bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Oxygen Concentration on the Growth of Juvenile Largemouth Bass
Authors: Stewart Nelson E. , Shumway Dean L. , Doudoroff Peter
Published: April 2011

Experiments are reported on the influence of nearly constant dissolved oxygen concentrations, both below and above the air-saturation level, and of wide diurnal fluctuations of oxygen concentration on the appetite, growth, and food conversion efficiency of juvenile largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides (Lacépède). The experimental apparatus used was designed to provide constant flows of water at 26 C and with controlled oxygen content through 12-gal (45-liter) bottles each containing 10 test fish. The fish were fed unrestricted rations of small, live earthworms throughout the six experiments, whose duration was usually 15 days.The growth rates and food consumption rates of the bass increased markedly with increase of the constant oxygen concentrations to levels near the air-saturation level, and declined with further increase of oxygen concentrations. Gross food conversion efficiencies were considerably reduced only at concentrations well below 4 mg/liter.The growth of bass subjected alternately to low and higher oxygen concentrations for either equal or unequal portions of each 24-hr day was markedly impaired. It was almost always less than that which presumably would have occurred had the fish been held at a constant concentration equal to the mean, either arithmetic or geometric, of the higher and lower concentrations to which the fish had been exposed.
Ekman Transport and Zooplankton Concentration in the North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Wickett W. Percy
Published: April 2011

Annual concentrations of zooplankton off California varied directly, and concentrations in the western Bering Sea varied indirectly with calculated southerly components of Ekman transport in the previous year at 50°N,140°W. This point is in the area in which surface subarctic water and the deeper currents divide north and south. The underlying geostrophic flow requires approximately 1 year to reach each downstream sampling area. Summer concentrations of zooplankton at Ocean Station P, 50°N,145°W, varied with southerly and westerly components at 50°N,160°W during the previous winter. Fifty to sixty per cent of the variance of the annual concentration in zooplankton appears to be due to advection of surface water.
Rapid Germination of Clostridium botulinum Type E Spores
Authors: Strasdine G. A.
Published: April 2011

Spores of Clostridium botulinum type E germinated rapidly under suitably defined conditions of pH, temperature, and nutrient concentration. The influence of these factors on the rate of germination is presented graphically on the basis of germination proceeding according to a first-order kinetic equation. The effect of agents associated with food preservation on the germination rate demonstrates the value of a rapid germination technique for screening inhibitors of spore germination and outgrowth. The kinetic data are discussed on the basis of the current knowledge of spore activation.
Seasonal Changes in General Condition and Lipid Content of Cod from Inshore Waters
Authors: Jangaard P. M. , Brockerhoff H. , Burgher R. D. , Hoyle R. J.
Published: April 2011

The seasonal variations in lipid content and general "condition" of cod, Gadus morhua L., from an inshore population have been determined.Four female and four male fish were chosen from 20 live cod brought in monthly from Terence Bay, Halifax County, Nova Scotia, the fish were pooled and the lipid content determined on the flesh, livers, and gonads. The flesh lipids varied from 0.57% to 0.74% and the oil content of the livers from 15% to 75%.The general "condition" of the fish as expressed by [Formula: see text], the liver condition by [Formula: see text], and the fat content of the liver all showed seasonal variation with maxima in the fall and minima in the spring. KF varied from 0.79 to 1.05 and KL from 1.0 to 4.5. No seasonal variation in the amount of flesh lipids could be detected.
Heterogeneity of Surf Smelt, Hypomesus pretiosus (Girard), in the State of Washington, as Judged by Incidence of Larval Anisakis (Nematoda)
Authors: Kilambi Raj V. , DeLacy Allan C.
Published: April 2011

Spawning populations of surf smelt, Hypomesus pretiosus (Girard), from three distinct localities on the coast of Washington State revealed different levels of infestation by larval nematodes, genus Anisakis, in 1962. There was high incidence of the parasite among smelt from the outer coast; in contrast, incidence was low in one of the populations examined from two localities within Puget Sound, and the other was unparasitized. On the basis of the incidence of the parasite, inferences were drawn concerning the distribution, movements, and admixture of the three populations.
Studies on Effects of Forest Sprayings with Insecticides, 1952–63, on Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates in New Brunswick Streams: Introduction and Summary
Authors: Kerswill C. J.
Published: April 2011

This introduces a series of papers on fisheries studies associated with operational and experimental forest spraying, mainly with DDT-in-oil insecticide. It outlines: (a) the history of the spray program developed to counteract an outbreak of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) in New Brunswick; (b) administrative arrangements for developing and coordinating a reasonable research and management program concerning the affected fisheries, mainly for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar); (c) highlights of field and laboratory studies on effects of insecticide sprayings on caged young salmon and trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), on aquatic insect production, on feeding habits of native young salmon, and on population levels of young salmon.
Histopathology of "Gas-Bubble" Disease in Salmon Fingerlings
Authors: Pauley Gilbert B. , Nakatani Roy E.
Published: April 2011

Chinook salmon fingerlings were diagnosed as having "gas-bubble" disease. Gross symptoms were similar to those described by other investigators. The histopathology associated with this disease has not been previously reported. The following 10 tissues and organs were examined: gills, liver, spleen, heart, kidney, intestine, stomach, roof of the mouth, skin, and muscle. All exhibited histopathological changes with the exception of the hearts and stomachs, which did not differ from the control fish. The most striking pathological changes occurred in the roof of the mouth of all fish examined.
A Plankton Sampler for Oyster Larvae
Authors: Quayle D. B. , Terhune L. D. B.
Published: April 2011

not available
Phenotypic Characteristics of Rainbow Trout in the Great Lakes
Authors: Bidgood B. F. , Berst A. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
Triaenophorus crassus Plerocereoids in Sockeye Salmon Smolts from the Kvichak River System, Alaska
Authors: Margolis L.
Published: April 2011

not available
Preservation of Raw Material for Fish Protein Concentrate with Isopropyl Alcohol
Authors: Guttmann A. , Dambergs N. , Jangaard P. M.
Published: April 2011

not available
A Continuous Size Spectrum for Particulate Matter in the Sea
Authors: Sheldon R. W. , Parsons T. R.
Published: April 2011

The size spectrum of particulate material in seawater can easily be expressed as total particle volume versus the logarithm of particle diameter. This appears to be the most informative way to present the data and it is also aptly suited to the classical divisions of nanno-, micro-, and macroplankton.A realistic measure of the volume of irregularly shaped particles such as phytoplankton chains could be made with a Coulter Counter. Particle volume measurements were in good agreement with estimates based on microscopic determination of particle diameter. There were also highly significant correlations between total particle volume, as indicated by the counter, and particulate carbon and nitrogen.
Fatty Acid Composition of Some Marine Animals from Various Depths
Authors: Lewis R. W.
Published: April 2011

The fatty acid composition of 20 species of marine animals, primarily fishes and crustaceans, was determined by gas–liquid chromatography. The species came from various depths down to 4400 m. The results showed that the medium-chain saturated and the long-chain polyunsaturated acids decreased with increasing depth, while oleic acid increased. It was thought that this indicated the presence of large amounts of wax esters. A benthic, mud-feeding holothurian Scoloplanes theeli was shown to have a fatty acid composition markedly different from that of pelagic species. This was attributed in part to the bacterial components of its diet.
Relationship Between Shell-Weight and Age in Certain Molluscs
Authors: Sheldon R.W.
Published: April 2011

not available
Toxicities of Two Insecticides to Young Coho Salmon
Authors: Velsen F. P. J. , Alderdice D. F.
Published: April 2011

not available
Binding of Oil in Canned Salmon
Authors: Bilinski E. , Clement P.
Published: April 2011

Sockeye salmon were canned after various periods of cold storage. The volume of oil separated from the drained liquor of the can ("drained free oil") was essentially the same whether the determinations were made 1–4 weeks after canning or 10 months later. It amounted to 2.1–2.5 ml/100 g canned product in fish stored for 1–3 days on ice and decreased to 1.0–1.3 ml/100 g in fish stored for 10 days on ice or 3–10 days in refrigerated, salt-fortified seawater at 25 F. The oil separated by centrifugation (600 g, 60 min) of an aqueous suspension of canned salmon amounted to 65–70% of the total lipid and under these conditions of measurement no differences related to storage history could be detected. After centrifugation (approx 600 g, 60 min) of intact cans (i.e. cans containing salmon), the drained free oil content of cans having a low content when measured without prior centrifugation was equal to that of cans of high drained free oil content without centrifugation. It is suggested that oil binding in canned salmon is physical rather than chemical and might be related to protein denaturation during cold storage, resulting in formation of a more fibrous texture, which may be less favorable for the release of oil from the tissue during canning.
Rostherne Mere, England, A Further Instance of Guanotrophy
Authors: Brinkhurst Ralph O. , Walsh Brenda
Published: April 2011

Rostherne Mere, Cheshire, England, is a small lake with a maximum depth of about 30 m. It is a normal dimictic eutrophic lake with a diverse benthic fauna, but the sediments of the deepest part of the lake are permanently deoxygenated and are devoid of organisms other than copepods, probably in a dormant state. In the absence of any significant organic pollution from human sources, this condition is attributed to the deposition of faeces from the very large bird population on the lake, both resident and transitory.
Avoidance of Low Salinity by Newly Hatched Lobster Larvae
Authors: Scarratt D. J. , Raine G. E.
Published: April 2011

not available
Morphological Comparisons of Three Populations of the Lake Char, Cristivomer namaycush, from Ontario and Manitoba
Authors: Qadri S. U.
Published: April 2011

not available
Freeze-Drying for Determining Total Solids in Shellfish
Authors: Shaw William K. , Tubiash Haskell S. , Barker Allan M.
Published: April 2011

not available
Exotic Species of Earthworms in British Columbia Eaten by Coho Salmon
Authors: Wickett W. Percy
Published: April 2011

not available
Influence of Starvation on Selected Temperature of some Salmonids
Authors: Javaid M. Yaqub , Anderson John M.
Published: April 2011

Starvation-induced changes were observed in the selected temperature of some under-yearling salmonids. In Atlantic salmon an upwards shift occurred within 24–28 hr after cessation of feeding. In brook trout and rainbow trout a downwards shift occurred within 24 hr after cessation of feeding. Brook trout showed an initial overshoot. These changes were maintained more or less constantly throughout the starvation period which lasted from 15 to 22 days. In all cases the selected temperature had returned to its pre-starvation value within 24 hr after resumption of feeding.
Anesthetic and Surgical Techniques for Pacific Salmon
Authors: Smith L. S. , Bell G. R.
Published: April 2011

An operating table and associated anesthetizing system for salmonids are described in detail. Techniques for vascular and urinary cannulation and sampling are also described along with comments on the use of physiological salines and anticoagulants. Utilization of these techniques and apparatus can make fish as convenient and useful an experimental animal as the laboratory rat.
Anomalous Record of a California Sea Lion, Zalophus californianus, from Newfoundland
Authors: Mercer M. C.
Published: April 2011

not available
Extraction and Some Properties of Adenosine 5′-Monophosphate Aminohydrolase from Prerigor and Postrigor Muscle of Cod
Authors: Dingle J. R. , Hines J. A.
Published: April 2011

Adenosine 5′-monophosphate aminohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.6) activity of prerigor cod muscle could be extracted with water or 0.02 M succinate buffer in about 90% yield, but 0.02 M KCl gave a low yield. With postrigor muscle, the enzyme tended to be associated with the fibrillar protein fractions. The activity of the unpurified enzyme, measured by a pH-stat, showed a maximum at pH 7.0 in 0.02 M succinate, and about pH 6.6 in 0.1 M KCl. At pH 7.0, activities were maximal and approximately equal in 0.1 M KCl, 0.1 M NaCl, and 0.04 M potassium succinate. Phosphate buffer inhibited the reaction under certain conditions. The enzyme was sensitive to glass and other surfaces, and this seemed to be responsible for loss of activity during dialysis. The activation energy was 10 kcal per mole and the Michaelis–Menten constant was 1.4 × 10−3moles per litre.
Movements of Brook Trout in Relation to an Artificial Pond on a Small Stream
Authors: Smith M. W. , Saunders J. W.
Published: April 2011

A 20-year study showed that forming a pond near the mouth of Ellerslie Brook, Prince Edward Island, did not change the seasonal pattern of brook trout movements between fresh- and salt water. Delay in movements of trout through the pond and a tidal pool below the dam resulted in heavy natural and angling mortalities in those areas. Movements between fresh- and salt water were almost eliminated. Natural seeding of stream above pond was not demonstrably affected.
Aporocotyle margolisi n.sp. (Digenea: Aporocotylidae) from Merluccius productus
Authors: Smith John W.
Published: April 2011

Aporocotyle margolisi n.sp., from the bulbus arteriosus of Merluccius productus (Ayres) caught off Vancouver Island, is described and figured. Records of Aporocotyle from other hosts are discussed.
The Pituitary Gland of the Sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) During Sexual Maturation and Spawning
Authors: Overbeeke A. P. van , McBride J. R.
Published: April 2011

This communication presents the results of a study of the pituitaries of 150 sockeye salmon in various stages of sexual maturation from the time they entered freshwater till after completion of spawning. In the homologue of the adenohypophysis, nine different cell types were distinguished. On the basis of changes in tinctorial and histochemical properties and relative proportions of each of these cells, it was concluded that the sockeye pituitary contains six different hormone-producing cell types. One of these probably possesses a gonadotrophic function. Degenerative phenomena in the pituitary were found in the sexually ripe and the spent salmon, but only to a limited extent. The implications of the changes in the occurrence of the six different cell types and the degenerative alterations are discussed in relation to gonad development and the death after spawning.
Comparative Effects of a Lampricide and of Anoxia on the Sea Lamprey
Authors: Agris Paul F.
Published: April 2011

not available
Parasites of Freshwater Fishes (Salmonidae and Coregonidae) of Insular Newfoundland
Authors: Sandeman I. M. , Pippy J. H. C.
Published: April 2011

A survey was made of the parasites of freshwater game fishes in Insular Newfoundland. A total of 304 fish from five species (Salvelinus fontinalis, Salmo salar (grilse, landlocked, parr, smolt), Salmo gairdneri, Salmo trutta, and Coregonus clupeaformis) was examined from 43 sampling stations covering the main watersheds of the island. Twenty-six parasitic species are recorded. Two new species, Phyllodistomum limnosa and Salmincola exsanguinata, are described. Descriptions are given and the systematic positions of the following discussed: Trichophrya piscium, Crepidostomum farionis, Apophallus brevis (metacercariae), Dibothriocephalus sp., Echinorhynchus lateralis, Metabronema salvelini, Philonema agubernaculum, Salmincola salmonea, and Argulus canadensis. A host–parasite list with percentage infections is given for all species of fish and a table showing the distribution between river and lake fish over the island as a whole is given for the commoner parasites of S. fontinalis. Distribution and host specificity are discussed.
A Hydroid Epizoic on Myctophid Fishes
Authors: McCormick J. Michael , Laurs R. Michael , McCauley James E.
Published: April 2011

not available
A Preliminary Study of Chromosomes of Two Species of Oysters (Ostrea lurida and Crassostrea gigas)
Authors: Ahmed Muzammil , Sparks Albert K.
Published: April 2011

A diploid chromosome number of 20 (n = 10) was found for each of the native oyster Ostrea lurida, and the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The diploid complements of the native oyster were normal but in the Pacific oyster atypical numbers, polyploid nuclei, and abnormal cleavage was observed in some somatic metaphase plates. The diplotene meiotic bivalents of the native oyster resembled lampbrush chromosomes.
Fecundity and Length–Weight Relationship in Lingcod
Authors: Hart J. L.
Published: April 2011

not available
Nucleotide Degradation and Organoleptic Quality in Fresh and Thawed Mackerel Muscle Held at and above Ice Temperature
Authors: Fraser Doris I. , Pitts Dianne P. , Dyer W. J.
Published: April 2011

In mackerel, by the time of initial sampling, adenine nucleotides had been deaminated to inosine monophosphate (IMP) in the ordinary muscle; in the red muscle the degradative sequence was even more advanced, as indicated by high initial levels of inosine. Postmortem rates of degradation of IMP to hypoxanthine through inosine were similar in both types of muscle; at ice temperature the rates were slower than in cod but faster than in swordfish. A delay in icing of 6–8 hr after catching accelerated the gradual decline in eating quality with replacement of the characteristic fresh mackerel flavor by tastelessness. IMP dephosphorylation paralleled development of tastelessness, and spoilage (organoleptic) had developed prior to accumulation of appreciable amounts of hypoxanthine. At higher temperatures, 5–20 C, rates of IMP dephosphorylation, hypoxanthine accumulation, and quality loss were markedly increased. Thawing did not influence subsequent deterioration rates, but ascorbic acid dips delayed darkening of the flesh in the thawed samples.Excellent correlation of taste with both IMP and hypoxanthine content, and with various simple measures of IMP dephosphorylation, was obtained under the various handling conditions investigated, including delayed icing, holding at elevated temperatures, and after thawing. The simple tests — ultraviolet absorption at 248 mμ of a Dowex treated perchloric acid extract, and ratio of ultraviolet absorption of extracts at 251 mμ after Dowex treatment to that before treatment — proved as good indices of progressive quality loss to the unacceptability level as the more complex estimation of IMP or hypoxanthine.
Effect of Stage of Rigor and of Freezing–Thawing Processes On Storage Quality of Refrozen Cod
Authors: Peters J. A. , Slavin J. W. , Lane J. P. , MacCallum W. A. , Laishley E. J. , Dyer W. J. , Idler D. R. , Fraser D. I.
Published: April 2011

Trawler-caught cod were frozen before and after rigor mortis in brine (23% NaCI) and between refrigerated plates, thawed in circulating water at 7 C or in a conveyorized microwave oven, then processed into fillets which were packaged, plate-frozen, and stored at −18 C.All samples thawed satisfactorily in circulating water. Some overheating was encountered during thawing in microwaves. But the equipment was not developed sufficiently to permit assessment of the commercial potential of microwave thawing.Examinations of the fillets from the thawed fish for appearance, odor, and texture showed that freezing pre-rigor is preferable to freezing post-rigor and that thawing by means of microwaves is preferable to thawing by means of water. Freezing or thawing methods did not affect the pH of the thawed fillets.Results of organoleptic and chemical tests to determine the changes in quality of the refrozen fillets packaged and stored at −18 C for 12 months indicated that neither the average taste panel scores nor the chemical tests for moisture, total lipid, free fatty acids, and extractable protein nitrogen showed any difference attributable to state of rigor, freezing method, or thawing method. The taste panel slightly preferred the texture of fillets from fish frozen pre-rigor and from fish frozen in brine. Free fatty acids increased sharply as a result of thawing and refreezing, and the rapid increase continued during the first 2 months of frozen storage. Taste panel scores correlated significantly with free fatty acids (1% level) and with extractable protein (5% level).
Growth and Spore Production of Clostridium botulinum Type E in Chemically Defined Media
Authors: Strasdine G. A. , Melville Joanne
Published: April 2011

A chemically defined medium is described for the growth and spore production of Clostridium botulinum type E, strain Minnesota. With the exception of valine, omitting any amino acid or vitamin did not prevent growth, although marked changes in morphology or reduced growth were usually evident. Choline was shown to be an essential factor in promoting cell division and was capable of exerting this action after maximum growth was attained. Spore development in the medium was markedly influenced by the source of available carbon and ranged from complete sporulation of cultures grown on maltose and glucose to complete inhibition with galactose.
Marine Mortality Schedules of Pink Salmon of the Bella Coola River, Central British Columbia
Authors: Parker Robert R.
Published: April 2011

The hypothesis that natural mortality rates of pink salmon during early life are generally much larger than during the later period has been tested for 3 brood-years of the Bella Coola River stock using a two-stage marking technique. Average daily losses to the population during the first 40 days are estimated to vary between 2 and 4%, and for the later 410-day period between 0.4 and 0.8%. These rates produce losses amounting to between 59 and 77% of the initial population during the first 40 days. Of the population surviving at 40 days, further losses of between 78 and 95% occurred. The latter losses are considered to be maximum estimates because of bias introduced by catches of unknown magnitude. Thus, although the early mortality is exceeded by the later, the time period is approximately 10 times as long, and the intensity of the mortality rate is much higher during early sea life.
Early Larvae of the Canary Rockfish, Sebastodes pinniger
Authors: Waldron Kenneth D.
Published: April 2011

not available
A Method of Obtaining Permanent Dry Mounted Chromosome Preparations from Teleost Fish
Authors: Stewart Kenneth W. , Levin Catherine B.
Published: April 2011

not available
Angler Harvest and Mortality of Esox masquinongy in Pigeon and Sturgeon Lakes, Ontario
Authors: Spangler George R.
Published: April 2011

In 1961 a creel census was begun on Pigeon Lake in south-central Ontario to assess the contribution to the fishery of maskinonge transplanted from nearby Nogies Creek Fish Sanctuary. A correction being made for a tag loss of 58%, it was estimated that 30% of the transplanted fish had appeared in the anglers' catch. The mean catch of maskinonge from Pigeon Lake for the seasons of 1961–65 was estimated to be 1318 fish per year. About 4% of the annual catch from Pigeon Lake was attributed directly to fish transplanted from Nogies Creek.From a catch curve the rate of total mortality of Pigeon Lake maskinonge age V or older was estimated to be 43% per year. Partitioning this into mortality due to fishing and mortality from other causes yielded estimates of 24.5% for each of these components.
Relation of Pure Tone Thresholds to Background Noise Level in the Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua)
Authors: Buerkle Udo
Published: April 2011

A conditioning procedure was used to determine auditory thresholds of cod at frequencies 35.3, 70.7, 141, 283, and 400 Hz at four levels of background noise. The noise was produced in octave bands centered at the test frequencies, and ranged in level from −14 db to +4 db (re 1 microbar). Up to 283 Hz thresholds varied directly with background noise, and signal-to-noise levels at thresholds remained approximately the same at all background noise levels for each frequency. Thresholds at 400 Hz were much higher and showed no relationship to noise. Mean signal-to-noise levels are calculated.
Feeding of Some Great Lakes Fishes at Low Temperatures
Authors: Keast Allen
Published: April 2011

Field studies on low temperature feeding in freshwater fishes were carried out as follows: (1) Fish Lake, near Picton, Ontario, January–March 1966 and 1967, 1200 fish netted from under the ice at a temperature of 4 C; (2) Little Cataraqui Creek near Collins Bay, April 1966, groups of fish (total, 544 individuals) netted at intervals of several days as the water temperature rose from 6.8 to 11 C; (3) Upper Jones Creek, near Mallorytown, two extensive collections (total, 1005 individuals) made between April 27 and 30, 1966 (at a water temperature of 8 C), and May 15 and 17 (15 C). The following findings resulted.Some members of all six species in Fish Lake contained food but the percentage varied from 50% in Umbra limi down to 10% in Fundulus diaphanus. Hence feeding was erratic. Within species the smaller individuals invariably contained more food (0.005–0.02 g of alimentary contents per gram body weight) than larger fish (0.002–0.005). The same was true of smaller, as compared with larger, bodied species, with the exception of F. diaphanus.After the thaw in Little Cataraqui Creek active feeding commenced at different temperatures in the various species: it was already under way at 6.5 C (when the study started) in Ictalurus nebulosus and Pomoxis nigromaculatus, but did not start in Lepomis gibbosus and Ambloplites rupestris until the water temperature reached 8.5 C. Prior to this the stomachs of species were shrunken, mucous-filled, and drawn far forward in the body cavity. Few Perca flavescens, active winter feeders, fed in April, immediately prior to spawning.In most of the Jones Creek fishes there was a marked increase in weight of alimentary contents (gram per gram body weight) between 8 and 15 C. Exceptions were the larger Semotilus atromaculatus, which were than spawning, and U. limi and Eucalia inconstans, which were sampled before their peak daily feeding times. To the differences in weights of alimentary contents at 8 and 15 C must be added accelerated digestion rates at 15 C.In all the waterways studied the fish consumed a much smaller range of prey items at low temperatures than at higher ones. This applied in midwinter, compared with summer, in Fish Lake, and in April and October, compared with summer, in Jones Creek. A few foods, e.g. chironomid larvae and Cladocera, were especially prominent in the diet at low temperatures, and species food specializations were suppressed. There was probably not, however, any increase in interspecific competition at temperatures approaching zero, because of the relatively low metabolic requirements of the fish.
Uptake of Sodium and Phosphorus, and Weight Changes in Prerigor Cod Muscle Dipped in Sodium Tripolyphosphate Solutions
Authors: Sutton A. H. , Ogilvie J. M.
Published: April 2011

The uptake of sodium and phosphorus and weight changes in small samples (ca. 10 g) of prerigor cod (Gadus morhua) muscle dipped in sodium tripolyphosphate (Na5P3O10 6H2O) solutions have been measured. These parameters were studied as a function of solution concentration for a constant dipping time of 2 min. The uptake of solution and quantity of drip produced on thawing decreased between 0 and 7 hr postmortem, partly compensating one another leaving the final muscle weights the same for the two periods. Calculations show that the additional sodium and phosphorus in the muscle after dipping and after freezing and thawing to be in the same ratio as that in solution, indicating that the Na5P3O10 molecule remains intact during processing under the conditions used here. About 260 moles of water per mole of Na5P3O10 are retained in the muscle after freezing and thawing.
Aeromonas sp. Infection in Great Lakes Lampreys
Authors: McDermott L. A.
Published: April 2011

not available
Oxygen Consumption of the Spider Crab (Chionoecetes opilio) and the American Lobster (Homarus americanus) at a Low Temperature
Authors: McLeese D. W. , Watson J.
Published: April 2011

not available
Reproduction in Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) Fed Sublethal Concentrations of DDT
Authors: Macek Kenneth J.
Published: April 2011

When sexually maturing yearling brook trout were fed for 156 days with DDT at rates that evidently caused no mortality, fish fed at the lower dosages produced more mature ova than untreated fish. Those fed at the highest dosage produced fewer mature ova than untreated fish. The size of the male fish at the end of the feeding period tended to increase according to dosage of DDT. In eggs and sac fry obtained from various mating combinations of gametes from the experimental groups, mortality was with one exception higher when at least one of the gametes came from treated fish than when they both came from untreated fish. A major portion of the mortality of sac fry in groups where the eggs came from treated fish occurred during the 15th week of development. This period coincided with the period of maximum, utilization of yolk fat reported to occur in other salmonid fry, and indicated that insecticide residues in the eggs were released at this time and resulted in the observed mortality. The residue concentrations in the fish at the end of the feeding period were similar to those reported for wild fish.
Tests on the Accuracy of Ageing Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from their Scales
Authors: Godfrey H. , Worlund D. D. , Bilton H. T.
Published: April 2011

The accuracy with which several readers determined the ages of adult chinook salmon from their scales averaged 75% in a test that used scales from fish of known ages. Their consistency in assigning the same age to a scale when presented with the same selection of scales on two occasions averaged 76%. In these tests the readers derived age composition arrays which were similar to the true age compositions of the two samples. When several pairs of readers assigned ages to a large numbers of scales from fish of unknown ages agreement within pairs was good (roughly 75%), and among the pairs the derived age compositions were very similar. The levels of both accuracy and consistency achieved in these tests indicate that experienced personnel, using good scale-reading equipment, are able to produce age composition data that could be used as reliable parameters in chinook salmon population analyses.
Suggested Physiological Interaction among Rainbow Trout Fingerlings Undergoing Thermal Stress
Authors: McCauley Robert W.
Published: April 2011

not available
Another Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in its Third Year
Authors: Turner C. E. , Bilton H. T.
Published: April 2011

not available
Growth and Reproduction of the Lake Whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis, in Lac la Ronge, Saskatchewan
Authors: Qadri S. U.
Published: April 2011

In Lac la Ronge the lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis (Mitchill)) spawned from late October until the middle of November at ages of 8 years and over. The growing season lasted from late May to early October and young fish grew faster than older ones and tended to have a longer growing season. Ages for 1604 fish taken during 4 years showed that they grew to a fork length of about 16 inches in 10 years, the rate being slower than for lake whitefish in other large lakes in North America. The length-weight relationships were linear: for the open lake, log W = 3.48 log L – 3.93, and for Hunter Bay, log W = 3.26 log L – 3.66. The males matured a little earlier than females and their life span was somewhat shorter. The sex ratio was approximately 1:1.
Effect of the FP-66 Tag on Sablefish Growth
Authors: Kennedy W. A.
Published: April 2011

not available
Recent Trends in Subsurface Temperatures in the Gulf of Maine and Contiguous Waters
Authors: Colton Jr. John B.
Published: April 2011

A comparison was made of 1955–60 and 1961–66 monthly mean 200-m temperatures in eight 1-degree quadrangle areas in the Gulf of Maine and along the Continental Slope between Nova Scotia and Long Island. Temperatures were appreciably lower in all areas during the latter period. The subsurface temperature trends paralleled trends in surface temperatures previously documented. The distribution of temperature at 200 m along the edge of the Continental Shelf during March, May–June, and September 1965 and 1966 and the distribution of temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen on sections made across the Continental Shelf in September 1954, 1965, and 1966 showed that the cooling and warming trends are accompanied by changes in the composition of the subsurface water. Cold years occur when Slope Water is displaced or modified by Coastal Water of Labrador origin. Warm years occur when Slope Water borders upon the 200-m isobath and the ratio of Coastal to Central Atlantic Water is low.
Fish Otoliths in Cetacean Stomachs and Their Importance in Interpreting Feeding Habits
Authors: Fitch John E. , Brownell Jr. Robert L.
Published: April 2011

The stomachs of 17 cetaceans of seven species (3 Kogia simus, 5 Stenella longirostris, 3 S. graffmani, 2 Lagenorhynchus obliquidens, 2 Delphinus delphis, 1 Lissodelphis borealis, and 1 Phocoena sinus) yielded 18,164 fish otoliths representing over 51 species, 40 genera, and 22 families. Lanternfish (family Myctophidae) otoliths accounted for more than 89% of the total, and they had come from at least 19 species belonging to nine genera. Only two fish species could have been identified if we had not been able to utilize otoliths. To be useful in food studies involving otoliths, cetacean stomachs cannot be placed in formalin solutions, even for short periods.The kinds and diversity of species preyed upon by several of these cetaceans indicate that they routinely forage in depths of 650–800 ft (200–250 m), and a few such as Kogia simus may descend to 1000 ft (300 m) or deeper.
Experimental Plantings of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) from Furunculosis-Infected Stock
Authors: McDermott L. A. , Berst A. H.
Published: April 2011

Preliminary sampling revealed the presence of furunculosis disease in the resident brook trout population of the southern Ontario trout stream used in this study.Two plantings of marked yearling brook trout were made in the study area in 1966; one in the spring, and the other in the fall. The spring planting consisted of 1000 brook trout with a predetermined incidence of furunculosis infection and an equal number of trout with no evidence of infection. The fall planting consisted of 2000 brook trout with a known incidence of furunculosis infection.The stream was electrofished periodically during the 2-year period after the first planting. A total of 445 brook trout (140 of the planted hatchery stock, and 305 resident trout) and 127 fish of associated species were captured and examined for the presence of Aeromonas salmonicida, causative agent of furunculosis.Recovery rates of the "infected" and "noninfected" stocks of brook trout were similar, and there was no evidence of transmission of A. salmonicida from the infected fish to the control fish, nor the resident population of brook trout and other species of fish captured.
Species Associations of Benthic Fishes on the Continental Shelf and Slope off Oregon
Authors: Day Donald S. , Pearcy William G.
Published: April 2011

Four species associations of benthic fishes found off the coast of Oregon within the depth interval from 40 to 1829 m were characterized by two or three most abundant species, depth range, and average sediment type.Little overlap was found among species associations because many species had maximum abundance or were found only in one association. When a species occurred in more than one association, different sizes of fish were often found. Species on the lower continental slope had the broadest depth range, and a few species were found only in the deepest association.Sixty-seven species of bottom fishes representing 21 families were collected, but 86% of the total number of fishes were from the families Pleuronectidae, Scorpaenidae, and Bothidae.
New Records of the Barnacle Conchoderma virgatum in the Northwest Atlantic
Authors: Beckett J. S.
Published: April 2011

not available
First Occurrence of Greenland Halibut (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) in the Bay of Fundy
Authors: Barrett B. E.
Published: April 2011

not available
Overwintering of American Lobsters, Homarus americanus, in Burrows in Bideford River, Prince Edward Island
Authors: Thomas M. L. H.
Published: April 2011

not available
Influence of Temperature Change on Spontaneous Locomotor Activity and Oxygen Consumption of Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar, Acclimated to Two Temperatures
Authors: Peterson R. H. , Anderson J. M.
Published: April 2011

Measurements of the effect of rapid change in temperature on the spontaneous activity and oxygen consumption were made on Atlantic salmon underyearlings acclimated to 6 or 18 C. The new levels of imposed temperature ranged from 6 to 30 C for both acclimations. At similar test temperatures the calculated standard metabolic rate of the fish acclimated to 6 C was higher than that of the fish acclimated to 18 C, up to about 23 C, where the two curves relating oxygen consumption and temperature intersect. Spontaneous activity could be separated into two phases, a transient phase occurring during the actual period of temperature change, and a stabilized phase. The transient phase was characterized by a peak in activity which was found to be correlated with the rate, rather than the amount, of the temperature change. In general, the peak was higher for fish acclimated to 18 C. The relation between activity in the stabilized phase and test temperature was characterized by a plateau or maximum in the general region of the previously determined selected temperature. Except at the coldest test temperature (6 C), the fish acclimated to 6 C were more active in the stabilized phase than were the fish acclimated to 18 C at similar test temperatures. Complete acclimation for both metabolism and activity, between 6 and 18 C, requires about 2 weeks, regardless of the direction of the temperature change.
Physiographic Changes in Malpeque Bay, Prince Edward Island, Between 1845 and 1955, and the Possible Effects on Oyster Production
Authors: Sheldon R. W. , Loring D. H. , Deleu S.
Published: April 2011

Recent changes in depth and coastal morphology were investigated by comparing old and new charts. All major changes seem to be the result of normal morphological evolution. Artificial changes, induced by human activity, seem to be relatively slight. It is widely believed that the decline of oyster populations was caused by silt deposition, and this in turn was produced by increased runoff after human occupation (farming, forestry, etc.). Silting has occurred in certain areas, but this was due to natural causes. The decline of oyster populations was therefore due either to natural causes or to factors other than silting.
An Application of Computers to the Estimation of Exploited Populations
Authors: Allen K. Radway
Published: April 2011

This paper describes a computer programme for the estimation of the size of exploited populations by methods described in Allen (1966, J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 23: 1553–1574). Although these methods were originally developed for use on whale populations, they are applicable to any other populations where suitable data are available. The essential data are the total catch, the catch for a known amount of effort, and the age distribution of the catch, all for a series of years. An estimate of natural mortality rate is also required but population estimates may be obtained for up to 10 values of this parameter in a single computer run.The entire programme incorporates six subroutines, as well as the main controlling programme. One subroutine reads in the catch and effort data, a second reads in the age distribution data for each year and, if necessary, converts it according to a predetermined transformation from age expressed in terms of whale ear-plug laminations to age in years. The third subroutine estimates the rate of recruitment as the proportion of newly recruited animals in the catch for each year, using the method of Allen (1966). The other three subroutines derive population estimates, using the "q," modified DeLury, and actual and expected catch methods (Allen, 1966). As many sets of data as desired may be processed in a single computer run.
Observations on Transmission of Diphyllobothrium sp. (Cestoda) to Lake Trout in Algonquin Park, Canada
Authors: Freeman Reino S. , Thompson Bruce H.
Published: April 2011

Even extensive consumption of plankton by lake trout in Algonquin Park does not always lead to infections with plerocercoids of Diphyllobothrium sp. Evidence relating to the feeding habits of these fish and the transmission of diphyllobothriid plerocercoids is discussed. Heavier infections in lake trout from certain lakes appear to be related to foraging on the less desirable fish that are available, whereas infections are rare in other lakes containing preferred prey such as perch or cisco, in spite of the fact that in both types of lakes there may be high levels of plankton consumption during the summer. It is suggested that a suitable species of first fish host probably accounts for much of the higher levels of infection in lake trout in some lakes, although direct transmission from copepods to lake trout may account for the more sparse infections in other lakes.
Trematode Populations in the Atlantic Argentine, Argentina silus, and Their Use as Biological Indicators
Authors: Scott J. S.
Published: April 2011

The trematode parasites Lecithophyllum botryophorum, Derogenes various, Hemiurus levinseni, and Lampritrema nipponicum were found in Argentina silus off Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. Changes in the length-frequency distribution in the population of L. botryophorum at different times of the year reflected changes in parasite recruitment and were used tentatively to estimate the life span of the parasite.Hemiurus levinseni had a high intensity and incidence in very young fish, decreasing to a low level in mature fish; L. botryophorum had the reciprocal relationship; and D. varicus was intermediate in incidence and had a low level of intensity in fish of all sizes. These results were related to the occurrence of the intermediate hosts of the parasites and to the movement of A. silus to deeper water as it increases in size. The intensity of infestation with L. botryophorum increased from south to north. Seasonal variation in recruitment, with a peak immediately after spawning, was reflected in the intensity of infestation, mean size, and percentage of immature specimens of L. botryophorum.The young A. silus are midwater plankton feeders and the mature fish change to a diet that incorporates a high proportion of the crustacean intermediate host of L. botryophorum, probably an amphipod. There is no parasitological evidence of separate populations of A. silus in the west Atlantic.
Canadian Atlantic Oyster Drills (Urosalpinx) — Distribution and Industrial Importance
Authors: Medcof J. C. , Thomas M. L. H.
Published: April 2011

Distribution of drills (Urosalpinx cinerea Say) was worked out from critical examination of museum holdings, from assessment of published and several unpublished occurrence records, and from field collection in new areas. Drills occur in warm inlets on the Nova Scotia coast of the Bay of Fundy, possibly in one inlet of the outer Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, and in several inlets of the southwestern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Only in the last were oysters found with the drills and there is only one record of serious damage to young oysters. Distribution patterns suggest that drills reached the Gulf of St. Lawrence by spreading eastward from Cape Cod, through the Bay of Fundy, then through a channel that is believed to have connected the Bay and the Gulf. There is no evidence of long-term restriction of distributional range since that pioneering period, but local distribution seems to have contracted so that now drills occupy only the warmest parts of their range. In the last 30 years, drill abundance in some important oyster-producing sections of the Gulf of St. Lawrence has decreased, perhaps because of low sea temperatures. Old colonies persist but do little damage in oyster areas. No new colonies seem to have sprung up. In our area the species seems to be bordering on extinction. Drills are not a threat to the Canadian east-coast oyster industry.
Age, Growth, and Maturity of the Longnose Sucker Catostomus catostomus, of Western Lake Superior
Authors: Bailey Merryll M.
Published: April 2011

Studies of age, growth, and maturity were based on 1760 fish collected in western Lake Superior in 1964–65. The body:scale relation was curvilinear and the curve had an intercept of 1.65 inches on the length axis. The weight increased as the 2.85 power of the length. Some fish formed an annulus before May 18 in 1965; all had completed annuli by late September. Longnose suckers grew 3.6 inches the 1st year, reached 12 inches in the 6th year, and 18 inches in the 11th year. Fish from Pikes Bay grew faster than those from Gull Island Shoal. Over 6 years were required for weight to reach 1 lb and nearly 10 years to reach 2 lb. Minimum length at maturity was 10.5 inches for males and 11.5 inches for females. The youngest mature male belonged to age-group IV and the youngest mature female to age-group V. All males were mature at 14.5–14.9 inches (age-group VIII) and all females at 15.0–15.4 (age-group IX).Finclipped longnose suckers returned to spawn in the Brule River in successive years. One fish returned to spawn in 4 successive years. Many of the fish were not recaptured until 2 or 3 years after marking. The time of the Brule River spawning migration depended more on water temperature than on length of day. The average water temperature during the peak of the spawning runs of 1958–64 was 55.4 F. Larval suckers apparently spend little time in the Brule River and adjacent streams and drift downstream to the lake soon after hatching. The number of eggs in the ovaries of eight suckers ranged from 14 to 35 thousand and averaged 24 thousand for fish 13.9–17.7 inches long.
Productivity of Owikeno Lake, British Columbia
Authors: Narver David W.
Published: April 2011

Although Owikeno Lake is the third highest producer of adult sockeye salmon in North America in terms of mean annual total return (catch plus escapement) per unit of lake nursery area, limited measurements of other indices of lake productivity suggest that its primary productivity is much lower than that of the other four highest sockeye-producing lakes. The implications of these results to sockeye production are discussed.
Fish School Size and Migration
Authors: Larkin P. A. , Walton A.
Published: April 2011

When a group of fish is migrating as a school, the error in navigation should be smaller as the size of the school increases, if the individuals jointly orient to a group mean direction. An approximation of this effect is available from consideration of the properties of the circular normal distribution.