bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Canadian murre harvest management in the face of uncertainty: a potential biological removal approach
Authors: Cox Amelia R. , Roy Christian , Hanson Alan , Robertson Gregory J.
Published: March 2024

How to manage harvest under great uncertainty is a fundamental question for many wildlife managers, particularly when resources necessary to estimate abundance or population trends are limited. The large Newfoundland and Labrador murre hunt is the only licensed harvest of seabirds in Canada. Though harvest of thick‐billed murres (Uria lomvia) and common murres (Uria aalge) has declined considerably since the 1960−1970s from >500,000 birds taken annually to approximately 100,000 annually in recent years, potential murre colony declines across the North Atlantic have again triggered concerns over the sustainability of murre harvest in Canada. The effect of current harvest is difficult to assess because there is considerable uncertainty in recent population size, trend, demographic rates, licensed harvest, fisheries bycatch, and illegal harvest. To assess the situation, we simulated the population size necessary to sustain current levels of approximated anthropogenic mortality using a potential biological removal approach, which simplifies and constrains population processes to a few key variables. Based on these simulations, the Canadian licensed harvest of thick‐billed murre is consistent with conservation management objectives, as is common murre licensed harvest and fisheries bycatch. Adding estimated illegal harvest resulted in unstainable mortality levels in both species. While wildlife managers will need to formally assess the relative costs and benefits of reducing uncertainty in this system through improved harvest and population monitoring, illegal harvest and commercialization need to be addressed to manage Canadian murre populations. Potential biological removal approaches can be a useful framework to assess harvest management decisions for marine birds and other data‐limited species.
Manganese Doped Tin Oxide for Stable and Efficient Quantum Dot Light–Emitting Diodes
Authors: Ma Wenchen , Ren Zhenwei , Shi Hengfei , Xia Xueqing , Wang Xinwen , Ji Huifei , Chen Hua , Luo Chengzhao , Wang Chinhua , Chen Song , Chen Yu
Published: March 2024

As an alternative electron transport material to the chemically unstable ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), SnO2 NPs exhibit a great potential to construct high‐performance quantum dot light‐emitting diodes (QLEDs). However, only moderate device performance has been obtained for SnO2‐based QLEDs due to the low electron mobility, unfavorable energy band, and massive defects of SnO2 NPs. Herein, a strategy of transition metal doping is reported to achieve high‐quality manganese‐doped SnO2 (Mn‐SnO2) NPs to address the above problems. Specifically, the large bond energy of Mn─O bonds reduces the oxygen vacancy defects, prompting an effective suppression of the interfacial exciton quenching for massive radiative recombination. Moreover, the favorable energy band and high electron mobility for Mn‐SnO2 promote efficient electron injection and transportation. The good optoelectronic properties for Mn‐SnO2 NPs contribute to a great enhancement in device efficiency from 8.2 to 11.4% and a remarkable improvement in lifetime (T95) from 565.3 to 1009.2 h at 1000 cd−2, among the best performing ZnO‐free QLEDs. Notably, the Mn‐SnO2 based QLEDs show a very superior shelf stability to the QLEDs based on SnO2 and ZnO analogs. Consequently, this work reports an effective approach to achieve high‐quality SnO2 NPs for efficient and stable QLEDs.
Combined microfocused ultrasound and delicate pulsed light for facial rejuvenation: A prospective, randomized, and split‐face study
Authors: Wang Yawen , Liang Jingchen , Chen Ying , Xia Jun , Liu Yanting , Liu Jing , Li Youbao , Yang Mengyao , Wang Zhao , Zeng Weihui
Published: March 2024

Objectives

Public's interest in noninvasive skin rejuvenation treatments continues to grow. The advantage of combination therapy lies in that it can target different aspects of skin rejuvenation. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of microfocused ultrasound (MFU) combined with delicate pulsed light (DPL) for facial rejuvenation.

Methods

Twenty‐one patients with facial relaxation were enrolled. All patients received whole‐face MFU treatment, and one side of the face was randomly assigned to receive DPL. MFU treatment was performed at Months 0 and 3, while DPL treatment was performed at Months 1, 2, 4, and 5. The length and angle of the nasolabial fold and perioral wrinkles, melanin index (MI), erythema index (EI), transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and follow‐up time were recorded at Months 0, 3, and 6. Side effects were recorded during treatment and each follow‐up visit.

Results

Twenty patients successfully completed the study. At the sixth month, the average length of perioral wrinkles and nasolabial folds on the combined side decreased by 11.5% (pwithin < 0.001) and 6.5% (pwithin = 0.011), while 8.3% (pwithin = 0.012) and 3.8% (pwithin = 0.02) on the MFU side. Compared with MFU treatment alone, the combined treatment also showed significant improvements in nasolabial fold angle (from 28.8 ± 3.4° to 32.7 ± 5.0°) and perioral wrinkle angle (from 39.3 ± 5.0° to 43.7 ± 5.1°). In addition, the combined side had greater benefits than the MFU side in improving MI, EI, TEWL, and skin elasticity (pbetween < 0.05). Except for one patient who withdrew due to increased skin sensitivity after MFU treatment, other subjects did not experience permanent or serious side effects.

Conclusions

The combination of MFU and DPL for facial rejuvenation treatment is safe and effective. The combined treatment has better efficacy in skin firmness, and improving skin tone.
Nanoclay Hydrogel Microspheres with a Sandwich‐Like Structure for Complex Tissue Infection Treatment
Authors: Han Kunyuan , Chen Jishizhan , Han Qinglin , Sun Lei , Dong Xieping , Shi Gengqiang , Yang Runhuai , Wei Wenqing , Cheng Yunzhang
Published: March 2024

Addressing complex tissue infections remains a challenging task because of the lack of effective means, and the limitations of traditional bioantimicrobial materials in single‐application scenarios hinder their utility for complex infection sites. Hence, the development of a bioantimicrobial material with broad applicability and potent bactericidal activity is necessary to treat such infections. In this study, a layered lithium magnesium silicate nanoclay (LMS) is used to construct a nanobactericidal platform. This platform exhibits a sandwich‐like structure, which is achieved through copper ion modification using a dopamine‐mediated metallophenolic network. Moreover, the nanoclay is encapsulated within gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel microspheres for the treatment of complex tissue infections. The results demonstrate that the sandwich‐like micro‐ and nanobactericidal hydrogel microspheres effectively eradicated Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) while exhibiting excellent biocompatibility with bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, the hydrogel microspheres upregulated the expression levels of osteogenic differentiation and angiogenesis‐related genes in these cells. In vivo experiments validated the efficacy of sandwich‐like micro‐ and nanobactericidal hydrogel microspheres when injected into deep infected tissues, effectively eliminating bacteria and promoting robust vascular regeneration and tissue repair. Therefore, these innovative sandwich‐like micro‐ and nanobacteriostatic hydrogel microspheres show great potential for treating complex tissue infections.
The role of circadian clock in regulating cell functions: implications for diseases
Authors: Lin Yanke , He Liangliang , Cai Yuting , Wang Xiaokang , Wang Shuai , Li Feng
Published: March 2024

The circadian clock system orchestrates daily behavioral and physiological rhythms, facilitating adaptation to environmental and internal oscillations. Disruptions in circadian rhythms have been linked to increased susceptibility to various diseases and can exacerbate existing conditions. This review delves into the intricate regulation of diurnal gene expression and cell function by circadian clocks across diverse tissues. . Specifically, we explore the rhythmicity of gene expressions, behaviors, and functions in both immune and non‐immune cells, elucidating the regulatory effects and mechanisms imposed by circadian clocks. A detailed discussion is centered on elucidating the complex functions of circadian clocks in regulating key cellular signaling pathways. We further review the circadian regulation in diverse diseases, with a focus on inflammatory diseases, cancers, and systemic diseases. By highlighting the intimate interplay between circadian clocks and diseases, especially through clock‐controlled cell function, this review contributes to the development of novel disease intervention strategies. This enhanced understanding holds significant promise for the design of targeted therapies that can exploit the circadian regulation mechanisms for improved treatment efficacy.
Improved Sleep Correlates with Improved Quality of Life and Motor Symptoms with Foslevodopa/Foscarbidopa
Authors: Chaudhuri K. Ray , Facheris Maurizio F. , Bergmans Bruno , Bergquist Filip , Criswell Susan R. , Jia Jia , Kukreja Pavnit , Mukai Yohei , Spiegel Amy M. , Gupta Resmi , Bergmann Lars , Pahwa Rajesh
Published: March 2024

Background

Foslevodopa/foscarbidopa is a subcutaneous infusion of levodopa/carbidopa prodrugs.

Objectives

Assess correlations between sleep and efficacy from interim data of a phase 3 trial of foslevodopa/foscarbidopa (NCT03781167).

Methods

Pearson correlations between sleep (Parkinson's Disease Sleep Scale‐2 [PDSS‐2]) and quality of life (QoL; Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire‐39), motor experiences of daily living (m‐EDL; Movement Disorder Society‐Unified Parkinson's Disease Scale Part II), and “Off”/“On” times were calculated for baseline and week 26 improvements. Regression analyses were adjusted for baseline PDSS‐2 score.

Results

Baseline sleep correlated moderately with QoL (r = 0.44, P < 0.001) and weakly with m‐EDL (r = 0.28; P < 0.001). Sleep improvement weakly correlated with improved “Off” time (r = 0.37; P < 0.001) and QoL (r = 0.36; P < 0.001). Regression analyses demonstrated significant positive associations for improved sleep, “Off” time, QoL, and m‐EDL.

Conclusions

Improved sleep with foslevodopa/foscarbidopa was associated with improved QoL and “Off” time.
Clinical magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of glymphatic function
Authors: Boyd Edward D. , Kaur Jasleen , Ding Guangliang , Chopp Michael , Jiang Quan
Published: March 2024

The glymphatic system is a system of specialized perivascular spaces in the brain that facilitates removal of toxic waste solutes from the brain. Evaluation of glymphatic system function by means of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has thus far been largely focused on rodents because of the limitations of intrathecal delivery of gadolinium‐based contrast agents to humans. This review discusses MRI methods that can be employed clinically for glymphatic‐related measurements intended for early diagnosis, prevention, and the treatment of various neurological conditions. Although glymphatic system‐based MRI research is in its early stages, recent studies have identified promising noninvasive MRI markers associated with glymphatic system alterations in neurological diseases. However, further optimization in data acquisition, validation, and modeling are needed to investigate the glymphatic system within the clinical setting.
Effect of financial sector development and FDI inflow on employment rate in South Asia: New empirical evidence from ARDL approach
Authors: Farooq Umar , Tabash Mosab I. , Al‐Faryan Mamdouh Abdulaziz Saleh , Daniel Linda Nalini , Aburezeq Ibtehal M.
Published: March 2024

The current analysis aims to explore the empirical nexus between financial development, foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow, and employment rate. To attain this aim, we collect 30 years of annual data over the period 1990 to 2019 from South Asian economies and employ the autoregressive dynamic least square (ARDL) model for regression analysis. The implication of the ARDL model was subject to the mixed stationarity status of the series as assessed by unit root testing. The robustness of the analysis was checked by employing the fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) models. The statistical analysis infers that both financial development and FDI inflow enhance the employment rate in the South Asia region. In addition, the empirical analysis infers that the gross capital formation, economic growth, and export volume have a positive while the population growth rate has a negative effect on the employment rate. The impact of underlying explanatory variables was found significant only in long run. The estimated coefficient values in the case of FMOLS and DOLS models support the direction of the relationship between explanatory variables and employment rate, implying the robustness of the analysis. The findings of the current analysis can be used to devise efficient economic policies to cope with the encroaching issue of unemployment in the South Asia region. This study offers the robustness to existing literature and complements the literature by exploring the underlying arrangement of study to the whole South Asia group.
Loneliness, gratitude, and entitlement among Israeli and Polish college students: A serial mediation model
Authors: Laslo‐Roth Roni , George‐Levi Sivan , Iwański Rafał , Wałejko Małgorzata , Margalit Malka
Published: March 2024

Loneliness has recently been defined as a public health problem, and college students from various cultures are considered a vulnerable group. As college students must cope with new personal, social, and academic challenges, their perceptions regarding their entitlement from their environment, and their gratefulness for the assistance they receive, may make a unique contribution to their experience of loneliness. In the current study we examined the associations between loneliness, gratitude, and two types of entitlement (active and academic) among college students in two countries: Israel and Poland. A total of 313 Israeli students and 275 Polish students completed a series of questionnaires. The results indicated that Israeli students experienced lower levels of loneliness and academic entitlement, and higher levels of active entitlement and gratitude, in comparison to Polish students. The two types of entitlement and gratitude mediated the association between students' country and loneliness. Active entitlement predicted more gratitude, which predicted lower levels of loneliness. However, academic entitlement predicted lower levels of gratitude, which predicted more loneliness. Our focus on entitlement, gratitude, and loneliness offers insights into the understanding of the psychological and social dynamics among college students in two countries, with implications for theoretical understanding and intervention planning in higher education.
Firms reporting of sustainable development goals (SDGs): An empirical study of best‐in‐class companies
Authors: Urbieta Laida
Published: March 2024

This article presents an empirical analysis of the non‐financial reporting of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by a sample of 24 best‐in‐class companies across various sectors worldwide. The sample was selected based on a previous screening of SDG reporting by 1360 companies from 97 different countries that pointed to a superficial engagement with the SDGs for the vast majority of the firms (see Heras‐Saizarbitoria, 2022). Employing a qualitative approach to content analysis, this study sheds light on the specific issues related to SDGs and reported by the best‐in‐class companies. Implications for managers, public policymakers, and other stakeholders are also examined.
Medical students' perspectives on transgender care legislation and its impact on medical residency applications
Authors: Kurman Tari M. , Ake Samantha N. , Hille Jessica J.
Published: March 2024

Many states have introduced bills restricting healthcare for transgender and gender‐diverse (TGD) individuals. This may prompt medical students to seek residency training in other states, exacerbating TGD healthcare disparities. We assessed medical students' perspectives on legislation prohibiting gender transition procedures (GTP) and how this affects residency applications. We analyzed responses from medical students at a Midwest institution, including demographics, knowledge of GTP legislation, impact on future training and practice, and agreement with proposed legislation. Respondents shared factors influencing their feelings about applying for residency in states that restrict GTP, as well as considerations informing their position about regulations. 36.8% consider GTP legislation important for residency applications. 60.5% think this will impact their future practice. 57.3% are against restricting GTP for minors, and 82.7% for adults. Factors influencing residency applications were LGBTQ+ safety (38.5%), government interference (33.3%), education/training (33.3%), neutral (20.5%), and against GTP (15.4%). Factors informing position on GTP were best practices (71.8%), consent (30.8%), government interference (30.8%), and need more data (7.7%). Most students surveyed were against the restriction of GTP, and legislation prohibiting GTP may drive physicians to other states. Responses also highlighted knowledge gaps about GTP, which may improve with additional training.
A study on functionalization process of silicon dioxide nanoparticles for hydrophobic coating applications
Authors: Kumar Avinash , Negi Sushant , Kar Simanchal
Published: March 2024

Functionalized nano‐SiO2 is an inorganic compound that exhibits hydrophobic properties upon the addition of a silane group through a chemical reaction. This property is highly effective in surface modification for various substrates, including glass, metal, and ceramics. These surface modifications find applications in self‐cleaning, anti‐fogging coatings, and water‐repellent materials. In this work, the role of nano‐SiO2 and Hexadecyltrimethoxysilane (HDTMS) functionalized nano‐SiO2 has been synthesized successfully by the sol–gel method for coating applications. The outcomes of water contact angle (WCA), analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations revealed the successful grafting of hydrophobic long‐chain alkyl groups from HDTMS onto the surface of SiO2 nanoparticles. Notably, when the ratio of SiO2 nanoparticles to HDTMS is 0.25:1, the WCA of the functionalized SiO2 nanoparticles is enhanced significantly. This value is 5.35 times greater than the initial angle of contact before the modification, leading to the achievement of a super hydrophobic property.
Gene Delivery From Granular Scaffolds for Tunable Biologics Manufacturing
Authors: Kurt Evan , Devlin Garth , Asokan Aravind , Segura Tatiana
Published: March 2024

The understanding of the molecular basis for disease has generated a myriad of therapeutic biologics, including therapeutic proteins, antibodies, and viruses. However, the promise that biologics can resolve currently incurable diseases hinges in their manufacturability. These therapeutics require that their genetic material be introduced to mammalian cells such that the cell machinery can manufacture the biological components. These are then purified, validated, and packaged. Most manufacturing uses batch processes that collect the biologic a few days following genetic modification, due to toxicity or difficulty in separating product from cells in a continuous operation, limiting the amount of biologic that can be produced and resulting in yearlong backlogs. Here, a scaffold‐based approach for continuous biologic manufacturing is presented, with sustained production of active antibodies and viruses for 30 days. The use of scaffold‐based biologic production enabled perfusion‐based bioreactors to be used, which can be incorporated into a fully continuous process.
Clinical safety and efficacy of a single‐dose gentamicin, posaconazole and mometasone furoate otic suspension for treatment of canine otitis externa
Authors: Heuer Lea , Wilhelm Cornelia , Roy Olivier , Löhlein Wolfgang , Wolf Oliver , Zschiesche Eva
Published: March 2024

Background

A single‐dose, in‐clinic, veterinary professional‐administered treatment for canine otitis externa was developed to improve compliance and canine welfare.

Methods

This multicentre, controlled, examiner‐masked, randomised field trial was conducted in 316 dogs over 42 days. Dogs were treated once, on day 0, with the investigational product containing gentamicin, posaconazole and mometasone furoate (Mometamax Ultra [MU]) or twice (days 0 and 7) with a control product containing florfenicol, terbinafine and betamethasone acetate (CP). The primary endpoint was a composite otitis index score of 4 or less (of 12) on day 14 and 3 or less (of 12) on day 28.

Results

On day 28, treatment success was recorded in 128 of 143 MU‐treated dogs (89.5%), significantly non‐inferior to 116 of 133 (87.2%) CP‐treated dogs (Farrington‐Manning test, Z = 4.1351, p < 0.0001). For mixed cultures of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Malassezia pachydermatis, there was 100% treatment success in MU‐treated dogs (n = 33), significantly non‐inferior to 90.2% (37 of 41) in CP‐treated dogs (Farrington–Manning test, Z = 3.1954, p = 0.0007).

Limitations

Efficacy in chronic otitis externa cases was not investigated. Cytology was not used to aid in diagnosis or for identification of secondary pathogens.

Conclusion

This unique combination, single‐dose product is safe and effective in dogs with otitis externa. It offers enhanced compliance, canine welfare and quality of life by eliminating the owner burden of treating this painful condition.
Synthesis and characterization of star‐shaped PMMA using low‐ppm ARGET ATRP approach and changing to rigid powder for bone cement
Authors: Huynh Mai Duc , Linh Nguyen Thi Dieu , Huy Khuc Duong , Chung Ildoo , Tham Do Quang
Published: March 2024

Some low‐ppm concentrations of CuII complex catalyst (15, 30 and 60 ppm) were used for synthesis of 4‐arm star PMMA (4sPMMA) via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization using Activators Regenerated by Electron Transfer approach (ARGET ATRP). CuBr2/pentamethyldiethylene triamine and tin(II) 2‐ethylhexanoate were used as a complex catalyst and reducing agent, respectively. Characterization of 4sPMMA samples was performed by using conversion measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The obtained results demonstrated that the concentration of CuII of 30 ppm was suitable to prepare 4sPMMA with high monomer conversion up to 93.9 % at 80 °C for 24 hours (MnGPC = 29.7 kDa with target Mn of 30 kDa) for our case. Selected product of 4sPMMA in porous powder was next changed to rigid powder. Scanning electron microscopy measurement showed random‐shape morphology of the powder with bead size in the range of 5‐110 μm. Energy dispersive X‐ray analysis indicated that no traces of Cu and Sn metals were detected. The 4sPMMA beads can be prospectively used as a prepolymer component for acrylic bone cement.
Effect‐based methods in cultured cells—Valuable tools for detection of chemical hazards in drinking water
Authors: Lundqvist Johan , Oskarsson Agneta
Published: March 2024

Chemical contamination of drinking water is of great concern for public health. Chemical analyses are used for monitoring of selected chemicals, however, no information on unknown chemicals or potential toxicity of the mixture of chemicals in a water sample is obtained. Effect‐based methods in cells are new high throughput tools, to evaluate the hazard of the whole mixture of chemicals present in drinking water. These methods can be used together with chemical analysis for assessment of the chemical safety of drinking water. This article will review the principle of effect‐based methods in cells and how they compare to traditionally used chemical analysis and effect‐based methods in whole organisms. Further, this article will give examples from the literature, highlighting how cellular effect‐based methods can be used in different practical applications to improve drinking water safety; for example, for monitoring of drinking water quality and evaluation of treatment efficiency in drinking water processing. Finally, this article will review the current regulatory and water sector acceptance of these methods and discuss future expectations on the role of effect‐based methods for improved drinking water safety.

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation

Science of Water > Water Quality
The Use and Application of SfM-Based Documentation in Excavation and Standing Remains Assessment of the Stabian Baths, Pompeii
Authors: Brünenberg Clemens , Rummel Christoph , Trümper Monika
Published: March 2024

The international research project ‘Bathing Culture and the Development of Urban Space in Pompeii’, headed by the Institute for Classical Archaeology of the Freie Universität Berlin, uses Structure from Motion (SfM) 3D models to record, document and analyse complex archaeological and architectural situations at the Stabian Baths in Pompeii. The paper presents case studies of the application of 3D models in archaeological and architectural contexts and highlights their potential not only as a documentation method, but also as analytical tools and key aids in publishing. It also draws attention to problems arising from work with large and complex digital datasets in interdisciplinary and international research teams and suggests potential solutions.
Diffusion Metamaterials for Plasma Transport
Authors: Yang Fubao , Zhang Zeren
Published: March 2024

Plasma technology has found widespread applications in numerous domains, yet the techniques to manipulate plasma transport predominantly rely on magnetic control. In this chapter, we present a streamlined diffusion-migration method to characterize plasma transport. Based on this framework, the viability of the transformation theory for plasma transport is demonstrated. Highlighted within are three model devices designed to cloak, concentrate, and rotate plasmas without significantly altering the density profile of background plasmas. Additionally, insights regarding potential implications for novel physics are discussed. This chapter aims to contribute to advancements in plasma technology, especially in sectors like medicine and chemistry.
Non-Hermitian Physics and Topological Phenomena in Convective Thermal Metamaterials
Authors: Yang Fu-Bao , Huang Ji-Ping
Published: March 2024

Non-Hermitian physics and topological phenomena are two hot topics attracted much attention in condensed matter physics and artificial metamaterials. Thermal metamaterials are one type of metamaterials that can manipulate heat on one’s own. Recently, it has been found that non-Hermitian physics and topological phenomena can be implemented in purely conductive thermal metamaterials. However, conduction alone is not omnipotent due to the missing of degrees of freedom. Heat convection, accompanying with conduction, is capable of realizing a large number of phases. In this chapter, we will present some important works on non-Hermitian and topological convective thermal metamaterials. For non-Hermitian physics, we will first discuss the implementation of exceptional point (EP) in thermal diffusion, followed by high-order EP and dynamic encirclement of EP. We then discuss two works on the extensions of EP in thermal diffusion, namely, the chiral thermal behavior in the vicinity of EP and the Weyl exceptional ring. For topological phases, we will discuss two examples: a one-dimensional topological insulator and a two-dimensional quadrupole topological insulator. Finally, we will make a conclusion and present a promising outlook in this area.
Imaging of supratentorial intraventricular masses in children:a pictorial review— part 1
Authors: Gonçalves Fabrício Guimarães , Mahecha-Carvajal Mario E. , Desa Aishwary , Yildiz Harun , Talbeya Jawabreh Kassem , Moreno Luz Angela , Viaene Angela N. , Vossough Arastoo
Published: March 2024

Purpose

This article is the first in a two-part series designed to provide a comprehensive overview of the range of supratentorial intraventricular masses observed in children. Our primary objective is to discuss the diverse types of intraventricular masses that originate not only from cells within the choroid plexus but also from other sources.

Methods

In this article, we review relevant epidemiological data, the current genetics/molecular classification as outlined in the fifth edition of the World Health Organization’s Classification of tumours of the Central Nervous System and noteworthy imaging findings. We conduct an exhaustive analysis of primary choroid plexus tumours as well as other conditions such as choroid plexus hyperplasia, choroid plexus cyst, choroid plexus xanthogranuloma, atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumour, meningioma, arteriovenous malformation and metastasis.

Results

We comprehensively evaluated each supratentorial intraventricular mass, providing an in-depth analysis of their unique clinical and histological characteristics. The fifth edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System introduces major modifications. These important changes could potentially have a profound impact on the management strategies and subsequent outcomes of these tumours.

Conclusion

Intraventricular masses in children can arise from various sources. Surgical intervention is key for certain supratentorial intraventricular masses in paediatric patients, with preoperative neuroimaging essential to decide the best treatment approach, surgical or otherwise, as some cases may not require surgery.
2.5-Minute Fast Brain MRI with Multiple Contrasts in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Kits Annika , Al-Saadi Jonathan , De Luca Francesca , Janzon Fredrik , Mazya Michael V. , Lundberg Johan , Sprenger Tim , Skare Stefan , Delgado Anna Falk
Published: March 2024

Purpose

To assess the performance of a 2.5-minute multi-contrast brain MRI sequence (NeuroMix) in diagnosing acute cerebral infarctions.

Methods

Adult patients with a clinical suspicion of acute ischemic stroke were retrospectively included. Brain MRI at 3 T included NeuroMix and routine clinical MRI (cMRI) sequences, with DWI/ADC, T2-FLAIR, T2-weighted, T2*, SWI-EPI, and T1-weighted contrasts. Three radiologists (R1–3) independently assessed NeuroMix and cMRI for the presence of acute infarcts (DWI ↑, ADC = or ↓) and infarct-associated abnormalities on other image contrasts. Sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were calculated and compared using DeLong’s test. Inter- and intra-rater agreements were studied with kappa statistics. Relative DWI (rDWI) and T2-FLAIR (rT2-FLAIR) signal intensity for infarctions were semi-automatically rendered, and the correlation between methods was evaluated.

Results

According to the reference standard, acute infarction was present in 34 out of 44 (77%) patients (63 ± 17 years, 31 men). Other infarct-associated signal abnormalities were reported in similar frequencies on NeuroMix and cMRI (p > .08). Sensitivity for infarction detection was 94%, 100%, and 94% evaluated by R1, R2, R3, for NeuroMix and 94%, 100%, and 100% for cMRI. Specificity was 100%, 90%, and 100% for NeuroMix and 100%, 100%, and 100% for cMRI. AUC for NeuroMix was .97, .95, and .97 and .97, 1, and 1 for cMRI (DeLong p = 1, .32, .15), respectively. Inter- and intra-rater agreement was κ = .88–1. The correlation between NeuroMix and cMRI was R = .73 for rDWI and R = .83 for rT2-FLAIR.

Conclusion

Fast multi-contrast MRI NeuroMix has high diagnostic performance for detecting acute cerebral infarctions.
Strain rate sensitive polyampholyte hydrogels via well-dispersed XLG sheets
Authors: Su Esra , Yelemessova Gaukhargul , Toleutay Gaukhar
Published: March 2024

The physical interactions between anionic and cationic monomers and the layered silicate clay mineral Laponite (XLG) have received great attention because of their potential for a variety of applications such as strain sensitive sensors, wearable electronics, drug delivery systems, and tissue engineering applications. A detailed investigation of the interaction between XLG and charged monomers is presented in this article. The study includes the observation of the changes in the viscosity of the solutions and the mechanical performance of the gels at various concentrations by adding XLG to the ionic monomer solution. The ionic interactions between XLG and the charged monomers, driven by electrostatic forces, play a crucial role in gelation and formation of a three-dimensional network, giving the structure strain rate sensitivity. In this way, the addition of XLG nanoparticles not only improves the mechanical properties of the gels, but also gives us information about the microstructure of the mechanical properties that change depending on the strain rate.
Artificial intelligence-assisted double reading of chest radiographs to detect clinically relevant missed findings: a two-centre evaluation
Authors: Topff Laurens , Steltenpool Sanne , Ranschaert Erik R. , Ramanauskas Naglis , Menezes Renee , Visser Jacob J. , Beets-Tan Regina G. H. , Hartkamp Nolan S.
Published: March 2024

Objectives

To evaluate an artificial intelligence (AI)–assisted double reading system for detecting clinically relevant missed findings on routinely reported chest radiographs.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed in two institutions, a secondary care hospital and tertiary referral oncology centre. Commercially available AI software performed a comparative analysis of chest radiographs and radiologists’ authorised reports using a deep learning and natural language processing algorithm, respectively. The AI-detected discrepant findings between images and reports were assessed for clinical relevance by an external radiologist, as part of the commercial service provided by the AI vendor. The selected missed findings were subsequently returned to the institution’s radiologist for final review.

Results

In total, 25,104 chest radiographs of 21,039 patients (mean age 61.1 years ± 16.2 [SD]; 10,436 men) were included. The AI software detected discrepancies between imaging and reports in 21.1% (5289 of 25,104). After review by the external radiologist, 0.9% (47 of 5289) of cases were deemed to contain clinically relevant missed findings. The institution’s radiologists confirmed 35 of 47 missed findings (74.5%) as clinically relevant (0.1% of all cases). Missed findings consisted of lung nodules (71.4%, 25 of 35), pneumothoraces (17.1%, 6 of 35) and consolidations (11.4%, 4 of 35).

Conclusion

The AI-assisted double reading system was able to identify missed findings on chest radiographs after report authorisation. The approach required an external radiologist to review the AI-detected discrepancies. The number of clinically relevant missed findings by radiologists was very low.

Clinical relevance statement

The AI-assisted double reader workflow was shown to detect diagnostic errors and could be applied as a quality assurance tool. Although clinically relevant missed findings were rare, there is potential impact given the common use of chest radiography.

Key Points

• A commercially available double reading system supported by artificial intelligence was evaluated to detect reporting errors in chest radiographs (n=25,104) from two institutions.

• Clinically relevant missed findings were found in 0.1% of chest radiographs and consisted of unreported lung nodules, pneumothoraces and consolidations.

• Applying AI software as a secondary reader after report authorisation can assist in reducing diagnostic errors without interrupting the radiologist’s reading workflow. However, the number of AI-detected discrepancies was considerable and required review by a radiologist to assess their relevance.

Graphical Abstract
Collaborative encoding with a new categorization task: a contribution to collaborative memory research
Authors: Conte Nadia , Pelegrina Santiago , Padulo Caterina , Marascia Erika , Fairfield Beth
Published: March 2024

Collaborative memory research has focused primarily on the effects of collaboration at recall with collaboration during encoding receiving less attention. In the present study, collaboration was investigated both at encoding and at retrieval to determine its effects and possible interactions. The aim was to clarify whether the collaborative inhibition effect depended on whether the encoding was with the same or with a different partner. A total of 320 participants (160 Italian and 160 Spanish undergraduate students) were administered a modified version of the collaborative memory paradigm with a new categorization task of verbal affective stimuli at encoding. Specifically, they were asked to classify 90 printed words into 6 categories, so as to have 15 words in each category and then did two recall tasks. Participants were assigned to one of five possible conditions according to encoding (collaborative, individual) and recall (collaborative with the same partner, with another partner, and individual). Results show a collaborative encoding deficit and the classic collaborative inhibition effect independently of whether the encoding was collaborative or individual and even in a collaborative recall group that showed a degree of recall output organization comparable to that of the individual recall group. These results are not wholly consistent with a retrieval disruption explanation and are discussed according to divided attention during collaborative recall and how it may contribute to the collaborative inhibition effect.
The multiple roles of autophagy in uveal melanoma and the microenvironment
Authors: Liu Bo , Yao Xueting , Shang Yu , Dai Jinhui
Published: March 2024

Purpose

Uveal melanoma (UM) is the most common primary malignant intraocular tumor in adults, and effective clinical treatment strategies are still lacking. Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent degradation system that can encapsulate abnormal proteins, damaged organelles. However, dysfunctional autophagy has multiple types and plays a complex role in tumorigenicity depending on many factors, such as tumor stage, microenvironment, signaling pathway activation, and application of autophagic drugs.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature was conducted to analyze the role of autophagy in UM, as well as describing the development of autophagic drugs and the link between autophagy and the tumor microenvironment.

Results

In this review, we summarize current research advances regarding the types of autophagy, the mechanisms of autophagy, the application of autophagy inhibitors or agonists, autophagy and the tumor microenvironment. Finally, we also discuss the relationship between autophagy and UM.

Conclusion

Understanding the molecular mechanisms of how autophagy differentially affects tumor progression may help to design better therapeutic regimens to prevent and treat UM.
PIK3CA mutation-driven immune signature as a prognostic marker for evaluating the tumor immune microenvironment and therapeutic response in breast cancer
Authors: Ren Xueting , Cui Hanxiao , Dai Luyao , Chang Lidan , Liu Dandan , Yan Wenyu , Zhao Xuyan , Kang Huafeng , Ma Xiaobin
Published: March 2024

Purpose

Gene mutations drive tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) heterogeneity, in turn affecting prognosis and immunotherapy efficacy. PIK3CA is the most frequently mutated gene in breast cancer (BC), yet its relevance to BC prognosis remains controversial. Herein, we sought to determine the impact of PIK3CA mutation-driven immune genes (PDIGs) on BC prognosis in relation to TIME heterogeneity.

Methods

PIK3CA mutation characteristics were compared and verified between the TCGA-BRCA dataset and a patient cohort from our hospital. PIK3CA mutation-driven differentially expressed genes were identified for consensus clustering and weighted gene co-expression network analysis to select the modules most relevant to the immune subtype. Thereafter, the two were intersected to obtain PDIGs. Univariate Cox, LASSO, and multivariate Cox regression analyses were sequentially performed on PDIGs to obtain a PIK3CA mutation-driven immune signature (PDIS), which was then validated using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Differences in functional enrichment, mutation landscape, immune infiltration, checkpoint gene expression, and drug response were compared between different risk groups.

Results

PIK3CA mutation frequencies in the TCGA and validation cohorts were 34.49% and 40.83%, respectively. PIK3CA mutants were significantly associated with ER, PR, and molecular BC subtypes in our hospital cohort. The PDIS allowed for effective risk stratification and exhibited prognostic power in TCGA and GEO sets. The low-risk patients exhibited greater immune infiltration, higher expression of common immune checkpoint factors, and lower scores for tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion.

Conclusion

The PDIS can be used as an effective prognostic model for predicting immunotherapy response to guide clinical decision-making.
The influence of marital status at diagnosis on survival of adult patients with mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: Zhang Ting , Wang Zhao-tong , Li Zhuo , Yin Shuo-xin , Wang Xun , Chen Hai-zhu
Published: March 2024

Purpose

Marital status has been reported to influence the survival outcomes of various cancers, but its impact on patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the influence of marital status at diagnosis on overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients with MCL.

Methods

The study utilized data from the National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-18 databases, including 6437 eligible individuals diagnosed with MCL from 2000 to 2018. A 1:1 propensity matching method (PSM) minimized confounding factor. Univariate and multivariate analyses determined hazard ratios (HR). Stratified hazard models were developed for married and unmarried statuses across time intervals.

Results

Married patients exhibited better 5-year OS and CSS rates compared to unmarried patients (54.2% vs. 39.7%, log-rank p < 0.001; 62.6% vs. 49.3%, log-rank p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated that being unmarried was an independent risk factor for OS (adjusted HR 1.420, 95% CI 1.329–1.517) and CSS (adjusted HR 1.388, 95% CI 1.286–1.498). After PSM, being unmarried remained an independent risk factor for both OS and CSS. Among unmarried patients, widowed individuals exhibited the poorest survival outcomes compared to patients with other marital statuses, with 5-year OS and CSS rates of 28.5% and 41.0%, respectively. Furthermore, in the 10-year OS and CSS hazard model for widowed individuals had a significantly higher risk of mortality, with the probability of overall and cancer-specific mortality increased by 1.7-fold and 1.6-fold, respectively.

Conclusion

Marital status at diagnosis is an independent prognostic factor for MCL patients, with widowed individuals showing worse OS and CSS than those who are married, single, or divorced/separated. Adequate psychological and social support for widowed patients is crucial for improving outcomes in this patient population.
Time domain coupling of the boundary and discrete element methods for 3D problems
Authors: Barros Guilherme , Pereira Andre , Rojek Jerzy , Carter John , Thoeni Klaus
Published: March 2024

This paper presents an extension of the authors’ previously developed interface coupling technique for 2D problems to 3D problems. The method combines the strengths of the Discrete Element Method (DEM), known for its adeptness in capturing discontinuities and non-linearities at the microscale, and the Boundary Element Method (BEM), known for its efficiency in modelling wave propagation within infinite domains. The 3D formulation is based on spherical discrete elements and bilinear quadrilateral boundary elements. The innovative coupling methodology overcomes a critical limitation by enabling the representation of discontinuities within infinite domains, a pivotal development for large-scale dynamic problems. The paper systematically addresses challenges, with a focus on interface compatibility, showcasing the method’s accuracy through benchmark validation on a finite rod and infinite spherical cavity. Finally, a model of a column embedded into the ground illustrates the versatility of the approach in handling complex scenarios with multiple domains. This innovative coupling approach represents a significant leap in the integration of DEM and BEM for 3D problems and opens avenues for tackling complex and realistic problems in various scientific and engineering domains.
Erfahrungswerte im Praxiseinsatz von Vorsammelhilfen in der getrennten Bioabfallsammlung mit Fokus auf Tirol
Authors: Weber Teresa , Wehner Marco , Bockreis Anke
Published: March 2024

Die getrennte Sammlung von Bioabfall ist wichtig für Umweltschutz und Ressourcenschonung und trägt zu verschiedenen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) bei. Die Verwendung biologisch abbaubarer Vorsammelhilfen, besonders aus Kunststoff, in den Haushalten kann zur Mengensteigerung von getrennt gesammelten Bioabfall beitragen, allerdings ebenso verschiedene Herausforderungen in der Bioabfallbehandlung und -verwertung verursachen. Die Vielfalt von Logos für Vorsammelhilfen erschwert die Handhabung, ein einheitliches Logo mit klaren Qualitätskriterien wäre sinnvoll. Papierbeutel könnten aufgrund der besseren Abbaubarkeit und höheren Methanerträge umweltfreundlichere Alternativen zu Vorsammelhilfen aus Biokunststoff darstellen. Forschungsbedarf besteht bei der Analyse von Mikroplastikpartikeln im Bioabfall, um langfristige Umweltauswirkungen zu verstehen. Die Wirksamkeit der Bioabfallsammlung könnte durch alternative Materialien (z. B. Papierbeutel) und Verbraucheraufklärung gesteigert werden.
Mortality of type 2 diabetes in Germany: additional insights from Gompertz models
Authors: Kuss Oliver , Baumert Jens , Schmidt Christian , Tönnies Thaddäus
Published: March 2024

Aims

The Gompertz law of mortality proclaims that human mortality rates in middle to old ages grow log-linearly with age and this law has been confirmed at multiple instances. We investigated if diabetes mortality in Germany also obeys to the Gompertz law and how this information helps to communicate diabetes mortality more intuitively.

Methods

We analyzed all statutory health-insured persons in Germany in 2013 that were aged 30 years or older. Deaths in 2014 were recorded and given in 5-year age groups. We fitted weighted linear regression models (separately for females and males and for people with and without diabetes) and additionally computed the probability that a person with diabetes dies before a person of the same age and sex without diabetes, and the “diabetes age”, that is, the additional years of mortality risk added to an individual’s chronological age due to diabetes-related excess mortality.

Results

We included N = 47,365,120 individuals, 6,541,181 of them with diabetes. In 2014, 763,228 deaths were recorded, among them 288,515 with diabetes. Diabetes mortality followed nearly perfectly Gompertz distributions. The probability that a person with diabetes dies before a person without diabetes was 61.9% for females and 63.3% for males.

Conclusions

Diabetes mortality for females and males aged 30 years or older in Germany in 2014 followed the Gompertz law of mortality. The survival information of the population with diabetes during a large part of the lifespan can thus be reduced to the two parameters of the Gompertz distribution.