bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphing steady‐state free precession
Authors: Bieri O. , Patil S. , Quick H.H. , Scheffler K.
Published: October 2007

A novel concept for visualization of positive contrast originating from susceptibility‐related magnetic field distortions is presented. In unbalanced steady‐state free precession (SSFP) the generic, gradient‐induced dephasing competes with local gradient fields generated by paramagnetic materials. Thus, within the same image, SSFP may morph its own appearance from unbalanced to balanced SSFP (bSSFP) as a result of local gradient compensation. In combination with low to very low flip angles, unbalanced SSFP signals are heavily suppressed, whereas bSSFP locally produces very high steady‐state amplitudes at certain frequency offsets. As a result, bSSFP signals appear hyperintense on an almost completely dark background. In this study, the conceptual issues of local gradient compensation and frequency matching, as well as the feasibility of proper detection of marker materials for interventional MRI from hyperintense pixels locations, are evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Signal dependencies of morphing SSFP on sequence parameters such as flip angle or repetition time are investigated theoretically and experimentally. In addition to passive tracking of interventional devices, morphing SSFP might also be a promising new concept for the generation of positive contrast from super‐paramagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles in contrast‐enhanced MRI as well as for particle tracking. Magn Reson Med, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nanostructured Carbonized Thin Films Produced by Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation of Block‐Copolymer Assemblies
Authors: Kondyurin Alexey , Bilek Marcela , Janke Andreas , Stamm Manfred , Luchnikov Valeriy
Published: October 2007

We present a new approach for the fabrication of highly ordered carbonized nanostructured thin films involving the ion beam treatment of self‐assembled block copolymers precursors. 70 nm‐thick porous polystyrene‐block‐poly(4‐vinyl pyridine) assemblies were treated by 20 keV nitrogen ions at fluences of 1015–1016 ions · cm−2. The resulting 35 nm‐thick films are almost completely carbonized, as confirmed by FTIR and micro‐Raman spectra, and retain hexagonal nanomorphology. The films are mechanically robust, stable at high temperatures and well suited for applications as ultrafiltration membranes, quantum dot or single molecule supports, masks for nanolithography. The carbonization of the films due to ion beam exposure occurred at temperatures much lower than required for pyrolytic carbonization.

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Methadone‐induced respiratory depression in the neonatal guinea pig
Authors: Nettleton Rosemary T. , Ransom Ty A. , Abraham Stephanie L. , Nelson Cole S. , Olsen George D.
Published: October 2007

Respiratory depression, the most serious side‐effect of opioid treatment, is well documented for morphine, the most commonly used opioid in neonatal care. Less is known about methadone, a clinically relevant opioid analgesic, especially during neonatal development. This study was undertaken to determine the neonatal respiratory effects of methadone. We hypothesize that methadone is equipotent to morphine, compared to our previous morphine results in the same animal model, but has a much longer duration of action, due to its longer elimination half‐life. Neonatal guinea pigs (3–14 days old) randomly received a single subcutaneous dose of methadone or saline. Using a non‐invasive plethysmographic method, we measured ventilatory and metabolic parameters before injection and at intervals for 32 hr after injection while pups breathed “room air” or 5% CO2gas mixtures. Methadone‐induced depression of ventilation was most evident during 5% CO2challenge. The onset of drug effects was within 15 min for all ages and doses, but the duration of action decreased with age. While the depth of methadone‐induced respiratory depression did not depend on pup age, the control of breathing was different in 3‐day‐old pups, where inspiratory time increased fourfold; twice that of older pups. We conclude that methadone induces a naloxone reversible respiratory depression in guinea pig neonates and, in the very young, causes an abnormal breathing pattern due to changes in respiratory timing. Methadone is more potent than morphine with respect to neonatal respiratory depression, but surprisingly, the duration of methadone action was not longer than morphine. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:1134–1143. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chest physiotherapy during anesthesia for children with cystic fibrosis: Effects on respiratory function
Authors: Tannenbaum E. , Prasad S.A. , Dinwiddie R. , Main Eleanor
Published: October 2007

Background

Physiotherapists sometimes use elective surgical procedures for children with cystic fibrosis as an opportunity to perform physiotherapy treatments during anesthesia. These treatments theoretically facilitate direct endotracheal airway clearance and compensate for any post‐operative respiratory deterioration related to the anaesthetic and surgery.

Materials, patients, and methods

Children were randomized either to receive physiotherapy or not following anesthesia and intubation. Respiratory mechanics (Crs and Rrs), tidal volume, and peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) were measured immediately before and after physiotherapy. FEV1 was measured before and after surgery and post‐operative physiotherapy requirements were recorded.

Results

Eighteen patients, mean age 12 years (range 2.8–15 years) were recruited, with nine in each group. Both groups showed a non‐significant decline in FEV1 the day after surgery compared with pre‐operative values (−5.8%: physiotherapy and −7.1%: control). Both PIP and Rrs increased significantly following physiotherapy (within‐ and between‐groups, P < 0.05). In addition, there was a significant within‐group reduction in Crs after physiotherapy which approached significance between‐groups (P = 0.07). There were no significant within‐ or between‐group differences in tidal volume following treatment in either group.

Conclusion

The unanticipated decline in respiratory function immediately following physiotherapy was short‐lived and not discernible in longer term outcomes measured by FEV1 or physiotherapy requirements post‐operatively. If respiratory physiotherapy under anesthesia is considered necessary and the benefits of removing secretions are deemed to outweigh the short‐term risks, it may be necessary for the anaesthetist to consider modifying ventilatory support to counteract any short‐term negative effects of the treatment. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007; 42:1152–1158. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alveolar, but not bronchial nitric oxide production is elevated in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Suri Ranjan , Paraskakis Emmanouil , Bush Andrew
Published: October 2007

Exhaled nitric oxide (NO) remains a promising non‐invasive marker for measuring inflammation in lung diseases. In cystic fibrosis (CF), exhaled NO measured at a single expiratory flow has been found to be normal or low. However, this measure cannot localize the anatomical site of NO production. The aims of this study were to apply a multiple‐flow NO analysis to compare alveolar NO concentration and bronchial NO flux in CF children with healthy controls. Twenty‐two children with CF and 17 healthy controls had exhaled NO measured at four different expiratory flows to calculate bronchial NO flux and alveolar NO concentration. Median (range) alveolar NO concentration was 2.2 (0.6–5.6) ppb for children with CF and 1.5 (0.4–2.6) ppb for healthy controls. Median (range) bronchial NO flux was 445 (64–1,256) pL/sec for children with CF and 509 (197–1,913) pL/sec for healthy controls. Children with CF had a significantly higher alveolar NO concentration, but no significant difference in bronchial NO flux compared to healthy children. In conclusion, children with CF have increased alveolar NO production, but not bronchial NO flux compared to healthy controls. The distal airway is a major site of inflammation in CF, and measuring alveolar NO may be a marker of distal inflammation in this disease. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007;42:1215–1221. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The relationship between flash point and LFL with application to hybrid mixtures
Authors: Prugh Richard W.
Published: October 2007

There usually is a significant difference between the flash point and the equilibrium liquid/vapor (“saturation”) temperature that corresponds to the lower flammable limit (LFL). This occurs because (1) the LFL is frequently not measured at the flash point temperature and (2) the LFL concentrations are typically for upward propagation of flame, whereas the flash point is obtained for downward propagation of flame, and upward propagation occurs at lower (“conservative”) concentrations. In this paper, guidance is given for “correcting” this difference. Since many “hybrid” mixtures of flammable vapors and combustible dusts occur at elevated temperatures (as in driers), it may be important that the effect of temperature on the LFL be taken into account.

For several hybrid mixtures, there is a linear relationship between the dust concentration and the vapor concentration that is required to make the mixture explosible. This relationship is more readily visualized if vapor concentrations are expressed in terms of grams per cubic meter (g/m3) like dust concentrations. A linear relationship is observed when the deflagration indices (Kst and Kg) are about equal, with strong deviations if the indices differ significantly. Testing is advisable to establish the relationship with confidence. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 2008
Coupled nanopillar waveguides optical properties and applications
Authors: Chigrin Dmitry N. , Zhukovsky Sergei V. , Lavrinenko Andrei V. , Kroha Johann
Published: October 2007

In this paper we review basic properties of coupled periodic and aperiodic nanopillar waveguides. A coupled nanopillar waveguide consists of several rows of periodically or aperiodically placed dielectric rods (pillars). In such a waveguide, light confinement is due to the total internal reflection, while guided modes dispersion is strongly affected by the waveguide structure. We present a systematic analysis of the optical properties of coupled nanopillar waveguides and discuss their possible applications for integrated optics. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Tunable superprism effect in photonic crystals
Authors: Glöckler F. , Peters S. , Lemmer U. , Gerken M.
Published: October 2007

We present a review of the field of tunable superprism structures. Such structures enable an active tuning of the group propagation angle by combining the large angular dispersion near the bandgap of a photonic crystal with a tuning of the optical material properties. The tuning is significantly enhanced compared to the change of the group propagation angle in a bulk material allowing for compact devices on the sub‐millimeter scale. Tunable superprism structures can be employed for many key components of optical circuitry and optical communications. Controlled deflection or refraction of light as well as spatial beam switching are only some possible tasks such devices could accomplish. We give a survey of geometries, switching mechanisms, and materials that have been investigated theoretically or experimentally for tunable photonic bandgap (PBG) structures and tunable superprism structures. A detailed theoretical investigation is presented for all‐optical switching in a one‐dimensional tunable superprism structure employing an optically non‐linear organic material. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Lasing in dye‐doped chiral liquid crystals: influence of defect modes
Authors: Haase Wolfgang , Podgornov Fedor , Matsuhisa Yuko , Ozaki Masanori
Published: October 2007

In this paper, we present the results of our investigations on the lasing in dye doped chiral liquid crystals with structural defects. The introduction of structural defects (TiO2microbeads) into cholesterics results in multimode laser generation and increasing the threshold energy. In the same time, utilization of multilayers in a FLC cell leads to a tremendous reduction of threshold energy. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preface: phys. stat. sol. (a) 204/11
Authors: Wehrspohn Ralf B. , Kitzerow Heinz‐Siegfried , Busch Kurt
Published: October 2007

Stimulated by the pioneering work of Sajeev John and Eli Yablonovitsch in 1987, German research groups started in the early 90s with theoretical and experimental work on 2D and 3D photonics crystals. This initial work was the basis of an application for a Priority Programme on Photonic Crystals at the German Science Foundation (DFG) in 1999. In the last seven years, a consortium consisting of more than 20 German research groups worked together in the area of photonic crystals.

We started with linear, non‐dispersive properties of purely dielectric 2D and 3D photonic crystals in the late 90s and developed the field of research step‐by‐step to non‐linear and dispersive properties of dielectric photonic crystals including gain and/or losses. These properties where studied on different materials systems such as silicon, III–V‐compound semiconductors, oxides and polymers as well as hybrid systems consisting of dielectric photonic crystals and liquid crystals. Applications of these systems were developed in the area of active photonic crystals fibres, functional optical components as well as sensors. Some of them have even entered into industrial applications. During the funding period, some groups extended the initial focus to non‐dielectric, dispersive materials such as metals and discussed the properties of periodic metallic structures (plasmonic crystals). After the groundbreaking work of John Pendry at the beginning of this century, also resonances in dispersive structures with periodic permeability and permittivity (metamaterials) were studied. This was important to understand the difference of negative refraction in metamaterials and dielectric photonic crystals.

This special issue summarizes the work of those groups being part of the German Priority Programme. Other groups not funded by this project but by other grants joined the German initiative on photonic crystals. Workshops of all groups working in the field have been carried out at the German Physical Society meeting every year. Our work was also stimulated by the numerous Humboldt Awardees which visited Germany in the last seven years such as Sajeev John, Costas Soukoulis, Thomas Krauss and many others. We are also pleased that some of our close collaborators over the last six years have contributed to this issue, Dan Davidovs group from the Hebrew University, Israel and Masanori Ozaki group from Osaka University, Japan.

At the end of this project, photonic crystals, plasmonic materials and metamaterials have been established as mature research field in Germany. They entered the academic curriculum and several professorships have been denominated in this area so that our common research can continue in the future. We are deeply indebted to the German Science Foundation that they have supported this research field over the last seven years. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Constrained piecewise linear systems with disturbances: Controller designviaconvex invariant sets
Authors: Sui Dan , Ong Chong Jin
Published: October 2007

This paper presents two control strategies under the time optimal control and model predictive control frameworks for constrained piecewise linear systems with bounded disturbances (PWLBD systems). Each of the proposed approaches uses an inner convex polytopal approximation of the non‐convex domains of attraction and results in simplified control laws that can be determined off‐lineviamulti‐parametric programming. These control strategies rely on invariant sets of PWLBD systems. Thereby, approaches for the computation of the disturbance invariant outer bounds of the minimal disturbance invariant set,F∞, and convex polytopal disturbance invariant sets are presented. The effectiveness of the approaches is assessed through numerical examples. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On an online random k‐SAT model
Authors: Kravitz David
Published: October 2007

Given n Boolean variables x1,…,xn, a k‐clause is a disjunction of k literals, where a literal is a variable or its negation. Suppose random k‐clauses are generated one at a time and an online algorithm accepts or rejects each clause as it is generated. Our goal is to accept as many randomly generated k‐clauses as possible with the condition that it must be possible to satisfy every clause that is accepted. When cn random k‐clauses on n variables are given, a natural online algorithm known as Online‐Lazy accepts an expected (1 − ${{1}\over {2^{k}}}$)cn + akn clauses for some constant ak. If these clauses are given offline, it is possible to do much better, (1 − ${{1}\over {2^{k}}}$)cn + Ω($\sqrt{c}$)n can be accepted whp. The question of closing the gap between ak and Ω($\sqrt{c}$) for the online version remained open. This article shows that for any k ≥ 1, any online algorithm will accept less than (1 − ${{1}\over {2^{k}}}$)cn + (ln 2)n k‐clauses whp, closing the gap between the constant and Ω($\sqrt{c}$). Furthermore we show that this bound is asymptotically tight as k → ∞. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2008
Testing for unusual aggregation of health risk in semiparametric models
Authors: Bottai Matteo , Geraci Marco , Lawson Andrew
Published: October 2007

We present a method for surface estimation over some area of interest using spatial multilevel semiparametric models, in which the spatial correlation is modeled through splines with random coefficients associated with a set of knots. Multiple sets of random effects are associated with partitions of the entire area of interest that allow flexibility for testing unusual rates within sub‐regions of larger areas. To test departures from the null value of no unusual rates, we derive a score‐based test statistic, partially by using some of the results available for singular information problems. The test is robust in that it does not require specifying the joint distribution of the random effect. In an extensive simulation study this overall general test shows correct levels, and it is highly sensitive to clustering across all the scenarios considered. Once a departure is detected, a second, finer grid of knots can be superimposed on the existing grid, and the proposed procedure can be applied to test the homogeneity within two or more sub‐areas. The proposed model is applied to lung cancer deaths in South Carolina in the year 2000 and to data on airborne mercury in vegetation around a solid waste incinerator in Oxford, New Jersey. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relative quantification based on logistic models for individual polymerase chain reactions
Authors: Chervoneva Inna , Li Yanyan , Iglewicz Boris , Waldman Scott , Hyslop Terry
Published: October 2007

The quantitative real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) technology measures molecular variations in specific biomarkers. Relative quantification determines the target expression relative to an external standard or reference sample and should be adjusted for the PCR efficiencies actually achieved. More accurate methods of estimating PCR efficiency require a number of serial dilutions of the target sample, which is not generally feasible for clinical specimens. Alternatively, the efficiency of a single reaction may be estimated by considering kinetic data from this reaction. The current methods of estimating individual reaction efficiency require finding its exponential phase, which may affect the accuracy and precision of efficiency estimates. Thus, a model adequately representing all available kinetic RT‐PCR data is preferable, but no such model is currently in use for relative quantification. In this work, we use a logistic model for all kinetic data from each RT‐PCR and propose a new method of efficiency‐adjusted relative quantification based on the estimates from the fitted logistic models. This method allows incorporating multiple replicates and possibly multiple reference (‘housekeeping’) genes for estimating relative expression and corresponding confidence interval. Real kinetic RT‐PCR data are used to compare the proposed and standard methods. The methods are applied to the clinical data from the ongoing study of guanylyl cyclase C as a biomarker for colorectal cancer. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoparticle‐Wetted Surfaces for Relays and Energy Transmission Contacts
Authors: Voevodin Andrey A. , Vaia Richard A. , Patton Steven T. , Diamanti Steven , Pender Mark , Yoonessi Mitra , Brubaker Jennifer , Hu Jian‐Jun , Sanders Jeffrey H. , Phillips Benjamin S. , MacCuspie Robert I.
Published: October 2007

Submonolayer coatings of noble‐metal nanoparticle liquids (NPLs) are shown to provide replenishable surfaces with robust asperities and metallic conductivity that extends the durability of electrical relays by 10 to 100 times (depending on the current driven through the contact) as compared to alternative approaches. NPLs are single‐component materials consisting of a metal nanoparticle core (5–20 nm Au or Pt nanoparticles) surrounded by a covalently tethered ionic‐liquid corona of 1.5 to 2 nm. Common relay failure modes, such as stiction, surface distortion, and contact shorting, are suppressed with the addition of a submonolayer of NPLs to the contact surfaces. This distribution of NPLs results in a force profile for a contact–retraction cycle that is distinct from bare Au contacts and thicker, multilayer coatings of NPLs. Postmortem examination reveals a substantial decrease in topological change of the electrode surface relative to bare contacts, as well as an indication of lateral migration of the nanoparticles from the periphery towards the contact. A general extension of this concept to dynamic physical interfaces experiencing impact, sliding, or rolling affords alternatives to increase reliability and reduced losses for transmittance of electrical and mechanical energy.
Durability of glass‐fiber‐reinforced polymer composites in an alkaline environment
Authors: Cho Eung Ha , Mounts Joshua L.
Published: October 2007

This study investigated the aging of urethane and urethane‐modified vinyl ester (UMVE) GFRPs (glass fiber reinforced polymers) when they were exposed to alkaline solution for six months under a sustained load of 34.5 MPa or 16–20% of their tensile strength. The second experiment exposed both types of GFRP to alkaline solution without load for 6 months. The final experiment determined the alkaline solution diffusion coefficients into GFRP and neat polymer resin samples by measuring the change in mass of each sample as a function of time. After the GFRP samples were aged for 6 months, their tensile strengths were measured and compared with that of non‐aged samples to determine the aging effect. It was found that alkaline solution alone without sustained load did not significantly reduce or change the tensile strength of any GFRP sample. However, the presence of sustained load greatly increased the aging effect, particularly more for urethane GFRP than on UMVE GFRP. Urethane GFRP experienced a tensile strength reduction of 57.5%, while UMVE GFRP lost 27.3% of its original tensile strength. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 13:221–228, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Hindcasting hourly wind power across Scotland based on met station data
Authors: Boehme Thomas , Wallace A. Robin
Published: October 2007

This paper presents methods and results from a study where long‐term wind measurements at 10 m above ground level from meteorological stations across Scotland were used to hindcast both average and hour‐by‐hour local wind speeds. For this, Scotland was divided into 21 simulation areas each containing a meteorological station. The Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program (WAsP) was then used—well outside its specified range for both distance and area slope—to predict the wind climate at 80 m above ground level on a square kilometre basis. With further processing, time series of wind speed were derived for selected locations. Based on wind turbine power curves it was then possible to derive time series of power which were applied in power system analysis and used to study the degree of matching between renewable generation and electricity demand. This paper focuses on the creation of the onshore wind speed and power time series for areas of interest in Scotland. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Magnetic Behaviour of the new Tetrameric Gadolinium Carboxylate [Gd4(OH)4(CF3COO)8(H2O)4] · 2.5 H2O
Authors: John Daniela , Urland Werner
Published: October 2007

The novel tetrameric gadolinium(III) compound [Gd4(OH)4(CF3COO)8(H2O)4] · 2.5 H2O was synthesized and structurally characterized by X‐ray crystallography. The Gd3+ ions are bridged by hydroxide ions and carboxylate groups to tetramers with Gd3+‐Gd3+ distances between 384.2(2) and 388.1(2) pm. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c (Z = 4). The magnetic behaviour of [Gd4(OH)4(CF3COO)8(H2O)4] · 2.5 H2O was investigated in the temperature range of 2 to 300 K. The magnetic data of this compound indicate antiferromagnetic interactions (Jex = −0.0197 cm−1).
Anion and Additive Effects on the Structure of Mercury(II) Halides Complexes with Tripodal Ligand
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Feng , Lv Yang , Su Zhi , Okamura Taka‐aki , Wu Gang , Sun Wei‐Yin , Ueyama Norikazu
Published: October 2007

The metal complexes [Hg2(tbim)2Br4]·2DMF (1) and [Hg2(tbim)I4]·1.5DMF (2) were prepared by reactions of 1,3,5‐tris(benzimidazol‐1‐ylmethyl)‐2,4,6‐trimethylbenzene (tbim) with HgBr2, HgI2, respectively, and [Hg2(tbim)I4]·0.5(FeCp2)·H2O (3) was obtained by the same method with addition of ferrocene (FeCp2) as additive. Their structures were determined by X‐ray crystallographic analyses. Complex 1 has a macrocyclic binuclear structure with one benzimidazole arm of the ligand free of coordination and the binuclear units are further connected by C‐H···N hydrogen bonds to give an infinite zigzag chain. Complexes 2 and 3 have a 2D network structure in which tbim serves as a tridentate ligand. The results showed that the halides of bromide and iodide have remarkable impact on the structure of the complexes. The FeCp2 molecules are trapped in the voids of framework 3.
Kristallstrukturen aus CaBe2Ge2‐ und CeMg2Si2‐analogen Blöcken: Die Phosphide LnPt2P2−x (Ln: La, Sm)
Authors: Imre Anette , Hellmann Andrea , Mewis Albrecht
Published: October 2007

Crystal Structures of CaBe2Ge2 and CeMg2Si2 analogous Units: The Phosphides LnPt2P2−x (Ln: La, Sm)

Single crystals of LaPt2P1.44 (a = 4.174(1), c = 19.212(5) Å) were grown by reaction of vaporous phosphorus with LaPt2 at 1050 °C during two weeks, whereas SmPt2P1.50 (a = 4.131(1), c = 19.086(4) Å) was synthesized by heating mixtures of the elements at 900 and 1100 °C (60 h) and annealing at 1050 °C (300 h). Both phosphides were investigated by single crystal X‐ray methods. Their crystal structures (I4/mmm; Z = 4) consist of CaBe2Ge2 and CeMg2Si2 analogous units alternating with each other along [001]. The positions of the P1 atoms are occupied incompletely causing the deviation to the 1:2:2 stoichiometry. Another compounds LnPt2P2−x were studied by X‐ray powder diffraction resulting in the following lattice constants: a = 4.150(1), c = 19.132(5) Å for CePt2P2–x, a = 4.137(1), c = 19.085(4) Å for PrPt2P2−x, and a = 4.127(1), c = 19.040(2) Å for NdPt2P2−x.
Solvothermal Synthesis of two 2‐D Thioantimonates(III) with Metal Complexes as Template Ions, [M(dap)3]Sb4S7 (M = Ni2+ and Co2+)
Authors: Zhou Jian , Bian Guo‐Qing , Zhang Yong , Dai Jie , Cheng Na
Published: October 2007

Two new thioantimonates [M(dap)3]Sb4S7 (M = Ni2+ (1) and Co2+ (2)) were synthesized under solvothermal conditions by the reaction of NiS (or Co metal), Sb and S in an aqueous solution of 1,2‐diaminopropane (dap). Compounds 1 and 2 are isostructural. The polymeric [Sb4S72−]n anion is composed of two SbS3 trigonal pyramids and two SbS4 units. The SbS3 and SbS4 units are interconnected by corners and edges to build a 2‐D puckered layer with Sb4S4 and Sb16S16 heterorings. The apertures of the large Sb16S16 hetero‐rings are filled by two [M(dap)3]2+ complex cations which serve as template ions. The band gaps of 2.44 eV for 1 and 2.43 eV for 2 have been estimated from optical absorption spectra.
On the Anion Distribution in Zr7O8N4
Authors: Bredow Thomas , Lerch Martin
Published: October 2007

The effect of anion distribution on the stability of β‐zirconium oxide nitride Zr7O8N4 (trigonal, ${\rm R} {\bar 3}$; a = 953.80(2) pm, c = 884.98(3) pm, Z=3) has been investigated quantum‐chemically. In agreement with experimental results for the structurally related β′‐type zirconium oxide nitride (Zr7O11N2) nitride anions occupy sites in the central polyhedron of a Bevan cluster (A7X12 unit) in the most stable configurations. Other relevant structural ordering parameters are minimization of N3−···N3− contacts and of the number of quasi‐linear N–Zr–N bonds. The calculated electronic structure of β‐Zr7O8N4 is in qualitative agreement with experimental observations.
Zur Synthese und Kristallstruktur von Na10[M3O6][MO3] (M = Fe, Mn) mit einer Bemerkung zu den magnetischen Eigenschaften
Authors: Amann Peter , Sobotka Bettina M. , Fastje Oliver , Möller Angela
Published: October 2007

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Na10[M3O6][MO3] (M = Fe, Mn) with a Remark on the Magnetic Properties

Single crystals of Na10[M3O6][MO3] (M = Mn, Fe) may be obtained via a redox reaction of CdO with the respective transition metal in the presence of Na2O and a flux as red single crystals, which are sensitive to moisture. The crystal structure (determined from IPDS data, ${\rm R} {\bar 3}{\rm m}$, Z = 6) contains isolated trigonal aplanar [MO3] units and $^{2}_{\infty}\rm [M_{3}O{6}]$ layers of [MO4] tetrahedra connected via corners to three‐membered rings, which share common edges resulting in the formation of twelve‐membered rings. The statistical occupancy of 21 out of 60 sodium atoms per unit cell is discussed and calculations of the Madelung Part of the Lattice Energy (MAPLE) are given. Furthermore, we report on the magnetic properties of Na10[Mn3O6][MnO3] in close relation to the structural entities.
A Structural Study of the Iminodiacetate Moiety Conformation in N‐(1‐adamantyl)‐iminodiacetate(2‐) Copper(II) Complexes
Authors: Fernández‐Piñar Regina , Sánchez de Medina‐Revilla Celia , Domínguez‐Martín Alicia , Brandi‐Blanco María Pilar , Choquesillo‐Lazarte Duane , González‐Pérez Josefa María , Niclós‐Gutiérrez Juan
Published: October 2007

N,N‐bis(carboxymethyl)‐1‐adamantylamine acid (H2BCAA) or N‐(1‐adamantyl)‐iminodiacetic acid forms zwitterions that are intra‐stabilized by a ‘bifurcated’ N+‐H···O(carboxyl)2 interaction. In the crystal, both half‐protonated carboxyl groups of H2BCAA± are involved in linear O‐H···O inter‐molecular bridges of 2.46Å. In the studied BCAA‐CuII derivatives, the iminodiacetate‐moiety of the BCAA chelating ligand exhibits a mer‐NO2 conformation in [Cu(BCAA)(H2O)2] (1) and [Cu(BCAA)(Him)]2 (2), but a fac‐O2+N(apical) conformation in [Cu(BCAA)(bpy)(H2O)]·3.5H2O (3) [Him = imidazole, bpy =2,2′‐bipyridine]. In clear contrast, dipyridylamine (dpya), as auxiliary ligand, seems to be unable to promote the fac‐O2+N(apical) conformation in BCAA, as reveal the structures of two new salts with the trinuclear cation [(dpya)2Cu‐μ2‐Cu(BCAA)2‐Cu(dpya)2]2+ and the anions [Cu(BCAA)2]2− (4) or NO3− (5), respectively.
Another Example for the Ability of the $\rm SbS^{3-}_{3}$ Anion to act as a Bidentate Ligand: Solvothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Calculated and Experimental Raman Spectra of [Cr(tren)SbS3]·H2O
Authors: Möller Karina , Näther Christian , Bannwarth Alexander , Bensch Wolfgang
Published: October 2007

The new charge neutral complex [Cr(tren)SbS3]·H2O was synthesized under solvothermal conditions applying CrCl3·6H2O, Sb2S3, and S as starting material in an aqueous tren solution (tren = tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine)). The compound crystallizes in the non‐centrosymmetric space group P212121 with a = 8.7779(15), b = 10.7122(17), c = 15.4286(18) Å, V = 1450.8(4) Å3. In the structure the Cr3+ ion is surrounded by four N atoms of the amine molecules and by two S atoms of a trigonal pyramidal [SbS3]3− group, i.e., the latter acts as a bidentate ligand. A three‐dimensional network is formed via hydrogen bonds between the complexes and water molecules. The main resonances in the Raman spectrum can be explained on the basis of calculated data. The most intense band is due to the Sb‐S stretching vibration. The thermal properties were investigated by DTA‐TG measurements. On heating [Cr(tren)SbS3]·H2O decomposes in two distinct steps. The first step corresponds to the removal of the water molecules and the second step to the loss of the tren ligand.
A Tin(IV) Porphyrin with Two Axial Organometallic NCN‐Pincer Platinum Units
Authors: Suijkerbuijk Bart M. J. M. , Tooke Duncan M. , Spek Anthony L. , van Koten Gerard , Klein Gebbink Robertus J. M.
Published: October 2007

A tin(IV) porphyrin was combined with two axial NCN‐pincer platinum(II) fragments by utilizing the oxophilicity of the apical positions on the tin atom and the acidic nature of the NCN‐pincer platinum derived benzoic acid. The solid‐state structure determined by X‐ray crystallography revealed some close contacts between the pincer complexes and the meso‐p‐tolyl subsitutents of the porphyrin. It was shown by 1H NMR spectroscopy that these close contacts were not present in solution and that this compound can potentially act as a novel building block for supramolecular architectures.
Students’ Perceptions of School Climate During the Middle School Years: Associations with Trajectories of Psychological and Behavioral Adjustment
Authors: Way Niobe , Reddy Ranjini , Rhodes Jean
Published: October 2007

A cross‐domain latent growth curve model was used to examine the trajectories of change in student perceptions of four critical dimensions of school climate (i.e., teacher support, peer support, student autonomy in the classroom, and clarity and consistency in school rules and regulations) among 1,451 early adolescents from the beginning of sixth through the end of eighth grade; and the effects of such trajectories on the rate of change in psychological and behavioral adjustment. Findings indicated that all of the dimensions of perceived school climate declined over the 3 years of middle school. Furthermore, declines in each of the dimensions of perceived school climate were associated with declines over time in psychological and behavioral adjustment. Moreover, the direction of effects between each dimension of perceived school climate and psychological or behavioral adjustment were often unidirectional rather than bi‐directional, underscoring the role of perceived school climate in the psychological and behavioral health of early adolescents. Gender and socioeconomic class differences in these patterns are noted.
FSH-Sensitive Murine Sertoli Cell Lines Immortalized by Human Telomerase Gene hTERT Express the Androgen Receptor in Response to TNF-α Stimulation
Authors: Chuang Chin-kai , Lee Kun-Hsiung , Fan Chio-Tin , Su Yu-Show
Published: October 2007

Sertoli cells are regulated by follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone secreted by the pituitary gland and Leydig cells, respectively. However, the expression of the FSH receptor and androgen receptor were undetectable in both primary cultured Sertoli cells and Sertoli cell lines immortalized by SV40 large T antigen. Two Sertoli cell lines, B6Sc-2 and B6Sc-3, were established from the testis of 19-day-old C57BL/6 mice testis by immortalization with human telomere reverse transcriptase. These Sertoli cell lines expressed FSH receptors and the total phosphoprotein patterns were converted after FSH treatment. Additionally, immunological methods demonstrated that these cell lines expressed characteristic Sertoli cell proteins, such as tyrosine-tubulin, vimentin and stem cell factor (SCF). Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) also indicates that they express Sertoli specific mRNAs, such as Amh, claudin11 and ZO-1. The expression of the androgen receptor in both B6Sc-2 and B6Sc-3 cells could be induced by TNF-α treatment. The present results indicate that these Sertoli cell lines are more native than others and may thus provide useful tools for in vitro studies.
How Risk is Perceived, Constructed and Interpreted by Clients in Clinical Genetics, and the Effects on Decision Making: Systematic Review
Authors: Sivell Stephanie , Elwyn Glyn , Gaff Clara L. , Clarke Angus J. , Iredale Rachel , Shaw Chris , Dundon Joanna , Thornton Hazel , Edwards Adrian
Published: October 2007

As an individual's understanding of their genetic risk may influence risk management decisions, it is important to understand the ways in which risk is constructed and interpreted. We systematically reviewed the literature, undertaking a narrative synthesis of 59 studies presenting data on the ways in which individuals perceive, construct and interpret their risk, and the subsequent effects. While most studies assessed perceived risk quantitatively, the combined evidence suggests individuals find risk difficult to accurately quantify, with a tendency to overestimate. Rather than being a stand‐alone concept, risk is something lived and experienced and the process of constructing risk is complex and influenced by many factors. While evidence of the effects of perceived risk is limited and inconsistent, there is some evidence to suggest high risk estimations may adversely affect health and lead to inappropriate uptake of medical surveillance and preventative measures by some individuals. A more focused approach to research is needed with greater exploration of the ways in which risk is constructed, along with the development of stronger theoretical models, to facilitate effective and patient‐centered counseling strategies.
Characterization of Flax and Soybean Soapstocks, and Soybean Deodorizer Distillate by GC‐FID
Authors: Dumont Marie‐Josée , Narine Suresh S.
Published: October 2007

Gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector has been used for the characterization of flax and soybean soapstocks and soybean deodorizer distillate. Derivatization by silylation of the samples prior to their injection into a medium polar column enabled a peak resolution of the different components, which led to unambiguous identification of the majority of the components of the samples. The identification and quantification of the fatty acids and sterols in soapstocks and of the fatty acids and tocopherols in deodorizer distillate were successfully achieved. The system has been sensitive enough to characterize 87.5% (mass basis) of the flax soapstock, 95.4% (mass basis) of the soybean soapstock and 83.8% (mass basis) of the soybean deodorizer distillates composition. The method can be safely used for the identification and quantification of most of the components of any type of soapstock and deodorizer distillates.
Häufige Erkrankungen mit Repeatexpansionen
Authors: Zühlke C.
Published: October 2007

Expansionen instabiler repetitiver DNA-Sequenzen können Ursache degenerativer Erkrankungen des Menschen sein. Die repetitiven Elemente variieren in der Kopienzahl sowohl bei gesunden als auch bei betroffenen Personen und führen zur Erkrankung, sobald eine genspezifische Schwelle überschritten wird. Dabei besteht eine Korrelation zwischen Repeatlänge einerseits und Schwere der Symptomatik bzw. Erkrankungsbeginn andererseits. In aufeinander folgenden Generationen werden häufig ein früherer Beginn sowie ein schwererer Verlauf beobachtet. Diese sog. (klinische) Antizipation beruht auf stetiger Expansion pathologischer Allele, die bei Zellteilungen (DNA-Replikation) instabil sind und relativ selten Kontraktionen erfahren. Die parentale Herkunft des mutierten Allels beeinflusst bei der Mehrzahl der Erkrankungen das Ausmaß der Repeatexpansion bei den Nachkommen. Die repetitiven Sequenzen liegen in kodierenden oder nicht-kodierenden Genabschnitten. Abhängig von Lokalisation und Erbgang werden als pathogenetische Mechanismen ein Funktionsverlust („loss of function“) auf Proteinebene oder eine Funktionsveränderung („gain of function“) auf RNA- oder Proteinebene postuliert.
The Cambridge Companion to Berkeley
Authors: Winkler Kenneth P.
Published: October 2007

George Berkeley is one of the greatest and most influential modern philosophers. In defending the immaterialism for which he is most famous, he redirected modern thinking about the nature of objectivity and the mind's capacity to come to terms with it. Along the way, he made striking and influential proposals concerning the psychology of the senses, the workings of language, the aims of science, and the scope of mathematics. In this Companion volume a team of distinguished authors not only examines Berkeley's achievements but also his neglected contributions to moral and political philosophy, his writings on economics and development, and his defense of religious commitment and religious life. The volume places Berkeley's achievements in the context of the many social and intellectual traditions - philosophical, scientific, ethical, and religious - to which he fashioned a distinctive response.
Sources of total, non-milk extrinsic, and intrinsic and milk sugars in the diets of older adults living in sheltered accommodation
Authors: Bradbury Jane , Mulvaney Charlotte E. , Adamson AshleyJ. , Seal Chris J. , Mathers John C. , Moynihan Paula J.
Published: October 2007

The WHO recommends limiting non-milk extrinsic sugars (NMES) consumption to ≤ 10 % energy to reduce the risk of unhealthy weight gain and dental caries, and to restrict frequency of intake to ≤ 4 times/d to reduce risk of dental caries. Older adults, especially those from low-income backgrounds, are at increased risk of dental caries, yet there is little information on sugars intake (frequency of intake and food sources) in this age group. The aim of this report is to present baseline data from a community-based dietary intervention study of older adults from socially deprived areas of North East England, on the quantity and sources of total sugars, NMES, and intrinsic and milk sugars, and on frequency of NMES intake. Dietary intake was assessed using two 3-d estimated food diaries, completed by 201 participants (170 female, thirty-one male) aged 65–85 years (mean 76·7 (sd5·5) years) recruited from sheltered housing schemes. Total sugars represented 19·6 %, NMES 9·3 %, and intrinsic and milk sugars 10·3 % of daily energy intake. Eighty-one (40·3 %) exceeded the NMES intake recommendation. Mean frequency of NMES intake was 3·4 times/d. The fifty-three participants (26·4 %) who exceeded the frequency recommendation ( ≤ 4 times/d) obtained a significantly greater percentage of energy from NMES compared with those participants who met the recommendation. The food groups ‘biscuits and cakes’ (18·9 %), ‘soft drinks’ (13·1 %) and ‘table sugar’ (11·1 %) made the greatest contributions to intakes of NMES. Interventions to reduce NMES intake should focus on limiting quantity and frequency of intake of these food groups.
Effect of iron supplementation during pregnancy on the behaviour of children at early school age: long-term follow-up of a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Parsons Annie G. , Zhou Shao J. , Spurrier Nicola J. , Makrides Maria
Published: October 2007

Although routine Fe supplementation in pregnancy is a common practice, its clinical benefits or risks are uncertain. Children born to mothers in the Fe group in a trial of Fe supplementation in pregnancy have been found to have a significantly higher risk of abnormal behaviour at 4 years of age than those born to mothers in the placebo group. The objective of the present study therefore was to determine whether Fe supplementation in pregnancy influences child behaviour at early school age. The study was a follow-up of children at 6–8 years of age after women (n 430) were randomly allocated to receive a daily Fe supplement (20 mg) or placebo from 20 weeks gestation until delivery. The supplement reduced the incidence of Fe-deficiency anaemia at delivery from 9 % to 1 %. Child behaviour and temperament were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire and the Short Temperament Scale for Children. Of the children, 264 (61 %) participated in the follow-up. Mean behaviour and temperament scores and the proportion of parent-rated and teacher-rated abnormal total difficulties scores did not differ between the Fe and placebo groups. However, the incidence of children with an abnormal teacher-rated peer problems subscale score was higher in the Fe group (eleven of 112 subjects; 8 %) than in the placebo group (three of 113 subjects; 2 %); the relative risk was 3·70 (95 % CI 1·06, 12·91; P = 0·026). We conclude that prenatal Fe supplementation had no consistent effect on child behaviour at early school age in this study population. Further investigation regarding the long-term effects of this common practice is warranted.
Bandits and Kings: Moral Authority and Resistance in Early Colonial India
Authors: Yang Anand A.
Published: October 2007

This paper traces a side story to the well-known tale of the poligar rebel Kattabomman, who was hanged in 1799 for his refusal to accept the authority of the emerging colonial state in south India. Specifically, it draws on the story of seventy-three poligars who survived the brutal Poligar Wars and were transported to Penang in Southeast Asia in 1801, an episode that highlights the workings of the coercive power and moral authority of the new regime in early colonial India. The paper illustrates the variety of forms that resistance to the regime took and the extent to which the colonial state in south Asia strengthened and was strengthened by the rising British Empire across the Indian Ocean. The poligars' lives in exile are reconstructed as a story of their struggle for status and dignity in a settlement where they were initially lumped together with convicts brought there from Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay.
Tracking the Goddess: Religion, Community, and Identity in the Durga Puja Ceremonies of Nineteenth-Century Calcutta
Authors: Bhattacharya Tithi
Published: October 2007

Focusing on colonial Calcutta in the later decades of the nineteenth century, this essay explores the evolution of a particular festival, the Durga Puja, to explore the ways in which religion negotiated its place in the ideological determinants of modernity. The essay surveys the evolution of the goddess Durga from premodern times and shows why and how the perception of both the deity (in gender terms) and the festival (in historical terms) had to be recalibrated following the imperatives of new classes and new discursive parameters. While the essay interrogates the development of new particular categories introduced by modernity, such as urban spatiality and the rhetoric of individual rights in colonial Calcutta, it also aligns these developments to answer the general paradigmatic question of the actual relationship between religion/faith and the modern moment.
Out of Tradition: Master Artisans and Economic Change in Colonial India
Authors: Roy Tirthankar
Published: October 2007

This paper explores the context in which skilled artisans introduced innovations in India around 1900 and suggests that such steps carried the potential for conflicts between the innovator and those affected by his actions. Conflicts could arise over the protection of knowledge, over the right to make a change, in the form of resistance, or as a choice between maintaining and diluting quality. Conflicts were absent when the mediation of social and political leaders was available and when skilled artisans emerged from unconventional backgrounds. By stressing the capacity of artisans to innovate and by suggesting that individuals were the agents of innovation, this paper refocuses attention on the skilled individual within a historiography that has been rather neglectful of both craftsmanship and the craftsman.