bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel biomarkers for primary biliary cholangitis to improve diagnosis and understand underlying regulatory mechanisms
Authors: Bombaci Mauro , Pesce Elisa , Torri Anna , Carpi Donatella , Crosti Mariacristina , Lanzafame Manuela , Cordiglieri Chiara , Sinisi Antonia , Moro Monica , Bernuzzi Francesca , Gerussi Alessio , Geginat Jens , Muratori Luigi , Terracciano Luigi M. , Invernizzi Pietro , Abrignani Sergio , Grifantini Renata
Published: April 2019

Background and aims

Primary biliary cholangitis is an autoimmune biliary disease characterized by injury of bile ducts, eventually leading to cirrhosis and death. In most cases, anti‐mitochondrial antibodies and persistently elevated serum alkaline phosphatase are the basis for the serological diagnosis. Anti‐nuclear antibodies are also useful and may indicate a more aggressive diseases course. In patients in which anti‐mitochondrial antibodies are not detected, an accurate diagnosis requires liver histology. This study aims at identifying specific biomarkers for the serological diagnosis of primary biliary cholangitis.

Methods

Sera from patients affected by primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, hepatitis C virus (with and without cryoglobulinemia), hepatocarcinoma and healthy donors were tested on a protein array representing 1658 human proteins. The most reactive autoantigens were confirmed by DELFIA analysis on expanded cohorts of the same mentioned serum classes, and on autoimmune hepatitis sera, using anti‐PDC‐E2 as reference biomarker.

Results

Two autoantigens, SPATA31A3 and GARP, showed high reactivity with primary biliary cholangitis sera, containing or not anti‐mitochondrial antibodies. Their combination with PDC‐E2 allowed to discriminate primary biliary cholangitis from all tested control classes with high sensitivity and specificity. We found that GARP expression is upregulated upon exposure to biliary salts in human cholangiocytes, an event involving EGFR and insulin pathways. GARP expression was also detected in biliary duct cells of PBC patients.

Conclusions

This study highlighted SPATA31A3 and GARP as new biomarkers for primary biliary cholangitis and unravelled molecular stimuli underlying GARP expression in human cholangiocytes.
Genetic influences on the variability of response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in human pharyngeal motor cortex
Authors: Raginis‐Zborowska Alicja , Cheng Ivy , Pendleton Neil , Payton Antony , Ollier William , Michou Emilia , Hamdy Shaheen
Published: April 2019

Background

Recent studies have reported substantial variability in response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). We hypothesized that an individual's genetic predisposition may contribute to such variability in the pharyngeal motor cortex. This study aimed to investigate the response to 1 and 5 Hz rTMS paradigms on pharyngeal motor cortex in healthy participants and its relationship with genetic predisposition.

Methods

Forty‐one healthy participants (25.4 ± 4.6 years old) received either or both 1 Hz (n = 39) and 5 Hz rTMS (n = 40) over pharyngeal motor cortex. Pharyngeal and thenar motor–evoked potentials were recorded at baseline and for 1 hour post‐rTMS. The participants were then classified according to their response. The associations between rTMS response and gender, time of day of the stimulation, and eight prespecified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were analyzed.

Key Results

There was no direction‐specific response to either paradigm (1 Hz: F[3.69, 129.21] = 0.78, P = 0.56; 5 Hz: F[4.08, 146.85] = 1.38, P = 0.25). Only 13% of participants showed the expected bidirectional response (inhibition for 1 Hz and excitation for 5 Hz). Significant associations were found between response and COMT (1 Hz: P = 0.03) and DRD2 (1 Hz: P = 0.02; 5 Hz: P = 0.04) polymorphisms. Carriers of minor allele G from SNP rs6269 (COMT) were more likely to show inhibitory or excitatory outcomes after 1 Hz rTMS. By contrast, carriers of minor allele A from SNP rs1800497 (DRD2) were more likely to show no response to 1 Hz rTMS and inhibition after 5 Hz rTMS.

Conclusions & Inferences

Two SNPs from COMT and DRD2 genes may partially explain the response variability to rTMS in the pharyngeal motor system. Further research should focus on stratified approaches for neurostimulatory dysphagia treatment using rTMS.
Cheap and attractive: water relations and floral adaptation
Authors: Olson Mark E. , Pittermann Jarmila
Published: April 2019

This article is a Commentary on Roddy et al., 223: 193–203.
Benefits of supplementation with multiple micronutrients in pregnancy
Authors: Black Robert E. , Dewey Kathryn G.
Published: April 2019

A task force was convened by the New York Academy of Sciences to evaluate new evidence that was not available at the time of, and to help countries interpret, recent World Health Organization guidelines for nutrition interventions in pregnancy as they relate to multiple micronutrient supplementation. The report of the task force is published in a recent special issue of Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Here, we provide a short introduction to the special issue.
Medium‐chain acyl‐coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency: Six cases in the Chinese population
Authors: Li Yanhan , Zhu Ruoxin , Liu Yi , Song Jinqing , Xu Jing , Yang Yanling
Published: April 2019

Background

Medium‐chain acyl‐coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that affects the degradation of medium‐chain fatty acids. Few cases of MCADD have been documented to date in mainland China.

Methods

Medium‐chain acyl‐coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency was diagnosed in six patients (three girls and three boys) from six unrelated Chinese families at ages ranging from 10 days to 3 years old. The diagnosis was confirmed by the identification of a primary biomarker of serum octanoyl‐carnitine (C8) and genetic pathogenic mutations.

Results

Only two patients were admitted because of vomiting, diarrhea, myasthenia, and coma; the other four patients were diagnosed via the newborn screening process. Six mutations were found in acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase medium chain (ACADM). One mutation (c.727C>T) was novel and the others (c.158G>A, c.387+1delG, c.449_452del, c.1045C>T, and c.1085G>A) have been previously reported.

Conclusions

Six Chinese cases of MCADD were identified. One novel mutation was found. c.449_452del and c.1085G>A were common mutations in this study.
Between one event and two: The locus of the effect of stimulus contrast on temporal integration
Authors: Akyürek Elkan G. , Wijnja Eria
Published: April 2019

The effects of relative stimulus contrast on temporal integration were investigated in a missing element task. Integration frequency was strongly modulated when the contrast of either the first or the second stimulus display was reduced. When the contrast of the first display was low, integration was enhanced, while it was reduced when the contrast of the second display was low. To reveal the processing phases implicated in these modulations of integration, the amplitude of ERP components was examined. N1 component amplitude was increased when the second display was low contrast, matching a full contrast condition. At the N2pc component, amplitude was strongly suppressed only in the former condition. P3 amplitude was also lowest when contrast on the second display was low but with successively increasing amplitudes observed for the other conditions, largely matching the pattern observed in behavioral performance. Taken together, contrast effects on temporal integration seem to originate from increased discriminative processing of the first stimulus display in particular (N1), which is consequently followed by an impairment in attentional processing (N2pc) and working memory consolidation (P3) of the missing element location.
Response to random apheresis platelets versus HLA‐selected platelets versus pooled platelets in HLA‐sensitized patients
Authors: Gavva Chakri , Barroso Jeffrey , Gernsheimer Terry , Metcalf Ryan A. , Warner Paul , Pagano Monica B.
Published: April 2019

BACKGROUND

It is unknown how pooled platelets (PPs) compare to random apheresis platelets (RAPs) when HLA‐selected platelets (PLTs) are unavailable for HLA‐sensitized patients. The aim of this study was to compare patient responses to RAPs, HLA‐selected PLTs, and PPs in HLA‐sensitized patients.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

This is a single‐institution retrospective study of patients from January 2014 to April 2017 with a class I calculated panel‐reactive antibody of 60% or more. Response to transfusion was determined by a corrected count increment (CCI) up to 1 hour after completion of transfusion. A CCI of 5 or more was considered successful.

RESULTS

Seventy‐seven units of RAPs, 412 units of HLA‐selected PLT, and 388 units PPs were transfused. Mean CCIs when transfusing RAPs, HLA‐selected PLTs, and PPs were 2.82, 11.44, and 4.77, respectively (p < 0.0001). Posttest comparison between RAPs and PPs revealed no significant difference in mean CCI while there was a significant difference between HLA‐selected PLTs versus RAPs and HLA‐selected PLTs versus PPs. The success rates of RAPs, HLA‐selected PLTs, and PPs were 31%, 80%, and 35% respectively. There was no significant association of type of PLT and success rate when comparing RAPs versus PPs (p = 0.51) while there was a significant association between success rate and type of PLT transfusion when comparing HLA‐selected PLTs with RAPs and PPs.

CONCLUSION

HLA‐selected PLTs resulted in higher mean CCIs and more successful transfusions. There was no significant difference in mean CCI or success rate when transfusing RAPs versus PPs to HLA‐sensitized patients. Future studies should assess clinical outcomes in HLA‐sensitized patients receiving each type of PLT product.
Involvement of the epithelial sodium channel in initiation of mechanically evoked swallows in anaesthetized rats
Authors: Tsujimura Takanori , Ueha Rumi , Yoshihara Midori , Takei Eri , Nagoya Kouta , Shiraishi Naru , Magara Jin , Inoue Makoto
Published: April 2019

Key points

Afferents carried by the superior laryngeal nerve play a primary role in the initiation of laryngeal mechanically evoked swallows in anaesthetized rats.

Amiloride and its analogues inhibit swallowing evoked by mechanical stimulation, but not swallowing evoked by chemical and electrical stimulation.

The epithelial sodium channel is probably involved in the initiation of laryngeal mechanically evoked swallows.

The swallowing reflex plays a critical role in airway protection. Because impaired laryngeal mechanosensation is associated with food bolus aspiration, it is important to know how the laryngeal sensory system regulates swallowing initiation. This study was performed to clarify the neuronal mechanism of mechanically evoked swallows. Urethane‐anaesthetized Sprague–Dawley male rats were used. A swallow was identified by activation of the suprahyoid and thyrohyoid muscles on electromyography. The swallowing threshold was measured by von Frey filament and electrical stimulation of the larynx. The number of swallows induced by upper airway distension and capsaicin application (0.03 nmol, 3 μl) to the vocal folds was counted. The effects of topical application (0.3–30 nmol, 3 μl) of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) blocker amiloride and its analogues (benzamil and dimethylamiloride), acid‐sensing ion channel (ASIC) inhibitors (mambalgine‐1 and diminazene) and gadolinium to the laryngeal mucosa on swallowing initiation were evaluated. A nerve transection study indicated that afferents carried by the superior laryngeal nerve play a primary role in the initiation of laryngeal mechanically evoked swallows. The mechanical threshold of swallowing was increased in a dose‐dependent manner by amiloride and its analogues and gadolinium, but not by ASIC inhibitors. The number of swallows by upper airway distension was significantly decreased by benzamil application. However, the initiation of swallows evoked by capsaicin and electrical stimulation was not affected by benzamil application. We speculate that the ENaC is involved in the initiation of laryngeal mechanically evoked swallows.
Investigation of the Relationship Between Salivary Cortisol, Training Load, and Subjective Markers of Recovery in Elite Rugby Union Players
Authors: Tiernan Caoimhe , Lyons Mark , Comyns Tom , Nevill Alan M. , Warrington Giles
Published: April 2019

Purpose: Insufficient recovery can lead to a decrease in performance and increase the risk of injury and illness. The aim of this study was to evaluate salivary cortisol as a marker of recovery in elite rugby union players. Method: Over a 10-wk preseason training period, 19 male elite rugby union players provided saliva swabs biweekly (Monday and Friday mornings). Subjective markers of recovery were collected every morning of each training day. Session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) was taken after every training session, and training load was calculated (sRPE × session duration). Results: Multilevel analysis found no significant association between salivary cortisol and training load or subjective markers of recovery (all P > .05) over the training period. Compared with baseline (wk 1), Monday salivary cortisol significantly increased in wk 4 (14.94 [7.73] ng/mL; P = .04), wk 8 (16.39 [9.53] ng/mL; P = .01), and wk 9 (15.41 [9.82] ng/mL; P = .02), and Friday salivary cortisol significantly increased in wk 5 (14.81 [8.74] ng/mL; P = .04) and wk 10 (15.36 [11.30] ng/mL; P = .03). Conclusions: The significant increase in salivary cortisol on certain Mondays may indicate that players did not physically recover from the previous week of training or match at the weekend. The increased Friday cortisol levels and subjective marker of perceived fatigue indicated increased physiological stress from that week’s training. Regular monitoring of salivary cortisol combined with appropriate planning of training load may allow sufficient recovery to optimize training performance.
Heat Stress Training Camps for Endurance Sport: A Descriptive Case Study of Successful Monitoring in 2 Ironman Triathletes
Authors: Maunder Ed , Kilding Andrew E. , Stevens Christopher J. , Plews Daniel J.
Published: April 2019

A common practice among endurance athletes is to purposefully train in hot environments during a “heat stress camp.” However, combined exercise-heat stress poses threats to athlete well-being, and therefore, heat stress training has the potential to induce maladaptation. This case study describes the monitoring strategies used in a successful 3-week heat stress camp undertaken by 2 elite Ironman triathletes, namely resting heart rate variability, self-report well-being, and careful prescription of training based on previously collected physiological data. Despite the added heat stress, training volume very likely increased in both athletes, and training load very likely increased in one of the athletes, while resting heart rate variability and self-report well-being were maintained. There was also some evidence of favorable metabolic changes during routine laboratory testing following the camp. The authors therefore recommend that practitioners working with endurance athletes embarking on a heat stress training camp consider using the simple strategies employed in the present case study to reduce the risk of maladaptation and nonfunctional overreaching.
The Impact of Physical Activity and Function on Falls in Assisted Living Residents
Authors: Resnick Barbara , Galik Elizabeth , Boltz Marie , Vigne Erin , Holmes Sarah , Fix Steven , Zhu Shijun
Published: April 2019

The purpose of this study was to describe physical activity and function of older adults in assisted living communities and test the association between moderate and vigorous activity and falls. This study used baseline data from 393 participants from the first two cohorts in the Function-Focused Care in Assisted Living Using the Evidence Integration Triangle study. The majority of participants were female (N = 276, 70%) and White (N = 383, 97%) with a mean age of 87 years (SD = 7). Controlling for age, cognition, gender, setting, and function, the time spent in moderate or vigorous levels of physical activity was associated with having a fall in the prior 4 months. Those who engaged in more moderate physical activity were 0.6% less likely to have a fall (OR = 0.994, Wald statistic = 5.54, p = .02), and those who engaged in more vigorous activity were 2% less likely to have a fall (OR = 0.980, Wald statistic = 3.88, p = .05).
The Effect of Cryotherapy Application to the Knee Joint on Dynamic Postural Stability
Authors: Fullam Karl , Caulfield Brian , Coughlan Garrett F. , McNulty Wayne , Campbell David , Delahunt Eamonn
Published: April 2019

Context:Decreased postural balance is a primary risk factor for lower-limb injuries. Cryotherapy is commonly utilized by clinicians to provide local analgesia for minor acute knee joint musculoskeletal injuries during breaks in play or at halftime. Its effect on dynamic postural balance remains unclear.Objective:To investigate the acute effects of a 15-minute knee joint cryotherapy application on dynamic postural balance, as assessed primarily via a clinically oriented outcome measure.Design:Experimental study.Setting:University biomechanics laboratory.Patients or Participants:A total of 28 elite-level college male field-sport athletes.Intervention:Participants were tested on the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral reach directions of the Star Excursion Balance Test both before and after a 15-minute knee joint cryotherapy application.Main Outcome Measure(s):Normalized reach distances, 3-dimensional knee joint kinematics, sagittal plane hip and ankle joint kinematics, as well as fractal dimension of the center-of-pressure path during the performance of the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral reach directions of the Star Excursion Balance Test.Results:There was a statistically significant decrease in reach distance scores achieved on anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions of the Star Excursion Balance Test from precryotherapy to postcryotherapy (P < .05). None of the decreases in reach distance scores exceeded the reported smallest detectable difference values. No significant differences were observed in hip, knee, or ankle joint kinematics (P > .05). No significant change in fractal dimension was observed for any reach direction following cryotherapy application (P > .05).Conclusions:The results of the present study indicate that dynamic postural balance is unlikely to be adversely affected immediately following cryotherapy application to the knee joint.
The Relationship Between Vertical Ground Reaction Force, Loading Rate, and Sound Characteristics During a Single-Leg Landing
Authors: Lisee Caroline , Birchmeier Tom , Yan Arthur , Geers Brent , O’Hagan Kaitlin , Davis Callum , Kuenze Christopher
Published: April 2019

Context:Landing kinetic outcomes are associated with injury risk and may be persistently altered after anterior cruciate ligament injury or reconstruction. However, it is challenging to assess kinetics clinically. The relationship between sound characteristics and kinetics during a limited number of functional tasks has been supported as a potential clinical alternative.Objective:To assess the relationship between kinetics and sound characteristics during a single-leg landing task.Design:ObservationalSetting:Laboratory.Participants:There was total of 26 healthy participants (15 males/11 females, age = 24.8 [3.6] y, height = 176.0 [9.1] cm, mass = 74.9 [14.4] kg, Tegner Activity Scale = 6.1 [1.1]).Intervention:Participants completed single-leg landings onto a force plate while audio characteristics were recorded.Main Outcome Measures:Peak vertical ground reaction force, linear loading rate, instantaneous loading rate, peak sound magnitude, sound frequency were measured. Means and SDs were calculated for each participant’s individual limbs. Spearman rho correlations were used to assess the relationships between audio characteristics and kinetic outcomes.Results:Peak sound magnitude was positively correlated with normalized peak vertical ground reaction force (ρ = .486,P = .001); linear loading rate (ρ = .491,P = .001); and instantaneous loading rate (ρ = .298,P = .03). Sound frequency was negatively correlated with instantaneous loading rate (ρ = −.444,P = .001).Conclusions:Peak sound magnitude may be more helpful in providing feedback about an individual’s normalized vertical ground reaction force and linear loading rate, and sound frequency may be more helpful in providing feedback about instantaneous loading rate. Further refinement in sound measurement techniques may be required before these findings can be applied in a clinical population.
CD4 Expression and Env Conformation Are Critical for HIV-1 Restriction by SERINC5
Authors: Zhang Xihe , Shi Jing , Qiu Xusheng , Chai Qingqing , Frabutt Dylan A. , Schwartz Richard C. , Zheng Yong-Hui
Published: April 2019

Restriction factors provide the first line of defense against retrovirus infection by posing several blocks to the viral replication cycle. SERINC5 is a novel restriction factor that strongly blocks HIV-1 entry, although it is counteracted by Nef. Currently, it is still unclear how HIV-1 entry is blocked by SERINC5. Notably, this entry block is dependent on viral Env proteins. Laboratory-adapted HIV-1 strains are sensitive, whereas primary isolates are highly resistant to SERINC5. Env proteins mediate virus entry via extensive conformational rearrangements from a closed ground state to a CD4-bound open state. We detected Env-Env associations and Env-SERINC5 interactions in live cells by a novel bimolecular fluorescence assay. We demonstrate that CD4 expression increases the Env sensitivity to SERINC5 and allows SERINC5 to dissociate the Env complex, suggesting that SERINC5 restriction is dependent on Env conformation. Our results provide new insights into the poorly defined Env-dependent SERINC5 antiviral mechanism.
Health system modelling research: towards a whole-health-system perspective for identifying good value for money investments in health system strengthening
Authors: Verguet Stéphane , Feldhaus Isabelle , Jiang Kwete Xiaoxiao , Aqil Anwer , Atun Rifat , Bishai David , Cecchini Michele , Guerra Junior Augusto Afonso , Habtemariam Mahlet Kifle , Jbaily Abdulrahman , Karanfil Ozge , Kruk Margaret E , Haneuse Sebastien , Norheim Ole Frithjof , Smith Peter C , Tolla Mieraf Taddesse , Zewdu Solomon , Bump Jesse
Published: April 2019

Global health research has typically focused on single diseases, and most economic evaluation research to date has analysed technical health interventions to identify ‘best buys’. New approaches in the conduct of economic evaluations are needed to help policymakers in choosing what may be good value (ie, greater health, distribution of health, or financial risk protection) for money (ie, per budget expenditure) investments for health system strengthening (HSS) that tend to be programmatic. We posit that these economic evaluations of HSS interventions will require developing new analytic models of health systems which recognise the dynamic connections between the different components of the health system, characterise the type and interlinks of the system’s delivery platforms; and acknowledge the multiple constraints both within and outside the health sector which limit the system’s capacity to efficiently attain its objectives. We describe priority health system modelling research areas to conduct economic evaluation of HSS interventions and ultimately identify good value for money investments in HSS.
Mild to moderate hypersensitivity reactions to beta-lactams in children: a single-centre retrospective review
Authors: Vila Leticia , Garcia Vanesa , Martinez Azcona Oihana , Pineiro Loreley , Meijide Angela , Balboa Vanesa
Published: April 2019

Objective

Beta-lactam (BL) antibiotics are the most reported drugs in hypersensitivity reactions in children. More than 90% of these children tolerate the suspected drug after diagnostic work-up. Skin tests (STs) show low sensitivity. Our aim was to assess the performance of drug provocation tests (DPTs) without previous ST in mild and moderate delayed reactions and to propose a new DPT protocol.

Design of the study

Charts from 213 children under 15 years of age referred for suspected BL allergy from 2011 to 1013 were reviewed. Prick, intradermal and patch tests were performed with major determinant penicilloyl-polylysine, minor determinant mixture, amoxicillin (AMX), cefuroxime, penicillin G and AMX–clavulamate. Children with negative skin tests underwent DPT. After an initial full dose of antibiotic, DPT was carried on for 3 days at home in patients reacting within the first 3 days of treatment. If the reaction took place from day 4 on of treatment, patients took the antibiotic for 5 days.

Results

We included 108 girls and 105 boys. Mean age at the time of reaction was 3.66±3.06 years. 195 patients (91.5%) reacted to one BL. 154 reactions (67.2%) were non-immediate. Mild to moderate skin manifestations were most frequently reported. AMX–clavulanate was the most frequently involved (63.4%). DPT confirmed the diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity in 17 (7.3%) cases. These 17 patients had negative ST.

Conclusion

In mild and moderate cases of BL hypersensitivity, diagnosis can be performed by DPT without previous ST
Management of thrombotic and obstetric antiphospholipid syndrome: a systematic literature review informing the EULAR recommendations for the management of antiphospholipid syndrome in adults
Authors: Tektonidou Maria G , Andreoli Laura , Limper Marteen , Tincani Angela , Ward Michael M
Published: April 2019

Objective

To perform a systematic literature review (SLR) informing the European Lmmendations for the management of antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) in adults.

Methods

A SLR through January 2018 was performed. Research questions were constructed using the Patient, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome (PICO) format. We included data from articles that reported on each relevant intervention. Summary effect estimates were calculated for direct comparison studies that matched the PICO question exactly, and for studies with the relevant intervention and comparator. When meta-analyses were available, we used these estimates.

Results

From 7534 retrieved articles (+15 from hand searches), 188 articles were included in the review. In individuals with high-risk antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) profile without prior thrombotic or obstetric APS, two meta-analyses showed a protective effect of low-dose aspirin (LDA) against thrombosis. Two randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and three cohort studies showed no additional benefit of treatment with vitamin K antagonists at target international normalised ratio (INR) 3–4 versus INR 2–3 in patients with venous thrombosis. In patients with arterial thrombosis, two RCTs and two cohort studies showed no difference in risk of recurrent thrombosis between the two target INR groups. One open-label trial showed higher rates of thrombosis recurrences in triple aPL-positive patients treated with rivaroxaban than those treated with warfarin. RCTs and cohort studies showed that combination treatment with LDA and heparin was more effective than LDA alone in several types of obstetric APS. SLR results were limited by the indirect evidence and the heterogeneity of patient groups for some treatments, and only a few high-quality RCTs.

Conclusion

Well-designed studies of homogeneous APS patient populations are needed.
Measuring lung function in airways diseases: current and emerging techniques
Authors: Petousi Nayia , Talbot Nick P , Pavord Ian , Robbins Peter A
Published: April 2019

Chronic airways diseases, including asthma, COPD and cystic fibrosis, cause significant morbidity and mortality and are associated with high healthcare expenditure, in the UK and worldwide. For patients with these conditions, improvements in clinical outcomes are likely to depend on the application of precision medicine, that is, the matching of the right treatment to the right patient at the right time. In this context, the identification and targeting of ‘treatable traits’ is an important priority in airways disease, both to ensure the appropriate use of existing treatments and to facilitate the development of new disease-modifying therapy. This requires not only better understanding of airway pathophysiology but also an enhanced ability to make physiological measurements of disease activity and lung function and, if we are to impact on the natural history of these diseases, reliable measures in early disease. In this article, we outline some of the key challenges faced by the respiratory community in the management of airways diseases, including early diagnosis, disease stratification and monitoring of therapeutic response. In this context, we review the advantages and limitations of routine physiological measurements of respiratory function including spirometry, body plethysmography and diffusing capacity and discuss less widely used methods such as forced oscillometry, inert gas washout and the multiple inert gas elimination technique. Finally, we highlight emerging technologies including imaging methods such as quantitative CT and hyperpolarised gas MRI as well as quantification of lung inhomogeneity using precise in-airway gas analysis and mathematical modelling. These emerging techniques have the potential to enhance existing measures in the assessment of airways diseases, may be particularly valuable in early disease, and should facilitate the efforts to deliver precision respiratory medicine.
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Tendon Anatomy May Mimic Tears
Authors: Erickson John , Kwart Ariel , Steven Yang S.
Published: April 2019

Background: Asymptomatic, incidental extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendon abnormalities are frequently noted on imaging studies of the wrist. The aim of this investigation was to determine if variations in gross tendon anatomy existed that could possibly account for these findings on MRI and ultrasound (US) imaging.

Methods: The upper extremities of eleven (6 male and 5 female) formalin preserved cadavers were dissected and examined under loupe magnification with attention to the dorsal-ulnar wrist and hand and the ECU tendon. The tendons were inspected for anatomic variations, degenerative changes, and any other pathologies. The presence of intra-tendinous splits arising within the ECU tendon was noted and measured. The distances of the splits from the distal tendon insertion and the edge of the extensor retinaculum were recorded. Statistical correlations between age and the tendon splits were considered using R-squared to assess a linear regression.

Results: 17 ECU tendons were dissected and examined, and 5 ECU tendons were excluded due to poor preservation of that upper extremity; all five were right sided upper extremities. Eleven of the 17 specimens demonstrated at least one split in the distal tendon: Seven had 1 split, 1 had 2 splits, and 3 had 3 splits. The mean length of the tendon split was 3.52 cm. The mean distance of the distal edge of the split to the tendon insertion site was 2.4 cm. A linear regression was calculated and showed no correlation between age and number of tendon splits.

Conclusions: 64% of specimens showed a longitudinal split in the distal ECU tendon. The location of these frequent splits corresponds to imaging abnormalities on MRI and US in prior studies.
Do Architects and Designers Think about Interactivity Differently?
Authors: Kirsh David
Published: April 2019

This essay has three parts. In Part 1, I review six biases that frame the way architects and human–computer interaction (HCI) practitioners think about their design problems. These arise from differences between working on procedurally complex tasks in peripersonal space like writing or sketching and being immersed in larger physical spaces where we dwell and engage in body-sized activity like sitting, chatting, and moving about. In Part 2, I explore three types of interface: classical HCI, network interfaces such as context-aware systems, and socio-ecological interfaces. An interface for an architect is a niche that includes the very people who interact with it. In HCI, people are still distinct from the interface. Because of this difference, architectural conceptions may be a fertile playground for HCI. The same holds for interactivity. In Part 3, I discuss why interactivity in HCI is symmetric and transitive. Only in ecological and social interaction is it also reflexive. In ecological interfaces, people co-create bubbles of joint awareness where they share highly situated values, experience, and knowledge.
Organização do trabalho, prazer e sofrimento de docentes públicos federais
Authors: Amaral Graziele Alves , Borges Amanda Leal , Juiz Ana Paula de Melo
Published: April 2019

O panorama de crescimento nos últimos anos de números de vagas e de professores do ensino superior aponta para a necessidade de maior atenção à qualidade do ensino e à saúde no trabalho dos docentes. Esta pesquisa, de caráter descritivo, buscou compreender a relação entre organização do trabalho e as vivências de prazer e sofrimento de docentes de um campus de interior de uma universidade federal a partir da análise psicodinâmica do trabalho. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com cinco docentes, e os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Constatou-se demonstração de prazer no trabalho por meio de atividades de ensino e pesquisa e do relacionamento com os alunos. As vivências de sofrimento referem-se às situações de conflitos interpessoais e à falta de infraestrutura e sobrecarga no trabalho. Por vezes esses sofrimentos puderam ter um destino criativo, através da mobilização da inteligência prática, da autonomia e da satisfação sublimatória propiciada pelo significado do fazer docente.
Os Tribunais de Contas na interpretação da Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal
Authors: Nunes Selene Peres Peres , Marcelino Gileno Fernandez , Silva César Augusto Tibúrcio
Published: April 2019

O trabalho analisa as interpretações dadas à Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal nos 19 anos de sua implantação. Como uma instituição que procura regular a gestão fiscal de governos por todo o País, parte significativa da coerção da Lei no nível regional e local cabe aos Tribunais de Contas de Estados e Municípios. Adotou-se o modelo teórico de mudança institucional de Mahoney e Thelen (2009), com evidências coletadas por questionário, para dar uma primeira explicação para a mudança incremental na legislação fiscal. A Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal tem sido interpretada pelos órgãos de auditoria, de tal forma que, em alguns casos, surgem práticas de contabilidade criativa, diminuindo a contenção do gasto excessivo e gerando sobre-endividamento.
Cinco visões sobre a terra na geofilosofia de Nietzsche
Authors: Davim David Emanuel Madeira , Marandola Junior Eduardo José
Published: April 2019

Nietzsche é, reconhecidamente, um pensador de espírito iconoclasta, assim como um demolidor de ídolos, visões de mundo e fundamentos morais. Porém, há outro movimento igualmente valioso em sua filosofia que parece ter ficado em segundo plano. Tal movimento nos convoca a compreendê-lo também como um pensador edificante e propositivo, trazendo em seus escritos, bases para pensar uma nova Ciência e Filosofia, afirmando outras realidades, novos valores, assim como perspectivas de vida e mundo. Por este caminho, Nietzsche seria fundamental à uma hermenêutica que teria forte reverberação na geografia fenomenológica contemporânea. Em nossa interpretação, a filosofia nietzschiana guarda consigo uma cosmologia surpreendente e perturbadora. Uma compreensão e visão de mundo particular que, se desdobrada com atenção, é capaz de dispor uma postura hermenêutica sobre a existência, assim como uma geofilosofia interpretativa. É sobre os alicerces dessa possível cosmologia e geofilosofia nietzschiana que nossa investigação se debruça. Nosso esforço se vale por escavar, inicialmente, a multiplicidade da terra, enquanto um dos termos basilares desta cosmologia. A partir dela nos permitiremos pensar outras reverberações geográficas e filosóficas de semelhante valia, a exemplo de cosmo e mundo.
Tempo de retorno de inundações: aplicação metodológica
Authors: Prina Bruno Zucuni , Trentin Romario
Published: April 2019

Esse trabalho possui o intuito de realizar a estimativa do tempo de retorno das inundações urbanas no município de Jaguari, RS. Destaca-se que o processo metodológico abordado nesse trabalho fez-se uso dos dados das réguas milimétricas obtidas da Agência Nacional de Águas (ANA), e, dessa forma, com a utilização do aplicativo “Pesquisas HidroWeb” (PRINA, 2014b), pode-se sintetizar os dados a fim de obter amostras do tempo de retorno das inundações. Com isso, pode-se realizar a estimativa do tempo de retorno. Para tal, utilizaram-se 6 funções matemáticas, no aplicativo Excel (MICROSOFT, 2007b), a fim de prever o tempo de retorno e posteriormente comparar os dados, obtendo a melhor estimativa. Assim, entre várias informações obtidas, compararam-se: a correlação entre as amostras e os dados estimados, por meio do Coeficiente de Correlação Linear de Pearson (R²), e o desvio padrão dos resíduos. Assim, a partir das várias análises, constatou-se que a função que melhor modela o tempo de retorno das inundações urbanas na área de estudo é a Logarítmica, por gerar o maior R² e o menor desvio padrão dos resíduos.
Innovation to Create a Healthy and Sustainable Food System: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association
Authors: Anderson Cheryl A.M. , Thorndike Anne N. , Lichtenstein Alice H. , Van Horn Linda , Kris-Etherton Penny M. , Foraker Randi , Spees Colleen
Published: April 2019

Current dietary intakes of North Americans are inconsistent with the
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
. This occurs in the context of a food system that precludes healthy foods as the default choices. To develop a food system that is both healthy and sustainable requires innovation. This science advisory from the American Heart Association describes both innovative approaches to developing a healthy and sustainable food system and the current evidence base for the associations between these approaches and positive changes in dietary behaviors, dietary intakes, and when available, health outcomes. Innovation can occur through policy, private sector, public health, medical, community, or individual-level approaches and could ignite and further public-private partnerships. New product innovations, reformulations, taxes, incentives, product placement/choice architecture, innovative marketing practices, menu and product labeling, worksite wellness initiatives, community campaigns, nutrition prescriptions, mobile health technologies, and gaming offer potential benefits. Some innovations have been observed to increase the purchasing of healthy foods or have increased diversity in food choices, but there remains limited evidence linking these innovations with health outcomes. The demonstration of evidence-based improvements in health outcomes is challenging for any preventive interventions, especially those related to diet, because of competing lifestyle and environmental risk factors that are difficult to quantify. A key next step in creating a healthier and more sustainable food system is to build innovative system-level approaches that improve individual behaviors, strengthen industry and community efforts, and align policies with evidence-based recommendations. To enable healthier food choices and favorably impact cardiovascular health, immediate action is needed to promote favorable innovation at all levels of the food system.
Identifying User Profile by Incorporating Self-Attention Mechanism based on CSDN Data Set
Authors: Lu Junru , Chen Le , Meng Kongming , Wang Fengyi , Xiang Jun , Chen Nuo , Han Xu , Li Binyang
Published: April 2019

With the popularity of social media, there has been an increasing interest in user profiling and its applications nowadays. This paper presents our system named UIR-SIST for User Profiling Technology Evaluation Campaign in SMP CUP 2017. UIR-SIST aims to complete three tasks, including keywords extraction from blogs, user interests labeling and user growth value prediction. To this end, we first extract keywords from a user's blog, including the blog itself, blogs on the same topic and other blogs published by the same user. Then a unified neural network model is constructed based on a convolutional neural network (CNN) for user interests tagging. Finally, we adopt a stacking model for predicting user growth value. We eventually receive the sixth place with evaluation scores of 0.563, 0.378 and 0.751 on the three tasks, respectively.
Proliferation and the Logic of the Nuclear Market
Authors: Gheorghe Eliza
Published: April 2019

The evolution of the nuclear market explains why there are only nine members of the nuclear club, not twenty-five or more, as some analysts predicted. In the absence of a supplier cartel that can regulate nuclear transfers, the more suppliers there are, the more intense their competition will be, as they vie for market share. This commercial rivalry makes it easier for nuclear technology to spread, because buyers can play suppliers off against each other. The ensuing transfers help countries either acquire nuclear weapons or become hedgers. The great powers (China, Russia, and the United States) seek to thwart proliferation by limiting transfers and putting safeguards on potentially dangerous nuclear technologies. Their success depends on two structural factors: the global distribution of power and the intensity of the security rivalry among them. Thwarters are most likely to stem proliferation when the system is unipolar and least likely when it is multipolar. In bipolarity, their prospects fall somewhere in between. In addition, the more intense the rivalry among the great powers in bipolarity and multipolarity, the less effective they will be at curbing proliferation. Given the potential for intense security rivalry among today's great powers, the shift from unipolarity to multipolarity does not portend well for checking proliferation.
Chewing lice (Phthiraptera: Amblycera, Ischnocera) from wild passerines (Aves: Passeriformes) in northern Vietnam, with descriptions of three new species
Authors: NAJER TOMAS , SYCHRA OLDRICH , HUNG NGUYEN MANH , CAPEK MIROSLAV , PODZEMNY PETR , LITERAK IVAN
Published: April 2019

Thirteen species of chewing lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera) were found on 46 wild passerines of 10 species in Cuc PhuongNational Park in northern Vietnam. Three new species of the genera Myrsidea and Brueelia are described; they and theirtype hosts are: Myrsidea annae ex Schoeniparus rufogularis (Mandelli, 1873), Brueelia hrabali ex Macronous gularis(Horsfield, 1822) and Brueelia neodaumae ex Zoothera dauma (Latham, 1790). First records of chewing lice from Seril-ophus lunatus (Gould, 1834), Stachyris nigriceps Blyth, 1844, Niltava davidi La Touche, 1907 and Alcippe morrisonia Swinhoe, 1863, and a new host record for Menacanthus nogoma Uchida, 1926 are also included.
A new species of Lesteva Latreille (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Omaliinae) from Zhejiang, East China
Authors: MA WEN-LI , LI LI-ZHEN
Published: April 2019

Lesteva brevimacula Ma & Li, sp. nov. from northern Zhejiang Province, East China, is described. Its external and male sexual characters are illustrated. The latest key to Chinese Lesteva is modified to include the new species.
The genus Caligus Müller, 1785 (Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida): two new species from reef associated fishes in New Caledonia, and some nomenclatural problems resolved
Authors: HAYES POLLY , JUSTINE JEAN-LOU , BOXSHALL GEOFFREY A.
Published: April 2019

Caligus praecinctorius sp. nov. is described on the basis of females taken from the gills of Gymnocranius grandoculisValenciennes, 1830, G. euanus (Günther, 1879) and Epinephelus fasciatus (Forsskål, 1775), all caught in New Caledonia.The new species is characterised by having the posteromedian lobe of the cephalothorax completely covering the fourthpedigerous somite in dorsal view, and by the genital complex being 2.7 times wider than long. A second new species, C.macoloricola sp. nov., is described based on material from the gills of Macolor niger (Forsskål, 1775). It is distinguishedby the combination of a 3-segmented leg 4 with 4 spines on the distal segment, a vestigial post-antennal process, and theconfiguration of the setal elements on the exopod of leg 1. The status of a number of other Caligus species is reviewed. Itis proposed to treat C. angustatus Krøyer, 1863 as a junior subjective synonym of C. gurnardi Krøyer, 1863, C. dactylusHo, Lin & Chang, 2007 as a junior subjective synonym of C. dactylopteni Uma Devi & Shyamasundari, 1981, and C.kirtioides Ho & Lin, 2004 as a junior subjective synonym of C. jawahari Hameed & Adamkutty, 1985. Caligus bifurcatusPearse, 1952 is recognised as a junior subjective synonym of Tuxophorus caligodes Wilson, 1908. Caligus cristatusGould, 1841 is here treated as a species inquirendum in the pandarid genus Dinemoura Latreille, 1829. Caligus elevatusKirtisinghe, 1964 is discovered to be an incorrect subsequent spelling of C. clavatus Kirtisinghe, 1964. Caligus gayiNicolet, 1849 is here treated as a species inquirendum. It is proposed to treat C. oligoplitisi Carvalho, 1956, C. validusPearse, 1952 and C. mercatoris Capart, 1941 as junior subjective synonyms of C. robustus Bassett-Smith, 1898 and a listof known hosts of this species is presented. Caligus pterois Kurian, 1949 has priority over Caligus russellii Kurien, 1950,which is here treated as a junior objective synonym, since the two descriptions were based on the same material. We rejectCressey’s (1991) proposal to treat C. tenax Heller, 1865 as a synonym of C. chorinemi Krøyer, 1863 and we retain C. tenaxas a valid species. We propose to treat C. spinosurculus Pearse, 1951 as a junior subjective synonym of C. tenax. Wepropose to treat C. multispinosus Shen, 1957 as a junior subjective synonym of C. stromatei Krøyer, 1863. We note thatCaligus trichiuri Krøyer, 1863 is the oldest available name for the taxon Metacaligus uruguayensis Thomsen, 1949. SoCaligus (Metacaligus) uruguayensis Thomsen, 1949 becomes a junior subjective synonym and the valid name for this taxon is Metacaligus trichiuri (Krøyer, 1863).
Corynoneura Winnertz and Thienemanniella Kieffer from the Nearctic Region (Diptera: Chironomidae: Orthocladiinae)
Authors: FU YUE , SÆTHER OLE A.
Published: April 2019

Twenty-one Nearctic species of Corynoneura Winnertz and Thienemanniella Kieffer are reviewed. Nine new species aredescribed and illustrated; C. acuminata sp. n., C. ascensa sp. n., C. caudicula sp. n., C. disinflata sp. n., C. floridaensissp. n. and C. macula sp. n. as male, female, pupa and larva; C. hortonensis sp. n. and C. porrecta sp. n. as male andfemale; and C. capitanea sp. n. as pharate male. Eight species, C. collaris Makarchenko et Makarchenko C. doriceniMakarchenko et Makarchenko, C. edwardsi Brundin, C. lobata Edwards, C. scutellata Winnertz, Thienemanniellalobapodema Hestenes et Sæther, T. tiunovae Makarchenko et Makarchenko, and T. xena (Roback) are reexamined basedon Nearctic specimens. Additionally, C. fittkaui Schlee is mentioned, and four species with males unknown are included.Keys to all stages of the Nearctic Corynoneura are presented, and keys to Thienemanniella are updated. The lateral lamel-lae on the coxosternapodeme and the shape of labia of adult females are shown to be excellent distinguishing features for species in Corynoneura.