bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel vascular clip design for the reliable induction of 2-kidney, 1-clip hypertension in the rat
Authors: Chelko Stephen P. , Schmiedt Chad W. , Lewis Tristan H. , Lewis Stephen J. , Robertson Tom P.
Published: November 2011

The 2-kidney, 1-clip (2K1C) model has provided many insights into the pathogenesis of renovascular hypertension. However, studies using the 2K1C model often report low success rates of hypertension, with typical success rates of just 40–60%. We hypothesized that these low success rates are due to fundamental design flaws in the clips traditionally used in 2K1C models. Specifically, the gap widths of traditional silver clips may not be maintained during investigator handling and these clips may also be easily dislodged from the renal artery following placement. Therefore, we designed and tested a novel vascular clip possessing design features to maintain both gap width and position around the renal artery. In this initial study, application of these new clips to the left renal artery produced reliable and consistent levels of hypertension in rats. Nine-day application of clips with gap widths of 0.27, 0.25, and 0.23 mm elicited higher mean arterial blood pressures of 112 ± 4, 121 ± 6, and 135 ± 7 mmHg, respectively ( n = 8 for each group), than those of sham-operated controls (95 ± 2 mmHg, n = 8). Moreover, 8 out of 8 rats in each of the 0.23 and 0.25 mm 2K1C groups were hypertensive, whereas 7 out of 8 rats in the 0.27 mm 2K1C group were hypertensive. Plasma renin concentrations were also increased in all 2K1C groups compared with sham-operated controls. In summary, this novel clip design may help eliminate the large degree of unreliability commonly encountered with the 2K1C model.
Single-neuron recordings from unanesthetized mouse dorsal cochlear nucleus
Authors: Ma Wei-Li Diana , Brenowitz Stephan D.
Published: November 2011

Because of the availability of disease and genetic models, the mouse has become a valuable species for auditory neuroscience that will facilitate long-term goals of understanding neuronal mechanisms underlying the perception and processing of sounds. The goal of this study was to define the basic sound-evoked response properties of single neurons in the mouse dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). Neurons producing complex spikes were distinguished as cartwheel cells (CWCs), and other neurons were classified according to the response map scheme previously developed in DCN. Similar to observations in other rodent species, neurons of the mouse DCN exhibit relatively little sound-driven inhibition. As a result, type III was the most commonly observed response. Our findings are generally consistent with the model of DCN function that has been developed in the cat and the gerbil, suggesting that this in vivo mouse preparation will be a useful tool for future studies of auditory physiology.
Synchronization of Coupled Nonidentical Fractional‐Order Hyperchaotic Systems
Authors: Wei Zhouchao
Published: November 2011

Synchronization of coupled nonidentical fractional‐order hyperchaotic systems is addressed by the active sliding mode method. By designing an active sliding mode controller and choosing proper control parameters, the master and slave systems are synchronized. Furthermore, synchronizing fractional‐order hyperchaotic Lorenz system and fractional‐order hyperchaotic Chen system is performed to show the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
Solving Multiobjective Optimization Problems Using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm
Authors: Zou Wenping , Zhu Yunlong , Chen Hanning , Zhang Beiwei
Published: November 2011

Multiobjective optimization has been a difficult problem and focus for research in fields of science and engineering. This paper presents a novel algorithm based on artificial bee colony (ABC) to deal with multi‐objective optimization problems. ABC is one of the most recently introduced algorithms based on the intelligent foraging behavior of a honey bee swarm. It uses less control parameters, and it can be efficiently used for solving multimodal and multidimensional optimization problems. Our algorithm uses the concept of Pareto dominance to determine the flight direction of a bee, and it maintains nondominated solution vectors which have been found in an external archive. The proposed algorithm is validated using the standard test problems, and simulation results show that the proposed approach is highly competitive and can be considered a viable alternative to solve multi‐objective optimization problems.
The Role of Vitamin D and Vitamin D Receptor in Immunity toLeishmania majorInfection
Authors: Whitcomb James P. , DeAgostino Mary , Ballentine Mark , Fu Jun , Tenniswood Martin , Welsh JoEllen , Cantorna Margherita , McDowell Mary Ann
Published: November 2011

Vitamin D signaling modulates a variety of immune responses. Here, we assessed the role of vitamin D in immunity to experimental leishmaniasis infection in vitamin D receptor-deficient mice (VDRKO). We observed that VDRKO mice on a genetically resistant background have decreasedLeishmania major-induced lesion development compared to wild-type (WT) mice; additionally, parasite loads in infected dermis were significantly lower at the height of infection. Enzymatic depletion of the active form of vitamin D mimics the ablation of VDR resulting in an increased resistance toL. major. Conversely, VDRKO or vitamin D-deficient mice on the susceptible Th2-biased background had no change in susceptibility. These studies indicate vitamin D deficiency, either through the ablation of VDR or elimination of its ligand, 1,25D3, leads to an increase resistance toL. majorinfection but only in a host that is predisposed for Th-1 immune responses.
Probing Phonons in Nonpolar Semiconducting Nanowires with Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Adu Kofi W. , Williams Martin D. , Reber Molly , Jayasingha Ruwantha , Gutierrez Humberto R. , Sumanasekera Gamini U.
Published: November 2011

We present recent developments in Raman probe of confined optical and acoustic phonons in nonpolar semiconducting nanowires, with emphasis on Si and Ge. First, a review of the theoretical spatial correlation phenomenological model widely used to explain the downshift and asymmetric broadening to lower energies observed in the Raman profile is given. Second, we discuss the influence of local inhomogeneous laser heating and its interplay with phonon confinement on Si and Ge Raman line shape. Finally, acoustic phonon confinement, its effect on thermal conductivity, and factors that lead to phonon damping are discussed in light of their broad implications on nanodevice fabrication.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2: The First Decade
Authors: Clarke Nicola E. , Turner Anthony J.
Published: November 2011

The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a critical regulator of hypertension, primarily through the actions of the vasoactive peptide Ang II, which is generated by the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) mediating an increase in blood pressure. The discovery of ACE2, which primarily metabolises Ang II into the vasodilatory Ang-(1-7), has added a new dimension to the traditional RAS. As a result there has been huge interest in ACE2 over the past decade as a potential therapeutic for lowering blood pressure, especially elevation resulting from excess Ang II. Studies focusing on ACE2 have helped to reveal other actions of Ang-(1-7), outside vasodilation, such as antifibrotic and antiproliferative effects. Moreover, investigations focusing on ACE2 have revealed a variety of roles not just catalytic but also as a viral receptor and amino acid transporter. This paper focuses on what is known about ACE2 and its biological roles, paying particular attention to the regulation of ACE2 expression. In light of the entrance of human recombinant ACE2 into clinical trials, we discuss the potential use of ACE2 as a therapeutic and highlight some pertinent questions that still remain unanswered about ACE2.
Induction of Tolerance via the Sublingual Route: Mechanisms and Applications
Authors: Moingeon Philippe , Mascarell Laurent
Published: November 2011

The clinical efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) with natural allergen extracts has been established in IgE-dependent respiratory allergies to grass or tree pollens, as well as house dust mites. Sublingual vaccines have an excellent safety record, documented with approximately 2 billion doses administered, as of today, in humans. The oral immune system comprises various antigen-presenting cells, including Langerhans cells, as well as myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) with a distinct localisation in the mucosa, along thelamina propriaand in subepithelial tissues, respectively. In the absence of danger signals, all these DC subsets are tolerogenic in that they support the differentiation of Th1- and IL10-producing regulatory CD4+T cells. Oral tissues contain limited numbers of mast cells and eosinophils, mostly located in submucosal areas, thereby explaining the good safety profile of SLIT. Resident oral Th1, Th2, and Th17 CD4+T cells are located along thelamina propria, likely representing a defence mechanism against infectious pathogens. Second-generation sublingual vaccines are being developed, based upon recombinant allergens expressed in a native conformation, possibly formulated with Th1/T reg adjuvants and/or mucoadhesive particulate vector systems specifically designed to target oral dendritic cells.
Self-Organized One-DimensionalTiO2Nanotube/Nanowire Array Films for Use in Excitonic Solar Cells: A Review
Authors: Bao Ningzhong , Feng Xinjian , Grimes Craig A.
Published: November 2011

We review the use of self-assembled, vertically oriented one-dimensional (1D) titania nanowire and nanotube geometries in several third-generation excitonic solar cell designs including those based upon bulk heterojunction, ordered heterojunction, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET), and liquid-junction dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).
Radiosensitization of Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells by MLN4924, an Investigational NEDD8-Activating Enzyme Inhibitor
Authors: Wei Dongping , Li Hua , Yu Jie , Sebolt Jonathan T. , Zhao Lili , Lawrence Theodore S. , Smith Peter G. , Morgan Meredith A. , Sun Yi
Published: November 2011

Radiotherapy is used in locally advanced pancreatic cancers in which it can improve survival in combination with gemcitabine. However, prognosis is still poor in this setting in which more effective therapies remain needed. MLN4924 is an investigational small molecule currently in phase I clinical trials. MLN4924 inhibits NAE (NEDD8 Activating Enzyme), a pivotal regulator of the E3 ubiquitin ligase SCF (SKP1, Cullins, and F-box protein), that has been implicated recently in DNA damage and repair. In this study, we provide evidence that MLN4924 can be used as an effective radiosensitizer in pancreatic cancer. Specifically, MLN4924 (20–100 nmol/L) effectively inhibited cullin neddylation and sensitized pancreatic cancer cells to ionizing radiation in vitro with a sensitivity enhancement ratio of approximately 1.5. Mechanistically, MLN4924 treatment stimulated an accumulation of several SCF substrates, including CDT1, WEE1, and NOXA, in parallel with an enhancement of radiation-induced DNA damage, aneuploidy, G2/M phase cell-cycle arrest, and apoptosis. RNAi-mediated knockdown of CDT1 and WEE1 partially abrogated MLN4924-induced aneuploidy, G2/M arrest, and radiosensitization, indicating a causal effect. Furthermore, MLN4924 was an effective radiosensitizer in a mouse xenograft model of human pancreatic cancer. Our findings offer proof-of-concept for use of MLN4924 as a novel class of radiosensitizer for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Res; 72(1); 282–93. ©2011 AACR.
Combination Epigenetic Therapy Has Efficacy in Patients with Refractory Advanced Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Juergens Rosalyn A. , Wrangle John , Vendetti Frank P. , Murphy Sara C. , Zhao Ming , Coleman Barbara , Sebree Rosa , Rodgers Kristen , Hooker Craig M. , Franco Noreli , Lee Beverly , Tsai Salina , Delgado Igor Espinoza , Rudek Michelle A. , Belinsky Steven A. , Herman James G. , Baylin Stephen B. , Brock Malcolm V. , Rudin Charles M.
Published: November 2011

Epigenetic alterations are strongly associated with the development of cancer. We conducted a phase I/II trial of combined epigenetic therapy with azacitidine and entinostat, inhibitors of DNA methylation and histone deacetylation, respectively, in extensively pretreated patients with recurrent metastatic non–small cell lung cancer. This therapy is well tolerated, and objective responses were observed, including a complete response and a partial response in a patient who remains alive and without disease progression approximately 2 years after completing protocol therapy. Median survival in the entire cohort was 6.4 months (95% CI 3.8–9.2), comparing favorably with existing therapeutic options. Demethylation of a set of 4 epigenetically silenced genes known to be associated with lung cancer was detectable in serial blood samples in these patients and was associated with improved progression-free (P = 0.034) and overall survival (P = 0.035). Four of 19 patients had major objective responses to subsequent anticancer therapies given immediately after epigenetic therapy.

Significance: This study demonstrates that combined epigenetic therapy with low-dose azacitidine and entinostat results in objective, durable responses in patients with solid tumors and defines a blood-based biomarker that correlates with clinical benefit. Cancer Discovery; 1(7); 598–607. ©2011 AACR.

Read the Commentary on this article by Rodríguez-Paredes and Esteller, p. 557

This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 539
Postnatal Rosiglitazone Administration to Neonatal Rat Pups Does Not Alter the Young Adult Metabolic Phenotype
Authors: Truong Nghia C. , Abbasi Afshan , Sakurai Reiko , Lee W.N. Paul , Torday John S. , Rehan Virender K.
Published: November 2011

Background: Rosiglitazone (RGZ), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonist, significantly enhances lung maturation without affecting blood biochemical and metabolic profiles in the newborn period. However, whether this exposure to RGZ in neonatal life alters the adult metabolic phenotype is not known. Objective: To determine the effects of early postnatal administration of RGZ on the young adult metabolic phenotype. Methods: Newborn rat pups were administered either saline or RGZ for the first 7 days of life. At 11–14 weeks, glucose and insulin tolerance tests and deuterium labeling were performed. Blood and tissues were analyzed for various metabolic parameters. Results: Overall, there was no effect of early postnatal RGZ administration on young adult body weight, glucose and insulin tolerance, plasma cholesterol and triglyceride profiles, insulin, glucagon, cardiac troponin, fatty acid synthesis, or tissue adipogenic differentiation. Conclusions: Treatment with RGZ in early neonatal life does not alter later developmental metabolic programming or lead to an altered metabolic phenotype in the young adult, further re-enforcing the safety of PPARγ agonists as a novel lung-protective strategy.
Cognitive and Neurological Outcome at the Age of 5–8 Years of Preterm Infants with Post-Hemorrhagic Ventricular Dilatation Requiring Neurosurgical Intervention
Authors: Brouwer A.J. , van Stam C. , Uniken Venema M. , Koopman C. , Groenendaal F. , de Vries L.S.
Published: November 2011

Background: Preterm infants with progressive post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation (PHVD) in the absence of associated parenchymal lesions may have a normal neurodevelopmental outcome. Objectives: To evaluate neurodevelopmental and cognitive outcomes among preterm infants with severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and PHVD requiring neurosurgical intervention. Methods: 32 preterm infants were admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit with PHVD requiring neurosurgical intervention, and were seen in the follow-up clinic for standardized cognitive, behavioral and neurological assessments between 5 and 8 years of age. Only preterm infants with a gestational age (GA) of <30 weeks, as well as preterm and full-term infants with PHVD and full-term infants with perinatal asphyxia are seen in our follow-up clinic at this age. There were 23 infants with a GA of <30 weeks in this study population. For these 23, matched controls were available and compared with the IVH group. Results: The majority (59.4%) had no impairments. None of the children with grade III and 8 of the 15 children (53%) with grade IV hemorrhage developed cerebral palsy. More subtle motor problems assessed with the Movement-ABC score were seen in 39% (n = 9); the mean IQ of all children was 93.4, and 29% of the children had an IQ of <85 (–1 SD). Timing of intervention did not have a beneficial effect on outcome. With respect to cognition, no significant differences were found between the IVH and the control group. Conclusion: The majority of the children in our population had no impairments. Cerebral palsy was not seen in any of the infants with a grade III hemorrhage.
Mild kidney disease as a risk factor for major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing percutaneous coronary stenting
Authors: Cambronero Francisco , Caro-Martínez Cesar , Hurtado-Martínez Jose A. , Marín Francisco , Pastor-Pérez Francisco J. , Mateo-Martínez Alicia , Sánchez-Martínez Marianela , Pinar-Bermúdez Eduardo , Valdés Mariano , Manzano-Fernández Sergio
Published: November 2011

Bleeding risk is increased in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and moderate to severe kidney disease (KD); however, the implication of mild KD on bleeding remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether the presence of mild KD increases risk for major bleeding (MB) in patients with AF undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation (PCI-S). Two hundred eighty-five patients were included. Patients were classified into three kidney function groups: moderate to severe KD (n=91; <60 ml/min/1.73 m2), mild KD (n=139; 60–89 ml/min/1.73 m2) and non-KD (n=55; ≥90 ml/min/1.73 m2). Estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated using the simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. Patients were followed for one year, and the occurrence of MB was obtained in all. A total of 28 patients (9.8%) presented MB. MB complications examined as a function of KD groups revealed that there was a graded increase in MB with worsening renal function (non KD=1.8%, mild KD=7.9%, moderate to severe KD=17.6%; p <0.001). Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that mild KD was associated with nearly a 2.5-fold (2.43 95% confidence interval 1.11–5.34, p=0.039) increase in the risk of MB as compared with non-KD patients. Other independent predictors of MB were moderate-severe KD, anaemia and triple antithrombotic therapy after PCI-S (C-index=0.76). In this population, mild KD confers a significantly increase in the risk for MB complications. Future studies should assess the potential role of incorporating mild KD into the bleeding risk scales to improve the stratification of these patients.
Short-Term Performance of the Transcatheter Melody Valve in High-Pressure Hemodynamic Environments in the Pulmonary and Systemic Circulations
Authors: Hasan Babar S. , McElhinney Doff B. , Brown David W. , Cheatham John P. , Vincent Julie A. , Hellenbrand William E. , Jones Thomas K. , Zahn Evan M. , Lock James E.
Published: November 2011

Background—

The Melody valve is approved for percutaneous pulmonary valve replacement in dysfunctional right ventricular outflow tracts. The function of this valve when subjected to high-pressure loads in humans is unknown. The aim of this study was to describe the immediate and short-term results of Melody valves implanted in a high-pressure environment.

Methods and Results—

Definitions of a high-pressure system were established for Melody valves implanted in the systemic (ie, aortic or mitral position) and pulmonary (ie, right ventricular outflow tract conduit or tricuspid valve annulus) circulations. Implants in these environments were ascertained from databases of the 5 centers that participated in the US Investigational Device Exemption trial. Thirty implants met the inclusion criteria: 23 pulmonary circulation implants (all in the pulmonary position) systemic circulation implants (5 in the native aortic position, 1 in a left ventricle-to-descending aorta conduit, and 1 in the mitral annulus). All pulmonary circulation implants were performed percutaneously in the catheterization laboratory. A hybrid approach (surgical exposure for transcatheter implant) was used for 4 of the aortic implants. There were no procedure-related deaths. Three patients died of nonprocedure- and nonvalve-related causes. At 1 year, freedom from moderate to severe regurgitation was 100%, and freedom from mild regurgitation was 90%. Freedom from moderate to severe stenosis was 86% at 1 year.

Conclusions—

Short-term performance of the Melody valve in high-pressure environments is encouraging, with good valve function in all patients.
The Stability of Short Symmetric Internal Waves on Sloping Fronts: Beyond the Traditional Approximation
Authors: Colin de Verdière Alain
Published: November 2011

The interaction of internal waves with geostrophic flows is found to be strongly dependent upon the background stratification. Under the traditional approximation of neglecting the horizontal component of the earth’s rotation vector, the well-known inertial and symmetric instabilities highlight the asymmetry between positive and negative vertical components of relative vorticity (horizontal shear) of the mean flow, the former being stable. This is a strong stratification limit but, if it becomes too low, the traditional approximation cannot be made and the Coriolis terms caused by the earth’s rotation vector must be kept in full. A new asymmetry then appears between positive and negative horizontal components of relative vorticity (vertical shear) of the mean flow, the latter becoming more unstable. Particularly conspicuous at low latitudes, this new asymmetry does not require vanishing stratification to occur as it operates readily for rotation/stratification ratios 2Ω/N as small as 0.25 (the stratification still dominates over rotation) for realistic vertical shears. Given that such ratios are easily found in ocean–atmosphere boundary layers or in the deep ocean, such ageostrophic instabilities may be important for the routes to dissipation of the energy of the large-scale motions. The energetics show that, depending on the orientation of the internal wave crests with respect to the mean isopycnal surfaces, the unstable motions can draw their energy either from the kinetic energy or from the available potential energy of the mean flow. The kinetic energy source is usually the leading contribution when the growth rates reach their maxima.
Why the Sino–Indian Border Dispute is Still Unresolved after 50 Years: A Recapitulation
Authors: Maxwell Neville
Published: November 2011

In its dying days the British Empire in India launched an aggressive annexation of what it recognised to be legally Chinese territory. The government of independent India inherited that border dispute and intensified it, completing the annexation and ignoring China’s protests. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) government, acquiescing in the loss of territory, offered diplomatic legalisation of the new boundary India had imposed in its North-East but the Nehru government refused to negotiate. It then developed and advanced a claim to Chinese territory in the north-west, again refusing to submit the claim to negotiation. Persistent Indian attempts to implement its territorial claims by armed force led to the 1962 border war. The Indian defeat did not lead to any change of policy; both the claims and the refusal to negotiate were maintained. The dead-locked Sino–Indian dispute and armed confrontation are thus the consequence of Indian expansionism and intransigence.
The Unresolved Sino–Indian Border Dispute
Authors: Garver John
Published: November 2011

This paper posits that China’s insistence on the ‘return’ to China of the territory constituting Arunachal Pradesh, and even China’s insistence on Indian cession of a salient of territory in the Tawang area of that region, is a form of Chinese deterrence of what Beijing takes to be potentially dangerous ‘anti-China’ behaviour by India. Deep divergence of Chinese and Indian perceptions of Tibet, plus the history of Indian support for unarmed and armed Tibetan resistance to Chinese Communist rule of Tibet, makes Beijing fearful that India might again, someday, work to undermine Chinese rule in Tibet. An open territorial dispute serves as a standing threat to ‘teach India a lesson’, underlining for New Delhi the need for great circumspection in dealing with China. Indian strategic alignment with the United States exacerbates Chinese fears. The intensity of China’s implicit threat can be turned up or down by Beijing as the perversity of Indian policy indicates. Keeping the border issue open dovetails with China’s continuing entente with Pakistan and may even be based on an understanding between Beijing and Islamabad. A premise of this argument is that mainstream Indian opinion is willing to translate the line of actual control into an international border.
Use of Web-Based Portfolios as Tools for Reflection in Preservice Teacher Education
Authors: Oner Diler , Adadan Emine
Published: November 2011

This mixed-methods study examined the use of web-based portfolios for developing preservice teachers’ reflective skills. Building on the work of previous research, the authors proposed a set of reflection-based tasks to enrich preservice teachers’ internship experiences. Their purpose was to identify (a) whether preservice teachers demonstrated evidence of reflective thinking throughout a semester and, if so, the types of reflective thinking indicators; (b) whether there was an increase in the number of high-level reflective indicators over time; and (c) the role of the web-based portfolio construction, as perceived by the participants, in developing reflective skills. The findings suggested that preservice teachers demonstrated high- and low-level reflective skills throughout a semester. There was a statistically significant improvement in the number of high-level reflective indicators in the second reflection task compared with the first. In addition, the web-based platform was perceived by participants as a medium that enabled easy access and the development of better portfolio artifacts.
Optimization of the processing parameters in melt blending of thermoplastic polyurethane and poly dimethyl siloxane rubber
Authors: Gopi Jineesh Ayippadath , Nando Golok Bihari
Published: November 2011

This article emphasizes the optimization of processing parameters required for the blending of polyether-based thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and poly dimethyl siloxane (PDMS) rubber. Taguchi methodology was adapted as a statistical tool in the design of experiment to optimize processing conditions on the basis of tensile strength and impact strength for 50:50 blend of TPU and PDMS. L9 (33) orthogonal array strategy was utilized for conducting the experiments. The experimental data were transformed into signal-to-noise ratios, based on which each processing parameter has been optimized. Measure of confidence of the results has been studied using standard statistical technique of analysis of variance. From the results, the processing conditions have been optimized.
Exploring the Cost and Clinical Outcomes of Integrating the Registered Nurse–Certified Diabetes Educator Into the Patient-Centered Medical Home
Authors: Moran Katherine , Burson Rosanne , Critchett John , Olla Phillip
Published: November 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to implement and evaluate a care delivery model integrating the registered nurse–certified diabetes educator into the patient-centered medical home to assist in achieving positive clinical and cost outcomes in diabetes care.

Methods

A 1-group pretest-posttest research design was used. Patients were recruited from 2 patient-centered medical home designated/nominated primary care offices. Inclusion criteria were as follows: diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes, aged 18 to 80 years, A1C ≥ 8%, English speaking, and no diabetes education within 6 months. There were 34 participants (men, n = 22; women, n = 12) with a mean age of 53.24. The intervention incorporated an assessment, 4 patient-centered monthly group sessions, and 4 individual follow-up sessions. Study measures included program surveys, participation and satisfaction rates, Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set attainment rates, and the following physiologic measures obtained from the medical record: A1C, fasting blood glucose, LDL, urine microalbumin, blood pressure, retinal eye exam, and body mass index. Cost-effectiveness measures included program costs, performance incentives, revenue, provider time saved, and patient health care utilization.

Results

Paired-samples t tests identified significant improvements in A1C, fasting blood glucose, and LDL. Patients and providers were highly satisfied with the program. Cost-benefit analysis revealed a net pretax program benefit.

Conclusions

Results of the study indicated that integrating the registered nurse–certified diabetes educator in the patient-centered medical home improves clinical outcomes and is cost-effective. Diabetes education and support are integral components of diabetes management.
Parental Time Pressures and Depression Among Married Dual-Earner Parents
Authors: Roxburgh Susan
Published: November 2011

This article examines whether there is an association between depression and parental time pressure among employed parents. Using a sample of 248 full-time employed parents and using the stress process framework, I also examine the extent to which gender, socioeconomic status, social support, and job conditions account for variation in the association between parenting strains and depression. Results indicate that parental time pressure is significantly associated with depression among mothers and fathers, and that well-off parents are significantly less depressed by parental time strains than less affluent parents. A significant portion of the association between parental time strains and depression is explained by job demands, and perceived social support does not buffer the association between parental time pressure and depression. Women in high control jobs are less depressed by parental time pressure than other employed mothers but conversely, among fathers, high job control amplifies the association between parental time pressure and depression.
Toward a Collective Framework on Verbal Aggression
Authors: Hamilton Mark A. , Tafoya Melissa A.
Published: November 2011

In the epilogue to this special issue, a hierarchical antagonistic process model is offered as a collective framework to explain the antecedents and consequences of verbal aggression described in the five preceding articles. The model proposes that the general traits of motivation to argue and verbal aggressiveness are second-order factors exerting top-down influence on more statelike subsidiary motives and attitudes. A test of the model ( N = 743) found support for the proposed four-step process: Argumentation training increased motivation to argue, motivation to argue increased ability to argue, ability to argue increased self-esteem, and self-esteem decreased verbal aggressiveness. However, the indirect negative effect of motivation to argue on verbal aggressiveness was offset by a much larger direct positive effect. Belief systems theory was used to identify potential mediators of this positive effect and to explain other aspects of the verbal aggression process.
Policing hate crime in London and New York City
Authors: Hall Nathan
Published: November 2011

The discussion contained within this article is derived from empirical research that explored the policing of hate crime in London and New York City. Through an examination of a range of policies, practices and experiences of those involved in the policing of hate crime, the article argues that this aspect of law enforcement and service provision is shaped by a complex relationship between a number of interdependent variables, which it is suggested can be broadly grouped into four categories: law, the police, the public and social context. The underlying message is that hate crime in particular is a social construct over which the police and public (most notably victims) have differing degrees of control, and that in turn this will inevitably impact upon the extent and nature of the hate crime ‘problem’, the way in which the ‘problem’ is responded to, and the effectiveness of these responses. In turn these inevitably have important implications for victims and communities and their experiences and perceptions of police service provision, and the wider social context in which the policing of hate crime takes place.
The influence of distracting familiar vocal music on cognitive performance of introverts and extraverts
Authors: Avila Christina , Furnham Adrian , McClelland Alastair
Published: November 2011

This study investigates the effect of familiar musical distractors on the cognitive performance of introverts and extraverts. Participants completed a verbal, numerical and logic test in three music conditions: vocal music, instrumental music and silence. It was predicted that introverts would perform worse with vocal music, better with instrumental music and even better in silence across all tests while for extraverts it would be the reverse. Results showed that during the verbal test, overall performance for all participants was significantly better in silence, supporting the idea that lyrics interfere with the processing of verbal information in the task. However, no significant music-personality interactions were found. Possible explanations for, and implications of, these results are discussed.
Making a Name for Oneself: Martial Valor, Heroic Death, and Procreation in the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Wright Jacob L.
Published: November 2011

Surveying a wide range of ancient sources, this discussion of the political thought of the Hebrew Bible treats name-making in relation to (1) martial prowess, (2) heroic death, and (3) procreation. Commemoration of the war dead is one of the chief expressions of statehood in both the ancient and the modern world. Tellingly, the Bible is completely devoid of texts that glorify the names of the fallen. Combining this fact with observations related to the strong emphasis in biblical literature on name-making through procreation, this article argues that what propelled the redaction and transmission of the sources transmitted in the Bible was an interest in creating a form of peoplehood that could withstand the loss of statehood.
Fabrication and biocompatibility of novel bilayer scaffold for skin tissue engineering applications
Authors: Franco Rose Ann , Min Young-Ki , Yang Hun-Mo , Lee Byong-Taek
Published: November 2011

In this study, a novel bilayer scaffold composed of electrospun polycaprolactone and poly(lacto-co-glycolic acid) (PCL/PLGA) membrane and glutaraldehyde (3.5% v/v) cross-linked chitosan/gelatin hydrogel was fabricated using two methods: electrospinning of the membrane onto the lyophilized hydrogel (BS-1) and membrane underlaying and casting method (BS-2). The morphology of the fabricated scaffolds was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Mechanical strength, porosity, swelling capacity, and biodegradation rates of the scaffolds were also characterized. The in vitro biocompatibility of the materials was investigated by assessing cytotoxicity and cell proliferation on the material was measured using MTT assay. In addition, cell adhesion on the material was investigated by SEM. The BS-2 was grafted in Sprague-Dawley rats to determine its in vivo behavior and biocompatibility. The experimental results showed that the addition of the membrane layer to the hydrogel decreased swelling and degradation rates and provided ease of handling during implantation. Grafted BS-2 showed normal wound healing and no major inflammatory reaction was observed.
Cytotoxicity of release products from magnetic nanocomposites in targeted drug delivery
Authors: Wamocha HL , Misak HE , Song Z , Chu HY , Chen YY , Asmatulu R , Yang S-Y , Ho JC
Published: November 2011

The efficacy of chemotherapy can be significantly improved if the therapeutic agent remains localized at the afflicted area and released at controlled rates. Such a targeted drug delivery can be achieved using magnetic nanocomposite (MNC), which incorporates drug and magnetic nanoparticles in biodegradable polymer microspheres. Reported here are results from an in vitro study on drug release rate and cytotoxicity of other release products from MNC. The model system contains an anti-cancer chemotherapy agent 5-flurouracil (5-FU) and (Co0.5Zn0.5)Fe2O4 in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) matrix produced by an oil/oil emulsion technique. Cell proliferation data indicate a sustained release of 5-FU for mouse macrophage cell eradication, whereas other microsphere components of magnetic nanoparticles and PLGA have little cytotoxic effects.
Aseneth’s Gaze Turns Swords into Dust
Authors: Jovanović Ljubica
Published: November 2011

This article argues that Aseneth’s prayer and the divine response in Joseph and Aseneth 27.8 are later hagiological interpolations that reflect the concerns of Eastern Orthodox Christianity. In the Hellenistic version of Joseph and Aseneth , the heroine performs her miraculous rescue using only her glance: the power accorded her sight fully corresponds with predominant theories of antiquity on the divine nature of light. Hellenistic audiences were familiar with the concept of emission of energy through the human eye, maintained by Plato, Euclid and Ptolomy, which under certain circumstances and divine favor could perform miracles. Hagiographically inspired editors, insisting that the miracle related not to Aseneth’s powerful gaze but to her piety and the divine response, added the lines and so shifted the focus from the powerful gaze to the power of piety.
A multilevel framework for optimization of an aircraft wing incorporating postbuckling effects
Authors: Qu S , Kennedy D , Featherston C A
Published: November 2011

The optimization of aerospace structures is a very complex problem, owing to the hundreds of design variables a multidisciplinary optimization may contain, so that multilevel optimization is required. This paper presents recent developments to the optimization software VICONOPT MLO, a multilevel optimization interface between the analysis and design software packages VICONOPT and MSC/NASTRAN. The software developed, VICONOPT MLOP (Multilevel Optimization with Postbuckling) incorporates postbuckling behaviour, allowing individual panels to buckle before the design load is reached, while carrying load at a reduced stiffness. By combining two iterative cycles the first of which (known as the analysis cycle) calculates these reduced postbuckling stiffnesses at an individual panel level in order to converge on an appropriate load distribution at a whole structure or system level and the second of which (known as the design cycle) optimizes individual panels based on this load redistribution to converge on an optimized mass for the whole structure. The paper provides a detailed overview of the functionality of the software and a case study is conducted into the optimization of a composite aircraft wing. The results of the case study show substantial mass savings, proving the software’s capabilities when dealing with such problems. The time taken for this multilevel optimization also demonstrates the efficiency of the software.
Supersonic viscous corner flows
Authors: Naidoo P , Skews B W
Published: November 2011

Results of numerical and experimental investigations of steady state supersonic viscous corner flows in simplified geometries that resemble typical wing body–fuselage intersections are presented. These flows are numerically calculated using the computational fluid dynamics code of Fluent and include the use of standard turbulence models. Experimental work includes the use of the oil film flow visualization technique to visualize the surface flow patterns. The flows considered are symmetric about the corner bisector. This article focuses on the development of the three shock structure along the various geometries, specifically focusing on the formation and growth of the shear layers that result from the Mach reflection. The resultant effects of this shear layer on pressure distributions, shear stress, and changes in Mach numbers are discussed. The shock wave boundary layer interaction is also presented.
Decreased serum levels of TGF-β1 are associated with renal damage in female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Jin T , Almehed K , Carlsten H , Forsblad-d’Elia H
Published: November 2011

Introduction: Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) has a large role in the control of autoimmunity. TGF-β1 production by lymphocytes is reduced in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Decreased levels of TGF-β1 might associate to disease susceptibility, activity and organ damage in SLE. However, the correlation between TGF-β1 levels and severity of renal damage in SLE has not been examined.

Methods: The present study was undertaken to assess the serum levels of total and active TGF-β1 in 150 female patients with SLE and 31 healthy women. Simple and multiple regression analyses between TGF-β1 levels and the diseases-related variables were performed in patients with SLE.

Results: Serum levels of both total and active TGF-β1 were significantly reduced in patients with SLE compared with levels in healthy controls ( p < 0.01). Total TGF-β1 levels correlated positively with white blood cell, platelet counts, calculated glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and active TGF-β1 level, and inversely with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). In multiple regression analysis, ESR and platelet counts remained determinants of total TGF-β1. Total TGF-β1 levels were lower in patients with high disease activity (SLEDAI > 10) and severe organ damage (SLICC > 3). Significantly lower levels of total TGF-β1 were found in patients with severe renal damage, i.e. lower TGF-β1 in patients with 24-h urine protein over 3.5 g than in those with below 3.5 g ( p < 0.05); lower TGF-β1 in patients with GFR less than 50 ml/min than in those with over 50 ml/min ( p < 0.05). In contrast, active TGF-β1 only correlated with platelet counts. There was no association between renal damage and the levels of active TGF-β1.

Conclusion: This study demonstrates significantly reduced serum levels of both total and active TGF-β1 in women with SLE compared with healthy women. Total TGF-β1 levels are correlated negatively with ESR and positively with blood platelets. Total TGF-β1 levels were lower in SLE patients with high disease activity and severe organ damage. Importantly, the severity of the renal damage was associated with decreased serum levels of total TGF-β1, suggesting that TGF-β1 might be involved in pathogenesis of renal damage caused by lupus nephritis.
Current state of evidence on ‘off-label’ therapeutic options for systemic lupus erythematosus, including biological immunosuppressive agents, in Germany, Austria and Switzerland – a consensus report
Authors: Aringer M , Burkhardt H , Burmester GR , Fischer-Betz R , Fleck M , Graninger W , Hiepe F , Jacobi AM , Kötter I , Lakomek HJ , Lorenz HM , Manger B , Schett G , Schmidt RE , Schneider M , Schulze-Koops H , Smolen JS , Specker C , Stoll T , Strangfeld A , Tony HP , Villiger PM , Voll R , Witte T , Dörner T
Published: November 2011

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can be a severe and potentially life-threatening disease that often represents a therapeutic challenge because of its heterogeneous organ manifestations. Only glucocorticoids, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, cyclophosphamide and very recently belimumab have been approved for SLE therapy in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Dependence on glucocorticoids and resistance to the approved therapeutic agents, as well as substantial toxicity, are frequent. Therefore, treatment considerations will include ‘off-label’ use of medication approved for other indications. In this consensus approach, an effort has been undertaken to delineate the limits of the current evidence on therapeutic options for SLE organ disease, and to agree on common practice. This has been based on the best available evidence obtained by a rigorous literature review and the authors’ own experience with available drugs derived under very similar health care conditions.

Preparation of this consensus document included an initial meeting to agree upon the core agenda, a systematic literature review with subsequent formulation of a consensus and determination of the evidence level followed by collecting the level of agreement from the panel members. In addition to overarching principles, the panel have focused on the treatment of major SLE organ manifestations (lupus nephritis, arthritis, lung disease, neuropsychiatric and haematological manifestations, antiphospholipid syndrome and serositis).

This consensus report is intended to support clinicians involved in the care of patients with difficult courses of SLE not responding to standard therapies by providing up-to-date information on the best available evidence.
The Factor Structure of the Chinese Family Assessment Instrument Adapted for Parent Report
Authors: Mellor David , Xu Xiaoyan , Wong Jessica , Richardson Ben
Published: November 2011

This article reports on a confirmatory factor analytic study of an adapted version of an instrument designed to assess family functioning of Chinese families. The Chinese Family Assessment Instrument, originally designed for completion by adolescents, was adapted for completion by parents. A sample of 700 parent dyads of elementary school children (382 girls and 318 boys) completed the adapted questionnaire. Initial factor analyses showed that the existing five-factor structure used for adolescents’ responses was not a good fit for these data. Instead, a four-factor solution emerged where the factors were positive family functioning, negative family functioning, tolerance for family members, and parental understanding. This structure was the same for both mothers and fathers. Further studies of the Chinese Family Assessment Instrument parent adaptation are required to test the factor structure that emerged. Following such studies, validation studies will be required.
PAYG Pensions and Economic Cycles
Authors: Fanti Luciano , Gori Luca
Published: November 2011

In this article we compare the dynamics and long-run outcomes of an overlapping generations closed economy under exogenous and endogenous fertility. Individuals have myopic foresight, and pay-as-you-go (PAYG) public pensions exist. Although large PAYG transfers may cause endogenous fluctuations in both contexts, cyclical instability and deterministic chaos more likely occur when fertility is an economic decision variable. We find that the existence of endogenous fertility and PAYG pensions can explain the occurrence of demographic oscillations that mimic the baby boom and baby bust, in contrast with the unrealistic case of constant population, and also economic cycles. We also show that an increase in the social security contribution rate under endogenous fertility, often advocated as a remedy against the crisis of public pension budgets, may prolong both the phases and size of demographic (economic) cycles around a lower (higher) long-run level of population growth (income per worker) than under exogenous fertility.