bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSVIII-B-11 Grain Processing Methods and Fiber Sources in the Brazilian Beef Feedlots
Authors: Bernardes Thiago , Castro Thais , Da Luz Matheus
Published: September 2022

The aim of this survey was to identify grain processing techniques and fiber sources adopted in the beef finishing diets. One hundred and forty-nine feedyards, located in 10 states, were surveyed from March 2020 to February 2021 for their feeding practices. Feedlot owners and nutritionists were interviewed by using a common survey form. The form consisted of 5 questions, including feedlot location, feedlot capacity and the number of animals serviced yearly, breed, grain processing techniques and roughage sources, and roughage: concentrate ratio. Results were tabulated in an Excel spreadsheet for each feedlot. The number of responses per question, and the mean, minimum value, maximum value, and mode (most frequently occurring value) were calculated. Feedlot capacity ranged from 300 to 40,000 (mode = 3,000) and cattle serviced yearly per feedlot ranged from 400 to 90,000 (mode = 6,000). Nellore breed and crossbreed represented 67 and 33% % of finished animals, respectively. Roughage: concentrate ratio ranged from 40: 60 to 10: 90. Thirty-four percent of feedlots adopted 20: 80 ratio, followed by 25: 75 (17.5%) and 15: 85 (14%) ratios. High-moisture corn, snaplage (grain, cob, husk, and shank), and reconstituted grain corn were used by 21, 12, and 6.7% of feedlots, respectively. Reconstituted grain sorghum was included in 4% of the diets. Thus, 43.7% of feedlots adopted grain silages in the diets. Whole-plant corn silage was the most common roughage source (59.5%), followed by sugarcane bagasse (16%), tropical grass silages (14%), and whole-plant sorghum silage (13%). Nutritionists also cited hay (8%), sugarcane silage (6%), and fresh sugarcane (3%) as roughage sources. Overall, Brazilian feedlots have used ensiling as the most important method to process grains (corn and sorghum), especially because silage machinery industry has made available new equipment. Whole-plant corn silage is the most common fiber source.
PSXIII-18 Effects of Spring and Fall Stockpile Grazing Management System on Performance of Fall-Calving Beef Cows, pre-Weaning Calf Performance, and Forage Characteristics
Authors: Ewing Kylie , Neira Lucas T , Steckler Teresa , Meteer William T , Shike Daniel W
Published: September 2022

The objective was to compare the effects of tall fescue grazing systems utilizing either rotational grazing only or rotational grazing and spring and fall stockpiling on beef cow body condition and reproductive performance, calf pre-weaning performance, and forage characteristics. Over 2 years, multiparous, fall-calving cows (n = 360/year; BW = 600 ± 64 kg; gestation = 113 ± 8.5 d) were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments (3 reps/treatment/year); 1) rotational grazing and spring and fall stockpile grazing (SP) and 2) rotational grazing only (CON). Treatments were initiated in late April and terminated in late December each year. Pastures were 48.4 ha/replicate. The CON pastures were divided into eight (6.05 ha) paddocks and cows rotated every 5 days. Twenty-five percent of SP pastures (12.1 ha) were stockpiled for initial 112 days with remaining 75% rotationally grazed (6 paddocks; rotated weekly). An additional 50% (24.2 ha) was stockpiled for 95 days starting early August. Strip-grazing was utilized when grazing stockpiled forage. Forage availability into new paddock was greater in SP than CON during grazing rounds 4, 5, and 6 (P ≤ 0.01), coinciding with grazing of stockpiled forage. Grazing days were increased 24 days for SP versus CON (P ≤ 0.01). Hay fed per cow was reduced in SP compared to CON (59 kg vs. 347 kg, respectively; P ≤ 0.01). Cow BW did not differ at trial end (P = 0.13) however, BCS was greater for CON than SP (5.3 vs. 5.1, respectively; P ≤ 0.01). No differences (P ≥ 0.14) were observed in AI or overall pregnancy rate between treatments. There were no differences in calf birth or weaning BW (P = 0.30) between treatments. Overall, utilization of spring and fall stockpiling system had little impact on cow and calf performance but increased grazing days.
PSXIII-21 Formulations of Vitamin K, Organic Acids, Essential Oils and Plant Hydroalcoholic Extracts Prevent Coccidiosis Impact on Growth Performances in Broilers
Authors: Julien Carl
Published: September 2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of formulations of vitamin K, organic acids, essential oils and plant hydroalcoholic extracts as anticoccidial alternatives in broilers. A 34-day cage trial with 10 replicates of 12 birds/cage was conducted. Male broilers (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to: 1) non-infected (NI); 2) Eimeria-infected (EI); 3) EI+decoquinate/zoalene shuttle program (DZ); 4) EI+2 kg/t Nutri-Gro® feed additive; 5) 3 L/1000 L Technocok® in drinking water from d14 to d20. The formulations were made by Synergie Eurobec International Ltd and contain 7.0 and 7.5 g/kg vitamin K. Eimeria infection was induced by an oral administration at d14 of 2x105 sporulated oocysts of mixed Eimeria species from field isolates. Data were analyzed by a mixed model including treatment and barn section as fixed and random effects, respectively, and by Kruskal-Wallis tests. As expected, the coccidian challenge (EI) reduced growth performances, increased total excreted oocyst counts (6.0 vs 3.0 log10, P < 0.0001) and E. acervulina (0.79 vs 0.21, P=0.0022) and E. tenella (2.04 vs 0.17, P < 0.0001) intestinal lesion scores (ILS) 6 days post infection (dpi, d20), compared to NI, whereas DZ palliated these infection impacts. The two formulation treatments increased d20 body weight (BW), compared to EI (0.980 and 0.939 vs 0.908 kg, P < 0.01), without improving the feed conversion ratio (FCR). The 2 kg/t Nutri-Gro® formulation increased (2.69 vs 2.61 kg, P=0.0486) and the Technocok® showed a trend to improve (2.68 vs 2.61 kg, P=0.1015) d34 BW, compared to EI birds. However, the formulations did not affect the oocyst excretion nor the ILS at 6 dpi (P>0.05). Overall, the additives showed beneficial effects on growth performance in a Eimeria-challenged broilers. These supplements may be involved in a strategy aimed at reducing the use of anticoccidials in broiler production.
PSXIII-19 Snaplage Residue as a Strategy to Finish Beef Cattle Under Different Stocking Rates
Authors: de Lima Ítalo Braz G , Casagrande Daniel R , Bernardes Thiago , Gionbelli Mateus P , Ladeira Marcio M , Shike Daniel W , Cruz Priscila
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study was to evaluate different stocking rates of heifers on corn snaplage residue as an exclusive source of fiber on finishing phase performance. Immediately after the corn snaplage harvest, the area was divided into sixteen paddocks, and treatments were randomly assigned. The treatments were two stocking rates (SR): 1) low stocking rate (LSR; 3.5 AU/ha), and 2) high stocking rate (HSR; 7.0 AU/ha). The treatments were obtained by modifying the size of the paddocks. Crossbred beef heifers (n = 48, initial body weight = 275 ± 23 kg) were randomly allotted to 16 paddocks (3 heifers/paddock). Concentrate was fed ad libitum daily at 0600h. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Means were estimated using the LSMEANS statement and compared using the Tukey test. Initial residual mass was similar for all treatments (11,000 kg DM/ha). There was no stocking rate × time effect (P = 0.88) on total mass. There was less total mass for HSR (P < 0.01) than LSR and total mass decreased over time (P < 0.01). There was no difference between HSR and LSR for average residue intake (P = 0.34; 0.434 vs 0.478 kg/day, respectively), concentrate intake (P = 0.84; 7.72 vs 7.78 kg/day, respectively), and daily gain (ADG; P = 0.94; 0.952 vs 0.956 kg/day, respectively), The HSR treatment increased (P < 0.01) gain per area (618 vs 309 kg/ha) compared to LSR. In conclusion, the stocking rate did not affect finishing phase performance of beef heifers but increasing stocking rate did increase gain per area of land.
PSXIII-B-19 The Effect of Maternal Melatonin Supplementation During mid to Late Gestation on Fetal Piglet Hepatic Gene Expression
Authors: Dobbins Thomas W , Dennis Amberly A , Rivera Daniel , Dinh Thu , Lemley Caleb O , Burnett Derris D
Published: September 2022

Using melatonin as a gestational therapeutic due to its antioxidant and vasodilative properties increases fetal morphometric measurements in ruminant models, however its effects on gestating swine and fetal circadian regulation remain unknown. This study evaluated the effects of dietary melatonin supplementation during gestation on fetal hepatic circadian regulatory and metabolic gene expression. Twenty-four pregnant sows were randomly assigned to either melatonin (20mg/d; MEL) or control (CON) and 0500h (AM) or 1700h (PM) harvest timepoint across fall and spring replicates. The fall replicate occurred from gestational day 38±1 to 99±1, while spring was days 41 to 106±1. At harvest small, medium, and large piglets were identified by body weight and their livers were collected. Data were analyzed using a linear mixed model by the MIXED procedure of SAS. Cry1 expression tended to increase (P=0.0575) in large fetuses compared to small during the fall, while large fetuses had the greatest expression, medium intermediary, and small least during the spring (P=0.0056). Cry2 was reduced (P< 0.001) in MEL offspring compared to CON in the fall. There was a Treatment × Class interaction (P=0.0104) for Cry2 expression during spring wherein, CON-AM was reduced compared to CON-PM, however no differences between MEL groups. A Treatment × Class interaction (P=0.0511) of Per2 expression was present in the fall, where expression of small control fetuses was reduced compared to remaining controls. Spring Per2 expression increased (P=0.0122) in large fetuses compared to other sizes, Per2 also increased (P=0.0039) in PM compared to AM. Fall IGF1 expression increased (P=0.0366) in large fetuses compared to medium and small, and spring IGF1 expression increased (P=0.0067) in large fetuses compared to small. These findings suggest that maternal melatonin supplementation during gestation modulates expression of hepatic circadian regulatory and metabolic genes which may impact growth and developmental efficiency postnatally in a seasonal manner.
PSXIII-B-13 Investigation of Genetic Markers That may be Associated with Responses of Dairy Cows to Ketosis Treatment
Authors: Muniz M Malane M , Serrenho Rita Couto , Oliveira Gerson A , McArt Jessica A A , Duffield Todd , Schenkel Flavio S , Squires E James
Published: September 2022

The objective of this study was to investigate genetic markers associated with different responses to ketosis treatment when compared to ketosis-free Holstein cows. Holstein cows (N=964) from four commercial farms, located in New York State/USA, were included in a randomized controlled trial for ketosis treatment for a period of 2 months (5/19/2019 to 7/20/2019). The cows were screened for BHB (β-hydroxybutyrate ≥1.2 mmol/L) in the first two weeks postpartum (0-14 DIM). Cows with negative results (BHB < 1.2 mmol/L) in the first week (0-7 DIM) were retested in the second week of lactation (8-14 DIM), if negative at both screening tests, cows were categorized as ketosis-free (control group). The cows with positive results in the screening period (0-14 DIM) were treated as detailed in Capel et al. (2020) and reassessed in the following two weeks. According to the cow`s response to the treatment, they were classified as CURED, RECURRENT, SEVERE, and CHRONIC. Out of the 964 cows, 489 were genotyped using the 50k Illumina Bead Chip array. A mixed linear model-based genome-wide association study (GWAS) was carried out in GCTA software. The GWAS was performed for each ketosis outcome compared to the control group. Several potential genomic regions were identified on chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 14, and 17. Overall, the highlighted genes included COL1A1, NEDD4l, DIP2A, CARD6, ITGA7, and MMP19, which have shared functions with genes previously associated with ketosis (e.g., CASP9, ACACA, and Interleukins) in pathways such as the transport of glucose and other sugars, bile salts and organic acids, metal ions and amine compounds, Cell adhesion_ECM remodeling Pathway, TGF-beta signaling, Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain (NOD), and Mesodermal commitment. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms that trigger response to ketosis treatment and warrant further investigation.
PSXIII-B-5 Early Gestation Heat Stress Improved Measures of sow Growth Performance but did not Impact Fetal Growth
Authors: Byrd MaryKate , Stewart Kara R , Pasternak Alex , Johnson Jay S
Published: September 2022

In utero heat stress negatively impacts fetal development and alters postnatal phenotypes in swine. However, the effects of heat stress (HS) on fetal growth during early gestation is relatively unknown. The study objective was to evaluate the effects of gestational HS on measures of fetal growth in early gestation. Twenty-three gestating gilts were exposed to HS (n = 12; cyclic 26-38°C) or thermoneutral (TN; n = 11; 18.5 ± 1.2°C) conditions from gestation d 6 ± 0.9 to 33 ± 1.7. Vaginal temperature was recorded in 15 min intervals using data loggers. Respiration rates (RR) were recorded daily at 0800, 1200, 1600, and 2000 h. All gilts were individually-housed, and limit-fed 1.82 kg/d. Gilt body weights (BW) were measured weekly and average daily gain and gain:feed were calculated. At gestation d 33 ± 1.7, gilts were harvested and fetal weights and counts were recorded. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX. Vaginal temperatures and RR were greater (P < 0.01) in HS (38.5 ± 0.1°C and 59 ± 2 bpm, respectively) versus TN gilts (38.0 ± 0.1°C and 29 ± 2 bpm, respectively). Although no initial BW differences were observed (P = 0.39; 148.8 ± 4.1 kg), final BW tended to be greater (P < 0.07) for HS (166.5 ± 3.8 kg) versus TN (156.8 ± 4.0 kg) gilts. Average daily gain was increased (P < 0.01) for HS (0.5 ± 0.1 kg/d) versus TN (0.3 ± 0.1 kg/d) gilts. Gain:feed was greater (P < 0.01) for HS (0.27 ± 0.03) versus TN (0.16 ± 0.03) gilts. No fetal weight (P = 0.23; 4.3 ± 0.2 g/fetus) or count (P = 0.15; 15.2 ± 0.9 fetuses/gilt) differences were detected. In conclusion, HS-exposure during early gestation improved measures of growth performance in gestating gilts but did not impact fetal growth or count.
PSXIII-B-20 Variants within Genes Tspan18 and NRG3 Associated with Angular Limb Deformity in Rambouillet Rams
Authors: Becker Gabrielle M , Woods Julia , Schauer Christopher S , Webb Brett T , Stewart Whit C , Murdoch Brenda M
Published: September 2022

Incidence of angular limb deformities (ALD) have been described in many species of livestock and companion animals. Young, rapidly growing animals are at an increased risk for developing ALD. Although work has been done to identify the casual genetic basis of ALD, bone deformities are likely influenced by the environment, making clear genetic answers challenging to discover. Rambouillet rams from Wyoming, North Dakota and South Dakota annual ram performance tests have been observed to develop limb abnormalities consistent with ALD. Historical incidence of ALD in test rams has ranged from 3 to 18%. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted with 342 ram-test animals, including 40 ALD-affected rams and 302 unaffected rams collected over three consecutive years. Significant markers were identified within the genes tetraspanin 18 (TSPAN18; p-value = 4.87e-07) and neuregulin 3 (NRG3; p-value = 8.06e-07). In mice, Tspan18 has been proposed as a regulator of endothelial cell Orai1/Ca2+ signaling. Orai1 has also been shown to mediate osteogenic differentiation via the bone morphogenic protein signaling pathway, which suggests the possibility for TSPAN18 involvement in differentiation of chondrocytes and osteocytes. The gene NRG3 is a member of the neuregulin family, which encodes ligands for epidermal growth factor receptors ERBB3 and ERBB4. The epidermal growth factor receptor system has described roles in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast, chondrocyte and osteoclast cells. Identifying genetic risk factors for ALD has the potential to improve animal welfare and animal production in at-risk breeds. This study proposes TSPAN18 and NRG3 as targets for further research towards identifying genetic risk factors for ALD in Rambouillet sheep of the NW United States.
PSXIV-20 Potassium Carbonate Rescues Growth and Bone Attenuation Responses to Ammonium Chloride in Feed for Growing Pigs, Supporting the Importance of the K:Cl Ratio in Diet Formulations
Authors: Hutchinson Johanna , Kokinos Brittney P , Capdeville Mariola Grez , Amundson Laura A , Crenshaw Thomas D
Published: September 2022

Addition of 2% NH4Cl to feed effectively attenuated growth of pigs fed a diet specifically formulated with reduced lysine, phosphorus, and potassium (HG). The reduction in K was intended to minimize the amount of NH4Cl required to attenuate growth, as the K:Cl ratio affects growth. The objective was to validate the importance of the K:Cl ratio in HG diets supplemented with 2.0% NH4Cl. The K:Cl ratio hypothesis assumes that excess Cl from NH4Cl supplements interacts with K to create an apparent K deficiency, as renal K excretion must increase to counterbalance excess Cl under restraints imposed by HG diets. Additions of K should rescue growth of pigs fed diets with 2% NH4Cl. After adjustment to individual pens, 18 F2 barrows (12-15 kg) were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 diets: Control standard diet (Ctl, n=4); basal HG, low K diet, no added NH4Cl (HG, n=4); HG+2% NH4Cl for growth-attenuation (2%NH4Cl, n=5); and HG+2%NH4Cl+K2CO3 to counter-balance excess Cl from NH4Cl (2%NH4Cl+K, n=5). Pigs were allowed free access to fresh water and assigned diets for 14 days. Daily pig weights and feed consumption, end of treatment urine electrolytes, and whole-body DXA scans were used to calculate gain, intake, body composition, and efficiency of Ca and P retention. Gain (74%); lean (72%); bone ash (58%); Ca (27%); and P (32%) efficiency traits were reduced (P< 0.05) in pigs fed 2%NH4Cl vs. Ctl. Addition of K to NH4Cl diets partly rescued responses of these traits, restoring responses to that of pigs fed the HG diet. Inferences from urine electrolyte concentrations were consistent with K allowing an increase clearance of excess Cl. In conclusion, NH4Cl attenuation of growth and bone ash responses were mediated by K X Cl interactions. Future experiments will focus on diet modifications to enhance body composition during recovery.
PSXIII-13 Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Crushed Sasa Quelpaertensis Nakai on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality in Landrace Pigs
Authors: Shin Moon-Cheol , Lee Jong-An , Choi Jea-Young , Cho In-Cheol , Kim Hyeon-Ah , Yang Byoung-Chul
Published: September 2022

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics and physiological changes of growth performance by adding crushed Sasa quelpaertensis Nakai(SQN) to pig feed. The reason for using SQN is that SQN grows naturally under trees or at the foot of mountains and inhibits the growth of other plants, thereby preventing biodiversity maintenance. A total of 48 Landrace pigs with an average body weight of 45.11±6.16kg were assigned to four treatments with different levels of crushed SQN addition. The treatments were basal diet (control), basal diet supplemented with 2% SQN(T1), 4% SQN(T2) and 4% SQN(T2). The compound feeds were given ad libitum for 100 days. During the finishing period, the weight gain values in the four treatment groups were 111.37±3.66 kg, 109.40±3.27 kg, 106.10±3.28 kg and 103.50±3.27 kg, respectively. There was no significant difference in end-stage body weight, but the daily weight gain was 0.66±0.02kg, 0.64±0.02kg, 0.61±0.02kg, and 0.58±0.02kg, indicating that T1 was significantly (p< 0.05) greater than that of other treatment groups. Carcass characteristics were tested at 180 days of age, and the thickness of back fat in each treatment group was 21.75±1.48mm, 20.40±1.32mm, 18.60±1.32mm, and 19.20±1.32mm. The SQN-added group showed a tendency to thin back fat. In the physicochemical analysis of pig sirloin, the fat content was also significantly decreased in the SQN-added group to 3.76±0.38%, 3.52±0.39%, 2.44±0.39% and 2.79±0.39% by treatment group. In the fatty acid composition, there was a difference in linolenic acid (C18:3n3), but there was no significant difference overall. According to the results of this study, it was difficult to observe anti-obesity effect of crushd SQN because it was not digested in pigs, a unit animal. However, if the SQN extract is used, the possibility of using it as a pig feed has been confirmed, and it is judged that it can be used as a reference for the development of feed additives.
PSXVI-15 Energy Concentration Prediction Models for Black Solider fly Larvae Using Chemical Composition
Authors: Ha Dong Uk , Park Kwanho , Kim Beob Gyun G
Published: September 2022

The objectives were to determine the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations in black solider fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) larvae fed to pigs and to develop prediction equations for energy in BSF larvae. On a dry matter (DM) basis, 4 sources of defatted BSF larva meal contained 4,402 to 5,173 kcal/kg gross energy (GE), 46.5 to 62.0% crude protein (CP), 9.0 to 14.3% ether extract (EE), and 13.7 to 25.3% ash and a source of full-fat BSF larva contained 5,875 kcal/kg GE, 36.5% CP, 38.5% EE, and 16.3% ash. Six barrows with an initial body weight of 73.1 kg (SD = 2.3) were individually housed in metabolism crates. Six diets were assigned to the 6 pigs in a 6 × 7 Latin square design with 7 periods. A basal diet was composed of 97.6% corn as the sole energy source. Five experimental diets were prepared by replacing 25% of corn with BSF larva. Each period consisted of a 4-day adaptation period and a 4-day collection period for feces and urine collection. The DE and ME values in full-fat BSF larva (4,908 and 4,761 kcal/kg DM) were greater (P < 0.05) than those in defatted BSF larva meal (3,791 to 4,269 kcal/kg DM and 3,577 to 3,878 kcal/kg DM). Energy prediction models developed for BSF larva were: GE (kcal/kg DM) = 5,707 + 36.2 × EE – 74.2 × ash (R2 = 0.98); DE (kcal/kg DM) = 4,575 + 29.1 × EE – 47.9 × ash (R2 = 0.99); and ME (kcal/kg DM) = 3,852 + 36.5 × EE – 30.0 × ash (R2 = 0.99) where chemical components are expressed as % DM. Overall, full-fat BSF larva contained greater energy concentrations compared with defatted larva meal and energy concentrations in BSF larva ingredients can be estimated using EE and ash concentrations.
PSXVI-10 Influence of Carbohydrate Rich co-Products and Fiber on Growth Performance and fat Quality in Finishing Pigs
Authors: Slim Ferial A , Verso Luca Lo , Guay Frederic
Published: September 2022

In recent years, different strategies have been undertaken to reduce feed cost including incorporation of co-product. However, addition of large quantity of co-product can influence meat quality, especially fat quality. The main objective of the present study was to assess the effect of feeding high dairy/carbohydrate diets on growth performance and fat quality in finishing pigs.A total of 36 pigs [Yorkshire x Landrace(xDuroc)] were raised in commercial diets up to 75kg. At this time, pigs were distributed in six dietary treatments applied for 4 weeks. First three treatments were: a control diet (C) consisting of a corn-soybean meal diet, 25CoP containing 25% co-products (sucrose, whey and bakery meal) and 50CoP containing 50% co-products. Three other diets were formulated from 50CoP and supplemented with three sources of fiber: oat hull (50Oat),soy hull (50Soy) and wheat middling (50 Midd). Feed intake and average daily gain were recorded. After 4 weeks, pigs were slaughtered and a 5-cm strip of backfat was taken from each animal. A measurement of thermodynamic characteristics (melting behavior and solid fat content) were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. ADG and ADFI were reduced in 25CoP compared with 50CoP with intermediary value for C (P< 0.05). 50Soy had decreased ADFI while 50Oat had greater feed conversion than 50CoP (P< 0.05). Only meat lean yield tended to be increased in 25CoP and 50Soy compared with 50CoP (P< 0.09). Melting point onset and maximum were higher in 50CoP compared with C and 25CoP (P< 0.05). Fiber supplementation reduced these melting points compared with 50CoP (P< 0.01). Proportion of fat melted at -5°C and 5°C was decreased in 50CoP compared with C and 25CoP. Fiber increased these proportions of melted fat (P< 0.01). This project shows that diet containing around 50% of rich carbohydrate co-product can negatively affect fat quality and fiber supplementation to reach 12% NDF restore the fat quality.
PSVI-4 Serum Metabolomic Characterization of Birth Weight and Neonatal Nutrient Restriction on Piglet Growth and Development
Authors: Wellington Michael O , Rodrigues Lucas Alves , Quinn Melissa A , Panisson Josiane C , Ferguson David P , Columbus Daniel A
Published: September 2022

The objective was to characterize developmental differences in low birth weight (LBW) and normal birth weight (NBW) piglets with or without nutrient restriction using serum metabolomic profile analysis. After farrowing, 112 piglets were selected as LBW (1.22 ± 0.28 kg) or NBW (1.70 ± 0.27 kg) and were categorized to receive normal nutrition (NN) or restricted nutrition (RN - 6 h/day no suckling) until d 28 when the pigs were weaned onto a common diet until d 56. Blood samples were taken on d 28 and d 56 (n=8 pigs/treatment) and were analyzed using quantitative metabolomics via a combination of direct injection mass spectrometry with a reverse-phase LC-MS/MS custom assay (TMIC prime). Data were normalized using logarithmic transformation and auto-scaling. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was carried out to further explore the differential metabolites among the treatments (metaboanalyst.ca) with an integrated enrichment and pathway topography analysis. The results suggest that at d 28, LBW piglets had decreased metabolites associated with fatty acid oxidation, glycolysis and TCA cycle metabolites, and essential amino acids such as valine, leucine, arginine. These indicate a decrease utilization of gluconeogenic, and TCA cycle pathways compared with the NBW group. On d 56, LBW piglets had increased utilization of fatty acids, exhibited by increased production of serum acetoacetate, B-hydroxybutyrate, glycerol, compared with NBW. Additionally, the LBW piglets had decreased glucose utilization, pyruvate, succinate, citrate, a-ketoglutaric acid, and lactate compared with the NBW piglets. Due to low utilization of glycolysis and the TCA cycle, associated amino acids were less in LBW piglets, except for a increased glycerol which may indicate impairments in glucose tolerance. In summary, LBW piglets appear to have more metabolic deficiencies in early life, which is not resolved with nutrition in early life, but may be responsive to a tailored nutritional intervention post-weaning.
PSXIV-3 Effect of pen mud Accumulation on the Growth Performance Growing-Finishing Calf-fed Holstein Steers in the Feedlot During Summer in Southern California
Authors: Carvalho Pedro V , Latack Brooke C , Zinn Richard A
Published: September 2022

Objectives were to evaluate the relationship between pen mud accumulation and growth performance of calf-fed Holstein steers during the extreme heat characteristic of the months of August and September in the Southern California desert region. Holstein steers (n = 105; initial BW = 443 ±17 kg) were utilized in 28-d experiment (August 17 – September 14, 2021). Steers were blocked by initial shrunk weight (220 d before the initiation of the experiment) and randomly assigned to 21 pens (5 steers per pen). Pens were 62 m2 with 25 m2 overhead shade, automatic waterers and 2.4 m fence-line feed bunks. All steers were fed a steam-flaked corn-based growing-finishing diet. A bolus measuring temperature activity (smaXtec Basic, Smaxtec Animal Care GmbH, Austria) was placed in the rumen of each steer 55 d before the initiation of the experiment (June 22, 2021). Mud scores were recorded weekly by visual inspection. Mud score was determined as the percentage of pens surface area covered with mud. Scores were determined as follows: 1 – 0 to 20% of pen covered by mud; 2 – 21 to 40% of pen covered by mud; 3 – 41 to 60% of pen covered by mud; 4 – 61 to 80% of pen covered by mud; 5 – 81 to 100% of pen covered by mud. Ambient temperature averaged 33.2 ±2.3° C for the experimental period. Temperature of dry pen surfaces was greater than that of muddy surfaces (50.3 vs 20.4° C, respectively, P < 0.01). The relationship between ruminal temperature and pen mud score was not appreciable (P = 0.56). However, ADG was greater with a pen mud score of 2. Average daily gain decreased as pen mud score increased (r2 = 0.55). Similarly, feed efficiency was greatest in pens with a pen mud score of 2. Greater pen mud scores resulted in decreased feed efficiency (r2 = 0.56).
PSXVI-7 Sustainability Index Approach of the Brazilian Pampa Biome
Authors: Filho Luiz Queiroz , Grüeble Claus Köbrich , Barcellos Julio
Published: September 2022

The need to increase food production resulting from agricultural activities is a major challenge for farmers. Thus, evaluating production systems from a sustainability perspective has become a priority in the Brazilian Pampa biome. in the last decade there has been an increase of croplands, soybean areas, and a decrease in rangelands from beef cattle production systems. This study connected to land use change, such as soil and water conservation; to an economic context, where the revenues and incomes are earned from different source. The aim of the study was to elaborate an index able to measure sustainability at farm-level. This index was developed to be adhered to the Brazilian Pampa biome context by the consultancy to perceptions of experts. The Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agriculture Systems guidelines, developed by the FAO, was used as reference for the indicators that formed the sustainability index (iSus). After the selection of indicators, experts were consulted to judge their priorities according to the analytic hierarchy process methodology. An electronic form was developed through Google Forms and sent to experts from each region to judge the priorities for the dimensions, themes, and indicators. The selected dimensions did not present differences, demonstrating that in the perception of the experts, no dimension has priority. The investment (economic dimension), human health and safety (social dimension), and land and water (environmental dimension), had priority within the dimensions. In the indicator analysis, there were no differences between the perceptions of the experts. It was possible to define groups of indicators as high, medium, and low priority. Water management, safety and health, and net revenue had the highest priority in perception of the experts. The rating of priorities brought adherence from a regional context to the index. The incorporation of an iSus can contribute to broad actions to increase sustainability in beef cattle production systems. The utilization of the index will allow that basic premises of sustainability could be measured and identified.
PSII-B-18 Açai Seed as Fiber Source on Intake, Digestibility and Ruminal Parameters in Zebu Beef Cattle fed a High Concentrate Diet
Authors: Mezzomo Rafael , Lacerda Natalia G , Engle Terry E , Alves Kaliandra S , Oliveira Luis Rennan S , Vargas Julian Andrés C , Sousa Letícia S , Coelho Kalita Gabrielly S , Bisbo Shara Amélia S , Lima Silvana S , Gama Mariana Mirtes L , Gomes Daiany I
Published: September 2022

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of açaí seed (AS) as a fiber source on intake, digestibility, and ruminal fermentation parameters of beef cattle fed a high concentrate diet. Five rumen-fistulated Zebu bulls were used in a 5x5 Latin-square design. Treatments consisted of five diets with different inclusion rates of AS: 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% of the diet dry matter (DM). The total mixed ration contained 75% of concentrate and 25% of roughage. Mombasa grass silage and AS were used as the roughage sources. The concentrate portion of the diet contained cracked corn (61.8%), soybean meal (8%) and vitamin/mineral premix (5.2% of DM). Each experimental period lasted 25 d and the last 11 d were used for data collection. Total fecal collections were performed over three days. Titanium dioxide was used to estimate the omasal outflow. Statistical significance was declared at P < 0.05, and tendency at 0.05 > P < 0.10. A linear increase was observed for DM (P= 0.07), organic matter (P < 0.05), crude protein (CP, P < 0.05), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake with the inclusion rate of AS. Intake was greatest in bulls receiving diets containing 20% AS. A linear decrease (P< 0.05) in NDF digestibility was detected with the inclusion rate of AS. DM, CP digestibility, and metabolic energy were similar across treatments (P > 0.10). Ruminal and intestinal DM and nutrient digestibility were similar between the treatments (P > 0.10). Rumen concentrations of acetic acid increased (P < 0.05), and total short-chain fatty acids (P = 0.07) and butyrate (P = 0.08) tended to increase linearly with the inclusion of AS. Açaí seed as a source of fiber in confined Zebu bulls diets alters DM intake and rumen fermentation but has no impact on total tract DM digestibility.
PSII-B-17 Effect of Corn Grain Processing and Moisture Content in Finishing Diets Formulated to Meet Rumen Degradable Protein Requirements on Feedlot Cattle Performance
Authors: González Lucas , Viano Sergio , Davies Patricio , Méndez Daniel , Jaurena Gustavo , Arroquy José , Elizalde Juan , Ceconi Irene
Published: September 2022

Increased dietary inclusion of rapidly-fermentable carbohydrates and a great proportion of corn-derived CP may result in increased rumen degradable protein (RDP) microbial requirements and reduced RDP supply, respectively. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of processing and moisture content of corn grain in finishing diets concurrently balanced to meet increased RDP requirements on feedlot cattle performance. A semi-dent corn hybrid crop was harvested and stored as dry-whole (DWC), dry-rolled (DRC), whole high-moisture (WHMC), or rolled high-moisture (RHMC) corn (89.3% DM and 32.4% moisture for dry and high-moisture corn, respectively). Four dietary treatments containing 78.8-79.0% corn grain were arranged by adding (DM basis) 0.15, 0.20, 0.0, or 0.0% of urea to DWC, DRC, WHMC, or RHMC-based diets, respectively, to meet RDP requirements, which were measured in previous experiments using the same corn hybrid as in the present experiment. Angus steers (n = 144; 356 ± 2.7 kg initial BW) were group-housed in 24 pens, fed once daily from d 1 to 86, and held off feed and water for 16 h to record initial and final BW. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block (6) design. Rate of BW gain and HCW increased and DMI decreased (P ≤ 0.02) from dry and whole to moist and rolled corn-fed steers (Table 1). Consequently, steers fed the RHMC-based and 0%-urea diet were finished at heavier BW and were more efficient (P ≤ 0.02) converting feed into BW and carcass compared with steers fed any of the other diets. Feeding high-moisture compared with dry corn led to improved cattle performance and might reduce urea-derived costs. The convenience of using RHMC instead of WHMC may rely upon the balance between improved animal performance and increased feed costs associated with corn processing.
PSII-B-15 Composition of Milk as Explained by Rumen Fermentation Parameters, Diet Composition and Combination
Authors: Sujani Sathya , White Robin R
Published: September 2022

Although individual studies on the milk component responses to diet and rumen fermentation parameters, notably rumen pH, have identified relationships, these have not been widely summarized. Therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted with the objective of evaluating how milk fat and protein percentage change in response to diet (D), rumen fermentation parameters (R) and combination of both (R+D) variables. A secondary objective was to evaluate how these models differed when considering interactions with rumen pH. Rumen fermentation parameters included total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, molar proportions of major and minor VFA, rumen pH and ammonia nitrogen, and diet variables included dry matter intake (DMI) dietary percentages of dry (DM) and organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract, and starch. The database consisted of 138 published articles. Models were derived using a mixed linear regression weighted by the inverse of the standard error. Models were compared based on the concordance correlation coefficient after removing study effects (CCC). Models of milk fat based on R, R+D and R*pH+D*pH had similar capacity to explain variation within the data set (CCC: 0.26 to 0.31). Other than CP all other diet variables remained in the final D model and the same was observed in the model D*pH. Propionate was a significant variable in all R based final models along with acetate in the R*pH model and valerate in R model. Despite numerous significant relationships, ability to explain variability within the dataset was poor. All milk protein models had similar, and poor capacity to explain variability within the dataset (CCC > 0.2). Interestingly minor VFAs, valerate and iso-butyrate, were included in all R-based models. Although individual studies show precise dietary control of milk components, further work is needed to explain variability in those responses across studies.
PSIX-17 Use of Mycotoxin Deactivator Increases Productive Performance by Feedlot Cattle fed a Natural Contaminated Diet
Authors: Gouvêa Daniel I C G , Niehues Maria B , de Matos Isabelle E , Perdigão Alexandre , de Carvalho Victor Valério , Acedo Tiago S S , Turner Tyler , Martins Cyntia L L , Arrigoni Mário B D B
Published: September 2022

Our objective was to evaluate the effect of including a mycotoxin deactivator on the productive performance of feedlot cattle for 96 days, fed a high concentrate diet. Nellore bulls (iBW, n = 48; 402 kg ±5.02 kg), were allocated in a collective pen with automatic troughs (Intergado, Brazil), randomly distributed in two treatments: 1) Control (CON), with no mycotoxin deactivator; 2) Mycofix Select 5.0 (Myc, Biomin, DSM Nutritional Products, 10g per animal/day). The animals were weighed fasting (±16h) at the beginning and end of the experiment and dry matter intake (DMI) was measured by electronic feeders (Intergado). The diets were analyzed for the presence of naturally occurring mycotoxins by enzyme immunosorbent test, Elisa – AgriQuant (Romer Labs) and the detected results were: Total aflatoxins (AF) < 2.0 μg/kg DM, fumonisins (B1+B2) 0.29 mg/kg DM, deoxynivalenol (DON) 0.38 mg/kg DM and trichotocenes (< 0.25 μg/ kg DM). Data were analyzed by SAS PROC ANOVA for p < 0.05. The MyC provision increased the final BW (561 vs 545 kg, P=0.0465), ADG (1.66 vs 1.50 kg/d, P=0.0458), HWC (317 vs 308 kg, P=0.0492) and the average daily gain in carcass (1.15 vs 1.05 kg/d, P=0.0455) with no effect on DM intake. The use of Mycofix Select 5.0 provided better performance and greater carcass production in Nellore cattle confined with a high concentrate diet with a natural presence of mycotoxins.
PSVI-18 Effect of Processing Method and Severity for Hybrid Fall rye on dry Matter Intake, Ruminal Fermentation, and Apparent Total Tract Nutrient Digestibility in Ruminally Cannulated Beef Heifers
Authors: Pereira Murillo C , Johnson Jordan A , Brattain Rebecca S , Wehrle Herman , Penner Gregory B
Published: September 2022

This study evaluated the effect of processing method and severity of hybrid fall rye on dry matter intake (DMI), ruminal fermentation, and apparent total tract nutrient digestibility for beef cattle. Ruminally cannulated Simmental heifers (n = 8; 327±33 kg) were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square (21-d periods) balanced for carry-over effects with a 2×2 factorial treatment. Tempered rye [water added to achieve 80% dry matter (DM)] was compared with dry-rolled rye. Roller gap width of 1.23-mm and 0.8-mm were used for coarse and finely processed rye, respectively. This resulted in processing index values of: 80.9% for dry-rolled and coarse; 72.7% for dry-rolled and fine; 92.9% for tempered and coarse; and 88.2% for tempered and fine processed rye. Diets (DM basis) included hybrid rye grain (86%), barley silage (15%), mineral (6%), and dry distillers’ grain plus solubles (3%). Feeding tempered rye increased (P< 0.01) DMI by 0.87 kg compared with dry-rolled rye, and feeding coarse rye increased (P=0.04) DMI by 0.33 kg compared with fine rye. Cattle fed dry-rolled and finely processed rye had greater (P< 0.04) area that pH was < 5.5 compared with tempered and coarse rye, respectively. Ruminal short-chain fatty acid concentrations and ammonia were not affected (P≥0.12). Feeding dry-rolled rye increased DM digestibility by 2.4% (P=0.02), and crude protein digestibility in 3.0% (P=0.01) compared with tempered rye. Starch digestibility was not affected by processing severity of dry-rolled rye, but increased from 92.8 to 95.9% for tempered rye with increasing severity (interaction, P=0.03). Rolling tempered rye at the same roller gap as dry-rolled rye decreases processing severity but may allow for a greater severity of processing without marked reductions in DMI and ruminal pH, while achieving similar total tract starch digestibility. When increasing processing severity (81 vs. 73%), dry-rolling hybrid rye may reduce DMI and ruminal pH.
PSVII-1 Effect of the Sequence of Feeding Forage and Concentrate-Based Diets on dry Matter Intake and Average Daily Gain of Growing Angus Bulls
Authors: Salisbury Carlee , Rathert-Williams Abigail R , Holder Amanda , Lalman David , Foote Andrew P
Published: September 2022

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of diet type and sequence on average daily gain (ADG) and feed intake (DMI) in Angus bulls. Diets were concentrate (CONC; 58% dry-rolled corn, 18% Sweet Bran, 9% prairie hay, 5% alfalfa hay, and 10% supplement) and forage (FOR; 60% prairie hay, 30% alfalfa hay, and 10% supplement). Angus bulls (n=19; initial BW = 293 ± 10.3 kg) were placed in individual pens and assigned to receive FOR followed by CONC (FC; n=9) or CONC followed by FOR (CF; n=10). Cattle were transitioned to the respective diets over 21 days and acclimated to the treatment diet for 10 days. Each period was 56 days. BW was measured on consecutive days at the beginning and end and every 14 days during each period. Data were analyzed using a mixed model (SAS 9.4) including the fixed effects of diet, sequence, and the interaction. Diet was treated as a repeated measure. Pearson correlations were also performed within the treatment groups. There was a sequence × diet interaction (P < 0.01) for DMI, indicating that the difference in diet DMI was smaller when cattle consumed CONC before FOR. The correlation of diet DMI was only significant in the FC group (r = 0.72; P = 0.03). There was a sequence x diet interaction (P = 0.02) for ADG, indicating that while ADG was greater during CONC feeding, the difference between the diets was greater for the FC sequence. The ADG:DMI ratio was greater for CONC (P < 0.01) but was not affected by sequence (P = 0.96). These data indicate that estimates for DMI and ADG on forage or concentrate diets do not depend strongly on the sequence of feeding the diets, but the correlation of DMI and ADG between the two diets does.
PSVIII-10 In Vitro Incubation with a Bacillus-Based Direct-fed Microbial Improves Forage Digestibility Parameters
Authors: Pan Liyi , Harper Karen , Cappellozza Bruno , Copani Giuseppe , Queiroz Oscar
Published: September 2022

Over the years, the use of direct-fed microbials (DFM) has been gaining attention and interest by beef cattle producers and nutritionists, due to health benefits associated with these solutions. Moreover, some bacterial strains currently fed to cattle are also capable of producing and releasing enzymes that might improve nutrient utilization in beef animals. Hence, we hypothesized that the incubation of a Bacillus-based DFM would improve in vitro dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility of ten forage sources (spinifex, buffel grass, Flinders grass, Queensland bluegrass, corn silage, lucerne hay, ryegrass, rhodes grass hay, leucaena, and Mitchell grass hay). Our objective was to evaluate the effects of incubating a Bacillus-based DFM on in vitro forage digestibility. Forage sources were incubated, in triplicate, into the media containing or not Bacillus-based DFM (Bacillus licheniformis and B. subtilis; 3.2 × 109 CFU/g; Bovacillus, Chr. Hansen A/S, Horsholm, Denmark) over a 48-h period. The DAISY-II fermentation technique was used with the buffer and nutrient solution described by Goering and Van Soest (1970). The DFM was added to the rumen fluid of treatment groups to simulate the dose of 3 g/animal per day and filter bags were used to isolate 0.5 g of ground forage samples. All data were analyzed using SAS. Inoculation of a Bacillus-based DFM increased overall mean in vitro DM digestibility in 8 out of 10 forage sources with improvements ranging from 6. 1 to 27.3% (P ≤ 0.01). Similarly, mean in vitro NDF digestibility was improved in 8 out of 10 forage types (P ≤ 0.01). In summary, incubation of a Bacillus-based DFM improved in vitro DM and NDF digestibility in forage sources of varying nutritional profile, demonstrating its feasibility to be used in forage-based beef systems.
PSVIII-3
Hy-D Increases Performance of Nellore Cattle Finished on Pastures with Protein-Energetic Supplement
Authors: dos Santos Diego Magnum Maifrede , da Silva Thomas Henrique Roque , Perdigão Alexandre , de Matos Isabelle E , de Carvalho Victor Valério , da Silva Aline Gomes , Fernandes Henrique Jorge , Acedo Tiago S S
Published: September 2022

There is an increasing pressure for technologies to maximize and improve productivity and profitability of beef production. The objective with this trial was to evaluate the effects of 25-OH Vit D3 on performance of finishing Nellore bulls grazing tropical pastures in the transition of rainy to dry season. Nellore bulls (n=240; iBW = 390 ± 8 kg; age, 20 mo) were equally distributed in twenty-four paddocks (2.4 ha) of B. brizantha, cv. Marandú (n=10 animal/paddock), grouped in four blocks (six paddocks per block) according to the pasture availability at the beginning of the study. Experiment was conducted in a complete randomized block design, with 12 replicates (paddocks) per treatment. The treatments consisted of a protein-energetic supplement (Fosbovi Proteico-Energético 25, DSM, Brazil), provided ad libitum, with or without the addition of 25-OH Vit D3 (Rovimix Hy-D 1.25%, Hy-D), in a dose adjusted to ensure a daily intake of 1.0 mg/animal/day. The experiment lasted 92 days. At the beginning and at the end of the experiment, animals were weighed after 16h of total fasting. At the end of the trial, 60 animals per treatment (five animals per paddock) were slaughtered in a commercial slaughterhouse with Brazilian Federal Inspection System, and carcasses were weighed to obtain hot carcass weight (HCW). Data were analyzed according to a complete randomized block design (paddock as the experimental unit). The use of Hy-D (Control vs Hy-D) increased final BW (457 vs 465 kg, P< 0.01); ADG (0.733 vs 0.819 kg/d, P< 0.01); HCW (247 vs 255 kg, P< 0.01) and carcass yield (52.8 vs 53.7 %, P< 0.01). Hy-D supplementation improved animal performance and increased carcass deposition of Nellore cattle on grazing.