bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Re-Building Coal Country: A Church/University Partnership
Authors: Milofsky Carl , Green Brandn
Published: June 2016

This paper describes a developing partnership between a church-based service learning center and a university initiative to build a field station in a low-income community in the anthracite coal region of Pennsylvania. It is a case study of how secular and religious institutions have been collaborating to achieve the shared goal of improving social conditions in specific communities. The theoretical focus of the paper is on how a change from a “glass is half empty” to a “glass is half full” perception of the community opens new possibilities for change. This paper concentrates on the story of one partnership as a case study demonstrating current trends in service learning both within universities and within the Catholic Church in America. Analysis centers on the basic question of why the project had symbolic power for both partners and on the institutional processes within both organizations that helped the partnership grow. We use the framework of Assets-Based Community Development (ABCD), also known as the “strengths perspective”, to conceptualize the contrast.
Comparing Three Approaches of Evapotranspiration Estimation in Mixed Urban Vegetation: Field-Based, Remote Sensing-Based and Observational-Based Methods
Authors: Nouri Hamideh , Glenn Edward , Beecham Simon , Chavoshi Boroujeni Sattar , Sutton Paul , Alaghmand Sina , Noori Behnaz , Nagler Pamela
Published: June 2016

Despite being the driest inhabited continent, Australia has one of the highest per capita water consumptions in the world. In addition, instead of having fit-for-purpose water supplies (using different qualities of water for different applications), highly treated drinking water is used for nearly all of Australia’s urban water supply needs, including landscape irrigation. The water requirement of urban landscapes, particularly urban parklands, is of growing concern. The estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) and subsequently plant water requirements in urban vegetation needs to consider the heterogeneity of plants, soils, water, and climate characteristics. This research contributes to a broader effort to establish sustainable irrigation practices within the Adelaide Parklands in Adelaide, South Australia. In this paper, two practical ET estimation approaches are compared to a detailed Soil Water Balance (SWB) analysis over a one year period. One approach is the Water Use Classification of Landscape Plants (WUCOLS) method, which is based on expert opinion on the water needs of different classes of landscape plants. The other is a remote sensing approach based on the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors on the Terra satellite. Both methods require knowledge of reference ET calculated from meteorological data. The SWB determined that plants consumed 1084 mm·yr−1 of water in ET with an additional 16% lost to drainage past the root zone, an amount sufficient to keep salts from accumulating in the root zone. ET by MODIS EVI was 1088 mm·yr−1, very close to the SWB estimate, while WUCOLS estimated the total water requirement at only 802 mm·yr−1, 26% lower than the SWB estimate and 37% lower than the amount actually added including the drainage fraction. Individual monthly ET by MODIS was not accurate, but these errors were cancelled out to give good agreement on an annual time step. We conclude that the MODIS EVI method can provide accurate estimates of urban water requirements in mixed landscapes large enough to be sampled by MODIS imagery with 250-m resolution such as parklands and golf courses.
Recognition of Banknote Fitness Based on a Fuzzy System Using Visible Light Reflection and Near-infrared Light Transmission Images
Authors: Kwon Seung , Pham Tuyen , Park Kang , Jeong Dae , Yoon Sungsoo
Published: June 2016

Fitness classification is a technique to assess the quality of banknotes in order to determine whether they are usable. Banknote classification techniques are useful in preventing problems that arise from the circulation of substandard banknotes (such as recognition failures, or bill jams in automated teller machines (ATMs) or bank counting machines). By and large, fitness classification continues to be carried out by humans, and this can cause the problem of varying fitness classifications for the same bill by different evaluators, and requires a lot of time. To address these problems, this study proposes a fuzzy system-based method that can reduce the processing time needed for fitness classification, and can determine the fitness of banknotes through an objective, systematic method rather than subjective judgment. Our algorithm was an implementation to actual banknote counting machine. Based on the results of tests on 3856 banknotes in United States currency (USD), 3956 in Korean currency (KRW), and 2300 banknotes in Indian currency (INR) using visible light reflection (VR) and near-infrared light transmission (NIRT) imaging, the proposed method was found to yield higher accuracy than prevalent banknote fitness classification methods. Moreover, it was confirmed that the proposed algorithm can operate in real time, not only in a normal PC environment, but also in an embedded system environment of a banknote counting machine.
A Comparative Study of Anomaly Detection Techniques for Smart City Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Garcia-Font Victor , Garrigues Carles , Rifà-Pous Helena
Published: June 2016

In many countries around the world, smart cities are becoming a reality. These cities contribute to improving citizens’ quality of life by providing services that are normally based on data extracted from wireless sensor networks (WSN) and other elements of the Internet of Things. Additionally, public administration uses these smart city data to increase its efficiency, to reduce costs and to provide additional services. However, the information received at smart city data centers is not always accurate, because WSNs are sometimes prone to error and are exposed to physical and computer attacks. In this article, we use real data from the smart city of Barcelona to simulate WSNs and implement typical attacks. Then, we compare frequently used anomaly detection techniques to disclose these attacks. We evaluate the algorithms under different requirements on the available network status information. As a result of this study, we conclude that one-class Support Vector Machines is the most appropriate technique. We achieve a true positive rate at least 56% higher than the rates achieved with the other compared techniques in a scenario with a maximum false positive rate of 5% and a 26% higher in a scenario with a false positive rate of 15%.
A Novel Azimuth Super-Resolution Method by Synthesizing Azimuth Bandwidth of Multiple Tracks of Airborne Stripmap SAR Data
Authors: Wang Yan , Li Jingwen , Sun Bing , Yang Jian
Published: June 2016

Azimuth resolution of airborne stripmap synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is restricted by the azimuth antenna size. Conventionally, a higher azimuth resolution should be achieved by employing alternate modes that steer the beam in azimuth to enlarge the synthetic antenna aperture. However, if a data set of a certain region, consisting of multiple tracks of airborne stripmap SAR data, is available, the azimuth resolution of specific small region of interest (ROI) can be conveniently improved by a novel azimuth super-resolution method as introduced by this paper. The proposed azimuth super-resolution method synthesize the azimuth bandwidth of the data selected from multiple discontinuous tracks and contributes to a magnifier-like function with which the ROI can be further zoomed in with a higher azimuth resolution than that of the original stripmap images. Detailed derivation of the azimuth super-resolution method, including the steps of two-dimensional dechirping, residual video phase (RVP) removal, data stitching and data correction, is provided. The restrictions of the proposed method are also discussed. Lastly, the presented approach is evaluated via both the single- and multi-target computer simulations.
Philanthropic Fundraising of Higher Education Institutions: A Review of the Malaysian and Australian Perspectives
Authors: Rohayati Mohd , Najdi Youhanna , Williamson John
Published: June 2016

Currently, higher education institutions are facing rapidly rising costs and limitations in governmental funding. Accordingly, higher education institutions need sustainable forms of funding to operate effectively and remain competitive. In their attempts to identify causes and initiatives, world universities have paid more attention to philanthropic support. In their effort to raise funds, many institutions have grappled with questions of why donors give and what motivates donors to give. To address these questions, scholars must consider the influence of demographic and socio-economic characteristics, as well as internal and external motivational parameters on successful giving behaviour. However, much more attention has been paid to universities in Western countries and the United States. This study aims to review the factors influencing organizational philanthropic fundraising success and to gain an understanding of factors affecting donors’ giving decisions and perceptions of giving. This work focuses on donors’ giving to Malaysian and Australian public universities.
Les structures verticales des géosystèmes
Authors: Beroutchachvili Nicolas , Radvanyi Jean
Published: June 2016

Vertical structures of geosystems. — The aim of this paper is to reach a definition of the principles for a global study of geosystems considered as a vertical superposition of geohorizons. The usual multidisciplinary geographical analysis frequently isolates the soil (with its various layers) and the vegetation (with its various strata) and does not consider the lower layers of atmosphere even when their characteristics are modified by the vicinity of the vegetation. We expose a method which is inspired by certain researches experimented in the Soviet Union ; it is an attempt to define criteria that would fit all geohorizons and that could be used easily to collect and register any character of any geosystem considered in its vertical structure and approached as a living reality. Therefore we stress the fact that the chronological variations introduce changes in the very nature of each geosystem.
Le paysage entre la Nature et la Société
Authors: Bertrand Georges
Published: June 2016

Landscape between nature and society. Though it plays an essential part in our daily life, the landscape does not belong to any scientific category and it cannot be reduced to any single concept. The author proposes to study the landscape as a conception that is related to both nature and society sciences. Then landscape is defined as a social interpretation of a real fact which does exist without any consideration of the observer's will ; such a social interpretation cannot be separated from the economic and cultural production system to which the observer belongs. Thence any landscape should be examined at the same time as a subject and as an object as well, or, more accurately, as a permanent interchange between these two categories. Only such dynamic complex analysis of the landscaping process enables the scientist to draw the landscapes' sketches that can be used to define the landscape as a socio-ecological system and to recognize its function on the social process as a whole.
Le Sidobre (Tarn). Esquisse d'une monographie
Authors: Bertrand Claude , Bertrand Georges , Raynaud Jean
Published: June 2016

La première partie est une réflexion sur la monographie à partir de l'exemple du Sidobre. L'interdisciplinarité, l'étude des rapports entre la Société et l'Espace ou bien entre la Société et la Nature conduisent les chercheurs de toutes les disciplines sociales ou naturalistes à pratiquer des analyses de type monographique sans se donner l'armature méthodologique nécessaire. La monographie peut être conçue, à partir des modèles écosystémiques et géosystémiques, comme une analyse de système : le Sidobre est un « sous-système local » largement ouvert sur la société globale par ses entrées et sorties. L'élaboration de scénarios emboîtés permet d'appréhender les divers éléments qui interagissent au sein de la monographie.

La deuxième partie propose un scénario monographique du Sidobre (Tarn, sud-ouest du Massif Central), petit « pays » fortement individualisé par la domination du granit, des carriers-granitiers et de l'artisanat granitier sur l'économie, la société, l'écologie et le paysage. Le projet monographique consiste à étudier l'émergence, l'expansion et la continuité d'un « système granitier » qui est interprété comme l'implantation locale, spécifique, du mode de production capitaliste. On suit la mise en place du système granitier depuis le milieu du XIXe siècle, en montrant qu'à chaque « état » du système correspond une combinaison différente entre les divers sous-systèmes qui s'affrontent : artisanal, touristique, écologique, administratif. Le Sidobre vit une irrémédiable contradiction : d'une part, une société enracinée, fondée sur une économie en expansion ; d'autre part, la destruction de sites pittoresques exceptionnels, le démantèlement des paysages et la régression écologique généralisée.
Les canaux du Midi. Outil économique ou monument du patrimoine régional
Authors: Marconis Robert
Published: June 2016

L'auteur rappelle que l'achèvement du Canal latéral à la Garonne, postérieur de 175 ans à celui du Canal du Midi, survint en même temps que celui de la voie ferrée Bordeaux-Sète. La concurrence de celle-ci ne laissa à la voie d'eau qu'un rôle de plus en plus marginal dans le trafic régional. Dès lors, une bourgeoisie méridionale foncièrement conservatrice, ayant trouvé dans le discours sur les canaux un alibi moderniste en même temps que régionaliste, n'a pas cessé de lutter pour leur promotion, ce qui consistait, dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, à tenter de les soustraire au monopole de la Compagnie des Chemins de fer du Midi, et au XXe siècle à réclamer des pouvoirs publics leur mise au gabarit Freycinet. Ce dernier objectif est aujourd'hui presque atteint, du moins s'agissant de la longueur des écluses, alors que le trafic agonisant n'entrevoit aucune perspective nouvelle, que la batellerie connaît une crise aiguë et que seule prospère la navigation de plaisance.
Englacement quaternaire et enneigement actuel de l'Aubrac et du Cantal
Authors: Valadas Bernard , Veyret Yvette
Published: June 2016

Quaternary glaciers and present snow in Cantal and Aubrac mountains of the plateau central of France. This comparison between ancient glaciers'extension and present snow precipitations leads to the conclusion that the atmospheric circulation pattern and the dissymetrical opposition of Western and Eastern Cantal mountain fronts were already acquired during the late Quaternary cold stages. Anyhow the Cantal mountains features are closer to those of Auvergne, because there is more snow there, when Aubrac mountains already experiments some Mediterranean like characters.
Le Bierzo : géomorphogenèse fini-tertiaire d'un bassin intra-montagneux (Espagne)
Authors: Hérail Gérard
Published: June 2016

Geomorphological evolution of the Bierzo basin (Spain) during the late tertiary. — It is analyzed through the various sedimentary beds which it contains : the older ones come from remote districts. Tectonic and climatic factors stress the evolution of this basin as an individual one by the end of the tertiary era, while the border between the Galician rivers water shed and the Duero's one was tranlated eastwards.
La production de l'espace urbain périphérique
Authors: Jaillet Marie-Christine , Jalabert Guy
Published: June 2016

La croissance périphérique des villes doit être analysée en termes de production d'espace. Stratégies de localisations ou de déconcentrations d'activités industrielles et de services ; production pavillonnaire de résidences individuelles liées à une restructuration de l'appareil promotionnel du cadre bâti ; difficile conversion des sols agricoles en terrains à bâtir par les jeux différentiels de la rente foncière ; recomposition des appareils locaux de gestion de l'espace, investis par de nouvelles couches sociales ; action des néo-résidents sur le développement de leur milieu local de vie... sont les éléments qui contribuent, depuis plus d'une décennie en France, à valoriser un nouvel espace social périurbain.
Les forges et la forêt dans la Sarthe
Authors: Dufour Jeanne
Published: June 2016

A partir de l'exemple de la forêt de Charnie, l'auteur montre qu'après avoir été créées, à partir du XVIe siècle, pour valoriser les forêts, les grosses forges les ont ruinées, car, pour produire le charbon de bois en quantité suffisante, il a fallu les convertir en taillis traité à courte révolution : ce traitement, prolongé pendant plusieurs siècles, a provoqué une modification de la flore et une dégradation des sols dont les forêts actuelles subissent toujours les conséquences.
Dynamique d'un espace forestier de loisirs en forêt de Fontainebleau (Seine-et-Marne)
Authors: Amat Jean-Paul , Hotyat Micheline
Published: June 2016

Dinámica de un espacio forestal de recreo en el bosque de Fontainebleau. Análisis de las dinámicas biogeográfica, geomorfológica y de sus interacciones en un espacio forestal sometido a una intensa frecuentación humana. El examen de una serie diacrónica de fotografías aéreas sirvió para la elección de una zona testigo en la que se se realizaron los recuentos de árboles y las medidad de áreas de mineralización.
Les géographes français et la forêt
Authors: Dresch Jean
Published: June 2016

Les géographes français ayant inclus la forêt dans leurs recherches, en biogéographie ou à titre d'élément d'une étude de géographie globale ou régionale, sont en nombre plus grand qu'on ne pense. Thèmes et régions sont passées en revue.
Agricultrices et professionnalisation : une enquête en Midi-Pyrénées
Authors: Rieu Annie
Published: June 2016

Selon une étude sur la vie quotidienne de 150 agricultrices membres de groupes de développement agricole et de sections féminines syndicales de la région Midi-Pyrénées, leur demande de professionnalisation recouvre des motivations différentes selon qu'elles sont participantes occasionnelles ou investies d'une responsabilité. La professionnalisation au féminin ne peut se réaliser selon le modèle masculin car elle ne peut faire l'économie d'une référence familiale dans laquelle les femmes sont inscrites prioritairement. Seules les agricultrices vivant dans des exploitations impliquées dans une logique professionnelle paraissent en mesure de trouver les conditions d'accès à l'exercice de leur travail en termes de profession. Néanmoins l'éventuelle professionnalisation des agricultrices ne servira-t-elle pas plutôt à renforcer la professionnalisation de l'exploitant et de l'exploitation, qu'à donner à ces femmes une autonomie réelle, et ceci en raison des multiples handicaps qui les pénalisent dans l'accès au métier ? L'émergence d'une élite calquée sur le modèle masculin ne risque-t-elle pas d'accentuer la marginalisation des autres agricultrices ?
Le regard des géographes sur l'espace rural : les sociétés rurales
Authors: Kayser Bernard
Published: June 2016

La mirada de los geógrafos sobre el espacio rural. En los años recientes se ha transformado profundamente el mundo rural, pero los métodos de los geógrafos no evolucionaron mucho para captar este cambio. Sin embargo su contribución no es de desdeñar, por lo menos en la observación local. Por la mirada interdisciplinaria fue como más contribuyeron al progreso de nuestros conocimientos que aún padecen numerosas lagunas y invertebración.
Stratégies d'exploitation et mutations du paysage dans la vallée de la haute Deûle (Nord) : l'exemple du marais de Seclin du XIIIe au XIXe siècle
Authors: Dessaux Nicolas , Révillion Stéphane , Delchambre Sébastien
Published: June 2016

Nicolas Dessaux, Stéphane Révillion, Sébastien Delchambre, Land Management Strategies and Landscape Alterations in the Higher Deûle Valley (Nord) : the Example of the Seclin Marshes from the XIIIth to the XIXth Centuries.

The study of the history of the Seclin marshes, through ancient records, allows to understand better the way in which socio-economic factors and mentalities contribute to the alteration of a landscape whose nature and status are particular. Each type of activity (cattle breeding, fishing, peat extraction, tree plantation, drainage, crop growing) has an incidence on the marshland. This latter evolves from a park-pasture- land outlook (XIIIth century) to that of a wet hedged-in landscape (XIVth-XVIIth centuries), and still displays, before it vanishes (XlXth century), the appearance of a mosaic (with alternating grazing lands, enclosed fields, wooded areas, farmland, crisscrossed by the drainage network and rows of planted trees). Thus, the major stages of this alteration seem to result from the interplay between the management of a progressively saturated environment, the internal pressures that lead to the parcelling-out of the territory, and the influence of agronomic theories that are to be felt from 1764 onward. The progressive drying of this zone and the digging of the Seclin Canal, leading to the disappearance of the marshland, are then the product of converging external and internal causes whose respective roles cannot be assessed.
Migrations religieuses dans les Provinces- Unies avant le second Refuge
Authors: Frijhoff Willem
Published: June 2016

Willem Frijhoff, Religious Migrations in the United Provinces Before the Second Refuge.

According to the traditional theory, the society of the United Provinces was to have been thoroughly altered under the influence of the religious immigration of the late xvith and early xvnth centuries : immigrants from Flanders and the Brabant would have imposed the orthodox alternative of Calvinism and at the same time introduced a richer culture, turned more openly towards the outside and tinged with a stronger taste for luxury. The present paper looks at this theory through the more recent findings of Dutch historical studies. The alterations it proposes lead to outlining a few questions that would deserve to be looked into more deeply.
Le protestantisme en Calaisis aux XVIe-XVIIe siècles
Authors: Joblin Alain
Published: June 2016

Alain Joblin, Protestantism in the Calais Area in the XVIth and XVIIth Centuries.

The history of Protestantism in France grants very little room to the reformed communities that lived in northern France in the XVIth and XVIIth centuries. These communities, with few members and often short-lived, focus little attention. The north- western part of the French Kingdom was yet marked by the presence of a large reformed Church, that of the Calais region and the reconquered countries. This Church, that experienced hard beginnings under the English occupant, was to develop essentially thanks to a powerful immigration that brought to the region, in the second half of the xvith century, numerous Protestant refugees that fled the Spanish Catholic repression in Flanders and Artois. In the early years of the xvnth century a reformed Church started to organize itself to eventually live and thrive all through this century under the leadership of its ministers and its Church session. It is thus a community that was thriving, active and secure in its faith that a young Englishman, student in theology, White Kennett, visited in 1682. The study of the Journal kept by this stu- den allows us to bring this community to life again on the eve of the Repelling of the Edit de Nantes.
L'élection de l'évêque et des curés constitutionnels dans l'Oise sous la Révolution (1791-1793)
Authors: Bernet Jacques
Published: June 2016

Jacques Bernet, The Election of Bishops and Vicars in Oise under the French Revolution.

The boldest innovation of the 1790 Civilian Constitution of the Clergy, the second degree election of bishops and vicars, « public servants », was enforced with no great difficulty in Oise, from 1791 to 1793, a « constitutional » department in the majority of its population, it must be admitted. Through the minutes of a good forty ballots, one can grasp the modalities of an election that is both made rather commonplace while remaining specific, and reveals some features of the political and religious turns of mind that led to the choice of the citizens-electors, a testimony of the mostly favourable reception met by the new organization of the Church in this part of France.
Stratégie frumentaire et politique provinciale dans le Boulonnais (1789-1793). Réflexions sur un exemple de maîtrise d'un espace économique rural par la ville
Authors: Zuzlewski Dominique
Published: June 2016

Dominique Zuzlewski, Corn-Supply Strategy and Provincial Policy.

The Boulogne area « Sénéchaussée », attached early to the Crown of France, goes at the end of the XVIIIth century through two crises : one political, the other economic. The stakes of these crises : the position of the « higher Boulogne area » within a strategy of food supply ; an area dominated by Montreuil-sur-Mer but coveted by Boulogne-sur-Mer. A bread basket, the higher Boulogne area sees its markets dominated by Montreuil, a city that radiates over more than 20 kilometres. All the same, the challenge it poses is but one element in the elaboration of a supply strategy that calls into play a whole set of intra-and extra-regional relations. At the heart of this strategy : the road network that provides the key to its understanding.
Parlementarisme et violence rhétorique dans les années 1870
Authors: Guislin Jean-Marc
Published: June 2016

Jean-Marc Guislin, Parlement en verbaal geweld. De jaren 1870.

Er mag dan al een tegenstelling bestaan tussen geweld en overleg, op het gebied van de parlementaire dialoog, politiek blijft hoe dan ook een terrein waarop opinies botsen en terughoudendheid niet altijd past. In de jaren 1870 zijn de parlementaire debatten waak bewogen vooral als delicate onderwerpen (politiek, économie, sociale leven en religie) aan de orde komen. Men mag dan al overdrijven en een gerichte beeldspraak gebruiken, het blijft daar soms niet bij en de discussie gaat verder, buiten als handgemeen. Dat geweld kan ook een gevolg zijn van de politiek van terughoudendheid, zeg maar van het negeren van een probleem, een teken van onverschilligheid of vijandelijkheid. Die misstappen zijn vaak de zaak van bepaald schuchtere leden, die weinig zeggen en bekend staan voor hun inzet en karakter en die lid zijn van minderheids- of extremistische groepen. Op de regeringsbanken vindt men een andere zachtere vorm van geweld, het geweld van het beter weten.
Pairie et «estage» dans le comté de Saint-Pol au XIIIe siècle. Autour d'un texte publié par Charles du Cange
Authors: Nieus Jean-François
Published: June 2016

Le court texte qui est au centre de cet article provient d'un chartrier perdu des comtes de Saint-Pol. Il peut être daté entre 1232 et 1238, sous le règne du comte Hugues V de Châtillon. Il s'agit d'une notice rapportant les termes d'un accord conclu entre Hugues V et les pairs de son château de Saint-Pol, à propos des obligations militaires que ceux-ci lui devaient (garde du château et défense du comté). Unique en son genre, ce document apporte un témoignage précieux sur les réalités féodales dont il traite. Riche en détails sur les modalités concrètes du service de garde, appelé ici « estage », il lève surtout un coin du voile recouvrant les hommes qui y étaient astreints. D'une manière générale, les pairies, ces groupes de chevaliers privilégiés dont s'entourèrent nombre de dynastes en Flandre et en Picardie, restent fort mal connues. Un examen serré du cas saint-polois, à partir de la convention de 1232-1238 et des rares chartes locales mentionnant les pairs, conduit d'ailleurs à remettre en cause les conclusions de la principale étude sur le sujet, à savoir celle de Pierre Feuchère. L'ancienneté de l'institution, ses fonctions, le nombre et la qualité de ses membres sont autant d'aspects qu'il convient de réévaluer avec prudence, en tenant compte, notamment, de ce qu'a observé Leopold Genicot dans le Namurois. Une édition critique de la convention est donnée en annexe.
Garran de Coulon, la conquête de la Belgique et l'élaboration d'un nouveau droit public
Authors: Belissa Marc
Published: June 2016

L'an III constitue une rupture philosophique et politique avec la période qui le précède. Mais quelle en est la nature ? Assiste-t-on à un « retour à 89 » ou bien à l'élaboration de nouveaux paradigmes théoriques, distincts de ceux de la période 1789- 1794 ? A travers l'exemple des Considérations sur la réunion de la Belgique de Garran-Coulon, il est possible de faire un premier inventaire des ruptures et des continuités de la rhétorique thermidorienne dans le domaine des relations entre les peuples. Ce point de vue est exemplaire car Garran-Coulon dépasse les autres intervenants dans le débat sur la réunion de la Belgique en l'an IV en ceci qu'il tente d'élaborer les éléments d'une nouvelle théorie du droit public fondé sur les concepts de droit de conquête révolutionnaire et « d'intérêt bien compris des peuples ».
Identité, écriture et mémoire : l'exemple de quelques personnalités de la Somme du milieu du XIXe siècle à la Grande Guerre
Authors: Wiscart Jean-Marie
Published: June 2016

Jean-Marie Wiscart, Identiteit, het schrijven en de herinnering, een paar voorbeelden uit de Somme, van het midden van de 19de eeuw tot W.O. I.

Als graanschuur en slagveld is de Somme nooit een schrijversland geweest. Tussen 1848 en 1914 hebben nochtans een aantal priesters, nobelen en burgers naar de pen gegrepen om een bedreigde sociale, provinciale en religieuze identiteit te ver- dedigen. Aan de hand van het voorbeeld van dominée Rossier, markies de Belleval of Alberic de Calonne, naast lokale schrijvers als Edouard David, bestudeert men hoe een minderheid een collectief geheugen opbouwt en welke roi het schrijven daarin speelt.
Can the Referring Surgeon Enhance Accrual of Breast Cancer Patients to Medical and Radiation Oncology Trials? The Enhance Study
Authors: Arnaout A. , Kuchuk I. , Bouganim N. , Pond G. , Verma S. , Segal R. , Dent S. , Gertler S. , Song X. , Kanji F. , Clemons M.
Published: June 2016

Introduction: The accrual rate to clinical trials in oncology remains low. In this exploratory pilot study, we prospectively assessed the role that engaging a referring surgeon plays in enhancing nonsurgical oncologic clinical trial accrual. Methods: Newly diagnosed breast cancer patients were seen by a surgeon who actively introduced specific patient-and physician-centred strategies to increase clinical trial accrual. Patient-centred strategies included providing patients, before their oncology appointment, with information about specific clinical trials for which they might be eligible, as evaluated by the surgeon. The attitudes of the patients about clinical trials and the interventions used to improve accrual were assessed at the end of the study. The primary outcome was the clinical trial accrual rate during the study period. Results: Overall clinical trial enrolment during the study period among the 34 participating patients was 15% (5 of 34), which is greater than the institution’s historical average of 7%. All patients found the information delivered by the surgeon before the oncology appointment to be very helpful. Almost three quarters of the patients (73%) were informed about clinical trials by their oncologist. The top reasons for nonparticipation reported by the patients who did not participate in clinical trials included lack of interest (35%), failure of the oncologist to mention clinical trials (33%), and inconvenience (19%). Conclusions: Accrual of patients to clinical trials is a complex multistep process with multiple potential barriers. The findings of this exploratory pilot study demonstrate a potential role for the referring surgeon in enhancing nonsurgical clinical trial accrual.
Metronomic Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy as Salvage Treatment in Refractory or Relapsed Pediatric Solid Tumours
Authors: Ali A.M. , El-Sayed M.I.
Published: June 2016

Background: Metronomic chemotherapy (mCTX) combined with radiation therapy (RT) is an emerging anticancer strategy. The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy of mCTX combined with RT as salvage treatment in children with refractory or relapsed solid malignancies. Methods: This prospective study enrolled patients with refractory or relapsed pediatric solid tumours from January 2013 to January 2015. Treatment consisted of 3–12 courses of mCTX in all patients, followed by RT in patients who experienced local recurrence, distant metastases, or both. Each course of mCTX consisted of oral celecoxib 100–400 mg twice daily (days 1–42), intravenous vinblastine 3 mg/m2 weekly (weeks 1–6), oral cyclophosphamide 2.5 mg/m2 daily (days 1–21), and oral methotrexate 15 mg/m2 twice weekly (days 21–42). Statistical methods used were the log-rank test and binary logistic regression. Results: A favourable disease response (partial response or stable disease) was seen in 49 of 64 patients (76.6%), with mild acute toxicity occurring in 41 (64%). After a median follow-up of 14 months, 1-year overall survival was 62%. Pattern of disease relapse (p < 0.0001), time from initial treatment to relapse (p = 0.0002), and response to treatment (p < 0.0001) significantly affected survival. Age was the only factor that significantly correlated with treatment toxicity (p = 0.002; hazard ratio: 3.37; 95% confidence interval: 1.53 to 7.35). Conclusions: Combining mCTX with RT resulted in a favourable response rate, minimal toxicity, and 62% 1-year overall survival in patients with heavily pretreated recurrent disease. Patients with localized late recurrence or disease progression are the most likely to benefit from this regimen.
The Brain Metastases Symptom Checklist as a Novel Tool for Symptom Measurement in Patients with Brain Metastases Undergoing Whole-Brain Radiotherapy
Authors: Rodin D. , Banihashemi B. , Wang L. , Lau A. , Harris S. , Levin W. , Dinniwell R. , Millar B.A. , Chung C. , Laperriere N. , Bezjak A. , Wong R.K.S.
Published: June 2016

Purpose: We evaluated the feasibility, reliability, and validity of the Brain Metastases Symptom Checklist (BMSC), a novel self-report measure of common symptoms experienced by patients with brain metastases. Methods: Patients with first-presentation symptomatic brain metastases (n = 137) referred for whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) completed the BMSC at time points before and after treatment. Their caregivers (n = 48) provided proxy ratings twice on the day of consultation to assess reliability, and at week 4 after WBRT to assess responsiveness to change. Correlations with 4 other validated assessment tools were evaluated. Results: The symptoms reported on the BMSC were largely mild to moderate, with tiredness (71%) and difficulties with balance (61%) reported most commonly at baseline. Test–retest reliability for individual symptoms had a median intraclass correlation of 0.59 (range: 0.23–0.85). Caregiver proxy and patient responses had a median intraclass correlation of 0.52. Correlation of absolute scores on the BMSC and other symptom assessment tools was low, but consistency in the direction of symptom change was observed. At week 4, change in symptoms was variable, with improvements in weight gain and sleep of 42% and 41% respectively, and worsening of tiredness and drowsiness of 62% and 59% respectively. Conclusions: The BMSC captures a wide range of symptoms experienced by patients with brain metastases, and it is sensitive to change. It demonstrated adequate test–retest reliability and face validity in terms of its responsiveness to change. Future research is needed to determine whether modifications to the BMSC itself or correlation with more symptom-specific measures will enhance validity.
Trends in Health Care Utilization and Costs Attributable to Hepatocellular Carcinoma, 2002–2009: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Thein H.H. , Qiao Y. , Young S.K. , Zarin W. , Yoshida E.M. , de Oliveira C. , Earle C.C.
Published: June 2016

Background: The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the complexity of its diagnosis and treatment are increasing. We estimated trends in net health care utilization, costs of care attributable to HCC in Ontario, and rate ratios of resource use at various stages of care. Methods: This population-based retrospective cohort study identified HCC patients and non-cancer control subjects, and health care resource utilization between 2002 and 2009. Generalized estimating equations were then used to estimate net health care utilization (HCC patients vs. the matched control subjects) and net costs of care attributable to HCC. Generalized linear models were used to analyze rate ratios of resource use. Results: We identified 2832 HCC patients and 2808 matched control subjects. In comparison with the control subjects, HCC patients generally used a greater number of health care services. Overall, the mean net cost of care per 30 patient–days (2013 Canadian dollars) attributable to outpatient visits and hospitalizations was highest in the pre-diagnosis (1 year before diagnosis), initial (1st year after diagnosis), and end-of-life (last 6 months before death, short-term survivors) phases. Mean net homecare costs were highest in the end-of-life phase (long-term survivors). In the end-of-life phase (short-term survivors), mean net costs attributable to outpatient visits and total services significantly increased to $14,220 from $1,547 and to $33,121 from $14,450 (2008–2009 and 2002–2003 respectively). Conclusions: In HCC, our study found increasing resource use and net costs of care, particularly in the end-of-life phase among short-term survivors. Our findings offer a basis for resource allocation decisions in the area of cancer prevention and control.
Implementing Low-Dose Computed Tomography Screening for Lung Cancer in Canada: Implications of Alternative At-Risk Populations, Screening Frequency, and Duration
Authors: Evans W.K. , Flanagan W.M. , Miller A.B. , Goffin J.R. , Memon S. , Fitzgerald N. , Wolfson M.C.
Published: June 2016

Background: Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening has been shown to reduce mortality from lung cancer; however, the optimal screening duration and “at risk” population are not known. Methods: The Cancer Risk Management Model developed by Statistics Canada for the Canadian Partnership Against Cancer includes a lung screening module based on data from the U.S. National Lung Screening Trial (NLST). The base-case scenario reproduces NLST outcomes with high fidelity. The impact in Canada of annual screening on the number of incident cases and life-years gained, with a wider range of age and smoking history eligibility criteria and varied participation rates, was modelled to show the magnitude of clinical benefit nationally and by province. Life-years gained, costs (discounted and undiscounted), and resource requirements were also estimated. Results: In 2014, 1.4 million Canadians were eligible for screening according to NLST criteria. Over 10 years, screening would detect 12,500 more lung cancers than the expected 268,300 and would gain 9200 life-years. The computed tomography imaging requirement of 24,000–30,000 at program initiation would rise to between 87,000 and 113,000 by the 5th year of an annual NLST-like screening program. Costs would increase from approximately $75 million to $128 million at 10 years, and the cumulative cost nationally over 10 years would approach $1 billion, partially offset by a reduction in the costs of managing advanced lung cancer. Conclusions: Modelling various ways in which LDCT might be implemented provides decision-makers with estimates of the effect on clinical benefit and on resource needs that clinical trial results are unable to provide.
Palliative Chemotherapy in Advanced Colorectal Cancer Patients 80 Years of Age and Older
Authors: Lai P. , Sud S. , Zhang T. , Asmis T. , Wheatley-Price P.
Published: June 2016

Background: Colorectal cancer (crc) has a median diagnostic age of 68 years. Despite significant progress in chemotherapy (ctx) options, few data on outcomes or toxicity from ctx in patients 80 years of age and older are available. We investigated ctx in such patients with metastatic crc (mcrc), hypothesizing high rates of hospitalization and toxicity. Methods: A retrospective chart review identified patients 80 years of age and older with mcrc who initiated ctx between 2005–2010 at our institution. Patient demographics and ctx data were collected. Endpoints included rates of hospitalization, ctx discontinuation because of toxicity, and overall survival. Results: In 60 patients, ctx was initiated on 88 occasions. Median age in the cohort was 83 years; 52% were men; 72% lived with family; 53% had a modified Charlson comorbidity index of 2 or greater; and 31% were taking 6 or more prescription medications at baseline. At baseline, 33% of the patients were anemic (hemoglobin < 100 g/L), 36% had leukocytosis (white blood cells > 11×109/L), and 48% had renal impairment (estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2). In 53%, ctx was given as first-line treatment. The initial ctx dose was adjusted in 67%, and capecitabine was the most common chemotherapeutic agent (45%). In 19 instances (22%), the patient was hospitalized during or within 30 days of ctx; in 26 instances (30%), the ctx was discontinued because of toxicity, and in 48 instances (55%), the patient required at least 1 dose reduction, omission, or delay. Median overall survival was 17.8 months (95% confidence interval: 14.3 to 20.8 months). Conclusions: In the population 80 years of age and older, ctx for mcrc is feasible; however, most recipients will require dose adjustments, and a significant proportion will be hospitalized or stop ctx because of toxicity. Prospective research incorporating geriatric assessment tools is required to better select these older patients for ctx.
Estimating the Costs of Intensity-Modulated and 3-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy in Ontario
Authors: Yong J.H.E. , McGowan T. , Redmond-Misner R. , Beca J. , Warde P. , Gutierrez E. , Hoch J.S.
Published: June 2016

Background: Radiotherapy is a common treatment for many cancers, but up-to-date estimates of the costs of radiotherapy are lacking. In the present study, we estimated the unit costs of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (imrt) and 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-crt) in Ontario. Methods: An activity-based costing model was developed to estimate the costs of imrt and 3D-crt in prostate cancer. It included the costs of equipment, staff, and supporting infrastructure. The framework was subsequently adapted to estimate the costs of radiotherapy in breast cancer and head-and-neck cancer. We also tested various scenarios by varying the program maturity and the use of volumetric modulated arc therapy (vmat) alongside imrt. Results: From the perspective of the health care system, treating prostate cancer with imrt and 3D-crt respectively cost $12,834 and $12,453 per patient. The cost of radiotherapy ranged from $5,270 to $14,155 and was sensitive to analytic perspective, radiation technique, and disease site. Cases of head-and-neck cancer were the most costly, being driven by treatment complexity and fractions per treatment. Although imrt was more costly than 3D-crt, its cost will likely decline over time as programs mature and vmat is incorporated. Conclusions: Our costing model can be modified to estimate the costs of 3D-crt and imrt for various disease sites and settings. The results demonstrate the important role of capital costs in studies of radiotherapy cost from a health system perspective, which our model can accommodate. In addition, our study established the need for future analyses of imrt cost to consider how vmat affects time consumption.
Provincial Elections and Timing of Cancer Drug Funding
Authors: Srikanthan A. , Gill S.S. , Chan K.K.W.
Published: June 2016

Background: Concerns have been raised about the potential influence of political pressures on drug funding decisions. We evaluated the temporal relationship between cancer drug funding and provincial elections in 9 Canadian provinces. Methods: New indications for cancer drugs between January 2003 and December 2012 were identified, and the dates of official provincial funding dates and election dates between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2014 were retrieved. The probability of drug funding announcements in the 60-day period preceding a provincial election was evaluated using binomial probability distribution analysis. Results: Data from 9 provinces (all Canadian provinces except Quebec) were available. During the period of interest, 69 new indications for 39 individual drugs were identified. Variation in the availability of funding dates was identified. At the time of data collection, 2 provinces did not have data available for all 69 indications. For the 9 provinces, the number of funded indications during the 60-day period preceding an election ranged from 0 to 3; however, no differences in the proportion of indications funded pre-election were identified. Additional analyses also failed to demonstrate any significant associations with the 90-day period before an election, or the 60- and 90-day periods after an election. Conclusions: We observed no clear temporal relationship between provincial election dates and funding decisions in this recent Canadian sample of new indications for cancer drugs.
Reduction in Membranous Immunohistochemical Staining for the Intracellular Domain of Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule Correlates with Poor Patient Outcome in Primary Colorectal Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Wang A. , Ramjeesingh R. , Chen C.H. , Hurlbut D. , Hammad N. , Mulligan L.M. , Nicol C. , Feilotter H.E. , Davey S.
Published: June 2016

Background: Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (epcam) is a multifunctional transmembrane glycoprotein expressed on both normal epithelium and epithelial neoplasms such as gastric, breast, and renal carcinomas. Recent studies have proposed that the proteolytic cleavage of the intracellular domain of epcam (epcam-icd) can trigger signalling cascades leading to aggressive tumour behavior. The expression profile of epcam-icd has not been elucidated for primary colorectal carcinoma. In the present study, we examined epcam-icd immunohistochemical staining in a large cohort of patients with primary colorectal adenocarcinoma and assessed its performance as a potential prognostic marker. Methods: Immunohistochemical staining for epcam-icd was assessed on tissue microarrays consisting of 137 primary colorectal adenocarcinoma samples. Intensity of staining for each core was scored by 3 independent pathologists. The membranous epcam-icd staining score was calculated as a weighted average from 3 core samples per tumour. Univariate analysis of the average scores and clinical outcome measures was performed. Results: The level of membranous epcam-icd staining was positively associated with well-differentiated tumours (p = 0.01); low preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (p = 0.001); and several measures of survival, including 2-year (p = 0.02) and 5-year survival (p = 0.05), and length of time post-diagnosis (p = 0.03). A number of other variables—including stage, grade, and lymph node status—showed correlations with epcam staining and markers of poor outcome, but did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: Low membranous epcam-icd staining might be a useful marker to identify tumours with aggressive clinical behavior and potential poor prognosis and might help to select candidates who could potentially benefit from treatment targeting epcam.
Response to: “Small-Cell Carcinoma of the Genitourinary Tract: A Point of View”
Authors: Pervez Nadeem
Published: June 2016

I thank Dr. Nabil Ismaili for reading our article1 and giving his valuable comments with regard to the management of genitourinary small-cell carcinoma (scc). [...]