bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination and sensitivity analysis of dispersion parameters for solute transport in soils
Authors: Kerkides P. , Argyrokastritis I. , Psychoyou M.
Published: November 2006

Analytical solutions to the problem of solute transport in soils are presented for simple one‐dimensional cases. A model from the literature, determining transport parameters by employing a nonlinear least‐squares inversion method, is evaluated as to its reliability in producing the correct set of parameters. A sensitivity analysis of the parameters is also performed and some useful conclusions, about the reliability of the numerical code, are drawn. On the basis of theoretical analysis, an application is attempted for simple cases of one‐dimensional solute transport in soils. Comments concerning the sampling design for the parameters' estimation are also added. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composites of poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) and the surface modified carbonated hydroxyapatite nanoparticles
Authors: Hong Zhongkui , Zhang Peibiao , Liu Aixue , Chen Li , Chen Xuesi , Jing Xiabin
Published: November 2006

To improve the mechanical properties of the composites of poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA, LA/GA = 80/20) and the carbonate hydroxyapatite (CHAP) particles, the rice‐form or claviform CHAP particles with 30–40 nm in diameter and 100–200 nm in length were prepared by precipitation method. The uncalcined CHAP particles have a coarse surface with a lot of global protuberances, which could be in favor of the interaction of the matrix polymer to the CHAP particles. The nanocomposites of PLGA and surface grafted CHAP particles (g‐CHAP) were prepared by solution mixing method. The structure and properties of the composites were subsequently investigated by the emission scanning electron microscopy, the tensile strength testing, and the cell culture. When the contents of g‐CHAP were in the range of 2–15 wt %, the PLGA/g‐CHAP nanocomposites exhibited an improved elongation at break and tensile strength. At the 2 wt % content of g‐CHAP, the fracture strain was increased to 20% from 4–5% for neat PLGA samples. Especially at g‐CHAP content of 15 wt %, the tensile strength of PLGA/g‐CHAP composite was about 20% higher than that of neat PLGA materials. The tensile moduli of composites were increased with the increasing of filler contents, so that the g‐CHAP particles had both reinforcing and toughening effects on the PLGA composites. The results of biocompatibility test showed that the higher g‐CHAP contents in PLGA composite facilitated the adhesion and proliferation properties of osteoblasts on the PLGA/g‐CHAP composite film. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Energy absorption characterization of human enamel using nanoindentation
Authors: He Li Hong , Swain Michael V.
Published: November 2006

Enamel is a natural composite, which has much higher toughness than its major component, crystalline hydroxyapatite. In this study, the energy absorption behavior of human sound enamel was investigated with nanoindentation techniques. A UMIS nanoindenter system as well as a Berkovich and two spherical indenters with nominal tip radii of 5 and 20 μm were used to indent enamel at different loading forces in the direction parallel to enamel prisms. Inelastic energy dissipation versus depth of indenter penetration (U%–hp curve) as well as a function of indentation strain (U%–ε curve) of enamel was determined. Enamel showed much higher energy absorption capacity than a ceramic material with equivalent modulus (fused silica). Even at the lowest forces (1 mN) for the 20 μm indenter, inelastic response was found. Additional tests done at different force loading rates illustrated that load rate has little influence on P–h response of enamel. The top surface of enamel has the plastic work of indentation of ∼5.2 nJ/μm3. The energy absorbing ability is influenced by the very small protein rich component that exists between the hydroxyapatite nanocrystals as well as within the sheath structure surrounding the enamel rods. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Influence of the activator in an acrylic bone cement on an array of cement properties
Authors: Lewis Gladius , Xu Jie , Deb Sanjukta , Lasa Blanca Vázquez , Román Julio San
Published: November 2006

In all but one of the acrylic bone cement brands used in cemented arthroplasties, N,N‐dimethyl‐4‐toluidine (DMPT) serves as the activator of the polymerization reaction. However, many concerns have been raised about this activator, all related to its toxicity. Thus, various workers have assessed a number of alternative activators, with two examples being N,N‐dimethylamino‐4‐benzyl laurate (DMAL) and N,N‐dimethylamino‐4‐benzyl oleate (DMAO). The results of limited characterization of cements that contain DMAL or DMAO have been reported in the literature. The present work is a comprehensive comparison of cements that contain one of these three activators, in which the values of a large array of their properties were determined. These properties range from the setting time and maximum exotherm temperature of the curing cement to the variation of the loss elastic modulus of the cured cement with frequency of the applied indenting force in dynamic nanoindentation tests. The present results, taken in conjunction with those presented in previous reports by the present authors and co‐workers on other properties of these cements, indicate that both DMAL and DMPT are suitable alternatives to DMPT. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Preparation and preliminary characterization of concentric multi‐walled chitosan microspheres
Authors: Chang Shwu Jen , Niu Gregory Cheng‐Chie , Kuo Shyh Ming , Chen Shu Fen
Published: November 2006

Chitosan was first converted into micro‐droplets by using a high voltage electrostatic field system. The droplets were then dropped into a series of Na5P3O10/NaOH solution mixtures with volume ratio of 17:3, 19:1, 1:0 (pure aqueous Na5P3O10) or 0:1 (pure aqueous NaOH) in order to fabricate chitosan microspheres with different membrane structures. The microspheres exhibit distinct chemical and physical properties, including release behaviors of encapsulated drugs. These chitosan microspheres prepared by this method exhibited good sphericity within the range of (286.6 ± 15.9) to (356 ± 9.5) μm in diameters. SEM observations have indicated that the chitosan microspheres exhibited distinct surface structures depending on the post‐treatment solutions. The mechanical strength of the chitosan microspheres significantly improved upon treatment with Na5P3O10/NaOH solution at ratio of 17:3 (v/v), as compared with the same but at ratio of 19:1, 1:0 (pure Na5P3O10) and 0:1 (pure NaOH) solutions. In addition, chitosan microspheres with unique multi‐walled concentric shell membrane structures were prepared by treating with Na5P3O10/NaOH solution at ratio of 19:1. Release studies were carried out to evaluate the kinetic profiles of two model drugs (5‐fluorouracil and cytochrome C) from these prepared chitosan microspheres. When chitosan microspheres treated with Na5P3O10/NaOH ratio at 17:3, the release of cytochrome C was found to be the slowest as compared to those treated by the same Na5P3O10/NaOH solution of other mixing ratios, after a period of 35‐day “endurance” test. However, in one case, 5‐fluorouracil released quite quickly in a period of 30 min (about 80% completion). The wide range of drug release results might be attributed to the unique and wide range of surface characteristics, porosities, and various structures of chitosan microspheres upon treatment with Na5P3O10/NaOH solutions. These results indicate that, by adjusting the Na5P3O10/NaOH ratios, without extra manipulation on polymer material formulation, one could obtain an additional degree of freedom in drug release profile that permits the simultaneous regulation of morphologies of surface texture and internal structure, mechanical properties, and molecular permeability of the microspheres. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2007
Mitochondrial ribosomal protein S36 delays cell cycle progression in association with p53 modification and p21WAF1/CIP1 expression
Authors: Chen Yeong‐Chang , Chang Meng‐Ya , Shiau Ai‐Li , Yo Yi‐Te , Wu Chao‐Liang
Published: November 2006

Ribosomal biogenesis is correlated with cell cycle, cell proliferation, cell growth and tumorigenesis. Some oncogenes and tumor suppressors are involved in regulating the formation of mature ribosome and affecting the ribosomal biogenesis. In previous studies, the mitochondrial ribosomal protein L41 was reported to be involved in cell proliferation regulating through p21WAF1/CIP1 and p53 pathway. In this report, we have identified a mitochondrial ribosomal protein S36 (mMRPS36), which is localized in the mitochondria, and demonstrated that overexpression of mMRPS36 in cells retards the cell proliferation and delays cell cycle progression. In addition, the mMRPS36 overexpression induces p21WAF1/CIP1 expression, and regulates the expression and phosphorylation of p53. Our result also indicate that overexpression of mMRPS36 affects the mitochondrial function. These results suggest that mMRPS36 plays an important role in mitochondrial ribosomal biogenesis, which may cause nucleolar stress, thereby leading to cell cycle delay. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 981–990, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF‐2): The high molecular weight forms come of age
Authors: Yu Pey‐Jen , Ferrari Giovanni , Galloway Aubrey C. , Mignatti Paolo , Pintucci Giuseppe
Published: November 2006

After over thirty years from its discovery, research on basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF‐2) keeps revealing new aspects of the complexity of its gene expression as it evolved in the eukaryotic organisms. The discovery of multiple forms of FGF‐2 generated by alternative translation from AUG and non‐canonical CUG codons on the same mRNA transcript has led to the characterization of a low molecular weight (LMW) FGF‐2 form and various high molecular weight (HMW) forms (four in humans). In this review, we discuss the biochemical features and biological activities of the different FGF‐2 forms. In particular, we focus on the properties that are unique to the HMW forms and its biological functions. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 1100–1108, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro and in vivo osteoblastic differentiation of BMP‐2‐ and Runx2‐engineered skeletal myoblasts
Authors: Gersbach Charles A. , Guldberg Robert E. , García Andrés J.
Published: November 2006

Genetic engineering with osteogenic factors is a promising approach for cell‐based therapeutics and orthopedic regeneration. However, the relative efficacy of different strategies for inducing osteoblastic differentiation remains unclear and is further complicated by varied delivery vehicles, cell types, and evaluation criteria. In order to elucidate the effects of distinct gene‐based strategies, we quantitatively evaluated osteoblastic differentiation and mineralization of primary skeletal myoblasts overexpressing either the BMP‐2 growth factor or Runx2 transcription factor. Retroviral delivery of BMP‐2 or Runx2 stimulated differentiation into an osteoblastic phenotype, as demonstrated by the induction of osteogenic gene expression, alkaline phosphatase activity, and matrix mineralization in monolayer culture and on collagen scaffolds both in vitro and in an intramuscular site in vivo. In general, BMP‐2 stimulated osteoblastic markers faster and to a greater extent than Runx2, although we also identified experimental conditions under which these two factors produced similar effects. Additionally, Runx2‐engineered cells did not utilize paracrine signaling via secreted osteogenic factors, in contrast to cells overexpressing BMP‐2, as demonstrated by conditioned media studies and activation of Smad signaling. These results emphasize the complexity of gene therapy‐based orthopedic therapeutics as an integrated relationship of differentiation state, construct maturation, and paracrine signaling of osteogenic cells. This study is significant in evaluating proposed therapeutic systems and defining a successful strategy for integrating gene medicine and orthopedic regeneration. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 1324–1336, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GCIP/CCNDBP1, a helix–loop–helix protein, suppresses tumorigenesis
Authors: Ma Wenbin , Stafford Lewis J. , Li Dali , Luo Jian , Li Xiaoying , Ning Guang , Liu Mingyao
Published: November 2006

Deletions and/or loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 15 (15q15 and 15q21) have been found in several human tumors, including carcinomas of the colorectum, breast, lung, prostate, and bladder, suggesting the presence of potential tumor suppressor gene(s) in this particular region of chromosome 15. GCIP also called CCNDBP1, DIP1, or HHM, localized at chromosome 15q15, is a recently identified helix–loop–helix leucine zipper (HLH‐ZIP) protein without a basic region like the Id family of proteins. In this study, we reported that the expression of GCIP was significantly downregulated in several different human tumors, including breast tumor, prostate tumor, and colon tumors. In human colon tumors, both mRNA and protein expression levels of GCIP were decreased significantly compared to the normal tissues. Treatment of colon cancer cells SW480 with sodium butyrate (NaB), which induces colon cancer cell differentiation, can induce the upregulation of GCIP expression, suggesting that the protein functions as a negative regulator in cell proliferation. Overexpression of GCIP in SW480 colon cancer cell line resulted in a significant inhibition on tumor cell colony formation, while silencing of GCIP expression by siRNA can promote cell colony formation. Furthermore, overexpression of GCIP inhibited the transcriptional activity of cyclin D1 promoter and the expression of cyclin D1 protein in the cell. Finally, we demonstrate that GCIP specifically interacts with one of the class III HDAC proteins, SirT6, which is important for maintaining genome stability. Together, our data suggest a possible function of GCIP in tumor suppression. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 1376–1386, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trisomy 12 in HESC leads to no selective in vivo growth advantage in teratomas, but induces an increased abundance of renal development
Authors: Gertow Karin , Cedervall Jessica , Unger Christian , Szöke Krisztina , Blennow Elisabeth , Imreh Marta P. , Ährlund‐Richter Lars
Published: November 2006

The aim of this investigation was to examine the impact of chromosome 12 amplification (tri‐12 cells) in human embryonic stem cells (HESC), following in vivo engraftment to an immunodeficient xeno‐model. For this we used sublines from the HESC line HS181, spontaneously exhibiting either low or high frequencies of tri‐12 cells. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis revealed a random distribution of tri‐12 cells in the HS181 colonies in vitro. Similarly, the contribution of tri‐12 cells to the development of various tissues in teratomas in vivo seemed to be fully random with no particular preference regarding in vivo differentiation pathway of tri‐12 HS181 cells compared to HS181 cells with disomy 12 (di‐12 cells). On the other hand, following in vivo transplantation the ratio of tri‐12/di‐12 cells was significantly reduced (P < 0.001), indicating a negative selection for this trisomy in vivo. Moreover, injection of HS181 cultures containing tri‐12 cells resulted in a significantly increased abundance of areas compatible with renal formation (P < 0.001), relative teratomas derived from injection of di‐12 HS181 cells. However, such areas included no increased relative frequency of tri‐12 cells, suggesting indirect mechanism(s) for the increased abundance of renal development. The reasons for such developmental bias are unknown and warrant further investigation. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 1518–1525, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Animal models for chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Pekarsky Yuri , Zanesi Nicola , Aqeilan Rami I. , Croce Carlo M.
Published: November 2006

B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B‐CLL), the most common leukemia in the Western world, results from an expansion of a rare population of CD5+ mature B‐lymphocytes. Although clinical features and genomic abnormalities in B‐CLL have been studied in considerable detail, the molecular mechanisms underlying disease development has remained unclear until recently. In the last 4 years, several transgenic mouse models for B‐CLL were generated. Investigations of these mouse models revealed that deregulation of three pathways, Tcl1‐Akt pathway, TNF‐NF‐kB pathway, and Bcl2‐mediated anti‐apoptotic pathway, result in the development of B‐CLL. While deregulation of TCL1 alone caused a B‐CLL phenotype in mice, overexpression of Bcl2 required aberrantly activated TNF‐NF‐kB pathway signaling to yield the disease phenotype. In this article, we present what has been learned from mice with B‐CLL phenotype and how these mouse models of B‐CLL were used to test therapeutic treatments for this common leukemia. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 1109–1118, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Network financial support and conflict as predictors of depressive symptoms among a highly disadvantaged population
Authors: Knowlton Amy R. , Latkin Carl A.
Published: November 2006

The study examined multiple dimensions of social support as predictors of depressive symptoms among a highly vulnerable population. Social network analysis was used to assess perceived and enacted dimensions of support (emotional, financial, instrumental), network conflict, closeness, and composition. Participants were 393 current and former injection drug users who were 72% ≤ poverty level, 96% African American, 39% HIV seropositive. At baseline, 37% had high depression scores (CES‐D ≥ 16). Adjusted logistic regression indicated that for every additional network member providing financial support, the odds of probable depression 1 year later decreased by 23%, and for every additional conflictive network tie the odds of depression increased by 57%. Findings suggest the greater importance to this population's psychological well‐being of received support specific to environmental demands, rather than support perceived potentially available. The findings suggest potential directions for intervention. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Measuring homelessness and residential stability: The residential time‐line follow‐back inventory
Authors: Tsemberis Sam , McHugo Gregory , Williams Valerie , Hanrahan Patricia , Stefancic Ana
Published: November 2006

Reliable and valid longitudinal residential histories are needed to assess interventions to reduce homelessness and increase community tenure. This study examined the test‐retest reliability, sensitivity to change, and concurrent validity of the Residential Time‐Line Follow‐Back (TLFB) Inventory, a method used to record residential histories in the Collaborative Program to Prevent Homelessness (n = 1,381). The Residential TLFB Inventory yielded temporally stable aggregate measures of duration in residential categories, and it revealed significant differences in change over time when contrasting study groups. A comparison of agency and participant data at one site.
Psychological reactions to crime in Italy: 2002–2004
Authors: Amerio Piero , Roccato Michele
Published: November 2006

We performed a secondary analysis of the data collected by the Observatory of the North‐West (a mail panel representative of the Italian population over 18), describing the trends in the distribution of fear of crime (FC) and of concern about crime as a social problem (CC) in Italy between the end of 2002 and the beginning of 2004. After analyzing the main sociodemographic characteristics of the people who became more afraid and more concerned, we built two models for predicting such trends using three sets of independent variables, concerning: (a) the sociodemographic and victimization domains, (b) the psychosocial and political domains, and (c) the mass media domain.Main results were as follows: (a) even though correlated, FC and CC showed different distributions, because CC was less widespread than FC; (b) during the period in question, the spread of FC became broader, whereas the spread of CC was reduced; (c) in order to predict the trend in FC during the period in question, sociodemographic and victimization variables were sufficient; and (d) to predict the trend in CC it was useful to also use psychosocial and mass media variables. Implications, limitations, and future research directions are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Contraction‐induced interleukin‐6 transcription in rat slow‐type muscle is partly dependent on calcineurin activation
Authors: Banzet Sébastien , Koulmann Nathalie , Sanchez Hervé , Serrurier Bernard , Peinnequin André , Alonso Antonia , Bigard Xavier
Published: November 2006

The present work aimed at determining whether interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) produced by skeletal muscle during exercise is related, at least partly, to calcineurin activity. Rats were treated with two specific calcineurin inhibitors, cyclosporin A (CsA) and FK506, or vehicle (Vhl); they were then subjected to exhaustive treadmill running. Modulatory Calcineurin‐Interacting Protein‐1 (MCIP‐1) mRNA levels, a reliable indicator of calcineurin activity, and IL‐6 mRNA levels were measured by real‐time RT‐PCR in soleus muscles, and IL‐6 protein concentration was measured in the plasma. Because low carbohydrates availability enhances IL‐6 transcription through p38 Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway, muscle glycogen content and glycaemia were measured and p38 MAPK phosphorylation was determined in skeletal muscle by western blotting. As expected, exercise induced an increase in IL‐6 (P < 0.01) and MCIP‐1 mRNA (P < 0.01) in soleus muscle of Vhl rats, and enhanced p38 phosphorylation and plasmatic IL‐6 protein (P < 0.05). Calcineurin inhibition did not affect running time, glycemia or soleus glycogen content. CsA administration totally inhibited the exercise‐induced increase in MCIP‐1 mRNA (P < 0.01), blunted the IL‐6 gene transcription related to muscle activity, and suppressed the changes in IL‐6 protein in plasma. In addition to its inhibition of calcineurin activity, FK506 administration totally suppressed the exercise‐induced IL‐6 gene transcription, likely by an inhibition of p38 activation. Taken together, these results demonstrate that in addition to p38 MAPK, increased calcineurin activity is one of the signalling events involved in IL‐6 gene transcription. J. Cell. Physiol. 210: 596–601, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of dynamin 3 in the testis
Authors: Vaid K.S. , Guttman J.A. , Babyak N. , Deng W. , McNiven M.A. , Mochizuki N. , Finlay B.B. , Vogl A.W.
Published: November 2006

We report here that dynamin 3 in the testis is associated with structures termed tubulobulbar complexes that internalize intact intercellular junctions during sperm release and turnover of the blood–testis barrier. The protein lies adjacent to an actin‐Arp2/3 network that cuffs the double plasma membrane tubular invagination at the core of each complex. To explore the possible relationship between dynamin 3 and nectin‐based adhesion junctions, we transiently transfected DsRed‐tagged dynamin 3 into MDCK cells stably transfected with eGFP‐tagged nectin 2, one of the adhesion molecules known to be expressed in Sertoli cells at adhesion junctions. Cells transfected with the dynamin 3 construct had less uniformly distributed nectin 2 at intercellular contacts when compared to control cells expressing only nectin 2 or transfected with the DsRed plasmid alone. Significantly, tubular extensions positive for nectin 2 were visible projecting into the cells from regions of intercellular contact. Our findings are consistent with the conclusion that dynamin 3 is involved with tubulobulbar morphogenesis. Dynamin 3 also occurs in concentrated deposits around the capitulum and striated columns in the connecting piece of sperm tails suggesting that the protein in these cells may function to stabilize the base of the tail or serve as a reservoir for use during or after fertilization. J. Cell. Physiol. 210: 644–654, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bcl‐2 expression modulates cell adhesion and migration promoting branching of ureteric bud cells
Authors: Sheibani Nader , Scheef Elizabeth A. , DiMaio Terri A. , Wang Yongji , Kondo Shuji , Sorenson Christine M.
Published: November 2006

Bcl‐2 is the founding member of a family of proteins that influence apoptosis. During kidney development bcl‐2 not only acts as a survival factor, but may also impact cell adhesive mechanisms and by extension branching morphogenesis. The interrelationship between cell adhesion, migration and apoptosis, important during development, is poorly understood. Here we examined the impact lack of bcl‐2, an inhibitor of apoptosis, has on ureteric bud (UB) cell adhesion, migration, and branching morphogenesis. Bcl‐2 −/− UB cells demonstrated increased cell migration, increased cell invasion and decreased adhesion to vitronectin and fibronectin compared with wild‐type cells. Bcl‐2 +/+ UB cells readily branched in collagen gel and Matrigel while bcl‐2 −/− UB cells did not undergo significant branching in either matrix. Re‐expression of bcl‐2 in bcl‐2 −/− UB cells restored their ability to undergo branching morphogenesis in Matrigel. Consistent with our in vitro data, we show that in the absence of bcl‐2, embryonic kidneys undergo decreased UB branching. We observed decreased numbers of UB branch points, UB branch tips and a decreased distance to the first UB branch point in the absence of bcl‐2. The alterations in bcl‐2 −/− UB cell adhesion and migration was also associated with a significant alteration in expression of a number of extracellular matrix proteins. Bcl‐2 −/− UB cells exhibited increased fibronectin expression and decreased thrombospondin‐1 and osteopontin expression. Taken together, these data suggest that bcl‐2 is required for the proper regulation of cell adhesive and migratory mechanisms, perhaps through modulation of the cellular microenvironment. J. Cell. Physiol. 210: 616–625, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) is a downstream mediator for TGF‐β1‐induced extracellular matrix production in osteoblasts
Authors: Arnott J.A. , Nuglozeh E. , Rico M.C. , Arango‐Hisijara I. , Odgren P.R. , Safadi F.F. , Popoff S.N.
Published: November 2006

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) is a cysteine‐rich, extracellular matrix (ECM) protein that acts as an anabolic growth factor to regulate osteoblast differentiation and function. Recent studies have identified CTGF as a downstream effector of transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) for certain functions in specific cell types. In this study, we examined the role of CTGF as a downstream mediator of TGF‐β1‐induced ECM production and cell growth in osteoblasts. Using primary cultures, we demonstrated that TGF‐β1 is a potent inducer of CTGF expression in osteoblasts, and that this induction occurred at all stages of osteoblast differentiation from the proliferative through mineralization stages. TGF‐β1 treatment of osteoblasts increased the expression and synthesis of the ECM components, collagen and fibronectin. When CTGF‐specific siRNA was used to prevent TGF‐β1 induction of CTGF expression, it also inhibited collagen and fibronectin production, thereby demonstrating the requirement of CTGF for their up‐regulation. To examine the effects of TGF‐β1 on osteoblast cell growth, cultures were treated with TGF‐β1 during the proliferative stage. Cell number was significantly reduced and the cells exhibited a decrease in G1 cyclin expression, consistent with TGF‐β1‐induced cell‐cycle arrest. Cultures transfected with CTGF siRNA prior to TGF‐β1 treatment showed an even greater reduction in cell number, suggesting that TGF‐β1‐induced growth arrest is independent of CTGF in osteoblasts. Collectively, these data demonstrate for the first time that CTGF is an essential downstream mediator for TGF‐β1‐induced ECM production in osteoblasts, but these two growth factors function independently regarding their opposing effects on osteoblast proliferation. J. Cell. Physiol. 210: 843–852, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Calcific myonecrosis and tenosynovitis: Sonographic findings with correlative imaging
Authors: Finlay Karen , Friedman Lawrence , Ainsworth Kelly
Published: November 2006

We report the sonographic appearance of a case of calcific myonecrosis and tenosynovitis with correlative plain radiography and CT findings. Calcific myonecrosis is a rare complication of previous trauma that presents as a tumor‐like calcified mass years after an initial injury, most commonly affecting the anterior compartment of the lower leg. Although the clinical, radiographic, and MRI features of calcific myonecrosis have been well described, to our knowledge the sonographic appearance has not been reported previously in the literature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2007
Monitoring of the heavy‐metal hyperaccumulation in vegetal tissues by X‐ray radiography and by femto‐second laser induced breakdown spectroscopy
Authors: Kaiser J. , Samek O. , Reale L. , Lis˘ka M. , Malina R. , Ritucci A. , Poma A. , Tucci A. , Flora F. , Lai A. , Mancini L. , Tromba G. , Zanini F. , Faenov A. , Pikuz T. , Cinque G.
Published: November 2006

This article reports on the utilization of X‐ray microradiography and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) techniques for investigation of the metal accumulation in different part of leaf samples. The potential of the LIBS‐analysis for finding the proper plant species for phytoremediation is compared with the results of microradiography measurements at the HERCULES source at ENEA, Rome (Italy) and X‐ray microradiography experiments at the ELETTRA Synchrotron, Trieste (Italy). Microsc. Res. Tech., 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new inducible adenoviral expression system that responds to inflammatory stimuli in vivo
Authors: Cai Gang , Nie Xiaomeng , Guo Pin'e , Guan Zheng , Zhang Jun , Shen Qian
Published: November 2006

Background

Gene transfer using inducible promoters, which control expression of transgenic proteins in response to physiological conditions, may have significant advantages. In this study, we tried to achieve an inducible adenoviral expression system for physiologically responsive gene therapy of autoimmune or inflammatory diseases.

Methods

A luciferase reporter vector with a hybrid promoter containing the human IL‐1β enhancer region (−3690 to − 2720) and the human CIITA promoter IV (−399 to + 2) was constructed. A replication‐deficient adenovirus was engineered with luciferase controlled by the IL1β/CIITApIV promoter (Ad‐IL1β/CIITApIV‐Luc). The reporter vector or adenovirus was transfected to C57Bl/6 myeloid dendritic cells (DCs), RAW264.7, and Hep G2 to study the in vitro characteristics of this hybrid promoter. An inflammation model was prepared by injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into Balb/c mice intraperitoneally (i.p.), and infected with Ad‐IL1β/CIITApIV‐Luc or Ad‐CMV‐Luc to study the in vivo characteristics of the IL1β/CIITApIV promoter.

Results

The IL1β/CIITApIV hybrid promoter has pronounced promoter activity, broad‐range responsiveness to cytokines or LPS, and can be rechallenged after first induction. In the inflammation model, IL1β/CIITApIV could drive hepatic luciferase expression increasedly rapidly after LPS challenge and in a LPS dose‐dependent manner.

Conclusions

Using the IL1β/CIITApIV hybrid promoter in gene transfer vectors may make it possible to produce transgenic proteins in vivo in direct relationship with the intensity and duration of an individual's status. By providing endogenously controlled production of transgenic proteins, this approach might limit the severity of autoimmune or inflammatory response without interfering with the beneficial components of host defense and immunity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human herpesvirus 8 genoprevalence in populations at disparate risks of Kaposi's sarcoma
Authors: Kumar Navdeep , McLean Ken , Inoue Naoki , Moles David R. , Scully Crispian , Porter Stephen R. , Gee Teo Chong
Published: November 2006

The prevalence of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV‐8) in populations at different risks of developing Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) was assessed using a protocol involving immunomagnetic fractionation of CD45+ blood cells prior to detection of the HHV‐8 genome by nested PCR. Preliminary studies using blood of eight gay men infected by human immunodeficiency virus‐1 (HIV‐1) revealed that, for the detection of HHV‐8 DNA derived from open reading frame (ORF) 26 of the HHV‐8 genome, this protocol provided substantially higher rates (100%) compared to one involving red blood cell (RBC) lysis (0%) and to another requiring double density gradient centrifugation (DDGC) of leukocytes (13%). When the CD45+ fractionation protocol was applied to samples from 103 other HIV‐1‐infected patients (the vast majority of whom were gay men) and 100 blood donors, the ORF 26 DNA detection rates obtained were 37% and 8%, respectively. When DNA from the variable region 1 of ORF K1 was additionally amplified from samples of the blood donors, a detection rate of 9% was achieved. This rate was highly concordant with the ORF 26 DNA detection rate. Furthermore, the ORF K1 sequences were predominantly unique, assignable to genotypes A1, A4, and C3. When assays for anti‐HHV‐8 and anti‐herpes simplex viruses (HSV) 1 and 2 were applied, significant concordances between HHV‐8 DNA detection rates and those relating to anti‐HHV‐8 and to anti‐HSV 1 and 2 were more frequently observed for HIV‐1‐infected patients than for blood donors. The higher‐than‐expected HHV‐8 genoprevalence rate in blood donors requires further confirmation in view of its implications for post‐transfusion HHV‐8 transmission. J. Med. Virol. 79:52–59, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular epidemiology of norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks in North Carolina, United States: 1995–2000
Authors: Tseng F.C. , Leon J.S. , MacCormack J.N. , Maillard J.‐M. , Moe C.L.
Published: November 2006

Noroviruses (NoVs) are the most common cause of acute non‐bacterial gastroenteritis outbreaks in the US. We investigated 16 gastroenteritis outbreaks in North Carolina (NC), from 1995 to 2000, to further characterize the epidemiology of NoV using RT‐PCR on stool and ELISA on sera. NoV were identified in 14 outbreaks by RT‐PCR. Sequence analyses of the amplicons indicated the outbreak strains belonged to the following clusters: five GII/4, three GI/3, one GI/4, one GII/2, one GII/5, one GII/7, and one GII/13 (prototype strain). We detected NoV in stool samples from one outbreak but could not determine its specific cluster within the GII genogroup based on polymerase sequence analysis. The five GII/4 strains were classified as the “95/96 US common strain” and occurred throughout the 5‐year period. In contrast to national trends, the majority (86%) of NoV outbreaks identified in North Carolina were foodborne. Of the 12 food‐related NoV outbreaks, we were able to document transmission by food handlers in two outbreaks. Person‐to‐person transmission from primary cases was suggested in three outbreaks. Our results indicate that NoVs are important agents of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in NC. J. Med. Virol. 79:84–91, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human T‐cell lymphotropic virus types I and II (HTLV‐I and ‐II) infection among seroindeterminate cases in Argentina
Authors: Berini Carolina A. , Eirin Maria E. , Pando Maria A. , Biglione Mirna M.
Published: November 2006

Human T‐cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) seroindeterminate cases have been reported among blood donors (BD) and in at‐risk populations worldwide, including Argentina. The objective of the present work was to study the presence of HTLV‐I/II infection and its association to specific Western blot (WB) patterns among healthy BD and at‐risk populations in Argentina. We analyzed 83 HTLV‐I/II seroindeterminate WB cases diagnosed among BD (n = 49) and in different at‐risk populations (n = 34) for human retroviruses infections. Multiple indeterminate WB patterns were observed. Out of the total, 13.2% (11/83) of the cases were found to be HTLV‐I/II positive by nested‐PCR (n‐PCR), including 13.2% (11/83) HTLV‐I and 2.4% (2/83) presenting HTLV‐I and ‐II co‐infection. Most of their serological profiles showed reactivity to gag or env codified proteins. Two samples amplified only one of the six analyzed genes (1 HTLV‐I pol gene and 1 HTLV‐II tax gene). There was no association between the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi infection and an HTLV‐I/II indeterminate WB pattern (only 3 of the 83 samples were positive for T. cruzi antibodies). In conclusion, the majority of HTLV‐seroindeterminate WB donors lacked HTLV provirus and was thus considered uninfected. However, when seroreactivity to Env and Gag proteins are observed on the WB and especially in at‐risk populations, HTLV infection should be suspected; such individuals should be followed‐up and retested. J. Med. Virol. 79:69–73, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of the full‐length genome of a subgenotype IIIB hepatitis A Virus isolate: Primers for broadly reactive PCR and genotypic analysis
Authors: Endo Kazunori , Inoue Jun , Takahashi Masaharu , Mitsui Takehiro , Masuko Kazuo , Akahane Yoshihiro , Okamoto Hiroaki
Published: November 2006

Among six known subgenotypes (IA, IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, and IIIB) of human hepatitis A virus (HAV), the complete genomic sequence has not been determined for IIIB. In this study, the full‐length genomic sequence of a IIIB HAV isolate (HA‐JNG06‐90F) recovered from a Japanese patient who contracted sporadic hepatitis A in 1990, was determined. The HA‐JNG06‐90F genome, which comprised 7462 nt excluding the poly(A) tail, was related most closely to NOR‐21 of subgenotype IIIA with an identity of 89.1%, and was only 82.6–83.4% similar to human HAV isolates of genotypes I and II over the entire genome. Comparison of full‐length genomic sequences of 20 reported isolates and HA‐JNG06‐90F generated optimal results for separation of different levels: the nucleotide identities were 80.7–86.6% at the genotype level, 89.1–91.9% at the subgenotype level, and 94.6–99.7% at the isolate level. Similar ranges of nucleotide identity were observed when comparing partial nucleotide sequences of the VP1‐2B (481 nt; primer sequences at both ends excluded) and 3C/3D (590 nt) regions, which were amplifiable by PCR with primers designed from well‐conserved areas of the HAV genome. All 66 samples with IgM‐class HAV antibodies tested positive for HAV RNA by both VP1‐2B (481 nt)‐PCR and 3C/3D (590 nt)‐PCR: subgenotype assignment was concordant in all samples tested (IA [n = 61], IB [n = 1], IIIA [n = 2] and IIIB [n = 2]). These results suggest that two broadly reactive PCRs using primers derived from the VP1‐2B and 3C/3D regions, respectively, may be applicable to universal detection and phylogenetic analysis of various HAV strains. J. Med. Virol. 79:8–17, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The prevalence of chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 genomes in the blood of UK blood donors
Authors: Nam Leong Hoe , Tuke Philip W. , Tedder Richard S. , Khanom Aysha Begum , Eglin Roger P. , Atkinson Claire E. , Ward Katherine N. , Griffiths Paul D. , Clark Duncan A.
Published: November 2006

A lesser‐recognized form of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV‐6) persistence is integration of the viral genome in a host chromosome and high viral copy numbers in blood or sera are characteristic of this phenomenon. A cross‐sectional study was performed to determine the frequency of high HHV‐6 viral loads in whole blood (>6 log10 copies/ml) in a population of blood donors in London, UK. Blood samples from 500 anonymized blood donors were collected from one donation center, DNA extracted, and quantitative realtime PCR used to measure viral load. Four samples (0.8%) were found to have high viral copy numbers of HHV‐6 (median 6.7 log10 copies/ml; range 6.5– 6.9 log10 copies/ml). Cellular DNA was also quantitated using qRT‐PCR for beta‐globin. By comparing these two results, we calculated that there were between two and five copies of HHV‐6 present per cell in these four donors. The median viral load detected in plasma from the four individuals was 3.8 log10 copies/ml (range 3.5–4.0 log10 copies/ml). All samples were HHV‐6 variant B. In addition, a retrospective analysis of all diagnostic blood samples performed for HHV‐6 in our center showed a prevalence of 2.9% of high viral loads characteristic of integration. In conclusion, high viral copy numbers of HHV‐6, representing a population of viral integration, is detected in 0.8% of UK blood donors. The presence of high HHV‐6 viral loads in healthy normal individuals reiterates the need to consider the confounding effect of HHV‐6 viral integration in any laboratory diagnosis of HHV‐6 infection. J. Med. Virol. 79:45–51, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of p53 in neurotoxicity induced by the endoplasmic reticulum stress agent tunicamycin in organotypic slice cultures of rat spinal cord
Authors: Tashiro Jun , Kikuchi Seiji , Shinpo Kazuyoshi , Kishimoto Riichiro , Tsuji Sachiko , Sasaki Hidenao
Published: November 2006

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is important for maintaining the quality of cellular proteins. Various stimuli can disrupt ER homeostasis and cause the accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins, i.e., a state of ER stress. Recently, ER stress has been reported to play an important role in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders such as cerebral ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases, but its involvement in the spinal cord diseases has not been fully discussed. We conducted this study using tunicamycin (Tm) as an ER stress inducer for rat spinal cord in organotypic slice culture, a system that we have recently established. Tm was shown to induce ER stress by increased expression of GRP78. The viability rate of spinal cord neurons decreased in a dose‐dependent manner with Tm treatment, and dorsal horn interneurons were more vulnerable to Tm‐induced neurotoxicity. A p53 inhibitor significantly increased the viability of dorsal horn interneurons, and immunofluorescence studies showed nuclear accumulation of p53 in the dorsal horns of Tm‐treated spinal cord slices. These findings suggest that p53 plays an important role in the killing of dorsal horn interneurons by Tm. In contrast, motor neurons were not protected by the p53 inhibitor, suggesting that the role of p53 may vary between different cell types. This difference might be a clue to the mechanism of the stress‐response pathway and might also contribute to the potential application of p53 inhibitors for the treatment of spinal cord diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Androgen regulates trkB immunolabeling in spinal motoneurons
Authors: Osborne M.C. , Verhovshek T. , Sengelaub D.R.
Published: November 2006

Neurotrophic factors and steroid hormones have been shown to have neuroprotective/neurotherapeutic effects, and it has been shown previously that brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and testosterone have a combinatorial effect in the maintenance of motoneurons. Given that gonadal hormones regulate the BDNF receptor, tyrosine receptor kinase B (trkB), we hypothesized that such a regulatory effect could mediate the interactive effects of BDNF and testosterone. Using immunohistochemical methods, we examined the frequency of cells immunolabeled for trkB receptors in two populations of spinal motoneurons, the hormone‐sensitive, sexually dimorphic motoneurons of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB) and the nondimorphic motoneurons innervating the muscles of the quadriceps. In both the highly androgen‐sensitive SNB motoneurons and the more typical somatic motoneurons innervating the quadriceps, the frequency of motoneurons intensely immunolabeled for trkB receptors was regulated by the presence of testosterone. Castrated animals deprived of testosterone showed a reduced frequency of intensely labeled motoneurons compared with intact animals or castrated animals given testosterone replacement. This finding suggests that the combinatorial effect of BDNF and testosterone in the maintenance of motoneurons could occur at least in part through an androgen‐mediated expression of the BDNF receptor. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anaplastic thyroid cancer and primary thyroid lymphoma: A review of these rare thyroid malignancies
Authors: Green Lawrence D. , Mack Lloyd , Pasieka Janice L.
Published: November 2006

Background

To review the current literature on the treatment of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) and thyroid lymphoma (TL).

Results

Both anaplastic carcinoma (ATC) and TL represent rare forms of thyroid cancer. ATC behaves in a highly aggressive manner, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Multimodality therapy consisting of both radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy is essential in obtaining local/regional control. Although ATC has been relatively chemo resistant, newer agents such like taxotere show promise. The role of surgery in the treatment of ATC continues to evolve, presently it should be reserved for patients who have shown an initial response to multimodality therapy and in patients in whom a complete macroscopic resection can be achieved with minimal morbidity. The successful treatment of TL currently lies in accurately diagnosing the histological subtype. Both large B‐cell and mixed lymphomas are best treated with multimodality therapy consisting of CHOP combined with hyper‐fractioned RT. MALT lymphomas with there more indolent course may be amenable to single modality RT or total thyroidectomy if diagnosed at an early stage IE.

Discussion

Although both ATC and TL are rare, it is important for surgeons to be aware of the need for multimodality therapy when treating these patients and to understand the limited role surgery plays in diagnosis and treatment. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:725–736. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inherited aspects of papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Moore Francis D.
Published: November 2006

The presence of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid in multiple generations of one kindred is a statistical impossibility as an occurrence of chance. However, traditional and molecular genetic analyses to date have failed to support the notion of a single gene mutation or identify one, in distinct contrast to medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. Findings to date, outside of distinct multicancer syndromes, suggest the interplay of inherited susceptibility and other factors, such as environmental exposures. It is possible that the main identifiable genetic risk factors at this time are the presence of multinodular goiter or Hashimoto's thyroiditis within the family. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:719–724. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of thyroid cancer based on risk groups
Authors: Shaha Ashok
Published: November 2006

The understanding of the prognostic factors and risk groups is crucial in the management of well differentiated thyroid cancer. The important prognostic factors are age, grade of tumor, extrathyroidal extension, size of tumor, and distant metastases. Based on these prognostic factors, patients can be divided into low‐, intermediate‐, and high‐risk groups. The treatment decisions should be based on risk group analysis. Extent of thyroidectomy and adjuvant therapy can be based on the risk group analysis. The histopathologic studies are very important to distinguish well differentiated from the tall cell, insular, and poorly differentiated thyroid cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2006;94:683–691. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.