bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Serum Concentration of the Growth Medium Markedly Affects Monocyte‐Derived Dendritic Cells' Phenotype, Cytokine Production Profile and Capacities to Stimulate in MLR
Authors: Jakobsen M. A. , Møller B. K. , Lillevang S. T.
Published: December 2004

We have investigated how the maturation of monocyte‐derived dendritic cells (Mo‐DC) is affected by the serum concentration of the culture medium. Day 6 DC cultured in 1% human serum were a heterogeneous population of CD1a– and CD1a+ DC that were separated by flow sorting. In contrast, Mo‐DC generated in 10% human serum formed a homogenous population of CD1a– cells. Other phenotypically immature characteristics also varied, and three subsets were still distinguishable upon maturation in LPS. Furthermore, CD1a– DC and CD1a+ DC from 1% culture conditions were excellent stimulators in MLR, while DC cultured in 10% serum were poor stimulators. Similarly, different cytokine profiles of the three subsets were identified. DC cultured in 1% serum had low expression of interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) p40 and IL‐10 mRNA at day 6. Upon maturation, expression of IL‐12 p40 mRNA was upregulated in CD1a+ DC, whereas the level remained relatively low in CD1a– DC. In contrast, DC cultured in 10% had high levels of IL‐10 mRNA at day 6 that was downregulated upon maturation. We conclude that the differentiation of monocytes into DC is significantly influenced by the serum concentration of the growth medium with effects on phenotype, cytokine profile and stimulatory activity.
Molecular phylogenetic evidence for an extracellular Cu Zn superoxide dismutase gene in insects
Authors: Parker J. D. , Parker K. M. , Keller L.
Published: December 2004

Representatives of three ancient gene families of the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD) can be found in most metazoans. In mammals andCaenorhabditis elegans, there is at least one gene each of the cytoplasmic, mitochondrial and extracellular lineages of SOD genes. The cytoplasmic SOD was one of the first enzymes to be implicated in ageing due to its protection against damaging oxygen free radicals. In contrast to other metazoans, insects were thought to lack a gene for the extracellular SOD. We have cloned and sequenced an SOD mRNA in the antLasius nigerthat appears to belong to this extracellular family. Subsequent searches and analyses of SOD gene sequences in insect databases revealed that insects do indeed express all three SOD genes including the extracellular form. We conclude that insects as well as other metazoans appear to have the full repertoire of the three families of SOD.
Quantitative trait loci affecting dengue midgut infection barriers in an advanced intercross line of Aedes aegypti
Authors: Gomez‐Machorro C. , Bennett K. E. , Del Lourdes Munoz M. , Black W. C.
Published: December 2004

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting the ability of the Aedes aegypti midgut to become infected with Dengue 2 virus (DEN2) were mapped in the F5 generation of an advanced intercross line (AIL). A strain of Ae. aegypti previously selected for DEN2 susceptibility was crossed to a new strain selected for refractoriness to midgut infection. In P1 and F1 parents and 147 F5 offspring, genotypes at forty‐four cDNA loci were analysed. A new sex linked QTL and a second QTL on chromosome II with genotypes subject to balancing selection were detected that condition midgut susceptibility. Alleles at these QTL contributed additively in determining susceptibility and accounted for ∼24% of the phenotypic variance. Markers associated with a midgut escape barrier were inconsistently supported.
Democratization in Gulf Monarchies: A New Challenge to the GCC
Authors: Kéchichian Joseph A.
Published: December 2004

Dr. Kéchichian is the author of Succession in Saudi Arabia (Palgrave, 2001; Beirut and London: Dar Al Saqi, 2003 [in Arabic]); Oman and the World: The Emergence of an Independent Foreign Policy (RAND, 1995); and coauthor, with R. Hrair Dekmejian, of The Just Prince: A Manual of Leadership (London: Saqi Books, 2003). His most recent study, Succession in Arab Monarchies, written under a Smith Richardson Foundation grant, is forthcoming in 2005.
Discrete‐element modelling of extensional fault‐propagation folding above rigid basement fault blocks
Authors: Finch Emma , Hardy Stuart , Gawthorpe Rob
Published: December 2004

We employed a discrete‐element technique to investigate the effects of cover strength and fault dip on the style of fault‐propagation folding above a blind normal fault. Deformation in the cover is initially characterised by an upward‐widening monocline that is often replaced, with continued slip on the basement fault, by a single, through‐going fault. Localisation on a single fault produces hangingwall synclines and footwall anticlines as a result of breaching of the earlier monocline and which do not represent ‘drag’ against the fault. As basement fault dip decreases the width of the monocline at the surface increases. Experiments varying the strength of the overburden material illustrate the control that cover strength has on both fault propagation and folding in the cover. Reduction of the strength of the cover results in: (1) the width of the monocline above the fault tip increasing, and (2) more marked footwall thinning and hangingwall thickening of beds. In contrast, an increase in cover strength results in a narrower monocline and rapid propagation of the basement fault into the cover. In multi‐layer (variable strength) experiments simultaneous faulting of competent layers and flow of weaker layers produces complex structural relationships. Faults in the cover die out up and down section and do not link to the basement fault at depth. Similarly, complex macroscopically ductile characteristics such as footwall thinning and hangingwall thickening can be juxtaposed against simple brittle fault cut‐offs. These relationships must be borne in mind when interpreting the field and seismic expression of such structures. We discuss the modelling results in terms of their implications for structural interpretation and the surficial expression of fault‐related folding in extensional settings.
Time lag of syntectonic sedimentation across an alluvial basin: theory and example from the Ebro Basin, Spain
Authors: Jones Merren A. , Heller Paul L. , Roca Eduard , Garcés Miguel , Cabrera Lluís
Published: December 2004

We propose and test a conceptual framework for evaluating the relative timing of different types of sedimentary indicators of tectonism in alluvial foreland basin settings. We take the first occurrence of a detrital grain from a newly exposed source‐area lithology to provide the best indicator of the onset of tectonic uplift in the source area. Source‐area unroofing may lag behind initial uplift because of the type, thickness and structure of rocks in the uplifted mountain block, drainage patterns and climate. However, once exposed, advective transport disperses grains quickly throughout fluvial systems. Because of increased subsidence rate from thrust belt loading, an increase in sedimentation rate begins coincident with tectonic load emplacement within the flexural half‐width of the basin. However, farther out into the basin increased sedimentation rates lag behind the composition signal because of time lags associated with propagation of the thrust load and attendant sediment loads into the basin. The progradation of syntectonic gravel lags behind all of these signals as a direct function of the relative proportion of gravel fraction within transported sediment and rates and geometry of subsidence, which selectively traps the coarsest grain‐size fractions in the most proximal parts of the basin.

We demonstrate this signal attenuation in the syntectonic Horta–Gandesa alluvial system (late Eocene–Oligocene), exposed along the southeast margin of the Ebro Basin, Spain. The results demonstrate that: (1) the time spans between the compositional signal and the progradation of the gravel front can be geologically significant, on the order of more than a million years within as little as 20 km of the thrust front; and (2) time lags between the signals increase with distance away from the deformation front. No lag time was observed between the first appearance of a new clast composition and the arrival of gravel front when the thrust front was within a few tens of metres from the depositional site. In contrast, the time lag was 0.5–1 Myr when the thrust front was about 5–6 km away and it increased to >1 Myr when the deformation front was about 8 km away. At the most extreme position, when the thrust front was 15–20 km away, the gravel front never reached the study area.
Early Tertiary evolution of the North Alpine Foreland Basin of the Swiss Alps and adjoining areas
Authors: Kempf Oliver , Adrian Pfiffner O.
Published: December 2004

We present a new palaeogeographic reconstruction of the Helvetic zone based on the palinspastic restoration of 18 recently published and new retrodeformed structural cross‐sections through the Swiss Alps, Haute Savoie (France) and Vorarlberg (Austria). The reconstruction resulted in two palaeogeographic maps, one of the pre‐Mesozoic basement, the other for the sedimentary cover of the Helvetic shelf including the Nummulitic deposits of the Palaeocene–Eocene, which mark the onset of the North Alpine Foreland Basin of the Alps.

Based on the palaeogeographic maps and a precise dating of the Nummulitic deposits, we established maps of the facies distribution including the estimated positions of the ancient coastlines and their evolution through time. The North Alpine Foreland Basin started as a narrow flysch basin in Palaeocene–Eocene times. Emplacement of the Penninic nappes led to the formation of a mélange on the active margin of this basin. This early foreland basin and its active margin migrated to the NW in Early Eocene times at a rate of about 10 mm yr−1. The maps also reveal a general progressive north‐ and westward propagation of the Eocene coastline between 50–34 Ma and during the Oligocene until approximately 32 Ma. Coastline propagation reveals strongly varying rates both spatially and temporally, and is ca. 1–2 mm yr−1 between 50 and 37 Ma and approximately 20 mm yr−1 between 37 and 32 Ma. Evolution and orientation of the Tertiary coastlines infers that the early development of the North Alpine Foreland Basin was mainly controlled initially by eustatic sea‐level fluctuations superimposed on flexural subsidence. After 37 Ma, we suggest a tectonically controlled coastline evolution in response to the collision of the European and Adriatic margins.
Progestogens of varying androgenicity and cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women receiving oestrogen replacement therapy
Authors: Kwok See , Selby Peter L. , McElduff Patrick , Laing Ian , Mackness Bharti , Mackness Michael I. , Prais Hilary , Morgan Janet , Yates Allen P. , Durrington Paul N. , Sci F. Med
Published: December 2004

objective  Medroxyprogesterone (MP) was used as the progestogen in randomized clinical trials of postmenopausal hormone replacement on cardiovascular risk. To attempt to understand the lack of benefit in these trials, we have examined the effects of MP and two other progestogens, the less androgenic desogestrel (DG) and the more androgenic norethisterone (NE), on cardiovascular risk factors against a background of oestrogen therapy.

design and measurements  Thirty‐four women were treated with conjugated equine oestrogens (CEE) 0·625 mg daily alone for 12 weeks, followed in random order by each of the three progestogens (DG 75 µg, MP 10 mg and NE 1 mg daily) given sequentially for three 12‐week cycles while maintaining the same CEE treatment. We measured serum lipoproteins, paraoxonase activity, C‐reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, fasting glucose and insulin levels at baseline, at the end of the oestrogen‐only phase and at the end of each of the combined oestrogen and progestogen phases.

results  The addition of progestogens to CEE maintained the oestrogen‐induced reduction in apolipoprotein B (apo B) and lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], and further lowered total cholesterol (P < 0·01) and fibrinogen (P < 0·001). CEE raised serum triglyceride (P < 0·001) and CRP (P < 0·01) concentrations, which reverted towards pre‐oestrogen levels with progestogens. Progestogens significantly reduced high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (P < 0·05). NE was associated with the greatest reduction in HDL cholesterol and apo A1, but was most effective in preserving paraoxonase activity and reducing the potentially unfavourable oestrogen‐induced increases in triglycerides and CRP.

conclusion  Preconceptions that more androgenic progestogens necessarily have more unfavourable effects on cardiovascular risk factors may require revision.
Specialized rules of gene transcription in male germ cells: the CREM paradigm*
Authors: Monaco Lucia , Kotaja Noora , Fienga Giulia , Hogeveen Kevin , Kolthur Ullas S. , Kimmins Sarah , Brancorsini Stefano , Macho Betina , Sassone‐Corsi Paolo
Published: December 2004

Specialized transcription complexes that coordinate the differentiation programme of spermatogenesis have been found in germ cells, which display specific differences in the components of the general transcription machinery. The TATA‐binding protein family and its associated cofactors, for example, show upregulated expression in testis. In this physiological context, transcriptional control mediated by the activator cAMP response element modulator (CREM) represents an established paradigm. Somatic cell activation by CREM requires its phosphorylation at a unique regulatory site (Ser117) and subsequent interaction with the ubiquitous coactivator CREB‐binding protein. In testis, CREM transcriptional activity is controlled through interaction with a tissue‐specific partner, activator of CREM in the testis (ACT), which confers a powerful, phosphorylation‐independent activation capacity. The function of ACT was found to be regulated by the testis‐specific kinesin KIF17b. Here we discuss some aspects of the testis‐specific transcription machinery, whose function is essential for the process of spermatogenesis.
DAZL polymorphisms and susceptibility to spermatogenic failure: an example of remarkable ethnic differences
Authors: Becherini L. , Guarducci E. , Degl'Innocenti S. , Rotondi M. , Forti G. , Krausz C.
Published: December 2004

Polymorphisms in genes involved in spermatogenesis are considered potential risk factors for male infertility. Recently a polymorphism in the deleted in azoospermia‐like (DAZL) gene (T54A) was reported as susceptibility factor to oligo/azoospermia in the Chinese population. DAZL is an autosomal homologue of the Y chromosomal DAZ (deleted in azoospermia) gene cluster and both are considered master regulators of spermatogenesis. The aim of the present study was to screen (i) for mutations of the entire coding sequence of the DAZL gene in patients lacking of the DAZ gene cluster, in order to evaluate if DAZL polymorphisms may influence the AZFc deletion phenotype; (ii) for the two previously described (and eventually newly identified) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a large group of infertile and normospermic men of Italian origin. We failed to detect new mutations. We confirmed previous results showing no evidence for a functional role of the T12A mutation. Surprisingly, the T54A polymorphism, which was present in 7.4% of the Chinese patients was absent in our Caucasian population. This remarkable difference represent an example of how ethnic background is important also for polymorphisms involved in spermatogenesis and contributes to better select clinically relevant tests, specifically based on the ethnic origin of the infertile patients.
The pasting behaviour and freeze–thaw stability of native starch and native starch–xanthan gum pastes
Authors: Brennan Charles S. , Tan Chew K. , Kuri Victor , Tudorica Carmen M.
Published: December 2004

The pasting properties, gelatinization profiles and freeze–thaw stability of natural waxy maize starches, pasted in the presence of xanthan gum (XG) and resistant starch, were evaluated using a Rapid Visco Analyser, together with turbidimetric analysis. Freeze–thaw stability was determined for four cycles over a 4 weeks period. The final viscosity of the pastes was unaffected by the addition of resistant starch (RS) whereas XG additions increased final viscosity. Addition of mixtures of combinations of XG and RS increased the peak viscosity of the starch pastes. Freeze–thaw stability (as estimated by the final viscosity of the pastes during a series of four freeze–thaw cycles) was improved with the addition of XG.
Electrogastrographic biofeedback: a technique for enhancing normal gastric activity
Authors: Stern R. M. , Vitellaro K. , Thomas M. , Higgins S. C. , Koch K. L.
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Biofeedback has been used effectively for approximately 40 years as a technique to help individuals learn to control muscle activity, brain waves, certain autonomic nervous system responses such as heart rate and blood pressure, and, more recently, constipation and fecal and urinary incontinence. In the present study, biofeedback of electrogastrographic (EGG) activity was used to determine the extent to which healthy subjects could increase normal 3 cpm gastric myoelectric activity. Thirteen experimental participants were provided with biofeedback of their EGG activity on a computer screen, and instructed to try to make their own EGG signal match a simulated 3 cpm signal that was also present on the screen. Subjects were told to relax using various forms of imagery, and to heighten their awareness of their stomach activity. Thirteen control participants did not receive any biofeedback but were otherwise given the same instructions. Both groups showed an increase in 3 cpm activity while relaxing. However, over four trials separated by 2–7 days, experimental participants showed an increased percentage of 3 cpm activity during biofeedback sessions, while control participants showed a decrease in 3 cpm activity during the corresponding sessions. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that healthy subjects can increase their normal gastric 3 cpm activity with the use of EGG biofeedback.
The herbal preparation STW5 (lberogast®) has potent and region‐specific effects on gastric motility
Authors: Hohenester B. , Rühl A. , Kelber O. , Schemann M.
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Functional dyspepsia (FD) is amongst the most common functional gastrointestinal disorders. Symptomatic treatment includes the use of herbal preparations whose effects on gastric motility are unclear. The present study aimed at investigating the effects of STW 5 (Iberogast®), a fixed combination of hydroethanolic herbal extracts, on gastric motility in vitro. Muscle strips from guinea‐pig gastric fundus, corpus and antrum were set up in organ baths either in circular or longitudinal orientation. Addition of ethanol‐free STW 5 to the organ baths (32–512 μg mL−1) dose‐dependently evoked a sustained and reversible relaxation of circular and longitudinal fundus and corpus muscle strips without changes in phasic activity. In contrast, antral muscle strips responded to STW 5 with a significant increase in the contractile force of phasic contractions without changes in tone. All effects were resistant to tetrodotoxin (0.5 μmol L−1), atropine (1 μmol L−1), ω‐conotoxin GVIA (0.5 μmol L−1), capsaicin (1 μmol L−1) or l‐NAME (100 μmol L−1), suggesting that neither nerves nor nitric oxide pathways were involved. These data demonstrate that STW 5 profoundly alters gastric motility in a region‐specific but not layer‐specific manner and thus implicates Iberogast® in the treatment of FD patients suffering from motility disorders with impaired fundus accommodation and/or antral hypomotility.
Mast cells and vasculature in atopic dermatitis – potential stimulus of neoangiogenesis
Authors: Groneberg D. A. , Bester C. , Grützkau A. , Serowka F. , Fischer A. , Henz B. M. , Welker P.
Published: December 2004

Background:  Atopic dermatitis skin lesions are characterized by inflammatory changes and epithelial hyperplasia requiring angiogenesis. As mast cells may participate in this process via bidirectional secretion of tissue‐damaging enzymes and pro‐angiogenic factors, the present study aimed to assess the occurrence and possible function of mast cells in the papillary dermis and in epidermal layers of atopic dermatitis lesions.

Methods:  Semi‐thin and serial sections in combination with immunohistochemistry, histochemistry and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)‐activity assays were used and related to epidermal thickness and targeted gene expression studies.

Results:  Mast cells were located in the papillary dermis and migrated through the basal lamina into the epidermis of atopic dermatitis lesions. An increased PCNA‐activity in cells of superficial epidermal layers indicated an activation of keratinocytes and stimulation of endothelial growth. Only ∼30% of the papillary mast cells stained with the tryptase were toluidin‐blue‐positive, and ∼80% were chymase positive. A high number of mast cells expressed c‐kit. Most papillary and epidermal mast cells were localized close to endothelial cells. Vascular expression of endoglin (CD105) demonstrated neoangiogenic processes. Mast cells stimulation led to the expression of proangiogenic factors. Also, gene expression of tissue‐damaging factors such as matrix metalloproteinases was increased.

Conclusions:  These data suggest that in atopic dermatitis, mast cells are abundantly localized close to and within the epidermis where they may stimulate neoangiogenesis. Via the new vessels, inflammatory cells, together with complement components and antibodies, can be transported to the epidermis to aid in the defense against environmental antigens and to maintain chronic inflammation.
Desloratadine prevents compound 48/80‐induced mast cell degranulation: visualization using a vital fluorescent dye technique
Authors: Wang Y. H. , Taché Y. , Harris A. G. , Kreutner W. , Daly A. F. , Wei J. Y.
Published: December 2004

Background:  Desloratadine is a selective H1‐antihistamine used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and chronic idiopathic urticaria. Desloratadine inhibits the release of allergic inflammatory mediators in vitro. We studied the impact of desloratadine on mast cell degranulation due to activation and re‐activation by the secretagogue, compound 48/80.

Methods:  Rat peritoneal eluate containing 5–6% mast cells were activated by a low concentration of compound 48/80 in a medium containing the vital fluorescent dye, Sulforhodamine‐B (SFRM‐B, 200 μg/ml), which is engulfed by activated mast cells. The fluorescent image of activated mast cells was captured digitally and the total fluorescent area was analyzed when desloratadine was applied before or after compound 48/80.

Results:  Mast cells were not activated by desloratadine (10−4 M), SFRM‐B (200 μg/ml), or diluent alone. A low concentration of compound 48/80 (0.125 μg/ml) induced fluorescence, while mast cells lost fluorescent images due to further degranulation on re‐exposure to compound 48/80. Desloratadine (10−8–10−4 M), inhibited compound 48/80‐induced mast cell degranulation in a concentration‐dependent manner. Desloratadine also reduced the loss of fluorescent images due to re‐exposure to compound 48/80.

Conclusions:  Desloratadine may have a mast cell stabilizing effect at low concentrations in response to repeated mast cell activation in vitro.
Increased levels of urinary leukotriene E4 in children with severe atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome
Authors: Øymar K. , Aksnes L.
Published: December 2004

Background:  Leukotrienes are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome (AEDS). Urinary leukotriene E4 (U‐LTE4) is a marker of whole‐body cysteinyl‐leukotriene production.

Aims of the study:  To evaluate the role of leukotrienes in children with AEDS by measuring levels of U‐LTE4, and to evaluate whether levels of U‐LTE4 may reflect disease activity and allergic sensitization in AEDS.

Methods:  U‐LTE4 was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in 87 children with mild (n = 32), moderate (n = 34) and severe (n = 21) AEDS, as well as in 72 nonatopic healthy controls. Fifty‐eight of the children with AEDS were sentitized to common allergens, and 29 were not.

Results:  Levels of U‐LTE4 were higher in children with severe AEDS (140; 66–166 μg/mmol creatinine, median; quartiles) than in controls (52; 30–90, P < 0.05), whereas levels of U‐LTE4 in moderate and mild disease were similar to controls. U‐LTE4 levels were similar in children with or without sensitization to common allergens, but severe AEDS children with sensitization had higher levels of U‐LTE4 than those without sensitization.

Conclusion:  The results suggest a role for leukotrienes in the pathogenesis of severe AEDS, and may support a role for leukotriene‐antagonists in the treatment of this disorder. Levels of U‐LTE4 may reflect the disease severity and sensitization to allergens in AEDS.
Effects of nickel and copper on growth and mycorrhiza of Scots pine seedlings inoculated with Gremmeniella abietina
Authors: Ahonen‐Jonnarth U. , Roitto M. , Markkola A. M. , Ranta H. , Neuvonen S.
Published: December 2004

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings were planted in soil originating from two localities with different background levels of nickel and copper. In addition, some of the seedlings were exposed to additional nickel (20.5 mg Ni/l of soil) or copper (63.5 mg Cu/l of soil), or a combination of both Ni and Cu, via soil without direct shoot exposure during their second growing period. The seedlings were either irrigated with spring water (pH 6) or got only natural rain during the whole field experiment. All seedlings were inoculated with conidia of a shoot‐pathogen Gremmeniella abietina during their third growing season, and harvested the following spring. Lengths of shoots of different year‐classes were used as growth estimates. In roots, the proportion of fungal (assumedly mycorrhizal) biomass was estimated by measuring ergosterol concentration. Guajacol peroxidase activity was measured. Short roots were classified into two groups according to their condition and the composition of the mycorrhizal community was expressed as a proportion of morphotypes in the roots. The seedlings exposed to additional Ni had higher shoot growth than the seedlings in the other treatments. The mean Ni concentration in the roots of seedlings exposed to additional Ni was 79 p.p.m. and in other seedlings 16 p.p.m. Additional Ni also decreased the frequency of clearly senescent short roots and the proportion of the mycorrhizal morphotype with the thinnest mantle. These results indicate that the Ni exposure levels used in this experiment had some positive effects on the seedlings. The relative fungal biomass was about 6% lower (p = 0.0981) in the fine roots of seedlings treated with additional Cu. The mean Cu concentration in the roots of seedlings exposed to additional Cu was 256 p.p.m. and in other seedlings 29 p.p.m. Peroxidase activity, which was used as a general stress indicator in this study, was not affected by any of the treatments. The shoot growth and the relative biomass of fungi in the fine roots were positively correlated in all seedlings, and this correlation was stronger in seedlings exposed to additional Ni that were not irrigated compared with seedlings not exposed to additional Ni that were irrigated. The frequency of asymptomatic infections of G. abietina was positively correlated with the proportion of senescent short roots in the irrigated seedlings but not in not‐irrigated seedlings. The general condition of seedlings may be an important factor for infection by G. abietina when moisture is high enough for the fungi to infect seedlings by conidia.
Screening wild cherry (Prunus avium) for resistance to bacterial canker by laboratory and field tests
Authors: Santi F. , Russell K. , Ménard M. , Dufour J.
Published: December 2004

Currently, bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae is a major cause of dieback and tree death in wild cherry (Prunus avium) plantations. The evaluation of breeding collections is needed to produce less susceptible clones or cultivars. Resistance tests were performed using excised shoots (1 and 2 years old) from 79 clones in the laboratory. A subset of 10 clones was also tested in the field. The clones were inoculated with four to seven isolates of a set of 15 isolates of P. s. pv. morsprunorum, P. s. pv. syringae, P. s. pv. persicae, P. syringae pv. avii and P. fluorescens. In the laboratory tests, older and larger shoots were more susceptible. In the field test, size and age of the shoots were not related to girdling by the bacterial canker. Two‐year‐old shoots were best for clonal discrimination. Correlations between 1 and 2‐year‐old shoots were significant but not high. The isolates varied a lot between experiments, but as the clone × isolate interactions were always low, breeding could thus be facilitated. The ranking of clones was conserved quite well between two laboratory tests, but not between two others. Good agreement was found for the best clones in the laboratory tests and in the field test. However, the two worst clones in the latter were among the best in one laboratory test. At least two independent tests in the laboratory are needed to evaluate resistance/susceptibility of clones. Broad sense heritability for resistance varied from 0.27 to 0.51. Although moderate, such heritability clearly encourages a breeding approach to reduce the problem of bacterial canker.
Pathogenic ice‐nucleation active bacteria in willows for short rotation forestry
Authors: Nejad P. , Ramstedt M. , Granhall U.
Published: December 2004

Extensive sampling of endophytically growing bacteria from shoots of diseased Salix viminalis clones were performed in trials at two experimental sites in central Sweden. Field, greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to identify and characterize the plant‐associated bacteria and determine their possible role in the severe dieback appearing in short rotation forestry (SRF) plantations in Sweden during the last few years. The most frequently isolated types were found to be non‐fluorescent Pseudomonas fluorescens (biotype A, C, G) and Sphingomonas spp. (23%). Erwinia spp., P. fluorescens, P. syringae and Xanthomonas spp. each constituted 11–14% of the bacterial isolates respectively. After biochemical characterization and screening for ice‐nucleation activity (INA) 78 of the originally 279 isolated bacterial strains were selected for pathogenicity tests and further analyses. Of the 78 selected isolates, 95% were found to be pathogenic, giving different degrees of necrotic reactions after inoculation to Salix plants. Half of these pathogens (46%) also showed strong INA (at temperatures between −2.5 and −5°C). With respect to both isolation frequency, clonal distribution in the field, ice‐nucleation ability and necrotic reactions of willow in laboratory tests, we consider the following types to be the most important pathogens in the field: Erwinia spp., P. syringae, Sphingomonas/P. fluorescens spp. (biotype A, C, G) and Xanthomonas spp. Reported damage and dieback in many SRF‐plantations are, according to our results, very likely to be a consequence of bacterial infections, particularly of pathogenic INA‐strains, which both initiate freezing stress and aggravate the frost damage of plants by subsequent invasion of plant tissues leading to complete death of plants under field conditions.
Influence of d‐lactate on Metabolic Acidosis and on Prognosis in Neonatal Calves with Diarrhoea
Authors: Lorenz I.
Published: December 2004

Three hundred bucket‐fed diarrhoeic calves up to the age of 21 days were used to investigate the degree in which d‐lactic acid contributes to metabolic acidosis in bucket‐fed calves with naturally acquired neonatal diarrhoea. Fifty‐five percent of all diarrhoeic calves had serum d‐lactate concentrations higher than 3 mmol/l. Mean (±SD) d‐lactate values were 5.7 mmol/l (±5.3, median: 4.1 mmol/l). d‐lactate values were distributed over the entire range of detected values from 0 to 17.8 mmol/l in calves with base excess of −10 to −25 mmol/l. Serum d‐lactate concentration was higher in patients with ruminal acidosis (6.6 ± 5.2 mmol/l; median: 5.9 mmol/l) than in those with physiological rumen pH (5.3 ± 5.4 mmol/l; median: 3.7 mmol/l). There was no evidence of a correlation (r = 0.051) between the serum levels of d‐lactate and creatinine (as an indicator of dehydration). d‐lactate was correlated significantly with both base excess (r = −0.685) and anion gap (r = 0.647). The proportion of cured patients was not significantly different between the groups with elevated (>3 mmol/l) and normal serum d‐lactate concentrations. This study shows that hyper‐d‐lactataemia occurs frequently in diarrhoeic calves, has no impact on prognosis but may contribute to the clinical picture associated with metabolic acidosis in these animals.
Immunohistochemical Studies Concerning the Neuronal Cell Cycle of the Cat using PCNA, Ki‐67 and p53 Markers
Authors: Gruber A. , Schmidt P. , Url A.
Published: December 2004

Recent studies about parvovirus replication in mature neurones of cats indicate that even feline neurones do not seem to be terminally differentiated. For further determination of the proliferative capability of feline neurones, an immunohistochemical study investigating the neuronal expression of the cell cycle‐related proteins, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Ki‐67 and p53 was initiated. Brains of 50 cats of different age and gender, dying of various diseases, were examined. Strong PCNA clone PC10 expression could be observed in neurones of the cerebellar cortex and the vestibular nuclei, whereas entorhinal cortex, lateral geniculate nucleus and cerebral cortex revealed only weak immunolabelling. The PCNA clone 19F4 labelled numerous neurones in vestibular nuclei and some Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Nuclear expression of Ki‐67 was sporadic in the vestibular nuclei, but p53 expression could not be detected anywhere in the feline brain. However, the presence of nuclear PCNA and Ki‐67 expression indicates that certain feline neurones are capable of re‐entering the cell cycle.
Congenital Bovine Epitheliogenesis Imperfecta: A Report of Three Cases from Iran
Authors: Dalir‐Naghadeh B. , Seifi H. A. , Farshid A. A.
Published: December 2004

Epitheliogenesis imperfecta is a recessive hereditary condition characterized by the congenital missing of epithelium on the skin and oral mucosa. These lesions vary in size and location but usually consist of irregular patches of discontinuity of hair and squamous epithelium of skin usually on the distal extremities. Affected calves may also have patchy missing epithelium in the oral mucosa and tongue. The defect is usually incompatible with life. In this report, clinical, gross and histopathogical findings of epitheliogenesis imperfecta were described in two neonatal calves and one stillborn calf. Absence of epithelium over extensive areas of limbs, muzzle, nostrils, tongue, hard palate, cheeks and esophagus were among the remarkable findings.
Kidney Pathology in Non‐obstructive Urolithiasis in Cattle
Authors: Ozmen O.
Published: December 2004

The objectives of the present study were to investigate the gross and histopathological findings in non‐obstructive urolithiasis. Pathological examinations were carried out on 102 cattle kidneys with non‐obstructive urolithiasis. The common gross lesions were cyst formations in the kidney lobes, hyperaemia and haemorrhage. The weight of the stones differed from 0.02 to 237.44 g and the colour changed brown to white. The calculi had different shapes. At histopathological examination of the kidneys slight to severe mononuclear cell infiltrations were commonly observed. Haemorrhage and connective tissue proliferations were also seen. Neutrophil leucocyte infiltrations caused by pyelonephritis were observed in some cases and multiple stone formations were found in these cases. Widening of the Bowman's space was a common histopathological finding especially when the stones were big or the inflammatory reaction was severe. Calcium deposits and eosinophylic material were found in the medullary tubules and pelvis renalis lumens in some kidneys. Giant cell formations around the stone reactions were rarely observed. Hyperplasia of the pelvis renalis and tubulus epithelium was another finding which occurred seldom. Whereas sand‐like material accumulation seen in urinary bladders in some cases, no obstruction was observed in the urinary canal in this study.
Working Practices of Cattle Foot Trimmers Used for Footcare in Dairy Cattle Compared with Those of Veterinary Surgeons for Treatment of Lameness in Large Animal Practice
Authors: O'Callaghan Lowe K. A. , Murray R. D. , Cripps P. J. , Ward W. R.
Published: December 2004

A questionnaire was sent to 270 veterinary surgeons and 135 cattle foot trimmers, investigating their perceptions on lameness and associated pain, with particular emphasis on dairy cattle. Response rates were 58 and 51%, respectively, but the number of respondents fully answering each question varied. Cattle foot trimming methods, opinions on pain associated with lameness and methods used to control pain were investigated. Responses of both groups were compared. No veterinary surgeon attended more than 50 lame cattle per month. The ‘Dutch Method’ of foot trimming was always used by 47% of veterinary respondents and 89% of trimmers. Both groups considered lameness to be potentially painful. Orthopaedic shoes were used by 79% of responding veterinary surgeons and 97% of trimmers (P < 0.001) to alleviate weightbearing by diseased digits. Housing lame cows on straw was regularly recommended by approximately one‐third of both groups. Around a third of veterinary surgeons used local anaesthetics when treating lame cattle. Only 27% used analgesics when treating lame cattle.
Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy: causes and consequences
Authors: BAIK SOON KOO , LEE SAMUEL S
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy is generally defined as subnormal ventricular response to stress in the face of high resting cardiac output. Although this syndrome was first noticed more than three decades ago in cirrhotic patients, it was originally ascribed to latent alcoholic cardiomyopathy. During the 1980s−1990s, it became clear that blunted ventricular contractility to stress is also present in non‐alcoholic patients and animal models of cirrhosis. Mechanistic studies in experimental animal models of cirrhosis indicate that multiple factors are responsible, including abnormal biophysical membrane characteristics, impaired β‐adrenergic signal transduction and increased activity of cardiodepressant systems mediated by cGMP. Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy appears to be precipitated or worsened by liver transplantation, insertion of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent‐shunts and infections. It may play a role in the pathogenesis of hepatorenal syndrome. Current management recommendations are empiric, non‐specific measures; further research in this area is needed.
Natural history and treatment of hepatitis C infection in children
Authors: HARDIKAR WINITA
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Pediatric hepatitis C is a chronic infection in the majority of children and hence confers a lifetime risk of development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, potentially with a younger age of onset. Several recent studies have examined the natural history of HCV infection in children and although fibrosis is seen frequently, the majority of patients remain clinically well over three or more decades. Therapeutic options in children have not been studied fully but may play a role in certain patients. Well conducted, sufficiently powered studies are desperately needed to provide data on which sound therapeutic judgements can be made.
Immunopathogenesis of type C hepatitis: dendritic cell in HCV infection
Authors: HAYASHI NORIO , KANTO TATSUYA , TAKEHARA TETSUO
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen‐presenting cells that enhance and regulate both innate and acquired immune reactions. It has been reported that several viruses actively down regulate DC function to escape from host immune system. To clarify the involvement of DC in anti‐hepatitis C virus (HCV) immune reactions, we compared DC function between chronic hepatitis C patients and healthy donors. Monocyte‐derived DCs generated from patients were relatively immature and were impaired in allostimulatory capacity and IL‐12 p70 production when compared to that from donors. In addition, MDC and PDC in HCV‐infected patients were reduced in number and impaired in their ability to promote Th1 polarization. These results demonstrate that DCs are numerically and functionally impaired in HCV‐infected patients, which is critically involved in the pathogenesis and persistence of HCV infection.
Is it better to treat chronic hepatitis B as early as possible?—Con
Authors: LOK ANNA SF
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Ideally, treatment of chronic hepatitis B in its early stage prior to irreversible liver damage should be most effective in preventing adverse clinical outcome. However, currently available treatments have low efficacy in achieving sustained response among patients in the early phase of chronic hepatitis B infection when the immune response to hepatitis B virus is weak. This review will provide evidence why a ‘wait and monitor’ approach is appropriate for chronic hepatitis B patients who are in the immune tolerant phase.
Reversible factors in portal hypertension
Authors: PINZANI MASSIMO , VIZZUTTI FRANCESCO
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Liver fibrogenesis is a dynamic process involving complex cellular and molecular mechanisms, resulting from the chronic activation of the tissue repair mechanisms that follows repeated liver tissue injury. The role of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) in the progression of liver fibrosis has been extensively characterized. As a consequence of chronic liver tissue damage, HSC, as well as other extracellular matrix‐producing cells (e.g. fibroblasts and myofibroblasts), undergo a process of activation that leads to a phenotype characterized by increased proliferative, motile and contractile properties. Contraction of activated HSC occurs in vitro in response to different vasoconstrictors, and this feature may have important implications in the pathogenesis of portal hypertension and in the contraction of mature scar tissue. Activation of HSC within hepatic sinusoids during chronic liver diseases is a key feature of the capillarization of sinusoids. This latter feature likely represents an initial cause of portal hypertension during the early development of hepatic fibrosis. While fibrosis developing, as an expansion of portal tracts (e.g. in chronic viral hepatitis) constitutes an ‘early presinusoidal resistance locus, fibrosis developing around the centrilobular vein (e.g. alcoholic hepatitis and steatohepatitis) represents a cause of postsinusoidal resistance. In these conditions, in which portal hypertension is not yet clinically evident, the profibrogenic and contractile properties of activated HSC are probably very relevant for the development of portal hypertension. In cirrhotic liver, portal blood flow is largely diverted towards the systemic circulation through portal‐central anastomoses. These neoformed vascular structures, although representing direct connections between the portal and the systemic circulation, follow irregular patterns; they are the site of thrombotic events, and are embedded in developing scar tissue. This tissue is characterized by the presence of different types of extracellular matrix (ECM)‐producing cells, all potentially able to contract in response to vasoconstrictors (e.g. ET‐1) released within cirrhotic liver tissues. It is implicit that cell contraction in response to these agents could be antagonized by autologous vasodilators (e.g. NO) or by drugs with vasodilator properties. Taken together, these biological features represent a ‘reversible’ factor representing a potential targets for pharmacological therapies aimed at reducing portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis.
Primary prophylaxis of variceal bleed: drugs versus endoscopy
Authors: SCHIEDERMAIER PETER
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Variceal hemorrhage is a serious complication of portal hypertension with a high mortality rate up to 50%. The risk of bleeding is high in patients with large varices and red color signs and in patients with advanced liver failure. Therefore, upper endoscopy must be performed in all patients with portal hypertension. In patients with no or small varices bleeding risk is less than 10% and prophylactic therapy cannot be recommended. All patients with moderate and large varices should receive non‐selective β‐blocker therapy. Nitrates cannot be recommended, neither alone or in combination therapy. Endoscopic sclerotherapy should not be performed to prevent variceal hemorrhage. By contrast, endoscopic variceal ligation is as safe and effective in preventing variceal hemorrhage and should be offered to patients with high risk varices and to patients who have contraindications or who cannot tolerate β‐blocker therapy. Whether the combination of β‐blockers and endoscopic variceal ligation is more effective than β‐blockers alone, and whether HVPG guided β‐blocker therapy offers an advantage warrants further investigation.
Aquaretics in cirrhotics with hyponatremia
Authors: BOYER THOMAS D
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Hyponatremia develops spontaneously or following diuretic therapy in about one‐third of patients with cirrhosis. The development of hyponatremia leads to fluid restriction which is unpopular with patients and limits the usefulness of diuretics. The principle factor that leads to hyponatremia in the cirrhotic is an increase in the non‐osmotic release of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and subsequent impaired clearance of free water by the kidney. The development of vasopressin receptor antagonists and Κ‐opioid agonists has led to trials examining their efficacy in the treatment of hyponatremia in cirrhosis. The vasopressin receptor antagonists have been shown to improve free water clearance and raise serum sodium in decompensated cirrhotics in short‐term studies. The utility of these agents for the long‐term management of hyponatremia and in preventing the development of hyponatremia associated with diuretic usage remains to be determined.
Management of refractory ascites
Authors: DUDLEY FRANCIS
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Management of refractory ascites is based on correcting the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms which result in its development. Liver transplantation is the optimal treatment. While awaiting a transplant or if transplantation is contraindicated first line therapy is abdominal paracentesis with intravascular volume support. If tolerated diuretics are helpful in reducing the need for repeated paracentesis. TIPS should be considered when the frequency of paracentesis is greater than 2 or 3 per month or when paracentesis is poorly tolerated or ineffective and post TIPS monitoring is necessary to minimise complications and to identify shunt dysfunction early.