bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Parent Trauma Response Questionnaire (PTRQ): Development and Preliminary Validation
Authors: Williamson Victoria , Hiller Rachel , Meiser-Stedman Richard , Cresswell Cathy , Dalgleish Tim , Fearon Pasco , Goodall Ben , McKinnon Anna , Smith Patrick , Wright Isobel , Halligan Sarah
Published: July 2018

Background: Following a child’s experience of trauma, parental response is thought to play an important role in either facilitating or hindering their psychological adjustment. However, the ability to investigate the role of parenting responses in the post-trauma period has been hampered by a lack of valid and reliable measures. Objectives: The aim of this study was to design, and provide a preliminary validation of, the Parent Trauma Response Questionnaire (PTRQ), a self-report measure of parent appraisals and support for children’s coping, in the aftermath of child trauma. Methods: We administered an initial set of 78-items to 365 parents whose children, aged 2-19 years, had experienced a traumatic event. We conducted principal components analysis and principal axis factoring and then assessed validity of the reduced measure against a standardised general measure of parental overprotection and via the measure’s association with child post-trauma mental health.Results: Factor analysis generated three factors assessing parent maladaptive appraisals: (i) permanent change/damage, (ii) preoccupation with child’s vulnerability, and (iii) self-blame. In addition, five factors were identified that assess parental support for child coping: (i) behavioural avoidance, (ii) cognitive avoidance, (iii) overprotection, (iv) maintaining pre-trauma routines, and (v) approach coping. Good validity was evidenced against the measure of parental overprotection and child post-traumatic stress symptoms. Good test-retest reliability of the measure was also demonstrated. Conclusions: The PTRQ is a valid and reliable self-report assessment of parenting cognitions and coping in the aftermath of child-trauma.
Scientific replication in the study of social animals
Authors: Van Bavel Jay Joseph , Cunningham William A.
Published: July 2018

This chapter is written to help undergraduate students better understand the role of replication in psychology and how it applies to the study of social behavior. We briefly review various replication initiatives in psychology and the events that preceded our renewed focus on replication. We then discuss challenges in interpreting the low rate of replication in psychology, especially social psychology. Finally, we stress the need for better methods and theories to learn the right lessons when replications fail.
A longitudinal study of the relations between university students’ subjective social status, social contact with university friends, and mental health and well-being.
Authors: Rubin Mark
Published: July 2018

Prior research has found that the higher one’s perceived status in society, the better one’s mental health and well-being. The present research used a longitudinal design to investigate whether social contact with friends mediated this relation between subjective social status and mental health and well-being among first-year undergraduate students at an Australian university (Wave 1 N = 749, Wave 2 N = 314). Participants completed an online survey that included measures of subjective social status, social contact with university friends during the past week, and mental health and well-being during the past week. Multiple regression analyses found that subjective social status positively predicted amount of social contact with university friends, and that both of these variables positively predicted subsequent mental health and well-being. Furthermore, bootstrapped mediation tests found that social contact with university friends acted as a significant mediator of the relations between social status and mental health and well-being. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for the mental health and well-being of lower class students at university.
A Conceptual Review of Lab-Based Aggression Paradigms
Authors: McCarthy Randy J. , Elson Malte
Published: July 2018

Aggression is often defined as a behavior that is done with the intent to harm an individual who is believed to want avoid being harmed (e.g., Baron & Richardson, 1994). Accordingly, social scientists have developed several tasks to study aggression in laboratory settings; tasks that we refer to as “lab-based aggression paradigms.” However, because of the legal, ethical, and practical issues inherent in provoking aggression within the confines of a laboratory setting, it is feasible to study only very mildly harmful aggression. The current conceptual review examines the criteria that are necessary to study aggression in a laboratory setting, discusses the strengths and weaknesses of several new and/or commonly-used lab-based aggression paradigms, and offers recommendations for the future of lab-based aggression research. Collectively, we hope the current discussion helps researchers to describe the contributions and limitations of lab-based aggression research and, ultimately, helps to improve the informativeness of lab-based aggression research.
Unearthing the “green” personality: Core traits predict environmentally friendly behavior
Authors: Brick Cameron , Lewis Gary
Published: July 2018

Pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors show substantial individual differences, and exploringtheir predictors can help reveal the origins of pro-environmental behavior. Basic personality traits may provide a partial explanation, but it is unclear which personality traits are reliably associated with pro-environmental behaviors. The current paper uses a specific type of environmental behavior, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, to clarify which personality correlates are most robustly associated with behavior, and to test mediation of those effects through attitudes. A large (N = 345) sample of United States adults representative in age, gender, and ethnicity completed the 100-item HEXACO personality inventory, a novel self-report measure of behaviors that reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and scales of environmental and political attitudes. Accounting for demographics, emissions-reducing behaviors were most strongly predicted by Openness, Conscientiousness, and Extraversion, and these effects of personality were mediated by attitudes towards the natural environment. These observations broaden the understanding of the etiology of environmental attitudes and behavior.Brick, C., & Lewis, G. J. (2016). Unearthing the “green” personality: Core traits predict environmentally friendly behavior. Environment and Behavior, 48(5), 635-658. doi.org/10.1177/0013916514554695Post-print PDF below
Choosing the right level of analysis: Stereotypes shape social reality via collective action
Authors: Tappin Ben M , McKay Ryan , Abrams Dominic
Published: July 2018

Jussim argues that the self-fulfilling prophecy and expectancy effects of descriptive stereotypes are not potent shapers of social reality. However, his conclusion that descriptive stereotypes per se do not shape social reality is premature and overly reductionist. We review evidence that suggests descriptive stereotypes do have a substantial influence on social reality, by virtue of their influence on collective action.
Ideology between the lines: Lay inferences about scientists' values and motives
Authors: Hannikainen Ivar Rodríguez
Published: July 2018

While philosophers emphasize the distinction between description and prescription, in practice people’s beliefs about contentious issues seem to reflect their normative commitments. Less is known about the way that people infer others’ ideology from their reports about matters of fact. In the context of scientific research on the heritability of intelligence, scientists’ normative views (Study 1a) and motives (Study 2) are inferred from the evidence they report–independently of their stated research objectives. Two pre-registered replications (Studies 1b and 3) revealed that these effects generalize to other contentious domains of behavioral and social science research. Thus, laypeople view social scientific inquiry as (partly) a guided pursuit of evidence in favor of scientists’ personal ideology.
Training and transfer effects of N-back training for brain-injured and healthy subjects
Authors: Lindeløv Jonas Kristoffer
Published: July 2018

Working Memory impairments are prevalent among patients with acquired brain injury (ABI). Computerized training targeting working memory has been researched extensively using samples from healthy populations but this field remains isolated from similar research in ABI patients. We report the results of an actively controlled randomized controlled trial in which 17 patients and 18 healthy subjects completed training on the N-back task. The healthy group had superior improvements on both training tasks (SMD=6.1 and 3.3) whereas the ABI group improved much less (SMD=0.5 and 1.1). Neither group demonstrated transfer to untrained tasks. We conclude that computerized training facilitates improvement of specific skills rather than high-level cognition in healthy and ABI subjects alike. The acquisition of these specific skills seems to be impaired by brain injury. The most effective use of computer-based cognitive training may be to make the task resemble the targeted behavior(s) closely in order to exploit the stimulus-specificity of learning.
A Creature Called CIH: From a Quantum Explanation of Psychological Disorders to a Classical Limit of Behavior
Authors: Mohseni Nezhad Saeideh
Published: July 2018

The objective of this study is to present a Quantum Model for designing and predicting suitable treatment plans for different psychological disorders. The theory has been extracted from Quantum Field Theories and is modeled on a Conceptual Isolated Human (CIH), which is a totally abstract idea. The Quantum limit of the model explains the way disorders are formed, and its classical limit forecasts the observable CIH behavior. Then, a pattern has been presented for treatment plans based on the CIH Quantum Model, which is named ‘Systematic Balancing’. Finally, Systematic Balancing is presented in this article in order to explain and predict the treatment plan for the category of 'Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders in DSM-5'.
The Role of Reference in Cross-Situational Word Learning (2018, Cognition)
Authors: Wang Felix Hao , Mintz Toben Herbert
Published: July 2018

Word learning involves massive ambiguity, since in a particular encounter with a novel word, there are an unlimited number of potential referents. One proposal for how learners surmount the problem of ambiguity is that learners use cross-situational statistics to constrain the ambiguity: When a word and its referent co-occur across multiple situations, learners will associate the word with the correct referent. Yu & Smith (2007) propose that these co-occurrence statistics are sufficient for word-to-referent mapping. Alternative accounts hold that co-occurrence statistics alone are insufficient to support learning, and that learners are further guided by knowledge that words are referential (e.g., Waxman & Gelman, 2009). However, no behavioral word learning studies we are aware of explicitly manipulate subjects’ prior assumptions about the role of the words in the experiments in order to test the influence of these assumptions. In this study, we directly test whether, when faced with referential ambiguity, co-occurrence statistics are sufficient for word-to-referent mappings in adult word-learners. Across a series of cross-situational learning experiments, we varied the degree to which there was support for the notion that the words were referential. At the same time, the statistical information about the words’ meanings was held constant. When we overrode support for the notion that words were referential, subjects failed to learn the word-to-referent mappings, but otherwise they succeeded. Thus, cross-situational statistics were useful only when learners had the goal of discovering mappings between words and referents. We discuss the implications of these results for theories of word learning in children’s language acquisition.
BANGKIT SAJA ATAU SUDAH BERKEMBANG: PERBANDINGAN RESILIENSI PADA MAHASISWA
Authors: Maba Aprezo Pardodi
Published: July 2018

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendefinisikan resiliensi, lalu mendeskripsikan dan membandingkan resiliensi mahasiswa Sumatera Selatan dengan mahasiswa Lampung. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah brief resilience scale (Smith et al., 2008). Analisis data menggunakan analisis kuantitatif dekriptif dan uji beda T-Test untuk mengetahui perbedaan resiliensi antara dua sampel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Sig (2-tailed) 0,054 > 0,05, artinya tidak ada perbedaan signifikan meskipun resiliesnsi mahasiswa Sumatera Selatan dan mahasiswa Lampung berada dalam kategori resiliensi yang berbeda dan rata-rata resiliensi mahasiswa Lampung lebih tinggi dari pada mahasiswa Sumatera Selatan.
Interference and visual masking
Authors: Skottun Bernt
Published: July 2018

It is well known that a masking stimulus may reduce the visibility of a target stimulus. This has most commonly been attributed the mechanisms in the visual system. It has, however, become evident that a masking stimulus may reduce the stimulus power of a target. Such reductions which are in the stimuli have been explored in relation to spatial stimuli (Skottun, 2017, DOI:10.3758/s13428-017-0978-3; Skottun,2018. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.016). An important aspect of visual masking is the effect of the relative temporal onset of the two stimuli (i.e., the Stimulus Onset Asynchrony, SOA). The present study sought to explore, using numerical analyses, how interference across time may manifest itself. By assuming some degree of temporal inaccuracy and a limited extent of temporal integration it was found that, depending on conditions, interference effects may take on the characteristics of either Type-A or Type-B masking. In connection with visual masking it is (tacitly) assumed that the target stimulus has the same stimulus power when presented in combination with a masking stimulus presented as when presented alone. It has earlier been shown that this cannot be assumed in connection with spatial stimuli. The present analyses make clear that this may also apply to stimuli presented at somewhat different times.
How concepts and conventions structure the lexicon: Cross-linguistic evidence from polysemy
Authors: Srinivasan Mahesh , Rabagliati Hugh
Published: July 2018

Words often have multiple distinct but related senses, a phenomenon called polysemy. For instance, in English, words like chicken and lamb can label animals and their meats and words like glass and tin can label materials and artifacts derived from those materials. In this paper, we ask why words have some senses but not others, and thus what constrains the structure of polysemy. Previous work has pointed to two different sources of constraints. First, polysemy could reflect conceptual structure: word senses could be derived based on how ideas are associated in the mind. Second, polysemy could reflect a set of arbitrary, language-specific conventions: word senses could be difficult to derive and might have to be memorized and stored. We used a large-scale cross-linguistic survey to elucidate the relative contributions of concepts and conventions to the structure of polysemy. We explored whether 27 distinct patterns of polysemy found in English are also present in 14 other languages. Consistent with the idea that polysemy is constrained by conceptual structure, we found that almost all surveyed patterns of polysemy (e.g., animal for meat, material for artifact) were present across languages. However, consistent with the idea that polysemy reflects language-specific conventions, we also found variation across languages in how patterns are instantiated in specific senses (e.g., the word for glass material is used to label different glass artifacts across languages). We argue that these results are best explained by a “conventions-constrained-by-concepts” model, in which the different senses of words are learned conventions, but conceptual structure makes some types of relations between senses easier to grasp than others, such that the same patterns of polysemy evolve across languages. This opens a new view of lexical structure, in which polysemy is a linguistic adaptation that makes it easier for children to learn word meanings and build a lexicon.
The (un)reliability of item-level semantic priming effects
Authors: Heyman Tom , Bruninx Anke , Hutchison Keith , Storms Gert
Published: July 2018

Many researchers have tried to predict semantic priming effects using a myriad of variables (e.g., prime–target associative strength or co-occurrence frequency). The idea is that relatedness varies across prime–target pairs, which should be reflected in the size of the priming effect (e.g., cat should prime dog more than animal does). However, it is only insightful to predict item-level priming effects if they can be measured reliably. Thus, in the present study we examined the split-half and test–retest reliabilities of item-level priming effects under conditions that should discourage the use of strategies. The resulting priming effects proved extremely unreliable, and reanalyses of three published priming datasets revealed similar cases of low reliability. These results imply that previous attempts to predict semantic priming were unlikely to be successful. However, one study with an unusually large sample size yielded more favorable reliability estimates, suggesting that big data, in terms of items and participants, should be the future for semantic priming research.
The interaction of the Need for Cognitive Closure with implicit and explicit guidance in wiki-based learning
Authors: Heimbuch Sven , Bodemer Daniel
Published: July 2018

One purpose of wikis is the collaborative generation of content. During generation processes, controversies about content can emerge that authors might elaborate on the article's talk page. Research suggests that controversies based on opposing points of view and contradictory evidence can be fruitful to trigger individual elaboration processes. However, research also showed that many wikis are not necessarily suited to highlight relevant discussion contents and thus users could need guidance as support. In an experimental study (N = 181) on wiki talk pages, we investigated two scaffolding measures in conjunction with the Need for Cognitive Closure: (1) visual markers to highlight controversy status (implicit) and (2) a collaboration script that directs users towards discussions (explicit). The results show that both guidance types in interaction with the Need for Cognitive Closure can affect learning outcomes.
Person-Centered Trajectories of Cultural Values and Behaviors among Chinese American Adolescents
Authors: Syed Moin , Juang Linda P.
Published: July 2018

This study examined change in acculturation values and behavior among 310 Chinese American adolescents, and how patterns of change were related to key demographic variables and indicators of positive youth development. Dual process group-based trajectory models of change in U.S. and Chinese values and behaviors indicated a six-group solution for each. The results showed that acculturation value patterns were not related to gender, nativity, or parent education, but were related to family cohesion, self-esteem, general and academic self-efficacy, and GPA. Acculturation behavior patterns were not related to gender but were related to nativity and parent education, and were also related to general self-efficacy and family cohesion. Taken together, our findings suggest that most trajectories of development are associated with positive outcomes, but there are small groups of adolescents that function very well (those who maintain higher behavioral involvement in both) and some not very well, especially those whose behaviors are becoming more disparate over time.
Impacts of familiarity, conflict, and sex on continuous interpersonal behavior
Authors: Hopwood Christopher James , Harrison Alana L. , Amole Marlissa C. , Girard Jeffrey M. , Wright Aidan G.C. , Thomas Katherine M , Sadler Pamela , Ansell Emily B. , Chaplin Tara M. , Morey Leslie C. , Durbin C. Emily , Kashy Deborah A.
Published: July 2018

Examines impacts of familiarity, conflict, and sex on continuously assessed behavior in dyadic interactions using the Continuous Assessment of Interpersonal Dynamics across several samples. Establishes norms and basic psychometrics for CAID while also informing factors that influence interpersonal behavior.
Communal Motivation
Authors: Le Bonnie M. , Impett Emily
Published: July 2018

In close relationships, people’s outcomes become highly intertwined, or interdependent, over time and across contexts (Clark & Mills 2011; Kelley & Thibaut 1978; Rusbult & Van Lange 2003). For example, young children rely on care from their parents as they grow and develop, and as they become older themselves, they often provide care and companionship to their aging parents. Friends provide emotional support to one another in times of need and share in one another’s joys in times of accomplishment. Romantic partners provide affection and physical intimacy to each other in ways unmatched by other relationship partners. Given that people rely on their relationship partners to meet many of their needs and desires, communal motivation, or care for the welfare of others, is an important component of personal well-being and satisfying relationships (Le, Impett, Lemay, Muise, & Tskhay 2018). Here, the history of communal motivation research is reviewed; the role of communal motivation in building and maintaining relationships described; and the emotional expressions and reactions linked to communal motivation explained.
When the Managerial Merry-go-round Stops: A Case Study of how Disconfirming Experiences Affect the Identities of Expert Football Managers
Authors: Mills John Paul
Published: July 2018

Due to the highly competitive nature of top-level football (i.e., top domestic league or international standard) expert football managers often undergo several disconfirming experiences throughout their careers (e.g., job loss, public criticism, unsuccessful interviews or career moves). However, little is known about how such experiences impact identity. Therefore, the following case study aims explore the affect, if any, disconfirming experiences had on the identities and self-concept of three former top-level football managers. Narrative constructs reveal that during disconfirming episodes’ managers experience feelings of anger, a loss of self-respect, disappointment, and sadness. Further, they also report how confusion regarding their future career prospects leaves them in a state of identity limbo (i.e., identity interference), whereby they were unsure as to how, when or if they should cease their commitment to a valued identity.
Modernizing Relationship Therapy through Social Thermoregulation Theory: Evidence, Hypotheses, and Explorations
Authors: IJzerman Hans , Heine Emma C. E. , Pronk Tila M.
Published: July 2018

In the present article the authors propose to modernize relationship therapy by integrating novel sensor and actuator technologies that can help optimize people’s thermoregulation, especially in social contexts. Specifically, they propose to integrate Social Thermoregulation Theory (IJzerman et al., 2015a; IJzerman & Hogerzeil, 2017) into Emotionally Focused Therapy. As such, the authors suggest to craft a Social Thermoregulation (the pleisiomorphic reliance of relationships on temperature regulation) type therapy to further improve relationship therapy. The authors outline what is known and not known in terms of social thermoregulatory mechanisms, what kind of data collection and analyses are necessary to better understand social thermoregulatory mechanisms, and stress the need to conduct Randomized Clinical Trials prior to implementation. They further warn against too hastily applying these theoretical perspectives. The article concludes by outlining why Social Thermoregulation Therapy is the way forward in improving relationship functioning.This paper was published in Frontiers:IJzerman, H., Heine, E. C., Nagel, S. K., & Pronk, T. M. (2017). Modernizing Relationship Therapy through Social Thermoregulation Theory: Evidence, Hypotheses, and Explorations. Frontiers in Psychology, 8.
The Goldwater Rule: Perspectives From, and Implications for, Psychological Science
Authors: Lilienfeld Scott Owen , Miller Josh , Lynam Donald
Published: July 2018

When, if ever, should psychological scientists be permitted to offer professional opinions concerning the mental health of public figures they have never directly examined? This contentious question, which attracted widespread public attention during the 1964 U.S. presidential election involving Barry Goldwater, received renewed scrutiny during and after the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, when many mental health professionals raised pointed questions concerning the psychiatric status of Donald Trump. Although the Goldwater Rule prohibits psychiatrists from offering diagnostic opinions on individuals they have never examined, no comparable rule exists for psychologists. We contend that, owing largely to the Goldwater Rule’s origins in psychiatry, a substantial body of psychological research on assessment and clinical judgment, including work on the questionable validity of unstructured interviews, the psychology of cognitive biases, and the validity of informant reports and of L (lifetime) data, has been overlooked in discussions of its merits. We conclude that although the Goldwater Rule may have been defensible several decades ago, it is outdated and premised on dubious scientific assumptions. We further contend that there are select cases in which psychological scientists with suitable expertise may harbor a “duty to inform,” allowing them to offer informed opinions concerning public figures’ mental health with appropriate caveats.
Using SPM 12’s Second-level Bayesian Inference Procedure for fMRI Analysis: Practical Guidelines for End Users
Authors: Han Hyemin , Park Joonsuk
Published: July 2018

Recent debates about the conventional traditional threshold used in the fields of neuroscience and psychology, namely P < .05, have spurred researchers to consider alternative ways to analyze fMRI data. A group of methodologists and statisticians have considered Bayesian inference as a candidate methodology. However, few previous studies have attempted to provide end users of fMRI analysis tools, such as SPM 12, with practical guidelines about how to conduct Bayesian inference. In the present study, we aim to demonstrate how to utilize Bayesian inference, Bayesian second-level inference in particular, implemented in SPM 12 by analyzing fMRI data available to public via NeuroVault. In addition, to help end users understand how Bayesian inference actually works in SPM 12, we examine outcomes from Bayesian second-level inference implemented in SPM 12 by comparing them with those from classical second-level inference. Finally, we provide practical guidelines about how to set the parameters for Bayesian inference and how to interpret the results, such as Bayes factors, from the inference. We also discuss the practical and philosophical benefits of Bayesian inference and directions for future research.
Open Scientific Practices are the Way Forward for Internet Gaming Disorder Research: A Response to Yao et al
Authors: Przybylski Andrew K , Weinstein Netta , Murayama Kou
Published: July 2018

In this editorial we advance the idea that the future of Internet Gaming Addiction research must be guided by open science practice.
Making Americans Feel Great Again? Personal Significance Predicts Political Intentions of Losers and Winners of the 2016 US Election
Authors: Jasko Katarzyna , Grzymala-Moszczynska Joanna , Maj Marta , Szastok Marta , Kruglanski Arie W.
Published: July 2018

Reactions of losers and winners of political elections have important consequences for the political system during the times of power transition. In four studies conducted immediately before and after the 2016 US presidential elections we investigated how personal significance induced by success or failure of one’s candidate is related to hostile vs. benevolent intentions toward political adversaries. We found that the less significant supporters of Hillary Clinton and supporters of Donald Trump felt after an imagined (Study 1A) or actual (Study 2) electoral failure the more they were willing to engage in peaceful actions against the elected president and the less they were willing to accept the results of the elections. However, while significance gain due to an imagined or actual electoral success was related to more benevolent intentions among Clinton supporters (Study 1B), it was related to more hostile intentions among Trump supporters (Studies 1B, 2, and 3).
Searching for the bottom of the ego well: Failure to uncover ego depletion in Many Labs 3
Authors: Vadillo Miguel A. , Gold Natalie , Osman Magda
Published: July 2018

According to a popular model of self-control, willpower depends on a limited resource that can be depleted when we perform a task demanding self-control. Over the last five years, the reliability of the empirical evidence supporting this model has become the subject of heated debate. In the present study, we reanalysed data from a large-scale study –Many Labs 3– to test whether performing a depleting task has any effect on a secondary task that also relies on self-control. Although we used a large sample of more than 2,000 participants for our analyses, we did not find any significant evidence of ego-depletion: Persistence on an anagram solving task (a typical measure of self-control) was not affected by previous completion of a Stroop task (a typical depleting task in this literature). Our results suggest that persistence in anagram solving may not be an optimal measure to test depletion effects.
Depressed adolescents' pupillary response to peer acceptance and rejection: The role of rumination
Authors: Stone Lindsey B , Silk Jennifer Susan , Siegle Greg , Dahl Ronald , Jones Neil
Published: July 2018

Heightened emotional reactivity to peer feedback is predictive of adolescents’ depression risk.Examining variation in emotional reactivity within currently depressed adolescents’ may identifysubgroups that struggle the most with these daily interactions. We tested whether traitrumination, which amplifies emotional reactions, explained variance in depressed adolescents’physiological reactivity to peer feedback, hypothesizing that rumination would be associatedwith greater pupillary response to peer rejection and diminished response to peer acceptance.Twenty currently depressed adolescents (12-17) completed a virtual peer interaction paradigmwhere they received fictitious rejection and acceptance feedback. Pupillary response provided atime-sensitive index of physiological arousal. Rumination was associated with greater initialpupil dilation to both peer rejection and acceptance, and diminished late pupillary response topeer acceptance trials only. Results indicate that depressed adolescents high on trait ruminationare more reactive to social feedback regardless of valence, but fail to sustain cognitive-affectiveload on positive feedback.
Intensive summer intervention drives linear growth of reading skill in struggling readers
Authors: Donnelly Patrick M. , Huber Elizabeth , Yeatman Jason D.
Published: July 2018

An achievement of reading research has been the development of intervention programs for struggling readers. Most intervention studies employ a pre-post design, to examine efficacy, but this precludes the study of intervention-driven growth. Determining the time-course of improvement is essential for cost-effective, evidence-based intervention decisions. The goal of this study was to (a) analyze reading growth curves during an intensive summer intervention program and (b) characterize factors that predict individual differences in growth. A cohort of 37 children (6-12y) with reading difficulties (N = 21 with dyslexia diagnosis) were enrolled in 160 hours of intervention. We collected behavioral measures over 4 sessions assessing decoding, oral reading fluency, and comprehension. Data were analyzed using mixed-effects modeling to characterize growth and the moderating effect of individual differences (age, IQ, phonological awareness, & initial reading skill). Longitudinal measurements revealed a linear dose-response relationship between hours of intervention and improvement in reading ability. Decoding skills showed substantial growth (Cohen’s d = 0.81 (WJ Basic Reading Skills)), with fluency and comprehension growing more gradually (d =0.35 (WJ Reading Fluency)). Multivariate analyses revealed a significant contribution of initial reading ability in predicting individual growth rates: This demonstrates the efficacy of intensive intervention for highly impaired readers.
Simplicity and informativeness in semantic category systems
Authors: Carr Jon W , Smith Kenny , Culbertson Jennifer , Kirby Simon
Published: July 2018

Recent research has shown that semantic category systems, such as color and kinship terms, find an optimal balance between simplicity and informativeness. We argue that this situation arises through pressure for simplicity from learning and pressure for informativeness from communicative interaction, two distinct pressures that often (but not always) pull in opposite directions. Another account argues that learning might also act as a pressure for informativeness, that learners might be biased toward inferring informative systems. This results in two competing hypotheses about the human inductive bias. We formalize these competing hypotheses in a Bayesian iterated learning model in order to simulate what kinds of languages are expected to emerge under each. We then test this model experimentally to investigate whether learners' biases, isolated from any communicative task, are better characterized as favoring simplicity or informativeness. We find strong evidence to support the simplicity account. Furthermore, we show how the application of a simplicity principle in learning can give the impression of a bias for informativeness, even when no such bias is present. Our findings suggest that semantic categories are learned through domain-general principles, negating the need to posit a domain-specific mechanism.
Positive emotion enhances association-memory
Authors: Madan Christopher R , Scott Sarah , Kensinger Elizabeth
Published: July 2018

The influence of emotion on association-memory is often attributed to arousal, but negative stimuli are typically used to test for these effects. While prior studies of negative emotion on association-memory have found impairments, theories suggest that positive emotion may have a distinct effect on memory, and may lead to enhanced association-memory. Here we tested participants’ memory for pairs of positive and neutral words using cued recall, supplemented with a mathematical modeling approach designed to disentangle item- versus association-memory effects that may otherwise confound cued-recall performance. We consistently found enhanced association-memory due to positive emotion. These results provide further evidence that positive information is processed differently than negative and that, when examining association formation, valence as well as arousal must be considered.
Experimentally-Induced Social Threat Increases Paranoid Thinking
Authors: Saalfeld Vanessa , Ramadan Zeina , Bell Vaughan , Raihani Nichola
Published: July 2018

Fear of others intending harm is central in paranoia but it is unclear to what extent social context alters paranoid attributions, and how this interacts with pre-existing paranoia. We examined social interactions via game theory paradigms across social rank (Experiment 1) and political group affiliation (Experiment 2) as a function of pre-existing paranoia using two pre-registered Dictator Games (N=2,030) for real money. Interacting with someone from a higher social rank or a political out-group led to an increase in paranoid attributions of harmful intent for ambiguous actions. Pre-existing paranoia predicted a general increase in harmful intent attribution but there was no interaction with social situation: highly paranoid people showed the same magnitude of increase to non-paranoid people, although from a higher baseline. We conclude that social context affects paranoid attributions but ongoing paranoia represents a lowered threshold for detecting social threat rather than an impaired reactivity to it.
Wise Reasoning Benefits from Emodiversity, Irrespective of Emotional Intensity
Authors: Grossmann Igor , Oakes Harrison , Santos Henri C.
Published: July 2018

The role of emotions in wise reasoning is not well understood. On the one hand, work on emotional regulation suggests downregulating intense emotions may lead to wiser reasoning. On the other hand, emerging work suggests recognizing and balancing emotions provides critical insights into life experiences, suggesting an alternative path to wiser reasoning. We present a series of observational, diary, and experimental studies (N = 3,678) addressing these possibilities, examining how wisdom-related characteristics of reasoning—epistemic humility, recognition of a world in flux/change, self-transcendence, recognition of diverse perspectives on an issue, search for integration of diverse perspectives/compromise—relate to emotional intensity and to emodiversity (i.e., emotional richness and evenness) in a given situation. Across five studies—testing wisdom nominees and examining individual differences and manipulated wise reasoning, it appeared in conjunction with emodiversity, independent of downregulated emotional intensity. The positive association between emodiversity and wisdom-related characteristics occurred consistently for daily challenges, unresolved interpersonal conflicts, as well as political conflicts. The relationship between emotional intensity and wisdom-related characteristics was less systematic, with some studies suggesting a positive (rather than negative) association between emotional intensity and wisdom. Together, these results demonstrate that wise reasoning does not necessarily require uniform emotional downregulation. Instead, wise reasoning can also benefit from a rich and balanced emotional life.
From "Communication Mode" to "Language Access Profile" in Research with DHH Children
Authors: Hall Matthew L
Published: July 2018

For d/Deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) children, “communication mode” is often included as a predictor of performance across a wide range of developmental outcomes; however, the operationalization of communication mode is highly variable and often falls short of what would be ideal. Here, I argue that DHH children, their families and service providers, and the field as a whole would benefit from replacing the concept of “communication mode” with that of “language access profile”: a term that reflects the child’s cumulative experience with various types of communicative input, beginning at birth. Language access profiles are intended to capture the multidimensional and dynamic nature of DHH children’s early experiences with diverse types of communicative input. I present data from a study that presents a new method of estimating individual language access profiles. I also use hierarchical cluster analysis to organize individuals with similar profiles into coherent, data-driven groups. Results suggest that this is a promising approach with strong potential for use in diverse contexts, including education, clinical care, and research.
Social and configural effects on the cognitive dynamics of perspective-taking
Authors: Galati Alexia , Dale Rick , Duran Nicholas
Published: July 2018

How do environmental cues and social perspectives influence perspective selection? Listeners responded to instructions (e.g., “Give me the folder on the right”) from a simulated partner, selecting from two objects consistently aligned with themselves (ego-aligned; Experiment 1a) or the speaker (other-aligned; Experiment1b). In Experiment 2, listeners selected from triangular 3-object configurations whose orientation varied (ego-, other-, or neither-aligned). When the configural cue was other-aligned (consistently or inconsistently: Experiments 1b and 2), listeners were more likely to be other-centric. Other-centric responders stabilized their strategy more quickly when the cue was other-aligned, but their mouse trajectories did not exhibit facilitation (Experiment 1b vs. 1a). In Experiment 2, other-centric responders showed sensitivity to the configural cue, making longer and more complex trajectories on neither-aligned configurations. That cue also influenced how listeners interpreted the front-back terms. Our findings suggest that configural cues can promote an other-centric strategy and its stabilization, influence response dynamics selectively, and impact the interpretation of spatial language.
Why do People Believe in a "True Self"? The Role of Essentialist Reasoning about Personal Identity and the Self
Authors: Christy Andrew Gregory , Schlegel Rebecca Jean , Cimpian Andrei
Published: July 2018

Why do many people come to believe that they and others have a true self? We hypothesized that this belief emerges because people routinely rely on essentialist reasoning to understand personal identity and the self. Across eight studies, we found that (1) the features that participants attributed to the true self resembled the features typically attributed to essences (e.g., immutability, informativeness, inherence; Studies 1–4); (2) endorsement of belief in true selves correlated with endorsement of other essentialist beliefs (Study 5); and (3) experimental manipulations of essentialist beliefs in domains other than the self “spilled over” and affected participants’ endorsement of belief in true selves (Studies 6–8). These findings advance theory on the origins and functions of beliefs about the true self, suggesting that these beliefs are, in part, a specific downstream consequence of the broader tendency to explain phenomena in the world in terms of underlying essences.
Preprint file (FINAL / In Press)
Authors: Kapitány Rohan , Nielsen Mark
Published: July 2018

Rituals are able to transform ordinary objects into extraordinary objects. And while rituals typically do not cause physical changes, they may imbue objects with a particular specialness - a simple gold band may become a wedding ring, while an ordinary dessert may become a birthday cake. To treat such objects as if they were ordinary then becomes inappropriate. How does this transformation take place in the minds of observers, and how do we recognize it when we see it? Here, we suggest that two under-examined elements of ritual need deeper consideration within the context of ritual cognition. We propose a fully integrated operational definition in which these two critical ritual elements - causal opacity and goal demotion - are included. In a pre-registered experiment one-hundred and one adults, in a 2 x 2 mixed-within participants design observed actions performed upon profane objects. These actions were either ordinary (causally transparent and goal apparent) or ritualized (causally opaque and goal demoted), and were described as a blessing, a curse, or were not described at all. Contrary to established findings and pre-registered predictions, we found that ritualized actions alone are not enough to influence perceptions of, and attributions towards objects, and that positive goal information (blessings) are more behaviorally persuasive than negative information. However, we found that participants recalled ritualized action in greater detail and with more specificity than ordinary actions. In effect, we demonstrate that causal opacity and goal information interact to allow us to recognize a ritual as a ritual.
Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire – Dog (RSTPQ-D)
Authors: Piotti Patrizia , Satchell Liam , Lockhart Tom
Published: July 2018

This measure is designed to assess the Reinforcement Sensitivity Personality theory traits in dogs. It is for use by owners or researchers to code the behaviour of dogs they know well. Please note this version of the questionnaire is pre-validation.If using this tool, please cite the measure as the below (or a more recent version):Piotti, P., Satchell, L., & Lockhart, T. (2018, February 1). Impulsivity and Behaviour Problems in Dogs: A Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Perspective. Retrieved from psyarxiv.com/sutdv
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Published: July 2018

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Social Connectedness Improves Public Mental Health: Investigating Bidirectional Relationships in the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Survey
Authors: Saeri Alexander K , Cruwys Tegan , Barlow Fiona , Stronge Sam , Sibley Chris G
Published: July 2018

Background: The importance of social connectedness in supporting public mental health is well established. However, the reverse causal pathway (that psychological ill-health leads to reduced social connectedness) remains a dominant perspective among mental health practitioners. Our analysis aimed to provide a rigorous test of the directionality of this relationship. Method: A cross-lagged panel analysis of a large longitudinal national probability sample (N ≈ 21,227), the New Zealand Attitudes and Values Survey (NZAVS), was used to assess the bidirectional longitudinal relationship between social connectedness and mental health, controlling for baseline levels of both variables and demographics. Results: Social connectedness was found to be a stronger and more consistent predictor of mental health year-on-year than mental health was of social connectedness. Conclusion: These results further demonstrate how the psychological resources conferred by social connectedness can act as a ‘social cure’ for psychological ill-health, and provide the strongest evidence to date for the direction of this relationship in the general community.
A weak scientific basis for gaming disorder: Let us err on the side of caution
Authors: Van Rooij Antonius J. , Ferguson Christopher J. , Colder Carras Michelle , Kardefelt-Winther Daniel , Shi Jing , Przybylski Andrew K
Published: July 2018

We greatly appreciate the care and thought that is evident in the ten commentaries that discuss our debate paper, the majority of which argued in favor of a formalized ICD-11 gaming disorder. We agree that there are some people whose play of video games is related to life problems. We believe that understanding this population and the nature and severity of the problems they experience should be a focus area for future research. However, moving from research construct to formal disorder requires a much stronger evidence base than we currently have. The burden of evidence and the clinical utility should be extremely high because there is a genuine risk of abuse of diagnoses. We provide suggestions about the level of evidence that might be required: transparent and preregistered studies, a better demarcation of the subject area that includes a rationale for focusing on gaming in particular versus a more general behavioral addictions concept, the exploration of non-addiction approaches, and the unbiased exploration of clinical approaches that treat potentially underlying issues such as depressive mood or social anxiety first. We acknowledge there could be benefits to formalizing gaming disorder, many of which were highlighted by colleagues in their commentaries, but we think they do not yet outweigh the wider societal and public health risks involved. Given the gravity of diagnostic classification and its wider societal impact, we urge our colleagues at the WHO to err on the side of caution for now and postpone the formalization.