bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PINE BARK, RICE HULLS, AND OTHER INEXPENSIVE MEDIA FOR GREENHOUSE TOMATO PRODUCTION IN THE SOUTH
Authors: Snyder Richard G.
Published: February 2019

Successful greenhouse tomato businesses are able to keep production and quality high while maintaining reasonable cost controls. One way of controlling costs is to use growing media that are locally available in good supply, and therefore of low cost. In Mississippi. as in other states in the southeast, pine bark is an available byproduct resource from the forestry industry; fines (<=95mm diameter) can be used as a growing medium following composting. Rice hulls are a readily available waste product from rice mills, especially in the Mississippi Delta region; these are suitable after being crushed and composted.

In comparison to plants grown in rock wool, yield from plants in pine bark fines, rice hulls, or sand were higher, while quality was not significantly different in the l-crop/year system. In a spring crop, yield and quality were higher from plants in pine bark, rice hulls, and rock wool than from those grown in sand. On a per plant basis, cost for the rock wool system, perlite system (pre-bagged), perlite (bulk), peat moss, sand, composted rice hulls, and pine bark lines are $1.50, $1.00, $0.35, $0.60, $0.24, $0.22 and $0.17, respectively. Pine bark and rice hulls are good choices for growing media for greenhouse tomatoes in areas where they are available.
RESPONSE OF OKRA TRANSPLANTS GROWS ON SOIL SOLARIZING PLOTS DURING THE ACTIVE PERIOD OF SOIL SOLARIZATION
Authors: Khan V.A. , Stevens C. , Lu J. Y. , Collins D. I. , Wilson M. A. , Brown J. E. , Kabwe M.K. , Adeyeye O.
Published: February 2019

A study was conducted in 1991 to determine the effect high soil temperatures would have on `Clemson Spineless' okra plants transplanted into field plots during 60 days of active soil solarization (solar heating of the soil using clear plastic during the summer period). Solarized plots were planted to a winter cover crop which served as an organic amendment, which was rototilled into the top 15 cm of the soil before solarizing. Okra transplants were planted on the outer edges of the plots one month after the solarization process commenced and drip irrigated. Three weeks (wk) after transplanting, a complete fertilizer at the rate of 200 parts per million was applied to the plots giving the following treatment combinations: solarized non-fertilized control (SNF), non-solarized non-fertilized control (NSNF), solar fertilized (SF). and non-solarized fertilized (NSF). Results showed that the increased soil temperature did not have any deleterious effect on the okra plants grown in SNF or SF plots. However, plants grown in SF plots suffered severe fertilizer bums which affected plant density and yield. This indicated a rapid breakdown of soil organic matter provided sufficient nutrients to sustain a late-season crop of okra. Plant height, marketable yield vegetative branching and income generated were greater in SNF compared to SF, NSF and NSNF plots, respectively.
EXPOSURE TO CHILLING TEMPERATURES REDUCES GROWTH AND YIELD OF `SUPERSTAR' MUSKMELON
Authors: Scott W.D.
Published: February 2019

Greenhouse and field studies were conducted using research coolers to expose 4 week old `Superstar' muskmelons, planted into 1 liter plastic containers, to chilling temperatures. Temperatures of 1, 5, & 9 °C were arranged in factorial combination with lengths of exposures 6, 12, & 24 hours and number of exposures 1, 3, & 5. In the Greenhouse studies single plant experimental units were allowed to grow for 2 weeks following application of the chilling treatments, then growth data was taken. In field studies, exposed muskmelons were planted into 8 plants/plot units when all plants had received chilling treatments. Leaf area and plant dry weight of `Superstar' melons were significantly reduced by both the interaction of temperature and length of exposure and times exposed and temperature, with dramatic reductions in leaf area occurring at 24 hours of exposure or 5 times exposed at 1 °C. A significant interaction was found between times exposed or length of exposure and temperature on vine length, flower number and type measurements taken 4 weeks after chilled transplants were established in the field. Additionally, fruit number and mean melon weight were reduced by ether exposure to 10C, exposure of 24 hours or 3 times exposed.
LONG TERM SELECTIVE LIMB PRUNING INTENSITY FOR `STUART' PECAN
Authors: Worley Ray
Published: February 2019

Trees were pruned by removing 1, 2, or 3 leader limbs per year or not pruned from 1975 through 1993. Cuts were made flush with another limb below 9 m from the ground. Pruning induced trees to respond like younger trees. Pruning increased leaf N, P, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn, vigor, color intensity, terminal growth, nut size, and nuts per terminal. Kernel grade was reduced slightly by pruning. Yield was reduced by two or three pruning cuts per year, but not by one cut. Pruned trees were lower, more spreading, and more efficient to spray. Removal of one leader per year satisfactorily held the tree within the 21.3 × 21.3 m spacing without reducing yield. The lower height of pruned trees should decrease loss from high winds. All pruned trees survived a hurricane and a small tornado, while many unpruned trees in the area were blown down.
INTERSTEM LENGTH AND ETHEPHON DO NOT ENHANCE TA TAO BLOOM DELAY
Authors: Reighard Gregory L.
Published: February 2019

`Juneprince' peach was budded to Ta Tao 24 peach interstems on virus-free Lovell rootstock in June 1990. Trees were planted December 1990 in a fumigated Lakeland sand near Columbia, SC. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 9 replicates each having 6 treatments plus a control. Four treatments were 20 and 40 cm interstem segments of Ta Tao 24 with and without an interstem branch. Two other treatments were 40 cm Ta Tao 24 interstems with no branches but receiving a single November spray of either 200 ppm ethephon or water. The control was `Juneprince' on Lovell rootstock. After 3 years, control trees were significantly larger in TCSA (cm2) than all treatment trees. Full bloom date was not significantly different among the 6 treatments, hut was significantly later (7 days) than the control trees. In March 1993, cold temperatures killed all open flowers on control trees. Fruit yields in 1993 were significantly higher in interstem trees (10.2 kg/tree) compared to the control trees (6.8 kg/tree). Fruit maturity date did not differ among treatments, hut was significantly later (10 days) than the control trees. `Juneprince' on Ta Tao 24 interstems were smaller in TCSA and had delayed bloom and fruit maturity. Ta Tao 24 interstem length presence of branches, and ethephon application did not enhance the differences observed in this study.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF A MULTI-YEAR, SPLIT PLOT DESIGN FOR TREE-FRUIT DATA
Authors: Mullinix Benjamin G. , Evert Dean R. , Harrison Kerry
Published: February 2019

Two peach cultivars (Flordaking & Junegold) were planted in wheel-spoke design under a center pivot irrigation system. Main plots were sprays (Blast, Cheek, & Piggy-back) and cultivars. Sub-plots were training systems (Inside, Outside, & Standard). Sub-sub-plots were tree areas. Four rows were planted with two Inside rows and two Outside rows. Middle two rows of the standard plots were harvested. Intra-row spacing increased the further they were from the center. All trees harvested in 1990, standard plots were harvested every year, and Inside/Outside were harvested in alternate years. Most sources of variation in the model failed to be homogeneous among the 3 years. Since the number of trees harvested each year varied, all mean comparisons were done using the unequal N - unequal variance t-test.
SPRING Vs. AUTUMN FERTILIZER APPLICATION EFFECTS ON APPLE TREES IN THE MID-SOUTH
Authors: Rom Curt R. , Allen R.A. , Kupperman K. , Naraguma J.
Published: February 2019

Three studies were established to compare spring (S) vs. autumn (F) N fertilizer applications on apple tree performance. The studies used newly planted trees, 4-yr-old trees, and 8-yr-old trees, fertilized with either ammonium nitrate or urea at 2 weeks after harvest (F) or at bud break (S). In the first 3 years growth in a newly planted orchard, time of fertilizer did not significantly affect tree height or TCSA. In the first cropping year, F fertilized trees had the greatest flower cluster number and bloom density but similar % set and yield compared to S fertilized trees. F fertilized trees in mature orchards studies tended to be shorter and have smaller TCSA increment after 3 yrs. Treatments did not affect bloom density, % set or total yield although spring fertilized trees had a greater % drop. Although spur leaves of F fertilized trees had greater N content at bloom, shoot leaves typically had lower N and Mn, and higher P, K, and Ca at 90 days after bloom compared to S treatment trees.
`CHANDLER' STRAWBERRY RESPONSE TO HYDROPONIC SOLUTION NITROGEN CONCENTRATION
Authors: Himelrick David G. , Dozier W. A.
Published: February 2019

`Chandler' strawberry plants were grown in a nutrient flow hydroponic systems with six solution N treatments (35, 70, 140, 210, 280, 350 ppm). Plant architecture was influenced by solution N levels with 350 ppm producing small dark green leaves with short petioles while 35 ppm produced light green leaves with large leaf blades and long petioles. Other treatments were intermediate but similar to the 35 ppm with darker green foliage. The 210 ppm treatment produced the most runners per plant while the 350 ppm treatment produced the least. The 210 ppm treatment produced the most crowns per plant while the 35 ppm treatment produced the least. The highest seasonal fruit yield and largest berry size was produced in the 70 ppm treatment with the 350 treatment having the lowest yield and smallest berry size.
TRANSMISSION OF PLUM LEAF SCALD OR PHONY PEACH DISEASE, XYZLELLA FASTIDIOSA, WELLS, BY TWO BUDDING METHODS IN PEACH AND PLUM
Authors: Abrahams Bruce R. , Norton Joseph D.
Published: February 2019

The transmission of plum leaf scald or phony peach, Xylella fartidiosa, Wells is compared by the slip and chip budding with peach and plum scions on two peach rootstocks, `Lovell' and `Nemaguard'. ELISA was used to determine mean concentrations of the bacteria in scion leaf petioles. There was a greater level of transmission of the pathogen using chip budding over slip budding in plums but not in peach. Further analysis of slip budding showed no difference to unbudded rootstocks wheras chip budding caused a significantly higher incidence of transmission.
FOLK RECIPES TO EXTEND THE VASE LIFE OF CUT ROSES
Authors: Greer Lane , Einert A. E.
Published: February 2019

The frequency of purchase of cut flowers is influenced by the vase life of the stems in the consumer's home. We are attempting to find a preservative solution made of common household products to extend the vase life of cut roses. We conducted a survey of local garden club members to find what recipes they use. We compared several home recipes against three commercial preservatives and tap water. Two treatments were better than plain tap water: 1) a mixture of 1 teaspoon of vinegar, 1 aspirin tablet (325 mg), and 1 tablespoon sugar in 700 ml of water; and 2) a mixture of 1 teaspoon vinegar, 1 tablespoon sugar and 1/2 tablespoon bleach in 700 ml of water. These treatments yielded a vase life of 9 and 8.3 days, respectively, as compared to 2.3 days for water. These treatments also proved clearly better than the three commercial preservatives tested. Changing plain water daily did not appreciably extend vase life over allowing water to remain for the entire life of the following stem. We found no relationship between water uptake and vase life; however, solution pH below 5.0 was necessary for extended vase life.
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF MEDIA-BORNE PATHOGENS OF POINSETTIAS WITH GLIOCLADIUM VIRENS.
Authors: Newman Steven E. , Quarrels Jesse R. , Cáceres Jacobo , Batson William E.
Published: February 2019

Poinsettia growers generally apply fungicide drenches to circumvent any potential problems corn soil-borne pathogens. This involves a considerable expense in chemical purchase and exposes the handler to risk. A potential biological control organism in commercial production is Gliocladium virens and is being marketed under the trade name GlioGard. This fungal organism is pathogenic towards other fungi including Rhizocotonia solani and Pythium. Two cultivars of poinsettia `Freedom' and `Gutbier V-14 Glory' were planted into Metro 366 medium, half colonized with 0.9 kg·m-3 GlioGard and half not. Half of the rooted cuttings were planted at the standard depth and half planted deep (3 cm). No additional fungicide treatment was made. Those plants transplanted normally without GlioGard had 70-85% survival where those treated with GlioGard had 75-95% survival.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DESICCATION AND CHILLING INJURY IN CUCUMBER FRUIT
Authors: Purvis A.C.
Published: February 2019

Chilling injury (CI) is an important postharvest physiological problem that limits the storage life of many warm-season fruits and vegetables. Variability exists among cultivars and CI appears to be related to moisture loss during low temperature storage. The relationship between moisture loss and CI was examined using fruit from 64 PI lines of field-grown Cucumis sativus. A wide variation existed among the lines in the sensitivity of their fruit to low temperatures. Fruit from 8 of the lines developed severe symptoms of CI after 5 days at 5°C and fruit from 21 lines developed no injury symptoms. CI symptoms developing during 2 and 4 days of storage at 15°C were highly significantly correlated with weight loss during the 5 days of storage at 5°C. Crosses were made between chilling-sensitive and chilling-resistant lines. CI symptoms of the F1 fruit were highly significantly correlated with weight loss during the 5 days of storage at 5°C.
APPLIED USE OF MIXED MODEL VS FIXED MODEL ANALYSIS IN FIELD RESEARCH
Authors: Kelley William Terry
Published: February 2019

Statistical analysis of agricultural research has traditionally been via the use of fixed model methods. However, recent advances in statistical software have made analysts through random or mixed model methods more practical. Errant or inappropriate use of statistical programs to analyze data has been a recurring problem in the reporting of agricultural research findings. Often variables are all considered to be fixed in order to facilitate analysis, when in reality some variables in field research are nearly always random. Proper selection of error terms and calculation of standard errors are also frequently done incorrectly when statistical analysts packages are not used correctly. Unbalanced data is also quite normal in field research due to unforseen circumstances that result in lost information. Most of these situations can be more early handled with a mixed model approach. In this work, a broccoli field trial involving tillage and planting dates was analyzed using the General Smear Models procedure in SAS and the General Elmer Mixed Models Procedure in GLMM. Comparison of the analyses revealed that conclusions would differ somewhat with balanced data and even more with unbalanced data. Since variance components from all random effects are used to calculate standard errors in GLMM, standard errors in the mixed model were larger, but likely more accurate Inference space was also broader and allowed prediction space to include the entire population of experimental units which were sampled in the experiment. The mixed model procedure was more efficient and thus more sensitive to differences in treatments.
REPLACEMENT-PLANTED WATERMELON HILLS
Authors: Hall Melvin R.
Published: February 2019

Primary vine lengths of `Crimson Sweet' watermelon direct-seeded on 25 March and 24 April 1992 were 62 and 58 cm within 7 and 5 weeks, respectively. Lengths of replacement vines direct-seeded on 20 April and 14 May in the respective plantings were 6% and 5%) while transplants were 46% and 52% of these lengths. Total number of marketable fruit and total tonnage yield from late March plantings (suboptimal soil temperatures) in 1992 and 1993 were enhanced when missing hills were replanted either by direct seeding or transplanting. However, these measurements from late April plantings (optimal soil temperatures) were not influenced by missing hills or replanting methods in either year. Distribution of fruit sizes varied for the two years and there was no consistent pattern to indicate how fruit size influenced total number of marketable fruit or total marketable tonnage yield.
COTTON GIN TRASH COMPOST AS A CONSTITUENT OF VEGETABLE TRANSPLANT MEDIA
Authors: Buckley Blair , Pee Katharine C.
Published: February 2019

Media contaming cotton gin trash compost, pear. and perlite were evaluated for production of bell pepper, broccoli, and cabbage transplants. Media treatments were 0:5:5; 1:4:5; 2:4:5; 3:2:5; 4:1:5; and 5:0:5 compost, peat, perlite, respectively (v/v). Separate tests were conducted for each crop. `Jupiter' pepper, `Packman' broccoli, and `Grand Slam' cabbage were seeded in 96-cell plastic trays (cell volume =39cm3). Plant height, stem diameter, and shoot and root dry weight were recorded five weeks after seeding bell pepper and broccoil, and six weeks after seeding cabbage. Pepper, broccoli, and cabbage transplants grown in media containing cotton gin trash compost had greater plant height, stem diameter, and shoot and root dry weight than transplants grown in the medium without compost as a component. The growth response to percent of compost was primarily linear.
DETERMINING MATURITY INDICES OF ROMAN0 BUSH BEANS
Authors: Mullins Charles A. , Straw Richard A.
Published: February 2019

Harvest maturity of round-podded snap beans is based on pod diameter. Flat-podded cultivars such as `Roma II' require a different maturity index. Pod fiber and seed development are two leading indicators of maturity and pod quality and both are highly dependent upon environmental conditions. Experiments were conducted at the Plateau Experiment Station at Crossville in 1993 to evaluate changes in pod characteristics as the crop matured. The objectives were to evaluate indices for field use to determine optimum maturity of `Roma II' bush beans for processing usage. Harvests were made at two day intervals starting before optimum maturity and continuing until a decline in maximum yields had occurred. Seed length of 100 mm for 10 seeds extracted from the most mature pods appeared to be an acceptable guide for harvest maturity to assure maximum yields and excellent pod quality.
NITROGEN PARTITIONING IN CHERRY DEPENDS ON TIMING OF APPLICATIONS
Authors: Khemira Haibib , Righetti T.L. , Azarenko A.N.
Published: February 2019

Seven-year-old `Royal Ann' cherry trees were given a total of 244 g of actual N as ammonium nitrate depleted in 15N (0.01 atom % 15N) either in March (M), June (J), or both in March and June (Split). The fertilizer was soil-applied to eight single-replicate trees. The following August, leaves from the trees that had the M treatment had 15.3% of their N from the fertilizer compared to 9.6% for the split treatment. Trees that had a J application were not different from the control trees. Even though cherry trees are physiologically active during the late summer months, little N is translocated to the leaves once the crop is fully developed. The percentage of newly acquired N in the fruit is similar to that in the spur leaves. Leaves from the different treatments had similar N contents; therefore, labeled N is the tool of choice to assess the performance of different fertilization practices.
Calcium and Ethephon Effects on Paprika Pepper Fruit Retention and Fruit Color Development
Authors: Cooksey James R. , Motes James E. , Kahn Brian A.
Published: February 2019

Ethephon has increased yields of red fruit, but its use as a pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit ripening agent has been limited by premature fruit abscission and defoliation. We tested ethephon solutions of 0,1500,3000,4500, and 6000 μl·liter-1 with or without 0.1 m Ca(OH)2 as a onetime foliar application to field-grown paprika pepper in southwestern Oklahoma. There was a linear increase in fruit abscission with increasing ethephon rates in 2 of 3 years, with or without added Ca. Marketable fruit as a percentage of total harvested fruit weight was improved by ethephon at 6000 μl·liter-1 in 2 of 3 years, primarily due to a decrease in weight of harvested green fruit. However, ethephon never significantly increased the dry weight of harvested marketable fruit over that obtained from the control. There also was no effect of ethephon on the intensity of red pigment extracted from dehydrated marketable fruit. The only consistently significant effect of Ca(OH)2 was an undesirable increase in the retention of green fruit on the plants. Ethephon had little value as a fruit-ripening agent for paprika pepper under the conditions of our studies, and Ca(OH)2 was not useful as an additive to ethephon sprays. Chemical name used: (2-chloroethyl) phosphoric acid (ethephon).
Postharvest Losses from Delayed Harvest and during Common Storage of Short-day Onions
Authors: Wall Marisa M. , Corgan Joe N.
Published: February 2019

A 2-year field study was conducted to evaluate the effects of maturity and storage on fresh-market onion (Allium cepa L.) quality. Four short-day onion cultivars (`NuMex BR1', `NuMex Sunlite', `NuMex Starlite', and `Buffalo') were seeded in early October each year. Bulbs were harvested at five times; the first and second harvests were when 20% and 80 %, respectively, of the bulbs in a plot had mature necks; the third, fourth, and fifth harvests were at 5,10, and 15 days after the second harvest date, respectively. After curing for 3 days, bulb firmness, weight, and incidence of disease were evaluated for all harvests. Bulbs were re-evaluated after 10 and 20 days storage in a shed under ambient conditions. `Buffalo' and `NuMex Surdite' bulbs had the lowest incidence of disease before storage. For all cultivars, average bulb weight increased and firmness decreased with delayed harvest. Percent diseased bulbs increased for all cultivars as harvest was delayed in 1991 but not in 1992. The optimum harvest time was at 80% maturity. In storage, average bulb weight and firmness decreased, and the incidence of bulb diseases increased.
DNA Restriction Fragment Length Variability in Diospyros kaki and Related Diospyros Species
Authors: Nakamura Yuri , Kobayashi Shozo
Published: February 2019

Restriction fragment length analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) were carried out on 11 cultivars of Japanese persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) and five other Diospyros species. Total genomic DNA was digested with seven restriction endonucleases, Southern blotted, and hybridized with five mtDNA probes (PstI or SalI fragments of Brassica campestris L. mtDNA) and one cpDNA probe [pTBal, BamHI fragment of Nicotiana tabacum (L.) cpDNA]. All Japanese persimmon cultivars displayed identical mtDNA and cpDNA fragment patterns, while polymorphisms among species were observed using both mtDNA and cpDNA probes. A low degree of polymorphism was observed between D. kaki, D. oleifera Cheng., D. kuroiwai Nakai, D. virginiana L., and D. lotus L., suggesting that these species are closely related. A high degree of polymorphism was observed between D. rhombifolia Hemsl. and the other five species, indicating that this species is more distantly related to the other five.
Growth of Poinsettias, Nutrient Leaching, and Water-use Efficiency Respond to Irrigation Methods
Authors: Dole John M. , Cole Janet C. , von Broembsen Sharon L.
Published: February 2019

`Gutbier V-14 Glory' poinsettias (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Ex. Klotzsch) grown with ebb-and-flow irrigation used the least amount of water and produced the least runoff, and plants grown with capillary mats used the greatest amount of water and produced the most runoff, compared to microtube and hand-watering systems. The maximum amount of water retained by the pots and media was greatest for the microtube and ebb-and-flow systems and became progressively lower for the hand-watering and capillary mat systems. The media and leachate electrical conductivity from plants grown with subirrigation systems was higher than those grown with top irrigation. For the two top-irrigation systems (microtube and hand-watering), plants grown with 250 mg N/liter from a 20N-4.4P-16.6K water-soluble fertilizer had greater leaf, stem, and total dry weights than those grown with 175 mg N/liter. The two subirrigation systems (ebb-and-flow and capillary mat) produced plants that were taller and had greater leaf, stem, and total dry weights when grown with 175 than with 250 mg N/liter. The higher fertilizer concentration led to increased N, P, Fe, and Mn concentration in the foliage. Nitrogen concentration was higher in top-irrigated plants than in subirrigated plants. The ebb-and-flow system produced the greatest total dry weight per liter of water applied and per liter of runoff; capillary mat watering was the least efficient in regard to water applied and runoff.
Creeping Bentgrass Quality following Preemergence and Postemergence Herbicide Applications
Authors: Johnson B. Jack
Published: February 2019

Three field experiments were conducted to determine if several preemergence and postemergence herbicides were safe to apply to creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L. `Penncross') maintained at putting green height. When dithiopyr was applied at preemergence in late February or early March, the emulsifiable concentrate formulation (≤1.7 kg·ha-1) and granular formulation (≤1.1 kg·ha-1) did not reduce the quality or cover of creeping bentgrass. Applied at preemergence, bensulide plus oxadiazon at 6.7 + 1.7 kg·ha-1 and 13.4 + 3.4 kg·ha-1 reduced turfgrass quality for 2 to 3 weeks and 8 weeks after treatment, respectively. When MON 12051 and monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid (MSMA) (≤0.14 and ≤2.2 kg·ha-1, respectively) were applied at postemergence to creeping bentgrass in early June, the reduction in turfgrass quality varied from slight to moderate for 1 to 2 weeks, but turfgrass fully recovered with no effect on turfgrass cover. Quinclorac applied at postemergence in early June at ≥0.6 kg·ha-1 severely reduced creeping bentgrass quality and cover for ≥8 weeks. Diclofop at 0.6 kg·ha-1 applied to creeping bentgrass in June, July, or August maintained consistently higher quality and cover ratings than when applied at ≥1.1 kg·ha-1. Diclofop applied at 0.6 kg·ha-1 in June and repeated at the same rate in July reduced quality of creeping bentgrass less than when applied at 1.1 kg·ha-1 at any date. Chemical names used: O,O-bis (1-methylethyl) S-{2-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]ethyl} phosphorodithioate (bensulide); (±)-2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy]propanoic acid (diclofop); S,S-dimethyl-2-(difluoromethyl)-4-(2-methylpropyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarbothioate (dithiopyr); methyl-5-{[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino] carbonylaminosulfonyl}-3-chloro-1-methyl-1-H-pyrazol-4-carboxylate (MON 12051); 3-[2,4-dicloro-5-(1-methylethoxy)phenyl]-5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-(3H)-one (oxadiazon); 3,7-dicloro-8-quinolinecarboxylic acid (quinclorac).
Inheritance of Resistance to a Strain of Passionfruit Woodiness Virus in Pea (Pisum sativum L.)
Authors: Provvidenti R. , Niblett C.L.
Published: February 2019

An Australian strain of passionfruit woodiness potyvirus (PWV-K) infected peas and caused a light to moderate mosaic consisting of chlorotic spots, veinal chlorosis, and some plant stunting. Resistance to PWV-K was found in pea cultivars and plant introductions (PI) known to be resistant to bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV). In cross and backcross populations involving the resistant cultivar Bonneville (United States) and PI 140295 (Iran) with the susceptible cultivar Ranger, a single recessive gene was responsible for the high level of resistance to PWV-K. From crosses involving PI 391630 (China), which is resistant to BYMV but susceptible to PWV-K, and the cultivar Bonneville (resistant to both viruses), it was evident that different genetic factors conferred resistance to these two potyviruses. The symbol pwv is tentatively assigned to this newly recognized pea resistance gene. Three other Australian strains of PWV did not infect peas.
Microclimate and Columnar Apple Tree Performance within Insect-exclusionary Cages
Authors: Lawson D.S. , Brown S.K. , Nyrop J.P. , Reissig W.H.
Published: February 2019

A barrier system for pest control consisting of insect-exclusionary cages covered with three types of mesh material was placed over columnar apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees. This system has been shown to provide arthropod control equivalent to insecticides. Light intensity, evaporation, and air and soil temperature were reduced inside the cages. Shoot elongation of columnar apple trees grown inside insect-exclusionary cages was significantly greater than that of trees grown outside the cages. However, this increased shoot growth was not due to etiolation. Tree performance was unaffected by insect-exclusionary cages. Fruit set and fruit soluble solids concentration were not reduced by the cages; however, fruit color intensity was reduced as the degree of shading from the mesh increased. These findings, in conjunction with high levels of arthropod control by insect-exclusionary cages, may allow insect-exclusionary cages to be used for evaluating integrated pest management thresholds, predator-prey relationships, and apple production without insecticides.
Irrigation Frequency and Fertilizer Type Influence Necrotic Ring Spot of Kentucky Bluegrass
Authors: Melvin B.P. , Vargas J.M.
Published: February 2019

Organic and synthetic fertilizers were evaluated under three irrigation regimes (daily, twice weekly, and rain only) for management of necrotic ring spot (Leptosphaeria korrae Walker & Smith) of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Disease severity varied due to fertilizer and irrigation treatments. After 2 years of treatments, daily irrigation reduced disease incidence as compared to twice-weekly irrigation, while organic fertilizer, as a feathermeal-bonemeal-soybeanmeal mixture, when applied monthly at 48.8 kg N/ha, reduced disease incidence as compared to urea fertilizer. For 2 of 3 years, differences in disease incidence were attributable to irrigation treatments, and after 4 years, all N fertilizers reduced disease incidence as compared to no fertilizer.
Regrowth Performance of Field-grown Herbaceous Perennials following Bareroot Storage between -10 and +5C
Authors: Maqbool Muhammed , Cameron Arthur C.
Published: February 2019

Field-grown plants of Alcea rosea (L.) Cav. (hollyhock), Asparagus officinalis L., Coreopsis grandiflora Hogg ex Sweet `Sunray', Dicentra spectabilis (L.) Lem. (bleeding heart), Gaillardia ×grandiflora Van Houtte `Baby Cole', Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. `Russell Hybrids', and Phlox subulata L. `Emerald Pink' harvested as bare-root crowns in late fall were packaged in polyethylene-lined crates and stored for 6 months. There were no significant differences in the regrowth performance of any of the perennials following storage at 0 or -2C. The amount of surface covered by fungal hyphae (surface mold) increased more than 2-fold between 4 and 6 months of storage at 0 or -2C on all species. Dicentra spectabilis and Alcea rosea were most susceptible to mold growth during storage. Alcea rosea and Coreopsis grandiflora stored poorly at all storage temperatures. In a second experiment, the regrowth performance of Artemisia schmidtiana Maxim `Silver Mound', Asclepias tuberosa L., Aster novae-angliae L., Centranthus ruber (L.) DC., Chrysanthemum superbum Bergmans ex. J. Ingram, Dicentra eximia (Ker-Gawl.) Torr., Dicentra spectabilis, Geum quellon Sweet `Mrs. Bradshaw', Hosta `Honeybells', and Lupinus polyphyllus was tested following 6 months of storage at temperatures between -10 and +5C. Regrowth performance was generally similar at -2, 0, and 5C for most species. The results indicated, however, that Centranthus ruber and Chrysanthemum ×superbum should not be stored at temperatures of -2C or below. Sufficient etiolated growth developed for most species when stored at 2C or above to cause problems during shipping, handling, and potting. In general, mold growth on crowns during storage did not reduce regrowth performance of the species tested.
High-temperature Conditioning Reduces Hot Water Treatment Injury of `Kensington Pride' Mango Fruit
Authors: Joyce Daryl C. , Shorter Anthony J.
Published: February 2019

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit can be injured by heat disinfestation protocols imposed to kill insects. We determined if mango fruit have the capacity to acclimate, thereby becoming more tolerant of heat disinfestation treatments. Conditioned `Kensington Pride' mango fruit (7-hour heating-up period to a 37C core temperature maintained for ≤12 hours) showed less pulp injury on ripening following hot water treatment (1.5 hours for previously conditioned fruit to 2 hours for fruit not previously conditioned) than fruit not conditioned before hot water treatment. During treatment, the core reached 47C and was maintained for 25 minutes. Extending the conditioning period by ≤12 hours beyond the 7-hour heating-up period (total of 19 hours) gave no additional benefit. Conditioning did not consistently reduce peel injury that was hot water treatment-induced as indicated by irreversible loss of chlorophyll variable fluorescence.
Heat Treatment Affects Epicuticular Wax Structure and Postharvest Calcium Uptake in `Golden Delicious' Apples
Authors: Roy Stéphane , Conway William S. , Watada Alley E. , Sams Carl E. , Erbe Eric F. , Wergin William P.
Published: February 2019

`Golden Delicious' apples (Malus domestica Borkh) were pressure-infiltrated at harvest with a 4% CaCl2 solution either without prior heat treatment or following 4 days at 38C. Examination of the apple surfaces from both treatments by low-temperature scanning electron microscopy revealed that heat treatment changed the pattern of epicuticular wax. The epicuticular wax of nonheated fruit exhibited numerous deep surface cracks that formed an interconnected network on the fruit surface. The epicuticular wax of heat-treated fruit did not exhibit a similar network of deep cracks. This apparent obstruction or elimination of deep cracks may limit the CaCl2 solutions from entering the fruit. The heated fruit contained significantly less Ca than the fruit that were pressure-infiltrated with CaCl2 solutions but not heated. These results indicate that cracks on the fruit surface may be an important pathway for the penetration of CaCl2 solutions.
Impact of Seasonal Ozone Exposure on Yield and Vegetative Growth of Primocane-fruiting Raspberry
Authors: Sullivan J.A. , Hale B.A. , Ormrod D.P.
Published: February 2019

Factorial experiments in two growing seasons in open-top field chambers with two or three O3 concentrations and two primocane-fruiting raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivars were used to obtain dose-response relationships describing the effects of seasonal O3 exposure on raspberry plant vegetative and reproductive growth. At the lower concentration (0.12 μl·liter-1), the response to O3 was nonsignificant. However, at 0.24 μl·liter-1, `Heritage' showed a significant decline relative to the control in cane height, node count, cane diameter, and dry weight. These changes were accompanied by a 52% decrease in yield, caused mainly by a reduction in fruit count. In contrast, vegetative and yield characters of the `Redwing' were not affected by O3.
Resistance among New Prunus Rootstocks and Selections to Root-knot Nematodes in Spain and France
Authors: Fernández Carolina , Pinochet Jorge , Esmenjaud Daniel , Salesses George , Felipe Antonio
Published: February 2019

New Prunus rootstocks and selections were evaluated for their reaction to Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood, M. incognita (Kofoid & White Chitwood), or M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood. Most of the clones were peach-almond hybrids (P-AHs) [P. persica (L.) Batsch × P. dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] or plums of Spanish and French origin. In a first experiment, the P-AH Hansen 2-168 and plums GF-31 (P. cerasifera Ehr.) and GF 8-1 (P. cerasifera × P. munsoniana Weigth et Hedr.) were highly resistant to the mixture of five isolates of M. javanica. The P-AHs Barrier and Titan × Nemared were resistant and moderately resistant, respectively; GF-677, MB 3-13, MB 2-2, and MB 2-6 were susceptible. In the second and third experiment, the plums P 1079, P 2175, the hybrids Afgano (P. dasycarpa Ehrh.), G × N No 22, and G × N No 15, both P-AHs, and Nemared peach were highly resistant to mixtures of five isolates of M. incognita or M. arenaria. The plums P 2980 (P. cerasifera) and GF 8-1 tested against either root-knot species were also highly resistant. Cachirulo × (G × N No 9), a P-AH, showed less resistance to M. arenaria than to M. incognita. Montclar (P. persica) and the P-AHs Torrents AC and GF-677 were susceptible to both species.
Wild and Cultivated Strawberries Can Tolerate or Resist Root-lesion Nematode
Authors: Potter John W. , Dale Adam
Published: February 2019

Intraspecific crossing of `Guardian' and `Midway' cultivated strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) produced a family of genotypes, some of which suppressed root-lesion nematode [Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb)] population counts and produced large berries and high yield. Unlike `Midway', `Guardian' also suppressed P. penetrans. Among several beach strawberry [Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duch.] and woodland strawberry (Fragaria virginiana Duch.) genotypes, variation was found in resistance and tolerance to root-lesion nematodes. Three F. chiloensis genotypes showed tolerance, and at least two genotypes may be somewhat resistant. Three F. virginiana genotypes also were tolerant, and three were resistant. Also, one (`Little Cataraqui 4') combined root growth vigor with nematode resistance. We concluded that exploitable genetic diversity in vigor and reaction to root-lesion nematodes exists in wild Fragaria and in F. ×ananassa.
Genetic Resistance to Scab Disease in Pecan
Authors: Thompson Tommy E. , Grauke L.J.
Published: February 2019

Thirty-six cultivars and 948 seedlings from 15 controlled crosses in the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] breeding program at Brownwood, Texas, were rated for susceptibility to nut scab [Cladosporium caryigenum (Ell. et Lang.) Gottwald] to determine heritability of this trait. Differences between parents and progenies, and within progenies, were highly significant. Within most families, a complete range of resistance reactions were evident, from fully susceptible to fully resistant. Heritability of resistance was determined by regressing individual progeny values on female, male, and midparent values, with the midparent heritability estimate being the highest (0.54). This moderate level of additive gene action and the identification of superior parents in this study will contribute to the efficiency of breeding resistant cultivars.
Pollen Viability and Fruit Set of Tomato Genotypes under Optimumand High-temperature Regimes
Authors: Abdul-Baki Aref A. , Stommel John R.
Published: February 2019

Heat-tolerant and -sensitive Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. and L. pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill. genotypes were grown in the greenhouse under optimum- (27/23C, day/night) and high-temperature (35/23C) stress regimes. Heat tolerance levels in the genotypes were established by determining percent fruit set at high and optimum temperatures. Under optimum temperature, fruit set ranged from 41% to 84% and from 45% to 91% in the heat-sensitive and heat-tolerant genotypes, respectively. Under high temperature, no fruit set in the most heat-sensitive genotypes. Fruit set in the heat-tolerant genotypes ranged from 45% to 65%. In vitro germination and tube growth of pollen taken from genotypes grown under optimum temperature conditions were determined before and after subjecting the pollen to 45C for 1, 2, and 4 hours. The response of pollen to heat treatments was genotype dependent and not a general predictor of fruit set under high-temperature stress.
Performance of `Hamlin' Orange on 16 Rootstocks in East-central Florida
Authors: Wutscher Heinz K. , Hill Laura Lee
Published: February 2019

`Hamlin' orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) was grown on 15 rootstocks: four citrumelos [C. paradisi Macf. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.], five mandarin × trifoliate orange hybrids (C. reticulata Blanco × P. trifoliata), two pummelo × trifoliate orange hybrids [C. grandis (L.) × P. trifoliata], Vangasay lemon (C. limon Burm. f.), Norton citrange (C. sinensis × P. trifoliata), and two Smooth Flat Seville (C. aurantium L. hybrid?) hybrids. These scion–rootstock combinations were compared to trees on Swingle citrumelo, the most widely used citrus rootstock in Florida. One Smooth Flat Seville hybrid was eliminated early because of poor growth and variability in size, and the Vangasay lemon rootstock was eliminated because of severe freeze damage. At age 5, the trees on Norton citrange developed citrus blight and were eliminated. Remaining in the experiment for 7 years, `Hamlin' trees on six of the 13 rootstocks produced more fruit than trees on Swingle citrumelo. Of these six, HRS 852 (Changsha mandarin × English large-flowered trifoliate orange) was the best overall rootstock, with trees on it producing large quantities of high-quality fruit on medium-sized canopies.
Does Sand Application to Soil Surface Benefit Cranberry Production?
Authors: Strik Bernadine C. , Poole Arthur P.
Published: February 2019

The effect of sand application to `Stevens' cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) was studied for 3 years in a 24-year-old (site 1) and an 8-year-old (site 2) commercial planting. Treatments in Apr. 1991 consisted of a onetime sand application of 1.3 or 2.5 cm on the surface of the cranberry bed and a nonsanded control. Yield component data were collected in Fall 1991 through 1993. In 1991, 2.5 cm of sand reduced yield 50% at site 2 compared to the nonsanded control. At site 1, the 2.5-cm sand depth did not reduce yield, while the 1.3-cm-deep application improved yield 18% compared to the control. The year after sanding (1992), yields equalized across all treatments at both sites. In 1993, there was no significant difference in yield for treatments at site 1. At site 2, however, heavy sanding reduced yield 63% compared to 1.3 cm of sand. Our work suggests that heavy sanding is not recommended for `Stevens' cranberry beds in Oregon.
Environmental Control of Flowering and Growth of Lysimachia congestiflora Hemsl.
Authors: Zhang D. , Armitage A.M. , Affolter J.M. , Dirr M.A.
Published: February 2019

Dense-flowered loosestrife is a quantitative long-day (LD) plant. Plants given a LD photoperiod (16 hours) flowered 21 and 34 days earlier than plants given 12- and 8-hour photoperiods, respectively. Plants under LDs produced significantly more flowers than those under 8- and 12-hour photoperiods. Only 1 week of LD was needed for 100% flowering; however, optimum flower count and size were produced with 3 weeks of LD. Plant dry weight did not differ significantly among treatments; however, LDs produced fewer but larger leaves, particularly those subtending the inflorescence. Total plant growth increased as temperature increased, but lower temperature (10C) decreased flower initiation and prevented flower development. High temperature (26C) reduced the persistence of open flowers. The optimum temperature for dense-flowered loosestrife growth was ≈20C. Flowering was accelerated and dry weight production increased as irradiance levels increased from 100 to 300 μmol·m–2·s–1.
Role of Excess Water in Tomato Fruit Cracking
Authors: Peet M.M. , Willits D.H.
Published: February 2019

Excess irrigation water was provided to spring crops of bag-grown greenhouse tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to test the effect on radial fruit cracking. Varied numbers of emitters were placed in bags filled with soilless medium to provide different amounts of irrigation water. In 1990, all emitters provided water containing nutrient solution, but in 1992, the extra water added in one treatment did not contain nutrient solution. In both years, the percentage of cracked fruit was 20 percentage points higher in the treatments receiving more water. The increase in cracking was similar whether or not nutrient solution was added to the extra water. There also were some effects of the extra water on yield. Fruit count per plant was slightly higher (9.5%) when extra water was provided without nutrient solution, but was the same when nutrient solution was added to the extra water. Fruit weights per plant were 18.6% higher in 1990 when watering was increased. In 1992, fruit weights were similar, except for the treatment where the extra water provided did not contain nutrient solution. Fruit weight in this treatment was 19.7% higher than in the other treatments. In both crops, the percentage of cracking increased as linear and quadratic functions of cluster positions, i.e., there was more cracking in the upper clusters. In greenhouse situations, growers should consider water reduction when experiencing high levels of fruit cracking and as a precautionary measure when harvesting from the upper clusters. Providing excess water to greenhouse-grown tomatoes may be a viable technique for screening cultivars or for conducting research on practices to reduce cracking.
Relative Susceptibility of Pecan Cultivars to Fungal Leaf Scorch and its Interaction with Irrigation
Authors: Wood B.W. , Reilly C.C. , Tedders W.L.
Published: February 2019

Fungal leaf scorch, a potentially devastating disease in pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] orchards, was influenced substantially by irrigation and genotype. Three years of evaluating 76 pecan cultivars revealed that all cultivars exhibited scorch symptoms and that at least three classes of scorch susceptibility existed. Severity of symptoms was also much greater in nonirrigated than irrigated trees, and there were substantial differences in the concentrations of free nitrogenous compounds and free sugars in leaves between irrigated and nonirrigated trees.
Calcium Nutrition Affects Resistance of Tomato Seedlings to Bacterial Wilt
Authors: Yamazaki Hiromichi , Hoshina Tsuguo
Published: February 2019

The relationship between Ca nutrition and bacterial wilt development was studied on three tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivar seedlings with various degrees of resistance to the disease. Seedlings were transplanted into nutrient solutions with Ca at 0.4, 4.4, or 20.4 mm. One week after initiating the Ca treatment, tomato seedlings were inoculated by wounding the stem with scissors dipped in a suspension of the pathogen (Pseudomonas solanacearum E.F. Smith). Disease development was rapid in `Ponderosa' (a susceptible cultivar) at all Ca concentrations. Increased Ca concentration in the nutrient solution reduced disease severity in `Zuiei' (a moderately resistant cultivar). Resistance was negated at the low Ca concentration in `Hawaii 7998' (a highly resistant cultivar). Pathogen populations in stems decreased with increased Ca concentrations and degrees of resistance.