bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring Identification Risk in Microdata Release and Its Control by Post‐randomisation
Authors: Nayak Tapan K. , Zhang Cheng , You Jiashen
Published: April 2018

Statistical agencies often release a masked or perturbed version of survey data to protect the confidentiality of respondents' information. Ideally, a perturbation procedure should provide confidentiality protection without much loss of data quality, so that the released data may practically be treated as original data for making inferences. One major objective is to control the risk of correctly identifying any respondent's records in released data, by matching the values of some identifying or key variables. For categorical key variables, we propose a new approach to measuring identification risk and setting strict disclosure control goals. The general idea is to ensure that the probability of correctly identifying any respondent or surveyed unit is at most ξ, which is pre‐specified. Then, we develop an unbiased post‐randomisation procedure that achieves this goal for ξ>1/3. The procedure allows substantial control over possible changes to the original data, and the variance it induces is of a lower order of magnitude than sampling variance. We apply the procedure to a real data set, where it performs consistently with the theoretical results and quite importantly, shows very little data quality loss.
Impact of untreated dental caries on the quality of life of Brazilian children: population‐based study
Authors: Lima Sâmara Luciana de Andrade , Santana Caroline Chavier Pereira , Paschoal Marco Aurélio Benini , Paiva Saul Martins , Ferreira Meire Coelho
Published: April 2018

Background

The assessment of oral health should consider clinical and biopsychosocial aspects.

Aim

To evaluate the impact of untreated dental caries on the quality of life of children.

Design

A cross‐sectional study was conducted with 647 Brazilian children. The Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ8–10) and the ‘oral health’ global indicator were administered to the children and used as the outcomes. Parents answered a general questionnaire, and oral clinical examinations were performed. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics, chi‐squared test, Mann–Whitney test, and Poisson's regression analysis (α = 5%). The psychometric properties of the CPQ8–10 were tested for younger age group (6/7 years).

Results

Untreated caries was a predictor of impact on quality of life for the following items: ‘pain in teeth/mouth’ (PR = 1.69; 95% CI: 1.41–2.04), ‘difficulty biting/chewing hard foods’ (PR = 1.28; 95% CI: 1.05–1.56), ‘difficulty eating what you wanted to eat’ (PR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.29–2.02), ‘trouble sleeping’ (PR = 1.64; 95% CI: 1.27–2.13), ‘missed school’ (PR = 1.62; 95% CI: 1.24–2.12), ‘trouble doing homework’ (PR = 1.61; 95% CI: 1.12–2.31), and ‘difficulty paying attention in class’ (PR = 1.41; 95% CI: 1.01–1.96).

Conclusion

Children with untreated dental caries feel greater negative impacts on quality of life than children without untreated caries.
Market Quality around Macroeconomic News Announcements: Evidence from the US and Canadian Markets
Authors: Frijns Bart , Indriawan Ivan , Tourani‐Rad Alireza , Tse Yiuman
Published: April 2018

We investigate changes in market quality in the US and Canada during macroeconomic news announcements. We measure market quality in terms of returns dependence, the cost of trading, and pricing errors. Using a sample of cross‐listed stocks and macroeconomic news from both countries, we document that market quality is generally higher in the US than in Canada. The pattern of intraday serial dependence in returns reveals that it takes investors about 5 min less to react to order imbalances in the US than in Canada. We further observe that, around announcement periods, transaction costs increase more in Canada than in the US, suggesting that the US market offers better liquidity. More information is also incorporated into the US market. These results support the view that the US is a prime target for cross‐listing, and are robust to different types of assets and time specifications.
miR‐1‐3p and miR‐206 sensitizes HGF‐induced gefitinib‐resistant human lung cancer cells through inhibition of c‐Met signalling and EMT
Authors: Jiao Demin , Chen Jun , Li Yu , Tang Xiali , Wang Jian , Xu Wei , Song Jia , Li You , Tao Huimin , Chen Qingyong
Published: April 2018

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) overexpression is an important mechanism in acquired epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitor gefitinib resistance in lung cancers with EGFR activating mutations. MiR‐1‐3p and miR‐206 act as suppressors in lung cancer proliferation and metastasis. However, whether miR‐1‐3p and miR‐206 can overcome HGF‐induced gefitinib resistance in EGFR mutant lung cancer is not clear. In this study, we showed that miR‐1‐3p and miR‐206 restored the sensitivities of lung cancer cells PC‐9 and HCC‐827 to gefitinib in present of HGF. For the mechanisms, we demonstrated that both miR‐1‐3p and miR‐206 directly target HGF receptor c‐Met in lung cancer. Knockdown of c‐Met mimicked the effects of miR‐1‐3p and miR‐206 transfections Meanwhile, c‐Met overexpression attenuated the effects of miR‐1‐3p and miR‐206 in HGF‐induced gefitinib resistance of lung cancers. Furthermore, we showed that miR‐1‐3p and miR‐206 inhibited c‐Met downstream Akt and Erk pathway and blocked HGF‐induced epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). Finally, we demonstrated that miR‐1‐3p and miR‐206 can increase gefitinib sensitivity in xenograft mouse models in vivo. Our study for the first time indicated the new function of miR‐1‐3p and miR‐206 in overcoming HGF‐induced gefitinib resistance in EGFR mutant lung cancer cell.
Up‐regulated Cx43 phosphorylation at Ser368 prolongs QRS duration in myocarditis
Authors: Zhong Chunlian , Chang He , Wu Yang , Zhou Li , Wang Yan , Wang Mingyan , Wu Peng , Qi Zhi , Zou Jun
Published: April 2018

Prolongation of QRS duration in electrocardiogram is one of the risk factors for morbidity and mortality in many kinds of cardiac diseases. However, its molecular mechanism is unknown. In this study, utilizing experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) as a disease model, we show that the prolongation of QRS duration is accompanied by elevated phosphorylation of connexin 43 (Cx43) at Ser368 (pS368Cx43). In cultured cells, inflammatory cytokine IL‐1β activates p38 MAPK to up‐regulate pS368Cx43 and impairs cell‐to‐cell communication. In isolated hearts of normal rats, perfusion of IL‐1β not only increases pS368Cx43 but also impairs cell‐to‐cell communication and prolongs QRS duration. Furthermore, blockade of p38 MAPK down‐regulates pS368Cx43, improves cell‐to‐cell communication and reduces QRS duration in EAM. These findings suggest that up‐regulation of pS368Cx43 by IL‐1β via p38 MAPK contributes to the prolongation of QRS duration and could be a therapeutic target for myocarditis‐induced prolongation of QRS duration.
Demand, capacity, and access of the outpatient clinic: A framework for analysis and improvement
Authors: van Bussel Erik Martijn , van der Voort Marc Boudewijn Victor Rouppe , Wessel Ronald N. , van Merode Godefridus G.
Published: April 2018

Rationale

While theoretical frameworks for optimization of the outpatient processes are abundant, practical step‐by‐step analyses to give leads for improvement, to forecast capacity, and to support decision making are sparse.

Aims and objectives

This article demonstrates how to evaluate and optimize the triad of demand, (future) capacity, and access time of the outpatient clinic using a structured six‐step method.

Methods

All individual logistical patient data of an orthopaedic outpatient clinic of one complete year were analysed using a 6‐step method to evaluate demand, supply, and access time. Trends in the data were retrospectively analysed and evaluated for potential improvements. A model for decision making was tested. Both the analysis of the method and actual results were considered as main outcomes.

Results

More than 25 000 appointments were analysed. The 6‐step method showed to be sufficient to result in valuable insights and leads for improvement. While the overall match between demand and capacity was considered adequate, the variability in capacity was much higher than in demand, thereby leading to delays in access time. Holidays and subsequent weeks showed to be of great influence for demand, capacity, and access time. Using the six‐step method, several unfavourable characteristics of the outpatient clinic were revealed and a better match between demand, supply, and access time could have been reached with only minor adjustments. Last, a clinic specific prediction and decision model for demand and capacity was made using the 6‐step method.

Conclusions

The 6‐step analysis can successfully be applied to redesign and improve the outpatient health care process. The results of the analysis showed that national holidays and variability in demand and capacity have a big influence on the outpatient clinic. Using the 6‐step method, practical improvements in outpatient logistics were easily found and leads for future decision making were contrived.
How do we know if a clinical practice guideline is good? A response to Djulbegovic and colleagues' use of fast‐and‐frugal decision trees to improve clinical care strategies
Authors: Mercuri Mathew
Published: April 2018

Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) and clinical pathways have become important tools for improving the uptake of evidence‐based care. Where CPGs are good, adherence to the recommendations within is thought to result in improved patient outcomes. However, the usefulness of such tools for improving patient important outcomes depends both on adherence to the guideline and whether or not the CPG in question is good. This begs the question of what it is that makes a CPG good? In this issue of the Journal, Djulbegovic and colleagues offer a theory to help guide the development of CPGs. The “fast‐and‐frugal tree” (FFT) heuristic theory is purported to provide the theoretical structure needed to quantitatively assess clinical guidelines in practice, something that the lack of theory to guide CPG development has precluded. In this paper, I examine the role of FFTs in providing an adequate theoretical framework for developing CPGs. In my view, positioning guideline development within the FFT framework may help with problems related to adherence. However, I believe that FTTs fall short in providing panel members with the theoretical basis needed to justify which factors should be considered when developing a CPG, how information on those factors derived from research studies should be interpreted, and how those factors should be integrated into the recommendation.
Ostreolysin induces browning of adipocytes and ameliorates hepatic steatosis
Authors: Nimri Lili , Staikin Katerina , Peri Irena , Yehuda‐Shnaidman Einav , Schwartz Betty
Published: April 2018

Background and Aim

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with all features of the metabolic syndrome. Deposition of excess triglycerides in liver cells, a hallmark of NAFLD, is associated with loss of insulin sensitivity. Ostreolysin (Oly) is a 15‐kDa fungal protein known to interact with cholesterol‐enriched raft‐like membrane domains. We aim to test whether a recombinant version of Oly (rOly) can induce functional changes in vitro in adipocytes or in vivo in mice fed a high‐fat diet (HFD).

Methods

White preadipocyte 3T3‐L1 cells or mouse primary adipocytes treated with rOly. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a control or HFD and treated with saline or with rOly (1 mg/kg BW) every other day for 4 weeks.

Results

White preadipocyte 3T3‐L1 cells or mouse primary adipocytes treated with rOly acquire a browning phenotype through activation of 5′ adenosine monophosphate‐activated protein kinase and downregulation of tumor necrosis factor α‐mediated activation of IκB kinase ε and TANK‐binding kinase 1. HFD‐fed mice treated with rOly showed a 10% reduction in BW and improved glucose tolerance, which paralleled improved expression of liver and adipose functionality, metabolism, and inflammation status, mimicking the in vitro findings.

Conclusion

This study provides first evidence of rOly's prevention of HFD‐induced NAFLD by stimulating liver and adipose muscle tissue functionality and oxidative potential, improving glucose tolerance, and ameliorating the metabolic profile of diet‐induced obese mice.
Characterization of maize leaf pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase using high throughput sequencing
Authors: Zhang Yuling , Giuliani Rita , Zhang Youjun , Zhang Yang , Araujo Wagner Luiz , Wang Baichen , Liu Peng , Sun Qi , Cousins Asaph , Edwards Gerald , Fernie Alisdair , Brutnell Thomas P. , Li Pinghua
Published: April 2018

In C4photosynthesis, pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) catalyzes the regeneration of phosphoenolpyruvate in the carbon shuttle pathway. Although the biochemical function of PPDK in maize is well characterized, a genetic analysis of PPDK has not been reported. In this study, we use the maize transposable elementsMutatorandDsto generate multiple mutant alleles of PPDK. Loss‐of‐function mutants are seedling lethal, even when plants were grown under 2% CO2, and they show very low capacity for CO2assimilation, indicating C4photosynthesis is essential in maize. Using RNA‐seq and GC‐MS technologies, we examined the transcriptional and metabolic responses to a deficiency in PPDK activity. These results indicate loss of PPDK results in downregulation of gene expression of enzymes of the C4cycle, the Calvin cycle, and components of photochemistry. Furthermore, the loss of PPDK did not change Kranz anatomy, indicating that this metabolic defect in the C4cycle did not impinge on the morphological differentiation of C4characters. However, sugar metabolism and nitrogen utilization were altered in the mutants. An interaction between light intensity and genotype was also detected from transcriptome profiling, suggesting altered transcriptional and metabolic responses to environmental and endogenous signals in the PPDK mutants.
Analyzing Individual Differences in Creative Performance: A Case Study on the Combinational Ideation Method in the Interior Design Process
Authors: Suh Joori , Cho Ji Young
Published: April 2018

Research on creative performance indicates that a combination of the primary sources such as known concepts and existing ideas plays an important role in the generation of new ideas. Although studies show a link between the combinational approach to ideation and creativity, how individual differences in cognitive styles are related to this approach is not well understood. This exploratory study examines the domain–specific relationship between individuals’ cognitive styles and improvement of creative performance within the structured combinational ideation process where mixing various ideas is encouraged. Fifty interior design students enrolled in the second year of an interior design program at a Midwestern university participated in this study. The workshop designed for this study was structured in the following stages: initial design (ID) + the combinational ideation process (the variation process [VP] + the combination process [CP]) + final design (FD). The participants’ creative performance was measured at the ID and the FD phases by three experts. Findings indicated that intuitive individuals generally showed the highest creativity in the ID phase, but they showed a decrease of creativity in the FD, implying that a structured combinational ideation method might not be the best method for intuitive individuals. In contrast, individuals possessing an adaptive and an analytical information processing style showed an increase of creativity in the FD after completing the structured combinational ideation process, suggesting that students with a nonintuitive cognitive style benefit most from this method. The result of this research will provide design educators with meaningful insight into the instruction methods that take students’ cognitive styles into consideration, especially in helping nonintuitive students who struggle in the ideation process.
Association between psychotropic medications and presence of sleep bruxism: A systematic review
Authors: Melo G. , Dutra K. L. , Rodrigues Filho R. , Ortega A. O. L. , Porporatti A. L. , Dick B. , Flores‐Mir C. , De Luca Canto G.
Published: April 2018

The purpose of this study was to systematically review the literature for studies that investigated the association between use of psychotropic medications and presence of sleep bruxism (SB). Observational studies were selected in a two‐phase process. Searches were performed on six electronic databases, and a grey literature search was conducted on three databases. SB diagnosis was based on questionnaires or clinical examinations; no polysomnography examinations were performed. Risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross‐Sectional Studies. Overall quality of evidence was evaluated according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation criteria. Five analytical cross‐sectional studies were included, evaluating antidepressants, anticonvulsants and psychostimulants. One study was judged as low risk of bias, three as moderate risk and one high risk. Antidepressants were evaluated in adult populations only; duloxetine (Odds Ratio [OR] = 2.16; 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] = 1.12‐4.17), paroxetine (OR = 3.63; 95% CI = 2.15‐6.13) and venlafaxine (OR = 2.28; 95% CI = 1.34‐3.86) were positively associated with SB risk. No increased odds of SB were observed considering use of citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, mirtazapine and sertraline. With regard to anticonvulsants, only barbiturates were associated with SB in children (OR = 14.70; 95% CI = 1.85‐116.90), while no increased odds were observed for benzodiazepine, carbamazepine and valproate. The only psychostimulant evaluated was methylphenidate, and an association with SB was observed in adolescents (OR = 1.67; 95% CI = 1.03‐2.68). Findings from this SR suggested that medications such as duloxetine, paroxetine, venlafaxine, barbiturates and methylphenidate might be associated with SB; however, overall quality of evidence was considered very low, and therefore, caution is recommended.
Hydration and nutritional status in patients on home‐dialysis—A single centre study
Authors: Li Janet S.C. , Chan John Y.H. , Tai Mandy M.Y. , Wong So M. , Pang S.M. , Lam Fanny Y.F. , Chu Carmen H.M. , Ching Chris S.Y. , Wong Joseph H.S. , Chak W.L.
Published: April 2018

Background

Over‐hydration (OH) and malnutrition are prevalent among patients on dialysis therapy. The prevalence of OH and malnutrition as well as the risk factors associated with OH and malnutrition in our patients on home peritoneal dialysis (PD) and home haemodialysis (HD) are examined.

Design and Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study. The hydration and nutritional status of the study groups were assessed by a Body Composition Monitor. Patients who were stable on home dialysis therapy for over one year were invited to participate. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify associated factors and determine the predictors of OH and malnutrition, respectively.

Results

Eighty‐eight patients (41 PD and 47 home HD) were recruited. A 32.95% of our patients on home dialysis therapy were in OH status. There was a significance difference in the prevalence of hydration status between patients on PD and home HD (p = 0.014), as overhydration was more common in patients on PD than home HD (46.34 vs. 21.28%). Dehydration was more common in patients on home HD than PD (29.79 vs. 9.76%). Male gender, decreasing haemoglobin level and presence of diabetes mellitus (DM) were risk factors of OH on multivariable analysis. There was no significance difference in the prevalence of malnutrition between patients on PD and home HD (p = 0.27). Increasing Fat Tissue Index (FTI), height and patients on PD therapy were at higher risk of malnutrition.

Conclusion

OH and malnutrition were prevalent patients on home dialysis therapy.
High perinatal mortality rates persist in Kirakira: The sustainable development goals for health remain out of reach in the provinces of Solomon Islands
Authors: Jones Peter D , Balasundaram Niroshan , D'Costa Lloyd , Kacker Kunaal , Kaludewa Amila , Fink James
Published: April 2018

Aim

This study aimed to calculate the perinatal mortality rate in Kirakira Hospital, a remote provincial hospital in Solomon Islands, over a 3‐year period, from 2014 to 2016.

Methods

A retrospective audit of the labour ward admission books for the years 2014–2016 was conducted. Patient files of all perinatal deaths and caesarean sections were accessed and reviewed. Stillbirths and early neonatal deaths were classified, and results were compared with the national health statistics of Australia (2014).

Results

Between 2014 and 2016, there were 1311 births and 40 perinatal deaths (mortality rate of 31 per 1000). This is approximately three times the Australian rate of 9.6 deaths per 1000. Of these deaths, 28 were stillbirths, and 12 were neonatal deaths. Detailed information was available for 88% (35/40) of the perinatal deaths. Only 15 caesarean sections (1.1% of deliveries) were performed, compared to a rate of 32.1% of caesarean sections in Australia (2014).

Conclusions

Kirakira continues to have a very high perinatal mortality rate that has not changed over the last 6 years. The rate is double that reported for Solomon Islands in current World Health Organization data. This discrepancy is likely due to an absence of clinical data outside of the National Referral Hospital in Honiara. This paper identifies clinical indicators that could be targeted to help lower the perinatal mortality rate in this remote and impoverished community.
Social Exclusion and Disengagement of Covert Attention from Social Signs: The Moderating Role of Fear of Negative Evaluation
Authors: Tanaka Hiroaki , Ikegami Tomoko
Published: April 2018

Previous research has demonstrated that social exclusion motivates individuals with low fear of negative evaluation (FNE) to pay attention to signs of social acceptance, but it does not motivate individuals with high FNE to do so. However, it remains unclear whether this finding reflects overt or covert attentional bias because the researchers employed a dot‐probe task. In order to resolve this ambiguity, the present study solely assessed disengagement of covert attention from social signs after exclusion manipulation in an experiment with university students (N = 60). As a result, exclusion delayed disengagement of covert attention from facial stimuli regardless of their types of expression for participants with low FNE, but such delay was not observed for participants with high FNE. The result indicated that social exclusion enhances attention to social information in individuals with low FNE, whereas it does not in individuals with high FNE. We discuss the possibility that a decline in inclusionary status affects overt and covert attentional processes differently.
Neo‐Victorian f(r)iction: Critical conversations and fictional narratives
Authors: Maier Sarah E.
Published: April 2018

This article explores how neo‐Victorian critics are drawn to investigate the f(r)iction between the past and to the present with a desire to understand the Victorian past, then to articulate its importance to the postmodern present. Articles in this special issue by Sarah E. Maier, Anna Jones, Marie‐Louise Kohlke, and Mark Llewellyn seek to widen the scope of these conversations, to find other neo‐Victorianisms across the globe and investigate narratives in manga, television, and true crime. The aim is to question how boundaries between high and low break down and consider what happens when intellectual rigour meets non‐traditional genres found within Neo‐Victorian narratives.
A classic twin study of lower urinary tract obstruction: Report of 3 cases and literature review
Authors: Frese Sandra , Weigert Alexander , Hoppe Bernd , Feldkötter Markus , Ludwig Michael , Weber Stefanie , Kiliś‐Pstrusińska Katarzyna , Zaniew Marcin , Reutter Heiko , Hilger Alina C.
Published: April 2018

Objective

The aim of the present study was to investigate genetic effects in the formation of congenital lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) comprising posterior urethral valves (PUV), urethral atresia, and urethras with variable degrees of stenosis.

Methods

A classic twin study was performed by assessing LUTO twin pairs from the literature. Furthermore, data regarding 3 previously unreported twin pairs with PUV from University of Bonn, Essen and Wrocławs own in‐house databases were added. Both pair‐ and probandwise concordance rates were calculated and compared for monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs.

Results

The pairwise concordance rates for all LUTO were 53% (95% confidence interval [CI] 32%–73%) and 17% (95% CI 3%–56%) for MZ and DZ twin pairs, respectively (P = .180). The probandwise concordance rates were 69% (95% CI 51%–83%) and 29% (CI 95% 8%–64%) for MZ and DZ twin pairs respectively (P = .084). The MZ/DZ ratios of the pair‐ and probandwise concordance rates were 3.1 and 2.4, respectively.

Conclusion

The present study did not show significant differences in comparisons of concordance rates of MZ and DZ twin pairs, probably due to the small number of twin pairs reported. However, the more than 2‐fold higher pair‐ and probandwise concordance rates for MZ versus DZ twin pairs are very suggestive of a contribution of genetic factors to the development of LUTO.
Sex differences in the drivers of reproductive skew in a cooperative breeder
Authors: Nelson‐Flower Martha J. , Flower Tom P. , Ridley Amanda R.
Published: April 2018

Many cooperatively breeding societies are characterized by high reproductive skew, such that some socially dominant individuals breed, while socially subordinate individuals provide help. Inbreeding avoidance serves as a source of reproductive skew in many high‐skew societies, but few empirical studies have examined sources of skew operating alongside inbreeding avoidance or compared individual attempts to reproduce (reproductive competition) with individual reproductive success. Here, we use long‐term genetic and observational data to examine factors affecting reproductive skew in the high‐skew cooperatively breeding southern pied babbler (Turdoides bicolor). When subordinates can breed, skew remains high, suggesting factors additional to inbreeding avoidance drive skew. Subordinate females are more likely to compete to breed when older or when ecological constraints on dispersal are high, but heavy subordinate females are more likely to successfully breed. Subordinate males are more likely to compete when they are older, during high ecological constraints, or when they are related to the dominant male, but only the presence of within‐group unrelated subordinate females predicts subordinate male breeding success. Reproductive skew is not driven by reproductive effort, but by forces such as intrinsic physical limitations and intrasexual conflict (for females) or female mate choice, male mate‐guarding and potentially reproductive restraint (for males). Ecological conditions or “outside options” affect the occurrence of reproductive conflict, supporting predictions of recent synthetic skew models. Inbreeding avoidance together with competition for access to reproduction may generate high skew in animal societies, and disparate processes may be operating to maintain male vs. female reproductive skew in the same species.
Genome‐wide identification of long non‐coding RNAs suggests a potential association with effector gene transcription in Phytophthora sojae
Authors: Wang Yang , Ye Wenwu , Wang Yuanchao
Published: April 2018

Numerous long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) identified and characterized in mammals, plants and fungi have been found to play critical regulatory roles in biological processes. However, little is known about the role of lncRNAs in oomycete plant pathogens, which cause devastating damage to the economy and ecosystems. We used strand‐specific RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) to generate a computational pipeline to identify lncRNAs in Phytophthora sojae, a model oomycete plant pathogen. In total, 940 lncRNAs with 1010 isoforms were identified from RNA‐seq data obtained from four representative stages of P. sojae. The lncRNAs had shorter transcript lengths, longer exon lengths, fewer numbers of exons, lower GC content and higher minimum free energy values compared with protein‐coding genes. lncRNAs in P. sojae exhibited low sequence conservation amongst oomycetes and P. sojae isolates. Transcriptional data indicated that P. sojae lncRNAs tended to be transcribed in a stage‐specific manner; representative lncRNAs were validated by semi‐quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. Phytophthora sojae lncRNAs were concentrated in gene‐sparse regions, and lncRNAs were associated with secreted protein and effector coding genes. The neighbouring genes of lncRNAs encoded various effector family members, and RNA‐seq data revealed a correlation between the transcription level of lncRNAs and their neighbouring genes. Our results provide the first comprehensive identification of lncRNAs in oomycetes and suggest a potential association between lncRNAs and effector genes.
‘Ageing out of place’: Experiences of resettlement and belonging among older Bhutanese refugees in New Zealand
Authors: Slade Natalie , Borovnik Maria
Published: April 2018

Previous research has suggested that older refugees are particularly vulnerable to the stresses of resettlement in developed countries. However, to date the voices of older refugees have largely been missing from the body of refugee resettlement research. Using in‐depth interviews and thematic analysis, this paper explores the personal resettlement experiences of three former refugee elders from the Bhutanese community in Palmerston North. The findings suggest that culture, religion and social connections are of vital importance to the well‐being of these Bhutanese elders and their ability to foster a sense of self and place in a foreign land.
Down‐sizing of dung beetle assemblages over the last 53 000 years is consistent with a dominant effect of megafauna losses
Authors: Schweiger Andreas H. , Svenning Jens‐Christian
Published: April 2018

The ongoing down‐sizing of the global mammal communities is assumed to have subsequent effects on mutualistic species communities. Dung beetles co‐evolved with large‐sized animals since millennia and depend on the megafauna feces of an appropriate size. Mammal community down‐sizing as a result of past and ongoing megafauna losses is therefore likely to result in a down‐sizing of dung beetle communities. However, empirical evidence for this co‐down‐sizing is lacking especially on larger spatial scales and over extended periods of time.

Here, we show a significant down‐sizing of European dung beetle assemblages over the last ~53 000 years by relating Quaternary fossil records with trait information on body size of beetles. This significant down‐sizing of dung beetle communities was thereby not linear, but characterized by a weak decrease until the early Holocene but a strong acceleration in the recent pre‐history, from 6–7000 years BP onwards. This acceleration of down‐sizing coincides with the completion of the Quaternary megafauna extinction and the start of major shifts in human agricultural land‐use. In contrast, assemblage mean body size of non‐coprophagous scarabids as well as ground beetles – two groups of beetles with no or weak relations to megafauna – was observed to increase towards the present with an acceleration of body size increase coinciding with the onset of late‐glacial warming (14 200 years BP).

In summary, the observed late‐Quaternary down‐sizing of European dung beetle communities is consistent with an effect of pre‐historic megafauna losses, and not with the coincident general warming. Ongoing down‐sizing of mammal communities is therefore likely to result in further down‐sizing of dung beetle assemblages, with potential effects on their important role for nutrient cycling and secondary seed dispersal in natural and extensive agro‐ecosystems. Future nature management initiatives could halt or even reverse this functional diversity loss via effective protection or restoration of megafauna communities.
The effects of medication adherence and health literacy on health‐related quality of life in older people with hypertension
Authors: Park Nam Hee , Song Mi Sook , Shin So Young , Jeong Ji‐hye , Lee Hyo Young
Published: April 2018

Aim and objective

This study investigated the effects of medication adherence and health literacy on health‐related quality of life in vulnerable older people with hypertension.

Background

Health literacy is particularly critical for providing accurate information regarding correct medication intake to improve medication adherence. Additionally, health‐related quality of life is directly related to impairment from chronic disease.

Design

A descriptive, cross‐sectional study design was used. The participants were 160 low‐income older people with hypertension registered in 16 public health centres in Busan, South Korea. They had received “visiting nursing services” for at least 6 months until the latest date and had belonged to the priority group of visiting nursing services.

Methods

The Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, the Newest Vital Signs and EuroQol‐5 Dimensions were used to assess medication adherence, health literacy and health‐related quality of life, respectively.

Results

Medication adherence and health literacy were significantly associated with health‐related quality of life in vulnerable older people with hypertension, although exercise and subjective health were more significant factors affecting health‐related quality of life than medical adherence and health literacy. Level of education, monthly income and employment status were not associated with health‐related quality of life.

Conclusions

To effectively promote health‐related quality of life in this population, medication adherence and health literacy of patients should be considered when developing health interventions, including subjective health and exercise.

Implications for practice

To effectively promote health‐related quality of life in vulnerable older people, medication adherence and health literacy of patients should be assessed, and patient‐centred intervention strategies that consider their individual differences should be developed
Genomics, genetics and breeding of tropical legumes for better livelihoods of smallholder farmers
Authors: Ojiewo Chris , Monyo Emmanuel , Desmae Haile , Boukar Ousmane , Mukankusi‐Mugisha Clare , Thudi Mahendar , Pandey Manish K. , Saxena Rachit K. , Gaur Pooran M. , Chaturvedi Sushil K. , Fikre Asnake , Ganga Rao NPVR , SameerKumar CV , Okori Patrick , Janila Pasupuleti , Rubyogo Jean Claude , Godfree Chigeza , Akpo Essegbemon , Omoigui Lucky , Nkalubo Stanley , Fenta Berhanu , Binagwa Papias , Kilango Michael , Williams Magdalena , Mponda Omari , Okello David , Chichaybelu Mekasha , Miningou Amos , Bationo Joseph , Sako Dramane , Diallo Sory , Echekwu Candidus , Umar Muhammad Lawan , Oteng‐Frimpong Richard , Mohammed Haruna , Varshney Rajeev K.
Published: April 2018

Legumes are important components of sustainable agricultural production, food, nutrition and income systems of developing countries. In spite of their importance, legume crop production is challenged by a number of biotic (diseases and pests) and abiotic stresses (heat, frost, drought and salinity), edaphic factors (associated with soil nutrient deficits) and policy issues (where less emphasis is put on legumes compared to priority starchy staples). Significant research and development work have been done in the past decade on important grain legumes through collaborative bilateral and multilateral projects as well as the CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes (CRP‐GL). Through these initiatives, genomic resources and genomic tools such as draft genome sequence, resequencing data, large‐scale genomewide markers, dense genetic maps, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and diagnostic markers have been developed for further use in multiple genetic and breeding applications. Also, these mega‐initiatives facilitated release of a number of new varieties and also dissemination of on‐the‐shelf varieties to the farmers. More efforts are needed to enhance genetic gains by reducing the time required in cultivar development through integration of genomics‐assisted breeding approaches and rapid generation advancement.
Energetic implications of floodplain wetland restoration strategies for waterfowl
Authors: McClain Sarah E. , Hagy Heath M. , Hine Christopher S. , Yetter Aaron P. , Jacques Christopher N. , Simpson John W.
Published: April 2018

Modifications of the Illinois River and associated tributaries have resulted in altered hydrologic cycles and persistent river‐floodplain connections during the growing season that frequently impede the establishment of hydrophytic vegetation and have reduced value for migratory waterfowl and other waterbirds. To help guide floodplain restoration, we compared energetic carrying capacity for waterfowl in two wetland complexes along the Illinois River under different management regimes during 2012–2015. The south pool of Chautauqua National Wildlife Refuge (CNWR) was seasonally flooded due to a partial river connection and managed for moist‐soil vegetation. Emiquon Preserve was hydrologically isolated from the Illinois River by a high‐elevation levee and managed as a semipermanently flooded emergent marsh. Semipermanent emergent marsh management at Emiquon Preserve produced 5,495 energetic use‐days (EUD)/ha for waterfowl and other waterbirds across wetland cover types and years, and seasonal moist‐soil management at CNWR produced 6,199 EUD/ha in one of 4 years. At Emiquon Preserve, the aquatic bed cover type produced 9,660 EUD/ha, followed by 5,261 EUD/ha in moist‐soil, 1,398 EUD/ha in persistent emergent, 1,185 EUD/ha in hemi‐marsh, and 12 EUD/ha in open water cover types. At CNWR, the annual grass and sedge cover type produced 7,031 EUD/ha, followed by 5,618 EUD/ha in annual broadleaf and 1,305 EUD/ha in perennial grass cover types. Restoration of floodplain wetlands in isolation from frequent flood pulses during the growing season can produce hemi‐marsh and aquatic bed vegetation communities that provide high‐quality habitat for waterfowl and which have been mostly eliminated from large river systems in the Midwest, U.S.A.
Traditional and Modern Contraceptive Method Use in the Philippines: Trends and Determinants 2003–2013
Authors: Marquez Maria Paz , Kabamalan Maria Midea , Laguna Elma
Published: April 2018

This study examines recent levels, patterns, and determinants of traditional contraceptive method use, based on pooled data from the 2003, 2008, and 2013 Philippines Demographic and Health Surveys. Most contraceptive users in the Philippines rely on modern methods, but over the past ten years traditional method use has continued to account for about a third of all contraceptive use. Results show women in 2003 and 2008 were more likely to use periodic abstinence (rhythm) over modern methods compared with women in 2013, while withdrawal rather than modern methods was preferred more by women in 2013 than in 2003. The characteristics of women who use traditional methods have changed little over the past decade. Knowing the characteristics of traditional contraceptive method users can help establish policies and programs that promote more effective contraceptive use, including encouraging users of traditional contraceptive methods to switch to the more effective modern methods.
The Effect of Foreign Entry Regulation on Downstream Productivity: Microeconomic Evidence from China*
Authors: Ding Sai , Sun Puyang , Jiang Wei
Published: April 2018

We examine the cross‐industry influence of foreign entry regulation (based on a novel measure) on the productivity outcomes of downstream firms through input–output linkages in China. In contrast to the significant liberalization of the manufacturing sector, restrictions on the service sector remained stringent over the period 1997–2007. We find a powerful depressant effect of foreign entry barriers imposed on the upstream manufacturing and service industries on the productivity of downstream manufacturers, and this effect depends on a number of industry‐ and firm‐specific features. Our research calls for further investment liberalization (particularly in the service sector) in China.
Social Comparisons and Optimal Taxation in a Small Open Economy
Authors: Aronsson Thomas , Johansson‐Stenman Olof , Sjögren Tomas
Published: April 2018

In this paper, we analyze how international capital mobility affects the optimal labor and capital income tax policy in a small open economy when consumers care about relative consumption. The main results crucially depend on whether the government can tax returns on savings abroad. If the government can use flexible residence‐based capital income taxes, then the optimal policy rules from a closed economy largely carry over to the case of a small open economy. If it cannot, then capital income taxes become completely ineffective. The labor income taxes must then indirectly also reflect the corrective purpose that the absent capital income tax would have had.
Modulating misconceptions by musical means
Authors: Lesser Lawrence M.
Published: April 2018

This literature‐based, classroom‐tested novel innovation of educational song (with pedagogical scaffolding) may help engage students explore and address common resistant misconceptions in probability (e.g. all outcomes are equally likely) and in statistics (e.g. correlation must imply either causation or coincidence).
Cell‐free nucleic acids are present in blood products and regulate genes of innate immune response
Authors: Waldvogel Abramowski Sophie , Tirefort Diderik , Lau Pierre , Guichebaron Arthur , Taleb Sofiane , Modoux Christine , Lemoine Chaduc Coralie , Bruyere Cerdan Pascale , Roux Lombard Pascale , Lecompte Thomas , Preynat‐Seauve Olivier
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

Extracellular nucleic acids circulate in plasma. They are expected to be present in manufactured blood products eligible for transfusion, but little is known about their biological activity on human cells. The aim of this study is to investigate whether cell‐free nucleic acids (CFNAs) are present and biologically active in red blood cell units (RBCUs), fresh frozen plasmas, and platelet concentrates.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

CFNAs were extracted from RBCUs, fresh frozen plasma, and platelet concentrates. Their nature and structure were analyzed by regular methods of nucleic acid detection/quantification. A normalized polymerase chain reaction combining amplification of a CFNA marker (Alu 115) and amplification of an internal nonhuman DNA control spiked in all samples (phiX 174) was developed to study CFNA release after RBCU storage. The impact of CFNAs on gene regulation was tested by microarray after coculture with peripheral blood mononuclear cells and macrophages.

RESULTS

Extracellular double‐stranded DNA was present in all blood products, with higher amounts found in cellular suspensions (RBCUs and platelet concentrates). Storage up to 40 days did not influence release from RBCUs, and CFNA amount varied considerably from one unit to another. Microarray experiments showed that exposition of macrophages to CFNA increased the expression of genes involved in the innate immune response including chemokines, chemokine receptors, and receptors of the innate response.

CONCLUSION

CFNAs are present in blood products. Immunoregulatory properties of CFNA are shown in vitro, providing new insights on biologically active components of blood products besides those for intended therapeutic use.
Duration of storage influences the hemoglobin rising effect of red blood cells in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery
Authors: Hunsicker Oliver , Hessler Katarina , Krannich Alexander , Boemke Willehad , Braicu Ioana , Sehouli Jalid , Meyer Oliver , Pruß Axel , Spies Claudia , Feldheiser Aarne
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND

After transfusion of senescent red blood cells (RBCs) a considerable fraction is rapidly cleared from the recipients’ circulation. Thus, transfusion of senescent RBCs may be less effective in terms of increasing hemoglobin concentration (cHb) after transfusion.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Data were retrospectively obtained in patients who underwent major abdominal surgery between 2006 and 2012. Patients were eligible if they received RBCs during surgery and had at least two arterial blood gas analyses performed. The primary endpoint was the increase of recipients’ cHb related to the transfusion of 1 unit of RBCs with respect to different storage periods. Four storage periods were defined according to the distribution of RBC storage of the study population. General estimating equation was used for calculation of the primary endpoint and to adjust for confounding variables.

RESULTS

A total of 598 arterial blood gas samples from 120 patients, receiving 429 RBC units, were analyzed. Mean (±SD) RBC storage was 21 (±9) days. RBC storage duration and the increase in recipients’ cHb were inversely and gradually related; that is, the older the RBCs, the lower the increase in the recipients’ cHb after transfusion (storage < 12 days, ΔcHb per unit RBCs +0.82 [95% confidence interval, 0.42‐1.21] g/dL, p < 0.01; storage 12‐20 days, +0.66 [0.46‐0.86] g/dL, p < 0.01; storage 21‐29 days, +0.56 [0.33‐0.79] g/dL, p < 0.01; storage ≥30 days, +0.39 [0.07 to 0.71] g/dL, p = 0.02).

CONCLUSION

Transfusion of senescent RBCs increased cHb less effectively than transfusion of fresher RBCs.
Extended leaf phenology presents an opportunity for herbicidal control of invasive forest shrubs
Authors: Caplan J S , Whitehead R D , Gover A E , Grabosky J C
Published: April 2018

For many of the shrub species invading temperate deciduous forests, extended leaf phenology contributes substantially to annual carbon gains, helping to make possible rapid growth and spread. We carried out a pair of proof‐of‐concept studies to evaluate the susceptibility of such shrubs to foliar herbicide treatment during the period of delayed senescence, i.e. well after it is typically attempted. We first evaluated leaf‐level physiology in four species that lose leaves late in autumn; photosynthetic rates were comparable (80–111%) to those reported for the same species in summer. While preliminary, this finding provides a strong indication that diverse shrub taxa remain susceptible to control into late autumn. In addition, we conducted a field trial involving one of these species (Lonicera maackii) to directly evaluate the effectiveness of foliar treatment in November; applications included glyphosate and two concentrations of aminocyclopyrachlor plus metsulfuron methyl. Treatments killed (72%) or severely injured (14%) target plants, inducing greater cambial damage in plants that retained greater fractions of their canopy or had smaller canopy widths; there were no statistically significant differences among application types. This study demonstrated that late autumn can be a viable period in which to treat weedy species that delay senescence strongly, such as the many invasive Lonicera species in North America. Given that climate change and urbanisation are further delaying senescence in invasive plant populations, our study serves as a call for further investigation into what promises to be an increasingly viable opportunity for weed control in deciduous forests.