bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Personal Protection Equipment for Medical Staff: Case of Dental Surgeon
Authors: Tran Thi Anh Dao , Arnold Matthieu , Schacher Laurence , Adolphe Dominique. C. , Reys Guillaume
Published: July 2015

During daily oral health care, dental surgeons are in contact with numerous potentially infectious germs from patients’ saliva and blood. Appropriate personal protection equipment should be chosen to mitigate these risks, but the garment must also be comfortable and not hamper activities. This paper presents our research work on optimised working clothing for dentists and discusses some important points in the functional design. Following a consumer study on how users wear the garment and what are their expectations, three main functions were investigated: protection, ergonomics and thermal comfort. Aesthetic appearance was also taken into consideration as it is necessary that the wearer should feel appropriately and attractively dressed in the context of health care.

Concerning protection, spray tests in real conditions helped us to localise the potential contamination areas on the garment and led us to select a three-layered material that is protective and breathable enough. However, this part of the garments made from these fabrics exhibited low thermal comfort and the wearer felt some discomfort. In terms of ergonomics, instrumented garments were worn and pressure measurements were taken. The results highlight that a special shape and raglan sleeves should be selected for a better dynamic comfort. Concerning thermal comfort, an infrared camera was used to detect warm zones of the garment where heat and moisture transfers should be enhanced. Breathable, stretchable and shape-retaining knitted fabric that is usually used for sportswear was selected. These fabrics were strategically placed as low and high vents to promote a chimney effect, which minimises retention of heat and humidity inside the garment. The usual PES/cotton fabric was selected for the rest of the gown.

Based on these results, a new gown has been proposed. Through fitting tests conducted in a hospital on 25 dentists, it was revealed that the new design was highly appreciated, particularly on the ergonomic structure of the sleeves and thermal comfort of breathable zones. However, some points can be further improved, such as durability of the PES/cotton fabric, the neck length or the shape of ‘breathable zones’. The final product will be produced based on necessary improvements
Prevalence of hypodontia in the permanent dentition of Macedonian population
Authors: Acev Pop , Gjorgova Julijana
Published: July 2015

Hypodontia or tooth agenesis is a condition at which the patient is missing one or more teeth due to a failure of those teeth to develop. This is not only an aesthetic, but also a functional deficiency. The incidence of congenitally missing teeth depends on etiological factors that affect tooth development, as well as which dentition is concerned, sex or race and geographic distribution. The tooth agenesis is mostly seen in teeth that are formed last in a given class (lateral incisors, second premolars and third molars). The aim of this study was to calculate the prevalence of congenitally missing teeth in population of FYROM and, through a review of the literature, to compare these results to other populations in the world. For this purpose a retrospective, transversal and cross-sectional study was made, where dental history and anamnesis of 8160 patients (3671 males and 4489 females) were examined, as well as their panoramic radiographs. The patients were 8-18 years old. The data was statistically analyzed with programme Statistica 7.0. The prevalence of hypodontia population of FYROM was 7.52%. Most commonly congenitally missing tooth in patients with hypodontia was mandibular second premolar (35.5% left and 34.53% right). Tooth agenesis predominated in females and in ethnic Albanian population, without significance.
Application of high-power diode laser and photodynamic therapy in endodontic treatment: Review of the literature
Authors: Marković Dejan , Rakašević Dragana , Trišić Dijana
Published: July 2015

Lasers have found important role in clinical application, science and scientific research. The aim of this review is to focus on using soft tissue laser in endodontic treatments. The main goal of endodontic treatment is elimination of pathogenic microorganisms from root canal system. Laser light has the ability to reach parts of the tissue and areas where classical techniques and instruments cannot. New approaches to disinfecting root canals have been proposed recently, which include the use of high-power diode lasers, as well as disinfection of the root canal by using photodynamic therapy. A research is necessary to define a precise protocol for high-power laser and photodynamic therapy in treatment of the root canal system.
Restoration of endodontically treated anterior teeth with cast metallic post or prefabricated fibre post placement: 2 case reports and critical literature review
Authors: Tortopidis Dimitrios , Kourtis Stefanos , Kountouras Konstantinos
Published: July 2015

With a wide variety of post systems and materials available for the restoration of lost tooth structure of endodontically treated teeth, the clinical decision of which to use constitutes a challenge to dental practitioners. Cast metal post and cores are widely used for restoring endodontically treated teeth with extensive loss of coronal tooth structure and to retain metal-ceramic crowns. When dental aesthetics is of primary concern, the selection of the underlying restorative material becomes an important factor to consider. The fibre-reinforced posts combined with all-ceramic crowns offer a highly aesthetic outcome in anterior region restorations, but long-term evaluation is necessary in order to assess their clinical performance and longevity. The purpose of this paper was to present and compare 2 restorative options with regard to materials (cast metallic post and core versus prefabricated fibre post and composite resin core) for the prosthetic rehabilitation of cases with inadequate aesthetic appearance or fractured maxillary anterior teeth. Furthermore, the article reviews the main indications, advantages, and disadvantages from the use of the 2 post types combined with the final restorations, in order to allow the dental practitioner make the selection of appropriate restorative materials.
Direct Extraction of Ti and Ti Alloy from Ti-Bearing Dust Slag in Molten CaCl2
Authors: Chen Chaoyi , Zhao Chong , Li Junqi , Yang Shufeng
Published: July 2015

Using process of solid oxygen-ion conducting membrane (SOM), titanium metal and its alloy can be prepared directly from Ti-bearing dust slag by immersing it in the molten CaCl2 at 1,100℃, which has been proposed by constant voltage of 3.5 V for 2–6 h. The dust slag was ball-milled and pressed into pellets, then employed as the cathode, while the liquid copper, which was saturated with graphite powder and encased in yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) tube, acted as the anode. The effect of forming pressure and electrolytic time on products was analyzed. The results show that the content of titanium increased with electrolytic time and the characteristic morphology presents as granule. Ti–Fe alloy can be obtained from Ti–Fe residue by 6 h electrolysis. For titanium-rich residue, when the forming pressure of pellets decreased from 6 to 3 MPa, only electrolysis for more than 4 h can completely remove the oxygen, and pure titanium is obtained by 6 h electrolysis. Besides, there is an unprecedented finding that the porous cathode is conducive to the removal of impurity elements.
Influence of V–N Microalloying on the High-Temperature Mechanical Behavior and Net Crack Defect of High Strength Weathering Steel
Authors: Qing Jiasheng , Wang Lei , Dou Kun , Wang Bao , Liu Qing
Published: July 2015

The influence of V–N microalloying on the high-temperature mechanical behavior of high strength weathering steel is discussed through thermomechanical simulation experiment. The difference of tensile strength caused by variation of [%V][%N] appears after proeutectoid phase change, and the higher level of [%V][%N] is, the stronger the tensile strength tends to be. The ductility trough apparently becomes deeper and wider with the increase of [%V][%N]. When the level of [%V][%N] reaches to 1.7 × 10−3, high strength weathering steel shows almost similar reduction of area to 0.03% Nb-containing steel in the temperature range of 800–900℃, however, the ductility trough at the low-temperature stage is wider than that of Nb-containing steel. Moreover, the net crack defect of bloom is optimized through the stable control of N content in low range under the precondition of high strength weathering steel with sufficient strength.
Salva Phaenomenis. Phenomenological Dimension of Subjectivity in the Frame of the Reductionist Paradigm of the Cognitive Sciences
Authors: Kobiela Filip
Published: July 2015

The paper addresses the family of questions that arose from the field of interactions between phenomenology and the cognitive sciences. On the one hand, apparently partial coextensivity of research domain of phenomenology and the cognitive sciences sets the goal of their cooperation and mutual inspiration. On the other hand, there are some obstacles on the path to achieve this goal: phenomenology and the cognitive sciences have different traditions, they speak different languages, they have adopted different methodological approaches, and last but not least, their prominent exponents exhibits different styles of thinking. In order to clarify this complicated area of tensions, the paper presents the results of philosophical reflections of such topics as: 1) philosophical presuppositions and postulates of the cognitive sciences 2) abstraction of some phenomena during idealisation and the dialectical model of science's development 3) argumentation based on prediction of future development of the cognitive sciences. This finally leads to the formulation of a phenomenology-based postulate for adequate model of mind and the discussion of humanistic dimension of cognitive sciences.
Numerical Correlation and Evaluation in the Comparison of Evidentiary Materials
Authors: Lawson DD , Framan EP
Published: July 2015

One of the neglected areas in criminalistic laboratory techniques is the ability of the criminalist to compare and evaluate, quantitatively, sets of numerical data. At the present time, there does not exist in practice any uniformly accepted approach to determining a “figure-of-merit” (or rather a quantitative, reliable expression of the degree of match) for sets of data. The need for such a technique arose in a task designed to apply the phenomena of thermoluminescence to criminalistics [1]. This task, funded and supported by NASA, was conducted through the Civil Systems Program Office at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. In this specific application, each piece of physical evidence provided, after processing, a continuous curve. In comparing the curve of an unknown with that of an exemplar, a need was established for a quantitative expression of the extent to which the two curves matched. A well established statistical procedure was applied and was found to be fully satisfactory in resolving the problem. The same technique, without modifications was also found to be applicable to the analysis of emission spectrography data, neutron activation analysis (NAA), gradient density measurements, and any other criminalistic technique where sets of numerical data are determined. The main attribute of this developed technique is that it allows the criminalist to make judgements on the quality of the evidentiary determinations.
Everything You Wanted to Have in Sex Laws
Authors: Slovenko R
Published: July 2015

There are many laws on sex—to name a few: rape, crime against nature, exhibitionism, voyeurism, indecent behavior with minors, sexual pscyhopath legislation, prostitution, pornography, divorce, and abortion. To what extent are these laws necessary?
Gas Chromatographic Identification of Aldehydes and Ketones in Toxicological Analyses
Authors: Wells J
Published: July 2015

A number of methods [1–5] are available for the identification of aldehydes and ketones by gas chromatography (GC). Baker et al [1] used a column packed with Porapak Q for the direct determination of the lower alcohols, acetone and acetaldehyde, in blood; a similar method was used to identify these same components in milk [2]. The analysis of compounds containing an isolated carbonyl group, as their 2,4 dinitrophenylhydrazones, has been reported [3,4] and in a recent paper the GC analysis of aldehydes and ketones as their acetals and ketals was described [5].
The Epidemiology of Autopsies in Monroe County, New York
Authors: Kunitz SJ , Edland JF
Published: July 2015

Death certificates provide one of the most useful sources of information for epidemiologists concerned with the incidence and prevalence of a variety of diseases. As with other sources of official statistics, however, there are numerous problems of interpretation. Indeed, it has been claimed by some that official statistics tell us more about the producers of such statistics than about the reality they are presumed to describe [1]. Arrest rates, for instance, tell us at least as much about the police as about those arrested [2]. Suicide rates tell us as much about the coroner or medical examiner system as about those committing suicide [3]. Changing patterns of respiratory deaths are more revealing of changing diagnostic and coding practices than of the changing incidence of a variety of disease entities [4].
Who Are Our Assaultive Juveniles? A Study of 100 Cases
Authors: Russell DH , Harper GP
Published: July 2015

Joe was caught in the act of armed robbery. Kevin, with friends, beat up a man and took his money. When Francis threw his teacher across the room, a knife in his pocket led to the charge of Assault with a Dangerous Weapon. John lost control and killed a peer who was “pushing him around.” Mike grabbed an old lady's handbag, she lost her balance and died as a result of her fall; he was found guilty of first degree murder. James threatened little girls that he would hurt them if they did not indulge in sex play with him.
The Autopen
Authors: McCarthy JF , Winchester J
Published: July 2015

Throughout history the problem of affixing signatures to numerous documents has been solved in many ways. Roman emperors, Spanish kings, and others used a metal stamp to affix their marks to a document. The monarchs of France began the practice of employing secretaries for this purpose. Presidents of the United States have also seen fit to empower amanuensis, stamps, and the “Autopen” to aid them is signing their voluminous work load. It has been stated that Andrew Johnson was the first president to have a facsimile of his signature printed on a document. He also authorized the signing of his signature on land grants, and the use of a rubber stamp signature for commissions and other documents not signed by his secretaries [1].
Professionalization of Document Examiners: Problems of Certification and Training
Authors: Miller JT
Published: July 2015

The entire forensic science field is experiencing an onslaught of pressures, both from within and without, calling for an upgrading of skills, improving education, and performance and eventual professionalization of its practitioners. Part of the stimulus for change is generated by the courts, where recent reorganizations and decisions will have a direct effect on all document examiners. The U.S. Supreme Court issued new rules of evidence for the Federal Court system during the October 1972 term. These rules became effective July 1, 1973 [1].
Sudden Unexpected Death in Hemoglobin SC Disease
Authors: Hirsch CS , Chang AH , Hoffman GC
Published: July 2015

Persons with sickle cell anemia have an extensive morbidity and frequently die at an early age. In some instances their deaths occur suddenly [1]; such an occurrence in hemoglobin SC disease is rare. This report documents the sudden and unexpected death of a 48-year-old black man whose first symptoms of hemoglobin SC disease were his last.
Departure from Handwriting System
Authors: Miller JT
Published: July 2015

Document examiners are often heard to make the statement that a certain letter is significant because it varies from system in design. This statement immediately brings to mind two obvious questions: 1. From what system does it vary? 2. How would the examiner answer during cross-examination if asked, “Mr. Witness, you have made the statement that this letter varies from system—would you please tell the court from what system it varies and what system did this person use when learning to write?”
Quantitative Analysis of Skin Color from Melanin Content of Superficial Skin Cells
Authors: Goldschmidt H , Raymond JZ
Published: July 2015

The color of human skin is determined by many factors. Blood supply, epidermal thickness, and pigments, both intrinsic and extrinsic, are responsible for the many variations we see. An important factor is the amount of the intrinsic pigment melanin, which absorbs and scatters ultraviolet radiation. In recent studies of the morphology of surface skin cells and their melanin content, we noticed a clear correlation between gross skin color and the average number of melanin granules per cell. This suggested that a quantitative analysis of melanin granules in skin cells from microscopic skin specimens, such as those present on clothing, could help to determine the skin color of the individual from which the cells came. This paper describes the methods of cell collection and staining followed and summarizes the results of the quantitative studies.
The Detection of Insulin in Postmortem Tissues
Authors: Phillips AP , Webb B , Curry AS
Published: July 2015

The detection of insulin in postmortem tissue from a victim of homicide has been reported [1]. The assay involved injection of tissue extracts into mice and reversal of the induced hypoglycemia by glucose. The sensitivity was such that for a successful detection, tens of units of insulin would have to be present at the site of the injection at the time of death. When death has been delayed, activities of insulin about the injection site may be well below this figure [2,3]. The development of a radioimmune assay method provides an attractive alternative procedure. In a forensic toxicology laboratory it is inconvenient to keep mice solely for use in an occasional insulin assay and also, the radioimmunoassay has been found to be more sensitive. The principle of the analysis is that of isotope dilution, the extracted insulin being used to compete with iodine-125 labeled insulin for a limited quantity of anti-insulin antibody.
Police Resistance to Police Community Relations: The Emergence of the Patrolman Subculture
Authors: Johnson TA , Crim D
Published: July 2015

Perhaps no introduction to the problems between police and the community could be more appropriate than Max Frankel's introduction to Rights in Conflict [1].
Psychopharmaceutical Restoration to Present Sanity (Mental Competency to Stand Trial)
Authors: Haddox VG , Pollack S
Published: July 2015

Defendants considered under the influence of drugs have usually been found to be mentally incompetent to stand trial. In recent years the advent of psychopharmaceuticals in treatment of the mentally ill has created a number of interesting questions for psychiatry and law. How should the mentally ill defendant under the influence of psychotherapeutic drugs be considered? How mentally impaired should such a defendant be in order to be considered mentally incompetent to stand trial? What legal standards apply? Does the standard for level of competency differ, if the defendant is on psychopharmaceuticals? If his mental impairment has improved under the influence of drugs, should these drugs be removed in order for him to demonstrate his capacity for mental competency without drugs? If so, how long should such a drug-free period be before his return to trial? Should he be denied the right to stand trial while still under the influence of such drugs? If he relapses into mental illness after psychotherapeutic drugs have been discontinued, how does this affect his mental competency to stand trial? If he demonstrates that he requires ongoing medication for continued suppression of his impairing symptoms, can he then be returned to trial while under the influence of these drugs? For how long a period of time on drugs during which time he demonstrates mental competency to stand trial should he be considered mentally incompetent to stand trial? And finally, what trends are visible in the psychiatric and legal literature that predict the future direction of psychiatry and law in answering these questions?
The Complexities of Identifying the Modern Typewriter
Authors: Hilton O
Published: July 2015

The last fifteen or twenty years have seen the problems of typewriting identification become more and more complex. Formerly, the vast majority of problems involved the identification of either pica or elite typewriting prepared on a manual typewriter. Although even as early as 1900 these machines had been well built there were many elements of typewriter construction which brought about rapid individualization of a machine. In this country domestic typewriters produced by less than ten major companies were virtually the only ones encountered so that a qualified document examiner carried in his mind significant type design characteristics. With type design highly individualized he could recognize quickly the make and age model of a particular machine.
A Basic Training Program for Forensic Drug Chemists
Authors: Canaff RF
Published: July 2015

Probably every forensic drug laboratory has at one time or other, faced the problem of training a new chemist. His prior experience varies from a recent college graduate to a transferee from another laboratory. The latter person would only require instruction on the use of instruments he did not have in his former laboratory, a briefing on such matters as degree of analytical effort applied, laboratory personnel policies, and an introduction to the laboratory staff. However, it is the training of the new graduate of an accredited college with a baccalaureate degree in chemistry, and no professional work experience which will be discussed here.
A General Approach to Pesticide Residue Analysis
Authors: Coulson DM
Published: July 2015

Organic pesticides came into wide use between 1944 and 1960. The chlorinated hydrocarbons including DDT came first, followed by the organic phosphates, the mercurials, and the organic carbamates. In the 1960s there was an awakening to the hazards to human life, to animals, and to other life forms resulting from the continued use of persistent chemicals and also from the extremely toxic ones even though they may not be persistent. There were increasing numbers of accidental deaths from pesticide poisoning among agricultural workers and among children who accidentally ate or drank pesticide formualtions. The primary culprits were the organic phosphates, such as parathion, but there have also been numerous serious or fatal poisonings by some of the others [1].
Methods for the Detection and Determination of Ethchlorvynol in Biological Tissue
Authors: Peel HW , Freimuth HC
Published: July 2015

Ethchlorvynol (PlacidylR) is a moderately popular hypnotic drug often used in place of barbiturates. The drug was first marketed in 1955 and thought to be a safe drug, free from dependence properties. However, subsequent reports have shown that ethchlorvynol can cause dependence to develop [1,2] with severe withdrawal problems resulting from chronic high dosage [3,4].
A Review of “Legal Considerations in Dentistry”
Authors: Levine LJ
Published: July 2015

This book will be a very valuable addition to the library of both the dental practitioner and the dental student. It is easily understandable, very comprehensive, and if read carefully, will lift much of the shroud of mystery which surrounds the law for most dentists.
Science in Justice: The Past 25 Years
Authors: Schroeder O
Published: July 2015

A period of 25 years has relevance only when compared with different human activities. To an individual human being it can represent a major segment of his life's experience, for his scale of measurement is three score years and ten. To men as thinking beings, homo sapiens, a quarter century's time is minute, for this scale of measurement is about 50,000 years. To the human race as represented by the original homo erectus, the first true man, the silver jubilee of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences is infinitesimal, for the scale of measurement is probably 1.5 million years.
Research at the Home Office Central Research Establishment
Authors: Curry AS
Published: July 2015

The subject of this paper is the research work at the British Home Office Central Research Establishment (CRE). One might expect a report on the technical aspects of current toxicology as my colleagues and I see them; however, I do not think it appropriate to discuss the minutiae of a particular technique or such exotic topics as new concepts of cellular biology; instead I would like to discuss research work in our area generally, and to survey its objectives, initiation, control, organization, achievements, and hopes.
Drug Identification by the Application of Gas Chromatography/Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer Technique
Authors: Kirchgessner WG , DiPasqua AC , Anderson WA , Delaney GV
Published: July 2015

The identification of illicit drugs presents many problems to the forensic laboratory because there is a broad range of possibilities which must be considered in order for a chemist to arrive at a definite identification. Obviously, this is a task that requires a constant search for new analytical techniques to meet such demands. Furthermore, these new techniques must not only facilitate the testing procedure but must provide the necessary confidence in their results as required by our court system.
Sample Methodology for Laser Microprobe Analysis
Authors: Bosen SF , Pudzianowski A , Dragutinovich G
Published: July 2015

Trace metal identification and quantitation have been widely used in criminalistics to aid in investigations and in court testimony. Types of samples analyzed range from automobile paint to primer residues. Several techniques of trace metal detection and quantitation have been proposed and are currently in common use or under active investigation [1,2]. An ideal criminalistic method might be characterized as having: (1) low overall sample degradation from the analysis, (2) wide range of elements determined, (3) high quantitation accuracy, (4) high sensitivity, and (5) little or no sample preparation for analysis.
Vacuum Searches in Narcotics Cases
Authors: Fasanello JA , Henderson RA
Published: July 2015

The drug abuse problem is the most significant problem facing contemporary law enforcement agencies. Apprehending drug traffickers at the source or highest level of trafficking is the most efficient approach to the problem [1]. Successful prosecution of narcotics conspiracy cases deserves the best possible support from the forensic scientist.
Unusual Methods of Human Identification Used in Three Cases
Authors: Larson CP
Published: July 2015

This is a report of three cases of homicide, all of which were solved by unusual physical features which led to the identification of each of the deceased, and, subsequently, to the arrest and conviction of each of the perpetrators of the crimes.
A Review of “The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens”
Authors: Freimuth HC
Published: July 2015

A book about hallucinogenic plants written by two such authors as these can be expected to be a truly authoritative work and this is. Dr. Schultes, who is a professor of biology at Harvard University, has spent most of his career in ethnobotanical studies and has acquired a uniquely outstanding knowledge of the use of various botanical species for “magic,” witchcraft, and religious ritual by primitive tribes in South America. This experience has been acquired through a more than twelve-year residence among these tribes.
Forensic Science and the Reduction of Crime
Authors: Kingston CR , Peterson JL
Published: July 2015

Elementary and very crude “scientific” techniques have been utilized for centuries in judging cause of death, determining the truthfulness of an individual's statements, and assaying the purity of valuable materials. It was not until the nineteenth century, however, that the scientific disciplines of chemistry, toxicology, and medicine were sufficiently advanced for them to be utilized meaningfully in resolving legal issues. The legal and scientific professions both attained higher levels of theoretical and practical development at this time, and became more receptive to rational modes of proof and evidence to replace those based primarily upon magicoreligious or political foundations [1]. The recognition and admission of scientific procedures by the criminal courts proceeded at a slow pace, though, due largely to the presence of pseudo and biased experts who delivered unreliable findings [2].
Evaluation of SEM Potential in the Examination of Shotgun and Rifle Firing Pin Impressions
Authors: Grove CA , Judd G , Horn R
Published: July 2015

Recently the scanning electron microscope (SEM) was successfully used for an indepth study of firing pin impressions of semiautomatic pistols [1]. The SEM's great depth of field was shown to reveal detail in the impression (far superior to optical microscopy) which could be successfully used for comparison purposes. It was thus the intent of this investigation to extend the work on pistols to shotguns and rifles, in order to see if their firing pin impressions possessed similar class characteristics and identifying features with repeated firings. In addition to this, the effect of preexisting primer marks on the resulting firing pin impression was also studied.
Identification of Drugs by Chemical Ionization Mass Spectroscopy—Part II
Authors: Saferstein R , Chao J-M , Manura J
Published: July 2015

Forensic scientists are currently actively evaluating new instrumental techniques to determine their potential application for solving some of the problems that are unique to their field. Liquid chromatography, flameless atomic absorption, electron scanning microscopy, and thermal analysis offer fertile areas for research and development. Mass spectroscopy is by no means a new instrumental technique; its application to analytical organic chemistry has been well documented since the early 1960's [1–4]. Unfortunately, its utilization in the forensic sciences has been minimal up to the present. A major limitation has been the cost and complexity of the instrument. However, with increased fundings becoming available to many laboratories and with the improved engineering and reliability of the latest generation of mass spectrometers, this technique is becoming feasible for many forensic laboratories. Its application to forensic drug identification has been demonstrated in previous publications [5–8].
Asymmetrical Hypertrophy of the Heart: Two Sudden Deaths in Adolescents
Authors: Sturner WQ , Spruill FG
Published: July 2015

Since Teare's report of the first eight cases describing the pathologic features of asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart [1], there have been few subsequent documentations of this condition in the forensic literature [2]. This seems rather surprising, since most of these deaths are in the sudden and unexpected category and should be candidates for proper medicolegal investigation. Misdiagnosis, certification without autopsy, and lack of documenting isolated cases are probably equally responsible for this phenomenon.
Opiate Overdose Deaths in the District of Columbia. Part II—Methadone-Related Fatalities
Authors: Greene MH , Luke JL , DuPont RL
Published: July 2015

With widespread clinical utilization of methadone as a treatment modality for heroin addiction, public attention has been drawn increasingly of late to its potential for diversion to nontherapeutic situations. Deaths directly related to the abuse of black-market methadone have received considerable notoriety in the District of Columbia and elsewhere. Much can and has been learned relating to the complex epidemiological dynamics of the situation, where careful examination of a cohort of methadone-related fatalities has afforded promulgation of reasoned public policy decisions relative to community methadone utilization. Countermeasures taken to control the problem here have proven remarkably effective.
On the Choice of Color Filters for the Breathalyzer®
Authors: Bergh AK , Rodgers PG
Published: July 2015

In a previous publication [1] the authors discussed the influence exhibited by the sulfuric acid concentration in catalyzed Breathalyzer® ampules, considering fundamental principles. This publication serves as an extension to that work wherein the influence of the colored filters chosen for use in the Breathalyzer® is investigated, again from an examination of fundamental principles.
A Review of “Investigation and Preparation of Criminal Cases, Federal and State”
Authors: Joseff MF
Published: July 2015

This book was published in 1970. Since then annual pocket parts have provided supplemental material.
The Adversary System: Role of the Criminalist
Authors: Whittaker E
Published: July 2015

The basic role of the criminalist is that of assisting in the investigation of an incident by establishing the probability of fact from the physical evidence. At the time of trial he provides to the court, his product, the Truth, by offering opinion testimony and, perhaps, demonstrations to explain exactly what the probative value of the physical evidence consists of in the case at trial.
The Adversary System: Role of the Document Examiner
Authors: McNally JP
Published: July 2015

Document examiners, being a heterogeneous group, have as many views as to what role a document examiner should play in the adversary system as there are members. This section is composed of examiners engaged in civil practice, law enforcement, and the academic world. And the law enforcement group is further divided into examiners working for local or municipal police agencies, state police agencies, and federal investigative agencies. Each of these groups views its role in the adversary system differently, and each individual in these groups has his own concept of this role, depending on his position in the group, his philosophy, bureaucratic pressures exerted upon him if he is in governmental service, client pressure exerted on the Examiner in private practice, etc. All these factors influence the document examiner's personal approach as to the role he envisions for himself and which he will play in the adversary system.
Evidence from Instruments—Their Validity, Reliability, and Role in the Adversary System
Authors: Harte RA
Published: July 2015

We have heard much today about the role of the expert witness and his place in the American adversary system of justice.
The Adversary System: Role of the Forensic Pathologist
Authors: Davis JH
Published: July 2015

Since antiquity dead human bodies have been subject to examination under exceptional conditions. Thus, we note that the body of Julius Caesar, murdered in 44 B.C., was examined by the physician Antistius. A stab wound had penetrated his thoracic cavity whereas the remaining twenty-two wounds were designated as nonfatal in type. Throughout world history, works have been written which touch upon various facets of legal medicine including those pertaining to pathology. Evolution of legal pathology has been constant but occurring in fits and spurts. In Great Britain and in the United States changes are constantly being sought to improve medico-legal death investigations. Today, it seems evident that the complexities of such investigations require that forensic pathology be maintained as an independent entity. All previous and current systems have had one common theme, the investigation of apparent criminally caused deaths. Yet today we see that the forensic pathologist should be concerned with death investigations that relate to a broader theme, the public interest. In Florida, such deaths are defined as follows: (1) When any person dies in the state (a) Of criminal violence; (b) By accident; (c) By suicide; (d) Suddenly, when in apparent good health; (e) Unattended by a practicing physician or other recognized practitioner; (f) In any prison or penal institution; (g) In police custody; (h) In any suspicious or unusual circumstance; (i) By criminal abortion; (j) By poison; (k) By disease constituting a threat to public health; or (l) By disease, injury, or toxic agent resulting from employment; or (2) (a) When a dead body is brought into the state without proper medical certification; or (b) When a body is to be cremated, dissected, or buried at sea.These deaths have some degree of potential public interest and indicate the effect of social and health problems. Although less than ten percent of the above types of death may be the result of criminal causation, all should be of public concern. The pathologist, involved with such cases, is in a position to appreciate the problems of society and thus becomes the community pathologist.
Voiceprirt Identification in the Courtroom
Authors: Gocke JW , Oleniewski WA
Published: July 2015

In a recent article appearing in the Journal of Forensic Sciences, J. J. Hennessey and C. H. Romig presented a review of the experiments involving identification by voice-print spectrograms, concluding that the various experiments in the field were conflicting, neither denying nor confirming the validity of voiceprint identification. This disagreement among scientists has had a tremendous affect on the admissibility of voiceprint identification as evidence in judicial proceedings. With one exception, until the end of 1970 evidence of voiceprint identification has been held inadmissible. Since that time, the results of an extensive experiment on voice identification conducted by Dr. Oscar Tosi, Professor of Audiology and Speech Sciences, Michigan State University, have been released and greatly strengthened the argument for the admissibility of voiceprint identification as competent evidence.
A Review of “Clinical Toxicology”
Authors: Stolman A
Published: July 2015

A book combining the clinical and laboratory aspects of drug overdose or poisoning is always a welcome addition to the scientific and medical literature. The author(s) abandoned the original tenet “a book to be readily useful should be small.” The 5th edition follows the format of the previous ones, but it has been enlarged with much new material.
A Fatal Overdose of Paraldehyde During Treatment of a Case of Delirium Tremens
Authors: DiMaio VJM , Garriott JC
Published: July 2015

Paraldehyde has been used as a hypnotic for almost one hundred years. At the present time, it is chiefly used for suppression of the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. During its long use, paraldehyde has gained a reputation for extreme safety. Because of this reputation, it is often dispensed without due caution.
SEM Microstriation Characterization of Bullets and Contaminant Particle Identification
Authors: Judd G , Sabo J , Hamilton W , Ferriss S , Horn R
Published: July 2015

Recent applications of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) have been in areas such as paint samples evaluation [1,2] and firing pin impressions [3,4], These have provided useful additional information to the forensic scientist. This investigation was conducted to further expand the applicability of the SEM and the developed imaging techniques for use on other forms of physical evidence. Specifically, striations on copper-jacketed bullets and contaminant particles recovered from personal articles (clothing, shoes, etc) were chosen.
The Effect of Interchanging Segments Between Two Typewriters: A Unique Criminal Defense Defeated
Authors: Hilton O
Published: July 2015

Typewriting problems can take unusual turns in some cases. Routinely we identify machines and at times are called upon to make some estimate of the date of typewriting or of its continuity. To this writer's knowledge, however, no one has been faced with the problem of showing that a typewriter involved in a criminal case had actually been rebuilt during trial in an endeavor to substantiate the authenticity of fraudulent documents.
The DS Method for Evidence Characterization
Authors: Lukens HR , Bryan DE
Published: July 2015

The scientific comparison of materials is often used as an aid to assigning responsibility for infractions of the law. A suspect, for example, may (or may not) be linked to the scene of a crime, depending on whether his hair matches (or does not match) hair found at the scene. The confidence in conclusions reached by such comparisons depends on the number of measured characteristics and the manner in which such characteristics vary among both the universe of such material and the appropriate subset; for example, the variance of hair among humans and the variance of hair on a single human.
Analysis and Interpretation of the Cannabinolic Content of Confiscated Marihuana Samples
Authors: Manno J , Manno B , Walsworth D , Herd R
Published: July 2015

In the last decade marihuana consumption in the United States has increased dramatically. A recent government estimate suggested that sufficient illicit marihuana is available in this country to provide 10 cigarettes per capita. Criminal penalties for possession of marihuana in this country are assigned for possession of defined quantities of marihuana and its identification as Cannabis sativa by microscopic and/or chemical tests.
Investigative Powers of the Medical Examiner in the Light of Rupp vs. Jackson
Authors: Davis JH , Siever FAC , Feegel JR
Published: July 2015

Death is an event which triggers various emotions in those persons who have some relational ties with the decedent. Society accepts and approves of these emotions and their external manifestations which culminate in burial. But society does more than merely accept and approve this ritual; it has a decided interest in the death of each person from the viewpoint of health and welfare. This interest is often codified in statutes, which create the office of the medical examiner and broadly outline his investigative powers. The fact that this interest is codified expressly verifies that society considers its rights, in certain areas, with respect to the body of the decedent superior to any rights of other individuals having a legal relationship to the decedent.
The Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer as a New and Important Tool in Forensic Toxicology
Authors: Skinner RF , Gallaher EJ , Knight JB , Bonelli EJ
Published: July 2015

The growing use of drugs in this country has caused the work of the toxicological chemist to become increasingly difficult. More and more, the courts, police departments, and coroners have had to rely on the chemist for evidence in respect to identification of drugs. In many cases testing procedures commonly used today do not, in fact, establish the identity of a substance of interest with a desirable degree of certainty and the presumptive identification needs confirmation by other techniques.
Untoward Effects of Exogenous Inhalants on the Lung
Authors: Weston JT , Liebow AA , Dixon MG , Rich TH
Published: July 2015

This collection of cases is presented for a number of reasons. In several instances no difficult diagnostic pathological problem is posed, although the interrelationship between injury or disease and subsequent litigation is such that the discussion is worthwhile. In several other instances, somewhat perplexing differential diagnostic clinical pathologic problems are presented. In at least one of these cases, the ability to render a diagnosis may have substantially affected the course of the litigation. It is not possible, within the scope of such a presentation, to present all of the medicolegal ramifications which may arise in any given section of the country, but an attempt has been made to delineate, to the practicing pathologist not devoting all of his time to the forensic subspecialty, the nature of most of the common medicolegal ramifications that may arise.
The Leadership of Kyai in Islamic Boarding School (A Study of Islamic Boarding School in Jambi)
Authors: Kasful Kasful
Published: July 2015

This study was conducted based on the problem of kyai leadership pattern in Islamic boarding school in Jambi which is considered as paternalistic and centralistic.  The study was aimed at exploring the effectiveness of kyai leadership at Islamic boarding schools in Jambi dealing with the following questions: 1) What kind of system is applied in the election of Islamic boarding school leader? 2) What kind of leadership model used in Islamic boarding school Jambi? 3) What is the effectiveness of the kyai leadership in relation with the vision, mission, management, and policy maker of that school? 4) What were the roles of kyai as the leader of Islamic boarding school among the society?  Qualitative design was used in this study and purposive sampling was employed to determine the respondents. Observation, interview and documentation were used to collect the data. It was found that: 1) The Islamic Boarding School of Nurul Iman applied deliberation and consensus system leader in which teachers, board of trustees and coordinator of Pecinan are participating in when electing the leader and the model of leadership in this school is charismatic.  The As’ad School leader’s election was based on family-tree system and the model of leadership in this school was paternalistic. In PKP Al-Hidayah, the leader is elected directly by the government of Jambi province as the owner of the school. 2) In general, the model of leadership applied in Islamic boarding school in Jambi was collective-passive model because generally Islamic boarding school at Jambi are under the management of particular foundation.3) The leadership of kyai is not effective because the management system applied was not effective. 4) The role of kyai among the society ran harmoniously. Based on the research findings, democratic and open election system are recommended in Islamic boarding school leader election to respect individual right to consider leader’s credibility, quality and acceptability.  Copyright © 2015 by Al-Ta'lim All right reserved
Mingle Model for Teaching English Speaking Skill for College Students
Authors: Darmayenti Darmayenti , Nofiadri Nofel
Published: July 2015

This paper is a report of a research and development project conducted in a speaking skill for the first-year students of State Institute for Islamic Studies Imam Bonjol Padang, academic year 2012/2013. Mingle as a technique in teaching speaking proposed by Pollard and Hess in 1997 was developed into a new model. Using ADDIE model as proposed by Dick and Carey in 1996, we collected the intended data through observation, questionnaire, and test. The result of the research showed that the implementation of model gave a significant difference in term of the students-learning outcome between the students who are taught through Mingle model and by traditional one or without Mingle model. The development of Mingle model included preparation, warming up, set the rule, act Mingle model, presentation, review and discussion. It is concluded that Mingle model is more effective to improve students on all components of speaking skill. Therefore, it is recommended that this model can be implemented at IAIN Imam Bonjol Padang. Copyright © 2015 by Al-Ta'lim All right reserved
Impact of Mass and Lattice Difference on Thermal Boundary Conductance
Authors: Choi Changjin , Roberts Nick
Published: July 2015

The impact of mass and lattice difference on thermal boundary conductance is investigated using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics with the Lennard-Jones interatomic potential. Results show that the maximum thermal boundary conductance is achieved when the mass and the lattice of two dissimilar materials are matched, although the composite thermal conductance is not necessarily a maximum. It is observed that the small difference in mass and potential well depth has as significant an impact as large differences, and that the frequency mismatch is an important factor that affects thermal boundary conductance. It is, also, found that inelastic scattering begins to play a role at the interface as the temperature increases.