bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correction to: Prime-boost vaccination strategy enhances immunogenicity compared to single pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in patients receiving conventional DMARDs, to some extent in abatacept but not in rituximab-treated patients
Authors: Nived Per , Jönsson Göran , Settergren Bo , Einarsson Jon , Olofsson Tor , Jørgensen Charlotte Sværke , Skattum Lillemor , Kapetanovic Meliha C.
Published: June 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.
Associations of perceived neighborhood environment and physical activity with metabolic syndrome among Mexican–Americans adults: a cross sectional examination
Authors: Joseph Rodney P. , Vega-López Sonia
Published: June 2020

Objective

This secondary data analysis examined associations among perceived neighborhood environmental factors, physical activity (PA), and the presence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in Mexican–American (MA) adults. Seventy-five MA adults (mean age of 37.9 ± 9.3 years) provided anthropometric, biomarker, and survey data. The Neighborhood Scales Questionnaire evaluated six perceived neighborhood factors: walking environment, aesthetic quality, safety, violence, social cohesion, and activities with neighbors. The Rapid Assessment of PA questionnaire assessed PA. MS was determined according to ATP III criteria.

Results

PA was significantly associated with MS (OR = .338, CI .204–.738). Neighborhood factors of safety (B = .255, p = .024), walking environment (B = .384, p = .001), and social cohesion (B = .230, p = .043) were positively associated with PA. No other neighborhood factors were significantly related to PA. Analyses examining whether neighborhood factors moderated the relationship between PA and MS were not significant.
Current antimicrobial use in farm animals in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Martin Hannah , Manzanilla Edgar Garcia , More Simon J. , O’Neill Lorcan , Bradford Lisa , Carty Catherine I. , Collins Áine B. , McAloon Conor G.
Published: June 2020

Antimicrobial resistance has been recognised as one of the most difficult challenges facing human and animal health in recent decades. The surveillance of antimicrobial use in animal health plays a major role in dealing with the growing issue of resistance. This paper reviews current data available on antimicrobial use in farmed animals in the Republic of Ireland, including each of the major livestock production sectors; pigs, poultry, dairy, beef and sheep. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant published literature, and ongoing research was identified through the network of authors and searches of each of the research databases of the main agriculture funding bodies in Ireland. The varying quantities and quality of data available across each livestock sector underlines the need for harmonisation of data collection methods. This review highlights the progress that has been made regarding data collection in the intensive production sectors such as pigs and poultry, however, it is clear there are significant knowledge gaps in less intensive industries such as dairy, beef and sheep. To comply with European regulations an antimicrobial data collection system is due to be developed for all food-producing animals in the future, however in the short-term surveillance studies have allowed us to build a picture of current use within the Republic of Ireland. Further studies will allow us to fill current knowledge gaps and build a more comprehensive overview of antimicrobial use in farm animals in Ireland.
A result on the limiting spectral distribution of random matrices with unequal variance entries
Authors: Jin Shaojia , Xie Junshan
Published: June 2020

A classical result in random matrix theory reveals that the limiting spectral distribution of a Wigner matrix whose entries have a common variance and satisfy other regular assumptions almost surely converges to the semicircular law. In the paper, we will relax the assumption of uniform covariance of each entry, when the average of the normalized sums of the variances in each row of the data matrix converges to a constant, we prove that the same limiting spectral distribution holds. A similar result on a sample covariance matrix is also established. The proofs mainly depend on the Stein equation and the generalized Stein equation of independent random variables.
A close look at the biology of SARS-CoV-2, and the potential influence of weather conditions and seasons on COVID-19 case spread
Authors: Adedokun Kamoru A. , Olarinmoye Ayodeji O. , Mustapha Jelili O. , Kamorudeen Ramat T.
Published: June 2020

Background

There is sufficient epidemiological and biological evidence of increased human susceptibility to viral pathogens such as Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus and influenza virus, in cold weather. The pattern of outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China during the flu season is further proof that meteorological conditions may potentially influence the susceptibility of human populations to coronaviruses, a situation that may become increasingly evident as the current global pandemic of COVID-19 unfolds.

Main body

A very rapid spread and high mortality rates have characterized the COVID-19 pandemic in countries north of the equator where air temperatures have been seasonally low. It is unclear if the currently high rates of COVID-19 infections in countries of the northern hemisphere will wane during the summer months, or if fewer people overall will become infected with COVID-19 in countries south of the equator where warmer weather conditions prevail through most of the year. However, apart from the influence of seasons, evidence based on the structural biology and biochemical properties of many enveloped viruses similar to the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 or SARS-CoV-2 (aetiology of COVID-19), support the higher likelihood of the latter of the two outcomes. Other factors that may potentially impact the rate of virus spread include the effectiveness of infection control practices, individual and herd immunity, and emergency preparedness levels of countries.

Conclusion

This report highlights the potential influence of weather conditions, seasons and non-climatological factors on the geographical spread of cases of COVID-19 across the globe.
Does endoscopic sinus surgery alter the biomechanics of the orbit?
Authors: Sowerby Leigh J , Harris Matthew S. , Joshi Rootu , Johnson Marjorie , Jenkyn Tom , Moore Corey C.
Published: June 2020

Objective

The purpose of this study is to determine if removal of ethmoid cell septations as commonly performed in endoscopic sinus surgery leads to a change in orbital wall fracture patterns and the force required to create them.

Methods

Six fresh-frozen cadaveric heads were acquired and underwent endoscopic uncinectomy, maxillary antrostomy, and anterior and posterior ethmoidectomy on one, randomized, side. The contralateral sinuses were used as intra-specimen control. Hyaluronic acid gel globe injections were performed to simulate normal intra-ocular pressure. Post-op CT scans confirmed no orbital fractures or violation of the lamina papyracea prior to trauma testing. Orbital trauma was induced using a guided weight-drop technique. Both orbits were tested in random order, and sequentially higher drops were performed until both the test and control side demonstrated an orbital fracture on CT scan.

Results

In all six heads, the post-sinus surgery side incurred a medial orbital wall fracture, and no orbital floor fractures were identified. On the other hand, on the control side, all six heads incurred orbital floor fractures at drop heights equal to, or higher than, the surgical side. Fisher's exact test demonstrated a significant difference in fracture pattern ( p <  0.001).

Conclusions

To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that the structures removed during sinus surgery may act as a buttress for the medial orbital wall. The anatomic changes of sinus surgery may alter the biomechanics of the orbit and affect the pattern of subsequent traumatic blowout fractures.
Global alterations to the choroid plexus blood-CSF barrier in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Saul J. , Hutchins E. , Reiman R. , Saul M. , Ostrow L. W. , Harris B. T. , Van Keuren-Jensen K. , Bowser R. , Bakkar N.
Published: June 2020

The choroid plexus (CP) is a highly vascularized structure located in the ventricles that forms the blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB) and separates the blood from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). In addition to its role as a physical barrier, the CP functions in CSF secretion, transport of nutrients into the central nervous system (CNS) and a gated point of entry of circulating immune cells into the CNS. Aging and neurodegeneration have been reported to affect CP morphology and function and increase protein leakage from blood to the CSF. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with both upper and lower motor neuron loss, as well as altered proteomic and metabolomic signatures in the CSF. The role of the BCSFB and the CP in ALS is unknown. Here we describe a transcriptomic and ultrastructural analysis of BCSFB and CP alterations in human postmortem tissues from ALS and non-neurologic disease controls. ALS-CP exhibited widespread disruptions in tight junctional components of the CP epithelial layer and vascular integrity. In addition, we detected loss of pericytes around ALS blood vessels, accompanied by activation of platelet aggregation markers vWF and Fibrinogen, reminiscent of vascular injury. To investigate the immune component of ALS-CP, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of cytokines and chemokine panels in CP lysates and found a significant down-regulation of M-CSF and V-CAM1 in ALS, as well as up-regulation of VEGF-A protein. This phenotype was accompanied by an infiltration of MERTK positive macrophages into the parenchyma of the ALS-CP when compared to controls. Taken together, we demonstrate widespread structural and functional disruptions of the BCSFB in human ALS increasing our understanding of the disease pathology and identifying potential new targets for ALS therapeutic development.
Stress and recovery perception, creatine kinase levels, and performance parameters of male volleyball athletes in a preseason for a championship
Authors: Berriel Guilherme Pereira , Costa Rochelle Rocha , da Silva Edson Soares , Schons Pedro , de Vargas Guilherme Droescher , Peyré-Tartaruga Leonardo Alexandre , Kruel Luiz Fernando Martins
Published: June 2020

Background

Training load and adequate recovery have been identified as essential elements to improve well-being and performance in team sports and avoid non-functional overreaching and overtraining.

Objective

This cohort study sought to analyze the stress and recovery perceptions, creatine kinase levels (CK), and vertical jump performance of volleyball athletes at different training times during a championship preseason.

Methods

Thirteen high-level male volleyball players (23.80 ± 5.40 years, 91.50 ± 8.80 kg, and 193.10 ± 6.40 cm) completed the RESTQ-Sport questionnaire on stress and recovery perception, and blood samples were collected to evaluate CK levels. These measures were performed six times over 16 weeks, while jumps such as squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and countermovement jump arm (CMJA) were performed at three of those times for specific performance evaluation.

Results

The stress perception and recovery perception indices increased and decreased, respectively, in the pre-competitive phase, while CK levels presented an initial rise, maintenance over the training period, and a drop. Vertical jump heights increased significantly throughout the preparatory period regardless of the type of jump. In all training phases, CMJA values exceeded CMJ and SJ values, and CMJ values exceeded SJ values.

Conclusions

Positive adaptations were elicited by training stimuli, resulting in improvements in performance. Conversely, load training variables indicated higher levels of stress and muscle damage, together with lower perceptions of recovery during the championship preseason.
Multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging in acute necrotizing encephalopathy of children: validity and prognostic value
Authors: Ibrahim Rania S. M. , Elzayat W. , Seif H. M. , El-Kiki H. A. , Emad-Eldin S. , Shahin M. , Kamel S. M. , Osama R. , Zakaryia R. , Fatouh M. , Hachem Rania H.
Published: June 2020

Background

Acute necrotizing encephalopathy of children (ANEC) is a rare fulminant type of acute encephalopathy that mainly occurs in children with a characteristic clinico-radiological pattern. It is commonly preceded by viral infections. The condition carries a poor prognosis with high morbidity and mortality rates. We highlight the relationship between diagnostic multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and correlate them with the clinical outcome of children with ANEC by enrollment of MRI scoring.

Results

The thalami were involved in all 30 patients, brain stem in 80%, basal ganglia (13.3%), cerebral white matter (WM) in 73%, and cerebellar WM in 33%. Hemorrhage was present in 86.7% patients, edema 80%, and necrosis in 13.3%. We found that the patients having the highest MRI scores were in the poor outcome category; whereas the patients with lower MR score (1 or 2) had better outcomes. Statistically positive correlation (r= 0.1198) was found between the multi-parametric MR score and the outcome category.

Conclusion

An extended multi-parametric MRI should be performed in ANEC, allowing early detection and scoring of the disease for better prognosis. There is a positive correlation between the clinical outcome and the MR scoring.
Light-controlled calcium signalling in prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Sharma Vipin , Rana Rita , Baksi Ruma , Borse Swapnil P. , Nivsarkar Manish
Published: June 2020

Background

Identifying ways to reduce the burden of prostate cancer (Pca) or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a top research priority. It is a typical entanglement seen in men which is portrayed by trouble in micturition. It stands as a significant problem in our society. Different molecular biomarker has high potential to treat Pca or BPH but also causes serious side effects during treatment.

Main text

The role of calcium signalling in the alteration of different biomarkers of Pca or BPH is important. Therefore, the photoswitch drugs may hold the potential to rebalance the altered calcium signaling cascade and the biomarker levels. Thereby play a significant role in the management of Pca and BPH. Online literature searches such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar were carried out. The search terms used for this review were photo-pharmacology, photo-switch drug, photodynamic therapy, calcium signalling, etc. Present treatment of Pca or BPH shows absence of selectivity and explicitness which may additionally result in side effects. The new condition of the calcium flagging may offer promising outcomes in restoring the present issues related with prostate malignancy and BPH treatment.

Conclusion

The light-switching calcium channel blockers aim to solve this issue by incorporating photo-switchable calcium channel blockers that may control the signalling pathway related to proliferation and metastasis in prostate cancer without any side effects.

Graphical abstract

Schematic diagram explaining the proposed role of photo-switch therapy in curbing the side effects of active drugs in Pca (prostate cancer) and BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia). a) Delivery of medication by ordinary strategies and irreversible phototherapy causes side effects during treatment. Utilization of photo-switch drug to control the dynamic and inert condition of the medication can cause the medication impacts as we required in prostate cancer and BPH. b) Support of harmony between the calcium signaling is essential to guarantee ordinary physiology. Increment or abatement in the dimensions of calcium signaling can result in changed physiology. c) Major factors involved in the pathogenesis of BPH; downregulation of vitamin D receptor (VDR) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) can prevent BPH. Similarly, downregulation of α-1 adrenoceptor can reduce muscle contraction, while overexpression of β-3 adrenoceptor in BPH can promote further muscle relaxation in BPH treatment therapy. Inhibition of overexpressed biomarkers in BPH TRPM2-1: transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 1; TRPM2-2: transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 2; Androgens; CXCL5: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 5; TGFβ-1: transforming growth factor β-1; TXA2; thromboxane-2; NMDA: N-methyl-d-aspartate can be the potential target in BPH therapy.
Impact of Food and Drink Administration Vehicles on Paediatric Formulation Performance: Part 1—Effects on Solubility of Poorly Soluble Drugs
Authors: Martir J. , Flanagan T. , Mann J. , Fotaki N.
Published: June 2020

Food and drinks are commonly used to facilitate administration of paediatric medicines to improve palatability and enhance patient compliance. However, the impact of this practice on drug solubility and on oral drug bioavailability is not usually studied. Based on recommended strategies for oral administration of paediatric medicines with food and drink vehicles, the aims of this study were (i) to measure the physicochemical properties of (soft) food and drink vehicles, commonly mixed with paediatric medicines prior to administration, and (ii) to assess the impact of the co-administered vehicles on the solubility of two poorly soluble paediatric drugs. Montelukast (sodium) and mesalazine were selected as the model compounds. Distinct differences were observed between the physicochemical properties (i.e. pH, surface tension, osmolality, viscosity and buffer capacity) and macronutrient composition (i.e. fat, sugar and protein content) of the different soft foods and drinks, not only among vehicle type but also within vehicles of the same subtype. Solubility studies of the two model compounds in selected drinks and soft foods resulted in considerably different drug solubility values in each vehicle. The solubility of the drugs was significantly affected by the vehicle physicochemical properties and macronutrient composition, with the solubility of montelukast being driven by the pH, fat and protein content of the vehicles and the solubility of mesalazine by vehicle osmolality, viscosity and sugar content. This vehicle-dependent impact on drug solubility could compromise its bioavailability, and ultimately affect the safety and/or efficacy of the drug and should be taken into consideration during paediatric product development.
Cynic and Lyric Balanced
Authors: Brophy James
Published: June 2020

The war poet Keith Douglas wrote in 1943 that he sought a “balanced style” where “cynic and lyric” might meet. In focusing on a set of four poems that he had written in May and June of that year—“Vergissmeinnicht,” “Aristocrats,” “How to Kill,” and “Enfidaville”—I propose that the cynic and lyric met for Douglas as two forms of special knowing, the “combat gnosticism” of war poetry, and a parallel gnosticism in love lyric. Each proposes that a special experience can utterly transform a subject: the soldier’s kind of knowing transformed by battle experience, and the lover’s by the experience of a beloved’s body. Douglas’s poetry arrives at the balancing of cynic and lyric, then, by confusing and conflating these special gnostic conditions, and its resonant image is the battlefield corpse conflated with the lover in repose.
Hannibal Lecter as Avenging War Orphan in Thomas Harris’s Hannibal Rising
Authors: Powers Korine
Published: June 2020

Beginning with Red Dragon (1981), horror icon Hannibal Lecter thrilled audiences as the ultimate unreadable reader, consuming minds and bodies behind the polished veneer of aristocratic taste and psychological expertise. Yet by the end of the twentieth century, Lecter had shifted from monster to hero. This article argues that Thomas Harris’s prequel novel, Hannibal Rising (2006), makes Lecter more palatable by portraying his serial murders as an act of vengeance against a postwar society that allowed war criminals to rejoin the consumer milieu. Hannibal Rising uses graphic depictions of the atrocities of the Second World War—including freezing, starvation, immolation, and enslavement—to mitigate Lecter’s cannibalistic classism and restore his humanity. Lecter is rendered mute by the trauma of consuming his sister, the patrician Lecter Castle becomes a Soviet orphanage, and Lecter’s eventual victims are war criminals who have reintegrated into society across the Western world. In return, Hannibal Rising’s readers are asked to project the specter of Lecter’s trauma and these war criminals’ violence onto all of Lecter’s victims. No act of cannibalism, Hannibal Rising suggests, is more monstrous than the war crimes and subsequent Allied apathy that Hannibal fights and bites against.
A semi-automated machine learning-aided approach to quantitative analysis of centrosomes and microtubule organization
Authors: Sankaran Divya Ganapathi , Stemm-Wolf Alexander J. , McCurdy Bailey L. , Hariharan Bharath , Pearson Chad G.
Published: June 2020

Microtubules (MTs) promote important cellular functions including migration, intracellular trafficking, and chromosome segregation. The centrosome, comprised of two centrioles surrounded by the pericentriolar material (PCM), is the cell's central MT-organizing center. Centrosomes in cancer cells are commonly numerically amplified. However, the question of how the amplification of centrosomes alters MT organization capacity is not well studied. We developed a quantitative image-processing and machine learning-aided approach for the semi-automated analysis of MT organization. We designed a convolutional neural network-based approach for detecting centrosomes, and an automated pipeline for analyzing MT organization around centrosomes, encapsulated in a semi-automatic graphical tool. Using this tool, we find that breast cancer cells with supernumerary centrosomes not only have more PCM protein per centrosome, which gradually increases with increasing centriole numbers, but also exhibit expansion in PCM size. Furthermore, cells with amplified centrosomes have more growing MT ends, higher MT density and altered spatial distribution of MTs around amplified centrosomes. Thus, the semi-automated approach developed here enables rapid and quantitative analyses revealing important facets of centrosomal aberrations.
Oxygen consumption of drift-feeding rainbow trout: the energetic tradeoff between locomotion and feeding in flow
Authors: Johansen Jacob L. , Akanyeti Otar , Liao James C.
Published: June 2020

To forage in fast, turbulent flow environments where prey is abundant, fishes must deal with the high associated costs of locomotion. Prevailing theory suggests that many species exploit hydrodynamic refuges to minimize the cost of locomotion while foraging. Here, we challenge this theory based on direct oxygen consumption measurements of drift-feeding trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) foraging in the freestream and from behind a flow refuge at velocities up to 100 cm s−1. We demonstrate that refuging is not energetically beneficial when foraging in fast flows because of a high attack cost and low prey capture success associated with leaving a station-holding refuge to intercept prey. By integrating optimum foraging theory with empirical data from respirometry and video tracking, we developed a mathematical model to predict when drift-feeding fishes should exploit or avoid refuges based on prey density, size and flow velocity. Our optimum foraging and refuging model provides new mechanistic insights into locomotor costs, habitat use and prey choice of fish foraging in current-swept habitats.
Correlation between weather, population size and COVID-19 pandemic: a study of Brazilian capitals
Authors: Araujo Neto Renato Americo , Melo Géssyca Cavalcante
Published: June 2020

Objective: To analyze the correlation between weather, population size and cases of COVID-19 in the capitals of Brazil. Methods: All confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection, from the first confirmed case from February 26 until May 01, 2020 were included. For weather variables, average temperature (°C), dew point (°C), average humidity (%) and wind speed (m s-1) were extracted from the Instituto de Meteorologia database. The population size of each capital was used as a control variable, with data obtained from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Spearman rank correlation tests were utilized to examine the correlation between variables. Results: The analysis showed a significant and strong positive correlation between the total cases of COVID-19 and the population size (p<0,01). There was a significant positive correlation with the average humidity of the air and cumulative cases (p<0,05). There was no significant correlation with other climate variables. Conclusion: Our results confront some expectations commented around the world about a possible seasonality of COVID-19 during periods of low humidity and can assist government and health authorities in decision making to control the pandemic. Studies in other regions are important to strengthen the findings.
Technical Note—Constant-Order Policies for Lost-Sales Inventory Models with Random Supply Functions: Asymptotics and Heuristic
Authors: Bu Jinzhi , Gong Xiting , Yao Dacheng
Published: June 2020

Asymptotic analysis of constant-order policies for lost-sales inventory models with positive lead times and random supply functions.
Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of fresh Lemon (Citrus lemon L.) peel in Marrakech, Kenitra cities of Morocco and Taiz of Yemen
Authors: Abdu Khaled , Erahioui Rahma , Moutawalli Amina , Zahidi Ahmed , Khedid Khadija , Ibn Ahmed Said
Published: June 2020

The principal objective of this study was to appraise the variation of antioxidant activity, total phenols, and total flavonoids of fresh lemon peel from regions located Marrakech and Kenitra in Morocco and a region Taiz in Yemen. The test of polyphenol was performed from extracts that were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu technique. Also, an analysis of Flavonoid was performed of was measured by using the aluminum chloride. The Free radical scavenging activity of lemon extracts was measured by 2,2′-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate (DPPH).

The DPPH radical scavenging activity of ethanolic extract of fresh lemon peel found to be highest at 200μl concentration, which was 77. 15 %; 67. 88 %; 37.74%. Through it, 50% inhibition (IC50) was obtained to be 92. 04; 153. 55 and 215.407 μg/ml in Marrakech, Kenitra, and Taiz, respectively. As well, the values radical scavenging activity of methanolic extract of the same concentration, which are 82, 77 %, 53, 33 %, and 47,5%. Through it, 50% inhibition (IC50) was obtained to be 145. 6; 179. 17 and 274.899 μg/ml in Marrakech, Kenitra, and Taiz, respectively. But regarding the values radical scavenging activity of essential oil of the same concentration, which is 63.77 %, 42.19 %, and 80.25%. Through it, 50% inhibition (IC50) was obtained to be 155.54; 271.158 and 101.31 μg/ml in Marrakech, Kenitra, and Taiz, respectively. According to the results obtained in our study, the antioxidant activity increases with increased polyphenols and IC50 deficiency in Marrakech, Kenitra, and Taiz.
Was Dürer 500  years ahead of science?
Authors: Pye David
Published: June 2020

Brewster’s dark patch is a simple optical effect in the environment. It is easily seen, but apparently it has not been formally noticed or explained until quite recently. Nevertheless, some artists appear to have represented it in paintings without, of course, knowing its optical origins. A case can be made that a watercolor by Albrecht Dürer from around 1497 illustrates the phenomenon.
Theoretical and experimental study on the testing accuracy of the image stabilization system of a space astronomical telescope
Authors: Li Chenghao , He Xu , Ji Qi , Zhang Xiaohui , Fan Kuo
Published: June 2020

Space astronomical telescopes must test the image stabilization accuracy of their image stabilization system prior to entering the orbit. According to the position characteristics of the fine guidance sensor of telescopes required by the China National Space Administration, a simulation model of moving guide stars is proposed in this study to test the image stabilization accuracy of space telescopes. The simulation model for synchronous moving guide stars is based on the principle of mutual collimation of the diagonal field of view of the optical system of telescope. Realize the multi-field moving guide stars with high synchronization accuracy simulated by the same target source. Compared to traditional methods, this method requires simple manufacturing and has high flexibility. The error sources affecting the simulation accuracy of the moving guide stars are analyzed, and an error model is established. Analysis results show that the simulation accuracy of the moving guide stars can reach

0

.

046

′
′

. The simulation model of guide stars is verified through experiments in which the influence of the vibration isolation platform is considered. Experiment results show that the simulation accuracy of motion guide stars is

0

.

036

′
′

, satisfying the accuracy requirements (

<

0

.

08

′
′

) of the accuracy test for the telescope image stabilization of telescopes.
Reducing field depth: annular Hadamard masks
Authors: Gómez-Sarabia Cristina M. , Ledesma-Carrillo Luis , Ojeda-Castañeda Jorge
Published: June 2020

For optically narrowing field depth, we explore the use of annular masks that are coded with the elements of Hadamard matrices. We show that with no further reduction of light throughput, these annular masks can enhance the influence of focus error on the modulation transfer functions (MTF). We report numerical evaluations of the irradiance point spread functions (PSFs), their associated MTFs, and of some digitally generated images. For complementing our assessments, we evaluate the Fisher information of these Walsh–Hadamard, annular masks. We suggest an optical technique for breaking 3-D scenes into several 2-D sliced frames by translating out-of-focus images into background noise.
Far-field modeling of obstructed Laguerre–Gauss beams
Authors: Bencheikh Abdelhalim , Chabou Saoussene , Boumeddine Ouis Chouaib
Published: June 2020

It was shown in the paper Opt. Lett. 40, 3739 (2015)OPLEDP0146-959210.1364/OL.40.003739 that Laguerre–Gauss beams

(

L
G
B

n

)

of order

n

and Bessel beams (BB) are asymptotically equivalent for

n
≫
1

. Here we demonstrate that an

L
G
B

n

and a BB are equivalent just in the inner multiring parts of the two beams. However, the outer multiring parts are completely different, and this leads us to apply a truncation on the two beams to make them indistinguishable. Since the

L
G
B

n

could be approximated by a BB only in the inner multiring part, we suggest another beam that could replace its outer multiring part. By considering the

L
G
B

n

as a sum of

n

rings having different radii and widths, we model the

L
G
B

n

outer multiring part by a sum of what we call in this paper “ring shifted-Gaussian beams.” The peer-to-peer comparison of the

L
G
B

n

with the two cited beams allowed us to provide a new analytical description of the obstructed

L
G
B

n

far field. These results will be very useful to study many aspects related to the

L
G
B

n

diffraction by apertures and stops. As an example, we show at the end of this paper how the self-healing ability of an obstructed

L
G
B

n

could be studied analytically.
From unexceptional to doubly exceptional surface waves
Authors: Lakhtakia Akhlesh , Mackay Tom G.
Published: June 2020

An exceptional surface wave can propagate in an isolated direction,
when guided by the planar interface of two homogeneous dielectric
partnering mediums of which at least one is anisotropic, provided that
the constitutive parameters of the partnering mediums satisfy certain
constraints. Exceptional surface waves are distinguished from
unexceptional surface waves by their localization characteristics: the
fields of an exceptional surface wave in an anisotropic partnering
medium decay as a combined linear-exponential function of distance
from the interface, whereas the decay is purely exponential for an
unexceptional surface wave. If both partnering mediums are
anisotropic, then a doubly exceptional surface wave can exist for an
isolated propagation direction. The decay of this wave in both
partnering mediums is governed by a combined linear-exponential
function of distance from the interface.
Deep-learning-based image reconstruction for compressed ultrafast photography
Authors: Ma Yayao , Feng Xiaohua , Gao Liang
Published: June 2020

Compressed ultrafast photography (CUP) is a computational optical imaging technique that can capture transient dynamics at an unprecedented speed. Currently, the image reconstruction of CUP relies on iterative algorithms, which are time-consuming and often yield nonoptimal image quality. To solve this problem, we develop a deep-learning-based method for CUP reconstruction that substantially improves the image quality and reconstruction speed. A key innovation toward efficient deep learning reconstruction of a large three-dimensional (3D) event datacube (

x
,
y
,

t

) (

x
,
y

, spatial coordinate;

t

, time) is that we decompose the original datacube into massively parallel two-dimensional (2D) imaging subproblems, which are much simpler to solve by a deep neural network. We validated our approach on simulated and experimental data.
The Kurds and the territorialization of minorityhood
Authors: Klein Janet
Published: June 2020

Drawing on the theoretical underpinnings of Gyanendra Pandey’s work on the construction of minorityhood in India, this article explores how Kurds became a minority in the context of foreign intervention in the Ottoman Empire and how a new discourse surrounding ‘minorities’, citizenship and rights became elements in a wider discourse on modernity, civilization, sovereignty, identity, citizenship and power. This article ultimately traces theminoritizationof the Kurds and how Kurds became minoritized after, but along with, Armenians. Of particular interest in the present study is how fresh thinking in the field of borderlands history can help illuminate other angles of the minoritization process, here, namely, its connection to territoriality. Thus, here I add to Pandey’s concept of ‘marked citizenship’ to reflect on what I call ‘marked territoriality’ as the companion feature in the process of making minorities. I also suggest that the case study I explore in this article may help us tweak the periodization of territoriality itself.
Claiming the Ezidis (Yezidis): Nineteenth- and twentieth-century Assyrian, Kurdish and Arab sources on Ezidi religious and ethnic identity
Authors: Sims Michael B.
Published: June 2020

Focusing on the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, this article explores the ways in which various religious and historical aspects of Ezidism were employed by both non-Ezidi and Ezidi authors to make claims of communal solidarity, national identity or religious categorization. Drawing upon a variety of Kurdish, Syriac, Arabic and Ottoman-language sources, it contextualizes these claims within contemporary historical developments and explores relationships between Ezidis and Assyrian/Syriac Christian communities, state authority, and Kurdish and Arab nationalism.
Kirkuk as a crucible: Sargon Boulus and the question of pluralism in northern Iraq
Authors: Bet-Shlimon Arbella
Published: June 2020

In the conclusion to this collection, I critically examine the theme of pluralism through the legacy of the poet Sargon Boulus (1944–2007), Kirkuk’s most famous writer. Boulus once described Kirkuk’s culture as a ‘crucible’ whose vernacular multilingualism made him into a writer. If Iraqis see Kirkuk as a microcosm of Iraq’s diversity, Boulus is most often claimed as a human exemplar of the value of that pluralism. Yet, there are competing versions of his legacy that lead to incompatible readings of his work. Boulus’s own words reveal that he was less interested in diversity, heterogeneity or ethnicity than he was in developing layered understandings of literature and land. His literary project was not nostalgic and did not elide differences. Ultimately, northern Iraq’s history of conflict amid pluralism must be reclaimed and explicitly reckoned with in order to understand the extreme divisions and homogenization of communities and territories facing Iraq today.
City of Black Gold: Oil, Ethnicity, and the Making of Modern Kirkuk, Arbella Bet-Shlimon (2019)
Authors: Cole Camille Lyans
Published: June 2020

Review of: City of Black Gold: Oil, Ethnicity, and the Making of Modern Kirkuk, Arbella Bet-Shlimon (2019)

Stanford: Stanford University Press, 296 pp.,

ISBN 978-1-50360-812-2, h/bk, $85

ISBN 978-1-50360-913-6, p/bk, $14.25

ISBN 978-1-50360-914-3, e/bk, $26.56
Blackened audiotopia: Privatized listening and urban experience
Authors: Stevens Francesca
Published: June 2020

In the age of headphone culture, where privatized listening while wandering around the city is the norm, the use of headphones raises questions about the experience of the listener and their perception of their urban environment. Of particular interest is the disjunct relationship between black metal music and urban space. Black metal lyrics often portray images of nature and paganism, a concept completely removed from a modern urban landscape. This article draws from Michael Bull’s work on iPod culture as well as ethnographic research to explore the black metal fan’s experience of private listening in a public cityscape. The main focus of this study is the relationship between the ambiguously intertwined visual urban reality and sonic imaginary. The research suggests that the black metal listener can have one of four experiences of time and space resulting in what is referred to as either a split or a blend of the aural imagined experience and the visual reality of the city.
‘No satisfaction, no fun, no future’: Futures thinking in black metal
Authors: Wallin Jason , Venkatesh Vivek
Published: June 2020

In this article, we aim to think the burgeoning theoretical orientation known as accelerationism alongside black metal, particularly as black metal harnesses accelerationist strategies of negation and opposition on behalf of surveying a world out-of-step with its ‘normative’ conceptualization. We claim that the relationship of accelerationism and black metal supports a stronger understanding of black metal’s ‘futurist thinking’ in that each cultivates a comportment for saying ‘NO’ to the world ‘as it is’ while advancing futures remote to the current civilizational order and the patterning of social being that such order presumes. It is along such aspects of resistance, we claim, that black metal both disarticulates the present and creates conditions for thinking the future, although one that contravenes the presumption of human supremacy, preservation and mastery. Further, by thinking black metal alongside accelerationism, we might better understand the conceptual and quasi-theoretical force of black metal as an artistic convergence point for apprehending an encroaching world of inhuman transformation and civilizational change.
The characteristics of a Finnish metal fan: Comparative study on music festival attendees
Authors: Kinnunen Maarit , Honkanen Antti , Karjalainen Toni-Matti
Published: June 2020

Metal is exceptionally popular and widely approved at all levels of Finnish society. But what are the Finnish metal fans like? Even though there are studies on how metal fans relate to the metal community and how they construct their identity, studies on metal festival audiences are scarce. Here, Finnish metal festival attendees are studied to find out how they differ from the participants of other popular music festivals in demographics, live music consumption and preferences in festival experiences. This is done using a mixed methods research approach. The most interesting finding concerns sex and self-perceived gender position. So far, female metal fans have been studied qualitatively, demonstrating how they represent and perceive themselves inside the male-dominant metal community. We present a new finding, using quantitative data, where both male and female metal fans consider themselves more masculine than the participants of other festivals. The importance of the community was confirmed. In a metal festival, there is a dual community effect: the festival community forms a temporary, open-minded enclave that is common for all the festivals. In a metal festival, the audience comprises also members of the more permanent metal community. A strong sense of community originates from the shared musical preference, demonstrated by a loyal festival attendance and a common symbol system. From the organizer’s point of view, metal festival fans are a grateful audience since they are loyal and earn more than other festival attendees, being willing to invest time and money for their fandom.
Thrash metal, del sonido al contenido: Origen y gestación de una contracultura chilena (‘Thrash metal, from sound to content: Origin and development of a Chilean counterculture’), Maximiliano Sánchez Mondaca (2014)
Authors: Keough Christian
Published: June 2020

Review of: Thrash metal, del sonido al contenido: Origen y gestación de una contracultura chilena (‘Thrash metal, from sound to content. Origin and development of a Chilean counterculture’), Maximiliano Sánchez Mondaca (2014)

Santiago: RIL Editores, 170 pp.,

ISBN 978-9-56010-059-7, p/bk, $9.99
Occurrence of Vibrio spp. along the Algerian Mediterranean coast in wild and farmed Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax
Authors: Arab Sonia , Nalbone Luca , Giarratana Filippo , Berbar Ali
Published: June 2020

Background and Aim: Vibrio bacteria are autochthonous inhabitants of aquatic and marine environments. Certain strains are responsible for important seafood-borne outbreaks in developed nations. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of Vibrio spp. along the Algerian Mediterranean coast in several samples of two prominent wild and farmed marine fishes, Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax.

Materials and Methods: A total of 350 S. aurata (n=280 farmed and n=70 wild) and 340 D. labrax (n=250 farmed and n=90 wild) were sampled among three different locations along the Algerian Mediterranean coastal area. The samples were processed for Vibrio research according to the ISO methods. Isolated colonies were identified utilizing biochemical tests and consecutively confirmed with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, combined with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis when appropriate, or confirmed with PCR analysis alone.

Results: A total of 42 Vibrio spp. were detected only among the farmed fishes. Taking into account, all 690 fishes sampled, the incidence of Vibrio spp. was 6.08% (with peaks up to 7.92%) among the total number of farmed fishes. Overall, 25 strains were isolated from S. aurata and 17 strains were isolated from D. labrax. The isolated strains belonged to four different species and were represented as follows: Vibrio alginolyticus (n=20), Vibrio cholerae (n=15), Vibrio fluvialis (n=5), and Vibrio hollisae (n=2). The incidence of Vibrio was higher in places characterized by greater levels of anthropogenic contamination of seawater.

Conclusion: Considering the growing production and consequent rising consumption of farmed fish in Algeria, the reported incidence of Vibrio and the presence of potentially pathogenic strains of Vibrio such as V. cholerae cause particular concern for food safety matters. Even if innovative and natural techniques are desired in aquaculture, proper hygiene and manufacturing practices are essential for the correct management of Vibrio infection risk in farmed fishes at both industrial and domestic levels.
good Samaritan has Arrived
Authors: Venthan Ananthavinayagan Thamil
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this article is to investigate the ongoing attempts by the West to colonize the Non-Western cultures by the means of religion. To this end, the missionary was and is without doubt the frontrunner for the standard of civilization, providing the pretext and fertile ground for the subsequent infiltration of the colonialist who was eager to carve an empire in the ‘discovered’  world - with the goal to exploit African resources for his own good. The exploitation of the resources in the colonized world was accompanied by the early religious Missionaries who set up secular missionaries. Their travels to other countries was not the bible but other documents of conquest such as dubious treaties, guns and trinkets to attract the unsuspecting colonized to be lured to them. Missionaries often aligned themselves with the powerful in order to achieve their prime objective of “saving souls” more rapidly. Colonization, civilisation and religion are means to the creation of imperialism. This article, to this end, will inquire the role of the non-Western world to resist attempts of there West to engage in practices of repeated colonization under the pretext of religion.
Refúgio LGBTI
Authors: Da Costa Abreu Marcia Elisa
Published: June 2020

O livro “Refúgio LGBTIs – Panorama Nacional e Internacional” aborda a temática do direito de refúgio por motivo de orientação sexual e identidade de gênero, um tema bastante desafiante no sentido de que não é fácil desenvolver uma pesquisa com pessoas extremamente vulneráveis e que muitas vezes vivem como seres invisíveis em sociedades preconceituosas que pouco ou nada conhecem dessa realidade. A metodologia usada em sua obra foi histórica, comparativa e indutiva e o trabalho foi estruturado a partir de uma perspectiva constitucionalista e de direitos humanos, trabalhando a evolução do refúgio a história do refúgio no Brasil para a partir daí adentrar-se nas possibilidades de refúgio para LGBTs.
uma Renovação da Crítica do Direito a partir dos Estudos Críticos do Discurso
Authors: De Macedo Menna Barreto Ricardo
Published: June 2020

O presente artigo tem por escopo realizar uma proposta de compreensão Crítica do Direito a partir dos Estudos Críticos do Discurso do linguista holandês Teun A. van Dijk. Nesse sentido, revisitam-se as relações entre Direito e Linguagem, visto que os estudos críticos de van Dijk permitem também uma atualização deste movimento em sua interseção com a Crítica do Direito. Quanto à metodologia, estabeleceu-se uma discussão crítica a partir do conhecimento partilhado pelo diálogo interdisciplinar, enquanto a técnica/método de pesquisa utilizado para a presente abordagem foi a bibliográfica. Entende-se que a articulação dos ECD de van Dijk com a Crítica do Direito pode orientar nos lineamentos iniciais de uma “Crítica Linguística do Direito” bastante atual e condizente com os caracteres da sociedade contemporânea.
Status da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos no Direito Internacional Contemporâneo
Authors: D. Lepard Brian
Published: June 2020

É geralmente reconhecido que a Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos é um dos documentos mais importantes do século XX, tendo sido traduzida para mais de 300 línguas. O mero fato que os diversos países concordaram em 1948 com o seu texto, estipulando uma série de direitos que todos os seres humanos devem gozar e cuja promoção e garantia são a responsabilidade de todos os Estados é, em si mesmo, um sucesso inédito na história. Assim sendo, o propósito deste texto é rever a importante influência desta Declaração no direito internacional contemporâneo e verificar o seu lugar e o seu status jurídico neste campo.