bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is it patience or motivation? On motivational confounds in intertemporal choice tasks
Authors: Paglieri Fabio , Addessi Elsa , Sbaffi Agnese , Tasselli Maria Isabella , Delfino Alexia
Published: December 2014

Intertemporal choices create a tension between amount maximization, which would favor the larger and later option (LL), and delay minimization, which would promote the smaller and sooner reward (SS). Two common interpretations of intertemporal choice behavior are discussed: looking at LL responses as indicative of self‐control, and using intertemporal choices to assess delay aversion. We argue that both interpretations need to take into account motivational confounds, in order to be warranted by data. In intertemporal choices with prepotent, salient stimuli (e.g., food amounts, typically used with nonhuman primates), LL responses could also be indicative of failed inhibition of a “go for more” impulsive response—the opposite of self‐control. Similarly, intertemporal choices can be used to measure delay aversion only with respect to the subject's baseline motivation to maximize the reinforcer in question, and this baseline is not always assessed in current experimental protocols. This concern is especially crucial in comparing intertemporal choices across different groups or manipulation. We focus in particular on the effects of reward types on intertemporal choices, presenting two experimental studies where the difference in behavior with monetary versus food rewards is the product of different baseline motivation, rather than variations in delay aversion. We conclude discussing the implications of these and other similar recent findings, which are far‐reaching.
Delay discounting and the use of mindful attention versus distraction in the treatment of drug addiction: A conceptual review
Authors: Ashe Melinda L. , Newman Michelle G. , Wilson Stephen J.
Published: December 2014

In recent decades, researchers have integrated measurements of delay discounting, how the subjective valuation of a reward changes as a function of time, into their study of addiction. Research has begun to explore the idea that delay discounting may serve as both a marker for the effectiveness of existing treatments for addiction and a potential target for novel intervention strategies. As this work is in its infancy, many potentially significant connections between the construct of delay discounting and the treatment of addiction have yet to be explored. Here, we present a conceptual review highlighting novel points of intersection between delay discounting and two approaches to treating addiction that have become increasingly popular in recent years: those that focus on the development of mindfulness skills and those that emphasize the use of distraction techniques. Viewing these two techniques through the lens of delay discounting is particularly intriguing because of the very different way that they address the experience of drug cravings in the present moment (nonjudgmentally attending to vs. shifting attention away from subjective cravings, respectively). We propose that these opposing strategies for dealing with cravings may interact with delay discounting in ways that have important implications for treatment effectiveness.
The arithmetic of discounting
Authors: Killeen Peter R.
Published: December 2014

Most current models of delay discounting multiply the nominal value of a good whose receipt is delayed, by a discount factor that is some function of that delay. This article reviews the logic of a theory that discounts the utility of delayed goods by adding the utility of the good to the disutility of the delay. In limiting cases it approaches other familiar models, such as hyperbolic discounting. In nonlimit cases it makes different predictions, generally requiring, inter alia, a magnitude effect when the value of goods is varied. A different theory is proposed for conditioning experiments. In it utility is computed as the average reinforcing strength of the stimuli that signal the delay. Both theories are extended to experiments in which degree of preference is measured, rather than adjustment to iso‐utility values.
Articular soft tissue anatomy of the archosaur hip joint: Structural homology and functional implications
Authors: Tsai Henry P. , Holliday Casey M.
Published: December 2014

Archosaurs evolved a wide diversity of locomotor postures, body sizes, and hip joint morphologies. The two extant archosaurs clades (birds and crocodylians) possess highly divergent hip joint morphologies, and the homologies and functions of their articular soft tissues, such as ligaments, cartilage, and tendons, are poorly understood. Reconstructing joint anatomy and function of extinct vertebrates is critical to understanding their posture, locomotor behavior, ecology, and evolution. However, the lack of soft tissues in fossil taxa makes accurate inferences of joint function difficult. Here, we describe the soft tissue anatomies and their osteological correlates in the hip joint of archosaurs and their sauropsid outgroups, and infer structural homology across the extant taxa. A comparative sample of 35 species of birds, crocodylians, lepidosaurs, and turtles ranging from hatchling to skeletally mature adult were studied using dissection, imaging, and histology. Birds and crocodylians possess topologically and histologically consistent articular soft tissues in their hip joints. Epiphyseal cartilages, fibrocartilages, and ligaments leave consistent osteological correlates. The archosaur acetabulum possesses distinct labrum and antitrochanter structures on the supraacetabulum. The ligamentum capitis femoris consists of distinct pubic‐ and ischial attachments, and is homologous with the ventral capsular ligament of lepidosaurs. The proximal femur has a hyaline cartilage core attached to the metaphysis via a fibrocartilaginous sleeve. This study provides new insight into soft tissue structures and their osteological correlates (e.g., the antitrochanter, the fovea capitis, and the metaphyseal collar) in the archosaur hip joint. The topological arrangement of fibro‐ and hyaline cartilage may provide mechanical support for the chondroepiphysis. The osteological correlates identified here will inform systematic and functional analyses of archosaur hindlimb evolution and provide the anatomical foundation for biomechanical investigations of joint tissues. J. Morphol. 276:601–630, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Systematic review of health‐related quality of life issues in locally recurrent rectal cancer
Authors: Harji Deena P. , Griffiths Ben , Velikova Galina , Sagar Peter M. , Brown Julia
Published: December 2014

The standardization of surgical techniques supplemented with appropriate neoadjuvant chemoradiation has led to the decline in local recurrence rates of rectal cancer (LRRC) from 25–50% to 5–10%. The outcomes reported for surgical intervention in LRRC is encouraging, however, a number of controversies exist especially in the ultra‐advanced and palliative setting. Incorporating health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) outcomes in this field could supplement traditional clinical endpoints in assessing the effectiveness of surgical intervention in this cohort. This review aimed to identify the HRQOL themes that might be relevant to patients with LRRC. A systematic review was undertaken to identify all studies reporting HRQoL in LRRC. Each study was evaluated with regards to its design and statistical methodology. A meta‐synthesis of qualitative and quantitative studies was undertaken to identify relevant HRQoL themes. A total of 14 studies were identified, with 501 patients, with 80% of patients undergoing surgery. HRQoL was the primary endpoint in eight studies. Eight themes were identified: physical, psychological and social impact, symptoms, financial and occupational impact, relationships with others, communication with healthcare professionals and sexual function. The impact on HRQoL is multifactorial and wide ranging, with a number of issues identified that are not included in current measures. These issues must be incorporated into the assessment of HRQoL in LRRC through the development of a validated, disease‐specific tool. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:431–438. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Outcomes of microwave ablation for colorectal cancer liver metastases: A single center experience
Authors: Eng Oliver S. , Tsang Ashley T. , Moore Dirk , Chen Chunxia , Narayanan Sumana , Gannon Christopher J. , August David A. , Carpizo Darren R. , Melstrom Laleh G.
Published: December 2014

Background and Objectives

Surgical management of colorectal cancer liver metastases continues to evolve to optimize oncologic outcomes while maximizing parenchymal preservation. Long‐term data after intraoperative microwave ablation are limited. This study investigates outcomes and patterns of recurrence in patients who underwent intraoperative microwave ablation.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 33 patients who underwent intraoperative microwave ablation of colorectal cancer liver metastases from 2009 to 2013 at our institution was performed. Perioperative and long‐term data were reviewed to determine outcomes and patterns of recurrence.

Results

A total of 49 tumors were treated, ranging 0.5–5.5 cm in size. Median Clavien–Dindo classification was one. Median follow‐up was 531 days, with 13 (39.4%) patients presenting with a recurrence. Median time to first recurrence was 364 days. In those patients, 1 (7.8%) presented with an isolated local recurrence in the liver. Only 1 of 7 ablated tumors greater than 3 cm recurred (14.3%). Overall survival was 35.2% at 4 years, with a 19.3% disease‐free survival at 3.5 years. No perioperative variables predicted systemic or local recurrence.

Conclusion

Intraoperative microwave ablation is a safe and effective modality for use in the treatment of colorectal cancer liver metastases in tumors as large as 5.5 cm in size. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:410–413. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A case of metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma with prolonged survival after combination of neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX therapy and synchronous distal pancreatectomy and hepatectomy
Authors: Neofytou Kyriakos , Giakoustidis Alexandros , Smyth Elizabeth C. , Cunningham David , Mudan Satvinder
Published: December 2014

In this case report we detail the treatment of a patient with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and a solitary liver metastasis who received nine cycles of FOLFIRINOX therapy with favourable response. The patient subsequently underwent synchronous distal pancreatectomy and hepatectomy with an R0 resection followed by three further cycles of FOLFIRINOX. At the last follow‐up, 2 years from operation and 28 months from the diagnosis of metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma the patient remains disease free. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:768–770. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Size‐exclusion chromatography for the determination of the boiling point distribution of high‐boiling petroleum fractions
Authors: Boczkaj Grzegorz , Przyjazny Andrzej , Kamiński Marian
Published: December 2014

The paper describes a new procedure for the determination of boiling point distribution of high‐boiling petroleum fractions using size‐exclusion chromatography with refractive index detection. Thus far, the determination of boiling range distribution by chromatography has been accomplished using simulated distillation with gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. This study revealed that in spite of substantial differences in the separation mechanism and the detection mode, the size‐exclusion chromatography technique yields similar results for the determination of boiling point distribution compared with simulated distillation and novel empty column gas chromatography. The developed procedure using size‐exclusion chromatography has a substantial applicability, especially for the determination of exact final boiling point values for high‐boiling mixtures, for which a standard high‐temperature simulated distillation would have to be used. In this case, the precision of final boiling point determination is low due to the high final temperatures of the gas chromatograph oven and an insufficient thermal stability of both the gas chromatography stationary phase and the sample. Additionally, the use of high‐performance liquid chromatography detectors more sensitive than refractive index detection allows a lower detection limit for high‐molar‐mass aromatic compounds, and thus increases the sensitivity of final boiling point determination.
Establishing principles of macromolecular crowding for in vitro fibrosis research of the vocal fold lamina propria
Authors: Graupp Matthias , Gruber Hans‐Jürgen , Weiss Gregor , Kiesler Karl , Bachna‐Rotter Sophie , Friedrich Gerhard , Gugatschka Markus
Published: December 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Vocal fold fibrosis represents a major disease burden. Screening of antifibrotic compounds could be facilitated by an in vitro fibrogenesis system. Limitations of existing models might be overcome by implication of the excluded volume effect.

Study Design

In‐vitro study.

Methods

Vocal fold fibroblasts obtained from rats' lamina propria were cultured in four different settings: in standard medium, under “crowded” conditions by adding inert macromolecules, under external administration of transforming growth factor (TGF)ß‐1, and under a combination of both. After 5 days, supernatant and cell layer were collected and analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Immunofluorescence was additionally performed.

Results

Collagen‐alpha1(I) deposition increased significantly under crowded conditions and after administration of TGFβ−1. Amounts of collagen in the cell layer were significantly higher under crowding conditions with TGFβ−1 compared to administration of TGFβ−1 alone.

Conclusion

Crowding enhanced collagen deposition, resulting in more favorable conditions for studying fibrogenesis. This can be the first step toward developing a robust in vitro model for testing antifibrotic compounds.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 125:E203–E209, 2015
Comparison of voice outcome after vocal fold augmentation with fat or calcium hydroxylapatite
Authors: Lodder Wouter L. , Dikkers Frederik G.
Published: December 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

To evaluate the short‐term voice outcomes of vocal fold augmentation using fat compared to calcium hydroxylapatite product Radiesse Voice (Merz Aesthetics).

Study Design

Retrospective study design.

Methods

Sixty‐six consecutive patients with vocal fold insufficiency were recruited, including the final 33 patients treated with fat and all 33 patients treated with calcium hydroxylapatite product. Before April 2011, fat augmentation was the standard treatment; from April 2011, only calcium hydroxylapatite product was used. For all subjects, videolaryngostroboscopic evaluation, s/z ratios, and voice handicap index (VHI) were analyzed.

Methods

Treatment outcomes were evaluated 3 months after the augmentation. Two patients augmented with fat (both after 6 months), versus four augmented with calcium hydroxylapatite product (mean after 7 months), needed reintervention. Mean VHI decreased from 18 points in the fat augmentation group compared to 17 points in the calcium hydroxylapatite group. Mean s/z ratio changed −0.33 in the fat augmentation group compared to −0.46 in the calcium hydroxylapatite group.

Conclusion

This retrospective cohort demonstrates that there are no short‐term differences in VHI outcome or number of reinterventions for augmentation with fat compared to calcium hydroxylapatite product Radiesse Voice (Merz Aesthetics).

Level of Evidence

Level 4. Laryngoscope, 125:1161–1165, 2015
Comparison of three different polyvinyl alcohol packs following functional endoscopic Nasal surgery
Authors: Melis Andrea , Karligkiotis Apostolos , Bozzo Corrado , Machouchas Nikolaos , Volpi Luca , Castiglia Paolo , Castelnuovo Paolo , Meloni Francesco
Published: December 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

To compare the extent of bleeding and patient discomfort during packing removal of three different polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) packs: 1) a standard PVA sponge (s‐PVA) (Mondocel Standard 10 cm; Mondomed NV, Hamont‐Achel, Belgium); 2) a PVA sponge with oxidized cellulose (oc‐PVA) (Merocel Hemox 10 cm; Medtronic Xomed Surgical Products, Jacksonville, FL); and 3) a PVA sponge with polyethylene film (pf‐PVA) (Merocel 2000 8 cm; Medtronic Xomed Surgical Products, Jacksonville, FL), after functional endoscopic sinus surgery and inferior turbinoplasty.

Study Design

A prospective, randomized, blinded, controlled trial.

Methods

Ninety consecutive patients were enrolled and randomized to receive in each side one pack in the middle meatus and another pack of the same material in the nasal fossa. The patients were equally divided in three groups of 30 patients each. Group A received the pf‐PVA; group B received oc‐PVA; and group C received s‐PVA. Postoperatively, bleeding after removal of the entire nasal packing was evaluated by an observer, whereas the severity of pain was rated by patients with visual analog scales.

Results

Our study evaluated three nasal packing materials, demonstrating that the pf‐PVA is less painful than the others but with intermediate bleeding ratio. However, the oc‐PVA has an intermediate pain score but minimum bleeding. The s‐PVA showed the worst pain and bleeding results.

Conclusions

Considering that removal of the second pack (middle meatus) is more painful than the first (nasal fossa), our results suggest that a pf‐PVA can be placed in the middle meatus and a oc‐PVA in the nasal fossa in order to reduce patient's discomfort in terms of pain and bleeding.

Level of Evidence

1b. Laryngoscope, 125:1067–1071, 2015
Using preoperative SNOT‐22 score to inform patient decision for Endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Rudmik Luke , Soler Zachary M. , Mace Jess C. , DeConde Adam S. , Schlosser Rodney J. , Smith Timothy L.
Published: December 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

The purpose of this study is to improve patient understanding of surgical outcomes while they make a preference‐sensitive decision regarding electing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).

Study Design

Prospective observational cohort study.

Methods

Patients with CRS who elected ESS were prospectively enrolled into a multi‐institutional, observational cohort study. Patients' were categorized into 10 preoperative Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) groups based on 10‐point increments beginning with a score of 10 and ending at 110. The proportion of patients achieving a SNOT‐22 minimal clinically important difference (MCID) (9 points) and the percentage of relative improvement (%) for each preoperative SNOT‐22 group were calculated. A subgroup analysis based on polyp status was performed.

Results

A total of 327 patients were included in this study. Patients with a SNOT‐22 score between 10 and 19 had the lowest chance of achieving an MCID (37.5%) and received a relative mean worsening of their quality of life (QoL) after ESS (+18.8%). Patients with a SNOT‐22 score greater than 30 obtained a greater than 75% chance of achieving an MCID, and there was a relative improvement of 45% in QoL (all < −44.9%) after ESS. Outcomes from the polyp status subgroup analysis were similar to the findings from the overall cohort.

Conclusion

Outcomes from this study suggest that patients with a preoperative SNOT‐22 score higher than 30 points receive a greater than 75% chance of achieving an MCID and on average obtain a 45% relative improvement in their QoL after ESS. Patients with SNOT‐22 score of less than 20 did not experience improved QoL from ESS.

Level of Evidence

2b. Laryngoscope, 125:1517–1522, 2015
Effects of a continuous electromagnetic field on wound healing in human airway
Authors: Kim Dong‐Hyun , Kim Hyun Jun , Gimm Yoon‐Myoung , Hong Sung Pyo , Jeon Eun‐ju , Park Eun Young
Published: December 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a 1.8‐GHz continuous electromagnetic field (EMF) on wound healing in a human airway cell‐culture system.

Study Design

In vitro study using a cell line.

Methods

Immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (a BEAS‐2B cell line) were exposed to a 1.8‐GHz EMF (specific absorption rate = 1.0 W/kg). We evaluated the effect of EMF on the cells using an 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) viability assay, by cell counting, and by using fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis of cell cycle dynamics and apoptosis. Inhibition of migration was tested by a wound‐healing assay on scratched cell cultures.

Results

Cell migration in the wound‐healing assay was decreased by the EMF treatment compared with controls. The MTT assay and cell counting consistently showed that the EMF used was not cytotoxic and did not inhibit cell proliferation. FACS analysis showed no alterations in the cell‐cycle phase distribution or in apoptosis after EMF exposure.

Conclusion

EMF can inhibit wound healing in vitro by inhibiting cell migration.

Level of Evidence

N/A. Laryngoscope, 125:1588–1594, 2015
Amphiphilic PEO‐b‐PBLG Diblock and PBLG‐b‐PEO‐b‐PBLG Triblock Copolymer Based Nanoparticles: Doxorubicin Loading and In Vitro Evaluation
Authors: Kakkar Dipti , Mazzaferro Silvia , Thevenot Julie , Schatz Christophe , Bhatt Anant , Dwarakanath Bilikere S. , Singh Harpal , Mishra Anil K. , Lecommandoux Sebastien
Published: December 2014

Huisgen's 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition (“Click Chemestry”) has been used to prepare amphiphilic PEO‐b‐PBLG diblock and PBLG‐b‐PEO‐b‐PBLG triblock copolymers as potential carriers of anticancer drugs. Spherical and flower shaped micelles (D ≈100 nm) were obtained from diblock and triblock copolymers respectively. DOX was effectively encapsulated up to 18 wt.% and 50–60% of it was steadily released from the micelles over a period of 7 d. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy confirmed the effective intracellular uptake as well as the sustained release of DOX from micelles. These results suggest that the diblock as well as triblock copolymers are promising carriers for intra‐cellular drug delivery.
Bifurcation patterns in generalized models for the dynamics of normal and leukemic stem cells with signaling
Authors: Flå Tor , Rupp Florian , Woywod Clemens
Published: December 2014

The dynamics of normal and leukemic stem cell clones competing for resources in the same bone marrow niche can be modeled in a systems biology approach. We derive three related models describing the time evolution of normal and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) stem cells. The approach is based on the idea that stem cell proliferation is regulated by feedback mechanisms. We assume here that the growth of stem cell clones can be approximated by Tsallis functions, which depend on population numbers to ensure the communication between different stem cell strains. Of particular interest is the influence of medication, for example, by the CML drug imatinib, on the stem cell dynamics, which can be simulated by a variation of the parameterization of the differential equation systems. The basic 2D model represents the contest between cycling normal and wild‐type CML stem cells. In addition, extension of the basic model (i) by coupled reservoirs of quiescent stem cells and (ii) by a third stem cell species, which could be interpreted as an imatinib‐resistant mutant, is investigated. We analyze the global dynamics of the corresponding 2D, 3D, and 4D equation systems by analytic means and provide a complete map of the bifurcation landscape that occurs for changing values of the respective signaling strengths and growth or death parameters. This includes a complete classification of equilibria and their linear and non‐linear Lyapunov stability. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global stability and Hopf bifurcation of a delayed eco‐epidemiological model with Holling type II functional response
Authors: Tian Xiaohong , Xu Rui
Published: December 2014

In this paper, a delayed eco‐epidemiological model with Holling type II functional response is investigated. By analyzing corresponding characteristic equations, the local stability of each of the feasible equilibria and the existence of Hopf bifurcations at the disease‐free equilibrium, the susceptible predator‐free equilibrium and the endemic‐coexistence equilibrium are established, respectively. By means of Lyapunov functionals and LaSalle's invariance principle, sufficient conditions are derived for the global stability of the endemic‐coexistence equilibrium, the disease‐free equilibrium, the susceptible predator‐free equilibrium and the predator‐extinction equilibrium of the system, respectively. Numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the theoretical results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trans‐fatty acid promotes thrombus formation in mice by aggravating antithrombogenic endothelial functions via Toll‐like receptors
Authors: Kondo Kensuke , Ishida Tatsuro , Yasuda Tomoyuki , Nakajima Hideto , Mori Kenta , Tanaka Nobuaki , Mori Takeshige , Monguchi Tomoko , Shinohara Masakazu , Irino Yasuhiro , Toh Ryuji , Rikitake Yoshiyuki , Kiyomizu Kazunobu , Tomiyama Yoshiaki , Yamamoto Junichiro , Hirata Ken‐ichi
Published: December 2014

Scope

Since excessive intake of trans‐fatty acid (TFA) increases the risk of myocardial infarction, we investigated the effects of TFA on thrombus formation using animal and cell culture experiments.

Methods and results

C57BL/6 mice were fed a diet containing TFA or cis‐fatty acid (5% each of total calories) or a chow diet for 4 weeks, and thrombus formation was induced in the carotid artery by He‐Ne laser irradiation. The high‐TFA diet significantly promoted thrombus formation in the carotid artery compared to the chow or cis‐fatty acid diet. TFA activated the inflammatory signaling pathway in cultured endothelial cells and in mice; aortic gene expression levels of antithrombogenic molecules, including thrombomodulin and tissue factor pathway inhibitor, were decreased, and the expression levels of prothrombogenic molecules were increased in TFA‐treated mice. TFA markedly upregulated the prothrombogenic molecules and downregulated the antithrombogenic molecules in endothelial cells. In addition, TFA induced phosphorylation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase, and nuclear factor‐κB. The TFA‐activated signal pathways and prothrombogenic phenotypic changes of endothelial cells were inhibited by genetic or pharmacological inactivation of Toll‐like receptors 2 and 4.

Conclusion

TFA aggravates the antithrombogenic phenotypes of vascular endothelial cells via Toll‐like receptors and promotes thrombus formation in mice.
Role of dietary pro‐oxidants in the maintenance of health and resilience to oxidative stress
Authors: de Roos Baukje , Duthie Garry G.
Published: December 2014

The average length of human life is increasing, but so does the incidence of age‐ and lifestyle‐related diseases. Improving diet and lifestyle is a key strategy for lifelong health and underlying mechanisms may well include increasing resilience pathways. The purpose of this review is to highlight and evaluate novel mechanisms by which dietary pro‐oxidants, including bioactive phytochemicals and fatty acids, increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations just enough to activate transcription factor activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf‐2) and heat shock factor (HSF), leading to an increase in levels of antioxidant enzymes and heat shock proteins that protect against the damaging effects of ROS. An increasing number of in vivo studies have now shown that dietary pro‐oxidant compounds can increase the production of such resilience products. In most studies, dietary pro‐oxidants normalized levels of antioxidant enzymes that were decreased by a range of different challenges, rather than raising levels of resilience products per se. Also, it is important to consider that the antioxidant response can be different for different organs. For future studies, however, the measurement of resilience markers may significantly improve our ability to prove the efficacy by which dietary bioactives with pro‐oxidant capacities improve lifelong health.
CutFEM: Discretizing geometry and partial differential equations
Authors: Burman Erik , Claus Susanne , Hansbo Peter , Larson Mats G. , Massing André
Published: December 2014

We discuss recent advances on robust unfitted finite element methods on cut meshes. These methods are designed to facilitate computations on complex geometries obtained, for example, from computer‐aided design or image data from applied sciences. Both the treatment of boundaries and interfaces and the discretization of PDEs on surfaces are discussed and illustrated numerically. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maximum principle for optimal control problem of stochastic delay differential equations driven by fractional Brownian motions
Authors: Wang Qiuxi , Chen Feng , Huang Fushan
Published: December 2014

In this paper, we consider the optimal control problem for delayed stochastic differential equations driven by fractional Brownian motions. Some necessary Pontryagin's type conditions are derived by considering the adjoint equations satisfying an anticipated backward stochastic differential equation driven by both fractional Brownian motions and the standard Brownian motions. Some new results on stochastic analysis about the control systems driven by fractional Brownian motions are presented. As an application, a linear quadratic problem is deduced, and a numerical example is shown to prove the effectiveness of our method. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ABL and BAM Friction Analysis Comparison
Authors: Warner Kirstin F. , Sandstrom Mary M. , Brown Geoffrey W. , Remmers Daniel L. , Phillips Jason J. , Shelley Timothy J. , Reyes Jose A. , Hsu Peter C. , Reynolds John G.
Published: December 2014

The Integrated Data Collection Analysis (IDCA) program has conducted a proficiency study for Small‐Scale Safety and Thermal (SSST) testing of homemade explosives (HMEs). Described here is a comparison of the Alleghany Ballistic Laboratory (ABL) friction data and Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und ‐prüfung (BAM) friction data for 19 HME and military standard explosives. Two methods were employed to reduce the data – modified Bruceton analysis (F50) and the threshold initiation level analysis (TIL). The study provides a full list of friction sensitivity data for the 19 materials by both ABL and BAM friction testing equipment. Specific results highlight the differences more than the similarities of the two methods. PETN and KClO3/sugar mixtures exhibit the most sensitivity of the materials studied by both testing methods. On the other hand, H2O2/fuel mixtures exhibit no sensitivity in ABL testing, but exhibit some sensitivity in BAM testing. For the UNi mixtures, the behavior was the opposite, no sensitivity in BAM but some sensitivity in ABL. KClO4/Al mixtures exhibit high sensitivity in the ABL method, but only moderate sensitivity in the BAM method. Other differences are seen in the relative sensitivities underscoring the differences in the mechanisms of how each test method operates. In some cases, data could not be attained because of the physical nature of the material. Comparison between the two friction methods on a material‐by‐material basis using absolute values not surprisingly yielded essentially no systematic correlations. Even the relative order showed little correlation between the two methods. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) funded this effort. Each participating testing laboratory uses identical test materials and preparation methods. However, the test procedures differ among the laboratories. The testing performers involved are Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Naval Surface Warfare Center, Indian Head Division Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology (NSWC IHEODTD), Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), and Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL/RXQL).
Lung Ultrasound for Critical Care Physiotherapists: A Narrative Review
Authors: Leech Maja , Bissett Bernie , Kot Marta , Ntoumenopoulos George
Published: December 2014

Background

In critical care, part of the physiotherapist's respiratory assessment aims to identify parenchymal pulmonary pathology, which may be amenable to respiratory physiotherapy. In addition to clinical assessment, the tools that are most readily available to the respiratory physiotherapist to distinguish between acute pulmonary pathologies include auscultation and chest Xray. The limited diagnostic accuracy of these tools may not allow for the accurate differentiation between conditions such as lung collapse, consolidation and pleural effusion. Although computed tomography allows for this differentiation, it requires patient transport and exposes the patient to increased risk and high levels of radiation. Diagnostic lung ultrasound (LUS) has emerged as a highly sensitive bedside diagnostic tool with high level evidence to support its use for the differentiation of various common acute pulmonary pathologies. In this review, the diagnostic performances of auscultation, chest Xray and LUS are reviewed, and the usefulness of LUS as an adjunct to respiratory physiotherapy assessment is discussed. The issues surrounding training physiotherapists and the implementation of LUS are also explored.

Methods

The method used is a narrative review of the literature.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, LUS is not routinely utilized by critical care physiotherapists. However, its superior sensitivity and specificity would enable the physiotherapist to make an accurate, timely and point of care diagnosis of lung pathology and determine whether the pathology is amenable to respiratory physiotherapy. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐quality GaN film and AlGaN/GaN HEMT grown on 4‐inch Si(110) substrates by MOCVD using an ultra‐thin AlN/GaN superlattice interlayer
Authors: Shen X. Q. , Takahashi T. , Ide T. , Shimizu M.
Published: December 2014

We report the characterization results of GaN films and AlGaN/GaN heterostructure grown on 4‐inch Si(110) substrates by MOCVD using an ultra‐thin AlN/GaN superlattice interlayer (SL IL) structure. The structure optimization of the SL IL, characterizations of the GaN film quality and the strain state are carried out. The SL IL is found to play an important role in controlling the strain states in GaN films. A crack‐free GaN film up to 2 μm thick is achieved by inserting one SL IL. High‐quality GaN is obtained with the FWHM values of (002) and (102) diffraction peaks from a 2 μm‐thick GaN film being as narrow as 427 arcsec and 665 arcsec, respectively. A flat surface morphology of GaN with monolayer steps is obtained. Based on the SL IL technique, AlGaN/GaN heterostructure is grown with 2DEG mobility and sheet carrier density being ∼1500 cm2/Vs and 1.2 × 1013 cm−2. A high‐electron‐mobility transistor (HEMT) is fabricated and good DC characteristics are demonstrated.
Excitation density dependence of radiative and nonradiative recombination lifetimes in InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells
Authors: Murotani Hideaki , Yamada Yoichi , Honda Yoshio , Amano Hiroshi
Published: December 2014

The optical properties of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) have been studied by means of photoluminescence (PL) and time‐resolved photoluminescence (TRPL) spectroscopy. The radiative and nonradiative recombination lifetimes were evaluated as a function of the excitation energy density. The radiative recombination lifetime decreased and subsequently reached a nearly constant value with increasing excitation energy density, which was attributed to screening of internal electric fields by photoexcited carriers. On the other hand, the nonradiative recombination lifetime increased and subsequently decreased with increasing excitation energy density. The initial increase in the nonradiative recombination lifetime could be attributed to saturation of nonradiative recombination centers with photoexcited carriers. The nonradiative recombination lifetime was found to decrease to a considerably weaker extent than that expected for the Auger recombination process of free carriers. This indicated that the decrease in the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) at high carrier densities could not be explained only by the Auger recombination process of free carriers.
A globally asymptotically stabilizing trajectory tracking controller for fully actuated rigid bodies using landmark‐based information
Authors: Casau Pedro , Sanfelice Ricardo G. , Cunha Rita , Silvestre Carlos
Published: December 2014

In this paper, we address the problem of designing a control law based on sensor measurements that provides global asymptotic stabilization to a reference trajectory defined on the
. The proposed control law is a function of the angular velocity, of vector measurements characterizing the position of some given landmarks, and of their rate of change. We provide sufficient conditions for the existence of synergistic potential functions on SO(3) which are pivotal in the generation of a suitable hybrid control law. We also provide sufficient conditions on the geometry of the landmarks to solve the given problem. Finally, the proposed solution is simulated and compared with a continuous feedback control law. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrete time sliding mode control with reduced switching – a new reaching law approach
Authors: Bartoszewicz Andrzej , Latosiński Paweł
Published: December 2014

In this paper, a novel reaching law for discrete‐time variable structure systems is proposed. It ensures that the representative point (state) of the controlled plant approaches the switching plane in finite time and then crosses it in every subsequent step. Moreover, the proposed reaching law ensures that for the nominal plant the absolute value of the sliding variable asymptotically decreases to zero, and for the perturbed plant, it converges to a smaller interval around zero than with the application of previously proposed reaching laws. The control method proposed in this paper guarantees asymptotic stability of the nominal system and uniform ultimate boundedness of the perturbed one. Furthermore, the method ensures that the sliding variable rate of change (i.e. the difference between its values at any two subsequent sampling instants) is bounded by design parameters, which do not depend on the system initial conditions. This is a highly desirable property, as it results in a priori specified, ‘almost’ constant convergence rate of the sliding variable when the system state is far off the switching plane and helps enforce state constraints in the system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bauzeitverzögerungen bei Stahlbauprojekten
Authors: Hammacher Peter
Published: December 2014

Ob ein Stahlbauprojekt konfliktfrei abgewickelt werden kann, hängt wesentlich von der Mitwirkung des Auftraggebers, z. B. der Planung, der Beistellung und der Koordination ab. Durch Änderungs‐ und Zusatzwünsche oder externe Einflüsse kann es zu Bauzeitverlängerungen und damit zu Mehrkosten für den Auftragnehmer kommen. Das Stahlbau‐Unternehmen steht in der Liefer‐ und Leistungskette weit hinten, sodass sich zeitliche Verzögerungen der vorangegangenen Werke vor allem bei ihm kumulieren. Aus der Bauzeitverzögerung resultierende Mehrkosten kann der Auftragnehmer im Wesentlichen auf drei Anspruchsgrundlagen aufbauen, die jedoch unterschiedliche Anforderungen stellen und frühzeitig – bereits baubegleitend – beachtet und erfüllt werden müssen. Vermeiden lassen sich solche Konflikte jedoch nur durch vorausschauende Vertragsgestaltung. Dabei sollte daran gedacht werden, außergerichtliche Streitbeilegungsverfahren zu vereinbaren.

Delays in the steel construction progress – Legal framework, conflict prevention and conflict resolution. Steel construction heavily depends on employers‘ planning, provision of ground and material, coordination of the construction progress. Due to changes and additional requests or other interferences in the construction process, it often comes to time shifts or extensions and thus to additional costs for the contractor. Since the erection of steel construction comes at the very end precedent delays may cumulate. The Contractor may base his claims on three main legal grounds but needs to be aware of different legal requirements. An early contract management and a good documentation are essential. Conflicts resulting there from can be avoided by the forward‐looking drafting of the contract, including stipulations on alternative dispute resolutions.
Optimierter Einsatz reaktiver Brandschutzsysteme im Stahl‐ und Verbundbau
Authors: Mensinger Martin , Kraus Peter
Published: December 2014

Reaktive Brandschutzsysteme werden im Stahlbau seit über 40 Jahren erfolgreich zum Schutz von Stahlbauteilen gegen Brandeinwirkung eingesetzt. Ihre Anwendung erfordert Kenntnisse über ihre Wirkungsweise, über die erforderliche Qualitätssicherung bei der Applikation und Wartung sowie über die richtige Festlegung der erforderlichen Trockenschichtdicken. Europäische Zulassungen erlauben im Zusammenspiel mit den Regelungen der EN 1993‐1‐2 [1] und der EN 1994‐1‐2 [2] eine Optimierung der Schichtdicken. Dabei sind jedoch auch die Grenzen der durch die Zulassungen abgedeckten Anwendungsbereiche zu beachten. Neuere Forschungsarbeiten [3], [4] ermöglichen sowohl eine weitere Optimierung sowie eine Ausweitung des Anwendungsbereichs reaktiver Brandschutzsysteme.

Optimized utilization of reactive fire protection systems for steel and composite constructions. Reactive fire protection systems are successfully used against fire exposure in steel construction for over 40 years. Their application requires knowledge of their mode of action, the necessary quality management in application and maintenance, and the correct definition of the necessary dry film thicknesses. European Technical Approvals (ETA’s) allow the interaction with the provisions of EN 1993‐1‐2 [1] and EN 1994‐1‐2 [2] optimizing the layer thicknesses. However, the limits of the areas covered by the ETA’s have to be considered. Recent research [3], [4] allows both further optimization as well as an expansion of the scope of reactive fire protection systems.
Using representational tools to learn about complex systems: A tale of two classrooms
Authors: Hmelo‐Silver Cindy E. , Liu Lei , Gray Steven , Jordan Rebecca
Published: December 2014

Orchestrating inquiry‐based science learning in the classroom is a complex undertaking. It requires fitting the culture of the classroom with the teacher's teaching and inquiry practices. To understand the interactions between these variables in relation to student learning, we conducted an investigation in two different classroom settings to understand how different teachers use and appropriate the same physical and computer‐based tools into their teaching practices. Each worked with physical aquaria, function‐oriented hypermedia for background information and reference, and NetLogo (Evanston, IL) simulations for computer‐supported collaborative inquiry learning. The students engaged in inquiry as they used the NetLogo models in small groups. Because of distinct teaching styles and varying levels of comfort with the materials and content, these two enactments were extraordinarily different between the two classrooms. We present a contrasting case analysis to examine how each teacher's practices set the stage for the kinds of interactions that occurred during students' computer‐supported inquiry learning. We suggest that one teacher worked from a cognitive‐elaboration perspective whereas the other teacher took an approach to teaching that incorporated socio‐cultural perspectives. Both of the approaches to teaching supported the active engagement of learners and may account for the similar learning outcomes measured. In light of the current move toward standards‐based public education, it may seem that there is only one pathway for teaching to support of student learning. However, our results do not support this notion and we provide evidence that different instructional models, classroom norms, and appropriation of tools can support similar student learning outcomes with respect to content knowledge. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 52: 6–35, 2015
An exploration of hispanic mothers' culturally sustaining experiences at an informal science center
Authors: Weiland Ingrid
Published: December 2014

Science education reform focuses on learner‐centered instruction within contexts that support learners' sociocultural experiences. The purpose of this study was to explore Hispanic mothers' experiences as accompanying adults at an informal science center within the context of culturally sustaining experiences, which include the fluidity and plurality of cultural and linguistic diversity, and support multilingualism and multiculturalism in practice and perspective for learners. Through a phenomenological approach, eight Hispanic mothers were observed with their children at a science center and then interviewed to elicit an understanding of their experiences. Results indicate that mothers were largely unfamiliar with museums in general, yet the science center supported their socio‐cultural ways of learning and engaging with their children. Nevertheless, from the perspective of the mothers, opportunities exist for the science center to provide more cultural/linguistic access to the exhibits. While prior research has shown that informal science education can encompass culturally meaningful experiences by affirming cultural identities, results from this study suggest that this inclusive and affirming approach be extended to all informal science venues using a multi‐modal approach to learning, and should include cultural sustainability to support negotiations between prior and current cultural contexts. This could include, but is not limited to, targeted outreach and programming that values parents as intellectual resources and involving diverse community members not only in the design process but also in the operations of the center. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 52: 84–106, 2015
Identifying transcriptional cis‐regulatory modules in animal genomes
Authors: Suryamohan Kushal , Halfon Marc S.
Published: December 2014

Gene expression is regulated through the activity of transcription factors (TFs) and chromatin‐modifying proteins acting on specific DNA sequences, referred to as cis‐regulatory elements. These include promoters, located at the transcription initiation sites of genes, and a variety of distal cis‐regulatory modules (CRMs), the most common of which are transcriptional enhancers. Because regulated gene expression is fundamental to cell differentiation and acquisition of new cell fates, identifying, characterizing, and understanding the mechanisms of action of CRMs is critical for understanding development. CRM discovery has historically been challenging, as CRMs can be located far from the genes they regulate, have few readily identifiable sequence characteristics, and for many years were not amenable to high‐throughput discovery methods. However, the recent availability of complete genome sequences and the development of next‐generation sequencing methods have led to an explosion of both computational and empirical methods for CRM discovery in model and nonmodel organisms alike. Experimentally, CRMs can be identified through chromatin immunoprecipitation directed against TFs or histone post‐translational modifications, identification of nucleosome‐depleted ‘open’ chromatin regions, or sequencing‐based high‐throughput functional screening. Computational methods include comparative genomics, clustering of known or predicted TF‐binding sites, and supervised machine‐learning approaches trained on known CRMs. All of these methods have proven effective for CRM discovery, but each has its own considerations and limitations, and each is subject to a greater or lesser number of false‐positive identifications. Experimental confirmation of predictions is essential, although shortcomings in current methods suggest that additional means of validation need to be developed. WIREs Dev Biol 2015, 4:59–84. doi: 10.1002/wdev.168

This article is categorized under:

Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Regulatory Mechanisms

Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Gene Networks and Genomics

Technologies > Analysis of the Transcriptome