bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Confucian Legendary Past
Authors: Pines Yuri
Published: January 2023

The paragon rulers, ministers, and villains became stock figures in Confucian political discourse since the Warring States period and for millennia to come. This essay explores three sets of legendary and semi-legendary figures that were used by Confucian thinkers to put forward controversial political ideas. The morally impeccable Zhou dynastic founders, Kings Wen and Wu, who were mandated by Heaven to replace the depraved last ruler of the Shang dynasty, exemplified the idea of righteous rebellion. The sage monarchs, Yao and Shun, who allegedly abdicated in favor of their meritorious ministers, were presented to promote the daring notion of meritocratic power transfer as advantageous to the hereditary principle of rule. And the early Zhou regent and model minister, the Duke of Zhou, who acted as de facto ruler in his nephew’s stead, epitomized the Confucian aspiration to have real—albeit not nominal—power concentrated in the hands of wise ministers.
Mencius
Authors: Behuniak Jim
Published: January 2023

Mencius 孟子 (c.391–308 BCE) and his text have exerted a profound influence on the Confucian tradition. The meaning of Mencius’s philosophy, however, has always been contested. The core message of the Mencius was debated not long after the text was composed, and it has been subject to various interpretations in China ever since. Debates over Mencius’s philosophy have occupied Western scholars as well. In the latter half of the twentieth century, Greek-medieval virtue ethics emerged in Western scholarship as a paradigm in which to understand its teachings. Certain aspects of this paradigm are currently being challenged—specifically, where it assumes human destiny to be transcendentally ordained (“Heaven’s plan”) and understands human nature (renxing 人性) to be teleological. Such challenges signal the emergence of new approaches to Mencius’s philosophy, as contemporary scholars recover its more dynamic and naturalistic elements.
The Confucian Classics
Authors: Van Auken Newell Ann
Published: January 2023

This chapter introduces the Five Classics, which formed the core of the Confucian canon. These works are the Classic of Poetry, Classic of Documents, Rites Classic, Classic of Changes, and the Spring and Autumn Classic. Although the Five Classics came to be regarded as “Confucian” works, none was written by Confucius. They were officially established as the basis of state-sponsored learning during the Western Han dynasty. The chapter gives an overview of the titles, dates of composition, content, and commentarial interpretations of each work and discusses their putative connection to Confucius, along with the subsequent reception and expansion of the canon and its later replacement with the Four Books.
The Formation of Neo-Confucianism in the Song
Authors: Hon Tze-ki
Published: January 2023

Neo-Confucianism of the Song dynasty (960–1276) was a philosophical movement of dual nature. It was a response to Buddhism and Daoism on the one hand, and a reinterpretation of classical Confucianism on the other. As such, Neo-Confucianism included the psychological depth of Buddhism, the metaphysical sophistication of Daoism, and the socio-political vision of classical Confucianism. This chapter analyzes Neo-Confucianism from three perspectives: its origin, its main philosophical argument, and its impact. It demonstrates that the Confucianism of the Song dynasty can be called “Neo-Confucianism” because it clearly contained elements different from classical Confucianism. This new vision of Confucian learning was based on a moral metaphysics connecting what is mundane and ordinary to what is spiritual and transcendental.
Late Imperial Neo-Confucianism
Authors: Lee Pauline C.
Published: January 2023

This chapter introduces late imperial Neo-Confucianism from the Yuan (1260–1368) through the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1912) periods. The study examines select significant themes including self-cultivation 修身, desire 情, classics 經, and family 家, and focuses on particular diachronic and synchronic intellectual conversations including between Xu Heng and Wu Cheng on the significance of texts and intuition; Wang Yangming and Taizhou thinkers such as Wang Longxi and Wang Bi on the role of the emotions in the moral life; Dai Zhen and Zhang Xuecheng on the significance of historical and classical texts in moral development; and Li Zhi and Kang Youwei on the definition of a family.
Confucianism and Gender
Authors: Chan Sin Yee
Published: January 2023

This essay focuses on the philosophical aspects of the Confucian conception of gender in premodern China. It attempts to reconcile Confucianism with gender equality by examining the basis of the Confucian gender in yinyang (陰陽) and nei-wai (inner-outer 內外) distinctions and show how these two distinctions imply an ambiguous and fluid gender system, thus empowering women and allowing them to negotiate their subordination. Then appealing to the Confucian ideal of junzi 君子 (morally cultivated person), the chapter combines the discussion of masculinity and femininity from the Confucian canons with analyses from the traditional popular literature and drama. Finally the issue of transgender is examined demonstrating its compatibility with the Confucian binary gender system, showing how power plays a more important role than bodily features in the determination of gender for the transgender group.
Confucianism in Republican China, 1911–1949
Authors: Oldstone-Moore Jennifer
Published: January 2023

In the Republican era, Confucianism proved to be an adaptable, relevant resource for projects of state building and modernization. Discussions in twentieth-century China concerning Confucianism varied greatly: it was sometimes seen as complementary, sometimes as contradictory to science, nationalism, and other perceived essentials for the new nation. Whether valorized or despised, in this period Confucianism continued to be regarded as a repository of morals, ethics, and metaphysical insights. This chapter surveys the impact of the New Culture and May Fourth Movements that despised Confucianism as an impediment to a modern China; the impact of “New Confucians” like Liang Shuming, Zhang Junmai, and Xiong Shili; and Chiang Kai-shek’s reinterpretation of Confucian ritual as a resource to transform apathetic, slovenly, and weak subjects into strong, hygienic, and loyal citizens. A novel form of Confucianism, a “muscular Confucianism,” emerged in the 1930s, applying Confucian practice and ideas to produce robust physical bodies to “save the nation.”
The Economy of Corruption in Cameroonian’s Cartoons
Authors: Djouldé Christelle Amina
Published: January 2023

This contribution analyzes editorial cartoons with a view to decoding paradigms of corruption in Cameroon, a major obstacle to the country’s economic progress. In the light of the “pictorial turn,” it examines how satiric images are material that make it possible to understand the complexity of corruption. Her contribution combines the comparison of various sources to shows how the editorial cartoon offers a painting of corruption. It also discusses the relationship between “the tyranny of corruption” and the persistence of Cameroon’s under-development.
Comparing Nonrenewable Resources Stocks and Capital Goods
Authors: Kakeu Johnson
Published: January 2023

This chapter shows that from a social welfare perspective non-renewable natural resource stocks are not like capital goods in capital-resource economies. We use shadow pricing for comparing non-renewable natural resource stocks and capital goods. It is shown that from a social welfare perspective, there are situations where the social worth of non-renewable natural resource stocks is greater than the social worth of capital goods. More generally, nonrenewable natural resource stocks are not equivalent to capital goods from a social welfare perspective. Numerical examples on shadow pricing are provided for illustration. Shadow pricing metric and the market pricing metric do not lead to the same conclusion when it comes to comparing natural resource stocks and capital goods. We contribute to the literature that emphasizes the importance of incorporating information on natural resource stocks in optimally managing a country’s public wealth. Public policy recommendations relating to the optimal management of natural resource stocks in Cameroon are discussed.
Cameroon’s Economic Assets and Production
Authors: Tchana Tchana Fulbert
Published: January 2023

This chapter documents and analyzes the mismatch between Cameroon’s perceived “wealth” and economic production. It shows that although not as wealthy as some analysts perceive, Cameroon's natural resource is underused as it is not transformed at its full potential to economic production (GDP). The inadequate level of produced capital relative to the country’s total wealth mainly explains this shortcoming. The country should focus on increasing public and private investments in infrastructure while ensuring greater efficiency and building its human capital to fix the mismatch.
Electricity Supply and Manufacturing Exports
Authors: Amadu Ismaila , Boniface Ngah Epo
Published: January 2023

Electricity shortages are a serious threat to manufacturing exports. This chapter estimates the impact of power deficits on the manufacturing exports in Cameroon. We mobilized a Vector Error Correction Model and data gotten from the 2018 World Development Indicators data set for the period 1972-2017 for the econometric estimations. Results reveal that a percentage decrease in electricity supply causes a reduction in the exports of manufactured products by a percentage point in the short-term and six percentage points in the long-term. The other covariates suggest that a one percent increase in manufacturing causes labor force to increase by seven percent in the short-term with the long-term value not being significant. The implications of these findings purport that adequate and stable power supply are critical in improving the exports of industrial products. Consequently, increasing electricity supply and making it more affordable and accessible to manufacturing industries should be at the core of the current industrial policy, economic development programs and the national development strategy in Cameroon.
The Monetary and Financial Sector in Cameroon
Authors: Landry Bikai Jacques , Kenkouo Guy Albert , Daniel Essiane Patrick-Nelson , Mbohou Mama Moustapha
Published: January 2023

Cameroon is a member of the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC), a monetary union made up of six countries. Its monetary policy, conducted by the Bank of Central African States (BEAC), is therefore decided at a sub-regional level, and only fiscal policy is the responsibility of each State, but subject to multilateral surveillance criteria. This chapter aims at assessing the performance of Cameroon's financial system and outlining its main vulnerabilities and the challenges facing the conduct of monetary policy. It provides an overview of Cameroon's financial system through a detailed description of the evolution of its main components, as well as the monetary policy environment, over the past three decades. It then focuses on the performance of Cameroon's financial sector compared to other countries. Considering the unsatisfactory performance of the banking sector, especially in relation to the financing of economies, the chapter addresses the main impediments to the development of credit in Cameroon. Finally, the chapter deals with the macroeconomic vulnerabilities of the banking sector that could limit the transfer of monetary policy to the real sector. It also provides recommendations for enhancing the performance of this sector.
The Political Economy of Ethnicity
Authors: Monga Célestin
Published: January 2023

Under the political single-party regimes that prevailed in Africa in the course of the first three decades of independence (1960-1990), the failure of the postcolonial State complicated the difficult process of transforming and modernizing political institutions. The official centripetal discourse, tirelessly repeating the need for national unity (while laws, regulations and public policies were going in the opposite direction), was progressively replaced by a proliferation of intellectual and political discourse promoting centrifugal forces, denouncing the failure of the nation-State project, at times questioning the ambition to be a nation, celebrating ethnic and regional particularisms and encouraging wishes to fragment the country. This chapter examines the question of ethnicity in Cameroon, its uses and manipulations. It deconstructs the ethnic categorizations in Cameroon and emphasizes their contradictions and their arbitrary character. It also examines the empirical challenges for measuring ethnic inequities.
Monetary and Multidimensional Poverty in Cameroon: Measurements, Determinants, and Policy Implications
Authors: Andrianarison Francis , Housseini Bouba , Oldiges Christian
Published: January 2023

Cameroon has witnessed substantial economic growth in the new millennium, while poverty reduction has been limited and inequality has worsened. In this context, this chapter investigates the different facets of poverty in Cameroon, factors affecting them and policy options to tackle poverty and achieve inclusive and sustainable development. We apply two prominent poverty measurement methods (Alkire-Foster and Foster-Greer-Thorbecke) to a series of household consumption and living standards (ECAM) surveys and Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) collected between 2001 and 2018, and perform various empirical analyses to elucidate poverty dynamics and features. Our results indicate that both monetary and multidimensional poverty have decreased in Cameroon between 2001 and 2018, albeit slowly and to varying degrees across the different demographic, socioeconomic and spatial groups of the population. We find that the proportion of multidimensional poor people is always higher than the proportion of the monetary poor. At the same time, multidimensional poverty has reduced much faster than monetary poverty at the national level. Lastly, we find that higher levels of poverty in Cameroon are strongly associated with rural livelihoods, large family size, less education, employment in agriculture and the Northern regions of the country. Our micro-economic analysis is complemented with a review of structural factors affecting poverty at the macro level. We point out the need to accelerate the structural transformation of the Cameroonian economy, to reduce inequalities across the different regions and sub-groups of the population and expand economic opportunities for the youth to achieve the demographic dividend.
Bachelard’s Backdoor to Happy Business School Phenomenology
Authors: de Monthoux Pierre Guillet , Dahl Matilda , Helin Jenny
Published: January 2023

Bachelard, a philosopher, helps introduce a phenomenological sensitivity to organizational investigations. The poetic and the scientific are two different but compatible aspects of organizing. By abandoning a science of organizing dominated by analytical philosophy that dominates US organization theory, we can reconnect to the continental traditions of Bachelard, as well as Husserl and Schütz. Phenomenology returns to questions of reason in lived experiences, forgotten when social science only focuses on instrumental rationality and artificial intelligence.
Queering Organizational Appearances through Reclaiming the Erotic
Authors: Pérezts Mar , Mandalaki Emmanouela
Published: January 2023

The ways in which organizational phenomena manifest or appear to us, unavoidably echo the inter-corporeal experiences of the involved parties, including those of the researcher, who later writes about them. However, despite dealing with issues of sensorial perception and an embodied presence in the world, phenomenological reflections often remain paradoxically ‘disembodied’. This paradox, seldom voiced or addressed explicitly, carries numerous power implications in terms of what is rendered visible and what is, on the contrary, invisibilized in everyday organizational life but also in Management and Organization Studies (MOS) research. Drawing inspiration from feminist phenomenology, and in particular Sara Ahmed’s work on queering phenomenology and Audre Lorde’s perspectives on the erotic, we make a case for an erotic approach to phenomenology. This erotic angle leads us to avoid considering bodies as abstract existences, considering them instead as agentic and relational (i.e. desiring) subjectivities in their nakedness, diversity, and gendered character. We problematize the sexual gaze that traditionally associates nakedness with inferior representations of the erotic associated to shame and objectified vulnerability and identify perspectives for writing phenomenally (about) organizational phenomena through an embodied knowledge stripped of the traits of the dominant masculine academic order. By queering organizational appearances, the erotic then becomes a source of power, and unveils a myriad unseen and therefore unproblematized questions for phenomenological approaches in MOS.
Tracing Phenomenological Sensibilities in Continental and Post-Continental Philosophies
Authors: Fournier Jean-Baptiste
Published: January 2023

‘Phenomenology’ is quite an ambiguous word. First, it refers to the radical method invented by Edmund Husserl in 1900−1, but in a much wider sense, it is the name given to any attempt to describe one’s inner experience as opposed to the outer world—that is to say: the phenomena as opposed to the ‘things in themselves’. In order to perceive the specificity of phenomenology as a philosophical movement and method, one has to begin by clarifying the latter meaning of the word and ask what it means to describe phenomena. This chapter aims at tracing the phenomenological sensibilities at stake in Continental and post-continental phenomenologies.
Phenomenology and the Multidimensionality of the Body
Authors: Čopelj Erol , Reynolds Jack
Published: January 2023

The modern era has witnessed an extraordinary and unprecedented growth in our empirical knowledge regarding the human body. This raises the question: what, if anything, can phenomenology teach us about the body that the empirical sciences cannot? Whereas common sense and empirical sciences begin from the body as straightforwardly and obviously given and go on from there to think about what this thing is, what it is made up of, and how it originated, phenomenology steps back from the straightforward fact in order to ask: what is the structure of the body as an appearance? This chapter considers how some of the main figures in phenomenology have tried to answer this question. The body is not explicitly discussed in what might be thought of as the two foundational works of phenomenology: Husserl’s Logical Investigations and Heidegger’s Being and Time. Nevertheless, these works set the stage for the subsequent phenomenology of the body by describing the phenomena of multidimensionality and horizontality. Our first task will be to sketch out how these phenomena were described in the foundational works. This sets up our exposition of the body as a multidimensional phenomenon. We consider Husserl’s treatment of the body in Ideas II. We also examine how the Husserlian insights were taken up and developed by Jean-Paul Sartre and Maurice Merleau-Ponty. In conclusion we raise some critical questions regarding a phenomenological focus on the body and its multidimensionality.
Starting Where We Were
Authors: Fidelibus Joseph F.
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes my personal and professional experiences working as a music therapist at Gay Men’s Health Crisis (GMHC) in New York City (1996–98) during the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Five vignettes illuminate discrete qualities of the therapeutic process including: (i) the first moments of music-making, (ii) the therapeutic gateway of songs, (iii) the visceral manifestation of percussion playing, (iv) the interplay between physical and emotional aspects of music-making, and (v) the significance of melodic solo improvising. Through these evaluations written in the present tense the reader is given the opportunity to experience the realities of music therapy with clients who were facing the life-threatening challenges living with HIV/AIDS. In conclusion, I offer reflections of working at GMHC and the impact these sessions had on my life professionally and personally.
Mate Guarding
Authors: Starratt Valerie G. , Shackelford Todd K.
Published: January 2023

Mate guarding includes behaviors that function to reduce the likelihood of a partner’s defection from an ongoing long-term relationship. Some mate-guarding behaviors function by enticing a current partner’s continued investment in the relationship through the provision of gifts or other benefits. Other mate-guarding behaviors function by removing a partner’s alternatives to the ongoing relationship through subjugation or violence and the infliction of costs sufficient to remove a partner’s ability to defect from the relationship. Mate-guarding behaviors represent evolved responses to the costs of losing a long-term partner. However, as the potential benefits of relationship defection persist despite a partner’s guarding, there is an arms race between attempts to maintain the opportunities afforded by extra-pair relationships and a partner’s attempts to thwart those opportunities and avoid the costs of that defection.
Introduction to Human Mating Strategies
Authors: Buss David M.
Published: January 2023

In sexually reproducing species, mating success is a non-negotiable requirement for evolutionary fitness. Consequently, selection has created a rich array of adaptations that are products of a long and unbroken line of human ancestors, each of whom succeeded in the complex game of mating. This Handbook showcases the current state of knowledge about those adaptations. These include mate preferences, tactics of attraction, forms of mate competition, tactics for dealing with sexual conflict, modes of mate retention, mate switching strategies, and many more. Chapters on the endocrinology of mating adaptations provide state-of-the-art knowledge about some of the key biological drivers. Chapters on mating in the modern world highlight key ways in which mating adaptations, forged over millions of years in environments long gone, get expressed in modern environments, sometimes creating evolutionary mismatches. This Handbook is not the final word on human mating strategies. Rather, it gives readers and researchers an impressive foundation of what is known and unknown, and importantly, a roadmap for future discoveries about what may be the most complex evolved psychology humans possess.
Sexual Selection and the Animal’s Mating Mind
Authors: Ryan Michael J.
Published: January 2023

Moving from Darwin’s theory of natural selection, I briefly review his theory of sexual selection and focus on his idea of female mate choice and the sexual aesthetics that motivate it. I review some early hypotheses on the adaptive significance of mate choice. Going forward, I then introduce studies that attempt to uncover the underlying mechanisms that define a female’s sexual aesthetics. Much of evolutionary psychology has been derived from basic notions in evolutionary biology, especially in mate choice. Here, I turn the tables and review studies of animal mate preferences that have been inspired by studies of humans in the fields of psychophysics, behavioral economics, and neuroaesthetics.
The Early Stages of Mate Selection
Authors: Li Norman P. , Choy Bryan K. C.
Published: January 2023

Given the centrality of mating and reproduction in the long course of human evolution, the selection of mates is a critical adaptive challenge that humans have needed to successfully confront throughout evolutionary history. This chapter provides an overview of major evolutionary theories of human mating, describes key hypotheses of mate preference psychology, and reviews relevant empirical research for the early stages of mate selection. We discuss mate preference adaptations for selecting both long-term and short-term mates, as well as methodological issues, controversies, and other developments that have, in recent years, surfaced in the mate-selection literature.
Archaeology of Love
Authors: Jankowiak William , Nelson Alex J.
Published: January 2023

The archaeology of love unearths each culture’s tangible behaviors and discourse practices and probes them to explore love’s origins, its universality. In this chapter we apply a biocultural lens to the ethnographic and ethnological literature on romantic love to summarize the major findings of anthropological inquiries into love’s cross-cultural variability and commonalities. By connecting critical ethnographic insights with attention to their implications for evolutionary theorists, we aim to increase dialogue between scholars studying human mating practices who might otherwise presume their theoretical lenses render the other’s observations irrelevant. Specifically, we try to reconcile differences between anthropology’s major ethnological studies of love and summarize the ethnographic record of love according to themes that highlight the gaps between cultural ideals and behavioral practice: the entwinement of love and pragmatic interests, the continuum of practices between love and arranged marriages, and love in the absence of sexual monogamy. We also summarize ethnographic accounts of how technology is transforming love across diverse cultural contexts. Throughout the chapter we note the universality of specific themes and adaptive patterns that highlight love as both a psychological essence and cultural experience.
Mating Strategies in Sexually Egalitarian Cultures
Authors: Kennair Leif Edward Ottesen , Grøntvedt Trond Viggo , Kessler Andrea Melanie , Gangestad Steven W. , Bendixen Mons
Published: January 2023

Cross-cultural empirical research testing evolutionary perspectives and human universals are important. There is considerable variation in women’s rights, traditional gender roles, and political influence across different societies. Competing theories provide different explanations and predictions for sex differences observed in humans. Social role theory explicitly predicts a reduction in sex differences in more gender egalitarian societies due to societal influence on gender roles, whereas sexual strategies theory, although not being dismissive of cultural influence or effects of local ecological factors, predicts more stable sex differences based on parental investment theory and women and men have faced different adaptive problems throughout evolutionary history. Here we present more than a decade of empirical research from Norway, one of the most egalitarian societies in the world. We find no support for consistently smaller sex differences in samples from Norway in interest in sexual variation, sociosexuality, partner preferences, reasons for sex, sexual initiative and response, sexual over- and underperception, sexual regret and postcoital emotions, jealousy responses, or derogation and self-promotion. We conclude from these many studies that empirical predictions from social role theory are not supported. In contrast, the strong pervasiveness of sex differences across sexually egalitarian cultures supports predictions from sexual strategies theory.
Church, State, and Historical Political Economy
Authors: Becker Sascha O. , Pfaff Steven
Published: January 2023

Over many centuries, church and state have grown together, and apart. Sometimes the two are linked like Siamese twins; sometimes they are in conflict with each other. This chapter discusses the major themes in the literature on church and state, enumerates some of the findings in the political economy of religion, and evaluates emerging directions in research on church-state relations.
Project Management for Cultural Events
Authors: Argano Lucio
Published: January 2023

This article is concerned with cultural events and the way they are arranged. It discusses how the implementation of the stringent rules and organizational principles of project management might prove counterproductive in cultural events. The underlying assumption is that cultural events are complex and ever-evolving systems based on creative and artistic processes, so they escape traditional planning and control practices. The complexity of cultural events can be explored through four dimensions. The first concerns the social, cultural, economic, and technological context and the relevance of the influence held by the various stakeholders. The second dimension is related to the multiplicity of objectives underlying each cultural event. The third dimension refers to the concept, the content, and the artistic and cultural creation processes behind the uniqueness of an event. Finally, the last element concerns event management and its iterative dynamic as a project where the four dimensions of complexity are intertwined. Traditional project management usually proposes tools and techniques that tend to dominate and control the project, following a deterministic approach. This attitude may be inadequate to control the environmental, strategic, creative, and managerial complexity of any cultural event, which, rather, must be explored and absorbed. Accordingly, it is suggested that a more systemic perspective be adopted through which routine project management tools are reviewed to pave the way for a new approach when organizing and managing cultural events.
Open Systems Theory in Arts Management
Authors: Jung Yuha , Newton Travis
Published: January 2023

Open systems theory has the potential to be a foundational theory in arts and cultural management research, especially in the areas of community engagement and diversity, equity, and inclusion practices, because it deeply considers environments and communities as essential parts of an organization (Scott and Davis 2007). Open systems theory is a worldview or paradigm that sees an organization as part of its larger environment (von Bertalanffy 1972), with the organization and environment affecting each other in a mutual, permeating way (Jung 2022). This theory, which is pertinent to organization theories developed over decades, has already been widely used in other fields, such as public administration and nonprofit management (Shafritz, Ott, and Jang 2016), and has slowly made its way into arts and cultural management research. By discussing systems theory in the context of arts and cultural research and sharing examples of its application, the chapter demonstrates the extent and limits of the use of open systems theory in the arts and cultural field. Despite more use of the theory in recent years in arts and cultural research, it is still largely untapped.
From Trent and Vatican I to Vatican II
Authors: O’Malley John W.
Published: January 2023

This chapter sets Vatican II in the context of the 400 years that preceded it. It analyses the Council of Trent and shows how Luther influenced it. It then analyses the council’s aftermath and shows how Gallicanism, Jansenism, nationalism, and the Enlightenment of the eighteenth century led to the emergence of Ultramontanism in the next century. It describes the debates at Vatican I that led to the decree on papal primacy and infallibility. It concludes with a description of the theological and political developments in the decades leading up to Vatican II. The purpose of the chapter is to show how all these factors influenced the issues that Vatican II addressed and to make clear that the council cannot be fully understood without taking them into account.
The Reception of Vatican II in Systematic Theology
Authors: Murray Paul D.
Published: January 2023

This chapter does three things. First, it treats the divergent theological receptions of Vatican II with a view to the challenges this presents for contemporary Catholic theology and life. Second, it indicates something of the range of ways in which Catholic theologians have sought to resolve some of the ecclesiological matters opened up by the council’s documents. Third, it offers judgement on how these same issues might best be taken forward in Catholic systematic theology and Catholic life in a manner capable of serving whole-church Catholic flourishing. The aim is both to comment on what has been and to indicate what might be, and so contribute to the continuing story of Catholicism’s reception of Vatican II and the role of systematic theology in that process.
Reception of Vatican II in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Schickendantz Carlos
Published: January 2023

Despite the modest involvement of Latin American and Caribbean bishops in the council, the impact of Vatican II in the continent proved decisive for the so-called new post-conciliar identity of the Latin American Church. Based on the theological/pastoral methodology of Catholic Action (See, Judge, Act), which fostered the interpretation of the signs of the times, popular ecclesial practices produced innovative results such as the adoption of the option for the poor, the establishment of ecclesial base communities, the practice of popular readings of the Bible, the development of a social pastoral care, and liberation theology itself. The ‘emergence of the poor’ is regarded as the major event of these decades. Key aspects in the reception of conciliar ecclesiology are expressed in the continental experience of episcopal collegiality (CELAM), the creation of ecclesial base communities, and the Church’s self-understanding as the people of God.
Reception of Vatican II in North America
Authors: Flanagan Brian P.
Published: January 2023

This chapter first reviews the ecclesial and socio-political context of Catholicism in the United States and Canada in the pre-conciliar period, focusing on the diversity of ecclesial and cultural contexts in which the council was received. Second, it outlines the largely enthusiastic initial phase of conciliar reception, expected and welcomed by most Catholics as an updating of the Church to meet modern society. Third, it looks at the contested reception of the council that begins in the late 1960s, starting with the symbolic date of 1968, and suggests that while the sheer fact of conciliar reception was never in question in North America, more polarizing conflicts over how to receive the council and the possibilities of ecclesial change it introduced came to new prominence in this period.
An Archive for Vatican II
Authors: Doria Piero
Published: January 2023

This chapter traces the work of bringing together and ordering the archival materials relating to the Second Vatican Council—including the conciliar commission—in the recently renamed Vatican Apostolic Archive (formerly the Vatican Secret Archive). The collection is open today for the work of scholars investigating the deliberations of the council fathers and the elaboration of the various conciliar texts. It includes many of the personal papers of leading protagonists of the council, such as the general secretary, Pericle Felici, and recordings from Vatican Radio. Finally, the chapter draws attention to other important archival collections available to scholars in other major research centres.
The Reception of Vatican II by the Orthodox Church
Authors: Bordeianu Radu
Published: January 2023

In order to assess the reception of Vatican II by the Orthodox Church, one cannot search for major official statements. Rather, the process of reception involved the reactions of individual Orthodox theologians, some of whom were present at the council as observers or guests (such as Afanasiev and Nissiotis), and others who subsequently analysed various conciliar documents (such as Staniloae and Zizioulas). Most of their reactions focused on the relationship between papal primacy and synodality, pneumatology, Eucharistic ecclesiology, and communion. Another way in which the Orthodox received the insights of the council refers to the life of the Orthodox Church, including the lifting of the anathemas of 1054, the establishment of bilateral Orthodox–Catholic dialogues, liturgical reforms based on a common understanding of the communion between clergy and laity, and a renewed impetus for pan-Orthodox conciliarity, culminating with the convocation of the Council of Crete in 2016.
Two cyclic electron flows around photosystem I differentially participate in C4 photosynthesis
Authors: Ogawa Takako , Kobayashi Kana , Taniguchi Yukimi Y , Shikanai Toshiharu , Nakamura Naoya , Yokota Akiho , Munekage Yuri N
Published: January 2023

C4 plants assimilate CO2 more efficiently than C3 plants because of their C4 cycle that concentrates CO2. However, the C4 cycle requires additional ATP molecules, which may be supplied by cyclic electron flow (CEF) around photosystem I. One CEF route, which depends on a chloroplast NADH dehydrogenase-like (NDH) complex, is suggested to be crucial for C4 plants despite the low activity in C3 plants. The other route depends on proton gradient regulation 5 (PGR5) and PGR5-like photosynthetic phenotype 1 (PGRL1) and is considered a major CEF route to generate the proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane in C3 plants. However, its contribution to C4 photosynthesis is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the contribution of the two CEF routes to the NADP-malic enzyme subtype of C4 photosynthesis in Flaveria bidentis. We observed that suppressing the NDH-dependent route drastically delayed growth and decreased the CO2 assimilation rate to approximately 30% of the wild-type rate. On the other hand, suppressing the PGR5/PGRL1-dependent route did not affect plant growth and resulted in a CO2 assimilation rate that was approximately 80% of the wild-type rate. Our data indicate that the NDH-dependent CEF substantially contributes to the NADP-malic enzyme subtype of C4 photosynthesis and that the PGR5/PGRL1-dependent route cannot complement the NDH-dependent route in F. bidentis. These findings support the fact that during C4 evolution, photosynthetic electron flow may have been optimized to provide the energy required for C4 photosynthesis.
FoRSR1 Is Important for Conidiation, Fusaric Acid Production, and Pathogenicity in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ginseng
Authors: Yang Cui , Sun Jing , Wu Zhaoqun , Jiang Maozhu , Li Dayong , Wang Xinjie , Zhou Chunxiang , Liu Xuecheng , Ren Zhiguo , Wang Jun , Sun Manli , Sun Wenxian , Gao Jie
Published: January 2023

The root rot disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ginseng is one of the most destructive diseases of ginseng, an economically important herb. However, little is known about the pathogen's toxin biosynthesis or the molecular mechanisms regulating infection of ginseng. In this study we identified and functionally characterized the FoRSR1 gene that encodes a Ras-related (RSR) small GTPase homologous to yeast Rsr1 in F. oxysporum f. sp. ginseng. Disruption of FoRSR1 resulted in a significant reduction in mycelial dry weight in liquid cultures, although vegetative growth rate was not affected on culture plates. Notably, the Forsr1 mutant exhibited blunted and swollen hyphae with multi-nucleated compartments. It produced fewer and morphologically abnormal conidia and was defective in chlamydospore formation. In infection assays with ginseng roots, the Forsr1 mutant was significantly less virulent and caused only limited necrosis at the wounding sites. Deletion of FoRSR1 also affected pigmentation, autophagy, and production of fusaric acid. Furthermore, the expression of many candidate genes involved in secondary metabolism was significantly downregulated in the mutant, suggesting that FoRSR1 is also important for secondary metabolism. Overall, our results indicated that FoRSR1 plays important roles in conidiation, vacuolar morphology, secondary metabolism, and pathogenesis in F. oxysporum f. sp. ginseng.
Original Research: Patient-to-Nurse Violence During One-to-One Assignments: A Silent Epidemic
Authors: Squire Miranda , Hessler Karen
Published: January 2023

Background:

Nurses and nursing assistants given one-to-one (“sitter”) assignments are placed with one patient for long periods of time. Some of these patients require a sitter for reasons that include dementia, traumatic brain injury, psychiatric disturbances such as delirium, and risk of self-harm. Some may become verbally abusive, physically violent, or both, putting the assigned staff member in danger.

Purpose:

The study purpose was to investigate workplace violence from the perspective of nurses and certified nursing assistants working one-to-one assignments who had experienced violent encounters with patients or visitors.

Methods:

This qualitative cross-sectional study used a phenomenological approach. Participants were nurses and nursing assistants at one hospital in the western United States. Data were collected in five focus groups, which were conducted online; a semistructured interview guide allowed researchers to elicit participants' responses and foster discussion. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes in the data.

Results:

A total of 13 nurses and nursing assistants participated. Four themes emerged: silent epidemic, culture of unsafety, emotional occupational hazard, and policy and response.

Conclusions:

This study adds to the work of researchers who are asking difficult questions about workplace violence. It's our hope that the participants' comments and insights, as well as their recommendations, can move the needle in improving prevention and follow-up practices related to patient-initiated workplace violence.
Why Black Americans ‘Live Sicker and Die Quicker’
Authors: Brown Theresa
Published: January 2023

Exposing the hidden toll of persistent racism.
Moments of Joy with a Neighbor Who Has Dementia
Authors: Horan Barbara
Published: January 2023

Embracing the pleasure of an old friend's improvisational storytelling.
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome
Authors: Czosek Lauren
Published: January 2023

Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) affects 3 million in the US and 11 million globally. Signs and symptoms can vary and greatly impact a patient's quality of life. This article focuses on the prevalence, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and patient education surrounding POTS.
Navigating ALS
Authors: Kiper Valerie , Gary Annette , Geist Rebecca
Published: January 2023

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rare and serious disease affecting approximately 20,000 people in the US. This article details the signs, symptoms, and diagnosis of ALS and important management considerations.
Outpatient therapies for COVID-19
Authors: Boysel Michelle , Vaflor Christian , Sheridan Dan
Published: January 2023

The world's healthcare systems were forced to evaluate evolving evidence regarding the COVID-19 pandemic quickly. The technology used to improve patient outcomes and survival is rapidly evolving along with the virus. This article discusses new therapies developed to treat and prevent COVID-19 in qualifying patients.
The Use of Heart Rate Responses Extracted From Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Data as a Measure of Speech Discrimination Ability in Sleeping Infants
Authors: Lee Onn Wah , Mao Darren , Savkovic Borislav , Wunderlich Julia , Nicholls Namita , Jeffreys Emily , Eager Michael , Korneev Mikhail , McKay Colette M.
Published: January 2023

Objectives:

Cardiac responses (e.g., heart rate changes) due to an autonomous response to sensory stimuli have been reported in several studies. This study investigated whether heart rate information extracted from functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) data can be used to assess the discrimination of speech sounds in sleeping infants. This study also investigated the adaptation of the heart rate response over multiple, sequential stimulus presentations.

Design:

fNIRS data were recorded from 23 infants with no known hearing loss, aged 2 to 10 months. Speech syllables were presented using a habituation/dishabituation test paradigm: the infant’s heart rate response was first habituated by repeating blocks of one speech sound; then, the heart rate response was dishabituated with the contrasting (novel) speech sound. This stimulus presentation sequence was repeated for as long as the infants were asleep.

Results:

The group-level average heart rate response to the novel stimulus was greater than that to the habituated first sound, indicating that sleeping infants were able to discriminate the speech sound contrast. A significant adaptation of the heart rate responses was seen over the session duration.

Conclusion:

The dishabituation response could be a valuable marker for speech discrimination, especially when used in conjunction with the fNIRS hemodynamic response.
Plasticity Changes in Central Auditory Systems of School-Age Children Following a Brief Training With a Remote Microphone System
Authors: Benítez-Barrera Carlos R. , Key Alexandra P. , Murray Micah M. , Retsa Chrysa , Ricketts Todd A. , Tharpe Anne Marie
Published: January 2023

Objectives:

The objective of this study was to investigate whether a brief speech-in-noise training with a remote microphone (RM) system (favorable listening condition) would contribute to enhanced post-training plasticity changes in the auditory system of school-age children.

Design:

Before training, event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded from 49 typically developing children, who actively identified two syllables in quiet and in noise (+5 dB signal-to-noise ratio [SNR]). During training, children completed the same syllable identification task as in the pre-training noise condition, but received feedback on their performance. Following random assignment, half of the sample used an RM system during training (experimental group), while the other half did not (control group). That is, during training‚ children in the experimental group listened to a more favorable speech signal (+15 dB SNR) than children from the control group (+5 dB SNR). ERPs were collected after training at +5 dB SNR to evaluate the effects of training with and without the RM system. Electrical neuroimaging analyses quantified the effects of training in each group on ERP global field power (GFP) and topography, indexing response strength and network changes, respectively. Behavioral speech-perception-in-noise skills of children were also evaluated and compared before and after training. We hypothesized that training with the RM system (experimental group) would lead to greater enhancement of GFP and greater topographical changes post-training than training without the RM system (control group). We also expected greater behavioral improvement on the speech-perception-in-noise task when training with than without the RM system.

Results:

GFP was enhanced after training only in the experimental group. These effects were observed on early time-windows corresponding to traditional P1-N1 (100 to 200 msec) and P2-N2 (200 to 400 msec) ERP components. No training effects were observed on response topography. Finally, both groups increased their speech-perception-in-noise skills post-training.

Conclusions:

Enhanced GFP after training with the RM system indicates plasticity changes in the neural representation of sound resulting from listening to an enriched auditory signal. Further investigation of longer training or auditory experiences with favorable listening conditions is needed to determine if that results in long-term speech-perception-in-noise benefits.