bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oxygen‐releasing poly(trimethylene carbonate) microspheres for tissue engineering applications
Authors: Steg Hilde , Buizer Arina T , Woudstra Willem , Veldhuizen Albert G , Bulstra Sjoerd K , Grijpma Dirk W , Kuijer Roel
Published: September 2016

The introduction of tissue engineering therapies for the repair of bone defects has been limited by poor survival of implanted cells. Because of the absence of a vascular network, the cells in a cell‐scaffold construct are not adequately supplied with oxygen and nutrients. Thus far, all but one strategies to solve this problem have failed. Fortunately, oxygen‐delivering biomaterials have shown promising results. In this study, composite microspheres comprising a poly(trimethylene carbonate) matrix and calcium peroxide particles (PTMC/CaO2) were prepared and assessed for their oxygen‐delivering capacity and potential cytotoxicity. PTMC/CaO2 composite microspheres were shown to release oxygen for several weeks. Oxygen release appeared to be dependent on the presence of cholesterol esterase in the medium. The microspheres were not cytotoxic and promoted mesenchymal stromal cell proliferation under hypoxic conditions in vitro. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Refractive index increase of acrylate‐based polymers by adding soluble aromatic guest‐molecules
Authors: Gleißner Uwe , Bonaus Sebastian , Megnin Christof , Hanemann Thomas
Published: September 2016

This work presents the influence of dopants on viscosity in an uncured liquid state as well as on refractive index, Abbe number, optical loss, and glass transition temperature of different polymer compositions. The base material consists of Genomer 2263, a bisphenol, an epoxy diacrylate as matrix polymer, and benzyl methacrylate as comonomer. As dopants, the soluble aromatic guest‐molecules 9‐bromophenantrene and 9‐vinylcarbazole are investigated. The viscosity can be adjusted by different mixtures of the matrix polymer and comonomer from 3000 down to 4 mPa sec. Depending on the type and content of the dopants, the refractive index, Abbe number, and the glass transition temperature can be adjusted. The refractive indices increase linear at 589 nm and 20°C from 1.572 to 1.638 by doping, with Abbe numbers between 20 and 30. At this wavelength, the optical losses were determined to be around 2 dB · cm−1. The glass transition temperature can be tailored between 50 and 98°C. A way to use high amounts of optical dopants is presented, which opens up the way for different shaping technologies like inkjet printing of optical components. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluorescent oligo(N‐phenylmaleimide)s via aerobic radical telomerization initiated by benzylic hydrocarbons: Catalytic effect of CoII/N‐hydroxyphthalimide pair
Authors: Shen Chenyu , Zhu Rongsong , Zhai Guangqun
Published: September 2016

Radical oligomerization of N‐phenylmaleimide (NPMI) was performed in benzylic hydrocarbons as the solvent. The thermally induced oligomerization occurred only above 130 °C, with the initiation attributed to autoxidation of benzylic hydrocarbons as well as formation and dissociation of charge‐transfer complexes between benzylic hydrocarbons and maleimides. The end‐group analysis on oligo(N‐ethylmaleimide) prepared under similar conditions confirmed that the chain transfer to benzylic hydrocarbons was the primary fashion in forming oligomeric chains, and radical telomerization underlaid the oligomerization with benzylic hydrocarbons as both the solvent, the initiator and the telogen. CoII/N‐hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) pairs could catalyze the telomerization at 110 °C. In such a catalytic process, CoII‐based oxidative complexes oxidized benzylic hydrocarbons and NHPI into benzylic radicals and phthalimide N‐oxyl (PINO), and benzylic hydrocarbons underwent hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) to PINO. Oligo(NPMI)s were formed via HAT with benzylic hydrocarbons and NHPI. These oligo(NPMI)s exhibited fluorescent properties with excitation at 270–350 nm and 400–550 nm and emission at 530–750 nm. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 3846–3857
Towards a world‐sheet description of doubled geometry in string theory
Authors: Bakas Ioannis , Lüst Dieter , Plauschinn Erik
Published: September 2016

Starting from a sigma‐model for a doubled target‐space geometry, we show that the number of target‐space dimensions can be reduced by half through a gauging procedure. We apply this formalism to a class of backgrounds relevant for double field theory, and illustrate how choosing different gaugings leads to string‐theory configurations T‐dual to each other. We furthermore discuss that given a conformal doubled theory, the reduced theories are conformal as well. As an example we consider the three‐dimensional WZW model and show that the only possible reduced backgrounds are the cigar and trumpet CFTs in two dimensions, which are indeed T‐dual to each other.
Back Cover: Electronic structure of formamidinium ions in lead triiodide perovskites (Phys. Status Solidi RRL 9/2016)
Authors: Shen Pengfei , Nie Kaiqi , Sun Xuhui , Liu Lijia , McLeod John A.
Published: September 2016

No abstract is available for this article.
Data‐driven methods towards learning the highly nonlinear inverse kinematics of tendon‐driven surgical manipulators
Authors: Xu Wenjun , Chen Jie , Lau Henry Y.K. , Ren Hongliang
Published: September 2016

Background

Accurate motion control of flexible surgical manipulators is crucial in tissue manipulation tasks. The tendon‐driven serpentine manipulator (TSM) is one of the most widely adopted flexible mechanisms in minimally invasive surgery because of its enhanced maneuverability in torturous environments. TSM, however, exhibits high nonlinearities and conventional analytical kinematics model is insufficient to achieve high accuracy.

Methods

To account for the system nonlinearities, we applied a data driven approach to encode the system inverse kinematics. Three regression methods: extreme learning machine (ELM), Gaussian mixture regression (GMR) and K‐nearest neighbors regression (KNNR) were implemented to learn a nonlinear mapping from the robot 3D position states to the control inputs.

Results

The performance of the three algorithms was evaluated both in simulation and physical trajectory tracking experiments. KNNR performed the best in the tracking experiments, with the lowest RMSE of 2.1275 mm.

Conclusions

The proposed inverse kinematics learning methods provide an alternative and efficient way to accurately model the tendon driven flexible manipulator.
Structure‐Based Design of NH‐modified α‐Galactosyl Ceramide (KRN7000) Analogues and Their Biological Activities
Authors: Hung Jung‐Tung , Sawant Ratnnadeep C. , Wang Sheng‐Hung , Huang Jing‐Rong , Huang Chung‐Li , Yang Shih‐An , Shelke Ganesh B. , Yu John , Yu Alice L. , Luo Shun‐Yuan
Published: September 2016

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells play an important role in the immune system and the previous discovery of their activation by α‐galactosyl ceramide (α‐GalCer) has provided a new armamentarium for immune modulation via stimulation of iNKT cells. Our recent findings showed that N‐methylated α‐GalCer (NCH3‐α‐GalCer) has little activity in iNKT cell stimulation. In this study, we used computer simulation to elucidate the negative impact of a methyl group at the amide moiety of α‐GalCer on the interaction with CD1d. Based on computer modeling of the ternary complex of CD1d, glycolipid and TCR of NKT, we hypothesized that OH substitution at the C‐5 of the phytosphingosine chain of NCH3‐α‐GalCer might form a hydrogen bond with CD1d and stabilize the CD1d‐glycolipid complex. In addition, the stereochemical configuration at the C‐3 and C‐5 might play an important role in the activity of NCH3‐α‐GalCer. We accordingly generated NCH3‐α‐GalCer analogues containing OH substitution at the C‐5 with different stereochemical configurations of OH at the C‐3 and C‐5 of phytosphingosine chain (2 a‐2 d) by a direct and simple synthetic strategy, including coupling pyrano‐reducing sugars with D‐galactosyl iodide, functional group transformations and installing a methyl group at the amide group of α‐GalCer. Activities of these analogues were evaluated in vitro with CD1d‐expressing A20 cells and murine NK1.2 cells and in vivo in C57BL/6 mouse. As compared to NCH3‐α‐GalCer (2), analogues 2 a showed significantly increased production of IL‐2 in vitro and various cytokines, including IL‐4 and IL‐2, in vivo. In addition, the (3S)‐OH (2 a and 2 d) showed better activities than those with (3R)‐OH (2 b and 2 c). These results suggested that addition of OH group at the C‐5 of phytosphingosine chain of α‐GalCer could restore the activity of NCH3‐α‐GalCer and that S configuration at the position C‐3 and C‐5 of the phytosphingosine chain could dictate their immunomodulatory activities. Above all, structure‐activity relationship analyses with in silico modeling can facilitate the design of NKT‐stimulatory glycolipids as immune‐modulating agents.
A Tetraphenylethene‐Based Rhodamine Hydrazone Chemosensor for Colorimetric and Reversible Detection of Cu2+
Authors: Yang Yang , Gao Chao‐Ying , Li Tingting , Chen Jing
Published: September 2016

A tetraphenylethene (TPE) based rhodamine hydrazone compoundRbTS has been synthesized by condensation of 2‐hydroxy‐5‐(1,2,2‐triphenylvinyl)benzaldehyde and rhodamine B hydrazide. It exhibitsaggregation‐induced emission(AIE)behavior when the water fractionis more than 40 %. In Tris‐HCl buffered EtOH‐H2O solution (1:2, v:v), the chemosensor RbTS shows remarkably enhanced absorbance intensity and visual color changes from colorless to purple after the addition of Cu2+. The response is based on the spirolactam opening process and formation of a 1:1 metal‐ligand complex. The absorbance signals of RbTS can be restored by addition of EDTA into the solutions of RbTS‐Cu2+, which demonstrated that the binding of RbTS and Cu2+ is chemically reversible. The detection limit of RbTS for Cu2+ is below 10−6 M in the neutral aqueous system.The results indicate that RbTScould be used as a suitable “naked eye” and reversible indicator for Cu2+ ions.
Split G‐Quadruplex‐Based Label‐Free and Enzyme‐Free System for the Construction of Multiple‐Input Logic Gates
Authors: Zhu Qi , Gao Ying , Li Yunhui
Published: September 2016

In the present work, a three‐input AND gate and a three‐input majority gate were conceptually realized in a label‐free and enzyme‐free system by taking the advantage of fluorescent split G‐quadruplex probe. Building on the simple hybridization reactions among different inputs, our system is much more cost‐effective and easier in operation without any usage of nanomaterials or enzymes.
Halide Ion Mediated Aldehyde‐Amine Condensation Leading to Schiff–base and Cyclized Non‐Schiff–base Ligand Complexes of CdII: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Investigation
Authors: Purkait Suranjana , Chakraborty Prateeti , Bauzá Antonio , Frontera Antonio , Massera Chiara , Das Debasis
Published: September 2016

The reactions of pyridine‐2‐carbaldehyde with aminoalcohols N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine and 2‐(3‐aminopropylamino)ethanol in presence of CdIIX2 (X=Cl, Br, I) have been investigated. Structure analyses reveal that four complexes, namely [Cd2(L1)2(Br)4] (2), [Cd(L1)(I)2](3), [Cd(L1)(Br)2] (5) and [Cd(L2)(I)2] (6) are formed with the expected Schiff‐base ligands (E)‐2‐(2‐(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyleneamino)ethylamino)ethanol (L1) and (E)‐2‐(3‐(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyleneamino)propylamino)ethanol (L2). Interestingly, when X=Cl two dinuclear complexes of general formula [Cd2(L1C/L2C)2(Cl)4] (complex 1 and 4, respectively) have been structurally characterized, where the ligands are no longer Schiff‐bases but contain an imidazolidine/hexahydro‐pyrimidine cyclic part instead [L1C = 2‐(2‐Pyridin‐2‐yl‐imidazolidin‐1‐yl)‐ethanol and L2C = 2‐(2‐Pyridin‐2‐yl‐tetrahydro‐pyrimidin‐1‐yl)‐ethanol]. In order to understand whether the solid state structure is retained in solution various NMR analysis like 1H, 13C NMR and DEPT‐135 have been performed. When X=I, the equilibrium is shifted towards the formation of the Schiff‐base ligands, thus complexes 3 and 6 are obtained as sole products. However, with X=Br or Cl, a mixture of products is present, comprising complexes containing both Schiff‐bases as well as cyclized ligands. DFT calculations have been performed to rationalize the influence of the halide ligands on the reactivity of the Schiff‐base and the formation of the cyclized ligand.
‘Till the Muddle in my Mind Have Cleared Awa’: Can We Help Shape Policy Using Systems Modelling?
Authors: Lane David C.
Published: September 2016

This paper considers how some well‐documented deficiencies of mental models make it difficult to create effective policies, and suggests that systems modelling can begin to address this issue. To illustrate the argument, three short cases are presented. These relate to specific domains but demonstrate how systems modelling can illuminate different general phenomena: effects on labour costs (unintended consequences and feedback), fishery management (accumulation and non‐linearity) and child protection (worldviews and sense‐making). Six levers for increasing the use of systems modelling in the policy arena are then discussed. The paper closes by emphasising the opportunities for systems modellers in the Anthropocene Era. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards Systemic Evaluation
Authors: Reynolds Martin , Gates Emily , Hummelbrunner Richard , Marra Mita , Williams Bob
Published: September 2016

Problems of conventional evaluation models can be understood as an impoverished ‘conversation’ between realities (of non‐linearity, indeterminate attributes, and ever‐changing context), and models of evaluating such realities. Meanwhile, ideas of systems thinking and complexity science—grouped here under the acronym STCS—struggle to gain currency in the big ‘E’ world of institutionalized evaluation. Four evaluation practitioners familiar with evaluation tools associated with STCS offer perspectives on issues regarding mainstream uptake of STCS in the big ‘E’ world. The perspectives collectively suggest three features of practicing systemic evaluation: (i) developing value in conversing between bounded values (evaluations) and unbounded reality (evaluand), with humility; (ii) developing response‐ability with evaluand stakeholders based on reflexivity, with empathy; and (iii) developing adaptive rather than mere contingent use(fulness) of STCS ‘tools’ as part of evaluation praxis, with inevitable fallibility and an orientation towards bricolage (adaptive use). The features hint towards systemic evaluation as core to a reconfigured notion of developmental evaluation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Educating and Empowering Children for Governing in the Anthropocene: A Case Study of Children's Homes in Sri Lanka
Authors: Ariyadasa Eshantha
Published: September 2016

Educating children and young people on how to care for the environment is the focus of this paper. Today's children will encounter the adverse effects of global population growth and subsequent pollution by adults at the expense of the environment. Thus, it is important to draw children's attention to carbon footprints and climatic changes. Through participation, they will have opportunities to learn more about the implications of the way we choose to live our lives in the short, medium, and long terms. Children learn about their rights and responsibilities by being given the opportunity to express their ideas and to translate policy into practice through small‐scale interventions that make a difference to this generation and succeeding ones. Such interventions can include lessons on recycling, use, and reuse of resources, composting, organic and ethical farming, water and energy conservation techniques, and much more.

The essence of this paper has been extracted from my Participatory Action Research (PAR) on the life chances of young children in voluntary children's homes in Sri Lanka. This PAR largely employs qualitative investigations to manipulate the information collected during the study in order to assess and evaluate the findings. During the PAR, it was identified that some children's homes have initiated a few enhanced ecosystem governance practices that redress problems associated with the worst aspects of industrialization. These practices promote the harmonious coexistence of humanity and nature and have adopted the concerns of critical systemic thinking with consequent improvement of human well‐being and ecosystem health. The potential of these homes to provide education for these vulnerable children by improving their ability to deliver stewardship responsibilities towards the environment should never be underestimated. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A mosaic world: puzzles revealed by adult neural stem cell heterogeneity
Authors: Chaker Zayna , Codega Paolo , Doetsch Fiona
Published: September 2016

Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside in specialized niches in the adult mammalian brain. The ventricular–subventricular zone (V‐SVZ), adjacent to the lateral ventricles, gives rise to olfactory bulb (OB) neurons, and some astrocytes and oligodendrocytes throughout life. In vitro assays have been widely used to retrospectively identify NSCs. However, cells that behave as stem cells in vitro do not reflect the identity, diversity, and behavior of NSCs in vivo. Novel tools including fluorescence activated cell sorting, lineage‐tracing, and clonal analysis have uncovered multiple layers of adult V‐SVZ NSC heterogeneity, including proliferation state and regional identity. In light of these findings, we reexamine the concept of adult NSCs, considering heterogeneity as a key parameter for analyzing their dynamics in vivo. V‐SVZ NSCs form a mosaic of quiescent (qNSCs) and activated cells (aNSCs) that reside in regionally distinct microdomains, reflecting their regional embryonic origins, and give rise to specific subtypes of OB interneurons. Prospective purification and transcriptome analysis of qNSCs and aNSCs has illuminated their molecular and functional properties. qNSCs are slowly dividing, have slow kinetics of neurogenesis in vivo, can be recruited to regenerate the V‐SVZ, and only rarely give rise to in vitro colonies. aNSCs are highly proliferative, undergo rapid clonal expansion of the neurogenic lineage in vivo, and readily form in vitro colonies. Key open questions remain about stem cell dynamics in vivo and the lineage relationship between qNSCs and aNSCs under homeostasis and regeneration, as well as context‐dependent plasticity of regionally distinct adult NSCs under different external stimuli. WIREs Dev Biol 2016, 5:640–658. doi: 10.1002/wdev.248

This article is categorized under:

Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Methods and Principles

Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Tissue Stem Cells and Niches

Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Stem Cells and Aging
Towards port infrastructure adaptation: a global port climate risk analysis
Authors: Mutombo Kana , Ölçer Aykut
Published: September 2016

In this paper, a new concept of “port climate risk exposure function along the sea–land boundary axis” is introduced as a critical component towards port adaptation. This concept derived from a global survey which was conducted over 29 countries to assess perceived climate risks to port infrastructure from relevant experts. The methodology used 48 climate scenarios developed based on existing data. Ultimately, this paper serves as a global climate risk indicator to guide further adaptive initiatives in ports.
Multiple comorbid neuropathologies in the setting of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology and implications for drug development
Authors: Rabinovici Gil D. , Carrillo Maria C. , Forman Mark , DeSanti Susan , Miller David S. , Kozauer Nicholas , Petersen Ronald C. , Randolph Christopher , Knopman David S. , Smith Eric E. , Isaac Maria , Mattsson Niklas , Bain Lisa J. , Hendrix James A. , Sims John R.
Published: September 2016

Dementia is often characterized as being caused by one of several major diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), cerebrovascular disease, Lewy body disease, or a frontotemporal degeneration. Failure to acknowledge that more than one entity may be present precludes attempts to understand interactive relationships. The clinicopathological studies of dementia demonstrate that multiple pathologic processes often coexist.

How overlapping pathologic findings affect the diagnosis and treatment of clinical AD and other dementia phenotypes was the topic taken up by the Alzheimer's Association's Research Roundtable in October 2014. This review will cover the neuropathologic basis of dementia, provide clinical perspectives on multiple pathologies, and discuss therapeutics and biomarkers targeting overlapping pathologies and how these issues impact clinical trials.High prevalence of multiple pathologic findings among individuals with clinical diagnosis of AD suggests that new treatment strategies may be needed to effectively treat AD and other dementing illnesses.
Generalizations of Furstenberg’s Diophantine result
Authors: KATZ ASAF
Published: September 2016

We prove two generalizations of Furstenberg’s Diophantine result regarding the density of an orbit of an irrational point in the$1$-torus under the action of multiplication by a non-lacunary multiplicative semigroup of$\mathbb{N}$. We show that for any sequences$\{a_{n}\},\{b_{n}\}\subset \mathbb{Z}$for which the quotients of successive elements tend to$1$as$n$goes to infinity, and any infinite sequence$\{c_{n}\}$, the set$\{a_{n}b_{m}c_{k}x:n,m,k\in \mathbb{N}\}$is dense modulo$1$for every irrational$x$. Moreover, by ergodic-theoretical methods, we prove that if$\{a_{n}\},\{b_{n}\}$are a sequence having smooth$p$-adic interpolation for some prime number$p$, then for every irrational$x$, the sequence$\{p^{n}a_{m}b_{k}x:n,m,k\in \mathbb{N}\}$is dense modulo 1.
Shape of retracting foils that model morphing bodies controls shed energy and wake structure
Authors: Steele S. C. , Dahl J. M. , Weymouth G. D. , Triantafyllou M. S.
Published: September 2016

The flow mechanisms of shape-changing moving bodies are investigated through the simple model of a foil that is rapidly retracted over a spanwise distance as it is towed at constant angle of attack. It is shown experimentally and through simulation that by altering the shape of the tip of the retracting foil, different shape-changing conditions may be reproduced, corresponding to: (i) a vanishing body, (ii) a deflating body and (iii) a melting body. A sharp-edge, ‘vanishing-like’ foil manifests strong energy release to the fluid; however, it is accompanied by an additional release of energy, resulting in the formation of a strong ring vortex at the sharp tip edges of the foil during the retracting motion. This additional energy release introduces complex and quickly evolving vortex structures. By contrast, a streamlined, ‘shrinking-like’ foil avoids generating the ring vortex, leaving a structurally simpler wake. The ‘shrinking’ foil also recovers a large part of the initial energy from the fluid, resulting in much weaker wake structures. Finally, a sharp edged but hollow, ‘melting-like’ foil provides an energetic wake while avoiding the generation of a vortex ring. As a result, a melting-like body forms a simple and highly energetic and stable wake, that entrains all of the original added mass fluid energy. The three conditions studied correspond to different modes of flow control employed by aquatic animals and birds, and encountered in disappearing bodies, such as rising bubbles undergoing phase change to fluid.
Marangoni waves in two-layer films under the action of spatial temperature modulation
Authors: Nepomnyashchy Alexander A. , Simanovskii Ilya B.
Published: September 2016

The nonlinear dynamics of waves generated by the deformational oscillatory Marangoni instability in a two-layer film under the action of a spatial temperature modulation on the solid substrate is considered. A system of long-wave equations governing the deformations of the upper surface and the interface between the liquids is derived. The nonlinear simulations reveal the existence of numerous dynamical regimes, including two-dimensional stationary flows and standing waves, three-dimensional standing waves with different spatial periods, and three-dimensional travelling waves. The general diagram of the flow regimes is constructed.
QNSE theory of turbulence anisotropization and onset of the inverse energy cascade by solid body rotation
Authors: Sukoriansky Semion , Galperin Boris
Published: September 2016

Under the action of solid body rotation, homogeneous neutrally stratified turbulence undergoes anisotropization and onset of the inverse energy cascade. These processes are investigated using a quasi-normal scale elimination (QNSE) theory in which successive coarsening of a flow domain yields scale-dependent eddy viscosity and diffusivity. The effect of rotation increases with increasing scale and manifests in anisotropization of the eddy viscosities, eddy diffusivities and kinetic energy spectra. Not only the vertical (in the direction of the vector of rotation $\unicode[STIX]{x1D734}$) and horizontal eddy viscosities and eddy diffusivities become different but, reflecting both directional and componental anisotropization, there emerge four different eddy viscosities. Three of them decrease relative to the eddy viscosity in non-rotating flows while one increases; the horizontal ‘isotropic’ viscosity decreases at the fastest rate. This behaviour is indicative of the increasing redirection of the energy flux to larger scales, the phenomenon that can be associated with the energy backscatter or inverse energy cascade. On scales comparable to the Woods’s scale which is the rotational analogue of the Ozmidov length scale in stably stratified flows, the horizontal viscosity rapidly decreases, and in order to keep it positive, a weak rotation limit is invoked. Within that limit, an analytical theory of the transition from the Kolmogorov to a rotation-dominated turbulence regime is developed. It is shown that the dispersion relation of linear inertial waves is unaffected by turbulence while all one-dimensional energy spectra undergo steepening from the Kolmogorov $-5/3$ to the $-3$ slope.
The future is Nye: an extension of the perfect plastic approximation to tidewater glaciers
Authors: ULTEE LIZZ , BASSIS JEREMY
Published: September 2016

Accurate modeling of calving glaciers relies on knowledge of many processes (ice flow, surface/submarine melting, calving, mélange interaction) and glacier-specific factors (air temperature, ocean circulation, precipitation rate, glacier geometry) that remain challenging to assess. Iceberg calving, especially, is important to glacier mass loss and difficult to resolve in currently-available models. Given these challenges facing even the most sophisticated models, there is value in simple, computationally-efficient models that can capture first-order effects. In this study we derive a simple model, extending Nye's perfect plastic approximation to include a yield surface at the calving front. With one climate-related input—either an upstream glacier thinning rate or glacier-wide accumulation—this model is able to simulate the advance and retreat of marine-terminating glaciers on annual to decadal scales. Our model requires knowledge of only two glacier-specific factors: glacier bed topography and basal shear strength, both reasonably constrained by laboratory and field observations. We apply the model to a case study of Columbia Glacier, Alaska and show that, despite its simplicity, the model succeeds in reproducing observed centerline profiles and rates of terminus retreat up to 2007.
The Boothiaspidinae, a new agnathan subfamily (Heterostraci, Cyathaspididae) from the late Silurian and Early Devonian of the western United States and the Canadian Arctic
Authors: Elliott David K.
Published: September 2016

Three new species of the new genusPhyllonaspisare described from Early Devonian localities in the western United States.Phyllonaspis laevis,P.serratus, andP.taphensisare broad, flattened cyathaspids with lateral brims and fine dermal ornament, that show a close relationship to the cyathaspidsBoothiaspisandAlainaspisfrom the late Silurian and Early Devonian of the Canadian Arctic. These taxa are here accommodated within the new subfamily Boothiaspidinae within the family Cyathaspididae. This relationship supports previous evidence of faunal connection between these two areas and indicates dispersal around the Old Red Sandstone Continent from a center in the Canadian Arctic. Isolated oral plates allow a reconstruction of the oral cover and increase our knowledge of the range of oral structures in this family.
The effects of selenium supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Bahmani Fereshteh , Kia Mahsa , Soleimani Alireza , Mohammadi Ali Akbar , Asemi Zatollah
Published: September 2016

This study was carried out to assess the effects of Se supplementation on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted among sixty patients with DN. Patients were randomly divided into two groups to take either 200 µg/d Se supplements as Se yeast (n30) or placebo (n30) for 12 weeks. In unadjusted analyses, compared with the placebo, Se supplementation led to a significant reduction in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (−1069·2 (sd1752·2)v. −135·3 (sd1258·9) ng/ml,P=0·02), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) (−612·3 (sd679·6)v. +76·0 (sd309·1) ng/ml,P<0·001) and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations (−0·1 (sd0·7)v. +0·4 (sd0·9) µmol/l,P=0·01). In addition, a significant increase in plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (+174·9 (sd203·9)v. +15·8 (sd382·2) mmol/l,P=0·04) was observed following supplementation with Se compared with the placebo. Subjects who received Se supplements experienced a borderline statistically significant decrease in serum protein carbonyl (PCO) levels (P=0·06) compared with the placebo. When we adjusted the analysis for baseline values of biochemical parameters, age and BMI, serum hs-CRP (P=0·14) and MDA levels (P=0·16) became non-significant, whereas plasma nitric oxide (NO) (P=0·04) and glutathione (GSH) (P<0·001) became statistically significant, and other findings did not change. Supplementation with Se had no significant effect on NO, transforming growth factorβ(TGF-β), advanced glycation end products (AGE), PCO and GSH compared with the placebo. Overall, our study demonstrated that Se supplementation among DN patients had favourable effects on serum MMP-2, plasma NO, TAC and GSH, but did not affect hs-CRP, TGF-β, AGE, PCO and MDA.
SOCIAL CAPITAL AND ADOLESCENT GIRLS’ RESILIENCE TO TEENAGE PREGNANCY IN BEGORO, GHANA
Authors: Gyan Sylvia Esther , Ahorlu Collins , Dzorgbo Dan-Bright S. , Fayorsey Clara K.
Published: September 2016

This study focuses on how older adolescent girls access and utilize social capital to develop resilience against teenage pregnancy in Begoro, Ghana. A survey of 419 non-pregnant girls aged 15–19 years, selected using a multi-stage cluster sampling technique, was conducted in 2012. Qualitative data were gathered through in-depth interviews with ten girls purposively selected from the survey respondents. Parents, relatives, teachers and religious groups were found to be important sources of social capital for the non-pregnant girls in developing resilience against teenage pregnancy. In addition, resilient girls tended to rely on multiple sources of social capital. It is recommended that stakeholders and policymakers in Ghana ensure that these significant sources of social capital in adolescent girls’ sexual experience are equipped with the right information to help girls decrease the risk of teenage pregnancy.
THELAPIS POLLAE:DATE AND CONTEXTS
Authors: Adamo Mario
Published: September 2016

The article discusses the date, content and historical context of thelapis Pollae, a Latin inscription set alongside the road from Capua to Regium, recording the distance to various places and listing the achievements of an unknown Roman magistrate. Comparison with a milestone associated with the same road prompts a dating earlier than 131bc, and internal evidence suggests a date prior to the Servile Wars, which broke out around 138bc. It is further argued that by listing his achievements the magistrate was attempting to secure the political support of the colonial elites of Lucania. The article also uses the inscription as evidence for three historical themes: (1) the role of local communities and Italian entrepreneurs in the exploitation of public land in Sicily; (2) the role of local and Roman elites in southern Italian agricultural intensification; (3) Rome's use of road building to support colonization.
‘HOW TO READ A ROMAN PORTRAIT’? OPTATIAN PORFYRY, CONSTANTINE AND THEVVLTVS AVGVSTI
Authors: Squire Michael
Published: September 2016

This article takes its lead from research into the ‘language’ of Roman portraiture. More specifically, it explores a work that literalizes the idea of ‘reading’ a Roman portrait (to quote Sheldon Nodelman's classic phrase): a picture-poem by Publilius Optatianus Porfyrius — a much maligned poet active in the first decades of the fourth centuryad— that purports, through its iconotextual form, to visualize the countenance of the emperor Constantine (uultus Augusti). After a brief introduction to Optatian and hisœuvre, the article offers a close reading of his third poem, demonstrating the sophisticated ways in which it probes the latent iconic potential of written script. What particularly interests me about this case study is its underlying paradox: on the one hand, Optatian boasts that his painted page will outstrip antiquity's most celebrated painter (it ‘will dare outdo the waxes of Apelles’,uincere Apelleas audebit pagina ceras); on the other, the actual form of the picture seems to eschew mimetic modes of representation, rendering Constantine's ‘portrait’ a geometric pattern. So how should we make sense of this image? What does the poem reveal about ideas of portraiture in the fourth century? And how might we contextualize Optatian's abiding fascination with the limits of ‘seeing’ and ‘reading’?
NOTES FROM ROME 2015–16
Authors: Coates-Stephens Robert
Published: September 2016

This gazette presents to the reader outside Rome news of recent archaeological activity (primarily in 2015, but also in the first part of 2016), gleaned from public lectures, conferences, exhibitions and newspaper reports.
Psychosocial health and quality of life among children with cardiac diagnoses: agreement and discrepancies between parent and child reports
Authors: Patel Bhavika J. , Lai Lillian , Goldfield Gary , Sananes Renee , Longmuir Patricia E.
Published: September 2016

Psychosocial health issues are common among children with cardiac diagnoses. Understanding parent and child perceptions is important because parents are the primary health information source. Significant discrepancies have been documented between parent/child quality-of-life data but have not been examined among psychosocial diagnostic instruments. This study examined agreement and discrepancies between parent and child reports of psychosocial health and quality of life in the paediatric cardiology population. Children (n=50, 6–14 years) with diagnoses of CHDs (n=38), arrhythmia (n=5), cardiomyopathy (n=4), or infectious disease affecting the heart (n=3) were enrolled, completing one or more outcome measures. Children and their parents completed self-reports and parent proxy reports of quality of life – Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory – and psychosocial health – Behavioral Assessment Scale for Children (Version 2). Patients also completed the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children. Associations (Pearson’s correlations, Intraclass Correlation Coefficients) and differences (Student’s t-tests) between parent proxy reports and child self-reports were evaluated. Moderate parent–child correlations were found for physical (R=0.33, p=0.03), school (R=0.43, p<0.01), social (R=0.36, p=0.02), and overall psychosocial (R=0.43, p<0.01) quality of life. Parent–child reports of externalising behaviour problems, for example aggression, were strongly correlated (R=0.70, p<0.01). No significant parent–child associations were found for emotional quality of life (R=0.25, p=0.10), internalising problems (R=0.17, p=0.56), personal adjustment/adaptation skills (R=0.23, p=0.42), or anxiety (R=0.07, p=0.72). Our data suggest that clinicians caring for paediatric cardiac patients should assess both parent and child perspectives, particularly in relation to domains such as anxiety and emotional quality of life, which are more difficult to observe.
A rare cause of persisting anaemia in a patient with a failing Fontan circulation
Authors: Lambrecht Loes , Cools Bjorn , Witters Peter
Published: September 2016

This case report describes intestinal angiodysplasias as a cause of persisting anaemia in a 16-year-old girl with a failing Fontan circulation. Although this is a very rare cause of anaemia, we highlight the importance of video capsule endoscopy in such patients to initiate a life-saving treatment.
Review of the International Council of Nurses (ICN) Framework of Disaster Nursing Competencies
Authors: Hutton Alison , Veenema Tener Goodwin , Gebbie Kristine
Published: September 2016

The International Council of Nurses (ICN; Geneva, Switzerland) and the World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine (WADEM; Madison, Wisconsin USA) joined together in 2014 to review the use of the ICN Framework of Disaster Nursing Competencies. The existing ICN Framework (version 1.10; dated 2009) formed the starting point for this review. The key target audiences for this process were members of the disaster nursing community concerned with pre-service education for professional nursing and the continuing education of practicing professional nurses. To minimize risk in the disaster nursing practice, competencies have been identified as the foundation of evidence-based practice and standard development. A Steering Committee was established by the WADEM Nursing Section to discuss how to initiate a review of the ICN Framework of Disaster Nursing Competencies. The Steering Committee then worked via email to develop a survey to send out to disaster/emergency groups that may have nurse members who work/respond in disasters. Thirty-five invitations were sent out with 20 responses (57%) received. Ninety-five percent of respondents knew of the ICN Framework of Disaster Nursing Competencies, with the majority accessing these competencies via the Internet. The majority of those who responded said that they make use of the ICN Framework of Disaster Nursing Competencies with the most common use being for educational purposes. Education was done at a local, national, and international level. The competencies were held in high esteem and valued by these organizations as the cornerstone of their disaster education, and also were used for the continued professional development of disaster nursing. However, respondents stated that five years on from their development, the competencies also should include the psychosocial elements of nurses caring for themselves and their colleagues. Additionally, further studies should explore if there are other areas related to the disaster nursing practice (in addition to psychosocial concerns) that may be missing or not fully developed. Finally, the authors of this report recommend that future research explore how the ICN Framework of Disaster Nursing Competencies do or do not assist in maintaining best practices in this field and improve outcomes for victims of disaster.

HuttonA, VeenemaTG, GebbieK. Review of the International Council of Nurses (ICN) Framework of Disaster Nursing Competencies. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2016;31(6):680–683.
Structural parallels between terrestrial microbialites and Martian sediments: are all cases of ‘Pareidolia’?
Authors: Rizzo Vincenzo , Cantasano Nicola
Published: September 2016

The study analyses possible parallels of the microbialite-known structures with a set of similar settings selected by a systematic investigation from the wide record and data set of images shot by NASA rovers. Terrestrial cases involve structures both due to bio-mineralization processes and those induced by bacterial metabolism, that occur in a dimensional field longer than 0.1 mm, at micro, meso and macro scales. The study highlights occurrence on Martian sediments of widespread structures like microspherules, often organized into some higher-order settings. Such structures also occur on terrestrial stromatolites in a great variety of ‘Microscopic Induced Sedimentary Structures’, such as voids, gas domes and layer deformations of microbial mats. We present a suite of analogies so compelling (i.e. different scales of morphological, structural and conceptual relevance), to make the case that similarities between Martian sediment structures and terrestrial microbialites are not all cases of ‘Pareidolia’.
Understanding the economics of limited access orders: incentives, organizations and the chronology of developments
Authors: VAN BAVEL BAS , ANSINK ERIK , VAN BESOUW BRAM
Published: September 2016

In ‘Violence and Social Orders’, North, Wallis and Weingast highlight the need of societies to control large-scale violence. In response to this need, a variety of social orders has emerged with differing institutional, political and economic characteristics. One of these social orders is the limited access order that was prevalent in most of history and still is nowadays. Taking the conceptual framework of Northet al.as a starting point, we make three advances to their analysis of limited access orders. First, we analyse the incentive structure of actors involved, using a formal model of the main interactions in a limited access order. Second, we decompose organizations into two types and analyse their respective roles. Third, we use insights from historical research to scrutinize the chronology of the rise of organizations. Jointly, this allows us to refine and substantiate the insights gained by Northet al., highlight the role of organizations and place the start of relevant developments earlier in time.
Status-Relevant Experiences and Conspicuous Consumption – the Moderating Role of Prenatal Androgen Exposure
Authors: Cornelissen Gert , Palacios-Fenech Javier
Published: September 2016

In this paper we study consumers’ interest in acquiring and displaying expensive luxury products. Based on recent insights in consumer psychology, which build on developments in evolutionary biology, we consider luxury products as “costly signals”: wasteful and costly goods, whose purpose is to communicate one’s biological fitness, and social status, to others. In line with previous research, we show that experiences that trigger mate attraction goals (Study 1: Exposure to others in bathing outfit) or status display goals (Study 2: Experiencing a vicarious victory of one’s favorite sports team) can increase people’s interest in luxury products. However, we demonstrate that some individuals are predictably more responsive to those experiences than others. We used a physiological measure (the proportion of the length of the index finger and ring finger of the right hand, 2D:4D) as a proxy for individual differences in exposure to prenatal androgens (i.e., testosterone). This measure has been related to dominant and competitive behavior later in life. We predict and find that individuals with a low 2D:4D (i.e., high exposure to prenatal androgens) were more responsive to the status-relevant experiences: they became more interested in luxury goods after these experiences. This was not the case for high 2D:4D individuals.
Financial Surrogate Decision Making: Lessons from Applied Experimental Philosophy
Authors: Feltz Adam
Published: September 2016

An estimated 1 in 4 elderly Americans need a surrogate to make decisions at least once in their lives. With an aging population, that number is almost certainly going to increase. This paper focuses onfinancialsurrogate decision making. To illustrate some of the empirical and moral implications associated with financial surrogate decision making, two experiments suggest that default choice settings can predictably influence some surrogate financial decision making. Experiment 1 suggested that when making hypothetical financial decisions, surrogates tended to stay with default settings (OR = 4.37, 95% CI 1.52, 12.48). Experiment 2 replicated and extended this finding suggesting that in a different context (OR = 2.27, 95% CI 1.1, 4.65). Experiment 2 also suggested that those who were more numerate were less likely to be influenced by default settings than the less numerate, but only when the decision is whether to “opt in” (p= .05). These data highlight the importance of a recent debate about “nudging.” Defaults are common methods to nudge people to make desirable choices while allowing the liberty to choose otherwise. Some of the ethics of using default settings to nudge surrogate decision makers are discussed.
Effects of Acute Stress on Decision Making under Ambiguous and Risky Conditions in Healthy Young Men
Authors: Cano-López Irene , Cano-López Beatriz , Hidalgo Vanesa , González-Bono Esperanza
Published: September 2016

Acute stress and decision making (DM) interact in life – although little is known about the role of ambiguity and risk in this interaction. The aim of this study is to clarify the effect of acute stress on DM under various conditions. Thirty-one young healthy men were randomly distributed into two groups: experimental and control. DM processes were evaluated before and after an experimental session. For the experimental group, the session consisted of an acute stress battery; and the protocol was similar for the control group but the instructions were designed to minimize acute stress. Cardiovascular variables were continuously recorded 30 minutes before the DM tasks and during the experimental session. Cortisol, glucose, mood responses, and personality factors were also assessed. Acute stress was found to enhance disadvantageous decisions under ambiguous conditions (F(1, 29) = 4.16, p = .05, η2p = .13), and this was mainly explained by the stress induced cortisol response (26.1% of variance, F(1, 30) = 11.59, p = .002). While there were no significant effects under risky conditions, inhibition responses differed between groups (F(1, 29) = 4.21, p = .05, η2p = .13) and these differences were explained by cardiovascular and psychological responses (39.1% of variance, F(3, 30) = 7.42, p < .001). Results suggest that DM tasks could compete with cognitive resources after acute stress and could have implications for intervention in acute stress effects on DM in contexts such as addiction or eating disorders.