bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effets de sphères. L'histoire des architectures politiques chez Peter Sloterdijk
Authors: Couture Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2010

Résumé. Cet article prend pour matériau le dernier cycle de l'œuvre de Peter Sloterdijk, lequel s'est attelé au développement d'une analyse phénoménologique de la spatialité humaine. L'optique de notre contribution consiste à faire état de cette théorisation spatiale à l'égard des constructions politiques. Cette entreprise se présente comme une vaste histoire des traces cosmologiques et architecturales des lieux de production de l'humanité et elle vise une réappropriation de la réflexion anthropologique sur le topos de l'humanité qui a été longtemps subsumé par la métaphysique de l'au-delà et qui est aujourd'hui désagrégé par les processus de mobilisation totale du capital.

Abstract. This paper proposes an account of the recent works of Peter Sloterdijk, an author that has developed a phenomenological analysis of human spaces. The aim of my contribution is to put this spatial theorization in relation with political constructions. Sloterdijk's enterprise presents itself as a long history of the cosmological and architectural elements that shape the very spaces of human-production. It is also described as a new path for the understanding of the human topos that has been for too long subsumed by metaphysics of the ‘beyond’ and liquefied nowadays by contemporary mobilization processes of the capital.
Comprendre la mise en œuvre différenciée d'une politique publique : Le cas d'une politique de gouvernance au Québec
Authors: Garon Francis , Dufour Pascale
Published: September 2010

Résumé.En 2001, le gouvernement québécois adopte laPolitique de reconnaissance et de soutien à l'action communautaire. La mise en œuvre de cette politique a mené à des résultats contrastés en fonction des champs d'intervention considérés. Dans cet article, nous soutenons que la mise en œuvre différenciée de la Politique est directement liée à la structuration des acteurs sociaux dans chaque champ d'intervention. Par l'analyse de deux champs, le champ de l'environnement et celui de la défense collective des droits, nous montrons comment, au-delà des explications usuelles des processus de mise en œuvre des politiques publiques qui font intervenir le rôle des acteurs politiques et des réseaux, c'est la prise en compte de l'action autonome des acteurs sociaux qui permet de comprendre la différenciation des trajectoires de mise en œuvre.

Abstract.In 2001, the Québec government adopted itsPolitique de reconnaissance et de soutien à l'action communautaire. The implementation of this policy has led to contrasting results depending on the fields of intervention considered. We argue that the different implementation pathways of this policy are directly linked to the structuring of social actors in each field. Using two fields of intervention – the environment and advocacy – as case studies, we show the need to go beyond the usual explanations regarding the implementation of public policies which stress the importance of political actors and policy networks. Without neglecting the role of the latter, the different pathways in the implementation processes of this policy are also largely due to the autonomous action of social actors.
Left/Right Ideology and Canadian Politics
Authors: Cochrane Christopher
Published: September 2010

Abstract.This article examines the influence of ideology in Canadian politics. The core theory is that political opinions are bound together into ideological clusters by underlying influences that affect simultaneously the opinions of individuals about more than one issue. The central hypothesis is that ideological disagreement between the left and the right is asymmetrical, that is, that leftists and rightists bundle in different ways their opinions about issues. The analysis draws on evidence from Benoit and Laver's survey of experts (2006) about the policy positions of political parties, the Comparative Manifesto Research Project (Budge et al., 2001; Klingemann et al., 2006), and Cross and Young's survey of Canadian political party members (2002). The results of the analysis indicate, first, that Canada's left/right ideological divide is wide by cross-national standards, and, second, that leftists and rightists organize their opinions about the world in different ways.

Résumé.Cet article examine l'influence des idéologies dans l'environnement politique canadien. La théorie centrale stipule que les opinions politiques sur diverses questions sont structurées en groupes idéologiques consolidés par des influences sous-jacentes qui affectent simultanément les opinions des individus. L'hypothèse principale découlant de cette théorie est que la structure du désaccord idéologique entre la gauche et la droite est asymétrique; plus précisément, que les individus situés à la gauche et à la droite du spectre politique canadien organisent de manière différente leurs opinions politiques. L'analyse s'appuie tout d'abord sur les données d'un sondage auprès d'experts politiques réalisé par Benoit et Laver (2006) et portant sur les positions politiques des partis. Elle utilise également les données duComparative Manifesto Research Project(Budge et al. 2001; Klingemann et al., 2006) et celles d'un sondage d'opinion de Cross et Young (2002) effectué auprès des membres de partis politiques canadiens. Les résultats de cette étude démontrent, en premier lieu, qu'il existe un clivage important entre la droite et la gauche au Canada même lorsqu'il est observé dans une perspective comparative, et en second lieu, que les individus se situant à la gauche et à la droite du spectre politique ont tendance à organiser de manière différente leurs opinions sur le monde.
Exploring the Links between Party and Appointment: Canadian Federal Judicial Appointments from 1989 to 2003
Authors: Hausegger Lori , Riddell Troy , Hennigar Matthew , Richez Emmanuelle
Published: September 2010

Abstract. Studies of federal judicial appointments made before 1988 discovered significant partisan ties between judicial appointees and the governments appointing them. In 1988, in response to criticism of these “patronage appointments,” the Mulroney government introduced screening committees to the process. This article explores the impact of these committees. Using information gained from surveys of legal elites, we trace the minor and major political connections of federal judicial appointees from 1989 to 2003 in order to determine whether patronage has continued despite the reform to the process. We discover that political connections continued to play an important role in who was selected for a judicial appointment. However, these connections were not quite as common as those found before 1988, and the new process does appear to have prevented the politically motivated appointment of completely unqualified candidates. Interestingly, our findings also suggest that the impact of patronage varies by region and interacts with other, newer influences, in particular, concerns for group representation on the bench. The paper concludes by briefly discussing these results in the context of the relationship between judicial selection and politics with a comparative perspective.

Résumé. Les études sur les nominations judiciaires fédérales réalisées avant 1988 ont découvert des liens partisans étroits entre les juges nommés à la cour et les gouvernements les nommant. En 1988, en réponse aux critiques sur le favoritisme entourant les nominations, le gouvernement Mulroney a introduit des comités d'évaluation dans le processus. Cet article explore l'impact de ces comités. En utilisant de l'information recueillie lors de sondages menés auprès de la communauté légale, nous retraçons les connexions politiques mineures et majeures des attributaires judiciaires fédéraux de 1989 à 2003 en vue de déterminer si le favoritisme a persisté malgré la réforme du système. Nous découvrons que les connexions politiques continuent à jouer un rôle important dans la sélection des juges. Toutefois, ces connexions ne sont pas aussi importantes que celles qu'on a identifiées avant 1988 et le nouveau processus semble avoir réussi à prévenir les nominations partisanes de candidats entièrement non qualifiés. Les résultats de notre recherche suggèrent également que l'effet du favoritisme varie par région et dépend aussi d'autres facteurs plus nouveaux, en particulier le souci de représentation de certains groupes au sein de la magistrature. L'article conclut en discutant brièvement ces résultats dans le contexte de la relation entre la sélection judiciaire et la politique dans une perspective comparative.
Affinity, Antipathy and Political Participation: How Our Concern For Others Makes Us Vote
Authors: Loewen Peter John
Published: September 2010

Abstract.Some citizens differ in their levels of concern for the supporters of various parties. I demonstrate how such concerns can motivate citizens to vote. I first present a simple formal model that incorporates concern for others and election benefits to explain the decision to vote. By predicting substantial turnout, this model overcomes the “paradox of participation.” I then verify the model empirically. I utilize a series dictator games in an online survey of more than 2000 Canadians to measure the concern of individuals for other partisans. I show how the preferences revealed in these games can predict the decision to vote in the face of several conventional controls. Taken together, the formal model and empirical results generate a more fulsome and satisfactory account of the decision to vote than an explanation which relies solely on duty.

Résumé.Les citoyens ne se préoccupent pas tous des partisans des divers partis politiques. Je démontre comment de telles préoccupations peuvent motiver les citoyens à participer aux élections. Je présente d'abord un modèle formel qui explique la décision de voter en intégrant les préoccupations à l'égard des autres électeurs et les bénéfices associés à une élection. En prédisant une part substantielle de la participation, ce modèle surmonte le paradoxe de la participation électorale. Ensuite, le modèle est vérifié empiriquement. J'emploie à cette fin une série de jeux du dictateur insérés dans une enquête menée en ligne auprès de 2000 Canadiens afin de mesurer leur degré de préoccupation à l'égard des autres partisans. Je montre comment les préférences révélées dans ces jeux peuvent prédire la décision de voter. Ensemble, le modèle formel et les résultats empiriques produisent une explication plus éloquente et plus satisfaisante de la décision de voter lors d'une élection que les explications qui s'appuient seulement sur le sens du devoir.
Model for unstable global modes in the rotating-disk boundary layer
Authors: HEALEY J. J.
Published: September 2010

Recent simulations and experiments appear to show that the rotating-disk boundary layer is linearly globally stable despite the existence of local absolute instability. However, we argue that linear global instability can be created by local absolute instability at the edge of the disk. This argument is based on investigations of the linearized complex Ginzburg–Landau equation with weakly spatially varying coefficients to model the propagation of a wavepacket through a weakly inhomogeneous unstable medium. Therefore, this mechanism could operate in a variety of locally absolutely unstable flows. The corresponding nonlinear global mode has a front at the radius of onset of absolute instability when the disk edge is far from the front. This front moves radially outwards when the Reynolds number at the disk edge is reduced. It is shown that the laminar–turbulent transition front also behaves in this manner, possibly explaining the scatter in observed transitional Reynolds numbers.
Quality of life of children with sleep-disordered breathing treated with adenotonsillectomy
Authors: Powell S M , Tremlett M , Bosman D A
Published: September 2010

Objective:

To assess the quality of life of UK children with sleep-disordered breathing undergoing adenotonsillectomy, by using the Obstructive Sleep Apnoea 18 questionnaire and determining score changes and effect sizes.

Design:

Prospective, longitudinal study.

Setting:

The otolaryngology department of a university teaching hospital in Northern England.

Participants:

Twenty-eight children for whom adenotonsillectomy was planned as treatment for sleep-disordered breathing, and who had either a clinical history consistent with obstructive sleep apnoea or a polysomnographic diagnosis.

Main outcome measure:

The Obstructive Sleep Apnoea 18 questionnaire, a previously validated, disease-specific quality of life assessment tool; changes in questionnaire scores and effect sizes were assessed.

Methods:

The Obstructive Sleep Apnoea 18 questionnaire was administered to each child's parent pre-operatively, then again at the follow-up appointment. Questionnaire scores ranged from 1 to 7. Score changes were analysed using the paired t-test; effect sizes were calculated using 95 per cent confidence intervals.

Results:

Complete data were obtained for 22 children (mean age, 61 months). Ten had undergone pre-operative polysomnography. Twenty-one children underwent adenotonsillectomy (one underwent tonsillectomy). Median follow up was eight weeks (interquartile range, six to 11 weeks). Following surgery, the overall mean score improvement was 2.6 (p < 0.0001) and the mean effect size 2.4 (95 per cent confidence interval 1.9 to 2.8). There were significant improvements in each of the individual questionnaire domains, i.e. sleep disturbance (mean score change 3.9, p < 0.0001), physical suffering (2.2, p < 0.0001), emotional distress (2.0, p = 0.0001), daytime problems (1.8, p = 0.0001) and caregiver concerns (2.6, p < 0.0001).

Conclusion:

In these children with sleep-disordered breathing treated by adenotonsillectomy, Obstructive Sleep Apnoea 18 questionnaire results indicated significantly improved mean score changes and effect sizes across all questionnaire domains, comparing pre- and post-operative data.
Combined analysis of four mitochondrial regions allowed the detection of several matrilineal lineages of the lessepsian fishFistularia commersoniiin the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Sanna Daria , Merella Paolo , Lai Tiziana , Farjallah Sarra , Francalacci Paolo , Curini-Galletti Marco , Pais Antonio , Casu Marco
Published: September 2010

The bluespotted cornetfish (Fistularia commersonii) is an Indo-Pacific species that in the last ten years colonized a large part of the Mediterranean basin. The aim of this study was to sequence some portions of the mitochondrial DNA (D-loop II, 16S, 12S and Cyt b) of this fish from different localities of the Mediterranean Sea, in order to evaluate the level of its genetic variability in this area. The genetic analysis performed on specimens from seven localities of Sardinia, Tunisia and Libya revealed the presence of at least five mitochondrial lineages. The results obtained, compared with previous studies, indicate that the use of a sufficient number of mitochondrial regions may allow a more accurate estimate of genetic variability in lessepsian invasions.
Improving peri-operative fluid management in a large teaching hospital: pragmatic studies on the effects of changing practice
Authors: De Silva A. N. , Scibelli T. , Itobi E. , Austin P. , Abu-Hilal M. , Wootton S. A. , Stroud M. A.
Published: September 2010

Concerns about the over-prescription of peri-operative fluids, particularly normal saline, culminated in the recent publication of UK national guidelines on fluid prescription during and after surgery. A working group comprising members of the nutrition support team, surgeons, anaesthetists and pharmacists therefore sought to reduce the overall levels of fluid prescription and to limit normal saline usage in our large Teaching Hospital by producing written local fluid prescribing guidelines and holding a series of fluid prescription education sessions for consultants and junior staff. Ideally, the success of such measures would have been determined by studies on fluid balance, body weight and/or measured body water in large numbers of individual patients in a large cluster-randomised controlled trial. However, this would have proved logistically difficult and very costly especially as it is notoriously difficult to rely on the accuracy of daily fluid balance charts in large numbers of patients on busy post-operative surgical wards. We therefore undertook a pragmatic study, comparing historical data on fluid type/volume prescribed (from both individual and ward level pharmacy records), oedema status and clinical outcomes from 2002 with two prospective audits of similar data carried out during 2008 and 2009. Our data showed that in the comparable, elective surgical patients within each audit, there was a decline in total intravenous fluids prescribed over the first 5 post-operative days from 21·1 litres per patient in 2002 to 14·2 litres per patient in 2009 (P<0·05), while pharmacy records showed that the proportion of 0·9% saline supplied declined from 60% to 35% of all fluids supplied to the surgical wards involved, with a concomitant increase in the use of 4%/0·18% dextrose-saline and Hartmann's solution. Alongside these changes in fluid prescribing, the number of patients with clinically apparent oedema declined from 53% in 2002 to 36% in 2009; gut function returned more quickly (6 d in 2002v. 4 d in 2009,P<0·05) and the length of stay improved from 13 d in 2002 to 10 d in 2009,P<0·05). Although we accept that other factors might have contributed to the observed changes in these clinical parameters, we believe that the measures to reduce fluid and saline administration were the major contributors to these improved clinical outcomes.
Molecular epidemiological investigation of a typhoid fever outbreak in South Africa, 2005: the relationship to a previous epidemic in 1993
Authors: KEDDY K. H. , SOOKA A. , ISMAIL H. , SMITH A. M. , WEBER I. , LETSOALO M. E. , HARRIS B. N.
Published: September 2010

In 2005, over 600 clinically diagnosed typhoid fever cases occurred in South Africa, where an outbreak had been previously described in 1993. Case-control and molecular investigations, including Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) isolates from that area from 1993, 2005 and later, were undertaken. Controls were significantly older than cases (P=0·003), possibly due to immunity from previous infection, and a significantly larger proportion had attended a gathering (P=0·035). Exposure to commercial food outlets and person-to-person transmission was not significant. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multi-locus tandem repeat analysis revealed common clusters of S. Typhi strains identified in 1993 and 2005 as well as in 2007 and 2009. This outbreak probably occurred in a non-immune population due to faecally contaminated water. S. Typhi strains appeared to be related to strains from 1993; failure to address unsafe water may lead to further outbreaks in the area if the current population immunity wanes or is lost.
The Ball-court Petroglyph Boulders at Jacaná, South-central Puerto Rico
Authors: Loubser Johannes
Published: September 2010

Detailed information gleaned from the approximately 800-year-old proto-Taíno petroglyph boulders at the Jacaná ball-court in south-central Puerto Rico highlights their research potential, particularly when based on detailed field observations and placed within an ethno-historic context.
MIRACLES AND THE NEW TESTAMENT
Authors: Wells George A.
Published: September 2010

C.S. Lewis, the scholar of English mediaeval and Renaissance literature who died in 1963 and is still widely respected as a Christian apologist, complained that academic biblical scholars simply assume that miracles cannot have occurred in the fashion reported in the New Testament. In a lecture quoted by A.I.C. Heron1, he said: ‘The canon “If miraculous, unhistorical” is one they bring to their study of the texts, not one they have learned from it.’ In fact, as John Kent retorted, they did not rule out in advance the idea of supernatural events, but were able, without it, to give adequate and plausible accounts of how the biblical documents reached their present form, by means of a method ‘based on questions of probability in terms of evidence’, not ‘on ana priorirejection of miracle’.2Conclusions concerning historical events of any kind are similarly based. ‘No historians’, says the historian R.J. Evans, ‘really believe in theabsolutetruth of what they are writing, simply in itsprobabletruth, which they have done their utmost to establish by following the usual rules of evidence’.3To this question of ‘absolute’ truth I shall return.
RELUCTANT SOLDIERS: THE MORAL DILEMMA OF AN UNJUST WAR
Authors: Montrose Jeffrey
Published: September 2010

If called upon would you fight in a war you thought unjust? This article attempts to explain why the majority of military officers and soldiers when faced with this question do fight despite moral misgivings they may have. I will explain why on one hand officers are morally obligated to refuse unjust orders in jus in bello cases, but on the other hand it can be argued that they are also obligated to follow orders they believe to be unjust concerning jus ad bellum. The war in Iraq has and continues to presents military officers and their soldiers with a particularly difficult moral dilemma. As citizens of a democratic government it is important that we understand why our military officers act in ways that may seem counter to what we believe is right.
Psychiatric disorders and stress factors experienced by staff members in cancer hospitals: A preliminary finding from psychiatric consultation service at National Cancer Center Hospitals in Japan
Authors: Asai Mariko , Akizuki Nobuya , Akechi Tatsuo , Nakano Tomohito , Shimizu Ken , Umezawa Shino , Ogawa Asao , Matsui Yutaka , Uchitomi Yosuke
Published: September 2010

Objective:

The purpose of this study is to identify psychiatric disorders and stress factors experienced by staff members in cancer hospitals who were referred to psychiatric consultation service, and to investigate the association between psychiatric disorders and stress factors.

Method:

A retrospective descriptive study using clinical practice data on staff members referred to psychiatric consultation service, obtained for 8 years, was conducted at two National Cancer Center Hospitals in Japan. Psychiatric disorders were identified according to DSM-IV. Stress factors were extracted from a chief complaint at the initial visit in medical charts, using a coding approach, and grouped as job stress or personal stress. The frequencies of the stress factors were determined by two coders who were unaware of the categorized procedure. Fisher's exact test was used to determine the association between psychiatric disorders and stress factors.

Results:

Of 8077 psychiatric consultations, 65 (1%) staff members were referred. The most common psychiatric disorder was adjustment disorder (n = 26, 40%), followed by major depression (n = 17, 26%). Eight stress factors were identified from 76 meaning units and were grouped into five job stresses and three personal stresses. Of the five job stresses, four were most frequently experienced in adjustment disorders, and “failure to adapt to job environmental change” was significantly associated (p = 0.014). Two of the three personal stresses were most frequently experienced in psychiatric disorders other than major depressive disorder and adjustment disorders, and “suffering from mental disease” was significantly associated (p = 0.001).

Significance of results:

We found that very few staff members were provided with psychiatric consultation service. A comprehensive support system for job stress might be needed to prevent adjustment disorders, as those are suggested to be the most common psychiatric disorders among staff members in cancer hospitals.
On “spirituality,” “religion,” and “religions”: A concept analysis
Authors: Lazenby J. Mark
Published: September 2010

Objective:

With increasing research on the role of religion and spirituality in the well-being of cancer patients, it is important to define distinctly the concepts that researchers use in these studies.

Method:

Using the philosophies of Frege and James, this essay argues that the terms “religion” and “spirituality” denote the same concept, a concept that is identified with the Peace/Meaning subscale of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy — Spiritual Well-being Scale (FACIT-Sp).

Results:

The term “Religions” denotes the concept under which specific religious systems are categorized.

Significance of results:

This article shows how muddling these concepts causes researchers to make claims that their findings do not support, and it ends in suggesting that future research must include universal measures of the concept of religion/spirituality in order to investigate further the role of interventions in the spiritual care of people living with cancer.
Spoken fluency revisited
Authors: McCarthy Michael
Published: September 2010

An important priority for the English Profile programme is to incorporate empirical evidence of the spoken language into the Common European Framework (CEFR). At present, the CEFR descriptors relating to the spoken language include references to fluency and its development as the learner moves from one level to another. This article offers a critique of the monologic bias of much of our current approach to spoken fluency. Fluency undoubtedly involves a degree of automaticity and the ability quickly to retrieve ready-made chunks of language. However, fluency also involves the ability to create flow and smoothness across turn-boundaries and can be seen as an interactive phenomenon in discourse. The article offers corpus evidence for the notion ofconfluence, that is the joint production of flow by more than one speaker, focusing in particular on turn-openings and closings. It considers the implications of an interactive view of fluency for pedagogy, assessment and in the broader social context.
A1–B2 vocabulary: insights and issues arising from the English Profile Wordlists project
Authors: Capel Annette
Published: September 2010

The English Profile Wordlists provide a web resource showing the most common words and phrases in use by learners of English. Designed for use by language professionals from teacher trainers to examination writers, and with input from contributors and reviewers from around the world, the Wordlists document learner vocabulary through corpus-informed research. Vocabulary is graded according to the four Basic and Independent User levels of the Common European Framework of Reference (levels A1–B2) and is selected following a ‘can-do’ rationale – focussing on what learners do know rather than on what they should know. Preview versions of the British and American English Wordlists are available through public preview, offering detailed search functionality. There are further development opportunities to extend the Wordlists for young learners and for Business English, as well as to cover vocabulary at the C levels.
The Modern Languages Programme of the Council of Europe as a background to the English Profile Programme
Authors: Trim John L. M.
Published: September 2010

The history of language teaching from the nineteenth century to the modern day is discussed including the initiatives of the Council of Europe following ratification of the Convention on Cultural Cooperation in 1954. It was this post-war initiative that paved the way for development of the Threshold level as a marker for language competency. More recently Waystage and Vantage levels have been added, and the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages now provides a six level framework for testing language proficiency. The English Profile Programme is an innovative undertaking to develop these achievements further.
Active vibration isolation of high precision machines
Authors: Collette C. , Janssens S. , Artoos K. , Hauviller C.
Published: September 2010

This paper provides a review of active control strategies used to isolate high-precisionmachines (e.g. telescopes, particle colliders, interferometers, lithography machines or atomic force microscopes) from external disturbances. The objective of this review is to provide tools to develop the best strategy for a given application. Firstly, the main strategies are presented and compared, using single degree of freedom models. Secondly, the case of huge structures constituted of a large number of elements, like particle colliders or segmented telescopes, is considered.
First observations of simultaneous interhemispheric conjugate high‐latitude thermospheric winds
Authors: Kosch M. J. , Anderson C. , Yiu H.‐C. I. , Kellerman A. C. , Makarevich R. A. , Aruliah A. , Conde M. , Griffin E. , Davies T. , McWhirter I. , Dyson P. L.
Published: September 2010

We report the first observations of simultaneous high‐latitude interhemispheric F region neutral wind fields by combining the 630 nm optical measurements from two scanning Doppler imagers (SDIs) and three Fabry‐Perot interferometers (FPIs) for a period exceeding 5 h. From the Southern Hemisphere, a SDI at Mawson and a FPI at Davis, both in Antarctica, are geomagnetically mapped onto the Northern Hemisphere. These data are combined in the Northern Hemisphere with a SDI at Longyearbyen, Svalbard, and two FPIs near Kiruna in Sweden and Sodankyla in Finland. Geomagnetic conditions were moderate (Kp = 3−−3+) and steady although the interplanetary magnetic field Bz component did change polarity several times. There is good agreement between the conjugate 630 nm optical intensities and wind vectors where the two SDIs' fields of view overlap. All wind field vectors are overlaid onto the northern Super Dual Auroral Radar Network ion convection contours. Qualitatively, the agreement between neutral and ion flow is remarkably good throughout the study interval, even down to mesoscale spatial size.
Cherenkov emission of electron‐cyclotron waves by a magnetized satellite orbiting the ionosphere
Authors: Biancalani A. , Pegoraro F.
Published: September 2010

The emission of waves via Cherenkov effect is studied for a satellite orbiting the ionosphere and interacting actively with the surrounding plasma via a dipole magnetic field. The orbit height is chosen to be in the range 500–2000 km, in order to maximize the collective response of the plasma. The dispersion relation, in the cold plasma approximation, shows that the excitation occurs mainly for electron‐cyclotron waves, namely whistler waves with frequencies in the proximity of the electron cyclotron resonance and the lower‐hybrid frequency. The phase velocity is calculated as a function of the angles with respect of the satellite motion and of the Earth magnetic field, and the Mach cone is drawn for each emission frequency. The differential power emitted is calculated for this frequency range in the linear regime. As a result, the radiation power for a magnetized satellite is obtained.
Characteristic updrafts for computing distribution‐averaged cloud droplet number and stratocumulus cloud properties
Authors: Morales R. , Nenes A.
Published: September 2010

A computationally effective framework is presented that addresses the contribution of subgrid‐scale vertical velocity variations in predictions of cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) in large‐scale models. Central to the framework is the concept of a “characteristic updraft velocity” , which yields CDNC value representative of integration over a probability density function (PDF) of updraft (i.e., positive vertical) velocity. Analytical formulations for are developed for computation of average CDNC over a Gaussian PDF using the Twomey droplet parameterization. The analytical relationship also agrees with numerical integrations using a state‐of‐the‐art droplet activation parameterization. For situations where the variabilities of vertical velocity and liquid water content can be decoupled, the concept of is extended to the calculation of cloud properties and process rates that complements existing treatments for subgrid variability of liquid water content. It is shown that using the average updraft velocity (instead of ) for calculations of Nd, re, and A (a common practice in atmospheric models) can overestimate PDF‐averaged Nd by 10%, underestimate re by 10%–15%, and significantly underpredict autoconversion rate between a factor of 2–10. The simple expressions of presented here can account for an important source of parameterization “tuning” in a physically based manner.
Characterization of the 2008 Kasatochi and Okmok eruptions using remote infrasound arrays
Authors: Fee David , Steffke Andrea , Garces Milton
Published: September 2010

The 2008 Plinian eruptions of Kasatochi and Okmok volcanoes were recorded by six remote International Monitoring System infrasound arrays. High‐amplitude infrasound at these stations, combined with remote sensing, permits insight into important volcanic source parameters, such as origin times, durations, and source characteristics. Infrasound from the 7–8 August Kasatochi eruption consists of three well‐defined eruption pulses, with the first two steam‐rich and the last ash‐rich. Pulse 2 is the most energetic and impulsive. Okmok produced over 9 h of continuous infrasound on 12–13 July. Acoustic propagation modeling for the Okmok eruption and first Kasatochi pulse predict thermospheric ducting and origin times consistent with seismic and satellite observations. However, theoretical acoustic origin times of pulses 2–3 are predicted to occur ∼15 min earlier than the seismic. Stratospheric ducting for these later pulses provides more consistent origin times. Although both volcanoes ejected ash into the stratosphere (>15 km), Kasatochi produced higher amplitude infrasound than Okmok. Previous studies have shown sustained infrasound with frequencies <0.5 Hz is indicative of high‐altitude ash emissions. Kasatochi and Okmok recordings are consistent with this, as stratospheric emissions evident in satellite imagery are correlated with sustained 0.01–0.5 Hz infrasound. Further, the acoustic spectrum shape resembles the spectrum from man‐made jets, suggesting a self‐similar noise generation mechanism proposed in earlier work. Although uncertainties exist, observations and propagation modeling from Kasatochi suggest self‐similarity is apparent at long distances (>2000 km) and does not seem to be appreciably affected by changes in ash content between the eruption pulses.
Morphodynamics of barchan and transverse dunes using a cellular automaton model
Authors: Zhang D. , Narteau C. , Rozier O.
Published: September 2010

We analyze the morphodynamics of bedforms produced under unidirectional flow conditions by a lattice gas cellular automaton designed to study sediment transport. In this model, the same instability is responsible for the formation of dunes on flat sand beds and the initiation of superimposed bedforms on dune slopes. In transverse dune fields, secondary bedforms increase crestline sinuosity and number of defects (end of crestlines). On the other hand, avalanches and lateral grain motions tend to eliminate these defects to produce more regular crestlines. Lateral fluxes of sediment are also essential for stabilizing the shape of isolated barchan dunes. We measure the propagation speed of superimposed bedforms on steady state barchan dunes and show how they contribute to the formation and detachment of smaller barchans along horns. The model predicts that barchan dunes are not scale invariant and that their shape varies with respect to the strength of the flow. In addition, we show that the increase in bed shear stress between the ground and the crest is proportional to the dune aspect ratio. Finally, we present a general methodology for estimating the sediment flux over the brink from dune aspect ratio and flow velocity. Using these fluxes, we rescale the propagation speed of different generations of bedforms to verify that dunes and secondary bedforms are dynamically identical. Despite more fluctuations than in the case of isolated barchan dunes, all these geometric and dynamical relationships hold for a population of dunes with complex dune‐dune interactions.
Summertime trans‐Pacific transport of Asian dust
Authors: Yumimoto K. , Eguchi K. , Uno I. , Takemura T. , Liu Z. , Shimizu A. , Sugimoto N. , Strawbridge K.
Published: September 2010

In mid‐August 2009, ground‐based lidar networks on both sides of the Pacific Basin detected an elevated dust layer. A combined analysis by ground‐based lidars, space‐borne lidar CALIOP, and numerical models revealed that dust particles emitted in the Taklimakan Desert were transported across the Pacific Ocean in 12 to 13 days. This was the first evidence of summertime trans‐Pacific transport of Asian dust from the Taklimakan Desert. A large‐scale dust storm occurred in the Taklimakan Desert during 12–16 August due to a strong surface wind accompanied by a cold front. Many dust particles were lifted up into the free atmosphere by the upslope wind formed by the steep slope of the surrounding mountains. This dust injection process was analogous to that for springtime cases. The Taklimakan dust was then transported eastward at 6–8 km altitude. This high transport altitude allowed the Taklimakan Dust to be transported beyond the Pacific Ocean without the effect of the southeasterly outflow of the summertime Pacific high. The wind field anomaly at 500 hPa in mid‐August 2009 shows increases of northwesterly winds driven by SE–NW pressure gradients around 110–140°E and 180–140°W, indicating that the pressure pattern during the dust event favored the trans‐Pacific transport.
Temperature thresholds for degree‐day modelling of Greenland ice sheet melt rates
Authors: van den Broeke Michiel , Bus Carlijn , Ettema Janneke , Smeets Paul
Published: September 2010

Degree‐day factors (DDFs) are calculated for the ice sheet ablation zone in southwest Greenland, using measurements of automatic weather stations and a regional atmospheric climate model. The rapid increase of DDFs for snow and ice towards higher elevations is caused by the increasing dominance of short daytime melting and nocturnal refreezing. This spatial inhomogeneity can be avoided by choosing a lower threshold for daily average 2 m air temperature (268 K instead of 273.15 K) for the degree‐day calculation.
Gross production exceeds gross consumption of methyl halides in northern California salt marshes
Authors: Rhew Robert , Mazéas Olivier
Published: September 2010

Coastal salt marshes are sources of CH3Br and CH3Cl to the atmosphere, but the wide range of reported emission rates illustrates the need to understand better the factors controlling net fluxes. Here we demonstrate the use of a stable isotope tracer method to separately evaluate gross production and consumption fluxes to determine their relative roles in the overall net flux. At two salt marshes in northern California, gross production exceeds gross consumption at all measured sites, leading to a large net source overall. Emission rates are within the range observed at other temperate salt marshes. By evaluating the consumption component separately, we explain how a typical salt marsh source might convert into a temporary net sink by exposing the ecosystem to uncharacteristically high concentrations of methyl halides. This circumstance may account for the reported net uptake of methyl chloride during the growing season at a coastal salt marsh in China.
Evolving outer heliosphere: Large‐scale stability and time variations observed by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer
Authors: McComas D. J. , Bzowski M. , Frisch P. , Crew G. B. , Dayeh M. A. , DeMajistre R. , Funsten H. O. , Fuselier S. A. , Gruntman M. , Janzen P. , Kubiak M. A. , Livadiotis G. , Möbius E. , Reisenfeld D. B. , Schwadron N. A.
Published: September 2010

The first all‐sky maps of Energetic Neutral Atoms (ENAs) from the Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) exhibited smoothly varying, globally distributed flux and a narrow “ribbon” of enhanced ENA emissions. In this study we compare the second set of sky maps to the first in order to assess the possibility of temporal changes over the 6 months between views of each portion of the sky. While the large‐scale structure is generally stable between the two sets of maps, there are some remarkable changes that show that the heliosphere is also evolving over this short timescale. In particular, we find that (1) the overall ENA emissions coming from the outer heliosphere appear to be slightly lower in the second set of maps compared to the first, (2) both the north and south poles have significantly lower (∼10–15%) ENA emissions in the second set of maps compared to the first across the energy range from 0.5 to 6 keV, and (3) the “knot” in the northern portion of the ribbon in the first maps is less bright and appears to have spread and/or dissipated by the time the second set was acquired. Finally, the spatial distribution of fluxes in the southernmost portion of the ribbon has evolved slightly, perhaps moving as much as 6° (one map pixel) equatorward on average. The observed large‐scale stability and these systematic changes at smaller spatial scales provide important new information about the outer heliosphere and its global interaction with the galaxy and help inform possible mechanisms for producing the IBEX ribbon.
Tidal and subtidal flow patterns on a tropical continental shelf semi‐insulated by coral reefs
Authors: Tarya A. , Hoitink A. J. F. , Van der Vegt M.
Published: September 2010

The present study sets out to describe the tidal and subtidal water motion at the Berau coastal shelf, which represents a tropical continental shelf area of variable width hosting a complex of barrier reefs along its oceanic edge. Moored and shipboard measurements on currents and turbulence were made as part of the multidisciplinary East Kalimantan Research Program. These results and collected data on sea levels, meteorology and bathymetry, were used to setup and calibrate a three‐dimensional barotropic hydrodynamic model in the ECOMSED environment, which is derived from the Princeton Ocean Model. Concurrent profile measurements of flow velocity and Reynolds stress with an acoustic Doppler current profiler were used to infer values of the drag coefficient on locations on the shelf and within the barrier reef environment. The drag coefficients determined from shelf measurements differed less than 20% from optimal model settings. Diurnal and semidiurnal tides have the same character, propagating across the isobaths with amplitudes that increase toward the coast. The tidal amplification is captured in a one‐dimensional model, revealing an analogy with the Amazon Shelf. Regarding the subtidal depth‐mean flow, tidal Eulerian residual currents dominate over monsoon‐driven currents. Lagrangian mean flows reveal freshwater pathways from the coast to the coral reef environment. At a regional scale, the reef complex is established to be semitransparent to tides. The barrier reef influences the tidal phases rather than the amplitudes, especially in the shelf region that is fringed by the reefs. This may explain why tidal phases predicted from hydrodynamic models of tropical continental shelves often feature substantial discrepancies from observations.
Synthesis and antibacterial properties of peptidyl derivatives and cyclopeptides structurally based upon the inhibitory centre of human cystatin C: Dissociation of antiproteolytic and antibacterial effects
Authors: Kasprzykowski FRANCISZEK , SchalÉN CLAES , Kasprzykowska REGINA , Jastrzebska BEATA , Grubb ANDERS
Published: September 2010

Cysteine protease‐inhibiting proteins of the cystatin superfamily can inhibit the replication of certain viruses and bacteria. The inhibitory centre of human cystatin C, the most widely distributed human cystatin, comprises three peptide segments. The present work describes the synthesis and antibacterial activity of 27 new peptidyl derivatives or cyclopeptides based upon the aminoterminal segment Arg8‐Leu9‐Val10‐Gly11. Fourteen of the new compounds displayed antibacterial activity against from 1 up to 9 of 17 clinically important bacterial species tested. Antiproteolytic activity of a compound was usually not required for its antibacterial capacity. Peptidyl diazomethanes generally had a very narrow antibacterial spectrum, inhibiting only Streptococcus pyogenes, whereas cyclopeptides and peptidyl derivatives of the general structure X‐Arg‐Leu‐NH‐CH(iPr)‐CH2‐NH‐Y had a much wider spectrum. The most potent of these substances displayed approximately equal minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of about 20 μg/ml for both Staphylococcus aureus and S. pyogenes and were devoid of antiproteolytic activity. Several of the new substances could protect mice against lethal intraperitoneal challenge with S. pyogenes. Though their target remains to be disclosed, the group of substances here reported might be promising for the development of antibacterial drugs and the discovery of novel principles of action.
Effect of IL‐12 on T‐cell immune responses in patients with chronic HCV infection
Authors: Fan XUE‐GONG , Tang FA‐QING , Yi HONG , Liu WEN‐EN , Houghton MICHAEL , Hu GUO‐LING
Published: September 2010

As the host's immune responses may determine the outcome of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and interleukin (IL)‐12 plays an essential role in host defense against infectious diseases, we studied the antigen‐specific and non‐specific cellular immune responses in patients with chronic HCV infection. A proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was found in all 20 patients. Of the 20, 8 (40%) displayed a lymphocyte proliferation in response to HCV antigen c22, 2 (10%) to c33, 6 (30%) to c100–3, and 1 (5%) to NS5. The addition of rhIL‐12 to cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with PHA significantly enhanced the proliferative responses in normal controls as well as in HCV‐infected subjects. The increased proliferation was also observed in HCV‐infected patients when PBMC were co‐cultured with HCV antigens c22 and c 100–3 in the presence of rhIL‐12. The production of interferon γ (IFNγ), IL‐2, IL‐4 and IL‐10 was observed in 7 (58.3%), 5 (41.7%,), 3 (25.0%) and 5 (41.7%) HCV‐infected individuals stimulated with c22, and in 4 (33.3%), 2 (16.7%), 2 (16.7%) and 2 (16.7%) with c100–3, respectively. All HCV‐infected individuals had increased production of cytokines IFNγ, IL‐2, IL‐4 and IL‐10 in supernatants of PBMC after stimulation with PHA. IL‐12 significantly augmented Th1 cytokine production in HCV‐infected individuals stimulated with PHA and with HCV antigens. In conclusion, deficient cellular immune responses are present in HCV‐infected patients and IL‐12 can enhance the immune responses in these patients.