bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of cancer as a death sentence: Tracking trends in public perceptions from 2008 to 2017
Authors: Moser Richard P. , Arndt Jamie , Jimenez Tyler , Liu Benmei , Hesse Bradford W.
Published: November 2020

Objective

There has been steady progress in reducing cancer mortality in the United States; however, this progress hasn't been evenly distributed across regions. This paper assesses trends in cancer mortality salience (CMS), that is, agreeing that getting cancer is a death sentence, over time in the United States and examines correlates of CMS.

Methods

Data from three administrations of the Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS), gathered in 2008, 2013, and 2017, were merged, resulting in a total sample of 10,063 respondents. Trends in changes in CMS over time were examined as well as maps of the distribution of CMS in the United States. A logistic regression model was conducted, regressing CMS on a set of sociodemographic, psychological, health‐related, and environmental predictors.

Results

The aggregated percentage of US adults who agreed with the CMS statement changed over time and was modified by age. Geographic distribution of agreement with CMS was inconsistent across the United States. In the adjusted logistic model, perceived health (worse health), cancer prevention, fatalism, and confusion, and cancer status (no cancer) were all significantly associated with CMS. There was also a significant interaction between survey year and age.

Conclusion

Despite recent information that cancer mortality rates are decreasing, most US adults still see cancer as a death sentence and this is especially an issue in certain subgroups. These findings have ramifications for groups of people who may be at risk for developing cancer given their attitudes and beliefs that there isn't much they can do to prevent or control it.
Is robot‐assisted retroperitoneal adrenalectomy safe? An investigation of perioperative hypertensive crisis among hypertensive and normotensive patients
Authors: Zhou Qiqi , Lei Enjun , Ren Haijing , Yuan Qian , Ou Yangru , Liu Wei
Published: November 2020

Background

Objective: We examined the incidence of perioperative hypertensive crisis in robot‐assisted retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy.

Methods

A consecutive series of 120 patients with adrenal tumours undergoing robot‐assisted retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy were included. Patients were divided into two groups: group A (hypertension group, 58 cases, mean age 43.59 years) and group B (normotension group, 62 cases, mean age 48.01 years). General anaesthesia was applied using endotracheal intubation and haemodynamic changes were closely monitored.

Results

A total of nine (7.5%) hypertensive crisis cases were observed. After intravenous infusion of sodium nitroprusside, seven cases of them were quickly controlled and two cases experienced transient severe hypertension. The incidence of hypertensive crisis was 13.7% and 1.6% in groups A and B, respectively (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

These findings highlight the importance of strengthening the monitoring of anaesthesia and taking various measures to effectively control the blood pressure in robot‐assisted retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy, especially among hypertensive patients.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 natural animal reservoirs and experimental models: systematic review
Authors: Younes Salma , Younes Nadin , Shurrab Farah , Nasrallah Gheyath K.
Published: November 2020

The current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) outbreak has been rapidly spreading worldwide, causing serious global concern. The role that animal hosts play in disease transmission is still understudied and researchers wish to find suitable animal models for fundamental research and drug discovery. In this systematic review, we aimed to compile and discuss all articles that describe experimental or natural infections with SARS‐CoV‐2, from the initial discovery of the virus in December 2019 through to October 2020. We systematically searched four databases (Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct and Web of Science). The following data were extracted from the included studies: type of infection (natural or experimental), age, sample numbers, dose, route of inoculation, viral replication, detection method, clinical symptoms and transmission. Fifty‐four studies were included, of which 34 were conducted on animal reservoirs (naturally or experimentally infected), and 20 involved models for testing vaccines and therapeutics. Our search revealed that Rousettus aegyptiacus (fruit bats), pangolins, felines, mink, ferrets and rabbits were all susceptible to SARS‐CoV‐2, while dogs were weakly susceptible and pigs, poultry, and tree shrews were not. In addition, virus replication in mice, mink, hamsters and ferrets resembled subclinical human infection, so these animals might serve as useful models for future studies to evaluate vaccines or antiviral agents and to study host‐pathogen interactions. Our review comprehensively summarized current evidence on SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in animals and their usefulness as models for studying vaccines and antiviral drugs. Our findings may direct future studies for vaccine development, antiviral drugs and therapeutic agents to manage SARS‐CoV‐2‐caused diseases.
Cooperative fault‐tolerant fuzzy tracking control for nonlinear multiagent systems under directed network topology via a hierarchical control scheme
Authors: Xiao Shuyi , Dong Jiuxiang
Published: November 2020

This article investigates the issue of cooperative fault‐tolerant fuzzy tracking control for a class of nonlinear multiagent systems subject to actuator failures and external disturbances under a directed network topology. By introducing the hierarchical control scheme, a fully distributed tracking control method is proposed. Specifically, the hierarchical control framework includes the upper layer and the lower layer. The upper layer consists of a virtual system and a virtual cooperative controller. The lower layer consists of an actual system and a fault‐tolerant tracking controller. Compared with the most existing distributed fault‐tolerant control methods where the fault in one agent may cause chain reaction, the phenomenon of fault propagation can be eliminated. Finally, the proposed strategy is demonstrated by simulation results.
Three‐stage forgetting factor stochastic gradient parameter estimation methods for a class of nonlinear systems
Authors: Ji Yan , Kang Zhen
Published: November 2020

This article focuses on the parameter estimation for a class of nonlinear systems, that is, multi‐input single‐output or two‐input single‐output Hammerstein finite impulse response systems with autoregressive moving average noise. The key is to investigate new estimation methods for on‐line parameter estimation of the considered system. By using the gradient search and introducing the forgetting factor, the forgetting factor stochastic gradient estimation method is developed. For the purpose of improving the parameter estimation accuracy, the system is decomposed into three subsystems with fewer variables applying the key term separation technique: the first two subsystems contain the unknown parameters related to the input and the third subsystem contains the unknown parameters related to the noise. Then a three‐stage forgetting factor stochastic gradient algorithm is proposed based on the hierarchical identification principle for interactively identifying each subsystem. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the presented algorithm.
On the Biophysical Investigation of Sulfamethazine‐Hemoglobin Binding and the Resulting Adverse Effects of Antibiotics
Authors: Ovung Aben , Mavani A. , Chatterjee Sabyasachi , Das Abhi , Suresh Kumar Gopinatha , Bhuiya Sutanwi , Das Suman , Bhattacharyya Jhimli
Published: November 2020

Binding of the well‐known antibiotic drug sulfamethazine (SMZ) with tetrameric heme protein, hemoglobin (Hb), was studied using spectroscopic, calorimetric and molecular docking techniques. SMZ belongs to the sulfonamide group of medicines with versatile applications. Nevertheless, it can be biologically harmful if used in excess or in an uncontrolled manner. The binding induced absorbance and fluorescence data indicated a ground state complex formation between the drug and the protein with 1 : 1 stoichiometry. Drug induced conformational perturbation of Hb structure was investigated with circular dichroism and synchronous fluorescence. The binding constant obtained from spectroscopy was in the order of 104 M−1which was further confirmed by isothermal titration calorimetry. This may be higher compared to that of the oxygenation in Hb; thus SMZ binding can subsequently interrupt the oxygen transporting property of this iron protein. FRET analysis showed that the distance between SMZ and Hb is ∼3.75 nm, which is suitable for an effective binding. The MD simulation substantiated the mode and site of binding by confirming the factors contributing to the binding energy. It shows that SMZ binds to the central cavity close to subunit α 1‐helix of Hb. Residues around the drug forms hydrogen bonding and increases hydrophobicity to stabilize the SMZ−Hb complex. The binding interaction appears to be dominated by H‐bond formation and electrostatic and hydrophobic forces. This is in agreement with the thermodynamic analyses and contributes to the binding energy.
Aryl‐Aryl Cross‐Coupling with Hypervalent Iodine Reagents: Aryl Group Transfer Reactions
Authors: Ghosh Manoj Kumar , Rout Nilendri
Published: November 2020

Aryl‐aryl cross‐coupling are a unique class of C−C bond formation reaction in organic chemistry. From last few years, various synthetic methods have been developed for aryl‐aryl cross‐coupling reaction using hypervalent iodine (III) reagents as an aryl group donor. This review highlights exciting synthetic protocols that have been used for aryl‐aryl cross‐coupling reactions with hypervalent iodine reagents employing aryl group transfer reaction. The review has categorized the metal‐catalyzed and metal free aryl‐aryl cross‐coupling reactions separately using hypervalent iodine reagents. Also this review provides the mechanistic prospective involves for aryl‐group transfer reaction.
Facile Synthesis of Dihydroquinolines via Palladium Catalyzed Sequential Amination and Cyclisation of Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman Alcohols
Authors: Sruthi Pambingal Rajan , Sankar P. Uma , Saranya Thachora Venu , Anas Saithalavi
Published: November 2020

Quinolines and its derivatives are significant class of heterocyclic compounds which are identified as the key component in many natural products and biologically important molecules. We describe herein a facile method for the synthesis of quinoline derivatives from Morita‐Baylis‐Hillman (MBH) Alcohols via Palladium Catalyzed intramolecular aryl amination followed by allylic amination pathway. The reaction between a series of MBH alcohols and amino compounds (Tosyl, aliphatic and aromatic amines) under optimized reaction conditions with Pd(PPh3)2Cl2/DPPP catalyst system, afforded the corresponding 1,2‐dihydroquinolines upto 95 % isolated yield.
Hysteresis Modulation on Van der Waals‐Based Ferroelectric Field‐Effect Transistor by Interfacial Passivation Technique and Its Application in Optic Neural Networks
Authors: Jeon Hyeok , Kim Seung‐Geun , Park June , Kim Seung‐Hwan , Park Euyjin , Kim Jiyoung , Yu Hyun‐Yong
Published: November 2020

2D semiconductor‐based ferroelectric field effect transistors (FeFETs) have been considered as a promising artificial synaptic device for implementation of neuromorphic computing systems. However, an inevitable problem, interface traps at the 2D semiconductor/ferroelectric oxide interface, suppresses ferroelectric characteristics, and causes a critical degradation on the performance of 2D‐based FeFETs. Here, hysteresis modulation method using self‐assembly monolayer (SAM) material for interface trap passivation on 2D‐based FeFET is presented. Through effectively passivation of interface traps by SAM layer, the hysteresis of the proposed device changes from interface traps‐dependent to polarization‐dependent direction. The reduction of interface trap density is clearly confirmed through the result of calculation using the subthreshold swing of the device. Furthermore, excellent optic‐neural synaptic characteristics are successfully implemeted, including linear and symmetric potentiation and depression, and multilevel conductance. This work identifies the potential of passivation effect for 2D‐based FeFETs to accelerate the development of neuromorphic computing systems.
Injectable Liquid Crystal Formation System for Reshaping Tumor Immunosuppressive Microenvironment to Boost Antitumor Immunity: Postoperative Chemoimmunotherapy
Authors: Hu Mei , Zhang Jiao , Yu Yulin , Tu Kun , Yang Ting , Wang Yi , Hu Qian , Kong Li , Zhang Zhiping
Published: November 2020

Exploring optimal strategies to improve patient outcome postoperatively is still under challenge. Cancer immunotherapy has great potential to prevent the postoperative tumor recurrence and metastasis, which could be further strengthened by re‐education of tumor microenvironment (TME). Herein, a local and sustained drug delivery system of liquid crystal formation system (LCFS) co‐loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) and resiquimod (R848) (D/R@LCFS) is reported to confer effective chemoimmunotherapy with reduced systematic toxicity. After local administration, D/R@LCFS turns tumor into in situ vaccine via DOX‐triggered immunogenic cell death effect accompanied with immunostimulatory effect of R848. Meanwhile, combination treatment of D/R@LCFS facilitates the recruitment of effector CD8+ T cells and the polarization of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells and immunosuppressive type 2‐polarized macrophages to tumoricidal antigen‐presenting cells, favoring antigen‐specific T cell immune response and inducing more immunogenic phenotypes in tumors. The generated in situ vaccine as well as reshaped TME by D/R@LCFS elicited systematic immune response and long term immune‐memory effect in combination with immune checkpoint blockade to significantly prevent postoperative B16F10 or 4T1 tumor recurrence and metastasis. Therefore, this combination strategy of spatiotemporal TME modulation is expected to provide a clinical available option for effective postoperative chemoimmunotherapy.
Boosting Potassium Storage by Integration Advantageous of Defect Engineering and Spatial Confinement: A Case Study of Sb2Se3
Authors: Sheng Binbin , Wang Lifeng , Huang Huijuan , Yang Hai , Xu Rui , Wu Xiaojun , Yu Yan
Published: November 2020

The potassium ion batteries (KIBs) based on conversion/alloying reaction mechanisms show high theoretical capacity. However, their applications are hampered by the poor cyclability resulting from the inherent large volume variations and the sluggish kinetics during K+ repeated insertion/extraction process. Herein, taken Sb2Se3 as a model material, by rational design, nickel doped‐carbon coated Sb2Se3 nanorods (denoted as (Sb0.99Ni0.01)2Se3@C) are prepared through combined strategies of the conductive encapsulation and crystal structure modification. The carbon coating acts as an efficient buffer layer that maintains superior structural stability upon cycling. The introduction of Ni atoms can enhance electrical conductivity, leading to outstanding rate performance, which are confirmed by density functional theory calculation. The (Sb0.99Ni0.01)2Se3@C displays excellent reversible capacity (410 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 100 cycles) and unprecedented rate capability (140 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1). Furthermore, KFeHCF//(Sb0.99Ni0.01)2Se3@C full cell exhibits a high specific capacity (408 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1), superior rate capability (260 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1). This work can open up a new avenue for the design of stable conversion/alloying‐based anodes for high energy density KIBs.
Targeted Combination of Antioxidative and Anti‐Inflammatory Therapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis using Multifunctional Dendrimer‐Entrapped Gold Nanoparticles as a Platform
Authors: Li Jin , Chen Liang , Xu Xiaoying , Fan Yu , Xue Xue , Shen Mingwu , Shi Xiangyang
Published: November 2020

Abundant reactive oxygen species and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) cytokine supply of M1‐type macrophages boost rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathological process. For efficient RA therapy, here a multifunctional nanoplatform is presented based on generation 5 (G5) poly(amidoamine) dendrimer‐entrapped gold nanoparticles (Au DENPs) to achieve co‐delivery of antioxidant alpha‐tocopheryl succinate (α‐TOS) and anti‐inflammatory anti‐TNF‐α siRNA to macrophage cells. G5 dendrimers with amine termini are sequentially functionalized with 1,3‐propane sultone (1,3‐PS), α‐TOS through a polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacer, and PEGylated folic acid (FA), and subsequently entrapped with Au NPs. The generated functional Au DENPs exhibit desired cytocompatibility, zwitterion‐rendered antifouling property, and FA‐mediated targeting specificity, enabling serum‐enhanced siRNA delivery to M1‐type macrophage cells. Meanwhile, the attached α‐TOS affords enhanced oxidation resistance of macrophage cells. In vivo investigation shows that the treatment of a collagen‐induced arthritis mouse model using α‐TOS‐modified Au DENPs/TNF‐α siRNA polyplexes can achieve excellent combination therapy effect in inflammatory cytokines downregulation of RA lesion and bone erosions. The therapeutic efficacy is also supported by 3D micro‐computed tomography analysis and TNF‐α cytokine reduction of RA lesion joints in the mRNA, protein, and histology levels. The created multifunctional nanoplatform may be employed in antioxidative and anti‐inflammatory combination therapy of RA.
Recent Advances in Strategies for Improving the Performance of CO2 Reduction Reaction on Single Atom Catalysts
Authors: Wang Qiyou , Cai Chao , Dai Minyang , Fu Junwei , Zhang Xiaodong , Li Huangjingwei , Zhang Hang , Chen Kejun , Lin Yiyang , Li Hongmei , Hu Junhua , Miyauchi Masahiro , Liu Min
Published: November 2020

Excessive consumption of fossil fuels gives rise to the increasing emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere and furthers the ecocrisis. Electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECR) has both functions of dwindling greenhouse gas concentration and converting it into valuable products. Due to the intrinsic chemical inertness of CO2 molecules, the study on efficient and low‐cost catalysts has attracted much attention. Recently isolated atoms, dispersed in stable support, play an important role in decreasing energy barriers of intermediate steps and obtaining target products with high activity and selectivity for ECR. The effective regulation of central atoms or coordination environment is significant to realize the desired performances of ECR with a high efficiency and selectivity. Hence, a comprehensive summary about strategies for improving the performance of ECR on single atom catalysts (SACs) is necessary. Herein, the SACs on various supports are introduced, the methods to design stable SACs are discussed, and the strategies for tuning the performance of ECR on SACs are summarized. The localized environment manipulation is widely used for high‐performance SACs design, including regulating central atoms and coordination environment. Finally, the perspectives are discussed to shed light on the rational design of intriguing SACs for ECR.
Effect of Slag Modification on Inclusions in Si–Mn‐Killed 304 Stainless Steels
Authors: Yuan Tianxiang , Zhang Lifeng , Ren Ying , Zhao Qing , Liu Chengjun
Published: November 2020

Herein, plant trials are conducted to investigate the effect of slag modification on inclusions in Si–Mn‐killed 304 stainless steels. The slag basicity has a significant influence on inclusion compositions in 304 stainless steels. The Al2O3 content in inclusions shows a slight increase tendency with the slag basicity of 1.9. The addition of CaO increases the slag basicity from 1.9 to 2.2, which is beneficial to the removal of inclusions while increasing the Al2O3 content in inclusions from roughly 20% to 40%. The low slag basicity lowers the Al2O3 content in inclusions to around 20% while resulting in a higher total oxygen (TO) at the ladle furnace (LF) end. A kinetic model of slag–steel–inclusion reactions is developed to simulate the effect of slag modification on inclusion composition using FactSage Macro Processing. Evolutions of slag, steel, and inclusions during the slag modification process are well predicted.
Pregnant women with the complication of depression who visit the department of Oriental Medicine at a Japanese perinatal center
Authors: Isomura Mariko , Sagawa Kei , Tobe Chiharu , Suzuki Shunji
Published: November 2020

Aim

Women suffering from perinatal depression often have not noticed their mental condition, they often present with unspecified somatic complaints. Therefore, we examined the presence or absence of unspecified somatic complaints and the variability in complaints in women with perinatal depression who visited the Department of Oriental Medicine (DOM) at our Japanese perinatal center.

Methods

The material reviewed consisted of the total population of Japanese women who visited our institute for a perinatal visit and underwent delivery at ≥37 weeks gestation at our institute between 2015 and 2018. We examined the DOM consultation rate, number and duration of visits to the DOM, presence or absence of unspecified somatic complaints (general malaise), and presence or absence of frequently changing complaints in the women with and without perinatal depression.

Results

The DOM consultation rate in women with perinatal depression was significantly higher than in those without perinatal depression (odds ratio 5.02, 75% confidence interval 3.2–7.6, P < 0.01). The rate of unspecified somatic complaints and frequently changing complaints in women with perinatal depression were significantly higher than those without perinatal depression (unspecified somatic complaints: 44% vs. 10%, odds ratio 5.79, 75% confidence interval 2.6–13, P < 0.01; frequently changing complaints: 33% vs. 4%, odds ratio 12.7, 75% confidence interval 5.0–33, P < 0.01).

Conclusion

To improve the recognition and management practices of perinatal depression, a standardized training will be needed on how to communicate in order to understand the mental problems in pregnant women concerning atypical symptoms of depression and unspecified somatic complaints.
On semiparametric regression in functional data analysis
Authors: Ling Nengxiang , Vieu Philippe
Published: November 2020

The aim of this paper is to provide a selected advanced review on semiparametric regression which is an emergent promising field of researches in functional data analysis. As a deliberate strategy, we decided to focus our discussion on the single functional index regression (SFIR) model in order to fix the ideas about the stakes linked with infinite dimensional problems and about the methodological challenges that one has to solve when building statistical procedure: one of the most challenging issue being the question of dimensionality effects reduction. This will be the first (and the main) part of this discussion and a complete survey of the literature on SFIR model will be presented. In a second attempt, other semiparametric models (and more generally, other dimension reduction models) will be shortly discussed with the double goal of presenting the state of art and of defining challenging tracks for the future. At the end, we will discuss how additive modeling is an appealing idea for more complicated models involving multifunctional predictors and some tracks for the future will be pointed in this setting.

This article is categorized under:

Statistical Models > Semiparametric Models

Data: Types and Structure > Time Series, Stochastic Processes, and Functional Data

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Modeling Methods
Exact SMEFT formulation and expansion to $$ \mathcal{O} $$(v4/Λ4)
Authors: Hays Chris , Helset Andreas , Martin Adam , Trott Michael
Published: November 2020

Abstract

The Standard Model Effective Field Theory (SMEFT) theoretical framework is increasingly used to interpret particle physics measurements and constrain physics beyond the Standard Model. We investigate the truncation of the effective-operator expansion using the geometric formulation of the SMEFT, which allows exact solutions, up to mass-dimension eight. Using this construction, we compare the exact solution to the expansion at $$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(v2/Λ2), partial $$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(v4/Λ4) using a subset of terms with dimension-6 operators, and full $$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
(v4/Λ4), where v is the vacuum expectation value and Λ is the scale of new physics. This comparison is performed for general values of the coefficients, and for the specific model of a heavy U(1) gauge field kinetically mixed with the Standard Model. We additionally determine the input-parameter scheme dependence at all orders in v/Λ, and show that this dependence increases at higher orders in v/Λ.
Finite-N corrections to the M-brane indices
Authors: Arai Reona , Fujiwara Shota , Imamura Yosuke , Mori Tatsuya , Yokoyama Daisuke
Published: November 2020

Abstract

We investigate finite-N corrections to the superconformal indices of the theories realized on M2- and M5-branes. For three-dimensional theories realized on a stack of N M2-branes we calculate the finite-N corrections as the contribution of extended M5-branes in the dual geometry AdS4×S7. We take only M5-brane configurations with a single wrapping into account, and neglect multiple-wrapping configurations. We compare the results with the indices calculated from the ABJM theory, and find agreement up to expected errors due to the multiple wrapping. For six-dimensional theories on N M5-branes we calculate the indices by analyzing extended M2-branes in AdS7×S4. Again, we include only configurations with single wrapping. We first compare the result for N = 1 with the index of the free tensor multiplet to estimate the order of the error due to multiple wrapping. We calculate first few terms of the index of AN−1 theories explicitly, and confirm that they can be expanded by superconformal representations. We also discuss multiple-wrapping contributions to the six-dimensional Schur-like index.
Destructive per continuitatem spondylodiscitis after endovascular abdominal or thoracic aneurysm repair (EVAR/TEVAR): rare and untreatable?
Authors: Dreimann Marc , Ryang Yu-Mi , Schoof Benjamin , Thiessen Darius , Eicker Sven Oliver , Strube Patrick , Stangenberg Martin
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Very few publications have previously described spondylodiscitis as a potential complication of endovascular aortic procedures (EVAR/TEVAR). We present to our knowledge the first case series of spondylodiscitis following EVAR/TEVAR based on our data base. Particular focus was laid on the complexity of disease treatment and grave outcome perspectives from a spine surgeon’s point of view in this seriously affected patient group.

Materials and methods

A retrospective analysis and chart review was performed for 11 out of 284 consecutive spondylodiscitis patients who underwent EVAR/TEVAR procedure and developed destructive per continuitatem spondylodiscitis.

Results

All 11 patients had single or more level destructive spondylodiscitis adjacent to the thoracic/lumbar stent graft. In mean, four surgeries were performed per patient to treat this rare complication. Six out of eleven patients (55%) died within 6 months of first identification of per continuitatem spondylodiscitis. In four patients due to persisting infection of the graft and recurrence of the abscess formation, a persisting fistula from anterior approach to the skin was applied.

Conclusions

Destructive per continuitatem spondylodiscitis is a rare and severe complication post-EVAR/TEVAR. Clinical and imaging features of anterior paravertebral disease and anterior vertebral body involvement suggest direct continuous spread of the graft infection to the adjacent vertebral column. The mortality rate of these severe infections is extremely high and treatment with a permanent fistula may be one salvage procedure.
Effects of cataract surgery in Japanese patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration
Authors: Nishiguchi Fumi , Ishikawa Hiroto , Amaki Junichi , Komuku Yuki , Kimura Akiko , Gomi Fumi
Published: November 2020

Purpose

To investigate the effects of cataract surgery in Japanese patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).

Methods

The primary endpoint in this prospective, observational study was patient satisfaction at 6 months after cataract surgery in patients with nAMD. Secondary endpoints comprised changes in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), M-chart score, central retinal thickness (CRT), AMD status, and number of AMD treatments. All examinations were performed before surgery, and at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively.

Results

Fifty patients (52 eyes) were included in this study (32 men; mean age, 76.1 ± 7.1 years). Thirty-nine patients (75.0%) reported satisfaction with cataract surgery. BCVA significantly improved at all postoperative timepoints (all p < 0.0001), whereas differences in M-chart scores were not statistically significant. The number of eyes with BCVA ≤ 0.3 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) increased from 21 to 38; however, CRT did not change. The number of AMD treatments did not change during follow-up. All questionnaire scores showed postoperative improvement. Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that final BCVA ≤ 0.3 logMAR was significantly associated with patient satisfaction.

Conclusion

Cataract surgery significantly improved vision in Japanese patients with nAMD, without affecting AMD status. Patients were satisfied with cataract surgery, especially with respect to improvement of distance vision.
Impact of resistance training status on trunk muscle activation in a fatiguing set of heavy back squats
Authors: Clark David R. , Lambert Michael I. , Grigson Chris , Hunter Angus M.
Published: November 2020

Purpose

In this study we measured neural activation (EMG) in four trunk stabilizer muscles and vastus lateralis (VL) in trained and novice participants during a set of squat repetitions to volitional fatigue at 85% 1RM.

Methods

Forty males were recruited into two groups, novice (NG: n = 21) and experienced (EG: n = 19), according to relative squat 1RM. Participants were tested twice to: (1) determine squat 1RM, and (2) complete a single set of repetitions to volitional fatigue at 85% 1RM. Relative squat 1RM; NG < 140% body mass, EG > 160% body mass. Neuromuscular activation was measured by EMG for the following: rectus abdominus (RA), external oblique (EO), lumbar sacral erector spinae (LSES), upper lumbar erector spinae (ULES) and VL in eccentric and concentric phase. Completed repetitions, RPE and EMG in repetition 1 and at 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of completed repetitions were analysed.

Results

No group differences were found between number repetitions completed and RPE in repetitions to volitional fatigue at 85% 1RM. Neuromuscular activation increased significantly in all muscle groups in eccentric and concentric phase apart from RA in the eccentric phase. Trunk neuromuscular activation was higher in NG compared to EG and this was significant in EO, LSES and ULES in eccentric phase and LSES in the concentric phase. VL activation increased in both phases with no group differences.

Conclusion

Trunk neuromuscular activation increases in a fatiguing set of heavy squats regardless of training status. Increased back squat strength through training results in lower neuromuscular activation despite greater absolute external squat loads.
Markov decision processes with quasi-hyperbolic discounting
Authors: Jaśkiewicz Anna , Nowak Andrzej S.
Published: November 2020

We study Markov decision processes with Borel state spaces under quasi-hyperbolic discounting. This type of discounting nicely models human behaviour, which is time-inconsistent in the long run. The decision maker has preferences changing in time. Therefore, the standard approach based on the Bellman optimality principle fails. Within a dynamic game-theoretic framework, we prove the existence of randomised stationary Markov perfect equilibria for a large class of Markov decision processes with transitions having a density function. We also show that randomisation can be restricted to two actions in every state of the process. Moreover, we prove that under some conditions, this equilibrium can be replaced by a deterministic one. For models with countable state spaces, we establish the existence of deterministic Markov perfect equilibria. Many examples are given to illustrate our results, including a portfolio selection model with quasi-hyperbolic discounting.
Application of microimaging to diffusion studies in nanoporous materials
Authors: Chmelik Christian , Gläser Roger , Haase Jürgen , Hwang Seungtaik , Kärger Jörg
Published: November 2020

Microimaging on the basis of, respectively, interference microscopy and IR microscopy permit the observation of the distribution of guest molecules in nanoporous solids and their variation with time. Thus attainable knowledge of both concentration gradients and diffusion fluxes provides direct access to the underlying diffusion phenomena. This includes, in particular, the measurement of transport diffusion under transient, i. e. under non-equilibrium conditions, and of self- or tracer diffusion on considering the rate of tracer exchange. Correlating the difference in guest concentration close to the external surface to its equilibrium value with the influx into the nanoporous solid, microimaging does as well allow the direct determination of surface resistances. Examples illustrating the variety of information thus attainable include the comparison of mass transfer under equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions, single- and multicomponent diffusion and chemical reactions. They, finally, introduce into the potentials of microimaging for an in-depth study of mass transfer in mixed-matrix membranes. This tutorial review may serve as first introduction into the topic. Further references are linked for the interested reader.
Cell-biological effects of zinc oxide spheres and rods from the nano- to the microscale at sub-toxic levels
Authors: Olejnik M. , Kersting M. , Rosenkranz N. , Loza K. , Breisch M. , Rostek A. , Prymak O. , Schürmeyer L. , Westphal G. , Köller M. , Bünger J. , Epple M. , Sengstock C.
Published: November 2020

Zinc oxide particles were synthesized in various sizes and shapes, i.e., spheres of 40-nm, 200-nm, and 500-nm diameter and rods of 40∙100 nm2 and 100∙400 nm2 (all PVP-stabilized and well dispersed in water and cell culture medium). Crystallographically, the particles consisted of the hexagonal wurtzite phase with a primary crystallite size of 20 to 100 nm. The particles showed a slow dissolution in water and cell culture medium (both neutral; about 10% after 5 days) but dissolved within about 1 h in two different simulated lysosomal media (pH 4.5 to 4.8). Cells relevant for respiratory exposure (NR8383 rat alveolar macrophages) were exposed to these particles in vitro. Viability, apoptosis, and cell activation (generation of reactive oxygen species, ROS, release of cytokines) were investigated in an in vitro lung cell model with respect to the migration of inflammatory cells. All particle types were rapidly taken up by the cells, leading to an increased intracellular zinc ion concentration. The nanoparticles were more cytotoxic than the microparticles and comparable with dissolved zinc acetate. All particles induced cell apoptosis, unlike dissolved zinc acetate, indicating a particle-related mechanism. Microparticles induced a stronger formation of reactive oxygen species than smaller particles probably due to higher sedimentation (cell-to-particle contact) of microparticles in contrast to nanoparticles. The effect of particle types on the cytokine release was weak and mainly resulted in a decrease as shown by a protein microarray. In the particle-induced cell migration assay (PICMA), all particles had a lower effect than dissolved zinc acetate. In conclusion, the biological effects of zinc oxide particles in the sub-toxic range are caused by zinc ions after intracellular dissolution, by cell-to-particle contacts, and by the uptake of zinc oxide particles into cells.
Effects of model calibration on hydrological and water resources management simulations under climate change in a semi-arid watershed
Authors: Koch Hagen , Silva Ana Lígia Chaves , Liersch Stefan , de Azevedo José Roberto Gonçalves , Hattermann Fred Fokko
Published: November 2020

Semi-arid regions are known for erratic precipitation patterns with significant effects on the hydrological cycle and water resources availability. High temporal and spatial variation in precipitation causes large variability in runoff over short durations. Due to low soil water storage capacity, base flow is often missing and rivers fall dry for long periods. Because of its climatic characteristics, the semi-arid north-eastern region of Brazil is prone to droughts. To counter these, reservoirs were built to ensure water supply during dry months. This paper describes problems and solutions when calibrating and validating the eco-hydrological model SWIM for semi-arid regions on the example of the Pajeú watershed in north-eastern Brazil. The model was calibrated to river discharge data before the year 1983, with no or little effects of water management, applying a simple and an enhanced approach. Uncertainties result mainly from the meteorological data and observed river discharges. After model calibration water management was included in the simulations. Observed and simulated reservoir volumes and river discharges are compared. The calibrated and validated models were used to simulate the impacts of climate change on hydrological processes and water resources management using data of two representative concentration pathways (RCP) and five earth system models (ESM). The differences in changes in natural and managed mean discharges are negligible (< 5%) under RCP8.5 but notable (> 5%) under RCP2.6 for the ESM ensemble mean. In semi-arid catchments, the enhanced approach should be preferred, because in addition to discharge, a second variable, here evapotranspiration, is considered for model validation.
Conservation genetics of yellow-bellied toads (Bombina variegata): a matter of geographical scale and isolation
Authors: Hantzschmann Alena Marcella , Sinsch Ulrich , Göttlicher Christa , Pröhl Heike
Published: November 2020

Amphibian populations world-wide are threatened by declines and extinctions mainly due to habitat loss and fragmentation. Habitat fragmentation threatens the yellow-bellied toadBombina variegatain the northern and western regions of its distribution where it is strictly protected. We studied the genetic structure and diversity of populations at three geographical scales using microsatellite loci to detect potential threats for population persistence. At the local scale, we sampled four neighbouring localities at 1–2.6 km distance to detect effects of short-term (decades) fragmentation on connectivity. At the regional scale, five additional localities in the mountains of the Westerwald (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany) were studied at up to 50.1 km distance to analyse genetic diversity and population structure. At the continental scale, we included data from regions in the northern distribution with fragmented populations (Hesse and Lower Saxony, Germany) and more continuous populations in the South (Alsace, France; Geneva, Switzerland; Trentino, Italy) to evaluate variation of genetic diversity. At the local scale, short-term fragmentation caused significant genetic differentiation between breeding assemblages only 1.4 km apart from each other. At the regional scale, we found notable genetic distance among localities. At the continental scale, we identified Alsace, Trentino and Geneva in the South as regions with low genetic structuring and high allelic richness, and the northern remaining regions in Germany as deeply structured with reduced allelic richness. We suggest that reduced genetic diversity and habitat fragmentation in northern regions makes these populations particularly vulnerable to decline. In conclusion, informed conservation management ofB. variegatashould focus on measures maintaining or improving connectivity among neighbouring populations.
Zero-Tolerance in Catalonia: Policing the Other in Public Space
Authors: Lundsteen Martin , Fernández González Miquel
Published: November 2020

Recent studies have argued for more nuanced understandings of zero tolerance (ZT) policing, rendering it essential to analyze the significance and actual workings of the policies in practice, including the context in which they are introduced. This article aims to accomplish this through a comparison of two case studies in Catalonia: one in the neighborhood of Raval in Barcelona and one in Salt—a municipality in thecomarca(or county) of Girona. We identify a transformation in the use of ZT policies in Catalonia and a contradiction between their social effects and proclaimed objectives. This article attempts to address how specific sociocultural groups gain power and privilege from these policies. The main argument is that a set of commonsensical ideas have become hegemonic, which allows and naturalizes certain sociocultural practices in urban space, while persecuting others, fundamentally pitting two categories against each other: the desired civil citizen and the undesirable and uncivil stranger.
Immunoglobulin Replacement Therapy Versus Antibiotic Prophylaxis as Treatment for Incomplete Primary Antibody Deficiency
Authors: Smits Bas M. , Kleine Budde Ilona , de Vries Esther , ten Berge Ineke J. M. , Bredius Robbert G. M. , van Deuren Marcel , van Dissel Jaap T. , Ellerbroek Pauline M. , van der Flier Michiel , van Hagen P. Martin , Nieuwhof Chris , Rutgers Bram , Sanders Lieke E. A. M. , Simon Anna , Kuijpers Taco W. , van Montfrans Joris M.
Published: November 2020

Background

Patients with an IgG subclass deficiency (IgSD) ± specific polysaccharide antibody deficiency (SPAD) often present with recurrent infections. Previous retrospective studies have shown that prophylactic antibiotics (PA) and immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IRT) can both be effective in preventing these infections; however, this has not been confirmed in a prospective study.

Objective

To compare the efficacy of PA and IRT in a randomized crossover trial.

Methods

A total of 64 patients (55 adults and 9 children) were randomized (2:2) between two treatment arms. Treatment arm A began with 12 months of PA, and treatment arm B began with 12 months of IRT. After a 3-month bridging period with cotrimoxazole, the treatment was switched to 12 months of IRT and PA, respectively. The efficacy (measured by the incidence of infections) and proportion of related adverse events in the two arms were compared.

Results

The overall efficacy of the two regimens did not differ (p = 0.58, two-sided Wilcoxon signed-rank test). A smaller proportion of patients suffered a related adverse event while using PA (26.8% vs. 60.3%, p < 0.0003, chi-squared test). Patients with persistent infections while using PA suffered fewer infections per year after switching to IRT (2.63 vs. 0.64, p < 0.01).

Conclusion

We found comparable efficacy of IRT and PA in patients with IgSD ± SPAD. Patients with persistent infections during treatment with PA had less infections after switching to IRT.

Clinical Implication

Given the costs and associated side-effects of IRT, it should be reserved for patients with persistent infections despite treatment with PA.
Managing climate change risk: the case of the Italian Churches
Authors: Porrini Donatella , De Masi Francesco
Published: November 2020

In a world of increasing and worse and worse climate events, there is an urgent need to find how to manage the climate change risk and make cultural heritage more resilient. Given the relevant threat represented by climate-related events, this paper aims to analyze the role of insurance in safeguarding cultural heritage from natural disasters. The focus is on Italian Churches seen as a particular case of study. Taking into consideration the characteristics of the managing risk strategy, we use a value-belief-norm approach and a decision tree analysis to evaluate the efficiency of the governance scheme adopted. In the case examined of the Italian Churches, the strategy is mainly based on a private insurance contract characterized by a double track, local and national, to reach the important goal of the full coverage of all churches. We conclude that cultural heritage can drive climate action and the originality of the Italian Churches strategy can represent a benchmark in this field.
Comprehensive metabolomic profiling of osteosarcoma based on UHPLC-HRMS
Authors: Lv Dongming , Zou Yutong , Zeng Ziliang , Yao Hao , Ding Shirong , Bian Yiying , Wen Lili , Xie Xianbiao
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that tumor proliferation and metastasis are closely related to complex metabolic reprogramming. However, there are limited data to provide a comprehensive metabolic picture of osteosarcoma.

Objectives

Our study aims to identify aberrant metabolic pathways and seek potential adjuvant biomarkers for osteosarcoma.

Methods

Serum samples were collected from 65 osteosarcoma patients and 30 healthy controls. Nontargeted metabolomic profiling was performed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based on univariate and multivariate statistical analyses.

Results

The OPLS-DA model analysis identified clear separations among groups. We identified a set of differential metabolites such as higher serum levels of adenosine-5-monophosphate, inosine-5-monophosphate and guanosine monophosphate in primary OS patients compared to healthy controls, and higher serum levels of 5-aminopentanamide, 13(S)-HpOTrE (FA 18:3 + 2O) and methionine sulfoxide in lung metastatic OS patients compared to primary OS patients, revealing aberrant metabolic features during the proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma. We found a group of metabolites especially lactic acid and glutamic acid, with AUC values of 0.97 and 0.98, which could serve as potential adjuvant diagnostic biomarkers for primary osteosarcoma, and a panel of 2 metabolites, 5-aminopentanamide and 13(S)-HpOTrE (FA 18:3 + 2O), with an AUC value of 0.92, that had good monitoring ability for lung metastases.

Conclusions

Our study provides new insight into the aberrant metabolic features of osteosarcoma. The potential biomarkers identified here may have translational significance.
Characterization, Thermodynamics and Mechanism of Formation of SiC-SiOx Core–Shell Nanowires
Authors: Broggi Andrea , Ringdalen Eli , Tangstad Merete
Published: November 2020

Silicon carbide nanowires are valuable for electronic and optical applications, due to their high mechanical and electrical properties. Previous studies demonstrated that nanowires can be produced easily, by mixing a silicon-based compound (Si or SiO2) with a carbon source (C or SiC), in an inert gas atmosphere (Ar or He). The result of this reaction is an elevated number of core–shell SiC-SiO
x
nanowires. The mechanism of formation of these wires should be inquired, in order to control the process. In this work, SiO2 and SiC are chosen as raw materials for SiO(g) and CO(g) production. These two gases react at SiC surfaces and generate the core–shell nanowires. SEM, TEM and XPS analyses confirm the composition and the microstructure of the product. A three-step mechanism of formation is proposed. The formation of nanowires is compared with thermodynamics of reactions occurring in the Si-C-O system. It is found that nanowires develop in wide temperature and SiO partial pressure ranges (T: 924 °C to 1750 °C, pSiO = 0.50 to 0.74). Higher He flows will shift the reaction to lower temperatures and pSiO.