bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Determination of Lamivudine, Zidovudine and Abacavir in Tablet Dosage Forms by RP HPLC Method
Authors: Kumar D. Anantha , Rao G. Srinivasa , Rao J. V. L. N. Seshagiri
Published: March 2012

A simple, accurate and reproducible RP‐HPLC method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of lamivudine, zidovudine and abacavir in tablet dosage forms. Chromatography was carried out on a HiQ Sil C 18 V column using a mobile phase consisting of 0.01 M potassium dihydrogen ortho‐phosphate (pH 3.0) and methanol (55:45 v/v) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL/min. The detection was made at 272 nm and stavudine was used as the internal standard for this study. The retention times for lamivudine, abacavir and zidovudine were found to be 3.8, 6.3, 8.1 min. respectively. The calibration curves were linear over the range 5‐250 μg/mL for both zidovudine and abacavir and 5‐140 μg/mL for lamivudine. The proposed method was validated as per ICH and USP guidelines and it was found suitable for the routine quality control analysis of the drugs in tablet dosage forms.
Stability Indicating RP‐HPLC Method for Determination of Valsartan in Pure and Pharmaceutical Formulation
Authors: Patro S. K. , Kanungo S. K. , Patro V. J. , Choudhury N. S. K.
Published: March 2012

A simple, rapid and accurate and stability indicating RP‐HPLC method was developed for the determination of valsartan in pure and tablet forms. The method showed a linear response for concentrations in the range of 50‐175 µg/mL using 0.01 M NH4H2PO4 (pH 3.5) buffer: methanol [50:50] as the mobile phase with detection at 210 nm and a flow rate of 1 mL/min and retention time 11.041 min. The method was statistically validated for accuracy, precision, linearity, ruggedness, robustness, forced degradation, solution stability and selectivity. Quantitative and recovery studies of the dosage form were also carried out and analyzed; the % RSD from recovery studies was found to be less than 1. Due to simplicity, rapidity and accuracy of the method, we believe that the method will be useful for routine quality control analysis.
Development and Validation of High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determination of Lamivudine from Pharmaceutical Preparation
Authors: Patro S. K. , Swain S. R. , Patro V. J. , Choudhury N. S. K.
Published: March 2012

A new, simple, specific, accurate and precise RP‐HPLC method was developed for determination of lamivudine in pure and tablet formulations. A Thermo BDS C18 column in isocratic mode, with a mobile phase consisting of 0.01 M ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer adjusted to pH 2.48 by using formic acid and methanol in the ratio of 50:50 was used. The flow rate was set at 0.6 mL/min and UV detection was carried out at 264 nm. The retention time of lamivudine and nevirapine were 2.825 min and 4.958 min respectively. The method was validated for linearity, precision, robustness and recovery. Linearity for lamivudine was found in the range of 50‐175 μg/mL. Hence, it can be applied for routine quality control of lamivudine in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.
CNS Depressant and Antiepileptic Activities of the Methanol Extract of the Leaves of Ipomoea Aquatica Forsk
Authors: Sivaraman Dhanasekaran , Muralidaran Palayan
Published: March 2012

The central nervous system (CNS) depressant and antiepileptic activities of the methanol extract of the leaves of Ipomoea aquatica Forsk (IAF) were investigated on various animal models including pentobarbitone sleeping time and hole‐board exploratory behavior for sedation tests and strychnine, picrotoxin and pentylenetetrazole‐induced convulsions in mice. IAF (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.), like chlorpromazine HCl (1 mg/kg, i.m.), produced a dose‐dependent prolongation of pentobarbitone sleeping time and suppression of exploratory behavior. IAF (200 and 400 mg/kg) produced dose‐dependent and signiﬁcant increases in onset to clonic and tonic convulsions and at 400 mg/kg, showed complete protection against seizures induced by strychnine and picrotoxin but not with pentylenetetrazole. Acute oral toxicity test, up to 14 days, did not produce any visible signs of toxicity. These results suggest that potentially antiepileptic compounds are present in leaf extract of IAF that deserve the study of their identity and mechanism of action.
Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Activity of Digera Muricata (L.) Mart.
Authors: Mathad Pratima , Mety Sundar S.
Published: March 2012

The successive Soxhlet extract of Digera muricata (L.) Mart. (Amaranthaceae) were extracted using petroleum ether, chloroform, ethanol and distilled water in ascending order of the polarity. These extracts were subjected to screening of preliminary phytochemicals tests. The results indicate the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, terpenes and saponins. These extracts further subjected to the antimicrobial activity. Among the bacteria used, the petroleum ether extract gave highest zone of inhibition at 400 µg/well against V. cholerae. Similarly, in fungi the ethanol extract exhibited highest zone of inhibition at 400 µg/well against Candida albicans.
Biological Active Cobalt(II) and Nickel(II) Complexes of 12‐Membered Hexaaza [N6] Macrocyclic Ligand Synthetic and Spectroscopic Aspects
Authors: Kumar Umendra , Chandra Sulekh
Published: March 2012

New cobalt(II) and nickel(II) complexes of 12‐membered macrocyclic Schiff ‐ base ligand containing thiosemicarbazone moiety as a part of ring have been prepared having general composition [MLX2] where M = Co(II) or Ni(II), L=3,4,9,10–tetra‐2‐furanyl‐1,2,5,6,8,11‐ hexaazacyclododeca‐7,12‐ dithione ‐ 2,4,8,10 – tetraene, X = Cl-, NO3-, NCS-. The complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic susceptibility measurements, spectral (IR, electronic, EPR) techniques and thermal analysis. Spectroscopic studies suggested a six coordinated octahedral geometry for all the complexes. The IR spectra of complexes suggest that ligand is coordinated to the metal ion through its four imines nitrogen. Conductivity measurements supported the non electrolytic nature of the complexes. The antifungal activities of complexes have been studied against a number of pathogenic fungi under laboratory conditions. The complexes showed good antifungal results. Thermal analysis of reported complexes suggests the absence of water molecule either in or outside the coordination sphere.
Stability Indicating HPLC Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Trihexyphenidyl Hydrochloride, Trifluoperazine Hydrochloride and Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride from Tablet Formulation
Authors: Shetti P. , Venkatachalam A.
Published: March 2012

A new, simple, precise, rapid, selective and stability indicating reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride, trifluoperazine hydrochloride and chlorpromazine hydrochloride from combined tablet formulation. The method is based on reverse‐phase using C‐18 (250×4.6) mm, 5 μm particle size column. The separation is achieved using isocratic elution by methanol and ammonium acetate buffer (1% w/v, pH 6.5) in the ratio of 85:15 v/v, pumped at flow rate 1.0 mL/min and UV detection at 215 nm. The column is maintained at 30 °C through out the analysis. This method gives baseline resolution. The total run time is 15 min. Stability indicating capability is established buy forced degradation experiment. The method is validated for specificity, accuracy, precision and linearity as per International conference of harmonisation (ICH). The method is accurate and linear for quantification of trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride, trifluoperazine hydrochloride and Chlorpromazine hydrochloride between 5 ‐ 15 μg/mL, 12.5‐ 37.5 μg/mL and 62.5 ‐ 187.5 μg/mL respectively.
The Removal of Dye from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption on Low Cost Adsorbents
Authors: Chamargore J. J. , Bharad J. V. , Madje B. R. , Ubale M. B.
Published: March 2012

Removal of color from aqueous solution by using low cost easily available adsorbent was conducted by batch experiment. The potential of the low cost adsorbent (Marble powder‐treated and untreated) to remove methylene red from aqueous solution were assessed at room temperature. Laboratory investigation of the potential of marble powder and sulphuric acid treated marble powder to remove dye color from aqueous solution has been studied. Parameters studied included pH, adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration and contact time. The influence of these system variables were investigated to observe the effect on the rate of dye uptake. Sulphuric acid treated marble powder has shown better adsorptive capacity than untreated marble powder and thus it has become an interesting option for dye removal from industrial effluents.
Determination of Heavy Metals in Crab and Prawn in Ojo Rivers Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Olowu R. A. , Ayejuyo O. O. , Adejoroi A. , Adewuyi G. O. , Osundiya M. O. , Onwordi C. T. , Yusuf K. A. , Owolabi M. S.
Published: March 2012

The level of heavy metals in crabs and prawns was investigated using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The mean concentration of copper in the crab was 1.56±0.87 µg/g; the mean concentration of zinc in the crab was also 0.64±1.96 ܖg/g. Chromium had the highest mean concentration of 8.936±35.4 µg/g while cadmium had the lowest mean of 1.66±1.82 µg/g lead was not detected. The mean concentration of heavy metals in prawn samples were follows: copper: 1.04±0.6 µg/g, cadmium: 0.07±0.08 µg/g, chromium: 4.06±7.00 µg/g and Zn 0.64±0.45 µg/g. Lead was not detected in prawn. The mean concentration of copper, cadmium and zinc in prawn was observed to be within the range NAFDAC standard for water and aquatic foods while crabs have higher mean concentration of heavy metals with the exception of zinc and copper are within the limit.
Conversion of Waste into Wealth: A Study in Solid Waste Management
Authors: Janakiram T. , Sridevi K.
Published: March 2012

Disposal of solid waste has been the talk of the day. An attempt has been made to dispose of the solid waste Jatropha (Kattamanakku). Aerobic composting method was employed. Properly treated solid wastes of different composition were mixed with slurries of cowdung and physicochemical parameters were measured after 30 and 60 days of composting. It was observed that percentages of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium increased as time elapsed. Water holding capacity, electrical conductivity and moisture content were found to increase, while pH and C/N ratio have been observed to decrease.
Synthesis and X‐Ray Single Crystal Structures of Cadmiym(II) Complexes: CdCl2[CS(NHCH3)2]2 and CdCl2(CS(NH2)NHC6H5)4‐Single Source Precursors to CdS Nanoparticles
Authors: Moloto M. J. , Revaprasadu N. , Kolawole G. A. , O’brien P. , Malik M. A. , Motevalli M.
Published: March 2012

Two new cadmium(II) complexes CdCl2[CS(NHCH3)2]2 (1) and CdCl2(CS(NH2)NHC6H5)4 (2) have been synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic and x‐ray crystallographic methods. Both compounds are monomers in the solid state with the four and six coordinate and their coordination geometries based on distorted tetrahedron and distorted octahedron respectively. The thiourea ligands behave as monodentate in both compounds with the binding through sulfur. Complex (2) is one of the few examples of monomeric six coordinate Cd(II) complexes with four monodentate thiourea and two chloride ligands. The Cd‐S bond proved useful as a source of preparing nanoparticles using these complexes as single source precursor at a temperature of 250 °C in trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO).
Synthesis, Characterization and Chelating Properties of 4‐Butyrylsemicarbazone‐1‐phenyl‐3‐methyl‐2‐pyrazolin‐5‐one
Authors: Patel J. D. , Shah P. J.
Published: March 2012

4‐Butyrylsemicarbazone‐1‐phenyl‐3‐methyl‐2‐pyrazolin‐5‐one (BUMP‐SC) was prepared and its metal chelates of Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, UO2 and OV were prepared. The ligands and its chelates were characterized by elemental analysis, metal:ligand (M:L) stoichiometry, IR‐electronic spectral studies and magnetic properties. The compounds also were screened for their antimicrobial activity.
Synthesis and Analytical Study of New Chelating Resin Containing Sulfadiazine Drug
Authors: N. Abdulla Madher
Published: March 2012

A new chelating resin was prepared by mixing sulfadiazine drug and TMP (trimethylolphenol). It was polymerized by heating to 90 °C then it was post cured to 100 °C after that it was grinded. The chelating behavior was examined against Cu2+, Ni2+ using patch method in deferent conditions like treatment time and pH at room temperature. The resin show a good loading capacity toward Cu2+ (in treatment time = 3 h & pH=4) = 0.2174 mg ion / 100 mg resin and it show good loading capacity toward Ni2+ (in treatment time = 24 h & pH=4) = 0.14 mg ion / 100 mg resin.
Isolation and Characterization of Phenolic Glycoside from the Bark of Symplocos RacemosaRoxb
Authors: Vijayabaskaran M. , Yuvaraja K. R. , Babu G. , Perumal P. , Jayakar B.
Published: March 2012

A new phenolic glycoside, 3, 5 ‐ dihydroxy ‐ 2‐ (hydroxyl methyl) ‐ 6‐(3,4,5‐trimethoxy phenoxy)tetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐4‐yl, 4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxy benzoate have been isolated from the dried bark of Symplocos racemosa. The structure was identified by extensive spectral analysis, especially FT‐IR, GC‐MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR techniques. The method of isolation was simple, cost effective and efficient. The preliminary bioactivity of the compound was also evaluated. The ethanolic extract of Symplocos racemosa (EESR) was investigated for its anti‐pyretic activity against brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia. The antipyretic effect of EESR (measured as % reduction in body temperature) was compared with paracetamol (100 mg/kg, orally). EESR in dose of 200 mg/kg caused significant decrease in body temperature of rats. This study has established the antipyretic activity of Symplocos racemosaand thus, justifies the ethnic uses of the plant.
Evaluation of Haematological and Immunological Status in Type 2 Diabetics
Authors: Packiavathy A. Sohna Chandra , Ramalingam M.
Published: March 2012

Type 2 diabetes is a heterogeneous disorder involving impairment of both insulin secretion and insulin action. The immunological and haematological statuses during normal and diseased conditions have been studied. The study groups consisted of 220 patients (110 males, 110 females) and 220 age and sex matched control subjects (110 males, 110 females). The values of IgG, IgM, IgE and IgA were found to be significantly increased. Leucocyte count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were also found to be increased in the type 2 diabetics as compared to controls. The study suggests that variation in the levels of immunoglobulins and cell count may be involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Antioxidant and Hypolipidemic Effect of Plumeria Rubra L. in Alloxan Induced Hyperglycemic Rats
Authors: Merina A. John , Sivanesan D. , Begum V. Hazeena , Sulochana N.
Published: March 2012

Antioxidant and hypolipidemic activity of the flovone glycoside isolated from Plumeria rubra L. was carried in alloxan induced hyperglycemic rats. The flavonoid treatment produced a significant reduction in the level of serum triglycerides, while there was no reduction in the serum cholesterol and glucose. Antioxidant activity of the drug was also confirmed through in vitro studies.
Isolation, Characterization and Antibacterial Activity Screening of Anthocyanidine Glycosides from Alchornea Cordifolia (Schumach. and Thonn.) Mull. Arg. Leaves
Authors: Okwu Donatus Ebere , Ukanwa Nneka
Published: March 2012

From the ethanolic extract of the leaves of Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach. and Thonn.) Mull. Arg,, 5–methyl 4’ ‐propenoxy anthocyanidines 7‐O-β-D – diglucopyranoside was isolated. The structure was elucidated using NMR spectroscopy in combination with IR and MS spectral data. Antibacterial studies showed that the isolated compound successfully inhibited Pseudomonas aerguinosa, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pueumonia and Staphylococcus aureus. This result authenticates the use of the plant in phytomedicine for disease prevention and treatment of infections.
One‐Pot Synthesis, X‐Ray Diffraction and MAS NMR Spectroscopic Study of Gallosilicate Nitrate Cancrinite Na8[GaSiO4]6(NO3)4(H2O)6
Authors: Borhade Ashok V. , Wakchaure Sanjay G.
Published: March 2012

One‐pot synthetic gallosilicate nitrate cancrinite (CAN) framework topology have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions at 100 °C. The synthesized product was characterized by, X‐ray powder diffraction, IR, Raman and 29Si, 23Na MAS NMR spectroscopy, SEM and thermogravimetry. The crystal structure refinement of pure nitrate cancrinite has been carried out from X‐ray data using Rietveld refinement method. Gallosilicate cancrinite Na8[GaSiO4]6(NO3)4(H2O)6 crystalline hexagonal with space group P63 and a = 12.77981 Å (2), c = 5.20217 Å (1), (Rwp = 0.0696 Rp = 0.0527). The results by MAS NMR spectroscopy confirmed the alternating Si, Ga ordering of the gallosilicate framework for a Si/Ga ratio of 1.0. A distribution of the quadrupolar interaction of the sodium cations caused by the enclatherated water molecules and motional effects can be suggested from the 23Na MAS NMR. Thermogravimetric investigation shows the extent of nitrate entrapment, stability within the cancrinite cage and decomposition properties. SEM clearly shows the hexagonal needle shaped crystals of nitrate cancrinite.
Synthesis and Characterizations ofN2(Aryl)‐N4, N6‐bis (6, 7‐dichloro‐1, 3‐benzothiazol‐2‐yl)‐1, 3, 5‐triazine‐2, 4, 6‐triamines as Biological Potent Agents
Authors: Baldaniya B. B.
Published: March 2012

Some novel N2‐(Aryl)‐N4, N6‐bis (6, 7‐dichloro‐1, 3‐benzothiazol‐2‐yl)‐1, 3, 5‐triazine‐2, 4, 6‐triamines (4a‐u) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, NMR, and mass spectra. The products have been tested for their antibacterial activity against gram (+)ve and gram (‐)ve bacteria and also on different strains of fungi. Introduction of –OH, ‐OCH3, ‐NO2, ‐Cl and –Br groups to the heterocyclic frame work enhanced antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Studies on the Solute Solvent Interaction of Nimesulide in Aqueous Solutions of Hydrotropic Agents at Different Temperatures
Authors: Solanki Chandravir S. , Tripathy Sushree , Tripathy Minaketan , Dash Upendra N.
Published: March 2012

The present study deals with experiments so as to highlight the solute (drug nimesulide) ‐ solvent(water) interactions and related modifications in case of the presence of hydrotropic agents at different temperatures T(=298.15 to 313.15)K. Density and viscosity values of nimesulide have been determined in water in (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1 and 2) mol dm-3 aqueous solutions of hydrotropic agents (sodium benzoate, sodium salicylate, sodium bromide and nicotinamide) at temperatures 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K where as the solubility was studied at 308.15 K. From the density values, the limiting partial molar volumes and expansibilities have been calculated. The experimental viscosity values have been analyzed in terms of jones‐dole equation and on the basis of transition theory for relative viscosity.
The Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan / Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Blended Films
Authors: El-Hefian Esam A. , Nasef Mohamed Mahmoud , Yahaya Abdul Hamid
Published: March 2012

In this study, chitosan and PVA were blended at different proportions (considering chitosan as the main component) in solution forms. The chemical structure and the morphology of the obtained blend films were investigated using FTIR and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM). The thermal stability of the blend films were also studied using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Our results showed that chitosan and PVA form a compatible blend and their films displayed homogenous and smooth surface properties compared to their individual pure components. The blending of PVA with chitosan at all proportions was found to highly enhance the swelling of the obtained films compared to that of pure chitosan one.
Polyethelene Glycol‐Anthranilic Acid Composite as Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Acid Medium
Authors: Banumathi N. , Subhashini S. , Rajalakshmi R.
Published: March 2012

The polymer PGA composite was prepared by chemical oxidative method of polyethylene glycol, anthranilic acid with ammonium persulphate in oxalic acid medium. The resulted polymer was characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. The performance of the polymer polyglycol anthranilic acid composite (PGA) as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1 M HCl has been studied by weight loss, potentiodynamic and impedance spectroscopy methods. The maximum IE was found to be 97%. Experimental results were fitted to Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Electrochemical studies confirmed the inhibitive nature of the PGA composite and also the mixed nature of the inhibitor. The polymer is found to be highly efficient non‐toxic and environmentally safe.
Adsorption of Ferricyanide Ion onActivated Carbon and γ‐Alumina
Authors: Mbadcam J. Ketcha , Wouaha G. F. Tchatat , Gomdje V. Hambate
Published: March 2012

Iron‐cyanide complexes are present in soil and ground water due to anthropogenic inputs. We compared the adsorption of ferricyanide ion, on two commercial activated carbons (COM3 and COM4) and γ‐alumina (A1G) in aqueous solution. Isotherm parameters obtained from batch experiments of iron‐cyanide complex adsorption on these adsorbents were carried‐out. The mass of the adsorbents were varied at 40 mg, 60 mg and 100 mg and the inorganic ion initial concentrations, Co also varied between 3.04×10-4 and 2.43×10-3 mol/L. The equilibrium data obtained were tested by using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. These data fit well with the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models at this low inorganic ion initial concentration.
A Comparative Study of Inhibitive Effects of Some Schiff Bases on Mild Steel in Acidic Media by Mass Loss Techniques
Authors: Goyal Abha , Swami V. K. , Mathur S. P.
Published: March 2012

Mass loss techniques have been employed to study the corrosion inhibition of some newly synthesized Schiff bases. viz. N‐4‐(Diethyl amino) salicylidine‐2‐amino‐5‐chloropyridine (SB1), N‐(4‐ethylbenzalidine)‐2‐amino‐5‐chloropyridine (SB2), N‐(4‐ethylbenzalidine)‐2‐amino‐5‐bromopyridine (SB3), N‐4‐(Diethyl amino) salicylidine‐2‐amino‐5‐bromopyridine (SB4) for mild steel in HCl and H2SO4 solutions. Results of inhibition efficiencies from the mass loss technique show that Schiff bases are good inhibitors in both the acidic solutions. Inhibition efficiencies increase with the increase in the concentration of acids as well as those of inhibitors. Maximum efficiency for H2SO4 was found 99.78% and for HCl it was 97.92%.
UV Spectrophotometric Estimation of Levoceterizine Dihydrochloride in Bulk and Dosage Form
Authors: Mamatha P. , Lakshmi P. V. Anantha , Prasunamba P. L.
Published: March 2012

A new simple, rapid, accurate, sensitive and precise spectrophotometric method in ultra violet region has been developed for the determination of levoceterizine dihydrochloride (LCTZ) in bulk drug and tablet dosage form. Levoceterizine dihydrochloride exhibited maximum absorbance at 232 nm with apparent molar absorptivity of 1.5104×104 in double distilled water. Beer′s law was found to be obeyed in the concentration range of 4‐20 µg mL-1. Correlation coefficient was found to be 0.9998. Results of the analysis were validated statistically and by recovery studies. The proposed method is useful for the routine estimation of LCTZ in bulk and tablet dosage form.
Column Adsorption and Desorption Studies of Fluoride on Perchloric Acid Cross‐Linked Calcium Alginate Beads
Authors: Vijaya Y. , Krishnaiah A.
Published: March 2012

Contamination of drinking water due to fluoride is a severe health hazard problem. Excess of fluoride (>1.5 mg/L) in drinking water is harmful to the human health. Various treatment technologies for removing fluoride from ground water have been investigated in the past. Present investigation aims to remove fluoride by perchloric acid cross‐linked calcium alginate (PCA). Column flow adsorption data were utilized to obtain breakthrough curves and desorption experiment have been carried out with a view to recover the adsorbed fluoride and regenerate the PCA beads using 0.05 M EDTA. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies were used for the characterization of the adsorbent.
Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon Monoliths with Potential Application as Phenol Adsorbents
Authors: Vargas-Delgadillo Diana Paola , Giraldo Liliana , Moreno-Piraján Juan Carlos
Published: March 2012

A series of different activated carbons of both honeycomb and disc type were prepared by chemical activation of coconut shells with zinc chloride at different concentrations, without the use of a binder. The structures were characterized by N2 adsorption at 77 K and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and also some samples were characterized by immersion calorimetry in benzene. These were subsequently used in the adsorption of phenol in aqueous solution. The experimental results indicat that activation with zinc chloride produced a large development of microporosity with a micropore volume of 0.38 to 0.79 cm3 g-1, BET area between 725 and 1523 m2 g-1 and the capacity to adsorb phenol. In addition, the BET and Langmuir models were applied to isotherm data.
Determination of Heavy Metals in Fish Tissues, Water and Sediment from Epe and Badagry Lagoons, Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Olowu R. A. , Ayejuyo O. O. , Adewuyi G. O. , Adejoro I. A. , Denloye A. A. B. , Babatunde A. O. , Ogundajo A. L.
Published: March 2012

Water samples, sediments, tilapia and cat fishes from each of Epe and Badagry lagoons in Lagos State, Nigeria were analyzed quantitatively for the presence of zinc, nickel and iron using Perking Elmer atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The sediment contains higher concentration of Fe with a value of 13.30 µg/g against 8.400 µg/g in fishes and 7.30 mg/L in water. Studies on the different parts of the fish revealed higher concentrations of 4.00 µg/g Ni on the head of tilapia fish followed by 2.40 µg/g Ni in the intestine of cat fish. The highest concentration of 1.95 µg/g Zn was detected on the head of the cat fish while the lowest concentration with a value of 0.16 µg/g was recorded in tilapia head. The concentration of Zn in the water is within the limits permitted by the Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency (LASEPA) of 1.0 mg/L Zn set for water. None of the trace metals investigated was above the maximum permissible level set by world health organization ( WHO).
Liquid Chromatographic Method for Determination of Nisoldipine from Pharmaceutical Samples
Authors: Gupta Amit , Gaud Ram S. , Ganga S.
Published: March 2012

A simple and specific high performance thin layer chromatographic method was developed and validated for the determination of nisoldipine from tablet dosage form. The method was carried out at 320 nm after extraction of drug in methanol. The method uses aluminum plates pre‐coated with silica gel 60F‐254 as stationary phase and cyclohexane‐ethyl acetate‐toluene (3:3:4, v/v/v) as mobile phase. Linearity was established over a range of 400‐2400 ng per zone. Both peak area ratio and peak height ratio showed acceptable correlation coefficient i.e. more than 0.99. However we used peak area for validation purpose. Intra‐day and inter‐day precision was determined and found to have less than 6.0 % RSD.
Accumulation of Lead and Cadmium in Soil and Vegetable Crops along Major Highways in Agra (India)
Authors: Sharma Shashank , Prasad F. M.
Published: March 2012

Environmental pollution of heavy metals from automobiles has attained much attention in the recent past. The present research was conducted to study Pb and Cd level concentrations in soil and vegetations along a major highway with high traffic density. Soil and vegetable samples along highway were collected from 10 sites in Agra district (India) and analyzed for two heavy metals (lead and cadmium) using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The soil physicochemical properties were also determined. The general decrease in concentrations of these metals with distance from the highway indicates their relation to traffic. Higher accumulations of metals have been observed on vegetation and soil samples near to the highway (0‐5 m) than on vegetation and soil samples from sites a little farther away ( at 5‐10 m & 10‐15 m). This is attributed mainly to aerial deposition of the metal particulates from motor vehicles. The values of heavy metals were compared with results found by other investigators in various countries worldwide.
Development and Validation of a Precise and Stability Indicating LC Method for the Determination of Benzalkonium Chloride in Pharmaceutical Formulation Using an Experimental Design
Authors: Trivedi Harshal K. , Patel Mukesh C.
Published: March 2012

A simple, precise, shorter runtime and stability indicating reverse‐phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed and validated for the quantification of benzalkonium chloride (BKC) preservative in pharmaceutical formulation of sparfloxacin eye drop. The method was successfully applied for determination of benzalkonium chloride in various ophthalmic formulations like latanoprost, timolol, dexametasone, gatifloxacin, norfloxacin, combination of moxifloxacin and dexamethasone, combination of nepthazoline HCl, zinc sulphate and chlorpheniramine maleate, combination of tobaramycin and dexamethasone, combination of phenylephrine HCl, naphazoline HCl, menthol and camphor. The RP‐LC separation was achieved on an Purospher Star RP‐18e 75 mm × 4.0 mm, 3.0 μ in the isocratic mode using buffer: acetonitrile (35: 65, v/v), as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.8 mL/min. The methods were performed at 215 nm; in LC method, quantification was achieved with PDA detection over the concentration range of 50 to 150 μg/mL. The method is effective to separate four homologs with good resolution in presence of excipients, sparfloxacin and degradable compound due to sparfloxacin and BKC within five minutes. The method was validated and the results were compared statistically. They were found to be simple, accurate, precise and specific. The proposed method was validated in terms of specificity, precision, recovery, solution stability, linearity and range. All the validation parameters were within the acceptance range and concordant to ICH guidelines.
Molecular Interaction Study of some ortho and para Substituted Anilines with 1‐Octanol
Authors: Manjunatha M. S. , Sannappa J.
Published: March 2012

Interactions between ortho and para substituents of anilines such as chloroaniline, methylaniline and methoxyaniline with 1‐octanol have been studied in carbon tetrachloride. The most likely association of complex between 1‐octanol and substituents of anilines is 1:1 stoichiometric complex, through hydroxyl group of 1‐octanol and amine group of ortho and para substituents of anilines. Interactions are studied on the bases of formation constant and free energy changes. Formation constant of the complex has been calculated using Nash method. The result shows that molecular interaction of 1‐octanol as proton donor with methyl and chloride substitution of anilines in ortho position is smaller than the para position substitution of anilines. The results shows, the ability of acceptors is in the order p‐methoxyaniline < o‐chloroaniline<o‐methylaniline<o‐methoxyaniline <p‐chloroaniline <p‐methylaniline.
Simultaneous UV Spectrophotometric Determination of Cetrizine and Dextromethorphan in Tablet Dosage Form
Authors: Vijayalakshmi R. , Bhargavi S. , Dhanaraju M. D.
Published: March 2012

Two accurate, precise, sensitve and economical procedures for simultaneous estimation of cetrizine and dextromethorphan in tablet dosage forms have been developed. First method employs formation and solving of simultaneous equations using 230 nm and 280 nm as two analytical wavelengths for both drugs in methanol. The second method is Q‐analysis based on measurement of absorptivity at 224 nm (as isobestic point) and 280 nm (λmax of CTZ). Cetrizine and dextromethorphan at their respective λmax 280 nm and 230 nm and at 224 nm (isobestic point) shows linearity in a concentration range of 10‐30 mcg/mL for both the drugs. The recovery studies confirmed accuracy of the proposed methods and low values of standard deviation confirmed precision of the methods. The methods were validated as per ICH guidelines.
Scaled Quantum FT‐IR and FT‐Raman Spectral Analysis of 1‐Methoxynaphthalene
Authors: Govindarajan M. , Periandy S. , Ganesan K.
Published: March 2012

The structural and vibrational property of 1‐methoxynaphthalene has been studied. The fundamental vibrational frequencies and intensity of vibrational bands were evaluated using B3LYP/6‐31G (d, p) basis set and was scaled using various scale factors, which yielded a good agreement between observed and calculated frequencies. The vibrational spectra were interpreted with the aid of normal coordinate analysis. The results of the calculations were applied to simulated spectra of the title compound, which shows excellent agreement with observed spectra. The calculated force constants in vibrational internal coordinates are in closely coincides with the experimentally observed force constants.
Simple UV Spectrophotometric Determination of Duloxetine Hydrochloride in Bulk and in Pharmaceutical Formulations
Authors: Yunoos Mohammad , Sankar D. Gowri , Kumar B. Pragati , Hameed Shahul , Hussain Azmath
Published: March 2012

A new, simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method in ultraviolet region has been developed for the determination of duloxetine hydrochloride in bulk and in pharmaceutical formulations. Duloxetine hydrochloride exhibits absorption maxima at 288 nm with apparent molar absorptivity of 0.97x104 L/mol.cm in 0.1 N HCL. Beer′s law was found to be obeyed in the concentration range of 5‐30 μg/mL. The method is accurate, precise and economical. The proposed method has been applied successfully for the analysis of the drug in pure and in its capsule dosage forms. In this method, there is no interference from any common pharmaceutical additives and diluents. Results of the analysis were validated statistically and by recovery studies.
CoMFA and CoMSIA Studies on Inhibitors of HIV‐1 Integrase ‐ Bicyclic Pyrimidinones
Authors: Radhika V. , Kanth S. Sree , Vijjulatha M.
Published: March 2012

To understand the structural requirements of HIV‐1 integrase inhibitors and to design new ligands against human HIV‐1 integrase with enhanced inhibitory potency, a 3D QSAR (quantitative structure‐activity relationship) study with comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) for a dataset of 35 bicyclic pyrimidinones which are inhibitors of human HIV‐1 integrase was performed. QSAR models were computed with Sybyl. The 3D QSAR model showed very good statistical result, namely q2, r2 and r2pred values were high for both CoMFA and CoMSIA. Based on the high values for q2 and r2 we are confident that the 3D QSAR model gives good predictions that may be used to design better HIV‐1 integrase inhibitors. The CoMFA and CoMSIA models reveal that steric and electrostatic fields contribute significantly with biological activities of the studied compounds.
Study of Kinetics, Equilibrium and the Influence of Steric Effects on Proton‐Transfer in the Reactions of 2, 2, 4‐ and 2, 6‐ Substituted Anilines with 2‐Phenoxy‐3,5‐dinitropyridine in DMSO
Authors: Asghar Basim H.
Published: March 2012

Kinetic and equilibrium results for the reactions of 2‐phenoxy‐3,5‐dinitropyridine (1), with a series of 2, 2, 4‐ and 2, 6‐ substituted anilines (2a‐f), in the presence of DABCO in DMSO are reported. The reactions yield the 2‐anilino derivatives (5), without the accumulation of intermediates. Kinetics studies are compatible with a two‐step mechanism involving initial nucleophilic attack by amine at the ring carbon substituted by phenoxy group followed by either base‐catalyzed or uncatalyzed conversion to the product. The base‐catalyzed pathway is likely to involve rate‐limiting proton‐transfer from the zwitterionic intermediate to base. This work indicates a steric effect to proton transfer in reactions involving 2, 6‐disubstituted anilines. The results were compared with those for reactions of 1, 3, 5‐trinitrobenzene with anilines.
A Stability Indicating RP‐HPLC Method for the Estimation of Gemcitabine HCl in Injectable Dosage forms
Authors: Mastanamma Shaik , Ramkumar G. , Kumar D. Anantha , Rao J. V. L. N. Seshagiri
Published: March 2012

A stability indicating RP HPLC method has been developed for the determination of gemcitabine hydrochloride. Chromatography was carried out on an ODS C18 column (250×4.6 mm; 5μ) using a mixture of methanol and phosphate buffer (40: 60 v/v ) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection of the drug was monitored at 270 nm. The retention time of the drug was found to be 2.31 min. The method produced linear responses in the concentration range of 10 to 60 μg/mL of gemcitabine HCl. The method was found to be reproducible for analysis of the drug in injectable dosage forms. The stability of the drug was assessed by forced degradation studies.
Synthesis and Anti‐Inflammatory Activity of Pyrazolines
Authors: Ramesh B. , Sumana T.
Published: March 2012

Some new pyrazoline derivatives were synthesized by reacting chalcones of 2‐acetyl thiophene with phenyl hydrazine hydrochloride in the presence of alcohol. The synthesized compounds were identified by spectral data and screened for anti‐inflammatory activity. Some of these compounds showed moderate to considerable anti‐inflammatory activity.
A Validated RP‐HPLC Method for the Estimation of Levetiracetam in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulations
Authors: Rao A. Lakshmana , Jahnavi V. Naga
Published: March 2012

A rapid and sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for the estimation of levetiracetam in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. Levetiracetam was chromatographed on a reverse phase C18 column in a mobile phase consisting of 0.05 M KH2PO4 buffer (pH 3.0 adjusted with orthophosphoric acid) and methanol in the ratio 70:30 v/v. The mobile phase was pumped at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. with detection at 210 nm. The detector response was linear in the concentration of 20‐120 μg/mL. The limit of detection and limit of quantification was found to be 0.0104 and 0.0317 μg/mL, respectively. The intra and inter day variation was found to be less than 1%. The mean recovery of the drug from the solution containing 100 µg/mL was 100.038 μg/mL. The proposed method is simple, fast, accurate, precise and reproducible hence can be applied for routine quality control analysis of levetiracetam in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.
Effect of Ionic Charge on the Adsorption of Sodium‐Palmitate and Sodium‐Laurate onto Galena, Hematite and Cassiterite in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Ibezim-Ezeani Millicent U. , Anusiem Alphonso C. I.
Published: March 2012

The effect of ionic charge on the adsorption of sodium‐palmitate and sodium‐laurate onto galena, hematite and cassiterite surfaces in aqueous media was studied. The adsorption capacities were determined as a function of adsorbate concentration in the presence of various anions and cations at pH 7.31 and 29 °C. Positively charged ions depressed the adsorption capacity in the order: K+ > Ba2+ > Al3+, showing a reverse correlation with the charge to size ratio of these ions indicating a possible expansion of the double layer that results from predominant diffusion effect and electrostatic effect to some extent. The negatively charged ion enhanced adsorption capacity in the order: PO43- > SO42- > NO3-. This is attributed to the compression of the double layer through electrostatic interaction. In all the studies the adsorption capacities for the adsorbents were in the order: galena > hematite > cassiterite corresponding to the trend in the specific surface area of the adsorbents.
Isolation, Characterization and Anti‐Inflammatory Property of Thevetia Peruviana
Authors: Thilagavathi R. , Kavitha Helen P. , Venkatraman B. R.
Published: March 2012

Thevetia peruviana seeds contain glucosides of neriifolin, acetylneriifolin and thevetin. Seed oil distillates of Thevetia peruviana have been found to contain anti‐bacterial activity. In the persent work, the fresh flowers of Thevetia peruviana was subjected to phytochemical studies. The results of the study showed that the flowers contain quercetin, kaempferol and quercetin‐7‐o‐galactoside. The structure of the isolated compound was characterized by UV, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra. The anti‐inflammatory character of the isolated compound was tested by in vitro method and the results of the study revealed that the isolated compound showed a biphasic property.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Acetophenone (per‐O‐acetylated‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)thiosemicarbazones
Authors: Thanh Nguyen Dinh , Giang Nguyen Thi Kim , Hoai Le The
Published: March 2012

Thirteen new substituted acetophenone (2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β-D‐glucopyranosyl)‐thiosemicarbazones (3) were synthesized by reaction of 2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β-D‐glucopyranosyl thiosemicarbazide (1) and substituted acetophenones (2). The reaction was performed using microwave‐assisted method. The compounds (3) have remarkable antibacterial and antifungal activities against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Candida albicans.
Acoustic and Volumetric Properties of Digoxin and Thiabendazole in 1, 4 Dioxane at 303 K
Authors: Sonar A. N. , Pawar N. S.
Published: March 2012

Acoustical and volumetric properties have been measured for substituted heterocyclic compounds digoxin and thiabendazole in 1, 4 dioxane at 303 K. The ultrasonic velocity measurement have been performed to evaluate acoustical parameter such as adiabatic compressibility (βs), partial molal volume (ɸv), intermolecular free length (Lf), apparent molal compressibility (ɸk), specific acoustic impedance (Z), relative association (RA), salvation number (Sn), limiting apparent molal compressibility (ɸ0k), limiting apparent molal volume(ɸ0v) and their constant (Sk,Sv). The viscosity coefficient (A, B) was evaluated by using john–dole equation. These parameters throw the light on the solute‐solvent interaction and solute‐solute interaction.
QSAR Study of the Biologically Active Organosulfurs in Natural Products
Authors: Abu-Awwad Fakhr M.
Published: March 2012

The biological activities of two sets of a total of 30 different polysulfides were investigated using QSAR. The semiempirical AM1 in Gaussian 2003 for windows was used to optimize the structures whereas a subsequent calculation of hundreds of various types of descriptors at the density functional (B3LYP/6‐31G*) using CODESSA package was employed. The known 15‐lipoxygenase inhibitory activity data (IC50) of 19 polysulfides out of the whole data set were correlated in a multiple linear regression procedures with the computed descriptors. Statistically, the most significant overall correlations were five‐ and four‐ parameter equations with good statistical parameters; R2= 0.9981, R2CV = 0.9970 and R2=9967, R2CV = 0.9933 respectively. The models concluded that biological activity of polysulfides is mainly attributed to quantum‐chemical, geometrical and topological descriptors with neither electrostatic contribution nor chief role of sulfur atoms. Also sulfur related descriptors were not the most significant contributors in the concluded models. The obtained models were efficiently employed to estimate the biological activities of the other 11 polysulfides available in natural products such as garlic and mushroom.
A Facile Microwave Assisted One‐pot Strategy for the Synthesis of Bis‐hexahydroquinazolin‐5(6H)‐ones
Authors: Dutta Milan Ch. , Chanda Kaushik , Nongkhlaw R. L. , Vishwakarma Jai N.
Published: March 2012

A facile microwave assisted one‐pot synthetic protocol has been devised for the synthesis of 3,3′‐(alkanediyl) bis (1‐phenyl‐1,2,3,4,7,8‐hexahydroquinazolin‐5(6H)‐ones (2a‐c), 3,3′‐(1,4‐phenylene) bis (1‐phenyl‐1,2,3,4,7,8‐hexahydroquinazolin‐5(6H)‐one (2d),3,3′‐(alkanediyl) bis (7,7‐dimethyl‐1‐phenyl‐1,2,3,4,7,8‐hexahydroquinazolin‐5(6H)‐ones (2e‐g) and 3,3′‐(1,4‐phenylene) bis(7,7‐dimethyl‐1‐phenyl‐1,2,3,4,7,8‐hexahydroquinazolin‐5(6H)‐one (2h) by the cyclocondensation of cyclic enaminones 1a, b with diamines and formaldehyde.
A Convenient Access to Biquinoline Carbaldehydes using Nickel‐Phosphine Complex‐Mediated Homocoupling of Haloquinoline Carbaldehydes in One‐Pot Reaction
Authors: Benameur Ahmed , Boumoud Taoues , Boumoud Boudjemaa , Rhouati Salah
Published: March 2012

The homocoupling of 2‐chloro‐carbaldehyde derivatives gave the corresponding 2,2’‐biquinolines by using the in situ generated reactive reagent Ni[(PPh3)]4. Several new 2‐chloro‐3‐(1.3 dioxalan‐2yl) quinoline derivatives are synthesized and structurally characterized. The overall structures of biquinoline derivatives are not planar.
Synthesis of 1,4‐Dihydropyridine Derivatives Under Aqueous Media
Authors: Zonouz Adeleh Moshtaghi , Sahranavard Nahid
Published: March 2012

An environmental friendly synthesis of 1,4‐dihydropyridine derivatives was developed by the one‐pot reaction of aldehydes, ethyl acetoacetate and ammonia in water under refluxing conditions.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Studies of Some Bis‐Glycosyl Isodithiobiurets
Authors: Mahalle Prashant R. , Deshmukh Shirish P.
Published: March 2012

Certain 2‐S‐tetra‐O‐benzoyl‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐1‐aryl‐5‐tetra‐O‐acetyl–β-D-galactopyranosyl‐2, 4‐ isodithiobiurets have been synthesized by the interaction of tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β-D-galactopyranosyl isothiocyante and various S‐ tetra‐O‐benzoyl‐D‐ glucopyranosyl‐1‐aryl isothiocarbamides. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activities.
Syntheses and Reactions of 4′‐[(ω‐Bromoalkyl)oxy]‐and 4′,4′′′‐(Polymethylenedoxy)‐bis Substituted Chalcones
Authors: Sodani R. S. , Choudhary Prakash C. , Om Sharma Hari , Verma B. L.
Published: March 2012

Base catalyzed condensation of 4‐hydroxyacetophenone (1) with several aldehydes resulted 4′‐hydroxychalcones (2a-c). Reaction of α,ω ‐dibromoalkanes (3, n=2, 4 & 6) with (2a-c) in equimolar ratio resulted a mixture of 4′‐[(ω‐bromoalkyl)oxy]‐ substituted chalcones (4a-i) and 4′,4′′′‐(polymethylenedioxy)‐bis substituted chalcones (5a-i) separated by ethanol as soluble (4a-i) and insoluble (5a-i) products. Compounds (5a-i) were also synthesized by another route. Compound 1 on treatment with 3 in molar ratio 2:1 resulted 4′,4′′′‐(polymethylenedioxy)‐diacetophenone (4#a‐c) which on base catalyzed condensation gave compounds (5a-i). Reaction of 4d with substituted phenols and thiophenols gave corresponding phenoxy and thiophenoxy substituted chalcones (6a-f) where as compounds 5a, 5b, 5d, 5h and 5e on treatment with hydrazine hydrate furnished corresponding bis‐2‐pyrazolines (7a-e). The structures of all synthesized compounds were confirmed on the basis of analytical and spectral data.
Production of Cellulose Nitrate Polymer from Sawdust
Authors: Adekunle I. M.
Published: March 2012

Cellulose nitrate polymer was produced from sawdust of Nigeria origin using a method, which involved alternate alkaline and chlorination treatment to remove non‐cellulosic constituents, followed by nitration reaction. The effects of nitrating acid mixture type and composition, nitrating time and nitrating acid mixture to cellulose material ratio on yield and solubility of products were investigated. Results showed that alkaline resistant α ‐cellulose was extracted and the yield of cellulose nitrate ranged from 35.28 to 96.02%, increasing with acid mixtures HNO3 + AC2O + ACOH < HNO3 + H2SO4+ H2O < HNO3 + H3PO4 + H2O. Variation in the composition of a particular nitrating acid mixture, relative acid strength of the nitrating mixture, nitrating time and proportion of nitrating acid to cellulose material all influenced the yield and solubility of cellulose nitrate whose nitrogen contents ranged from 11.06 to 13.12%. The products were chloroform, acetone and ester soluble, hence, useful for industrial applications.