bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antepartum and Intrapartum Factors Preceding Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Authors: Martinez-Biarge Miriam , Diez-Sebastian Jesus , Wusthoff Courtney J. , Mercuri Eugenio , Cowan Frances M.
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVE:

To determine whether antepartum factors alone, intrapartum factors alone, or both in combination, are associated with term neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE).

METHODS:

A total of 405 infants ≥35 weeks’ gestation with early encephalopathy, born between 1992 and 2007, were compared with 239 neurologically normal infants born between 1996 and 1997. All cases met criteria for perinatal asphyxia, had neuroimaging findings consistent with acute hypoxia-ischemia, and had no evidence for a non–hypoxic-ischemic cause of their encephalopathy.

RESULTS:

Both antepartum and intrapartum factors were associated with the development of HIE on univariate analysis. Case infants were more often delivered by emergency cesarean delivery (CD; 50% vs 11%, P < .001) and none was delivered by elective CD (vs 10% of controls). On logistic regression analysis only 1 antepartum factor (gestation ≥41 weeks) and 7 intrapartum factors (prolonged membrane rupture, abnormal cardiotocography, thick meconium, sentinel event, shoulder dystocia, tight nuchal cord, failed vacuum) remained independently associated with HIE (area under the curve 0.88; confidence interval 0.85–0.91; P < .001). Overall, 6.7% of cases and 43.5% of controls had only antepartum factors; 20% of cases and 5.8% of controls had only intrapartum factors; 69.5% of cases and 31% of controls had antepartum and intrapartum factors; and 3.7% of cases and 19.7% of controls had no identifiable risk factors (P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS:

Our results do not support the hypothesis that HIE is attributable to antepartum factors alone, but they strongly point to the intrapartum period as the necessary factor in the development of this condition.
Clinical significance of18F-FDG PET/CT in colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Németh Zsuzsanna , Boér Katalin , Kásler Miklós , Borbély Katalin
Published: September 2013

Modern imaging techniques have an important role in the diagnostic procedures of malignancies, and assessing response to therapy. The18F-FDG PET/CT revolutionized the evaluation of colorectal cancer in terms of preoperative staging and monitoring of recurrence. Conventional imaging techniques have limitations in early assessment of response to therapy.18F-FDG PET has been shown to allow earlier treatment monitoring, because the metabolic change appears before any anatomic change occurs. The Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) are widely applied, but they have some limitations. There are new international guidelines for treatment response assessment using PET/CT in solid tumours. The authors review indications and the role of hybrid PET/CT in colorectal cancer. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 1447–1453.
Clinical observations in cutan mastocytosis
Authors: Mihalik Noémi , Hidvégi Bernadett , Hársing Judit , Várkonyi Judit , Csomor Judit , Kovalszky Ilona , Marschalkó Márta , Kárpáti Sarolta
Published: September 2013

Introduction: Mastocytosis is a clonal mast cell proliferative disease, devided into cutaneous and systemic forms. The characteristic symptoms are caused by neoplastic mast cell infiltrations in different organs and/or the release of mediators. Aim: The aim of the authors was to summarize their clinical observations in patients with mastocytosis. Method: 22 adult patients diagnosed consecutively with mastocytosis were enrolled in the study. Skin and bone marrow biopsies were taken to establish the diagnosis and perform c-KIT mutation (D816V) analysis. Results: One of the 22 patients had teleangiectasia macularis eruptiva perstans, while 20/22 patients had urticaria pigmentosa. All patients had cutaneous lesions. In 12 patients iliac crest biopsy was performed and 9 of them had bone marrow involvement, classified as indolent systemic mastocytosis. The c-kit mutation D816V was found in one subject both in skin and bone marrow samples. The patients were treated with antihistamine, PUVA, interferon-α or imatinib. Conclusions: The authors draw attention to this rare disease in order to help recognition of relevant signs and symptoms and establish an early diagnosis. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 1469–1475.
Clinical experiences with basal analogue insulin in routine care. Retrospective follow up analysis of a database from daily routine care
Authors: Sudár Zsolt , Muth Lajos , Nyirati Csaba , Szí Vince , Tornóczky János , Ulrich Gabriella
Published: September 2013

Introduction: Basal-bolus insulin regime is frequently used in type 2 diabetes in order to improve metabolic control and decrease the risk of complications. A general question is, however, the effect of application of analogue insulin in comparison to human insulin regimes. Aim: The aim of the authors was to perform a retrospective database analysis among patients who were switched from human insulin only based basal-bolus regime to analogue only insulin regime in order to examine changes in metabolic control, body weight, insulin dose and basal:bolus insulin ratio. Method: Type 2 diabetic patients (n = 137) were enrolled who used once daily basal insulin with complementary bolus insulin given at main meals, and human insulin was switched to analogue insulin. Patients were divided into two groups using detemir (n = 103) or glargine (n = 34). Results: During 17 months ofanalogue insulin treatment the HbA1c was decreased by 0.34% (detemir –0.44%; glargine –0.17%). Body weight was increased by 1.11 kg (detemir +1.0 kg; glargine +1.43 kg). The basal:bolus insulin ratio increased in all groups (entire cohort 6.04%, detemir 5.26%, glargine 8.37%). The average insulin dose was 80.76 units at the end of follow up. There was no significant difference in terms of total and basal insulin doses between detemir (27.89 and 79.78 U, respectively) and glargine group (32.85 and 83.74 U, respectively). Conclusions: These results support that switching from human to analogue insulin in basal-bolus regime could improve the metabolic control by increasing dose of basal analogue insulin and basal: bolus ratio. Both detemir and glargine can provide similar improvement in metabolic control with the same insulin dose but with relatively more weight gain with glargine. Orv. Hetil., 2013, 154, 1476–1484.
Biomimicked high-aspect-ratio hierarchical superhydrophobic polymer surfaces
Authors: Mattaparthi Srinadh , Sharma Chandra S.
Published: September 2013

There is an abundance of plant surfaces in nature, which inspires scientific community to replicate and prepare artificial superhydrophobic surfaces. However, most of these studies are limited to low-aspect-ratio structures as found in petals and leaves. In this study, the authors chose Canna indica, a garden plant belonging to Cannaceae family, as a model plant. The C. indica seedpods possess high-aspect-ratio multiscale structures and also show superhydrophobic behavior. These high-aspect-ratio hierarchical structures as found in C. Indica seedpod were then successfully replicated by replica molding in different polymers such as poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF)-based xerogel. These biomimicked polymer surfaces exhibit superhydrophobicity as confirmed by water contact angle measurement. The original seedpod shows water contact angle of 151°, while negative PDMS and RF gel replica with high-aspect-ratio structural patterns show water contact angle of 146 and 155°, respectively. Thus, the biomimetic approach depicted here not only allows the facile fabrication of high-aspect-ratio structures over a large area but also provides a low-cost alternative to produce superhydrophobic polymer surfaces.
Lightweight backfill materials in integral bridge construction
Authors: Davies Luke , Bull Jamie , Kucki Tomasz
Published: September 2013

Analysis of integral bridge structures shows that lateral earth pressures on the end abutments have a dominant influence on the sizing of bridge components. Thermal cyclic movements induced by deck expansion cause densification of backfill material, leading to the build-up of high pressures behind the abutments. Measures to reduce these pressures by the use of alternative backfill materials can be highly beneficial to the structure as a whole, with extra expenditure on the backfill material being offset, and in some cases exceeded, by savings in material quantities in the rest of the structure and build time. This paper examines three contrasting backfill options that were considered during the design of Cottington Road overbridge in Kent: 6N granular backfill; lightweight expanded clay; and expanded polystyrene blocks. Although more expensive as a material than the other options investigated, the expanded polystyrene block option was selected as the most economical solution for this particular structure owing to large material savings in the foundations, abutment walls and wing walls as a direct result of reduced lateral pressures. Although it did not form part of the decision-making process, this paper also shows a significant saving in embodied and transport-related carbon dioxide emissions through preferring expanded polystyrene blocks to expanded clay.
Biomedically assisted reproduction and child birth: Surrogate motherhood in comparative European law and Serbia
Authors: Kovacek-Stanic Gordana
Published: September 2013

Surrogate motherhood is an arrangement in which a woman agrees to carry and
deliver a child for another couple who ordered the pregnancy. This procedure
is applied today in Great Britain, Holland (although without legal
regulations), Israel, Greece, Ukraine, Armenia, Georgia, the USA and
Australia, and it is forbidden in France, Austria, Spain, Germany,
Switzerland and Slovenia. There are two types of surrogacy, one when the
woman gives birth to a child who is genetically her own ("partial", genetic
surrogacy), and the other where the surrogate mother only carries and gives
birth to a child, whereby the child is genetically from the couple that
wanted the child, or the fertilized egg is from a third woman (donor), or
the embryo was donated ("full", "total", gestational surrogacy). In these
cases two women take part in conception and birth of the child while in the
last case there is a third woman who will raise the child. Biologically
observed, the woman whose egg has been fertilized may be called the genetic
mother, while the woman who carried the pregnancy and gave birth to the
child - the gestational carrier. Taking into consideration that the
Preliminary Draft of the Serbian Civil Law anticipates the introduction of
surrogate motherhood into domestic law, we believe restrictive solutions
should first be taken into consideration. This would mean that only full
surrogating should be allowed, namely the egg should be from the woman who
wants the child and not the surrogate mother. In domestic conditions,
genetic surrogation should not be allowed as it leads to confusion in family
relations, and kinships still have an important social and legal
significance in our country. The surrogate mother should be a woman who has
already given birth, because in that way any possible shocks which might
arise after birth when the woman who has to handover the child to the
intended couple would be avoided. The next condition would be that persons
involved in this procedure should have usual residency in Serbia so as to
prevent any international complications or problems. As far as compensation
is concerned, only compensation of so-called reasonable expenses which the
surrogate mother would incur should be allowed. The surrogate contract
should be approved by a court judge, who would have the obligation to
determine if all legal conditions have been fulfilled for surrogate
motherhood, and to explain the contract effects to the contracting parties.
Apart from that, psycho-social counselling of all persons involved in the
procedure should be anticipated.
On the interrelations between migration and commuting
Authors: Lukic Vesna
Published: September 2013

In this paper, we emphasise the significance of studying the interrelations
between commuting and migration. The aim of the paper is to point out the
factors which affect these interrelations (demographic and socio-economic
characteristics of migrants and commuters, labour market, real estate market,
information, life style, etc.), with the special emphasis on the role of
commuting distance onto the chosen mobility type. Besides theorethical
frameworks and results of the selected foreign researches up to date, the
overview of research of interrelations between migration and commuting in
Serbia has also been presented. While earlier studies conducted by
Gawryszenski (1978), Termote (1980) and Reitsma&Vergoossen (1987) pointed to
the replacement of migration types between each other within country, in
recent literature the interaction between migration and commuting has been
studied in a trans-boundary context of the contemporary EU. Modern trend of
long distance commuting instead of migration and the concept of
substitution/replacement regarding migration and commuting have also been
discussed. In Serbia, there is a positive correlation between commuting
outflows and immigration in rural settlements of Vojvodina province. Namely,
commuting and migration are complement, which is the characteristic of both
processes sub-urbanisation and ex-urbanisation (Lukic, 2012). In addition to
ownership of real estate and previous migration experience, marital status
influenced the chosen mobility type in Serbia as well. Adjustment to changes
of Serbian labour market is mostly conducted via migration (Miletic, Lukic,
Miljanovic, 2011). Interrelations between migration and commuting are very
significant due to the tendency of transformation of some commuters into
migrants. This process has its consequences, both on demographic as well as
the overall socio-economic development of the area of commuters? origin and
destination. However, even though the surveys conducted in Serbia during the
1980s showed that around 30 per cent of commuters expressed desire to move to
their place of work, the degree of realization of these intentions remained
unknown. While in some countries traffic studies and data from the management
of the enterprises are used as sources of data on commuting, the studies on
the commuter population in Serbia are based solely onto two types of data
sources. These are census and poll surveys. Although they have more potential
than the official statistics for the analysis of the links between migration
and commuting and other characteristics of commuters, poll surveys on this
topic in Serbia are relatively rare due to financial and organizational
obstacles. Indeed, the last major survey was conducted in the 1980s.
Therefore, even though the interrelations between migration and commuting
have been confirmed, there is still a lot of space for their research
indicating the need for further methodology developments in researching these
types of population mobility.
The Cost of Compliance to Sarbanes-Oxley: An Examination of the Real Estate Investment Industry
Authors: Shaw Wayne H. , Terando William D.
Published: September 2013

Studies documenting the increased audit cost of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 have focused on large cross industry samples of industrial firms. To control for differences in industry and business complexities such as foreign operations or segments, these studies have relied on various dichotomous variables. In addition, the studies have either focused on the cost of Section 404 related to internal control testing or assumed that the increases in audit pricing occurred in 2002 when the law was enacted. By focusing on one industry (REITS), we find that dummy variables may not adequately capture the effect of complexity in an industry. We also show that considering within-industry variations in audit pricing leads to the conclusion that the increase due to SOX is actually lower than previously thought. Finally, by structuring the tests to measure separately for the costs of the audit independence provisions and the internal control provisions, we find that the costs of SOX were much greater than that shown in prior studies, resulting in a 200 percent increase in SOX related costs to REITs with about 75 percent of that increase related to Section 404.
Traversing the Regulatory Maze of Charity Care: The Institutional Method and IRC §501(r)
Authors: Campbell Linda J. , Smith Pamela C. , Hostetler J. Michael
Published: September 2013

The search for a concise definition of charity care continues to elude both practitioners and healthcare administrators. U.S. legislators recently took action by creating the new Internal Revenue Code (IRC) §501(r), mandating hospitals document and justify their tax-exempt status. The new provisions still do not provide a succinct definition of charity care, but may provide an opportunity to establish a quantifiable baseline of the normal level of charity care for hospitals. This paper looks to the history of charity care in the U.S., recent regulatory challenges, the theory of legal realism, and the institutional method to develop an approach to provide clear guidance on acceptable levels of charity care.
The Association of Foot Arch Posture and Prior History of Shoulder or Elbow Surgery in Elite-Level Baseball Pitchers
Authors: Feigenbaum Luis A. , Roach Kathryn E. , Kaplan Lee D. , Lesniak Bryson , Cunningham Sean
Published: September 2013

Study Design

Case-control.

Objectives

The specific aim of this study was to examine the association between abnormal foot arch postures and a history of shoulder or elbow surgery in baseball pitchers.

Background

Pitching a baseball generates forces throughout the musculoskeletal structures of the upper and lower limbs. Structures such as the longitudinal arch of the foot are adaptable to stresses over time. Repeated pitching-related stresses may contribute to acquiring abnormal foot arch postures. Inversely, congenitally abnormal foot arch posture may lead to altered stresses of the upper limb during pitching.

Methods

A convenience sample of 77 pitchers was recruited from a Division I university team and a professional baseball franchise. Subjects who had a history of shoulder or elbow surgery to the pitching arm were classified as cases. Subjects who met the criteria for classification of pes planus or pes cavus based on longitudinal arch angle were classified as having abnormal foot arch posture. Odds ratios were calculated to examine the association between abnormal foot arch posture and pitching-arm injury requiring surgery.

Results

Twenty-three subjects were classified as cases. The odds of being a case were 3.4 (95% confidence interval: 1.2, 9.6; P = .02) times greater for subjects with abnormal foot arch posture and 2.9 (95% confidence interval: 1.0, 8.1; P = .04) times greater for subjects with abnormal foot posture on the lunge leg.

Conclusion

Abnormal foot arch posture and a surgical history in the pitching shoulder or elbow may be associated. Because the foot and its arches are adaptable and change over time, the pathomechanics of this association should be further explored. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(11):814–820. Epub 9 September 2013. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.4504
Middle and Lower Trapezius Strengthening for the Management of Lateral Epicondylalgia: A Case Report
Authors: Bhatt Jiten B. , Glaser Randal , Chavez Andre , Yung Emmanuel
Published: September 2013

Study Design

Case report.

Background

Addressing weakness of the shoulder region, especially the rotator cuff and scapular musculature, is often suggested clinically for the treatment of individuals with lateral epicondylalgia. However, to our knowledge, the clinical effectiveness of this approach has not been established.

Case Description

The patient was a 54-year-old woman with a 5-month history of right lateral elbow pain, whose symptoms were reproduced with clinical tests typically used to diagnose lateral elbow tendinopathy. The patient also demonstrated weakness in her middle and lower trapezius muscles, and the medial border of her scapula, measured with a tape measure, was 11 cm lateral from the spinous processes of the thoracic spine with the patient standing in relaxed stance. Based on improved grip strength and reduced associated elbow pain when tested with the scapula manually corrected in a more adducted position, treatment focused solely on strengthening of the middle and lower trapezius muscles over a 10-week period.

Outcomes

Following the intervention, the patient presented with improved scapular position, with the medial border of the scapula being 9 cm lateral to the midthoracic spine. The patient's middle and lower trapezius strength improved from 3+/5 and 4−/5, respectively, to 5/5, and her grip strength from 26.1 to 42.2 kg. The patient's scores on the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire also improved from 44.2 at the initial evaluation to 0 at the completion of therapy, with the patient being able to perform all of her daily activities in a pain-free manner.

Discussion

The results of this case report suggest that assessment and treatment of scapular musculature warrant consideration in the management of individuals with lateral epicondylalgia.

Level of Evidence

Therapy, level 4. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(11):841–847. Epub 9 September 2013. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.4659
Does Quadriceps Atrophy Exist in Individuals With Patellofemoral Pain? A Systematic Literature Review With Meta-analysis
Authors: Giles Lachlan S. , Webster Kate E. , McClelland Jodie A. , Cook Jill
Published: September 2013

Study Design

Systematic literature review.

Objectives

To investigate whether quadriceps atrophy is present in the affected limb of individuals with patellofemoral pain (PFP).

Background

PFP is a common condition. Atrophy of the quadriceps femoris, in particular the vastus medialis obliquus, is often assumed to be present by clinicians, and its resolution may underpin the reported effectiveness of quadriceps strengthening intervention in PFP rehabilitation.

Methods

A systematic search of the literature was conducted to identify studies that measured the size of the quadriceps in individuals with PFP. Meta-analyses were performed to determine whether quadriceps size in limbs with PFP differed from that in comparison limbs. Separate meta-analyses were performed for quadriceps size measured as girth and quadriceps size measured with imaging (thickness, cross-sectional area, and volume).

Results

Ten studies were included in this review. The meta-analysis of girth measurements (3 studies) found no atrophy in limbs with PFP (P = .638). The meta-analyses for imaging techniques (thickness, cross-sectional area, or volume measurements) showed atrophy in the limb with PFP compared to both the asymptomatic limb (3 studies) (P = .036) and limbs from a comparison group (3 studies) (P = .001). The single study that compared the vastus medialis obliquus and vastus lateralis in individuals with PFP found atrophy of both the vastus medialis obliquus and vastus lateralis but no significant difference in the amount of atrophy between them (P = .179).

Conclusion

Quadriceps muscle atrophy was shown to be present in PFP when analyzed by imaging, but not by girth measures. Insufficient data were available to determine if there was greater atrophy of the vastus medialis obliquus than the vastus lateralis. These findings support the rationale for use of quadriceps strengthening as part of a rehabilitation program for PFP. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2013;43(11):766–776. Epub 9 September 2013. doi:10.2519/jospt.2013.4833
Local Knowledge as a Resource for Nepal: Building Partnerships with Scientists and Conservationists
Authors: Huntington Henry P
Published: September 2013

Conservation cannot be carried out solely by professional biologists and conservationists. This is true everywhere, and perhaps especially in places where professional resources are scarce. There are, however, other resources to draw on for ideas and actions to conserve the environment and the human livelihoods that depend on a healthy environment. The knowledge, experience, and practices of local residents can contribute greatly to conservation efforts, especially in partnership with professionals. Based on recent experiences in rural Nepal, I describe three examples of the potential for such collaboration, which I interpret in part in light of my own work in the Arctic.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/cs.v1i1.8577 Conservation Science 2013 1(1), 1–4
Author, Father, President: Paul Auster’s Figures of Invisibility
Authors: Benziman Galia
Published: September 2013

Abstract:

Since the mid-2000s, Paul Auster’s fiction has increasingly come to address topical issues. Man in the Dark (2008) is a post-9/11 work, whose plot evolves around the attack on the World Trade Center and George W. Bush’s controversial leadership. Yet, in this work, Auster also returns to several key themes that have preoccupied him since The Invention of Solitude (1982). When Man in the Dark’s symbolic and veiled return to these themes is examined, the novel’s political critique can be more richly understood within the context of the topoi of the father–son relationship and the construction/deconstruction of the self through writing.
Before Speech: An Interrogation of Trauma in Chang-rae Lee’sA Gesture Life
Authors: Motuz Alexis
Published: September 2013

Abstract:

In Chang-rae Lee’s A Gesture Life, the fragmented and atemporal narrative creates a novel in which much of what is communicated remains unwritten, woven instead into a narrative structure that mirrors the symptoms of the traumatized psyche and challenges readers to bear witness. As an example of trauma fiction, A Gesture Life exposes the roots of trauma in personal circumstances and as a social phenomenon, and sheds light on trauma’s roots in various forms of racism. Taking up David Eng and Shinhee Han’s “A Dialogue on Racial Melancholia,” this essay investigates why so many “minority” texts invoke trauma as their organizing frameworks and illustrates the importance of Lee’s novel in offering a valuable counter-narrative to official versions of history and to narratives of successful assimilation of diasporic subjects.
Neil Gaiman’s Lucifer: Reconsidering Milton’s Satan
Authors: Porter Adam
Published: September 2013

Abstract:

Neil Gaiman’s writing often features religious themes, drawing on mythologies from around the world. One of his earlier works, the comic book The Sandman, is especially interesting because Gaiman engages in an intertextual dialogue with Milton about Satan and, more generally, Christian depictions of Hell; he replaces both with versions of Lucifer and Hell/Gehenna drawn from the Jewish tradition. His other work draws on his Jewish background far less overtly, so for readers interested in the sources Gaiman draws on, The Sandman is especially significant.
Aliens Are Us: Cosmic Liminality, Remixticism, andAlienation in Psytrance
Authors: St John Graham
Published: September 2013

Abstract:

This article examines how popular culture is remixed for the purposes of facilitating mystical experiences within a global electronic dance music culture. In particular, it investigates the sampling of space travel and alien contact narratives within psytrance, whose DJ-producers are like media shamans remixing fragments from cinema, TV series, documentaries, NASA’s lunar program and other popular cultural sources for gnostic purposes. I explore ways outer space travel becomes a narrative device for interior travels, the “hero’s journey,” and how the figure of the alien other allegorizes the potential for the discovery of the self. In the artifice of remixticism, the alien is a device for universal consciousness and self-empowerment, a process I dub alienation.
Religious Imperatives, Boogaloo Rhythms: Taking another Listen to Albert Ayler’s New Grass
Authors: Kaler Michael
Published: September 2013

Abstract:

In this article I discuss free jazz saxophonist Albert Ayler’s album New Grass, released in 1968. Although Ayler’s early works have entered the jazz canon, this album has been seen as the beginning of his decline and also as a sellout. I argue that by taking Ayler’s messianic religious convictions into account, we cannot only understand New Grass better but can also see how it fits into his career as a whole and widen our understanding of the ways in which religious convictions and experimental music interact.
Dr. Bronner’s “Magic Soaps” Religion: ATikkun OlamResponse to the Holocaust, the Atom Bomb, and the Cold War
Authors: Chapman Roger
Published: September 2013

Abstract:

This essay explores the historical and cultural context in which the late Emanuel Bronner began marketing Dr. Bronner’s Magic Soaps, a natural brand known for its unusual labels that promote an “All-One-God-Faith” solution for saving “spaceship Earth.” An amalgamation of Judaism and American pluralism, Dr. Bronner’s plan for world peace was a response to the anxieties caused by the Holocaust, the advent of atomic weaponry, and the ongoing Cold War. Although Dr. Bronner was an escapee from an insane asylum and came to be regarded as a kook, it should be recognized that he conformed to the behaviour of a prophet or holy fool. His message corresponds with tikkun olam, the Jewish vision of “repairing the world.” Dr. Bronner’s natural soaps and the accompanying call for global harmony served as a purification ritual for the American counterculture youth of the 1960s and 1970s.
Development of the Animal Management and Husbandry Online Placement Tool
Authors: Bates Lucy , Crowther Emma , Bell Catriona , Kinnison Tierney , Baillie Sarah
Published: September 2013

The workplace provides veterinary students with opportunities to develop a range of skills, making workplace learning an important part of veterinary education in many countries. Good preparation for work placements is vital to maximize learning; to this end, our group has developed a series of three computer-aided learning (CAL) packages to support students. The third of this series is the Animal Management and Husbandry Online Placement Tool (AMH OPT). Students need a sound knowledge of animal husbandry and the ability to handle the common domestic species. However, teaching these skills at university is not always practical and requires considerable resources. In the UK, the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons (RCVS) requires students to complete 12 weeks of pre-clinical animal management and husbandry work placements or extramural studies (EMS). The aims are for students to improve their animal handling skills and awareness of husbandry systems, develop communication skills, and understand their future clients' needs. The AMH OPT is divided into several sections: Preparation, What to Expect, Working with People, Professionalism, Tips, and Frequently Asked Questions. Three stakeholder groups (university EMS coordinators, placement providers, and students) were consulted initially to guide the content and design and later to evaluate previews. Feedback from stakeholders was used in an iterative design process, resulting in a program that aims to facilitate student preparation, optimize the learning opportunities, and improve the experience for both students and placement providers. The CAL is available online and is open-access worldwide to support students during veterinary school.
Une histoire entre la métaphore et la métonymie. Réflexions autour d'un livre de Teresa de Mesa : Iconografía y mitos indígenas en el arte
Authors: Bouysse-Cassagne Thérèse
Published: September 2013

Resumen. — La nación india se expresa con más facilidad a través del arte que a través de las letras », es lo que demuestran las representaciones artísticas de la época colonial. Debido a la iniciativa de los artistas indígenas, invenciones e integraciones se han multiplicado entre dos culturas que presentaban importantes diferencias. El proceso de aculturación no siempre se establece en un solo sentido y las figuraciones sacadas del arte europeo han venido a significar los mitos amerindios.
Musique andine, à la recherche du sens perdu
Authors: Bellenger Xavier
Published: September 2013

Résumé. — La diffusion souvent irréfléchie du « folklore » andin aboutit à dissocier la musique de ses significations propres à l'intérieur d'un groupe. Pourtant, la musique andine est aussi un « marqueur ethnique » très précis et ne peut se réduire à la sonorité standard et aseptisée répandue sur les scènes occidentales.
Pour une interprétation de l'instabilité politique en Bolivie (1952-1980)
Authors: Lavaud Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2013

Résumé. — Un modèle descriptif autant qu'explicatif peut rendre compte de l'instabilité politique bolivienne. Autour de la proie disputée que constitue l'Etat, des groupes s'organisent selon les caractéristiques d'une triple mobilisation, clientéliste, sectorielle et milicienne. La concurrence pour le pouvoir se structure dès lors selon deux axes, régional celui qui oppose la ville de La Paz à celle de Santa Cruz, sectoriel celui qui établit un jeu de bascule entre la fédération syndicale des travailleurs des mines et l'armée.
Potosí et le sud bolivien selon une ancienne carte
Authors: Saignes Thierry
Published: September 2013

Resumen. — Un mapa redescubierto en la Biblioteca Nacional de Paris presenta el corazón minero del Alto Perú tal y como se representaba en el siglo XVII. La reproducción del mapa incluye la lista de los quinientos topónimos que en él figuran.
Deficiency of phytochrome B alleviates chilling‐induced photoinhibition in rice
Authors: Yang Jian‐Chao , Li Meng , Xie Xian‐Zhi , Han Guo‐Liang , Sui Na , Wang Bao‐Shan
Published: September 2013

• Premise of the study: Food crops of tropical origins, such as rice, are often cultivated in areas with suboptimal temperature regimes. The rice phytochrome B‐deficient mutant (phyB) is tolerant of chilling temperatures compared with the wild type (WT) under low irradiance, and unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs) of membrane lipids have been shown to play an important role in chilling resistance. However, the relationship between phytochrome B and membrane lipids has not been empirically investigated.

• Methods: We assessed various photosynthesis indexes in phyB and WT rice: chlorophyll content, maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of photosystem II (PSII), the quantum yield of PSII electron transport (ΦPSII), the percentage of oxidizable P700 (P700), nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ), and the de‐epoxidized ratio of xanthophyll cycle (A+Z)/(V+A+Z). We also analyzed the ultrastructure and fatty acid desaturases (FADs) and glycerol‐3‐phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) genes of the chloroplasts using transmission electron microscopy and real‐time PCR.

• Results: After a chilling treatment of 24 h, chloroplast damage and USFA content reduction were more severe in the WT than in the phyB mutant. Genes involved in the synthesis of USFAs in membranes such as FADs and GPAT were more stable in phyB than in WT. Chlorophyll content, Fv/Fm, ΦPSII, and P700 decreased more slowly under chilling stress and recovered more rapidly under optimal conditions in phyB than in WT. The (A+Z)/(V+A+Z) and NPQ increased more rapidly in phyB than in the WT after 24 h of chilling treatment.

• Conclusions: Phytochrome B deficiency in rice with more stabilized chloroplast structure and higher USFA content in membrane lipids could alleviate chilling‐induced photoinhibition.
Propagule pressure, genetic structure, and geographic origins of Chondrilla juncea (Asteraceae): An apomictic invader on three continents
Authors: Gaskin John F. , Schwarzländer Mark , Kinter C. Lynn , Smith James F. , Novak Stephen J.
Published: September 2013

• Premise of the study: Assessing propagule pressure and geographic origins of invasive species provides insight into the invasion process. Rush skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea; Asteraceae) is an apomictic, perennial plant that is invasive in Australia, South America (Argentina), and North America (Canada and the United States). This study comprehensively compares propagule pressure and geographic structure of genotypes to improve our understanding of a clonal invasion and enhance management strategies.

• Methods: We analyzed 1056 native range plants from Eurasia and 1156 plants from three invaded continents using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) techniques. We used measures of diversity (Simpson's D) and evenness (E), analysis of molecular variance, and Mantel tests to compare invasions, and genotype similarity to determine origins of invasive genotypes.

• Key results: We found 682 unique genotypes in the native range, but only 13 in the invaded regions. Each invaded region contained distinct AFLP genotypes, suggesting independent introduction events, probably with different geographic origins. Relatively low propagule pressure was associated with each introduction around the globe, but levels of among‐population variation differed. We found exact AFLP genotype matches between the native and invaded ranges for five of the 13 invasive genotypes.

• Conclusions: Invasion dynamics can vary across invaded ranges within a species. Intensive sampling for molecular analyses can provide insight for understanding intraspecific invasion dynamics, which can hold significance for the management of plant species, especially by finding origins and distributions of invasive genotypes for classical biological control efforts.
First record of Todea (Osmundaceae) in South America, from the early Eocene paleorainforests of Laguna del Hunco (Patagonia, Argentina)
Authors: Carvalho Mónica R. , Wilf Peter , Hermsen Elizabeth J. , Gandolfo Maria A. , Cúneo N. Rubén , Johnson Kirk R.
Published: September 2013

• Premise of the Study: The early Eocene Laguna del Hunco caldera‐lake paleoflora (ca. 52 Ma) from Chubut Province, Argentina, is notably diverse and includes many conifer and angiosperm lineages that are extinct in South America but extant in Australasian rainforests. No ferns have been previously described from Laguna del Hunco. We describe and interpret a new species of fossil Osmundaceae based on fertile and sterile pinnae.

• Methods: The fossil specimens were compared with other extant and fossil Osmundaceae based on living and herbarium material and published descriptions. A morphological matrix based on 29 characters was constructed for 17 living species in Osmundaceae, four species assigned to the fossil genus Todites, and the new fossil species. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted under parsimony using morphology and total evidence matrices.

• Key Results: Both the new fossil and the Todites species were consistently resolved within the leptopteroid clade of Osmundaceae, and the new species resolved in a clade with the two living Todea species, which are now restricted to Australia, New Guinea, New Zealand, and southern Africa.

• Conclusions: Todea amissa sp. nov. is the first record of Todea, living or fossil, in South America and only the second fossil record worldwide. The distribution of extant Todea on Gondwanan continents other than South America is broadly shared with other taxa from Laguna del Hunco, further indicating that a large component of this flora represents a Gondwanic biome that is no longer found on the South American continent.
Phytogeography of Najas gracillima (Hydrocharitaceae) in North America and its cryptic introduction to California
Authors: Les Donald H. , Peredo Elena L. , Benoit Lori K. , Tippery Nicholas P. , King Ursula M. , Sheldon Sallie P.
Published: September 2013

• Premise of the Study: The discontinuous North American distribution of Najas gracillima has not been explained satisfactorily. Influences of extirpation, nonindigenous introduction, and postglacial migration on its distribution were evaluated using field, fossil, morphological, and molecular data. Najas is a major waterfowl food, and appropriate conservation measures rely on accurate characterization of populations as indigenous or imperiled.

• Methods: Seed lengths of N. gracillima from native Korean populations, a nonindigenous Italian population, and North American populations were compared using digital image analysis. DNA sequence analyses from these regions provided nine nrITS genotypes and eight cpDNA haplotypes.

• Key Results: Najas gracillima seeds from Eurasia and California are shorter than those from eastern North America. Nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences of N. gracillima from Korea and Italy were identical to California material but differed from native eastern North American plants. Eastern North American specimens of N. gracillima at localities above the last glacial maximum boundary were identical or similar genetically to material from the northeastern United States and Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont but divergent from plants of the Interior Highlands–Mississippi Embayment region.

• Conclusions: In California, N. gracillima is nonindigenous and introduced from Asia. In eastern North America, populations that colonized deglaciated areas were derived primarily from refugia in the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont. Genetic data indicate initial postglacial migration to northeastern North America, with subsequent westward dispersal into the Upper Great Lakes. These results differentiate potentially invasive California populations from seriously imperiled indigenous eastern North American populations.
Veuvage et remariage en Sardaigne, Alghero, 1866-1925
Authors: Mazzoni Stanislao , Breschi Marco , Esposito Massimo , Pozzi Lucia
Published: September 2013

Cet article analyse le remariage en Sardaigne, de l’unification italienne (1861) jusqu’aux premières décennies du xx e  siècle. L’île se distinguait alors par un modèle de nuptialité différent du schéma dominant en Italie continentale. Dès le haut Moyen Âge, le mariage sarde présente des modalités originales de propriété et d’héritage, en particulier par le rôle majeur reconnu aux femmes dans la gestion de la famille, de ses ressources économiques et le système d’héritage. Compte tenu de ses spécificités, la Sardaigne constitue un terrain historique intéressant pour l’étude de la nuptialité, et en particulier du remariage. L’approche méthodologique choisie est micro-analytique, à partir des données individuelles recueillies sur la population d’Alghero, ville côtière du nord-ouest de la Sardaigne. Il s’agit d’une analyse longitudinale qui porte sur un ensemble complexe de données individuelles et résulte de la combinaison de sources civiles et religieuses. L’objectif principal est d’identifier les caractéristiques sociodémographiques des veufs et des veuves, et d’examiner précisément les facteurs individuels et contextuels qui ont pu les amener à fonder une nouvelle famille. L’étude des remariages à Alghero nous permet d’analyser en détail la dynamique de recomposition des familles dans une communauté méditerranéenne.
Effet des chocs de mortalité sur le profil par âge de la mortalité des adultes
Authors: Zarulli Virginia
Published: September 2013

Quel sont les effets des modifications soudaines des conditions extérieures sur le niveau et les profils par âge de la mortalité humaine ? Divers travaux ont analysé des événements brutaux comme la famine ou la déportation, mais on ne dispose pas d’évaluation systématique de l’effet des chocs sur le taux de croissance de la mortalité au fil des âges. À la suite d’un choc, l’évolution de la mortalité peut suivre trois scénarios : elle peut augmenter proportionnellement à tous les âges, davantage aux âges élevés, ou davantage aux jeunes âges. Deux cas d’expérience naturelle sont analysés : celui des prisonniers civils australiens dans un camp japonais pendant la seconde guerre mondiale et celui de la famine en Ukraine en 1933. Les taux de mortalité des prisonniers de guerre se sont accrus pendant leur détention mais la pente de la courbe est restée la même que dans un régime de mortalité normale. En revanche, en Ukraine, les courbes de mortalité se sont élevées pendant les années de famine, mais la hausse a été moindre aux âges élevés, la pente des courbes étant ainsi modifiée. En outre, quand la mortalité augmente moins aux âges élevés, la preuve de l’existence d’un effet de sélection comme mécanisme sous-jacent apparaît faible et peu concluante. Mais d’autres mécanismes pourraient contribuer à des schémas semblables, aussi serait-il nécessaire d’analyser davantage d’expériences de mortalité naturelle et de recueillir davantage de données sur le sujet.
L’exploitation économique des enfants à Madagascar à partir de l’Enquête démographique et de santé 2008
Authors: Delaunay Valérie
Published: September 2013

En Afrique, l’accès à l’emploi est devenu une cause de placement des enfants à l’extérieur de la parenté. L’objectif de cette note de recherche est de proposer une mesure des enfants résidant hors de la parenté et non scolarisés, susceptibles d’être en situation d’exploitation, en utilisant les données de l’Enquête démographique et de santé 2008-2009 à Madagascar. Dans le contexte malgache, la circulation des enfants reste interne à la parenté, mais les enfants peuvent être placés hors de la parenté pour des raisons économiques. Notre hypothèse est que les modèles de placement des enfants pour des raisons économiques sont genrés et géographiquement répartis. Les résultats montrent que cette situation concerne 1,4 % des enfants de 6 à 17 ans. Parmi eux, deux profils se dégagent : les filles se situent plutôt en ville dans des ménages à niveau socio-économique élevé et les garçons dans les zones à forte demande de main d’œuvre agricole. Les recommandations portent sur l’amélioration des données et la réalisation d’enquêtes auprès d’enfants domestiques et travailleurs agricoles afin d’identifier les situations dommageables, et d’enquêtes sur le processus de mise au travail des enfants (origine, moyens utilisés) ainsi que sur le devenir des enfants travailleurs.
Comparison of Vaccine-Induced Effector CD8 T Cell Responses Directed against Self- and Non–Self-Tumor Antigens: Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Pedersen Sara R. , Sørensen Maria R. , Buus Søren , Christensen Jan P. , Thomsen Allan R.
Published: September 2013

It is generally accepted that CD8 T cells play a major role in tumor control, yet vaccination aimed at eliciting potent CD8 T cell responses are rarely efficient in clinical trials. To try and understand why this is so, we have generated potent adenoviral vectors encoding the endogenous tumor Ags (TA) tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2) and glycoprotein 100 (GP100) tethered to the invariant chain (Ii). Using these vectors, we sought to characterize the self-TA–specific CD8 T cell response and compare it to that induced against non–self-Ags expressed from a similar vector platform. Prophylactic vaccination with adenoviral vectors expressing either TRP-2 (Ad-Ii-TRP-2) or GP100 (Ad-Ii-GP100) had little or no effect on the growth of s.c. B16 melanomas, and only Ad-Ii-TRP-2 was able to induce a marginal reduction of B16 lung metastasis. In contrast, vaccination with a similar vector construct expressing a foreign (viral) TA induced efficient tumor control. Analyzing the self-TA–specific CD8 T cells, we observed that these could be activated to produce IFN-γ and TNF-α. In addition, surface expression of phenotypic markers and inhibitory receptors, as well as in vivo cytotoxicity and degranulation capacity matched that of non–self-Ag–specific CD8 T cells. However, the CD8 T cells specific for self-TAs had a lower functional avidity, and this impacted on their in vivo performance. On the basis of these results and a low expression of the targeted TA epitopes on the tumor cells, we suggest that low avidity of the self-TA–specific CD8 T cells may represent a major obstacle for efficient immunotherapy of cancer.