bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation and characterization of molecularly imprinted silica monolith for screening sulfamethazine
Authors: He Jin‐Xing , Fang Guo‐zhen , Yao Yu‐chao , Wang Shuo
Published: September 2010

In this work, a novel approach of preparing molecularly imprinted film‐derivatized silica monolith materials was developed by a two‐step procedure. The silica monolithic support was first prepared by the sol–gel method with tetramethoxysilane as the precursor. Subsequently, vinyl groups were introduced onto the surface of silica monolith by immobilization of γ‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane. The prepolymerization mixtures, consisting of methacrylic acid as a functional monomer, ethylene dimethacrylate as a crosslinker, sulfamethazine as a template molecule and an ionic liquid as porogen, were injected into the silica monolith immobilized vinyl groups to form the molecularly imprinted films on the surface of the vinyl functionalized silica monolith. The monolithic materials were characterized by SEM, Fourier transform IR and solid‐state reflection UV spectra. The resulted imprinted materials were evaluated under CEC and HPLC mode. The results indicated that there were enough recognition sites on the surface of the imprinted film‐derivatized monolithic materials for selectively recognizing sulfamethazine from the sulfonamide mixture. Ionic liquids, which was utilized as the porogens, could improve the flow‐through property and the imprinting effect of the molecularly imprinted film‐functionalized silica monolithic materials.
SPE isolation of low‐molecular oxygen compounds from essential oils
Authors: Dawidowicz Andrzej L. , Dybowski Michal P.
Published: September 2010

Analytical procedures of complex mixtures frequently involve their initial pre‐fractionation to make the analysis easier or possible. Recently, SPE is frequently applied for this purpose. This article discusses the possibility of essential oil's fractionation using SPE with octadecyl modified silica. The presented results show that developed SPE with C‐18 sorbent allows for easy and total isolation (100% recovery) of low‐molecular oxygen compounds from the remaining compounds, for which the recovery exceeds 95%. The obtained recoveries are satisfactory for preliminary separation of essential oils for analytical and preparative purposes.
Rapid determination of caffeoylquinic acid derivatives inCynara scolymusL. by ultra‐fast liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry based on a fused core C18 column
Authors: Shen Qing , Dai Zhiyuan , Lu Yanbin
Published: September 2010

An ultra‐fast high‐performance LC‐ESI‐MS/MS method was developed for the analysis and quantification of caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, including chlorogenic acid, 1,3‐di‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid (cynarin) and 1,5‐di‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid, in artichoke (Cynara scolymusL.) heads and leaves. The rapid separation (less than 4 min) was achieved based on a Halo fused core C18‐silica column (50 mm×2.1 mm id, 2.7 μm). The target compounds were detected and quantified by a triple‐quadrupole mass spectrometer in multiple‐reaction monitoring mode. The calibration function is linear from 0.06 to 2800 ng/mL for chlorogenic acid, 0.3–3000 ng/mL for cynarin and 0.24–4800 ng/mL for 1,5‐di‐O‐caffeoylquinic acid, respectively. The average recoveries ranged from 92.1 to 113.2% with RSDs ≤6.5%. Moreover, four batches of artichoke head and leaf extracts were analyzed using the established method. The results indicated that the Halo fused core column provided much faster separations and higher sample throughput without sacrificing column ruggedness and reliability, and triple‐quadrupole MS provided extraordinarily lower LOQs for most of the target analytes. Comparing to conventional quantitative approaches, the established method was fast, sensitive and reliable for the determination of caffeoylquinic acid derivatives in artichoke.
Developing sustainable rural tourism evaluation indicators
Authors: Park Duk‐Byeong , Yoon Yoo‐Shik
Published: September 2010

This study is to develop indicators that measure sustainable rural tourism development within a sustainable framework. It was conducted via a Delphi technique and the analytical hierarchy process method. After three rounds of discussions, the panel members reached consensus on a set of 33 indicators with four dimensions. This set of community‐based rural tourism development indicators can serve as a starting point for devising a set of indicators at the local and regional level in order to be useful rural tourism sector manager and administrators. The selected indicators are measureable, demand driven and practical to show the real performance in rural destination. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transoral Robotic Resection of Recurrent Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Wei William I. , Ho Wai‐Kuen
Published: September 2010

Transoral robotic nasopharyngectomy was carried out for a patient who developed recurrent nasopharyngeal cancer after radiotherapy. The tumor in the left lateral wall of the nasopharynx was exposed after splitting the soft palate and a curative resection, including the medial crus of the eustachian tube was carried out under the three‐dimensional 0° camera. The operative procedure was uncomplicated, blood loss was minimal and the patient recovered smoothly. The camera of the surgical robot provided superb visualization of the operative field and the maneuverability of the robotic arms with the Endowrist design allowed adequate tumor extirpation. The morbidity associated with the procedure was minimal, and this surgical procedure can be applied for resection of small and favorably located residual or recurrent nasopharyngeal cancer or other appropriate pathologies in the region. Laryngoscope, 2010
Antibiotic prophylaxis in the management of complex midface and frontal sinus trauma
Authors: Lauder Alexander , Jalisi Scharukh , Spiegel Jeffrey , Stram John , Devaiah Anand
Published: September 2010

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Although mandible trauma has been studied extensively, there is no standard for use of pre‐ and postoperative antibiotics in other facial trauma. We sought to determine whether antibiotic strategies have an effect on infection rates.

Study Design:

Retrospective chart review and cohort analysis.

Methods:

Patients seen by the otolaryngology service for traumatic facial injuries between January 1, 2003 and January 1, 2009, were included in a retrospective cohort analysis (N = 223). All patients received perioperative antibiotic coverage. Isolated mandible fractures were excluded.

Results:

Patient demographics were 73% male and 27% female, with an average age of 35 years (range, 8–81 years). The most common causes of trauma were assault (39%), motor vehicle accidents (28%), and falls (11%). The overall infection rate was 9%. There was no significant difference (P = .248) between infection rates for patients in each antibiotic group (preoperative, postoperative, pre‐ and postoperative, only perioperative). Infection rate was independently correlated with both number of fractures (P < .0001) and open fracture wounds (P = .034). There was no significant difference in infection rate between patients who received only perioperative antibiotics and those who received additional antibiotics (P = .997). However, the cohort with the most antibiotic use (pre‐, peri‐, and postoperative) had more severe facial injuries than the cohort that received only perioperative antibiotics.

Conclusions:

The use of additional antibiotics outside the perioperative timeframe does not reduce the rate of postoperative infections; however, such antibiotic use may be warranted in cases of severe facial trauma with multiple open fracture wounds. Laryngoscope, 2010
Acute airway obstruction in cervical spinal procedures with bone morphogenetic proteins
Authors: Yaremchuk Kathleen L. , Toma Mark S. , Somers Melissa L. , Peterson Ed
Published: September 2010

Objectives:

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) used in anterior cervical spinal procedures causes an inflammatory response resulting in upper‐airway obstruction between postoperative days 2 to 7. The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence and severity of complications associated with use of BMP.

Study Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Methods:

This is a retrospective study of 260 patients who underwent cervical spinal procedures with BMP from 2004 to 2009 and a control group of 515 patients who underwent cervical spinal procedures without BMP during the same period at a tertiary care institution. The two groups were compared on hospital length of stay (LOS), hospital charges, incidence of airway obstruction, unplanned intubations after surgery, tracheotomies, intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, hoarseness, dyspnea, respiratory failure, dysphasia, dysphagia, readmissions, and need for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tubes.

Results:

Patients who underwent cervical spine procedures with BMP were noted to have significantly longer hospital stays (P = .001) and higher hospital charges (P = .001) than the control group. Tracheotomies (P = .024), unplanned intubations after surgery (P = .003), dysphagia (P = .001), dyspnea (P = .001), respiratory failure (P = .001), hospital readmissions (P = .040), ICU admissions (P = .001), and 90‐day mortality rates (P = .047) were increased for the BMP group.

Conclusions:

The use of BMP in anterior cervical spinal procedures results in acute airway obstruction due to an extensive soft‐tissue inflammatory reaction that is most likely to occur 2 to 7 days after surgery. The increased incidence of unplanned intubations and tracheotomies demonstrates the risk associated with BMP in cervical spinal procedures. Laryngoscope, 2010
Non‐ablative 1,550 nm fractional laser therapy versus triple topical therapy for the treatment of melasma: A randomized controlled split‐face study
Authors: Wind Bas S. , Kroon Marije W. , Meesters Arne A. , Beek Johan F. , van der Veen J.P. Wietze , Nieuweboer‐Krobotová Ludmila , Bos Jan D. , Wolkerstorfer Albert
Published: September 2010

Background

Melasma is a uichronic, often relapsing skin disorder, with poor long‐term results from all current therapies.

Objective

To assess efficacy and safety of non‐ablative 1,550 nm fractional laser therapy (FLT) as compared to the gold standard, triple topical therapy (TTT).

Study design

Twenty‐nine patients with melasma were included in a randomized controlled observer‐blinded study with split‐face design. Each side of the face was randomly allocated to either 4–5 non‐ablative FLT sessions (15 mJ/microbeam, 14–20% coverage) or TTT (hydroquinone 5%, tretinoin 0.05%, triamcinolone acetonide 0.1% cream). TTT was applied once daily for 15 weeks until the last FLT session. After this last treatment, patients were asked to apply TTT twice weekly on both sides of the face during follow‐up. Improvement of melasma was assessed by patient's global assessment (PGA), patient's satisfaction, physician's global assessment (PhGA), melanin index, and lightness (L‐value) at 3 weeks, and at 3 and 6 months after the last treatment.

Results

Mean PGA and satisfaction were significantly lower at the FLT side (P<0.001). PhGA, melanin index, and L‐value showed a significant worsening of hyperpigmentation at the FLT side. At the TTT side, no significant change was observed. At 6 months follow‐up, most patients preferred TTT. Side effects of FLT were erythema, burning sensation, edema, and pain. Nine patients (31%) developed PIH after two or more laser sessions. Side effects of TTT were erythema, burning sensation, and scaling.

Conclusions

Given the high rate of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation, non‐ablative 1,550 nm fractional laser at 15 mJ/microbeam is not recommendable in the treatment of melasma. TTT remains the gold standard treatment. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:607–612, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Safety and effectiveness of black tattoo clearance in a pig model after a single treatment with a novel 758 nm 500 picosecond laser: A pilot study
Authors: Izikson Leonid , Farinelli William , Sakamoto Fernanda , Tannous Zeina , Anderson R. Rox
Published: September 2010

Background

Optimal selective photothermolysis of a pigment particle requires pulse durations equal to or less than the particle's thermal relaxation time (t½). Since tattoo particles in skin range in diameter from 40 to 300 nm, picosecond pulses would approximate t½ more closely and, therefore, might be more effective at tattoo particle fragmentation.

Materials and Methods

India Ink (carbon) or iron oxide tattoos were placed on the back of a Yorkshire pig. Six weeks later, each tattoo was treated with either a 758 nm 500 picosecond laser (Cynosure), a 755 nm 30–50 nanoseconds laser, or left untreated. After 4 weeks, clinical responses were evaluated by three dermatologists based on pre‐ and post‐treatment photographs; histopathologic findings were evaluated by a dermatopathologist; and electron microscopic findings were analyzed for treated and non‐treated carbon tattoos.

Results

After a single treatment, picosecond‐domain pulses at 758 nm produced a significantly greater degree of carbon tattoo clearance compared to nanosecond‐domain pulses at 755 nm. For iron oxide tattoos, both modalities produced minimal‐to‐poor clearance that was generally comparable. Neither modality resulted in scarring, textural changes, or hypopigmentation, and there was no histopathologic evidence of scarring. Electron micrographs revealed the presence of amorphous material (treated pigment) in picosecond and nanosecond laser‐treated tattoos, consistent with effective targeting of India Ink pigment.

Conclusions

The 758 nm 500 picosecond laser is more effective at carbon tattoo clearance after one session in a porcine model than the 30–50 nanosecond laser emitting at a similar wavelength. Both lasers cleared carbon tattoos more effectively than iron oxide tattoos. Both lasers have a comparable safety profile, and neither produced clinical or histopathologic scarring. Further studies in humans are necessary to evaluate whether repeated treatments with picosecond versus nanosecond domain modalities might yield superior tattoo pigment clearance with a comparable safety profile. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:640–646, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The relationship between protoporphyrin IX photobleaching during real‐time dermatological methyl‐aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy (MAL‐PDT) and subsequent clinical outcome
Authors: Tyrrell Jessica S. , Campbell Sandra M. , Curnow Alison
Published: September 2010

Background and Objective

The relationship between protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) photobleaching and cellular damage during aminolevulinic (ALA) photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been studied at the cellular level. This study assessed the capability of a non‐invasive fluorescence imaging system (Dyaderm, Biocam, Germany), to monitor changes in PpIX during real time methyl‐aminolevulinate (MAL) PDT in dermatological lesions, and thus to act as a predictive tool in terms of observed clinical outcome post‐treatment.

Materials and Methods

Patients attending Royal Cornwall Hospital (Truro, UK) for MAL‐PDT to licensed lesions (actinic keratosis, Bowen's disease, and basal cell carcinoma) were monitored using the pre‐validated non‐invasive fluorescence imaging system. Patients were imaged at three distinct time points: prior to the application of MAL, after the 3 hours of MAL application and immediately following light irradiation. The fluorescence intensity of the images were analysed with image analysis software and the percentage change in fluorescence during light irradiation was related to the clinical outcome observed 3 months following treatment. In total 100 patients underwent at least one session of MAL‐PDT.

Results

Significantly higher levels of change in PpIX fluorescence during light irradiation (P<0.005) were observed in lesions undergoing complete clearance at 3 months when compared to those patients who underwent partial or no clearance. In contrast no significant difference (P>0.500) was observed in the total levels of PpIX recorded after MAL application in patients undergoing partial and complete clearance at 3 months.

Conclusions

PpIX photobleaching is indicative of the level of cellular damage PDT treatment will induce and therefore the clinical outcome expected within patients. This study indicated the potential of the commercially available fluorescence imaging system investigated to predict treatment success at the time of light irradiation and in the future it may be possible to employ it to individualise treatment parameters to improve dermatological PDT efficacy/outcome. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:613–619, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Micromorphology of resin–dentin interfaces using one‐bottle etch&rinse and self‐etching adhesive systems on laser‐treated dentin surfaces: A confocal laser scanning microscope analysis
Authors: de Oliveira Marcelo Tavares , Arrais Cesar Augusto Galvão , Aranha Ana Cecília , de Paula Eduardo Carlos , Miyake Katsuya , Rueggeberg Frederick Allen , Giannini Marcelo
Published: September 2010

Background and Objectives

This study evaluated the hybrid layer (HL) morphology created by three adhesive systems (AS) on dentin surfaces treated with Er:YAG laser using two irradiation parameters.

Study Design

Occlusal flat dentin surfaces of 36 human third molars were assigned into nine groups (n = 4) according to the following ASs: one bottle etch&rinse Single Bond Plus (3M ESPE), two‐step Clearfil Protect Bond (Kuraray), and all‐in‐one S3 Bond (Kuraray) self‐etching, which were labeled with rhodamine B or fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran and were applied to dentin surfaces that were irradiated with Er:YAG laser at either 120 (38.7 J/cm2) or 200 mJ/pulse (64.5 J/cm2), or were applied to untreated dentin surfaces (control group). The ASs were light‐activated following MI and the bonded surfaces were restored with resin composite Z250 (3M ESPE). After 24 hours of storage in vegetable oil, the restored teeth were vertically, serially sectioned into 1‐mm thick slabs, which had the adhesive interfaces analyzed with confocal laser microscope (CLSM—LSM 510 Meta). CLSM images were recorded in the fluorescent mode from three different regions along each bonded interface.

Results

Non‐uniform HL was created on laser‐irradiated dentin surfaces regardless of laser irradiation protocol for all AS, while regular and uniform HL was observed in the control groups. “Stretch mark”‐like red lines were found within the HL as a result of resin infiltration into dentin microfissures, which were predominantly observed in 200 mJ/pulse groups regardless of AS. Poor resin infiltration into peritubular dentin was observed in most regions of adhesive interfaces created by all ASs on laser‐irradiated dentin, resulting in thin resin tags with neither funnel‐shaped morphology nor lateral resin projections.

Conclusion

Laser irradiation of dentin surfaces at 120 or 200 mJ/pulse resulted in morphological changes in HL and resin tags for all ASs evaluated in the study. Lasers Surg. Med. 42:662–670, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deep hypothermia with circulatory arrest to aid in the management of suprahepatic vena cava stenosis after liver transplantation
Authors: Gunasekaran Ganesh , Bencsath Kalman , Hupertz Vera , Fung John J. , Pettersson Gosta , Miller Charles
Published: September 2010

Liver transplantation is the treatment of choice for many liver diseases in the pediatric population. Complications involving late suprahepatic vena cava obstructions after liver transplantation are not common, but they tend to be more frequently seen in pediatric recipients. When such complications have occurred, approaches involving direct abdominal surgery or interventional radiology guidance have been used with satisfactory results. We present a case report of an alternative approach to a suprahepatic vena cava complication. An 18-year-old man who underwent pediatric liver transplantation for biliary atresia presented with a symptomatic total occlusion of the suprahepatic caval anastomosis that could not be crossed with a wire. We used a right atrial approach and hypothermic circulatory (cardiac) arrest. The anastomotic stricture was easily identified and excised. The postoperative course was uneventful with a rapid resolution of the symptoms. Because the occlusion was not amenable to angioplasty or stenting, a direct surgical approach was necessary. The right atrial approach with hypothermic cardiac arrest gave us direct access to the obliterated cavoatrial anastomosis through a virgin area and allowed us to avoid the difficulties and dangers of the large collaterals in the abdomen. Liver Transpl 16:1434–1436, 2010. © 2010 AASLD.
Novel ‘Nano in Nano’ Composites for Sustained Drug Delivery: Biodegradable Nanoparticles Encapsulated into Nanofiber Non‐Wovens
Authors: Beck‐Broichsitter Moritz , Thieme Marcel , Nguyen Juliane , Schmehl Thomas , Gessler Tobias , Seeger Werner , Agarwal Seema , Greiner Andreas , Kissel Thomas
Published: September 2010

Novel ‘nano in nano’ composites consisting of biodegradable polymer nanoparticles incorporated into polymer nanofibers may efficiently modulate drug delivery. This is shown here using a combination of model compound‐loaded biodegradable nanoparticles encapsulated in electrospun fibers. The dye coumarin 6 is used as model compound for a drug in order to simulate drug release from loaded poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) nanoparticles. Dye release from the nanoparticles occurs immediately in aqueous solution. Dye‐loaded nanoparticles which are encapsulated by electrospun polymer nanofibers display a significantly retarded release.

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Functionalization of Silk Fibroin with NeutrAvidin and Biotin
Authors: Wang Xiaoqin , Kaplan David L.
Published: September 2010

New methods are needed to modify silk biomaterials with bioactive molecules for tissue engineering and drug delivery. In the present study, silk fibroin in solution or in microsphere format was coupled with NeutrAvidin via carbodiimide chemistry. Silk fibroin retained its self‐assembly features after reaction. It was found that more than four NeutrAvidin molecules bound to one silk molecule. Non‐specific binding of biotin or NeutrAvidin to silk microspheres could be reduced by pre‐treatment of the microspheres with BSA or post‐treatment with detergent. The NeutrAvidin‐coupled silk microspheres were coupled with biotinylated anti‐CD3 antibody and the functionalized microspheres were able to specifically bind to the CD3 positive T‐lymphocytic cell line Jurkat.

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Thermal and Viscoelastic Features of New Nanocomposites Based on a Hot‐Melt Adhesive Polyurethane and Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Fernández Mercedes , Landa Maite , Muñoz Mª Eugenia , Santamaría Anton
Published: September 2010

Novel nanocomposites prepared by melt mixing of MWCNTs in a hot‐melt adhesive PCL‐based polyurethane are investigated. The nucleating effect of MWCNTs and the confinement they cause to polymer chains are considered. The broadening of the glass transition is indicative of a growth of the immobilized amorphous fraction adhered to MWCNTs. In the molten state the formation of a combined polymer/MWCNT network is observed. Practical requisites of hot melt adhesives, such as adequate melting temperature, crystallization degree, and viscosity are preserved when MWCNTs are added. Improvement of strength at room temperature and welding rate during cooling, are observed.

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Morphology, Electrical, and Rheological Properties of Silane‐Modified Silver Nanowire/Polymer Composites
Authors: Yu Yi‐Hsiuan , Ma Chen‐Chi M. , Yuen Siu‐Ming , Teng Chih‐Chun , Huang Yuan‐Li , Wang Ikai , Wei Ming‐Hsiung
Published: September 2010

Electrically conducting films containing AgNws, hydrophilic and hydrophobic resins were prepared. FT‐IR reveals that the interface between the AgNws and epoxy could be successfully modified by APTES. XPS shows that the AgNws were attracted by hydrogen bonds of NH2and NH groups after APTES modification. SEM analysis shows that the AgNws were well dispersed in the resin. The AgNws were also blended with hydrophilic and acrylic resins, and the resulting blends were compared with AgNws/epoxy blends. Results show that AgNw/PVA‐resin films possess the lowest surface electrical resistance. The AgNw/PVA‐resin and silane‐modified AgNw/epoxy resin conductive films possess a similar electrical percolation threshold.

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Surface Modification of Poly(vinyl alcohol) Fibers
Authors: Chirowodza Helen , Sanderson Ronald D.
Published: September 2010

The surfaces of PVA fibers prepared by in situ fibrillation were modified by first crosslinking using glyoxal and then attaching cationic and anionic groups by grafting. Crosslinking prior to modification was beneficial in minimizing the solubility of the fibers in the aqueous medium in which they were modified. Heterogeneous modification techniques were employed so that fiber properties could be preserved. PAA and PDMC were grafted from the PVA microfibrils using the KPS/NaS2O3 redox initiating system. Grafting was confirmed by FTIR and NMR spectroscopy. The modified PVA fibers were also analyzed by DSC, TGA, and SEM.

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Design, Preparation and Characterization of Self‐Reinforced Starch Films through Chemical Modification
Authors: Lan Cao , Yu Long , Chen Pei , Chen Ling , Zou Wei , Simon George , Zhang Xiaoqing
Published: September 2010

A new technique for design and preparation of self‐reinforced starch films is introduced. The films were based on a high‐amylose corn starch that was chemically modified in different ways. Hydroxypropylation was used to decrease gelatinization temperature and improve processability. The reinforcing component consisted of cross‐linked starch granules, where the crosslinking increased granule thermal stability and moisture resistance. Distribution of the cross‐linked starch was imaged by CLSM, and the matrix/particle interface was studied by SEM. Modulus and tensile properties of the starch film were increased by about 30 and 20%, respectively, after addition of rigid cross‐linked starch particles. A perfect interface between matrix and reinforce agent was obtained.

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Changes in the Inter‐ and Intra‐ Fibrillar Structure of Lyocell (TENCEL®) Fibers after KOH Treatment
Authors: Öztürk Hale Bahar , Abu‐Rous Mohammad , MacNaughtan Bill , Schuster K. Christian , Mitchell John R. , Bechtold Thomas
Published: September 2010

Lyocell fibers were treated with KOH up to 8 M which was demonstrated to distribute homogeneously at the outer zones of fiber cross section compared to NaOH which accesses more deeply but less homogenously. Both NaOH and KOH solutions can be used to lower significantly the fibrillation of lyocell fibers. However, due to intrafibrillar swelling together with deep penetration ability of alkali seen for NaOH treatments results in great fiber tensile strength loss which is not observed for KOH treatments due to its inability to penetrate the fiber completely. The porous structure of fibers was studied by inverse size exclusion chromatography (ISEC) to identify mean pore diameter, total pore area and accessible pore volume (APV). Mean pore diameter of fibers decreased after KOH treatments which did not change after NaOH treatments. Wide angle X‐ray diffraction analyses (WAXD) were applied to identify the crystallinity index and crystallite size. In general, fiber properties such as water retention value, carboxyl content using methylene blue sorption method, depth of color measured after dyeing with C.I. Direct Red 81 and weight loss were distinctly different in the ranges up to 2 M, 2‐5 M and 5 to 8 M KOH. KOH treatment suggests new possibilities for the pretreatment of lyocell fibers to lower fibrillation while slightly lowering elongation at break without a distinct loss in tensile strength and with less decrease in carboxyl content and weight loss without changing dyeing properties of fibers compared to NaOH treatment.
Mechanical Properties of Bacterially Synthesized Nanocellulose Hydrogels
Authors: Frensemeier Mareike , Koplin Christof , Jaeger Raimund , Kramer Friederike , Klemm Dieter
Published: September 2010

The mechanical characteristics of bacterially synthesized nano‐cellulose (BNC) were studied with uniaxial compression and tensile tests. Compressive loads result in a release of water and the deformation of the water‐saturated network corresponds approximately to the volume of released water. The BNC hydrogel exhibits a mainly viscous response under compression. The strain response under tensile loads has an elastic and a viscous component. This can be described with a Maxwell model, where the viscosity is strain rate‐dependent. When the aqueous phase of the BNC hydrogel is stabilized with an additional alginate hydrogel matrix, the system exhibits an elastic response under compressive loads. The analysis of the ‘alginated’ BNC network with the Maxwell model shows that the alginate matrix increases the viscosity of the composite system. The results of the mechanical tests show that the water absorbed in the BNC hydrogel strongly influences its mechanical behavior.
Homogenous Carboxymethylation of Cellulose in the New Alkaline Solvent LiOH/Urea Aqueous Solution
Authors: Qi Haisong , Liebert Tim , Meister Frank , Zhang Lina , Heinze Thomas
Published: September 2010

In this work, the carboxymethylation of cellulose in a new alkaline cellulose solvent, LiOH/urea aqueous solution, was investigated. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) samples were characterized with FT‐IR, NMR, HPLC, and viscosity measurements. Water‐soluble CMC with DS = 0.36∼0.65 was prepared, from both Avicel cellulose and cotton linters in the LiOH/urea system. The total DS of CMC could be controlled by varying the molar ratio of reagents and the reaction temperature. The results from structure analysis by HPLC after complete depolymerization showed that the mole fractions of the different carboxymethylated repeating units as well as those of unmodified glucose follow a simple statistic pattern. A distribution of the carboxymethyl groups of the AGU was determined to be in the order O‐6 > O‐2 > O‐3 position at the level.
Mesophases in a Gel from Hydroxypropyl Cellulose/Polyacrylamide
Authors: Castro‐Guerrero Carlos , Morales‐Cepeda Ana , Kharissova Oxana , Koschella Andreas , Heinze Thomas
Published: September 2010

The objective of the present work is to analyze the different mesophases observed in a gel synthesized from hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and polyacrylamide (PAAm) and its phase behavior in water. Hydroxypropyl cellulose is a material derived from cellulose it is non toxic and degradable. HPC is widely used in pharmaceutics, food additives, stabilizer, thickener, etc., HPC is approved by the FDA for use in the food industry. HPC has the characteristic that it forms liquid crystals, depending on the solvent and on the concentration of the polymer. In this work a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) were observed, the resulting gel showed anisotropic, nematic and cholesteric phases in water, the phase formed depended on the concentration of the polymer.
Evaluation of Morphology and Deformation Micromechanisms in Multilayered PP/PS Films: An Electron Microscopy Study
Authors: Scholtyssek Stefanie , Adhikari Rameshwar , Seydewitz Volker , Michler Goerg Hannes , Baer Eric , Hiltner Anne
Published: September 2010

Nanostructured polymers and ultra‐thin polymer layers are used more and more in technical applications like nanotechnology and microelectronics. Therefore, it is really important to understand the size‐scale dependent properties as bulk polymers become thinner and more two‐dimensional. Here the morphology as well as the macroscopic and the microscopic deformation behaviour of multilayered films of polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) have been investigated. For investigation different microscopic techniques and tensile testing were used. The films were prepared by multilayer coextrusion, whereas the composition of PP and PS and the film thickness – and therefore the thickness of each layer – varied. The thinnest calculated thickness of a single layer was about 5 nm. It is shown that the PP/PS films consist usually of homogeneous layers with only few defects. As the composition of PP/PS deviates strongly from 50/50 or the films get thinner the number of defects increases and the layered system turns to irregular lamellar system. In macroscopic tensile tests the small PS layers affect the elongation at break enormously: Most of the samples are brittle. For the films with a composition of PP/PS 90/10 and the film PP/PS 70/30 with a film thickness of 25 µm an elongation at break of 66% and higher could be reached. Transmission electron microscopy on these samples shows that the layers are characterized by plastic yielding in local deformation zones.
Development of Nanocomposite Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering
Authors: Imam Khasim H.R. , Henning S. , Michler G.H. , Brand Joerg
Published: September 2010

Nanocomposite scaffold materials based on biodegradable polymers, as there are poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB), poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyvalerate) (PHBHV) and polycaprolactone (PCL), and nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HA) have been developed for the application as biomimetic bone substitution materials and materials for the tissue engineering of bone. Parameters like pore size, shape and interconnectivity are optimized to facilitate the formation of new bone. In this paper we describe a manufacturing method for compact nanocomposite scaffolds as well as for 3‐dimesional porous scaffolds. Nanocomposite scaffolds consisting of PHB and HA needles or PHBHV and HA spheres, respectively, exhibit a very good filler dispersion even at 20 wt% loading. Smaller nanoparticles (needles) slightly tend to develop more agglomerates due to higher van der Waals forces of attraction compared to the larger spherical nanoparticles which were more uniformly dispersed. To produce porous structures, templates consisting of sugar and NaCl grains of varying grain size were used. In freeze‐drying and particulate leaching processes smaller grain sizes resulted in pores with 46 to 70 µm, whereas grain sizes of more than 400 µm resulted in pores with 300 to 600 µm in diameter. The application of polymer solutions with a concentration of 5% (w/v) resulted in larger pore sizes compared to solutions of 10% (w/v). By the application of the melt infiltration technique to PCL, the resulting pore size was less influenced by the concentration of the polymer solution. It can be demonstrated that these techniques are suitable for the fabrication of nanocomposite scaffolds with uniform filler dispersion and porosity up to 98%.
The α2 adrenergic antagonist fipamezole improves quality of levodopa action in Parkinsonian primates
Authors: Johnston Tom H. , Fox Susan H. , Piggott Matthew J. , Savola Juha‐Matti , Brotchie Jonathan M.
Published: September 2010

Reduction in the antiparkinsonian benefit of levodopa is a major complication of long‐term levodopa treatment in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). Such loss of benefit arises because of reduced duration of action and appearance of disabling dyskinesia. We assess the potential of the α2 adrenergic antagonist fipamezole to reduce motor complications in parkinsonian macaques. MPTP‐lesioned macaques were treated acutely with fipamezole (10 mg/kg) alone and in combination with two doses of levodopa. Fipamezole extended both duration and quality of antiparkinsonian action of levodopa. Duration of antiparkinsonian action, on time, was increased by up to 75% while “good‐quality” on time, i.e., that not associated with disabling dyskinesia, was increased by up to 98%. Combination of fipamezole with the lower dose of levodopa provided antiparkinsonian benefit at least equivalent to that provided by the higher dose levodopa alone. However, with the combination, antiparkinsonian benefit was of much better quality. The proportion of on time without disabling dyskinesia (79%) was significantly greater than that with high dose levodopa alone (45%). Increased duration and quality of levodopa action may represent therapeutically valuable actions of α2 adrenergic antagonists. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Metric properties of the mini‐mental Parkinson and SCOPA‐COG scales for rating cognitive deterioration in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Serrano‐Dueñas Marcos , Calero Belén , Serrano Soledad , Serrano Maite , Coronel Paulina
Published: September 2010

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that causes cognitive impairment and dementia in ∼30% of patients. Objective: Compare metric qualities of Mini‐Mental Parkinson (MMP) and scales for outcomes in Parkinson's disease‐cognition (SCOPA‐COG) with respect to their relative reliability, validity and ability to predict symptoms (mobility, quality of life, social repercussions, and mood) in PD patients. Outpatients (n=123, 78 males/45 females) diagnosed with PD were included in the study. A multilevel (hierarchical) modeling analysis was performed along with tests of reliability and validity to ascertain which of the two models better predicts symptoms related to PD. Results: The MMP differed significantly between patients with Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) stages 1, 2 or versus 4/5 (grouped together). The SCOPA‐COG showed differences only between patients in H&Y stages 2 versus 4/5. Both scales were dependent on educational background and age. The SCOPA‐COG had a higher coefficient of variation (0.303) than the MMP (0.184), indicating that it was the more discriminative of the two. Conclusions: The SCOPA‐COG has some advantages over the MMP, the most important being a greater discriminative ability. Multilevel hierarchical analysis clarified the necessity of stratifying the PD population according to educational background, years of illness, and H&Y stage when using these scales. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
A review of the critical role of vitamin D in the functioning of the immune system and the clinical implications of vitamin D deficiency
Authors: Schwalfenberg Gerry K.
Published: September 2010

This review looks at the critical role of vitamin D in improving barrier function, production of antimicrobial peptides including cathelicidin and some defensins, and immune modulation. The function of vitamin D in the innate immune system and in the epithelial cells of the oral cavity, lung, gastrointestinal system, genito‐urinary system, skin and surface of the eye is discussed. Clinical conditions are reviewed where vitamin D may play a role in the prevention of infections or where it may be used as primary or adjuvant treatment for viral, bacterial and fungal infections. Several conditions such as tuberculosis, psoriasis, eczema, Crohn's disease, chest infections, wound infections, influenza, urinary tract infections, eye infections and wound healing may benefit from adequate circulating 25(OH)D as substrate. Clinical diseases are presented in which optimization of 25(OH)D levels may benefit or cause harm according to present day knowledge. The safety of using larger doses of vitamin D in various clinical settings is discussed.
c9t11‐Conjugated linoleic acid‐rich oil fails to attenuate wasting in colon‐26 tumor‐induced late‐stage cancer cachexia in male CD2F1 mice
Authors: Tian Min , Kliewer Kara L. , Asp Michelle L. , Stout Michael B. , Belury Martha A.
Published: September 2010

Scope: Cancer cachexia is characterized by muscle and adipose tissue wasting caused partly by chronic, systemic inflammation. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) are a group of fatty acids with various properties including anti‐inflammatory cis9, trans11 (c9t11)‐CLA and lipid‐mobilizing trans10, cis12 (t10c12)‐CLA. The purpose of this study was to test whether dietary supplementation of a c9t11‐CLA‐rich oil (6:1 c9t11:t10c12) could attenuate wasting of muscle and adipose tissue in colon‐26 adenocarcinoma‐induced cachexia in mice.

Methods and results: Loss of body weight, muscle and adipose tissue mass caused by tumors were not rescued by supplementation with the c9t11‐CLA‐rich oil. In quadriceps muscle, c9t11‐CLA‐rich oil exacerbated tumor‐induced gene expression of inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor‐α, IL‐6 receptor and the E3 ligase MuRF‐1 involved in muscle proteolysis. In epididymal adipose tissue, tumor‐driven delipidation and atrophy was aggravated by the c9,t11‐CLA‐rich oil, demonstrated by further reduced adipocyte size and lower adiponectin expression. However, expression of inflammatory cytokines and macrophage markers were not altered by tumors, or CLA supplementation.

Conclusion: These data suggest that addition of c9t11‐CLA‐rich oil (0.6% c9t11, 0.1% t10c12) in diet did not ameliorate wasting in mice with cancer cachexia. Instead, it increased expression of inflammatory markers in the muscle and increased adipose delipidation.
Coffee, broccoli and spices are strong inducers of electrophile response element‐dependent transcription in vitro and in vivo – Studies in electrophile response element transgenic mice
Authors: Balstad Trude Rakel , Carlsen Harald , Myhrstad Mari C. W. , Kolberg Marit , Reiersen Hanne , Gilen Lene , Ebihara Kanae , Paur Ingvild , Blomhoff Rune
Published: September 2010

Scope: Cytoprotective gene products, e.g. phase II – and antioxidant enzymes, are important in cellular redox homeostasis. A common feature of these genes is binding sites for transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid‐2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), named electrophile response elements (EpREs) within their promoters.

Methods and results: To identify dietary bioactive compounds and foods with Nrf2/EpRE inducing properties in an intact organism, we utilized transgenic mice encoding luciferase under control of EpRE from the thioredoxin promoter. We found that 18 of 31 phytochemicals and 10 of 14 dietary plant extracts induced EpRE activity in liver HepG2 cells. Surprisingly, some dietary plant extracts showed profound inducing capability as compared to pure compounds indicating combinatorial effects of compounds found in whole foods. Furthermore, intraperitoneal injections of carnosol, curcumin and tert benzohydroquinine induced EpRE‐dependent promoter activity in transgenic mice. In further experiments with curcumin, we found highly induced EpRE activity in intestine, liver, kidney and spleen. Finally, a combination extract made of coffee, thyme, broccoli, rosemary, turmeric and red onion fed orally, induced EpRE mediated luciferase in lung and adipose tissue.

Conclusion: These results show that plant‐based foods contain compounds that can be absorbed and induce the antioxidant defence in a living organism in an organ‐specific manner.
Muscle‐selective block using intrafascicular high‐frequency alternating current
Authors: Dowden Brett R. , Wark Heather A.C. , Normann Richard A.
Published: September 2010

High‐frequency alternating current (HFAC) applied to a peripheral nerve can reversibly block skeletal muscle contractions. We evaluated the ability of HFAC delivered via intrafascicular electrodes to selectively block activation of targeted muscles without affecting activation of other muscles. Utah slanted electrode arrays (USEAs) were implanted into the sciatic nerves of five cats, and HFAC was delivered to individual USEA electrodes. The effects of HFAC block were monitored by recording evoked electromyograms (EMGs) and three‐dimensional endpoint forces. In each animal, activity evoked in targeted muscles by nerve cuff stimulation could be selectively abolished by HFAC delivered via individual USEA electrodes. Two mechanisms of blockade were evoked: selective neuromuscular blocks were achieved with 500–8000‐HZ HFAC, and selective nerve conduction block was achieved in one animal using 16‐kHZ HFAC. These results show that intrafascicular HFAC can be used to block selected muscles independent of activation of other muscles. Muscle Nerve 42: 339–347, 2010
Some numerical techniques for solving elliptic interface problems
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Joshi Pratibha
Published: September 2010

Many physical phenomena can be modeled by partial differential equations with singularities and interfaces. The standard finite difference and finite element methods may not be successful in giving satisfactory numerical results for such problems. Hence, many new methods have been developed. Some of them are developed with the modifications in the standard methods, so that they can deal with the discontinuities and the singularities. In this article, a survey has been done on some recent efficient techniques to solve elliptic interface problems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 28: 94‐114, 2012
Nutritional and disease stress of juveniles from the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt
Authors: Wheeler S. M.
Published: September 2010

Bioarchaeologists use skeletal health indicators to measure how ancient populations adapted to their physical, cultural and biological environments. Skeletons of infants and children are rarely included in these kinds of analyses because of factors such as poor preservation, small sample size, incomplete recovery or research design. In this study, skeletal remains of juveniles aged from foetal to 15 years (N = 238) from Kellis 2, a Romano‐Byzantine cemetery in the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt, are analysed to shed light on how infants and children were affected by Roman policies during the early years of the Christianisation of Egypt. Non‐specific indicators of physiological stress (cribra orbitalia, enamel hypoplasia and osteoperiostitis) are analysed for post‐natal individuals and interpreted in the context of the physical, cultural and biological landscapes. Results from these analyses suggest moderate levels of skeletal and dental stress with a marked improvement in general health from pre‐Roman times. This study contributes to a better understanding of juvenile paleoepidemiology and mortuary practices in Egypt during the Romano‐Byzantine period. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Breast metastases in children and adolescents with rhabdomyosarcoma: Experience of the Italian soft tissue sarcoma committee
Authors: D'Angelo Paolo , Carli Modesto , Ferrari Andrea , Manzitti Carla , Mura Rossella , Miglionico Lucia , Di Cataldo Andrea , Grigoli Antonella , Cecchetto Giovanni , Bisogno Gianni ,   for the AIEOP Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee
Published: September 2010

Background

Breast metastasis from rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is an uncommon event but may be problematic in treatment decision‐making. Aim of the study was to evaluate clinical characteristics, treatment, and subsequent outcome, of patients with RMS metastasis in the breast, enrolled in four consecutive Associazione Italiana di Ematologia ed Oncologia Pediatrica (AIEOP) Soft Tissue Sarcoma Committee protocols during the last 20 years, in order to obtain information to establish a more adequate diagnostic and therapeutic approach.

Procedures

Data were derived from the AIEOP STSC database and reviewed for the purpose of this study.

Results

From 1988 to 2008, among 189 patients with metastatic RMS, we identified 7 (3.7%) patients with RMS with breast involvement at diagnosis. All patients were females, aged 13–17 years with alveolar histology and multiple metastasis sites (2–5). The primary tumor was located in the extremities in 3/7 patients. In spite of intensive treatment no patient survived. The cause of treatment failure was distant relapse in six patients, including two on the mammary region. Treatment data analysis revealed that local measures to control breast lesions were used in only two patients.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that investigations of the mammary region should be part of the usual diagnostic workup in adolescent girls with alveolar RMS, especially if the primary tumor arises in the extremities. New and more effective strategies are needed to improve the outcome of these patients including aggressive local measures to control breast disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2010;55:1306–1309. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.