bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AVALIAÇÃO E DIAGNÓSTICO DO PROCESSO DE REINSERÇÃO FAMILIAR E SOCIAL DE CRIANÇAS E ADOLESCENTES EGRESSOS DE UMA CASA DE PASSAGEM
Authors: Da Silva Mara Regina Santos , Nunes Karina Da Silva
Published: August 2014

A reinserção familiar e social de crianças e adolescentes afastados de suas famílias e institucionalizadas devido a maus tratos é um desafio de proporções significativas. Este estudo objetiva fazer a avaliação e o diagnóstico da situação social e familiar atual dos egressos de uma instituição destinada ao abrigo temporário desses jovens, localizada no sul do Brasil. Os sujeitos são as famílias que participaram de um programa de reinserção familiar desenvolvido por esta casa de passagem, durante o período em que seus filhos estiveram abrigados. Os dados foram colhidos através de entrevista e questionário. Os resultados retratam a situação destas famílias em termos de inserção de seus membros no mercado de trabalho e na vida escolar; interações familiares; principais fatores que influenciam favorável e/ou desfavorávelmente no processo de reinserção que estão vivenciando. São discutidos alguns desafios envolvidos no processo de reinserção familiar e social de egressos das casa de passagem.Evaluation and diagnosis of children and adolescents process of family and social reintegration - ex-inmates in a temporary shelterAbstractFamily and social reintegration of children and teenagers kept away from their families and institutionalized due to maltreatment, is a challenge of significant proportions. This study aims to evaluate and diagnose the present social and family status of ex-inmates in an institution in the south of Brazil, which shelters them temporarily. The subjects are families that participated in a program of family reintegration carried out by that institution during the period their children stayed there. Data were gathered through an interview and questionnaire. The results evidenced those families status in terms of their inclusion in the job market and school; family interactions; main factors that influence favorably or unfavorably in the reintegration process they have been experiencing. Some challenges involved in the process of family and social reintegration of those temporary shelters ex-inmates are discussed.
A PESQUISA-AÇÃO COMO MÉTODO PARA RECONSTRUÇÃO DE UM PROCESSO DE AVALIAÇÃO DE DESEMPENHO
Authors: Gonçalves Vera Lucia Mira , Leite Maria Madalena Januário , Ciampone Maria Helena Trench
Published: August 2014

O propósito desse artigo é mostrar a trajetória metodológica de uma pesquisa cujos objetivos foram analisar o processo e reestruturar o instrumento de avaliação de desempenho profissional de enfermagem. Considerando, pois, essencial que essa mudança fosse alicerçada nos valores e cultura da Instituição, optamos pela pesquisa qualitativa, na modalidade pesquisaação, por ser capaz de proporcionar a manifestação do coletivo da equipe de enfermagem. Para organização do trabalho na pesquisa-ação, foram percorridas as fases de diagnóstico situacional; campo de observação, amostragem e representatividade qualitativa; coleta de dados, utilizando a técnica de grupo focal; plano de ação; ação e avaliação. O emprego da pesquisa-ação no desenvolvimento dessa pesquisa possibilitou a consecução de seus objetivos, além de, como é próprio do método, promover a reflexão de aspectos fundamentais, não só do processo de avaliação de desempenho, mas, sobretudo da política e do gerenciamento de recursos humanos da enfermagem da Instituição.The action research as a method to restructure a process of professional performance appraisalAbstractThe purpose of this article is to show the methodological strategy applied for research whose goals were: to analyze the process and restructure the instrument of professional nursing performance. Thus, considering that it was essential that such a change was grounded on the institutions values and culture, we have chosen a qualitative perspective or action research so that it could express the institutional collective of the nursing team. Work organization in the action research went through the following phases: situational diagnosis, sampling and qualitative representativeness, data collection using focus group technique, planning, action and evaluation. The use of action research to develop this study facilitated the goals achievement besides, as it was expected, it fostered the reflection upon ultimate aspects not only on the process of performance appraisal, but also on the policy and management of nursing human resources in the institution.
O PACIENTE RENAL CRÔNICO E SUA RELAÇÃO COM O TRABALHO
Authors: De Lara Eli Alves , Sarquis Leila Maria Mansano
Published: August 2014

O presente estudo buscou identificar as mudanças que a hemodiálise acarretou para a realização de atividades laborais por pacientes renais crônicos de um Centro de Hemodiálise em Curitiba. O estudo foi descritivo quantitativo. A população estudada foi de 43 pacientes que faziam sessões de hemodiálise. Nos resultados obtidos foram evidenciadas as dificuldades que estes pacientes apresentam para manter a atividade laboral após iniciar o tratamento. A maior parte da população estudada está aposentada por invalidez, recebe auxílio-doença ou aguarda aposentadoria. Os pacientes entrevistados que possuem atividade laboral referem ter dificuldades para realizá-las devido à impossibilidade de manter uma jornada de trabalho adequada. Também apresentam fraqueza após as sessões de hemodiálise. Ficou caracterizado que a maioria dos pacientes tem dificuldades para se manter financeiramente, uma vez que não conseguem desenvolver as atividades laborais.The chronic renal patient and the development of the workAbstractThe present study looked for the understanding of the changes that the hemodialisis brought to the accomplishment of activities work for the renal chronic patient of a Center of Hemodialisis in Curitiba. The study was descriptive quantitative. The studied population was of 43 patients that did hemodialisis sessions. In the obtainable results there were evidenced the difficulties that these patient ones present to maintain the activity laborer after beginning the treatment. Most of the population is retired by disability, it receives sick pay or it waits for retirement. The patients interviewees that possess activity laborer refer to have difficulties to accomplish them due to the impossibility of maintaining a work day adapted to their condition. They also present weakness after the hemodialisis sessions. It was characterized that most of the patients has difficulties to maintain financially, once they cant develop the activities work.
Naar een regelgevingcyclus?
Authors: Mastenbroek E. , Meuwese A.C.M. , van Voorst S.
Published: August 2014

Naar een regelgevingcyclus? Evaluatie in de Europese Unie

Impact assessments van voorgenomen Europese regelgeving staan al een tijdje in de belangstelling van beleidsmakers en onderzoekers. Dit is ook steeds meer het geval voor Europese ex-postwetsevaluaties, die door de Europese Commissie gezien worden als het sluitstuk van de ‘regelgevingcyclus’ in de Europese Unie. Dit artikel gaat in op de dekkingsgraad en kwaliteit van deze twee typen evaluaties en op de mate waarin zij momenteel op elkaar aansluiten, als noodzakelijke voorwaarden voor een geloofwaardige evidence-based regelgevingcyclus.
Hymenochaete carpatica from Częstochowa Upland (S Poland)
Authors: Krieglsteiner Lothar , Ławrynowicz Maria
Published: August 2014

Hymenochaete carpatica has been found in 1994 in Czętochowa Upland, "Parkowre" nature reserve, in Wiercica river valley situated on calcareous area, 290-310 m above see level, on fissured bark of Acer pseudoplatanus. This contribution corresponds to the paper by Chlebicki (2003) who has recently discovered scveral localities of H. carpatica in Sudetes and Carpathians. Both papers present a set of sites of H. carpatica reported hitherto from Poland, and contribute to the knowledge on its distribution in Europe.
Acaulospora scrobiculata and Glomus versiforme (Glomeromycota) newly and second time, respectively, found in Poland
Authors: Błaszkowski Janusz , Adamska Iwona , Czerniawska Beata
Published: August 2014

Morphological properties of spores and mycorrhizae of Acaulospora scrobiculata and Glomus versiforme, arbuscular fungi of the phylum Glomeromycom, were described and illustrated. The two species were revealed in trap cultures containing root-rhizosphere mixlures of plants colonizing maritime dunes of the Baltic Sea located in north-western Poland and then propagated in one-species cultures to characterize properties of their mycorrhizae. Acaulospona scrobiculata had not previously been found in Poland, and the only earlier finding of Gl. versiforme in this country comes from the year 1912. The known distribution of the two fungal species in the world is also presented.
Studies on the occurrence and colonisation of plants by Phytophthora ramorum in Poland
Authors: Orlikowski Leszek , Szkuta Grażyna
Published: August 2014

Occurrence of Phytophthora ramorum on Rhododendron, Vaccinium, Viburnum and Quercus species in ornamental nurseris and fores stands in 2001-2002 and necrosis spead on plant parts and seedlings wewe studied. Only P. citricola was isolated from Rhododendron spp. and V.vitis-idaea. Shoot necrosis and dieback symptoms were not observed on Viburnum species in surveyed nurseries. From diseased Quercus trunks among others Armillaria spp. and Fusarium spp. were isolated. Inoculation of leaves and stem parts of Rhododendron cultivars and other ericaceous plants with P. ramorum resulted in the development of leaf and stem rot. The species caused stem necrosis of Fagus sylvatica, Q. rubra and Pseudotsuga menziesii but symptoms developed slowly.
Lamproderma scintilans, a myxomycete species new for Poland
Authors: Stojanowska Wanda
Published: August 2014

Lamproderma scintilans (Berk. et Britzelm) Morgan, collected in the Botanical Garden of Wrocław University, is a new slime mould in Poland. Between 13 May and 23 May 2003, an abundant occurrence of the species was observed in the litter. In 2004, it was noted occasionally whereas Didymium squamulosum was numerous in the litter. Other myxomycetes accompanied Lamproderma scintilans. Consequently, the number of slime moulds in the Botanical Garden increased by 3 species, and a total number of 80 taxa has been recorded in this site.
Candida dubliniensis Sullivan et al., a new species in the human respiratory system
Authors: Biedunkiewicz-Ziomek Anna , Dymowska Maria
Published: August 2014

Long-term observations of broadly defined mycological features of various human ontocoenoses show that the ontocoenosis of the resoiratory system is characterised by rapid changes of the dynamics and biodiversity of the fungi. The continuity of studies on the subject and a great biological diversification of the clinical material, collected mostly from individuals suffering from chronic diseases of the respiratory system and from oncological patients, contribute to the detection of many interesting and important species. In the last few years, the studies have been extended to include healthy individuals. Special attention is paid to the age and the place of residence of the subjects. The group analysed in this project comprised randomly chosen students from whom biological material was collected from primary infection routes. The material collected was treated in keeping with generally accepted recommendations for diagnostic mycological laboralories. Candida dubliniensis a species not recorded in Poland previously was found among the 7 fungi identified in the reconnaissance studies. The fungus is an opportunistic pathogen, strictly related to Candida albicans, however, different from it epidemiologically. Candida dubliniensis was isolated from the oral cavity and the throat. Its growth was poor or medium on Sabouraud agar; the colonies were creamy-coloured, soft and smooth. On Nickerson medium, it produced pseudomycelium with characteristic thick and inflated pseudohyphae on which grape-like blastoconidia, and big, darkly pigmented terminal chlamydosporcs, appearing characteristically between 1 and 3, formed. Chlamydospore formation under the inflated terminal cell is also characteristic of this species. The isolation of Candida dubliniensis from the respiratory system strictly corresponds to the studies by Dynowska (1993) on the blurring of physiological and ecological boundaries between trophic groups of potentially pathogenic fungi and corroborates her hypotheses on the continuous occurrence of new species in organ ontocoenoses.
New collections of Ramularia species (Hyphomycetes) in Poland
Authors: Mułenko Wiesław , Wołczańska Agata
Published: August 2014

Two species of parasitic fungi new for Poland belonging to the genus Ramularia Unger: Rumularia cortusae Petr. (on Cortusa malthioli L.) and R. crassiuscula (Unger) U. Braun (on Delphinium oxysepalum Borb. et Pax), collected in the Tatra National Park (Western Carpathians), are described, illustrated and their distribution is given.
Myxomycetes of the nature reserve near Wałbrzych (SW Poland). Part I. List of taxa and quantitative analysis
Authors: Stojanowska Wanda , Panek Eugeniusz
Published: August 2014

A total number of 103 Myxomycetes taxa is known of the "Przełomy pod Księżem" nature reserve. In 2002, 89 taxa were recorded in the reserve. The following families prevail: Physaraceae - 24.4 %, Arcyriaceae, Didymiaceae and Stemonitidaceae - 15.8 % each, Trichiaceae - 12.2 %. Dominant genera are: Physarum - 14 species, Arcyria - 9, Trichia - 8, Cribraria and Diderma - 7 each. Three species were recorded for the first time in Poland: Arcyria minuta, Cribraria persooni and Symphytocarpus flaccidus. The occurrence of Didymium serpula and Lepidoderma tigrinum in Lower Silesia was confirmed after 100 years.
Arbuscular fungi and mycorrhizae of agricultural soils of the Western Pomerania. Part I. Occurrence of arbuscular fungi and mycorrhizae
Authors: Iwaniuk Anna , Błaszkowski Janusz
Published: August 2014

This paper presents results of three-year investigations on the occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and arbuscular mycorrhizae of the phylum Glomeromycota in agricultural soils of the Western Pomerania, north-western Poland. The occurrence of these fungi was determined basing on soil-root mixtures collected from both the field and trap cultures.
Fungi associated with the beetles of Ips typographus on Norway spruce in southern Poland
Authors: Jankowiak Robert
Published: August 2014

The mycobiota of the beetles of the phloem-feeding spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus was studied. The most important group of fungi were the ophiostomatoid fungi. Among them O. penicillatum was very frequent ophiostomatoid species. Other common fungi were O. ainoae, O. bicolor, O. piceaperdum and O. piceae. The ophiostomatoid fungi were often more frequent in beetles collected in galleries than in the beetles caught With a trap. Generally the ophiostomatoid fungi were more ofien isolated from the beetle.s bathed in sterile water for 30 seconds. However C. polonica, O. ainoae, and O. minutum occurred most abundantly in the beetles disinfected in 96% ethyl alcohol for 15 and 30 seconds.
Antracoidea vankyi (Ustilaginomycetes) in Poland, with a review of its host spectrum and world distribution
Authors: Piątek Marcin
Published: August 2014

Anthracoidea vankyi Nannf. on Carex muricata L. is confirmed in Poland. The 1919 collection by Käthe Hoffmann from Góry Wałbrzyskie Mts in the Sudets is the only in the country. The fungus is described, and the symptoms of infection plus morphology and ultrastructure of spores arc fully illustrated. The host spectrum and global distribution of Anthracoidea vankyi are reviewed. It is shown that thc fungus parasitizes reprcscntatives of Carex sect. Phaestoglochin, and with some doubts, Carex sect. Vulpinae. It is known from Europe and Asia, but is very likely that it also occurs in North America.
Life strategies of Erysiphe palczewskii in the conditions of diversified anthropopressure
Authors: Sucharzewska Ewa , Dynowska Maria
Published: August 2014

Diversified reactions of Erysiphe palczewskii in urban conditions, including the influence of biotic factors (Ampelomyces quisqulis, weakness parasites) and abiotic factors (transport pollution) on the morphology of the mycelium and chasmothecia, and the course of individual developmental stages, are analysed in the paper.
Macromycetes in communities of Abies alba on its range border in central Poland
Authors: Szkodzik Jarosłaaw
Published: August 2014

The paper presents results of mycocoenological examinations conducted in four nature reserves with Abies alba in Central Poland (Lubiaszów, Kruszewiec, Łaznów and Gałków) in 1997-1999. A list of 288 fungi accompanying silver fir communities close to the northern limit of the occurrence of the species, including 38 species identified in associations with Abies alba in Poland for the first time, is given. Statistical analysis has shown that a relationship exists between macromycete diversity, tree stand structure and plant communities such as Tilio-Carpinetum, Luzulo pilosaee-Fagetum, Pino-Quercetum abietetosum.
Fungi isolated from selected birds potentially pathogenic to humans
Authors: Dynowska Maria , Kisicka Iwona
Published: August 2014

The mycology of swabs collected from the beak and the cloaca in 4 species of mud and water waders, migrating through various climatic zones,was analysed. Diagnostic standards were used 54 isolates of fungi belonging to 5 genera: Aspergillus - 53.9%, Rhodotorula - 19.6%, Candida - 14.8%, Saccharomyces - 6.9%, and Torulopsis - 4.8%, were obtained. A total number of 15 species of which Aspergillus fumigatus and A.flavus as well as Candida albicans, C. tropicalis and C. glabrata are of the greatest significance in epidemiology of mycoses, was recorded. Numerous fungi were isolated from the cloaca, which indicates that the birds examined are carriers and suggasts that they may take an active part in thc transmission of fungi that arc dangerous for humans and that colonise water reservoirs.
Phytopathogenic micromycetes in central Poland. I. Peronosporales and Erysiphales
Authors: Ruszkiewicz-Michalska Małgorzata , Michalski Marek
Published: August 2014

The present paper begins a new series of studies investigating the occurrence of phytopathogenic micromycetes in Central Poland. Fungi of the orders Peronosporales and Erysiphalas are discussed in part one. Relevant knowledge on the subject is surveyed, and a list of published records (46 taxa) as well as the findings collected by the present authors (99 taxa) is provided. The list comprises 2 species new for biota of Poland - Microsphaera deutziae Bunkina and Microsphaera elevata Burrill, 10 rare and many common fungal species that had not been previously re00rded in this area as well as 21 plant taxa, mostly species of deliberate or accidental anthropogenic origin, that are new hosts of the parasites formerly listed in Poland.
Morphological characteristics and DNA sequence analysis of Petriella setifera and Oidiodendron setiferum from twigs of diseased oak
Authors: Kwaśna Hanna , Łakomy Piotr , Łabędzki Andrzej
Published: August 2014

Examination of isolates of Petriella setifera and Oidiodendron setiferum revealed new diagnostic morphological charactcristics. Chlamydosporcs formed by P. setifera, isolated from twigs of sessile oak (Quercus petraea) showing symptoms of oak decline, are described for the first time. The first pictures of P. setifera anamorphs since the publication of its original description in 1912 are presented. Isolates of O. setiferum, from sessile oak twigs and from a log of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), were found to have swollen, hyaline, thin-walled, sterile apices on the non-fertile hairs surrounding the fertile heads of conidiophores. They also had numerous coils formed by thin hyphae in the submerged mycelium in agar culture. The taxonomy of both fungi was confirmed by rDNA sequence analysis.
Assessment of biomass in drinking water biofilters by adenosine triphosphate
Authors: Pharand Lizanne , Van Dyke Michele I. , Anderson William B. , Huck Peter M.
Published: August 2014

Biofilters have gained in popularity for drinking water treatment for reasons that include reducing disinfectant demand, disinfection by‐product formation, and regrowth in distribution systems. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) detection is being used more frequently as an easy and rapid method to quantify viable biomass in biofilters; however, there is little information on the relationship of ATP levels to biofiltration parameters and performance. In this study, a comprehensive comparison of published ATP data was conducted, which found that concentrations at the top of active, acclimated biofilters typically were in the range of 102 to 103 ng ATP/cm3 media. The effect of various biofilter parameters (source water characteristics and quality, pretreatment, hydraulic loading rate, temperature, and sampling depth) on ATP levels is discussed and evaluated using published ATP data. The authors also assess the relationship between ATP and biofilter performance in terms of carbon removal and identify a need for further research in this area.
Application of classification rules to Italian ports
Authors: Lupi Marino , Farina Alessandro , Pratelli Antonio , Gazzarri Alessandra
Published: August 2014

In this paper, the existing rules commonly used for port traffic comparison are described. These rules provide weighting factors for each freight category in order to make them comparable and exploitable for port ranking. These rules are based on the value added concept related to port activities. Two new rules are proposed. The first is again based on the value added concept. The second rule is based on the assumption that ports not only create labour directly, through activities related to port operations, but they also play the role of “gates” for the existing economic activities of a region or a country, as a consistent quota of the overall international trade takes place by sea. This rule is based on the relationship among the trend of traffic volume of each freight category and the trend of the national GDP. The rules existing in the literature and the proposed new rules have been applied in ranking Italian ports; the results are discussed. The sensitivity of the ranking of Italian ports, to the different weighting rules, has been analysed.
Ribosomal protein S27-like is a physiological regulator of p53 that suppresses genomic instability and tumorigenesis
Authors: Xiong Xiufang , Zhao Yongchao , Tang Fei , Wei Dongping , Thomas Daffyd , Wang Xiang , Liu Yang , Zheng Pan , Sun Yi
Published: August 2014

Cell-based studies showed that several Mdm2-binding ribosomal proteins, upon overexpression, stabilize and activate p53. In contrast, here we show in a mouse knockout study that Mdm2-binding ribosomal protein S27-like (Rps27l), upon disruption, activates p53. Germline inactivation of Rps27l triggers ribosomal stress to stabilize Mdm2, which degrades Mdm4 to reduce Mdm2-Mdm4 E3 ligase towards p53, leading to p53-dependent apoptotic depletion of hematopoietic stem cells and postnatal death, which is rescued by Trp53 deletion. Paradoxically, while increased p53 is expected to inhibit tumorigenesis, Rps27l−/−;Trp53+/− mice develop lymphomas at higher incidence with p53 loss-of-heterozygosity and severe genome aneuploidy, suggesting that Rps27l disruption impose a selection pressure against p53. Thus, Rps27l has dual functions in p53 regulation: under Trp53+/+ background, Rps27l disruption triggers ribosomal stress to induce p53 and apoptosis, whereas under Trp53+/− background, Rps27l disruption triggers genomic instability and Trp53 deletion to promote tumorigenesis. Our study provides a new paradigm of p53 regulation.
Extensive translation of small Open Reading Frames revealed by Poly-Ribo-Seq
Authors: Aspden Julie L , Eyre-Walker Ying Chen , Phillips Rose J , Amin Unum , Mumtaz Muhammad Ali S , Brocard Michele , Couso Juan-Pablo
Published: August 2014

Thousands of small Open Reading Frames (smORFs) with the potential to encode small peptides of fewer than 100 amino acids exist in our genomes. However, the number of smORFs actually translated, and their molecular and functional roles are still unclear. In this study, we present a genome-wide assessment of smORF translation by ribosomal profiling of polysomal fractions in Drosophila. We detect two types of smORFs bound by multiple ribosomes and thus undergoing productive translation. The ‘longer’ smORFs of around 80 amino acids resemble canonical proteins in translational metrics and conservation, and display a propensity to contain transmembrane motifs. The ‘dwarf’ smORFs are in general shorter (around 20 amino-acid long), are mostly found in 5′-UTRs and non-coding RNAs, are less well conserved, and have no bioinformatic indicators of peptide function. Our findings indicate that thousands of smORFs are translated in metazoan genomes, reinforcing the idea that smORFs are an abundant and fundamental genome component.
Microstructures and Properties of Graphene‐Cu/Al Composite Prepared by a Novel Process Through Clad Forming and Improving Wettability with Copper
Authors: Zhao Zhan Yong , Guan Ren Guo , Guan Xi Hua , Feng Zhen Xian , Chen Hui , Chen Yu
Published: August 2014

An improved Hummers method was adopted to prepare graphene oxide, which was then plated was plated with copper using a chemical approach to produce graphene‐Cu as an enhancement phase. Multilayer graphene was prepared, and its morphology exhibited a thin‐slice like structure. A graphene‐Cu‐reinforced pure aluminum composite with 3 wt% graphene‐Cu content was prepared by clad rolling. Most of the graphene‐Cu and CuO were distributed homogeneously in the composite. The tensile strength and hardness of the graphene‐Cu/Al composite were improved by 77.5 and 29.1%, respectively, compared with those of the aluminum matrix. The graphene‐Cu contributes to strength enhancement mainly through the synergistic action of two mechanisms: stress transfer and dispersion strengthening. The preliminary results achieved in this work demonstrate that graphene can act as an effective reinforcement in an aluminum matrix.
Large‐Area Synthesis of Continuous and Uniform MoS2 Monolayer Films on Graphene
Authors: McCreary Kathleen M. , Hanbicki Aubrey T. , Robinson Jeremy T. , Cobas Enrique , Culbertson James C. , Friedman Adam L. , Jernigan Glenn G. , Jonker Berend T.
Published: August 2014

Heterostructures composed of multiple layers of different atomically thin materials are of interest due to their unique properties and potential for new device functionality. MoS2‐graphene heterostructures have shown promise as photodetectors and vertical tunnel transistors. However, progress is limited by the typically micrometer‐scale devices and by the multiple alignments required for fabrication when utilizing mechanically exfoliated material. Here, the synthesis of large‐area, continuous, and uniform MoS2 monolayers directly on graphene by chemical vapor deposition is reported, resulting in heterostructure samples on the centimeter scale with the possibility for even larger lateral dimensions. Atomic force microscopy, photoluminescence, X‐ray photoelectron, and Raman spectroscopies demonstrate uniform single‐layer growth of stoichiometric MoS2. The ability to reproducibly generate large‐area heterostructures is highly advantageous for both fundamental investigations and technological applications.
Enabling Flexible Polymer Tandem Solar Cells by 3D Ptychographic Imaging
Authors: Dam Henrik F. , Andersen Thomas R. , Pedersen Emil B. L. , Thydén Karl T. S. , Helgesen Martin , Carlé Jon E. , Jørgensen Peter S. , Reinhardt Juliane , Søndergaard Roar R. , Jørgensen Mikkel , Bundgaard Eva , Krebs Frederik C. , Andreasen Jens W.
Published: August 2014

The realization of a complete tandem polymer solar cell under ambient conditions using only printing and coating methods on a flexible substrate results in a fully scalable process but also requires accurate control during layer formation to succeed. The serial process where the layers are added one after the other by wet processing leaves plenty of room for error and the process development calls for an analytical technique that enables 3D reconstruction of the layer stack with the possibility to probe thickness, density, and chemistry of the individual layers in the stack. The use of ptychography on a complete 12‐layer solar cell stack is presented and it is shown that this technique provides the necessary insight to enable efficient development of inks and processes for the most critical layers in the tandem stack such as the recombination layer where solvent penetration in fully solution processed 12‐layer stacks is critical in eleven of the steps.
New Light‐Harvesting Materials Using Accurate and Efficient Bandgap Calculations
Authors: Castelli Ivano E. , Hüser Falco , Pandey Mohnish , Li Hong , Thygesen Kristian S. , Seger Brian , Jain Anubhav , Persson Kristin A. , Ceder Gerbrand , Jacobsen Karsten W.
Published: August 2014

Electronic bandgap calculations are presented for 2400 experimentally known materials from the Materials Project database and the bandgaps, obtained with different types of functionals within density functional theory and (partial) self‐consistent GW approximation, are compared for 20 randomly chosen compounds forming an unconventional set of ternary and quaternary materials. It is shown that the computationally cheap GLLB‐SC potential gives results in good agreement (around 15%) with the more advanced and demanding eigenvalue‐self‐consistent GW. This allows for a high‐throughput screening of materials for different applications where the bandgaps are used as descriptors for the efficiency of a photoelectrochemical device. Here, new light harvesting materials are proposed to be used in a one‐photon photoelectrochemical device for water splitting by combining the estimation of the bandgaps with the stability analysis using Pourbaix diagrams and with the evaluation of the position of the band edges. Using this methodology, 25 candidate materials are obtained and 5 of them appear to have a realistic possibility of being used as photocatalyst in a one‐photon water splitting device.
Ni–Fe–La(Sr)Fe(Mn)O3 as a New Active Cermet Cathode for Intermediate‐Temperature CO2 Electrolysis Using a LaGaO3‐Based Electrolyte
Authors: Wang Shijing , Tsuruta Hidekazu , Asanuma Minoru , Ishihara Tatsumi
Published: August 2014

Various additives to Ni–Fe systems are studied as cermet cathodes for CO2 electrolysis (973–1173 K) using a La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O3 (LSGM) electrolyte, which is one of the most promising oxide‐ion conductors for intermediate‐temperature solid‐oxide electrolysis cells in terms of ionic‐transport number and conductivity. It is found that Ni–Fe–La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.8Mn0.2O3 (Ni–Fe–LSFM) exhibits a remarkable performance with a current density of 2.32 A cm−2 at 1.6 V and 1073 K. The cathodic overpotential is significantly decreased by mixing the LSFM powder with Ni–Fe, which is related to the increase in the number of reaction sites for CO2 reduction. For Ni–Fe–LSFM, much smaller particles (<200 nm) are sustained under CO2 electrolysis conditions at high temperatures than for Ni–Fe. X‐ray diffraction analysis suggests that the main phases of Ni–Fe–LSFM are Ni and LaFeO3; thus, the oxide phase of LaFeO3 is also maintained during CO2 electrolysis. Analysis of the gaseous products indicates that only CO is formed, and the rate of CO formation agrees well with that of a four‐electron reduction process, suggesting that the reduction of CO2 to CO proceeds selectively. It is also confirmed that almost no coke is deposited on the Ni–Fe–LSFM cathode after CO2 electrolysis.
Minimum entropy generation for isothermal endothermic/exothermic reactor networks
Authors: Ghougassian Paul G. , Manousiouthakis Vasilios
Published: August 2014

It was shown in an earlier work by us that entropy generation and energy (hot utility or cold utility) consumption of isothermal, isobaric reactor networks depend only on the network's inlet and outlet stream compositions and flow rates and are not dependent on the reactor network structure, as long as the universe of realizable reactor units and network outlet mixing units are either all endothermic interacting with a single hot reservoir, or all exothermic interacting with a single cold reservoir, respectively. It is shown that when the universe of realizable reactor/mixer units, of isothermal, isobaric, continuous stirred tank reactor networks, consists of both endothermic units interacting with a single hot reservoir and exothermic units interacting with a single cold reservoir, the network's net (hot minus cold) utility consumption depends only on the network's inlet and outlet stream compositions and flow rates (and does not depend on the network's structure). In contrast, the network's entropy generation depends on the network's inlet and outlet stream compositions and flow rates, and the network's hot utility (or cold utility) consumption. The latter, in general, depends on the network structure, thus making entropy generation also, in general, depend on network structure. Thus, the synthesis of isothermal, isobaric reactor networks, with fixed inlet and outlet stream specifications, is equivalent to the synthesis of minimum hot (or cold) utility consuming such networks. The Infinite DimEnsionAl State‐space conceptual framework is used for the problem's mathematical formulation, which is then used to rigorously establish the above equivalence. A case study involving Trambouze kinetics demonstrates the findings. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 103–117, 2015
Hypothermia does not hasten death during uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock presenting as the “triad of death” in rats
Authors: Nishi Kouichirou , Takasu Akira , Shinozaki Hirotoshi , Sakamoto Ken , Yamamoto Yorihiro , Sakamoto Toshihisa
Published: August 2014

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hypothermia on survival and coagulopathy in hemorrhagic shock presenting as the “triad of death”.

Methods

Sixteen rats were lightly anesthetized with halothane while maintaining spontaneous breathing. The triad of death was simulated by inducing hypothermia (32.0°C) with surface body cooling and hemodilution with replacement of 20 mL blood with 50 mL normal saline. Then, rats were randomly assigned to one of two rectal temperature groups (n = 8/group: group 1, rewarming to 37.0°C; group 2, maintenance at 32.0°C) and subjected to hemorrhagic shock initiated by amputation of the tail at 75% of its length. The rats were then observed for survival time without fluid resuscitation. Blood coagulability with Sonoclot analysis was also assessed.

Results

The triad of death status was considered as being induced at a rectal temperature of 32°C, arterial pH of 7.22, and deteriorating coagulating values. At 45 min after randomization, Sonoclot analysis revealed prolonged activated clotting times of 355 ± 131 s and “time to peak” of 23 ± 9 min in group 2, compared to 228 ± 64 s and 12 ± 1 min (P < 0.05) in group 1, respectively. Kaplan–Meier curves showed longer survival in group 2 than group 1 (P = 0.06).

Conclusions

Compared to rewarming, hypothermia aggravates coagulation parameters, but does not hasten death during untreated hemorrhagic shock presenting as the triad of death.
Post‐Metallocene in der industriellen Polyolefinproduktion
Authors: Baier Moritz C. , Zuideveld Martin A. , Mecking Stefan
Published: August 2014

Das Studium der Polymerisationskatalyse mit Post‐Metallocenen reicht methodisch von grundlegenden mechanistischen Untersuchungen der Polymerisationsmechanismen über Katalysatordesign bis hin zur Untersuchung der Materialeigenschaften der hergestellten Polyolefine. Ein gemeinsames Ziel all dieser Arbeiten ist die Schöpfung neuer, in der Praxis verwendbarer Werkstoffe und Polymerisationsverfahren. Dieser Aufsatz gibt einen umfassenden Überblick über Post‐Metallocen‐Polymerisationskatalysatoren, die den Weg in die praktische Anwendung gefunden haben. Die entscheidenden Eigenschaften für den Erfolg dieser Katalysatoren werden beschrieben.
Long‐Lived Trifluoromethanide Anion: A Key Intermediate in Nucleophilic Trifluoromethylations
Authors: Prakash G. K. Surya , Wang Fang , Zhang Zhe , Haiges Ralf , Rahm Martin , Christe Karl O. , Mathew Thomas , Olah George A.
Published: August 2014

The trifluoromethanide anion is the postulated key intermediate in nucleophilic trifluoromethylation reactions. However, for more than six decades, the trifluoromethanide anion was widely believed to exist only as a short‐lived transient species in the condensed phase. It has now been prepared in bulk for the first time in THF solution. The trifluoromethanide anion with the [K(18‐crown‐6)]+cation was unequivocally characterized by low‐temperature19F and13C NMR spectroscopy. Its intermediacy in nucleophilic trifluoromethylation reactions was directly evident by its reaction chemistry with various electrophilic substrates. Variable‐temperature NMR spectroscopy, along with quantum mechanical calculations, support the persistence of the trifluoromethanide anion.
Post‐Metallocenes in the Industrial Production of Polyolefins
Authors: Baier Moritz C. , Zuideveld Martin A. , Mecking Stefan
Published: August 2014

Research on “post‐metallocene” polymerization catalysis ranges methodologically from fundamental mechanistic studies of polymerization reactions over catalyst design to material properties of the polyolefins prepared. A common goal of these studies is the creation of practically useful new polyolefin materials or polymerization processes. This Review gives a comprehensive overview of post‐metallocene polymerization catalysts that have been put into practice. The decisive properties for this success of a given catalyst structure are delineated.
Immunolocalization of Scaffoldin, a Trichohyalin‐Like Protein, in the Epidermis of the Chicken Embryo
Authors: Alibardi L. , Mlitz V. , Eckhart L.
Published: August 2014

Recent comparative genomic studies have identified a chicken gene that codes for a trichohyalin‐like protein rich in arginine and glutamic acid termed scaffoldin. Immunocytochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy show that this protein is predominantly localized in periderm granules, subcellular structures present in the periderm of the embryonic epidermis of chick scales, beak, claw, and in the sheath of developing and regenerating feathers. This suggests that scaffoldin contributes to the formation of periderm granules and to the soft cornification of the embryonic epidermis before the definitive epidermis is formed. Scaffoldin is absent from the definitive and adult epidermis generated underneath the periderm in scales and in inter‐follicular regions. Scaffoldin mixes with corneous beta‐proteins (beta‐keratins) synthesized in keratinocytes of the transitional layers formed beneath the periderm in the subunguis of the developing claws. Immunoreactivity for scaffoldin is absent in keratinocytes that accumulate corneous beta‐proteins such as those of scales, claws, and barbule‐barb cells of feathers. Corneous beta‐proteins represent the prevalent type of proteins present in adult epidermis of claws, scales, and feathers. These observations indicate that scaffoldin is a protein of transitional epidermal cells of the avian integument and might represent an important component of periderm granules. Anat Rec, 298:479–487, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Water Oxidation Mediated by a Mononuclear‐Cobalt(II)‐Substituted Silicotungstate
Authors: Xiang Rui , Ding Yong , Zhao Junwei
Published: August 2014

A mononuclear‐cobalt(II)‐substituted silicotungstate, K10[Co(H2O)2(γ‐SiW10O35)2]⋅23 H2O (POM‐1), has been evaluated as a light‐driven water‐oxidation catalyst. With in situ photogenerated [Ru(bpy)3]3+ (bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine) as the oxidant, quite high catalytic turnover number (TON; 313), turnover frequency (TOF; 3.2 s−1), and quantum yield (ΦQY; 27 %) for oxygen evolution at pH 9.0 were acquired. Comparison experiments with its structural analogues, namely [Ni(H2O)2(γ‐SiW10O35)2]10− (POM‐2) and [Mn(H2O)2(γ‐SiW10O35)2]10− (POM‐3), gave the conclusion that the cobalt center in POM‐1 is the active site. The hydrolytic stability of the title polyoxometalate (POM) was confirmed by extensive experiments, including UV/Vis spectroscopy, linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and cathodic adsorption stripping analysis (CASA). As the [Ru(bpy)3]2+/visible light/sodium persulfate system was introduced, a POM–photosensitizer complex formed within minutes before visible‐light irradiation. It was demonstrated that this complex functioned as the active species, which remained intact after the oxygen‐evolution reaction. Multiple experimental parameters were investigated and the catalytic activity was also compared with the well‐studied POM‐based water‐oxidation catalysts (i.e., [Co4(H2O)2(α‐PW9O34)2]10− (Co4‐POM) and [CoIIICoII(H2O)W11O39]7− (Co2‐POM)) under optimum conditions.
Did meiosis evolve before sex and the evolution of eukaryotic life cycles?
Authors: Niklas Karl J. , Cobb Edward D. , Kutschera Ulrich
Published: August 2014

Biologists have long theorized about the evolution of life cycles, meiosis, and sexual reproduction. We revisit these topics and propose that the fundamental difference between life cycles is where and when multicellularity is expressed. We develop a scenario to explain the evolutionary transition from the life cycle of a unicellular organism to one in which multicellularity is expressed in either the haploid or diploid phase, or both. We propose further that meiosis might have evolved as a mechanism to correct for spontaneous whole‐genome duplication (auto‐polyploidy) and thus before the evolution of sexual reproduction sensu stricto (i.e. the formation of a diploid zygote via the fusion of haploid gametes) in the major eukaryotic clades. In addition, we propose, as others have, that sexual reproduction, which predominates in all eukaryotic clades, has many different advantages among which is that it produces variability among offspring and thus reduces sibling competition.
Increased antioxidant capacity in tomato by ectopic expression of the strawberry D‐galacturonate reductase gene
Authors: Amaya Iraida , Osorio Sonia , Martinez‐Ferri Elsa , Lima‐Silva Viviana , Doblas Veronica G. , Fernández‐Muñoz Rafael , Fernie Alisdair R. , Botella Miguel A. , Valpuesta Victoriano
Published: August 2014

Increasing L‐ascorbic acid (AsA, vitamin C) content in fruits is a common goal in current breeding programs due to its beneficial effect on human health. Attempts to increase AsA content by genetic engineering have resulted in variable success likely due to AsA's complex regulation. Here, we report the effect of ectopically expressing in tomato the D‐galacturonate reductase (FaGalUR) gene from strawberry, involved in AsA biosynthesis, either under the control of the constitutive 35S or the tomato fruit‐specific polygalucturonase (PG) promoters. Although transgenic lines showed a moderate increase on AsA content, complex changes in metabolites were found in transgenic fruits. Metabolomic analyses of ripe fruits identified a decrease in citrate, glutamate, asparagine, glucose, and fructose, accompanied by an increase of sucrose, galactinol, and chlorogenic acid. Significant metabolic changes also occurred in leaves of 35S‐FaGalUR lines, which showed higher non‐photochemical fluorescence quenching (NPQ), indicative of a higher constitutive photo‐protective capacity. Overall, overexpression of FaGalUR increased total antioxidant capacity in fruits and the results suggest a tight control of AsA content, probably linked to a complex regulation of cellular redox state and metabolic adjustment.
Combined vascular resection and reconstruction during hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancer surgery
Authors: Miyazaki M
Published: August 2014

Prospective studies needed at high-volume centres
SIRT1 expression is associated with a poor prognosis, whereas DBC1 is associated with favorable outcomes in gastric cancer
Authors: Noguchi Akira , Kikuchi Keiji , Zheng Huachuan , Takahashi Hiroyuki , Miyagi Yohei , Aoki Ichiro , Takano Yasuo
Published: August 2014

Clinical trials of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors as antitumor therapy have been conducted for gastric cancer. Expression of SIRT1, a class III HDAC, is related to poor prognosis in some malignancies. We investigated the correlation between SIRT1 expression and progression and prognosis of gastric cancers comparing with molecules linked to SIRT1 in order to better predict the efficacy of HDAC inhibitors in treating this disease. We evaluated SIRT1 expression by western blot in 51 cases and SIRT1, DBC1, acetylated H4K16 (H4K16Ac), acetylated H3K9 (H3K9Ac), and p53 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 557 cases of gastric cancer. Western blotting showed that SIRT1 high expression related with statistics to advanced tumor progression, positive lymphatic invasion, positive venous invasion, and advanced stage but not to poor prognosis. IHC revealed that SIRT1 high expression correlated with worse clinico‐pathological prognostic factors as same as in western blotting and related poor prognosis both by univariate and multivariate analyses. By the contrast, DBC1 and H4K16Ac were related to favorable prognostic factors and linked to favorable prognosis by univariate analysis but not by multivariate analysis. H3K16Ac correlated only favorable prognostic factors. Results of p53 were very similar to those of SIRT1. We found that SIRT1 high expression closely correlates with progression and prognosis in gastric cancer patients. And it was also indicated that SIRT1 acts as an oncogene by the results of DBC1, H4K16Ac, and H3K9Ac and might be a target molecule of HDAC inhibitor treatment for gastric cancer patients.
Biofilm‐Eradicating Properties of Quaternary Ammonium Amphiphiles: Simple Mimics of Antimicrobial Peptides
Authors: Jennings Megan C. , Ator Laura E. , Paniak Thomas J. , Minbiole Kevin P. C. , Wuest William M.
Published: August 2014

Bacterial biofilms are difficult to eradicate because of reduced antibiotic sensitivity and altered metabolic processes; thus, the development of new approaches to biofilm eradication is urgently needed. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and quaternary ammonium cations (QACs) are distinct, yet well‐known, classes of antibacterial compounds. By mapping the general regions of charge and hydrophobicity of QACs onto AMP structures, we designed a small library of QACs to serve as simple AMP mimics. In order to explore the role that cationic charge plays in biofilm eradication, structures were varied with respect to cationic character, distribution of charge, and alkyl side chain. The reported compounds possess minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MBEC) as low as 25 μM against Gram‐positive biofilms, making them the most active anti‐biofilm structures reported to date. These potent AMP mimics were synthesized in 1–2 steps and hint at the minimal structural requirements for biofilm destruction.
MAGBONS: Novel Magnetically Separable Carbonaceous Nanohybrids from Porous Polysaccharides
Authors: Ojeda Manuel , Balu Alina Mariana , Romero Antonio Angel , Esquinazi Pablo , Ruokolainen Janne , Sixta Herbert , Luque Rafael
Published: August 2014

Novel magnetically separable carbonaceous nanohybrids were prepared from porous starch by a direct multistep incorporation method. Materials denoted as MAGBON possessed an unprecedented magnetism at 450 °C and a somewhat similar structure to that of Starbon materials, with a contribution of CC, CO, and aromatic groups. Simple sulfonation of MAGBON450 provided access to sulfonated MAGBON materials with promising catalytic activities as shown in microwave‐assisted oxidations of benzyl alcohol and xylose dehydration to furfural.