bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-Class protein fold recognition using large margin logic based divide and conquer learning
Authors: Lodhi Huma , Muggleton Stephen , Sternberg Mike J.E.
Published: June 2010

Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) systems have been successfully applied to solve complex problems in bioinformatics by viewing them as binary classification tasks. It remains an open question how an accurate solution to a multi-class problem can be obtained by using a logic based learning method. In this paper we present a novel logic based approach to solve complex and challenging multi-class classification problems by focusing on a key task, namely protein fold recognition. Our technique is based on the use of large margin methods in conjunction with the kernels constructed from first order rules induced by an ILP system. The proposed approach learns a multi-class classifier by using a divide and conquer reduction strategy that splits multi-classes into binary groups and solves each individual problem recursively hence generating an underlying decision list structure. The method is applied to assigning protein domains to folds. Experimental evaluation of the method demonstrates the efficacy of the proposed approach to solving multi-class classification problems in bioinformatics.
β-Hydroxybutyrate inhibits insulin-mediated glucose transport in mouse oxidative muscle
Authors: Yamada Takashi , Zhang Shi-Jin , Westerblad Håkan , Katz Abram
Published: June 2010

Blood ketone body levels increase during starvation and untreated diabetes. Here we tested the hypothesis that ketone bodies directly inhibit insulin action in skeletal muscle. We investigated the effect of d,l-β-hydroxybutyrate (BOH; the major ketone body in vivo) on insulin-mediated glucose uptake (2-deoxyglucose) in isolated mouse soleus (oxidative) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL; glycolytic) muscle. BOH inhibited insulin-mediated glucose uptake in soleus (but not in EDL) muscle in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Following 19.5 h of exposure to 5 mM BOH, insulin-mediated (20 mU/ml) glucose uptake was inhibited by ∼90% (substantial inhibition was also observed in 3- O-methylglucose transport). The inhibitory effect of BOH was reproduced with d- but not l-BOH. BOH did not significantly affect hypoxia- or AICAR-mediated (activates AMP-dependent protein kinase) glucose uptake. The BOH effect did not require the presence/utilization of glucose since it was also seen when glucose in the medium was substituted with pyruvate. To determine whether the BOH effect was mediated by oxidative stress, an exogenous antioxidant (1 mM tempol) was used; however, tempol did not reverse the BOH effect on insulin action. BOH did not alter the levels of total tissue GLUT4 protein or insulin-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate-1 but blocked insulin-mediated phosphorylation of protein kinase B by ∼50%. These data demonstrate that BOH inhibits insulin-mediated glucose transport in oxidative muscle by inhibiting insulin signaling. Thus ketone bodies may be potent diabetogenic agents in vivo.
Leptin Inhibits the Proliferation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Induced by Angiotensin II through Nitric Oxide-Dependent Mechanisms
Authors: Rodríguez Amaia , Gómez-Ambrosi Javier , Catalán Victoria , Fortuño Ana , Frühbeck Gema
Published: June 2010

Objective. This study was designed to investigate whether leptin modifies angiotensin (Ang) II-induced proliferation of aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) from 10-week-old male Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and the possible role of nitric oxide (NO).Methods. NO and NO synthase (NOS) activity were assessed by the Griess and3H-arginine/citrulline conversion assays, respectively. Inducible NOS (iNOS) and NADPH oxidase subutnit Nox2 expression was determined by Western-blot. The proliferative responses to Ang II were evaluated through enzymatic methods.Results. Leptin inhibited the Ang II-induced proliferative response of VSMCs from control rats. This inhibitory effect of leptin was abolished by NOS inhibitor, NMMA, and iNOS selective inhibitor, L-NIL, and was not observed in leptin receptor-deficientfa/farats. SHR showed increased serum leptin concentrations and lipid peroxidation. Despite a similar leptin-induced iNOS up-regulation, VSMCs from SHR showed an impaired NOS activity and NO production induced by leptin, and an increased basal Nox2 expression. The inhibitory effect of leptin on Ang II-induced VSMC proliferation was attenuated.Conclusion. Leptin blocks the proliferative response to Ang II through NO-dependent mechanisms. The attenuation of this inhibitory effect of leptin in spontaneous hypertension appears to be due to a reduced NO bioavailability in VSMCs.
Fourier Transform and Photoacoustic Absorption Spectra of Ethylene within 6035–6210 cm-1: Comparative Measurements
Authors: Kapitanov Venedikt A. , Solodov Alexander M. , Petrova Tatiana M. , Ponomarev Yurii N.
Published: June 2010

Measurements of ethylene absorption spectra with Fourier Transform (FT) and Photoacoustic (PA) spectrometers within 6035–6210 cm−1 are described. The methodology used for building the frequency scale for both spectrometers is presented. The methane absorption spectrum, included into the HITRAN database, was used in both cases to calibrate the frequency scale. Ethylene absorption spectra were obtained with the two recording methods; a coincidence of the measured line center positions was obtained with an accuracy of 0.0005 cm−1.
Removal of Chromium (III) from Water by Using Modified and Nonmodified Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Atieh Muataz Ali , Bakather Omer Yahya , Tawabini Bassam S. , Bukhari Alaadin A. , Khaled Mazen , Alharthi Mamdouh , Fettouhi Mohammed , Abuilaiwi Faraj Ahmad
Published: June 2010

This study was carried out to evaluate the environmental application of modified and nonmodified carbon nanotubes through the experiment removal of chromium trivalent (III) from water. The aim was to find the optimal condition of the chromium (III) removal from water under different treatment conditions of pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time and agitation speed. Multi wall carbon nanotubes (MW‐CNTs) were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The diameter of the carbon nanotubes produced varied from 20–40 nm with average diameter of 24 nm and 10 micrometer in length. Adsorption isotherms were used to model the adsorption behavior and to calculate the adsorption capacity of the absorbents. The results showed that, 18% of chromium (III) removal was achieved using modified carbon nanotubes (M‐CNTs) at pH 7, 150 rpm, and 2 hours for a dosage of 150 mg of CNTs. The removal of Cr (III) is mainly attributed to the affinity of chromium (III) to the physical and chemical properties of the CNTs. The adsorption isotherms plots were well fitted with experimental data.
Marginal Strength of Collarless Metal Ceramic Crown
Authors: Swati Sikka , Chowdhary R. , Patil P. S.
Published: June 2010

Metal ceramic restorations have been implicated for the discoloration in area of labiogingivalmargin. Attempts to rectify this, by altering the design of metal frameworkswill lead to decrease in fracture strength atmargin. This in vitro study compared the fracture strength at margins of metal ceramic crowns cemented to metal tooth analogs. Crowns evaluated with different marginal configurations, shoulder and shoulder bevel with 0 mm, 0.5 mm, 1 mm, and 1.5 mm, were selected.Methods. Maxillary right canine typhodont tooth was prepared to receive a metal ceramic crown with shoulder margin. This was duplicated to get 20 metal teeth analogs. Then the same tooth was reprepared to get shoulder bevel configuration. These crowns were then cemented onmetal teeth analogs and tested for fracture strength atmargin on an Instron testing machine. A progressive compressive load was applied using 6.3 mm diameter rod with crosshead speed of 2.5 mm per minute. Statisticaly analysis was performed with ANOVA, Student's “t” test and “f” test.Results. The fracture strength of collarless metal ceramic crowns under study exceeded the normal biting force. Therefore it can be suggested that collarless metal ceramic crowns with shoulder or shoulder bevel margins up to 1.5 mm framework reduction may be indicated for anteriormetal ceramic restorations.Significance. k Collarless metal ceramic crowns have proved to be successful for anterior fixed restorations. Hence, it may be subjected to more clinical trials.
An Adaptive Approach for Defending against DDoS Attacks
Authors: Li Muhai , Li Ming
Published: June 2010

In various network attacks, the Distributed Denial‐of‐Service (DDoS) attack is a severe threat. In order to deal with this kind of attack in time, it is necessary to establish a special type of defense system to change strategy dynamically against attacks. In this paper, we introduce an adaptive approach, which is used for defending against DDoS attacks, based on normal traffic analysis. The approach can check DDoS attacks and adaptively adjust its configurations according to the network condition and attack severity. In order to insure the common users to visit the victim server that is being attacked, we provide a nonlinear traffic control formula for the system. Our simulation test indicates that the nonlinear control approach can prevent the malicious attack packets effectively while making legitimate traffic flows arrive at the victim.
Desmosomes in Developing Human Epidermis
Authors: Peltonen Sirkku , Raiko Laura , Peltonen Juha
Published: June 2010

Desmosomes play important roles in the cell differentiation and morphogenesis of tissues. Studies on animal models have greatly increased our knowledge on epidermal development while reports on human developing skin are rare due to the difficult accessibility to the samples. Although the morphology of periderm cells and the process how the epidermis develops very much resemble each other, the timetable and the final outcome of a mature human epidermis markedly differ from those of murine skin. Even the genetic basis of the junctional components may have profound differences between the species, which might affect the implementation of the data from animal models in human studies. The aim of this review is to focus on the development of human skin with special emphasis on desmosomes. Desmosomal development is mirrored in perspective with other simultaneous events, such as maturation of adherens, tight and gap junctions, and the basement membrane zone.
New Insights into the Structural Roles of Nebulin in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Ottenheijm Coen A. C. , Granzier Henk
Published: June 2010

One important feature of muscle structure and function that has remained relatively obscure is the mechanism that regulates thin filament length. Filament length is an important aspect of muscle function as force production is proportional to the amount of overlap between thick and thin filaments. Recent advances, due in part to the generation of nebulin KO models, reveal that nebulin plays an important role in the regulation of thin filament length. Another structural feature of skeletal muscle that is not well understood is the mechanism involved in maintaining the regular lateral alignment of adjacent sarcomeres, that is, myofibrillar connectivity. Recent studies indicate that nebulin is part of a protein complex that mechanically links adjacent myofibrils. Thus, novel structural roles of nebulin in skeletal muscle involve the regulation of thin filament length and maintaining myofibrillar connectivity. When these functions of nebulin are absent, muscle weakness ensues, as is the case in patients with nemaline myopathy with mutations in nebulin. Here we review these new insights in the role of nebulin in skeletal muscle structure.
Terrorism and the Decline of Italian Communism: Domestic and International Dimensions
Authors: Drake Richard
Published: June 2010

This essay looks at two recent Italian books about the evolution of the Italian Communist Party (PCI). Drawing on archival materials, the books trace the conflict between the radicals and the reformers within the PCI's ranks, a conflict that gave way to violent splinter groups that regarded the PCI as too staid and conciliatory. As the far left took a violent turn in Italy in the late 1960s, it paved the way for the spasm of grisly far-left and far-right terrorism in Italy in the 1970s and early 1980s. The books lend weight to the view that the PCI, through its exaltation of Communist revolution and its demonization of the Christian Democratic establishment, facilitated the emergence of extremist groups that perpetrated more than 8,400 terrorist attacks in the latter half of the 1970s.
Commentary on “When Empathy Failed”
Authors: Garrison Mark
Published: June 2010

Six former U.S. State Department officials, all of whom were involved in U.S. foreign policy during the Carter administration, respond to the article by James Blight and janet Lang. Their reactions vary, but one common point of concern is whether Blight and Lang are correct in arguing that “empathy” as an organizing concept or analytical tool will be useful “not just in conferences in which the past is revisited, but also in the present and future, when it really matters.” Even though most of the commentators accept at least some of the points about the U.S.-Soviet détente in the late 1970s, they have questions about the conceptual underpinnings of the article. The forum ends with a response from Blight and Lang.
Missing Each Other:A Comment on “When Empathy Failed”
Authors: Pastor Robert A.
Published: June 2010

Six former U.S. State Department officials, all of whom were involved in U.S. foreign policy during the Carter administration, respond to the article by James Blight and janet Lang. Their reactions vary, but one common point of concern is whether Blight and Lang are correct in arguing that “empathy” as an organizing concept or analytical tool will be useful “not just in conferences in which the past is revisited, but also in the present and future, when it really matters.” Even though most of the commentators accept at least some of the points about the U.S.-Soviet détente in the late 1970s, they have questions about the conceptual underpinnings of the article. The forum ends with a response from Blight and Lang.
When Policy Failed: A View from the Middle Distance
Authors: Simons Thomas W.
Published: June 2010

Six former U.S. State Department officials, all of whom were involved in U.S. foreign policy during the Carter administration, respond to the article by James Blight and janet Lang. Their reactions vary, but one common point of concern is whether Blight and Lang are correct in arguing that “empathy” as an organizing concept or analytical tool will be useful “not just in conferences in which the past is revisited, but also in the present and future, when it really matters.” Even though most of the commentators accept at least some of the points about the U.S.-Soviet détente in the late 1970s, they have questions about the conceptual underpinnings of the article. The forum ends with a response from Blight and Lang.
Electrophysiological Chronometry of Semantic Context Effects in Language Production
Authors: Aristei Sabrina , Melinger Alissa , Abdel Rahman Rasha
Published: June 2010

In this study, we investigated semantic context effects in language production with event-related brain potentials, extracted from the ongoing EEG recorded during overt speech production. We combined the picture–word interference paradigm and the semantic blocking paradigm to investigate the temporal dynamics and functional loci of semantic facilitation and interference effects. Objects were named in the context of semantically homogeneous blocks consisting of related objects and heterogeneous blocks consisting of unrelated objects. In each blocking condition, semantically related and unrelated distractor words were presented. Results show that classic patterns of semantically induced facilitation and interference effects in RTs can be directly related to ERP modulations located at temporal and frontal sites, starting at about 200 msec. Results also suggest that the processes associated with semantic facilitation and interference effects (i.e., conceptual and lexical processing) are highly interactive and coincide in time. Implications for the use of event-related brain potentials in speech production research and implications for current models of speech production are discussed.
Enhanced Cortical Connectivity in Absolute Pitch Musicians: A Model for Local Hyperconnectivity
Authors: Loui Psyche , Li H. Charles , Hohmann Anja , Schlaug Gottfried
Published: June 2010

Connectivity in the human brain has received increased scientific interest in recent years. Although connection disorders can affect perception, production, learning, and memory, few studies have associated brain connectivity with graded variations in human behavior, especially among normal individuals. One group of normal individuals who possess unique characteristics in both behavior and brain structure is absolute pitch (AP) musicians, who can name the appropriate pitch class of any given tone without a reference. Using diffusion tensor imaging and tractography, we observed hyperconnectivity in bilateral superior temporal lobe structures linked to AP possession. Furthermore, volume of tracts connecting left superior temporal gyrus to left middle temporal gyrus predicted AP performance. These findings extend previous reports of exaggerated temporal lobe asymmetry, may explain the higher incidence of AP in special populations, and may provide a model for understanding the heightened connectivity that is thought to underlie savant skills and cases of exceptional creativity.
Sorting out river channel patterns
Authors: Kleinhans Maarten G.
Published: June 2010

Rivers self-organize their pattern/planform through feedbacks between bars, channels, floodplain and vegetation, which emerge as a result of the basic spatial sorting process of wash load sediment and bed sediment. The balance between floodplain formation and destruction determines the width and pattern of channels. Floodplain structure affects the style and rate of channel avulsion once aggradation takes place. Downstream fining of bed sediment and the sediment balance of fines in the pores of the bed sediment provide the ‘template’ or sediment boundary conditions, from which sorting at smaller scales leads to the formation of distinct channel patterns. Bar patterns provide the template of bank erosion and formation as well as the dynamics of the channel network through bifurcation destabilization. However, so far we have been unable to obtain dynamic meandering in laboratory experiments and in physics-based models that can also produce braiding, which reflects our lack of understanding of what causes the different river patterns.
The Matrix of Despair: From Despair to Desire Through Dialogue
Authors: Tubert-Oklander Juan
Published: June 2010

There are two paradigms in analysis: an individual paradigm , in orthodox psychoanalytic theory; and a collective paradigm , that of group analysis, which constructs new theories stemming from the group analytic experience.

The group is conceived as a network of multiple relations, and individuals are its nodal points. Individual human beings are contained and shaped by its matrix, and they develop an unconscious object relation with it. Despair is a painful and disrupting experience that ensues when there is a severe fracture in the relations that form the matrix. Group analysis explores the relation between the subjectivity of the parties and the wider contexts of their existence, by means of interpretation and group discussion of the social and political dimension, as well as personal and interpersonal conflicts.

A clinical vignette from a group illustrates the evolution from despair and impotence to active desire and hope , mediated by a free-floating and reflective dialogue , which includes not only argumentation and exchange of information, but also mutual interaction and emotional relations.
Emerging Trends in India–US Relations
Authors: Parthasarathy G.
Published: June 2010

Of late the relationship with the United States has become India’s most important bilateral relationship. Bilateral trade may have remained small due to India’s own huge domestic market in other respects economic relations are growing fast. Bilateral investment ties have grown substantially. Institutional mechanisms involving the private sectors in both countries are active in promoting cooperation in high technology, defence procurement and production, agriculture, health and energy. Much more, however, needs to be done to expedite procedures for clearances for high-tech exports from the US. India, in turn, is conscious of the fact that it needs to take a number of steps to take if it is to foster cooperation with the US in higher education. It also needs to be recognised that on issues like the Doha Round and Climate Change, much work needs to be done to bridge differences, though one can derive satisfaction from the fact that it was the agreement reached between President Obama and leaders of the ‘BASIC’ grouping that prevented a total breakdown of the Copenhagen Summit. This agreement largely reflected the understanding reached when Dr. Manmohan Singh visited Washington.
India and the European Union
Authors: Abhyankar Rajendra M.
Published: June 2010

The thesis in this article is that India and the European Union (EU) have the potential to become major players challenging and increasingly interdependent international system. Their common adherence to democracy, human rights and common perspectives on terrorism, poverty alleviation, energy security and sustainable growth provide a sound basis. Although since 2000 the content has been increasingly political, its thrust has remained economic. Their ’strategic partnership’ formalised in 2004 is horizontally comprehensive and vertically diverse in tapping the three major pillars of EU’s political structure: Government, Parliament and Civil Society. India does not have such a complex institutional architecture in its relations with any other major global player. India’s long-standing bilateral relations with EU majors—UK, France and Germany—and others has restricted EU’s salience while giving the latter an additional dimension in their bilateral relations. The mandate of the strategic partnership embodied in the Joint Action Plan will determine whether EU and India relations realise their full potential. It will not be an easy passage between the European Union of twenty-seven member-states and the Indian Union of twenty-eight states. It will depend on a change in mind-sets and a strong political will on both sides.
India and Africa
Authors: Desai Niranjan
Published: June 2010

With 54 independent nations that constitute more than a quarter of the membership of the UN, Africa collectively will have more political clout and gradually emerge as an important voice on important global issues. India’s historical ties with Africa are old but the future realities demand a re-orientation of India’s policy towards the continent. Africa is strategically and geopolitically important for India. East African seaboard, from the Horn of Africa to South Africa, falls within India’s maritime strategic neighbourhood. Therefore, there is geo-strategic compulsion for collaboration between India and Africa to maintain the Indian Ocean as a zone of peace to promote trade and enhance mutual security concerns. The growing insecurity in the Indian Ocean region only underlines this aspect. Besides, Africa would increasingly become an important source for oil and minerals and other raw materials for the growing needs of the rapidly expanding Indian economy. At the same time, developing African economies could become important markets for India’s capital and consumer goods. Also, the presence of a large Indian diaspora in Africa adds a special dimension to India–Africa relationship. It is important therefore to revisit India’s foreign policy priorities towards Africa which this article attempts.
Nuclear Weapons, Non-proliferation and Nuclear Disarmament
Authors: Ghose Arundhati
Published: June 2010

The nuclear issue has so far been handled in a compartmentalised form; India’s weapons programme has been so shrouded in secrecy that speculation and uninformed assertions are frequently taken as reflecting policy. At the same time, India’s articulation of her policy priorities were ambiguous at best, till fairly recently. Most challenging has been the break-down of the domestic consensus in Parliament on this vital security issue of India. There are some signs that there is greater coordination between different government departments on some parts of the strategic programme. But knowledge, even of what other nuclear armed states have permitted to public scrutiny, remains a preserve of a small and exclusive group till some details are revealed almost accidentally. The challenges are there to be seen by all; how India proposes to deal with these challenges needs to be more broadly known, rather than presenting the public with carefully worded statements which, might, and frequently are, misrepresented. To make the policies coherent and more easily understood, the need for political consensus remains essential. This should be a major task before the Government.
The jazz-sport analogue: Passing notes on gender and sexuality
Authors: Caudwell Jayne
Published: June 2010

This short communication is an engagement with popular-cultural comparative analysis. It focuses on the ways jazz and sports are linked via the idea of an improvisatory-aesthetic. The short communication considers styles of play and socio-cultural practices to argue that the dominant improvisatory-aesthetic is contingent on gender and sexuality. Taking a Butlerian approach, the analysis claims that improvisation has been produced historically and performatively to deny girls and women recognition as viable subjects.
England expects: English newspapers’ narratives about the English football team in the 2006 World Cup
Authors: Vincent John , Kian Edward M. , Pedersen Paul M. , Kuntz Aaron , Hill John S.
Published: June 2010

The essence of global sports has been competition among nations at the international level. For football, arguably the world’s most popular sport, global rivalries are paramount, and every four years since 1930, it has been the World Cup that has provided this excitement. English newspaper narratives about the English men’s national football team competing in the 2006 World Cup were examined to gain insight into how English national identity was portrayed. Using a qualitative textual analysis methodology, this study drew on Anderson’s (1983) theory of the imagined community, Hobsbawm’s (1983) notion of invented traditions, and the Eliasian (1991) concept of habitus codes. Set against the contemporary trends of devolution, globalization, and a post-7/7 discourse the newspapers relied on a reductionist, essentialist construction to elicit an emotional connection with a homogenous form of English national identity. The narratives seemed designed to galvanize support for the English team through references to historic English military victories and speeches. These served to rekindle images of bygone, mythical, and imperialistic eras. The newspapers also reverted to an ‘us vs them’ invective in blaming Swedish manager, Sven-Göran Eriksson, for England’s failure to win the tournament with the ‘greatest generation’.
The role of ideology in shaping drug use regulation in Australian sport
Authors: Stewart Bob , Smith Aaron C.T.
Published: June 2010

This article examines the operation of the Australian Government’s sport anti-doping policy and the way it has been executed through a detailed analysis of the Mark French case. This incident centres on an explosive drug use and drug trafficking allegation against French, a former world junior cycling champion, and a subsequent series of investigations and a court case directed at a group of elite-level cyclists. These incidents, investigations, and court-room dramas, which took place between 2003 and 2008, have been integrated into a narrative, and combined with grounded theory methodology in order to explain how ideology drives the management of drug use regulation in Australian sport.
Race and racism: Experiences of black Norwegian athletes
Authors: Massao Prisca Bruno , Fasting Kari
Published: June 2010

This article examines race and racism in sport based on the experiences of black Norwegian athletes. The findings are based on in-depth qualitative interviews with nine female and eight male black athletes. Race and racism concepts are explored to draw attention to different approaches of understanding racism in sport, from the individual to the institutional level. The findings add to previous critical scholarship which cautioned that sport should not be taken for granted as free from racial inequalities. By using Critical Race Theory (CRT), we examine how racializations of racial minorities in sport from mere stereotypes to the ways institutions function, work to produce and reproduce racial inequalities. We argue for a more systematic and critical analysis of contemporary Norwegian sport for a better understanding of how race relations and racism are exercised. This is expected to contribute in the development of better and more effective policies to deal with racial and ethnic diversity in contemporary Norwegian sport.
A general strain theory of terrorism
Authors: Agnew Robert
Published: June 2010

This article reviews and critiques current strain-based explanations of terrorism, then draws on general strain theory and the terrorism research to present a general strain theory of terrorism. This theory states that terrorism is most likely when people experience ‘collective strains’ that are: (a) high in magnitude, with civilians affected; (b) unjust; and (c) inflicted by significantly more powerful others, including ‘complicit’ civilians, with whom members of the strained collectivity have weak ties. These collective strains increase the likelihood of terrorism for several reasons, but they do not lead to terrorism in all cases—a range of factors condition their effect.
Legitimating police violence
Authors: Hirschfield Paul J. , Simon Daniella
Published: June 2010

Newspaper coverage of police-perpetrated homicides may reflect and promote public and official tolerance for police violence. Interpretive content analysis was performed on 105 news articles appearing in 23 major daily newspapers between 1997 and 2000 that center on incidents of deadly force. Using Thompson’s (1990) conceptual framework, patterns of ideological content were identified and analyzed. Most articles, subtly drawing upon iconic images of police professionals and vigilantes, cast victims of police killings as physical and social threats and situate police actions within legitimate institutional roles. Articles appearing after police killed Amadou Diallo are less likely to demonize both police officers and victims, partially reflecting efforts to frame deadly force and police racism as systemic issues.
Not remembering as a practical epistemic resource in couples therapy
Authors: Muntigl Peter , Kwok Tim Choi
Published: June 2010

We examine how displays of not remembering are used as an interactional resource in couples therapy. Our study contributes to the understanding of the social epistemology of memory; that is, how displays of not remembering relate to issues of knowledge and how they are assessed and understood with respect to the local interactional projects made relevant in therapy. From our analysis of transcribed audio- and video-taped couples therapy sessions, we found that clients’ displays of not remembering opened up a range of practical epistemic and rhetorical issues: 1) it enabled the creation of new ‘participation frameworks’ in which the client’s spouse could display first-hand knowledge; 2) it made relevant issues of accountability and blame for not having remembered important relationship events; 3) it indexed an avoidance or resistance of conforming to the therapeutic agenda; and 4) it deflected against the interpretation that one may have a certain interest in not remembering.
The Role of Corticospinal Tract Damage in Chronic Motor Recovery and Neurorehabilitation: A Pilot Study
Authors: Sterr Annette , Shan Shen  , Szameitat Andre J. , Herron Katherine A.
Published: June 2010

Background. With diffusion-tensor imaging (DTi) it is possible to estimate the structural characteristics of fiber bundles in vivo. This study used DTi to infer damage to the corticospinal tract (CST) and relates this parameter to ( a) the level of residual motor ability at least 1 year poststroke and ( b) the outcome of intensive motor rehabilitation with constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT). Objective. To explore the role of CST damage in recovery and CIMT efficacy. Methods. Ten patients with low-functioning hemiparesis were scanned and tested at baseline, before and after CIMT. Lesion overlap with the CST was indexed as reduced anisotropy compared with a CST variability map derived from 26 controls. Residual motor ability was measured through the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) and the Motor Activity Log (MAL) acquired at baseline. CIMT benefit was assessed through the pre—post treatment comparison of WMFT and MAL performance. Results. Lesion overlap with the CST correlated with residual motor ability at baseline, with greater deficits observed in patients with more extended CST damage. Infarct volume showed no systematic association with residual motor ability. CIMT led to significant improvements in motor function but outcome was not associated with the extent of CST damage or infarct volume. Conclusion. The study gives in vivo support for the proposition that structural CST damage, not infarct volume, is a major predictor for residual functional ability in the chronic state. The results provide initial evidence for positive effects of CIMT in patients with varying, including more severe, CST damage.
Congenital Absence of Flexor Digitorum Superficialis: Implications for Assessment of Little Finger Lacerations
Authors: Townley W.A. , Swan M.C. , Dunn R.L.R.
Published: June 2010

Absence of flexor digitorum superficialis function in the little finger is a relatively common congenital anomaly that can complicate assessment of little finger injuries. We reviewed the prevalence of unilateral and bilateral absence of superficialis function in the published literature. In appropriate studies identified (1352 people), the anomaly was unilateral in 92 individuals (6.8%) and bilateral in 81 (6.0%). If superficialis function is absent in one little finger, the probability of absence in the opposite hand is 0.64. If superficialis function is present, the probability of absence in the other little finger is 0.02 (1 in 50). Absence of little finger superficialis function in one hand is therefore not a reliable indicator of this function in the opposite hand.
Effect of temperature on microstructure and texture of rolled Ni–9·3 at-%W alloy
Authors: Yu H , Liu W
Published: June 2010

In the present paper, the microstructure and texture of cold rolling and warm rolling Ni–9·3 at-%W alloy were investigated by electron backscatter diffraction technique. It is found that warm rolling will reduce the deformation twins and transfer the rolling texture from brass type to copper type. The forming mechanism of rolling microstructure and texture of Ni–9·3 at-%W alloys as well as the temperature effects was discussed.
25 Year Perspective Recent developments in analysis of high temperature creep and creep fracture behaviour
Authors: Williams S. J. , Bache M. R. , Wilshire B.
Published: June 2010

Over many decades, the creep and creep fracture properties of metals and alloys have commonly been described using power law relationships. However, with this approach, controversies still surround the mechanisms proposed to account for the stress and temperature dependencies of the minimum creep rate and rupture life. Similarly, power law and related expressions do not allow extrapolation of short term data sets to predict the long term properties required for engineering design purposes. For these reasons, over the last 25 years, three UK approaches have evolved, termed the θ projection concept, the hyperbolic tangent method and the Wilshire equations. These methodologies are now applied to results for the aluminium alloy Al 2124, recommending reappraisal of current reliance on power law expressions for theoretical and practical purposes.
Pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic myeloproliferative disorders
Authors: Adir Y. , Humbert M.
Published: June 2010

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a severe haemodynamic disorder in which the pulmonary artery pressure is persistently elevated, leading to right-sided heart failure and death. Recently, chronic myeloproliferative diseases associated with pulmonary hypertension were included in the group 5 category, corresponding to PH for which the aetiology is unclear and/or multifactorial.

In this review we will describe the distinct forms of PH in the context of the myeloproliferative diseases chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and pre-capillary PH mimicking pulmonary arterial hypertension. The epidemiology, mechanisms and treatment approaches will be discussed.
Retrosternal and pleural “bridging” fibrosis mimicking malignancy in a patient exposed to asbestos
Authors: Debray M-P. , Marchand-Adam S. , Soufan R. , Ostinelli J. , Brillet P-Y. , Schouman-Claeys E. , Crestani B.
Published: June 2010

Mediastinal fibrosis is a rare, benign disorder characterised by proliferation of fibrous tissue within the mediastinum. It can present as diffuse mediastinal infiltration or, more frequently, as a localised soft tissue mass, usually in the right paratracheal or subcarinal areas. 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) imaging has only been reported in a few case reports with variable aspects.

Herein, we present an unusual pattern of mediastinal fibrosis, presenting as a thick retrosternal mass contiguous with pleural thickening. 18-FDG PET showed intensely increased uptake in the mass. Both the location of fibrosis and PET imaging were confusing with malignancy. Histopathological proof of benign fibrosis was obtained by surgery. The patient had been exposed to asbestos and the possible relationship of this particular pattern of fibrosis with asbestos exposure will be discussed.
Descending necrotising mediastinitis: two case reports and review of the literature
Authors: Weaver E. , Nguyen X. , Brooks M. A.
Published: June 2010

Descending necrotising mediastinitis is a rare and serious infection with a high mortality rate, which complicates pharyngeal or odontogenic infection. Early recognition and treatment are essential in order to minimise morbidity. Evaluation with computed tomography is necessary to confirm the diagnosis and facilitate surgical planning. In addition to prompt empirical antiobiotic therapy, surgical intervention is necessary in nearly all cases. Surgical drainage and debridement may be performed through cervicotomy alone, or through combined cervicotomy and thoracotomy, depending upon the extent of disease. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy may play an auxiliary role. We present two recent cases with characteristic imaging findings, and review the relevant literature.
Update on asthma control in five European countries: results of a 2008 survey
Authors: Demoly P. , Gueron B. , Annunziata K. , Adamek L. , Walters R. D.
Published: June 2010

The 2006 European National Health and Wellness Survey (NHWS) showed that a large proportion of asthmatics had uncontrolled asthma. The current analysis estimated the prevalence of asthma and asthma control (Asthma Control Test™ (ACT); QualityMetric Inc., Lincoln, RI, USA) in five European countries using the 2008 NHWS. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL), using the Short Form-12 (SF-12) health survey, and work productivity/activity impairment were assessed.

Of 3,619 respondents aged ≥18 yrs, the prevalence of self-reported physician diagnosis of asthma was 6.1% (15 million people); 56.6% of treated asthmatics were not well-controlled (NWC; ACT score ≤19). Individual components of the ACT showed that, compared with at least well-controlled patients (ALWC; ACT score ≥20), NWC patients had activity limitations at least some of the time (40.8%versus1.5%, p<0.001), were breathless ≥3 times per week (72.5%versus5.4%, p<0.001), suffered sleep difficulties due to asthma at least once per week (60.3%versus4.6%, p<0.001) and required rescue medication ≥2–3 times per week (77.4%versus15.9%, p<0.001). NWC patients had also received more healthcare contact in the past 6 months, including hospitalisation (17.4%versus9.9%, p<0.001). The SF-12 physical and mental summary scores were 7.46 and 4.73 points higher, respectively, for ALWC patients compared with NWC patients (p<0.001). ALWC patients reported less absenteeism (5.5%versus12.2%) and work impairment (15.4%versus30.0%) than NWC patients (both p<0.001).

The proportion of asthmatics with NWC asthma has not improved since 2006. ALWC asthma is associated with a significant positive impact on healthcare resource use, HRQoL and work productivity.
Organising pneumonia can be the inaugural manifestation in connective tissue diseases, including Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Henriet A. C. , Diot E. , Marchand-Adam S. , de Muret A. , Favelle O. , Crestani B. , Diot P.
Published: June 2010

Connective tissue diseases are known to be one of the causes of organising pneumonia (OP). However, this association is rare and signs of OP usually occur in the context of an already diagnosed disease. We report three cases of OP preceding the articular symptoms of the underlying connective tissue disease by 3–6 months in two cases of rheumatoid arthritis and by 36 months in one patient with primary Sjögren's syndrome. The diagnosis of post-infectious OP had initially been suspected in the three cases and the patients had not been followed up further. The occurrence of OP preceding articular or any other extrapulmonary involvement of connective tissue disease had been reported in only four cases in the literature and, to our knowledge, no case preceding Sjögren's syndrome had ever been reported. These observations suggest that exhaustive investigations should be considered when OP is diagnosed, including antinuclear auto-antibodies and investigations for Sjögren's syndrome, even when there are no clinical signs suggesting an underlying connective tissue disease. These investigations should also be repeated during the course of the disease, especially in the case of OP continuing to progress under treatment and, of course, if signs of connective tissue disease appear.
Impact of exacerbations on COPD
Authors: Anzueto A.
Published: June 2010

Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) determine disease-associated morbidity, mortality, resource burden and healthcare costs. Acute exacerbation care requirements range from unscheduled primary care visits to emergency room, inpatient or intensive care, generating significant costs in COPD. Even after an exacerbation resolves, respiratory, physical, social and emotional impairment may persist for prolonged time. Frequent exacerbations, mainly in patients with severe COPD, accelerate disease progression and mortality. Thus, patients with frequent exacerbations have a more rapid decline in lung function, worse quality of life and decreased exercise performance. Management of COPD directed to reduce incidence and severity of exacerbations improves long-term health status and conserves health care resources and costs.
Mucoactive drugs
Authors: Balsamo R. , Lanata L. , Egan C. G.
Published: June 2010

Mucus hypersecretion is a clinical feature of severe respiratory diseases such as asthma, cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Airway mucosal infection and/or inflammation associated with these diseases often gives rise to inflammatory products, including neutrophil-derived DNA and filamentous actin, in addition to bacteria, apoptotic cells and cellular debris, that may collectively increase mucus production and viscosity. Mucoactive agents have been the medication of choice for the treatment of respiratory diseases in which mucus hypersecretion is a clinical complication. The main purpose of mucoactive drugs is to increase the ability to expectorate sputum and/or decrease mucus hypersecretion. Many mucoactive drugs are currently available and can be classified according to their putative mechanism of action. Mucoactive medications include expectorants, mucoregulators, mucolytics and mucokinetics. By developing our understanding of the specific effects of mucoactive agents, we may result in improved therapeutic use of these drugs. The present review provides a summary of the most clinically relevant mucoactive drugs in addition to their potential mechanism of action.
Curcumin modulates dopaminergic receptor, CREB and phospholipase c gene expression in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of streptozotocin induced diabetic rats
Authors: Kumar T Peeyush , Antony Sherin , Gireesh G , George Naijil , Paulose CS
Published: June 2010

Curcumin, an active principle component in rhizome of Curcuma longa, has proved its merit for diabetes through its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aims at evaluating the effect of curcumin in modulating the altered dopaminergic receptors, CREB and phospholipase C in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of STZ induced diabetic rats. Radioreceptor binding assays and gene expression was done in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of male Wistar rats using specific ligands and probes. Total dopaminergic receptor binding parameter, Bmax showed an increase in cerebral cortex and decrease in the cerebellum of diabetic rats. Gene expression studies using real time PCR showed an increased expression of dopamine D1 and D2 receptor in the cerebral cortex of diabetic rats. In cerebellum dopamine D1 receptor was down regulated and D2 receptor showed an up regulation. Transcription factor CREB and phospholipase C showed a significant down regulation in cerebral cortex and cerebellum of diabetic rats. We report that curcumin supplementation reduces diabetes induced alteration of dopamine D1, D2 receptors, transcription factor CREB and phospholipase C to near control. Our results indicate that curcumin has a potential to regulate diabetes induced malfunctions of dopaminergic signalling, CREB and Phospholipase C expression in cerebral cortex and cerebellum and thereby improving the cognitive and emotional functions associated with these regions. Furthermore, in line with these studies an interaction between curcumin and dopaminergic receptors, CREB and phospholipase C is suggested, which attenuates the cortical and cerebellar dysfunction in diabetes. These results suggest that curcumin holds promise as an agent to prevent or treat CNS complications in diabetes.