bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Demonstrative Pronouns in English and Arabic: Are they Different or Similar?
Authors: Rabadi Reem Ibrahim
Published: February 2016

The present study is a contrastive analysis that delves into the demonstratives in Arabic (Standard Arabic) and English. The aim of the study is to reveal the similarities and differences between the demonstratives of the two languages by delineating their phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic properties. Exposing these differences will specify what language teachers have to teach and what language learners whether Arabic or English learners have to learn.

The interesting point found is that both Arabic and English demonstratives share more linguistic similarities than differences. Regarding similarities, both demonstratives are indeclinable in both languages except for the Arabic dual case. The demonstratives’ phonemes and their referents are in some way obtained in both languages. English and Arabic languages use demonstratives in several positions within a sentence in consistent with the syntactic function of the demonstrative. Demonstratives in both languages are ambiguous words; their meaning can be defined through their context. As for the differences, English has only two-dimensional deictic points for demonstratives i.e., proximal or distal, but Arabic displays more deictic points i.e., proximal, medial, and distal.
The Role of Superstition in Twain’s The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and Shakespeare’s Macbeth: A Comparative Study
Authors: Ismail Nafi’ Jamal Subhi
Published: February 2016

This article is an attempt to explore the inclusion and the use of superstitious elements in Mark Twain’s novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) and Shakespeare’s play Macbeth (1611). Superstition involves a deep belief in the magic and the occult, to almost to an extent of obsession, which is contrary to realism. Through the analytical and psychological approaches, this paper tries to shed light on Twain’s and Shakespeare’s use of supernaturalism in their respective stories, and the extent the main characters are influenced by it. A glance at both stories reveals that characters are highly affected by superstitions, more than they are influenced by their religious beliefs, or other social factors and values. The researcher also tries to explore the role played by superstition, represented by fate and the supernatural in determining the course of actions characters undertake in both dramas. The paper concluded that the people who lived in the past were superstitious to an extent of letting magic, omens; signs, etc. affect and determine their lives; actions and future decisions. They determine their destiny and make it very difficult for them to avoid it, alter it or think rationally and independently. And that, man’s actions are not isolated, but closely connected to the various forces operating in the universe.
The Voice of the Teacher in Syllabus Design
Authors: Al-Kathiri Fatimah
Published: February 2016

If curriculum is to reflect the goals of a nation and the needs of its students, it makes sense for teachers to participate in its creation. In fact, curriculum design has long been associated with the idea of teacher contribution. Thepresent effort tries to prove that Saudi EFL teachers can be active participantsrather than passive recipients. They can convey vital information to curriculum designers instead of being blindly subjected to ahighly centralized educational system. The study also provides a consideration of role requirements and the competencies of teachers as curriculum leaders. The data collected from semi-structured interviews indicate that teachersareneither involvednor informed in the process ofcurriculum design and that theirengagement is merelywithin their own classrooms walls. Although they play a central role in the process of education, yet they miss the passion of belongingas little attention, if any, is given totheir voices.
Memory: The Means of Psychological Domination—A Study of Harold Pinter’s Old Times
Authors: Zhao Xuan
Published: February 2016

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, with his memory plays Harold Pinter staged his own aesthetic revolution by breaking out of the traps represented by the Comedies of Menace. Pinter, as Noël Coward said, is a genuine original and a superb craftsman. In Old Times, he drastically breaks our traditional understanding of “time” and “memory”, endowing memory with a special quality. It becomes a net which can be weaved randomly. From the perspective of spatial theory, the paper aims at analyzing the temporal characteristics and spatial characteristics of Old Times and exploring the inner world of modern people. It comes to a conclusion that characters create the past story according to their psychological or tactical needs of the moment; in other words, memory is the means of psychological domination. The play also intends to reveal something universal: the sense of crisis and loneliness. Deeley and Anna trap themselves in power struggle because they see each other as a threat to their relationship with Kate. So it suggests that each man is an island.
Effect of a Comprehensive Total Parenteral Nutrition Training Program on Knowledge and Practice of Nurses in NICU
Authors: Ameri Zahra Daneshvar , Vafaee Ali , Sadeghi Tahere , Mirlashari Zhila , Ghoddoosi-Nejad Djavad , Kalhor Faramarz
Published: February 2016

Background: Parenteral nutrition is a lifesaving therapy for many infants who are unable to tolerate enteral feedings. It fulfils preterm neonates’ needs for growth and development when their sizes or conditions preclude enteral feeding. Virtuous nursing care and close biochemical monitoring are absolutely essential for successful parenteral nutrition therapy. Since poor knowledge in parenteral nutrition can causes severe impairment to neonatal infants, the conduction of this study is essential.

Aims: The present study aims to: (1) examine the knowledge and practice of nurses in total parenteral nutrition (TPN); (2) employ training programs for improving knowledge and practice in management of TPN in new-borns.

Method: A quasi-experimental study was carried out in Sarem Maternity Hospital in Tehran, Iran. The study population included nurses working in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) who were included in the study using headcount census method (n=30). A two-part questionnaire including demographic information; 20 multiple choice questions on the nurses’ knowledge of TPN therapy and 19-item 3-point Likert-type checklist on administration of TPN completed by observing the nurses’ practice. To examine the reliability of the practice part, Cronbach's alpha method was used (α=0.78). Study interventions were mentoring education by the researcher and researcher-developed training manual and educational video and guidelines about neonatal parenteral nutrition. Before and after intervention data were collected and compared using paired t-test.

Results: The mean scores of nurses' knowledge before and afterward parenteral nutrition (PN) training program were 11.93±1.91 and 17.56±1.59, respectively. The mean scores of the nurses' practice earlier and after training program were 38.84±2.96 and 40.15±3.02, respectively. Comparing the mean scores of the nurses' familiarity, before and after taking the training course, demonstrated a significant difference (p<0.0001). The knowledge of the nurses in all areas of parenteral nutrition prescription was significantly improved after the employment of mentoring method (p<0.05). Despite an increase in the post-intervention total score, the nurses’ practice, before and after, the intervention was not statistically significant (p<0.05).

Conclusion: There is a breach between nursing knowledge and practice in prescribing parenteral nutrition. The gap between knowledge and practice in this area can lead to more morbidity and negative influences on the infant. Therefore, it is required that the gap between knowledge and practice is known as the infant gets less damage.
Assessment of Predictable Productivity of Nurses Working in Kerman University of Medical Sciences’ Teaching Hospitals via the Dimensions of Quality of Work Life
Authors: Borhani Fariba , Arbabisarjou Azizollah , Kianian Toktam , Saber Saman
Published: February 2016

Introduction: Despite the existence of a large community of nurses, specific mechanisms have not been developed yet to consider their needs and the quality of their work life. Moreover, few studies have been conducted to analyze the nature of nursing, nursing places or nurses’ quality of work life. In this regard, the present study aimed to assess predictable productivity of nurses working in Kerman University of Medical Sciences’ teaching hospitals via the dimensions of Quality of Work Life.

Methodology: The present descriptive-correlational study was conducted to assess predictable productivity of nurses via the dimensions of Quality of Work Life. The study’s population consisted of all nurses working in different wards of teaching hospitals associated with Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Out of the whole population, 266 nurses were selected based on the simple random sampling method. To collect data, the questionnaires of ‘Quality of Nursing Work Life’ and ‘Productivity’ were used after confirming their reliability (test-retest) and content validity. Finally, the collected data were analyzed through the SPSS software (version 16).

Results: Although the quality of work life for nurses was average and their productivity was low but the results showed that quality of life is directly related to nurses’ productivity. Quality of life and its dimensions are predictive factors in the in the nurses’ productivity.

Conclusions: It can conclude that by recognizing the nurses’ quality of work life situation, it can realize this group productivity and their values to the efficiency of the health system. For the quality of working life improvement and increasing nurses’ productivity more efforts are needed by authorities. The findings can be applied by managers of hospitals and nursing services along with head nurses to enhance the quality of health services and nursing profession in general.
The Effect of Ecological Elasticity in Taiwan’s Carbon Reduction Policies: The STIRPAT Model
Authors: Chu Po-Young , Lin Yu-Ling , Guo Cyuan-Sian
Published: February 2016

The challenges from the climate change and the global warming have become one of the most important issues to solve in the world. Under the Kyoto Protocol, countries which have signed the Kyoto Protocol have faced the pressure of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The two main policies for reducing carbon dioxide are “carbon tax” and “carbon trading”. This research explores which policy will be more suitable for the society and economic environment of Taiwan. This research uses EIA database, the statistical data from the Taiwan Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs, and the data from AREMOS database from 1982 to 2010. The dependent variable is the emission of carbon dioxide, and the independent variables are premium diesel oil price index, population, GDP per capita and the squared term of GDP per capita. The research method is based on the Ordinary Least Squares to estimate the ecological elasticity in the STIRPAT model by analyzing the influence of the change of energy price to the change of the emission of carbon dioxide. From the empirical result, it was discovered that though the energy price and the emission of carbon dioxide was negatively correlated, the ecological elasticity was inelastic. As a result, carbon trading seems a more suitable policy for Taiwan.
Factors Affecting the Adoption of Ict on Project Planning in the Nigerian Food and Beverage Industry
Authors: Akintelu Sunday Olufemi , Irefin Isaac Adeyemi , Akarakiri Joshua Babatunde
Published: February 2016

This study identified the nature of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) adopted on project planning activities and examined the factors affecting the adoption of these ICT on project planning in the Food and Beverage Industry in Nigeria. The study was carried out through the use of questionnaire and interview schedule to a total of forty five (45) respondents across ICT, Production and Project departments of food and beverage firms in southwestern Nigeria. This was used to elicit information on the factors affecting the adoption of ICT in the industry. Data collected were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study revealed that the major ICT adopted by food and beverage firms in Nigeria were Enterprise resource planning (4.48), Product lifecycle management (4.29), Customer Relationship Management (4.19), Supply Chain Management (4.34), Management Information Systems (4.38), Portable Data Collection Hand Held (4.65), Virtual Private Networks (4.53), Internet and e-mail (4.77). All of these ICTs had a mean rank of 4.00 and above on a 5 point-likert scales.Three factors were identified to influence ICT adoption. These include Human Resource capacity (52.8%), level of ICT investment (47.2%) and ICT competency (69.4%). Furthermore, regression analysis showed that level of ICT on Investment (r = -.425**: p<0.05) and Employee Competency (r = -.634**: p<0.05) are factors which had significant influence on ICT adoption in the project planning activities of the firms. In conclusion, the study revealed that Level of ICT investment and employee ICT competency are factors that significantly influence the adoption of ICT in the selected firms. These factors were found to be critical hindrances to ICT adoption in Nigerian food and beverage industry.
The Role of National Industrial Court in Sustaining Harmony in Nigerian Health Sector: A Case of University of Abuja Teaching Hospital
Authors: Ukonu Ifeanyichukwu Ojeka , Emerole Gideon A.
Published: February 2016

Recently, Nigerian health sector especially the hospitals has been enervated by grievances, antagonism, unpleasantness, dissension, and apprehension. Unfortunately, the industry involved in ensuring workers’ healthcare and that of the populace has experienced tempestuous times. Slyly, issues whose pedigrees could be traced to superiority, autonomy, compensation schemes and other conditions of service gradually meandered into the public health sector leading to health workers and non-health workers being at loggerhead with one another. As such, the serenity and harmony once witnessed in government hospitals have been jumbled by incoherent differences of various groups in the hospital. This paper therefore proposes to examine the causes of disputes at the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital; what has been done, and what needs to be done by all and sundry and more especially, the role National Industrial Court (NIC) has played in sustaining harmony in Nigerian health sector. Also, it will examine the role National industrial Court has previously played and can still play futuristically to enhance and sustain the desired industrial harmony in University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, the entire health sector and other sectors of the economy.
Stock Fundamentals Model Based on Genetic Algorithm-Rough Set
Authors: Jiang Weizhong , Xie Xi
Published: February 2016

Security investment problems are mostly highly-nonlinear and have huge operations, hence quantitative investment is applied to make decisions frequently. Considering the example of Medicine plate in Chinese stocks, fundamental indicators and technical indicators are combined, and then investment decisions are made and optimized stepwise based on rough set model, where generical gorithm is applied to solve the model, aiming at searching for a portfolio with high value and growth inside the whole medicine plate. In addition, such strategy elements as trend and goodness are considered in the prediction, evaluation and correction of the model, resulting in lower uncertainty of index selection. In the empirical example, with the use of the improved model, stock rankings inside the plate achieve an accuracy of 60.7%, which proves the model makes sense to some extent in the security investment.
Determination of Additional Willingness to Pay for Socially Responsible Technical Products Using Discrete Choice Analysis
Authors: Haase Florian Vincent , Kohlmeyer Maria , Rich Beatrice , Woll Ralf
Published: February 2016

Previous studies examined additional willingness to pay for socially responsible primary goods. However, technical products have not been considered. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to estimate additional willingness to pay for socially responsible technical products. Within an overview of given methods for measuring willingness to pay, the discrete choice analysis was applied to this study. As technical products, computer mice were chosen exemplary, since there is a partially fair mouse available. It was found that two of three fair labeled mice have a negative willingness to pay. Only consumers of the fair produced and labeled mouse has a positive willingness to pay. The consumers pay perhaps more attention to the aspect of social responsibility, if presented brands are comparatively unknown. In this connection, consumers allocate a higher value to social responsibility.
Mobility and Sustainability: A Computational Model of African Pastoralists
Authors: Sakamoto Takuto
Published: February 2016

This article offers a simple computational model of mobile pastoralists. Employing an agent-based modeling (ABM) approach, the model explicitly simulates the movement patterns of pastoralists and computes the resultant natural resource access for a landscape that shows the typically unpredictable dynamics of African rangeland ecology. Extensive simulations reveal a striking level of efficiency in the exploitation of resource endowments that mobile pastoralists can achieve in otherwise inhospitable environments. The simulations also illuminate the serious welfare consequences of the disruption of pastoral mobility under tight land constraints. These quantitative results are consistent with the rich qualitative evidence from the empirical literature on African pastoralism. Moreover, the article reports on several sets of ‘policy experiments’ that evaluate the effect of rangeland interventions on the mobility and livelihoods of pastoralists. These endeavors will pave the way for empirically richer and more policy-relevant analyses of dryland pastoralism.
Solar energy utilization in overall energy budget of the Johann Gregor Mendel Antarctic station during austral summer season
Authors: Wolf Petr
Published: February 2016

It is well known that the utilization of renewable energy sources is inevitable for a sustainable future. Besides the fact that other energy sources such as coal, gas or nuclear power have limited reserves the proper use of increasingly higher shares of renewable energy sources may lower negative impacts of traditional energy sources on the ecosystems. This is especially important in naturally protected areas located in remote Earth locations. Such areas are still almost untouched by mankind, e.g. Antarctica. The research activities in the area of renewable energy sources have increased rapidly within the last few decades. It is of a global interest to carry out the research in an ecologically sensitive way, i.e. balance the outputs and the effects of infrastructure on environment. In this paper, a project of installation of a photovoltaic system on the Czech Antarctic Station (Johann Gregor Mendel) on the James Ross Island is described and the first experience from the system run is reported. The contribution of this system to the overall energy production on this station shortly after commissioning of the system is presented as well. In discussion, a possible future development of the system is suggested.
Changes in immunological and physiological parameters in urine duringAntarctic Scientific Expedition( Short Communication )
Authors: Žákovská Alena , Zezulová Olivie , Brat Kristián
Published: February 2016

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of extreme climatic conditions on certain immunological and physiological parameters in urine in participants of the 9th Czech Antarctic Scientific Expedition, January – February 2015. The studied parameters were pH, number of leukocytes in 1 µl urine and the amount of proteins, nitrites, blood and haemoglobin in urine. A total of 45 urine samples were collected during 3 series of sampling (first pre-departure, second during the first 2 weeks of the stay in Antarctica, and third in the last 2 weeks of the stay). Paired t-test was used for comparison of the data from the Czech Republic and the Antarctica. We have found statistically significant decreases in pH and in the number of leukocytes in urine during the stay in Antarctica. The other parameters showed no changes. We conclude that several factors of the Antarctic environment (with lack of stress, pathogenic microorganisms and pollutants) may have positive effects on certain aspects of human health, and discuss the likely causes and mechanisms.
Fibonaccifrugter
Authors: Knudsen Thyge
Published: February 2016

An introduction to the mysterious role of Fibonacci numbers in the botanical topic of phyllotaxis can be found in H. S. M. Coxeter: ''In troduction to geometry''. Here the underlying theory is developed further and embodied in a computer program for drawing Fibonacci fruits. The preprint reproduces several drawings of simulated fircones and pineapples.
Mod nye frugtmarkeder. Forarbejdning af naturressourcer i kulturanalyse
Authors: Hastrup Frida
Published: February 2016

Gennem en dialog med botanikere udsendt fra England til Britisk Indien for at udvikle handel med frugt i begyndelsen af det 20. århundrede udforsker denne artikel, hvad naturressourcer kan være i et kulturanalytisk perspektiv. Artiklen introducerer ideerne i forskningsprojektet Natural Goods? og tilbyder et radikalt etnografisk greb om naturressourcer, hvor disse anses for genereret og løbende kvalificeret i felten gennem en serie af møder mellem forskellige parter – mennesker, frugter eller andet. Den bærende idé i artiklen såvel som i forskningsprojektet som helhed er, at naturressourcer bliver til det, de er, gennem en detaljemættet og omhyggelig kollektiv forarbejdningsproces, som er praktisk og analytisk i en og samme bevægelse, hvilket har stor betydning for, hvad etnografi og feltarbejde kan være.
Fra natur til naturalie - og tilbage igen. Om naturens orden og (u)ordentlige samlingspraksisser i købehavnske naturaliesamlinger i 1700-tallets sidste del
Authors: Mellemgaard Signe
Published: February 2016

Naturhistoriske samlinger – små eller store – blev almindelige i løbet af 1700-tallet. Artiklen tager udgangspunkt i et antal samlere og samlinger i de sidste årtier af 1700-tallet i København for således at se på den konstruktion af naturen, som ikke blot opstillingen i samlingen indebar, men også alle de praksisser, der omgav samlingen: fra indsamling og indkøb over forsendelse, præparation, sortering, opstilling og udstilling, iagttagelser, samtaler og følelser. I samlingen skete således en transformation fra naturobjekt til naturalie, men også tilbage igen, idet samlingen opfattedes som en repræsentation af naturen selv. Et bestemt billede af naturen kom frem, men de mange praksisser var ikke kun afspejlinger af et bestemt natursyn og en bestemt viden om naturen, men også med til at forme, hvad og hvordan der udstilledes, og dermed også, hvad natur er.
Body Proportions in Children and Adolescents With Down’s Syndrome
Authors: Costa Leonardo Trevisan , Freire Fábia , Bertapelli Fábio , Campos Luis Felipe Castelli Correia de , Santos Luiz Gustavo T. Fabrício dos , Gorla José Irineu
Published: February 2016

ResumoO presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as proporções corporais entre estatura tronco-cefálica e comprimento de pernas de crianças e adolescentes com Síndrome de Down (SD). Para tanto, a amostra foi composta por 99 pessoas SD (40 meninas com idade média de 11,45±2,6 anos e 59 meninos com 12,07±3,0 anos). Os seguintes parâmetros foram coletados: idade cronológica, estatura, estatura tronco-cefálica e comprimento de pernas. As proporções corporais dos segmentos foram calculadas através dos índices corpóreos e modelo Phantom. Para a análise estatística recorreu-se ao teste de normalidade e análises descritivas de tendência central e dispersão, posteriormente, foi adotado o teste t de Student. Para todos os tratamentos utilizou-se o programa estatístico SPSS 13.0 e nível de significância de p<0,05. Observou-se que, a proporção corporal entre os segmentos superiores e inferiores de crianças e adolescentes com SD apresenta diferença quando comparado a população típica. Sendo esta diferença para comprimento de pernas, e a proporção de estatura tronco-cefálica atingiu valores próximos aos intervalos da população sem SD.
Influência do uso da rede de descanso no desempenho motor de lactentes nascidos a termo
Authors: Bezerra Ingrid Fonsêca Damasceno , Torres Vanessa Braga , Lopes Johnnatas Mikael , Baroni Marina Pegoraro , Pereira Silvana Alves
Published: February 2016

Objetivo: Avaliar a influência do uso da rede de descanso sobre o desenvolvimento neuromotor de lactentes nascido a termo aos seis meses de idade. Método: Foram incluídos 26 lactentes, nascidos a termo, de parto único e com peso > 2500g, 19 foram inseridos no grupo que faziam uso da rede de descanso e sete foram incluídos no grupo que não faziam uso da rede de descanso. Os 26 lactentes estavam com seis meses de idade quando tiveram seu desenvolvimento neuromotor avaliado por meio da Alberta Infant Neuromotor Scale. Todas as avaliações foram registradas em vídeo-gravações e as performances neuromotoras foram reavaliadas e pontuadas por dois avaliadores capacitados e cegos ao estudo. Resultados: O desenvolvimento neuromotor dos lactentes que fazem uso da rede apresentou pior escore quando comparado ao desenvolvimento neuromotor dos lactentes que não fazem uso da rede (p < 0,03). Dentre as quatro posturas avaliadas na AIMS a postura em pé foi à única que apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os dois grupos (p < 0,01). Na análise de correlação, a idade da mãe apresentou relação negativa (r = -0,42; p < 0,03;) e o valor de Apgar no 1º minuto relação positiva com o desenvolvimento neuromotor (r = 0,49; p < 0,05;). Conclusão: Os lactentes que fazem uso da rede de descanso apresentam um desenvolvimento neuromotor mais lento quando comparado ao desenvolvimento de lactentes de mesma idade que não fizeram uso da rede de descanso.
Nível de atividade física e funcional de crianças atletas
Authors: Rocha Evelyn Souza , Rose George Jung , Schivinski Camila Isabel Santos
Published: February 2016

A melhora da aptidão física e desempenho funcional da criança são aquisições próprias da prática da atividade física, porém os estudos que tratam da repercussão das modalidades esportivas sobre a capacidade funcional e de músculos respiratórios em crianças são ainda escassos. Objetivo: verificar a força muscular respiratória, o nível de atividade física e funcional de crianças atletas, comparadas a crianças não atletas, na mesma faixa etária. Método: participaram do estudo 20 crianças provenientes de escolas (grupo não-atletas, GNA, n = 10), e centros de treinamento esportivo (grupo atletas, GA n = 10) da região de Florianópolis-SC, com idades entre 7 e 10 anos. Foi aplicado o Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ) e avaliadas a força muscular respiratória (FMR) por manuvacuometria (MVD-300, Microhard) e capacidade funcional por teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6). Resultados: A força muscular respiratória e de capacidade funcional não diferiram entre os grupos. Encontrada diferença na frequência cardíaca do terceiro minuto, entre o primeiro e segundo TC6, nos dois grupos – GA: 91,20±7,57 e 129,20±33,81 (p=0,005); GS de 96,10 ± 1,45 e 122,00 ± 22,62 (p = 0,008). Diferiu entre os grupos a escala de dispnéia no início do segundo TC6, maior no GS (0,6 ± 0,65 x 0,10 ± 0,31; p = 0,029). Características do nível de atividade física, avaliadas através do IPAQ, foram diferentes nos grupos. Conclusão: as crianças atletas e não-atletas estudadas apresentaram força muscular respiratória e capacidade funcional semelhantes, sendo relevante a ampliação do tamanho amostral para sensibilizar a identificação de novos resultados.
Nutritional situation of children under five years old in Brazil’s northeastern cities
Authors: Carvalho Alice Teles de , Almeida Erika Rodrigues de , Nilson Eduardo Augusto Fernandes , Ubarana Juliana Amorim , Coutinho Janine Giuberti , Vianna Rodrigo Pinheiro de Toledo , Lima Flávia Emília Leite de
Published: February 2016

ResumoOBJETIVOS: Descrever a situação nutricional de crianças menores de cinco anos residentes em três municípios do Nordeste brasileiro. MÉTODO: Realizou-se um estudo epidemiológico transversal, com a participação de 1.378 crianças. Foram calculados os índices antropométricos altura/idade, peso/idade e peso/altura, segundo os valores em escore Z. As Curvas de Crescimento Infantil da Organização Mundial de Saúde foram utilizadas como referência. RESULTADOS: Identificaram-se maiores proporções de excesso de peso/altura (8,3% em Barra de São Miguel, 10,3% em Cabedelo e 5,9% em Tibau do Sul), quando comparadas às proporções de déficit de peso/altura (1,5% em Barra de São Miguel, 1,9% em Cabedelo e 0,9% em Tibau do Sul). Observaram-se, ainda, prevalênciasmais elevadas de déficit de altura/idade (5,9% em Barra de São Miguel, 5,5% em Cabedelo e 4,6% em Tibau do Sul), quando comparadas às prevalências de déficit de peso/idade (3,6% em Barra de São Miguel, 2,5% em Cabedelo e 1,5% em Tibau do Sul). CONCLUSÕES: Observou-se uma situaçãonutricional desfavorável no grupo estudado. Assim, ações voltadas para a promoção de uma alimentação adequada devem ser priorizadas no âmbito dos programas e políticas de alimentação e nutrição. As prevalências elevadas de déficit estatural e de excesso de peso reafirmam a vulnerabilidade deste grupo e a soma destas ações deve impactar na reversão deste perfil nutricional.
A 16-level-cell memory with c-axis-aligned a–b-plane-anchored crystal In–Ga–Zn oxide FET using threshold voltage cancel write method
Authors: Matsuzaki Takanori , Onuki Tatsuya , Nagatsuka Shuhei , Inoue Hiroki , Ishizu Takahiko , Ieda Yoshinori , Yamade Naoto , Miyairi Hidekazu , Sakakura Masayuki , Shionoiri Yutaka , Kato Kiyoshi , Okuda Takashi , Koyama Jun , Yamazaki Shunpei
Published: February 2016

We demonstrate a 16-level cell using a nonvolatile oxide semiconductor random access memory test chip based on c-axis-aligned a–b-plane-anchored crystal In–Ga–Zn oxide (CAAC-IGZO) FETs. The memory cell consists of a CAAC-IGZO FET, a p-channel metal–oxide–semiconductor Si FET, and a cell capacitor. Data are written using a threshold voltage cancel write method, and a read circuit composed of voltage followers outputs a read voltage. Using a 200 ns write time of the test chip, the obtained maximum read voltage distribution width is 37 mV in the case of 32768 memory cells. The distributions of 16 read voltages are separated from each other without overlapping, with a single voltage follower exhibiting a maximum read voltage distribution width of 25.3 mV. In the −40 to 85 °C temperature range, the voltage distribution range is 0.13 V, and the variation due to varying temperatures is 0.24 mV/°C.
Evaluation of Parotid Glands With Real‐time Ultrasound Elastography in Children
Authors: Gungor Gulay , Yurttan Nursel , Bilal Nagihan , Menzicioglu Mehmet Sait , Duymus Mahmut , Avcu Serhat , Citil Serdal
Published: February 2016

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine the strain index for parotid glands in children by using ultrasound elastography.

Methods

In this prospective study, apparently healthy children were referred from the ear‐nose‐throat clinic to the radiology clinic for elastographic examinations. Conventional sonographic and elastographic examinations of the parotid glands were performed. A linear 5–12‐MHz transducer was used to obtain the images.

Results

A total of 54 children were enrolled in this prospective study. The normal mean strain index value ± SD for the parotid glands was 1.24 ± 0.67 (range, 0.29–1.39) regardless of sex. The mean age of girls was 7.42 ± 2.94 years (range, 3–14 years), and the age of boys was 8.50 ± 3.46 years (range, 4–16 years). The strain index values for the parotid glands in boys was 1.25 ± 0.76, and in girls it was 1.22 ± 0.55. There was no statistically significant difference in the strain index values between girls and boys (P= .986). There was no correlation between the strain index and age (r = 0.026) or body mass index (r = 0.066).

Conclusions

This study determined the mean strain index values for apparently healthy children. Such information can serve as a baseline from which pathologic parotid diseases can be diagnosed with ultrasound elastography in combination with other sonographic criteria.
Contrast‐Enhanced Sonographic Follow‐up After Stenting of Visceral Artery Aneurysms
Authors: Castagno Claudio , Varetto Gianfranco , Benintende Emilio , Peretti Tania , Quaglino Simone , Rispoli Pietro
Published: February 2016

We report 2 cases of exclusion of visceral artery aneurysms. The first was a common hepatic artery aneurysm treated with a multilayer stent; the second was a celiac trunk aneurysm excluded by a covered stent. Computed tomographic angiography was performed at regular intervals after each procedure, together with echo color Doppler imaging and contrast‐enhanced sonography. Computed tomographic angiography and contrast‐enhanced sonography were able to detect endoleaks in both patients and the related inflow vessel; moreover, diameter measurements of the sacs were identical. In our preliminary experience, contrast‐enhanced sonography appeared to be as accurate as computed tomographic angiography after endovascular visceral artery aneurysm exclusion.
Noninvasive Evaluation of Benign and Malignant Superficial Lymph Nodes by Virtual Touch Tissue Quantification
Authors: Chen Shaoqi , Lin Xiaoming , Chen Xiaoxia , Zheng Baoqun
Published: February 2016

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate the value of Virtual Touch tissue quantification (Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany) for differentiation of benign and malignant superficial lymph node lesions.

Methods

Shear wave velocity (SWV) values were analyzed in 113 patients, who also had diagnoses by pathologic examination. The diagnostic performance of the SWV was evaluated by sensitivity and specificity at the optimum cutoff value and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC).

Results

A total of 60 benign lesions (32 reactive hyperplasia and 28 tuberculosis) and 53 malignant lesions (27 lymphomas and 26 metastatic carcinomas) were studied. The SWV was significantly different between benign (mean ± SD, 3.137 ± 0.857 m/s) and malignant (7.042 ± 1.427 m/s) lesions (P< .001) and yielded sensitivity of 92.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 81.8%–97.9%) and specificity of 96.7% (95% CI, 88.5%–99.6%) at an optimum cutoff value of 4.645 m/s. The AUROC was 0.973 (95% CI, 0.924–0.994). To separate reactive hyperplasia from tuberculosis within benign lesions, a cutoff value of 2.978 m/s provided sensitivity of 92.9% (95% CI, 76.5%–99.1%) and a specificity of 100% (95% CI, 89.1%–100%), with an AUROC of 0.989 (95% CI, 0.920–1.000). To separate lymphoma from metastatic carcinoma within malignant lesions, a cutoff value of 7.302 m/s provided sensitivity of 88.5% (95% CI, 69.8%–97.6%) and specificity of 81.5% (95% CI, 61.9%–93.7%), with an AUROC of 0.906 (95% CI, 0.764–0.969).

Conclusions

Virtual Touch tissue quantification provides a promising noninvasive strategy for differentiation of benign and malignant superficial lymph node lesions.
Urban trees reduce nutrient leaching to groundwater
Authors: Nidzgorski Daniel A. , Hobbie Sarah E.
Published: February 2016

Many urban waterways suffer from excess nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), feeding algal blooms, which cause lower water clarity and oxygen levels, bad odor and taste, and the loss of desirable species. Nutrient movement from land to water is likely to be influenced by urban vegetation, but there are few empirical studies addressing this. In this study, we examined whether or not urban trees can reduce nutrient leaching to groundwater, an important nutrient export pathway that has received less attention than stormwater. We characterized leaching beneath 33 trees of 14 species, and seven open turfgrass areas, across three city parks in Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA. We installed lysimeters at 60 cm depth to collect soil water approximately biweekly from July 2011 through October 2013, except during winter and drought periods, measured dissolved organic carbon (C), N, and P in soil water, and modeled water fluxes using the BROOK90 hydrologic model. We also measured soil nutrient pools (bulk C and N, KCl‐extractable inorganic N, Brays‐P), tree tissue nutrient concentrations (C, N, and P of green leaves, leaf litter, and roots), and canopy size parameters (leaf biomass, leaf area index) to explore correlations with nutrient leaching. Trees had similar or lower N leaching than turfgrass in 2012 but higher N leaching in 2013; trees reduced P leaching compared with turfgrass in both 2012 and 2013, with lower leaching under deciduous than evergreen trees. Scaling up our measurements to an urban subwatershed of the Mississippi River (~17 400 ha, containing ~1.5 million trees), we estimated that trees reduced P leaching to groundwater by 533 kg in 2012 (0.031 kg/ha or 3.1 kg/km2) and 1201 kg in 2013 (0.069 kg/ha or 6.9 kg/km2). Removing these same amounts of P using stormwater infrastructure would cost $2.2 million and $5.0 million per year (2012 and 2013 removal amounts, respectively).
Ecologically sustainable weed management: How do we get from proof‐of‐concept to adoption?
Authors: Liebman Matt , Baraibar Bàrbara , Buckley Yvonne , Childs Dylan , Christensen Svend , Cousens Roger , Eizenberg Hanan , Heijting Sanne , Loddo Donato , Merotto Aldo , Renton Michael , Riemens Marleen
Published: February 2016

Weed management is a critically important activity on both agricultural and non‐agricultural lands, but it is faced with a daunting set of challenges: environmental damage caused by control practices, weed resistance to herbicides, accelerated rates of weed dispersal through global trade, and greater weed impacts due to changes in climate and land use. Broad‐scale use of new approaches is needed if weed management is to be successful in the coming era. We examine three approaches likely to prove useful for addressing current and future challenges from weeds: diversifying weed management strategies with multiple complementary tactics, developing crop genotypes for enhanced weed suppression, and tailoring management strategies to better accommodate variability in weed spatial distributions. In all three cases, proof‐of‐concept has long been demonstrated and considerable scientific innovations have been made, but uptake by farmers and land managers has been extremely limited. Impediments to employing these and other ecologically based approaches include inadequate or inappropriate government policy instruments, a lack of market mechanisms, and a paucity of social infrastructure with which to influence learning, decision‐making, and actions by farmers and land managers. We offer examples of how these impediments are being addressed in different parts of the world, but note that there is no clear formula for determining which sets of policies, market mechanisms, and educational activities will be effective in various locations. Implementing new approaches for weed management will require multidisciplinary teams comprised of scientists, engineers, economists, sociologists, educators, farmers, land managers, industry personnel, policy makers, and others willing to focus on weeds within whole farming systems and land management units.
A laboratory study of spilling breakers in the presence of light‐wind and surfactants
Authors: Liu Xinan
Published: February 2016

Spilling breaking waves in the presence of light‐wind and surfactants are studied experimentally in a wind‐wave tank. The breaking waves are mechanically generated with a single wave maker motion that produces a weak spilling breaker in clean water without wind. Separate experiments are performed with the same wave maker motion at different low wind speeds in clean water and in water with various concentrations of Triton X‐100 (soluble surfactant). The crest profiles of the waves along the center plane of the tank are measured with a laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) technique that utilizes a high‐speed camera. In clean water with wind speeds lower than 2.3 m/s (the minimum wind speed of wind‐generated waves for clean water in our tank), the breaking of the waves is initiated with a similar bulge‐capillary‐waves pattern on the forward face of the wave crest as reported in Duncan et al. (1999). When the wind speed is above 3 m/s, wind waves are generated. The wind waves strongly affect the breaking process of the mechanically generated waves. It is found that the bulge‐capillary‐waves pattern is independent of the wind, but is dramatically affected by surfactants. The slope of the back face of the wave crest decreases with increasing wind speed. At the moment of incipient breaking, the distances between the leading edge of the bulge (called the toe) and the highest point of the wave crest in all cases are linearly proportional to the surface wind drift. After the fluid in the bulge slides down the front face of the wave, the maximum horizontal distance of the toe away from the crest increases as the wind speed increases.
Statistical characteristics of raindrop size distributions observed in East China during the Asian summer monsoon season using 2‐D video disdrometer and Micro Rain Radar data
Authors: Wen Long , Zhao Kun , Zhang Guifu , Xue Ming , Zhou Bowen , Liu Su , Chen Xingchao
Published: February 2016

The characteristics of raindrop size distributions (DSDs) and vertical structures of rainfall during the Asian summer monsoon season in East China are studied using measurements from a ground‐based two‐dimensional video disdrometer (2DVD) and a vertically pointing Micro Rain Radar (MRR). Based on rainfall intensity and vertical structure of radar reflectivity, the observed rainfall is classified into convective, stratiform, and shallow precipitation types. Among them, shallow precipitation has previously been ignored or treated as outliers due to limitations in traditional surface measurements. Using advanced instruments of 2DVD and MRR, the characteristics of shallow precipitation are quantified. Furthermore, summer rainfall in the study region is found to consist mainly of stratiform rain in terms of frequency of occurrence but is dominated by convective rain in terms of accumulated rainfall amount. Further separation of the summer season into time periods before, during, and after the Meiyu season reveals that intrasummer variation of DSDs is mainly due to changes in percentage occurrence of the three precipitation types, while the characteristics of each type remain largely unchanged throughout the summer. Overall, higher raindrop concentrations and smaller diameters are found compared to monsoon precipitation at other locations in Asia. Higher local aerosol concentration is speculated to be the cause. Finally, rainfall estimation relationships using polarimetric radar measurements are derived and discussed. These new relationships agree well with rain gauge measurements and are more accurate than traditional relations, especially at high and low rain rates.
Water‐Soluble Lacunary Polyoxometalates with Excellent Electron Mobilities and Hole Blocking Capabilities for High Efficiency Fluorescent and Phosphorescent Organic Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Tountas Marinos , Topal Yasemin , Kus Mahmut , Ersöz Mustafa , Fakis Mihalis , Argitis Panagiotis , Vasilopoulou Maria
Published: February 2016

High performance solution‐processed fluorescent and phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) are achieved by water solution processing of lacunary polyoxometalates used as novel electron injection/transport materials with excellent electron mobilities and hole blocking capabilities. Green fluorescent OLEDs using poly[(9,9‐dioctylfluorenyl‐2,7‐diyl)‐co‐(1,4‐benzo‐{2,1′,3}‐thiadiazole)] (F8BT) as the emissive layer and our polyoxometalates as electron transport/hole blocking layers give a luminous efficiency up to 6.7 lm W−1 and a current efficiency up to 14.0 cd A−1 which remained nearly stable for about 500 h of operation. In addition, blue phosphorescent OLEDs (PHOLEDs) using poly(9‐vinylcarbazole) (PVK):1,3‐bis[2‐(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazo‐5‐yl]benzene (OXD‐7) as a host and 10.0 wt% FIrpic as the blue dopant in the emissive layer and a polyoxometalate as electron transport material give 12.5 lm W−1 and 30.0 cd A−1 power and luminous efficiency, respectively, which are among the best performance values observed to date for all‐solution processed blue PHOLEDs. The lacunary polyoxometalates exhibit unique properties such as low electron affinity and high ionization energy (of about 3.0 and 7.5 eV, respectively) which render them as efficient electron injection/hole blocking layers and, most importantly, exceptionally high electron mobility of up to 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1.
Transition Metal‐Free Homocoupling of Unactivated Electron‐Deficient Azaarenes
Authors: Xie Wen‐Wen , Liu Yue , Yuan Rui , Zhao Dan , Yu Tian‐Zhi , Zhang Jian , Da Chao‐Shan
Published: February 2016

This work has established the first direct homocoupling of unactivated electron‐deficient azaarenes in the presence of TMPMgCl (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinylmagnesium chloride) and TMEDA (tetramethylethylenediamine). In this process, no transition metal was used while freely available air was employed as the oxidant. The investigated successful substrates included quinolines, isoquinoline, 3‐phenylated pyridines, and 2‐phenylated quinoxalines, giving moderate to high yields. The homocoupling of quinolines was effectively scaled up to one gram in high yield. Additionally, an iridium complex of 6,6′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐biquinoline was prepared and characterized as an efficient red‐emitting material.

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Experiment design for control‐relevant identification of partially known stable multivariable systems
Authors: Panjwani Shyam , Nikolaou Michael
Published: February 2016

Design of experiments for identification of control‐relevant models is at the heart of robust controller design. In a number of prior publications, experiment designs have been developed that generate input/output data for efficient identification of models satisfying the integral controllability (IC) condition. The design of process inputs for such experiments is often, but not always, based on the concept of independent random rotated inputs, with appropriately proportioned amplitudes. However, prior publications do not account for models that may already be partially known before identification. In this work, this issue is addressed by developing a general experiment design framework for efficient identification of partially known models that must satisfy the IC condition. This framework produces optimal designs by solving appropriately formulated optimization problems, based on a number of rigorous theoretical results. Numerical simulations illustrate the proposed approach and potential future extensions are suggested. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 2986–3001, 2016