bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occurrence and Antibiotic Resistance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in a Watershed in North‐Central Indiana
Authors: Fincher Laura M. , Parker Chelsea D. , Chauret Christian P.
Published: March 2009

The Wildcat Creek in north‐central Indiana is an impaired stream with historically high fecal coliform counts. This study evaluated the presence of both fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli O157:H7 at five sites in rural and urban areas in the eastern part of the Wildcat Creek watershed. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was isolated by immunomagnetic separation. Shiga‐like toxin genes (stx1 and stx2) were detected in selected isolates by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Isolates of E. coli O157:H7 were also tested by the Kirby‐Bauer method for their resistance to eight different antibiotics. Fecal coliform counts were high at two sites located downstream from the city of Kokomo. Escherichia coli O157:H7 was found to be a common occurrence in both the urban and rural parts of the Wildcat Creek watershed, being detected at least twice from each site. This bacterium was also found at various times of the year. Additionally, isolates of antibiotic resistant E. coli O157:H7 were detected from various sites along the stream, especially in sites located in the city and downstream from the urban area, suggesting that human activities might be associated with the dissemination of these bacteria.
Nutrient Accumulation below Cattle Feedlot Pens in Kansas
Authors: Vaillant Grace C. , Pierzynski Gary M. , Ham Jay M. , DeRouchey Joel
Published: March 2009

Waste excreted on cattle (Bos taurus) feedlot pens is a source of N and other nutrients that could potentially leach into soil and negatively impact local groundwater quality. Analyses of soil chemical and physical properties beneath active open air feedlot pens were conducted at four Kansas locations to determine nutrient accumulation. Results were compared to estimated nutrient deposition, and remediation implications were considered. The surface concentrations of NH4–N, organic N, organic C, Cl−, and extractable P were elevated at the surface and rapidly decreased with depth to 1.0 m. Ammonium N in the top 0.25 m ranged from 8000 to 375 mg kg−1 but decreased below background (5.6 mg kg−1) at 1.0 to 1.3 m. Organic N in the top 0.25 m ranged from 22,000 to 500 mg kg−1 and was the largest N source. At three of four feedlots, NO3–N was below background concentration (4.1 mg kg−1) for the entire profile whereas one feedlot had a >75 mg kg−1 increase from the background concentration in the top 1.0 m. Considering expected nutrient deposition onto the pen surface only a fraction of the nutrients were found beneath feedlot pen surfaces. While in use, these feedlots do not appear to have a high potential for groundwater contamination from NO3–N leaching. However, if they were to become inactive NO3–N may increase and could leach into groundwater. Upon closing of the feedlots, the land could be largely remediated by removing the top 0.25 m of pen surface, a zone holding 48% of total profile N.
Assessment of Water Quality Trends in the Minnesota River using Non‐Parametric and Parametric Methods
Authors: Johnson Heather O. , Gupta Satish C. , Vecchia Aldo V. , Zvomuya Francis
Published: March 2009

Excessive loading of sediment and nutrients to rivers is a major problem in many parts of the United States. In this study, we tested the non‐parametric Seasonal Kendall (SEAKEN) trend model and the parametric USGS Quality of Water trend program (QWTREND) to quantify trends in water quality of the Minnesota River at Fort Snelling from 1976 to 2003. Both methods indicated decreasing trends in flow‐adjusted concentrations of total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), and orthophosphorus (OP) and a generally increasing trend in flow‐adjusted nitrate plus nitrite‐nitrogen (NO3–N) concentration. The SEAKEN results were strongly influenced by the length of the record as well as extreme years (dry or wet) earlier in the record. The QWTREND results, though influenced somewhat by the same factors, were more stable. The magnitudes of trends between the two methods were somewhat different and appeared to be associated with conceptual differences between the flow‐adjustment processes used and with data processing methods. The decreasing trends in TSS, TP, and OP concentrations are likely related to conservation measures implemented in the basin. However, dilution effects from wet climate or additional tile drainage cannot be ruled out. The increasing trend in NO3–N concentrations was likely due to increased drainage in the basin. Since the Minnesota River is the main source of sediments to the Mississippi River, this study also addressed the rapid filling of Lake Pepin on the Mississippi River and found the likely cause to be increased flow due to recent wet climate in the region.
The source, characteristics and distribution of arsenic in the environment
Authors: Vukasinovic-Pesic Vesna , Djikanovic Milka , Blagojevic Nada , Rajakovic Ljubinka
Published: March 2009

Arsenic is an ubiquitous element found in natural materials and in industrial products. The range of its concentrations found in the environment is large. Arsenic can occur in several oxidation states and is found in inorganic and organic forms. It is relatively mobile. The presence of arsenic in the environment, even at low levels, has negative effects on human and animal health. The investigation of arsenic content and behaviour in different type of waters and environment is important for chemistry and environmental protection. This paper represents a short review of scientific and expert investigations on the source, characteristics and distribution of arsenic in the environment.
Effects of cell addition on immobilization by electrostatic droplet generation
Authors: Manojlovic Verica , Djonlagic Jasna , Obradovic Bojana , Nedovic Viktor , Bugarski Branko
Published: March 2009

In this study, an attempt was made to assess the effects of cell addition and final concentration on the process of electrostatic extrusion as a method for cell immobilization in alginate microbeads. The electrostatic extrusion process is a complex function of several operating parameters, the system geometry, and the properties of the polymer solution, which is being extruded. The addition of cells results in the formation of a two-phase system, adding to the complexity of the process by the associated phenomenon of two-phase flow. This study especially focused on analyzing the effects of cell presence on each stage of the immobilization process. Specifically, the effects of the cell and alginate concentrations on the resulting microbead size and uniformity were assessed. Under the investigated conditions, microbeads, 50-600 ?m in diameter, were produced and the increase in both alginate and cell concentrations resulted in larger microbeads with higher standard deviations in size. We attempted to rationalize the obtained findings by rheological characterization of the cell-alginate suspensions. H-NMR Spectroscopy of the alginate used in this study revealed a high content (67%) of guluronic residues and GG diad blocks (FGG = 55%). The mole fractions of the MM and GM diad sequences, Fmm and Fgm, were 21 and 12%, respectively. Rheological characterization revealed non-Newtonian, pseudoplastic behavior of the cell-alginate suspensions with an increase in viscosity as the alginate concentration was increased. However, the presence of cells even at high concentrations (5 ? 108 and 1 ? 109 cell/ml) did not significantly affect the rheological properties of Na alginate solution. Finally, the effects of the alginate and cell concentrations on the gelation kinetics and the dynamic-mechanical behavior of the obtained hydrogels were investigated. A molar ratio of G units to Ca2+ ions of 3.8 : 1 provided complete crosslinking, while an increase in the alginate concentration resulted in prolonged gelation times, but higher strength of the resulting gel. Cell presence decreased the rate of network formation, as well as the strength of the obtained Ca alginate hydrogel.
Modelling and simulation of microchannel catalytic WGS reactor for an automotive fuel processor
Authors: Spatenka Stepan , Fila Vlastimil , Bernauer Bohumil , Fulem Josef , Germani Gabriele , Schuurman Yves
Published: March 2009

The water-gas shift (WGS) is one of the major steps for H2 production from gaseous, liquid and solid hydrocarbons. It is used to produce hydrogen for ammonia synthesis, to adjust the hydrogen-to-carbon monoxide ratio of synthesis gas, to detoxify gases. The WGS reactor is widely used as a part of fuel processors which produce hydrogen-rich stream from hydrocarbon-based fuels in a multi-step process. The WGS unit is placed downstream the fuel reformer in order to increase overall efficiency of hydrogen production and to lower CO content in reformate. Fuel processors stand for considerable option for fuelling PEM fuel cells for both portable and stationary applications. Micro-structured reactors are used with benefits of process miniaturization, intensification and higher heat and mass transfer rates compared with conventional reactors. Micro-structured reactor systems are essential for processes where potential for considerable heat transfer exists as well as for kinetic studies of highly exothermic reactions at near-isothermal conditions. Modelling and simulation of a microchannel reactor for the WGS reaction is presented. The mathematical models concern a single reaction channel with porous layer of catalyst deposited on the metallic wall of the microstructure unit. Simplified one-phase and more sophisticated two-phase models, with separate mass and energy balances for gas and solid phase at different levels of complexity, were developed. The models were implemented into gPROMS process modelling software. The models were used for an estimation of parameters in a kinetic expression using experimental data obtained with a new WGS catalyst. The simulations provide detailed information about the composition and temperature distribution in gas phase and solid catalyst inside the channel.
Polyester fabric modification by some lipases
Authors: Djordjevic Dragan , Petronijevic Zivomir , Cvetkovic Dragan
Published: March 2009

In this paper, we investigated the enzymatic treatment of polyester fabric. The results show that enzymatic treatment with different Upases causes adequate effects, especially, referring to water penetration, absorption and the mechanical parameters of the processed fabric (strength, elongation, wear resistance). The results of scanning electron microscopy contributed to the structural and morphological understanding of the polyester fiber surface in the treated regime. After enzyme treatment, some changes on the fiber surface were noticed. These results confirmed that the enzymes influenced the surface of the polyester fibers. The process probably did not cause major damage of the fiber surface or major reorganization of the surface layers of the polyester fibers, so therefore their mechanical characteristics were satisfactory.
Starter cultures biotechnology: The production of concentrated lactic cultures in alginate beads and their applications in the nutraceutical and food industries
Authors: Champagne Claude
Published: March 2009

Lactic cultures are widely used in food fermentations and as probiotic supplements. Some strains are damaged by the various steps of fermentation concentration and drying involved in the biotechnology process. Growing cells in alginate beads instead of free cells in a culture medium can answer some of these problems. In this review, the characteristics of the fermentation process based on growing microentrapped (ME) lactic cultures in alginate beads are presented. Potential benefits to nutraceutical and food industries of ME cultures are also presented.
Chromatophore based cytosensor: Responses to various biologically active agents
Authors: Mojovic Ljiljana , Dierksen Karen , Jovanovic Goran
Published: March 2009

The design, operation and performances of a cytosensor based on immobilized living chromatophores isolated from Betta splendens Siamese fighting fish are presented in this paper. Development of the cell immobilization technique as an important cytosensor enabling technology, and integration of the immobilized cells in the cytosensor system is described. The cytosensor was used to test several classes of biologically active agents including neurotransmitters, adenyl cyclase activators, cytoskeleton effectors, cell membrane effectors, and protein synthesis inhibitors and the obtained responses were analyzed. Particular response features such as mode of response, its magnitude, kinetics, sensitivity and dose dependence were monitored and may be used as a basis for mathematical modeling of the responses. The results indicated that the cytosensor has great potential for use in food and water testing and in pharmacy.
Particle formation using supercritical fluids: A short review
Authors: Knez Zeljko
Published: March 2009

Particle formation and the design of solid particles and powdery composites with unique properties is at the moment one of major the developments of supercritical fluid (synonyms: dense gases, dense fluids, high pressure) applications. Conventional well-known processes for the particle-size redistribution of solid materials are crushing and grinding (which for some compounds are carried out at cryogenic temperatures), air micronization sublimation, and recrystallization from solution. There are several problems associated with the above-mentioned processes. Some substances are unstable under conventional milling conditions, in recrystallization processes the product is contaminated with solvent, and waste solvent streams are produced. The application of supercritical fluids may overcome the drawbacks of conventional processes, and powders and composites with special characteristics can be produced. Several processes for the formation and design of solid particles using dense gases have been studied intensively. The unique thermodynamic and fluid-dynamic properties of supercritical fluids can also be used for the impregnation of solid particles, for the formation of solid powderous emulsions, particle coatings, e.g. for the formation of solids with unique properties for use in different applications. This review will focus on the fundamentals and on recent advances of particle formation and design processes using supercritical fluids, on their applications and the technological advantages and disadvantages of various processes.
Solubility of menthol in pressurized carbon dioxide: Experimental data and thermodynamic modeling
Authors: Galushko Anatolii , Sovová Helena , Stateva Roumiana
Published: March 2009

The paper reports new experimental data and the results of the thermodynamic modeling of menthol solubility in pressurized CO2. The solubility was measured using the dynamic method and modeled with the Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation of state in the temperature range 30-60?C and pressure range 66-144 bar. The results obtained were compared with the solubility data published by Maier and Stephan and by Sovov? and Jez. The agreement with Maier and Stephan was very good: The deviation of the solubilities, published by Sovov? and Jez, from the other data sources was explained and revised accordingly. The paper also presents for the first time experimental and modeling data for the melting point depression of menthol in the presence of carbon dioxide in the pressure range of interest up to 60 bars. The experimental data was obtained comparing the appearance of menthol particles before and after their exposure to pressurized carbon dioxide.
Mechanical behavior and corrosion properties of some AA6xxx aluminum alloys in T5 temper
Authors: Delijic Kemal , Asanovic Vanja , Radonjic Dragan
Published: March 2009

The paper describes the mechanical and corrosion properties of three heat treatable extruded Al-Mg-Si aluminum alloys. The alloys were tested as T5 tempered (air-quenched directly on the press and artificially aged) after processing by the extrusion of semi-continuous cast and homogenized billets. The addition of small amounts of zirconium and manganese in the base AIMgSiO.7 alloy increased the strength, reaching 310 MPa of tensile strength and increased the corrosion rate by 15% in aqueous sodium chloride solution.
Kinetic study of the reaction between sodium ethyl xanthogenacetate and alkylamine
Authors: Milosavljevic Milutin , Djordjevic Sinisa , Razic Slavica
Published: March 2009

In this paper the kinetics of the reaction between sodium ethyl xanthogenacetate (NaEtXAc) and six amines was investigated. In order to determine the wavelength for following the reaction, the influence of the structures of reactants on the absorption (at 280 nm) was investigated. The values of rate constants for selected amines, at different temperatures were determined. It was confirmed that the reactions investigated are of the second-order. On the basis of the reaction rate constants and at the different temperatures, several thermodynamic parameters were calculated such as the energy of activation, the frequency factor, the activation entropy, Gibb's free-energy of the activation and the activation enthalpy. By evaluating the obtained results some assumptions that refer to the reaction mechanisms of nucleophilic attack of amine on the thiocarbonyl carbon, as well as forming of an activated complex as a critical step, were made.
The study on the effect of formulation variables on in vitro floating time and the release properties of a floating drug delivery system by a statistical optimization technique
Authors: Narendra C. , Srinath M.S. , Moin A.
Published: March 2009

The present investigation concerns the evaluation of the effect of formulation variables on in vitro floating time and the release properties in developing a floating drug delivery system (FDDS) containing a highly water soluble drug metoprolol tartrate (MT) in the presence of a gas generating agent. A 32 full factorial design was employed in formulating the FDDS containing hydroxyl propylmethylcellulose (HPMC K4M) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) as swellable polymers. Drug-to-polymer ratio and polymer-to-polymer ratio were included as independent variables. The main effect and the interaction terms were quantitatively evaluated by a quadratic model to predict formulations with the floating time desired, and the release properties. It was found that only drug-to-polymer ratio and its quadratic term were found to be significantly affective for all the response variables. Non-Fickian transport was confirmed as a release mechanism from the optimized formulations. The desirability function was used to optimize the response variables, each having a different target, and the observed responses were highly agreed with experimental values. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the model in the development of FDDS containing a highly water-soluble drug MT.
Interactive supported electrocatalysts and spillover effect in electrocatalysis for hydrogen and oxygen electrode reactions
Authors: Jaksic Jelena , Lacnjevac Caslav , Krstajic Nedeljko , Jaksic Milan
Published: March 2009

The aim of the present paper has been to introduce the electron conductive and d-d-interactive individual and composite hypo-d-oxides of the increased altervalent capacity, or their suboxides (Magneli phases), as catalytic supports and therefrom provide: (i) The Strong Metal-Support Interaction (SMSI) effect, and (ii) the Dynamic spillover interactive transfer of primary oxides (M-OH) for further electrode reactions, and thereby advance the overall electrocatalytic activity. The d-band has been pointed out as the bonding, adsorptive and catalytic orbital. In the same context, the phenomenon and significance of the d-d-correlations both in heterogeneous catalysis and electrocatalysis are displayed and inferred. Since hypo-d-oxides feature the exchange membrane properties, the higher the altervalent capacity, the higher the spillover effect. Potentiodynamic experiments have shown that the reversible peak of the primary oxide growth on Pt, Ru and Au supported upon hypo-d-oxides and suboxides becomes distinctly increased in the charge capacity and shifts to remarkably more negative potential values, so that it starts even within the range of H-adatoms desorption, while its reduction extends until and merge with the UPD of hydrogen atoms. With wet tungstenia doped titania supported Pt catalyst in membrane cells these peaks dramatically increase in their charge capacity and reversibly become shrunk with a decreased moisture content in the feeding inert gas mixture, and vice versa. Such distinct potentiodynamic scans, in conjunction with some broaden complementary kinetic electrocatalytic improvements rising from the same hypo-d-oxide and/or suboxide interactive support effects, have been proved to be the best and comparable experimental evidence for the spillover effect of primary oxides.
Catalytic and electrocatalytic activity of Pt-Ru/C electrode for hydrogen oxidation in alkaline and acid aqueous electrolytes: EMSI and EPOC effects
Authors: Labou D. , Neophytides S.G.
Published: March 2009

The kinetics of the oxidation of H2 on PtRu/C gas-diffusion electrode was studied by interfacing the electrode with aqueous electrolytes at different pH values. The conducting electrolytes were KOH and HClO4 aqueous solutions with different concentrations. It is shown that the nature of the aqueous electrolyte plays the role of an active catalyst support for the PtRu/C electrode which drastically affects its catalytic properties. During the aforementioned interaction, termed electrochemical metal support interaction (EMSI), the electrochemical potential of the electrons at the catalyst Fermi level is equalized with the electrochemical potential of the solvated electron in the aqueous electrolyte. The electrochemical experiments carried out at various pH values showed that the electrochemical promotion catalysis (EPOC) is more intense when the catalyst-electrode is interfaced with electrolytes with high pH values where the OH ionic conduction prevails. It was concluded that similar to the solid state electrochemical systems EPOC proceeds through the formation of a polar adsorbed promoting layer of OH ? -, electrochemically supplied by the OH species, at the three phase boundaries of the gas exposed gas diffusion catalyst-electrode surface.
Modeling of the emulsion stability using fractal dimensions
Authors: Pasalic Snezana , Jovanic Predrag
Published: March 2009

There are many developed strategies in the emulsion stability evaluation, for purpose of determining the life circle of emulsions. Most of them are based on the reological properties of the emulsions. There are very few which relay on the direct emulsion observations. In this paper we present the developed method for the emulsion stability evaluation by the direct observation of optical properties. As the stability quantification measure we propose the fractal dimension approach. The method is based on the measure of the emulsion transmittance properties, which are directly dependent on the emulsion stability at the moment of measurement. As the test emulsion the oil in the water emulsion was used. The system is classified as the stable emulsion and our intention was to find the moment when the emulsion starts to break. The emulsion transmittance properties were measured using an acquisition system, consisting of a CCD camera and a fast PC configuration equipped with the capturing software. The fractal dimensions were determined by the so called box counting method. The experimental emulsions were measured continuously within the period of 1200 h, from the moment of the emulsion creation. The changes of fractal dimensions were observed which indicates that the emulsion changed its state and therefore the stability during the time. Three regions of the emulsion life circle were divided according to the fractal dimensions measurement, which can be connected with the stable, unstable, and meta-stable states of the emulsion life circle. In the end, the model of the emulsion behavior was developed for the purpose of quantifying the changes in the experimental emulsion.
Remediation of the Serbian soils contaminated by radionuclides in the function of the sustainable development
Authors: Stojanovic M. , Grubisic M. , Stevanovic D. , Milojkovic J. , Iles D.
Published: March 2009

Phosphate-induced metal stabilization (PIMS) using apatite stabilizes uranium in situ, by chemically binding it into the new low-solubility (Ksp=10-49) phase. Uranium-phosphate-autunite is stable across a wide range of geological conditions for millions of years. A large area of contaminated soil is suitable for in situ remediation that involves minimizing the mobility of the uranium. Laboratory study was conducted to quantify different forms of apatite sequestration of uranium contaminant. The experiment was done with natural phosphate from Lisina deposit (14.43 % P2O5), with non-treated samples, phosphate concentrate samples with 34.95 % P2O5 and mechanochemically activated of natural apatite. Different concentration of P2O5 in apatite, pH, reaction time, solid/liquid ratio was investigated. The concentrate at pH 5.5 for 7 days sorbed around 93,64 % and nature apatite, with 14,43 % P2O5, for 30 days sorbed 94.54 % of the uranium from the water solution, concentration 100 ?g U/ml. The results show that mineral apatite 'Lisina' is very effective for the treatment of contaminated soils in situ immobilization of U. Mechanochemical activation of natural apatite in vibration mill immobilized 85.37 % of uranium in the 7-day period of acting. This research on natural apatite from the deposit 'Lisina' for immobilization of uranium was the first one of this type in our country.
Diffusion of lidocaine hydrochloride from lipid microparticles
Authors: Pjanovic Rada , Stojanovic Radoslava , Sajber Milana , Veljkovic Jelena , Boskovic-Vragolovic Nevenka , Pejanovic Srdjan
Published: March 2009

Lipid particles, as drug carriers, are of increasing research interest, because a sustained drug release and avoidance of side effects could be achieved by using them. Lidocaine hydrochloride is a very efficient local anesthetic, but it has a short effect. The objective was to prolong the effect of the drug by encapsulating lidocaine hydrochloride in phospholipids microparticles. Two different procedures were used for the preparation of phospholipids microparticles. In both cases, phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine were used for the preparation of microparticles in which 5 % w/w lidocaine hydrochloride solution was encapsulated. The standard Franz diffusion cell was used for the experimental diffusion rate determination. The obtained results show that diffusion rate from microparticles is significantly lower than from the lidocaine hydrochloride solution, which means that this kind of microparticles could be used for the prolonged drug release. There was no much difference in diffusion rates from microparticles obtained by different procedures. That indicates that only the composition of the particles membrane has an influence on the lidocaine hydrochloride release rate.
Exchange rate arrangements: From extreme to "normal"
Authors: Beker Emilija
Published: March 2009

The paper studies theoretical and empirical location dispersion of exchange rate arrangements - rigid-intermediate-flexible regimes, in the context of extreme arrangements of a currency board, dollarization and monetary union moderate characteristics of intermediate arrangements (adjustable pegs crawling pegs and target zones) and imperative-process "normalization" in the form of a managed or clean floating system. It is established that de iure and de facto classifications generate "fear of floating" and "fear of pegging". The "impossible trinity" under the conditions of capital liberalization and globalization creates a bipolar view or hypothesis of vanishing intermediate exchange rate regimes.
The globalization debate: The globalists
Authors: Tadic Tadija
Published: March 2009

One of the main questions most of the globalization theorists have been dealing with is how to provide an adequate classification and systematization of vast and different theories of globalization. In this work we give a closer look to an infamous and highly influential Held's division of globalization theorists on globalists and skeptics. According to globalists globalization represents a real and significant historical process without a precedent, which generates new forms of global economy, global politics and global culture. On the other side, there are skeptics who discard globalization discourse simply as a myth or alternatively as an ideological project of the West. The first part of our investigation of the great globalization debate is dedicated to investigation of the globalist perspective (both the hyper-globalists and transformationists).
Is New Labour's "Third Way" new or just hot air in old bottles?
Authors: Ietto-Gillies Grazia
Published: March 2009

The paper discusses the main aims and characteristics of the three Ways in British economics and politics: the First Way refers to the period from after WWII to the mid 1970s; the second Way refers to the Conservative Government period starting from 1979; and the Third Way to the New Labour Government period since 1997. These three Ways are considered in relation to their main characteristics, the policies of the relevant governments and the problems they have encountered. The New Labour policies are analyzed in more details by reference to the case of the National Health Service. The reasons why the New Labour Way is different from the second Way as well as the problems it is facing are highlighted. A discussion of why New Labour has taken the Third Way route follows.
Some of the unanswered questions in finance
Authors: Djuric Dragana
Published: March 2009

A very dynamic development of finance in the last 50 years is inter alia probably due to experiments and innovations in this field. Previously theoretical base could not explain and predict movements especially in volatile times. "The new finance" appeared 50 years ago (portfolio theory CAPM, the efficient market theory, M&M theorem) and made substantial progress in understanding movements in globalized and internationalized financial markets. However, many questions remain open. The author tries to put emphasis on some of these questions, perfectly aware that these are not the only ones. Unresolved questions are related to company's aims, project's risks, degree of portfolio optimization, importance of liquidity, dividend policy, as well as factors that determine M&A. As the "new finance" is not able to predict and explain volatile movements, a question that should be posed is whether it is appropriate to add some non-economic factors as the behaviorist theory suggests. Although the behaviorist theory is an important part of "new finance", it is unfortunately the only theory able to explain movements in volatile times. In conclusion, many questions still remain unanswered and wait for appropriate theoretical explanations.
Social exclusion in central Eastern Europe: Concept, measurement and policy interventions (2)
Authors: Lelkes Orsolya
Published: March 2009

nema
Macroeconomic aspects of financial liberalization
Authors: Mirdala Rajmund
Published: March 2009

The positive and the negative macroeconomic aspects of the financial liberalization for the developing and emerging economies are well described in the present literature. But it is not easy to clearly summarize the final effects of the financial integration on the certain country. For instance the argument about the growth benefits of the capital account liberalization is likely to be inadequate considering the financial crises in the emerging markets at the end of the last century. On the other hand, many authors (especially in the financial literature) report that the equity market liberalizations help to significantly boost the economic growth. There are also some examples on the microeconomic level (firm level or industry level) when the international financial integration brings certain benefits to the integrated enterprises and the capital flows restriction leads to the distortionary effects. In the paper we analyze the macroeconomic effects of the capital flows liberalization.
Global capital markets: An updated profile
Authors: Filipovic Miroslava
Published: March 2009

More than two decades after the beginning of the financial revolution globalization of capital flows still attracts considerable attention, from both practitioners and academics. The aim of this paper is to contribute to understanding of some aspects of the global capital scene, as well as to emphasize certain developments which might illustrate its changing profile. Several fundamental perspectives profile the global capital market. A quantitative review provides a sense of sheer volumes, trends, origins and destinations of capital flows; an assessment of the global capital market?s degree of integration follows. The emergence of new (types of) actors is another important aspect of the global processes, while illustrations of new market products and emerging segments may add new perspectives on the profile of the global capital market. Finally, the paper concludes with a brief overview of digitalization of the financial supply chain.
Optimalni rezimi deviznog kursa - prevrtanje Mundell-Fleming-ove tvrdnje naglavacke
Authors: Lahiri Amartya , Singh Rajesh , Vegh Carlos
Published: March 2009

nema
Chronostratigraphy of the Vistulian Glaciation on the Kujawy Moraine Plateau (Central Poland) Based on Lithostratigraphic Research and OSL Dating
Authors: Przegiętka Krzysztof , Chruścińska Alicja , Oczkowski Hubert , Molewski Paweł
Published: March 2009

The subject of the investigations presented here is fixing dilemmatic character (transgressive or recessive) of the Poznań phase of the Vistulian (Weichselian) Glaciation and answering the question about the possibility of lithostratigraphic separation of this phase from the Leszno phase in the region of so called Vistula lob. Here we present the outcomes of the research project carried out on a few tills exposures, which constitute the sedimentological record of the last ice sheet advance on the Kujawy Moraine Plateau. The absolute ages of 17 samples (collected from fluvial deposits uncovered in the geological logs) have been determined by means of the OSL method applying the single aliquots regenerative (SAR) dose protocol. The OSL data are analysed with regard to supposed bleaching conditions at the moment of the last transport and deposition of the material. In conclusion, some remarks on suitability of fluvial sands for OSL dating are made. In most of the investigated sites, there appears to exist only a single till level associated with the main stage of the Vistulian Glaciation. This fact and the results of OSL dating support the hypothesis, that the Poznań phase in Kujawy Moraine Plateau is not a distinct lithostratigraphic unit, but it is a recessive phase of the last glaciation.
Ultrastructure of the Midgut Epithelium in Dactylobiotus Dispar (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada) During Encystation
Authors: Rost-Roszkowska Magdalena , Poprawa Izabela
Published: March 2009

Ultrastructure of the Midgut Epithelium inDactylobiotus Dispar(Tardigrada: Eutardigrada) During Encystation

Tardigrada are invertebrates which are able to survive unfavorable conditions of the environment by e.g. encystation. Histolysis of the animal tissues during encystation has been suggested for many species of Tardigrada, while it has not been observed inDactylobiotus dispar.The midgut epithelium plays a role in digestion, secretion, absorption and even in osmoregulation. During encystation inD. disparthe digestion is inhibited, and the midgut lumen is devoid of nourishment. Numerous lipid droplets, vesicles, and multivesicular bodies accumulate in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. We described the ultrastructure of the midgut epithelium in encysted specimens ofD. dispar.
Ultrastructure of two Types of Endocrine Cells in the Midgut Epithelium of Spodoptera Exiqua Hűbner, 1808 (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)
Authors: Rost-Roszkowska Magdalena , Chechelska Agata , Frądczak Maciej , Salitra Katarzyna
Published: March 2009

Ultrastructure of two Types of Endocrine Cells in the Midgut Epithelium ofSpodoptera ExiquaHűbner, 1808 (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)

Midgut epithelium of Lepidoptera consists of four types of cells: columnar, goblet, endocrine and regenerative. Among endocrine cells two types have been distinguished: "open" and "closed". In all five larval instars ofSpodoptera exiqua(Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) only "open" endocrine cells were observed, which means that their apical membranes contact with the midgut lumen and form microvilli like columnar cells of epithelial character. Among them granular and vesicular cells are distinguishable. The number of vesicular endocrine cells increases distinctly in the 5thlarval instar. The structure of endocrine cells in the midgut epithelium ofS. exiquaand their differentiation from the regenerative cells, studied in transmission electron microscope, are described.
“[The] Things What HappenedwithOur Family”: Property and Inheritance in August Wilson'sThe Piano Lesson
Authors: Alexandre Sandy
Published: March 2009

This article examines how property operates in August Wilson's The Piano Lesson. It locates particular questions about property within the historical context of the play's setting and delineates notions of black property and inheritance both in relation to and in contradistinction to the tradition of white property rights and privilege. The author also explains how the piano (as property) functions as both a divisive and a unifying family member among the Charleses.
Inferences on flow mechanisms from snow avalanche deposits
Authors: Issler Dieter , Errera Alessia , Priano Stefano , Gubler Hansueli , Teufen Bernardo , Krummenacher Bernhard
Published: March 2009

The deposit structure of 20 very small to large avalanches that occurred in the Davos area, eastern Swiss Alps, during winters 2004/05 and 2005/06 was investigated. Snow-cover entrainment was significant in the majority of events and likely to have occurred in all cases. Evidence was found both for plough-like frontal entrainment (especially in wet-snow avalanches) and more gradual erosion along the base of dry-snow avalanches. Several of the dry-snow avalanches, both small and large, showed a fairly abrupt decrease in deposit thickness in the distal direction, often accompanied by changes in the granulometry and the deposit density. Combined with other observations (snow plastered onto tree trunks, deposit-less flow marks in bends, etc.) and measurements at instrumented test sites, this phenomenon is best explained as being due to a fluidized, low-density flow regime that formed mostly in the head of some dry-snow avalanches. The mass fraction of the fluidized deposits ranged from less than 1% to ∼25% of the total deposit mass. Fluidization appears to depend rather sensitively on snow conditions and path properties.
Population genetic structure of native versus naturalized sympatric shrub willows (Salix; Salicaceae)
Authors: Lin Juan , Gibbs James P. , Smart Lawrence B.
Published: March 2009

Vegetative propagation of an introduced species can contribute significantly to its ability to spread and become naturalized, potentially in competition with native species. This study focused on the naturalization of a willow shrub, Salix purpurea, which was introduced to the United States from Europe and is commonly sympatric with the native shrub willow, S. eriocephala. Both species are capable of vegetative and sexual reproduction, but little is known about their relative frequency, nor the impact of clonal propagation on population‐level genetic diversity. We analyzed genotypes at several microsatellite loci in 993 individuals belonging to 30 subpopulations of S. eriocephala and 28 subpopulations of S. purpurea in areas of sympatry across three watersheds to compare their genetic diversity and genetic structure. Our results revealed six subpopulations of S. purpurea containing plants with identical multilocus genotypes, while clonal individuals were rare among S. eriocephala populations. These species are dioecious with relatively high levels of heterozygosity, but S. eriocephala had much higher allelic diversity and genotypic diversity than did S. purpurea. These results strongly suggest that vegetative propagation has contributed to the naturalization of S. purpurea and has resulted in higher levels of genetic differentiation among S. purpurea populations than among native S. eriocephala populations.
The MTHFR 677C→T polymorphism and behaviors in children with autism: exploratory genotype–phenotype correlations
Authors: Goin‐Kochel Robin P. , Porter Anne E. , Peters Sarika U. , Shinawi Marwan , Sahoo Trilochan , Beaudet Arthur L.
Published: March 2009

New evidence suggests that autism may be associated with (a) varied behavioral responses to folate therapy and (b) metabolic anomalies, including those in folate metabolism, that contribute to hypomethylation of DNA. We hypothesized that children with autism who are homozygous for the MTHFR 677 T allele (TT) and, to a lesser extent those with the CT variant, would exhibit more behavioral problems and/or more severe problematic behaviors than homozygous wild‐type (CC) individuals because of difficulties in effectively converting 5,10‐MTHF to 5‐MTHF. Data from the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE) collection were analyzed for all children who met strict criteria for autism per the Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised (ADI‐R) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) and who had been genotyped for the 677 C to T MTHFR polymorphism (n=147). Chi‐square tests, logistic regression, and one‐way ANOVAs were used to determine whether differences existed among MTHFR genotypes for specific behaviors on the ADI‐R and indices for level of functioning. Exploratory results indicated four behaviors from the ADI‐R that were more common and problematic (95% CI) among those with at least one copy of the T allele as compared to homozygous wild‐type individuals: direct gaze, current complex body movements, a history of self‐injurious behavior, and current overactivity (ORs=2.72, 2.33, 2.12, 2.47, respectively). No differences existed among genotypes for level of functioning as measured with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Third Edition, Ravens Colored Progressive Matrices, or the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Findings call for further investigation of the relationship between folate metabolism and problem behaviors among children with autism.
Variations in c‐Myc and p21WAF1 expression protect normal peripheral blood lymphocytes against BimEL‐mediated cell death
Authors: Brodska Barbora , Otevrelova Petra , Kalousek Ivan
Published: March 2009

We have examined the effect of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA, Vorinostat, Zolinza) on the viability of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) in vitro and on the expression of 20 apoptosis‐related genes. RT‐PCR, western blots and flow cytometry were performed to reveal the proteins of apoptosis machinery that were affected to cause cell death. Our data suggest that PBL markedly resisted for approximately 24 h the destructive activity of the agent, but eventually 60% of cells treated with 4 µmol/L SAHA died within 72 h through mitochondrial way of apoptosis. While the expression of the majority of genes remained indifferent against 4 µmol/L SAHA, the cellular levels of BimEL, Bmf‐2, Bcl‐w and survivin mRNA varied, confirming the pro‐apoptotic response of SAHA treated PBL. In addition, the expression of multifunctional proteins c‐Myc and p21(WAF1) changed profoundly with the time of SAHA treatment. The Bax activator BimEL increased rapidly, driving cells towards apoptosis likely controlled by c‐Myc and p21(WAF1) activities. We suggest that variations in c‐Myc and p21(WAF1) expression decelerate the apoptosis in the early period and increase the resistance of resting PBL against SAHA. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance of a bubble column reactor for oxidation of ethylene (wacker process)
Authors: Rode C. V. , Bhattacharya A. , Chaudhari R. V.
Published: March 2009

An experimental investigation of the performance of a bubble column reactor for the liquid‐phase catalytic oxidation of ethylene to acetaldehyde (Wacker Process) has been carried out by varying the different operating parameters, such as the inlet gas velocity and catalyst concentration. It has also been shown that, for a given set of conditions, a certain critical ratio of partial pressure of O2 to that of ethylene in the reactor inlet is required for the overall catalytic cycle to work with maximum efficiency under steady state. The agreement between the experimental results and the predictions of a theoretical reactor model developed herein was found to be excellent.
Measurement of nonlinearity in chemical process control systems: The steady state map
Authors: Guay M. , Mclellan P. J. , Bacon D. W.
Published: March 2009

Most chemical processes exhibit some degree of nonlinearity, and when selecting an appropriate controller design approach it is important to understand the extent of this nonlinearity. In this paper a quantitative measure of steady‐state process nonlinearity is proposed. Drawing from results for nonlinear regression, the curvature is decomposed into tangential and normal components. It is shown that the tangential curvature can be reduced or eliminated by transforming the control inputs, whereas the normal curvature can be reduced or eliminated only by a combination of state feedback and transformations. The problem of scaling is addressed by identifying a “region of interest”, and scale‐independent measures of curvature are proposed. Nonlinearity is measured both as root mean squared curvature and directional curvature. The importance of curvature in the foward and inverse steady‐state maps is discussed, and a transformation suggested by the curvature arrays is presented. This transformation reduces the static nonlinearity in the process, and can be used to improve the controller performance. Application of the proposed techniques is illustrated using chemical process examples.
Liquid volume at normal boiling point
Authors: Sastri S. R. S. , Mohanty Swati , Rao K. K.
Published: March 2009

The atomic and structural contributions proposed by Schroeder (Partington, 1949) for estimating the molar volume at the normal boiling point have been revised to improve the accuracy. Extensive testing with data for 163 organic liquids gave average and maximum absolute deviations of 1.4% and 7.2%, respectively. The corresponding average absolute deviations for the Schroeder (Partington, 1949), LeBas (1915) the Tyn and Calus (1975) methods are found to be 3.6%, 2.9% and 2.5%, respectively.
Forced unsteady‐state processes in heterogeneous catalytic reactors
Authors: Matros Yurii Sh.
Published: March 2009

The main techniques of studying and designing heterogeneous catalytic processes under forced unsteady‐state operation (FUSO) are discussed in this review. Topics included are: a) why FUSOs are theoretically more efficient than conventional steady‐state processes?; b) how can a FUSO be devised?; c) reverse‐flow operation; d) partial oxidation in a circulating fluidized bed; e) processes that could be attractive under FUSO at a commercial scale, but reasons why this has not been successfully accomplished; f) FUSO systems that have not been used on a commercial scale, such as reaction chromatography, input composition cycling, input temperature cycling, and g) what could be done to encourage use of FUSOs by industry? This review demonstrates the large amounts of data that have been collected on processes proposed for FUSO. Translating these efforts into commercial success becomes possible only when researchers understand thoroughly the fundamentals of the FUSO system they are working on. An overview of past and current research suggests that a catalytic process performed optimally under FUSO will never be less efficient than an optimal steady‐state process.