bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of Endovascular Treatment versus Standard Medical Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke with Basilar Artery Occlusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Chen Jia-Hung , Lin Sheng-Chieh , Hong Chien-Tai , Chan Lung
Published: October 2023

Background: Although endovascular treatment (EVT) is beneficial for large vessel occlusion in anterior circulation stroke, whether these benefits exist for basilar artery occlusion (BAO) remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis compared the outcomes of patients with BAO undergoing EVT and standard medical treatment (SMT). Methods: The PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for eligible randomized control trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs involving patients with acute ischemic stroke and BAO undergoing EVT or SMT. The following outcomes were assessed: 90-day functional outcomes (favorable outcome and functional independence: modified Rankin scale [mRS] score of 0–3 or 0–2, respectively), mortality, and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) incidence. The summary effect sizes were determined as risk ratios (RRs) through the Mantel–Haenszel method with a random-effects model. Results: Four RCTs and four non-RCTs were included. Compared with SMT, EVT resulted in a higher proportion of patients with 90-day mRS scores of 0–3 (RR: 1.54 [1.16–2.06] in RCTs and 1.88 [1.11–3.19] in non-RCTs), a higher proportion of patients achieving functional independence (90-day mRS score of 0–2; RR: 1.83 [1.07–3.12] and 1.84 [0.97–3.48], respectively), a lower risk of mortality (RR: 0.76 [0.65–0.89] and 0.72 [0.62–0.83], respectively), and a higher sICH risk (RR: 5.98 [2.11–16.97] and 4.95 [2.40–10.23], respectively). Severe neurological deficits, intravenous thrombolysis, and higher posterior circulation Acute Stroke Prognosis Early Computed Tomography Score (pc-ASPECTS) were associated with EVT benefits. Conclusion: In patients with BAO, EVT results in superior functional outcomes, lower mortality risk, and higher sICH risk than does SMT, independent of age and sex. Higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores, intravenous thrombolysis, and higher pc-ASPECTSs before treatment are associated with greater benefits from EVT.
Additive Manufacturing of Lightweight Gypsum and Expanded Polystyrene Granulate Composite
Authors: Bumanis Girts , Sapata Alise , Sinka Maris , Spurina Ella , Bajare Diana
Published: October 2023

Additive manufacturing by 3D printing has emerged as a promising construction method offering numerous advantages, including reduced material usage and construction waste, faster build times, and optimized architectural forms. One area where 3D printing’s potential remains largely unexplored is in combination with lightweight materials, especially lightweight gypsum. This research paper explores the potential of combining 3D printing technology with lightweight gypsum-based composites to extend the relatively limited gypsum application possibilities in the construction industry. The study investigates the use of expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads as an aggregate in gypsum composites, focusing on the printability of the mixture and hardened state mechanical properties in various print directions. Mechanical tests reveal that 3D printing can reduce the compressive strength of the EPS–gypsum composite by between 3% and 32%, and the flexural strength by up to 22%, depending on testing direction. However, the technology opens up new production possibilities for applications where such strength can be sufficient. The study describes that a slight increase in the water-to-gypsum (W/G) ratio in 3D-printed mortars enhances homogeneity and reduces porosity, resulting in improved structural uniformity and therefore higher flexural and compressive strength values. Furthermore, the paper discusses the mechanical anisotropy observed in 3D-printed samples. The combination of 3D printing technology and lightweight gypsum offers the potential for sustainable construction practices by reusing waste materials and creating lightweight, thermally and acoustically insulative, as well as architecturally diverse building components.
Clinical and Biochemical Evaluation of the Use of Alb-PRF versus L-PRF in Mandibular Third Molar Extractions: A Split-Mouth Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Javid Kayvon , Mourão Carlos Fernando , Mello-Machado Rafael Coutinho , Sartoretto Suelen Cristina , Torres Madelaine , Stellet Lourenço Emanuelle , Leite Paulo Emilio Correa , Granjeiro José Mauro , Alves Gutemberg Gomes , Calasans-Maia Monica Diuana
Published: October 2023

Bone tissue engineering seeks biomaterials that enable cell migration, angiogenesis, matrix deposition, and tissue regeneration. Blood concentrates like platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) offer a cost-effective source of cells and growth factors to enhance healing. The present study aimed to evaluate heated serum albumin with liquid PRF (Alb-PRF) and L-PRF clinically and biochemically after placement in dental sockets following mandibular third molar extraction. In a controlled, split-mouth study involving 10 volunteers, 20 extracted molars were treated with either Alb-PRF or L-PRF. Post-extraction, pain, trismus, infection presence, and swelling were measured. The concentrations of different analytes in the surgical sites were also examined. The data were statistically analyzed, with significance defined at p < 0.05 (t-test). No significant difference was noted between the groups for pain and trismus, but Alb-PRF showed a significant reduction in swelling on day seven. The Alb-PRF group showed lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (GM-CSF, IL-1b, IL-6, IFNy, IL-8, IL-15, RANTES, and MIP-1a) after seven days, with only higher expressions of MIP-1b, IL-1b, and MCP-1 found in the L-PRF group. Differences were observed in the release of analytes between L-PRF and Alb-PRF, with Alb-PRF significantly reducing edema after seven days. Alb-PRF reduced edema, while L-PRF increased inflammatory cytokines. When compared to L-PRF, Alb-PRF reduced edema and the release of inflammatory cytokines, suggesting promising effects in socket healing while underscoring the role of growth factors and cytokines in potential applications of blood concentrates.
Novel Universal Bond Containing Bioactive Monomer Promotes Odontoblast Differentiation In Vitro
Authors: Rao Yaxin , Qiu Youjing , Altankhishig Bayarchimeg , Matsuda Yasuhiro , Hasan Md Riasat , Saito Takashi
Published: October 2023

The development of multifunctional materials has been expected in dentistry. This study investigated the effects of a novel universal bond containing a bioactive monomer, calcium 4-methacryloxyethyl trimellitic acid (CMET), on odontoblast differentiation in vitro. Eluates from bioactive universal bond with CMET (BA (+), BA bond), bioactive universal bond without CMET (BA (−)), and Scotchbond Universal Plus adhesive (SC, 3M ESPE, USA) were added to the culture medium of the rat odontoblast-like cell line MDPC-23. Then, cell proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization were examined. Statistical analyses were performed using a one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSDtest. The cell counting kit-8 assay and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay showed that cell proliferation and ALP were significantly higher in the 0.5% BA (+) group than in the other groups. In a real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, mRNA expression of the odontogenic markers, dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP-1), was significantly higher in the 0.5% BA (+) group than in the BA (−) and SC groups. Calcific nodule formation in MDPC-23 cells was accelerated in the BA (+) group in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.01); however, no such effect was observed in the BA (−) and SC groups. Thus, the BA bond shows excellent potential for dentin regeneration.
State Emotional Clarity Is an Indicator of Fluid Emotional Intelligence Ability
Authors: Eckland Nathaniel S. , Thompson Renee J.
Published: October 2023

Emotional clarity is one facet of emotional intelligence that refers to one’s meta-understanding of and ability to identify and describe feelings. The existing research has largely focused on trait emotional clarity and its benefits for greater psychological well-being, more successful emotion regulation/coping, and diminished psychopathology. Researchers have begun to examine state or momentary emotional clarity in daily life. In this paper, we situate emotional clarity within the larger literature on emotional intelligence abilities. Then, we argue that state clarity relies on the ability to incorporate information from the dynamic contexts that emotions unfold in and should more closely reflect one’s emotional intelligence ability relative to traditional trait measures. In addition, we review and make recommendations for measuring state emotional clarity in daily life and propose future research directions, focusing on how state emotional clarity could inform the study of emotion regulation, decision making, and goal pursuit in daily life.
Dynamics of Upper-Frequency-Range Infrasonic Wave Generation in the Northwestern Part of the Sea of Japan
Authors: Chupin Vladimir
Published: October 2023

The Pacific Northwest region is significantly affected by tropical cyclones, which pose a threat to humans due to strong winds and intense precipitation. Observations have shown that international meteorological agencies lower the hazard class of typhoons too early, or even stop tracking them altogether. We studied the results of in situ measurements of infrasonic microseismic oscillations in the upper frequency range, generated in the shelf area of the northwestern part of the Sea of Japan as a result of the long-term influence of strong tropical cyclones on the sea area. The measurement data were obtained using coastal laser strainmeters, which are components of the seismoacoustic hydrophysical measuring complex. The dynamics of upper-frequency-range infrasonic microseismic signals during the movement of Typhoon Chan-Hom 2015 in the Sea of Japan are shown. The same infrasonic microseismic oscillations excited by Typhoon 2022 Hinnamnor, which had no impact on the measuring station, have a difference in the width of the signal spectrum and frequency shift with maximum amplitude compared to the signals from Typhoon Chan-Hom.
Relationship of Medication Intake and Systemic Conditions with Periodontitis: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Chatzopoulos Georgios S. , Jiang Ziou , Marka Nicholas , Wolff Larry F.
Published: October 2023

Objectives: To examine the potential relationship of medication intake and systemic conditions with periodontitis. Methods and Materials: A total of 1985 patient records with a diagnosis of periodontal health and stage III and IV periodontitis were included in the analysis. Demographic characteristics, the number of missing teeth, patient-reported medical conditions and medication intake as well as smoking habits were recorded. Regression models were performed to explore the outcomes. Results: Older individuals, Hispanic ethnic groups, Black and Hispanic or Latino racial groups and non-White individuals in general were significantly more frequently diagnosed with periodontitis than health. Hypertension, glaucoma, anxiety and depression were significantly associated with periodontitis, while cancer, alcohol use, kidney problems, asthma, sleep apnea and gastrointestinal disorders were associated with periodontal health. Patients who reported taking anticoagulants, statins and ACE inhibitors demonstrated 3.546 (95% CI: 1.982, 6.343), 2.771 (95% CI: 1.877, 4.09) and 4.847 (95% CI: 2.785, 8.434) times higher odds of having periodontitis, respectively. Conclusion: Within the limitations of this retrospective study that utilized the BigMouth dental data repository, there is a possible relationship between systemic medications including anticoagulants, ACE inhibitors and statins as well as systemic medical conditions including hypertension, glaucoma, anxiety and depression with periodontitis.
The Determinants of Implementing and Completing Share Repurchases
Authors: Sodhi Adhiraj , Stojanovic Aleksandar
Published: October 2023

Open-market repurchase is a popular corporate payout method that public limited company (PLCs) use, and once they have made this decision an announcement is made. However, the announcement does not necessarily mean that the firm will implement the payout, or if it is initiated that they will buy back the entire announced volume of shares. Thus, using a sample of firms listed on the London Stock Exchange that announced an open-market repurchase between 1993 and 2014, we test the determinants of repurchase implementation using probit regressions, and if their influence also extends to the payout’s completion using Tobit regressions. The results are not identical in nature, but largely indicate a consistency between the influence patterns. Positive influences are exhibited by firm leverage, the balance sheet’s asset base, independent directors and the repurchase’s tax efficiency over dividends. Additionally, the volume of shares announced for repurchasing has a positive influence on the payout’s implementation, but not its completion, while market capitalisation has a positive influence on the payout’s completion, but not its implementation. The findings are most useful for financial practitioners to optimise their portfolio following a repurchase announcement.
Cryptographic Grade Chaotic Random Number Generator Based on Tent-Map
Authors: Al-Daraiseh Ahmad , Sanjalawe Yousef , Al-E’mari Salam , Fraihat Salam , Bany Taha Mohammad , Al-Muhammed Muhammed
Published: October 2023

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in employing chaotic-based random number generators for cryptographic purposes. However, many of these generators produce sequences that lack the necessary strength for cryptographic systems, such as Tent-Map. However, these generators still suffer from common issues when generating random numbers, including issues related to speed, randomness, lack of statistical properties, and lack of uniformity. Therefore, this paper introduces an efficient pseudo-random number generator, called State-Based Tent-Map (SBTM), based on a modified Tent-Map, which addresses this and other limitations by providing highly robust sequences suitable for cryptographic applications. The proposed generator is specifically designed to generate sequences with exceptional statistical properties and a high degree of security. It utilizes a modified 1D chaotic Tent-Map with enhanced attributes to produce the chaotic sequences. Rigorous randomness testing using the Dieharder test suite confirmed the promising results of the generated keystream bits. The comprehensive evaluation demonstrated that approximately 97.4% of the tests passed successfully, providing further evidence of the SBTM’s capability to produce sequences with sufficient randomness and statistical properties.
Multicriteria Analysis in Apiculture: A Sustainable Tool for Rural Development in Communities and Conservation Areas of Northwest Peru
Authors: Cotrina-Sanchez Alexander , García Ligia , Calle Christian , Sari Fatih , Bandopadhyay Subhajit , Rojas-Briceño Nilton B. , Meza-Mori Gerson , Torres Guzmán Cristóbal , Auquiñivín-Silva Erick , Arellanos Erick , Oliva Manuel
Published: October 2023

Apiculture plays a vital role in maintaining a genetically diverse ecosystem and is an economic activity that contributes to the development of rural communities, thereby enhancing the livelihoods of beekeepers. However, despite the presence of over forty thousand beekeepers in Peru, there is currently no cartographic information available on optimal areas for the development of apiculture. Our study focused on assessing the suitability of land for apiculture development in rural and indigenous communities within the Amazonas Department in northwest Peru. We integrated biophysical and socioeconomic criteria using the Multiple Criteria Evaluation (MCE) technique, in conjunction with state-of-the-art geoinformation and earth observation techniques, to model and validate land suitability for supporting apiculture. It was identified that suitability is influenced by biophysical criteria (65%) and socioeconomic criteria (35%), resulting in highly suitable areas covering 315.6 km2 within the territory of peasant communities, 128.4 km2 within native communities, and an additional 41.4 km2 within conserved areas. Furthermore, to validate our results, we combined the use of high-resolution satellite imagery and visits to artisanal producers. This research provides valuable insights for spatiotemporal land use planning, emphasizing apicultural activity as a driver of rural development and biodiversity conservation. Consequently, this study contributes as a management tool to promote apicultural activities as support for rural development and in local-level decision making.
DB-COVIDNet: A Defense Method against Backdoor Attacks
Authors: Shamshiri Samaneh , Han Ki Jin , Sohn Insoo
Published: October 2023

With the emergence of COVID-19 disease in 2019, machine learning (ML) techniques, specifically deep learning networks (DNNs), played a key role in diagnosing the disease in the medical industry due to their superior performance. However, the computational cost of deep learning networks (DNNs) can be quite high, making it necessary to often outsource the training process to third-party providers, such as machine learning as a service (MLaaS). Therefore, careful consideration is required to achieve robustness in DNN-based systems against cyber-security attacks. In this paper, we propose a method called the dropout-bagging (DB-COVIDNet) algorithm, which works as a robust defense mechanism against poisoning backdoor attacks. In this model, the trigger-related features will be removed by the modified dropout algorithm, and then we will use the new voting method in the bagging algorithm to achieve the final results. We considered AC-COVIDNet as the main inducer of the bagging algorithm, which is an attention-guided contrastive convolutional neural network (CNN), and evaluated the performance of the proposed method with the malicious COVIDx dataset. The results demonstrated that DB-COVIDNet has strong robustness and can significantly reduce the effect of the backdoor attack. The proposed DB-COVIDNet nullifies backdoors before the attack has been activated, resulting in a tremendous reduction in the attack success rate from 99.5% to 3% with high accuracy on the clean data.
Successful Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Approach Treatment of Sphenoid Sinus Organized Hematoma Causing Visual Deficit: A Case Report
Authors: Choi Kyu Young , Choi Sun , Jeong Suji , Won Tae-Bin
Published: October 2023

Background: Organized hematoma in the sphenoid sinus is rare, but serious complications, such as visual deficits, can occur. Three such case reports have been published previously in the literature; however, none have achieved complete recovery of the vision. Case presentation: A 69-year-old male patient was referred to the ear, nose, and throat department with an expansile soft tissue mass filling the right sphenoid sinus and blurry vision in his right eye. Complete mass removal was achieved by a wide opening of the sphenoid sinus via an endoscopic transsphenoidal approach, followed by cauterization of the feeding artery and coverage by a nasoseptal flap. The patient’s vision was restored after the operation, and he declared no visual symptoms until the latest follow-up (one year after the surgery). Conclusions: Complete excision with an endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach can restore visual deterioration caused by a sphenoid sinus organized hematoma.
Pitavastatin and Lovastatin Exhibit Calcium Channel Blocking Activity Which Potentiate Vasorelaxant Effects of Amlodipine: A New Futuristic Dimension in Statin’s Pleiotropy
Authors: Ali Wajid , Ali Niaz , Ullah Abid , Rahman Shafiq Ur , Ahmad Shujaat
Published: October 2023

Background and Objectives: We have recently reported that Fluvastatin, Atorvastatin, Simvastatin and Rosuvastatin have calcium channel antagonistic activities using rabbits’ intestinal preparations. The current study is focused on the effects of Pitavastatin and Lovastatin for possible inhibition of vascular L-Type calcium channels, which may have vasorelaxant effect(s). Combined effects of Pitavastatin and Lovastatin in the presence of Amlodipine were also tested for vasorelaxation. Materials and Methods: Possible relaxing effects of Pitavastatin and Lovastatin on 80 mM Potassium chloride (KCL)-induced contractions and on 1 µM norepinephrine (N.E)-induced contractions were studied in isolated rabbit’s aortic strips preparations. Relaxing effects on 80 mM KCL-induced vascular contractions were further verified by constructing Calcium Concentration Response Curves (CCRCs), in the absence and presence of three different concentrations of Pitavastatin and Lovastatin using CCRCs as negative control. Verapamil was used as a standard drug that has L-Type calcium channel binding activity. In other series of experiments, we studied drug interaction(s) among Pitavastatin, Lovastatin, and amlodipine. Results: The results of this study imply that Lovastatin is more potent than Pitavastatin for having comparatively lower EC50 (7.44 × 10−5 ± 0.16 M) in intact and (4.55 × 10−5 ± 0.10 M) in denuded aortae for KCL-induced contractions. Lovastatin amplitudes in intact and denuded aortae for KCL-induced contractions were, respectively, 24% and 35.5%; whereas amplitudes for Pitavastatin in intact and denuded aortae for KCL-induced contractions were 34% and 40%, respectively. A left shift in the EC50 values for the statins was seen when we added amlodipine in EC50 (Log Ca++ M). Right shift for CCRCs state that Pitavastatin and Lovastatin have calcium channel antagonistic effects. Lovastatin in test concentration (6.74 × 10−7 M) produced a right shift in relatively lower EC50 (−2.5 ± 0.10) Log Ca++ M as compared to Pitavastatin, which further confirms that lovastatin is relatively more potent. The right shift in EC50 resembles the right shift of Verapamil. Additive effect of Pitavastatin and Lovastatin was noted in presence of amlodipine (p < 0.05). Conclusions: KCL (80 mM)-induced vascular contractions were relaxed by Pitavastatin and Lovastatin via inhibitory effects on L-Type voltage-gated calcium channels. Lovastatin and Pitavastatin also relaxed Norepinephrine (1 µM)-induced contractions giving an insight for involvement of dual mode of action of Pitavastatin and Lovastatin.
Study of the Efficiency of a Polycation Using the Diafiltration Technique in the Removal of the Antibiotic Oxytetracycline Used in Aquaculture
Authors: Palacio Daniel A. , Oñate Pablo , Esquivel Samir , Meléndrez Manuel , Pereira Eduardo , Rivas Bernabé L.
Published: October 2023

The presence of antibiotics in aquatic systems in recent years has become a global environmental and public health concern due to the appearance of strains resistant to these antibiotics. Oxytetracycline (OXT) is a high-impact antibiotic used for both human and veterinary consumption, and it is the second most used antibiotic in aquaculture in Chile. Based on the above, this problem is addressed using a linear polymer whose structure is composed of aromatic rings and quaternary ammonium groups, which will help enhance the removal capacity of this antibiotic. To obtain the polycation, a radical polymerization synthesis was carried out using (4-vinylbenzyl)-trimethylammonium chloride as the monomer. The polycation was characterized via Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The removal studies were conducted under different experimental conditions such as pH levels (3.0, 5.0, 7.0, 8.0, and 11.0), ionic strength (0.0–0.50 mg L−1 of NaCl), polymer dose (0.25–25.5 mg), variation of the antibiotic concentration (1–100 mg L−1), and evaluation of the maximum retention capacity, as well as load and discharge studies. The antibiotic retention removal was higher than 80.0%. The antibiotic removal performance is greatly affected by the effect of pH, ionic strength, molar ratio, and/or OXT concentration, as these parameters directly affect the electrostatic interactions between the polymer and the antibiotics. The diafiltration technique was shown to be highly efficient for the removal of OXT, with maximum removal capacities of 1273, 966, and 778 mg OXT g−1 polycation. In conclusion, it can be said that coupling water-soluble polymers to the diafiltration technique is an excellent low-cost way to address the problem of antibiotics in aquatic systems.
Special Issue “Advances in Magnetic Alloys”
Authors: Ababei Gabriel
Published: October 2023

Magnetic alloys are a combination of different metals that contains, but are not limited to, at least one of the three main magnetic elements: iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), or cobalt (Co) [...]
A Review on the Weldability of Additively Manufactured Aluminium Parts by Fusion and Solid-State Welding Processes
Authors: Nunes Rafael , Faes Koen , De Waele Wim , Simar Aude , Verlinde Wim , Lezaack Matthieu , Sneyers Wout , Arnhold Julius
Published: October 2023

Additive manufacturing (AM) processes are playing a significant role in several industrial sectors such as construction and machine building industries, involving a wide variety of metallic materials. Among these, the AM of aluminium alloys has developed significantly over the last decade, mainly through Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) and Directed Energy Deposition (DED) processes. Despite the many advantages of AM technology, some large or complex products cannot be produced entirely without the use of conventional manufacturing and joining processes, generally for financial or operational reasons. In this way, the ability to join conventionally and additively manufactured components or parts represents a crucial step towards their future use and the consolidation of conventional and additive manufacturing technologies. Despite the growing interest in AM technologies, there is still a significant lack of information on the joining of conventionally and additively manufactured components. The present work proposes a first review of the literature evaluating the weldability of AM aluminium alloys. The focus is on the use of fusion and solid-state welding processes and analysing the achieved microstructural evolution and mechanical properties. A clear relationship is observed between the AM technology used to produce the part, and the physical principles of the joining process. In addition, the gaps in the literature are highlighted to enable focused future work.
Behaviour of Acoustically Levitated Drops in Mid-Water
Authors: Ruiken Jan-Paul , Villwock Jörn , Kraume Matthias
Published: October 2023

A low-impact acoustic levitation system has been developed to study immobilised single drops in liquid–liquid systems. The ability to observe liquid drops several millimetres in diameter for days enables fundamental research into a wide range of mechanisms. Non-invasive optical measurements with excellent optical accessibility are possible. This experimental work provides the basis for mass transfer studies, emphasizing the precise volume determination, signal noise, reproducibility, and the impact of the acoustic field on the drop and its surrounding environment. The setup can be effectively controlled and proves beneficial for research objectives provided that all liquid phases are entirely degassed, and there are no compressible voids present within the liquids. In addition to the precise, uniform, and reliable measurement conditions, we observed no acoustic streaming in the proximity of the drop and there was no significant vibration of the drop. Qualitative observations using rainbow schlieren deflectometry indicate that the nodal or anti-nodal planes of the standing waves can act as barriers to the dispersion of inhomogeneous dissolved substances in the continuous phase.
Review of the Impact of Biofilm Formation on Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection
Authors: Rubio-Mendoza Daira , Martínez-Meléndez Adrián , Maldonado-Garza Héctor Jesús , Córdova-Fletes Carlos , Garza-González Elvira
Published: October 2023

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) may recur in approximately 10–30% of patients, and the risk of recurrence increases with each successive recurrence, reaching up to 65%. C. difficile can form biofilm with approximately 20% of the bacterial genome expressed differently between biofilm and planktonic cells. Biofilm plays several roles that may favor recurrence; for example, it may act as a reservoir of spores, protect the vegetative cells from the activity of antibiotics, and favor the formation of persistent cells. Moreover, the expression of several virulence genes, including TcdA and TcdB toxins, has been associated with recurrence. Several systems and structures associated with adhesion and biofilm formation have been studied in C. difficile, including cell-wall proteins, quorum sensing (including LuxS and Agr), Cyclic di-GMP, type IV pili, and flagella. Most antibiotics recommended for the treatment of CDI do not have activity on spores and do not eliminate biofilm. Therapeutic failure in R-CDI has been associated with the inadequate concentration of drugs in the intestinal tract and the antibiotic resistance of a biofilm. This makes it challenging to eradicate C. difficile in the intestine, complicating antibacterial therapies and allowing non-eliminated spores to remain in the biofilm, increasing the risk of recurrence. In this review, we examine the role of biofilm on recurrence and the challenges of treating CDI when the bacteria form a biofilm.
Factors Influencing Neonatal Gut Microbiome and Health with a Focus on Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Authors: Beharry Kay D. , Latkowska Magdalena , Valencia Arwin M. , Allana Ahreen , Soto Jatnna , Cai Charles L. , Golombek Sergio , Hand Ivan , Aranda Jacob V.
Published: October 2023

Maturational changes in the gut start in utero and rapidly progress after birth, with some functions becoming fully developed several months or years post birth including the acquisition of a full gut microbiome, which is made up of trillions of bacteria of thousands of species. Many factors influence the normal development of the neonatal and infantile microbiome, resulting in dysbiosis, which is associated with various interventions used for neonatal morbidities and survival. Extremely low gestational age neonates (<28 weeks’ gestation) frequently experience recurring arterial oxygen desaturations, or apneas, during the first few weeks of life. Apnea, or the cessation of breathing lasting 15–20 s or more, occurs due to immature respiratory control and is commonly associated with intermittent hypoxia (IH). Chronic IH induces oxygen radical diseases of the neonate, including necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), the most common and devastating gastrointestinal disease in preterm infants. NEC is associated with an immature intestinal structure and function and involves dysbiosis of the gut microbiome, inflammation, and necrosis of the intestinal mucosal layer. This review describes the factors that influence the neonatal gut microbiome and dysbiosis, which predispose preterm infants to NEC. Current and future management and therapies, including the avoidance of dysbiosis, the use of a human milk diet, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, restricted antibiotics, and fecal transplantation, for the prevention of NEC and the promotion of a healthy gut microbiome are also reviewed. Interventions directed at boosting endogenous and/or exogenous antioxidant supplementation may not only help with prevention, but may also lessen the severity or shorten the course of the disease.
Linkage between Airborne Particulate Matter and Viral Pandemic COVID-19 in Bucharest
Authors: Zoran Maria , Savastru Roxana , Savastru Dan , Tautan Marina , Tenciu Daniel
Published: October 2023

The long-distance spreading and transport of airborne particulate matter (PM) of biogenic or chemical compounds, which are thought to be possible carriers of SARS-CoV-2 virions, can have a negative impact on the incidence and severity of COVID-19 viral disease. Considering the total Aerosol Optical Depth at 550 nm (AOD) as an atmospheric aerosol loading variable, inhalable fine PM with a diameter ≤2.5 µm (PM2.5) or coarse PM with a diameter ≤10 µm (PM10) during 26 February 2020–31 March 2022, and COVID-19’s five waves in Romania, the current study investigates the impact of outdoor PM on the COVID-19 pandemic in Bucharest city. Through descriptive statistics analysis applied to average daily time series in situ and satellite data of PM2.5, PM10, and climate parameters, this study found decreased trends of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations of 24.58% and 18.9%, respectively compared to the pre-pandemic period (2015–2019). Exposure to high levels of PM2.5 and PM10 particles was positively correlated with COVID-19 incidence and mortality. The derived average PM2.5/PM10 ratios during the entire pandemic period are relatively low (<0.44), indicating a dominance of coarse traffic-related particles’ fraction. Significant reductions of the averaged AOD levels over Bucharest were recorded during the first and third waves of COVID-19 pandemic and their associated lockdowns (~28.2% and ~16.4%, respectively) compared to pre-pandemic period (2015–2019) average AOD levels. The findings of this research are important for decision-makers implementing COVID-19 safety controls and health measures during viral infections.
Cytotoxic Indole Diterpenoids from a Sphagneticola trilobata-Derived Fungus Aspergillus sp. PQJ-1
Authors: Li Wenxing , Yi Guohui , Lin Kaiwen , Chen Guangying , Hui Yang , Chen Wenhao
Published: October 2023

Two new indole diterpene derivatives, 5S-hydroxy-β-aflatrem (1) and 14R-hydroxy-β-aflatrem (2), along with one known analogue, 14-(N,N-dimethl-L-valyloxy)paspalinine (3), were isolated from the fermentation broth of the fungus Aspergillus sp. PQJ-1 derived from Sphagneticola trilobata. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated from spectroscopic data and ECD spectroscopic analyses. All the compounds (1–3) were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against A549, Hela, Hep G2, and MCF-7 cell lines. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited selective inhibition against Hela cells. Further studies showed that 1 significantly induced apoptosis and suppressed migration and invasion in Hela cells. Moreover, 1 could up-regulate pro-apoptotic genes BAX and Caspase-3 and down-regulate anti-apoptotic genes Bcl-xL and XIXP.
Review of the Application of Dual Drug Delivery Nanotheranostic Agents in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Liver Cancer
Authors: Han Qinghe , Du Lianze , Zhu Lili , Yu Duo
Published: October 2023

Liver cancer has high incidence and mortality rates and its treatment generally requires the use of a combination treatment strategy. Therefore, the early detection and diagnosis of liver cancer is crucial to achieving the best treatment effect. In addition, it is imperative to explore multimodal combination therapy for liver cancer treatment and the synergistic effect of two liver cancer treatment drugs while preventing drug resistance and drug side effects to maximize the achievable therapeutic effect. Gold nanoparticles are used widely in applications related to optical imaging, CT imaging, MRI imaging, biomarkers, targeted drug therapy, etc., and serve as an advanced platform for integrated application in the nano-diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Dual-drug-delivery nano-diagnostic and therapeutic agents have drawn great interest in current times. Therefore, the present report aims to review the effectiveness of dual-drug-delivery nano-diagnostic and therapeutic agents in the field of anti-tumor therapy from the particular perspective of liver cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Design and Performance of a New Zn0.5Mg0.5FeMnO4 Porous Spinel as Anode Material for Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Chchiyai Zakaria , El Ghali Oumayema , Lahmar Abdelilah , Alami Jones , Manoun Bouchaib
Published: October 2023

Due to the low capacity, low working potential, and lithium coating at fast charging rates of graphite material as an anode for Li-ion batteries (LIBs), it is necessary to develop novel anode materials for LIBs with higher capacity, excellent electrochemical stability, and good safety. Among different transition-metal oxides, AB2O4 spinel oxides are promising anode materials for LIBs due to their high theoretical capacities, environmental friendliness, high abundance, and low cost. In this work, a novel, porous Zn0.5Mg0.5FeMnO4 spinel oxide was successfully prepared via the sol–gel method and then studied as an anode material for Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Its crystal structure, morphology, and electrochemical properties were, respectively, analyzed through X-ray diffraction, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, and cyclic voltammetry/galvanostatic discharge/charge measurements. From the X-ray diffraction, Zn0.5Mg0.5FeMnO4 spinel oxide was found to crystallize in the cubic structure with Fd3¯m symmetry. However, the Zn0.5Mg0.5FeMnO4 spinel oxide exhibited a porous morphology formed by interconnected 3D nanoparticles. The porous Zn0.5Mg0.5FeMnO4 anode showed good cycling stability in its capacity during the initial 40 cycles with a retention capacity of 484.1 mAh g−1 after 40 cycles at a current density of 150 mA g−1, followed by a gradual decrease in the range of 40–80 cycles, which led to reaching a specific capacity close to 300.0 mAh g−1 after 80 cycles. The electrochemical reactions of the lithiation/delithiation processes and the lithium-ion storage mechanism are discussed and extracted from the cyclic voltammetry curves.
Comprehensive Analyses of Advanced Glycation end Products and Heterocyclic Amines in Peanuts during the Roasting Process
Authors: Yu Jingjing , Yu Xiaohui , Shi Lili , Liu Wei
Published: October 2023

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and heterocyclic amines (HAs) are two kinds of important harmful products formed simultaneously during the thermal processing of proteinaceous food. In this paper, the effect of roasting conditions on the formation of AGEs and HAs, as well as active carbonyl intermediates in common peanut (C−peanut) and high-oleic acid peanut (HO−peanut) was studied simultaneously for the first time. In general, with the increase in roasting temperature (160–200 °C) and time, the contents of AGEs, HAs and active carbonyl intermediates (i.e., glyoxal (GO) and methylglyoxal (MGO)) significantly increased in peanuts. Four kinds of HAs (i.e., AαC, DMIP, Harman and Norharman) were observed in roasted peanuts, of which Harman and Norharman accounted for about 93.0% of the total HAs content after roasting for 30 min at 200 °C. Furthermore, a correlation analysis among AGEs (i.e., Nε-(1-Carboxymethyl)-L-lysine (CML) and Nε-(1-Carboxyethyl)-L-lysine (CEL)), HAs, GO and MGO was conducted. Most of these compounds showed an excellent positive linear relationship (p ≤ 0.001) with each other. The evident increase in GO and MGO contents implied an increase in not only the content of AGEs but also HAs. However, contents of AGEs and HAs showed no significant difference between roasted HO−peanut and C−peanut. This study would provide a theoretical basis for simultaneously controlling the levels of AGEs and HAs in thermal processed peanut foods.
Impact of Exposure to Pyraclostrobin and to a Pyraclostrobin/Boscalid Mixture on the Mitochondrial Function of Human Hepatocytes
Authors: Carbone Mélina , Mathieu Barbara , Vandensande Yasmine , Gallez Bernard
Published: October 2023

Fungicides are widely used in agriculture for crop protection. Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs) and strobilurins inhibit mitochondria electron transport chain (ETC) in fungi, by blocking complex II and complex III, respectively. Questions regarding their selectivity of action for fungi have been raised in the literature, and we previously showed that boscalid and bixafen (SDHIs) alter the mitochondrial function of human hepatocytes. Here, we analyzed the impact of the exposure of human hepatocytes to pyraclostrobin, a fungicide belonging to the class of strobilurins. Using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), we observed a decrease in oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and an increase in mitochondrial superoxide levels after 24 h exposure to 0.5 µM concentration. As a consequence, the content in ATP amount in the cells was reduced, the ratio reduced/oxidized glutathione was decreased, and a decrease in cell viability was observed using three different assays (PrestoBlue, crystal violet, and annexin V assays). In addition, as SDHIs and strobilurins are commonly associated in commercial preparations, we evaluated a potential “cocktail” toxic effect. We selected low concentrations of boscalid (0.5 µM) and pyraclostrobin (0.25 µM) that did not induce a mitochondrial dysfunction in liver cells when used separately. In sharp contrast, when both compounds were used in combination at the same concentration, we observed a decrease in OCR, an increase in mitochondrial superoxide production, a decrease in the ratio reduced/oxidized glutathione, and a decrease in cell viability in three different assays.
Design, Synthesis, In Vitro Biological Evaluation and In Silico Molecular Docking Study of Benzimidazole-Based Oxazole Analogues: A Promising Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors
Authors: Hussain Rafaqat , Rahim Fazal , Ullah Hayat , Khan Shoaib , Sarfraz Maliha , Iqbal Rashid , Suleman Faiza , Al-Sadoon Mohammad Khalid
Published: October 2023

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degenerative neurological condition that severely affects the elderly and is clinically recognised by a decrease in cognition and memory. The treatment of this disease has drawn considerable attention and sparked increased interest among the researchers in this field as a result of a number of factors, including an increase in the population of patients over time, a significant decline in patient quality of life, and the high cost of treatment and care. The current work was carried out for the synthesis of benzimidazole-oxazole hybrid derivatives as efficient Alzheimer’s inhibitors and as a springboard for investigating novel anti-chemical Alzheimer’s prototypes. The inhibition profiles of each synthesised analogue against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzymes were assessed. All the synthesized benzimidazole-based oxazole analogues displayed a diverse spectrum of inhibitory potentials against targeted AChE and BuChE enzymes when compared to the reference drug donepezil (IC50 = 2.16 ± 0.12 M and 4.50 ± 0.11 µM, respectively). The most active AChE and BuChE analogues were discovered to be analogues 9 and 14, with IC50 values of 0.10 ± 0.050 and 0.20 ± 0.050 µM (against AChE) and 0.20 ± 0.050 and 0.30 ± 0.050 µM (against BuChE), respectively. The nature, number, position, and electron-donating and -withdrawing effects on the phenyl ring were taken into consideration when analysing the structure-activity relationship (SAR). Molecular docking studies were also carried out on the active analogues to find out how amino acids bind to the active sites of the AChE and BuChE enzymes that were being studied.
Comment on Dyńka et al. The Ketogenic Diet and Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients 2023, 15, 3368
Authors: Najjar Rami Salim
Published: October 2023

The recent review by Dyńka et al. [...]
Reply to Najjar, R.S. Comment on “Dyńka et al. The Ketogenic Diet and Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients 2023, 15, 3368”
Authors: Dyńka Damian , Kowalcze Katarzyna , Charuta Anna , Paziewska Agnieszka
Published: October 2023

We thank Dr. Najjar for his interest [...]
Effect of Time-Restricted Eating versus Daily Calorie Restriction on Mood and Quality of Life in Adults with Obesity
Authors: Lin Shuhao , Cienfuegos Sofia , Ezpeleta Mark , Pavlou Vasiliki , Chakos Kaitlin , McStay Mara , Runchey Mary-Claire , Alexandria Shaina J. , Varady Krista A.
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this secondary analysis is to compare the effects of two popular weight loss regimens, time-restricted eating (TRE) and daily calorie restriction (CR), on mood and quality-of-life measures in adults with obesity. Ninety participants were randomized to one of three interventions for 12 months: 8 h TRE (eating only between 12:00 and 8:00 p.m., with no calorie counting); CR (25% energy restriction daily); or no-intervention control group. Questionnaires were administered to measure mood (Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and Profile of Mood States (POMS)) and quality of life (Rand 36-Item Short Form) at baseline and month 12. Body weight decreased in the TRE group (−4.87%, 95%CI: −7.61, −2.13) and CR group (−5.30%, 95%CI: −9.06, −1.54) versus controls, with no difference between TRE and CR. The BDI-II depression score did not change in the TRE or CR group, versus controls, by month 12. Likewise, there were no changes in any of the POMS subscales (tension, depression, anger, fatigue, anger, confusion, or vigor) or the total mood disturbance score in the TRE or CR group versus controls. As for quality of life, there were no significant changes in the SF-36 constructs of mental health, bodily pain, and general physical health in the TRE or CR group versus controls. However, there was a trend towards increased vitality in the TRE group (7.77 [95% CI: 0.15, 15.39] p = 0.05) relative to controls. There were no associations between changes in body weight, physical activity, mood, and quality of life in any group by the end of the study. These findings suggest that TRE and CR produce similar degrees of weight loss, but impact neither mood nor quality of life in adults with obesity over 12 months. Future well-powered studies will be needed to confirm these findings.
Maternal Diet Determines Milk Microbiome Composition and Offspring Gut Colonization in Wistar Rats
Authors: Martínez-Oca Paula , Alba Claudio , Sánchez-Roncero Alicia , Fernández-Marcelo Tamara , Martín María Ángeles , Escrivá Fernando , Rodríguez Juan Miguel , Álvarez Carmen , Fernández-Millán Elisa
Published: October 2023

Mother’s milk contains a unique microbiome that plays a relevant role in offspring health. We hypothesize that maternal malnutrition during lactation might impact the microbial composition of milk and affect adequate offspring gut colonization, increasing the risk for later onset diseases. Then, Wistar rats were fed ad libitum (Control, C) food restriction (Undernourished, U) during gestation and lactation. After birth, offspring feces and milk stomach content were collected at lactating day (L)4, L14 and L18. The V3–V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was sequenced to characterize bacterial communities. An analysis of beta diversity revealed significant disparities in microbial composition between groups of diet at L4 and L18 in both milk, and fecal samples. In total, 24 phyla were identified in milk and 18 were identified in feces, with Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteroidota and Bacteroidota collectively representing 96.1% and 97.4% of those identified, respectively. A higher abundance of Pasteurellaceae and Porphyromonas at L4, and of Gemella and Enterococcus at L18 were registered in milk samples from the U group. Lactobacillus was also significantly more abundant in fecal samples of the U group at L4. These microbial changes compromised the number and variety of milk–feces or feces–feces bacterial correlations. Moreover, increased offspring gut permeability and an altered expression of goblet cell markers TFF3 and KLF3 were observed in U pups. Our results suggest that altered microbial communication between mother and offspring through breastfeeding may explain, in part, the detrimental consequences of maternal malnutrition on offspring programming.