bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mand G in Genesis 1:1 - 2:4
Authors: Hendel Ronald S
Published: November 2023

A new era in the modem study of G began with the publication of “A New Qumran Biblical Fragment related to the Original Hebrew underlying the Septuagint” (Cross 1953). This fragment, consisting of two columns from 4QSama, demonstrated (in Cross’s words) “the seriousness with which the LXX dealt with the Hebrew text in their hands, and confirms most emphatically the usefulness of the LXX for the establishment of a more nearly original Hebrew text” (1953: 25). Orlinsky clarified this newly gained perspective in a subsequent review of the field of textual criticism: The LXX translation, no less than the MT itself, will have gained very considerable respect as a result of the Qumran discoveries in those circles where it has longoverlong-been necessary. And the LXX translators will no longer be blamed for dealing promiscuously with their Hebrew Vorlagen; it is to their Vorlagen that we shall have to go, and it is their Vorlagen that will have to be compared with the preserved MT. (1961: 121) In recent years, other Qumran texts have been published that have clear affinities to G, including (in the Pentateuch) 4QExodh, 4QLevd, and 4QDeutq (published in DJD 12 and 14; see Tov 1992b). Numerous important studies have refined our understanding of the history and text-critical value of G (see esp. Tov 1981, 1988; and the recent reviews of the field in Tov 1992b; Hanhart 1992; Aejmelaeus 1987).
Harmonizing Tendencies in S and G
Authors: Hendel Ronald S
Published: November 2023

The harmonization of inconsistencies in the Bible has a long history in biblical exegesis and pedagogy. Philipp Melanchthon, in his inaugural lecture of 1518, expressed forcefully the modem distaste for such reader’s aids: “Now away with so many frigid petty glosses, these harmonizings and ‘disharmonies’ and other hindrances to intelligence” (apud Hall 1963: 40). Yet, it is arguable that the practice of harmonization has been necessary in maintaining the vitality of the Bible in Judaism and Christianity for more than two millennia. Without the possibility of making sense of the innumerable inconsistencies or contradictions in the Bible, a coherent sense of the Bible’s religious authority is perhaps impossible. Hence, we find that the study of the Bible itself is hedged about with restrictions in many periods of Jewish and Christian history, as illustrated by the Talmudic dictum: “Keep your sons from Scripture” (B. Berakot 28b; see Talmage 1987).
Toward the Textual History of Genesis
Authors: Hendel Ronald S
Published: November 2023

The first systematic attempt to construct a textual history of the Hebrew Bible, that of J. G. Eichhorn, states the nature of the task succinctly: A complete history of the Hebrew text would enumerate, with reference to causes and consequences, all the essential and accidental changes, whether for good or evil, which it has undergone in the process of thousands of years and in its passage through men’s hands, from the time of its first composition down to the latest periods. (1888: 114 = German 3d ed., 1803) If a textual history maps “all the essential and accidental changes” through time, then what we require first is a collection and analysis of the secondary readings. In this formulation, textual history is (to oversimplify only slightly) a history of error. Modern methods for constructing textual histories have refined this view but generally affirm the significance of textual error in historical inquiry. In this area, “error” is used as a shorthand for “readings of secondary origin,” including intentional changes as well as accidental (West 1973: 32). One difference between the procedures of textual history (historia textus) and textual criticism per se (critica textus) is that in the former errors are of primary importance and in the latter they are to be removed (see Chiesa 1992a: 264-67).
Introduction
Authors: Huber Toni
Published: November 2023

In 1812 a Tibetan yogin named Shabkar sang his reflections upon a grueling mountain pilgrimage procession he had just performed and the vicissitudes of life in cyclic existence according to the Tibetan Buddhist world view: When progressing with difficult passage on the Narrow paths, rivers, and bridges of the Land of Savages, It occurred to me that it must be like this When treading the perilous paths leading between one ’s death and rebirth. When I saw the cheerful progress Of all those who were able-bodied and well equipped, It occurred to me that it must be like this When going to the next life possessing the Buddha ’s teachings. When I saw the painful progress Of all those who were feeble and ill-equipped, It occurred to me that it must be like this When going to the next life without the Buddha ’s teachings. When I saw the progress of those Leaving their ailing friends behind, It occurred to me this is just what one means When talking of friends who lack a sense of shame. When I saw the progress of those Carrying their ailing friends upon their backs, It occurred to me this is just what one means When talking of friends who have a keen sense of shame. When I saw some giving food and supporting Those bereft of everything, It occurred to me that this is just what one means By those one talks of as aspiring to Buddhahood.
Tibetan Pilgrimage: Concepts and Practice
Authors: Huber Toni
Published: November 2023

The practice of pilgrimage by Tibetans has to be viewed as a part of the whole field of their ritual life and the worldview that informs the actions that constitute it. Both historical records and contemporary observations reveal an extraordinarily rich range of Tibetan practices that can be classed as “rituals” or “rites” of one form or another. Research on Tibetan ritual has to recognize this great diversity and the fact that Tibetan religious life has long been characterized by a high degree of syncretism, with processes of mutual assimilation and influence resulting in a complex historical and social field.
The Cult of Pilgrimage Mountains 1n Tibet
Authors: Huber Toni
Published: November 2023

Mountains have, without a doubt, been the most venerated and culturally significant feature of the Tibetan landscape throughout space and time. Tibetans have considered various mountains to possess a special status or to be powerful or sacred in different ways for the entire period of their recorded history. Yet this has never been a static phenomenon. It can be demonstrated that the sacred mountains Tibetans themselves came to take for granted are the cultural products of long and particular processes of social construction. Certain ancient forms of Tibetan mountain worship have long been extinct, declining and dying out along with the defunct social orders with which they were associated. Some have persisted over the long duree while still others have come into being and risen to popularity more recently. Despite this variety and change, mountains have remained symbolically and ritually important for successive Tibetan societies, for whom they have come to function as one significant form of organizing principle. Common cultural understandings of the mountain have been shared by, and perhaps at times served to unite, an otherwise quite diverse set of peoples separated by geography, dialect, forms of production and social organization, customs, and so on.
Cosmodrama and Architectonics of Landscape
Authors: Huber Toni
Published: November 2023

This short prayer forms the opening lines of an early-nineteenth century Tibetan pilgrim ’s guidebook to the famous neri of Tsari,a guidebook still in use today. To non-Tibetans it may appear to be simply another devotional verse. Yet these four lines contain the essence of an entire complex representational system. It is a system that Tibetans have applied for centuries to a mountain topos that modern observers have more recently described in essence as the 5,735-meter Himlayan peak Takpa Shiri at latitude 28° 37 ‘ and longitude 93° 15 ‘, using their own alternative representational system. Anyone who reads or hears this short verse is given the cues, line by line, that the place encompasses sublime human knowledge and happiness, that it is all-pervasive in its effects, and that it has two architectonic forms, the palace and the offering shrine, which constitute at once an abode of many classes of beings and a hierarchized ordering of space and the physical environment.
The Organization of the Orders
Authors: Trimingham J Spencer
Published: November 2023

The first stage of Sufi organization was the circle of pupils and adepts around a master. In Khurasan the location of such a group was a centre called a khanaqah. This was not a building designed specially for the purpose but simply a dwelling taken over to house a shaikh and his dervishes. Such a centre was still a circle even though it occupied a building in which rooms were set aside for assembly (jama’at-or samii’at-khana) and for prayer (m allii), and frequently the whole circle went on tour for a year or longer. Many such centres are recorded in the eleventh century in the life of Abu Sa’id ibn Abi ‘-Khair (A.D. 967-1049),1 among them Khanaqah-i Sarawi, founded in Nishapur by Abu ‘Ali ad-Daqqaq (d. A.D. 1016), who was the master of both Abu Sa’id and al-Qushairi. Another in the same city, that of Abu ‘Ali at-Tarsiisi (d. 364/974), survived until 548/n 54 when it was destroyed by the Ghuzz.
The People
Authors: Bennion Janet
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a historical, ideological, and structural framework for understanding the more specific processes of individual choice and consequence. It shows that men and women differ in their progression toward achieving satisfaction and successful integration in the Allred group. This difference is shaped by an ideology that justifies large numbers of women succeeding in kingdom building versus a few men doing so and a social structure that provides women with swifter and greater access to valued economic and symbolic resources. I believe that men and women progress in the system in stages or phases, much like the phases described by Lofland in his study of conversion and integration (1977). Lofland wrote that individuals who have certain socioeconomic and emotional stressors are driven toward nontraditional religious movements. Taking his study as a guide, I am convinced that certain mainstream Mormons have predisposing characteristics for joining the Allred group, and, when they do, certain structural and ideological elements convince them to stay or promote alienation and discontentment.
Ideological Blueprints
Authors: Bennion Janet
Published: November 2023

Women create their own ideological framework in the Allred group. The narratives in this chapter provide examples of how women gain autonomy and empowerment through certain unique religious codes and principles, centered in their own experience. These narratives are presented in a re alistic fashion that protects the identities of informants. Throughout these narratives, convert women have an advantage over convert men in gaining access to valued rituals and spiritual powers and in finding justification through scriptures and folklore for their empowerment.
Courtship, Marriage, and Sexuality
Authors: Bennion Janet
Published: November 2023

Most Allred women are able to use polygyny to their advantage. The following stories generally confirm that female converts are upwardly mobile in their progression to marry well and find a relatively comfortable home for themselves and their children. This chapter describes the socialization, courtship, and marriage rules and norms not already mentioned in chapter 2. It then provides several narratives of women’s experience in marriage that illustrate the broad range of experiences of both convert and established wives. Finally, drawing upon community demographic statistics on marriage and family, it shows how convert women and elite established men have advantages over convert males in the kingdom building process.
Conclusion
Authors: Bennion Janet
Published: November 2023

I have sought to explain why women are attracted to Mormon fundamentalist society, why they remain in the polygynous group in such high numbers, and whether they fare better than men in the kingdom-building process. My findings indicate that women tum to fundamentalism to alleviate their deprivations experienced in the larger culture. I predict that the number of women in fundamentalist Mormon groups will soar because the structure accommodates deprived women from the mainsteam who are so discouraged that they are willing to share and scrounge and be formally dominated by elite polygynous men, a situation seemingly of more appeal to them than life in orthodox Mormon society.
Religion, Religions, And World Religions Religious Studies-A Critique
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy
Published: November 2023

This book has a number of related purposes. The first is to argue that there is no coherent non-theological theoretical basis for the study of religion as a separate academic discipline. The major assumption lying behind much comparative religion, also called phenomenology of religion, is that ‘religion’ is a universal phenomenon to be found in principle in all cultures and all human experience. This conception of a world of faiths involves a claim about human responses to the divine or the transcendent. Examples of ‘religions’ as putatively distinct systems or semantic fields can be listed and distinguished from ‘quasi-religious’ and ‘non-religious’ (secular) ideologies and institutions, as can specifically ‘religious’ experiences be distinguished from ‘non-religious’ ones. There are a plethora of definitions attempting to isolate these claimed religious phenomena from their non-religious contexts, though many authors and editors of books and encyclopaedias on religions and world religions seem unconcerned with any methodological principles governing their decisions. Generally, however, explicitly or implicitly, religion is assumed to be a phenomenon that is distinctive and separate and requires special departments and methodologies for its study.
Ninian Smart And The Phenomenology Of Religion
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy
Published: November 2023

In chapter 1 asked the reader to consider a spectrum of usages for the words ‘religion’ and ‘religions’. At one end of the spectrum the R-word is used by comparative religionists who derive their program from Mueller, Otto, and others. Sharpe’s history of comparative religion (which I looked at in the previous chapter) indicated that there is a theology of religions and it can be called liberal ecumenical theology, with a strong tendency toward monotheism though combining with a genuine scholarly interest in non-European and non-Christian languages and institutions, for example Sanskrit and Pali. However, the emphasis of comparative religion has been on fitting the non-Christian institutions, especially texts and their interpretation, into the framework of liberal ecumenical theology, and into a classification system dominated by Judaeo-Christian concepts of worship, sacrifice, and so on, though incorporating other concepts from such modem movements as neo-Vedanta.
Religion, Family Resemblances, And The Use Context
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter I pointed out that Smart had appealed to Ludwig Wittgenstein’s “family resemblances” as a solution to the problem of the definition of ‘religion’. While on the one hand many scholars feel intuitively that religion or religions can be fundamentally defined by belief in God or the supernatural or some other essential characteristic such as a special faculty of experience, there is an equally strong intuition that a whole range of institutions that do not involve belief or God or even the supernatural are also called religions or at least religious. The R-word in its various manifestations-’religion’, ‘religions’, ‘world religions’, ‘religious phenomena’, ‘religiosity’, and so on-is used by scholars in a bewildering variety of contexts, often with little or no critical reflection. Smart was attempting to redress this problem; though, as I suggested, there is an unresolved conflict in his writing between an essentialism deriving from the ecumenical theology of religions project and on the other hand his recognition that the world is full of cultural and ritual institutions that do not fit into the religion construct. This dichotomy is reproduced by the family resemblances type of definition on the one hand, which is an attempt to extend the notion of religion to include as many of these cultural institutions as possible while retaining a distinct meaning, and on the other hand by his implicit use of the characteristic idea of a sui generis set of beliefs, experiences, and institutions to ensure the continued distinction between a religious and a non-religious ideology.
Buddhism In India Ritual, Politics, And Soteriology
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy
Published: November 2023

Here I shall discuss the issues of ‘religion’ and ‘society’ in relation to my own re­ search on Ambedkar Buddhism. In studying this movement I found the concept of religion unhelpful and instead have analyzed it in terms of the concepts ritual, politics, and soteriology. Put very simply I define these terms as follows. Ritual: the concept of hierarchical order that is conceived in the ancient texts to permeate the cosmos, indeed to be the cosmos and thus to be equivalent to dharma, in­ cluding varna and jati (chaturvarnya, varnasramadharma); ritual systems of division of labor (such as jajmani and balutedari); the opposition between the pure (Brahmin) and the impure (untouchable); ritual relationships with deities; the status of texts such as Veda, Upanishad, Sruti, and Smriti; rules of endogamy, commensality, and living space; and concepts of legitimated power including kingship. All those are subsumed within this large conception of order. Politics: modern politics, as distinguished from the traditional legitimation of power, for example, the king and the dominant caste. Modern political conceptions include the egalitarian constitution; an independent judiciary founded on equality before the law; democratic representative legislatures and universal suffrage; the principle of human and civil rights; the sovereignty of the nation state; and the right to self-rule by groups claiming historical, linguistic, ethnic, and cultural independence.
Hinduism
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy
Published: November 2023

In previous chapters I discussed attempts by various writers in the religion genre to Jliind a clear and distinct meaning, use, and demarcation point for religion as a cross­ cultural analytical concept. I looked at Smart’s distinction between a religion and a religion like ideology; at his distinction between a religion with a social dimension and the religious aspects of a society; at Byrne’s version of the family resemblance argument; at Smith’s distinction between religions and quasi religions; and at Juergensmeyer’s distinction between religious and secular nationalism. Nowhere could I find a clearly articulated, consistently used, theoretically useful cross cultural analytical concept.
Constructing A Collective Identity
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy
Published: November 2023

I tried to show in the previous chapter that the category religion operates at a superficial level with Japan and serves to obscure rather than illuminate Japanese realities. The idea that there exist a number of separate religions in Japan that can be studied and analyzed in a decontextual way is a category mistake deriving from the history of western imperial expansion, the imposition of a western ideological distinction between religion and the secular, and the Japanese reaction to western threats at the time of Meiji. And, if we follow Chalmers Johnson, then it becomes possible to see that it is not only religion but also the categories of politics and economics that have to be articulated in a different way if an analysis of Japanese social and cultural realities is to be possible.
The Bible and Slavery
Authors: Noll Mark A
Published: November 2023

A brief observation in Abraham Lincoln ‘s Second Inaugural Address highlighted the greatest theological conundrum of the Civil War. Both North and South, he said, “read the same Bible.” The profundity of this statement was twofold. Most obviously, both North and South read the Bible, almost universally in the Authorized Version. More important for a theological understanding of the Civil War, both read the Bible in the same way.
‘Wholesome Reading Purifies and Elevates the Man” The Religious Military Press in the Confederacy
Authors: Berends Kurt O
Published: November 2023

Throughout the second half of the Civil War, the religious military press (henceforth referred to as (RMP) sought to provide beneficial reading for the Confederate army. ‘Wholesome reading purifies and elevates the man,” wrote the Rev. John Leyland, editor of The Soldier ‘s Visitor. “It inspires him with better thoughts and impulses, it encourages him to that which is good, it restrains him from evil.” Leyland and other editors defined purity as more than just conformity to the evangelical lifestyle. Purity, for the editors of the RMP, suggested a certain type of soldier.
The Body Broken
Authors: Elwood Christopher
Published: November 2023

This study of controversy over the eucharist in sixteenth-century France argues that Calvinist interpretations of the Lord's Supper played a crucial role in the development of early modern revolutionary politics. Focusing on new understandings of signs and symbols conveyed in Protestant eucharistic writings, Elwood shows how eucharistic doctrine facilitated new conceptions of the nature of power and the relation between society and the sacred and contributed to the development of the divergent religious, social, and political ideals that threatened to destroy France in the second half of the sixteenth century.
Immanent Majesty:The Eucharist and the Body of Christ in Late Medieval Society
Authors: Elwood Christopher
Published: November 2023

In a treatise published in 1565 on the Roman Mass and the Holy Supper as instituted by Christ, the Reformed minister Pierre Viret identified as “the greatest superstition and idolatry which has ever appeared since the beginning of the world” the belief that after the consecration in the Mass of the bread and wine, the sacramental elements become “Jesus Christ him self in flesh and bones, both God and man together.” The idolatry was made complete by the practice of showing the elements to the congregation, “lifting them up, and causing them to be worshiped by all, as idols.” If this error were not considered grave enough, Viret pointed out that those who per verted Christ’s Supper were not content to confine their idolatry to the moment of consecration but reserved the consecrated bread in monstrances, pyxes, and ciboria “not only to make it worshiped there as God or to carry it for the same purpose in processions with great pomp and solemnity, as the Persians of old carried their sacred fire, but also in order by it to ward off bad weather, storms, and devils and to use it for other such superstitions, as it occurs to them by their fantasy.”
Heavenly Things In Heaven:The First Wave of French Protestant Propaganda,1533-1535
Authors: Elwood Christopher
Published: November 2023

On the morning of january 21, 1535, “the most beautiful and solemn procession ever held in France” set off from the church of St. Germain l’Auxerrois in Paris. Moving through streets lined with tapestries and lighted torches, merchants, artisans, members of the mendicant orders, and religious from all the parishes of the city carried torches, crosses, banners, and the most prized shrines and relics of the city’s impressive collection. The array of holy objects included the reliquary caskets of all the saints associated with the city, the rod of Aaron, the tablets of the Decalogue, a vial containing the milk of the Virgin Mary, the holy crown of thorns, two pieces of the true cross, the head of the spear that pierced Christ’s side, Christ’s burial shroud, and swaddling cloths, and a drop of his blood. Behind this display of sacred objects came representatives of the University of Paris and the cardinals of Tournon, Lisieux, Chatillon and Givry. At the center of the procession, removed from the other participants by a short distance, was the corpus Domini, “the true and precious body of our Lord and Redeemer Jesus Christ.” Cardinal Jean du Bellay, the bishop of Paris, carried a monstrance in the form of a cross, which held the host. Stretched over the sacrament was a crimson canopy embossed with gold fleurs-de-lis, the symbol of the royal house of France. The canopy’s staves were carried by the king’s three sons and Charles de Bourbon, duke of Vendome. Surrounding them were some two hundred guards carrying lighted torches. Immediately behind this contingent walked “the most Christian king” himself, Francis I, escorted by the cardinal of Lorraine. In keeping with the solemnity of the occasion, the king appeared before his subjects bareheaded, wearing a black robe and carrying a lighted torch.
Seeds of Discord:The Diffusion of the Refarmed Doctrine,1540-1560
Authors: Elwood Christopher
Published: November 2023

The devil is abroad in the land, warned the Catholic controversialist Gentian Hervet in a treatise on the eucharist published in 1562. The evidence for this was more than apparent: the “unruly disobedience of subjects toward their superiors,” envy, hate, rancor, discord, and dissension in all places-even within families. The Protestant ministers, “ministers of the devil,” were accomplishing Satan’s work by attempting to abolish the holy sacrifice of the Mass, cause “the simple people” to rebel against “their prince and sovereign lord,” and reduce the commonwealth to a state of confusion. Their strategy was to prey on the most vulnerable-people of low estate and women-and the “most attractive means that these miserable ministers of Satan have to corrupt and ruin the simple people and these little women is principally by these wicked books written in vernacular French which are full of impiety and blasphemy against the Holy Mass.” Of these works Hervet noted that there was an abundant supply. By flooding the country with their pestilent and poisonous ideas, these ministers had become “the cause that the subjects revolted against their lord,” the king of France.
The Eucharist, Reformed Social Formation, and the Ideology Of Resistance
Authors: Elwood Christopher
Published: November 2023

Jean calvin began ms career as A reformer defending Reformed Protestantism against the charge of sedition. Reflecting more than twenty years later on his initiation into the world of public religious controversy, Calvin gave as his reason for writing his Institutes in 1535 not only the persecution in France of his religious comrades but, more important, their misrepresentation in the court of public opinion as “Anabaptists and seditious persons, who by their dreams and false opinions were overturning not only religion but the whole political order.” This impression had to be corrected through a persuasive presentation of the heads of Reformed doctrine that would show it to be an eminently pure and faithful expression of Christian piety that posed no danger to the established political order. It was with this end in view that Calvin inserted into his book the dedicatory epistle to the French king Francis I. He acknowledged in that letter the difficulty of his task, seeing the advantage the opponents of the Reformed enjoyed by virtue of their ability to falsely define for the king the teaching of the Protestants. Their reports were extremely damaging: “It is as if this doctrine looked to no other end than to subvert all orders and civil governments, to disrupt the peace, to abolish all laws, to scatter all lordships and possessions-in short, to turn everything upside down!”
Some Basic Principles
Authors: Zimring Franklin E
Published: November 2023

The chapter addresses the basic principles that should govern a wide range of harmful acts that occur in an age range from about 12 to 20. This is a very broad spectrum of policy and behavior, so these remarks cannot be considered comprehensive coverage. Instead, what is offered is usually called “notes toward” in the academic tradition, by which the author implies that a complete jurisprudence is his or her next project (but one, of course, that never seems to get written). The general discussion in this chapter is preliminary to the specific questions considered in chapters 6, 7, and 8. My version of “notes toward” comes in four installments. The first discusses the substitution of debates about procedure and court jurisdiction for issues of substantive principle. The second discusses the policy for youth violence as an extension of the legal policy for crime, as well as an extension of policy for youth development. The question is not which of these two perspectives should control thinking about youth violence but how they can jointly determine appropriate responses to particular circumstances. The third part is the heart of this chapter, in which an attempt is made to identify two clusters of policies in more detail than in previous efforts (Zimring 1978). The fourth part considers whether special dispensations for youths should not also be extended to violent youths. The aim of the chapter is to provide a framework to inform the large number of specific questions that a useful policy must address one by one.
Firearms Policy for the Young
Authors: Zimring Franklin E
Published: November 2023

The most alarming statistics about recent American youth violence concern the increasing rate of homicide, which is wholly the result of increasing gun use in assaults. During the eight years after 1985, when the homicide rate for persons over the age of 24 did not increase, the total homicide rate attributable to juvenile offenders more than doubled. But this statistic was itself an aggregation of two quite divergent trends. Juvenile homicides committed by all means other than guns were remarkably stable through out the 1980s and the early 1990s. As we saw in chapter 3, however, the rate of gun killings resulting in the arrest of an offender under 18 years of age more than tripled over a nine-year period.
Youth Violence and the Future of the Juvenile Court
Authors: Zimring Franklin E
Published: November 2023

As chapter 1 reported, youth violence has dominated legislative debate and activity concerning juvenile justice throughout the 1990s. This chapter explores the consequences of that domination on the principles and processes of the juvenile court in the United States and on the types of future reform currently being discussed. This chapter considers the broad question of how concern about youth violence may modify the processes and prospects of the juvenile court in its entire delinquency jurisdiction. After a century of development, the juvenile court now operates in the shadow of intense concern about adolescent violence. This chapter addresses the implications of that shadow for the theory and practice of juvenile justice.
Youth Violence and Youth Policy
Authors: Zimring Franklin E
Published: November 2023

This book is about a subject of only modest importance. Just as violence is a small part of the process of growing up, government policy toward youth violence is not a major element in the complex of government policies that influence the development and welfare of young persons in the United States. Although a substantial minority of American boys are involved in fights and as saults, for the most part these are not important developmental mile stones and the transition away from violence is a normal part of social maturation. The legal rules that have major impact on adolescent development in the United States concern education, job training, medical care, employment, and driving privileges. Policy toward youth violence should be only a small piece of a large puzzle. It should be consistent with the general principles that inform youth policy in its many other contexts, but it should not govern youth development.
Aethra And Theseus
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Now, while Pittheus was still living at Pisa, Bellerophon had asked to marry his daughter Aethra, but had been sent away to Caria in disgrace before the marriage could be celebrated; though still contracted to Bellerophon, she had little hope of his return. Pittheus, therefore, grieving at her enforced virginity, and influenced by the spell which Medea was casting on all of them from afar, made Aegeus drunk, and sent him to bed with Aethra.
Chimalman and Quetzalcoatl
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

The great high priest and monarch of the Golden Age in the Toltec city of Tula, the City of the Sun, in ancient Mexico, whose name, Quetzalcoatl, has been read to mean both “the Feathered Serpent” and “the Admirable Twin,” and who was fair of face and white of beard, was the teacher of the arts to the people of pre-Columbian America, originator of the calendar, and their giver of maize. His virgin mother, Chimalman the legend tells-had been one of three sisters to whom God, the All-Father, had appeared one day under his form of Citlallatonac, “the morning.”
Siegfried
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

King Sigmund of Tarlungaland, on his return from an expedition, ban ishes his wife Sisibe, the daughter of King Nidung of Hispania, who is accused by Count Hartvin, whose advances she has spurned, of having had illicit relations with a menial. The king’s counselors advise him to mutilate the innocent queen, instead of killing her, and Hartvin is ordered to cut out her tongue in the forest, so as to bring it to the king as a pledge. His companion, Count Hermann, opposes the execution of the cruel command, and proposes to present the tongue of a dog to the king.
Kunti and Karna
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

The chief of the Yadus, named Sura, had a son, Vasudeva, and a daughter, Prtha, whose beauty was matchless on earth. As had been promised, Sura gave Prtha in adoption to his childless cousin and close friend, the high-souled Kuntibhoja. Hence she also came to be known as Kunti. In her adopted father’s house Kunti’s duties were to worship the family deities and look after the guests.
Buddha
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Now during the time that Gautama had been dwelling in the forest near by Uruvela, the daughter of the village headman, by name Sujata, had been accustomed to make a daily offering of food to eight hundred Brahmans, making the prayer-May the Bodhisatta at length, receive an offering of food from me, attain enlightenment, and become a Buddha? And now that the time had come when he desired to receive nourishing food, a Deva appeared in the night to Sujata and announced that the Bodhisatta had put aside his austerities and desired to partake of good and nourishing food, “and now shall your prayer be accomplished.”
Milarepa
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

When named I am the man apart; I am the sage of Tibet; I am Milarepa. I hear little but counsel much; I reflect little but persevere much; I sleep little but endure in meditation much. My narrow bed gives me ease to stretch & bend; my thin clothing makes my body warm; my scanty fare satisfies my belly.
Isaac Tens
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

I went up into the hills to get firewood. While I was cutting up the wood into lengths, it grew dark towards the evening. Before I had finished my last stack of wood, a loud noise broke out over me, chu-----, & a large owl appeared to me. The owl took hold of me, caught my face, & tried to lift me up. I lost consciousness. As soon as I came back to my senses I realized that I had fallen into the snow. My head was coated with ice, & some blood was running out of my mouth.
Ananse
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

The sky-god called a council of elders and explained that Ananse the Spider had paid the price-Python, the Hornets, Leopard, and a Fairy. Also, as promised, he had brought his old mother. The elders sang Ananse’s praises and the sky-god handed over the stories. “From now on,” he said, “they will not be called the sky-god’s stories. They will be known as Spider stories.”
Pele, Hiiaka, And Lohiau
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

At one time Pele fell in love with a mortal; and this is the story of the fiery wooing. Pele, her brothers, and sisters one day, to amuse themselves with a taste of mortal enjoyments, left their lurid caves in the crater of Kilauea, and went down to the coast of Puna to bathe, surf-ride, sport in the sands, and gather squid, limpets, edible seaweed, and like delicacies. As they had assumed human forms for the time, so for the time they experienced human appetites.
Orpheus
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

The songs that Orpheus sang brought creatures round him, All beasts, all birds, all stones held in their spell. But look! There on a hill that overlooked the plain, A crowd of raging women stood, their naked breasts Scarce covered by strips of fur. They gazed at Orpheus Still singing, his frail lyre in one hand.
Kuan Yin
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Really a goddess, Kuan Yin, or Kannan, is a heroine who dies and comes back to live after a journey to the underworld where her powers of redemption are demonstrated.
Moses
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

When Moses was on the point of departing from heaven, a celestial voice announced: “Moses, thou earnest hither, and thou didst see the throne of My glory. Now thou shalt see also Paradise and hell,” and God dispatched Gabriel on the errand of showing hell to him. Terrified by its fires, when he caught sight of them as he entered the portals of hell, Moses refused to go farther. But the angel encouraged him, saying, “There is a fire that not only burns but also consumes, and that fire will protect thee against hell fire, so that thou canst step upon it, and yet thou wilt not be seared.”
Aeneas
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

The journey from Carthage to the west coast of Italy was easy as com pared with what had gone before. A great loss, however, was the death of the trusty pilot Palinurus who was drowned as they neared the end of the perils by sea.
Mary
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

The dogma of the Assumption maintains that, after her death, the Virgin Mary was assumed bodily into heaven, where she was subsequently crowned-”more glorious than the Cherubim and Seraphim”-to reign with Christ for ever and ever. We are here within sight of the recognition that the Assumption is the rev elation of what the Virgin was from the beginning-the one who reigns eternally with Christ, Sophia as the consort of Logos, divine Matrix of the universe. All the honours and symbols of this estate are present and the only thing lacking is the precise theological definition.
Agnes
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Aspasius had the young girl thrown into a raging fire, but the flames, dividing, consumed the pagans and left Agnes untouched. Then, by order of Aspasius, a dagger was thrust into her throat, and in this manner her heavenly Spouse claimed her for His bride, having decked her with the crown of martyrdom. All this is believed to have taken place under the reign of Constantine the Great, who reigned about the year 309. And the parents of Saint Agnes, with the other Christians, buried her with great joy; and they barely escaped the shower of stones which the pagans hurled at them.
Jesus
Authors: Leeming David Adams
Published: November 2023

Then the eleven disciples went away into Galilee, into a mountain where Jesus had appointed them. And when they saw him, they worshipped him: but some doubted. And Jesus came and spake unto them, saying, All power is given unto me in heaven and in earth. Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of 5 the Holy Ghost: teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you: and, lo, I am with you alway, even unto the end of the world.
Human Causes versus Natural Events
Authors: Fletcher George P
Published: November 2023

Crimes typically occur when an offender brings about harm to the significant interests of a victim.1 Think about the standard felonies of the common law: homicide, assault, rape, mayhem, arson, robbery, larceny, burglary. All of these crimes leave palpable harms in their wake: someone is killed (homicide), attacked (assault), sexually violated (rape), or disfigured (mayhem). A dwelling house is set afire (arson), property is taken violently or with a threat of violence (robbery), something is taken stealthfully (larceny), or a private home is invaded with felonious intentions (burglary). These are harms that unnerve the community as well as leave the victim in a state of irreversible damage.
Offens es versus Defenses
Authors: Fletcher George P
Published: November 2023

While the distinction between wrongdoing and attribution is well understood in Germany and other Continental legal systems, lawyers in the common law tradition are more likely to classify issues by dividing them into the categories of offenses and defenses. Homicide, theft, and rape are offenses. Self-defense, necessity, consent, mistake, and insanity are all defenses. These two modes of classification are at odds with each other. The category of defenses typically includes all claims of justification and excuse, which explains why this distinction was long ignored in the common law tradition. Yet the distinction between offenses and defenses raises an important philosophical boundary that finds application as well in the structure that derives from the distinction between wrongdoing and attribution.
Self-Defense versus Necessity
Authors: Fletcher George P
Published: November 2023

As we noted in the analysis of intentional and negligent criminality, claims of justification and excuse pervade the criminal law. The definition of intentional wrongdoing enables us to see the criteria of justification and excuse in bold relief, for these issue are considered on their footing, as “defenses” to crime. This conclusion of chapter 7 provides a bridge to the topic we now consider: claims of self-defense and necessity, both as claims of excuse and of justification. These two ideas-self-defense and necessity-are leitmotifs for charting the history of criminal responsibility in its various stages of development. Both ideas emerge relatively early as excusing conditions and, in the course of history, generate claims of justification that function either as the supplement or as the replacement of their original excusing functions.
Shakespeare’s English Kings
Authors: Saccio Peter
Published: November 2023

Far more than any professional historian, Shakespeare is responsible for whatever notions most of us possess about English medieval history. Anyone who appreciates the dramatic action of Shakespeare’s history plays but is confused by much of the historical detail will welcome this guide to the Richards, Edwards, Henrys, Warwicks and Norfolks who ruled and fought across Shakespeare’s page and stage. Not only theater-goers and students, but today’s film-goers who want to enrich their understanding of film adaptations of plays such as Richard III and Henry V will find this revised edition of Shakespeare’s English Kings to be an essential companion. Saccio’s engaging narrative weaves together three threads: medieval English history according to the Tudor chroniclers who provided Shakespeare with his material, that history as understood by modern scholars, and the action of the plays themselves. Including a new preface, a revised further reading list, genealogical charts, an appendix of names and titles, and an index, the second edition of Shakespeare’s English Kings offers excellent background reading for all of the ten history plays.
Richard II: The Fall of the King
Authors: Saccio Peter
Published: November 2023

Richard II reigned over England for slightly more than twenty two years, from June 1377 to September 1399. For Englishmen of the succeeding two centuries, however, all that Richard did and suffered in his first twenty-one years of rule seemed insignificant beside his final loss of the crown to his cousin Henry of Boling broke. Modern scholars have protested against the distortion that arises from viewing a sequence of events solely through the glass of its final outcome. Social historians now rightly dwell upon the Peasants’ Revolt, which occurred in 1381, and the influential proto-Protestantism of John Wyclif, who died in 1384. Constitutional historians properly investigate parliament’s discovery and development of the powers of impeachment in 1376 and 1386. Literary historians naturally stress the works of Chaucer, who was writing throughout the reign. Biographers of the king himself fairly suggest that overemphasis on his final failure obscures his earlier achievements and the personal qualities that made them possible.
Henry IV: The King Embattled
Authors: Saccio Peter
Published: November 2023

The reign of Henry IV came to Shakespeare’s hand already possessed of a dramatic shape, a perceived pattern of historical cause and effect. In 1399, at about the age of thirty-three, Henry of Lancaster usurped the crown of his first cousin Richard II, retaining it until his own death of natural causes in 1413. Shakespeare’s Henry, on his deathbed, attributes all the troubles of his reign to his having “snatched” the crown. Henry’s overthrow of Richard had implicitly invited others, when they became discontented with his rule, to attempt another deposition. Shakespeare’s king exaggerates slightly: the last five years of Henry’s reign were in fact free of major domestic upheaval.
Henry V: The King Victorious
Authors: Saccio Peter
Published: November 2023

Henry V ruled England for nine and a half years, inheriting his father Henry IV’s throne in March 1413 at the age of twentyfive, and dying in August I 42 2, just before his thirty-fifth birthday. His was thus the shortest of the three Lancastrian reigns. It was also the most conspicuously successful. Whereas his father before him and his son after frequently faced domestic rebellion, no one waged civil war against Henry. Indeed, he differs from all the rest of the kings treated in this book in that the most significant events of his reign concerned foreign policy. The other late Plantagenets, Lancastrian and Yorkist alike, were obliged to worry principally about retaining the English crown. Henry had little trouble in this regard. He easily crushed the one dynastic and the one religious plot against him. Never as king did he have to meet rebel Englishmen on the field of battle. Rather he gained a second kingdom for himself and his heirs.
Waldo Frank, Jean Toomer, and the Critique of Racial Voyeurism
Authors: Terris Daniel
Published: November 2023

In the summer of 1922, Waldo Frank dropped a note to Jean Toomer proposing a journey together into the American South. Frank had first met Toomer more than two years before at a Greenwich Village party, but their friendship had developed, mostly by mail, only in the previous six months. Frank was living in New York, Toomer in Washington, D.C. Toomer was a struggling writer a few years younger than Frank. He had published a few poems and sketches, and he was elated to be in the company of an established, if controversial, literary figure. Frank, for his part, was delighted to find a young writer who took him seriously and could second his animosity toward the critics who had been tough on The Dark Mother and Rahab. They shared an intense spirituality, a sense of alienation from the literary mainstream, and a commitment to experimentation with literary form. Now Frank wanted to refresh his sense of the southern locale in which he planned to set his new book: “a short novel that sprang into being one night in the pinewoods of an Alabama village, full of the songs and calls of the black folk, and that has been germinating, forming ever since.” Toomer was partly of African American ancestry, he had recently spent time in Georgia, and he had family in the South: he volunteered to make the arrangements.