bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Personnel Selection
Authors: Sackett Paul R. , Lievens Filip
Published: September 2007

We review developments in personnel selection since the previous review by Hough & Oswald (2000) in the Annual Review of Psychology. We organize the review around a taxonomic structure of possible bases for improved selection, which includes (a) better understanding of the criterion domain and criterion measurement, (b) improved measurement of existing predictor methods or constructs, (c) identification and measurement of new predictor methods or constructs, (d) improved identification of features that moderate or mediate predictor-criterion relationships, (e) clearer understanding of the relationship between predictors or between predictors and criteria (e.g., via meta-analytic synthesis), (f) identification and prediction of new outcome variables, (g) improved ability to determine how well we predict the outcomes of interest, (h) improved understanding of subgroup differences, fairness, bias, and the legal defensibility, (i) improved administrative ease with which selection systems can be used, (j) improved insight into applicant reactions, and (k) improved decision-maker acceptance of selection systems.
Changes of gap junctional cell-cell communication in overactive detrusor in rats
Authors: Li Longkun , Jiang Chonghe , Hao Ping , Li Weibing , Song Caiping , Song Bo
Published: September 2007

To evaluate the changes in intercellular communication through gap junctions in detrusor overactivity (DO), we studied 23 adult female Wistar rats with DO after partial outflow obstruction (DO group) and 13 sham-operated rats (control group). The two groups were compared by means of urodynamics, light and electron microscopy, expression of Cx40, Cx43, and Cx45 mRNA genes with RT-PCR, Cx43 protein with Western blot analysis, and functional intercellular communication with scrape loading dye transfer (SLDT) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). The number of gap junctions and the expression of connexin mRNA and Cx43 protein were increased in DO rats, and intercellular communication through gap junctions increased after 6 wk of partial outflow obstruction as assessed with SLDT and FRAP techniques. The findings provide a theoretical rationale for using Cx43 antagonists and gap junction inhibitors in the treatment of patients with overactive detrusor secondary to partial bladder outflow obstruction.
Juxtacrine activation of EGFR regulates claudin expression and increases transepithelial resistance
Authors: Singh Amar B. , Sugimoto Keisuke , Dhawan Punita , Harris Raymond C.
Published: September 2007

Heparin-binding (HB)-EGF, a ligand for EGF receptors, is synthesized as a membrane-anchored precursor that is potentially capable of juxtacrine activation of EGF receptors. However, the physiological importance of such juxtacrine signaling remains poorly described, due to frequent inability to distinguish effects mediated by membrane-anchored HB-EGF vs. mature “secreted HB-EGF.” In our studies, using stable expression of a noncleavable, membrane-anchored rat HB-EGF isoform (MDCKrat5aa cells) in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) II cells, we observed a significant increase in transepithelial resistance (TER). Similar significant increases in TER were observed on stable expression of an analogous, noncleavable, membrane-anchored human HB-EGF construct (MDCKhuman5aa cells). The presence of noncleavable, membrane-anchored HB-EGF led to alterations in the expression of selected claudin family members, including a marked decrease in claudin-2 in MDCKrat5aa cells compared with the control MDCK cells. Reexpression of claudin-2 in MDCKrat5aa cells largely prevented the increases in TER. Ion substitution studies indicated decreased paracellular ionic permeability of Na+ in MDCKrat5aa cells, further indicating that the altered claudin-2 expression mediated the increased TER seen in these cells. In a Ca2+-switch model, increased phosphorylation of EGF receptor and Akt was observed in MDCKrat5aa cells compared with the control MDCK cells, and inhibition of these pathways inhibited TER changes specifically in MDCKrat5aa cells. Therefore, we hypothesize that juxtacrine activation of EGFR by membrane-anchored HB-EGF may play an important role in the regulation of tight junction proteins and TER.
Tight junction targeting and intracellular trafficking of occludin in polarized epithelial cells
Authors: Subramanian Veedamali S. , Marchant Jonathan S. , Ye Dongmei , Ma Thomas Y. , Said Hamid M.
Published: September 2007

Occludin, a transmembrane (TM)-spanning protein, is an integral component of the tight junctional (TJ) complexes that regulate epithelial integrity and paracellular barrier function. However, the molecular determinants that dictate occludin targeting and delivery to the TJs remain unclear. Here, using live cell imaging of yellow fluorescent protein-labeled occludin fragments, we resolved the intracellular trafficking of occludin-fusion proteins in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney and Caco-2 cells to delineate the regions within the occludin polypeptide that are important for occludin targeting to the TJs. Live cell confocal imaging showed that complete or partial truncation of the COOH-terminal tail of the occludin polypeptide did not prevent occludin targeting to the TJs in epithelial cell lines. Progressive truncations into the COOH-terminal tail decreased the efficiency of occludin expression; after the removal of the regions proximal to the fourth transmembrane domain (TM4), the efficiency of expression increased. However, further deletions into the TM4 abolished TJ targeting, which resulted in constructs that were retained intracellularly within the endoplasmic reticulum. The full-length occludin polypeptide trafficked to the cell surface within a heterogenous population of intracellular vesicles that delivered occludin to the plasma membrane in a microtubule- and temperature-dependent manner. In contrast, the steady-state localization of occludin at the cell surface was dependent on intact microfilaments but not microtubules.
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 induced through TLR4 signaling initiated byHelicobacter pyloricooperatively amplifies iNOS induction in gastric epithelial cells
Authors: Uno Kaname , Kato Katsuaki , Atsumi Tomoaki , Suzuki Takehito , Yoshitake Jun , Morita Hidetoshi , Ohara Shuichi , Kotake Yashige , Shimosegawa Tooru , Yoshimura Tetsuhiko
Published: September 2007

Cell-surface Toll-like receptors (TLRs) initiate innate immune responses, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induction, to microorganisms' surface pathogens. TLR2 and TLR4 play important roles in gastric mucosa infected with Helicobacter pylori ( H. pylori), which contains lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a pathogen. The present study investigates their physiological roles in the innate immune response of gastric epithelial cells to H. pylori-LPS. Changes in the expression of iNOS, TLR2, and TLR4, as well as downstream activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), were analyzed in normal mouse gastric mucosal GSM06 cells following stimulation with H. pylori-LPS and interferon-γ. Specific inhibitors for mitogen-activated protein kinases, NF-κB, and small interfering RNA for TLR2 or TLR4 were employed. The immunohistochemistry of TLR2 was examined in human gastric mucosa. H. pylori-LPS stimulation induced TLR2 in GSM06 cells, but TLR4 was unchanged. TLR2 induction resulted from TLR4 signaling that propagated through extracellular signal-related kinase and NF-κB activation, as corroborated by the decline in TLR4 expression on small interfering RNA treatment and pretreatment with inhibitors. The induction of iNOS and the associated nitric oxide production in response to H. pylori-LPS stimulation were inhibited by declines in not only TLR4 but also TLR2. Increased expression of TLR2 was identified in H. pylori-infected human gastric mucosa. TLR4 signaling initiated by H. pylori-LPS and propagated via extracellular signal-regulated kinase and NF-κB activation induced TLR2 expression in gastric epithelial cells. Induced TLR2 cooperated with TLR4 to amplify iNOS induction. This positive correlation may constitute a mechanism for stimulating the innate immune response against various bacterial pathogens, including H. pylori-LPS.
Transport of a fluorescent cAMP analog in teleost proximal tubules
Authors: Reichel Valeska , Masereeuw Rosalinde , van den Heuvel Jeroen J. M. W. , Miller David S. , Fricker Gert
Published: September 2007

Previous studies have shown that killifish ( Fundulus heteroclitus) renal proximal tubules express a luminal membrane transporter that is functionally and immunologically analogous to the mammalian multidrug resistance-associated protein isoform 2 (Mrp2, ABCC2). Here we used confocal microscopy to investigate in killifish tubules the transport of a fluorescent cAMP analog (fluo-cAMP), a putative substrate for Mrp2 and Mrp4 (ABCC4). Steady-state luminal accumulation of fluo-cAMP was concentrative, specific, and metabolism-dependent, but not reduced by high K+medium or ouabain. Transport was not affected by p-aminohippurate (organic anion transporter inhibitor) or p-glycoprotein inhibitor (PSC833), but cell-to-lumen transport was reduced in a concentration-dependent manner by Mrp inhibitor MK571, leukotriene C4(LTC4), azidothymidine (AZT), cAMP, and adefovir; the latter two compounds are Mrp4 substrates. Although MK571 and LTC4reduced transport of the Mrp2 substrate fluorescein-methotrexate (FL-MTX), neither cAMP, adefovir, nor AZT affected FL-MTX transport. Fluo-cAMP transport was not reduced when tubules were exposed to endothelin-1, Na nitroprusside (an nitric oxide generator) or phorbol ester (PKC activator), all of which signal substantial reductions in cell-to-lumen FL-MTX transport. Fluo-cAMP transport was reduced by forskolin, and this reduction was blocked by the PKA inhibitor H-89. Finally, in membrane vesicles from Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells containing human MRP4, ATP-dependent and specific uptake of fluo-cAMP could be demonstrated. Thus, based on inhibitor specificity and regulatory signaling, cell-to-lumen transport of fluo-cAMP in killifish renal tubules is mediated by a transporter distinct from Mrp2, presumably a teleost form of Mrp4.
Adaptive redistribution of NBCe1-A and NBCe1-B in rat kidney proximal tubule and striated ducts of salivary glands during acid-base disturbances
Authors: Brandes Alena , Oehlke Oliver , Schümann Anne , Heidrich Stefanie , Thévenod Frank , Roussa Eleni
Published: September 2007

The cellular distribution of the NH2-terminal electrogenic Na+-HCO3− cotransporter (NBCe1) variants NBCe1-A and NBCe1-B has been investigated in rat kidney and submandibular gland (SMG) under physiological conditions and after systemic acid-base perturbations. Moreover, the in vivo data were complemented in vitro by using an immortalized cell line derived from the S1 segment of the proximal tubule (PT) of normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKPT-0293 Cl.2). NBCe1-A was basolaterally localized in PT cells, whereas NBCe1-B exhibited intracellular and basolateral distribution. SMG showed transcript and protein expression for NBCe1-A and NBCe1-B. NBCe1-B was basolaterally localized in duct cells; NBCe1-A was found intracellularly in salivary striated ducts and apically in main duct cells. Acute metabolic acidosis significantly increased cells that showed basolateral NBCe1-A in the PT, indicating increased HCO3− reabsorption, and significantly decreased cells that exhibited basolateral NBCe1-B in the salivary ducts, suggesting decreased HCO3− secretion. Chronic acidosis had no effect on NBCe1 distribution in PT but significantly increased the percentage of cells with basolateral NBCe1-A in salivary striated duct cells, suggesting increased HCO3− reabsorption. In contrast, chronic alkalosis caused adaptive redistribution of NBCe1-A and NBCe1-B in renal PT, favoring decreased HCO3− reabsorption. In vitro, WKPT-0293 Cl.2 cells expressed key acid-base transporters. Extracellular alkalosis downregulated NBCe1-A protein. WKPT-0293 Cl.2 cells are therefore a useful model to study renal acid-base regulation in vitro. The results propose redistribution of the transporters as a potential posttranslational regulation modus during acid-base disturbances. Moreover, the data demonstrate that renal PT and salivary duct epithelia respond to acid-base disturbances by an opposite redistribution pattern for NBCe1-A and NBCe1-B, reflecting specialized functions as the HCO3−-reabsorbing and HCO3−-secreting epithelium, respectively.
Social stress and recovery: implications for body weight and body composition
Authors: Tamashiro Kellie L. K. , Nguyen Mary M. N. , Ostrander Michelle M. , Gardner Stacy R. , Ma Li Yun , Woods Stephen C. , Sakai Randall R.
Published: September 2007

Social stress resulting from dominant-subordinate relationships is associated with body weight loss and altered body composition in subordinate (SUB) male rats. Here, we extend these findings to determine whether stress-induced changes in energy homeostasis persist when the social stress is removed, and the animal is allowed to recover. We examined body weight (BW), body composition, and relevant endocrine measures after one or two cycles of 14 days of social stress, each followed by 21 days of recovery in each rat's individual home cage. SUB lost significantly more BW during social housing in a visible burrow system (VBS) compared with dominant (DOM) animals. Weight loss during social stress was attributable to a decrease in adipose tissue in DOM and SUB, with an additional loss of lean tissue in SUB. During both 21-day recovery periods, DOM and SUB regained lost BW, but only SUB were hyperphagic. Following recovery, SUB had a relatively larger increase in adipose tissue and plasma leptin compared with DOM, indicating that body composition changes were dependent on social status. Control animals that were weight matched to SUB or male rats exposed to the VBS environment without females, and that did not form a social hierarchy, did not exhibit changes in body composition like SUB in the VBS. Therefore, chronic social stress causes social status-dependent changes in BW, composition and endocrine measures that persist after repeated stress and recovery cycles and that may ultimately lead to metabolic disorders and obesity.
Thyroid status affects 5-HT2Areceptor modulation of breathing before, during, and following exposure of hamsters to acute intermittent hypoxia
Authors: Varney Abrea A. , Schlenker Evelyn H.
Published: September 2007

The BIO 14.6 hamster (dystrophic), animal model of limb girdle muscular dystrophy, exhibits low plasma triiodothyronine levels, muscle weakness, and decreased breathing. After exposure to acute intermittent bouts of hypoxia, dystrophic hamsters depress ventilation relative to baseline resulting in ventilatory long-term depression (LTD). Control hamsters may increase ventilation relative to baseline resulting in ventilatory long-term facilitation (LTF). Serotonin (5-HT) receptors, especially the 5-HT2Asubtype, are involved in the development of LTF. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the role of 5-HT2Areceptors in ventilatory and metabolic responses before, during, and following intermittent hypoxia in eleven euthyroid, nine dystrophic, and eleven propylthiouracil (PTU)-induced hypothyroid male hamsters. Animals received subcutaneous injections of vehicle or 0.5 mg/kg MDL (5-HT2Areceptor antagonist). Plethysmography was used to evaluate ventilatory responses of the three groups to air, five bouts of 5 min of 10% oxygen, each interspersed with 5 min of air, followed by 60 min of exposure to air. CO2production was measured using the flow-through method. Vehicle-treated dystrophic and PTU-treated hamsters exhibited LTD. MDL decreased body temperature in all groups. After MDL treatment, the euthyroid group exhibited LTD. MDL treatment in the dystrophic, but not in the PTU-treated hamsters, maintained tidal volume, but did not reverse LTD. CO2production was increased in the euthyroid group with MDL treatment. Thus, 5-HT2Areceptors affect body temperature, ventilation, and metabolism in hamsters. The differential responses noted in this study may be in part dependent on thyroid hormone status.
Spatial Selectivity to Intracochlear Electrical Stimulation in the Inferior Colliculus is Degraded After Long-Term Deafness in Cats
Authors: Vollmer Maike , Beitel Ralph E. , Snyder Russell L. , Leake Patricia A.
Published: September 2007

In an animal model of electrical hearing in prelingually deaf adults, this study examined the effects of deafness duration on response thresholds and spatial selectivity (i.e., cochleotopic organization, spatial tuning and dynamic range) in the central auditory system to intracochlear electrical stimulation. Electrically evoked auditory brain stem response (EABR) thresholds and neural response thresholds in the external (ICX) and central (ICC) nuclei of the inferior colliculus were estimated in cats after varying durations of neonatally induced deafness: in animals deafened <1.5 yr (short-deafened unstimulated, SDU cats) with a mean spiral ganglion cell (SGC) density of ∼45% of normal and in animals deafened >2.5 yr (long-deafened, LD cats) with severe cochlear pathology (mean SGC density <7% of normal). LD animals were subdivided into unstimulated cats and those that received chronic intracochlear electrical stimulation via a feline cochlear implant. Acutely deafened, implanted adult cats served as controls. Independent of their stimulation history, LD animals had significantly higher EABR and ICC thresholds than SDU and control animals. Moreover, the spread of electrical excitation was significantly broader and the dynamic range significantly reduced in LD animals. Despite the prolonged durations of deafness the fundamental cochleotopic organization was maintained in both the ICX and the ICC of LD animals. There was no difference between SDU and control cats in any of the response properties tested. These findings suggest that long-term auditory deprivation results in a significant and possibly irreversible degradation of response thresholds and spatial selectivity to intracochlear electrical stimulation in the auditory midbrain.
Gap Junctions Are Required for NMDA Receptor–Dependent Cell Death in Developing Neurons
Authors: de Rivero Vaccari Juan Carlos , Corriveau Roderick A. , Belousov Andrei B.
Published: September 2007

A number of studies have indicated an important role for N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in cell survival versus cell death decisions during neuronal development, trauma, and ischemia. Coupling of neurons by electrical synapses (gap junctions) is high or increases in neuronal networks during all three of these conditions. However, whether neuronal gap junctions contribute to NMDA receptor–regulated cell death is not known. Here we address the role of neuronal gap junction coupling in NMDA receptor–regulated cell death in developing neurons. We report that inactivation or hyperactivation of NMDA receptors induces neuronal cell death in primary hypothalamic cultures, specifically during the peak of developmental gap junction coupling. In contrast, increasing or decreasing NMDA receptor function when gap junction coupling is low has no or greatly reduced impact on cell survival. Pharmacological inactivation of gap junctions or knockout of neuronal connexin 36 prevents the cell death caused by NMDA receptor hypofunction or hyperfunction. The results indicate the critical role of neuronal gap junctions in cell death caused by increased or decreased NMDA receptor function in developing neurons. Based on these data, we propose the novel hypothesis that NMDA receptors and gap junctions work in concert to regulate neuronal survival.
Diversity of Neural Signals Mediated by Multiple, Burst-Firing Mechanisms in Rat Olfactory Tubercle Neurons
Authors: Chiang Elizabeth , Strowbridge Ben W.
Published: September 2007

Olfactory information is processed by a diverse group of interconnected forebrain regions. Most efforts to define the cellular mechanisms involved in processing olfactory information have been focused on understanding the function of the olfactory bulb, the primary second-order olfactory region, and its principal target, the piriform cortex. However, the olfactory bulb also projects to other targets, including the rarely studied olfactory tubercle, a ventral brain region recently implicated in regulating cocaine-related reward behavior. We used whole cell patch-clamp recordings from rat tubercle slices to define the intrinsic properties of neurons in the dense and multiform cell layers. We find three common firing modes of tubercle neurons: regular-spiking, intermittent-discharging, and bursting. Regular-spiking neurons are typically spiny-dense-cell-layer cells with pyramidal-shaped, dendritic arborizations. Intermittently discharging and bursting neurons comprise the majority of the deeper multiform layer and share a common morphology: multipolar, sparsely spiny cells. Rather than generating all-or-none stereotyped discharges, as observed in many brain areas, bursting cells in the tubercle generate depolarizing plateau potentials that trigger graded but time-limited discharges. We find two distinct subclasses of bursting cells that respond similarly to step stimuli but differ in the role transmembrane Ca currents play in their intrinsic behavior. Calcium currents amplify depolarizing inputs and enhance excitability in regenerative bursting cells, whereas the primary action of Ca in nonregenerative bursting tubercle neurons appears to be to decrease excitability by triggering Ca-activated K currents. Nonregenerative bursting cells exhibit a prolonged refractory period after even short discharges suggesting that they may function to detect transient events.
Epidural Spinal Cord Stimulation Plus Quipazine Administration Enable Stepping in Complete Spinal Adult Rats
Authors: Gerasimenko Yury P. , Ichiyama Ronaldo M. , Lavrov Igor A. , Courtine Gregoire , Cai Lance , Zhong Hui , Roy Roland R. , Edgerton V. Reggie
Published: September 2007

We hypothesized that epidural spinal cord stimulation (ES) and quipazine (a serotonergic agonist) modulates the excitability of flexor and extensor related intraspinal neural networks in qualitatively unique, but complementary, ways to facilitate locomotion in spinal cord–injured rats. To test this hypothesis, we stimulated (40 Hz) the S1 spinal segment before and after quipazine administration (0.3 mg/kg, ip) in bipedally step-trained and nontrained, adult, complete spinal (mid-thoracic) rats. The stepping pattern of these rats was compared with control rats. At the stimulation levels used, stepping was elicited only when the hindlimbs were placed on a moving treadmill. In nontrained rats, the stepping induced by ES and quipazine administration was non–weight bearing, and the cycle period was shorter than in controls. In contrast, the stepping induced by ES and quipazine in step-trained rats was highly coordinated with clear plantar foot placement and partial weight bearing. The effect of ES and quipazine on EMG burst amplitude and duration was greater in flexor than extensor motor pools. Using fast Fourier transformation analysis of EMG bursts during ES, we observed one dominant peak at 40 Hz in the medial gastrocnemius (ankle extensor), whereas there was less of dominant spectral peak in the tibialis anterior (ankle flexor). We suggest that these frequency distributions reflect amplitude modulation of predominantly monosynaptic potentials in the extensor and predominantly polysynaptic pathways in the flexor muscle. Quipazine potentiated the amplitude of these responses. The data suggest that there are fundamental differences in the circuitry that generates flexion and extension during locomotion.
Ischaemic and Metabolic Treatment of Hepatic Tumours
Authors: Ahrén Bo , Bengmark Stig
Published: September 2007

For treatment of malignancies, physical and metabolic differences between tumour cells and host cells
have guided the development of new approaches. In this review, two new approaches to be used in the
treatment of liver malignancies are outlined: ischaemic therapy and interferences with the glucose
metabolism. Ischaemic therapy of liver malignancies has been used in different forms during the last 20
years: from ligation of the hepatic artery, embolization of the arterial tree, transient occlusion of the
hepatic artery to the present day use of temporary, intermittent, transient hepatic arterial occlusion. The
beneficial effect of ischaemic therapy on malignancies is supposed to depend on oxygen and nutritional
deficiency, formation of oxygen‐derived free radicals and loss of function in cellular enzymes. The tumour
cells seem thereby to be more sensitive than the host cells. Also, ischaemia might potentiate the effect of
cytotoxic drugs. Intereferencies with glucose metabolism might be directed either towards the
exaggerated tumour glycolysis, for example by glucose analogues like 2‐deoxy‐glucose, or towards the
exaggerated host gluconeogenesis, for example by hydrazine sulphate. These treatments result in
reduction of the glucose availability in the intracellular glucose metabolism in the tumour cells and have
experimentally been demonstrated to be correlated to reduced tumour growth. It is concluded that both
these approaches, ischaemic therapy and manipulations with the glucose metabolism, seem promising for
the future. What is needed now is research to clarify the mechanims behind the effects, to establish their
full consequences, and to identify the clinical use of these treatments and their possible combinations.
Prevention of Endotoxaemia in Obstructive Jaundice — A Comparative Study of Bile Salts
Authors: Pain J. A. , Bailey M. E.
Published: September 2007

Systemic endotoxaemia is associated with postoperative renal dysfunction in obstructive jaundice, and
can be prevented by the pre‐operative administration of certain bile salts. In order to find the most
effective bile salt for use in this condition, a comparison of the anti‐endotoxic activities of different bile
salts was performed. Bile salts were incubated in vitro with endotoxin and the resultant endotoxin level
was measured with a quantitative limulus assay. The in vivo effects of different oral bile salts on the
intestinal absorption of radiolabelled endotoxin from rats with obstructive jaundice were compared. The
in vitro and in vivo anti‐endotoxic activities of bile salts related to their known detergent activities.
Deoxycholic acid and its conjugates were the most effective and should be the bile salts of choice for
further clinical evaluation in obstructive jaundice in man.
ERCP in Evaluating The Mode of Therapy in Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Authors: Nordback I. , Auvinen O. , Airo I. , Isolauri J. , Teerenhovi O.
Published: September 2007

Twenty patients with ultrasonographic or computed tomographic diagnosis of pancreatic pseudocyst were
referred for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Two of these were found at
laparotomy not to have pseudocysts and were excluded. Pancreatography was successful in 15 out of 18
cases (83%) and cholangiography in 12 out of 18 cases (67%). Three types of pseudocysts were noticed
according to the communication of the pseudocyst to the main pancreatic duct and the presence of
pancreatic duct stensosis. Successful treatment included two spontaneous resolutions, two internal
drainages and three left pancreatic resections. In the eight percutaneous external drainages four
recurrences (50%) occurred, one after closure of temporary pancreatocutaneous fistula. All the
recurrences occurred in Type III pseudocysts with communication of the pseudocysts to stenotic main
pancreatic duct. In these cases internal drainage would have been the preferable treatment method. We
believe that by ERCP one can identify pseudocysts not suitable for external drainage.
Mirizzi Syndrome
Authors: Bower Thomas C. , Nagorney David M.
Published: September 2007

The Mirizzi syndrome refers to benign obstruction of the common hepatic duct by a stone impacted within
the neck or cystic duct of the gallbladder, which causes extrinsic compression of the common hepatic duct
and obstructive jaundice. Although a rare cause of obstructive jaundice, it remains a clinically and
surgically challenging problem. Five patients with the Mirizzi syndrome were culled from over 9000
patients undergoing operation for gallstone disease. The management of these patients was detailed.
Diagnosis requires a high index of clinical suspicion but can be confirmed with the use of ultrasonography
and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography. Cholecystectomy and common duct exploration are
essential components of operative therapy, but additional procedures to repair non‐circumferential bile
duct defects or strictures must be anticipated.
Hemoperitoneum After Spontaneous Rupture of Liver Tumor: Results of Surgical Treatment
Authors: Andersson Roland , Tranberg Karl-Göran , Bengmark Stig
Published: September 2007

Five cases of massive hemoperitoneum caused by spontaneous rupture of liver tumors, collected during a
27‐year period, are reported. Four patients had a primary liver malignancy and one patient a liver cyst with
hemangioma. Initial symptoms were obscure and hemoperitoneum was suspected pre‐operatively in only
one patient. At operation, a mean of 3100 ml of blood was found in the abdomen. Hemostatis was
achieved by liver resection in four patients and by suture ligation in one. Two patients died during or
shortly after operation. The three patients surviving the operation had primary liver cancer and lived for
6 months to 6.5 years. It is concluded that liver resection, whenever possible, is the treatment of choice and
that pre‐operative delay and mortality may be diminished by increased awareness of this condition.
Common Bile‐Duct Mucosa in Choledochoduodenostomy Patients — Histological and Histochemical Study
Authors: Eleftheriadis E. , Tzioufa V. , Kotzampassi K. , Aletras H.
Published: September 2007

We describe the histological and histochemical changes of the common bile‐duct mucosa in specimens
obtained by means of peroral cholangioscopy, 1–12 years after choledochoduodenal anastomosis. Our
findings — hyperplasia of the superficial epithelium, metaplastic goblet cells containing predominantly
acid sialomucins, and pyloric‐like gland formation containing neutral mucins — express a morphological
and functional differentiation of the common bile‐duct mucosa that probably facilitates its survival in a
different environment. We consider that these adaptive changes may explain the uneventful long‐term
postoperative period of choledochoduodenostomized patients.
Hida Scan in The Follow‐Up of Biliary‐Enteric Anastomoses
Authors: Belli G. , Romano G. , Monaco A. , Santangelo M. L.
Published: September 2007

In order to assess the patency and function of biliary‐enteric anastomoses performed in our Department of
Surgery, 21 patients entered the following study, provided an informed consent was obtained. All the
patients were affected by benign biliary tract diseases and underwent either Roux‐en‐Y
hepaticojejunostomy (11 cases), or side‐to‐side choledochoduodenostomy (10 cases). The 21 patients
were evaluated with Tc‐99m‐HIDA scanning at intervals of 20 days–36 months after the surgical
procedure (mean 14 months). The images were obtained after intravenous injection of the radioactive
medium (5 mCi) and the scans were taken at 1 min (1 frame/s), 3 min (1 frame/10 s), and 56 min (1 frame/2
min). The data were analyzed by a Digital PDP 11/34 Computer System. This method allowed us to assess
each individual patient for the patency of the anastomosis and, by computer analysis, to build up a profile
of the timing of the passage of the radioactive medium through the anastomosis; a delayed passage across
the anastomosis was always pathological.In conclusion, the 99m‐Tc‐HIDA scanning used in our study for long‐term follow‐up of biliary‐enteric
anastomoses is reliable and allows an assessment of prognosis.
Morbidity and Mortality After Major Hepatic Resection in Cirrhotic Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Nagasue Naofumi , Yukaya Hirofumi , Kohno Hitoshi , Chang Yu-Chung , Nakamura Teruhisa
Published: September 2007

Major hepatic resection was carried out on 23 adult patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and
underlying cirrhosis of the liver (macronodular in six cases, micronodular in 11, and mixed type cirrhosis
in six). Pre‐operative liver functional state was Child′s class A in 19, class B in three, and class C in one.
The operations performed were extended right lobectomy in four patients, right lobectomy in 10, left
lobectomy in one, and left lateral segmentectomy in eight. Fifteen postoperative complications were
found in 10 patients, five of whom had duplicated complications and finally died of liver failure 15–65 days
after operation. In three of those five patients, other complications (hemorrhagic shock in two and portal
thrombosis in one) had preceded liver failure. Eighteen patients tolerated the resection and were
discharged from hospital. However, among 13 noncirrhotic patients with HCC who had undergone major
hepatic resection during the same period of time, only two had postoperative complications and all
patients were discharged from hospital. The 1‐, 2‐ and 3‐year survival rates in the 23 cirrhotics were
60.9%, 37.5% and 24.9% respectively, whereas the 1–5‐year survival rates were all 61.5% in the 13
noncirrhotics. Thus, major hepatic resection may be indicated in selected patients with HCC and
associated cirrhosis, but meticulous managements during and after operation are mandatory to prevent
fatal postoperative liver failure.
Liver Graft Revascularization by Donor Portal Vein Arterialization Following “No Touch” Donor Hepatectomy
Authors: Sheil A. G. R. , Thompson J. F. , Stephen M. S. , Graham J. C. , Eyers A. A. , Bookallil M. , Kalpokas M. , McCaughan G. W. , Dorney S. F. A. , Ekberg H. B. N. , Mears D. , Kelly G. E. , Woodman K.
Published: September 2007

Unsatisfactory immediate function of the transplanted liver together with technical complications
contribute to a persisting early mortality for hepatic transplantation in the 20% range. We report our
initial clinical experience with methods, one not previously used clinically, that resulted in uniformly well‐functioning
liver grafts in 11 patients and contributed to a satisfactory success rate for the procedure.
Donors were heart‐beating. During the donor operation all manipulations of the liver were avoided until
after cold preservation, achieved by external cooling at the same time as circulatory interruption, donor
exsanguination and perfusion of the liver with cold oxygenated fluid of “extracellular̵ type. The organs
were then gently dissected. At transplantation the livers were revascularized with arterial blood shunted
from the recipient iliac artery to the graft portal vein after completion of the suprahepatic IVC
anastomosis. The infrahepatic IVCs and hepatic arteries were then joined, the iliac artery shunts
discontinued and the portal veins joined. Total ischaemic intervals for the allografts were 3½–8 (average
5). Anhepatic intervals were 1–2¼ (average 2). The arterio‐portal shunts were operating for 18–85 (mean
46) min. Blood loss and haemodynamic, acid‐base and electrolyte abnormalities at revascularization were
minimal. All grafts secreted bile immediately and all parameters reflected continuing improvement of
liver function thereafter. Nine patients (82%) are alive between 4 and 18 (mean 11) months after
transplantation. We conclude that these methods offer effective avoidance of serious organ damage
during donor hepatectomy and preservation, reduced allograft ischaemic interval and reduced recipient
anhepatic time. They result in avoidance of blood loss at the time of revascularization, together with
minimal haemodynamic, acid‐base or biochemical changes. In addition, they allow the surgeon to
perform and test all anastomoses without time constraints, provide the capability to deal with unexpected
complications, and assure good early graft function.
Hilar Biliary Cancer – Are We Getting It Right?
Authors: Little J. M.
Published: September 2007

Recent reviews of the management of hilar biliary cancer suggest that radical resection is the preferred
treatment option. It seems true that most of the long term survivors are treated this way, but it is equally
true that most patients receive palliative rather than curative treatment. Before we go too far in our
advocacy of radical treatment, we need to develop methods for quantifying palliation because that is in
truth what we usually achieve. A method of quantifying palliation is described. Surgeons are encouraged
to use methods of this kind in order to allow valid comparison of the results of different methods of
treatment.
Hemihepatectomy and Replacement of The Afferent Hepatic Blood Supply in The Dog
Authors: Boerma Egge J. , de Boer Herman H. M. , van der Heyde M. Niels , van Haelst Urbain J. G. M.
Published: September 2007

Hemihepatectomy along with portal vein or hepatic artery replacement in dogs was well tolerated, but
combined with replacement of both vessels it was lethal because of outflow block and shock. Total liver
blood flow should be kept as high as possible during such procedures in man.
A new Simplified Method of Selective Exposure of Hepatic Pedicles for Controlled Hepatectomies
Authors: Galperin E. I. , Karagiulian S. R.
Published: September 2007

Our experience of 90 hepatectomies (HE) and examinations of 64 cadaver livers resulted in the elaboration
of a simplified technique for the exposure of hepatic pedicles (HP) and the rapid selective ligation
without significant normothermal ischemia of the retained parts of the liver. The method comprises 4
consecutive steps: 1) a superficial T‐shaped incision of Glisson′s capsule at the site of HP projection
on the liver′s inferior surface, 2) introduction of the surgeon′s forefinger into the liver parenchyma,
controlled by clamping the hepatoduodenal ligament, the fingertip finding a tubular structure well distinguished
by its smooth elastic surface from the friable parenchyma and bending the finger to hook
the pedicle, 3) drawing the hooked pedicle downwards through the slit in the capsule and temporarily
clamping it, while releasing the hepatoduodenal ligament so as to restore blood supply to the retained
parts of the liver, 4) checking for correct ligature position on the HP before its final ligation by matching
the actual ischemic area with the intended line of resection and moving the clamp proximally or distally
along the exposed pedicle for the release or clamping of lateral branches as necessary. Whereupon
resection can be performed by any of the known methods.

This method has been used in 8 major HE, allowing to reduce intraoperative blood loss from
2200±247 ml to 1000±225 ml and reducing general liver ischemia from 10 minutes and more to 2–3
minutes.
Patterns of Improvement in Resection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Cirrhotic Patients: Results of a Non Drainage Policy
Authors: Smadja C. , Berthoux L. , Meakins J. L. , Franco D.
Published: September 2007

A prolonged ascitic leak through abdominal drains is a source of postoperative complications and of
prolonged postoperative hospital stay after liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in
cirrhotic patients. Therefore we elected to abstain from routine abdominal drainage in the last 14
resections in cirrhotic livers. A significantly smaller number of patients had postoperative complications
following liver resections without drainage (7%) than historical controls with abdominal drainage (59%,
p < 0.01). The number of complications related to ascites was significantly greater in patients with
abdominal drainage (76%) than without (0%, p < 0.001). Postoperative hospital stay was also significantly
longer following resections with abdominal drainage (19 ± 4 days) than in patients without (12 ± 1 days, p < 0.01). The long postoperative hospital stay in patients with abdominal drainage was
related to ascitic discharge for a mean period of 13 ± 10 days. No clinically significant accumulation
of ascites was noted in patients without drainage. A more frequent utilization of hepatic vascular inflow
occlusion did not account for the better results in the group of patients without drainage. These results
suggest that routine abdominal drainage should not be used following liver resection for HCC in
cirrhotic patients. This appears to be another of the technical details improving postoperative results
in these patients.
Structural and Functional Alterations in The Zona Fasciculata ofThe Rat Adrenal Cortex in Obstructive Jaundice
Authors: Roughneen P. T. , Tallon K. M. , Russell Diane Haley , Rowlands B. J.
Published: September 2007

This study investigated the effect of experimentally‐induced cholestasis in the rat on the structure and
function of the zona fasciculata, the glucocorticoid secretory region of the adrenal cortex. Wistar‐Furth
rats (200‐250g) were assigned to three groups: bile duct ligated (BDL), Sham operated (Sham) and
unmodified normal control (NC). On day 14, serum bilirubin and liver histology were performed to
confirm cholestasis in BDL animals together with basal 24 hour 17‐hydroxycorti‐costeroid excretion,
adrenal histology and zona fasciculata ultrastructure in all experimental groups. Following this
laparotomy, structural and functional studies were repeated on day 15 to evaluate the response of the gland
to surgically induced stress. Basal 24 hr. 17‐hydroxycorticoid steroid excretion was elevated in BDL animals
(26.9 ±3.2 μ g/24 hr) with respect to Sham (10.4 ± 2.3) and NC groups (13.5 ± 3.2) (p <0.05). Adrenal
histology and ultrastructural studies demonstrated excessive accumulation of vesicles laden with
glucocorticoid biogenic precursors. Following surgical stress 24 hr 17 OH corticosteroid excretion increased
in all groups: BDL (31.0 ± 3.0 μg/24 hr) vs Sham (15.6 ± 1.8) and NC (14.5 ± 2.4) Moderate alterations
in zona fasciculata architecture were seen following surgery in all groups. Cholestasis induces overactivity
of the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex, and may modify the normal metabolic responses to surgical
and other stresses.
Arteriovenous Fistula Between the Hepatic Artery and the Hepatic Vein
Authors: Howard John M. , Malafa M. , Coombs Robert J. , Iannone Anthony M.
Published: September 2007

A patient is presented with multiple vascular anomalies in the branches of the celiac axis as well as in
the portal vein and its branches. Apparently, unique in the literature is the presence of a large arteriovenous
fistula between the hepatic artery and one of the hepatic veins. The anomalies are presumed
to be congenital in origin.
A Rare Extrahepatic Biliary Anomaly
Authors: Elhamel A.
Published: September 2007

In a case operated on for calculous jaundice the right and left hepatic ducts drained directly into the
gallbladder and the cystic duct was the only route by which hepatic bile reached the duodenum.
Exploration of the inside of the gallbladder was a crucial step for the discovery of the anomaly. Continuity
of bile drainage was secured by the preservation of a portion of the gallbladder which contained hepatic
and cystic ducts.
Gall Bladder And Common Bile Duct Stones – When Is Direct Cholangiography Indicated?
Authors: Kapur B. M. L. , Mishra M. C. , Rao P. S. V. , Tandon R. K.
Published: September 2007

The medical records of 277 consecutive patients who underwent cholecystectomy for benign gall stone
disease, were reviewed to determine the incidence and cause of biliary tract obstructuion.Obstructive jaundice (icteric obstructive biliopathy) was present in 38 cases. This was due to
choledocholithiasis in 22, Mirizzi′s Syndrome in two, biliobiliary fistula in eight and biliary stricture in five
patients. Preoperative direct cholangiography (ERCP/PIC) was helpful.Anicteric patients were classified on the basis of a history of jaundice, serum alkaline phosphatase,
sonography and operative findings. Anicteric patients with evidence of biliary tract pathology (anicteric
obstructive biliopathy) had a significant incidence of choledocholithiasis (33.3% ). Biliary complications
were uncommon in this group (4.3%). Peroperative cholangiography was carried out and was valuable in
these patients but was normal in all 83 patients who had no evidence of biliary obstruction.
Dietary and Other Risk Factors in The Aetiology of Cholelithiasis:A Case Control Study
Authors: Linos A. D. , Daras V. , Linos D. A. , Kekis V. , Tsoukas M. M. , Golematis V.
Published: September 2007

We studied the effect of dietary factors and a variety of other risk factors on the development of
cholelithiasis through a case control study.

The study involved 96 cases and 118 age and sex matched controls. All cases and controls were
interviewed with regard to a variety of risk factors and frequency of consumption of over 100 food
items. Analysis was done both by chi square and a multiple logistic regression model. From all the
dietry factors the only ones that showed a positive statistically signficantly (p<0.05) association was
consumption of animal fat as expressed by eating all visible fat on the meat and using butter on the
table. Interestingly high consumption of olive oil had a negative (protective) association with the
disease. A negative association was also found with smoking and holding a job demanding hard
labor.
Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma of The Pancreas
Authors: Garvey J. F. W. , Ng A. , England J. F. , Sheldon D. M.
Published: September 2007

A case of fibrous histiocytoma of low grade malignancy arising from the uncinate lobe of the pancreas is
reported. This is an unusual site for these extremely rare tumours. Survival up to 4 years has been achieved
in our patient following surgical resection.
Plasma Gamma Globulin Levels After Splenectomy and Spleen Salvage
Authors: Yasar Yesilkaya , Zeki Yilmaz , Ahmet Erkilic , Metin Sen , Hüseyin Kilic
Published: September 2007

A series of plasma globulin studies was carried out on 108 patients who were operated on for splenic
trauma during the last 3 years. The reasons for splenectomy or spleen salvage were; gunshot wounds
in 22 patients (20.3%); stab injuries in 10 patients (9.2%) and blunt abdominal trauma in 76 patients
(70.3%). Plasma gamma globulin determinations were made on the 8th postoperative day and at 3
months. In the splenectomy group; plasma gamma globulin determinations demonstrated a significant
reduction in serum IgM levels (p < 0.001) but no significant changes in IgA and IgG levels (p > 0.05).
No changes were detected in IgA, IgG and IgM levels in the spleen salvage group (p > 0.05).We believe that the preservation of the traumatized spleen should be the prime aim of surgeons.