bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of SLC22A1 and CYP2C9 Gene Variants on Glycemic Response to Metformin/Sulfonylurea Therapy in T2DM Patients in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: I. Reuben, , D.G. Tamuno-Emine, , E.O. Nwachuku, , E.S. Bartimaeus,
Published: December 2024

Aim: To evaluate the influence of some variants of SLC22A1 and CYP2C9 genes on glycaemic response in T2DM subjects on metformin/Sulphonylureas combination therapy in Port Harcourt.
Study Design: Cross-sectional Study.
Place and Duration of Study: Port-Harcourt, Nigeria, Inqaba Biotec (molecular analysis) and Evashalom Medical Diagnostic services, between November 2022 and April 2023.
Methodology: Ninety (90) subjects between aged between 18 - 70years among which 54 were females and 26 males were recruited. Individuals with diagnosed T2DM of at least 1 year, and on continuous metformin/sulphonylureas combination therapy for at least six (6) months prior to the study were selected for this study. Ten (10.0) ml of overnight fasting blood sample was obtained from each subject. This was after completing the questionnaire. Their body weight in kilogram, height in meter was also be measured and recorded.  Eight SNPs, four each from SLC22A1 and CYP2C9 genes respectively were selected and genotyped using Mass Array. Blood glucose, total cholesterol (TCHOL), triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-c) were measured by enzymatic colorimetric methods and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), HOMA_IR, HOMA-β were calculated for each sample. Statistical Analysis was carried out using GraphPad Prism 9.03. Statistical comparisons of the means between groups were made using t-test and oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA). Genotypic and allelic distribution employed the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test (HWE). The minor allele frequency (MAF) was calculated using Excel. Furthermore, the associations between the alleles of SNPs and glycaemic response response were assessed using the chi-square test and 95% confidence intervals. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.
Results: This study showed that the AA genotype of rs622342 (SLC22A1) was significantly associated (p=0.003) with controlled T2DM in response to metformin/sulphonylureas combination therapy. The results in uncontrolled T2DM showed an association between variants of rs594709(AG/GG) with reduced level of HOMA-IR (p<0.0331), rs622342 (CA/AA) with reduced level of HOMA-IR (p<0.0313), and rs 9332214 variant (TT) with reduced level of AIP (p<0.0245). Moreover, in Obese, the variants of rs594709(AG/GG) was found to be associated with a reduced level of TCHOL(p<0.0054), rs622342 (CA/AA) with a reduced level of Lipo A (p=0.0400), and rs 9332214 (TC/CC) with a reduced level of HbAIc (p<0.0265).On the other hand, in hypertensives, an association was found between the variant rs622342 (CA/AA) with a reduced level of BMI (p=0.0416).
Conclusion: Individuals with the AA genotype of rs622342 are likely to have a better glycaemic response as compared to those carrying the AC/CC genotype receiving metformin/sulphonylurea combination therapy.
Axiological Study: Integrating the Cultural Values of Mo Hungguli in Disaster Mitigation Learning at Kindergartens in Telaga District, Gorontalo Regency
Authors: Muchtar Desy Mardianti , Zubaidi Hasim, Mohamad
Published: December 2024

Disaster mitigation is a method or practice used to prevent or address a disaster. In Gorontalo, natural disasters such as floods and landslides frequently occur. The aim of this research is to provide insights into the practical value of a culture in instilling disaster mitigation knowledge to kindergarten students through an axiological study that focuses on the study of values. This article is written using a qualitative approach, with a literature review to explore the integration of Mo Hungguli into disaster mitigation education for kindergarten children. Disaster mitigation in kindergartens is rarely implemented, even though the knowledge to prevent and address disasters should be instilled from an early age. Good disaster mitigation is one that can be passed down through generations via local culture, providing practical knowledge that can be used during a disaster. One of the cultural traditions from Gorontalo that will be used is Mo Hungguli. Mo Hungguli is a storytelling culture, which is very suitable for integrating with disaster mitigation, as it aligns with the essence of practical value in the dissemination of knowledge to young children.
Mitigating Artificial Intelligence Bias in Financial Systems: A Comparative Analysis of Debiasing Techniques
Authors: Oguntibeju Oluwatofunnmi O.
Published: December 2024

Balancing fairness and predictive accuracy remains a key challenge in AI system development. This study investigates the origins of AI bias, how it happens in business processes, and the challenges it poses to ethical and transparent decision-making. Drawing on existing literature, the research explores the various types of biases—including cognitive, algorithmic, and representation biases—and their impact on AI systems in the BFSI sector. Furthermore, the study critically evaluates current debiasing techniques, such as pre-processing, fairness-aware models, and post-processing, highlighting their limitations in balancing fairness with predictive accuracy.
This study aims to advance the development of more equitable AI systems in the BFSI sector by proposing the FAIR-BIAS Framework. This framework provides a structured approach to detecting, mitigating, and monitoring biases in AI models. Key recommendations include implementing equalized odds as a fairness metric to ensure balanced outcomes across demographic groups, applying adversarial debiasing techniques during model training to minimize discriminatory effects, and conducting regular data audits to ensure long-term fairness.
The findings offer direct benefits for BFSI stakeholders. Businesses can enhance the reliability and ethical integrity of AI models by adopting fairness-aware risk assessments, which promote compliance and customer trust. Regulators can enforce accountability by mandating transparency measures, such as model explainability, and conducting periodic audits using fairness metrics like equalized odds. Policymakers can use the insights to create inclusive legislation which requires fairness testing and transparency in AI applications.
Future research could explore the long-term effectiveness of debiasing techniques across different industries, such as healthcare or public policy, by conducting longitudinal studies to assess how evolving datasets and models influence fairness outcomes.
It is critical for BFSI organizations to adopt these frameworks and techniques to foster a more inclusive and ethical future in financial services.”
Determinants of Antibiotic Use in SARS-CoV-2 Positive Patients during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Cohort Study Conducted in an Epidemic Treatment Center in Dakar (ETC)
Authors: Daye Ka , Khardiata Diallo Mbaye , Shinga Wembulua Bruce , Maguette Fall Ndèye , Sidikh Badiane Aboubacar , Daouda Thioub , Moustapha Diop , Samba Ba Papa , Ibrahima Gaye , Ousmane Faye , Aissatou Lakhe Ndèye , Pierre Cisse Diallo Viviane Marie , Assane Diouf , Louise Fortes , Alpha Sall Amadou , Moussa Seydi
Published: December 2024

Introduction: COVID-19, like most viral respiratory diseases, can be associated with bacterial infections requiring antibiotic prescription. However, the prescription of antibiotics must be based on clinical and biological arguments, with clear recommendations. The aim of this study was to identify the factors associated with antibiotic prescription in patients hospitalized for COVID-19.
Methodology: This was a retrospective cohort study including patients hospitalized for COVID-19 at the Epidemic Treatment Center of Fann Hospital from July 31, 2021 to March 31, 2022. Data were collected using a form and entered using Excel software. Analysis was performed using R software version 4.2.2. Factors associated with antibiotic prescribing were investigated using logistic regression. 
Results: A total of 248 patients were included. The median age was 65 years [53, 73], with a male predominance (sex ratio M/F 2.25). Comorbidities were mainly hypertension (35.88%), cardiovascular disease (23.38%) and diabetes (21.77%). The main clinical signs were cough (60.17%), fever (40.41%) and dyspnea (22.56%). On imaging, a ground-glass appearance was found in the majority of cases (84.52%), with severe lung involvement in 31.25%. Almost all patients were treated with anticoagulation (96%) and corticosteroids (95%). Azithromycin was the most prescribed antibiotic (56.38%), and 77% of patients were on oxygen. Case fatality was 21%.
In bivariate analysis, antibiotic prescription was associated with heart disease (81.25% vs. 47.83%, p=0.01), smoking (81.82% vs. 48.51%, p=0.03), signs of lung consolidation (55, 43% vs 34.43%, p=0.004), oxygen therapy (55.97% vs 36.84%, p=0.03) and the existence of a complication (62.24% vs 41.73%, p=0.002). In multivariate analysis, only smoking (OR: 5.78 [1.30-42]), fever (OR: 1.82 [1.04-3.24]) and signs of lung consolidation (OR: 2.52 [1.30-5.05]) were associated with antibiotic prescription.
Conclusion: In patients infected with COVID-19, antibiotic prescription is indicated in those with clinically or biologically documented bacterial infection.
Assessment of the Effect of Citrullus lanatus Pulp and Seed Aqueous Extract on the Liver of Albino Rats
Authors: Obianuju Onyemelukwe Anulika , Noris Ezinwa Chijioke , Millicent Amadi Nkiruka , Jennifer Ekoh Adaorah , Chisom Ibedu Emmanuella
Published: December 2024

Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of an aqueous extract of watermelon (Citrullus Lanatus) seeds and pulp extract on the Albino rat’s liver tissues.
Study Design: A pre-clinical experimental trial using rat models.
Study Area: This study was carried out at the Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Nigeria Enugu Campus, and the Department of Morbid Anatomy, Enugu State University Teaching Hospital.
Methods: Eighteen albino rats were grouped from A to F. Group A and B served as the baseline and positive control respectively and were provided distilled water and 100mg/kg body weight of Vitamin C for 21 days, respectively. Group C-F received watermelon extract in the following concentration 25mg/kg, 50mg/kg, 100mg/kg, 150mg/kg respectively for 21 days. All dosages were administered orally using gavage once a day. Following the experiment, samples of blood were taken in order to measure the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Total bilirubin (TB) using QCA (Quinica Clinical applicator assay kits).
Results: The results showed that a statistical significant decrease in the Aspartate transaminase (AST) level was observed in the rats that received 25mg/kg Citrullus lanatus extract (CLE) [61.67±2.67] when compared with the baseline control [106.67±4.98]. A notable statistical increase in the C-reactive protein value was observed in rats in group E and F that received 100mg/kg and 150mg/kg of Citrullus lanatus extract respectively when compared with the baseline and positive control. Histological findings on the liver also showed normal histomorphology across all the groups. In conclusion, the pulp and seed extract of Citrullus lunatus did not significantly alter the albino rat’s liver’s relative organ weight, but they did exhibit an increase that is dose-dependent in antioxidant activity.
Exploiting Possibilities of Short Duration Pigeonpea in Rice Fallows of Coastal Odisha, India
Authors: Panda P. K. , Mohapatra P.M. , Mishra I.O.P. , Behera S. , Prusty A.A.
Published: December 2024

Aims: Need for horizontal expansion of pigeonpea encouraged for searching new niche. Out of 3.88 mha kharif rice area in Odisha 2.96 mha area estimated as rice fallow which should be exploited for growing pulses and oil seeds. Mild winter in coastal Odisha congenial for pigeonpea in winter and thus may be suitable for rice fallow situation after harvest of medium duration during November. A field experiment was conducted under rice fallow situation to evaluate the performance of promising short duration pigeonpea genotypes under partially irrigated medium land rice fallow situation of coastal Odisha.
Study Design: The trial was laid out in Randomized Block Design with four replications. The gross plot size was 5.4m X 4.2m and net plot size was 4.5m X 4m.
Place and Duration of Study:  Nutri-Crops Research Station, OUAT, Berhampur, Odisha; Latitude: 19 deg. 18 min. Longitude: 84 deg. 54 min., Altitude: 34 m. above MSL.
Climatic Zone: The eastern coastal region of India and East and South Eastern Coastal   plain zone of the state. The soil was sandy loam in texture with 6.2 pH. The trials were conducted for two consecutive years during 2018-19 and 2019-20.
Methodology:  Altogether thirteen short duration genotypes of pigeonpea were tested in RBD with four replications. The crop was sown in third week of November during both the years.
Results: Significant variation was observed among pigeonpea genotypes in growth, yield attributes and yield parameters during both the years. The pooled data revealed that pigeonpea genotype Pusa-991 sown during mid November under rice fallow condition with life saving irrigation recorded maximum grain yield (1317 kg/ha and 10.57 kg/ha/day) followed by Laxmi (1199 kg/ha and 9.15 kg/ha/day) and TJT-501 (1127 kg/ha and 8.6 kg/ha/day). PUSA-991 harvested in 125 days has also registered maximum pod/plant (64.0) and seed per pod (3.7). Among the super early genotypes PUSA ARHAR-16 harvested in 104 days and identified as well performer (1113 kg/ha) and recorded maximum yield per day (10.70 kg/ha/day). Maximum harvest index (39.3%) was recorded with Pusa Arhar-16 closely followed by Pusa-991(39.1%). Maximum gross return per hectare (Rs. 75541/-), net profit (Rs.42541/-), per day net return (Rs.342/ha/day) with B:C ratio (2.29) were obtained with PUSA-991. Strong positive association was found between grain yield and number of effective pods per plant (r=0.73) and plant stand (r=0.74) of pigeonpea. 
Concluding Remarks: Considering the growing windows of the agro-ecological situation and availability of life saving irrigation, pigeonpea variety Pusa-991 (125days) may be selected for larger window and Pusa Arhar-16 (104days) for narrow window under rice fallow situation of coastal Odisha.
Assessment of the Susceptibility to Fusarium Ear Rot of Corn Plants Grown from Seeds of Variety EV 8728 Irradiated with Gamma Rays
Authors: Charlotte Tonessia Dolou , Brahima Traoré , Dominique Zoh Olivia , Désiré N’Goran Koffi , Francis Soumahin Eric , Justin Kouadio Yatty
Published: December 2024

This study aimed at determining the effects of various doses of gamma rays on the susceptibility to Fusarium ear rot and the yield parameters of corn seeds of variety EV 8728. The experiment was carried out at the experimental station of the University Jean Lorougnon Guédé on a randomized complete block plot with 3 repetitions. An isolate of local Fusarium sp. local served as the source of contamination. The inoculation technique used was the injection of spore suspensions into the silk channel. Corn kernels were irradiated with 200 and 300 Grays gamma rays, while the unirradiated variety EV 8728 was used as a control. The results showed that the control corn ears were more susceptible to Fusarium ear rot. Their severity (1.59%), intensity (1.51%) and incidence (91.67%) were higher than those of the ears resulting from irradiated seeds, which were respectively 0.52%, 0.49% and 83.33% for 200 Grays doses, and 0.25%, 0.22% and 80.56% for 300 Grays doses. Statistical analysis of these values showed a significant difference (p < 0.01) for susceptibility parameters. As for yield and yield parameters, they were strongly influenced by irradiation. Control plants had higher yields than irradiated plants (p < 0.01), meaning that the 200 and 300 Grays doses inhibited productivity. However, some corn plants were identified whose ears showed resistance to Fusarium ear rot at the 200 Grays dose, and whose yield was statically similar to that of the control. The corn kernels grown from these plants could be the subject of in-depth studies so as to provide starting genitors for a breeding program for corn varieties resistant to Fusarium ear rot.
Altitude-Dependent Growth and Yield Characteristics in Petunia (Petunia × hybrida Vilm.): A Comparative Study of Varietal Responses
Authors: Neha Kumari , B S Dilta , Priyanka Thakur , Sahil Lohia , Priyanka Jattan
Published: December 2024

During the 2020-2021 growing season, the influence of altitudinal variations on the growth and yield of six Petunia varieties was evaluated. The varieties used for experiment were: ‘Red Chief’, ‘Star Mix’, ‘White’, ‘Pendula’, ‘N/C Mix’ and ‘Alderman’. The research was carried out across three experimental sites in Himachal Pradesh, India, Representing diverse altitudes: Khaltoo Experimental Farm (1060m amsl) of Department of Seed Science and Technology, the Experimental Farm (1276m amsl) of Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry Nauni, Solan  and the Experimental Farm (468m amsl) of Regional Horticultural Research and Training Station, Dhaulkuan, District Sirmaur. The ‘White’ variety performed better in growth and yield attributes of petunia at different altitudinal range. The study systematically investigated how variations in altitudes affected critical growth and yield parameters, including plant height, flowering time, branch number and overall ornamental performance. Of the six varieties assessed, ‘White’ consistently demonstrated superior performance in terms of growth vigour and yield attributes across all the altitudinal range. The result also revealed that plant grown at mid-altitude range(1276 m amsl) at the Department of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture’s Experimental Farm showed the most favourable growth and yield outcomes.
Genetic Variability, Character Association and Path Analysis Studies in Rice Genotypes (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Chattar B. R. , Bhor T. J. , Chavan S. S. , Chopade G. U.
Published: December 2024

Forty rice genotypes were evaluated for their genetic variability, correlation and path analysis studies with respect to yield and its attributing traits at the Agricultural Research Station, Vadgaon Maval (Pune). The magnitude for test weight exhibited the highest GCV and PCV per cent, followed by flag leaf length, flag leaf breadth, infertile spikelets per panicle, fertile spikelets per panicle, grain yield per plant.  High heritability (h2) along with higher genetic advance (GA) as per-cent of mean was recorded for the characters viz., fertile spikelets per panicle, total spikelets per panicle, panicle length, flag leaf length, flag leaf breadth and test weight. The grain yield per plant was positively and significantly correlated with productive tillers per plant, panicle length, flag leaf breadth, spikelet fertility % and test weight. Days to 50% flowering observed significant positive correlation with days to maturity and plant height. Days to maturity found positive correlation with plant height and productive tillers per plant, plant height with panicle length, flag leaf length and flag leaf breadth, productive tillers per plant with fertile spikelets per panicle, total spikelets per panicle, spikelet fertility, fertile spikelets per panicle with total spikelets per panicle and infertile spikelets per panicle with only total spikelets per panicle. The trait test weight observed highest direct positive effect on grain yield per plant followed by total spikelets per panicle, productive tillers per plant, days to maturity, flag leaf breadth, infertile spikelets per panicle, spikelet fertility %, and plant height. The trait flag leaf length indicated positive indirect effect on grain yield through days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and productive tillers per plant. Flag leaf breadth indicated significant positively correlation with grain yield through positive direct effect via indirect influence of plant height, panicle length, flag leaf length, spikelet fertility and test weight.
Monetary Policy Autonomy in the CFA Franc Zone: Comparative Insights from Francophone and Non-francophone African Economies
Authors: Takwa Abonwi Chenaa, , Aziseh Fozoh Isiah
Published: December 2024

This study analysed the experiences of 14 CFA zone African countries with that of 12 other African countries and investigated the potential implications of monetary autonomy in the CFA zone using a panel dataset spanning from 1990 to 2023. To assess the relative monetary flexibility in the CFA zone, the study employs a country-by-country ARIMA model on money supply and exchange rate and obtain their flexibility components. Given the two transition variables: exchange rate flexibility and monetary policy flexibility, Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) and Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) models were then applied to the data to assess the implications of monetary autonomy on CFA zone countries.  The DSGE model indicates a high degree of interest rate smoothing suggesting that the central banks (BEAC and BCEAO) face challenges in adjusting the nominal interest rate quickly in response to changing macroeconomic economic conditions. The findings from the PSTR indicate that in a less flexible monetary and exchange rate environment household consumption is responsive to changes in traditional macroeconomic factors like wages, capital, taxes, and inflation. In a more flexible monetary and exchange rate environment, the magnitudes of the effects of these macroeconomic factors on household consumption are generally larger. In the more flexible regime, the positive impact of investment, capital, and government spending on economic growth is more pronounced, while the negative impact of taxation is more severe. The transition between the two regimes is governed by smooth thresholds with a rapid transition as the thresholds are crossed. The study recommends that Francophone African countries transition to an autonomous monetary policy framework to enhance economic growth by addressing unique challenges like inflation and exchange rates. A phased approach based on Optimum Currency Area theory is essential, emphasising regional integration and institutional support. Economic diversification, improved governance, and training for central banks are crucial for successful implementation. Finally, fostering intra-African trade and strengthening local capital markets will help build a resilient economic foundation.
Trap‐Assisted Triplet Emission in Ladder‐Polymer‐Based Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Khodabakhshi Elham , Ramanan Charusheela , Michels Jasper J. , Bonus Sven , Hertel Dirk , Meerholz Klaus , Forster Michael , Scherf Ulrich , Blom Paul W. M.
Published: March 2020

The charge transport and recombination in light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) based on a methyl‐substituted poly(p‐phenylene) ladder polymer (Me‐LPPP) are investigated. The transport is characterized by a high room‐temperature hole mobility of 2 × 10−8 m2 V−1 s−1 combined with anomalously strong electron trapping. Their electroluminescence (EL) spectrum is characterized by a blue singlet emission, a broad green featureless peak, and a yellow‐orange triplet emission. The voltage dependence of the EL spectrum and negative contribution to the capacitance indicate that the triplet‐emission is of trap‐assisted nature, consistent with the strong electron trapping. Consequently, the color purity of the blue emissive Me‐LPPP polymer LEDs can be strongly improved using trap dilution.
Alfalfa response to low potassium under different harvest regimes in Coastal Plains
Authors: Thinguldstad Britta , Tucker Jennifer J. , Baxter Lisa L. , Segers Jacob R. , Hancock Dennis W. , Stewart R. Lawton
Published: March 2020

Potassium fertilization and harvest timing both influence the stand life and performance of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), but many producers do not apply sufficient K fertilizer as recommended by soil test recommendations. The objective of this trial was to determine the impact of reduced rates of K fertilization on cultivar Bulldog 805 alfalfa managed under different harvest regimes on forage yield, stand persistence, and nutritive value when grown in the southern Coastal Plains. Plots were harvested at bud, 10, 30, and 50% bloom growth stages. Potassium was applied three times across the season at total rates of 0, 67, 101, 134, and168  kg K2O ha−1. Aboveground and belowground plant and soil responses were evaluated. Evaluated levels of K were not sufficient to elicit a positive response in aboveground variables, as all treatments exhibited K deficiency as confirmed by tissue analysis at the end of the study. Harvest timing affected many of the aboveground yield components, however no clear trends existed. As expected, material harvested at later growth stages tended to have higher fiber and lower digestibility than alfalfa harvested at less mature stages. Reduced rates of K fertilization helped maintain soil K levels above the final level in the untreated control. Harvesting alfalfa at later (50% bloom) growth stages decreased starch and nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) content in the roots. To optimize both alfalfa yield and nutritive value, current University recommendations for alfalfa harvest timing and K fertilization should be maintained in the southern Coastal Plains.
Synthesis of cis β‐Hydroxy Ketones by Desymmetrization of 1,3‐Cyclopentanediones through Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Hydrogen Transfer
Authors: Wang Han , Zhao Yang , Ding Yi‐Xuan , Yu Chang‐Bin , Zhou Yong‐Gui
Published: March 2020

A facile synthesis of chiral cis β‐hydroxy ketones was successfully developed through ruthenium‐catalyzed transfer hydrogenative desymmetrization of 1,3‐cyclopentanedione. The experiment on gram scale could be performed without loss of reactivity and enantioselectivity.
Formation Kinetics of Monomeric Cyclic Fatty Acid Methyl Esters of Alpha‐Linolenic Acid: Effects of Mono cis/trans Isomers
Authors: Desmarais Amélie , Sébédio Jean‐Louis , Belkacemi Khaled , Arul Joseph , Angers Paul
Published: March 2020

Cyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAM) are formed at low levels in edible oils during thermal processing operations such as frying or refining, and inevitably become part of the diet. These proatherogenic agents may increase the levels of oxidative stress markers, and induce hepatomegaly and steatosis. However, the kinetics involved in their formation is not well known. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of cis and trans isomers on cyclization reactions involved in the thermal transformation of alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA). Geometrical isomers of ALA were obtained from all‐cis ALA by nitric acid treatment. Mono‐trans isomers were concentrated using silver nitrate‐silica gel chromatography. All‐cis ALA, isomerized ALA, and a fraction at 85% mono‐trans isomers were heat treated at 275 °C in hexadecane for periods up to 24 hours, and the formation of geometrical isomers and CFAM was monitored by GC. The results show that mono‐trans isomers at carbon 9 and carbon 15 form CFAM at an accelerated rate, compared to the corresponding cis isomers, resulting in the formation of higher levels of CFAM over shorter time periods. The validation of the kinetic model was performed by solving simultaneously and nonlinearly fitting the system of coupled differential equations with experimental data. Good agreement was found between the experimental data and the predicted values. This work suggests that the use of polyunsaturated vegetable oils over extended periods for thermal processing of food may result in the formation of CFAM, in particular, if mono‐trans isomers are present in the oil.
Simultaneous intrathecal injection of muscimol and endomorphin‐1 alleviates neuropathic pain in rat model of spinal cord injury
Authors: Hosseini Marjan , Karami Zohreh , Yousefifard Mahmood , Janzadeh Atousa , Zamani Elham , Nasirinezhad Farinaz
Published: March 2020

Introduction

Due to side effects of medications used for chronic pain, combination therapy seems to be an appropriate solution for alleviation of chronic pain and reducing the side effects. The role of inhibitory GABA system is well proven in reducing neuropathic pain. Also, special attention has been focused on endogenous morphine (endomorphins) in reducing chronic pain originates from damage to the nervous system. The purpose of this study is to investigate the analgesic effect of simultaneous administration of GABA agonist and endomorphin‐1 on neuropathic pain in rat model of spinal cord injury (SCI). The role of oxidative stress, NR1 subunits of NMDA receptors, and α2 subunits of GABA receptors in the spinal cord has also been investigated.

Methods

Spinal cord at level of T6–T8 was compressed. Three weeks after spinal cord injury, muscimol and endomorphin‐1 were injected (intrathecally once a day for 7 days) individually or in combination. Mechanical and cold allodynia, thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia were evaluated before injection and 15 and 60 min after injection. At the end of behavioral experiments, histological and biochemical evaluations were done on prepared spinal cord samples.

Results

Isobologram results showed that combination therapy significantly increased the pain threshold comparing to injection of endomorphin‐1 (EM) or muscimol alone. Histological studies indicated the increased expression of α2 subunits of GABA receptors, and NR1 subunits of NMDA receptors in the spinal cord. The combination therapy also increased the glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) level and decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the spinal cord.

Conclusion

Simultaneous administration of muscimol and endomorphine‐1 could be a new candidate for alleviation of pain resulting from spinal cord injury.
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium Guideline (CPIC) for CYP2C9 and Nonsteroidal Anti‐Inflammatory Drugs
Authors: Theken Katherine N. , Lee Craig R. , Gong Li , Caudle Kelly E. , Formea Christine M. , Gaedigk Andrea , Klein Teri E. , Agúndez José A.G. , Grosser Tilo
Published: March 2020

Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most commonly used analgesics due to their lack of addictive potential. However, NSAIDs have the potential to cause serious gastrointestinal, renal, and cardiovascular adverse events. CYP2C9 polymorphisms influence metabolism and clearance of several drugs in this class, thereby affecting drug exposure and potentially safety. We summarize evidence from the published literature supporting these associations and provide therapeutic recommendations for NSAIDs based on CYP2C9 genotype (updates at www.cpicpgx.org).
Population Analysis of Anidulafungin in Infants to Older Adults With Confirmed or Suspected Invasive Candidiasis
Authors: Xie Rujia , McFadyen Lynn , Raber Susan , Swanson Robert , Tawadrous Margaret , Leister‐Tebbe Heidi , Cohen‐Wolkowiez Michael , Benjamin Daniel K. , Liu Ping
Published: March 2020

In a pooled population analysis, we investigated the pharmacokinetics of i.v. anidulafungin in four studies across a full range of adult and pediatric ages in patients with confirmed, suspected, or at high risk of invasive candidiasis (IC). Relationships between anidulafungin exposure and key efficacy end points (global response of success and all‐cause mortality) and safety end points (all‐cause hepatic or gastrointestinal adverse events) in all patients and separately in pediatric patients and the appropriate dosing regimen for IC treatment in pediatric patients were evaluated. Pediatric patients received a 3.0 mg/kg (maximum 200 mg) i.v. loading dose and 1.5 mg/kg (maximum 100 mg) daily thereafter. Adults received a 200 mg i.v. loading dose and 100 mg daily thereafter. Estimated systemic anidulafungin exposures were similar across age groups (neonates to adults) at the weight‐based doses studied in pediatric patients. No clear associations were identified between anidulafungin exposure and efficacy or safety end points.
Increase student satisfaction, ROI by bringing career services into the classroom
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: March 2020

CHICAGO — It's no secret that many students expect higher education to secure a career for them after graduation. But how well is your institution providing them with the skills they'll need to succeed in the marketplace? Moving career services into the classroom, and integrating them as part of the university experience, is one way to ensure your students find the career counseling and professional opportunities they're looking for.
Community partnerships, passion for student success drive efforts
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: March 2020

“I'm going to do whatever it takes to make our young people succeed,” said Tunjarnika Coleman, Provost and Dean of Student Services at the Palm Beach Gardens Campus of Palm Beach State College. She leads her campus with a focus on completing each initiative with excellence and the mantra #makeithappen.
Energy efficient transmission in dynamic PDMA‐based systems with RF energy harvesting
Authors: Hooshiary A. , Azmi P. , Mokari N.
Published: March 2020

Nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) and energy harvesting technologies are two promising approaches to increase spectral and energy efficiency, respectively. In this paper, a pattern division multiple access (PDMA) uplink transmission network in which users are able to harvest energy from the received radio frequency power is considered. In order to maximize the energy efficiency, we perform resource allocation in the power, subcarrier, and time domains. Also, for each time slot, the pattern matrix is determined dynamically. To enhance the detection reliability, successive interference cancellation and maximal ratio combining at each receiver are utilized. For resource allocation, the actual harvested and available energies of the users are considered. Moreover, in order to perform a comprehensive analysis, further to PDMA, the energy efficiency of the power domain NOMA (PD‐NOMA) is also investigated and the results are compared. It is shown that the energy efficiency and the average total transferred data of PDMA are higher than that of PD‐NOMA.
Performance of type X gypsum board on timber to non‐standard fire exposure
Authors: Chorlton Bronwyn , Forrest Bronwyn , Gales John , Weckman Beth
Published: March 2020

Timber buildings are becoming increasingly sought after for their aesthetic and environmental appeal. Commonly, timber elements are encapsulated using multi‐layered fire rated gypsum board in order to prevent the timber from contributing additional fuel load to the fire or to be approved by authorities. In recent studies performed in the last 5 years where non‐standard fire exposures have been utilised, there have been concerns as to whether encapsulation successfully can improve the fire performance of the assembly due to board fall off or heat penetration between layers in the full duration of a non‐standard fire scenario (which includes cooling phases and burn out). There has been a dearth of attention in understanding the underlying mechanisms to these documented behaviours. To address this research gap, a two‐stage research program studying multi‐layered and fire‐rated gypsum clad stand‐alone columns was undertaken by the authors in both a field and controlled laboratory study. These experiments were conducted with the purpose of understanding timber column multi‐layered encapsulation performance in non‐standard fires that include a natural cooling phase. In the field study, a stand‐alone timber column within a large, open farm structure was encapsulated in three layers fire rated gypsum board. The fire was spot‐ignited and allowed to burn until the building and the column collapsed. That experiment provided evidence that the fire rated gypsum board was not sufficient to protect this timber column, as the temperature increases under the layers of gypsum board were equivalent to the temperature increases on the exterior of the column. The second stage of the research involved four, encapsulated timber columns with localised non‐standard fires (methanol pool fires exposing one face only) in controlled laboratory conditions. These tests used novel narrow‐band spectrum illumination to document the underlying breakdown of the gypsum board with non‐standard fire exposure and cooling phases. Results of these experiments imply that timber elements can be adequately protected from fire exposure providing that the screw spacing is strictly adhered to and redundant layers are utilised. The article concludes with a listing of priority research areas that will advance knowledge of the performance of gypsum boards on timber in fire.
Quantitative critique of leaf‐based paleo‐CO2 proxies: Consequences for their reliability and applicability
Authors: Konrad Wilfried , Royer Dana L. , Franks Peter J. , Roth‐Nebelsick Anita
Published: March 2020

A variety of proxies have been developed to reconstruct paleo‐CO2 from fossil leaves. These proxies rely on some combination of stomatal morphology, leaf δ13C, and leaf gas exchange. A common conceptual framework for evaluating these proxies is lacking, which has hampered efforts for inter‐comparison. Here we develop such a framework, based on the underlying physics and biochemistry. From this conceptual framework, we find that the more extensively parameterised proxies, such as the optimisation model, are likely to be the most robust. The simpler proxies, such as the stomatal ratio model, tend to under‐predict CO2, especially in warm (>15°C) and moist (>50% humidity) environments. This identification of a structural under‐prediction may help to explain the common observation that the simpler proxies often produce estimates of paleo‐CO2 that are lower than those from the more complex proxies and other, non‐leaf‐based CO2 proxies. The use of extensively parameterised models is not always possible, depending on the preservation state of the fossils and the state of knowledge about the fossil's nearest living relative. With this caveat in mind, our analysis highlights the value of using the most complex leaf‐based model as possible.
Impaired Bile Secretion Promotes Hepatobiliary Injury in Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Vats Ravi , Liu Silvia , Zhu Junjie , Mukhi Dhanunjay , Tutuncuoglu Egemen , Cardenes Nayra , Singh Sucha , Brzoska Tomasz , Kosar Karis , Bamne Mikhil , Jonassaint Jude , Adebayo Michael Adeola , Watkins Simon C. , Hillery Cheryl , Ma Xiaochao , Nejak‐Bowen Kari , Rojas Mauricio , Gladwin Mark T. , Kato Gregory J. , Ramakrishnan Sadeesh , Sundd Prithu , Monga Satdarshan Pal , Pradhan‐Sundd Tirthadipa
Published: March 2020

Background and Aims

Hepatic crisis is an emergent complication affecting patients with sickle cell disease (SCD); however, the molecular mechanism of sickle cell hepatobiliary injury remains poorly understood. Using the knock‐in humanized mouse model of SCD and SCD patient blood, we sought to mechanistically characterize SCD‐associated hepato‐pathophysiology applying our recently developed quantitative liver intravital imaging, RNA sequence analysis, and biochemical approaches.

Approach and Results

SCD mice manifested sinusoidal ischemia, progressive hepatomegaly, liver injury, hyperbilirubinemia, and increased ductular reaction under basal conditions. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κB) activation in the liver of SCD mice inhibited farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signaling and its downstream targets, leading to loss of canalicular bile transport and altered bile acid pool. Intravital imaging revealed impaired bile secretion into the bile canaliculi, which was secondary to loss of canalicular bile transport and bile acid metabolism, leading to intrahepatic bile accumulation in SCD mouse liver. Blocking NF‐κB activation rescued FXR signaling and partially ameliorated liver injury and sinusoidal ischemia in SCD mice.

Conclusions

These findings identify that NF‐κB/FXR‐dependent impaired bile secretion promotes intrahepatic bile accumulation, which contributes to hepatobiliary injury of SCD. Improved understanding of these processes could potentially benefit the development of therapies to treat sickle cell hepatic crisis.
Hepatic Regulator of G Protein Signaling 5 Ameliorates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Suppressing Transforming Growth Factor Beta–Activated Kinase 1–c‐Jun‐N‐Terminal Kinase/p38 Signaling
Authors: Wang Junyong , Ma Junpeng , Nie Hongyu , Zhang Xiao‐Jing , Zhang Peng , She Zhi‐Gang , Li Hongliang , Ji Yan‐Xiao , Cai Jingjing
Published: March 2020

Background and Aims

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic liver disease, which has no specific pharmacological treatments partially because of the unclear pathophysiological mechanisms. Regulator of G protein signaling (RGSs) proteins are proteins that negatively regulate G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. The members of the R4/B subfamily are the smallest RGS proteins in size, and RGS5 belongs to this family, which mediates pluripotent biological functions through canonical G protein–mediated pathways and non‐GPCR pathways. This study combined a genetically engineered rodent model and a transcriptomics‐sequencing approach to investigate the role and regulatory mechanism of RGS5 in the development of NAFLD.

Approach and Results

This study found that RGS5 protects against NAFLD and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Using RNA sequencing and an unbiased systematic investigative approach, this study found that the activation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling cascades in response to metabolic challenge is negatively associated with hepatic RGS5 expression. Mechanistically, we found that the 64‐181 amino‐acid‐sequence (aa) fragment of RGS5 directly interacts with transforming growth factor beta–activated kinase 1 (TAK1) through the 1‐300aa fragment and inhibits TAK1 phosphorylation and the subsequent c‐Jun‐N‐terminal kinase (JNK)/p38 pathway activation.

Conclusions

In hepatocytes, RGS5 is an essential molecule that protects against the progression of NAFLD. RGS5 directly binds to TAK1, preventing its hyperphosphorylation and the activation of the downstream JNK/p38 signaling cascade. RGS5 is a promising target molecule for fine‐tuning the activity of TAK1 and for the treatment of NAFLD.
Bile Acid Changes Associated With Liver Fibrosis and Steatosis in the Mexican‐American Population of South Texas
Authors: Kwan Suet Ying , Jiao Jingjing , Qi Jonathan , Wang Ying , Wei Peng , McCormick Joseph B. , Fisher‐Hoch Susan P. , Beretta Laura
Published: March 2020

Biomarkers to predict risk of liver fibrosis in subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, a common risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma, would allow for early preventive interventions. We sought to characterize bile acid profiles associated with liver fibrosis in subjects from the community‐based Cameron County Hispanic Cohort, a population in South Texas with high rates of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Plasma bile acid levels were measured in 390 subjects. These subjects were screened with liver elastography, detecting significant liver fibrosis in 58 subjects and steatosis in 186 subjects. Unsupervised clustering of the bile acid profiles revealed five clusters that differed by liver fibrosis, liver steatosis, liver injury, age and gender, identifying these parameters as major determinants of circulating bile acid changes. Total bile acid levels were significantly higher in subjects with fibrosis, with chenodeoxycholic acid displaying the greatest increase among individual bile acids. The primary conjugated bile acids, glycocholic and glycochenodeoxycholic acids, displayed the strongest association with fibrosis by logistic regression. High lithocholic acid levels were strongly associated with advanced fibrosis. In contrast, deoxycholic acid and total unconjugated secondary bile acids were positively associated with steatosis, whereas relative glycoursodeoxycholic acid abundance was negatively associated. Milk and yogurt intake notably contributed to fibrosis‐associated bile acid changes. In addition, multiple families within the Firmicutes phylum, Prevotellaceae, and Bacteroides species in stool significantly correlated with fibrosis‐associated and steatosis‐associated bile acid parameters, suggesting that the gut microbiome contributes to bile acid changes in the context of liver disease. Conclusion: Circulating bile acid levels were markedly but differently changed in liver fibrosis and steatosis in a high‐risk Mexican‐American population.
Noninvasive multimodal imaging by integrating optical coherence tomography with autofluorescence imaging for dental applications
Authors: Le Nhan , Subhash Hrebesh M. , Kilpatrick‐Liverman LaTonya , Wang Ruikang K.
Published: March 2020

We report the development of an integrated multifunctional imaging system capable of providing anatomical (optical coherence tomography, OCT), functional (OCT angiography, OCTA) and molecular imaging (light‐induced autofluorescence, LIAF) for in vivo dental applications. Blue excitation light (405 nm) was used for LIAF imaging, while the OCT was powered by a 1310 nm swept laser source. A red‐green‐blue digital camera, with a 450 nm cut‐on broadband optical filter, was used for LIAF detection. The exciting light source and camera were integrated directly with the OCT scanning probe. The integrated system used two noninvasive imaging modalities to improve the speed of in vivo OCT data collection and to better target the regions of interest. The newly designed system maintained the ability to detect differences between healthy and hypomineralized teeth, identify dental biofilm and visualize the microvasculature of gingival tissue. The development of the integrated OCT‐LIAF system provides an opportunity to conduct clinical studies more efficiently, examining changes in oral conditions over time.
A novel crosslinker‐free technique toward the fabrication of collagen microspheres
Authors: Snider Colten , Bellrichard Mitch , Meyer Amber , Kannan Raghuraman , Grant Dave , Grant Sheila
Published: March 2020

Injectable collagen microspheres (CMs) have the potential to be an excellent tool to deliver various modulatory agents or to be used as a cellular transporter. A drawback has been the difficulty in producing reliable and spherical CMs. A crosslinker‐free method to fabricate CMs was developed using liquid collagen (LC) in a water‐in‐oil emulsion process with varying concentrations of surfactant span‐80. Different emulsion times of up to 16‐hr were utilized to produce the CMs. Visual microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were utilized to determine the morphology of the CMs. To determine the fibril nature of the CMs, focus ion beam milling, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and Fourier Transformation‐Infrared spectroscopy were performed. A cell biocompatibility study was performed to assess the biocompatibility of the CMs. The results demonstrated that consistent spherical CMs were achievable by changing the span‐80 concentration. The CMs were fibrilized not only at the surface, but also at the core. Both the 1‐ and 16‐hr emulsion time demonstrated biocompatibility and it appeared that the cells preferentially adhered to the CMs. This crosslinker‐free method to fabricate CMs resulted in spherical, stable, biocompatible CMs, and could be an excellent technique for multiple tissue engineering applications.