bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Семинарское занятие как форма обучения
Authors: Мосная Е.И. , Рябченко А.Г.
Published: July 2021

В данной статье рассматривается роль преподавателя и студентов в проведении семинарского занятия. Определено, что семинарское занятие – это особая форма обучения, основная сущность которой заключается в том, что студент самостоятельно изучает отдельные вопросы по теме семинарского занятия, и представляет их в форме доклада, реферата или сообщения для обсуждения в форме дискуссии. Выявлено, что главной целью семинарского занятия является обеспечение студентам возможности овладеть навыками и профессиональными компетенциями для применения полученных знаний для решения теоретических и практических задач. Автором проводится анализ основных функций семинарского занятия, определены критерии его эффективности, дается краткая характеристика трех видов семинарских занятия: семинара-дискуссии, проблемного семинара и семинара-исследования.
Проблемы законности посягательства на адвокатскую тайну
Authors: Пухалов И.А. , Прохоров Д.Д.
Published: July 2021

За разглашение сведений, составляющих адвокатскую тайну, адвокат может быть привлечен к дисциплинарной ответственности советом адвокатской палаты. Но всѐ это, как отмечается в статье, должно быть осуществлено на законных основаниях. В статье рассмотрены проблемы законности посягательства на адвокатскую тайну.
Исследование влияния ферментативного гидролиза трипсином на функциональные свойства белка кукурузной муки
Authors: Шульц Л.В. , Красноштанова А.А.
Published: July 2021

Исследована возможность получения белкового изолята из кукурузной муки методом щелочной экстракции и осаждения в изоэлектрической точке. Показано, что данный метод является эффективным. Исследовано влияние продолжительности гидролиза полученного белкового изолята трипсином на функциональные свойства: ВУС, ЖУС, пенообразующую и эмульгирующую способности. Показано, что гидролиз отрицательно влияет на ВУС и ЖУС, пенообразующаая способность не претерпевает существенных изменений в рассматриваемом диапазоне времени гидролиза, эмульгирующая способность имеет ярко выраженный максимум.
About the linear and elliptic polarization of light
Authors: Pylaev A.P.
Published: July 2021

On basis of the known experiments it is considered the existing conceptions about the linear and elliptic polarisation of light. It is shown that the conception of the linear polarization does not have the arguments of physical character, and the conception about existence of the elliptic polarisation was founded on mathematical formulae. Since the direct experimental proof of the light elliptic polarization is lacking it is carried out an analysis of the experimental scheme of the indirect confirmation. It is shown that this scheme cannot give such confirmation.
Evaluation of Ivermectin as a Potential Treatment for Mild to Moderate COVID-19: A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial in Eastern India
Authors: Ravikirti  , Roy Ranjini , Pattadar Chandrima , Raj Rishav , Agarwal Neeraj , Biswas Bijit , Manjhi Pramod Kumar , Rai Deependra Kumar , Shyama  , Kumar Anjani , Sarfaraz Asim
Published: July 2021

Background: There has been a growing interest in ivermectin ever since it was reported to have an in-vitro activity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This trial was conducted to test the efficacy of ivermectin in mild and moderate coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19). Methods: A double blind, parallel, randomised, placebo-controlled trial conducted among adult COVID-19 patients with mild to moderate disease severity on admission in a COVID dedicated tertiary healthcare of eastern India. Enrolment was done between 1st August and 31st October 2020.  On day 1 and 2 post enrolment, patients in the intervention arm received ivermectin 12 mg while the patients in the non-interventional arm received placebo tablets. Results: About one-fourth (23.6%) of the patients in the intervention arm and one-third (31.6%) in the placebo arm were tested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) negative for SARS-CoV-2 on 6th day. Although this difference was found to be statistically insignificant [rate ratio (RR): 0.8; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.4-1.4; p=0.348]. All patients in the ivermectin group were successfully discharged. In comparison the same for the placebo group was observed to be 93%. This difference was found to be statistically significant (RR: 1.1; 95% CI; 1.0-1.2; p=0.045). Conclusions: Inclusion of ivermectin in treatment regimen of mild to moderate COVID-19 patients could not be said with certainty based on our study results as it had shown only marginal benefit in successful discharge from the hospital with no other observed benefits.
Factors of Job Satisfaction in The Czech Republic
Authors: Stritesky Dr.Vaclav
Published: July 2021

Purpose: The paper aims to identify overall job satisfaction in the Czech Republic and explore its differences between the various economic sectors. It also provides a comprehensive view of potential influence factors on job satisfaction with the emphasis on sociodemographic variables and job characteristics. This study aims to offer a different perspective on the issue of job satisfaction, which is often analysed in conditions of one specific organization. In the Czech Republic, a study analysing the global situation of job satisfaction in terms of sociodemographic variables have not been published yet.

Design/methodology/approach: The study is based on the quantitative research using personal interviews. Data was collected in cooperation with the research agency Median, s.r.o. within its research project Market & Media & Lifestyle. The size of the sample is over 15,000 respondents. Tests for the homogeneity of binomial proportions and logistic regression are used.

Findings: The paper provides a comprehensive view of job satisfaction on the Czech market. The influencing factors of job satisfaction are discussed. These results can be used when assessing the level of job satisfaction of various groups of Czech employees in terms of specific companies.

Research/practical implications: The paper includes implications for assessing the effectiveness of various HR policies on job satisfaction of various groups of employees in the Czech Republic. This comprehensive macro perspective on the issue of job satisfaction may lead to the conclusion that some socio-demographic groups of employees may generally exhibit lower level of job satisfaction regardless of the specific conditions of the company.

Originality/value: This paper provides a different perspective on the issue often examined in the conditions of Czech Republic, which is still missing and is frequently published in other countries.
Kod CN – istota i znaczenie a wiążąca informacja akcyzowa (problemy interpretacyjne)
Authors: Drozdek Adam
Published: July 2021

Przepisy ustawy o podatku akcyzowym przewidują jedną z wielu form urzędowych interpretacji prawa podatkowego, jaką jest wiążąca informacja akcyzowa. W myśl art. 7d ma ona dążyć do zapewnienia jednolitego stosowania ustawy o podatku akcyzowym w zakresie opodatkowania wyrobów akcyzowych albo samochodu osobowego, w szczególności przez jego interpretację uwzględniającą klasyfikację w układzie odpowiadającym Nomenklaturze Scalonej (CN). Tak pojmowanymi normami prawnymi są wszelkie Ogólne Reguły Interpretacji Nomenklatury Scalonej oraz wyjaśnienia do taryfy celnej zgodnie ze stanem prawnym z dnia wejścia w życie ustawy o podatku akcyzowym, które kierowane są do organów podatkowych i Służby Celno-Skarbowej.
Influence of Weed Management Practices on Nutrient Removal and Performance of Transplanted Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L.)
Authors: Shanmugapriya P. , Rathika S. , Ramesh T. , Janaki P.
Published: July 2021

Background: Finger millet production and productivity is lowering in India due to the growth of different weed species. Weeds are the prime yield limiting biotic constraints in finger millet. Therefore, the present investigation has been carried out to find out the suitable weed management practices on the performance of finger millet. Methods: In this regard, a field experiment was carried out during Kharif, 2018 at Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India to evaluate the different weed management practices for transplanted finger millet under sodic soil. The experiment comprised of ten weed management practices with different herbicidal treatments viz., pre emergence (PE) application of pendimethalin at 750 g/ha, oxyfluorfen at 50 g/ha, bensulfuron methyl at 60 g/ha + pretilachlor at 600 g/ha, early post emergence (EPOE) application of bispyribac sodium at 25 g/ha, PE pendimethalin at 750 g/ha fb EPOE bispyribac sodium at 25 g/ha, PE oxyfluorfen at 50 g/ha fb EPOE bispyribac sodium at 25 g/ha, PE bensulfuron methyl at 60 g/ha + pretilachlor at 600 g/ha fb EPOE bispyribac sodium at 25 g/ha, PE oxyfluorfen at 50 g/ha fb hand weeding (HW) at 30 DAT, HW at 15 and 30 DAT and unweeded control (UWC) in transplanted finger millet. Result: The results revealed that lower nutrient removal by weeds, higher nutrient uptake by crop and yield parameters viz., productive tillers/m2, earhead weight and total grains/earhead were registered in application of PE bensulfuron methyl at 60 g/ha + pretilachlor at 600 g/ha fb EPOE bispyribac sodium at 25 g/ha. The highest grain and straw yields were also registered in application of PE bensulfuron methyl at 60 g/ha + pretilachlor at 600 g/ha fb EPOE bispyribac sodium at 25 g/ha and it was on par with hand weeding at 15 and 30 DAT.
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Two Faba Bean Mutant Populations Based on AFLP Markers
Authors: . Nurmansyah , Migdadi Hussein M. , Alghamdi Salem S. , Khan Muhammad. A. , Afzal M.
Published: July 2021

Background: Although induced mutagenesis can rapidly generate genetic diversity, every genotype responds differently to different mutagen treatments in induceing genetic diversity. This study assesses and compares the genetic diversity of two mutant faba bean populations. Methods: Two genotypes representing landrace (Hassawi 2) and inbred variety (ILB4347) were exposed to gamma radiation and diethyl sulfate (DES). Two hundred eighty-two samples derived from individual 140 M2 mutant plants of Hassawi 2 and ILB 4347 and two parental lines were characterized using 11 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) primer combinations. Result: 89,820 bands within 2,083 polymorphic alleles were generated from the samples. Genetic diversity comparison of the mutant populations revealed that each genotype had varying responses to different treatments. The two genotypes had a relatively similar response to gamma radiation, while different responses were recorded in DES-derived mutant plants. Based on the Nei’s genetic distance, the populations were separated based on the genotypic origin. The population structure analyses showed that the Hassawi 2 and ILB4347 mutant populations were clustered into three and two groups, respectively. The difference in the number of clusters between the two mutant populations explains their breeding history. The present diversity considered as a valuable material used for breeding and conservation purposes.
Legacies of Environmental Injustice on Neighborhood Violence, Poverty and Active Living in an African American Community
Authors: Payton Foh Erica , Brown Rashida R. , Denzongpa Kunga , Echeverria Sandra
Published: July 2021

Features of the built environment such as parks and open spaces contribute to increased physical activity in populations, while living in neighborhoods with high poverty, racial/ethnic segregation, presence of neighborhood problems, and violence has been associated with less active living. Our present study examined the factors that may facilitate or hinder the long-term success of built environment interventions aimed at promoting physical activity in com­munities with a legacy of environmental injustice. The data for this study came from a larger assessment of the impact of a new local park in Newark, NJ. Analysis included all adults from the original study population who self-identified as African American/ Black (N=95).To provide an in-depth understanding of how neighborhood social and physical features influence physical activity among African Americans living in high poverty neighborhoods, we analyzed data from two focus groups with a total of 14 participants, and six in-depth interviews held in 2009- 2010.Survey results indicated high exposure to violence, and associations between neigh­borhood features and walking. Self-reported neighborhood walkability was associated with increased walking (P=.01), while in­creased perception of neighborhood safety was associated with less walking (P=.01). Qualitative results indicated that residents perceived the new park as a positive change, but also expressed concern about the presence of violence and lack of social cohesion among neighbors, with younger generations expressing less optimism than the elderly. Positive changes associated with improvements to the built environment may be limited by social conditions such as neighborhood violence.These mixed findings suggest that poli­cies and initiatives aimed at improving the built environment should address pov­erty, safety, and social cohesion to ensure more active living communities.Ethn Dis. 2021:31(3):425-432; doi:10.18865/ed.31.3.425
“I've Never Felt Such Absolute Devastating Loss”: A Photo Elicitation Exploration of Men's Postseparation Experiences of Coping After Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Bates Elizabeth A. , Taylor Julie C.
Published: July 2021

Current research and statistics support that there are a significant number of male victims of intimate partner violence (IPV), yet less is known about how men cope with, and indeed move on from, these experiences postseparation. The aim of the current study is to discuss the findings from a photo elicitation study exploring men's postseparation experiences of coping after IPV experiences; photo elicitation as a method of interviewing is simply the use of photos within an interview setting (Harper, 2002), they are used as a stimulus to elicit richer accounts of the topic under study (Frith & Harcourt, 2007). We interviewed 16 men who brought photos that represented their experience for discussion. Interviews were analyzed thematically, and several overarching themes were identified: (a) power, (b) postseparation support, (c) systemic injustice and separation, (d) separation, impact, and loss. Men described the ways in which they engaged in mechanisms to help their “recovery” and help them to cope, but these efforts were often hampered by ongoing issues of power with their ex-partners, gender stereotyped treatment, a lack of support from systems they approached for help, and separation from their children. Findings are discussed in relation to current legislation and practice, with recommendations made around the need for tailored support and intervention to support men and their children.
ESTIMATIVA DE VAZÃO MÁXIMA PARA PROJETOS DE BARRAGEM NA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO RIO URAIM EM PARAGOMINAS/PA
Authors: Duarte Juliana Maia , Blanco Claudio José Cavante , Santana Laila Rover
Published: July 2021

O conhecimento das vazões máximas nas bacias hidrográficas, relacionado a um determinado risco hidrológico, é um fator essencial no dimensionamento de estruturas hidráulicas. Neste contexto, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi definir vazões de projeto para barragens de concreto e terra com tempos de retorno de 500 e 1.000 anos, respectivamente, em pontos estratégicos da bacia hidrográfica do rio Uraim em Paragominas/PA. As vazões de projeto foram determinadas através da distribuição de probabilidade Generalizada de Valores Extremos (GEV), sendo os parâmetros estimados pelo Método da Máxima Verossimilhança. Os resultados demonstraram que a GEV gerou valores simulados com uma boa aderência aos valores observados. Para barragens de terra, a maior vazão obtida foi de 5,48 m³/s; e para barragens de concreto, a maior vazão foi de 5,42 m³/s no mesmo local analisado. As vazões máximas simuladas em função do tempo de retorno podem servir como ferramenta para futuros projetos, mais seguros, de barragens de terra e concreto na bacia hidrográfica do rio Uraim.
Possible application of animal fat as engine fuel - lubricity aspects
Authors: PIASZYK Jakub , WYSZYŃSKI Miroslaw L.
Published: July 2021

Thepaperpresents results of animalfat lubricity testperformed at highfrequency reciprocating rig (HFRR). Impact of test temperature on wear scar diameter (WSD) is shown. Results for animal fat are compared with those for mineral diesel fuel (ULSD). Obtained WSD prooved excellent lubricating properties of animal fat. Laboratory test results are backed up with engine trials where two sets offuel pumps were tested on a large reciprocating engine. Animal fat can be used asfuelfor engines -when appropriatefiltrationprocess is implemented.
The evaluation of the technical condition of engines following intermittent emission tests carried out by vehicle inspection stations
Authors: SZPICA Dariusz , MILEWSKI Sławomir
Published: July 2021

The paper presents an analysis of the engine technical condition of vehicles subjected to intermittent vehicle inspections at inspection stations. The investigations were realized on the equipment compliant with the relevant legal regulations. The obtained results allowed statistical conclusions related to the emission level in individual age groups of gasoline and diesel engines. None of the diesel engines exceeded the exhaust opacity limits specified in the legislation. In gasoline engines the lowest concentrations were observed in the group of vehicles below 7 years of operation. From the total number of testedgasoline vehicles 7 exceeded the admissible limits (they were assignedfor retesting).
The application of the deterministic chaos method in the assessment of the combustion process in diesel engines fitted in non-road vehicles
Authors: MERKISZ Jerzy , WALIGÓRSKI Marek
Published: July 2021

The paper describes the problem of the combustion process diagnostics in diesel engines of HDV vehicles in the aspect of the environment protection and misfire detection as well as its use in the OBD/EOBD systems. Vibroacoustic processes were taken into consideration and the chosenparameters ofthe vibration signals obtainedfrom the specified locations in the engine were the diagnostic estimators of the process changes. The paper discusses the diagnosis of the course of the process from the point of view of the OBD system requirements, in order to check the possibility of using the deterministic chaos method and vibroacoustic processes in on-line diagnostic processes and in the design of combustion monitors in diesel locomotive engines. This stage of the scientific studies was done to check the sensitivity of selected non-linear methods for the process changes or their lack. The paper also presents the signal analyses, limitations of the method, criteria of the process qualification and its accuracy. Diagnostic algorithms of misfire detection and possibility of its practical use in contemporary vehicle drivertrains have been described as well.
Distribution of piston compression ring pressure against the deformed cylinder wall
Authors: SERDECKI Wojciech , KRZYMIEŃ Piotr
Published: July 2021

The following study presents typical cylinder deformations that come up during engine assembly and operation and provides results of analysis of how these changes affect the operation of the compression ring. Special attention has been paid to the effect of cylinder diameter increase on the distribution of the circumferential wall pressure and the cause of light gaps formation has been explained. The analyses presented in the following paper have been carried out using a computer program that has been formulated based on a compression ring mathematical model. Exemplary results of simulation have been obtained for a medium speed generator engine of a cylinder diameter of 0.48 m.
The accuracy of modelling of the thermal cycle of a compresion ignition engine
Authors: CUPIAŁ Karol , TUTAK Wojciech , JAMROZIK Arkadiusz , KOCISZEWSKI Arkadiusz
Published: July 2021

The results of numerical analysis the combustion process in turbocharged CI engine 6CT107 are presented in the
paper. Engine was installed on the ANDORIA’s power generator of 100 kVA/80 kW. The results of modelling the combustion
process for different angle setting fuel injection, compared with the results obtained by indicating the real engine.
Numerical analysis was performed in two programs, designed for three-dimensional modelling of the thermal cycle the
piston internal combustion engine, namely AVL FIRE and the KIVA-3V.
The research of the probabilistic characteristics of exhaust emissions from vehicle engines
Authors: CHŁOPEK Zdzisław
Published: July 2021

The influence of the probability density of the average speed on the probability density of the specific road exhaust
emissions has been analyzed in the paper. The characteristics of the exhaust emissions from internal combustion engines
warmed up to normal operating temperature have been examined. The research has been carried out for characteristics
of the exhaust emissions from internal combustion engines of passenger vehicles. The research has been carried out
for two kinds of functions in the form courses of average speed: of constant and normal distribution. The Monte Carlo
Method has been used in the research. The probability density of the specific road exhaust emissions has been estimated.
The zero–dimensional characteristics: the median, the kurtosis and the skewness coefficient, have been examined.
A significant regularity of the displacement of the probability density towards smaller values in relation to the average
speed probability density has been ascertained.
The possibilities of improvement of spark ignition engine efficiency through dual fueling of methanol and gasoline
Authors: STELMASIAK Zdzisław , SEMIKOW Janusz
Published: July 2021

The paper presents the results of the investigations into a dual fuel spark ignition multipoint methanol/gasoline injection engine where the injection is realized into the area of the intake valve. The engine fuel feed was realized through a prototype intake system having double electronically controlled injectors. The here used system can feed the engine with gasoline and methanol separately and the combustion of the mixture of the said fuels with any given methanol content. The test were performed on a 4-cylinder spark ignition engine (Fiat 1100 MPI). The paper presents the comparative results of the efficiency of the dual fuelled engine at variable methanol content. The investigations revealed an advantageous influence of methanol addition on the engine efficiency, particularly for higher methanol content and higher loads.
Plains End Power Station – gas reciprocating engines in a grid-stability power plant
Authors: RAJEWSKI Adam
Published: July 2021

The Plains End Power Station located in Colorado, USA, is one of the largest power plants with reciprocating engines as prime movers. In two units of this power plant there are totally 34 engine-generator sets driven by Wartsila reciprocating engines. Total installed capacity of the plant is ca. 230 MW. Plains End Power Station serves a source of peakload power and grid-stability plant, which is particularly important in an area with high wind power capacity. Features of the used engines like their high operational flexibility and very short start-up time, combined with the layout of multiple parallel gensets of relatively small outputs, greatly facilitates this type of operations, allowing to quickly and reliably supply amount of power currently needed for grid balancing. The paper presents operational experience and specific operational conditions of a peakload and grid-stability plant using gas reciprocating engines.
Producer gas combustion in the internal combustion engine
Authors: CUPIAŁ Karol , SZWAJA Stanisław
Published: July 2021

The investigation presented in the paper concerns producer gas combustion in both the spark ignited (SI) and the dual-fuel compression ignition (CI) engine with a diesel pilot of 15% with respect to its nominal dose, at compression ratio (CR) of 8, 12 (for the SI engine) and 17 (for the CI engine). The research tasks were mainly focused on combustion instabilities such as engine work cycles unrepeatability and combustion knock onset. The investigation included also combustion of such gases as methane, biogas and hydrogen, which were taken for making comparison between them and the producer gas. The conducted analysis shows that producer gas is resistant to generate knock even if it contains significant hydrogen content of 16%. However, high work cycles unrepeatability is observed when producer gas is combusted in the SI engine. Obtained results led to conclusion that producer gas can be burnt more efficiently in the dual-fuel CI engine than the SI one. Neither misfiring nor knocking have occurred during its combustion in that engine.
Description of knock onset in SI turbocharged gas engine
Authors: KLÍR Vojtěch , TAKÁTS Michal
Published: July 2021

Knock is an abnormal combustion process occurring in SI engines. To describe engine knock reliably is still challenge. Based on measured in cylinder pressure, the techniques of knock onset determination are introduced. The findings about knock intensity are discussed. Simulation of knock phenomena is mentioned. The results from model and experiment are compared.
The study of simulated biogas on combustion and emission characteristics in compression ignition engines
Authors: TIRA Hendry S. , GILL Simaranjit S. , THEINNOI Kampanart , SHENKER Joshua , LAU Chia S. , TSOLAKIS Athanasios , DEARN Karl , TURNER Dale , WYSZYNSKI Miroslaw L.
Published: July 2021

New renewable fuels have been developed for diesel engines, contributing to the reduction of carbon emissions and to fuel security. However, the combustion characteristics of these fuels and emissions still remain unclear. A study to investigate diesel engine performance integrated with biogas and hydrogen has been carried out. Biogas is principally a mixture of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) along with other trace gases. In this study the simulated gaseous biogas (60% CH4 and 40% CO2 vol.) and hydrogen (2% vol.) fuels were fed into the engine intake manifold and diesel fuel was injected into cylinder as a pilot ignition fuel. The effects of biogas and hydrogen showed reduced PM compared with diesel combustion. In addition, up to 39 and 33% reduction in total particulate mass and smoke, respectively, was seen. However, there was a slight increase in particle number when gaseous fuel addition was used, where the particulate size distributions have moved towards the nucleation region thus benefitting the after-treatment systems. Reduced thermal efficiency was observed for the gaseous fuel addition.
Test results of an external exhaust gas recirculation system of a Cooper Bessemer GMVH-8 engine-compressor
Authors: RUDKOWSKI Marek , DUDEK Sławomir , WOŁOSZYN Ryszard
Published: July 2021

The paper presents results of research designed and constructed by the authors of external exhaust gas recirculation Integral Engine-Compressor Cooper Bessemer GMVH-8. This system was used primarily to reduce emissions of nitrogen oxides
Modelling of the thermal cycle of a gas engine using AVL FIRE Software
Authors: TUTAK Wojciech , JAMROZIK Arkadiusz
Published: July 2021

Paper presents results of modelling gas engine thermal cycle using AVL FIRE and KIVA 3V software. There are described three combustion models used in software. KIVA and FIRE software are used in Institute of Internal Combustion Engines and Control Engineering for analysis of thermal cycle of IC engines. FIRE software gives many possibilities with many combustion models. All used combustion models are dependent on turbulence of flow field before ignition. Comparison of modelling results of thermal cycle of IC engine is presented in paper. Pressure, temperature, heat release and turbulence parameters variations in function of crank angle as well as spatial distribution of above mentioned quantities at selected crank angles were determined.
A simulation research of a hydrogen injection system for a Wankel engine
Authors: SZLACHETKA Marcin , WENDEKER Mirosław , CZARNIGOWSKI Jacek , JAKLIŃSKI Piotr , GRABOWSKI Łukasz
Published: July 2021

The paper presents the results of simulations of a gaseous fuel supply system in a Wankel engine. The testing was conducted on a zero-dimensional model of the designed injection system that was fuelled by gaseous hydrogen into the intake manifold in the RX 50 Wankel engine. The Dymola software and its Pneumatics Module were used in the simulation. The experiments determined what phenomena would occur inside the injection system and helped develop a tool to optimize its design. The analysis dealt with the changes in the pressure and mass flow rate in the individual components of such a supply system. The research was done in steady states for one value of speed and load as the inlet system pressure.
The analysis of a possibility of construction of a START–STOP system based on an elastic type mechanical starter-accumulator
Authors: DZIDA Jan , DZIDA Jakub Mikołaj
Published: July 2021

The paper presents research results of a combustion engine ignition start-up process for a city car with the use of a conventional electric starter-motor and with the use of rubber elastic components. The objective of the research work was to compare the ignition dynamics of both concepts and determine the necessary parameters for the rubber elastic components.
The results of the performed research contain the course of torque; the energy and power needed for the ignition are shown on the diagrams. A comparison of these two systems shows that the use of the system with the elastic components having reasonable weight is sufficient enough for a reliable ignition and its mechanical parameters are similar to or even better than the electric starter-motor ignition. Positive results became the basis for the initiation of design works on a concept of a new mechanical START-STOP- system. The preliminary assumption as well as the concept of an integrated mechanical device that combines both the engine starter and the energy accumulator have been presented. The last paragraph describes possible advantages of the new START-STOP system, among which the most important are high energy and cost efficiency as well as its simplicity.
The use of turbulization in preliminary fuel treatment in self-ignition engines
Authors: KLYUS Oleh
Published: July 2021

It is possible to increase the effectiveness parameters of self-ignition engine performance as well as to decrease the emission of toxic compounds in exhaust gases by using preliminary catalytic fuel treatment - PROCESSING – executed directly in the injector body. In order to enhance the impact of the catalyst on the flowing fuel we propose to take advantage of the phenomenon of turbulization in injector passages. First results of tests on an engine of 359 type have shown an improvement of operating parameters and a decrease of toxic emission in exhaust gases.
Heat transfer between gas and the surrounding walls in the model of gas flow from the combustion chamber to the crankcase
Authors: KOSZAŁKA Grzegorz
Published: July 2021

The paper discusses different approaches to the modeling of the heat transfer between gas and surrounding walls used in the models of gas flow from the combustion chamber to the crankcase. Most models described in the literature assume that the flow is isothermal or quasi-isothermal. Such an assumption remarkably simplifies the calculations, however, the real gas flow has an mixed character (between adiabatic and isothermal). Taking the above into account, the submodel of heat transfer, which allows assuming the conditions of heat transfer from isothermal to adiabatic was worked out and included into the model of the gas flow and ring dynamics. The research of the effect of the assumed heat transfer intensity on the calculated inter-ring gas pressures, rings axial positions in the grooves and blow-by has been presented in this paper.
Flow tests of an air controlling throttle body in a spark ignition engine
Authors: SZPICA Dariusz
Published: July 2021

The paper presents a flow testing method for throttle bodies. The numerically obtained values of the flow capacity was
used for the development of their characteristics that can be implemented in the simulation models.
Experiences with partial-flow filters to reduce the solid particle emissions from diesel engines
Authors: MAYER Andreas , CZERWIŃSKI Jan , COMTE Pierre
Published: July 2021

Four of these Particulate Reduction Systems (PMS) were tested on a passenger car and one of them on a HDV. Expectation
of the research team was that they would reach at least a PM-reduction of 30% under all realistic operating conditions.
The standard German filter test procedure for PMS was performed but moreover, the response to various operating
conditions was tested including worst case situations. Besides the legislated CO, NOx and PM exhaust-gas emissions,
also the particle count and NO2 were measured. The best filtration efficiency with one PMS was indeed 63%. However,
under critical but realistic conditions filtration of 3 of 4 PMS was measured substantially lower than the expected 30 %,
depending on operating conditions and prior history, and could even completely fail. Scatter between repeated cycles was
very large and results were not reproducible. Even worse, with all 4 PMS deposited soot, stored in these systems during
light load operation was intermittently blown-off. Due to these stochastic phenomena the behaviour of these systems
is hardly predictable. Furthermore the provision of NO2, through catalysis ahead of the filter or in the filter matrix, is
inherent in these systems. Some of this secondary NO2 is emitted. Cost/benefit ratio is high compared to full-flow filters
and Diesel engines equipped with partial-flow filters are inferior to SI engines regarding global warming potential. Based
on these findings it is concluded that the sustainable performance of partial-flow filters is not yet determined.
The effect of temperature and shearing rate on dynamic viscosity of RME containing fuels
Authors: WCISŁO Grzegorz
Published: July 2021

The paper presents the results of a research on determining the temperature and shearing rate effect on dynamic viscosity of type B biofuels. This type of fuels are diesel fuels containing a biocomponent supplement. The “B” value denotes a volumetric share of the biocomponent in a mixture with diesel fuel. Three kinds of biofuels have been tested: B100 (100% RME), B20 (20% RME) and B5 (5%RME). B20 and B5 biofuels were prepared on the basis of commercial VERVA ON diesel oil. The dynamic viscosity of B100 RME biofuels within the temperature range from 30 to –15oC assumes values from c.a. 10 to 95 mPa·s. The dynamic viscosity of RME biofuels at constant temperature 25oC within the range of shearing rate from 0 to 2000 s–1 changed its value from 7 to 15 mPa·s. B5 biofuel reveals also a strong dependency of the dynamic viscosity in the shearing rate function. For the lowest values of the shearing forces the dynamic viscosity assumed the values of 2.5 mPa·s. The dynamic viscosity grew reaching the value of 8.5 mPa·s at 2000 s–1 along with the increasing shearing forces. The research demonstrated that the dynamic viscosity of fuels is seriously affected not only by the temperature, as has been hitherto suggested, but also by the shearing rate.
The effect of platinum-rhodium active coating application in self-ignition engine on policyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentration in exhausts
Authors: JANICKA Anna , WALKOWIAK Wojciech , SZCZEPANIAK Włodzimierz
Published: July 2021

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are known to be mutagenic and carcinogenic group of substances. One of the most important anthropogenic source of these hydrocarbons is motorization (especially diesel engines). The most effective method of PAHs removal from exhaust gasses is using catalytic converters in vehicle exhaust systems. This paper presents results of measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons emissions from self-ignition engine with platinum-rhodium active coating application inside.
A dynamic test of a vehicle in motion and exhaust gas emissions during alternative fuelling with gasoline and compressed natural gas (CNG)
Authors: PARCZEWSKI Krzysztof , ROMANISZYN Kazimierz M. , WNĘK Henryk
Published: July 2021

The majority of published data on exhaust gas emissions is cited based on the test results from the NEDC driving cycle. This paper specifies the methodology of how to develop dynamic characteristics of the emissions, based on the aggregated data from the measurement of modal emissions obtained in the course of NEDC and FTP-75 driving cycles for gasoline and CNG fuelling. The presented characteristics concern a real passenger car which was tested, then the characteristics were used to calculate the exhaust gas emissions during a specially developed driving test comprising four main motion resistances and engine braking. The effect of fuel type on selected emissions of exhaust gas components has also been compared and assessed.
Thermal cycle of SI engine modeling with initial swirl proces into consideration
Authors: TUTAK Wojciech
Published: July 2021

Results of numerical modelling the initial charge swirl in piston engine cylinder and the influence of swirl profile on engine thermal cycle parameters have been presented in the paper. The shape of initial swirl profile of modelled engine was determined on the basis of the experimental researches. It was taken into consideration because the proper level of turbulence before the initiation of combustion is very important for engine work. The research was conducted using KIVA-3V software.
The theoretical model of the filling process of a two stroke engine by a valve in the piston head
Authors: STELMASIAK Zdzisław
Published: July 2021

The paper presents the theoretical model of the filling process of two stroke engine by a valve in the piston head. The impact engine revolution and air pressure on filling processes parameters is shown. The simulation results shown that the air mass in the cylinder after filling process is depend on the air pressure in the inlet manifold only. The valves opening and closing phases are strongly depend on the inlet air pressure.
Simulation method of operating parameters assessment used for engine comparative analysis
Authors: KIERNICKI Zbigniew
Published: July 2021

The methodology of engine operating parameters assessment that could be used for comparative tests has been presented in the paper. The basic assumption is that the engine is tested during free acceleration. Another assumption of the
presented method is that the relative change of parameter could be assessed on the basis of values which are close to exact parameter values. All these parameters are both measured with the same accuracy and under the same conditions.
The accuracy of the model has been identified for S-4002 engine. The sample test results have been presented.
Endoscopic observations of flame propagation in combustion chamber of an DI Diesel engine with mixture partial homogenisation
Authors: WISŁOCKI Krzysztof
Published: July 2021

In the paper the results of the research on CI direct injection combustion engines with partial homogenisation of the cylinder charge have been presented. Based on the research needs in the development of injection and combustion systems in modern engines, particularly in the range ofstratification of the charge andflame propagation optical investigation methods have been chosen for the detailed studies. The endoscopic observations of the injection, self ignition and combustion processes have been carried out and a numerical analysis of the observation results has been evaluated and discussed.

The observations carried out in the combustion chamber on running engines allowed the estimation of the flame propagation and the flame temperature distribution in the combustion chamber. Research has been executed for a variety of cylinder charging pressures and for different fuelling systems: conventional and with partial homogenisation of the charge.

Some conclusions concerning problems of the flame structure and its propagation in the combustion chamber with partial homogenisation of the charge in comparison to the conventional system have been formulated.
Problems of marine two-stroke engine operation on low-sulphur fuel oils according to MAN Diesel experience
Authors: WOJTYTO Zbigniew
Published: July 2021

The paper presents problems connected with the operation of marine two-stroke engines on low-sulphurfuel oils after the introduction of regulations limiting the sulphur content in fuel oil, consequences resulting from the use of such fuel oils, and countermeasures that shipowners can take to prevent adverse effects. Different possible configurations offuel oil and cylinder oil systems in a plant are presented here, too.
Technical requirements regarding the equipment of reciprocating engines in mine gas utilisation, especially for gases with low contents of methane
Authors: DROSTE Guido
Published: July 2021

Some basic constructional features of generating sets produced by DEUTZ Power Systems equipped with gas engines
fueled with air – Coal Mine Methane mixture have been presented in the paper. The way of preparing of air-gas
mixture, gas set up and ignition ability have been described here. Some operation features of gensets with Deutz TCG
2032 have been discussed.
The analysis of ways to ensure low emission (methane inclusive) from natural gas fuelled engines
Authors: KHATCHIYAN A. S. , KUZNETSOV V. E. , SHISHLOV I. G.
Published: July 2021

The results of research work on unsupercharged and turbocharged V-type engines with natural gas fuelling system
have been presented in the paper. For lower emission the original gas supply system has been designed which ensures
very proper control of air-fuel ratio in both cylinder banks. It was stated, that lowering the emission needs very precise
control of gas-air ratio, application of lean mixture on partial loads, control of turbocharging and appropriate choice of
converters with palladium catalytic coach.
The dynamics of the acceleration of a car fuelled with petrol and CNG
Authors: ROMANISZYN Kazimierz M.
Published: July 2021

In this publication presented are the results of road tests of a passenger car fuelled alternatively with petrol and IV
generation CNG. Described are the design of an engine fuelling system and the methodology of testing. Compared are
the obtained results and evaluated is the influence of the type of fuel on the dynamics of car acceleration.
The development of combustion engines in the aspect of their manufacturing
Authors: IDZIOR Marek
Published: July 2021

The article presents the issues related to new technologies in the processes of combustion engine manufacturing.
Conditions constituting the stimulus for the development of combustion engines have been discussed. Trends in the
development, as seen by the author, and a range of new technologies exemplified within the realm of manufacturing of
spare parts and engine subassemblies have also been presented herein. The conclusions emphasize the vitality of the
issue and its impact on the future development of combustion engines.
Injection systems of high-speed diesel engines and development trends
Authors: LEJDA Kazimierz
Published: July 2021

Current development of automotive industry is conditioned by the minimization of negative effects in relation to the environment. It results from the restrictions regarding exhaust emission limits which are introduced by the consecutive standards but it also guarantees market success of a given vehicle. Research carried out regarding customer preferences in UE countries have confirmed that during the purchase of a car they make decisions based on vehicle’s ecological properties and the safety of use in road conditions. Next such criteria follow as performance and durability which has so
far been dominant. The analysis of the development trends of internal combustion engines clearly shows that the dominant engines are direct injection compression-ignition VGT engines. These engines have better work indices, significant values of total efficiency and most favorable ecological properties as opposed to spark-ignition engine. The obtainment of desirable utilization indices by diesel engine depends to a high degree from the injection systems applied in these engines. In the article characteristics of injection systems which are fitted in modern high-speed diesel engines as prime vehicle drive unit have been discussed. Systems with distributor injection pumps, with individual injection units and with pressure accumulators have too been presented. The requirements from injection systems have been qualified herein.
Misfire detection in a diesel engine using clustering in a short-time analysis of vibroacoustic signals
Authors: BOGUŚ Piotr
Published: July 2021

The paper presents some results of the research on new diagnostic methods in combustion engines. It describes the application of short-time signal analysis together with pattern recognition techniques in the diagnosis of misfire in Diesel engines through vibroacoustic signals. One considered Diesel locomotive in particular. In the area of the nonroad sources of combustion gases the locomotives rate relatively high as air polluters. There are some regulations in the area of locomotives (e.g. Cart UIC 623 1-2-3 in Europe) but we still observe a lack of obligatory requirements for systems monitoring emission critical damage. Such obligatory on-board diagnostic systems were introduced for passenger cars (OBD II, EOBD). The OBD system performs a continuous monitoring of basic system parameters and one of its most important tasks is misfire detection. All these facts inclined the author to research the new relevant detection methods. The main aim of the research is to distinguish between two states: normal engine operation and the state of misfire. The general idea of the method was taken from the short-time Fourier analysis. The method is based on calculation of the values of some selected parameters in the time window sliding along the signal. For each window position one has a set of parameter values which gives the point in a corresponding multidimensional parameter space. Hence, the time evolution of the signal can be observed as the evolution plot in the parameter space. We suspect that the different
system states (misfire) can be distinguished by the different position of points in the parameter space. In order to detect them, the clustering in the parameter space was performed. The first results show the possibility of distinguishing some different clusters within the parameter space which may correspond to different engine states.
Testing of non-repeatability of pollution emission from motor-car engines
Authors: CHŁOPEK Zdzisław
Published: July 2021

This work presents the theoretical grounds for the analysis of I.C. engine operation properties under random conditions. The results of theoretical considerations are illustrated by the tests of non-repeatability of motor-car engine’s ecological properties (due to pollution emission and fuel consumption) under conditions of the driving test according to the ECE R83.05 regulation.
Stakeholder Mapping and Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Tyagi Ruchi
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this paper is whom do Sports Goods Industry (SGI) consider as their stakeholder, which stakeholders they give priority to others and why. The present study is exploratory. A list of sports goods manufacturers in Meerut was procured from the Federation of sports goods manufacturers. The total number of manufacturers as per the list was 356. With the help of a simple random sampling technique, 50 were selected for a pilot study, and 100 for the final study. The required information obtained using a structured interview schedule. There are nine interest groups identified by the SGI Meerut. These are - customers, suppliers, competitors, governments, partners, communities, owners, investors and labor. Out of the recognized interest groups in SGI Meerut, customers top the list of preference. There is a need of accommodating stakeholders concerns in business.