bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Other 32-Bar AABA Compositions
Authors: Martin Henry
Published: June 2020

Chapter 3 examines the complete 32-bar compositions Parker wrote that do not make use of rhythm changes. There are six of these, and they include his first composition (“Yardbird Suite”), one of his most admired compositions (“Confirmation”), a work that borrows from two French popular songs (“My Little Suede Shoes”), and three works that were not recorded (“Alesia,” “Throckmorton the Plumber,” and “Tail Feathers”). “Yardbird Suite” was originally titled “What Price Love?” and is his only song for which he wrote a lyric. “Confirmation” features a bridge with apparently original chord changes. The source songs for “My Little Suede Shoes” were discovered in the early 2000s. Of the unrecorded songs, only “Alesia” was definitely written by Parker.
Riff Blues
Authors: Martin Henry
Published: June 2020

Chapter 8 studies the Parker-composed blues that are based on riffs. There are surprisingly few of these as compared to through-composed blues: only ten, and of these two are early pieces: “Hootie Blues” and “The Jumpin’ Blues,” both attributed to Jay McShann as co-composer. These early pieces follow the classic blues formula of a call, a repeated call, and then a contrasting response (aab form), which occurs in only one other Parker tune, “Now’s the Time,” which may be his best-known work. Of Parker’s blues tunes based on riffs, one is unique: “Happy Bird Blues,” which was transcribed from a live improvisation and issued posthumously as a composition.
Improvisational Frames with Composed Sections and Non-Standard Works
Authors: Martin Henry
Published: June 2020

Chapter 9 discusses non-traditional compositions. Among them is a group of pieces that have no preplanned music. Despite being entirely improvised, they were nonetheless registered as compositions. This group includes “Bird of Paradise,” which is based on the form and harmonies of “All the Things You Are” (Kern-Hammerstein), “Merry-Go-Round,” and “Leap Frog.” Also included here are two improvisational formulas extensive enough to be considered compositions: “M. 19C” and “The Famous Alto Break.” A second group includes pieces that have composed sections, such as introductions. These sections, however, are not improvised on. This latter group includes such famous works as “Ko Ko” and “Parker’s Mood.”
Karol Szymanowski’s Dominant Drive Model and the Excess of the Cycle
Authors: Smith Kenneth M.
Published: June 2020

The chapter explores several songs by Karol Szymanowski that demonstrate the explicit rotation of a T→S→D substitution model in relatively strict terms. These songs also reflect on the theme of desire as a circular driving force. The chapter then examines Szymanowski’s symphonic music, specifically the third symphony, “Song of the Night” Op. 29, whose sonorities spread their tensions out in many directions. To visually re-create this, the chapter employs a method called “drive analysis,” which represents triads as triangles and tetrads as squares, each with tailored corners to represent the raising or lowering of pitches. When placed on a graph whose y-axis unfolds the circle of descending fifths and whose x-axis represents the flow of time, various patterns emerge that unlock new hearings of a work whose harmonic “momentum” could otherwise be considered static.
Tragedy and the Gaze of the Living Dead
Authors: Smith Kenneth M.
Published: June 2020

The chapter describes how harmonic functional cycles flow strongly in the music of Richard Strauss, demonstrable in the opening scene of Elektra, the harmonies of which surge in an ever-tonicward direction. The chapter further re-examines the concept of hysteria, refuting its applicability to Strauss’s opera, opting for a more detailed Lacanian reading. Strauss’s harmonic progressions support the author’s psychodynamic reading, employing a dynamic in which one octatonic cycle controls a separate cycle. The chapter also examines this from an ethical position, following Lacan’s model of Aristotelean catharsis (in The Ethics of Psychoanalysis), and shows how these functional cycles come to a head in the final dance of death that, like Wagner’s Isolde, shuttles to and fro between the cycles as they are completely dismantled.
When Octatonic and Hexatonic Collide
Authors: Smith Kenneth M.
Published: June 2020

Following the rise of Deleuze in chapter 6, the chapter passes through famous remarks by Deleuze concerning cybernetics and acceleration, focusing on the futuristic projects of Alexander Skryabin, who wanted to speed up time through his music and, in particular, through his harmony. While other works set the hexatonic and the octatonic in a diatonic flux, the first as an energy-discharging mechanism, the second as a storage capacity, Skryabin’s Sonata No. 10, Op. 70, recently explored by Vasilis Kallis (2015), is unique in juxtaposing hexatonic composition with the octatonically rotating model as clearly segregated areas. The chapter asks: To what extent can the flow between these cycles carry our tonal desire? To what extent does our diatonic engagement fluctuate between distinct sections? How do these different types of tonal “space” impact on our perception of “time”? How can drive analysis meaningfully integrate with Funktionstheorie?
Epilogue
Authors: Smith Kenneth M.
Published: June 2020

It is my hope that the project of this book is continued, and that its extensions will stray from the modest tools I have proposed for zooming into the micro detail of the musical surface: drive analysis and neofunctional metaphoric-metonymic rotation. Equally, I hope that the tools for analyzing this turbulent music will undergo their own cybernetic autopoiesis through future refinement and probable release from their psychodynamic genesis (though there will always be an operative trace of their origin). It should be clear that, although the creative disruptive force of the turn of the twentieth century embodies a particularly heated concentration of the applicability of these tools, the theory has wider scope. This is true beyond the already expanded parameters of that concentrated moment in the first few chapters, which I opened up in both directions (Wagner in the 1850s, Copland in the 1950s). Even within this frame, there are far more potential applications than those that I could rehearse. Substitute Bruckner for Wagner, and we might well find (analyzing the passages of, say, the Eighth Symphony as Miguel ...
Inventing Ideas
Authors: Khan B. Zorina
Published: June 2020

Abstract: How do knowledge and ideas influence the competitiveness of firms and nations? Current debates about grand innovation prizes, patent trolls, technological disruption, human capital, and the role of an entrepreneurial state reflect and replicate earlier controversies that took place on both sides of the Atlantic. This book shows how and why the ideas of creative individuals promote progress. The insights are based on original archival research regarding over 100,000 inventors, patented inventions, and innovation prizes in Europe and the United States during industrialization. This systematic empirical analysis across time and place and institutions provides a comprehensive microfoundation for understanding technological change and long-run macroeconomic growth. British and French policies favored “administered innovation systems,” in which elites, administrators, or panels made key economic decisions about inducement prizes, rewards, and the allocation of resources. European institutions generated returns that were misaligned with economic value and productivity and perpetuated socioeconomic inequality. Europe fell behind when the negative consequences of such top-down administered systems accumulated and reduced comparative advantage. The modern knowledge economy emerged when, for the first time in world history, an intellectual property clause was included in a national Constitution, in the United States. This strong endorsement for open-access property rights and unfettered markets in ideas reflected a revolution in thinking about the sources of creativity and technical progress. U.S. global industrial ascendancy was a direct outcome of its decentralized market-oriented institutions, which fostered diversity in ideas and innovations, the diffusion of information and disruptive technologies, and sustained endogenous growth.
Introduction
Authors: Khan B. Zorina
Published: June 2020

Knowledge and ideas, incentives, and institutions are central for understanding technological change and long-term economic growth. This book bridges the current disconnect between the economics of technological change and the analysis of institutions. The discussion draws on detailed information about the experience of over one hundred thousand ingenious men and women in Britain, France, and the United States, whose inventions helped to create the modern knowledge economy. These results overturn longstanding myths of invention about elites, innovation prizes, and “entrepreneurial states,” and instead highlight the pivotal role of property rights and markets in ideas in explaining technological progress and the wealth of nations.
Elites and Useful Knowledge in Britain
Authors: Khan B. Zorina
Published: June 2020

A longstanding claim attributes economic growth and technological change to social and scientific elites, who possess special knowledge that is unavailable to the general population. This chapter considers the significance of scientific training, costly human capital, and different types of knowledge during British industrialization by assessing the backgrounds, education, and inventive activity of major contributors to technological advances. The results show that scientists, engineers, or technicians were not well represented among the cadre of important British inventors, and many innovators remained unspecialized until very late in the nineteenth century. Informal institutions like apprenticeship and learning on the job efficiently helped creative individuals to increase their skills and productivity. Costly investments in specialized human capital and esoteric knowledge were less important than incentives for creativity, flexibility, and the ability to make incremental adjustments to produce innovations that are appropriate for prevailing conditions.
Of Apples and Ideas
Authors: Khan B. Zorina
Published: June 2020

New ideas can help to generate further inventions if the knowledge is readily available for others to use. However, the degree to which nonpayers can benefit from knowledge varies widely, and depend on the specific conduits that enable access and use. The empirical analysis shows that differences in the structure of innovation institutions influenced the spread of technological knowledge spillovers. Prizes were ineffective in generating external benefits from knowledge spillovers. By contrast, patent systems enhanced the diffusion of information for both patented and unpatentable innovation. These outcomes reflected the design of patent institutions, which explicitly incorporate mechanisms for systematic recording, access, and dispersion of technical information.
Designing Women
Authors: Khan B. Zorina
Published: June 2020

This study of over 12,000 women inventors in Britain, France, and America reveals new insights about gender and creativity, and about incentives and institutions for innovation. Women tended to specialize in improvements of consumer final goods, the look and feel of existing items, and design-oriented products at the boundaries of art and technology. While their creativity was often directed toward improving family welfare within the household, many of their contributions proved to be valuable in the market for inventions. Family firms provided an important conduit that overcame social obstacles to their entrepreneurial efforts. By contrast, women were significantly less likely to be awarded prizes for their innovations, so it is not surprising that they typically opted not to participate in administered systems.
National Innovation Systems and Innovation in Nations
Authors: Khan B. Zorina
Published: June 2020

Selective case studies of the post–World War II economy have given rise to claims that national innovation systems, or dirigiste linkages between the state, universities, and industry, are required for technological change and economic growth. The long-run patterns of innovation in the leading nations of Britain, France, and the United States suggest otherwise. Administered systems, where key economic decisions were made by elites, the state, and other privileged groups, typically were associated with monopsonies and the misallocation of resources and talent. By contrast, the American experience highlights the central role of markets in ideas and decentralized incentives for innovation, in concert with flexible open-access adjacent institutions, in promoting useful knowledge and sustained technological progress.
Situating the Concert for Piano and Orchestra
Authors: Iddon Martin , Thomas Philip
Published: June 2020

This chapter provides the background and the conditions for the composition of the Concert for Piano and Orchestra. It discusses, on the basis of sketch material, how Cage composed the predecessor pieces, Music for Piano and Winter Music. It discusses the hidden influence of Cage’s teacher, Schoenberg, on his thinking about musical process, and details Cage’s imperfect, but significant, knowledge of jazz.
Interpreting the Solo for Piano
Authors: Iddon Martin , Thomas Philip
Published: June 2020

This chapter develops the insights of its predecessor, turning the analytical gaze onto the notional piano soloist’s part, the Solo for Piano. It details the ways in which the many notations of the part are related to one another, through repetition, variation, and invention, and relates this to Schoenberg’s influence. It shows that the Solo for Piano is a sort of network, like the instrumental solos, but one of a rather different kind, in that the network is an internal aspect of the Solo. It analyses many features of the notations, both within individual notations and as recurring features of many notations.
Epilogue
Authors: Pulido Elisa Eastwood
Published: June 2020

Bautista’s life provides a Mormon chapter to the history of conflict over leadership between Euro-American missionary movements and their indigenous converts. Insistence on indigenous ecclesiastical authority and the practice of polygamy cost Bautista his membership in the Mormon Church and nearly every personal relationship. Nevertheless, Bautista never bowed to the pressure of Euro-American religious authority. His contributions include: congregation building in Central Mexico, the Mormon Colonies, Arizona, and Salt Lake City; teaching genealogical research methods to Mexicans from 1922 to 1924; his leadership role in the schismatic movement known as the Third Convention (1936); his authorship of the largest indigenous Mormon theological work to date; his decades of diaries; and the nearly seventy-year survival of his utopian community. His continuing relevance is underscored by the fact that increasing conversions among Latin Americans points to an indigenous majority in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the near future.
Self-Control, Agency, and the Placebo Brain Stimulation
Authors: Rigoni Davide , Vanlessen Naomi , Guerini Rossella , De Caro Mario , Brass Marcel
Published: June 2020

This chapter focuses on the relationship between control beliefs and self-control. After providing an overview of the research showing how control beliefs affect self-control performance, the authors present a novel experimental procedure based on a placebo brain stimulation that aims at altering people’s belief about their own self-control. They then describe a heuristic framework that accounts for belief-related changes in self-control performance. The core idea is that beliefs should be conceptualized as metacognitive knowledge about the self and that such metacognitive knowledge is used to predict the success of self-control behavior. When people form the expectation that they can exert self-control but experience failure, they perceive a discrepancy between their expectation and the actual outcome. Under specific circumstances, the perception of such discrepancy or prediction error will motivate people to exert more effort to match their expectation, which will lead to increased self-control.
Framing Temptations in Relation to the Self
Authors: Funkhouser Eric , Veilleux Jennifer C.
Published: June 2020

Self-control concerns the successful management of the conflicting desires or emotions toward which the self is in some sense invested. The prospects for self-control are affected by how these desires and emotions are represented, and this chapter argues for giving special attention to how people frame temptations with respect to their sense of self. Drawing on philosopher Harry Frankfurt’s concept of identification, which is supposed to establish the boundaries for what is internal and external to the self, the authors distinguish two attitudes that a person can take toward her temptations: acceptance and alienation. They describe their descriptive and laboratory studies testing, among other things, whether those who accept their temptations as part of the self fare better at self-control than do those who alienate their temptations as external to the self. The results show significant differences, but they do not paint a simple picture of the relationship.
Shaping Our Mental Lives
Authors: Debus Dorothea
Published: June 2020

This chapter considers the value of one’s ability to “shape one’s own mental life”; more specifically, it considers axiological implications of the claim that subjects sometimes can and do engage in “mental self-regulation,” that is, that subjects sometimes can be, and sometimes are, actively involved with their own mental lives in a goal-directed way. The phenomenon of mental self-regulation is interesting from a philosophical perspective because it seems crucial to understand this phenomenon in any attempt to understand the nature of one’s mental life fully. However, one’s ability to engage in mental self-regulation is also of great interest from an axiological perspective, and the chapter considers the phenomenon from this latter perspective. It asks in which respects a subject’s ability of mental self-regulation might be of value.
Juvenile Self-Control and Legal Responsibility
Authors: Fagan Tyler K. , Sifferd Katrina , Hirstein William
Published: June 2020

US criminal courts have recently moved toward seeing juveniles as inherently less culpable than their adult counterparts, influenced by a growing mass of neuroscientific and psychological evidence. In support of this trend, this chapter argues that the criminal law’s notion of responsible agency requires both the cognitive capacity to understand one’s actions and the volitional control to conform one’s actions to legal standards. These capacities require, among other things, a minimal working set of executive functions—a suite of mental processes, mainly realized in the prefrontal cortex, such as planning and inhibition—which remain in significant states of immaturity through late adolescence, and in some cases beyond. Drawing on scientific evidence of how these cognitive and volitional capacities develop in the maturing brain, the authors sketch a scalar structure of juvenile responsibility, and suggest some possible directions for reforming the juvenile justice system to reflect this scalar structure.
Framing as a Mechanism for Self-Control
Authors: Bermúdez José Luis
Published: June 2020

This chapter approaches self-control via a problem arising in decision theoretic discussions of sequential choice within a broadly Humean conception of action and motivation. How can agents stick to their plans and honor their commitments in the face of temptation, if at the moment of choice the short-term temptation motivationally outweighs the long-term goal? After introducing the sequential choice puzzle in section 19.1, section 19.2 surveys suggestive psychological work on the mechanisms of self-control, pointing to the importance of how outcomes are framed. Section 19.3 offers a solution to the sequential choice problem in terms of frame-sensitive reasoning—i.e. reasoning that allows outcomes to be valued differently depending on how they are framed, even when the agent knows that she is dealing with two (or more) different ways of framing the same outcome. Section 19.4 argues that this type of quasi-cyclical, frame-sensitive reasoning can indeed be rational.
Self-Control, Mental Time Travel, and the Temporally Extended Self
Authors: Cosentino Erica
Published: June 2020

Intertemporal choice scenarios are scenarios in which someone must make a choice whose consequences play out over time. In those scenarios, the capacity to exercise self-control involves making a choice that does not provide an immediate advantage for the present self and instead benefits the future self. In this chapter, the author argues that the extent to which one can resist temptation in those scenarios is a function of the extent to which one cares about one’s future self. Caring about one’s future self entails having a temporally extended self. Given that mental time travel is crucially involved in the coming about of the temporally extended self, the author acknowledges its importance in self-control. After clarifying what this hypothesis does not imply about the relation between mental time travel and self-control, she discusses two puzzles concerning the phenomenology of resisting temptation and, respectively, the explanatory power of the temporally extended self and a possible solution.
There are many ways to compromise
Authors: Koppelman Andrew
Published: June 2020

This chapter considers the compromises that have been proposed: state-level religious freedom restoration acts, specific accommodations such as Mississippi’s law, various scholars’ proposals, and businesses announcing their views in advance and thus avoiding most conflicts with customers. It concludes that the best way to balance the various interests is to have such announcements trigger exemption from the law. The basic aim should be to accommodate religion without seriously harming identifiable third parties.
The Materials of Rituals
Authors: Stadler Nurit
Published: June 2020

Materials and objects representing female saints and images are scattered all around the shrines the author visited. This chapter concentrates on these sacred objects and analyzes the structure and architecture of sacred places. What do these objects symbolize or represent? Why are they placed in specific places? And how do they produce particular effects or permit certain behaviors, cultural practices, and religious rituals? The author follows recent studies that center upon various items and their properties and materials, and that look at how these material facets give rise to human sensations, a consideration that is central to an understanding of culture and social relations in sacred places. In this view, sacred tombs and shrines pose an opportunity to explore the intertwined and dialectical relationships between people and things, pilgrimages, and sacred objects as they are arranged and experienced in the place of devotion.
Place
Authors: Stadler Nurit
Published: June 2020

In this chapter, the author adds a theory of place to the analysis of female ritualistic experience and materiality of sacredness. Place is basic in the ritual, as the experience is always shaped and designed within a particular scheme and its architecture. Jonathan Smith stressed the importance of place for ritualistic performance, especially of constructed ritual environments, to a proper understanding of the ways “empty” actions become rituals. Rituals, poetry, aesthetics, embodiment, identity, and class formation are all expressed in a certain architecture, which is why the forms and meanings of rituals can be both expected and unexpected. Rituals can create shared experience in one physical context and impose exclusion and separation in another. In the various female shrines discussed here, the ritual is both created by and affected by the politics of the place. In the context of Israel/Palestine, this is mostly the politics of struggle, conflict, and hostility between different ethnic groups. In this realm, the ritual is a form of communicating territorial claims, demands justified via the visitors’ own bodies, using symbols of fertility of land/soil, and rituals of nascence and recreation. These actions emphasize the visitors’ belongings and claims to native lands. Rituals maintain place attachment. It is through ritual performance that the environments attain meanings and configurations. Sacredness and embodiment are spatialized, and sacred places become a path to claim land. In Israel/Palestine, this dynamic of sacred places is becoming central.
Conclusion
Authors: Stadler Nurit
Published: June 2020

This chapter concludes the main arguments of this book. The author claims that in contemporary society, the veneration of female saints is growing worldwide. As we learn from the ethnography, current veneration still contains these same features. However, in contrast to other times in history, nowadays, femininity, reproduction, and fertility are associated with the modern state, land, borders, and national demands.
Introduction
Authors: Martinez Luis
Published: June 2020

This chapter is the general introduction to The State in North Africa. After the Arab Uprisings. Until the Arab revolts, the process of state consolidation in North Africa was believed to be completed, and territory and border control came under state sovereignty. The governments of North Africa discovered with dismay that they were facing challenges that undermined this long task of territorial unification as well as the cultural and administrative harmonization undertaken in the wake of their independence. The introduction ends by presenting the general outline of the book.
Tunisia
Authors: Martinez Luis
Published: June 2020

Chapter Three entitled “Tunisia: From the Spectre of Civil War to Democratic Compromise” analyses how the collapse of Ben Ali’s regime brought insecurity and stoked fears of seeing Tunisia sink into civil war. The establishment of a new political regime and the restoration of constitutional rule are the result of a historic democratic compromise. Even if its political institutions have been strengthened, the difficulty the authorities face in restoring security posed by the threat of terrorism and in reviving the economy is reflected in recurrent social uprisings that weaken Tunisia’s young democracy.
Libya, a Multinational State?
Authors: Martinez Luis
Published: June 2020

Chapter Four entitled “Libya, a Multinational State?” analyses state collapse in Libya after the war to bring down the Qadhafi regime. Unlike Tunisia, Libya has been unable to achieve a democratic compromise. On the contrary, the demise of Qadhafi’s regime brought to light the historical rifts in the Libyan state. Its implosion into several different regional and tribal entities indicates the weakness of social ties. Under the Qadhafi regime, the state was continually undermined by the tribes and militias. The state’s under developed resources were never used to produce national cohesion and territorial unity.
Security Breakdown and Regional Disintegration
Authors: Martinez Luis
Published: June 2020

Chapter Eight entitled “Security Breakdown and Regional Disintegration” analyses this security disaster and the region’s disintegration. The collapse of the state in Libya as well as the development of jihadi groups in North Africa and in the Sahel is eroding the state in North Africa. These countries are being pressured by the European Union to retake control of their borders and stem migration flows. Security policies are draining part of these states’ meagre resources to the detriment of economic and social development.
Analyzing women in counterterrorism
Authors: Cook Joana
Published: June 2020

Chapter 1 discusses the book within the wider scholarly literature, situating it within three intersecting bodies of literature. Firstly, the literature on women, peace and security (especially that on UN Security Council Resolution 1325) has advanced the considerations and status of women generally in terms of global peace and security. Second, feminist security studies considers women more specifically in relation to the construction and practices of security. Third, terrorism studies which has increasingly considered women's roles and agency in terrorist groups, yet has not yet adequately considered if or how women's roles have impacted on counterterrorism practices. These three fields try to locate women in relation to security, considering agency, power relations and structures, and interrogate gender binaries in the field. Second, they try to bring to light women who perpetrate or support violence in militant and terrorist groups and their agency (which has direct implications for counterterrorism practices).
Counterterrorism from Bush to Obama
Authors: Cook Joana
Published: June 2020

Terrorist actors, the nature of the threat they pose, and responses to them have evolved significantly since 9/11. This chapter provides an overview of how terrorism evolved under the Bush and Obama administrations, how they articulated their strategies to counter terrorism, and how women became visible within these. It first discusses terrorism in the U.S. prior to 9/11, demonstrating that many of the discourses related to women and security that became visible in the subsequent years were not new, but reflected trends already underway, though increasingly framed in relation to counterterrorism. It second analyzes the Bush administration (Republican, 2001--09) and its strategic approach to counterterrorism over his tenure, before thirdly analyzing the Obama administration (Democrat, 2009--17). It highlights the comprehensive, 'all-of-government' approach to counterterrorism articulated by both administrations. The chapter concludes with a summary of key discourses pertaining to women in the Bush and Obama administrations.
The US Agency for International Development
Authors: Cook Joana
Published: June 2020

This chapter is one of three which examines a key U.S. department or agency which played a fundamental role in an 'all-of-government' approach to countering terrorism. The US Agency for International Development (USAID) is the lead government agency in efforts to end extreme global poverty and enable resilient, democratic societies. USAID evolved substantially in relation to post-9/11 coordination and efforts abroad, in part due to their increasing alignment with US foreign policy and security objectives. The agency became increasingly active and elevated in contributions to broader indirect counterterrorism strategies over the years, particularly in addressing underlying conditions or drivers of terrorism and CVE which are both discussed at length. The chapter discusses USAID in Afghanistan, Iraq and Yemen, and also considers USAID in relation to countering the drivers of violent extremism and insurgency, and the post-Arab Spring period. It finally considers Al-Qaeda and ISIS alternative interpretations of development and governance
Performing Arts
Authors: Nannicelli Ted
Published: June 2020

In a discussion of three kinds of performing art—performance art, music, and theatre—this chapter explores three topics: (1) The performer’s moral responsibility to her- or himself. When this topic is broached in the criticism of an artwork, it is often because a performer has done something that raises the question of whether he or she should treat him- or herself in that way—often, but not always, in a way that involves bodily harm. (2) The ethical dimension of the relationship between performers. In cases of collaboration, the creation of such performances necessarily involves an interpersonal dynamic, which, in turn, has an essential ethical dimension. It also considers the additional complication of performances in which audience members contribute to the performance in a sufficiently robust way as to be regarded as co-performers or co-creators. (3) The ethical dimension established by the relationship between the performer(s) and the (non-interactive) audience, rather than performers and other performers.
Thoracolumbar vertebrae and ribs
Authors: Ward Carol V. , Rosenman Burt , Latimer Bruce , Nalla Shahed
Published: June 2020

This chapter describes and presents analysis of all vertebrae and ribs for the Sterkfontein hominins, including those associated with the Sts 14 and 431 skeletons. New rib fragments recently identified and accessioned with Sts 14 are included. Taken together, the vertebrae and ribs of the Sterkfontein hominins tell a consistent story. With one exception from Member 5 that may be attributable to Homo, all other specimens are consistent with being attributed to the same species, likely Australopithecus africanus. Overall, all the Sterkfontein specimens resemble those from other early hominins, reflecting a fundamentally human-like torso, with a series of sinusoidal spinal curvatures similar to those of hominins. These characteristics are distinctly human-like, are dissimilar from any other mammal, and are consistent with a fully upright posture. Sts 14 also displays two common spinal pathologies seen in humans but not in other hominoids, associated with the sinusoidal spinal curvatures that are necessary for habitual bipedality. The rib cage of the Sterkfontein hominins, although fragmentary, appears to indicate declination and torsion of the ribs, features that are unique to hominins. The Sterkfontein fossils also appear to have longer, thicker lower ribs than is typical for humans, but they lack costotransverse articulations at the second-to-last ribs. The thoracolumbar transition in the Sterkfontein hominins is like that of all other early hominins, with a facet transition occurring at the second to last rib-bearing level, rather than the last rib-bearing level as seen in extant humans and great apes. Overall, the Sterkfontein hominins displays rib and vertebral morphologies that among primates are only regularly seen in humans and are associated with habitually orthograde posture.
Tarsals
Authors: Jashashvili Tea , Tocheri Matthew W. , Carlson Kristian J. , Clarke Ronald J.
Published: June 2020

This chapter describes 12 tarsal bones from Sterkfontein, and compares them to those of extant hominoids and other fossil hominins, adding new analyses for some of the bones which have been studied previously. In general, the Sterkfontein calcanei and tali more closely resemble those attributed to Australopithecus sediba from nearby Malapa than to Australopithecus afarensis tarsals from Hadar, Ethiopia. Overall, the bones are similar to those of humans, but African ape-like characters indicating selection on adaptive use of arboreal substrates are persistent throughout the Sterkfontein tarsals, although more prevalent on some bones than on others. Planes of the navicular and first metatarsal facets on the medial cuneiform are relatively parallel, suggesting the hallux was not notably divergent from the metatarsus. However, the anteroposteriorly short intermediate and lateral cuneiforms suggest that the anterior tarsal row had not yet elongated as in modern humans, adversely affecting the foot’s ability to serve as a rigid lever. A large groove for the flexor hallucis longus muscle and large navicular tubercle may be related to strong grasping and climbing. Overall, the Sterkfontein tarsal elements show mixture of modern human-like and African ape-like features.
Summary and synthesis
Authors: Ward Carol V. , Zipfel Bernhard
Published: June 2020

This chapter summarizes the findings presented in the preceding chapters. To our knowledge, this volume represents the first source presenting all these fossils together in one collection. The chapters in this book provide photographs, measurements, and basic descriptions of each postcranial fossil. They present comparative observations and analyses and statistical analysis of taxonomically and functionally relevant aspects of morphology, and in some cases they provide reconstructions of the bones. Each of the chapters in this volume addresses key questions surrounding the Sterkfontein hominins. The Sterkfontein specimens share with other hominins features of the vertebral column, thorax, hip, knee, ankle, and foot indicating fully upright, human-like posture. Among many anatomical regions, though, the A. africanus fossils appear distinct from those attributed to A. afarensis, yet the variation between these samples often does not exceed that observed within single species of extant hominoids. Still, there may be evidence of more climbing behavior but also improved manual manipulatory behaviors, and perhaps a slightly different gait than typical of other hominins. Each chapter in this volume comes to a similar conclusion, that although variation in size or morphology may exceed that found in other australopith species, or even among mixed samples of other fossil hominins, the hypothesis that only one species is represented by the Sterkfontein Member 4 hominins cannot be falsified. The australopith species that “started it all” back in 1925 still has more to teach us, and we all look forward to learning what the future holds for Australopithecus africanus.
Icon
Authors: Purcell Edward A. Jr.
Published: June 2020

This chapter traces Justice Antonin Scalia’s rise from law school to a position on the Supreme Court and then his emergence as a judicial icon representing “conservatism” and “originalism” in opposition to the legacy of the Warren Court. It locates his rise in his political commitment to the Republican Party, his appeal to President Ronald Reagan and Attorney General Edwin Meese III, and his triumph over his fellow conservative intellectual Robert Bork for the leadership of judicial conservatism and the effort to promote constitutional originalism. Once established on the Court, Scalia’s influence grew until he and his jurisprudence became significant political issues for both national parties, especially in subsequent judicial confirmation hearings and presidential elections. When Scalia died in early 2016, his replacement became a major issue in the presidential campaign, and the new Trump administration promised to replace him with the most Scalia-like candidate it could find.
An Arbitrary Jurisprudence: Heller
Authors: Purcell Edward A. Jr.
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines Justice Antonin Scalia’s highly controversial opinion in District of Columbia v. Heller construing the Second Amendment and holding that the U.S. Constitution establishes an individual right to possess firearms. Scalia held his opinion up as an example of constitutional originalism, and the chapter argues that it was indeed exemplary—but for reasons wholly contrary to those Scalia assumed. Rather than demonstrating the value of originalism, Heller shows that originalism is an inadequate and easily manipulable methodology. The chapter argues that Scalia’s opinion was arbitrary both in the source materials it cited and those it ignored and that it was based not on history but in Scalia’s personal love of guns and hunting. More broadly, the chapter argues that Scalia’s opinion shows that originalism is a rhetoric of constitutional change and that the Court’s decision in the case was the result of the half-century campaign of the National Rifle Association to work through the Republican Party to create an individual right to possess firearms based on the Second Amendment.
An Ignored Jurisprudence: Bush v. Gore
Authors: Purcell Edward A. Jr.
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines Justice Antonin Scalia’s actions in the notorious case of Bush v. Gore. There, five conservative justices voted to stop the recount of the Florida vote in the election of 2000 and make George W. Bush president. The chapter outlines the position of the justices and focuses on the two opinions that Scalia joined, a per curiam for seven relying on the Equal Protection Clause and a concurrence by Chief Justice William Rehnquist for three of the seven based on Article II. The chapter argues that both of those opinions contradicted virtually all of Scalia’s jurisprudential principles, including those involving standing and the political question doctrine. Further, it argues that both of those opinions—together with the solo opinion Scalia wrote supporting a stay of the Florida recount and certain other contextual factors—demonstrate that Scalia’s actions in the case were deeply personal and inspired by his intense desire to see the Republican candidate win the election.
An Abandoned Jurisprudence
Authors: Purcell Edward A. Jr.
Published: June 2020

This chapter examines Justice Antonin Scalia’s views on Article III of the U.S. Constitution and the nature of the federal judicial power that it established. One of Scalia’s principal goals was to limit severely the power of the federal courts and to undo many of the decisions of the Warren Court, including their ability to create implied private causes of action, and the chapter argues that in pursuing that goal Scalia departed from originalist views and that the arguments he advanced were themselves self-contradictory. The chapter shows, moreover, that originalist doctrines and historical practices actually contradicted his claims about limits on the federal judicial power. Further, the chapter argues that his views were based not on originalist ideas but on the twentieth-century positivism associated with Erie Railroad v. Tompkins, and that in Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain, he explicitly acknowledged that his positivist ideas were not the ideas of the Founders. The chapter concludes that in this area, Scalia simply abandoned originalism and did so, once again, to achieve his own ideological and political goals
The Methodological Fallacy
Authors: Purcell Edward A. Jr.
Published: June 2020

This chapter begins the book’s basic conclusions about the reasons for Justice Antonin Scalia’s enduring historical significance in terms of understanding American constitutionalism. The first reason, the chapter argues, is that his jurisprudence and judicial career demonstrate his belief in a pervasive “methodological fallacy,” the common belief that there is some formal interpretive methodology that is capable of tightly constraining or eliminating judicial discretion and generally providing “correct” interpretations of the U.S. Constitution. Scalia claimed that his jurisprudence did this, but his career demonstrated both that his jurisprudence was deeply flawed and that his own actions were largely guided not by “objective” originalist sources but by his own ideology and politics. The chapter argues that one major reason for Scalia’s enduring historical significance is that it suggests the true nature of American constitutionalism, the fact that the Constitution is incomplete and in many ways indeterminate and that there is no formal methodology capable of producing “correct” answers to most or all disputed constitutional questions.
The Fusion of Jurisprudence and Politics
Authors: Purcell Edward A. Jr.
Published: June 2020

This chapter explains the second reason for Justice Antonin Scalia’s enduring historical significance in understanding American constitutionalism. The chapter argues that he was closely allied with the Republican Party and shared the values of the social groups that constituted the party’s base. His jurisprudence and judicial career reflected that fact and did so to an unusually high degree, implementing the conservative agenda in such areas as civil rights and cases involving the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, all designed to handicap plaintiffs across the board, especially those who sued governments and corporations. Thus, the chapter argues that Scalia’s jurisprudence and career exemplified a second fundamental characteristic of American constitutionalism, the close and informing relationship that exists between personal politics on one hand and formal methodologies and theories on the other. In his books, articles, speeches, and opinions, Scalia became a public celebrity and gave voice to virtually every theme in the conservative coalition’s rhetoric, and in the great majority of the cases he supported results consistent with the goals and values of that coalition.
One Small Candle
Authors: Bremer Francis J.
Published: June 2020

One Small Candle tells how the religious values of the Pilgrims prompted their settlement of the Plymouth Colony and how those values influenced the political, intellectual, and cultural aspect of New England life a hundred and fifty years before the American Revolution. It begins in early seventeenth-century England with their persecution for challenging the established national church, and their struggles as refugees in the Netherlands in the 1610s. It then examines the challenges they faced in planting a colony in America, including relations with the Native population. The book emphasizes the religious dimension of the story, which has been neglected in most recent works. In particular it focuses on how this particular group of puritan Congregationalists was driven by the belief that ordinary men and women should play the determinative role in governing church affairs. Their commitment to lay empowerment is illustrated by attention to the life of William Brewster, who helped organize the congregation in its early years and served as the colony’s spiritual guide for its first decade. The participatory democracy that was reflected in congregational church covenants played a greater role in the shaping of Massachusetts churches than has previously been accepted. This outlook also influenced the earliest political forms of the region, including the Mayflower Compact and local New England town meetings. Their rejection of individual greed and focus on community was an early form of an American social gospel.
The Religious Scene in Early Modern England
Authors: Bremer Francis J.
Published: June 2020

From the start of the English Reformation in the 1530s under Henry VIII through into the early seventeenth-century there was unceasing controversy over how the new church should be defined. Some wished much of Roman Catholic belief and practice to be retained. Other, labeled puritans, sought to follow the lead of more advanced continental reformers and purge the church of all Catholic remnants. William Brewster was a young puritan who had studied at Cambridge University, traveled to the continent with the English envoy William Davison, and then, following Davison’s fall from grace, returned to his home town of Scrooby. There he sought to further the cause of religious reform and gathered around himself men and women of similar beliefs.
Refugees
Authors: Bremer Francis J.
Published: June 2020

Growing pressure on English separatists led many to seek refuge in the Netherlands, where there was greater religious toleration. After a few attempts that were prevented by English authorities, the Scrooby congregation migrated to Amsterdam, joining briefly with the English Ancient Church there. Shortly thereafter they moved on to Leiden, a Dutch city that Brewster was familiar with. They struggled to adapt to an urban environment, new occupations, and a different culture. With John Robinson as their pastor and William Brewster as lay elder, the congregation perfected its practices, including lay prophesying. Robinson engaged in debates with Arminians, who challenged orthodox Calvinism. Brewster started a press that published puritan books. Over time they abandoned a strict separatism that rejected all contacts with those who had not left the Church of England, to a greater openness to contacts with other godly believers.