bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Young monolingual and bilingual children's responses to violation of the Mutual Exclusivity Principle
Authors: Frank Ilana , Poulin-Dubois Diane
Published: February 2009

The mutual exclusivity principle, which states that an object category can have only one name, has been shown to be used by toddlers and preschoolaged children(Markman, 1991). Studies of the mutual exclusivity principle in bilingual children aged over 3.5 years have generally found a tendency to honor the principle within languages, but not across languages. To date, younger bilinguals'adherence to this principle has not been investigated. In the present cross-sectional study, monolingual and bilingual children aged 27 and 35 months were tested. Both monolingual and bilingual children were presented with two novel labels for the same object, a violation of the mutual exclusivity principle within a language. They were then tested on their comprehension of the two labels. Bilingual children participated in an additional task in which mutual exclusivity was violated across languages Results indicated that across both language groups, the older children honored mutual exclusivity more than the younger children. No differences were found between monolinguals and bilinguals in adherence to mutual exclusivity. In addition, bilingual children performed similarly when mutual exclusivity was violated within a language and across languages The proportion of translation equivalents in the bilingual children's vocabulary did not predict their performance on the mutual exclusivity task. These results suggest that bilingual language experience does not significantly alter adherence to the mutual exclusivity principle before the age of three years.
Children's cultural background knowledge and story telling performance
Authors: van Hell Janet G. , Bosman Anna M. T. , Wiggers Ilona , Stoit Jeanet
Published: February 2009

The cultural context in which a child is raised influences her cognitive system and language behavior. In this paper, we explored the influence of cultural back ground knowledge on story telling performance of two groups of children living in the Netherlands: (1) bilingual ethnic minority children from immigrant families of Islamic background(2) monolingual Dutch children. Using a within-subject design, all children retold, continued, and finished three story beginnings: One story dealt with a topic related to the ethnic minority children's cultural background(Ramadan), one story dealt with a topic related to the Dutch children's cultural background(Carnival), and one story dealt with a topic both groups of children were familiar with (playing at the schoolyard). All children spoke in Dutch, which implies that the ethnic minority children performed all tasks in a language other than their family language, whereas the Dutch children performed the same tasks in their native language. It appeared that both quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the stories were influenced by the children's cultural background knowledge. Measurements of story length showed that ethnic minority children's Ramadan stories were longer than their Carnival stories, whereas Dutch children's Carnival stories were longer than their Ramadan stories. Likewise, the ethnic minority children's Ramadan stories containedmore connective ties(as indexed by the number of conjunctions used) than their Carnival stories, whereas the reverse pattern was observed in Dutch children. These findings indicate that cultural familiarity with a topic influences story telling performance in terms of story length and coherence.
Gender differences in the development of language choice patterns in the Køge Project
Authors: Jørgensen J. Normann
Published: February 2009

Children socialize each other linguistically, and this is very likely their only field for practicing certain linguistic skills which are not accepted by adults (although adults may use these skills themselves), such as swearing and codeswitching. The practicing of these skills goes hand in hand with the negotiation of social relations-perhaps including the celebrated difference in dominance among the gender. This paper studies the development of code-choice patterns and codeswitching skills among boys and girls during their grade school years as a phenomenon related to their social relations. The data are group conversations from grade 1 through grade 9. The conversations in the first grades show clearly Turkish-dominant children introducing Danish words, at first school words, later more generally related words and chunks, into their Turkish. Later again Danish utterances which are not chunks, appear, among the girls earlier than among the boys. In the middle grades, quantitative differences in language choice show that boys gradually introduce Danish into their conversations, but maintain a slight majority of Turkish-based contributions throughout the years. Girls use very little Danish until grade 7, and then much more Danish than Turkish. However, by grade 5 the girls perform differently in girls-only groups from what they do in gendermixed groups. The paper discusses this phenomenon as social group marking. Finally, in the older grades, we see the development of language choice as a means of social exclusion among the girls-something which the boys have not developed as a skill yet, or perhaps never will. When we combine these observations we do not see any evidence of boys acquiring dominant language behavior compared to girls. The girls and the boys seem to develop along the same lines, the boys later than the girls.
Model learning in syntactic development: Intransitive verbs
Authors: Ninio Anat
Published: February 2009

Previous findings suggest that in natural language, frequency may be inherently correlated with generality, prototypicality or simplicity. The most frequently used instances in each domain may be the “best models” of that domain, so that the effect of input frequency is to have children learn the best exemplars of a domain first. To test this hypothesis, the first intransitive verbs to participate in multiword combinations were investigated, based on longitudinal observations of 20 children acquiring Hebrew. The results were compared to the frequency of intransitive verbs in multiword utterances in a speech corpus based on recordings of 48 mothers. The first verbs that begin the acquisition of intransitive word-combinations are the most frequent intransitive verbs in the input. These verbs also tend to be relatively nonspecific, general, or generic intransitive verbs with light semantics. The same verbs that children first combine with subjects or locative adjuncts, and which are the most frequent in the speech of mothers, are typical grammaticalized markers of intransitivity or directional-movement in many languages. These results join many previous findings in showing that the statistical structure of natural languages makes possible, at the onset of acquisition, a kind of lexical learning which is at the same time a type of category-or rule-formation.
On the overgeneralization of the Intransitive/Transitive alternation in children's speech
Authors: Barrière Isabelle , Perlman Lorch Marjorie , Le Normand Marie-Therese
Published: February 2009

This study investigates the cross-linguistic patterns of the overgeneralization of the Intransitive/ Transitive alternations found in children's speech and provides new evidence from findings based on the acquisition of French. The morphosyntactic characterization of such phenomenon in English and Hebrew child language is followed by a description of the morphosyntactic characterization of such alternation in adult French which relies on an account of SE-affixation proposed by Werhli (1986). On the basis of this account, predictions are made with respect to the overgeneralization of the Intransitive/Transitive alternation displayed by French children's speech which is borne out by the data drawn from several corpora. In addition, this account is shown to explain the results of a comprehension task carried out by AnnibaldiVion(1980) which were previously unexplained.
Towards standardizing and sharing bilingual data
Authors: Gardner-Chloros Penelope , Moyer Melissa , Sebba Mark , van Hout Roeland
Published: February 2009

We describe a project (the LIPPS project) whose purpose is to set up a computerized database of bilingual texts to be used by researchers in the field of “language interaction” (i.e., codeswitching, borrowing, and other outcomes of contact between varieties). Current work includes an adaptation of the CHILDES system(MacWhinney,1995) to take account of the different needs of researchers in this area, for example, solving the problems of distinguishing, coding, and representing language interaction phenomena; providing a gloss / translation in user-friendly format; and developing qualitative as well as quantitative tools for comparing data-sets.

Problems and some advantages of such a comparison are illustrated through a pilot project conducted by Gardner-Chloros using two sets of data: Greek-Cypriot/English data and Punjabi /English. Practical problems included giving transcribers/coders the necessary training in using the system and ensuring a consistent approach. Coding problems derived from interlinguistic differences were also highlighted. Clear advantages ensued, however, from being able to compare the type/quantity of codeswitches and so forth across data-sets, as this allows an assessment of the relative weight of linguistic and sociolinguistic factors in determining the form of language interaction.
Evaluation of Psycho-Social Support to Parents with an Infant Born Preterm
Authors: Eriksson Birgitta Sandén , Pehrsson Gunnel
Published: February 2009

The birth of a preterm child is a trauma that causes crisis reactions in parents. The hypothesis was that parents need psycho-social support in order to manage this trauma. Psycho-social support was defined as both medical and social information, processing the emotional feelings, social support and starting the bonding process. The aim of the study was to explore the type and frequency of psycho-social support to parents of preterm children born during 1991, 1994 and 1997 in a Swedish university hospital. 47 parents answered a questionnaire based on previous focus group interviews. The children were born in gestation weeks 23–7. Medical and social information was more frequent during the first period ofintensive care than later on during the care process. Contact frequency concerning feelings and emotional reactions was low and decreased over time. All parents were helped to start the bonding process. One-third of the parents reported long-term psychological problems due to the birth of the preterm child, while only a few reported financial (15%), practical (13%) or social (9%) long-term problems. Conclusions were that from a crisis theory perspective psycho-social support, defined as regular medical information also ought to be initiated later on in the care process and that increased emotional support concerning crisis reactions is desirable in order to process the feelings raised by the trauma.
A Review of Current Practice for Boys Undergoing Hypospadias Repair: From Pre-Operative Work up to Removal of Dressing Post-Surgery
Authors: Sanders Caroline
Published: February 2009

The aim of this article was to examine an area from clinical practice, in this instance, paediatric urology and to look at the information needs of families prior to their young sons’ having surgery to correct a hypospadias. Involving families and promoting informed decision-making with families prior to hypospadias repair for their child is important. To be able tofacilitate real involvement the information has to be shared and parents and families given adequate support and opportunity to seek answers to questions. Providing an environment to undertake this, to then learn from the families for the future and to support the development of a National Support group, www.hypospadias.co.uk have been outcomes from setting up a pre-admission clinic.

Literature in respect of after-care is very sparse. It became evident from clinical practice that the rationale for applying a dressing postoperatively needed to be explored. Furthermore limited evidence about dressing removal, coupled with the anxiety and upset this caused parents, identified the need to consider two issues (i) a better method of removal of dressings and (ii) the effects on pain scores. A blinded randomized controlled feasibility study was developed and implemented, with completion due at the end of 2001.
Young Asians and Drug Use
Authors: Patel Kamlesh , Wibberley Christopher
Published: February 2009

It is considered that child health professionals should have sufficient knowledge of patterns of substance (mis)use in young people to enable them to respond appropriately if faced with a client who is, or is suspected of, (mis)using substances. Whilst there is an increasing amount of literature relating to young people’s substance misuse in general, there is a paucity of knowledge relating to substance (mis)use amongst young people from an ethnic minority background. In this article the findingsof qualitative studies carried out at two sites in Greater Manchester arepresented, which suggest that whilst patterns of substance (mis)use amongst Asians may be similar in many ways to those for the generalpopulation, they occur within a different cultural context. It is suggested therefore, that there is a need for child health professionals to be culturally sensitive in working with young people who are, or are suspected of, (mis)using drugs – although unfortunately practical examples of suchcultural sensitivity have yet to be provided.
Reduction of Chronic Sorrow: A Health Promotion Role for Children’s Community Nurses?
Authors: Langridge Paul
Published: February 2009

Families who have a child with a chronic illness face losses in their lives and react in a variety of ways. The theory of constuctivism is used to examine these losses. The ongoing nature of these losses can lead to ongoing grief rather than acceptance. This is discussed within the themes of time-limited grief and chronic sorrow. The role of children’s community nurses in assisting families with resolving this sorrow is discussed, the mainsuggestions being the provision of an empathetic presence, time and the provision of accurate and specific information regarding the illness and the ways of managing it within the family’s life.
Exploitation of Children and Young People through Prostitution
Authors: Walker Karen Elizabeth
Published: February 2009

The numbers of children in contemporary society involved in prostitution is still largely unknown. However, there are multiple factors which leave children vulnerable and involved in prostitution. This article aims to explore the historical context of child prostitution, factors which may predispose an adolescent engaging in prostitution, and the role that professionals within the healthcare setting can offer.
Parents’ Needs for Knowledge concerning the Medical Diagnosis of their Children
Authors: Starke Mikaela , Möller Anders
Published: February 2009

It is reported that parents can handle their reactions of having a child with a chronic illness by seeking information and gaining knowledge about the diagnosis. It has been suggested that this is a way for parents to restore order in a chaotic existence. A complement to this perspective is to focus on what it means to be a parent and what is included in parenthood. The purpose of the present study was to increase our understanding of parents’ need for knowledge. Interviews were conducted with parents ( n = 44) who have experienced receiving a diagnosis of Turner Syndrome (TS) for their daughter, in order to explore the parents’ motives and strategies forseeking information about the condition.

Out of the 44 parents interviewed, 26 (21 mothers and 5 fathers) had sought information. It was found that the motives for seeking information were, to some extent, related to the parents’ experiences of the consultation at the time of diagnosis. Twenty-three parents (21 mothers and 2 fathers) were dissatisfied with the information provided by the physician, while 21 (12 mothers and 9 fathers) were satisfied. Among the dissatisfied parents 16 (15 mothers and 1 father) sought information, and among the satisfied 10 parents (6 mothers and 4 fathers) sought information when they received the diagnosis for their daughter. The mothers described different strategies to gain information. They attended the library to borrow medical literature, looked up the syndrome in reference books, read articles in newspapers and asked questions of other mothers who had daughters with TS. However, it was found that the dissatisfied mothers used more and different strategies to find information compared with the fathers and the mothers who were satisfied. The motives of all the parents were to learn more about the condition. However, the dissatisfied mothers reported that they sought information because they found it important to control the actions of the professionals. The mothers that were satisfied with the information argued that they sought information in order to be able to explain the condition to others.
Representations of familialism in the British popular media
Authors: Chambers Deborah
Published: February 2009

This article attempts to contribute to the re-centring of the family in cultural debates. It explores ways in which nation and race are appropriated to fix ideas about white familial identities today. A white, nuclear version of familialism continues to be naturalized and privileged within representations of the family in the British popular media. Three distinctive versions of the family are identified: an ‘ideal’ nuclear version, a ‘dysfunctional’ family, and a ‘hybrid’ transformative category. Familial meanings are used to condemn defective families and the perverse activities of its individual members. Yet they are also drawn on to describe alternative, trans-nuclear, transformative relationships. Despite tensions between individualism and familialism and important attempts to re-invent the family along democratic lines, the white nuclear family remains a powerful ideological device for naturalizing hierarchies of race, class, gender and sexuality and therefore has implications for ongoing debates about identity politics.
Mediated persona and political culture
Authors: Corner John
Published: February 2009

An engagement with the terms of mediated persona is central to the understanding of contemporary political culture. Persona poses questions about the nature of political identity, political performance and the linkage with different media forms and conventions. It also connects directly with the nature of modern political sentiment and with the various articulations of the political within the popular. This article provides a schematic exploration of some of the primary factors at work in the fashioning of political persona, examining the broader implications of shifts in the styling of political personhood. It suggests the value of further historical and case-study work, opening up the neglected cultural and affective dimension of the formal political process.
Risk, the mass media and personal biography
Authors: Tulloch John , Lupton Deborah
Published: February 2009

Ulrich Beck’s formulation of the ‘risk society’ stresses the central importance of the media, yet is surprisingly reticent about analysing it. This article begins with Beck’s positioning of the media within risk modernity, and argues that in two major dimensions – the different media narrativizations of risk and expertise, and the mutability and mobility of people’s risk identities in their everyday experience – his analysis is significantly lacking. In the Australian research on which this article is based, the authors draw on long interviews as a methodological device, and the ‘border crossings’ contained in risk biographies as a central concept, in examining people’s construction and reconstruction of risk. Rather then Beck’s somewhat universalizing notion of ‘blind citoyens’ facing the catastrophic democracy of environmental risk, we find here a public which draws on a number of circuits of communication in facing a wide range of risks via very specific biographical and social histories. The article examines these situated logics and temporally articulated biographies of everyday life via case studies.
Respectability sewn up
Authors: Moseley Rachel
Published: February 2009

This article draws on a qualitative study of six interviews with British women, focused around film star fashions and home dressmaking in the 1950s and 1960s. It is concerned with rethinking existing accounts of the female spectator within film studies, and approaching spectatorship as a socially and historically embedded activity which extends to practices outside the cinema. Drawing on Beverley Skeggs’s use of Bourdieu’s concept of cultural capital, the article attends particularly to the significant role played by the intersection of class, gender and historical period in determining the choice of a star as a model of ideal femininity in relation to dress. It also offers an account of a gendered way of looking, talking and remembering, in relation to dress and dressmaking, which has implications for the theorization of gendered spectatorship.
Space does matter
Authors: Angerer Marie-Luise
Published: February 2009

The article takes space as basic for discussing the electronic/media space and the psychic space of the subject. There are two major questions raised within this context: how to understand the relationship between those two spaces and how to understand ‘cyberfeminism’ (and its various practices). Comparing Donna Haraway’s cyborg with the definitions by Elizabeth Grosz, Judith Butler and Moira Gatens of gender and body, the main argument is that the two spaces must not be equated – as is often the case. Rather it takes sexual difference as enabling a space which is crossed by a desire whose ‘aim’ is not within but beyond the frame of cyberspace. Against this background, the ‘subject of a post-gender world’ is redefined as a subject who needs the electronic spaces as the stage where its gender identities can appear.
Identity remix
Authors: Qureshi Karen , Moores Shaun
Published: February 2009

This article reports on ethnographic research into processes of cultural continuity and change amongst a group of second-generation Pakistani Scots in Edinburgh. Using the metaphor of remix music, the authors explore constructions of identity in the context of new global and local transformations. Field observations and interviews with young people provide a foundation for analysing the negotiation of tradition, and key themes include the gendered dynamics of lived experience, shifting attitudes to marriage and the consumption of mediated symbolic goods. The authors conclude by conceptualizing the field of study, following Avtar Brah, as a specific diaspora space.
Cosmopolitan or mongrel?
Authors: stoddard Eve , Cornwell Grant H.
Published: February 2009

The article examines a Trimdadian calypso and its reception as a case study to weigh the discourses of hybridity, creolisation, and a local variant, 'douglarisation'. In cultural studies discourse, 'creolisation' is often used synonymously with hybridization. However, it is a different metaphor, with a different genealogy, and is much more grounded in specific histories and places, namely the New World sites of plantation slavery. In Trinidad, the pejorative term 'dougla' sigmfies the offspring of a union between persons of African and Indian ancestry, while 'douglarisation' denotes the contested processes of Afro- and Indo-Trinidadian interculturation. 'Douglarisation' can be read as a particular instance of both hybridity and creolisation, but with very different implications. We argue that hybridity and creolisation advance different political agendas, the former attentive to multiple roots and the latter to new connections.
The ghost in the luggage
Authors: Morgan Sally J.
Published: February 2009

The recent film, Braveheart, has been received by many in Scotland as a celebration of Scots nationhood, and as a portrayal of Scottish patriotism in the face of English territorial greed. Indeed, in the campaign leading up to the British general election in 1997, and the subsequent referendum on Scottish devolution, Braveheart was often cited as an example of Scottish mettle in the face of oppression, and the very word became a nationalist rallying cry. However, as this paper demonstrates, the film is actually constructed as a post-colonial, 'white-pioneer' myth of origin and ancestry which addresses and confirms a (mainly) American sense of cultural identity. The paper examines the origins of the Braveheart myth and the historical evidence surrounding the original William Wallace. It then traces the exportation of the Wallace legend to the British colonies in the 18th and 19th centuries and its eventual transformation into the Braveheart story of the 1990s.
The Interactional Practices of Referrals and Accounts in Medical Discourse: Expertise and Compliance
Authors: BARTON ELLEN L.
Published: February 2009

This article describes the situated nature of two intertwined dimensions of the context of medical encounters - expertise and compliance - within the interactional practices of referrals and accounts of referrals. Families who display their expertise and compliance have referral and account sequences with notably different features compared to sequences with families who display a lack of compliance and expertise. The display of expertise significantly affects the course of the interaction, and asymmetrical sequences often occur in interactions when the professionals see families' expertise and compliance as problematic.
How faithfully do court interpreters render the style of non-English speaking witnesses' testimonies? A data-based study of Spanish—English bilingual proceedings
Authors: Hale Sandra
Published: February 2009

The results of numerous research studies have revealed that the style in which people deliver their speech impacts on the way they are perceived by others. This is particularly so in the adversarial courtroom, where witnesses' credibility is crucial for winning a case. When witnesses do not speak the language of the courtroom, interpreters are employed to interpret the proceedings accurately. The meaning of `accuracy', however, may not be fully understood by all involved. This article presents the results of a data-based study of Spanish—English court proceedings where it was found that interpreters tend to accurately interpret only the content of witnesses' answers, but constantly alter the style of testimony, either favourably or detrimentally, thus potentially changing the outcome of the case.
Managing the ambiguous and conflicting identities of `upline' and `downline' in a network marketing firm
Authors: Kong Kenneth C.C.
Published: February 2009

This is a study of how ambiguous identities are interactionally managed in network marketing discourse. Network marketing, as an enterprise `using' friendship to promote products, has been notorious for its exploitative use of interpersonal meaning. In this study, the interactions between supervisors (known as `uplines') and subordinates (known as `downlines') in network marketing firms have been studied and their relationship was found to be ambiguous and conflicting. On the one hand, they are `friends' because of the strong emphasis on rapport and harmony in the philosophy of network marketing; on the other hand, the supervisors have to regulate their downlines, which unfortunately lacks the legitimacy found in traditional business firms, as neither of them is an employee of their company. These ambiguous and conflicting identities motivate the participants to mobilize pertinent identities so as to manage conflicts, justify themselves and resume control. Previous research has shown that identities are both interactionally and retrospectively constructed. This study adds to our understanding that identities are not only products of interactions but that they are also interactional resources, which can be mobilized by participants to achieve their goals, although the identity mobilization does not always result in harmony owing to the inherent incompatiblity of the identities invoked. Implications for identity formation in contemporary firms are also drawn.
Science in media and social discourse: new channels of communication, new linguistic forms
Authors: Beacco Jean-Claude , Claudel Chantal , Doury Marianne , Petit Gérard , Reboul-Touré Sandrine
Published: February 2009

Scientific knowledge is no longer transmitted solely through a one-way channel of communication from scientific communities to `lay' readers through the knowledge transmission `chain'. Communication between the two communities has now been extended into media and everyday social discourse where it crops up in news debates about issues such as public health and food safety. In this process, scientific academic discourse has lost much of its original form. This article examines part of the current research at the Centre de recherche sur les discours ordinaires et spécialisés (Research Centre for ordinary and specialized discourses, Sorbonne Nouvelle University). It provides evidence of new discursive forms adopted by science in media and social discourse, such as the emergence of enunciative standpoints ( the expert, the citizen), the redefinition of the role of the journalist as mediator between science and the general public, the use of specific forms of intertextuality and the interweaving of scientific elements in general social discussions. This research on new data implies renewed definitions of certain concepts used in linguistic descriptions: discursive meaning and signification, interdiscursive memory bank, etc. These recent forms of discourse have brought about a change in the status of science so that science has now become an object of debate in the public arena — a sign of its crucial social role.
Discourse studies in Thailand
Authors: Burusphat Somsonge
Published: February 2009

This article discusses the status of discourse studies in Thailand, including research on the Tai-Kadai, Austroasiatic, Tibeto-Burman and Hmong-Mien language families and Thai textbooks. Most previous discourse studies on the Tai-Kadai language family are focused on written forms. Theme (topic, storyline, event) and cohesion seem to be the most studied topics. In more recent years, the trend of discourse analysis has moved towards conversation, pragmatics and cognitive analysis. Few research projects have focused on sociolinguistic aspects of discourse. There are not many works on the Austroasiatic, Tibeto-Burman and Hmong-Mien language families. The topics that are of main interest are cohesion and discourse markers. Two Thai textbooks on discourse analysis and pragmatics have been found.
Bodies, Souls and Sovereignty
Authors: Sluga Glenda
Published: February 2009

Since the end of the First World War, the history of Austria-Hungary's demise has been the subject of considerable historiographical controversy. Historians have been concerned to show either the inevitability or impropriety of the dismemberment of the Habsburg empire. This article traces the shifting imaginative representations of Austria-Hungary prior to and during the First World War with the intention of understanding the changing status of cultural diversity in liberal conceptions of the model political state in this same period, and the prevalence of foundationalist assumptions about the naturalness of national identification, and the unnatural and repressive nature of multinational states like the former Austria-Hungary. My specific focus is the influence of psychological conceptions of racial and national difference in the constitution of early 20th-century liberal imaginaries of the nation and the normative state.
Identity and Nation-Building in Ukraine
Authors: Kuzio Taras
Published: February 2009

National identity is forged and defined through a dual process of stressing the similarities of the in-group (the ‘Self’) and its differences with those outside the political community (the ‘Others’). The need to define the in-group as different becomes more compelling when the ‘significant Other’ denies the authenticity of the in-group and seeks to subvert its separate existence, as in the Ukrainian–Russian case. This article places the Ukrainian–Russian relationship within discussions of national identity, culture and ‘Otherness’ by examining how Ukraine's ruling elites hold no consensus over how to relate to the ‘significant Other’ (Russia). The ruling elites hail from the centrist and centre-right camps and are attempting to create a new national identity outside Eurasia. But, they remain divided over whether Russia is part of Europe and how to return to Europe. The left, meanwhile, see Europe as the ‘Other’ and Russia as the successor state to the former USSR. Therefore, no dominant view of Russia as the ‘Other’ exists in Ukraine and the article discusses the attitudes of the four main political groups (nationalists, the centre-right, centrists and the left) towards Russia and Russians as ‘Others’ within domestic and foreign policy discourse. How Ukraine relates to the Russian ‘Other’ will both affect the domestic nation-building project in Ukraine by helping or hindering the integration of its Russian minority, as well as having repercussions upon how Russia redefines its identity in the post-Soviet era.
Rights and recognition
Authors: Patrick Morag
Published: February 2009

ABST RACT Many contemporary liberals increasingly accept that plural societies must aspire to far more expansive and inclusive ideals of justice and citizenship than liberal doctrine would suggest. The dominant perception is that extending the set of rights is the most effective way to implement a just and stable multicultural society. In fact, this is not a very plausible description of what people seek in demanding greater respect for diversity. Nor does it offer a compelling vision of how things ought to be. First, social expectations regarding recognition are not uniquely linked to rights; they encompass intractable struggles over values, as well as ways of living and evaluating. For example, a central feature of feminist, black and multicultural politics is the attempt to change social culture into a medium through which personal integrity and self-esteem may be acquired. Second, liberalism cannot easily accommodate this type of struggle, since it takes for granted a narrowly constricted conception of politics that is based on instituting public laws that harmonize the freedom of everyone. Anyone who takes seriously the idea that recognition surpasses legal relations of respect will then surely wish to consider whether liberalism must not be corrected and extended to reveal the political significance of the social conditions that enable individuals to experience themselves as both autonomous and individuated.
HIV Prevention Needs of Sex-Trading Injection Drug-Using Black Men Who Have Sex With Both Men and Women
Authors: Washington Thomas Alex , Meyer-Adams Nancy
Published: February 2009

This study examined HIV prevention program needs from the perspective of injection drug—using men who have sex with both men and women involved in sex trade. Focus groups were conducted involving an exploratory sample ( N = 105) of men who met the following parameters: African American, injection drug—using behavior, men who have sex with men and women, and men who frequent parks and other areas for sex trade in Baltimore City and surrounding areas, aged between 18 and 40 years. Data suggest that an HIV prevention program is needed that includes a safe space specifically for the IDU-MSM/W sex-trade community, comprehensive services including treatment for substance abuse and job assistance, and methods for improving HIV-prevention, such as communication skills to increase condom use during sex. These findings provide a better understanding of a population for which little is known, and identifies HIV prevention program needs for the IDU-MSM/W community involved in sex trade.
Peritoneal macrophages are important for the early containment of Enterococcus faecium peritonitis in mice
Authors: Leendertse Masja , Willems Rob J.L. , Giebelen Ida A.J. , Roelofs Joris J.T.H. , van Rooijen Nico , Bonten Marc J.M. , van der Poll Tom
Published: February 2009

The increasing incidence of infections with multi-drug resistant Enterococcus faecium necessitates studies to increase knowledge on the pathogenesis of these infections. In this study, the contribution of peritoneal macrophages during E. faecium peritonitis was investigated. In an ex vivo setting, peritoneal macrophages harvested from C57BL/6 mice were responsive to, and able to phagocytose and kill, E. faecium. In vivo, peritoneal macrophages were depleted by intraperitoneal injection of clodronate-encapsulated liposomes, prior to inducing E. faecium peritonitis. Depletion of resident peritoneal macrophages caused a clear delay in peritoneal clearance of E. faecium with increased systemic dissemination. Mice depleted of peritoneal macrophages were able to recruit macrophages and neutrophils to the peritoneal cavity after infection, comparable to control mice. Furthermore, increased levels of peritoneal cytokines and chemokines were found in mice depleted of peritoneal macrophages. This study indicates that peritoneal macrophages are important in the early containment of E. faecium peritonitis and for the regulation of the inflammatory response.
Study on fabrication and cutting performance of high quality diamond coated PCB milling tools with complicated geometries
Authors: Shen B. , Sun F. H. , Xue H. G. , Chen M. , Zhang Z. M.
Published: February 2009

The diamond film was deposited on a complex shaped WC–Co printed circuit board (PCB) milling tool in a revised hot filament chemical vapour deposition apparatus, in which the vertical spiral hot filament arrangement was adopted. The SEM investigation on the surface of the fabricated diamond coated PCB milling tool exhibited a continuous layer of fine grained diamond films, with grain size of about 2–3 μm, was uniformly deposited. To evaluate the cutting performance of the fabricated diamond coated tool, comparative milling tests were conducted for both diamond coated and uncoated WC–Co PCB milling tools, with glass fibre reinforced composite materials as the workpiece. The milling test results showed that the flank wear on circle and end cutting edge of the fabricated diamond coated PCB milling tool were only 0·08 and 0·18 mm respectively after 40 min milling, about one-fifth and a quarter of that for uncoated WC–Co PCB milling tool, which could attribute to both the good wear resistance of the deposited diamond coating and the strong adhesion between them and the tool surface. Additionally, the thrust forces acted on the milling tools during the milling process were measured using a Kistler dynamometer measuring system. The results presented that all measured axial, radial and tangential thrust forces were smaller for diamond coated PCB milling tool, which was due to the low friction coefficient of the diamond film that could facilitate the chip evacuation.
Unsteady interfacial phenomena during inward weld pool flow with an active surface oxide
Authors: Zhao C. X. , van Steijn V. , Richardson I. M. , Kleijn C. R. , Kenjeres S. , Saldi Z.
Published: February 2009

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was applied to estimate the velocity field on a weld pool surface with an oxide layer. A positive surface tension gradient drives an inward flow pattern from the boundary to centre of the weld pool, resulting in particles collecting on the centre line of the pool at the surface. Unsteady flow motions were observed by experimental visualisation of the particle flow, and the computed velocity field shows strong unsteady interfacial movement during inward flow. These unsteady flow motions are related to clockwise and counterclockwise vortices on the weld pool surface, which in turn affect both mass flow and energy transport. Both the qualitative flow motion and quantitative flow velocity are described in this work, which contributes to explaining the characteristic unsteady fluid flow in the weld pool, the measurements also provide experimental data for validation of numerical fluid flow models of the weld pool.
Process forces during friction stir welding of aluminium alloys
Authors: Balasubramanian N. , Gattu B. , Mishra R. S.
Published: February 2009

Flow and consolidation of the material under the tool shoulder and subsequent nugget formation are among the least understood aspects of friction stir welding and processing (FSW/P). Welding parameters and tool profile impact the process forces acting on the tool. This work is an observational study of the process forces associated with bead on plate runs on two aluminium alloys, 6061 and F357. Polar plots of the resultant forces acting on the tool spindle are analysed and correlated to the process parameters. The dependence of the nugget's width with various heat indices is evaluated.
Artificial neural networks and acoustic emission applied to stability analysis in gas metal arc welding
Authors: Roca A. Sánchez , Fals H. C. , Fernández J. B. , Macías E. J. , de la Parte M. P.
Published: February 2009

The present paper describes the application of neural networks to obtain a model for estimating the stability of gas metal arc welding (GMAW) process. A neural network has been developed to obtain and model the relationships between the acoustic emission (AE) signal parameters and the stability of GMAW process. Statistical and temporal parameters of AE signals have been used as input of the neural networks; a multilayer feedforward neural network has been used, trained with back propagation method, and using Levenberg Marquardt's algorithm for different network architectures. Different welding conditions have been studied to analyse the incidence of the parameters of the process in acoustic signals. The AE signals have been processed by using the wavelet transform, and have been characterised statistically. Experimental results are provided to illustrate the proposed approach. Finally a statistical analysis for the validation of the experimental results obtained is presented. As a main result of the study, the effectiveness of the application of the artificial neural networks for modelling stability analysis in welding processes has been demonstrated. The regression analysis demonstrates the validity of neural networks to predict the stability of welding process using the statistical characterisation of the signal parameters of AE that have been calculated.
Superalloys in modern power generation applications
Authors: Gibbons T. B.
Published: February 2009

It is widely recognised that for the foreseeable future coal will remain an important energy source for generation of electric power in many areas of the world. However, it will be essential to develop generation technologies that include the capture and storage of emissions such as CO2 to combat the harmful effects of climate change. The key to the successful implementation of advanced generation technologies, the ultimate aim of which is the zero emission power plant, depends heavily on the availability of suitable materials. In this paper, the requirements for materials with improved high temperature performance will be considered in the context of three types of power generation system being developed to operate with greatly reduced emissions and with high levels of efficiency. The limitations of existing materials will be outlined and the need for materials with higher temperature capabilities and good fabricability will be discussed.
Theoretical and practical approaches to creep of Waspaloy
Authors: Wilshire B. , Scharning P. J.
Published: February 2009

After normalising the applied stress through the ultimate tensile strength at each creep temperature, the creep and creep fracture properties of Waspaloy at 873 to 1023 K are superimposed onto ‘master curves’ using an Arrhenius term containing the activation energy for lattice diffusion in the nickel alloy matrix (∼276 kJ mol−1). In this way, straightforward approaches are introduced for extrapolation of short term property sets, aiming to minimise the scale of the protracted test programmes currently needed to provide long term engineering design data. The observed behaviour patterns are then interpreted by clarifying the deformation and damage processes governing the changing shapes of the creep strain–time curves exhibited as the test conditions are varied.
Investment casting of turbine components — practical implications of emerging concepts and ideas for solidification of Ni based superalloys
Authors: D'Souza N.
Published: February 2009

This paper presents applications of materials characeterisation methods and computational models in addressing the origins of defects encountered in investment casting of turbine components using Ni based superalloys. Some typical case studies are illustrated. In single crystal seeding, the role of thermal transients arising after mould soak and initial withdrawal has been assessed and shown to account for the nucleation propensity for stray grains and their subsequent competitive growth. In defects pertaining to latter stages of solidification; in the case of hot tears the role of minor alloy chemistry in altering the local freezing kinetics was identified, while the occurrence of non-equilibrium phases in high refractory containing newer generation alloys was studied by understanding the solidification sequence. Applications in the foundry arising from these studies in relation to operating process windows and physically based criteria for assessing alloy chemistry from the view of castability have been briefly discussed.
Primary creep in single crystal superalloys: Some comments on effects of composition and microstructure
Authors: Rae C. M. F. , Zhang L.
Published: February 2009

Creep at low temperatures in current single crystal superalloys is characterised by a large but orientation dependent primary creep strain followed by prolonged secondary creep at a rate closely linked to the primary creep strain. The processes of incubation, nucleation and propagation are described and the linked effects of alloy composition and microstructure are discussed in relation to these processes. It is shown that the incubation period is relatively insensitive to the alloy composition but that heat treatments which vary the γ′ size can have a larger effect on the early stages of creep. The key to high primary creep appears to be the mobility of the dislocation ribbons nucleated and this is sensitive to the alloy composition. Fault energies in both the γ and the γ′ are important in determining the form of the dislocation ribbons. Early results suggest that ruthenium may have a beneficial effect reducing the primary creep of fourth generation alloys.
Multiscale microstructure modelling for nickel based superalloys
Authors: Basoalto H. C. , Brooks J. W. , Di Martino I.
Published: February 2009

The present paper is concerned with the development of multiscale modelling approaches for predicting the microstructural evolution and high temperature deformation characteristics of superalloys with special attention to creep and hot forming behaviour. A microstructure informed deformation model is presented that links rearrangements at the microscale to the overall macroscopic response of the material through a damage mechanics approach and results are presented on the application of the model to CMSX4. The control of microstructure, during the manufacture of nickel based superalloy components, is key to the development of the mechanical properties required for the high temperature applications typical of these materials. Results from empirical methods and a new physics based approach for modelling recrystallisation in polycrystalline superalloys are presented for the prediction of the grain size distributions produced during hot forming operations in Inconel alloy 718. A global macroscale modelling approach based on Neural Networks has been developed which includes the effects of composition, heat treatment and processing route and the effectiveness of the model for both property prediction and interpolation is demonstrated.