bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cavitation in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
Authors: Sederstrom Donn , Rodrigues Rafael Valotta , Lengsfeld Corinne
Published: July 2020

Therapeutic proteins are used to successfully treat hemophilia, Crohn’s Disease, diabetes, and cancer. Recent product recalls have occurred because of sub-visible particle formation resulting from the inherent instability of proteins. It has been suggested that particle formation is associated with late stage processing steps of filling, shipping, and delivery. Previous works demonstrated that cavitation might occur in therapeutic vials subjected to agitation or accidentally dropped, but that mitigation can be achieved with fluid property manipulation. The goal of this research was to (1) assess the risk of cavitation under common pharmaceutical manufacturing conditions (i.e., pipe contraction and pumps), (2) establish a simple threshold criterion for when particulate will form, and (3) suggest a series of mitigation techniques based on these thresholds. To accomplish these tasks, computational fluid dynamic simulations for a variety of pipe contraction and fluid properties were performed. The results of this research show that reducing the turbulence in a fluid system will reduce the likelihood of cavitation. Additionally, threshold bounds were created that establish a definitive transition at which cavitation will occur.
Continuing Wetland Degradation Dissociates Socio-Ecological Systems and Affects Interconnected Goals of Environmental Health, Equity and Wellbeing: A case Study from the Lower Gangetic Floodplains
Authors: ADHYA TIASA , BANERJEE SAYAN
Published: July 2020

Unplanned urbanisation and industrialisation have severely degraded natural ecosystems, particularly wetlands. The Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin support 630 million inhabitants; yet continue to be altered rapidly, jeopardizing the region’s social and ecological integrity. By conducting qualitative interviews and participant observation in a wetland dependent village located in the Lower Gangetic Floodplains we investigated how degrading wetlands in sub-urban landscapes were affecting socio-ecological systems. Not only did the wetlands provide livelihood options, mainly fishing and farming, but also provided prestige and autonomy. Vulnerable sections of the society across class, age and gender were solely dependent on the wetland. In absence of political will to safeguard wetland health, industries emerged by altering wetlands, which hampered local community’s livelihood and lifestyle. Further, our study demonstrated that local ecological knowledge could provide qualitative baseline information for fast-tracking identification of important wetlands and creating inventories to initiate wetland conservation and management. Finally, we recommend local governance structures should be strongly tied to international or national wetland policies so that wetland functions along with human health and well-being could be sustained. We strongly advocate that contradictions in policies be resolved to strengthen efforts to conserve wetlands which provide resilience to marginal communities in the face of calamities.
Pemasaran Desain Produk Prespektif Hukum Ekonomi Syariah
Authors: Atabik Ahmad
Published: July 2020

Marketing strategy is a statement (both implicit and explicit) about how a brand or product line reaches its goal. Meanwhile, Tull and Kahle (1990) defined a fundamental tool strategy planned to achieve company goals by developing sustainable competitive advantages through the market entered and marketing programs used to serve the target market. In each step, marketing activities and activities must always be based on Islamic shari'a. Sharia marketing believes that these divine laws are the most ideal, the most perfect, most appropriate for all forms of goodness and most can prevent all forms of damage. A Shari'ah marketer even though he is not able to see God, he will always feel that God is always watching him. So that he will be able to avoid all kinds of actions that cause other people to be deceived.
Pengelolaan Manajemen Risiko Sebagai Upaya Tindakan Preventif Pada Pembiayaan Mudharabah
Authors: Cahyadi Iwan Fahri
Published: July 2020

Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan ekonomi di suatu  negara tidak terlepas dari peran institusi di dalamnya, misalnya lembaga keuangan. Semakin banyak jumlah lembaga keuangan yang sehat mengindikasikan aktivitas dan produktivitas ekonomi suatu negara tersebut sangat baik. Tolok ukur pertumbuhan dan perkembangan dapat dilihat dari indikator diantaranya tingkat inflasi di bawah 5%, turunnya jumlah angka pengangguran, Pendapatan Domestik Brutto (PDB) yang meningkat, turunnya jumlah angka kemiskinan, cadangan devisa bertambah, dan lain sebagainya.

 

Indonesia pada tahun 2017 tergolong negara yang memiliki kondisi ekonomi yang prospektif, hal ini dapat dilihat dari indikator ekonomi yang tergolong baik. Maka tidak heran bila lembaga keuangan baik bank maupun non bank tumbuh pesat di Indonesia, tidak terkecuali lembaga pembiayaan syariah.

 

Indonesia, dengan jumlah penduduk hampir 260 juta jiwa yang  terdiri dari 70% penduduknya berusia produktif (15-64 tahun) merupakan sumber daya yang tidak bisa diabaikan dalam menggerakkan roda perekonomian. Bagi bisnis syariah ini merupakan peluang yang sangat besar, kondisi ini juga didukung oleh hampir sebagian besar atau mayoritas penduduk Indonesia beragama islam.

Bisnis adalah suatu aktivitas yang selalu berhadapan dengan resiko dan return. Bank syari’ah adalah salah satu unit bisnis. Dengan demikian, bank syari’ah juga akan menghadapi resiko manajemen bank itu sendiri. Bahkan kalau dicermati lebih mendalam, bank syari’ah merupakan bank yang syarat dengan resiko, karena dalam menjalankan aktivitasnya banyak berhubungan dengan produk-produk bank yang banyak mengandung resiko, seperti produk mudharabah. Demikian pula resiko yang diakibatkan karena ketidakjujuran atau kecurangan nasabah dalam melakukan transaksi. Oleh karena itu, para pejabat bank syari’ah harus dapat mengendalikan resiko seminimal mungkin dalam rangka untuk memperoleh keuntungan yang optimum.

Paling tidak ada 4 (empat) hal yang berkenaan dengan resiko yang perlu dikelola secara baik, yaitu resiko pasar, resiko pembiayaan, resiko likuiditas dan resiko operasional. Apabila ke empat hal ini mampu di kelola dengan baik, maka keberhasilan bisnis syariah akan mampu tumbuh dan berkembang dengan baik serta mampu bersaing dengan lembaga pembiayaan lainnya.

Kata Kunci : Manajemen Resiko, Mudharabah, Syariah, Lembaga Keuangan, Bisnis.
An Efficient Computational Model for Class Imbalance Problem in Self-Interaction Proteins Prediction
Authors: An Ji-Yong , Zhou Yong , Yan Zi-Ji , Zhao Yu-Jun
Published: July 2020

Background: Self-interaction Proteins (SIPs) play a key role in a variety of biological activities of organisms. In consideration of the time-consuming and expensive of high-throughput methods, and the number of positive and negative samples is very imbalanced in SIPs datasets. How to develop accurate and efficient computational approaches for assisting and accelerating the study of identifying SIPs is a challenging task.Results：In the work, we proposed a new computational method called WELM-SURF for predicting SIPs. More specifically, for exploiting protein sequence feature, Position Specific Scoring Matrix (PSSM) is applied to capturing protein evolutionary information and Speed up robot features (SURF) is employed to extract key feature of protein sequence from PSSM. Take account of the advantage that the Weighted Extreme Learning Machine (WELM) has short training time, good generalization ability, and most importantly ability to efficiently execute classification for imbalanced class samples by optimizing the loss function of weight matrix. Therefore, the WELM classifier is used to perform classification based on extracted features for predicting SIPs. A large number of experiments show that the average accuracy of WELM-SURF is 95.25% and 98.79% on yeast and human dataset, respectively. We also compared our performance with Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), the state-of-the-art Support Vector Machine (SVM), and other existing methods. Compared with the experimental results, the performance of WELM-SURF in this domain is obviously better than ELM, SVM and other previous methods.Conclusion: These experimental results proved that the proposed WELM-SURF model is competent for predicting SIPs with high accuracy and robustness. It is anticipated that the WELM-SURF method is a useful computational tool to facilitate widely bioinformatics studies related to SIPs prediction. For further encouraging future proteomics research, we developed a freely available web server called WELM-SURF-SIPs. It is available at http://219.219.62.123:8888/WELMSURF/ and includes SIPs datasets and source code.
Contrasting roles of the innate receptors TREM2 versus Mincle in the recognition and response of macrophages to mycolic acid-containing lipids in mycobacterial cell walls
Authors: Iizasa Ei'ichi , Chuma Yasushi , Uematsu Takayuki , Kubota Mio , Kawaguchi Hiroaki , Umemura Masayuki , Toyonaga Kenji , Kiyohara Hideyasu , Yano Ikuya , Colonna Marco , Sugita Masahiko , Matsuzaki Goro , Yamasaki Sho , Yoshida Hiroki , Hara Hiromitsu
Published: July 2020

Mycobacterial cell-wall glycolipids elicit an anti-mycobacterial immune response via FcRγ-associated C-type lectin receptors, including Mincle, and caspase-recruitment domain family member 9 (CARD9). Additionally, mycobacteria harbor immuno-evasive cell-wall lipids associated with virulence and latency; however, their mechanism of action remains unclear. Here, we show that the DAP12-associated triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) recognizes mycobacterial cell-wall mycolic acid (MA)-containing lipids and suggest a mechanism by which mycobacteria control host immunity via TREM2. Macrophages responded to glycosylated MA-containing lipids in a Mincle/FcRγ/CARD9-dependent manner to produce inflammatory cytokines and recruit inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-positive mycobactericidal macrophages. Conversely, macrophages responded to non-glycosylated MAs in a TREM2/DAP12-dependent but CARD9-independent manner to recruit iNOS-negative mycobacterium-permissive macrophages. Furthermore, TREM2 deletion enhanced Mincle-induced macrophage activation in vitro and inflammation in vivo and accelerated the elimination of mycobacterial infection, suggesting that TREM2-DAP12 signaling counteracts Mincle-FcRγ-CARD9-mediated anti-mycobacterial immunity. Mycobacteria, therefore, harness TREM2 for immune evasion.
Simulated Aeromedical Evacuation Exacerbates Burn Induced Lung Injury: Targeting Mitochondrial DNA for Reversal
Authors: Xiao Mengjing , Zou Xiaofang , Li Bin , Li Baolong , Wu Shijian , Zhang Bo
Published: July 2020

Background: Aeromedical evacuation of patients with burn trauma is an important transport method at both wartime and peacetime, which exposes patients to prolonged periods of hypobaric hypoxia. However, the effects of such exposure on burn injury, particularly on burn induced lung injury are largely unexplored. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of hypobaric hypoxia on burn induced lung injury and to discuss the possible mechanism by using a rat burn model. Methods: Male wistar rats inflicted with 30% total body surface area burn were exposed to hypobaric hypoxia condition (simulated 2000m altitude) or normoxia control for 24 h. Deoxyribonuclease I was systemically administrated as treatment intervention. Systemic inflammatory mediators and mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid level were detected. The histopathological examination, and acute lung injury score were determined. Malonaldehyde content, myeloperoxidase activity, and the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome level in the lung tissue were measured. Data among groups were compared by using analysis of variance followed by the post hoc analysis of Tukey's test. Results: Burn resulted in remarkably higher level of systemic inflammatory cytokines and mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid release, which was further heightened by hypobaric hypoxia exposure. Moreover, hypobaric hypoxia exposure gave rise to increased NLRP3 inflammasome expression, elevated malonaldehyde content and myeloperoxidase activity in the lung. Burn induced lung injury was exacerbated as shown by histopathological examination and acute lung injury score. Administration of deoxyribonuclease I markedly reduced mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid release and systemic inflammatory cytokines production. Furthermore, NLRP3 inflammasome level in the lung tissue was decreased and burn induced lung injury was ameliorated. Conclusions: Our results suggested that simulated aeromedical evacuation further increased the burn induced mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid release and exacerbated burn induced inflammation and lung injury. Deoxyribonuclease I reduced the release of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid and limited the mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid-induced systemic inflammation, ameliorated burn-induced acute lung injury. Intervening mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid level could be a potential target to protect from burn-induced lung injury during aeromedical conditions and provide with safer air evacuations for severely burned patients.
Blood Lead Alters The Anemia Status of Malaria Infected Children in Katanga Kampala Uganda.
Authors: Mukisa Ambrose K , Kasozi Denis M , Aguttu Claire , Vuzi Peter C. , Kyambadde Joseph
Published: July 2020

Background: Uganda, like other malaria endemic countries, childhood anemia due to malaria infection, malnutrition and social disadvantages remains a health challenge. Other contributing factors towards the pathogenesis of this disease like blood lead have not been fully explored. Persistent lead exposure accounts for one’s blood lead levels and other many health outcomes. Recent studies report elevated environmental lead levels in urban Uganda with anthropogenic activities including leaded paints, leaded fuels spillages, lead-contaminated air, water and soils listed as major sources. Blood lead (BL) alters iron bioavailability by competitively blocking iron absorption hence anemia. BL inhibits key enzymes ferrochelatase and aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) involved in hemoglobin (Hb) biosynthesis resulting into elevated free erythrocyte protoporphyrin (FEP). Children in this area are generally anemic due chronic exposure to malaria parasites that thrive on their red blood cells for survival. Concomitant exposure to both malaria infection and lead pollution, exerbates the anemia status of these children. This study therefore aimed at expounding the anemia status of these Ugandan children simultaneously living exposed to both malaria infection and environmental lead pollution. Methods: Briefly venous blood samples from 198 children were microscopically assayed for malaria parasite density, hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations by the cyanmethemoglobin method, BL levels by the standard atomic absorption spectrophotometric method and FEP levels by the standard fluorimetric method. Results: A total of 151/198 (76.3%) children were analyzed with moderate anemia (Hb <10>5 g/dL) while 8/198 (4%) had severe anemia (<5 g/dL). They had means of BL levels (9.3 µg/dL), Hb (7.5 g/dL), FEP/Hb (8.3 µg/g) and parasite density (PD) (3.21×103 parasites / µL). There was weak negative correlation between PD and Hb (r = -0.231, R2= 0.15 P-value < 0.001), as compared to that between FEP/Hb and Hb (r = -0.6, R2=0.572 P-value=0.001). Conclusion: Basing on this study’s findings, we conclude that BL is a significant contributor to anemia pathogenesis and therefore its co-existence with plasmodium malaria infection in the host exerbates the anemia status.Trial registration: Not applicable
COVID-19 Inmate Risk Appraisal (CIRA): Development and validation of a screening tool to assess COVID-19 vulnerability in prisons
Authors: Gonçalves Leonel C. , Baggio Stéphanie , Weber Michael , Gétaz Laurent , Wolff Hans , Singh Jay P. , Naegeli Andreas , Rossegger Astrid , Endrass Jérôme
Published: July 2020

Objectives. To develop and validate a screening tool designed to identify detained people at increased risk for COVID-19 mortality, the COVID-19 Inmate Risk Appraisal (CIRA). Design. Cross-sectional study with a representative sample (development) and a case-control sample (validation).Setting. The two largest Swiss prisons.Participants. (1) Development sample: all male persons detained in Pöschwies, Zurich (n=365); (2) Validation sample: case-control sample of male persons detained in Champ-Dollon, Geneva (n=192, matching 1:3 for participants at risk for severe course of COVID-19 and participants without risk factors).Main outcome measures. The CIRA combined seven risk factors identified by the World Health Organization and the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health as prognosis of severe COVID-19 to derive an absolute risk increase in mortality rate: Age ≥60, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, chronic respiratory disease, immunodeficiency, and cancer. Results. Based on the development sample, we proposed a three-level classification: average (<3.7), elevated (3.7-5.7), and high (>5.7) risk. In the validation sample, the CIRA identified all individuals considered vulnerable by national recommendations (having at least one risk factor). The category “elevated risk” maximized sensitivity (1) and specificity (.97). The CIRA had even higher capacity in discriminating vulnerable individuals according to clinical evaluation (a four-level risk categorization based on a consensus of medical staff). The category “elevated risk” maximized sensitivity and specificity (both 1). When considering the individuals classified as extremely high risk by medical staff, the category “high risk” had a high discriminatory capacity (sensitivity=.89, specificity=.97). Conclusions. The CIRA scores have a high discriminative ability and will be important in custodial settings to support decisions and prioritize actions using a standardized valid assessment method. However, as knowledge on risk factors for COVID-19 mortality is still limited, the CIRA should be considered preliminary. Underlying data will be updated regularly on the website www.prison-research.com, where the CIRA algorithm is freely available.
Pesticide Use In Vegetable Production In Rural Uganda - A Case Study of Kabale District, South Western Uganda
Authors: Ngabirano Hannington , Birungi Grace
Published: July 2020

A study to investigate commonly grown vegetables, commonly used pesticides, and pesticide use practices was conducted in Kabale District, in south-western Uganda. This is because indiscriminate pesticide use and poor application practices can leave pesticide residues in food rendering it unsafe for consumption. The study revealed extensive pesticide application in Brassica oleracea; var. capitata (cabbage), Brassica oleracea; var. botrytis (cauliflower), Solanum lycopersicum, (tomato) and Beta vulgaris (beet root). Information obtained using interviews revealed that 16.5% traders sell pesticides and 70% farmers spray pesticides on vegetables. Only 18% of farmers could interpret instructions correctly on a given pesticide container label. All farmers (100%) had never attended any pesticide use training. Cypermethrin, dimethoate, dichlorvos, metalaxyl, profenofos, malathion and mancozeb were common pesticides used in spraying vegetables however 42% of the farmers mixed different pesticides for use. Limited knowledge about pesticide application, inability to interpret instructions, non-observation of waiting period before harvesting, mixing pesticides and lack of training on pesticide use for farmers are potential risks to food safety. There is need to address knowledge gaps on safer pesticide application in order to attain safe agricultural productivity for sustainable food security, human health and community development in Kabale District, Uganda.
Morphology and Morphogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero-E6 cells
Authors: Vieira Debora Ferreira Barreto , Silva Marcos Alexandre Nunes da , Garcia Cristiana Couto , Miranda Milene Dias , Matos Aline Rocha , Caetano Braulia , Resende Paola Cristina , Mota Fernando , Siqueira Marilda Mendonça , Barth Ortrud Monika
Published: July 2020

The coronaviruses (CoVs) called the attention of the world for causing outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV), in Asia in 2002-03, and respiratory disease in the Middle East (MERS-CoV), in 2012. In December 2019, yet again a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) first identified in Wuhan, China, was associated with a severe respiratory infection, known today as COVID-19. This new virus is highly transmissible, and quickly spread throughout China and 30 additional countries. As result, the World Health Organization (WHO) elevated the status of the COVID-19 outbreak from emergency of international concern to pandemic on March 11, 2020. The impact of COVID-19 on public health and economy fueled a worldwide race to approve therapeutic and prophylactic agents, but so far, there are no specific antiviral drugs or vaccines available. In current scenario, the development of in vitro systems for viral mass production and for testing antiviral and vaccine candidates proves to be an urgent matter. Research groups around the world are strongly focused on this, and the susceptibility of different cell lines to SARS-CoV-2 infection has already been demonstrated by molecular techniques. However, data on the biology of SARS-CoV-2 at the ultrastructural level in these in vitro models is still scarce. In this study, we documented, by transmission electron microscopy and real-time RT-PCR, the infection of Vero-E6 cells with SARS-CoV-2 samples isolated from Brazilian patients. The infected cells presented cytopathic effects and SARS-CoV-2 particles were observed attached to the cell surface and inside cytoplasmic vesicles. The entry of the virus into cells occurred through the endocytic pathway or by fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane. Assembled nucleocapsids were verified inside rough endoplasmic reticulum cisterns (RER). Viral maturation seemed to occur by budding of viral particles from the RER into smooth membrane vesicles. Therefore, the susceptibility of Vero-E6 cells to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the viral pathway inside the cells were demonstrated by ultrastructural analysis.
Estimation of Roll Damping Coefficient from Roll and Trajectory Data Using Extended Kalman Filter
Authors: Gite LK , Deodhar R S
Published: July 2020

In this paper, a new method to estimate roll aerodynamic characteristics of a rolling projectiles is proposed. It is estimated from the measured roll rate and trajectory positional data using Extended Kalman Filter. Modified point mass model of trajectory modelling, in state space form, is used to represent system dynamics of Extended Kalman Filter. The roll and position data at every time step constitutes the measurement vector. Along with positions and velocities, roll damping coefficient is included as a state variable. As roll damping coefficient depends on projectile configurations and Mach number. Roll damping coefficients are estimated for two configurations viz. roll stabilized shell and fin stabilized rocket. The measurements are simulated for full flight regime to cover complete Mach regime. Estimated values are compared with known results for various Mach numbers. In both the cases estimation is in close agreement with known results.
Impact of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on bariatric care in Poland – results of national survey.
Authors: Major Piotr , Stefura Tomasz , Wysocki Michał , Małczak Piotr , Rzepa Anna , Proczko-Stepaniak Monika , Szeliga Jacek , Pędziwiatr Michał
Published: July 2020

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has reached Poland on March 4th, 2020 and undoubtedly affected all areas of life and medical care, including bariatric care. The study was planned to identify the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on bariatric care in Poland. Methods: The online survey was designed and distributed to bariatric surgeons. The questionnaire was divided into three parts: demographic characteristics of participants and their bariatric centers, examining the impact of the pandemic on the bariatric care and last part with questions about planned care after the pandemic.Results: 49 surgeons participated in the survey. 27 (55%) participants worked in hospitals transformed into COVID-dedicated units. Only 9 (18%) respondents declared uninterrupted bariatric surgery during a pandemic. 91% of surgeons declared continuation of bariatric care with telemedicine techniques. All participants declared a high willingness to resume bariatric surgery after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and responded that bariatric procedures should resume immediately when World Health Organisation (WHO) announces the end of a pandemic regardless of oncological treatment. 90% of respondents believe that the pandemic will not affect the safety of bariatric procedures in the future.Conclusions: Access to bariatric care during the pandemic is limited and redirected to telemedicine. Surgeons are ready to resume bariatric operations immediately after the pandemic, but its end is difficult to determine. In surgeons’ opinion pandemic will not affect the safety of bariatric surgery in the future. The extended waiting list and financial aspects will be the main issues after the pandemic.
Dynamics of sickness rate in 15–17- year-old girls in the Russian Federation
Authors: Banteva M. N. , Manoshkina E. M. , Matveev E. N.
Published: July 2020

The children’s health condition in the Russian Federation, including adolescents, has been characterized by negative trends in the past thirty years.

Objective. To identify the main trends in sickness rate (both total and registered for the first time) in 15–17-year-old girls in the Russian Federation, as well as to track the quantity and dynamics of chronicity of diseases by classes and types.

Material and methods. The authors analyzed the data of form №12 of the federal statistics in 2000–2017 using the descriptive statistics method.

Results. The researchers revealed a significant increase both in the total sickness rate from 1613,8 to 2532,5 per 1,000 girls (by 56,9%) and in the sickness rate registered for the first time from 967,5 to 1577,3 per 1,000 girls (by 63,0%). The increase in total incidence is observed in the most classes of diseases: neoplasms (2,4 times), injuries, poisoning and some other consequences of external causes (2,4 times), congenital anomalies (malformations; 2,3 times), cardiovascular diseases (2 times), diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (2 times). Also there was revealed the increase in the incidence registered for the first time in the overwhelming majority of classes of diseases, for example: injuries, poisoning and some other consequences of external causes (2,5 times), diseases of the nervous system (2,2 times), cardiovascular diseases (2 times), neoplasms (2 times), diseases of the ear and mastoid process (2 times), diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (1,9 times). High index of the chronicity for all classes of diseases reflect the initially high level of chronic pathology in 15–17-year-old girls, which is an unfavorable characteristic of their health condition. Having analyzed the chronization index the authors revealed its maximum growth for congenital anomalies (malformations; by 31,1%) and neoplasms (by 23,0%), and for certain nosologies: menstrual disorders (5,8 times) and renal failure (4,2 times).

Conclusion. The health of children, and especially adolescents, determines the national health in the nearest future; therefore, its preservation and improvement require thorough attention.
Pediatric sepsis – time to reach agreement
Authors: Lekmanov A. U. , Mironov P. I.
Published: July 2020

Objective:to present the evolution and modern concept of pediatric sepsis.

According to many authors, pediatric sepsis is considered to be the main cause of death from infectious diseases; and the mortality is associated with a late diagnosis and non-compliance with treatment guidelines. The article discusses the evolution of views on sepsis over the past 30 years. It analyzes the changes of sepsis concepts in adults from Sepsis-1 to Sepsis-3. Currently, sepsis is considered as a life-threatening organ dysfunction due to dysregulation of the body’s response to infection rather than a progressive systemic inflammation. Since sepsis is based on a pathobiological process, its definitions should be applied both to adults and children. However, the terminology and intensive care of pediatric sepsis is beyond the recommendations of Sepsis-3. Over the last 3 years the scientists have studied various pediatric scales to verify sepsis and introduce the Sepsis-3 ideology into pediatrics. Currently, the consensus and multidisciplinary approach of pediatricians and intensive care physicians is extremely important to achieve real success in early diagnosis and reduce mortality in children with sepsis.
Fever in children: review of national and international studies and clinical guidelines
Authors: Lokshina E. E. , Zaytseva O. V. , Zaytseva S. V.
Published: July 2020

Fever in children is one of the most common reasons for seeking medical care and use of antipyretic drugs. The reasons can be various. It is extremely important for the pediatrician to find the cause of the fever and prescribe adequate therapy. Antipyretic drugs are symptomatic, they only relieve the condition of the child and improve the quality of life. The article reviews national and international studies and clinical guidelines of professional communities on fever in children. Currently, only ibuprofen and paracetamol fully meet the safety and efficacy criteria, and they are recommended for use in pediatric practice as antipyretic drugs.
Clinical and immunological characteristic of children with congenital infections and perinatal HIV contact, considering their HIV status
Authors: Denisenko V. B. , Simovanyan E. M.
Published: July 2020

Relevance.The study of the etiological structure, clinical features of congenital infections and the immune status of children with perinatal HIV contact will help to improve the program for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these diseases.

Objective.To characterize the clinical features of congenital infections and changes in the immune system in children with perinatal HIV contact, taking into account their HIV status.

Methods.A clinical, serological, molecular genetic, cytological, immunological examination of 203 children with perinatal HIV contact, including 91 HIV-positive patients and 112 HIV-negative patients.

Results.Congenital infections were diagnosed in 43.3% of children with perinatal HIV contact. They were characterized by a predominance of cytomegalovirus (30%) and Chlamydia trachomatis (14.3%) in the etiological structure; those infections proceeded as a mono-infection (61.4%) or in a localized form (52.5%). In the group of HIV-positive children, congenital infections developed in 68.1% of patients. In most cases congenital infections were caused by cytomegalovirus (45.1%), herpes simplex virus (6.6%) and bacteria (11%); they proceeded as an associated infection (46.8%), and in a clinically manifest localized (61.3%) and generalized forms (33.9%). The clinical features of congenital infections in HIV-infected children were associated with more significant disorders in the immune system, especially in T-cell link.

Conclusion.The revealed clinical and immunological features of congenital infections in children with perinatal HIV contact must be considered during diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive procedures.
Military Diaries: Content, Features, and Potential (Based on the Great Patriotic War Sources)
Authors: Kuznetsov A. S.
Published: July 2020

The present research featured the content, specific features, and potential of military diaries as a historical source in the anthropology of the Great Patriotic War. The study was based on the views of the leading Soviet and modern specialists in the field of source studies and historical methodology. The author defined three approaches to the place of diaries in the classification of historical sources: 1) diaries as ego-documents, 2) military diaries as memoirs, 3) diaries as a separate group of personal documents. The research objective was to determine the potential of military diaries as a source for anthropological studies of the Great Patriotic War. The method of content analysis revealed the most important aspects for the dairy writers in extreme military environment. The biographical method based on the diary analysis made it possible to describe the image of homo militaris during the Great Patriotic War. Military diaries demonstrated a great potential for studies of war routine, healthcare, psychology, and enemy perception through the eyes of an ordinary military participant, the psychology of warring man, the perception of an enemy during World War I.
The Great Purge of the 1930s in the Town of Leninsk-Kuznetskiy (Based on the Materials of the Newspapers "Leninskiy Shakhter" and "Sovetskaia Sibir")
Authors: Ovchinnikov V. A.
Published: July 2020

The research featured the repressions of the 1930s, or the Great Purge. The article focuses on the case of the town of Leninsk-Kuznetskiy. The study was based on materials obtained from the press of that time (newspapers "Leninskiy Shakhter" and "Sovetskaia Sibir"), the State archive of the Kemerovo region, and scientific publications. The author highlighted the so-called Children’s Case and the trial of NKVD officers. Both events occurred in 1939 and marked the end of the Great Terror of 1937–1938. The repressions that took place in Leninsk-Kuznetskiy proved more severe than in the rest of Kuzbass. The author proposes several reasons for that fact. First of all, the town failed to meet the goals of industrial development during the first five-year plans, and the plans for coal mining industry were impossible. Second, the town owed its rapid increase in population to the categories that later would be called "enemies of the people". Third, the local NKVD desperately wanted to become the best in the West Siberia. The fact that the purges received abundant media coverage disproves the popular opinion that average public did not know about the repressions. The author developed an approach to newspapers as a historical source on the history of the Great Purge. If one factors in the specifics of this source, archival newspapers can be a reliable source about the Great Terror and the mechanisms of public opinion formation. However, newspapers alone cannot restore the full picture of local repressions, which requires a wide range of sources.
The Concept of Italiano Neostandard
Authors: Zholudeva L. I.
Published: July 2020

In modern sociolinguistics the term "italiano neostandard" ("Neo-standard Italian") has been in use for a few decades already. However, in Russian linguistic terminology it still lacks a well-established translation equivalent. The research objective was to prove that it has deeply-rooted theoretical premises. Until the second part of the XX century, literary Italian (italiano standard) was mainly used in writing by intellectual élite, and for centuries (since XVI c.) its codified norm altered little – if at all – and was only apt for high-flown language (that is what the term "Standard Italian" refers to). In modern Italy, literary language has a wide range of functions and uses, and its variation patterns have considerably changed. The new language norm typical of Neo-standard Italian is much more versatile: it takes into account stylistic, regional, and social parameters of language variation. With all that in mind, the concept of Neo-standard Italian still remains ambiguous in the sense that its relationship with Standard Italian can be seen both as one ousting the other and as their coexistence. The problem of finding a suitable translation equivalent for the term "Neo-standard Italian", thus, reflects the dubious character of the concept itself.
Temporal trends of climatic variables and water footprint of rice and wheat production in Punjab, India from 1986 to 2017
Authors: Kashyap Durba , Agarwal Tripti
Published: July 2020

The agriculture sector is vulnerable to climate change and related changes in the hydrological cycle. In order to understand the changes in climatic variables and their implications for agricultural water consumption, the present study aims to analyse the temporal variability of climatic factors and water footprint (WF) of rice and wheat during the period 1986–2017 in Ludhiana, Punjab. Further, it aims to identify the dominant climatic factors that cause variation in reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and WF of rice and wheat. WF was estimated using CROPWAT, and Path analysis was used to determine the dominant climate variables. Temporal trends of climate variables were analysed using the Mann–Kendall test. The total WF of both rice and wheat shows a significant declining trend over the past 32 years. Sunshine duration and wind speed were the dominant factors influencing the variability of total WF of rice and wheat, respectively, whereas rainfall strongly influenced the green and blue WF of rice and wheat. Rainfall had a high variability, and consequently, irrigation water requirement was highly fluctuating. This indicates the significant impact of present and projected erratic pattern of precipitation on agriculture due to climate change and reiterates the importance of adaptive measures like rainwater harvesting and capacity building.
Use of alternative organic compounds in the initial growth and quality of Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell. Brenan) seedlings
Authors: Santos Edson de Oliveira , Arauco Adriana Miranda de Santana , Dias Bruno de Oliveira , Araújo Emanuel França , Boechat Cácio Luiz , Porto Dayara Lins
Published: July 2020

The use of renewable materials as a source of nutrients, besides being a solution of interest for waste disposal, may also be an effective way to reduce the high costs of inputs needed for the production of forestry seedlings. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth of Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell. Brenan) (angico branco) cultivated in organic substrates. A randomized block design was adopted and the treatments were distributed in a 3 × 5 factorial scheme, with three organic residues: decomposed burity (moriche palm) stem, carnaúba straw and organic compost mixed with the soil in four percentages: 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of the composition of substrate and a control treatment with soil only, without incorporating the organic residue, with six repetitions. Ninety days after emergence, the seedlings were collected to determine the growth parameters: stem diameter (SD), height (H), of the following indexes: H/D, leaf number (LN), total chlorophyll (T), leaf area (LA), dry mass of the aerial part (DMAP), dry mass of roots (DMR), total dry mass (TDM) H/DMAP: DMAP/DMR, and Dickson Quality Index (DQI). The treatments that contained 60% and 80% of organic compost presented the best responses. It is concluded that the production of angico branco seedlings cultivated with substrate with the addition of 80:20 (organic compost: soil) presented the best results and was technically feasible according to the characteristics and indexes analyzed.
EFFECT OF COMBINATION OF AQUEOUS LEAF EXTRACTS OF PSIDIUM GUAJAVA LINN AND MORINGA OLEIFERA LAM ON DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: JAYAMOL MATHEW ANU , ASHLEY REJI , NITHYA JOHNS , SHIJINA SHAMSUDEEN
Published: July 2020

Objective: To determine the anti-diabetic activity of combined aqueous extracts (1:1mixture) of dry leaves of Psidium guajava linn and Moringa oleifera lam as well as to compare the anti-diabetic activity of these plants by in vitro methods.

Methods: In vitro alpha amylase inhibitory assay was performed on porcine alpha amylase and the absorbance was measured at 540 nm using a microplate reader and glucose diffusion inhibitory assay using dialysis membrane. Acarbose was used as the standard in the above mentioned methods.

Results: The mixture (1:1) of aqueous plant extracts (at a concentration of 100µg/ml) of Psidium guajava linn and Moringa oleifera lam exhibited 72.08333% inhibition with IC50 value of 10.9µg/ml. The leaf extracts of Psidium guajava (at a concentration 100µg/ml) exhibited 71.23288% of a α amylase inhibitory activity with an IC50 values 19.883µg/ml whereas the leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera (at a concentration of 100µg/ml) exhibited 70.58824% of α amylase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 27.974 µg/ml. The Acarbose (standard drug) at a concentration of 100µg/ml showed 72.09302% inhibitory effect on the α amylase activity with an IC50 value 8.9µg/ml. In glucose diffusion inhibition assay the mixture of plant extracts exhibited 76.57% inhibition at 150 min which produces more effects than the two plants. The aqueous extract of Psidium guajava leaves exhibited maximum glucose diffusion inhibition (75.32%) at 150 min as well as Moringa oleifera leaf extract showed the maximum inhibition of 73.70% at the same time interval. For acarbose the percentage was 82.74 at 150 min. The interpretation of the results was done by one-way anova method.

Conclusion: The combined extract of the leaves of the 2 plants was found to be more effective than individual plant extracts against diabetes. On comparison of two plants Psidium guajava was found to be more active against diabetes than Moringa oleifera. Also the potentiation effect shown by the combination of extract may be due to synergistic effect of the phytochemical constituents. As the 1:1 mixture of the aqueous extract is found to be more active, the combination of the two plants can be used to formulate drugs for treating diabetes.
EFFECT OF PAROXETINE IN ANXIETY DISORDER AMONG SCHOOL DROPOUT TEENAGER IN SOUTH INDIAN POPULATION
Authors: CHANDRAN PADMA PRIYA , S. SINDHU , S. NAVANEETHAKRISHNAN , S. SASIKUMAR , S. KARTHIK
Published: July 2020

Objective: Anxiety disorders are the most common group of psychiatric illnesses in children. This study is to observe the effectiveness of Paroxetine in anxiety disorder among teenagers in South India population using Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) and to screen the possible risk for paroxetine in anxiety disorder among teenagers.

Methods: This study is a prospective observational study that was conducted for a period of 6 mo. Of 84 teenage patients with anxiety disorder assessed using Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) were followed-up in an outpatient psychiatric ward. Study population includes both sexes, age group between 13 to 19 y, Teenage patient receiving paroxetine for anxiety disorder were included and patients unwilling to give written informed consent or assent form were excluded.

Results: Out of 84 patients the prevalence of symptoms before the drug treatment, 65 patients were falling in very severe category, which was assessed by HAM-A scale. Then reassessed with drug Paroxetine at week 4 and week 8. There was a drastic reduction in the prevalence of symptoms in week 8 than compared to week 4. A significant reduction in body weight was also observed during the study period. Among various side effects, nausea was the prominent risk found during the study.

Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that paroxetine is effective and well-tolerated for the treatment of various types of anxiety disorder in teenagers with few side effects.
REFLECTIONS AND PERSPECTIVES ON BIOSIMILARS IN BRAZIL
Authors: ARAUJO RENATA LUZES , MOSEGUI GABRIELA BITTENCOURT GONZALEZ , VIANNA CID MANSO D. E. MELLO , VILLAR FERNANDO ANTONANZAS , CATAO THAIS PEREIRA
Published: July 2020

Objective: Biological agents are among the medicines with the highest revenue in the world market. Biosimilars are copies of biological products introduced into the market to offer clinical efficacy like the originator or reference product at lower prices. This study aimed to verify the characteristics and price differences between biological medicines registered and marketed in Brazil until the end of 2019.

Methods: All records were collected by November 2019 on the website of the National Health Surveillance Agency (Anvisa). The list of the Chamber of Regulation of the Medicines Market (CMED) consulted for the price analysis, has an economic classificatory criterion with eight ranges. Categorization, according to the date/period of authorization for marketing, was also made.

Results: At Anvisa site, there are 144 drugs present in 277 products distributed in three regulatory categories: new, biological, and similar. Approximately 73% of drugs have been approved in the past five years. Three classes represent 77.9% of all drugs-antineoplastics and immunomodulatory agents (38.6%), blood and blood organ forming (20.7%), and alimentary tract and metabolism (18.6%). Of the 178 products listed in the CMED, 26 (14.6%) have prices above 10,000 reais.

Conclusion: The prices of original products, for most of the inputs, are lower than those of biosimilars, reversing the international logic.
METHYLPREDNISOLONE INDUCED HYPOKALEMIA IN AN IDIOPATHIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA (ITP) PATIENT
Authors: ARRANG SHERLY TANDI , COKRO FONNY
Published: July 2020

We reported an Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) patient, 66-years-old (woman), with hypokalemia. She received 125 mg three times daily of methylprednisolone injection for her ITP. Corticosteroids are the initial treatment of ITP. Her potassium level decrease after she took methylprednisolone. Hypokalemia is also a common problem affecting the elderly or geriatric population. Many literatures reported side effects of corticosteroid is associated with hypokalemia. Monitoring potassium levels must be check during corticosteroid therapy. In this report, we describe the association between corticosteroid with hypokalemia effect.
ASSESSMENT OF 10-YEAR RISK OF DEVELOPING A MAJOR CARDIOVASCULAR EVENT IN PATIENTS ATTENDING A HOSPITAL FOR THE TREATMENT OF OTHER DISORDERS
Authors: SWAROOPA M. MAHIMA , PRAVEEN REDDY , SAHEB S. K. LAL , RINNISHA S. K. SAI , SARANYA P. , TEJA D. AAKASH , KUMAR G. VIJAYA
Published: July 2020

Objective: To assess the individual’s predicted risk of developing a CVD event in 10 y using risk scores among persons with other disorders/diseases.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study conducted for a period of 6 mo among 283 subjects. Total risk was estimated individually by using Framingham Risk Scoring Algorithm and ASCVD risk estimator.

Results: According to Framingham Risk score the prevalence of low risk (<10%) identified as 67.84% (192), followed by intermediate risk (10%-19%), 19.08% (54), and high risk (≥20%) 13.07% (37). By using ASCVD Risk estimator, risk has reported in our study population was low risk (<5%) is 48.76% (138), borderline risk (5-7.4%) is 13.07% (37), intermediate risk (7.5-19.9%) is about 25.09% (71), high risk (>20%) is about 13.07% (37).

Conclusion: In this study burden of CVD risk was relatively low, which was estimated by both the Framingham scale and ASCVD Risk estimator. Risk scoring of individuals helps us to identify the patients at high risk of CV diseases and also helps in providing management strategies.