bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diel Patterns of Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper (Homoptera: Membracidae) Nymphs on Soybean
Authors: Spurgeon Dale W. , Mueller A. J.
Published: September 2017

Diel patterns of intra- and interplant movement, vertical distribution, molting, tending by ants, and attrition of Spissistilus festinus (Say) nymphs on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) were investigated by observing nymphs at 4-h intervals in 24-h observation sessions. Both intraplant (defined in relation to main-stem nodes) and interplant movements occurred most often between 0800 and 1200 h and least often between 2400 and 0400 h (CDT). Most (80.9%) intraplant movements covered short distances (<4 nodes). The frequency of intra- and interplant movements usually increased with nymphal age (instar). Periodicity of nymphal movement did not result in periodicity in vertical distribution. Most molts occurred between 0400 and 0800 h (85%) when daily high leaf temperatures were ≥ 31.8° C or between 0800 and 1600 h (86%) when high temperatures were ≤ 30.1° C. The frequency of tending by ants was reduced or absent at 1200 and 1600 h at two sites, but periodicity at other sites was not detected. Differences in tending among S. festinus instars were observed but trends were different among sites. Attrition (found dead, killed by predators, or not located) of nymphs was greatest between 0800 and 2000 h, and least between 2400 and 0400 h. Observed predation accounted for only 13% of the total attrition but underestimated actual predation.
Damage by the European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to Winter Wheat
Authors: Buntin G. David
Published: September 2017

The effect of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), injury during the spring on yield and yield components of winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L. em Thell, was studied. Spike and grain characteristics of infested and uninfested culms were compared in three fields of ‘Florida 302’ winter wheat in eastern Georgia. Feeding on inner stem tissue by larvae killed the grain spike producing a “white head” symptom in wheat. Most larvae (95.2%) tunnelled in the peduncle which caused an average of 3.4% of spikes to be barren. Larval injury did not reduce spike length but did reduce grain weight per spike by 44.6% and grain weight per kernel by 41.9%. Kernel number per spike was reduced by 11.7% mostly because of a 9.9% reduction in kernel number per spikelet. Spikelet number per spike was reduced by 1.8%. Tunnelling by O. nubilalis larvae also reduced grain test weight and quality. These results indicated that a culm infestation of 10% or more would be necessary before control measures would be justified in winter wheat.
Thrips (Thysanoptera) Species Associated with Developing Citrus Flowers in Florida and A Key to Adult Terebrantian Females
Authors: Childers Carl C. , Beshear Ramona J.
Published: September 2017

Citrus groves in Florida were sampled during February and March 1991 to determine the occurrence, frequency and distribution of thrips including Thrips palmi Karny in open flowers of citrus. Frankliniella bispinosa (Morgan) was the dominant species accounting for 65% of identified specimens from St. Lucie, Palm Beach, Hendry, Lee and DeSoto counties. Frankliniella kelliae Sakimura was the second most abundant species comprising 34% of 2,067 slide-mounted specimens subsampled from collections. Frankliniella kelliae was found for the first time in St. Lucie and Indian River counties and this species was the most abundant thrips collected from citrus flowers in Indian River and Dade counties. Five species of thrips including Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), T. orientalis (Bagnall), T. palmi and Adraneothrips pallidus (Watson) were collected for the first time in February and March 1991 on citrus flowers along with F. insularis (Franklin) reported previously. A single adult female, T. palmi, was collected from a ‘Tahiti’ lime flower sample in Dade County. The predaceous thrips, Aleurodothrips fasciapennis (Franklin), was collected for the first time from flowers in a mixed block of citrus varieties in Dade County. A key to the species of adult female terebrantian thrips found on citrus flowers and floral buds in Florida is provided.
Serotonin and its N-Acetylated and Acidic Derivatives in Insect Brain as Determined by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Electrochemical Detection
Authors: Vieira R. , Aldegunde M.
Published: September 2017

The determination of serotonin (5-HT), N-acetylserotonin (NAS) and 5-hydroxy-3-indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in single brains of two acridids (Paracinema tricolor and Oedipoda caerulescens) was accomplished using a HPLC method combined with amperometric detection. A hydrodynamic voltammetry approach was used to assess the identity of each peak by comparing the voltammograms of standards and those of samples. The analytical method gave satisfactory reproducibility and sensitivity, and detected levels of 5-HT, NAS and 5-HIAA as low as 29, 55 and 10 fmol, respectively. This high sensitivity together with the simplicity of sample processing make the present analytical method suitable for a wide range of studies concerning indoleamine analyses in the insect nervous system. In both acridids, 5-HT showed the largest quantities, while its derivatives occurred in extremely low amounts. The results suggest that N-acetylation of 5-HT is quantitatively preferred to oxidative deamination in both species (NAS levels were 4-fold those of 5-HIAA). The relative importance of each catabolic pathway is discussed as related to physiological and genetic aspects.
Comparisons Between the Response of German Cockroach Field-Collected Strains (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) to Vapors and Contact with a Cyfluthrin Formulation
Authors: Ross Mary H.
Published: September 2017

Research on differences in insecticide-induced behavior of German cockroach field-collected strains was continued. Late instar nymphs (5th–6th stadia) were drawn from the Fairbanks, an insecticide susceptible strain, and two pyrethroid resistant strains, the Jacksonville and Forest Green. Dispersal induced by vapors of a cyfluthrin flowable concentrate (FC) and the FC formulation base (blank) was compared with response to the FC and the FC blank when dry. Jacksonville nymphs avoided the dried FC, but not as strongly as Fairbanks strain nymphs. The Al played a major role in eliciting avoidance by Fairbanks strain nymphs but, in the Jacksonville strain, avoidance was due more to an ingredient(s) of the formulation base. Forest Green nymphs did not avoid the dried FC or the FC blank. Vapors of the FC and the FC blank caused rapid dispersal of all strains, but dispersal of resistant strain nymphs was slower than that of susceptible strain nymphs. Although Jacksonville nymphs responded more strongly to the dried formulation than Forest Green nymphs, the response to vapors was weaker than that of Forest Green nymphs. It is suggested that localized populations of the German cockroach have developed many different combinations of behavioral modifications and physiological/biochemical resistance.
Establishment and Persistence of Steinernema scapterisci (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) in Field Populations of Scapteriscus spp. Mole Crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae)
Authors: Parkman J. P. , Hudson W. G. , Frank J. H. , Nguyen K. B. , Smart G. C.
Published: September 2017

The first successful inoculative releases of an entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema scapterisci Nguyen and Smart, for the control of exotic pests, Scapteriscus spp. mole crickets, were made at three pasture sites in Alachua County, Florida in 1985. Based on the evaluation of field-collected crickets, the nematode was established at all sites and persisted for over 5 years. Mean yearly percentage of infected crickets ranged from 0 to 21.4% for individual release sites. Mean adult infection level for all years combined, 10.9%, was significantly greater than that for nymphs (2.5%) and infection levels for Scapteriscus borellii Giglio-Tos, 12.7%, was significantly greater than that for Scapteriscus vicinus Scudder (4.5%) for all years combined. Although 24 h trap catch results indicate mole cricket populations were significantly reduced, the nematode's effect on pest abundance could not be adequately assessed because of the variation in trap catch results and inadequate knowledge about the relationship between trap catch and the mole cricket field populations being sampled. Despite inadequacies in estimating pest abundance, the results indicate S. scapterisci has potential as a biological control agent for pest mole crickets in the genus Scapteriscus.
Control of Insect Pests on Broccoli in Southern Texas: A Comparison Between Synthetic Organic Insecticides and Biorational Treatments
Authors: Edelson J. V. , Magaro J. J. , Browning H.
Published: September 2017

Biorational and synthetic organic insecticide application regimes were evaluated for management of key pests of broccoli in southern Texas. Broccoli plants were grown in small replicated plots and pests were managed either under a regime of synthetic organic insecticides or biorational techniques (Bacillus thuringiensis and/or fatty acid soap applications and inundative releases of Chrysoperla carnea). Effectiveness of treatments was evaluated by comparing insect populations and number of broccoli heads harvested from plots. The biorational and synthetic organic insecticides were equally effective in controlling lepidopterous pests but the biorational regime required a greater number of applications for effective control. Neither inundative releases of C. chrysoperla eggs and larvae nor applications of a fatty acid soap were effective in reducing aphid populations. Applications of synthetic organic insecticides were effective when applied solely for aphid control or as a control for lepidopterous larvae.
Rupela albinella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) Oviposition Behavior and Egg Distribution on Rice Plants
Authors: Pantoja Alberto , Matta Julian
Published: September 2017

Oviposition by a rice stem borer, Rupela albinella (Cramer), was studied on rice plants. Moths preferred to oviposit on plants older than 50 days. Foliage was highly preferred over stems as oviposition sites. Three times as many egg masses were deposited on the abaxial leaf surface as compared with the adaxial leaf surface. Leaves two and three were preferred for oviposition. Of eight cultivars tested Viflor was preferred for oviposition, while Tapuripa, another Peruvian line, had fewer egg masses.
Seasonal Occurrence of Calleida viridipennis (Say) and Plochionus timidus Haldeman (Coleoptera: Carabidae), Predators of the Fruittree Leafroller, Archips argyrospila (Walker), in Louisiana
Authors: Zhou Jianlin , Goyer R. A. , Lenhard G. J.
Published: September 2017

Calleida viridipennis (Say) and Plochionus timidus Haldeman overwinter as adults under the bark of baldcypress, Taxodium distichum (L.) Richard, (diam. at breast height (DBH) > 30 cm) and black willow, Salix nigra Marsh, (DBH > 15 cm) at a height more than 40 cm above the water level in forested wetlands. Both carabid species were found to be spring breeders, with adults surviving approximately one year. Adults of both species emerged from overwintering in late February or early March when the fruittree leafroller, Archips argyrospila (Walker), caterpillars were active on baldcypress. Carabid eggs were distributed among foliage and host webs from mid- or late-March to late-September with larvae occurring from late-March to early or mid-October. Both carabid species were found to be associated with the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea (Drury), after the univoltine fruittree leafroller larvae completed their development.
Additions to the Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae: Phlaeothripidae) Fauna of Georgia
Authors: Braman S. Kristine , Beshear Ramona J. , McPherson Robert M.
Published: September 2017

Twenty-five species of thrips (Thysanoptera) are listed as new Georgia State records collected from ornamentals, tobacco, blueberry, and other hosts. The number of known species of thrips in Georgia is increased to 178.
Effect of Parasitoid and Host Age on Oviposition and Emergence of Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) an endoparasitoid of Helvicoverpa zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Harrison W. W. , Herbert D. A. , Hardee D. D.
Published: September 2017

The effect of parasitoid age and two instars of the host Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) were investigated for the endoparasitoid, Microplitis croceipes (Cresson). Third and fourth instars of H. zea were exposed to three different age ranges (3 to 5, 6 to 8, and 12 to 15-d-old) of mated adult female M. croceipes. No significant differences were shown in rate of parasitism regardless of parasitoid age or host instar. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were found between parental age and adult wasp emergence, sex ratio, and number in pupal stage entering diapause. Six to 8-day-old parasitoids parasitizing third instar hosts yielded the highest percentage of adult emergence (47.5 ± 14%; X̄ ± SD), the highest percentage of females (79%), and the lowest percentage (4.5 ± 6%; X̄ ± SD) entering diapause during the test.
Fruittree Leafroller, Archips argyrospila (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Performance as Influenced by Host Foliage Type
Authors: Meeker James R. , Goyer Richard A.
Published: September 2017

Performance of early and late instars of the fruittree leafroller, Archips argyrospila (Walker), was quantified from bioassays using previously uninfested foliage of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum L.) and two other potential hosts. Initial survival and host preference tests indicated that open morphology baldcypress foliage was more suitable for first instars than either appressed morphology baldcypress or pondcypress. Growth, development, and host utilization indices, based on rearing of late instars, revealed that open morphology baldcypress foliage was most susceptible to defoliation. Late-instar bioassays also indicated that pondcypress foliage was the least susceptible cypress foliage type tested, due to mechanism(s) triggering early termination of larval development. The appressed morphology baldcypress foliage was of moderate susceptibility, apparently because of foliage characteristics deterring its consumption. Shumard oak, Quercus shumardii Buckl., and sweet citrus, Citrus siniensis (L.), did not support early-instar survival or late-instar development and, thus, appear to preclude the threat of fruittree leafroller defoliation in the Gulf States. The results indicated that there is a high potential for fruittree leafrollers to infest areas where pondcypress occurs.
A New Species of Haliaspis from Texas, USA (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae)
Authors: Liu Tong-Xian , Howell James O.
Published: September 2017

A new species in the genus Haliaspis is described and illustrated. In Haliaspis texana n. sp., from Texas, the 2nd pair of lobes are well developed, extending beyond the pygidial margin, and the submarginal setae on the venter of pygidium are noticeably thinner than those on margin. A key to adult females is presented to separate species in the genus Haliaspis.
Alate Semiochemicals Release Worker Behavior During Fire Ant Nuptial Flights
Authors: Obin Martin S. , Vander Meer Robert K.
Published: September 2017

Bioassays conducted during induced laboratory mating flights of Solenopsis invicta Buren investigated whether alate semiochemicals stimulate formation of the worker retinues that accompany alates during the preflight stage. In paired tests comparing worker response to alates vs response to other workers, workers preferentially entered, searched and recruited nestmates to vials that contained either an alate corpse or alate residue. Olfactory cues of both males and gynes (but not workers) attracted workers, induced alarm - recruitment, and promoted alate retrieval. Workers responding to these cues in our bioassays exhibited recruitment behavior previously unreported for fire ants, i.e., “back - and - forth jerking” and “group recruitment.” We propose that the observed worker behavior is a response to alate mandibular gland - derived alarm pheromone modulated by less volatile caste recognition cues associated with the alate cuticle.
A New Technique for Monitoring Pecan Weevil Emergence (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Tedders W. L. , Wood B. W.
Published: September 2017

An inexpensive pyramidal-shaped trap was designed and demonstrated to effectively monitor the emergence of pecan weevil adults Curculio caryae (Horn). The trap is constructed of masonite and uses a modified boll weevil eradication trap top as a collecting container. Weevils were preferentially attracted to brown traps when traps were painted brown vs. white. Brown traps positioned adjacent to pecan trees having whitewashed trunks also were more attractive to weevils than when positioned beneath non-white washed trees. Tall traps attracted more weevils than short traps having the same surface area. Two traps per tree captured twice as many weevils as one trap. This report describes the new trap design and presents information to which its effectiveness could possibly be attributed.
Evidence of Interspecific Competition Between Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) and Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Some Greenhouse-Grown Plants
Authors: Liu Tong-Xian , Oetting Ronald D. , Buntin G. David
Published: September 2017

Two whitefly species, sweetpotato whitefly (SPWF) [Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)] and greenhouse whitefly (GHWF) [Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)], sometimes infest many greenhouse-grown ornamental plants at the same time, particularly during the early infestation period. Large cage, Petri-dish cage, and leaf clip-on cage experiments were conducted in greenhouses and temperature-controlled chambers to examine the competitive interactions of these two whiteflies on green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.). The results demonstrated that the two species do not coexist on the same leaf for a time period of longer than two generations (approximately 50–60 days), and that GHWF was the dominant species on green bean while SPWF was the dominant species on poinsettia. Shifts in species dominance between the two whitefly species were not affected by cage size, initial density, and constant temperatures of 20, 25, and 30°C. Dominance of one species over the other on a given host probably was related to reduced feeding and ovipositional activity by adults and reduced growth and possibly survivorship of immatures of the subordinate species on a less suitable host, although other factors may affect competitive interactions between the two species.
Control of Third and Fourth Instar Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) with Gypchek Combined with a Stilbene Disulfonic Acid Additive on Individual Shade Trees1
Authors: Webb R. E. , Dill N. H. , Podgwaite J. D. , Shapiro M. , Ridgway R. L. , Vaughn J. L. , Venables L. , Argauer R. J.
Published: September 2017

The efficacy of the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar (L.)) nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LdMNPV), Gypchek, in combination with a stilbene disulfonic acid additive, Blankophor BBH, was evaluated against third and fourth-instar gypsy moth in 1992. Treatments were applied with hydraulic ground equipment to plots of one to three oak trees each in a gypsy moth-infested woodlot on the eastern shore of Maryland. An analysis of larvae collected from the plots revealed that the plots treated with LdMNPV and Blankophor BBH had significantly (P < 0.05) more larval mortality and significantly lower LT50 values than did plots treated with LdMNPV alone. Additionally, Blankophor BBH applied alone appeared to interact with native virus present in the field plots and significantly (P < 0.05) increased larval mortality when compared with untreated plots. The implications of these results for the potential use of LdMNPV in combination with a stilbene disulfonic acid additive are discussed.
Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Mating Effects of Age and Scotophase on Pre-mating Time, Mating Incidence, and Fertility
Authors: Simmons Alvin M. , Rogers Charlie E.
Published: September 2017

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine premating time requirements under different light regimes, influences of duration of scotophase on incidence of mating, and changes in fertility with age in laboratory-reared fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Females required less time after emergence (X̄ = 11.5 h) than males (X̄ = 21.5 h) before active copulation when held under a 15:9 (L:D) h photoperiod. The incidence of mating increased from 0.36 to 0.92 times per 24 h period as the duration of scotophase increased from 0 to 22 h. Fertility was not constant during the life span of either male or female moths. Fertility was high throughout most of the adult life, but low (especially for the males) during the first 24 h after emergence and toward the end of its life.
Effects of Host Switching on Oviposition by the Tarnished Plant Bug (Heteroptera: Miridae)
Authors: Stewart Scott D. , Gaylor Michael J.
Published: September 2017

Tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), oviposition and longevity were examined when adult females were switched between cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.), and fleabane, Erigeron strigosus Muhlenberg ex Willdenow. Ovipositional rates and patterns were significantly affected by the sequence in which cotton and fleabane were offered. There was a rapid decrease in egg deposition when bugs were switched from fleabane to cotton. In contrast, a slow increase in oviposition occurred when bugs were switched from cotton to fleabane. Bugs laid more eggs on fleabane than on cotton when given a choice of host. There was no relationship between longevity and host sequence within years. Ovipositional preferences and host quality appeared to be responsible for differences in egg deposition.
Susceptibility of Aphis gossypii (Glover) to Insecticides as Affected by Host Plant Using a Rapid Bioassay
Authors: McKenzie C. L. , Cartwright B.
Published: September 2017

The susceptibility of Aphis gossypii (Glover) reared on watermelon or cotton to seven insecticides was determined using a Petri dish bioassay. Baseline susceptibility values to each insecticide for susceptible laboratory A. gossypii colonies varied between host plants, but aphids reared on cotton were generally more tolerant to insecticides than aphids from watermelon. The ratio of relative susceptibility of cotton aphids to melon aphids was as much as 1000 with dimethoate or 415 with bifenthrin, however, no significant differences in susceptibility was observed with chlorpyrifos between aphid populations from the two host plants. Orders of toxicity for the seven insecticides varied between host plant, but on watermelon, the order of toxicity was bifenthrin > oxydemeton-methyl > methomyl > dicrotophos > dimethoate > chlorpyrifos > endosulfan. Because of the wide range of response to insecticide doses observed with bifenthrin on melon aphid and with dimethoate and endosulfan against cotton aphid, use of the Petri dish bioassay method as a discriminating-dose field bioassay for these insecticides may not provide consistent estimations of the resistant nature of field populations. Bioassay data taken at 3 h were generally more consistent and provided a more predictive mortality model than those taken at 2 or 4 h for most insecticides. LC50 values estimated for dimethoate with melon aphids using leaf-spray or leaf residue bioassays differed little from LC50 values estimated with the Petri dish bioassay. Because Petri dish bioassays cost less than half as much as plant-based bioassays, provide comparable results, and require less assay time, this method is more suitable for use in monitoring for insecticide resistance in melon aphid.
1992 Gypsy Moth Programs in the Southeast
Authors: Douce G. Keith , Hamilton Robert D. , Clement Gary L.
Published: September 2017

The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), has been one of the most destructive hardwood forest insect pests in the northeastern U.S. since it was accidentally introduced in the late 1860's. The U. S. range of the insect has expanded annually by a few kilometers through natural spread. However, gypsy moth range expansion has been greatly mitigated by accidental transport of life stages on recreational and commercial vehicles and on outdoor household articles. They gypsy moth is one of two forest insects that are under Federal Domestic Quarantine enacted in 1912. Since the late 1800's Federal, State, and local governments have worked cooperatively in trying to eradicate, suppress, and/or control gypsy moth populations. Thousands of worker-hours and millions of dollars are expended annually on these cooperative projects. Although the goals of these projects are developed and implemented cooperatively, comprehensive summarizations of these efforts are limited. This study was designed to summarize and document the results of the 1992 cooperative gypsy moth survey projects in eight states that comprise the USDA-APHIS-PPQ southeastern region.
Indirect Effect of Insecticides Used in Pecan Orchards to Larvae of Chrysoperla rufilabris (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Authors: Hurej Michal , Dutcher James D.
Published: September 2017

Eight insecticides at two concentrations (low and high) were tested for toxicity to first, second, and third instars of Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister). Lindane (0.65 and 1.3 g actual insecticide AI/l), endosulfan (0.375 and 0.75 g AI/l), carbaryl (1.2 and 2.4 g AI/l), azinphos-methyl (1.0 and 2.0 g AI/l, malathion (0.9 and 1.8 g AI/l), methomyl (0.225 and 0.45 g AI/l), phosmet (0.375 and 0.75 g AI/l), and esfenvalerate (0.0.15 and 0.03 g AI/l) treated cowpea aphids (Aphis craccivora Koch) were fed to the lacewing larvae in the laboratory. Among tested insecticides, azinphos-methyl was the most toxic insecticide to larvae at the low and high rates and was classified as moderately harmful. Lindane and carbaryl were slightly harmful; endosulfan, malathion, methomyl, phosmet, and esfenvalerate were harmless. In most cases the first instar larvae were the most susceptible to the insecticides tested. Both rates caused similar mortality of C. rufilabris larvae after 48 h of feeding with the exception of azinphos-methyl and methomyl which caused higher mortality at the high rate.
Mortality of Susceptible and Resistant Heliothis virescens Larvae Exposed to Various Petroleum Oils and Insecticide Rates
Authors: Scott William P. , Mulrooney Joseph E. , Womac Alvin R.
Published: September 2017

Spray table tests with cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. leaves demonstrated that petroleum oil/diluent residues caused higher mortality in laboratory susceptible tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens L., larvae than in a laboratory resistant strain. Paraffinic diluents with bifenthrin caused higher mortality of the susceptible and resistant larvae under conditions of long-term exposure to spray residues than bifenthrin in an isoparaffinic oil or an aromatic solvent. None of the bifenthrin-oil treatments increased mortality above water-bifenthrin in either resistant or susceptible strains.
Simulated Insect Defoliation of Seedlings and Productivity of Winter Small-Grain Crops
Authors: Buntin G. David
Published: September 2017

Insects, such as grasshoppers, Spodoptera spp. armyworms and flea beetles, occasionally defoliate seedlings of autumn-planted small grain crops. Seedlings of wheat, Triticum aestivum L., barley, Hordeum vulgare L., oats, Avena sativa L., rye, Secale cereale L., and triticale, X Triticosecale Wittmack, were mechanically clipped at the soil surface to simulate insect leaf injury for various periods after planting up to the 1-, 2-, and 4-leaf stages. Defoliation up to the 4-leaf stage (i.e., ≥ 30 days after planting) delayed spike emergence of all crops by several days. Seedling defoliation generally had little adverse effect on grain yield and test weight of rye in any year and reduced yield of triticale in one of three years. Furthermore, plants of both species defoliated in the 2- and 4-leaf stages were less severely damaged by cold temperatures and yielded as much or more than nondefoliated plants when late freezes occurred. Seedling defoliation up to the 4-leaf stage also had little negative effect on grain yield and test weight of wheat. Grain yield of barley and oats declined with increasing length of defoliation period in two of three seasons with most of the reduction occurring when defoliation exceeded 20 days. Results imply that seedling defoliation up to the 4-leaf stage has little effect on grain yield and test weight of winter wheat, rye, and triticale. Defoliation only adversely affected yield of barley and oats when it occurred beyond the 2-leaf stage. As long as plant stand is not reduced, economic thresholds for seedling pests of winter small-grain crops that do not allow for the loss of most leaf tissue for several weeks after planting probably are too conservative.
Development and Evaluation of an Automated Spray Chamber
Authors: Filip To S. D. , Smith D. B. , Luttrell R. G. , Reed J. T.
Published: September 2017

A computerized spray chamber for rapid implementation of spray deposit experiments was developed and evaluated. The system has been in use for a number of months and has significantly improved the efficiency of running spray-related laboratory experiments. The main features of the system include time-delay system to clear spray out of the chamber before the operator opens the door, charcoal filter to filter the air before exiting the building, a spray table with adjustable height, variable nozzle speed from 0.8 to 9.33 km/h (0.5 to 5.8 mph), nozzle mounting bracket that is supplied with air pressure of 0 to 412 kPa (0 to 60 PSI), liquid pressure of 0 to 412 kPa (0 to 60 psi), and 12 Volt DC power source to accommodate hydraulic, pneumatic, or rotary (electrical) atomizers. The pressures and travel speed are displayed during an entire spray run. Electronic measurements indicated that the system was able to maintain repeatability of speed of greater than 98%. This paper describes the mechanical and electrical design and the operation of the system.
Performance Evaluations for an Automated Spray Chamber
Authors: Smith D. B. , Luttrell R. G. , To S. D.
Published: September 2017

Spray deposits associated with an automated spray chamber developed at Mississippi State University were evaluated. The data reported herein indicate that: (1) the deposits correspond to the calibrated volumes applied per area, (2) the variation among replications within sampling locations (CV = 12.8%) was substantially less than the variation among replication/sampling location combinations (CV = 37.2%), (3) the deposits were most uniformly deposited in the center 16 cm of the spray deposit patterns for a given nozzle-pesticide combination, and (4) both the % recovery and the shape of some spray deposit patterns varied among the four insecticides tested. These results suggest that researchers could easily be testing insecticide-nozzle combination effects rather than testing for nozzle- or insecticide-effects per se. There remains a need for a quick, accurate method for quantifying pesticide (insecticide, herbicide or fungicide) deposits.
The Controlling Effects of Abamectin and Hydramethylnon for the Australian Cockroach, Periplaneta australasiae (F.) (Orthoptera: Blattellidae), in Taiwan
Authors: Wang C. H. , Yang H. T. , Chow Y. S.
Published: September 2017

A microbially-derived compound - abamectin - and a metabolic inhibitor - hydramethylnon - were evaluated as control agents of the Australian cockroach. Abamectin was 445 times faster than that of hydramethylnon in producing a lethal response when the chemicals were applied topically on the thoracic sternum of the roaches. Hydramethylnon was faster than abamectin, however, when administered by ingestion method. After the female roaches had been fed on 1% hydramethylnon bait for 5 days, then fed on nontoxic puppy-food and water, all the roaches died 7 days later. The results showed that abamectin was suitable for spraying, whereas the hydramethylnon was good as a toxic bait in controlling the Australian cockroach. Hydramethylnon showed the secondary killing effect to the rest of cockroach colony through coprophagy.
Attack Densities of Tomicus pintiperda and Ips pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) on Scotch Pine Logs in Michigan in Relation to Felling Date
Authors: Haack Robert A. , Lawrence Robert K.
Published: September 2017

Established populations of an exotic bark beetle, the larger pine shoot beetle [Tomicus piniperda (L.)], were first reported in Ohio in July 1992. Subsequent surveys through July 1994 have found T. piniperda in six states in the United States and in one Canadian Province in the Great Lakes region. One-meter-long trunk sections were cut from Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees felled from February through July 1993 in a forested site in southern Michigan, laid horizontally, allowed to undergo natural attack by bark beetles and associates, and later dissected. In southern Michigan in 1993, T. piniperda initiated spring flight in late March; the pine engraver [Ips pini (Say)], a native pine bark beetle, initiated spring flight about one month later in late April. Tomicus piniperda attacks (galleries) were found in logs cut during February through May. Attack densities of T. piniperda were highest in February-cut logs, and declined with subsequent felling dates. The highest T. piniperda attack density recorded for an entire log section was 263 attacks/m2 of bark area on one of the February-cut logs. Ips pini attack densities tended to increase with later felling dates. When I. pini attacked logs that had already been colonized by T. piniperda, I. pini galleries were mostly found on the upper log surface. When I. pini attacked logs with few or no T. piniperda, I. pini galleries were found on all log surfaces. By initiating spring flight several weeks before I. pini, T. piniperda is able to colonize much of the susceptible pine material and thereby may lower I. pini populations.
Influence of Endosulfan on Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) Populations, Parasitism, and Lettuce Infectious Yellows Virus in Late-Summer Planted Cantaloupe
Authors: Nuessly Gregg S. , Perring Thomas M.
Published: September 2017

Studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of endosulfan in reducing the incidence of lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV) in late-summer planted cantaloupe, Cucumis melo L., through reduction of sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), densities. Counts of B. tabaci adults and immatures and of a native parasitoid of B. tabaci, Eretmocerus sp. near californicus Howard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) were lower in treated plots than those in untreated plots for the duration of the trial. Despite lower populations of B. tabaci, LIYV was not significantly different between treatments, reaching 48% in treated and 40% in untreated plots. B. tabaci emigrated out of treated plots which may have contributed to the spread of LIYV. Sooty mold growth on fruit contaminated with B. tabaci-produced honeydew was present on only 0.4% of the melons in treated plots, but on 29% of the melons in the untreated plots. B. tabaci population dynamics on cantaloupe is discussed with regard to control strategies and LIYV epidemiology.
Food Distribution and Storage in Colonies of Monomorium pharaonis (L.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Haack Kevin D. , Vinson S. Bradleigh , Olson Jimmy K.
Published: September 2017

The distribution (between adult workers and worker larvae) and storage of dyed foods (one protein, two lipids, and three carbohydrates) were investigated in standardized Pharaoh ant, Monomorium pharaonis (L.), colonies (n = 250 workers, 2 queens, and 25–30 mg worker brood) in the laboratory. Two foods were in liquid form (peanut oil and 1 M sucrose) and four were in solid form (egg yolk, beef fat, table sugar, and corn starch). Workers did not actively recruit to table sugar, but in a concurrent study it was used as building material to fill nest openings. Moistened corn starch was ignored by foraging workers with little storage. Workers became satiated on 1 M sucrose before any solution was given to larvae. Peanut oil, like the 1 M sucrose solution, was rapidly distributed among and stored internally by adult workers. Unlike the 1 M sucrose solution given primarily to older larvae, peanut oil was distributed rapidly to all larval stadia. Workers showed weak recruitment to beef fat even after 7 d of starvation. Only a few workers showed evidence of feeding on beef fat and none was distributed to larvae. Storage of solid lipid (beef fat) was variable. Workers in two of five colonies stored large quantities of beef fat in piles inside their nests. In three colonies only trace amounts of beef fat were stored after 24 h. In contrast, workers consistently stored large quantities of excess solid protein (moist egg yolk powder) in piles inside their nests. Solid protein was fed to and consumed primarily by older larvae, and none was detected in young larvae or adult workers. Workers actively recruited to liquid carbohydrate (1 M sucrose) and solid protein (moist egg yolk powder) foods after 2 d of starvation. A 7-d starvation period was necessary for active recruitment to lipids (peanut oil and beef fat), but caused extremely rapid recruitment (too fast for accurate observation) to carbohydrate and protein foods. Thus, colonies were starved for 2 d prior to the introduction of protein or carbohydrate foods, and 7 d prior to lipid foods. Our results suggest that lipids may not be rapidly depleted in the metabolism of the Pharaoh ant. Thus, protein and liquid carbohydrates (using simple sugars) may play a more important role as components of insecticidal baits that are important in Pharaoh ant management. However, in field colonies that may be stressed for lack of food (which may commonly occur), an insecticidal bait formulated from oil may be readily accepted and effective.
Spring Migration, Reproductive Behavior, Monitoring Procedures, and Host Preference of Plum Curculio (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Prunus Species in Central Georgia2
Authors: Yonce C. E. , Horton D. L. , Okie W. R.
Published: September 2017

Plum curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), enroute from hibernating sites in the woods were first recovered from plum trees at 95% full bloom. First mating occurred as early as 95% full bloom and no later than 90% petal fall. Most matings occurred during April when the adult population was highest. Fruit injury (feeding and oviposition) was greater on plum than on peach or other Prunus species. Little feeding and/or oviposition was recorded on fruit of Prunus japonica Thunb. in field nursery plots. However, when P. japonica fruit was picked, brought into the laboratory, put in cups with laboratory-reared plum curculio, the weevils fed and oviposited as well as on other Prunus species fruit. First field brood emergence was detected when most collected adult females (16 of 18) were virgin during 26 May - 1 June 1991. The 7-day period was indicative of a new generation because newly-emerged females were sexually immature for approximately 7 days. Prior to and after that 7-day emergence period, most females were mated. Various monitoring methods were evaluated which included green sticky balls, pitfall traps, sticky trunk bands, boll weevil traps, and tree jarring. Tree jarring was the best method for monitoring plum curculio.
Development and Reproductive Behavior of Mantispa viridis Walker (Neuroptera: Mantispidae)
Authors: Brushwein Jeffrey R. , Culin Joseph D. , Hoffman Kevin M.
Published: September 2017

The development and reproductive behavior of Mantispa viridis Walker was examined in northwestern South Carolina. Campodeiform first instars actively searched spider egg sacs and halted the development of spider eggs that had advanced to the prelarval or larval developmental stages. M. viridis utilized both viable and inviable spider eggs and completed development on as few as five black widow, Latrodectus mactans (F.), eggs. Developmental time from eclosion to adult emergence averaged slightly less than 24 d. Both mated and unmated females produced egg clutches. However, viable clutches were only produced by mated females. Mated females produced a greater number of clutches each containing more eggs than unmated females. Unmated females produced a small number of eggs that embryonated, and in which a mantispid larva developed. However, larvae in these eggs did not eclose. Males were found to have the intertergal membranes between abdominal segments 3 and 4, and 4 and 5 expanded. These membranes were everted during courtship and apparently emitted a mating or recognition pheromone. Mating behavior and adult longevity are also described.
Primaspis: A New Genus of Diaspididae (Homoptera: Coccoidea) from the Southwestern United States
Authors: Howell James O.
Published: September 2017

A new genus and species of armored scale close to Rugaspidiotus is described and illustrated. In Primaspis gen. nov., from New Mexico, the adult females are separable from Rugaspidiotus in having gland spines on the pygidial margin, well defined median lobes, and a bilobed second lobe. In the first instars, the antennae are 6 segmented, there is no row of ventral submedian abdominal setae, and no elongate setae on the tarsi.
Seasonal Occurrence of Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in Southwest Virginia
Authors: Gaines David N. , Kok L. T.
Published: September 2017

In Virginia, Pieris rapae (L.) phenology is not well established because earlier studies focused on its occurrence within the growth period of a particular crop. In this study, conducted in 1989 and 1990, we sampled multiple crops in both spring and fall plantings and these data were compared with those from earlier studies to obtain an overall pattern of seasonal occurrence. In 1989, spring crops of broccoli, cabbage, and kale were planted in field plots in Montgomery Co., VA, and sampled weekly for the eggs and larvae of P. rapae. In 1990, both spring and fall crops were planted and sampled. Four P. rapae generations (egg count peaks) were observed in 1989 and 1990, but comparison of data from both years suggested a fifth generation was possible in this region. When these data are compared with egg count data from seven previous years (1981–1988; 1985 not included), evidence indicates a first generation in mid-May, and consistent second and third generations in mid-June and mid-July, respectively. The June and July generations were always well defined by high egg and larva counts per plant. Less predictable are the fourth and fifth generations which may both occur in August or one generation each in August and September. When fourth and fifth generations occur in early and late August, a sixth generation may occur in late September. The regular occurrence and size of the second and third generation can facilitate the planning and implementation of biological or other control measures for P. rapae in this region.
Susceptibility of Fifth-Instar Indianmeal Moth and Almond Moth (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to Cyfluthrin Residues on Peanuts1
Authors: Arthur Frank H.
Published: September 2017

Inshell peanuts treated with 10, 14, 18, and 22 ppm cyfluthrin were bioassayed with fifth instar Indianmeal moths, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) and fifth-instar almond moths, Cadra cautella (Walker), after 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 months of storage. Emergence of the adult almond moth was greater than Indianmeal moth emergence at residual bioassays of 14, 18, and 22 ppm. Regression of increasing emergence with storage time was significant for the Indianmeal moth at 22 ppm and the almond moth at 14 and 22 ppm. For both species, adult emergence decreased as cyfluthrin concentration increased and was described by quadratic regression.
Macrogeographic Genetic Variation in Populations of the Webbing Cone worm (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Richmond James A.
Published: September 2017

Genetic variation among 14 populations of Dioryctria disclusa Heinrich adults was examined using starch gel electophoresis. The average number of alleles per locus exceeded 2.0 in all populations. The number of polymorphic loci exceeded 70% in 11 populations. Genetic structure data suggest moderate differentiation (average Fst, 0.111) among the populations. Most of the differentiation is attributable to three of the eight loci (MDH, ME, and IDH). Nei's genetic identity ranged from 0.77–1.00 between populations. A phenogram based on genetic identity and unweighted pair-group method of analysis (UPGMA) clustered five of six populations in North Carolina closely together. With a cophenetic correlation of 0.96 the phenogram constructed is acceptable.
Impact of Type and Timing of Southern Corn Rootworm Treatments on Predaceous Arthropods in Peanut
Authors: Barbour J. D. , Brandenburg R. L.
Published: September 2017

At-flowering and at-pegging treatments of soil-applied insecticides for southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, control were examined to determine if type and/or timing of insecticide affected the abundance of predaceous arthropods in reproductive-stage peanuts. Orius insidiosus (Say) and spiders comprised the majority of predators captured during the study. Effects of timing were variable, but indicated that earlier, at-flowering pesticide application may allow for better re-establishment of some predators (e.g., O. insidiosus), and for the total number of predators, than later, at-pegging pesticide applications. There was no consistent effect of chlorpyrifos or fonophos applied at flowering, or chlorpyrifos or ethoprop applied at pegging, on predator abundance in reproductive-stage peanuts.
Biology and Rearing of Diapetimorpha introita (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) on Host and Non-host Noctuid Pupae
Authors: Pair S. D.
Published: September 2017

Laboratory studies were conducted to identify factors that influence Diapetimorpha introita (Cresson) reproduction and development rate on Spodoptera spp., Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), and Heliothis virescens (F.), Laboratory colonies of D. introita were successfully maintained on S. frugiperda (J. E. Smith) pupae placed in multicellular rearing units. Mated D. introita females produced an average of 81.3 eggs per individual over a mean lifespan of 23.6 days. Sex ratios were skewed with 40% more males than females produced from mated females. Unmated females produced all male progeny. Diapetimorpha introita females tended to select 3 to 5-day-old S. frugiperda pupae over younger or older pupae. Diapetimorpha introita successfully developed to the adult stage on host Spodoptera spp. and non-host H. zea and H. virescens pupae. Duration of larval stages was dependent upon host and temperature. Duration of pupal stages not exposed to diapause-inducing temperatures were dependent upon host, and adult weights were dependent upon host species, host weight, and temperature. Temperatures of 18 or 22°C resulted in ≥ 90% diapause regardless of host species. Generally, parasitoids from large host pupae developed more slowly and weighed more than those developing on smaller hosts. Successful utilization of D. introita as a candidate for augmentative releases against overwintering populations of Spodoptera spp. depends upon the advancement of in vivo mass rearing techniques.