bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Substance-Abusing Offenders: Implications for Treatment Programming
Authors: Lightfoot Lynn , Hodgins David C.
Published: March 2007

Despite the high prevalence of substance abuse problems in incarcerated offenders, the development and evaluation of treatment programs for the group is very rudimentary and lags behind current thinking and research activities in the substance abuse field. Alcohol and drug abuse are increasingly considered to be myriad collections of various clinical conditions. Emerging multivariate models have indicated the need to identify homogeneous subgroups of abusers in order to match them to appropriate treatment. This article describes a typology of substance-abusing offenders derived from application of multivariate statistical algorithms. Five types of substance abusing offenders are described, and recommendations as to the components of treatment required to address the needs of each group are provided.
Problems with Using Official Records from Young Offender Institutions as Indices of Bullying
Authors: Dyson Graham P. , Power Kevin G. , Wozniak Edward
Published: March 2007

Official records were analysed from five Scottish Young Offender Institutions (YOIs) in an attempt to ascertain their reliability as a measure of the nature and extent of bullying. Misconduct reports were examined over a 3-month period, for all five YOIs, but such measures were not regarded as reliable indicators of bullying for reasons that include the weaknesses of the measures used, the manifold differences between institutions in terms of administration and inmate composition, and the nature of the behaviour being measured. More extensive information was also obtained from the misconduct reports of one institution examined retrospectively for a 4-year period. This was carried out to highlight changes that may have occurred in response to the advent of an antibullying strategy. Results are discussed in terms of the limitations of using official records as indices of the nature and extent of bullying.
Time Series and Correlational Analyses of Inmate-Initiated Assaultive Incidents in a Large Correctional System
Authors: Walters Glenn D.
Published: March 2007

Inmate-initiated assaultive incidents reported by staff in a large correctional system over period of 9 years were subjected to regression and time series analyses. The time series analysis revealed that the assault data curve followed a nonlinear path Several of the significant correlates of inmate-initiated assault (young age, Black-to-White ratio) were anticipated, whereas several others were not (population density staff inexperience). These outcomes are viewed as furnishing preliminary support for a systemic interpretation of prison violence.
Drugs in Thailand: Assessing Police Attitudes
Authors: Cheurprakobkit Sutham , Kuntee Pomchai , Vauhgn Michael S.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the attitudes of Thai police regarding illegal drugs in the following areas: (a) drug-crime connections, (b) drug enforcement, (c) drug-related corruption, and (d) the seriousness of the drug problem The authors explore the effects of 16 independent variables on officers' attitudes derived from personal background indicators, institutional support measures, and drug offense information variables. Using data collected from a survey of 672 Thai police officers, they employ ordinary least squares regression and find that officers view drug enforcement as important, believe that drugs are linked to crime, and think that drugs are related to corruption. However, officers perceive poverty, unemployment, and the crimes of murder, burglary, and vehicle theft as more serious than drugs. The article concludes that drug enforcement policies must be implemented to avoid police corruption, and it calls for more research on the "war on drugs" in Thailand
Rural Women's Subsistence Production in the Capitalist Periphery
Authors: Deere Carmen Diana , Deere Carmen Diana
Published: March 2007

Rural women's subsistence production in the capitalist periph ery allows semi-proletarian male workers to sell their labor power to capitalist units of production for less than a subsistence familial wage. Thus, women's contribution toward the maintenance and reproduction of labor power within the rural labor reserve permits the non-capitalist mode of production to absorb the costs of production and reproduction of labor power. The division of labor by sex, based on the articulation between modes of production, serves to lower the value of labor power for capital, enhancing the relative rate of surplus value for peripheral capital accumulation.
The Nature of Labor Exchange and the Theory of Capitalist Production
Authors: Gintis Herbert , Gintis Herbert
Published: March 2007

This article compares the neoclassical and Marxian theories of the firm. The neoclassical, interpreting the social relations in the production process, in particular the relations of authority and inequality, as flowing from the nature of technology and atomistic preferences, is shown to be incorrect. The Marxian theory which interprets the social relations of the production process as the outcome of class struggle, is supported theoretically and empirically. The Marxian analysis presented herein starts with the labor/ labor-power distinction, and derives the relations of authority, control, al forms of inequality in the capitalist firm from the dynamic of extraction of surplus value.
Laws of Motion of Capital in the Center-Periphery Structure
Authors: de Janvry Alain , Garramón Carlos , Garramón Carlos , de Janvry Alain
Published: March 2007

The laws of motion of capital in the world economic system are analyzed through the fundamental necessary relation between production and consumption capacities. The structural contrasts between center and periphery and domination of the former over the latter create specific barriers to the pro cess of accumulation that are overcome through external relationships among them. Specifically, the tendency for the rate of profit to fall in the center and, in the periphery, the deficit in the balance of payments, the low rate of investment, the limited market size, and the food crisis create the internal possibilities for these external relations. The laws of motion provide the objective basis for the contrasted relations between growth and income distribution in center and per iphery and for the deepening of dualism in the latter.
The Falling-Rate-of Profit Theory of Crisis: A Rational Reconstruction by Way of Obituary
Authors: Van Parijs Philippe
Published: March 2007

This paper traces the development of the falling-rate-of profit theory of crisis from its original and traditional version to its modern variant and finally to A. Shaikh's recent defense based on the distinction between circulating and fixed capital. At each stage the major arguments in favor of and against the falling-rate-of-profit thesis are reviewed and criticized. On balance, the conclu sions are almost universally negative: It cannot be shown in general that a rise in the organic composition of capital leads to a fall in the rate of profit; neither can it be shown that a fall in the general rate of profit necessarily induces a crisis of overproduction. Finally, Okishio's theorem is employed to show that profit- maximizing capitalists, under competitive conditions, would never adopt a tech mque which would lower the general rate of profit at a given level of wages. Thus, a fallmg-rate-of-profit crisis is not a theoretical necessity; indeed, it is not even a possibility under conditions of competitive capitalism. Shaikh's thesis is then dis cussed and it is seen that a falling rate of profit is a possibility when the assump tions of perfect competition are relaxed. The paper is concluded with a comment regarding the conflict between "scientific" and "extrascientific" considerations in the course of the discussions of the falling rate of profit.
Empirical and Ideological Elements in the Decline of Ricardian Economics
Authors: Reich Michael
Published: March 2007

Historians of economic thought have debated the relative import ance of theoretical advances, changes in the economy, ideological factors, and confrontations of theory with evidence in explaining the rise and decline of eco nomic paradigms. In the case of the decline of Ricardian economics in England in the 1830s, the debate has focused on the alleged empirical irrelevance (because of technical improvements) of Ricardo's theory of diminishing returns in agri culture versus the disturbing ideological implications of Ricardo's labor theory of value. for the dominant class. This paper reviews this debate and attempts to assess the significance of the empirical relevance of Ricardo's rent theory by com paring contemporary reports with new estimates of trends in the share of agricul tural output that went to rent. The findings suggest that Ricardo's predictions of an increasing rent share operated in England until well into the 1830s, indicating that contemporary charges of empirical irrelevance did not rest on a strong foundation and that ideological factors may have motivated some of the early at tacks on Richardian rent theory. By the 1830s the insurgency of subordinate classes had replaced the power of the landowners as the main challenge to the bourgeoisie. The paper concludes by examining how these changed class relations and the associated changed conditions of capital accumulation might have moti vated revision of the Ricardian doctrine.
Racial Ethnic Women's Labor: The Intersection of Race, Gender and Class Oppression
Authors: Glenn Evelyn nakano
Published: March 2007

A colonial labor system and other forms of racial oppression shaped the productive and reproductive labor of racial ethnic women in ways that made their experiences fundamentally different from those underlying the construction of feminist analyses of women's oppression. For black, Mexican-American and Chinese-American women, key concepts such as the private-public dichotomy, gender conflict within the family and the division of reproductive labor need to be reformulated. This study examines the historical evidence on black, Mexican-American and Chinese-American women's work from the mid-nineteenth century to the present in light of contemporary Marxist-feminist and colonial labor system theories. Thus, the author begins to reformulate and synthesize key concepts in these contemporary theories to explain the experiences of racial ethnic women.
The Politics of Class Compromise in an International Context: Considerations for a New Strategy for Labor
Authors: Howe Carolyn
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that labor confronts a crisis in its inability to deal with various forms of attack by capital and it situates that crisis in an historical and international context. A critique of labor's strategies for dealing with this crisis is presented along with suggestions for a strategy of rebuilding a progressive labor movement.
Corporate Control, Social Choice and Capital Accumulation: An Asymmetrical Choice Approach
Authors: Pitelis Christos N.
Published: March 2007

Corporate decisions with regard to retained earnings act as a constraint to the consumption-saving decisions of all shareholders, except those who take the decisions - the controlling group. The latter exhibit a preference for a higher retention ratio than the non-controlling share-holders and tend to realize their "preferences." Given less than perfect substitution between corporate and personal saving, this tends to increase aggregate financial capital accumulation.
Competition, Monopoly Power and the Uniform Rate of Profit
Authors: Dult Amitava Krishna
Published: March 2007

This paper examines whether, with the rise of monopoly capital, the classical theory of competition and the prices of production framework has to be replaced by a theory emphasizing the balance of power relations between different economic groups. It briefly reviews concepts of competition and monopoly power, the recent literature in support of classical competition, and develops a model synthesizing the Sraffian prices of production framework and the Kalecki-Steindl monopoly power theory. It shows that although monopoly power and the uniform rate of profit are not necessarily inconsistent, the theory of prices may well have to be revised as a result of the emergence of monopoly power.
The Role of Technology Transfer in Soviet Development
Authors: Apostolakis Bobby E.
Published: March 2007

The impact of technology transfer from the West on the Soviet economy has challenged both scholars and policymakers. The major characteristic of this subject is the dichotomy of views among economists in evaluating the contribution of imported capital to the Soviet economic growth. The early literature has claimed that the Soviet growth has relied entirely on borrowed technology from the West. Recent studies, though, cast doubt on the significance of imported capital in Soviet growth. This paper posits that the role of the imported capital in the Soviet technological advancement has been granted an exaggerated weight.
The Transnational Corporation: A Synthesis
Authors: Pitelis Christos
Published: March 2007

Existing theories of the transnational corporation (TNC) tend to focus exclusively on the supply-side or demand-side factors leading to internationalization of production and the TNC. In this paper we attempt to integrate these two sets of factors. We suggest that supply-and demand are dialectically linked. Competition in the supply side, leading to increasing concentration and centralization of capital, tends to result in a demand side of stagnation, internationalization of capital and the TNC. Within this framework a host of supply-side factors can provide an ex-ante explanation of the TNC; most notably power over markets, labor and the nation state as well as internalization of market transaction costs. Ex-post, oligopolistic reaction and increased international competition will fuel the process.
Technical Change, Accumulation and the Rate of Profit Revisited
Authors: Laibman David
Published: March 2007

Recent work has drawn attention to the connection between technical change and the labor market. Reasonable assumptions concerning both the reality of positive capital accumulation and the effect of technical change on wage rates reveal the ubiquitous possibility of viable technical changes that raise the composition of capital and lower the rate of profit. A complete non-steady-state growth model including both optimal technical change and labor-market dynamics is described; the model provides a test of the empirical likelihood of an accumulation path with a rising profit share and falling profit rate. A general perspective on the existence and role of critical tendencies in capitalist economic growth is presented.
Gender and International Labor Standards in the World Economy
Authors: Cagatay Nilufer
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the debate on labor standards between neoclassicals and institutionalists from a feminist perspective and elaborates on some key elements of a feminist approach to labor standards. It argues that both neoclassical and institutionalists share a gender-based definition of labor. Rejecting the notion that upward harmonization can be achieved by reliance on deregulated markets or labor standard regulation alone, the feminist perspective calls for new approaches to policy and politics.
Productive Activity, Accumulation, and Growth in Postwar Japan and the United States
Authors: Kalmans Rebecca
Published: March 2007

This empirical study shows that the more rapid postwar economic growth in Japan in comparison to the United States was influenced neither by the higher level nor faster growth of its rate of surplus value, but by less surplus value having been absorbed by unproductive expenditures. Also the slowdown of Japan's growth and the precipitous decline in its profitability after 1970 was not the result of a profit-squeeze due to a falling rate of surplus value, since the Japanese rate of surplus value (like that of the United States) rose over the period
Globalization and Cities: An Australian Perspective
Authors: Stilwell Frank
Published: March 2007

The socioeconomic structure of Australian cities is changing rapidly in response to the internationalization of capital and the adoption of "economic rationalist" policies. Spatial competition is intensifying and urban "market failures" are becoming more pronounced. These structural political-economic changes are generating greater social-spatial inequalities. Effective urban policy is increasingly difficult in these conditions, compounded by the continuing fiscal crisis of the state, the political pressures arising from urban social movements and the effect of embryonic international regulations. An alternative strategy would shift from beggar-thy-neighbor spatial competition towards emphasizing the social and environmental attributes of the cities.
The Patient Who `Refuses' to Change: An Innovative Approach
Authors: Shultz Paul P.
Published: March 2007

Many of us who practise long-term, reconstructive psychotherapy are familiar with a particular kind of patient: someone who progresses well in understanding and ability to observe transference reactions to the therapist, but who none the less seems to be refusing to change. This paper follows the treatment of one such patient who seemed determined not to give up his passive way of relating to his psychotherapy group and the world, even after the dynamics of the self-destructive passivity had long since become clear to him. A new concept, called the `push against progressing' is used to help understand the dynamics of this `refusal', and how to treat it.
The Black and White Group
Authors: Ferron Eric G.
Published: March 2007

The Black and White Group is one of the median groups convened by members of the Large Group Section of the Group-Analytic Society (London). It was set up in the belief that a main source of the divisions in our society, including racism, is the lack of authentic and meaningful dialogue between people. There are two convenors, both men, one black and one white. This article is written by the black convenor. It describes the first four terms of the Black and White Group and is an attempt to identify the main themes that emerged and the process that took place.
Brain, Mind and Matrix from an Evolutionary Viewpoint
Authors: Fiumara Romano
Published: March 2007

`There is by no means all of Man in the animal, but there is certainly all of the animal in Man.' This dictum, ironically attributed by Konrad Lorenz (1987) to an unspecified Chinese sage, forces us to reconsider our human condition as a fundamental part of the evolutionary mainstream. Both our anatomical-functional structures and our behaviour must be considered in terms of their relationship with evolution if they are to be arranged and explained more consistently.
The Aesthetics of Group Analysis
Authors: Rance Christopher
Published: March 2007

This paper proposes an ontological model of group-analytic process, that of the aesthetic transformation, where individual change is seen as the re-establishment of an equilibrium between internal and external worlds. The individual shares in the process of the group becoming itself, by participating in the transforming experience of the perception of beauty in the matrix.
A Kleinian View of the Former Yugoslavia
Authors: Praper Peter
Published: March 2007

News of the day. 3 October 1991: The Yugoslav Federal Army (in reality now the Serbian army) has decided to `protect' Dubrovnik, a pearl of the world's culture, to `save it' from Ustashas. The Croats who live in Dubrovnik are portrayed as fascists who occupied the town. On this pretext the army has surrounded Dubrovnik and started shelling closer and closer to the old part of the town. I am listening to the radio. A reporter asks the listeners for their opinion on what is happening. People are terrified. Nobody can understand the destruction.
An Exorcism in Zanzibar: Insights into Groups from Another Culture
Authors: Tantam Digby
Published: March 2007

Imagine, if you would, a bare concrete building in one of the less desirable areas of Zanzibar City. A woman is sitting on the earth in the middle of the main room, with a black cloth over her head and upper trunk. She is surrounded by a closely pressed crowd of women chanting and clapping sticks in rhythm to a ground bass from three musicians who are sitting by one wall. In front of her are a group of men who are more detached from the proceedings than the women, but who are also occasionally chanting and throwing in comments. One of the men appears to be in a trance with sweat standing out on his face and rigid muscles. He occasionally makes strange moaning sounds or whirls round in a striking, melodramatic gesture. Two or three of the other men take a more active part in leading the chanting from time to time, and one of them, who is sitting in front of the woman, addresses a string of sotto voce remarks to her, clicking away near her ears with what looks like a giant pair of scissors.
The Leader and the Scapegoat: A Dependency Group Study
Authors: Lyndon Piers
Published: March 2007

Whether by constitution and temperament, by personal inclination or by group selection, the scapegoat is ultimately a non-conformist. If this non-conformist potential is not too insistently and self-destructively expressed, it may be employed by the group to lever itself from a simple dual opposition between leader and led to a more differentiated and evenly-distributed exchange between the group members themselves. The change is one from compliance and suggestibility to self-initiative and social responsibility. The scapegoat may be used to facilitate this transition.
Thoughts Bound and Thoughts Free: Reflections on Mental Process in Groups
Authors: Armstrong David
Published: March 2007

This paper was originally read to an Open Meeting of the Department of Psychotherapy in Cambridge in 1991. It draws on experiences in working with groups and organizations to reflect on and illustrate aspects of mental process, which relate to the realization and communication of thoughts.
The Unconscious from a Group-as-a-Whole Perspective: A Dream in the Context of a Training Group
Authors: Lipgar Robert M.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a dream in a social context to illustrate the manifestations of unconscious processes in a group setting and to show how such material may be used to increase understanding of both the individual and the group. The discussion of the manifest dream material is placed in the context of a brief review of the group-as-a-whole approach based on W.R. Bion's seminal work in group psychology. Implications of this tradition for the practice of group psychotherapy are presented, drawing attention to the need for special group process training.
Transitional Space and Individuation Processes: Two Intercultural Group-Analytic Workshops
Authors: Le Roy Jaak
Published: March 2007

Within the framework of research on the cultural foundation of the person and of identity, experiences in two intercultural Group-analytic workshops, are described and analysed. The setting of these workshops produced crises in the cultural envelope of the participants. Through the individual and group processes it was possible to analyse nonindividuated zones of the Self, traumas in the primary family group and the impact of historical traumatic events. In the transitional space elaborated during the workshop, participants were able to work on these cultural dimensions of the Self in a perspective of enquiry and personal change.
Group Therapy within the NHS I. We all Know about `Good Enough' But is it `Safe Enough'?
Authors: Simpson Ian
Published: March 2007

As group work supervisor in a UK National Health Service Psychotherapy Unit the author was faced with a serious disruption of setting. This paper is his attempt to tell that story. Emphasis is placed upon the importance of context and setting and what can happen if this is disrupted. A wider analysis of the current state of group therapy in the NHS is offered, some contemporary issues are discussed and future developments are explored.
Towards Optimum Group Placement from the Perspective of Self and Group Experience
Authors: Harwood Irene N.H.
Published: March 2007

This paper offers the referring and the prospective group analyst/therapist a way of conceptualizing optimum placement. This approach, using the charts provided, aids in determining the patient's current needs based on past and present selfobject functions as well as deficits/derailments and traumatizations. The charts also offer the group analyst/therapist a tool with which to evaluate the present selfobject functions, impingements and trauma-tizations that may be available in a prospective group to determine if the match is as good as possible or `good enough', as well as determining whether group should be the treatment modality of choice. When the interviewing analyst/therapist has taken all of the current and past selfobject functions and traumatizations into account, the patient can be expected to benefit from the most growth-enhancing placement available.
Can We Speak of Internal and External Reality?
Authors: Diamond Nicola
Published: March 2007

This article examines the meaning of the term `intersubjectivity' as derived from its philosophical roots in phenomenology. It challenges a metaphysical division between internal and external reality that creates two separate worlds, and argues that the interpersonal field is primary. It suggests that this position is inherently related to group analysis.
The Symptom in the Group Situation
Authors: Menarini Raffaele
Published: March 2007

Group analysis is a methodology that localizes the interactions arising from patients' symptoms and personality disorders. This marks the passage from a clinical-character aspect to a direct vision of the conflictual and unconscious borders between Ego and Superego. Thus the traumatic personal history of the individual is relatively freed from the constrictions of the repetition compulsion present in the symptomatic structures. The author maintains that combined therapy (a weekly group session and a weekly individual session) reduces cases of abandonment of the group caused by the deepest resistances of the id.
Socio-Cultural Aspects of British and American Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Van Schoor Eric
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a socio-cultural critique of contemporary American and Foulkesian traditions of group psychotherapy. It is argued that the American ethos of individualism has had an impact upon group psychotherapy, promoting an ideology of the autonomous individual, and the Foulkesian view, which gives primacy to the social dimension, is compared to certain American contemporary group approaches.
Finding the Capacity for Holding as a Group Analyst
Authors: James Jessica
Published: March 2007

This paper considers the influence of the group analyst's own self-objects on her holding capacity in the group. It describes how a therapist can, like a depressed mother, become persecuted by her group members and unable to tolerate their dependency, frustration and separateness. There are links to the intense experiences of childbirth and the early postnatal period.
Piaget ethnographer
Authors: Duveen Gerard
Published: March 2007

Although there have been extensive discussions of Piaget's theory, relatively little attention has been given to his research methods. Indeed, where Piaget's methods have been discussed they have generally been attacked for what are perceived as limitations and inadequacies. However, both in his work based on observations of infants and particularly in the clinical interviews with children and adolescents Piaget's research can be seen as a striking demonstration of the power of the systematic use of qualitative methods. Piaget's work in fact offers a paradigmatic example of an interpretive methodology in developmental psychology, not only for the intimate relations between interview and theory evident in all his research, but also for the argument through which the research is presented to the reader. As well as reviewing the clinical interview itself, this article also considers the different logics of research evident in this method and in that used by Piaget's critics.
Stress, emotions and health: where do we stand?
Authors: Dantzer Robert
Published: March 2007

Our representation of the way stress influences the development and progression of disease has been shaped by physiological stress theories. According to these theories, the organism's reaction to any stimulus that threatens its homeostasis is stereotyped and involves both the sympathetic medullary adrenal axis and the pituitary-adrenal axis. These systems can overtax the organism's resistance, especially when they are chronically activated. However, physiological stress responses are not stereotyped. They depend qualitatively and quantitatively on the psychological dimensions of the situation, including the subject's ability to predict and control the occurrence of stressors. Studies of the effects of stress and emotions and immunity have confirmed the importance of predictability and controllability. In addition, they have made clear that if stress and emotions can influence emotions, reciprocally immune factors have profound influences on mood and behaviour. These reciprocal relationships between the brain and the immune system are mediated by an intricate network of neural and molecular connections. Because of this reciprocity, it is difficult if not impossible to isolate one term of the relationship and claim it is causally related to the other one. This explains why the field has moved away from the consideration of the role of psychosocial factors and emotions in the pathogeny of somatic diseases to more pragmatic questions such as the way patients cope with their disease and the medical system.
Biology as Precedent
Authors: Tiger Lionel
Published: March 2007

The law operates by linking precedents to current issues. What if we regard the genome as precedent? How will it affect legal and social policy?
How is a Sociology of sociological Knowledge possible?
Authors: Barbesino Paolo , Salvaggio Salvino A.
Published: March 2007

By deconstructing Merton's distinction between the history and systematics of sociological thought, this paper aims first at uncoupling the process of legitimation of sociology as a scientific discipline from classical narratives commonly arranged around the “founding fathers”. Second, a constructivist approach to the history of sociology is deployed by dealing with issues of reflexivity. Drawing on the concept of autopoiesis, internal links are highlighted between the chance of persistence of a scientific domain and the conditions of its possibility. In line with Steve Woolgar, a reflexive Sociology of sociological Knowledge (SsK) is said to be possible by deconstructing the standard view of science, and its implementation within social sciences. This requires an integration of: (a) the post-structuralist concept of “discipline” as put forward by Michel Foucault; (b) postmodern theories prompting an understanding of cognitive differentiation of scientific discourses as a kind of “self-similarity” within a given episteme; and (c) Niklas Luhmann's systems theory focusing on the functional differentiation of science.
The metaphors of complexity: the language and cognitive resources of artificial life
Authors: Lestel Dominique
Published: March 2007

The use of computers has opened access to complex phenomena for the comprehension of which no operational narrative traditions are available. Notions of “life”, “cognition” and “intelligence” constitute metaphors and procedures for description and understanding that make it possible to discuss these phenomena, however. They represent cognitive resources for scientists. Why do computer scientists “play” at being biologists, and why do they view it as essential to naturalize their artifacts? When this question is taken as the starting point, it becomes possible to outline what an anthropological study of relations to complexity might look like. For “artificial life”, the outcome is a faustian attitude, implying the creation not of life, pure and simple, but of all possible forms of life. Most importantly, this “Godly discourse” goes along with the development of a truly astonishing object — self-modifiable, adaptable and evolutionary mimetic programs. There is no place for these surprising artifacts in the narrative traditions by means of which scholars may describe and account for them. To examine the all-pervasive but constantly denied language-related dimension of experimentation in artificial life, in an attempt to reach a more intimate understanding of how a purely playful technical project may be transformed into a grandiose metaphysical program, points to two major characteristics of such discourse, which have attracted little attention so far: its insistence on staging parallel, manipulatable and acceleratable temporal sequences for the phenomena observed, as well as an obdurate, painstaking will to exclude everything human from these worlds, which must be perfectly and even hermetically sealed off, this being perceived as a precondition for real life. One direct consequence of these radical positions is that they cut off artificial life from its richest heritage, and in particular from its forefathers in the world of art. One major consequence of this research on artificial life is the reformulation of where we cross boundaries in our culture, and rethinking the status of human beings.
What makes an individual the leader of its group? An evolutionary concept of distance regulation and leadership
Authors: Lamprecht Jürg
Published: March 2007

It is argued that leading is the outcome of an asymmetry between two or more individuals regulating their distance to one another and to other resources. The asymmetry which decides on leader and follower(s) is a momentary or permanent difference in the so-called critical distance to a particular partner. Beyond this distance, following the partner is more profitable in terms of reproductive fitness than staying back when he leaves or leaving when he stays. The individual with the greater critical distance to the partner can tolerate greater distances from him and thus will be the leader. The basic evolutionary model that is outlined allows us to understand various forms of leading and to specify some characteristics that enhance the probability of an individual to be the leader of a group, i.e. its “leadership”. For achieving a broader unifying framework that covers more than the most simple forms of leading, extensions of the basic model to several partners, objects or places, to manipulation of the partners' “landscape” of expected fitness payoffs, to time rather than space, and to prior negotiations on goals of joint action become necessary. Such extensions are outlined and discussed.
Which Third Way?
Authors: Brennan Teresa
Published: March 2007

Clinton and Blair have extolled a Third Way policy which is supposed to go beyond the policies of the present world where the `First Way' (capitalism) rules and the Second (socialism) failed. Clinton's Third Way ennumerated positive changes in theory, such as universal health care, equity in the tax code, national education standards and preschool. But in practice, the third way has only resulted in `welfare reform' and a free-trade pact with Mexico and Canada. Blair's policies for the UK mirrored those of the US, and other countries are now talking of the Third Way as a progressive advance. In fact the so-called Third Way, as presently conceived, serves the ends of multinational capital. I show this by reworking Marx's labour theory of value. This article explains the tension between the speed of production and the way that the reproduction of natural resources, including labour-power, cannot keep pace with that speed. Capital does not want to wait for natural resources and labour-power to regenerate, and therefore finds them by going further afield. Hence the endorsement of free trade pacts and globalization by the Third Way, and proposed multilateral agreements (such as the multilateral agreement on investment, or MAI). Under the Third Way, space for the expansion of corporations is doing well, while time for the generational reproduction of people is faring badly with legislation restricting welfare and other social provisions. I conclude that a real Third Way would have to be based on small business, and allow for the reproduction time of natural resources and labour-power.
Legacies of Radicalism: China's Cultural Revolution and the Democracy Movement of 1989
Authors: Calhoun Craig , Wasserstrom Jeffrey N.
Published: March 2007

Students in 1989 were at pains to distinguish their actions from those taken by students in the Cultural Revolution. Yet there were important similarities. In the present paper, we identify influence on the Democracy Movement from the Cultural Revolution through (1) the expansion and/or widespread familiarization of repertories of collective action available to Chinese activists; (2) precedents for collective action that may have lowered the barriers to action for some while raising them for others; (3) the participation of people at different stages of their lives in both movements; (4) the transformation of the significance of the ideas of democracy and political authority wrought by the Cultural Revolution for many Chinese; (5) the impact of the Cultural Revolution on Chinese intellectuals; (6) the material consequences of the Cultural Revolution which contributed to China's position in the post-Mao era and the specific issues reform and protest sought to confront; (7) the discourse of corruption which provided the 1989 movement with its strongest links between students and ordinary citizens, and which was accentuated in the Cultural Revolution; (8) the affirmation of the value of ordinary life by which students in the 1980s, encouraged by the `literature of the wounded', rebelled against the Puritanism and denigration of `unauthorized' personal relationships that had been characteristic of the Cultural Revolution; (9) the role of the Cultural Revolution as a cautionary tale, shaping the movement itself, inhibiting some older intellectuals from participating, and determining much of how the government viewed and responded to the Democracy Movement; and (10) the embeddedness in different ways of both Cultural Revolution and 1989 protests in an international context.
The Context of Women's Market Careers
Authors: CHARLES MARIA , BUCHMANN MARLIS , HALEBSKY SUSAN , POWERS JEANNE M. , SMITH MARISA M.
Published: March 2007

The authors compare determinants of labor force participation and occupational sex typing over a 20-year period for matched samples of American and Swiss women. Results indicate important cross-national differences in processes governing women's market careers. These are in line with the authors' predictions regarding mediating effects of specific cultural, organizational, and institutional factors that differentiate the two countries. Female labor force participation is more strongly influenced by family configuration in Switzerland than in the United States. This can be attributed to powerful cultural and organizational constraints on maternal employment in Switzerland. In addition, the association between educational credentials and occupational sex typing is stronger and more persistent in Switzerland due probably to the greater differentiation and tighter market linkages characterizing the Swiss educational system. Results suggest that the explanatory power of conventional individual-level models of female market behavior varies depending on the structural and normative conditions under which women make life choices.
Socialization for Occupational Disengagement
Authors: BAssis Michael S. , Rosengren William R.
Published: March 2007

This is a study of occupational disengagement among students in American, British, and Spanish merchant marine academies. Disengagement is shown to be a function of two attributes of training. The first involves the content of training in the sense that students acquire a more realistic and less romantic view of their future career once they are faced with training experiences which simulate the actual work situation. The second attribute concerns the social context in which this education occurs. Specifically, students attending schools of a military character manifest much less commitment than do students attending vocational- professional types of schools. It is reasoned that occupational commitment may be partially a function of the degree to which effective bonds of loyalty and attachment are nurtured between student and school and may be determined early in the training period.
Black Occupational Change and Education
Authors: Erbe Brigitte Mach
Published: March 2007

A study of census data shows that differences in the occupational distribution of the male and nonwhite male labor force in the United States have declined slightly between 1950 and 1970, both overall and within educational groups. However, differences in level of schooling or test achievement between whites and nonwhites cannot explain the underrepresentation of nonwhites in managerial, sales, and skilled manual occupations. The proportionate representation of nonwhites in occupations, instead, is a function of the income of the occupation relative to its educational prerequisites. Equal recruitment of educationally qualified nonwhites into skilled crafts and managerial jobs would significantly upgrade the occupational and income status of about fifteen percent of the nonwhite male labor force.
Labor Market Structure in the United Kingdom
Authors: DALE ANGELA M.
Published: March 2007

Occupational mobility data from the United Kingdom is used to operationalize a typology of labor markets, derived from the work of Althauser and Kalleberg, based upon occupation, rather than firm or industry. It is shown that not only are there distinct differences in access to firm internal labor markets and occupational labor markets based upon occupation, but also differences between men and women and full- and part-time workers. Within the same occupation, there is some evidence for the existence of separate labor markets for men and women, and for full-time and part-time workers. Part-time employees are less likely than full-timers to gain access to internal labor markets and are thereby disadvantaged during times of economic recession.
The Wisconsin Model of Status Attainment and the Occupational Choice Process
Authors: SALTIEL JOHN
Published: March 2007

A method is presented whereby discrete occupational titles can be represented along a multidimensional continuum reflecting a population's shared perceptions. The spatial locations are then used to operationalize significant others' influence and vocational preferences enabling a test of the applicability of the Wisconsin model of status attainment to the process of occupational choice. Data from a sample of high school students were used to demonstrate the procedure. This model was shown to be useful for explicating the processes by which specific occupational choices are made.
Forms and Extent of Employee Participation in the Contemporary United States
Authors: RUSSELL RAYMOND
Published: March 2007

In recent years American businesses have shown increasing interest in employee participation in a number of forms. Such innovations as employee stock ownership plans, profit sharing, labormanagement committees, quality circles, and work redesign all appear to be substantially more popular in the contemporary United States than they have been in the past. Research on the impact of these programs, however, suggests that they tend to have either negligible or at best only short-lived effects. And American managers continue to shy away from the major commitments that appear needed to increase the likelihood that these efforts to increase employee participation will have both significant and lasting effects.
Work Characteristics and Ill Health
Authors: LEWIN-EPSTEIN NOAH
Published: March 2007

Utilizing the concept of gender roles, a framework is proposed for the study of sex differences in the work-health association. The hypotheses put forward reason that social psychological attributes of work that reflect on self-image and identity will be most consequential for men's health, whereas demands at work on one's time and energy will more strongly affect women. The empirical analysis was based on a sample of 442 employed men and 243 employed women residing in urban communities in Israel. Working women reported more somatic complaints and illness behavior than men. Men's health, however, was more strongly related to work characteristics, and this was particularly true for perceived health status and medical visits. Among women, work-related attributes were most strongly related to somatic complaints. The patterns of relationship between specific work attributes and illness in the two groups were somewhat different. Lack of job satisfaction and higher stress were more strongly related to illness among men, whereas the effect of excessive work demands was more pronounced in the case of women's health. These findings are discussed in light of theoretical approaches, and the implications for changing female work activities are considered.
Militancy, Unionism, and Gender Ideology
Authors: GRAY DAVID E.
Published: March 2007

Two general explanations have been used by sociologists to account for the increase in industrial conflict involving nurses. The first focuses on changes in the organization of nursing work and argues that the profession has undergone a process of proletarianization. The second emphasizes changes in sex roles and gender ideologies among women. Both explanations argue that these historical developments are reflected in existing inequalities among nurses and that these inequalities are linked with industrial militancy. This article reviews these explanations and empirically evaluates the second in a study of hospital nurses. The results indicate support for the gender explanation. The implications of the findings are then related to the position of nursing in the medical division of labor.
The Permanently New Economy
Authors: RITZER GEORGE
Published: March 2007

The United States is characterized by what may be best described as a “permanently new economy” because radical changes can be expected to continue to occur. Four broad types of change are discussed-those external to the United States, internal changes, changes in technology and knowledge, and demographic shifts. While various subareas within sociology have made important contributions to our understanding of these changes, there is a strong need for the revival of economic sociology to deal in a more general manner with economic changes. A resuscitated economic sociology could help us focus on the relationship between the economy and other social institutions. Also of great utility would be increased cross-fertilization between economics and economic sociology.
Service Sector Growth and Metropolitan Occupational Sex Segregation
Authors: LORENCE JON
Published: March 2007

Analyses of the largest 130 U.S. metropolitan statistical areas in 1980 revealed little support for cultural or human capital explanations of occupational sex segregation. Gender differences in occupational distributions arose more from structural characteristics of urban labor markets than from the characteristics of individuals. Although a larger supply of men relative to women in the labor force increased occupational differences, greater employment in service industries had the most pronounced impact on gender occupational placement. The findings suggest that continued job growth in service industries will lead to greater occupational similarity between the sexes as declining employment opportunities in manufacturing compel more men to assume less gender-segregated positions in social and personal services industries. Linkages between industrial structure, occupations, and indices of dissimilarity were also examined.