bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BUNGA KECIL DI ASPAL KOTA MANADO: PERSPEKTIF PASTORAL KONSELING DALAM MEMBANGUN KESEJAHTERAAN EMOSIONAL DAN SPIRITUALITAS ANAK JALANAN
Authors: Tadung Frieska Putrima , Salindeho Veibe
Published: September 2024

This research is a descriptive qualitative research that provides a description of the pastoral counselling as well as the collective expectations as a positive self-transformation catalyst focus to build the emotional and spiritual welfare of the streets. Street children facing the dynamics of life on the streets that require pastoral care and counseling in supporting and developing street children in terms of emotional and spiritual.
Menemukan Damai di Tengah Badai Digital: Bimbingan Pastoral Konseling untuk Mengatasi Doomscrolling
Authors: Brek Yohan , Sapoh Fani
Published: September 2024

In the digital era, technological developments have had a significant impact on access to information, especially through the doomscrolling phenomenon. Affects an individual's ability to live daily life effectively. This research aims to examine the psychological impact of doomscrolling and explore the role of pastoral counselors in helping individuals overcome the negative impacts of this habit. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, the research collected data through literature reviews, academic articles, case studies, and interviews with pastoral counselors and individuals affected by doomscrolling. Thematic analysis identified key patterns and themes related to this phenomenon, while data validation techniques ensured the accuracy and reliability of the findings. The results showed that doomscrolling had a significant impact on psychological well-being, including increased anxiety, depression and sleep disturbances. Pastoral counselors can help individuals develop strategies to overcome these negative impacts through a holistic approach that includes empathetic listening, healthy boundary development, and spiritual formation. Religious community support has also proven important in providing a sense of community and social connection that helps individuals deal with the negative impacts of doomscrolling. Building resilience through pastoral guidance enables individuals to manage stress more effectively and maintain their mental and spiritual well-being amidst digital challenges.
Passive shaping of intra- and intercellular m6A dynamics via mRNA metabolism
Authors: Dierks David , Shachar Ran , Nir Ronit , Garcia-Campos Miguel Angel , Uzonyi Anna , Toth Ursula , Rossmanith Walter , Lasman Lior , Slobodin Boris , Hanna Jacob H , Antebi Yaron , Scherz-Shouval Ruth , Schwartz Schraga
Published: September 2024

m6A is the most widespread mRNA modification and is primarily implicated in controlling mRNA stability. Fundamental questions pertaining to m6A are the extent to which it is dynamically modulated within cells and across stimuli, and the forces underlying such modulation. Prior work has focused on investigating
active
mechanisms governing m6A levels, such as recruitment of m6A writers or erasers leading to either ‘global’ or ‘site-specific’ modulation. Here, we propose that changes in m6A levels across subcellular compartments and biological trajectories may result from
passive
changes in gene-level mRNA metabolism. To predict the intricate interdependencies between m6A levels, mRNA localization, and mRNA decay, we establish a differential model ‘m6ADyn’ encompassing mRNA transcription, methylation, export, and m6A-dependent and independent degradation. We validate the predictions of m6ADyn in the context of intracellular m6A dynamics, where m6ADyn predicts associations between relative mRNA localization and m6A levels, which we experimentally confirm. We further explore m6ADyn predictions pertaining to changes in m6A levels upon controlled perturbations of mRNA metabolism, which we also experimentally confirm. Finally, we demonstrate the relevance of m6ADyn in the context of cellular heat stress response, where genes subjected to altered mRNA product and export also display predictable changes in m6A levels, consistent with m6ADyn predictions. Our findings establish a framework for dissecting m6A dynamics and suggest the role of passive dynamics in shaping m6A levels in mammalian systems.
An image segmentation method based on the spatial correlation coefficient of Local Moran’s I - identification of A-type potassium channel clusters in the thalamus
Authors: Dávid Csaba , Giber Kristóf , Kerti-Szigeti Katalin , Kollo Mihaly , Nusser Zoltán , Acsády László
Published: September 2024

Unsupervised segmentation in biological and non-biological images is only partially resolved. Segmentation either requires arbitrary thresholds or large teaching datasets. Here we propose a spatial autocorrelation method based on Local Moran’s I coefficient to differentiate signal, background and noise in any type of image. The method, originally described for geoinformatics, does not require a predefined intensity threshold or teaching algorithm for image segmentation and allows quantitative comparison of samples obtained in different conditions. It utilizes relative intensity as well as spatial information of neighboring elements to select spatially contiguous groups of pixels. We demonstrate that Moran’s method outperforms threshold-based method (TBM) in both artificially generated as well as in natural images especially when background noise is substantial. This superior performance can be attributed to the exclusion of false positive pixels resulting from isolated, high intensity pixels in high noise conditions. To test the method’s power in real situation we used high power confocal images of the somatosensory thalamus immunostained for Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 (A-type) voltage gated potassium channels. Moran’s method identified high intensity Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 ion channel clusters in the thalamic neuropil. Spatial distribution of these clusters displayed strong correlation with large sensory axon terminals of subcortical origin. The unique association of the special presynaptic terminals and a postsynaptic voltage gated ion channel cluster was confirmed with electron microscopy. These data demonstrate that Moran’s method is a rapid, simple image segmentation method optimal for variable and high nose conditions.
Intrinsic dynamics of randomly clustered networks generate place fields and preplay of novel environments
Authors: Breffle Jordan , Germaine Hannah , Shin Justin D , Jadhav Shantanu P , Miller Paul
Published: September 2024

During both sleep and awake immobility, hippocampal place cells reactivate time-compressed versions of sequences representing recently experienced trajectories in a phenomenon known as replay. Intriguingly, spontaneous sequences can also correspond to forthcoming trajectories in novel environments experienced later, in a phenomenon known as preplay. Here, we present a model showing that sequences of spikes correlated with the place fields underlying spatial trajectories in both previously experienced and future novel environments can arise spontaneously in neural circuits with random, clustered connectivity rather than pre-configured spatial maps. Moreover, the realistic place fields themselves arise in the circuit from minimal, landmark-based inputs. We find that preplay quality depends on the network’s balance of cluster isolation and overlap, with optimal preplay occurring in small-world regimes of high clustering yet short path lengths. We validate the results of our model by applying the same place field and preplay analyses to previously published rat hippocampal place cell data. Our results show that clustered recurrent connectivity can generate spontaneous preplay and immediate replay of novel environments. These findings support a framework whereby novel sensory experiences become associated with preexisting “pluripotent” internal neural activity patterns.
The burgeoning spatial multi-omics in human gastrointestinal cancers
Authors: Liang Weizheng , Zhu Zhenpeng , Xu Dandan , Wang Peng , Guo Fei , Xiao Haoshan , Hou Chenyang , Xue Jun , Zhi Xuejun , Ran Rensen
Published: September 2024

The development and progression of diseases in multicellular organisms unfold within the intricate three-dimensional body environment. Thus, to comprehensively understand the molecular mechanisms governing individual development and disease progression, precise acquisition of biological data, including genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and epigenome, with single-cell resolution and spatial information within the body’s three-dimensional context, is essential. This foundational information serves as the basis for deciphering cellular and molecular mechanisms. Although single-cell multi-omics technology can provide biological information such as genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and epigenome with single-cell resolution, the sample preparation process leads to the loss of spatial information. Spatial multi-omics technology, however, facilitates the characterization of biological data, such as genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome, and epigenome in tissue samples, while retaining their spatial context. Consequently, these techniques significantly enhance our understanding of individual development and disease pathology. Currently, spatial multi-omics technology has played a vital role in elucidating various processes in tumor biology, including tumor occurrence, development, and metastasis, particularly in the realms of tumor immunity and the heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, this article provides a comprehensive overview of spatial transcriptomics, spatial proteomics, and spatial metabolomics-related technologies and their application in research concerning esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, and colorectal cancer. The objective is to foster the research and implementation of spatial multi-omics technology in digestive tumor diseases. This review will provide new technical insights for molecular biology researchers.
Preparation of transferrin-targeted temozolomide nano-micelles and their anti-glioma effect
Authors: Yu Jun , Xue Yonghua
Published: September 2024

Objectives

This study aims to develop brain-targeted temozolomide (TMZ) nanograins using the biodegradable polymer material PEG-PLA as a carrier. The model drug TMZ was encapsulated within the polymer using targeted nanotechnology. Key characteristics such as appearance, particle size, size distribution, drug loading capacity, in vitro release rate, stability, and anti-tumor effects were systematically evaluated through in vitro experiments.

Methods

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Malvern size analyzer were employed to observe the morphological and particle size features of the TMZ nanospheres at various time points to assess stability. The effects of TMZ nanograins on glioma cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated using MTT assays and flow cytometry.

Results

The targeted TMZ nano-micelles were successfully synthesized. After loading and targeted modifications, the particle size increased from 50.7 to 190 nm, indicating successful encapsulation of TMZ. The average particle size of the nano-micelles remained stable around 145 ± 10 nm at 1 day, 15 days, and 30 days post-preparation. The release rate of the nano-micelles was monitored at 2 h, 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h post-dialysis, ultimately reaching 95.8%. Compared to TMZ alone, the TMZ-loaded PEG-PLA nano-micelles exhibited enhanced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in glioma cells. This was accompanied by increased mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels following treatment with the TMZ nano-micelles.

Conclusions

TMZ-loaded nano-micelles demonstrated a gradual release profile and significantly enhanced inhibitory effects on human glioma U251 cells compared to TMZ alone. The findings suggest that TMZ-loaded PEG-PLA nano-micelles may offer a more effective therapeutic approach for glioma treatment.
Discriminating conodont recording bias: a case study from the Nanzhang-Yuan’an Lagerstätte
Authors: Wu Kui , Yang Boyong , Zhao Bi , Yang Liangzhe , Zou Yarui , Chen Gang , Li Jiangli
Published: September 2024

The Early Triassic Nanzhang-Yuan’an Lagerstätte of Hubei Province, South China, preserves abundant marine reptiles in the uppermost part of the Jialingjiang Formation and provides detailed insights into marine organisms, including newly discovered and well preserved conodont clusters of the Family Ellisonidae. These conodont elements allow us to assess the bias introduced during the acquisition process. We examined conodont elements preserved on the bedding planes and those acquired after the acid-dissolving method to analyze their attributes and length distributions. We identified a biased preservation of different conodont elements related to their morphologies. After the acid-dissolving procedures, the bias increased, and all different elements were affected, with larger individuals being particularly prone to destruction. Among them, the P elements of Ellisonidae were the least affected, while the S elements were the most affected. This study further indicates that paleobiological interpretations based on fossil size or morphology could be obscured if the influence of post-mortem effect is ignored.
Effects of Sex, Gender Stereotypes and Gender Identity in Male and Female Students’ Reading Motivation
Authors: Espinoza Ana María , Strasser Katherine , Carvacho Héctor
Published: September 2024

This study aimed to enhance our understanding of the biological sex gap in the reading motivation of students by focusing on the role of gender variables. 303 Chilean secondary students (51% female) completed self-report questionnaires. Structural equation models were employed to assess whether gender identity mediated the relationship between biological sex and reading motivation (reading self-concept and value) and to examine the differential effects of gender identity and reading-gender stereotypes on the reading motivation of male and female students. The results indicated direct effects of biological sex but no indirect effects. Multi-group analysis revealed that for female students, adherence to reading-gender stereotypes positively influenced reading self-concept, whereas for males, it negatively affected reading value. Implications for promoting equity in the teaching and learning of reading in secondary education are discussed.
Application of a Novel Colour Palette for Determination of End-point Decalcification of Hard Tissues: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Begum N Fazulunnisa , Krishnan Reshma Poothakulath , Pandiar Deepak
Published: September 2024

Introduction: Decalcification is a technique used to remove calcium salts from hard tissue specimens, such as bone or teeth, to make them suitable for sectioning. X-rays, physical methods, and chemical methods are commonly used to determine the endpoint of decalcification. However, these procedures can be cumbersome, may deteriorate the specimen, and are often subjective. Aim: To determine the endpoint of decalcification of hard tissue specimens using a colour palette. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Oral Pathology at Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, over a period of 5 months. A total of 25 hard tissue specimens (10 bone and 15 teeth) were subjected to decalcification in 20% formic acid. To evaluate the endpoint of decalcification, silver nitrate solution was added to the formic acid, and the colour change was noted. The resulting colour was compared with a previously patented colour palette (Patent number: 202241047215). Once a lighter colour was obtained, the specimen was processed, sectioned, and stained using Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). The slides were then evaluated by two pathologists. Results: A total of 8 (80%) bone samples exhibited excellent staining, while 2 (20%) samples showed a good staining score. Regarding the tooth samples, 14 (93.3%) showed excellent staining, and one (6.66%) tooth displayed a good staining score. Conclusion: The present method is a simple and safe way to determine the endpoint of decalcification for a specimen. It does not damage the tissue, thus preserving the integrity of the hard tissue specimen.
Refracture of the Forearm Bones at the Same Site Three Months after Implant Removal: A Case Report
Authors: Singh Saahil , Dhaniwala Nareshkumar Satyanarayan
Published: September 2024

Refracture at the same site after implant removal is a rare complication, as fractures generally occur close to the plate end due to stress concentration. The reported case involves a patient with refractures of forearm bones at the previous site three months after implant removal. A 48-year-old, right-handed man complained of pain and swelling in his right hand after falling on a wet floor. He had a history of a similar injury three years earlier and was treated with plate osteosynthesis. The plates were removed three months before the present trauma. Radiographs revealed fractures of the distal one-third radius and distal one-fourth of the ulna with evidence of previous screw holes. He has been treated with a Low-contact Dynamic Compression Plate (LCDCP) and remains under follow-up. Refracture three months after implant removal at the site of the previous fracture site in both bones is a very rare occurrence and the present case report highlighted the importance of making a proper decision regarding union, when considering implant removal and post-implant removal care.
Challenges in Ventilation during Total Intravenous Anaesthesia in Patients with Laryngectomy Stoma: A Case Report
Authors: Paunikar Saely Shekhar , Chakole Vivek , Ninave Sanjot , Dash Sambit
Published: September 2024

The complete excision of the larynx, which includes the hyoid, epiglottis, and varying segments of the upper trachea, is known as a total laryngectomy. This procedure creates a defect that necessitates pharyngeal correction, as well as the formation of a permanent tracheostomy (tracheostome). Following a total laryngectomy, the trachea is brought to the skin as a stoma, and it is no longer anatomically connected to the digestive tract or oropharyngeal cavity. As a result, bag-mask ventilation, face masks, or nasal cannulas cannot effectively provide oxygen to the lungs. Intubation of the trachea from above the stoma via the oral or nasal route will also be unsuccessful. Hereby, the authors present a unique case of 73-year-old male patient with post-laryngectomy undergoing oesophageal dilation under Total Intravenous Anaesthesia (TIVA). Various challenges encountered while ventilating a patient with a laryngectomy stoma during TIVA has been discussed. Authors also emphasised various methods that can be considered for assisting ventilation in emergency scenarios
Maxillary Mucormycosis in a Juvenile Diabetic Patient: A Case Report
Authors: Ghosh Shreya , Hiwale Kishor , Chatterjee Priya
Published: September 2024

One of the most fulminant and quickly spreading types of fungal infection, mucormycosis typically starts in the nose and paranasal sinuses after inhaling spores. Orbital and intracranial structures may become infected either directly or through blood vessels, leading to life-threatening complications. This infection most commonly manifests in the rhinomaxillary area, particularly in individuals with immunocompromised conditions like diabetes. Even with appropriate treatment, the disease’s mortality rate can exceed 40%, and it is challenging to detect. The standard treatment plan involves surgical debridement combined with systemically active antifungal medications, depending on the site of infection and risk factors. As a first-line treatment, lipid-based amphotericin B is recommended; however, posaconazole also shows promise. Hereby, the authors present a case report of a 15-year-old male patient with juvenile diabetes mellitus who had been experiencing pain and diffuse swelling in his left malar area for the previous two months. Following a histological analysis and clinical and radiographic evaluation by a multidisciplinary team, the patient was diagnosed with maxillary mucormycosis. Because of the abundant blood supply in the maxillofacial regions; however, more virulent fungi like Mucor can get past this obstacle. The purpose of present article is to show how early detection and treatment of mucormycosis in a young patient could prevent major morbidity and mortality from this potentially fatal illness . Additionally, it aimed to contribute to the local epidemiology of mucormycosis and raise awareness among stakeholders attention to the difficulties in treating this serious condition.
Antagonistic Nodule Endophytic Bacteria Effective Against (Sclerotium rolfsii) Causing Stem Rot Disease in Groundnut
Authors: Deva Meghana , Vittal Ramya , Basha S. Ameer , Pushpavalli S. N. C. V. L , B Vidyasagar,
Published: September 2024

Groundnut is a major oilseed crop grown throughout the world. The crop is constrained by several biotic and abiotic stresses, among which stem rot disease caused by Sclerotium rolfsii poses significant threat to groundnut production. The management of stem rot disease using chemical methods has adverse health and ecological impacts. Eco-friendly alternatives such as the use of microbial antagonists including bacterial endophytes is an sustainable approach. In this context, the study explored the potential of nodule endophytic bacteria of groundnut for antagonism against S. rolfsii. A survey was conducted in major groundnut growing regions of Telangana during rabi, 2023. Eight different isolates of S. rolfsii and twenty nodule endophytic bacterial isolates were isolated from the infected and healthy groundnut plants, respectively. S. rolfsii isolate GNS1 was the most virulent of all with the lowest incubation period and days to permanent wilting. Among the 20 bacterial endophytes, isolates GNEB13 and GNEB6 were the most effective with highest mycelial inhibition of S. rolfsii under in vitro conditions. These isolates have the potential to be evaluated under field conditions for sustainable management of stem rot disease in groundnut.
Evaluation of Proximate, Organoleptic and Vitamin C Changes of Seaweed Jelly Candy (Gracillaria Sp.) after the Addition of Honey Mango Juice
Authors: Luthfiah  , Tasir  , Matti Agussalim , Arfini Fifi , Makkulawu Andi Ridwan
Published: September 2024

Aims: to determine the effect of the addition of honey mango juice on the characteristics of jelly candy
Study Design: This research was designed using a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments namely A (addition of 0% mango juice), B (addition of 9.93%% mango juice), C (addition of 12.5% mango juice) and D (addition of 16.07% mango juice) with 2 replications. Proximate and sensory data of jelly candy were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed by honest real difference test at α5% level
Place and Duration of Study: This research was conducted at the Makassar Health Laboratory Center (Chemical Testing) and Departemen of Aquatic Product Processing and Storage Workshop (Organoleptic Test) of Pangkep State Polytechnic of Agriculture from April to July 2024.
Methodology: The analysis conducted in this study included chemical and organoleptic analysis. Chemical analysis included: analysis of water content by distillation method, total sugar content. Vitamin C levels through iodometric titration. Organoleptic (sensory) analysis included Odor, taste, texture and color.
Results: The results showed that the addition of mango juice to the characteristics of jelly candy was significantly different to water content, total sugar content and vitamin C. The best product based on chemical analysis is jelly candy in treatment D with the highest vitamin C content (5520.1 µg/g) and the highest total sugar content (38.92%) while the lowest water content (11.21%) was found in treatment A. Tests on organoleptic assessment of the highest panelists in treatment D, namely Odor 3.8 (like), taste 4.2 (like), texture 3.2 (normal), and color 3.7 (like).
Enhanced Text Recognition in Images Using Tesseract OCR within the Laravel Framework
Authors: Patience Okechukwu Ogochukwu , Amaechi Eziechina Malachy , George Onyemachi , Isaac Onuwa Nnachi
Published: September 2024

This research explores the integration of Tesseract OCR (Optical Character Recognition) within the Laravel framework to enhance text recognition capabilities in images. Tesseract OCR, an open-source OCR engine, is renowned for its accuracy and efficiency in converting various image formats into editable and searchable text. However, leveraging its full potential within a robust web application framework presents unique challenges and opportunities. This implementation focuses on creating a seamless, user-friendly application that processes images uploaded by users and accurately extracts text content. The Laravel framework, known for its elegant syntax and extensive ecosystem, serves as the backbone of our application, ensuring scalability, security, and maintainability. Key features of our system include image preprocessing techniques to improve OCR accuracy, handling different languages and fonts, and providing real-time feedback to users. This research delves into the specifics of integrating Tesseract with Laravel, detailing the process of setting up the environment, managing dependencies, and optimizing the OCR process for web applications. This project also addresses common issues such as noisy images, varied text orientations, and low-resolution graphics, employing advanced preprocessing methods like binarization, deskewing, and noise reduction. Performance benchmarks demonstrate significant improvements in text recognition accuracy and processing speed. Additionally, a comparative analysis with other OCR solutions to highlight the advantages of the used approach is provided. The application’s effectiveness is further validated through diverse use cases, ranging from digitizing historical documents to extracting text from natural scene images. Ultimately, this research contributes to the field by presenting a comprehensive, practical implementation of enhanced text recognition in images using Tesseract OCR within the Laravel framework. The findings suggest that with proper integration and preprocessing, Tesseract’s capabilities can be significantly amplified making it a powerful tool for various text recognition applications in web development.
Evaluation of Fertigation and Foliar Spray of Nutrients for the Performance of Bottle Gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.] on Yield, Quality and Economics
Authors: Sarap P.A. , Hadole S. S. , Sarode M.D. , Reddy Y. A. , Parmar J. N. , Dangore S. T. , Nandukar S.D. , Shukla Prashant
Published: September 2024

The field experiment entitled “Evaluation of fertigation and foliar spray of nutrients for the performance of bottle gourd [Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.] on yield, quality and economics” was conducted during Kharif season from 2020-21 to 2022-2023 at Chilli and Vegetable Research Unit, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola (Maharashtra). The site is Situated in the subtropical region at 22042’ North latitude and 77002’ East longitude and at an altitude of 307.42 m above mean sea level with average annual precipitation was 944.4 mm. Experimental field is situated at the latitude of 200 40' 35'' North and longitude of 760 59' 10'' East. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with twelve treatments combinations and three replications. The two factors i.e., fertigation levels and foliar spray levels i.e. soil application with S₁ (200:100:100 kg ha-1) NPK through fertigation in ten equal doses along with two foliar spray of F3 (ZnSO4 @ 0.25% + FeSO4 @ 0.25%) at flower initiation and fruit setting (S₁F3) was found better for maximum highest yield and B:C ratio (2.17) of bottle gourd followed by statistically at par with the treatment with (S2F3) soil application of S2 (150:75:75 kg ha-1) NPK through fertigation in ten equal doses along with foliar application of  F3 (ZnSO4 @ 0.25% + FeSO4 @ 0.25%)  at flower initiation and fruit setting. Similarly, the quality parameters like reducing, non -reducing sugars (g/100g) and ascorbic acid content (%) were significantly improved with fertigation level of S₁ (200:100:100) kg NPK along with foliar spray of F3 (foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 0.25% + FeSO4 @ 0.25%).
Patient Knowledge and Utilization of Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medications: A Comprehensive Study
Authors: Amjad Umair , Ali Wasiq , Rehman Talha , Aamir Muhammad , Shahzadi Mahnoor , Abdullah  , Saeed Muhammad Ahmed , Sabri M. Sohaib Sultan , Salah Adeel , Qaisar Mahnoor , Iqbal Muhammad Zahid
Published: September 2024

Background: Over-the-Counter (OTC) medications are the drugs that do not require prescription. In earlier times, self-medication of OTC drugs was not considered a healthy practice. But now FDA stated that “when these medications are used according to guidelines, they are considered safe and effective”. Although along with the potential benefits over-use and miss-use is considered harmful and can cause potential side effects.
Objective: The research is carried out with objective to assess patient knowledge regarding OTC medicines use pattern, potential side effects and interactions.
Methods: The cross-sectional, observational study was conducted in different cities of Punjab, Pakistan. Data was collected on validated questionnaire after getting consent from 162 patients. And SPSS version 26 was used for statistical analysis of the collected data.  Patients below 18 years of age were excluded from the study.
Results: A total of 162 patients participated in the current study. A statistically non-significant association was observed between the participants' gender and their level of knowledge regarding OTC medication, with a p-value of 0.442. However, a statistically significant association was found between having healthcare providers among family members and knowledge about OTC medication, with a p-value of 0.015 and an effect size of 0.008, indicating a weak positive association. Additionally, geographical location demonstrated a direct positive effect, with a p-value of 0.001 and an effect size of 0.330, which reflects a moderate positive association according to Cohen's classification.
Conclusion: Gender does not affect overall knowledge of OTC medications; however, education has a direct impact on understanding and using medications. Among the sources of information regarding OTC medications, healthcare providers within family members are identified as the most significant source.
Polar tongue of ionization (TOI) and associated Joule heating intensification investigated during the magnetically disturbed period of 1–2 October 2001
Authors: Horvath Ildiko , Lovell Brian C.
Published: June 2016

We investigate storm‐enhanced density (SED) and polar tongue of ionization (TOI) over North America under southward Interplanetary Magnetic Field conditions. We focus on the 30 September to 1 October 2001 medium magnetic storm's recovery phase (Period 1) and on the last substorm (Period 2) of the following 2 October substorm series. We aim to study the SED‐TOI structure in the time frame of solar wind energy input to the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system and in terms of Joule heating. We utilize GPS total electron content maps tracking SED plume and polar TOI, and spectrogram images detecting polar rain and precipitation void and thus evidencing dayside merging. The variations of merging electric (E) field (EM) and its mapped‐down polar equivalent (EP), energy input efficiency (EIeff), and modeled Joule heating rate (QJoule) are monitored. Results show multiple Joule heating intensification points implying multiple energy deposition points at high latitudes where the magnetic pole was one of the preferred locations. During the higher EIeff (~1.5%) Period 2, the polar TOI was associated with a well‐defined strong QJoule intensification and with polar rain (or void) on the dayside (or nightside). During the lower EIeff (~0.5%) Period 1, only weak QJoule intensification occurred in the absence of both polar TOI and polar rain. We highlight the polar TOI's potential impact on the thermosphere. We conclude that (i) strong (EM ≈ 5 mV/m during Period 2) or weak (EM ≈ 0.5–2 mV/m during Period 1) EM facilitated energy deposition close to the magnetic pole and (ii) EIeff could be used as a diagnostic of the polar TOI's intensity.
Young Martian crater Gratteri and its secondary craters
Authors: Quantin Cathy , Popova Olga , Hartmann William K. , Werner Stephanie C.
Published: June 2016

In response to questions that have been raised about formation and effects of secondary craters on crater chronometry techniques, we studied properties of the secondary crater field around the young Martian primary ray crater Gratteri (diameter 7 km). The crater has an estimated age of 1 to 20 Myr, based on counts of small craters on flat interior surface, consistent with a likely age for a young crater its size (Hartmann et al., 2010). The following are among our findings: (1) We identify an unusual class of craters we call “rampart secondaries” which may suggest low‐angle impacts. (2) We measure size distributions of secondaries as a function of distance from Gratteri and used these data to reconstruct the mass‐velocity distribution of ejecta blasted out of Gratteri. Our data suggest that crater density in rays tends to peak around 120–230 km from Gratteri (roughly 20–30D) and reaches roughly 30–70 times the interray crater density. (3) Comparable total numbers of secondaries form inside rays and outside rays, and about half are concentrated in clusters in 2% of the area around Gratteri, with the others scattered over 98% of the area out to 400 km away from Gratteri. (4) In the old Noachian plains around Gratteri, secondaries have minimal effect on crater chronometry. These results, along with recently reported direct measurements of the rate of formation of 10 m to 20 m primaries on Mars (Daubar et al., 2013), tend to negate suggestions that the numbers and/or clustering of secondaries destroy the effectiveness of crater counting as a chronometric tool.
A new angle for probing field‐aligned irregularities with the Murchison Widefield Array
Authors: Loi Shyeh Tjing , Murphy Tara , Cairns Iver H. , Trott Cathryn M. , Hurley‐Walker Natasha , Feng Lu , Hancock Paul J. , Kaplan David L.
Published: June 2016

Electron density irregularities in the ionosphere are known to be magnetically anisotropic, preferentially elongated along the lines of force. While many studies of their morphology have been undertaken by topside sounding and whistler measurements, it is only recently that detailed regional‐scale reconstructions have become possible, enabled by the advent of widefield radio telescopes. Here we present a new approach for visualizing and studying field‐aligned irregularities (FAIs), which involves transforming interferometric measurements of total electron content gradients onto a magnetic shell tangent plane. This removes the perspective distortion associated with the oblique viewing angle of the irregularities from the ground, facilitating the decomposition of dynamics along and across magnetic field lines. We apply this transformation to the data set of Loi et al. (2015a), obtained on 15 October 2013 by the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) radio telescope and displaying prominent FAIs. We study these FAIs in the new reference frame, quantifying field‐aligned and field‐transverse behavior, examining time and altitude dependencies, and extending the analysis to FAIs on subarray scales. We show that the inclination of the plane can be derived solely from the data and verify that the best fit value is consistent with the known magnetic inclination. The ability of the model to concentrate the fluctuations along a single spatial direction may find practical application to future calibration strategies for widefield interferometry, by providing a compact representation of FAI‐induced distortions.
Actively heated high‐resolution fiber‐optic‐distributed temperature sensing to quantify streambed flow dynamics in zones of strong groundwater upwelling
Authors: Briggs Martin A. , Buckley Sean F. , Bagtzoglou Amvrossios C. , Werkema Dale D. , Lane John W.
Published: June 2016

Zones of strong groundwater upwelling to streams enhance thermal stability and moderate thermal extremes, which is particularly important to aquatic ecosystems in a warming climate. Passive thermal tracer methods used to quantify vertical upwelling rates rely on downward conduction of surface temperature signals. However, moderate to high groundwater flux rates (>−1.5 m d−1) restrict downward propagation of diurnal temperature signals, and therefore the applicability of several passive thermal methods. Active streambed heating from within high‐resolution fiber‐optic temperature sensors (A‐HRTS) has the potential to define multidimensional fluid‐flux patterns below the extinction depth of surface thermal signals, allowing better quantification and separation of local and regional groundwater discharge. To demonstrate this concept, nine A‐HRTS were emplaced vertically into the streambed in a grid with ∼0.40 m lateral spacing at a stream with strong upward vertical flux in Mashpee, Massachusetts, USA. Long‐term (8–9 h) heating events were performed to confirm the dominance of vertical flow to the 0.6 m depth, well below the extinction of ambient diurnal signals. To quantify vertical flux, short‐term heating events (28 min) were performed at each A‐HRTS, and heat‐pulse decay over vertical profiles was numerically modeled in radial two dimension (2‐D) using SUTRA. Modeled flux values are similar to those obtained with seepage meters, Darcy methods, and analytical modeling of shallow diurnal signals. We also observed repeatable differential heating patterns along the length of vertically oriented sensors that may indicate sediment layering and hyporheic exchange superimposed on regional groundwater discharge.
Profiling float‐based observations of net respiration beneath the mixed layer
Authors: Hennon Tyler D. , Riser Stephen C. , Mecking Sabine
Published: June 2016

We employ profiling floats with dissolved oxygen sensors to observe in situ temporal oxygen evolution below the mixed layer, allowing us to characterize net respiration of organic carbon in eight distinct regions over the globe. Export and export efficiency are generally high in locations with strong seasonal variability and low in locations of weak seasonality. Vertically integrated respiration is weakly, yet significantly, correlated with remote observations of chlorophyll, net primary production, and planktonic community size structure. These correlations suggest that regimes of high net primary production and large phytoplankton fuel elevated respiration at depth. Several regions of float‐based observations intersect with sites of other detailed observations (e.g., Hawaii and Sargasso Sea), which allows us to compare our results to independent studies. We find that there is good agreement among export production estimates at highly seasonal locations, and that float‐based observations may be biased low at weakly seasonal locations. We posit that the reason for the low‐latitude discrepancy is the relative steady state of oxygen concentration caused by weak seasonality and shallow wintertime mixed layer depths.
Multispacecraft analysis of dipolarization fronts and associated whistler wave emissions using MMS data
Authors: Breuillard H. , Le Contel O. , Retino A. , Chasapis A. , Chust T. , Mirioni L. , Graham D. B. , Wilder F. D. , Cohen I. , Vaivads A. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Marklund G. T. , Burch J. L. , Torbert R. B. , Ergun R. E. , Goodrich K. A. , Macri J. , Needell J. , Chutter M. , Rau D. , Dors I. , Russell C. T. , Magnes W. , Strangeway R. J. , Bromund K. R. , Plaschke F. , Fischer D. , Leinweber H. K. , Anderson B. J. , Le G. , Slavin J. A. , Kepko E. L. , Baumjohann W. , Mauk B. , Fuselier S. A. , Nakamura R.
Published: June 2016

Dipolarization fronts (DFs), embedded in bursty bulk flows, play a crucial role in Earth's plasma sheet dynamics because the energy input from the solar wind is partly dissipated in their vicinity. This dissipation is in the form of strong low‐frequency waves that can heat and accelerate energetic electrons up to the high‐latitude plasma sheet. However, the dynamics of DF propagation and associated low‐frequency waves in the magnetotail are still under debate due to instrumental limitations and spacecraft separation distances. In May 2015 the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission was in a string‐of‐pearls configuration with an average intersatellite distance of 160 km, which allows us to study in detail the microphysics of DFs. Thus, in this letter we employ MMS data to investigate the properties of dipolarization fronts propagating earthward and associated whistler mode wave emissions. We show that the spatial dynamics of DFs are below the ion gyroradius scale in this region (∼500 km), which can modify the dynamics of ions in the vicinity of the DF (e.g., making their motion nonadiabatic). We also show that whistler wave dynamics have a temporal scale of the order of the ion gyroperiod (a few seconds), indicating that the perpendicular temperature anisotropy can vary on such time scales.
Electron energization and mixing observed by MMS in the vicinity of an electron diffusion region during magnetopause reconnection
Authors: Chen Li‐Jen , Hesse Michael , Wang Shan , Gershman Daniel , Ergun Robert , Pollock Craig , Torbert Roy , Bessho Naoki , Daughton William , Dorelli John , Giles Barbara , Strangeway Robert , Russell Christopher , Khotyaintsev Yuri , Burch Jim , Moore Thomas , Lavraud Benoit , Phan Tai , Avanov Levon
Published: June 2016

Measurements from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission are reported to show distinct features of electron energization and mixing in the diffusion region of the terrestrial magnetopause reconnection. At the ion jet and magnetic field reversals, distribution functions exhibiting signatures of accelerated meandering electrons are observed at an electron out‐of‐plane flow peak. The meandering signatures manifested as triangular and crescent structures are established features of the electron diffusion region (EDR). Effects of meandering electrons on the electric field normal to the reconnection layer are detected. Parallel acceleration and mixing of the inflowing electrons with exhaust electrons shape the exhaust flow pattern. In the EDR vicinity, the measured distribution functions indicate that locally, the electron energization and mixing physics is captured by two‐dimensional reconnection, yet to account for the simultaneous four‐point measurements, translational invariant in the third dimension must be violated on the ion‐skin‐depth scale.
Compressional residual stress in Bastogne boudins revealed by synchrotron X‐ray microdiffraction
Authors: Chen Kai , Kunz Martin , Li Yao , Zepeda‐Alarcon Eloisa , Sintubin Manuel , Wenk Hans‐Rudolf
Published: June 2016

Lattice distortions in crystals can be mapped at the micron scale using synchrotron X‐ray Laue microdiffraction (μXRD). From lattice distortions the shape and orientation of the elastic strain tensor can be derived and interpreted in terms of residual stress. Here we apply the new method to vein quartz from the original boudinage locality at Bastogne, Belgium. A long‐standing debate surrounds the kinematics of the Bastogne boudins. The μXRD measurements reveal a shortening residual elastic strain, perpendicular to the vein wall, corroborating the model that the Bastogne boudins formed by layer‐parallel shortening and not by layer‐parallel extension, as is in the geological community generally inferred by the process of boudinage.
Experimental evidence supporting the insensitivity of cloud droplet formation to the mass accommodation coefficient for condensation of water vapor to liquid water
Authors: Langridge Justin M. , Richardson Mathews S. , Lack Daniel A. , Murphy Daniel M.
Published: June 2016

The mass accommodation coefficient for uptake of water vapor to liquid water, αM, has been constrained using photoacoustic measurements of aqueous absorbing aerosol. Measurements performed over a range of relative humidities and pressures were compared to detailed model calculations treating coupled heat and mass transfer occurring during photoacoustic laser heating cycles. The strengths and weaknesses of this technique are very different to those for droplet growth/evaporation experiments that have typically been applied to these measurements, making this a useful complement to existing studies. Our measurements provide robust evidence that αM is greater than 0.1 for all humidities tested and greater than 0.3 for data obtained at relative humidities greater than 88% where the aerosol surface was most like pure water. These values of αM are above the threshold at which kinetic limitations are expected to impact the activation and growth of aerosol particles in warm cloud formation.
The proton and electron radiation belts at geosynchronous orbit: Statistics and behavior during high‐speed stream‐driven storms
Authors: Borovsky Joseph E. , Cayton Thomas E. , Denton Michael H. , Belian Richard D. , Christensen Roderick A. , Ingraham J. Charles
Published: June 2016

The outer proton radiation belt (OPRB) and outer electron radiation belt (OERB) at geosynchronous orbit are investigated using a reanalysis of the LANL CPA (Charged Particle Analyzer) 8‐satellite 2‐solar cycle energetic particle data set from 1976 to 1995. Statistics of the OPRB and the OERB are calculated, including local time and solar cycle trends. The number density of the OPRB is about 10 times higher than the OERB, but the 1 MeV proton flux is about 1000 times less than the 1 MeV electron flux because the proton energy spectrum is softer than the electron spectrum. Using a collection of 94 high‐speed stream‐driven storms in 1976–1995, the storm time evolutions of the OPRB and OERB are studied via superposed epoch analysis. The evolution of the OERB shows the familiar sequence (1) prestorm decay of density and flux, (2) early‐storm dropout of density and flux, (3) sudden recovery of density, and (4) steady storm time heating to high fluxes. The evolution of the OPRB shows a sudden enhancement of density and flux early in the storm. The absence of a proton dropout when there is an electron dropout is noted. The sudden recovery of the density of the OERB and the sudden density enhancement of the OPRB are both associated with the occurrence of a substorm during the early stage of the storm when the superdense plasma sheet produces a “strong stretching phase” of the storm. These storm time substorms are seen to inject electrons to 1 MeV and protons to beyond 1 MeV into geosynchronous orbit, directly producing a suddenly enhanced radiation belt population.