bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Matrix Metalloproteinase‐Responsive Controlled Release of Self‐Assembly Nanoparticles Accelerates Heart Valve Regeneration In Situ by Orchestrating Immunomodulation
Authors: Chen Xing , Wu Yunlong , Song Peng , Feng Liandong , Zhou Ying , Shi Jiawei , Dong Nianguo , Qiao Weihua
Published: November 2024

In situ tissue engineering heart valves (TEHVs) are the most promising way to overcome the defects of existing valve prostheses. Despite their promising prospects, the clinical translation of TEHVs remains a formidable challenge, mainly due to unpredictable host interactions post‐implantation. An immunomodulatory idea based on hydrogel encapsulation of nanoparticle‐coated heart valve scaffolds is introduced. Specifically, galactose‐modified human serum albumin nanoparticles (miR‐93@HSA NPs) to deliver microRNA‐93 mimics are utilized, which target macrophages and induce their differentiation into the anti‐inflammatory M2 subtype, fostering a conducive immune microenvironment. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐responsive hydrogel is used to encapsulate the nanoparticles, enabling targeted and sustained release. Results show that the miR‐93@HSA NPs exhibit excellent ability to induce macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype. A decellularized valve modified with hydrogel reveals MMP‐response release of the miR‐93@HSA NPs. In vitro, the immunomodulatory heart valve possesses good endocytocompatibility and effectively reprograms macrophages when cocultured with HUVECs or RAW264.7 macrophages. In vivo, this valve scaffold promises to mitigate early inflammatory damage and provide a pro‐endothelialization niche for scaffolds' constructive remodeling. With the use of cell coculture systems and transcriptome sequencing, the mechanism of immune‐modulating scaffold accelerating endothelialization is being elucidated. The immunomodulatory heart valve scaffold holds promising potential for clinical translation.
A Self‐Constructed Mg2+/K+ Co‐Doped Prussian Blue with Superior Cycling Stability Enabled by Enhanced Coulombic Attraction
Authors: Xu Zheng , Chen Fengqin , Li Yinda , Lu Yunhao , Zhou Aijun , Jiang Jicheng , Xu Xiongwen , Tu Jian , Pan Bin , Chen Fang , Huang Yi , Zhao Xinbing , Xie Jian
Published: November 2024

Prussian blue (PB) is regarded as a promising cathode for sodium‐ion batteries because of its sustainable precursor elements (e.g., Mn, Fe), easy preparation, and unique framework structure. However, the unstable structure and inherent crystal H2O restrain its practical application. For this purpose, a self‐constructed trace Mg2+/K+ co‐doped PB prepared via a sea‐water‐mediated method is proposed to address this problem. The Mg2+/K+ co‐doping in the Na sites of PB is permitted by both thermodynamics and kinetics factors when synthesized in sea water. The results reveal that the introduced Mg2+ and K+ are immovable in the PB lattices and can form stronger K‒N and Mg‒N Coulombic attraction to relieve phase transition and element dissolution. Besides, the Mg2+/K+ co‐doping can reduce defect and H2O contents. As a result, the PB prepared in sea water exhibits an extremely long cycle life (80.1% retention after 2400 cycles) and superior rate capability (90.4% capacity retention at 20 C relative to that at 0.1 C). To address its practical applications, a sodium salts recycling strategy is proposed to greatly reduce the PB production cost. This work provides a self‐constructed Mg2+/K+ co‐doped high‐performance PB at a low preparation cost for sustainable, large‐scale energy storage.
Low‐Temperature Processed CsPbI3 for Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells Through Cs─I bond Weakening
Authors: Guo Xuemin , Zhang Wenxiao , Yuan Haobo , Cui Zhengbo , Li Wen , Shu Ting , Li Yunfei , Feng Bo , Hu Yuyang , Li Xiaodong , Fang Junfeng
Published: November 2024

All‐inorganic triiodide cesium lead (CsPbI3) exhibits huge potential in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the high‐temperature crystallization process (≈340 or 180 °C) limits their further development, especially in flexible PSCs. Here, a Cs─I bond weakening approach is proposed to realize the low‐temperature crystallization of CsPbI3 by introducing organic sulfonate of 1‐propylsulfonate‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride (SMCl). SMCl can strongly interact with CsI and weaken the Cs─I bond to dissociate free I− ions for the effective transition of initial PbI2 to [PbI6]4−, which greatly decreases the crystallization temperature of black CsPbI3 to 90 °C. As a result, flexible PSCs are realized with efficiency of 13.86%, which is the highest efficiency of flexible CsPbI3 devices. Besides, SMCl will also help to release the tensile strain and stabilize CsPbI3 phase, leading to good thermal and mechanical stability. Almost no efficiency loss is observed in flexible PSCs after 36000 bending cycles with a curvature radius of 5 mm.
Association between surgical difficulty and tumor location based on subsegments of the Glisson branches in laparoscopic liver resection
Authors: Imamura Taisuke , Yamamoto Yusuke , Morimura Ryo , Ikoma Hisashi , Arita Tomohiro , Konishi Hirotaka , Shiozaki Atsushi , Kubota Takeshi , Fujiwara Hitoshi , Otsuji Eigo
Published: November 2024

Background

Laparoscopic liver resection has a steep learning curve, and multiple difficulty‐scoring systems have been proposed to support safe implementation. Though the IWATE scoring system is widely used, the rationale for its tumor location score is unclear. The objective of our study was to establish a more accurate definition of tumor location based on subsegments of the Glisson branches.

Methods

We included 176 patients who underwent laparoscopic liver resection between January 2017 and February 2024, excluding those who underwent multiple or concomitant resections of other organs. Tumor location was defined by the most proximal subsegment of the Glisson branches (1sp, Spiegel; 1pc, para‐caval; 1cp, caudate process; 3a, apical; 3b, basal; 4a; 4b; 5v, ventral; 5d, dorsal; 6v; 6d; 6 L, lateral; 7v; 7d; 8v; 8d).

Results

Within each segment, comparing operative time between subsegments showed significant differences, except for S1 (3a vs. 3b, p = 0.011; 4a vs. 4b, p = 0.001; 5v vs. 5d, p = 0.012; 6v vs. 6d vs. 6 L, p = 0.007; 7v vs. 7d, p = 0.003; 8v vs. 8d, p = 0.030). Blood loss significantly differed except for S1 (3a vs. 3b, p = 0.018; 4a vs. 4b, p = 0.002; 5v vs. 5d, p = 0.016; 6v vs. 6d vs. 6 L, p = 0.011; 7v vs. 7d, p = 0.013; 8v vs. 8d, p < 0.001). The incidence of postoperative complications did not differ significantly; however, hospital stay was significantly different only in S4 (4a vs. 4b, p = 0.049).

Conclusions

There are significant differences in the difficulty of laparoscopic liver resection among subsegments. More detailed scoring based on subsegments may improve accuracy, and we propose a new scoring system.
Comprehensive Study on Cell Components in High‐Voltage Pouch Cells with Lithium Perchlorate: Decomposition, Transesterification, Chlorination, Deposition, and Self‐Discharge
Authors: Weiling Matthias , Pfeiffer Felix , Lechtenfeld Christian , Stuckenberg Silvan , Fehlings Nick , Frankenstein Lars , Küpers Verena , Wang Jian‐Fen , Nowak Sascha , Baghernejad Masoud
Published: November 2024

Battery development has traditionally focused on high energy and long lifetime cells, but there is now a shift towards their sustainability and safety. One example of this trend is the search for fluorine‐free conductive salts. The overwhelming majority of lithium‐ion conductive salts contain fluorine, which is critical regarding their environmental impact, sustainability, and toxicology. In this study, we perform a comprehensive investigation of the performance and aging mechanisms of cell components with LiClO4 as conductive salt in high‐voltage NMC622‖Graphite pouch cells. The cells containing LiClO4 show poorer electrochemical performance compared to their LiPF6 equivalents. However, to the best of our knowledge, a mechanistic understanding of the effect of LiClO4 on the aging of electrode and electrolyte components for high‐voltage cells is largely missing. Developing such an understanding will pave the way toward designing alternative salts to LiPF6, ultimately leading to fluorine‐free and more sustainable battery cells. Our results show, that the chlorination of ethyl methyl carbonate at both methyl and ethyl groups and the formation of large (Liw)AlxOyClz composite deposits on the cathode surface result from perchlorate degradation at the cathode. This leads to increased cell resistance, reduced capacity retention, and accelerated degradation of the LiClO4‐containing electrolytes.
Genotype and grain pretreatment effects on digestibility of sorghum proteins in the Ethiopian fermented bread
Authors: Belaineh Yemane G. , Bean Scott R. , Aramouni Fadi M. , Wu Xiaorong , Liu Sanzhen , Tesso Tesfaye T.
Published: November 2024

Background and Objectives

Sorghum is the principal food source for smallholder farmers in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Animal proteins are beyond economic reach, and only few food legumes are well‐adapted in major sorghum‐growing regions. Hence, sorghum serves as the primary source of protein and calories. However, the low digestibility of its proteins renders the communities vulnerable to protein malnutrition. Several factors, including genotypes and processing methods, have been shown to affect the digestibility of proteins in sorghum food products. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of grain pretreatment on the protein digestibility of Ethiopian fermented flatbread.

Findings

The effect of four grain pretreatment processes: decortication, sprouting, parching, and untreated control was compared using four diverse sorghum genotypes milled to medium (2 mm) and fine (0.5 mm) particle sizes. The in‐vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) was significantly lower in the parched samples compared to the unprocessed control, while sprouting significantly increased IVPD. Decortication appears to have no impact on IVPD. Finer particle size tended to enhance IVPD in all genotypes and for all pretreatement methods. The treatments had no significant effect on protein content except the sprouting consistently but marginally increased total protein.

Conclusions

Sprouting sorghum grains can significantly improve the protein digestibility of fermented breads. Given that it involves little cost, the process can be readily adopted by the local community, provided that they are educated about the impact of protein deficiency on the health and productivity of the community.

Significance and Novelty

Low‐cost grain pretreatment procedures such as sprouting can have a significant impact on the availability of nutrients, especially protein, the most limiting nutrient in smallholder communities. Combining the procedure with genetically enhanced varieties and improved cropping systems that integrate food legumes can significantly enhnace protein nutrition for smallholder farmers.
Pd/S cooperativity: from stoichiometric activation of Si−H bonds to catalytic hydrosilylation
Authors: Clerc Arnaud , Humbert Marceline , Mallet‐Ladeira Sonia , Miqueu Karinne , Monot Julien , Martín‐Vaca Blanca , Bourissou Didier
Published: November 2024

With the aim to explore metal‐ligand cooperation across Pd−S linkages, we designed a quinoline‐based PNS tridentate ligand and prepared Pd(II) complexes thereof. Optimal solubility and stability of the dicationic complex [(PNS)Pd(II)]22+ IV2 were achieved with B(C6F5)4– as counter‐anion. It adopts a thiolate‐bridged dimeric structure with a (PdS)2 core, but readily activates hydrosilanes across the Pd−S linkage. The resulting mononuclear Pd(II) hydride [(PNSSiR3)Pd(II)H]+ VI was characterized by multi‐nuclear NMR spectroscopy and the Si−H bond coordination/activation was studied computationally. Complex IV2 was found to efficiently catalyze the hydrosilylation of alkynes, internal as well as terminal, with good stereo and regioselectivity.
A Nanosized {NiII18} Cluster with a ‘Flying Saucer’ Topology Exhibiting Slow Relaxation of Magnetisation Phenomena at Both 15 K and 1.3 K
Authors: Athanasopoulou Angeliki A. , Abbasi Parisa , Alexandropoulos Dimitris I. , Hayward John J. , Beavers Christine M. , Teat Simon J. , Wernsdorfer Wolfgang , Mayans Júlia , Escuer Albert , Pilkington Melanie , Stamatatos Theocharis C.
Published: November 2024

A high‐nuclearity {Ni18} complex (1) with a unique ‘flying saucer’ motif has been prepared from the organic chelate, α‐methyl‐2‐pyridine‐methanol (mpmH), in conjunction with bridging azido (N3−) and peroxido (O22−) ligands. Magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed the presence of both ferro‐ and antiferromagnetic exchange interactions between the metal centres in 1, and the stabilization of spin states with appreciable S values at two different temperature regimes. The end‐on bridging azido and alkoxido groups are in all likelihood the ferromagnetic mediators, while the η3:η3:μ6‐bridging peroxides most likely promote the antiparallel alignment of the metals’ spin vectors, yielding an overall non‐zero spin ground state for the centrosymmetric compound 1. Furthermore, the {Ni18} nanosized cluster behaves as a single‐molecule magnet, exhibiting magnetic hysteresis at low temperatures and two relaxation processes at 15 K and 1.3 K, a very rare phenomenon in polynuclear magnetic 3d‐metal clusters.
Switch of Five Contiguous Chiral Centers in the Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of Hajos–Parrish Ketone Analogs via Diphenylprolinol Silyl Ether‐Mediated Domino Reaction
Authors: Hayashi Yujiro , Xu Qianqian , Koshino Seitaro
Published: November 2024

Both enantiomers of functionalized Hajos–Parrish ketone (HPK) analogs were prepared with excellent diastereoselectivities and enantioselectivities using the same chiral catalyst under two slightly different conditions. In condition A, dioxane was used as the solvent with 3 equivalents of water. In condition B, acetonitrile was used as the solvent with 30 equivalents of water, followed by epimerization with a base in a one‐pot. The reaction consisted of a domino reaction including a diphenylprolinol silyl ether–mediated asymmetric Michael reaction and an intramolecular Henry reaction. In the Michael reaction, depending on the solvent and water amounts, syn‐ and anti‐isomers were selectively synthesized with excellent enantioselectivity, in which the absolute configuration at C5 (indanone numbering) was opposite. The subsequent Henry reaction was diastereoselective, in which the C5 substituent controlled the three chiral centers in a highly diastereoselective manner. The final base treatment in condition B caused epimerization, changing the configuration at C6. Switching more than two chiral centers with high enantioselectivity is extremely difficult using the same chiral catalyst; the present reaction is a very rare enantiodivergent reaction that switches five continuous chiral centers with high enantioselectivity.
Pattern‐moving‐based dynamic description and optimal control for non‐Newtonian mechanical systems with generalized cell mapping
Authors: Li Ning , Xu Zheng Guang , Zhao Cheng Tao , Li Xiang Quan
Published: November 2024

This article focuses on the problem of modelling and control for a non‐Newtonian mechanical system that may be subject to the statistical law instead of the traditional Newtonian principles mechanics. A discrete method, synthesizing the generalized cell mapping (GCM) together with dynamic programming (DP), with inverse search strategy, using pattern moving theory (PMT) framework, was proposed. The basic idea is to describe and control the system's dynamic peculiarity utilizing pattern class variable in ‘pattern moving space’. First, a few prior concepts were reviewed, including PMT, cell mapping, and optimal control for this kind system. Then, we articulated a cross‐mapping method to analyze the system dynamic behaviour, which takes into account the computational and statistical properties of pattern class variable simultaneously. For system optimal control, the improved GCM and cost function were performed to determine the discrete optimal control table (DOCT) in accordance with dynamic programming and inverse search. Finally, simulation results of two cases demonstrate the efficiency and practicality of the proposed approach. The study has resulted in a solution of describing and controlling based on pattern class variable for non‐Newtonian mechanical systems, and its main objective was to give a different perspective in term of research into non mechanistic principles modelling and application of nonlinear systems.
An Encoding ASIC With Real‐Time Correction for Inductive Angular Sensing Systems
Authors: Zhao Yuchen , Wang Kai , Shen Tao , Hu Weimin , Li Jianzheng , Qin Yajie
Published: November 2024

This article presents an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for inductive angular sensing systems, integrating analog‐to‐digital converters (ADCs), digital signal processing (DSP) circuits, and a RISC‐V core on‐chip. The chip, fabricated in a 0.11‐μm CMOS process, is capable of real‐time error correction and angle encoding in response to nonideal factors such as offset, nonlinearity, and noise in the system's sensing signals. This integrated encoding solution could effectively address the issues of large system volume, saving hardware resources while achieving high precision angular measurement. A rotary encoder was additionally developed, utilizing a compact printed circuit board (PCB), which integrates the proposed ASIC, sensing front‐end circuits, and inductive coils. When the on‐chip real‐time correction is enabled, the resolution of the encoder is improved from 0.3516° to 0.0054°, and the nonlinearity error in the 360° range is reduced from 0.5507° to 0.0320°. Besides, the nonlinear error has decreased by more than 90% at different rotation speeds.
UHPLC‐QTOFMS Urine Drug Screening With Dilute‐and‐Shoot Sample Preparation and Vacuum‐Insulated Probe‐Heated Electrospray Ionization
Authors: Sundström Mira , Kriikku Pirkko , Ojanperä Ilkka , Baessmann Carsten , Pelander Anna
Published: November 2024

We developed a method for comprehensive urine drug screening by applying dilute‐and‐shoot extraction and vacuum‐insulated probe‐heated electrospray ionization with ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography high‐resolution quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (DS‐UHPLC‐VIP‐HESI‐QTOFMS). The method involved five‐fold post‐hydrolysis dilution of urine samples and chromatography on a C18 UHPLC column prior to QTOFMS analysis. The recently introduced VIP‐HESI ion source was chosen due to its enhanced ionization efficiency and compatibility with UHPLC‐QTOFMS. Extensive data was acquired in positive ion mode with a low collision energy (7 eV) and an elevated collision energy (30 eV), using the broadband collision‐induced dissociation data acquisition scan mode that continuously generated high‐resolution and accurate mass for parent and fragment qualifier ions, and parent ion isotopic patterns. Compound identification was performed against an in‐house database with 1263 compound entries, using an automated post‐run reverse target database search with preset identification criteria. Method validation with 56 different drugs showed acceptable results for the limit of identification (median 5 ng/mL), matrix effects (70–130%), repeatability of retention times (< 1%), mass accuracy (< 1 mDa), as well as for specificity and stability. As compared with an established UHPLC‐QTOFMS method relying on solid‐phase extraction and conventional electrospray ionization, DS‐UHPLC‐VIP‐HESI‐QTOFMS produced comparable results from authentic clinical urine samples for most drugs, but showed clearly improved detectability for pregabalin, gabapentin, and ritalinic acid. We anticipate that the new method will be a step forward for laboratories performing routine urine drug screening due to its fast turnaround time, reduced manual workload, cost efficiency, and broad substance coverage.
Fluorocarboxylic Acid‐Modified MOF‐808 with Enhanced Acetylene Adsorption Capacity and C2H2/C2H4 Separation Performance
Authors: Chen Mohan , Wang Yichao , Fan Ziwen , Wang Yue , Niu Zheng , Lang Jianping
Published: November 2024

The separation of ethylene (C2H4) and acetylene (C2H2) is challenging due to their similar molecular dimensions and boiling points, making conventional methods like cryogenic distillation and solvent extraction inefficient and environmentally harmful. Fluorinated metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) have been proven to be an effective material for the separation of C2H4 and C2H2. However, their direct synthesis is relatively expensive and challenging. In this study, we report a facile post‐synthetic modification strategy to introduce fluorinated alkane pores into a zirconium‐based MOF, MOF‐808. The construction of fluorine‐containing pores within the MOFs prefers adsorption for C2H2 attributed to the interaction between the fluorine atoms and C2H2. This series of fluorinated MOFs demonstrates potential for gas separation processes, with the highest separation ratio reaching 2.67 (1 : 99) at 298 K. Breakthrough experiments for C2H2/C2H4 mixtures confirmed that fluorinated MOF is capable of separating C2H2/C2H4, making it a potential candidate for industrial application. Moreover, the simplicity of the post‐synthetic modification method suggests a viable strategy for the synthesis of fluorinated MOFs.
Associations of radiotherapy receipt with lung cancer risk by histological subtype among breast cancer survivors in the United States
Authors: Jiang Chenxi , Freedman Rachel A. , Punglia Rinaa S. , Jemal Ahmedin , Sung Hyuna
Published: November 2024

Radiotherapy for breast cancer has been associated with an increased risk of secondary malignancies, including primary lung cancer. Whether this association varies by histological subtype of lung cancer remains unknown. Based on the data from 12 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries, we examined the association between radiotherapy receipt and the risk of subtype‐specific subsequent primary lung cancer (SPLC) among female first primary breast cancer cases diagnosed between ages 20 and 84 from 1992 to 2020. More than half (53%) of the 550,007 breast cancer survivors identified had undergone radiotherapy as part of their initial breast cancer treatment. Over an average follow‐up of 9.7 years, 8014 survivors developed SPLCs. For small‐cell carcinoma, the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) compared with the general population was higher for survivors who received radiotherapy (SIR = 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06–1.25) but similar for those who did not receive radiotherapy (SIR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.91–1.09), with the difference in SIRs being statistically significant (p = .003). Similar associations were found for squamous cell carcinoma (SIRyes = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.08–1.24 vs. SIRno/unknown = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.98–1.15; p = .07). The increased risks were confined to ipsilateral SPLC, with the greatest SIRs for small‐cell carcinoma occurring 5–10 years since breast cancer diagnosis (SIR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.53–2.19) and for squamous cell carcinoma with a latency of 10 years or more (SIR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.42–1.88). In contrast, the risk of developing adenocarcinoma did not vary by radiotherapy receipt (SIRyes = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.18–1.28 vs. SIRno/unknown = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.12–1.22; p = .18), indicating additional risk factors in play. The findings suggest a distinct carcinogenic pathway of radiation‐induced lung cancer across histological subtypes and may inform risk‐stratified surveillance guidelines for SPLC.
Deep Learning‐Based Anomaly Diagnosis Method for Capacitive Voltage Transformer Measurement Error in PIoT
Authors: Qu Zhiyi , Li Pengcheng , Chen Qinghui , Pan Zuliang
Published: November 2024

In the era of power Internet of Things (PIoT), the accuracy of capacitive voltage transformers (CVTs) is crucial for maintaining the reliability of voltage measurement and protection systems in smart grids, thereby contributing to overall grid stability and efficiency. Accurate and timely detection of anomalies in CVT measurement errors is essential for preventing equipment failures, reducing maintenance costs, and improving overall system reliability. However, existing anomaly diagnosis methods often rely on statistical analysis and rule‐based approaches, which have limitations in capturing complex patterns and adapting to evolving anomaly types. This paper proposes a novel deep learning‐based anomaly diagnosis method for CVT measurement error in PIoT, called LSTM‐CVT. The proposed method leverages a long short‐term memory (LSTM) neural network architecture with three key strategies: bidirectional temporal dependency capture, hierarchical feature learning, and joint anomaly diagnosis and error estimation. The experimental results demonstrate the superior performance of LSTM‐CVT compared to state‐of‐the‐art baseline methods.
Integrating DNA Barcoding Within an Orthogonal Approach for Herbal Product Authentication: A Narrative Review
Authors: Nazar Nazia , Saxena Akanksha , Sebastian Anu , Slater Adrian , Sundaresan Velusamy , Sgamma Tiziana
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Existing methods for morphological, organoleptic, and chemical authentication may not adequately ensure the accurate identification of plant species or guarantee safety. Herbal raw material authentication remains a major challenge in herbal medicine. Over the past decade, DNA barcoding, combined with an orthogonal approach integrating various testing methods for quality assurance, has emerged as a new trend in plant authentication.

Objective

The review evaluates DNA barcoding and common alternative testing in plant‐related sectors to enhance quality assurance and accurate authentication.

Method

Studies were selected based on their relevance to the identification, quality assurance, and safety of herbal products. Inclusion criteria were peer‐reviewed articles, systematic reviews, and relevant case studies from the last two decades focused on DNA barcoding, identification methods, and their applications. Exclusion criteria involved studies lacking empirical data, those not peer‐reviewed, or those unrelated to the main focus. This ensured the inclusion of high‐quality, pertinent sources while excluding less relevant studies.

Results

An orthogonal approach refers to the use of multiple, independent methods that provide complementary information for more accurate plant identification and quality assurance. This reduces false positives or negatives by confirming results through different techniques, combining DNA barcoding with morphological analysis or chemical profiling. It enhances confidence in results, particularly in cases of potential adulteration or misidentification of plant materials.

Conclusion

This study highlights the persistent challenges in assuring the quality, purity, and safety of plant materials. Additionally, it stresses the importance of incorporating DNA‐based authentication alongside traditional methods, to enhance plant material identification.
Prenatal and Early‐Life Anti‐Infectives and Obesity at Age 7 Years
Authors: Gribsholt Sigrid Bjerge , Szépligeti Szimonetta Komjáthiné , Sørensen Henrik Toft , Mueller Noel T. , Karagas Margaret R. , Ehrenstein Vera
Published: November 2024

Purpose

To examine associations of prenatal and early‐life anti‐infective exposures with obesity at 7 years.

Methods

In this nationwide, registry‐based, prevalence study, we included all children with an anthropometric assessment at age 7 years from the Children's Database and linked their data with Danish population‐based registries from 2001 to 2018. We defined exposure to anti‐infectives (anti‐bacterials, anti‐virals, and anti‐fungals) by outpatient dispensings or by infection diagnoses at hospital encounters. The earliest date defined the exposure timing category: prenatal (−9 months– < 0 months), infancy (0– < 2 years), and early childhood (2– < 5 years). We computed prevalence ratios (aPRs) for associations of anti‐infective exposure with obesity prevalence at 7 years of age, adjusting for maternal and perinatal factors.

Results

We included 460 363 children (51% boys). Prevalence of obesity at 7 years of age was 38% higher (aPR = 1.38, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.27–1.49) among children exposed to any anti‐infective, 21% higher (aPR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.12–1.31) among children exposed to anti‐infectives in infancy, and 14% higher (aPR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.03–1.26) among children exposed to anti‐infectives in early childhood. Exposure to anti‐bacterials was associated with obesity in a similar time‐dependent pattern [prenatal: aPR = 1.39 (95% CI: 1.29–1.50), infancy: aPR = 1.21 (95% CI: 1.12–1.30), and early childhood: aPR = 1.14 (95% CI: 1.03–1.25)]. For anti‐virals and anti‐fungals, exposure during infancy and early childhood was associated with larger aPRs than prenatal exposure. Furthermore, obesity prevalence increased monotonically with number of the anti‐infective prescriptions.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that prenatal and early‐life exposure to anti‐infectives increases the risk of childhood obesity and that the magnitude of the associations depends on anti‐infective type, timing, and dose.
Fabrication of Hydroxyl Modified Hollow Glass Microsphere Composite Isocyanate‐Based Polyimide Foam and Optimization Strategy Based on Different Bonding Mechanisms
Authors: Jin Yifei , Sun Gaohui , Zhou Guocheng , Chen Rongrong , Wang Jun , Yang Zailin , Han Shihui
Published: November 2024

In this study, the hydroxyl modified hollow glass microsphere (HM‐HGM) is added to different foaming slurries of isocyanate‐based polyimide foam (IBPIF) at varying ratios, and different bonding effects are formed to optimize the dispersion behavior. Then, the novel HGM composited IBPIF (IBPIF/HGM) is prepared. Hydroxyl groups on HM‐HGM establish hydrogen bonding effect with pyromellitic acid dimethyl ester and dimethyl formamide in the white slurry and react with isocyanate groups in the black slurry. The cell structure of IBPIF is altered to improve its sound absorption performance and mechanical behaviors. Compared with IBPIF/HGM‐0, the average cell size of IBPIF/HGM‐1 and BPIF/HGM‐5 decreases significantly. The sound absorption performance and mechanical behaviors of them are improved to some extent. Compared with samples in which the HM‐HGM is added alone to a single slurry, when the dosage ratio of HM‐HGM in black and white slurries is 1:1, IBPIF/HGM‐3 has more uniform cell structure. The change of IBPIF cell structure by the introduction of HM‐HGM and the unique structure of HM‐HGM can enhance the sound absorption performance and mechanical behaviors of IBPIF. The design idea of different bonding mechanisms significantly provides technical assistance to enhance the acoustic performance of polymeric foam materials.
Loureirin B Accelerates Diabetic Wound Healing by Promoting TGFβ/Smad‐Dependent Macrophage M2 Polarization: A Concerted Analytical Approach Through Single‐Cell RNA Sequencing and Experimental Verification
Authors: Fan Weijing , Qu Yin , Yuan Xin , Shi Hongshuo , Liu Guobin
Published: November 2024

Diabetic wound (DW) represent a significant clinical challenge and often fail to heal effectively. Loureirin B (LB), a flavonoid extracted from dragon's blood, has shown potential by influencing macrophage polarization and promoting wound healing. However, its mechanisms and efficacy in DW remain to be explored. This study employed single‐cell RNA sequencing to analyze the classification of cells in diabetic foot ulcers and to identify the related mechanisms influenced by macrophages. Molecular docking was used to predict the interactions of LB with key proteins in the TGFβ/Smad signaling pathway. The effects of LB on macrophage polarization and wound healing were further validated through in vitro and in vivo experiments using a DW model. Single‐cell analysis identified specific macrophage subtypes involved in the DW healing process and highlighted the role of the TGFβ/Smad pathway. Molecular docking suggested the potential action within the TGFβ/Smad pathway. In vitro studies showed that under high glucose conditions, LB promoted macrophage polarization from pro‐inflammatory M1 to healing‐promoting M2 and ECM production in fibroblasts by activating TGF‐β/Smad signaling. In vivo, LB treatment enhanced wound healing rates in diabetic mice and promoted macrophage M2 polarization and fibroblast synthesis of ECM by activating TGF‐β/Smad signaling. LB regulates macrophage M2 polarization and fibroblast synthesis of ECM by activating TGF‐β/Smad signaling to promote DW healing. These findings suggest that LB could be a potential therapeutic agent for improving DW healing, emphasizing the need for further clinical studies to explore its efficacy and mechanisms in human subjects.
Phytochemicals as Novel Therapeutics for Triple‐Negative Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review of Current Knowledge
Authors: Bhutta Zeeshan Ahmad , Choi Kyung‐Chul
Published: November 2024

Triple‐negative breast cancer is a characteristic subtype of breast cancer that lacks the estrogen receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, and progesterone receptor. Because of its highly diverse subtypes, increased metastasis capability, and poor prognosis, the risk of mortality for people with triple‐negative breast cancers is high as compared with other cancers. Chemotherapy is currently playing a major role in treating triple‐negative breast cancer patients; however, poor prognosis due to drug resistance is causing serious concern. Recent studies on several phytochemicals derived from various plants being used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Traditional Korean Medicine, Ayurveda (Traditional Indian Medicine), and so on, have demonstrated to be a promising agent as a viable therapy against triple‐negative breast cancer. Phytochemicals categorized as alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenoids, phytosterols, and organosulfur compounds have been demonstrated to reduce cancer cell proliferation and metastasis by activating various molecular pathways, thereby reducing the spread of triple‐negative breast cancer. This review analyzes the molecular mechanisms by which various phytochemicals fight triple‐negative breast cancer and offers a perspective on the difficulties and potential prospects for treating triple‐negative breast cancer with various phytochemicals.
Highly Active NiRu/C Cathode Catalyst Synthesized by Displacement Reaction for Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis
Authors: Ruck Stephan , Hutzler Andreas , Thiele Simon , van Pham Chuyen
Published: November 2024

Anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) is highly promising for cost‐effective green hydrogen production due to its basic operating conditions facilitating the use of non‐noble catalysts. While non‐noble Ni/Fe‐based catalysts are utilized at the anode, its cathode catalyst still requires precious Pt. Due to the high cost of Pt and the sluggish hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the cathode in basic conditions, developing alternative catalysts to replace Pt is highly important. Here, a synthesis procedure for a Ru‐based catalyst is reported and its high activity toward the HER in alkaline media is demonstrated in both half‐cell and single‐cell tests. The catalyst is synthesized in a two‐step approach. A highly dispersed Ni catalyst is prepared on carbon support in the first step. In the second step, Ru is deposited on its surface using a galvanic displacement reaction. The uniqueness of this method is that Ru is deposited over the entire electrically conductive surface, resulting in an isotropic and homogeneous Ru distribution within the catalyst powder. It is demonstrated that this material remarkably outperforms state‐of‐the‐art Pt/C catalysts in half‐cell and single‐cell tests. The single cell only requires 1.73 V at 1 A cm−2 with an overall PGM content of 0.05 mg cm−2.
Impact of Partitioning Temperature Parameters during the Quenching and Partitioning Process on Medium Carbon Steels with Two Different Alloying Strategies
Authors: Franceschi Mattia , Stornelli Giulia , Perrone Roberto , Pezzato Luca , Di Schino Andrea , Dabalà Manuele
Published: November 2024

Quenching and partitioning (Q&P) heat treatments have recently gained attention as promising methods for the third generation of advanced high‐strength steels, particularly in industrial applications like automotive. This study investigates the microstructural evolution during Q&P in two medium‐carbon high‐silicon and aluminum‐alloyed steels, exploring potential additional phase transformations controlling the final structure. The choice to focus on Si and Al‐ medium‐carbon steel is linked to the lower cost of these elements compared to commonly alloying elements like Ti, Cr, Mo, and V, while still achieving high mechanical properties through Q&P. The Q&P process is analyzed by varying the volume fraction of primary martensite (M1) at 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75, with partitioning temperatures ranging from 350 to 550 °C for 30 min. At 350 °C, a significant volume fraction of stabilized austenite (up to 0.3) is observed. However, concurrent reactions such as nanostructured bainite and martensite formation lead to deviations from the theoretical constrained carbon equilibrium (CCE). At higher temperatures (450–550 °C), tempering reactions, including cementite precipitation and pearlite formation, reduced the austenite final fraction. The study highlights that heat treatment design, particularly partitioning temperature, must be tailored to the specific steel composition due to the varying effects of Si and Al.
Taking Stock on the Role of the EU in a Fragmenting International Order
Authors: Costa Oriol , Barbé Esther
Published: November 2024

Based on the previous contributions to the volume, this chapter draws some conclusions. We find plenty of variation in the ways and the extent to which fragmentation is taking place in different policy areas. We suggest that international institutions designed to be universal might fragment differently from institutions that became aspirationally universal only with the end of the Cold War—although they are all exposed to the effects of great power competition. As regards the ways the EU engages with a fragmenting LIO, we claim that the contours of the EU response are starting to emerge. According to contributions to this volume, there is a broad acceptance of the logic of fragmentation, little exclusive nationalism, frequent and differently balanced combinations of Atlanticism and Europeanism, and probably a stronger response in those issue areas in which states have delegated more powers to the EU.
The European Union and the Fragmentation of the International Human Rights Regime: The Case of Violence Against Women
Authors: Badell Diego , Barbé Esther
Published: November 2024

This book chapter scrutinizes divergent attitudes toward human rights universality, focusing on women’s rights, particularly in combating violence against women. It reveals cracks at both the international and pan-European levels. Moreover, the chapter illustrates that the European Union is not immune to such fractures. Tensions emerge, particularly in Central and Eastern Europe, regarding the Istanbul Convention, reflecting a broader debate on universalistic versus traditional values, as well as on the appropriate governance level to address violence against women.
The Global Gateway: Connectivity and Competition in the Global Race for Infrastructures
Authors: Soler i Lecha Eduard
Published: November 2024

In the nexus of great power competition and global connectivity, infrastructures have become more strategic. Following the example set by China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), major global powers are increasingly engaged in building and financing infrastructural projects worldwide. This chapter focuses on the European Union’s (EU) contribution to this global trend through the launch of its Global Gateway initiative in 2021. It examines the initiative’s motivations and the array of perspectives within the EU. It highlights the tensions between geopolitical and developmental motivations, the search for partners and allies beyond Europe, and the reverberations of intra-EU power dynamics on the initiative’s trajectory.
An Overstrained Actor? the European Union and the Challenges of Nuclear Non-proliferation and Arms Control
Authors: Kienzle Benjamin
Published: November 2024

Fragmentation of the nuclear non-proliferation regime is less pronounced than in other areas of the international order, but significant challenges exist, including decreasing great power collaboration, persistent nuclear proliferation and increasing discontent among non-nuclear weapon states. In this context, the European Union (EU) plays an important role in orchestrating and supporting financially the work of the institutions of the nuclear non-proliferation regime and ensuring the implementation of stringent export controls in the EU. In its Strategic Compass, the EU reinvigorated its commitment to non-proliferation and arms control. However, it lacks clear policies in two key areas: nuclear disarmament and arms control, where the last US-Russian agreement is suspended and any agreement with China is out of reach.
Bubble velocities and oscillon precursors in first-order phase transitions
Authors: Pîrvu Dalila , Johnson Matthew C. , Sibiryakov Sergey
Published: November 2024

Abstract

Metastable ‘false’ vacuum states are an important feature of the Standard Model of particle physics and many theories beyond it. Describing the dynamics of a phase transition out of a false vacuum via the nucleation of bubbles is essential for understanding the cosmology of vacuum decay and the full spectrum of observables. In this paper, we study vacuum decay by numerically evolving ensembles of field theories in 1+1 dimensions from a metastable state. We demonstrate that for an initial Bose-Einstein distribution of fluctuations, bubbles form with a Gaussian spread of center-of-mass velocities and that bubble nucleation events are preceded by an oscillon — a long-lived, time-dependent, pseudo-stable configuration of the field. Defining an effective temperature from the long-wavelength amplitude of fluctuations in the ensemble of simulations, we find good agreement between theoretical finite temperature predictions and empirical measurements of the decay rate, velocity distribution and critical bubble solution. We comment on the generalization of our results and the implications for cosmological observables.
New integrable RG flows with parafermions
Authors: Ahn Changrim , Bajnok Zoltan
Published: November 2024

Abstract

We consider irrelevant deformations of massless RSOS scattering theories by an infinite number of higher [$$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

]s operators which introduce extra non-trivial CDD factors between left-movers and right-movers. It is shown that the resulting theories can be UV complete after bypassing typical Hagedorn-like singularities if the coefficients of the deformations are fine-tuned. By classifying all integrable cases, we have discovered a new UV complete QFT associated to the $$ {\mathcal{M}}_p $$

M
p

(p ≥ 3) minimal CFT based on the integrable structure of the RSOS scattering theory. This new theory is the massless ℤp−1 parafermionic sinh-Gordon (PShG) model with a self-dual coupling constant. This correspondence is confirmed by showing that the scale-dependent vacuum energies computed by the thermodynamic Bethe ansatz derived from the S-matrices match those from the quantization conditions for the PShG models using the reflection amplitudes.
Spacetime dilaton in AdS3 × X holography
Authors: Sriprachyakul Vit
Published: November 2024

Abstract

We study the spectrum generating operators (DDF operators) for bosonic strings and superstrings in AdS3 × X with pure, generic NSNS flux. The dual CFT is conjectured to be a deformed symmetric orbifold of $$ {\mathbb{R}}_{\overset{\sim }{Q}}\times X $$

ℝ

Q
~

×
X
, where $$ {\mathbb{R}}_{\overset{\sim }{Q}} $$

ℝ

Q
~

denotes a linear dilaton theory with slope $$ \overset{\sim }{Q} $$

Q
~

. In this paper, we construct DDF operators corresponding to the spacetime linear dilaton field in the limit where the worldsheet theory becomes free. The DDF operator gives another evidence supporting the proposed dual CFT. Furthermore, the DDF operator is constructed purely from the AdS3 fields and thus, strongly implies the existence of $$ {\mathbb{R}}_{\overset{\sim }{Q}} $$

ℝ

Q
~

for generic X that defines a consistent background.
Challenges of analytical methods for the characterization of microsamples from David Alfaro Siqueiros mural painting
Authors: Mejía-González Adrián , Jáidar Yareli , Aguilar-Rodríguez Pablo , Zetina Sandra , Esturau-Escofet Nuria
Published: November 2024

This study presents the analysis of seven microsamples from Untitled Mural 3, painted by David Alfaro Siqueiros between 1964 and 1972. The mural has never been restored, therefore preserving the materials used by the artist. The microsamples were analyzed using a combination of techniques: optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (micro-FTIR) with reflection mode, and high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In this work, compounds common to those identified in the analysis of the contemporary mural Trazos de composición piramidal composition were identified, such as acrylic and nitrocellulose binders, titanium white and iron red oxide as pigments, and DEHP as a plasticizer. Unexpectedly, polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and different nitrocellulose monomers were identified, in addition to chrome yellow instead of ochre, and a predominance of quartz, asbestos, and talc as fillers, instead of carbonates. The study confirmed that Siqueiros used multiple binders in successive layers in no apparent order, providing valuable insights into his artistic techniques. The research also proved an efficient methodology for studying very small and complex samples.
Hydraulic performance analysis of new versus commercial nozzle design for pressurised porous media filters
Authors: Graciano-Uribe Jonathan , Pujol Toni , Duran-Ros Miquel , Arbat Gerard , de Cartagena Francisco Ramirez , Puig-Bargués Jaume
Published: November 2024

Rapid water filtration with pressurised porous media filters is extensively applied in drip irrigation systems. In double-chamber filters, the underdrains are fixed to the base of the inner plate to sustain the media above while draining water. Here, a new underdrain design intended to reduce the filter energy consumption is presented. The main difference with commercial underdrain units corresponds to the distribution of the slots, being in a horizontal plate to uniformise the flow trajectories inside the porous media. Both commercial and new underdrain designs have been tested in laboratory in both filtration and backwashing modes with three media types, two media heights, and superficial velocities ranging from 20 to 120 m h−1. In filtration mode, results indicate that the new design reduces the filter pressure drop by 31% at 60 m h−1 in comparison with the commercial one. The exploration with an analytical model that correctly reproduces the filter pressure drop, reveals that its value at 60 m h−1 is only 15% higher than the ideal scenario (uniform flow throughout the porous media bed). In backwashing mode, the pressure drop in comparison with the commercial design is reduced by 65% at 80 m h−1, while having the same trend for the bed expansion, which is also predicted by a simple analytical expression. Thus, the new underdrain design produces a more homogeneous fluidised regime than the commercial one at low-moderate superficial velocities.