bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Diabetic Retinopathy Lesions Based on Knowledge Distillation in Fundus Images
Authors: Moya-Albor Ernesto , Lopez-Figueroa Alberto , Jacome-Herrera Sebastian , Renza Diego , Brieva Jorge
Published: August 2024

At present, the early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy (DR), a possible complication of diabetes due to elevated glucose concentrations in the blood, is usually performed by specialists using a manual inspection of high-resolution fundus images based on lesion screening, leading to problems such as high work-intensity and accessibility only in specialized health centers. To support the diagnosis of DR, we propose a deep learning-based (DL) DR lesion classification method through a knowledge distillation (KD) strategy. First, we use the pre-trained DL architecture, Inception-v3, as a teacher model to distill the dataset. Then, a student model, also using the Inception-v3 model, is trained on the distilled dataset to match the performance of the teacher model. In addition, a new combination of Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence and categorical cross-entropy (CCE) loss is used to measure the difference between the teacher and student models. This combined metric encourages the student model to mimic the predictions of the teacher model. Finally, the trained student model is evaluated on a validation dataset to assess its performance and compare it with both the teacher model and another competitive DL model. Experiments are conducted on the two datasets, corresponding to an imbalanced and a balanced dataset. Two baseline models (Inception-v3 and YOLOv8) are evaluated for reference, obtaining a maximum training accuracy of 66.75% and 90.90%, respectively, and a maximum validation accuracy of 35.94% and 81.52%, both for the imbalanced dataset. On the other hand, the proposed DR classification model achieves an average training accuracy of 99.01% and an average validation accuracy of 97.30%, overcoming the baseline models and other state-of-the-art works. Experimental results show that the proposed model achieves competitive results in DR lesion detection and classification tasks, assisting in the early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy.
Process Capability Index for Simple Linear Profile in the Presence of Within- and Between-Profile Autocorrelation
Authors: Pakzad Aylin , Yeganeh Ali , Noorossana Rassoul , Shongwe Sandile Charles
Published: August 2024

In many situations, the quality of a process or product can be characterized by a functional relationship or profile. It is well-known that the independence assumptions of the error terms within or between profiles are not always valid and could be violated due to within or between profile autocorrelation. Since most of the process capability indices (PCIs) have been developed for simple linear profiles (SLPs) without considering autocorrelation, this paper provides some novel methods to analyze the capability of SLP under each of the two different autocorrelation effects separately, as well as the case where both autocorrelation effects are present. We assume that the first-order autoregressive AR(1) model explains the within- and between-profile autocorrelation in error terms. To evaluate the process capability, a new functional index called Cp‴(Profile) is introduced for SLP with independent errors, and then it is modified to include the three possible cases of within, between, and simultaneous autocorrelation. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed schemes outperform existing schemes regarding bias and mean square error (MSE) criteria. Moreover, bootstrap confidence intervals for the proposed index are obtained. Finally, an illustrative example in the chemical industry is used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method.
Considering Blockchain Technology and Fairness Concerns for Supply Chain Pricing Decisions under Carbon Cap-and-Trade Mechanism
Authors: Gong Yande , Jiang Xinze , Wang Zhe , Zhan Jizhou
Published: August 2024

To address the growing demand for green development, governments worldwide have introduced policies to promote a green economy. Among these policies, the carbon cap-and-trade mechanism is adopted as an effective approach to control carbon emissions. Additionally, blockchain may increase transparency in the industrial process. Despite focusing on improving its own green standards, the supply chain needs to establish stable cooperative relationship. Thus, we focus on a supply chain consisting of a dominant manufacturer and a retailer, where the manufacturer opts for implementing blockchain and the retailer selects their stance on fairness. We construct a Stackelberg game model and use backward induction to obtain the equilibrium solutions. In the supply chain, the highest profits can be achieved when the manufacturer adopts blockchain technology, provided that the cost of application is relatively low. For manufacturer and retailer, when the cost of applying blockchain is relatively low, they can both obtain maximized profits without applying blockchain and the retailer does not have fairness concerns. However, as the cost of inducing blockchain and the product’s reduction in carbon emission increase, the optimal strategies for manufacturer and retailer begin to diverge, which may affect the stability of the supply chain.
Conformal Image Viewpoint Invariant
Authors: El Mir Ghina , Youssef Karim , El Mir Chady
Published: August 2024

In this paper, we introduce an invariant by image viewpoint changes by applying an important theorem in conformal geometry stating that every surface of the Minkowski space R3,1 leads to an invariant by conformal transformations. For this, we identify the domain of an image to the disjoint union of horospheres ∐αHα of R3,1 by means of the powerful tools of the conformal Clifford algebras. We explain that every viewpoint change is given by a planar similarity and a perspective distortion encoded by the latitude angle of the camera. We model the perspective distortion by the point at infinity of the conformal model of the Euclidean plane described by D. Hestenesand we clarify the spinor representations of the similarities of the Euclidean plane. This leads us to represent the viewpoint changes by conformal transformations of ∐αHα for the Minkowski metric of the ambient space.
Optimal Asymptotic Tracking Control for Nonzero-Sum Differential Game Systems with Unknown Drift Dynamics via Integral Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Jing Chonglin , Wang Chaoli , Song Hongkai , Shi Yibo , Hao Longyan
Published: August 2024

This paper employs an integral reinforcement learning (IRL) method to investigate the optimal tracking control problem (OTCP) for nonlinear nonzero-sum (NZS) differential game systems with unknown drift dynamics. Unlike existing methods, which can only bound the tracking error, the proposed approach ensures that the tracking error asymptotically converges to zero. This study begins by constructing an augmented system using the tracking error and reference signal, transforming the original OTCP into solving the coupled Hamilton–Jacobi (HJ) equation of the augmented system. Because the HJ equation contains unknown drift dynamics and cannot be directly solved, the IRL method is utilized to convert the HJ equation into an equivalent equation without unknown drift dynamics. To solve this equation, a critic neural network (NN) is employed to approximate the complex value function based on the tracking error and reference information data. For the unknown NN weights, the least squares (LS) method is used to design an estimation law, and the convergence of the weight estimation error is subsequently proven. The approximate solution of optimal control converges to the Nash equilibrium, and the tracking error asymptotically converges to zero in the closed system. Finally, we validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in this paper based on MATLAB using the ode45 method and least squares method to execute Algorithm 2.
Improving the Interpretability of Data-Driven Models for Additive Manufacturing Processes Using Clusterwise Regression
Authors: Mattera Giulio , Piscopo Gianfranco , Longobardi Maria , Giacalone Massimiliano , Nele Luigi
Published: August 2024

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) represents a disruptive technology in the field of metal additive manufacturing. Understanding the relationship between input factors and layer geometry is crucial for studying the process comprehensively and developing various industrial applications such as slicing software and feedforward controllers. Statistical tools such as clustering and multivariate polynomial regression provide methods for exploring the influence of input factors on the final product. These tools facilitate application development by helping to establish interpretable models that engineers can use to grasp the underlying physical phenomena without resorting to complex physical models. In this study, an experimental campaign was conducted to print steel components using WAAM technology. Advanced statistical methods were employed for mathematical modeling of the process. The results obtained using linear regression, polynomial regression, and a neural network optimized using the Tree-structured Parzen Estimator (TPE) were compared. To enhance performance while maintaining the interpretability of regression models, clusterwise regression was introduced as an alternative modeling technique along with multivariate polynomial regression. The results showed that the proposed approach achieved results comparable to neural network modeling, with a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.25 mm for layer height and 0.68 mm for layer width compared to 0.23 mm and 0.69 mm with the neural network. Notably, this approach preserves the interpretability of the models; a further discussion on this topic is presented as well.
Adaptive Fixed-Time Safety Concurrent Control of Vehicular Platoons with Time-Varying Actuator Faults under Distance Constraints
Authors: Liu Wei , Wei Zhongyang , Liu Yuchen , Gao Zhenyu
Published: August 2024

This paper investigates the fault-tolerant control problem for vehicular platoons with time-varying actuator fault directions and distance constraints. A bias constraint function is introduced to convert the asymmetric constraints into symmetric ones, based on which a unified barrier Lyapunov function (BLF) method is proposed to ensure distance constraints. Further, an adaptive fixed-time fault-tolerant controller in the context of a sliding mode control technique is proposed, wherein a new Nussbaum function is adopted to address the effects of unknown time-varying actuator fault directions. It is proved that both individual vehicle stability and string stability can all be guaranteed, and the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified through numerical simulations.
The Association of Cerebral Autoregulation Dysfunction and Postoperative Memory Impairment in Cardiac Surgery Patients
Authors: Kasputytė Greta , Kumpaitienė Birutė , Švagždienė Milda , Andrejaitienė Judita , Gailiušas Mindaugas , Širvinskas Edmundas , Gelmanas Arūnas , Hamarat Yasin , Chaleckas Edvinas , Putnynaitė Vilma , Bartušis Laimonas , Žakelis Rolandas , Petkus Vytautas , Ragauskas Arminas , Lenkutis Tadas
Published: August 2024

Background and Objectives: Cardiac surgery is associated with various durations of cerebral autoregulation (CA) impairment and can significantly impact cognitive function. Cognitive functions such as memory, psychomotor speed, and attention are significantly impacted after cardiac surgery, necessitating prioritization of these areas in cognitive function tests. There is a lack of research connecting cerebral autoregulation impairment to specific cognitive function domains after cardiac surgery. This study aimed to determine if impaired cerebral autoregulation is associated with postoperative memory impairment and to test the hypothesis that the duration of this impairment affects the development of postoperative memory issues. Materials and Methods: A prospective study was conducted in 2021–2023. After approval of the Ethics Committee and with patient’s written consent, 83 adult patients undergoing elective on-pump coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery were enrolled. All patients were assessed for cognitive function 1 day before surgery using the Mini-Mental state examination (MMSE-2) test as a screening tool and the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) to assess memory specifically. To diagnose possible memory impairment (IM), all patients underwent a repeat assessment of cognitive function on the 7th–10th postoperative day. Cerebral autoregulation monitoring using transcranial Doppler was performed. Cerebral autoregulation status index (Mx) was recorded using Intensive Care Brain Monitoring System software, 9.1.5.23 (Cambridge, UK). Results: According to our research, the incidence of postoperative memory impairment is 30.1%. Temporary cerebral autoregulation impairment occurs in all patients undergoing elective in-pump CABG surgery. The duration of the single longest CA impairment event in seconds (LCAI) and the LCAI dose were higher in patients with postoperative memory impairment, p = 0.006 and p < 0.007, respectively. Conclusions: Cerebral autoregulation impairment is important in developing memory loss after cardiac surgery. The duration and dose of the LCAI event are predictive of postoperative memory impairment.
Perspectives in Using Multiple Flaps Reconstructions for Advanced Head and Neck Tumors (Scoping Review)
Authors: Cîrstea Anca-Ionela , Berteșteanu Șerban Vifor Gabriel , Vrînceanu Daniela , Dumitru Mihai , Bejenaru Paula Luiza , Simion-Antonie Catrinel Beatrice , Schipor-Diaconu Teodora Elena , Taher Petra Bianca , Rujan Simona-Andreea , Grigore Raluca
Published: August 2024

Background and Objectives: Patients with advanced head and neck tumors require salvage surgery as a last resort. These extensive surgeries pose the challenge of complex reconstructions. The head and neck surgeon undertaking such complex cases needs to master different flaps. The team managing these patients needs input from various specialists, along with otorhinolaryngologists, plastic surgeons, maxillofacial surgeons, vascular surgeons, experienced radiologists, dedicated pathologists, oncologists and radiation therapists. We focus on the optimum solution between oncologic resections and the future quality of life of patients and overall survival. Each complex case requires a personalized medicine approach. This scoping review aims to assess the efficacy and outcomes of complex reconstructions using various flaps for head and neck tumors, with a focus on free flaps and emerging techniques. Materials and Methods: A systematic search of the literature was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, resulting in the inclusion of 44 articles that met the predefined criteria in the last 10 years. Results: The included studies encompassed diverse patient populations and evaluated various surgical techniques, outcomes, complications, and advancements in head and neck reconstruction. The review identified a variety of flaps utilized in head and neck tumor reconstruction, including free flaps such as the radial forearm, anterolateral thigh, scapular tip, and myocutaneous flaps, among others. The success rates for free flap reconstructions ranged from 85% to 100%, with notable variations attributed to patient selection, tumor characteristics, and surgical expertise. Conclusions: Complications such as flap necrosis, infection, hematoma, and donor site morbidity were documented across studies, highlighting the importance of meticulous surgical planning and postoperative care. Furthermore, the review revealed emerging techniques such as computer-aided design, virtual surgery, stereolithographic models, customized implants, tissue engineering, and allotransplants, offering promising reconstructive armamentarium. Advances in surgical techniques and emerging technologies hold promise for further enhancing reconstructive outcomes, minimizing morbidity, and improving patient quality of life.
Clinical Management of Endometriosis in Menopause: A Narrative Review
Authors: Dave Dhruva , Page Heidi E. , Carrubba Aakriti R.
Published: August 2024

Endometriosis, an inflammatory disease primarily affecting the pelvis and peritoneum, manifests with pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyschezia, dyspareunia, and infertility. Despite its ubiquity, the management of endometriosis is challenging due to its heterogeneous presentation, limitations in diagnostic methods, variable therapeutic responses, and personal and socio-cultural impact on quality of life. This review attempts to consolidate the current literature on endometriosis occurring during and beyond menopause, and to present details regarding management strategies that take into account individual outcomes and goals when managing this condition. The topics included in this review are the clinical features and differential diagnosis of pelvic pain in postmenopausal patients, imaging considerations, serum and laboratory biomarkers, indications for surgery, the principles of hormone replacement therapy, the de novo development of endometriosis after menopause, and malignant transformation. Each topic includes a summary of the current literature, utilizing clinical research, case reports, and expert opinion. Despite a better understanding of the impact of endometriosis beyond menopause, there are many limitations to this condition, specifically with regard to cancer risk and indications for surgery. The existing evidence supports the use of shared decision making and the incorporation of patient preferences in guiding clinical management. Future research endeavors must shed light on the natural history of postmenopausal endometriosis through longitudinal studies in order to foster a deeper understanding of its complicated disease course across women’s lifespans.
Early Cognitive Function after Deep Sedation Using Different Anesthetic Agents in Pediatric Patients: A Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Chae Min Suk , Kim Ji Yeon , Koh Hyun Jung
Published: August 2024

Background and Objectives: The impact of anesthetic agents on memory and cognitive function following general anesthesia is of great interest, particularly regarding their effects on the developing pediatric brain. While numerous studies have examined the relationship between anesthetic drugs and brain function, research focusing on early cognitive function following sedation remains limited. Materials and Methods: This study was a prospective, randomized controlled trial involving 148 pediatric patients scheduled for hematological procedures, specifically bone marrow aspiration (BMA) and intrathecal chemotherapy (ITC). Patients were divided into two groups based on the primary anesthetic used: the inhalational sedation group (IHG), in which sevoflurane was used, and the intravenous sedation group (IVG), which received propofol infusion. Apart from the main anesthetic agent, all sedation methods were consistent across both groups. A cognitive function test administered before sedation involved memorizing four distinct images, each associated with a different number. Then, the patients were asked to identify the omitted image upon awakening in the recovery room. Herein, this pre- vs. post-sedation test is called the early recognition assessment (ERA) tool. The primary outcome was the correct response rate after sedation for the two groups. Secondary outcomes included the sedation score, the behavior response score, and the correct response rates according to the number of sedation procedures. Results: This study included 130 patients in the final analysis, with 74 originally assigned to each group. The initial cognitive assessment revealed no significant difference in performance between the anesthetic agents. In addition, no differences were observed in the rates of correct responses or post-sedation scores after repeated procedures. However, the IVG demonstrated higher behavior response scores compared to the IHG. Conclusions: There were no significant differences in the rates of correct responses using the ERA tool between the two groups, irrespective of the number of sedation procedures performed. While some differences were noted in preoperative, intraoperative, and post-anesthesia care, these did not significantly impact the cognitive outcomes measured.
Antibiotic Resistance & Extended-Spectrum ß-Lactamase Production in Clinical and Non-Clinical Isolates in Tabuk
Authors: Alanazi Badriah , Muhiuddin Ghulam , Albalawi Yazeed , Alhazmi Khalid , Alzahrani Othman , Alamri Marai , Alshadfan Hisham , Zubair Mohammad
Published: August 2024

The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance, driven by the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), presents a critical challenge to current medical treatments, particularly in clinical settings. Understanding the distribution and frequency of ESBL-producing bacteria is essential for developing effective control strategies. This study investigated the antibiotic resistance and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production in bacterial isolates in clinical and non-clinical (food) specimens in Tabuk, KSA. A total of 57 bacterial isolates were analysed, with E. coli and Pseudomonas sp. being the most prevalent. High resistance rates were observed, particularly against third-generation cephalosporins in clinical isolates. ESBL screening revealed a significant prevalence in clinical samples (58.3%), with E. coli showing the highest positivity. Conversely, only a low percentage of food isolates were ESBL positive. Molecular analysis confirmed the presence of various ESBL genes, with blaCTX-M being the most frequent, predominantly found in clinical isolates. This study highlights the concerning levels of antibiotic resistance and ESBL production in the region, emphasising the need for effective infection control measures and prudent antibiotic use.
Different Roles of Dioxin-Catabolic Plasmids in Growth, Biofilm Formation, and Metabolism of Rhodococcus sp. Strain p52
Authors: Wang Xu , Wu Yanan , Chen Meng , Fu Changai , Xu Hangzhou , Li Li
Published: August 2024

Microorganisms harbor catabolic plasmids to tackle refractory organic pollutants, which is crucial for bioremediation and ecosystem health. Understanding the impacts of plasmids on hosts provides insights into the behavior and adaptation of degrading bacteria in the environment. Here, we examined alterations in the physiological properties and gene expression profiles of Rhodococcus sp. strain p52 after losing two conjugative dioxin-catabolic megaplasmids (pDF01 and pDF02). The growth of strain p52 accelerated after pDF01 loss, while it decelerated after pDF02 loss. During dibenzofuran degradation, the expression levels of dibenzofuran catabolic genes on pDF01 were higher compared to those on pDF02; accordingly, pDF01 loss markedly slowed dibenzofuran degradation. It was suggested that pDF01 is more beneficial to strain p52 under dibenzofuran exposure. Moreover, plasmid loss decreased biofilm formation, especially after pDF02 loss. Transcriptome profiling revealed different pathways enriched in upregulated and downregulated genes after pDF01 and pDF02 loss, indicating different adaptation mechanisms. Based on the transcriptional activity variation, pDF01 played roles in transcription and anabolic processes, while pDF02 profoundly influenced energy production and cellular defense. This study enhances our knowledge of the impacts of degradative plasmids on native hosts and the adaptation mechanisms of hosts, contributing to the application of plasmid-mediated bioremediation in contaminated environments.
Lippia origanoides and Thymus vulgaris Essential Oils Synergize with Ampicillin against Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli
Authors: Bastida-Ramírez Levi Jafet , Buendía-González Leticia , Mejía-Argueta Euridice Ladisu , Sandoval-Cabrera Antonio , García-Fabila María Magdalena , Pavón-Romero Sergio Humberto , Padua-Ahumada Monica , Santillán-Benítez Jonnathan Guadalupe
Published: August 2024

(1) Background: Could compounds such as monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes present in essential plant oils inhibit bacterial growth as an alternative to help mitigate bacterial resistance? The purpose of this study is evaluating the in vitro antibacterial effect of Lippia organoides EO (LEO) and Thymus vulgaris EO (TEO), individually and in combination with ampicillin, against extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli strains; (2) Methods: Experimental in vitro design with post-test. The EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation and were analyzed by GC. ESBL-producing E. coli strains used were selected from urine cultures and the blaCTX-M and blaTEM resistance genes were identified by end point PCR. The disk diffusion method was used for the susceptibility tests. The MICs and MBCs were determined by microdilution test. Finally, the interaction effect was observed by checkerboard assay; (3) Results: A 39.9% decrease in the growth of the strain thymol in TEO and 70.4% in carvacrol in LEO was shown, observing inhibition halos of 32 mm for both EOs. MICs of 632 and 892 μg/mL for LEO and 738 and 940 μg/mL for TEO were determined. Finally, it was observed that, at low doses, there is a synergistic effect between TEO + LEO and EOs + ampicillin; (4) Conclusions: The findings demonstrate that TEO and LEO have an inhibitory effect on ESBL-producing E. coli, suggesting that they are candidates for further studies in the formulation of antibiotics to reduce bacterial resistance to traditional antibiotics.
Infectious Foci, Comorbidities and Its Influence on the Outcomes of Septic Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Oliveira Ana Maria , Oliveira André , Vidal Raquel , Gonçalves-Pereira João
Published: August 2024

Sepsis is among the most frequent diagnoses on admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). A systemic inflammatory response, activated by uncontrolled infection, fosters hypoperfusion and multiorgan failure and often leads to septic shock and mortality. These infections arise from a specific anatomic source, and how the infection foci influence the outcomes is unknown. All patients admitted to the ICU of Hospital de Vila Franca de Xira, between 1 January 2017 and 31 June 2023, were screened for sepsis and categorized according to their infection foci. During the study period, 1296 patients (32.2%) had sepsis on admission. Their mean age was 67.5 ± 15.3 and 58.1% were male; 73.0% had community-acquired infections. The lung was the main focus of infection. Septic shock was present in 37.9% of the patients and was associated with hospital mortality. Severe imbalances were noted in its incidence, and there was lower mortality in lung infections. The hospital-acquired infections had a slightly higher mortality but, after adjustment, this difference was non-significant. Patients with secondary bacteremia had a worse prognosis (one-year adjusted hazard ratio of 1.36, 95% confidence interval 1.06–1.74, p = 0.015), especially those with an isolated non-fermenting Gram-negative infection. Lung, skin, and skin structure infections and peritonitis had a worse prognosis, whilst urinary, biliary tract, and other intra-abdominal infections had a better one-year outcome.
Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV)-Delivered Exosomal TAT and BiTE Molecule CD4-αCD3 Facilitate the Elimination of CD4 T Cells Harboring Latent HIV-1
Authors: Tang Xiaoli , Lu Huafei , Tarwater Patrick M. , Silverberg David L. , Schorl Christoph , Ramratnam Bharat
Published: August 2024

Combinatorial antiretroviral therapy (cART) has transformed HIV infection from a death sentence to a controllable chronic disease, but cannot eliminate the virus. Latent HIV-1 reservoirs are the major obstacles to cure HIV-1 infection. Previously, we engineered exosomal Tat (Exo-Tat) to reactivate latent HIV-1 from the reservoir of resting CD4+ T cells. Here, we present an HIV-1 eradication platform, which uses our previously described Exo-Tat to activate latent virus from resting CD4+ T cells guided by the specific binding domain of CD4 in interleukin 16 (IL16), attached to the N-terminus of exosome surface protein lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 variant B (Lamp2B). Cells with HIV-1 surface protein gp120 expressed on the cell membranes are then targeted for immune cytolysis by a BiTE molecule CD4-αCD3, which colocalizes the gp120 surface protein of HIV-1 and the CD3 of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Using primary blood cells obtained from antiretroviral treated individuals, we find that this combined approach led to a significant reduction in replication-competent HIV-1 in infected CD4+ T cells in a clonal in vitro cell system. Furthermore, adeno-associated virus serotype DJ (AAV-DJ) was used to deliver Exo-Tat, IL16lamp2b and CD4-αCD3 genes by constructing them in one AAV-DJ vector (the plasmid was named pEliminator). The coculture of T cells from HIV-1 patients with Huh-7 cells infected with AAV-Eliminator viruses led to the clearance of HIV-1 reservoir cells in the in vitro experiment, which could have implications for reducing the viral reservoir in vivo, indicating that Eliminator AAV viruses have the potential to be developed into therapeutic biologics to cure HIV-1 infection.
Long-Term Monitoring of Microplastics in a German Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant
Authors: Sturm Michael Toni , Myers Erika , Korzin Anika , Schober Dennis , Schuhen Katrin
Published: August 2024

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have been identified as important point sources for microplastics (MPs) in the environment; monitoring MP emissions in the WWTP effluent is therefore essential for contamination control. The aim of this study is to acquire a large number of samples (320) over a period of two years and three months to determine the temporal variations in microplastic contamination in the outlet of the municipal WWTP Landau-Mörlheim. The effluent of the third cleaning stage is sampled with a 10 µm filter cartridge, processed in the laboratory using a hydrogen peroxide treatment, and MPs are then detected by fluorescence staining. The results show high temporal variations in the microplastic concentrations in the effluent of the WWTP. This indicates that high numbers of samples are necessary to obtain a representative assessment of the microplastic emissions; single samples are not representative. The average microplastic concentration in the effluent was 27.8 ± 29.8 MP/L, ranging from 0.6 MP/L to 194.0 MP/L. This leads to a yearly emission of 1.5 × 1011 MP for the WWTP Landau-Mörlheim, corresponding to an emission of 2.8 × 106 MP/inhabitant and year. Statistically significant seasonal variations could not be observed, although there is a trend towards lower MP concentrations in summer. Further, no correlations with other wastewater or weather parameters could be found.
Phytochemical Analysis, Biological Activities, and Docking of Phenolics from Shoot Cultures of Hypericum perforatum L. Transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes
Authors: Tusevski Oliver , Todorovska Marija , Petreska Stanoeva Jasmina , Gadzovska Simic Sonja
Published: August 2024

Hypericum perforatum transformed shoot lines (TSL) regenerated from corresponding hairy roots and non-transformed shoots (NTS) were comparatively evaluated for their phenolic compound contents and in vitro inhibitory capacity against target enzymes (monoamine oxidase-A, cholinesterases, tyrosinase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, lipase, and cholesterol esterase). Molecular docking was conducted to assess the contribution of dominant phenolic compounds to the enzyme-inhibitory properties of TSL samples. The TSL extracts represent a rich source of chlorogenic acid, epicatechin and procyanidins, quercetin aglycone and glycosides, anthocyanins, naphthodianthrones, acyl-phloroglucinols, and xanthones. Concerning in vitro bioactivity assays, TSL displayed significantly higher acetylcholinesterase, tyrosinase, α-amylase, pancreatic lipase, and cholesterol esterase inhibitory properties compared to NTS, implying their neuroprotective, antidiabetic, and antiobesity potential. The docking data revealed that pseudohypericin, hyperforin, cadensin G, epicatechin, and chlorogenic acid are superior inhibitors of selected enzymes, exhibiting the lowest binding energy of ligand–receptor complexes. Present data indicate that H. perforatum transformed shoots might be recognized as an excellent biotechnological system for producing phenolic compounds with multiple health benefits.
Analytical Methods for the Determination of Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products in Solid and Liquid Environmental Matrices: A Review
Authors: Alqarni Abdulmalik M.
Published: August 2024

Among the various compounds regarded as emerging contaminants (ECs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are of particular concern. Their continuous release into the environment has a negative global impact on human life. This review summarizes the sources, occurrence, persistence, consequences of exposure, and toxicity of PPCPs, and evaluates the various analytical methods used in the identification and quantification of PPCPs in a variety of solid and liquid environmental matrices. The current techniques of choice for the analysis of PPCPs are state-of-the-art liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) or tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS2). However, the complexity of the environmental matrices and the trace levels of micropollutants necessitate the use of advanced sample treatments before these instrumental analyses. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) with different sorbents is now the predominant method used for the extraction of PPCPs from environmental samples. This review also addresses the ongoing analytical method challenges, including sample clean-up and matrix effects, focusing on the occurrence, sample preparation, and analytical methods presently available for the determination of environmental residues of PPCPs. Continuous development of innovative analytical methods is essential for overcoming existing limitations and ensuring the consistency and diversity of analytical methods used in investigations of environmental multi-class compounds.
Recent Research Progress on the Chemical Constituents, Pharmacology, and Pharmacokinetics of Alpinae oxyphyllae Fructus
Authors: Liao Junfa , Zhao Xueying
Published: August 2024

Alpinae oxyphyllae fructus (AOF), the dried mature fruit of Alpinia oxyphylla Miquel of the Zingiberaceae family, shows many special pharmacological effects. In recent years, there has been an abundance of research results on AOF. In this paper, the new compounds isolated from AOF since 2018 are reviewed, including terpenes, flavonoids, diarylheptanoids, phenolic acid, sterols, alkanes, fats, etc. The isolation methods that were applied include the microwave-assisted method, response surface method, chiral high-performance liquid chromatography–multiple reaction monitoring–mass spectrometry (HPLC-MRM-MS) analytical method, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole–electrostatic field orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Orbitrap-HRMS) method, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method, hot water leaching method, ethanol leaching method, and so on. Additionally, the pharmacological effects of AOF found from 2018 to 2024 are also summarized, including neuroprotection, regulation of metabolic disorders, antioxidant activity, antiapoptosis, antiinflammatory activity, antidiabetic activity, antihyperuricemia, antiaging, antidiuresis, immune regulation, anti-tumor activity, renal protection, hepatoprotection, and anti-asthma. This paper provides a reference for further research on AOF.
Visual Tracking of Hydrogen Sulfide: Application of a Novel Lysosome-Targeted Fluorescent Probe for Bioimaging and Food Safety Assessment
Authors: Liu Likun , Liu Yitong , Ren Haoqing , Hou Peng , Wang Haijun , Sun Jingwen , Liu Lei , He Chuan , Chen Song
Published: August 2024

The equilibrium state of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gaseous signaling molecule produced by lysosomal metabolites, in vivo is crucial for cellular function. Abnormal fluctuations in H2S concentration can interfere with the normal function of lysosomes, which has been closely linked to the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. In view of this, a novel fluorescent probe Lyso-DPP based on 1,3,5-triarylpyrazolines was developed for the precise detection of H2S in lysosomes by using the hydrophilic morpholine moiety as a lysosomal targeting unit, and 2,4-dinitroanisole as a fluorescence-quenching and H2S-responsive unit. The probe cleverly combines the advantages of simple synthesis, sensitive blue fluorescence turn-on with a limit of detection, LOD, of 97.3 nM, good stability, and fast response time (10 min), which makes Lyso-DPP successful in portable monitoring of meat freshness in the form of test strips. Moreover, the excellent biocompatibility and precise targeting capability of the probe Lyso-DPP make it perform well in the monitoring of H2S in lysosomes, living cells, and zebrafish. This work not only provides new technical tools for food quality control but also paves up new ideas for early diagnosis and treatment of H2S-related diseases.
Prediction of Two-Dimensional Janus Transition-Metal Chalcogenides: Robust Ferromagnetic Semiconductor with High Curie Temperature
Authors: Wang Zijin , Qureshi Ali Hamza , Duan Yuanyuan , Liu Yujie , Wang Yanbiao , Zhu Jun , Lu Jinlian , Guo Tianxia , Liu Yongjun , Zhang Xiuyun
Published: August 2024

Two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnetic semiconductors (FM SCs) provide an ideal platform for the development of quantum information technology in nanoscale devices. However, many developed 2D FM materials present a very low Curie temperature (TC), greatly limiting their application in spintronic devices. In this work, we predict two stable 2D transition metal chalcogenides, V3Se3X2 (X = S, Te) monolayers, by using first-principles calculations. Our results show that the V3Se3Te2 monolayer is a robust bipolar magnetic SC with a moderate bandgap of 0.53 eV, while V3Se3S2 is a direct band-gap FM SC with a bandgap of 0.59 eV. Interestingly, the ferromagnetisms of both monolayers are robust due to the V–S/Se/Te–V superexchange interaction, and TCs are about 406 K and 301 K, respectively. Applying biaxial strains, the FM SC to antiferromagnetic (AFM) SC transition is revealed at 5% and 3% of biaxial tensile strain. In addition, their high mechanical, dynamical, and thermal stabilities are further verified by phonon dispersion calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) calculations. Their outstanding attributes render the V3Se3Y2 (Y = S, Te) monolayers promising candidates as 2D FM SCs for a wide range of applications.
The Development and Validation of a Disordered Eating Screening Tool for Current and Former Athletes: The Athletic Disordered Eating (ADE) Screening Tool
Authors: Buckley Georgina L. , Lassemillante Annie-Claude M. , Cooke Matthew B. , Belski Regina
Published: August 2024

Background: Current and former athletes are one of the most at-risk population groups for disordered eating (DE), impacting their dietary practices, body composition, performance and health during and following their athletic careers. Few comprehensive DE screening tools exist for this group. To help address this, the current study utilised a mixed-methods approach of Classic Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT) to develop and validate a DE screening tool suitable for current and former athletes. Methods: Novel scale development methodologies were used to develop and assess the validity (content, face, cross-cultural, construct), test-retest reliability, internal consistency reliability, factor analysis and Rasch analysis of a new DE scale. Results: A new validated Athletic Disordered Eating (ADE) screening tool was created, with 17 items and four subscales (food control, bingeing, body control, body discontent), with an internal consistency reliability of 0.91, excellent content and construct validity, an Intraclass Correlation Coefficient of 0.97 and excellent Rasch model fit. Conclusions: The ADE screening tool has been dually developed for research purposes and as a clinically applicable screening tool to detect DE in current and former athletes and is suitable for a global use across sporting categories, diverse genders and levels of competition.
The Infusion of Piperacillin/Tazobactam with an Elastomeric Device: A Combined 24-H Stability Study and Drug Solution Flow Rate Analysis
Authors: Négrier Laura , Mena Anthony Martin , Dupont Christian , Gamache Philémon , Zimbril Jeanne-Olive , Abdoune Yasmine , Karrout Youness , Odou Pascal , Genay Stéphanie , Décaudin Bertrand
Published: August 2024

Bacterial respiratory tract infections (e.g., in patients with cystic fibrosis) may be treated with the intravenous infusion of a piperacillin/tazobactam (P/T) solution through an elastomeric device. In the present work, we combined a 24-h drug stability study with an assessment of the drug solution flow rate during an in vitro simulated infusion. Experiments were performed in triplicate with two excipient-free generic P/T solutions and an excipient-containing proprietary P/T solution in saline (all 50/6.25 mg/mL) released from an elastomeric infusion device at 32 °C. The P/T solutions’ stability was assessed by an HPLC-UV assay, pH and osmolality measurements, a visual assessment, and particle counting. Before these analyses, a forced degradation study was performed. To assess the flow rate, a precision scale was used to weigh the solution collected at the infusion line outlet. The stability criteria were <10% degradation and a flow rate within ± 15% of the nominal value over the 24-h infusion period: all three P/T solutions were found to be stable. The actual flow rate was lower than the expected flow rate; this difference was probably due to the drug solution’s high viscosity and must be taken into account in clinical use.
Individual Protective Covers Improve Yield and Quality of Citrus Fruit under Endemic Huanglongbing
Authors: Gaire Susmita , Albrecht Ute , Batuman Ozgur , Zekri Mongi , Alferez Fernando
Published: August 2024

The use of individual protective covers (IPCs) to protect newly planted citrus trees from Huanglongbing (HLB) infection is being widely adopted in Florida, an HLB-endemic citrus-producing area. It is known that IPCs positively influence most horticultural traits, increasing tree growth, flush expansion, and leaf size, enabling trees to sustain balanced carbohydrate metabolism by preventing Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) infection, and inducing higher leaf chlorophyll levels. This may result in more productive trees. However, as the tree grows, IPCs eventually are removed, typically between 2 and 3 years after their initial installation. Once IPCs are removed, trees become exposed to the Asian citrus psyllid (ACPs) and ultimately become infected. In this work, we covered Valencia sweet orange trees with IPCs for 30 months, until the trees entered fruit-bearing age. We investigated how the IPC protection of newly planted trees for 30 months influenced the fruit quality and yield of “Valencia” trees for three consecutive seasons after IPC removal compared to non-covered trees. The use of IPCs kick-started the newly planted citrus trees, resulting in higher yields and fruits with better internal and external quality. After 30 months of IPC protection, tree canopies were larger and denser, supporting more fruit per tree than non-protected trees for three consecutive seasons, even though by the end of the first season after IPC removal, the trees were HLB-positive. Tree height, scion diameter, canopy volume, and leaf area were significantly improved compared to non-covered trees. Additionally, fruit quality was significantly improved in the three seasons following IPC removal compared to non-covered trees. However, a decline in quality was measurable in fruit from IPC trees after the second harvesting season, with trees affected by HLB. Based on the results from this study, we conclude that the benefits from IPC protection may last for at least three consecutive seasons once trees enter the productive age, despite CLas infection within 12 months after IPC removal.
Identification and Evaluation of Sugarcane Cultivars for Antixenosis Resistance to the Leafhopper Yamatotettix flavovittatus Matsumura (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)
Authors: Roddee Jariya , Wangkeeree Jureemart , Hanboonsong Yupa
Published: August 2024

Understanding the settling preference, feeding behavior, honeydew production, and biophysical factors, such as trichome density, related to Y. flavovittatus leafhopper infestation in sugarcane cultivation is crucial for effective pest management strategies. This study investigated these aspects across nine sugarcane cultivars. Significant variability was observed among cultivars in terms of settling behavior, with KK3 and LK92-11 showing the highest number of settled leafhopper adults. Similarly, honeydew production varied significantly among cultivars, with KK3 and LK92-11 exhibiting the highest production. Employing the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique provided insights into distinct probing behaviors across cultivars, highlighting correlations between settling preference, honeydew production, and specific EPG waveforms. Principal component analysis (PCA) categorized cultivars into four groups based on settling preference, honeydew production, feeding behavior, and biophysical factors. Strong correlations were found between settling preference, honeydew production, and various EPG waveforms, while negative correlations were observed with the number of silica cells and rows per unit area, indicating their potential role in deterring leafhopper settlement. We concluded that TPJ04-768 and K84-200 are promising for resistance against leafhoppers and, thereby, can be exploited in sugarcane breeding programs with regard to resistance against insects.
Investigating the Effects of Gliding Arc Plasma Discharge’s Thermal Characteristic and Reactive Chemistry on Aqueous PFOS Mineralization
Authors: Shaji Mobish A. , Surace Mikaela J. , Rabinovich Alexander , Sales Christopher M. , Fridman Gregory , McKenzie Erica R. , Fridman Alexander
Published: August 2024

Per-and Polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are recalcitrant organofluorine contaminants, which demand urgent attention due to their bioaccumulation potential and associated health risks. While numerous current treatments technologies, including certain plasma-based treatments, can degrade PFASs, their complete destruction or mineralization is seldom achieved. Extensive aqueous PFAS mineralization capability coupled with industrial-level scaling potential makes gliding arc plasma (GAP) discharges an interesting and promising technology in PFAS mitigation. In this study, the effects of GAP discharge’s thermal and reactive properties on aqueous perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) mineralization were investigated. Treatments were conducted with air and nitrogen GAP discharges at different plasma gas temperatures to investigate the effects of plasma thermal environment on PFOS mineralization; the results show that treatments with increased plasma gas temperatures lead to increased PFOS mineralization, and discharges in air were able to mineralize PFOS at relatively lower plasma gas temperatures compared to discharges in nitrogen. Studies were conducted to identify if GAP-based PFOS mineralization is a pure thermal process or if plasma reactive chemistry also affects PFOS mineralization. This was done by comparing the effects of thermal environments with and without plasma species (air discharge and air heated to plasma gas temperatures) on PFOS mineralization; the results show that while GAP discharge was able to mineralize PFOS, equivalent temperature air without plasma did not lead to PFOS mineralization. Finally, mineralization during treatments with GAP discharges in argon and air at similar gas temperatures were compared to investigate the role of plasma species in PFOS mineralization. The results demonstrate that treatments with argon (monoatomic gas with higher ionization) lead to increased PFOS mineralization compared to treatments with air (molecular gas with lower ionization), showing the participation of reactive species in PFOS mineralization.