bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“The Fire that Quickens Nilus’ Slime”
Authors: Dawson Brent
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines how William Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra presents a sense of common humanity based in matter that is influenced by early modern ideas about Egyptian culture. These ideas include the Nile as the origin of life and civilization and the Isis myth as an allegory of the common material nature of human beings. Shakespeare's play also offers a complement to Spenser's violent treatment of low equality. Like Spenser, Shakespeare presents an ambivalent account of low equality that is split between multiple viewpoints, presenting both an imperial desire to impose order on a chaotic world and a resistant sense of common nature. Yet, the fantasies of purgation that preoccupy Spenser in some of the most disturbing moments of The Faerie Queene are treated differently in Shakespeare's play.
Renting the State
Authors: Anderson Scott W.
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores one of the issues that became critical in assessing the final value of the Cayuga Land Claim settlement: the rental value of frontier land through the passing years. This issue is challenging because there was almost no rental market for land across most of the American frontier until the last half of the nineteenth century. With so much free land available to squatters in the public and private domains, and with cheap land available on easy terms from land dealers and the federal government, farmers would choose tenancy only under conditions of extreme necessity. Nevertheless, there were several isolated cases where landlords successfully established a leasehold system in western New York in the first decades of the nineteenth century, particularly among the lands of the Wadsworth family in the Genesee Valley. Piecing these fragments together and using for comparison and insight the much larger leasehold system among the estates of the elite landlords of eastern New York, the chapter suggests methods to estimate the value of land as rental property during the period in question.
Orthodox Sisters
Authors: Wagner William G.
Published: October 2024

This book explores the relationship between women, religion, and social, cultural, and economic change between 1700 and 1935 through the experiences of Orthodox convents in Nizhnii Novgorod diocese. Focusing primarily on the Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross, the book places the women's experiences in the broader context of developments in female monasticism and religious life in Russia, as well as in Europe and North America over the same period. The book follows a Russian convent through all the stages of its life—from its origins in the eighteenth century to its flourishing at the turn of the twentieth century, to its resistance to Soviet assault, and, finally, to its rebirth in the 1920s. By the late nineteenth century, the Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross and the other convents and women's religious communities in Nizhnii Novgorod diocese constituted a reimagined form of a traditional Orthodox monastic community. The book shows how these nuns and novices adapted to the conditions of emergent modernity in a distinctively Orthodox way. When almost everything but their communal life, work, and worship and their sacred spaces had been stripped away and they were subject to the socialist state's efforts at subversion, the sisters of the Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross and the other convents in the diocese created an authentic Christian community that gave their lives a collective meaning. In this way they were able to lead a rewarding life and survive the early years of Soviet Russia.
Religious Life, Community, and Cultural Meanings
Authors: Wagner William G.
Published: October 2024

This chapter evaluates how the Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross remained above all a religious community which provided “a bridge or meeting point between heaven and Earth” and a “locus par excellence of encounter with the divine.” As with other Russian Orthodox monastic communities, this Orthodox understanding was conveyed through a rich environment of spatial, material, visual, and aural symbols, rituals, and liturgical and devotional practices. By constantly reminding sisters of the sacred ends they were serving and the sacred nature of the space they inhabited, the aesthetic environment of the convent invested both the community as a whole and the lives of its individual members with religious meaning and purpose. For the Orthodox faithful, monasteries in prerevolutionary Imperial Russia constituted a sacred space where all elements within the church came together and took part in common religious experiences. The ability of the Convent of the Exaltation of the Cross to play this role was significantly enhanced in the first half of the nineteenth century by its relocation and reconstruction, in addition to its organizational, social, and economic transformations. Its rituals and practices also legitimized and reinforced the hierarchies of authority that existed within the imperial state and the Orthodox Church.
Boris Yeltsin, 1996–1999
Authors: Van Oudenaren John
Published: October 2024

This chapter assesses Boris Yeltsin's second presidential term, which was something of a golden age in Library of Congress cooperation with Russian institutions. The overriding objective of Russian foreign policy was still to join Europe and the West, and cooperation with the Library of Congress and other Western cultural institutions clearly was seen by the authorities as helping to advance this objective. The second half of the 1990s was also the period in which the digital library revolution took off. On October 13, 1994, the Library of Congress officially began its National Digital Library program with a pledge to digitize and make accessible online by 2000, five million items relating to US history from its own collections and those of its partners. Under these relatively favorable circumstances, the Library of Congress was able to pursue a wide range of projects with Russian libraries and archives in the late 1990s, most of which carried over into the early 2000s. These projects ranged from professional conferences and seminars involving historians, librarians, and archivists to exchanges of people and library materials, to physical and online exhibitions, to the production of books and reports and of a television documentary, and to the ambitious US–Russian Meeting of Frontiers digital library.
Dmitry Medvedev and Vladimir Putin, 2008–2015
Authors: Van Oudenaren John
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores the period from 2008 to 2015, when Dmitry Medvedev was president while Vladimir Putin served as prime minister in 2008–2012, followed by Putin's return to the presidency in 2012. During this period, Russia relapsed into a familiar pattern of authoritarianism, rejection of outside influences, and hostility to the United States. The many setbacks to democracy and reform notwithstanding, the Library of Congress continued to engage with Russia in this period. Cooperation was dominated by four main activities: (1) implementation of the Vladimir Putin–George W. Bush US–Russian Library Cooperation Initiative and assistance to Russia in launching the Boris Yeltsin Presidential Library; (2) efforts to involve Russia in the World Digital Library; (3) cooperation in a number of bilateral cultural activities that belied Putin's claim that the United States was “imposing” its culture on other countries; and (4) the ongoing activities of the Open World program. Library of Congress–Russia cooperation continued but began to break down and was, in any case, severely cut back following James H. Billington's retirement at the end of September 2015.
Aesthetics
Authors: Wankhammer Johannes
Published: October 2024

This chapter provides an overview of aesthetics, a new philosophy of sense perception from Alexander G. Baumgarten. It mentions the correlation of Baumgarten's thought to Joachim Ritter's narrative about aesthetics. Baumgarten's defense of sense perception pivoted on an economy of narrowing or widening the mind's focus, which he explored as the constraint conditioning all finite cognition. In Metaphysica and the Aesthetica, Baumgarten explored the dynamics of intensive versus extensive clarification and attention. According to Baumgarten, aesthetics marks an exploration of the subject in tension with the nexus rerum, an interconnection of entities in the world that exceeds and encompasses the self.
Reassessing China’s Rise
Authors: Chen Muyang
Published: October 2024

This concluding chapter reviews the main findings of the book and summarizes how these findings shed light on three intensely debated policy issues. These issues include the nature of China's “debt-trap diplomacy”; the competition between China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and the United States' Build Back Better World (B3W) initiative; and the future of China's global development finance. Since the twenty-first century, China has globalized its distinctive means of development finance, interacting with both developing countries where most of the China-funded projects take place and developed countries that lead global development governance. Yet despite increasing interaction between China and the world, there is a huge gap between how the world perceives China and how China sees itself. While mainstream Chinese media and policy statements highlight how China has contributed to international development through the BRI, English-language media and policy analyses increasingly describe China's overseas lending as “debt trapping” poor countries and threatening the West. This gap, unfortunately, has been widening in the aftermath of the global pandemic.
“Build It for the Eye of God”
Authors: Shannon Matthew K.
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores the dynamic American “place” in Tehran that was shaped by interactions with various Iranian missions, particularly during Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi's reign. The shah's national mission, aligned with the United States during the Cold War, pursued socioeconomic development and monarchical absolutism, despite significant Iranian opposition and varying interpretations of Islamic mission, or dawa. The chapter looks at the 1964 US–Iran status-of-forces agreement, which facilitated a significant influx of Americans and transformed the American presence in Tehran. The chapter also emphasizes how the American influx was perceived negatively by many Iranians, contrasting sharply with the earlier missionary influence of institutions like Alborz College. As the American colony grew, tensions intensified between the Pahlavi state and Shia clerics like Ayatollah Khomeini, leading to revolutionary opposition that culminated in the 1979 Islamic Revolution and the eventual departure of Americans from Iran.
A Sacred Secret
Authors: Grillo Tyran
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines Japanese writer Bandō Masako's essay Killing Kittens (Koneko-goroshi), The essay disclosed a sacred secret of her own, a productive error of modern social harmony by which engines of societies like Japan's run on pervasive and systematic animal violence. According to Bandō, pets are made through hierarchical power relations rather than nurtured through mutuality. The chapter explains how Bandō had crossed a forbidden line in spilling the “sacred secret” of people's complicity in animal killing. It cites that Bandō relied too heavily on the power of language in the hopes that others might reassess their role in its harm while attempting to get their point across.
Nuclear Crises, 1961–1963
Authors: Wilson James Graham
Published: October 2024

This chapter describes Paul Nitze's critical role during the 1961 Berlin Crisis and the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, where the United States and the Soviet Union nearly reached nuclear war. It highlights how Nitze, as a key advisor to President John F. Kennedy, served on the Executive Committee during the Cuban Missile Crisis and advocated for robust military actions to make the Soviets back down. Despite being outside Kennedy's inner circle, Nitze's influence was significant, as he emphasized the necessity of military strength and strategic superiority to deter Soviet aggression. The chapter discusses Nitze's belief that the US should have pushed harder during the Cuban Missile Crisis, which reflected his steadfast conviction in the importance of overwhelming military power. Nitze's perspectives on national security and nuclear strategy would later contrast sharply with those of other key figures, particularly when the focus of US foreign policy shifted towards Vietnam.
Mayakovsky
Authors: Bunin Ivan
Published: October 2024

This chapter explains that Vladimir Mayakovsky will remain in the history of literature of the Bolshevik years as the most base, cynical, and harmful servant of Soviet cannibalism. He highlights Mayakovsky's posthumous tributes, partly because of his influence on the Soviet mob. Thus, Soviet Moscow has repaid Mayakovsky for all his praise of the city, for all his assistance in corrupting the Soviet people, and in lowering their mores and tastes. Mayakovsky was useful even in his suicide, giving another Soviet poet, Boris Pasternak, a reason to address his beyond-the-grave shadow. The chapter notes how Maxim Gorky was the first to address Mayakovsky as a great poet.
Rural Life on Screen
Authors: Knight Claire
Published: October 2024

This chapter assesses how Soviet cinema developed an idealized image of rural life that corresponded to the postwar context. Specifically, rural cinema resolved three of the most politically and socially challenging legacies of the war: the memory of occupation, the physical destruction of the countryside, and the social upheaval of demobilization and the demographic crisis. The films mitigated these repercussions of the war by reclaiming formerly occupied lands for the Soviet people, rebuilding villages and embedding them into the metropole, and reintegrating veterans smoothly into rural society. Together, these three cinematic themes made for a bold statement as to the viability of the Soviet system, declaring the complete social, political, and economic recovery of the USSR following the destabilization of war. In engaging with postwar reality, even if only to misrepresent it in specific ways, rural films were implicated in the crisis of postwar socialist realism and the demand for a new formulation of the positive hero and the master plot.
Introduction
Authors: Barrett Marsha E.
Published: October 2024

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Nelson Rockefeller's expression of moderate Republicanism. This included a commitment to an activist government, a social safety net that included medical care for the poor, an interventionist US presence abroad, and the promotion of an open society at home. A core tenet of Rockefeller's politics was the belief that the government must play a leading role in fostering racial equality, and as a result, he was a supporter of federal civil rights legislation in the 1960s. According to this perspective, the notion of a moderate Republican wing is proof of better times and inspiration for a path forward. This thinking, however, ignores how embattled moderates were within the Grand Old Party and that Rockefeller responded to that pressure by adopting policies that disproportionately harmed racial minorities to appeal to an increasingly conservative nation. Rockefeller's prominence in national politics and reputation as a racially liberal moderate Republican therefore makes him an ideal lens in which to examine the decline of the liberal consensus and the rightward turn of US politics after the civil rights movement spurred an expansion of the body politic in the 1960s.
New York’s Shaky Liberal Racial Consensus
Authors: Barrett Marsha E.
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses how, before he announced his campaign for the Republican gubernatorial nomination in 1958, Nelson Rockefeller commissioned studies on not only his viability as a candidate but also the racial dynamics of New York and the development of the state's antidiscrimination laws. The case for Rockefeller's electability was predicated on the idea that he could achieve a bipartisan appeal that would benefit from the New Deal or liberal consensus, but the research he conducted in preparation for his entrance into electoral politics revealed that the racial and political harmony that he believed epitomized New York was strained. The New York Republican Party also had an inconsistent record on antidiscrimination efforts that made the party a less-than-an-optimum venue to launch a racially liberal campaign. Rockefeller was electable, but his strength relied on his ability to bring together a diverse constituency that had grown accustomed to the expansive state and national government of the postwar era. Ultimately, Rockefeller's ideological nonconformity and escalating racial divisions in New York did not dissuade him from seeking the Republican nomination.
A Fruitless Defense
Authors: Barrett Marsha E.
Published: October 2024

This chapter begins by detailing how Nelson Rockefeller began 1963 as the presumed presidential nominee. Rockefeller maintained his liberal stance on civil rights, but he was careful to avoid drawing attention to the Grand Old Party's uneven civil rights record. Rockefeller and Barry Goldwater were generally at opposite ends of the political spectrum, but their views on civil rights were the most dissimilar. Goldwater saw little need for new legislation, arguing that the current laws were adequate and that Congress could not legislate morality. Conversely, Rockefeller thought the federal government had a “deep moral and constitutional responsibility” to guarantee equal rights for all Americans with a comprehensive civil rights bill. Close examination of Rockefeller's failed candidacy in 1963 reveals that the Republican Party's uneven support for civil rights paired with a failure among moderates and conservatives to resist the internal effort to abandon traditional support for African American rights destroyed the Grand Old Party's principled link to its antislavery origins.
Law and Order as “Enlightened Liberalism”
Authors: Barrett Marsha E.
Published: October 2024

This chapter assesses how Nelson Rockefeller introduced a plan to combat New York's rising crime rate in his 1964 message to the legislature. With a national audience in mind, Rockefeller introduced what he called a “major anti-crime program” that included two bills that would augment law enforcement's ability to curb what he considered to be a “deeply disturbing” increase in crime. The first bill would allow the courts to authorize police officers to execute search warrants without notice to the occupant, soon to be known as a “no knock” bill. The second bill enabled police to stop, question, and search any person “whom they reasonably suspected of committing a felony or serious misdemeanor,” which became known as a “stop and frisk” bill. The bills' sponsors did not mention race, but opponents of the bills considered them part of a tradition of destructive policing practices that violated the civil rights of African Americans and Puerto Ricans. As demands for law and order and accusations that liberals were weak on crime proliferated, Rockefeller's crime agenda became increasingly important. Policing and narcotics addiction became the areas in which he hoped to prove his “enlightened liberalism.”
Nocturnal Reveries
Authors: Worsley Amelia
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses Anne Finch's commitment to associating scenes of lonely contemplative flight with the literary trope of “allusive flight.” There is, for her, a conceptual relationship between allusion (or echoing other poets) as a kind of flight from containment in an autobiographical first-person pronoun and allusion as flight from containment in a singular body. The chapter studies Finch's contemplative verse about solitude, in which she marries Ovidian models of metamorphic disembodiment with the Christian emphasis on the soul's flight. Readings of her poems “The Petition for an Absolute Retreat” (1713), “Solitude” (1703), and “The Spleen” (1701) build toward a reconsideration of “A Nocturnal Rêverie” (1713), a poem that engages in sustained dialogue with a number of sources about female figures who wander lonely spaces at night, and that also plays with Lucretian precedents for materialist disembodiment. Although Finch uses the word “lonely” only rarely, her poetry resists being easily categorized as “poetry of retreat” or “poetry of retirement” and instead looks toward the poetry of loneliness that characterizes midcentury British verse.
The Shells of Poetry
Authors: Worsley Amelia
Published: October 2024

This chapter argues that Charlotte Smith's characterizations of solitaries and lonely poet figures throughout the two works that bookend her poetic career, Elegiac Sonnets (1784) and Beachy Head (1807), demonstratively resist the idea that singular bodies can be considered containers for singular poetic speakers. Smith embraces a practice of “echoic lyric,” a mode of only seemingly solitary speech, which resists the idea that poetic voices can remain singular in loneliness—or, indeed, that loneliness, as a feeling, can be contained by individual bodies. When she presents her sonnets as spaces in which to “wake echoes,” she foregrounds her understanding of her role in the tradition of the poetry of loneliness as someone who interacts with a fundamentally polyvocal tradition, made up of fragments that clash together and make new arrangements. The poetry of loneliness, for Smith, is an echoically self-referential body of work, founded on a model of echoic community, rather than on one in which solitary figures anxiously seek to defend their territory from the threat of others' encroachments. This echoic community appears not only when groups of figures gather to sing together but also when only one putatively solitary voice speaks.
“Suzdal God-Daubers,” “Novgorodian Quattrocento,” and the Russian Avant-Garde
Authors: Shevelenko Irina
Published: October 2024

This chapter begins by examining the activities of the Committee for the Tutelage of Russian Icon Painting founded in 1901 by Nicholas II's decree, which understood its mission to be the revival of popular icon painting while, at the same time, bringing its aesthetic closer to the tastes of the educated class. It highlights the discovery of the medieval icon painting tradition. The chapter focuses on the reception of the 1913 Moscow Exhibition of Ancient Russian Art in contemporaneous modernist art criticism, an exhibition where the legacy of fourteenth- to early sixteenth-century Russian icon painting, hitherto largely unknown, was on display. The 1913 exhibition led to a dramatic re-evaluation of the place of icon painting in the Russian artistic tradition: from a tradition of popular culture, it turned into a tradition of high culture and, as such, came to be seen as the foundation of the Russian national artistic tradition. The chapter then considers the politics of discursive and artistic appropriation of this tradition in Russian experimental art. It demonstrates how the paradigmatic change in the status of icon painting allowed avant-garde artists to claim an aesthetic genealogy unavailable to Russian artists of previous generations.
Epilogue
Authors: Shevelenko Irina
Published: October 2024

This epilogue addresses the first months following the February Revolution of 1917 as the moment when nation-building aspirations peaked and when the artistic milieu celebrated native traditions as foundational for post-imperial cultural development. The understanding of the revolution as a decisive step toward social homogenization and political nation building lent new relevance to aesthetic ideas that emphasized cultural synthesis and lifting of social barriers. The subsequent fate of these ideas in Russian modernism, as well as that of the aesthetic nationalism of the early twentieth century as a whole, was determined by the fate of the sociopolitical agenda centered on nation. However, the shift of emphasis toward class as the kernel of the new sociopolitical order pushed the nationalist aesthetics to the margins fairly soon. The epilogue then looks at the causes of the retreat of archaistic experimentations from modernist artistic agendas in the early Soviet period and the fragmentation of the memory of that tendency and its ideological underpinnings in later decades.
Lineage, Food, and Famine in the Village of Old Qu
Authors: Chen Yixin
Published: October 2024

This chapter presents an in-depth study of Old Qu, a single-surname village in a low hilly area in central Anhui, where 101 of 198 villagers succumbed to the famine. The story of Old Qu illustrates the pivotal role of lineage leadership in a time of crisis when the state's excessive procurement resulted in food scarcity. It highlights the detrimental effects of removing and absenting leaders like Qu Hanyou and Qu Hangang. These native leaders would have been unlikely to enforce the cruel policies that threatened the lives of their family members and other kinfolk. The story of Old Qu further illustrates how the fragmentation of the lineage rendered the villagers exceedingly vulnerable during the famine. In times of food scarcity, the villagers who stayed behind were unable to organize collective resistance against the mess hall policies or the cadres who abused their power, nor could they find ways to safeguard their survival. With the disintegration of the lineage and the breakdown of lineage leadership, the mechanism that had supported the Qu people for several centuries ceased to function.
Reputation and Enforcement II
Authors: Wallace Geoffrey P. R.
Published: October 2024

This chapter surveys experiments on the reputational consequences of international law by examining the United States' relationship with its international obligations during the early years of the War on Terror. The chapter investigates how foreign publics and the enforcement of international law influenced US policies and outcomes, particularly in light of extreme threats from transnational terrorism. It also determines whether the reputational consequences observed in experimental settings were also felt in real-world scenarios. The chapter explores the United States' compliance with longstanding international commitments and assesses the public's role in supporting the enforcement of international law. Despite attempts by the George W. Bush administration to sideline international law, it reveals that foreign publics played a significant role in maintaining its relevance and enforcing compliance.
From Law to Preferences II
Authors: Wallace Geoffrey P. R.
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines the international law's ability to influence policy preferences, broadening the scope beyond the controversial topic of torture. It traces earlier survey experiments demonstrating that international laws could causally change public support for torture, showing that the ordinary public engages with legalized commitments in ways that support the international legal system. It also introduces two complementary studies. The first set of studies uses survey experiments and focuses on the real-world policy debate over drone strikes, while the second set moves beyond the experimental setting and investigates how real-world exposure to and understanding of legal principles affect public preferences regarding wartime behaviors. The chapter aims to assess whether the preference function of international law generalizes across different domains and offers greater realism in its analysis.
Building the Foundations of a Campus-Wide Interdisciplinary East Asia Program
Authors: Mei Tsu-Lin
Published: October 2024

This chapter covers the foundations of a campus-wide interdisciplinary East Asia Program. While today's relations between the United States and China may be strained, Cornell has long had many constructive interactions in East Asia, particularly in China. In 1946, Harold Shadick joined the Department of Far Eastern Studies at Cornell and worked with Knight Biggerstaff to plan a center for Chinese studies in upstate New York. The chapter elaborates on the expansion of the China Program to the China–Japan Program and eventually the East Asia Program. Since its founding, Cornell's East Asia Program has provided campus-wide interdisciplinary research, teaching, and engagement with contemporary and historical East Asia.
The Southeast Asia Program
Authors: Pepinsky Thomas
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the Southeast Asia Program (SEAP) at Cornell University as one of the world's preeminent centers for the study of Southeast Asia. SEAP was formally established in the 1950s after the university secured a major gift from the Rockefeller Foundation to support Southeast Asian studies. The chapter details the features of SEAP, particularly its political engagement, interdisciplinary model, and visiting faculty and scholars. It expounds on the special role of SEAP in supporting Southeast Asian studies in the public interest in the United States. Moreover, SEAP has also been a vocal advocate for undergraduate foreign language study at Cornell as it offers regular instruction at all levels in six Southeast Asian languages.
A Center of the Periphery
Authors: Bass Daniel , Dadi Iftikhar , MacDougall Bonnie G.
Published: October 2024

This chapter introduces the South Asia Program (SAP) at Cornell University. Established in 1954, SAP served as an interdisciplinary hub for Cornell students, faculty, staff, community members, and academic visitors engaged in South Asia studies. Moreover, SAP facilitates the development and regular offering of undergraduate and graduate courses across campus, campus activities about South Asia and overseas learning opportunities. For decades, SAP's outreach efforts focused on K–12 schools, including a lending library of South Asian books, videos, and culture kits for teachers to use in their classrooms. The chapter cites that the program continues its founding mission of supporting students and scholars through a range of activities and programs.
Title VI Grants to Cornell
Authors: Michelsen Heike
Published: October 2024

This chapter details the Title VI grants to Cornell University as a demonstration of strength in international studies. After the hysteria triggered by the space race, Congress passed Title VI of the National Defense Education Act to offer grants to universities to become centers of excellence in area and language studies. The Title VI investments made by the US government are deeply intertwined with Cornell's impressive foundations in international studies today. Generally, Title VI provided a long-term source of continuous support for the institutional base of modern international, foreign area, and foreign language studies. The chapter notes that despite the strong national competition, Cornell has remained successful in applying for Title VI funding.
Launching Peace Studies at Cornell
Authors: Reppy Judith
Published: October 2024

This chapter looks into the Peace Studies Program at Cornell University. The program aims to sponsor teaching and research on the moderation or avoidance of war, and on the political, economic, technological, and social implications of such progress toward peace. The chapter then discusses the publication of The Air War in Indochina in 1972 as the culmination of the Peace Studies Program. The book attained the status of being a standard treatment of the issues that were involved in the air war. The chapter notes that most recent studies cite the book as the standard source for understanding air-war complexities and its effects of new technology on the conduct of war.
Institutionalized Internationalization
Authors: Zuidema Larry
Published: October 2024

This chapter details the International Programs of the New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (IP-CALS) at Cornell University. It notes that the International Agricultural Development Program (later known as International Programs of CALS) was the very first international program in an American college of agriculture. CALS had institution-building experience and partnered with the University of the Philippines College of Agriculture on a massive graduate education program in 1963. The partnership eventually led to the establishment of the IP-CALS with a strong academic focus. The chapter also explains some program characteristics that contributed to the success of IP-CALS.
Bt Egg Plant
Authors: Shelton Anthony M.
Published: October 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the Bt Eggplant project in Bangladesh. It introduces Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) brinjal, which is a type of eggplant resistant to the eggplant fruit and shoot borer (EFSB). Essentially, Bt brinjal became the target of increasingly active anti-biotech organizations, both domestic and international. Moreover, Bt brinjal has helped transform the lives of resource-poor farmers in Bangladesh and improved the environment in which they farm. The chapter explains that the success of Bt brinjal in Bangladesh will help pave the way for other insect-resistant, genetically engineered food crops that can serve as cornerstones in integrated pest management programs.
Weill Cornell Medicine
Authors: Colle Royal D.
Published: October 2024

This chapter introduces the Weill Cornell Medicine (WCM), which is a medical campus with global reach. It explains how WCM became a global force in the health field for decades. WCM has built a robust global health program with a wide range of educational, clinical, and research initiatives. Additionally, international programs have involved monumental research and institution-building activities in developing countries such as Brazil, Haiti, and Tanzania. The chapter also notes that the WCM was among the founding members of the International Health Medical Education Consortium, which became the Global Health Education Consortium to reflect the consortium's desire to include other health professions.
Asia Collections in the Cornell University Library
Authors: Engst Elaine D.
Published: October 2024

This chapter focuses on the Asia Collections in the Cornell University Library. It notes that Cornell's Carl A. Kroch Library acquires journals from the Asiatic Society, Bibliotheca Indica, and the Royal Asiatic Society. A third of the collection relates to the Sanskrit language and the Indian subcontinent. The Wason Collection houses books from East Asia as it is primarily focused on acquiring contemporary publications on all subjects regarding post-1949 mainland China. The chapter discusses the John M. Echols Collection collaborated with Southeast Asian countries to form a collection, while the Kroch Asia Rare Materials Archive is a digital collection that provides images online from various Asia collections.
Hu Shih
Authors: Li Moying
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses how Hu Shih forged the relationship between China and the United States as an ambassador. Hu Shih came to Cornell University as a recipient of a Boxer Indemnity Scholarship given by the United States to Chinese students. He then became one of the youngest professors at Peking University, where he started many groundbreaking initiatives, including women's education. In July 1938, Chiang Kai-shek appointed Hu Shih as the Chinese ambassador to the United States. Hu Shih's dynamic voice and forceful message were hailed by the American public and media but caused serious alarm in Japan. The chapter details how Hu Shih worked with President Franklin D. Roosevelt concerning the reconciliation with Japan.
Building Medical Capacity in India
Authors: Colle Royal D.
Published: October 2024

This chapter focuses on the legacy of Ida Scudder, who was one of twelve women in Cornell Medical College's first graduating class. Scudder returned to India and started conducting her practice in Vellore, which eventually evolved into Vellore's Rural Unit for Health and Social Affairs. Moreover, Scudder started to offer medical training for Indian women at Christian Medical College (CMC) and then extended her forty-bed hospital to become CMC Vellore. The chapter mentions that Scudder saw her medical center become one of the largest in all of Asia. Scudder has been recognized in many ways during and after her lifetime, such as the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal for Public Service in India.
Expanding Horizons
Authors: Hall Olivia M.
Published: October 2024

This chapter looks into the international programs for the College of Veterinary Medicine (CVM). The Expanding Horizons program currently focuses on developing countries, where students identify their projects and contacts. Four decades in, Expanding Horizons continues to be a treasured opportunity for students to explore their professional options and themselves. The chapter examines students' experiences with Expanding Horizons, particularly Ilana Schafer, who became an award-winning veterinary epidemiologist at the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). It also considers the Expanding Horizons experience of Steve Osofsky, a Jay Hyman Professor of Wildlife Health and Health Policy at CVM and the director of the Cornell Wildlife Health Center.
Conclusions
Authors: Michelsen Heike
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores the characteristics and achievements of Cornell's global dimensions. It notes that Cornell's founders laying the foundation for its international orientation cannot be overstated. At Cornell, education, research, and services were used to educate generations of global citizens, to create new understandings of the world, and to effect positive change in the world. The chapter highlights the remarkability of the extent, depth, breadth, and impact of Cornell's international engagements over time. It explains that meaningful individual activities and massive institutional programs of Cornell enable the presentation of the characteristics of international engagements and their benefits, outputs, outcomes, and impact.
SER GAROTA NA DÉCADA DE 1990
Authors: Lusa Diana , Ramos Flávia Brocchetto , Bisol Cláudia Alquati
Published: October 2024

Este estudo objetiva compreender o que está normalizado na produção discursiva sobre o ser menina-mulher, na Revista Capricho, na década de 1990. Para tanto, realizamos uma reflexão sobre as infâncias e adolescências no Brasil na década citada e, posteriormente, analisamos os discursos presentes em três capas do periódico mencionado por meio da análise documental. As capas trazem meninas urbanas, descoladas, bonitas, de classe média e alta, brancas e cuja imagem – construída e reforçada pela revista –, apresenta uma idealização inalcançável para a maioria das meninas de 1990, inclusive para as leitoras do periódico. Assim sendo, como achados do estudo, percebemos como normalizados: a branquitude, atributo valorizado e não questionado, e a construção de padrões de comportamento e identidade a partir de itens de moda e de entretenimento ditados pelo consumo.
Birsa Harit Gram Yojana: Fostering Rural Employment through Afforestation and Sustainable Development in Jharkhand, India
Authors: Zubairi M.N , Toppo Namita
Published: October 2024

In recent years, there has been a growing awareness of environmental concerns and the necessity for sustainable development. The Birsa Harit Gram Yojana (BHGY), a flagship initiative launched by the Government of Jharkhand, seeks to promote rural development through environmental conservation. Drawing inspiration from the vision of tribal freedom fighter Birsa Munda, the scheme aims to revitalize rural landscapes, enhance livelihood opportunities, and promote sustainable growth. This article provides a detailed analysis of BHGY in Jharkhand, exploring its objectives, implementation strategies, impact on environmental sustainability and its role in generating employment. Based on government reports and academic research, the article emphasizes the importance of BHGY as a transformative initiative in rural development within Jharkhand. This article examines the year over year trends in total beneficiaries, land area covered and fruit trees planted under BHGY across all districts of the state during FY 2021-22 AND FY 2022-23. Using paired t-tests, the statistical significance between the data of the two fiscal years were analyzed. The results indicate no significant changes between the two years for the total number of beneficiaries, the total area in acres pr the total number of fruit trees planted with p-values of 0.2835, 0.4369 and 0.4444 respectively. These findings suggest that the scheme outcomes remained stable across the two years with ant observed differences likely due to random variation. The results highlight the consistency in scheme implementation and offer insights for future planning and resource allocation.
Potential of Agroforestry Practices on Woody Species Diversity and Composition: Implication for Conservation of Indigenous Trees in Selected Districts of Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
Authors: Eyasu Gebru , Gebrewahid Yikunoamlak
Published: October 2024

Human activities such as expanding farmland, producing charcoal, and harvesting construction materials and fuel wood are major contributors to forest degradation and biodiversity loss in Northern Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess woody species' diversity, composition, and threat levels in different agroforestry practices to prioritize their conservation. As the result three potential Agroforestry practices were purposively identified and selected for the study. A total of 45 sample plots, 15 plots from each agroforestry practices such as Woodlot agroforestry (WLAF) (10m x 10m), Homegarden Agroforestry (HGAF) (20m x 10m), and Parkland agroforestry (PLAF) (50m x 100m). Data on woody species were analyzed using Past version 2.17c and SPSS version 20. The results identified 36, 26, and 21 woody plant species from 31, 23, and 19 genera, as well aswell as 22, 16, and 15 families in HGAF, PLAF, and WLAF, respectively. Significant differences (p < 0.001) were found among the agroforestry practices in terms of tree density, species richness, species abundance, and Shannon diversity, though species evenness did not vary. The Importance Value Index (IVI) highlighted the top species in HGAF as A. etbaica (75.2), F. albida (33.1), and A. seyal (30.6). Species with low IVI values, such as B. polystachya (1.56), R. vulgaris (1.57), G. ferruginea (1.62), and C. aurantiifolia (0.90), require significant conservation efforts. In PLAF, the key species were F. albida (131.03), A. seyal (59.33), and C. africana (26.21). In WLAF, E. globulus (61.8), A. seyal (8.83), and C. edulis (31.4) were the most abundant, frequent, and dominant. Trees and shrubs in HGAF and WLAF had smaller stem diameters compared to those in PLAF. However, WLAF had greater tree height and basal area (BA, m²) than both HGAF and PLAF, with HGAF also showing a higher BA than PLAF (p ≤ 0.05). The study concluded that HGAF and PLAF are vital for sustaining local livelihoods, providing food, and conserving biodiversity. These agroforestry systems enhance natural forests and help prevent the extinction of woody species. Therefore, developing and enhancing HGAF, and PLAF in densely populated landscapes should be integral to biodiversity conservation strategies.
Runoff Estimation in Kajurli Watershed Using SCS-CN and GIS Techniques
Authors: Patil Nikita D. , Ayare B. L. , Bhange H. N. , Ingle P. M. , Tharkar M. H. , Gavit Sagar B.
Published: October 2024

The study focuses on estimating surface runoff using the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) method, combined with Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques, for the Kajurli Watershed in Ratnagiri District, Maharashtra. Surface runoff is a key factor influencing agricultural productivity, soil erosion, and water management at the watershed level. The SCS-CN method, a widely used tool for runoff estimation, utilizes rainfall, land use, and soil type data. By integrating RS and GIS, the study achieves a more accurate assessment of land use and soil characteristics, which are critical inputs for runoff calculations. The Kajurli Watershed falls under hydrological soil group B, known for moderate runoff potential. The study uses 33 years of historical rainfall data (1990-2022) to compute annual runoff using the SCS-CN method. Key parameters such as Curve Numbers (CN) are derived based on land use, hydrological soil groups, and antecedent moisture conditions (AMC). The average annual rainfall in the watershed is found to be 3392.8 mm, with 39.69% of this rainfall contributing to surface runoff. The integration of RS and GIS simplifies spatial analysis, enabling accurate and efficient runoff estimation. The study highlights the sensitivity of the SCS-CN method to CN values, emphasizing the importance of precise land use and soil data for reliable hydrological modelling. These findings offer crucial insights for water resource management, flood control, and agricultural planning in the region.
Sanctified Trees (Ficus religiosa and Ficus benghalensis) in India: A Significance and Analogous Mythology
Authors: Sood Yachna , Lal Manmohan , Rattan Ittu , Walia Vadita
Published: October 2024

Sanctified trees are the trees of religious importance and cultural significance. In India, trees particularly Ficus benghalensis and Ficus religiosa are such sacred plants with exceptional therapeutic qualities. Because of their aesthetic and natural characteristics, these plants are valued. Thus, in order to preserve certain plants, our ancestors associated certain Gods and Goddesses with them and designated them as sacred plants. Many people still believe in myths and beliefs associated with sacred trees. These historical notions demonstrate the relationship between people and plants, which is also beneficial in the protection of plant species because of their special features. They possess remarkable medicinal qualities that have assisted in the treatment of numerous life-dangers illnesses. These trees were used in the traditional medical practices of Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and homeopathy and often used as a medication for several illnesses. Different plant parts were employed to treat numerous fatal illnesses, including diarrhea, menorrhagia, leucorrhea, dysentery, mental diseases, and tonic and astringent. Therefore, the current review is the initiative to do a thorough literature on its phytochemistry, pharmacognosy, conventional and medicinal purposes along with myths and beliefs attached to it.