bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuous-time photoelectron spectroscopy for monitoring monochromatic soft x-ray photodissociation of CF3Cl adsorbed on Si(111)−7×7
Authors: Chou L.-C. , Chuang W.-M. , Tsai W.-C. , Wang S.-K. , Wu Y.-H. , Wen C.-R.
Published: October 2007

The continuous-time photoelectron spectroscopy was proposed to study the monochromatic soft x-ray photodissociation of CF3Cl molecules adsorbed on Si(111)−7×7. Evolution of adsorbed CF3Cl was monitored at two photon energies of 240 and 730eV to deduce the photolysis cross section as a function of energy. Dissociation of adsorbed CF3Cl by 240∕730eV photons is attributed to the C–Cl∕C–F bond scission following the excitation of Cl(2p)∕F(1s) core electron. Observation of time-dependent photodissociation also demonstrates the capability for “real-time” monitoring of the variations of electronic structure and chemical bonding of adsorbate in bond-selective photochemistry.
Morphological and structural evolutions of diluted Ge1−xMnx epitaxial films
Authors: Ayoub J.-P. , Favre L. , Berbezier I. , Ronda A. , Morresi L. , Pinto N.
Published: October 2007

We investigate the structural and morphological evolutions of Ge1−xMnx films, grown by molecular beam epitaxy on Ge(100), as a function of Mn nominal concentration (x). We show that in our experimental growth conditions (growth temperature TG∼160°C), Mn atoms incorporated in the matrix increases with x up to a concentration m∼0.03. Magnetic properties of the samples are mainly related to Ge3Mn5 cluster phase, while transport properties are connected to Ge:Mn matrix.
Multiphoton absorption pumped ultraviolet stimulated emission from ZnO microtubes
Authors: Zhang C. F. , Dong Z. W. , Liu K. J. , Yan Y. L. , Qian S. X. , Deng H.
Published: October 2007

We report observation of stimulated emission from ZnO microtubes pumped by multiphoton absorption using intense femtosecond pulses at wavelength around 800nm. Band edge emission, together with second harmonic generation, was observed and several stimulated emission peaks with linewidths of 0.5–0.7nm appeared at high excitation fluence. The stimulated emission from the microtubes were attributed to the excitonic effect at intermediate fluence (50–100mJ∕cm2) and electron-hole plasma at high fluence (>100mJ∕cm2), respectively. Possible Fabry-Perot cavity effects were also discussed.
Sub-6-nm grain size control in polycrystalline thin films using synthetic nucleation layer
Authors: Piramanayagam S. N. , Srinivasan K.
Published: October 2007

A key objective in the design of recording media for hard disk drives is to tailor the grain size. A fourfold increase in the recording density from the current levels demands that the mean grain diameter be reduced from 7 to about 5.5nm, and distribution to below 15%. Traditional techniques involving dopants can realize small grain sizes but also deteriorate the structural and magnetic properties. In this study, the utility of an extremely thin synthetic nucleation layer in reducing the grain size and distribution of the recording media is demonstrated, with significant implications for other applications too.
High Q optical resonances of polystyrene microspheres in water controlled by optical tweezers
Authors: Lutti Julie , Langbein Wolfgang , Borri Paola
Published: October 2007

Using evanescent field coupling via frustrated total internal reflection, we measured whispering-gallery optical resonances of polystyrene microspheres held in aqueous buffer by optical tweezers, as a function of the distance from the planar coupling substrate. An intrinsic Q factor of 4×106 was found for a microsphere of 30μm diameter, indicating the potential of such microresonators for highly sensitive biomolecular detection. These measurements provide an upper limit of 2×10−7 for the imaginary part of the complex refractive index of polystyrene at 770nm wavelength.
Boron-doped carbon nanotube coating for transparent, conducting, flexible photonic devices
Authors: Williams Quinton L. , Liu Xi , Walters Wilbur , Zhou Jian-Ge , Edwards Tylvia Y. , Smith Franchesca L. , Williams Gregory E. , Mosley Brenitra L.
Published: October 2007

Conducting transparent polymer materials were made by applying boron-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes to the surfaces of glass and flexible polyethylene terephthalate film substrates. Optical transmission and sheet resistance measurements showed that the boron-doped coated samples had sheet resistances of ∼7kΩ∕◻ and flat optical transmission of ∼89% for visible light. Temperature and humidity tests showed that the materials remained conductive after nearly 150h of testing. The materials are robust and even maintain their conducting properties after being folded. Fabrication of a simple light emitting device demonstrates usage of the material as a flexible transparent electrode.
Determination of the electronic band structure for a graded modulation-doped AlGaN∕AlN∕GaN superlattice
Authors: Wu Z. H. , Ponce F. A. , Hertkorn Joachim , Scholz Ferdinand
Published: October 2007

The electronic band structure of a modulation-doped AlGaN∕AlN∕GaN superlattice structure where the AlGaN layer is compositionally graded has been experimentally determined by electron holography. It is shown that all periods in the superlattice have a similar two-dimensional-electron-gas distribution, indicating no degradation in the quality of the heterostructures during growth. High-resolution potential energy profiles show that the nominally linear grading of the AlGaN barrier layers results in a parabolic profile in Al composition. Knowledge of the nature of energy barriers for electron transfer between channels is important in the optimization of the perpendicular conductivity of AlGaN∕GaN superlattice structures.
Extraordinary optical gain from silicon implanted with erbium
Authors: Lourenço M. A. , Gwilliam R. M. , Homewood K. P.
Published: October 2007

Here we report on measurements of optical gain at 1.5μm in crystalline silicon. Gain is achieved by the incorporation of the rare earth erbium in silicon. A method was developed to enable the gain measurement in short silicon waveguides. Crucially, gain values obtained are significantly greater than previously supposed. We have measured a lower limit for the optical cross section for Er3+ of 5×10−19cm2, 30 times higher than previously anticipated. Given these higher values, this system now offers a realistic route to the production of electrically pumped silicon optical amplifier and laser devices using standard silicon process technology.
Sensing electron transport in a blue-emitting copolymer by transient electroluminescence
Authors: Bange Sebastian , Kuksov Andriy , Neher Dieter
Published: October 2007

A variation of the transient electroluminescence technique is introduced which allows us to selectively study the electron transport in a thin polymer layer. It relies on the formation of an insoluble interlayer from a formerly solvable polymer and enables probing of unipolar electron transport despite of injection barriers. It opens up possibilities to gain insight into the operation of light-emitting diodes. Applicability to a blue-emitting spirobifluorene-based copolymer is shown by comparison to time-of-flight results for electron and hole transport and evidence supplied for an intermixing of electron and hole dynamics through blocking of electrons at the polymer/anode interface.
Interface studies of GaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor structures using atomic-layer-deposited HfO2∕Al2O3 nanolaminate gate dielectric
Authors: Yang T. , Xuan Y. , Zemlyanov D. , Shen T. , Wu Y. Q. , Woodall J. M. , Ye P. D. , Aguirre-Tostado F. S. , Milojevic M. , McDonnell S. , Wallace R. M.
Published: October 2007

A systematic capacitance-voltage study has been performed on GaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) structures with atomic-layer-deposited HfO2∕Al2O3 nanolaminates as gate dielectrics. A HfO2∕Al2O3 nanolaminate gate dielectric improves the GaAs MOS characteristics such as dielectric constant, breakdown voltage, and frequency dispersion. A possible origin for the widely observed larger frequency dispersion on n-type GaAs than p-type GaAs is discussed. Further experiments show that the observed hysteresis is mainly from the mobile changes and traps induced by HfO2 in bulk oxide instead of those at oxide/GaAs interface.
Old Industrial Regions, Technology, and Innovation: Tensions of Obduracy and Transformation
Authors: Hodson Mike
Published: October 2007

Work on regions and technologically informed innovation has often focused on high-tech regions as exemplars of apparent success in economic development. This paper, by contrast, focuses on understanding how regions transform themselves in respect of pervasive pressures, in relation to old industrial regions. In particular, the possible tensions between pressures for transformation and the potential obduracy of social, cultural, and institutional interrelationships are highlighted by reflection on the broad body of work termed the ‘new regionalism’. Four issues are raised and then are integrated to develop an approach to researching the tensions between pressures for transformation and the obduracy of old industrial regions. The paper examines a case study of the early stages of a particular technologically informed innovation—a hydrogen economy development—in an old industrial ‘region’: Teesside in northeast England. After consideration of this case study I highlight four important issues in the conclusion that are raised during exploration of tensions of obduracy and transformation in an old industrial region.
Developing Ordinary Cities: City Visioning Processes in Durban and Johannesburg
Authors: Robinson Jennifer
Published: October 2007

This paper adopts a perspective which views all cities as unique combinations of social, political, and economic configurations-which sees all cities as ‘ordinary’, and which resists attempts to determine hierarchical relations amongst cities as potentially damaging to rich and poor cities alike. While current urban theories tend to draw attention to the dynamism of globalising economic sectors, much urban policy directed at poorer countries is preoccupied with the delivery of basic services. Both urban theory and urban policy need to be reframed to address the diversity of activities and interests in cities, and to support a more inclusive and hopefully redistributive form of urban development. In the process of formulating citywide visions, urban managers in the two cities discussed here, although drawn to compete with other cities in a global arena, have also had to find ways to address diverse economies and unequal societies. This paper draws on the examples of city visioning processes in Johannesburg and Durban in South Africa to illustrate how developmental and growth-oriented urban policy agendas have been brought together in the complex political environments of these cities. These case studies suggest that the process of formulating a citywide strategy, and of thinking about the future of the city as a whole, required that policy makers attend to the many different and often competing demands in the locality. For urban theorists, this generates new kinds of research agendas-for example, considering how urban improvements can be spread across the different areas and constituencies of a city without sacrificing economic growth. Here, the benefits of supporting the generalised agglomerations economies of a city as opposed to specialised globalising clusters emerge as important. This paper suggests that urban theory can learn from the process of city visioning, despite the various problems associated with these exercises. In turn, theories which approach all cities as ordinary could reinforce policies which address both economic growth and inequality.
Modulation of LMP1 protein expression by EBV-encoded microRNAs
Authors: Lo Angela Kwok Fung , To Ka Fai , Lo Kwok Wai , Lung Raymond Wai Ming , Hui Jan Wai Ying , Liao Gangling , Hayward S. Diane
Published: October 2007

Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) was the first human virus found to encode microRNAs (miRNAs), but the function of these miRNAs has been obscure. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is associated with EBV infection, and the EBV-encoded LMP1 is believed to be a key factor in NPC development. However, detection of LMP1 protein in NPC is variable. Here, we report that EBV-encoded BART miRNAs target the 3′ UTR of the LMP1 gene and negatively regulate LMP1 protein expression. These miRNAs also modulate LMP1-induced NF-κB signaling and alleviate the cisplatin sensitivity of LMP1-expressing NPC cells. Consistent with a previous study on the NPC C666-1 cell line and C15 xenograft, we found abundant expression of BART miRNAs in NPC tissues. Furthermore, DNA sequencing revealed that the 3′ UTR of LMP1 is highly conserved in NPC-derived EBV isolates. The data provide insight into the discrepancy between LMP1 transcript and protein detection in NPC and highlight the role of the EBV miRNAs in regulating LMP1 downstream signaling to promote cancer development.
Control of electrostatic interactions between F-actin and genetically modified lysozyme in aqueous media
Authors: Sanders Lori K. , Xian Wujing , Guáqueta Camilo , Strohman Michael J. , Vrasich Chuck R. , Luijten Erik , Wong Gerard C. L.
Published: October 2007

The aim for deterministic control of the interactions between macroions in aqueous media has motivated widespread experimental and theoretical work. Although it has been well established that like-charged macromolecules can aggregate under the influence of oppositely charged condensing agents, the specific conditions for the stability of such aggregates can only be determined empirically. We examine these conditions, which involve an interplay of electrostatic and osmotic effects, by using a well defined model system composed of F-actin, an anionic rod-like polyelectrolyte, and lysozyme, a cationic globular protein with a charge that can be genetically modified. The structure and stability of actin–lysozyme complexes for different lysozyme charge mutants and salt concentrations are examined by using synchrotron x-ray scattering and molecular dynamics simulations. We provide evidence that supports a structural transition from columnar arrangements of F-actin held together by arrays of lysozyme at the threefold interstitial sites of the actin sublattice to marginally stable complexes in which lysozyme resides at twofold bridging sites between actin. The reduced stability arises from strongly reduced partitioning of salt between the complex and the surrounding solution. Changes in the stability of actin–lysozyme complexes are of biomedical interest because their formation has been reported to contribute to the persistence of airway infections in cystic fibrosis by sequestering antimicrobials such as lysozyme. We present x-ray microscopy results that argue for the existence of actin–lysozyme complexes in cystic fibrosis sputum and demonstrate that, for a wide range of salt conditions, charge-reduced lysozyme is not sequestered in ordered complexes while retaining its bacterial killing activity.
α2-Chimaerin interacts with EphA4 and regulates EphA4-dependent growth cone collapse
Authors: Shi Lei , Fu Wing-Yu , Hung Kwok-Wang , Porchetta Cassandra , Hall Christine , Fu Amy K. Y. , Ip Nancy Y.
Published: October 2007

EphA4-dependent growth cone collapse requires reorganization of actin cytoskeleton through coordinated activation of Rho family GTPases. Whereas various guanine exchange factors have recently been identified to be involved in EphA4-mediated regulation of Rho GTPases and growth cone collapse, the functional roles of GTPase-activating proteins in the process are largely unknown. Here we report that EphA4 interacts with α2-chimaerin through its Src homology 2 domain. Activated EphA4 induces a rapid increase of tyrosine phosphorylation of α2-chimaerin and enhances its GTPase-activating protein activity toward Rac1. More importantly, α2-chimaerin regulates the action of EphA4 in growth cone collapse through modulation of Rac1 activity. Our findings have therefore identified a new α2-chimaerin-dependent signaling mechanism through which EphA4 transduces its signals to the actin cytoskeleton and modulates growth cone morphology.
The democratisation of indigenous languages
Authors: Moyo Themba
Published: October 2007

This article attempts to explore issues of language marginalisation in Malawi. It argues that the policies pursued from independence 1964 todate have not been democratic. They have essentially favoured a small ruling English-Chichewa elite, that has emerged and entrenched itself, regardless of which government has come into power. Viable indigenous languages, which could equally play a meaningful role in the socioeconomic political life of the country, have been largely marginalised, in market places and in other national functions. In the face of this situation, the argument advanced is one of an immediate review of of such incoherent and fragementary policies for more accommodating ones, with a clear vision and an agenda for implementation for all the citizenry.
“I want to be like a human again”
Authors: Ridge Stanley G.M. , Makoni Sinfree , Ridge Elaine
Published: October 2007

The article undertakes an integrated, holistic and multidisciplinary study of the language produced over an extended period by an ageing South African woman suffering from Alzheimer’s disease. It does so against the background of the medical and legal records of the dementing person’s condition revealing certain possibilities, in treatment and care, of moving beyond pathological deficit perspective and exploring the implications of retained ability. The study is strengthened by comparison of current patterns of written and oral language use with those in letters from the same person early in her professional life, and in a highly regarded scientific book she produced at the height of her carer.
Register Analysis in Literary Translation
Authors: Borrillo Joseph Marco
Published: October 2007

It is the aim of this paper to argue that register characterisation plays a relevant part in the translation-oriented ananlysis of literary texts. Register is defined (e.g., by Michael Halliday) as a semantic configuration that we associate with a particular situation type and characterised on the basis of three variables or components: field, tenor and mode. Contemporary stylistics, insofar as it is a stylistics of discourse and not only of text, emphasises the importance of the study of context in literary texts. As different scholars have pointed out, the context of literary texts is rather peculiar in that it shows a double articulation: there is an outer context and an inner context. It is precisely in the characterisation of the inner context that register analysis will prove helpful, as it will shed light on the fictional situation created within the text.

Although the detailed implication of register analysis for literary translation can be manifold, only a few items are singled out for illustration: degree of technicality and marked field mixing with regard to the variable of field, terms of address (especially T/V pronoun distinctions) and modality with respect to tenor, and the interplay between grammatical complexity and lexical density as markers of oral and written language in the area of mode.

Even though the notion of register cannot account for all contextual factors (over and above the context of situation there is the wider context of culture), register analysis still emerges as a powerful analytical tool and a necessary one, too, for communicative acts hinge upon the context of situation in which they occur. In translation-oriented textual analysis, register characterisation constitutes a good point of entry, for it offers an initial interpretative hypothesis which then has to be substantiated against the textual evidence provided by linguistic structures and refined or modified by reference to the broader context of culture.
Sinonimia Semántica — en Estructura Profunda — de algunos Clichés Españoles y Franceses
Authors: Mayoralas Jose
Published: October 2007

The growing importance that present-day translatology affords the study of linguistic cliché has made it essential to reconstitute their archetypal status and reconsider their paradigmatic function. This will allow us to detect better how and why its transcoding corresponds perfectly whether in both superficial and profound structure, or merely in profound structure and at the expense of its phrasal realization: semantic, not morpho-syntactic synonymy.

Indeed, while ‘díselo con flores’ demands, in English and French, an automatic transcoding from the archetype and the fixed syntagma that it represents, the translation of C. J. Cela ‘nos ha merengao’ demands a translatological performance not only of the code, but also of the register. So a common archetypal base determines an automatic translation of clichés only where the codes of the two languages have stigmatised the archetype with the help of the cliché itself. Otherwise, one has to search for how each language has recodified the said archetype. How? Why? This is, precisely, what we have attempted not only to resolve but to demonstrate.
Literature and Translation
Authors: Pajares Eterio
Published: October 2007

Translation and literature walked hand in hand during the eighteenth century. The English novel became very well known throughout Europe and it was widely translated into most European languages. Richardson’s and Fielding’s novels were translated into French almost immediately and from this stepping stone were rendered into Spanish about forty years after the appearance of the source text; censorship played an important role in this delay. Once again, translation was the authentic international language that facilitated the transfer of ideas from place to place.

My purpose here is to concentrate on the translation not as a process but as a result, focussing on its relationship with the literature and culture of the target language. This study is going to be based on the first Spanish translation of Tom Jones, which contains important differences from the English novel of the same title, because French and Spanish translators and writers alike shared a different concept of the novel as a genre.
Problems in the Translation of Paul Austers The New York Trilogy
Authors: Orgeira Crespo Raquel
Published: October 2007

In this paper I examine an original text, The New York Trilogy by Paul Auster, and its translation into Spanish. The source text chosen displays a wealth of instances of symbolic names, rhymes, wordplay, idioms, cultural references, colloquialisms and other stylistic features which are hard to transfer to Spanish without a significant loss of information. I attempt to identify those phenomena and discuss how the translator confronted them. I am particularly concerned with the lexical level.

The conclusion of my paper is that the assessment of the translation problems posed by this literary work reveals the possibility of achieving an acceptable version at the readership’s level. This kind of studies are useful for the subsequent systematisation of strategies for the translational problems found in any literary text.
La España de posguerra y la poesía Anglófona
Authors: Blanco Outon Cristina
Published: October 2007

The main aim of this essay is to analyse the translations and reviews of English poetry that appeared in three representative literary journals of post-Civil War Spain: Escorial (1940-1947), Espadaña (1944-1950) and Cántico (1947-1949;1954-1957). The proportion of articles and translations, characteristics and scholarly seriousness of the sections devoted to this topic will give evidence of the ideological background of each of the three publications. We will study the reasons that led to the various choices of both poets and translators and this will also be an aid to our inquiry into the political and aesthetic assumptions of these journals.

During the 1940’ś and 50’ś, literary reviews were the place where many Spanish intellectuals and scholars could more or less openly express their different reactions towards Franco ś dictatorship. And — as professor Rubio (1976) has pointed out — as far as ideological involvement was concerned, there were two main types of journals: the “eclectic” and the “confessional”. Within the “confessional” type, Escorial would voice the official dogma whereas Espadaña would stand for the impatient detractors of the règime, the so called “tremendistas”. As for Cántico, this journal was an example of the “eclectic” position, since it welcomed all kinds of aesthetic and political creeds.

The three reviews will be examined altogether as a paradigm of the literary situation in Spain, during the years of ideological censorship and intellectual involution that followed the Civil War.
Towards a systematic corpus analysis of Arabic poetry
Authors: Bohas Georges , Kouloughli Djamel Eddine
Published: October 2007

Recent work on Arabic metrics aims at developing a coherent research programme which relies on the systematic analysis of
electronic corpora. The computer program XALIYL performs, for any line of ancient Arabic poetry, an automatic recognition of
the metre used. This operation takes place whatever the length of the verses, and regardless of whether they are encoded in
ordinary Arabic script (with the addition of vowels) or by means of the TRS system, which relates functionally to ordinary
Arabic script. XALIYL produces a textual database that contains the syllabic decomposition for each hemistich of each line, as
well as its metrical analysis. It can cope not only with the general problems linked to re-syllabification and sandhi, but
also with problems of syllabification specific to Arabic metrics. Errors due to the metrical scanning or to the editing of
poems can be located automatically. Moreover, by allowing a computerised search for formulae, XALIYL provides significant
information on the “formulaic systems” of ancient Arabic poetry.
Two Accounts of Indexicals in Mixed Quotation
Authors: Cumming Samuel
Published: October 2007

When the indexical ‘I’ appears inside quotation marks, it refers not to the person now speaking but to the person whose speech
is being reported. The apparently ‘monstrous’ behaviour of quotation can be dismissed in direct speech, so long as one
maintains that the quoted part is mentioned rather than used. The same cannot be maintained,
however, in so-called ‘mixed’ quotation, for which a pure-mention analysis is implausible. In this paper I
compare two accounts of the semantics of quotation. While the accounts of Maier & Geurts (2004), Geurts & Maier (this
volume), and Bittner (to appear) all anticipate the correct behaviour for indexicals inside quotation, the approach developed
by Geurts and Maier makes a further, false generalisation, and is therefore empirically inferior.
Directionality and the Complementation of Dutch Adpositions
Authors: Tseng Jesse
Published: October 2007

The syntactic realization of Dutch PPs is the result of an interaction of several factors. These include: the form of the complement (full NP or pronoun) and its semantics (animate or inanimate), the spatial semantics of the PP (directional or locative), and idiosyncratic lexical properties associated with particular prepositions. This paper presents a non-transformational approach to Dutch PP syntax that assumes multiple lexical entries for each adposition to produce the wide variety of PP structures observed. The lexical entries are systematically organized in an inheritance hierarchy with two major binary dimensions of variation, POSITION (preposition vs. postposition) and DIRECTIONALITY (directional vs. non-directional), with further partitions for different complement types (involving animacy and various possibilities for pronominalization). After showing how the proposed system accounts for the internal syntactic structure of Dutch adpositional phrases, the paper turns to some issues of external PP syntax, in particular the P-stranding phenomena found in Dutch.
Revisionism Revisited
Authors: Ehrke Michael
Published: October 2007

The “Third Way” became a synonym for progressive politics between or beyond neoliberalism (the new right) and traditional social democracy (the old left). Third Way politics responds to the transformation of the traditional industrial society into a vaguely defined post-industrial society, characterized, inter alia, by economic globalization; the increasing importance of information as an economic input and output as well as a structuring principle of economic activities; the emergence of a new underclass of unemployed or working poor; the increasing emphasis on the shareholder value; a new consensus on economic policy, emphasizing financial and monetary stability rather than economic growth; and individualization. In the European context, Third Way politics tries to enhance economic efficiency and to strengthen employment. It emphasizes that redistributive policies, typical of the traditional industrial society, are no longer sustainable and thus accepts a higher level of economic inequality. Although it offers equality of opportunity, civic participation and a new emphasis on inclusion as a substitute for “equality of outcome”, it lacks a convincing concept of social justice.
European Union Discourses on Employment
Authors: Weiss Gilbert , Wodak Ruth
Published: October 2007

The fight against unemployment has been declared a top priority of European Union (EU) policies. Indeed, if mass unemployment is the major political problem in Europe, then the legitimacy of the EU as a political union will crucially depend on how this problem is dealt with. In this article we follow precisely the question of how the problem is dealt with in EU policy-making processes. Two forms of political spaces, an advisory group working ‘behind closed doors’ and the European Parliament, are compared. A socio-linguistic analysis of texts produced in the respective bodies reveals the many tensions in the development of supranational employment policies. Particular emphasis is placed on the rhetoric of globalization and competitiveness as being constitutive of the neo-liberal discourse.
Be Reasonable, not Certain
Authors: Toulmin Stephen
Published: October 2007

Ever since the 17th century, European thinkers have valued ‘rationality’ at the expense of ‘reasonableness’: the current crisis about postmodernity is one by-product of that obsession. Yet, from garden design and literature to electrical theory and development economics, it can be helpful to restore the balance between these two aspects of Human Reason. In this way, we can recapture the practical wisdom of Aristotle, and recognize the importance of clinical understanding as contrasted with theoretical explanation.
The Concept of Learning within the Systems of Innovation Approaches
Authors: Uhlin Ake
Published: October 2007

The OECD, the EU, and a growing number of national governments have enthusiastically agreed with ideas about innovation systems. At the center of this set of ideas is the notion that learning is the most important process in the economy of the information age. This paper is an epistemological and methodological inquiry into the concept of learning within what economists call ‘the systems of innovation approaches’. Two conclusions are drawn: (1) notions concerning the concept of learning within this new framework of economic thinking are, in general, ambiguous; (2) furthermore, and in particular, ideas of expansive and collective learning in complex systems, ideas that more or less define the concept of innovation, are virtually non-existent within the framework.
The action turn
Authors: Reason Peter , Torbert William
Published: October 2007

We offer an epistemological basis for action research, in order to increase the validity, the practical significance, and the transformational potential of social science. We start by outlining some of the paradigmatic issues which underlie action research, arguing for a “turn to action” which will complement the linguistic turn in the social sciences. Four key dimensions of an action science are discussed: the primacy of the practical, the centrality of participation, the requirement for experiential grounding, and the importance of normative, analogical theory. Three broad strategies for action research are suggested: first-person research/practice addresses the ability of a person to foster an inquiring approach to his or her own life; second-person research/practice engages a face-to-face group in collaborative inquiry; third-person research/practice asks how we can establish inquiring communities which reach beyond the immediate group to engage with whole organizations, communities and countries. The article argues that a transformational science needs to integrate first- second- and third-person voices in ways that increase the validity of the knowledge we use in our moment-to-moment living, that increase the effectiveness of our actions in real-time, and that remain open to unexpected transformation when our taken-for-granted assumptions, strategies, and habits are appropriately challenged. Illustrative references to studies that begin to speak to these questions are offered.
The concept of value in public sector reform discourse
Authors: Berg Anne Marie
Published: October 2007

This article focuses on the increased uses of concepts of value in discourse about public sector reform. This increased attention to questions of value is partly due to the adoption of values taken from business and economics; value creation, value added and efficiency, and the adoption of analogies from and the language of the market. But it is also due to a growing concern with a lack of attention to the non-tangible or non-economic, political, moral and ethical aspects. Thus, two adversary value sets and both adherents and opponents of new public management reforms unite in a (mis-) conceived agreement over the focus on values. This fundamental value dichotomy may also explain why there seem to be a never-ending struggle to create adequate result indicators and measures of public sector performance. In addition to the complexity of public service provision, one explanation may be that the different values and rationalities of public sector services are in fact incompatible.
Experience and knowledge
Authors: Schachtner Christina
Published: October 2007

Playful action — undirected, interactive, boundary-transgressing and scenic — provides creative potential for the process of technological development. This thesis is developed with reference to John Dewey. In the course of the argument experience is assigned an indispensable position as a method of gaining knowledge. The argument presented grants an innovative status to experience-based, playful action, opposed to the hegemony of the technical-economical logic, which stresses exactness, unambiguity and measurability. The hegemony of the technical-economical logic in the Western industrialized countries is responsible for the discreditation of playful action. But the price to be paid is to go without the innovative impulses which are essential elements of playful action.
The neuro-evolutionary cusp between emotions and cognitions
Authors: Panksepp Jaak
Published: October 2007

The neurobiological systems that mediate the basic emotions are beginning to be understood. They appear to be constituted of genetically coded, but experientially refined executive circuits situated in subcortical areas of the brain which can coordinate the behavioral, physiological and psychological processes that need to be recruited to cope with a variety of primal survival needs (i.e., they signal evolutionary fitness issues). These birthrights allow newborn organisms to begin navigating the complexities of the world and to learn about the values and contingencies of the environment. Some of these systems have been identified and characterized using modern neuroscientific and psychobiological tools. The fundamental emotional systems can now be defined by the functional psychobiological characteristics of the underlying circuitries — characteristics which help coordinate behavioral, physiological and psychological aspects of emotionality, including the valenced affective feeling states that provide fundamental values for the guidance of behavior. The various emotional circuits are coordinated by different neuropeptides, and the arousal of each system may generate distinct affective/neurodynamic states and imbalances may lead to various psychiatric disorders. The aim of this essay is to discuss the underlying conceptual issues that must be addressed for additional progress in understanding the nature of primary process affective consciousness.
Self-deception and emotion
Authors: Mele Alfred R.
Published: October 2007

Drawing on recent empirical work, this philosophical paper explores some possible contributions of emotion to self-deception. Three hypotheses are considered: (1) the anxiety reduction hypothesis: the function of self-deception is to reduce present anxiety; (2) the solo emotion hypothesis: emotions sometimes contribute to instances of self-deception that have no desires among their significant causes; (3) the direct emotion hypothesis: emotions sometimes contribute directly to self-deception, in the sense that they make contributions that, at the time, are neither made by desires nor causally mediated by desires. It is argued that (1) is false and that (3) is defensible and more defensible than (2).
On the intrinsic nature of states of consciousness
Authors: Natsoulas Thomas
Published: October 2007

What are the states of consciousness in themselves, those pulses of mentality that follow one upon another in tight succession and constitute the stream of consciousness? William James conceives of each of them as being, typically, a complex unitary awareness that instantiates many features and takes a multiplicity of objects. In contrast, Brian O’Shaughnessy claims that the basic durational component of the stream of consciousness is the attention, which he understands to be something like a psychic space that is simultaneously occupied by several experiences. Whereas, according to the first conception, emotion is a feature of a temporal segment of the stream of consciousness and colors through and through each consciousness state that instantiates it, the second conception considers an emotion to be a distinct one of a system of simultaneous experiences that interact with each other, for example, limiting each other’s number and intensity. Among other matters discussed is the two theorists’ mutually contrasting conception of how the non-inferential awareness which we have of our states of consciousness is accomplished.
Evolution of the form of spoken words
Authors: MacNeilage Peter F. , Davis Barbara L.
Published: October 2007

The basic internal structure of a word consists of an alternation between consonants and vowels. Words tend to begin with a consonant and end with a vowel. The fundamental evolutionary status of the consonant-vowel alternation is indicated by its presence in rhythmically organized pre-linguistic vocalizations of 7 month-old babbling infants. We have argued that the basic alternation results from a mandibular cyclicity ("The Frame") originally evolving for ingestive purposes. Here, we consider beginnings and endings of words. We conclude that preferences for consonantal beginnings and vocalic endings may be basic biomechanical consequences of the act of producing vocal episodes between resting states of the production system. Both the characteristic beginning-end asymmetry and some details of the choice of individual sounds in the non-preferred modes (vocalic beginnings and consonantal endings) are mirrored in babbling and early words. The presence of many of these properties in modern words, even though they are delivered in running speech, as well as in a proto-language corpus, indicates retention, for message purposes, of properties originally associated with the single word stage of language evolution.
From doing to saying
Authors: Haiman John
Published: October 2007

Exclamations, manners of speaking, performative verbs, and vocal gestures such as laughter frequently cannot be "translated" into propositional language without losing their identity as actions in some way. But not all exclamations, performatives, and vocal gestures are alike in this respect. Some can be translated, and some lie somewhere in between on a "sublimation trajectory" from doing to saying. Intermediate points on this trajectory correspond to attested stages of child language acquisition, and may also correspond to stages in the phylogenetic evolution of language.
Patterns of Nigerian English intonation
Authors: Jowitt David
Published: October 2007

This paper presents some of the findings of a new experimental study based on Cruttenden’s model of intonation and
using O’Connor and Arnold’s pedagogical materials. The study was designed to examine chiefly the form and
frequency of intonation patterns among educated Nigerian speakers of English, not the communicative value of these patterns. The
general conclusion is that certain patterns having a high frequency constitute a system in Nigerian usage, differing in important
respects from native-speaker systems, though lacking stability.
‘You Ø na hear o’ that kind o’ things’
Authors: Smith Jennifer
Published: October 2007

In this article, I conduct a quantitative analysis of do absence in negative declaratives in the present tense in a dialect from the north-east of Scotland, Buckie. Analysis of nearly 800 contexts of use reveals that this variation is entirely conditioned by linguistic internal constraints. The most significant of these is person and number of the subject — 3rd person singular subjects and plural NPs have no do absence, while do is variable in the remaining pronouns. I argue that a syntactic explanation best accounts for this patterning of use. Where there is no overt -s inflection in the present tense (influenced by the “northern subject rule”), do is not obligatory in Buckie Scots. Frequency effects, lexical restrictions and processing constraints are called upon to account for the range of frequencies of do absence seen in the variable contexts. Lastly, there is no significant change in use of do across three generations of speakers, highlighting the community members’ relative immunity to prescriptive norms.
Was/Were-variation in non-standard British English today
Authors: Anderwald Lieselotte
Published: October 2007

In this article, the past tense system of the verb to be in modern informal spoken British English is investigated. Variation is endemic, but an in-depth investigation across individual dialect areas shows that three generalization strategies can be distinguished. Of these, two lead to a straightforward simplification of the system (was-generalization and were-generalization respectively), whereas the dominant mixed type has remorphologized the Standard English (StE) number distinction and replaced it by a distinction according to polarity. A cognitive explanation is advanced for the pervasiveness of this at first glance rather complicated system.
Falkland Islands English
Authors: Sudbury Andrea
Published: October 2007

In addition to the major English varieties spoken in New Zealand, Australia and South Africa, the dialect of the Falkland Islands is one of the few native-speaker Englishes in the southern hemisphere. The Falkland variety is relatively unknown in the rest of the English-speaking world and when heard it is often wrongly identified as one of the other southern hemisphere varieties. This article considers whether the Falkland variety is linguistically typical of southern hemisphere Englishes. A description of Falkland Islands English is given, based on a large corpus of conversational data, and direct comparisons are drawn between the Falkland dialect and the three main southern hemisphere varieties. Although many similarities between these Englishes do exist, the Falkland dialect is shown to diverge for several of the diagnostic southern hemisphere variables. Explanations for this are suggested, using the notions of identity and default.
Designing with a 2½D attitude
Authors: Ware Colin
Published: October 2007

Computer graphics gives us freedom to design highly interactive 3-D information spaces, but when will these be better? An analysis of human space perception reveals that the dimension of egocentric space towards and away from an observer is perceived very differently from the dimensions orthogonal to the line of sight. Because of the this property of perceptual space a strategy of designing with a 2½-D attitude is advocated and elaborated in a set of design principles.
Fishing for Translation Equivalents Using Grammatical Anchors
Authors: Váradi Tamás
Published: October 2007

Bilingual parallel corpora offer a treasure house of human translator’s knowledge of the correspondences between the two languages. Extracting by automatic means the translation equivalents deemed accurate and contextually appropriate by a human translator is of great practical importance for various fields such as example-based machine translation, computational lexicography, information retrieval, etc. The task of word or phrase level identification is greatly reduced if suitable anchor points can be found in the stream of texts. It is suggested that grammatical morphemes provide very useful clues to finding translation equivalents. They typically form a closed set, occur frequently enough in sentences, have more or less fixed meanings, and, most important, will stand in a one-to-one or at most one-to-few relationship with corresponding elements in the other language. This paper will explore the viability of the idea with reference to the Hungarian and English versions of Plato’s Republic, which are available in sentence-aligned form. Hungarian has a rich set of suffixes which are typically deployed in a concatenated manner. Corresponding to them in English are prepositions, auxiliary words, and suffixes. The paper will show how, by starting from a well defined set of correspondences between Hungarian grammatical morphemes and their equivalents and using a combination of pattern matching and heuristics, one can arrive at a mapping of phrases between the two texts.
Towards a Methodology for Exploiting Specialized Target Language Corpora as Translation Resources
Authors: Bowker Lynne
Published: October 2007

Specialized target language (TL) corpora constitute an extremely valuable resource for translators, and although no specialized tools have been developed for extracting translation data from such corpora, this paper argues that translators would be remiss not to consult such resources. We describe the advantages of using specialized TL corpora and outline a number of techniques that translators can use in order to extract translation data from such corpora with the aid of generic corpus analysis tools. These advantages and techniques are demonstrated with reference to two translations, one of which was done using only conventional resources and the other with the help of a corpus.
The Propagation of Core Lexicons Using On-line Language Resources and Savoir Faire
Authors: Viegas Evelyne
Published: October 2007

In this article, we discuss methodologies to extend computational semantic lexicons in a cost effective way using on-line language resources and savoir faire. First, we introduce the ecology of computational semantic lexicon acquisition, presenting two main methodologies: thesaurus-driven versus corpus-driven. Second, we describe an experiment to extend a semantics-based core lexicon with paradigmatic relations and predict the syntactic behavior of verbs based on their semantics; the automatically derived subcategorizations are first checked against corpora and then manually filtered. These lexicons have been developed within Mikrokosmos, a semantics-based machine translation system.