bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical markers predicting long-term recurrence following clival and spinal chordoma resection: a multicenter study
Authors: Ghaith Abdul Karim , Akinduro Oluwaseun O. , Alexander A. Yohan , Goyal Anshit , Bon-Nieves Antonio , de Macedo Filho Leonardo , Otamendi-Lopez Andrea , Nathani Karim Rizwan , Abode-Iyamah Kingsley , Jentoft Mark E. , Bendok Bernard R. , Clarke Michelle J. , Link Michael J. , Van Gompel Jamie J. , Quiñones-Hinojosa Alfredo , Bydon Mohamad
Published: June 2023

OBJECTIVE

Chordomas are rare tumors from notochordal remnants and account for 1%–4% of all primary bone malignancies, often arising from the clivus and sacrum. Despite margin-negative resection and postoperative radiotherapy, chordomas often recur. Further, immunohistochemical (IHC) markers have not been assessed as predictive of chordoma recurrence. The authors aimed to identify the IHC markers that are predictive of postoperative long-term (≥ 1 year) chordoma recurrence by using trained multiple tree-based machine learning (ML) algorithms.

METHODS

The authors reviewed the records of patients who had undergone treatment for clival and spinal chordomas between January 2017 and June 2021 across the Mayo Clinic enterprise (Minnesota, Florida, and Arizona). Demographics, type of treatment, histopathology, and other relevant clinical factors were abstracted from each patient record. Decision tree and random forest classifiers were trained and tested to predict long-term recurrence based on unseen data using an 80/20 split.

RESULTS

One hundred fifty-one patients diagnosed and treated for chordomas were identified: 58 chordomas of the clivus, 48 chordomas of the mobile spine, and 45 chordomas sacrococcygeal in origin. Patients diagnosed with cervical chordomas were the oldest among all groups (58 ± 14 years, p = 0.009). Most patients were male (n = 91, 60.3%) and White (n = 139, 92.1%). Most patients underwent resection with or without radiation therapy (n = 129, 85.4%). Subtotal resection followed by radiation therapy (n = 51, 33.8%) was the most common treatment modality, followed by gross-total resection then radiation therapy (n = 43, 28.5%). Multivariate analysis showed that S100 and pan-cytokeratin are more likely to predict the increase in the risk of postoperative recurrence (OR 3.67, 95% CI 1.09–12.42, p= 0.03; and OR 3.74, 95% CI 0.05–2.21, p = 0.02, respectively). In the decision tree analysis, a clinical follow-up > 1897 days was found in 37% of encounters and a 90% chance of being classified for recurrence (accuracy = 77%). Random forest analysis (n = 500 trees) showed that patient age, type of surgical treatment, location of tumor, S100, pan-cytokeratin, and EMA are the factors predicting long-term recurrence.

CONCLUSIONS

The IHC and clinicopathological variables combined with tree-based ML tools successfully demonstrated a high capacity to identify recurrence patterns with an accuracy of 77%. S100, pan-cytokeratin, and EMA were the IHC drivers of recurrence. This shows the power of ML algorithms in analyzing and predicting outcomes of rare conditions of a small sample size.
Incorporation of a biparietal narrowing metric to improve the ability of machine learning models to detect sagittal craniosynostosis with 2D photographs
Authors: Anderson Megan G. , Jungbauer Dana , Leclair Nathan K. , Ahn Edward S. , Stoltz Petronella , Martin Jonathan E. , Hersh David S. , Bookland Markus J.
Published: June 2023

OBJECTIVE

Sagittal craniosynostosis is the most common form of craniosynostosis and typically results in scaphocephaly, which is characterized by biparietal narrowing, compensatory frontal bossing, and an occipital prominence. The cephalic index (CI) is a simple metric for quantifying the degree of cranial narrowing and is often used to diagnose sagittal craniosynostosis. However, patients with variant forms of sagittal craniosynostosis may present with a "normal" CI, depending on the part of the suture that is closed. As machine learning (ML) algorithms are developed to assist in the diagnosis of cranial deformities, metrics that reflect the other phenotypic features of sagittal craniosynostosis are needed. In this study the authors sought to describe the posterior arc angle (PAA), a measurement of biparietal narrowing that is obtained with 2D photographs, and elucidate the role of PAA as an adjuvant to the CI in characterizing scaphocephaly and the potential relevance of PAA in new ML model development.

METHODS

The authors retrospectively reviewed 1013 craniofacial patients treated during the period from 2006 to 2021. Orthogonal top-down photographs were used to calculate the CI and PAA. Distribution densities, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and chi-square analyses were used to describe the relative predictive utility of each method for sagittal craniosynostosis.

RESULTS

In total, 1001 patients underwent paired CI and PAA measurements and a clinical head shape diagnosis (sagittal craniosynostosis, n = 122; other cranial deformity, n = 565; normocephalic, n = 314). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for the CI was 98.5% (95% confidence interval 97.8%–99.2%, p < 0.001), with an optimum specificity of 92.6% and sensitivity of 93.4%. The PAA had an AUC of 97.4% (95% confidence interval 96.0%–98.8%, p < 0.001) with an optimum specificity of 94.9% and sensitivity of 90.2%. In 6 of 122 (4.9%) cases of sagittal craniosynostosis, the PAA was abnormal while the CI was normal. This means that adding a PAA cutoff branch to a partition model increases the detection of sagittal craniosynostosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Both CI and PAA are excellent discriminators for sagittal craniosynostosis. Using an accuracy-optimized partition model, the addition of the PAA to the CI increased model sensitivity compared to using the CI alone. Using a model that incorporates both CI and PAA could assist in the early identification and treatment of sagittal craniosynostosis via automated and semiautomated algorithms that utilize tree-based ML models.
Critically reading machine learning literature in neurosurgery: a reader’s guide and checklist for appraising prediction models
Authors: Emani Sivaram , Swaminathan Akshay , Grobman Ben , Duvall Julia B. , Lopez Ivan , Arnaout Omar , Huang Kevin T.
Published: June 2023

OBJECTIVE

Machine learning (ML) has become an increasingly popular tool for use in neurosurgical research. The number of publications and interest in the field have recently seen significant expansion in both quantity and complexity. However, this also places a commensurate burden on the general neurosurgical readership to appraise this literature and decide if these algorithms can be effectively translated into practice. To this end, the authors sought to review the burgeoning neurosurgical ML literature and to develop a checklist to help readers critically review and digest this work.

METHODS

The authors performed a literature search of recent ML papers in the PubMed database with the terms "neurosurgery" AND "machine learning," with additional modifiers "trauma," "cancer," "pediatric," and "spine" also used to ensure a diverse selection of relevant papers within the field. Papers were reviewed for their ML methodology, including the formulation of the clinical problem, data acquisition, data preprocessing, model development, model validation, model performance, and model deployment.

RESULTS

The resulting checklist consists of 14 key questions for critically appraising ML models and development techniques; these are organized according to their timing along the standard ML workflow. In addition, the authors provide an overview of the ML development process, as well as a review of key terms, models, and concepts referenced in the literature.

CONCLUSIONS

ML is poised to become an increasingly important part of neurosurgical research and clinical care. The authors hope that dissemination of education on ML techniques will help neurosurgeons to critically review new research better and more effectively integrate this technology into their practices.
Interhemispheric connections in the maintenance of language performance and prognosis prediction: fully connected layer-based deep learning model analysis
Authors: Zhang Haosu , Tehlan Kartikay , Ille Sebastian , Schwendner Maximilian , Gong Zhenyu , Schroeder Axel , Meyer Bernhard , Krieg Sandro M.
Published: June 2023

OBJECTIVE

Language-related networks have been recognized in functional maintenance, which has also been considered the mechanism of plasticity and reorganization in patients with cerebral malignant tumors. However, the role of interhemispheric connections (ICs) in language restoration remains unclear at the network level. Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) and diffusion tensor imaging fiber tracking data were used to identify language-eloquent regions and their corresponding subcortical structures, respectively.

METHODS

Preoperative image–based IC networks and nTMS mapping data from 30 patients without preoperative and postoperative aphasia as the nonaphasia group, 30 patients with preoperative and postoperative aphasia as the glioma-induced aphasia (GIA) group, and 30 patients without preoperative aphasia but who developed aphasia after the operation as the surgery-related aphasia group were investigated using fully connected layer-based deep learning (FC-DL) analysis to weight ICs.

RESULTS

GIA patients had more weighted ICs than the patients in the other groups. Weighted ICs between the left precuneus and right paracentral lobule, and between the left and right cuneus, were significantly different among these three groups. The FC-DL approach for modeling functional and structural connectivity was also tested for its potential to predict postoperative language levels, and both the achieved sensitivity and specificity were greater than 70%. Weighted IC was reorganized more in GIA patients to compensate for language loss.

CONCLUSIONS

The authors’ method offers a new perspective to investigate brain structural organization and predict functional prognosis.
Evaluating a 3D deep learning pipeline for cerebral vessel and intracranial aneurysm segmentation from computed tomography angiography–digital subtraction angiography image pairs
Authors: Patel Tatsat R. , Patel Aakash , Veeturi Sricharan S. , Shah Munjal , Waqas Muhammad , Monteiro Andre , Baig Ammad A. , Pinter Nandor , Levy Elad I. , Siddiqui Adnan H. , Tutino Vincent M.
Published: June 2023

OBJECTIVE

Computed tomography angiography (CTA) is the most widely used imaging modality for intracranial aneurysm (IA) management, yet it remains inferior to digital subtraction angiography (DSA) for IA detection, particularly of small IAs in the cavernous carotid region. The authors evaluated a deep learning pipeline for segmentation of vessels and IAs from CTA using coregistered, segmented DSA images as ground truth.

METHODS

Using 50 paired CTA-DSA images, the authors trained (n = 27), validated (n = 3), and tested (n = 20) a deep learning model (3D DeepMedic) for cerebrovasculature segmentation from CTA. A landmark-based coregistration algorithm was used for registration and upsampling of CTA images to paired DSA images. Segmented vessels from the DSA were used as the ground truth. Accuracy of the model for vessel segmentation was evaluated using conventional metrics (dice similarity coefficient [DSC]) and vessel segmentation–specific metrics, like connectivity-area-length (CAL). On the test cases (20 IAs), 3 expert raters attempted to detect and segment IAs. For each rater, the authors recorded the rate of IA detection, and for detected IAs, raters segmented and calculated important IA morphology parameters to quantify the differences in IA segmentation by raters to segmentations by DeepMedic. The agreement between raters, DeepMedic, and ground truth was assessed using Krippendorf’s alpha.

RESULTS

In testing, the DeepMedic model yielded a CAL of 0.971 ± 0.007 and a DSC of 0.868 ± 0.008. The model prediction delineated all IAs and resulted in average error rates of < 10% for all IA morphometrics. Conversely, average IA detection accuracy by the raters was 0.653 (undetected IAs were present to a significantly greater degree on the ICA, likely due to those in the cavernous region, and were significantly smaller). Error rates for IA morphometrics in rater-segmented cases were significantly higher than in DeepMedic-segmented cases, particularly for neck (p = 0.003) and surface area (p = 0.04). For IA morphology, agreement between the raters was acceptable for most metrics, except for the undulation index (α = 0.36) and the nonsphericity index (α = 0.69). Agreement between DeepMedic and ground truth was consistently higher compared with that between expert raters and ground truth.

CONCLUSIONS

This CTA segmentation network (DeepMedic trained on DSA-segmented vessels) provides a high-fidelity solution for CTA vessel segmentation, particularly for vessels and IAs in the carotid cavernous region.
YAYLI ÇALGILARDA ESERE YÖNELİK YAY KULLANIMININ PLANLANMASI SÜRECİ
Authors: TOPALOĞLU Taner
Published: June 2023

Araştırmanın amacı, yaylı çalgı eğitimi veren öğretim elemanlarının görüşleri doğrultusunda, esere yönelik yay planlaması eğitiminin mevcut durumu, eser içinde yayın çekme-itme ve bölgesel kullanımını belirleyen etkenleri ve esere yönelik yay planı sürecinin aşamalarının tespit etmektir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu, 2021-2022 eğitim öğretim yılında Türkiye’de bulunan eğitim fakültelerinin müzik eğitimi bölümleri ve devlet konservatuvarlarında yaylı çalgılar eğitimi veren çalışmaya gönüllü 21 öğretim elemanı oluşturmaktadır. Nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden durum çalışması deseni kullanılan araştırmada veriler yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu ile toplanmış ve elde edilen veriler içerik analizi yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, müzikal ifadelerin duyurulması ve icra kabiliyeti sağlanması yönünden esere yönelik yay planı eğitimi çok önemlidir. Konuya ilişkin yazılı kaynakların çok yetersiz olduğunu ifade eden öğretim elemanlarına göre eser içinde yayın çekilmesi ve itilmesi gereken yerlerin tespiti sürecinde öncelikle “eserin ölçü yapısı” önemlidir. Eser içinde yayın bölgesel kullanım planı sürecinde dikkat edilmesi gereken etkenlerin başında “eserin temposu” gelmektedir. Esere yönelik yay planı sürecinde öğretim elemanlarının temelde eserin notası ve müzikal yapısının incelenmesi, eserin temposu ve tartımların değerlendirilmesi ve son olarak yayın çekme-itme ve bölgesel kullanımının belirlenmesi olmak üzere bu üç aşamaya dikkat ettikleri görülmektedir.
Development of number sense and numeration: a continuum hypothesis
Authors: Bisaillon Nathalie
Published: June 2023

This text focuses on the development of number sense, specifically addressing the challenges associated with understanding the number system, including the connections to and difficulties in early arithmetic learning. It provides a synthesis of the scientific literature related to this development. It concludes by proposing a hypothesis for the development of number sense, associated with the construction of dynamic and pictorial mental representations. This continuum proposes five key phases: perception of small quantities, additive thinking, multiplicative thinking and pre-place value, passage to tens and passage to hundreds and understanding place value.
Affect and Emotion: the Problem of Expanding Reality Through Imaginary
Authors: Girenok Fedor
Published: June 2023

In the scientific literature, due attention is often not paid to the difference between the perception of things and the perception of images, which leads to a conceptual non-distinction between affects and emotions. The purpose of the article is to fill this theoretical gap, in connection with which to turn to the analysis of classical and modern philosophical literature. As a result of the research, the author introduces the following distinction: if things are something that always exists and occupies a place in space, then images are non–spatial imaginary. At the same time, images can be perceived both as imaginary and as things without being things. In the latter case, they appear as simulacra or as ghosts. The author comes to the conclusion that affect characterizes the attitude to things, and emotion characterizes the attitude to images. Affective attitude is possible both in animals and in humans. An emotional attitude is possible only for a person, because a person lives in time, and an animal lives in space. In the first case, we can say that animals live among things, and in the second – that a person does not live in the world, but in the picture of the world. The steady existence of things is one thing, the steady existence of images is another. If Descartes believed that things could be created by God at any given time, then Spinoza, rejecting the idea of doubling the world, built a flat ontology, which later determined the thought of Deleuze and Massumi. For Kant, the idea of doubling the world is fundamental, since it justifies the possibility of a person being the basis of the reality of a new chain of causes and effects.
Where should we go... sport or fun?
Authors: Voronin Andrey A.
Published: June 2023

Two types of power extreme are compared — a barbell and power tricks (on the example of two books of outstanding strengths Yu. Vlasov and P. Filaretov). The fundamental difference is seen in the way of demonstrating achievements. The position of classical sports is characterized by institutionalization, financial and political support, regulation, refereeing, recording, entertainment, fans and business. Today, sports are spreading that can be characterized as non-classical, in which motivation, support, demonstration of achievements, entertainment, etc. have changed radically. Both types of sports exist side by side, although there is a tendency for classical sports to migrate towards non-classical ones. This poses the problem of a new filling of sports with motives, values and meanings.
Respect for personal autonomy in sports as a problem of biosocial identity
Authors: Belyaletdinov Roman
Published: June 2023

The article deals with the problem of respect for personal autonomy in sports and the practice of restricting athletes. The two justification factors for restrictions, medico-paternalistic and ethical, are in close correlation with each other and with the ethics of public competitions. The article analyzes the problem of respect for personal autonomy from the point of view of the contradiction between the formally rational set of rules that reflect the standards of fair sports and the unformalized impulse of an autonomous actor, determined by his desire for self-realization and public recognition in its entirety, including the features of biosocial identity. The article analyzes the case of female athletes with a naturally elevated level of testosterone in the blood.
Role of Sheikh Jalaluddin Hosseini in the 1979 Iranian People's Uprising
Authors:   Soran University, Mustafa Sahand Abdulsattar , Saber Shakhawan Abdullah
Published: June 2023

Abstract: The Iranian revolution that started in 1979 was an important and historic turning point. This revolution ended the monarchy's rule in the country. Many politicians, religious scholars and nationalists had an important role in this revolution, including Sheikh (Jalaluddin Hosseini), who emerged as a political, religious and cultural figure in the field of the revolutionary movement in Iranian Kurdistan. This man increased his fame among the masses through seminars and meetings in the period between 1978 -1979. After the revolutionaries took control of the city of Banah, he was elected by the people as the head of the council in the city. During his presidency, he played an important role in establishing and spreading security and peace in post-revolution Iran. However, the political events after (Khomeini Revolution) death were so sudden that the Kurdish leaders could not have enough time and opportunity to receive their rights and perform their duties during this period, so these demanded rights were within the right to self- governance.
Self-image and relationship with eating disorder symptoms among adolescents in Soran district
Authors:   Salahaddin University, Radha Araz Hakeem , Hamadamin Sazgar Mohammed ,   Soran University
Published: June 2023

Abstract The current research aims to identify the level of self-image in its three dimensions (physical, psychological and social), and then to identify the level of eating disorder symptoms, while finding the relationship between the three dimensions of self-image with eating disorder symptoms among adolescents in the Soran District Center. The research population consists of all adolescents in the Soran District Center whose ages range between (16-18) years, and the research sample consists of (400) adolescents, (167) males and (233) females. The researchers relied on the quantitative approach with a questionnaire to obtain numbers and information. The researchers built a special scale to measure the self-image variable, and for the eating disorder symptoms variable, the researchers took a scale (EAT-26), after extracting the psychometric properties of both scales. To treat the data, the following statistical methods were used: (percentage, chi-square, Pearson correlation coefficient, Cronbach alpha equation, one simple t-test and independent simple t-test). For this purpose, the researchers used the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and the Structural Equation Modeling-SEM, which is known as the (AMOS - Analysis of Moment Structures program). The results of the research concluded that participants have a positive image in the three dimensions of self-image (physical, psychological and social), and that the participants do not have eating disorder symptoms, and there is an inverse relationship between the three dimensions of positive self-image with eating disorder symptoms. According to the results, the researchers presented a set of recommendations and suggestions. Keywords: Self-image, Eating Disorder Symptoms, Adolescents.
Youth attitudes towards sexual harassment in the Kurdistani society (Erbil city as a sample)
Authors:   College of Education, Salahaddin University, Hasan Shno Khalil
Published: June 2023

Abstract Sexual harassment is one of the negative social phenomena that our Kurdish society has to deal with. In this study, sexual harassment is defined as any act or speech of an unwelcome sexual nature issued by a man that violates a woman's body, privacy, or feelings, making her feel insecure or respected. or contentment. Given that youth are the mainstay on which societies rely for development, progress, and development, the study attempts to shed light on the trends of this segment toward the phenomenon of harassment, given the high prevalence of this phenomenon. 1-What are young people's attitudes toward the concept of sexual harassment in Kurdistan society? 2-Where are the most prominent sites of harassment from the perspective of young people? 3-What are young people's attitudes toward methods and mechanisms for dealing with the phenomenon of harassment? 4-Does the woman have anything to do with the harassment she is subjected to from young people? 5-What are the causes of such a phenomenon, as seen through the eyes of Kurdish youth? 6-What are the sources for identifying sexual harassment from the perspective of young people? 7-Does there appear to be statistically significant differences? The method used in this study is (Social and Comparative Survey Methodology), the study sample (class random), and one of the means of data collection is (the questionnaire). In Kurdish society, it is confirmed that social media such as the Internet and phones are the most prominent places for harassment to occur, and the study confirmed that the best way to deal with harassment is to contact the police and file a lawsuit. Regarding the causes of this phenomenon, it was found from the results of the field study that the majority of the sample confirm that the primary reason for harassment is linked to social reasons linked to male authority in society, as well as educational reasons linked Concerning the comparison of young people's attitudes toward the issue of harassment based on the variables of the study, the results of the field study revealed that there were no significant, statistically significant differences between the sample members based on the variables (gender, marital status, and monthly income). On the other hand, there were significant, statistically significant differences in attitudes toward sexual harassment among the sample members based on the variables (age, educational level, place of residence, and profession).
Correlation between Differentiation Strategy and Cost Leadership of Private Energy Businesses in the Sulaymaniyah City of Kurdistan Iraq.
Authors:   University of Raparin, Rania, Ahmed Arwand Hamadamin
Published: June 2023

Abstract: This study is concentrated on the correlation between two of porter’s general strategic strategies which are bringing leadership and isolation strategy and how it's related to the contending advantage in the private power businesses in the megacity of Sulaymaniyah in the Iraqi Kurdistan area. A quantitative system has been applied for analysis and an aggregate of 100 questionnaires was distributed among the directors of every order of all the private power businesses out of which 93 responded. The first part of the exploration is determining the positive relationship between the cost leadership and contending advantage, other part is concentrated on determining the possibility of a positive relation between isolation strategy and contending advantage. If we see the issues after the different analyses of the first hypothesis. The value of beta B is0.691 for cost leadership which means it's prognosticating the competitive advantage. Therefore, it supports our first thesis. After viewing the results of the analysis of the alternate hypothesis. The value of beta B is0.130 for the isolation strategy which means it's also Prognosticating the competitive advantage significantly Keywords: Private Energy Businesses, Porter’s Generic Strategies, Competing Advantages.
The Role of Knowledge Management in Achieving Competitive Advantage- Applied Study in the Private Banks in Erbil.
Authors:   College of Basic Education, University of Raparin, Ahmed Arwand Hamadamin
Published: June 2023

1. ABSTRACT: This research attempts to identify the impact of knowledge management through its aspects, in particular: information creation, information storage, information exchange, information application, and information innovation based on the organizational feasibility of banks in the private sector of the city of Erbil in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. To achieve the objective of this review, an exam which consists of forty cross-questions was built and designated as an example of eighty administrators along with managers. Of the questions, only seventy-six of them were retrieved and sixty-nine of them were legitimate, testable and measurable. The main objective of this review is to monitor how the directors of companies can implement information management to achieve the viability and development of associations. The research argues that information management had an impact on the usefulness of the association according to the participants' perspectives. In light of the exam results: This review presented a set of suggestions on the information management that private sector banks in particular should adopt in an organized smart arrangement, and this can contribute to achieving a strong regulatory environment through which an environment has been created and radical changes work. KEYWORD: Knowledge Management, Process of knowledge and Organizational Effectiveness.
Meta-novel in Kurdish literature (for example, the novel of the armed monkeys channel)
Authors:   Salahaddin University, Kurdish Language Department, Sheikh Mohammed Sangar Qadir , Karim Dyar Mohammed ,   Knowledge University, College of Education
Published: June 2023

Absract Kurdish novel appeared about a hundred years ago, compared with other literary genres it is not a long time as well as in other nation’s literature. Because the novel is an influential genre, it went through a set of stages. The last stage that the global novel achieved is the Meta-Fiction, which some say is a new literary genre and others say is a new form or a style of the novel. There are many changes that occurred in the Kurdish novel, the changes happened so fast. Nowadays some Kurdish novelists who are few in number but have a strong impact use the newest technic, forms, and styles. Karwan Kakesur is one of the novelists who strongly took features of Meta-Fiction as principles for writing his novel to the extent that most of the characteristics are present in “Kanali Meymune Chekdarekan”. Key Words: Novel, Meta-fiction, Features, Types, Meta-Fiction Technics
COVID-19 and human convulsive reactions: Examining the involvement of pandemic fear in psychological disorders
Authors:   Salahaddin University, College of Education, Noori Saeed Mohammed , Kakamand Karwan Kakabra ,   Soran University, Faculty of Arts
Published: June 2023

Abstract Though the coronavirus virus attacks humans' physical aspects, the psychological consequences of this epidemic should not be overlooked. However, the negative effects of the coronavirus epidemic on the rise in psychological disorders are still unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the involvement of COVID-related fear in the levels of anxiety disorder and depression disorder, exploring this via a sample of participants from the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (N = 189). The results indicated that there are significant positive correlations between fear of COVID-19, generalised anxiety disorder, and major depressive disorder, with differential aspects across levels of both disorders. Accordingly, the findings revealed a positive relationship between fear of COVID-19 and mild to moderate levels of anxiety disorder. Furthermore, a mild level of depressive disorder was associated with a fear of COVID-19. Finally, the current study came up with a few recommendations and suggestions. Keywords: Fear of COVID-19, Generalised anxiety disorder, Major depressive disorder.
The degree of application of knowledge management by faculty members at the University of Zakho in their university activities
Authors:   Jihan University- Duhok, Zayd Aras Fadhil Abu , Jamil Farhad Salm , Ahmed Hashm Ali ,   Zakho University
Published: June 2023

Research Summary: The aim of the research is to identify the degree of application of the faculty members at the University of Zakho to knowledge management in their university activities, and to determine the statistically significant differences between the average scores of the sample on the knowledge management scale according to the research variables (specialization - scientific rank). The researchers followed the descriptive analytical approach, and the knowledge management scale prepared by the researchers was used, and the scale was applied to a sample of (110) faculty members. Among the most important search results: There are different differences in the opinions of faculty members about the degree of application of knowledge management in their university activities, and the degree of application is medium. However, there is a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the sample on the knowledge management scale according to the specialization variable, and it is due to the greater average, who are faculty members with scientific specialization. Also, there is a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the sample on the knowledge management scale according to the scientific rank variable and in favor of the larger average, who are the faculty members of the scientific rank of professor. Keywords: knowledge management, University of Zakho.
A New Light on the Hamazi Kingdom
Authors:   Salahaddin University, Khoshnaw Ardalan
Published: June 2023

Abstract Hamazi kingdom/city was an important ancient kingdom/city in the east of Tigris. The cuneiform texts show that it had a great character among the cities in the land of Subartu on the east bank of the Tigris. It must be mentioned that Hamazi first appeared in the pre-Sargonic records, and was mentioned in the Sargonic, Ur III and Old Babylon records. The paper deals with the historical background and important role of this city in the various periods in Mesopotamia according to the cuneiform records. Besides that, the research presents information about the location of the city and shows all of these texts, which mentioned the toponym in these different periods in Mesopotamia. Keywords: Hamazi, Kingdome, Cuneiform texts, Sumerian and Akkadian.
The Enigmatic Status of Womanhood in Alice Walker’s The Color Purple: A Postcolonial Approach
Authors:   Faculty of Arts, Soran University, Sabry Roshna Rasheed
Published: June 2023

Abstract This paper applies postcolonial literary criticism to examine the problematic status of womanhood as preoccupying the position of subalternity in the colonized society by means of investigating Alice Walker’s The Color Purple (1982). Given this, it explores the postcolonial conceptions as reflected and employed in the novel. Therefore, this study argues that the constructs of double colonization and double oppression problematize the status of the colonized woman in The Color Purple in which most of the women characters suffer from double-edged policy as enacted against them. Women in the novel are systematically exposed to both the colonial power and the patriarchal system simultaneously. The research, meanwhile, thoroughly criticizes the racialized policy and mindset thereby analyzing the discursive discrepancies and polarizations between the so-called unequal pillars of blackness and whiteness that signal the constructed identitarian subjects in the novel. In the light of this, the paper showcases the depictive paradigms of slavery in The Color Purple, demonstrating that slavery acts as a hidden structure of family construction and blurs the self-image of black women. In addition, the paper further contends that the characters’ methods of language use are another means whereby the individuals’ identities, worldviews and their positions in the world are determined. Finally, the paper argues that Alice Walker’s The Color Purple attempts to criticize feminism for neglecting the black women rights when their resistance to the oppression is at issue. Keywords: The Color Purple, postcolonialism, womanhood, double oppression, sisterhood, resistance.
Effects of sulforaphane glucosinolates from broccoli seed extract on the immune system of healthy Japanese adults
Authors: Kouno Naoyuki , Suzuki Naoko , Takara Tsuyoshi
Published: June 2023

Background: The Purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sulforaphane glucosinolate (SGS) from broccoli seed extracts on immune function and common cold symptoms in healthy Japanese adults.Methods: This randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group comparison study was conducted on Japanese adults who had worse health-related quality of life on the SF-8 and were more likely to catch colds from October 22, 2020 to April 2, 2021.Individuals who agreed to participate in the study were randomly assigned to either the SGS 100 mg/day group or the placebo group (n = 33 each). The intervention lasted 8 weeks. The outcomes of this study were the cumulative and the maximum number of days for which common cold symptoms persisted during the intervention period per subject (primary), and the frequency with which subjects experienced these symptoms per group (secondary). Additionally, the incidence rate of subjects infected with the influenza virus, immune indices, and SF-8 were assessed.Results: Based on a per protocol set, 64 subjects (33 in the SGS group and 31 in the placebo group) were analyzed. After the 8-week interventional period, the cumulative number of days for which common cold symptoms per subject was significantly lower for the SGS group than the placebo group (12.1 ± 13.5 for the SGS group and 20.2 ± 18.2 for the placebo group). The cumulative number of days of common cold symptoms per group was also significantly lower in the SGS group than in the placebo group (400 days in the SGS group and 626 days in the placebo group). No changes attributable to the SGS intervention were observed in the other outcomes. There were no adverse events due to food ingestion.Conclusion: A period of 8 weeks of SGS intake was shown to alleviate the onset of common cold symptoms in healthy Japanese adults who were prone to catching colds and had a low subjective sense of wellness.Keywords: Broccoli, sulforaphane, glucoraphanin, cold symptoms, immunityTrial registration: UMIN-CTR: UMIN000042195.Foundation: Murakami Farm Co., Ltd.
Oświadczenie woli w celu wspólnego pożycia w małżeństwie w epoce ponowoczesnej
Authors: Stadniczeńko Stanisław
Published: June 2023

Autor wskazuje, że czasy współczesne, czyli tak zwana era ponowoczesna charakteryzuje się wyraźnym wzrostem niepewności wzoru zachowania, poczuciem chwiejności między dobrem i złem, poczuciem daremności wysiłków w opanowaniu chaosu. Osoba uwikłana coraz silniej w skomplikowany układ powiązań społecznych, coraz silniej od tych powiązań uzależniona, coraz częściej będzie narażona na to, że jej jakiekolwiek przejawy autonomii z jej strony będą zawsze miały pewien refleks na sytuację innych uczestników. W sieci władzy jakiej się poddała sprawuje nad nią władzę wpływając na jej umysł przede wszystkim, choć nie wyłącznie, za pomocą multimedialnych sieci komunikacji masowej. To prezentowane pojęcia odpowiednio dobrane i zhierarchizowane nie tylko stanowią niezbędny środek wyrazu, lecz warunkują wstępnie, stojący u podstaw światopoglądu tak zwany obraz świata. Uzależnienie od sieci wyklucza swobodę myśli, ocen, opinii, nie pozwalając na weryfikację informacji uzyskanych w sieci. Technologia zmierza więc do coraz większego kontrolowania ludzkich myśli, poglądów, postaw, ocen wpływając na ich urzeczywistnianie, tworząc model nowego człowieka. To one kształtują prywatne światopoglądy poszczególnych ludzi. Tak więc źródłem władzy jest konstruowanie znaczeń w ludzkich umysłach. Sposób myślenia jednostkowych osób decyduje o losie instytucji, norm i wartości wokół których zorganizowane są społeczeństwa. Zauważyć należy, iż emocje zdominowały rozum a nawet intelekt. Społeczeństwo usieciowione w tym jednostkowe osoby nie potrafią już składać świadomego i swobodnego oświadczenia woli, bowiem podlegają i ulegają wpływom świata oglądu, który prezentowany jest przez sieć. Składa więc oświadczenie woli pod wpływem błędu co do otaczającej go rzeczywistości. W życiu społecznym widoczna jest atrofia woli, a wraz z nią odpowiedzialność za siebie, za innych, która może być ujmowana jako pochodna socjalizacji społeczeństwa ponowoczesnego, m.in. narcyzm, pogoń za ciągłą stymulacją, konsumpcja, kult młodzieńczej niedojrzałości, hedonizm, wydłużający się okres zależności dzieci od nadopiekuńczych rodziców, która w konsekwencji prowadzi do kształtowania u nich osobowości niezdolnych do wysiłku, skupienia, trudów i wyrzeczeń, w celu realizacji aktów woli. Reguły moralne utraciły właściwy swój smak i sens, dobro utożsamiane jest z korzyścią a normy moralne z zasadami działania, których przestrzeganie przynosi jakiś pożytek. Ujawnia się poważny kryzys relacji międzyludzkich, relacje często są pozbawione pozytywnych emocji, związków uczuciowych, więzi, konsekwencji i odpowiedzialności. Temu zjawisku należy położyć kres, ale najpierw trzeba je dobrze zrozumieć.
Dysymulacja czy zaniedbanie – o zaniechaniu reakcji władzy kościelnej na bezprawie
Authors: Przytulski Mateusz
Published: June 2023

Autor niniejszego opracowania podjął się przedstawienia różnicy pomiędzy dysymulacją a zaniedbaniem w kontekście zaniechania reakcji przełożonego kościelnego na złamanie prawa. Na podstawie dostępnych opracowań przedstawił instytucję dysymulacji. Aby jak najwyraźniej ukazać istotę działania tej instytucji kanonicznej odniósł się do generalnej teorii aktu prawnego. Wskazał, że dysymulacja nie jest związana z istotową częścią aktu, który podlega dysymulacji, lecz opiera się na przypadłościowej części tego aktu, czyli na okolicznościach. Przedstawiając generalne założenia dysymulacji wykazał, w jaki sposób odróżnić ją od zaniedbania. To może pozwolić na określenie, czy przełożony kościelny ponosi odpowiedzialność prawną i moralną za zaniechanie działania przeciw złamaniu prawa.
Zadania Policji w aspekcie postępowania w sprawach nieletnich w świetle wybranych przepisów prawa
Authors: Zaremba Katarzyna
Published: June 2023

Policja realizuje szereg zadań w odniesieniu do nieletnich zdemoralizowanych, jak również nieletnich sprawców czynów karalnych. Zadania te dotyczą zwalczania i przeciwdziałania przestępczości. Celem artykułu było przedstawienie wybranych zmian wprowadzonych w ostatnim czasie przepisami prawnymi dotyczącymi nieletnich oraz przedstawienie skali przestępczości nieletnich. Dokonano analizy przedstawionego materiału w odniesieniu do zadań stawianych przed Policją w tym aspekcie. Posłużono się analizą danych statystycznych oraz analizą aktów prawnych i literatury. Okazało się, że skala przestępczości nieletnich ma tendencję spadkową, co wynika z danych statystycznych, co nie oznacza jednak, że Policja ma mniej zadań generowanych przez zjawisko demoralizacji i przestępczości nieletnich. Zmiany przepisów prawnych stawiają przed Policją nowe wyzwania, jak reagowanie w formie upomnienia w sytuacji ujawnienia czynu karalnego, którego sprawcą jest nieletni, a czyn nosi znamiona wykroczenia. A zatem przed funkcjonariuszami Policji jawi się przede wszystkim zadanie zdobywania wiedzy i poszerzania kompetencji w zakresie postepowania w sprawach nieletnich.
Wyjątki w stosowaniu zasady testis unus testis nullus w procesie kanonicznym
Authors: Adamczewski Karol
Published: June 2023

Kan. 1573 Kodeksu Prawa Kanonicznego z 1983 r. potwierdza obowiązywanie dowodowej zasady testis unus testis nullus w procesie kanonicznym. Niemniej wymóg dwóch zgodnych świadków nie ma charakteru absolutnego. Ustawodawca wskazał dwa wyjątki. Pierwszym jest zeznanie świadka kwalifikowanego złożone w związku ze sprawowanym urzędem. Drugim sytuacja, gdy okoliczności rzeczy lub osób sugerują inaczej. Są to obiektywne okoliczności, które kreują w racjonalny sposób przekonanie sędziego tak, że uzasadnione jest przyjęcie w sprawie zeznania jednego świadka zwykłego i nadanie mu waloru pełnego dowodu. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi analizę wspominanych dwóch wyjątków z uwzględnieniem ich aspektu historycznego i odwołaniem do jurysprudencji oraz judykatury kanonicznej.
Prawne konsekwencje bezskuteczności czynności prawnych wobec stwierdzenia abuzywności klauzul jednostronnie narzuconych w świetle opinii rzecznika TSUE w sprawie C‑520/21
Authors: Gorzko Przemysław
Published: June 2023

Zagadnienie skutków prawnych stwierdzenia nieuczciwości klauzul narzuconych oraz będącej jej następstwem bezskuteczności umowy jej zawierającej staje się szczególnie doniosłym zagadnieniem prawnym w dobie rosnącej liczby spraw kwestionujących ważność umów kredytowych denominowanych w obcej walucie. Na kanwie jednej z tego rodzaju spraw sformułowane zostało pytanie prejudycjalne do TSUE, które ma stać się dopiero przedmiotem rozstrzygnięcia przy użyciu sformułowanej już opinii do sprawy C‑520/21. Poruszana w artykule materia dotyka wprost bezpośrednich skutków upadku umowy zawierającej postanowienia niedozwolone, tj. przywrócenia sytuacji prawnej drugiej strony do stanu sprzed obowiązywania tych postanowień oraz zwrotu spełnionych przez strony świadczeń. Zajmuje się również dalszymi skutkami bezskuteczności umowy, tj. odpowiedzialnością odszkodowawczą podmiotu używającego niedozwolonych klauzul oraz ewentualną dopuszczalnością roszczeń o wynagrodzenie za korzystanie ze spełnionego świadczenia względem kontrahenta takiego użytkownika. Analiza prawna przedstawiona w oparciu o wytyczne opinii oraz dorobek doktryny prawa polskiego i niemieckiego koncentruje się na odpowiednich wytycznych kierunkowych w zakresie kształtowania porządku prawnego państw członkowskich zmierzających do zapewnienia należytej efektywności postanowień dyrektywy 93/13/EWG. Otwierając drogę dla roszczeń odszkodowawczych względem użytkownika postanowień niedozwolonych zaprezentowane zostają potencjalne podstawy prawne dla ukształtowania takiej odpowiedzialności. Jednocześnie pozbawiając nieuczciwych użytkowników postanowień narzuconych prawa do korzystania z wywołania sytuacji abuzywności klauzul zamknięciu ulega dyskusja dotycząca konstruowania ewentualnych roszczeń względem strony pokrzywdzonej abuzywności tj. przede wszystkim konsumentów.
Uprawnienia hamujące Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej wobec legislatywy w Konstytucji Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z 1997 roku
Authors: Ścibor Weronika
Published: June 2023

Artykuł ma na celu analizę pozycji głowy państwa i jego uprawnień o charakterze hamującym wobec legislatywy. W pracy przedstawione zostały warunki skorzystania przez Prezydenta RP z mechanizmu skrócenia kadencji parlamentu, zgłoszenia weta ustawodawczego oraz zwrócenia się do Trybunału Konstytucyjnego z wnioskiem o przeprowadzenie prewencyjnej kontroli konstytucyjności. W artykule dokonana została analiza uprawnień, które posiada Prezydent wobec władzy ustawodawczej i podejmowanych przez nią działań, a także jego roli arbitra w sytuacji kryzysu w izbach parlamentu. Omówione zostały przesłanki oraz ograniczenia dotyczące stosowania przez głowę państwa uprawnień hamujących wobec legislatywy. Podczas sporządzenia niniejszego artykułu wykorzystano metodę dogmatyczno-prawną celem przeprowadzenia analizy skuteczności stosowania po 1997 r. przysługujących Prezydentowi kompetencji wobec władzy ustawodawczej.
CURSO DE EXTENSÃO EM TOMOGRAFIA COMPUTADORIZADA
Authors: Silva Charlene da , Ejidike Adaobi Bianca , Alves Marina Luna de Souza , Müller Juliana dos Santos , Souza Daiane Cristini Barbosa de
Published: June 2023

Caracterizar o perfil acadêmico discentes de um curso de extensão em saúde: Exposições Médicas em Tomografia Computadorizada. Estudo do tipo descritivo e quantitativos. A amostra foi de 61 discentes. Observou-se que 52,45% dos participantes eram do sexo feminino, sendo que a faixa etária para este público foi de 35,19 anos e do sexo masculino 36,45 anos. Dos profissionais, houve uma aderência maior dos tecnólogos em radiologia representando 63% e 11% apresentaram a formação de técnico e tecnólogo em radiologia. Desses, 80,32% realizaram a formação em instituições privadas, onde 60,65% realizaram estágio extracurricular com destaque ao setor do radiodiagnóstico representando 42,62% dos participantes, sendo que a maioria (80,42%) não realizou estágio extracurricular em tomografia computadorizada. Na atuação profissional, cerca de 50,81% da amostra atuam na área do radiodiagnóstico. Os participantes da capacitação foram, em sua maioria, tecnólogos em radiologia, evidenciando a necessidade de cursos de formação continuada a esta categoria.