bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social reasoning about ‘second‐shift’ parenting
Authors: Sinno Stefanie M. , Killen Melanie
Published: January 2011

The present study investigated children's and adolescents’ social reasoning about parenting roles in the home, specifically ‘second‐shift parenting’ by a mother or father. Surveys were administered to children (age 10) and adolescents (age 13), nearly evenly divided by gender (N= 200) in which two hypothetical scenarios were evaluated. Participants were asked to evaluate and justify second‐shift parenting arrangements for the family overall, for the parent in the role, and for the child in the family. Results showed that participants expected mothers rather than fathers to take on the second‐shift role, and second‐shift parenting was evaluated as more unfair for fathers than for mothers. Personal choice reasoning was used for justifying arrangements for the second‐shift parent and moral reasoning was used for justifying arrangements for the child. Social reasoning about the context of parental caretaking roles was multifaceted and varied by age and gender of participant more so than by self‐reported personal family arrangements.
KOI-126: A Triply Eclipsing Hierarchical Triple with Two Low-Mass Stars
Authors: Carter Joshua A. , Fabrycky Daniel C. , Ragozzine Darin , Holman Matthew J. , Quinn Samuel N. , Latham David W. , Buchhave Lars A. , Van Cleve Jeffrey , Cochran William D. , Cote Miles T. , Endl Michael , Ford Eric B. , Haas Michael R. , Jenkins Jon M. , Koch David G. , Li Jie , Lissauer Jack J. , MacQueen Phillip J. , Middour Christopher K. , Orosz Jerome A. , Rowe Jason F. , Steffen Jason H. , Welsh William F.
Published: January 2011

The Kepler telescope detected a triple stellar system and reveals details of the structure of low-mass stars.
Identification of an Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitor for Treating Neuropathic and Inflammatory Pain
Authors: Wang Hansen , Xu Hui , Wu Long-Jun , Kim Susan S. , Chen Tao , Koga Kohei , Descalzi Giannina , Gong Bo , Vadakkan Kunjumon I. , Zhang Xuehan , Kaang Bong-Kiun , Zhuo Min
Published: January 2011

In animal models, an adenylyl cyclase 1 inhibitor acts as an effective treatment for neuropathic pain, in part by acting on the anterior cingulate cortex.
Targeting Pain Where It Resides … In the Brain
Authors: Sharif-Naeini Reza , Basbaum Allan I.
Published: January 2011

An adenylyl cyclase inhibitor blocks mechanical hypersensitivity in a mouse model of neuropathic pain without affecting cognitive or motor functions.
Pondering the Significance of
PON1
Authors: Damani Samir
Published: January 2011

Another strong pharmacogenetic variant for clopidogrel response emerges.
A Fusion Protein Fix for Cuts and Scrapes
Authors: Ng Kenneth W.
Published: January 2011

An engineered fusion protein speeds up healing of skin wounds in diabetic mice.
Science Translational Medicine
Podcast: 12 January 2011
Authors: Jackson Laird , Smith Orla
Published: January 2011

A conversation with Laird Jackson about using the latest genome sequencing technologies to develop new carrier and prenatal genetic tests.
Evolutionary Reshaping of Fungal Mating Pathway Scaffold Proteins
Authors: Côte Pierre , Sulea Traian , Dignard Daniel , Wu Cunle , Whiteway Malcolm
Published: January 2011

Scaffold proteins play central roles in the function of many signaling pathways. Among the best-studied examples are the Ste5 and Far1 proteins of the yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. These proteins contain three conserved modules, the RING and PH domains, characteristic of some ubiquitin-ligating enzymes, and a vWA domain implicated in protein-protein interactions. In yeast, Ste5p regulates the mating pathway kinases while Far1p coordinates the cellular polarity machinery. Within the fungal lineage, the
Basidiomycetes
and the
Pezizomycetes
contain a single Far1-like protein, while several
Saccharomycotina
species, belonging to the CTG (
Candida
) clade, contain both a classic Far1-like protein and a Ste5-like protein that lacks the vWA domain. We analyzed the function of
C. albicans
Ste5p (Cst5p), a member of this class of structurally distinct Ste5 proteins.
CST5
is essential for mating and still coordinates the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (MAPK) cascade elements in the absence of the vWA domain; Cst5p interacts with the MEK kinase (MEKK)
C. albicans
Ste11p (CaSte11p) and the MAPK Cek1 as well as with the MEK Hst7 in a vWA domain-independent manner. Cst5p can homodimerize, similar to Ste5p, but can also heterodimerize with Far1p, potentially forming heteromeric signaling scaffolds. We found direct binding between the MEKK CaSte11p and the MEK Hst7p that depends on a mobile acidic loop absent from
S. cerevisiae
Ste11p but related to the Ste7-binding region within the vWA domain of Ste5p. Thus, the fungal lineage has restructured specific scaffolding modules to coordinate the proteins required to direct the gene expression, polarity, and cell cycle regulation essential for mating.

IMPORTANCE
The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade is an extensively used signaling module in eukaryotic cells, and the ability to regulate these modules is critical for ensuring proper responses to a wide variety of stimuli. One way that cells regulate this signaling module is through scaffold proteins that insulate related pathways against cross talk, improve signaling efficiency, and ensure that signals are connected to the correct response. The Ste5 scaffold of the
S. cerevisiae
mating response is a well-studied representative of this class of proteins. Using bioinformatics, structural modeling, and molecular genetic approaches, we have investigated the equivalent scaffold in the pathogenic yeast
Candida albicans
. We show that the
C. albicans
protein is structurally distinct from that of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
but still provides similar functions. Increases in pathway complexity have been associated with changes in scaffold connectivity, and overall, the tethering capacity of the scaffolds has been more conserved than their structural organization.
Utilization of the Mating Scaffold Protein in the Evolution of a New Signal Transduction Pathway for Biofilm Development
Authors: Yi Song , Sahni Nidhi , Daniels Karla J. , Lu Kevin L. , Huang Guanghua , Garnaas Adam M. , Pujol Claude , Srikantha Thyagarajan , Soll David R.
Published: January 2011

Among the hemiascomycetes, only
Candida albicans
must switch from the white phenotype to the opaque phenotype to mate. In the recent evolution of this transition, mating-incompetent white cells acquired a unique response to mating pheromone, resulting in the formation of a white cell biofilm that facilitates mating. All of the upstream components of the white cell response pathway so far analyzed have been shown to be derived from the ancestral pathway involved in mating, except for the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase scaffold protein, which had not been identified. Here, through binding and mutational studies, it is demonstrated that in both the opaque and the white cell pheromone responses, Cst5 is the scaffold protein, supporting the evolutionary scenario proposed. Although Cst5 plays the same role in tethering the MAP kinases as Ste5 does in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, Cst5 is approximately one-third the size and has only one rather than four phosphorylation sites involved in activation and cytoplasmic relocalization.

IMPORTANCE
Candida albicans
must switch from white to opaque to mate. Opaque cells then release pheromone, which not only induces cells to mate but also in a unique fashion induces mating-incompetent white cells to form biofilms that facilitate opaque cell mating. All of the tested upstream components of the newly evolved white cell pheromone response pathway, from the receptor to the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade, are the same as those of the conserved opaque cell response pathway. One key element, however, remained unidentified, the scaffold protein for the kinase cascade. Here, we demonstrate that Cst5, a homolog of the
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
scaffold protein Ste5, functions as the scaffold protein in both the opaque and the white cell pheromone responses. Pheromone induces Cst5 phosphorylation, which is involved in activation and cytoplasmic localization of Cst5. However, Cst5 contains only one phosphorylation site, not four as in the
S. cerevisiae
ortholog Ste5. These results support the hypothesis that the entire upper portion of the newly evolved white cell pheromone response pathway is derived from the conserved pheromone response pathway in the mating process.
Cyclic Diguanylate Signaling Proteins Control Intracellular Growth of Legionella pneumophila
Authors: Levi Assaf , Folcher Marc , Jenal Urs , Shuman Howard A.
Published: January 2011

Proteins that metabolize or bind the nucleotide second messenger cyclic diguanylate regulate a wide variety of important processes in bacteria. These processes include motility, biofilm formation, cell division, differentiation, and virulence. The role of cyclic diguanylate signaling in the lifestyle ofLegionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires’ disease, has not previously been examined. TheL. pneumophilagenome encodes 22 predicted proteins containing domains related to cyclic diguanylate synthesis, hydrolysis, and recognition. We refer to these genes ascdgS(cyclicdiguanylatesignaling) genes. Strains ofL. pneumophilacontaining deletions of all individualcdgSgenes were created and did not exhibit any observable growth defect in growth medium or inside host cells. However, when overexpressed, severalcdgSgenes strongly decreased the ability ofL. pneumophilato grow inside host cells. Expression of thesecdgSgenes did not affect the Dot/Icm type IVB secretion system, the major determinant of intracellular growth inL. pneumophila.L. pneumophilastrains overexpressing thesecdgSgenes were less cytotoxic to THP-1 macrophages than wild-typeL. pneumophilabut retained the ability to resist grazing by amoebae. In many cases, the intracellular-growth inhibition caused bycdgSgene overexpression was independent of diguanylate cyclase or phosphodiesterase activities. Expression of thecdgSgenes in aSalmonella entericaserovar Enteritidis strain that lacks all diguanylate cyclase activity indicated that severalcdgSgenes encode potential cyclases. These results indicate that components of the cyclic diguanylate signaling pathway play an important role in regulating the ability ofL. pneumophilato grow in host cells.

IMPORTANCEAll bacteria must sense and respond to environmental cues. Intracellular bacterial pathogens must detect and respond to host functions that limit their ability to carry out a successful infection. Small-molecule second messengers play key roles in transmitting signals from environmental receptors to the proteins and other components that respond to signals. Cyclic diguanylate is a ubiquitous bacterial second messenger known to play an important role in many sensing and signaling systems in bacteria. The causative agent of Legionnaires’ disease,Legionella pneumophila, is an intracellular pathogen that grows inside environmental protists and human macrophages by subverting the normal processes that these cells use to capture and destroy bacteria. We show that the several cyclic diguanylate signaling components inLegionellaplay a role in the ability to grow inside both kinds of host cells. This work highlights the role of cyclic diguanylate signaling during intracellular growth.
Variant carotid origin of left anterior inferior cerebellar artery mimicking infarct on angiography
Authors: Bykowski Julie , Jahan Reza , Pakbaz R Sean
Published: January 2011

A case is presented of a rare anterior inferior cerebellar artery variant, originating from the internal carotid artery. This mimicked a cerebellar infarct on vertebral angiography of a patient who presented with dysmetria and gait imbalance. It is important for the neuroradiologist and neurointerventionist to be aware of common and unusual cerebellar arterial anatomic variants to avoid incorrect diagnoses, as well as understand possible implications for surgery and interventional therapies.
Bilateral mirror posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysms: diagnostic caveat on catheter angiography
Authors: Lesley Walter S
Published: January 2011

Only three definitive cases of bilateral mirror proximal posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysms have ever been reported. A fourth example is presented where each PICA aneurysm remained angiographically occult on contralateral vertebral artery angiography despite retrograde filling of the parent vessel PICA. Implications for clinical practice are discussed.
Variation in floral morphology and ploidy among populations ofCollinsia parvifloraandCollinsia grandiflora
Authors: Tunbridge Nicole D. , Sears Chris , Elle Elizabeth
Published: January 2011

Variation in floral form complicates species identification, and when variation in ploidy also occurs, taxonomic designations are significantly compromised. We studied morphological and ploidy variation in sister species Collinsia parviflora Lindl. (small-flowered form) and Collinsia grandiflora Douglas ex Lindl. (large-flowered form), sampling from California, where the species were previously described as diploids, to British Columbia, where morphologically variable populations were more recently designated tetraploid. We found continuous among-population variation in flower size and shape throughout our sampled range. Ploidy variation, estimated using a combination of chromosome counts and flow cytometry, was not associated with flower size. Diploid populations were rare, and both large-flowered and small-flowered diploids were identified. Tetraploid populations were common, geographically dispersed, and exhibited the full range of flower sizes. A few populations of small-flowered plants were putative hexaploids. When large- and small-flowered forms co-occurred, they were diploid and tetraploid, respectively, suggesting morphological differentiation from selection for reproductive isolation between co-occurring plants of different ploidy. Although diploid C. parviflora (small-flowered) and C. grandiflora (large-flowered) occur, the majority of our sample consisted of morphologically variable tetraploids, suggesting that the use of flower size to delineate species is inappropriate. Further research is needed to ensure a true description of species boundaries in this group.
Genetic and morphological variability in populations of the wild diploid potato speciesSolanum magliaandSolanum kurtzianumfrom Argentina
Authors: Marfil Carlos F. , Pigni Natalia B. , Camadro Elsa L. , Masuelli Ricardo W.
Published: January 2011

Solanum maglia Schltdl., a wild potato species that has its widest geographical distribution in Chile, is restricted in Argentina to Quebrada La Cumbre (quebrada = gorge), Mendoza province, where no other potato species has been reported. During two collecting expeditions carried out in 2006 and 2007 in this gorge, tubers of two potato populations separated by 500 m (area 1 and 2) were sampled. The morphological and genetic diversity of these two newly sampled populations and of five accessions from the same gorge classified as S. maglia, a plant of Solanum kurtzianum collected outside this gorge, and a Chilean plant of S. maglia were examined by comparing 24 morphological characters and electrophoretic patterns for simple sequence repeat and amplified fragment length polymorphism markers, respectively. Based on the current taxonomic concept, the results support the classification of plants from area 1 as S. kurtzianum and those from area 2 as S. maglia, except for one plant from the former area, which shared electrophoretic bands from both species. This is the first report on the sympatry of populations of the two species in Quebrada La Cumbre. The importance of performing in situ population studies in the same sites over years is discussed.
Rapid juvenile development in old forest lichens
Authors: Larsson Per , Gauslaa Yngvar
Published: January 2011

Generation time and juvenile growth rates are important but poorly known parameters in lichen population biology. By using a noninvasive method, we aimed to quantify these variables in juvenile thalli of Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm., L. scrobiculata (Scop.) D.C., and Pseudocyphellaria crocata (L.) Vain., in situ, on twigs of Picea abies (L.) H. Karst in boreal rainforests. Growth was monitored during the summer months (May–August, 106 d), as well as in the remaining part of the year (259 d), for each of two sequential years, by means of repeated photography and imaging analysis. The mean relative thallus-area growth rates were 0.53 ± 0.02, 0.41 ± 0.02, and 0.57 ± 0.04 mm2·mm–2·year–1 (mean ±SE), respectively, in the three species, equivalent to a yearly growth of 101 ± 5%, 70 ± 6%, and 121 ± 12%. Growth was much slower during the winter (0.09–0.12 mm2·cm–2·d–1) than in summer (0.19–0.27 mm2·cm–2·d–1). Relative growth rates significantly declined with increasing thallus size. Estimated generation times in L. scrobiculata and P. crocata, based upon the first observed formation of reproductive structures, were 15–22 and 9–13 years, respectively. Studied L. pulmonaria thalli produced no diaspores during the experiment, consistent with a generation time >17 years. The relative growth rates we measured and our estimated generation times are faster than those earlier recorded. Thus, our noninvasive method can estimate parameters needed to model population growth within a reasonable period of time. The rapid juvenile development implies that the growth rates and generation times are unlikely to be the limiting factors that exclude these lichens from young forests.
ON IMPLICIT SECOND-ORDER PDE OF A SCALAR FUNCTION ON A PLANE VIA DIFFERENTIAL SYSTEMS
Authors: NODA TAKAHIRO , SHIBUYA KAZUHIRO
Published: January 2011

In the present paper, we study implicit second-order PDEs (i.e. partial differential equations) of single type for one unknown function of two variables. In particular, by using the theory of differential systems, we give a geometric characterization of PDEs which have a certain singularity. Moreover, we provide a new invariant of PDEs under contact transformations.
AN EXTENSION OF THE CARTAN–NOCHKA SECOND MAIN THEOREM FOR HYPERSURFACES
Authors: DETHLOFF GERD , TAN TRAN VAN , THAI DO DUC
Published: January 2011

In 1983, Nochka proved a conjecture of Cartan on defects of holomorphic curves in ℂPn relative to a possibly degenerate set of hyperplanes. In this paper, we generalize Nochka's theorem to the case of curves in a complex projective variety intersecting hypersurfaces in subgeneral position. Further work will be needed to determine the optimal notion of subgeneral position under which this result can hold, and to lower the effective truncation level which we achieved.
SOME RESULTS ON THE NON-RIEMANNIAN QUANTITY H OF A FINSLER METRIC
Authors: XIA QIAOLING
Published: January 2011

In this paper, we study the non-Riemannian quantity H in Finsler geometry. We obtain some rigidity theorems of a compact Finsler manifold under some conditions related to H. We also prove that the S-curvature for a Randers metric is almost isotropic if and only if H almost vanishes. In particular, S-curvature is isotropic if and only if H = 0.
APPROXIMATION OF WEAKLY SINGULAR PLURISUBHARMONIC FUNCTIONS
Authors: BENELKOURCHI SLIMANE
Published: January 2011

In this paper we give some properties of the weighted energy class εχ and study the approximation in these classes. We prove that any function in εχ can be approximated by an increasing sequence of plurisubharmonic functions defined on larger domains and with finite χ-energy.
CLASSICAL ANALOG OF THE QUANTUM SCHWARZSCHILD BLACK HOLE: LOCAL VS GLOBAL, AND THE MYSTERY OF log 3
Authors: BEREZIN VICTOR
Published: January 2011

A model is built in which the main global properties of classical and quasiclassical black holes become local. These are the event horizon, "no hair," temperature and entropy. The construction is based on the features of a quantum collapse, discovered when studying some quantum black hole models. But the model is purely classical, and this allows one to use self-consistently the Einstein equations and classical (local) thermodynamics and explain in this way the " log 3" puzzle.
SPECTRAL FLOW AND FREE FIELD REALIZATIONS OF BOSONIC STRINGS ON NAPPI–WITTEN GROUP MANIFOLD
Authors: CHEN GANG
Published: January 2011

In this paper we study some aspects of closed string theories in the Nappi–Witten space–time. The effects of spectral flow on the geodesics are studied in terms of an explicit parametrization of the group manifold. The worldsheets of the closed strings under the spectral flow of the geodesics can be classified into four classes, each with a geometric interpretation. We also obtain a free field realization of the Nappi–Witten affine Lie algebra in the most general conditions using a different but equivalent parametrization of the group manifold.
PATH INTEGRAL ON THE EXTREME FIELD CONFIGURATIONS
Authors: KHATSYMOVSKY V. M.
Published: January 2011

The canonical Hamiltonian path integral measure obeys certain rule which relates such measure on the paths defined on the whole time axis to the measures on the paths defined on the regions constituting the time axis. We show that this "gluing" rule can be reproduced without referring to Hamiltonian formalism, by substituting field configurations with arbitrarily fast change of the fields at the boundary points of these regions into action and viewing the path integral in the sense of generalized function. Now the coordinate along which gluing proceeds can be not only the time.

The piecewise-flat (simplicial) minisuperspace gravity system is considered. Arbitrarily fast change of the (tangential component of) metric between the two 4-simplices with common 3-face is studied. That is, we generalize piecewise-flat anzats by allowing tangential metric to be function of the distance from the 3-face in the neighborhood of this 3-face. The action is nondegenerate (nonsingular) with respect to these additional generalized coordinates. The rule for gluing the path integral measures on separate 4-simplices is found. The resulting general expression covers a large variety of the measures including those usually used in numerical calculations and allows one to specify the measure in some applications.
DYNAMICAL BEHAVIORS OF FLUID-FILLED MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES
Authors: YAN Y. , WANG W. Q. , ZHANG L. X.
Published: January 2011

This paper is concerned with the free vibration of the fluid-filled multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with simply supported ends. Based on Donnell's cylindrical shell model and potential flow theory, the effects of internal fluid and the different radii on the coupling vibration of the MWCNT-fluid system are discussed in detail. The results show that the fluid has only a little influence on the natural resonant frequency (frequency of the innermost tube) and the associated amplitude ratio in MWCNTs, while it plays a significant role in the intertube resonant frequency and the associated amplitude ratio. For the natural resonant frequency, the vibrational mode is almost coaxial, i.e., the MWCNTs vibrate like a single-layer shell, however, for the intertube resonant frequency, the system shows complex noncoaxial vibration, which plays a critical role in electronic and transport properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Simultaneously, the effect of the innermost radius on the frequencies of MWCNTs is also examined and the conclusions accord well with those of another paper.
DETERMINATION OF THE COMPLEX REFRACTIVE INDEX OF POROUS SILICON LAYERS ON CRYSTALLINE SILICON SUBSTRATES
Authors: ARENAS M. C. , HU HAILIN , NAVA R. , DEL RÍO J. A.
Published: January 2011

In this work, we show an algorithm to calculate the complex refractive index of porous silicon (PS) on its crystalline silicon (c-Si) substrate in UV-NIR range by means of the reflectance spectra only. The algorithm is based on the analytical relations established by Heavens to obtain both complex refractive index and thickness of an absorbing thin film on an absorbing substrate. Based on this model, some simplification is introduced at different wavelengths. We start with the NIR range (1000–2500 nm), where the c-Si substrate has a low extinction coefficient. Then, we continue with the near infrared to the optical range (300–1000 nm), where PS has a strong extinction coefficient and dispersion. The calculated n and k values are in agreement with those reported in the literature obtained from separated measurements of a free standing PS film. We consider that the algorithm can be applied to any thin film on a substrate with similar optical properties.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF AN INTERACTING HARD-SPHERE BOSE GAS IN A TRAP USING THE STATIC FLUCTUATION APPROXIMATION
Authors: QASHOU SALEEM I. , AL-SUGHEIR MOHAMED K. , SAKHEL ASAAD R. , GHASSIB HUMAM B.
Published: January 2011

A hard-sphere (HS) Bose gas in a trap is investigated at finite temperatures in the weakly interacting regime and its thermodynamic properties are evaluated using the static fluctuation approximation. The energies are calculated with a second-quantized many-body Hamiltonian and a harmonic oscillator wave function. The specific heat capacity, internal energy, pressure, entropy, and the Bose–Einstein occupation number of the system are determined as functions of temperature and for various values of interaction strength and number of particles. It is found that the number of particles plays a more profound role in the determination of the thermodynamic properties of the system than the HS diameter characterizing the interaction, that the critical temperature drops with the increase of the repulsion between the bosons, and that the fluctuations in the energy are much smaller than the energy itself in the weakly interacting regime.
HYPERCHAOS Qi SYSTEM
Authors: WANG XING-YUAN , GAO YONG-FENG , ZHANG YAO-XIAN
Published: January 2011

This paper presents a four-dimensional hyperchaos Qi system, obtained by adding linear term and nonlinear term of nonlinear controller to Qi chaos system. The hyperchaos Qi system is studied by bifurcation diagram, Lyapunov exponent spectrum and phase diagram. Numerical simulations show that the new system's behavior can be periodic, chaotic and hyperchaotic as the parameter varies.
THE COMPLEX NETWORKS WITH RANDOM INITIALIZING AND PREFERENTIAL LINKING
Authors: SUN TIELI , DENG JINGWEI , DENG KAIYING , TIAN SHUANGLIANG
Published: January 2011

In this paper, we first derive the analytical expressions of the degree distributions for the network with random initializing attractiveness and preferential linking by using the approach of mean-field theory. Then we discuss the justification of the scale-free behavior and give a remark about the proposed model. Finally, a series of theoretical analysis and numerical simulations for the network model are conducted. The computer simulations and the theoretical results are consistent, and display the effectiveness of the model.
FRACTIONAL CALCULUS BASED STABILIZATION TECHNIQUE APPLIED TO SUPPRESS CHAOS IN CHAOTIC CIRCUITS
Authors: TAVAZOEI MOHAMMAD SALEH , HAERI MOHAMMAD , JAFARI SAEID
Published: January 2011

This paper deals with a new fractional calculus based method to stabilize fixed points of single-input 3D systems. In the proposed method, the control signal is determined by fractional order integration of a linear combination of the system linearized model states. The tuning rule for this method is based on the stability theorems in the incommensurate fractional order systems. The introduced technique can be used in suppression of chaotic oscillations. To evaluate the performance of the proposed technique in practical applications, it has been experimentally applied to control chaos in two chaotic circuits.
TIME-DEPENDENT DENSITY FUNCTIONAL STUDY OF MULTIELECTRON TRANSFER INCq+–Na4COLLISIONS
Authors: ZHANG Y. P. , ZHANG F. S. , GAO Y. , CHANG H. W. , XIAO G. Q.
Published: January 2011

The process of multielectron transfer from a Na4cluster induced by highly charged C6+, C4+, C2+and C+ions is studied using the method of time-dependent density functional theory within the local density approximation combined with the use of pseudopotential. The evolution of dipole moment changes and emitted electrons in Na4is obtained and the time-dependent probabilities with various charges are deduced. It is shown that the Na4cluster is strongly ionized by C6+and that the number of emitted electrons per atom of Na4is larger than that of Na2under the same condition. One can find that the detailed information of the emitted electrons from Na4is different from the same from Na2, which is possibly related to the difference in structure between the two clusters.
TOPOLOGICAL ENTANGLEMENT ENTROPY IN THE SECOND LANDAU LEVEL
Authors: FRIEDMAN B. A. , LEVINE G. C.
Published: January 2011

The entanglement entropy of the incompressible states of a realistic quantum Hall system in the second Landau level is studied by direct diagonalization. The subdominant term of the area law, the topological entanglement entropy, which is believed to carry information about topological order in the ground state, was extracted for filling factors ν = 12/5 and ν = 7/3. While it is difficult to make strong conclusions about ν = 12/5, the ν = 7/3 state appears to be very consistent with the topological entanglement entropy for the k = 4 Read–Rezayi state. The effect of finite thickness corrections to the Coulomb potential used in the direct diagonalization is also systematically studied.
STATISTICAL FLUCTUATION IN A SATURATION LASER MODEL WITH CROSS-CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE REAL AND IMAGINARY PARTS OF QUANTUM NOISE
Authors: LI Y. H. , MA C. S. , MEI D. C.
Published: January 2011

We study the effects of cross-correlations between the real and imaginary parts of quantum noise on the intensity fluctuation of a saturation laser model. By virtue of the locked phase method,we derived an approximate Fokker–Planck equation and analytic expressions of the stationary probability distribution function (SPD) of the laser system. Based on the SPD, the mean, the normalized variance, and the normalized skewness of the steady-state laser intensity are calculated numerically. The results indicate that the correlation strength of the cross-correlations between the real and imaginary parts of quantum noise increases the intensity fluctuations.
LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS IN INTRINSIC ELASTICITY
Authors: CIARLET PHILIPPE G. , CIARLET PATRICK , IOSIFESCU OANA , SAUTER STEFAN , ZOU JUN
Published: January 2011

In an intrinsic approach to three-dimensional linearized elasticity, the unknown is the linearized strain tensor field (or equivalently the stress tensor field by means of the constitutive equation), instead of the displacement vector field in the classical approach. We consider here the pure traction problem and the pure displacement problem and we show that, in each case, the intrinsic approach leads to a quadratic minimization problem constrained by Donati-like relations (the form of which depends on the type of boundary conditions considered). Using the Babuška-Brezzi inf-sup condition, we then show that, in each case, the minimizer of the constrained minimization problem found in an intrinsic approach is the first argument of the saddle-point of an ad hoc Lagrangian, so that the second argument of this saddle-point is the Lagrange multiplier associated with the corresponding constraints. Such results have potential applications to the numerical analysis and simulation of the intrinsic approach to three-dimensional linearized elasticity.
THE GLOBAL CLASSICAL SOLUTION OF THE VLASOV–MAXWELL–FOKKER–PLANCK SYSTEM NEAR MAXWELLIAN
Authors: CHAE MYEONGJU
Published: January 2011

The Vlasov–Maxwell–Fokker–Planck system is used in modeling distribution of charged particles in plasma, where particles interact via collisions and through their self-consistent electromagnetic field. We prove the existence of global in time classical solutions to the Cauchy problem near Maxwellians.
NONCOMMUTATIVE BROWNIAN MOTIONS INDEXED BY PARTIALLY ORDERED SETS
Authors: KULA ANNA , WYSOCZAŃSKI JANUSZ
Published: January 2011

We construct noncommutative Brownian motions indexed by partially ordered subsets of Euclidean spaces. The noncommutative independence under consideration is the bm-independence and the time parameter is taken from a positive cone in a vector space ([Formula: see text], the Lorentz cone or the positive definite real symmetric matrices). The construction extends the Muraki's idea of monotonic Brownian motion. We show that our Brownian motions have bm-independent increments for bm-ordered intervals. The appropriate version of the Donsker Invariance Principle is also proved for each positive cone. It requires the bm-Central Limit Theorems related to intervals in the given partially ordered set of indices.
MRM-FACTORS FOR THE PROBABILITY MEASURES IN THE MEIXNER CLASS
Authors: KUBO IZUMI , KUO HUI-HSIUNG
Published: January 2011

It is known that the gamma distribution γκ is MRM-applicable for h(x) = ex and for some hypergeometric functions also. We are interested in the problem to determine all possible MRM-factors of probability measures which are MRM-applicable for ex. We may say that the measures are in Meixner class. Such typical measures are Gaussian, Poisson, gamma, negative binomial and Meixner distributions and others are obtained from their modifications by affine transforms. We will give the complete list of MRM-factors different from ex up to trivial deformation:

(1) [Formula: see text] for gamma distribution γκ.

(2) [Formula: see text] for gamma distribution γκ.

(3) [Formula: see text] for standard Gaussian distribution.

(4) [Formula: see text] for shifted negative binomial distribution.

σβ NegBin (κ,p) with κ = 2, β = 1, for Meixner distribution Mκ,η with κ = 2 and for gamma distribution γκ with κ = 2, which is a special case of (2) with c = 1.
RANDOM HERMITE POLYNOMIALS AND GIRSANOV IDENTITIES ON THE WIENER SPACE
Authors: PRIVAULT NICOLAS
Published: January 2011

In this paper, we derive a formula for the expectation of random Hermite polynomials in Skorohod integrals, extending classical results in the adapted case. As an application we recover, under simple conditions and with short proofs, the anticipative Girsanov identity and quasi-invariance results obtained in Ref. 6 for quasi-nilpotent shifts on the Wiener space.
RANDOM WALKS AND DIMENSIONS OF RANDOM TREES
Authors: KONSOWA MOKHTAR H.
Published: January 2011

We study the relationship between the type of the random walk on some random trees and the structure of those trees in terms of fractal and resistance dimensions. This paper generalizes some results of Refs. 8–10.
ON THE QUADRATIC HEISENBERG GROUP
Authors: ACCARDI LUIGI , OUERDIANE HABIB , REBEÏ HABIB
Published: January 2011

In this paper we introduce the quadratic Weyl operators canonically associated to the one mode renormalized square of white noise (RSWN) algebra as unitary operator acting on the one mode interacting Fock space {Γ, {ωn, n ∈ ℕ}, Φ} where {ωn, n ∈ ℕ} is the principal Jacobi sequence of the nonstandard (i.e. neither Gaussian nor Poisson) Meixner classes.

We deduce the quadratic Weyl relations and construct the quadratic analogue of the Heisenberg Lie group with one degree of freedom. In particular, we determine the manifold structure of the group and introduce a local chart containing the identity on which the group law has a simple rational expression in the chart coordinates (see Theorem 6.3).
WHITE NOISE ANALYSIS ON MANIFOLDS AND THE ENERGY REPRESENTATION OF A GAUGE GROUP
Authors: HASEBE TAKAHIRO
Published: January 2011

The energy representation of a gauge group on a Riemannian manifold has been discussed by several authors. Y. Shimada has shown the irreducibility with the use of white noise analysis for compact Riemannian manifolds. In this paper we extend its technique to the noncompact Riemannian manifolds which have differential operators satisfying some conditions.
Regulation of Bone Mass by Serotonin: Molecular Biology and Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Karsenty Gerard , K. Yadav Vijay
Published: January 2011

The molecular elucidation of two human skeletal dysplasias revealed that they are caused by an increase or a decrease in the synthesis of serotonin by enterochromaffin cells of the gut. This observation revealed a novel and powerful endocrine means to regulate bone mass. Exploiting these findings in the pharmacological arena led to the demonstration that inhibiting synthesis of gut-derived serotonin could be an effective means to treat low-bone-mass diseases such as osteoporosis.
The Fabry Cardiomyopathy: Models for the Cardiologist
Authors: Weidemann Frank , Niemann Markus , Warnock David G. , Ertl Georg , Wanner Christoph
Published: January 2011

Fabry disease is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by α-galactosidase A deficiency. Intracellular accumulation of globotriaosylceramide starts in utero and progressively develops in various tissues and organs. Cardiac involvement is frequent, and its presentation as concentric nonobstructive left ventricular hypertrophy serves as a model for other hypertrophic cardiomyopathies. This review describes the Fabry cardiomyopathy, its treatment, and multidisciplinary patient care models. These models will help clinicians in diagnosing, assessing, and treating patients with Fabry disease. As the models can be extrapolated to other diseases, they might contribute to more optimal clinical management of patients with other cardiac disorders.
Simvastatin represses protein synthesis in the muscle-derived C2C12cell line with a concomitant reduction in eukaryotic initiation factor 2B expression
Authors: Tuckow Alexander P. , Jefferson Sarah J. , Kimball Scot R. , Jefferson Leonard S.
Published: January 2011

Statins are a widely prescribed class of cholesterol lowering drugs whose use is frequently associated with muscle-related ailments. A number of mechanisms have been implicated in statin-induced myotoxicity including alterations in both protein synthesis and protein degradation. The objective of the present study was to explore the mechanism(s) contributing to the statin-induced reduction in protein synthesis in the muscle-derived C2C12cell line. Cells were treated with 10 μM simvastatin or vehicle alone for 24 h in 1% serum. Cells exposed to simvastatin exhibited reduced rates of protein synthesis, as evidenced by [35S]methionine and [35S]cysteine incorporation into protein. The reduction in protein synthesis occurred with a concomitant decrease in expression and activity of eukaryotic initiation factor 2B (eIF2B), a regulated and rate-controlling guanine nucleotide exchange factor known to affect global rates of protein synthesis. The reductions in protein synthesis and eIF2B expression were prevented by coincubation with mevalonate. Simvastatin treatment also resulted in a proteasome-sensitive reduction in the protein expression of all the subunits of the eIF2B heteropentameric complex. Finally, increased phosphorylation of the catalytic ϵ-subunit at Ser535was observed, an event consistent with an observed reduction in eIF2B activity. These results suggest that repression of eIF2B expression and activity may contribute, at least in part, to the statin-induced reduction in protein synthesis.
Cryptotanshinone reverses reproductive and metabolic disturbances in prenatally androgenized rats via regulation of ovarian signaling mechanisms and androgen synthesis
Authors: Yang Xinming , Zhang Yuehui , Wu Xiaoke , Bae Chun Sik , Hou Lihui , Kuang Haixue , Wang Yongyan , Stener-Victorin Elisabet
Published: January 2011

This trial explores 1) prenatally androgenized (PNA) rats as a model of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and 2) reproductive and metabolic effects of cryptotanshinone in PNA ovaries. On days 16– 18 of pregnancy, 10 rats were injected with testosterone propionate (PNA mothers) and 10 with sesame oil (control mothers). At age 3 mo, 12 female offspring from each group were randomly assigned to receive saline and 12 cryptotanshinone treatment during 2 wk. Before treatment, compared with the 24 controls, the 24 PNA rats had 1) disrupted estrous cycles, 2) higher 17-hydroxyprogesterone ( P = 0.030), androstenedione ( P = 0.016), testosterone and insulin ( P values = 0.000), and glucose ( P = 0.047) levels, and 3) higher areas under the curve (AUC) for glucose (AUC-Glu, P = 0.025) and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, P = 0.008). After treatment, compared with vehicle-treated PNA rats, cryptotanshinone-treated PNA rats had 1) improved estrous cycles ( P = 0.045), 2) reduced 17-hydroxyprogesterone ( P = 0.041), androstenedione ( P = 0.038), testosterone ( P = 0.003), glucose ( P = 0.036), and insulin ( P = 0.041) levels, and 3) lower AUC-Glu ( P = 0.045) and HOMA-IR ( P = 0.024). Western blot showed that cryptotanshinone reversed the altered protein expressions of insulin receptor substrate-1 and -2, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p85α, glucose transporter-4, ERK-1, and 17α-hydroxylase within PNA ovaries. We conclude that PNA model rats exhibit reproductive and metabolic phenotypes of human PCOS and that regulation of key molecules in insulin signaling and androgen synthesis within PNA ovaries may explain cryptotanshinone's therapeutic effects.
Current source density correlates of cerebellar Golgi and Purkinje cell responses to tactile input
Authors: Tahon Koen , Wijnants Mike , De Schutter Erik , Maex Reinoud
Published: January 2011

The overall circuitry of the cerebellar cortex has been known for over a century, but the function of many synaptic connections remains poorly characterized in vivo. We used a one-dimensional multielectrode probe to estimate the current source density (CSD) of Crus IIa in response to perioral tactile stimuli in anesthetized rats and to correlate current sinks and sources to changes in the spike rate of corecorded Golgi and Purkinje cells. The punctate stimuli evoked two distinct early waves of excitation (at <10 and ∼20 ms) associated with current sinks in the granular layer. The second wave was putatively of corticopontine origin, and its associated sink was located higher in the granular layer than the first trigeminal sink. The distinctive patterns of granular-layer sinks correlated with the spike responses of corecorded Golgi cells. In general, Golgi cell spike responses could be linearly reconstructed from the CSD profile. A dip in simple-spike activity of coregistered Purkinje cells correlated with a current source deep in the molecular layer, probably generated by basket cell synapses, interspersed between sparse early sinks presumably generated by synapses from granule cells. The late (>30 ms) enhancement of simple-spike activity in Purkinje cells was characterized by the absence of simultaneous sinks in the granular layer and by the suppression of corecorded Golgi cell activity, pointing at inhibition of Golgi cells by Purkinje axon collaterals as a likely mechanism of late Purkinje cell excitation.
Ultrasmall and customizable multichannel electrodes for extracellular recordings
Authors: Piironen Arto , Weckström Matti , Vähäsöyrinki Mikko
Published: January 2011

Increasing demand exists for smaller multichannel electrodes that enable simultaneous recordings of many neurons in a noninvasive manner. We report a novel method for manufacturing ultrasmall carbon fiber electrodes with up to seven closely spaced recording sites. The electrodes were designed to minimize damage to neuronal circuitry and to be fully customizable in three dimensions so that their dimensions can be optimally matched to those of the targeted neuron population.
Schauder Basis, Separability, and Approximation Propertyin Intuitionistic Fuzzy Normed Space
Authors: Mursaleen M. , Karakaya V. , Mohiuddine S. A.
Published: January 2011

We define and study the concepts of Schauder basis, separability, and
approximation property in intuitionistic fuzzy normed spaces and establish some results related to
these concepts. We also display here some interesting examples by using classical sequence spaces
ℓp (1 ≤ p ≤ ∞).
Positive Periodic Solutions of Nonlinear First‐Order Functional Difference Equations
Authors: Ma Ruyun , Chen Tianlan , Lu Yanqiong
Published: January 2011

We consider the existence, multiplicity, and nonexistence of positive T‐periodic solutions for the difference equations Δx(n) = a(n)g(x(n))x(n) − λb(n)f(x(n − τ(n))), and Δx(n) + a(n)g(x(n))x(n) = λb(n)f(x(n − τ(n))), where a, b : ℤ → [0, ∞) are T‐periodic, τ : ℤ → ℤ is T‐periodic.
Hierarchical Convergence of a Double-Net Algorithm for Equilibrium Problems and Variational Inequality Problems
Authors: Yao Yonghong , Liou Yeong-Cheng , Chen Chia-Ping
Published: January 2011

We consider the following hierarchical equilibrium problem and variational inequality problem (abbreviated as HEVP): find a point "Equation missing" such that "Equation missing", for all "Equation missing", where "Equation missing", "Equation missing" are two monotone operators and "Equation missing" is the solution of the equilibrium problem of finding "Equation missing" such that "Equation missing", for all "Equation missing". We note that the problem (HEVP) includes some problems, for example, mathematical program and hierarchical minimization problems as special cases. For solving (HEVP), we propose a double-net algorithm which generates a net "Equation missing". We prove that the net "Equation missing" hierarchically converges to the solution of (HEVP); that is, for each fixed "Equation missing", the net "Equation missing" converges in norm, as "Equation missing", to a solution "Equation missing" of the equilibrium problem, and as "Equation missing", the net "Equation missing" converges in norm to the unique solution "Equation missing" of (HEVP).
Insulin Sensitivity, Serum Lipids, and Systemic Inflammatory Markers in School-Aged Obese and Nonobese Children
Authors: Kim Jinkwan , Bhattacharjee Rakesh , Kheirandish-Gozal Leila , Khalyfa Abdelnaby , Sans Capdevila Oscar , Tauman Riva , Gozal David
Published: January 2011

The impact of obesity as a systemic low-grade inflammatory process has only partially been explored. To this effect, 704 community-based school-aged children (354 obese children and 350 age-, gender-, and ethnicity-matched controls) were recruited and underwent assessment of plasma levels of fasting insulin and glucose, lipids, and a variety of proinflammatory mediators that are associated with cardiometabolic dysfunction. Obese children were at higher risk for abnormal HOMA and cholesterol levels. Furthermore, BMIzscore, HOMA, and LDL/HDL ratio strongly correlated with levels of certain inflammatory mediators. Taken together, obesity in children is not only associated with insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia, but is accompanied by increased, yet variable, expression of markers of systemic inflammation. Future community-based intervention and phenotype correlational studies on childhood obesity will require inclusion of expanded panels of inflammatory biomarkers to provide a comprehensive assessment of risk on specific obesity-related morbidities.
Successful Long-Term Use of Infliximab in Refractory Pouchitis in an Adolescent
Authors: Yeates Jessica , Rashid Mohsin
Published: January 2011

Pouchitis is a common complication that develops after an ileal pouch-anal anastomosis after colectomy for ulcerative colitis. In some cases, pouchitis becomes chronic and refractory to conventional therapies including antibiotics, corticosteroids, immunomodulators, probiotics, and anti-inflammatory drugs. We report a case of an adolescent with chronic pouchitis who not only improved with infliximab therapy but remains in long-term remission with maintenance therapy without any adverse effects. Infliximab is a safe and effective therapy for refractory pouchitis and may obviate the need for pouch removal and a permanent ileostomy.