bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detecting Water Loss Sink Points in Shallow Flooded Agricultural Environments Using a Visual Technique Based on Infrared Thermography: Laboratory Testing
Authors: Zehsaz Soheil , de Lima João L. M. P. , de Lima M. Isabel P.
Published: August 2024

This study presents a new visual-based method that uses a thermal tracer and infrared thermography to detect sink points in shallow flooded areas. Laboratory experiments were conducted in a 2 × 2 m2 soil flume where different scenarios with varying sink characteristics (e.g., permeability) were examined. To detect the sink point, hot water was continuously applied to create a temperature gradient across the flooded area, and multiple tracer discharges were tested. A portable infrared video camera was used to obtain high-resolution thermal imaging. The sink detection method was based on tracking the leading edge of the tracer’s plume over time. This method successfully identified water sink points in most experimental scenarios and provided valuable insights into surface flow processes. Specific combinations of tracer discharge and sink characteristics (e.g., location and saturated hydraulic conductivity) could influence the method’s effectiveness in detecting the sink location.
A Highly Accurate Detection Platform for Potato Seedling Canopy in Intelligent Agriculture Based on Phased Array LiDAR Technology
Authors: Tan Hewen , Wang Peizhuang , Yan Xingwei , Xin Qingqing , Mu Guizhi , Lv Zhaoqin
Published: August 2024

Precision agriculture, rooted in the principles of intelligent agriculture, plays a pivotal role in fostering a sustainable, healthy, and eco-friendly economy. In order to promote the precision and intelligence of potato seedling management, an innovative platform designed using phased array LiDAR technology was used for precise and accurate detection of potato canopy height. The platform is intricately designed, featuring a suite of components that includes a high-precision rotary encoder, a reliable motor, a robust frame, an inclinometer for precise angle measurements, a computer for data processing, a height adjustment mechanism for adaptability, and an advanced LiDAR system. The LiDAR system is tasked with emitting pulses of laser light toward the canopy of the potato plants, which then scans the canopy to ascertain its height. The result of this scanning process is a rich, three-dimensional point cloud data map that provides a detailed representation of the entire experimental population of potato seedlings. Subsequently, a specialized algorithm for potato seedling canopy height was designed based on integrating the altitude of LiDAR’s installation, the precise measurements from the inclinometer sensor, and the meticulously conducted postprocessing of canopy height data. This algorithm meticulously accounts for a multitude of variables, thereby ensuring a high degree of precision and reliability in the assessment of the potato canopy’s dimensions. The minimum relative error between the measured values of the outdoor canopy height detection platform and the manually measured height is 3.67 ± 0.42%, and the maximum relative error is 8.36 ± 3.47%, respectively. The average relative error is between 3 and 9%, comfortably below the 10% benchmark, which meets the rigorous measurement standards. This platform can efficiently, automatically, and accurately scan the canopy information of potato plants, providing a reference for the automated detection of potato canopy height.
Epidemiology of Mycosphaerella Leaf Spot and Powdery Mildew and Agronomic Parameters of Strawberry Cultivars and Genotypes in the Highland Region of Southern Brazil
Authors: Lima Juliana Martins de , Fagherazzi Antônio Felipe , Nerbass Francine Regianini , Petry Daiana , Kretzschmar Aike Anneliese , Baruzzi Gianlucca , Rufato Leo , Bogo Amauri
Published: August 2024

The productivity and quality of strawberries in southern Brazil are affected by the lack of cultivars adapted to different regions and by their susceptibility to diseases. This study aims to evaluate the resistance of cultivars and genotypes to mycosphaerella leaf spot (MLS) and powdery mildew (PM) and the quantitative and qualitative fruit agronomic parameters (FAP) of strawberries in southern Brazil during the 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 growing seasons. The incidence and severity of MLS and PM were evaluated from the beginning of symptoms appearances until harvest. Cultivars and genotypes were compared based on the area under the incidence (AUIDPC) and severity (AUSDPC) disease progress curves and the quantitative and qualitative FAP. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, and multivariate analysis was performed using principal component analysis (PCA). The cultivars Irma, Bellalinda, Kiara, Jonica, and Pircinque exhibited the lowest values of AUIDPC and AUSDPC, demonstrating the highest resistance to MLS and PM. The cultivars Kiara, Jonica, and Pircinque, along with genotype FRF LAM 119.1, showed the best qualitative and quantitative FAP. However, the FRF LAM 119.1 genotype exhibited the highest values of AUIDPC and AUSDPC, indicating high susceptibility to MLS and PM. CPA data indicated that the cultivars Kiara, Jonica, and Pircinque had the highest level of resistance, which was associated with the highest total fruit yield and the best fruit quality in terms of skin color and flavor balance. Kiara, Jonica, and Pircinque proved to be good options for strawberry production in southern Brazil, combining resistance to MLS and PM with good FAP.
Nonlinear Nexus between Agricultural Tourism Integration and Agricultural Green Total Factor Productivity in China
Authors: Yang Bing , Li Yansong , Wang Mengjiao , Liu Jianxu
Published: August 2024

The integration of agriculture and tourism has emerged as a potential strategy to boost agricultural productivity and promote sustainable rural development in China. This study investigates the impact of agricultural tourism integration (ATI) on agricultural green total factor productivity (AGTFP) in China, filling a research gap in understanding the complex dynamic nexus. We examine the mediating role of the agricultural industrial structure adjustment index (AISAI) and the threshold effects of ATI and human capital level (HCL) using a panel dataset of 30 Chinese provinces from 2011 to 2021. The empirical results reveal three key findings: (1) ATI has a significant positive impact on AGTFP growth; (2) the AISAI partially mediates the relationship between ATI and AGTFP; and (3) ATI and HCL have a double-threshold effect and a single-threshold effect on the ATI-AGTFP nexus, respectively. These findings suggest that the effectiveness of ATI in promoting AGTFP varies across different stages of integration and levels of human capital development. The empirical results contribute to the literature on rural development strategies by providing an in-depth understanding of how ATI influences agricultural productivity and sustainability. Based on these findings, we propose targeted policy recommendations to optimize ATI strategies and invest in human capital to improve the resilience and sustainability of rural economies in China.
The Effects of Different Soil Substrates on the Growth and Root Coixol Content of Local Coix Varieties in China
Authors: Liu Junkai , Lyu Puliang , Wu Chao , Liu Fang , Zhao Xue , Tang Hui
Published: August 2024

Coix lacryma-jobi L., an annual or perennial plant belonging to the Poaceae family, has long been cultivated as a food and medicine plant in China. In recent years, coix cultivation for high yields and good quality has become a research hotspot in Southwest China. Soil optimization is essential for improving crop growth. To ensure the robust establishment of coix plants, eight soil substrates, prepared from three typical soils, i.e., red clay soil, peat soil, and sandy soil, were used to cultivate two local coix varieties (Pu coix from Fujian Province, China; Qi coix from Hebei Province, China), and the plant growth and root coixol content of the two coix varieties were investigated. It was found that coix plants could maintain growth when cultivated with peat soil or sandy soil, but red clay soil was unfavorable for coix growth. The mixtures of sandy soils and peat soils resulted in synergistic benefits for coix growth and root coixol levels over the effects of sandy soil or peat soil alone. In conclusion, the mixtures of sandy soils and peat soils with appropriate proportions (sandy soils/peat soils = 2:1) were suggested as an ideal soil substrate for coix cultivation. The results provide valuable guidance for the establishment of coix plants, which could contribute to high yields and good quality in coix cultivation.
Enhancement of Fermentation Performance in the Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Chicken Manure and Corn Straw under Biogas Slurry Reflux via Air Stripping of the Digestate
Authors: Zhu Jiaoning , Zhang Jingxuan , Tang Yun , Zhang Xiaoyuan , Shi Xiangyuan , Wang Xiuhong , Li Yongping
Published: August 2024

Ammonium inhibition is a key limiting factor for anaerobic digestion when using chicken manure as the main substrate, especially in a digestion system with biogas slurry reflux. Air stripping is usually used as a recycled biogas slurry treatment. In this study, we carried out the anaerobic co-digestion of chicken manure and corn straw. The fermentation performance was investigated with and without air stripping at different biogas slurry reflux ratios and with an increasing organic loading rate. The results show that air stripping enhanced biogas production, system stability, and volatile solid removal efficiency via the mitigation control of ammonium inhibition. The total ammonium nitrogen in the digesters with air stripping was 20.24–46.40% lower than in those without air stripping. The highest specific biogas production and volatile solid removal efficiency values were obtained in the digesters at an organic loading rate of 3.3 g volatile solid (VS)/(L·d) and a reflux ratio of 75% with air stripping, reaching 480.43 mL/gVSadd and 63.36%, respectively. Moreover, air stripping also improved the organic loading rate and reflux ratio. Stable operation was achieved at an organic loading rate of 5.3 gVS/(L·d) and a reflux ratio of 75%, with specific biogas production of 392.35 mL/gVSadd and a volatile solid removal efficiency of 50.33%. The fermentation performance deteriorated when the organic loading rate was increased to 8.0 gVS/(L·d) at a reflux ratio of 75%, even when air stripping was conducted, indicating that a slighter lower reflux ratio (50%) could be more feasible at a higher organic loading rate (8.0 gVS/(L·d). Additionally, the methanogen community structure varied according to the use of air stripping, with a shift in the methanogenic pathway from hydrogenotrophic to acetoclastic methanogens. Overall, our findings support the adoption of air stripping for ammonium mitigation in anaerobic digestion with biogas slurry reflux.
NDVI Prediction of Mediterranean Permanent Grasslands Using Soil Moisture Products
Authors: Milazzo Filippo , Brocca Luca , Vanwalleghem Tom
Published: August 2024

Vegetation indices are widely used to assess vegetation dynamics. The Normalized Vegetation Index (NDVI) is the most widely used metric in agriculture, frequently as a proxy for different physiological and agronomical aspects, such as crop yield or biomass, crop density, or drought stress. Much effort has therefore been directed to NDVI forecasting, which is usually correlated with precipitation. However, in Mediterranean and arid climates, the relationship is more complex due to prolonged dry periods and sparse precipitation events. In this study, we forecast the NDVI 7 and 30 days ahead for Mediterranean permanent grasslands using a machine learning Random Forest (RF) model for the period from 2015 to 2022. The model compares two soil moisture products as predictors: simulated soil moisture values based on in situ soil moisture sensor observations and remote sensing-derived observations of Soil Water Index (SWI) values. We further analyzed the anomalies of the predicted NDVI using the z-score. The results show that both products can be used as reliable predictors for permanent grasslands in Mediterranean areas. Predictions at 7 days are more accurate and better forecast the negative effect of drought on vegetation dynamics than those at 30 days. This study shows the potential of using a simple methodology and readily available data to predict the grassland growth dynamics in the Mediterranean area.
Adding Sulfur to Soil Improved Cucumber Plants’ Resistance to Powdery Mildew
Authors: Jia Hongwei , Wang Zifan , Kang Xinna , Wang Jing , Wu Yahong , Yao Zeyang , Zhou Yanwei , Li Yuke , Fu Yu , Huang Yuan , Shi Jianhua , Shang Zhonglin
Published: August 2024

Chemical fungicides can effectively prevent and control powdery mildew, but they can also leave pesticide residues in the environment and on cucumbers. In this study, we added sulfur powder to the soil where cucumbers were grown to see how it affected the occurrence of powdery mildew. The results showed that adding sulfur increased sulfur absorption by the cucumbers, improved plant immunity, and reduced the incidence of powdery mildew. Furthermore, adding sulfur to the soil increased soluble protein content in cucumber leaves, enhanced photosynthesis, and significantly increased fruit yield. Additionally, sulfur addition decreased soil dehydrogenase activity and increased sucrase activity, potentially impacting soil microbial activity. In conclusion, this study found that adding sulfur had a positive inhibitory effect on the occurrence of cucumber powdery mildew while not significantly impacting the soil environment. These findings provide valuable insights for developing new control methods that are easy to implement, cost-effective, reliable, and environmentally safe.
Environmentally Friendly and Effective Alternative Approaches to Pest Management: Recent Advances and Challenges
Authors: Shang Huanzhang , He Dejia , Li Boliao , Chen Xiulin , Luo Kun , Li Guangwei
Published: August 2024

The most important requirement in sustainable agriculture is to significantly reduce the application of chemical pesticides, and environmentally friendly and effective approaches to pest management should be established to control the population size of dominant pests. To promote the development of promising plant protection measures, substantial efforts have been made regarding the identification of secondary botanical chemicals, pheromones, and RNA pesticides, as well as the optimization of the feeding conditions of biocontrol agents and the treatment methods of defensive phytohormones. Advances in these areas have revealed effective strategies for pest management, some of which have been widely implemented in agricultural practices. Although the effectiveness of some of these attempts is evidenced by their success in combating herbivore insects, significant challenges remain. Thus, this review summarizes the potential applications and challenges associated with the environmentally friendly and effective alternative strategies currently implemented in pest management. It is revealed that a combination of these approaches will significantly impede the evolution of pests, leading to maximum efficiency in pest management.
New Races of Hemileia vastatrix Detected in Peruvian Coffee Fields
Authors: Julca-Otiniano Alberto , Alvarado-Huamán Leonel , Castro-Cepero Viviana , Borjas-Ventura Ricardo , Gómez-Pando Luz , Pereira Ana Paula , Nielen Stephan , Ingelbrecht Ivan , Silva Maria do Céu , Várzea Vítor
Published: August 2024

Coffee leaf rust (CLR), a fungal disease caused by Hemileia vastatrix, represents Peru’s most significant threat to coffee production. The CLR epidemic (2012–2013) led Peru to implement an emergency plan under which coffee plantations underwent renewal using rust-resistant varieties derived from a Timor hybrid (HDT; Coffea arabica × canephora hybrid) like Catimors. Nevertheless, new pathogenic rust races capable of infecting these varieties have been recorded. Eighteen rust samples from coffee genotypes, such as Caturra, Typica, and Catimor, were collected in various Peruvian regions and sent to CIFC/ISA/UL (Centro de Investigação das Ferrugens do Cafeeiro/Instituto Superior de Agronomia/Universidade de Lisboa) in Portugal for race characterization. Assessing the virulence spectra of rust samples on a set of 27 coffee differentials resulted in the identification of 5 known and 2 new races. This study emphasizes the significance of conducting surveys on the diversity of H. vastatrix races in Peru for effective disease management. Moreover, Catimor lines, widely cultivated in coffee-growing countries, are susceptible to the 2 new races and to races XXXIV and XXXV identified in this study. Thus, coffee farmers need to know the resistance spectrum of new varieties before introducing them to CLR-affected regions.
Molecular Identification and Functional Characterization of LC-PUFA Biosynthesis Elongase (elovl2) Gene in Chinese Sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis)
Authors: Ding Haoze , Shi Xuetao , Wen Zhengyong , Zhu Xin , Chen Pei , Hu Yacheng , Xiao Kan , Yang Jing , Tian Tian , Zhang Dezhi , Wang Shuqi , Li Yang
Published: August 2024

Elongases of very-long-chain fatty acids (Elovls) are critical rate-limiting enzymes that are involved in LC-PUFA biosynthesis through catalyzing the two-carbon elongation of a pre-existing fatty acyl chain. Thus far, several Elovls have been extensively studied in teleost. However, the functional and physiological roles of Elovls in chondrichthyans have rarely been reported. In this study, we identified and characterized elovl2 from the endangered Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) by whole genome scanning. The results show that the coding sequence of elovl2 was 894 bp in length, for a putative protein of 297 amnio acids. Comparative genomic analyses indicated that Chinese sturgeon elovl2 was evolutionarily conserved. Functional characterization in yeast demonstrated that the Chinese sturgeon Elovl2 could efficiently elongate C20 (ARA and EPA) and C22 (22:4n-6 and 22:5n-3) substrates, confirming its critical roles in LC-PUFA biosynthesis. Spatial and temporal expression analyses showed high elovl2 mRNA levels were detected in the liver and brain and showed an increase trend both in embryonic and post-hatching stages. Interestingly, diets with vegetable oils as lipid sources could significantly induce the high expression of elovl2 in Chinese sturgeon, implying that the endogenous LC-PUFA biosynthesis pathway was stimulated by lack of LC-PUFA in their diets. Our findings will enhance our understanding about the evolutionary and functional roles of elovl2 and provide novel insights into the LC-PUFA biosynthesis mechanism in vertebrates.
Endoparasitic Diseases in Breeding Kennels: A Frequent and Complex Problem Requiring a Holistic Approach
Authors: Grellet Aurélien , Mila Hanna
Published: August 2024

Parasitic infestations in dogs are frequent, particularly in breeding kennels, being a cause of suffering in animals and economic loss for breeders. In breeding bitches, some parasites may cause abortion, and in puppies they may be responsible for neonatal mortality, weaning diarrhea, or neurological clinical signs. This review aims to investigate the factors of predisposition, diagnostics, and control in relation to the most frequent parasitic diseases in breeding kennels. It highlights that the control of parasitic diseases in dogs at the population level is complex. A holistic multidisciplinary and pluritechnical approach is thus needed to deal with endoparasitoses.
Effect of Postbiotic Supplementation on Nutrient Digestibility and Milk Yield during the Transition Period in Dairy Cows
Authors: Vicente Fernando , Campo-Celada María , Menéndez-Miranda Mario , García-Rodríguez Jairo , Martínez-Fernández Adela
Published: August 2024

The metabolites secreted by probiotics or released after their lysis are called postbiotics. They provide physiological benefits to the host, preventing the colonisation of pathogens by improving the intestinal environment for beneficial commensal bacteria, which reduces the incidence of digestive disorders and improves the immune system. The aim of this work was to evaluate the addition of postbiotics to dairy cow rations during the transition period on nutrient digestibility, composition, and milk yield. The effects of two postbiotics were evaluated in twelve Friesian cows from 30 days before calving to two months of lactation. The animals were randomly allocated to two treatment groups: control (CT) and supplemented with postbiotics (PC and PR). Feeding was ad libitum with 60/40 of forage/concentrate ratio on dry matter basis. Daily feed intake and milk production were recorded individually throughout the study. Two digestibility balances were performed, one before parturition and one after parturition. Colostrum was sampled at first milking and milk was sampled weekly. Data were analysed using a mixed mode in R software 4.4.1. The results suggest that postbiotic supplementation in late gestation and early lactation increase the voluntary intake of dry matter, especially in the PR treatment, with higher apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fibre. Both treatments including postbiotics induced an increase in colostral immunoglobulin concentration. Milk production of cows receiving the PC treatment was the highest, with high fat and protein yields and a higher persistence of the production curve throughout the lactation.
Select Venous Analytes and Fibrinogen Determination Using Two Methods in Brown Pelicans
Authors: Gessner-Knepel Amelia , Gentry Jordan , Schmalz Sharon , Russell Karen E. , Heatley J. Jill
Published: August 2024

The brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis) is a species often affected by natural and man-made disasters such as hurricanes and oil spills, as well as general human activities; that subsequently receives medical care and rehabilitation. During rehabilitation, blood may be collected for various tests to help with diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. Reference intervals for this species are limited, dated, and typically from small sample sizes. Seventy-one presumed healthy brown pelicans were sampled as part of their pre-release examination from rehabilitation at the Wildlife Center of Texas after a large volume stranding from December 2014 to January 2015, and various venous analytes were measured to establish updated reference intervals for brown pelicans. Fibrinogen was measured via heat precipitation and the Abaxis VSPro equine fibrinogen cartridge to determine reference intervals and in an attempt to validate the VSPro for use in avian species. Abaxis VS2 Avian/Reptile Chemistry panel, iSTAT CG4+, and iSTAT Chem8+ results, in addition to body condition score, spun PCV, cloacal temperature, and fibrinogen were measured. Proposed reference intervals for brown pelicans are presented. Fibrinogen results were not comparable between the gold standard method and the VSPro, indicating that the VSPro is not appropriate for use in brown pelicans.
Environmental Enrichment in Rabbit Husbandry: Comparative Impacts on Performance and Welfare
Authors: El-Sabrout Karim , Sherasiya Anjum , Ahmad Sohail , Aggag Sarah , Nannoni Eleonora , Cavallini Damiano , Buonaiuto Giovanni
Published: August 2024

Rabbits are highly susceptible to environmental stress. Such stress, stemming from conventional housing conditions, can negatively impact well-being and productivity. Some of these negative consequences are increased susceptibility to diseases and infections and reduced growth rates and reproductive performance, as well as increased behavioral issues such as aggression. Environmental enrichment is the modification of the environment in which a domesticated animal lives in order to meet the species’ behavioral needs. The objective of providing enrichment is to facilitate animals in expressing natural behaviors, thereby preventing behavioral frustration and negative affective states. Several inexpensive and safe materials can be used to enrich rabbit enclosures. This review emphasizes the significance of implementing diverse environmental enrichments to alleviate stress in rabbit farming. It summarizes their effects on animal performance and welfare while exploring potential future perspectives in this field.
Dynamics of IgM and IgG Antibody Response Profile against Linear B-Cell Epitopes from Exoerythrocytic (CelTOS and TRAP) and Erythrocytic (CyRPA) Phases of Plasmodium vivax: Follow-Up Study
Authors: Rodolphi Cinthia Magalhães , Soares Isabela Ferreira , Matos Ada da Silva , Rodrigues-da-Silva Rodrigo Nunes , Ferreira Marcelo Urbano , Pratt-Riccio Lilian Rose , Totino Paulo Renato Rivas , Scopel Kézia Katiani Gorza , Lima-Junior Josué da Costa
Published: August 2024

Malaria is a serious health problem worldwide affecting mainly children and socially vulnerable people. The biological particularities of P. vivax, such as the ability to generate dormant liver stages, the rapid maturation of gametocytes, and the emergence of drug resistance, have contributed to difficulties in disease control. In this context, developing an effective vaccine has been considered a fundamental tool for the efficient control and/or elimination of vivax malaria. Although recombinant proteins have been the main strategy used in designing vaccine prototypes, synthetic immunogenic peptides have emerged as a viable alternative for this purpose. Considering, therefore, that in the Brazilian endemic population, little is known about the profile of the humoral immune response directed to synthetic peptides that represent different P. vivax proteins, the present work aimed to map the epitope-specific antibodies’ profiles to synthetic peptides representing the linear portions of the ookinete and sporozoite cell passage protein (CelTOS), thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (TRAP), and cysteine-rich protective antigen (CyRPA) proteins in the acute (AC) and convalescent phases (Conv30 and Conv180 after infection) of vivax malaria. The results showed that the studied subjects responded to all proteins for at least six months following infection. For IgM, a few individuals (3–21%) were positive during the acute phase of the disease; the highest frequencies were observed for IgG (28–57%). Regarding the subclasses, IgG2 and IgG3 stood out as the most prevalent for all peptides. During the follow-up, the stability of IgG was observed for all peptides. Only one significant positive correlation was observed between IgM and exposure time. We conclude that for all the peptides, the immunodominant epitopes are recognized in the exposed population, with similar frequency and magnitude. However, if the antibodies detected in this study are potential protectors, this needs to be investigated.
A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model Relates the Subcutaneous Bioavailability of Monoclonal Antibodies to the Saturation of FcRn-Mediated Recycling in Injection-Site-Draining Lymph Nodes
Authors: Stader Felix , Liu Cong , Derbalah Abdallah , Momiji Hiroshi , Pan Xian , Gardner Iain , Jamei Masoud , Sepp Armin
Published: August 2024

The bioavailability of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) or another therapeutic protein after subcutaneous (SC) dosing is challenging to predict from first principles, even if the impact of injection site physiology and drug properties on mAb bioavailability is generally understood. We used a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to predict pre-systemic clearance after SC administration mechanistically by incorporating the FcRn salvage pathway in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in peripheral lymph nodes, draining the injection site. Clinically observed data of the removal rate of IgG from the arm as well as its plasma concentration after SC dosing were mostly predicted within the 95% confidence interval. The bioavailability of IgG was predicted to be 70%, which mechanistically relates to macropinocytosis in the draining lymph nodes and transient local dose-dependent partial saturation of the FcRn receptor in the APCs, resulting in higher catabolism and consequently less drug reaching the systemic circulation. The predicted free FcRn concentration was reduced to 40–45%, reaching the minimum 1–2 days after the SC administration of IgG, and returned to baseline after 8–12 days, depending on the site of injection. The model predicted the uptake into APCs, the binding affinity to FcRn, and the dose to be important factors impacting the bioavailability of a mAb.
Clostridioides difficile Infection: Use of Inflammatory Biomarkers and Hemogram-Derived Ratios to Predict Mortality Risk in Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Scarlata Giuseppe Guido Maria , Quirino Angela , Costache Carmen , Toc Dan Alexandru , Marascio Nadia , Pantanella Marta , Leucuta Daniel Corneliu , Ismaiel Abdulrahman , Dumitrascu Dan Lucian , Abenavoli Ludovico
Published: August 2024

Background: Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a significant cause of mortality, especially in healthcare environments. Reliable biomarkers that can accurately predict mortality in CDI patients are yet to be evaluated. Our study aims to evaluate the accuracy of several inflammatory biomarkers and hemogram-derived ratios in predicting mortality in CDI patients, such as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), the platelet-to-neutrophil ratio (PNR), the derived neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (dNLR), C-reactive protein (CRP), the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and procalcitonin (PCT). Results: NLR showed a sensitivity of 72.5% and a specificity of 58.42% with an area under curve (AUC) = 0.652. SII had a sensitivity of 77.5%, a specificity of 54.74%, and an AUC = 0.64. PNR, neutrophils, dNLR, and lymphocytes had lower AUCs which ranged from 0.595 to 0.616, with varied sensitivity and specificity. CRP, leukocytes, and platelets showed modest predictive values with AUCs below 0.6. PCT had a sensitivity of 100%, a low specificity of 7.41%, and an AUC = 0.528. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of CDI patients from two different hospital settings in Italy and Romania during the COVID-19 pandemic, from 1 January 2020 to 5 May 2023. Statistical analyses included t-tests, Wilcoxon rank-sum tests, χ2 tests, and multivariate logistic regression to identify predictors of mortality. ROC analysis assessed the accuracy of biomarkers and hemogram-derived ratios. A p value < 0.05 was considered significant. Conclusions: Neutrophils, dNLR, NLR, SII, and PNR are valuable biomarkers for predicting mortality in CDI patients. Understanding these predictors can improve risk stratification and clinical outcomes for CDI patients.
Cefiderocol-Based Regimen for Acinetobacter NDM-1 Outbreak
Authors: Travi Giovanna , Peracchi Francesco , Merli Marco , Lo Re Noemi , Matarazzo Elisa , Tartaglione Livia , Bielli Alessandra , Casalicchio Giorgia , Crippa Fulvio , Vismara Chiara S. , Puoti Massimo
Published: August 2024

Variable outcomes have been reported with cefiderocol in infections due to carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB). Nonetheless, it may be the only option for metallo-beta-lactamase-producing strains. We describe an outbreak of NDM-CRAB infections treated with cefiderocol. Thirty-eight patients were colonized and/or infected. Thirteen patients developed a systemic infection. A clinical cure was achieved in 10 (83%) patients, one VAP and 9 BSIs, at day 7. In vitro, the activity of cefiderocol does not appear to match in vivo effectiveness using currently available commercial tests. Despite high clinical cures, overall mortality remains high in severely ill patients. Cefiderocol may be considered in this specific setting, though the implementation of susceptibility tests and infection control measures is mandatory.
Biochemical Characterization of New Sweet Orange Mutants Rich in Lycopene and β-Carotene Antioxidants
Authors: Carmona Lourdes , Alquézar Berta , Peña Leandro
Published: August 2024

Carotenoid-rich foods such as citrus fruits have a wide range of functions in human health. They primarily exert antioxidant effects, but individual carotenoids may also act through other health-promoting mechanisms such as β-carotene as pro-vitamin A. Here, we show that red-fleshed sweet oranges grown in tropical climates are 4–9 times richer in carotenoids than their orange-fleshed counterparts, regardless of their maturation stage. The most significant difference observed between both varieties was the presence of lycopene at moderate concentrations (around 8 µg/g FW) in the mature pulp of the red varieties, which was absent in the blond ones. This is because the red-fleshed sweet oranges grown in tropical climates with high temperatures increase lycopene and β-carotene concentrations in their pulp during fruit maturation. Due to lycopene accumulation, red orange juice offers a promising addition to popular blond-orange, with the new varieties Carrancas and Pinhal being perfectly suitable for blending to enhance juice colour. Sao Paulo, one of the world’s leading citrus orange juice producers, as well as other tropical citrus regions could benefit from cultivating using such lycopene-rich cultivars and industrially.
Analysis of the Transonic Buffet Characteristics of Stationary and Pitching OAT15A Airfoil
Authors: Nie Xueyuan , Zheng Guannan , Wei Lianyi , Huang Chengde , Yang Guowei , Ji Zhanling
Published: August 2024

Transonic buffet flow is a classical complex and unstable flow that has a negative effect on aircraft fly safety. Therefore, it is crucial to study the unsteady characteristics of buffet flow. The numerical analysis method is very useful in achieving the aforementioned goal. In this paper, focused on the typical supercritical airfoil OAT15A in fixed and pitching conditions, unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) closed with the sst-kω turbulence mode, coupled with the structure dynamical equation, is utilized to investigate the transonic buffet flow. Firstly, from the perspective of coherent flow structure, flow velocity divergence snapshots constructed from unsteady flow solutions are used to analyze the feature of transonic buffets in the two cases mentioned. Then, DMD modes are extracted by the dynamic mode decomposition technique from the velocity snapshots and adopted to analyze the flow modes of the two distinct flow fields. The numerical simulation results show that, in the fixed case, the regular motion feature of the buffet is present, the shock oscillation is closely related to the vortex structure, and the durations of rearward and forward movements of the shock are both equal to half of the buffet period. In the pitching case, the duration of the rearward motion of the primary shock is approximately five eighths of one buffet period, and the secondary shock appears with the primary one moving downstream, and they interact with each other. The region of the shock movement is larger than that of the fixed case, and there is chaotic flow rather than periodic flow in its wake. Structural elastic oscillation changes the characteristics of the aerodynamic response, which is solely affected by the frequency of the pitching oscillation.
3D-STARNET: Spatial–Temporal Attention Residual Network for Robust Action Recognition
Authors: Yang Jun , Sun Shulong , Chen Jiayue , Xie Haizhen , Wang Yan , Yang Zenglong
Published: August 2024

Existing skeleton-based action recognition methods face the challenges of insufficient spatiotemporal feature mining and a low efficiency of information transmission. To solve these problems, this paper proposes a model called the Spatial–Temporal Attention Residual Network for 3D human action recognition (3D-STARNET). This model significantly improves the performance of action recognition through the following three main innovations: (1) the conversion from skeleton points to heat maps. Using Gaussian transform to convert skeleton point data into heat maps effectively reduces the model’s strong dependence on the original skeleton point data and enhances the stability and robustness of the data; (2) a spatiotemporal attention mechanism (STA). A novel spatiotemporal attention mechanism is proposed, focusing on the extraction of key frames and key areas within frames, which significantly enhances the model’s ability to identify behavioral patterns; (3) a multi-stage residual structure (MS-Residual). The introduction of a multi-stage residual structure improves the efficiency of data transmission in the network, solves the gradient vanishing problem in deep networks, and helps to improve the recognition efficiency of the model. Experimental results on the NTU-RGBD120 dataset show that 3D-STARNET has significantly improved the accuracy of action recognition, and the top1 accuracy of the overall network reached 96.74%. This method not only solves the robustness shortcomings of existing methods, but also improves the ability to capture spatiotemporal features, providing an efficient and widely applicable solution for action recognition based on skeletal data.
Using an Airport Pavement Management System to Optimize the Influence of Maintenance Alternatives on Operating Conditions
Authors: Di Graziano Alessandro , Costa Antonio , Ragusa Eliana
Published: August 2024

In the airport pavement management systems (APMSs), a focus point is the decision-making process. It enables finding the optimal strategy for maintaining a flight infrastructure in adequate condition over a given period, while considering the operating conditions of the airside. In this context, the present study analyzes the factors involved in the optimization processes by investigating how much they influence the solutions. Using the analysis processes connected to the APMS, the present study also includes the identification of specific intervention areas through clustering algorithms, minimizing the fixed operating costs. More specifically, the use of K-means clustering and the heuristic algorithms connected to the choices of the maintenance activities, allow possible scenarios replicating the different needs of managers to be investigated. In this way, the research work analyzes the influence of the alternatives in terms of pavement quality and total activities duration. Through this study it is shown that there is not a unique optimal strategy, but several possible solutions that can be undertaken by the airport managers according to their needs. However, the comparison of the results obtained in this study could become a useful tool for airport managers for better planning and management of the flight infrastructures.
Development of a Sustainable Universal Python Code for Accurate 2D Heat Transfer Conduction Simulations in Educational Environment
Authors: Kok Chiang Liang , Ho Chee Kit , Taufik Abbas Syihan Bin Muhammad , Koh Yit Yan , Teo Tee Hui
Published: August 2024

Simulation software like ANSYS, COMSOL, and SimScale excel at modeling heat transfer phenomena, but their extensive functionalities necessitate a deep understanding, making them less suitable and too expensive for use in educational settings below the post-secondary level in Singapore, where the current curriculum does not demand such advanced capabilities. To provide a more accessible and cost-effective solution, this work introduces a novel universal Python code designed to simplify the understanding of 2D steady-state heat transfer on irregular shapes, utilizing only Microsoft Excel and Python. The developed code employs the Gauss–Seidel iteration method within a full multigrid framework, applying the relevant nodal finite-difference equations based on the node type within a 2D irregular shape delineated by a 65 × 65 mesh in Excel. The generated contour plots from these simulations are meticulously compared with those produced by ANSYS to validate accuracy. The comparison reveals that the results from the Python code closely align with those from ANSYS, showing only minor differences. Consequently, the Python code emerges as a viable and simplified alternative for conducting 2D steady-state heat transfer simulations, making it a valuable tool for educational purposes, bridging the gap between complex simulation software and the educational needs of students in Singapore.
Estimation of Motion Capabilities of Mobile Platforms with Three Omni Wheels Based on Discrete Bidirectionality Compliance Analysis
Authors: Rubies Elena , Palacín Jordi , Bitriá Ricard , Clotet Eduard
Published: August 2024

This paper presents a procedure for estimating the motion capabilities of an omnidirectional mobile platform with three omni wheels arbitrarily distributed and oriented. This procedure is based on the analysis of the bidirectionality compliance between the inverse and forward kinematics of a mobile platform for a wide set of discrete motion commands. This procedure has been applied to analyze eleven alternative mobile platform configurations with three omni wheels. The estimation of the omnidirectional motion capabilities of these platforms agrees with state-of-the-art methods while providing new differentiated information on the translational capabilities of each platform. The procedure can be applied in the design stage of new omnidirectional mobile platforms in order to verify the motion capabilities of new designs with omni wheels.
Development of Mathematical Model for Coupled Dynamics of Small-Scale Ocean Current Turbine and Generator to Optimize Hydrokinetic Energy Harvesting Applications
Authors: Rouhi Shahab , Sadeqi Setare , Xiros Nikolaos I. , Aktosun Erdem , Birk Lothar , Ioup Juliette
Published: August 2024

The primary goal of this study is to develop and test a small-scale horizontal-axis underwater Ocean Current Turbine (OCT) by creating a mathematical model for coupled dynamics aided by a Blade Element Momentum (BEM) simulation-integrated experimental approach. This research is motivated by the urgent need for sustainable energy sources and the vast potential of ocean currents. By integrating mathematical modeling with the experimental testing of scaled model OCTs, this study aims to evaluate performance accurately. The experimental setup involves encapsulating a 3D-printed turbine model within a watertight nacelle which is equipped with sensors for comprehensive data recording during towing tank tests. Through these experiments, we seek to establish correlations between the generated power, force, and rotational speed of the turbine’s Permanent Magnet DC (PMDC) motor, which determines the turbine’s capability to extract dynamic energy inflow. Moreover, this research aims to provide valuable insights into the accuracy and applicability of theoretical predictions in real-world scenarios by comparing the experimental results with BEM simulations. This combined approach not only advances our understanding of hydrokinetic energy conversion, but also contributes to the development of reliable and efficient renewable energy technologies that address global energy challenges while mitigating environmental impacts.
A Systematic Literature Review of Modalities, Trends, and Limitations in Emotion Recognition, Affective Computing, and Sentiment Analysis
Authors: García-Hernández Rosa A. , Luna-García Huizilopoztli , Celaya-Padilla José M. , García-Hernández Alejandra , Reveles-Gómez Luis C. , Flores-Chaires Luis Alberto , Delgado-Contreras J. Ruben , Rondon David , Villalba-Condori Klinge O.
Published: August 2024

This systematic literature review delves into the extensive landscape of emotion recognition, sentiment analysis, and affective computing, analyzing 609 articles. Exploring the intricate relationships among these research domains, and leveraging data from four well-established sources—IEEE, Science Direct, Springer, and MDPI—this systematic review classifies studies in four modalities based on the types of data analyzed. These modalities are unimodal, multi-physical, multi-physiological, and multi-physical–physiological. After the classification, key insights about applications, learning models, and data sources are extracted and analyzed. This review highlights the exponential growth in studies utilizing EEG signals for emotion recognition, and the potential of multimodal approaches combining physical and physiological signals to enhance the accuracy and practicality of emotion recognition systems. This comprehensive overview of research advances, emerging trends, and limitations from 2018 to 2023 underscores the importance of continued exploration and interdisciplinary collaboration in these rapidly evolving fields.
Is Stretching Effective for Reducing Glenohumeral Internal Rotation Deficit? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Ceballos-Laita Luis , Robles-Pérez Román , Carrasco-Uribarren Andoni , Cabanillas-Barea Sara , Pérez-Guillén Silvia , Greidane Evita , Jiménez-del-Barrio Sandra
Published: August 2024

The primary aim of this was to assess the effectiveness of stretching for improving shoulder range of motion (ROM) in overhead athletes with glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD). The secondary aims were to compare whether the combination of stretching plus manual therapy was more effective than stretching in isolation and if any stretching technique was superior to others. A systematic review and a meta-analysis were designed. The MEDLINE, PEDro, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases were searched. Clinical trials investigating the effects of stretching in isolation or combined with other manual therapy techniques on ROM and pain intensity in athletes with GIRD were included. The PEDro scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies, and the certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE tool. Two independent assessors extracted data through a standardized form. The random-effects models were applied. Sixteen randomized controlled trials were included in this systematic review with a meta-analysis, with a methodological quality ranging from high to low. The stretching techniques in isolation showed statistically significant improvements in internal rotation and horizontal adduction ROM. Adding glenohumeral dorsal gliding to a stretching protocol showed better improvement in internal rotation ROM than stretching in isolation. Stretching techniques with manual stabilization showed better benefits than self-stretching techniques. A very low certainty of evidence suggests that stretching produces statistically significant changes for improving ROM in patients with glenohumeral internal rotation deficit. The combination with glenohumeral dorsal gliding seems to produce better improvements.
The Performance of Symbolic Limited Optimal Discrete Controller Synthesis in the Control and Path Planning of the Quadcopter
Authors: Çaşka Serkan
Published: August 2024

In recent years, quadcopter-type unmanned aerial vehicles have been preferred in many engineering applications. Because of its nonlinear dynamic model that makes it hard to create optimal control, quadcopter control is one of the main focuses of control engineering and has been studied by many researchers. A quadcopter has six degrees of freedom movement capability and multi-input multi-output structure in its dynamic model. The full nonlinear model of the quadcopter is derived using the results of the experimental studies in the literature. In this study, the control of the quadcopter is realized using the symbolic limited optimal discrete controller synthesis (S-DCS) method. The attitude, altitude, and horizontal movement control of the quadcopter are carried out. To validate the success of the SDCS controller, the control of the quadcopter is realized with fractional order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controllers. The parameters of the FOPID controllers are calculated using Fire Hawk Optimizer, Flying Fox Optimization Algorithm, and Puma Optimizer, which are recently developed meta-heuristic (MH) algorithms. The performance of the S-DCS controller is compared with the performance of the optimal FOPID controllers. In the path planning part of this study, the optimal path planning performances of the SDCS method and the MH algorithms are tested and compared. The optimal solution of the traveling salesman problem (TSP) for a single quadcopter and min-max TSP with multiple depots for multi quadcopters are obtained. The methods and the cases that optimize the dynamic behavior and the path planning of the quadcopter are investigated and determined.