bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New evidence of the genus Homo from East Rudolf, Kenya (IV)
Authors: Leakey R. E. F. , Wood B. A.
Published: February 2006

Four partial mandibles and three isolated teeth of Homo from East Rudolf, Kenya, are described. They represent only part of the 1972 fossil collection that has been assigned to Homo; results of detailed studies of this material will be published in a monograph.
A hominid mandible from East Rudolf, Kenya
Authors: Leakey R. E. F. , Wood B. A.
Published: February 2006

A hominid mandible, KNM‐ER 1482, is described. Provisionally it has not been assigned to any existing species or genus. However, after detailed anatomical and comparative studies have been carried out, its taxonomic status will be reviewed.
Human biology in Mexico. II. A comparison of blood group, serum and red cell enzyme frequencies, and genetic distances of the Indian populations of Mexico
Authors: Crawford M. H. , Leyshon W. C. , Brown K. , Lees Francis , Taylor L.
Published: February 2006

Three hundred and ninety‐five individuals from two populations from the State of Tlaxcala, Mexico, were studied in relation to the ABO, Rh, MNS, P, Kell, Lewis, Diego, Kidd, Duffy, Haptoglobin, Transferrin, Group specific component, Albumin, Acid Phosphatase and Phosphoglucomutase systems. One of the populations (San Pablo del Monte) is Indian, while the other (City of Tlaxcala) is Mestizo. The alleles which show variation in the Mestizo population are intermediate between the Spanish and the Indian gene frequencies. Three different genetic distance measures suggest that the Mestizo population is a triracial hybrid, while the Indian population is closely related to its two most proximal geographic neighbors, Vera Cruz and Puebla.
A quantitative method of morphological assessment of hybridization in the U. S. Negro‐White male crania
Authors: Saksena Sudha S.
Published: February 2006

The study develops a morphological method of assessing the amount of parental components in a U.S. Negro‐White Hybrid sample and tests to what extent a multivariate discriminant analysis actually reflects the morphological pattern of hybridization.

To formulate norms of description for the parental and hybrid populations, a seventeenth century London Farringdon Street series of 94 crania was selected to represent the British White ancestral component and the data on the cadaverand‐skeletal series in the T. W. Todd collection of Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, were used in the selection of 115 Unmixed Negro and 115 Negro‐White Hybrid male crania.

The conclusions are: (1) the morphological scores of the Negro‐White Hybrid series shows a biological overlap with the two parental series in the proportion of 1:3 (i.e., 25% White to 75% Negro). This overlap reflects the probable porportion of ancestral mixture in the ratio of one‐fourth White to three‐fourths Negro in the Negro‐White Hybrid sample; and (2) the morphological approach to the assessment of the parental components with multivariate discriminant analysis as a tool, proves to be highly reliable in providing a biologically meaningful index of relationship.
Birotundal diameter of the human sphenoid bone from age six years to early adulthood
Authors: Knott Virginia B.
Published: February 2006

Longitudinal data for a twenty‐year period are presented for a dimension of the human sphenoid bone as seen on postero‐anterior roentgenograms of 22 males and 18 females (healthy, American‐born Caucasoids). Birotundal diameter measured as the distance between the centers of the right and left foramen rotundum averaged near 32.0 mm for each sex at age 6 years. Individual increase in size to age 26 years ranged between 3.2 mm and 8.3 mm. There is no correlation between size at age 6 years and change between this age and early adulthood.

For 54 males and 50 females at age 9 years, intercorrelations were obtained among six variables: birotundal diameter, head breadth, bizygomatic diameter, bigonial diameter, upper and loweer dental arch widths at the permanent first molars. The r's were nonsignificant or low positive (with the exception of upper‐lower dental arch, r = 0.76).

The results of this study are aligned with three previous studies of human cranial base width.
A case of Carrion's disease associated with human sacrifice from the Huari culture of Southern Peru
Authors: Allison Marvin J. , Pezzia Alejandro , Gerszten Enrique , Mendoza Daniel
Published: February 2006

A case of Carrion's disease in the verruga phase from a mummy of the Tiahuanaco culture of Southern Peru is reported. The characteristics of the disease are described as well as the bacterium. The man was apparently sacrificed and certain organs used in rituals.
Blood group, serum protein and red cell enzyme groups of Amerindian populations in Colombia
Authors: Kirk R. L. , McDermid E. M. , Blake N. M. , Gajdusek D. C. , Leyshon W. C. , MacLennan R.
Published: February 2006

Red cell samples from persons belonging to four Amerindian linguistic groups in Colombia were investigated for genetic variants in eight blood group systems: for three of the groups investigations were extended to ten red cell enzyme and four serum protein systems. The groups studied are the Noanama (including six Empera) of the Rio Siquirisua and Rio Docampado on the Pacific lowlands and the Cofan, Ingano and Siona Indians of the Upper Rio Putumayo and its tributaries to the east of the Andes. Only blood group O was present among two of the groups and the same groups were 100% Kp(b +), k in the Kell system. Di(a +) frequencies were high in three groups and there was marked variation between groups for the MNS, Rh, P, Lewis and Duffy systems. Polymorphism in all the three linguistic groups studied for serum proteins and red cell enzymes was present only in the red cell acid phosphatase, phosphoglucomutase (locus‐1) and haptoglobin systems. 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was polymorphic in the Noanama, and caeruloplasmin was polymorphic in the Ingano linguistic group. In addition two persons belonging to the Cofan linguistic group revealed the presence of an “atypical” component in the lactate dehydrogenase system. No variation was found in the other six red cell enzyme and two serum protein systems.

Comparison with published data on red cell enzyme and serum protein groups for other South American Amerindian populations shows the Colombian populations studied here most closely resemble the Cayapo of Brazil.
New evidence of the genus Homo from East Rudolf, Kenya (III)
Authors: Day M. H. , Leakey R. E. F.
Published: February 2006

A new fossil hominid partial skeleton (KNM‐ER 803) that was discovered from the Plio‐Pleistocene sediments to the east of Lake Rudolf is described. It includes parts of a femur, two tibiae, an ulna, two radii, a third metatarsal and several toe bones. There are also two teeth, an upper canine and an upper central incisor. A second new fossil hominid (KNM‐ER 164) is represented by a parietal fragment, two vertebrae and some hand bones. A third is represented by a massive left femur (KNM‐ER 999).

The specimens are described in anatomical detail, some are illustrated and selected measurements are given. It is concluded that they should be attributed to the genus Homo sp. indet. Detailed comparative studies will be published in due course.
Dermatoglyphics and flexion creases in the Lebanese population
Authors: Naffah Josette
Published: February 2006

A comparison of finger and palmar dermatoglyphics in eight representative samples of the Lebanese population totaling 480 individuals, males and females, showed fairly similar characteristics in spite of the religious isolation of these groups. As in other populations of the Near and the Middle East, finger patterns in Lebanon are particularized by a higher whorl frequency and lower loop and arch frequencies than in Western Caucasoid populations. Palmar features are similar, as a rule, to those of other Caucasoid populations. But some differences exist: a high frequency of absence of triradius c, an inversion of sexual distribution of the third interdigital patterns, and a predominance of D line termination at position 9, in one female group only. These peculiarities are found in some of the other populations of the Near and Middle East. They indicate perhaps an ancient Mongoloid influence that numerous historic invasions of the whole region make possible.

As far as available data allow comparisons, dermatoglyphics of the Middle East populations may be described as “Oriental Mediterranean.” Blood groups, like dermatoglyphics data, fit the geographic situation of Lebanon, lying at the cross‐roads of Europe, Asia and Africa.
Neandertal dental asymmetry and the probable mutation effect
Authors: Suarez Brian K.
Published: February 2006

The purpose of this paper is to show that if Brace's hypothesis concerning the role of random mutations in structural reduction (PME) is accepted for the sake of argument, then it cannot be used to explain hominid tooth size reduction since the Mousterian. Specifically it is shown that Brace's Hypothesis implies a smaller variance in dental asymmetry for Neandertal than modern man. Variance analysis reveals that, to the contrary, Neandertal dentitions are more variable than a large sample of modern man's. Finally it is shown that the sequence of dental asymmetry per tooth class is approximately the same in Neandertal as in modern man.
A long term trend in tooth size in the Eastern Mediterranean
Authors: LeBlanc Steven A. , Black Babette
Published: February 2006

Posterior occlusal tooth areas were measured for a sample of Greek and Turkish populations spanning a 8500 year period. Rates of reduction of 2% per 1000 years for maxillary teeth and 1% per 1000 years for the mandibulary teeth were found. These rates are shown to be greater than those for earlier populations from Western Europe.
Cerumen types in two Eskimo communities
Authors: Pawson Stella , Milan Frederick A.
Published: February 2006

Data on cerumen types were collected from two separate samples of Alaskan Eskimos. The observed frequency of the recessive dry allele further documents the existence of a genetic cline for earwax types in this region and world populations.
Mineral metabolism and microstructural defects in primate teeth
Authors: Molnar Stephen , Ward Steven C.
Published: February 2006

There are numerous structural defects that occur in primate teeth due to variable calcification during certain growth stages. These interruptions are usually areas of hypomineralization in enamel and dentin which are referred to as Striae of Retzius and Hunter Shreger bands in the enamel or Incremental Lines of von Ebner and Contour Lines of Owen in the case of the dentin. The frequency of occurrence of these variations in mineralization can be related to such factors as growth tempo, dietary quality, state of health, and past disease episodes. Another structure that appears in the dentin is a region that fails to calcify and is referred to as Inter‐globular Dentin.

Our studies have shown that the microstructural quality of different species' dentition varies widely. Samples obtained from certain free‐ranging cercopithecoids show that these species have the least hypomineralizations while man has the most. Other primate species range between these two extremes with the pongids nearer to man in these characteristics, as previously noted by Sognnaes. Additionally, our initial study shows a great deal of diversity between prehistoric human populations in the microstructural quality of their teeth. We offer the tentative explanation that this variation is due to differences in the calcifying properties of the diet and hence a difference in the general state of their health.
The sex difference in dimensional communalities in Macaca nemestrina
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Swindler Daris R. , Minnis Paul E.
Published: February 2006

Intra‐individual correlations for cranial, mandibular and dental measurements made on lateral skull radiographs of Macaca nemestrina were systematically higher in 30 adult females than in 31 adult males by an average of 0.11 to 0.15, depending upon method of computation. Clearly, for the adult pig‐tailed monkey as in Homo during both prenatal and postnatal life, developmental and dimensional communalities are systematically higher in the female indicating a general principle or trend.
Thickness of the normal skull in the American blacks and whites
Authors: Adeloye Adelola , Kattan Kenneth R. , Silverman Frederic N.
Published: February 2006

Normal skull thickness has been measured in a general hospital population of 300 blacks and 200 whites in America. In both groups, there is a rapid increase in skull thickness during the first two decades of life, followed by a small uniform increase reaching a peak in the fifth and sixth decades. The sex differences are variable, but in certain age groups the females in both races have significantly thicker parietal and occipital bones than their male counterpart. The frontal bone is thicker in the white male than in the black, and the parieto‐occipital thicker in the blacks than in the whites. Some suggestions are offered to explain the sex and racial differences noted.
The ischium and hip extensor mechanism in human evolution
Authors: McHenry Henry M.
Published: February 2006

Although it is commonly stated that the ischia of the late Pliocene–early Pleistocene hominid fossils are long and ape‐like, new interpretations show this view to be fallacious. An important new theory proposed by Robinson concludes that the gracile form of early hominid was an efficient biped, but the robust form was a less efficient biped and was adapted for tree climbing. Interpretation of the ischium is crucial to this idea. The present study shows that (1) the gracile and robust australopithecine ischia had similar relative lengths and (2) that the hamstring mechanism was probably very similar in the two forms of South African early hominid.
Genetic microdifferentiation in the Semai Senoi of Malaysia
Authors: Fix Alan G. , Lie‐Injo Luan Eng
Published: February 2006

Blood samples, demographic and cultural data were collected from seven settlements of Semai Senoi, a swidden farming ethnic group of Malaysia. Three genetic loci (ABO blood group, hereditary ovalocytosis, and hemoglobin) were analyzed in a total sample of 546 individuals. These data indicate a considerable degree of genetic microdifferentiation in this area of the Semai distribution. Parent‐offspring birthplace data (analyzed by means of a migration matrix) and settlement histories show that settlements are not strongly isolated. Genetic differences in the study area demonstrate a reasonable correspondence with migration and the history of the settlements. Genetic microdifferentiation among the Semai is due to recurrent founder effect. Genetic convergence also occurs through the addition of migrant groups to established populations leading to new patterns of marriage between donor and recipient groups. The genetic structure of the total Semai population through time thus comprises a mosaic of shifting allele frequencies in a series of semi‐isolated local populations.
Anatomical differences in the femur and tibia between Negroids and Caucasoids and their effects upon locomotion
Authors: Farrally M. R. , Moore W. J.
Published: February 2006

Nine variables of length, width and circumference of the femur and tibia were measured on post‐cranial remains of 28 Caucasoids and 45 Negroids. The distance from the point of tibial attachment of the patellar ligament to the head of the tibia (PLID) was also determined.

It was found that the Negroid has a significantly longer and narrower femur and tibia than the Caucasoid, although PLID did not vary between the two groups. Thus PLID, relative to the length of the tibia, was less in Negroids than Caucasoids.

A factor analysis was carried out in order to examine the relation between PLID and the other variables. It appeared that the same three factors governed the ten variables in both races. In Caucasoids, PLID did not load on either the “length” or “width” factors and appeared unique. In Negroids, PLID loaded on Factor III with two width measures, and this factor correlated positively with the “width” factor. It is suggested that in Caucasoids PLID does not relate to length or width dimensions of the leg but in Negroids it is related to width rather than length.
The Griqua of Campbell, Cape Province, South Africa
Authors: Nurse G. T. , Jenkins Trefor
Published: February 2006

The Griqua of Campbell in the Cape Province of South Africa are reputed to be descended from an amalgam of Khoi (“Hottentots”) with various Caucasoid, Negroid and East Asian elements at the Cape of Good Hope. A stormy history of migration and deprivation has left this small residuum on the edge of the Kalahari Desert. It was hoped that a sero‐genetic study of these people, who proudly preserve their identity, might provide further insights into the genetic constitution of their Khoi forebears. Despite the retention of a language of their own, and social mores distinct from those of other Mixed populations, they have been shown, however, to have received an appreciable inflow of non‐Khoisan genes. This has probably resulted from social factors such as the prestige attaching to Griqua membership and the willingness of the Griqua to assimilate outsiders, combined with the tendency of Campbell Griqua to migrate elsewhere. There are no significant differences between “Griqua” members of the population and those who are not recognized as “Griqua.”
Sequential changes in weight of the skeleton and in length of long limb bones of Macaca mulatta
Authors: Trotter Mildred , Hixon Barbara B. , Deaton Susan S.
Published: February 2006

In a collection of 274 monkeys (Macaca mulatta) the relative weight of the dry, fat‐free skeleton, expressed as a proportion of total body weight, increases significantly throughout the gestational period to approximately 6% with only random variation after birth.

The weight of the fetal skeleton increases exponentially with age. In the postnatal period the skeletal weight increases asymptotically to adulthood, which is considered to be 6.5 years of age. Equations for estimating skeletal weight are presented.

Of four subdivisions of the skeleton, the skull contributes the greatest proportion of total skeletal weight in the fetal stage with the proportion decreasing to adulthood. The contributions of the other subdivisions, postcranial axial, superior limb, and inferior limb, are nearly equal in the fetal stage, with that of only the inferior limb increasing to adulthood, when it makes up the greatest proportion of total skeletal weight.

Until the last third of the gestational period, the humerus is longer than the femur and the radius longer than the tibia. Thereafter, the inferior limbs grow at a faster rate than the superior limbs, resulting in an intermembral index of approximately 95% by birth and less than 90% by adulthood.
Anthropological studies among Libyans. Erythrocyte genetic factors, serum haptoglobin phenotypes and anthropometry
Authors: Kamel K. , Umar M. , Ibrahim W. , Mansour A. , Gaballah F. , Selim O. , Azim A. , Hamza S. , Sabry F. , Moafy N. , El‐Naggar A. , Hoerman K.
Published: February 2006

Anthropological studies were done on 1276 Libyans from the Mediterranean cities of Tripoli and Benghazi, and from Sabha southward in The Sahara. The incidences of hemoglobin (Hb)‐S and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G‐6‐PD) deficiency were low in the coastal areas and significantly high in Sabha. Hb‐C occurred sporadically in Tripoli and Sabha, and was absent from Benghazi in the east. One case of Hb‐J Benghazi was noted. There were no significant differences in the ABO blood group and Rh0 (D) type distributions in the three localities. G‐6‐PD gene GdA frequency was significantly high in Sabha. The lowest value of 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6‐PGD) gene PGDA frequency and highest value of the gene PGDC were in Sabha. Adenylate kinase (AK) gene AK2 was only detectable in Tripoli. Acid phosphatase (AP) gene Pa frequency in Sabha was more than twice that in Tripoli and Benghazi, while Pc was distinctly lower in Sabha than in the northern cities. Haptoglobin gene Hp1 frequency was almost identical in all areas. Anthropometric measurements revealed overall homogeneity of the three samples, closer similarity in the coastal region to adjacent North African populations, and Negroid influence in the Saharan Libyans. Anthropometry substantiated findings from blood markers.
The functional morphology of the cercopithecoid wrist and inferior radioulnar joints, and their bearing on some problems in the evolution of the Hominoidea
Authors: O'Connor Brian L.
Published: February 2006

The cercopithecoid wrist joint differs from the wrist joints of hominoids in several ways. The distal ulna, the distal radius, the pisiform, the triquetrum, the hamate, and the base of the fifth metacarpal are on the one hand remarkably alike among cercopithecoid genera, and on the other remarkably distinct from homologous bones in the Hominoidea.

Functionally, the triquetrum and the pisiform, in conjunction with the ulnar styloid process, check the proximal carpal row during ulnar deviation, and are possibly important in stabilizing the wrist during dorsiflexion as well. The head of the ulna almost certainly betokens a range of radioulnar supination in cercopithecoids that is substantially less than is to be found in any of the hominoid genera. The articulation between the hamate bone and the base of the fifth metacarpal allows for considerable dorsiflexion in the Cercopithecoidea; this potential was not evident in any of the hominoids examined.

Behaviorally, the cercopithecoid wrist can most profitably be viewed as an adaptation for a quadrupedal life style involving dorsiflexion of the wrist and palmigrade/digitigrade substrate contact. The hominoid wrist joint is not adapted for such a behavioral potential.
Demography and evolution of an urban ethnic community: Polish Hill, Pittsburgh
Authors: Crawford Michael H. , Goldstein Evelyn
Published: February 2006

Polish Hill is an urban, ethnic enclave of approximately 3000 residents residing in a 25‐block area of Pittsburgh. This paper documents changes in the fertility, morbidity, and mortality patterns in the community from the turn of the century to the present. The demographic reconstruction is based upon baptismal and marriage records, the administration of demographic proformae and population censuses. The high mortality, morbidity, and fertility variance suggest that the immigrant population has experienced a period of high opportunity for selection in the early 1900's and that Crow's index was gradually reduced to its present level.
Cephalometric roentgenography for nonhuman primates utilizing a surgically implanted head positioner
Authors: Van Ness Allan L. , Merrill O. Monte , Hansel James R.
Published: February 2006

Cephalometric roentgenography in nonhuman primates requires more precise head positioning than that afforded by commonly used ear rod techniques. A standard cephalometric headholder was therefore modified and a technique was developed to implant an attachment that would permit precise positioning of the head in all three planes of space. This method has been used in 36 animals, and at 35 months postsurgery the implants have remained stable and tissue compatibility is generally excellent. Roentgenograms obtained with this technique offer a high degree of accuracy in documenting growth changes and responses to orthodontic treatment.
Genetic differentiation among Sardinian villages
Authors: Workman P. L. , Lucarelli P. , Agostino R. , Scarabino R. , Scacchi R. , Carapella E. , Palmarino R. , Bottini E.
Published: February 2006

The present study reports an analysis of genetic differentiation among 14 Sardinian villages located mainly in the center of the island. Chisquare tests show significant genetic heterogeneity among villages, and analyses by F‐ and R‐ statistics indicate an essentially random pattern of differentiation for all alleles. Using the kinship methods of Morton, a matrix, R, with elements rij describing the correlations between the gene frequencies of villages i and j is obtained. Use of Malécot's formula relating the rij to the geographic distances between villages shows a rapid decline of kinship with increasing distance but reveals essentially no relationship for distances over 40 km. Rotation of a two‐dimensional reduction of the kinship matrix to maximum congruence with the geographic distances indicates that about 25% of the genetic distances can be accounted for by the geographic location of the villages. Isolation due in part to cultural factors, genetic drift, and special local or regional patterns of villages associations appear to be involved in the pattern of genetic variation.
Red cell acid phosphatase: Another polymorphism correlated with malaria?
Authors: Palmarino R. , Agostino R. , Gloria F. , Lucarelli P. , Businco L. , Antognoni G. , Maggioni G. , Workman P. L. , Bottini E.
Published: February 2006

The frequency of PC allele for acid phosphatase in fourteen Sardinian villages correlates positively with the altitude and negatively with past malarial morbidity and GdMed prevalence.

The susceptibility towards hemolytic favism in Sardinian males with G6PD deficiency is dependent on the erythrocyte acid phosphatase and thalassemia phenotypes. Thalassemia trait exerts a protective action only in subjects carrying PA allele for acid phosphatase.

The data suggest that the gradient for malaria morbidity directly or indirectly, through interactions with thalassemia and G6PD polymorphisms, mediated by the habit of eating Vecia faba, may have had a significant role in determining the heterogeneous distribution of acid phosphatase polymorphism in Sardinia. Besides malaria, other environmental factors related with altitude seem to have been very important in shaping the present pattern of distribution of both acid phosphatase and G6PD polymorphisms in Sardinia.
Do American born Japanese children still grow faster than native Japanese?
Authors: Kano K. , Chung C. S.
Published: February 2006

Growth patterns of Japanese schoolchildren in Hawaii, composed of 2,954 boys and 3,213 girls aged between 11 and 17, were compared with those comparable groups of Japanese schoolchildren in Japan based on the data published by the Japanese Ministry of Education. Growth characteristics studied were height, weight, and relative weight index, weight/(height)2. The Hawaii‐Japanese boys were taller at early ages but the difference disappeared by age 16. Native Japanese girls were shorter than Hawaii‐Japanese until age 13, but they overtook the latter by age 14, exceeding them in height after age 15. A similar pattern was found in weights of girls but the Hawaii‐Japanese boys remained consistently heavier by 5.0 to 9.0 kg than native Japanese. The relative weight measure indicated that the Hawaii boys were more “obese” than native Japanese boys for the growth period studied; whereas the same tendency was maintained until age 15 in girls. These observations indicate a marked degree of convergence of the patterns of physical growth of the two populations, whose differences were unmistakably in favor of American born children in earlier studies. It is concluded that the convergence is due largely to the improved environmental conditions in Japan in recent years.
Path analysis of palmar ridge counts
Authors: Sciulli Paul W. , Rao D. C.
Published: February 2006

The methods for path analysis of family resemblance (Rao et al., '74) are employed to test hypotheses concerning the inheritance of a‐b, b‐c and c‐d palmar ridge counts using the correlation data of Pateria ('74). Homogeneity chi‐square tests of the various familial correlations provide no evidence for sex‐linkage of either kind, and also suggest that maternal effects are absent. The path coefficient model employed here involves heritability (additive) and common sibling environment. Variance components show that both heritability and common environment are significant, and account for most of the variation at each of the three ridge count areas; b‐c has the highest heritability, significantly higher than that for a‐b or c‐d.
Fission‐fusion and lineal effect: Aspects of the population structure of the Semai Senoi of Malaysia
Authors: Fix Alan G.
Published: February 2006

Analysis of histories and genealogies from seven relatively un‐acculturated, swidden‐farming Semai settlements shows that the composition of local groups fluctuates through time. This instability is similar to a pattern which Neel and his colleagues have suggested is typical of primitive society, the fission‐fusion model. In addition, the individuals comprising Semai fission groups are kinsmen which implies that the number of independent genomes represented is markedly less than the number of individual migrants (the lineal effect). Fission groups may form new villages or fuse with an established settlement. In either case, the genetic effects of such migration are more pronounced than would be expected on the basis of founder effect or random migration.

Despite several conspicuous differences in social organization between the Semai and the South American Indians (e.g., bilateral vs. unilineal descent) whose population structure provided the empirical basis for the fission‐fusion, lineal effect model, the basic similarities are striking. The Semai case thus lends support to the proposition that this pattern may be of some generality in technologically primitive populations.
Knuckle walking by a baboon (Papio cynocephalus)
Authors: Hausfater Glenn
Published: February 2006

This paper describes the development of a knuckle walking mode of locomotion by a free‐living yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus). Some implications of this occurrence for theories of the evolution of knuckle walking are discussed.
Dental reduction and the probable mutation effect
Authors: Wolpoff Milford H.
Published: February 2006

A recent test of the probable mutation effect can be interpreted to suggest the operation of mutations under conditions of reduced selection in the late Pleistocene reduction of the human dentition.
Diarrheal diseases and growth retardation in preschool Guatemalan children
Authors: Martorell Reynaldo , Yarbrough Charles , Lechtig Aaron , Habicht Jean‐Pierre , Klein Robert E.
Published: February 2006

The relationship between diarrheal diseases and growth increments in total body length and weight was investigated in 716 rural Ladino Guatemalan children. Data on diarrheal diseases were provided by the mothers through retrospective surveys carried out at 14‐day intervals. Increments in length and weight, semestral from near birth to four years and yearly thence to seven, were related to days ill with diarrheal diseases during the same time interval. Because the data here reported were collected over a two year period, a child may have had information for more than one period. In total, 1,343 child periods were investigated. Days ill with diarrheal diseases were found to be significantly associated with reduced growth in length and weight. It was assumed that the average differences in growth by seven years of age between children in the present sample and children from well‐to‐do societies, are mainly a function of environmental differences and consequently, a measure of the extent of growth retardation. By expressing the growth retardation specifically associated with diarrheal diseases as a fraction of the above differences it was then estimated that around 10% of this growth retardation was associated with diarrheal diseases.
The identification and evaluation of measurement variability in the anthropometry of preschool children
Authors: Martorell Reynaldo , Habicht Jean‐Pierre , Yarbrough Charles , Guzmán Guillermo , Klein Robert E.
Published: February 2006

Measurement variability estimates for 18 different anthropometric dimensions were collected within the context of an ongoing longitudinal investigation of preschool Guatemalan children. Estimates of total measurement variance, intra‐observer variance, and short‐term intra‐subject variance are presented for each variable. A simple procedure for the evaluation of measurement variance in cross‐sectional and longitudinal investigations is described in which the total measurement variance is expressed as a percentage of the appropriate inter‐subject variance. This statistic serves as an index of the relative reproducibility of anthropometric variables.
Determination of cranial capacity in fossil men
Authors: Olivier G. , Tissier H.
Published: February 2006

The cranial capacity of a skull of unknown origin can be determined by assuming that the product of the chief dimensions corresponds to a part of the endocranial volume. We start with formulas for present day man and determine their validity for fossil man. The equivalence differs in fossil men according to their taxonomic position. This method is useful even for damaged skulls, with porion and basion missing.
Rethinking human pigmentation
Authors: Brues Alice M.
Published: February 2006

Though pigmentation has been of interest to anthropologists for a long time, its inheritance, and particularly the reasons for the incomplete correlation of skin, hair and eye, is poorly understood. It is suggested that this is largely due to a lack of genetically plausible hypotheses.

Taking into account racial and individual variation in pigment traits, and knowledge of pigmentation in other mammals, a minimum set of genetic factors for pigmentation in man is suggested. These include: (1) a set of polygenes affecting skin color only, (2) one locus for depigmentation of the eye, not affecting skin or hair, (3) one pleiotropic gene for reduction of pigment at all sites, and (4) one or more loci with multiple all eles producing blondness or rufosity of the hair in symmetrical patterns over the body.
The evolutionary significance of vitamin D, skin pigment, and ultraviolet light
Authors: Neer Robert M.
Published: February 2006

Vitamin D is essential for normal growth, calcium absorption, and skeletal development. Vitamin D deficiency can cause death, immobilization, or pelvic deformities which prevent normal childbirth. In the past these problems were extremely common in North America and Europe, and were only eliminated by adding vitamin D to food. Prior to that, variations in available vitamin D affected health, survival and reproductive efficiency sufficiently to have evolutionary significance.

Vitamin D is naturally present in few foods; most comes from the photo‐conversion of 7‐dehydrocholesterol in skin. The limiting factor in this conversion is the availability of ultraviolet light <310 nm. Seasonal and geographic variations in natural ultraviolet radiation cause parallel variations in blood vitamin D levels, intestinal calcium absorption, and clinical vitamin D deficiency. These physiological variations can be abolished by exposure to comparable artificial ultraviolet radiation, or by dietary vitamin D supplements.

Ultraviolet radiation < 310 nm is absorbed by skin pigment, but it also increases skin pigmentation. This has led to the hypothesis that skin pigment regulates skin vitamin D production. Little direct evidence exists to test this reasonable hypothesis, but necessary and sufficient conditions for establishing it can be outlined. Until this hypothesis is experimentally tested, it is impossible to evaluate the corollary hypothesis: that racial variations in the efficiency of cutaneous vitamin D production restricted the evolution of dark‐skinned peoples to tropical latitudes and thereby caused the geographic distribution of the races.
Iris pigmentation and photopic visual acuity: A preliminary study
Authors: Short Glenn B.
Published: February 2006

Visual acuity under varying conditions of light stress was tested in four human populations. It was found that the density of iris pigmentation had no significant effect on visual acuity under conditions of bright light. While some acclimatization to local light levels was observed, significant population differences in visual acuity were obtained. A hypothesis is advanced as to the adaptive value of varying densities of pigmentation of the iris based on the known heat absorption properties of melanin granules.
A quantitative and morphological study of the pigmentary system of the chimpanzee with the light and electron microscope
Authors: Post Peter W. , Szabó George , Keeling M. E.
Published: February 2006

The epidermal melanocyte system of the chimpanzee was studied by the combined skin‐splitting DOPA, and electron microscopic techniques. It is very similar to man. There are DOPA‐positive epidermal melanocytes in all body regions regardless of the degree of macroscopic skin pigmentation or hirsutism. Furthermore, as in man, but in contrast to rodents, chimpanzee skin contains a very high level of melanocytes in the epidermis; approximately 3,320 ± 350 per square millimeter skin.

Chimpanzee melanosomes are long, wide, and fully melanized. In keratinocytes, these organelles are individually dispersed in all body regions, regardless of the degree of skin color, as is true for other mammalian species with large melanosomes.
Metric variability in the anterior dentition of African colobines
Authors: Leutenegger Walter
Published: February 2006

The anterior dentition of three species of African colobines (Colobus polykomos, C. badius, and C. verus) was investigated metrically and the results analyzed for three characters: (1) intraspecific tooth size relations, (2) sexual dimorphism, and (3) interspecific relations. Based on incisor size sequences C. polykomos and C. badius appear to be more closely related to each other than either is to C. verus. However, incorporating the results of a previous study on postcanine dentition the three species appear to be equally closely related.

The magnitude of sexual dimorphism in canine size decreases from C. badius to C. verus to C. polykomos. Interspecific differences in the degree of canine size dimorphism may be attributed to differential intensities of male intrasexual selection; however, the interspecific differences in canine size dimorphism do not correspond to the interspecific differences in body size dimorphism.
Functional relationships between dental attrition and the helicoidal plane
Authors: Hall Roberta L.
Published: February 2006

Several quantitative techniques were used to describe and analyze the development of the helicoidal curve of the dentition in a pre‐contact sample of 326 native Indians from British Columbia. Results were compared with studies of occlusal patterns in other populations, and anatomical‐functional features of the helicoidal pattern were abstracted and generalized. The features that define the helicoidal pattern were found to develop with attrition. The pattern itself, and the complex which produces it, probably have been selected for because they produce an occlusion with an efficient cutting edge and a total complex that provides maximum resistance to the masticatory forces. Studies focusing on the developmental nature of occlusal patterns in early hominid populations would be beneficial in developing a model of the evolution of the helicoidal pattern in modern man.
Early hominid body weight and encephalization
Authors: McHenry Henry M.
Published: February 2006

The body weight of the Plio‐Pleistocene hominids of Africa is estimated by predicting equations derived from the Terry Collection of human skeletons with known body weights. About 50% of the variance in body weight can be accounted for by vertebral and femoral size. Predicted early hominid weights range from 27.6 kg (61 lb) to 54.3 kg (119 lb). The average weight for Australopithecus is 43.2 kg (95 lb) and for Homo sp. indet. from East Rudolf, Kenya, is 52.8 kg (116 lb). These estimates are consistent even if pongid proportions are assumed. Indices of encephalization show that the brain to body weight ratio in Australopithecus is above the great ape averages but well below Homo sapiens. The Homo sp. indet. represented by the KNM‐ER 1470, O.H. 7 and O.H. 13 crania have encephalization indices above Australopithecus despite the greater body weight of the former.
The pubic scars of gestation and parturition in a group of pre‐Columbian and colonial Peruvian mummies
Authors: Ashworth Joel Thomas , Allison Marvin Jerome , Gerszten Enrique , Pezzia Alejandro
Published: February 2006

The pubic scars of pregnancy and parturition as reported in the anthropological literature are a variant of the recognized clinical entity, osteitis pubis. The os pubis from 86 pre‐Columbian and colonial Peruvian mummies were examined for this entity. Osteitis pubis was found in 13 pre‐Columbian females (72.3%) and 19 colonial Indians (57.6%). Four of the colonial women were buried with newborn children and one had a four‐month‐old fetus in utero. This type of study has application in paleopathology and forensic medicine to show possible frequency of pregnancy in a population, but must be refined and quantitated to achieve any more than this. This study is of further interest as it demonstrates that racial groups have apparently a wide difference in frequency of this particular lesion of the pubic symphysis, a matter for further investigation.
Differences in terrestrial velocity in Macaca and Presbytis
Authors: Grand Theodore I.
Published: February 2006

Over 150 sequences of terrestrial movement were timed and measured in the toque macaque, the gray langur, and the purple‐faced langur to determine the relation between velocity, gait, and psychosocial context. Species differences were found in mean velocity, “favored” gait, and surface preference. All three species used the walk and the gallop at the slowest and fastest speeds respectively. The macaques and gray langurs walked frequently, but the purple‐faced langurs were never seen to do so. At intermediate speeds, the macaques used either the “fast” walk or the “slow” gallop, whereas the gray langurs used irregular patterns of walk‐gallop‐walk‐gallop. The purple‐faced langurs were faster (about 20 fps) and less variable than the other species, regardless of distance. These data suggest that motor expression varies among the Cercopithecoid monkeys: the correlation between locomotion and anatomy is not as close as it is among wholly terrestrial or arboreal forms; slowness in the macaque is an expression of social confidence, not of biomechanical inability; high speed in the purple‐faced langur is due to psychosocial factors rather than to “terrestrial” adaptability.
The inheritance of bilateral rotation of maxillary central incisors
Authors: Escobar Victor , Melnick Michael , Conneally P. Michael
Published: February 2006

Wing‐like appearance is a term identifying mesiopalatal torsion of upper permanent central incisors. Previous studies have shown that the trait is more frequent in Amerind populations than in Caucasoids and pointed to a genetic cause. The purpose of this study is to establish the hereditary mechanism involved in the transmission of this trait. The population studied is an Indian community (Queckchi) of the municipality of St. Maria Cahabon, Guatemala. The group examined consists of 1,080 individuals, 752 (69.63%) classified as Indians and 328 (30.37%) as non‐Indians. From this sample 37 index cases were identified and their families studied in detail. Six phenotypic variants were observed (left, right and bilateral mesiolabial and mesiolingual torsion). Sex ratio among affecteds is 45% female, 55% male, Pedigree study supports an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance with 84% penetrance and variable expressivity. Segregation analysis using the maximum likelihood method of Morton yields an estimate of p (the segregation frequency) of 0.42 which rules out recessive inheritance. To rule out a sex‐linked gene, a χ2 test on offspring of normal females married to affected males is not significant (χ2 = 0.008). The gene frequency in the Indian and non‐Indian groups is pi = 0.1 and pn = 0.08 respectively. The lack of racial differences is thought to be due to racial admixture.
Dermatoglyphics of Apache and Navajo Indians
Authors: Flickinger Grace Mary , Yarbrough Karen M.
Published: February 2006

The Apaches and Navajos, both members of the Athapascan Family, have lived in the Southwest for several hundred years. Finger and palmar dermatoglyphics were collected from 94 Apaches and 102 Navajos. Both tribes exhibited characteristics similar to those generally reported for American Indians, such as, high whorl frequencies, high total ridge counts, longitudinal alignment of main lines, and high frequencies of absent C lines. Absence of significant intertribal differences indicates close genetic relationship between these tribes.
Translocation of Y chromosome to an autosome in the Bolivian owl monkey, Aotus
Authors: Ma N. S. F. , Elliott M. W. , Morgan L. , Miller A. , Jones T. C.
Published: February 2006

Karyotypic study of a population sample of twenty‐one owl monkeys, Aotus, originating from Bolivia, revealed two sex‐specific somatic diploid chromosome numbers: 49 for males and 50 for females. The presence of a trivalent in male meiotic figures and the identification of chromosomes by band pattern analysis confirmed the interpretation of a Y‐autosome translocation in the males.
Prenatal origins of carpal fusions
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Burdi Alphonse R. , Babler William J.
Published: February 2006

As shown in 138 embryos and fetuses in the 40–285 mm crownrump length range, carpal and carpal‐metacarpal “fusions” arise from incomplete separation of the cartilaginous precursors rather than from failure of initiation, thus accounting for the “fusions” seen in postnatal radiographs and the grooves that are evident enough in adult fusions. Radiographs selected from over 20,000 apparently normal individuals provide postnatal counterparts for the prenatal examples shown in histological sections.
Paradoxical bilateral asymmetry in bone size and bone mass in the hand
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Mayor Gilbert H. , Shaw Helen A.
Published: February 2006

Among 227 chronic renal disease patients, micrometer caliper radiogrammetric measurements of the second metacarpal at midshaft showed the right metacarpal to be larger (with greater bone area) and with a greater cortical area than the left second metacarpal, both in 208 right‐handed individuals and in 19 left‐handed individuals. This direction of asymmetry was individually characteristic of the majority of individuals, whether right‐handed, left‐handed or ambidextrous.
A study of nine polymorphic systems in the population of the Po Delta
Authors: Lucarelli P. , Corbo R. M. , Scacchi R. , Palmarino R. , Salsini G. , Cristofori G. , Osti L. , Menini C. , Vullo C. , Bottini E.
Published: February 2006

The present work reports a study of nine genetic polymorphic systems in the area of the Po Delta where malaria was endemic since the XIV century. Our data confirm some characteristics of this population already reported by other authors such as the high prevalence of thalassemia, the low prevalence of the rh (d) gene and the presence of G‐6‐PD deficiency. Among the other systems studied, i.e., AP, PGM1 ADA and AK, only AP frequencies of Po Delta population are significantly different from those of other continental Italian populations, the PC allele showing the lowest frequency so far observed.