bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do we feel the same level of guilt about the wrongdoings of close ones and distant ones? The mediating role of behavioural control
Authors: Chen Jiafang , Wei Jia , Shang Pengli , Wang Xin , Zhang Jinfu
Published: July 2016

Understanding whether and why individuals' emotional responses are different to the same behaviour performed by different others is important for understanding phenomena in social interaction. Given that there is no relevant research in Eastern culture testing such issues, the present research including two studies was conducted with Chinese samples and investigated whether Easterners experience more vicarious guilt about close ones' immoral behaviours than distant ones' immoral behaviours and the underlying mechanism of the effect. Study 1 showed that people felt more guilty when recalling close ones' misdeeds than distant ones' misdeeds. Study 2 replicated the findings of Study 1 using the scenario method and demonstrated that behavioural control partially mediated the effect of relationship closeness on vicarious guilt, that is, people reported more behavioural control over close ones' immoral behaviours, which in turn resulted in more vicarious guilt. Implications for social interaction and directions for future research are discussed.
The development of spontaneous trait inferences about the actor and spontaneous trait transferences about the informant: Evidence from children aged 8–13 years
Authors: Wang Meifang , Yan Binggan , Yang Feng , Zhao Yaolong
Published: July 2016

In social‐cognitive research, little attention has been paid to the developmental course of spontaneous trait inferences about the actor (STIs about the actor) and spontaneous trait transferences about the informant (STTs about the informant). Using a false recognition paradigm, Study 1 investigated the developmental course of STIs and Study 2 investigated the developmental course of STTs, comparing 8‐, 9‐, 10‐, 11‐, 12‐ and 13‐year olds. The results of Study 1 showed that 8‐year olds could make STIs about the actor, and the magnitude of STIs increased from ages 8 to 10 years, stabilised at the age of 10, 11, 12 years, and decreased from ages 12 through 13 years. The results of Study 2 showed that 8‐year olds could make STTs about the informant, and the magnitude of STTs did not vary with age. In all age groups, the magnitude of STIs about the actor was greater than that of STTs about the informant.
Efficient implementation of constant pH molecular dynamics on modern graphics processors
Authors: Arthur Evan J. , Brooks Charles L.
Published: July 2016

The treatment of pH sensitive ionization states for titratable residues in proteins is often omitted from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. While static charge models can answer many questions regarding protein conformational equilibrium and protein–ligand interactions, pH‐sensitive phenomena such as acid‐activated chaperones and amyloidogenic protein aggregation are inaccessible to such models. Constant pH molecular dynamics (CPHMD) coupled with the Generalized Born with a Simple sWitching function (GBSW) implicit solvent model provide an accurate framework for simulating pH sensitive processes in biological systems. Although this combination has demonstrated success in predicting pKa values of protein structures, and in exploring dynamics of ionizable side‐chains, its speed has been an impediment to routine application. The recent availability of low‐cost graphics processing unit (GPU) chipsets with thousands of processing cores, together with the implementation of the accurate GBSW implicit solvent model on those chipsets (Arthur and Brooks, J. Comput. Chem. 2016, 37, 927), provide an opportunity to improve the speed of CPHMD and ionization modeling greatly. Here, we present a first implementation of GPU‐enabled CPHMD within the CHARMM‐OpenMM simulation package interface. Depending on the system size and nonbonded force cutoff parameters, we find speed increases of between one and three orders of magnitude. Additionally, the algorithm scales better with system size than the CPU‐based algorithm, thus allowing for larger systems to be modeled in a cost effective manner. We anticipate that the improved performance of this methodology will open the door for broad‐spread application of CPHMD in its modeling pH‐mediated biological processes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
No Increased Risk of Ketoconazole Toxicity in Drug–Drug Interaction Studies
Authors: Outeiro Noémi , Hohmann Nicolas , Mikus Gerd
Published: July 2016

In July 2013 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) released a safety announcement regarding the use of ketoconazole and its adverse drug reactions. The FDA report advised against the use ketoconazole tablets as a first‐line treatment for any fungal infections because of the risk of potentially serious drug–drug interactions and liver and adrenal gland complications. The European Medicines Agency (EMA) also proposed to limit the use of oral ketoconazole in fungal infections because of the same risk of harmful effects and interactions. In addition, the FDA also advised against the use of oral ketoconazole in drug interaction studies, in which it has been extensively used as an index inhibitor of drug metabolism. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the risks of ketoconazole‐induced hepatotoxicity described by the FDA and EMA in published drug interaction studies with ketoconazole and compare these data with the toxicity reported for ketoconazole when used as antifungal treatment. In the drug interaction studies (2355 participants; healthy volunteers and patients; median treatment duration, 6 days), only 40 participants were reported to have increased liver transaminase activity (1.7%), and no deaths were reported or associated with ketoconazole. In studies investigating ketoconazole treatment, patients were treated for 276 days (median), and 5.6% of patients had elevated liver enzyme activity. Because of the short treatment period in drug interaction studies the risk of drug‐induced hepatic injury is considered very low. As such, we recommend that ketoconazole remain a safe CYP3A index inhibitor for use in drug interaction studies with healthy volunteers.
Efficient Synthesis of N‐Substituted 2,4‐Azepandione Ring System as an Active Intermediate for Heterocyclic Syntheses
Authors: Waly Mohamed A. , Yossif Shiam A. , Ibrahim Ismail T. , Sofan Mamdouh A.
Published: July 2016

An improved efficient synthesis for 2,4‐azepandiones (3, 8, and 14) could be achieved by a careful control of the reaction conditions to cyclize ethyl 4‐(N‐acetylarylamino) butanoate (1, 7, and 13), respectively. The ethyl 4‐arylamino butanoate (9 or 12) was prepared by stirring the ethyl 4‐bromobutanoate and substituted anilines at room temperature. Then, they were acetylated with acetyl chloride and triethylamine under the conditions that avoid the formation of 2‐pyrrolidinone derivatives 10. Due to the rapid decomposition of the acetylated product (7 or 13) to its starting material (9 or 12), the reaction mixture is directly transferred without workup to the next cyclization step. The azepandione synthesis is favored by using a weak base at low temperature, where it is in a competition with the other modes of ring closure. The structures of the new compounds were supported by correct analytical and spectral data.
Amidrazones and 2‐Acetylcyclopentanone in the Synthesis of Cyclopenta[e][1,3,4]Oxadiazepines
Authors: Aly Ashraf A. , Ishak Esam A. , Ramadan Mohamed , Elkanzi N. A. A. , El-Reedy Ahmed A. M.
Published: July 2016

Amidrazones reacted with 2‐acetylcyclopentanone at room temperature to give cyclopenta[e]‐[1,3,4]oxadiazepines. The structure of the obtained products was proved by IR, mass, and NMR spectra and elemental analyses. Two‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy was used to differentiate between other possible isomers. The reaction mechanism is also discussed.
Non‐stationary signal classification via modified fuzzy C‐means algorithm and improved bacterial foraging algorithm
Authors: Sahu G. , Biswal B. , Choubey A.
Published: July 2016

In this paper, empirical mode decomposition is applied to decompose the non‐stationary power signals that results in a set of maximum and minimum points while satisfying the properties of the sifting process. Further, the empirical mode decomposition method is implemented to extract various intrinsic mode functions from the non‐stationary signal disturbance waveforms that are already superimposed by various undulating modes. A novel short‐time modified Hilbert transform with an equivalent window is applied on all the intrinsic mode functions to extract the modified Hilbert energy spectrum and instantaneous magnitude response. Distinct features are derived from the short‐time modified Hilbert energy spectrum for automatic classification of non‐stationary power signals. The features obtained from the short‐time modified Hilbert transform are found to be different, understandable, and immune to noise. These features are then applied to the modified fuzzy C‐means based improved bacterial foraging optimization algorithm for improving the classification accuracy of the disturbances. Extensive simulation results yield excellent visual detection, localization, and classification of the different types of non‐stationary power signal disturbances. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activated central galanin type 1 receptor alleviated insulin resistance in diabetic rat muscle
Authors: Bu Le , Chang Xusheng , Cheng Xiaoyun , Yao Qian , Su Bin , Sheng Chunjun , Qu Shen
Published: July 2016

Evidence indicates that central galanin is involved in regulation of insulin resistance in animals. This study investigates whether type 1 galanin receptor (GAL1) in the brain mediates the ameliorative effect of galanin on insulin resistance in skeletal muscles of type 2 diabetic rats. Rats were intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) injected with galanin(1–13)‐bradykinin(2–9) amide (M617), a GAL1 agonist, and/or Akti‐1/2, an Akt inhibitor, via caudal veins once per day for 10 days. Insulin resistance in muscle tissues was evaluated by glucose tolerance and 2‐[N‐(7‐nitrobenz‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐diazol‐4‐yl)amino]‐2‐deoxyglucose (2‐NBDG) tests, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPARγ), glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) mRNA expression levels, Akt phosphorylation, and GLUT4 and vesicle‐associated membrane protein 2 (VAMP2) concentration at plasma membranes in muscle cells. The results show that i.c.v. treatment with M617 increased glucose tolerance, 2‐NBDG uptake, PPARγ levels, Akt phosphorylation, GLUT4 protein, and GLUT4 mRNA expression levels as well as GLUT4 and VAMP2 concentration at plasma membranes. All increases may be blocked by pretreatment with Akti‐1/2. These results suggest that activated central GAL1 may trigger the Akt signaling pathway to alleviate insulin resistance in muscle cells. Therefore, the impact of galanin on insulin resistance is mediated mainly by GAL1 in the brain, and the GAL1 agonist may be taken as a potential antidiabetic agent for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pseudotheory proliferation is damaging the organizational sciences
Authors: Cucina Jeffrey M. , McDaniel Michael A.
Published: July 2016

In recent years, there has been an increasing emphasis on the role of theory in organizational behavior (OB) research. Authors are strongly encouraged to develop “theory” in their manuscripts and to make “theoretical contributions.” This trend is in stark contrast to the process used in other fields of science. Our counterparts in those fields follow the scientific method and define theory as a concise and elegant hypothesis that has survived extensive empirical testing. Rather than being based on extensive empirical research, many of OB's theories are based on a limited number of primary studies (at best) or speculation and conjecture (at worst). OB researchers are discouraged from testing other researchers' theories or replicating previously published work. Consequently, many OB theories do not meet the criteria for a true scientific theory. We propose that OB researchers should re‐embrace the scientific method and focus on creating a body of empirical research that could be used in the future to establish true scientific theories (through extensive hypothesis testing, empirical research, and conceptual replications) rather than concocting pseudotheories. Research in the personnel selection subfield of OB provides a reasonable exemplar of this model, yet it has been derided of late for being too atheoretical. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defining and operationalizing theory
Authors: Cortina Jose M.
Published: July 2016

Over the last 50 years, the organizational sciences have gone from being largely atheoretical to relying heavily on theory. For various reasons, our approach to theory building has strayed from the principles of scientific acceptability. In this paper, I explore the problems with our approach to theory, the systemic causes of these problems, and the changes that are needed to get us back on track. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Indian monsoon's relation with the decadal part of PDO in observations and NCAR CCSM4
Authors: Krishnamurthy Lakshmi , Krishnamurthy V.
Published: July 2016

This study has investigated the influence of the decadal component of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) on the Indian monsoon in observations and coupled climate model. A major part of the conventionally defined PDO is shown to be dominated by interannual variability. By extracting the pure decadal part of the North Pacific variability, this study has shown that the Indian monsoon rainfall exhibits different relations with the conventionally defined PDO and the pure decadal component of the PDO. This result may have implications for decadal prediction of the monsoon. The analysis suggests that the warm (cold) phase of pure decadal variability of PDO is associated with deficit (excess) rainfall over the west central part of India. In contrast, the conventional warm (cold) PDO index is associated with deficit (excess) rainfall over most of India. The warm phase of the pure decadal PDO opposes the moisture flow beyond 20°N over the Indian monsoon region via the meridional winds extending from the North Pacific and leads to reduced rainfall over west central India. The Community Climate System Model version 4 of the National Center for Atmospheric Research shows reasonable simulation of the decadal PDO mode in both the North Pacific sea surface temperature and the Indian monsoon rainfall and the relation between them. Further, the observed and simulated PDO–monsoon relation is substantiated through a regionally de‐coupled experiment. The coupled model experiment also provides supporting evidence for the mechanism involving the intermediary role played by the tropical Pacific Ocean in the PDO–monsoon relation.
Effect of gas flow rate on oxidation behaviour of alloy 625 in wet air in the temperature range 900–1000 °C
Authors: Huczkowski P. , Lehnert W. , Angermann H.‐H. , Chyrkin A. , Pillai R. , Grüner D. , Hejrani E. , Quadakkers W. J.
Published: July 2016

In many industrial processes, the flow rate of hot gaseous service environments may be in the range of several m/s. In the present paper, the effect of gas flow rate on the high temperature oxidation behaviour of alloy 625 in wet air is presented. The gas velocity was varied from near static conditions to linear gas flow rates up to 6 m/s. The oxidation kinetics were studied by gravimetry during cyclic/discontinuous testing at 900 and 1000 °C. The oxide scales and the subsurface depletion zones formed during exposure were studied by light optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X‐ray analysis and, for selected specimens, by electron backscatter diffraction. It was found that Cr loss due to formation of volatile species is substantially enhanced by high gas flow rates thus significantly influencing the oxidation limited life time of the oxidising component. Within the studied range of flow rates no plateau value was reached, the Cr loss being substantially larger at a flow of 6 m/s than at 0.7 m/s. Additionally, it was found that geometrical factors of the test specimen substantially affected the extent of volatile species formation. Especially the leading edge of the specimen exhibited more extensive Cr loss than the other specimen areas.
Aurora‐A Kinase: A Potent Oncogene and Target for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Yan Min , Wang Chunli , He Bin , Yang Mengying , Tong Mengying , Long Zijie , Liu Bing , Peng Fei , Xu Lingzhi , Zhang Yan , Liang Dapeng , Lei Haixin , Subrata Sen , Kelley Keith W. , Lam Eric W.‐F. , Jin Bilian , Liu Quentin
Published: July 2016

The Aurora kinase family is comprised of three serine/threonine kinases, Aurora‐A, Aurora‐B, and Aurora‐C. Among these, Aurora‐A and Aurora‐B play central roles in mitosis, whereas Aurora‐C executes unique roles in meiosis. Overexpression or gene amplification of Aurora kinases has been reported in a broad range of human malignancies, pointing to their role as potent oncogenes in tumorigenesis. Aurora kinases therefore represent promising targets for anticancer therapeutics. A number of Aurora kinase inhibitors (AKIs) have been generated; some of which are currently undergoing clinical evaluation. Recent studies have unveiled novel unexpected functions of Aurora kinases during cancer development and the mechanisms underlying the anticancer actions of AKIs. In this review, we discuss the most recent advances in Aurora‐A kinase research and targeted cancer therapy, focusing on the oncogenic roles and signaling pathways of Aurora‐A kinases in promoting tumorigenesis, the recent preclinical and clinical AKI data, and potential alternative routes for Aurora‐A kinase inhibition.
Multiple symmetric results for singular quasilinear elliptic systems with critical homogeneous nonlinearity
Authors: Deng Zhiying , Zhang Rui , Huang Yisheng
Published: July 2016

This paper deals with the existence and multiplicity of symmetric solutions for a class of singular quasilinear elliptic systems with critical homogeneous nonlinearity in a bounded symmetric domain. Applying variational methods and the symmetric criticality principle of Palais, we establish several existence and multiplicity results of G‐symmetric solutions under some appropriate assumptions on the weighted functions and the parameters. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Skeletal Evidence for Otitis Media in Mediaeval and Post‐Mediaeval Children from Poland, Central Europe
Authors: Krenz‐Niedbała M. , Łukasik S.
Published: July 2016

In palaeopathological research, otitis media (OM) is a rarely reported disease, although it is one of the most common diseases of childhood, with potentially severe consequences resulting in physical and social impairment, or even death. The episodes of OM are often preceded by upper respiratory tract infections, though the aetiology of OM is multifactorial, with significant role of environmental factors. In archaeological skeletons, middle ear inflammation is identified as erosive lesions and new bone formation of auditory ossicles. The aim of this study was to examine the skeletal signs of OM in children from a mediaeval early urban site (Cedynia) and a post‐mediaeval rural site (Słaboszewo) located on the territory of Poland. Among the entire sample (N = 435), ear bones were present in 99 skeletons. The total of 168 ossicles were examined. The general frequency of individuals with eroded ossicles was 47.5% (53.4% in Cedynia and 39.0% in Słaboszewo). In the total sample, 33.9% of ear bones showed pathological changes, with the incudes being most frequently affected. The frequency of altered ossicles was significantly higher in the early urban site than in the rural settlement (42.2% vs 25.9%, respectively; Fisher exact test, p = 0.0339). The children aged 0–3 years old tend to have a higher frequency of altered ear bones than the children aged 4–11 years old. The majority of the mastoid processes of the subadults with ear bone erosion show abnormal pneumatisation pattern. The results indicate that the environmental and socio‐cultural conditions in the stronghold likely made their inhabitants more prone to upper respiratory tract infections than the inhabitants of the village. A variety of factors may be responsible for this pattern, such as exposure to dust, environmental pollution, indoor pollution, wood smoke, occupation, population density, sanitation and quality of housing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐dimensionally ordered AuNP array formation via microcontact printing on lamellar diblock copolymer films
Authors: Wagner Tom , Oded Meirav , Shenhar Roy , Böker Alexander
Published: July 2016

The construction of nano‐sized, two‐dimensionally ordered nanoparticle (NP) superstructures is important for various advanced applications such as photonics, sensing, catalysis, or nano‐circuitry. Currently, such structures are fabricated using the templated organization approach, in which the templates are mainly created by photo‐lithography or laser‐lithography and other invasive top‐down etching procedures. In this work, we present an alternative bottom‐up preparation method for the controlled deposition of NPs into hierarchical structures. Lamellar polystyrene‐block‐poly(2‐vinylpyridinium) thin films featuring alternating stripes of neutral PS and positively charged P2VP domains serve as templates, allowing for the selective adsorption of negatively charged gold NPs. Dense NP assembly is achieved by a simple immersion process, whereas two‐dimensionally ordered arrays of NPs are realized by microcontact printing (μCP), utilizing periodic polydimethylsiloxane wrinkle grooves loaded with gold NPs. This approach enables the facile construction of hierarchical NP arrays with variable geometries. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High actuation performance offered by simple diene rubbers
Authors: Poikelispää Minna , Shakun Alexandra , Das Amit , Vuorinen Jyrki
Published: July 2016

Dielectric elastomers are materials well known for their superior actuation behavior under applied electric field. The simplicity of material fabrication and clear working principle of dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) can offer various applications of dielectric elastomers. In this work, we have compared a number of different types of commercially available elastomers in terms of actuation performance. It was found that well‐known commercial rubbers like acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubbers (NBR) can offer higher actuation performance in DEAs than the frequently used dielectric elastomers, such as acrylic rubber and silicone. The acrylonitrile content of the NBR was found to play an important role in the dielectric and consequently actuation properties. More interestingly, we observed that addition of organic oil, such as dioctyl adipate, can greatly enhance the actuation performance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of cross‐linked SPEEK‐zirconium phosphate hybrid membranes by electron beam irradiation
Authors: Lee Sun‐Young , Woo Hyun‐Su , Song Ju‐Myung , Sohn Joon‐Yong , Shin Junhwa
Published: July 2016

In this study, crosslinked sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) membranes containing various amounts of zirconium phosphate (ZrP) particles were fabricated using an electron beam irradiation method. The water uptake and IEC value of the crosslinked SPEEK/ZrP hybrid membranes were higher than those of crosslinked SPEEK membranes and increased with an increase in ZrP content. Furthermore, under high temperature and low humidity conditions (120°C and RH 35%), the crosslinked SPEEK/ZrP hybrid membrane exhibited a higher proton conductivity (1.41 × 10−3 S/cm) compared with the crosslinked SPEEK membrane (1.13 × 10−4 S/cm). POLYM. COMPOS., 39:1905–1912, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Quenching of photoluminescence of Rhodamine 6G molecules on functionalized graphene
Authors: Valeš Václav , Kovaříček Petr , Ji Xiang , Ling Xi , Kong Jing , Dresselhaus Mildred S. , Kalbáč Martin
Published: July 2016

The photoluminescence quenching of the Rhodamine 6G molecules deposited on fluorinated, thiophenol‐functionalized, and 4‐nitrophenyl‐functionalized graphene layers were studied. Both the spectroscopic measurements and the atomic force microscopy imaging confirmed that Rhodamine 6G molecules are present on graphene, functionalized graphene and the bare substrate. The Raman signals of the molecules are enhanced for all the probed functionalized graphene samples. On the other hand, the photoluminescence from the Rhodamine 6G is suppressed when the molecules are in contact with a graphene layer for all types of probed functionalized graphene. The large Raman maps measured on the tested samples showed that the quenching of the photoluminescence is not significantly affected by the local environment.
Fucoxanthin Suppresses Lipid Accumulation and ROS Production During Differentiation in 3T3‐L1 Adipocytes
Authors: Seo Min‐Jung , Seo Young‐Jin , Pan Cheol‐Ho , Lee Ok‐Hwan , Kim Kui‐Jin , Lee Boo‐Yong
Published: July 2016

Fucoxanthin, a pigment from the chloroplasts of marine brown algae, has a number of effects against obesity, diabetes, inflammation and cancer and provides cerebrovascular protection. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of fucoxanthin on lipid accumulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during adipogenesis. Treatment with fucoxanthin suppresses protein levels of the adipogenic transcription factors CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein alpha C/EBPα and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ and of their target protein, fatty acid binding protein 4. Lipogenesis‐related enzymes, such as diglyceride acyltransferase 1 and lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase‐θ, were downregulated by fucoxanthin. The ROS‐producing enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 4 (NOX4) and the NADPH‐generating enzyme glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase also decreased following fucoxanthin treatment. The adipokine adiponectin and the ROS‐scavenging enzymes superoxide dismutase 2, glutathione reductase and catalase were dose‐dependently increased by fucoxanthin. Furthermore, lipolysis‐related enzymes and superoxide dismutase 1 were slightly decreased, because of the suppression of lipid‐generating factors and the cytosolic enzyme NOX4. To confirm these results, we investigated lipid accumulation and ROS production in zebrafish, where fucoxanthin suppressed lipid and triglyceride accumulation, as well as ROS production. Our data suggest that fucoxanthin inhibits lipid accumulation and ROS production by controlling adipogenic and lipogenic factors and ROS‐regulating enzymes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the Performance of Phase‐I Bivariate Dispersion Charts to Non‐Normality
Authors: Saghir Aamir , Chakraborti Subhabrata , Ahmad Ishfaq
Published: July 2016

A phase‐I study is generally used when population parameters are unknown. The performance of any phase‐II chart depends on the preciseness of the control limits obtained from the phase‐I analysis. The performance of phase‐I bivariate dispersion charts has mainly been investigated for bivariate normal distribution. However, this assumption is seldom fulfilled in reality. The current work develops and studies the performance of phase‐I |S| and |G| charts for monitoring the process dispersion of bivariate non‐normal distributions. The necessary control charting constants are determined for the bivariate non‐normal distributions at nominal false alarm probability (FAP0). The performance of these charts is evaluated and compared in a situation when samples are generated by bivariate logistic, bivariate Laplace, bivariate exponential, or bivariate t5 distribution. The analysis shows that the proper consideration to underlying bivariate distribution in the construction of phase‐I bivariate dispersion charts is very important to give a real picture of in or out of control process status. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immersive virtual reality in computational chemistry: Applications to the analysis of QM and MM data
Authors: Salvadori Andrea , Del Frate Gianluca , Pagliai Marco , Mancini Giordano , Barone Vincenzo
Published: July 2016

The role of Virtual Reality (VR) tools in molecular sciences is analyzed in this contribution through the presentation of the Caffeine software to the quantum chemistry community. Caffeine, developed at Scuola Normale Superiore, is specifically tailored for molecular representation and data visualization with VR systems, such as VR theaters and helmets. Usefulness and advantages that can be gained by exploiting VR are here reported, considering few examples specifically selected to illustrate different level of theory and molecular representation.
Glycerol-fed microbial fuel cell with a co-culture of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and Klebsiella pneumonae J2B
Authors: Kim Changman , Song Young Eun , Lee Cho Rong , Jeon Byong-Hun , Kim Jung Rae
Published: July 2016

Glycerol is an attractive feedstock for bioenergy and bioconversion processes but its use in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for electrical energy recovery has not been investigated extensively. This study compared the glycerol uptake and electricity generation of a co-culture of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 and Klebsiella pneumonia J2B in a MFC with that of a single species inoculated counterpart. Glycerol was metabolized successfully in the co-culture MFC (MFC-J&M) with simultaneous electricity production but it was not utilized in the MR-1 only MFC (MFC-M). A current density of 10 mA/m2 was obtained while acidic byproducts (lactate and acetate) were consumed in the co-culture MFC, whereas they are accumulated in the J2B-only MFC (MFC-J). MR-1 was distributed mainly on the electrode in MFC-J&M, whereas most of the J2B was observed in the suspension in the MFC-J reactor, indicating that the co-culture of both strains provides an ecological driving force for glycerol utilization using the electrode as an electron acceptor. This suggests that a co-culture MFC can be applied to electrical energy recovery from glycerol, which was previously known as a refractory substrate in a bioelectrochemical system.
The KP theory and Mach reflection
Authors: Kodama Yuji , Yeh Harry
Published: July 2016

Interactions of two line solitons in the two-dimensional shallow-water field are studied based on the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) theory. With the use of the normal form, the extended KP equation with higher-order correction is derived. This extended KP theory improves significantly the predictability of the original KP theory for soliton interactions with finite oblique angles. The previously existing discrepancy between the experiments and the theory in the Mach reflection problem is now resolved by the normal form theory.
Eigenmodes in the water-wave problems for infinite pools with cone-shaped bottom
Authors: Lyalinov Mikhail A.
Published: July 2016

In the framework of the assumptions of the linearized theory of small-amplitude water waves, the eigenfunctions of the point spectrum are studied for boundary-value problems in infinite domains. Special types of three-dimensional infinite water pools characterised by cone-shaped bottoms are considered. By means of an incomplete separation of variables and exploiting the Mellin transform, we reduce construction of the eigenmodes to the study and solution of the problems for some functional difference equations with meromorphic coefficients. The behaviour of the eigenmodes at a singular point of the boundary and the rate of their decay at infinity are also examined.
Monitoring of seasonal glacier mass balance over the European Alps using low-resolution optical satellite images
Authors: DROLON VANESSA , MAISONGRANDE PHILIPPE , BERTHIER ETIENNE , SWINNEN ELSE , HUSS MATTHIAS
Published: July 2016

We explore a new method to retrieve seasonal glacier mass balances (MBs) from low-resolution optical remote sensing. We derive annual winter and summer snow maps of the Alps during 1998–2014 using SPOT/VEGETATION 1 km resolution imagery. We combine these seasonal snow maps with a DEM to calculate a ‘mean regional’ altitude of snow (Z) in a region surrounding a glacier. Then, we compare the interannual variation of Z with the observed winter/summer glacier MB for 55 Alpine glaciers over 1998–2008, our calibration period. We find strong linear relationships in winter (mean R2 = 0.84) and small errors for the reconstructed winter MB (mean RMSE = 158 mm (w.e.) a−1). This is lower than errors generally assumed for the glaciological MB measurements (200–400 mm w.e. a−1). Results for summer MB are also satisfying (mean R2 and RMSE, respectively, 0.74 and 314 mm w.e. a−1). Comparison with observed seasonal MB available over 2009–2014 (our evaluation period) for 19 glaciers in winter and 13 in summer shows good agreement in winter (RMSE = 405 mm w.e. a−1) and slightly larger errors in summer (RMSE = 561 mm w.e. a−1). These results indicate that our approach might be valuable for remotely determining the seasonal MB of glaciers over large regions.
NOTES ON EXTREMAL AND TAME VALUED FIELDS
Authors: ANSCOMBE SYLVY , KUHLMANN FRANZ-VIKTOR
Published: July 2016

We extend the characterization of extremal valued fields given in [2] to the missing case of valued fields of mixed characteristic with perfect residue field. This leads to a complete characterization of the tame valued fields that are extremal. The key to the proof is a model theoretic result about tame valued fields in mixed characteristic. Further, we prove that in an extremal valued field of finitep-degree, the images of all additive polynomials have the optimal approximation property. This fact can be used to improve the axiom system that is suggested in [8] for the elementary theory of Laurent series fields over finite fields. Finally we give examples that demonstrate the problems we are facing when we try to characterize the extremal valued fields with imperfect residue fields. To this end, we describe several ways of constructing extremal valued fields; in particular, we show that in every ℵ1saturated valued field the valuation is a composition of extremal valuations of rank 1.
When Money Makes Employees Warm and Bright: Thoughts of New Money Promote Warmth and Competence
Authors: Mok Aurelia , De Cremer David
Published: July 2016

Warmth and competence are two important dimensions that facilitate career success (e.g., building relationships, providing novel solutions to problems). We investigated how situational reminders of money affect warmth and competence. Specifically, we propose that reminders of new (vs. used) money increase people's warmth and competence. In five studies of working adults, inducing participants to think about new (vs. used) banknotes promoted creative idea generation (Study 1) (reflecting competence), increased concern for coworkers (Study 2), decreased self-serving behavior (Study 3), and increased helping intentions (Study 5) and behavior (Study 4) (reflecting warmth). Study 4 showed that the effect of priming new money on warmth occurs by activating a norm of social conscientiousness. Our findings suggest that money's appearance can impact problem solving, prorelationship behavior, and perceived norms. We discuss implications for research on money, norm salience, and organizational behavior.
Decreased levels of kynurenic acid in prefrontal cortex in a genetic animal model of depression
Authors: Liu Xi-Cong , Erhardt Sophie , Goiny Michel , Engberg Göran , Mathé Aleksander A.
Published: July 2016

Objective

There is a growing interest in the role of kynurenine pathway and tryptophan metabolites in the pathophysiology of depression. In the present study, the metabolism of tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway was analysed in a rat model of depression.

Methods

Kynurenic acid (KYNA) and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and frontal cortex (FC) in a rat model of depression, the Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) and their controls, the Flinders Resistant Line (FRL) rats. In addition, KYNA was also measured in hippocampus, striatum and cerebellum.

Results

KYNA levels were reduced in the PFC of FSL rats compared with FRL rats, but did not differ with regard to the FC, hippocampus, striatum or cerebellum. 3-HK levels in PFC and FC, representing the activity of the microglial branch of the kynurenine pathway, did not differ between the FSL and FRL strains.

Conclusion

Our results suggest an imbalanced metabolism of the kynurenine pathway in the PFC of FSL rats.
Calculation of Downwash Behind a Supersonic Wing
Authors: Ward G. N.
Published: July 2016

Once the linearised lift problem for a supersonic wing has been solved and the disturbance velocity potential or the pressure is known at every point on the surface, the complete flow round the wing and the downwash behind the wing may be found by the following procedure.
Note on Propeller-Turbine Reduction Methods
Authors: Pike E. C.
Published: July 2016

It has been shown that since the performance of a turbo-jet engine can be expressed theoretically as a function of the two variables and , the performance of a turbo-jet aircraft can also be expressed as a function of two variables, and Two methods can then be used for the reduction of the performance to standard conditions. In the “non-dimensional” graphical method, flight test measurements of, for instance, are plotted against and , and the standard value of is read from these curves at the standard values of and . In this way, the relation between the parameters is established during the tests. The alternative method is an analytical one in which corrections are applied to, for example, the level speed for differences from standard in the independent variables. For this method the effect on the performance of changes in these variables must be predetermined.
Notes on the Linear Theory of Incompressible Flow Round Symmetrical Swept-Back Wings at Zero Lift
Authors: Ursell F.
Published: July 2016

In much of the recent work on the flow of an incompressible fluid past a swept-back symmetrical wing of small thickness at zero incidence it has been assumed that the disturbance introduced by the wing can be represented by means of a distribution of sources and sinks over the centre plane of the wing, the source strength being determined from the equation of the wing profile. It was found by Neumark that on the wing itself this procedure was liable to lead to serious errors. Neumark and Kuchemann studied certain special types of wings for which they were able to find the correct value of the pressure at the surface by evaluation of the pressure at points off the wing and continuity considerations. This process is rather cumbersome; it may therefore be convenient to regard the problem from a rather different point of view.
Skin Friction in the Laminar Boundary Layer in Compressible Flow
Authors: Young A. D.
Published: July 2016

From an analysis of the work of Crocco and others, semi-empirical formulae are derived for the skin friction on a flat plate at zero incidence with a laminar boundary layer. These formulae are

for the general case of heat transfer, and

when there is no heat transfer.

The problem of heat transfer and the effect of radiation are discussed in the light of these formula;. The second formula is then utilised in the development of an approximate method for solving the momentum equation of the boundary layer on a cylinder without heat transfer. The method indicates that with increase of Mach number there is a marked forward movement of separation from a flat plate in the presence of a constant adverse velocity gradient.
A Note on the Bending Moment Induced in the Booms of a Spar at the Point of Application of a Concentrated Load
Authors: Winny H. F.
Published: July 2016

The effect of a concentrated load, such as occurs in a wing spar at the fuselage, is to cause a discontinuity in shear strain of the spar web, which induces a bending moment in the booms through the medium of the rivets (or bolts) which attach the booms to the web. A mathematical theory is developed which shows that this bending induced in the boom is of a damped wave form starting at the point of application of the shear, and in practice the magnitude of the stresses produced by the bending moment may be appreciable at the wing root when the boom is deep compared with the spar depth (say 20 per cent.).

Further experimental verification is desirable, but a single wing test suggested the original investigation, and showed a measure of agreement with the theory.
The Supersonic Flow Past a Slender Ducted Body of Revolution with an Annular Intake
Authors: Ward G. N.
Published: July 2016

The approximate supersonic flow past a slender ducted body of revolution having an annular intake is determined by using the Heaviside operational calculus applied to the linearised equation for the velocity potential. It is assumed that the external and internal flows are independent. The pressures on the body are integrated to find the drag, lift and moment coefficients of the external forces. The lift and moment coefficients have the same values as for a slender body of revolution without an intake, but the formula for the drag has extra terms given in equations (32) and (56). Under extra assumptions, the lift force due to the internal pressures is estimated. The results are applicable to propulsive ducts working under the specified condition of no “ spill-over “ at the intake.
Note on H. Templeton's Paper “Control Reversal Effects on Swept-Back Wings“
Authors: Wittrick W. H.
Published: July 2016

Mr. Templeton's paper “Control. Reversal Effects on Swept-back Wings” (page 3, The Aeronautical Quarterly, Volume I, Part I) contains in Section 2 of the Appendix an argument which does not appear to be applicable to any but the simplest type of wing, namely one in which all the flexural and torsional rigidity is given by a single spar.
Two dimensional theory of stiffened plates
Authors: o’chou Chang
Published: July 2016

The two-dimensional stiffened plate problem is completely governed by the fundamental differential equation

(22)

where k1 and k2 are two non-dimensional structural constants depending on the relative proportions of the reinforcing members.

The complete solution is

(25)

This solution renders all solutions for the isotropic plate available for the stiffened plate also. The choice between the several types of solution available is governed by the same considerations as for the isotropic or unstiffened plate.
The possibility of the determination of rate of climb from acceleration measurements in level flight
Authors: Pike E. C.
Published: July 2016

Performance measurements for turbo-jet and turbo-prop aircraft are most conveniently reduced to standard conditions by the use of graphical methods. The case of rate of climb presents difficulties if readings are taken in the normal way during continuous climbs, because of the variation of weight, temperature, pressure and optimum climbing speed with height.

Since rate of climb is proportional to the product of speed and acceleration in level flight, these quantities could be measured and used to determine the rate of climb at any height.

The advantages of the method are listed and the technique required of the pilot examined. An automatic observer, including a longitudinal accelerometer, reading, in some cases, to within 0.001g, is necessary.
Critical mach numbers for swept-back wings
Authors: Neumark S.
Published: July 2016

The effect of yawing a wing in high-speed flow is to delay the onset of
shock waves and to increase the critical Mach number. This is because shock
waves can only develop along the isobars (running parallel to the edges of
the wing, which is assumed untapered and infinitely long), and therefore
only the velocity component normal to the edges is significant. To some
extent the same is true for a finite sheared or swept-back wing, though the
problem is made more complicated by the various additional factors, such as
finite aspect ratio (tip effect), plan form (e.g.
taper effect) and, what is perhaps the most important, the central kink
effect. The experimental technique is extremely cumbersome because of the
many shape parameters involved (see Figs. 1, 2,
3), and since analytical solutions present fundamental difficulties and
pitfalls, designers tend to favour rule of thumb methods. The present paper
contains a general review of the theoretical work done at The Royal Aircraft
Establishment, which was limited to the case of zero incidence. This
limitation is not a severe one, as flight at high speeds often implies low
incidence. Incidences which are not negligible involve the solution of
another fundamental problem (that of the lift distribution).
General performance reduction equations for reciprocating-engined
aircraft with constant-speed propellers
Authors: Annand W.J.D.
Published: July 2016

The method of analysis adopted by Cameron has been extended to develop
more general equations for the correction of level speed and rate of climb
for variation of air temperature and aircraft weight, applicable to aircraft
with reciprocating engines of any type driving constant-speed propellers,
operating at speeds sufficiently high for compressibility effects on drag
and propeller efficiency to be appreciable. Allowance is made in the
equations for ram effect on engine power.

The practical application of the equations is discussed, and illustrated
by a worked example. The influence of errors in the estimation of the
parameters expressing the variation of engine power and propeller efficiency
on the corrections, in this particular case, is discussed.
Axially-symmetrical supersonic flow near the centre of an
expansion
Authors: Johannesen N.H. , Meyer R.E.
Published: July 2016

When a uniform, two-dimensional supersonic flow expands suddenly round a
corner in a wall it forms a pattern known as a Prandtl-Meyer expansion or
centred simple wave. If the flow is two-dimensional but not initially
uniform, or if it is axially-symmetrical, the expansion is still centred,
but is not a simple wave. An approximate solution is given in this paper for
the isentropic, irrotational, steady two-dimensional or axially-symmetrical
flow of a perfect gas in the neighbourhood of the centre of such an
expansion. The solution is designed to replace the conventional method of
characteristics in such a region.

The main application is to a jet issuing from a nozzle that discharges
into a container with a pressure lower than that in the nozzle; in
particular, a formula is derived for the initial curvature, at the lip of
the nozzle, of the boundary of the jet. The solution also applies to the
flow near an edge in a boundary wall, and a formula is derived for the
velocity gradient on the wall immediately downstream of the edge.
On the chordwise lift distribution at the centre of swept wings
Authors: Küchemann D. , Weber J.
Published: July 2016

The present note deals with the peculiarities of the lift distribution
on swept wings. The influence of the angle of sweep is expected to be
greatest in its effect on the chordwise lift distribution at the centre
section of the wing. It is assumed that the essential characteristics of
this chordwise lift distribution are predominantly determined by the special
configuration of the bound vortices and not so much by the trailing
vortices. In calculating the downwash, induced by a continuous chordwise
distribution of swept vortex lines of infinite span, it is found that the
downwash at the centre line is to be expected to differ from its
two-dimensional form mainly by a term proportional to the local vortex
strength. Solutions of this simplified downwash equation have been obtained.
They differ from the ordinary fiat-plate distribution only in the exponent
which instead of becomes
.It is suggested that this
type of function is more appropriate for the centre-section of swept wings
and that it may replace the ordinary flat-plate distribution in all those
cases where the lifting surface is swept.