bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reflexivity, Positionality, and Languages of Collaboration in Feminist Fieldwork
Authors: Nagar Richa
Published: May 2017

This chapter is organized as follows. Part 1 is an abridged and revised version of a longer piece originally written with Susan Geiger between 1997 and 2001. Part 2 is a revised version of an article that first emerged in 2001–2; it deployed the arguments made with Geiger to interpret the responses of three different feminist audiences to a manuscript that the author submitted to the journal, Gender, Place and Culture. Part 3 is a revised version of a chapter that was first written in 2005–6, around the same time that Part 1 was being revised for publication. It can be seen as a postscript to the discussion on reflexivity and positionality, with attention to language and translation, themes that have continued to acquire increasing prominence in the author's concerns since then.
“The Center is not just for Filipinos, but for all of Hawai‘i nei”
Authors: Labrador Roderick N.
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that the Filipino Community Center represents a “class project” that not only reveals a repertoire of Filipino identities but also an active confrontation with the group's ethnoracially assigned identity and its political, economic, and social consequences. It analyzes the grand opening ceremonies of the Filipino Community Center and suggests that as a middle class project (with the Filipino Chamber of Commerce a central stakeholder), it emphasizes self-help entrepreneurship and the elevation of business-related “ethnic heroes” as part of the never-ending pursuit of the “American Dream” in a “Land of Immigrants.” The chapter investigates several interrelated issues, namely how those in the middle class shape subjectivity in a community that has been defined and defined itself as impoverished and subaltern, and the various ways Filipinos think about and perform class (via the images, symbols, and ideologies they use) to construct competing visions of “Filipino.”
Unsettling Hawai‘i
Authors: Labrador Roderick N.
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter revisits the idea of identity territorializations and their use in immigrant struggles for community empowerment. It asks what happens when “home”-making processes and practices occur in someone else's “homeland.” Specifically, it examines how Filipino identity territorializations directly and indirectly engage indigeneity and local struggles for indigenous rights. Are Filipinos in Hawaiʻi one of the Asian settlers participating in the double colonialism of Hawaiʻi? How does engaging indigeneity shift our understandings of people, place, identity, and empowerment? What are the relationships between indigenous rights and immigrant rights? The chapter participates in broader conversations about settler colonialism but is also involved in more general discussions about the relationship between people, place, identity, and politics.
Francis Ford Coppola and the Underground Corporation
Authors: Menne Jeff
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Francis Ford Coppola's American Zoetrope. Taking a page from his mentor Roger Corman, Coppola gathered his film-school friends to form American Zoetrope, an off-Hollywood production firm that, like American International Pictures (AIP) before it, would make its way by setting up operations beyond the reach of the regulatory controls that had frozen young talent out of Hollywood. Coppola chose San Francisco for Zoetrope's base because it was an epicenter of the counterculture, and he wanted “bohemian life” to pervade the corporation. However, what kept Zoetrope from being another experiment for the New Communalists common enough then in and around San Francisco, was that the device organizing the endeavors of these like-minded friends was the corporation. They bent the device to their own ends, no doubt, but the effect was that corporate form partook of the informal energies on which the art world runs.
Shifting Eight-Hour Reform from Consciousness to Creed in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Mirola William A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on three key events: the ongoing fight for shorter hours for women, the conflict between typographical workers and the Methodist Church over shorter hours at a Methodist publishing house, and the construction of the Social Creed of the Churches. Amid shifting sentiments among employers and changes in politics, Chicago women's groups, settlement-house workers, women in the Socialist Party, and the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) took the lead in eight-hour reform by focusing on long hours among workingwomen. Once the provision limiting the hours of work for women to eight hours that was a part of the 1893 Factory Law had been declared unconstitutional by the Illinois Supreme Court, no further legal attempt to shorten women's hours had been attempted. However, with the turn of the century, women exercised a stronger leadership presence in reform efforts of all kinds and rekindled the fight to reduce working hours for women.
Religion and the Trajectory of Labor Reform Movements
Authors: Mirola William A.
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter discusses the theoretical implications of Protestant engagement with the eight-hour movement for developing a broader understanding of the possibilities and constraints surrounding religion as a basis for activism around economic and industrial issues. Protestant beliefs underlying moralities of work and leisure permeated the culture of life in nineteenth-century Chicago. Clergy constructed their responses to the principle of shorter hours around them. Workers also constructed religious understandings of the eight-hour system out of this common religious language. However, shared religious understandings of industrial conditions and community life are only a beginning for movements seeking to mobilize the religious community as an ally. Differences in how those beliefs were interpreted by clergy and workers as well as differing understandings of their implications for economic life meant that efforts to transform religious ideas into practical reform efforts would face serious obstacles.
Anatomy of a Riot
Authors: Misri Deepti
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines gendered violence against men, which, unlike other violations such as rape, abduction, and looting, has been largely forgotten in popular memorializations of Partition. It focuses mainly on writer Saadat Hasan Manto's fictional response to the violence of Partition, Black Marginalia (1948), exploring the techniques by which he narrowly focuses the reader's gaze on the forms of male-on-male violence and evidentiary procedures used by warring religious mobs in the Partition riot. However, despite Manto's brilliant deconstruction of the logic of the communal riot, the chapter questions some aspects of his secular critique of such violence, particularly in the melodramatic tale “Mozail,” where the Sikh male figure's investments in the markers of his faith are presented merely as dogmatic and superficial.
Atrocious Encounters
Authors: Misri Deepti
Published: May 2017

This chapter studies two often-intersecting forms of violence peculiar to the postcolonial Indian state: the “caste atrocity” and the “encounter killing.” It begins with Arundhati Roy's novel The God of Small Things, where the Dalit man Velutha is lynched by the state police acting to preserve caste boundaries in Kerala of the 1960s. The novel's nonlinear temporal architecture reorganizes the heteronormative, forward-looking telos of caste as a form of the so-called “chronobiopolitics”—namely, the sexual arrangement of the time of life of entire populations. The chapter also explores two recent “atrocity photographs” of beaten and killed Adivasi women, asking how this genre of photography constitutes public understanding about caste atrocity as a form of violence.
Words and War
Authors: Radsch Courtney C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores globalization, resistance, and identity as forces shaping the relationship between Osama bin Laden and the Qatar-based Al Jazeera news network. Both al Qaeda's and Al Jazeera's rise to global prominence were made possible by globalization and networked transnational media, namely the Internet and satellite television. Al Jazeera was often credited with building a new public sphere and pan-Arab identity while at the same time providing an Arab perspective on the series of U.S.-led incursions in the Middle East that became known as the War on Terror. Its rise happened to coincide with al Qaeda's rise and occurred amid extensive American forays into the Middle East, which were widely opposed in the region and thus led to highly critical coverage of a range of U.S. actions and policies toward the region and toward Muslims.
Obama, African Americans, and Africans
Authors: Sundiata Ibrahim
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the election (and reelection) of President Obama fits into the larger historical narrative that was the focus of earlier chapters. It asks: Has the Obama presidency represented fundamental change or, in many consequential ways, foreign policy continuity? More broadly, what does Obama mean for future African American interest in foreign affairs and the pursuit of diplomatic service? It argues that Obama's ascension to the presidency was a great step forward in United States race relations. African Americans entered into all levels of foreign policy apparatus. However, the contradictions between the bonds of ethnic solidarity and the demands of American foreign policy will persist. Obama presents a grand paradox—the accession of a “son of Africa” to the American presidency may well sound the death knell of traditional Pan-Africanism.
Sex and Sexuality in African Colonial Encounter
Authors: Aderinto Saheed
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter presents three overarching arguments that form the centerpiece of the ideas engaged in this book. First, sexuality as a component of human behavior cannot be understood in isolation from wider historical processes. Indeed, sexuality was one of the intricate sites through which several core ideas of colonial practices and thinking about modernity were configured and reconfigured. Second, the age of females who practiced prostitution played a significant role in molding the perception and institutional attention toward sex work, exemplifying the constructed difference between child and adult sexualities. Third, the intersection between sexuality and nationalism in Africa is far more complex than the present literature reveals. In Nigeria, sexualized nationalism was an aspect of the moral, cultural, economic, and political nationalisms championed by both men and women who felt that certain expressions of sexuality threatened nation-building.
“The Vulgar and Obscene Language”
Authors: Aderinto Saheed
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on adult prostitution and the physical, ethnic, and racial geography of sex work. In the view of moralists, adult prostitutes represented a different category of women believed to be in firm control of their sexuality, the financial resources they accrued from their activities, and how that money was spent. Prostitution was not only a profitable profession, it also directly and indirectly contributed to the colonial state's agenda of maintaining the city as a hotspot of migrants. As such, sex work mirrored the diversity of the colonial urban economy and consumption pattern of Lagosians. The chapter then looks at the activities of delinquent youth known in the urban dictionary as boma and jaguda boys and how their identity and behavior gave new connotations to prostitution as a profession that must be prohibited.
Childhood Innocence, Adult Criminality
Authors: Aderinto Saheed
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines underage sex work and the emergence of the idea of the erotic child. The idea of child prostitution as a sex crime against children and the framing of the sexual child strengthened state paternalism. Indeed, from the early 1940s, the idea of “sexually endangered” children became the target of the state, which attempted to “save” children from the clutches of violence in order to uphold its values of colonial progress, tranquility, and continuity. Numerous and complicated ideas of the psychosexual development of the girl-child emerged, not only in response to the trafficking for sexual exploitation but also in the Colony Welfare Office's (CWO) quest to institutionalize a “development approach” to social vice.
The Sexual Scourge of Imperial Order
Authors: Aderinto Saheed
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that sex had broader implications for the future of the British Empire, while also showing that the generalization that women were the moral scourge of the empire whose sexuality needed to be curtailed must be qualified. The African rank-and-file of the colonial army, like women, became another demographic whose sexuality was treated as dangerous. Indeed, the colonialists' perception of the effect of sexual savagery and their methods of dealing with it were class specific and were constantly in a state of flux. This disequilibrium to a large extent was based on the weighting of the medical consequences of gonorrhea and syphilis against other communicable diseases like influenza. The chapter then shows that the medicalization of sex reflected the quest by colonial medics to appropriate the panic over prostitution as a means of repositioning themselves as a vital tool of civilization.
Lagos Elite Women and the Struggle for Legitimacy
Authors: Aderinto Saheed
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Lagos elite women's sexual politics. Lagos elite women were the first to insert illicit sexuality into their long list of projects aimed at improving women's sociopolitical and economic visibility. Like the male nationalists, they expressed optimism that the 1940s prohibitionist regime would help curb the menace of prostitution, especially the trafficking of girls. With time, the elite women would be disappointed by the paradoxical situation resulting from anti-prostitution laws: on the one hand, they fulfilled the demand for policing prostitutes and controlling the influx of girls into Lagos, but on the other hand, they opened up new arenas for the violation of women's rights.
Place, Race, and the Housing Debate
Authors: Godreau Isar P.
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides a detailed ethnographic account of the housing controversy in San Antón. It places particular emphasis on the racial and spatial coordinates that informed debate over its implementation, pointing to the problematic and contested deployment of scripts of nostalgia, homogeneity, matrifocality, harmony, and unchanging traditions that marked San Antón as an exceptional place of racialized difference. The controversy over housing showed the inadequacy of an approach that romanticized the community without considering the social relationships of power that shaped it and, more importantly, without discussing its transformations with residents. Moreover, the housing project failed to recognize San Antón residents' everyday practices and desires as modern, casting them instead as bearers of unchanging traditions.
Irresolute Blackness
Authors: Godreau Isar P.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how the showcasing of black folklore in San Antón requires work and ideological maneuvering. Dynamics of representation of “community” varied a great deal depending on whether such public events were organized for residents or for a broader national audience. Local events such as Christmas dinners, Mother's Day celebrations, and Father's Day celebrations were mostly organized around religious activities, family oriented or preestablished holidays. In contrast, public events targeted to an outside audience centered on Afro-Puerto Rican or Afro-Antillean music and predominantly bomba and plena. The chapter then illustrates that far from being “in the blood” or neutral and carefree or an externally motivated process, the marking and celebration of San Antón as place of black folklore is driven by the community itself in a way that requires a great deal of work and the assertive leadership of community members from within.
The Lure of El Paso, 1910–1919
Authors: Guzmán Will
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes a new period in Nixon's life as well as the storied history of Blacks in El Paso. Nixon would settle in this city alongside his childhood friend Le Roy White and practice his medicine there for the next fifty years. His time in El Paso would prove to be an eventful one, as he encountered, among other things, the start of the Mexican Revolution, Jim Crow, the local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), World War I, and an epidemic outbreak which would take the life his wife, Esther Nixon. In addition, living in El Paso would also drive him to become more civically and politically active over time.
Optimism and Rejection, 1925–1962
Authors: Guzmán Will
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the latter phases of Nixon's civic life as well as his contributions to the health and welfare of his fellow African Americans. It details Nixon's initiative to establish a Black hospital to treat tuberculosis (TB)—then one of the top three causes of mortality among Blacks in urban communities—El Paso's Frederick Douglass National Tubercular Hospital. Nixon's relationship with the NAACP grew strained during this time as well, and he and his second wife, Drusilla E. Tandy, would later obtain the support of the Southern Conference for Human Welfare (SCHW). To conclude, the chapter also looks at a series of events that would eventually lead to an antidiscrimination ordinance in 1962 that would make El Paso the first city in Texas to pass such a resolution.
The Library’s Role in Developing Web-Based Sport History Resources
Authors: Wilson Wayne
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the future of sport libraries in the digital era. In the contemporary economy of networked information, libraries have become hybrid or gateway institutions that provide access to a mix of digital and paper-based sources. In many ways, sport libraries and major sport collections—such as the Australian National Sports Information Centre, the LA84 Foundation, and the International Olympic Committee's Olympic Studies Centre in Lausanne—have mirrored the functions of digitizing material, disseminating information, and promoting scholarly communications that characterize contemporary libraries. Not surprisingly, however, the digitization and dissemination of special sport collections is enmeshed with issues about ownership, public profile, and access.
Negotiating Pressures in Terms of Gender
Authors: Sunardi Christina
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores some of the ways in which male dancers who performed female style dance (or had performed female style dance prior to the author's fieldwork) have been pushing at dominant conceptual and physical boundaries of gender and sex by expressing, embodying, and representing male femininity in diverse ways on- and offstage. It argues that male dancers, in so doing, have been contributing to the ongoing cultural production of tradition and maintaining cultural space for males to access and make visible the magnetic power of femaleness. The ways male dancers negotiated boundaries of gender are shown through the ways they talk about various cultural pressures, indicating ways they contend with official discourses of gender.
Maintaining the Representation of Female Power through Beskalan Putri
Authors: Sunardi Christina
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines some of the ways in which artists have maintained cultural space for the representation of female power through Beskalan Putri as they have adapted, taught, remembered, learned, performed, and talked about this dance. It focuses on representations of female power through Beskalan Putri because, building on the senses of history explored in the previous chapter, this dance and the femaleness performers associated with it were critical to their senses of Malangan tradition. This analysis thus further illustrates the selection of tradition and the construction of gender as mutually constitutive cultural processes. Considering artists' concerns with preservation as well as the impact of social, political, and cultural climates on the ways artists represented female power through this dance, this chapter argues that artists represented female power strategically—that is, in a “safe” way in times following trauma.
Afterword
Authors: Sunardi Christina
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter reflects on the major points made throughout this book, discussing how individual artists have developed personal strategies for situating themselves within the constantly evolving constellations of personal, local, national, and global values that surround the negotiation of masculinity and femininity. Furthermore it returns to the subject of female power and how the performers maintain and make cultural space for the magnetic power of femaleness. Finally, and in spite of performers' concerns about the future of local tradition, the chapter expresses optimism about the future of the performing arts in Malang, demonstrating how a new generation of performers is actively engaging with the art.
Nadie es profeta en su tierra
Authors: Rosario Vanessa Pérez
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Burgos's migratory routes from Puerto Rico to Havana and New York by looking at her second and third poetry collections—Canción de la verdad sencilla (Song of the Simple Truth, 1939) and El mar y tú (The Sea and You, 1954)—as well as her little-studied letters to her sister. The poetry collections and letters reveal her conflicted relationship to Puerto Rico. Despite her patriotism, home and nation became limiting, restrictive, and repressive spaces. As such, Burgos attempted to create a home and a life for herself beyond the boundaries of the nation. The chapter then discusses and extends the term sexile, usually used to describe queer migration, to heterosexual women whose sexuality appears excessive in Caribbean morality, contributing to their departure from the island.
Commandant St. Ange de Bellerive
Authors: Ekberg Carl J. , Person Sharon K.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Louis St. Ange de Bellerive's time as commandant at St. Louis. As of the spring of 1765, no government existed at what would eventually become St. Louis. This would change by the end of year, when St. Ange arrived and established a civil government six months before there was any ecclesiastical presence in the settlement. Crossing the Mississippi with St. Ange were Joseph-François Lefebvre, chief magistrate in the Illinios Country, and notary Charles-Joseph Labuxière. The chapter begins with an overview of St. Ange's administration of St. Louis as the seat of his government in Upper Louisiana and goes on to discuss the revolt that erupted in New Orleans against Antonio de Ulloa and Spanish rule in Louisiana in October 1768. It also recounts the murder of the Odawa leader Pontiac by a Peoria Indian on April 20, 1769, that threw the entire Illinois Country into turmoil. Finally, it considers the Black Legend, an accumulation of propaganda and Hispanophobia that painted Spain as an evil colonial power.
Beyond teenage biology
Authors: Hasinoff Amy Adele
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the implications of the dominant discourse about the unruly biology of adolescence. In particular, it challenges the notion that sexting is the result of teenage hormones and still-developing brain structures dangerously alchemizing with new technologies. The chapter first considers the developmental model of sexuality in relation to teen biology, along with alternatives to the teenage biology model of youth sexuality. It also discusses peer pressure and “crazy teen trends” as explanations for adolescent girls' sexual behavior. The chapter complicates biology-based assumptions about teens' irrational brains, raging hormones, and fixed trajectory through sexual development as explanations for sexting. It argues that using teen biology as a sympathetic explanation for sexting can divert attention from malicious privacy violators.
Self-esteem advice and blame
Authors: Hasinoff Amy Adele
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how sexting was constructed as a symptom of low self-esteem and the subsequent advice offered to girls in mass media and public service announcements (PSAs). A range of nationally distributed PSAs as well as informal advice to girls in newspaper coverage of sexting implores adolescent girls to raise their self-esteem and “think before you post” in order to prevent them from making supposedly risky sexual decisions online. This advice to girls reconfigures existing discourses of “girl power” by counseling sexual self-control as a strategy for achieving and demonstrating high self-esteem. This chapter explains why the shift in online safety advice from a focus on online predators and technology as the main culprits to an explicit strategy of encouraging girls to be autonomous, independent, and responsible online is problematic. It argues that online safety advice tends to reproduce the idea that sexual harassment is natural and inevitable and that only girls—not the men who victimize them—need to modify their behavior.
Sexualization and participation
Authors: Hasinoff Amy Adele
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the tension between the idea that participatory new media practices typically produce positive, democratic effects and the assumption that sexualization creates a problematic type of new media practice—sexting. Drawing on postcolonial feminist scholars who question the normative definitions of agency, the chapter argues why the complexities of sexting suggest that resistance and participation might be overvalued ways of interacting with mass culture. It explores the stakes of pathologizing conformity to mass culture and contends that the supposedly deficient agency of adolescent girls who create sexual photographs of themselves should not be a primary site for intervention. It also maintains that it could be useful to think about sexting as media production but at the same time challenges the notion that media participation is inherently good. Thinking about sexting as a form of media production, which has a basically positive connotation for youth, suggests the need to consider the potential benefits of sexting, such as intimacy and interpersonal communication, alongside the well-known risks.
Introduction
Authors: Baer James A.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to show how the ebb and flow of Spanish anarchist migrations to Argentina helps explain the development of both a transnational anarchist ideology and related organizations that connect these two countries. It follows the lives, careers, ideas, influence, and travel of dozens of individuals who moved between these two countries in the decades around the turn of the twentieth century. The life stories of individual immigrants allow us to explore their movements and understand how supranational links influenced the growth of the anarchist movements in Spain and Argentina. This study encompasses the period between 1868, when the ideas of Russian anarchist Mikhail Bakunin first became known in Spain, and the end of the Spanish Civil War, after which the regime of Generalíssimo Francisco Franco and the Second World War effectively ended the relationship between these two countries' anarchist movements. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
Argentine and Spanish Anarchists in the Spanish Civil War
Authors: Baer James A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Spanish anarchist immigrants and Argentine anarchists during the civil war and the experience of refugees from Spain. Abad de Santillán served on the powerful Antifascist Militias Committee, while Manuel Villar edited Solidaridad Obrera, an important anarchist periodical. Many other Spaniards returned from Argentina to participate in the civil war, among them José María Montero and Antonio Casanova. While these individuals were only a small number of those fighting in the war, their experience in Argentina and their enthusiasm for the social revolution at the outbreak of the civil war made them staunch supporters of the republican cause.
Exile and Homecoming
Authors: Baer James A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the lives of refugees who fled from Spain in 1939 and evaluates the significance of this transnational history on migration studies as well as Spanish and Argentine history. Population movements transfer more than just individual immigrants. They also transmit ideas from one nation to another. And since migration sometimes leads to a return, those ideas can come back, altered by experiences abroad, and affect the country of origin. If Argentina became a nation of immigrants, Spain became a nation whose returning immigrants helped to shape its history. In the end, each country proceeded on its own trajectory with regard to the working class. The death of Abad de Santillán death represented the severing of the final thread connecting the two worlds.
A Review of The Elementary Structures of Kinship
Authors: Lévi-Strauss Claude
Published: May 2017

French sociology has been dormant for a long time. Lévi-Strauss’s book must be greeted as an event heralding a spectacular awakening. The efforts of the Durkheim school to organize social facts in an intelligible manner proved to be disappointing since they relied on questionable metaphysical hypotheses and on equally doubtful historical postulates....
Preface to The Sexually Responsive Woman
Authors: de Beauvoir Simone , Timmermann Marybeth
Published: May 2017

The Doctors Kronhausen have written a forthright, courageous, and highly rigorous study on the difficult problem of women’s sexuality, about which so little is known. They have gone further and called into question even that which has hitherto been regarded as an unalterable fact of Nature: women’s “physiological destiny.” In this realm as in so many others, male prejudice insists on keeping women in a state of dependency. In contrast to this, the authors grant women an autonomy—both physiological and psychological—equal to that of men....
Introduction
Authors: Bergoffen Debra B.
Published: May 2017

In 1966, when Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre visited Japan at the invitation of the University of Keio and their Japanese editor Mr. Watanabe, their books had been translated, were well known and highly regarded. Though Beauvoir and Sartre knew this, neither realized how powerfully their work resonated with the Japanese. They were unprepared for the more than one hundred journalists and crowds of mostly young people waiting to greet them when they arrived. The existential difference between East and West was not, it seemed, as great as the geographic distance....
Joy, Flow, and Personal Transformation
Authors: Bosse Joanna
Published: May 2017

This chapter locates ballroom dance's transformative potential in the affective experience of synchronized performance, with particular emphasis on how it brings pleasure and feeling of well-being to the dancer. It examines the radical shift in awareness that occurs during the dance event itself, where feelings of joy and euphoria displace feelings of self-consciousness and worry over everyday life. It considers Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi's concept of optimal experience and flow in order to understand the events that can lead to such states of awareness as well as appreciate the appeal of ballroom dance as play. It also discusses the notion, advanced by Csikszentmihalyi and Stith Bennett, that play is grounded in the “concept of possibility” and is action that generates action, creating a unified experience flowing from one moment to the next. The chapter argues that flow and flow states generate feelings of positive personal transformation, of becoming beautiful.
Studying the Journalist’s Image
Authors: Ehrlich Matthew C. , Saltzman Joe
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter discusses the importance of studying the image of the journalist in popular culture. Journalists have been ubiquitous characters in popular culture, and those characters are likely to shape people's impressions of the news media at least as much if not more than the actual press does. Indeed, popular culture is a powerful tool for thinking about what journalism is and should be. The portrayals of journalists illuminate what have been called “the legitimation myths of liberal journalism”—that is, “those shared values and ideas about how news works which, alongside many other myth systems, bind us together as citizens in a democracy.” As such, studying the image of the journalist in popular culture is a provocative and entertaining way of generating insight not only into journalism but into one's self as well.
Image
Authors: Ehrlich Matthew C. , Saltzman Joe
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at image by focusing on the depiction of photojournalists and television journalists. Critiques of the press often warn of the dangers of manufactured image and spin, as with political events that are orchestrated for the camera. Still, others have pointed to the power of visual images to evoke empathy and emotion and appeal to the imagination, whereas many professionals and educators argue that photojournalism and TV journalism at their best serve journalism's self-proclaimed devotion to truth and social responsibility. Popular culture dramatizes both perspectives on those journalistic professions: they can either help present a picture of the world as it really is, or they can promote lies and fluff over reality and substance.
Red Scares and Black Scares
Authors: Fones-Wolf Elizabeth , Fones-Wolf Ken
Published: May 2017

This chapter explores two issues that forced the (CIO) religious cadre to make difficult decisions—racial justice and Communism. The Christian values that drove the Community Relations Department and the ordained ministers who served on the CIO staff pushed them ultimately to place racial justice above the immediate goals of the Southern Organizing Campaign, even when it meant that they had to defy CIO leadership. But on the issue of Communism, the CIO's religious activists shared the anti-Communism that permeated southern evangelical Protestantism. In some cases, their anti-Communism outweighed their commitment to racial justice. The mix of racism, anticommunism, and evangelicalism offers an easy explanation for the failure of the CIO's Operation Dixie.
Competitive Skating between the Wars
Authors: Hines James R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses competitive skating during the interwar period. The Treaty of Versailles marked the end of the war, but the rebuilding of Europe was a slow process hindered badly by the severity of the treaty and the resulting economic depression. In spite of this, the International Skating Union (ISU) was able to hold its first postwar congress in October 1921 and set dates for resumption of competition early the following year. By the end of the 1920s, ISU membership had increased by more than 50 percent, with new members coming from East European countries, the Baltic states, Italy, the United States, and Japan. The chapter covers the ISU's adoption of a set of compulsory figures, most often called “school figures”; evolution of free skating; evolution of jumping and spinning; employment of dance steps as connecting links in free-skating programs; male and female champions; and North American skaters.
The Artistic Sixties
Authors: Hines James R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses figure skating in the 1960s. In 1961, the entire U.S. World team died in a plane crash on the way to Prague. One year later, two skaters from former teams, Barbara Ann Roles and Yvonne Littlefield, traveled to Prague as part of an otherwise inexperienced team of American skaters. Only one new member of the 1962 team, Scott Allen, would ever win a World or Olympic medal, but collectively the team provided the foundation on which the United States built its next generation of international champions. While the United States lost its current best skaters in the crash and was thrust into the necessity of developing new ones, across the skating world, a largely new slate of skaters appeared at the 1962 World Championships. Three of the men, Canada's Donald Jackson, Germany's Manfred Schnelldorfer, and France's Alain Calmat, were destined to become World champions.
Introduction
Authors: Hines James R.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter begins with a brief history of figure skating. The birthplace of figure skating is England, following the return of Charles II in 1660. For two hundred years it remained exclusively a recreational activity, and still in the mid-nineteenth century members of the London Skating Club opposed adamantly anything suggesting competition, even proficiency tests. Competitive figure skating, local at first, dates from the mid-nineteenth century in most countries. It became international later in the century, and problems surfaced almost immediately as skaters trained in their own national styles competed against skaters trained in other styles. The chapter then sets out the book's focus, namely World and Olympic championship skaters from 1896 through 2002. Their successes and their failures are identified; their contributions are celebrated. The narrative through the postwar period progresses generally by decades. It emphasizes major issues, some short-lived but others extending over longer periods, that are identified with the skaters most directly affected. General concerns of the International Skating Union are addressed throughout.
Introduction
Authors: Henricks Thomas S.
Published: May 2017

This book examines the causes, consequences, and contexts of play. It explores how we learn about ourselves and the world—and about the intersection of these two realms—through acts of play. The book argues that play is not only pleasing involvement in the moments of life, but also creative activity that has consequences for other portions of that life. This introduction discusses the cultural historian Johan Huizinga's claim that play has social, cultural, and personal implications, that public play is central to the making of community. It also considers some of the benefits of play, with particular emphasis on its connection to both childhood and adulthood. Finally, it explains why we should study play and provides an overview of the book's scope.
The Play of Possibility
Authors: Henricks Thomas S.
Published: May 2017

This final chapter summarizes the book's major themes, including the thesis that play is a distinctive strategy of meaning-making that finds its end in self-realization. It begins with a discussion of a general theory of play, with particular emphasis on the relationship between sense-making and play as well as the distinction between ideal play and real play. It then considers the role of play in human agency and revisits Johan Huizinga's challenge to evaluate the role of play in the contemporary era. It also describes some problematic qualities of play and concludes with an analysis of questions of whether and how play should be evaluated by arguing that play as action is not equivalent to play as interaction or to play as activity; therefore, interactive (and thus intersubjective) play should respect the freedom of all participants.
Leter-Writing Communities in the Polish American Press
Authors: Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann Anna D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter places Ameryka-Echo within the context of other Polish American and ethnic newspapers, which adopted the letter-writing culture, and explores the different ways in which the editors used letters from readers, facilitating the creation of communities of readers-writers. Through the maintenance of the close connection between the newspaper and its readers, and the inclusion of the content provided by them, the press created a national as well as diasporic community of Polish immigrants, formed readers' networks loyal to a particular newspaper, and guided the immigrants in their adaptation to the new country through the adoption of personal service journalism and advice sections. Ameryka-Echo remained at the forefront of the Polish-language newspapers, engaging its readers in the process of direct communication and featuring long-lasting and popular sections based on correspondence from readers.
The Corner for Everybody
Authors: Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann Anna D.
Published: May 2017

The “Corner for Everybody” is a section of letters from readers, which appeared in Ameryka-Echo between 1922 and 1969. This chapter focuses on the “Corner” as a section which bound the readers into a community. The “Corner” offered them a sense of belonging and provided them with a safe space to share ideas and engage in the public conversation about all they found significant in their lives. In the process, the boundaries between public and private became blurred and the readers often established among themselves relationships that were personal, emotional, and long-lasting, and sometimes even extended beyond the pages of the newspaper.
Private Leters in the Public Sphere
Authors: Jaroszyńska-Kirchmann Anna D.
Published: May 2017

This chapter challenges the misconception that immigrant letters in the ethnic press are somehow less credible. The author's extensive research into the originals of the surviving letters from readers found in the archives of Ameryka-Echo show that majority of the submissions for the “Corner” were barely touched by the editor's pen. In the preserved “Editorial Materials” portion of the Paryski Publishing archival collection she found original letters simply stapled to the bundle of materials marked for the “Corner”. Immigrant letters published in the public sphere include many of the same elements as personal correspondence, allowing the readers to share the feelings of belonging to the same community.
Sweeping through the City
Authors: Marovich Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the contributions of Thomas A. Dorsey and the gospel nexus to the development of gospel music in Chicago during the years 1932–1933. Pilgrim Baptist Church is often cited as the birthplace of gospel music because Dorsey served as its music director. However, it was actually Ebenezer Baptist Church that provided the creative spark that propelled gospel to the forefront of black sacred music. This chapter first discusses the political infighting endured by Ebenezer over two turbulent years before turning to its gospel programs, along with the establishment of the Ebenezer Gospel Chorus and the Pilgrim Gospel Chorus. It then considers the roles played by Dorsey, Theodore R. Frye, and Magnolia Lewis Butts in the advancement of the gospel chorus movement in Chicago; how gospel choruses became a means for African American churches to attract new members and more revenue; and Dorsey's composition of the gospel song “Take My Hand, Precious Lord.” The chapter concludes with a look at the Martin and Frye Quartette, renamed the Roberta Martin Singers.
Postwar Gospel Quartets
Authors: Marovich Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the rise of Chicago's gospel quartets, hailed as the “rock stars of religious music” by music historian Al Young, after World War II. The postwar migration to Chicago coincided with the rise to national prominence of the male gospel quartet. Quartets such as the Soul Stirrers, the Pilgrim Travelers, and the Harmonizing Four were packing auditoriums with exciting live performances, singing on hundreds of radio stations, and sellling records by the tens of thousands. This chapter first takes a look at the gospel music of the Soul Stirrers before turning to churches and venues featuring local and traveling quartets. It then considers other quartets and gospel singers, including Sam Cooke and Paul Foster, R. H. Harris and the Christland Singers, the Highway QCs, Johnnie Taylor, James Phelps and the Clefs of Calvary, and Roscoe Robinson. It also discusses three quartets that formed in the South, migrated to Chicago, and became nationally recognized artists: the Pilgrim Jubilee Singers, the Kelly Brothers, and the Norfleet Brothers.
“He Could Just Put a Song on His Fingers”
Authors: Marovich Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the rise of second-generation gospel choirs in Chicago. On July 6, 1959, Robert Anderson and Eddie Robinson sponsored the “Mountain of Gospel Music,” starring James Cleveland and the Voices of Tabernacle Choir from Detroit's Prayer Tabernacle Church, at the First Church of Deliverance. Cleveland's triumph with the Voices of Tabernacle turned him from “years of struggling” into a major gospel attraction. This chapter begins with a discussion of Chicago-based community choirs devoted to second-generation gospel music, including the Thompson Community Singers, the Wooten Choral Ensemble, the Youth Federation of South Chicago, South Side Community Singers, Helen Robinson Youth Choir, and Treadwell Community Singers. It also takes a look at other second-generation church choirs such as the ensemble at Fellowship Missionary Baptist Church, Hyde Park Bible Church, Redeeming Church of Christ, and Cosmopolitan Church of Prayer. The chapter concludes with an overview of the phenomenon called “broadcast hopping,” a journey that gospel music enthusiasts made on Sundays to be present for as many live radio broadcast services as possible.
“God’s Got a Television”
Authors: Marovich Robert M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how television became an important medium of communication for gospel music in Chicago. Mahalia Jackson was the first gospel artist to attract significant attention from television studios. As early as 1951, she appeared on Studs Terkel's Studs' Place telecast. In 1958, she was a guest on an episode of NBC's The Dinah Shore Show. She also had her own television program, called Mahalia Jackson Sings. This chapter discusses some television programs dedicated to gospel music, beginning with TV Gospel Time, produced by Howard Schwartz's Allied Productions, followed by Jubilee Showcase on Chicago's WBKB and Isabel Joseph Johnson's Rock of Ages. It also looks at the Barrett Sisters, dubbed “The Sweet Sisters of Zion,” and gospel extravaganzas such as the All-American Gospel Spectacular of 1964 at the Regal Theater and the Defender's gospel festival at the Trianon Ballroom as part of its annual Home Service Show.
The Myth of Multistakeholder Governance
Authors: Powers Shawn M. , Jablonski Michael
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how multistakeholder institutions reflect dominant political and/or economic interests, arguing that the discourse of multistakeholderism is used to legitimize arrangements benefiting powerful, established actors like the United States and its robust Information and Communication Technology (ICT) sector. After a brief discussion of what is actually at stake in debates over internet governance, the chapter provides an overview of the origins and theory of the multistakeholder process. It then considers how seemingly participatory, inclusive, and consensus-driven decision-making structures provide legitimacy for existing political and economic interests by using three case studies: ICANN, the Internet Society (ISOC), and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It shows that, by incentivizing inclusion and consensus, multistakeholder processes risk stifling legitimate dissent from external actors who have no interest in lending legitimacy to the facade of an apolitical negotiation.