bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The value of animal welfare data collection: a case study on whaling operations
Authors: Papastavrou V
Published: January 2013

At present, there is no binding requirement within the International Whaling Commission (IWC) for presentation of animal welfare data and, in recent years, the whaling nations have stopped supplying data regarding the welfare implications of whaling for commercial purposes. In the past, although analyses of data were provided, the raw data were not publicly accessible. In 2006, an analysis was conducted of video footage of Japan's ‘scientific whaling’ in the Southern Ocean during the 2005/06 season. The results of the analysis suggested some severe animal welfare issues associated with the hunt based on a limited sample size. The case is made for the provision of such data to the IWC to be made compulsory. This would be achieved through an amendment to the IWC Schedule requiring specified animal welfare data. Such a schedule amendment should be drafted to include all forms of commercial whaling (including ‘scientific whaling’ and whaling under objection) and should build upon earlier proposals that were presented to the IWC between 2000 and 2003.
Animal research ethics, legislation and practice and their application to scientific whaling
Authors: Fry DJ
Published: January 2013

Although the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling states it is:

to provide for the proper conservation of whale stocks and… the orderly development of the whaling industry

its Article VIII allows any Contracting Government to:

grant to any of its nationals a special permit authorizing that national to kill, take and treat whales for purposes of scientific research.
Radiosurgery for Benign Tumors of the Spine: Clinical Experience and Current Trends
Authors: Gerszten Peter C. , Quader Mubina , Novotny Josef , Flickinger John C.
Published: January 2013

In distinction to the development of the clinical indications for intracranial radiosurgery, spine radiosurgery's initial primary focus was and still remains the treatment of malignant disease. The role of stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of intracranial benign tumors has been well established. However, there is much less experience and much more controversy regarding the use of radiosurgery for the treatment of benign tumors of the spine. This study presents the clinical experience and current trends of radiosurgery in the treatment paradigm of benign tumors of the spine as part of a dedicated spine radiosurgery program. Forty consecutive benign spine tumors were treated using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) image guidance technology for target localization. Lesion location included 13 cervical, 9 thoracic, 11 lumbar, and 7 sacral tumors. Thirty-four cases (85%) were intradural. The most common tumor histologies were schwannoma (15 cases), neurofibroma (7 cases), and meningioma (8 cases). Eighteen cases (45%) had previously undergone open surgical resection, and 4 lesions (10%) had previously been treated with conventional fractionated external beam irradiation techniques. This cohort was compared to a prior institutional experience of 73 consecutive benign spine tumors treated with radiosurgery. No subacute or long term spinal cord or cauda equina toxicity occurred during the follow-up period (median 26 months). Radiosurgery was used as the primary treatment modality in 22 cases (55%) and for recurrence after prior open surgical resection in 18 cases (45%). The mean prescribed dose to the gross tumor volume (GTV) was 14 Gy (range 11 to 17) delivered in a single fraction in 35 cases. In 5 cases in which the tumor was found to be intimately associated with the spinal cord with distortion of the spinal cord itself, the prescribed dose to the GTV was 18 to 21 Gy delivered in 3 fractions. The GTV ranged from 0.37 to 94.5 cm3 (mean 13.2 cm3, median 5.1 cm3). No evidence of tumor growth was seen on serial imaging in any case. Compared to the prior cohort, there was a trend towards increased patient age, GTV, and use of radiosurgery in the post-surgical setting, as well as a simultaneous decrease in the prescription dose. Radiosurgery is a safe and clinically effective treatment alternative for benign spinal neoplasms. While surgical extirpation is currently felt to be the best initial treatment option for most benign spinal tumors, spine radiosurgery has been demonstrated to have long-term clinical and radiographic benefit for the treatment of such lesions. In a similar manner in which spine radiosurgery has become a primary treatment option for a variety of intracranial benign tumors, radiosurgery may become the most favorable treatment alternative for similar histologies when found in the spine. The application of radiosurgery for non-neoplastic spine disease deserves future investigation.
Three-Dimensional C-Arm Computed Tomography Combined with Fluoroscopic Guided Pediculoplasty for Treatment of Vertebral Body Metastasis with Lytic Pedicle
Authors: Sun Gang , Jin Peng , Li Min , Liu Xunwei , Li Fandong , Xie Zhiyong , Ding Juan , Peng Zhaohui
Published: January 2013

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate a percutaneous pediculoplasty (PP) technique, using 3-dimensional C-arm CT reformation combined with fluoroscopic guidance for patients presented vertebral body metastasis with lytic pedicle. Thirteen patients (average age 57.8 years) were treated through lytic pedicle approach in our study. Subjective good and partial pain relief was reported with Visual Analogue Scale reduction ≥4 in 11/13 patients at 1 month after procedure, two patients with insufficient pain relief died from clinical complications unrelated with PP at 3 month follow-up. Pain relief was maintained in 10 patients at 6 month post-procedural follow-up. One patient died from underlying disease unrelated with the procedure at 5 month follow-up. PP through the lytic pedicle approach under 3-dimensional C-arm CT reformation combined with fluoroscopic guidance was a feasible, safe, and minimally invasive procedure that could provide both the precise control of needle placement and cement injection with one imaging system.
Towards Electroporation Based Treatment Planning considering Electric Field Induced Muscle Contractions
Authors: Golberg Alex , Rubinsky Boris
Published: January 2013

The electric field threshold for muscle contraction is two orders of magnitudes lower than that for electroporation. Current electroporation treatment planning and electrode design studies focus on optimizing the delivery of electroporation electric fields to the targeted tissue. The goal of one part of this study was to investigate the relation between the volumes of tissue that experience electroporation electric fields in a targeted tissue volume and the volumes of tissue that experience muscle contraction inducing electric fields around the electroporated tissue volume, (VMC), during standard electroporation procedures and for various electroporation electrodes designs. The numerical analysis shows that conventional electroporation protocols and electrode design can generate muscle contraction inducing electric fields in surprisingly large volumes of non-target tissue, around the electroporation treated tissue. In studying various electrode configurations, we found that electrode placement in a structure we refer to as a “Current Cage” can substantially reduce the volume of non-target tissue exposed to electric fields above the muscle contraction threshold. In an experimental study on a tissue phantom we compare a commercial two parallel needle electroporation system with the Current Cage design. While tissue electroporated volumes were similar, VMC of tissue treated using the Current Cage design electrodes was an order of magnitude smaller than that using a commercially available system. An important aspect of the entire study is that it suggests the benefit of including the calculations of VMC for planning of electroporation based treatments such as DNA vaccination, electrochemotherapy and irreversible electroporation.
Human motion generation with multifactor models
Authors: Liu Gengdai , Xu Mingliang , Pan Zhigeng , Rhalibi Abdennour El
Published: January 2013

To generate human motions with various specific attributes is a difficult task because of high dimensionality and complexity of human motions. This paper presents a novel human motion model for generating and editing motions with multiple factors. A set of motions performed by several actors with various styles was captured for constructing a well‐structured motion database. Subsequently, MICA (multilinear independent component analysis) model that combines ICA and conventional multilinear framework was adopted for the construction of a multifactor model. With this model, new motions can be synthesized by interpolation and through solving optimization problems for the specific factors. Our method offers a practical solution to edit stylistic human motions in a parametric space learnt with MICA model. We demonstrated the power of our method by generating and editing sideways stepping, reaching, and striding over obstructions using different actors with various styles. The experimental results show that our method can be used for interactive stylistic motion synthesis and editing. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoadhesion on Rigid Methyl‐Terminated Biphenyl Thiol Monolayers: A High‐Rate Dynamic Force Spectroscopy Study
Authors: Gojzewski Hubert , Kappl Michael , Kircher Gunnar , Koczorowski Wojciech , Butt Hans‐Jürgen , Ptak Arkadiusz
Published: January 2013

Nanoadhesion on a self‐assembled monolayer of 4‐methyl‐4′‐mercaptobiphenyl is measured using a modified atomic force microscope. The dependence of the adhesion force on the loading rate is analyzed with the Dudko–Hummer–Szabo model, and the kinetic and interaction potential parameters for a single terminal group are extracted. The energy and location of the activation barrier suggest that the adhesion is dominated by van der Waals dispersion forces. The humidity effect on the nanoadhesion is also studied. The results are compared with previously measured values for methyl‐terminated alkane thiols and the influence of the thiol rigidity on the adhesion force is discussed.
Improvement of characteristics of leaky surface acoustic wave on LiTaO3
Authors: Kimura Tetsuya , Kadota Michio , Ida Yasuyuki
Published: January 2013

Leaky surface acoustic wave (LSAW) devices on Al‐electrode/36–48° YX‐LiTaO3 substrates have seen wide use as filters and duplexers in cell phones because they possess a suitable electromechanical coupling factor and reflection coefficient, and a good Q factor for cell phones. In this paper, a new LSAW structure consisting of upper Al electrodes stacked on lower grooved Cu electrodes in LiTaO3 is proposed and compared with Al electrodes (0.1 λ)/42° YX‐LiTaO3, which have been considered the best structure. We have been able to improve the characteristics of the LSAW. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 96(2): 25–31, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10409
Thermal and Photoinduced Spin Crossover in a Mononuclear Iron(II) Complex with a Bis(pyrazolyl)pyridine Type of Ligand
Authors: Šalitroš Ivan , Fuhr Olaf , Kruk Robert , Pavlik Ján , Pogány Lukáš , Schäfer Bernhard , Tatarko Miroslav , Boča Roman , Linert Wolfgang , Ruben Mario
Published: January 2013

A mononuclear iron(II) compound 1 of the general formula [Fe(L)2](ClO4)2 {L = 4‐[2,6‐bis(pyrazol‐1‐yl)pyridin‐4‐yl]benzaldehyde} was prepared and structurally characterised. Single‐crystal X‐ray structure analysis revealed the presence of a complex dication [Fe(L)2]2+ and two ClO4– counteranions within the unit cell. The bond lengths and angles within the coordination polyhedron FeN6 indicate the low‐spin state of the central iron(II) metal ion at T = 180 K. Magnetic investigations elucidate spin crossover with T1/2 = 285 K. The experimental magnetic susceptibility data could be satisfactorily fitted with the Curie law in combination with the Ising‐like model. The room‐temperature character of the spin crossover was further studied by variable‐temperature far‐IR, Vis and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Laser irradiation of 1 carried out at 10 K gives rise to a complete low‐spin to high‐spin photoconversion. A subsequent temperature‐dependent investigation revealed the existence of a photoexcited metastable HS state up to TLIESST = 70 K (LIESST = light‐induced excited‐spin‐state trapping) as well as the presence of a light‐induced thermal hysteresis loop with a width of 10 K.
Factors That Determine the Mechanism of NO Activation by Metal Complexes of Biological and Environmental Relevance
Authors: Franke Alicja , van Eldik Rudi
Published: January 2013

Invited for this month's cover is the group of Rudi van Eldik at the University of Erlangen‐Nürnberg. The image shows aspects that influence the mechanism of interaction of NO with transition‐metal complexes in solution.
Interrelating sentinel event alert #38 with the ACR guidance document on MR safe practices: 2013. An MRI accreditation safety review tool
Authors: Gilk Tobias , Kanal Emanuel
Published: January 2013

When, in 2008, the Joint Commission released its Sentinel Event Alert #38 regarding MRI safety, it joined the ACR's Guidance Document on MR Safe Practices as one of two radiology best‐practice documents establishing MR safety protections. However, particularly for MR providers who held both modality‐level accreditation from the ACR, and enterprise‐level accreditation from the Joint Commission, there has been confusion about which institution's standard takes precedence, or whether there are inherent conflicts between the two. With the release of the 2013 update to the ACR Guidance Document on MR Safe Practices, the authors have cross‐referenced the performance criteria of both MR safety standards, and correlated the ACR Guidance Document performance criteria with the Joint Commission's Environment of Care standards. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;37:531–543. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development and application of a new 25,27‐bis(l‐phenylalaninemethylester‐N‐carbonylmethoxy)‐26,28‐dihydroxy‐para‐tert‐butylcalix[4]arene stationary phase
Authors: Hu Kai , Zhang Yanhao , Liu Junwei , Chen Kangkang , Zhao Wenjie , Zhu Weixia , Song Zhichao , Ye Baoxian , Zhang Shusheng
Published: January 2013

A 25,27‐bis(l‐phenylalaninemethylester‐N‐carbonylmethoxy)‐26,28‐dihydroxy‐ para‐tert‐butylcalix[4]arene‐bonded silica gel stationary phase was synthesized, structurally characterized and used for LC. Its separation mechanism was studied and compared with octadecyl‐bonded stationary phase, as well as our previously prepared para‐tert‐butylcalix[4]arene‐1,2‐crown‐4 stationary phase. Meanwhile, the chromatographic behaviors were investigated by using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, monosubstituted benzenes, anilines, phenols, Tanaka tests solutes, fluoroquinolones, and flavonoids as probes. Mechanisms involved in the chromatographic separation included hydrophobic, π‐π and π‐electron transfer, hydrogen bonding, and inclusion interactions. Moreover, the column was successfully employed for the analysis of the illegal additive of melamine in milk product.
Progresses in Neuroproteomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases – 18th HUPO BPP Workshop
Authors: Gröttrup Bernd , May Caroline , Meyer Helmut E. , Grinberg Lea T. , Park Young Mok
Published: January 2013

The HUPO Brain Proteome Project (HUPO BPP) held its 18th workshop in Boston, USA, September 12th 2012 during the HUPO 11th Annual Word Congress. The focus was on the progress on the Human Brain Proteome Atlas as well as ideas, strategies and methodological aspects.
Assessing the Online Legislative Resources of the American States
Authors: Huang Taofang , Leal David L. , Lee Byung‐Jae , Strube Jill
Published: January 2013

Scholars and observers interested in state politics research—whether single‐state analyses, cross‐state comparisons, or longitudinal analyses—have greatly benefited from the increasing availability of online legislative data. However, data collections and search capabilities are not comprehensive, nor are they similar across the states. This paper provides an overview of state online legislative resources and their capacity to facilitate Internet research. We examine the search engines, results interfaces, and archival records of states' websites in 2008 and 2010. In addition to substantial differences in site appearance, hierarchical structure, terminology, and navigation, we find wide variation along three main dimensions: (1) the number of years of searchable sessions; (2) the initial search filter fields; and (3) the information immediately available on the results pages. By creating an index based on these dimensions, we rank the states, discuss overall levels of capacity and access, and note changes over time. This analysis will facilitate scholarly research by assessing the availability and limitations of state online legislative resources, particularly for projects with comparative and longitudinal dimensions. It may also guide state legislative webmasters seeking to improve their websites through standardization and enhanced functionality. Last, the index may be useful as an independent variable for researchers seeking to measure the transparency of state legislatures.
A Revolution in 140 Characters? Reflecting on the Role of Social Networking Technologies in the 2009 Iranian Post‐Election Protests
Authors: Mueller Philipp S. , van Huellen Sophie
Published: January 2013

The 2009 post‐election protests in Tehran in Iran are colloquially referred to as the “Twitter revolution.” Mainstream public opinion assumed that the use of social media, such as Facebook, Flickr, YouTube, and especially Twitter, significantly affected the evolution and outcome of the revolutionary collective action. This paper analyzes the Iranian case to look at the effect of such many‐to‐many media on power structures in society. Two analytical approaches—the power‐shift and the media‐shift perspective—are offered as possible heuristics to frame the complex interplay of media and revolutionary politics. Analyzing empirical findings on Iran's Web demography, censorship mechanisms, the protests' organization and the Western mass media's reaction, we find that social media played a decisive role in raising international awareness by transforming the agenda‐setting process of the Western mass media. However, they turned out to be of lesser relevance for the protests' progress in overthrowing the regime. A change in the mediascape does not automatically imply a changed powerscape, at least not in 2009 Tehran.
The Heterogeneous Engineering of Music Piracy: Applying Actor‐Network Theory to Internet‐Based Wrongdoing
Authors: Hinduja Sameer
Published: January 2013

Actor‐network theory, as developed within the sociology of science and technology, views any phenomenon as the product or effect of a patterned network of heterogeneous elements. This paper applies such a paradigmatic perspective to the phenomenon of music piracy, in an attempt to underscore the relevance of studying and analyzing each of the components (and their interrelationships) that make up the reality of that behavior. Heterogeneity implies not only the social but also the technical, economic, political, organizational, informational, contextual, and perceptual. Each of these components merit attention and response if progress is to be made in understanding and responding to digital piracy and possibly other forms of Internet‐based wrongdoing.
Substrate‐shielding and hydrolytic reaction in hydrolases
Authors: Kanematsu Yusuke , Koike Ryotaro , Amemiya Takayuki , Ota Motonori
Published: January 2013

In general, transferases undergo large structural changes and sequester substrate molecules, to shield them from water. By contrast, hydrolases exhibit only small structural changes, and expose substrate molecules to water. However, some hydrolases deeply bury their substrates within the proteins. To clarify the relationship between substrate‐shielding and enzymatic functions, we investigated 70 representative hydrolase structures, and examined the relative accessible surface areas of their substrates. As compared to the hydrolases employing the single displacement reaction, the hydrolases employing the double displacement reaction bury the substrate within the proteins. The exo hydrolases display significantly more substrate‐shielding from water than the endo hydrolases. It suggests that the substrate‐shielding is related to the chemical reaction mechanism of the hydrolases and the substrate specificity. Proteins 2013; © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Towards Improved Analysis Methods for Two‐Level Factorial Experiments with Time Series Responses
Authors: Vanhatalo Erik , Bergquist Bjarne , Vännman Kerstin
Published: January 2013

Dynamic processes exhibit a time delay between the disturbances and the resulting process response. Therefore, one has to acknowledge process dynamics, such as transition times, when planning and analyzing experiments in dynamic processes. In this article, we explore, discuss, and compare different methods to estimate location effects for two‐level factorial experiments where the responses are represented by time series. Particularly, we outline the use of intervention‐noise modeling to estimate the effects and to compare this method by using the averages of the response observations in each run as the single response. The comparisons are made by simulated experiments using a dynamic continuous process model. The results show that the effect estimates for the different analysis methods are similar. Using the average of the response in each run, but removing the transition time, is found to be a competitive, robust, and straightforward method, whereas intervention‐noise models are found to be more comprehensive, render slightly fewer spurious effects, find more of the active effects for unreplicated experiments and provide the possibility to model effect dynamics. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Specificity determinants for the abscisic acid response element
Authors: Sarkar Aditya Kumar , Lahiri Ansuman
Published: January 2013

Abscisic acid (ABA) response elements (ABREs) are a group of cis‐acting DNA elements that have been identified from promoter analysis of many ABA‐regulated genes in plants. We are interested in understanding the mechanism of binding specificity between ABREs and a class of bZIP transcription factors known as ABRE binding factors (ABFs). In this work, we have modeled the homodimeric structure of the bZIP domain of ABRE binding factor 1 from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtABF1) and studied its interaction with ACGT core motif‐containing ABRE sequences. We have also examined the variation in the stability of the protein–DNA complex upon mutating ABRE sequences using the protein design algorithm FoldX. The high throughput free energy calculations successfully predicted the ability of ABF1 to bind to alternative core motifs like GCGT or AAGT and also rationalized the role of the flanking sequences in determining the specificity of the protein‐DNA interaction.
The Economic Background of Plato's Communism
Authors: Welles C. Bradford
Published: January 2013

It is unnecessary to insist on the differences between the communism of Plato's political writings and the modern political systems and theories of the same name. Politically, economically, and geographically the world of Marx and his followers is different from that of Greece in the fourth century b.c., and even modern Utopias are founded on modern technology.
Structural investigation of interface and defects in epitaxial Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 film on SrRuO3/SrTiO3 (111) and (100)
Authors: Gunawan Lina , Zhu Guo-zhen , Shao Yang , Lazar Sorin , Gautreau Olivier , Harnagea Catalin , Pignolet Alain , Botton Gianluigi A.
Published: January 2013

The structure of La-doped bismuth titanate (BLT), Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12, is investigated with atomic resolution high-angle annular dark field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy. The images reveal evidence of the tilting of TiO6 octahedra within the perovskite-like layers of the BLT unit cell. The tendency of La ions to substitute Bi ions and occupy the top part of the (Bi2O2)2+ layer, previously observed from electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) mapping experiments, is explained based on the tolerance factors and stress relief mechanism. The atomic resolution HAADF images also reveal the presence of the out-of-phase boundaries (OPBs). The role of OPBs in BLT is discussed in terms of its fatigue resistance as the OPBs provide extra nucleation sites for ferroelectric domains during polarization reversals. Further, we show evidence that the first deposited atomic layer at the interface also governs the subsequent film growth, resulting in the modulation of the “defect-free” and the “defected” regions throughout the BLT film in the lateral direction, parallel to the film-substrate interface. As demonstrated from atomic-resolved elemental mapping with EELS, the generation of the defect-free and regions with defect in the BLT film are likely to be induced by the presence of surface steps and dislocations at the film-substrate interface. These effects are discussed in terms of the large remanent polarization and enhanced fatigue resistance in BLT.
Spontaneous and stable uniform lying helix liquid-crystal alignment
Authors: Outram B. I. , Elston S. J.
Published: January 2013

The flexoelectro-optic effect in the uniform lying helix (ULH) geometry could provide many advantages over existing liquid-crystal technologies, however reliably forming the ULH has been problematic. Here, we achieve spontaneous, stable, and repeatable ULH alignment for materials with both positive and negative dielectric anisotropy in devices ranging from 1 to 7 μm in thickness without the need for any field application or flow-induced alignment, using a combination of weak homeotropic alignment conditions and unidirectional grooved surface profiles. The technique requires slow cooling from the isotropic phase and through the blue phase. Devices made using the technique display sub-millisecond and linear electro-optical responses.
Optimal conditions for magnetization reversal of nanocluster assemblies with random properties
Authors: Kharebov P. V. , Henner V. K. , Yukalov V. I.
Published: January 2013

Magnetization dynamics in the system of magnetic nanoclusters with randomly distributed properties are studied by means of computer simulations. The main attention is paid to the possibility of coherent magnetization reversal from a strongly nonequilibrium state with a mean cluster magnetization directed opposite to an external magnetic field. Magnetic nanoclusters are known to be characterized by large magnetic anisotropy and strong dipole interactions. It is also impossible to produce a number of nanoclusters with identical properties. As a result, any realistic system of nanoclusters is composed of the clusters with randomly varying anisotropies, effective spins, and dipole interactions. Despite this randomness, it is possible to find conditions when the cluster spins move coherently and display fast magnetization reversal due to the feedback action of resonator. By analyzing the influence of different cluster parameters, we find their optimal values providing fast magnetization reversal.
Inversion domain boundaries on tin (Sn)-doped ZnO nanobelts: Aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy study
Authors: Chang Park Yun , Heon Kim Young , Nahm Ho-Hyun , Noh Ji-Young , Kim Yong-Sung , Kim Joondong , Seok Lee Won , Yang Jun-Mo , Park Jeonghee
Published: January 2013

An inversion domain boundary (IDB) related to an interstitial stacking layer (ISL) was observed on the {0002} planes of the wurtzite (WZ) structure of tin (Sn)-doped ZnO nanobelts. Quantitative STEM analysis confirmed that the ISL was composed of Sn element. Oxygen related to the ISL was in a triangular coordination as determined by analyzing the electron energy-loss spectra. Expansion of the interplanar spacing along the c-axis of a WZ structure was observed near the IDB while that along the a-axis was constrained. Density functional theory calculations were carried out to elucidate the origin of microstructural evolution.
Trifoliate
encodes an MYB transcription factor that modulates leaf and shoot architecture in tomato
Authors: Naz Ali Ahmad , Raman Smita , Martinez Ciera C. , Sinha Neelima R. , Schmitz Gregor , Theres Klaus
Published: January 2013

Leaf morphology and the pattern of shoot branching determine to a large extent the growth habit of seed plants. Until recently, the developmental processes that led to the establishment of these morphological structures seemed unrelated. Here, we show that the tomato
Trifoliate
(
Tf
) gene plays a crucial role in both processes, affecting the formation of leaflets in the compound tomato leaf and the initiation of axillary meristems in the leaf axil.
Tf
encodes a myeloblastosis oncoprotein (MYB)-like transcription factor related to the
Arabidopsis thaliana
LATERAL ORGAN FUSION1 (LOF1) and LOF2 proteins.
Tf
is expressed in the leaf margin, where leaflets are formed, and in the leaf axil, where axillary meristems initiate. During tomato ontogeny, expression of
Tf
in young leaf primordia increases, correlating with a rise in leaf dissection (heteroblasty). Formation of leaflets and initiation of axillary meristems can be traced back to groups of pluripotent cells. Tf function is required to inhibit differentiation of these cells and thereby to maintain their morphogenetic competence, a fundamental process in plant development. KNOTTED1-LIKE proteins, which are known regulators in tomato leaf dissection, require Tf activity to exert their function in the basal part of the leaf. Similarly, the plant hormone auxin needs Tf activity to initiate the formation of lateral leaflets. Thus, leaf dissection and shoot branching rely on a conserved mechanism that regulates the morphogenetic competence of cells at the leaf margin and in the leaf axil.
THE 2012 LAWRENCE R. KLEIN LECTURE: BUBBLES IN PRICES OF EXHAUSTIBLE RESOURCES*
Authors: Jovanovic Boyan
Published: January 2013

This article proposes a test for the presence of a bubble in the price of an exhaustible resource. A bubble is accompanied by a rise in the storage‐to‐consumption ratio: Consumption peters out, and a fraction of the original stock is held forever. The test suggests there is a bubble in the price of oil and in the market for high‐end Bordeaux wines, but other explanations are also possible. A bubble reduces welfare regardless of whether there are other stores of value, particularly fiat money.
Modified technique in securing the LMA in multiple extractions
Authors: Messiha A. , Sumal D. , van Damme F. , Bater M.
Published: January 2013

Aims:  We have developed a technique to secure the LMA without obstructing the surgical field and have minimal interference with airway maintenance. Nasal endo‐tracheal tube is the gold standard for airway maintenance; however, it can slow turnover time due to it requiring a longer recovery time compared with the laryngeal mask airway (LMA). The LMA position often obscures the surgical field in these cases often necessitating repositioning intra‐operatively. This can adversely affect airway patency.

Materials and methods:  We audited two different techniques of securing LMAs (north‐facing with our modification vs. south‐facing conventional taped to the lower lip/chin) in a total of 223 patients undergoing bilateral extractions. A questionnaire for surgeons and anaesthetists was used to assess their suitability and complications occurred noting particularly obstructions caused to the LMA, cause for obstruction, management taken to correct obstruction.

Results:  We found the risk of partial or total obstruction of the airway during surgical extractions with a conventionally placed LMA to be around 36% compared with 19% with a retromolar positioned flexi‐LMA during our study.

Conclusion:  The retro‐molar positioned LMA not only increased operating space but showed a reduced number of obstructions caused to the LMA.
RegR Virulence Regulon of Rabbit-Specific Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Strain E22
Authors: Srikhanta Yogitha N. , Hocking Dianna M. , Praszkier Judyta , Wakefield Matthew J. , Robins-Browne Roy M. , Yang Ji , Tauschek Marija
Published: January 2013

AraC-like regulators play a key role in the expression of virulence factors in enteric pathogens, such as enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli
(EPEC), enterotoxigenic
E. coli
, enteroaggregative
E. coli
, and
Citrobacter rodentium
. Bioinformatic analysis of the genome of rabbit-specific EPEC (REPEC) strain E22 (O103:H2) revealed the presence of a gene encoding an AraC-like regulatory protein, RegR, which shares 71% identity to the global virulence regulator, RegA, of
C. rodentium
. Microarray analysis demonstrated that RegR exerts 25- to 400-fold activation on transcription of several genes encoding putative virulence-associated factors, including a fimbrial operon (SEF14), a serine protease, and an autotransporter adhesin. These observations were confirmed by proteomic analysis of secreted and heat-extracted surface-associated proteins. The mechanism of RegR-mediated activation was investigated by using its most highly upregulated gene target,
sefA
. Transcriptional analyses and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that RegR activates the expression of
sefA
by binding to a region upstream of the
sefA
promoter, thereby relieving gene silencing by the global regulatory protein H-NS. Moreover, RegR was found to contribute significantly to virulence in a rabbit infection experiment. Taken together, our findings indicate that RegR controls the expression of a series of accessory adhesins that significantly enhance the virulence of REPEC strain E22.
Three cases of septic arthritis following a recent arthroscopic procedure
Authors: Rowton Joseph
Published: January 2013

We report three cases of septic arthritis in patients who presented with a painful, swollen and supurative knee joint following a recent arthroscopic procedure, 8–15 days prior to attendance. In all three cases, patients presented with pain and swelling of the affected knee joint with discharge from the port sites. All were sent for washout of the affected joint and received intravenous antibiotic cover. Any patient presenting within 1 month of a recent arthroscopic procedure with pain and swelling of that joint should be presumed to have septic arthritis until proven otherwise. They must have urgent treatment in the form of joint washout and intravenous antibiotics, and receive 6 weeks oral antibiotics on discharge.
VACUUM STABILITY IN THE STANDARD MODEL
Authors: TANG YONG
Published: January 2013

The long-awaited Higgs particle H around 125 GeV has been observed at the LHC. Interpreting it as the Standard Model Higgs boson and if there is no new physics between electroweak and Planck scale, we then do not have a stable vacuum. Here, we give a brief review of the electroweak vacuum stability and some related theoretical issues in the Standard Model. Possible ways to save the stability are also discussed.
WEIGHT MODULES OVER SPLIT LIE ALGEBRAS
Authors: MARTÍN ANTONIO J. CALDERÓN , SÁNCHEZ-DELGADO JOSÉ M.
Published: January 2013

We study the structure of weight modules V with restrictions neither on the dimension nor on the base field, over split Lie algebras L. We show that if L is perfect and V satisfies LV = V and [Formula: see text], then [Formula: see text] with any Ii an ideal of L satisfying [Ii, Ik] = 0 if i ≠k and any Vj a (weight) submodule of V in such a way that for any j ∈J there exists a unique i ∈I such that IiVj ≠0, being Vj a weight module over Ii. Under certain conditions, it is shown that the above decomposition of V is by means of the family of its minimal submodules, each one being a simple (weight) submodule.
Multiple mechanisms of GW-9508, a selective G protein-coupled receptor 40 agonist, in the regulation of glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity
Authors: Ou Horng-Yih , Wu Hung-Tsung , Hung Hao-Chang , Yang Yi-Ching , Wu Jin-Shang , Chang Chih-Jen
Published: January 2013

Activation of G protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) by agonists increases insulin release in isolated islets, whereas it is inconclusive whether GPR40 antagonists decrease blood glucose and increase insulin sensitivity. Although some clinical trials indicated that administration of a GPR40 agonist shows benefits in the regulation of blood glucose homeostasis, the pharmacological mechanisms of this receptor in the improvement of glycemic control remain unclear. Therefore, we used a selective GPR40 agonist, GW-9508, to clarify the role of GPR40 in the regulation of blood glucose. Bolus intraperitoneal injection of GW-9508 in mice showed a slight decrease in blood glucose, with an increase in plasma insulin levels under glucose stimuli. However, long-term treatment with low doses of GW-9508 in high-fat diet-induced (HFD) diabetic mice decreased blood glucose with decreased plasma insulin significantly and improved glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Using small interfering ribonucleic acid to delete GPR40 in HepG2 cells, we demonstrated that GW-9508 reversed palmitate-induced insulin signaling impairment through a GPR40-dependent pathway. We also found that GW-9508 activates the Akt/GSK-3β pathway to increase glycogen levels in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, administration of GW-9508 decreased the hepatic expression of fetuin-A in HFD mice significantly and regulated high-glucose- or palmitate-induced fetuin-A expression to increase insulin sensitivity through a GPR40/PLC/PKC pathway in HepG2 cells. Taken together, GW-9508 exerts a partial agonist effect to regulate blood glucose through multiple mechanisms. Investigation of chemicals that act on GPR40 might be a new strategy for the treatment of diabetes.
Cooperative Activation of Tissue-Specific Genes by pRB and E2F1
Authors: Flowers Stephen , Xu Fuhua , Moran Elizabeth
Published: January 2013

The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein pRB is conventionally regarded as an inhibitor of the E2F family of transcription factors. Conversely, pRB is also recognized as an activator of tissue-specific gene expression along various lineages including osteoblastogenesis. During osteoblast differentiation, pRB directly targets Alpl and Bglap, which encode the major markers of osteogenesis alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. Surprisingly, p130 and repressor E2Fs were recently found to cooccupy and repress Alpl and Bglap in proliferating osteoblast precursors before differentiation. This raises the further question of whether these genes convert to E2F activation targets when differentiation begins, which would constitute a remarkable situation wherein pRB and E2F would be cotargeting genes for activation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis in an osteoblast differentiation model shows that Alpl and Bglap are indeed targeted by an activator E2F, i.e., is E2F1. Promoter occupation of Alpl and Bglap by E2F1 occurs specifically during activation, and depletion of E2F1 severely impairs their induction. Mechanistically, promoter occupation by E2F1 and pRB is mutually dependent, and without this cooperative effect, activation steps previously shown to be dependent on pRB, including recruitment of RNA polymerase II, are impaired. Myocyte- and adipocyte-specific genes are also cotargeted by E2F1 and pRB during differentiation along their respective lineages. The finding that pRB and E2F1 cooperate to activate expression of tissue-specific genes is a paradigm distinct from the classical concept of pRB as an inhibitor of E2F1, but is consistent with the observed roles of these proteins in physiological models. Cancer Res; 73(7); 2150–8. ©2012 AACR.
Deciphering the Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis in Human Pancreatic Ductal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Chang Zhe , Li Zhongkui , Wang Xiaoyang , Kang Ya'an , Yuan Yuhui , Niu Jiangong , Wang Huamin , Chatterjee Deyali , Fleming Jason B. , Li Min , Abbruzzese James L. , Chiao Paul J.
Published: January 2013

Purpose: The most common genetic lesions in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have been identified. However, significant gaps still exist in our understanding of how such genetic alterations act in concert to induce PDAC development. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of tumorigenic transformation in the immortalized human pancreatic ductal epithelial (HPDE) cell line by sequentially introducing PDAC signature alterations into this cell line.

Experimental Design: The phenotype for stable expression of mutant K-ras, Her2, p16/p14shRNA, and Smad4shRNA in HPDE cells was examined by assays for cell proliferation, migration, invasion, soft agar, and orthotopic tumorigenesis. The mechanisms of tumorigenic transformation were further explored by gene expression profiling and pathway analyses.

Results: The transformed cells exhibited enhanced proliferation, migration, and invasion, displayed anchorage-independent growth in soft agar, and grew orthotopic tumors with some histopathologic features of PDAC. We found that Smad4 played key roles in the tumorigenic transformation of HPDE cells. We further found that MDM2 and Bmi-1 were overexpressed in the tumorigenic HPDE cells and that Bmi-1 overexpression was regulated by Smad4. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software analysis of microarray data revealed that dysregulation of integrin-linked kinase signaling and the cell cycle were the most significant changes involved in tumorigenic transformation. Altogether, this cell culture model closely recapitulated human pancreatic carcinogenesis from gene lesions, activation of specific signaling pathways, and some histopathologic features.

Conclusion: The combination of activated K-ras and Her2 with inactivated p16/p14 and Smad4 was sufficient and essential to transform HPDE cells, thus revealing the potential tumorigenic mechanism. Clin Cancer Res; 19(3); 549–59. ©2012 AACR.
Biomarker Analysis of Neoadjuvant Doxorubicin/Cyclophosphamide Followed by Ixabepilone or Paclitaxel in Early-Stage Breast Cancer
Authors: Horak Christine E. , Pusztai Lajos , Xing Guan , Trifan Ovidiu C. , Saura Cristina , Tseng Ling-Ming , Chan Stephen , Welcher Rosanne , Liu David
Published: January 2013

Purpose: Predictive biomarkers offer the potential to improve the benefit:risk ratio of a therapeutic agent. Ixabepilone achieves comparable pathologic complete response (pCR) rates to other active drugs in the neoadjuvant setting. This phase II trial was designed to investigate potential biomarkers that differentiate response to this agent.

Experimental Design: Women with untreated, histologically confirmed primary invasive breast adenocarcinoma received neoadjuvant doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide, followed by 1:1 randomization to ixabepilone (n = 148) or paclitaxel (n = 147). Rates of pCR were compared between treatment arms based on predefined biomarker sets: TUBB3, TACC3, and CAPG gene expression, a 20- and 26-gene expression model, MDR1 protein expression, and other potential markers of sensitivity. βIII-tubulin protein expression is reported separately but is referred to here for completeness. All patients underwent a core needle biopsy of the primary cancer for molecular marker analysis before chemotherapy. Gene expression profiling data were used for molecular subtyping.

Results: There was no significant difference in the rate of pCR in both treatment arms in βIII-tubulin–positive patients. Higher pCR rates were observed among βIII-tubulin–positive patients than in βIII-tubulin–negative patients. Furthermore, no correlation was evident between TUBB3, TACC3, and CAPG gene expression, MDR1 protein expression, multi-gene expression models, and the efficacy of ixabepilone or paclitaxel, even within the estrogen receptor–negative subset.

Conclusion: These results indicate that βIII-tubulin protein and mRNA expression, MDR1 protein expression, TACC3 and CAPG gene expression, and multigene expression models (20- and 26-gene) are not predictive markers for differentiating treatment benefit between ixabepilone and paclitaxel in early-stage breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 19(6); 1587–95. ©2013 AACR.
Germany’s Different: Protest, Hegemony, and the European Crisis
Authors: Kaindl Christina
Published: January 2013

Abstract

The uprising of the Indignados, Democracia Real Ya! and the Occupy movement have brought back protest all over Europe in 2011. In Germany—despite several tens of thousands of people showing up for the international action day on October 15th, the situation has been different. After some demonstrations in 2009 and 2010 organized on a platform of “We won’t pay for your crisis,” there had been mostly smaller local manifestations not backed by broader alliances. This changed with the Blockupy-Frankfurt protests at the end of May 2012 that called for European action days to shut down the financial district. But attempts to include the big unions into alliances opposing the crisis politics of the government have failed; and the women’s movement has been basically non-existent in Germany for about two decades. I will try to shed some light on how the general weakness of the movement is related to the strategies of integration into neo-liberal governance.
Dealing with Disasters in an Age of Globalized Sentiment: Testing the Boundaries of the Cosmopolitan Ideal?
Authors: O’Byrne Darren
Published: January 2013

Abstract

Natural disasters, such as the Japanese earthquake and tsunami of March 2011, have not only tested the fragility of the world capitalist system, but have asked questions of the ‘cosmopolitan ideal’ that underpins the discourse on global civil society prevalent in much literature on globalization. In this article I consider why the global response to such tragedies is markedly different to the more muted response to more overtly political tragedies, such as atrocities committed by states, and suggests that what it demonstrates is not a full cosmopolitanismper se, but a ‘selective cosmopolitanism’ grounded in a ‘de-politicization of feeling’. As a result, the political context of these natural disasters is often ignored and this calls for a repositioning of such disasters within a human rights framework and for an analysis of them informed by a critical globalization studies.
Four new species of free-living marine nematodes of the family Comesomatidae (Nematoda: Araeolaimida) from coast of Vietnam
Authors: GAGARIN VLADIMIR G.
Published: January 2013

Specimens of four new nematode species of the family Comesomatidae were isolated from the sediments of littoral zone of South China Sea at the coast of Vietnam and described and illustrated. Sabatieria curvispiculata sp. n. is characterized by the long and slender tail, short cephalic setae and strongly curved spicules in males. Setosabatiera orientalis sp. n. is close to S. australis Riera, Nunez, Brito, 2006, but differs from it in the comparatively shorter and more slender tail, small-er number of amphidial fovea turns, greater number of precloacal supplements in males and shape and structure of spic-ules. Dorylaimopsis intermedia sp. n. is morphologically closest to D. mediterranea Grimaldi-de Zio, 1968 and D. magellanense Chen, Vincx, 1968, but differs from both species in the longer outer labial setae and absence of precloacal supplements in males. D. brevispiculata sp. n. is similar to D. turneri Zhang, 1992 and D. coomansi Muthumbi, Soetaert, Vincx, 1977, but differs from both species in the shape of outer labial sensillae and absence of precloacal supplements in males. A pictorial key for determination of valid species in the genus Setosabatieria Rouville, 1903 is given.