bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Building the Pamir‐Tibet Plateau—Crustal stacking, extensional collapse, and lateral extrusion in the Pamir: 3. Thermobarometry and petrochronology of deep Asian crust
Authors: Hacker Bradley R. , Ratschbacher Lothar , Rutte Daniel , Stearns Michael A. , Malz Nicole , Stübner Konstanze , Kylander‐Clark Andrew R. C. , Pfänder Jörg A. , Everson Alexa
Published: July 2017

Large domes of crystalline, middle to deep crustal rocks of Asian provenance make the Pamir a unique part of the India‐Asia collision. Combined major‐element and trace element thermobarometry, pseudosections, garnet‐zoning deconstruction, and geochronology are used to assess the burial and exhumation history of five of these domes. All domes were buried and heated sufficiently to initiate garnet growth at depths of 15–20 km at 37–27 Ma. The Central Pamir was then heated at ~10–20°C/Myr and buried at 1–2 km/Myr to 600–675°C at depths of 25–35 km by 22–19 Ma. The Shakhdara Dome in the South Pamir was heated at ~20°C/Myr and buried at 2–8 km/Myr to reach 750–800°C at depths of ≥50 km by ~20 Ma. All domes were exhumed at >3 km/Myr to 5–10 km depths and ~300°C by 17–15 Ma. The pressures, temperatures, burial rates, and heating rates are typical of continental collision. Decompression during exhumation outpaced cooling, compatible with tectonic unroofing along mapped large‐scale, normal‐sense shear zones, and with advection of near‐solidus or suprasolidus temperatures into the upper crust, triggering exhumation‐related magmatism. The Shakhdara Dome was exhumed from greater depth than the Central Pamir domes perhaps due to its position farther in the hinterland of the Paleogene retrowedge and to higher heat input following Indian slab breakoff. The large‐scale thickening and coincident ~20 Ma switch to extension throughout a huge area encompassing the Pamir and Karakorum strengthens the idea that the evolution of orogenic plateaux is governed by catastrophic plate‐scale events.
Detrital zircon (U‐Th)/(He‐Pb) double‐dating constraints on provenance and foreland basin evolution of the Ainsa Basin, south‐central Pyrenees, Spain
Authors: Thomson Kelly D. , Stockli Daniel F. , Clark Julian D. , Puigdefàbregas Cai , Fildani Andrea
Published: July 2017

South central Pyrenean foreland basin fill preserves the eroded remnants of the early stages of fold‐thrust belt evolution and topographic growth. Specifically, the Eocene Hecho Group in the Ainsa Basin contains a succession of turbiditic channels and levees deposited in the transition zone between the fluvial‐deltaic and deep marine depozones. Detailed isotopic provenance analyses allow for the reconstruction of sediment sources of the ancient sediment routing systems. This study presents 2332 new detrital zircon (DZ) U‐Pb ages and 246 new DZ double‐dated (U‐Th)/(He‐Pb) ages from 19 turbiditic and fluvio‐deltatic sandstones in the Ainsa Basin. These data indicate a progressive provenance shift from Cadomian/Caledonian plutonic and metamorphic rocks of the eastern Pyrenees to Variscan plutonic rocks in the central Pyrenees. Minor sediment contributions from sources located to the S and SE of the basin are seen throughout the section. New DZ (U‐Th)/He results identify four main cooling events: Pyrenean orogenesis (~56 Ma), initial basin inversion (~80 Ma), Cretaceous rifting (~100 Ma), and pre‐Mesozoic cooling ages related to earlier tectonic phases. This study imposes new constraints on the paleogeographic evolution of the Pyrenees and illustrates that high‐frequency fluctuations in sediment delivery processes and sediment routing introduce superimposed noise upon the basin‐scale long‐term provenance evolution during orogenesis.
Numerical Modeling of Flow Conditions during Steel Filtration Experiments
Authors: Asad Amjad , Werzner Eric , Demuth Cornelius , Dudczig Steffen , Schmidt Anne , Ray Subhashis , Aneziris Christos G. , Schwarze Rüdiger
Published: July 2017

In the present article, the performance and the efficiency of ceramic filters for continuous steel filtration in an induction crucible furnace, which is part of the steel casting simulator facility located at Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, is investigated numerically. In order to achieve this objective, a macro‐scale simulation for the melt flow in the crucible is coupled with a pore‐scale simulation for the flow inside the ceramic filter that is adequately resolved by its detailed filter geometry, obtained from computed tomography scan images. The considerable influence of the filter on the flow field is indicated from the present results. Moreover, the efficiency of the employed filter is also determined and compared for two pore densities.
PEDOT:PSS‐Assisted Exfoliation and Functionalization of 2D Nanosheets for High‐Performance Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Xing Wang , Chen Yusheng , Wu Xiaoxi , Xu Xiaozhou , Ye Pan , Zhu Ting , Guo Qingyu , Yang Liqiu , Li Weiwei , Huang Hui
Published: July 2017

Here, a facial and scalable method for efficient exfoliation of bulk transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) and graphite in aqueous solution with poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) to prepare single‐ and few‐layer nanosheets is demonstrated. Importantly, these TMD nanosheets retain the single crystalline characteristic, which is essential for application in organic solar cells (OSCs). The hybrid PEDOT:PSS/WS2 ink prepared by a simple centrifugation is directly integrated as a hole extraction layer for high‐performance OSCs. Compared with PEDOT:PSS, the PEDOT:PSS/WS2‐based devices provide a remarkable power conversion efficiency due to the “island” morphology and benzoid–quinoid transition. This study not only demonstrates a novel method for preparing single‐ and few‐layer TMD and graphene nanosheets but also paves a way for their applications without further complicated processing.
Chloride Passivation of ZnO Electrodes Improves Charge Extraction in Colloidal Quantum Dot Photovoltaics
Authors: Choi Jongmin , Kim Younghoon , Jo Jea Woong , Kim Junghwan , Sun Bin , Walters Grant , García de Arquer F. Pelayo , Quintero‐Bermudez Rafael , Li Yiying , Tan Chih Shan , Quan Li Na , Kam Andrew Pak Tao , Hoogland Sjoerd , Lu Zhenghong , Voznyy Oleksandr , Sargent Edward H.
Published: July 2017

The tunable bandgap of colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) makes them an attractive material for photovoltaics (PV). The best present‐day CQD PV devices employ zinc oxide (ZnO) as an electron transport layer; however, it is found herein that ZnO's surface defect sites and unfavorable electrical band alignment prevent devices from realizing their full potential. Here, chloride (Cl)‐passivated ZnO generated from a solution of presynthesized ZnO nanoparticles treated using an organic‐solvent‐soluble Cl salt is reported. These new ZnO electrodes exhibit decreased surface trap densities and a favorable electronic band alignment, improving charge extraction from the CQD layer and achieving the best‐cell power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 11.6% and an average PCE of 11.4 ± 0.2%.
Metal‐Free Iodosulfonylation of Internal Alkynes: Stereodefined Access to Tetrasubstituted Olefins
Authors: Kumar Ravi , Dwivedi Vikas , Sridhar Reddy Maddi
Published: July 2017

The stereoselective E‐iodosulfonylation of internal alkynes for synthesizing highly defined tetrasubstituted olefins using sodium phenyl sulfinate and iodine has been achieved. Most of the alkynes explored are non‐symmetrical and the regioselection is under full control. Arylalkynes with various electron‐withdrawing groups like keto, aldehyde, ester, amide, cyano, sulfone, bromo, chloro and iodo on the other end are identified as successful precursors to yield the highly functionalized olefins. Alkynes directly tethered with heteroatoms are also found to be suitable substrates.

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Unusual Metallic Multiferroic Transitions in Electron‐Doped PbTiO3
Authors: Shimada Takahiro , Xu Tao , Araki Yasumitsu , Wang Jie , Kitamura Takayuki
Published: July 2017

The coexistence of some materials which are normally in mutually exclusive states is attracting considerable attention as an intriguing means of obtaining nontrivial physical phenomena and unconventional multifunctional substances. Although single‐phase materials endowed with integrated ferroelectric, magnetic, and optical multifunctions hold promise for new technological paradigms, the mutually exclusive mechanisms within ferroelectricity, conductivity, and magnetism hinder the discovery of conducting multiferroics. Here, a new path toward metallic multiferroics is provided by theoretically demonstrating the possible compatible nature of ferroelectric distortion, free carriers, and magnetism in electron‐doped PbTiO3 using the hybrid Hartree–Fock density functional theories. Doping with electrons is found to induce metallic conductivity that coexists with and even enhances the ferroelectric distortion in PbTiO3, due to the unique lone‐pair ferroelectricity in this material. The injected excess electrons, in spin‐polarized states, interact with one another in the plane perpendicular to the polar direction, resulting in layer‐arranged ferromagnetism and multiferroics with nonlinear magnetoelectric coupling. These results indicate a means of circumventing conventional restrictions, leading to new types of multifunctional materials in which unusual multiferroic and conductive characteristics are simultaneously present.
Organohalide Perovskites are Fast Ionic Conductors
Authors: Vicente Nuria , Garcia‐Belmonte Germà
Published: July 2017

Fast ionic conductors constitute a family of materials exhibiting high values of the ionic conductivity while their crystal structure remains rather rigid. Perovskite‐like compounds are known to be good ionic conductors with applications as solid electrolytes. In hybrid halide perovskites both intrinsic (native) and extrinsic defect migration are regarded to occur. Ion diffusivity analysis is inherently ambiguous in all‐solid‐state configurations because of the multicomponent environment. Here, a liquid electrolyte in contact to the perovskite material forms a reservoir of Li+ that is forced to intercalate and migrate within the perovskite electrode. This approach decouples different contributions to transport in such a way that ion diffusion kinetics is easily accessible by means of impedance methods. The room‐temperature chemical diffusion coefficient of lithium ion within the perovskite lattice exhibits values as high as Dμ ≈ 10−7 cm2 s−1, which implies conductivities within the range of 10−3 Ω−1 cm−1 for highly lithiated electrodes. This confirms the superionic intrinsic property of organohalide perovskites from a direct and unambiguous measurement that does not rely upon simulation tools.
Understanding the Reaction Kinetics to Optimize Graphene Growth on Cu by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Kraus Jürgen , Böbel Lena , Zwaschka Gregor , Günther Sebastian
Published: July 2017

Understanding and controlling the growth kinetics of graphene is a prerequisite to synthesize this highly wanted material by chemical vapor deposition on Cu, e.g. for the construction of ultra‐stable electron transparent membranes. It is reviewed that Cu foils contain a considerable amount of carbon in the bulk which significantly exceeds the expected amount of thermally equilibrated dissolved carbon in Cu and that this carbon must be removed before any high quality graphene may be grown. Starting with such conditioned Cu foils, systematic studies of the graphene growth kinetics in a reactive CH4/H2 atmosphere allow to extract the following meaningful data: prediction of the equilibrium constant of the graphene formation reaction within a precision of a factor of two, the confirmation that the graphene growth proceeds from a C(ad)‐phase on Cu which is in thermal equilibrium with the reactive gas phase, its apparent activation barrier and finally the prediction of the achievable growth velocity of the growing graphene flakes during chemical vapor deposition. As a result of the performed study, growth parameters are identified for the synthesis of high quality monolayer graphene with single crystalline domains of 100–1000 μm in diameter within a reasonable growth time.
Electron‐Nuclear Dynamics in Molecular Harmonic Generation Driven by a Plasmonic Nonhomogeneous Field
Authors: Feng Li‐Qiang , Li Wen‐Liang , Liu Hang
Published: July 2017

Electron (z)‐nuclear (R) dynamics in the molecular high‐order harmonic generation (MHHG) from H2+ driven by the plasmonic nonhomogeneous field, generated by the surface plasmon polaritons in the bowtie‐shaped nanostructure, have been theoretically investigated through solving the two dimensional time‐dependent Schrödinger equation with the Non‐Bohn‐Oppenheimer approximation. It is found that (i) due to the plasmonic enhancement of the laser intensity, the harmonic cutoff can be extended when the spatial position of H2+ is away from the gap center of the nanostructure. However, due to the limit of the gap size, the threshold value of the harmonic cutoff can be obtained at a given position of H2+. (ii) Due to the asymmetric enhancement of the laser intensity in space, the extended higher harmonics are respectively from E(t) > 0 a.u. or E(t) < 0 a.u. for the cases of the positive and the negative spatial position of H2+. As a result, the intensities of the extended higher harmonics are different and can be controlled by changing the carrier‐envelope phase and the pulse duration of the laser field. (iii) In the few‐cycle pulse duration, the MHHG mainly comes from the multi‐photon resonance ionization (MPRI), while as the pulse duration increases, the MPRI, the charge‐resonance enhanced ionization (CREI) and even the dissociative ionization (DI) are contributed to the MHHG. Moreover, as the spatial position of H2+ moves, the contributions of the MHHG from the MPRI, the CERI and the DI can be controlled. (iv) The contributions of the MHHG from the two‐H nuclei have been investigated and found that when E(t) > 0 a.u., the intensities of the harmonics from the negative‐H is higher than those from the positive‐H; while when E(t) < 0 a.u., the intensities of the harmonics from the positive‐H plays the main role in the MHHG. Moreover, the multi‐minima, caused by the two‐center interference can also be found. (v) Finally, by superposing a properly selected harmonics, a single isolated attosecond pulse (SIAP) with the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 34 as can be obtained.
Aqueous‐Phase Synthesis of Size‐Tunable Copper Nanocubes for Efficient Aryl Alkyne Hydroboration
Authors: Thoka Subashchandrabose , Madasu Mahesh , Hsia Chi‐Fu , Liu Shu‐Ya , Huang Michael H.
Published: July 2017

Copper nanocubes with average sizes of 82, 95, and 108 nm have been synthesized in an aqueous mixture of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) surfactant, copper acetate, and sodium ascorbate reductant heated at 100 °C for 40 min. Copper nanowires with an average length of 25 μm can also be prepared this way by simply increasing the volume of sodium ascorbate introduced. Small shifts in the plasmonic absorption band positions with tunable particle sizes have been observed. The copper nanocubes were employed to catalyze hydroboration of phenylacetylene and various substituted aryl alkynes with 100 % (E)‐product selectivity and 82–95 % product yields. The copper nanocubes are cheap to make and should catalyze a broad scope of organic coupling reactions.
Tragwerksplanung des Audi T3 Design Centers Ingolstadt
Authors: Morgen Karl , Jansson Nicodemus
Published: July 2017

Die Verwendung von Vorspannung mit nachträglichem Verbund im Hochbau ist in Deutschland unüblich. Diese Bauweise kann aber eine ingenieurtechnisch sehr anspruchsvolle Geometrie und hohe Flexibilität ermöglichen. Bei dem neuen Audi T3 Design Center Ingolstadt konnten die Bauherrnwünsche, wie Stützenfreiheit in Kombination mit geringen Bauhöhen, durch vorgespannte Konstruktionen erfüllt werden. In den Modellstudios wurden Spannweiten bis zu 27 m mit einer schlanken Deckenkonstruktion erreicht. Weiter hat die Vorspannung andere Vorteile gezeigt, nicht nur im Grenzzustand der Gebrauchstauglichkeit, sondern auch beispielsweise beim Durchstanzen. In dieser Veröffentlichung werden die Planung und die Ausführung dieses hochkomplexen Bauvorhabens erläutert.
Formdynamik an Überführungsbrücken
Authors: Kleiser Michael
Published: July 2017

Der Ingenieur kann sich dem Gestalten nicht entziehen. Er gestaltet zwangsläufig und unausweichlich durch die Wahl von Bauformen, deren Dimensionen und Proportionen. Insbesondere im Brückenbau wird dieser Umstand durch die federführende oder gar alleinverantwortliche Rolle des Ingenieurs augenscheinlich. Über den Verantwortungsbereich einer entsprechenden Formlogik als ingenieurtechnische Disziplin hinaus wird in diesem Aufsatz das Potenzial einer erweiterten Formverfeinerung für den Ingenieur vorgestellt. Es wird auf Erkenntnisse der Gestaltpsychologie Bezug genommen, die es erlauben, Brückenformen „dynamischer” zu gestalten. Dabei handelt es sich wahrnehmungspsychologisch um eine Anschauungsdynamik, die eine enge Korrelation mit dem Tragverhalten von Konstruktionen aufweist und somit insbesondere im Brückenbau das Entwurfsspektrum des Ingenieurs betrifft. Anhand von Formstudien von Überführungsbrücken aus Beton in Fortführung vergangener Publikationen und eines Praxisbeispiels wird das Thema erläutert.
Calciphylaxis with extensive arterial calcification
Authors: Qadri Syed Irfan , Koratala Abhilash
Published: July 2017

Key Clinical Message

Calciphylaxis is a clinical syndrome of arteriolar calcification with resultant tissue necrosis, most commonly seen in patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) on dialysis. This condition carries a high mortality rate mainly due to infection. Helpful interventions include adequate dialytic therapy, medical management of hyperparathyroidism, hyperphosphatemia, and intravenous sodium thiosulfate therapy.
Electrical storm in the inflamed heart: ventricular tachycardia due to myocarditis
Authors: Mattsson Gustav , Magnusson Peter
Published: July 2017

Key Clinical Message

Electrical storm during the acute inflammatory phase caused by myocarditis may be resistant to antiarrhythmic therapy. Cardiac imaging including magnetic resonance tomography, positron emission tomography, and endomyocardial biopsy are crucial to guide potential therapeutic options. Optimal management involves a multidisciplinary approach, including expertise beyond cardiology.
The Tris(pentafluoroethyl)stannate(II) Anion, [Sn(C2F5)3]−—Synthesis and Reactivity
Authors: Wiesemann Markus , Klösener Johannes , Niemann Mark , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Hoge Berthold
Published: July 2017

Syntheses of salts containing the tris(pentafluoroethyl)stannate(II) ion, [Sn(C2F5)3]−, were achieved through deprotonation of the corresponding stannane, HSn(C2F5)3, as well as by direct pentafluoroethylation of SnCl2 with LiC2F5. The electron‐withdrawing substituents have substantial influence on the stability and reactivity of the anion as documented by its treatment with main group halides. Alkyl halides (R−X) underwent nucleophilic substitutions to afford RSn(C2F5)3, whereas Si, Ge, Sn, P halides gave rise to oxidation processes yielding hypervalent [SnX2(C2F5)3]− salts (X=Cl, Br, I). Moreover the unsymmetrical distannane, nBu3SnSn(C2F5)3, was disclosed as an alternative precursor for the Sn(C2F5)3 moiety. Although neither the solid state structure nor its spectra in alkane solution reveal unexpected peculiarities, unusual dissociation of the compound in coordinating solvents into [nBu3Sn(D)n]+ and [Sn(C2F5)3]− ions was observed.
Cultural cluster coopetition: A look at the Montreal circus world
Authors: Poisson‐de Haro Serge , Myard Alexandre
Published: July 2017

We explore the relevance of the « coopetition » concept within Montreal's circus sector and the Montréal Complètement Cirque's festival in particular. Our analysis is based on the cluster phenomena found in coopetition studies, which is a strategy used by companies in the technology sector. We formulate propositions that suggest these collaborative practices allow reduce tensions related to the innovation and creative processes' intrinsic uncertainty and also moderate the effects of a firms' limited resources. These practices are also related to public policies aimed at ensuring the sector's sustainability, the existence of interpersonal relations, and the need for more visibility on the sector and its actors. Copyright © 2017 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flexible Three‐Dimensional Graphene Hydrogels with Superior Conductivity and Excellent Electrochemical Performance for Supercapacitor Electrodes
Authors: Zhang Juan , Zhou Bo , Zhao Bo , Si Ling , Jiang Xiaoqing
Published: July 2017

Three‐dimensional porous graphene hydrogels have been prepared by a green and facile but very efficient approach using glucose as an assistant. Based on a one‐step hydrothermal reaction with optimal experimental conditions such as the reaction time and temperature, the graphene hydrogels exhibit a superior electrical conductivity (95.3 S/m) and can be used as supercapacitor electrode without any binder or conducting additives but showing a high specific capacitance of 384.6 F/g at a current density of 1 A/g. The results show that addition of glucose can not only greatly decrease the reaction temperature but also shorten the reaction time. The superior performance of the three‐dimensional porous graphene hydrogels as electrode for supercapacitor suggests its promising potentials in the field of energy storage devices.
Vertical bone augmentation with titanium granule blocks in rabbit calvaria
Authors: Abrahamsson Peter , Wälivaara Dan‐Åke , Anderud Jonas , Jimbo Ryo
Published: July 2017

To determine whether it is possible to vertically augment bone utilizing a block graft from compressed titanium granules mainly used previously for contained bone defects and to determine whether there exists a difference in osteoconductive properties between the white and the grey granules. In 11 rabbits, 4 titanium blocks were inserted on each rabbit's skull bone according to a randomized scheme. These blocks were made from standardized compressed titanium granules. Type A: PTG grey, small granules (Pourus Titanium Granules, Tigran, Malmö, Sweden); Type B: PTG grey, large granules; Type C: PTG white, small granules; Type D: PTG white large granules. After 12 weeks, the animals were sacrificed and specimens were collected for histology and μCT scanning. From both the μCT and histology, it can be said that bone formation was successfully achieved for all groups, and the granules maintained their volume. The histomorphometric BA (bone area) evaluation in the entire grafted area presented that there were no statistical differences between all groups tested. The lowest 1/4 BA in contact with the rabbit skull presented that groups A and C presented the highest mean BA, and group A presented significantly higher BA than that of group D (p = 0,049). No significant differences were noted between groups A, B and C. Within the limitation of this study, no differences were noted between small white or grey PTG blocks. The large granules presented less bone ingrowth area compared to the small granules and this trend was regardless of the different PTG types. The entire grafted area was not filled with new bone suggesting that bone migration occurred mostly from the existing cortical bone side suggesting contact osteogenesis.
Hydrogen sulfide exposure induces NLRP3 inflammasome‐dependent IL‐1β and IL‐18 secretion in human mononuclear leukocytes in vitro
Authors: Basic Amina , Alizadehgharib Sara , Dahlén Gunnar , Dahlgren Ulf
Published: July 2017

The aim was to investigate if hydrogen sulfide (H2S) induces the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and subsequent IL‐1β and IL‐18 secretion in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in the human monocyte cell line THP1. Bacterial production of H2S has been suggested to participate in the inflammatory host response in periodontitis pathogenesis. H2S is a toxic gas with pro‐inflammatory properties. It is produced by bacterial degradation of sulfur‐containing amino acids, for example, cysteine. We hypothesize that H2S affects the inflammatory host response by inducing formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and thereby causes the secretion of IL‐1ß and IL‐18. PBMCs from eight healthy blood donors, the human monocyte cell line THP1 Null, and two variants of the THP1 cell line unable to form the NLRP3 inflammasome were cultured in the presence or absence of 1 mM sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) in 24‐well plates at 37°C for 24 hr. Supernatants were collected and the IL‐1β and IL‐18 concentrations were measured with DuoSet ELISA Development kit. PBMCs exposed to NaHS produced more IL‐1ß and IL‐18 than unexposed control cells (p = .023 and p = .008, respectively). An increase of extracellular potassium ions (K+) inhibited the secretion of IL‐1ß and IL‐18 (p = .008). Further, NaHS triggered the secretion of IL‐1ß and IL‐18 in human THP1‐Null monocytes (p = .0006 and p = .002, respectively), while the NaHS‐dependent secretion was reduced in the monocyte cell lines unable to form the NLRP3 inflammasome. Hence, the results suggest that NaHS induces the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and thus the secretion of IL‐1ß and IL‐18. Enhanced NLRP3 inflammasome‐dependent secretion of IL‐1β and IL‐18 in human mononuclear leukocytes exposed to NaHS in vitro is reported. This may be a mode for H2S to contribute to the inflammatory host response and pathogenesis of periodontal disease.
Structural characterization and pharmacological evaluation of the new synthetic cannabinoid CUMYL‐PEGACLONE
Authors: Angerer Verena , Mogler Lukas , Steitz Jan‐Patrick , Bisel Philippe , Hess Cornelius , Schoeder Clara T. , Müller Christa E. , Huppertz Laura M. , Westphal Folker , Schäper Jan , Auwärter Volker
Published: July 2017

The number of new psychoactive substances (NPS) that have emerged on the European market has been rapidly growing in recent years, with a particularly high number of new compounds from the group of synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists. There have been various political efforts to control the trade and the use of NPS worldwide. In Germany, the Act to control the distribution of new psychoactive substances (NpSG) came into force in November 2016. In this new act, two groups of substances were defined, the group “cannabimimetics/synthetic cannabinoids” covering indole, indazole, and benzimidazole core structures, and a second group named “compounds derived from 2‐phenethylamine.” Shortly after, the first retailers of “herbal blends” promoted new products allegedly not violating the German NpSG. We describe the identification and structural elucidation of one of the first synthetic cannabinoids not being covered by the NpSG, 5‐pentyl‐2‐(2‐phenylpropan‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrido[4,3‐b]indol‐1‐one. For isolation of the substance a flash chromatography separation was applied. The structure elucidation was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), gas chromatography‐solid state infrared spectroscopy (GC–sIR), liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–quadrupole time of flight–mass spectrometry (LC–ESI–qToF–MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis. Additionally, binding affinity towards the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 and efficacy in a cAMP accumulation assay were measured, showing full agonistic activity and high potency at both receptors. The new compound bears a γ‐carboline core structure circumventing the German NpSG and the generic definitions in other national laws. As a semi‐systematic name for 2‐cumyl‐5‐pentyl‐gamma‐carbolin‐1‐one CUMYL‐PEGACLONE is suggested.
Human influence on the temporal dynamics and spatial distribution of forest biomass carbon in China
Authors: Liu Weiwei , Lu Fei , Luo Yunjian , Bo Wenjing , Kong Lingqiao , Zhang Lu , Liu Bojie , Ouyang Zhiyun , Wang Xiaoke
Published: July 2017

Global carbon cycles are impacted by human activity primarily via fossil fuel combustion and forest carbon budget alterations. In this study, the temporal dynamics and spatial distribution of forest biomass carbon (FBC) stock and density in China were analyzed to assess the large‐scale effects of humans onFBC. The results indicated that from 1977 to 2013, theFBCstock increased by 62.9%, from 4,335 to 7,064 Tg C, owing to human‐driven forestation and ecological restoration programs. Because of intensive human impacts, 44.2%–54.6% of theFBCstock was concentrated in four provinces (Heilongjiang, Yunnan, Inner Mongolia, and Sichuan) and theFBCdensity increased from the densely populated southeastern provinces to the sparsely populated northeastern and western provinces. On a spatial scale, theFBCdensity was significantly negatively related to population density, and the degree of the dependence of theFBCdensity on population density has been declining since 1998. This improvement in human–forest relations is related to economic development and programs in China that have promoted forestation and reduced deforestation. These results suggest that human impacts, including forestation, deforestation, population density, and economic development, have played significant roles in determining the temporal and spatial variations ofFBCin the anthropogenic era. Moreover, our findings have implications for forest management and improvement of the forest carbon sink in China.
Modeling the impact of reproductive mode on masting
Authors: Liu Yongjie , Ying Zhixia , Wang Shichang , Liao Jinbao , Lu Hui , Ma Liang , Li Zhenqing
Published: July 2017

Masting is defined as the intermittent highly variable production of seed in a plant population. According to reproductive modes, that is, sexual and asexual reproduction, masting species can be separated into three groups, that is, (1) species, for example, bamboo, flower only once before they die; (2) species, for example, Fagus, reproduce sexually; and (3) species, for example, Stipa tenacissima, reproduce both sexually and asexually. Several theories have been proposed to explore the underlying mechanisms of masting. However, to our knowledge, no theory has been found to explain the mechanism of masting species that reproduce both sexually and asexually. Here we refine the Resource Budget Model by considering a trade‐off between sexual and asexual reproduction. Besides the depletion efficient (i.e., the ratio of the cost of seed setting and the cost of flowering), other factors, such as the annual remaining resource (i.e., the rest of the resource from the photosynthetic activity after allocating to growth and maintenance), the trade‐off between sexual and asexual reproduction, and the reproductive thresholds, also affect masting. Moreover, two potential reproductive strategies are found to explain the mechanisms: (1) When the annual remaining resource is relatively low, plants reproduce asexually and a part of the resource is accumulated as the cost of asexual reproduction is less than the annual remaining resource. Plants flower and set fruits once the accumulated resource exceeds the threshold of sexual reproduction; (2) when the annual remaining resource is relatively high, and the accumulated resource surpasses the threshold of sexual reproduction, masting occurs. Remarkably, under certain depletion efficient, more investigation in sexual reproduction will lead plants to reproduce periodically. Additionally, plants investigate less resource to reproduce periodically when depletion efficient keeps increasing as plants can reproduce efficiently. Overall, our study provides new insights into the interpretation of masting, especially for species that reproduce both sexually and asexually.
Adaptation of Discrete‐Type Cores for Secondary Coils of Wireless Power Transfer System for Railway
Authors: SHIMODE DAISUKE , MURAI TOSHIAKI , SAWADA TADASHI
Published: July 2017

This paper examines the shapes of cores for secondary coils of the wireless power transfer (WPT) system for a railway. An infinitely long cable‐type coil is utilized as the primary coil for the WPT system because it is economical. Thus, this paper examines the ferrite core shapes for the secondary coils that are suitable for an infinitely long primary coil. The cores should be as thin as possible to reduce weight. However, bonding small cores to manufacture larger thin cores reduces the performance of the secondary coils. As a result, the cores are paradoxically required to be thicker. Therefore, this paper proposes the adaptation of thicker discrete‐type cores with the same volume as conventional flat‐type cores for the secondary coils.
AlCl3‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Annulation of Thiol Derivatives and Alkynes by 1,2‐Sulfur Migration: Construction of 6‐Substituted Benzo[b]thiophenes
Authors: Ramesh E. , Guntreddi Tirumaleswararao , Sahoo Akhila K.
Published: July 2017

A method for the AlCl3‐catalyzed intermolecular oxidative annulation of N‐(arylthio)phthalimide derivatives with alkynes has been developed. The annulation reaction occurs at room temperature and involves the oxidative cleavage of the S–N bond and 1,2‐sulfur migration, which leads to the construction of diverse arrays of π‐conjugated 6‐substituted 2,3‐diarylbenzo[b]thiophene derivatives.
Comparison of facility type outcomes for oral cavity cancer: Analysis of the national cancer database
Authors: Rubin Samuel J. , Cohen Michael B. , Kirke Diana N. , Qureshi Muhammad M. , Truong Minh Tam , Jalisi Scharukh
Published: July 2017

Objective

Determine whether facility type effects overall survival in patients with oral cavity cancer.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Methods

Patients included in the National Cancer Database who were diagnosed with oral cavity cancer between 1998 and 2011 were included in the study. Data was stratified by facility where care was provided, including community cancer programs (CCP), comprehensive community cancer programs (CCCP), and academic centers (AC). Univariate analysis was performed using analysis of variance, chi squared, and log‐rank test, whereas multivariate analysis was performed using Cox regression.

Results

A total of 32,510 patients were included in the study, with 7.58% of patients receiving care at CCPs (n = 2,553), 39.53% at CCCPs (n = 12,852), and 52.61% at ACs (n = 17,105). Between 1998 and 2011, there was a greater percentage of patients receiving care at ACs, and a greater percentage of patients receiving surgical therapy versus nonsurgical therapy. Patients treated at ACs had the best 5‐year overall survival of 51.26%, with a significant difference across facility types (P < 0.01). After adjusting for confounders, receiving care at ACs was a positive predictor of survival (hazard ratio: 0.95 95% confidence interval [0.91,0.98])).

Conclusion

Patients treated at ACs are more likely to receive surgical treatment, and have a greater 5‐year overall survival compared to those patients treated at CCPs and CCCPs. Therefore, we advocate referring patients with advanced oral cavity cancers to ACs.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 127:2551–2557, 2017
Laryngeal surgical treatment in transgender women: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Schwarz Karine , Fontanari Anna Martha Vaitses , Schneider Maiko Abel , Borba Soll Bianca Machado , da Silva Dhiordan Cardoso , Spritzer Poli Mara , Kazumi Yamaguti Dorfman Maria Elza , Kuhl Gabriel , Costa Angelo Brandelli , Cielo Carla Aparecida , Villas Bôas Anna Paula , Lobato Maria Inês Rodrigues
Published: July 2017

Objective

To identify the effects of laryngeal surgical treatment in the voice of transgender women, especially on the fundamental frequency (f0).

Study Design

We performed a systematic review in PubMed and Scopus in July 2016, covering the period between 2005 and 2016.

Methods

Inclusion criteria were studies in English or Portuguese about the laryngeal surgical treatment in transgender women, featuring experimental design, title, year of publication, country of origin, journal of publication, participants, intervention, results. For the meta‐analysis, only studies that had control group were selected. Exclusion criteria were articles that mentioned the use of surgical techniques but did not use the procedure in research, animal studies, studies of revision, and postmortem studies.

Results

Four hundred and twenty‐three articles were identified in the initial search; 94 were selected for analysis by two referees, independently. After applying all the selection criteria, five studies remained in the meta‐analysis. The surgical procedures that were identified included laryngoplasty with or without thyrohyoid approximation, Wendler glottoplasty, cricothyroid approximation, laser glottoplasty reduction and the vocal fold shortening and retrodisplacement of anterior commissure. There was no significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in relation to f0.

Conclusion

No randomized clinical trials and prospective cohort studies are available, and a small number of retrospective cohort and case‐control studies of surgical techniques reveal an increase in the f0. The evidence produced is not conclusive regarding which surgical technique would be better for vocal treatment of transgender women.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 127:2596–2603, 2017
Hierarchical Self‐Assembly of Poly(Urethane)/Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride‐co‐Hexafluoropropylene) Blends into Highly Hydrophobic Electrospun Fibers with Reduced Protein Adsorption Profiles
Authors: Guex Anne Géraldine , Weidenbacher Lukas , Maniura‐Weber Katharina , Rossi René Michel , Fortunato Giuseppino
Published: July 2017

Electrospinning of blend systems, combining two or more polymers, has gained increasing interest for the fabrication of fibers that combine properties of the individual polymers. Here, a versatile method to produce hydrophobic fibers composed of poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDFhfp) and polyurethane (PUR) is presented. PVDFhfp containing fibers are expected to reduce protein adsorption. In a one‐step process, blend solutions are electrospun into homogeneous nonwoven membranes with fiber diameters in the range of 0.6 ± 0.2 to 1.4 ± 0.7 µm. Surface fluorine concentrations measured by X‐ray photospectroscopy show an asymptotic dependency in function of the PVDFhfp to PUR ratio, reaching values close to pure PVDFhfp at a weight per weight ratio of 10% PVDFhfp to 90% PUR. This fluorine enrichment on the surface suggests a gradient structure along the fiber cross‐section. At increased surface fluorine concentration, the contact angle changes from 121 ± 3° (PUR) to 141 ± 4° (PUR/PVDFhfp). Furthermore, these highly hydrophobic fibers present significantly reduced fibrinogen or albumin adsorption compared to PUR membranes.
Engineering Porous Water‐Responsive Poly(PEG/PCL/PDMS Urethane) Shape Memory Polymers
Authors: Ang Jie Ying , Chan Benjamin Qi Yu , Kai Dan , Loh Xian Jun
Published: July 2017

Porous and bulk water‐responsive urethane‐based shape memory polymers (SMPs) containing poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(caprolactone), and poly(dimethylsiloxane) are fabricated. The copolymers are processed by electrospinning to achieve porous structures. Shape fixation and recovery are achieved via the solvation and recrystallization of the hydrophilic PEG switching segment. Mechanical testing is performed to determine the SMP functionality. Water uptake rate for porous SMP is found to be higher than bulk SMP partly due to higher surface area for water contact. This enables porous structure water‐responsive SMPs to recover faster compared to bulk SMPs. The water‐responsive SMP exhibits good extents of shape fixity and shape recovery when immersed in water (≈35 °C). Different actuation times can be achieved based on the total surface area and efficiency of water‐entry into the polymer.

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Benzoxazine/Triphenylamine‐Based Dendrimers Prepared through Facile One‐Pot Mannich Condensations
Authors: Lin Ruey‐Chorng , Mohamed Mohamed Gamal , Kuo Shiao‐Wei
Published: July 2017

A series of thermally polymerizable dendrimers of various generations, equipped with triphenylamine (TPA) and benzoxazine (BZ) groups, is synthesized through facile one‐pot Mannich condensations of N1,N1‐bis(4‐aminophenyl)benzene‐1,4‐diamine (TPA–3NH2, as the core group), 4‐(bis(4‐aminophenyl)amino)phenol (TPA–2NH2–OH, as the AB2 branching group), and CH2O in 1,4‐dioxane. The ratios of the integrated areas in the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of these dendrimers are consistent with the theoretical numbers of protons, suggesting their successful syntheses. Bathochromic shifts of signals are evident in the UV–vis and photoluminescence spectra upon increasing the generation of the TPA–BZ dendrimers, consistent with an increase in the effective conjugation length. The TPA–BZ dendrimers are able to undergo thermal polymerization and display unique optical physical properties, resulting in thermoset TPA networks after thermal ring‐opening polymerization.
Area Selective Polymer Brush Deposition
Authors: Cummins Cian , Shaw Matthew T. , Morris Michael A.
Published: July 2017

Polymer brush films with chemical functionality to attach to site specific substrate areas are introduced for area selective deposition (ASD) application. It is demonstrated that polymer brushes with chemically defined end sites can be selectively bound to copper‐specific regions of patterned copper/silica (Cu/SiO2) substrates. The process described overcomes various limitations of currently used technology including cost, complexity, and throughput, with potential implications for future electronic devices and nanomanufacturing. A comparative study of amine‐terminated polystyrene and amine‐terminated poly‐2‐vinyl pyridine polymer brushes (i.e., PS‐NH2 and P2VP‐NH2) with similar molecular weights display contrasting behavior on patterned Cu/SiO2 line features. Further, a thiol terminated poly‐2‐vinyl pyridine polymer brush (i.e., P2VP‐SH) is investigated as a direct spin‐on process to fabricate a metal oxide layer atop Cu areas only. The results presented here detail a novel methodology and open a new exciting process for ASD practices that can facilitate the precise deposition of dense metal, semiconductor, or dielectric films. We also discuss the applicability of polymer brushes to ASD uses going forward.
Autosomal Recessive Spastic Ataxia of Charlevoix‐Saguenay (ARSACS)–First Report of Clinical and Imaging Features from India, and a Novel SACS Gene Duplication
Authors: Agarwal Pankaj A. , Ate‐Upasani Priti , Ramprasad Vedam L.
Published: July 2017

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Vom Atom zum Bauteil und zurück
Authors: Hartmaier Alexander
Published: July 2017

Forschungsvorhaben wie die „Materials Genome Initiative“ haben zum Ziel, Werkstoffe skalenüberbrückend zu beschreiben. Die einzelnen Elemente ihrer Mikrostrukturen spielen dabei eine ähnliche Rolle wie das Genom einer Zelle in der Biologie. Das genaue Verständnis des Zusammenhangs zwischen der Mikrostruktur von Werkstoffen und ihren makroskopischen Eigenschaften soll es ermöglichen, diese zielgerichtet für bestimmte Anwendungen zu designen. Auf der Mikroskala können physikalische Ab‐initio‐Modelle ihren Vorteil einer hohen Vorhersagekraft ausspielen, zudem benötigen sie wenige freie Parameter. Da die Rechenkapazität von Computern beschränkt ist, erfordert die skalenüberbrückende Materialmodellierung ein geschicktes Kombinieren von mikro‐, meso‐ und makroskopischen Ansätzen.
Femtosekunden‐Laserpulse erzeugen Elektronenwirbel
Authors: Pengel Dominik , Kerbstadt Stefanie , Bayer Tim , Wollenhaupt Matthias
Published: July 2017

Kürzlich ist es gelungen, die Wechselwirkung ultrakurzer, polarisationsgeformter Laserpulse mit Atomen derart zu kontrollieren, dass bei der Photoionisation Elektronenwirbel entstehen[1]. Elektronenwirbel sind faszinierende quantenmechanische Überlagerungszustände, die durch Interferenz zweier entgegengesetzt rotierender, freier Elektronenwellenpakete entstehen.
Druckbare Transistoren aus zweidimensionalen Nanoschichten
Authors: Duesberg Georg S. , Backes Claudia
Published: July 2017

An der Universität der Bundeswehr München und der Universität Heidelberg untersuchen wir zweidimensionale Nanoschichten. Die Materialien zeigen eine Vielfalt von neuen elektronischen und optischen Eigenschaften. Nun gelang es in einer Zusammenarbeit mit dem Trinity College Dublin, einen Transistor komplett aus verschiedenen Schichtmaterialen zu drucken [1].
Cooling rate controlled microstructure evolution through flash DSC and enhanced energy density in P(VDF–CTFE) for capacitor application
Authors: Chen Ying‐Xin , Lu Hong‐Wei , Shen Zhong‐Wang , Li Zhao-Lei , Shen Qun‐Dong
Published: July 2017

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) based polymers are attracting tremendous interest because of their potential applications in advanced energy storage devices. Fundamental understanding of their crystal structure evolution has been proved elusive due to the nature of rapid crystallization rate. Fortunately, flash differential scanning calorimeter (Flash DSC) with a precise control of cooling rate helps to investigate an understanding of structure–property relationships. For the first time, a bimodal distribution of the crystallization rate of P(VDF‐chlorotrifluoroethylene) (CTFE) in the whole temperature range, and a 3D profile of melting point and enthalpy dependence of annealing temperature and time, which is the corresponding crystal structure evolution and the mechanism of crystal nucleation and growth, are revealed by flash DSC. Based on the above conclusions, fast cooling or annealing at low temperature regulates the crystallization behavior, favors a tiny ferroelectric β‐phases, drastically reduces paraelectric spherulite sizes, and leads to greatly enhanced energy storage capacity, but reduction in discharged efficiency. For instance, compared with other processing methods, P(VDF‐CTFE) quenched by liquid nitrogen achieves the highest discharged energy of 10.6 J cm−3 at the maximum electric field of 270 MV m−1. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 1245–1253
Control of impurity concentration in N‐polar () GaN grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Tanikawa Tomoyuki , Kuboya Shigeyuki , Matsuoka Takashi
Published: July 2017

Unintentional impurity incorporation in N‐polar GaN films grown by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) was investigated. The influences of growth conditions on the impurity concentration, electrical properties, and optical properties were discussed. Secondary‐ion mass spectroscopy showed that both concentrations of carbon and oxygen were changed by growth conditions. With decreasing H2/(H2 + N2) ratio, the carbon concentration increased, while the oxygen concentration decreased. At higher V/III ratios, the oxygen concentration decreased. Nitrogen‐rich carrier gas and a high V/III ratio can decrease oxygen incorporation in the N‐polar GaN epitaxial layer. The growth parameters discussed in this study are concluded to affect the adsorption/desorption properties of impurities. Based on these results, the electrical properties of N‐polar III‐nitrides can also be controlled by choosing the appropriate MOVPE growth conditions. This technology will lead to improvements in N‐polar III‐nitride‐based device performance.
Spectroscopic characterization of N = 9 armchair graphene nanoribbons
Authors: Senkovskiy B. V. , Haberer D. , Usachov D. Yu. , Fedorov A. V. , Ehlen N. , Hell M. , Petaccia L. , Di Santo G. , Durr R. A. , Fischer F. R. , Grüneis A.
Published: July 2017

We investigate the N = 9 atoms wide armchair‐type graphene nanoribbons (9‐AGNRs) by performing a comprehensive spectroscopic and microscopic characterization of this novel material. In particular, we use X‐ray photoelectron, near edge X‐ray absorption fine structure, scanning tunneling, polarized Raman and angle‐resolved photoemission (ARPES) spectroscopies. The ARPES measurements are aided by calculations of the photoemission matrix elements which yield the position in k space having the strongest photoemission cross section. Comparison with well‐studied narrow N = 7 AGNRs shows that the effective electron mass in 9‐AGNRs is reduced by two times and the valence band maximum is shifted to lower binding energy by ∼0.6 eV. In polarized Raman measurements of the aligned 9‐AGNR, we reveal anisotropic signal depending upon the phonon symmetry. Our results indicate the 9‐AGNRs are a novel 1D semiconductor with a high potential in nanoelectronic applications.