bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A mediação da informação como prática pedagógica no contexto da biblioteca escolar: algumas considerações
Authors: Silva Jonathas Luiz Carvalho , Silva Andreia Santos Ribeiro
Published: November 2015

Apresenta como objetivo investigar as perspectivas de aplicação da mediação da informação no âmbito da biblioteca escolar contemplando a realidade pedagógica, organizacional e dos serviços desenvolvidos, a partir da mediação implícita e explícita apresentada por Almeida Júnior (2009). Partindo dessas percepções o presente estudo estabelece perspectivas de mediação da informação na biblioteca escolar, objetivando contemplar a realidade pedagógica da mediação a luz de teóricos como Piaget (1978), Vygotsky (1998) e Freire (1978), organizacional com Vergueiro (1989) e dos serviços desenvolvidos nas bibliotecas escolares com Figueiredo (1996). Evidencia que a mediação da informação contribui para a biblioteca escolar como uma atribuição pedagógica e também em outros aspectos convergentes e/ou divergentes. Conclui que a mediação da informação na biblioteca escolar é um importante instrumento para a prática pedagógica, tanto no contexto implícito (sinalização, formação e desenvolvimento do acervo e organização/representação da informação), quanto no contexto explícito (mediação para leitura, pesquisa e serviços de referência, informação utilitária, além do uso das tecnologias digitais).
História e Cultura Afro-Brasileira: um olhar sobre a Lei 10639/2003 nas bibliotecas escolares
Authors: Silva Ana Claudia Emídio da , Bernardino Maria Cleide Rodrigues , Silva Joselina Da
Published: November 2015

A proposta desse artigo vislumbra analisar as ações desenvolvidas pelas bibliotecas escolares das Escolas Estaduais de Juazeiro do Norte, Ceará, no que se refere à aplicação da Lei 10.639, de 9 de janeiro de 2003, que acrescentou e alterou respectivamente os artigos 26A e o 79B da Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da Educação Nacional (LDB). O primeiro refere-se à obrigatoriedade de todas as instituições de ensino fundamental e médio, públicas e privadas, incluírem, em seu currículo o ensino da “História e Cultura Afro-Brasileira, a luta dos negros no Brasil, a cultura negra brasileira e o negro na formação da sociedade nacional, resgatando a contribuição do povo negro nas áreas social, econômica e política pertinentes à História do Brasil”. O segundo artigo inclui no calendário escolar, vinte de novembro, como ‘Dia Nacional da Consciência Negra’. Trata-se de uma pesquisa etnográfica de natureza qualitativa com delineamento bibliográfico, observação sistemática e entrevista. A pesquisa foi ambientada em bibliotecas das três maiores escolas estaduais, da cidade. Buscamos fazer um levantamento do acervo relativo à lei 10639/03. Procuramos também analisar a utilização daquele material, pelos docentes e discentes das instituições visitadas e contribuir com o reconhecimento da importância da biblioteca escolar como instrumento social e pedagógico, além de refletir sobre procedimentos de avaliação de seus serviços no processo de ensino. Neste sentido, perceber a biblioteca como mediadora da informação. Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida no âmbito do Núcleo Brasileiro, Latino Americano e Caribenho de Estudos em Relações Raciais, Gênero e Movimentos Sociais - N’BLAC, da Universidade Federal do Cariri (UFCA).
Práticas educativas bibliotecárias de formação de leitor
Authors: Moreira Juliana Alves , Sirihal Duarte Adriana Bogliolo
Published: November 2015

Apresenta resultado de levantamento, feito na base de Literatura Brasileira em Biblioteca Escolar - LIBES do Grupo de Estudos em Biblioteca Escolar - GEBE da ECI/UFMG, sobre as práticas de promoção de leitura empreendidas nas bibliotecas escolares, especificamente, por bibliotecários, profissionais estes muito recentemente incluídos no contexto escolar e que convivem com a necessidade de mediar informação e leitura. Apresenta e analisa: período das publicações, autoria, a localidade dos autores e os veículos de publicação utilizados. Constata diferentes acepções de conceitos, terminologias e objetivos do trabalho com a leitura, refletidos, por exemplo, na inconsistência terminológica entre promover o hábito ou o gosto pela leitura. A partir do suporte oferecido por este mapeamento sobre como as práticas de promoção de leitura foram concebidas e realizadas ao longo do tempo, reflete sobre a importância do papel do bibliotecário como mediador na promoção da leitura e propõe a expressão “práticas educativas bibliotecárias de formação de leitor”, sendo essas práticas entendidas como definidoras e estruturantes de uma atuação profissional que congrega necessariamente dimensões político-pedagógicas.
A biblioteca escolar e as mediações com a geração polegar.
Authors: Vignoli Richele Grenge , Bortolin Sueli
Published: November 2015

A mediação da informação e da literatura que acontecem com a Geração Polegar mostra-se com uma temática inovadora para discussão no contexto da biblioteca da escola. Diante disso, o objetivo do artigo é demonstrar as nuances da mediação da informação sob a ótica das TIC com as crianças e jovens da Geração Polegar. Como estudo bibliográfico, apontamos principalmente que existem diversas possibilidades atrativas com base na tecnologia para mediar a informação para essa Geração. Esperamos colaborar com a literatura da área e instigar novas pesquisas que aproximem bibliotecários de bibliotecas escolares e seus usuários cada vez mais ávidos por tecnologia, informação e literatura.
A contribuição da biblioteca escolar na formação de leitores enfocando o desenvolvimento individual e organizacional
Authors: Silva Elaine Da
Published: November 2015

Discute a importância da leitura e da formação de leitores para o desenvolvimento da sociedade, considerando que a leitura é elemento essencial na formação de cidadãos competentes em informação, capazes de posicionar-se com autonomia e criticidade diante de situações e perspectivas sociais. Nesse contexto analisa o papel das bibliotecas escolares posto que, muitas vezes, caracterizam a primeira instituição voltada à leitura a que muitos têm ou deveriam ter contato no início da formação escolar.
Bibliotecas escolares e Biblioteconomia escolar no Brasil
Authors: Campello Bernadete Santos
Published: November 2015

Este trabalho tem como objetivo traçar um panorama da situação das bibliotecas escolares no Brasil e de questões que afetam seu desenvolvimento, utilizando a metodologia de análise textual. Dois pontos emergiram da análise: 1) o surgimento de grupos de pesquisa acadêmica desde a década de 1990 e o consequente aumento dos estudos sobre biblioteca escolar indicam que a base teórica para a melhoria dessas instituições está sendo construída e 2) a promulgação, em 24 de maio de 2010 da Lei 12.244, que obriga que cada escola brasileira de educação básica tenha uma biblioteca representou uma grande conquista, mas sua eficácia ainda precisa ser comprovada.
Prática Educativa na Biblioteca Escolar: um trabalho a partir do gênero textual lenda
Authors: Andrade Lucas Veras de
Published: November 2015

Este artigo relata o trabalho realizado com o gênero textual lenda na biblioteca da escola municipal Alda Rodrigues Neiva, localizada no município de Teresina (PI). O projeto teve como objetivo geral: Ampliar as perspectivas de ensino-aprendizagem para além do trabalho em sala de aula, dando ênfase ao contexto da biblioteca escolar e o seu uso a partir de atividades desenvolvidas na mesma. O percurso metodológico foi elaborado a partir das atividades propostas, sendo estas desenvolvidas sempre após o intervalo do período da manhã no espaço da biblioteca escolar. Ainda nos utilizamos da observação participante e do diário de campo como forma de nos possibilitar um melhor entendimento das análises e dos resultados de forma qualitativa. Apesar de alguns entraves no decorrer do desenvolvimento das atividades, o projeto se mostrou bem relevante principalmente no que diz respeito ao desenvolvimento de atividades coletivas com os discentes e usabilidade da biblioteca escolar, uma vez que foi demonstrado por alguns alunos o desconhecimento e a função deste espaço no contexto educacional evidenciado.
Psychosocial Factors, Exercise Adherence, and Outcomes in Heart Failure Patients
Authors: Cooper Lauren B. , Mentz Robert J. , Sun Jie-Lena , Schulte Phillip J. , Fleg Jerome L. , Cooper Lawton S. , Piña Ileana L. , Leifer Eric S. , Kraus William E. , Whellan David J. , Keteyian Steven J. , O’Connor Christopher M.
Published: November 2015

Background—

Psychosocial factors may influence adherence with exercise training for heart failure (HF) patients. We aimed to describe the association between social support and barriers to participation with exercise adherence and clinical outcomes.

Methods and Results—

Of patients enrolled in Heart Failure: A Controlled Trial Investigating Outcomes of Exercise Training (HF-ACTION), 2279 (97.8%) completed surveys to assess social support and barriers to exercise, resulting in the perceived social support score (PSSS) and barriers to exercise score (BTES). Higher PSSS indicated higher levels of social support, whereas higher BTES indicated more barriers to exercise. Exercise time at 3 and 12 months correlated with PSSS (
r
= 0.09 and
r
= 0.13, respectively) and BTES (
r
=−0.11 and
r
=−0.12, respectively), with higher exercise time associated with higher PSSS and lower BTES (All
P
<0.005). For cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization, there was a significant interaction between the randomization group and BTES (
P
=0.035), which corresponded to a borderline association between increasing BTES and cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization in the exercise group (hazard ratio 1.25, 95% confidence interval 0.99, 1.59), but no association in the usual care group (hazard ratio 0.83, 95% confidence interval 0.66, 1.06).

Conclusions—

Poor social support and high barriers to exercise were associated with lower exercise time. PSSS did not impact the effect of exercise training on outcomes. However, for cardiovascular death or HF hospitalization, exercise training had a greater impact on patients with lower BTES. Given that exercise training improves outcomes in HF patients, assessment of perceived barriers may facilitate individualized approaches to implement exercise training therapy in clinical practice.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00047437.
Cardiac Myocyte KLF5 Regulates
Ppara
Expression and Cardiac Function
Authors: Drosatos Konstantinos , Pollak Nina M. , Pol Christine J. , Ntziachristos Panagiotis , Willecke Florian , Valenti Mesele-Christina , Trent Chad M. , Hu Yunying , Guo Shaodong , Aifantis Iannis , Goldberg Ira J.
Published: November 2015

Rationale:

Fatty acid oxidation is transcriptionally regulated by peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR)α and under normal conditions accounts for 70% of cardiac ATP content. Reduced
Ppara
expression during sepsis and heart failure leads to reduced fatty acid oxidation and myocardial energy deficiency. Many of the transcriptional regulators of
Ppara
are unknown.

Objective:

To determine the role of Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) in transcriptional regulation of
Ppara
.

Methods and Results:

We discovered that KLF5 activates
Ppara
gene expression via direct promoter binding. This is blocked in hearts of septic mice by c-Jun, which binds an overlapping site on the
Ppara
promoter and reduces transcription. We generated cardiac myocyte–specific
Klf5
knockout mice that showed reduced expression of cardiac
Ppara
and its downstream fatty acid metabolism–related targets. These changes were associated with reduced cardiac fatty acid oxidation, ATP levels, increased triglyceride accumulation, and cardiac dysfunction. Diabetic mice showed parallel changes in cardiac
Klf5
and
Ppara
expression levels.

Conclusions:

Cardiac myocyte KLF5 is a transcriptional regulator of
Ppara
and cardiac energetics.
Nrf2-Mediated Cardiac Maladaptive Remodeling and Dysfunction in a Setting of Autophagy Insufficiency
Authors: Qin Qingyun , Qu Chen , Niu Ting , Zang Huimei , Qi Lei , Lyu Linmao , Wang Xuejun , Nagarkatti Mitzi , Nagarkatti Prakash , Janicki Joseph S. , Wang Xing Li , Cui Taixing
Published: November 2015

Nuclear factor erythroid-2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) appears to exert either a protective or detrimental effect on the heart; however, the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Herein, we uncovered a novel mechanism for turning off the Nrf2-mediated cardioprotection and switching on Nrf2-mediated cardiac dysfunction. In a murine model of pressure overload–induced cardiac remodeling and dysfunction via transverse aortic arch constriction, knockout of Nrf2 enhanced myocardial necrosis and death rate during an initial stage of cardiac adaptation when myocardial autophagy function is intact. However, knockout of Nrf2 turned out to be cardioprotective throughout the later stage of cardiac maladaptive remodeling when myocardial autophagy function became insufficient. Transverse aortic arch constriction –induced activation of Nrf2 was dramatically enhanced in the heart with impaired autophagy, which is induced by cardiomyocyte-specific knockout of autophagy-related gene (Atg)5. Notably, Nrf2 activation coincided with the upregulation of angiotensinogen (Agt) only in the autophagy-impaired heart after transverse aortic arch constriction. Agt5 and Nrf2 gene loss-of-function approaches in combination with Jak2 and Fyn kinase inhibitors revealed that suppression of autophagy inactivated Jak2 and Fyn and nuclear translocation of Fyn, while enhancing nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and Nrf2-driven Agt expression in cardiomyocytes. Taken together, these results indicate that the pathophysiological consequences of Nrf2 activation are closely linked with the functional integrity of myocardial autophagy during cardiac remodeling. When autophagy is intact, Nrf2 is required for cardiac adaptive responses; however, autophagy impairment most likely turns off Fyn-operated Nrf2 nuclear export thus activating Nrf2-driven Agt transcription, which exacerbates cardiac maladaptation leading to dysfunction.
Genotype-Specific Steroid Profiles Associated With Aldosterone-Producing Adenomas
Authors: Williams Tracy Ann , Peitzsch Mirko , Dietz Anna S. , Dekkers Tanja , Bidlingmaier Martin , Riester Anna , Treitl Marcus , Rhayem Yara , Beuschlein Felix , Lenders Jacques W.M. , Deinum Jaap , Eisenhofer Graeme , Reincke Martin
Published: November 2015

Primary aldosteronism comprises 2 main subtypes: unilateral aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) and bilateral adrenal hyperplasia. Somatic
KCNJ5
mutations are found in APA at a prevalence of around 40% that drive and sustain aldosterone excess. Somatic APA mutations have been described in other genes (
CACNA1D
,
ATP1A1
, and
ATP2B3
) albeit at a lower frequency. Our objective was to identify genotype-specific steroid profiles in adrenal venous (AV) and peripheral venous (PV) plasma in patients with APAs. We measured the concentrations of 15 steroids in AV and PV plasma samples by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry from 79 patients with confirmed unilateral primary aldosteronism. AV sampling lateralization ratios of steroids normalized either to cortisol or to DHEA+androstenedione were also calculated. The hybrid steroid 18-oxocortisol exhibited 18- and 16-fold higher concentrations in lateralized AV and PV plasma, respectively, from APA with
KCNJ5
mutations compared with all other APA combined together (
P
<0.001). Lateralization ratios for the
KCNJ5
group were also generally higher. Strikingly, we demonstrate that a distinct steroid signature can differentiate APA genotype in AV and PV plasma. Notably, a 7-steroid fingerprint in PV plasma correctly classified 92% of the APA according to genotype. Prospective studies are necessary to translate these findings into clinical practice and determine if steroid fingerprinting could be of value to select patients with primary aldosteronism who are particularly suitable candidates for adrenal venous sampling because of a high probability of having an APA.
Clinical Management and Outcomes of Adrenal Hemorrhage Following Adrenal Vein Sampling in Primary Aldosteronism
Authors: Monticone Silvia , Satoh Fumitoshi , Dietz Anna S. , Goupil Remi , Lang Katharina , Pizzolo Francesca , Gordon Richard D. , Morimoto Ryo , Reincke Martin , Stowasser Michael , Mulatero Paolo
Published: November 2015

Aldosterone-producing adenoma and bilateral adrenal hyperplasia account for >90% of all primary aldosteronism cases. Distinguishing between bilateral and unilateral disease is of fundamental importance because it allows targeted therapy. Adrenal vein sampling (AVS) is the only reliable means to preoperatively differentiate between unilateral and bilateral subtypes. A rare but serious complication of AVS is an adrenal hemorrhage (AH). We retrospectively examined in detail 24 cases of AH during AVS in 6 different referral hypertension centers. AH more often affected the right adrenal (n=18) than the left (n=5,
P
<0.001); 1 bilateral. Median duration of experience of the radiologist in AVS at the time of AH was 5.0 years (0.6–7.8) and AH occurred with both highly experienced (>10 years) and less experienced radiologists. Of 9 patients who suffered AH in the gland contralateral to an aldosterone-producing adenoma and who underwent complete (n=6) or partial (n=3) unilateral adrenalectomy, only one required long-term corticosteroid replacement for adrenal insufficiency. No reduction in blood pressure or biochemical resolution of primary aldosteronism occurred in any of those patients who experienced AH in the gland ipsilateral to an aldosterone-producing adenoma (n=6) or who had bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (n=9). No patient required invasive treatments to control bleeding or blood transfusion. In conclusion, AH usually has a positive outcome causing either no or minor effects on adrenal function, and AVS should remain the best approach to primary aldosteronism subtype differentiation.
Cytochrome P450 1B1 Contributes to the Development of Atherosclerosis and Hypertension in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice
Authors: Song Chi Young , Ghafoor Khuzema , Ghafoor Hafiz U. , Khan Nayaab S. , Thirunavukkarasu Shyamala , Jennings Brett L. , Estes Anne M. , Zaidi Sahar , Bridges Dave , Tso Patrick , Gonzalez Frank J. , Malik Kafait U.
Published: November 2015

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1 contributes to vascular smooth muscle cell growth and hypertension in male mice. This study was conducted to determine the contribution of CYP1B1 to the development of atherosclerosis and hypertension and associated pathogenesis in 8-week-old male apolipoprotein E–deficient (
ApoE
−/−
/Cyp1b1

+/+

), and ApoE- and CYP1B1-deficient (
ApoE
−/−
/Cyp1b1
−/−
) mice fed a normal or atherogenic diet for 12 weeks. A separate group of
ApoE
−/−
/Cyp1b1

+/+

mice on an atherogenic diet was injected every third day with the CYP1B1 inhibitor, 2,3′,4,5′-tetramethoxystilbene (300 μg/kg), or its vehicle, dimethyl sulfoxide (30 μL, IP); systolic blood pressure was measured by the tail cuff method. After 12 weeks, mice were euthanized, blood collected for lipid analysis, and aortas harvested for measuring lesions and remodeling, and for infiltration of inflammatory cells by histological and immunohistochemical analysis, respectively, and for reactive oxygen species production. Blood pressure, areas of lipids and collagen deposition, elastin breaks, infiltration of macrophages and T lymphocytes, reactive oxygen species generation in the aorta, and plasma lipid levels were increased in
ApoE
−/−
/Cyp1b1

+/+

mice on an atherogenic diet; these changes were minimized in mice given 2,3′,4,5′-tetramethoxystilbene, and in
ApoE
−/−
/Cyp1b1
−/−
mice on an atherogenic diet; absorption/production of lipids remained unaltered in these mice. These data suggest that aortic lesions, hypertension, and associated pathogenesis in
ApoE
−/−
/Cyp1b1

+/+

mice on an atherogenic diet are most likely dependent on CYP1B1-generated oxidative stress and increased plasma lipid levels independent of blood pressure and absorption of lipids. CYP1B1 could serve as a novel target for developing drugs to treat atherosclerosis and hypertension caused by hypercholesterolemia.
Bursaphelenchus kesiyae n. sp. (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae), isolated from dead wood of Pinus kesiya Royle ex Gordon (Pinaceae) from Vietnam, with proposal of new subgroups in the B. fungivorus group
Authors: Kanzaki Natsumi , Aikawa Takuya , Maehara Noritoshi , Thu Pham Quang
Published: November 2015

Bursaphelenchus kesiyae n. sp. is described. The new species was isolated from dead wood of Pinus kesiya during a field survey of nematodes associated with dead pine trees (Pinus spp.). The new species is medium- to large-sized for the genus, with males 690-1059 μm and females 837-1122 μm in body length, and has four lateral lines, six male genital papillae (P1 ventral single papilla is missing or vestigial), a mitten-shaped spicule with clear dorsal and ventral limbs, an indistinctive small and narrow bursal flap, vulva lacking any flap apparatus, and female tail long, tapering and straight or slightly ventrally curved. Based upon its diagnostic morphological characters, the new species belongs to the B. fungivorus group and is closely related to B. thailandae and B. parathailandae, with which it forms a cryptic species complex. However, the new species is distinguished from these two species by the morphology of the male bursal flap and several morphometric values, i.e., the bursal flap of the new species is inconspicuous, or almost lost in many individuals. Molecular phylogenetic analysis inferred from near-full-length SSU and D2-D3 LSU supported the morphological observations, i.e., the new species is molecularly similar to B. thailandae and B. parathailandae, but could be distinguished phylogenetically. Further, differences in molecular sequences in SSU and D2-D3 LSU between the new species and its close relatives are slightly higher than those between B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus, thus, identification of the species status for B. kesiyae n. sp. is considered warranted.
Cartoons, Comics and Human Rights after the Charlie-Hebdo Massacre
Authors: Keane David
Published: November 2015

This short comment assesses the situation of cartoons, comics and human rights after the Charlie Hebdo massacre. It engages questions on the meaning and history of cartoons, as well as freedom of expression, to find a new pathway beyond the parameters of the current debate. In particular, it asks why the protection of freedom of expression on Europe became contingent on drawing cartoons of the Prophet Mohammad. Rather than assigning a role for law in preventing such cartoons, or for freedom of expression in protecting them, it argues that desisting from drawing them would have no discernible impact. It highlights other means by which cartoons and comics can advance the human rights discourse, including pioneering comics authors in this regard. In conclusion it argues for an end to the largely dysfunctional terms of the debate and envisages a more progressive horizon.
Publishing in Nigeria: Context, challenges, and change
Authors: Shercliff Emma
Published: November 2015

This paper examines the state of the publishing landscape in West Africa, with a focus on Nigeria. It explores the major issues facing publishers today and provides a brief overview of the market, including some historical background. Issues facing publishers across the region are discussed, and challenges and opportunities for the future outlined. The article draws on existing literature as well as in-depth interviews carried out with leading fi gures in the industry in Nigeria in 2015.
Hesitant Embrace: China’s Recent Approach to International Investment Rule-Making
Authors: Berger Axel
Published: November 2015

China is becoming one of the key stakeholders in the international investment regime. It is, however, still unclear what role China can play in the ongoing reform of the international investment regime. Starting from this overall focus, this article analyses the most recent period of China’s international investment policy-making. Mapping the contents of investment treaties signed since 2008 it argues that China undertook a partial ‘NAFTA-ization’. Whilst China has adopted a number of clauses invented by the NAFTA countries, it introduced these clauses in an incoherent fashion. Looking at the drivers of this peculiar policy, this article argues that China’s investment treaty-making practice is largely inspired by its partner countries. As a result of this particular negotiation policy, Beijing’s approach to international investment rule-making is inconsistent. This belies the argument that China can make a significant contribution to reforming the international investment regime.
The Evolution of ISA Clauses in Chinese IIAs and Its Practical Implications
Authors: Chi Manjiao , Wang Xi
Published: November 2015

China has concluded a large number of international investment agreements (IIAs), many of which include investor-State arbitration (ISA) clauses. These clauses can be divided in three types: narrow, broad and special ISA sections, each providing different admissibility requirements on disputes for ISA. While narrow ISA clauses allow disputes involving the amount of compensation for expropriation to be submitted to ISA, broad ISA clauses and special ISA sections generally allow a wider range of disputes for ISA. The evolution of the ISA clauses shows China’s shifting attitudes towards ISA from ‘cautious’ to ‘proactive’. Such shift seems in favor of ISA and investors, but the impact of this shift remains to be seen.
Recent Anti-ISDS Discourse in the Japanese Diet: A Dressed-Up But Glaring Hypocrisy
Authors: Hamamoto Shotaro
Published: November 2015

As in many parts of the world, an anti-investor-State dispute settlement (ISDS) discourse has been propagated also in Japan. In the Japanese Diet (Japan’s parliament), ISDS is criticized as infringing State sovereignty; as being incompatible with the Japanese Constitution; as unduly restricting regulatory space and government procurement; as being biased in favor of the United States; and as being acceptable only in relation to developing States. These criticisms are difficult to sustain and in fact ineffective as investment treaties continue to be approved by the Diet by unanimity or by a large majority. An analysis of the rhetoric of these criticisms and of actual voting records suggest that investor-State arbitration itself is not an independent political issue in Japan, but used as a pretext to manifest an anti-American sentiment or to criticize the incumbent government.
Legal Status of Taiping Island under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
Authors: Song Yann-huei
Published: November 2015

The government of the Philippines argues in the South China Sea arbitration case that all features in the Spratly archipelago are incapable of sustaining human habitation or economic life of their own. Even the largest feature in the Spratlys, that is, Taiping Island (Itu Aba), is a “rock” and accordingly, cannot generate maritime entitlement to a 200 nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zone (eez) under unclos.

Is Taiping Island an “island” or a “rock” under the unclos? Is Taiping Island capable of sustaining human habitation or economic life of its own? Is Taiping Island entitled to generate a 200-nm eez or a continental shelf? The purpose of this article is to answer these questions from the perspective of Taiwan. It is Taiwan’s position that Taiping Island is “a full-fledged island” and therefore can generate a 200-nm eez in accordance with Article 121 of unclos.
A new species of Russula (Russulales) from Eastern Himalaya, India
Authors: Paloi Soumitra , Dutta Arun Kumar , Acharya Krishnendu
Published: November 2015

A new species of Russula (Russulaceae, Basidiomycota) is described from Darjeeling Hill, Eastern Himalaya, India. Morphological and molecular (nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region) sequence data assign the present species to the subgen. Incrustatula Romagn., sect. Lilaceinae (Melzer & Zvára) Konrad & Joss. and subsect. Lilaceinae Melzer & Zvára. Comprehensive description, photographs and comparisons with morphologically similar and phylogenetically related species are provided.
New isolate of Mononchoides composticola Steel, Moens, Scholaert, Boshoff, Houthoofd & Bert, 2011 (Nematoda: Neodiplogasteridae) from Iran
Authors: SHOKOOHI EBRAHIM , SEDDIQI ELAHE , PANAHI HADI , ABOLAFIA JOAQUÍN
Published: November 2015

Mononchoides composticola was isolated during a survey on free living nematodes from vermicompost in Iran. This population of M. composticola is characterised by a dorsal claw-like tooth; 7–9 µm long and 3–5 µm wide, 14–15 finely visible longitudinal ridges on the cuticle, in which each ridge comprises two lines, long spicules (39–45 μm long), a short gubernaculum (15–17 µm or less than half of the spicule length), two pairs of precloacal papillae, five pairs of postcloacal papillae, papillae (v3) comprising three small papillae, and a long filiform tail (418–654 μm in females, 382–455 μm in males). Molecular analysis of M. composticola based on sequence of the 18S rDNA placed it close to M. composticola (GU943511; GU943512; from Belgium) and M. striatus (AY593924; from The Netherlands) in a well supported clade (1.00 posterior probability). Measurements, illustrations, LM and SEM pictures, and the phylogenetic position of M. composticola are given.
The Studies of Precipitation, Flooding, and Rainfall Extremes across Disciplines (SPREAD) Workshop: An Interdisciplinary Research and Education Initiative
Authors: Schumacher Russ S.
Published: November 2015

Floods and flash floods are, by their nature, a multidisciplinary problem: they result from a convergence of atmospheric conditions, the underlying topography, hydrological processes, and the built environment. Research aimed at addressing various aspects of floods, on the other hand, often follows paths that do not directly address all of these fundamental connections. With this in mind, the NSF-sponsored Studies of Precipitation, Flooding, and Rainfall Extremes Across Disciplines (SPREAD) workshop was organized and held in Colorado during the summers of 2013 and 2014. SPREAD brought together a group of 27 graduate students from a wide variety of academic disciplines, but with the unifying theme being research interests in extreme precipitation or flooding. During the first meeting of the workshop, groups of graduate student participants designed interdisciplinary research projects that they then began work on over the intervening year, with the second meeting providing a venue to present their results. This article will outline the preliminary findings of these research efforts. Furthermore, the workshop participants had the unique and meaningful experience of visiting several locations in Colorado that had flooded in the past, and then visiting them again in the aftermath of the devastating 2013 floods. In total, the workshop resulted in several fruitful research activities that will advance understanding of precipitation and flooding. Even more importantly, the workshop fostered the development of a network of early-career researchers and practitioners who will be “multilingual” in terms of scientific disciplines, and who are poised to lead within their respective careers and across the scientific community.
Quasigeostrophic Diagnosis of Mixed Layer Dynamics Embedded in a Mesoscale Turbulent Field
Authors: Chavanne Cédric P. , Klein Patrice
Published: November 2015

A quasigeostrophic model is developed to diagnose the three-dimensional circulation, including the vertical velocity, in the upper ocean from high-resolution observations of sea surface height and buoyancy. The formulation for the adiabatic component departs from the classical surface quasigeostrophic framework considered before since it takes into account the stratification within the surface mixed layer that is usually much weaker than that in the ocean interior. To achieve this, the model approximates the ocean with two constant stratification layers: a finite-thickness surface layer (or the mixed layer) and an infinitely deep interior layer. It is shown that the leading-order adiabatic circulation is entirely determined if both the surface streamfunction and buoyancy anomalies are considered. The surface layer further includes a diabatic dynamical contribution. Parameterization of diabatic vertical velocities is based on their restoring impacts of the thermal wind balance that is perturbed by turbulent vertical mixing of momentum and buoyancy. The model skill in reproducing the three-dimensional circulation in the upper ocean from surface data is checked against the output of a high-resolution primitive equation numerical simulation.
A New Class of Quality Controls for Micrometeorological Data in Complex Tropical Environments
Authors: Rollenbeck Rütger , Trachte Katja , Bendix Jörg
Published: November 2015

Quality control is a particularly demanding problem for micrometeorological studies in complex environments. With the transition to electronic sensing and storage of climate data in high temporal resolution, traditional approaches of homogenization are insufficient for addressing the small-scale variability and spatial heterogeneity of the data. This problem can be successfully addressed by introducing a new class of control procedures based on the physical and climatological relations between different climate variables. The new approach utilizes knowledge about the interdependency of air temperature, precipitation, radiation, relative air humidity, cloud cover, and visibility to develop empirical functions for determining the probability margins for the co-occurrence of specific conditions in tropical mountains and deserts. It can also be applied to other geographic settings by adjusting the parameters derived from the data itself. All procedures are integrated into a processing chain with feedback loops and combined with conventional logical and statistical checks, which enables it to detect small errors that normally pass unnoticed. The algorithms are also adapted to incorporate the short time steps of the original data to retain the potential for detailed process analyses.
Identification and Reduction of Retracker-Related Noise in Altimeter-Derived Sea Surface Height Measurements
Authors: Zaron Edward D. , deCarvalho Robert
Published: November 2015

Data from the Jason-2 calibration/validation mission phase have been analyzed to identify the correlation between sea surface height (SSH) and significant wave height (SWH) errors. A cross-spectral analysis indicates that the SSH and SWH errors are nearly white and significantly correlated at scales from 12 to 100 km, consistent with the hypothesized error source, the waveform retracker. Because of the scale separation between the SWH signal and noise, it is possible to correct the SSH data by removing the SSH noise correlated with the SWH noise. Such a correction has been implemented using the empirical correlation found during the Jason-2 calibration orbit phase and applied to independent data from other phases of the Jason-1 mission. The efficacy of the correction varies geographically, but variance reductions between 1.6 and 2.2 cm2 have been obtained, corresponding to reductions of 20%–27% in the noise floor of along-track spectra. The corrections are obtained from and applied to conventional, 1 Hz, altimetry data and lead to improvements in the signal-to-noise ratio for identification of high-frequency narrowband processes—for example, internal tides—from these data.
Detecting Proximal Secondary Caries Lesions
Authors: Schwendicke F. , Brouwer F. , Paris S. , Stolpe M.
Published: November 2015

When choosing detection methods for secondary caries lesions, dentists need to weigh sensitivity, allowing early initiation of retreatments to avoid lesion progression, against specificity, aiming to reduce risks of false-positive diagnoses and invasive overtreatments. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of different detection methods for proximal secondary lesions using Monte Carlo microsimulations. A vital permanent molar with an occlusal-proximal restoration was simulated over the lifetime of an initially 20-y-old. Three methods were compared: biannual tactile detection, radiographic detection every 2 y, and biannual laser fluorescence detection. Methods were employed either on their own or in pairwise combinations at sensitive and specific thresholds estimated with systematically collected data. A mixed public-private payer perspective in the context of German health care was applied. Effectiveness was calculated as years of tooth retention. Net-benefit analyses were used to evaluate cost-effectiveness acceptability at different willingness-to-pay thresholds. Radiographic detection verified by tactile assessment (both at specific thresholds) was least costly (mean, 1,060 euros) but had limited effectiveness (mean retention time, 50 y). The most effective but also more costly combination was laser fluorescence detection verified by radiography, again at specific thresholds (1157 euros, 53 y, acceptable if willingness to pay >32 euro/y). In the majority of simulations, not combining detection methods or applying them at sensitive thresholds was less effective and more costly. Net benefits were not greatly altered by applying different discounting rates or using different baseline prevalence of secondary lesions. Current detection methods for secondary lesions should best be used in combination, not on their own, at specific thresholds to avoid false-positive diagnoses leading to costly and invasive overtreatment. The relevant characteristics, such as predictive value, of different methods should be assessed in longitudinal clinical studies.
Extending the Knowledge Discovery Metamodel for architecture-driven simulation modernization
Authors: Durak Umut
Published: November 2015

With the rapid improvement of hardware, the constant evaluation of simulation development methodologies and environments has brought us a new challenge: simulations modernization. This paper presents a simulation knowledge discovery metamodel that extends the Object Management Group’s knowledge discovery metamodel by adding a simulation model package for enabling architecture-driven simulation modernization. While there are some endeavors that propose integration methods, modernization of legacy simulations has not been investigated. Architecture-driven modernization has been introduced as a process of comprehending and transforming existing software assets. It advocates a model-based approach to software modernization in which the knowledge extracted from software assets is captured in models that conform to a metamodel, namely the knowledge discovery metamodel. It specifies an ontology of software assets. Model transformations are then recommended as means of modernization of legacy assets. But diversity in methodologies and approaches to specify simulation modeling assets prohibits the Knowledge Discovery Metamodel from providing adequate meta definitions to capture knowledge in simulations. System Entity Structure has long been used for knowledge representation by the simulation community. It provides formalism for composition, taxonomy and coupling relations. Hence, System Entity Structure is proposed as an intermediate metamodel to capture the meta-constructs and their relations. It is then made available to define particular metamodels for particular simulation modeling methodologies or approaches. The promoted methodology is exercised with samples in order to collect evidence of its applicability. Metamodel segments are presented for knowledge discovery for discrete event systems specification and Modelica simulation programming language. A complete metamodel is then introduced for the real-time distributed simulation domain model of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute of Flight Systems. Finally, this metamodel is used to introduce discovery artifacts. These samples provide valuable indications that the methodology works.
(No) Harm in Asking
Authors: Jack Anthony Abraham
Published: November 2015

How do undergraduates engage authority figures in college? Existing explanations predict class-based engagement strategies. Using in-depth interviews with 89 undergraduates at an elite university, I show how undergraduates with disparate precollege experiences differ in their orientations toward and strategies for engaging authority figures in college. Middle-class undergraduates report being at ease in interacting with authority figures and are proactive in doing so. Lower-income undergraduates, however, are split. The privileged poor—lower-income undergraduates who attended boarding, day, and preparatory high schools—enter college primed to engage professors and are proactive in doing so. By contrast, the doubly disadvantaged—lower-income undergraduates who remained tied to their home communities and attended local, typically distressed high schools—are more resistant to engaging authority figures in college and tend to withdraw from them. Through documenting the heterogeneity among lower-income undergraduates, I show how static understandings of individuals’ cultural endowments derived solely from family background homogenize the experiences of lower-income undergraduates. In so doing, I shed new light on the cultural underpinnings of education processes in higher education and extend previous analyses of how informal university practices exacerbate class differences among undergraduates.
Postcolonial migrations and diasporic linkages between Latin America and Japan and Spain
Authors: Avila-Tàpies Rosalia , Domínguez-Mujica Josefina
Published: November 2015

In the late 1980s, both Japan and Spain revised their legislation to confer preferential immigration rights to citizens from former colonies or their own diasporic descendants based on historical, cultural or ethnic belonging to the ancestral homeland. During the economic crisis, Spain, in 2008, and Japan, in 2009, reversed their policies through a government-sponsored voluntary return program for these preferred migrants. When the economy recovered, Japan in 2013 revisited its return migration program, resulting in pendular migrations driven by politics and macro-economic trends. This suggests that historical or cultural ties that favor the citizens of former colonies and diasporic communities have reinforced two-way transoceanic migratory processes, thereby contributing to strengthening ‘old migration geographies.’
How Analysts and Whisperers Use Fundamental Accounting Signals to Make Quarterly EPS Forecasts
Authors: Wahab Susan , Teitel Karen , Morzuch Bernard
Published: November 2015

We examine the relative efficiency of whisperers’ and analysts’ forecasts of one-quarter-ahead earnings per share (EPS) and identify commonalities and differences in their use of fundamentals to forecast earnings. Results suggest that (a) fundamentals that focus on sales and cost of sales are relevant in explaining one-quarter-ahead EPS changes; (b) whisperers focus on cash flow fundamentals and accrual-based earnings measures in their one-quarter-ahead forecasts, whereas analysts focus on only cash flow fundamentals; and (c) although neither analysts nor whisperers fully incorporate information contained in fundamentals and accrual-based earnings measures in their forecasts, whisperers’ earnings forecast model (forecast errors model) exhibits higher (lower) explanatory power than that of analysts. We also examine robustness of our results by reestimating the models using a two-way random-effects panel data estimator. Although our conclusions remain the same, more statistically significant fundamentals emerge in panel regression results. Evidence presented in this article is consistent with (a) whisperers being different from analysts and (b) whisper forecasts containing unique incremental information beyond that of analysts’ forecasts. Market participants may want to consider using both forecasts when making investment decisions.
Communication Among Parents Who Share Physical Custody After Divorce or Separation
Authors: Markham Melinda Stafford , Hartenstein Jaimee L. , Mitchell Yolanda T. , Aljayyousi-Khalil Ghadir
Published: November 2015

This study produces a grounded theory of the process of communication with former partners for 30 men and women who share physical and legal custody of their children following divorce or separation. The formality of the custody arrangement was the core factor that influenced the ways in which study participants established and maintained boundaries regarding when, how, and what they communicated with their former partners. Other factors that played a role included the relationship with the former partner, the child, and the introduction of new partners. One cannot simply assume that because parents share physical and legal custody, they communicate with their former partners in a particular way; instead, the formality of the custody arrangement and the establishment of communication boundaries needs to be examined in order to understand how coparents communicate with their former partners.
How Family Structures and Processes Interrelate
Authors: Arnold Amy Laura , Lucier-Greer Mallory , Mancini Jay A. , Ford James L. , Wickrama K. A. S.
Published: November 2015

The transitional nature of military life positions the family to serve as the primary and most stable influence for adolescents in military families. These military-related transitions and stressors may also put youth at risk for depression and academic challenges. This study examines the relative impact of family structure (family composition at a given time point) and family processes (interpersonal interactions developed over time) on important adolescent outcomes (depressive symptoms and academic performance) for a sample of military youth ( N = 995). While family structure, particularly being part of a stepfamily or single-parent family, was related to greater depressive symptoms and poorer academic performance, family processes (family support and parent–adolescent connection) and personal resources (initiative) also accounted for depressive symptomology and academic performance. Importantly, when modeling family processes, no differences were found across family structures. Military youth thrive in diverse family forms in the presence of healthy family processes.
The Indian Premier League, the Spectacle, and the Illusion of a Nation
Authors: Davis Christopher P.
Published: November 2015

The Indian Premier League (IPL) cricketing tournament is a misnomer, issuing images in the name of Indianness while ultimately veiling the country’s mass cricketing public. Submitting to a modern-day obsession with spectacle, the IPL stages a highly visual representation of India and its cultural character. Yet, its tactics ultimately work to undermine any valuable cultural potential, in that it relinquishes its capacity as a would-be act of postcolonial resistance in favor of serving commercial interests. The individual acts of cricketers within the IPL—the idiosyncratic styles and skills of singular Indian players—acts that may theoretically contribute to a narrative of Indian culture, are appropriated by the competition’s corporate workings. An emphasis on looking and on the obsessive making visual of IPL gameplay finds its zenith in the fetishization of the most valuable cricketing shot—the six—with the result being an overwhelming devaluation of both the act and the proponent himself.