bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternity Career Apparel and Perceived Job Effectiveness
Authors: Belleau Bonnie D. , Miller Kimberly A. , Church Gabie E.
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a relationship between maternity career apparel and perceived job effectiveness. A sample of 97pregnant women was dra wn from prenatal classes at a local hospital in a southern metropolitan area. A questionnaire, designed by the researchers, measured desired fashion appeal and styles of apparel worn to work and jacket styles for pregnant women. Also included was a component on perceived job effectiveness. Data were analyzed using chi square univariate and multivariate tests, and Spearman rank order correlation. Results indicated that there were significant differences among educational and career oriented groups forgeneral fashion appeal. There were no significant differences among demographic groups for apparel worn to work orforjacket styles. Significant negative and positive associations werefoundfor general fashion appeal and apparel worn to work with perceived job effectiveness. Respondents have needs that are differentfrom career women in general, and professional attire worn duringpregnancy is related to one's self-assessment ofjob effectiveness. The results have implications in terms oftargeting pregnant professional women as a group with specific apparel needs and supported the relationship between appearance and perceived job effectiveness.
Dress: Private and Secret Self-Expression
Authors: Miller Kimberly A.
Published: March 2008

This study investigated dress used to communicate private and secret aspects of the self according to Eicher's framework (1981, 1982). Eicher stated that individuals dress for fun while expressing the private self and for fantasy while expressing the secret self. A "Dressing for Fun and Fantasy" questionnaire was developed to determine if individuals who regularly dress in costume use dress to communicate the private and/or secret self and if this use varies by sex, age or income. Two hundred and eighteen individuals who dress in costume were surveyed; 190 surveys were used for data analysis. Data were analyzed using principal components factor analysis, MANOVA and stepdown univariate analysis of variance. Of the eleven dependent variables tested, two were significant: sexual fantasies and childhood memories of dress. Findings indicate women have more sexual fantasies about dress and more childhood memories of dress than men. Recommendations are made to expand Eicher's framework by adding public and private self components to dressing for fantasy.
Flame Resistance and Physical Characteristics of Upholstery-Weight Naturally Colored Cotton
Authors: VanZandt M. Jane , Horridge Patricia , Dever Jane K.
Published: March 2008

This study explored the flame resistance and physical properties of two naturally colored cotton fabrics in order to determine their acceptance for passenger vehicle and airplane seat upholstery. The sample included two 306.7 g/m2 twill fabrics each of Coyote and Buffalo brown. Testing of the fabrics was conducted before and after (a) application of U6P flame-retardant (12.5% and 25%) and (b) drycleaning. Untreated fabrics met requirements of the Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 302, while treated fabrics (25% concentration) met the Federal Aviation Airworthiness Standard. Physical strength was reduced by flame-retardant application as well as drycleaning and was reduced in Coyote more than in Buffalo. Naturally colored cotton fabrics were judged to be suitable for upholstery use in passenger vehicles and airplanes. End use will determine physical strength requirements.
A Three-Stage Design Process Applied to an Industry-University Textile Product Design Project
Authors: LaBat Karen L. , Sokolowski Susan L.
Published: March 2008

Continual exploration and understanding of the design process is necessary to advance and encourage implementation of this valuable tool in the field of textiles and clothing. This paper examines design processes used in related fields, presents a common structure that links these working methods, and demonstrates how the structure was used by a university design team to work with an industry client. Design processes used in fields that focus on the design of three-dimensional structures and spaces were reviewed. Salient features were examined and organized into three common stages of problem definition and research, creative exploration and development, and implementation. The project also demonstrates the application of the design process to a textile product design problem.
Apparel Retail Product Development: Model Testing and Expansion
Authors: Lea Wickett Jennifer , Gaskill LuAnn Ricketts , Damhorst Mary Lynn
Published: March 2008

The objectives of the study were to a) test the validity of Gaskill's (1992) Retail Product Development Model across a broader range of specialty stores and b) expand the model beyond line presentation to include events and considerations in post-adoption product development. Twenty-one men's, women's, and children's specialty store retailers deriving 70% to 100% of their sales from private label merchandise through in-house product development were compiled from current retail directories to serve as the sample. Data were collected with a qualitative telephone interview schedule and analyzed using descriptive analysis. Stages in the original model were confirmed; however, modifications were made based on new data. Expansion of the model to include post-adoption product development stages was also carried out. The end result was the development of a revised Retail Apparel Product Development Model.
Assessment of Creativity in Apparel Design
Authors: Kidd Laura K. , Workman Jane E.
Published: March 2008

This study examines creativity and vividness of imagery of students in a fashion illustration course. It was predicted that students who experienced vivid images (versus less vivid images) would draw more creative designs after a visualization exercise. Students responded to Betts' Vividness of Imagery Scale and participated in a visualization exercise, then were asked to sketch an apparel design using the exercise as inspiration. Designs were rated on creativity, aesthetic appeal, functionality, appropriateness, and originality. Reliability of judgments of creativity indicated that judges agreed on degree of creativity of the designs. Overall faculty ratings correlated with student ratings, but each student's own rating of the creativity of his or her design did not correlate with faculty or other students' ratings, suggesting that participants may be less objective in rating their own work. Vividness of visual, auditory and tactile imagery correlated with ratings of creativity. Ratings of creativity correlated with ratings of originality and aesthetic appeal whereas functionality ratings correlated with appropriateness ratings. Previous research supports further investigation into the relationship between vividness of imagery and creativity using participants who have been recognized or acknowledged as creative in a specific area or subject.
Improving Selection: The POST Project and After
Authors: Hall Valerie
Published: March 2008

The article extends the POST proposals for a more systematic selection process to the whole staff
Job Descriptions and Performance Appraisal
Authors: Hellawell David
Published: March 2008

A report of a small scale research project into Head Teacher Job Descriptions
LFM in a Primary School
Authors: Stenner Audrey
Published: March 2008

LFM is seen as an empowering revolution in primary management practice
10-14: Death of a Scottish Initiative
Authors: Boyd Brian
Published: March 2008

Management is often discussed in terms of structures and systems, and the fundamental issues of philosophy, theory and ideology are forgotten in the process. Educational management is no exception, and in an age where solutions from the business world are offered to schools and to local authorities, it is worth looking at a case study from Scotland which offers insights into the 'assumptive world' of policy-makers.
The £20,000,000 Impact
Authors: Peeke Graham
Published: March 2008

£20,000,000 is the estimated, approximate impact on its local community's economy, of a large college of further and higher education. This estimate is worked from an example of a model used in the USA for estimating the economic impact of educational institutions - is such a model applicable here?
Managing the Teacher Training Partnership in the Classroom
Authors: Monck Lynne
Published: March 2008

Fearnhill and The Highfield Schools have just embarked on a new partnership for initial teacher training, with Cambridge University Department of Education and Homerton College. Some guidelines on how to manage ITT through partnership are beginning to emerge from their experience and readers contemplating, or involved in, similar developments, should find these of interest. MiE welcomes further contributors on this topical issue.
A Qualitative Descriptive Exploratory Study of Feeling Confined Using Parse's Humanbecoming School of Thought
Authors: Dempsey Leona F.
Published: March 2008

Feeling confined is a universal lived experience of health and quality of life. The purposes of this research study were to uncover the meaning of feeling confined as a lived experience, advance nursing science by utilizing Parse's humanbecoming school of thought, provide knowledge about the phenomenon of feeling confined as a guide for nurses, and create interest in feeling confined as significant for future research. The humanbecoming school of thought was chosen as the theoretical perspective for the qualitative descriptive exploratory method study with 13 volunteer adult men, who were incarcerated in the same mental health unit of a Midwest medium security prison. Findings showed that: Feeling confined is an uneasy restricted seclusion arising with moments of reverie, as acknowledgement amid potential disregard emerges with shifting intimacies, while pondering possibles surfaces with endeavoring. Further research and practice suggestions are also presented.
Creative Movement and Transformation to Choreography: A Mode of Research Presentation
Authors: Picard Carol
Published: March 2008

Creative movement is an expressive technique that can be used to generate knowledge from a unitary perspective. This column will present its use on research based on Newman's theory of health as expanding consciousness and the development of choreography based on participants'creative movements to present research findings.
Knowledge Development: The Roy Adaptation Model and Bulimia Nervosa
Authors: Hannon-Engel Sandra L.
Published: March 2008

The utility of nursing theory as a framework to understand, explain, and propose nursing research is essential to knowledge development. The purpose of this column is to provide an examination of the Roy adaptation model as a basis for knowledge development in bulimia nervosa. This chronic and debilitating disorder is complex, poorly understood, and characterized by repeated binge eating and purging episodes. A careful examination of the major concepts and theoretical linkages of the Roy adaptation model in relationship to bulimia nervosa is necessary to determine the value of this framework to generate future knowledge and research for practice.
Ten Lessons for Leaders and Leadership Developers
Authors: Posner Barry Z. , Kouzes James M.
Published: March 2008

In the early 1980's we set upon a quest to discover what it took to become a leader. We wanted to know the common practices of ordinary men and women when they were at their leadership best--when they were able to take people to places they had never been before. But knowing that the portrait emerging from the study of personal-best leadership experiences was only a partial picture, we also explored the expectations that the constituents have of people they would be willing to follow. Strategies, tactics, skills, and practices are empty (or worse yet, manipulative and exploitative) unless we understand the fundamental human aspirations that connect leaders and constituents.

Our analysis of thousands of cases and surveys from over a dozen years of research has revealed a consistent pattern of exemplary leadership practices and fundamental constituent expectations. What we've learned from studies specifically with college student leaders over the past five years has only strengthened our fundamental appreciation that leadership is not a mysterious, mystical or etherial concept--one that is somehow beyond the scope and imagination of the vast majority of people. Leadership is certainly not conveyed in a gene, and it's most definitely not a secret code that can't be understand by ordinary folks. Our research has shown us that leadership is an observable, learnable set of practices. Indeed, the belief that leadership can't be learned is a far more powerful deterrent to development than is the nature of the leadership process itself. In this article we discuss ten lessons we've learned from thousands of ventures about what it takes to get extraordinary things done in organizations.
Sex-Role Identity and Leadership Style: Looking for an Androgynous Leadership Style
Authors: Park Daewoo
Published: March 2008

This study examines the relationship between sex-role identity and leadership style by developing an androgynous leadership style model. Previous leadership studies indicate that stereotypically masculine behaviors characterize task-oriented leadership style and that stereotypically feminine behaviors (relations-oriented leadership style) are devalued. In contrary to them, this study suggests that an androgynous leadership style can be the most appropriate for achieving high performance and effectiveness in many organizations.
Military Leadership is Not a Dirty Word
Authors: Bruce Stephan R. , Vermakis Dean S.
Published: March 2008

Leadership! The very word strikes into the heart and soul of people throughout the American business world. New books abound, just look at the surprising success of The One Minute Manager and Love & Profit: The Art of Caring Leadership. However, is there anything really new in either book? Or have they merely recapped and re-emphasized old --- But classic --- truisms of leadership?

Military leadership has been stereotyped by many authors and practitioners without knowing all the facts that surround the individual, mission objectives, and mission goals. Military leadership tends to be lumped into one great generalization of perceived style - a style that is considered "tainted" and not relevant to the civilian business world at large.

Let's not throw out the study of military leadership simply because we don't like the wartime environment or scenario. A study of the best [and the worst] can be used to everyone's benefit.
Leading and Managing Change through Adaptors and Innovators
Authors: Prato Previde Guido , Rotondi Paolo
Published: March 2008

This study outlines an Italian experience with a large organization in the field of Health Care where major strategical and organizational changes have been carried out during the past 5 years. One of the aspects which has been studied is the relationship between leadership (cognitive) styles and change. The Adaption-Innovation concept and measure (Kirton, 1976, 1989) were applied to the top planning team and the operating team of the structure causing amazing results.

The cognitive profile of the leaders of the organizations reflects the kind of vision, mission and managerial decisions they possessed. When leading change, cognitive style has proven to be a strategical weapon and a resource, both at an individual and at a team level. The management of change is in the particular case assumed to be a magical and scientific ability to deal with both the styles within departments, units and offices, in order to keep both the cognitive strategies alive and effective. Implications and application so these finding might be relevant for change management theory and practice.
Conflict Management as the Essence of Leadership: An Update
Authors: Lewis Chad T.
Published: March 2008

Convergent validity of leadership and conflict management constructs was previously examined by Lewis and Jobs (1994), and determination made that leadership and conflict management constructs share much common ground. This paper provides an update that outlines a program of research; adds additional insight into relationships involving dimensions of leadership and conflict management, and discusses implications for leadership training.
Political Leadership: A Tentative Framework
Authors: Natera Peral Antonio
Published: March 2008

This essay presents a tentative framework to analyze political leadership processes. First, it suggests some characteristics linked to the concept of political leadership: (1) an interactive process, (2) the emphasis on individual political behavior, (3) the collective purpose, and (4) the non-routine influence over the political process. Second, it points out several factors affecting the development of political leadership processes: (1) the leader's political competence, (2) the pattern of leader's political behavior, (3) the leader's support network, and (4) the opportunity structure. Finally, it proposes a formulation of political leadership style idea.
The Role of Leadership in Higher Education Diversity Initiatives
Authors: Wells Randall K.
Published: March 2008

The role of college and university presidents and chief executive officers is paramount in any change initiative. The matter becomes increasingly vital when the issues of diversity and multiculturalism are factored into the equation. American society continues to become increasingly more diverse. Institutions of higher learning must be willing to change and adapt in order to prepare students for the future work force. This change process is contingent upon the leadership of the institutions. The values, ethics, and processes involved become prominent issues for the leader in higher education.
Lead by Example and Precept: Introducing, Developing, and Recognizing Leadership Mastery at the Collegiate Level
Authors: Leonard Edward F.
Published: March 2008

Colleges and universities are establishing courses and programs to promote leadership development. In fact, there is evidence that the college experience is associated with increases in leadership skills. Furthermore, there is evidence that being a member of a social fraternity or sorority develops your leadership skills more than a nonmember. Accordingly, a social fraternity is launching a new, comprehensive leadership development program for its members and leaders -- called Lead by Example And Precept (LEAP) - to introduce, develop, and recognize lifelong leadership competencies in undergraduate members to prepare these students to be leaders for the world in which they will live.
Leaders and Followers: Students Developing Transformational Leadership Through Collaborator Feedback
Authors: Enoch Otey
Published: March 2008

Transformational leadership is emerging as the operational leadership paradigm for twenty-first century leaders. Additionally, the concept of leadership as a relationship between leaders and collaborators is being accepted and understood as a significant framework for leadership education. This paper addresses the problem of how transformational leadership is best developed in the collegiate population for both leaders and collaborators. A description is provided of an educational methodology that utilizes collaborator feedback to assist both leaders and collaborators in the development of transformational leadership in a relational context. Additionally, student assessments are provided regarding their perspectives of leadership education that actively engages leaders and collaborators in sharing and receiving feedback. This observation/reflection dynamic adds a strategic component to experiential, leadership education.
Shakespeare's Henry V: Fifteenth Century Monarch, Twentieth Century Leader
Authors: Garaventa Eugene
Published: March 2008

The increasing complexity of the business environment virtually demands that upperechelon leaders seek nontraditional sources of knowledge in attempting to address emergent issues. The use of drama and classic literature can provide unique insights and important caveats for managers. Specifically, Shakespeare's Henry V is utilized as a case study which examines the behavior of a fifteenth century monarch as it relates to twentieth century leaders.
Leadership Processes in Virtual Teams and Organizations
Authors: Oakley Judith G.
Published: March 2008

Virtual teams face different challenges in creating effective leadership processes than self-managing teams working together in the same physical location. Although it is clear that technology is revolutionizing the way organizations are structured to include more virtual or temporary team structures, little is known about how team dynamics may differ in this new boundaryless environment. This examination of leadership processes and self-leadership in virtual teams builds on what is known about team dynamics in self-managing teams and explores how new communications technologies and new organizational forms are creating new managerial and self-leadership challenges stemming from the unique needs of virtual organizations.
Trust Leadership
Authors: Martin Mirta M.
Published: March 2008

Leadership is the driving force in societal and organizational change. Without a recognized leader, status quo becomes acceptable and the desire to grow and achieve higher goals never develops. Strong, compelling leadership is at the root of all great accomplishments and a lot of routine work. Leaders create follower attitudes that allow them to trust their leaders. Trust is at the root of all great leadership. Leadership and trust have a unique relationship, one means little without the other. Leadership that is born and kept alive by follower trust is Trust Leadership.
Integrating Theory and Experience for Working Adult Students Using the Learning Leader Journal
Authors: Nirenberg John
Published: March 2008

This paper introduces the Learning Leader Journal, an exciting learning technique for leadership development, that melds on-the-job experience with an understanding of theory. The Journal was designed for executives in leadership development for the purpose of their understanding, interpreting, assessing, and successfully applying lessons from their experience and leadership theory.
The Changing Principalship: Its Current Status, Variability, and Impact
Authors: Portin Bradley S. , Jianping Shen
Published: March 2008

This article reports a study of the changing role of the principal in Washington State. Utilizing survey research, the findings reinforce role change and that the impact of changes vary between school levels and geographic location. In addition, the findings suggest that several aspects of role change for principals have resulted in principals reporting more hours worked, increasing managerial responsibilities supplanting leadership, and increased levels of frustration. In the midst of an environment of policy and social change, the role of the principal continues to be both important and under increasing strain. The article concludes with recommendations for policy makers and principal preparation and support.
The Sears X-Y Study
Authors: Worthy James C.
Published: March 2008

In the aftermath of a sharp but temporary downturn of sales in 1949, the national personnel department of Sears, Roebuck undertook a study of how representative store mangers were coping with the problems of falling sales and profits and what could be learned from their experience. One of the specific problems the study addressed was that of payroll expense. Of special concern was the tendency observed in some stores to increase the number of persons in staff and supervisory positions.

In order to secure factual information on this question, two groups of midsize stores were selected for study. They were carefully chosen for comparability in all respects but one. They were of similar size, carried the same lines of merchandise, and were located in communities of comparable size and demography. In number of employees they ranged from a low of 96 to a high of 113. They differed in only one important respect: structure of organization.

Because in Sears terminology all stores in both groups were "B" stores, for purposes of the study one group was labeled "X" and the other "Y." Stores in the X group had a simple type of organization structure with a minimum number of staff and supervisory employees. There was a store manager at the top, a single assistant manager, and approximately thirty (actual range: twenty-seven to thirty-two) heads of selling departments ("division managers" in Sears parlance). There were, in addition, the usual non-selling or "service" activities such as shipping and receiving, customer service, maintenance, and unit control (the auditing and credit functions reported up separate lines of authority independent of the store managers).
Leadership and Organizations for the New Millennium
Authors: Gill Roger , Levine Niall , Pitt Douglas C.
Published: March 2008

The development of leadership theory has paralleled the development of organizational theory. The models of laissez-faire, transactional and transformational leadership both explain the old paradigm of the bureaucratic organization and reinforce the new organizational paradigm for the twenty-first century. The bureaucratic organization is analyzed in terms of laissez-faire leadership and the transactional leadership elements of management-by-exception and contingent reward. The new post-bureaucratic organization is analyzed in terms of the four 'I's of transformational leadership: individualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, and idealized influence. Inferences are drawn for the required roles and behavior of future leaders.
The New Leader: A Synthesis of Leadership Research in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Parry Ken W.
Published: March 2008

This article presents the findings of a recently completed synthesis of leadership research conducted through the mid-1990s in Australia and New Zealand. Differences and similarities in implications between Australasia and North America are identified. The implications of those findings for the profile of effective middle management business leadership generally are also discussed. Four integrating themes are identifed. They are (1) the issue of leader self-development, (2) the importance to leadership of learning, (3) the importance of leaders being both transformational and transactional, and (4) the identification of a number of paradigm shifts in thinking about leadership. A proposed over-arching theme is that of 'leader self-assessment'. In addition, a profile of the new successful leader of the future is proposed, as are a number of implications for practitioners that came as a result of this research. Finally, future research directions are identified.
Holiday destinations: modelling vacationers' preferences
Authors: Kaynak Erdener , Kucukemiroglu Orsay , Kara Ali , Dalgic Tevfik
Published: March 2008

The travellers' perceptions of salient travel-related attributes influence their intentions, which in turn affect their decision-making process. It is known that the potential benefits associated with a particular holiday destination are of varying importance to travellers. Thus, to improve the relative preference for a particular destination or to discount a competitive destirtation's ability and/or to attract more travellers, efforts must be exerted to change or to stress the relative importance of specific attributes considered salient by the targeted travellers. The purpose of this paper is to investigate Irish travellers' perceptiotrs of salient attributes that lead to their travel preferences of major foreign holiday destinations. In particular, the data collected in three dif ferent boroughs of Dublin, indicated that Irish travellers demonstrated different behavioural patterns in selecting a particular foreign holiday destination.
Segmenting the Netherlands' pleasure travel markets by expenditures
Authors: Hsieh Sheauhsing , Xiaohong Yao  , Fan Liu  , Chiang Dalen T.
Published: March 2008

This paper provides a profile of Dutch outbound travellers by the volume of expenditure segments including light, medium and heavy spenders. Significant differences are found among the spender categories in the descriptive variables which include sociodemographics, travel characteristics, travel philosophies, participated travel activites, and travel benefits sought. Based on the results, suggestions are given on targeting different spender groups for international travel marketers.
Key issues surrounding price-based marketing of breaks and holidays in the UK travel sector
Authors: Mounser Ian
Published: March 2008

Recognised marketing theory positions price as one of the four p's of the marketing mix, namely price, product, place and promotion. The use of price changes to manage demand is common throughout the UK travel industry and is often a daily concern for many marketing directors and managers. The potential influence on profit of relatively small price changes may be massive. Why is price such a preoccupation in holiday marketing, what other factors are important, and how can companies work to break away from heavy price marketing?
An overview of sport tourism: Building towards a dimensional framework
Authors: Delpy Lisa
Published: March 2008

The notion of people travelling to participate and watch sport dates back to the ancient Olympic Games and the practice of stimulating tourism through sport has existed for over a century. Just recently, however, sport and tourism professionals alike are realizing the significant potential of sport tourism and are aggressively pursuing this market niche. Although the definition of sport tourism may vary based on different people's interpretation of sport and travel, for the purpose of this article sport tourism refers to travel away from home to play sport, watch sport, or to visit a sport attraction including both competitive and non-competitive activities. Sport tourism can be broken down into five main categories: attractions, resorts, cruises, tours, and events. Each of these categories draws from other tourism sectors such as adventure tourism, health tourism, nature tourism, educational tourism, and leisure tourism. This article outlines the benefits and reasons for growth of sport tourism; provides examples of the scope and opportunities within the sport tourism field; and suggests ways to maximise potential by understanding all elements integral to sport tourism.
Segmenting the active sport tourist market: A life-span perspective
Authors: Gibson Heather J. , Attle Simon P. , Yiannakis Andrew
Published: March 2008

Active sport tourists are part of an increasingly specialised sector of the tourism industry. However, at present we know little about these people whose primary purpose for taking vacations is to engage in their favourite sport activities. The purpose of this study, therefore, ivas (i) to identify and explain the patterns of participation in sport tourism over the life course for men and women; (ii) to identify the characteristics of sport tourists during early adulthood (17—39 years), middle adulthood (40-59 years) and late adulthood (60-91 years), and (iii) to propose strategies for marketing sport tourism at different stages in the life course. A purposive sample of 1,277 New England residents completed a fixed choice questionnaire measuring tourist role preference (activities and behaviour while on vacation), socio-psychological needs and demographics. Of these 1,277 individuals, 621 are sport tourists (279 males and 342 females) ranging in age from 18 to 91 years, with a mean age of 41.92 years (SD 16.8). The results indicate that while active sport tourism is most popular among individuals in early adulthood, a sizable number of both men and women choose sport-oriented vacations in middle and late adulthood as well. Throughout the life course, active sport tourists tend to be healthy, prioritise the play element in their lives, and are relatively affluent and well educated. Changes which occur over the life course relate to choice of companion(s) while on vacation. I n early and late adulthood, many sport tourists report travelling with groups of friends while those in middle adulthood tend to travel with their families. The results are interpreted within a Levinsonian framework, and, implications for segmenting the active sport tourist market using a life-span approach are discussed.
Sport tourism and corporate sponsorship: A winning combination
Authors: Delpy Lisa , Grabijas Marty , Stefanovich Andrew
Published: March 2008

As expectations of sport tourists increase for more elaborate events, state-of-the-art facilities and equipment, and modern conveniences, the need for corporate partnerships increases. Most sport events today rely heavily on corporate financial and promotional support. The competition for sponsorship has therefore reached a new plateau requiring a more efficient process for recruiting and retaining corporate sponsors. Just as athletes need to make the time and physical commitment to perfect their skills, the process of identifying corporate sponsors takes research, persistence, creativity and a bit of luck. Proven techniques on how to develop a sponsorship database, write proposals and close deals are provided in this paper.
Experimental Research on Uniaxial and Biaxial Tensile Strength of Coated Fabrics with Variously Shaped Defects
Authors: Minami Hirokazu , Motobayashi Shinya
Published: March 2008

Tensile strength of specimens of coated fabric which had a crack, a bias crack and a circular defect respectively was measured using a uniaxial and using a biaxial tensile tester. Then, uniaxial and biaxial tensile strength figures were compared, and strengths for the three types of defect condition were compared. Further, uniaxial strengths of four types of coated fabric material specimens with cracks were measured, and the anisotropy of tensile strength along warp and filling was investigated. And, relations between crack opening ratio under deformation and stress were measured on the specimen.
Vapor Treatment of Cotton Upholstery Fabrics With Trimethylborate
Authors: Baitinger William F.
Published: March 2008

Chemical treatment of fabrics in the textile finishing plant presents some unique challenges and oppor tunities. In cooperation with a major commission finisher of upholstery fabric, Cotton Incorporated has developed pilot scale capability to confer smolder resistance to heavyweight cotton upholstery fabrics using trimethylborate/methanol azeotrope as a chemical source for boric acid. The paper reviews the laboratory work preceding the mill phase of this effort and presents a schematic representation of the re quirements of the process for both chemical delivery and fabric preparation. The chemical and kinetic details that were considered in design are illustrated. Types of fabrics amen dable to treatment, the economics of the treatment and smolder performance are examined in detail. In summary, the relationship of boric acid treated cotton fabrics is compared with other developmental means of producing upholstered furniture with improved smolder resistance.
Electron Processing for the 1980's Economic and Technological Considerations
Authors: Kardashian Ralph
Published: March 2008

Electron processing is an energy-efficient rapid cure method for non-thermal polymerization of solventless 100% solids coatings. The comparative economics of elec tron vs. thermal processing for a typical fabric coating opera tion is shown using July, 1980 costs of energy and materials. The advantages in cost of operation and finished product are detailed.
Space-Age Refractory Fibers Improve Gas-Fired Infrared Generators for Heat Processing Textile Webs
Authors: Smith Thomas M. , Baukal Charles E.
Published: March 2008

Gas-fired infrared neaters have been in use in industrial processing for a number of years. Recent material technology advances have made significant heating efficiency improvements. This technology pertains to the infrared generators that utilize a refractory fiber matrix material originally developed for use in rocket nose cones. The matrix contains thousands of specially treated, high emissive power, alumina silica fibers, which upon heating become incandescent and release their energy outwardly, at the speed of light, in the form of infrared radiation.

The heating zone is contained in the upper 1/16" of the face of the matrix while the rest of the matrix acts as an insulator to prevent heat energy from being conducted backwards where it will be lost as heat available to do work. This narrow heating zone has several dramatic advantages. The generators are operating within 95% of full output within 5 seconds, can cool down enough to touch within about 3 seconds, and can be modulated to change the heat intensity rapidly because of the low mass of fibers that are actually heated. This is an important consideration in textile web processing because burning and fires can be prevented and no time or money is wasted waiting for heaters to cool down or warm up.

The conversion of gross fuel gas energy to emitted radiant energy is highly efficient because the flame front produced by the combusting fuel is maintained in the presence of thousands of fibers per square inch. This very large surface area, per unit area, provides an excellent means for the hot gas molecules to conduct their heat energy to the fiber molecules. In most cases, textile manufacturers have reported fuel savings of 40-60% in their heating operations using this new technology.

This paper will briefly review the three types of heat transfer, discuss the physics involved in radiation heat transfer, specifically in vestigate infrared heating, present the various types of infrared heaters available, detail how the special refractory fibers have improved heating efficiency and control, and finally delve into the various ap plications for this new type of heater.
Adhesives for Fabric Lamination
Authors: Fries John A.
Published: March 2008

Laminates of fabrics, and fabrics with other substrates, are a recent development in the long history of fibers, textiles and fabrics. Woven cloth has been known since antiquity; fabric laminations have become widely used only in the past forty years—with the development of syn thetic fibers and the adhesives needed to provide functional bonding.

End uses range from the purely decorative, as in a variety of fashion applications, to the highly functional as, for example, in the fabric/film composite increasingly used for industrial, agricultural and marine coverings. The range of substrates and the diversification of end uses grows constantly. Because of this diversity, an appreciation of the substrates, the adhesives available, and the processes used to com bine them becomes of increasing importance for converters intent on obtaining optimum properties through lamination.
Product- and Process-Related Coating Requirements
Authors: Abbott Norman J.
Published: March 2008

Three examples of fuel-handling equipment used by the Army are described. Each of these is made by a unique manufacturing tech nique which, along with end-use conditions, imposes restrictions on the choice of coating to be used and increases the difficulty of finding a satisfactory candidate. These three products, a collapsible fuel tank, a portable collapsible fuel drum and a fuel hose, and the critical manufacturing steps which influence the choice of coating compound for each are discussed.
ASTM F-23 Committee On Protective Clothing
Authors: Hatch Leonard M.
Published: March 2008

ASTM Committee F-23 on Protective Clothing was organized in 1976 and is chartered to develop standard methods of test, terminology, classifications and performance specifications for clothing used to protect against occupational hazards. Such hazards include, but are not limited to, liquid chemicals, gaseous chemicals and molten metals. Protective clothing materials currently under study include a wide range of fabrics and polymers, alone and in combination, which have potential for resisting one or more of these hazards.

The committee has just promulgated its first standard test methods and is working to complete several others in the very near future.
An Inelastic Biaxial Constitutive Model for Fabric-Reinforced Composites
Authors: Thomas Segun , Stubbs Norris
Published: March 2008

An inelastic constitutive model for a class of Fabric-reinforced Composites (coated-fabrics) is obtained by extending an existing elastic model to include yarn- coating debonding and yarn-coating slippage. The processes of yarn-coating debonding, yarn-coating slippage and coating extension are modelled by an effec tive linear work-hardening coating material. To examine the predictive capability of the model a systematic procedure is developed to determine the relevant model parameters. This procedure is applied to experimental results developed from several samples of coated fabrics, and comparisons are made between experimen tal results and theoretical predictions. For all load levels and all load ratios con sidered, the model not only predicts the basic biaxial behavior, but also closely reproduces the experimentally-observed inflection points in the stress-strain curve and the higher stiffness at low loads. Furthermore, the model closely reproduces the experimentally observed unloading paths and the magnitudes of the perma nent deformations.
A Comparison of Aftertreatments to Lower Formaldehyde Release from Cottons Crosslinked with Various Finishing Agents
Authors: Reinhardt Robert M. , Harper Robert J.
Published: March 2008

Acidic, basic, oxidative, and reductive aftertreatments were investigated on cot ton finished with methylolamide crosslinking agents, including dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU), methylated dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea (Me-DMDHEU), dimethylol ethyleneurea (DMEU), and dimethylol methyl car bamate (DMMC). The value of aftertreatments to lower formaldehyde release from the finished fabrics without excessive adverse effect on smooth-dry performance was determined. The responses of the finished fabrics to aftertreatments were compared and contrasted with those of methylene-crosslinked cotton. A range of effectiveness of aftertreatments existed among the finishes. Aftertreatments diminished formaldehyde release from some finishes by 90% or more compared with that from unwashed, finished fabric.
Evaluation of Flammability of Footwear Upper Materials: Patent and Regular Shoe Upper Leather Vs. Porvair and Clarino Poromerics
Authors: Bailey Milton , Audet Norman F. , Demorais Marie F. , Bernstein Sumner , Kupferman Zelig , Spindola Kenneth
Published: March 2008

The Chief of Naval Operations requested that the Navy Clothing and Textile Research Facility investigate the flammability and burn hazard potential of poromeric materials (Porvair and Clarino), after poromeric shoes worn by a sailor caught fire and severely burned his feet. As a result, poromeric materials were compared with regular and patent leather under several heat and flammability conditions. The findings showed poromerics burn when exposed to open flames and are indeed potentially hazardous; while the leathers, including patent leather, which has an easy-care finish like the poromerics, are fire retardant.
Polyurethanes as Surface Coatings— A Review
Authors: Heath Richard
Published: March 2008

Polyurethane surface coatings (PUC) are diverse in chemical type and in end uses as any other PU material. The number of chemical building blocks that can be constructed from hydroxyl and isocyanate containing molecules is mirade.
Opportunities In Flame Retardant Coated Fabrics
Authors: Mischutin Vladimir
Published: March 2008

The various methods of flame retarding fabrics, i.e., by padding or impregnating, coating on one or both sides and the mechanisms of how flame retardants work are discussed for different substrates and flame retardants. Flammability standards and methods which are commonly used are reviewed. Markets for flame retardant fabrics are also presented.
Polyester Adhesives in Nonwovens and Other Textile Applications
Authors: Mcconnell R.L. , Meyer M.F. , Petke F.D. , Haile W.A.
Published: March 2008

The objective of this paper is to review some of the basic properties of polyester adhesives, the types of bonds that can be made with them, and some of their more important end-use applications. In general, these polymers are crystallizable tere phthalate copolyesters containing one or more dibasic acids and one or more glycols. They have melting points ranging from about 100 to 130°C, will crystallize from the melt in from less than one to more than 10 min, and have melt viscosities ranging from about 35,000 to 300,000 cp at application temperature. Fabric bonds made with polyester adhesives generally have good resistance to laundering and to dry cleaning.

These low-melting polyesters are readily used for the bonding of nonwoven fabrics based on several types of staple fibers and can also be spun into melt-blown web form. Uses for the nonwoven webs and melt-blown webs include the lamination of foam, scrim, vinyl, paper, glass, and carbon substrates as well as commercial substrates containing polyester polyamide, or celluslosic fibers.
Polyurethanes for Flexible Surface Coatings and Adhesives
Authors: Schmelzer H.G.
Published: March 2008

Polyurethanes can be tailor-made for a wide range of flexible surface coatings, e.g., for textile substrates and leather; and for a wide variety of adhesives. Polyurethanes give unexcelled performance in almost all of these applications. A prime target of coating textiles with polyurethanes is the achievement of the quality of natural leather. A highly water vapor permeable, but water repellent textile coating has recently become possible using a direct coating process. The application of a micro porous polyurethane film on split leather by a reaction process leads to prime quality leather for shoe uppers. For many years, elastomenc polyurethanes have been the top-ranking adhesives for highly plasticized PVC articles. More recently, polyure thanes have been introduced into the market as structural adhesives, especially for the bonding of automotive body parts. A new principle of heterogeneous cross-linking of polyurethanes which has potential for one-package structural adhesives is pre sented. Aqueous polyurethane dispersions can also be tailor-made for the whole range of two-dimensional applications. They complement the high solids and the powder polyurethane coatings, as well as the solvent-free polyurethane adhesives in the fulfillment of ecological and industrial hygiene requirements.
Use of Radio Frequency Energy to Dry Warp Yarn in Sizing
Authors: Reed Morton W. , Perkins Warren S.
Published: March 2008

The use of radio frequency energy to dry polyester/cotton warp yarn in the sizing process was studied. A laboratory slasher equipped with a fringefield type electrode array was used. Radio frequency energy was supplied to the applicator from a radio frequency generator rated at 12.5 Kw. Drying rates using the radio frequency method were compared to the rate obtained using conventional cylinder drying. Yarn proper ties obtained using radio frequency and conventional cylinder drying were com pared. Economics of radio frequency drying were evaluated.
Insulation Characteristics of Fabric Assemblies
Authors: Epps Helen H.
Published: March 2008

This research was conducted to assess thermal transmittance and air permeability of selected textile fabrics in single and multilayer configurations Fabric geometry was found to contribute significantly to both the thermal transmittance and the air permeability of the assemblies. Fabrics representing a range of fibers, yarn structures and fabric constructions were used to develop model textile assemblies which op timize thermal transmittance and air permeability. The findings of the study provide an understanding of the insulation performance of textile fabrics and fabric assem blies in a variety of applications, ranging from apparel to thermal insulation used in buildings.