bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
People and Power in British Politics to 1850
Authors: Innes Joanna
Published: October 2013

Although British institutions underwent less formal restructuring during this period than those of the United States and France (bar the limited ones instituted by the Reform Acts of 1832) yet there were changes in the way the political system functioned, and significant developments in popular interaction with politics. The people were increasingly perceived as independent actors, throwing up their own leaders, pressing upon governmental institutions from without, and trying to impose their own agendas upon the political classes. This chapter surveys these developments under three heads: voting (encompassing both changes in the impact of voting and demands for extensions to the franchise); petitioning and association. To complicate any simple notion of trends, it also sketches the character of popular political culture at two specific conjunctures, the 1790s and 1840s.
Collaborators and Dissidents: Writing the Hagiographies of the Fifth-century Persecutions
Authors: Wood Philip
Published: October 2013

This chapter examines the political context for the first moment of centralization in the Church of the East and the emergence of a patriarchal history. Using the evidence of the synodica (church councils) and the hagiographies (saints’ lives) of prominent martyrs, it examines how there were winners and losers from the close relationship between the shah and the bishop of Ctesiphon. The catholicos’ wish for recognition by the state may have been seen by some as an act of collaboration with a pagan king, and the period was characterized by aggressive Christian proselytism and the destruction of Zoroastrian cult sites. This in turn prompted a substantial counter-reaction by the Sasanian state and a series of small-scale persecutions. But even if the image of a centralized catholicosate was not true at the time it was made, it bequeathed an ideal to his successors that they would attempt to turn into reality.
The Martyrs and the Catholicos: The Acts of the Symeon and Their Reinvention
Authors: Wood Philip
Published: October 2013

The second chapter sets out the historiographical context for the emergence of a patriarchal history. It examines the writing of stories of martyrdom in the fifth century that were set during the earlier persecutions of the fourth century. Unlike the controversial missionary martyrs of the fifth century, the ‘greatest’ of the fourth century martyrs was a bishop of Ctesiphon, Simeon bar Sebba’e. His story could represent a vehicle for discussing the relationship between the shah and his Christian subjects, and the chapter traces the shift from total opposition to admission of the shah’s authority within reasonable bounds. Yet, at the same time, the Acts of Simeon were only weakly associated with the office of catholicos, an institution that would form the centre of the patriarchal histories composed at the end of the fifth century.
The Patriarchal Histories: Genesis of a Centralizing Narrative
Authors: Wood Philip
Published: October 2013

This chapter proposes the existence of a patriarchal history, composed in Ctesiphon at the end of the fifth century. It argues this on the basis of the contents of the medieval Arabic compilations, of which the Chronicle of Seert is the most prominent, as well as the evidence of the synodica. This patriarchal history represented an attempt by a late fifth-century catholicos to connect himself to an earlier era of state favour in the early fifth century as well as to the era of Simeon and his martyrdom. A centralized catholicosate was, in reality, an ephemeral institution, but this history linked these moments of history to provide a single narrative. The final part of this chapter considers early stories of the deportation of Greek-speaking Christians into the Sasanian Empire.
Measurements, laws, and counterfactuals
Authors: Roberts John T.
Published: October 2013

This chapter aims to sketch and motivate a new philosophical approach to laws of nature. This approach is not easily classified as either ‘Humean’ or ‘Non-Humean’, though it does appear to be consistent with a Humean ontology. It seeks to explain the special status of laws, and their counterfactual robustness, in terms of their relation to the concept of measurement and the normative–epistemic role that measurement plays in the practice of science. What is most novel about it is that it aims to vindicate the idea that the laws’ counterfactual robustness is both real and objective—not an artefact of our decisions about what to ‘hold constant’ in counterfactual reasoning—without relying on any particular assumptions about ontology or metaphysics. So insofar as this theory is plausible, it suggests that there are important limits to what we can learn about metaphysics and ontology from the fact that science seems to portray the universe as law-governed.
Creating the Kingdom of Ends
Authors: Insole Christopher J.
Published: October 2013

This chapter drills down on an aspect of Kant’s transcendental idealism that has not received much attention: specifically, Kant’s claim that God is not the creator of appearances, and that space is ‘not a thing as a divine work’. By ensuring that God is not the cause of space, time and causation, Kant considers that he has solved the problem of our dependence upon God. Of particular interest to theologians, it is specifically our dependence upon God that is an unproblematic type of dependence. God creates us in a reciprocal and non-determined community of noumenally free beings, the ‘Kingdom of Ends’. If we were dependent upon other created causal determining factors, that would indeed threaten freedom; but an implication of transcendental idealism is that we are dependent upon God alone, and not upon contingent and created determined series. This theological implication of transcendental idealism is further developed by Schleiermacher.
1 The Contemporary Middle East
Authors: Joshua Castellino , Kathleen A Cavanaugh
Published: October 2013

This chapter tackles some of the most contested terrain. The argument that the Middle East shares narratives both endogenously and exogenously is explored as we set out the historical, social, and territorial formation of the region, focussing on events that have helped shape and reshape this space externally and internally. The movement from pre-industrial to post-industrial societies, and the varying responses to these socio-economic transformations at sub-state, state, and regional levels, has necessitated the interplay between religion and politics, religion and rights and the interface between politics and law. These myriad forces have generated not just one but multiple narratives at the state and civil society level. This chapter examines how conflicts since 1945 have shaped this region with particular reference to the Arab-Israeli conflicts and the post 9-11 ‘war on terror’.
The topology of the universe
Authors: Ringström Hans
Published: October 2013

When formulating Einstein’s equations as an initial value problem, the topology of the spacetime is determined by that of the initial hypersurface. Moreover, in cosmology, it is natural to assume the initial hypersurface to be a closed 3-manifold. The chapter contains a description of geometrisation of 3-manifolds, a characterisation of closed 3-manifolds in terms of preferred geometries. Moreover, connections between geometrisation and comology are described.
Observational support for the standard model
Authors: Ringström Hans
Published: October 2013

In 1998–1999, our perception of the universe underwent a dramatic change. The observations of supernovae of type Ia led to the conclusion that our universe is expanding at an accelerating rate. One suggested explanation for this is the presence of a positive cosmological constant. The chapter contains a description of the argument leading from the supernovae observations to the conclusion that the universe is expanding at an accelerated rate.
Main results
Authors: Ringström Hans
Published: October 2013

Chapter 7 contains a mathematical description of the main results: future stability of models of the universe and the existence of models, consistent with the observations, with topology different from the standard ones. It contains a formulation of the Cauchy problem, a specification of the basic notation and a description of previous results concerning stability.
Function spaces for distribution functions I: local theory
Authors: Ringström Hans
Published: October 2013

Function spaces for distribution functions are of central importance when formulating the initial value problem and when proving local existence. In Chapter 14, we define the natural function spaces with respect to local coordinates and prove that they have the properties we shall need.
Criteria ensuring global existence
Authors: Ringström Hans
Published: October 2013

In Chapter 26, we formulate criteria ensuring future global existence of solutions (in the spatially homogeneous setting). Moreover, we provide some rough conclusions concerning the asymptotics. Finally, we discuss the case of isotropic initial data on the 3-sphere.
Background material
Authors: Ringström Hans
Published: October 2013

In Chapter 29, we take the first steps towards proving future global nonlinear stability of spatially locally homogeneous solutions. We choose gauge source functions, as well as corrections, define the basic energies and formulate the relevant bootstrap assumptions. Moreover, we describe ways of efficiently estimating the nonlinear terms in the equations.
Estimating the Vlasov contribution to the stress energy tensor
Authors: Ringström Hans
Published: October 2013

In Chapter 30, we derive the estimates concerning the Vlasov matter we shall need. There are no bootstrap assumptions concerning the distribution function; we derive the estimates making only assumptions concerning the metric quantities. We also derive estimates for the part of the stress energy tensor arising from the Vlasov matter.
Asymptotics
Authors: Ringström Hans
Published: October 2013

In Chapter 32, we derive detailed asymptotics of the solutions constructed in Chapter 31. We separate between the two cases that the scalar field is zero and non-zero. The case of zero scalar field corresponds to the presence of a positive cosmological constant.
Introduction
Authors: Bobek Michal
Published: October 2013

In the introduction, the topic and its importance, the approach, and the structure of the book are discussed. It closes with acknowledgements
The Debate on Comparative Reasoning by Courts
Authors: Bobek Michal
Published: October 2013

The chapter provides a historical and contextual introduction to the debates on the use of comparative law by courts. It critically reviews the two key assumptions of the current debates: namely that the use of comparative inspiration by courts is a novelty and that its frequency is rising. These assertions are put into a broader context of the evolution of comparative law and legal theory over the last few decades. It is suggested that the use of foreign inspiration for solving domestic cases is certainly not new; what has changed are the debates about this phenomenon. The reasons for the enhanced scholarly attention are traced back to the changes in legal scholarship itself.
Slovakia
Authors: Bobek Michal
Published: October 2013

The judicial practice of the use of comparative arguments in the two highest Slovak jurisdictions, the Ústavný súd and the Najvyšší súd, provides an intriguing contrast study to the developments described in the previous chapter with respect to the Czech Republic. In spite of sharing the same legal tradition and in spite of also being a country in transition, the externally visible quantity of comparative inspiration in the highest Slovak courts is meagre if not non-existent. The chapter offers a number of explanations for such differentiation: political, institutional, as well as cultural.
The Spontaneous Logicality of Language
Authors: Chierchia Gennaro
Published: October 2013

Chapter 1 shows how scalar implicatures and Negative Polarity Items (NPIs) are sensitive to whether a context is upward or downward entailing. It reviews the alternative based semantics of focus developed by M. Rooth and motivates the claim that NPIs activate subdomain alternatives on the basis of their behavior in situation of contrastive focus. It argues that the distribution of NPIs follows largely from this assumption (building on work by N. Kadmon and F. Landman, and M. Krifka). The behavior of NPIs under focus provides preliminary support for the view that these items are constrained to activating subdomain alternatives. The proposal rests on the idea that NPI violations (i.e. ‘unlicensed’ NPIs) give raise to analytically false sentences. The Chapter discusses accordingly the relation between logical analyticity and (un)grammaticality, and develops the idea that certain logically trivial sentences come out as ungrammatical, articulating the notion of G(rammatical)-triviality. This proposal is set in the perspective of previous influential approaches to polarity in terms of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic licensing.
Presuppositionality, Strength, and Concord in Polarity Systems
Authors: Chierchia Gennaro
Published: October 2013

Chapter 4 discusses presuppositionality, concord and (in a preliminary way) intervention phenomena as they relate to polarity. It has been noticed in the literature that some NPI licensing environments (overt only, or verbs like surprise) are DE only in a weak way (‘Strawson-DE’). However, adopting Strawson-DE as a licensing condition gives rise to several empirical and conceptual problems. It is argued that such problems can be overcome by splitting each clause in an assertive and a presuppositional component (á la Karttunen and Peters) under the assumption that exhaustification for weak NPIs only looks at the assertive component. This paves the way for an exhaustification based approach to strong NPIs: the latter are characterized by the fact that all components of their meaning (assertive, presuppositional and implicational) must be factored in (by the exhaustification process). This idea explains directly why strong NPIs can only be licensed by strongest members of negative scales (e.g. by no but not by few or less than n). Finally concord phenomena and N-words are analyzed as an overt syntactic realization of exhaustification. The observation that N-words tend to be indefinites is argued to be derived by the intervention of positive implicatures induced by indefinites under negation.
Intervention
Authors: Chierchia Gennaro
Published: October 2013

It has been noted in the literature that NPIs are degraded if there is an intervening element (typically, a non weakest member of a scale) between them and, in traditional terms, their licensor (in our terms, the exhaustifying operator). This chapter discusses this phenomenon and investigates several arguably related cases of intervention by presupposition triggers. The proposal is that this effect follows as a case of minimality. If. in probing for a Polarity Sentitive item, O finds along its path a closer alternative bearer (i.e. a scalar term), it is forced to activate the alternatives of the scalar term. In negative contexts, this brings about a positive implicature that makes exhaustification fail. Relativized minimality explains why phrasal interveners (e.g. strong quantified NPs) are generally more disruptive than heads (e.g. modals). This approach is extended to presuppositional intervention (diagnosed by V. Homer) in two ways. Some presuppositional triggers (most prominently factives) turn out to be a special case of scalar triggers (as argued by J. Romoli). Others are argued to take on the behavior (and featural make up) of strong NPIs. In all three major cases of intervention considered in this chapter, syntactic locality plays a crucial role exposing the interconnected nature of the syntax and semantics of exhaustification.
The Leadership Roundtable and the Long March through the Institutions
Authors: McDonough Peter
Published: October 2013

The National Leadership Roundtable on Church Management, founded in 2005 by Wall Street benefactors miffed at the administrative mishandling of the sexual abuse crisis by church authorities, aims to work with bishops and ministerial associations to improve the effectiveness of Catholic parishes, dioceses, and outreach activities. The strategy of the Roundtable is to avoid doctrinal controversy and focus on institutional repair, with a view to restoring trust in the hierarchy. The Roundtable has succeeded in furthering lateral channels of communication between priests and across dioceses and ministries in different parts of the country, and it has pressed for the diffusion of best practices promoting accountability and transparency. But progress has been patchy and slow in part because the church resembles a “structurally defective industry” hobbled by the legacy costs associated with a traditional culture of survival rather than optimization.
Extreme rainfall, vulnerability and risk: a continental-scale assessment for South America
Authors: Vörösmarty Charles J. , Bravo de Guenni Lelys , Wollheim Wilfred M. , Pellerin Brian , Bjerklie David , Cardoso Manoel , D'Almeida Cassiano , Green Pamela , Colon Lilybeth
Published: October 2013

Extreme weather continues to preoccupy society as a formidable public safety concern bearing huge economic costs. While attention has focused on global climate change and how it could intensify key elements of the water cycle such as precipitation and river discharge, it is the conjunction of geophysical and socioeconomic forces that shapes human sensitivity and risks to weather extremes. We demonstrate here the use of high-resolution geophysical and population datasets together with documentary reports of rainfall-induced damage across South America over a multi-decadal, retrospective time domain (1960–2000). We define and map extreme precipitationhazard,exposure,affectedpopulations,vulnerabilityandrisk, and use these variables to analyse the impact of floods as a water security issue. Geospatial experiments uncover major sources of risk from natural climate variability and population growth, with change in climate extremes bearing a minor role. While rural populations display greatest relative sensitivity to extreme rainfall, urban settings show the highest rates of increasing risk. In the coming decades, rapid urbanization will make South American cities the focal point of future climate threats but also an opportunity for reducing vulnerability, protecting lives and sustaining economic development through both traditional and ecosystem-based disaster risk management systems.
High-Throughput Fluorescence Polarization Assay of Ligand Binding to IP3 Receptors
Authors: Rossi Ana M. , Taylor Colin W.
Published: October 2013

Fluorescence polarization (FP) allows quantification of the binding of a small fluorescent ligand to a larger protein because the free ligand rotates more rapidly than the bound form. This protocol describes an FP assay for the binding of fluorescein-labeled inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) to amino-terminal fragments of the IP3 receptor at different temperatures and in the presence of competing ligands. The method requires fluorescein-labeled IP3 and a plate-reader capable of FP measurements. The assay can measure low-affinity interactions in real time, it avoids use of radioactive materials, is nondestructive, and can resolve changes in Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°), and entropy (ΔS°) that occur with ligand binding. It is applicable to any purified protein for which a fluorescent ligand is available. After optimization, the procedure can be completed in 1–6 h.
Preparation of Cell-Free Splicing Extracts from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Ares Manuel
Published: October 2013

Much of our understanding of the mechanism of splicing comes from the analysis of cell extracts able to carry out splicing complex formation and splicing reactions in vitro using exogenously added synthetic model pre-mRNA transcripts. This protocol describes the preparation of whole-cell extracts from the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These extracts can be used to dissect the biochemical steps of the splicing reaction and to determine the macromolecules, cofactors, and substrate features necessary for successful splicing.
Visualization of Ubiquitin Conjugates Using Ubiquitin-Mediated Fluorescence Complementation Analysis
Authors: Kerppola Tom K.
Published: October 2013

Ubiquitin-family peptide conjugation regulates the functions and stabilities of many proteins. Numerous cellular proteins are modified by covalent conjugation of ubiquitin-family peptides to specific lysine residues. These modifications provide a flexible means for regulating the properties of the substrate proteins. Because ubiquitin can be conjugated to substrate proteins at many different sites and in many topological configurations, these modifications have the potential to confer a wide range of functional states to the modified proteins. Ubiquitin conjugation is typically detected by immunoprecipitation of a putative substrate protein followed by immunoblotting to detect ubiquitin conjugated to the substrate. However, this assay cannot be used to detect ubiquitin conjugates in live cells. It is also difficult to determine the subcellular distribution of a specific ubiquitin conjugate using this approach. To visualize ubiquitin conjugates in live cells, we have developed the ubiquitin-mediated fluorescence complementation assay, which is based on the association of fragments of fluorescent proteins when ubiquitin fused to one fragment is conjugated to a substrate protein fused to a complementary fragment. This protocol focuses on the visualization of ubiquitin conjugated in cultured mammalian cells, but it can be adapted to any cell type or aerobically grown organism that can be genetically modified to express the fusion proteins.
High-Throughput Analyses of IP3 Receptor Behavior
Authors: Taylor Colin W. , Tovey Stephen C. , Rossi Ana M.
Published: October 2013

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) are intracellular Ca2+ channels. They are expressed in most animal cells and mediate release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in response to the many stimuli that evoke formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). The opening of individual IP3Rs causes small, transient, local increases in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, and these events are the fundamental units of Ca2+ signaling. These openings allow Ca2+ signals to be selectively delivered by individual channels to the specific Ca2+ sensors that evoke cellular responses. Stimulation of IP3Rs by the Ca2+ they release allows these tiny events to grow into much larger ones by recruitment of neighboring IP3Rs. Understanding how Ca2+ effectively and specifically regulates so many cellular processes demands an understanding of the interplay between IP3 and Ca2+ in controlling IP3R gating. Here, we briefly set the scene before introducing high-throughput methods that seek to address this issue.
Thermal Performance of Two Phase Thermosyphon Flat-Plate Solar Collectors Using Nanofluid
Authors: Chougule Sandesh S. , Sahu S. K. , Pise Ashok T.
Published: October 2013

A solar heat pipe collector was designed and fabricated to study its performance of the outdoor test condition. The thermal performance of the wickless heat pipe solar collector was investigated for pure water and nanofluid with varied range of CNT nanofluid concentration (0.15%, 0.45%, 0.60%, and 1% by volume) and various tilt angles (20 deg, 32 deg, 40 deg, 50 deg, and 60 deg). CNT nanoparticles with diameter 10–12 nm and 0.1–10 μm length are used in the present experimental investigation. The optimal value of CNT nanofluid concentration for better performance is obtained from the investigation. The thermal performance of the heat pipe solar collector with CNT nanofluid is compared to that of pure water.
A Low Pressure Turbine at Extreme Off-Design Operation
Authors: Lipfert Martin , Marx Martin , Rose Martin G. , Staudacher Stephan , Mahle Inga , Freygang Udo , Brettschneider Markus
Published: October 2013

In a cooperative project between the Institute of Aircraft Propulsion Systems and MTU Aero Engines GmbH, a two-stage low pressure turbine with integrated 3D airfoil and endwall contouring is tested. The experimental data taken in the altitude test-facility study the effect of high incidence in off-design operation. Steady measurements are covering a wide range of Reynolds numbers between 40,000 and 180,000. The results are compared with steady multistage CFD predictions with a focus on the stator rows. A first unsteady simulation is taken into account as well. The CFD simulations include leakage flow paths with disk cavities modeled. Compared to design operation the extreme off-design high-incidence conditions lead to a different flow-field Reynolds number sensitivity. Airfoil lift data reveals changing incidence with Reynolds number of the second stage. Increased leading edge loading of the second vane indicates a strong cross channel pressure gradient in the second stage leading to larger secondary flow regions and a more three-dimensional flow-field. Global characteristics and area traverse data of the second vane are discussed. The unsteady CFD approach indicates improvement in the numerical prediction of the predominating flow-field.
Reliability Design of Multirow Quad Flat Nonlead Packages Based on Numerical Design of Experiment Method
Authors: Xia Guofeng , Qin Fei , Gao Cha , An Tong , Zhu Wenhui
Published: October 2013

A design of experiment (DOE) methodology based on numerical simulation is presented to improve thermal fatigue reliability of multirow quad flat nonlead (QFN) packages. In this method, the influences of material properties, structural geometries, and temperature cycling profiles on thermal fatigue reliability are evaluated, a L27(38) orthogonal array is built based on Taguchi method to figure out optimized factor combination design for promoting thermal fatigue reliability. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is carried out to examine the influence of factors on the thermal fatigue reliability and to find the significant factors. Anand constitutive model is adopted to describe the viscoplastic behavior of lead-free solder Sn3.0Ag0.5Cu. The stress and strain in solder joints under temperature cycling are studied by 3D finite element (FE) model. The modified Coffin–Manson model is employed to predict the fatigue life of solder joints. Results indicate that the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) of printed circuit board (PCB), the height of solder joint, and CTE of epoxy molding compound (EMC) have critical influence on thermal fatigue life of solder joints. The fatigue life of multirow QFN package with original design is 767 cycles, which can be substantially improved by 5.43 times to 4165 cycles after the optimized factor combination design based on the presented method.
Nitrogen uptake during the leafless period in juvenile plants of a winter-green perennial herb, Lycoris radiata var. radiata (Amaryllidaceae)
Authors: Nishitani Satomi , Nakamura Toshie , Kachi Naoki
Published: October 2013

Leafless plants are often assumed to be in a dormant stage with low physiological activity. However, having an ability to take up nutrients during the leafless period may be beneficial if nutrient availability is high during that period. We examined a winter-green geophyte, Lycoris radiata var. radiata, to determine whether it maintained root activity during the leafless period for this species (from June to September in central Japan). The species had roots throughout the year, but new roots emerged mainly during the leafless period. The new roots took up applied nitrogen during the leafless period. The annual maximum rate of root respiration occurred in July. These results suggest that the leafless period is not a dormant period for L. radiata var. radiata; instead, it is a period with high root activity.
PARALLEL MULTI-PROPOSAL AND MULTI-CHAIN MCMC FOR CALCULATING P-VALUE OF GENOME-WIDE ASSOCIATION STUDY
Authors: ZHAO DI , NI SHENGHUA
Published: October 2013

In this paper, by the novel idea of integrating multiple-proposal algorithm and multiple-chain algorithm by parallel computing, we develop a highly efficient sampler for approximating statistical distributions: parallel Multi-proposal and Multi-chain Markov Chain Monte Carlo (pMPMC3), and we illustrate the high performance of this sampler by calculating P-value (odds ratio significance) for Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS). Computational results show that, by setting the convergence condition as the standard deviation of P-value is less than 10−3, pMPMC3 with 4 proposals and 4 chains obtains a convergent P-value within 106 iterations, while the conventional method Monte Carlo simulation does not obtain convergent P-values even in 107 iterations. We also test pMPMC3 by changing the number of chains, the number of proposals and the size of the dataset on a cluster with maximum 600 processes, the algorithm scales well.
AN AUTHENTICATION SCHEME FOR THE GLOBAL MOBILITY NETWORK
Authors: CHONG SONG-KONG , LEE CHENG-CHI , HWANG MIN-SHIANG
Published: October 2013

In this paper, we shall point out that an authentication scheme for the global mobility network (GLOMONET) is insecure. An insider attacker can obtain a authentication key of a user by means of a legal procedure, and because of this weakness, the attacker can make free calls surreptitiously. Therefore, we shall propose an improved authentication scheme to protect the security of GLOMONET.
COOPERATIVE INVESTMENT DECISIONS IN COMMUNITY SOURCE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: LIU MANLU , ZENG DANIEL D. , ZHAO J. LEON
Published: October 2013

Community source development has emerged as a new way of developing enterprise applications, leading to a unique type of open source development involving collaborative investment decisions by multiple institutional partners. A critical research question is what motivates partnering institutions to invest jointly in community source development, knowing that the result will become open source. We study this research question by investigating cooperative behaviors among partner institutions involved in community source such as Kuali. We apply option pricing to model cooperative investment decisions under uncertainty with the Black–Scholes (BS) model in comparison with the net present value (NPV) approach. Our analytical results reveal that several institutional characteristics such as size, financial power, and IT capability affect how institutions make cooperative decisions in community source development regardless if either the BS model or the NPV approach is used as the utility function. These business insights help deepen the understanding of the emerging community source phenomenon.
Timing of geothermal activity in an active island-arc volcanic setting: First
40
Ar/
39
Ar dating from Bouillante geothermal field (Guadeloupe, French West Indies)
Authors: Verati C. , Patrier-Mas P. , Lardeaux J. M. , Bouchot V.
Published: October 2013

Mineral separates of adularia have been extracted from three samples of highly silicified hydrothermal breccias, newly discovered in the active Bouillante geothermal field (Guadeloupe archipelago), and investigated by
40
Ar/
39
Ar geochronology in order to constrain the timing of geothermal activity in this part of the active Lesser Antilles island arc. The inverse isochron diagram indicates an age of 248±50 ka (2σ) for all adularia from one breccia sample (
n
=8), with an initial
40
Ar/
36
Ar ratio of atmospheric composition (309±12 (2σ)) attesting that this age is valid. This age is concordant with the weighted mean age of 290±40 ka for the same sample. Adularia from other samples yields concordant ages. The obtained
40
Ar/
39
Ar ages can be related either to the magmatic activity of the Bouillante Volcanic Chain (
c.
850–250 ka ago) or to the initiation of the volcanic activity of the active Grande Découverte–Soufrière system (200 ka ago–present day). Our results demonstrate that the Bouillante hydrothermal event is coeval with change in the volcanic pulses previously recognized in the magmatic history of the studied area. The possible duration calculated for this hydrothermal activity requires at least two superposed volcanic pulses to be developed.
Molecular Structure, NMR, HOMO, LUMO, and Vibrational Analysis of O-Anisic Acid and Anisic Acid Based on DFT Calculations
Authors: Mathammal R. , Jayamani N. , Geetha N.
Published: October 2013

This work deals with the vibrational spectroscopy of O-Anisic acid (OAA) and Anisic acid (AA). The fundamental vibrational frequencies and intensity of vibrational bands were evaluated using density functional theory (DFT) with standard B3LYP/6-31G** method and basis set combinations. The vibrational spectra were interpreted, with the aid of normal coordinate analysis based on a scaled quantum mechanical force field. The infrared and Raman spectra were also predicted from the calculated intensities. The effects of carbonyl and methyl substitutions on the structure and vibrational frequencies have been investigated. Comparison of simulated spectra with the experimental spectra provides important information about the ability of the computational method to describe the vibrational modes. The13C and1H NMR chemical shifts of the DFA and CA molecules were calculated using the gauge-invariant-atomic orbital (GIAO) method in DMSO solution using IEF-PCM model and compared with experimental data.
IL-6 is Upregulated in Late-Stage Disease in Monkeys Experimentally Infected withTrypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Authors: Nyawira Maranga Dawn , Kagira John Maina , Kinyanjui Christopher Kariuki , Muturi Karanja Simon , Wangari Maina Naomi , Ngotho Maina
Published: October 2013

The management of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is constrained by lack of simple-to-use diagnostic, staging, and treatment tools. The search for novel biomarkers is, therefore, essential in the fight against HAT. The current study aimed at investigating the potential of IL-6 as an adjunct parameter for HAT stage determination in vervet monkey model. Four adult vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) were experimentally infected withTrypanosoma brucei rhodesienseand treated subcuratively at 28 days after infection (dpi) to induce late stage disease. Three noninfected monkeys formed the control group. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood samples were obtained at weekly intervals and assessed for various biological parameters. A typical HAT-like infection was observed. The late stage was characterized by significant (P<0.05) elevation of CSF IL-6, white blood cell count, and total protein starting 35 dpi with peak levels of these parameters coinciding with relapse parasitaemia. Brain immunohistochemical staining revealed an increase in brain glial fibrillary acidic protein expression indicative of reactive astrogliosis in infected animals which were euthanized in late-stage disease. The elevation of IL-6 in CSF which accompanied other HAT biomarkers indicates onset of parasite neuroinvasion and show potential for use as an adjunct late-stage disease biomarker in the Rhodesian sleeping sickness.
Application of Zero-Inflated Poisson Mixed Models in Prognostic Factors of Hepatitis C
Authors: Akbarzadeh Baghban Alireza , Pourhoseingholi Asma , Zayeri Farid , Jafari Ali Akbar , Alavian Seyed Moayed
Published: October 2013

Background and Objectives. In recent years, hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represents a major public health problem. Evaluation of risk factors is one of the solutions which help protect people from the infection. This study aims to employ zero-inflated Poisson mixed models to evaluate prognostic factors of hepatitis C.Methods. The data was collected from a longitudinal study during 2005–2010. First, mixed Poisson regression (PR) model was fitted to the data. Then, a mixed zero-inflated Poisson model was fitted with compound Poisson random effects. For evaluating the performance of the proposed mixed model, standard errors of estimators were compared.Results. The results obtained from mixed PR showed that genotype 3 and treatment protocol were statistically significant. Results of zero-inflated Poisson mixed model showed that age, sex, genotypes 2 and 3, the treatment protocol, and having risk factors had significant effects on viral load of HCV patients. Of these two models, the estimators of zero-inflated Poisson mixed model had the minimum standard errors.Conclusions. The results showed that a mixed zero-inflated Poisson model was the almost best fit. The proposed model can capture serial dependence, additional overdispersion, and excess zeros in the longitudinal count data.
Reversible Right-Sided Heart Failure Secondary to Carcinoid Crisis
Authors: Soto Herrera Mariana , Restrepo José A. , Díaz Jesús H. , Ramos Andrés , Felipe Buitrago Andrés , Gómez Mejía Mabel
Published: October 2013

Carcinoid crisis is an infrequent and little-described complication of neuroendocrine tumors that can be life threatening. It may develop during induction of anesthesia, intraoperatively, during tumor manipulation and arterial embolization, or even spontaneously. The massive release of neuroendocrine substances can lead to potentially fatal complications. Somatostatin analogs inhibit the release of these substances and are the mainstay of treatment. The following case report describes a patient with reversible acute right-sided heart failure posterior to hepatic artery embolization.
Factors Associated with Migration in Individuals Affected by Leprosy, Maranhão, Brazil: An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Murto C. , Kaplan C. , Ariza L. , Schwarz K. , Alencar C. H. , da Costa L. M. M. , Heukelbach J.
Published: October 2013

In Brazil, leprosy is endemic and concentrated in high-risk clusters. Internal migration is common in the country and may influence leprosy transmission and hamper control efforts. We performed a cross-sectional study with two separate analyses evaluating factors associated with migration in Brazil’s Northeast: one among individuals newly diagnosed with leprosy and the other among a clinically unapparent population with no symptoms of leprosy for comparison. We included 394 individuals newly diagnosed with leprosy and 391 from the clinically unapparent population. Of those with leprosy, 258 (65.5%) were birth migrants, 105 (26.6%) were past five-year migrants, and 43 (10.9%) were circular migrants. In multivariate logistic regression, three independent factors were found to be significantly associated with migration among those with leprosy: (1) alcohol consumption, (2) separation from family/friends, and (3) difficulty reaching the healthcare facility. Separation from family/friends was also associated with migration in the clinically unapparent population. The health sector may consider adapting services to meet the needs of migrating populations. Future research is needed to explore risks associated with leprosy susceptibility from life stressors, such as separation from family and friends, access to healthcare facilities, and alcohol consumption to establish causal relationships.
The Features of Extrahepatic Collateral Arteries Related to Hepatic Artery Occlusion and Benefits in the Transarterial Management of Liver Tumors
Authors: Yang Lin , Zhang Xiao Ming , Ren Yong Jun , Miao Nan Dong , Huang Xiao Hua , Dong Guo Li
Published: October 2013

Purpose. To investigate the extrahepatic collateral arteries related to hepatic artery occlusion (HAO) and to determine its benefits in the transarterial management of liver tumors.Methods and Findings. Eleven patients (7 hepatocellular carcinomas, 3 liver metastases, and 1 with hemangioma) with HAO confirmed with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) were admitted to our hospital. Of the 11 patients, 7 were men and 4 were women, with an average age of 41.5 ± 15.5 years (range: 29 to 70 years). DSA was performed to evaluate the collateral routes to the liver. In the 11 patients with HAO, DSA showed complete occlusion of the common hepatic artery in 9 patients and the proper hepatic artery (PHA) in 2 patients. Extrahepatic collateral arteries supplying the liver were readily evident. The collateral arteries originated from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) in 8 patients, from the gastroduodenal artery in 2 patients, and from the left gastric artery (LGA) in 1 patient. Transcatheter treatment was successfully performed via the collateral artery in all patients except the one who had hemangioma.Conclusions. DSA is an effective method for detecting collateral circulation related to HAO and may provide information to guide transcatheter management decisions.
Non-Lymphoma Hematological Malignancies in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Lu Mary , Bernatsky Sasha , Ramsey-Goldman Rosalind , Petri Michelle , Manzi Susan , Urowitz Murray B. , Gladman Dafna , Fortin Paul R. , Ginzler Ellen M. , Yelin Edward , Bae Sang-Cheol , Wallace Daniel J. , Jacobsen Soren , Dooley Mary Anne , Peschken Christine A. , Alarcón Graciela S. , Nived Ola , Gottesman Lena , Criswell Lindsey A. , Sturfelt Gunnar , Dreyer Lene , Lee Jennifer L. , Clarke Ann E.
Published: October 2013

Objective: To describe non-lymphoma hematological malignancies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods: A large SLE cohort was linked to cancer registries. We examined the types of non-lymphoma hematological cancers. Results: In 16,409 patients, 115 hematological cancers [including myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)] occurred. Among these, 33 were non-lymphoma. Of the 33 non-lymphoma cases, 13 were of lymphoid lineage: multiple myeloma (n = 5), plasmacytoma (n = 3), B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL; n = 3), precursor cell lymphoblastic leukemia (n = 1) and unspecified lymphoid leukemia (n = 1). The remaining 20 cases were of myeloid lineage: MDS (n = 7), acute myeloid leukemia (AML; n = 7), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML; n = 2) and 4 unspecified leukemias. Most of these malignancies occurred in female Caucasians, except for plasma cell neoplasms (4/5 multiple myeloma and 1/3 plasmacytoma cases occurred in blacks). Conclusions: In this large SLE cohort, the most common non-lymphoma hematological malignancies were myeloid types (MDS and AML). This is in contrast to the general population, where lymphoid types are 1.7 times more common than myeloid non-lymphoma hematological malignancies. Most (80%) multiple myeloma cases occurred in blacks; this requires further investigation.
Tissue Effects Resulting from Eraser Laser Enucleation of the Prostate: In vivo Investigation
Authors: Lusuardi L. , Hager M. , Kloss B. , Hruby S. , Colleselli D. , Zimmermann R. , Janetschek G. , Mitterberger M.
Published: October 2013

Background/Aims/Objectives: To describe the depth of the laser coagulation zone in vivo based on histological examinations and the functional outcome of a 1,318-nm diode laser for enucleation in benign prostatic enlargement (BPE). Methods: A total of 20 patients with BPE were treated by laser Eraser® enucleation of the prostate (ELEP). Prostatic tissue wedges were evaluated to assess the depth of the ELEP coagulation zones. Additionally, patients were assessed preoperatively and 12 months postoperatively. Results: The coagulation zones were 0.36 ± 0.17 mm in epithelial tissue, 0.28 ± 0.15 mm in stromal tissue, and 0.25 ± 0.12 mm in mixed tissue. The coagulation area at the cutting edge completely sealed capillary vessels, reaching a depth of 0.35 ± 0.15 mm. The diameter of the coagulated vessels measured 1.75 ± 0.83 mm. Mean blood loss was 115.54 ± 93.12 ml, catheter time 1.35 ± 0.33 days, and hospital stay 1.89 ± 0.52 days. The International Prostate Symptom Score, maximal flow rate, and quality of life significantly improved 12 months after the procedure. Conclusions: ELEP is safe and effective for BPE treatment and yields good results at a follow-up of 1 year. Because of the limited penetration depth, damage to the urinary sphincter is not expected.
Utilization of p40 (ΔNp63) with p63 and Cytokeratin 5/6 Immunohistochemistry in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy
Authors: Collins Brian T. , Wang Jeff F. , Bernadt Cory T.
Published: October 2013

Objective: Specific subclassification of pulmonary non-small cell carcinoma (NSCCA) is clinically necessary, and the aim of this study is to examine the utilization of p40 (ΔNp63) in fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy for lung NSCCA. Study Design: Database files of the Washington University Medical Center were searched. Patients who underwent endobronchial ultrasound and CT FNA of a primary lung neoplasia were selected and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed. A panel of markers was utilized, including p40, p63, cytokeratin (CK) 5/6, thyroid transcription factor, and napsin. Results: One hundred patients were identified and comprised 38 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCA), 46 adenocarcinomas (AdCA), and 16 NSCCA. For SCCA, p40 was positive in 34/38 cases (89%) and negative in 4/38 cases (11%); p63 was positive in 33/38 cases (87%) and negative in 5/38 cases (13%); CK5/6 was positive in 38/38 cases. For AdCA cases, p40 was negative, p63 was positive in 2 cases (5%) and CK5/6 was negative in 43/46 cases (92%). Conclusion: For NSCCA, p40 had 89% sensitivity and 100% specificity compared to p63 with 86% sensitivity and 96% specificity and CK5/6 with 100% sensitivity and 96% specificity. In the evaluation of FNA biopsy for pulmonary NSCCA, p40 is a useful IHC marker for neoplastic subclassification, with better specificity in comparison to p63.
Thyroglobulin Wash Testing in the Surveillance of Patients with Thyroid Carcinoma: Proposal for a Reflex Test
Authors: Pigal Anastasiya , Draganova-Tacheva Rossitza , Solomides Charalambos C. , Bibbo Marluce
Published: October 2013

Objective: Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology with thyroglobulin wash (TG-W) testing is recommended for follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). The goal of this retrospective study was to determine if TG-W results contributed to the management of cases with positive FNA cytology. Study Design: We reviewed data on patients with positive and suspicious cytology results, undergoing lymph node or thyroid bed FNA with TG-W testing as part of the preoperative or follow-up investigation of histologically proven DTC in our institution and from the literature. Results: Of 30 positive/suspicious lymph node and thyroid bed FNAs in our institution, 22 (73%) had an elevated (>1 ng/ml) TG-W level. Seven of 8 TG-W-negative cases had DTC on follow-up. Of 577 cytology-positive/suspicious FNAs in the literature, 557 (97%) showed TG-W-positive results. Fourteen of 20 TG-W-negative cases had DTC on follow-up. All patients in retrospective and literature review groups with positive and suspicious FNA cytology and available follow-up were treated for recurrent or metastatic disease regardless of TG-W results. Conclusion: Observations of both our and other institutions support a recommendation of reflex FNA TG-W testing only for cases with negative or indeterminate cytology results.
Thermal fatigue resistance of H13 die steel repaired by partial laser surface remelting process
Authors: Cong D. L. , Zhou H. , Ren Z. A. , Ren L. Q. , Liu G. Y. , Lu B. S. , Meng C. , Wang C. W.
Published: October 2013

In order to study the thermal fatigue resistance of H13 die steel repaired by a partial laser surface remelting process, a strengthening latticed morphology was designed and processed using a pulsed Nd:YAG laser by imitating the structures of certain animals and plants. The ultrafine microstructure within the strengthening unit is composed of martensite, austenite and finer carbides. The average microhardness of the unit is much higher than that of the original surface, even after thermal fatigue cycles. The results show that both percentage increase in crack length and crack density are reduced owing to the blocking effect of strengthening units. Partial laser surface remelting with the smallest spacing is the most effective for repairing cracks and improving the overall thermal fatigue resistance. A manufacturing verification test demonstrates the effectiveness of the partial laser remelting process in repairing thermal fatigue cracks of a casting die and improving its thermal fatigue resistance.