bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Theory of War and Violence
Authors: Scheff thomas
Published: July 2018

It is possible that war in modern societies is largely driven by emotions, but in a way that is almost completely hidden. Modernity individualizes the self and tends to ignore emotions. As a result, conflict can be caused by sequences in which the total hiding of humiliation leads to vengeance. This essay outlines a theory of the social-emotional world implied in the work of C. H. Cooley and others. Cooley’s concept of the “looking-glass self” can be used as antidote to the assumptions of modernity: the basic self is social and emotional: selves are based on “living in the mind” of others, with a result of feeling either pride of shame. Cooley discusses shame at some length, unlike most approaches, which tend to hide it. This essay proposes that the complete hiding of shame can lead to feedback loops (spirals) with no natural limit: shame about shame and anger is only the first step. Emotion backlogs can feed back when emotional experiences are completely hidden: avoiding all pain can lead to limitless spirals. These ideas may help explain the role of France in causing WWI, and Hitler’s rise to power in Germany. To the extent that these propositions are true, the part played by emotions and especially shame in causing wars need to be further studied.
Status and Economic Rent: Experimental Evidence on the Matthew Effect
Authors: Clingingsmith David , Sheremeta Roman M
Published: July 2018

Some researchers argue that social status extracts economic rents. Making a causal inference about this claim is difficult with naturally occurring data. For this reason, we conduct an experiment in which participants are divided into investors and workers. Workers are assigned status and then perform a real-effort task. Investors make investments after observing workers’ status and past task performance. We find that workers of higher status receive higher investments when status is derived from performance but not when it is randomly assigned. Surprisingly, the status effect persists even when, conditioning on past performance, status is not predictive of future performance.
Trends in Wisconsin Imprisonment 2000-2014: Net Growth by Offense Group and Admission Types
Authors: Oliver Pamela Elaine
Published: July 2018

This report examines the mix of offenses and admission types for prison admissions, prison releases, and numbers in prison 2000-2014. Wisconsin imprisonment rates declined slightly after the mid-2000s, but have risen since 2014. A detailed investigation of patterns of movement into and out of prison by offense and admission type (new sentence vs. revocation) shows that the decline after 2007 was small and the seeds of the rebound after 2012 in incarceration were present in the earlier trends. A steep decline in prison admissions for drug sentences and a decline in prison admissions for revocations after 2007 masked continuing slow rises in imprisonment from new commitments for other offenses, especially rape and murder. After 2012, a rise in revocations across offense groups and a rise in new commitments for drug offenses and several other categories of offenses led to a rise in the total imprisonment rate. The patterns by offense and admission type suggest that changes in violent crime rates and in sentence lengths within offense category play relatively little role in these trends. Total imprisonment trends are products of complex processes affecting different groups differently. Policy recommendations emphasize the drug war, sex offenders, and revocations for technical violations as the areas having the largest numerical impact on trends in imprisonment in Wisconsin. An appendix gives additional details about offenses and admission types. The report itself includes seven color graphs which show trends in imprisonment by offense and category of admission and the appendix includes another 22 color graphs that show the trends for each offense and the offense trends by admission type. The graphs attached to the report are printed two to a page. Alternate files include a separate copy of just the graphs printed one to a page for improved legibility, a copy of the text with no graphs and a shorter version without the appendix.Update 6/12/17 corrects an incorrect sentence about the proportion of rape offenders who entered on a revocation; includes two new graphs, one on the admission status of those in prison and admitted to prison by offense and another showing the offense mix of those in prison and admitted to prison; and adds tables to the appendix. An available spreadsheet provides the frequency data that are the basis of the graphs and tables.
Impact of credit risk (NPLs) and capital on liquidity risk of Malaysian banks
Authors: Hajja Yaman
Published: July 2018

We investigate the relationship between bank liquidity risk and credit risk and the impact of bank capital on liquidity risk. Using 19 Malaysian commercial banks data over 2002-2011 and applying dynamic panel data GMM estimation after controlling for bank-specific and macroeconomic variables, empirical results document a positive relationship between liquidity and credit risk and a non-linear U-shaped relationship between bank capital and liquidity risk.
Are large age groups hijacking the welfare state? The effects of relative cohort size on five areas of social spending
Authors: Plante Charles , Jensen Jason O.
Published: July 2018

Chronos politics refers to the political mobilization of age groups and/or cohorts. In the popular media, commentators accuse Baby Boomers of using their large relative cohort size to force welfare states to shortchange smaller generations. Ironically, Western society used to be afraid that their disproportionate size would cause the Baby Boomers to be shortchanged. Our paper uses population and expenditure data on 24 countries to explore how the relative size of age groups affects expenditures in five areas of social spending: active labour market policies (ALMP), family, health, old age, and unemployment. We find that contrary to popular perceptions, per capita spending tends to lag behind demographic changes, resulting in shortages and windfalls for larger and smaller generations, respectively.
Risky recombinations: Institutional gatekeeping in the innovation process
Authors: Ferguson John-Paul , Carnabuci Gianluca
Published: July 2018

Theories of innovation and technical change posit that inventions thatcombine knowledge across technology domains have greater impact thaninventions drawn from a single domain. The evidence for this claim comesmostly from research on patented inventions and ignores failed patentapplications. We draw on insights from research into institutionalgatekeeping to theorize that, to be granted, patent applications that spantechnological domains must have higher quality than otherwise-comparable,narrower applications. Using data on failed and successful patentapplications, we estimate an integrated, two-stage model that accounts forthis differential selection. We find that more domain-spanning patentapplications are less likely to be approved, and that controlling for thisdifferential selection reduces the estimated effect of knowledgerecombination on innovative impact by about half. By conceptualizing thepatent-approval process as a form of institutional gatekeeping, this paperhighlights the institutional underpinnings of and constraints on theinnovation process.
Regional Disparities in Urban Population Access to Sanitation Services.Case Study: Romania
Authors: MIHAI Florin Constantin
Published: July 2018

Abstract: Sanitation services still not fully cover the urban populationand this leads to different types of pollution and affects the urbanlandscape. This paper aims a geographical approach by highlightingterritorial disparities in the Romanian counties regarding the urbanpopulation access to waste collection services and to examine theenvironmental issues. Statistical database processed by ascendinghierarchical cluster analysis are mapped at the level of Romanian countiesachieving a spatial-temporal analysis for the period 2003-2008. The paperalso discusses the current dysfunctions existing in urban waste managementfrom Romania. Development of waste management facilities is in the processof transition from a traditional system based only on landfilling towardsan integrated waste management system which develops the recycling andrecovery of waste generated. Romania as an EU member country must improvethe quality of sanitation services. Each city must provide the fullcollection of municipal waste generated in order to eliminate the illegaldumping.
Is Pepsi Really a Substitute for Coke? Market Definition in Antitrust and IP
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Antitrust law explicitly depends on market definition. Many issues in IPlaw also depend on market definition, though that definition is rarelyexplicit.Applying antitrust's traditional market definition to IP goods leads tosome startling results. Despite the received wisdom that IP rights don'tnecessarily confer market power, a wide array of IP rights do exactly thatunder traditional antitrust principles. This result requires us to rethinkboth the overly-rigid way we define markets in antitrust law and thecompetitive consequences of granting IP protection. Both antitrust and IPmust begin to think realistically about those consequences, rather thanfalling back on rigid formulas or recitation of the mantra that there is noconflict between IP and antitrust.
Why Settlement Scaling Research is a Good Fit for Archaeology
Authors: Smith Michael E.
Published: July 2018

This paper is for the 2017 Annual Meeting, Society for American Archaeology.Although initially developed to understand contemporary urban systems, the method and theory of settlement scaling are particularly appropriate for archaeological data. The scaling framework can be seen as an outgrowth of existing archaeological research on demography and settlement patterns. Although developed independently, the "social reactor" model that explains observed patterning is, in fact, well grounded in anthropological and archaeological theory. The key process that drives change is “energized crowding,” or the social interactions among individuals within the built environment. The scaling framework is general enough to apply to settlements in all types of human societies; it does not require the institutions or behaviors of the contemporary capitalist economy. This is a thoroughly empirical line of research that generates propositions that can be rigorously tested against archaeological data. Our positive findings to date contribute to a richer and broader fundamental understanding of human settlements, their generative character, and their changes over time.
Market crises as disasters: the social meaning of financial risk in 401(k) retirement accounts
Authors: Hayes Adam
Published: July 2018

This study seeks to extend the social meaning of money to account for the valorization of distinct forms of household wealth, using the 401(k) retirement account as an exemplar. In doing so, particular economic shocks are framed within the disasters literature for the first time. The institutional shift from corporate pensions to individual retirement accounts since the 1980’s changed the social and economic logics of retirement, making this financial location salient, where shocks to the stock market reveal a distinct pattern of economic action. Using the 401(k) retirement account data, I show that bear market years in 2002 and 2008 caused retirement savers to orient their portfolios toward durable conservatism – a finding that deviates from predictions made by either neoclassical or behavioral economic theory. Rather, a sociological mechanism developed in the disasters literature – the social amplification of risk framework (SARF) – provides a plausible explanation for the empirical findings. Interestingly, the practical rule of conservation that works well for many disaster scenarios, for retirement savers creates an unfortunate discrepancy between the objective chances of retirement security and the subjective aspirations of 401(k) savers by causing underinvestment in stocks that can produce suboptimal portfolio returns manifesting itself as latent retirement inequality, especially impacting the youngest savers who have the most at stake.
Emotions and Emergence
Authors: Lamb-Books Ben
Published: July 2018

The sociology of emotion remains divided. One group of social scientistsadheres closely to positivism and formulates lengthy lists of abstractpropositions and predictions (Collins, Turner, Kemper, etc.). In contrast,the other group’s epistemology is enmeshed in interpretivism and producesthick-descriptions of emotion labels, scripts, and understandings(Hochschild, Katz, Wetherell, etc.). Neither positivist nor interpretivistapproaches adequately theorize the causal and conjunctural status of humanemotions in social-historical sequences; thus, they both fail to show how,why, and when accounts of emotional states may be necessary in socialexplanations. Critical realism (CR) offers a better way to conceptualizethe influence of the psychophysiological subsistence of emotion withinsocial interactions. A CR-inspired approach to the sociology of emotionshould include three insights: (1) *Emotions as Evolved Capabilities:* Fromour evolutionary prehistory, humans have inherited distinctive emotionalcapabilities, including a complex palette of emotional experience andimpressive emotional mechanisms for rapid-fire sublinguistic communication.(2) *Emotions as Emergent Causal Powers:* Human emotions are themselves‘emergent’ neurophenomenological entities belonging to themicrosociological domain of ontology. Emotional experiences emerge from butare not reducible to labels, bodies, gestures, minds, social situations,scripts, etc. Integrating these multicomponent ingredients, thepsychophysiological coherence of emotions indicates the existence ofemergent properties, including possibilities of upward and downwardcausation. (3) *Emotions as Situational Dispositions*: Emotions realizetheir causal power as psychological dispositions to action, inaction, andcommunication. By embracing critical realism, sociologists can avoid bothan upward conflation of emotion into higher-level social structures, likelanguage (an error of the interpretivists), as well as a downward reductionof the psychology of social emotion to neurobiology or behavioralism (anerror of the positivists).
Neoplatonic "Tree of Life" (Arbor Porphyriana: A diagram of logic and mystical theology
Authors: Dardagan Amer
Published: July 2018

In several versions of „Introduction to Aristotle's Categories“ („The Isagoge“) we find very intriguing diagram of the "Tree of Porphyry". This diagram is closely linked with the square of opposition (logical square), natural tree with vegetative ornaments and the anthropomorphic figure. Porphyry took over Aristotle's division into five predicables (quinque praedicabilia) and defined them through five classes (species, genus, differentia, propria, accidentia) and from them he created scala praedicamentalis (Arbor Porphyriana). The Neoplatonic-Aristotelianism of Porphyry influenced the return of interest in Aristotle's logic in the Middle Ages through translations of Boethius and Al-Farabi. Their works of logic were the basis for the study of many topics, especially those related to theology. Later diagrams with the natural tree and human figure (syndesmos) are found in the 13th century in "Tractatus" („Summulae Logicales“) written by Peter of Spain under different names such as: Tree of Love, Tree of Life, Tree of Science, Tree of Knowledge etc. Christian mysticism (Mystical theology), Islamic mysticism (Sufism) and Jewish mysticism (Kabbalah) was deeply influenced by Neoplatonic philosophy and within these mystical traditions we find different variations of the diagram aswell. Under the influence of the concept of Neoplatonic procession and reversion, mystic should be simultaneously involved in both Cataphatic and Apophatic theology to truly understand God. In other words, a spiritual person has to oscillate between affirming claims about the Tree of Life (the Being) and negation of those same claims to be able to have real knowledge of God.
Mapping the Hip Hop Transnation: A Brief History of Hip Hop in Athens, Greece
Authors: Elafros Athena
Published: July 2018

This book chapter preprint provides a brief history of hip hop in Athens, Greece.Sent from Mail for Windows 10
Academic work in the digital age
Authors: Selwyn Neil
Published: July 2018

This paper makes a case for questioning, challenging and critiquing how digital technology is shaping academic work. Focusing on the increased digitization of academic publishing, teaching and administration, the paper argues for changing the conversations that academics have about technology in higher educationTranscript of a talk given at the ‘Disrupting Higher Education Dialogues’ conference - Deakin University, Melbourne (25.11.16)
A systematic literature review of stakeholder’s collaboration in tourism settings
Authors: VAN HUY NGUYEN
Published: July 2018

This study systematically reviewed research methods and concept of tourism stakeholders in tourism industry published in seven high-ranking journals, which are Tourism Management (TM-17), Current Issues in Tourism (CIT-7), Annals of Tourism Research (ATR-6), Journal of Ecotourism (JE-2), Journal of Sustainable Tourism (JST-9), Journal of Travel Research (JTR-3), Journal of Tourism Planning and Development (JTPD-10). Using a systematic quantitative literature review method, we assessed how current studies involve tourism stakeholders in their research. Fifty-five (n=55) articles were reviewed with its research methods and criteria involving tourism stakeholders, issues addressed in these studies. The study concluded that almost all studies used qualitative research method for instance semi-structured interview. Some of studies combined both survey and interview to collect data for research. Moreover, the results of this study conceptualized “tourism stakeholders who are persons relating to tourism development in destinations”. Criteria to include tourism stakeholders in their study based on many aspects such as literature review, related documents of destinations, local sources, tourism stakeholder’s knowledge and experiences. Furthermore, some studies involved tourism stakeholders based on their positions, power and their dependence on destinations for livelihood. However, tourism stakeholders could be chosen purposively in several studies.
Fast gentrifying neighborhoods, slow gentrifying schools
Authors: Ali Syed
Published: July 2018

Neigborhoods gentrify, and schools do too -- though more slowly. I give a personal look at how schools in Brooklyn have gentrified in recent years.
Does Foreign Aid Target the Poorest?
Authors: Briggs Ryan C
Published: July 2018

This paper examines the extent to which foreign aid reaches people at different levels of wealth in Africa. I use household surveys to measure the sub-national distribution of a country’s population by levels of wealth and match this information to data on the location of aid projects from two multilateral donors. Within countries, aid disproportionately flows to regions with more of the richest people. Aid does not favor areas with more of the poorest people. These findings violate the stated preferences of the multilateral donors under study, suggesting that the donors either cannot or are not willing to exercise control over the location of aid projects within countries. The results also suggest that aid is not being allocated effectively to alleviate extreme poverty.
Ten Things to do About Patent Holdup of Standards (and One Not To)
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Congress, the courts, scholars, and the press have focused more and moreattention on what is shaping up to be the central public policy problem inintellectual property law today: the problem of holdup by patent owners,particularly but not exclusively in the context of standard setting. I willsuggest ten things we might do to deal with this problem, and at least onething we probably ought not to do.
The Resonance of Earth, Other Worlds, and Exoplanets
Authors: Oman-Reagan Michael P. , Messeri Lisa
Published: July 2018

How do planetary scientists understand distant places like Mars or planets orbiting another star? Michael Oman-Reagan and Lisa Messeri discuss “resonance” and the anthropology of space.Cite As:Oman-Reagan, Michael P., and Lisa Messeri. 2017. “The Resonance of Earth, Other Worlds, and Exoplanets.” Savage Minds. February 23. https://savageminds.org/2017/02/23/the-resonance-of-earth-other-worlds-and-exoplanets/
Advertising morality: Maintaining moral worth in a stigmatized profession
Authors: Cohen Andrew C , Dromi Shai M.
Published: July 2018

Although a great deal of literature has looked at how individuals respond to stigma, far less has been written about how professional groups address challenges to their self-perception as abiding by clear moral standards. In this paper, we ask how professional group members maintain a positive self-perception in face of moral stigma. Drawing on pragmatic and cultural sociology, we claim that professional communities hold narratives that link various aspects of the work their members perform with specific understanding of the common good. These narratives allow professionals to maintain a shared view of their work as benefitting society and to perceive themselves as moral individuals. As a case study, we focus on the advertising industry, which has long been stigmatized as complicit in exploitative capitalist mechanisms and cultural degradation. We draw on 9 total months of fieldwork and 74 interviews across three U.S. advertising agencies. We find that advertising practitioners use narratives to present their work as contributing to the common good, depicting themselves as moral individuals who care about others in the process. We analyze three prevalent narratives: the account-driven narrative, which links moral virtue to caring for clients; the creative-driven narrative, which ties caring to the production of meaningful advertisements; and the strategic-driven narrative, which sees caring in finding meaningful relationships for consumers and brands.
Authorization and Governance in Virtual Worlds
Authors: Burk Dan
Published: July 2018

Although a variety of formal and informal mechanisms govern behavior in virtual worlds, the proprietors of such worlds increasingly have relied upon formal legal claims to sanction undesired user behavior. A range of such legal claims might be asserted in different factual situations: copyright infringement, or trespass to computers, or circumvention of technical protections. But each of these claims relies upon the authorization status of the targeted user. Authorization is largely an incident of the virtual world proprietor's Terms of Service (ToS). Thus, the ToS is increasingly regarded as a license to access the proprietor's servers; violation of the ToS annuls authorization to access the servers. The result is that any misbehavior by users, in violation of the ToS, can be recast as a violation of copyright, or trespass, or technical circumvention laws, even if the undesired behavior has little bearing on the variety legal claim asserted. This mutation of legal claims is troubling, not only from the standpoint of legal policy, but as a social policy to govern virtual worlds.
Durkheim, Punishment, and Prison Privatization
Authors: Burkhardt Brett C , Connor Brian
Published: July 2018

In a seminal statement, Emile Durkheim argued that punishment of crime has a salutary effect on society by reaffirming the collective consciousness. With few exceptions, Durkheim assumed that criminal punishment is done on behalf of society. With the rise of prison privatization, this assumption is increasingly called into question. For-profit firms carrying out punishment, though legally agents of the state, are motivated by private gain. This article asks: How might privatization modify the functional effects of punishment? It develops answers to this question by using insights from Durkheimian and neo-Durkheimian scholarship and the empirical case of modern privatized punishment in the United States. The article proposes three trajectories through which privatized punishment may (or may not) affect solidarity: Parity in Punishment, in which private and public punishers are seen as interchangeable; Public Interest, in which perceptions of greed and self-interest mar privatized punishment and sap it of its functional effects; and Sacred Transgressions, in which the private sector encroaches on sacred rites of punishment to the detriment of solidarity.
The Puzzle of Abu Ghraib: Are Democratic Institutions a Palliative or Panacea?
Authors: Davenport Christian , Moore Will H. , Armstrong David
Published: July 2018

The events of Abu Ghraib exposed politicians, journalists, military and law enforcement personnel, NGOs, activists and ordinary citizens to the potential brutality of state repression. Many were left stunned that the agents of a liberal democracy would perpetrate such horrific acts against individuals in the state's control. Such shock makes sense if one believes that liberal democratic institutions constrain leaders from acting on the utilitarian incentive to employ torture during interrogations. While such a belief is apparently widespread, is it consistent with the recent historical record? Extant theories of repression and global evidence about torture suggest that it is not. We distinguish among three mechanisms that might constrain the use of torture in liberal democracies: voice, veto, and freedom of expression. We then argue that voice is unlikely to have a strong effect when the state is faced with violent dissent, and that the effect of veto and freedom of expression will be substantially reduced when the state is faced with a violent challenge. To test our hypotheses we use data from 146 countries covering the years 1980-1999 and investigate the extent to which voice, veto, or freedom of expression inhibit countries' use of torture both in times of quiescence and in times when dissidents challenge the state with violence. We find that rather than being aberrant, state-sponsored torture like that in Abu Ghraib is perfectly consistent with both theory and previous experience. More specifically, democratic institutions reduce the probability that a state uses torture in only limited circumstances.
Ex-gay Rhetoric and the Politics of Sexuality: The Christian Antigay/Pro-family Movement's 'Truth in Love' Ad Campaign
Authors: Fetner Tina
Published: July 2018

In 1998, a coalition of antigay, pro-family activist organizationspublished a set of full-page print advertisements in severalnationally-recognized newspapers. These ads promoted sexual ("ex-gay")conversion therapy for homosexuals. I examine these advertisements as acontest over cultural symbols and values, and over the very definition oflesbian and gay identity. This discursive contest had the potential toimpact activist politics greatly, but this impact was mitigatedsignificantly by a similar set of ads produced in response by an opposingmovement: the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender movement. Theinteractive dynamics between opposing movement impact the political fieldin which activists on each side pursue their goals.
The United Auto Workers and the Emergence of Labor Environmentalism
Authors: Van Alstyne Andrew
Published: July 2018

Recent collaboration between labor unions and environmental organizationshas sparked significant interest in “blue-green” coalitions. Drawing onarchival research, this article explores the United Auto Workers (UAW)'slabor environmentalism in the late 1960s and 1970s, when the union promoteda broad environmental agenda. Eventually the union went as far asincorporating environmental concerns in collective bargaining and callingfor an end to the internal combustion engine. These actions areparticularly noteworthy because they challenged the union’s economicfoundation: the automobile industry. However, as a closer examination ofthe record shows, there was a significant disjuncture between the union’sinternational leadership, which pushed a broad vision of laborenvironmentalism, and its rank-and-file membership, which proved resistantto the issue. By the close of the 1970s, the conjunction of economicpressures and declining power in relation to management led the union toretreat from its environmental actions.
Análisis Crítico de la Reforma del Sistema Educativo Colombiano. 1990-2014
Authors: Tovar Diofanto Arce
Published: July 2018

The configuration of the current Colombian Educational System is the result of more than twenty-four years of legal adventures, political intentions, technical decisions, curricular work and exercise in the classrooms of a way of understanding education as an institution and as a practice among and with the actors of the system. At first glance, the reading that is made of the Colombian educational system is of inertia; nevertheless, within its structure a high level of dynamism is outlined that implies the confrontation between sectors and internal social and political actors, the influence of a global system that "presses" (encourages) processes that involve the country in the design of a educational globalization and the experiences, needs and expectations of the actors that directly need, use and inhabit the system, all framed in a complex and reticular historical process. The book that the reader begins to unveil is the result of four years of inquiry about the structure of the Colombian educational system, in order to know the effect of public policies (Educational Reform) both in the field of education, as in its relationship with the internal and world economic and political structures. Its focus is on understanding how the attachment to a specific development model, in the Colombian case, neoliberal capitalism demands and at the same time prefigures the institutionality of a system and how these relationships have an impact on the subjects, their conscience and their mode of understand and act in the world.
Anticipating Patentable Subject Matter
Authors: Burk Dan
Published: July 2018

By the summer of 2013, the United States Supreme Court should issue an opinion in Myriad v. AMP, a case dealing with the patentability of human genes, including "cDNA" molecules that are created in the laboratory. Opponents of gene patenting have argued that such molecules should be deemed unpatentable "products of nature" because, statistically, such molecules might sometimes be fortuitously created in human cells. But this argument improperly imports into patent law's section 101 subject matter analysis the doctrine of inherency from section 102's provisions on novelty. And, if inherency is to be imported into section 101, the proper standard for patentability would be the "public benefit" criteria that has been developed in section 102 consideration of inherency. Under the "public benefit" standard, Myriad's cDNAs would constitute patentable subject matter.
Nudge Policy, Embodiment and Intoxication Problems
Authors: Bancroft Angus
Published: July 2018

Intoxication represents a threat to individual autonomy, the self-willing, self-activating, self-making personhood at the heart of liberal philosophy. In the dominant Anglo-Saxon culture of countries like the UK, USA, Canada and Australia it is walled off from day-to-day life, surrounded by strict moral regulations and conceived of as a space of abandonment, where necessary repressions are briefly suspended. Recent developments in psychopharmacology and neuroscience have challenged the basis for thinking of individual behaviour and choice-making as inherently free and unfettered and they create interesting disruptions of this liberal subjectivity. In this chapter I want to examine these developments and their implications for the construction of intoxication as a public problem with regards to the expanding sphere of ‘nudge’ public policy and in the memory work involved in addiction recovery.
Textbooks in the Historiography of Recent Economics
Authors: Giraud Yann
Published: July 2018

Textbooks are both neglected and at times overused as objects in the history of economics. They are neglected because most historians, borrowing from Kuhn, tend to regard them as passive receptacles of past knowledge, yet they are also overused as shortcuts to study the state of economic doctrine at a certain point in time. Looking at the existing historical literature that studies or uses textbooks, this chapter shows how a better understanding of the specific pedagogical and institutional environments in which textbooks operate can help build thicker and more accurate histories of the role they have played, not just in disseminating, but also in creating and transforming economic knowledge.
Muddy Rules for Cyberspace
Authors: Burk Dan
Published: July 2018

Digital communication media such as the Internet pose difficult challenges for traditional forms of intellectual property protection. Much recent scholarship and considerable governmental attention has been focused on adapting and expanding copyright to encompass digital works of authorship. These efforts have been justified on the grounds that clear property rights are necessary to allow efficient allocation of intellectual property between private parties. However, these rationales ignore the literature regarding the efficiency of unclear or "muddy" property entitlements. Where transaction costs of private bargaining are high, "muddy" rules will tend to force parties into informal bargaining transactions. Transaction costs on the Internet may tend to be high because of the number of parties involved, the difficulty of locating the parties, increased opportunity for strategic behavior, and the transborder nature of the medium. Thus, informal transactions or "self-help" may be the most efficient means for provision of digital works. In such a case, "muddy" or unclear rules should perhaps be favored for on-line entitlements.
ISLAMIC BANKING AND FINANCE AS AN ETHICAL ALTERNATIVE: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Lehner Othmar Manfred
Published: July 2018

Despite huge global growth rates and a rapidly increasing importance ofIslamic banking and finance, research in this area still needs to be classified asnascent. Recent economic events have led to an increasingly critical attitudetowards the conventional banking and finance system, whereas Islamic banking isconsidered to be an ethical alternative not only in Muslim economies but alsoprogressively in the “western” world. As their business models have their originsin religious and ethical ideals, Islamic banks struggle to observe the foundationalShariah principles while simultaneously meeting applicable guidelines such asBasel III and flexibly adapt to the ever changing customer demands. Due to theincreasing importance of Islamic banking and finance, this article aims to analyseand summarise various aspects of current research and sets out to identify both,congruence and inconsistencies between the implied promise of an “ethical”alternative and the actual market.
An interview with Thomas Piketty
Authors: Savage Mike
Published: July 2018

This interview focuses on Thomas Piketty's future intellectual plans which build on his Capital in the 21st Century. It explores his interests in expanding databases on wealth and income, and in analysing inequality at different spatial scales, including cities, regions, and global processes. The interview discusses his understanding of new elites and their relationship with older elites, and clarifies his understanding of social class and inheritance. It includes discussions on his relationship with the discipline of economics and with the social sciences more generally. It reflects on conceptual issues, including his theoretical interests in Bourdieu and Marx, and his relationship to socialist theory and politics. His new role in the LSE's International Inequalities Institute is also discussed.Billie Elmqvist ThurenInstitute AssistantInternational Inequalities InstituteLondon School of Economics & Political Science8th Floor, Tower 1Clement's InnLondon, WC2A 2AZ+44 (0)20 7955 1108b.elmqvist-thuren1@lse.ac.uk[small logo][twitter tiny]
Criminal Punishment, Labor Market Outcomes, and Economic Inequality: Devah Pager’s Marked: Race, Crime, and Finding Work in an Era of Mass Incarceration
Authors: Burkhardt Brett C
Published: July 2018

A growing empirical literature examines the role of incarceration in labor market outcomes and economic inequality more broadly. Devah Pager’s book, Marked: Race, Crime, and Finding Work in an Era of Mass Incarceration (2007), offers compelling evidence that employment opportunities for former prisoners--especially black former prisoners--are bleak. I review Pager’s methods and findings, place them in the context of previous work, and discuss the relation of race to a criminal record. I then explore several lines of related research that investigate the increasing reach of criminal punishment into various social realms. One goal of this essay is to draw research on economic inequality into the law and society literature.
Bayesian Estimation of Total Fertility from a Population's Age-Sex Distribution
Authors: Schmertmann Carl , Hauer Mathew
Published: July 2018

We investigate a modern statistical approach to a classic deterministic demographic estimation technique. When vital event registration is missing or inadequate, it is possible to approximate a population's total fertility (TFR) from information about its distribution by age and sex. For example, if under-five child mortality is low then TFR is often close to seven times the child/woman ratio (CWR), the number of 0--4 year olds per 15--49 year old woman. We analyze the formal relationship between CWR and TFR to identify sources of uncertainty in indirect estimates. We construct a Bayesian model for the statistical distribution of TFR conditional on the population's age-sex structure, in which unknown demographic quantities in the standard approximation are parameters with prior distributions. We apply the model in two case studies: to a small indigenous population in the Amazon region of Brazil that has extremely high fertility rates, and to the set of 159 counties in the US state of Georgia. A statistical approach yields important insights into the sources of error in indirect estimation, and their relative magnitudes.
The Fractioning of Patent Law
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Patentees overwhelmingly lose their cases, despite a seeming host ofprocedural advantages. The same is not true of other IP plaintiffs. Why? Inthis article, I suggest that the explanation lies in the "fractioning" ofpatent law into smaller and smaller issues. Claim construction afterMarkman is the clearest example, but there are others. We no longer decidein a holistic manner what a patent claim covers. Instead, we decide whateach word of a claim covers. Because there are more and more such issues,and the patentee must win each of them, patentees face a form of multiplejeopardy. It is ironic that patent claims, developed to broaden andstrengthen the patent right, have instead become obstacles to thepatentee's success.
School as Thing and Process - using scales to complexify school
Authors: Wood Adam
Published: July 2018

*Schools operate in increasingly competitive environments which encouragethem to act and appear as definite, bounded things in definite, boundedspaces. Yet each school is also a process, a constant coming-into-beingenacted by students, staff and others. In this chapter, I argue that bothare useful ways of understanding school since they help to make sense ofthe rich and varied activities that take place there. The successfulprojection of school as a thing is therefore dependent on how the processof school happens and is communicated. An aggregation and congealing ofspace-times helps to promote one, particular, space over others andtransform a complex, heterogenous array of space-times into a phenomenonmore easily recognised as a thing with given physical and discursivecharacteristics.**I use the concept of scales, downscaling and movement between scales afterSingh (this volume) to flag up a range of differing aggregations andrevealings of detail as a way of accounting for rather than simplifyingcomplexity (after Blommaert, 2015). I argue that scales afford usefulepistemological manoeuvrings that juxtapose different knowledges and canproduce second order knowledges in the process, what I call “analyticfriction”. If life requires some level of abstraction to make itmanageable, it is also the case that complexity can bring some clarity.Analytic friction, gained in this example by moving between scales, canboth complexify and render communicable what school is and how it comes tobe. Analytic friction therefore grants us some purchase on the changing andcomplex nature of school in the 21st century.*
Gender Differences in Multigenerational Caregiving Across the Life Course in Europe
Authors: Patterson Sarah E. , Margolis Rachel
Published: July 2018

To better understand how caregiving varies across contexts and the impact of caregiving on social and economic outcomes, we need to understand how it varies across the entire adult life course and how sensitive caregiving estimates are to the inclusion of different directions and types of care. This is the first study to comprehensively describe multigenerational caregiving patterns by gender and age across European countries. We use the Generations and Gender Survey (GGS) Wave 1 (N=114,147) to consider multiple definitions of multigenerational caregiving. In addition to personal care and financial transfers, we also include emotional transfers which are rarely examined. We also examine multigenerational care that includes simultaneous care for any two generations rather than just to parents and children which is most often studied. Across our sample of 11 European countries, we find that women are significantly more likely to give care than men across the life course, and these gender gaps are especially large during critical periods like young adulthood and mid-life around retirement ages. Including emotional caregiving as well as horizontal care (to a spouse, sibling, or friend) are both substantively important in shaping the life course pattern of caregiving and the size of the gender gap. The gender gap in the life course pattern of caregiving have implications for aging, intergenerational inequality, and human capital accumulation across the life course.
Organizational social work. Historical process, definitions and trends
Authors: Urra Miguel
Published: July 2018

This reflection paper aims to unify the main theoretical references on social work in business field, from a meta-analysis of the research developed by the Occupational Social Work research seedbed of the Social Work Program at Fundacion Universitaria Monserrate. Among others, the following research work were taken as a base: Social Worker Participation in business social responsibility developed by companies operating in Colombia, The professional social worker action in talent management, labor Competencies of the social worker in the area of occupationalhealth. The article is intended to be a reference to the historical understanding of social work in the business field.
(B.A. final project) Mobilidade sócio-espacial na Região Metropolitana de Goiânia: O caso de Senador Canedo
Authors: Amaral Ernesto F. L.
Published: July 2018

O presente projeto de pesquisa tem o intuito de estudar a formação e estruturação do município de Senador Canedo, como forma de perceber qual seu papel dentro da região metropolitana de Goiânia. Para isto, será estudado de que modo os deslocamentos populacionais inter-regionais e intra-metropolitanos, em direção àquela cidade, estão afetando a configuração sócio-espacial da região metropolitana. Nesse sentido, avaliando as razões da mobilidade espacial, estar-se-á analisando a influência do espaço urbano e de fatores econômicos e políticos sobre o fluxo populacional, além de compreender de que forma esse fluxo está afetando o espaço metropolitano. Salienta-se ainda a importância de se realizar um estudo que possa ao menos levantar algumas contribuições para a elaboração de uma proposta de reordenação do espaço urbano, no sentido de democratizar seu uso. Esse estudo de planejamento urbano e regional poderia ser uma maneira de reforçar a discussão sobre o assunto, suscitando novos e mais amplos trabalhos sobre essa região metropolitana. Portanto, espera-se contribuir para os conhecimentos da Sociologia Urbana, possibilitando, até mesmo, a criação de um centro de pesquisa nessa área.
The Illegal Dumping of Waste in Forest Areas - Evidence from Rural Territory
Authors: MIHAI Florin Constantin
Published: July 2018

Household waste generated is often uncollected in rural areas causingvarioustypes of pollution like: air and water pollution, soil pollution and theaestheticdegradation of the landscape. The environmental legislation proposed by theEuropean Union was transposed into the national legislation but theimplementation process was difficult because of particular situationsencountered in practice. The rudimentary infrastructure of waste managementand limited access to waste collection services lead to uncontrolledhousehold waste disposal. In this context, the geographical location ofrural settlements influences the way of waste disposal either on riverbanks or open dumps placed on roadsides or forest areas with variousenvironmental implications. Those, forest areas in the proximity of humansettlements or recreation areas become vulnerable to waste pollution. Evenif local authorities are obliged to provide waste collection facilitiessince July 16, 2009, the illegal dumping of waste in forests is stillNpresent. This situation is reflected by field observations from Suceava andNeam counties. Usually, forest areas affected by uncontrolled wastedisposal are located in hilly regions or sub-Carpathian areas. Thedegradation of these areas is visible and this can have a negativeinfluence not only on the environment but also on tourism activities
How socioeconomic and institutional conditions at the household level shape the environmental effectiveness of governmental PES: China’s Sloping Land Conversion Program
Authors: Chen Cheng , Matzdorf Bettina , Meyer Claas , König Hannes , Zhen Lin
Published: July 2018

As the world's largest Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) program, China’s Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) is designed to combat soil erosion and ongoing land degradation by converting crop land on steep slopes into forests. Operating through an incentive-based approach, the SLCP involved 32 million rural households as the core agents for program implementation. In this paper, we aim to fill a research gap regarding the condition for environmental effectiveness at the household level. In particular, we analyzed how institutional and socio-economic conditions influence rural households to reach the primary environmental goals. Based on a broad literature review, we analyzed relevant conditions based on 59 interviews with SLCP participants at the household level to combine these data with field-observed evaluation of the environmental effects on enrolled plots. Using fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), our results show that the pathway to environmental success or failure at the household level has been shaped by local institutional and socio-economic conditions in a combinatory manner. As the key components of successful pathways, the combination of household involvement and effective monitoring plays a fundamental role. However, in the absence of certain conditions, the environmental effectiveness of SLCP may be in danger. Based on our result, we discuss the potentials and shortcomings of using short-term governmental PES to realize long-term environmental effects.