bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Learning to Listen: Confronting Two Meanings of Language Loss in the Contemporary White Mountain Apache Speech Community
Authors: NEVINS M. ELEANOR
Published: December 2004

This article describes a controversy that emerged around a language maintenance program with which the author was involved on the White Mountain Apache Reservation in Arizona. It argues that the controversy had its source in conflicts between two language ideologies, each informing a different pedagogical model within the local speech community. One had its locus in the educational institutions, and the other was more broadly dispersed throughout families and homes, extending to other contexts of everyday life in which Apache standards of communicative competence set the tone for interactions. The article argues that language education programs were perceived by some as threatening to replace Apache pedagogical practices and to undermine relations of authority between younger and older Apache generations. It concludes that language maintenance cannot be narrowly construed as such, but must take into account local meanings of the problems of language loss and survival in the formulation of solutions.
Book Reviews
Authors: Hasbrouck Jay
Published: December 2004

Gauguin's Skirt. Stephen F. Eisenman London. Thames and Hudson, 1997. 232pp.
Book Reviews
Authors: Lindstrom Lamont
Published: December 2004

Beyond the Lavender Lexicon: Authenticity, Imagination, and Appropriation in Lesbian and Gay Languages. William L. Leap. ed. Luxembourg. Gordon and Breach, 1995. 360pp.

Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality. Anna Livia and Kira Hall. eds. Oxford Studies in Sociolinguistics. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997. 460pp.
Minority Language Use among Grandchildren in Multigenerational Households
Authors: Ishizawa Hiromi
Published: December 2004

This study attempts to answer the research question, Does living with grandparents influence minority language maintenance among grandchildren? The conventional three-generation model of language shift portrays a shift occurring from one generation to the next. However, this model overlooks the ties between nonconsecutive generations and implies that minority language loss occurs between parents and children and that grandparents are superfluous. Using the Census 2000 Supplementary Survey (C2SS), I examine the role of grandparents in minority language maintenance among their grandchildren. The findings of this study suggest that living with non-English-speaking grandparents influences grandchildren's minority language use in multigenerational households. In particular, the presence of non-English-speaking grandmothers has a stronger effect on grandchildren's minority language use than does the presence of grandfathers. This study contributes to ther understanding of the three-generation model of language shift, especially the role of grandparents in multigenerational households.
Labor Market Conditions and Violent Crime among Youth and Adults
Authors: Krivo Lauren J. , Peterson Ruth D.
Published: December 2004

Drawing on labor stratification and life course perspectives, this article extends recent work on the role of labor market conditions in neighborhood rates of violent crime by examining whether distinct aspects of labor market quantity (joblessness) and quality (secondary sector work and low-wage jobs) have varying effects on violent arrest rates for teenagers, young adults, and older adults. Drawing on data for census tracts in Cleveland, Ohio, we demonstrate that the relevance of the labor market for violent crime is contingent on the age group and characteristic examined. Labor market conditions have limited effects on violent arrest rates for teens. Older adult rates are influenced only by levels of joblessness. However, violent crime among younger adults is affected by both the quantity and the quality of work. We discuss the theoretical and empirical implications of these patterns.
Is the cart pushing the horse? the effects of child characteristics on children's and adults' interview behaviours
Authors: Gilstrap Livia L. , Papierno Paul B.
Published: December 2004

In the current study we examine the influence of child individual differences on children's and adults' behaviours in unstructured forensic interviews. Thirty‐eight interviews conducted by actual forensic interviewers with 3‐ to 7‐year‐old children were analysed for child reporting behaviours (assent, denial, acquiescence, accurate and inaccurate details, verbosity and cooperation) and adult behaviours (leading vs. neutral questions). Consistent with our predictions, child individual differences that were visible (marked, e.g. sociability) more often predicted child and adult behaviours than those that were not as apparent (unmarked, e.g. source monitoring). In addition to direct influences of the child individual differences on child behaviours, for some variables the influence of the child individual difference was mediated by differential responses by an interviewer (i.e. indirect effects) which then, in turn, influence the child. The ability to examine indirect influences by using unstructured interviews is emphasized. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of the effectiveness of two suggestibility paradigms in predicting preschoolers' tendency to report a non‐experienced event
Authors: Miles Katie L. , Powell Martine B. , Stokes Mark A.
Published: December 2004

This study compared the effectiveness of two standardized suggestibility paradigms in predicting preschoolers' tendency to report an independent, non‐experienced event. Ninety‐three children, aged 47 to 64 months, were given a description of a non‐experienced event and were subsequently asked to recall that event in response to cued‐recall questions. Four weeks later, half the children were administered the Video Suggestibility Scale for Children (VSSC; Scullin & Ceci, 2001), which consists of yes/no questions, whilst the other half were administered a modified version of the VSSC, which consists of misinformation followed by cued‐recall questions. The results revealed a positive relationship between errors on both the Standard and Modified VSSC and the number of details reported about the non‐experienced event, provided that the child‐generated errors were false‐new details. No significant relationships were revealed when the errors being measured were interviewer‐suggested details. Further, the strength of the relationships did not differ depending on the version of the VSSC adopted. The implications of these findings, and directions for future research, are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian Methods for Regression Using Surrogate Variables
Authors: Manner David , Seaman John W. , Young Dean M.
Published: December 2004

If a dependent variable in a regression analysis is exceptionally expensive or hard to obtain the overall sample size used to fit the model may be limited. To avoid this one may use a cheaper or more easily collected “surrogate” variable to supplement the expensive variable. The regression analysis will be enhanced to the degree the surrogate is associated with the costly dependent variable. We develop a Bayesian approach incorporating surrogate variables in regression based on a two‐stage experiment. Illustrative examples are given, along with comparisons to an existing frequentist method. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Testing Equality between Two Diagnostic Procedures in Paired‐Sample Ordinal Data
Authors: Lui Kung‐Jong , Zhou Xiao‐Hua , Lin Chii‐Dean
Published: December 2004

When a new diagnostic procedure is developed, it is important to assess whether the diagnostic accuracy of the new procedure is different from that of the standard procedure. For paired‐sample ordinal data, this paper develops two test statistics for testing equality of the diagnostic accuracy between two procedures without assuming any parametric models. One is derived on the basis of the probability of correctly identifying the case for a randomly selected pair of a case and a non‐case over all possible cutoff points, and the other is derived on the basis of the sensitivity and specificity directly. To illustrate the practical use of the proposed test procedures, this paper includes an example regarding the use of digitized and plain films for screening breast cancer. This paper also applies Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the finite sample performance of the two statistics developed here and notes that they can perform well in a variety of situations. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Exact Confidence Bounds for Comparing Two Regression Lines with a Control Regression Line on a Fixed Interval
Authors: Bhargava Parul , Spurrier John D.
Published: December 2004

The problem of finding exact simultaneous confidence bounds for comparing simple linear regression lines for two treatments with a simple linear regression line for the control over a fixed interval is considered. The assumption that errors are iid normal random is considered. It is assumed that the design matrices for the two treatments are equal and the design matrix for the control has the same number of copies of each distinct row of the design matrix for the treatments. The method is based on a pivotal quantity that can be expressed as a function of four t variables. The probability point depends on the size of an angle associated with the interval. We present probability points for various sample sizes and angles. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Microsatellite instability and gene mutations in transforming growth factor‐beta type II receptor are absent in small bowel carcinoid tumors
Authors: Kidd Mark , Eick Geeta , Shapiro Michael D. , Camp Robert L. , Mane Shrikant M. , Modlin Irvin M.
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND

Microsatellite instability (MSI) with concomitant mutations in the coding region of transforming growth factor‐beta type II receptor (TGFβRII) results in an aberrant growth‐regulatory phenotype in colorectal carcinomas. The authors postulated that a similar mechanism occurred during the malignant evolution of small bowel carcinoid tumors.

METHODS

Mutational analysis of two coding regions in the TGFβRII gene associated with MSI and BAT‐26 within intron 5 of the mismatch repair gene, hMSH2, was undertaken in small bowel carcinoids (n = 14), lymph node metasasis (n = 1) and liver metastases (n = 5). Quantitative PCR analysis [TAQMAN, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA] was then undertaken to examine gene alterations in mismatch repair genes (hMLH1 and hMSH2) in small bowel carcinoids (n = 7) and matched normal mucosa (n = 5). Staining was then analyzed using quantitative tissue array profiling (AQUA analysis) in a small bowel EC carcinoid tissue microarray (n = 55 tumors) with immunostaining against TGFβRII and MSH2.

RESULTS

Mutational examination of the TFGβRII gene and BAT‐26 demonstrated that MSI was not present in any carcinoid material. Q RT‐PCR analysis demonstrated statistically significant increased message levels of hMSH2 but not hMLH1 in carcinoid tumors. Quantitative analysis of membrane TGFβRII immunostaining using AQUA demonstrated that TGFβRII expression was down‐regulated (P < 0.0002) in thirty‐three primary small bowel carcinoids that exhibited lymph node and liver metastases compared to normal mucosa. AQUA analysis of nuclear MSH2 immunostaining demonstrated no differences for MSH2 between normal tissue and carcinoid tumor metastasis. Small bowel carcinoids characterized by variable expression of TGFβRII, did not exhibit MSI and had no differences in MSH2 expression.

CONCLUSIONS

The molecular events leading to the formation of carcinoid tumors in the small bowel were different from those resulting in epithelial carcinomas. The usually slow‐growing and relatively nonaggressive carcinoid tumors had variable expression of TGFβRII but were associated with the retention of mismatch repair protein function and a microsatellite‐stable phenotype. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Estimating the optimal utilization rates of radiotherapy for hematologic malignancies from a review of the evidence
Authors: Featherstone Carolyn , Delaney Geoff , Jacob Susannah , Barton Michael
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND

The objective of this study was to estimate the ideal proportion of new patients with lymphoma who should receive radiotherapy at some time during the course of their illness, based on the best evidence.

METHODS

Available evidence of the efficacy of radiotherapy in most clinical situations for lymphoma were identified through extensive literature reviews and treatment guideline searches. Epidemiologic data concerning the distribution of histologic type, disease stage, and other factors that influence the use of radiotherapy were identified. Decision trees were constructed to merge the evidence‐based recommendations with the epidemiologic data to calculate the optimal proportion of patients who should receive radiotherapy according to the best available evidence. Actual radiotherapy utilization rates also were identified.

RESULTS

The proportion of patients with lymphoma in Australia that should receive radiotherapy at some point in their management, according to the best available evidence, was calculated at 65.0%. Multivariate analysis with a Monte Carlo simulation yielded a radiotherapy utilization rate of 64.4%. The actual utilization rates of radiotherapy for lymphoma reported in clinical practice were 22–29%, substantially lower than the optimal rate calculated in this project.

CONCLUSIONS

Further research will be required to identify why more patients who are diagnosed with lymphoma are not treated with radiotherapy. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Reduced expression of transforming growth factor β1 exacerbates pathology in an experimental asthma model
Authors: Scherf Wiebke , Burdach Stefan , Hansen Gesine
Published: December 2004

Allergic asthma is characterized by airway hyperreactivity (AHR), eosinophilic airway inflammation and elevated serum IgE levels. T‐helper 2 (Th2) cells play a critical role in the pathogenesis of asthma, but the immunological mechanisms that inhibit Th2 cell function in vivo are not well understood. Conflicting results regarding the protective role of Th1 cytokines and TGF‐β in asthma have been reported. To further investigate the role of TGF‐β1 in asthma, we examined mice heterozygous for deletion of the TGF‐β1 gene (TGF‐β1+/– mice) in a murine asthma model. While TGF‐β1+/– mice seem phenotypically normal, they express only about 30% of wild type TGF‐β1 protein levels as shown before. The reduced expression of TGF‐β1 is accompanied by a strikingly increased eosinophilic inflammation and mucus secretion in response to ovalbumin (OVA) sensitization. Moreover, TGF‐β1+/– mice develop significantly enhanced Th2‐cytokine levels, decreased IFN‐γ production and increased levels of OVA‐specific IgE in serum. In contrast, AHR in response to methacholine is not altered significantly. Our data demonstrate that reduced expression of TGF‐β1 exacerbates pathology in an experimental asthma model and support the view that the elevated levels of TGF‐β1 in asthmatic airways might be, at least in part, a result of anti‐inflammatory compensation by this cytokine.
Predominant role of IgM‐dependent activation of the classical pathway in the clearance of dying cells by murine bone marrow‐derived macrophages in vitro
Authors: Quartier Pierre , Potter Paul K. , Ehrenstein Michael R. , Walport Mark J. , Botto Marina
Published: December 2004

Soluble molecules including complement components have been shown to facilitate the clearance of dying cells by phagocytes, a process that is important in preventing tissue damage and autoimmunity. However, the extent to which complement is involved in this process and the relative contribution of each of the complement activation pathways is not fully understood. We examined the role of complement in the recognition/uptake of apoptotic thymocytes by murine bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDM) in vitro using sera from gene‐targeted mice. We found this process to be IgM‐ and complement‐dependent, especially when the apoptotic cell‐to‐BMDM ratio was low, and the level of C3 deposition on apoptotic cells correlated closely with their uptake. The addition of C1q rectified the phagocytic defect seen in the presence of C1q‐deficient serum in vitro but had no effect on the phagocytic defect observed with serum deficient in both IgM antibodies and C1q. Similarly, complement activation by IgM antibodies was essential for in vivo C3 deposition on apoptotic cells and their uptake by peritoneal macrophages. Hence, the efficient uptake of dying cells by BMDM requires IgM antibodies and complement.
Analysis of cytokine‐producing Th cells from hen egg lysozyme‐immunized mice reveals large numbers specific for “cryptic” peptides and different repertoires among different Th populations
Authors: Peters Nathan C. , Hamilton Duane H. , Bretscher Peter A.
Published: December 2004

We employed an optimized ex vivo enzyme‐linked immunospot assay for enumerating and defining the peptide specificity of all the hen egg lysozyme (HEL)‐specific Th cells producing IL‐2, IFN‐γ, or IL‐4, in different lymphoid organs of HEL‐immunized BALB/c and CBA mice. Previous studies, employing T cell proliferation assays, demonstrated that lymph node cells from BALB/c mice immunized with HEL emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) are specific for HEL105–120. In contrast, we found that the spleens of BALB/c mice immunized with HEL/CFA, or with heat‐aggregated HEL on aluminum hydroxide adjuvant, contain IL‐4‐producing T cells specific for other HEL peptides, previously characterized as “cryptic”, with consistent responses to HEL11–25. The Th repertoire expressed in different lymphoid organs of the same immunized mouse can be different, as can the repertoire of Th cells producing different cytokines and present in one lymphoid organ. In addition, we found that the repertoire of Th cells generated depends upon the adjuvant employed. Lastly, the summation of responses elicited by a panel of non‐overlapping HEL peptides is equal to that elicited by HEL. This high‐resolution study thus illustrates that the Th repertoire generated upon HEL immunization depends upon diverse parameters, and that the natural processing of HEL gives rise to more diverse peptides then previously evident from studies employing T cell proliferation assays.
Limited role for the thymus in SIV pathogenesis
Authors: Borghans José A. M. , Hazenberg Mette D. , Miedema Frank
Published: December 2004

The role of the thymus in the pathogenesis of AIDS is a frequently discussed and controversial topic. Tuttleton Arron et al. studied the role of thymic output in SIV infection directly, by comparing the dynamics of TCR excision circles and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell numbers in healthy and in SIV‐infected euthymic and thymectomized rhesus macaques. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, they report that complete abrogation of thymic output in juvenile rhesus macaques has very little impact on the peripheral T cell compartment, both in healthy and in SIV‐infected macaques. Their data therefore suggest that the main cause of CD4+ T cell loss during SIV infection is the peripheral effect of SIV, and not its effect on thymic output.

See accompanying article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eji.200424996
Multigrid acceleration for transonic aerodynamic flow simulations based on a hierarchical formulation
Authors: Hafez Mohamed , Wahba Essam
Published: December 2004

In a companion paper, the authors used a hierarchical formulation based on a Helmholtz velocity decomposition to simulate transonic flows over airfoils. The potential flow formulation is augmented with entropy and vorticity corrections and the numerical results are compared to standard Euler and Navier–Stokes calculations. For many aerodynamic applications, the corrections are limited to relatively small regions; the flow in the near and far fields is irrotational and isentropic. The entropy and vorticity corrections are governed by convection/diffusion equations while the non‐homogeneous potential equation is of mixed type; elliptic in the subsonic domain and hyperbolic in the supersonic one. The forcing function represents the necessary correction for mass conservation. Upwind schemes are used for the convection terms of the scalar equations of the corrections and for the potential equation in the supersonic region. The formulation can be viewed as an implementation of a viscous/inviscid interaction procedure which is equivalent to Navier–Stokes equations in the inner field.

In this paper, convergence acceleration techniques are applied for such a formulation using single and multiple grids. For a single grid, optimal relaxation parameters for subsonic potential flow regions and local artificial time steps for the scalar correction equations have been used. A full multigrid technique is implemented to the augmented potential equation. Only three grids: coarse, intermediate and fine meshes are used. Results for both inviscid and viscous transonic flows are presented. It is noticed that the potential and the viscous flow calculations, based on the present formulation, have comparable convergence histories. The limited applications of multigrid result in an order of magnitude saving of the work units for both calculations. More savings should be achievable with more sophisticated multigrid procedures. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electronic structure and stability of AlnPn (n = 2–4) clusters
Authors: Qu Yuhui , Bian Xiufang
Published: December 2004

The geometry, electronic configurations, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and stability of the structural isomers of aluminum phosphide clusters have been investigated using the density functional theory. For dimers and trimers, the lowest energy structures are cyclic (IIs, IIIs) with Dnh symmetry. The caged structure with Td symmetry (Xs) lie lowest in energy among the tetramers. The AlP bond dominates the structures for many isomers so that one preferred dissociation channel is loss of the AlP monomer. The hybridization and chemical bonding in the different structures are also discussed. Comparisons with silicon and boron nitride clusters, the ground state structures of AlnPn clusters are analogous to those of their corresponding Si2n counterparts. This similarity follows the isoelectronic principle. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 226–234, 2005
Physical properties of yogurt fortified with various commercial whey protein concentrates
Authors: Sodini Isabelle , Montella John , Tong Phillip S
Published: December 2004

The effects of whey protein concentrates on physical and rheological properties of yogurt were studied. Five commercial whey protein concentrates (340 g kg−1 protein nominal) were used to fortify milk to 45 g protein kg−1. Fermentation was performed with two different starters (ropy and non‐ropy). Resulting yogurts were compared with a control yogurt enriched with skim milk powder. The water‐holding capacity of the yogurt fortified with skim milk powder was 500 g kg−1 and ranged from 600 to 638 g kg−1 when fortified with whey protein concentrates. Significant rheological differences have been noticed between the yogurts fortified with different whey protein concentrates, independent of the starter used. Three whey protein concentrates generated yogurts with a behavior similar to the control. The two others produced yogurt with lower firmness (15 g compared with 17 g), lower Brookfield viscosity (6 Pa s compared with 9 Pa s), lower yield stress (2 Pa compared with 4 Pa), lower complex viscosity (13 Pa s compared with 26 Pa s), and lower apparent viscosity (0.4 Pa s compared with 1 Pa s) than the control, respectively. The yogurts with the lowest firmness and viscosity were produced with concentrates which contained the highest amount of non‐protein nitrogen fraction (160 g kg−1 versus 126 g kg−1 of the total nitrogen), and the highest amount of denaturation of the whey protein (262 versus 200 g kg−1 of the total nitrogen). Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry for the quantitative bioanalysis of anticancer drugs
Authors: Stokvis Ellen , Rosing Hilde , Beijnen Jos H.
Published: December 2004

The monitoring of anticancer drugs in biological fluids and tissues is important during both pre‐clinical and clinical development and often in routine clinical use. Traditionally, liquid chromatography (LC) in combination with ultraviolet (UV), fluorescence, or electrochemical detection is employed for this purpose. The successful hyphenation of LC and mass spectrometry (MS), however, has dramatically changed this. MS detection provides better sensitivity and selectivity than UV detection and, in addition, is applicable to a significantly larger group of compounds than fluorescence or electrochemical detection. Therefore, LC‐MS has now become the method of first choice for the quantitative bioanalysis of many anticancer agents. There are still, however, a lot of new developments to be expected in this area, such as the introduction of more sensitive and robust mass spectrometers, high‐throughput analyses, and further optimization of the coupled LC systems. Many articles have appeared in this field in recent years and are reviewed here. We conclude that LC‐MS is an extremely powerful tool for the quantitative analysis of anticancer drugs in biological samples. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 24:887–917, 2005
Applying proteomics technology to platelet research
Authors: García Angel , Watson Steve P. , Dwek Raymond A. , Zitzmann Nicole
Published: December 2004

Platelets are small enucleated cells that circulate in the blood, where they play a key role in hemostasis and contribute to the formation of vascular plugs. Pathologically, they are involved in thrombosis and heart disease. Because platelets do not have a nucleus, proteomics offers a powerful way to approach their biology. Proteomics technology is based on the huge analytical power offered by mass spectrometry in combination with several separation techniques, such as two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE) or multidimensional liquid chromatography. Proteomics provides information about the complete set of proteins present in platelets, the platelet proteome, including post‐translational variants. Over the last years, several research groups have applied proteomics to platelet research. A detailed analysis of the general proteome and signaling cascades in human platelets will improve our knowledge of platelet function, and thereby aid the development of new therapeutic agents to treat thrombotic diseases. This review presents the major advances in mass spectrometry‐based proteomics techniques and their application to platelet research, and analyzes in detail the most relevant contributions to the field. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 24: 918–930, 2005
Determining newspaper marketing zones using contiguous clustering
Authors: Mehrotra Anuj , Shantz Joseph , Trick Michael A.
Published: December 2004

We develop a heuristic procedure for partitioning graphs into clusters of nodes such that each cluster of nodes induces a connected subgraph with the objective of minimizing the differences within clusters as measured by the total differences between all pairs of nodes of a cluster. We apply our procedure to determine optimal delivery zones for community sections of a major newspaper while including a number of operational constraints. Our results demonstrate a 18–56% improvement in the total differences within the zones designed over the usual intuitive heuristics. Given the magnitude of the revenue generated by larger local newspapers through zoning, our method demonstrates how better zoning can significantly enhance the value of segmentation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005.
An epidemiological investigation of off‐label anticonvulsant drug use in the Georgia Medicaid population
Authors: Chen Hua , Deshpande Aparna D. , Jiang Rong , Martin Bradley C.
Published: December 2004

Purpose

The primary objective was to determine the prevalence of off‐label anticonvulsant drug use in the Georgia Medicaid population and establish what percentage of this off‐label use is evidence‐based. The second objective was to investigate differences in the prevalence of off‐label use among anticonvulsants marketed before and after 1993. The third objective was to identify patient and physician characteristics associated with off‐label use.

Method

The study design was a retrospective study utilizing pharmacy, inpatient, outpatient and long‐term care claims linked with eligibility files for persons with Georgia Medicaid benefits in 1999 through 2000. An anticonvulsant recipient was considered an off‐label anticonvulsant user if their anticonvulsant use did not match age or medical diagnoses in the product label. An evidence‐based off‐label use was defined as off‐label anticonvulsant use supported by at least one randomized controlled clinical trial. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify patient and physician characteristics associated with off‐label use.

Results

34 676 (71.3%) of 48 648 patients on one or more anticonvulsants received an off‐label prescription for an anticonvulsant. Gabapentin was the anticonvulsant most widely used off‐label (86%). After accounting for labeled and all evidence‐based uses for the six most frequently prescribed anticonvulsants, there was a moderate to large percentage of anticonvulsant use not supported by any evidence from controlled trials (range: 19.09–57.07%). The most common comorbidities among patients prescribed the top six anticonvulsants were diabetes mellitus, depression, schizophrenia and pain. Anticonvulsants launched after 1993 had a higher prevalence of off‐label use than anticonvulsants marketed before 1993. Off‐label drug use varied by age with children and adolescents being the most likely to receive an off‐label anticonvulsant. Compared with other practitioners, neurologists were more likely to prescribe anticonvulsants off‐label.

Conclusions

The anticonvulsant off‐label use in the Georgia Medicaid population is very high (71%). Only a modest proportion of these off‐label uses are supported by evidence from controlled trials. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancement of convective heat transfer to polymer manufacturing molds
Authors: Abdullah M.Z. , Bickerton S. , Bhattacharyya D.
Published: December 2004

Many complex and dimensionally stable plastic products are manufactured using processes such as blow molding, thermoforming, injection molding, and rotational molding due to various advantages offered by these techniques. However, in many cases, product cycle times—and hence productivity—are limited by the time required to heat up and cool down the mold and the product. This is particularly true for rotational molding of thermoplastics. Due to the complex rotation of the mold, heating and cooling are most commonly achieved by convection to the external surfaces of the mold using air as the transfer medium. The objective of this work is to achieve substantial enhancement in convective heat transfer to mold exteriors and ultimately to reduce production cycle times. In this paper, the application of extended surfaces and roughened textures to molds is investigated. Extended surfaces have the potential to enhance heat transfer by increasing the surface area. Roughness elements are utilized in conjunction with turbulent flows, also producing significant increases in heat transfer rates. A steady state analysis using well‐established techniques has been performed to estimate the heat transfer enhancement, and a series of simple experiments have been carried out. The predicted enhancements to heat transfer are substantial, and have been verified by the preliminary experimental results. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 45:114–124, 2005. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers
Dynamic finite element analysis of nonlinear isotropic hyperelastic and viscoelastic materials for thermoforming applications
Authors: Erchiqui Fouad , Gakwaya Augustin , Rachik Mohamed
Published: December 2004

In this work, a dynamic finite element method is used in modeling and numerical simulation of the viscoelastic and hyperelastic behavior of a thin, isotropic, and incompressible thermoplastic membrane. The viscoelastic behavior (Lodge, Christensen) and hyperelastic behavior (Ogden and Mooney‐Rivlin), are considered. The thermoforming of the sheet is performed under the action of perfect gas flows. The pressure load used in modeling is thus deduced from the thermodynamic law of perfect gases. The Lagrangian formulation together with the assumption of the membrane theory is used in the finite element implementation. The numerical validation is performed by comparing the obtained results with measured experimental data for the polymeric acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) membrane inflation. Moreover, the influence of the Lodge, the Christensen, the Mooney‐Rivlin, and the Ogden constitutive models on the thickness and on the stress distribution in the thermoforming sheet are analyzed. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 45:125–134, 2005. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers
Culture of mouse prostatic epithelial cells from genetically engineered mice
Authors: Barclay Wendy W. , Cramer Scott D.
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND

The lack of appropriate prostate cancer models is a major problem for prostate cancer research. Progress has been made towards the development of better in vivo rodent genetic models for prostatic disease. However, an in vitro model is often preferred for the elucidation of cellular mechanisms involved in the disease.

METHODS

We microdissected the four prostatic lobes from young male mice, harvested the epithelial components, and grew epithelial cells from these tissues. We maintained the growth of these cells in long‐term and three‐dimensional culture.

RESULTS

We have reproducibly harvested and cultured for extended passages mouse prostatic epithelial cells (MPECs) from a variety of mouse genetic strains. These cells express luminal and basal epithelial markers as well as the androgen receptor. Additionally, MPECs form classic branching structures in a three‐dimensional collagen matrix.

CONCLUSIONS

We have developed a novel culture system to harvest and grow MPECs in long‐term culture. These cells will serve as a useful in vitro complement to studies using mouse genetic models for prostatic disease. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of antioxidant activity and phenolic content of three lichen species
Authors: Odabasoglu Fehmi , Aslan Ali , Cakir Ahmet , Suleyman Halis , Karagoz Yalcin , Halici Mesut , Bayir Yasin
Published: December 2004

The antioxidant activities (AA), reducing powers (RP) and total phenolic contents (TPC) of methanol and water extracts of three lichen species, Usnea longissima Ach., Usnea ﬂorida (L.) Weber ex Wigg. and Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. were determined in vitro. Of the extracts tested, the methanol extracts of Lobaria pulmonaria and Usnea longissima showed potent antioxidant activities. The methanol extract of L. pulmonaria also had the highest total phenolic contents (87.9 mg/g lyophylisate). For the methanol extract of this species, there was also a strong correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents. However, a similar correlation was not observed for U. longissima. Although the methanol extract of U. longissima had a lower phenolic content (38.6 mg/g lyophylisate), it exhibited potent antioxidant activity. On the other hand, there was a strong correlation between the reducing powers and the total phenolic contents of the extracts. The highest reducing power was determined for the methanol extract of L. pulmonaria. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oral intake of proanthocyanidin‐rich extract from grape seeds improves chloasma
Authors: Yamakoshi Jun , Sano Atsushi , Tokutake Shoichi , Saito Makoto , Kikuchi Mamoru , Kubota Yoshiro , Kawachi Yasuhiro , Otsuka Fujio
Published: December 2004

Chloasma (melasma), an acquired hypermelanosis, is often recalcitrant to various treatments and an amenable, as well as safe, pigment‐reducing modality is needed. We investigated that the reducing effect of proanthocyanidin, a powerful antioxidant, on chloasma in a one‐year open design study. Proanthocyanidin‐rich grape seed extract (GSE) was orally administered to 12 Japanese woman candidates with chloasma for 6 months between August 2001 and January 2002 and to 11 of these 12 for 5 months between March and July 2002. Clinical observation, L* value (lightening) and melanin index, and size (length and width) measurements of chloasma were performed throughout the study period. The ﬁrst 6 months of GSE intake improved or slightly improved chloasma in 10 of the 12 women (83%, p < 0.01) and following 5 months of intake improved or slightly improved chloasma in 6 of the 11 candidates (54%, p < 0.01). L* values also increased after GSE intake (57.8 ± 2.5 at the start vs 59.3 ± 2.3 at 6 months and 58.7 ± 2.5 at the end of study). Melanin‐index signiﬁcantly decreased after 6 months of the intake (0.025 ± 0.005 at the start vs 0.019 ± 0.004 at 6 months) (p < 0.01), and also decreased at the end of study (0.021 ± 0.005) (p < 0.05). GSE is effective in reducing the hyperpigmentation of women with chloasma. The beneﬁcial effects of GSE was maximally achieved after 6 months and these was no further improvement after this period. The latter GSE intake for 5 months may prevent chloasma from becoming worse prior to the summer season. GSE is safe and useful for improving chloasma. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Piperitone from Mentha longifolia var. chorodictya Rech F. reduces the nitrofurantoin resistance of strains of enterobacteriaceae
Authors: Shahverdi A. R. , Raﬁi F. , Tavassoli F. , Bagheri M. , Attar F. , Ghahraman A.
Published: December 2004

The diluted essential oil of Mentha longifolia (L.) var. chlorodictya Rech F. foliage enhanced the bactericidal activity of nitrofurantoin decreasing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of nitrofurantoin for nitrofurantoin‐resistant strains of Enterobacteriaceae. Thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) analysis of the essential oil detected a fraction (Rf = 0.35, UV λmax of 232.5), which was the most effective in enhancement of nitrofurantoin activity. Using gas liquid chromatography and known standards, the active fraction was identiﬁed as piperitone. 1 µl of the piperitone fraction decreased the MIC of nitrofurantoin 3–20 fold for the different strains of Enterobacteriaceae tested. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient generation of distributed spherical Gaussian basis sets for molecules
Authors: Makarewicz J. , Glushkov V. N.
Published: December 2004

An attempt is made to generate the spherical Gaussian distributed basis sets whose parameters are determined by means of a compromise between fully empirical prescriptions and fully optimized procedure. A hypersurface of the energy in a space of nonlinear Gaussian parameters for the molecular ion H and the H2, LiH, and He2 molecules is carefully analyzed, which allows us to propose a practical scheme for generation of nearly optimal basis sets. Three fundamental elements important for the construction of distributed molecular basis sets are discussed: orbital exponents, positions of basis set functions, and their partition of the localized subsets. Parameters generating nearly optimal exponents and positions of the basis functions are introduced. The set of the employed generating parameters is smaller than the original set of the exponents and positions by about three times. The designed basis sets defined by only 12 nonlinear parameters provide sub‐μhartree accuracy of three low‐lying states of H. Similarly, sub‐μhartree accuracy is achieved for the Hartree–Fock energy of H2, LiH, and He2 in the ground electronic state. Simple rules of the parameter reduction found for these molecules can be used for other molecules. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Summary of ISO/TC 201 standard: XXII. ISO 22048:2004—Surface chemical analysis—Information format for static secondary ion mass spectrometry
Authors: Gilmore I. S. , Seah M. P. , Henderson A.
Published: December 2004

This International Standard provides a digital format to store and transfer between computers, in a compact way, important calibration and instrumental parameter data necessary to make effective use of spectral data files from static SIMS instruments. This format is designed to supplement the data transfer format specified in ISO 14976. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation, Solid‐state Characteristics, and Catalytic Properties of Promoted Vanadium Phosphate Materials
Authors: Narayana K. V. , Martin Andreas , Lücke B. , Belmans M. , Boers F. , van Deynse D.
Published: December 2004

The syntheses of transition metal promoted (M = Co, Cr, Fe, Mo) supported vanadium phosphate (VPO) catalysts (TiO2 (anatase), γ‐Al2O3) and their characterization by N2‐adsorption, X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), FTIR‐spectroscopy and determination of V‐valence state is reported. The catalytic properties were checked in the heterogeneous catalytic ammoxidation of 2, 6‐dichlorotoluene to the corresponding nitrile. The catalyst samples were prepared by synthesis of the precursor compound VOHPO4 · 0.5 H2O, impregnation using various metal salt solutions and mixing with the support materials. The characterization revealed increased surface areas for all the promoted samples in comparison to the basic materials. XRD showed the formation of (VO)2P2O7 after calcinations as well as patterns of support materials (anatase, γ‐Al2O3). The formation of crystalline proportions of mixed oxides were not observed. The catalytic ammoxidation runs revealed a significant effect of the promoter metals on the catalytic properties by an increase of yield by ca. 20 % compared to bulk VPO. Almost complete conversion of 2, 6‐dichlorotoluene and 81 % yield of nitrile were observed using a 25 %VPCoO/γ‐Al2O3 catalyst.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Properties of the Tetrametaphosphimates MII2(PO2NH)4 · 8 H2O with MII = Mg, Mn, Co and Zn
Authors: Römer S. Rebecca , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: December 2004

Mg2(PO2NH)4 · 8 H2O (1), Mn2(PO2NH)4 · 8 H2O (2), Co2(PO2NH)4 · 8 H2O (3) and Zn2(PO2NH)4 · 8 H2O (4) were obtained as microcrystalline powders by combining aqueous solutions of K4(PO2NH)4 · 4 H2O and MX2 · y H2O (M = Mg, Mn, Co, Zn; X = Cl, NO3). Single crystals were obtained by crystallization in gelatine gels in U‐tubes or test‐tubes. 2 and 4 were characterized by thermogravimetry and 4 was additionally characterized by temperature dependend in situ powder diffractometry. The structures of 1, 2, 3 and 4 were found to be isotypic and were solved by single‐crystal X‐ray methods: P 21/c, Z = 2 (1: a = 645.4(2), b = 1050.1(2), c = 1283.3(3) pm, β = 104.66(3)°; 2: a = 648.7(2), b = 1063.1(2), c = 1310.8(3) pm, β = 103.93(3)°; 3: a = 643.3(2), b = 1049.0(2), c = 1286.7(3) pm, β = 104.28(3)°; 4: a = 644.18(5), b = 1049.22(7), c = 1282.43(8) pm, β = 104.122(6)°). The structure is composed of MO6 octahedra and (PO2NH)44— anions. The P4N4 rings of the (PO2NH)44— anions exhibit a slightly distorted chair conformation, which is supported by IR data and has been described by torsion angles, Displacement Asymmetry Parameters and Puckering Parameters. Via M2+ ions and hydrogen bonds, the tetrametaphosphimate anions are connected forming layers perpendicular to [100]. These layers are connected by hydrogen bonds.
A New Method of the Preparation of Imido‐bis(sulfuric acid) Dihalogenide, (F, Cl), and the Potassium Salt of Imido‐bis(sulfuric acid) Difluoride
Authors: Beran Martin , Příhoda Jiří
Published: December 2004

The article describes a new and effective synthesis of pure imido‐bis(sulfuric acid) dihalogenides (halogenide = F, Cl) and the potassium salt of imido‐bis(sulfuric acid) difluoride, KN(SO2F)2.
Isolation and Spectroscopic Characterization of New Endohedral Fullerenes in the Size Gap of C74 to C76
Authors: Haufe Oliver , Hecht Martin , Grupp Arthur , Mehring Michael , Jansen Martin
Published: December 2004

New alkaline earth metal endohedral fullerenes Sr@C74, Sr@C76‐I, II and Ca@C74, prepared by means of the RF‐method, have been isolated using multistep HPLC. The purity was ascertained by anionic LDI TOF mass spectroscopy, considering the isotopic patterns of the compounds. The influence of the incorporated metal on the electronic structure has been studied by VIS‐NIR and Raman spectroscopy. Photoexcited triplet‐state EPR spectroscopy was used to investigate the structure of these otherwise EPR‐silent fullerenes. Displaying the frequency of the cage vs. encapsulated metal vibrational modes as a function of the square root of the reciprocal masses of the metals clearly separates the M3+@Cn3— and the M2+@Cn2— families. This seems to be a generally applicable tool for monitoring the metal to fullerene charge transfer.
The Structure of cis‐[Chloro(dimethylsulfoxide)bis(1, 10‐phenanthroline)ruthenium(II)]‐tetraphenylborate, [RuCl(DMSO)(1, 10‐phen)2][BPh4]
Authors: Wu Biao , Janiak Christoph
Published: December 2004

The complex cis‐[RuCl(DMSO)(phen)2]BPh4, where DMSO is dimethylsulfoxide and phen is 1, 10‐phenanthroline, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 19.505(4), b = 10.045(2), c = 21.199(4) Å, β = 90.137(4)°, V = 4153(2) Å3, Z = 4, Dcalc = 1.430 g cm—3. The ruthenium coordination geometry is that of a slightly distorted octahedron with a cis‐RuN4ClS arrangement of the ligand donor atoms. The Ru—Cl distance is 2.421(1) Å and the Ru—S distance 2.250(2) Å. The four Ru—N distances are 2.057(6), 2.066(4), 2.073(4), and 2.086(4) Å with the Ru—N bond trans to Cl the second shortest and the Ru—N bond trans to S the longest one.
NMR Studies of the Phosphazene/Phosphazane Rearrangement
Authors: Thomas Berthold , Paasch Silvia , Böhme Uwe
Published: December 2004

In compounds such as hydroxy, methoxy and ethoxycyclophosphazenes a phosphazene/ phosphazane rearrangement occurs. In this process the electronic structure of the PN ring system changes under reduction of the endocyclic double bonds. A decrease of the s bond order of the PN bondings results in a decrease of the scalar couplings 1JPN and 2JPP. In addition, considering the solid‐state 31P NMR spectra, significant differences between the phosphazene and phosphazane forms can be observed caused by a change of the local symmetry at the phosphorus atom. In the case of cyclotriphosphazenes a local C2v symmetry exists (strictly valid for these compounds only) and the shielding (shift) tensor is characterized by a small anisotropy as well as a small axiality. Contrary to this in phosphazanes the phosphoryl bond is dominating the chemical shift tensor, characterized by a double to triple anisotropy and a high axiality. Quantum chemical GAUSSIAN calculations reflect these differences between phosphazenes and phosphazanes.
Solvothermal Synthesis and Structure of the [Ge2Se7]4— Anion in (enH2)[{Mn(en)2(enH)}2(μ‐en)](Ge2Se7)2 and [Mn(dien)2]2Ge2Se7
Authors: van Almsick Tobias , Loose Anja , Sheldrick William S.
Published: December 2004

(enH2)[{Mn(en)2(enH)}2(μ‐en)](Ge2Se7)2 (1) and [Mn(dien)2]2Ge2Se7 (2) can be prepared by solvothermal reaction of elemental Ge and Se with Mn(OOCCH3)2·4H2O in respectively superheated ethylenediamine/methanol (3:2 mixture, 150°) and diethylenetriamine (dien, 130 °C). The cyclic Ge2Se74— anion contains two tetrahedral GeSe4 building units linked at one corner Se atom and through an Se‐Se bond. 1 also contains a novel complex cation in which Mn(II) atoms are coordinated by one terminal, one bridging and two chelating en ligands.