bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IMPLICATIONS OF CLIMATE CHANGE FOR FISHERIES AND AQUACULTURE IN THE SUNDARBANS REGION OF BANGLADESH
Authors: Hasanuzzaman Abul Farah Md. , Sayeed Md. Ashkar Bin , Rahaman S.M. Bazlur , Huq Khandaker Anisul
Published: November 2022

This review synthesizes the available information on the climate variability, fisheries resources and aquaculture activities in the Sundarbans. The article also focuses on the possible impact of temperature and sea level rise, salinity intrusion, impaired freshwater supply, precipitation variability, acidification, and tropical storm surges on the fisheries and aquaculture in and adjacent areas of the Sundarbans as well as dependent fisher-folk communities. It prescribes some adaptation and mitigation measures as well. The synthesis implies that the distribution, abundance, and spawning habit of the Sundarbans fisheries stock of more than 227 species and their recruitment processes needs to be changed. The sea level rise (0.30-1.5m by 2030) and salinity intrusion (16% by 2050) may open door for marine fisheries of euryhaline type and crustacean species, and coastal-aquaculture (e.g. farming of sea-bass, mullet, shrimp, and mud crab). Nevertheless, stenohaline fish species may extinct. The frequent tropical cyclone and flood in recent years resulted in the alteration of the Sundarbans ecosystem, loss of biodiversity and damages to aquaculture farms, and thus livelihood of fisher-folks are at risk. Breeding protocol and adaptive farming technology of suitably saline tolerant fisheries species, reforestation, river restoration, integrated protected area management, and the resilience capacity of the fisher-folk communities must be developed for sustainable fisheries and aquaculture in the Sundarbans and adjacent areas.
WATER CHEMISTRY IN AND AROUND THE SUNDARBANS MANGROVE FOREST, SOUTHWEST BANGLADESH
Authors: Ahmad Jashim Uddin , Rahman Mohammad Sayadur
Published: November 2022

The study presents the spatial and temporal patterns of river water chemistry at 25 sites in and around the Sundarbans. Conductivity, TDS, major cations, major anions, alkalinity, pH and hardness were determined during September 2008 to July 2009 in four seasons at Sarankhola, Chandpai, Nalian and Burigualiny from Bhola, Passur, Sipsa and Khulpatua rivers respectively. There is wide temporal variation in conductivity (from 201 µS/cm to 43.7 mS/cm) and TDS (0.13 to 31.2 g/L) from the eastern to western Sundarbans suggests low flow of fresh water into the western Sundarbans. Variation in major cations Na+ (9225 to 25 mg/L), K+ (4 to 510 mg/L), Ca+2 (26 to 273 mg/l) and Mg+2 (5 to 869) and major anions Cl- (13 to 13471 mg/L), HCO3- (102 to 180 mg/L) and SO4-2 (9 to 1414 mg/L) were also observed. Alkalinity, pH and hardness were 90 to 224 mg CaCO3/L, 6.5 to 8.3 and 85 to 4235 mg CaCO3/L respectively. Data on DO, BOD, COD, nutrients and heavy metals during 2001-2009 were collected from secondary sources. Dissolved oxygen (4.9 to 6.9 mg/L) is within the Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) of Bangladesh. BOD and COD are higher in coast than the inner part of the Sundarbans. Ammonium (0.04 to 6.74 mg/L), nitrate (0.1 to 1.4mg/L) and phosphate (0.026 to 0.252 mg/L) are present in sufficient quantity for aquatic life to survive. Heavy metal concentrations are exceeded in some areas. The study reveals that water chemistry of the Sundarbans Mangrove Forest are approaching critical value for the survival of organism.
A comparative Analysis of Pure Bufflow and Cow Milk: Pespetive from Pakistan
Authors:   The University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan, Ali Jazib Muhammad
Published: November 2022

Buffalo is assuming a main job in the national economy by creating milk, meat and draft power. Out of all out milk delivered in the nation, buffalo contributes around 68 %, trailed by steers (27%) and sheep/goat/camel (5%). Because of high fat substance of bison milk, it is the most favored species in Pakistan. In any case, there are sure issues identified with this species, for example, late period of development, long calving stretch and quiet warmth. In Pakistan, Pure Buffalo milk is sold by the local dairy farmers in the form of loose milk only. This study discussed the importance and benefits of buffalo milk in comparison of cow’s milk and the real opportunities for the new entrepreneurs and startups who want to setup their own business in Pakistan. Pakistan's yearly milk creation in 2015-16 was around 54 million tones, making it one of the world's significant milk makers. Buffaloes and cows are the significant milk delivering creatures, with 62% milk delivered by buffaloes and 34% by dairy animals. In the course of recent years, milk creation in Pakistan has ascended by 36 % (Pakistan monetary study 2015-16). Farmers are not well equipped to avail benefits. India and Pakistan produce about 80% of all buffalo milk worldwide, followed by china, Egypt, and Nepal, where you find more dairy buffaloes than cows (Ariane Lang, 2020).Buffalo is viewed as the dairy creature for 21 century because of its higher flexibility and efficiency in the changing climatic conditions. There is a huge assorted variety in the Buffalo hereditary assets and south Asia is the home of profoundly yielding source promising bison type of Murrah and Nail Ravi. The analysis has shown that milk produced by buffalos is the best, as it carries 60% less cholesterol compared to cow milk.There is a strong reason why large companies only sell cow milk in packaged form even there is a huge demand for buffalo milk. The study concludes that Buffalo milk has a higher fat, protein, lactose, vitamin, and mineral content than cow's milk. It's also whiter and has a thicker consistency, which makes it perfect for the production of fat-based dairy products. Moreover, Cow milk differs from buffalo milk in richness and composition. Buffalo milk has lower cholesterol but more calories and fat compared with cow's milk. Keywords: Buffalo milk, Cow milk, Cholesterol, Packaging, Marketing
The Rise and Fall of the Dot-Probe Task: Opportunities for Metascientific Learning
Authors:   Institute of Psychology, Business, and Human Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, United Kingdom, Sharpe Benjamin T. , Halls Monika , Gladwin Thomas E.
Published: November 2022

Much of the extensive literature on spatial attentional bias is built on measurements using the dot-probe task. In recent years, concerns have been raised about the psychometric properties of bias scores derived from this task. The goal of the current paper is to look ahead and evaluate possible responses of the field to this situation from a metascientific perspective. Therefore, educated guesses are made on foreseeable but preventable future (repeats of) errors. We discuss, first, the issue of overreactions to the disappointing findings, especially in the context of the potential of a new generation of promising variations on the traditional dot-probe task; second, concerns with competition between tasks; and third, the misuse of rationales to direct research efforts. Alternative directions are suggested that may be more productive. We argue that more adequately exploring and testing methods and adjusting scientific strategies will be critical to avoiding suboptimal research and potentially failing to learn from mistakes. The current articulation of arguments and concerns may therefore be of use in discussions arising around future behavioural research into spatial attentional bias and more broadly in psychological science.
Hibbertia advena (Dilleniaceae), a new and rare species from Queensland with transcontinental affinities
Authors:   The University of Adelaide, Hammer Timothy A. , Toelken H.R. ,   State Herbarium of South Australia, Thiele Kevin ,   The University of Western Australia
Published: November 2022

The new species Hibbertia advena T.Hammer & Toelken is described. It occurs in north-east Queensland but shares a strong morphological affinity with members of the H. exasperata (Steud.) Briq. species group, which are widespread in south-west Western Australia. This may be an example of a very wide transcontinental disjunction in Australian Hibbertia. The biogeographic significance of such disjunctions is briefly discussed, pending further insights when a more complete molecular phylogeny of the genus is generated.
Effects of biofilm formation and plethora of Candida species causing ailments: a mini review
Authors: Aliyu Ahmad
Published: November 2022

Biofilm formation is an independent predictor of higher mortality rate and significant virulence factor that increase the dissemination ability and persistence of Candida species. However, Candida species distribution differs in population based studies evaluated in different geographical locations. This study aimed to evaluate the biofilm associated mortality rate, spectrum and resistance profile of Candida species. A systemic literature review was carried out to evaluate all current epidemiology that reports the incidence of the biofilm associated mortality rate, spectrum and resistance profile of Candida species. Several studies used optical density of the biomass from culture to measure biofilm formation. Data regarding the prevalence of Candida species, in vitro biofilm assay and rate of biofilm-related Candida species in clinical isolates were also extracted from the case-control, cohort, and retrospective studies. The result of this study shows that the mortality rate due to biofilm associated infections ranged from 6.9% to 70.0% and biofilm formation varied greatly from 27.2% to 100% evaluated from different published studies. Candida albicans was the predominant pathogen and the percentage frequency of the isolates ranged from 36.3% to 78.5%. The distribution of Candida species from 2016 to 2020 revealed that Candida albicans (39.42%) had the highest percentage frequency. High prevalence of Candida species was reported in 2018 (28.2%). The current data revealed that United Kingdom, Spain, Austria and Norway shows resistance profile for Candida tropicalis, Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis and Candida glabrata.  Biofilm formation is considered as potential risk factor of higher mortality rate and effective antifungal agents to eliminate or reduce this menace is urgently needed. The reports of the biofilm-forming potentials and properties among Candida species could provide a remarkable step toward the improvement of Candida infection therapies.
ESG and Firm Value
Authors: Quintiliani Andrea
Published: November 2022

This study aims to investigate the correlations between ESG score and firm value. The paper verifies the hypothesis that there is a positive correlation between ESG score and firm performance, as indicated by levered free cash flow, ROE, current ratio, and quick ratio; also, the study aimed to investigate the relationship between ESG score and firm value improvement, as indicated by stock price of firm. The study applied linear regression to a panel data using Bloomberg ESG disclosure scores from a sample of 115 companies listed in Europe. The time under study was from 2016 to 2020. Findings suggest a positive and significant relationship between the variables. Research findings will help firms’ stakeholders to improve their awareness of the impact of ESG disclosure on the performance of the firm. The findings, which support the positive relationship between ESG and firm performance, can be used to supporting or even completing other studies with similar or same concept, after necessary adjustments have been made. Data used for this study need to be subjected to more statistical tests in order to establish a more robust validity and reliability. It is necessary to acquire further strengthened data and assume a variety of conditional situations. It is expected that subsequent studies can use larger samples and diversified by sector, a broader geographic base, and a multi-faceted analysis.
A Factor Analysis Study Affecting High School Students' Global Citizenship
Authors: Seo Jong-Teak , Park Bok-Nyong , Kim Young-gi , Kim Jong-Wan , Lee Hee
Published: November 2022

The objective of this study is to develop a sense of global community among young people and to lay the foundation for growth with desirable qualities and capabilities as members of a global civil society. The interpersonal competency was selected to conduct the study. The subjects of this study were high school students in K city located in Gyeonggi-do and analyzed how the gender, academic performance, parents' educational background, conversation time with parents, and participation in international cooperation activities affect global citizenship. Study subjects were a total of 248 high school students. Survey was selected as the study method. Collected questionnaires were subjected to descriptive statistical analysis and correlation analysis using IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) 21 program, Student’s t-test, and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). As a result of the analysis, first, it was found that female students had more influence than male students according to gender in global competency, and conversation time with parents was also found to have a significant effect. Second, in terms of self-competence, it was found that students who had experience in international cooperation had more influence than students who did not have experience in international cooperation. Lastly, in interpersonal competency, according to gender, female students were found to have more influence than male students, and conversation time with parents was also found to have a significant effect. Based on the results of this study, it is hoped that in the future, young people will participate in activities that cooperate with the world beyond regional and national identities, thereby providing a framework for recognizing and implementing their attitudes toward responsibility at the global level.
A Systematic Review of CEFR-Related Research of English Education in South Korea
Authors: Jeon Ji-hye
Published: November 2022

This study aims to analyze the trend of CEFR(Common European Framework of Reference) related research in South Korea using the method of a systematic review and to discuss the research fields required in relation to CEFR. The Council of Europe released the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) in 2001. It acts as a standard for curriculum, teaching, learning, and evaluation. With this, thirty kinds of literature from the years 2000 to 2020 that satisfied the selection criteria were chosen from a search of CEFR-related research on English education. After the 2015 revised national curriculum was implemented, studies related to CEFR increased by 70% from 2018 in terms of publication year, and 60% of those studies used quantitative methodologies. After organizing the subjects of the studies by the Korean academic levels and CEFR levels, the data showed a focus on research for elementary and university while a wide range of CEFR levels from Basic User to Proficient User was represented. Since CEFR builds vocabulary, grammar, and language competence based on corpus data, 80% of the studies were performed in relation to the curriculum and evaluation using the corpus. However, in order to successfully apply CEFR to Korean English education, research on more detailed level settings and the linkage between each level needs to be actively conducted. More studies are necessary to adapt CEFR to the EFL context in Korea since CEFR describes communication skills that L2 learners should have, including pluricultural competence. This means a wide range of studies on CEFR are needed to expand the quality and quantity of English education in Korea.
Developing a Process to Promote Reading Comprehension of Students in the Thai Language Department, Faculty of Education, Chiang Rai Rajabhat University
Authors: Sommit Pongsakorn
Published: November 2022

This research was aimed at 1) creating a process to promote reading comprehension skills of students in the Thai language department, Faculty of Education, Chiang Rai Rajabhat University, 2) studying the process effectiveness, and 3) evaluating students' satisfaction with the process. The sample group consisted of 25 students in the Thai language department, Faculty of Education, Chiang Rai Rajabhat University, year 1 of the academic year 2020, selected by a Purposive Sampling method using the reading scores of the entrance examination. The research tools included 1) reading comprehension assessment forms prior and after using the process, 2) the process to promote reading comprehension, 3) reading comprehension practice form, 4) student satisfaction assessment form for the process. The research results presented the the process of enhancing reading comprehension ability, which consisted of 5 development stages, namely the evaluation stage, the stage of problem recognition and knowledge creation, the collaborative training stage for comprehension, the individual comprehension training stage and the reading comprehension evaluation stage. It was found that (1) the process had and efficiency of 84.34 /87.49, (2) students had higher reading comprehension ability, and (3) the student satisfaction with the process was in a high level.
The Reality of Professional Development Programs for Middle School Science Teachers in Saudi Arabia in light of the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS)
Authors: Moustaffa Naglaa Ali , Al-Enazi Samaah Hasan Akkash
Published: November 2022

According to the Next Generation Science Standards, the study sought to determine the reality of professional development programs for middle school science instructors in Al-Kharj Governorate, Saudi Arabia (NGSS). One of the study's most significant findings is that professional development programs for science teachers in the intermediate stage include central ideas according to the next-generation standards NGSS to a high degree, and teachers gain common and interrelated concepts. There are (135) science teachers in middle school schools in Al-Kharj Governorate. One of the most significant recommendations of the study was that professional development programs should be based on teachers' understanding of the foundations and principles of the central ideas. The need to enable the analysis of the critical concepts of geometry and technology is a must and must include activities to implement the principle of causation. Science teachers acquire scientific and geometric practices to a high degree under generation standards. Help them improve their abilities to choose contemporary models for science topics and teach them how to create geometric solutions to real-world science problems.
A Study on the Experiences of College Student Mentors Participating in Community Networks Youth Career Experience Programs- Focusing on the Case of “Ggumridan-gil”
Authors: Han Sook-hee , Cho Chang-ho , Choi Yea-sol
Published: November 2022

The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics of youth career experience programs in connection with the local community and to examine their meaning based on the experiences of university student mentors who participated in the "Ggumridan-gil " program. For this purpose, in-depth interviews were conducted with 8 university student mentors who participated in the "Ggumridan-gil " program. 15 topics and 6 categories were derived based on the collected interview contents. First, the "Ggumridan-gil" program, in which teenagers took part, first and foremost signifies "restoring the essence of career experience," which has been validated as a "professional education" and shown to be a program that permits easy "rapport formation" between youth and adults. On the other hand, it was found that university student mentors were in charge of the role of "supporters and guides" and experienced "growth and change" with youth mentees who participated in the program. And it was found that the youth who participated in the program had a special experience of 'community support'. Based on these research results, this study suggested that the " Ggumridan-gil" program can be a new model for youth career experience education based on connection and cooperation with the local community.
Contribution of the Analysis of the Mathematical Concordance to Understand the Teachers’ KTMT
Authors: Rocha Helena
Published: November 2022

Technology is recognized by its potential to promote mathematical learning. However, achieving this potential requires the teachers to have the knowledge to integrate it properly into their practices. Several authors have intended to characterize the teachers’ knowledge and developed several models, but this approach has often been criticized by its static approach, not attending neither valuing the teachers’ practice. In this study we adopt the KTMT – Knowledge for Teaching Mathematics with Technology model, assuming the teachers’ practice as the main scenario of analysis. We focus on the options guiding the teachers’ decisions when confronted with a situation of lack of mathematical concordance while teaching functions. The situations of lack of mathematical concordance (i.e., situations where the mathematics addressed by the students is different from the one intended by the teacher) are assumed as rich and encapsulating the potential to reveal significant aspects of the teachers’ KTMT. The main goal of the study is to understand what domains of the teachers’ KTMT are highlighted in these circumstances. A qualitative methodology is adopted and one episode of one 10th grade teacher’s practice is analyzed, based on the KTMT model. The conclusions reached show the relevance of different knowledge domains, but emphasize the Mathematics and Technology Knowledge (MTK). They also raise questions about the impact of the specific technology being used on the teachers’ KTMT.
Assessing Dental Student and Faculty Views on the Transition to the Clinical Setting
Authors: Hockaday Madison Zamora , Sandhu Rubee , Rajadurai Susha , Aldosari Muath , Park Sang E.
Published: November 2022

Introduction: Dental education reform has been a focus for many schools over recent years, particularly in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of the presented study was to assess faculty and student preferences for feedback styles, learning modalities in the clinical setting, and transitioning from the preclinical to clinical environments.Methods: Two separate surveys were distributed to clinical faculty and students from classes of 2021, 2022, and 2023.Results: Notably, faculty had significantly more favorable views on interpersonal dynamics within the student clinic compared to students (p = 0.0255). While students and faculty differed in their views on the transition from preclinical to clinical practice, clinical performance, and teaching/learning modality preferences, these results were not statistically significant.Conclusion: Nevertheless, discrepancies in student and faculty responses to questions centering on feedback preferences, teaching/learning modality preferences, and transitioning to the clinical environment indicate potential avenues to explore for future development efforts.
Influence of Perceived Teacher Identity on Job Satisfaction among Elementary School Teachers: Focusing on the Mediating Effect of Teacher Commitment
Authors: Lee Suk Yeol , Lee Ho Seub
Published: November 2022

This study is to analyze the relationship between elementary school teacher identity perception, job satisfaction, and teacher commitment. To this end, the influence of elementary school teacher identity perception on job satisfaction and the mediating effect model of teacher commitment were established, and the variables of teacher identity perception, job satisfaction, and teacher commitment were measured for 203 elementary school teachers in 5 regions of Korea. The analysis verified the influence and mediating effect among variables by applying structure equation modeling. The analysis results are as follows. First, the elementary school teacher identity perception has a positive impact on job satisfaction and teacher commitment. Second, teacher commitment has a positive impact on job satisfaction. Third, teacher commitment has a partial mediating effect between the elementary school teacher identity perception and job satisfaction. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the variable of teacher identity perception in the decision-making situation for policies and systems to increase the job satisfaction and teacher commitment of elementary school teachers. In a situation where educational innovation and reform are being promoted worldwide along with the 4th industrial revolution, teacher identity perception will act as an important factor in the success of these changes and innovation.
Proposal of a Design Direction for a Music Curriculum Through Analysis of Korean Elementary School Students' Perceptions of the Goals, Contents, Methods, and Evaluations of Music Classes
Authors: Park Jihyun
Published: November 2022

The curriculum must be structured at the level and perspective of the students because the it is for students' learning. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to propose a design direction for the elementary school music curriculum by analyzing the perceptions of elementary school students in grades 5-6 toward school music classes. For this purpose, observation, interview, and checklist methods were conducted for 16 elementary school students to analyze students' perceptions of the goals, contents, methods, and evaluations of school music classes. The learning attitude of the students participating in the school music class was observed for one month, and an interview was conducted in groups to collect the students' free thoughts about the music class. Then, a checklist method was implemented to check the contents and methods of things that should be emphasized or preferred in the music class. The recognition results of students are as follows. First, they wanted music classes that were closely related to their lives. Second, listening to music was preferred along with performing music. Third, they wanted to experience a variety of music genres. Fourth, they wanted a fun music class. Fifth, they wanted the class to be more active when using digital devices. In conclusion, it is necessary to organize all music areas to be connected to life, to experience various genres of music content, and to use more active and interesting methods such as digital. In addition, it was confirmed that the curriculum should be composed of music learning linked to life and various fields.
Peer Group Influence, Teacher-Student Interaction, and Indiscipline as Predictors of Students' Dropout Tendency in an Evening Continuing Education Programme
Authors: Beshel Cecilia Akpana , Asor Love Joseph , Oyo-Ekpenyong Violet , Anthony Godwin Bullem , Tawo Catherine Njong , Omang Theresa Nkim , Adigeb Emmanuel Agim , Ekere Scholastica C. O. , Asuquo Glory Bassey
Published: November 2022

The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive relationship of peer group influence, teacher-student interaction and indiscipline to students' dropout tendency in evening continuing education programmes. The context of this study is the southern senatorial district of Cross River State, Nigeria. The study adopted a predictive correlational research design, and the sample comprised 554 students randomly selected from 11 centres in the district. This represents 20% of the total population of students. The instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire titled: "Social Indicators and Dropout Tendency Scale" (SIDTS). The researchers collected the data that were analysed using Pearson product-moment correlation and multiple linear regression analyses at the .05 level of significance. The results revealed that peer group influence, teacher-student interaction and level of indiscipline collectively and individually predicted dropout tendency among students in evening continuing education programmes. It was recommended, among others, that the teachers discover diverse ways of making their teaching process lively by devising ways of engaging the students in the learning process by forming discussion groups that will promote healthy peer groups, which will increase their eagerness to come to school.
Preparation of Cadets of Higher Military Educational Institutions in Ukraine for Teaching (Perception) of Professional Vocabulary (Terminology) in English Classes
Authors: Yarmolovich Oksana Ivanovna
Published: November 2022

The article reveals the problem of the functioning of verbal memory based on hermeneutical methods, that is, the problem of perception of English professional vocabulary (terminology) by cadets of higher military educational institutions in Ukraine. The training of cadets to learn professional vocabulary is based on a powerful methodological basis - a hybrid method with the application of memorization techniques. The aim is to demonstrate the main directions of teachers' work and professional disclosure of cadets in combination with motivation and hybrid learning of English professional language. External problems faced by cadets in memorizing military vocabulary are described. The paper considers didactic approaches that can facilitate or accelerate the process of learning English (communicative and action-oriented perspectives, distance work, and combined learning, consolidation, and repetition of vocabulary) in the perspective of memory theory. The results of the study showed that the method of blending text into two parts; and the search for associations between mental image and textual information improves the process of memorization, the reorganization of the material, which is necessary for mastering military terminology when using mnemonic and metacognitive strategies in English classes, contribute to the effective assimilation of the material. The conclusion is that the blending method is more effective than intensive teaching, does not cause rapid brain exhaustion and loss of motivation. The main aspects of solving the problem of perception of military terms are communication, cadet autonomy, memorization of everyday or professional vocabulary by finding the best strategies, and active approaches such as metacognitive strategy with an explicit-demonstrative approach. Using Atkinson's memory model: repetition-control-retrieval-analysis-search for associative relationships allows for control and improvement of teaching. Thus, the obvious connection between qualitative memorization and associative connections indicates that learning and teaching English to future servicemembers depends on the quantity and quality of the content outlined, as their psychosocial manifestations of professional mindset are specific.
Current Legal Issues in Crowdfunding
Authors: Neumann Thomas
Published: November 2022

Receiving contributions from a large number of people is by no means a new method of financing an activity. Popular examples go back to Pullitzer’s campaign to finance the statue of liberty’s pedestal in 1885 and Alexander Pope’s translation of Homer’s Illiad in 1713. With the emergence of the internet and its widespread integration in households it has become possible for fundraisers to reach many more investors. One of the first to harness the power of crowdfunding over the internet was the British rock band Marillion who, in 1996, raised USD 60,000 to finance their tour of the United States using crowdfunding in 1996. Since then, a lot has happened in terms of the number of crowdfunding products, platforms and the amount of money raised. The number of investors engaged in crowdfunding increases, and so too does the number of legislative initiatives and amount of research attention devoted to it.

On 13 April 2021 we established the CLEAR research group at Aalborg University. The group has as its declared mission to undertake the study of legal phenomena in crowdfunding and to communicate relevant, research-based knowledge to actors in the field - investors, entrepreneurs, representatives from crowdfunding platforms, and public authorities.

Collaboration is in the CLEAR group’s DNA. Hence, we asked a number of crowdfunding scholars and practitioners from around the world to provide us with their views on current legal issues pertaining to crowdfunding. We have held talks with numerous crowdfunding enthusiasts and practitioners and in the end, twelve authors decided to join us in our efforts to increase focus on legal research in crowdfunding through the publication of this special issue of Nordic Journal of Commercial Law.

Knowing that the legal aspects of crowdfunding are many, and that crowdfunding and law as a research area is in its infancy, we thought it important to give each author free hands in choosing their topic and perspective in their article. Hence, you will find articles addressing a wide range of issues in crowdfunding in this special issue. I thank all authors for their thought-provoking contributions.

I would also like to mention PhD fellow Cecilie Højvang Christensen, research assistant Stefano Cattelan, student assistant Signe Lyngholm Lindbjerg, and student assistant Anna Risgaard Lindbjerg, and to thank them for their contribution in establishing the CLEAR research group at Aalborg University and their assistance in preparing this special issue of the Nordic Journal of Commercial Law.

 

Thomas Neumann

Chair of the CLEAR research group on crowdfunding

www.theCLEARproject.dk
Assessment of the diagnostic accuracy of automated ankle brachial pressure index devices in patients with diagnosed or suspected peripheral arterial disease: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Walshaw J , Lathan R , Huang C , Staniland T , Chetter I , Pymer S
Published: November 2022

Background: The ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) is a common diagnostic tool used in the assessment of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The Doppler ultrasound technique is regarded as the gold-standard method for ABPI measurement; however, time constraints and operator experience limit widespread application in clinical practice, particularly in a primary care setting. Automated ABPI devices are not currently widely used due to a lack of evidence regarding their diagnostic accuracy. The aim of this proposed systematic review and meta-analysis is to explore the current evidence for the accuracy of automated ABPI devices in people with known or suspected PAD. Methods: Systematic searches of electronic databases and grey literature will be performed. We plan to include studies of adult patients with diagnosed or suspected PAD that have compared automated ABPI device readings with manual Doppler ABPI measurements or conﬁrmed the diagnosis of PAD using vascular imaging. Two independent reviewers will screen identiﬁed literature for inclusion and perform data extraction. Extracted data will include study and participant characteristics, a description of the index and reference tests, outcome measures and main ﬁndings. The methodological quality of selected studies will be assessed using QUADAS-2 and QUADAS-C. Meta-analysis will be performed for studies with paired designs using a bivariate random-effect model to provide pooled estimates of summary accuracy statistics. We intend to conduct subgroup analyses and meta-regression for suspected sources of heterogeneity. Discussion: This review aims to assess the diagnostic accuracy of automated ABPI devices for detecting PAD in patients with known or suspected PAD compared with manual Doppler ABPI measurements or vascular imaging. These results will be used to inform clinical practice and guide future trials.
ENDOPHYTIC FUNGAL COMMUNITY OF ALIEN Nicotiana glauca IN TENERIFE, CANARY ISLANDS
Authors:   Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, Espinel Guacimara , Gimenez Cristina ,   Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain, Cabrera Raimundo ,   Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
Published: November 2022

Nicotiana glauca it is naturally distributed throughout South America. It was introduced in North America, Europe, Africa, Asia and Oceania and arrived to the Canary Islands as an ornamental plant, where has been invading altered soils. Endophytic fungi are known to produce active compounds that provide protection to their host against diseases and attack of herbivores, these microorganisms being an interesting source of novel molecules. So far, the endophytic fungal communities of Nicotiana have not been studied in the Canary Islands. The goal of this study is to evaluate the diversity of the fungal endophytes community associated with Nicotiana glauca. A total of 36 fungal species were isolated from roots, stems and leaves of plants collected in three locations from Tenerife Island - San Miguel de Abona, Fasnia and Puerto de la Cruz. The highest species richness values were found in leaves and stems (Margalef index = 3.33 and 3.36, respectively) versus roots (Margalef index = 2.52). Simpson's index complements the results of the Margalef index, indicating a fungal community with a high dominance value in roots (D = 0.65) due to the presence of multiple Fusarium species. Fungal community in Fasnia had the highest value of species richness (Margalef index = 3.69 versus 2.17 and 2.27 for San Miguel de Abona and Puerto de la Cruz, respectively). Results indicate fungal specificity to organ and location with 13 genera isolated from a single location and organ, among which rare species like Collariella and Gelasinospora. In this study was detected and isolated for the first time in Canary Islands the fungal species Collariella hilkhuijsenii which is of importance for the ecology of this genus scarcely known. Special attention should be offered to the presence of Fusarium, which possibly relates to the alkaloid production ability of both, the plant and the fungal strains.
MICROFUNGAL COMMUNITY FROM ORGANICALLY AMMENDED SOILS ASSOCIATED WITH COMMON BEAN AND BELL PEPPER CROPS
Authors:   Research - Development Institute for Plant Protection Bucharest, Romania, Radu Ioan , Gurău Lorena-Roxana ,   Research - Development Institute for Plant Protection Bucharest, Romania, Mirea Emilian ,   Research and Development Station for Vegetables Growing Buzau, Buzau County, Romania, Toader Alexandru Cristian ,   Research and Development Station for Vegetables Growing Buzau, Buzau County, Romania
Published: November 2022

Soil is a reservoir of microorganisms including microfungi that play a key role as saprotrophs, plant mutualists, symbionts, decomposers, pathogens and excellent bio-indicators of soil quality. The diversity of soil fungi communities is influenced by products used in the life cycle of each crop. This study aimed to evaluate the diversity of soil fungal community in bean and bell pepper crop. For pepper crop two plant protection methods were applied - i) diatomite in three different doses: 75 kg ha-1 (T1), 150 kg ha-1 (T2), and 300 kg ha-1 (T3) and ii) biological control agent Trichoderma asperellum Td85 strain (T4). For bean crop the T4 was not applied. After soil isolation for bean crop resulted 461 colonies clustered in 49 OTUs while for pepper resulted 436 colonies clustered in 56 OTUs. Pepper crop had a higher activity of soil fungi compared to bean crop, fact evidenced by a higher index of Simpson 1-D (evenness), Shannon (richness and the evenness) and Margalef (richness) tests. Even if treatment with Trichoderma sp. wasn`t applied on bean crop, the fungus was present in the soil naturally and had the highest value of CF% (colonization frequency).
ANALISIS TINGKAT REALISASI PENERIMAAN PAJAK DAERAH DAN RASIO KEMANDIRIAN KEUANGAN DAERAH PADA APBD PEMERINTAH KABUPATEN LOMBOK TIMUR TAHUN ANGGARAN 2007-2018
Authors: Ahmad Murad
Published: November 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis rasio kemandirian keuangan daerah pada APBD Pemerintah Kabupaten Lombok Timur Tahun Anggaran 2008-2017 menganalisis tingkat realisasi penerimaan pajak daerah dan rasio kemandirian keuangan daerah pada APBD Pemerintah Kabupaten Lombok Timur Tahun Anggaran 2008-2017. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah jenis penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Objek  penelitian ini adalah tingkat realisasi penerimaan pajak daerah dan rasio kemandirian keuangan daerah pada APBD Pemerintah Kabupaten Lombok Timur Tahun Anggaran 2008-2017.

Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini dokumentasi. Menurut Suharso (2009:104), dokumentasi adalah data sekunder yang disimpan dalam bentuk dokumen atau file (catatan konvensional maupun elektronik), buku, tulisan, laporan, notulen rapat, majalah, surat kabar, dan lain sebagainya. Data ini diperoleh dari kantor Badan Pengelolaan Keuangan dan Aset Daerah Kota Selong Kabupaten Lombok Timur berupa Laporan Realisasi Anggaran Pemerintah Kota Selong tahun anggaran 2008-2017 dan data pemungutan pajak tahun 2008-2017 dari Badan Pengelola Keuangan Daerah (BPKD).

Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa derajat desentralisasi pemerintah daerah Lombok Timur dari tahun 2008 -2017. Derajat desentralisasi tersebut dapat dikatakan mengalami peningkatan walaupun pada tahun 2010 dan 2011 menurun akan tetapi PAD tetap mengalami peningkatan,
ANALISIS LAPORAN KEUANGAN UNTUK MENILAI KINERJA KEUANGAN PD. “AGRO SELAPARANG” LOMBOK TIMUR TAHUN 2013 - 2017
Authors: Muhamad Karyadi
Published: November 2022

Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berbentuk Deskriftif. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah data kuantitatif yaitu data yang berupa angka-angka yang termuat dalam laporan keuangan PD. AGRO SELAPARANG tahun 2013 sampai dengan tahun 2017 serta data-data lain yang berhubungan dengan masalah penelitian. Dan data kualitatif yaitu data yang diperoleh dari hasil wawancara dengan pihak-pihak yang terkait, baik dari pihak Agro maupun pihak lain yang dinggap kompeten dalam memberikan informasi yang dibutuhkan dalam penelitian ini.

       Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan kinerja keuangan pada PD. AGRO SELAPARANG tahun 2013 dan 2014 adalah  mulai meningkat, untuk rasio likuiditasnya PD. AGRO SELAPARANG mampu memenuhi kewajiban jangka pendek saat jatuh tempo. Hal ini terlihat dari dari perhitungan Current Ratio pada tahun 2014 sebesar 60,98% sedangkan pada tahun 2013 sebesar 38,42% dan meningkat dengan pesat pada tahun 2015, 2016 dan tahun 2017 menjadi 167,96%, 218,60% dan 281,67%. Untuk rasio profitabilitasnya PD. AGRO SELAPARANG mampu menghasilkan laba, hal ini terlihat dari perhitungan Net Profit Margin pada tahun 2014 sebesar 3,03% sedangkan pada tahun 2013 perusahaan mengalami kerugian sebesar (1,52%) dan juga mengalami peningkatan pada tahun 2015, 2016, menjadi 4,97%, 5,12% dan mengalami sedikit penurunan pada tahun 2017 menjadi 4,39%. Kemudian untuk rasio solvabilitasnya PD. AGRO SELAPARANG mampu memperkecil penggunaan hutang untuk membiayai asset dan penggunaan modal sendiri. Hal ini terlihat dari perhitungan TDtTAR  maupun TDtER sampai dengan pada tahun 2017 mengalami penurunan.
Analisis Pengaruh Kepemilikan Institusional Dan Kepemilikan Manajerial Terhadap Nilai Perusahaan Dengan Proporsi Dewan Komisaris Independen Sebagai Variabel Moderating (Studi Empiris Pada Perusahaan Sektor Industri Barang Konsumsi Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa
Authors: Suparlan
Published: November 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh variabel kepemilikan institusional dan kepemilikan manajerial terhadap nilai perusahaan dengan proporsi dewan komisaris independen sebagai variabel moderating pada perusahaan sektor industri barang konsumsi yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia  priode 2011-2015.

Desain penelitian ini termasuk dalam penelitian asosiatif bentuk hubungan kausal. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah semua perusahaan sektor industri barang konsumsi yang terdaftardi BEI dari tahun 2011 sampai tahun 2015 sebanyak 36 perusahaan. Pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Berdasarkan Kriteria yang telah ditentukan, didapatkan 7 perusahaan yang dijadikan sampel penelitian sehingga jumlah data yang diolah sebanyak 35. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah regresi linear berganda dan asumsi klasik.

             Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Kepemilikan institusional tidak berpengaruh terhadap nilai perusahaan dengan nilai koefisien regresi variabel Kepemilikan institusional sebesar 0.615. Nilai t hitung sebesar 0.819 dengan tingkat signifikansi 0.419>0,05. Kepemilikan manajerial berpengaruh positif  dan signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan  dengan nilai koefisien regresi variabel Kepemilikan manajerial sebesar 1.68. Nilai t hitung sebesar 3.125 dengan tingkat signifikansi 0,004<0,05. Proporsi dewan komisaris tidak mampu memoderasi pengaruh Kepemilikan institusional terhadap nilai perusahaan dengan nilai t hitung < t table (0.683<2.03693) dengan tingkat signifikansi sebesar 0.5>0,05. Proporsi dewan komisaris tidak mampu memoderasi pengaruh Kepemilikan manajerial terhadap nilai perusahaan  dengan nilai t hitung < t table (-0.702<2.03693) dengan tingkat signifikansi sebesar 0.488>0,05. Kepemilikan institusional dan kepemilikan manajerial secara simultan terhadap nilai perusahaan dengan nilai F hitung sebesar 6.540 dan signifikansi sebesar 0.04<0,05.
DETERMINAN KETEPATAN WAKTU PELAPORAN KEUANGAN PERUSAHAAN DI INDONESIA (Study Pada Perusahaan LQ 45, Periode Penelitian 2014 – 2017)
Authors: AM Maturidi
Published: November 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh leverge, ukuran perusahaan, arus kas, growth dan profitabilitas terhadap ketepatan waktu pelaporan keuangan, penelitian dilakukan pada perusahaan LQ 45 yang terdaftar di BEI periode Februari – Agustus 2017. Alat analisa yanh digunakan adalah regresi Logistic, dengan hasl penelitian bahwa semua variabel independen   leverge, ukuran perusahaan, arus kas, growth dan profitabilitas tidak berpengaruh terhadap ketepatan waktu pelaporan keuangan.
MENGULAS KEMBALI TRANSAKSI AKUNTANSI MURABAHAH
Authors: AM Maturidi
Published: November 2022

Murabahah atau jual beli adalah proses tukar menukar harta, atau suatu manfaat/jasa yang halal ditukar dengan yang serupa dengannya untuk masa yang tidak terbatas, dengan cara-cara yang dibenarkan. Arifin (2012:52). Menurut Al Mushlih dan As-Shawi (2004 : 89) jual beli secara etimologis adalah menukar harta dengan harta, sedangkan secara terminologi jual beli adalah transaksi penukaran selain dengan fasilitas dan kenikmatan.

Murabahah istilah para ulama fikih terdahulu yaitu bagian dari jual beli amanah dimana penjual menyebut harga pokok barang dan mensyaratkan laba sekian kepada pembeli.Tarmizi (2013.382). Jadi dapat disimpulkan bahwa murabahah adalah jual beli dimana penjual  memberi tahu kepada pembeli harga pokok barang yang akan dijual dan keuntungan yang akan diambil.

 Seiring dengan perkembangan bisnis yang terus berkembang dengan pesat baik yang kompensional maupun yang syar’i maka kebutuhan akan pencatatan transaksi bisnis tersebut sangat  penting maka para ahli akuntansi membuat pedoman pencatatan atas transaksi tersebut, dan di Indonesia dikenal dengan nama Pernyataan Standar Akuntansi Keuangan (PSAK), dan salah satu pernyataan standar akuntansi keuangan di Indonesia yang diakui adalah akuntansi keuangan syariah diantaranya adalah PSAK No.102, tentang  akuntansi murabahah.
ANALISIS PENGARUH KOLEKTIBILITAS KREDIT TERHADAP PROFITABILITAS PERUSAHAAN DENGAN CAPITAL ADEQUACY RATIO (CAR) SEBAGAI VARIABEL INTERVENING (STUDY KASUS PADA BANK YANG TERDAFTAR DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA PERIODE TAHUN 2012-2016)
Authors: Eko Prihartono
Published: November 2022

Berdasarkan undang-undang perbankan nomor 10 Tahun 1998 yang di rujuk dari  peraturan OJK terbaru Nomor 49 Tahun 2017 tentang pemberian batas maksimum kredit perbankan  perekonomian secara keseluruhan akan memperoleh manfaat dari keberadaan suatu bank secara efektif dan efisien, hal ini merupakan fungsi intermediasi bank sebagai penyalur dana dari unit-unit ekonomi yang mempumyai kelebihan dana kepada unit-unit yang kekurangan dana guna mencegah terjadinya resiko kredit.

Profitabilitas merupakan kemampuan perusahaan untuk memperoleh laba atau ukuran efektivitas pengelolaan manajemen perusahaan (Wiagustini, 2010:76). Return on asset (ROA) merupakan salah satu rasio profitabilitas yang dapat mengukur kemampuan perusahaan dalam menghasilkan laba dari aktiva yang digunakan. Return on assets merupakan perbandingan antara laba sebelum bunga dan pajak (EBIT) dengan total aktiva yang dimiliki perusahaan.