bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Critical parameters in the production of ceramic pot filters for household water treatment in developing countries
Authors: Soppe A. I. A. , Heijman S. G. J. , Gensburger I. , Shantz A. , van Halem D. , Kroesbergen J. , Wubbels G. H. , Smeets P. W. M. H.
Published: June 2015

The need to improve the access to safe water is generally recognized for the benefit of public health in developing countries. This study's objective was to identify critical parameters which are essential for improving the performance of ceramic pot filters (CPFs) as a point-of-use water treatment system. Defining critical production parameters was also relevant to confirm that CPFs with high-flow rates may have the same disinfection capacity as pots with normal flow rates. A pilot unit was built in Cambodia to produce CPFs under controlled and constant conditions. Pots were manufactured from a mixture of clay, laterite and rice husk in a small-scale, gas-fired, temperature-controlled kiln and tested for flow rate, removal efficiency of bacteria and material strength. Flow rate can be increased by increasing pore sizes and by increasing porosity. Pore sizes were increased by using larger rice husk particles and porosity was increased with larger proportions of rice husk in the clay mixture. The main conclusions: larger pore size decreases the removal efficiency of bacteria; higher porosity does not affect the removal efficiency of bacteria, but does influence the strength of pots; flow rates of CPFs can be raised to 10–20 L/hour without a significant decrease in bacterial removal efficiency.
Water-related factors and childhood diarrhoea in African informal settlements. A cross-sectional study in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)
Authors: Dos Santos Stéphanie , Ouédraogo François de Charles , Soura Abdramane Bassiahi
Published: June 2015

Improved access to water is a key factor in reducing diarrhoeal diseases, a leading cause of death among children in sub-Saharan Africa. In terms of water access, sub-Saharan African cities are some of the worst off in the world, with 20% of populations supplied by an unimproved water source. This situation is even worse in informal settlement areas. Using cross-sectional data on access to water from a survey implemented in three informal neighbourhoods of the Ouagadougou Health and Demographic Surveillance System, logistic regressions are modelled to test the effect of different modalities of access to water on childhood diarrhoea. Our results show that the prevalence of diarrhoea in children is high: one-third of households with a child under 10 experienced an episode of childhood diarrhoea during the 2 weeks preceding the survey, even though 91% of the households surveyed have access to an improved water source. The results show that efforts to reduce childhood morbidity would be greatly enhanced by strengthening piped water access in informal settlement areas in Africa. In addition, this study confirms that, beyond the single measure of the main access to water, accurate variables that assess the accessibility to water are needed.
Occurrence of bacteriophages infecting Aeromonas, Enterobacter, and Klebsiella in water and association with contamination sources in Thailand
Authors: Wangkahad Bencharong , Bosup Suchada , Mongkolsuk Skorn , Sirikanchana Kwanrawee
Published: June 2015

The co-residence of bacteriophages and their bacterial hosts in humans, animals, and environmental sources directed the use of bacteriophages to track the origins of the pathogenic bacteria that can be found in contaminated water. The objective of this study was to enumerate bacteriophages of Aeromonas caviae (AecaKS148), Enterobacter sp. (EnspKS513), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (KlpnKS648) in water and evaluate their association with contamination sources (human vs. animals). Bacterial host strains were isolated from untreated wastewater in Bangkok, Thailand. A double-layer agar technique was used to detect bacteriophages. All three bacteriophages were detected in polluted canal samples, with likely contamination from human wastewater, whereas none was found in non-polluted river samples. AecaKS148 was found to be associated with human fecal sources, while EnspKS513 and KlpnKS648 seemed to be equally prevalent in both human and animal fecal sources. Both bacteriophages were also present in polluted canals that could receive contamination from other fecal sources or the environment. In conclusion, all three bacteriophages were successfully monitored in Bangkok, Thailand. This study provided an example of bacteriophages for potential use as source identifiers of pathogen contamination. The results from this study will assist in controlling sources of pathogen contamination, especially in developing countries.
Determination of total vanadium and vanadium(V) in groundwater from Mt. Etna and estimate of daily intake of vanadium(V) through drinking water
Authors: Arena Giovanni , Copat Chiara , Dimartino Angela , Grasso Alfina , Fallico Roberto , Sciacca Salvatore , Fiore Maria , Ferrante Margherita
Published: June 2015

Vanadium(V) can be found in natural waters in the form of V(IV) and V(V) species, which have different biological properties and toxicity. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations of total V and V(V) in groundwater from the area of Mt. Etna and to assess the estimated daily intake (EDI) of V(V) of adults and children through drinking water. Water was sampled monthly at 21 sites in 2011. Total vanadium was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and speciation by ion chromatography-ICP-MS (IC-ICP-MS). The concentration of V(V) species ranged from 62.8 to 98.9% of total V, with significantly higher concentrations in samples from the S/SW slope of Mt. Etna. The annual mean concentrations of total V exceeded the Italian legal limit of 140 μg/L at four sites on the S/SW slope. In the absence of thresholds for V(V) intake, only the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has calculated a reference dose. Children's EDI of V(V) at the sites with the higher V concentrations exceeded EPA thresholds (9 μg/kg/day). In particular, we found in Camporotondo, Mascalucia, Ragalna and San Pietro Clarenza sites children's EDIs of 11, 9.3, 11 and 9.9, respectively. The EDI of V(V) was significantly higher than the literature range (0.09–0.34 μg/kg/day).
Cryptosporidium genotypes and subtypes distribution in river water in Iran
Authors: Mahmoudi M. R. , Nazemalhosseini-Mojarad E. , Kazemi B. , Haghighi A. , Mirzaei A. , Mohammadiha A. , Jahantab S. , Xiao L. , Karanis P.
Published: June 2015

Little is known about the diversity and public health significance of Cryptosporidium species in river waters in Iran. In the present study, we determined the genotype and subtype distribution of Cryptosporidium spp. in river water samples in Iran. A total of 49 surface water samples were collected from rivers and surface water in Guilan and Tehran provinces during 2009–2010. Water samples were filtrated through a 1.2-μm pore size membrane filter or by Filta-Max filter followed by immunomagnetic separation or sucrose purification methods. Genotype and subtype of Cryptosporidium were identified by sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA and 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes, respectively. A total of 24 (48.97%) water samples were positive for Cryptosporidium species by the 18sRNA-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-sequencing technique. DNA sequencing revealed the presence of five species of Cryptosporidium (C. parvum, C. hominis, C. muris, C. andersoni, and C. canis) in the water samples of the study area and, to our knowledge, the first report of C. muris in Iran. The results of GP60 gene analysis showed that all C. parvum and C. hominis isolates belonged to the IId and Id subtype families, respectively. The investigated river water supplies were heavily contaminated by pathogenic species of Cryptosporidium from humans and livestock. There is potential risk of waterborne cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals.
Evolution of regulatory targets for drinking water quality
Authors: Sinclair Martha , O'Toole Joanne , Gibney Katherine , Leder Karin
Published: June 2015

The last century has been marked by major advances in the understanding of microbial disease risks from water supplies and significant changes in expectations of drinking water safety. The focus of drinking water quality regulation has moved progressively from simple prevention of detectable waterborne outbreaks towards adoption of health-based targets that aim to reduce infection and disease to a level well below detection limits at the community level. This review outlines the changes in understanding of community disease and waterborne risks that prompted development of these targets, and also describes their underlying assumptions and current context. Issues regarding the appropriateness of selected target values, and how continuing changes in knowledge and practice may influence their evolution, are also discussed.
Microbial indicators, pathogens and methods for their monitoring in water environment
Authors: Saxena Gaurav , Bharagava Ram Naresh , Kaithwas Gaurav , Raj Abhay
Published: June 2015

Water is critical for life, but many people do not have access to clean and safe drinking water and die because of waterborne diseases. The analysis of drinking water for the presence of indicator microorganisms is key to determining microbiological quality and public health safety. However, drinking water-related illness outbreaks are still occurring worldwide. Moreover, different indicator microorganisms are being used in different countries as a tool for the microbiological examination of drinking water. Therefore, it becomes very important to understand the potentials and limitations of indicator microorganisms before implementing the guidelines and regulations designed by various regulatory agencies. This review provides updated information on traditional and alternative indicator microorganisms with merits and demerits in view of their role in managing the waterborne health risks as well as conventional and molecular methods proposed for monitoring of indicator and pathogenic microorganisms in the water environment. Further, the World Health Organization (WHO) water safety plan is emphasized in order to develop the better approaches designed to meet the requirements of safe drinking water supply for all mankind, which is one of the major challenges of the 21st century.
Virulence and plasmidic resistance determinants of Escherichia coli isolated from municipal and hospital wastewater treatment plants
Authors: Calhau Vera , Mendes Catarina , Pena Angelina , Mendonça Nuno , Da Silva Gabriela Jorge
Published: June 2015

Escherichia coli is simultaneously an indicator of water contamination and a human pathogen. This study aimed to characterize the virulence and resistance of E. coli from municipal and hospital wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in central Portugal. From a total of 193 isolates showing reduced susceptibility to cefotaxime and/or nalidixic acid, 20 E. coli with genetically distinct fingerprint profiles were selected and characterized. Resistance to antimicrobials was determined using the disc diffusion method. Extended spectrum β-lactamase and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes, phylogroups, pathogenicity islands (PAIs) and virulence genes were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). CTX-M producers were typed by multilocus sequence typing. Resistance to beta-lactams was associated with the presence of blaTEM,blaSHV, blaCTX-M-15 and blaCTX-M-32. Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance was associated with qnrA, qnrS and aac(6′)-Ib-cr. Aminoglycoside resistance and multidrug-resistant phenotypes were also detected. PAI IV536, PAI IICFT073, PAI II536 and PAI ICFT073, and uropathogenic genes iutA, papAH and sfa/foc were detected. With regard to the clinical ST131 clone, it carried blaCTX-M-15, blaTEM-type, qnrS and aac(6′)-lb-cr; IncF and IncP plasmids, and virulence factors PAI IV536, PAI ICFT073, PAI IICFT073, iutA, sfa/foc and papAH were identified in the effluent of a hospital plant. WWTPs contribute to the dissemination of virulent and resistant bacteria in water ecosystems, constituting an environmental and public health risk.
Study on High-Temperature Glass Lens Molding Process Using FEM Simulation
Authors: Xiaobing Zhang , Shaohui Yin
Published: June 2015

The glass molding process (GMP) can press glass perform into a shape of finished lens under high pressure and
temperature conditions, and it is easy to achieve mass production. So, it has emerged as a promising alternative way to
produce complex shapes lens. It is well known that viscoelastic is one important properties of glass at high temperature. In
this study, A 4-pair generalized maxwell model was used to express viscoelastic of glass, and model parameters were
obtained by fitting the relaxation curve obtained from experiment. The finite element models were established by
MSC.MARC, the correctness of the FEM models and its used model parameters were verified by the cylindrical
compression experiments. Finally, the simulations of glass lens forming stage were performed under different conditions.
Stresses distribution were predicted by FEM, it was found that the maximum stress at the edge of lens, which make lens
rupture easily at this zone. It was also discovered that the molding temperature is higher, the less stress, and the molding
velocity is higher, the higher stress.
Determination Method of Critical Best Tip Speed Ratio for the Vertical
Axis Wind Turbine
Authors: Lijun Zhang , Hua Liu , Mingming Zhang , Yi’e Hu
Published: June 2015

Tip speed ratio is an important parameter of describing wind turbine performance. Based on vane airfoil
profile, the relationship between vane lift coefficient, drag coefficient and angle of attack is calculated by means of Profili
software. The corresponding stall angle is also obtained. The relationship between the position angle of vane and angle of
attack at different tip speed ratios is drawn by Matlab software and the corresponding best tip speed ratio is determined
rapidly. Based on it, the airfoil tangential force is also analyzed for different vane airfoil profiles in the condition of same
Reynolds number.
Kinematic Reliability Solution of 3-UPS-PU Parallel Mechanism Based on
Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Cui Guohua , Sun Muyuan , Yan Liang , Hou Hongjuan , Zhang Haiqiang
Published: June 2015

In order to research kinematic reliability of 3-UPS-PU parallel mechanism, the structure and kinematics
analysis were performed. Inverse kinematics equation can be derived by homogeneous coordinate transformation formula.
Position and orientation output error forward kinematics model was obtained by the differential transformation on the
basis of inverse kinematic solution of the position. The curves of the position and orientation output errors can be plotted
with a large batch production by adopting Monte-Carlo simulation method. Then kinematic reliability of the mechanism
can be solved through the probability statistics method and theoretical solution method respectively. Finally, these two
methods were compared with each other. The results illustrate that the results of the two methods are basically consistent,
and the mechanism can be work reliably and stably under general operations, which provides some valuable references for
the related future research.
Shift Quality Analysis of Heavy-Duty Vehicle Automatic Transmission
Shift Control Valve
Authors: Wenxing Ma , Yan Zhang , Ruoyang Wang , Xiuquan Lu
Published: June 2015

The structural concepts of Switch solenoid valve and proportional solenoid valve were proposed for the
hydraulic shift control system of some hydrodynamic mechanical automatic transmissions. Shift oil pressure of stationary
combination valve and proportional solenoid valve was modeled, simulated, contrasted and analyzed by dynamic
simulation software in order to study the shift quality of heavy-duty vehicle automatic transmission. The results show that
proportional solenoid valve is better to control the characteristic of shift oil pressure, reduce shift shock, improve shift
quality and comfort than stationary combination valve. The correctness and validity of the model were verified through
bench test, which reflected the dynamic characteristics of shift oil pressure of hydrodynamic mechanical automatic
transmission. The results can be used to match the performance and predict heavy-duty vehicle shifting process, and to
further lay the foundation for the enhancement of shift performance of the system.
Research on High Resolution Stress Corrosion Crack Detection Based on
Remote Field Eddy Current Non-Destructive Testing
Authors: Xiaojie Xu , Yueling Jia , Zhanbin Zhang
Published: June 2015

Although remote field eddy current had achieved successive application in pipes and tubes non-destructive
testing, the poor ability and sensitivity to axial crack such as stress corrosion crack prevented its further application. A
novel high resolution remote field eddy current detection method which can be suitable for axial crack especially stress
corrosion crack detection was proposed and verified by simulation and experiment. First of all, conventional detection
ability of remote field eddy current for crack in different directions was researched with detail. Aside from this,
applicability of orthogonal magnetic filed in remote field eddy current was analyzed and simulated by finite element
method, and appropriate configuration using to generating orthogonal magnetic fields for tubular structure was discussed
and verified. Thirdly, design of detection system including key parameters selection and detection coil mode were
researched. At last, proposed high resolution detection system were verified experimentally using various type defects,
such as parallel axial crack and real stress corrosion crack. From the above research, conclusions were drawn as followed:
the detection ability and sensitivity of proposed remote field eddy current detection system could be improved
significantly compared with conventional system, especially for axial crack which was not easily to detect, and real stress
corrosion crack could be detected and evaluated successively.
Remarks and comments on some recent results
Authors: Pavlovic Vladimir
Published: June 2015

In this note we give shorter proofs of some recent results on star and left
star orders on B(H) and correct a proof of one that was incomplete.
Orthogonal polynomials with varying weight of Laguerre type
Authors: Rajkovic Predrag , Marinkovic Sladjana , Stankovic Miomir
Published: June 2015

In this paper, we define and examine a new functional product in the space of
real polynomials. This product includes the weight function which depends on
degrees of the participants. In spite of it does not have all properties of
an inner product, we construct the sequence of orthogonal polynomials. These
polynomials can be eigenfunctions of a differential equation what was used in
some considerations in the theoretical physics. In special, we consider
Laguerre type weight function and prove that the corresponding orthogonal
polynomial sequence is connected with Laguerre polynomials. We study their
differential properties and orthogonal properties of some related rational
and exponential functions.
Nonlinear L-fuzzy stability of k-cubic functional equation
Authors: Saadati Reza , Cho Yeol , Rassias John
Published: June 2015

In this paper, we establish the stability result for the k-cubic functional
equation 2[kf (x+ky)+f (kx-y)]=k(k2+1)[f(x+y)+f(x-y)]
+ 2(k4-1) f(y), where k is a real number different from 0 and 1, in the
setting of various L-fuzzy normed spaces that in turn generalize a
Hyers-Ulam stability result in the framework of classical normed spaces.
First we shall prove the stability of k-cubic functional equations in the
L-fuzzy normed space under arbitrary t-norm which generalizes previous
works. Then we prove the stability of k-cubic functional equations in the
non- Archimedean L-fuzzy normed space. We therefore provide a link among
different disciplines: fuzzy set theory, lattice theory, non-Archimedean
spaces and mathematical analysis.
Estimation of stress-strength reliability using record ranked set sampling scheme from the exponential distribution
Authors: Salehi Mahdi , Ahmadi Jafar
Published: June 2015

In this paper, point and interval estimation of stress-strength reliability
based on upper record ranked set sampling (RRSS) from one-parameter
exponential distribution are considered. Maximum likelihood estimator (MLE)
as well as the uniformly minimum variance unbiased estimator (UMVUE) of
stress-strength parameter are derived and their performance are studied.
Also, some confidence intervals for stress-strength parameter based on upper
RRSS are constructed and then compared on the basis of a simulation study.
Finally, a data set has been analyzed for illustrative purposes.
The Attempt To Assess The Technical Condition Of A Gas Turbine Blade When Information On Its Operating Condition Is Limited
Authors: Błachnio Józef , Spychała Jarosław , Pawlak Wojciech , Zasada Dariusz
Published: June 2015

The paper discloses a non-invasive method of visual inspection based on processing of images taken for blade surfaces in the spectrum of visible light and then analyzed with the use of a computer-aided technology. The method of computer-aided analysis of images for blade surfaces is presented in details along with the obtained outcome, whilst the results from metallographic investigation of the blade superalloy are disclosed as well. The comparison is made between the results obtained from the analysis of images for blade surface and the results from the metallographic investigation of their structures. Finally, the relationship is established between parameters of digital images taken for surfaces of gas turbine blades in the visible spectrum of electromagnetic waves and microstructural parameters of the turbine blade metal. The completed investigations and analyses reveal that troubleshooting of gas turbine blades, which employs digital processing of images taken for its surface, offers new opportunities to determine the condition of blades after a long-term impact of a working agent at high temperature.
Interactivity and Cartography: A Contemporary Perspective on User Interface and User Experience Design from Geospatial Professionals
Authors: Roth Robert E.
Published: June 2015

This article reports on a semi-structured interview study with 21 geospatial professionals to provide a contemporary snapshot of expert opinion on the design and use of interactive maps and map-based systems (treated together as “cartographic interfaces”). Interview questions were based on key themes regarding interaction discussed within cartography and across the related fields of human-computer interaction, information visualization, usability engineering, and visual analytics, enabling a comparison of the current states of science and practice regarding user interface (UI) and user experience (UX) design in cartography. The results are organized according to five broad topics germane to UI/UX design in cartography: (1) the meaning of cartographic interaction in both research and practice (what?), (2) the purpose of cartographic interaction and the value it provides (why?), (3) the times when interaction positively supports work/play and therefore should be provided (when?), (4) the way in which user differences impact the success of the cartographic interaction (who?), and (5) the opportunities for or limitations on cartographic interaction imposed by the computing device supporting the interaction (where?). The interview study is significant for two reasons: first, it charts current trends in interactive mapping from the perspective of expert professionals, a population often missed in quantitative cartographic scholarship, and, second, it enables a reflection on future trends in UI/UX design in cartography, both those resulting from existing gaps between science and practice and those arising from emerging conceptual and technological developments.
Pull-in modeling and analysis of electromagnetic actuator with permanent magnet through system stiffness analysis
Authors: Long Yongjun , Chen Xinshu , Wang Chunlei , Wei Xiaohui , Mo Jinqiu , Wang Shigang
Published: June 2015

This paper considers the pull-in of electromagnetic actuator with permanent magnet for the first time. The pull-in mechanism of electromagnetic actuator is explained from the perspective of system stiffness. Pull-in is about to occur when system stiffness becomes null. Based on the system stiffness analysis method, the pull-in parameters of an E-core electromagnetic actuator with permanent magnet are derived. Then, the effects of the permanent magnet on the derived pull-in parameters are studied. The analysis results show that the permanent magnet enlarges the pull-in displacement for its reluctance. If the permanent magnet length is more than three times as large as the initial displacement, pull-in would not occur. The effects of the permanent magnet on the pull-in current are complicated, especially the effects of the permanent magnet length. A method based on analyzing the roots of two properly defined equations is introduced to study the effects of the permanent magnet length on the pull-in current. The method is effective and simplifies the complicated analysis. Finally, numerical simulations are presented to validate the pull-in model and analysis methods in this paper. It is shown that the theoretical results are in a good agreement with the simulation results.
Characterization of light flash signatures created by hypervelocity impact LY12 aluminum spacecraft shield material
Authors: Tang Enling , Zhang Liiao , Zhang Qingming , Wang Meng , Shi Xiaohan , Liu Shuhua , Xiang Shenghai , Xia Jin , He Liping , Han Yafei
Published: June 2015

Space debris is considered as a serious threat to man's utilization and exploration of space. While some information is available on the material composition of orbital debris, most measurements of projectile size and velocity distributions can not distinguish material compositions and type. The analysis and understanding of impact flash signatures can determine projectile's size and impact velocity distributions for projectile segregated by material composition and type. This paper based on the derivation of the shock jet initiated model for light flash and an understanding of how material shock properties govern the flash signature arising from the impact of a spherical projectile against a target. Analytical results are presented that identify the most promising target materials with respect to producing impact flash signatures that can characterize size effect of spherical projectile, impact angle and impact velocity effects during LY12 aluminum projectile hypervelocity impact LY12 aluminum spacecraft shield material.
Design and finite element analysis of a hybrid excitation synchronous machine
Authors: Ning Yinhang , Liu Chuang , Zhu Shushu , Tang Jie
Published: June 2015

The paper presents a hybrid excited synchronous generator(HESG) with field windings and permanent magnets. This paper focuses on the analysis in the operating principle, rotor shape optimization, and inductance characteristic, based on finite element method. The measured voltage waveforms suggest that the rotor shape optimization in the study is a feasible solution to improve the quality of output voltage. Both the simulation and the tested results on generator performance verify further that the electric excitation can efficiently adjust the air-gap flux. Compared to conventional electric excited synchronous generator, the load capacity is improved due to relatively low armature inductance of the HESG.
Multi-field coupled free vibration for a micro resonant pressure sensor
Authors: Xu Lizhong , Wang Zhichong
Published: June 2015

The micro resonant pressure sensor is attractive because it outputs the frequency signals. As the dimensions of the sensor decreases, the effects of the van der Waals forces and the electrostatic forces on its dynamics performance should be considered. It is a multi-field coupled dynamics problem. Here, the dynamic equations of the micro resonant beam for the micro resonant pressure sensor under multi-field coupled situations are deduced. Using these equations, the effects of the van der Waals force or the electrostatic force on the natural frequencies of the micro resonant beam are investigated. The effects become more obvious under certain conditions. The results are useful to improve design about dynamics performance for the micro resonant pressure sensor.
A spectral domain approach for the calculation of the scattering of the stratified uniaxial electric anisotropic media under point source excitation with arbitrary orientation
Authors: Xiang Jintao , He Siyuan , Zhang Yunhua , Zhu Guoqiang
Published: June 2015

A method for the calculation of the scattering of the stratified uniaxial electric anisotropic media (UEAM) under point source excitation with arbitrary orientation is presented. In this method, the total field is decomposed into three parts, the radiated field of the point source in free space, the reflected field from the top interface of the UEAM and the transmitted field after multiple reflections in the anisotropic layer. The three parts are derived in spectral domain respectively and can be expressed by using Fourier transform. Then the saddle point technique (SPT) is introduced to obtain an asymptotic solution of the scattered field. Results from the asymptotic solution are compared with the results calculated by the method of moments (MOM) and the comparison shows good agreement.
Two-dimensional numerical simulation of magneto-hydro-dynamic augmentation of pulse detonation engines
Authors: Lin Ling , Weng Chun-Sheng
Published: June 2015

The technology of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) acceleration has received significant attention due to its wide application prospect in aeronautics and astronautics. With the development of MHD acceleration, thrust of pulse detonation engines can be increased by MHD augmentation. In the pulse detonation induced MHD ejector (PDIME) concept, under-expanded flow at the exit of converging-diverging nozzle propagates upstream into the bypass tube. The seeded air stream in the bypass tube is first shocked and raises to high-temperature to ionize thermally. The magnetic field energy is appended to accelerate the ionization gas in bypass tube, thus augments the propulsive performance of PDE. In this paper, the model of gas-liquid two-phase detonation engine with bypass was established. The engine was ignited by plasma jet. Conservation Element and Solution Element (CE/SE) method was deduced to solve plasma jet ignition and detonation process with MHD accelerator. The computational results show that the deduced CE/SE method can be efficient to capture discontinuity such as the shock at the appliance of PDIME. It has been observed that thrust augmentation can be accomplished by the bypass accelerator, even the bypass accelerator will activate originally only under a given magnetic field intensity and diameter of the bypass tube. Further analysis and optimization are required to improve performance. The results have certain significant reference for the experimental study in future.
Microwave miniaturization concept for narrow band rectangular patch antenna structures
Authors: Rybin Oleg
Published: June 2015

A quantitative concept of miniaturization of a narrow-band rectangular patch antenna by using a metamaterial substrate with a large value in the real part of the effective permittivity instead of a conventional homogenous high dielectric material is proposed in the microwave frequency range. The volume of the antenna is minimized by tuning the relative permittivity and thickness of the substrate material. The specific type of composite that can be used as substrate material and result in antenna miniaturization is suggested. Possible applications of the concept are discussed.
Computational drug ZINPIP-Analog an ultimate solution to cure conserved domains of mutant EGFR, ALK and BRAF Proteins in NSCLC
Authors: Munir Anum , Khan Sajid , Azam Shumaila
Published: June 2015

Mutations in different genes such as EGFR, ALK and BRAF results in non-small cell Lung cancer (NSCLC). The most ordinarily discovered EGFR mutations in patients with NSCLC are deletion in exon 29 or in 21. Mutations initiate the tyrosine kinase activity of EGFR and are connected with the affectability to small molecules results in the formation of NSCLC. The missense mutations of BRAF have been detected in exon 11 and 15. Mutation of ALK occurs as a result of small inversion. The primary objective of study was to design novel chemical compound to block the targeted sites for receptor proteins, present on cells surface which control the growth or stop the proliferation of cancer cells. After screening large amount of data we have designed Novel Insillico drug compound Zinpip analog for NSCLC that blocks the EGFR, ALK, and BRAF. In docked complexes ALA, LYS, and ARG were common interacting residues for EGFR and ALK. ALA and GLY were common for ALK and BRAF mutant protein and Ligand complex interaction. ALA was common among all interactions. Molecular formula of Zinpip analog completely satisfies the Lipinski rules of five. It shows less side effects and long resistance against for non-small cell lung cancer. We conclude that our drug Zinpip analog is superior to commercial drugs available in market. As it is non-toxic in nature and has no side effects.International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, June 2015, 4(7): 396-401
Development and validation of UV-spectrophotometric methods for quantitative estimation of Prothionamide in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms
Authors: Debnath Sujit Kumar , Saisivam S. , Dash Dillip Kumar , Debnath Monalisha
Published: June 2015

UV Spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the quantitative determination of Prothionamide in bulk drug and in pharmaceutical formulations. Prothionamide shows the maximum absorbance at 288 nm in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). Prothionamide follows Beers law in the concentration range of 4-20 µg/ml (r2 = 0.999). The detection limit (DL) and quantitation limit (QL) were 0.406 and 1.229 µg/ml respectively. Accuracy and precision were found to be satisfactory. The developed methods were validated according to ICH guidelines. All the validation parameters were found to be satisfactory accordance with the standard values. Therefore, the proposed method can be used for routine practice for the determination of Prothionamide in assay of bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulations.International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, June 2015, 4(7): 402-404
Synge and Synge: Science and Irish Modernism
Authors: Kalaidjian Andrew
Published: June 2015

Irish modernism from the Celtic Revival to the Republic of Ireland mobilized cultures of science and literature towards the larger goal of national independence. Focusing on the literary work of J. M. Synge and the popular science of his nephew J. L. Synge, I argue that a defining characteristic of the Irish modernist is the ability to mediate between literary and scientific discourses. Such a combined fluency serves to temper the Utopian impulses of Irish nationalism as well as the increasing rationalization of life that occurs during modernization. This modernist sensibility promotes cosmopolitan cultural understanding to validate a resilient national Irish identity upon an international stage.
To Go and Sin Once More: Confession and Joyce's ‘Nausicaa’ Episode
Authors: McGuigan John
Published: June 2015

While critics note the saturation of Gerty MacDowell's mind with British commercial culture in the ‘Nausicaa’ episode of James Joyce's Ulysses, less well noted is the language and logic of Ireland's other master, Rome. In addition to the Marian images of piety and purity Gerty would have learned through religious societies like the Children of Mary, one finds elements of the Roman Catholic Sacrament of Reconciliation. Joyce's rejection of the Catholic Church being common knowledge, it is surprising to find that the language and logic of confession which pervades much of Gerty's narrative and thought is not the repressive force one might expect. Instead, the logic of sin and redemption becomes a means for Gerty to embrace and explore her sexuality, to indulge her sexual desire, enhancing her enjoyment while allowing her to defer moral judgment. Through Gerty, Joyce diagnoses confession's functional importance in the mental, social, and sexual lives of many Irish of his day, complicating our assessments of modernist attitudes towards organized religion.
La place de l'environnement dans les stratégies de développement et d'aménagement de l'estuaire de la Gironde (The place of environmental perspectives in development and planning strategies in the estuary of Gironde)
Authors: Charrie Jean-Paul
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - L'estuaire de la Gironde n'est plus, dans les programmes d'aménagement, ce que l'on pensait qu'il devrait être dans les années soixante. Les perspectives d'un développement économique lourd, fondé sur le port et des zones industrialo-portuaires n'ont guère abouti. Aujourd'hui, riverains et responsables politiques fondent leurs espoirs sur le tourisme et la qualité de l'environnement ; mais l'importance de l'espace considéré, la fragmentation des structures de décision renforcent plus, actuellement, la tendance à la marginalisation de l'estuaire qui est loin encore d'être un trait d'union entre les territoires des deux rives.
La Gironde : le plus grand estuaire « sauvage » d'Europe (Gironde, the biggest natural estuary in Europe)
Authors: Bonnelie A.M.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - In spite of some perturbations, the Gironde estuary can be considered as one of the most natural estuaries in Europe. The low level of industrial and port development has been a good protection and the problem now seems to gathered the two banks in a common project, involving essentially touristic activities.
La recherche scientifique et la gestion intégrée des zones côtières (The scientific research and integrated management of coastal zones)
Authors: Corlay Jean-Pierre
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - La recherche scientifique occupe une place importante dans le processus de gestion intégrée des zones côtières, à l'amont et à l'aval des décisions. Elle s'appuie sur l'analyse systémique. Mais le scientifique doit être prudent, en mesurant bien les enjeux de l'information géoréférencée à usage public, en étant conscient de la fragilité des techniques de traitement de l'information, et de son implication personnelle dans les projets discutés.
L'atlas régional, outil de décision en matière de gestion intégrée du littoral (The regional atlas tool of decision concerning integrated management of the coast)
Authors: Pinot J.-P.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - A global management of the coastal zone can be obtained only through a large concertation between all the groups using the shoreline. This concertation is fair only if all delegates are equally able to understand all the data. The best way is to provide each member of the working group with a regional atlas. The initial content is only informative, with raw data, but with the progress of discussions, additional plates will be added, with the successive states of the propositions. Finally, the atlas will be the graphic expression of the plan of management, and its constant updating will provide the basis for the future updating of the plan itself.
Planification spatiale et gestion intégrée du littoral (Coastal planning and integrated coastal zone management)
Authors: Guineberteau Thierry
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Dans les vœux ou dans les faits, la planification spatiale est étroitement liée aux notions d'analyse et de gestion intégrées. Les trois grands types de planification conçus spécialement pour le littoral français depuis les années 60 s'inscrivent, de façon variée, dans cette logique. Ces expériences passées et actuelles se heurtent toutefois à trois problématiques fondamentales en géographie : une problématique environnementale, une problématique territoriale et une problématique décisionnelle.
La recherche française en géomorphologie : état des lieux et pistes de réflexion (Recent trends in French geomorphology)
Authors: André Marie-Françoise
Published: June 2015

Abstract. -An overview of the present-day geomorphological researches carried out by the French geographers is presented. By using national and international indicators over the period 1996-2001, some major trends are identified : 1. increase of short-term studies focusing on Holocene and even historic times ; 2. development of fluvial geomorphology, geoarchaeology, and coastal geomorphology ; 3. diversification of studies devoted to the evaluation of erosion rates at various space-time scales. More generally, French geomorphologists are more and more frequently involved in interdisciplinary and/or international programmes. They also take part into applied studies dealing with the prevention of natural hazards, and are often asked to make propositions for a better environmental management.
Pour une géomorphologie géographique (For a geographical geomorphology)
Authors: Ballais Jean-Louis
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Face à la situation dramatique de la géomorphologie en France, il est proposé de définir clairement la géomorphologie comme une science géographique. Les systèmes et les processus morphogéniques peuvent s'articuler étroitement avec les risques naturels, l'histoire des sociétés humaines, les territoires et les représentations.
Cohabitations et concurrences religieuses dans le Golfe de Guinée. Le Sud-Bénin, entre vodun, islam et christianismes (Religious cohabitation and rivalry in the Gulf of Guinea. Southern Benin between vodun, Islam and Christianity)
Authors: Barbier Jean-Claude , Dorier-Apprill Elisabeth
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - This text explore the forms of a religious pluralism abounding in South-Benin and its manifestations in an urban and frontier area crossed by many cultural influences. The contacts between vodun, Islam and Christianity are bound to the urban development for the last three centuries. In the last few decades, one attends a phenomenal flourishing of new churches in the urban area, dominated in number by the prophetic and Pentecostal movements. The absence of a political instrumentalisation of the religious identities is not doubtless alone to explain the durable and peaceful cohabitation between churches. The civil peace constitutes well the main economic resource of the Benin and politicians are used to protect it.
Sierra Leone : les difficultés du développement dans une société en armes (Sierra Leone : problems for development in an armed society)
Authors: Brunel Sylvie
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - La Sierra Leone illustre l'échec du développement de cette Afrique riche en matières premières qu'on aurait pu croire la mieux dotée aux indépendances. Etat corrompu et tourné vers sa seule perpétuation, sanglants conflits pour l'appropriation de la rente, implications internationales multiples font aujourd'hui de ce petit pays un des principaux foyers de déstabilisation en Afrique de l'ouest.
La place de l'automobile dans l'évolution de la mobilité urbaine à Pékin (The automobile in the evolution of urban mobility in Beijing)
Authors: Doulet Jean-François
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - The fast motorization process that Beijing city has been experiencing since the early 90' s is related to new urban development dynamics in post-Mao China. The increase in automobile use reveals a suburbanization phenomenon, stronger separation between place of work and place of residence, and a more specialized land use pattern. An unequal access to motorized vehicles highlights rising social inequalities in contemporary Beijing. While Beijing municipality overall strategy for transportation favours motorized traffic through road system improvement, new policies tend to limit the negative effects of growing automobile use.
Growth and morphological analysis of segmented AuAg alloy nanowires created by pulsed electrodeposition in ion-track etched membranes
Authors: Schubert Ina , Burr Loic , Trautmann Christina , Toimil-Molares Maria Eugenia
Published: June 2015

Background: Multicomponent heterostructure nanowires and nanogaps are of great interest for applications in sensorics. Pulsed electrodeposition in ion-track etched polymer templates is a suitable method to synthesise segmented nanowires with segments consisting of two different types of materials. For a well-controlled synthesis process, detailed analysis of the deposition parameters and the size-distribution of the segmented wires is crucial.

Results: The fabrication of electrodeposited AuAg alloy nanowires and segmented Au-rich/Ag-rich/Au-rich nanowires with controlled composition and segment length in ion-track etched polymer templates was developed. Detailed analysis by cyclic voltammetry in ion-track membranes, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy was performed to determine the dependency between the chosen potential and the segment composition. Additionally, we have dissolved the middle Ag-rich segments in order to create small nanogaps with controlled gap sizes. Annealing of the created structures allows us to influence their morphology.

Conclusion: AuAg alloy nanowires, segmented wires and nanogaps with controlled composition and size can be synthesised by electrodeposition in membranes, and are ideal model systems for investigation of surface plasmons.
INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS / INVESTICIJŲ Į AUKŠTOJO MOKSLO INSTITUCIJAS VALDYMAS
Authors: Stankevičienė Jelena
Published: June 2015

Recently, the higher education sector faces a series of changes, such as increased competition, globalization, limited funding. Limited funding does not reveal the full potential of the higher education, too little funding restricts research performance, diminishes the quality of higher education, worsen the conditions for learning and this has important implications for sustainable value creation. The article explores relationship between education, sustainability and financial indicators in order to evaluate the situation and advancement in the European countries, applied multi-criteria evaluation method MULTIMOORA. This method aims to prove that the more encourage investment in higher education and research, the more sustainable the state is and creates sustainable value. The results revealed that the more financially stronger and stable country is, the better position by assessing both the scientific and the sustainability indicators. Financially stable country can give higher investment in education, to promote the conduct of research, create conditions for the formation of high-quality R&D, to prepare highly qualified specialists. Pastaruoju metu aukštojo mokslo sektorius susiduria su tokiais pokyčiais, kaip padidėjusi konkurencija, globalizacija, ribotas finansavimas. Būtent ribotas finansavimas neleidžia atskleisti viso aukštojo mokslo potencialo. Per mažas skiriamas finansavimas riboja mokslinių tyrimų atlikimą, menkina aukštojo mokslo kokybę, blogina mokymosi sąlygas, o tai turi didelės įtakos kuriant tvarią vertę. Straipsnyje nagrinėjami mokslo, tvarumo ir finansiniai rodikliai. Siekiant įvertinti Europos valstybių padėtį, jų pažangą, buvo pritaikytas daugiakriterio vertinimo MULTIMOORA metodas. Šis metodas pasitelktas siekiant nustatyti, jog, kuo šalyje labiau skatinamos investicijos į aukštąjį mokslą, tuo šalis yra tvaresnė ir geba kurti tvarią vertę. Gauti rezultatai atskleidė: kuo šalis finansiškai stipresnė ir stabilesnė, tuo geresnė jos pozicija vertinant tiek pagal mokslo, tiek pagal tvarumo rodiklius. Finansiškai stabili šalis gali skirti didesnes investicijas švietimui, skatinti mokslinių tyrimų atlikimą, kurti sąlygas formuotis aukštos kokybės MTEP, rengti aukštos kvalifikacijos specialistus.