bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shame and guilt as behaviour regulators: Relationships with bullying, victimization and prosocial behaviour
Authors: Menesini Ersilia , Camodeca Marina
Published: May 2007

This study aimed at investigating intentional and non‐intentional situations eliciting shame and guilt in relation to children's involvement in bullying, victimization and prosocial behaviour. We used the contextual model designed by Olthof, Schouten, Kuiper, Stegge, and Jennekens‐Schinkel (2000) according to which certain situations elicit more shame than guilt (‘shame‐only’, SO), whereas others elicit both guilt and shame (‘shame‐and‐guilt’, SAG). Besides these, four new scenarios were added (2 SO and 2 SAG) in which the protagonist was alternatively the perpetrator or the receiver of harm. Participants were 121 children aged 9–11, who filled in the self‐report Shame and Guilt Questionnaire, and a peer nomination survey to investigate the roles of bully, victim, prosocial and not involved. Results showed that in SAG situations, perpetrated‐harm situations elicited more guilt than neutral situations; while in SO situations, neutral situations elicited more shame than received‐harm situations. In SAG situations, prosocial children reported feeling more ashamed and guilty than bullies and not‐involved children, while in SO situations, victims scored higher on shame than not‐involved children. Results are discussed considering the contextual model employed and the relationship between emotions and behaviours.
Very pre‐term infants' behaviour at 1 and 2 years of age and parental stress following basic developmental care
Authors: van der Pal Sylvia M. , Maguire Celeste M. , Bruil Jeanet. , Cessie Saskia. , van Zwieten Paul. , Veen Sylvia. , Wit Jan M. , Walther Frans J.
Published: May 2007

This study explored the effects of basic developmental care on the behaviour of very pre‐term infants and parental stress at 1 and 2 years of corrected age. A randomized controlled trial was done to compare basic Developmental Care (standardized nests and incubator covers) and controls (standard care). Parents of infants born <32 weeks of gestation completed questionnaires measuring child behaviour and parental stress at 1 year (N = 139) and 2 years (N = 133) of the child's age. Parental stress was measured using the Nijmegen Parenting Stress Index and child behaviour was measured using the Infant–Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment (ITSEA) and the Child Behaviour Checklist 2–3. At 1 year of age, children in the basic developmental care group had significantly higher behaviour scores on the total competence domain (p = .009) and the competence subscale mastery motivation (p = .002) of the ITSEA questionnaire, meaning that the infants showed more curiosity, persistence, obedience and enjoyment with small accomplishments. No significant effects were found on problem behaviour or parenting stress. We conclude that introducing a basic form of developmental care in the neonatal intensive care unit has a positive influence on the child's competence behaviour at 1 year of age.
Infant predictors of behavioural inhibition
Authors: Moehler Eva. , Kagan Jerome. , Oelkers‐Ax Rieke. , Brunner Romuald. , Poustka Luise. , Haffner Johann. , Resch Franz.
Published: May 2007

Behavioural inhibition in the second year of life is a hypothesized predictor for shyness, social anxiety and depression in later childhood, adolescence and even adulthood. To search for the earliest indicators of this fundamental temperamental trait, this study examined whether behavioural characteristics in early infancy can predict behavioural inhibition, as previously postulated. The results show that infant crying to unfamiliar stimuli at 4 months of age is a significant predictor (p = .002) of behavioural inhibition in the second year of life. These data implicate the possibility of measuring a temperamental anxiety disposition at a very young age simply by assessing crying in the face of novel stimuli.
Comparison of Obstetric and Birthweight Characteristics Between the Two Largest Databases of Japanese Twins Measured in Childhood
Authors: Ooki Syuichi , Asaka Akio
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this study is to compare obstetric and birthweight data of twin children from the two largest databases in Japan to estimate the difference between them in sample collection. The first group consisted of 1131 twin-pair school applicants, and the second group consisted of members' children from several maternal associations devoted to twins and included 951 pairs. All data were gathered by questionnaire. The mean birth years of the twins in these two databases were 1979 and 1995 respectively. The percentage of mothers treated with ovulation-stimulating drugs or in-vitro fertilization was markedly higher in the maternal associations group. Gestational age was around 1 week less in the maternal associations group, whereas birthweight according to gestational weeks and intrapair relative birth weight difference as a percentage according to zygosity showed little difference between both groups. We conclude that the obstetric and birthweight feature data from both groups should be considered to construct twin growth charts based on the methods of sample selection.
The First ‘Classical’ Twin Study? Analysis of Refractive Error Using Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins Published in 1922
Authors: Liew Shiao Hui M. , Elsner Hanno , Spector Tim D. , Hammond Christopher J.
Published: May 2007

The first classical twin studies, recognizing the potential of comparing findings in identical twins, have previously been reported to be those by Siemens and by Merriman, both published in 1924. However, we would like to bring to attention a study performed by Walter Jablonski, 2 years earlier (1922), investigating the contribution of heredity to refraction in human eyes. Jablonski examined the eyes of 52 twin pairs and by comparing the size of within-pair differences between identical and non- identical twins was able to infer the heritability of a trait. Therefore, this is likely to be the first reported classical twin study.
Homicides among teenagers in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: vulnerability, susceptibility, and gender cultures
Authors: Sant'Anna Ana Rosária , Lopes Marta Julia Marques
Published: May 2007

The authors present a quantitative and qualitative study on homicides among teenagers in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, based on a historical series during the 1990s and the life and death histories in this group, with a special focus on 1997. In that year there were 68 homicides in which the victims were from 10 to 19 years old. Of the 68, 62 were males and only 6 females, or a ratio of 10:1, showing that young males are more vulnerable and susceptible to being murdered. The data indicate that cause of death is influenced by gender culture and that homicides are based on power and status symbols characterizing a kind of virility. This expression of virility in the shaping of violence also appears in the domination of the female body observed in homicides with young women as the victims. The life and death histories of these teenagers highlight the pertinence of the gender-based analysis as a theoretical-analytical category, in addition to analyses considering socioeconomic aspects and social inequity.
Haemophilus influenzae tipo b: situação epidemiológica no Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, 1993 a 1997
Authors: Miranzi Sybelle de Souza Castro , Camacho Luiz Antonio Bastos , Valente Joaquim Gonçalves
Published: May 2007

Entre as doenças invasivas causadas pelo Haemophilus influenzae tipo b (Hib), destacam-se, pela freqüência e gravidade, as pneumonias e as meningites. No período de 1993 a 1997, foram notificados, em Minas Gerais, 720 casos de meningites por Hib, sendo a causa mais freqüente de meningite bacteriana em menores de um ano e a segunda causa no total de meningites. Entretanto, estimou-se uma ocorrência total de 1.160 casos considerando as meningites bacterianas não especificadas. O total de casos estimados de doença invasiva por Hib parece justificar a recente inclusão da vacina no esquema básico de imunizações. O alto custo da vacina reforça a necessidade de melhorar a vigilância epidemiológica da meningite, que constitui uma das fragilidades das ações de controle desta doença.
Resistência a isoniazida e rifampicina e história de tratamento anterior para tuberculose
Authors: Natal Sonia , Valente Joaquim Gonçalves , Sánchez Alexandra Roma , Penna Maria Lúcia Fernandes
Published: May 2007

Em um estudo caso-controle, realizado no Rio de Janeiro, em 1994, foram incluídos 552 doentes de tuberculose com cultura positiva para Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A resistência a rifampicina e isoniazida foi de 1,8%. A variável de exposição foi "história de tratamento para tuberculose", associada estatisticamente com a resistência. Testou-se a hipótese de não haver dependência entre as associações observadas de acordo com a exposição anterior às drogas, utilizou-se a proporção binomial verificando-se uma dependência das resistências entre a rifampicina e isoniazida superior à esperada.
Gestão de sistemas regionais de saúde: um estudo de caso no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
Authors: Lima Juliano de Carvalho , Rivera Francisco Javier Uribe
Published: May 2007

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o sistema de gestão de uma região de saúde no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, tendo como referencial para análise a Teoria das Macroorganizações. O estudo segue uma abordagem qualitativa e utiliza como estratégia metodológica o estudo de caso. O sistema de gestão da 6ª Coordenadoria Regional de Saúde (CRS) teve a conformação de uma missão clara e incorporada pelos seus trabalhadores como fator potencializador das práticas de organização do sistema de saúde. Apesar disso, o modo como os coordenadores organizam o seu tempo tem desviado seus olhares para problemas emergenciais e rotineiros, em detrimento de questões importantes. A 6ª CRS fortaleceu o controle social para imprimir maior responsabilidade na região, no entanto o controle técnico da qualidade deixou a desejar, uma vez que não há objetivos, metas e prestação de contas por resultados. A assessoria descentralizada aos municípios e o modelo de financiamento promoveram descentralização e autonomia, embora esta estratégia careça de articulação regional e de dispositivos gerenciais mais comprometedores.
The Relationship between Training Availability and Social Workers' Ability to Treat Problem Drinkers
Authors: Richardson Marchette A.
Published: May 2007

An explanatory cross sectional investigation was employed to assess how well master's level social work (MSW) programs in the State of New York prepare students for practice with problem drinkers. Five hundred and fifty questionnaires were mailed to members of the National Association of Social Workers (NASW). A non-probability sample, consisting of 41 male and 48 female respondents ( n = 89), was obtained. Fewer than 3% of the sample reported the completion of an alcohol related course as a degree requirement. Field placement completion was totally overlooked as a degree requirement. Findings imply that clients with alcohol problems are at risk of going untreated due to the lack of training social workers receive while completing their MSW programs and their subsequent inability to diagnose problem drinkers.
A Norm Changing Approach to Drug Prevention
Authors: Wright Loyd S.
Published: May 2007

This article describes the implementation of an innovative curriculum called Drugs-At-Work (DAW), which was evaluated in three phases. In phase-one, data collected after the third year of the study suggested that the curriculum had a significant impact on the fifth-grade participants, who in turn influenced their sixth-grade classmates the following year. In comparison to their sixth-grade baseline counterparts, the DAW participants and their classmates were significantly less likely to have used tobacco, alcohol or other illicit drugs (ATOD) and less likely to know other elementary students who did so. In phase-two, data were examined on a year-by-year basis using a modified A-B-A design. These data revealed a drop from baseline in ATOD use during the intervention years and a return-to-baseline after the program ended. In phase-three, comparisons were made among participants in the Combined Baseline Group, the Combined DAW Group and the Transition Group (those exposed to DAW but not surveyed until a year after the grant closed). These analyses revealed that the DAW significantly reduced ATOD use for the total sample and for the Mexican-American, the Anglo, and the African-American students examined separately.
Learning Communities: Examining Positive Outcomes
Authors: Andrade Maureen S.
Published: May 2007

Learning communities, designed primarily to increase student persistence and academic achievement, are a common first-year initiative on university campuses. Assessments of learning communities frequently examine indicators that are easily quantifiable such as student persistence and academic achievement, but also examine factors thought to affect these outcomes such as student involvement and satisfaction. This article reviews published studies to determine the degree to which learning communities successfully affect involvement, satisfaction, achievement, and persistence, and attempts to identify the characteristics that produce positive results. The review concludes that first, learning communities do attain positive outcomes, but second, that it is difficult to determine which characteristics of learning communities (i.e., integrated course content, coordinated assignments, academic skills training, mentoring) account for their success due to the small number of studies, the heterogeneity of programs, and self-selection effects.
Results of a Two-Year Longitudinal Study of Beverage-Specific Alcohol use among Adolescents
Authors: Moore Michele Johnson , Werch Chudley (Chad)
Published: May 2007

This study explored beverage-specific alcohol consumption patterns among a sample of high school students over a two-year period. Four hundred fifty-five students completed the validated questionnaire at all three time points (2002, 2003, 2004). Variables of interest included five use measures (past year use, 30-day frequency, quantity, heavy use, chugging), each measured for six beverages (beer, wine, flavored coolers, fortified wine, liquor, malt liquor). Descriptive statistics and repeated measures MANOVAs revealed differences in beverage-specific consumption patterns over time, with liquor use increasing, wine use decreasing, and the remaining beverages showing no changes; and differences in beverage choice and drinking patterns by gender and ethnicity. Results indicate need for testing interventions that: target beverages most popular among students including those used earlier and later in high school; are sensitive to gender and ethnic differences; and address perceptions about specific beverages and their unique risks in order to reduce adolescent alcohol consumption.
Learning-Style Preferences of a Diverse Freshmen Population in a Large, Private, Metropolitan University by Gender and GPA
Authors: Reese Valerie L. , Dunn Rita
Published: May 2007

This research examined: a) the extent of diversity that exists among entering college freshmen's learning styles; b) whether, and the extent to which, learning style is influenced by gender; and c) whether high school grade point average (HS/GPA) is a determining factor in academic success. The Productivity Environmental Preference Survey (PEPS) (Dunn, Dunn, & Price, 2002) was administered to approximately 1500 entering college freshmen during orientation. PEPS data revealed statistical differences among students' styles for the elements of Sound, Light, Temperature, Motivation, and Responsibility. Pearson Correlations indicated that students with the highest HS/GPAs preferred either Learning Alone or with an Authoritative Figure and in the Late Morning or Afternoon, as opposed to the Evening while studying new and difficult academic material. Students with high, but not the highest HS/GPAs had strong preferences for Bright Light ( p < .049) and Formal Seating ( p < .001). Those same students simultaneously evidenced high Motivation ( p < .001), Persistence ( p < .001), and Responsibility ( p < .001) levels, and preferred Evening as their optimal time for learning challenging material. Students with the lowest HS/GPAs also preferred learning in the Evening, but with Sound (music or conversation in the environment), Bright Light and, although Motivated, required frequent opportunities for Mobility while learning. Concerning freshman gender differences, although male students indicated a stronger need for learning with an Authority Figure, they also were more Visual, needed more Structure and Mobility, and were strongly Afternoon learners in comparison with the females in this sample. Conversely, female students revealed higher means for Bright Light, warm Temperature, Formal Seating, Motivation, Learning Alone or with Peers, Intake while concentrating, and a Variety of instructional approaches (rather than routines or patterns). Consistent with female traits internationally, this sample of freshman women had multiple Perceptual Strengths. Thus, they were more Auditory, Tactual, and Kinesthetic, and consistently more Persistent and Responsible than their male counterparts. Another variable on which these males and females differed were females' preferences for learning in the Late Morning in contrast with males' preferences for Afternoon learning. Only the variable of Kinesthetic revealed pair-wise differences between students in the Colleges of Business and Professional Studies in contrast with students in the College of Pharmacy and Allied Health. This information should help administrators and professors to plan more appropriately when scheduling and teaching diverse students. It also should guide those students toward doing their homework with strategies responsive to their styles.
Ethnic Identity, Neighborhood Risk, and Adolescent Drug and Sex Attitudes and Refusal Efficacy: The Urban African American Girls' Experience
Authors: Corneille Maya A. , Belgrave Faye Z.
Published: May 2007

This study examined the impact of ethnic identity and neighborhood risk on drug and sex attitudes and refusal efficacy among early adolescent urban African American females ( n = 175). The model also predicted a moderating relationship of ethnic identity on neighborhood risk for drug and sex attitudes and refusal efficacy. Data were collected as part of a larger drug education program and analyzed via hierarchical multiple regression. The analyses controlled for household structure and menarche. Results indicated a direct relationship of higher ethnic identity and higher sexual refusal efficacy, higher disapproval of drug use, and lowered intentions to use drugs. Neighborhood risk was directly related to lower disapproval of drug use. There was a small moderating effect of ethnic identity on neighborhood risk for intention to use drugs. Findings provide support for prevention programs for African American youth that seek to reduce risk behaviors by increasing ethnic identity, particularly in low resource communities. *This study was based on the first author's dissertation. It was partially supported by funding from the Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (Grant #-5 KD1 SP08655).
Polyaniline-polypyrrole coating for solid phase microextraction
Authors: Vickackaite Vida , Ciuvasovaite Vilma
Published: May 2007

A procedure for direct electrochemical deposition of polyaniline-polypyrrole blend coating on the surface of stainless steel wire was suggested. Incorporation of polyaniline and polypyrrole into the blend coating was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. Key parameters (pyrrole, aniline, dopant and sulphuric acid concentrations and deposition potential) influencing the coating’s mechanical stability and surface homogeneity were optimised and thermostability of the coating was investigated. A possibility to apply the coating as a new fibre for solid phase microextraction was demonstrated. The coating showed better selectivity toward aromatic, hydrophobic compounds.
Validation of the Clinical Internship Evaluation Tool
Authors: Fitzgerald Lynn M , Delitto Anthony , Irrgang James J
Published: May 2007

Background and Purpose

Graduates of physical therapist education programs should be expected to function as competent clinicians. Instead, the benchmark for many clinical performance assessment tools has been “as good as an entry-level graduate.” The authors developed the Clinical Internship Evaluation Tool (CIET), which measures clinical performance of the student relative to a “competent clinician.” The purpose of this study was to provide evidence for validity of the tool.

Subjects and Methods

The CIET was used to evaluate physical therapist student clinical performance from 1999 to 2003. Data from 228 student evaluations, a survey of 26 clinical instructors (CIs), and an item review by 7 faculty members were used to collect validity evidence. The relevance of items on the CIET was examined by the survey and the item review. Coefficient alpha was calculated to estimate internal consistency among the items. A Spearman correlation was used to examine the relationship between 2 measures of clinical competence. A repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) compared the student scores at each clinical time frame to confirm expected improvements in performance longitudinally. Evidence for practicality was collected by the CI survey.

Results

Based on the faculty item review and the CI survey, all items were representative of skills and behaviors considered important for a clinically competent physical therapist. The internal consistency (alpha) was .98 for the patient management items. The average correlation of the 2 measures of clinical competence was .76. The repeated-measures ANOVA was significant and demonstrated improved patient management scores as the student progressed through the program. The CI survey results indicated that 96% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that the instrument was short and easy to use.

Discussion and Conclusion

The results of the study suggest that the CIET is representative of skills and behaviors necessary for students to perform at the level of a competent therapist and that the instrument is practical to use for busy clinicians. The CIET appears to be a valid tool for measuring student clinical performance and can be a time-efficient alternative for CIs in today's demanding clinical environment.
Modified Constraint-Induced Therapy in Patients With Chronic Stroke Exhibiting Minimal Movement Ability in the Affected Arm
Authors: Page Stephen J , Levine Peter
Published: May 2007

Background and Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of a reimbursable, outpatient modified constraint-induced therapy (mCIT) protocol administered to subjects with chronic stroke who initially exhibited minimal movement ability in their affected wrists and fingers.

Subjects

The subjects were 4 individuals who had experienced a stroke more than 1 year prior to study entry (mean age [±SD]=60.25±1.98 years, mean time since stroke=37.5±23.2 months).

Method

A multiple-baseline, preintervention-postintervention, single-blinded case series design was used. The intervention consisted of structured, ½-hour therapy sessions emphasizing affected arm use in valued activities, occurring 3 times per week for 10 weeks. Subjects’ less affected arms also were restrained 5 days per week for 5 hours per day during the same 10-week period. The main outcome measures were the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), the Motor Activity Log (MAL), and the Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Motor Recovery (FM).

Results

The subjects exhibited improvements in use of the more affected arm (+1.9, +1.8, +1.7, and +2.3 for subjects 1 through 4, respectively) and in quality of movement (+1.5, +2.1, +1.63, and +1.9 for subjects 1 through 4, respectively), as measured by the MAL. They also exhibited reduced impairment, as measured by the FM (+5.0, +6.5, +5.5, and +5.0 for subjects 1 through 4, respectively), and increased fine motor skill movement, as measured by the ARAT (+7.5, +7.0, +7.0, and +5.5 for subjects 1 through 4, respectively).

Discussion and Conclusion

The findings demonstrated that mCIT participation was efficacious because it led to increased use of the affected arm and of function and to increased ability to perform valued activities. The subjects reported some new ability to perform some valued activities. These outcomes are significant because few therapies are believed to effectively increase use of the affected arm and function in this population.
Origins and Highlights of the Special Issue on Fathering, Faith, and Spirituality
Authors: Dollahite David C.
Published: May 2007

This introduction presents the origins of the papers first presented at a symposium titled “Faithful Fathering: Spiritual Narratives and Religious Meanings” that was organized for the Annual Conference of the National Council on Family Relations (NCFR) in Arlington, Virginia, in November of 1997. Next, a brief summary of the papers found in this special issue of The Journal of Men's Studies is presented.
Fatherhood and Faith in Formation: The Developmental Effects of Fathering on Religiosity, Morals, and Values
Authors: Palkovitz Rob , Palm Glen
Published: May 2007

This qualitative study of 64 diverse men examines the relationship between fathering and the development of men's religiosity, values, and morals. Grounded Theory Analyses revealed a variety of change patterns in relation to fatherhood and each of these areas. The findings indicate that engagement in fatherhood roles may present a sensitive period for men in the development of religious faith, values, and morals. Implications for practitioners and potential barriers to men's generativity are discussed.
Men Engaging Feminism: A Model of Personal Change and Social Transformation
Authors: Cornish Peter A.
Published: May 2007

Although researchers have begun to show critical interest in men as gendered beings, theoretical models capable of cultivating alternative, more psychologically and socially adaptive patterns of male development are lacking. A small purposively drawn sample of eight profeminist men, along with one father's rights activist, were asked to recount their personal experiences involving gender issues during unstructured interviews. Intensive qualitative analysis was used to interpret and organize the data into groups of related constructs, which were refined, organized, and reorganized according to the emerging schematic model. This model illustrates the complex developmental process of personal change and social transformation experienced by the nine men interviewed. Analysis revealed that embracing gender-related conflict in the context of a firm yet compassionate and synergistic community was key to congruent profeminist experience. The implications of the model are discussed in relation to current theory on masculinities and men's role in feminism.
Unfinished Business: Letters from a Father to His Son, 1922–1928
Authors: Postol Todd A.
Published: May 2007

This article examines how one father in the early 20th century transmitted generational information to his son. In 1908, New York laborer C. E. Heinrich was left a widower with five children. Unable to care for the youngsters on his own, he was forced to send them to a Roman Catholic orphanage. After the children reached maturity, Heinrich initiated a regular correspondence with his youngest son, Stephen. His letters to Stephen between 1922 and 1928 vividly portray the pain of a dying father who was denied the opportunity to raise his family. Through his writings, Heinrich completed the “unfinished business” of his life by providing the advice and guidance that a father would typically offer over the course of a lifetime.
Patterns of Paternity
Authors: Harris Ian , Salt Robert
Published: May 2007

This is a study of 250 young adults' perceptions of their father's parenting using a probability model. The sample was from an urban university and a rural university in the upper Midwest. The survey utilized Likert scales for a range of variables, including: physically present to physically absent, dangerous to safe, emotionally present to emotionally absent, etc. The survey also included open-ended questions for more qualitative information. Results showed that most young adults perceived their fathers as being a very positive force in their lives, although seven-25 percent perceived at least one major aspect of their father's behavior as negative.
Trajectories in Men's Studies in Religion: Theories, Methodologies, and Issues
Authors: Boyd Stephen B.
Published: May 2007

This essay, which introduces a panel presentation made in the Men's Studies in Religion Group of the American Academy of Religion (November, 1997), sketches a brief history of the group and describes it purposes, goals, and interdisciplinary character. In addition, the author identifies themes that have emerged in the group's work and areas demanding further investigation.
Marginalized Masculinities and Hegemonic Masculinity: An Introduction
Authors: Cheng Cliff
Published: May 2007

This essay reviews the masculinities and intergroup relations literatures while introducing the authors whose research is highlighted in this special issue. The complexities of identity group politics are also examined. Not only does intergroup conflict occur in society, so does intragroup conflict. Marginalized people have multiple group memberships—some marginalized, some dominant. Some marginalized people commodified their marginalized performance of masculinity. Others seek escape by passing or forming their own group where their marginalization is normative.
“Sublime Patriots”: Black Masculinity in Three African-American Novels
Authors: Nowatzki Robert
Published: May 2007

This essay analyzes the topic of black masculinity in three novels by African-American authors published around the turn of the century: Sutton Griggs's Imperium in Imperio (1899), David Bryant Fulton's Hanover (1900), and Charles Chesnutt's The Marrow of Tradition (1901). Specifically, the essay examines how these authors appropriated the rhetoric of white leaders of the American Revolution like Patrick Henry to construct images of courageous black men fighting against white supremacists who repressed black American freedom. These three authors depicted fearless, righteous black men to debunk the popular images of the violent black brute that white men often used to maintain their power over African-American men.
Dancing in the End Zone: Don DeLillo, Men's Studies, and the Quest for Linguistic Healing
Authors: Deardorff Donald L.
Published: May 2007

This paper analyzes how Don DeLillo uses his fictional novel, End Zone, to examine the relationship between language, tradition, and the development of masculine identity in contemporary America. DeLillo resists post-structuralist notions that our words have no inherent stability and insists that the main problem with language is that it too rigidly traps men and boys within withering patriarchal structures. This paper offers a men's studies approach to the novel, focusing on the fact that End Zone encourages men to cultivate an unique male voice whose promise of liberation rests in the fact that it forces male readers to come to grips with unpleasant and often unspoken-of realities.
Hegemonic Masculinity, Friendship, and Group Formation in an Athletic Subculture
Authors: Harvey Steven J.
Published: May 2007

This qualitative study examines the construction of masculinity in a group of adult male athletes. A baseball team was selected consisting of twelve, white, middle-class athletes ranging between the ages of 18 and 30 years. This article examines the way hegemonic masculinity affects the formation of friendships and groups within the team subculture.
Masculinity, School, and Self in Sweden and the Netherlands
Authors: Segal Alan
Published: May 2007

This article is the result of research in Sweden and the Netherlands on identity, sexuality, masculinity, and school discourse. Sweden and the Netherlands were selected because of their international reputations as sexually liberal and egalitarian societies. The interviews disclose two societies that both uphold and transgress these reputations. Interviewees were between 15 and 23. All but three were gay, lesbian, or transsexual. What I present here is a preliminary analysis of seven of those interviews, none of whom identified as heterosexual. The paper discusses masculinity, schooling, gender, and identity. Discourse of masculinity and gender in Sweden and the Netherlands differ profoundly, despite some important similarities. Emphasis on masculinity is more pronounced in Sweden. Also, the paper includes data from the interviews of two women. While this may seem unusual in a study of boys and men, the women contend with masculinity discourse and offer considerable insight into male subjectivity and gender in their society.
Rethinking (Male) Gendered Sexualities: What about the British Heteros?
Authors: Ghaill Máirtín Mac An
Published: May 2007

This paper arises out of current work investigating the construction of male and female students' sexual/gender relations within British educational and training arenas. By considering gender identities as performative, qualitative research material is used to illustrate how heterosexual masculinities are lived out. I am particularly concerned with exploring the cultural elements of dominant modes of heterosexual subjectivity. At a time of moral panic “about the boys,” responses have tended to become over-gendered in explaining what is going on in local institutional sites. Most significantly in this process sexuality has been erased.
Boys' Bodies in School: Physical Education
Authors: Davison Kevin G.
Published: May 2007

High school is a time when boys' bodies are under (re)construction; they are developing and changing at different rates and “measure-up” to hegemonic masculinity in different ways. This article explores memories of masculinity and body images in school with a focus on physical education classes. Masculinities are regulated and “sorted” both within the social and psychic realm. The experiences of those interviewed help to illustrate various contradictions, complexities, and possibilities of negotiating masculine identities in institutionalized schooling.
Queering the Apocalypse, II: Skirting Eco-Apocalypse by Reconstructing Sexual Ethics
Authors: Clark J. Michael
Published: May 2007

Previously in this journal (Clark, 1999), I developed a new midrashic layer for apocalypse studies, delineating a possible queer reading of apocalypse based on and responding to the earlier feminist reading of apocalypse by Catherine Keller (1996) in tandem with the sexual ecology of Gabriel Rotello (1997). At the end of this deconstructive project, I began to elaborate a counter-apocalyptic alternative: long-term and monogamously committed same-sex couples. In an effort now to more fully undertake such reconstructive work, I argue in the present essay that reconstructing sexual ethics through profeminist and men's studies-friendly analyses provides us with important ways to skirt, to avoid, and to counter apocalyptic tendencies within and among us. To that end I examine the importance of the erotic, of appropriate self-love, and of sexual pleasure in our lives, as well as the values of relationality and responsibility for sexual ethics.
Agony-Resolution Pathways: How Women Perceive American Men in Cosmopolitan's Agony (Advice) Column
Authors: Chang Jui-Shan
Published: May 2007

This paper uses a grounded theory approach to examine the perceptions and depictions of American men in Cosmopolitan's Agony (Advice) Column. A theoretical typology of “Agony-Resolution Pathways” is developed from the data. This theoretical typology generates several insights regarding gender relations. Theoretically, this paper fills the gap in gender studies in that it explores cross-gender perceptions and promotes a new engagement between the genders. Politically, this paper explores ways in which men can be constituted as subjects of advisory discourse regarding gender and/or relationship problems so that both genders can jointly “make sense of each other.”
“I Want a Man”: Patterns of Attraction in All-Male Personal Ads
Authors: Bartholome Adreanna , Tewksbury Richard , Bruzzone Alex
Published: May 2007

Interpersonal attraction of “men seeking men” in personal advertisements is investigated by using an electronic telephone advertisement system. One hundred and sixty-seven phone advertisements from men seeking men in Ottawa, Canada, were used in this study. Content analysis reveals themes and patterns in regard to inclusion of genital language, sexual roles, sexual acts, body language, race, and age. Results reveal a strong emphasis in advertisements' content on physical appearance and sexual relationships. Physical appearance and comments related to sex were mentioned in most ads, suggesting the importance of these two issues as strategies for securing responses when placing personal advertisements seeking men.
Deconstructing and Reconstructing Masculinity in Manuel Puig's Kiss of the Spider Woman
Authors: Tuss Alex J.
Published: May 2007

Manuel Puig's Kiss of the Spider Woman examines, deconstructs, and then reconceives masculinity through the dialogue and interaction between the traditionally macho rebel, Valentin, and the seemingly stereotypical effeminate, Molina. In the course of their conversations inside an Argentinian prison at the time of the military junta, Puig engages in an exploration of machismo, the code of male behavior, and marianismo, the code of female behavior, in order to re-establish masculinity in a manner that transcends the preconceptions. Arguing for what Puig calls the “polymorphous perverse,” the novel redefines maleness in Valentin and Molina's relationship, their intimacy, and the new-found elements of their personalities, elements which play a vital role in their ultimate fates in the novel.
A Symposium on the Relationship between Men's Studies and Women's Studies
Authors: Kann Mark E.
Published: May 2007

A short history of the symposium is noted along with the integrating themes found in the symposium's papers.
An Analysis of Stereotype Refutation in Playboy by an Editorial Voice: The Advisor Hypothesis
Authors: Beggan James K. , Gagné Patricia , Allison Scott T.
Published: May 2007

Recent accounts of the contact hypothesis have stressed the cognitive aspects of the phenomenon. On the basis of this call for reformulation, we propose the existence of the advisor hypothesis, i.e., the idea that third parties can use their influence to inhibit stereotyping about in-group and out-group members. We conducted an examination of this construct, with reference to gender stereotypes, using an archival data set of 38 years of the “ Playboy Advisor” column. Evidence from both qualitative and quantitative analyses indicated that the Playboy Advisor carried out several actions to inhibit misogyny and discourage the application of stereotypes to both men and women. Implications and limitations of the present research are discussed.
Behavioral Factors Associated with Disease, Injury, and Death among Men: Evidence and Implications for Prevention
Authors: Courtenay Will H.
Published: May 2007

Men in the United States suffer more severe chronic conditions, have higher death rates for all 15 leading causes of death, and die more than six years younger than women. In an attempt to explain these differences, this review summarizes recent evidence of gender differences in behaviors that significantly influence health and longevity. Drawing upon large studies, national data, and meta-analyses, it systematically demonstrates that males of all ages are more likely than females to engage in over 30 behaviors that increase the risk of disease, injury, and death. These findings provide compelling evidence that men's greatest health risks are preventable and indicate that poor health behaviors frequently co-occur among men. The implications of this review for future research and for the design of interventions with men are discussed.
Lifestyle Factors Associated with the Sexual Assault of Men: A Routine Activity Theory Analysis
Authors: Tewksbury Richard , Mustaine Elizabeth Ehrhardt
Published: May 2007

This paper explores the role of lifestyle and routine activities in the sexual assault of adult men. Little is known about the individual factors that are associated with the likelihood of male victimization. This paper explores the role of demographics, high school experiences, lifestyle statuses, school activities, leisure activities, alcohol use, drug use and self-protective behaviors in predicting the sexual victimization of a sample of southern college/university men. Results reveal that demographics, alcohol use, drug use, and high school experiences are significant predictors of general sexual assault victimization. Demographic, drug use, high school experience, and athletic participation in college variables predict serious sexual assault victimization. Implications for the understanding of men's sexual assault and routine activity theory are discussed.
Close Emotional Relationships with Women versus Men: A Qualitative Study of 56 Heterosexual Men Living in an Inner-City Neighborhood
Authors: Wagner-Raphael Lynne I. , Seal David Wyatt , Ehrhardt Anke A.
Published: May 2007

Heterosexual men's close relationships with women versus men were compared using open-ended interview methods. Participants were 56 ethnically diverse and heterosexually active men recruited from STD/health clinics and neighborhoods with high HIV/STD seroprevalence in New York City. Men were generally divided between identifying relationships with women as closer, relationships with men as closer, or relationships with both genders as equally close but different. Common reasons men felt emotionally closer to women included greater ability to disclose to women, greater comfort discussing emotional issues with women, feeling more understood by women, and sexual intimacy shared with women. Men were more likely to identify the ability to relax and be oneself as a reason for emotional closeness with men. These findings indicate that men are able to develop and share close emotional relationships with both genders and their relationships are expressed differently in response to the emotional needs each gender fills.
Reconstructing Masculinity and Sexuality
Authors: Philaretou Andreas G. , Allen Katherine R.
Published: May 2007

This paper attempts to synthesize general issues pertaining to masculinity and male sexuality using essentialist and postmodern theoretical ideologies. According to essentialist ideologies, the construction of male gender requires one's molding into a masculine role, which presupposes autonomy, competition, and aggressiveness, and the suppression of the innate human needs for connectedness, intimacy, and self-disclosure, which have been traditionally devalued as feminine traits. Alternatively, postmodern ideologies call for the deconstruction of essentialist notions of male sexuality and the reconstruction of a more balanced androgynous ideology drawing from the historical, social, and cultural determinants of sexuality and cherishing both masculine and feminine traits. The historical, social, and cultural perspective may be viewed as an overarching umbrella encompassing economic and power issues, an arena where the inequality wars are being waged, primarily those of gender, sexual orientation, age, physical ability, race, and social stratification. The reconstruction process is attained by helping one re-narrate his/her lifelong sexual narrative.
The Playboy Rabbit is Soft, Furry, and Cute: Is This Really the Symbol of Masculine Dominance of Women?
Authors: Beggan James K. , Allison Scott T.
Published: May 2007

Images presented in the mass media often contain subtexts that perpetuate gender stereotypes. We suggest that in some instances, underlying messages in mass media can operate to oppose, rather than reinforce, gender stereotypes. To examine this hypothesis, we used the first ten years of Playboy magazine as our data source. We provide evidence that the magazine attempted to broaden the conceptualization of masculinity by defining as the ideal an identity that incorporated a number of characteristics traditionally associated with women. We identify several processes by which Playboy accomplished this goal. These processes included co-opting the meaning of the word “playboy,” associating sexual success with the possession of traditionally feminine traits, and using a rabbit as Playboy‘s symbol.
The (Un)Emotional Male: Physiological, Verbal, and Written Correlates of Expressiveness
Authors: Robertson John M. , Woodford Joyce , Lin Chi-Wei , Danos Kimberly K. , Hurst Mark A.
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this study was to explore possible associations between two variables of the male experience: what men report about their emotions, and what they actually experience physiologically. Men from traditionally male occupations ( N = 69) were presented with three emotion-inducing stressors (i.e., a video, a math test, and a cold pressor). Their responses to the stressors were evaluated using physiological, verbal, and structured measures. They were also given a measure of gender-role stress. Results indicated that all the men experienced physiological arousal from the emotion-inducing stimuli, and that the level of arousal was not associated with the degree of gender-role stress. Also, men who reported the highest levels of gender-role stress (often regarded as more traditionally masculine) were more expressive of emotions when asked to use a structured exercise than when asked to talk about their responses. Conversely, men who reported less gender-role stress were more emotionally expressive when they talked about their responses than when they used a structured exercise.
What Do Playboy Playmates Want? Implications of Expressed Preferences in the Construction of the “Unfinished” Masculine Identity
Authors: Beggan James K. , Allison Scott T.
Published: May 2007

Although the literature on mate preferences indicates that women prefer men with both stereotypic masculine traits, such as strength and assertiveness, and stereotypic feminine traits, such as nurturance and sensitivity, men are encouraged to adopt identities that include only stereotypic masculine traits. This discrepancy produces gender-based role strain for men caught between the desires of women and the demands of social convention. We suggest that the centerfold text published in Playboy magazine provides a useful social infrastructure to help men develop more broadly defined conceptualizations of masculinity. In our analysis of Playboy playmate centerfold texts, we found that playmates expressed a preference for men who included stereotypic feminine attributes in their identities. In the context of attempting to be more attractive to women such as Playboy playmates, the adoption of feminine attributes can be readily justified and help men experience less gender-based role strain.
Professional Men's Attitudes toward Race and Gender Equity
Authors: Wade Jay C.
Published: May 2007

This study examined adult men's attitudes toward race and gender equity and their sexual harassment proclivities in relation to male identity status and traditional masculinity ideology. It was hypothesized that a male identity characterized by dependence on a male reference group for one's gender role self-concept would be related to traditional attitudes about masculinity, and both would be associated with attitudes unsupportive of race and gender equity and attitudes conducive to the sexual harassment of women. Conversely, it was also hypothesized that a male identity characterized by not being dependent on a male reference group for one's gender role self-concept would be related to attitudes supportive of race and gender equity, not having attitudes conducive to the sexual harassment of women, and not endorsing traditional attitudes about masculinity. Support for both hypotheses was found, and implications of the findings for understanding men's psychosocial functioning are discussed.