bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of efficiency droop and carrier localisation in an InGaN/GaN quantum well structure
Authors: Hammersley S. , Badcock T. J. , Watson‐Parris D. , Godfrey M. J. , Dawson P. , Kappers M. J. , Humphreys C. J.
Published: June 2011

It is well known that the efficiency of InGaN LEDs reduces significantly at high injection currents. To date there have been several explanations for this phenomena, although no consensus has emerged as to the controlling mechanism(s). In this paper we report on the temperature dependence of the photoluminescence emission from an InGaN/GaN quantum well structure as a function of excitation level. We have observed a reduction in the S‐shape temperature dependence of the peak of the emission spectrum at an excitation level that coincides with the onset of the efficiency droop. We suggest that both the efficiency droop and the reduction in the observed S‐shape temperature dependence are caused by saturation of the available localised states within the quantum well. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Temperature and time dependent threshold voltage characterization of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors
Authors: Tadjer Marko J. , Horcajo Sara Martín , Anderson Travis J. , Cuerdo Roberto , Hobart Karl D. , Calle Fernando
Published: June 2011

High electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) based on the AlGaN/GaN heterostructure were fabricated with treatments of either CF4 plasma or 19F+ implantation prior to gate deposition. The post‐treatment threshold voltage VT was shifted positively from ‐4.06 V to 0.25 V and ‐0.34 V, respectively. Subsequent 400 °C, up to 10 min furnace annealing increased the transconductance gm in both samples, leading to a two order of magnitude increase in drain current density. The implanted sample improved its VT to ‐0.16 V, whereas the VT of the CF4 plasma‐treated one reverted to ‐1.95 V. Annealing a commercial power HEMT (EPC1012, Efficient Power Conversion Corp.) under identical conditions resulted in stable VT within 1.4% (VT,Rated = 1.4 V). As the ambient temperature was increased to 150 °C, VT of our samples remained within 10% of the room‐temperature values. Reliability stress measurements were performed by applying a VSTRESS of ±1 V or ±2 V for up to 10 minutes. VT of EPC HEMTs increased with temperature and stress polarity, but remained close to specification up to the maximum rated temperature (125 °C) (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photoinduced dichroism and the lack of a field effect
Authors: Johanson Robert E. , Kowalyshyn Matthew , Kasap S. O.
Published: June 2011

The phenomenon of photoinduced dichroism in chalcogenide glasses requires a structural rearrangement of atoms in the localized region where the photon is absorbed. The structural change is facilitated by the energy released during electron‐hole recombination. The dichroism is induced because regions that preferentially absorb the incident polarization will be those that suffer the atomic rearrangements thus bleaching the material for that polarization. A strong electric field should break geminate pairs and transport the electron and hole away from the absorbing region which should quench the photoinduced dichroism. We have searched for such a field effect in glassy arsenic selenide at fields up to 10 V/μm. No decrease in the rate of induced dichroism is observed (the rate actually increases by about 10%) and no change is observed in the stretching parameter when the time dependence is fit to a stretched exponential. These results are consistent with those of other researchers who also failed to find a field effect. The implications of these results for the theory of photoinduced dichroism are discussed. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Impacts of the ice‐cover and sea‐surface temperature on a polar low over the Nordic seas: a numerical case study
Authors: Adakudlu Muralidhar , Barstad Idar
Published: June 2011

Extreme mesoscale weather in the Arctic region consists mainly of cases with shallow fronts that often form in the vicinity of the ice‐edge and intense storms called polar lows. This article describes high‐resolution numerical simulations of a severe weather event that occurred on 1 March 2008 over the Barents Sea. The event was recorded during the IPY–THORPEX field experiments carried out during February and March 2008. The numerical simulations indicated the formation of a low‐pressure system over the Barents Sea on 29 February 2008 due to baroclinic instability. On 1 March, the surface low moved onto the sea‐ice around Spitsbergen and decayed later on. The conditions that prevailed before the dissipation of the surface low were favourable for the formation of a polar low. Two experiments were performed to test the possibilities of triggering a polar low through certain modifications to the surface conditions. In the first experiment, the sea‐ice around Spitsbergen was removed. No polar low developed in this case, since the static stability was too high. In the second experiment, an attempt to reduce the static stability was made by raising the sea‐surface temperature by 5 K. The surface low persisted over the Barents Sea area due to the increased surface heating and led to a strong outbreak of Arctic air over the Norwegian Sea on 2 March. The Arctic‐air outbreak formed a sharp baroclinic zone which was absent in the control simulation. A secondary mesoscale low was triggered near the baroclinic zone over the Norwegian Sea, which grew into an intense polar low with surface winds reaching hurricane force. Formation of the polar low was due to baroclinic instability, whereas convective instability was important during the growth of the low. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Use of noninteger n‐generalized exponential type orbitals with hyperbolic cosine in atomic calculations
Authors: Guseinov I. I. , Ertürk M.
Published: June 2011

The efficiency of noninteger n‐generalized exponential type orbitals (NGETO) rn*−1
e with hyperbolic cosine (HC) cosh (βrμ) as radial basis functions in atomic ground state total energy calculations is studied. By the use of these functions, the combined Hartree‐Fock‐Roothaan calculations have been performed for some closed and open shell neutral atoms and their anions and cations with Z ≤ 21. The performance of new basis functions within the minimal basis framework has been compared with numerical Hartree‐Fock (NHF) results. Our total energy values are significantly close to NHF results. The presented minimal basis total energies obtained from the noninteger NGETO with HC are notably better than minimal basis functions total energies previously reported in the literature. It is found that the accuracy of new noninteger NGETO with HC almost correspond to the accuracy of the conventional double‐zeta functions. All the nonlinear parameters are fully optimized. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
Theoretical investigations on electronic structures and photophysical properties of novel bridged triphenylamine derivatives
Authors: Zhang Zi‐Long , Zou Lu‐Yi , Ren Ai‐Min , Min Chun‐Gang , Sun Ying , Liu Ying‐Fang
Published: June 2011

It has been proved that triphenylamine (TPA) derivatives can be excellent candidates for hole‐transporting materials in organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). To improve on the thermal and morphological stability, a fully diarymethylene‐bridged TPA derivative (FATPA) which has been proven to enhance electroluminescent (EL) efficiency was synthesized. On the basis of FATPA, two series of novel bridged TPA derivatives have been designed by using diarylmethylene (Series A) or dimethyfluorene (Series B) as the linkage between the ortho‐positions of the phenyl rings in this work (see Fig. 1). To reveal the relationships between electronic structures and photophysical properties of these novel functional materials, an in‐depth theoretical investigation was elaborated via quantum chemical calculations using the density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) methods. In addition, the feasibility of using these bridged TPA derivatives as host in the device of ITO/MoO3/NPB/mCP/host:Ir(ppy)3/TAZ/LiF/Al was also evaluated, which including the discussion to their energy levels match with adjacent layers and energy transfer from host to guest. These calculated results show that photophysical properties can be easily tuned by the introduction of various substituent groups into the bridged TPA derivatives, such as the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs), the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs), the energies difference between the HOMOs and LUMOs (ΔH‐L), the lowest singlet (ES) and triplet (ET) excitation energies, ionization potentials (IPs), electron affinities (EAs), reorganization energies (λ) and the absorption and emission spectra, indicating that these bridged TPA derivatives have great potential applications for OLEDs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
Tumor Targeting and Imaging Using Cyclic RGD‐PEGylated Gold Nanoparticle Probes with Directly Conjugated Iodine‐125
Authors: Kim Young‐Hwa , Jeon Jongho , Hong Su Hyun , Rhim Won‐Kyu , Lee Yun‐Sang , Youn Hyewon , Chung June‐Key , Lee Myung Chul , Lee Dong Soo , Kang Keon Wook , Nam Jwa‐Min
Published: June 2011

Radioactive iodine‐labeled, cyclic RGD‐PEGylated gold nanoparticle (AuNP) probes are designed and synthesized for targeting cancer cells and imaging tumor sites. These iodine‐125‐labeled cRGD–PEG–AuNP probes are stable in various conditions including a range of pHs and high salt and temperature conditions. These probes can target selectively and be taken up by tumor cells via integrin αvβ3‐receptor‐mediated endocytosis with no cytotoxicity. The probes show a significant increase in the avidity of αvβ3 integrin compared to the corresponding free cRGD peptides. In‐vivo SPECT/CT imaging results show that the iodine‐125‐labeled cRGD–PEG–AuNP probes can target the tumor site as soon as 10 min after injection, and also that cyclic RGD peptides are needed for efficient and long‐term in‐vivo monitoring. The results suggest that the probes circulate through the whole body, including renal filtration, and are excretable. These promising results show that radioactive‐iodine‐labeled gold nanoprobes have potential for highly specific and sensitive tumor imaging or for use as angiogenesis‐targeted SPECT/CT imaging probes.
The ubiquitin‐ and SUMO‐dependent signaling response to DNA double‐strand breaks
Authors: Bekker-Jensen Simon , Mailand Niels
Published: June 2011

DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs) represent the most destructive type of chromosomal lesion and trigger rapid chromatin restructuring accompanied by accumulation of proteins in the vicinity of the DSB. Non‐proteolytic ubiquitylation of chromatin surrounding DSBs, mediated by the RNF8/RNF168 ubiquitin ligase cascade, has emerged as a key mechanism for restoration of genome integrity by licensing the DSB‐modified chromatin to concentrate genome caretaker proteins such as 53BP1 and BRCA1 near the lesions. In parallel, SUMOylation of upstream DSB regulators is also required for execution of this ubiquitin‐dependent chromatin response, but its molecular basis is currently unclear. Here, we discuss recent insights into how ubiquitin‐ and SUMO‐dependent signaling processes cooperate to orchestrate protein interactions with sites of DNA damage to facilitate DSB repair.
H2 optimal actuator and sensor placement in the linearised complex Ginzburg–Landau system
Authors: CHEN KEVIN K. , ROWLEY CLARENCE W.
Published: June 2011

The linearised complex Ginzburg–Landau equation is a model for the evolution of small fluid perturbations, such as in a bluff body wake. By implementing actuators and sensors and designing an H2 optimal controller, we control a supercritical, infinite-domain formulation of this system. We seek the optimal actuator and sensor placement that minimises the H2 norm of the controlled system, from flow disturbances and sensor noise to a cost on the perturbation and input magnitudes. We formulate the gradient of the H2 squared norm with respect to the actuator and sensor placements and iterate towards the optimal placement. When stochastic flow disturbances are present everywhere in the spatial domain, it is optimal to place the actuator just upstream of the origin and the sensor just downstream. With pairs of actuators and sensors, it is optimal to place each actuator slightly upstream of each corresponding sensor, and scatter the pairs throughout the spatial domain. When disturbances are only introduced upstream, the optimal placement shifts upstream as well. Global mode and Gramian analyses fail to predict the optimal placement; they produce H2 norms about five times higher than at the true optimum. The wavemaker region is a better guess for the optimal placement.
Bubble entrapment during sphere impact onto quiescent liquid surfaces
Authors: MARSTON J. O. , VAKARELSKI I. U. , THORODDSEN S. T.
Published: June 2011

We report observations of air bubble entrapment when a solid sphere impacts a quiescent liquid surface. Using high-speed imaging, we show that a small amount of air is entrapped at the bottom tip of the impacting sphere. This phenomenon is examined across a broad range of impact Reynolds numbers, 0.2 ≤ Re = (DU0/νl) ≤ 1.2 × 105. Initially, a thin air pocket is formed due to the lubrication pressure in the air layer between the sphere and the liquid surface. As the liquid surface deforms, the liquid contacts the sphere at a finite radius, producing a thin sheet of air which usually contracts to a nearly hemispherical bubble at the bottom tip of the sphere depending on the impact parameters and liquid properties. When a bubble is formed, the final bubble size increases slightly with the sphere diameter, decreases with impact speed but appears independent of liquid viscosity. In contrast, for the largest viscosities tested herein, the entrapped air remains in the form of a sheet, which subsequently deforms upon close approach to the base of the tank. The initial contact diameter is found to conform to scalings based on the gas Reynolds number whilst the initial thickness of the air pocket or ‘dimple’ scales with a Stokes' number incorporating the influence of the air viscosity, sphere diameter and impact speed and liquid density.
Liquid spreading on superhydrophilic micropillar arrays
Authors: KIM SEONG JIN , MOON MYOUNG-WOON , LEE KWANG-RYEOL , LEE DAE-YOUNG , CHANG YOUNG SOO , KIM HO-YOUNG
Published: June 2011

When a drop is deposited on a superhydrophilic micropillar array, the upper part of the drop (referred to as the bulk) collapses while the bottom part penetrates into the gaps of the array, forming a fringe film. Here we quantify the early stage dynamics of this process using a combination of experiment and theory. We show that the circular front of the fringe film spreads like t1/2, t being time, when coupled to the bulk flow. However, the film is found to advance like t1/3 through faceted zippering in the absence of the bulk. We then show that the spreading of the bulk and the entire drop footprint follows a power law (t1/4) that is different from Washburn's law. This work can be a starting point to completely understand the spreading of liquids on superhydrophilic surfaces and opens questions specific to superwetting behaviour including the criteria to determine whether the fringe film will expand through lateral zipping or advance radially outwards.
Straight-sided solutions to classical and modified plume flux equations
Authors: KAYE N. B. , SCASE M. M.
Published: June 2011

The classical plume model due to Morton, Taylor & Turner (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, vol. 234, 1956, pp. 1–23) is re-cast in terms of the non-dimensional plume radius, the plume ‘laziness’ defined as the squared ratio of the source radius and the jet length, and the buoyancy flux. It is shown that many of the key results of this classical model can then be read straight from the equations without recourse to solving them. Based on this observation, derivative models that consider plumes propagating through stratified environments or undergoing chemical reactions are similarly re-cast. We show again that key results can be read straight from the governing equations and results that have previously only been demonstrated numerically can be found analytically. In particular, we unify two previously distinct models that consider plumes propagating through stable and unstable stratified environments whose stratification has a power-law dependence on height. We present analytical solutions for the range of stratification power-law decay rates for which straight-sided plumes are possible. This result unifies the sets of solutions by Batchelor (Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., vol. 80, 1954, pp. 339–358) and Caulfield & Woods (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 360, 1998, pp. 229–248). We are able to explain the unstable behaviour previously found when the power lies in the range (−4, −8/3). Finally we show that this method also has limited advantages when applied to plumes with unsteady source conditions.
Whither Kashmir Studies?: A Review
Authors: ZUTSHI CHITRALEKHA
Published: June 2011

This paper explores the current state of the field of Kashmir Studies and argues that, whilst scholarship on Kashmir has come a long way since the decades after Indian independence and partition, the political situation in the region continues to cast a long shadow over writings on Kashmir. Nevertheless, and despite the continued difficulties associated with research within Kashmir, a new generation of scholars has emerged at the turn of the twenty-first century, whose writings transcend geographical and political determinism as well as the discourse of Kashmiri exceptionalism, to present Kashmir as a complex, but not unique, entity, that has been shaped by multiple influences. In addition, this scholarship explores the ideas that have given Kashmir a particular shape in our imaginations, through analysis of a variety of sources, including poetry, art, film, and oral histories. A lot remains to be done, however, particularly in the field of Kashmir's medieval and pre-modern history, and in the application of theoretical approaches such as borderlands to the region's past and present.
Do children see the danger in dangerous? Grade 4, 6, and 8 children's reading of morphologically complex words
Authors: DEACON S. HÉLÈNE , WHALEN RACHEL , KIRBY JOHN R.
Published: June 2011

We examined whether Grade 4, 6, and 8 children access the base form when reading morphologically complex words. We asked children to read words varying systematically in the frequency of the surface and base forms and in the transparency of the base form. At all grade levels, children were faster at reading derived words with high rather than low base frequencies when the words were of low surface frequency. Effects of the frequency and transparency of the base form on word reading accuracy occurred only in Grades 4 and 6. The results add to the growing body of evidence that children access the morphological structure of the words that they encounter in print.
Morpheme frequency effects in Dutch complex word reading: A developmental perspective
Authors: VERHOEVEN LUDO , SCHREUDER ROB
Published: June 2011

This study examined to what extent advanced and beginning readers, including dyslexic readers of Dutch, make use of morphological access units in the reading of polymorphemic words. Therefore, experiments were carried out in which the role of singular root form frequency in reading plural word forms was investigated in a lexical decision task with both adults and children. Twenty-three adult readers, 37 8-year-old children from Grade 3, 43 11-year-old children from Grade 6, and 33 11-year-old dyslexic readers were presented with a lexical decision task in which we contrasted plural word forms with a high versus low frequency of the singular root form. For the adults, it was found that the accuracy and speed of lexical decision is determined by the surface frequency of the plural word form. The frequency of the constituent root form played a role as well, but in the low-frequency plural words only. Furthermore, a strong developmental effect regarding the accuracy and speed of reading plural word forms was found. An effect of plural word form frequency on word identification was evidenced in all groups. The singular root form frequency also had an impact of the reading of the plural word forms. In the normal reading and dyslexic children, plurals with a high-frequency singular root form were read more accurately and faster than plurals with a low singular root frequency. It can be concluded that constituent morphemes have an impact on the reading of polymorphemic words. The results can be explained in the light of a word experience model leaving room for morphological constituency to play a role in the lexical access of complex words as a function of reading skill and experience and word and morpheme frequency.
How specific is the connection between morphological awareness and spelling? A study of French children
Authors: CASALIS S. , DEACON S. H. , PACTON S.
Published: June 2011

This study examined the relationship between morphological awareness and spelling. We show that French children in Grades 3 and 4 appear to use morphological information in spelling; spelling of sounds for which there are several alternatives was more accurate in derived than in nonderived words. The link between morphological awareness and spelling seems to be general, given that morphological awareness correlated with multiple spelling scores, including those that did not involve morphology. Further, the relationship between spelling and morphological awareness seems to be affected by both the developmental level of the child and the phonological structure of the items in the morphological awareness task. We discuss the implications of this research for clarifying the relationship between morphological awareness and spelling.
Debt Collection in the Less Developed Regions of China: An Empirical Study from a Basic-Level Court in Shaanxi Province
Authors: He Xin
Published: June 2011

Contrary to the prevailing view in the literature that Chinese courts have been notoriously incompetent in enforcement, this article contends that the situation may not be so bad. Based on in-depth fieldwork investigations of 60 debt collection cases at a basic-level court in the less developed hinterland region of China, this study finds that the majority of plaintiffs recover most of their debts through the court. Local protectionism persists, but seems to be contained within legal rules. Nevertheless, the underdeveloped economy of the region has limited the effectiveness of several core judicial reform measures. Unlike the situation in more developed regions, the forces of economic development outside the court have not been significant enough to reshape the power structure inside the court. The overall situation suggests, however, that China's efforts in the field of legal reform, including the promulgation of substantive laws as well as strengthened institution-building have, in general, been conducive to the effective processing of routine debt collection cases.
From Dispute to Decision: Suing Polluters in China
Authors: Stern Rachel E.
Published: June 2011

This article traces a civil environmental lawsuit from dispute to decision to explore how environmental law works, as well as how lawyers and litigants try to work the law. Detailing ground-level encounters with a legal system promoted and carefully watched by political elites offers a fresh perspective on the ways the past 30 years of legal reforms have affected the experience of China's court users. Amid accounts of financial stress, lawyer–client tensions and the hunt for elite allies, what emerges is a story of variation. Although plaintiffs and lawyers agree that environmental cases are hard and wringing concessions out of polluters requires remarkable persistence, the process sometimes creaks forward so that appraisals are conducted on time, help is solicited and compensation won. How Chinese courts work (and how well they work) depends on local circumstances, an insight that suggests that disaggregating expansive concepts like rule of law is a helpful way to explore complexity instead of glossing over it.
The Making of an Intellectual Hero: Chinese Narratives of Qian Xuesen
Authors: Wang Ning
Published: June 2011

Between 1991 and 2001, Qian Xuesen, China's leading missile expert, was given an array of honourable titles by the state, followed by eulogistic narratives by the media and his biographers. This article analyses three forms of Chinese narratives about Qian: commendations from the state, stories told by his biographers, and Qian's self-presentation. It aims to show that although the CCP showered Qian with compliments seemingly because of his contributions to China's national defence and space programmes, the real reasons were Qian's political fidelity and the Party's aim to build a role model for intellectuals to emulate. The article demonstrates that Maoist practices of “hero construction” and using history for the present persist in the post-Mao period with some variations, and that the writings of “unofficial history” are heavily influenced by official history.
Agricultural Technology Extension and Adoption in China: A Case from Kaizuo Township, Guizhou Province
Authors: Juanwen Yuan , Niehof Anke
Published: June 2011

This article describes agricultural technology extension, access to channels of information and adoption of agricultural technology in rural Guizhou, China. It addresses the questions of whether the agricultural technology extension process matches the needs of the villagers and whether in using extension services and adopting technologies there are differences between older and younger cohorts of farming households. Few farming households can get formal extension services and their main channels of information are neighbours, relatives and friends. Older cohort households like to learn by experience, while younger ones like to use written materials. There also appear to be differences in the ways women and men adopt technologies. Technology delivery and farming households’ needs are not well matched. Finally, the migration context has an influence on the suitability of technologies and the feasibility of applying them.
First Passage Percolation on the Erdős–Rényi Random Graph
Authors: BHAMIDI SHANKAR , VAN DER HOFSTAD REMCO , HOOGHIEMSTRA GERARD
Published: June 2011

In this paper we explore first passage percolation (FPP) on the Erdős–Rényi random graph Gn(pn), where we assign independent random weights, having an exponential distribution with rate 1, to the edges. In the sparse regime, i.e., when npn → λ > 1, we find refined asymptotics both for the minimal weight of the path between uniformly chosen vertices in the giant component, as well as for the hopcount (i.e., the number of edges) on this minimal weight path. More precisely, we prove a central limit theorem for the hopcount, with asymptotic mean and variance both equal to (λ log n)/(λ − 1). Furthermore, we prove that the minimal weight centred by (log n)/(λ − 1) converges in distribution.

We also investigate the dense regime, where npn → ∞. We find that although the base graph is ultra-small (meaning that graph distances between uniformly chosen vertices are o(log n)), attaching random edge weights changes the geometry of the network completely. Indeed, the hopcount Hn satisfies the universality property that whatever the value of pn, Hn/log n → 1 in probability and, more precisely, (Hn − βn log n)/, where βn = λn/(λn − 1), has a limiting standard normal distribution. The constant βn can be replaced by 1 precisely when λn ≫ , a case that has appeared in the literature (under stronger conditions on λn) in [4, 13]. We also find lower bounds for the maximum, over all pairs of vertices, of the optimal weight and hopcount.

This paper continues the investigation of FPP initiated in [4] and [5]. Compared to the setting on the configuration model studied in [5], the proofs presented here are much simpler due to a direct relation between FPP on the Erdős–Rényi random graph and thinned continuous-time branching processes.
Religious Tolerance, Diversity, and Pluralism
Authors: Byrne Peter
Published: June 2011

The theme of this paper can be introduced in this way: does a pluralist approach to religion entail a pluralist approach to religion? My theme is notthatodd, because I have two notions of pluralism in mind. There is what I will call ‘tolerant pluralism’ and what I will call ‘religious pluralism’. And thus my question is ‘Does tolerant pluralism re religion entail religious pluralism?’
Explaining the Fine Tuning of the Universe to Us and the Fine Tuning of Us to the Universe
Authors: Mawson T. J.
Published: June 2011

I shall start, if you will permit me, by indicating how I shall be understanding a couple of crucial terms, what I shall be meaning when I talk this evening of ‘the universe’ and of ‘God’.
The Incarnation: divine embodiment and the divided mind
Authors: Le Poidevin Robin
Published: June 2011

The central doctrine of traditional Christianity, the doctrine of the Incarnation, is that the Second Person of the Trinity lived a human existence on Earth as Jesus Christ for a finite period. In the words of the Nicene Creed, the Son is him

who for us men, and for our salvation, came down from heaven, and was incarnate by the Holy Ghost of the Virgin Mary, and was made man.
Peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerase Pin1 in ageing, cancer and Alzheimer disease
Authors: Lee Tae Ho , Pastorino Lucia , Lu Kun Ping
Published: June 2011

Phosphorylation of proteins on serine or threonine residues preceding proline is a key signalling mechanism in diverse physiological and pathological processes. Pin1 (peptidyl-prolyl cis–trans isomerase) is the only enzyme known that can isomerise specific Ser/Thr-Pro peptide bonds after phosphorylation and regulate their conformational changes with high efficiency. These Pin1-catalysed conformational changes can have profound effects on phosphorylation signalling by regulating a spectrum of target activities. Interestingly, Pin1 deregulation is implicated in a number of diseases, notably ageing and age-related diseases, including cancer and Alzheimer disease. Pin1 is overexpressed in most human cancers; it activates numerous oncogenes or growth enhancers and also inactivates a large number of tumour suppressors or growth inhibitors. By contrast, ablation of Pin1 prevents cancer, but eventually leads to premature ageing and neurodegeneration. Consistent with its neuroprotective role, Pin1 has been shown to be inactivated in neurons of patients with Alzheimer disease. Therefore, Pin1-mediated phosphorylation-dependent prolyl isomerisation represents a unique signalling mechanism that has a pivotal role in the development of human diseases, and might offer an attractive new diagnostic and therapeutic target.
Open international markets without exclusion: encompassing domestic political institutions, international organization, and self-contained regimes
Authors: Phelan William
Published: June 2011

The politics of open international markets are frequently characterized as a Prisoners’ Dilemma, where states’ incentives to adopt protectionist policies are restrained by trading partners’ threat or use of retaliatory exclusion mechanisms. However, because Ricardian theories of comparative advantage suggest that unilateral trade openness enhances aggregate welfare, states whose domestic political institutions are encompassing – where the policymaker is responsive to a large proportion of the population and can authoritatively coordinate policy across diverse issues – have incentives to support open international markets without the threat or use of retaliatory mechanisms by other states. This explanation for the existence of an open international market has implications for theoretical and empirical research in international organization, as well as for discussions on the possibility of ‘self-contained regimes’ in international legal scholarship.
Mapping burned area in Alaska using MODIS data: a data limitations-driven modification to the regional burned area algorithm
Authors: Loboda Tatiana V. , Hoy Elizabeth E. , Giglio Louis , Kasischke Eric S.
Published: June 2011

With the recently observed and projected trends of growing wildland fire occurrence in high northern latitudes, satellite-based burned area mapping in these regions is becoming increasingly important for scientific and fire management communities. Coarse- and moderate-resolution remotely sensed data products are the only viable source of comprehensive and timely estimates of burned area in remote, sparsely populated regions. Several MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)-based burned area products for Alaska are currently available. However, our research shows that the existing burned area products underestimate the extent of the effect of fire by 15–70%. Environmental conditions limit the effective observation of land surface in Alaska to the period between May and September. These limitations are particularly noticeable in mapping late-season fires. Here we present an ecosystem-based modification to a previously developed burned area mapping approach designed to enhance the algorithm performance in Alaska. The mapping results show a consistently high performance of the adjusted algorithm in mapping burned areas in Alaska during large (2004 and 2005) and small (2006 and 2007) fire years. The adjusted burned area product maps burned areas identified by the Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity products with the overall accuracy of 90–93% and Kappa of 0.67–0.75%.
WATER metaphors and metonymies in Chinese
Authors: Nie Yaning , Chen Rong
Published: June 2011

This paper studies how the concept WATER is metonymically and metaphorically extended to six super-domains: NATURE, LIFE SUSTAINER, MOVEMENT, POWER, PURITY, and WOMAN. We demonstrate that these six target domains are related to each other in intricate ways and within each are a number of sub-domains. This complicated semantic network of WATER is formed via speakers’ embodied experience with their physical as well as cultural environment. We believe that our detailed discussion of the WATER network will contribute to the current research on the relationship between metaphor and metonymy.
The rhetorical relations approach to indirect speech acts
Authors: Clapp Lenny
Published: June 2011

Asher and Lascarides (2003) maintain that speech act types, the sorts of linguistic actions described and categorized, most influentially, by Austin (1962) and Searle (1969, 1979) are rhetorical relations. This relational account of speech acts is problematic for two reasons: Despite Asher and Lascarides (2001) ingenious appeal to dot type speech acts, the relational account is incompatible with the widespread phenomenon of indirect speech; only some speech acts are plausibly identified with rhetorical relations. These problems can be solved if a distinction between two kinds of speech act is recognized: Discourse-structuring speech acts are performed upon utterances and thus are plausibly identified with rhetorical relations, while non-discourse-structuring speech acts are performed upon conversational participants and thus are not plausibly identified with such relations. The typologies for these two kinds of speech acts cut across one another, and this suggests a promising approach to the phenomenon of indirect speech acts.
Developing linguistic register across text types
Authors: Ravid Dorit , Berman Ruth A.
Published: June 2011

The study considers the topic of linguistic register by examining how schoolchildren, adolescents, and adults vary the texts that they construct across the dimensions of modality (spoken/written discourse) and genre (narrative/expository discourse). Although register variation is presumably universal, it is realized in language-specific ways, and so our analysis focuses on Israeli Hebrew, a language that evolved under peculiar socio-historical circumstances. An original procedure for characterizing register — as low, neutral, or high — was applied to four text types produced by the same speaker-writers. We found that across all age groups, “neutral” items constituted the bulk of the material, and that the lexicon accounted for some 80% of variation. Developmentally, we found that acquisition of fully flexible register variation continues beyond adolescence. Finally, we observed that text types range on a cline from everyday colloquial usage in oral narratives to more formal, high-level language in written expository essays. These results are discussed in light of their implications for the nature of register variation, later language development, and the sociolinguistics of contemporary Hebrew.
The problem of fragments
Authors: Harnish Robert M.
Published: June 2011

We do not always talk in complete sentences; we sometimes speak in “fragments”, such as ‘Fire!’, ‘Off with his head’, ‘From Cuba’, ‘Next!’, and ‘Shall we?’. Research has tended to focus on the ellipsis wars — the issue of whether all or most fragments are really sentential or not. Less effort has been put into the question of exactly how fragments are to be interpreted, especially their force. We separate off the issue of fragment interpretation from the issue of systematically accounting for their linguistic properties — the issue of how to generate fragments. We review two projects directed at the issue of fragment interpretation: Stainton (2006), who approaches the issue obliquely (concentrating more on legitimizing the use of fragments and its consequences), and Barton (1990), who approaches the issue of interpretation directly and systematically. We find areas of agreement and disagreement with both studies. In the end we conclude that what may be needed is a more speech act oriented approach, one that fits fragment interpretation into a framework for performing, and communicating through, speech acts in general.
Semantic prime HAPPEN in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Tien Adrian
Published: June 2011

HAPPEN is a member of the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) inventory of primes (cf. Goddard and Wierzbicka (eds) 1994, 2002). Its English exponent ‘happen’ has been popularly expounded as fa1sheng1 in Mandarin Chinese (e.g., Chappell 2002). This article argues that fa1sheng1 is not the correct exponent of HAPPEN as it is marked for ‘adversity’ as well as what I call ‘serious mention’ or ‘noteworthiness’ of the event, i.e., that an event is sufficiently serious or noteworthy to fare a mention. This article puts forward you3 lit. ‘have, exist, happen’ and zen3(me)yang4/zhe4(me)yang4 lit. ‘like how/like this’ instead, as allolexic exponents of HAPPEN in Mandarin Chinese. Though highly polysemous each in its own way, the HAPPEN sense of you3 and zen3(me)yang4/zhe4(me)yang4 can, respectively, be shown to be semantically irreducible and pragmatically neutral. This article delineates some of the syntactic and contextual distribution attesting to the viability of you3 and zen3(me)yang4/zhe4(me)yang4 as expounding HAPPEN.
The rationality of legal argumentation
Authors: Azuelos-Atias Sol
Published: June 2011

According to Dascal (1998), controversy is characterised by a special kind of rationality, one result thereof being the unique contribution of this kind of polemics to the growth of knowledge. This, in turn, implies that complete cooperation may be detrimental for the efficiency of communication. In this article I discuss the kind of rationality that characterises controversy in legal discourse, in order to provide additional support to Dascal’s thesis about the uniqueness of the rationality of this kind of polemic exchange. I present empirical evidence supporting the conclusion that we may characterise the rationality inherent in controversy by its tolerance to inconsistency; I elucidate the tolerance to inconsistency of the rationality of legal polemic by showing that the norms recommended by the Israeli Supreme Court in the domain of conjugal relationships between men and women verge on inconsistency: On the one hand, the legal system defends the right of women over their bodies, including a woman’s right to establish a romantic relationship, regardless of the nature of the relationship she has with other men; on the other hand, the court acknowledges a man’s uncontrolled tendency to impose monogamous behaviour on his female partner.
Taking the language stance in a material world
Authors: Tylén Kristian , Bjørndahl Johanne Stege , Weed Ethan
Published: June 2011

This paper investigates a special kind of social meaning-making manifest in how we experience static objects and properties of our everyday world. This happens, for example, when we recognize objects like vacuum cleaners, sliced tomatoes, and sneakers as placed in special sites in the environment. Given the compositional features of such images, we see them as designed to accomplish communicative functions. It is argued that object configurations of this kind are recognized as externalized ostensive
cues. They are seen as having been created with the intention of setting off an intersubjective mode of perception. This significantly changes the perceiver’s semiotic exploration of the scene. From a ‘private’ mode of sense-making mostly structured by reference to episodic, autobiographical experiential content, the perceiver takes a language stance. In other words, the perceiver adopts a qualitatively different meaning-constructing strategy in dealing with such images. Defending this claim, we present evidence from an empirical investigation of 20 participants’ construals of photographic images depicting everyday static objects. We show that a subset of these object configurations (signals) evoke a special kind of socially responsive attitude as manifested in participants’ introspective reports. The importance of these findings is brought out by discussion of parallels in neuro-cognitive work and how ostensive cues influence infant behavior.
Assertion and false-belief attribution
Authors: Jary Mark
Published: June 2011

The ability to attribute false-beliefs to others — the hallmark of a representational theory of mind — has been shown to be reliant on linguistic ability, specifically on competence in sentential complementation after verbs of communication and cognition such as ‘say that’ and ‘think that’. The reason commonly put forward for this is that these structures provide a representational format which enables the child to think about another’s thoughts. The paper offers an alternative explanation. Drawing on the work of the philosophers Michael Dummett and Robert Brandom, it argues that the available data better fits an account that grounds the notion of representation in the commitments undertaken by asserters. The competence in sentential complementation that precedes false-belief attribution is viewed as a result of the child developing a meta-awareness of the syntactic forms employed in assertion. This meta-awareness gives the child access to discourse about the commitments undertaken by speakers and the consequences of these for their behaviour. This understanding constitutes the child’s grasp of the representational nature of discourse and thought. The paper thus offers an illocutionary account of theory-of-mind development.
A commentary on Mel Rutherford’s ‘On the use and misuse of the “two children” brainteaser’
Authors: Bar-Hillel Maya
Published: June 2011

Rutherford (2010) criticizes the way some people have analyzed the 2-children problem, claiming (correctly) that slight nuances in the problem’s formulation can change the correct answer. However, his own data demonstrate that even when there is a unique correct answer, participants give intuitive answers that differ from it systematically — replicating the data reported by those he criticizes. Thus, his critique reduces to an admonition to use care in formulating and analyzing this brainteaser — which is always a good idea — but contributes little what is known, analytically or empirically, about the 2-children problem.
All in the Family: Extended Autonomy and Expectations in Surrogate Health Care Decision-Making1
Authors: High Dallas M.
Published: June 2011

Examined were elderly persons' preferences and expectations for advance directives and surrogate health care decision-making in the event of decisional incapacity. Exploratory findings are presented from in-depth interviews of a sample of men and women aged 67 to 91 (n = 40). The view that elderly people have a strong expectation for familial decision-making in the event of long term care and perceive this reliance as a means of extended autonomy was supported by the findings.
Revisiting the Biomedicalization of Aging: Clinical Trends and Ethical Challenges
Authors: Kaufman Sharon R. , Shim Janet K. , Russ Ann J.
Published: June 2011

Developments in the realms of medical innovation and geriatric clinical intervention impact our understanding of the nature of late life, the possibilities for health in advanced age, medical decision making, and family responsibility in ways that could not have been predicted 15 years ago. This essay begins to map new forms of biomedicalization in the U.S. and to underscore their emergence in a new ethical field. We suggest that a new kind of ethical knowledge is emerging through “routine” clinical care, and we offer examples from the following interventions: cardiac procedures, kidney dialysis, and kidney transplant. This new ethical knowledge is characterized by the difficulty of saying “no” to life-extending interventions, regardless of age. We explore the intensification of the biomedicalization of old age through a discussion of three features of the new ethical field: (a) the ways in which routine medical care overshadows choice; (b) the transformation of the technological imperative to a moral imperative; and (c) the coupling of hope with the normalization and routinization of life-extending interventions. We argue that societal expectations about longevity and standard medical care come together today in a shifting ethics of normalcy, with unexplored socio-cultural ramifications.
Sound scattering by free surface piercing and fluid-loaded cylindrical shells
Authors: Avital Eldad J. , Miloh Touvia
Published: June 2011

A vertical flexible, thin, cylindrical shell is considered to be clamped to a rigid base in shallow water and piercing its surface. The shell is composed of an isotropic and homogeneous material and may be empty inside or filled with compressible fluid. Linear acoustics and structural dynamics are used to model sound scattering caused by an external incident sound wave. A solution is derived using a Fourier transform in the tangential and vertical directions. A collocation technique coupled with an orthogonalization procedure is used to account for the edge conditions of the shell. It is shown that zero sound scattering, indicating acoustic invisibility, is theoretically attainable and can be achieved when a continuous distribution of an oscillating pressure load is applied on the shell’s wall. Similarly, zero sound transmission into the shell’s inner fluid can also be considered. The possibility of using a pre-determined discrete distribution of the applied pressure load is also discussed. The derived equations are numerically solved to examine sound scattering by a thin aluminium shell in shallow water.
Transient motions of an oscillating system caused by forcing terms proportional to the velocity of the structural motion
Authors: Gudmestad Ove T.
Published: June 2011

Damping limits the motions of an oscillator, which is a dynamic system. The selection of formulations for damping is discussed. If the forcing of the dynamic system contains terms that are proportional to the velocity of motion of the oscillator (drag-type forcing functions), these effects will additionally contribute to dampening the oscillations. Should the total damping under certain conditions become apparently negative, the oscillations will grow until the damping has again become positive. Investigations into damping effects that apparently are negative, and discussions where apparent negative damping might appear in practical applications are of great interest.