Tiuj perspektivoj kondukas al komentoj pri la rolo de neologio en la procedo de lingva prizorgo en Kebekio.
An Economic Analysis of Canadian Language Policies
Authors: Ridler Neil B. , Pons-Ridler Suzanne
Published: November 2010

SOMMAIRE
Une analyse économique des politiques linguistiques Canadiens
La motivation pour l'apprentissage d'une langue seconde varie selon les individus; à certains elle donne une satisfaction immédiate, alors que d'autres doivent attendre leur récompense. Si la satisfaction est immédiate, la langue seconde est comparable à un bien de consommation; si elle est reportée, il s'agit alors d'un investissement. Cette analyse économique est utilisée pour analyser la planification du français en tant que langage internationale ou comme langue officielle du Canada. Il semble que l'économie puisse contribuer à une théorie de la planification. Les politiques pour défacer l'offre et la demande des languages sont comparées pour leur impact potentiel. Cet article prétend que la demande apparaît comme une variable de politique plus efficace que l'offre, mais qu'elle est difficile à modifier en dehors des juridictions politiques. Le déclin du français comme langue internationale suggère que l'offre seule n'est pas efficace. Influencer à la fois l'offre et la demande et fournir des fonds publics en grand quantité ne suffisent peut être pas à contrer les forces du marché. Une première conclusion tirée de l'expérience canadienne montre que les politiques linguistiques et les fonds public peuvent modifier les courbes, mais à un coût très élevé. De plus les forces du marché qui poussent à la concentration linguistique apparaissent irréversibles.
RESUMO
Ekonomia analizo de kanadaj lingvaj politikoj
Motivigo al lernado de dua lingvo varias laû la individuoj; kelkaj trovas lernadon de dua lingvo tuj kontentiga, dum aliaj atendas, ke la rekompenco venos en la estonteco. Se venas tuj a kontentigo, la dua lingvo similas konsuman varon; se la tempohorizonto plilongas, temas pri investo. Tian ekonomian analizon oni uzas por analizi t.n. status-planadon de la franca lingvo, ĉu kiel internacia lingvo ĉu kiel oficiala lingvo de Kanado. Oni espEras, ke ekonomiko povas kontribui al teorio de statusplanado. Oni komparas politikojn, kiuj celas sangi la postulon kaj liveron de lingvoj, laŭ ilia eventuala efiko. La artikolo argumentas, ke postulo sajnas esti pli efikoplena politika varianto ol livero, sed ke oni malfacile influas ĝin ekster politikaj jurisdikcioj. La malfortigo de la franca lingvo kiel internacia lingvo implicas, ke livero sola ne estas efika. Ec se oni influas kaj postulon kaj liveron, kaj disponigas senliman publikan financan subtenon, tio eventuale nesufĉas por kontraŭi merkatajn fortojn. Provizore oni povas konkludi el la kanada sperto, ke lingvaj politikoj kaj publika financado povas kaŭzi lingvajn moviĝojn, sed nur je alta kosto. Krome, merkataj fortoj, kiuj direktiĝas al lingva kon-centrado, sajnas nehaltigeblaj.
Language Planning and Policy Development for Court Interpretation Services in the United States
Authors: Schweda Nicholson Nancy
Published: November 2010

RESUMO
Lingvo-planado kaj evoluigo de politiko por kortuminterpretaj servoj en Usono
Ene de la ĝenerala tereno de lingvo-planado kaj politiko-evoluigo, lastatempe okazis akcelo en organizitaj klopodoj liveri altkvalitajn kortuminterpretajn servojn al neparo-lantoj de la angla lingvo, kiuj havas kontakton kun la usona kortuma sistemo. La nuna artikolo resumas la historion de federaciaj leĝoj, kiuj koncernas utiligon de in-terpretistoj, kun speciala atento al la plej lasta federacia leĝa preskribo, la Lego pri Kortumaj Interpretistoj de 1978 (Publika Lego 95-539). Ĝi ankaǔ detale esploras la Rajtigekzamenon por Hispanaj/Anglaj Interpretistoj en Federaciaj Kortumoj, kiun elformulis la Administra Fako de la Usonaj Kortumoj. Je la stata nivelo, oni ankau pridiskutas kelkajn problemojn pri la selekto de kortuminterpretistoj en la juraj sistemoj de Kalifornio kaj Novjorko. Krome, oni priskribas lastatempajn klopodojn evoluigi koheran kaj inkluzivan politikon pri utiligo de interpretistoj en la Distrikto Kolumbio kaj la Ŝtato Nov-Ĵerzeo. Fine, estas prezentataj kelkaj ĝeneralaj proponoj por plibonigi la mezan kvaliton de interpretaj servoj en kortumaj procedoj.
SUMARIO
Planeamiento del lenguaje y politica a desarrollar para los servicios de interpretation en la corte de los Estados Unidos
Dentro del amplio campo de acción para el planeamiento del lenguaje y la politica de desarrollo, se han organizado y recientemente acelerado esfuerzos para proveer de alta calidad a los servicios de interpretación de la corte, para personas que no hablan el inglés y que entran en contacto con el sistema judicial americano. Este articulo sigue la historia de las leyes federales referentes al uso de interpretes; destacando la mas re-ciente provisión del estatuto federal: el acto de intérpretes de la corte en 1978 (ley publica 95-539). Tambien explora en detalle el exámen elaborado por la oficina administrativa de la corte de los E.U. para obtener el certificado de interprete de la corte federal en espanol/-inglés. A nivel estatal se discuten varios problemas respecto a la selección de los intérpretes de la corte dentro del sistema legal de California y Nueva York. Además se describen los esfuerzos recientes para elaborar una politica coherente y amplia para uso de los interpretes en los distritos de Columbia y Nueva Jersey. Final-mente el articulo delinea algunas propuestas generales para el mejoramiento de la calidad de los servicios de interpretación en los procedimientos judiciales.
Interpersonal Accommodation in a Bilingual Setting
Authors: Stieblich Christel
Published: November 2010

KURZFASSUNG
Zwischenmenschlicher Gefälligkeitsverhalt in einem zweisprachigen Gebiet
In dieser Studie werden die Ansichten einer homogenen französich-sprachigen Studentenschaft in bezug auf den Gebrauch von Englisch und/oder Französisch in zwi-schenmenschlichen Begegnungen in einem zweisprachigen Gebiet (Quebec/Kanada) untersucht. Es wird geprüft, inwieweit diese Ansichten Veränderungen sprachlichen Verhaltens reflektieren, die durch die jüngsten Gesetzesreformen angestrebt wurden. Weiterhin wird untersucht, ob ein englischsprachiger Amerikaner und ein englisch-sprachiger Quebecer beim Gebrauch von Englisch und/oder Französisch identisch wahrgenommen und bewertet werden.
Studenten äuBerten schriftlich ihre Reaktionen auf einen simulierten Dialog zwischen einem englischsprachigen amerkanischen und einem englischsprachigen quebecischen Kunden sowie einem französischsprachigen quebecischen Verkäufer. Die von dem jeweiligen Sprecher benutzte Sprache änderte sich je nach Versuchsbedingung. Währ-end der Gebrauch von Englisch akzeptiert wurde, so wirkte sich der Gebrauch von Französisch positiv auf die Persönlichkeitsbewertungen aus. Ein Vergleich mit jüngsten Studien im gleichen Kontext zeigt, daB sich die sprachlichen Normen verschieben. Die Ergebnisse werden abschlieBend unter Berücksichtigung von sich veränderndem sprachlichen und zwischenmenschlichem Gefälligkeitsverhalten (interpersonal accommodation) diskutiert.
RESUMO
Interpersona akomodiĝo en dulingva situacio
Tiu ĉi studo esploras la vidpunktojn de homogena francparolanta studentaro kon-cerne la utiligon de la angla kaj/aǔ la franca en interpersonaj rekontigoj en dulingva situacio (Kebekio/Kanado). Ĝi ekzamenas la gradon, ĝis kiu tiuj vidpunktoj reprezentas la sangojn en lingva konduto celatajn de lastatempaj juraj reformoj. Gi ankaǔ esploras ĉu Usona anglaparolanto (AA) kaj Kebekia anglaparolanto (QA) estas simile taksataj kiam ili uzas la anglan kaj'/aǔ francan.
Studentoj indikis siajn reagojn al simulata dialogo inter AA- aǔ QA-kliento kaj Kebekia franclingva (QF) vendisto; la lingvo uzata de ciu parolanto variis laǔ la eksperi-menta kondiĉo. Kvankam utiligo de la angla lingvo estis konsiderata akceptebla, utiligo de la franca produktis pli pozitivajn jugojn pri personeco. Komparo kun lastatempaj studoj en sama kunteksto montras, ke lingvaj normoj troviĝas en transira stato. La aǔtoro diskutas la rezultojn en ligo kun sangiganta lingva konduto kaj interpersona akomodigo.
Language Policy and the Radical Left in the Philippines
Authors: Tollefson James W.
Published: November 2010

RESUMO
Lingvo-politiko kaj la radikala maldekstro en Filipinoj: La Nova Popola Armeo kaj ties antaǔuloj
La nuna maldekstra ribelado en Filipinoj, kiun gvidas la Komunista Nova Popola Armeo (NPA), influas ĉiam pli kaj pli multe la politikon de la registaro. Tial ĉi tiu studo analizas la lingvo-politikon de NPA, precipe la kontraǔstaron de NPA al la angla, kaj gian historian fonon en la filipina radikala maldekstro. La analizo montras, ke la kutima vidpunkto pri la filipina lingva demando—ke la angla posedas potencan instru-mentan valoron dum la pilipina luktas por akiri simbolan kaj integrigan rolon—mal-sukcesas klarigi seninterrompan maldekstran opozicion al la angla depost la 1930aj jaroj. La aǔtoro proponas alian klarigon de la lingvopolitiko de NPA bazitan sur anali-zon de la rolo de la angla kiel favoranto de difinitaj interesoj ene de la filipina ekonomio. Oni konkludas, ke anstatatǔgo de la angla per la pilipina okazos nur en kunligo kun grandskala socia ŝanĝiĝo kaj politika perturbo.
SOMMAIRE
La politique des langues et l'extrême-gauche aux Philippines: La Nouvelle Armée du Peuple et ses antécédents
L'actuelle révolte de la gauche aux Philippines, menée par la Nouvelle Armée du Peuple, communiste, ne cesse de produire de l'effet sur les programmes du gouvernement. C'est ainsi que ce texte analyse la politique des langues de la NAP et en particulier l'opposition de la NAP à l'anglais; il examine également les antécédents historiques de l'extrême-gauche philippine. Cette analyse révèle que le point de vue traditionnel du problème des langues aux Philippines—à savoir que l'anglais est utilisé comme instrument de pression politique alors que le pilipino cherche à s'assurer un rôle purement symbolique—n'explique pas l'opposition constante de la gauche à l'anglais, depuis les années 30. Une seconde explication à la politique des langues de la NAP se base sur une étude du rôle de l'anglais dans sa capacité à favoriser des intérêts particuliers au sein de l'économie philippine. Par conséquent, l'anglais ne sera remplacé par le pilipino qu'au moyen d'importants changements sociaux accompagnés de troubles politiques.
Review of Edwards (1984): Linguistic Minorities, Policies and Pluralism
Authors: Carlevaro Tazio
Published: November 2010

Jen verko pluraǔtora, kies intereso koncentriĝas cefe pri rilatoj inter pluralismo, lingvopolitiko kaj lingvaj minoritatoj. La ĝenerala impreso kiun oni ricevas de la libro estas ke, kvankam temas pri diverstezara verko, tamen komuna opinio de la aǔtoroj estas la fakto, ke en difinitaj sociaj cirkonstancoj la sociologia koncepto "minoritato" rilatas la komunan devenon, sed ne devige komunan "alian" lingvon aǔ religion.
Tio, kio igas la libron leginda kaj valora, estas la malmulta teoriumado, kaj la granda respekto por faktoj kaj por konkkretaj analizoj; la temaro koncernas eǔropajn landojn (Britio, Irlando, Svedio, FR Germanio, Hispanio), amerikajn landojn (Kanado, Usono) kaj Aǔstralion.