Modeling the transition from the aerosol- to the updraft-limited cloud droplet susceptibility regime in large-eddy simulations with bulk microphysics
Authors: Schwarz Matthias , Savre Julien , Sudhakar Dipu , Quaas Johannes , Ekman Annica M. L. 
Published: March 2022

&lt;p&gt;As large-eddy simulations (LES), which explicitly simulate aerosol-cloud interactions, are often considered as benchmark simulations in climate science, it is necessary to critically evaluate if these high-resolution models can skillfully represent expected physical phenomena.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Here, we focus on the first aerosol indirect aerosol effect in a warm stratocumulus cloud. We investigate if the MIMICA LES (Savre et al., 2014) with a widely used bulk two-moment microphysical scheme (Seifert and Beheng, 2006) can reproduce the susceptibility regimes identified by Reutter et al., (2009). Using a parcel model, Reutter et al. (2009) showed that the cloud droplet number (N&lt;sub&gt;d&lt;/sub&gt;) responds differently to an increase in aerosol number (N&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;) depending on ambient updraft strength (w). In the aerosol-limited regime, enough supersaturation can be generated by the updraft motions in the atmosphere so that increasing N&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt; leads to an increase in N&lt;sub&gt;d&lt;/sub&gt;. Conversely, in the updraft-limited regime, adding aerosol will not increase as activation is limited by the updraft strength and only increasing w will lead to an increase in N&lt;sub&gt;a&lt;/sub&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the standard setup, the LES cannot simulate the transition from the aerosol- to the updraft-limited regime. Only when implementing a renormalization procedure following Reisin et al., (1996) and, at the same time, increasing the initial droplet radius of newly activated droplets (r&lt;sub&gt;d&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;i&lt;/sup&gt;) to values large than r&lt;sub&gt;d&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;i&lt;/sup&gt;&gt;1&amp;#181;m, a regime transition emerges. However, a clear recommendation for the choice of r&lt;sub&gt;d&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;i&lt;/sup&gt; cannot be made upon physical arguments at this point. Interestingly, the &amp;#8220;arbitrarily chosen&amp;#8221; droplet mass by Seifert and Beheng (2006) of 1*10&lt;sup&gt;-12&lt;/sup&gt;kg, which corresponds to r&lt;sub&gt;d&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;i&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;#8776;6&amp;#181;m, seems to agree quite well with the expectations from parcel model simulations. The choice is, however, still arbitrary and therefore physically questionable.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A potential way to avoid this problem, which mainly occurs at high aerosol concentrations, would be to run the LES with a small enough temporal resolution (&amp;#916;t&amp;#8776;0.1s) to explicitly resolve all relevant microphysical processes.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Reisin, T., Levin, Z., Tzivion, S., 1996. Rain Production in Convective Clouds As Simulated in an Axisymmetric Model with Detailed Microphysics. Part I: Description of the Model. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences 53, 497&amp;#8211;520.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Reutter, P., Su, H., Trentmann, J., Simmel, M., Rose, D., Gunthe, S.S., Wernli, H., Andreae, M.O., P&amp;#246;schl, U., 2009. Aerosol- and updraft-limited regimes of cloud droplet formation: influence of particle number, size and hygroscopicity on the activation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, 7067&amp;#8211;7080.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Savre, J., Ekman, A.M.L., Svensson, G., 2014. Technical note: Introduction to MIMICA, a large-eddy simulation solver for cloudy planetary boundary layers. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 6, 630&amp;#8211;649.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Seifert, A., Beheng, K.D., 2006. A two-moment cloud microphysics parameterization for mixed-phase clouds. Part 1: Model description. Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 92, 45&amp;#8211;66.&lt;/p&gt;