bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Remote Asymmetric Induction Using Allylstannanes
Authors: THOMAS E. J.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structurally Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Synthetic Combinatorial Libraries
Authors: KRCHNAK V. , WEICHSEL A. S. , CABEL D. , FLEGELOVA Z. , LEBL M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Impact of Polystyrene Resins in Solid‐Phase Organic Synthesis
Authors: MACDONALD A. A. , DEWITT S. H. , GHOSH S. , HOGAN E. M. , KIERAS L. , CZARNIK A. W. , RAMAGE R.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterocyclic Templates for Assembling α‐Hydroxy‐β‐amino Acids, Sphingosines, and Indolizidines
Authors: JEFFORD C. W.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand Coupling Reactions of Hypervalent Species
Authors: OAE S.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Organolead(IV) Triacetates in Organic Synthesis
Authors: PINHEY J. T.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Use of 2‐Azadienes in the Diels‐Alder Reaction
Authors: GILCHRIST T. L. , ROCHA GONSALVES A. M. D'A. , PINHO E MELO T. M. V. D.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Chemistry of Dithiirane and Small Ring Compounds Containing Two Chalcogen Atoms
Authors: ISHII A. , HOSHINO M. , NAKAYAMA J.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of Neurokinin Antagonists
Authors: TAKAYA T.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: High Symmetry Chiral Auxiliaries Containing Heteroatoms
Authors: DE LUCCHI O.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereochemistry of Spirosulfuranes and Their Oxides: Static and Dynamic Aspects
Authors: DRABOWICZ J. , MARTIN J. C.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Assembly of Fullerene Tubes and Balls
Authors: SMALLEY R. E. , COLBERT D. T.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwaves and Anisothermal Synthesis
Authors: GAILLARD P. , RIGNEAU P. , STUERGA D. , LALLEMANT M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal or Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Reactions with Chiral Organosulfur Functionality
Authors: HIROI K.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Developments in the Synthesis of Polyketides and of Chiral Methyl Groups
Authors: MULZER J.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Stereoselective Synthesis of Acetogenins of Annonaceae: A New Class of Bioactive Polyketides
Authors: FIGADERE B. , CAVE A.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of Nonactic Acid. Its Derivatives and Nonactin Itself
Authors: FLEMING I. , GHOSH S. K.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Bioactive Natural Spiroethers, Tautomycin and Oscillatoxin D
Authors: ICHIHARA A. , OIKAWA H. , TOSHIMA H.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Aza‐Annulation of Enamine Related Substrates with α,β‐ Unsaturated Carboxylate Derivatives as a Route to the Selective Synthesis of δ‐Lactams and Pyridones
Authors: STILLE J. R. , BARTA N. S.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: α,β‐Unsaturated Isothiocyanates
Authors: NEDOLYA N. A. , TROFIMOV B. A. , SENNING A.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enzymes in Organic Synthesis
Authors: KANERVA L. T.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Aza‐Diels‐Alder Reactions
Authors: WALDMANN H.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Carbenoid Cyclizations
Authors: DOETZ K. H.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Mitomycins
Authors: WALDMANN H.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Taxanes: An Unusual Class of Natural Products
Authors: SCHINZER D.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Individual Natural Products CC‐1065: One of the Most Powerful Antitumor Compounds
Authors: SCHINZER D.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of Rapamycin
Authors: MAIER M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Present‐Day Aspects of Complexon Coordination Chemistry
Authors: DYATLOVA N. M. , TEMKINA V. YA. , POPOV K. I.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Template Synthesis of Chelating and Macrocyclic Compounds
Authors: GERBELEU N. V. , ARION V. B.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Binaphthyls as Chiral Elements for Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: NOYORI R.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of Polyketide Natural Products ‐ Achievements and Future Development
Authors: HOFFMANN R. W.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Optically Active Pyrethroids ‐ Strategy and Practice: Synthesis of Non‐Racemic Cyclopropane Carboxylic Acids
Authors: KRIEF A.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Biocatalytic Methods for Enantioselective Synthesis
Authors: SIH C. J. , GU R.‐L. , CRICH J. Z. , BRIEVA R.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐Amino‐ and 1‐Amidoalkyl Radicals: Generation and Stereoselective Reactions
Authors: RENAUD P. , GIRAUD L.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis and Characterization of Chiral Atropisomeric 4,4′‐ Biquinolines
Authors: SLANY M. , STANG P. J.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Place of Dibenzo(b,f)thiepin Derivatives in Medicinal Chemistry: Structures and Activities
Authors: PROTIVA M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Photocyclization of Aryl‐ and Heteroaryl‐2‐propenoic Acid Derivatives. Synthesis of Polycyclic Heterocycles
Authors: TOMINAGA Y. , CASTLE R. N.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Steroidal Oxazoles, Oxazolines, and Oxazolidines
Authors: CAMOUTSIS C.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Thirty Years of Phase Transfer Catalysis
Authors: MAKOSZA M. , FEDORYNSKI M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: AC Magnetic Susceptibility Measurements of Organic Superconducting Materials
Authors: DODRILL B. C. , KRAUSE J. K.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Properties of Fullerene Superconductors
Authors: BUNTAR V. , WEBER H. W.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Field Effects on Electronic States in BEDT‐TTF Salts
Authors: TOYOTA N.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetics of Complexation (in Supramolecular Chemistry)
Authors: PETRUCCI S. , EYRING E. M. , KONYA G.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Targeting RNA with Conformationally Restricted Oligonucleotides
Authors: HERDEWIJN P.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ternary Nitrides: A Rapidly Growing Class of New Materials
Authors: DISALVO F. J. , CLARKE S. J.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Commercial Technologies Based on Fundamental Research in Catalysis, Designed at the Institute of Chemical Physics of Russian Academy of Sciences
Authors: MAKARAYAN I. A. , BATURIN S. M. , MATKOVSKY P. E. , SAVCHENKO V. I.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanistic Studies of Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylation Reactions of Nitro Compounds to Isocyanates, Carbamates, and Ureas
Authors: RAGAINI F. , CENINI S.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxazolidine‐Aldimine Reactive Diluents for High Solids Polyurethane Coatings
Authors: HOFFMAN M. D. , HOURANI M. J. , JOHNSON T. L.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Complexation Mechanisms
Authors: DETELLIER C.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Testing for equivalence of variances using Hartley's ratio
Authors: Frey Jesse
Published: August 2010

Hartley's test for homogeneity of k normal‐distribution variances is based on the ratio between the maximum sample variance and the minimum sample variance. In this paper, the author uses the same statistic to test for equivalence of k variances. Equivalence is defined in terms of the ratio between the maximum and minimum population variances, and one concludes equivalence when Hartley's ratio is small. Exact critical values for this test are obtained by using an integral expression for the power function and some theoretical results about the power function. These exact critical values are available both when sample sizes are equal and when sample sizes are unequal. One related result in the paper is that Hartley's test for homogeneity of variances is no longer unbiased when the sample sizes are unequal. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 38: 647–664; 2010 © 2010 Statistical Society of Canada
Spatio‐temporal modelling of disease mapping of rates
Authors: Torabi Mahmoud , Rosychuk Rhonda J.
Published: August 2010

This paper studies generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) for the analysis of geographic and temporal variability of disease rates. This class of models adopts spatially correlated random effects and random temporal components. Spatio‐temporal models that use conditional autoregressive smoothing across the spatial dimension and autoregressive smoothing over the temporal dimension are developed. The model also accommodates the interaction between space and time. However, the effect of seasonal factors has not been previously addressed and in some applications (e.g., health conditions), these effects may not be negligible. The authors incorporate the seasonal effects of month and possibly year as part of the proposed model and estimate model parameters through generalized estimating equations. The model provides smoothed maps of disease risk and eliminates the instability of estimates in low‐population areas while maintaining geographic resolution. They illustrate the approach using a monthly data set of the number of asthma presentations made by children to Emergency Departments (EDs) in the province of Alberta, Canada, during the period 2001–2004.The Canadian Journal of Statistics38: 698–715; 2010 © 2010 Statistical Society of Canada
The Photocycle of Channelrhodopsin‐2: Ultrafast Reaction Dynamics and Subsequent Reaction Steps
Authors: Verhoefen Mirka‐Kristin , Bamann Christian , Blöcher Rene , Förster Ute , Bamberg Ernst , Wachtveitl Josef
Published: August 2010

The photocycle of channelrhodopsin‐2 is investigated in a comprehensive study by ultrafast absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy as well as flash photolysis in the visible spectral range. The ultrafast techniques reveal an excited‐state decay mechanism analogous to that of the archaeal bacteriorhodopsin and sensory rhodopsin II from Natronomonas pharaonis. After a fast vibrational relaxation of the excited‐state population with 150 fs its decay with mainly 400 fs is observed. Hereby, both the initial all‐trans retinal ground state and the 13‐cis‐retinal K photoproduct are populated. The reaction proceeds with a 2.7 ps component assigned to cooling processes. Small spectral shifts are observed on a 200 ps timescale. They are attributed to conformational rearrangements in the retinal binding pocket. The subsequent dynamics progresses with the formation of an M‐like intermediate (7 and 120 μs), which decays into red‐shifted states within 3 ms. Ground‐state recovery including channel closing and reisomerization of the retinal chromophore occurs in a triexponential manner (6 ms, 33 ms, 3.4 s). To learn more about the energy barriers between the different photocycle intermediates, temperature‐dependent flash photolysis measurements are performed between 10 and 30 °C. The first five time constants decrease with increasing temperature. The calculated thermodynamic parameters indicate that the closing mechanism is controlled by large negative entropy changes. The last time constant is temperature independent, which demonstrates that the photocycle is most likely completed by a series of individual steps recovering the initial structure.
What Happens Inside a Fuel Cell? Developing an Experimental Functional Map of Fuel Cell Performance
Authors: Brett Daniel J. L. , Kucernak Anthony R. , Aguiar Patricia , Atkins Stephen C. , Brandon Nigel P. , Clague Ralph , Cohen Lesley F. , Hinds Gareth , Kalyvas Christos , Offer Gregory J. , Ladewig Bradley , Maher Robert , Marquis Andrew , Shearing Paul , Vasileiadis Nikos , Vesovic Velisa
Published: August 2010

Fuel cell performance is determined by the complex interplay of mass transport, energy transfer and electrochemical processes. The convolution of these processes leads to spatial heterogeneity in the way that fuel cells perform, particularly due to reactant consumption, water management and the design of fluid‐flow plates. It is therefore unlikely that any bulk measurement made on a fuel cell will accurately represent performance at all parts of the cell. The ability to make spatially resolved measurements in a fuel cell provides one of the most useful ways in which to monitor and optimise performance. This Minireview explores a range of in situ techniques being used to study fuel cells and describes the use of novel experimental techniques that the authors have used to develop an ‘experimental functional map’ of fuel cell performance. These techniques include the mapping of current density, electrochemical impedance, electrolyte conductivity, contact resistance and CO poisoning distribution within working PEFCs, as well as mapping the flow of reactant in gas channels using laser Doppler anemometry (LDA). For the high‐temperature solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), temperature mapping, reference electrode placement and the use of Raman spectroscopy are described along with methods to map the microstructural features of electrodes. The combination of these techniques, applied across a range of fuel cell operating conditions, allows a unique picture of the internal workings of fuel cells to be obtained and have been used to validate both numerical and analytical models.
Axial chordoma and parachordoma (soft tissue chordoma): Two of a kind: Report of two cases with primary diagnosis on fine‐needle cytology samples
Authors: Fulciniti Franco , De Chiara Annarosaria , Botti Gerardo , Capasso Antonella , Apice Gaetano , Gallo Michele , Fazioli Flavio
Published: August 2010

This report concerns one case of sacrococcygeal chordoma and one case of parachordoma (soft‐tissue chordoma) that were primarily diagnosed on fine‐needle cytology (FNC) samples.

Both neoplasms consisted of medium‐sized epithelioid cells with eccentric, nucleolated nuclei, displaying abundant cytoplasm filled with bubbly vacuoles with refractile borders (physaliphorous cells). The neoplastic cells were embedded in an abundant extracellular substance staining metachromatically with Diff–Quik™.

Both neoplasms had a typical clinical and instrumental presentation (primary sacrococcygeal tumor in a 58‐year‐old man and primary soft tissue mass of the hand palm and wrist in a 31‐year‐old man).

The cytopathological findings in both the neoplasms were so similar as to be almost indistinguishable, and this similarity included the immunocytochemical findings. The deep similarity between these neoplasms indicates that the only pathological differences in the described cases probably reside in their different anatomical location and, perhaps, in different cytogenetic changes. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma of the thyroid gland
Authors: Bishop Justin A. , Ali Syed Z.
Published: August 2010

Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma (HTA) is a rare primary thyroid neoplasm. Ever since its initial descriptions, controversy has surrounded the lesion, particularly in regard to its malignant potential and most appropriate terminology. HTA shares many features with medullary thyroid carcinoma and particularly papillary thyroid carcinoma, making it an especially treacherous lesion on fine‐needle aspiration (FNA). This manuscript reviews the history and pathologic features of HTA, with particular attention to cytologic findings and differential diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multinational comparison of diagnostic clues for uterine cervical lesions among cytotechnologists in Asian countries
Authors: Taniyama Kiyomi , Jhala Darshana N. , Katayama Hironori , Kuraoka Kazuya , Naito Zenya , Rangdaeng Samreung , Gong Gyungyub , Lai Chiung‐Ru , Chang Alexander , Jhala Nirag C.
Published: August 2010

Vaccination has been underway in several countries for sexually inactive young girls or women against HPV 16 and 18 to prevent them from infection of these HPV types and concurrent cancer development. However, uterine cervical cancers may remain uncontrolled among some Asian countries, where other types of HPV infection are more frequent. A sensitive cancer screening system would remain important for detection of the earlier stage cervical cancers in Asian countries.

In this study, 130 cytotechnologists (CTs) in Asian countries (Taiwan 80, Japan 18, Korea 15, Thailand 11, Singapore 3, Bhutan 2, and Mongolia 1) participated in the vote. Selected 10 cervical Pap smears that would be adequate to identify the diagnostic clues especially for atypical squamous cells (ASC) with two or three representative pictures for each case were displayed on the website. The percentages of consistent diagnosis voted by certified CTs with ≥5 years of experience were compared among 10 cervical cases or among Asian countries enrolled. As results, low consistency for ASC cases and high consistency for squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) were observed. Examining specimens for the diagnostic clues of ASC in TBS is crucial to maintain the high sensitivity and positive predictive value of SIL in Asian countries. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Study on the reproducibility of thyroid lesions telecytology diagnoses based upon digitized images
Authors: Georgoulakis John , Archondakis Stavros , Panayiotides Ioannis , Anninos Dionisis , Skagias Lazaros , Stamataki Magdalini , Peros George , Karakitsos Petros
Published: August 2010

The objective of this study is to evaluate the reproducibility and usefulness of telecytology diagnoses proffered on the basis of digitized images from fine‐needle aspiration specimens prepared by means of liquid‐based cytology.

Representative digital cytological images from a total of 270 thyroid fine‐needle aspiration specimens were transferred via file transfer protocol to specific password‐protected accounts and were remotely reviewed by five independent board‐certified cytopathologists (initial round). Their reports were recorded and classified. After 6 and 12 months, the same representative digital images were transferred in random order to the same cytopathologists and were reviewed again (first and second review rounds). The cytopathologists' first and second round diagnoses were recorded and compared with their initial ones.

Statistical evaluation of cytological diagnoses detected no significant difference in diagnostic accuracy among initial and review diagnoses. The overall interobserver agreement was almost perfect with κ values of 0.869–0.939, whereas intraobserver agreement ranged from almost perfect to perfect with κ values of 0.967–1 in all diagnostic rounds.

Digitized cytological images transmission and remote evaluation allows reproducible diagnosis of thyroid gland lesions. Diagnoses made by using static telecytology systems can be equally reliable to those made by using conventional microscopy, provided that representative images are utilized and that the standard cytological diagnostic criteria are applied. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Netrin‐4 is upregulated in breast carcinoma effusions compared to corresponding solid tumors
Authors: Yuan Yuan , Leszczynska Magdalena , Konstantinovsky Sophya , Tropé Claes G. , Reich Reuven , Davidson Ben
Published: August 2010

We recently identified overexpression of the NTN4 gene in breast carcinoma effusions compared to primary carcinomas using gene‐expression arrays. The objective of this study was to validate this finding at protein level and analyze the clinical role of Netrin‐4 in breast carcinoma effusions. We additionally studied Netrin‐4 expression and its clinical relevance in Müllerian (ovarian, peritoneal, and tubal) carcinoma effusions. Sections from 82 breast carcinomas (53 effusions and 29 solid tumors) and 57 Müllerian carcinoma effusions were stained for Netrin‐4 using immunohistochemistry. Immunoreactivity was scored in carcinoma cells and analyzed for association with clinicopathologic parameters, including survival. In breast carcinoma, expression of Netrin‐4 was detected in carcinoma cells in 30/53 (57%) effusions compared to 3/29 (10%) solid tumors (P < 0.001). Netrin‐4 was further expressed in 31/57 (54%) Müllerian carcinoma effusions. No association was found between Netrin‐4 expression in breast or Müllerian carcinoma effusions and clinicopathologic parameters, including survival. Our data provide validation on protein level of upregulated Netrin‐4 expression in breast carcinoma effusions. The frequent expression of Netrin‐4 in Müllerian carcinoma effusions suggests a biological role for this molecule in metastases from gynecological malignancies. Netrin‐4 expression in effusions does not appear to be a predictor of disease outcome. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytologic features of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia and pancreatitis: Potential pitfalls in the diagnosis of pancreatic ductal carcinoma
Authors: Jarboe Elke A. , Layfield Lester J.
Published: August 2010

Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) has played a significant role in the diagnosis of pancreatic masses but false‐positive diagnoses occur.

The Anatomic Pathology files were searched for FNAs of pancreas with subsequent resections. FNAs with a diagnosis of positive for or suspicious for adenocarcinoma followed by a benign resection specimen were reviewed and the surgical pathology and cytology findings correlated.

Six cases had a cytologic diagnosis of adenocarcinoma or suspicious for adenocarcinoma but resection specimens were benign. In two cases, a non‐invasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) without significant dysplasia was present surrounded by foci of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN). In both cases, the degree of atypia within the IPMN was less than that seen cytologically. The nuclear features of the PanIN overlapped those seen in the smears. In two cases, a neuroendocrine neoplasm was present accompanied by multifocal PanIN. The cytologic features of the neuroendocrine neoplasm did not correlate with the material cytologically diagnosed as adenocarcinoma. The cytologically atypical epithelium was similar to the PanIN. Two diagnoses of adenocarcinoma were made cytologically but the pancreatectomy specimens revealed pancreatitis with reactive atypia.

Cytologic diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma has high specificity. Six cytologic misdiagnoses of adenocarcinoma occurred in 105 patients. The cytologic features of these misdiagnoses correlated with histopathologic changes of intermediate to high‐grade PanIN or marked reactive atypia in severe pancreatitis. PanIN may be an under recognized, but significant source of false‐positive results. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐grade endometrial stromal sarcoma with smooth muscle and skeletal muscle differentiation: Report of a case with cytomorphologic and immunocytologic analysis
Authors: Ohta Yoshiki , Suzuki Takao , Kojima Tomoko , Mikogami Tetsuya , Omatsu Mutsuko , Hamatani Shigeharu , Shiokawa Akira , Kushima Miki , Ota Hidekazu
Published: August 2010

We report a case of high‐grade endometrial stromal sarcoma with cytological and immunocytochemical findings. Cytologically, major tumor cells showed round‐to‐short spindle shapes with round‐ to oval‐shaped nuclei and moderately abundant delicate cytoplasm. Tumor cells with tapered shapes and eccentric nuclei were also observed. A few spindle cells having enlarged cigar‐shaped nuclei with conspicuous nucleoli and delicate wispy cytoplasm, which resembled leiomyosarcoma, were intermingled. One rhabdomyoblast cell with both α‐sarcomeric muscle actin and myoglobin was also observed. Most of the tumor cells, including the leiomyosarcomatous spindle cells, were positive for CD10, and negative for desmin and h‐caldesmon. Accordingly, when relatively monotonous round‐to‐short spindle tumor cells and taper‐shaped tumor cells are observed in the female genital tract, high‐grade endometrial stromal sarcoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Immunocytochemistry contributed to the correct diagnosis. This case was high‐grade endometrial stromal sarcoma with smooth muscle and skeletal muscle differentiation. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Goals and guidelines for residency training in cytopathology
Authors: Yu Gordon H.
Published: August 2010

The time available to train residents in cytopathology has been impacted by the contraction of the training period, in the face of growing expectations for training in other facets of anatomic pathology and laboratory medicine (i.e. molecular genetic pathology, laboratory management and administration). Guidelines for appropriate levels of achievement in cytopathology have been proposed by those within the field, under the guidance of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). Presented here is a discussion of recommendations for training programs, in order to effectively train residents to an acceptable level of competence in cytopathology, within the training time allotted. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chondroblastic osteosarcoma of the temporal region: A diagnostic dilemma
Authors: Gupta Nalini , Rajwanshi Arvind , Gupta Pankaj , Vaiphei Kim , Gupta Ashok Kumar
Published: August 2010

Chondroblastic osteosarcoma (OS) accounts for about 25% of all cases of OS. It can pose diagnostic difficulty on cytology, as the tumor cells may resemble the carcinomatous cells. We present a case of a 35‐year‐old female patient who presented with a firm swelling in the left temporal region. On fine‐needle aspiration, the smears revealed abundant cellularity with tumor cells showing significant nuclear pleomorphism and multinucleation. The tumor cells had abundant foamy to vacuolated cytoplasm, thereby indicating sebaceous differentiation and it was cytologically interpreted as sebaceous carcinoma. However, on subsequent histopathology, similar tumor cells were seen lying down abundant amount of osteoid material along with foci of chondroid differentiation and was diagnosed as chondroblastic OS. Pitfalls in the cytodiagnosis of this case along with differential diagnosis on cytology are discussed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytology of fine‐needle aspiration of inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor
Authors: Stoll Lisa Marie , Li Qing Kay
Published: August 2010

Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor (IMT) is a rare spindle cell neoplasm with a relatively indolent course. Its morphology may be confused with both reactive processes and/or malignant neoplasms on FNA specimens. Herein we discuss the cytologic features and IHC studies of IMT. The archives of the Department of Pathology at the Johns Hopkins Hospital were searched for IMT. A total of 257 cases were identified over a period of 11 years. Among them, 20 cases had cytology material. The patients' ages ranged from 7 to 81 years old with a median age of 54 years. The locations of the tumor in descending order were: liver (9/20, 45%), lung (8/20, 40%), abdomen (1/20, 5%), pelvis (1/20, 5%), and kidney (1/20, 5%). On FNA, the majority of tumors consisted of bland spindle cells with oval nuclei and small prominent nucleoli in a background of lymphocytes and plasma cells. Focal cytological atypia and “ganglion‐like” cells were identified in 7 cases, likely related to the risk of metastases and malignant transformation. The lesional cells expressed ALK (8/17, 47.1%) and actin (10/10, 100%), but with variable expression of cytokeratin. Ki‐67 showed low proliferative indices. ALK gene rearrangement was detected by FISH in three out of three cases and correlated with ALK protein expression by IHC. The cytologic diagnosis of IMT is challenging. When encountering a spindle cell lesion with prominent inflammatory component, a high index of suspicion in combination with the use of ancillary studies increases the diagnostic yield of IMT. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of endometriosis of the abdominal wall: A potential diagnostic pitfall
Authors: Aziz Zared , Wang Don
Published: August 2010

Endometriosis is a relatively common disease in women, usually of reproductive age. In rare occasions, endometriosis may occur in unusual body sites, including extragonadal, extra‐pelvic sites, or in the skin. We report a case of endometriosis of the abdominal wall diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). The patient was a 41‐year‐old woman with a clinical impression of “desmoid” tumor of the abdominal wall. FNAB showed groups of epithelial cells with mild nuclear atypia and rare mitoses. A few small clusters of slightly atypical spindle cells were also seen. The initial screening impression was adenocarcinoma due to the atypical cytological features. However, after review with the pathologist, the FNAB was signed out as “endometriosis.” Subsequent local excisional biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of endometriosis. In conclusion, endometriosis may present diagnostic challenges in FNAB and this possibility should be considered in differential diagnosis. A clinical cytopathological correlation is necessary to avoid a misdiagnosed as an adenocarcinoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rodent model of infant attachment learning and stress
Authors: Moriceau Stephanie , Roth Tania L. , Sullivan Regina M.
Published: August 2010

Here we review the neurobiology of infant odor learning in rats, and discuss the unique role of the stress hormone corticosterone (CORT) in the learning necessary for the developing rat. During the first 9 postnatal (PN) days, infants readily learn odor preferences, while aversion and fear learning are attenuated. Such restricted learning may ensure that pups only approach their mother. This sensitive period of preference learning overlaps with the stress hyporesponsive period (SHRP, PN4–14) when pups have a reduced CORT response to most stressors. Neural underpinnings responsible for sensitive‐period learning include increased activity within the olfactory bulb and piriform “olfactory” cortex due to heightened release of norepinephrine from the locus coeruleus. After PN10 and with the decline of the SHRP, stress‐induced CORT release permits amygdala activation and facilitates learned odor aversions and fear. Remarkably, odor preference and attenuated fear learning can be reestablished in PN10–15 pups if the mother is present, an effect due to her ability to suppress pups' CORT and amygdala activity. Together, these data indicate that functional changes in infant learning are modified by a unique interaction between the developing CORT system, the amygdala, and maternal presence, providing a learning system that becomes more flexible as pups mature. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 651–660, 2010.
Cortisol concentrations in the milk of rhesus monkey mothers are associated with confident temperament in sons, but not daughters
Authors: Sullivan Erin C. , Hinde Katie , Mendoza Sally P. , Capitanio John P.
Published: August 2010

One pathway by which infant mammals gain information about their environment is through ingestion of milk. We assessed the relationship between stress‐induced cortisol concentrations in milk, maternal and offspring plasma, and offspring temperament in rhesus monkeys. Milk was collected from mothers after a brief separation from their infants at 3–4 months postpartum, and blood was drawn at this time for both mothers and infants. Offspring temperament was measured at the end of a 25‐hr assessment. Cortisol concentrations in milk were in a range comparable to those found in saliva, and were positively correlated with maternal plasma levels. Mothers of males had higher cortisol concentrations in milk than did mothers of females, and cortisol concentrations in maternal milk were related to a Confident temperament factor in sons, but not daughters. This study provides the first evidence that naturally occurring variation in endogenous glucocorticoid concentrations in milk are associated with infant temperament. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53: 96–104, 2011.