bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A formação inicial em Letras: cenário de pesquisas que consideram a perspectiva do professor formador
Authors: Corrêa Francini Percinoto Poliseli
Published: October 2015

Esse trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar um panorama das pesquisas sobre a formação inicial em Letras/Inglês no Brasil que tenham gerado dados envolvendo e dando voz ao professor formador de Letras entre 1987 e 2012. A fim de atingir o objetivo, foi realizada uma busca bibliográfica no banco de teses e dissertações da CAPES a partir de termos chaves no campo assunto. Como resultados, aponto as instituições e regiões do Brasil de realização de pesquisas com este foco; o período de crescimento de estudos sobre o tema; as áreas de atuação específica dos formadores investigados e os diferentes instrumentos para geração de dados. A expectativa é não só informar sobre pesquisas quanto ao professor formador, mas também possibilitar que se detectem lacunas sobre o tema que ainda necessitam ser investigadas.
Multiple skin neoplasms in subjects under 40 years of age in Goiania, Brazil
Authors: Pereira Samir , Curado Maria Paula , Ribeiro Ana Maria Quinteiro
Published: October 2015

OBJECTIVE To describe the trend for malignant skin neoplasms in subjects under 40 years of age in a region with high ultraviolet radiation indices.METHODS A descriptive epidemiological study on melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancers that was conducted in Goiania, Midwest Brazil, with 1,688 people under 40 years of age, between 1988 and 2009. Cases were obtained fromRegistro de Câncer de Base Populacional de Goiânia(Goiania’s Population-Based Cancer File). Frequency, trends, and incidence of cases with single and multiple lesions were analyzed; transplants and genetic skin diseases were found in cases with multiple lesions.RESULTS Over the period, 1,995 skin cancer cases were observed to found, of which 1,524 (90.3%) cases had single lesions and 164 (9.7%) had multiple lesions. Regarding single lesions, incidence on men was observed to have risen from 2.4 to 3.1/100,000 inhabitants; it differed significantly for women, shifting from 2.3 to 5.3/100,000 (Annual percentage change – [APC] 3.0%, p = 0.006). Regarding multiple lesions, incidence on men was observed to have risen from 0.30 to 0.98/100,000 inhabitants; for women, it rose from 0.43 to 1.16/100,000 (APC 8.6%, p = 0.003). Genetic skin diseases or transplants were found to have been correlated with 10.0% of cases with multiple lesions – an average of 5.1 lesions per patient. The average was 2.5 in cases without that correlation.CONCLUSIONS Skin cancer on women under 40 years of age has been observed to be increasing for both cases with single and multiple lesions. It is not unusual to find multiple tumors in young people – in most cases, they are not associated with genetic skin diseases or transplants. It is necessary to avoid excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation from childhood.
Yield Loss and Management of Volunteer Corn in Soybean
Authors: Alms Jill , Moechnig Michael , Vos David , Clay Sharon A.
Published: October 2015

Volunteer corn is often overlooked as a weed in soybean. To aid in management decisions, this study determined soybean yield loss attributed to volunteer corn and efficacy of various herbicides at several rates and timings. A hyperbolic equation estimated (R2= 0.88) incremental yield loss (I) of 39.7% at low density when maximum yield loss (A) was constrained to 71%, the highest yield loss observed in these trials, revealing a more competitive plant than many common midwestern weedy species. Clethodim applied at 51 g ai ha−1at V4 soybean resulted in > 90% volunteer corn control with < 5% soybean yield loss, whereas if applied at 12.7 g ai ha−1volunteer corn control was 15%, but soybean yield was 50% greater than the nontreated control. On the basis of these data, the partial volunteer corn control improved soybean yield. Timing of glufosinate application influenced volunteer corn control. Glufosinate applied to 15-cm-tall corn resulted in 33% control, whereas applications to 36- to 91-cm corn resulted in > 70% control. Glufosinate combined with grass herbicides improved control to > 85%, with concomitant yield increases. Results demonstrated that volunteer corn substantially reduced soybean yield at low densities and yield increased when volunteer corn was controlled with various herbicides. On the basis of these results, and current soybean grain and herbicide prices, soybean yield gains from volunteer corn control could increase net return by > $150 ha−1.
Evaluation of the effect of deteriorating riding quality on bus-pavement interaction
Authors: Dreyer C , Steyn W
Published: October 2015

Deteriorating riding quality has a negative impact not only on infrastructure, but on the road user as well. Road users experience higher vehicle operating costs (VOCs), longer travel times, congestion and uncomfortable rides, to name a few. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the link between deteriorating riding quality and high vertical accelerations (awz) and VOCs for a bi-articulated bus on an identified bus route with different responsible road authorities in rural Mpumalanga, South Africa. The link, as identified, indicated that the speed the bus travelled played a big role in the generation of awz. Recommendations for future research are also proposed.
Wider Use of Historical Records
Authors: Applegate Howard , Brown Richard , Freivogel Elsie
Published: October 2015

In the past few years, archivists have become increasingly concerned with making original records available to a larger body of potential users, a concern that has been manifested in the recent establishment of an ad hoc Society of American Archivists Committee on the Wider Use of Archives. This session discussed exhibit programs, the use of archival materials in the classroom, and the cost effectiveness of archival outreach programs.
Archives and the Challenges of Change
Authors: Weldon Edward
Published: October 2015

Changes brought about by the baby-boom between 1946 and 1964 have had, and will continue to have, impact upon archives and the archival profession. More people mean more records; more records require more decisions on retention and disposal. More people also mean more records users; more users place greater burdens on staff and make preservation of records even more difficult.

Changes in the structure of government at all levels and the attitude of the public towards government also have had, and will continue to have, impact upon archives and archivists. More and different kinds of governmental agencies create records which are frequently difficult for the archivist to obtain. Differing opinions about the public's right to know and the individual's right to privacy have created a dilemma for present-day archivists which their predecessors did not have to face.

The greatest changes, however, have come, and will continue to come, from the post-industrial, electronic information revolution. What the ultimate impact of the computer will be upon archives and archivists is unknown. What is certain, however, is that, to meet the challenge of the computer as well as those challenges resulting from other changes, archivists will have to work together to set priorities and to plan more than they ever have in the past.
Archival Cooperation
Authors: Burke Frank G.
Published: October 2015

Although hampered by their tradition of uniqueness, archivists have managed to cooperate to a limited degree through such activities as the CONRAIL project, the Joint Committee on the Archives of Science and Technology, the National Information Systems Task Force, and others. Much more effort is needed in the areas of archival description, automation, acquisition policies, appraisal standards, and education. The author concludes with a set of priorities for future cooperation and offers suggestions for addressing them.
Collection Management Strategies for Archivists
Authors: Reed-Scott Jutta
Published: October 2015

How can librarians and archivists effectively carry out the traditional responsibility of collecting, organizing, preserving, and providing information in the turbulent environment of the next decade? It is clear that the traditional ways of operating are being transformed. The continuing excellence of libraries and archives will depend on the ability to direct this transformation. Collection management—the systematic, planned, documented process of building, maintaining, and preserving collections—provides effective tools to shape archival collections in the future. Specifically, it encompasses four components. Planning is the most essential function in collection management, and the development of a written collection development policy is a crucial step in this planning process. A second important aspect of collection management is efficient selection or acquisition of needed materials. The third component of collection management is the ongoing evaluation and analysis of collections. Finally, fundamental to collection management is the concept of cooperative collection development and resource sharing. In summary, collection management aims to apply the basic components of the planning process to building and maintaining collections.
Conservation of Documents in an Exhibit
Authors: O'Connor Joan
Published: October 2015

Original document exhibits meeting sound preservation criteria are difficult to achieve and should not be undertaken lightly. Basic criteria for preservation procedures must first be firmly defined, including conservation work on the materials to be displayed and establishment of a suitable display environment. Once the criteria are fixed, implementation requires constant attention by a trained staff capable of enforcing the criteria while meeting design and content needs of exhibitors. Even when these standards are included in the planning, there are no guarantees of success. Factors beyond the control of the archivist often arise, and the Kennedy Library experience illustrates many of the difficulties that may be encountered. The archivist not only must be an expert in preservation but also must understand the complexities of executing and fabricating the exhibit and must be included in making the manifold decisions concerning the exhibit. Only then can some degree of success in meeting sound preservation criteria be assured.
Principles of Archival Inventory Construction
Authors: Berner Richard , Haller Uli
Published: October 2015

This paper presents a systematic method of progressively arranging and describing archival and manuscript accessions using inventory-style description. Description is based on arrangement. The inventory links these two aspects of intellectual control by being structured to reflect, for each accession, both the physical arrangement of record series and the natural descriptors that govern the order of the file units within them.

The inventory serves as the controlled source for all index/catalog terms. Index entries are derived from the inventory and are cumulated to link all inventories, as was recommended by the Society of American Archivists Finding Aids Committee in 1978. Additional terms brought out by more refined processing of an accession are incorporated in the internal structure of the original inventory. Rules for proper form of name entry are employed as an authority control. Topical subject access is by structured language and is keyed to primary subject matter. Natural language terms can be derived as index terms from original file unit descriptors and, if used, would provide topical access to the file unit level.
Some Thoughts and Designs about Archives and Automation, 1984
Authors: Dürr W.
Published: October 2015

Archivists traditionally use provenance-based means for intellectual control of collections, while many researchers have requested subject-based means of access. The former approach involves records management, and the latter involves information management. Automation makes it possible for a repository to employ both approaches in one integrated system. Reasons why this has not yet occurred involve theoretical, practical, and financial considerations. The author reviews an automation "wish list" and suggests how the computer, which can arrange, remember, count, and communicate data, may be used in relation to archival functions, which involve appraisal, accession, preservation and conservation, records processing and management, description, and information retrieval and reference. The essay concludes with important questions to be answered when considering automation and some suggestions as to ways archivists might employ innovations in the making of a modern archives.
Automation in North American College and University Archives: A Survey
Authors: Stout Leon , Baird Donald
Published: October 2015

The authors summarize survey results covering six topics: responsibility for machine-readable records, campus administrative databases, automated control systems, use of word processing, entry of holdings information in library network databases, and the place of archives in library automation planning. Almost one-fifth of the 979 institutions surveyed were active in one or more of these areas. Findings include the need for more emphasis on appraisal and preservation in the development of machine-readable archives, the probable increase in the use of microcomputers and database management systems for internal control, and the probable development of closer integration of archives and libraries as library automation begins to be more accommodating to archival needs. Educational issues remain highly important. While archivists may not need to be expert programmers, a greater grasp of computer capabilities and the environment of computer professionals is needed both to preserve the machine-readable record and to utilize automated techniques in physical and intellectual control.
Exploring the Black Box: The Appraisal of University Administrative Records
Authors: Boles Frank , Young Julia
Published: October 2015

Although acknowledged as an essential archival function, appraisal is a complex process that is not fully understood. The authors examine the premises from which T.R. Schellenberg derived many of the practices used to appraise modern records and identify some problems in the widespread use of his approach. As an alternative, they offer a model comprised of the elements that should be considered when making an appraisal decision. Three interrelated categories of elements are discussed: value-of-information, costs-of-retention, and implications-of-the-appraisal-recommendations. While the focus is upon the appraisal of university administrative records, this model represents another step toward the development of a more systematic understanding of the entire appraisal process.
Walter Rundell, Jr.: The Archival Interests of a Historian
Authors: Nolte William
Published: October 2015

In his published account of the Survey on the Use of Original Source Material in Graduate Programs in History conducted between 1965 and 1967, Walter Rundell outlined problems hindering the full utilization of such sources. At the core of his recommendations for solving these problems was a conviction that researchers and curators are bound by a common interest in the past and in the materials that document that past. Rundell's subsequent career demonstrated a commitment to the implementation of those recommendations and to the creation of a community of history involving both the custodians of archival materials and the users of those materials.
The NHPRC: Its Influence on Documentary Editing, 1964-1984
Authors: Giunta Mary
Published: October 2015

In addition to providing financial support for the publication of modern documentary editions in the field of American history, the National Historical Publications and Records Commission has been a leader in the training of documentary editors and in the development and application of new technology in the field. The commission established documentary projects for several American presidents and other governmental leaders and also initiated and supported projects to document the history of blacks, native Americans, and women. The commission has successfully secured funds from private foundations to augment its own funding for editorial projects. Through its work, the NHPRC provides a central organization for the publication of documents in American history.
The National Archives and the Archival Theorist Revisited, 1954-1984
Authors: Peterson Trudy
Published: October 2015

In 1954, on the twentieth anniversary of the establishment of the National Archives, Ernst Posner evaluated the Archives' contributions to archival theory. In 1984, on the fiftieth anniversary, the author of this article looked back on the thirty years since Posner's assessment and carried his analysis forward. The review, which specifically excluded theoretical contributions to records management, concludes that since 1954 there have been two main periods of archival theorizing at the National Archives, with significant contributions during each one: the first from 1954 to 1966, which produced the classic written formulations of the archival theories developed during the period 1934-1954; the second from 1966-1984, which brought important advances in the theory of access to archival materials.
Authority Control: An Alternative to the Record Group Concept
Authors: Evans Max
Published: October 2015

Current archival practice in the United States grew out of the early experiences of the National Archives. These experiences, based upon the principles and practices of generations of European archivists, resulted in the related concepts of "record group" and "archival hierarchies." This article argues that the record group concept leads to practices that fail to provide adequate access to archival holdings; it should be replaced by an archival model based upon authority control.

An authority control-based system focuses upon record-generating entities; it consists of descriptions of the histories and functions of organizations and of the administrative relationships between them. The authority control system is an intellectual construct, susceptible to emendation as institutions evolve, as functions change, and as administrative structures are altered. The authority control system is a dynamic system that places each record-creating agency into an administrative hierarchy while also maintaining a record of the changes within the hierarchy over time.

The descriptions of archival material in such a system are linked to one or more authority records. This system provides the means for maintaining control over and gaining access to archival material by the provenance approach, without the inflexibility of the record group/hierarchy concept.
Archival Theory: Much Ado About Shelving
Authors: Roberts John
Published: October 2015

The field of archival theory is not as fertile as Frank Burke, Gregg Kimball, and others suggest. There are two strains to archival theory. One strain is archival but not theoretical, and deals with the practical, how-to, nitty-gritty of archival work; this is the responsibility of archival clinicians. The other is theoretical but not archival, and is concerned with historiography; this is an endeavor not for archivists as archivists but for archivists as historians. This leaves very restricted territory indeed for the archival theorist qua archival theorist. Moreover, the calls for developing a body of archival theory may derive less from an objective need for more archival theory than from an emotional need on the part of an archival community seeking greater professional acceptance.
The Documentation Strategy Process: A Model and a Case Study
Authors: Hackman Larry , Warnow-Blewett Joan
Published: October 2015

How might the archival community strengthen its ability to analyze documentation needs and address these needs more efficiently? Is there a general approach to analysis and action that can help guide such work? This article describes a model addressing these goals and provides a case study illustrating the model at work.

First the authors outline the case for broad, ongoing analysis of the adequacy of archival documentation and for coordinated action to improve the identification, retention, and treatment of records of enduring value. In the second section, Hackman presents an analytic model for an Archival Documentation Strategy Process, describing the development, refinement, and implementation of documentation strategies. The model suggests broader analysis, increased communication and coordination, and more active use of a range of sources of influence to shape archival selection policies and programs. As the archival community evaluates the feasibility and potential effectiveness of documentation strategies, it may be especially useful to consider a case study of an institution that has already employed many aspects of the model. In the third section, Warnow-Blewett reviews the motivations that led the American Institute of Physics to design an initial documentation strategy in the 1960s and outlines the refinement, extension, and effectiveness of that strategy during the past twentyfive years. In the closing section the authors outline some of the implications of the documentation strategy process for established archival theory and practice, and call for discussion and testing in other areas of documentation.
Description and Reference in the Age of Automation
Authors: Michelson Avra
Published: October 2015

This article is a report of the results of a survey conducted in 1986 to determine the effects of descriptive practice on retrieval capabilities of archive and manuscript materials described in bibliographic utilities. Forty repositories inputting into RLIN AMC were surveyed on (1) standardization in the choice and construction of headings, (2) levels of authority control, and (3) treatment of out-of-scope materials. Massive inconsistency in descriptive practice was found. The author makes five recommendations to correct inconsistency in the file and the retrieval difficulties that result.
Reflections on Appraising Statistical Records
Authors: Fishbein Meyer
Published: October 2015

Statistical records have been created since the beginning of recorded history, about 3000 B.C.; nevertheless, apparently no specific guidelines for the appraisal of such records have been produced. This article, based on several decades of reflection about archivists' concern for the disposition of materials, examines the burdensome task archival appraisers face in dealing with the typically massive files created by major censuses and surveys. These records may include planning documentation, questionnaires, tabulations, studies, and publications. The article concludes with a suggested method of evaluating the records.
Professional Associations and Archival Education: A Different Role, or a Different Theater?
Authors: Ericson Timothy
Published: October 2015

In this article the author contends that as professional associations plan archival education programs they often do so from too narrow a perspective and without sufficient thought as to how their efforts mesh with those of other associations or with graduate archival education programs. He also argues that, because of the murky distinction between preappointment and postappointment education, both SAA and the regional archival associations share a common primary mission: to fill the gaps that exist in the present network of graduate archival education opportunities. To do so, archival associations need to (1) pay closer attention to the graduate programs and learn where gaps exist, (2) examine more closely some of their past assumptions concerning archival education in light of recent information, and (3) take a broader view of how their efforts may contribute to the development of the archival profession generally in addition to serving the needs of their primary constituency.
Development of Managerial Training for Archivists
Authors: Davis Susan
Published: October 2015

Archivists have come to recognize the need for management training; but the profession has yet to reach a consensus regarding the most appropriate content, circumstances, or source of such training. This article examines the ways in which management is taught in the fields of business and library science. It evaluates how management skills have been transmitted within the archival profession and outlines ways in which such training might be promoted in the future. The role of the Society of American Archivists in terms of education guidelines and continuing education programs is discussed, as is the fellowship program sponsored by the National Historical Publications and Records Commission.
Academic Archivists and the SAA, 1938-1979: From Arcana Siwash to the C&U PAG
Authors: Cook J.
Published: October 2015

This paper traces the historical development of archivists and archival programs in institutions of higher education, from their existence as a handful of manuscript repositories in the 1930s to the creation in 1979 of the Society of American Archivists's College and University (C&U) Professional Affinity Group representing 40 percent of the society's membership. The evolution of C&U activities is illustrated using surveys of academic archivists, publication projects, and education and training programs. The role of academic archivists within their institutions, their influence on the wider profession and on archival institutions, and the increasing importance of their collections are examined in detail.
Question Negotiation in the Archival Setting: The Use of Interpersonal Communication Techniques in the Reference Interview
Authors: Long Linda
Published: October 2015

Reference archivists currently lag behind reference librarians in their awareness of the subtleties and significance of reference interactions. This article focuses on the dynamics of question negotiation, a process by which the patron's initial query is clarified through the archivist's use of communication techniques in order to identify the patron's true information need, which often is not expressed in the initial query. Among the aspects of interpersonal communication considered are the use of paralinguistic elements of communication (pitch, stress, and volume of voice), the effect of verbal and nonverbal communication skills on the archivist-patron relationship, and the overall impact of this interaction on the archivist's effectiveness in serving the patron.
The Development of Ethics in Archival Practice
Authors: Horn David
Published: October 2015

A code of ethics is a statement of generally accepted standards for judgment and conduct that addresses responsibilities unique to a profession. In the 1970s, changing responsibilities and increased complexities for archivists created a need for a comprehensive code of ethics. A Society of American Archivists committee wrote a code, which was adopted by the Society. The author, who chaired that committee, compares the code with the statement written in 1955 for the National Archives and with the codes of similar professions. General adherence to the principles in day-to-day practice and continuing discussion of ethics will lead to reevaluation and revision of the code of ethics.
Glasnost' in the Archives? Recent Developments on the Soviet Archival Scene
Authors: Grimsted Patricia
Published: October 2015

Soviet archivists and researchers are looking to a new spirit of historical awareness to penetrate and transform the functions and mandates of archival service. One manifestation of the new openness in Soviet society is the discussion and open criticism of the existing archival system that has been appearing in the Soviet press. The author traces that discussion and draws on extensive experience with Soviet archives to describe access, appraisal, and description policies and practices. If trends toward more glasnost' continue in Soviet society and its historical scholarship, they will require that the current discussion and criticism lead to fundamental restructuring of archival policies and practices.
Bibles, Benevolence, and Bureaucracy: The Changing Nature of Nineteenth Century Religious Records
Authors: Wosh Peter
Published: October 2015

The American Bible Society's founders conceived the organization in 1816 as a traditional missionary moral reform agency. By the mid-nineteenth century, the ABS more closely resembled a modern national nonprofit corporate bureaucracy. Important changes in institutional recordkeeping accompanied and reinforced this change in mission. Increasingly, ABS field agents and employees were discouraged from presenting rich narrative reports, and were required to quantify their work into narrow statistical compilations. Recordkeeping case studies, sensitive to the broader process of institutionalization, can contribute to bureaucratization theory, expose institutional power relationships, and help archivists better appraise the informational value and limitations of their collections.
Diplomatics and Archives
Authors: Skemer Don
Published: October 2015

Diplomatics is an auxiliary science of history created by the French monk Dom Jean Mabillon in 1681 to establish the authenticity of medieval charters. It played a major role in legitimizing archival documentation for historical research and in the education and work of European archivists, many of whom in the twentieth century have come to recognize its potential value for the study of modern and contemporary records. Special diplomatics could be developed to assist American archivists in understanding and working with legal documents, accounting records, and other distinctive forms of record-keeping; the same could be done to aid in the identification of forgeries and the authentication of electronic records.
Archival Description Standards: Concepts, Principles, and Methodologies
Authors: Weber Lisa
Published: October 2015

Members of the archival profession have demonstrated an increasing interest in standards-related issues, particularly in archival description standards. The author discusses the concepts, principles, and methodologies associated with archival description standards, first by defining the phrase archival description, and then by introducing similar standards in the library profession as a frame of reference. She summarizes existing archival description standards at three levels (data structure, data content, and data value), reviews reasons to develop and use standards along with obstacles blocking their emergence, and explores possible future developments.
The British Move Toward Standards Of Archival Description: The MAD Standard
Authors: Cook Michael
Published: October 2015

British progress in developing standards of archival description has been embodied since 1984 in an Archival Description Project, based at the University of Liverpool. In contrast to the United States and Canada, where work on archival descriptive standards has focused on bibliographic exchange, the British archivists have concentrated on developing standards for the system of finding aids within a repository. The author discusses the recently-published Manual of Archival Description, 2nd ed. (MAD2), including its levels, table of data elements, modes, and model finding aids. He also discusses the development of a draft UK MARC format for Archival and Manuscripts Control (AMC) and the potential for MARC-based data exchange projects in Britain.
The Role of Standards in the Archival Management of Electronic Records
Authors: Walch Victoria
Published: October 2015

Technical standards developed by national and international standards-setting organizations to facilitate the exchange of data among computer systems could provide archivists with mechanisms for ensuring long-term access and use of information stored in electronic form. Staff at the Canadian and United States national archives and the United Nations have conducted several valuable studies in this area as well as contracting for additional investigations by outside experts. The author digests the findings of several of these studies, describing the organization of and processes followed by the principal national and international standards developers and summarizing the elements of thirteen standards identified as having the greatest potential for archival use.
The Other Side of the Human Experience: Providing Access to Social Service Case Files
Authors: Weinberg David
Published: October 2015

Social service case files provide a virtual biography of individuals who otherwise would leave few written records of their life experiences. These files also raise issues of confidentiality and access for archivists and depositing or donating agencies as well as for researchers seeking such files. This case study profiles the Urban Archives Center at Temple University and its efforts in collecting and providing access to social service agency case files from the late nineteenth century to the present.
Conservation Program Planning at the National Archives of Canada
Authors: Wright Sandra
Published: October 2015

The senior management of the National Archives of Canada identified the need for corporate planning and clearer accountability in order to create "a rational conservation program taking into account new technological applications and available resources." In December 1986 the responsibility for this program development was allocated to two planning staff in the newly organized Conservation Branch. After wide and lively consultation throughout the department at three levels (working, middle management, and senior management), the planning staff produced a policy integrating conservation with all the other archival functions. The development of the first annual conservation plan and the first long-range conservation plan tested the new policy. Annual conservation plans describe specific conservation-related activities and branch responsibility for implementation, resources, and deadlines, while long-range conservation plans delineate the strategic direction of the corporate conservation program.
Audiovisual Resources on Preservation Topics
Authors: Pence Cheryl
Published: October 2015

This essay reviews audiovisual programs on preservation-related topics in three main categories: general background and awareness raising, conservation techniques, and disaster planning and recovery. The author stresses the value of audiovisual materials as supplemental training tools but decries their decreasing availability through loan programs. Includes a bibliography and ordering information for materials reviewed.
Archival Preservation Practice in a Nationwide Context
Authors: Conway Paul
Published: October 2015

The preservation of historical materials, in a variety of forms and formats, is both a cultural necessity and a central responsibility for professional archivists. Archivists need to define for themselves just what archival preservation entails and assess the capacity of the thousands of archives, large and small, scattered and isolated from each other, to develop and administer sophisticated preservation programs. The author presents the results of the first nationwide study of archival preservation practices in the United States. He describes a model of archival preservation that partially shaped the research project, summarizes the research process involved, reports the major findings, and discusses the implications of the research for archivists and the archival profession.
Preservation Microfilming for Archives and Manuscripts
Authors: Gertz Janet
Published: October 2015

Cooperative microfilming projects offer one way to cope with the vast amount of archival materials that need preservation. Deciding whether to film a collection as part of a cooperative project depends on evaluation of the collection's intrinsic and intellectual value and how it fits into the repository's collection management program. Planning the filming project is a complex process of determining staff, space, time, and equipment needs, as well as contracting for microfilming services.
Current Trends in Preservation Research and Development
Authors: Cunha George
Published: October 2015

In the 1980s, librarians and archivists accepted responsibility for conservation management as a vitally important aspect of their work. Their increased role in this area influenced research and development trends towards a concentration on mass techniques. These included environmental control with emphasis on preservation rather than creature comfort, fire prevention, and disaster recovery, but developments in mass deacidification have eclipsed all else. And now there are indications that developments in the mass strengthening of paper could make mass deacidification by itself obsolete. Archivists need to become familiar with these developments so as to evaluate their use and/or modify them to suit particular archival needs.
Managing the Records of Higher Education: The State of Records Management in American Colleges and Universities
Authors: Skemer Don , Williams Geoffrey
Published: October 2015

A half century after the beginnings of records management and institutional archives in American colleges and universities, the authors undertook a broadly based national survey to analyze the state of records management in academe and to identify program characteristics. Campus-wide programs were identified at approximately one-third of the 449 responding colleges and universities, particularly at public institutions subject to state legal requirements for public accountability. The survey also identified widespread implementation of decentralized, office-centered records management programs by registrars and other campus officials. Archivists accounted for most of the survey respondents reporting no campus-wide programs. College and university archivists have long been tireless supporters of academic records management, believing that records management responsibility provides a legally mandated means to identify and accession records of enduring value. But archivists should modify their traditional approach to records management in order to implement and maintain viable programs.
A New Map for Field Work: Impact of Collections Analysis on the Bentley Historical Library
Authors: Weideman Christine
Published: October 2015

During the past five years, archivists have shown considerable interest in the mechanisms for carrying out collections analysis projects. Little attention has been given, however, to what happens after the completion of the collections analysis project. In 1986 the Bentley Historical Library of the University of Michigan carried out a collections analysis project that in large part has shaped subsequent field work efforts. The author discusses the ways the library has prioritized subject interests and implemented new procedures for acquiring collections. She discusses efforts in four priority collecting areas: the automobile industry, alcohol and substance abuse, African-American churches, and abortion politics.
Understanding Electronic Incunabula: A Framework for Research on Electronic Records
Authors: Hedstrom Margaret
Published: October 2015

Archivists need a framework for research on electronic records issues to address one of the greatest challenges facing the profession. Historical evidence and concepts from the history of technology can inform archivists' understanding of electronic records as evolving forms of documentation. Research on electronic records must also account for the social, economic, and political aspects of organizational life that mediate how organizations and individuals adopt and use information technologies. The author provides a framework for research on electronic records issues that places electronic recordkeeping in a historical, social, and cultural context; encourages interdisciplinary research; and urges careful attention to research methodology.
Oliver W. Holmes Revisited: Levels of Arrangement and Description in Practice
Authors: Abraham Terry
Published: October 2015

Oliver W. Holmes propounded the concept of archival levels of arrangement in his 1964 article, "Five Levels of Arrangement," which described practices at the National Archives. Over the years the concept has been elevated to a theoretical construct and has been extended to include description as well as arrangement. However, descriptive systems that actually apply the concepts of levels of arrangement and description have been few and far between. Neither standard reporting to the National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections nor the development of the MARC Archival and Manuscripts Control format have furthered the integration of description at differing levels. Holmes's levels seem to have had little impact on the development of automated archival systems. Has the theory been invalidated or just denied?
On the Identity of the American Archival Profession: A European Perspective
Authors: Van Albada Joan
Published: October 2015

The author, a Dutch archivist, reflects on the imprecision of the archival profession as practiced in the United States. The emphasis in the United States seems to be on "collecting." This impression, which he gathered from attendance at SAA annual meetings and from his reading of American archival literature, is contrary to his understanding of the profession. He summarizes the development of the profession in Europe, especially the Netherlands, and comments on the willingness of archivists in the United States to borrow library procedures.
Possible Educations for Archivists: Integrating Graduate Archival Education with Public History Education Programs
Authors: Walters Tyler
Published: October 2015

Recent discussions regarding archival education have replaced the debate over administrative position with discussions on how to improve archival curricula in the universities. However, little has been said about how this curricula will be integrated with the educational programs of the allied professions. The author looks at the opportunities and problems of integrating with public history education programs. He examines three areas: how public history education can enhance archival education; problems between archivists and public historians that must change to ensure the success of educational integration; and key concepts to consider as part of public history programs' educational mission to better accommodate an improved archival curriculum.
What To Be or Not to Be? Evolving Identities for State and Grassroots Archives in Denmark
Authors: Bundsgaard Inge , Gelting Michael
Published: October 2015

In Scandinavia, a complex set of historical factors has contributed to the state's virtual monopoly on institutionalized archives until fairly recently. The authors reflect upon this tradition as they consider the more recent development of state and local archives in Denmark. Within the last 150 years, voluntary associations have supported the development of local historical collections. The major changes in Denmark's administrative structure within the last twenty-five years have challenged both the state's monopoly of institutionalized, professional archives and the independence and "amateur" status of local historical collections. The authors anticipate an analogous disharmony at the level of the records of the European Community, since there will be a struggle to adapt the existing European archives structure to the demands of new forms of supranational administration.
A Case for Bridging the Gap: The Significance of the Vatican Archives Project for International Archival Information Exchange
Authors: Blouin Francis
Published: October 2015

The author is director of the University of Michigan Vatican Archives Project. This project, which created a computer-based access system for the Vatican Archives, represents the first attempt to apply the USMARC AMC format to a major European archive. User accessibility was the ultimate goal of the project. The database, which was built upon fundamental archival principles, includes two elements: a complete listing of all Vatican agencies over time with a historical description of the agency emphasizing its functions; and a complete set of record series descriptions. The project raised several larger issues regarding the application of new technology and the possibilities of scholarly collaboration in the design of archival access systems.
Beyond Perestroika: Soviet-Area Archives after the August Coup
Authors: Grimsted Patricia
Published: October 2015

This article traces changes in Soviet-area archives through 1991. Despite increasing evidence of glastnost' in access to archives and to their internal finding aids, the failure of perestroika under Glavarkhiv has left a legacy of problems. The article discusses archival reform during the last months of Glavarkhiv's administration of state archives throughout the Soviet Union and the rise to pre-eminence of the Russian archival service, Roskomarkhiv. Roskomarkhiv has taken over the nationalized Communist Party archives, KGB archives, and most all-union archives on Russian territory. Russia and other republics are drafting archival laws which will open new claims and potential areas of conflict regarding their archival patrimony and jurisdiction over records. At the same time, questions have been opened anew about jurisdiction over Russian records abroad, records captured by the Soviet Union during World War II, and access to Soviet World War II prison-camp records. The article ends by describing the legacy of problems which effect the research use of records and summarizes foreign collaborative assistance.
Enhancing Archival Description for Public Computer Conferences of Historical Value: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Gilliland-Swetland Anne , Hughes Carol
Published: October 2015

This paper reports on a pilot study that explored new approaches to the description of computer conferences. The authors tested methodologies for making archival description for public computer conferences of historical value more rigorous and accurate than would be possible using only traditional archival approaches. In their study of the Wing:Span public conference at the University of Michigan, the authors found that a considerable amount of additional and more precise descriptive information could be generated by using unobtrusive observation and statistical techniques to gather and analyze data. They recommend replication of the most productive and cost-beneficial of these methods in the study of other public conferences to assess their potential value as tools to enhance existing archival descriptive methodology.
Reading, 'Riting, and 'Rithmetic: Speculations on Change in Research Processes
Authors: Peterson Trudy
Published: October 2015

The skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic have evolved distinctly and negatively during this century. These changes have already begun to affect archivists and archival institutions. The need for what archives contain will remain, but the ability of many people to use archives effectively may be expected to diminish. Unless archivists are willing to move away from serving the whole population in a postliterate society, they will have to mediate between the users' needs and the documents' contents to a greater degree than they have in the past.
State Government and Statewide Archival Affairs: New York as a Case Study
Authors: Hackman Larry
Published: October 2015

This article seeks to provoke discussion and analysis of the role of state governments in archival activities beyond the records of state government. Should the state regularly assess archival conditions, report on them, and recommend action to address key needs? Should states provide financial and technical assistance to archives in local governments and in programs in the not-for-profit sector? Should the state coordinate public awareness campaigns and educational programs statewide? What should be the scope and the methods of state programs, who should decide, and how? The article draws on New York as an example of how such state programs might be developed and as a basis for discussion of their appropriateness. A final section considers potential roles for all state governments.