bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethnobotanical identification of mango (Mangifera indica L.) and other fruit trees mentioned in Old Javanese Ramayana (10th century Java, Indonesia)
Authors: MULYANTO DEDE , SUPANGKAT BUDIAWATI , NURSETO HARDIAN E. , ISKANDAR JOHAN
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Mulyanto D, Supangkat B, Nurseto HE, Iskandar J. 2023. Ethnobotanical identification of mango (Mangifera indica L.) and other fruit trees mentioned in Old Javanese Ramayana (10th century Java, Indonesia). Biodiversitas 24: 609-616. Among the 2778 stanzas in Old Javanese Ramayana (OJR), only 46 (1.6%) mentioned fruit trees. There are 63 Old Javanese phytonyms for fruit or fruit tree and only 12 (19%) of them are Sanskrit in origin. Fifty-six species from 44 genera and 26 families are identified, higher than the number of fruit trees carved in reliefs of Borobudur Temple. Of the 56 species, 13 are exotic, specifically from the Indian subcontinent. One of the exotic trees from India that has been naturalized in Java for centuries is Mangifera indica, which is the most often mentioned in the text. Meanwhile, 39 of them are expressly described as fruits that can be consumed raw as food/dessert. It was also found that there are four landscapes, namely hermitage, countryside, forest, and royal garden, which depict the presence of fruit trees. The forest is the landscape with the most mentioned fruit trees in its description. Furthermore, the fruit tree present in the depiction of all landscapes is Mangifera indica. The prevalence of mango trees in these landscapes is probably related to the mango fruit’s edibility as well as its symbolic and religious significance. Other fruit trees, such as Aegle marmelos, Garcinia xanthochymus, Phyllanthus emblica, and Tamarindus indica also have religious significance in Hinduism.
Local knowledge and the utilization of non-medicinal plants in home garden by the people of Donorejo Village in the Menoreh Karst Area, Purworejo, Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: SHOLEKHA AINI MAR'ATUSH , YULIA INGGRID TRIFENA , HANUN ZAHRA , PERWITASARI IYUALEVI GARNIS , CAHYANINGSIH AGUSTINA PUTRI , SUNARTO SUNARTO , SUTARNO SUTARNO , BUOT INOCENCIO E. Jr. , SETYAWAN AHMAD DWI
Published: February 2023

Abstract. Sholekha AM, Yulia IT, Hanun Z, Perwitasari IG, Cahyaningsih AP, Sunarto, Sutarno, Sugiyarto, Buot Jr IE, Setyawan AD. 2023. Local knowledge and the utilization of non-medicinal plants in home garden by the people of Donorejo Village in the Menoreh Karst Area, Purworejo, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 645-657. Donorejo Village, in Purworejo District, Central Java, Indonesia, is one of the villages in the Menoreh Karst Mountains that uses non-medicinal plants. Donorejo villagers typically own vast plots of land that might be used for a wide range of productive purposes if planted with suitable vegetation. This study aims to investigate the knowledge of local people in the Menoreh Karst Mountain Area, Donorejo Village regarding the use of non-medicinal plants for daily life and document the use of plants by locals that can be useful to prevent delays in the transmission of local knowledge to future generations. Interviews and surveys conducted in the field using a purposive sampling strategy provided the bulk of the study's information. The age range of the 48 informants was from 25 to 91 years old, and the vast majority of them had only completed elementary school. A total of 119 species of non-medicinal plants were identified, representing 62 families and 12 different purposes, based on the results of the inventory of plants indicated by respondents and field observations. These plants were utilized as ornamental plants (48 species), food plants (44 species), cooking spices (16 species), animal feed (13 species), firewood (6 species), building materials (6 species), household items (2 species), and funeral ritual, prayer beeds, food wrapper, fence, fire starter (1 species). Based on these findings, it is clear that the residents of Donorejo Village continue to employ various non-medicinal plants in their gardens for various purposes.
IDENTIDADE PROFISSIONAL DE ENFERMEIRAS NO CAMPO DA SAÚDE MENTAL
Authors: Moura dos Santos Caio , Deybson Borba de Almeida
Published: February 2023

A identidade profissional não se limita a caracterização das dimensões e/ou atributos que norteia a representação de si e do outro. Ela se associa as trajetórias sociais da profissão, possuindo um modo complexificado da construção do sujeito social. Todas as trajetórias que perpetuam o seu ser social contribuem para a construção e reconstrução da sua identidade (DUBAR, 2005).
Propagation in Square Index Medium by the Matrix Wave Theory
Authors: Gómez-Reino C. , Larrea E. , Cuadrado J.M.
Published: February 2023

According to the Matrix Wave Theory (MWT) developed by G. Eichmann, the complex amplitude propagation through an inhomogeneous medium satisfies the matrix wave equation1: where the complex amplitude or the wave function

a

(

r
→

)

is a matrix with two rows and one column

a
(

r
→

)
=

(

a
1

(

r
→

)

a
2

(

r
→

)

)

and τi. are the Pauli spin matrices: being

n

(

r
→

)

the inhomogeneous index of refraction and

k
=

2
π

λ

the wavenumber in vacuum.
Design of A Gradient-Index Video-Disc Lens
Authors: Moore Duncan T.
Published: February 2023

Two versions of a video-disc pickup lens system have been designed. The first, using piano surfaces (Wood lens) with a radial index of refraction gradient. The numerical aperture of the lens system on the short conjugate side is 0.45 and lens diameter is less than 8mm. A restriction is placed on the design that no terms in the index of refraction polynomial greater than r6 are used. The system was investigated on-axis and off-axis with two different base indices of refraction (1.5 and 1.7). An analysis is given of the dominant aberration and the potential for use of such a system.
Optical Design of a Gradient Index Biocular
Authors: Atad Eli
Published: February 2023

A conventional biocular was designed to magnify the image obtained in a cathode ray tube(CRT) display Simultaneously both eyes are used to enable a comfortable long time viewing and an exact positioning of the eyes is not necessary. We used large lenses (80 mm) to allow the required large exit pupil. Problems of weight and alignement in this design, consisting of five lenses, were solved in a new design consisting of four lenses, in which one lens is an axial gradient lens. It allows us to get a spherical aberration correction improving performance of the biocular.
Photolytically Produced Gradient Index Lenses in Photosensitive Glass
Authors: Borrelli N.F. , Cotter M.D. , Elmer T.H. , Morse D.L.
Published: February 2023

In two prior notes1,2 we described an optical technique whereby permanent refractive index changes could be optically induced in a porous glass containing a number of specific photosensitive compounds. The porous structure could then be consolidated or polymer impregnated to obtain a dense non-porous glass while maintaining the index pattern.
Plastic Axial Gradient-Index Material
Authors: Koike Yasuhiro , Hidaka Hiroshi , Ohtsuka Yasuji
Published: February 2023

It has been reported1) that the axial GRIN lens reduces the third-order aberrations of an optical system in relation to the conventional homogeneous lens. In this paper we have succeeded in fabricating the plastic axial GRIN material by two different methods. Assuming that the axial GRIN lens with a spherical entry surface and a flat exit surface was obtained from the sample fabricated, the longitudinal spherical aberration was calculated.
Gradient-Index Devices In Opto-Electronics
Authors: Tangonan G.L.
Published: February 2023

We consider applications in integrated optics (spectrum analysis) and optical processing which require gradient index lenses, gradesic lenses and planar lens arrays.
Gradient Index - A Historical Perspective
Authors: Moore Duncan T.
Published: February 2023

The modern era of gradient-index optics began in the late 1960's. During the last fifteen years, approximately 150 papers have been published on the topic. However, with all the new technology, we may have lost sight of interesting optical problems that were investigated before 1900. The subject of gradient-index optics in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries will be discussed.
Modeling of Electronic Devices
Authors: Smith R. Kent
Published: February 2023

Summary not available.
FDTD Simulation of Wave Propagating in Waveguide-Crossings at Large Angle
Authors: Chu S. T. , Chaudhuri S. K.
Published: February 2023

The study of waveguide-crossings is important in the design of integrated optic (IO) components and in the integration of IO circuits. Authors of [2] have employed the beam propagating method (BPM) in the analysis of "Δn" and "2Δn” type passive crossings at small angles (θ <4°) and with small index variation Δn. The BPM neglects reflection and simulates wave propagation in a forward sense, thus it cannot analyze structures with large geometry and material discontinuities or in situation when reflections add up coherently.
Modeling of Waveguides in Two and Three Dimensions by Double Fourier Series
Authors: Henry Charles H.
Published: February 2023

Accurate methods for computing the modes of optical waveguides are needed both for design and testing of lasers and optical integrated circuits. In this paper, we present a method for making an accurate numerical calculation of the modes of optical waveguides [1]. It consists of enclosing the waveguide within a rectangle large enough to ensure that the fields of the guided modes of interest are zero at this boundary. The field is then expanded in a double Fourier series in which the sinusoidal basis functions are zero at the boundary. This expansion converts the scalar wave equation into a set of homogeneous linear equations for the Fourier coefficients. The eigenvalues and coefficients of the bound modes are then found by solving the matrix eigenvalue problem by use of the standard EISPACK programs.
The Method of Lines for the Analysis of Planar and Strip Waveguide Structures
Authors: Pregla R. , Rogge U.
Published: February 2023

The method of lines has proved to be efficient for calculating the characteristic properties of planar and strip waveguide structures [1][2][3][4]. The method has no problem with the relative convergence phenomenon, is accurate and has rather low memory capacity requirements.
Application of the Beam Propagation Method to Chirped Gratings in Integrated Optics
Authors: Bersiner L.
Published: February 2023

In order to separate more than two different wavelengths in one wavelength demultiplexer for optical transmission lines, usually at least two discrete optical elements, either microoptical or integrated optical, are employed. This is because the collimating and imaging function on the one hand and the wavelength dispersive function on the other hand are usually separated /1,2/.
Simulation of a Transient Raman Amplifier
Authors: Menyuk Curtis R. , Hilfer Godehard
Published: February 2023

In a series of recent experiments at the Naval Research Laboratory, Reintjes and coworkers1–3 have studied Raman amplification in H2. A number of different studies have been carried out to investigate beam cleanup and beam combining and to study Stokes amplification. In these studies, both diffractive and temporal effects can play an important role.
Self-Focusing in Nonguiding and Guiding Media*
Authors: Fleck Joseph A.
Published: February 2023

The numerical modeling of the self-focusing of intense optical beams has been the subject of keen interest for more than two decades. We shall review our own attempts to model this phenomenon as it occurs in a variety of situations. Among the applications reviewed are time-dependent self-focusing in Kerr-active organic liquids, time-dependent self-focusing in laser-heated plasmas, and time-independent self-focusing in Kerr-active extended media and in glass laser systems. We shall also describe self-focusing effects in nonlinear optical waveguide devices, which tend to be rather subtle. Our modeling of time-dependent phenomena has been based on the representation of the transverse behavior of the beam in terms of cubic splines, whereas our modeling of steady-state self-focusing has been based on a representation of the transverse dependence in terms of finite Fourier series. One of the unsatisfactory features of the paraxial theory is the catastrophic behavior of the beam at a self-focus. Our efforts to remove this singular behavior by introducing nonparaxiality as well as the consequences of the noncatastrophic propagation of self-focusing beams will also be described.
Temporal coherence of high-order harmonics
Authors: Wahlström C.-G. , Altucci C. , Bellini M. , Gaarde M. B. , Hänsch T. W. , L'Huillier A. , Lyngå C. , Zerne R.
Published: February 2023

The generation of high-order harmonics in strong laser fields has been studied for several years and considerable progress has been made in the understanding of the physics involved. In different laboratories around the world, scientists are now beginning to explore the use of the harmonic radiation in novel applications in the extreme ultraviolet spectral region (XUV). In some applications, the lack of information regarding the coherence properties of the harmonic radiation is a restricting factor. We here present experimental results from an interference experiment, illustrating the potentials of harmonic radiation in applications requiring temporally coherent radiation in the XUV region.
High harmonics as a probe for femtosecond laser-produced plasmas
Authors: Theobald W. , Häßner R. , Sauerbrey R.
Published: February 2023

High harmonics produced by femtosecond lasers are a convenient source of ultrashort soft x-ray pulses and have been intensively studied in recent years [1]. We use high-order harmonics to measure time-resolved the electron density and the mean electron energy in femtosecond laser produced plasmas [2,3]. Differential absorption of the harmonics as a probe radiation allows to infer plasma free electron densities well above the critical density for the fundamental wavelength. It is shown that this pump-probe technique allows direct access to plasma parameters in conjunction with a time resolution of a few hundred femtoseconds.
Accelerator Based Source Development: Higher, Wider and Shorter
Authors: Johnson Erik D.
Published: February 2023

A host of new sources are currently being pursued throughout the world which push the performance boundaries higher, wider and shorter than thought possible only a few years ago for accelerator based technologies. Various free electron laser configurations open the window to high power, sub-picosecond synchrotron radiation sources over a wide range of wavelengths. Storage ring sources still have some room for improvement within reason, and intense pulsed x-ray sources by Compton scattering are now being experimentally investigated. This talk will outline the scope of these developments as they relate to the production, and possible utilization, of novel sources of radiation based on accelerator technology.
Laser-Assisted Multicolor Photoionization of Atoms with Higher Harmonics
Authors: Maquet Alfred , Taïeb Richard , Véniard Valérie
Published: February 2023

We discuss, via a numerical calculation, the main properties of atomic photoelectron spectra, as they would be obtained by using a radiation pulse containing higher harmonics together with the laser which has been used to generate them. We address more precisely the physically relevant situation in which the harmonics have much weaker intensities than the one of the laser. In such multicolor photoionization processes, the atom can simultaneously absorb harmonic UV photons and exchange, i.e. absorb and/or emit (via stimulated emission) laser IR photons. An interesting outcome of our study is to show that such new effects should be observable with currently developed harmonic sources.
Optical Guiding of High Intensity Laser Pulse in Straight and Curved Plasma Channels
Authors: Ehrlich Y. , Zigler A. , Hubbard R. , Sprangle P.
Published: February 2023

Experimental demonstration of optical guiding of a high intensity (above 1016w/cm2) laser pulses over a distance of 66mm in cylindrical plasma channel formed by a slow capillary discharge is presented. Optical guiding of high intensity pulse in a curved trajectory (radius of curvature = 10 cm) is demonstrated for the first time. It is shown experimentally, that the guiding is insensitive to the laser intensity in wide range (108-1016w/cm2). The propagation of a high intensity laser pulse in the channel is analyzed using 2-D numerical simulation code.
Relativistically Self-Guided Laser-Wakefield Acceleration
Authors: Wagner R. , Chen S.-Y. , Maksimchuk A. , Umstadter D.
Published: February 2023

Due to recent advances in laser technology, there is much current interest in the interactions of high-intensity and ultrashort-duration laser pulses with plasmas. Applications include advanced fusion energy, x-ray lasers, and ultrahigh-gradient electron accelerators. In the latter case, the field gradient of a laser-driven plasma wave has recently been demonstrated to exceed that of an RF linac by four orders-of-magnitude (E ≥ 200 GV/m) and has been used to accelerate electrons with over 1-nC of charge per bunch in a low-emittance beam (1 mm-mrad) [1]. However, in the absense of some form of light guiding, the acceleration distance is limited by diffraction to the Rayleigh range. We report experimental results that demonstrate for the first time that relativistic self-guiding can significantly extend the distance over which electrons can be accelerated by a laser wakefield.
Temporal characterization of plasma wakefields driven by intense femtosecond laser pulses
Authors: Le Blanc S. P. , Downer M. C. , Tajima T. , Siders C. W. , Wagner R. , Chen S.-Y. , Maksimchuk A. , Mourou G. , Umstadter D.
Published: February 2023

Because electrostatic fields in a plasma wave (E ≥ 100 GV/m) can exceed by three orders of magnitude those in conventional RF linacs, plasma based accelerators can potentially offer a compact method for accelerating high energy electrons. Of the several methods for driving large amplitude plasma waves, the laser wakefield accelerator (LWFA) and its variant, the self-modulated LWFA, have recently received considerable attention because of the reduction in size of the terawatt class laser systems needed to drive the wakefield [1]. In this paper, we demonstrate all optical techniques based on frequency domain interferometry [2] and forward, collective Thomson scattering [3] for temporal characterization of the plasma wakefield. The ability to measure the plasma wake temporal structure is of fundamental importance for a number of issues, including: wakefield generation by optimized pulse trains, the design of particle injectors synchronized to the wakefield on a femtosecond time scale, and the growth dynamics of plasma wave instabilities.
Amplitude and phase characterization of 10 fs pulses generated by hollow-core fiber pulse compression
Authors: Durfee Charles G. , Backus Sterling , Kapteyn Henry C. , Murnane Margaret
Published: February 2023

For many nonlinear optics and high-field experiments, including high-order harmonic generation, X-ray lasers and particle acceleration, energetic pulses on the order of 10 fs and shorter would result in the observation of completely new phenomena. For example, calculations suggest that high-order harmonic generation with a 5 fs pulse would result in soft x-ray pulse with a duration on the order of 100 attoseconds. While 10 fs pulses are readily available at low energy (nJ) directly from Kerr-lens mode-locked laser oscillators, gain narrowing and high-order phase compensation have limited the pulse duration from ultra-short pulse laser amplifiers to about 20 fs. The route we are pursuing toward the goal of energetic sub-10 fs pulses is to compress amplified 20 fs pulses after self-phase modulation in a noble-gas-filled hollow-core dielectric waveguide, first used by Nisoli et al [1] for much longer input pulses. Along with the development of this technique, we have adapted the transient-grating frequency-resolved optical gating (TG-FROG) technique [2] for ultrashort, wide bandwidth pulse characterization. Since the guided pulse spectrum is broadened under the simultaneous action of several linear and nonlinear processes, including self-phase modulation, linear dispersion and self-steepening, the use of the FROG technique provides information necessary for optimal compression. Perhaps more important is that such coherent detection dramatically broadens the scope of experiments and applications using these pulses. For example, full characterization of amplitude and phase is crucial for control of the complex field profile.
Generation of tunable femtosecond VUV pulses around 100nm by resonant and near resonant four-wave difference frequency mixing
Authors: Korn G. , Kittelmann O. , Ringling J. , Nazarkin A. , Hertel I. V.
Published: February 2023

Time resolved spectroscopic investigations of ultrafast processes at surfaces or in gaseous media, e. g. photodissociation and fragmentation of molecules and clusters1,2 require femtosecond pulses tunable in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectral range. Clusters show for instance a very strong dependence of the absorption peak on the their size. The region between 100nm-150nm is of special interest for small clusters. Single photon ionization will be possible for photons of this energy range.
Experimental Studies of the Propagation of Ultrashort, Intense Laser Pulses in Underdense Plasmas
Authors: Thompson B.D. , McPherson A. , Borisov A.B. , Boyer K. , Rhodes C.K.
Published: February 2023

Many practical applications of ultrashort, high power laser pulses require the laser pulse to be focused to a high intensity and remain relatively collimated over large distances in plasmas. Such applications include x-ray lasers [1], laser-plasma-based electron accelerators [2] and laser-induced nuclear fusion schemes [3]. Self-focusing and self-channeling of laser pulses by relativistic and ponderomotive mechanisms [4] are laser-plasma processes which can accomplish this feat.
High Energy Explosion of Super-Heated Atomic Clusters
Authors: Ditmire T. , Tisch J. W. G. , Springate E. , Mason M. B. , Hay N. , Smith R. A. , Marangos J. P. , Hutchinson M. H. R.
Published: February 2023

Though the nature of intense, short pulse laser interactions with single atoms and solid targets has been the subject of extensive experimental and theoretical investigation over the last 15 years, only recently has the nature of intense laser interactions with van der Waals bonded atomic clusters of 20 -100 Å been addressed in experiments. These experiments have suggested that the laser-cluster interaction is much more energetic than that of isolated atoms, producing bright x-ray emission (100 - 5000 eV photons) when a low density gas containing clusters is illuminated [1,2]. While experiments have indicated indirect evidence for keV electron production in the cluster through time resolved x-ray spectroscopic data [2], until recently no direct data on the exact nature of the kinetic energies produced by the intense irradiation of clusters existed. In this paper we present the first energy distribution measurements of both electrons and ions resulting from the interaction of a femtosecond laser pulse with van der Waals bonded clusters. We find that the cluster is rapidly heated by collisional inverse bremsstrahlung. This heats a sizable fraction of the electrons in the cluster to a temperature above 1 keV. The super-heated cluster then explodes, ejecting ions with substantial kinetic energy. In fact, ions with energy up to 1 MeV are produced in Xe clusters.
Ultrafast X-Ray Diffraction: Theory
Authors: Ben-Nun M. , Martínez T. J. , Weber P. M. , Wilson Kent R.
Published: February 2023

Ever since their discovery by Röntgen (more than 100 years ago), x-rays have made the unseen visible. In particular, much of our experimental knowledge about the structure and electronic densities of atoms and molecules is due to x-ray and electron diffraction measurements. X-ray and electron diffraction have been used to measure the structures of almost all small molecules and x-ray diffraction has been the basis (along with nmr) of most of our structural knowledge about biomolecules. Recent advances in the production of ultrashort x-ray and electron pulses1-3 suggest that diffraction (and absorption) techniques may be used to observe evolving, non-equilibrium structures of systems that are undergoing chemical (or biochemical) reactions or physical changes such as a phase transition or annealing. In such an ultrafast diffraction (or absorption) experiment, an ultrashort optical pulse can be used to initiate a chemical reaction and a second delayed x-ray (or electron pulse) can interrogate the reacting system. By varying the time delay between the two pulses, the motions of atoms during a chemical reaction may be reconstructed.4-6 In addition to watching the nuclear motion, at least in principle, x-ray diffraction could be used to follow the dynamics of the electron density involved in chemical bonding and electron flow, and x-ray absorption in the form of chemical shifts of atomic absorption edges could be used to follow the charge or oxidation state of chosen types of atoms. Hence, time resolved x-ray absorption and diffraction may serve as direct ways to watch the evolution of chemical reactions en route from reactants to products, to observe the microscopic processes by which biomolecules perform their tasks and to observe ultrafast process in solid state materials.
Spectral Structure in High Harmonic Emission
Authors: Wang Hai-Wen , Chang Zenghu , Rundquist Andy , Kapteyn Henry , Murnane Margaret , Christov Ivan P.
Published: February 2023

There has been considerable effort, both experimentally and theoretically, devoted to understanding the process of high harmonic generation. Much of this effort has been focused on understanding the existence of the plateau region, and the position of the cutoff. More recently, theoretical work has attempted to predict the spectral structure of the harmonic peaks, in order to better understand the mechanism of high harmonic generation. In this work, we present data from the first detailed experimental study of the fine spectral structure of high harmonic emission. We studied the harmonic lineshapes as a function of pressure, density and chirp, using 25 fs laser excitation pulses. We observed dramatic changes in the spectral shapes of the harmonic peaks as these experimental parameters were changed.
Application of MeV X-rays from Femtosecond Laser-Produced Plasmas to the Study of Photonuclear Effects
Authors: Schillinger H. , Ziener Ch. , Sauerbrey R. , Langhoff H.
Published: February 2023

Femtosecond laser-produced plasmas are sources of superhot electrons and consequently of hard radiation in the multi-MeV range via bremsstrahlung [1,2]. These sources offer the potential to observe nuclear effects using ultrashort laser pulses. Although still at the beginning these techniques might lead to a new femtosecond spectroscopy of nuclei.
Overheating of Femtosecond Plasma in Freely Suspended Superthin Films
Authors: Babaev V.G. , Dzhidzhoev M.S. , Gordienko V.M. , Joukov M.A. , Savel’ev A.B. , Shashkov A.A. , Tarasevitch A.P. , Volkov R.V.
Published: February 2023

Previously we proposed a new thin film target to obtain femtosecond plasma overheating using artificially limited thermoconductivity [1]. We discussed the results of computer modeling of interaction of superintense femtosecond laser pulse with freely suspended thin carbon film. It was shown that for film thicknesses of 50 nm and less the electron temperature rises up to 500 eV and even higher with decrease in thickness. This causes increase in x-ray yield from H- and He-like C ions. In this paper we present for the first time the experimental results demonstrating the phenomenon for freely suspended carbon films as thin as 20-30 nm. It was obtained that for these superthin films x-ray yield increased more than twofold for p-polarized light. The comparison of the experimental results with predictions of the computer code shows good quantitative agreement and leads to the conclusion that there is threefold overheating of plasma layer up to 500 eV.
The Role Of Wavebreaking In Second Harmonic Generation From Femtosecond Laser-Produced Plasmas
Authors: von der Linde D. , Engers T.
Published: February 2023

It is well known that an electromagnetic wave obliquely incident on a planar stratified inhomogeneous plasma couples with electron plasma oscillations when the electric field is polarized in the plane of incidence. The interaction is resonant at the critical density surface, and plasma waves of large amplitude may be generated. For a sufficiently strong driving field the condition of wavebreaking may be reached in a certain region around the critical density surface. Wavebreaking leads to efficient dissipation of collective wave energy and to the production of energetic electrons. The process is of fundamental importance as an absorption mechanism in high intensity laser-plasma interaction. Manifestations of wavebreaking have been seen in the electron energy spectra, x-ray emission, and optical absorption experiments.
Hot electron distribution from short pulse laser plasma
Authors: Schnürer M. , Ambrosi P. , Kalachnikov M.P. , Nickles P.V. , Nolte R. , Schlegel Th. , Sandner W.
Published: February 2023

Hot electron production and related Bremsstrahlung emission known in long pulse (tens of ps up to ns FWHM) becomes more important in short and ultra short (ps down to tens of fs FWHM) laser plasma interaction because some ten percent of the laser energy are being transferred to hot electrons, as theoretical (Wilks et al 1992, Gibbon 1994) and experimental (Schnürer et al 1995) studies have indicated. Measured hot electron distributions are compared to model predictions in order to gain more knowledge about the laser plasma absorption mechanism. A control of the hot electron production with the driving optical laser parameters is important for the Bremsstrahlung emission, if one wants to optimize short pulse hard X-ray sources. At relativistic driving laser intensities above 1019 W/cm2 hot electron production is the key part in the fast ignitor concept for the inertial confinement fusion (Tabak et al 1994).
Femtosecond stimulation of atomic and nuclear processes in high intensity laser plasmas
Authors: Rozanov V. S. , Richardson M. , Demchenko N. , Gus’kov S. , Salzmann D.
Published: February 2023

The interaction of intense femtosecond duration laser pulses with dense plasmas is replete with new plasma phenomena and exciting experimental opportunities. The intense fields within laser radiation with power levels in 1019 W/cm2 range interacting with dense plasmas leads to the generation of enormous bursts of energetic electons (j ~ 1015 A/cm2) that then give rise to the production of intense hard x-ray emission and unprecedented magnetic fields that could be in the GigaGauss range[1-3]. The role these phenomena play on the particle dynamics in these plasmas poses many interesting questions. As the development of femtosecond laser systems reaches these conditions[4,5] ,the examination of these phenomena becomes possible.
X-Ray Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect and Its Applications
Authors: Kao Chi-Chang
Published: February 2023

It is well-known that the origin of the magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) is spin-orbit coupling of electrons. The effect is relatively small in the visible light region because of the weak spin-orbit coupling of conduction electrons. On the other hand, the effect can be enhanced significantly in the x-ray region by tuning the x-ray energy through some core electron absorption edges of the sample, since the spin-orbit coupling can be much stronger for these core-electrons.
A Dynamic Zone Plate Interferometer for Measuring Aspherical Surfaces
Authors: Ohyama Nagaaki , Ichimura Isao , Yamaguchi Ikuo , Honda Toshio , Tsujiuchi Jumpei
Published: February 2023

This paper proposes a dynamic zone plate interferometer (DZPI), which has a possibility of measuring aspherical surfaces without the need of either a standard surface or of a computer generated holograms (CGH). The accuracy of surface error measurments can be improved by using a fringe analysis method up to about λ/100. An experimantal result is also presented.
Interferometer with Computer-Generated Holograms for Strong Aspheric Surface Testing
Authors: Sato Takuji , Genma Takashi , Yokokura Takashi
Published: February 2023

In recent years, aspheric optical elements have gradually come into use, aiming optical systems lighter and more accurate. In order to bring aspheric optical elements into more common use, however, it is necessary to establish mass production technology and also develop the testing technology for surface profiles accurately and easily.
Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry
Authors: Tyrer John
Published: February 2023

Holographic workstations are now enabling the advantages of Holographic Interferometry (HI) to be taken outside research laboratories and placed alongside manufacturing equipment. Most rigidization problems have been overcome but two handicaps still limit its widespread application. They are: i) Relative speed of the recording medium requiring either large expensive lasers or long exposure periods; ii) The analysis of the resultant interferograms which require suitable highly skilled support.
Anamorphic Imaging for Synthetic Holograms
Authors: Teitel Michael A. , Benton Stephen A.
Published: February 2023

Holographic stereograms synthesized from computer-graphic 2-D images rendered through idealized anamorphic optical systems permit penetration of the hologram plane without 3-D distortions.
Horner Efficiency for Three Classes of Binary Hologram
Authors: Stevens Richard D.
Published: February 2023

The Horner efficiency for three classes of binary hologram has been measured. The results indicate criteria for an optimal coding algorithm for binary holograms.
Advances in Holographic Embossing: The Polaform Process
Authors: Cowan James J. , Slafer W. Dennis
Published: February 2023

The Polaform process is a relatively new technique for the mass replication of holographic recordings by means of embossing. The process consists of the following major steps: Recording of a holographic interference pattern in photoresist; formation of a master metal replica of the photoresist pattern by electroplating; and use of the metal master or a metal replica to repeatedly emboss this pattern into long sheets of plastic. In certain cases, there is a fourth step involving metallizing and die cutting of the plastic sheet.
Holographic Scanners Using A Laser Diode
Authors: Ih C. S. , Zhuang B. H. , Sincerbox G. T.
Published: February 2023

Hologram reconstruction is very sensitive to wavelength. When the reconstruction wavelength is changed, there is an angular shift, a focal length change, and an associated wavefront distortion. All these have adverse effects on the holographic scanners if semiconductor lasers are used as the light source.
Diffraction Analysis of Multiplexed Holographie Gratings
Authors: Jim Moharam M. G.
Published: February 2023

Optical diffraction by periodic structures are of increasing importance in an expanding variety of engineering applications [1]. Diffraction of electromagnetic waves by spatially periodic media has been analyzed by numerous authors over the last fifty years [1]. In almost all previous analyses, only diffractive structure with one single grating (and its harmonics) were considered. Recent applications for holographic optical elements include associative storage, optical computing, multiple holographic storage, beam coding, multiple beam generation and combining, multi-color displays, multi-color filtering, beam shaping, synthetic lenses, interlaced elements, and multifrequency beam mixing. In these applications, two or more gratings of arbitrary spatial frequency and slant exist simultaneously within the diffractive element. Case [2] developed a couple-wave analysis for Bragg-angle diffraction of light by two superimposed thick phase holographic gratings. Alferness and Case [3], utilizing a thin grating decomposition method, examined both the direct and the cross coupling among the incident beam and the two first diffracted orders in such a structure.
Improvement of diffraction efficency by baking for Lippman hologram
Authors: Kusakabe Atsuhiko , Yokota Hideshi , Katsuma Hidetoshi
Published: February 2023

The diffraction efficiency can be increased by baking for Lippman hologram used silver halide material after developed. In this method, assumed that increaseing of refractive index difference of emulsion from baking process, we can make a report about this experiment and simulation to determined for the assumption.
Coherent Laser Beam Addition with Holographic Binary Phase Gratings
Authors: Leger James R. , Swanson Gary J. , Veldkamp Wilfrid B.
Published: February 2023

Single lasers are usually limited in total output power by some physical mechanism. For example, GaAs lasers suffer catastrophic facet damage at output power levels exceeding a few tens of milliwatts. Other semiconductor lasers are constrained to low power output by heat dissipation limitations. We have developed a holographic method of laser beam addition which is capable of producing large optical powers from the coherent sum of many modular laser sources. The coherent addition of six GaAlAs lasers has been demonstrated.
Tandem Binary Structures for Increased Coupling Efficiency of Laser Beams
Authors: Swanson Gary J. , Leger James R. , Veldkamp Wilfrid B.
Published: February 2023

Binary phase gratings have been investigated for use as beam splitters (1), multiplexers, and shapers (2). More recently, binary phase gratings have been used as beam couplers (3), coupling a large fraction of the outputs from an array of semiconductor lasers into a single gaussian output. The binary element is used to both split and combine the electric field inside of a complex external cavity. This technique overcomes the output power limitation of optical facet damage from single laser diodes.
Holographic Bypassing of Defects in Spatial Light Modulators
Authors: Caulfield H. J.
Published: February 2023

Optical computing trails electronic computing significantly in mass producibility yet many optical computer schemes ambitiously assure what modern VLSI seldom assumes: 100% usefulness of each of many, say 512×512, individual components on the same chip. On the assumption that perfection is costly at best and impossible at worst, we seek ways to overcome or bypass faults in 2D optical component arrays. For definiteness, we will consider light addressed spatial light modulators (SLMs). All workers in the field of optical processors are familiar with almost-adequate SLMs. Can we collect the "good" parts together into a full array? Holography seems to be the obvious answer, but how must it work in detail.
Nonlinear and Transient Effects in Photorefractive Materials
Authors: Solymar L.
Published: February 2023

Summary not available.
The Digital Holographic Sundial
Authors: Johnson K. M. , Cormack B. , Strasser A. , Dixon K. , Carsten J.
Published: February 2023

The oldest optical instrument is the gnomen1; a shadow casting rod used by the ancient Greeks to keep time. Depending on the position of the sun in the sky, the shadow has a unique length which is marked out on a horizontal surface. A sundial consists of a gnomen and graduated markings on a horizontal plane.
Holography and Relativity
Authors: Abramson Nils
Published: February 2023

Einsteins theory of relativity is physically based on one-dimensional measurements using a conventional interferometer (the Michelson and Morley experiment). Now that holographic interferometry enables us to make three-dimensional measurements there exist new possibilites to solve evaluation problems in connection to relativistic distortions of time and space. Certainly much of the knowledge now applied to fringe interpretation could be used to interpret image distortions caused by ultrahigh velocities of the recorded object. The advent of pico- and femtosecond laserpulses will revolutionize high-speed photography and make compensations for relativistic effects necessary. This is especially the case when light-in-flight recordings by holography are used because they represent four dimensions: the three dimensions found in ordinary holograms plus the time domain.
Passive, Airborne, Synthetic Holographic Imaging of Terrestrial Features With Radio Waves
Authors: Tricoles G. , Hayward R. A.
Published: February 2023

In attempting to locate and display surface traces of geological faults we utilized holograms that were formed by an airborne receiver of radio waves broadcast by commercial stations.
Holographic methods for imaging through scattering media
Authors: Naulleau P. , Arons E. , Lopez J. , Dilworth D. , Leith E.
Published: February 2023

Light entering highly diffusing material is scattered severely in all directions. However, the component that has scattered the least will best form a shadow image of any absorbing objects encountered in the medium. In the case of a short pulse of light entering the diffusing medium, the emerging pulse can be many orders of magnitude longer than the incident pulse, because of multiple scattering. The light at the beginning of this long pulse (the first arriving light) is the least scattered component and must be temporally isolated from the remainder of the pulse in order to use it for imaging. This is accomplished through the use of a very fast gate.
Some peculiarities of joint angular-spectral selectivity function of reflection holograms
Authors: Markov Vladimir B. , Khizhnyak Anatolii I.
Published: February 2023

Selective properties of 3D holograms have been the subject of investigation since early beginning of holography. It is mainly through the understanding of the information capacity of volume holograms and possibility to create high density storage systems [1-3]. No less of importance this feature of 3D holograms has for holographic displays, where the viewing zone of the image observation should be relatively wide [4].
Progress in Holographic 3-D Video Displays
Authors: Benton S.
Published: February 2023

Summary not available.
Dynamical Model of Reconstruction and Amplification of Holograms in Photopolymer Materials
Authors: Kovalenko Eugene S. , Sharangovich Sergey N.
Published: February 2023

Recently it has been shown the possibility of making and using of the photopolymer materials which are organic light-sensitivity for purposes of holographic optical memory [1,2]. The main advantages of these media are the high light sensitivity and possibility to writing of holograms with the high diffraction efficiency. The experimental investigations showed that the photopolymerization peculiarities and the photopolymer composition component concentrations are significant in the dynamics of the reconstruction processes of holographic gratings [1,2]. However up to now available dinamical models of this phenomena have been developed only for composite and photorefractive materials [3,4]. These models do not give full explanation of present experimental results of kinetics peculiarities of read out process in photopolymer materials.
Highly Selective Optical Elements
Authors: Rheinhand Nadia
Published: February 2023

Summary not available.
A Geometrical Derivation of WRITE Beam Criteria for Multiplexed Color Hologram Readout Using Wavevector Triads
Authors: Chatterjee Monish R. , Chen Shih-Tun
Published: February 2023

The problem of restoring the misaligned output from a grating hologram under READ beam deviations has been investigated recently using a variety of resonant triad models [1-3]. Initially, it was proposed that selective angular and/or wavelength tuning of the READ beam would restore the output beam direction [1]. Subsequently, upon closer examination, it was found that the problem is amenable to different geometrical interpretations depending on whether the grating is untilted or tilted, and whether the READ beam deviation (Δλ or Δθ) is positive or negative [2]. The latter problem has generally been analyzed by assuming a single-deviation model (i.e., with the READ beam having either an angular or a wavelength deviation and not both). It may be shown that the deviation in the desired reconstructed beam direction may be graphically determined from appropriate resonant triads superposed on wavenumber (or β) circles. For the case of an untilted grating with a READ angular mismatch, for instance, an appropriate wavelength tuning will restore the reconstructed beam direction. The amount of tuning necessary will depend on the sign of the angular mismatch (i.e., whether it is greater or less than the Bragg angle). One such scenario is shown in Fig. 1.
What Can Really Be Done with Extremely High Intensity Lasers
Authors: Koonin S. E.
Published: February 2023

Summary not available.
The Trouble with Experiments at Extremely High Intensities
Authors: Bucksbaum Philip H.
Published: February 2023

Summary not availbale
Can Optical Lasers Interact with Atomic Nuclei?
Authors: Weiss Morton S.
Published: February 2023

The interaction of optical lasers with atomic nuclei through electron motion is calculated semiclassically and quantum mechanically. Experimental tests are proposed.
Laser Electron Studies of Nonlinear QED
Authors: McDonald Kirk
Published: February 2023

An experimental program is underway to use collisions of intense laser pulses with free electrons to study nonlinear QED processes such as nonlinear Compton scattering, pair creation by light, light-by-light scattering, and vacuum Cerenkov radiation.
New Domain of Strong-Field Coupling: Production of Super-Excited States*
Authors: Gibson G. , Luk T. S. , McPherson A. , Boyer K. , Rhodes C. K.
Published: February 2023

A new transition at 55.8 nm (22.2 eV) has been observed in

N
2

2
+

arising
from multiphoton excitation of N2 with intense
subpicosecond 248-nm radiation. The band has an observed width of ~
0.3 nm FWHM, exhibits vibrational splittings, has an estimated
radiative lifetime of ~ 100 ps, and is attributed to a
3Πu→ 3Πg excimer-like
transition arising from the direct multiphoton production of molecular
levels having a 2σg vacancy. The upper level has a

(

2

σ
g

−
1

,
1

π
u

−
1

)

configuration, an equilibrium internuclear separation of ~ 1.2 Å, and
results from an entirely new strong-field mode of electronic
excitation.
S-Matrix Formulation of High Intensity Multiphoton Processes
Authors: Mittleman Marvin
Published: February 2023

Summary not available.
Design and Performance of Multiterawatt, Subpicosecond Neodymium Glass Lasers
Authors: Perry M.D. , Patterson F.G. , Weston J. , Campbell E.M.
Published: February 2023

There are three primary requirements for amplifying short laser pulses to high peak power. First, the bandwidth of the amplifying medium must be large enough to accomodate the spectrum of the short pulse. Second, to extract a large amount of energy from relatively small-scale systems, the amplifier should exhibit a large saturation fluence, Fsat=hν/σe. Third, the intensity throughout the amplifier chain must be low enough to prevent significant pulse distortion and possible filamentation from nonlinear effects in the amplifier medium. This last requirement is quantified by calculating the total amount of nonlinear phase retardation experienced by the beam.1
Ultrashort Pulse Multiphoton Ionization, A New Beginning for Plasmas
Authors: Corkum P.B. , Burnett N.H. , Enright G.D.
Published: February 2023

In an underdense plasma formed by an ultrashort pulse the initial density and magnetic field are determined by above threshold ionization. In the absence of internal plasma fields the average electron energy is a function of the laser wavelength and polarization of the light while the magnetic field results from the current imposed in the plasma when many circularly polarized photons are absorbed. In this manner, otherwise inaccessible plasma conditions can be obtained. A simple model of above threshold ionization is used to obtain quantitative predictions. We will also describe experiments confirming the model.