bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Petroleum Migration Direction of the Silurian Paleo‐pools in the Tarim Basin, Northwest China
Authors: Luofu LIU , Yande ZHAO , Hong HUO , Lixin CHEN , Yuanzhuang CHEN , Suping ZHAO , Chao LI , Shuangwen LI , Yongqiang GUO , Yan LI
Published: September 2010

Abstract: The results obtained in this paper indicate that carbazole‐type compounds have high thermal stability and also show stability in oxidation and bio‐degradation. This kind of compounds still has a high concentration and complete distribution in the analyzed dry asphalt samples, showing that they are particularly useful in studying petroleum migration of paleo‐pool. During the basin's first‐stage of oil‐gas pool formation in the Silurian in Tazhong and Tabei areas of Tarim Basin (at the end of Silurian period) and the second‐stage in the Awati area (in Permian), the petroleum experienced a long‐distance migration. During the formation of the Silurian paleo‐pools in Tazhong Uplift at the end of Silurian, the petroleum mainly came from the lower and middle Cambrian source rocks in the Manjiaer sag. The petroleum migrated towards the southwest‐south entering the Silurian reservoir beds in Tazhong first. Then, it further migrated within Silurian from northwest to southeast along the highs of the Structural Belts to the region of the Silurian pinchout boundary in Tazhong. In Tabei Uplift, during the first‐stage of pool formation, the petroleum was also from the lower and middle Cambrian source rocks in the Manjiaer sag. It migrated northwest entering the Silurian reservoir beds in the Tabei Uplift firstly, and then the migration continued in the same direction within the Silurian reservoirs and finally the petroleum was trapped in higher positions. During the second‐stage pool formation in the Silurian beds in the areas around Awati sag, the petroleum mainly came from the lower‐middle Cambrian source rocks in the Awati sag. The petroleum migrated from the generation center to Silurian reservoirs in all directions around the sag through major paths, and the petroleum was finally trapped in higher locations.
A New Titanosauriform Sauropod from the Early Late Cretaceous of Dongyang, Zhejiang Province
Authors: Junchang Lü , AZUMA Yoichi , Rongjun CHEN , Wenjie ZHENG , Xingsheng JIN
Published: September 2010

Abstract: A new titanosauriform sauropod Dongyangosaurus sinensis gen. et sp. nov. from the early Late Cretaceous of Dongyang County, Zhejiang Province, is erected based on a partial postcranial skeleton. It is characterized by complex laminae on the lateral surface of the neural spines and postzygapophyses of dorsal vertebrae, a distinct fossa on the ventral surfaces of the prezygapophyses of dorsal vertebrae, distinct fossae are also present on the lateral surface of the postzygapophysis of anterior caudal vertebrae; pubis is shorter than ischium, the small obturator foramen of pubis elongated, and nearly closed. The lamina complexity of dorsal vertebrae in Dongyangosaurus indicates that a higher diversity of titanosauriformes occurred during the early Late Cretaceous in China.
New Fossil Beetles of the Family Elateridae from the Jehol Biota of China (Coleoptera: Polyphaga)
Authors: Huali CHANG , Dong REN
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Two new species of elaterids assigned to two new genera with intriguing fossa on prosternum are described and illustrated: Bilineariselater foveatus gen. et sp. nov. and Curtelater wui gen. et sp. nov. from the Upper Jurassic‐Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China. The origin of the clicking mechanism in these beetles and the systematic position of the two genera are briefly discussed.
Thick‐skinned Contractional Salt Structures in the Kuqa Depression, the Northern Tarim Basin: Constraints from Physical Experiments
Authors: Yixin YU , Liangjie TANG , Wenjing YANG , Wenzheng JIN , Gengxin PENG , Ganglin LEI
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Thick‐skinned contractional salt structures are widely developed in the western Kuqa depression, northern Tarim basin. To understand the mechanisms that govern the development of these structures, physical experiments are conducted and the results show that they are largely governed by the activities of basement faults and the forming of paleo‐uplifts and basement slopes. The model materials in this study are dry sand, vaseline and plasticene (or hard foam), simulating the suprasalt, salt, and subsalt layers respectively. The experiments show that, due to the activities of basement faults and the forming of the paleo‐uplifts, salt bodies usually accumulate and thicken significantly on the middle top of the paleo‐uplifts which are constrained by the pre‐exiting boundary faults. The development of large‐scale thrust faults and salt nappes is favored by the basement slops with larger dips. The experiments also conclude that differential structural deformation could occur between the subsalt and suprasalt layers because of the presence of salt layers. Their geometries and the locations of structural highs are different, despite of the great similarities in the uplifted areas. The pierced salt diapir is not observed in the experiments, which indicates that the contractional shortening does not effectively accelerate the development of the salt diapir.
Late Mesozoic Thermotectonic Evolution of the Jueluotage Range, Eastern Xinjiang, Northwest China: Evidence from Apatite Fission Track Data
Authors: Wenbin ZHU , Jinglin WAN , Liangshu SHU , Zhiyong ZHANG , Jinbao SU , Yan SUN , Jichun GUO , Xueyun ZHANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Although many authors have emphasized the Cenozoic history of deformation, exhumation and cooling in the Tianshan area related to the India‐Asia collision, very little is known about the Mesozoic history of compression and uplift within the Tianshan. In order to obtain information about the Mesozoic exhumation history and processes of cooling in eastern Tianshan, fission track methods on apatite were used. Sampling was made in the Jueluotage Range. Three samples (Z001‐Z003) were taken from granite in borehole ZK6301 of Yandong pluton; the ages range from 97.0 to 87.6 Ma that are much younger than the pluton age which was dated by U‐Pb zircon at 334±2 Ma. Two samples in northern piedmont of the Jueluotage Range were collected from Jurassic strata in Dikaner (DK001) and Dananhu (D001) whose ages are 91.5 and 93.4 Ma respectively. The average apparent exhumation rate is 0.039 mm/a calculated by extrapolation on the basis of Yandong samples, indicating an extremely slow exhumation in the Jueluotage Range since the Late Cretaceous. Two Jurassic samples reached the maximum depths after deposition and experienced the maximum temperatures of ca. 105 and 108°C until the late Early Cretaceous before a period of cooling and exhumation occurred at 114 and 106 Ma.
Estimating Influence of Crystallizing Latent Heat on Cooling‐Crystallizing Process of a Granitic Melt and Its Geological Implications
Authors: Bangton ZHANG , Junqi WU , Hongfei LING , Peirong CHEN
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Based on the theory of thermal conductivity, in this paper we derived a formula to estimate the prolongation period (ΔtL) of cooling‐crystallization process of a granitic melt caused by latent heat of crystallization as follows:

where TM is initial temperature of the granite melt, TC crystallization temperature of the granite melt, Cp specific heat, Δtcol cooling period of a granite melt from its initial temperature (TM) to its crystallization temperature (TC), QL latent heat of the granite melt.

The cooling period of the melt for the Fanshan granodiorite from its initial temperature (900°C) to crystallization temperature (600°C) could be estimated ˜210,000 years if latent heat was not considered. Calculation for the Fanshan melt using the above formula yields a ΔtL value of ˜190,000 years, which implies that the actual cooling period within the temperature range of 900°‐600°C should be 400,000 years. This demonstrates that the latent heat produced from crystallization of the granitic melt is a key factor influencing the cooling‐crystallization process of a granitic melt, prolongating the period of crystallization and resulting in the large emplacement‐crystallization time difference (ECTD) in granite batholith.
“Water Consumption” in the Diagenetic Stage and Its Petroleum Geological Significance
Authors: Shanwen ZHANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Inspired from the anomaly of low pressure in the middle and deep reservoir of the Paleogene in the Jiyang depression, this paper theoritically discusses “water consumption” of the principal mineral alteration during the diagenetic stage. The preliminary research result shows that “water consumption” of mineral alteration in the diagenetic stage can make formation water greatly decrease. Relevant formations will be in the stage of low pressure without supply of exterior liquid. Pressure differences between the relevant formations and wall rocks make hydrocarbons enter easily to form the effective reservoir.
The Status Quo and Outlook of Chinese Coal Geology and Exploration Technologies
Authors: Shuishi XU , Aiguo CHENG , Daiyong CAO
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Coal is China's dominant energy resource. Coal geological exploration is the basis of sustainable development of coal industry. Since the late 1990s, the advances in Chinese coal geology and exploration techniques have been shown in the following aspects. (1) The basic research of coal geology has changed from traditional geological studies to earth system science; (2) Breakthroughs have been achieved in integrated exploration techniques for coal resources; (3) Evaluation of coal and coalbed methane resources provides important basis for macropolicy making for China's coal industry and construction of large coal bases; (4) Significant advances have been made in using information technology in coal geological exploration and 3S (GPS, GIS, RS) technology. For the present and a period of time in the future, major tasks of Chinese coal geological technology are as follows: (1) solving resources replacement problem in eastern China and geological problems of deep mining; (2) solving problem of integrated coal exploration of complex regions in energy bases of central China, and resources problems induced by coal exploitation; (3) making efforts to enhance the level of geological research and resources evaluation of coal‐accumulation basins in western China; (4) strengthening geological research of clean coal technologies; (5) strengthening geological research of the problems in modern coal mining and safe production; (6) promoting information technology in coal resources and major geological investigations.
Distribution Characteristics of Sulfur and the Main Harmful Trace Elements in China's Coal
Authors: Shuheng TANG , Shenglin SUN , Yong QIN , Yaofa JIANG , Wenfeng WANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract: To promote the rational development and use of clean coal resources in China, data on the regional and age distribution of sulfur, arsenic and other harmful elements in Chinese coal was broadly collected, tested for content, and analyzed. Coal in northwestern China is characterized by low to extremely low levels of sulfur; the coal of the Taiyuan Formation in northern China mainly has high‐sulfur content; that of the Shanxi Formation is mainly characterized by low sulfur coal; and the Late Permian coal in southern China has overall higher sulfur content; other regions have low sulfur coal. The average content of harmful trace elements in the bulk of China's coal is similar to the corresponding content in the coal of the North America and the rest of the world, whereas the content of various elements (Hg, Sb and Se) is different in magnitude to the corresponding percentage in the crust. The average content of the elements Cr, Se, Co, Be, U, Br in Late Permian coal in S China ranks first in the country whereas the average content of Hg and CI in the coals of Late Carboniferous to Early Permian age in N China are the highest. The average content of Mn in Early and Middle Jurassic coal is higher in NW China. The high content of harmful elements in some coal should cause particular concern both in the development and utilization of coal.
Re‐Os Dating of Molybdenite from the Yaogangxian Tungsten Deposit, South China, and Its Geological Significance
Authors: Yonglei WANG , Rongfu PEI , Jinwen LI , Wenjun QU , Li LI , Haolin WANG , Andao DU
Published: September 2010

The Yaogangxian tungsten deposit is located in the central part of the Nanling polymetallic metallogenic province. The orebodies occur as veins. Wolframite and molybdenite are the dominant ore minerals. Two samples were selected for molybdenite Re‐Os dating in order to elucidate the timing of mineralization. Re‐Os datings of molybdenite from quartz‐wolframite veins and disseminated in granite yield ages of 153±7 Ma and 163.2±4.2 Ma respectively. The results indicate that the Yaogangxian tungsten deposit is the product of large‐scale metallogenesis in the middle Yanshanian period in South China, and that the evolution from late magmatic to postmagmatic hypothermal mineralization occurred at about 10 Ma. The rhenium content of molybdenite in the Yaogangxian tungsten deposit suggests that the ore materials originated from the crust.
Emplacement Ages and Geochemical Characteristics of Grabbroic Intrusions and Prospecting Orientation of Related Deposit in Luodian, Guizhou Province
Authors: Weixuan FANG , Ruizhong HU , Wenchao SU , Jiafei XIAO
Published: September 2010

Emplacement ages, geochemical characteristics and analysis of continental dynamics on gabbroic intrusions in Luodian County, Guizhou Province, have been discussed based on studies of isotopic chronology (the whole‐rock Sm‐Nd and Rb‐Sr isochron methods), major elements, trace elements and PGE. Intrusive activities of the gabbroic intrusions in the study area took place during the Late Yanshanian Orogenic Movement (the Cretaceous Period), as indicated by the Sm‐Nd isochron ages (t)=(99.6±4.5) (2s̀) Ma and by the Rb‐Sr isochron ages t=(97±1.6) (2s̀) Ma. The gabbroic intrusions are attached to mafic rocks in cal‐alkaline basaltic series. They occurred as dikes and might be formed under an extensional background of the continent. Differentiation of their magmatic crystallization resulted in obvious zonation of petrography. In the gabbroic intrusions of this study, large ion lithophile elements and LREE are enriched, and the chondrite‐normalized REE distribution pattern is leftward inclined without anomalies of δCe or δEu, and there are high concentrations of PGE and ratios of Pd/Ir (averaging 4.21). All of these imply that their source areas may be basaltic magma in the upper mantle with high‐level partial melting, derived from EMI‐type enriched mantle. It is different from Emeishan basalt, which may be related to the upper mantle at low‐grade partial melting. Emplacement mechanism of the gabbroic intrusions in this study may suppose to be asthenosphere upheaving as an isolated hot wave in the presence of mantle fluid, resulting in basaltic magma intruded into the continental crust as a diapiric intrusion. Therefore, uplifting of faulting‐block and extensional deformation could take place in the shallow part of the continental crust while vertical amassing and accretion of magmatic materials in the deep part of the continental crust These special processes could supposed to be a special background of continental dynamics for this large‐scale epithermal metallogenic domain, such as Au, As, Sb and Hg deposits, and vertical uplifting of the Yunnan‐Guizhou Plateau in the Cretaceous Period.
Magnetite‐Fluorite Rock: A New Rock Type of Hot Water Sedimentation
Authors: Shaokang XU , Xuehui XIA , Congjian YUAN , Bingquan WANG , Fei YAN , Shengxian YAN , Xingquan ZHENG
Published: September 2010

The new type hot water sedimentary rock — magnetite‐fluorite rock occurs as quasi‐layers in flat parts of contact zones between rock body and strata in Bamianshan of Changshan County, Zhejiang Province, China. The main mineral assemblage is fluorite+magnetite+cassiterite. The rock shows typical laminated structure and obvious mosaic texture. Its formation temperature is between 123°C‐160°C, averaging at 142°C. The major chemical composition of the rock includes CaF2, SiO2, Al2O3, FeO, and Fe2O3; the high‐content microelement association includes W, Sn, Be, Rb, Sr, S, and CI; and the total content of REE is low (ΣREE between 35.34times10−6‐38.35times10−4), showing LREE enrichment type of distribution pattern. Diagenesis: driven by the tectonic stress, the formation water heated in the deep strata had moved along the fissures or fractures in strata and had extracted components from the strata on the way, and finally stagnated in the flat parts of contact zones between rock body and strata. With drop in temperature, magnetite and fluorite were separated from the hot water and precipitated alternately, forming this hot water sedimentary rock with new type mineralogical composition, typical laminated structure, obvious mosaic texture and sub‐horizontal occurrence. The characteristics of the new type mineralogical composition, sedimentary tectonic environment and chemical composition are different from that of the well‐known traditional hydrothermal sedimentary rocks.
Calcite Dissolution in Deionized Water from 50°C to 250°C at 10 MPa: Rate Equation and Reaction Order
Authors: Qingjie GONG , Jun DENG , Qingfei WANG , Liqiang YANG , Min SHE
Published: September 2010

Carbonate minerals and water (or geofluids) reactions are important for modeling of geochemical processes and have received considerable attention over the past decades. The calcite dissolution rates from 50°C to 250°C at 10 MPa in deionized water with a flow rate varying from 0.2 to 5 mL/min were experimentally measured in a continuous flow column pressure vessel reactor. The dissolution began near the equilibrium with c/ceq > 0.3 and finally reached the equilibrium at 100°C‐250°C, so the corresponding solubility was also determined as 1.87, 2.02, 2.02 and 1.88times10−4 · mol/L at 100°C, 150°C, 200°C and 250°C respectively, which was first increasing and then switching to decreasing with temperature and the maximum value might occur between 150°C and 200°C. The experimental dissolution rate not only increased with temperature, but also had a rapid increase between 150°C and 200°C at a constant flow rate of 4 mL/min. The measured dissolution rates can be described using rate equations of R = k(1‐c/ceq)R or R = kc−n. In these equations the reaction order n changed with temperature, which indicates that n was a variable rather than a constant, and the activation energy was 13.4 kj/mol calculated with R = k(1‐c/ceq)R or 18.0 kJ/mol with R = kc−R, which is a little lower than the surface controlled values. The varied reaction order and lower activation energy indicates that calcite dissolution in this study is a complex interplay of diffusion controlled and surface controlled processes.
Effect of Mineral Dusts on the Growth of Silicate Bacteria S35
Authors: Qunwei DAI , Faqin DONG , Jianjun DENG
Published: September 2010

In order to compare the chemical compositions and physical properities of dusts on silicate bacteria S35, the chemical compositions of six kinds of mineral dusts have been analyzed and the changes of pH value, glucose (GLU), electrolyte and Mn, Si, Fe before and after the dusts reacted with silicate bacteria S35 have been measured. The SEM analysis has been used to study the bacterial form and interface action status in the course of reaction between dusts and bacteria. The results show that these mineral dusts have different effects on experiment bacteria. Therefore, it is concluded that the effect of mineral dusts on silicate bacteria has correlation with the chemical compositions and physical properities of dusts.
Preparation and Structural Investigation of CuCl2 Graphite Intercalation Compounds
Authors: Xiaopei BIN , Jiazang CHEN , Hong CAO , Enbao MA , Xuehua WANG , Jizhu YUAN
Published: September 2010

Superfine graphite powder was prepared by ball‐milling exfoliated graphite containing anhydrous CuCI2 in planetary ball milling systems. Nano‐scale CuCl2 graphite intercalation compounds were synthesized by heating a mixture of anhydrous CuCl2 and graphite nanosheets. Scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy were performed to characterize the microstructures of stage‐1 nano‐scale CuCI2 graphite intercalation compounds. The structure and components of the domain wall and core in the nano‐scale CuCl2 graphite intercalation compounds are described. The results show that the content of CuCl2 in the mixture plays a crucial role in the size of the nano‐scale CuCl2 graphite intercalation compound.
Oviraptorosaurian Eggs (Dinosauria) with Embryonic Skeletons Discovered for the First Time in China
Authors: CHENG Yen‐nien , Qiang JI , WU Xiao‐chun , SHAN Hsi‐yin
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Two elongatoolithid dinosaur eggs from the Upper Cretaceous of Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province and the embryonic skeletons they bear are described. They represent the first oviraptorosaurian eggs with embryonic skeletons in China and provide the first example that an oospecies can be correlated to certain dinosaur taxon/taxa. The two eggs are the same as the pair of the eggs inside a female oviraptorosaurian pelvis from the same horizon of the same area in both macro‐ and micro‐structures of the egg shells, and can be referred to the oospecies, Macroolithus yaotunensis Zhao, 1975. The morphology of the preserved part of the embryonic skeletons indicates that they may have been laid by an oviraptorid, Heyuannia huangi from Guangdong Province or a closely related oviraptorosaurian, which may have been lived in the Ganzhou area too in the Late Cretaceous. The embryonic skeletons of the two eggs are not in the same developing stage. In one of the eggs, the Heyuannia huangi of the preserved vertebrae are well ossified, indicating that it was just hatched.
Late Cretaceous Aquatic Angiosperms from Jiayin, Heilongjiang, Northeast China
Authors: Cheng QUAN , Ge SUN
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Three taxa of Late Cretaceous aquatic angiosperms, Queruexia angulata (Lesq.) Krysht, Cobbania corrugata (Lesq.) Stockey et al. and Nelumbites cf. extenuinervis Upchurch et al. from Jiayin of Heilongjiang, NE China, are described in detail. Among them, Cobbania and Nelumbites from the Upper Cretaceous in China are reported for the first time. The aquatic angiosperm assemblage of Queruexia‐Cobbania‐Nelumbites appears to imply a seasonal, warm and moist environment in the Jiayin area during the Santonian‐Campanian time.
An AFM Observation on Fossil Cytoplasm
Authors: Xin WANG , Junping YU , Xiaohong FANG
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Fossil cytoplasm is a new research topic of interest in paleobotany. Atomic force microscope (AFM) is a new technology applied widely in physics and biology; however, it is rarely used in paleontology. Here we applied AFM for the first time to study fossil cytoplasm. The results indicate that the fossil cytoplasm is heterogeneous and full of ultrastructures, just like extant cytoplasm, and that the application of AFM, especially in combination with other techniques, can reveal the subcellular details of fossil plants with more confidence.
Removal of Lead, Copper, Zinc and Cadmium from Water Using Phosphate Rock
Authors: CORAMI Alessia , MIGNARDI Silvano , FERRINI Vincenzo
Published: September 2010

Abstract: Removal of Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+and Cd2+from aqueous solutions by sorption on a natural phosphate rock (FAP) was investigated. The effects of the contact time and initial metal concentration were examined in the batch method. The percentage sorption of heavy metals from solution ranges generally between 50% and 99%. The amount of sorbed metal ions follows the order Cu>Pb>Cd>Zn. Heavy metal immobilization was attributed to both surface complexation of metal ions on the surface of FAP grains and partial dissolution and precipitation of a heavy metal‐containing phosphate. The very low desorption ratio of heavy metals further supports the effectiveness of FAP as an alternative and low‐cost material to remove toxic Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+and Cd2+from polluted waters.
Culture Matters: How Our Culture Affects the Audit*
Authors: COWPERTHWAITE PHILIP
Published: September 2010

If the influence of national cultures on the implementation of global standards is not taken into account, the result will be inconsistent implementation at best and outright failure at worst. The experiences in fields such as medicine, peacekeeping, aviation, and environmental protection offer insight into possible difficulties with the implementation, beginning in 2010, of International Standards on Auditing (ISAs) by members of the International Federation of Accountants. Some countries may have difficulty with implementation because of the differences between their cultural assumptions and those embodied in the standards to be adopted. It is too soon to know if and where that will happen, especially because the data on first experiences will not begin to be available until 2013. However, cultural‐comparison data can be used to foresee which countries may have difficulty with implementation. But if unintended consequences do become evident, it will be important not to assume that the standards and the standard‐setting process are defective; it is more likely that practitioners will need help in interpreting the ISAs in light of their local culture. A useful first step would be for standard‐setting bodies to identify explicitly the cultural assumptions inherent in the standards they produce. The standard setters can then give that information to those responsible for standards implementation at the practitioner level to help promote consistent application of the standards globally.
Hydrophilanthropy, WASH, and Experiential Learning in Developing Countries
Authors: Campana Michael E.
Published: September 2010

Two different and unrelated programs are described, one undergraduate and one graduate, that: 1) introduced students to water research and WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene) issues in developing countries; 2) injected developing countries’ WASH issues into a university graduate water resources program; and 3) introduced hydrophilanthropy, defined as the altruistic concern for the water, sanitation, and related needs of humankind, as manifested by donations of labor, money, or resources. From 2002 through 2004, a National Science Foundation summer Research Experience for Undergraduates program hosted by University of Notre Dame with University of Nevada‐Reno and University of New Mexico took undergraduates to developing countries (Haiti, Benin, Chile, Honduras) to conduct water research. From 2001 through 2005, the field course for University of New Mexico's water resources degree was conducted in Honduras. Students helped construct village water systems. Suggestions and caveats for those interested in similar trips are provided.
Sense of Place in Hanoi's Shop–House: The Influences of Local Belief on Interior Architecture
Authors: Phuong Dinh Quoc , Groves Derham
Published: September 2010

The aim of this article is to seek another way of understanding the interdisciplinary, albeit loosely defined notion of “sense of place” and its manifestation in interior characteristics and design of domestic space in Hanoi. This includes an analysis of one aspect of place identities through material culture, such as those that are reflected in the local system of belief and building rite known as phong thuy—the Vietnamese version of Chinese feng–shui. With a case study research approach—describing and analyzing different types of data collected from a selected case study—this article examines sense of place and phong thuy application in (re)designing a shop–house, the most popular building type in Asian high–density cities like Hanoi. This study helps to explain how sense of place is understood by owner–builders, and how such a view is important to consider when attempting to design and make the home interior a better living place for residents in Hanoi and elsewhere.
Women, Armed Conflict, and Peacemaking in Sri Lanka: Toward a Political Economy Perspective
Authors: Bandarage Asoka
Published: September 2010

This article discusses women's roles as victims, perpetrators, and peacemakers in armed conflicts in contemporary Sri Lanka. It covers such phenomena as rape as a weapon of war, women IDPs, “war widows,” female‐headed households, women suicide bombers, mothers for peace, and feminist peace activism. The article points out that aggression and victimization need to be understood as occurring across ethnicity and gender as well as within ethnic and gender groups. Contributing toward a political economy perspective, the article considers the complex intersection of gender, ethnicity, caste, and social class within the confluence of local, regional, and international forces. The article concludes by emphasizing the need to broaden the social class and local bases of feminist peace activism and to formulate an integrated gender‐, ethnicity‐ and class‐sensitive policy agenda for postconflict development in Sri Lanka.
Obesity and Access to Chain Grocers
Authors: Chen Susan , Florax Raymond J. G. M. , Snyder Samantha , Miller Christopher C.
Published: September 2010

abstract

Recent empirical work in the obesity literature has highlighted the role of the built environment and its potential influence in the increasing prevalence of obesity in adults and children. One feature of the built environment that has gained increasing attention is the role of access to chain grocers and their impact on body mass index (BMI). The assessment of the impacts of spatial access to chain grocers on BMI is complicated by two empirical regularities in the data. There is evidence that health outcomes such as BMI are clustered in space and that there is spatial dependence across individuals. In this article, we use an econometric model that takes into account the spatial dependence, and we allow the effect of access to differ for a person depending on whether he or she lives in a low‐income community or peer group. We categorize this community using the characteristics of the people who immediately surround the individual rather than using census tracts. Using georeferenced survey data on adults in Marion County, Indiana, we find that the effect of improvements in chain grocer access on BMI varies depending on community characteristics.
Documenting the Initial Second Language Reading Experience: The Readers Speak
Authors: Gascoigne Carolyn
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT: This article documents strategy, affective reactions, and metacognitive assessments of beginning French students encountering their very first French reading exercise via think‐aloud and recall protocols. The findings of this exploratory investigation suggest that beginning second language (L2) readers transfer strategies from the first language (L1) and/or other L2 reading experiences to new reading situations, and are able to manage authentic texts from as early as 12 hours of instruction.
Characterization of the Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway in the Basal Chordate Amphioxus
Authors: Yuan Shaochun , Liu Huiling , Gu Ming , Xu Liqun , Huang Shengfeng , Ren Zhenhua , Xu Anlong
Published: September 2010

Death domain–dependent signaling in the basal chordate amphioxus suggests that extrinsic apoptotic signaling is not restricted to vertebrates.
Autophagy for Inflammation
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2010

By limiting reactive oxygen species production, autophagy promotes cellular response to interferon γ.
TrkB or Not TrkB?
Authors: Ray L. Bryan
Published: September 2010

Distinct signaling properties of the TrkB neurotrophin receptor explain differential control of developmental cell death in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Combining Antibody Forces
Authors: Adler Elizabeth M.
Published: September 2010

Antibodies that promote phagocytosis through distinct mechanisms have synergistic effects against non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
UnSIRT6ain Repair
Authors: Riddihough Guy
Published: September 2010

A protein implicated in stress, aging, and genome stability is required for the accurate repair of broken DNA.
Focus Issue: Evolution III—Domains for Change
Authors: Gough Nancy R.
Published: September 2010

Domains provide evolution with tools for the creation of new functions.
Domain Recombination: A Workhorse for Evolutionary Innovation
Authors: Apic Gordana , Russell Robert B.
Published: September 2010

Firm evidence for domain shuffling as a means of evolving new functions might lead us to the creation of combinations of practical benefit.
Activity of an Antimicrobial Hydrocephalus Shunt Catheter against
Propionibacterium acnes
Authors: Bayston Roger , Vera Litza , Ashraf Waheed
Published: September 2010

Shunt infection is a major complication affecting approximately 10% of procedures.
Propionibacterium acnes
, an anaerobic skin bacterium, is increasingly recognized as a shunt pathogen, causing up to 14% of infections. Though susceptible to penicillin and cephalosporins,
P. acnes
shunt infections are not preventable by means of perioperative prophylaxis, due to poor cerebrospinal fluid penetration. Antimicrobial shunts with activity against staphylococci are available, but their activity against
P. acnes
is unknown, and the study was designed to determine this. Three methods of evaluation were used in order to determine the emergence of resistance when exposure is to high inocula for long periods, the time taken to kill 100% of the bacteria attached to the shunt, and the duration of activity under constant flow conditions with repeated bacterial challenge. Despite repeated exposure to high bacterial inocula over 70 days, no resistance was seen. The time taken to kill all attached bacteria, 96 h, was twice that taken to kill attached staphylococci. Nevertheless, under constant flow conditions with repeated challenges, the antimicrobial catheters resisted colonization by
P. acnes
for 56 days. Using tests that were designed to be clinically predictive when done together, the results suggest that the antimicrobial catheters will be able to prevent colonization of hydrocephalus shunts by
P. acnes
.
FKS
Mutations and Elevated Echinocandin MIC Values among
Candida glabrata
Isolates from U.S. Population-Based Surveillance
Authors: Zimbeck Alicia J. , Iqbal Naureen , Ahlquist Angela M. , Farley Monica M. , Harrison Lee H. , Chiller Tom , Lockhart Shawn R.
Published: September 2010

Candida glabrata
is the second leading cause of candidemia in the United States. Its high-level resistance to triazole antifungal drugs has led to the increased use of the echinocandin class of antifungal agents for primary therapy of these infections. We monitored
C. glabrata
bloodstream isolates from a population-based surveillance study for elevated echinocandin MIC values (MICs of ≥0.25 μg/ml). From the 490
C. glabrata
isolates that were screened, we identified 16 isolates with an elevated MIC value (2.9% of isolates from Atlanta and 2.0% of isolates from Baltimore) for one or more of the echinocandin drugs caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin. All of the isolates with elevated MIC values had a mutation in the previously identified hot spot 1 of either the glucan synthase
FKS1
(
n
= 2) or
FKS2
(
n
= 14) gene. No mutations were detected in hot spot 2 of either
FKS1
or
FKS2
. The predominant mutation was mutation of
FKS2
-encoded serine 663 to proline (S663P), found in 10 of the isolates with elevated echinocandin MICs. Two of the mutations, R631G for
FKS1
and R665G for
FKS2
, have not been reported previously for
C. glabrata.
Multilocus sequence typing indicated that the predominance of the S663P mutation was not due to the clonal spread of a single sequence type. With a rising number of echinocandin therapy failures reported, it is important to continue to monitor rates of elevated echinocandin MIC values and the associated mutations.
Potential Influence of More-Sensitive HIV-1 Load Detection by the new Roche Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan Version 2.0 Assay on Clinical Management of HIV-Positive Pregnant Women
Authors: de Boer M. G. J. , Wessels E. , Claas E. C. J. , Kroon F. P.
Published: September 2010

With the introduction of the new Roche Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan version 2.0 assay, HIV-1 viral loads will be detected more frequently during the peripartum period in pregnant HIV-positive women. The implications for the clinical management of these patients are discussed in this paper.
Minor sesquiterpenic lactones from Ursinia anthemoides (L.) POIRET
Authors: Kroszczyṅski Wojciech , Daniewski Włodzimierz M. , Buděšínský Miloš , Šaman David , Grabarczyk Halina , Drożdż Bohdan , Holub Miroslav
Published: September 2010

The authors isolated from the aerial parts of Ursinia anthemoides (L.) POIRET another five sesquiterpenic lactones, IV, V, VII, IX and X and have derived for them their structures and configurations mainly on the basis of 1H NMR spectroscopy and CD measurements; for compounds IV and V absolute configurations have also been proposed.
Comparative study of cw CO2 laser induced and SF6 sensitized decomposition of methyl iodides CH3I and CD3I
Authors: Rejnek Jaroslav , Engst Pavel , Jakoubková Marie , Horák Milan
Published: September 2010

The decomposition of methyl iodide-d3 initiated by the irradiation of a cw CO2 laser in the presence of SF6 proceeds under comparable conditions faster, particularly in the shorter wavelength region of the CO2 laser spectrum, than the decomposition of methyl iodide. The differences can be explained by the different distribution of energy levels of both reactants. Observable differences are also in the composition of the reaction products. All these facts indicate the participation of at least two reaction mechanisms, a radical one and and a molecular one, which can probably proceed via the collision of two vibrationally excited molecules of CX3I.
Structure-activity studies on open-chain analogues of nucleosides: Inhibition of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase and antiviral activity 1. Neutral open-chain analogues
Authors: Holý Antonín , Votruba Ivan , De Clercq Erik
Published: September 2010

Over 70 alkyl derivatives of purine bases were examined for their inhibitory effects toward rat liver S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase and their antiviral activity. The following structural features must be fulfilled by an inhibitor of SAH-hydrolase: an intact adenine moiety, an alkyl chain bound at the 9-position and bearing a vicinal diol at the 2',3'-position, with 2S configuration. An additional substitution at the 3-position lowers or annihilates the inhibitory activity. The enzyme inhibition is reversible. Some of the compounds are substrates of adenosine aminohydrolase. All inhibitors of SAH-hydrolase exhibit antiviral activity, e.g. against vesicular stomatitis virus and vaccinia virus in cell culture, and this antiviral correlates with the inhibition of SAH-hydrolase.
Effect of partial removal of nickel or cobalt promotors from molybdenum sulphide hydrorefining catalysts on their activity
Authors: Uchytil Jan , Novosad Petr , Sedláček Jiří , Kraus Miloš
Published: September 2010

Three commercial nickel-molybdenum and cobalt-molybdenum hydrorefining catalysts were sulphided and then treated with 10% hydrochloric acid. The amount of extracted nickel or cobalt increased with time of leaching; the activity of the catalysts for hydrogenation of toluene was enhanced by short leaching but was decreased when the acid treatment was prolonged. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of the Ni-Mo catalyst showed that the leaching results in major changes in the surface concentrations of nickel and molybdenum.
Preparation of analogues of cytosine and 2-pyrimidinone nucleosides and their effect on bacterial (Escherichia coli A 19) cytidine aminohydrolase
Authors: Holý Antonín , Ludziša Anita , Votruba Ivan , Šedivá Kateřina , Pischel Helmut
Published: September 2010

The set of compounds investigated as substrates and inhibitors of bacterial cytidine aminohydrolase (EC 3.5.4.5) consists of cytidine analogues modified in the heterocyclic base or the sugar moiety and analogues of the similar type derived from l-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)-2-pyrimidone (I) and its isomers. The latter group of compounds includes also open-chain derivatives of neutral and acidic character. These compounds were prepared by novel synthetic procedures.

Minimum necessary conditions for the structure of an inhibitor of cytidine aminohydrolase from E. coli A 19 include: a heterocyclic system containing an Rf-N-CO-N(H) fragment of a basic character in which Rf denotes a β-D-aldopentafuranoside with a 3-hydroxy group of ribo-configuration; the 5-hydroxy group of the sugar moiety may bear a substituent, except a phosphomonoester function. The heterocyclic base may also bear substituents in positions other than α to the nucleoside bond which do not reduce substantially the basicity of the system and do not change the conformation of the nucleoside molecule.
Solid phase synthesis and biological activities of oxytocin carba analogues containing threonine in position 4
Authors: Lebl Michal , Hruby Victor J. , Slaninová Jiřina , Barth Tomislav
Published: September 2010

Solis phase methodology was developed for the synthesis of carba-analogues of oxytocin. Two known compounds (deamino-1-carba-oxytocin (I) and deamino-6-carba-oxytocin (II)) and two new analogues ([4-threonine]deamino-1-carba-oxytocin (III) and [4-threonine]deamino-6-carba-oxytocin (IV)) were synthesized using different approaches. The latter two compounds were found to possess high biological activity in the rat uterotonic (in vitro and in vivo) and galactogogic (in vivo) assays.
Semisynthetic cephalosporins. The synthesis of 7-(heteroarylacetamido)-3-acetoxycephalosporanic acids
Authors: Janda Ľubomír , Votický Zdeno , Šipoš Ján , Múčková Marta
Published: September 2010

7-(5-(5-Aryl-2-furyl)-1- and -2-tetrazolylacetamido)cephalosporanic acids and their sodium salts were prepared by N-acylation of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid with derivatives of 5-(5-aryl-2-furyl)-1- and -2-tetrazolylacetic acids. The final products tested in vitro on the Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains of microorganisms showed an activity comparable or better than that of reference substances.
Chiroptical properties of monosaccharide acetyl derivatives
Authors: Bystrický Slavomír , Sticzay Tibor , Kučár Štefan , Petráková Eva , Toman Rudolf
Published: September 2010

Circular dichroism of positional isomers of acetylated methyl β-D-xylopyranosides, 1,6-anhydro-β-D-glucopyranoses and methyl α-L-rhamnopyranosides is discussed considering the mechanism of optical rotatory strength nature. Interactions determining the signs are influenced by the character of the solvent. Magnitude of the effect depends on the spatial arrangement of the chromophore environment. This effect is lowered with diacetyl derivatives, where the interaction of transitional dipole moments of acetyl groups is the main source of optical rotational strength.
Enzymatically catalyzed synthesis of dipeptides of γ-carboxy-L-glutamic acid from benzyloxycarbonyl-γ-carboxy-DL-glutamic acid
Authors: Čeřovský Václav , Jošt Karel
Published: September 2010

Enantioselective reaction of benzyloxycarbonyl-γ-carboxy-DL-glutamic acid with phenylhydrazides of various amino acids and with leucine, protected with various carboxy-protecting groups, has been studied.
Diffusion coefficient of potassium chlorate in water at 25 °C
Authors: Vacek Václav , Hančil Vladislav
Published: September 2010

The concentration dependence of diffusion coefficient of potassium chlorate in water has been measured at 25 °C using the Taylor technique. The results have been treated according to the extended Hartley-Crank interpretation of the concentration dependence of diffusion coefficient and compared with diffusivities published for lithium and sodium chlorates.
Interaction of quaternary aromatic isoquinoline alkaloids with acetylcholinesterase from Electrophorus electricus
Authors: Ulrichová Jitka , Kovář Jan , Šimánek Vilím
Published: September 2010

Fluorescence data for the interaction of acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7, ACHE) from Electrophorus electricus with berberine, 13-ethylberberine, coralyne, and chelerythrine have been presented. By a comparison with known inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase, tetramethylammonium and tacrine, the electrostatic interaction of quaternary alkaloids with the γ-anionic site of enzyme could be confirmed. During the interaction, two molecules of the ligand are bound to the molecule of the enzyme.
The synthesis of 2,3,7,8-bismethylenedioxy-11-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[c]phenanthridinium chloride
Authors: Šmidrkal Jan , Holubek Jiří , Trojánek Jan
Published: September 2010

Acylation of 3-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxy-l-methylaminonaphthalene (VI) with 6-bromo-2,3-methylenedioxybenzoyl chloride gave N-(3-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxynaphth-l-yl)-N-methylamide of 6-bromo-2,3-methylenedioxybenzoic acid (IIIa) the irradiation of which with ultraviolet light in acetonitrile and triethylamine gave N-methyl-2,3-methylenedioxy-l-(3'-methoxy-6',7'-methylenedioxynaphth-l-yl)benzamide (Xa) in low yield in addition to 2,3,7,8-bismethylenedioxy-11-methoxy-5-methyl-6-oxobenzo(c)phenanthridine (Va). The last compound was converted to dihydro derivative VIa from which 2,3,7,8-bismethylenedioxy-11-methoxy-5-methylbenzo[c]-phenanthridinium chloride (Ia) was prepared. Chloride Ia differs from the alkaloid chelirubine (IIa) to which the structure Ia was assigned originally. Under analogous conditions irradiation of N-(3-methoxy-6,7-methylenedioxynaphth-l-yl)-N-methylamide of 6-bromo-2,3-dimethoxybenzoic acid (IIIb) leads to debrominated starting amide XIIIb on the one hand and to N-methyl-2,3-dimethoxy-l-(3'-methoxy-6',7'-methylenedioxynaphth-l-yl)benzamide (Xb) on the other. The expected phenanthridone derivative Vb could not be detected in the reaction mixture.
Preparation of some derivatives of benzo[ij]quinolizine
Authors: Šilhánková Alexandra , Trška Petr , Vlková Daniela , Ferles Miloslav
Published: September 2010

Reaction of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline with 1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane afforded l-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)-l,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline (IIb) which was thermolabile and on heating in vacuo was converted into 2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H-benzo[ij]quinolizin-2-ol (Ib). This compound reacted with acetic anhydride and p-toluenesulfonyl chloride to give 2-acetoxy-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H-benzo[ij]quinolizine (Ic) and 2-(p-toluenesulfonyloxy)-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H-benzo[ij]quinolizine (Id), respectively. N,N-Bis(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)aniline (IIIb) on heating gave a mixture of cis- and trans-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H-benzo[ij]quinolizine-2,6-diols (Ie). The corresponding 4-methoxyaniline derivative afforded analogously a mixture of cis- and trans-9-methoxy-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H-benzo[ij]quinolizine-2,6-diols (If). Dehydration with potassium hydroxide converted the diols Ie into 1H,7H-benzo[ij]quinolizine (VIa), the diols If into 9-methoxy-1H,7H-benzo[ij]quinolizine (VIb). Treatment of Ib with phosphorus pentoxide led to 2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H-benzo[ij]quinolizine (julolidine, Ia).
Isolation and the structure of the products of cholesterol biodegradation by the mutant Mycobacterium sp. CCM 3529
Authors: Míčková Růžena , Hutlová Hana , Pihera Pavel , Protiva Jiří , Schwarz Vladimír
Published: September 2010

During the biodegradation of cholesterol by the mutant Mycobacterium sp. CCM 3529 1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (II) is formed as the main product. The following compounds were identified as characteristic by-products: a mixture of methyl esters IV and V in a 1 : 3 ratio, 4-androstene-3,17-dione (III), 22-hydroxy derivative I, 17β-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one (XIII) and 17β-hydroxy-1,4-androstadien-3-one (XII).