bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controversial border and territory issues between the Mac dynasty (Dai Viet) and Ming dynasty (China)
Authors: Thi My Hanh Nguyen
Published: August 2022

In 1527–1541, the Mac dynasty was at risk of invasion from its northern neighbor in China and had to fight consecutively with the Revival Le dynasty in Dai Viet. Therefore, in relations with China, the Mac dynasty during this period tried to maintain peaceful relations and avoid war between the two sides. Owing to the return of several former Chinese lands to China during this period, many people, especially historians of medieval Vietnam, have condemned the humility of the Mac dynasty, especially the humility of border and territorial issues, and said that it was the surrender and betrayal of their national interests. However, based on specific evidence from both Vietnamese and Chinese sides, the current article proves that the modesty of the Mac dynasty was only a formality and strategic ploy; in essence, the Mac dynasty was independent in relation to China at that time.
Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in the post-pandemic era
Authors: Zhao Wenwu , Yin Caichun , Hua Ting , Meadows Michael E. , Li Yan , Liu Yanxu , Cherubini Francesco , Pereira Paulo , Fu Bojie
Published: August 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to pose substantial challenges to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Exploring systematic SDG strategies is urgently needed to aid recovery from the pandemic and reinvigorate global SDG actions. Based on available data and comprehensive analysis of the literature, this paper highlights ongoing challenges facing the SDGs, identifies the effects of COVID-19 on SDG progress, and proposes a systematic framework for promoting the achievement of SDGs in the post-pandemic era. Progress towards attaining the SDGs was already lagging behind even before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Inequitable distribution of food–energy–water resources and environmental crises clearly threaten SDG implementation. Evidently, there are gaps between the vision for SDG realization and actual capacity that constrain national efforts. The turbulent geopolitical environment, spatial inequities, and trade-offs limit the effectiveness of SDG implementation. The global public health crisis and socio-economic downturn under COVID-19 have further impeded progress toward attaining the SDGs. Not only has the pandemic delayed SDG advancement in general, but it has also amplified spatial imbalances in achieving progress, undermined connectivity, and accentuated anti-globalization sentiment under lockdowns and geopolitical conflicts. Nevertheless, positive developments in technology and improvement in environmental conditions have also occurred. In reflecting on the overall situation globally, it is recommended that post-pandemic SDG actions adopt a “Classification–Coordination–Collaboration” framework. Classification facilitates both identification of the current development status and the urgency of SDG achievement aligned with national conditions. Coordination promotes domestic/international and inter-departmental synergy for short-term recovery as well as long-term development. Cooperation is key to strengthening economic exchanges, promoting technological innovation, and building a global culture of sustainable development that is essential if the endeavor of achieving the SDGs is to be successful. Systematic actions are urgently needed to get the SDG process back on track.
Dynamics of particle-laden turbulent Couette flow: Turbulence modulation by inertial particles
Authors: Ghosh S. , Goswami P. S.
Published: August 2022

In particle-laden turbulent flows, it is established that the turbulence in the carrier fluid phase gets affected by the dispersed particle phase for volume fractions above 10−4. Hence, reverse coupling or two-way coupling becomes relevant in that volume fraction regime. Due to their greater inertia, larger particles change either the mean flow or the intensity of fluid-phase fluctuations. In a recent study [Muramulla et al., “Disruption of turbulence due to particle loading in a dilute gas–particle suspension,” J. Fluid Mech. 889, A28 (2020)], a discontinuous decrease of turbulence intensity is observed in a vertical particle-laden turbulent channel flow for a critical volume fraction O(10−3) for particles with varying Stokes numbers (St) in the range of 1−420 based on the fluid-integral time scales. The collapse of turbulent intensity is found out to be the result of a “catastrophic reduction of turbulent energy production rate.” Mechanistically, a turbulent Couette flow differs from a pressure-driven channel flow in many ways, such as fluid-phase mean-velocity profile and turbulent coherent structures. In the particle-laden Couette flow, particles are treated as neutrally buoyant. Therefore, it is worth investigating the mechanism of turbulence modulation by inertial particles in the particle-laden turbulent Couette flow. In this article, the turbulence modulation in the fluid phase in the presence of inertial particles is investigated using two-way coupled direct numerical simulations of a particle-laden sheared turbulent suspension. The particle volume fraction (ϕ) is varied from 1.75×10−4 to 1.05×10−3 and the Reynolds number based on the half-channel width (δ) and the wall velocity (U) (Reδ) is 750. The particles are of high inertia with St∼367 based on a fluid integral timescale represented by δ/U. A discontinuous decrease in turbulence intensity and Reynolds stress is observed beyond a critical volume fraction ϕcr∼7.875×10−4. The drastic reduction of shear production of turbulence leads to the collapse of fluid-phase turbulence. The stepwise particle injection and stepwise removal study confirm the role of critical volume loading in the discontinuous transition. Additionally, the effect of the nature of particle–particle and particle–wall collisions has been investigated. It is observed that the inelastic collisions increase the ϕcr marginally although the nature of turbulence modulation remains similar. The explicit role of the inter-particle collisions has also been investigated by switching off the particle–particle collisions. In this case, ϕcr increases more than in the case of an inelastic collision. The turbulence modulation carries the signatures of transition from sheared turbulence to particle-driven fluid fluctuation at higher volume loading.
Oscillation dynamics of the air-core in a hydrocyclone
Authors: Banerjee Chandranath , Chaudhury Kaustav , Cid Emmanuel , Bourgeois Florent , Chakraborty Suman , Majumder Arun , Climent Eric
Published: August 2022

Tangential introduction of liquid results in a swirling flow within a cylindro-conical hydrocyclone. Upon continuous feeding with water, the central axial region experiences local low pressure across the height yielding the formation of an air-core, which executes meandering motion similar to the oscillation of an elastic string. We investigated the vortical flow and the induced oscillating behavior of an air column submerged in a water flow field inside a hydrocyclone. Through a series of experiments in a transparent hydrocyclone and subsequent full scale multiphase flow simulations with the Reynolds stress model, we analyzed the morphological characteristics of the air-core (mean and fluctuating properties). Air-core oscillations are characterized in terms of spatial wavelength and frequency. We show that hydrodynamics driven oscillating behavior of the air-core shares an analogy with the vibration of an elastic beam. Following this analogy, we obtain a scaling relationship between the wavelength and air-core radius, which is in good agreement with our experimental data and numerical results.
Transient electro-osmotic flow in rotating soft microchannel
Authors: Gandharv Shrikant , Kaushik P.
Published: August 2022

Exploiting secondary velocities produced by Coriolis forces in Lab-on-CD systems is key to achieving better transport in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. We explore the transient behavior of velocities in rotating microchannels aided by a grafted polyelectrolyte layer (a soft layer). We further obtain an analytical solution for governing differential equations of the rotational electro-osmotic flow by the eigenfunction expansion method. We check and benchmark the solution with an in-house finite volume numerical code and also with results in literature for situation after transience has completed. We explore and discuss the effect of channel rotation, electro-osmosis, and polyelectrolyte layer on the oscillatory transient behavior of the flow velocities. We show that the size of the polyelectrolyte layer grafted to the walls aids in better control of the flow velocities and oscillations. We believe that controlled transient oscillatory behavior of velocities can be greatly used in Lab-on-CD based systems to manage the mass and momentum transport.
Transport across thin membranes: Effective solute flux jump
Authors: Zampogna Giuseppe Antonio , Ledda Pier Giuseppe , Gallaire François
Published: August 2022

A model to describe the transport across membranes of chemical species dissolved in an incompressible flow is developed via homogenization. The asymptotic matching between the microscopic and macroscopic solute concentration fields leads to a solute flux jump across the membrane, quantified through the solution of diffusion problems at the microscale. The predictive model, written in a closed form, covers a wide range of membrane behaviors, in the limit of negligible Reynolds and Péclet numbers inside the membrane. The closure problem at the microscale, found via homogenization, allows one to link the membrane microstructure to its effective macroscopic properties, such as solvent permeability and solute diffusivity. After a validation of the model through comparison with the corresponding full-scale solution, an immediate application is provided, where the membrane behavior is a priori predicted through an analysis of its microscopic properties. The introduced tools and considerations may find applications in the design of thin microstructured membranes.
Theoretical and numerical analysis of drag force at the interface between the dilute and dense phases
Authors: Chen Xiao , Ma Teng , Zhou Qiang
Published: August 2022

Resolving the sharp interface between the dilute and dense phases in gas–solid flows is a bottleneck in fine-grid simulations. This study addresses this issue through the theoretical analysis of an infinite gas–structure interface with arbitrary flow directions. The drag force at the interface is decomposed into three parts: the homogeneous drag forces of the dilute and dense regions and a stress divergence difference term. All the three parts are expressed as the functions of the solid volume fractions, particle Reynolds numbers, and stress divergences of the interface grid and its adjacent grids. The developed theoretical drag models at the interface are verified and improved based on particle-resolved direct numerical simulations (PR-DNSs) of flows past plug-like structures. The models are then tested against PR-DNSs of flows past bubble-containing, spherical, ellipsoidal structures. They yield significantly better performance than the traditional Beetstra et al.'s model [Beetstra et al., “Drag force of intermediate Reynolds number flow past mono- and bidisperse arrays of spheres,” AIChE J. 53(2), 489–501 (2007)].
Large-amplitude effects on interface perturbation growth in Richtmyer–Meshkov flows with reshock
Authors: Guo Xu , Si Ting , Zhai Zhigang , Luo Xisheng
Published: August 2022

Experimental and theoretical studies on the Richtmyer–Meshkov (RM) instability of heavy/light gaseous interfaces with reshock are performed. Both small and large initial perturbation amplitudes of single- and quasi-single-mode interfaces are considered, highlighting the effects of interface amplitude and shape on the linear and nonlinear growths of the RM instability. The results indicate that for small-amplitude interfaces distorted before and after the first reshock arrival, the perturbation growths at linear stages can be well predicted by the impulsive model. For large-amplitude interfaces, however, the reshock acceleration on the evolving interface promotes the mode interaction and enhances the nonlinear effects, making the perturbation growth rates reduced in comparison with those in the singly shocked cases. The complete evolution, especially the bubble evolution, has a strong memory of initial shapes, while for large-amplitude cases, the spike evolution is nearly independent of them owing to the destruction of large-scale vortices and multiple-shock-induced small-scale structures. Compared with that of the single-mode case, the normalized perturbation growths after reshock for the quasi-single-mode cases are more sensitive to initial amplitudes. To better describe the linear growth rates of the RM instability induced by the incident shock and reshock, the reduction factor models for large-amplitude cases are developed, which successfully predict the non-monotonic dependence of linear growth rates on initial perturbation amplitudes. For small-amplitude cases, the nonlinear model proposed for the singly shocked case can predict the reshocked nonlinear growth, while for large-amplitude cases, it is invalid because the perturbation growth shows a linear characteristic after reshock.
A rapid method for prediction of airborne disease infection risks in an intercity bus
Authors: Yang Yafeng , Wang Yiping , Su Chuqi , Yuan Xiaohong , Liu Xun , Chen Zhixin
Published: August 2022

In an intercity bus, respiratory infectious diseases put passengers at high risk of getting infected by the droplets exhaled by an infected person, and the risk increases when exposed to more droplets. Here, to quickly determine the concentration distribution of droplets, to predict the infection risks in a closed space, and to enhance the reliability of the conventional steady-state particle tracking method for predicting the trajectory of droplets released by coughing or sneezing, an improved steady-state particle tracking method is proposed. In it, the momentum of released droplets previously ignored in the conventional steady-state particle tracking method was specifically incorporated using experimental data. Then, the improved method was combined with a random walk model and applied to investigate all possible trajectories of droplets released by different passengers inside a bus. Consequently, the concentration distribution of droplets was obtained from the trajectory information. Finally, the Wells–Riley equation was used to predict the infection risk of every passenger based on the evaluated number of droplets inhaled per passenger. The results show that the improved steady-state tracking method performs more accurately at predicting the concentration field of droplets and associated infection risk than the conventional steady-state particle tracking method. Furthermore, the relative cost of the improved steady-state tracking method is just 1% of the transient calculation method currently considered the most accurate.
The Contribution of Chronic Conditions to Hospitalization, Skilled Nursing Facility Admission, and Death: Variation by Race
Authors: Quiñones Ana R , McAvay Gail J , Peak Katherine D , Vander Wyk Brent , Allore Heather G
Published: August 2022

Multimorbidity (≥2 chronic conditions) is a common and important marker of aging. To better understand racial differences in multimorbidity burden and associations with important health-related outcomes, we assessed differences in the contribution of chronic conditions to hospitalization, skilled nursing facility admission, and mortality among non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White older adults in the United States. We used data from a nationally representative study, the National Health and Aging Trends Study, linked to Medicare claims from 2011–2015 (n = 4,871 respondents). This analysis improved upon prior research by identifying the absolute contributions of chronic conditions using a longitudinal extension of the average attributable fraction for Black and White Medicare beneficiaries. We found that cardiovascular conditions were the greatest contributors to outcomes among White respondents, while the greatest contributor to outcomes for Black respondents was renal morbidity. This study provides important insights into racial differences in the contributions of chronic conditions to costly health-care utilization and mortality, and it prompts policy-makers to champion delivery reforms that will expand access to preventive and ongoing care for diverse Medicare beneficiaries.
Assays Specific for BNP1-32 and NT-proBNP Exhibit a Similar Performance to Two Widely Used Assays in the Diagnosis of Heart Failure
Authors: Lewis Lynley K , Raudsepp Sara D , Whitlow Joanna C , Appleby Sarah , Pemberton Christopher J , Yandle Timothy G , Mark Richards A
Published: August 2022

Background

Secretion of cardioprotective B-type natriuretic peptide 1–32 (BNP1-32) is increased proportionately with cardiac dysfunction, but its measurement in plasma is difficult. Therefore, less specific BNP and amino-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) assays that detect the precursor molecule proBNP alongside BNP or NT-proBNP metabolites were developed to reflect BNP1-32 secretion and are now mandated in the diagnosis of heart failure (HF). We compared the diagnostic performance of 2 widely used clinical assays: the Roche proBNPII assay, and Abbott BNP assay, against our recently developed in-house assays that measure either intact BNP1-32 or NT-proBNP.

Methods

EDTA plasma samples obtained from patients presenting with breathlessness (n = 195, 60 [31%] with clinically adjudicated HF) were assayed using the Roche NT-proBNP and our specific in-house BNP1-32 and NTBNP assays. A subset (n = 75) were also assessed with the Abbott BNP assay.

Results

Roche NT-proBNP was highly correlated with BNP1-32 and NTBNP (Spearman rho = 0.92 and 0.90, respectively, both Ps < 0.001), and all 3 assays similarly discriminated acute HF from other causes of breathlessness (ROC analysis areas under the curve 0.85–0.89). The Abbott BNP assay performed similarly to the other assays. Roche NT-proBNP and BNP1-32 assays had similar sensitivity (83% and 80%), specificity (83% and 84%), positive (70% and 71%) and negative (91% and 90%) predictive values, and accuracy (both 83%) at their optimal cutoffs of 1536 and 12 ng/L, respectively.

Conclusions

Since all assays exhibited similar performance in the diagnosis of HF, currently mandated assays provide a reliable proxy for circulating concentrations of active BNP1-32 in HF diagnosis.
Drivers and barriers for secure hardware adoption across ecosystem stakeholders
Authors: Tomlinson Andrew , Parkin Simon , Shaikh Siraj Ahmed
Published: August 2022

The decisions involved in choosing technology components for systems are poorly understood. This is especially so where the choices pertain to system security and countering the threat of cybersecurity attack. Although common in some commercial products, secure hardware chips provide security functions such as authentication, secure execution and integrity validation on system start, and are increasingly deemed to have a role in devices across sectors, such as IoT devices, autonomous vehicle systems and critical infrastructure components. To understand the decisions and opinions regarding the adoption of secure hardware, we conducted 23 semi-structured interviews with senior decision-makers from companies spanning a range of sectors, sizes and supply-chain roles. Our results consider the business propositional drivers, barriers and economic factors that influence the adoption decisions. Understanding these would help those seeking to influence the adoption process, whether as a business decision, or as a trade or national strategy.
NetREx: Network-based Rice Expression Analysis Server for abiotic stress conditions
Authors: Sircar Sanchari , Musaddi Mayank , Parekh Nita
Published: August 2022

Recent focus on transcriptomic studies in food crops like rice, wheat and maize provide new opportunities to address issues related to agriculture and climate change. Re-analysis of such data available in public domain supplemented with annotations across molecular hierarchy can be of immense help to the plant research community, particularly co-expression networks representing transcriptionally coordinated genes that are often part of the same biological process. With this objective, we have developed NetREx, a Network-based Rice Expression Analysis Server, that hosts ranked co-expression networks of Oryza sativa using publicly available messenger RNA sequencing data across uniform experimental conditions. It provides a range of interactable data viewers and modules for analysing user-queried genes across different stress conditions (drought, flood, cold and osmosis) and hormonal treatments (abscisic and jasmonic acid) and tissues (root and shoot). Subnetworks of user-defined genes can be queried in pre-constructed tissue-specific networks, allowing users to view the fold change, module memberships, gene annotations and analysis of their neighbourhood genes and associated pathways. The web server also allows querying of orthologous genes from Arabidopsis, wheat, maize, barley and sorghum. Here, we demonstrate that NetREx can be used to identify novel candidate genes and tissue-specific interactions under stress conditions and can aid in the analysis and understanding of complex phenotypes linked to stress response in rice.

Database URL: https://bioinf.iiit.ac.in/netrex/index.html
Anger frequency and risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality
Authors: Titova Olga E , Baron John A , Michaëlsson Karl , Larsson Susanna C
Published: August 2022

Aims

Anger may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) but previous findings are inconclusive and large prospective studies are needed. We investigated whether frequency of strong anger is associated with the incidence of specific CVDs and CVD mortality, and if sex, age, and cardiometabolic risk factors modify these associations.

Methods and results

We used data from a population-based cohort of 47 077 Swedish adults (56–94 years of age) who completed questionnaires regarding their experience of anger, lifestyle habits, and health characteristics. Participants were followed for incident cardiovascular outcomes and death up to 9 years through linkage to the Swedish National Patient and Death Registers. Hazard ratios and confidence intervals adjusted for potential confounders were assessed.

In multivariable analyses, frequent episodes of strong anger were associated with an increased risk of heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and CVD mortality [hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) = 1.19 (1.04–1.37), 1.16 (1.06–1.28), and 1.23 (1.09–1.40), respectively]. The link between anger frequency and heart failure was more pronounced in men and participants with a history of diabetes. No evidence of an independent association of anger frequency with risk of myocardial infarction, aortic valve stenosis, and abdominal aortic aneurysm was found.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that anger may contribute to the development of specific CVDs and CVD mortality, especially heart failure in men and in those with diabetes.
Patient motivation and adherence to an on-demand app-based heart rate and rhythm monitoring for atrial fibrillation management: data from the TeleCheck-AF project
Authors: Gawałko Monika , Hermans Astrid N L , van der Velden Rachel M J , Betz Konstanze , VM Verhaert Dominique , Hillmann Henrike A K , Scherr Daniel , Meier Julia , Sultan Arian , Steven Daniel , Terentieva Elena , Pisters Ron , Hemels Martin , Voorhout Leonard , Lodziński Piotr , Krzowski Bartosz , Gupta Dhiraj , Kozhuharov Nikola , Pison Laurent , Gruwez Henri , Desteghe Lien , Heidbuchel Hein , Evens Stijn , Svennberg Emma , de Potter Tom , Vernooy Kevin , Pluymaekers Nikki A HA , Manninger Martin , Duncker David , Sohaib Afzal , Linz Dominik , Hendriks Jeroen M
Published: August 2022

Aims

The aim of this TeleCheck-AF sub-analysis was to evaluate motivation and adherence to on-demand heart rate/rhythm monitoring app in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods and results

Patients were instructed to perform 60 s app-based heart rate/rhythm recordings 3 times daily and in case of symptoms for 7 consecutive days prior to teleconsultation. Motivation was defined as number of days in which the expected number of measurements (≥3/day) were performed per number of days over the entire prescription period. Adherence was defined as number of performed measurements per number of expected measurements over the entire prescription period.

Data from 990 consecutive patients with diagnosed AF [median age 64 (57–71) years, 39% female] from 10 centres were analyzed. Patients with both optimal motivation (100%) and adherence (≥100%) constituted 28% of the study population and had a lower percentage of recordings in sinus rhythm [90 (53–100%) vs. 100 (64–100%), P < 0.001] compared with others. Older age and absence of diabetes were predictors of both optimal motivation and adherence [odds ratio (OR) 1.02, 95% coincidence interval (95% CI): 1.01–1.04, P < 0.001 and OR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.28–0.86, P = 0.013, respectively]. Patients with 100% motivation also had ≥100% adherence. Independent predictors for optimal adherence alone were older age (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.00–1.04, P = 0.014), female sex (OR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.29–2.23, P < 0.001), previous AF ablation (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 1.03–1.07, P = 0.028).

Conclusion

In the TeleCheck-AF project, more than one-fourth of patients had optimal motivation and adherence to app-based heart rate/rhythm monitoring. Older age and absence of diabetes were predictors of optimal motivation/adherence.
Differential analysis of ergosterol function in response to high salt and sugar stress in Zygosaccharomyces rouxii
Authors: Song Na , Xia Huili , Yang Qiao , Zhang Xiaoling , Yao Lan , Yang Shihui , Chen Xiong , Dai Jun
Published: August 2022

Zygosaccharomyces rouxii is an osmotolerant and halotolerant yeast that can participate in fermentation. To understand the mechanisms of salt and sugar tolerance, the transcription levels of Z. rouxii M 2013310 under 180 g/L NaCl stress and 600 g/L glucose stress were measured. The transcriptome analysis showed that 2227 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified under 180 g/L NaCl stress, 1530 DEGs were identified under 600 g/L glucose stress, and 1278 DEGs were identified under both stress conditions. Then, KEGG enrichment analyses of these genes indicated that 53.3% of the upregulated genes were involved in the ergosterol synthesis pathway. Subsequently, quantitative PCR was used to verify the results, which showed that the genes of the ergosterol synthesis pathway were significantly upregulated under 180 g/L NaCl stress. Finally, further quantitative testing of ergosterol and spotting assays revealed that Z. rouxii M 2013310 increased the amount of ergosterol in response to high salt stress. These results highlighted the functional differences in ergosterol under sugar stress and salt stress, which contributes to our understanding of the tolerance mechanisms of salt and sugar in Z. rouxii.
The Ambiguities of Being Stateless: Property Rights, Statelessness and Enemy Aliens in the United Kingdom, France, Belgium and Germany, 1914–1930
Authors: La Lumia Cristiano
Published: August 2022

By retracing the fate of stateless people of German origin, mainly former Reich citizens, who suffered persecution as enemy aliens during the First World War and in the 1920s, the article examines the ambiguities of stateless status in terms of enjoyment of civil rights and national inclusion (and exclusion). In particular, the essay highlights how statelessness was a resource for many stateless persons of German origin to protect their property rights in administrative and judicial proceedings in the Entente countries, mainly to free their seized assets. Their story was an example of the multifaceted nature of statelessness in postwar Europe. The article focuses on the issue of the recognition of their status in Western Europe—particularly Belgium, France and the United Kingdom—in order to show the variety of criteria that guided the choices of governments and courts. In several national and imperial contexts, there was a tension between the judicial and executive powers that raised issues of sovereignty and rule of law in postwar democracies. Finally, the essay analyses the relationship between stateless persons of German origin and the Weimar Republic. On many occasions, the German state offered its diplomatic and financial support to enable those former citizens to recover their property. By analysing the diplomatic efforts and the provisions on compensation, the article points out the ambiguity around national and legal belonging to the German nation.
Does Higher Worker Retention Buffer Against Consumer Complaints? Evidence From Ohio Nursing Homes
Authors: Kennedy Katherine A , Bowblis John R
Published: August 2022

Background and Objectives

This study examined the relationship between nursing home (NH) quality using consumer complaints and certified nursing assistant (CNA) annual retention rates among Ohio freestanding NHs (n = 691).

Research Design and Methods

Core variables came from the 2017 Ohio Biennial Survey of Long-term Care Facilities and Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Automated Survey Processing Environment Complaints/Incidents Tracking System. To compare NHs, 4 quartiles of CNA retention rates were created: low (0%–48%), medium (49%–60%), high (61%–72%), and very high retention (73%–100%). Negative binomial regressions were estimated on total, substantiated, and unsubstantiated allegations and complaints. All regressions controlled for facility and county-level factors and clustered facilities by county.

Results

NHs in the top 50% (high and very high) of retention received 1.92 fewer allegations than those in the bottom 50%, representing a 19% difference; this trend was significant and negative across all outcomes. Using quartiles revealed a nonlinear pattern: high-retention NHs received the fewest number of allegations and complaints. The differences between high and low retention on allegations, substantiated, and unsubstantied allegations were 33% (3.73 fewer), 34% (0.51 fewer), and 32% (3.12 fewer), respectively. Unexpectedly, very high-retention NHs received more unsubstantiated allegations than high-retention NHs.

Discussion and Implications

While higher-retention should result in fewer complaints, our results indicate that some turnover may be desirable because the very high-retention NHs performed slightly worse than those with high retention. Among the remaining facilities, fewer complaints may be achieved by improving CNA retention through higher wages, career advancement, and better training.
Eikonal surface wave tomography of central and eastern China
Authors: Zhou Pengxiang , Chevrot Sébastien , Lehujeur Maximilien , Xia Shaohong , Yu Chunquan
Published: August 2022

Eikonal tomography has become a key approach to image lithospheric structures with surface waves recorded by dense regional arrays. Its main advantage is that phase velocities can be determined directly from phase measurements without resolving a tomographic inverse problem. Here, we apply a new smoothing spline eikonal tomography approach to a selection of 40 large (Mw larger than 6.5) teleseismic events recorded by the permanent seismic stations of the CEArray. We first apply a time–frequency filter to isolate the fundamental mode of Rayleigh waves and cross-correlate the cleaned and isolated surface wave records to measure precise relative traveltimes. The phase measurements are then unwrapped and corrected for cycle skipping. Finally, we derive phase-velocity maps from the gradient of the reconstructed traveltime fields, using the eikonal equation. We obtain finely resolved phase-velocity maps from 25 to 150 s period that are inverted to obtain a 3-D shear wave velocity model which is in good agreement with previous tomographic studies. The lithospheric architecture emerging from the phase-velocity maps and 3-D S-wave velocities correlates with surface geology and major tectonic provinces. In particular, the architecture of the narrow rift systems, the South China Craton, and the North China Craton (NCC) are revealed with unprecedented details. The South China Craton is characterized by very high velocities beneath the Sichuan Basin. The NCC shows more complex structures with two high-velocity anomalies beneath the Ordos Basin and the southeastern NCC and low-velocity anomalies beneath the Cenozoic rift systems.
Target-enclosing inversion using an interferometric objective function
Authors: Zheglova Polina , Ravasi Matteo , Vasconcelos Ivan , Malcolm Alison
Published: August 2022

Full waveform inversion is a high-resolution subsurface imaging technique, in which full seismic waveforms are used to infer subsurface physical properties. We present a novel, target-enclosing, full-waveform inversion framework based on an interferometric objective function. This objective function exploits the equivalence between the convolution and correlation representation formulas, using data from a closed boundary around the target area of interest. Because such equivalence is violated when the knowledge of the enclosed medium is incorrect, we propose to minimize the mismatch between the wavefields independently reconstructed by the two representation formulas. The proposed method requires only kinematic knowledge of the subsurface model, specifically the overburden for redatuming and does not require prior knowledge of the model below the target area. In this sense it is truly local: sensitive only to the medium parameters within the chosen target, with no assumptions about the medium or scattering regime outside the target. We present the theoretical framework and derive the gradient of the new objective function via the adjoint-state method and apply it to a synthetic example with exactly redatumed wavefields. A comparison with FWI of surface data and target-oriented FWI based on the convolution representation theorem only shows the superiority of our method both in terms of the quality of target recovery and reduction in computational cost.
Seismic wave propagation simulations in Indo-Gangetic basin using spectral element method
Authors: Sreejaya K P , Raghukanth S T G , Srinagesh D
Published: August 2022

This study focuses on developing a 3-D computational model of the Indo-Gangetic basin (IG basin) using the spectral element method. The region includes the subcontinent's most densely populated areas. The basin is unique as it consists of geologically younger sedimentary layers along with several ridges and depressions in its domain. However, the proximity of great Himalayan earthquakes and the presence of thick sedimentary layers of the basin results in higher seismic hazards. The limited instrumentation of the domain poses challenges in understanding the response of the basin due to a seismic event. This motivated us to develop a computational model of the IG basin by incorporating the best-known geometry, material properties and fine resolution topography. In the lateral direction, the modelled part of IG basin spans over ∼6° × 4° (between longitude 80.5°–86.5°E and latitude 25°–29°N). The validation of the developed basin model is performed by simulating the ground motions for the 2015 Mw 7.9 Nepal main shock and five of its aftershocks. Both qualitative and quantitative comparison of the simulated time histories suggests that the developed model could accurately simulate ground motions over a frequency range of 0.02–0.5 Hz. The developed basin model is then used to understand the seismic wavefield characteristics during the 2015 Mw 7.9 Nepal main shock. The spatial variation of peak ground velocity (PGV), as well as amplification, are investigated at a 0.2° × 0.2° grid and selected cities in the basin. The contours of PGV amplification indicate a higher value of ∼8–10 in the horizontal direction and ∼2.5–3.5 in the vertical direction for sediment depth >4 km. A comprehensive comparison of the simulated PGVs and the ground motion prediction equations shows that, while the simulations agree with the prediction, they also show heterogeneity of ground-motion distribution that cannot be fully described by empirical prediction relations. Hence the results from this study are more reliable and find applications in seismic hazard assessment of the cities in the basin. Besides, the results can be used to guide the installation of future seismic stations in the region.
Kathmandu Basin as a local modulator of seismic waves: 2-D modelling of non-linear site response under obliquely incident waves
Authors: Oral Elif , Ayoubi Peyman , Ampuero Jean Paul , Asimaki Domniki , Bonilla Luis Fabian
Published: August 2022

The 2015 Mw 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake is the largest event to have struck the capital city of Kathmandu in recent times. One of its surprising features was the frequency content of the recorded ground motion, exhibiting a notable amplification at low frequencies (<2 Hz) and a contrasting depletion at higher frequencies. The latter has been partially attributed to the damper behaviour of the Kathmandu basin. While such weak high-frequency ground motion helped avoiding severe damage in the city, the catastrophic outcomes of earlier earthquakes in the region attest to a contrasting role of the Kathmandu basin as a broad-band amplifier, in addition to possible source effects. Given the possibility of future strong events in the region, our main objective is to elucidate the seismic behaviour of the Kathmandu basin by focusing on site effects. We numerically model 2-D P–SV wave propagation in a broad frequency band (up to 10 Hz), incorporating the most recent data for the Kathmandu basin geometry, soil stratigraphy and geotechnical soil properties, and accounting for the non-linear effect of multidimensional soil plasticity on wave propagation. We find that: (1) the Kathmandu basin generally amplifies low frequency ground motion (<2 Hz); (2) waves with large incidence angles relative to vertical can dramatically amplify the high frequency ground motion with respect to bedrock despite the damping effect of soil non-linearity and (3) the spatial distribution of peak ground motion amplitudes along the basin is highly sensitive to soil non-linearity and wave incidence (angle and direction), favouring larger values near the basin edges located closer to the source, as observed during the 2015 event. Our modelling approach and findings can support the ongoing resilience practices in Nepal and can guide future seismic hazard assessment studies for other sites that feature similar complexities in basin geometry, soil stratigraphy and dynamic soil behaviour.
Go west: Contextualizing Scandinavian royal naval expeditions into the Insular world, 1013–1103
Authors: Ellis Caitlin
Published: August 2022

Scholarly attention has focused on the explanation for raids at the start of the ‘Viking Age’, not on the motivations for royal expeditions of the eleventh century. This article examines Sven and Cnut’s invasion of England, the Norwegian prince Magnus Haraldsson’s presence in the Insular world, Harald harðráði’s attempted invasion of England, a series of failed Danish interventions in England, and Magnus Barelegs’s expeditions to Orkney and the Irish Sea region. It argues that Scandinavian kings and princes capitalized on political weaknesses in the Insular world, but their expansionist ambitions were often hampered by internal conditions in their own kingdoms.
Too much can be as bad as too little: product update strategy for online digital platform complementors
Authors: Kang Hye Young
Published: August 2022

Product updates have become prevalent on online digital platforms, given the unique market, product, and technological characteristics that underlie digital platforms. Scholars have begun to explore the efficacy of updates on digital platforms, highlighting the merits of implementing frequent updates. Drawing on behavioral decision theory, this paper analyzes the trade-offs that consumers encounter between the benefits and costs associated with updates and challenges an implicit assumption held in extant studies with respect to the linear efficacy of updates. In the context of mobile platforms, this paper, using a multi-method study, identifies the existence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between product updates and complementor product performance. We also find that the moderating efficacy of platform endorsement is positive in that it serves as an amplifier of whatever a complementor offers, tightly intertwined with the complementor’s offerings. Our paper expands the platform literature by investigating successful complementor product strategies that take into account unique platform characteristics with a strong grounding in interdependent owner–complementor dynamics.
Influence of near bottom fish distribution on the efficacy of a combined hydroacoustic video survey
Authors: Rasmuson Leif K , Marion Scott R , Fields Stephanie A , Blume Matthew T O , Lawrence Kelly A , Rankin Polly S
Published: August 2022

Combining hydroacoustics and underwater video is an effective tool for generating fish population estimates. However, hydroacoustics cannot be used to differentiate fish from the seafloor within an area known as the acoustic dead zone. A common way to address this is to exclude data near the bottom. The effect of this exclusion zone on population estimates of nearshore semi-pelagic rockfish is unknown. This study explores the effect of a near bottom (0–1 m) exclusion zone by comparing ROV video data to data from a combined hydroacoustic and video method. Higher densities of semi-pelagic species (Black and Blue/Deacon Rockfish) were observed in the combined acoustic and video method, suggesting that most of the population resides above the exclusion zone. Demersal rockfish observed by the ROV did not contaminate acoustic data of semi-pelagic species, since they remained within the exclusion zone. Results demonstrate that extrapolation of school data into the exclusion zone provided a realistic correction to the acoustic data for Black Rockfish. Our work demonstrates that excluding the data within 1 m of the bottom does not negatively affect the ability of the combined video hydroacoustic method to sample semi-pelagic rockfish.
Mood Stabilizers and Antipsychotics for Acute Mania: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Augmentation Therapy vs Monotherapy From the Perspective of Time to the Onset of Treatment Effects
Authors: Tajika Aran , Hori Hikaru , Iga Jun-ichi , Koshikawa Yosuke , Ogata Haruhiko , Ogawa Yusuke , Watanabe Koichiro , Kato Tadafumi , Matsuo Koji , Kato Masaki
Published: August 2022

Background

Existing meta-analytic evidence on bipolar mania treatment has revealed that augmentation therapy (AUG) with antipsychotics and mood stabilizers is more effective than monotherapy. However, the speed of the onset of treatment effects and subsequent changes in risk/benefit are unclear.

Methods

We searched the Cochrane CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases until January 2021. Our primary outcomes were response and tolerability. We set 3 time points: 1, 3, and 6 weeks after randomization.

Results

Seventeen studies compared AUG therapy and MS monotherapy (comparison 1), and 8 studies compared AUG therapy and antipsychotics monotherapy (comparison 2). In comparison 1, AUG therapy resulted in significantly more responses than monotherapy, with an odds ratio of 1.45 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.17 to 1.80) at 3 weeks and 1.59 (95% CI: 1.28 to 1.99) at 6 weeks. Significant improvement was observed in the first week with a standardized mean difference of −0.25 (95% CI: −0.38 to −0.12). In comparison 2, AUG therapy was significantly more effective than monotherapy, with an odds ratio of 1.73 (95% CI: 1.25 to 2.40) at 3 weeks and 1.74 (95% CI: 1.11 to 2.73) at 6 weeks. Significant improvement was observed in the first week with an standardized mean difference of −0.23 (95% CI: −0.39 to −0.07). Regarding tolerability, there was no significant difference between AUG therapy and monotherapy at 3 and 6 weeks in both comparisons.

Conclusions

Early AUG therapy should be considered, as it has shown efficacy from weeks 1 to 6, although attention to side effects is necessary for acute mania treatment.
Impunity and Transitional Justice in Indonesia: Aksi Kamisan’s Circular Time
Authors: Drexler Elizabeth F
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT∞

This article positions the Indonesian weekly Thursday silent protests by victims’ families, Aksi Kamisan, as a space of and beyond transitional justice. Analysing Kamisan as repeated, embodied creative acts that reset perceptions, possibilities and imaginations about social belonging, political subjectivity and national identity discloses how authoritarian era affective forces undermine transitional justice and demonstrates the power of alternative temporalities in coming to terms with past violence. ‘Circular time’ brings past and present injustice into the same frame as consistent action extending into the future. Circular time highlights how the time of waiting, uncertainty and lack of justice extends backward and forward connecting past, present and future in the repetition of impunity, and creates community and the space to imagine just futures. Circular time is created by repeated action against impunity in the present and celebrating the perseverance, consistency and agency of victims. Circular time resists the imposition of temporal linearity. Art performed at Kamisan and the act of standing in solidarity engages communities and audiences in a realm of politics and national belonging that is not possible in formal institutions. Over time, these repeated, temporary, inclusive actions can counter still resonant authoritarian era propaganda.
Optimal recovery of precision matrix for Mahalanobis distance from high-dimensional noisy observations in manifold learning
Authors: Gavish Matan , Su Pei-Chun , Talmon Ronen , Wu Hau-Tieng
Published: August 2022

Motivated by establishing theoretical foundations for various manifold learning algorithms, we study the problem of Mahalanobis distance (MD) and the associated precision matrix estimation from high-dimensional noisy data. By relying on recent transformative results in covariance matrix estimation, we demonstrate the sensitivity of MD and the associated precision matrix to measurement noise, determining the exact asymptotic signal-to-noise ratio at which MD fails, and quantifying its performance otherwise. In addition, for an appropriate loss function, we propose an asymptotically optimal shrinker, which is shown to be beneficial over the classical implementation of the MD, both analytically and in simulations. The result is extended to the manifold setup, where the nonlinear interaction between curvature and high-dimensional noise is taken care of. The developed solution is applied to study a multi-scale reduction problem in the dynamical system analysis.
Optimal orthogonal group synchronization and rotation group synchronization
Authors: Gao Chao , Zhang Anderson Y
Published: August 2022

We study the statistical estimation problem of orthogonal group synchronization and rotation group synchronization. The model is $Y_{ij} = Z_i^* Z_j^{*T} + \sigma W_{ij}\in{\mathbb{R}}^{d\times d}$ where $W_{ij}$ is a Gaussian random matrix and $Z_i^*$ is either an orthogonal matrix or a rotation matrix, and each $Y_{ij}$ is observed independently with probability $p$. We analyze an iterative polar decomposition algorithm for the estimation of $Z^*$ and show it has an error of $(1+o(1))\frac{\sigma ^2 d(d-1)}{2np}$ when initialized by spectral methods. A matching minimax lower bound is further established that leads to the optimality of the proposed algorithm as it achieves the exact minimax risk.