bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brave New Brain
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C
Published: October 2023

Nancy Andreasen, a leading neuroscientist who is also Editor-in-Chief of the prestigious American Journal of Psychiatry as well as the winner of the illustrious National Medal of Science, offers here a state-of-the-art look at what we know about the human brain and the human genome--and shows how these two vast branches of knowledge are coming together in a boldly ambitious effort to conquer mental illness. Scientists today know more about the brain than ever before, thanks to new imaging techniques and to discoveries in neuroscience and molecular biology. Andreasen gives us an engaging and readable description of how it all works, from the billions of neurons to the tiny thalamus to the moral monitor in our prefrontal cortex. She also shows the progress made in mapping the human genome, whose 30,000-40,000 genes are almost all active in the brain. In perhaps the most fascinating section of the book, we read gripping stories of the people who develop mental illness, the friends and relatives who share their suffering, the physicians who treat them, and the scientists who study them so that better treatments can be found. This section covers four major disorders--schizophrenia, manic depression, anxiety disorders, and dementia--revealing what causes them, what happens to the mind and brain, and how the illnesses are treated. Finally, the book shows how the powerful tools of genetics and neuroscience will be combined during the next decades to build healthier brains and minds. Andreasen’s bestselling The Broken Brain broke new ground in the public understanding of mental illness. Now, by revealing how combining genome mapping with brain mapping can unlock the mysteries of mental illness, she again offers general readers a remarkably fresh perspective on these devastating diseases--their nature, treatment, and possible future prevention.
Mapping The Mind using Neuroimaging to observe How The Brain Thinks
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C
Published: October 2023

I decided to become a psychiatrist in the early 1970s, motivated by a strong desire to do research on major mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, depression, and dementia, each of which was fascinating in a different way. Cardiology (another specialty that I liked), appealing in its precision, was too easy by comparison. As a medical student I found mental illnesses to be the most interesting and challenging diseases that I had encountered. What could explain how some people experienced the loss of autonomy over their minds that characterized schizophrenia, leading to the intrusion of alien voices or the theft of their emotional vitality? What caused people to fall into a deep depression, depriving them of all confidence and self-esteem, just when things seemed to be going very well for them? Why did some older people, previously bright and alert, begin to lose their mental capacities, and ultimately their whole personalities, ending in a wordless fetal-like helplessness? Not only were these questions fascinating, but the diseases were very common. Getting a handle on any one of them would help millions of people.
O Brave New World Conquering Mental Illness in The Era of the Genome
Authors: Andreasen Nancy C
Published: October 2023

During the coming century we will combine our knowledge of the human genome and our knowledge of the brain to develop new weapons with which to wage a war on mental illness that may eventually lead to a definitive victory. As Einstein reminds us, our minds can create powerful tools that can be used wisely, for good purposes. But these tools can also be used foolishly, and for evil ends. Aldous Huxley’s futuristic novel Brave New World predicted in 1936 that scientists would develop methods to clone human beings, practice eugenics to create a society in which people were stratified into classes based on intelligence, and misuse knowledge in the service of selfish hedonism and a totalitarian worldview. His vision of the future is terrifying. Fortunately, it has not come true.
Addiction
Authors: Goldstein Avram
Published: October 2023

In this clear and comprehensive account, a leader in pharmacologic research focuses on the neurobiology of drug addiction and illuminates the "highs" as well as the "lows" that drugs can produce. Providing full coverage of the seven families of addictive drugs—alcohol, heroin and other opiates, cocaine and amphetamines, marijuana, caffeine, and hallucinogens like LSD—Goldstein places emphasis on their actions in the brain and on their psychological aspects. But his examination does not stop there. Delving further, he calls attention to the current laws and flawed policies that aim to control drug addiction. And throughout, he relates fascinating personal accounts of addiction research, to which he has been a major contributor for over twenty-five years. Finally, in material new to this second edition, Goldstein highlights modern research on the genetics and neurobiology of susceptibility to addiction.
Alcohol and Related Drugs
Authors: Goldstein Avram
Published: October 2023

It is a typical foggy day in Manchester, England. Imagine that you are standing in an open field in the park, watching a pair of orange plastic road markers a few hundred yards away. A red double-decker bus comes barreling across the field, heading for the gap between the markers. You think: He’ll never get through, it’s too narrow for the bus. You are right. The bus knocks over one of the markers.
Heroin, Morphine, and Other Opiates
Authors: Goldstein Avram
Published: October 2023

A passage in The Odyssey faithfully captures the peculiar quality of the psychoactive effect of opiates. The scene is the palace of Menelaus, king of Sparta. Telemachus, depressed and miserable after his long and vain search for his father Odysseus, is being entertained at dinner.
Prevention: Just Say No?
Authors: Goldstein Avram
Published: October 2023

If you walked into a Kansas City sixth-grade classroom some years ago, you might have observed the following scene: Under a teacher’s guidance, and with the whole class watching, a child pretends to offer a cigarette to a friend. The friend hesitates, uncertain what to do. The teacher intervenes. “Sally,” she suggests, “you know that smoke makes people cough. Try saying that.” The role-playing is repeated. The cigarette is offered. Sally says, boldly, “No thanks, I don’t like the way smoke makes me cough.” Then Sally turns her back and walks away with a determined air.
Three Lessons from Abroad
Authors: Goldstein Avram
Published: October 2023

Drug addiction is unbounded by geography, form of government, politics, ethnicity, economic status, or degree of formal education. In other words, it is a problem of the human condition. Three European nations—Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Switzerlandst—and out as having special ways of dealing with some aspects of drug addiction. In particular, their governmental policies are based solidly on public-health considerations—on pragmatic attempts to reduce harm wherever possible, without the moralistic crusading that has typified our own “war on drugs.” This chapter explores the similarities and differences between their approaches and our own, with a view to seeing what we can learn from them.
The Changing Landscape in Eastern Europe
Authors: Quandt Richard E
Published: October 2023

This book shows how philanthropy can be a primary force in the transfer of technology in transitional societies. It demonstrates the necessity of retraining of people and how this endeavor is as important as the technology itself. It is essentially about Hungary, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Latvia, Estonia, with somewhat smaller emphases on Russia, Romania and South Africa. It chronicles, explains, and analyzes western assistance efforts in Eastern Europe between 1989 and 2000 in the context of the political and economic events of the period, with particular emphasis on the activities of The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. Factors that made transfers more or less successful and the role of social institutions and human factors will be highlighted. Significant illustrations include the creation of a small enterprise sectors, MBA programs, economic programs, and new markets and financial institutions. The material provides the reader with a clear understanding of how institutions for economic education emerged in Central and Eastern Europe, what role of US foundations and academic institutions played, and what the interplay with local personalities involved.
The Art Expert, the Law, and Real Life
Authors: Stebbins Theodore E
Published: October 2023

Theodore Stebbins, Jr., formerly John Moors Cabot curator of American Paintings at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, is presently curator of American Art at the Harvard University Art Museums. He is the author of more than twenty-five studies of American painting and photography, including works on John Singleton Copley, Martin Johnson Heade, and Charles Sheeler. As a third-year student at Harvard Law School in 1963 –64,I wrote a paper dealing with the circumstances under which art experts might be sued for offering opinions about the authenticity or quality of works of art. The paper proved a success; it came to be regarded as authoritative, and was published and republished through the years.1 However, its greater impact was on my own life. In researching the paper I interviewed a number of leading art historians, including Lloyd Goodrich, then director of the Whitney Museum of American Art in New York, and Professor Jakob Rosenberg, a greatly admired teacher and curator at Harvard University. Coming to know the art world through such people, and having taken— as part of my legal research— Professor Rosenberg’s course on the connoisseurship of European drawings, I gave up law and turned to the study of art history, eventually becoming a specialist in American paintings from the eighteenth to the twentieth century.
The Three Routes to Financial Crises The Need for Capital Controls
Authors: Palma* Gabriel
Published: October 2023

It is not that other countries did not have capital controls before (like India or China), or since (like Malaysia and Colombia), but of all the countries applying capital controls in recent years, the case of Chile in the 1990s has turned out to be the most ideologically influential one within the “mainstream.” This is probably the result of the fact that Chile was the first country that implemented capital account regulations after having fully liberalized its economy; i.e., with its neo-liberal credentials intact (as until then it had followed the whole spirit and the letter-including the small print-of the liberalization and reform programs}. It also did so explicitly as a temporary measure (as opposed to what Keynes always recommended1 ), necessary to deal with (what was expected to be) a temporary phenomenon of “excess” capital inflows. That is, Chile implemented capital controls in 1991 clearly not in any way as part of a fundamental questioning of the classical “efficient-market” theory, but simply as a mechanism for tackling some short-term strains caused by what they believed to be an otherwise efficient international financial flow system.
Synthetic Assets, Risk Management, and Imperfections
Authors: Neftci Salih N
Published: October 2023

Similarly, regulatory and taxation policies cannot rely on an analysis of financial tables and balance sheets. Using replicating portfolios and Special Purpose Vehicles (SPV) institutions can reconstruct all the instruments that they would like to buy or sell, in principle. Hence, policies such as capital controls and stamp duties, with holding taxes, etc., may end up having unexpected results if the financial engineering dimension is ignored.
Laboratory Aspects of Medical Mycology
Authors: Brandt Mary E , Warnock David W
Published: October 2023

Over the course of time, more than 100,000 species of fungi have been recognized and described. However, fewer than 500 of these species have been associated with human disease, and no more than 100 are capable of causing infection in otherwise normal individuals. The remainder are only able to produce disease in hosts that are debilitated or immunocompromised. Fungi are not plants. Fungi form a separate group of higher organisms, distinct from both plants and animals, which differ from other groups of organisms in several major respects. First, fungal cells are encased within a rigid cell wall, mostly composed of chitin and glucan. These features contrast with animals, which have no cell walls, and plants, which have cellulose as the major cell wall component. Second, fungi are heterotrophic. This means that they are lacking in chlorophyll and cannot make their organic food as plants can, through photosynthesis. Fungi live embedded in a food source or medium, and obtain their nourishment by secreting enzymes for external digestion and by absorbing the nutrients that are released from the medium. The recognition that fungi possess a fundamentally different form of nutrition was one of the characteristics that led to their being placed in a separate kingdom.
Terbinafine
Authors: Pappas Peter G
Published: October 2023

Terbinafine is a newly developed oral and topical antifungal agent in the allylamine class of antifungal compounds (Petranyi et al, 1984). Discovered in 1983, it is closely related to naftifine. Terbinafine became available in Europe in 1991, and in 1996 in the United States. Terbinafine is the only oral allylamine available in the United States and is used largely for the treatment of superficial fungal infections, especially those due to dermatophytes. There has been significant interest in developing the drug for the treatment of deep mycoses, either alone or in combination, for disorders such as cryptococcosis, invasive aspergillosis, and other mould infections, but there are only scant clinical data evaluating its efficacy in these settings. Terbinafine is a very valuable antifungal drug for the treatment of superficial fungal infections, and has potential as an adjunctive agent in the treatment of selected deep mycoses. Terbinafine has a unique mechanism of action among the antifungal agents (Petranyi et al, 1984; Balfour and Faulds, 1992), inhibiting the synthesis of ergosterol, a key sterol component in the plasma membrane of the fungal cell. Terbinafine inhibits squalene epoxidase, the enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of squalene to squalene-2,3 epoxide, a precursor of lanosterol, which in turn is a direct precursor of ergosterol (Ryder and Dupont 1985; Birnbaum, 1990). A deficiency of ergosterol is detrimental to the integrity of the cell membrane resulting in a fungistatic effect similar to that seen with the azole antifungal compounds. In addition to this action, terbinafine also causes excessive intracellular accumulation of squalene, which is believed to exert a further toxic effect on susceptible fungal cells, thereby exerting a fungicidal effect (Ryder, 1992).
Eumycetoma
Authors: Bustamante Beatriz , Campos pablo E
Published: October 2023

Mycetoma is a chronic subcutaneous infection that develops after one of the multiple etiologic microorganisms is inoculated into a site of skin trauma. Although mycetoma is primarily a subcutaneous disease, it can involve bone and lymph nodes by contiguous spread. Mycetoma show three clinical characteristics: tumor, sinuses, and grains. The tumor results as a consequence of a progressive and relatively painless swelling. Sinuses, which are very characteristic of the disorder but can be absent in early stages, drain pus and grains. Grains are colonies of the causative agent and may be black, white, or red. The etiological agents can be either a variety of fungal agents (eumycetoma) or filamentous, branching bacteria belonging to the aerobic actinomycetes (actinomycetoma). Gill first described mycetoma while working in Madura, India in 1842, and this was subsequently documented by Godfrey in Madras (Godfrey, 1846). Gill reported this entity as foot tumor, and Colenbrook introduced the term Madura foot in 1846. Ballingal described the microscopic details of the disease for the first time in 1855; however, he did not define its etiology. In 1860, Carter described a fungal disease principally affecting the foot (Carter, 1860), and assigned a fungal origin to this disease in 1861. He also introduced the term mycetoma, meaning a fungus tumor, and extended the concept to include infections with grains that had colors other than black. During the second half of the nineteenth century, mycetomas were diagnosed around the world: in Europe in 1888, in Africa in 1894, and in the United States in 1896. The hyphomycete isolated from a black grain was given the generic name Madurella by Brumpt (Brumpt, 1906). In 1913, Pinoy subclassified this disease into two categories: actinomycosis and true mycetoma, according to the type of etiological agent (Pinoy, 1913). In 1916, Chalmers and colleagues coined the term maduromycoses for the first time to refer to mycetomas of fungal etiology, rejecting the term Madura foot to include extrapedal localizations of this disease (Chalmers and Christopherson, 1916; Chalmers and Archibald, 1916).
Fungal Infections among Patients With AIDS
Authors: Dupont Bertrand , Pappas Peter G , Dismukes William E
Published: October 2023

Fungal infections are the most frequent opportunistic diseases during the course of HIV infection. Those mycoses, which are usually controlled by cellular immunity, are most commonly observed. However, in patients with AIDS, the immune deficit is complex (Spellberg and Edwards, 2001) and worsens with time in nontreated patients, allowing uncommon mycotic diseases to develop (Cunliffe and Denning, 1995; Perfect et al, 1993). Pneumocystis carinii (recently classified as a fungus), Candida albicans, responsible for mucosal candidiasis, and Cryptococcus neoformans, the most frequent cause of meningitis, are the three major fungal pathogens in patients with AIDS. In endemic areas, infections due to dimorphic fungi also represent an important group. Histoplasma capsulatum, Coccidioides immitis, and Penicillium marneffei are the most important endemic pathogens. In some AIDS patients, mycotic disease is often the consequence of a reactivation several years after a primary infection (Wheat, 1995). The time of occurrence of opportunistic fungal infections parallels the intensity of the immune deficit. Fungal infections can be the initial sign of HIV infection, are a good marker of the severity of the immune deficit, and often have prognostic value. Some fungal infections are relatively benign such as oropharyngeal candidiasis while others are severe and have a poor prognosis such as cryptococcal meningitis or invasive aspergillosis. Since 1996 the use of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) has markedly reduced the incidence and the severity of opportunistic fungal infections in patients living in countries that can afford the high costs of HAART. Several helpful reviews are devoted to fungal infections in patients with AIDS (Diamond, 1991; Wheat, 1995; Ampel, 1996; Dupont et al, 2000).
Prediction of Response To Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Abrams Richard
Published: October 2023

Prediction in medicine is more aptly termed prognostication and usually constitutes an assessment of variables that determine the likelihood of developing a given illness (e.g., myocardial infarction risk factors), surviving one (e.g., the staging of cancers), or enjoying a favorable outcome following an intervention.

Earlier prognostic methods are now mainly of historical interest. These include physiologic measures, such as the methacholine and sedation threshold tests (Funkenstein, Greenblatt, and Solomon, 1952; Shagass and Jones, 1958), and personality variables as assessed by the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Feldman, 1951), Rorschach test (Kahn and Fink, 1960), and California F scale (Kahn, Pollack, and Fink, 1959). These have been reviewed in detail elsewhere (Fink, 1979; Hamilton, 1982) and are not included here because they provide no practical guide to the present-day administration of ECT. Somewhat more relevant to modem practice are the prognostic scales derived from the clinical and psychopathologic features of the depressed state, although, as we shall see, they are also of limited utility.
The Medical Physiology of Electroconvulsne Therapy
Authors: Abrams Richard
Published: October 2023

Electroconvulsive therapy exerts its greatest physiological impact on the brain and cariovascular system.

The combined physiological effects of the electrical stimulus for ECT and the resultant generalized seizure discharge are immediate and powerful and may be detectable days or weeks after the treatment course terminates.

Previous editions of this book have included extensive descriptions of the effects of sine-wave ECT on the ictal and interictal EEG. Because this method of ECT has essentially been replaced by brief-pulse ECT, the sinewave results will only be summarized here; the main focus will be on the brief-pulse effects.
Treatment Electrode Placement: Bitemporal, Unilateral, Bifrontal
Authors: Abrams Richard
Published: October 2023

Efficacy has not, and has never been, the problem with ECT. ECT remains, indisputably, the single most efficacious treatment for serious depression. The problem with ECT has been, and remains, the need to diminish adverse cognitive effects. (Kellner, 2000).

This quotation underlines an important point that is often overlooked, which is that from the very outset, the pronounced amnestic effects of bitemporal sine-wave ECT drove a substantial portion of the ECT research conducted, leading first to the introduction of the brief-pulse stimulus in the early 1940s, and to unilateral treatment electrode placement a few years later. Dissatisfaction with the efficacy of unilateral ECT led, in turn, to the introduction of bifrontal placement.

Unilateral ECT, especially when administered with a brief-pulse squarewave stimulus, represented an important technical advance in the field of convulsive therapy.
Technique of Electroconvulsive Therapy: Praxis
Authors: Abrams Richard
Published: October 2023

The following is a specific treatment sequence that I find useful for administering ECT. It assumes that the patient has been properly prepared for treatment as outlined earlier and is lying on a stretcher in the treatment room, that vital signs have been recorded, and that all necessary staff personnel are in attendance.

At the beginning of the treatment day, each patient’s individual doses of intravenous medications and saline should be drawn up into separate syringes, labeled with the patient’s name, date, type and dose of medication, and placed together in a small container marked with the patient’s name. One can identify each syringe with stick-on, color-coded dots (e.g., green for anticholinergic, yellow for anesthetic, red for muscle-relaxant, and white for saline flush). To further facilitate identification, use a particular size syringe for each medication: 3 cc for anticholinergic, 10 cc for anesthetic, 5 cc for muscle-relaxant, and 30 cc for saline flush.
The Fibromyalgia Consultation and Differential Diagnosis
Authors: Wallace Daniel J , Wallace Janice Brock
Published: October 2023

Fibromyalgia is usually a diagnosis of exclusion. Often poorly understood by some primary care physicians, its diagnosis is often delayed. Even though in one survey up to 10 percent of general medical visits involve a complaint of generalized musculoskeletal pain, the diagnosis was made only after patients saw a mean of 3.5 doctors. This chapter will take you through the workup that establishes the definitive diagnosis and eliminates other possible explanations for the patient’s complaints.

Suppose that you are suspected of having fibromyalgia, and a primary care physician has referred you to a fibromyalgia consultant (usually a rheumatologist but sometimes an internist, physiatrist, neurologist, orthopedist, or osteopath) to confirm the diagnosis and make management suggestions. Is any sort of advanced preparation advisable? Yes. Bring copies of outside records and previous test results or workups to the consultant. If you have more than a few complaints or are taking more than a few medications, a summary list is useful. The evaluation will consist of an interview, or history, physical examination, diagnostic laboratory tests, and possibly imaging studies (X-rays, scans, etc.). Once all the observations and test results are in, the doctor will discuss the findings with you—perhaps at the time of the visit, by telephone after the initial meeting, or in a follow-up visit.
Medicines for Fibromyalgia
Authors: Wallace Daniel J , Wallace Janice Brock
Published: October 2023

NSAIDs and aspirin block the actions of a chemical known as prostaglandin that is responsible for some of the pain and inflammation of arthritis. Most fibromyalgia patients are familiar with these preparations, which are listed in Table 11. Preparations such as Advil, Aleve, or Orudis KT are available without a prescription.

Although these drugs are not dramatically effective in managing fibromyalgia, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials have shown that ibuprofen (the active ingredient of Advil and Motrin) and naproxen (Naprosyn, Aleve, Naprelan) in combination with other fibromyalgia remedies decrease pain in patients with the syndrome. They also lleviate premenstrual syndrome complaints, joint aches, and headaches. Doctors managing fibromyalgia patients recommend that these agents be used in any of several ways. First, they may be used on an occasional as-needed basis for pain breakthroughs. In this instance, blood counts need to be checked once or twice a year. Second, an NSAID may be prescribed on an ongoing, regular basis. In this case, patients should visit their doctor every three to four months and have laboratory testing, including a blood count, and liver and kidney function screening. Third, pharmacists are now making NSAIDs as gels or salves (particularly diclofenac and ketoprofen) that can be applied o painful areas. Aspirin-containing preparations such as BENGAY have been available for some time.
Truth and Delegated Deliberation
Authors: Richardson Henry S
Published: October 2023

I have argued that it is naive to think that legislatures can complete the work of settling our collective ends and silly to constrain administrative agencies’ resulting discretion by a normative standard that makes no room for the intelligent refashioning of ends. Accordingly, we should think of agency deliberation as in some sense a continuation of the public’s and the legislature’s broader process of reasoning about what we should do-a process that is not instrumentally confined. This conclusion, in turn, forces us to reconceive the relation between the legislature and the agencies. If it is wrong to think of the legislature as setting the ends and the agencies as determining efficient or cost-effective means to those ends, then how should we think about the division of deliberative labor between the legislature and the agencies? More specifically, how is administrative deference to the legislature’s prior decisions compatible with the open-ended and intelligent orientation to truth that a continuation of our collective, noninstrumental deliberation would seem to entail? Think back, once more, to the 1970s. The Congress has passed the Biaggi Amendment, calling for special efforts to make transportation systems accessible to the disabled. The idea that officials in the Department of Transportation might have confined themselves to figuring out the best causal means to that end I have rejected as naive. I have also rejected the idea of using cost-benefit analysis as the standard of any further decision, on the grounds that an intelligent approach requires flexibility in remaking aims. In fact, the department did employ a flexible and defensible mode of deliberating about ends that extended even beyond the limits of broadly instrumental reasoning. Part of what it did was to specify the aim of making transportation accessible to the handicapped; but as I have shown, it did so on the basis of articulating-with help from HEW and from advocates for the disabled-a new end, that of not discriminating against the disabled. Articulating this end is hardly a way of reasoning instrumentally from the transportation aim, for making transportation accessible to the disabled is a
Forging Joint Intentions and Shared Ends
Authors: Richardson Henry S
Published: October 2023

The possibility of deep compromise is crucial to our ability to reach political agreement through deliberation, especially under conditions of pluralism, which mean that we often start out quite far apart. Yet the notion of deep compromise cannot serve to model our agreements. As I defined it in the last chapter, it is not even necessarily mutual: One party to a bargain can engage in deep compromise, shifting his or her ends out of concern or respect for the other, while the other does not. Hence, while deep compromise can facilitate agreement, it cannot represent its structure. I turn now to a pair of notions that can serve as ways of representing political agreements: joint intentions and shared ends. My principal purpose in doing so is to articulate the conceptual tools needed by an account of democratic reasoning that avoids both of the poles I have already rejected: the view that “the state “ or “the people “ may simply be viewed as a reasoner just like any human individual and the diametrically opposed view that wholly rejects such talk of collective reasoning and looks instead only to the aggregation of individual decisions (as in social choice theory) or to their strategic interdependence (as in game theory). We must, instead, find a way to model collective, political deliberation by individual reasoners with potentially distinct views. In doing so, we need to understand the structure of the intentions that issue from such deliberation, which cannot simply be the intentions of the state or simply the set of individuals’ intentions. Perhaps, in the end, we will be talking about the government’s intentions: but the liberal and populist aspects of democracy as democratic autonomy demand that we try to understand the government’s intentions as growing out of what each of us, as distinct individuals, think ought to be done. This chapter aims only to articulate the conceptual middle ground between blithely collectivist and narrowly individualist conceptions of intention. It does not yet try to solve the problem of whether even legislative decisions can count as expressing the will of the people. To approach that question, I will first have to face up to the indirectness of representative
The Public
Authors: Richardson Henry S
Published: October 2023

In chapter 4, I argued for a qualified populism. Democracy ought to be organized so that decisions result from a fair process in which citizens participate sufficiently so that it is true to say that they together decide what ought to be done. Only a democracy so organized adequately respects persons’ autonomy. The relevant process of decision cannot be concentrated in a single institutional body, such as the legislature. Rather, the process of formulating the people’s will, or of jointly deciding what should be done, must be regarded as being distributed across a wide range of political institutions. Institutions that make laws that put citizens under new duties must be regarded as part of this distributed process of political will-formation: It is not enough that they be subject to the contestatory checks that republicans would recommend. There are many ways that distributed popular sovereignty might be institutionalized.’ While it would be a pretty piece of work to generate conditions to indicate which of the possible modes of political organization are acceptable and which not, such generality is beyond my grasp. I will be content to start with arrangements familiar in existing democracies and to ask whether a suitably reformed version of such institutions could satisfy the ideals of democracy as democratic autonomy. I will argue for an affirmative answer. This answer will depend on each of the relevant parts fitting together appropriately. Here is a brief preview: Reasons, arguments, views, and proposals need to be developed in the informal public sphere. In public political discussion, citizens form associations, factions, and coalitions that built initial, internally joint resolutions about what we should do. Each aspect of the formal, institutionalized process of political decision is and ought to be subject to fair influence by the views of the public and ought, in addition, to have its own particular mode of responding to public input. Elected legislatures are most directly subject to influence by the public. For that reason, they have a natural primacy. The rule of law must constrain the administrative agencies to stick to work-
Representative Government
Authors: Richardson Henry S
Published: October 2023

Explicit lawmaking begins in democratically elected legislatures. What requirements on representative government flow from the ideal of democracy as democratic autonomy? And is this ideal even compatible with indirect, representative government? The qualified populism that I have accepted rejects monism but still affirms that voting is a method for citizens to participate directly in making law, which is then the will of the people. How can this ideal be realized at all in a system of representative government? In answering this question, it is necessary to consider how elections ought to be structured, in what respect must legislators be representative of the public, and whether legislative decisions can fairly be viewed as articulating the will of the people. Indirect Liberal Democracy In his thorough study of the idea of representative government, Bernard Manin concludes that “representative democracy is not a system in which the community governs itself, but a system in which public policies and decisions are made subject to the verdict of the people. “1 I think that Manin is wrong about this. Part of my task, then, will be to explore both the reasons that support his conclusion and the reasons it understates the contribution of elected legislatures to popular rule. Regarding the institution of representative government as contributory to rule by the people will turn out to have implications for how we ought to understand the nature of representation, how we ought to structure elections, and what sort of role should be assigned to the legislature. What Manin’s thorough historical work demonstrates beyond question is that government by elected representatives is not a necessary or inherent part of the idea of democracy. To the contrary, in past centuries, including those in which many of what we now call “the Western democracies “ were
Not That Simple, 1975–1990
Authors: Dowbiggin Ian
Published: October 2023

When American euthanasia advocates gathered in New York City in 1974, the mood should have been euphoric. Over the previous decade, the progress of the movement had been astonishing. Speaking openly about death and dying had become fashionable, and a majority of Americans (53 percent) believed that doctors should be allowed to end the lives of terminally ill patients by pain¬ less methods if the patients and their families requested it. An even larger majority (62 percent) supported the right of terminally ill patients to refuse unwanted medical treatment.1 Internationally, other countries were in the process of forming their own euthanasia organizations. It seemed as if interest in the right to die was sweeping the whole world.

However, the overall mood among euthanasia proponents in 1974 was far from buoyant. The Euthanasia Society of America had just been reactivated and renamed the Society for the Right to Die (SRD), the opening act in a sectarian drama that would shortly grip a movement whose unity had long been taken for granted. A split was beginning to form, between those who felt better end-of-life care Popular attitudes toward euthanasia also showed signs of movement.
Conclusion: The 1990s and Beyond
Authors: Dowbiggin Ian
Published: October 2023

The end of the Society for the Right to Die and the emergence of the new Choice in Dying in 1991 were just two in a dramatic sequence of events that, beginning in the late 1980s, marked a new chapter in a century-old saga. Throughout the 1990s, as opponents fought over physician-assisted suicide in America’s courts, the political battleground shifted from the national arena to the state level. Promising opinion polls and the 1994 vote in Oregon in favor of the first law in America history permitting physician-assisted suicide appeared to give the euthanasia movement the decisive breakthrough that its activists had been dreaming about since the days of Charles Francis Potter.

But there were also signs that Americans’ wariness about legalizing euthanasia had not changed much, even if support for its clandestine practice was at an all-time high. The Oregon victory was followed by referendum defeats in Michigan and Maine, and a 1997 U.S. Supreme Court ruling that denied a constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide.
Interregnums of Coexistence and State-Building
Authors: Marx Anthony W .
Published: October 2023

The role of religious exclusions in bounding and binding early nationalism has been largely ignored or rejected. There remains among many scholars an established consensus that nationalism emerged in western Europe only at the end of the eighteenth century. Notably, with the French Revolution the masses demanded their integration into the polity, seeking to exert their will and determine the legitimacy of centralized government, so reformed. And the masses’ entry then into the political realm under the banner of nationalism was seen generally as an “inclusive and liberating force” or for having “preserved pluralism... (and) political liberalism.” For instance, England’s parliamentary rule is hailed for establishing “personal liberty with lessons learned about the need for religious toleration.” Inspired by such supposed respect for diversity, Yael Tamir has argued that nationalism and inclusive liberalism can and do go together, even at their start. The resulting image is of a consistently “civic” form of western European nationalism often distinguished from the more exclusive or “ethnic” nationalism that would emerge later in the east or elsewhere.4 And this image of civic inclusiveness is consistent with arguments that such nationalism did not begin to emerge until the causal processes of spreading vernacular, literacy, and industrialization had also become more inclusive in the eighteenth century for Europe.
The Death of the Lady (Novelist): Wharton’s House of Mirth
Authors: Showalter Elaine
Published: October 2023

At The Beginning of Edith Wharton’s first great novel, The House of Mirth (1905), the heroine, Lily Bart, is twenty-nine, the dazzlingly well-preserved veteran of eleven years in the New York marriage market. By the end of the novel, she is past thirty and dead of an overdose of chloral. Like Edna Pontellier, Kate Chopin’s heroine in The Awakening (1899), who celebrates her twenty-ninth birthday by taking a lover, Lily Bart belongs to a genre we might call “the novel of the woman of thirty,” a genre that emerged appropriately enough in American women’s literature at the turn of the century. These novels pose the problem of female maturation in narrative terms: What can happen to the heroine as she grows up? What plots, transformations, and endings are imaginable for her? Is she capable of change at all? As the nineteenth-century feminist activist and novelist Elizabeth Oakes Smith noted in her diary, “How few women have any history after the age of thirty!” Telling the history of women past thirty was part of the challenge Wharton faced as a writer looking to the twentieth century. The threshold of thirty established for women by nineteenth century conventions of “girlhood” and marriageability continued in the twentieth century as a psychological observation about the formation of feminine identity.
Another Sleeping Beauty: Narcissism in The House of Mirth
Authors: Lidoff Joan
Published: October 2023

Despite The present renewal of interest in The House of Mirth, reminiscent of the enthusiasm that greeted its publication in 1905, criticism has not yet explained the single most powerful aspect of the novel: the extraordinary appeal of its heroine, Lily Bart. Lily somehow exceeds the bounds of critical definition as she does the intentions of Edith Wharton’s narrative structure. She is one of the most compelling of the female spirits—Emma Bovary, Anna Karenina, Maggie Tulliver, Edna Pontellier—struggling to forge their own destinies, whom, as Diana Trilling points out, literary convention customarily destroys. Critics have recognized the super-added energy of The House of Mirth and acknowledged Lily’s “mysterious appeal.” “Lily Bart is by far the most vivid of Mrs. Wharton’s heroines,” writes Louis Auchincloss. “Simply as an example of imaginative portraiture,” Irving Howe proclaims, she is “one of the triumphs of American writing.”
Genesis of Affirmative Action
Authors: Anderson Terry H
Published: October 2023

September 1940, with war clouds on the horizon, A. Philip Randolph contemplated his meeting with the president of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt. As the African American leader of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters entered the White House, Randolph was well aware of the power of his argument. In Europe, Nazi Germany had deemed itself the “master race” and was conducting a brutal war against its neighbors. In the Far East, Imperial Japan was maiming, raping, killing its way across China in its savage attempt to become the ruler of Asia.
An Introduction to Quality Assurance in Health Care
Authors: Donabedian Avedis
Published: October 2023

Avedis Donabedian's name is synonymous with quality of medical care. He unravelled the mystery behind the concept by defining it in clear operational terms and provided detailed blueprints for both its measurement (known as quality assessment) and its improvement (known as quality assurance). Many before him claimed that quality couldn't be defined in concrete objective terms. He demonstrated that quality is an attribute of a system which he called structure, a set of organized activities which he called process, and an outcome which results from both. In this book Donabedian tells the full story of quality assessment and assurance in simple, clear terms. He defines the meaning of quality, explicates its components, and provides clear and systematic guides to its assessment and enhancement. His style is lucid, succinct, systematic and yet personal, almost conversational.
Choosing When and How to Monitor
Authors: Donabedian Avedis
Published: October 2023

Prospective or anticipatory monitoring is the attempt to pass judgment on a proposed clinical event or intervention before the event occurs or the intervention is implemented. For example, approval may be needed before a person is admitted to the hospital or a surgical operation is under taken; assuming, of course, there is no emergency. Interventions for apparently urgent conditions can be monitored subsequently.
The American Dream
Authors: Cullen Jim
Published: October 2023

The American Dream is one of the most familiar and resonant phrases in our national lexicon, so familiar that we seldom pause to ask its origin, its history, or what it actually means. In this fascinating short history, Jim Cullen explores the meaning of the American Dream, or rather the several American Dreams that have both reflected and shaped American identity from the Pilgrims to the present. Cullen begins by noting that the United States, unlike most other nations, defines itself not on the facts of blood, religion, language, geography, or shared history, but on a set of ideals expressed in the Declaration of Independence and consolidated in the Constitution. At the core of these ideals lies the ambiguous but galvanizing concept of the American Dream, a concept that for better and worse has proven to be amazingly elastic and durable for hundreds of years and across racial, class, and other demographic lines. Cullen then traces a series of overlapping American dreams: the quest for of religious freedom that brought the Pilgrims to the “New World”; the political freedom promised in the Declaration; the dream of upward mobility, embodied most fully in the figure of Abraham Lincoln; the dream of home ownership, from homestead to suburb; the intensely idealistic--and largely unrealized--dream of equality articulated most vividly by Martin Luther King, Jr. The version of the American Dream that dominates our own time--what Cullen calls “the Dream of the Coast”--is one of personal fulfillment, of fame and fortune all the more alluring if achieved without obvious effort, which finds its most insidious expression in the culture of Hollywood. For anyone seeking to understand a shifting but central idea in American history, The American Dream is an interpretive tour de force.
The Psychology of Feeling Good
Authors: Thase Michael E , Lang Susan S
Published: October 2023

This chapter focuses on the strategies that have proven successful in relieving dysthymia and depression. These strategies could, in fact, help anyone cope better with life’s hardships. They are derived from the psychotherapies—cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and problem-solving therapies—that have shown success in a multitude of studies in turning around the downward, self-perpetuating, and destructive spiral of dysthymia and depression. If your depression is mild, you can probably help yourself immediately by using these strategies and skills that will focus on three areas: Feelings and Thoughts: Distorted Thoughts and Where They Lead Behavior: Do What Would Help You to Feel Better Relationships: When Troubled Relationships Darken Your World *A nonprofit educational organization that provides a wide range of educational programs and services related to Constructive Living, Morita therapy, Naikan, Meaningful Life therapy, and other related areas. See Appendix 3.
Herbal and Other Types of Supplements
Authors: Thase Michael E , Lang Susan S
Published: October 2023

St. John’s wort and other supplements have been touted for years as “natural” approaches to treating depression. Although few have proven useful for major depression—which is a serious illness that must be vigorously treated—a few have intriguing possibilities for milder depressions and, possibly, dysthymia. One problem with herbal therapies is that no major pharmaceutical company will devote the millions of dollars it takes to test if an herbal therapy works, is safe, and to bring it to market. Because these supplements are already widely available, don’t require a prescription, and cost less than prescribed antidepressants, companies have no profit motive to pursue them, whether or not they have a therapeutic effect.
‘They Say’
Authors: Davidson James West
Published: October 2023

Few students have had the opportunity to consider the contrasting social identties pursued by African Americans following abolotion of slavery, nor to understand how whites’ skewed construction of those aspirations were a reaction against them. The story of Ida Wells provides a useful narrative frame for understanding the treacherous crosscurrents of race that shaped social identites.Wells was born into slavery in 1862, of mixed parentage, and raised in Mississippi. Her thrist for education and high social aspiration, combined with her strong personality, led her to speak out in ways often at odds with Victorian feminine ideals. She was expelled from Rusk Cllege in a dispute with its white president; she taught school in Memphis, where she brought a suit against the Chesapeake reailroad after being thrown off for refusing to leave the first-class cas; and she spoke out against the increasing segregation in the Memphis school system. After race riots and lynchings in Memphis in 1892, she embarked full-blown on the career for which she is now remembered, as an outspoken writer and lecturer against lynching.