bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An appraisal of the compressive force path concept
Authors: Singh Bhupinder , Jangir Nitesh Kumar
Published: October 2012

The results of an experimental appraisal of the compressive force path concept are presented in the form of a comparative study of the behaviour of beams reinforced in compliance with this concept and that of beams designed for shear in compliance with codal provisions based on the 45° truss analogy. The experimental results support the assertion of the compressive force path concept that the causes of failure of shear critical beams are associated with stress conditions in the region of the path along which the compressive chord force is transmitted to the supports and not with the traditional concept of shear capacity of a critical section. The experiments confirmed that although detailing of transverse reinforcement in the shear span of a beam following the recommendations of the 45° truss analogy will prevent a premature shear failure, such detailing in itself may not be sufficient to provide appreciable ductility to the member. Significant enhancement of ductility was observed in those beams in which the transverse reinforcement had been extended from the shear span into the flexure span in compliance with the compressive force path concept.
Workability and mechanical properties of crumb-rubber concrete
Authors: Najim Khalid Battal , Hall Matthew Robert
Published: October 2012

The addition of crumb-rubber aggregate has a significant effect on concrete mix apparent porosity which affects both the plastic state workability and hardened state mechanical properties. New experimental data are presented and analysed to better understand this behaviour. Crumb-rubber-modified concrete exhibits reduced slump while maintaining a high compaction factor in the plastic state. Structural rubber-modified concrete (fcu > 17 MPa, ρd  =  > 2000 kg/m3) can be designed with crumb-rubber substitution up to 20%wt fine aggregate replacement or up to approximately 15%wt coarse aggregate or coarse + fine aggregate replacement. The dynamic modulus of elasticity can be predicted reliably using the empirical equation Ed  =  0·524fcu + 15·5 which allows the ultrasonic pulse velocity test to be used as an indicative assessment of mix quality. ‘Good’ quality rubber-modified mixes can be produced using 10%wt fine aggregate and coarse + fine aggregate replacement mixes, and up to 20%wt coarse + fine aggregate replacement, and 30%wt fine aggregate replacement, is achievable depending upon the original mix workability.
Ballast water regulations and the move toward concentration‐based numeric discharge limits
Authors: Albert Ryan J. , Lishman John M. , Saxena Juhi R.
Published: October 2012

Ballast water from shipping is a principal source for the introduction of nonindigenous species. As a result, numerous government bodies have adopted various ballast water management practices and discharge standards to slow or eliminate the future introduction and dispersal of these nonindigenous species. For researchers studying ballast water issues, understanding the regulatory framework is helpful to define the scope of research needed by policy makers to develop effective regulations. However, for most scientists, this information is difficult to obtain because it is outside the standard scientific literature and often difficult to interpret. This paper provides a brief review of the regulatory framework directed toward scientists studying ballast water and aquatic invasive species issues. We describe different approaches to ballast water management in international, U.S. federal and state, and domestic ballast water regulation. Specifically, we discuss standards established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the U.S. Coast Guard and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and individual states in the United States including California, New York, and Minnesota. Additionally, outside the United States, countries such as Australia, Canada, and New Zealand have well‐established domestic ballast water regulatory regimes. Different approaches to regulation have recently resulted in variations between numeric concentration‐based ballast water discharge limits, particularly in the United States, as well as reliance on use of ballast water exchange pending development and adoption of rigorous science‐based discharge standards.

To date, numeric concentration‐based discharge limits have not generally been based upon a thorough application of risk‐assessment methodologies. Regulators, making decisions based on the available information and methodologies before them, have consequently established varying standards, or not established standards at all. The review and refinement of ballast water discharge standards by regulatory agencies will benefit from activity by the scientific community to improve and develop more precise risk‐assessment methodologies.
Clinical Effectiveness of Diode Laser Therapy as an Adjunct to Non‐Surgical Periodontal Treatment: A Randomized Clinical Study
Authors: Dukić Walter , Bago Ivona , Aurer Andrej , Roguljić Marija
Published: October 2012

Background: The aim of this randomized clinical study is to evaluate the effect of a 980‐nm diode laser as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) treatment.

Methods: Thirty‐five patients with chronic periodontitis were selected for the split‐mouth clinical study. SRP was performed using a sonic device and hand instruments. Quadrants were equally divided between the right and left sides. Teeth were treated with SRP in two control quadrants (control groups [CG]), and the diode laser was used adjunctively with SRP in contralateral quadrants (laser groups [LG]). Diode laser therapy was applied to periodontal pockets on days 1, 3, and 7 after SRP. Baseline data, including approximal plaque index (API), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL), were recorded before the treatment and 6 and 18 weeks after treatment. Changes in PD and CAL were analyzed separately for initially moderate (4 to 6 mm) and deep (7 to 10 mm) pockets.

Results: The results were similar for both groups in terms of API, BOP, PD in deep pockets, and CAL. The laser group showed only significant PD gain in moderate pockets during the baseline to 18‐week (P <0.05) and 6‐ to 18‐ week (P <0.05) periods, whereas no difference was found between LG and CG in the remaining clinical parameters (P >0.05).

Conclusion: The present study indicates that, compared to SRP alone, multiple adjunctive applications of a 980‐nm diode laser with SRP showed PD improvements only in moderate periodontal pockets (4 to 6 mm).
On an algorithm in nondifferential convex optimization
Authors: Djuranovic-Milicic Nada , Gardasevic-Filipovic Milanka
Published: October 2012

In this paper an algorithm for minimization of a nondifferentiable function
is presented. The algorithm uses the Moreau-Yosida regularization of the
objective function and its second order Dini upper directional derivative.
The purpose of the paper is to establish general hypotheses for this
algorithm, under which convergence occurs to optimal points. A convergence
proof is given, as well as an estimate of the rate of the convergence.
Auditor Perceptions of Client Narcissism as a Fraud Attitude Risk Factor
Authors: Johnson Eric N. , Kuhn John R. , Apostolou Barbara A. , Hassell John M.
Published: October 2012

Auditing standards prescribe that the auditor should consider client management's attitude toward fraud when making fraud risk assessments. However, little guidance is provided in the auditing standards or the existing fraud literature on observable indicators of fraud attitude. We test whether observable indicators of narcissism, a personality trait linked to unethical and fraudulent behavior, is viewed by auditors as an indicator of increased fraud attitude risk. We administered an experiment to 101 practicing auditors from one international public accounting firm who assessed fraud risk based on a scenario in which client manager narcissism (attitude) and fraud motivation were each manipulated at two levels (low and high). Our results show that narcissistic client behavior and fraud motivation are significantly and positively related to auditors' overall fraud risk assessments. Implications of these findings for further research and the auditing profession are discussed.

Data Availability: Contact the authors.
The effect of preoperative antimicrobial administration on culture results in dogs undergoing cystotomy
Authors: Buote Nicole J. , Kovak-McClaran Janet R. , Loar Andrew S. , Cherrone Karen L.
Published: October 2012

Objective—To evaluate the effect of preoperative antimicrobial administration on culture results in dogs undergoing cystotomy as a treatment for urolithiasis.

Design—Prospective controlled study.

Animals—41 dogs undergoing cystotomy for cystic calculi removal.

Procedures—Urine samples were collected at time of anesthetic induction and during surgery prior to cystotomy, and a mucosal biopsy and culturette swab was collected during surgery from a control group, which received antimicrobials only after surgical culture sample collection, and from an experimental group, which received antimicrobials at the time of anesthetic induction.

Results—17 of 41 patients had positive culture results at anesthetic induction. Twenty of 41 patients had positive results of cultures for the surgical sample. No dogs that had positive results before antimicrobial administration had negative results after antimicrobial administration. There were no significant changes to urinalysis results regardless of group. Calcium monohydrate uroliths were the most common stone removed (24/41), followed by magnesium ammonium phosphate uroliths (11/41).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—There was no difference in culture results (positivity and bacterial type) when antimicrobials were given at anesthetic induction versus after surgical culture sample collection for dogs undergoing cystotomy for cystic calculi removal.
Simple and rapid liquid chromatography method for simultaneous determination of isoniazid and pyrazinamide in plasma
Authors: Hemanth AK Kumar , Sudha V , Ramachandran G
Published: October 2012

Introduction: Treatment of tuberculosis (TB) requires a combination of drugs. Isoniazid (INH) and pyrazinamide (PZA) are key components of the fi rst-line regimen used in the treatment of TB and monitoring these drug levels in plasma would help in better patient care. The objective of the study is to develop and validate a simple and rapid high performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous determination of INH and PZA in human plasma. Methodology: The method involved deproteinisation of plasma with para hydroxy benzaldehyde and trifl uoroacetic acid and analysis using a reversed-phase C8 column and UV detection at 267nm. The fl ow rate was set at 1.5 ml/min at ambient temperature. The accuracy, linearity, precision, specifi city, stability and recovery of the method were evaluated. The method was applied to estimate plasma INH and PZA collected from six children with TB. Results: Well resolved peaks of PZA and INH at retention times of 3.2 and 6.1 minutes respectively were obtained. The assay was linear from 0.25 - 10.0 ìg/ml for INH and 1.25 – 50.0 ìg/ml for PZA. The within-day and between-day relative standard deviation for standards were below 10%. The average recoveries of INH and PZA from plasma were 104 and 102% respectively. Conclusions: A rapid and accurate method for simultaneous determination of INH and PZA in plasma was validated. The assay spans the concentration range of clinical interest. The easy sample preparation and small sample size makes this assay highly suitable for pharmacokinetic studies of INH and PZA in TB patients. SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases & HIV/AIDS 2012; IX (1) 13-18 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v9i1.6960
Asthma in young and elderly: The differences
Authors: Kishan J , Garg K
Published: October 2012

Introduction: Asthma is considered as disease of childhood but may continue in elderly or elderly may be diagnosed as asthmatic for the fi rst time. Asthma in elderly may differ from young with respect to diagnosis and management on account of psychosocial and economic differences and age related changes which may further be enhanced because of comorbidities and interactions between the drugs used for comorbidities. Methodology: Young and elderly asthmatics were compared with regards to Symptoms, Severity (Global Initiative for Asthma: GINA guidelines), Accessibility to treatment, Co-morbidities, Inhalational techniques, Compliance and factors affecting compliance and; Outcome measures. These patients were followed up periodically for above said parameters. Results: Salient differences noted in elderly vs young were: higher GINA scoring (Moderate Persistent: 30% vs 10%), baseline non-compliance (60% vs 30%), non-compliance due to cost and memory (80% vs 26.7%), incorrect technique of inhalation (69.6% vs 42.4%), comorbidities (98% vs 38%) and concomitant drug usage (68% vs 40%). There were differences in symptoms and quality of life indicators. There was signifi cant improvement in various parameters in both groups, especially the young if counseled properly. Conclusion: Signifi cant differences exist between elderly and young asthmatics. SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases & HIV/AIDS 2012; IX (1) 19-25 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v9i1.6961
Pulmonary hydatid cyst - A radiological challenge!
Authors: Kumar N , Mishra M , Singhal A
Published: October 2012

Hydatid disease is a parasitic infestation caused by Echinococcus granulosus. The resulting large cysts in the lung, a special clinical entity called giant hydatid cysts, is rare. Our case involves a middle-aged man who presented to us with vague chest complaints. Chest X-ray revealed a large cavity with an airfl uid level in the right hemithorax, which brought to the mind a constellation of differential diagnoses. A diagnosis of hydatid cyst was made intraoperatively. This case report provides evidence that radiological findings may be misleading and cause a diagnostic delay in such cases. SAARC Journal of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases & HIV/AIDS 2012; IX (1) 39-42 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/saarctb.v9i1.6964
Effects of Severe Floods and Droughts on Wildlife of the Pantanal Wetland (Brazil)—A Review
Authors: Alho Cleber J. R. , Silva João S. V.
Published: October 2012

Flooding throughout the Pantanal is seasonal. The complex vegetative cover and high seasonal productivity support a diverse and abundant fauna. A gradient in flood level supports a range of major habitats in a complex mosaic with annual seasonality. The rivers and streams are lined with gallery forests, and other arboreal habitats exist in the more elevated areas. The remainder is either grasslands or seasonally flooded grasslands. The regional flora and fauna are adapted to annual water fluctuation. However, an inter-annual series of higher or lower rainfalls has caused either severe floods or drastic dry seasons. Large scale climate phenomena such as greenhouse gases, El Niño and La Niña influence the seasonality of floods and droughts in the Pantanal. Knowledge of severe floods and droughts, which characterize natural disasters, is fundamental for wildlife management and nature conservation of the Pantanal. Plants and wild animals, for example, are affected by tree mortality in riparian forest after extreme flooding, with consequent habitat modification for wild animals. In addition, human activities are also affected since cattle ranching and ecotourism are economically important in the region, and when seasons with unusual floods or droughts occur, areas with human settlements are impacted.
Do Non-Genomically Encoded Fusion Transcripts Cause Recurrent Chromosomal Translocations?
Authors: Kowarz Eric , Dingermann Theo , Marschalek Rolf
Published: October 2012

We among others have recently demonstrated that normal cells produce “fusion mRNAs”. These fusion mRNAs do not derive from rearranged genomic loci, but rather they are derived from “early-terminated transcripts” (ETTs). Premature transcriptional termination takes place in intronic sequences that belong to “breakpoint cluster regions”. One important property of ETTs is that they exhibit an unsaturated splice donor site. This results in: (1) splicing to “cryptic exons” present in the final intron; (2) Splicing to another transcript of the same gene (intragenic trans-splicing), resulting in “exon repetitions”; (3) splicing to a transcript of another gene (intergenic trans-splicing), leading to “non-genomically encoded fusion transcripts” (NGEFTs). These NGEFTs bear the potential risk to influence DNA repair processes, since they share identical nucleotides with their DNA of origin, and thus, could be used as “guidance RNA” for DNA repair processes. Here, we present experimental data about four other genes. Three of them are associated with hemato-malignancies (ETV6, NUP98 and RUNX1), while one is associated with solid tumors (EWSR1). Our results demonstrate that all genes investigated so far (MLL, AF4, AF9, ENL, ELL, ETV6, NUP98, RUNX1 and EWSR1) display ETTs and produce transpliced mRNA species, indicating that this is a genuine property of translocating genes.
Impaired Sulfate Metabolism and Epigenetics: Is There a Link in Autism?
Authors: Hartzell Samantha , Seneff Stephanie
Published: October 2012

Autism is a brain disorder involving social, memory, and learning deficits, that normally develops prenatally or early in childhood. Frustratingly, many research dollars have as yet failed to identify the cause of autism. While twin concordance studies indicate a strong genetic component, the alarming rise in the incidence of autism in the last three decades suggests that environmental factors play a key role as well. This dichotomy can be easily explained if we invoke a heritable epigenetic effect as the primary factor. Researchers are just beginning to realize the huge significance of epigenetic effects taking place during gestation in influencing the phenotypical expression. Here, we propose the novel hypothesis that sulfates deficiency in both the mother and the child, brought on mainly by excess exposure to environmental toxins and inadequate sunlight exposure to the skin, leads to widespread hypomethylation in the fetal brain with devastating consequences. We show that many seemingly disparate observations regarding serum markers, neuronal pathologies, and nutritional deficiencies associated with autism can be integrated to support our hypothesis.
Ischemic Postconditioning Alleviates Neuronal Injury Caused by Relief of Carotid Stenosis in a Rat Model of Cerebral Hypoperfusion
Authors: Feng Chunsheng , Luo Tianfei , Qi Li , Wang Boyu , Luo Yinan , Ge Pengfei
Published: October 2012

The effects of early relief of heavy bilateral carotid stenosis and ischemic postconditioning on hippocampus CA1 neurons are still unclear. In this study, we used a rat model to imitate severe bilateral carotid stenosis in humans. The rats were divided into sham group, carotid stenosis group, stenosis relief group and ischemic postconditioning group. Ischemic postconditioning consisted of three cycles of 30 s ischemia and 30 s reperfusion. The cerebral blood flow was measured with a laser Doppler flowmeter. Neuronal death in the CA1 region was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, and the number of live neurons was assessed by cell counting under a light microscope. The levels of oxidative products MDA and 8-iso-PGF2α, inflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α, and the activities of anti-oxidative enzymes SOD and CAT were assayed by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, respectively. We found that relief of carotid stenosis and ischemic postconditioning could increase cerebral blood flow. When stenosis was relieved, the percentage of live neurons was 66.6% ± 6.2% on day 3 and 62.3% ± 9.8% on day 27, which was significantly higher than 55.5% ± 4.8% in stenosis group. Ischemic postconditioning markedly improved the live neurons to 92.5% ± 6.7% on day 3 and 88.6% ± 9.1% on day 27. Further study showed that, neuronal death caused by relief of stenosis is associated with increased oxidative stress and enhanced inflammatory response, and the protection of ischemic postconditioning is related to inhibition of oxidative stress and suppression of inflammatory response.
Proteomic Analysis of Albumins and Globulins from Wheat Variety Chinese Spring and Its Fine Deletion Line 3BS-8
Authors: Ma Chao-Ying , Gao Li-Yan , Li Ning , Li Xiao-Hui , Ma Wu-Jun , Appels Rudi , Yan Yue-Ming
Published: October 2012

The relationship between chromosome deletion in wheat and protein expression were investigated using Chinese Spring and fine deletion line 3BS-8. Through 2-DE (2-D electrophoresis) analysis, no differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were found in leaf samples; however, 47 DEPs showed at least two-fold abundance variation (p < 0.05) in matured wheat grains and 21 spots were identified by tandem MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS. Among the identified spots, four were cultivar-specific, including three (spots B15, B16, and B21) in Chinese Spring and one in 3BS-8 (spot B10). Among variety-different DEPs between Chinese Spring and 3BS-8, most spots showed a higher express profile in CS; only four spots showed up-regulated expression tendency in 3BS-8. An interesting observation was that more than half of the identified protein spots were involved in storage proteins, of which 11 spots were identified as globulins. According to these results, we can presume that the encoded genes of protein spots B15, B16, and B21 were located on the chromosome segment deleted in 3BS-8.
A Guideline to Univariate Statistical Analysis for LC/MS-Based Untargeted Metabolomics-Derived Data
Authors: Vinaixa Maria , Samino Sara , Saez Isabel , Duran Jordi , Guinovart Joan J. , Yanes Oscar
Published: October 2012

Several metabolomic software programs provide methods for peak picking, retention time alignment and quantification of metabolite features in LC/MS-based metabolomics. Statistical analysis, however, is needed in order to discover those features significantly altered between samples. By comparing the retention time and MS/MS data of a model compound to that from the altered feature of interest in the research sample, metabolites can be then unequivocally identified. This paper reports on a comprehensive overview of a workflow for statistical analysis to rank relevant metabolite features that will be selected for further MS/MS experiments. We focus on univariate data analysis applied in parallel on all detected features. Characteristics and challenges of this analysis are discussed and illustrated using four different real LC/MS untargeted metabolomic datasets. We demonstrate the influence of considering or violating mathematical assumptions on which univariate statistical test rely, using high-dimensional LC/MS datasets. Issues in data analysis such as determination of sample size, analytical variation, assumption of normality and homocedasticity, or correction for multiple testing are discussed and illustrated in the context of our four untargeted LC/MS working examples.
Design, Synthesis and in Vivo Anti-inflammatory Activities of 2,4-Diaryl-5-4H-imidazolone Derivatives
Authors: El-Araby Moustafa , Omar Abdelsattar , Hassanein Hassanein H. , El-Helby Abdel-Ghany H. , Abdel-Rahman Asharf A.
Published: October 2012

A series of 2,4-diaryl-5(4H)-imidazolones were prepared and evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activities. Some selected 2,4-diaryl-5(4H)-imidazolones exhibited excellent anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model. Structure Activity Relationships within the series were studied. The substitution at the N-sulfonamide moiety by a small hydrophilic acetyl group resulted in compounds with superior in vivo anti-inflammatory properties. As expected from their COX-2 selectivity, most of the active compounds lacked gastrointestinal toxicity in vivo in rats after a 3-day treatment of 25 mg/kg/day.
Artificial Neural Networks in Evaluation and Optimization of Modified Release Solid Dosage Forms
Authors: Ibrić Svetlana , Djuriš Jelena , Parojčić Jelena , Djurić Zorica
Published: October 2012

Implementation of the Quality by Design (QbD) approach in pharmaceutical development has compelled researchers in the pharmaceutical industry to employ Design of Experiments (DoE) as a statistical tool, in product development. Among all DoE techniques, response surface methodology (RSM) is the one most frequently used. Progress of computer science has had an impact on pharmaceutical development as well. Simultaneous with the implementation of statistical methods, machine learning tools took an important place in drug formulation. Twenty years ago, the first papers describing application of artificial neural networks in optimization of modified release products appeared. Since then, a lot of work has been done towards implementation of new techniques, especially Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) in modeling of production, drug release and drug stability of modified release solid dosage forms. The aim of this paper is to review artificial neural networks in evaluation and optimization of modified release solid dosage forms.
Algorithm for Soybean Classification Using Medium Resolution Satellite Images
Authors: Gusso Anibal , Ducati Jorge Ricardo
Published: October 2012

An accurate estimation of soybean crop areas while the plants are still in the field is highly necessary for reliable calculation of real crop parameters as to yield, production and other data important to decision-making policies related to government planning. An algorithm for soybean classification over the Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, was developed as an objective, automated tool. It is based on reflectance from medium spatial resolution images. The classification method was called the RCDA (Reflectance-based Crop Detection Algorithm), which operates through a mathematical combination of multi-temporal optical reflectance data obtained from Landsat-5 TM images. A set of 39 municipalities was analyzed for eight crop years between 1996/1997 and 2009/2010. RCDA estimates were compared to the official estimates of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) for soybean area at a municipal level. Coefficients R2 were between 0.81 and 0.98, indicating good agreement of the estimates. The RCDA was also compared to a soybean crop map derived from Landsat images for the 2000/2001 crop year, the overall map accuracy was 91.91% and the Kappa Index of Agreement was 0.76. Due to the calculation chain and pre-defined parameters, RCDA is a timesaving procedure and is less subjected to analyst skills for image interpretation. Thus, the RCDA was considered advantageous to provide thematic soybean maps at local and regional scales.
Thermoresponsive Magnetic Nano-Biosensors for Rapid Measurements of Inorganic Arsenic and Cadmium
Authors: Siddiki Mohammad Shohel Rana , Shimoaoki Shun , Ueda Shunsaku , Maeda Isamu
Published: October 2012

Green fluorescent protein-tagged sensor proteins, ArsR-GFP and CadC-GFP, have been produced as biosensors for simple and low-cost quantification of As(III) or Cd(II). In this study, the sensor protein-promoter DNA complexes were reconstructed on the surfaces of magnetic particles of different sizes. After the surface modification all the particles could be attracted by magnets, and released different amounts of GFP-tagged protein, according to the metal concentrations within 5 min, which caused significant increases in fluorescence. A detection limit of 1 µg/L for As(III) and Cd(II) in purified water was obtained only with the nanoparticles exhibiting enough magnetization after heat treatment for 1 min. Therefore, thermoresponsive magnetic nano-biosensors offer great advantages of rapidity and sensitivity for the measurement of the toxic metals in drinking water.
2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years. By Jorgen Randers, Chelsea Green Publishing, 2012; 304 pages. Price US24.95 ISBN 978-1-60358-467-8
Authors: Lin Shu-Kun
Published: October 2012

Forty years ago, The Limits to Growth study addressed the grand question of how humans would adapt to the physical limitations of planet Earth. It predicted that during the first half of the 21st century the ongoing growth in the human ecological footprint would stop—either through catastrophic “overshoot and collapse”—or through well-managed “peak and decline.”
Imidazolinium and amidinium salts as Lewis acid organocatalysts
Authors: Sereda Oksana , Clemens Nicole , Heckel Tatjana , Wilhelm René
Published: October 2012

The application of imidazolinium and amidinium salts as soft Lewis acid organocatalysts is described. These salts were suitable catalysts for the activation of unsaturated thioesters in a Diels–Alder reaction and in the ring opening of thiiranes and epoxides. The products were isolated in good yields. The mild catalysts did not cause desulfurization of the products containing a thiol or thiocarbonyl group.
Quand la maladie révèle et réveille les souffrances familiales
Authors: Dupré La Tour Monique , Gorlero Caroline
Published: October 2012

Résumé À partir de leur expérience d’accueillantes en binôme dans un lieu d’écoute ouvert aux malades du cancer et à leur entourage, les auteurs s’interrogent sur le réveil des relations primaires de l’histoire infantile et la possible reprise de leur élaboration, permettant l’inscription dans une généalogie et ouvrant sur une meilleure transmission. L’article présente le dispositif de cet accueil en insistant sur la spécificité de ce binôme (l’un des deux thérapeutes accueillants a personnellement l’expérience de la maladie) et propose quelques exemples cliniques pour illustrer cette réflexion.
Couples face au cancer
Authors: Proia-Lelouey Nadine , Lemoignie Sylvie
Published: October 2012

Résumé Cet article rend compte d’une recherche sur le vécu des couples confrontés au cancer. La qualité de vie du patient et de son entourage devient de plus en plus cruciale au fur et à mesure que s’accroît l’espérance de vie des personnes atteintes. Le couple constitue une entité psychique spécifique qui résulte de la dynamique intersubjective entre conjoints. Cette entité peut être atteinte en cas de maladie grave. L’étude servant d’appui à cet article porte sur l’annonce de la maladie, la période des traitements et la rémission. Il est ainsi mis en évidence que le « syndrome de Lazare » ne concerne pas que la personne malade, mais également le conjoint et que l’homéostasie du couple est perturbée bien au-delà de l’annonce de la rémission.
Les défis internes de la dynastie saoudienne
Authors: Aby Romain
Published: October 2012

Résumé Depuis fin 2010, l’Arabie Saoudite a traversé les contestations Saoudite régionales avec une apparente stabilité. Dans un Moyen-Orient où chaque État évolue avec des spécificités sociales et politiques propres, une réflexion sur ce royaume méconnu et pourtant si important sur la scène internationale est nécessaire. En partant du postulat que tout rayonnement régional ne peut se faire qu’avec une stabilité interne préalable, il semble utile de lancer le débat sur les dynamiques internes. Que ce soit le dynamisme démographique, la présence d’une communauté chiite ou plus simplement les rapports de force internes dans le cadre d’une succession monarchique, ce sont autant de défis que devra relever la famille al-Saoud dans les mois et années à venir.
La formalisation de l'emploi à l'épreuve du travail invisible
Authors: Georges Isabel , Vidal Dominique
Published: October 2012

À partir d’enquêtes sur les travailleuses domestiques à Rio de Janeiro et sur deux catégories de travailleurs sociaux récemment créés (les agents communautaires de santé et les agents de protection sociale) à São Paulo, cet article se donne pour objectif d’analyser les effets de la formalisation de l’emploi de femmes employées dans le secteur des services au Brésil. On met en perspective, dans la première partie, le processus de visibilisation juridique à l’œuvre dans ces emplois. On insiste ensuite, à partir d’une analyse de l’activité, sur le travail invisible qui continue à caractériser ces activités, en dépit de la visibilisation juridique des catégories professionnelles des femmes qui les réalisent. On montre enfin comment ces processus de visibilisation juridique en permettent des usages différents, lesquels laissent justement dans l’invisibilité une partie du travail effectué. On s’interroge notamment sur l’impact de la formalisation de l’emploi sur le contenu du travail, en se demandant si la visibilisation juridique contribue à une reconnaissance du travail préexistant ou si elle concourt à sa transformation.
La servitude et le volontaire : les usages politiques du travail invisible dans les parcs de la ville de New York
Authors: Krinsky John , Simonet Maud
Published: October 2012

En s’appuyant sur une recherche sur les transformations de la main-d’œuvre chargée de l’entretien des parcs municipaux à New York, cet article se propose de montrer combien le travail des bénévoles d’une part et celui des allocataires de l’aide sociale contraints de travailler d’autre part ( workfare ), s’avèrent, depuis la crise budgétaire des années 1970, nécessaires au bon fonctionnement, voire à la survie du département des parcs et jardins de la ville. Si tout éloigne ces deux catégories de travailleurs atypiques qui appartiennent à des classes sociales souvent diamétralement opposées et s’inscrivent dans des rapports au travail d’entretien, des formes de reconnnaissance sociale et des régimes de mobilisation pour le moins différents, travailleurs bénévoles et workfare workers se ressemblent pourtant dans les usages que la municipalité a pu faire de leur travail, un travail non reconnu comme tel et non rémunéré, invisibilisé, au nom de la citoyenneté qu’il exprime ou permettrait de regagner.
Travailleurs inachevés et syndicalisation paradoxale : ce que nous apprend le cas des pompiers volontaires
Authors: Pudal Romain
Published: October 2012

Cet article est consacré au service public d’incendie et de secours qui fonctionne en France sur un modèle particulier puisque le volontariat y est massif (près de 200 000 pompiers volontaires soit 80 % de l’effectif total). À côté des professionnels et des militaires, ce sont donc des pompiers volontaires (étudiants, salariés, chômeurs...) qui accomplissent les missions de secours en étant rémunérés à la vacation horaire. En partant de l’idée de J.-N. Retière selon laquelle depuis plusieurs années la compétence supplante le dévouement comme qualité principale d’un volontaire, nous montrons les effets actuels de cette évolution en terme de professionnalisation croissante de cet engagement. Celle-ci génère des tensions et des contradictions internes que plusieurs réformes récentes relevant d’une privatisation des services publics viennent encore accentuer. Face à l’injonction au professionnalisme dont ils font l’objet, les pompiers volontaires commencent à se syndiquer, phénomène qui marque une nouvelle étape dans un processus de visibilisation et de reconnaissance de ces travailleurs inachevés.
Contester et subir : formes et fondements de la critique sociale des travailleurs détenus
Authors: Guilbaud Fabrice
Published: October 2012

À partir d’enquêtes de terrain dans sept prisons, l’article porte sur la critique sociale formulée par des détenus (femmes et hommes) au sujet de leurs conditions d’emploi et de salaire. Le décalage entre leurs conditions et le droit commun (absences de contrat de travail et de protection sociale, salaire à la pièce), l’expérience vécue du travail (en prison et avant) et la connaissance de l’actualité sociale sont au fondement de répertoires d’actions concentrés sur la faiblesse des salaires et le niveau des cadences. Malgré l’interdiction du droit de grève, la critique sociale peut se transformer en action collective. Les détenus sont conscients de subir un déni de droit ; leurs discours et leurs pratiques montrent qu’ils se considèrent comme des travailleurs salariés et qu’ils agissent comme tels.
L'Europe des gaullistes
Authors: Manigand Christine
Published: October 2012

Résumé Les relations entre les groupes politiques gaullistes et les institutions parlementaires européennes n’ont jamais été analysées en profondeur. Afin de les éclairer, l’auteur s’attache à scruter le comportement des représentants gaullistes qui siégèrent dans les différentes assemblées européennes après le congrès de La Haye, en 1948, et jusqu’à 1979, date de l’élection au suffrage universel du Parlement européen. Si l’attitude gaulliste face à la construction communautaire ne fut pas univoque ou monolithique, cet article révèle qu’elle fut plus complexe encore qu’il n’y paraît de prime abord, influencée peut-être par l’atmosphère plus conviviale des premières assemblées européennes.
Gaullistes et socialistes au prisme du pouvoir local
Authors: Ollivier Anne-Laure
Published: October 2012

Résumé Si l’histoire des relations entre socialistes et gaullistes est connue, le prisme local en donne une autre image. À partir du cas marseillais, cet article montre combien les hommes, les cultures et les configurations politiques locales façonnèrent cette histoire : au temps de l’opposition, lorsque les gaullistes emportent la mairie en 1947, succède le temps de l’alliance, entre 1953 et 1965, après la victoire du socialiste Gaston Defferre. Dès lors, la scène politique marseillaise constitue le négatif de l’histoire nationale : les gaullistes dans l’opposition, les socialistes au pouvoir. Cette histoire « par le bas » montre donc comment la Section française de l’Internationale ouvrière (SFIO) est parvenue à surmonter l’épreuve de la Cinquième République, en se repliant sur ses positions locales. A contrario , l’incapacité des gaullistes à reconquérir la mairie après 1953 est examinée à l’aune des difficultés du gaullisme à pénétrer les pouvoirs locaux.
Pour une autre histoire des Chantiers de la Jeunesse (1940-1944)
Authors: Pécout Christophe
Published: October 2012

Résumé L’historiographie des Chantiers de la Jeunesse est dominée par le résistancialisme. Or leur histoire ne se résume pas à ces épisodes, si glorieux soient-ils. Cette organisation d’État au service de Vichy a activement servi sa politique, et ce jusqu’à leur dissolution en décembre 1944. Cette autre histoire des Chantiers, totalement occultée par les anciens et peu étudiée, se manifeste par des faits et des comportements explicites : une lutte contre les menées antinationales, un soutien au Service du travail obligatoire (STO), la traque des réfractaires et la délation de maquisards.
La fin d'un monde ?
Authors: Noyer Manuella , Patillon Christophe
Published: October 2012

Résumé Depuis 1947, les dockers bénéficiaient d’un statut particulier qui leur apportait une garantie de rémunération en cas d’inemploi, situation fréquente, les trafics maritimes étant par nature soumis à fluctuation. Rendu responsable de la faible compétitivité des ports français, ce statut fut régulièrement remis en cause par les autorités publiques et le patronat, mais la puissance du syndicalisme CGT sur les quais lui fit traverser les décennies. Il faut attendre 1991 pour qu’un gouvernement ose le remettre en cause, arguant que, sans une réforme de l’organisation du travail dans la manutention portuaire, les ports français ne pourront faire face à la concurrence internationale. En Loire-Atlantique, les dockers CGT de Nantes et de Saint-Nazaire, bien qu’opposés à la réforme, se divisent quant à la stratégie de défense à mettre en œuvre. Au-delà du statut, c’est l’identité d’une corporation singulière qui s’est jouée cette année-là.
Stimulation of Human EBV- and CMV-Specific Cytolytic Effector Function Using Allogeneic HLA Molecules
Authors: D’Orsogna Lloyd J. , van den Heuvel Heleen , van der Meer-Prins Ellen M. W. , Roelen Dave L. , Doxiadis Ilias I. N. , Claas Frans H. J.
Published: October 2012

Viral infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and there are few therapeutic options available to augment a virus-specific T cell response. Although allo-HLA cross-reactivity from virus-specific memory T cells is common, it is unclear whether priming with specific allogeneic cells could conversely elicit a viral peptide/self-HLA restricted cytotoxic T cell response in humans. First, we used the previously described allo-HLA-B*44:02 cross-reactivity of EBV peptide/HLA-B8 restricted T cells, to determine whether allogeneic HLA stimulation can elicit a cytolytic immune response against EBV. HLA-B8+ HLA-B44− EBV-seropositive PBMCs were stimulated with either HLA-B*44:02+ or HLA-B*44:03+ mismatched irradiated PBMCs in a 7–10 d MLR. The allo-HLA stimulated responder cells were then evaluated for cytotoxicity using EBV peptide loaded autologous target cells and unloaded HLA-B8+ EBV LCL target cells. PBMCs from EBV-seropositive donors gained EBV-specific cytolytic effector function following specific allo-HLA stimulation. Finally, we also elicited cytolytic CMV-specific responses using specific allogeneic cell stimulation, to confirm that this technique can be used to elicit viral peptide/self-HLA restricted responses even from nonpublic TCR responses. Allogeneic cell stimulation used as a cell therapy may be a potential tool to augment an antiviral T cell response in patients with EBV or CMV infection.
Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-Induced Memory-like NKG2C+ NK Cells Are Transplantable and Expand In Vivo in Response to Recipient CMV Antigen
Authors: Foley Bree , Cooley Sarah , Verneris Michael R. , Curtsinger Julie , Luo Xianghua , Waller Edmund K. , Anasetti Claudio , Weisdorf Daniel , Miller Jeffrey S.
Published: October 2012

We have previously shown that NKG2C+ NK cells from CMV naive umbilical cord blood grafts expand preferentially in recipients after CMV reactivation, representing a primary NK cell response after hematopoietic cell transplantation. In this study, recipients of adult donor hematopoietic cell transplantation were assessed to evaluate the role of donor/recipient CMV serostatus on the expression and function of NKG2C+ NK cells to determine responses to secondary CMV events. Expansion of NKG2C+ NK cells was seen following clinical CMV reactivation. However, they also expanded in the absence of detectable CMV viremia when both the donor and recipient were CMV seropositive. Upregulation of NKG2C was observed in NK cells from CMV-positive recipients receiving grafts from CMV-seropositive or -seronegative donors. These in vivo–expanded NKG2C+ NK cells had an increased capacity for target cell–induced cytokine production, expressed an inhibitory killer Ig-like receptor for self-HLA and preferentially acquired CD57. Most importantly, NKG2C+ NK cells transplanted from seropositive donors exhibit heightened function in response to a secondary CMV event compared with NKG2C+ NK cells from seronegative donors. We conclude that NKG2C+ memory-like NK cells are transplantable and require active or latent (subclinical) expression of CMV Ag in the recipient for clonal expansion of NK cells previously exposed to CMV in the donor.
Type 2 diabetes management: Patient knowledge and health care team perceptions, South Africa
Authors: Mshunqane Nombeko , Stewart Aimee V. , Rothberg Allan D.
Published: October 2012

Background: South African research indicates that the highest death rates between 2004 and 2005 were from diabetes mellitus. There is minimal research information on interactions between what patients know about their disease and what health professionals perceive that patients should know to control their disease well.Objectives: This study determined the knowledge that patients with type 2 diabetes have about the management of their disease, as well as the perceptions of the health care team about the services given to patients.Method: Qualitative data were collected using two focus groups and in-depth interviews. Patient focus group (n = 10) explored patients’ knowledge about management of type 2 diabetes. Patients were recruited from Dr George Mukhari Hospital outpatients’ diabetes clinic. Professional focus group (n = 8) explored the health care team’s experiences, barriers and facilitators in managing the disease. Professional focus group participants were recruited because of their expertise in chronic disease management, working in the community (public health) or working directly with patients with type 2 diabetes. Five health care professionals were interviewed using the same guide of questions as for the focus group.Results: Participants identified type 2 diabetes as a chronic disease that needs behaviour change for good control. Five major themes were identified: patients’ knowledge; education programmes; behaviour change; support; and a patient-centred approach.Conclusion: Management of type 2 diabetes may be enhanced by reinforcing patients’ knowledge, encouraging behaviour change whilst taking into consideration patients’ backgrounds. The health care team needs to utilise a patient-centred approach.
Cohomology in 3D Magneto-Quasistatics Modeling
Authors: Dłotko Paweł , Specogna Ruben
Published: October 2012

Electromagnetic modeling provides an interesting context to present a link between physical phenomena and homology and cohomology theories. Over the past twenty-five years, a considerable effort has been invested by the computational electromagnetics community to develop fast and general techniques for defining potentials. When magneto-quasi-static discrete formulations based on magnetic scalar potential are employed in problemswhich involve conductive regionswith holes, cuts are needed to make the boundary value problem well defined. While an intimate connection with homology theory has been quickly recognized, heuristic definitions of cuts are surprisingly still dominant in the literature.

The aim of this paper is first to survey several definitions of cuts together with their shortcomings. Then, cuts are defined as generators of the first cohomology group over integers of a finite CW-complex. This provably general definition has also the virtue of providing an automatic, general and efficient algorithm for the computation of cuts. Some counter-examples show that heuristic definitions of cuts should be abandoned. The use of cohomology theory is not an option but the invaluable tool expressly needed to solve this problem.
Hybrid Particle Swarm-Ant Colony Algorithm to Describe the Phase Equilibrium of Systems Containing Supercritical Fluids with Ionic Liquids
Authors: Lazzús Juan A.
Published: October 2012

Based on biologically inspired algorithms, a thermodynamic model to describe the vapor-liquid equilibrium of binary complex mixtures containing supercritical fluids and ionic liquids, is presented. The Peng-Robinson equation of state with the Wong-Sandler mixing rules are used to evaluate the fugacity coefficient on the systems. Then, a hybrid particle swarm-ant colony optimization was used to minimize the difference between calculated and experimental bubble pressure, and calculate the binary interaction parameters for the excess Gibbs free energy of all systems used. Simulations are carried out in nine systems with imidazolium-based ionic liquids. The results show that the bubble pressures were correlated with low deviations between experimental and calculated values. These deviations show that the proposed hybrid algorithm is the preferable method to describe the phase equilibrium of these complex mixtures, and can be used for other similar systems.