bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insitu Raman study of lithium-ion intercalation into microcrystalline graphite
Authors: Sole Christopher , Drewett Nicholas E. , Hardwick Laurence J.
Published: May 2014

The first and second order Raman spectra of graphite during the first lithiation and delithiation have been investigated in a typical lithium-ion battery electrolyte. In situ, real-time Raman measurements under potential control enable the probing of the graphitic negative electrode surface region during ion insertion and extraction. The experimental results reveal the staging formation of a single particle within a free standing graphitic electrode. In particular, the in situ behaviour of the double resonance 2D band during the lithiation and delithiation of graphitic carbon has not been previously reported. The 2D band was observed to shift from 2681 to 2611 cm−1 and the band shape transformed into a single Lorentzian from 0.24 to 0.15 V vs. Li/Li+, providing further information on the electronic structure and C–C bonding of stage 3 and 4 graphite intercalation compounds. The behaviour of the 2D band is in keeping with the Daumas–Hérold model of electrochemically derived intercalation, where the graphene layers are flexible and deform around domains of intercalating lithium ions.
Catalytic pyrolysis for the production of refinery-ready biocrude oils from six different biomass sources
Authors: Mante Ofei D. , Agblevor F. A.
Published: May 2014

The source of biomass plays an important role in catalytic pyrolysis products and affects the quality of the biocrude oil.
Base free, one-pot synthesis of lactic acid from glycerol using a bifunctional Pt/Sn-MFI catalyst
Authors: Cho Hong Je , Chang Chun-Chih , Fan Wei
Published: May 2014

Under base free and mild reaction conditions, 80.5% selectivity of lactic acid (LA) was achieved at 89.8% conversion of glycerol using a bifunctional Pt/Sn-MFI catalyst.
Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of the substituent effect on the amoebicide activity of new hydrazone derivatives
Authors: Toledano-Magaña Yanis , Meléndrez-Luévano Ruth , Navarro-Olivarria Marisol , García-Ramos Juan Carlos , Flores-Alamo Marcos , Ortiz-Frade Luis , Ruiz-Azuara Lena , Cabrera-Vivas Blanca M.
Published: May 2014

The electronic environment reflected in redox potential values of the hydrazone linkage and the nitro group plays a fundamental role in the amoebicidal activity.
Anti-bacterial glycosyl triazoles – identification of anN-acetylglucosamine derivative with bacteriostatic activity againstBacillus
Authors: Kuhn Helene , Gutelius Danielle , Black Eimear , Nadolny Christina , Basu Amit , Reid Christopher
Published: May 2014

Screening of a glycosyl triazole library identified compounds that inhibit bacterialN-acetylglucosaminidase activity and growth.
SWNT nano-engineered networks strongly increase charge transport in P3HT
Authors: Boulanger Nicolas , Yu Junchun , Barbero David R.
Published: May 2014

A new type of nanoscale carbon nanotube network architecture is produced in the semi-conducting polymer poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT). This nano-network produces much higher conductivity (between one and two orders of magnitude higher) than traditional spun-cast random networks at all nanotube loadings from 0.03 to 3.00 wt%.
A rapid entry to amino acid derived diverse 3,4-dihydropyrazines and dihydro[1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrazines through 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition
Authors: Bera Saurav , Panda Gautam
Published: May 2014

Practical synthesis of diverse 3,4-dihydropyrazines, 6,7-dihydro-[1,2,3]triazolopyrazines and 7,8-dihydro-[1,2,3]triazolodiazepines through intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition from amino acid derived intermediates is described.
Nanoparticle attachment on Ag nanorings and nanoantenna for large increases of surface-enhanced Raman scattering
Authors: Yi Zao , Luo Jiangshan , Yi Yong , Xu Xibin , Wu Pinghui , Jiang Xiaodong , Yi Yougen , Tang Yongjian
Published: May 2014

A simple and inexpensive approach based on the heat-treatment of Ag+/PVA/PVP composite film on quartz glass has been developed for fabricating large-area Ag nanorings attached small nanoparticles.
Facile, high-yielding preparation of pyrrolidinium, piperidinium, morpholinium and 2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindolinium salts and ionic liquids from secondary amines
Authors: Ward Antony J. , Masters Anthony F. , Maschmeyer Thomas
Published: May 2014

High yield and purity heterocyclic salts and ionic liquids can be obtainedviathe microwave irradiation of equimolar amounts of a secondary amine and an α,ω-dibromoalkane in water in the presence of K2CO3followed by anion exchange.
Surface morphology and corresponding electrochemistry of polypyrrole films electrodeposited using a water miscible ionic liquid
Authors: Grzeszczuk Maria , Ozsakarya Rabia
Published: May 2014

Polypyrrole layers were deposited on polycrystalline gold from solutions of pyrrole in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate and its equimolar mixture with water by using potential controlled electrochemical methods.
A general route to enhance the fluorescence of graphene quantum dots by Ag nanoparticles
Authors: Ran Chenxin , Wang Minqiang , Gao Weiyin , Yang Zhi , Shao Jinyou , Deng Jianping , Song Xiaohui
Published: May 2014

Graphene quantum dots (GQDs)/Ag nanoparticles with an unexpected quantum yield of 16.3% are synthesized by an efficient simple solvothermal method at atmospheric pressure.
Preparation and properties of an MnIV–hydroxide complex: proton and electron transfer at a mononuclear manganese site and its relationship to the oxygen evolving complex within photosystem II
Authors: Taguchi Taketo , Stone Kari L. , Gupta Rupal , Kaiser-Lassalle Benedikt , Yano Junko , Hendrich Michael P. , Borovik A. S.
Published: May 2014

Preparation of new MnIV–OH complex leads to insights into the steps needed to produce high valent Mn–ox species.
Millisecond lifetime imaging with a europium complex using a commercial confocal microscope under one or two-photon excitation
Authors: Grichine Alexei , Haefele Alexandre , Pascal Simon , Duperray Alain , Michel Richard , Andraud Chantal , Maury Olivier
Published: May 2014

We demonstrate that a commercial confocal microscope can perform time-gated and long lifetime imaging in the μs to ms range under classical one photon or nonlinear two photon excitation.
pH and basicity of ligands control the binding of metal-ions to B. cereus B1 β-lactamase
Authors: Motara Hasina , Mistry Dharmit , Brown David R. , Cryan Robert A. , Nigen Michaël , Page Michael I.
Published: May 2014

Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) are a group of enzymes responsible for a significant proportion of bacterial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics by catalysing the hydrolysis of the β-lactam.
TMP (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide)-aluminate bases: lithium-mediated alumination or lithiation–alkylaluminium-trapping reagents?
Authors: Armstrong David R. , Crosbie Elaine , Hevia Eva , Mulvey Robert E. , Ramsay Donna L. , Robertson Stuart D.
Published: May 2014

Surprisingly lithium TMP-aluminate reagents are not capable of directly aluminating anisole as previously thought but operateviasequential lithiation–alkylaluminium trapping.
Commensurability-driven structural defects in double emulsions produced with two-step microfluidic techniques
Authors: Schmit Alexandre , Salkin Louis , Courbin Laurent , Panizza Pascal
Published: May 2014

We introduce a model that describes the defects in the internal structure of double emulsions created with two-step microfluidic methods.
Photoresponsive superhydrophobic coating for regulating boundary slippage
Authors: Wu Yang , Liu Zhilu , Liang Yongmin , Pei Xiaowei , Zhou Feng , Xue Queji
Published: May 2014

A photo-switchable boundary slippage was realized by modification with UV-sensitive copolymer on rough anodized aluminum.
Co–Sb intermetallic compounds and their disproportionated nanocomposites as high-performance anodes for rechargeable Li-ion batteries
Authors: Park Min-Gu , Song Jun Ho , Sohn Jung-Soo , Lee Churl Kyoung , Park Cheol-Min
Published: May 2014

A simple, fast, and straightforward method for synthesizing Co–Sb intermetallic compounds based on nanocomposites is proposed for obtaining high-performance anode materials for rechargeable Li-ion batteries.
rGO/nano Sb composite: a high performance anode material for Na+ion batteries and evidence for the formation of nanoribbons from the nano rGO sheet during galvanostatic cycling
Authors: Nithya C. , Gopukumar S.
Published: May 2014

The rGO/Sb nanocomposite formation of nanoribbons from the rGO nanosheets is responsible for high capacity and capacity retention.
Titanium nitride coating to enhance the performance of silicon nanoparticles as a lithium-ion battery anode
Authors: Tang Duihai , Yi Ran , Gordin Mikhail L. , Melnyk Michael , Dai Fang , Chen Shuru , Song Jiangxuan , Wang Donghai
Published: May 2014

Titanium nitride (TiN) coated silicon nanoparticles were synthesized via the reduction of TiO2-coated silicon nanoparticles under nitrogen.
Controllable synthesis of high-performance LiMnPO4 nanocrystals by a facile one-spot solvothermal process
Authors: Guo Hui , Wu Chunyang , Xie Jian , Zhang Shichao , Cao Gaoshao , Zhao Xinbing
Published: May 2014

LiMnPO4 nano-plates exhibit excellent electrochemical performance, delivering a capacity of 108.2 mA h g−1 at 10 C and a capacity of 133.5 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.5 C.
High-index-faceted platinum nanoparticles: insights into structural and thermal stabilities and shape evolution from atomistic simulations
Authors: Zeng Xiang-Ming , Huang Rao , Shao Gui-Fang , Wen Yu-Hua , Sun Shi-Gang
Published: May 2014

Atomistic simulations are used to investigate the structural, thermal and shape stabilities of Pt nanoparticles with high-index facets.
Microwave-assisted production of giant graphene sheets for high performance energy storage applications
Authors: Liu Xiaoxu , Zhan Da , Chao Dongliang , Cao Bingchen , Yin Jinghua , Zhao Jiupeng , Li Yao , Lin Jianyi , Shen Zexiang
Published: May 2014

A simple, low-cost and energy-effective method has been developed to fabricate giant graphene sheets by double microwave assisted exfoliations.
Temporal Resolution With a Prescriptive Fitting Formula
Authors: Brennan Marc A. , Gallun Frederick J. , Souza Pamela E. , Stecker G. Christopher
Published: May 2014

Purpose

Authors of previous work using laboratory-based paradigms documented that wide dynamic range compression (WDRC) may improve gap detection compared to linear amplification. The purpose of this study was to measure temporal resolution using WDRC fit with compression ratios set for each listener's hearing loss.

Method

Nineteen adults with mild-to-moderate hearing loss fitted with WDRC or linear amplification set to a prescriptive fitting method participated in this study. Subjects detected amplitude modulations and gaps. Two types of noise carrier were used: narrowband (1995–2005 Hz) and broadband (100–8000 Hz).

Results

Small differences between WDRC and linear amplification were observed in the measures of temporal resolution. Modulation detection thresholds worsened by a mean of 0.7 dB with WDRC compared to linear amplification. This reduction was observed for both carrier types. Gap detection thresholds did not differ between the 2 amplification conditions.

Conclusions

WDRC set using a prescriptive fitting method with individualized compression ratios had a small but statistically significant effect on measures of modulation thresholds. Differences were not observed between the two amplification conditions for the measures of gap detection. These findings contrast with previous work using fixed compression ratios, suggesting that the effect of the fitting method on the compression ratio should be considered when attempting to generalize the effect of WDRC on temporal resolution to the clinical setting.
Left Lateralized Enhancement of Orofacial Somatosensory Processing Due to Speech Sounds
Authors: Ito Takayuki , Johns Alexis R. , Ostry David J.
Published: May 2014

Purpose

Somatosensory information associated with speech articulatory movements affects the perception of speech sounds and vice versa, suggesting an intimate linkage between speech production and perception systems. However, it is unclear which cortical processes are involved in the interaction between speech sounds and orofacial somatosensory inputs. The authors examined whether speech sounds modify orofacial somatosensory cortical potentials that were elicited using facial skin perturbations.

Method

Somatosensory event-related potentials in EEG were recorded in 3 background sound conditions (pink noise, speech sounds, and nonspeech sounds) and also in a silent condition. Facial skin deformations that are similar in timing and duration to those experienced in speech production were used for somatosensory stimulation.

Results

The authors found that speech sounds reliably enhanced the first negative peak of the somatosensory event-related potential when compared with the other 3 sound conditions. The enhancement was evident at electrode locations above the left motor and premotor area of the orofacial system. The result indicates that speech sounds interact with somatosensory cortical processes that are produced by speech-production-like patterns of facial skin stretch.

Conclusion

Neural circuits in the left hemisphere, presumably in left motor and premotor cortex, may play a prominent role in the interaction between auditory inputs and speech-relevant somatosensory processing.
Development and Validation of the Tinnitus Primary Function Questionnaire
Authors: Tyler Richard , Ji Haihong , Perreau Ann , Witt Shelley , Noble William , Coelho Claudia
Published: May 2014

Purpose

To create a questionnaire focused on the primary activities impaired by tinnitus and therefore more sensitive to treatments.

Method

Questions were developed on (a) emotions, (b) hearing, (c) sleep, and (d) concentration. A 20-item questionnaire was administered to 158 patients. First, confirmatory factor analysis was used to select 3 questions per domain. Second, factor analysis was used to evaluate the appropriateness of the 12-item questionnaire.

Results

The analysis indicated that the selected questions successfully represented 4 independent domains. Scores were correlated with the Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire (
r
= .77,
p
< .01) and loudness (
r
= .40,
p
< .01). The Sleep subscale correlated with the Pittsburgh Sleep Index (
r
= .68,
p
< .01); the Emotion subscale correlated with the Beck Inventory (
r
= .66,
p
< .01) and the Trait Anxiety questionnaire (
r
= .67,
p
< .01). The average scores went from 51% to 38% following treatment.

Conclusion

The Tinnitus Primary Function Questionnaire is valid, reliable, and sensitive and can be used to determine the efficacy of clinical trials.
Effects of Policy Changes to Universal Newborn Hearing Screening Follow-Up in a University Clinic
Authors: Krishnan Lata A. , Van Hyfte Shannon
Published: May 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of policy changes on loss to follow-up rates and the ability to achieve the goals of the American Academy of Pediatrics Joint Committee on Infant Hearing Screening (2007) for diagnosis of hearing loss by 3 months, amplification within 1 month of diagnosis, and start of intervention by 6 months.

Method

From the files of 111 infants, data were extracted on the following: date of birth, birth hospital, hometown, parents' ages, ethnicity, nursery status, medical history, age at initial evaluation and diagnosis, results of evaluation(s), and age at hearing aid fitting and start of early intervention. Data were compared with previously published data from the clinic (Krishnan, 2009).

Results

Policy changes led to a decrease in loss to follow-up and a younger age at diagnosis of hearing loss. Infants identified with hearing loss were fit with amplification at younger ages but not within 1 month of diagnosis of hearing loss. Policy changes had positive outcomes on loss to follow-up and age of diagnosis and amplification.

Conclusions

Challenges remain in meeting the goals of amplification within 1 month of diagnosis and documenting the start of early intervention. Improved communication between and education of all parties involved in the care of infants is needed.
Low quiescent current linear regulator using combination structure of bandgap and error amplifier
Authors: Du Han‐Xiao , Lai Xin‐Quan , Liu Cong , Chi Yuan
Published: May 2014

A low quiescent current low dropout linear regulator (LDR) with a combination structure of a bandgap and an error amplifier is presented. The circuitry is achieved with a combined structure which is able to obtain a lower quiescent current, because the current for the specific bandgap reference can be omitted. The transient response enhancement circuit can activate an additional path to control the gate voltage of the pass device which assists in monitoring the variation in the output voltage in the steady state. According to restrictions of the process and the product requirements, this proposed LDR is implemented with high‐voltage tolerance double‐diffused MOS (DMOS) in a 0.6 μm BCD process. The LDR has a quiescent current of 3 μA and is able to deliver a 50 mA load current.
Televised Territorial Stigma: How Social Housing Tenants Experience the Fictional Media Representation of Estates in Australia
Authors: Arthurson Kathy , Darcy Michael , Rogers Dallas
Published: May 2014

This paper explores the issue of territorial stigmatisation through tenant-driven research chronicling the experiences of social housing tenants as they examined and reflected upon the Australian television series Housos. The television series aired on an independent, part publicly funded, television station in 2011 and depicts the lifestyles of fictional tenant characters on an imaginary social housing estate. The series presents satirical and exaggerated parodies about everyday life on the estate, drawing on a range of stereotypes of social housing tenants. Tenants are portrayed as feckless and antisocial individuals who engage in a range of irresponsible and sometimes criminal behaviour in order to avoid work and whose family and other relationships are dysfunctional. Public tenants are far from passive victims of stigmatisation and conducted the analysis presented in this study. They reveal a sophisticated understanding of how stigma operates through the media, various agencies, and the nonresident community. While economic and political forces, and changing modes for governing poverty, have resulted in geographical confinement of residents on estates, tenants reflected on their own ‘real-life’ experiences and provide accounts of deliberate and self-conscious use of ‘negative’ social status to produce positive collective identities. Alternatively, nontenant participants repeated common prejudices about public housing, and reflected on their belief that the system was not effectively preventing welfare cheats and ‘bludgers’ from loafing at their (taxpayers') expense.
Travelers' Use of ICT under Conditions of Risk and Constraints: An Empirical Study Based on Stated and Induced Preferences
Authors: Lu Ruihua , Chorus Caspar , van Wee Bert
Published: May 2014

A discrete choice model is presented of travelers' decisions whether or not to use different forms of ICT (travel information and teleworking) in the context of risky travel times and arrival time constraints. The model is estimated on data from two travel simulator experiments. One experiment featured a reward which was related to participants' choices (implying a so-called induced-preference approach). The other experiment featured a fixed participation fee (a stated-preference approach). Results suggest that the developed model succeeds in capturing subtle behaviors related to the use of ICT; evidence for the usefulness of the induced-preference approach is mixed, at best.
Governance, transparency and alignment in the Council of Australian Governments (COAG) 2011 National Health Reform Agreement
Authors: Veronesi Gianluca , Harley Kirsten , Dugdale Paul , Short Stephanie D.
Published: May 2014

Objective This article provides a policy analysis of the Australian government’s National Health Reform Agreement (NHRA) by bringing to the foreground the governance arrangements underpinning the two arms of the national reforms, to primary health care and hospital services. Methods The article analyses the NHRA document and mandate, and contextualises the changes introduced vis-à-vis the complex characteristics of the Australian health care system. Specifically, it discusses the coherence of the agreement and its underlying objectives, and the consistency and logic of the governance arrangements introduced. Results The policy analysis highlights the rationalisation of the responsibilities between the Commonwealth and states and territories, the commitment towards a funding arrangement based on uniform measures of performance and the troubled emergence of a more decentralised nation-wide homogenisation of governance arrangements, plus efforts to improve transparency, accountability and statutory support to increase the standards of quality of care and safety. Conclusions It is suggested that the NHRA falls short of adequately supporting integration between primary, secondary and tertiary health care provision and facilitating greater integration in chronic disease management in primary care. Successfully addressing this will unlock further value from the reforms. What is known about the topic? The Council of Australian Governments (COAG) 2011 health reforms have introduced governance structures and transparency mechanisms that are unprecedented in the Australian context. There is still a gap in knowledge and overall understanding in relation to their significance and how they will fare given the complex characteristics of the Australian health system. What does this paper add? This article discusses the positive changes introduced, such as the rationalisation of the relationships between the Commonwealth and states and territories, the introduction of more transparent funding arrangements, the provision of unified governance templates and the potential gains in reducing waiting lists. It also highlights the most glaring shortcoming of the health reforms, which is the missed opportunity to strengthen integration between primary, secondary and tertiary care providers. What are the implications for practitioners? More effective integration between care providers appears to be one of the greatest challenges ahead. Further changes are needed to make the primary care and secondary and tertiary arms of the health system work together more effectively. Moreover, general practice needs to be brought into a closer working relationship with non-medical primary health and community care to tackle the growing burden of chronic disease.
Association of carcass weight with quality and functional properties of beef from Hanwoo steers
Authors: Jayasena Dinesh D. , Nam Ki Chang , Kim Jong Ju , Ahn Hyeonju , Jo Cheorun
Published: May 2014

The association of carcass weight with quality and functional properties of Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) beef was investigated. The carcasses of 250 Hanwoo steers were categorised into light (<375 kg; n = 74), medium (375–425 kg; n = 76) and heavy (>425 kg; n = 100) groups and were evaluated for back fat thickness, rib eye area, and beef marbling score 24 h postmortem using the Korean carcass grading system. Rib eye area, back fat thickness, and marbling score significantly increased (P < 0.05) with increasing carcass weight. However, marbling score and intramuscular fat content showed only a little increase (P < 0.05) beyond a limit of 375 kg. Inosine-5′-monophosphate concentration was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in medium and heavy carcasses. Carnosine concentration was significantly higher in medium carcasses. Total saturated fatty acid content and n-6 : n-3 ratio decreased as carcass weight increased (P < 0.05). Medium and heavy carcasses had significantly higher (P < 0.05) scores for sensory quality parameters. Overall, medium carcasses of Hanwoo displayed optimal sensory and health benefits while minimising the economic disadvantages of growing cattle to heavier weights.
Novel Synthesis, Molecular Structure, and Theoretical Studies of Dispiro Compounds via Pseudo-eight-component Reaction
Authors: Hazeri Nourallah , Lashkari Mojtaba , García-Granda Santiago , Torre-Fernández Laura
Published: May 2014

We have developed a diastereoselective synthesis of dispiro compounds through a one-pot domino pseudo-eight-component reaction of amines, aldehydes, and Meldrum’s acid. This method resulted in the generation of complex products with four stereocentres and involves formation of 10 new bonds. Quantum mechanical calculations were undertaken in order to determine the stability of the eight diastereomer structures of compound 4a. The crystal structure of 4k was determined by X-ray crystallography. Reaction mechanism can proceed through Knoevenagel, Aldol condensations, Diels-Alder cycloaddition, and Michael addition.
Can Lignin Wastes Originating From Cellulosic Ethanol Biorefineries Act as Radical Scavenging Agents?
Authors: Vanderghem Caroline , Jacquet Nicolas , Richel Aurore
Published: May 2014

Lignin is a co-product from the biorefinery and paper industries. Its non-energetic valorisation remains a field of extensive research and development. In this perspective, this study was undertaken to evaluate the radical scavenging ability of selected herbaceous lignins. These lignins, extracted from either Miscanthus (Miscanthus × giganteus) or switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), were selected as benchmarks for this study based on their chemical structure and average molecular weight. These technical lignins, which are side-products in the bioethanol production process, displayed a moderate antioxidant activity as evaluated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazil free radical scavenging test system. A correlation between the radical scavenging properties and the molecular features is proposed and discussed. Infrared spectroscopy was employed as a straightforward qualitative prediction tool for assessing the radical scavenging capacity.
Acanthocyclamine A From the Indonesian Marine Sponge Acanthostrongylophora ingens
Authors: Dewi Ariyanti S. , Hadi Tri A. , Fajarningsih Nurrahmi D. , Blanchfield Joanne T. , Bernhardt Paul V. , Garson Mary J.
Published: May 2014

A new 3-alkylpiperidine compound (–)-acanthocyclamine A (1) has been obtained from the methanolic extract of Acanthostrongylophora ingens (order Haplosclerida, family Petrosiidae) collected from Wakatobi Marine National Park in South East Sulawesi, Indonesia. The structure of 1 was investigated by extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments. The absolute configuration of 1 was established by X-ray crystallography from anomalous dispersion effects using Cu radiation as C2 (R), C3 (R), C7 (R), and C9 (R). A plausible biosynthetic scheme leading to 1 is presented, and compared with the biosynthetic pathway proposed for the manzamine alkaloids.
Synthesis of Indoxylic Acid Esters by Rhodium-catalyzed Carbene N–H Insertion and Thermal Cyclization
Authors: Honey Mark A. , Moody Christopher J.
Published: May 2014

Reaction between diethyl diazomalonate and a range of N-alkylanilines in the presence of a catalytic amount of rhodium(ii) acetate dimer afforded carbene N–H insertion to produce anilinomalonates in modest-to-good yields. Upon heating to a high temperature for a short time, the anilinomalonates underwent thermal cyclization to indoxylic acid esters.
Effects of fire on carbon fluxes of a calcareous grassland
Authors: Vončina Andrej , Ferlan Mitja , Eler Klemen , Batič Franc , Vodnik Dominik
Published: May 2014

Frequent fires on drought-prone grasslands, such as pastures in the sub-Mediterranean region, can induce large post-fire variations of CO2 fluxes between the ecosystem and the atmosphere. Consequently, substantial changes in the C-cycle can be expected. In our research, we studied post-fire carbon fluxes (net canopy CO2 exchange (NE) and canopy respiration) on calcareous karst grassland after two spring fire events, a natural one in 2010 and a man-induced (anthropogenic) one in 2011. Canopy chamber measurements performed at short regular time intervals throughout the season revealed the rapid recovery of NE after the initial loss of C-sink strength. The long-term effects of the natural fire were largely masked by an early-season drought. In contrast, the burned areas did not reach the productivity of non-disturbed sites until the end of the season after the anthropogenic fire in 2011, when the post-burning period was characterised by favourable growing conditions. The similar NE values could be explained by a significant reduction of respiration at burned areas. Our research showed that C-sink strength of grassland after a fire disturbance can be re-established quite rapidly, after a month, although a full recovery (regeneration of plant cover, C fluxes) can take more time. The re-establishment is largely dependent on environmental conditions (soil water availability).
Methodology to obtain isochrones from large wildfires
Authors: Manzano-Agugliaro F. , Pérez-Aranda J. , De La Cruz J. L.
Published: May 2014

In Mediterranean countries, a change in traditional uses of land has caused an increase in both the number of fires and the land area affected by fires. This situation creates a need to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of wildfire extinguishing devices. This improvement should be based on knowledge of the fire behaviour of various fires affecting similar areas. To study these fires, we considered a methodology to obtain isochrones at different stages of a wildfire through temporal georeferencing of aerial fire photographs. This methodology was applied to two large wildfires (1098 and 4609ha) that occurred in 2009 in the south of Spain. A total of 463 and 611 photographs were considered to respectively obtain seven and nine isochrones. These isochrones are representative of the development of the fires. In periods of greater intensity, this study exhibits a rate of propagation much higher than expected, reaching 7.8hamin–1 of burned surface and 160.0mmin–1 of perimeter growth in one example, whereas if we considered only the final perimeter of the fire, the speed of burned perimeter generation would be 28.2mmin–1 and of burned surface, 2.4hamin–1.
High-throughput platform for the discovery of elicitors of silent bacterial gene clusters
Authors: Seyedsayamdost Mohammad R.
Published: May 2014

Significance

Most clinically used antibiotics are derived from bacterial small molecules produced by dedicated biosynthetic gene clusters. Recent investigations have indicated that the majority of these biosynthetic genes are inactive or “silent.” Identifying the triggers that lead to activation of silent clusters would greatly expand our repertoire of therapeutic molecules. Described herein is a new, high-throughput approach for identifying activators of silent gene clusters. Application of this method to two bacterial clusters revealed that both could be efficiently activated and uncovered a new metabolite. Surprisingly, almost all elicitors discovered were antibiotics, suggesting they play an important role in modulating silent biosynthetic pathways. This approach promises to reveal useful small molecules and the biological regulatory mechanisms underlying silent gene clusters.
Stress-induced glucocorticoid signaling remodels neurovascular coupling through impairment of cerebrovascular inwardly rectifying K
+
channel function
Authors: Longden Thomas A. , Dabertrand Fabrice , Hill-Eubanks David C. , Hammack Sayamwong E. , Nelson Mark T.
Published: May 2014

Significance

When neurons become active, they signal to local arterioles via intermediate glial cells, called astrocytes, to evoke dilation. This increases local blood flow and provides the oxygen and glucose necessary to support ongoing neuronal function. This process is termed neurovascular coupling. We demonstrate that chronic stress—which is a contributing factor for many diseases—impairs neurovascular coupling in the amygdala, a region involved in stressor processing. Our results further indicate that this dysfunction is due to the loss of arteriolar inwardly rectifying potassium (K
+
) channel function, which makes vessels less able to respond to vasodilatory K
+
ions released by astrocytes during periods of increased neuronal activity. This neurovascular coupling impairment may contribute to the pathology of a range of brain disorders.
Botanical view of the use of plants in medieval medicine in the Eastern Mediterranean according to the Cairo Genizah
Authors: Lev Efraim
Published: May 2014

This article presents the medicinal plants that were used by the inhabitants of the medieval Eastern Mediterranean (mainly tenth to thirteenth centuries AD) and analyzes their geographical/phyto-botanical origin and their frequency of use at the medieval time. It also discusses various issues such as their historical trade and the continuation of their use in present-day Middle Eastern traditional medicine.

The Cairo Genizah is an historical source containing about 250,000 documents, found in a semi-archeological context (synagogue and graves). Since Cairo became the capital and consequently the economic and administrative center of the Muslim empire, the Jewish community had close connections with the Jewish communities of the Middle East, North Africa, Southern Europe, Sicily and India. Therefore, these highly valued documents record every aspect of life and reflect on the whole Mediterranean region and beyond.

The inventory of the practicalmateria medicawas reconstructed thanks to hundreds of documents such as prescriptions, list of drugs, and medical letters. It consists of 278 drugs, 223 of which are of plant origin. Asian medicinal plants became highly used in medieval Mediterranean medicine; the vast majority of them are still sold in Middle Eastern markets, although not with the same importance. It is important to note that some of them are sold today mainly for their other uses as spices, perfumes, incense, etc.
Survey of Infection Control Practices in Hemodialysis Units: Preventing Vascular Access–Associated Bloodstream Infections
Authors: Trépanier Pascale , Quach Caroline , Gonzales Milagros , Fortin Élise , Kaouache Mohammed , Desmeules Simon , Rocher Isabelle , Ngenda-Muadi Muleka , Frenette Charles , Tremblay Claude ,   on behalf of the Quebec Healthcare-Associated Infections Surveillance Program Hemodialysis Group
Published: May 2014

Objective

Despite surveillance, the Quebec Healthcare-Associated Infections Surveillance Program saw no improvement in vascular access–associated bloodstream infections in hemodialysis (HD). We aimed to determine the infection control measures recommended and implemented in Quebec’s HD units, compliance of local protocols to infection control practice guidelines, and reasons behind the low prevalence of arteriovenous fistulas.

Methods

An online survey was elaborated on the basis of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative guidelines. The questionnaire was validated (construct, content, face validity, and reliability) and sent to all HD units in Quebec (n = 40). Results were analyzed using descriptive statistics, linear regression, and Poisson regression.

Results

Thirty-seven (93%) of 40 HD units participated. Thirty (94%) of the 32 centers where central catheters are inserted have written insertion protocols. Compliance with practice guidelines is good, except for full-body draping during catheter insertion (79%) and ointment use at insertion site (3%). Prevention measures for catheter maintenance are in accordance with guidelines, except for skin disinfection with at least 0.5% chlorhexidine and 70% alcohol (67% compliance) and regular antiseptic ointment use at the insertion site (3%). Before fistula cannulation, skin preparation is suboptimal; forearm hygiene is performed in only 61% of cases. Several factors explain the low rate of fistulas, including patient preference (69%) and lack of surgical resources (39%; P = .01).

Conclusions

Improvement in standardization of care according to practice guidelines is necessary. Fistula rate could be increased by improving access to surgical resources and patient education. Strategies are now being elaborated to address these findings.
Antitonicity of the inverse for selfadjoint matrices, operators, and relations
Authors: Behrndt Jussi , Hassi Seppo , Wietsma Hendrik , de Snoo Henk
Published: May 2014

Let

H
1

H_1

and

H
2

H_2

be selfadjoint operators or relations (multivalued operators) acting on a separable Hilbert space and assume that the inequality

H
1

≤

H
2

H_1 \leq H_2

holds. Then the validity of the inequalities

−

H
1

−
1

≤
−

H
2

−
1

-H_1^{-1} \le -H_2^{-1}

and

H
2

−
1

≤

H
1

−
1

H_2^{-1} \le H_1^{-1}

is characterized in terms of the inertia of

H
1

H_1

and

H
2

H_2

. Such results are known for matrices and boundedly invertible operators. In the present paper those results are extended to selfadjoint, in general unbounded, not necessarily boundedly invertible, operators and, more generally, for selfadjoint relations in separable Hilbert spaces.
SNAP23, Syntaxin4, and vesicle-associated membrane protein 7 (VAMP7) mediate trafficking of membrane type 1–matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) during invadopodium formation and tumor cell invasion
Authors: Williams Karla C. , McNeilly Rachael E. , Coppolino Marc G.
Published: May 2014

Movement through the extracellular matrix (ECM) requires cells to degrade ECM components, primarily through the action of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Membrane type 1–matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) has an essential role in matrix degradation and cell invasion and localizes to subcellular degradative structures termed invadopodia. Trafficking of MT1-MMP to invadopodia is required for the function of these structures, and here we examine the role of N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor–activating protein receptor (SNARE)–mediated membrane traffic in the transport of MT1-MMP to invadopodia. During invadopodium formation in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells, increased association of SNAP23, Syntaxin4, and vesicle-associated membrane protein 7 (VAMP7) is detected by coimmunoprecipitation. Blocking the function of these SNAREs perturbs invadopodium-based ECM degradation and cell invasion. Increased level of SNAP23-Syntaxin4-VAMP7 interaction correlates with decreased Syntaxin4 phosphorylation. These results reveal an important role for SNARE-regulated trafficking of MT1-MMP to invadopodia during cellular invasion of ECM.
Neurosteroids Allopregnanolone Sulfate and Pregnanolone Sulfate Have Diverse Effect on the α Subunit of the Neuronal Voltage-gated Sodium Channels Nav1.2, Nav1.6, Nav1.7, and Nav1.8 Expressed in Xenopus Oocytes
Authors: Horishita Takafumi , Yanagihara Nobuyuki , Ueno Susumu , Sudo Yuka , Uezono Yasuhito , Okura Dan , Minami Tomoko , Kawasaki Takashi , Sata Takeyoshi
Published: May 2014

Background:

The neurosteroids allopregnanolone and pregnanolone are potent positive modulators of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors. Antinociceptive effects of allopregnanolone have attracted much attention because recent reports have indicated the potential of allopregnanolone as a therapeutic agent for refractory pain. However, the analgesic mechanisms of allopregnanolone are still unclear. Voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav) are thought to play important roles in inflammatory and neuropathic pain, but there have been few investigations on the effects of allopregnanolone on sodium channels.

Methods:

Using voltage-clamp techniques, the effects of allopregnanolone sulfate (APAS) and pregnanolone sulfate (PAS) on sodium current were examined in Xenopus oocytes expressing Nav1.2, Nav1.6, Nav1.7, and Nav1.8 α subunits.

Results:

APAS suppressed sodium currents of Nav1.2, Nav1.6, and Nav1.7 at a holding potential causing half-maximal current in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas it markedly enhanced sodium current of Nav1.8 at a holding potential causing maximal current. Half-maximal inhibitory concentration values for Nav1.2, Nav1.6, and Nav1.7 were 12 ± 4 (n = 6), 41 ± 2 (n = 7), and 131 ± 15 (n = 5) μmol/l (mean ± SEM), respectively. The effects of PAS were lower than those of APAS. From gating analysis, two compounds increased inactivation of all α subunits, while they showed different actions on activation of each α subunit. Moreover, two compounds showed a use-dependent block on Nav1.2, Nav1.6, and Nav1.7.

Conclusion:

APAS and PAS have diverse effects on sodium currents in oocytes expressing four α subunits. APAS inhibited the sodium currents of Nav1.2 most strongly.
Withdrawal of Immunosuppression Following Pediatric Liver Transplantation
Authors: Mohammad Saeed , Li Zhe , Englesbe Michael , Skaro Anton , Alonso Estella
Published: May 2014

Objectives:

Survivors of pediatric liver transplantation are at risk for developing complications related to posttransplant immunosuppressive medications. Withdrawal is possible in selected patients but carries the risk of graft rejection and loss. We modeled the effect of withdrawing immunosuppressive medications on survival, cost, and quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs) in a hypothetical cohort of pediatric patients who received transplantation for biliary atresia with stable liver enzymes and no recent episodes of rejection, and who were free from immunosuppression‐related adverse effects.

Methods:

A decision analysis tree was developed, and Monte Carlo simulations were used to track patients through the model during a 10‐year time course with 1‐year cycles. Data from the literature were used to assign probabilities to major clinical events and preference‐based utility scores to the values of health outcomes. One‐way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were used to evaluate the impact of uncertainty.

Results:

Patients following the withdrawal strategy had a 10‐year survival rate of 95.8% and experienced 8.61 QALYs versus 88.6% survival and 8.01 QALYs for those taking immunosuppressive medications. Each additional QALY is attained at a cost of −$18,992.41 and was therefore cost saving.

Conclusions:

Patients in our model who had their immunosuppression withdrawn had improved survival and QALYs with lower costs. Although every effort was made to validate the model, it is limited by the accuracy of the underlying assumptions. Therefore, clinical trials are needed to determine predictors of successful immunosuppression withdrawal to allow for personalization of medication regimens.
Intraepithelial Lymphocyte Eotaxin‐2 Expression and Perineural Mast Cell Degranulation Differentiate Allergic/Eosinophilic Colitis From Classic IBD
Authors: Torrente Franco , Barabino Arrigo , Bellini Tommaso , Murch Simon H.
Published: May 2014

Objectives:

Allergic colitis shows overlap with classic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clinically, allergic colitis is associated with dysmotility and abdominal pain, and mucosal eosinophilia is characteristic. We thus aimed to characterise mucosal changes in children with allergic colitis compared with normal tissue and classic IBD, focusing on potential interaction between eosinophils and mast cells with enteric neurones.

Methods:

A total of 15 children with allergic colitis, 10 with Crohn disease (CD), 10 with ulcerative colitis (UC), and 10 histologically normal controls were studied. Mucosal biopsies were stained for CD3 T cells, Ki‐67, eotaxin‐1, and eotaxin‐2. Eotaxin‐2, IgE, and tryptase were localised compared with mucosal nerves, using neuronal markers neurofilament protein, neuron‐specific enolase, and nerve growth factor receptor.

Results:

Overall inflammation was greater in patients with CD and UC than in patients with allergic colitis. CD3 T‐cell density was increased in patients with allergic colitis, similar to that in patients with CD but lower than in patients with UC, whereas eosinophil density was higher than in all other groups. Eotaxin‐1 and ‐2 were localised to basolateral crypt epithelium in all specimens, with eotaxin‐1+ lamina propria cells found in all of the colitis groups. Eotaxin‐2+ intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) density was significantly higher in allergic colitis specimens than in all other groups. Mast cell degranulation was strikingly increased in patients with allergic colitis (12/15) compared with that in patients with UC (1/10) and CD (0/1). Tryptase and IgE colocalised on enteric neurons in patients with allergic colitis but rarely in patients with IBD.

Conclusions:

Eotaxin‐2+ IELs may contribute to the periepithelial eosinophil accumulation characteristic of allergic colitis. The colocalisation of IgE and tryptase with mucosal enteric nerves is likely to promote the dysmotility and visceral hyperalgesia classically seen in allergic gastrointestinal inflammation.
Females that experience threat are better teachers
Authors: Kleindorfer Sonia , Evans Christine , Colombelli-Négrel Diane
Published: May 2014

Superb fairy-wren (
Malurus cyaneus
) females use an incubation call to teach their embryos a vocal password to solicit parental feeding care after hatching. We previously showed that high call rate by the female was correlated with high call similarity in fairy-wren chicks, but not in cuckoo chicks, and that parent birds more often fed chicks with high call similarity. Hosts should be selected to increase their defence behaviour when the risk of brood parasitism is highest, such as when cuckoos are present in the area. Therefore, we experimentally test whether hosts increase call rate to embryos in the presence of a singing Horsfield's bronze-cuckoo (
Chalcites basalis
). Female fairy-wrens increased incubation call rate when we experimentally broadcast cuckoo song near the nest. Embryos had higher call similarity when females had higher incubation call rate. We interpret the findings of increased call rate as increased teaching effort in response to a signal of threat.
Male–female relatedness and patterns of male reproductive investment in guppies
Authors: Fitzpatrick Luisa J. , Gasparini Clelia , Fitzpatrick John L. , Evans Jonathan P.
Published: May 2014

Inbreeding can cause reductions in fitness, driving the evolution of pre- and postcopulatory inbreeding avoidance mechanisms. There is now considerable evidence for such processes in females, but few studies have focused on males, particularly in the context of postcopulatory inbreeding avoidance. Here, we address this topic by exposing male guppies (Poecilia reticulata) to either full-sibling or unrelated females and determining whether they adjust investment in courtship and ejaculates. Our results revealed that males reduce their courtship but concomitantly exhibit short-term increases in ejaculate quality when paired with siblings. In conjunction with prior work reporting cryptic female preferences for unrelated sperm, our present findings reveal possible sexually antagonistic counter-adaptations that may offset postcopulatory inbreeding avoidance by females.