bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient dispersants for the dispersion of gallium zinc oxide nanopowder in aqueous suspensions
Authors: Li Chia‐Chen , Liu Wei‐I , Chen Yen‐Shin
Published: November 2016

Appropriate dispersants for the dispersion of gallium zinc oxide (GZO) nanopowder in aqueous suspensions were identified in this study. The dispersion efficiencies and stabilization mechanisms of water‐based dispersants ammonium poly(acrylic acid) (PAA–NH4), an anionic polyelectrolyte, and polyethylenimine (PEI), a cationic polyelectrolyte, were compared. The experimental analyses of rheology and sedimentation showed that both PAA–NH4 and PEI were good dispersants for the dispersion of GZO. Theoretical calculations based on Derjaguin‐Landau‐Verwey‐Overbeek theory revealed that the stabilization mechanism of PEI was mainly related to the steric effect, and a very low molecular weight of 1800 g/mol was insufficient for powder stabilization. GZO was well dispersed by PEI with high molecular weight of 10 000 g/mol, but agglomeration occurred when too much PEI was added. Compared with PEI, PAA–NH4 was more efficient because of its high contribution to the increase in electrostatic repulsion. Based on theoretical considerations on both steric and electrostatic effects, namely, the electrosteric stabilization mechanism, PAA–NH4 is optimal for the dispersion of GZO nanopowder in aqueous suspensions.
Wider Europe, Greater Europe? David Mitrany on European Security Order
Authors: Zwolski Kamil
Published: November 2016

How should the structure of European security be reorganized following the conflict in Ukraine? Some respond that the European Union should not bend to Russia's acts of aggression. Others blame the allegedly exclusionary and expansive nature of the Euro‐Atlantic organizations for the conflict. This paper embeds these competing narratives in the functional approach of David Mitrany, specifically in his two distinctive forms of regional integration, one exclusive and one inclusive. At the same time, however, the paper cautions against drawing simplified conclusions based on the parallels between Mitrany's ideal types of regional integration and contemporary arguments about the place of Russia in European security governance. Indeed, a more inclusive approach to Russia can potentially be beneficial for European security order, but there are more problems with this vision than simply the short‐sightedness of western institutions. Unfortunately, Mitrany's functional approach does not offer immediate solutions to these problems.
Bleeding on probing around dental implants: a retrospective study of associated factors
Authors: Farina Roberto , Filippi Marco , Brazzioli Jessica , Tomasi Cristiano , Trombelli Leonardo
Published: November 2016

Aim

To (i) identify factors associated with the probability of a peri‐implant site to be positive to bleeding on probing (BoP+) and (ii) compare BoP+ probability around dental implants and contra‐lateral teeth.

Methods

In 112 patients, data related to 1725 peri‐implant sites and 1020 contra‐lateral dental sites were retrospectively obtained. To analyse the association between patient‐, implant‐ and site‐related factors and BoP+ probability, a logistic, three‐level model was built with BoP as the binary outcome variable (+/−).

Results

BoP+ probability for a peri‐implant site with probing depth (PD) of 4 mm was 27%, and the odds ratio increased by 1.6 for each 1‐mm increment in PD (p < 0.001). Also, BoP+ probability was higher in females compared to males (OR = 1.61; p = 0.048), and lower at posterior compared to anterior dental implants (OR = 0.55; p < 0.01). No significant difference in BoP+ probability was observed between peri‐implant and contra‐lateral dental sites when controlling for the difference in PD.

Conclusions

The probability of a peri‐implant site to bleed upon probing is (i) associated with PD, implant position and gender, and (ii) similar to that observed at contra‐lateral dental sites when controlling for the effect of PD.
Combined surgical therapy of advanced peri‐implantitis evaluating two methods of surface decontamination: a 7‐year follow‐up observation
Authors: Schwarz Frank , John Gordon , Schmucker Andrea , Sahm Narja , Becker Jürgen
Published: November 2016

Objectives

To assess the long‐term outcomes (>4 years) following combined surgical resective/regenerative therapy of advanced peri‐implantitis lesions using two surface decontamination methods.

Material & Methods

Fifteen patients (n = 15 combined supra‐ and intrabony defects) completed a follow‐up observation period of 7 years. The treatment procedure included access flap surgery, granulation tissue removal and implantoplasty at buccally and supracrestally exposed implant parts, and a randomly assigned decontamination of the unmodified intrabony implant surface areas using either (i) an Er:YAG laser (ERL) or (ii) plastic curettes + cotton pellets + sterile saline (CPS). Intrabony defects were filled using a natural bone mineral and covered by a native collagen membrane.

Results

At 7 years, both ERL and CPS were associated with similar mean bleeding on probing reductions (CPS: 89.99 ± 11.65% versus ERL: 86.66 ± 18.26%) and clinical attachment level gains (CPS: 2.76 ± 1.92 mm versus ERL: 2.06 ± 2.52 mm).

Conclusion

Combined surgical resective/regenerative therapy of advanced peri‐implantitis was effective on the long‐term, but not influenced by the initial method of surface decontamination.
When three traits make a line: evolution of phenotypic plasticity and genetic assimilation through linear reaction norms in stochastic environments
Authors: Ergon T. , Ergon R.
Published: November 2016

Genetic assimilation emerges from selection on phenotypic plasticity. Yet, commonly used quantitative genetics models of linear reaction norms considering intercept and slope as traits do not mimic the full process of genetic assimilation. We argue that intercept–slope reaction norm models are insufficient representations of genetic effects on linear reaction norms and that considering reaction norm intercept as a trait is unfortunate because the definition of this trait relates to a specific environmental value (zero) and confounds genetic effects on reaction norm elevation with genetic effects on environmental perception. Instead, we suggest a model with three traits representing genetic effects that, respectively, (i) are independent of the environment, (ii) alter the sensitivity of the phenotype to the environment and (iii) determine how the organism perceives the environment. The model predicts that, given sufficient additive genetic variation in environmental perception, the environmental value at which reaction norms tend to cross will respond rapidly to selection after an abrupt environmental change, and eventually becomes equal to the new mean environment. This readjustment of the zone of canalization becomes completed without changes in genetic correlations, genetic drift or imposing any fitness costs of maintaining plasticity. The asymptotic evolutionary outcome of this three‐trait linear reaction norm generally entails a lower degree of phenotypic plasticity than the two‐trait model, and maximum expected fitness does not occur at the mean trait values in the population.
Impact of freeze‐drying on bioactive compounds of yellow passion fruit residues
Authors: Silva Neiton C. , Santana Ricardo C. , Duarte Claudio R. , Barrozo Marcos A. S.
Published: November 2016

Fruit production and processing result in a large amount of residues, which are usually discarded or underused. Passion fruit residues are source of fibers and other bioactive substances, which are antioxidant, protect cells against oxidative stress, and have pharmaceutical and food properties. This paper investigates the effects of freeze‐drying on bioactive compounds of yellow passion fruit residues (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa). It was analyzed the following compounds: Pectin, total phenolics, total flavonoids, citric acid, and ascorbic acid, and also the effect of freezing techniques (in freezer or liquid nitrogen) on moisture removal and product quality. The results indicated the best freeze‐drying conditions for yellow passion fruit residues considering the preservation of the main compounds.

Practical application

Concerning processed fruits, the yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa) has had great importance due to the quality of its juice and its great amount of minerals and vitamins. However, the processing of this fruit results in a substantial amount of residues, which may represent 65–70% of the fruit weight. These residues are usually discarded, causing environmental impact and loss of raw material and energy. Yellow passion fruit residues contain high levels of bioactive compounds, such as pectin, vitamins, minerals, polyphenolic antioxidants, and dietary fibers. This study investigated the freeze‐drying of passion fruit residues. It was analyzed the effect of operating conditions on bioactive compounds content in the samples and determined the most suitable process conditions.
Identifying the optimal strategy for screening of advanced colorectal neoplasia
Authors: Jung Yoon Suk , Park Chan Hyuk , Kim Nam Hee , Park Jung Ho , Park Dong Il , Sohn Chong Il
Published: November 2016

Background and Aim

To guide selection of optimal screening strategies for advanced colorectal neoplasia (ACRN), we evaluated the screening performances of sigmoidoscopy, fecal immunochemical test (FIT), and the Asia‐Pacific Colorectal Screening (APCS) system, as well as combinations of these techniques.

Methods

We reviewed the records of participants who had undergone a colonoscopy and FIT as part of a comprehensive health‐screening program. Results of sigmoidoscopy were estimated from lesions under colonoscopic examination. The screening strategies were classified as sigmoidoscopy‐based, FIT‐based, and APCS‐based. The sensitivity and reduction of number needed to colonoscope (NNScope) of each screening strategy were assessed.

Results

Of 23 023 participants, 398 (1.7%) had ACRN. To predict the presence of ACRN, sigmoidoscopy was the most effective method (odds ratio [OR]: 22.96, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 18.26–29.07), followed by FIT (OR: 7.18, 95% CI: 5.28–9.68) and APCS (high risk [≥4] OR: 2.59, 95% CI: 1.87–3.58; moderate risk [2–3] OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.28–2.17). Regarding sigmoidoscopy‐based strategies, “sigmoidoscopy positive alone” and “sigmoidoscopy positive or APCS ≥4” were optimal strategies (reduction of NNScope: 79–86%; sensitivity: 73–78%). In the case of FIT‐based strategies, “FIT positive or APCS ≥4” was the optimal strategy (reduction of NNScope: 72%; sensitivity: 37%). With regard to the APCS system only, “APCS ≥2” and “APCS ≥4” were recommended as sensitivity‐preferred and reduction in NNScope‐preferred strategies, respectively.

Conclusions

The performance in ACRN prediction differs among screening methods (sigmoidoscopy, FIT, and APCS). Among the various single or combined screening strategies, several specific strategies can be chosen depending on medical resources, financial budgets, and screenee preference.
Proton pump inhibitors do not increase the risk for recurrent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Kim Jung Hee , Lim Kyung Sook , Min Yang Won , Lee Hyuk , Min Byung‐Hoon , Rhee Poong‐Lyul , Kim Jae J , Koh Kwang Cheol , Paik Seung Woon
Published: November 2016

Background and Aim

The present study aimed to assess the real impact of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use on incidence of recurrent spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) in a homogenous population composed of cirrhotic patients with a previous SBP where differences related with SBP incidence between PPI users and non‐users are less likely to exist.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study enrolled 307 cirrhotic patients taking diuretics for ascites control and had a previous SBP. Patients who took any PPI for at least 1 week prior to a second SBP were included in the PPI group. The incidence of a second SBP was a primary outcome and was compared between PPI group and non‐PPI group before and after propensity score matching. Risk factors for a second SBP were investigated by multivariate analysis.

Results

Second SBP occurred in 17 patients (29.3%) during mean 52.1 ± 5.2 months of PPI group and in 60 patients (24.1%) during mean 61.9 ± 4.8 months of non‐PPI group, which did not differ (P = .185). In the matched cohort, second SBP similarly occurred in both groups [29.3% of PPI group vs 26.8% of non‐PPI group (P = .271)]. According to the multivariate analysis, Child–Pugh score was the only significant risk factor for a second SBP (hazard ratio 1.68, 95% confidence interval, 1.13–2.50, P = .001). Isolated bacteria and clinical outcomes such as of mortality, presence of sepsis, and hospital stay did not differ between the two groups in the matched cohort.

Conclusion

Proton pump inhibitor use is not a risk factor for recurrent SBP in cirrhotic patients.
Aquaporin‐2 excretion in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis: Relation to development of renal insufficiency and mortality
Authors: Busk Troels M , Møller Søren , Pedersen Erling B , Gerbes Alexander , Krag Aleksander , Peck‐Radosavljevic Markus , Frankova Sona , Coenraad Minneke J , Bendtsen Flemming
Published: November 2016

Background and Aim

Urinary aquaporin‐2 (AQP2) is a parameter of water transport in the principal cells in the distal part of the nephron and involved in water retention in cirrhosis and may be a marker of renal function. The aim of the study was to evaluate AQP2 as a predictor of renal insufficiency and death in patients with cirrhosis.

Methods

Urine samples from 199 patients (90 patients without organ failure [Group 1], 58 patients with organ failure excluding renal failure [Group 2], and 51 patients with organ failure including renal failure [Group 3]) from the CANONIC study were analyzed for urine AQP2 and urine osmolality.

Results

There was no difference in AQP2 between the three groups. Urine osmolality was significantly lower in patients in Group 3 versus Group 1 and Group 2 (P = 0.0004). No relation was found between AQP2 and glomerular filtration rate or creatinine; however, AQP2 was a significant predictor of the development of renal insufficiency (P = 0.0485). In a univariate analysis, AQP2 was a significant predictor of 14 and 28‐day survival, but this was not confirmed in multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

Aquaporin‐2 was not associated with disease severity or markers of renal function but was a predictor for the development of renal insufficiency and death. Therefore, its future use as marker of renal insufficiency could be promising, but further research is needed before it can be considered a clinical useful tool.
Use of Bladder Antimuscarinics in Older Adults with Impaired Cognition
Authors: Green Ariel R. , Segal Jodi , Tian Jing , Oh Esther , Roth David L. , Hilson Liam , Dodson Jennifer L. , Boyd Cynthia M.
Published: November 2016

Objective

To examine the use of antimuscarinics for treating urinary incontinence (UI) in older adults with varying levels of cognition.

Design

Cross‐sectional.

Setting

National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center from 2005 through 2015.

Participants

Community‐dwelling men and women aged 65 and older (N = 24,106).

Measurements

Clinicians and staff evaluated each participant's dementia status during annual in‐person assessments. Participants or their informants reported all medications taken in the 2 weeks before each study visit.

Results

Overall, 5.2% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.9–5.5%) of the cohort took a bladder antimuscarinic. Participants with impaired cognition were more likely to be taking an antimuscarinic than those with normal cognition. Rates of bladder antimuscarinic use were 4.0% (95% CI = 3.6–4.4%) for participants with normal cognition, 5.6% (95% CI = 4.9–6.3%) for those with mild cognitive impairment, and 6.0% (95% CI = 5.5–6.4%) for those with dementia (p < .001). Of 624 participants with dementia who took antimuscarinics, 16% (95% CI = 13–19%) were simultaneously taking other medicines with anticholinergic properties.

Conclusion

Use of bladder antimuscarinics was more common in older adults with impaired cognition than in those with normal cognition. This use is despite guidelines advising clinicians to avoid prescribing antimuscarinics in individuals with dementia because of their vulnerability to anticholinergic‐induced adverse cognitive and functional effects. A substantial proportion of cognitively impaired individuals who took antimuscarinics were simultaneously taking other anticholinergic medications. These findings suggest a need to improve the treatment of UI in individuals with impaired cognition.
Frequency and Predictors of Analgesic Prescribing in U.S. Nursing Home Residents with Persistent Pain
Authors: Fain Kevin M. , Alexander G. Caleb , Dore David D. , Segal Jodi B. , Zullo Andrew R. , Castillo‐Salgado Carlos
Published: November 2016

Objectives

To quantify prescription analgesic use of elderly nursing home (NH) residents with persistent noncancer pain and to identify individual and facility traits associated with no treatment.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Linked Minimum Data Set (MDS) assessments; Online Survey, Certification and Reporting (OSCAR) records; and Medicare Part D claims.

Participants

Individuals aged 65 and older with persistent noncancer pain were identified from a cross‐section of all long‐stay U.S. NH residents with an MDS assessment and Medicare Part D enrollment in 2008, excluding those who were terminally ill, those with Alzheimer's disease, and those with the most‐severe cognitive impairment.

Measurements

Residents with moderate to severe daily pain on consecutive assessments at least 90 days apart constituted the cohort with persistent pain. Part D dispensing for an opioid or nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) within 30 days of persistent pain onset was identified. Information on resident and facility characteristics was obtained from MDS and OSCAR records. Associations between resident and facility attributes and pain treatment were estimated using multilevel mixed‐effects logistic regression analyses.

Results

Of the study sample of 18,526 residents with persistent pain, 3,094 (16.7%) did not receive prescription analgesics, 12,815 (69.2%) received a prescription opioid, 485 (2.6%) received a prescription NSAID, and 2,132 (11.5%) received a prescription opioid and NSAID. After adjusting for potentially confounding covariates, residents who were older (≥95, odds ratio (OR) = 2.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.70–2.49), more cognitively impaired (moderately severe cognitive impairment, OR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.71–2.62), or black (OR = 1.20, 95% CI = 1.03–1.39) or Asian (OR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.22–3.20) were less likely to receive a prescription analgesic.

Conclusion

Through 2008, pain remained undertreated in NHs, especially in certain subpopulations, including cognitively impaired and older residents. Changes in pain management practice and policies may be necessary to target these vulnerable residents.
Characterizing Potentially Inappropriate Prescribing of Proton Pump Inhibitors in Older People in Primary Care in Ireland from 1997 to 2012
Authors: Moriarty Frank , Bennett Kathleen , Cahir Caitriona , Fahey Tom
Published: November 2016

Objectives

To characterize prescribing of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and medicines that increase gastrointestinal bleeding risk (ulcerogenic) in older people from 1997 to 2012 and assess factors associated with maximal‐dose prescribing in long‐term PPI users.

Design

Repeated cross‐sectional study of pharmacy claims data.

Setting

Eastern Health Board region of Ireland.

Participants

Individuals aged 65 and older from a means‐tested health plan in 1997, 2002, 2007, and 2012 (range 78,489–133,884 individuals).

Measurements

PPI prescribing prevalence was determined per study year, categorized according to duration (≤8 or >8 weeks), dosage (maximal or maintenance), and co‐prescribed drugs. Logistic regression in long‐term PPI users was used to determine whether age, sex, polypharmacy, and ulcerogenic medicine use were associated with being prescribed a maximal dose rather than a maintenance dose. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are presented.

Results

Half of this older population received a PPI in 2007 and 2012. Long‐term use (>8 weeks) of maximal doses rose from 0.8% of individuals in 1997 to 23.6% in 2012. Although some ulcerogenic medicines and polypharmacy were significantly associated with maximal PPI doses, any nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug use was significantly associated with lower odds of maximal PPI dose (adjusted OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.85–0.89), as were aspirin use and older age. Adjusting for medication and demographic factors, odds of being prescribed a maximal PPI dose were significantly higher in 2012 than in 1997 (adjusted OR = 6.30, 95% CI = 5.76–6.88).

Conclusions

Long‐term maximal‐dose PPI prescribing is highly prevalent in older adults and is not consistently associated with gastrointestinal bleeding risk factors. Interventions involving prescribers and patients may promote appropriate PPI use, reducing costs and adverse effects of PPI overprescribing.
Mexican‐American Dementia Nomogram: Development of a Dementia Risk Index for Mexican‐American Older Adults
Authors: Downer Brian , Kumar Amit , Veeranki Sreenivas P. , Mehta Hemalkumar B. , Raji Mukaila , Markides Kyriakos S.
Published: November 2016

Objectives

To create a risk index (Mexican American Dementia Nomogram (MADeN)) that predicts dementia over a 10‐year period for Mexican Americans aged 65 and older.

Design

Retrospective cohort study with longitudinal analysis.

Setting

Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Arizona, and California.

Participants

Hispanic Established Populations for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly (H‐EPESE) participants (n = 1,739).

Measurements

Dementia was defined as a decline of three or more points per year on the Mini‐Mental State Examination and inability to perform one or more daily activities. Candidate risk factors included demographic characteristics, measures of social engagement, self‐reported health conditions, ability to perform daily activities, and physical activity.

Results

The MADeN comprised the following risk factors: age, sex, education, not having friends to count on, not attending community events, diabetes mellitus, feeling the blues, pain, impairment in instrumental activities of daily living, and unable to walk a half‐mile. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.74 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.70–0.78) and a score of 16 points or higher had a sensitivity of 0.65 (95% CI = 0.59–0.72) and specificity of 0.70 (95% CI = 0.67–0.73) in predicting dementia.

Conclusion

The MADeN was able to predict dementia in a population of older Mexican‐American adults with moderate accuracy. It has the potential to identify older Mexican‐American adults who may benefit from interventions to reduce dementia risk and to educate this population about risk factors for dementia.
Dietitians' practice in giving carbohydrate advice in the management of type 2 diabetes: a mixed methods study
Authors: McArdle P. D. , Greenfield S. M. , Avery A. , Adams G. G. , Gill P. S.
Published: November 2016

Background

Carbohydrate is accepted as the principal nutrient affecting blood glucose in diabetes; however, current guidelines are unable to specify the optimal quantity of carbohydrate for glycaemic control. No studies exist that describe current practice amongst healthcare professionals giving carbohydrate advice in type 2 diabetes. The present study aims to improve understanding of the degree of variation in the current practice of UK registered dietitians (RDs) by describing how RDs advise patients.

Methods

UK RDs were contacted through national networks and asked to complete an online survey, which was analysed using stata, version 12 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). Three consultations between dietitians and patients with type 2 diabetes were observed, followed by semi‐structured interviews with the dietitians.

Results

In total, 320 complete survey responses were received. Dietitians' advice varied according to expertise, training and confidence, and the complexity of the patient's blood glucose treatment. Some 48% (n = 154) of respondents advised patients to restrict carbohydrate intake either occasionally or frequently, with 35.6% (n = 114) considering 30–39% of total energy from carbohydrate to be a realistic expectation. The overall theme from the interviews was ‘Conflicting Priorities’, with three sub‐themes: (i) how treatment decisions are made; (ii) the difference between empowerment and advice; and (iii) contradictory advice. A disparity existed between what was observed and interview data on how dietitians rationalise the type of carbohydrate advice provided.

Conclusions

Dietitians' advice varies for a number of reasons. Consensus exists in some areas (e.g. carbohydrate awareness advice); however, clear definitions of such terms are lacking. Clarification of interventions may improve the consistency of approach and improve patient outcomes.
Does Dynorphin Play a Role in the Onset of Puberty in Female Sheep?
Authors: Lopez J. A. , Bedenbaugh M. N. , McCosh R. B. , Weems P. W. , Meadows L. J. , Wisman B. , Coolen L. M. , Goodman R. L. , Hileman S. M.
Published: November 2016

Puberty onset involves increased gonadotrophin‐release (GnRH) release as a result of decreased sensitivity to oestrogen (E2)‐negative feedback. Because GnRH neurones lack E2 receptor α, this pathway must contain interneurones. One likely candidate is KNDy neurones (kisspeptin, neurokinin B, dynorphin). The overarching hypothesis of the present study was that the prepubertal hiatus in luteinising hormone (LH) release involves reduced kisspeptin and/or heightened dynorphin input. We first tested the specific hypothesis that E2 would reduce kisspeptin‐immunopositive cell numbers and increase dynorphin‐immunopositive cell numbers. We found that kisspeptin cell numbers were higher in ovariectomised (OVX) lambs than OVX lambs treated with E2 (OVX+ E2) or those left ovary‐intact. Very few arcuate dynorphin cells were identified in any group. Next, we hypothesised that central blockade of κ‐opioid receptor (KOR) would increase LH secretion at a prepubertal (6 months) but not postpubertal (10 months) age. Luteinising hormone pulse frequency and mean LH increased during infusion of a KOR antagonist, norbinaltorphimine, in OVX + E2 lambs at the prepubertal age but not in the same lambs at the postpubertal age. We next hypothesised that E2 would increase KOR expression in GnRH neurones or alter synaptic input to KNDy neurones in prepubertal ewes. Oestrogen treatment decreased the percentage of GnRH neurones coexpressing KOR (approximately 68%) compared to OVX alone (approximately 78%). No significant differences in synaptic contacts per cell between OVX and OVX + E2 groups were observed. Although these initial data are consistent with dynorphin inhibiting pulsatile LH release prepubertally, additional work will be necessary to define the source and mechanisms of this inhibition.
A current perspective on apomixis in ferns
Authors: Grusz Amanda L.
Published: November 2016

This review provides a synopsis of apogamous reproduction in ferns and highlights important progress made in recent studies of fern apomixis. First, a summary of the apomictic fern life cycle is provided, distinguishing between two pathways to diploid spore production that have been documented in apomictic ferns (premeiotic endomitosis and meiotic first division restitution) and briefly discussing the evolutionary implications of each. Next, recent trends in fern apomixis research are discussed, exposing a shift in focus from the observation and characterization of apomixis in ferns to more integrated studies of the evolutionary and ecological implications of this reproductive mode. Peer‐reviewed contributions from the past decade are then summarized, spanning the identification of new apomictic lineages through to the developmental, phylogenetic, and population genetic insights that have been made in studies of fern apomixis during that time. Gaps in our understanding are also discussed, including the extent and implications of recombinant apomixis in ferns, the possible reversibility of reproductive mode (from apomictic to sexual) in ferns, and the genomic causes and consequences of apomixis in seed free vascular plants. To conclude, future directions for fern apomixis research are proposed in the context of modern technological advances and recent insights from studies of apomixis in other groups.
Prevention of allograft HCV recurrence with peri‐transplant human monoclonal antibody MBL‐HCV1 combined with a single oral direct‐acting antiviral: A proof‐of‐concept study
Authors: Smith H. L. , Chung R. T. , Mantry P. , Chapman W. , Curry M. P. , Schiano T. D. , Boucher E. , Cheslock P. , Wang Y. , Molrine D. C.
Published: November 2016

Patients with active hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection at transplantation experience rapid allograft infection, increased risk of graft failure and accelerated fibrosis. MBL‐HCV1, a neutralizing human monoclonal antibody (mAb) targeting the HCV envelope, was combined with a licensed oral direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) to prevent HCV recurrence post‐transplant in an open‐label exploratory efficacy trial. Eight subjects received MBL‐HCV1 beginning on the day of transplant with telaprevir initiated between days 3 and 7 post‐transplantation. Following FDA approval of sofosbuvir, two subjects received MBL‐HCV1 starting on the day of transplant with sofosbuvir initiated on day 3. Combination treatment was administered for 8‐12 weeks or until the stopping rule for viral rebound was met. The primary endpoint was undetectable HCV RNA at day 56 with exploratory endpoints of sustained virologic response (SVR) at 12 and 24 weeks post‐treatment. Both subjects receiving mAb and sofosbuvir achieved SVR24. Four of eight subjects in the mAb and telaprevir group met the primary endpoint; one subject achieved SVR24 and three subjects relapsed 2‐12 weeks post‐treatment. The other four subjects experienced viral breakthrough. There were no serious adverse events related to study treatment. This proof‐of‐concept study demonstrates that peri‐transplant immunoprophylaxis combined with a single oral direct‐acting antiviral in the immediate post‐transplant period can prevent HCV recurrence.
Dispute Resolution Outside of Courts: Procedural Justice and Decision Acceptance Among Users of Ombuds Services in the UK
Authors: Creutzfeldt Naomi , Bradford Ben
Published: November 2016

Attitudes toward legal authorities based on theories of procedural justice have been explored extensively in the criminal and civil justice systems. This has provided considerable empirical evidence concerning the importance of trust and legitimacy in generating cooperation, compliance, and decision acceptance. However, not enough attention has been paid to attitudes towards institutions of informal dispute resolution. This paper asks whether the theory of procedural justice applies to the alternative dispute resolution context, focusing on ombuds services. What are the predictors of perceptions of procedural justice during the process of dealing with an ombuds, and what factors shape outcome acceptance? These questions are analyzed using a sample of recent ombuds users. The results indicate that outcome favorability is highly correlated with perceived procedural justice, and both predict decision acceptance.
Effect of moderate shock waves on magnetic susceptibility and microstructure of a magnetite‐bearing ore
Authors: Reznik Boris , Kontny Agnes , Fritz Jörg
Published: November 2016

This study demonstrates a relationship between changes of magnetic susceptibility and microstructure developing in minerals of a magnetite‐bearing ore, experimentally shocked to pressures of 5, 10, 20, and 30 GPa. Shock‐induced effects on magnetic properties were quantified by bulk magnetic susceptibility measurements while shock‐induced microstructures were studied by high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy. Microstructural changes were compared between magnetite, quartz, amphibole, and biotite grains. In the 5 GPa sample, a sharp drop of magnetic susceptibility correlates with distinct fragmentation as well as with formation of shear bands and twins in magnetite. At 10 GPa, shear bands and twins in magnetite are accompanied by droplet‐shaped nanograins. In this shock pressure regime, quartz and amphibole still show intensive grain fragmentation. Twins in quartz and foam‐shaped, highly porous amphibole are formed at 20 and 30 GPa. The formation of porous minerals suggests that shock heating of these mineral grains resulted in localized temperature spikes. The identified shock‐induced features in magnetite strongly advise that variations in the bulk magnetic susceptibility result from cooperative grain fragmentation, plastic deformation and/or localized amorphization, and probably postshock annealing. In particular, the increasing shock heating at high pressures is assumed to be responsible for a partial defect annealing which we suggest to be responsible for the almost constant values of magnetic susceptibility above 10 GPa.
An autopsied case of MV2K + C‐type sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease presenting with widespread cerebral cortical involvement and Kuru plaques
Authors: Iwasaki Yasushi , Saito Yufuko , Aiba Ikuko , Kobayashi Atsushi , Mimuro Maya , Kitamoto Tetsuyuki , Yoshida Mari
Published: November 2016

MV2‐type sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (sCJD), which was previously called “Kuru‐plaque variant”, was gradually revealed to have a wide spectrum and has been classified into three pathological subtypes: MV2K, MV2C and MV2K + C. We herein describe the detailed clinical findings and neuropathologic observations from an autopsied MV2K + C‐type Japanese sCJD case with widespread cerebral cortical pathology and Kuru plaques. In the early stages of the disease, the patient exhibited gait disturbance with ataxia and dysarthria as well as gradual appearance of cognitive dysfunction. Diffusion‐weighted images (DWI) on MRI revealed extensive cerebral cortical hyperintensity. Pathologic investigation revealed extensive spongiform change in the cerebral cortex, particularly in the deeper layers. Vacuole size varied, and some were confluent. Prion protein (PrP) immunostaining revealed extensive PrP deposition in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, brainstem and spinal cord. In the cerebral cortex, synaptic‐type, Kuru plaque‐like, and coarse plaque‐type PrP depositions were mainly observed, along with some perivacuolar‐type PrP depositions. Kuru plaques and coarse plaque‐type PrP depositions also were observed in the cerebellar cortex. PrP gene analysis revealed no mutations, and polymorphic codon 129 exhibited Met/Val heterozygosity. Western blot analysis revealed a mixture of intermediate‐type PrPSc and type 2 PrPSc. Based on previous reports regarding MV2‐type sCJD and the clinicopathologic findings of the present case, we speculated that it may be possible to clinically distinguish each MV2 subtype. Clinical presentation of the MV2K + C subtype includes predominant cerebral cortical involvement signs with ataxia and DWI hyperintensity of the cerebral cortex on MRI.
Rotenone and elevated extracellular potassium concentration induce cell‐specific fibrillation of α‐synuclein in axons of cholinergic enteric neurons in the guinea‐pig ileum
Authors: Sharrad D. F. , Chen B. N. , Gai W. P. , Vaikath N. , El‐Agnaf O. M. , Brookes S. J. H.
Published: November 2016

Background

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that results in the widespread loss of select classes of neurons throughout the nervous system. The pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease are Lewy bodies and neurites, of which α‐synuclein fibrils are the major component. α‐Synuclein aggregation has been reported in the gut of Parkinson's disease patients, even up to a decade before motor symptoms, and similar observations have been made in animal models of disease. However, unlike the central nervous system, the nature of α‐synuclein species that form these aggregates and the classes of neurons affected in the gut are unclear. We have previously reported selective expression of α‐synuclein in cholinergic neurons in the gut (J Comp Neurol. 2013;521:657), suggesting they may be particularly vulnerable to degeneration in Parkinson's disease.

Methods

In this study, we used immunohistochemistry to detect α‐synuclein oligomers and fibrils via conformation‐specific antibodies after rotenone treatment or prolonged exposure to high [K+] in ex vivo segments of guinea‐pig ileum maintained in organotypic culture.

Key Results

Rotenone and prolonged raising of [K+] caused accumulation of α‐synuclein fibrils in the axons of cholinergic enteric neurons. This took place in a time‐ and, in the case of rotenone, concentration‐dependent manner. Rotenone also caused selective necrosis, indicated by increased cellular autofluorescence, of cholinergic enteric neurons, labeled by ChAT‐immunoreactivity, also in a concentration‐dependent manner.

Conclusions & Inferences

To our knowledge, this is the first report of rotenone causing selective loss of a neurochemical class in the enteric nervous system. Cholinergic enteric neurons may be particularly susceptible to Lewy pathology and degeneration in Parkinson's disease.
Acute sacral nerve stimulation reduces visceral mechanosensitivity in a cross‐organ sensitization model
Authors: Langlois L. D. , Le Long E. , Meleine M. , Antor M. , Atmani K. , Dechelotte P. , Leroi A. M. , Gourcerol G.
Published: November 2016

Background

Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) is a surgical treatment of fecal and urinary incontinence that consists of inserting a stimulating electrode into one of the s3 or s4 sacral holes. In addition to the benefit of SNS in the treatment of incontinence, recent studies showed that SNS is effective in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome as well as bladder pain syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of SNS on visceral mechanosensitivity in a cross‐organ sensitization rat model.

Methods

Hypersensitive model was obtained by instillation of acetic acid into the bladder of rats during 5 minutes, 30 minutes before the start of the experiments. Visceral sensitivity was assessed by monitoring the change in mean arterial pressure in response to graded isobaric colorectal distension series. To decipher the mechanisms underlying SNS effect, rats were administered intravenously either a nonselective opioid receptor antagonist (naloxone) or a nitric oxide synthesis antagonist (L‐NAME). Neuronal activation in the dorsal horn of the sacral spinal cord was measured by counting c‐fos immunoreactive cells in response to colorectal distension and NMS.

Key Results

Intravesical acetic acid instillation increased mean arterial pressure variation in response to colorectal distension when compared to saline group. SNS reduced the variation in arterial pressure. Colorectal distension induced a rise in c‐fos immunoreactive cells in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. This effect was reduced by SNS.

Conclusions & Inferences

SNS reduces visceral mechanosensitivity in a cross‐organ sensitization model.
An enigmatic Hawaiian moth is a missing link in the adaptive radiation of Schiedea
Authors: Weller Stephen G. , Sakai Ann K. , Campbell Diane R. , Powers John M. , Peña Sean R. , Keir Matthew J. , Loomis Alexander K. , Heintzman Scott M. , Weisenberger Lauren
Published: November 2016

Shifts in pollination may drive adaptive diversification of reproductive systems within plant lineages. The monophyletic genus Schiedea is a Hawaiian lineage of 32 extant species, with spectacular diversity in reproductive systems. Biotic pollination is the presumed ancestral condition, but this key element of the life history and its role in shaping reproductive systems has remained undocumented.

We observed floral visitors to two species of Schiedea and conducted field experiments to test pollinator effectiveness. We used choice tests to compare attraction of pollinators to species hypothesized to be biotically vs wind‐pollinated.

Pseudoschrankia brevipalpis (Erebidae), a recently described moth species known only from O‘ahu, visited hermaphroditic Schiedea kaalae and S. hookeri and removed nectar from their unique tubular nectary extensions. Pseudoschrankia brevipalpis effectively pollinates S. kaalae; single visits to emasculated flowers resulted in pollen transfer. In choice tests, P. brevipalpis strongly preferred these hermaphroditic species over two subdioecious species capable of wind pollination.

A shift from biotic to abiotic pollination is clearly implicated in the diversification of reproductive systems within Schiedea. Abundant pollination by a previously unknown native moth in experimental and restored populations suggests the potential for restoration to re‐establish native plant–pollinator interactions critical for production of outcrossed individuals with high fitness.
Changes to Cretaceous surface fire behaviour influenced the spread of the early angiosperms
Authors: Belcher Claire M. , Hudspith Victoria A.
Published: November 2016

Angiosperms evolved and diversified during the Cretaceous period. Early angiosperms were short‐stature weedy plants thought to have increased fire frequency and mortality in gymnosperm forest, aiding their own expansion. However, no explorations have considered whether the range of novel fuel types that diversified throughout the Cretaceous also altered fire behaviour, which should link more strongly to mortality than fire frequency alone.

We measured ignitability and heat of combustion in analogue Cretaceous understorey fuels (conifer litter, ferns, weedy and shrubby angiosperms) and used these data to model palaeofire behaviour.

Variations in ignition, driven by weedy angiosperms alone, were found to have been a less important feedback to changes in Cretaceous fire activity than previously estimated. Our model estimates suggest that fires in shrub and fern understories had significantly greater fireline intensities than those fuelled by conifer litter or weedy angiosperms, and whilst fern understories supported the most rapid fire spread, angiosperm shrubs delivered the largest amount of heat per unit area.

The higher fireline intensities predicted by the models led to estimates of enhanced scorch of the gymnosperm canopy and a greater chance of transitioning to crown fires. Therefore, changes in fire behaviour driven by the addition of new Cretaceous fuel groups may have assisted the angiosperm expansion.
Regional heritability mapping and genome‐wide association identify loci for complex growth, wood and disease resistance traits in Eucalyptus
Authors: Resende Rafael Tassinari , Resende Marcos Deon Vilela , Silva Fabyano Fonseca , Azevedo Camila Ferreira , Takahashi Elizabete Keiko , Silva‐Junior Orzenil Bonfim , Grattapaglia Dario
Published: November 2016

Although genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have provided valuable insights into the decoding of the relationships between sequence variation and complex phenotypes, they have explained little heritability. Regional heritability mapping (RHM) provides heritability estimates for genomic segments containing both common and rare allelic effects that individually contribute too little variance to be detected by GWAS.

We carried out GWAS and RHM for seven growth, wood and disease resistance traits in a breeding population of 768 Eucalyptus hybrid trees using EuCHIP60K. Total genomic heritabilities accounted for large proportions (64–89%) of pedigree‐based trait heritabilities, providing additional evidence that complex traits in eucalypts are controlled by many sequence variants across the frequency spectrum, each with small contributions to the phenotypic variance.

RHM detected 26 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) encompassing 2191 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), whereas GWAS detected 13 single SNP–trait associations. RHM and GWAS QTLs individually explained 5–15% and 4–6% of the genomic heritability, respectively. RHM was superior to GWAS in capturing larger proportions of genomic heritability. Equated to previously mapped QTLs, our results highlighted genomic regions for further examination towards gene discovery.

RHM‐QTLs bearing a combination of common and rare variants could be useful enhancements to incorporate prior knowledge of the underlying genetic architecture in genomic prediction models.
Evolution of ectomycorrhizas as a driver of diversification and biogeographic patterns in the model mycorrhizal mushroom genus Laccaria
Authors: Wilson Andrew W. , Hosaka Kentaro , Mueller Gregory M.
Published: November 2016

A systematic and evolutionary ecology study of the model ectomycorrhizal (ECM) genus Laccaria was performed using herbarium material and field collections from over 30 countries covering its known geographic range.

A four‐gene (nrITS, 28S, RPB2, EF1α) nucleotide sequence dataset consisting of 232 Laccaria specimens was analyzed phylogenetically. The resulting Global Laccaria dataset was used for molecular dating and estimating diversification rates in the genus. Stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen was used to evaluate the origin of Laccaria's ECM ecology.

In all, 116 Laccaria molecular species were identified, resulting in a near 50% increase in its known diversity, including the new species described herein: Laccaria ambigua. Molecular dating indicates that the most recent common ancestor to Laccaria existed in the early Paleocene (56–66 million yr ago), probably in Australasia. At this time, Laccaria split into two lineages: one represented by the new species L. ambigua, and the other reflecting a large shift in diversification that resulted in the remainder of Laccaria. L. ambigua shows a different isotopic profile than all other Laccaria species.

Isotopes and diversification results suggest that the evolution of the ECM ecology was a key innovation in the evolution of Laccaria. Diversification shifts associated with Laccaria's dispersal to the northern hemisphere are attributed to adaptations to new ecological niches.
Co‐expression of peppermint geranyl diphosphate synthase small subunit enhances monoterpene production in transgenic tobacco plants
Authors: Yin Jun‐Lin , Wong Woon‐Seng , Jang In‐Cheol , Chua Nam‐Hai
Published: November 2016

Monoterpenes are important for plant survival and useful to humans. In addition to their function in plant defense, monoterpenes are also used as flavors, fragrances and medicines. Several metabolic engineering strategies have been explored to produce monoterpene in tobacco but only trace amounts of monoterpenes have been detected.

We investigated the effects of Solanum lycopersicum 1‐deoxy‐d‐xylulose‐5‐phosphate synthase (SlDXS), Arabidopsis thaliana geranyl diphosphate synthase 1 (AtGPS) and Mentha × piperita geranyl diphosphate synthase small subunit (MpGPS.SSU) on production of monoterpene and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) diversities, and plant morphology by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana and overexpression in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum.

We showed that MpGPS.SSU could enhance the production of various monoterpenes such as (−)‐limonene, (−)‐linalool, (−)‐α‐pinene/β‐pinene or myrcene, in transgenic tobacco by elevating geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPS) activity. In addition, overexpression of MpGPS.SSU in tobacco caused early flowering phenotype and increased shoot branching by elevating contents of GA3 and cytokinins due to upregulated transcript levels of several plastidic 2‐C‐methyl‐d‐erythritol‐4‐phosphate (MEP) pathway genes, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases 3 (GGPPS3) and GGPPS4.

Our method would allow the identification of new monoterpene synthase genes using transient expression in N. benthamiana and the improvement of monoterpene production in transgenic tobacco plants.