bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of High Altitude on Performance of Three Different Types of Work
Authors: Evans Wayne O. , Consolazio C. Frank
Published: September 2011

To determine the effects of transition from a low altitude to a high altitude on three types of work performance, the rate at which S proceeded from low to high altitude, and the effects of a physical conditioning program. 24 young soldiers were studied at sea level. Their maximum performance on medicine ball putting (an explosive strength task), the bicycle ergometer (a stamina task), and chin-ups (a dynamic strength task) were measured. Half of the Ss participated in a physical conditioning program; Ss daily exercise was based upon exercise at 90% of his own maximum capacity. Eight Ss remained at sea level, 8 Ss ascended to an altitude of 14,110 ft. gradually (1 wk. each at an altitude of 5,200 ft. and 11,400 ft.), 8 Ss went directly to 14,110 ft. within 1 day. It was not possible to predict the amount of depression of performance capacity found at high altitude. Dynamic strength was not affected by high altitude, but explosive strength and stamina were. Explosive strength readapted within 2 wk.; stamina had not readapted after 1 mo. Gradual transition to high altitude was beneficial for the explosive strength but did not effect stamina. Physical conditioning proved efficacious in reducing performance decrement in explosive strength and stamina.
Perception of Depth in Rotating Objects: 1. Stereokinesis and the Vertical-Horizontal Illusion
Authors: Mefferd Roy B. , Wieland Betty A.
Published: September 2011

Os viewed under extreme reduction conditions either a rod or an ellipse as it rotated slowly (5 rpm) in the frontoparallel plane. They reported seeing a sequence of percepts of the luminous stimulus starting with veridical rotation, then expansion-contraction, and/or advance-retreat and finally ending with apparent rotation in a plane oblique to O. The percepts were the same with either monocular or binocular regard and with the head tilted 90° to the side. In the latter case, the apparent plane of rotation shifted with the head position showing that the visual field determined the effect. This stereo-kinetic effect was related to the vertical-horizontal illusion and was explained in terms of the asymmetry of the visual field.
Modification of Locomotive Behavior in a Severely Disturbed Psychotic
Authors: Milby Jesse B. , Stenmark David E. , Horner Robert F.
Published: September 2011

Social reinforcement of self-wheeling by a psychotic effectively increased rate of self-wheeling more than 100% over the baseline of the operant.
Effects of Instructions and Class Contrast on Children's and Adolescents' Similarity Judgments
Authors: Ginsburg Herbert , Gamlin Peter
Published: September 2011

An experiment is reported in which the effects of age, instructions, and contrast class on the width of similarity judgments are evaluated. It was found that instruction affects similarity judgments of 5-yr.-old children and adolescents in the manner predicted. There were no over-all age differences. Contrast class also had no general effect, contrary to Wallach's hypothesis. Contrast class was effective only under very restricted conditions in the case of adolescents.
Perception of Depth in Rotating Objects: 2. Perspective as a Determinant of Stereokinesis
Authors: Mefferd Roy B. , Wieland Betty A.
Published: September 2011

10 Os viewed under extreme reduction conditions 5 simple, plane, featureless figures and an Ames trapezoidal window as they rotated slowly (5 rpm) in the frontoparallel plane. Judgments of shape, slant, and type of movement were obtained for 4-min. periods first with binocular regard and later with monocular. As more perspective cues were introduced and as viewing time increased, there were progressive increases in depth indicants with all three types of judgments.
Reply to “Critique of a Pupillary Response Experiment” by Roger P. Dooley and Donald J. Lehr
Authors: Hess Eckhard H. , Polt James M.
Published: September 2011

Criticisms of research using pupillary response are discussed.
Rates of Saccadic Eye Movement and Size Judgments of Normals and Schizophrenics
Authors: Silverman Julian , Gaarder Kenneth
Published: September 2011

Saccadic eye movements during fixation of a target image and size estimations were studied in nonschizophrenic and schizophrenic Ss. The results on rate of saccadic movement were quite different in those who overestimated the sizes of the standard disc. Nonschizophrenics who over-estimated had unusually low rates of saccadic movement; schizophrenic Ss who over-estimated had unusually high rates of saccadic movement, especially when they were older patients who had been hospitalized for 12 to 20 yr. No difference in rates of saccadic movement were found between nonschizophrenic and schizophrenic Ss who under-estimated the standard stimuli. The high rate of saccadic eye movements in over-estimating schizophrenics can be compared to the similar result in normals who have been given LSD-25.
Observing Behavior in the Squirrel Monkey in a Situation Analogous to Human Monitoring
Authors: Delorge John O. , Hess Jonathan , Clark Fogle C.
Published: September 2011

Observing and detection behavior were examined in four squirrel monkeys under schedule conditions similar to those employed in human monitoring experiments. Observing responses produced either a visual signal ( Sd) indicating availability of food reinforcement for an instrumental (detection) response or an SΔ indicating non-availability of reinforcement. Signals were terminated by a detection response and followed by reinforcement. SΔ exposures in the absence of signals were 0.5 sec. in duration. Detection responses in SΔ had no consequence. Signal availabilities were programmed according to random interval schedules. Mean intersignal availability times of 1, 2, 4, and 8 min. corresponding to average signal rates of 60, 30, 15, and 7.5 per hour were examined in that order. All schedules used generated a constant high rate of observing responses with short detection latencies in the presence of signals and very few detection responses in the absence of signals. No decrease in observing rate or increase in detection time was obtained within 2-hr. sessions. Neither observing rate nor detection latency varied systematically as a function of signal frequency. Distributions of observing inter-response times in the absence of stimuli were random except in one animal. Results are discussed in relation to data from other experiments on operant behavior.
Recall of Stimulus-Items Arranged in a Square Matrix: Japanese Study
Authors: Umemoto Takao , Komori Takahiko , Ross Sherman
Published: September 2011

A study is reported of recall by Japanese Ss of a variety of Japanese stimulus words arranged in a 5 × 5 matrix. Effects of stimulus presentation location were studied for the different materials as shown by recall accuracy.
Generality of Fitts' Law under Differential Error Instruction
Authors: Robinson Gordon H. , Leifer Richard P.
Published: September 2011

This experiment examines the applicability of Fitts' “channel capacity” model for discrete motor movements in a situation where the error rate (missing the target) is substantially increased and the resulting movement time decreased. Two experimental groups averaged approximately 3% and 19% error but yielded essentially the same information transmission rate in bits pet second. The generality of the law over a wide error range is therefore indicated.
Perception of Depth as Measured by Magnitude Estimation
Authors: Barrett Gerald V. , Williamson Thomas R. , Thornton Carl L.
Published: September 2011

11 Ss used the magnitude estimation technique to judge depth in 3 three-dimensional scenes of varying complexity. Also S's perceptual style, as measured by the rod-and-frame test, was determined to test the hypothesis that perception of depth is significantly related to S's perceptual style. Each S was given 30 trials under 5 eye conditions, i.e., left eye occluded, right eye occluded (both aware and unaware of occlusion), and neither eye occluded. No significant relationship was found between various eye conditions and judgment of depth or between S's perceptual style and judgments. A significant relationship was found among scenes, with the more complex scene judged as having greater depth.
Concept Discovery by School Children: Six Concepts of Middleness
Authors: Tsai Loh Seng , Chien Chun-Wuei Su
Published: September 2011

54 school children of Grades 1, 3, 5 were presented with 12 sets of 3 pictures representing high, low, and intermediate degrees along each of 6 stimulus dimensions: length, height, size, position, color, and density. Ss were tested individually, using a correctional method with knowledge of results. Comparative data justified the conclusions: (1) School children's ability to discover the general concept of middleness is a function of their developmental levels. (2) Difficulty of discovering various concepts of middleness is, in addition, contingent upon the specific stimulus dimensions. This shows that children proceed from various specific concepts to a generalized concept of middleness.
Measurement of Specific Anosmia
Authors: Amoore John E. , Venstrom Delpha , Davis Alfred R.
Published: September 2011

This paper describes the first quantitative investigation of specific anosmia or “odor blindness.” Certain Ss with an otherwise normal sense of smell are unable to perceive the sweaty odor of isobutyric acid. Their olfactory detection threshold for this compound is 50 times the normal threshold concentration of 8.5 ppm in water. The chemical extent of this olfactory defect was studied by measuring the thresholds for 18 compounds related to isobutyric acid. The maximum deficiency was observed with isovaleric acid, for which the mean threshold of the specifically anosmic Ss was 95 times the normal. The paper is principally devoted to a detailed consideration of the experimental methods required for measuring specific anosmia. These include rigorous purification of the odorants, procedure for individual threshold measurement, and statistical evaluation of the results. Experimental test criteria are given for eliminating nonspecific partial anosmics and for selecting Ss exhibiting specific anosmia to isobutyric acid. The tests were applied to a mixed population of 420 persons, which yielded 10 specific anosmics to isobutyric acid. The objective of this work was to measure the quantitative deficiency of the specific anosmics, in comparison with normal Ss with respect to each odorant. These data were required for the definition of what is believed to be one of the “primary odors” of the sense of smell, the “sweaty” primary epitomized by isovaleric acid.
Crossed Dominance of Hand and Eye in Relation to Poliomyelitis
Authors: Trembly Dean
Published: September 2011

Eye and hand dominance of 98 poliomyelitics were studied. The crossed dominant ones (sighting with left eye, writing with right hand) were more frequently paralyzed than the matched dominants. The paralysis of the crossed dominants was more frequent and more severe on the right side. Crossed dominant children may be, in some way, more susceptible to the virus of poliomyelitis. One or two mechanisms could be operating. First, crossed dominant children, with an excess of nervous energy, may play harder than other children, resulting in a greater degree of fatigue, which is an acknowledged predisposing factor. Second, the nervous tension itself, over a period of time, may be stressful, thus increasing the vulnerability of the neural system.
Auditory and Visual Discrimination Skills of Normal and Articulation-Defective Children
Authors: Hutchinson Barbara B. , Clark Dorothy W.
Published: September 2011

4 tests of auditory and visual perception were presented to 102 children, Grades 1 through 3, screened for normal IQ and hearing acuity, and absence of neurological impairment and/or emotional disorders, using school records and teachers' judgments as criteria. Children were selected from elementary schools representing 3 different socio-economic levels in Bloomington and Normal, Illinois. The tests used were: (1) the Wepman Test of Auditory Discrimination, (2) a self-monitoring discrimination test designed for this study, (3) an auditory, tapping, temporal-sequencing test, and (4) a visual spatial-sequencing test. Four different analyses consistently revealed that the self-monitoring test of auditory discrimination was by far the most sensitive instrument for discriminating between normal and articulation-defective children in Grades 1 through 3. On only one analysis, the t test of the differences between means, did the Wepman test show a significant difference ( p = .05) for first grade only. The auditory and visual modality tests showed significant F ratios among grade levels but not between normals and articulation-defective groups.
Experience, Rorschach Responses, and Role-Taking (Empathy): A Dualistic Suggestion
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

This paper suggests the existence of two kinds of role-taking (empathy). The one that may be called intuitional is the one that Beck relates to Dilthey's Verstehen, Husserl's essentia, and the Rorschach examiner's own test responses. It is hypothesized to correlate with Rorschach movement responses and to entail the Erlebnis concept of “experience.” The one that may be called inferential is hypothesized to correlate with Rorschach form responses and to entail the Erfahrung concept of “experience.” Of the two clusters, focus is on intuitional role-taking, movement responses, and Erlebnis. It is suggested that an Erlebnis psychology is inevitably an ad hominem psychology.
Age as a Determinant of Parental Interpretation of Rorschach Cards IV and VII
Authors: Cole Spurgeon , Williams Robert L.
Published: September 2011

The present study indicated that age is a significant variable in the choice of Rorschach Cards IV and VII as parental representations. At most ages different cards were chosen as representative of parental figures. Thus, responses to Cards IV and VII cannot indiscriminately be interpreted in terms of parental associations without regard to S's age. Cards VIII and X were significantly often chosen as “mother cards” at nearly every age, but there was no consistency in the selection of a “father card.” Cards significantly often chosen as “mother” or “father cards” (with the exception of Card IV by college students) were colored. Pre-college males chose Cards III and IV as resembling father and females selected Card VI.
Electroshock Therapy and Bender-Gestalt Performance
Authors: Garron David C. , Cheifetz David I.
Published: September 2011

Pre- and post-EST Bender Gestalts (BG) from 19 psychiatric patients, compared with repeated BGs from control patients, indicate that EST does not cause any lasting impairment in copying ability.
Temporal Estimation in the Perception of Occluded Motion
Authors: Reynolds Horace N.
Published: September 2011

Ss were shown a rectangular object which moved transversely across their field of view and passed behind an opaque screen. The purpose was to investigate some of the factors affecting estimates of the time required for the occluded moving object to travel a given distance behind the screen. The factors selected for study were (1) method of viewing the moving object (pursuit, static fixation), (2) background structure (homogeneous, textured), and (3) object size. According to previous studies, these variables affect the perceived speed of a moving object and might therefore be expected to affect estimates of the duration of occluded traversal. The results did not show statistically significant differences among experimental groups, although data trends are discussed. An additional finding was that Ss significantly overestimated the duration of occluded traversal, consistent with a tendency to overestimate traversal distance. The experiment is related to Michotte's studies of “amodal perception” and discussed in terms of Gibson's stimulus information approach to perception.
A Portable Rod-and-Frame Apparatus
Authors: Oltman Philip K.
Published: September 2011

A portable rod-and-frame test is described. Scores on the portable apparatus correlated .89 ( n = 163) with scores obtained on Witkin's original rod-and-frame test.
Development and Transfer of Attentional Habits
Authors: Murphy Gardner , Santos John F. , Solley Charles M.
Published: September 2011

Fourth grade children were differentially reinforced for shifting their attention to animal figures in an identification task. During this inital phase of the experiment 16 fourth grade girls looked more and more often between trials to the area where the figures which were more frequently reinforced were located. In a subsequent search task Ss were able to locate figures which were frequently reinforced more rapidly than those which were infrequently reinforced.
Relationship between Kinaesthetic Figural Aftereffect and Certain Personality Variables
Authors: Kidd Aline H. , Beere Donald B.
Published: September 2011

A failure to relate consistently several personality variables and the spatial aftereffect from kinaesthetic stimulation in men or women is described.
Normative Data on the Motor Steadiness Battery for Children
Authors: Knights Robert M. , Moule Allan D.
Published: September 2011

Three tests of motor skills for children from 5 to 14 were administered to 184 normal elementary school pupils and 40 children with school problems. The tests were: the maze test of kinetic tremor, the graduated holes test of static tremor and the pegboard test. Means and standard deviations for each CA group and intertest correlations are presented. Reliability estimates for a second group of Ss are also given.
Physiognomic Perception as a Cognitive Control Principle
Authors: Rosett Henry L. , Robbins Herbert , Watson Walter S.
Published: September 2011

Physiognomic perception, a tendency to suffuse percepts with an emotional or expressive quality, has been suggested as an additional cognitive control principle. In a study of an entire graduating class of 77 engineering students, Physiognomic Cue Test (PCT) performance loaded on a factor independent of factors representing field articulation, scanning, abstract reasoning, and academic achievement. PCT scores have been found to be related to career choice and to correlate significantly with measures of art aptitude and style, course grades, and personality test scores including the CPI. The relationships of physiognomic perception to intelligence, creativity and work style are considered. These data support the hypothesis that psysiognomic perception represents a significant cognitive control principle. Additional multivariate studies of more heterogeneous groups are indicated.
Motor Skills Bibliography: XC. Psychological Index No. 33, 1926
Authors: Ammons C. H. , Ammons R. B.
Published: September 2011

116 references to motor skills are presented alphabetically.
Auditorily Paced Keytapping Performance during Synchronous, Decreased, and Delayed Visual Feedback
Authors: Karlovich Raymond S. , Graham James T.
Published: September 2011

20 young adult female Ss tapped on a tapping key to low, mid, and high sensation-level pure-tone auditory-pacing stimuli while being exposed to synchronous visual-feedback, delayed visual-feedback, and decreased sensory-feedback conditions. The stroboscopic visual-feedback stimulus was judged to be as bright as the mid-sensation-level auditory stimulus was loud in a preliminary cross-modality matching study. The dependent variables evaluated were tapping error, temporal deviation of the taps from the onset of the pacing stimuli, and tap duration. Few tapping errors occurred under any of the conditions which indicated that the auditory sensory modality is effective in regulating motor performance even when temporally distorted visual feedback is associated with the performance. Tapping deviation data strongly suggested that the relative perceptual magnitudes between the auditory pacing stimuli and the delayed visual-feedback stimulus are important factors in determining the speed of motor response. Tap durations were greater during decreased sensory-feedback and delayed visual-feedback conditions than during synchronous visual-feedback conditions, and it was speculated that these changes occurred due to an increase in tactual and kinesthetic feedback employed by Ss to counterbalance the distorted and decreased sensory feedbacks.
Hyperoxia and Locomotor Activity in Rats
Authors: Gerben Martin J.
Published: September 2011

Exposure to an 8% O2 atmosphere (hypoxia) reduced activity-wheel running of rats approximately 50% with respect to a 21% O2 (normoxia) control condition. Exposure to 30, 60, and 100% O2 (hyperoxia) did not affect locomotor activity.
An Effective Therapeutic Procedure for the Heroin Addict
Authors: Torda Clara
Published: September 2011

Short description of an effective therapeutic strategy for the heroin addict is given; emphasis is on two procedures aimed at shortening establishment of a therapeutic relationship and increasing the ego strength (will power, frustration tolerance) of the patient at the onset of therapy. The first goal was achieved by special application of unconscious material obtained by a newly developed technique, the second by the use of a modified form of hypnosis.
Production and Reproduction of Duration: Intersensory Comparisons
Authors: Goldstone Sanford
Published: September 2011

Previous experiments demonstrated that auditory durations are judged longer than visual ones using verbal category-scaling procedures within the methods of absolute judgment and successive comparison. To determine if this intersensory difference was dependent upon the response system, Ss were required to produce lights and sounds upon command or provide intramodal and crossmodal reproductions of the same standards without verbal intervention. Sounds were judged longer than lights via the nonverbal methods of production and reproduction, thus confirming earlier results and reducing the likelihood that the intersensory difference is a product of the response system alone.
Performance of Neurologically Impaired Children Copying Geometric Designs with Sticks
Authors: Wise James H.
Published: September 2011

The visual-motor performance of 34 brain-damaged children was compared with that of an equal number of children without neurological impairment but matched for IQ, age and sex. Performance involved the copying of geometric designs with sticks rather than drawings. A 14-category rating system was used to evaluate performance. Results indicated statistically significant performance decrement for the brain-damaged Ss, variations in sensitivity among designs and scoring categories for registering performance decrement, and low-to-moderate correlations between test performance and intelligence, age, and mental age. Such results encourage further development of a stick test for young and neurologically impaired children.
A Variable Delayed Pulse Programming Unit
Authors: Reus James F. , Pare William P.
Published: September 2011

An inexpensive relay circuit is described which is designed to accept a pulse and then produce a 1/10-sec. pulse after a delay period. The length of the delay period between input and output is variable and can be fixed by E to fit different contingencies. Application of the unit with relay-type logic arrays is described.
Estimation of the Universality of Freudian and Jungian Sexual Symbols
Authors: Mullen Frank G.
Published: September 2011

Examination of sexuality of 36 nouns in French, German, and Spanish suggests that universality of Jungian or Freudian sexual symbols in terms of their power to predict gender of nouns is lacking.
Self-Descriptions of Patients with Coronary Disease
Authors: Klein Helen P. , Parsons Oscar A.
Published: September 2011

Current self-descriptions of coronary patients and control Ss were obtained on the Clyde Mood Scale. Comparison was made with retrospective self-descriptions, i.e., just prior to the coronary attack for the patients and a comparable period of time for the control group. In addition, spouses' descriptions of Ss for the same periods were obtained. In comparison to controls, the coronary Ss were more “depressed” and “anergic” for both periods. Spouses described patients as more “anergic” following the coronary. Significant correlations in the patient group between the two periods were found on positive subscales but not on “depressed,” “anergic” or “jittery.” Correlations in the control group between the two periods were significant for almost all subscales. It was concluded that the coronary attack has an impact on the patient which does not dissipate over time and that patients react to this impact differentially depending on their defensive systems.
A Flexible Instrument for Presenting Visual Stimuli Tachistoscopically
Authors: Farrimond Thomas
Published: September 2011

A tachistoscope which consists of an auto-change projector coupled to a control unit and shutter system is described. Exposure durations from 1/25 to 4 sec. are provided. Rate of presentation of slides may also be varied from 1 to 6 sec.
Locus of Control as a Personality and Situational Variable
Authors: Mc Donald Roy , Tempone Vincent J. , Simmons William L.
Published: September 2011

Previous studies of the personality variable, locus of control (LC), have focused on the relationship between LC and chance versus skilled performance. This study examined the interaction between LC and an experimental task which elicited in Ss differential levels of control as a subjectively felt state. The experimental task consisted in driving an automobile simulator in such a way that S felt he had maximum or little control over the number of errors he made in his driving performance on subsequent trials. S's performance on the simulator and his own evaluation of that performance were studied in relation to the amount of control experienced and individual differences in LC assessed by a forced-choice questionnaire. Although experimental manipulation of control had significant effects on performance, there was no significant interaction with this main effect and individual differences in LC.
Interpersonal Differentiation and Perceptual Field Differentiation
Authors: Rhodes Robert J. , Carr John E. , Jurji E. David
Published: September 2011

Alcoholic tuberculous patients performed more poorly on two measures of differentiation than comparable nonalcoholics. The correlation between these two measures indicates that interpersonal discrimination and perceptual differentiation are highly related and that cognitive styles may be expressed in social as well as perceptual settings. This may contribute to the further understanding of various personality and clinical groups.
Effects of Suggestion on Two Measures of Stability of Perception of Two Fixated Stimuli
Authors: Minard James G. , Batcher Joseph
Published: September 2011

Fragmentation and disappearances were shown by both a square luminous frame fixated in darkness and a similarly-shaped black stimulus fixated against a luminous field. Results had acceptable split-half reliability (.78 to .95). Suggestion failed to affect significantly disappearance on 2-min. trials of the luminous frame, although it did affect disappearance of the black stimulus ( p < .001). Disappearances of the luminous frame were reported to be more clear-cut. They decreased during dark adaptation, refuting an interpretation based on increasing scotopic foveal insensitivity.
Pupillary Response to Value-Linked Words
Authors: Vacchiano Ralph B. , Strauss Paul S. , Ryan Sharon , Hochman Leonard
Published: September 2011

Pupillary measurements were taken on 12 Ss who viewed sequences of words reflecting values of high, low, and neutral importance to them. No significant relationships were found between most measures of pupil size and word value. Changes in pupil size between word pairs of different value were evenly divided between constrictions and dilations according to chance. This lack of supporting evidence for current theories of pupillometrics is discussed in terms of experimental research problems.
Perceptual and Conceptual Categorization in Stimulus Generalization
Authors: Leventhal Donald Stewart
Published: September 2011

Stimulus generalization was hypothesized to represent the outcome of a perceptual (for primary stimulus generalization) or conceptual (for secondary stimulus generalization) categorization process. Perception and conception were distinguished by differential speed and locus of action and by varying susceptibility to irrelevant and redundant information. Within a semantic generalization paradigm, S's right forearm muscle potentials to semantic and homographic generalization words were recorded. Time interval and stimulus display characteristics of the presentations of the generalization word were varied. Results indicated little support for the view of stimulus generalization as a categorization process. There was, however, support for the differential susceptibility of perception and conception to variations in stimulus display characteristics.
A Preliminary Report on a New Memory Scale
Authors: Gilbert Jeanne G. , Levee Raymond F. , Catalano Frank L.
Published: September 2011

A preliminary description of standardization of a memory scale for adults is presented.
Taste Thresholds for Sodium Chloride in Longitudinal Experiments
Authors: Mefferd Roy B. , Wieland Betty A.
Published: September 2011

A rapid ascending method of limits without standards was reliable for determining taste thresholds for NaCl in longitudinal experiments. Three experienced Ss made two judgments—tentative-uncertain and certain (absolute threshold) in each of five series of taste judgments daily for 120 consecutive days. To provide a means of studying functional relationships between taste and other variables, the total variance in all the judgments was partialled into several orthogonal components by means of linear components analysis. Factor scores computed from these components were correlated with a series of values derived directly from the judgments. The first component for each S consolidated the variance that arose from the average day-to-day differences in judgments, and the others isolated the variance that was due to within-day linear trends. The relation of the unrotated and rotated components was shown, and the reasons for our preference for the former were explained. The factor scores from these several components of variance may be viewed as new variables that measure these structural pools of variance and, as such, they may be correlated with any other pertinent variables such as constituents of saliva, motivation, environmental temperature, and the like. Furthermore, the estimation of the “subliminal” threshold not only was reliable, but it expands the possibility for clarification of the nature of taste percepts.
Changes in Self-Presentation in Need for Approval Scores
Authors: Strickland Lloyd H.
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to examine the effect of response set on response latency for items of the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. Data were equivocal with respect to the original hypotheses, but an unexpected, and possibly important, finding emerged: the higher the original need-approval score, the greater the drop in score in the experimental session. The finding is discussed in terms of its possible implications for studies relating need for approval to intentional hypothesis confirmation in social psychological experiments.
Reanalysis of Data Files: Dependent Hypotheses and a Recommendation
Authors: Dingman Harvey F. , Peck Robert F.
Published: September 2011

The reanalysis of data collected in large research projects presents problems. It appears that the hypotheses to be tested probably will not be independent. If the data are used to group Ss into typologies, subsequent research would be improved.
Effects of Orientation and Redundancy on Tactual Perception of Form
Authors: Warm Joel S. , Foulke Emerson
Published: September 2011

The present study determined the effects of absolute spatial orientation and Redundancy-I on the tactual recognition of metric figures. Four orientations (base horizontal distinctive contour upward, base horizontal distinctive contour downward, base vertical distinctive contour to S's right, base vertical distinctive contour to S's left) were used with random and redundant figures. The stimuli displayed consisted of raised dots; standard Braille values were employed for dot height and spacing. In terms of both speed and accuracy of recognition, performance was better for random than for redundant figures. The effect of spatial orientation was negligible. Results are considered in regard to the comparative influence of similar stimulus parameters in the perception of visual and tactual form.
Sociometric Choice: A Study in Pupillary Response
Authors: Koff Robert H. , Hawkes Thomas H.
Published: September 2011

Pupillary dilation has recently been reported as a physiological measure of degree of attention paid to environmental stimuli (Hess & Polt, 1960, 1964). Hess and Polt's research has operationally defined one variable and has provided data that allow researchers to speculate about several others. This variable is interest-disinterest. The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the relationship between sociometric choice patterns and pupillary behavior. 18 sixth grade Ss completed a sociometric questionnaire in which they indicated 3 friendship and 3 nonfriendship choices. Black and white photographs of each S were made and served as the experimental stimuli. The stimuli were arranged and shown to each S according to his responses to the sociometric questionnaire. No significant differences in pupillary dilation patterns were found among Ss when viewing stimuli depicting friendship choice as opposed to nonfriendship choice. Pupillary dilation to pictures of friends was, on the average, not significantly different from dilation patterns to pictures of nonfriends. Results were discussed in terms of (a) theoretical issues relevant to sociometric choice patterns and (b) the interpretation of pupillary response patterns and their relationship to inquiry in the social sciences.
Reliability of ‘Live’ Ratings of the Speech of Stutterers
Authors: Cullinan Walter L. , Prather Elizabeth Moodie
Published: September 2011

On two occasions, separated by 4 mo., 8 college-age stutterers gave a short spontaneous speech to and conversed with a group of judges, each of whom rated each S on each of 7 dimensions of speech using the equal-appearing intervals scaling procedure. Ratings 3 mo. later were obtained from the same judges using audio-recordings of the second ‘live’ session. Intraclass correlation procedures were used to estimate the reliability of the ratings. For 4 dimensions of dysfluent speech the mean scale values for all three rating sessions were highly reliable and equally reliable ratings were obtained from the ‘live’ and audio-taped samples. For 3 dimensions of non-stuttered speech, the ratings were not satisfactorily reliable.
Effects of Systematic Sensory-Motor Training on Sensory-Motor, Visual Perception and Concept-Formation Performance of Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Alley Gordon R. , Carr Donald L.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of an extended, systematic training program of sensory-motor activities on sensory-motor, visual perception and concept-formation tasks. 10 identical criterion measures were utilized as pretests and posttests in conjunction with a 2-mo. training program. Both the experimental and control groups' mean scores on all criterion measures reflected improvement from pretest to posttest administrations. However, when the analysis of covariance was applied, no significant differences were evident between the adjusted posttest mean scores of the two groups.
Motor Skills Achievement and Authoritarian Dimensions
Authors: Dowell Linus , Badgett John , Chevrette John
Published: September 2011

There was little relationship between selected physical attributes and authoritarian dimensions, but a significant relationship existed between athletic achievement and 7 perceived authoritarian dimensions for 574 college freshmen.
Stability and Habituation of Nonspecific GSRs
Authors: Kaiser Charles , Roessler Robert
Published: September 2011

Nonspecific GSRs were recorded during periods of stimulation (sound and light) and resting in a group of medical and dental students. Testing occurred on 4 occasions over a 3-mo. period. There was significant stability of frequency over testings. Habituation occurred during both light and sound stimulation periods in the first testing but not in the remaining 3 testings. Alert Ss produced significantly more nonspecific GSRs than drowsy Ss.
Individual Differences in Two Motor Learning Tasks under Massed Practice
Authors: Carron A. V. , Leavitt J. L.
Published: September 2011

50 boys, age 14 to 15 yr., were tested on a tracking task (pursuit rotor) and a large-muscle motor-learning task (stabilometer) to examine the effect of relatively massed practice upon individual differences and intra-individual variation. The practice schedule, which was identical for both tasks, called for 20 50-sec. practice trials with a 10-sec. intertrial rest period. A 5-min. rest was also interpolated every fourth trial. The greatest change in individual differences and intra-individual variation in both tasks occurred during the first 4 practice trials and in the 5-min. interpolated rest which immediately followed. Additional practice and interpolated rest over the remaining 15 practice trials had little additional effect upon either of the sources of variation. The changes in the sources of variation did not, with the exception of intra-individual variability in the stabilometer, appear to be proportional to changes in the mean.
Sensation Threshold, Pain Tolerance Level, and Magnitude-Estimation Sensitivity: Reliability of Prediction
Authors: Gatchel Robert J.
Published: September 2011

The present experiment measured relationships among three measures of sensitivity to electric shock: Sensation Threshold (ST), Absolute Pain Tolerance Level (APT), and Magnitude Estimation Sensitivity (MES). Ss were 15 male and 15 female undergraduates, and all three measures were taken for each S. Multiple R correlations were computed predicting MES from ST plus APT ( R = .739), ST from MES plus APT ( R = .684), and APT from MES plus ST ( R = .449). These statistically significant results indicate that these various measures of sensitivity to electric shock ate related.
MMPI Profiles of Brain-Damaged and Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Watson Charles G. , Thomas Richard W.
Published: September 2011

Since perceptual, motor, and conceptual tests for brain-damage generally seem unable to differentiate organic from schizophrenic NP patients, an attempt was made to determine whether measures taken from a personality test might prove so capable. Accordingly the MMPI profiles of 50 organics with evidence of cerebral lesions were compared to those of 50 schizophrenics. Significant between-diagnosis effects appeared on six scales and four rules were developed from the data. In cross-validational studies, the signs proved to be useful in differentiating brain-damaged from schizophrenic males but seemed to be of no value with female Ss.
Disruption Effects in Human Short-Term Memory: Some Negative Findings
Authors: Sloboda Walter , Smith Edward E.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has demonstrated that white noise disrupts human memory if it is administered with the to-be-remembered material. The present experiment investigated the effects of a 2-sec. burst of white noise on memory when it was administered during the retention interval (RI). Ss attempted to recall 7 digits after a 2- or 12-sec. RI. For the 2-sec. RI white noise was either present or absent. For the 12-sec. RI white noise occurred either during the first 2 sec., the middle 2 sec., the last 2 sec., or not at all. The results indicated that neither the temporal location nor even the presence of white noise had any effect on recall and that these negative findings could not be attributed to Ss filtering out the white noise at an autonomic or central level.
Factor Analytic Investigation of Two Reading Readiness Tests
Authors: Olson Arthur V. , Fitzgibbon Norinne H.
Published: September 2011

Factor analysis of scores from the Metropolitan Readiness Test and the Lee-Clark Reading Readiness Test yielded one general factor. The tests measure similar abilities.
Effects of Stimulus Characteristics on Perception of Angular Change
Authors: Schutrumpf Brian E. , Klipple Alfred G.
Published: September 2011

A study was made of the effects of 4 variables (stimulus dimension, interstimulus interval, percentage of change, and direction of change) on the accuracy of judgments of size changes in visual angles. 10 Ss in a darkened room reported judgments of the relative size of successive pairs of projected figures. The accuracy of these judgments was affected by direction of change and percentage of change but not directly by stimulus dimension or interstimulus interval. Significant interactions were found for stimulus dimension by direction of change, direction of change by percentage of change, and direction of change by interstimulus interval.
Field Independence in Concept Attainment
Authors: Dickstein Louis S.
Published: September 2011

Concept-attainment tasks in which the stimulus materials are composed of several perceptual attributes appear to require differentiation of the stimulus complex or the cognitive capacity of field independence. High and low field-independent females were compared on performance of a concept-attainment task. The high field-independent Ss were significantly more efficient as measured by number of choices to solution, number of incorrect verbalizations, and thoroughness with which attributes were tested. These Ss also demonstrated greater readiness to accept the irrelevance of attribute values of an initial exemplar of the concept. General intelligence was ruled out as a possible explanation of these differences.
Successive Discrimination Reversal Performance of Mammalian Species on a Brightness Task
Authors: Gossette Robert L. , Kraus Gayle
Published: September 2011

To examine the generality of inter-species SDR performance differences previously revealed on a spatial task, four different mammalian species were tested on a brightness successive discrimination reversal task. Analysis showed that the patterns of errors yielded on the spatial task were reproduced on the brightness task, except that on the brightness task, cacomistle performance was inferior to that by squirrel monkeys. Further evidence supporting the differential extinction explanation of inter-species variation in negative transfer was also found.
Problems of Optimum Selection
Authors: O'Connor Gail
Published: September 2011

This study examined the selection of different sources of information made by multiple regression, cutting scores, and factor analytic techniques and investigated these procedures in terms of their comparable predictive efficiency. Prior to their job training, 220 Naval winch operator trainees took a battery of seven McQuarrie subtests for mechanical ability. Criterion scores were derived from ratings given subsequent to training. No differences were found among the three methods. However, it is pointed out that the judicious use of factor analysis can provide additional information about the relationships and complexities of the predictors and criterion not available through multiple regression or cutting scores.
Formation of a Successive (Sign-Differentiated-Position) Learning Set in Stumptail Monkeys
Authors: Medin Douglas L. , Davis Roger T.
Published: September 2011

Nine stumptail monkeys (Macaca speciosa) were trained on a successive discrimination learning set where each 2-choice problem was in the paradigm: AA, go Left—BB, go Right. Each S was given 5 unique 8-trial problems a day for 150 days. For half of the animals, the A and B objects did not differ in color; for the other half, color cues were always present and relevant. Significant inter-problem learning was found, but improvement with practice was very slow. The group of monkeys which could use color as a cue did not form the learning set any more efficiently than the group forced to rely on cues other than color.
Perception of Depth in Rotating Objects: 5. Phenomenal Motion in Stereokinesis
Authors: Mefferd Roy B.
Published: September 2011

Stereokinetic motion percepts are described and analyzed. The fluctuations of three visual systems, the near-far, one object-multiple object, and anchor point mechanisms are shown to be independent, and the consequences of the fluctuations for phenomenal motion are examined. The main current theoretical concepts of motion perception fail to account for all the observations reported. Speculations on the function of the anchor point mechanism and on how motion data may be processed are advanced.
Effect of Methylphenidate Hydrochloride (Ritalin) on Psychophysical Judgments by Chimpanzees
Authors: Reynolds Herbert H. , Salzberg Charles L. , Barker Lewis M.
Published: September 2011

To 1 chimpanzee dosages of 0.11, 0.22, and 0.44 mg./kg. Ritalin were administered twice in tablet form and psychophysical measurements made over the following 3½ hr. The 0.22 mg./kg. dosage improved psychophysical judgments and did not alter response latency. The 0.11 mg./kg. dosage altered neither. The 0.44 mg./kg. dosage decreased latency and produced a decrement in judgment. The psychophysical methodology may offer a more sensitive technique in arriving at optimal and lower dosages of various drugs than the frequently used response to presence or absence of a stimulus or locomotor activity.
Influence of Meaning on Fragmentation of Visual Afterimages
Authors: Arnold P. , Meudell P. R. , Pease K. G.
Published: September 2011

An experiment is described in which fragmentation of afterimages is shown to be influenced by the meaning of the stimulus presented to S. Results require interpretation in terms of more central processes than those hitherto suggested for fragmentation phenomena.
Field Independence, Achievement Values and the Evaluation of a Competency Related Dimension on the Least Preferred Co-Worker (LPC) Measure
Authors: Gruenfeld Leopold , Arbuthnot Jack
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the study was to investigate personality correlates of Fiedler's Least Preferred Co-worker Scale (LPC), which has been found to be predictive of leadership effectiveness. The independent variables were several measures of psychological differentiation (field dependence-independence) and a measure of achievement versus affiliation orientation. The dependent variables were the LPC total score and several subscales derived from principal components analysis. As predicted, the results showed that for a sample of 55 male undergraduates those Ss who evaluated their least preferred co-worker relatively unfavorably on the Competence subscale of the LPC were field independent, masculine (the moderator variable), and achievement- rather than socio-emotionally oriented. As predicted, no relationships appeared for measures of field independence and the socio-emotional subscales of the LPC. The authors discuss the significance of the measures of field independence for leadership research.
Learning of Detour Problems by Lemurs and Seven Species of Monkeys
Authors: Davis Roger T. , Leary Robert W.
Published: September 2011

40 Ss drawn from 7 species of monkey, and Lemur catta were trained to solve bent-wire detour problems. Old World monkeys were significantly more proficient than New World monkeys or lemurs, but members of the latter two groups did not differ significantly from each other. The results are compared with those obtained with children, apes, and raccoons.