bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L'être en souffrance de « la pauvre Leonore » (Une relecture du Werther de Goethe)
Authors: Forget Philippe
Published: December 2014

Le présent article assume sa rupture avec la tradition interprétative du Werther de Goethe qui, à force de répétitions, avait accrédité une vérité canonique dans les limites de laquelle toute lecture devait se contenir. On oubliait alors que ce ne sont pas des circonstances externes présumées qui font (le sens de) l’œuvre, mais que l’œuvre se constitue et se transforme en déployant du sens à partir de ses éléments constitutifs, sans exclusive aucune. On s’intéresse donc ici à un passage à la fois surexposé et refoulé de ce roman (la référence appuyée à Léonore dans l’ incipit), pour proposer une hypothèse de lecture fondée sur un nombre significatif d’indices cohérents et jusqu’ici restés lettre morte. Pour autant, il ne s’agit pas là d’un autre roman : tout au plus vient-on rappeler l’urgence de comprendre qu’un texte n’est tel qu’à proposer une signifiance ouverte, et qu’on ne devient lecteur qu’à s’y soumettre activement.
Éloge de la folie. La mort d'un bureaucrate de Tomás Gutiérrez Alea
Authors: Berthier Nancy
Published: December 2014

La mort d’un bureaucrate (1966), comédie de Tomás Gutiérrez Alea, est généralement abordée sous l’angle politico-social d’une attaque en règle contre la bureaucratie dans la Cuba révolutionnaire. Cependant, le film peut se penser également comme une réflexion sur la manière dont l’individu, confronté à la brutalité de la machine bureaucratique, est susceptible de développer en retour de sévères pathologies face à l’absurdité des situations qu’elle engendre. C’est dans cette perspective que sera menée ici l’étude de la mise en scène de la folie criminelle de Juanchín – jeune homme sans histoires, qui finira par assassiner un bureaucrate, comme une libération salutaire, au terme d’une lente montée de la folie – dont nous tenterons de dégager les enjeux, par-delà la critique du système cubain.
Fungal metabolites diversity in maize and associated human dietary exposures relate to micro-climatic patterns in Malawi
Authors: Matumba L. , Sulyok M. , Monjerezi M. , Biswick T. , Krska R.
Published: December 2014

This study investigated the diversity of fungal metabolites in maize across four agro-ecological zones of Malawi. A total of 90 maize samples (for human consumption), collected from farmsteads, were analysed for 235 fungal metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 65 metabolites were found in the samples. 75% of samples from the hottest agro-ecological zone contained either aflatoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone; or a combination thereof in levels exceeding European Union (EU) maximum levels, whereas the related fraction was only 17% in the cool temperature zone. Aflatoxins, citrinin, 3-nitropropionic acid, monocerin and equisetin were most prevalent and in higher levels in samples from hot agro-ecological zones, whereas deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, zearalenone and aurofusarin were most prevalent in cool agro-ecologies. On the basis of per-capita maize consumption, estimated daily intakes for all samples from hot ecologies were well above the JECFA's provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (PMTDI) of 2.0 μg/kg body weight (bw)/day for fumonisins, whereas the PMTDI of 1.0 μg/kg bw/day for deoxynivalenol was exceeded in relatively more (90%) samples from the cool highlands than the other zones. These results demonstrate the influence of micro-climatic conditions on mycotoxin prevalence patterns and underscores the need for development of agro-ecological specific mycotoxin dietary exposure management strategies.
Working in rural areas – the experiences of Umthombo Youth Development Foundation graduates
Authors: Ross Andrew J.
Published: December 2014

Background: Recruiting and retaining healthcare professionals (HCPs) for rural areas is challenging throughout the world. Although rural origin HCPs have been identified as being the most likely to work in rural areas, only a small number of rural-origin South African scholars are trained as HCPs each year and many do not return to work in rural areas.Aim: The aim of this article was to present the experiences of rural-origin HCPs who returned to work in a rural area after graduation.Setting: Umthombo Youth Development Foundation has been running an innovating rurally-based scholarship scheme since 1999. By December 2013, 184 students supported by the scheme had graduated and all had returned to work in a rural area for a period of time.Methods: This was a qualitative study using a life history methodology to explore the educational experience of six rural-origin HCPs working in rural areas.Results: The four themes that emerged from the data were: (1) contribution to service delivery; (2) professional development (3) the challenges and frustrations of working in rural hospitals; and (4) the impact of working as an HCP.Conclusion: Rural-origin HCPs are willing to return and work in rural areas. However, context and content factors need to be addressed if a work-back scholarship scheme is to be along-term strategy for the recruitment and retention of HCPs.
The role of process analysis and expert consultation in implementing an electronic medical record solution for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis
Authors: Perumal Rubeshan , Desai Harsha
Published: December 2014

Background: Process analysis and expert consultation help streamline and optimise processes, but these are underutilised. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends migration to electronic data collection by 2015, partly in response to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). We explore the influence of process analysis and iterative expert consultation, on shaping health information solutions to MDR-TB programmes.Methods: The study employs a two phase design. Phase one involves a process analysis of the South African National Tuberculosis Programme and an electronic medical records (EMR) solution and the generation of a detailed process model grounded in the fit between individual task and technology (FITT) theoretical framework using ‘business process modelling notation’. Phase two involves a two round Delphi study in the clinical management of tuberculosis and implementers of EMR solutions. Expert opinion is analysed according to emergent thematic content. Analyses and graphical model representation are performed using Microsoft Excel® and Visio® software.Results: A detailed process model is constructed which reveals 54 break points, 12 gaps, 3 risks, 5 wastes. Five participants are included in the Delphi study which support the findings of the process analysis. Thematic analysis identifies five themes: the individual, the process, technology, capacity, and collaboration. The opportunity to include synergistic relations across programmes emerges as a strong theme.Conclusions: Overall, the findings highlight inefficiencies, risk and gaps in the current process and the need for an operational excellence intervention. The study demonstrated the value of process engineering with iterative expert consultation toward developing a meaningful EMR solution consultation in a resource constrained, developing world context.
Progress Testing for Medical Students at the University of Auckland: Results from the First Year of Assessments
Authors: Lillis Steven , Yielder Jill , Mogol Vernon , O'Connor Barbara , Bacal Kira , Booth Roger , Bagg Warwick
Published: December 2014

Background

Progress testing is a method of assessing longitudinal progress of students using a single best answer format pitched at the standard of a newly graduated doctor.

Aim

To evaluate the results of the first year of summative progress testing at the University of Auckland for Years 2 and 4 in 2013. SUBJECTS: Two cohorts of medical students from Years 2 and 4 of the Medical Program.

Methods

A survey was administered to all involved students. Open text feedback was also sought. Psychometric data were collected on test performance, and indices of reliability and validity were calculated.

Results

The three tests showed increased mean scores over time. Reliability of the assessments was uniformly high. There was good concurrent validity. Students believe that progress testing assists in integrating science with clinical knowledge and improve learning. Year 4 students reported improved knowledge retention and deeper understanding.

Conclusion

Progress testing has been successfully introduced into the Faculty for two separate year cohorts and results have met expectations. Other year cohorts will be added incrementally.

Recommendation

Key success factors for introducing progress testing are partnership with an experienced university, multiple and iterative briefings with staff and students as well as demonstrating the usefulness of progress testing by providing students with detailed feedback on performance.
An Ethiopian Woman with an Incidental Finding During a Cesarean Section
Authors: Cohen Regev , Igov Igor
Published: December 2014

This patient shows a rare phenomenon of schistosomal ova deposition on the serosal side of the small bowel without any pathology seen on the mucosal side of the small and large bowels. The patient was diagnosed accidentally during an elective cesarean section, when small nodules were seen on the small bowel surface.
Evaluation of the ECHAM family radiation codes performance in the representation of the solar signal
Authors: Sukhodolov T. , Rozanov E. , Shapiro A. I. , Anet J. , Cagnazzo C. , Peter T. , Schmutz W.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Solar radiation is the main source of energy for the Earth's atmosphere and in many respects defines its composition, photochemistry, temperature profile and dynamics. The magnitude of the solar irradiance variability strongly depends on the wavelength, making difficult its representation in climate models. Due to some deficiencies in the applied radiation codes, several models fail to show a clear response in middle stratospheric heating rates to solar spectral irradiance variability; therefore, it is important to evaluate model performance in this respect before doing multiple runs. In this work we evaluate the performance of three generations of ECHAM (4, 5 and 6) solar radiation schemes by a comparison with the reference high-resolution libRadtran code. We found that all original ECHAM radiation codes miss almost all solar signals in the heating rates in the mesosphere. In the stratosphere the two-band ECHAM4 code (E4) has an almost negligible radiative response to solar irradiance changes and the six-band ECHAM5 code (E5c) reproduces only about half of the reference signal, while representation in the ECHAM6 code (E6) is better – it misses a maximum of about 15% in the upper stratosphere. On the basis of the comparison results we suggest necessary improvements to the ECHAM family codes by the inclusion of available parameterizations of the heating rate due to absorption by oxygen (O2) and ozone (O3). Improvement is presented for E5c and E6, and both codes, with the introduced parameterizations, represent the heating rate response to the spectral solar irradiance variability simulated with libRadtran much better without a substantial increase in computer time. The suggested parameterizations are recommended to be applied in the middle-atmosphere version of the ECHAM-5 and 6 models for the study of the solar irradiance influence on climate.
Objectifying user attention and emotion evoked by relevant perceived product components
Authors: Schmitt R. , Köhler M. , Durá J. V. , Diaz-Pineda J.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. A company's aim is to develop products that engage user attention and evoke positive emotions. Customers base their emotional evaluation on product components that are relevant for their perception. This paper presents findings of both identifying relevant product components and measuring emotions evoked by relevant perceived product components. To validate results, the comparison with self-reporting methods identifies similarities and differences between explicit expressed and implicit recorded customer requirements. On the one hand, eye tracking is applied to deduce the attention provoked by perceived product components. In order to link the product strategy with product components, the paper presents results considering the fact that the gaze track is affected by current thoughts. (Köhler et al., 2013, 2014a, b; Köhler and Schmitt, 2012) On the other hand, since self-reporting tools are only useful for obtaining information about the conscious part of customers' emotions, there is a need for measurement methods that measure the changes in physiological signals (bio-signals). Arousal is similar to emotional intensity and is related to the galvanic skin response. Positive or negative emotions are defined by the valence that is measured by facial electromyography. Findings are presented that relate changes in bio-signals on the aesthetical design to the global product impression as well as to emotions and, subsequently, linking changes in physiological signals to the evaluation of semantic concepts and design parameters. The presented approach provides conclusions and valid information about products as well as product components that provoke certain emotions and about product components linked to a certain product concept, which could be part of a product strategy. Consequently, hard facts and special design rules for emotional product design can be deduced.
A gas adsorption porosimetry analysis of Portland cement prepared by compaction vs. compaction with indirect ultrasonic agitation
Authors: Azizi Nader , Cubas Yltze P , Orellana Maria F
Published: December 2014

Background: Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), is commonly used in endodontic and restorative procedures. Objective: Our objective was to introduce gas adsorption porosimetry as a viable method for evaluation of general porosity and specific pore characteristics of set Portland cement used in substitute for MTA, to investigate the effect of two different obturation methods (compaction and compaction in conjunction with indirect ultrasonic agitation of the cement paste), and to evaluate the correlation between the specific pore characteristics to compressive strength in general. Material and Methods: Portland cement samples were prepared and divided into two groups based on compaction techniques. An initial stereomicroscopic evaluation was done to assess any differences in appearance of pores randomly selected from either of the two experimental groups.  Specific pore characteristics and compressive strength were quantified by a gas adsorption porosimeter and an Instron universal testing machine. A two tailed student t-test was used for statistical comparison of data, and a regression analysis was done to evaluate the correlation between each specific pore characteristic and compressive strength in general. Results: The gas porosimetry method provided measurable values relating to specific pore characteristics of Portland cement.  The stereomicroscopy evaluation revealed marked differences between samples from the two groups, namely visibly larger pores both on the outside surface and in cross-sections of specimens prepared by the indirect ultrasonic activation method.  Conclusions: Gas adsorption porosimetry is a feasible method for evaluation of specific pore characteristics of Portland cement and potentially other dental materials as well.
Nog meer sterke verhalen
Authors: Janssen Janine , Sanberg Ruth
Published: December 2014

True life stories of honour based violence as told on the internet and as told by men

Honour-based violence (HBV) is a tight knot of conflict, gender and ethnicity. It is also the sensational subject of many bestselling books, in which mostly female victims of HBV tell their life stories. Researchers of feminism and multiculturalism argue that migrant women are often presented as passive victims, and migrant men as violent perpetrators. In our first article for PROCES on this subject, we analysed ten (auto)biographies of female victims of HBV, using theoretical insights on stigmatization. After the publication of this article, we continued to collect these true life stories. In our current article, we analyse two new aspects: how do these stories find their way to the Internet, and are there any HBV stories by male authors? Do stories by male authors shed a different light on honour conflicts and on stereotypes of culture and gender?
La curiosidad de las palabras y la senda del corazón en mujeres indígenas de Guatemala
Authors: López García Julián
Published: December 2014

Este texto trata de la socialización de mujeres indígenas guatemaltecas enfocada a dos aspectos: cómo deben comportarse en relación a la vida pública y cómo deben orientar sus sentimientos. Se destaca que la formalidad en la educación moral de las mujeres contrasta con su vida social. Finalmente se sugiere la conveniencia de considerar en planos de igualdad tanto las narrativas formales como práctica social.
Una cuestión de etiqueta
Authors: Mason Peter
Published: December 2014

El texto se ocupa de analizar cómo las distintas etiquetas aplicadas a un cráneo sobremodelado melanesio en un museo portugués arroja luz sobre la pluralidad de los contextos en los que este objeto se puede insertar. También plantea preguntas acerca de la política y la poética de la exhibición de los artefactos no europeos en los museos europeos.
Arte, antropología y museos: orientaciones poscoloniales en los Estados Unidos
Authors: Price Sally
Published: December 2014

A lo largo del último medio siglo, los cambios en la realidad política, cultural, demográfica y académica de los Estados Unidos han contribuido a una significativa reorientación en la representación museológica de la diferencia. Este texto se teje dentro y fuera de esos diferentes contextos con el fin de explorar algunos de los modos en que la antropología y la historia del arte han sido empujadas en nuevas direcciones, con importantes consecuencias para los museos y sus públicos. A partir de los cambios en la ética del trabajo de campo etnográfico, traza los cambios en la naturaleza de la escritura etnográfica, el uso creciente por parte de la historia del arte de materiales que alguna vez fueron del dominio exclusivo de la antropología, la participación de voces nativas en ambas disciplinas, y la tendencia hacia una antropología colaborativa y el co-comisariado en exposiciones museísticas.
Monsanto, orgullo de Portugal
Authors: Brandes Stanley
Published: December 2014

El artículo investiga el concurso que tuvo lugar en 1938 durante el régimen fascista de António de Salazar con el fin de seleccionar «el pueblo más portugués de Portugal». En torno a este evento tuvo lugar una cercana colaboración entre etnólogos profesionales y el gobierno de derechas del momento. Este artículo ofrece una interpretación del mencionado concurso en el contexto de unas relaciones internacionales turbulentas, particularmente como reacción a la amenaza de una posible invasión española. Finalmente, fue más la prolongada y muy celebrada búsqueda del pueblo más portugués de Portugal, y no tanto la selección de un pueblo triunfante en particular, lo que capacitó al gobierno para defender sus demandas territoriales y afirmar sus metas nacionalistas.
Anthropological inquiry into the force of the emotions in the family of man : an overview
Authors: Fernández James W.
Published: December 2014

The argument of this essay, in its concern with human emotion, moves (an important word for its argument) in two directions and through three sequential sections. We can imagine this movement as a «zooming out» and a «zooming in» while thinking about and inspecting the emotionally entangled cultural creatures that we humans are in our social lives in culture. As appropriate to a general anthropology and as appropriate to an introductory statement we move out almost to maximal focus and consider our emotionality in terms of our neoteny, which is to say our long dependency on others as the entirely social animals that we are. Next readjusting our focus we move in upon the discipline of anthropology. We have made this movement towards, or many of us anyway have made it, importantly under the pressure of the feminist critique which, itself, has struggled to get out from under the gendering of our professional understanding by which gendering reason was assigned to masculinity and emotion to femininity. Thirdly in our sequential refocusing, and as an almost inevitable expression of our culture of individualism —we zoom in upon the career of the present author. We see him as over forty years he has moved from a formal, Cartesian— like, vectoral structuring of the emotional vicissitudes of social life, deductive in nature by attempting a deeper understanding of ethnographic responsibility to the emotions he has experienced in his various fieldwork in Africa and Europe. Finally in conclusion we zoom out again, jumping scales again, by taking up the inescapable necessity, at a time of globalization, of considering the emotions at play in national and international contexts.
National Need for Parity in STEM Education
Authors: Tofel-Grehl Colby
Published: December 2014

The author reports on Dr. Boalerc;s speech at the White House last April regarding the lack of positive role models for girls in STEM education. This department publishes brief news articles, announcements, and guest editorials on current mathematics education issues that stimulate the interest of TCM readers and cause them to think about an issue or consider a specific viewpoint about some aspect of mathematics education. Help your teachers plan lessons by coaching them to think about activating students' prior knowledge about content, clearly state the lesson goal, facilitate learning new content, and assess students' learning of the day's work.
Launching a Discourse-Rich Mathematics Lesson
Authors: Trocki Aaron , Taylor Christine , Starling Tina , Sztajn Paola , Heck Daniel
Published: December 2014

Adapted from literacy instruction for use in mathematics, the think-aloud strategy models mathematical thinking.
Linking the Van Hiele Theory to Instruction
Authors: Howse Tashana D. , Howse Mark E.
Published: December 2014

These learning activities are designed to facilitate students' development of spatial reasoning skills through the use of attribute blocks.
Making Insulation Decisions Through Mathematical Modeling
Authors: Yanik H. Bahadir , Memis Yasin
Published: December 2014

Engaging students in studies about conservation and sustainability can support their understanding of making environmental conscious decisions to conserve Earth. This article aims to contribute these efforts and direct students' attention to how they can use mathematics to make environmental decisions. Contributors to iSTEM: Integrating Science, Technology, and Engineering in Mathematics share ideas and activities that stimulate student interest in the integrated fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in K—grade 6 classrooms.
Problems without Numbers
Authors: Hunt Jane Braddock
Published: December 2014

Quick games, puzzles, activities, or instructional strategies are accompanied by suggestions for how an idea can be used by teachers of different grade bands (K–1, 2–3, 4–6). This month's suggestion is to leave the numbers out of a word problem to move students from responding with quick solutions to deeply examining the problem's context.
Prevalence of overweight and obesity in grade 1 learners in the North West Province of South Africa: The NW-CHILD Study
Authors: Pienaar A E
Published: December 2014

Objectives. To determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among grade 1 learners, taking into account age, gender, race and school socioeconomic profile. Methods. The study is based on the baseline prevalence of overweight and obesity as part of the ongoing 6-year longitudinal NW Child Health Integrated Learning and Development (NW-CHILD) study. Stratified random sampling was used to identify 20 schools from four educational districts across all five quintiles of schools in the North West Province (NWP) of South Africa (SA). A total of 816 (419 boys, 397 girls) grade 1 learners with a mean age of 6.80 (standard deviation 0.39) years participated in the study, including 567 black learners, 218 white learners and 31 learners from other race groups. Standard anthropometric techniques and international body mass index (BMI) cut-off points for children were used to determine overweight and obesity. Results. A combined prevalence of overweight and obesity (Ow/Ob) of 11.1% was found, of which 7.5% were overweight and 3.6% obese. Although 7-year-old children showed a significantly higher prevalence of overweight (10.5%) than 6-year-old children (6.3%; p<0.05), obesity levels were more prevalent among 6-year-old children (4.7%) than 7-year-old children (2.3%). Although not significant, a higher prevalence of overweight (9.3 v. 6.4%) and obesity (4.3% v. 3.3%) was found in girls than boys. For the whole sample, white children displayed a significantly higher prevalence of Ow/Ob compared with black children (19.7% v. 8.8%; p<0.05), and the prevalence of Ow/Ob was higher in 4th- (18.1%) and 5th- (21.2%) quintile schools (which are associated with higher socioeconomic status (SES)) than in quintile 1 to quintile 3 schools (5.1%, 8.7%, 6.1%, respectively; p<0.05). Conclusions. More than 10% of grade 1 learners in the NWP of SA were overweight or obese, with the prevalence being significantly lower in lower SES schools and among black children. Prevention strategies are needed to combat overweight and obesity, and the associated negative consequences of these health risks. Obesity levels in black children should also be monitored because of continuing economic transition, and taking into account increasing overweight and obesity in black South African adults.
Ultrasound v. sham ultrasound for experimentally induced delayed-onset muscle soreness: A double-blind, randomised controlled trial
Authors: Parker R
Published: December 2014

Background. Therapeutic ultrasound (US) is an electrophysical therapy that is commonly used by sports physiotherapists, but its mechanismof action is unclear. There is little evidence that US therapy is more effective than sham US therapy, and any clinical benefits may be dueto a placebo effect.Objective. To investigate whether US has a specific effect that renders it effective in its own right, or whether its effect is placebo driven.Methods. In a double-blind controlled trial, delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) was experimentally induced in both bicep musclesof 15 females. Sham US was applied to one bicep (n=15 biceps) and pulsed active US to the other bicep (n=15 biceps) of each participant,48 and 72 h after induction of DOMS. Primary and secondary outcomes were pain reported on the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) andrange of movement (ROM) (elbow extension) measured by goniometry, respectively.Results. Results showed significant improvements in pain and ROM over the intervention periods, but there was no difference betweeninterventions.Conclusion. US and sham US therapy improve pain equally when treating DOMS of the biceps in the context of a therapeutic encounter.This analgesic effect is placebo driven. Clinicians can influence the analgesic effect of US by managing the therapeutic context. Managementof patients’ anxiety may also boost the analgesic effect of US.
Junior cricketers are not a smaller version of adult cricketers: A 5-year investigation of injuries in elite junior cricketers
Authors: Stretch R
Published: December 2014

Background. Injury surveillance is fundamental to preventing and reducing the risk of injury. Objectives. To determine the incidence of injuries and the injury demographics of elite schoolboy cricketers over five seasons (2007 - 2008, 2008 - 2009, 2009 - 2010, 2010 - 2011 and 2011 - 2012). Methods. Sixteen provincial age group cricket teams (under (U) 15 , U17 and U18) competing in national age-group tournaments were provided a questionnaire to complete. The questionnaires gathered the following information for each injury sustained in the previous 12 months: (i) anatomical site; (ii) month; (iii) cause; (iv) whether it was a recurrence of an injury from a previous season; (v) whether the injury had reoccurred during the current season; and (vi) biographical data. Injuries were grouped according to the anatomical region injured. All players were invited to respond, irrespective of whether an injury had been sustained, resulting in a response rate of 57%. The sample Statistical Analysis System was used to compute univariate statistics and frequency distributions. Results. Of the 2 081 respondents, 572 (27%) sustained a total of 658 injuries. The U15 and U17 groups sustained 239 (36%) and 230 (35%) injuries, respectively, more than the 189 injuries sustained by the U18 group (29%). These injuries were predominantly to the lower limbs (38%), back and trunk (33%) and upper (26%) limbs, with 3% occurring to the head and neck. The injuries occurred primarily during 1-day matches (30%), practices (29%) and with gradual onset (21%). The primary mechanism of injury was bowling (44%) and fielding (22%). The injuries were acute (49%), chronic (41%) and acute-on-chronic (10%), with 26% and 47% being recurrent injuries from the previous and current seasons, respectively. Some similar injury patterns occurred in studies of adult cricketers, with differences in the nature and incidence of injuries found for the various age groups. The youth cricketers sustained more back and trunk injuries, recurrent injuries and more match injuries than the adult cricketers. The U15 group sustained less-serious injuries, which resulted in them not being able to play for between 1 and 7 days (58%), with more injuries occurring in the preseason period (24%) and fewer during the season (60%) compared with other age groups. The U15 and U17 groups sustained the most lumbar muscle strains, while the U18 groups sustained more serious injuries, resulting in them not being able to play for >21 days. Conclusion. Young fast bowlers of all ages remain at the greatest risk of injury. Differences in the nature and incidence of injuries occurred between youth and adult cricketers, as well as in the different age groups. It is recommended that cricket administrators and coaches implement an educational process of injury prevention and management
Non-traumatic injury profile of amateur cyclists
Authors: Van der walt A
Published: December 2014

Background. Non-traumatic bicycle injuries are common. However, research available on non-traumatic injuries in amateur cyclists is more than a decade old, and most of the research on this topic has been done in Europe and America on professional cyclists in multi-day cycling events. An understanding of the common injuries may lead to appropriate prevention intervention. Objective. To determine the incidence of overuse injuries in amateur cyclists preparing for participation in a 1-day cycle challenge. Methods. A questionnaire was emailed to participants of the 2012 Momentum 94.7 Cycle Challenge, which amateur participants ≥18 years old were invited to complete. Data on demographics, training habits and the participants’ injury profile in the preceding year were collected. Results. Of the 3 300 respondents, 75% were male and 59% were between 30 and 50 years old. Non-traumatic injury, pain or neurological symptoms were reported by 88% of the respondents. The percentages of all respondents who experienced problems in the following anatomical areas were as follows: neck 34%, back 41%, hand/wrist 41%, buttock/perineum 41%, hip 7%, knee 33% and foot/ankle 24%. Knee pain was responsible for the need to stop training for the largest percentage of respondents. Neurological complaints were common in respondents who experienced neck, back, hand/wrist, buttock/perineum and foot/ankle problems. Conclusion. Non-traumatic injuries in amateur cyclists are common, with back, hand/wrist and buttock/perineal symptoms the most frequent problems. Knee problems caused the greatest need to stop training and seek medical help.
Pictures in Motion or Motion Pictures: Sembène’s Natural Products Steal the Show
Authors: Copeland V. Natasha E.
Published: December 2014

Dans ses films Xala (1974) et Ceddo (1977), Sembène redéfinit l’usage des sculptures traditionnelles en bois, tout en demeurant fidèle aux métaphysiques sahéliennes dans ses innovations esthétiques, littéraires ou cinématographiques. Des masques, un bâton ou une canne jouent à l’écran un rôle qui, en raison de leur propre vitalité et de leur étroite association avec divers personnages, capte l’attention du public autant que le font les héros des films. Sembène oppose, dans la trame de ses films, la force vitale de ces objets africains à celle d’artefacts, symboles de l’Occident. Sculptés par l’homme, les objets africains restent en relation avec l’environnement dont leur substance est tirée ; Sembene établit de surcroît, entre lieux et personnages, des liens profonds, notamment entre les arbres, le bois et les hommes.
« J’écris avec mes yeux »
Authors: St-Laurent Julie
Published: December 2014

Cet article s’intéresse au rôle de la photographie dans un court récit autobiographique de Nicole Brossard. Alors que les archives visuelles du texte semblent confiner l’auteure au réel auquel elle tente d’échapper dans son oeuvre en entier, Brossard utilise ces images pour renforcer la rhétorique du soi qu’elle met en place, qui est au coeur de son projet féministe. Néanmoins, l’écrivaine ne peut tout à fait assujettir ce que reproduit la photographie, si bien que cet art ouvre plus que jamais son écriture à différentes formes d'altérité, d’où un dialogue constant entre le réel et l’imaginaire.
What makes orphans in Kigali, Rwanda, non‐adherent to antiretroviral therapy? Perspectives of their caregivers
Authors: Kikuchi Kimiyo , Poudel Krishna C , Muganda John , Sato Tomoko , Mutabazi Vincent , Muhayimpundu Ribakare , Majyambere Adolphe , Nyonsenga Simon P , Sase Eriko , Jimba Masamine
Published: December 2014

Introduction

Every year, approximately 260,000 children are infected with HIV in low‐ and middle‐income countries. The timely initiation and high level of maintenance of antiretroviral therapy (ART) are crucial to reducing the suffering of HIV‐positive children. We need to develop a better understanding of the background of children's ART non‐adherence because it is not well understood. The purpose of this study is to explore the background related to ART non‐adherence, specifically in relation to the orphan status of children in Kigali, Rwanda.

Methods

We conducted 19 focus group discussions with a total of 121 caregivers of HIV‐positive children in Kigali. The primary data for analysis were verbatim transcripts and socio‐demographic data. A content analysis was performed for qualitative data analysis and interpretation.

Results

The study found several contextual factors that influenced non‐adherence: among double orphans, there was psychological distance between the caregivers and children, whereas economic burden was the primary issue among paternal orphans. The factors promoting adherence also were unique to each orphan status, such as the positive attitude about disclosing serostatus to the child by double orphans’ caregivers, and feelings of guilt about the child's condition among non‐orphaned caregivers.

Conclusions

Knowledge of orphan status is essential to elucidate the factors influencing ART adherence among HIV‐positive children. In this qualitative study, we identified the orphan‐related contextual factors that influenced ART adherence. Understanding the social context is important in dealing with the challenges to ART adherence among HIV‐positive children.
Use of Real-Time Physiologic Parameter Assessment to Augment Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment Training for First-Year Osteopathic Medical Students
Authors: Heath Deborah M. , S. Makin Inder Raj , Pedapati Chandhana , Kirsch Jonathon
Published: December 2014

Context: The first 2 years of osteopathic medical school involve training in osteopathic principles and practice, including understanding the tenets of osteopathic medicine and developing palpatory skills for clinical application. Although this training emphasizes the link between somatic dysfunction and physiologic function, it does not include the opportunity for students to quantitatively assess the physiologic effect of osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) using physiologic measurements.

Objective: To evaluate an approach for integrated OMT training coupled with physiologic measurements of relevant parameters, whereby first-year osteopathic medical students assess the quantitative, real-time changes in specific physiologic signals during instruction.

Methods: During mandatory musculoskeletal and cardiovascular demonstration laboratories at a single osteopathic medical school, students were divided into small groups and performed OMT on each other while recording real-time measurements of physiologic functions such as maximum clench force, time to fatigue for the forearm flexor muscles, heart rate, and peripheral vascular flow. After data were collected, students analyzed pre- and post-OMT measurements and discussed underlying physiologic principles in a large group format. At the end of the sessions, students completed a brief survey on the usefulness of the integrated laboratories.

Results: Overall, 13 of 28 student groups (46.4%) measured a pre- to post-OMT increase in maximum clench force, and 16 (57.1%) observed an increase in time to fatigue for the forearm flexor muscles. Twenty-three of 27 student groups (85.2%) observed a reduction in heart rate and 19 (70.4%) measured an increase in peripheral vascular flow after OMT. Student satisfaction was generally favorable, with overall mean (SD) ratings of 6.38 (1.86) for the musculoskeletal laboratory and 7.81 (1.69) for the cardiovascular laboratory out of a maximum of 10 points. In open-ended comments, students deemed the combined laboratories as clinically applicable but desired more time for completing the laboratories.

Conclusion: Measurement of specific physiologic musculoskeletal and cardiovascular parameters before and after OMT enabled quantification of physiologic responses to OMT. Students' favorable feedback indicated that the quality of learning in the laboratories was enhanced by the addition of physiologic measurements. J Am Osteopath Assoc.2014;114(12):918-929 doi:10.7556/jaoa.2014.179
Right Hemicolectomy in a Severely Anemic Jehovah's Witness Patient With an Extremely Low Preoperative Hemoglobin Level and the Decision to Operate
Authors: Yeykal Joshua M. , Stausmire Julie M. , ACNS-BC  , Y. Ahmed Mohammed , Pai Ajith
Published: December 2014

Severe anemia is associated with high mortality, and patients with this condition are typically treated with packed blood red cells. Patients of Jehovah's Witness faith, however, do not accept blood transfusion therapy. The authors report the case of a Jehovah's Witness patient who presented with lower gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to

Clostridium difficile

colitis. Because the patient refused blood transfusion therapy, he underwent a right hemicolectomy with a preoperative hemoglobin level of 2.7 g/dL and a postoperative hemoglobin level of 1.8 g/dL. He was neurologically intact and discharged to a skilled care facility on postoperative day 10. The surgical team worked with the patient, his family, the anesthesiologists, and the Jehovah's Witness Hospital Liaison Committee physician members to devise a care plan that fully supported and respected the patient's religious beliefs and allowed him to maintain complete autonomy in his treatment decisions. Health care providers should be aware of how a patient's ethical, cultural, and religious background may impact treatment options.
J Am Osteopath Assoc.2014;114(12):930-935 doi:10.7556/jaoa.2014.180
Bakgrunden till Kellgrens ”Öfver Propertii Buste”
Authors: Cullhed Eric
Published: December 2014

The Background to Kellgren’s ”On a bust of Propertius”. This article examines the Swedish eighteenth-century poet Johan Henric Kellgren’s widely celebrated epigram “On a bust of Propertius” (“Öfver Propertii Buste eller Porträt”), published posthumously. An attractive but fanciful story about the poem as Kellgren’s autobiographical reflection and personal farewell on his deathbed has triggered an unwillingness among scholars to explore what the writer himself declares: that the piece is a translation of the epigram In statuam Propertii by the virtually unknown Italian Renaissance poet Guido Postumo Silvestri of Pesaro. The first section of the article surveys the intertextual field of Postumo’s poem and analyses its fusion of common tropes and motifs in the Greco-Roman and Neo-Latin ekphrastic epigram traditions. The second section traces the subsequent textual history of Postumo’s poem and the changes it underwent in reprints as well as in the eighteenth-century Danish philologist Frederik Plum’s translation into his native language. The third and final section focuses on Kellgren’s interpretation of the Danish text. It was through a process in several steps of reproductions and translations that the Neo-Latin creation was strained of its manierism, mythological references and allusions to late antique poetry, producing this pathos-driven swansong.
Effects of Mosquito Ditching in North Carolina
Authors: Marshall Howard L. , Schwartz Frank J.
Published: December 2014

Ditches, creeks, and adjacent estuarine waters of three coastal marshes located at North River and Jarrett Bay, Carteret County, North Carolina were studied between March 1971–March 1972. Irregularly flooded Juncus romerianus (Black Needle Rush) vegetation dominated the marshes. Winds influenced flooding and, during one hurricane, distribution of large vegetation mats on the marshes. Recording tide gauges at North River and Jarrett Bay, referenced to marsh surfaces, documented tidal flooding of the marshes. In a comparison study these recording tide gauges documented flooding of mosquito breeding sites in a manner never previously observed in North Carolina. Ditches produced large quantities of fishes and invertebrates as did creek and estuary habitats. Spot and blue crabs were most abundant and weighed the most at each site. Wind tides and hurricanes influenced flooding, salinities and vegetation fragments that transferred to the estuary. Irregularly flooded marshes, both ditched and unditched, are integral and important components of the estuary.
Stress drops of repeating earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault at Parkfield
Authors: Abercrombie Rachel E.
Published: December 2014

I calculate well‐resolved corner frequencies and stress drops for 25 earthquakes (1989–2006) in the three repeating sequences targeted by the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth, using borehole data and multiple, highly correlated empirical Green's functions (EGFs). The earthquakes in the largest magnitude (M ~ 2.1) cluster exhibit source spectra well‐fit by a circular source model. The corner frequencies correlate with those from the regional study by Allmann and Shearer (), suggesting that the interevent variability is resolvable. The earthquakes have stress drops between 25 and 65 MPa, with a gradual increase before the 2004 M6 earthquake, followed by an immediate decrease, then a rapid return to previous levels. The spectra of the cluster of M ~ 1.9 earthquakes include high‐frequency energy not fit by simple source models and so stress drops are unreliable, and probably underestimated (1–20 MPa). There is no correlation with previous studies, and interevent variation is not resolvable. The earthquakes in the smallest magnitude cluster (M ~ 1.8) have the highest corner frequencies, but similar stress drops (4–120 MPa). The stress drops exhibit the same temporal variation as the first cluster, but there is poor correlation with Allmann and Shearer (), probably because their frequency bandwidth is too limited.
Actuarial Methods
Authors: Haberman Steven
Published: December 2014

Actuarial methods overlap with biostatistics in a number of important areas including the development and application of the survival model, and its extensions—the multiple decrement and multiple state models; projections of populations that involve extrapolations of demographic and biostatistical rates and probabilities; parametric and nonparametric methods of smoothing and curve fitting (known as graduation); and risk classification. In each of these areas, actuarial science has followed the innovations in statistical and biostatistical theory and application and developed these further for specific actuarial applications.
Dementia and Language
Authors: Wray Alison
Published: December 2014

Dementiarefers to a set of conditions affecting aspects of cognitive processing, caused by damage to the brain's cerebrum. The cerebrum is composed of four major regions, or lobes, which between them manage higher mental functions including sensory perception, movement, memory, thought, recognition, attention, consciousness, and language. It also has two hemispheres, left and right, and while some functions, such as motor movement, are bilateral, that is, equally represented in both hemispheres, others are at least partly lateralized to one hemisphere. For example, language production and comprehension are strongly associated with the left temporal lobe, while the emotional and pragmatic elements of language are associated with the right frontal lobe. As a result, language processing as a whole relies on good connections between and within the hemispheres, and damage in many different regions can impact on language in one way or another.
Grammatical Collocation
Authors: Gyllstad Henrik
Published: December 2014

Collocation in language can generally be described from two dominating theoretical: (a) a frequency‐based approach focusing on the habitual co‐occurrence of two or more words in natural language use and the identification of such co‐occurrence on statistical grounds; and (b) a phraseological approach focusing on collocations as word combinations governed by semantic aspects, such as idiomaticity and restricted substitutability.
Impoliteness and Television
Authors: Blitvich Pilar Garcés‐conejos
Published: December 2014

The study of language aggression from a pragmatic theoretical perspective has been mostly tackled by theories and models of impoliteness. After decades of an almost exclusive focus by practitioners of pragmatics and interactional sociolinguistics on harmonious communication and the mitigation of potential conflict, the late 1990s and early 2000s witnessed an increasing interest in the understanding of conflictive interaction. In the heyday of politeness research, scholars had voiced some concerns regarding the fact that analyses of politeness mostly focused on face‐to‐face communication, overlooking interaction in institutional practices.
Intercultural Interaction
Authors: Spencer‐Oatey Helen , Franklin Peter
Published: December 2014

“Intercultural interaction” refers to the behavior (including, but not limited to, verbal and nonverbal communication) that occurs when members of different cultural groups engage in joint activity. Such a definition raises a number of questions, including how to distinguish different cultural groups and what interaction entails. Traditionally nationality or ethnicity has been taken as the criterion for distinguishing cultural groups, but in fact the situation is much more complex than this. We are all members of multiple different cultural groups (e.g., professional, organizational, religious), each of which can be said to have its own culture in terms of values, norms, and patterns of behavior. So what then counts as “intercultural” interaction?
Morphology and
L
2 Lexical Access
Authors: Gor Kira
Published: December 2014

Second language (L2) learners encounter new words that are further divisible into morphemes, the smallest linguistic units bearing meaning. How do they access such complex words in the mental lexicon? They have two options: a learner of English who hears the word
unreadable
, for example, can (a) search for it in memory or (b) decompose the word and analyze its constituents:
un‐read‐able
. The first route will be available to the learner only if the word is indeed stored in the mental lexicon. The second decompositional route can be used for both familiar and unfamiliar words.