bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plastic General Instability of Ring—Reinforced Conical Shells Under Uniform External Pressure
Authors: Ross Carl T.F. , Little Andrew P. F. , Allsop Robert , Smith Charles , Engelhardt Marcus
Published: January 2021

The paper describes experimental tests carried out on three ring-reinforced circular conical shells that suffered plastic general instability under uniform external pressure. In this mode, the entire ring-shell combination buckles bodily in its flank. The cones were carefully machined from EN1A mild steel to a very high degree of precision. The paper also provides a design chart using the results obtained from these three vessels, together with the results of nine other vessels obtained from other tests. All 12 vessels failed by general instability. The design chart allows the possibility of obtaining a plastic knockdown factor, so that the theoretical elastic buckling pressures for perfect vessels can be divided by the plastic knockdown factor, to give the predicted buckling pressure. This method can also be used for the design of full-scale vessels.
The Thematic Network SAFER EURORO: An Integrated Approach to Safe European RoRo Ferry Design
Authors: Vassalos Dracos , Konovessis Dimitris
Published: January 2021

For a period of more than 10 years, a safety culture approach has been promoted through the theme "Design for Safety," which aims at integrating safety cost effectively in the ship design process. There is a considerable wealth of information amassed over these years of research and development on safety-critical areas. One of the main elements of the research and development (R&D) work is the assurance of safety within the ship design process, in the continuous search for improving the current state of affairs. Through bold steps in the direction advocated by "Design for Safety," it is slowly but steadily being recognized that this approach can greatly contribute to the overall cost-effective improvement of safety in shipping while nurturing the evolution of proper practice in the field. On this background, the paper attempts a thorough overview of related R&D developments over the last decade. Particular emphasis is placed on the developments that have taken place as part of the activities of the Thematic Network SAFER EURORO and associated research projects, which have led to the development of a recent major research initiative, the Integrated Project SAFEDOR, which is expected to lead research development in the area for the years to come.
New Conceptual Approach to Large Marine Electrical Distribution Systems
Authors: Rozine Vassili , Adams Max H.
Published: January 2021

A new conceptual approach to the design of large marine electrical distribution systems is suggested as an alternative to existing methods. Distribution systems with increasing higher power, and featuring numerous converters and machines, create problems associated with harmonics, reliability, redundancy, and survivability. The use of direct current is a possible solution to these distribution problems. As an alternative to using direct current for local distribution, this paper suggests using direct current for main distribution including generators and main switchboards. Two alternative distribution systems are examined to clarify the point.
A Comparison of Buckling Strength of Y and T Stiffeners in Ship Plating
Authors: Badran Sherif Farouk , Nassef Ashraf O. , Metwalli Sayed M.
Published: January 2021

One aim of naval architects is to design structures that are strong enough and capable of absorbing impact energy. Therefore, ship plates are stiffened using different stiffeners to withstand compressive and other loads resulting from loads due to collisions, stranding, or grounding. There are also uniform stresses that are most typically induced in deck or bottom flange by longitudinal hull girder bending. In this paper, the T stiffener that has been widely used in shipbuilding and the Y stiffener that is starting to be used in inland waterway tankers in The Netherlands are considered. The aim of this paper is to compare the buckling strength of the T and Y stiffeners in combination with the effective width of ship plating under the action of uniformly distributed compressive loads. Two different groups of boundary conditions are considered for both T and Y stiffeners, and the elastic buckling coefficient is obtained and then the critical buckling loads are calculated. The obtained results showed that the critical buckling loads for Y stiffener are larger than that for equivalent T stiffener by about 40% for the first group of boundary conditions. The second group showed that the Y stiffener plate combination is five times stronger in compression than the equivalent T stiffener plate combination.
The Performance Comparison of Classical and Fast Backpropagation Neural Network Algorithms for Rudder Roll Stabilization of Fishing Vessels
Authors: Gulez Kayhan , Alarcin Fuat
Published: January 2021

This paper presents the performance comparative results of the classic backpropagation algorithms (CBAs) and fast backpropagation algorithms (FBAs) of neural networks applied for the rudder roll stabilizer (RRS) systems. The rudder is used to keep stability of the ship motions by minimizing errors. In this paper, neural networks are designed to reduce the errors considerably by using rudders for simultaneous course keeping and roll damping. Simulation results show the effectiveness of FBA approach for rudder roll stabilization of fishing vessels when compared with CBA results.
Reducing Power Load Fluctuations on Ships Using Power Redistribution Control
Authors: Radan Damir , Sørensen Asgeir J. , Ådnanes Alf Kåre , Johansen Tor A.
Published: January 2021

A new controller to reduce the load fluctuations generated by consumers operating in marine power systems is proposed. The controller redistributes the power from consumers that generate load fluctuations to thrusters that compensate for fluctuations. This provides a cancellation of load disturbances sensed by generators. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is demonstrated through simulation studies on a supply vessel power plant, using the SIMULINK/MATLAB software package. The simulation results show that the controller contributes significantly toward improving the network stability and the dynamic behavior of the system under a wide range of operating and weather conditions. This results in increased operational safety of the vessel, extended equipment life, and reduced fuel consumption, exhaust gas emissions, and maintenance costs on the engines.
Research on Application of Waste Plastic Disposal of Marine Diesel Engines
Authors: Hai-jun Wei , Guo-you Wang , Xiao-rui Wang
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this paper is to study the applicability of thermal processed fuel oil (hereafter called waste plastic disposal, or WPD) of diesel engines using low-quality fuel oil. In the experiment, stability of engine operation and components of exhaust gas, such as NOx and COx, were inspected from basic and applicable points of view. This paper illustrates a new test and result of WPD oil applied to marine diesel engines. In recent years, efforts have to be made to develop an advanced technique for recycling waste plastics in order to use scrapped plastics as fuel for diesel engines. It is very important and necessary for us to cope with the increasing calorific value and to satisfy the growing need of environment protection. The experimental fuel oil is obtained by a mixing of diesel oil, WPD, and water.
Discussion on Analytical Approaches to the Study of Vessel Dynamics—Outcomes of the Two-Part Minisymposium at the 2007 SIAM Conference on Applications of Dynamical Systems
Authors: Alford Laura , Banik Atul , Belenky Vadim , Ellermann Katrin , Hashimoto Hirotada , Maki Atsuo , McCue Leigh , Neves Marcelo A. S. , Rodríguez Claudio A. , Troesch Armin , Umeda Naoya , Weems Kenneth
Published: January 2021

While the study of ship stability dates back to Archimedes, modern research on vessel dynamics is at the forefront of applied mathematics. Large-amplitude ship motions result in strongly nonlinear, even chaotic behavior. The current trends toward high-speed and unique hullform vessels in commercial and military applications have broadened the need for robust mathematical approaches to studying the dynamics of these innovative ships. The presentations in this minisymposium focus on analytical formulations to model and understand the complicated dynamics leading to vessel phenomena such as capsizing, broaching, and parametric rolling.
Identification of Location Selection Criteria for New Building Shipyards
Authors: Saracoglu Burak Omer , Insel Mustafa , Helvacioglu Ismail Hakki
Published: January 2021

The objective of this paper is to identify the location selection criteria of new building shipyards. The identified criteria for shipyard location selection assists consultants, managers, and investors to realize and to analyze various location factors during their evaluation process of shipyard site alternatives and making final shipyard location selection appropriate to desideratum.
Improved Design for Seakeeping: Seaway Criteria and Related Developments
Authors: Buckley William H.
Published: January 2021

A major seakeeping workshop was held in 1975 that identified seakeeping deficiencies in our ships compared with those of our NATO allies. The workshop was intended to lead to corrective action with the help of the expertise of the attendees. Because of existing deficiencies in seaway criteria among other problems, the desired results were essentially unattainable at that time. This paper is intended to show that many of these deficiencies can now be overcome (section 2). The approach taken here to improve design for seakeeping is termed a first-principles methodology (FPM), which is derived from the basic elements of military aircraft structural and flying qualities design specifications. Because of the greater complexity of a ship's operating environment, this approach has necessarily been modified to achieve similar overall objectives (section 3). To satisfy the environmental criteria deficiencies cited by Groups 2, 3, and 6 of the workshop, seaway criteria presented here now cover both Survivability and Operability seaway conditions. It is important to note that the measured ocean wave data used for this purpose have been available for only about the last 20 years (section 4). Because of the enormous variability of individual seaway conditions, it is essential that the determination of ship loads and motions be directed toward those particular seaway conditions likely to be critical for design purposes. Seaway criteria suitable for assuring attainment of required military mission performance and survivability are identified (section 5). The results of an investigation of head-seas parametric rolling of a C11 container ship are reviewed to show that FPM design and test elements were successfully employed in that investigation. The role of shipmasters in identifying critical design conditions in severe seaways is illustrated for consideration by naval architects. It is asserted that a beneficial relationship between them is possible when a first-principles design methodology is employed (section 6). Two investigations are recommended for further demonstrating the FPM design and test method using an existing C11 ship model in a Survivability seaway. The first involves a shipmaster's request to determine a ship's ability to maintain a hove-to heading at low speed in a severe seaway. The second is to determine the roll stability of the model in the same seaway at a beam sea heading with complete power loss. The ability of the LAMP-2 or equivalent program to predict the resulting model behavior in each case is to be determined (section 7).
Numerical Prediction of Propeller Performance During Propeller-Ice Interaction
Authors: Wang Jungyong , Akinturk Ayhan , Bose Neil
Published: January 2021

The aim of the present study was to predict propeller performance during propeller-ice interaction. Total loads acting on a propeller blade during propeller-ice interaction were assumed to consist of three major components: separable hydrodynamic loads, inseparable hydrodynamic loads, and ice milling loads. A panel method and an empirical formula were used for the hydrodynamic load calculations and the ice contact load calculations, respectively. This empirical model was implemented into a numerical panel code. The numerical prediction model for the ice loads including the detailed implementation is described, and the results are compared with experimental results.
Measurements of Flow Around an Escort Tug Model with a Yaw Angle
Authors: Molyneux David , Xu Jie , Bose Neil
Published: January 2021

This paper presents the results of experiments to measure flow velocities around the hull of an escort tug model operating at a yaw angle of 45 deg using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The paper describes the setup, calibration, and operation of the PIV system and the analysis of the results, including an estimate of the experimental uncertainty. Flow vectors are given within planes normal to the direction of motion of the tug. One plane was on the upstream side of the hull, and the other plane was on the downstream side of the hull. The downstream measurements were made with and without a low aspect ratio fin, typical of many modern escort tug designs. The results showed that the fin, when fitted, created a large vortex under the hull of the tug. Smaller features of the flow, such as the separation of the flow at the upstream and downstream bilge corners were also defined. The intention of these experiments was to create a data set that can be used to validate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) predictions of flow vectors around an escort tug at a large yaw angle.
Collision-Accidental Limit States Performance of Double-Hull Oil Tanker Structures: Pre-CSR versus CSR Designs
Authors: Paik Jeom kee , Park Jae Hyung , Samuelides Emmanuel
Published: January 2021

To mitigate the impact of consequences of ship collisions in terms of health, safety, and the environment, it has been made mandatory that hull structures of all oil tankers have double sides and double bottoms. In recent years, International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) has developed Common Structural Rules (CSR) for structural design of double-hull oil tankers on the basis of limit states, together with the traditional approach using the allowable working stress that has been a basis of pre-CSR. The application of CSR may result in some differences in terms of structural performance, among other aspects. The main objective of the present paper is to investigate the structural performance of CSRdesigned tankers associated with ship collisions. This aspect might be interesting, although CSR are not intended specifically to improve collision performance. As an illustrative example, an AFRAMAX-class double-hull oil tanker structure with same deadweight designed by both pre-CSR and CSR methods is studied by comparing their collision energy-absorption capabilities as obtained by nonlinear finite element methods. It is found that the collision performance of the CSR design could be improved by 5% to 25% compared with that of the pre-CSR design, depending on the accidental limit state criteria. However, it is concluded that the strength performance of the CSR vessel is similar to that of the pre-CSR vessel in terms of collision-accidental limit states, considering the uncertainties involved in conjunction with collision scenarios and nonlinear finite element method modeling techniques. Although the present study deals with some very specific scenarios of collisions, the insights and conclusions developed will still be useful for recognizing a structural design trend related to collision-accidental limit states
The Cost of Oil Spills from Tankers in Relation to Weight of Spilled Oil
Authors: Yamada Yashuhira
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this paper is to consider a practical way to estimate the cost of oil spills from ships within the framework of establishing environmental risk evaluation criteria in International Maritime Organization (IMO). Regression analysis between the cost of oil spills and the weight of oil spilled (oil spill weight) was carried out using historical oil spill data from tankers reported by International Oil Pollution Compensation (IOPC) Funds. A nonlinear regression formula between the cost of oil spills and the oil spill weight is estimated from the historical data, and a critical value of cost to avert one tonne of spilled oil (CATScr) is obtained. CATScr obtained by the present study is compared with that obtained by previous work. This study shows that the cost of oil spills estimated by the present regression formula is in fairly good agreement with the mean value obtained from historical data while the CATScr gives relatively larger costs and shows the upper bound of the cost of oil spills.
The Breakup of Titanic: A Progress Report From the Marine Forensics Panel (SD-7)
Authors: Mengot Roy F. , Woytowich Richard T.
Published: January 2021

RMS Titanic collided with an iceberg and sank on the morning of April 15, 1912. Testimony at hearings on both sides of the Atlantic included conflicting stories of the ship breaking in two or sinking whole. The discovery of the wreck in 1985 confirmed that the ship did break near the surface. Recent evidence and analysis indicates that the initial point of hull failure was at or near the double bottom and the ship effectively broke bottom up.
On the Nature of the Transport Factor Component TF fuel
Authors: Kennell Colen
Published: January 2021

This paper presents insight into the structure of TFfuel, the Transport Factor component related to the weight of fuel needed to meet a ship's endurance requirement. TFfuel is shown to be dependent on the required range and the specific fuel consumption rate of the machinery while being independent of installed power and speed. The effect of operating ships at less than full-load displacement to increase fuel efficiency is illustrated. The results are compatible with Transport Factor analyses that assess transport properties of ship types of interest for high-speed sealift such as displacement and semi-displacement monohulls and multihulls.
The culture of modern public administration. The case of Greece.
Authors: Aspridis George M. , Pouliana Louisa
Published: January 2021

The period stretching from 1974 till now has been characterized as the most stable period of the political and administrative history of Greece. However, the appropriate organizational culture which can contribute to the creation of a strategic vision for Greek public administration has not yet been shaped. Therefore, the public sector is not efficient and productive. On the contrary, bureaucratic pathogenies are particularly prevalent. These pathogenies have been rendered even more intense during the economic crisis and the recent pandemic. It is necessary that the modern culture of public administration be focused on effective cooperation, the satisfaction of both citizens and administrative executives’ expectations, respect for the individuality and development of public sector executives, the enhancement of public services’ good reputation, assessment, communication and finally the implementation of the principles of ethics, integrity and legitimacy. The culture of a modern public administration should be based on the principles of new public management and electronic government. This article is based on the study of secondary sources, more specifically institutional texts, international and national organizations’ reports, studies, historical texts, as well as civil servants’ views. The conclusions are particularly significant and can spark off the change of the organizational culture in public administration.
Collateral sensitivity associated with antibiotic resistance plasmids
Authors: Herencias Cristina , Rodríguez-Beltrán Jerónimo , León-Sampedro Ricardo , Alonso-del Valle Aida , Palkovičová Jana , Cantón Rafael , San Millán Álvaro
Published: January 2021

Collateral sensitivity (CS) is a promising alternative approach to counteract the rising problem of antibiotic resistance (ABR). CS occurs when the acquisition of resistance to one antibiotic produces increased susceptibility to a second antibiotic. Recent studies have focused on CS strategies designed against ABR mediated by chromosomal mutations. However, one of the main drivers of ABR in clinically relevant bacteria is the horizontal transfer of ABR genes mediated by plasmids. Here, we report the first analysis of CS associated with the acquisition of complete ABR plasmids, including the clinically important carbapenem-resistance conjugative plasmid pOXA-48. In addition, we describe the conservation of CS in clinical E. coli isolates and its application to selectively kill plasmid-carrying bacteria. Our results provide new insights that establish the basis for developing CS-informed treatment strategies to combat plasmid-mediated ABR.
Neural Network Algorithm and Its Application in Supercritical Extraction Process
Authors: Qi Yu , Zheng Zhaolan
Published: January 2021

Artificial neural network （ANN）algorithms can be used for multi-parameter optimization and control by simulating the mechanisms of the human brain. Therefore, ANN is widely used in many fields such as signal processing, intelligent driving, face recognition, and optimization and control of chemical processes. As a green and efficient chemical separation process, supercritical extraction is especially suitable for the separation and purification of active ingredients in natural substances. Because there are many parameters that affect the separation efficiency of the process, the neural network algorithm can be used to quickly optimize the process parameters based on limited experimental data to determine the appropriate process conditions. In this work, the research progress of neural network algorithms and supercritical extraction are reviewed, and the application of neural network algorithms in supercritical extraction is discussed, aiming to provide references for researchers in related fields.
Guided Mobile Learning for English Language Teaching: The Teachers’ Perspective
Authors: Kamal A. N. A. , Azlan M. A. K. , Ng S. F. , Manion A.
Published: January 2021

Aims: This study evaluates teachers' perspectives on the integration of guided mobile learning through the Mobile Intervention Module (MIM) in English language teaching. As previous studies suggested that there are conflicting views among scholars with regards to mobile usage in classroom learning, this paper attempts to address scholars' concerns by suggesting English language teachers' opinions on the possibility of having practical guided mobile learning activities to complement the course contents.

Study Design: This study adopts a qualitative approach.

Place and Duration of Study: Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Malaysia, between February 2019 to July 2019.

Methodology: Interview sessions are conducted among four language instructors to see how they perceive the effectiveness of guided mobile learning intervention towards teaching and learning. Content Analysis is later adopted to analyse the interview data where specific themes are derived. The concept of MIM that incorporates appropriate web learning tools is developed and explained. MIM functions as a comprehensive guide that matches the course contents to the most appropriate web learning tools.

Results: The results show that all instructors perceive guided mobile learning through the MIM positively. This study implicates that guided mobile learning could be useful in facilitating the teaching approach shift from conventional to technology-assisted, enabling the integration of interactive activities in learning, developing specific language skills and enhancing engagement. It should also be noted that there may be some adaptation barriers of mobile learning that can hinder learning process.

Conclusion: While it is recommended that mobile learning is integrated with lessons, to achieve effective results, however, as suggested in the findings of this study, it has to be guided, thus a proper module that links the syllabus to the mobile apps needs to be created.
The Relative Economic Benefits of Conjunctive Use of Water over Surface and Ground Water in the Cauvery Command Area
Authors: Venkataramana M. N. , Muralidhar L. , Ranganatha A. D. , Gururaj B.
Published: January 2021

In command areas, overutilization of surface water led to deleterious effects, viz. water logging, salinization, alkalinisation of soils results into lower crop productivity and deficit water supply at the tail ends. As consequences, tail end a farmer heavily depends on groundwater will lead to emptying the aquifer and the low-quality water is pumped from deep wells. So, overuse of both the sources of water would leads to imbalance in water management as results into unsustainable water management. Thus, Conjunctive use is a single input to address the physical and economic scarcity of surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) and it offers the solution to a large extent to hurtful effects of SW and GW. The present study was carried out in Mysuru and Mandya of Cauvery command area with 180 farmers of which 60 each from surface water (SW) groundwater (GW) and conjunctive use regime (CU). The results imply that significant difference in productivity level and gross returns for selected crops at 5 per cent significance. The conjunctive irrigation practicing sugarcane farmers realized higher gross returns over GW and SW to the extent of 24 percent and 5 percent respectively. There exists a positive relationship between net return and water use efficiency with correlation coefficient of 0.78 in case of maize and ragi crops. The higher water use efficiency found in CU water for all selected crops.
Effect of 390 nm Light on Surface Microbes of Cut Carrots
Authors: Mishra Alka , Chakraborty Subir Kumar , Tripathi Manoj Kumar
Published: January 2021

Aims: To reduce the microbial load on cut-carrot surface using 390 nm Light Emiting Diode ( LED) illumination

Place and Duration of Study: Agro-Produce Processing Division, ICAR Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, India between August, 2017 to November, 2019

Methodology: Samples were collected from local market from India and LED treatment was given to samples and microbial analysis was conducted using spread plate method.

Results: The effect of 390 nm LEDs on cut-carrot surface has been evaluated in this study. The effect of dosage was found significant (p<0.05) for reducing bacterial and fungal load. Significant bacterial and fungal reduction was observed from 20 min of treatment till 3 h. Maximum inactivation of 28.4 % of bacteria and 24.1 % of fungus were detected at 3 h of exposure. These results demonstrated the potential of 390 nm LEDs as surface decontamination technology for cut-fruits and vegetables.

Conclusion: 390 nm LED illumination can be a suitable and eco-friendly novel technology for surface decontamination of cut fruits and vegetables in the food industry.
Development of Mass – Size Particle Reduction Operations Postulates Using Empirical – Analytical Approaches
Authors: Orua O. Antia,
Published: January 2021

Aims: This paper attempts to utilize empirical and analytical approaches to develop equations and postulates for energy and power requirement in mass – size reduction operations.

Study Design:  The study is based on a combination of analytical approach and empirically  existing energy model obtained in a study of milling palm nut shells into fragments using static nut cracker.

Place and Duration of Study: The empirical model used in this study was developed in 2014 in the University of Benin, Nigeria and the analytical approach employed for the study to obtain mass – size particle reduction models and postulates were achieved in September, 2020 in the University of Uyo, Nigeria.

Methodology: In this task, the crushing efficiency, mechanical efficiency, energy and power requirements were considered based on fundamental principles coupled with the usage of the empirically developed minimum energy model for mass –size reduction operations.

Results: The Equations (59), (60), (61), (62) and (63) were developed. Equations (59), (60) and (62) are in the form of bond’s energy equation but may differ in the value of the constant. This may be because the properties (density, thickness or diameter of the particle) of material and machine efficiency might easily be obtained and used to evaluate; and likely achieved an improved assessment of mass – size reduction of a given material.

Conclusion: Further analysis has led to the development of postulates presented in the conclusion part of this paper which may govern the mass – size reduction operations of particle.
Influence of Calcium Lactate and Tripotassium Citrate on the Production of Stable and Acceptable Calcium-Enriched Soymilk
Authors: Kaharso Victor Christian , Muhoza Bertrand , Suryoprabowo Steven , Hua Yufei , Zhang Caimeng
Published: January 2021

In the current study, calcium lactate (ca-lactate) was used as a calcium source and tripotassium citrate (TPC) as chelating agents to produce calcium-enriched soymilk with calcium content equivalent to cow’s milk (120 mg/100mL). Physicochemical properties of calcium-enriched soymilk, including nutritional composition, pH, titratable acidity, particle diameter, sedimentation, viscosity, ion conductivity, and sensory evaluation were investigated. Our results showed significant differences (P<.05) in moisture, ash content, titratable acidity, and ion conductivity after calcium and TPC were added. Moreover, the addition of calcium decreased the pH of soymilk from 6.69 to 6.21-6.51. The higher concentration of calcium also increased the calcium content, particle diameter, sedimentation, and viscosity, while the reverse results were shown when TPC was added. The intensities perceived of mouthfeel, visual appearance, and overall acceptability were greatly varied among calcium-enriched soymilks. The exact proportion of ca-lactate and TPC were able to produce calcium-enriched soymilk regarding higher stability during storage and great acceptability of the final product.
An Asymptomatic Tropical Infection in a Pregnancy Complicated by a Hematological Neoplasm-accidental Passenger or Effect of Immunosuppression?
Authors: Bhowmick Sammya , Mishra Chandan , Arulselvi S. , Sehgal Tushar
Published: January 2021

Lymphatic filariasis is a vector borne infection classified under the WHO category of Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). It is a major public health concern globally. This study describes this vector-borne infection in a young pregnant lady, a known case of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) on chemotherapy. Such an association is hitherto unreported.
A Framework for Appraising Education
Authors: Koutsopoulos K. C.
Published: January 2021

Appraisal is the major performance management tool that is widely used to measure the efficiency and effectiveness of education in different contexts. In the European education environment, it has been recognized that the transition from learning to learning outcomes relies on developing appraisal frameworks that can appraise what a student knows, understands and mainly how to utilize what he has learned, as well as on evaluation frameworks of programs and in general of the educational approach. This paper has two main objectives. Firstly, it critically reviews the extant literature on student/program appraisal of the European education. Secondly, based on that review it presents a common framework for student assessment and program evaluation, which relies on four pedagogical issues: The PRACTICE applied, focusing on the students’ knowledge achieved and on the design of the educational approach; the TOOL utilized that concerns the data collection and the data base creation; and the APPROACH in appraising, which includes the analyses performed and the time to materialize them. These three are creating a three-dimensional space, within which any aspect of the fourth issue, the NATURE of both the student assessment and the project evaluation, can take any position in this three-dimensional space.
Wound Healing Efficacy of Guava Leaf Extract
Authors: Delorino Sarah B. , Ogalesco Madeline L. , Rebadulla Kaye R. , Rongcales Myrelle Tricia A. , Salubre V Joshua Ismael A. , Talacay Maria Kristia S. , Tuballas Zalde B.
Published: January 2021

A wound is a break in the continuity of the skin. The body’s response to injury and the restoration of the same is healing. Wound healing is a biological process that is initiated by trauma and often terminated by scar formation. In this research, guava leaf extract was used as antiseptic and its efficacy was tested to commercially available products. The result revealed that all mice which received guava leaf extract formed scar earlier as compared to povidone iodine and PNSS. Since maturation phase which also refers to remodeling phase is responsible for the new epithelium and final scar tissue formation, and as the development of these completes the complex process of wound healing, the researchers suggest that the use of guava leaf extract in comparison with povidone iodine and PNSS when it comes to wound healing is the most affordable in treatment and promoting normal and more rapid wound healing.
The Role of Micro Finance Institutions on the Development of Micro Enterprises (MEs) in Sri Lanka
Authors: Rajapakshe Wasantha
Published: January 2021

Aim: The study investigates the impact of microfinance practices on the growth of micro-enterprises (MEs) concerning the Central Province, Sri Lanka. It has been discovered that the growth of microbusinesses is dependent on gender, age, education level and nature of the industry.

Design/Methodology/Approach: Multinomial Logistic Regression models was applied in this study. Multinomial logistic regression is frequently used for the analysis of categorical response data with continuous or categorical explanatory variables. Parameter estimates are usually obtained through direct maximum likelihood estimation. Two models were used to test the hypothesis concerning the three practices, micro-credit, training and advisory services. Primary data were obtained from 200 registered microenterprises (ME) owners in the Central Province through convenience sampling methods.  Data collection was conducted using a self-structured questionnaire.

Results and Conclusion: According to the results, microfinance practices have a significant relationship with the development of MEs, while Microcredit and advisory services have a significant impact on the development of MEs. Training programmes have not significantly impacted on the development of MEs. The research concludes that microfinance as a whole educates and helps to develop micro financed micro-scale enterprise businesses and positively impact those families in the Central Province, Sri Lanka.

Research limitations/implications: Data were limited to select only one province in Sri Lanka out of nine using a self-structured questionnaire.  Also considering the response rate and sample size, there are limitations to generalize the findings. This research was restricted to three variables micro-credit; Training and Advisory services impact of other factors that can influence the growth of MEs did not fall under the scope of this study.

Originality and Value: The impact of microfinance practices on MEs growth in Central Province in Sri Lanka is an under-researched area of study.  The findings of this study can act as a guideline in the future for decision-makers to identify factors that influence more on MEs development.
Dynamics and electrostatics define an allosteric druggable site within the receptor‐binding domain of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein
Authors: Bhattacharjee Sayan , Bhattacharyya Rajanya , Sengupta Jayati
Published: January 2021

The pathogenesis of the SARS‐CoV‐2 virus initiates through recognition of the angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor of the host cells by the receptor‐binding domain (RBD) located at the spikes of the virus. Here, using molecular dynamics simulations, we have demonstrated the allosteric crosstalk within the RBD in the apo‐ and the ACE2 receptor‐bound states, revealing the contribution of the dynamics‐based correlated motions and the electrostatic energy perturbations to this crosstalk. While allostery, based on correlated motions, dominates inherent distal communication in the apo‐RBD, the electrostatic energy perturbations determine favorable pairwise crosstalk within the RBD residues upon binding to ACE2. Interestingly, the allosteric path is composed of residues which are evolutionarily conserved within closely related coronaviruses, pointing toward the biological relevance of the communication and its potential as a target for drug development.
Depletion of CTCF disrupts PSG gene expression in the human trophoblast cell line Swan 71
Authors: Jeong Da Som , Kim Myoung Hee , Lee Ji‐Yeon
Published: January 2021

Pregnancy‐specific glycoproteins (PSGs) are fetal proteins secreted by the placenta during pregnancy. The PSG level in maternal serum is an indicator of risk for pregnancy complications. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying PSG gene expression. Recently, the importance of epigenetic regulation of placental genes has been emphasized in the study of developmental defects and placental disease. In this study, the role of the CCCTC‐binding factor (CTCF) in regulation of PSG expression was investigated to better understand the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of the PSG genes. Inhibition of CTCF expression disturbed transcription of several PSG genes: PSG1, PSG2, PSG4, PSG5, PSG8, and PSG9 were upregulated and PSG6 and PSG11 were downregulated. These transcriptional changes were correlated with decreased CTCF binding and changes in histone modification at the PSG promoters. Our data demonstrate that CTCF is a potential mediator in the regulation of PSG gene expression.
A preliminary investigation of re‐evaluating the irradiation dose in hepatocellular carcinoma radiotherapy applying 4D CT and deformable registration
Authors: Xu Hua , Gong Guanzhong , Yin Yong , Liu Tonghai
Published: January 2021

Purpose

To investigate the effect of breathing motion on dose distribution for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients using four‐dimensional (4D) CT and deformable registration.

Methods

Fifty HCC patients who were going to receive radiotherapy were enrolled in this study. All patients had been treated with transarterial chemoembolization beforehand. Three‐dimensional (3D) and 4D CT scans in free breathing were acquired sequentially. Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) was planned on the 3D CT images and maximum intensity projection (MIP) images. Thus, the 3D dose (Dose‐3D) and MIP dose (Dose‐MIP) were obtained, respectively. Then, the Dose‐3D and Dose‐MIP were recalculated on 10 phases of 4D CT images, respectively, in which the end‐inhale and end‐exhale phase doses were defined as Dose‐3D‐EI, Dose‐3D‐EE, Dose‐MIP‐EI, and Dose‐MIP‐EE. The 4D dose (Dose‐4D‐3D and Dose‐4D‐MIP) were obtained by deforming 10 phase doses to the end‐exhale CT to accumulate. The dosimetric difference in Dose‐3D, Dose‐EI3D, Dose‐EE3D, Dose‐4D‐3D, Dose‐MIP, Dose‐EIMIP, Dose‐EEMIP, and Dose‐4D‐MIP were compared to evaluate the motion effect on dose delivery to the planning target volume (PTV) and normal liver.

Results

Compared with Dose‐3D, PTV D99 in Dose‐EI3D, Dose‐EE3D and Dose‐4D‐3D decreased by an average of 6.02%, 1.32%, 2.43%, respectively (P < 0.05); while PTV D95 decreased by an average of 3.34%, 1.51%, 1.93%, respectively (P < 0.05). However, CI and HI of the PTV in Dose‐3D was superior to the other three distributions (P < 0.05). There was no significant differences for the PTV between Dose‐EI and Dose‐EE, and between the two extreme phase doses and Dose‐4D (P> 0.05). Negligible difference was observed for normal liver in all dose distributions (P> 0.05).

Conclusions

Four‐dimensional dose calculations potentially ensure target volume coverage when breathing motion may affect the dose distribution. Dose escalation can be considered to improve the local control of HCC on the basis of accurately predicting the probability of radiation‐induced liver disease.
High‐Throughput Dielectrophoretic Trapping and Detection of DNA Origami
Authors: Ghomian Taher , Jeong Hyunhak , Pan Victor , Celik Kubra , Alangari Mashari , Ke Yonggang , Hihath Joshua
Published: January 2021

Accurate control over the location of nanostructured materials for studying their electronic properties is important for the development of useful electronic devices. Dielectrophoresis is a unique method for trapping non‐symmetric nanostructured materials between two electrodes in a specific direction. However, this method has traditionally suffered from a costly and slow fabrication process as well as low efficiency when trapping high‐impedance nanomaterials. In this work, a dielectrophoretic device addressing the mentioned problems, is reported. First, a photolithography‐based fabrication process achieves high throughput and low‐cost devices with nanostructured contacts for attaching nanomaterials. Second, trapping of high‐impedance nanomaterials is controlled using a scalable‐electronic circuit that measures the capacitance variation at the trap location to identify when the nanomaterials of interest are attached to the electrode. As a primary target of interest, the trapping of 1D deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) origamis is demonstrated. It is shown that a capacitance change in the range of 18% to 60% guarantees the presence of a single or a few DNA origamis in the trap location well‐aligned with nanoelectrodes. Fluorescent, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy images demonstrate the presence of DNA origamis in the trap location with the correct orientation.
Feeling the flow with a serious game workshop: GridlockED as Medical Education 2 study (GAME2 study)
Authors: Hale Stephen J. , Wakeling Sonja , Bhalerao Anuja , Balakumaran Janatani , Huang Simon , Mondoux Shawn , Blain J. Bruce , Chan Teresa M.
Published: January 2021

Objective

GridlockED gameplay workshops were delivered in Canada. This project investigated workshop attendees’ experiences, seeking to identify learning points to inform improvement of the workshop.

Methods

GridlockED sessions were held through 2018 and 2019. Workshops targeted medical trainees. After a standardized video, learners played for approximately 90 minutes. Learners completed a postgameplay survey with 7‐point Likert scale questions about their experience.

Results

Seventy‐two participants responded to our survey (41 medical students, 13 physician assistant students, 12 emergency medicine residents, and six faculty members). Trainees rated GridlockED as both enjoyable and a meaningful educational experience, with a mean (±SD) rating of 6.53 (±0.96) of 7 for enjoyment and 6.17 (±1.13) for education. Attendees identified teamwork and communication (49%) as the most helpful learning domain, with patient flow (43%) being second and basics of how the ED worked (31%) being third. The respondents self‐identified top areas of learning as resource management (38.9%), improved understanding of various provider roles in the ED (33%), and improved communication skills (33%).

Conclusion

Medical learners identified GridlockED to be an educational and enjoyable learning experience. Attendees reported that playing this serious game assisted with learning about health systems and communication.
Association of day of the week with mortality after elective right hemicolectomy for colon cancer: Case analysis from the National Clinical Database
Authors: Maeda Hiromichi , Endo Hideki , Ichihara Nao , Miyata Hiroaki , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Kamiya Kinji , Kakeji Yoshihiro , Yoshida Kazuhiro , Seto Yasuyuki , Yamaue Hiroki , Yamamoto Masakazu , Kitagawa Yuko , Uemura Sunao , Hanazaki Kazuhiro
Published: January 2021

Aim

We aimed to investigate whether later weekdays are related to worse short‐term outcomes after elective right hemicolectomy for colon cancer.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed adult patients who underwent elective right hemicolectomy for colon cancer between 2012 and 2017. Records lacking details about surgical mortality were excluded, and multiple imputation was performed for other missing data (variables). The primary endpoint was surgical mortality, defined as the sum of 30‐day mortality and in‐hospital deaths within 90 days postoperatively. Using 22 clinical variables, hierarchal logistic regression modeling with clustering of patients from the same institutes was performed.

Results

Of the 112 658 patients undergoing elective right hemicolectomy for colon cancer, the 30‐day mortality and surgical mortality were 0.6% and 1.1%, respectively. Surgery on Friday was less frequent, accounting for 17.1% of all cases. The occurrence of severe postoperative complications, anastomotic leakage, or unadjusted odds ratio for surgical mortality did not show significant differences between weekdays. A hierarchal logistic regression model identified 19 independent factors for surgical mortality. Adjusted odds ratios for surgical mortality were 1.01 (95% confidence interval: 0.83‐1.22, P = .915), 0.86 (95% confidence interval: 0.71‐1.05, P = .144), 0.86 (95% confidence interval: 0.71‐1.05, P = .408), and 0.83 (95% confidence interval: 0.68‐1.03, P = .176) for Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday, respectively, showing no significant differences.

Conclusion

This study did not identify an evident difference in surgical mortality between weekdays; a safe elective right hemicolectomy for colon cancer is being offered throughout the week in Japan.
Self‐assembling bile pigments for cancer diagnosis and therapy
Authors: Chen Kaiwei , Xing Ruirui , Yan Xuehai
Published: January 2021

Nanomaterials that integrate multiple functions provide promising opportunities for noninvasive and targeted cancer diagnosis and therapy. However, the unclear metabolic pathway to nanomaterials brought difficulties to clinical application. Self‐assembling bile pigments are endogenous functional materials with excellent biocompatibility and low toxicity. Functional materials based on endogenous bile pigments provide a decent solution to this dilemma. In this review, the features and functions of self‐assembling bile pigments are discussed in detail for cancer diagnosis and treatment applications. Emphases are put on the intrinsic physicochemical characteristics of bile pigments and their applications, including drug delivery, photoacoustic imaging, photothermal therapy, and anti‐inflammation therapy. This review will promote the exploration of these areas and tremendously realize the innovative applications of self‐assembling biliverdin /bilirubin nanomaterials toward cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Pure‐silica MFI zeolite membrane by cooperative templating approach for ethanol‐water separation
Authors: Lan Jiancheng , Li Linzhe , Song Wensen , Saulat Hammad , Wu Haowen , Yang Jianhua , Yang Chengmin , Li Yang , Lu Jinming , Zhang Yan
Published: January 2021

Pure‐silica MFI zeolite membrane composed of intergrown four prism crystals was fabricated by using tetrabutylammonium (TBA+) and tetraethylammonium (TEA+) as cooperating templates and the induced function of MFI seeds under synthesis solution with molar composition of 1TEOS:0.2TBAOH:0.2TEABr:180H2O. The ethanol/water separation factor was 64 with a flux of 1.40 kg m−2 hr−1 for 5 wt% ethanol/water mixture at 60°C. In contrast, single TBAOH and TEAOH template led to formation of uncontinuous MEL and MFI membrane respectively, without ethanol‐selectivity. The behavior of quaternary ammonium (TBA+ and TEA+) varied in different system: (a) In “TBA++ TEA+” system, TBA+ and TEA+ were incorporated into MFI zeolite channel simultaneously; (b) In “TPA++ M+” system (M = TEA or TBA), either TEA+ or TBA+ could not be occluded into channel, however, appropriate amount of TBA+ could accelerate membrane crystallization, meanwhile increase in TEA+ slowed down crystallization rate of MFI membrane. This work extends the alternative preparation approaches of ethanol perm‐selective MFI membrane.