bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Network approach based on community forestry management: stakeholders management methodology for forestry governance of peruvian amazon
Authors: Tostes Marta , Motta Claudia
Published: March 2019

The study aims to develop the governance issue in the Amazon as a means to access international markets. The articulation of organizations involved in Community Forest Management promotion was measured on an experience in Aguaytía Peru, in order to identify alliances that allow access to funds for natural resources management. The first methodology step was the mapping by saturation of stakeholders with their classification and prioritization for field work. The second step was to identify relationships through the link matrix. This process included secondary sources review and fieldwork where interviews, observation and attendance to key events were performed. With this information, the organizations network was constructed having stakeholders as nodes and relationships as links. Gephi software was used as support to facilitate the governance evaluation indicators construction process. As a research result, the most relevant forest governance stakeholders in Aguaytía were identified. Likewise, the network methodology evidenced that although formal power rests on public organizations, civil society organizations that work more closely with the population, exert real power.
O desenvolvimento de ações sócio-produtivas em associações de agricultura familiar na região amazônica
Authors: Schimith Cristiano Descovi , Alves João Victor Reis , Fonseca Roberta Carolina Salgado
Published: March 2019

The family farming features the management of shared resources, the source of income, productive diversity, workplaces and farmers dwellings, thus develop socio-productive bring progress for the economy, mainly by promoting entrepreneurship among the associations. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the panorama of associations of family agriculture in the municipalities of Abaetetuba, Ananindeua, Barcarena, Belém and Santa Izabel, in order to identify demands and propose socio-productive actions management and accounting, promoting the development of Social Entrepreneurship in the Amazon region. To this end, a research Participant of qualitative and exploratory objective to identify the local demands of the associations surveyed was carried out. The results show that when identifying the demands and consequently perform the socio-productive actions, the members showed more participatives, developing entrepreneurial actions, have improved the deal and the responsibility of the financial budget familiar, presented more interest in developing entrepreneurial actions among the joins that consequently qualified for obtaining public calls, thus contributing to local sustainable development.
Perfil do professor mediador: proposta de identificação
Authors: Lima Miriam Bastos Reis Maia , Guerreiro Elaine Maria Bessa Rebello
Published: March 2019

Este estudo objetivou a construção de uma ferramenta que auxilie na identificação do perfil do professor mediador. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza quanti-qualitativa, a partir de uma abordagem descritiva. A fundamentação teórica aborda a Pedagogia da Mediação, a Experiência de Aprendizagem Mediada (EAM) e o perfil do professor mediador. A pesquisa partiu dos estudos de Vygotsky sobre a zona de desenvolvimento proximal (ZDP), do paradigma de Feuerstein, concernente ao perfil do professor mediador e da proposta didática cognitivo-construtivista, cujo foco foi identificar as competências didáticas que são demandadas do professor, enquanto mediador do processo ensino/aprendizagem. Com estes fundamentos, ao longo do presente estudo, foi construído um instrumento de avaliação denominado ProfMed. O instrumento consiste em um questionário semiestruturado dividido em três partes: a primeira refere-se às competências do professor mediador e o grau de concordância do respondente às sentenças apresentadas; a segunda consiste em duas perguntas abertas sobre a prática docente. E a terceira, dos dados gerais do respondente. Neste artigo trataremos apenas da primeira parte.
Ensino de Ciências para todos: uma experiência com um estudante com deficiência intelectual
Authors: Santana Ronaldo Santos , Sofiato Cássia Geciauskas
Published: March 2019

Atualmente, os pesquisadores no âmbito da educação em ciências têm explorado campos de investigações que, durante muito tempo, foram negligenciados em função da ausência de pesquisas. Exemplos disso são os estudos, ainda escassos, envolvendo o ensino de ciências para estudantes com deficiência intelectual. Por isso, o objetivo deste artigo é apresentar os resultados da implementação de uma prática que envolve a utilização de diferentes estratégias pedagógicas, implementadas por um professor de ciências dos anos finais do ensino fundamental para ensinar um estudante com deficiência intelectual. O referencial teórico que embasou a elaboração das estratégias utilizadas foi o pluralismo metodológico no ensino de ciências e o ensino por investigação. Para atingir os objetivos, foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa com base nos instrumentos de avaliação do professor de ciências e em documentos relativos ao estudante, arquivados na escola. Os dados foram tratados por meio da análise textual discursiva. A análise dos dados evidenciou  que é possível e necessário o uso de diferentes estratégias para ensinar ciências a estudantes com deficiência intelectual, como a utilização de recursos didáticos lúdicos, multissensoriais, envolvendo diferentes linguagens e atividades investigativas. Foram destacados também alguns desafios, a saber: o pouco tempo remunerado disponível para o planejamento das atividades pedagógicas e a grande quantidade de alunos em sala de aula. As discussões apresentadas podem auxiliar professores e pesquisadores no âmbito do ensino de ciências a compreender como ensinar a todos.
Play in child education: problematizing gender relations in school
Authors: Alcântara Juliana Nascimento de , Dias Alfrancio Ferreira , Givigi Rosana Carla Do Nascimento
Published: March 2019

The purpose of this article is to discuss gender relations in early childhood education. This was a qualitative research, with observations made in classes with children between 5 and 6 years old in the public and collective environment of a Municipal School of Early Childhood Education of Aracaju, SE. The research took place between March and June 2018. The choices and ways in which the children put themselves in the games pointed to questions concerning educational practices in early childhood education, which establish the norms of the polarity of sexism in everyday school life. Finally, there is an urgent need to problematize gender issues from the earliest years of schooling. Implanted meanings in the collective unconscious need to be deconstructed and re-signified.
Design de Superfície e Design de Moda: Estudo e Experimentação para a Criação de Padronagens
Authors:   Universidade Estadual Paulista, Silva Dailene Nogueira da , Menezes Marizilda dos Santos
Published: March 2019

O presente trabalho relaciona duas áreas do Design: o Design de Moda e o Design de Superfície, investigando a relação que se estabelece entre os dois na criação e produção do vestuário. Uma vez que ao criar estampas para tecidos o designer trabalha no campo bidimensional e está superfície envolverá um corpo tridimensional ao ser transformada em vestuário, são discutidos os problemas que podem ser gerados a partir desta transformação e é investigada possíveis soluções para a questão. Para tal, é realizada uma revisão acerca dos assuntos envolvidos na indagação passando por reflexões acerca dos temas e da ligação entre a superfície e o vestuário. Por fim, são realizadas experimentações propondo o protótipo virtual como ferramenta de diálogo entre as áreas.
Luxo x Popular: análise de produtos da coleção Karl Lagerfeld for Riachuelo
Authors:   Universidade Estadual Paulista, Abreu Ana Cláudia de , Menezes Marizilda dos Santos , Moura Mônica Cristina
Published: March 2019

Esse artigo apresenta uma breve contextualização do cenário contemporâneo brasileiro e suas particularidades que refletem nas estratégias de mercado, para atender o usuário que busca individualização por meio de produtos. Neste âmbito, é abordado as redes populares de fast- fashion que estabelecem parcerias com marcas de luxo, para facilitar o acesso das informações de alta moda, aos que não possuem condições de adquirir um produto desta categoria. Mais especificamente, o foco deste artigo é a parceria entre Karl Lagerfeld e a Riachuelo, que em 2016 lançou uma coleção de moda com elementos que remetem ao estilo pessoal do estilista e da marca Chanel. Deste modo, o objetivo é compreender os signos do criador e os possíveis significados gerados pelos indivíduos ao adquirirem os produtos. Para isso, foi utilizado a abordagem qualitativa, a pesquisa bibliográfica e a descritiva para sustentar a análise de três looks da coleção. Os parâmetros que guiaram as observações foram os níveis de complexidade objetivo/subjetiva de Bomfim (1997). Como resultado foi constatado signos pessoais referente ao criador e ao universo de luxo que os circunda.
Fee-Paying English Language Learners: Situating International Students’ Impact on British Columbia’s Public Schools
Authors: Deschambault Ryan
Published: March 2019

This article examines the relationship between international education and English as an additional language (EAL) education in British Columbia’s public education system. Drawing on a wide range of data generated as part of a longitudinal study of high school aged fee-paying international students (FISs) in an urban school district in British Columbia, I make the case that FIS recruitment and presence is having a socializing impact on EAL education in British Columbia’s public schools. In contrast to the way FISs are accounted for in official government statistics, I show how, across multiple actors and dimensions of the public system, FISs are routinely treated and represented as English language learners (ELLs). I argue that these routinized constructions are evidence of the multilayered socialization of EAL education by internationalization efforts in British Columbia’s K-12 sector, and discuss some of the ways this FIS socialization is consequential for EAL learning and teaching in public high schools. I situate my discussion of the FIS-EAL relationship within the larger context of applied linguistics and education-related research on internationalization and educational migration in K-12 settings, and raise questions about how FIS socialization is relevant to discussions of public education.
Genetic polymorphisms on heat-shock protein 70 gene and mitochondrial DNA d-loop variations: implications on selection for heat stress in indigenous chickens in Kenya
Authors: Kennedy Grace M , Panyako Philip M , Oyier Philip A , Ndiema Emmanuel K , Lichoti Jacqueline K , Ommeh Sheila C
Published: March 2019

Background: Climate change resulting in heat stress, is one of the most challenging environmental conditions affecting poultry. Studying thermotolerance is crucial in the prevention of heat stress in chickens because it may lead to the identification of genetic lines that can withstand adverse effects of heat stress. This study aimed at investigating polymorphisms in heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene in indigenous chicken ecotypes. We also analyzed the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) D-loop of indigenous chickens to assess their origins and genetic diversity.

Methods: We collected samples From Turkana basin, Mt. Elgon catchment, Lake Victoria basin and Lamu chicken ecotypes in Kenya. Genomic DNA was extracted from 280 chicken samples. The first 360 bp region of HSP70 and the first 760 bp region of the mtDNA were then amplified via PCR. These were later sequenced using Sanger ABI 3730 method.

Results: We reveal through a detailed analysis of the HSP70 gene fragment in 20 indigenous chickens the presence of three HSP70 haplotypes (GC, AC, and AG) and 28 mtDNA haplotypes. Phylogenetic analysis of HSP70 revealed the presence of the ancestral haplotype GC which dominated in Turkana basin ecotype. The 28 mtDNA haplotypes clustered in haplogroups A, B, C, D, E and I. Haplogroup E which has never been reported in commercial chickens dominated in Turkana basin ecotype indicating no admixture with commercial chickens. mtDNA haplogroups were shown to have originated from various parts of South and Southeast Asia. Lack of population structure in indigenous chicken ecotypes could be an indication of genetic admixture. The mtDNA nucleotide and haplotype diversity indices were low for Turkana basin ecotype and high for Lamu ecotype. High HSP70 nucleotide diversity indices were recorded in Turkana basin ecotype, while low values were recorded in Lamu ecotype. Most of the mtDNA genetic variations occurred within individuals for the three hierarchical categories considered while most variations in HSP70 gene occurred within populations.

Conclusions: This is the first study to analyze the HSP70 polymorphisms in indigenous chickens in Africa and results obtained should pave the way for further in-depth studies on heat stress.
Photoacoustic Spectroscopy in Trace Gas Monitoring
Authors: Harren Frans J.M. , Cristescu Simona M.
Published: March 2019

Gas‐phase spectroscopy is nowadays very common in a wide variety of fields next to chemistry and physics, ranging from atmospheric chemistry to biology, medical sciences, and safety. Spectroscopic gas sensors have proven to be indispensable tools for these areas. There are various ways of utilizing gas sensors, and each application puts different demands. Some applications require a very high sensitivity for one specific gas compound, while others benefit more from a sensor that has the ability to measure a wide range of gases or benefit from a miniaturized footprint. A high time resolution is also desirable, as well as selectivity, robustness, and little or no need for sample preparation and maintenance; photoacoustic spectroscopy and their sensors meet a large number of these demands. This article discusses photoacoustic spectroscopy as sensitive, real‐time, and noninvasive tool for trace gas monitoring. After an introduction and historic overview, attention is focused onto the description of devices and equipment; they determine the detection limits and selectivity. Applications are discussed with emphasis on atmospheric applications, safety, and biological/agricultural applications followed by human health examples. Finally, a comparison is made with other spectroscopy methods.
Analysis of Plant Saponins
Authors: Krzyżanowska‐Kowalczyk Justyna , Kowalczyk Mariusz , Oleszek Wiesław
Published: March 2019

Saponins are naturally occurring metabolites found in many families of plants and also in some marine invertebrates. Their isolation and determination are frequently very challenging, mainly because of the complexity of a sample matrix, the vast diversity of possible structures, and similarity in chemical properties among the saponins. This article focuses on various techniques related to extraction, isolation, chromatographic separation, and spectrometric quantification of saponins. Necessary background and references in the area of saponin analysis are provided by ample examples of both traditional as well as contemporary methods for their study. Advantages and limitations of these techniques are also discussed.
N
akamurella
Authors: Chen Wen‐Feng , Tao Tian‐Shen
Published: March 2019

Na.ka.mu.rel'la. M.L. dimin. ending
‐ella
; N.L. fem. n.
Nakamurella
to honor the Japanese microbiologist Professor Kazunori Nakamura.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Nakamurellales / Nakamurellaceae / Nakamurella

Currently, seven species including
Nakamurella multipartita
,
Nakamurella flavida
(formerly
Humicoccus flavidus
),
Nakamurella lactea
(formerly
Saxeibacter lacteus
),
Nakamurella panacisegetis
,
Nakamurella endophytica
,
Nakamurella silvenstris
, and
Nakamurella intestinalis
were described or reclassified in the genus
Nakamurella
. The genus belongs to the family
Nakamurellaceae
, order
Frankiales
, class
Actinobacteria
. All the bacteria belonging to genus
Nakamurella
are non‐spore‐forming, spherical‐ or irregular‐short–rod‐shaped, nonmotile, and Gram‐positive actinobacteria. Cells occur singly or in some cases in clusters. They have been isolated from activated sludge, soil, rock, insect feces, and plant bark. A cell‐wall structure occurs in the middle of each cell at the early exponential growth phase, and a number of septa are present at the late exponential phase. Strictly aerobic chemoorganotroph. The growth rate is low, and visible colonies appear on agar media after 3–10 days of incubation. Catalase‐positive. Oxidase‐negative. The cell‐wall peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid (
meso
‐DAP). The major menaquinone is MK‐8(H
4
). Common major fatty acid is anteiso‐C
15
:0
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 64.6–74.3.

Type species
:
Nakamurella multipartita
(Yoshimi, Hiraishi and Nakamura 1996) Tao, Yue, Chen and Chen 2004, 999
VP
(
Microsphaera multipartita
Yoshimi, Hiraishi and Nakamura 1996, 524).
E
pibacterium
Authors: Wirth Joseph S. , Whitman William B.
Published: March 2019

E.pi.bac.te'ri.um
. Gr. pref.
epi
‐ on; N.L. neut. n.
bacterium
a small rod or staff; N.L. neut. n.
Epibacterium
rod on a surface.

Proteobacteria / Alphaproteobacteria / Rhodobacterales / Rhodobacteraceae / Epibacterium

Gram‐negative‐staining, aerobic, catalase‐ and oxidase‐positive rods. Reproduces by normal cell division. Optimal growth typically occurs between 24 and 37°C, 1–3.5% (w/v) NaCl, and pH 7–8. Capable of utilizing a large variety of organic carbon sources. Every species can utilize
d
‐cellobiose,
d
‐fructose,
d
‐galactose, acetate, pyruvate, succinate, and
l
‐tyrosine as sole carbon and energy sources. Every species tested can utilize butyrate, fumarate,
dl
‐3‐hydroxybutyrate, lactate, 2‐oxoglutarate, propionate, adonitol, arabitol, xylitol,
l
‐alanine,
l
‐arginine,
l
‐asparagine,
l
‐aspartate,
l
‐cysteine,
l
‐glutamine,
l
‐leucine,
l
‐methionine,
l
‐ornithine,
l
‐proline,
d
‐serine,
l
‐serine, and
l
‐threonine as sole carbon and energy sources, but not gluconate,
d
‐glucosamine, lactose, salicin, benzoate, phenylacetate,
l
‐lysine,
l
‐tryptophan, or
l
‐valine. The major fatty acid is C
18
:1
ω7
c
or summed feature 8 (C
18
:1
ω7
c
and/or C
18
:1
ω6
c
). The major quinone is ubiquinone 10. Some species are globally distributed in marine environments. Species have been isolated from marine biofilms, the surface of marine algae, and seawater. Members of the family
Rhodobacteraceae
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 52.6–61.4.

Type species
:
Epibacterium ulvae
Penesyan, Breider, Schumann, Tindall, Egan and Brinkhoff 2013, 1594
VP
.
N
atranaerobius
Authors: Mesbah Noha M.
Published: March 2019

Natr.an.ae.ro'bi.us. N.L. n.
natron
derived from the Arabic
natrun
soda (sodium carbonate); Gr. pref.
an
not; Gr. masc. or fem. n.
aer
air; Gr. masc. n.
bios
life; N.L. masc. n.
Natranaerobius
a soda‐requiring anaerobe.

Firmicutes / Clostridia / Natranaerobiales / Natranaerobiaceae / Natranaerobius

The genus
Natranaerobius
currently consists of two species,
Natranaerobius thermophilus
(the type species) and
Natranaerobius trueperi
. Members of the genus are straight or slightly curved rods, nonmotile, and obligately anaerobic. They are chemoorganotrophic and ferment carbohydrates to acetate and formate. They are extremely halophilic, obligately alkaliphilic, and thermophilic. The cell wall is Gram‐type‐positive but lacks significant amounts of
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid and murein. Endospores are not observed. The
Natranaerobius
are found in the anaerobic sediments of hypersaline soda lakes.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 40–41 (HPLC), 33–36.4% (genome sequence).

Type species
:
Natranaerobius thermophilus
Mesbah, Hedrick, Peacock, Rohde and Wiegel 2007b, 2511
VP
.
How to Maximize the Potential of Zn–Air Battery: Toward Acceptable Rechargeable Technology with or without Electricity
Authors: Park Joohyuk , Lee Jang‐Soo , Cho Jaephil
Published: March 2019

Owing to its high potential, Zn–air battery with a century old technology has been drawing attention recently. However, it is still under research and development stage so that its maximum application has been significantly limited to small portable devices such as just hearing aids. In this article, we briefly introduce possible degradation mechanism of each zinc anode and air cathode and then discuss efforts to address these issues. Furthermore, for making Zn–air battery technology more commercialized, we also discuss the efforts that should be more emphasized and the strategy that can be possible and an alternative for future Zn–air battery technology.
Solid‐State Electrolyte
Authors: Luo Wei , Yu Chuang , Hu Liangbing
Published: March 2019

Solid‐state lithium‐ion batteries (SSLIBs) are attracting attention owing to the benefits of their nonflammable nature, wide operable‐temperature range, potential high energy density, and simple packaging, which may significantly improve the safety of LIBs and boost the development of electric vehicles. As the most important component in SSLIBs, solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs), and especially inorganic SSEs, are critical for delivering on the promise of this technology. In this article, we present a survey of inorganic SSEs, ranging from lithium oxysalts, perovskites and antiperovskites, NASICON‐type Li ion conductors, garnet‐type lithium oxides, lithium sulfide glasses, lithium sulfide glass‐ceramics, crystalline lithium sulfide, thin‐film‐type LiPON, Li
3
N, and others.
TEMStudies on Electrode Materials for Secondary Ion Batteries
Authors: Hwang Sooyeon , Su Dong
Published: March 2019

In spite of current success of lithium ion batteries, significant enhancement in energy‐density, cycle life, and safety should be achieved for next‐generation batteries. Understanding of structure–performance relation in anode and cathode materials is critical for improving battery performances. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a unique tool for exploring morphology, phase and chemical structures, and structural defects of materials at the scales from micrometers to sub‐angstroms. In this article, we discuss the research progress of using advanced electron microscopy approaches on battery materials. Representative TEM works on cathode and anode materials are introduced. Furthermore, in situ TEM techniques, which may provide the real‐time information to understand the kinetics and reaction mechanism during the structural evolutions, are emphasized.
Synchrotron‐Based Soft
X
‐Ray Spectroscopy for Battery Material Studies
Authors: Yang Wanli
Published: March 2019

The pressing demand of electric energy storage systems for sustainable energy applications, especially electric vehicles and power grid, has triggered active explorations and innovations on materials for electrochemical energy storage, that is, batteries. Such a “battery rush” in researches and developments stems from the formidable challenge on improving the energy density, stability, and low cost of batteries. Other than conventional trial‐and‐error approaches, the optimism in modern R&D efforts relies on incisive characterizations that could reveal the critical chemical and physical reactions in batteries and could hopefully provide guidelines for material optimizations. For such a reason, synchrotron‐based X‐ray spectroscopy and diffraction techniques become more and more popular in the battery material researches. However, as many other complex experimental techniques, synchrotron techniques are rooted in fundamental physics and many observations cannot be taken for granted with a naïve model. Correctly understanding and interpreting data from synchrotron techniques are particularly important for making good use of these power tools for battery studies. In addition, X‐ray techniques themselves are multi‐domain probes with very different mechanism and target very different aspects in material studies on structural, physical, and chemical properties. In this article, we will summarize the state‐of‐the‐art developments and demonstrations of core‐level soft X‐ray spectroscopy (SXS), including soft X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and resonant inelastic scattering for revealing the critical chemical reactions in battery electrodes and interfaces. We provide in‐depth explanations on how to understand the fundamentals of these tools and showcase some recent demonstrations on their applications for studying battery materials. We will first explain the soft X‐ray spectroscopic process through simplified atomic models. The discussions on soft X‐ray absorption is separated into two parts on low‐Z elements, such as C and O, and on 3d transition metals. These two systems typically display very different spectral lineshape with different theoretical interpretations. We then discuss that going beyond the limitations of conventional X‐ray absorption spectroscopy for novel material sciences becomes more and more critical. For batteries, examples on both oxygen and transition metals are presented to demonstrate the superior chemical sensitivity of resonant inelastic scattering compared with conventional absorption spectroscopy. In summary, the combination of modern synchrotron‐based SXS has served the community as one of the most powerful and direct probes to reveal the chemistry in battery electrodes, and at the battery interfaces.
Chemistry of Soft Matter Battery Electrolytes
Authors: Popovic Jelena
Published: March 2019

Development of soft matter electrolytes has been crucial for high‐performance lithium batteries and more recently has been of significant importance in Li–S, Li–O
2
, and multivalent battery cells. This article chapter deals with electrochemical properties of salt‐in‐solvent, ionic liquid, and polymer‐based electrolytes for all aforementioned battery technologies.
Solid Electrolyte Interphase in Lithium‐Based Batteries
Authors: Shi Feifei , Ross Philip N.
Published: March 2019

This article covered several topics related to the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) in lithium‐based batteries. The reactivity of fresh lithium to typical air and electrolyte components is firstly discussed. The catalysis effect on SEI formation is explored, focusing on the surface dependence of reduction potential and selectivity of reduction product. Mechanical effect on SEI formation is introduced, including the chemical–mechanical coupling during the cycling and the SEI composition change with electrode fracture. Ionic conductivity, solubility, and mechanical properties of SEI are summarized and discussed. In addition, critical technical challenges during the surface characterization of SEI are elaborated, such as ex situ sample preparation, beam damage, and sputtering effect. With the main objective to explore and resolve challenges in the SEI field, this article is concluded with future prospects.
Electrode and Electrolyte Interaction in Aqueous Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Teng Xiaowei
Published: March 2019

Aqueous rechargeable electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices using earth‐abundant transition metal oxides and Na or K ion as charge carriers could fulfill requirements for stationary energy storage, where low cost and environmental sustainability of the storage technologies become imperative. In order to meet the demands of large‐scale stationary storage, considerable efforts have been devoted to the development of advanced electrode materials for aqueous EES devices with competitive energy and power performance to their nonaqueous counterparts. Although efforts have been made in the development of novel electrode materials and aqueous electrolytes, fundamental rules governing the interaction between electrodes and aqueous electrolytes remain poorly understood. Some critical understanding underscoring the performance of aqueous EES devices is needed in order to address present challenges of aqueous systems, including low storage capacity of the electrode and limited potential window (∼1.23 V) due to water decomposition. Moreover, the structural details of electrodes resulted from the interaction with aqueous electrolytes are still far from elucidation; hence establishing structure–property relationships for advanced studies of aqueous EES systems is still largely a trial‐and‐error process. This article reviews the recent progress in controlling the interaction between electrode materials and electrolytes to improve the performance of aqueous EES devices. Particularly, this article focuses on (i) how interphase formed due to the interaction of electrodes and electrolytes widens the potential window of aqueous EES systems to reach a kinetically stable potential window well above 1.23 V and (ii) how the interaction between disordered electrode and water affects the stability of the electrode and improve the electrokinetics of charge storage.
Silicon‐Based Anodes for Advanced Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Song Junhua , Li Xiaolin , Zhang Ji‐Guang
Published: March 2019

The society's growing demand on long‐range electrical vehicles and long‐life consumer electronics put urgent requirement on the development of advanced lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) of high energy and low cost. Si, with top abundance and highest theoretical capacity to lithium, is expected to bump the LIB's energy density to above 300 Wh kg−1at a relatively low cost. Over the past 2 decades, tremendous effort has been made in bringing Si‐based anode materials to the battery market. In this book article, we review the progress from three fundamental aspects: (i) Si nanostructure design; (ii) binder study; and (iii) electrolyte optimization and interphase engineering. We address the practical aspects of Si‐based anode materials and remaining challenges with a special focus on the full cell configuration. We hope the short walkthrough of the Si technology will help the readers have a quick grasp of the efforts made in improving the performance of Si‐based anodes and appreciate the outcomes of the fundamental research brought to the development of practical LIBs.
Nitrogen Monoxide (Nitric Oxide): Bioinorganic Chemistry
Authors: Fricker Simon P.
Published: March 2019

The discovery of nitrogen monoxide (nitric oxide, NO) as the vasodilator molecule endothelium‐derived relaxing factor revealed a major physiological role for this simple diatomic molecule. We now know that NO regulates cardiovascular function, is a neurotransmitter, and is a component of the innate immune response to infection and cancer. The physiological effects of NO are mediated by its varied chemistry which includes redox chemistry and interaction with transition metals. NO can interact with iron‐heme‐containing proteins including hemoglobin and cytochrome c oxidase, and nonheme iron proteins such as aconitase and bacterial transcription regulatory proteins. NO reacts with superoxide to form the highly reactive peroxynitrite which decomposes to give the hydroxyl radical. Nitrosothiols, thiol adducts of NO, act to control NO release, and to shuttle NO between proteins and transport NO across cell membranes. NO is produced by one of three nitric oxide synthase (NOS) enzymes, endothelial NOS, neuronal NOS, and inducible NOS. Signaling functions are mediated via interaction with the heme‐containing protein soluble guanylate cyclase (GC), which produces the cell signaling molecule cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). This, in turn, is hydrolyzed by phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5), which turns off NO signaling. Perturbation in NO function contributes to the pathophysiology of many disease states. Endothelial dysfunction and subsequent reduced NO production contribute to hypertension and atherosclerosis. Excess NO is a mediator of inflammatory disease, and neurodegenerative disease, due in part to the production of peroxynitrite. The cardiovascular collapse observed in septic shock is caused by the vasodilator action of NO. Targeting the NO pathway theoretically provides many opportunities for therapeutic intervention. The NO donor drugs glyceryl trinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate, isosorbide dinitrate, and amyl nitrate are used to treat acute angina; and inhaled NO is used to treat persistent pulmonary hypertension in new born infants. Conversely, NOS inhibitors and NO scavengers have been explored to counteract NO as a mediator of disease. Though promising results have been obtained in animal models of disease these latter approaches have had little clinical success. However, targeting downstream of NO has been more successful with new clinically approved classes of drugs such as the inhibitors of PDE5 sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil; and the stimulator of the NO receptor soluble GC, riociguat. It has become apparent that the biological actions, and biological chemistry, of NO are very complex. New opportunities for drug discovery could result from an improved understanding of the biology of NO.
Sympathetic Joint Effusion in an Urban Hospital
Authors: Tan Irene J. , Barlow Jessica L.
Published: March 2019

Objective

Sympathetic joint effusion (SJE) and sympathetic synovial effusion (SSE) are recognized as causes of noninflammatory effusion with <2000 white blood cell (WBC) WBC/mm3 in the joint and bursa, respectively. Data on normal range SJE/SSE with <200 WBC/mm3 are unknown. We aimed to investigate the incidence, disease characteristics, and associated triggers of normal range SJE/SSE and to propose diagnostic criteria.

Methods

This retrospective study included patients hospitalized at Temple University Hospital who underwent a diagnostic arthrocentesis for joint or bursal effusion of unclear etiology from 31 January 2010 to 10 December 2016. A cohort of 72 patients with normal range synovial fluid (<200 WBC/mm3) fulfilled all inclusion criteria for detailed chart review.

Results

Annualized incidence of SJE/SSE was 1.2%. All 72 patients presented with joint pain and swelling. Twenty‐three (32%) also had warmth and 12 (17%) had erythema. Symptom onset was hours to within 6 days in 45 (63%) patients. The most commonly affected joint was the knee (61, 85%). Concurrent pathology in close anatomical proximity to SJE/SSE in the same limb was documented in 29 (40%) patients, most of which (26 of 29, 89%) were infection, deep venous thrombosis, intramuscular fluid collection, and trauma. Less common pathology included adjacent recent hip surgery, loosening of hip prosthesis, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation catheters.

Conclusion

SJE/SSE is not uncommon in hospitalized patients and mimics both inflammatory and septic arthritis. It is seen with normal and noninflammatory synovial fluid. A search for a root cause in the same limb is warranted when evaluating acute or subacute painful joint effusions with normal range synovial fluid WBC count.
Association of SLCO1B1 *14 Allele with Poor Response to Methotrexate in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Patients
Authors: Ramsey Laura B. , Moncrieffe Halima , Smith Chelsey N. , Sudman Marc , Marion Miranda C. , Langefeld Carl D. , Becker Mara L. , Thompson Susan D.
Published: March 2019

Objective

Variants in the SLCO1B1 gene, encoding a hepatic methotrexate (MTX) transporter, affect clearance of high‐dose MTX. We tested whether in the *14 and *15 alleles of SLCO1B1 influenced the response to low‐dose MTX in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients.

Methods

The study included 310 JIA patients genotyped for three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SLCO1B1 (rs4149056, rs2306283, and rs11045819). A patient's SLCO1B1 diplotype was determined by combining the SNPs into the *1a, *1b, *4, *5, *14, and *15 alleles. Number of active joints at follow‐up (visit closest to 6 months of treatment and prior to starting a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor) was used as the dependent variable in a negative binomial regression model that included active joint count at baseline as a covariate.

Results

The SLCO1B1*14 allele was associated with less response to MTX (P = 0.024) and the *15 allele was not associated with response to MTX (P = 0.392).

Conclusion

SLCO1B1 alleles may be associated with poor response to MTX in JIA patients. The *14 allele has been associated with fast clearance (low exposure) after high‐dose MTX in patients with leukemia. Thus, the SLCO1B1 gene may be informative for precision dosing of MTX in JIA patients. Patients carrying the *14 allele may require a higher dose than noncarriers to achieve a similar response to MTX.
Metal–Organic Framework (MOF) Derived Electrodes with Robust and Fast Lithium Storage for Li‐Ion Hybrid Capacitors
Authors: Dubal Deepak P. , Jayaramulu Kolleboyina , Sunil Janaky , Kment Štěpán , Gomez‐Romero Pedro , Narayana Chandrabhas , Zbořil Radek , Fischer Roland A.
Published: March 2019

Hybrid metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) demonstrate great promise as ideal electrode materials for energy‐related applications. Herein, a well‐organized interleaved composite of graphene‐like nanosheets embedded with MnO2 nanoparticles (MnO2@C‐NS) using a manganese‐based MOF and employed as a promising anode material for Li‐ion hybrid capacitor (LIHC) is engineered. This unique hybrid architecture shows intriguing electrochemical properties including high reversible specific capacity 1054 mAh g−1 (close to the theoretical capacity of MnO2, 1232 mAh g−1) at 0.1 A g−1 with remarkable rate capability and cyclic stability (90% over 1000 cycles). Such a remarkable performance may be assigned to the hierarchical porous ultrathin carbon nanosheets and tightly attached MnO2 nanoparticles, which provide structural stability and low contact resistance during repetitive lithiation/delithiation processes. Moreover, a novel LIHC is assembled using a MnO2@C‐NS anode and MOF derived ultrathin nanoporous carbon nanosheets (derived from other potassium‐based MOFs) cathode materials. The LIHC full‐cell delivers an ultrahigh specific energy of 166 Wh kg−1 at 550 W kg−1 and maintained to 49.2 Wh kg−1 even at high specific power of 3.5 kW kg−1 as well as long cycling stability (91% over 5000 cycles). This work opens new opportunities for designing advanced MOF derived electrodes for next‐generation energy storage devices.
Theoretical Prediction of Chiral 3D Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Perovskites
Authors: Long Guankui , Zhou Yecheng , Zhang Mingtao , Sabatini Randy , Rasmita Abdullah , Huang Li , Lakhwani Girish , Gao Weibo
Published: March 2019

Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites (HOIPs), in particular 3D HOIPs, have demonstrated remarkable properties, including ultralong charge‐carrier diffusion lengths, high dielectric constants, low trap densities, tunable absorption and emission wavelengths, strong spin–orbit coupling, and large Rashba splitting. These superior properties have generated intensive research interest in HOIPs for high‐performance optoelectronics and spintronics. Here, 3D hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites that implant chirality through introducing the chiral methylammonium cation are demonstrated. Based on structural optimization, phonon spectra, formation energy, and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, it is found that the chirality of the chiral cations can be successfully transferred to the framework of 3D HOIPs, and the resulting 3D chiral HOIPs are both kinetically and thermodynamically stable. Combining chirality with the impressive optical, electrical, and spintronic properties of 3D perovskites, 3D chiral perovskites is of great interest in the fields of piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, ferroelectricity, topological quantum engineering, circularly polarized optoelectronics, and spintronics.
Impact of one‐day course on medical student knowledge, attitudes and comfort with point‐of‐care ultrasound‐guided procedures
Authors: Chilstrom Mikaela , Beck Sierra
Published: March 2019

Introduction

Given the ubiquity of procedural ultrasound in clinical practice, the importance of exposing medical students to the topic is increasingly relevant. We examined final‐year medical student knowledge, attitudes and comfort level with procedural ultrasound before and after a one‐day course.

Methods

This was a prospective cross‐sectional survey of final‐year students at a single university. We collected data regarding ultrasound experience, career goals and knowledge of procedural ultrasound, as well as attitudes and comfort (each assessed with three questions using a Likert scale). All students were sent a pre‐ and post‐test survey, and we compared pre‐ and post‐test results using the chi‐square test, with a two‐tailed P‐value < 0.05 considered statistically significant.

Results

All of the 94 course participants completed both the pre‐ and post‐tests. Of the 23 non‐participants, 16 (70%) completed both pre‐ and post‐tests. Almost all (99%) respondents reported some prior ultrasound exposure, but only 34% had previously performed at least one core procedure with ultrasound guidance. Among participants, we found a 13% average increase in knowledge score (P < 0.05) between pre‐ and post‐tests; there was no significant change in knowledge score among non‐participants. Among participants, we also found an increase in positive attitudes (P < 0.05 for two of three questions) and an increased comfort level with procedural ultrasound (P < 0.05 for all three questions).

Discussion

A one‐day course can impact medical student knowledge, attitudes and comfort with the use of ultrasound for procedural guidance.

Conclusion

Further research is needed to assess long‐term outcomes and explore alternative educational modalities.
Spectroscopic characterization, thermogravimetry, density functional theory and biological studies of some mixed‐ligand complexes of meloxicam and 2,2′‐bipyridine with some transition metals
Authors: Sadeek Sadeek Atia , Abd El‐Hamid Sherif Mohamed , Mohamed Amira A. , Zordok Wael A. , El‐Sayed Hassan A.
Published: March 2019

The mixed‐ligand Mn(II), Fe(III), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Zr(IV) complexes of meloxicam (H2mel) and 2,2′‐bipyridine (Bipy) were prepared and characterized. For all complexes, the analytical and spectroscopic results revealed that H2mel acts in a monobasic bidentate manner through the oxygen of the amide and nitrogen of the thiazole groups, whereas Bipy coordinates through the two nitrogen atoms with slightly distorted octahedral geometry. Thermodynamic parameters (E, ΔS*, ΔH* and ΔG*) were calculated using Coats–Redfern and Horowitz–Metzger methods. The geometries of H2mel and the complexes were carefully studied using density functional theory to predict the properties of materials performed using the hybrid density functional method B3LYP. All studied complexes are soft with respect to H2mel where η varies from 0.096 for Zn(II) complex to 0.067 for Fe(III) complex and σ varies from 10.42 to 14.93 eV, while η and σ for H2mel are 0.14 and 7.14 eV, respectively. The antibacterial activities of the ligands and metal complexes were investigated and the data show that the complexes are active against some bacterial species compared with H2mel.
Simulation of the incidence of malignant brain tumors in birth cohorts that started using mobile phones when they first became popular in Japan
Authors: Sato Yasuto , Kojimahara Noriko , Yamaguchi Naohito
Published: March 2019

Over 20 years have passed since the initial spread of mobile phones in Japan. Epidemiological studies of mobile phone use are currently being conducted around the world, but scientific evidence is inconclusive. The present study aimed to simulate the incidence of malignant brain tumors in cohorts that began using mobile phones when they first became popular in Japan. Mobile phone ownership data were collected through an Internet‐based questionnaire survey of subjects born between 1960 and 1989. The proportion of mobile phone ownership between 1990 and 2012 was calculated by birth cohort (1960s, 1970s, and 1980s). Subsequently, using the ownership proportion, the incidence of malignant brain tumors was calculated under simulated risk conditions. When the relative risk was set to 1.4 for 1,640 h or more of cumulative mobile phone use and the mean daily call duration was 15 min, the incidence of malignant brain tumors in 2020 was 5.48 per 100,000 population for the 1960s birth cohort, 3.16 for the 1970s birth cohort, and 2.29 for the 1980s birth cohort. Under the modeled scenarios, an increase in the incidence of malignant brain tumors was shown to be observed around 2020. © 2019 Bioelectromagnetics Society
Hemisphere‐specific effects of prefrontal theta‐burst stimulation on visual recognition memory accuracy and awareness
Authors: Carbajal Ivan , O’Neil Jonathan T. , Palumbo Robert T. , Voss Joel L. , Ryals Anthony J.
Published: March 2019

Background

The prefrontal cortex has been implicated in episodic memory and the awareness of memory. Few studies have probed the nature and necessity of its role via brain stimulation. There are uncertainties regarding whether the hemisphere of stimulation predicts effects on memory and whether effects of stimulation are format‐specific, with most previous studies utilizing verbal/semantic stimuli.

Objective

Our primary objective was to determine if theta‐burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (TBS) to prefrontal cortex modulates visual memory accuracy, visual memory awareness, or both, and whether these effects depend on brain hemisphere.

Methods

We administered TBS to 12 individuals in either left prefrontal, right prefrontal, or a sham location on three separate days. We then administered a visual associative‐memory task incorporating global‐level awareness judgments and feeling‐of‐knowing (FOK) judgments on test trials for which retrieval failed.

Results

Overall memory accuracy significantly improved after right hemisphere TBS compared to sham. Simultaneously, subjects were relatively underconfident after right TBS, suggesting minimal awareness of memory accuracy improvements. The correspondence between FOKs and later recognition accuracy suggested a pattern of disruption in prospective memory monitoring accuracy after left TBS.

Conclusions

Our findings provide unique evidence for improved visual memory accuracy after right prefrontal TBS. These results also suggest right prefrontal lateralization for visual memory and left‐hemisphere specialization for item‐level prospective memory awareness judgments. Taken together, these results provided continued support for noninvasive stimulation to prefrontal cortex as a means of potentially improving memory and causally influencing prospective memory awareness.
A history of fascia
Authors: Adstrum Sue , Nicholson Helen
Published: March 2019

Fascia is a generic anatomical term that refers to a variety of the body's soft fibrous connective tissue parts. An expanding interdisciplinary interest in fascia might be accompanied by changes in how fascia is cognized. This study surveys the anatomical portrayal of fascia through history, with the aim of helping contextualize the ways it is now known. A historiographic review of fascia‐related literature written in the English language was undertaken. The anatomical meaning associated with fascia has varied during the 400 years that this term has been incorporated in English‐language medical literature. Fascia has been diversely portrayed as a range of macroscopically discernable body parts, the tissues they are composed of, and a pervasive soft connective tissue network structure. Over the last four centuries, fascia has been described in many ways. Anatomical understanding of fascia has developed over the years and is likely to continue to change with evolving research technologies. Multidisciplinary advances in fascial knowledge could conceivably contribute to improving individual and societal health care. Clin. Anat. 32:862–870, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.