bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Boundary conditions and vortex wandering
Authors: Jammy S. P. , Hills Nick , Birch David M.
Published: April 2014

A direct numerical simulation of a Batchelor vortex has been carried out in the presence of freely decaying turbulence, using both periodic and symmetric boundary conditions; the latter most closely approximates typical experimental conditions, while the former is often used in computational simulations for numerical convenience. The higher-order velocity statistics were shown to be strongly dependent upon the boundary conditions, but the dependence could be mostly eliminated by correcting for the random, Gaussian modulation of the vortex trajectory, commonly referred to as ‘wandering’, using a technique often employed in the analysis of experimental data. Once this wandering had been corrected for, the strong peaks in the Reynolds stresses normally observed at the vortex centre were replaced by smaller local extrema located within the core region but away from the centre. The distributions of the corrected Reynolds stresses suggest that the formation and organization of secondary structures within the core is the main mechanism in turbulent production during the linear growth phase of vortex development.
A regular Strouhal number for large-scale instability in the far wake of a rotor
Authors: Okulov Valery L. , Naumov Igor V. , Mikkelsen Robert F. , Kabardin Ivan K. , Sørensen Jens N.
Published: April 2014

The flow behind a model of a wind turbine rotor is investigated experimentally in a water flume using particle image velocimetry (PIV) and laser Doppler anemometry (LDA). The study performed involves a three-bladed wind turbine rotor designed using the optimization technique of Glauert (Aerodynamic Theory, vol. IV, 1935, pp. 169–360). The wake properties are studied for different tip speed ratios and free stream speeds. The data for the various rotor regimes show the existence of a regular Strouhal number associated with the development of an instability in the far wake of the rotor. From visualizations and a reconstruction of the flow field using LDA and PIV measurements it is found that the wake dynamics is associated with a precession (rotation) of the helical vortex core.
Pulse dynamics in a power-law falling film
Authors: Pradas M. , Tseluiko D. , Ruyer-Quil C. , Kalliadasis S.
Published: April 2014

We examine the stability, dynamics and interactions of solitary waves in a two-dimensional vertically falling thin liquid film that exhibits shear-thinning effects. We use a low-dimensional two-field model that describes the evolution of both the local flow rate and the film thickness and is consistent up to second-order terms in the long-wave expansion. The shear-thinning behaviour is modelled via a power-law formulation with a Newtonian plateau in the limit of small strain rates. Our results show the emergence of a hysteresis behaviour as the control parameter (the Reynolds number) is increased which is directly related to the shear-thinning character of the liquid and can be quantified with both linear analysis arguments and a physical interpretation. We also study pulse interactions, observing that two pulses may attract or repel each other either monotonically or in an oscillatory manner. In large domains we find that for a given Reynolds number the final state depends on the initial condition, a consequence of the presence of multiple solutions.
THE TURING DEGREES BELOW GENERICS AND RANDOMS
Authors: SHORE RICHARD A.
Published: April 2014

If X0and X1are both generic, the theories of the degrees below X0and X1are the same. The same is true if both are random. We show that then-genericity orn-randomness of X do not suffice to guarantee that the degrees below X have these common theories. We also show that these two theories (for generics and randoms) are different. These results answer questions of Jockusch as well as Barmpalias, Day and Lewis.
INTERPRETATIONS BETWEENω-LOGIC AND SECOND-ORDER ARITHMETIC
Authors: KAYE RICHARD
Published: April 2014

This paper addresses the structures (M, ω) and (ω, SSy(M)), whereMis a nonstandard model of PA andωis the standard cut. It is known that (ω, SSy(M)) is interpretable in (M, ω). Our main technical result is that there is an reverse interpretation of (M, ω) in (ω, SSy(M)) which is ‘local’ in the sense of Visser [11]. We also relate the model theory of (M, ω) to the study of transplendent models of PA [2].

This yields a number of model theoretic results concerning theω-models (M, ω) and their standard systems SSy(M, ω), including the following.

•$\left( {M,\omega } \right) \prec \left( {K,\omega } \right)$if and only if$M \prec K$and$\left( {\omega ,{\rm{SSy}}\left( M \right)} \right) \prec \left( {\omega ,{\rm{SSy}}\left( K \right)} \right)$.

•$\left( {\omega ,{\rm{SSy}}\left( M \right)} \right) \prec \left( {\omega ,{\cal P}\left( \omega \right)} \right)$if and only if$\left( {M,\omega } \right) \prec \left( {{M^{\rm{*}}},\omega } \right)$for someω-saturatedM*.

•$M{ \prec _{\rm{e}}}K$implies SSy(M, ω) = SSy(K, ω), but cofinal extensions do not necessarily preserve standard system in this sense.

• SSy(M, ω)=SSy(M) if and only if (ω, SSy(M)) satisfies the full comprehension scheme.

• If SSy(M, ω) is uniformly defined by a single formula (analogous to aβfunction), then (ω, SSy(M, ω)) satisfies the full comprehension scheme; and there are modelsMfor which SSy(M, ω) is not uniformly defined in this sense.
FIELDS WITH SEVERAL COMMUTING DERIVATIONS
Authors: PIERCE DAVID
Published: April 2014

For every natural numberm, the existentially closed models of the theory of fields withmcommuting derivations can be given a first-order geometric characterization in several ways. In particular, the theory of these differential fields has a model-companion. The axioms are that certain differential varieties determined by certain ordinary varieties are nonempty. There is no restriction on the characteristic of the underlying field.
DECIDABLE MODELS OF ω-STABLE
THEORIES
Authors: ANDREWS URI
Published: April 2014

We characterize the ω-stable theories all of whose
countable models admit decidable presentations. In particular, we show that for
a countable ω-stable T, every
countable model of T admits a decidable presentation if and
only if all n-types in T are recursive and
T has only countably many countable models. We further
characterize the decidable models of ω-stable
theories with countably many countable models as those which realize only
recursive types.
AN INDEPENDENCE THEOREM FOR NTP2 THEORIES
Authors: YAACOV ITAÏ BEN , CHERNIKOV ARTEM
Published: April 2014

We establish several results regarding dividing and forking in NTP2theories. We show that dividing is the same as array-dividing. Combining it with existence of strictly invariant sequences we deduce that forking satisfies the chain condition over extension bases (namely, the forking ideal is S1, in Hrushovski’s terminology). Using it we prove an independence theorem over extension bases (which, in the case of simple theories, specializes to the ordinary independence theorem). As an application we show that Lascar strong type and compact strong type coincide over extension bases in an NTP2theory.

We also define the dividing order of a theory—a generalization of Poizat’s fundamental order from stable theories—and give some equivalent characterizations under the assumption of NTP2. The last section is devoted to a refinement of the class of strong theories and its place in the classification hierarchy.
A LIGHTFACE ANALYSIS OF THE DIFFERENTIABILITY RANK
Authors: WESTRICK LINDA BROWN
Published: April 2014

We examine the computable part of the differentiability hierarchy defined by
Kechris and Woodin. In that hierarchy, the rank of a differentiable function is
an ordinal less than

${\omega _1}$

which measures how complex it is to verify differentiability
for that function. We show that for each recursive ordinal

$\alpha > 0$

, the set of Turing indices of

$C[0,1]$

functions that are differentiable with rank at most
α is

${{\rm{\Pi }}_{2\alpha + 1}}$

-complete. This result is expressed in the notation of Ash and
Knight.
FROM A1 TO D5: TOWARDS A FORCING-RELATED
CLASSIFICATION OF RELATIONAL STRUCTURES
Authors: KURILIĆ MILOŠ S.
Published: April 2014

We investigate the partial orderings of the form P(X),⊂〉,
where X is a relational structure and P(X) the set of the domains of its
isomorphic substructures. A rough classification of countable binary structures
corresponding to the forcing-related properties of the posets of their copies is
obtained.
THE STRONG TREE PROPERTY AT SUCCESSORS OF SINGULAR
CARDINALS
Authors: FONTANELLA LAURA
Published: April 2014

An inaccessible cardinal is strongly compact if, and only if, it satisfies the
strong tree property. We prove that if there is a model of ZFC with infinitely
many supercompact cardinals, then there is a model of ZFC where

${\aleph _{\omega + 1}}$

has the strong tree property. Moreover, we prove that every
successor of a singular limit of strongly compact cardinals has the strong tree
property.
A NEW COMPUTATION OF THE Σ-ORDINAL OF
KPω
Authors: FERREIRA FERNANDO
Published: April 2014

We define a functional interpretation of KP
ω
using Howard’s primitive recursive tree functionals of finite
type and associated terms. We prove that the Σ-ordinal of KP
ω
is the least ordinal not given by a closed term of the ground type of the
trees (the Bachmann-Howard ordinal). We also extend KP
ω
to a second-order theory with
Δ
1-comprehension and strict-

${\rm{\Pi }}_1^1$

reflection and show that the Σ-ordinal of this
theory is still the Bachmann-Howard ordinal. It is also argued that the
second-order theory is Σ1-conservative over
KPω.
MASS PROBLEMS AND INITIAL SEGMENT COMPLEXITY
Authors: HUDELSON W. M. PHILLIP
Published: April 2014

By the complexity of a finite sequence of 0’s and 1’s we
mean the Kolmogorov complexity, that is the length of the shortest input to a
universal recursive function which returns the given sequence as output. By
initial segment complexity of an infinite sequence of 0’s and
1’s we mean the asymptotic behavior of the complexity of its finite
initial segments. In this paper, we construct infinite sequences of
0’s and 1’s with given recursive lower bounds on initial
segment complexity which do not compute any infinite sequences of 0’s
and 1’s with a significantly larger recursive lower bound on initial
segment complexity. This improves several known results about randomness
extraction and separates many natural degrees in the lattice of Muchnik
degrees.
UNIVERSAL COMPUTABLY ENUMERABLE EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS
Authors: ANDREWS URI , LEMPP STEFFEN , MILLER JOSEPH S. , NG KENG MENG , MAURO LUCA SAN , SORBI ANDREA
Published: April 2014

We study computably enumerable equivalence relations (ceers), under the
reducibility

$R \le S$

if there exists a computable function f such
that

$x\,R\,y$

if and only if

$f\left( x \right)\,\,S\,f\left( y \right)$

, for every

$x,y$

. We show that the degrees of ceers under the equivalence
relation generated by

$\le$

form a bounded poset that is neither a lower semilattice, nor
an upper semilattice, and its first-order theory is undecidable. We then study
the universal ceers. We show that 1) the uniformly effectively inseparable ceers
are universal, but there are effectively inseparable ceers that are not
universal; 2) a ceer R is universal if and only if

$R\prime \le R$

, where

$R\prime$

denotes the halting jump operator introduced by Gao and Gerdes
(answering an open question of Gao and Gerdes); and 3) both the index set of the
universal ceers and the index set of the uniformly effectively inseparable ceers
are

${\rm{\Sigma }}_3^0$

-complete (the former answering an open question of Gao and
Gerdes).
Middle Bronze Age Enclosures in the Norfolk Broads: a Case Study at Ormesby St Michael, England
Authors: Gilmour Nick , Horlock Sarah , Mortimer Richard , Tremlett Sophie
Published: April 2014

Remnant field systems and enclosures are key indicators of social change during the 2nd millenniumbc– their study has considerable significance in terms of interpreting the Bronze Age in the eastern region. Despite widespread current interest in the topic, little if any evidence for Middle Bronze Age settlement and land division had been found in Norfolk prior to the investigations at Ormesby St Michael which form the focus of this paper. Here, archaeological excavations uncovered evidence for strip field systems, succeeded by a large and well dated enclosure containing at least two structures. These results are supplemented by cropmark evidence for other elements of the enclosure produced by the National Mapping Programme. When combined, the findings are of great significance since they indicate a Middle Bronze Age date for numerous comparable cropmarks recorded across the region as part of the National Mapping Programme, emphasising the crucial value of such work. It can now be suggested that the apparent dearth of Bronze Age field systems in Norfolk is not 'real', but the combined effect of limited excavation of such sites and misinterpretation of those that have been investigated.
Study of the flying ability of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) adults using a computer-monitored flight mill
Authors: Ávalos J.A. , Martí-Campoy A. , Soto A.
Published: April 2014

The red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), native to tropical Asian regions, has become a serious threat to palm trees all over the world. Knowledge of its flight potential is vital to improving the preventive and curative measures currently used to manage this pest. As R. ferrugineus is a quarantine pest, it is difficult to study its flight potential in the field. A computer-monitored flight mill was adapted to analyse the flying ability of R. ferrugineus through the study of different flight parameters (number of flights, total distance flown, longest single flight, flight duration, and average and maximum speed) and the influence of the weevil's sex, age, and body size on these flight parameters. Despite significant differences in the adult body size (body weight and length) of males and females, the sex of R. ferrugineus adults did not have an influence on their flight potential. Neither adult body size nor age was found to affect the weevil's flying abilities, although there was a significantly higher percentage of individuals flying that were 8–23 days old than 1–7 days old. Compared to the longest single flight, 54% of the insects were classified as short-distance flyers (covering <100 m) and 36 and 10% were classified as medium- (100–5000 m) and long-distance (>5000 m), respectively. The results are compared with similar studies on different insect species under laboratory and field conditions.
Predicting resistance to stripe (yellow) rust (Puccinia striiformis)in wheat genetic resources using focused identification of germplasm strategy
Authors: BARI A. , AMRI A. , STREET K. , MACKAY M. , DE PAUW E. , SANDERS R. , NAZARI K. , HUMEID B. , KONOPKA J. , ALO F.
Published: April 2014

Stripe rust, caused byPuccinia striiformisf. sp.tritici(Pst), is a major wheat disease that can inflict yield losses of up to 70% on susceptible varieties under favourable environmental conditions. The timely identification of plant genetic resources likely to possess novel resistance to this disease would facilitate the rapid development of resistant wheat varieties. The focused identification of germplasm strategy (FIGS) approach was used to predict stripe rust resistance in a collection of wheat landraces conserved at ICARDA genebank. Long-term climate data for the collection sites, from which these accessions originated and stripe rust evaluation scores for one group of accessions were presented to three different non-linear models to explore the trait×collection site environment interactions. Patterns in the data detected by the models were used to predict stripe rust resistance in a second and different set of accessions. The results of the prediction were then tested against actual evaluation scores of the disease in the field. The study mimics the real scenario where requests are made to plant genetic resources curators to provide accessions that are likely to possess variation for specific traits such as disease resistance.

The models used were able to identify stripe rust-resistant accessions with a high degree of accuracy. Values as high as 0·75 for area under the curve and 0·45 for Kappa statistics, which quantify the agreement between the models’ predictions and the curator's disease scores, were achieved. This demonstrates a strong environmental component in the geographic distribution of resistance genes and therefore supports the theoretical basis for FIGS. It is argued that FIGS will improve the rate of gene discovery and efficiency of mining genetic resource collections for adaptive traits by reducing the number of accessions that are normally required for evaluation to identify such variation.
Morphological and molecular analyses of larval and adult stages of Echinoparyphium recurvatum von Linstow 1873 (Digenea: Echinostomatidae) from central Mexico
Authors: Sereno-Uribe A.L. , Pinacho-Pinacho C.D. , Sanchéz Cordero V. , García-Varela M.
Published: April 2014

In central Mexico, populations of the freshwater snail Physella cubensis were infected with metacercariae from a species of Echinoparyphium (Digenea: Echinostomatidae). In the current study, we describe both larval and adult stages of this species obtained from experimental and natural infections. A total 180 snails were collected from Patzcuaro Lake, Michoacan state in central Mexico in July 2012. In the laboratory snails were placed in individual vials and exposed to light with the aim of observing emergence of cercariae. To obtain metacercariae, uninfected snails (P. cubensis) were exposed to cercariae. Chicks were infected with metacercariae to obtain adults. Nine days post-infection, eggs were recovered and incubated in tap water at room temperature to observe miracidia. Adults obtained from natural and experimentally infected hosts possess a head collar with 45 spines in two alternating rows, confirming the identification as Echinoparyphium recurvatum von Linstow 1873. To test the conspecificity of all stages, sequences of nuclear internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1), 5.8S and ITS2 rDNA were obtained from two adult worms recovered from chicks and also a natural avian host, the shoveler duck Anas clypeata, together with five cercarial and four metacercarial isolates from nine snails. The genetic divergence estimated among the 13 isolates was very low, ranging from 0 to 0.6%. Phylogenetic analyses inferred by maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods showed that all isolates of E. recurvatum form a single clade with strong support. The presence of E. recurvatum in P. cubensis and A. clypeata from central Mexico represents new host reports, and extends the distribution range in the Americas.
Generation of super-short avalanche electron beams in SF6
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Tarasenko Victor F. , Shao Tao , Beloplotov Dmitry V. , Lomaev Mikhail I. , Sorokin Dmitry A. , Yan Ping
Published: April 2014

In this work, the generation of a super-short avalanche electron beam (SAEB) in SF6in an inhomogeneous electric field is studied on two generators with pulse rise times of 0.5 and 2 ns, respectively. The SAEB parameters in SF6are compared with those obtained in other gases (air, nitrogen, argon, and krypton). It is shown that the SAEB amplitude in SF6at pressures ranging from 0.05 to 0.2 MPa is commensurable with that in krypton and is much lower than that in air and nitrogen. It is also found that in SF6, SF6mixture with 2.5% of nitrogen, and other gases, a diffuse discharge is ignited not only at negative polarity but also at positive polarity of the electrode with small curvature radius. Furthermore, the velocity of the ionization wave front in SF6in an inhomogeneous electric field is studied. Experimental results show that the velocity of the ionization wave front in SF6is lower than that in air and nitrogen as well as such velocity decreases when the pressure increases from 0.05 to 0.3 MPa in all gases.
Aerosol filter analysis using polarized optics EDXRF with thin-film FP method
Authors: Moriyama Takao , Morikawa Atsushi , Doi Makoto , Fess Scott
Published: April 2014

Interest in atmospheric aerosol issues has been increasing worldwide. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is an important atmospheric aerosol monitoring tool for inorganic component analysis, because XRF is a rapid and easy analysis method. In particular, Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) has drawn attention for aerosol analysis. However, EDXRF has difficulties that: (1) many overlapping peaks exist for aerosol filter analysis and (2) many thin-film standard samples are required when an empirical calibration method is employed. Accurate analysis method of aerosol filter samples without the need for large sets of standards by semi-quantitative analysis software RPF–SQX (Rigaku profile fitting–spectra quant X), which includes the exact profile fitting and thin-film fundamental parameter (FP) method, is described using the EDXRF spectrometer equipped with secondary targets and polarized optics.
Molecular epidemiology of norovirus from patients with acute gastroenteritis in northwestern Spain
Authors: MANSO C. F. , ROMALDE J. L.
Published: April 2014

The high incidence of norovirus (NoV) infections seems to be related to the emergence of new variants that evolved by genetic drift of the capsid gene. In this work, that represents a first effort to describe the molecular epidemiology of NoV in the northwest of Spain, a total of eight different NoV genotypes (GII.1, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, GII.7, GII.12, GII.13, GII.14) were detected. The major genotypes observed were GII.4 (45·42%) and GII.14 (34·9%), being detected in all age groups. In addition, and although most of GII.4 sequences belonged to 2006b (7·2%) and 2010 (50·35%) variants, the presence of new NoV variants was observed. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that a high number of GII.4 sequences (35·24%) could be assigned to the newly emerging Sydney 2012 variant, even during late 2010. The high prevalence of NoV GII.14 observed in this study may indicate the emergence of this genotype in Spain.
Motivations for avoiding wheat consumption in Australia: results from a population survey
Authors: Golley Sinéad , Corsini Nadia , Topping David , Morell Matthew , Mohr Philip
Published: April 2014

Objective

To assess the prevalence of and explanations for wheat avoidance, including reported symptoms, diagnoses and information sources influencing the decision to avoid wheat, and to investigate potential psychological predictors of this behaviour.

Design

Cross-sectional population survey.

Setting

The study was conducted in Australia, using a nationwide postal omnibus survey.

Subjects

Adults aged 18 years and over (n1184; 52·9 % female) selected at random from the Australian Electoral Roll.

Results

With cases of stated and suspected coeliac disease (1·2 %) excluded, 7·3 % of the sample reported adverse physiological effects, predominantly gastrointestinal, that they associated with wheat consumption. Few among this group (5·7 %) claimed a formally diagnosed intolerance or allergy requiring avoidance of wheat-based foods. Symptomatic wheat avoidance was highly correlated with dairy avoidance and predicted by gender (female), lesser receptiveness to conventional medicine and greater receptiveness to complementary medicine, but not by neuroticism, reasoning style or tendency to worry about illness.

Conclusions

The data indicate that many adult Australians are consciously avoiding consumption of wheat foods, predominantly without any formal diagnosis. Reported symptoms suggest a physiological but not allergenic basis to this behaviour. Questions to be answered concern whether symptoms are attributed correctly to wheat, the agents (wheat components, dietary factors or additives) and physiological mechanism(s) involved, the nutritional adequacy of avoiders’ diets, and the clinical and psychosocial processes that lead a substantial number of adults to avoid consuming wheat (or any other dietary factor) apparently independently of a medical diagnosis.
Obesity – a risk factor for asthma, but not for atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and sensitization
Authors: Sybilski Adam J , Raciborski Filip , Lipiec Agnieszka , Tomaszewska Aneta , Lusawa Adam , Furmańczyk Konrad , Krzych-Fałta Edyta , Komorowski Jarosław , Samoliński Bolesław
Published: April 2014

Objective

To analyse the relationship between obesity and overweight and the prevalence of allergic diseases and sensitization, and the impact of gender and place of residence.

Design

Questionnaire based on those used in ISAAC (International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood) and ECRHS (European Community Respiratory Health Survey).

Setting

Our study involved populations of the eight largest cities and one rural region in Poland (each with over 150 000 inhabitants).

Subjects

The study included 18 617 participants (24·2 % aged 6–7 years, 25·4 % aged 13–14 years, 50·4 % adults aged 20–44 years) in eight cities and one rural area. The out-patient study involved 4783 patients (25·7 %); we performed skin prick testing with fifteen aeroallergens.

Results

Overweight was found in 16·13 % of participants (9·11 % of 6–7-year-olds, 4·90 % of 13–14-year-olds and 25·61 % of adults), obesity in 6·41 % (7·16 %, 2·45 % and 8·36 %, respectively). In adults, overweight (OR=1·34) and obesity (OR=1·80) increased the prevalence of asthma, especially in women (OR=1·53, OR=2·01). Among 13–14-year-olds the prevalence was higher only in the obese (OR=1·76). Overweight (OR=1·99) and obesity (OR=2·17) affected the incidence of doctor-diagnosed asthma in 6–7-year-olds. Overweight (OR=0·81) and obesity (OR=0·76) reduced the prevalence of allergic rhinitis in men. There was no relationship between BMI and asthma in people from rural areas. Obesity and overweight did not affect the frequency of sensitization to aeroallergens.

Conclusions

Overweight and obesity increased the prevalence of symptomatic asthma in adults, especially in women. In 13–14-year-olds, only obesity increased the prevalence of asthma. In children, overweight was associated with increased prevalence of clinically diagnosed and declared asthma and a trend towards atopy. Higher BMI was negatively associated with the prevalence of allergic rhinitis in overweight and obese man. There was no correlation between BMI and sensitization to aeroallergens.
Factors associated with feelings of reward during ongoing family palliative caregiving
Authors: Henriksson Anette , Carlander Ida , Årestedt Kristofer
Published: April 2014

Objective:

Of the few studies that have paid attention to feelings of reward in family palliative caregiving, most are retrospective and examine the experiences of bereaved family caregivers. Although feeling rewarded has been described as an influence that may facilitate the way family caregivers handle the caregiving situation, no study has sought to identify the factors associated with feelings of reward while providing ongoing family palliative care. The aim of this study, therefore, was to identify influential factors in feelings of reward experienced by family palliative caregivers.

Method:

Our study had a correlational cross-sectional design. Family caregivers (n = 125) of patients receiving specialized palliative care were consecutively recruited from four settings. These caregivers answered a questionnaire that included the Rewards of Caregiving Scale (RCS). This questionnaire included questions about demographic background and scales to measure preparedness for caregiving, feelings of hope, perceived health, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with rewards.

Results:

The results demonstrated that the more prepared caregivers with higher levels of hope felt more rewarded, while caregivers with higher levels of anxiety and those in a spousal relationship with the patient felt less rewarded by caregiving.

Significance of results:

It seems reasonable that feeling rewarded can be a significant contributor to the overall experience of providing ongoing palliative care. The situation of family caregivers has been shown to be multifaceted and complex, and such covariant factors as preparedness, anxiety, hope, and being in a spousal relationship with the patient to influence this experience.
Statistical Properties of Single-Marker Tests for Rare Variants
Authors: Bigdeli T. Bernard , Neale Benjamin M. , Neale Michael C.
Published: April 2014

With the dramatic technological developments of genome-wide association single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chips and next generation sequencing, human geneticists now have the ability to assay genetic variation at ever-rarer allele frequencies. To fully understand the impact of these rare variants on common, complex diseases, we must be able to accurately assess their statistical significance. However, it is well established that classical association tests are not appropriate for the analysis of low-frequency variation, giving spurious findings when observed counts are too few. To further our understanding of the asymptotic properties of traditional association tests, we conducted a range of simulations of a typical rare variant (~1%) under the null hypothesis and tested the allelic χ2, Cochran–Armitage trend, Wald, and Fisher's exact tests. We demonstrate that rare variation shows marked deviation from the expected distributional behavior for each test, with fewer minor alleles corresponding to a greater degree of test statistics deflation. The effect becomes more pronounced at progressively smaller α levels. We also show that the Wald test is particularly deflated at α levels consistent with genome-wide association significance, much more so than the other association tests considered. In general, these classical association tests are inappropriate for the analysis of variants for which the minor allele is observed fewer than 80 times, largely irrespective of sample size.
Planar-defect-rich zinc oxide nanoparticles assembled on carbon nanotube films as ultraviolet emitters and photocatalysts
Authors: Zhu Yunqing , Zhang Xiaohua , Li Ru , Li Qingwen
Published: April 2014

Structural defects in zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles are complex and hard to be controlled during the synthesis, however, diversifying the chemical and physical performances. Here we report a rapid and low-temperature deposition method to fabricate planar-defect-rich ZnO nanoparticles on freestanding and aligned carbon nanotube films, different from common treatments which remove structural defects as many as possible. The defect energy states are very close to the valence band of ZnO and serve as recombination centers for a nearly monochromatic ultraviolet luminescence within a wavelength range of 373–376 nm. The absence of point defects, especially of oxygen vacancies whose energy level is <1 eV below the conduction band, allows photoinduced electrons and holes to take parts in possible photocatalytic reactions rather than to recombine at the shallow energy levels of planar defects.
Bioinspired manganese(ii) complexes with a clickable ligand for immobilisation on a solid support
Authors: Chaignon Jérémy , Stiriba Salah-Eddine , Lloret Francisco , Yuste Consuelo , Pilet Guillaume , Bonneviot Laurent , Albela Belén , Castro Isabel
Published: April 2014

Structural and magnetic characterization of dinuclear manganese(ii) complexes mimicking the active sites of MnD were prepared with an alkyne side function for click chemistry grafting that was tested on MCM-41 silicas.
Role of cytoskeletal proteins in cerebral cavernous malformation signaling pathways: a proteomic analysis
Authors: Baxter Sarah Schwartz , Dibble Christopher F. , Byrd Warren C. , Carlson Jim , Mack Charles Russell , Saldarriaga Ivandario , Bencharit Sompop
Published: April 2014

Anin vitroproteomics and systems biology of cerebral cavernous malformation.
The uptake mechanism and biocompatibility of graphene quantum dots with human neural stem cells
Authors: Shang Weihu , Zhang Xiaoyan , Zhang Mo , Fan Zetan , Sun Ying , Han Mei , Fan Louzhen
Published: April 2014

The uptake of GQDs by human neural stem cellsviathe endocytosis pathway is efficient and biocompatible with hNSCsin vitro.
Untying a nanoscale knotted polymer structure to linear chains for efficient gene delivery in vitro and to the brain
Authors: Newland B. , Aied A. , Pinoncely A. V. , Zheng Y. , Zhao T. , Zhang H. , Niemeier R. , Dowd E. , Pandit A. , Wang W.
Published: April 2014

A cationic knot structured transfection vector showed a more favorable transfection profile for a neural cell type compared to other polyplexes whilst maintaining cell viability at over 80% after four days of culture and could mediate luciferase overexpression in the adult brain.
Gentle reduction of SBA-15 silica to its silicon replica with retention of morphology
Authors: Ji Xiulei , He Guang , Andrei Carmen , Nazar L. F.
Published: April 2014

Transformation of mesoporous SBA-15 SiO2 to its silicon replica is achieved by employing mild displacement reactions with Mg intermetallics as the source of Mg vapor at low partial pressure.
Hierarchical porous NiCo2O4 nanograss arrays grown on Ni foam as electrode material for high-performance supercapacitors
Authors: Wang Zhenyu , Zhang Yuefei , Li Yonghe , Fu Haoyu
Published: April 2014

A novel hierarchical porous NiCo2O4 nanograss array directly grown on Ni foam has been constructed via a simple one-step hydrothermal method combined with a calcination treatment, and possessed high electrochemical performance.
A fluorescent switch for sequentially and selectively sensing copper(ii) andl-histidine in vitro and in living cells
Authors: Wang Xiaojing , Miao Qingqing , Song Tingjie , Yuan Qingpan , Gao Jinhao , Liang Gaolin
Published: April 2014

A new fluorescent switch was developed for sequential and selective sensing of Cu2+andl-histidine (l-His)in vitroand in living cells.
Electrochemical activation of diamond microelectrodes: implications for the in vitro measurement of serotonin in the bowel
Authors: Duran Boris , Brocenschi Ricardo F. , France Marion , Galligan James J. , Swain Greg M.
Published: April 2014

Diamond microelectrodes can be reproducibly activated during the in vitro detection of serotonin in the GI tract by cathodic pretreatment.
Portable micro-solid phase extraction for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples
Authors: Zainal Abidin Nurul Nabilah , Sanagi Mohd Marsin , Wan Ibrahim Wan Aini , Endud Salasiah , Md Shukri Dyia Syaleyana
Published: April 2014

This work describes for the first time the application of portable micro-solid phase extraction (μ-SPE) for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).
Highly efficient exciplex organic light-emitting diodes incorporating a heptazine derivative as an electron acceptor
Authors: Li Jie , Nomura Hiroko , Miyazaki Hiroshi , Adachi Chihaya
Published: April 2014

Highly efficient exciplex systems incorporating a heptazine derivative (HAP-3MF) as an electron acceptor and 1,3-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)benzene (mCP) as an electron donor are developed.
Solution-grown single-crystalline microwires of a molecular semiconductor with improved charge transport properties
Authors: Palai Akshaya K. , Lee Jihee , Shin Tae Joo , Kumar Amit , Park Seung-Un , Pyo Seungmoon
Published: April 2014

Preparation and structural analysis of highly ordered single crystalline wires of a diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) molecular semiconductor grown through a solution process are reported, and the static/dynamic electrical response of an organic electronic device using the DPP semiconductor has been analyzed.
Li2CO3thin films fabricated by sputtering techniques: the role of temperature on their properties
Authors: Rojo Lander , Castro-Hurtado Irene , Morant-Miñana María C. , Mandayo Gemma G. , Castaño Enrique
Published: April 2014

This work present the first steps of thin film solid state electrochemical devices development based on Li2CO3.
Modification of the surface chemistry of single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes by HNO3 and H2SO4 hydrothermal oxidation for application in direct contact membrane distillation
Authors: Morales-Torres Sergio , Silva Tânia L. S. , Pastrana-Martínez Luisa M. , Brandão Ana T. S. C. , Figueiredo José L. , Silva Adrián M. T.
Published: April 2014

Buckypapers prepared using CNTs with tailored surface chemistry showed better performance than the commercial PTFE in membrane distillation of salty water.
Clusters in the adsorbates of vapours and gases: Zeta isotherm approach
Authors: Zandavi Seyed Hadi , Ward Charles A.
Published: April 2014

A procedure for determining the structure of vapour and gas adsorbates that is based on the Zeta adsorption isotherm is reported.
The influence of the Hubbard U parameter in simulating the catalytic behaviour of cerium oxide
Authors: Bennett Liam James , Jones Glenn
Published: April 2014

The redox properties of cerium dioxide lead to broad application in catalysis, however obtaining a consistent description from DFT is troublesome. Herein we present an approach to choose the U parameter based on adsorption energetics and apply it to construct metal-oxide parings for model catalysts.
Competition between excited state proton and OH− transport via a short water wire: solvent effects open the gate
Authors: Bekçioğlu Gül , Allolio Christoph , Ekimova Maria , Nibbering Erik T. J. , Sebastiani Daniel
Published: April 2014

We investigate the acid–base proton exchange reaction in a microsolvated bifunctional chromophore by means of quantum chemical calculations.
Influence of nanoparticle shape on charge transport and recombination in polymer/nanocrystal solar cells
Authors: Li Zhe , Wang Weiyuan , Greenham Neil C. , McNeill Christopher R.
Published: April 2014

Nanoparticle shape is a key factor determining the performance of hybrid solar cells, influencing both charge transport and recombination.
Temperature-induced structural and chemical changes of ultrathin ethylene carbonate films on Cu(111)
Authors: Buchner Florian , Farkhondeh Hanieh , Bozorgchenani Maral , Uhl Benedikt , Behm R. Jürgen
Published: April 2014

The interaction of the Li-ion battery solvent ethylene carbonate (EC) with Cu(111) was investigated by scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and variable temperature X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions.
Substrate and product role in the Shvo's catalyzed selective hydrogenation of the platform bio-based chemical 5-hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Pasini Thomas , Solinas Gavino , Zanotti Valerio , Albonetti Stefania , Cavani Fabrizio , Vaccari Angelo , Mazzanti Andrea , Ranieri Silvia , Mazzoni Rita
Published: April 2014

The Shvo's catalyzed selective hydrogenation of HMF to BHMF showed substrate and product effects on the reaction rate. DFT calculation suggested the formation of several intermediates influencing the catalytic cycle.
Switching from antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic coupling in heptanuclear [Mt6Mc]n+ complexes by going from an achiral to a chiral triplesalen ligand
Authors: Mukherjee Chandan , Hoeke Veronika , Stammler Anja , Bögge Hartmut , Schnack Jürgen , Glaser Thorsten
Published: April 2014

The heptanuclear complexes [(chandRR)2Mt6{FeII(CN)6}]2+ (Mt = MnIII, FeIII) exhibit ferromagnetic interactions due to a more efficient spin-polarization mechanism compared to the complexes [(talent-Bu2)2Mt6{Mc(CN)6}]n+ with antiferromagnetic interactions.
Facile oxidation of NHC-Au(i) to NHC-Au(iii) complexes by CsBr3
Authors: Kriechbaum Margit , Otte Daniela , List Manuela , Monkowius Uwe
Published: April 2014

CsBr3was investigated as a new and convenient oxidant for NHC-Au(i) complexes for the preparation of the respective Au(iii) complexes.
Bis-tropolonate complexes of tungsten: scaffolds for selective side-on binding of nitriles, imines and ketones
Authors: Becica Joseph , Jackson Andrew B. , Dougherty William G. , Kassel W. Scott , West Nathan M.
Published: April 2014

The bis-tropolonate tungsten(ii) tricarbonyl compound, (trop)2W(CO)3 will preferentially bind nitriles, imines, and aldehydes in a side-on fashion. Crystallographic analysis of the imine adduct supports the postulation of 4-electron donation from the imine.
A highly efficient visible-light driven photocatalyst: two dimensional square-like bismuth oxyiodine nanosheets
Authors: Mi Yan , Zhou Min , Wen Liaoyong , Zhao Huaping , Lei Yong
Published: April 2014

2D square-like BiOI thin nanosheets with exposure of {001} facets present highly efficient visible-light photocatalytic performance.
A hybrid solar-redox scheme for liquid fuel and hydrogen coproduction
Authors: He Feng , Trainham James , Parsons Gregory , Newman John S. , Li Fanxing
Published: April 2014

A ferrite based oxygen carrier promoted with a mixed ionic–electronic conductor support is used in a hybrid solar-redox scheme. Based on both experiments and simulations, this scheme has the potential to co-produce liquid fuel and hydrogen from methane and solar energy at high efficiency with near zero life cycle CO2 emission.
Understanding nutrient biogeochemistry in agricultural catchments: the challenge of appropriate monitoring frequencies
Authors: Bieroza M. Z. , Heathwaite A. L. , Mullinger N. J. , Keenan P. O.
Published: April 2014

We evaluate different frequencies of riverine nutrient concentration measurement to interpret diffuse pollution in agricultural catchments.
Evaluation of bioaugmentation and biostimulation effects on the treatment of refinery oily sludge using 2nfull factorial design
Authors: Jasmine Jublee , Mukherji Suparna
Published: April 2014

While each of the strategies of nutrient addition (NP), surfactant addition (TX) and bioaugmentation with microorganisms (MO) can enhance oily sludge biodegradation, employing these strategies simultaneously leads to enhanced biodegradation through synergistic effects.
Cheese ‘refinement’ with whey B-vitamin removal during precipitation potentially induces temporal ‘functional’ dietary shortage: homocysteine as a biomarker
Authors: Shapira N.
Published: April 2014

Cheese ‘refinement’ with massive B-vitamin losses (≈70–84%) through whey removal during precipitation may potentially induce a temporal imbalance between protein/methionine load and episodic/shortage of nutrients critical for their metabolism,i.e.B6 and B12.
Recent development of two-photon fluorescent probes for bioimaging
Authors: Kim Dokyoung , Ryu Hye Gun , Ahn Kyo Han
Published: April 2014

Fluorescent probes are essential tools for studying biological systems.
Ring-closing metathesis for the synthesis of a molecular gyrotop
Authors: Setaka Wataru , Higa Sayaka , Yamaguchi Kentaro
Published: April 2014

A molecular gyrotop was synthesized by ring-closing metathesis (RCM) under reflux, indicating that the cage is a thermodynamically controlled product.
Peptide-catalyzed consecutive 1,6- and 1,4-additions of thiols to α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated aldehydes
Authors: Akagawa Kengo , Nishi Nobuhiro , Sen Jun , Kudo Kazuaki
Published: April 2014

Addition of thiols to 2,4-dienals catalyzed by a resin-supported peptide gave thermodynamically favorable 1,6- and 1,4-diadducts in an enantioselective manner.
Mechanistic studies for tri-targeted inhibition of enzymes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis by green tea polyphenols
Authors: Ge Hu , Liu Jinggong , Zhao Wenxia , Wang Yu , He Qingqing , Wu Ruibo , Li Ding , Xu Jun
Published: April 2014

The mechanism for lowering cholesterol using green tea polyphenols (ECG and EGCG) by the tri-targeted inhibition of FPPS, MVK and MDD.
Continuous flow chemistry: a discovery tool for new chemical reactivity patterns
Authors: Hartwig Jan , Metternich Jan B. , Nikbin Nikzad , Kirschning Andreas , Ley Steven V.
Published: April 2014

A new reactivity pattern and extended reaction scope has been obtained by transferring a reaction from batch mode to flow.
Engineering the band gap and energy level of conjugated polymers using a second acceptor unit
Authors: Mahmood Khalid , Lu Heng , Liu Zheng-Ping , Li Cuihong , Lu Zhen , Liu Xiao , Fang Tao , Peng Qiaohong , Li Guangwu , Li Lin , Bo Zhishan
Published: April 2014

Three conjugated polymers containing two different acceptor units were prepared and used for field effect transistors and polymer solar cells.
Metal-free controlled ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone in bulk using tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane as a catalyst
Authors: Xu Jinbao , Song Junzhe , Pispas Stergios , Zhang Guangzhao
Published: April 2014

Controlled/living ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone utilizing tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane as the metal-free catalyst was demonstrated, leading to block, end-functionalized and macrocyclic poly(ε-caprolactone) containing macromolecules.
Sweet sorghum bagasse as an immobilized carrier for ABE fermentation by using Clostridium acetobutylicum ABE 1201
Authors: Chang Zhen , Cai Di , Wang Chengyu , Li Lun , Han Jiacheng , Qin Peiyong , Wang Zheng
Published: April 2014

Sweet sorghum bagasse as an immobilized carrier for ABE fermentation by usingClostridium acetobutylicumABE 1201.
Development of a BiotriboPOD testing methodology for the wear evaluation of orthopaedic biomaterials
Authors: Hua Zikai , Zhang Huanhuan , Fan Yongwei , Jin Zhongmin
Published: April 2014

A Biotribo-POD apparatus has been developed, which provides an efficient and reliable methodology for the wear evaluation of orthopaedic biomaterials.
Enhanced visible photocatalytic activity of a BiVO4@β-AgVO3 composite synthesized by an in situ growth method
Authors: Yang Yanmei , Liu Yuanyuan , Huang Baibiao , Zhang Rui , Dai Ying , Qin Xiaoyan , Zhang Xiaoyang
Published: April 2014

A novel BiVO4@β-AgVO3 composite synthesized by an in situ growth method on the surface of β-AgVO3 nanowires exhibited enhanced visible photocatalytic activity.
Ultra-high proton conduction in electrospun sulfonated polyimide nanofibers
Authors: Takemori Ryouhei , Ito Genki , Tanaka Manabu , Kawakami Hiroyoshi
Published: April 2014

Uniaxially-aligned sulfonated polyimide nanofibers fabricated by an electrospinning method showed ultra-high proton conductivities due to molecular orientation in the nanofibers.
The recyclable cyclopalladated ferrocenylimine self-assembly catalytic film and investigation of its role in the mechanism of heterogeneous catalysis
Authors: Fu Zhihua , Li Tiesheng , He Xiaohang , Liu Jie , Wu Yangjie
Published: April 2014

The cyclopalladated ferrocenylimine self-assembly film, grafting onto solid substrate surfaces by covalent bond, exhibited efficiency, reusability and stability in the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction. A cycle of PdIIto Pd0and Pd0to PdIIon the surface was clearly detected and illustrated.
Disulfides as efficient thiolating reagents enabling selective bis-sulfenylation of aryl dihalides under mild copper-catalyzed conditions
Authors: Liu Yunyun , Wang Hang , Zhang Jida , Wan Jie-Ping , Wen Chengping
Published: April 2014

Selective bis-sulfenylation reactions of aryl dihalides have been achieved by copper-catalyzed C–S coupling reactions under mild conditions of refluxing EtOH (80 °C).
Enhancement of thermoelectric properties by atomic-scale percolation in digenite CuxS
Authors: Jiang Qinghui , Yan Haixue , Khaliq Jibran , Shen Yang , Simpson Kevin , Reece M. J.
Published: April 2014

Atomic-scale percolation phenomena were found in digenite CuxS, providing a new strategy to optimize the properties of thermoelectric materials, especially for quasi disordered materials.
Highly efficient and stable organic sensitizers with duplex starburst triphenylamine and carbazole donors for liquid and quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Tan Li-Lin , Huang Jian-Feng , Shen Yong , Xiao Li-Min , Liu Jun-Min , Kuang Dai-Bin , Su Cheng-Yong
Published: April 2014

A starburst organic sensitizer (see picture) has been designed and synthesized, which shows extremely high overall conversion efficiencies of 10.03% in liquid DSSCs and 8.05% in quasi-solid-state DSSCs.