bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Handling Protest Responses in Contingent Valuation Surveys
Authors: Pennington Mark , Gomes Manuel , Donaldson Cam
Published: February 2017

Objectives. Protest responses, whereby respondents refuse to state the value they place on the health gain, are commonly encountered in contingent valuation (CV) studies, and they tend to be excluded from analyses. Such an approach will be biased if protesters differ from non-protesters on characteristics that predict their responses. The Heckman selection model has been commonly used to adjust for protesters, but its underlying assumptions may be implausible in this context. We present a multiple imputation (MI) approach to appropriately address protest responses in CV studies, and compare it with the Heckman selection model. Methods. This study exploits data from the multinational EuroVaQ study, which surveyed respondents’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) for a Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY). Here, our simulation study assesses the relative performance of MI and Heckman selection models across different realistic settings grounded in the EuroVaQ study, including scenarios with different proportions of missing data and non-response mechanisms. We then illustrate the methods in the EuroVaQ study for estimating mean WTP for a QALY gain. Results. We find that MI provides lower bias and mean squared error compared with the Heckman approach across all considered scenarios. The simulations suggest that the Heckman approach can lead to considerable underestimation or overestimation of mean WTP due to violations in the normality assumption, even after log-transforming the WTP responses. The case study illustrates that protesters are associated with a lower mean WTP for a QALY gain compared with non-protesters, but that the results differ according to method for handling protesters. Conclusions. MI is an appropriate method for addressing protest responses in CV studies.
Marketing Authorization Procedures for Advanced Cancer Drugs: Exploring the Views of Patients, Oncologists, Healthcare Decision Makers, and Citizens in France
Authors: Protiére Christel , Baker Rachel , Genre Dominique , Goncalves Anthony , Viens Patrice
Published: February 2017

Background. The past decades have seen advances in cancer treatments in terms of toxicity and side effects but progress in the treatment of advanced cancer has been modest. New drugs have emerged improving progression free survival but with little impact on overall survival, raising questions about the criteria on which to base decisions to grant marketing authorizations and about the authorization procedure itself. For decisions to be fair, transparent and accountable, it is necessary to consider the views of those with relevant expertise and experience. Methods. We conducted a Q-study to explore the views of a range of stakeholders in France, involving: 54 patients (18 months after diagnosis); 50 members of the general population; 27 oncologists; 19 healthcare decision makers; and 2 individuals from the pharmaceutical industry. Results. Three viewpoints emerged, focussing on different dimensions entitled: 1) ‘Quality of life (QoL), opportunity cost and participative democracy’; 2)‘QoL and patient-centeredness’; and 3) ‘Length of life’. Respondents from all groups were associated with each viewpoint, except for healthcare decision makers, who were only associated with the first one. Conclusion. Our results highlight plurality in the views of stakeholders, emphasize the need for transparency in decision making processes, and illustrate the importance of a re-evaluation of treatments for all 3 viewpoints. In the context of advanced cancer, our results suggest that QoL should be more prominent amongst authorization criteria, as it is a concern for 2 of the 3 viewpoints.
The political economy of pre-colonial production: Ishan cotton in the cloth manufacture of Esan people, Edo State, Nigeria
Authors: Ebhohimhen Onoho’Omhen , Agara Babatunde
Published: February 2017

This article examines the role played by an indigenous agricultural product, Ishan cotton in the pre-colonial cloth industry of Esan people, Edo State, Nigeria. As primary raw material, Ishan cotton was essentially produced by female farmers who were not only culturally protected from male competition but had also developed strong comparative advantage in cloth manufacture. The growth of the Ishan cotton and locally manufactured cloth during the pre-colonial era has causal interrelationship with the transformation of the quantitative skill resources of the people thus accountable in the pre-capitalist socialisation of labour. Therefore, this article seeks to partly analyse the character of the historical socio-economic structure of the pre-colonial Esan economy. The revealed knowledge of the pre-colonial mode of production could serve to interrogate and explicate the distortion imposed by the subsequent capitalist mode of production, instituted by colonialism.
Who’s left in the wake of Irish austerity?
Authors: Adshead Maura
Published: February 2017

With the sole exception of Iceland, the downturn in the Irish economy in 2007 and 2008 was the most severe of any experienced by an Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development member state. In Ireland, the crisis was widely understood to have five key dimensions: a banking crisis, a public finance crisis, an economic crisis, a social crisis and a reputational crisis. This article examines the political impact of that crisis, focusing in particular on the impact that austerity politics has had upon the evolution of the Irish left. The article traces the political responses to crisis inside and outside the Dáil and examines their potential to support the growth of anti-austerity politics in Ireland.
Dermal absorption of fumigant gases during HAZMAT incident exposure scenarios—Methyl bromide, sulfuryl fluoride, and chloropicrin
Authors: Gaskin Sharyn , Heath Linda , Pisaniello Dino , Edwards John W , Logan Michael , Baxter Christina
Published: February 2017

Accidental or intentional releases of toxic gases or vapors are the most common occurrence in hazardous material (HAZMAT) incidents that result in human injuries. The most serious hazard from exposure to gases or vapors is via the respiratory system. Dermal uptake, as a secondary route, is still a concern, most acutely for the unprotected public. There is a limited evidence base describing skin absorption of toxic gases and vapors in HAZMAT exposure scenarios, which are relatively brief compared with traditional test periods for skin absorption studies. We describe research designed to provide experimental data to support decision-making by first responders regarding skin decontamination in HAZMAT-focused exposure scenarios involving toxic gases. We present findings for three common fumigants, methyl bromide, sulfuryl fluoride, and chloropicrin assessed using an Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development in vitro toxicology protocol utilizing human skin and gas/vapor exposures. Results indicate that for atmospheric concentrations that would be lethal via inhalation (LCLo), intact skin provides an excellent barrier to exposures up to 30 min, with little influence of common clothing fabric and high temperature and humidity conditions. The findings may challenge the current HAZMAT dogma requiring mass personal decontamination by strip and shower for short-term exposures to sulfuryl fluoride and chloropicrin gas/vapor.
Patient Preference for Preprocedural Anesthetic Prior to Facial Cosmetic Injectable Fillers
Authors: Diepenbrock Ryan M. , May Jason R. , Cone William Randall , Ehland Elise L.
Published: February 2017

This study was designed to compare 2 common techniques for anesthesia prior to facial filler injections to determine which anesthetic method resulted in less pain during filler injections and which was preferred for future treatments. Via a randomized, prospective, split-face design, one side was treated with topical lidocaine gel and the contralateral received nerve block injection(s) to the infraorbital and/or mental nerve with local anesthetic. Hyaluronic acid (HA) filler was used to treat cosmetic deformities of the nasolabial folds, upper, and/or lower lips. Patients were surveyed to quantify the subjective pain during (1) preprocedural anesthesia and (2) injection of HA filler. At 1 week, patients reported which side was perceived as less painful, and his or her future treatment preference. Forty-eight participants (46 women and 2 men) were enrolled. In all, 77% perceived the filler injections with anesthetic block(s) as less painful, 21% recorded injections on the side pretreated with topical anesthesia as less painful, and 2% perceived no difference. Of all participants, 56% preferred local anesthetic injections for future treatments, 33% chose topical anesthesia, and 10% (5 of 48) had no preference. Patients rated the treatment of HA injections after anesthetic block(s) as the least painful method. Although more than half of the patients preferred this modality, the posttreatment survey suggests that there may be other factors contributing to patients’ preferences.
Sustainability and Textual Extensions of Institutional Discourse: Testing the Great Lakes Compact
Authors: Castor Theresa
Published: February 2017

This article examines the interplay of discourse, texts, and sustainability in the public hearing process for a Wisconsin city’s application to divert water from the Great Lakes of North America. The application is controversial and has been labeled as a ‘precedent’ setting action with respect to the Great Lakes Compact and water management. This article examines how texts are used to support positions on the diversion application and on sustainability. This analysis takes a discourse analytic approach to analyze local public hearings. The central question that is addressed is how do texts matter in sustainability efforts? The analysis indicates that texts are significant in supporting positions, but are associated with stances in different ways such that the same text may be used to support divergent positions. Meeting participants converged in agreeing on the importance of specific texts and of sustainability, but differed in how they related actions to texts.
Will Africa have most of the world’s largest cities in 2100?
Authors: Satterthwaite David
Published: February 2017

This paper responds to the article by Daniel Hoornweg and Kevin Pope, on predictions for the world’s largest cities in the 21st century, in this issue of Environment and Urbanization. It recognizes the value and importance of this article in highlighting the very large likely scale of urban population growth up to 2100 and in initiating a discussion on what this might imply for the scale and distribution of the world’s largest cities. But it raises some concerns about the extent to which very large cities will grow in what are currently nations with very low per capita incomes. Mega-cities need to be underpinned by mega-economies. The world’s largest cities up to 2100 will mostly be those where private capital has chosen to invest, and much of this may not be in the cities identified in the Hoornweg and Pope article as likely to be the largest. The economic future, the development future (including whether the Sustainable Development Goals get met) and the ecological future (especially whether dangerous climate change is avoided) will so powerfully influence future city sizes.
Fatal Drownings in Fiji
Authors: Murray Kathryn , Carter Peter
Published: February 2017

Drowning is a newly comprehended public health concern in Fiji. Defined as “the process of experiencing respiratory impairment from submersions or immersion in liquid,” drowning has been identified as one of Fiji’s 5 leading causes of death for those aged 1 to 29 years. The aim of this article was to develop the most parsimonious model that can be used to explain the number of monthly fatal drowning cases in Fiji. Based on a cross-section of 187 drowning incidents from January 2012 to April 2015, this observational study found the number of monthly drownings in Fiji was significantly affected by monthly rainfall ( P = .008, 95% confidence interval = 0.10-0.62) and the number of days comprising public holidays/weekends ( P = .018, 95% confidence interval = 0.06-0.60). Furthermore, the multiple coefficient of determination ( r2 = .4976) indicated that almost half the variation in drownings was explained by rainfall and public holidays/weekend periods. Inadequate supervision, an inability to identify or carry out safe rescue techniques, and limited water-safety knowledge were identified as common risk factors. To overcome this preventable cause of death, technically guided interventions need to be actively embedded into a range of government policies and community health promotions, disaster management, and education programs.
Abuse and Young Children With Disabilities
Authors: Corr Catherine , Santos Rosa Milagros
Published: February 2017

Legislation in the United States, such as the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act and the Individuals With Disabilities Education Improvement Act, mandates service system collaboration to meet the complex needs of young children with disabilities who have experienced abuse. This literature review examines extant literature related to young children with disabilities who have experienced abuse. Gaps in the literature are identified and future directions are discussed.
Promoting Healthy Weight Among Children With Developmental Delays
Authors: Natale Ruby R. , Camejo Stephanie T. , Asfour Lila , Uhlhorn Susan B. , Delamater Alan , Messiah Sarah E.
Published: February 2017

An extensive body of research demonstrates a higher prevalence of obesity among children with developmental delays (DD) versus children without delays. This analysis examined the effectiveness of a randomized controlled trial to promote healthy weight in a subsample of preschool-age children with DD ( n = 71) on the adoption of quality nutrition and increased physical activity habits versus controls. Child care centers ( N = 28) randomized to the intervention group received a multilevel (parent, teacher, child) role modeling program and curriculum on obesity prevention. Results showed that children in the intervention group slightly decreased their junk food consumption while the control group increased their junk food consumption. In addition, among preschool-age children with DD, change in parent fruit and vegetable consumption significantly influenced change in their child’s consumption. Conversely, the greater the consumption of junk food by parents, the greater consumption by their children. Results imply that preschool-age children with DD may benefit from child care center–based healthy weight programs.
The Role of Trade Associations in Market Discourse and Cognition
Authors: Kahl Steven J.
Published: February 2017

This dialog examines the role that trade associations play in influencing the cognitive interpretations that develop within markets. It identifies how trade associations can enable cognition by providing a space for discourse as well as influence its outcome by playing an active role in the unfolding discourse. Taking account of trade associations within can broaden our understanding of how and why cognitive interpretations form within markets.
Associations Between Peer Functioning and Verbal Ability Among Children With and Without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Mikami Amori Yee , Münch Lisa Pauline , Hudec Kristen L.
Published: February 2017

We examined the extent to which children’s skilled understanding and production of appropriate language (verbal ability) may relate to their peer functioning. Participants included two independent samples of children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; Study 1, N = 124; Study 2, N = 137) who were administered a standardized intelligence test to generate verbal ability scores. Teacher ratings on the Cooperation and Assertion subscales of the Social Skills Rating System (SSRS), teacher estimates of peer acceptance, parent ratings of conflict and disengagement on playdates, and peer sociometric ratings of liking were obtained. In both Study 1 and Study 2, after statistical control of ADHD diagnostic status, disruptive behavior comorbidities, and gender, higher verbal ability was associated with better peer functioning on the teacher-reported SSRS subscales and parent ratings of conflict and disengagement on playdates. In Study 2, interaction effects suggested that the positive association between verbal ability and good peer functioning existed for boys but not for girls. For children with ADHD (but not comparison children), better verbal ability was associated with higher teacher-reported peer acceptance but lower peer sociometric liking. Implications of these findings for conceptualization of peer problems, assessment, and intervention are discussed.
Social and Relational Aspects of Comprehending in One Fourth Grader’s Unaided and Illustration-Aided Picturebook Retellings
Authors: Lysaker Judith T. , Nie Alice Ying
Published: February 2017

In this article, we present one fourth grader’s unaided and illustration-aided retellings of The Other Side. Using a qualitative clinical case study approach, we examine comprehending activity in these retellings using microethnographic discourse analysis in conjunction with dialogic self theory and a transactional model of reading. Analysis indicates that illustration-aided retelling results in qualitatively different comprehending activity than unaided retelling. John’s illustration-aided retelling demonstrates relational involvement in the social world of the story and a more aesthetic stance characterized by movement between multiple character positions and their perspectives. John’s unaided retelling shows a nearly singular, outsider position and an efferent stance, characterized by summarizing and reporting. In addition, this study suggests that microethnographic analysis is a useful framework for noticing and understanding social and relational aspects of comprehending in illustration-aided retelling. Specifically, in illustration-aided retelling, the reader’s use of contextualization cues and dialogic activity of turn-taking were accompanied by social imagination and intersubjective relationships with characters. Other social and dialogic aspects of the illustration-aided retelling included intertextuality and narrative coherence both frequently involving polychronic activity. Implications of illustration-aided retellings as assessments of readers’ comprehending activity within picturebooks are discussed.
The Effects of Acupressure on Meridian Energy as well as Nausea and Vomiting in Lung Cancer Patients Receiving Chemotherapy
Authors: Shen Chi-Hsiang , Yang Li-Yu
Published: February 2017

Nausea and vomiting are the most common side effects of antineoplastic chemotherapy. However, only a small number of studies have been conducted in Taiwan to determine the efficacy of acupressure in treating these side effects in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. In this quasi-experimental study, we aimed to explore the effects of acupressure on meridian energy as well as nausea and vomiting in 70 lung cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Patients were assigned to the experimental or control group based on order of hospital admission. The experimental group received acupressure on “Neiguan (PC6)” and “Gongsun (SP4)” points, and the control group received sham acupoint patches on “Houxi (SI3)” point. The results showed that the mean meridian energy in the experimental group after acupressure was significantly higher than in the control group ( F = 28.71, p < .001). The experimental group had significantly less nausea ( p < .001) and vomiting ( p = .006) during the delayed phase than the control group. In conclusion, acupressure significantly increased the mean meridian energy and effectively decreased the severity of nausea and vomiting in lung cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. We recommend that clinical nurses provide acupressure as an intervention to relieve nausea and vomiting in patients receiving chemotherapy.
Retelling the History: The Indigenous Palestinian Bedouin in Israel
Authors: Abu-Saad Ismael
Published: February 2017

As Linda Smith notes in the Foreword, it has been the common experience of indigenous peoples to have their histories erased and retold by the conquering colonial powers, and it is all too common for indigenous people to be powerless and passive participants in this process. In this paper it is my intention to retell the history of my own people, the Palestinian Bedouin living in what is now southern Israel, from an indigenous perspective. It is also my intention to explore the ways in which the telling of history is not only a matter of the past, but is critical to determining current and future political and social policy. As such, the retelling of indigenous histories—and the introduction of indigenous histories into mainstream discourse—is as much about our futures as it is about our past. Furthermore, it is an act of resistance against the colonisers’ hegemony over the telling of history and against the violence that their hegemony has both dictated and hidden from view:

Under colonialism indigenous peoples have struggled against a Western view of history and yet been complicit with the view. We have often allowed our ‘histories’ to be told and have then become outsiders as we heard them being retold … Maps of the world reinforced our place on the periphery of the world, although we were still considered part of the Empire. This included having to learn new names for our lands. Other symbols of our loyalty, such as the flag, were also an integral part of the imperial curriculum. Our orientation to the world was already being redefined as we were being excluded systematically from the writing of the history of our own lands. (Smith, 1999, p. 33)
Creating Indigenous Spaces in the Academy: Fulfilling our Responsibility to Future Generations
Authors: Bell Nicole , Davis Lynne , Douglas Vern , Gaywish Rainey , Hoffman Ross , Lambe Jeff , Manitowabi Edna , Mccaskill Don , Pompana Yvonne , Williams Doug , Williams Shirley
Published: February 2017

An innovative scholarship led by indigenous peoples is emerging worldwide with an emphasis on questioning the knowledge, privileges and paradigms of the Western academy. One of the challenges of supporting new indigenous scholarship within the Western academy is to find ways to engage meaningfully with indigenous knowledge. The Native Studies PhD programme at Trent University, Ontario, Canada, has designed the Bimaadiziwin/Atonhetseri:io option to provide students at an advanced level of study with an opportunity to apprentice with elders and indigenous knowledge holders. This paper reports on the experiences of the programme, its conceptual design and evolution, and reflections of elders, students and administrators who have been involved with different aspects of the programme. Students report deeply transformative journeys in working with elders who transmit indigenous knowledge. At the same time, tensions surface as the PhD programme mediates these experiences in terms that are recognisable to the Western academy.
Fonua, Tu‘ufonua Mo E Nofofonua ‘I Aotearoa New Zealand: Ko Ha Fakalanga Talanoa Pē
Authors: Manu‘atu Linitā
Published: February 2017

The article is written in the Tongan language for Tongan people, in the main, and for others with an interest in the education of the people who live and work abroad, in Aotearoa/New Zealand, for example. The article discusses the concept of fonua as culture in order to understand Tongan ways of thinking and practice. As a concept, it frames and names the many worlds that are experienced by Tongan people. The central idea here is that the many worlds and experiences are intimately related in energy, spirit and life force. Two interrelated notions, namely tu‘ufonua (being indigenous) and nofofonua (residing permanently in another country), are further discussed from the perspective of the author, who is indigenous to Tonga but is currently a permanent resident in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Both notions are explored by the writer and demonstrate that they can provide insights into significant dimensions of the underpinnings of fonua. The article suggests that Tongan migrants to Aotearoa/New Zealand can develop their critical perspectives of their indigeneity more deeply in order to inform their new ‘stance’ in the new context. That is, they are residing in a fonua/land of which they are not indigenous but with the legal status of resident.

The author's concluding suggestion is that the Tongan people who reside in Aotearoa/New Zealand could become better informed about their ‘place’ in both Aotearoa and Tonga when they draw upon the knowledge and culture of their indigenous land alongside their learning and education in Aotearoa/New Zealand. In this way, the Tongan people recreate ways of working together to put an end to the colonising and the marginalising thinking and practices confronted in our own country and the new country of residency.2
Talking Ourselves UP
Authors: Cram Fiona
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of talk and its place within kaupapa Māori research. Just as many Māori occasions rely on talk1 to define context and kaupapa, so do research and principles often seek to represent the talk of participants as defining their context and their kaupapa. Within these research processes there are ample opportunities for participants to be both marginalised and/or (re)victimised. The care taken within what has become a popular way of gathering research data, talking to people, rests on a researcher's skills as an interviewer as well as their intrinsic interest in people. This paper therefore examines some of the issues both researchers and participants need to be aware of, with a particular focus on qualitative research that is conducted within a kaupapa Māori framework.
Researching our Relations: Reflections on Ethics and Marginalisation
Authors: Ormond Adreanne , Cram Fiona , Carter Lyn
Published: February 2017

Marginalisation occurs when a group of people are pushed to the periphery of a society. Many Māori reside at the margins of ‘mainstream’ society, while others are at the margins of Māori society. The present paper explores how ‘by Māori, for Māori’ research and evaluation can create spaces for voices from the margins to be heard. The paper arose out of a series of hui in which papers on the notion of marginalisation and Māori were presented and discussed, along with the broader topic of research ethics and protocols. Three themes that emerged from these hui are considered in this paper: relationships between researchers and participants/communities, researchers knowing themselves, and the safety aspects inherent within tikanga. The discussion of these themes draws upon the papers that were written for this project, the feedback from hui participants (researchers, students, health professionals, government workers, community providers), and local and international literature on research ‘by and with’ indigenous peoples. In making the ‘knowing’ we hold about these issues more explicit, this paper aims to generate more discussion as well as providing some small guidance for those who may be new to this thing called ‘research’.
Role Duality1: The Implications for Māori Researchers of Linking Personal and Professional Associations when Working amongst their own Communities
Authors: Collins Adelaide
Published: February 2017

The research process for Māori (native to New Zealand) academic researchers who choose to carry out research within their own communities is a daunting enterprise. Dual accountability is a dominant feature of the research process and incorporates bicultural viewpoints, cross-cultural approaches, bilingualism and dichotomous roles. In addition, accountability to your own community as well as responsibility to the academy is an ever-present tension. This paper1 examines the implications of role duality for Māori researchers carrying out research within their own communities, although such implications may equally apply to indigenous researchers generally who find themselves in a similar situation. Examples within this paper are drawn from a PhD study that used a combined kaupapa Māori (Māori philosophy) and ethnographic methodology during more than two years of field research into the management and administrative processes of a marae (Māori community centre) in the Waikato.
The Role of Whānau in Māori Women's Decisions about Breast Feeding
Authors: Glover Marewa , Manaena-Biddle Harangi , Waldon John
Published: February 2017

Objective

This project investigated Māori women's decision making around breastfeeding within the context of whānau attitudes towards breastfeeding in order to describe the dynamic role played by the whānau whānui (extended family) in a woman's decision to breastfeed or not.

Methods

During late 2004 and early 2005, 30 women who had cared for a newborn within the previous three years and 11 family members were recruited from within Auckland (a major urban area) and small towns and rural areas in and around the Bay of Plenty. Purposive sampling was used to recruit a diverse demographic of Māori women and whānau members. Given the exploratory nature of the study, detailed qualitative data was collected during semi-structured face-to-face interviews with women alone or together with whānau. All participants self-identified as Māori and were over 16 years of age. Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the University of Auckland Human Participants Ethics Committee.

Results

A diverse range of women were interviewed in terms of age, socio-economic status, gravida, parity, pregnancy wantedness, birthing experience, baby's age and breastfeeding experience. Women who did not want to breastfeed and women who formula-fed their babies from early on were under-represented in this research. The women's partners, mothers, sisters and aunties were cited most often as having a role in the decision to breastfeed and in supporting breastfeeding. Most of the women and whānau thought it was the feeding mother's place to decide if she would breastfeed or not and for how long. Infant feeding usually came up for discussion around ordinary home life and meetings during one-on-one conversations. Sometimes infant feeding was not discussed with whānau until the mother encountered problems.

Conclusion

This research supports the assertion that whānau are central and that whānau could be mobilised to support healthy choices. Further research is needed to investigate fathers’ experience of maternity services to inform the development of health education materials to prepare partners for their role in supporting breastfeeding. Research should also seek to identify which healthcare policies undermine and minimise the role of the father and other whānau in pregnancy, birthing and infant care. Public health policies that encourage the delivery of health services to whānau in a culturally appropriate, accessible and effective way are important for promoting whānau ora (family health and well-being) and supporting Māori development.
Tapuia (Space Made Sacred) in Bridging Research and Relationships: Brown culture and commonsensical ethics
Authors: Amituanai-Toloa Meaola
Published: February 2017

The institutional ethics application such as the one all postgraduate students have to consider for the purposes of research does not and cannot begin to address nor offer solutions on the various and diverse issues one encounters in the field. This is especially true when researching your own people. This paper addresses some of the ethical issues from the Samoan cultural perspective by describing my own Master's research. It argues that whilst institutional ethics is a suitable requirement, in the Fa'aSamoa1 protocol, culture has had its own ethical processes and boundaries already defined by the ‘va tapuia’ concept of sacred space of ‘feagaiga’ (the covenant relationship of brother and sister). Its validity is judged not by the institution, but by participants. The research is used to illustrate the process and its significance.
Developing Excellence in Indigenously-Informed Research: Collaboration between African Communities and the Academy
Authors: Semali Ladislaus M. , Ackerman Robert M. , Bradley Sterling G. , Buzinde Christine N. , Jaksch Marla L. , Kalavar Jyotsna M. , Montecinos Verōnica , Chinoy Mala R.
Published: February 2017

This article outlines a community-based participatory research strategy called Community Driven Development (CDD). This approach strives for excellence in bridging the gap between academic departments and rural communities by shifting the culture of the academy toward greater community engagement. Taking rural Tanzania as a case study, researchers from Pennsylvania State University and Tumaini University, as well as residents of Leguruki and Chekereni, work together to define and conduct research to improve wellbeing and promote sustainability of indigenous communities while employing methodologies that recognize communities as equal partners. In this collaboration, scholars entered into a dialogue with rural community residents to exchange ideas about pertinent local beliefs and values, traditional practices, and folk knowledge, and to better understand how residents apply their knowledge systems to address the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and policies affecting their wellbeing.
Māori Research in Māori Communities: No Longer a New Phenomenon
Authors: Selby Rachael , Moore Pataka
Published: February 2017

Māori communities have in the past had a strained relationship with many researchers who found New Zealand Māori communities to be fruitful sites for research. Māori researchers have developed over time and joined the research community often with some reluctance and with pressures from those communities to make positive contributions to the preservation of their own family history. The development of Māori tertiary institutions such as Te Wānanga o Raukawa now have the potential to make a significant contribution to research and knowledge as every student undertakes research projects within their own communities, building research capacity. Tensions and opportunities are created together for these new and emerging researchers who build on the idea of historical research being a “spiritual journey” yet are challenged by research directions and teams which build their research on different foundations. New opportunities are presented to be involved in large multidisciplinary research teams, yet tensions also arise with ethical issues, supervision, research partnerships, differing priorities and identifying who the recipients of the research will be. The priorities and challenges which face community-based researchers are explored in this paper particularly those who are new and emerging as researchers from Māori based educational institutions.
Set the Overgrowth Alight and the New Shoots Will Spring Forth: New Directions in Community Based Research
Authors: Pohatu Pia , Warmenhoven Tui Aroha
Published: February 2017

Kia tupu whakaritorito te tupu o te harakeke

Set the overgrown bush alight and the new flax shoots will spring up

A literal translation of this proverb illustrates the task of custodianship exercised by traditional weavers thus ensuring the sustainability of fax, arguably the most precious plant to the early Māori. One of the conditions required to ensure both continuity and quality of the resource is that the overgrowth be set alight. The practice of burning and clearing to assist new life is imperative to the durability of the plant and quality of the fibre. Metaphorically, the saying means clear off the old and bad that the new and good may grow vigorously. Proverbially, the process can also symbolize the regeneration, renewal, and development of the line of human descent and of the kin based corporate structures (Walker, 1996) of whānau, hapū and iwi. For Māori, the fax plant supplies medicine but more importantly, the woven product provided material for basic needs of shelter, clothing, hunting and gathering equipment, lashings and cord. Art forms such as decorated tukutuku interior design panels and whariki large woven mats of intricate design. Prized traditional cloaks are created from muka – a soft fibre produced from scraping the leaves of fax.

The flax bush represents our continuity as a people sustained by episodes of renewal, upheaval and transformation (Walker, 1996). The introduction of fire generates two important processes: reduction of the inhibiting overgrowth poor quality for weaving and; nourishment of the plant enabling regeneration and development of new shoots.

Setting alight the exterior of the bush is likened to the purging of Eurocentrism and its pervading ideologies and systems that mainly serve to keep indigenous peoples from flourishing. The fire is indigenous research, the overgrowth is patriarchal post colonial systems, nutrients in the ash are the resilient enriching knowledge customs and practices of indigenous peoples and the new shoots represent the coalition of newly developed and practiced western models that are harmonious with indigenous paradigms, knowledge and practices.

The following discourse outlines priorities, challenges, new directions and notions of excellence through the narrative of two insider community researchers.
Pasifika@Massey Strategy: Cultural Democracy in Practice
Authors: Finau Sitaleki A.
Published: February 2017

Pacificans are a dominant feature of New Zealand's shame statistics. The Massey University Pasifika@Massey Strategy is for better academic achievement of Pacificans. The existing disparities in New Zealand stimulated Massey University to develop the Pasifika@Massey Strategy. The Strategy assists in realising Pacific aspirations for greater participation in university education and the New Zealand economy. It has been formulated to address how Massey University might contribute to Pacific development and at the same time fulfill the University's Charter obligations and meet the expectations of the Tertiary Education Commission (TEC). The presence of the Pasifika@Massey Strategy as an explicit written declaration of intent and the incorporation of cultural democracy is the catalyst for taking Pacificans from the margins towards equitable participation in the socio-economic transformation of New Zealand.
Reconnecting to our Sea of Islands: Pacific Studies in the Next Decade
Authors: Fairbairn-Dunlop Tagaloatele Peggy
Published: February 2017

When I returned to Victoria University in 2006 I was amazed by the changes from the 1960s - when I was one female in a very small bunch of students. Today there are almost 1,000 Pacific students; the Pacific along with the Maori are written into Victoria's strategic goals; there is a Pacific Peoples Advisory Council (PPAC) to the Vice-Chancellor; and now we have our Vaaomanu Pasifika - the only building on the campus with a fa'i in front. To my constant delight, Pacific languages, laughter and jokes echo up and down the roads as our students add colour and a certain style to the campus and, may I add, to the gym. But as time has unfolded, I have found that while a lot has changed, much has remained the same.
Heuristics of the Vā
Authors: Tuagalu I'uogafa
Published: February 2017

The Oxford Dictionary of Sociology defines a heuristic device ‘as a form of preliminary analysis’ (Marshall, 1998: 274). Such devices have proved especially useful in studies of social change by defining benchmarks around which variation and differences can then be situated. In this context a heuristic device is usually employed for analytical clarity, although it can also have explanatory value as a model. This paper is a preliminary analysis of the concept (and associated concepts) of the va. The examination is an attempt at a definition of the concept of va and focuses on the differentiation between the va fealoaloa'i (social space) and va tapua'i (worship space) as developed in the Samoan village. The va is also applied to the New Zealand social environment and tertiary education.
Using Talanoa in Pacific Business Research in new Zealand: Experiences with Tongan Entrepreneurs
Authors: Prescott Semisi M
Published: February 2017

The literature on Pacific Island business activity is relatively small. Acknowledging the dilemma associated with a statistical approach, progress can be achieved by employing a qualitative research approach. The paper discusses traditional talanoa as a method for collecting information about Pacific businesses. Talanoa is a popular and preferred means of communication that captures the traditions and protocols of the Pacific Islands. Its merits are discussed here alongside that of both formal and informal interviews. Much can be gained from the use of talanoa for research into the business and accounting practices of Pacific businesses, as written records capturing their experiences and practices are often not recorded. Such knowledge is entrenched in an oral history and in the stories of their journey. Based on talanoa sessions with Tongan businesses in Auckland New Zealand, the paper seeks to establish the appropriateness of talanoa as an alternative method for collecting information from Pacific Island people.
Speaking the past Engaging the Present: The Infrapolitics of an Adnyamathanha Enterprise
Authors: Darby Wendy Joy
Published: February 2017

This article draws upon ethnographic research conducted with an Aboriginal family who own and operate a heritage tourism company, where presentation of space and place promotes environmental awareness, spirituality of place and social justice. It presents this particular example of heritage tourism as a dialogic zone of contemporary resistance inserted into the public realm. Although engagement with the market through commodification of place might be viewed as succumbing to hegemony through either consent or resignation, I show that by creating an eco-spiritual experience of place the group maintains a strategic interstitial location between cultures, while re-appropriation of memory-places serves as a source of self-esteem that is located in the ability of the Adnyamathanha to survive culturally. Tourists’ physical engagement with sites freighted with ancestral importance creates linkages that serve to call into question place-bound cultural borders.
Counselling Indigenous Shona People in Zimbabwe: Traditional Practices versus Western Eurocentric Perspectives
Authors: Charema John , Shizha Edward
Published: February 2017

This paper explores counselling of the indigenous Shona people and provides an argument for multicultural counselling. The vast majority of the Shona people use both traditional (informal) and modern counselling services. The indigenous approach to counselling tactfully captures the importance of the family and the community as a mode of communication for therapy and moral values. However, the influence of Eurocentric counselling theory, research and practice among the Shona people has demonised and oppressed individuals and groups whose culture lies outside the Eurocentric counselling culture. It might be worthwhile for all community leaders, traditional healers, pastors and counsellors to employ the multicultural approach in order to cater for cultural diversity that has come with ‘modernisation’. This method presents a hopeful strategy of recovering stories, cultural traditions and values that have been effective in the past for dealing with contemporary life in indigenous Shona cultural contexts.
“Almost Every Place, Every Rock, Had A Name”: A Consideration of Place-Name Density on King Island, Alaska
Authors: Kingston Deanna Paniataaq
Published: February 2017

King Island, Alaska, has a relatively high place-name density of 45 place names per square mile. King Island Inupiat elders and community members, with the help of Western scientists (including a linguist, an anthropologist, an archaeologist and biologists), documented 163 place names over the 3.5 square mile area of King Island (Ugiuvak), Alaska. This is 1.5 times to 3500 times denser than what is reported for other communities in the literature. This article poses factors that might contribute to high place-name density, including: (a) length of time the island had been inhabited; (b) the fact that it is an island, bounded by water, thus limiting mobility; (c) the relatively high (for the arctic) population density; (d) the intense use of the island for subsistence purposes; and (e) for navigation purposes.

In 2003, the National Science Foundation (NSF) funded the project entitled Documenting the Cultural Geography, Biogeography, and Traditional Ecological Knowledge of King Island, Alaska (Grant #OPP-0328235). The idea for the project was suggested by King Island elder Marie Saclamana in 1997, when she told me that “almost every place, every rock, had a name.” She wanted to bring King Island elders back to King Island to map these place names. The NSF-funded project did just that: in the summers of 2005 and 2006, approximately 15–20 elders and another 25–30 other community members went to King Island and mapped place names as well as subsistence and archaeological sites. The elders were assisted by a multidisciplinary team of scientists, including anthropologists, archaeologists, biologists, a linguist and a videographer. Overall, we mapped 163 places on King Island.
Pursuing Wicozani (the Good Way of Life): Functional Adaptations through Dakota Lifeways
Authors: Garrett Matthew , White Joseph , Galovan Adam , Akipa Kathryn , Rensink Brenden
Published: February 2017

Using focus group methodology, we examined the Dakota, Lakota, and Nakota idea of wicozani (pronounced wee-cho'zah-nee), or “the good way of life”, as it relates to individual and family life and assert its value in guiding functional adaptations. Additional theoretical scaffolding is drawn from Vygotsky's (1978) zone of proximal development within the framework of Hill's (1949) family stress model, reifying the effectiveness of wicozani to direct community-generated functional adaptations that will strengthen American Indian families. Focus group participants outline historical values necessary to achieve wicozani. Themes shared show that Native resiliency is based on traditional community beliefs and practices. As American Indians face modern challenges, re-embracing and developing long held ideals will provide a basis for functional adaptation in the future.
Contemplating Kuleana: Reflections on the Rights and Responsibilities of Non-Indigenous Participants in Programmes for Indigenous Education
Authors: Kaomea Julie
Published: February 2017

This article contemplates the rights and responsibilities of non-indigenous participants in programmes for indigenous education. Drawing from Native Hawaiian early childhood examples, the author relates a series of counter-stories or cautionary tales which demonstrate how even well-intended, non-indigenous newcomers to indigenous education programmes can unwittingly alter these programmes with their dominant styles of interaction and participation. The article calls for careful consideration by non-indigenous individuals who seek inclusion in culturally based programmes for indigenous education, and considers a number of possible roles that could be assumed by non-indigenous participants. Arguing that different indigenous contexts may require different solutions to non-indigenous involvement, the author concludes that truly supportive non-indigenous participants in indigenous educational programmes will understand, and even anticipate, when it is their place to step forward, step back, or step out.