bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NONLINEAR MONOTONIZATION OF THE BABENKO SCHEME FOR THE QUASI‐LINEAR ADVECTION EQUATION
Authors: Alexandrikova T. A. , Galanin M. P.
Published: March 2019

The paper is devoted to construction and development of new method for numerical solution of hyperbolic type equations [14, 17].

In the previous papers [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] authors have investigated theoretically and tested experimentally 26 different finite‐difference schemes on 4 point patterns for the simplest hyperbolic equation: linear advection equation. This equation has the main features of every hyperbolic equation and is the important part of many mathematical models. In other cases the advection operator is the important part of the full operator of the problem. All 26 schemes have been compared experimentally on the special representative set of tests. Nevertheless to simplicity of the equation, almost all schemes have different disadvantages. They are discussed in detail in the cited papers. So, the investigation of new schemes for this equation is still an important task.

In [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] some new schemes were constructed for solving this advection equation. The nonlinear monotone Babenko scheme ("square") proved to be the best among all 26 schemes. So, it is a big interest to generalize this scheme to more difficult equations. The important example is a quasi‐linear advection equation.

In this paper our basic aim is to construct a quasi‐monotone nonlinear Babenko scheme for solving the quasi‐linear advection equation and to test it experimentally. The monotonisation of the scheme is done by adding the artificial diffusion with limiters. We also present advanced results of comparative analysis of the new scheme with other known schemes. We have considered explicit and implicit upwind approximation schemes [4, 6, 13, 16] which is firstorder accurate in time and space, the Lax‐Wendroff scheme [4] which is the first order accurate in time and second order accurate in space. We also analyze the monotonised “Cabaret” scheme proposed in [10, 11]. It is second order accurate in time and space, and its monotonisation is based on apriori knowledge of the dependence region of the exact solution. The authors of this scheme called it by “jumping advection”. The considered schemes are compared numerically by using a set of tests, which is similar to one used in [4, 5, 6, 8].

Šiame straipsnyje pasiūlyta kvazi‐monotonie netiesine Babenkos skirtumu schema kvazitiesinei pernešimo lygčiai spresti. Schemos monotoniškumas pasiekiamas pridedant dirbtine difuzija su apribojimais. Pateiktas šios schemos palyginimas su kitomis schemomis. Taip pat analizuojama antros eiles pagal laika ir erdve monotonine “Cabaret” schema. Pateikti testu rezultatai.
INCREASING OF ACCURACY FOR ENGINEERING CALCULATION OF HEAT TRANSFER PROBLEMS IN TWO LAYER MEDIA
Authors: Kalis H. , Kangro I.
Published: March 2019

In this paper we study the simple algorithms for modelling the heat transfer problem in two layer media. The initial model which is based on a partial differential equation is reduced to ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The increase of accuracy is shown if instead of first order ODE initial value problem ([4, 5]) the second order differential equations is taken. Such a procedure allows us to obtain a simple engineering algorithm for solving heat transfer equations in two layered domain of Cartesian, cylindrical (with axial symmetry) and spherical coordinates (with radial symmetry). In a stationary case the exact finite difference scheme is obtained.

Šiame straipsnyje yra nagrinejami paprasti dvisluoksnes srities šilumos laidumo problemos modeliavimo algoritmai, keičiant diferencialines lygtis dalinemis išvestinemis i paprastas diferencialines lygtis. Parodoma, kad didesnio tikslumo pasiekimui, vietoje pirmos eiles paprastu diferencialiniu lygčiu pradinio uždavinio nagrinejamos antros eiles diferencialines lygtys. Ši proced ura leidžia gauti paprasta inžinerini dvisluoksies srities šilumos laidumo lygties sprendini stačiakampeje, cilindrineje (su ašiu simetrija) ir sferineje (su spinduline simetrija) koordinačiu sistemoje. Tiksli baigtiniu skirtumu schema buvo sudaryta stacionariam atvejui.
MATHEMATICAL MODELLING IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Authors: Hacia L.
Published: March 2019

Various problems of electrical engineering lead to mathematical models being difference, differential or integral equations. In this paper some mathematical models in certain problems of electrical engineering are presented. Our considerations are restricted to the radiative heat transfer and density theory (Fredholm integral equations). Respecting time in current density problems we get integro‐differential equations or generally Volterra‐Predholm integral equations (heat‐conduction theory). The new numerical method for these equations is analysed.

Daugelio elektros inžinerijos problemu sprendimui tenka sudaryti matematinius modelius, kurie dažniausiai būna aprašomi skirtuminemis, diferencialinemis ar integralinemis lygtimis. Šiame darbe apžvelgiami kai kurie modeliai, skirti konkrečiu elektros inžinerijos uždaviniu sprendimui. Apsiribojama šilumos perdavimo proceso su spinduliuote modeliavimu ir tankio pasiskirstymo teorija (Predholmo integralines lygtys) .Ivedus laika, lygtys tankiui tampa integr‐diferencialinemis arba Volteros‐Predholmo integralinemis lygtimis. Darbe pateikiamas ir nagrinejamas naujas skaitinis tokiu lygčiu sprendimo metodas.
ON NUMERICAL SOLUTION OF 1D POROELASTICITY EQUATIONS IN A MULTILAYERED DOMAIN
Authors: Naumovich A. , Iliev O. , Gaspar F. , Lisbona F. , Vabishchevich P.
Published: March 2019

Finite volume discretization of Biot system of poroelasticity in a multilayered domain is presented. Staggered grid is used in order to avoid non‐physical oscillations of the numerical solution, appearing when a collocated grid is used. Various numerical experiments are presented in order to illustrate the accuracy of the finite difference scheme. In the first group of experiments, problems having analytical solutions are solved, and the order of convergence for the velocity, the pressure, the displacements, and the stresses is analyzed. In the second group of experiments numerical solution of real problems is presented.

Straipsnyje pateikta Bioto sistemos poringai elastiškai terpei daugiasluosneje srityje diskretizacija baigtiniu tūriu metodu. Norint išvengti skaitinio sprendinio ne fiziniu osciliaciju atsirandančiu naudojant kolokacini tinkla, naudojamas judantis tinklas. Straipsnyje pateikti ivairūs skaitiniai eksperimentai iliustruoja baigtiniu skirtumu schemos tiksluma. Pirmoje tokio eksperimento dalyje sprendžiami uždaviniai, turintys analizinius sprendinius, ir analizuojama greičio, slegio, išstūmimo, itempiu artutiniu sprendiniu konvergavimo eile. Antroje eksperimento dalyje pateikta skaitinis realiu procesu modeliavimas.
QUADRATIC SPLINE SUBDOMAIN METHOD FOR VOLTERRA INTEGRAL EQUATIONS
Authors: Deputat V. , Oja P.
Published: March 2019

In our work we consider the step‐by‐step and nonlocal subdomain methods with quadratic splines. We prove that the first method is unstable. In the case of nonlocal method we replaced the first derivative condition by a not‐a‐knot boundary condition at the other end of the interval of integration. As a result, we get stability of this method. Main results about stability and convergence are based on the uniform boundedness of quadratic spline histopolation projections. The numerical tests given at the end support the theoretical results.
Spontaneous Regression of Florid Retinal Neovascularization Following Resolution of Traction Retinal Detachment in an Eye With Treated Retinoblastoma
Authors: Gervasio Kalla A. , Dalvin Lauren A. , Shields Carol L.
Published: March 2019

A 19-month-old boy with unilateral retinoblastoma with iris and retinal neovascularization at initial presentation displayed traction retinal detachment, retinal non-perfusion, and persistent retinal neovascularization after completion of intra-arterial chemotherapy. Two months following resolution of traction retinal detachment, restoration of retinal perfusion and regression of neovascularization occurred without additional intervention. Spontaneous regression of retinal neovascularization is possible following resolution of traction retinal detachment.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2019;56:e24–e27.]
Cloud Mobile Storage for Mobile Applications
Authors: Mourlin Fabrice Pascal , Farinone Jean-Marc
Published: March 2019

The data storage in mobile cloud computing domain is an important subject because of the large amount of data devices can provide. Different kinds of sensors retrieve information and send them to data storages. But the storage location can move even dynamically during their uses. So, these changes must be managed at runtime. In the other part, Android devices are good computers to acquire information and send them to a storage area. These devices are well-known, ergonomic and useful machines sorely used. In this paper, we present a software architecture from Android devices to Cloud storage areas to put down data when the data stores are dynamically moving. The different parts of these distributed applications are built around Android with JSON messages for REST services and moving NoSQL databases in the Google app engine. The exchanges between the cloud and the Android devices use the Google Cloud Messaging (GCM) protocol. Furthermore, even without network access, the saving is made locally in the smartphone. The synchronization with distant databases is automatically made when the network becomes again available.
Les voitures de société : diagnostics et enjeux d’un régime fiscal
Authors: May Xavier , Ermans Thomas , Hooftman Nils
Published: March 2019

La Belgique compte environ 650 000 voitures de société en 2016 pour un total de 5 700 000 voitures en circulation. On peut estimer qu'environ 100 000 voitures de société entrent, sortent ou circulent en Région bruxelloise chaque jour : celles-ci ont donc très certainement un impact important sur la mobilité régionale. Cet article s'attache d’abord à décrire en quoi consiste le régime fiscal des voitures et les spécificités des voitures concernées. Ensuite, cette note de synthèse décrit les caractéristiques des entreprises qui proposent ces véhicules et le profil des travailleurs qui en bénéficient. Une analyse des distances parcourues par les voitures de société et leur impact sur le trafic automobile est proposée ainsi qu'une estimation de l'impact fiscal et salarial du système. Enfin, une brève analyse des conséquences environnementales des voitures de société est établie concernant tant la production de gaz à effet de serre que l'impact des émissions sur la santé humaine. Une mise en perspective des enjeux et débats liés à la question de la voiture de société à Bruxelles et en Belgique conclut l'article.
Central Institutional Ethics Committee needed to facilitate timely review of multicenter clinical trials
Authors: Desai BS , Dixit AS , Gota VS
Published: March 2019

A multicenter trial in India undergoes review by Institutional Ethics Committees (IECs) of all participating institutions. The failure to obtain approval even from a single institution's IEC creates a situation of inequitable access to clinical trials. The dichotomy in decisions of different IECs is attributed to lack of standardization and accountability in their functioning. The registration of IECs with Central Drugs Standard Control Organization notwithstanding, the current model of IEC review has failed to ensure uniformity in IEC decisions in multicenter trials. Alternative models that allow central review of multicenter clinical trials should be explored.
Группы гомеоморфизмов прямой и окружности. Критерии почти нильпотентности
Authors: Beklaryan Leva Andreevich
Published: March 2019

В представленной работе для конечно порожденных групп гомеоморфизмов прямой и окружности в терминах свободных подполугрупп с двумя образующими и условия максимальности установлен критерий почти нильпотентности. Ранее автором для конечно порожденных групп диффеоморфизмов прямой и окружности гладкости $C^{(1)}$ с взаимно трансверсальными элементами в терминах свободных подполугрупп с двумя образующими также были установлены критерии почти нильпотентности. Более того, в случае групп диффеоморфизмов удалось получить структурные теоремы, показать типичность ряда характеристик таких групп. Установлено, что в пространстве всех конечно порожденных групп диффеоморфизмов гладкости $C^{(1)}$ с заданным числом образующих множество групп с взаимно трансверсальными элементами содержит счетное пересечение открытых всюду плотных подмножеств (массивное множество). В работе Наваса для конечно порожденных групп диффеоморфизмов интервала гладкости $C^{(1+\alpha)}$, $\alpha>0$, в терминах свободных подполугрупп с двумя образующими также был установлен критерий почти нильпотентности.
Библиография: 21 название.
Линейная совместная коллокационная аппроксимация для параметрических и стохастических эллиптических дифференциальных уравнений с частными производными
Authors: Dinh Dung
Published: March 2019

Рассмотрим параметрическую эллиптическую задачу
$$
- \operatorname{div}(a(y)(x)\nabla u(y)(x))=f(x),\qquad x \in D, \quad y \in {\mathbb I}^\infty, \quad u|_{\partial D}=0,
$$
где $D \subset \mathbb R^m$ - ограниченная липшицева область, ${\mathbb I}^\infty:=[-1,1]^\infty$, $f \in L_2(D)$ и коэффициенты диффузии $a$ удовлетворяют условию равномерной эллиптичности и аффинно зависят от $y$. Параметр $y$ может быть детерминированной или случайной величиной. Основная задача, изучением которой мы будем заниматься в настоящей работе, состоит в следующем. Предположим, что имеется последовательность аппроксимаций с некоторой скоростью сходимости погрешности в энергетической норме пространства $V:=H^1_0(D)$ для непараметрической задачи $- \operatorname{div} (a(y_0)(x)\nabla u(y_0)(x))=f(x)$ в каждой точке $y_0 \in {\mathbb I}^\infty$. При каких условиях эта последовательность будет индуцировать последовательность аппроксимаций с той же скоростью сходимости погрешности для параметрической эллиптической задачи в норме пространств Бохнера $L_\infty({\mathbb I}^\infty,V)$? Мы решили эту задачу линейными совместными коллокационными методами на основе интерполяции многочленами Лагранжа в области параметра ${\mathbb I}^\infty$. Мы покажем, что при очень слабых условиях эти методы аппроксимации дают ту же скорость сходимости погрешности, что и для непараметрической эллиптической задачи. В этом смысле линейные методы нивелируют проклятие размерности.
Библиография: 22 названия.
O Banco dos BRICS e sua potencial influência sobre as assimetrias do sistema monetário e financeiro internacional
Authors: Deus Larissa Naves , Terra Fábio Henrique Bittes , De Conti Bruno Martarello
Published: March 2019

Este artigo objetiva analisar os possíveis desdobramentos da criação do Banco dos BRICS - aprovada na V Cúpula dos BRICS, em março de 2013, na África do Sul e efetivada na VI Cúpula, realizada no Brasil em 2014, que o criou com o nome de Novo Banco de Desenvolvimento. Especificamente, e considerando-se a breve existência do Banco, tenta-se examinar se a criação deste Banco pode atuar no sentido de, por um lado, aumentar o poder e influência globais dos países do grupo e, por outro lado, amenizar os problemas advindos das assimetrias do sistema monetário e financeiro internacional. Para tanto, o artigo tem como base o referencial teórico de Keynes, discutindo a importância da moeda no sistema econômico, e o referencial pós-keynesiano, que trata das assimetrias existentes no sistema financeiro e monetário internacional. Salienta-se, contudo, que o Banco dos BRICS foi criado bastante recentemente e que seu funcionamento ainda não é pleno, dando a este artigo um caráter especulativo inicial, mas que contribui para pensar suas possibilidades de atuação e as consequências de sua existência.
Notas sobre as etapas de desenvolvimento de Três Lagoas (MS): um exercício Rostowiano
Authors: Missio Fabricio José , Sonaglio Cláudia Maria , Ferreira Bruna Maria Oliveira Benites
Published: March 2019

O objetivo do artigo é analisar o desenvolvimento econômico do município de Três Lagoas – MS. Mais especificamente, busca-se identificar e caracterizar as fases de desenvolvimento do referido município tendo como marco teórico as “Etapas do desenvolvimento econômico” proposto por Rostow (1978[1961]). Evidentemente, trata-se de um exercício teórico/analítico. Justificativa a análise pelo fato do município ter atraído investimentos e se destacado (especialmente, mas não exclusivamente) em relação aos demais municípios do estado (e do Brasil) como um modelo de polo industrial. Os principais resultados indicam que o processo de desenvolvimento de Três Lagoas tem elementos que permitem caracterizar que o mesmo passou pelas três primeiras fases da referida teoria e que apresenta um conjunto de pré-requisitos capazes de impulsionar o “arranco” propriamente dito.
Da grande moderação a grande recessão: algumas considerações acerca da construção e revisão do novo consenso macroeconômico a partir da crise de 2007-2008
Authors: Saraiva Paulo , De Paula Luiz Fernando , Modenesi André De Melo
Published: March 2019

As últimas quatro décadas de pensamento econômico foram marcadas pela ascensão, hegemonia e revisão do liberalismo econômico compendiado no Novo Consenso Macroeconômico. A consolidação de uma “nova síntese neoclássica” no início dos anos 1990 resultou na implantação do regime de metas de inflação em diversos países, na defesa de uma grande moderação no início dos anos 2000 e na ocorrência da crise financeira internacional a partir de 2007. Contudo, a revisão do Novo Consenso Macroeconômico, ainda em curso e com diversos dissensos, vem relativizando o impacto da crise e propondo ajustes às políticas econômicas apesar de reafirmar os fundamentos teóricos da ortodoxia.
Importância das universidades públicas para a economia local e regional: o caso da UNIOESTE e UFTPR em Francisco Beltrão, PR
Authors: Casaril Carlos Cassemiro
Published: March 2019

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a dinâmica econômica do setor terciário de Francisco Beltrão, PR, destacando os serviços de educação, especificamente, as Instituições de Ensino Superior públicas (IES) e seus papéis de dinamização da economia local e regional onde estão inseridas. Assim, as IES desempenham importante papel no desenvolvimento regional, contribuindo para mitigar, as disparidades econômicas e sociais. Este artigo visa dimensionar o montante de recursos financeiros movimentados pelos campi de Francisco Beltrão da UNIOESTE e da UTFPR, bem como, verificar a espacialização das interações proporcionadas via procedência dos acadêmicos destas IES, o que por sua vez, permite aprofundar o entendimento da rede urbana e sua centralidade.
A emergência do conceito de região metropolitana como unidade de planejamento
Authors: Carmo Julio Cesar Botega
Published: March 2019

A emergência da discussão metropolitana na segunda metade do século XX, sobretudo nos países em desenvolvimento, tem sido alvo de diversas pesquisas e análises. Assim, as regiões metropolitanas são estudadas sob seus aspectos econômicos, sociais, demográficos, ambientais, entre outros, entretanto, como tal conceito circulou e foi incorporado em distintas realidades permanece um caso a ser debatido. Neste texto, a partir da sistematização realizada do levantamento bibliográfico, busca-se definir como surge tal recorte de planejamento, se atendo à origem de tal conceito e como ele foi apropriado para diferentes realidades.
Desertificação, mudanças climáticas e secas no semiárido brasileiro: uma revisão bibliográfica
Authors: Tavares Válter Cardoso , De Arruda Ítalo Rodrigo Paulino , Da Silva Danielle Gomes
Published: March 2019

O presente artigo trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica e aborda a inter-relação existente entre a desertificação, as mudanças climáticas e as secas no Semiárido brasileiro. A desertificação se apresenta como um dos maiores problemas ambientais em escala mundial e, em específico, na região do Semiárido brasileiro. Não obstante, grande parte dessa região já se encontra em um processo cada vez mais crescente de degradação das terras, atrelando-se a este fato a realidade das secas na região que, concatenada a desertificação, torna o Semiárido brasileiro ainda mais suscetível a este fenômeno. Destarte, o presente artigo buscou fazer uma discussão a cerca da temática em questão e apresenta os desdobramentos da desertificação, das mudanças climáticas e das secas no Semiárido do Brasil, que juntos contribuem com a acentuação da fragilização socioeconômica e ambiental da região.
Variação espaço-temporal (1938-2013) do uso e ocupação da terra na região do Saco da Fazenda, Itajaí-SC
Authors: Fisch Fabiane , Branco Joaquim Olinto , Port Dagoberto , De Menezes João Thadeu
Published: March 2019

O objetivo deste trabalho é a análise da variação temporal da cobertura de uso e ocupação do solo de uma região estuarina no litoral centro-norte do Estado de Santa Catarina, reconstruindo as alterações na dinâmica da paisagem em um período de 75 anos (1938 - 2013), além de calcular as variações do Índice de Uso e Ocupação do Solo (IUO) e do Índice de Cobertura Vegetal (ICV). Para a classificação digital de uso e ocupação do solo foi realizada uma classificação visual, em ambiente SIG. Os resultados indicaram que nas décadas de 30, 50 e 70 ocorreram as maiores transformações na área de estudo, sendo que a variação do IUO apontou um crescimento das áreas antropizadas e o ICV demonstrou uma redução das áreas com vegetação. Estudos desta natureza constituem-se ferramentas importantes para a tomada de decisão dos gestores municipais, na busca de um crescimento mais harmônico das cidades, compatibilizando as necessidades dos moradores por moradias e serviços públicos com os remanescentes naturais, que tem igual importância para a qualidade de vida da população.
A dinâmica geotecnogênica em áreas periurbanas: município de São Pedro (SP)
Authors: Mathias Dener Toledo , Nunes João Osvaldo Rodrigues
Published: March 2019

O presente artigo objetiva analisar aspectos associados à dinâmica geotecnogênica ocorrente em áreas periurbanas afetadas por processos erosivos lineares. Foi escolhida como estudo de caso uma área do município de São Pedro - SP (bacia hidrográfica do córrego Tucunzinho), devido ao fato de conter feições tecnogênicas associadas à recorrentes intervenções visando o controle de processos erosivos. O estudo se baseou na análise geomorfológica realizada a partir de mensuração topográfica de detalhe e monitoramento da evolução das feições durante o período de três anos, utilizando-se equipamento GPS modelo RTK. Como resultado constatou-se que o modelado tecnogênico têm atuado como contribuinte à dinâmica erosiva e a presença de depósito em cabeceira de voçoroca têm induzido o acentuado entulhamento do canal, intensificando o quadro de degradação ambiental mediante assoreamento à jusante.
Linear and geometric morphometrics as tools to resolve species circumscription in the Pseudolaelia vellozicola complex (Orchidaceae, Laeliinae)
Authors: Menini Neto Luiz , Van den Berg Cássio , Forzza Rafaela Campostrini
Published: March 2019

Background and aims – Pseudolaelia is a genus endemic to eastern Brazil, with 12 accepted species predominantly distributed across granitic inselbergs of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. The aim of the present study was to distinguish between the very similar taxa P. aguadocensis, P. oliveirana, P. regentii and P. vellozicola, using morphometric data acquired as linear measurements and outlines capture with Elliptic Fourier Analysis (EFA) of the floral parts. Material and methods – We sampled 208 specimens from 11 natural populations of the above taxa. We measured 20 floral variables and for the EFA, and we extracted 24 shape variables from the Fourier coefficient matrices, which describe the outlines of the floral parts. In both cases the data were analyzed with multivariate methods (both ordination and clustering). Key results – We could not find morphological discontinuities with sufficient magnitude to consider P. aguadocensis, P. oliveirana and P. regentii as distinct species from P. vellozicola. Conclusions – We propose that P. vellozicola should be considered a polymorphic and widely distributed species, generally supported by both methods.
Ecological niche divergence associated with species and populations differentiation in Erythrophleum (Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae)
Authors: Gorel Anaïs-Pasiphaé , Duminil Jérôme , Doucet Jean-Louis , Fayolle Adeline
Published: March 2019

Background and aims – The isolation of populations inside forest refugia during past climate changes has widely been hypothesized as a major driver of tropical plant diversity. Environmental conditions can also influence patterns of diversity by driving divergent selection leading to local adaptation and, potentially, ecological speciation. Genetic and phylogenetic approaches are frequently used to study the diversification of African tree clades. However, the environmental space occupied by closely related species or intra-specific gene pools is barely quantified, though needed to properly test hypotheses on diversification processes.Methods – Using species distribution models, we determined the bioclimatic constraints on the distribution of closely related species and intra-specific gene pools. Our study model, Erythrophleum (Fabaceae – Caesalpinioideae), is a tropical tree genus widespread across Africa, and vastly investigated for genetics. Here, we combined the available phylogenetic data with information on niche divergence to explore the role of ecology into diversification at the species and gene pool levels.Key results – Ecological speciation through climate has probably played a key role in the evolution of the Erythrophleum species. The differential climatic niche of the species indicated adaptive divergence along rainfall gradients, that have probably been boosted by past climate fluctuations. At the gene pool level, past climate changes during the Pleistocene have shaped genetic diversity, though within Erythrophleum suaveolens, adaptive divergence also occurred.Conclusions – We believe that ecological speciation is a key mechanism of diversification for tropical African tree species, since such climatic niche partition exist among many other genera. Modelling the environmental niche of closely related taxa, and testing for niche differentiation, combined with divergence dates offered new insights on the process of diversification.
The role of FokI polymorphism of vitamin D receptor gene and vitamin D level in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis occurrence in Medan city, Indonesia
Authors: Sinaga Bintang Yinke Magdalena , Amir Zainuddin , Siagian Parluhutan
Published: March 2019

Introduction

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has become a new problem in the world. Many factors have been associated with MDR-TB occurrence. Some studies have demonstrated a role of vitamin D level and vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism in MDR-TB. The aim of this study is to explore the role of FokI polymorphisms of the VDR gene and vitamin D level in MDR-TB occurrence in Medan city, Indonesia.

Material and methods

This is a case-control study. Cases were 43 MDR-TB patients from the MDR-TB polyclinic Adam Malik Hospital in Medan, Indonesia. The control group comprised 56 new pulmonary TB cases with positive AFB sputum smear. Patients who were HIV positive, known to have diabetes mellitus or other severe disease, taking immunosuppressive drugs and vitamin D were excluded for both groups. Genetic polymorphisms of the VDR gene were analyzed using PCR-RFLP. Vitamin D level was analyzed using the ELISA procedure.

Results

The frequencies of FokI genotypes were FF 39.5%, Ff 53.5%, ff 7.0% for MDR-TB patients and FF 39.3%, Ff 46.4.% and ff 14.3% for controls. There was no significant association between FokI genotype of the VDR gene and MDR-TB. Vitamin D level in MDR-TB was 53.5% sufficient, 39.5% insufficient and 7.0% deficient. Vitamin D level was 41.1% sufficient, 46.4% insufficient and 12.5% deficient in TB non-MDR. There was no significant association between vitamin D level and MDR-TB.

Conclusions

No role of FokI polymorphism of the VDR gene and vitamin D level in MDR-TB occurrence was found.
Odontogenic origin of descending necrotizing mediastinitis – controversies, multidisciplinary approach and personal experience
Authors: Kozak-Rusinek Agnieszka , Kozak Katarzyna , Rusinek Michał , Kozakiewicz Marcin , Kozak Jozef
Published: March 2019

Introduction
Descending necrotizing mediastinitis is usually a polymicrobial process and can lead to a serious clinical condition. It can be caused by formation of an oropharyngeal or odontogenic abscess that spreads the infection to the neck tissues and further via the cervical fascia planes to the mediastinum. Clinically there are two forms of cervical necrotizing fasciitis (CNF): suppurative and gaseous which if diagnosed late can have lethal effects. Multidisciplinary treatment is often essential for the recovery.

Material and methods
We would like to present our experience in managing a young adult patient who suffered from descending necrotizing mediastinitis (DNM) of odontogenic origin and describe controversies associated with its treatment.
Incision and drainage of the neck were performed in the patient, antibiotic therapy was given, and oral cavity was irrigated, as well as parenteral and enteral immunonutrition enriched with omega-3 fatty acids (Omegaven) and glutamine (Dipeptiven) were started. Moreover, dental treatment was carried out, after which the patient’s clinical status improved.

Results
Dental treatment influenced the postoperative course. Multidisciplinary approach led to a full recovery of the patient.

Conclusions
Early multidisciplinary aggressive treatment of oropharyngeal infection and cervical necrotizing fasciitis is a life-saving procedure. Thorough surveillance with repeated CT scans, white blood cells and C-reactive protein evaluation, monitoring of bacteriological culture and surgical procedures which are performed in descending necrotizing mediastinitis facilitate the treatment and allow to avoid complications
Prognostic significance of the tumor-stroma ratio in colon carcinoma: a retrospective study
Authors: Solmaz Özgen Arslan
Published: March 2019

Introduction

Despite developments enabling early diagnosis and treatment of various types of cancer, cancer-related morbidity and mortality remain a major public health problem. Studies have identified numerous factors associated with survival in colorectal carcinoma patients. Tumor-stroma ratio (TSR) in colon cancer: the TSR refers to the proportion of carcinoma relative to the proportion of tumor stroma in a histopathological tumor specimen. Previous studies showed that the TSR was an important prognostic indicator in many solid tumors and that a high TSR was a determinant of a poor outcome in colon cancer. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic importance of the TSR in colon cancer and its relationship with other prognostic factors to determine its utility in planning treatment of colon cancer.

Material and methods

Ninety-six patients diagnosed with adenocarcinomas were included in the study. The amount of tumor and stroma in tumor areas was determined and the TSR was calculated.

Results

There was a significant correlation between the TSR and sex, tumor diameter, tumor extended, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, and lymph node involvement.

Conclusions

Tumor-stroma ratio is a poor prognostic parameter which is associated with prognostic factors and should be recorded in the surgical pathology report. Especially in stage II patients, it should be considered as one of the risk factors for making chemotherapy decisions.
Association between Fbxl5 gene polymorphisms and partial economic traits in Jinghai Yellow chickens
Authors: Yin Xuemei , Yuan Manman , Duan Yanjun , Zhang Shanshan , Wu Yulin , Wang Jinyu
Published: March 2019

Abstract. The Fbxl5 gene is a member of the F-BOX family
and plays an important role in maintaining iron homeostasis in cells. In
order to reveal the genetic effects of Fbxl5 gene polymorphisms on
body weight (BW) traits and reproductive performance in chickens,
Fbxl5 gene polymorphisms were detected in 363 Jinghai Yellow
chickens by PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and DNA
sequencing methods using three primers. With primer 1, three genotypes (BB,
bb, Bb) were detected in the Jinghai Yellow chicken population and two
mutations (g. 14257 T > C and g. 14262 T > C)
were revealed by gene sequencing. With primer 2, two genotypes (EE, Ee) were
detected in the same population and one mutation (g.
19018 G > A), and for primer 3, three genotypes (FF, ff, Ff)
and one mutation (g. 19018 G > A) were detected. Four single
nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to estimate the frequency
distributions of the eight haplotypes with PHASE 2.1 software. CTCG was the
major haplotype with a frequency of 37.93 %, while the least frequent was
TCTA with a frequency of 2.98 %. The BW of haplotype combination H1H8 was
higher than that of the other haplotypes and was a dominant combination. In
terms of reproductive performance, the age at the first egg of the haplotype
combination H9H1 was later than in the other haplotypes, but the mean egg
weight at 300 days was relatively optimal. The H1H2 haplotype produced the
highest mean egg weight in 300 days, although the total number of eggs in
300 days was smaller in the H2H4 haplotype with the highest at first egg.
Therefore, we can consider using the haplotype combination H1H2 for
selection. The findings of this study expand the theoretical basis of the use
of the Fbxl5 gene in the molecular breeding of poultry.
Soil–atmosphere exchange of carbonyl sulfide in a Mediterranean citrus orchard
Authors: Yang Fulin , Qubaja Rafat , Tatarinov Fyodor , Stern Rafael , Yakir Dan
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is used as a tracer of CO2 exchange at
the ecosystem and larger scales. The robustness of this approach depends on
knowledge of the soil contribution to the ecosystem fluxes, which is
uncertain at present. We assessed the spatial and temporal variations in soil
COS and CO2 fluxes in a Mediterranean citrus orchard combining
surface flux chambers and soil concentration gradients. The spatial
heterogeneity in soil COS exchange indicated net uptake below and between
trees of up to 4.6 pmol m−2 s−1 and net emission in sun-exposed
soil between rows of up to 2.6 pmol m−2 s−1, with an overall mean
uptake value of 1.1±0.1 pmol m−2 s−1. Soil COS
concentrations decreased with soil depth from atmospheric levels of ∼450
to ∼100 ppt at 20 cm depth, while CO2 concentrations increased
from ∼400 to ∼5000 ppm. COS flux estimates from the soil
concentration gradients were, on average,
-1.0±0.3 pmol m−2 s−1, consistent with the chamber
measurements. A soil COS flux algorithm driven by soil moisture and
temperature (5 cm depth) and distance from the nearest tree, could explain
75 % of variance in soil COS flux. Soil relative uptake, the normalized
ratio of COS to CO2 fluxes was, on average, -0.4±0.3 and
showed a general exponential response to soil temperature. The results
indicated that soil COS fluxes at our study site were dominated by uptake,
with relatively small net fluxes compared to both soil respiration and
reported canopy COS fluxes. Such a result should facilitate the application of
COS as a powerful tracer of ecosystem CO2 exchange.
Large-scale particulate air pollution and chemical fingerprint of volcanic sulfate aerosols from the 2014-15 Holuhraun flood lava eruption of Bárðarbunga volcano (Iceland)
Authors: Boichu Marie , Favez Olivier , Riffault Véronique , Brogniez Colette , Sciare Jean , Chiapello Isabelle , Clarisse Lieven , Zhang Shouwen , Pujol-Söhne Nathalie , Tison Emmanuel , Delbarre Hervé , Goloub Philippe
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Volcanic sulfate aerosols play a key role on air quality and climate. However, the oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) precursor gas to sulfate aerosols (SO42−) in volcanic clouds is poorly known, especially in the troposphere. Here we determine the chemical speciation, lifetime and impact on air quality of sulfate aerosols from the 2014–15 Holuhraun flood lava eruption of Bárðarbunga icelandic volcano. To do so, we jointly analyze a set of SO2 observations from satellite (OMPS and IASI) and ground-level measurements from air quality monitoring stations together with, for the first time, high temporal resolution mass spectrometry measurements of Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) performed far from the source. We explore month/year-long ACSM data in France from stations in contrasted environments, close and far from industrial sulfur-rich activities. We demonstrate that aged volcanic sulfate aerosols exhibit a distinct chemical fingerprint, with NO3 : SO4 and Organic : SO4 concentration ratios higher than freshly-emitted industrial sulfate but lower than background aerosols in urban/rural conditions. Combining AERONET (AErosol RObotic NETwork) sunphotometric data with ACSM observations, we also show a long persistence over weeks of volcanic sulfate aerosols while SO2 disappears in a few days at most. Finally, gathering 6 month-long datasets from 19 sulfur monitoring stations of the EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme) network allows us to demonstrate a much broader large-scale European particulate pollution in SO4 associated to the Holuhraun eruption, from Scandinavia to France. Exploiting these in-situ data, we also show the various rates of SO2 oxidation observed in the volcanic cloud, with SO2 : SO4 concentration ratios ranging in 0.6–7, distinct from background conditions of about 50. Most current studies generally focus on SO2, an unambiguous and more readily measured marker of the volcanic cloud. However, our results here on sulfate aerosols raise fundamental questions about the cumulative impact of tropospheric eruptions on air quality, health, atmospheric composition and climate, which may be significantly underestimated.
A new parameterization scheme of the real part of the ambient aerosols refractive index
Authors: Zhao Gang , Tan Tianyi , Zhao Weilun , Guo Song , Tian Ping , Zhao Chunsheng
Published: March 2019

Abstract. The refractive index of ambient aerosols, which directly determines the aerosol optical properties, is widely used in atmospheric models and remote sensing. Traditionally, the real part of the refractive index (RRI) is mainly parameterized by the measurement of ambient aerosol main inorganic components. In this paper, the characteristics of the ambient aerosol RRI are studied based on the field measurement in the East China. Results show that the ambient aerosol RRI varies significantly between 1.36 and 1.56. The direct aerosol radiative forcing is estimated to vary by 40 % corresponding to the variation of the measured aerosol RRI. We find that the ambient aerosol RRI is highly related with the aerosol effective density (ρeff) rather than the main chemical components. However, parameterization schemes of the ambient aerosol RRI by ρeff are not available due to the lack of corresponding simultaneous field measurements. For the first time, the size-resolved ambient aerosol RRI and ρeff are measured simultaneously by our designed measurement system. A new parameterization scheme of the ambient aerosols RRI using ρeff is proposed. The measured and parameterized RRI agree well with the correlation coefficient of 0.76. Knowledge of the ambient aerosol RRI would improve our understanding of the ambient aerosol radiative effects.
Intercomparison of lidar, aircraft, and surface ozone measurements in the San Joaquin Valley during the California Baseline Ozone Transport Study (CABOTS)
Authors: Langford Andrew O. , Alvarez II Raul J. , Kirgis Guillaume , Senff Christoph J. , Caputi Dani , Conley Stephen A. , Faloona Ian C. , Iraci Laura T. , Marrero Josette E. , McNamara Mimi E. , Ryoo Ju-Mee , Yates Emma L.
Published: March 2019

Abstract. The California Baseline Ozone Transport Study (CABOTS) was
conducted in the late spring and summer of 2016 to investigate the influence
of long-range transport and stratospheric intrusions on surface ozone
(O3) concentrations in California with emphasis on the San Joaquin
Valley (SJV), one of two extreme ozone non-attainment areas in the US.
One of the major objectives of CABOTS was to characterize the vertical
distribution of O3 and aerosols above the SJV to aid in the
identification of elevated transport layers and assess their surface
impacts. To this end, the NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL)
deployed the Tunable Optical Profiler for Aerosol and oZone (TOPAZ) mobile
lidar to the Visalia Municipal Airport (36.315∘ N,
119.392∘ E) in the central SJV between 27 May and 7 August 2016.
Here we compare the TOPAZ ozone retrievals with co-located in situ surface
measurements and nearby regulatory monitors and also with airborne in situ measurements
from the University of California at Davis–Scientific Aviation (SciAv)
Mooney and NASA Alpha Jet Atmospheric eXperiment (AJAX) research aircraft.
Our analysis shows that the lidar and aircraft measurements agree, on
average to within 5 ppbv, the sum of their stated uncertainties of 3 and 2 ppbv, respectively.
Retrieval of aerosols over Asia from the Advanced Himawari Imager: Expansion of
temporal coverage of the global Dark Target aerosol product
Authors: Gupta Pawan , Levy Robert C. , Mattoo Shana , Remer Lorraine A. , Holz Robert E. , Heidinger Andrew K.
Published: March 2019

Abstract. For nearly two decades we have been quantitatively observing the Earth’s aerosol system from space at one or two times of the day by applying the Dark Target family of algorithms to polar-orbiting satellite sensors, particularly MODIS and VIIRS. With the launch of the Advanced Himawari Imager (AHI) and the Advanced Baseline Imagers (ABIs) into geosynchronous orbits, we have the new ability to expand temporal coverage of the traditional aerosol optical depth (AOD) to resolve the diurnal signature of aerosol loading during daylight hours. Here, we describe how the Dark Target aerosol algorithms are adopted for the wavelengths and resolutions of AHI, and show retrieval results from AHI for a two-month period of May–June 2016. The AHI-retrieved AOD is collocated in time and space with existing AErosol RObotic NETwork stations across Asia and with collocated Terra- and Aqua-MODIS retrievals. The new AHI AOD product matches AERONET, as well as does the standard MODIS product, and the agreement between AHI and MODIS retrieved AOD is excellent, as can be expected by maintaining consistency in algorithm architecture and most algorithm assumptions. Furthermore, we show that the new product approximates the AERONET-observed diurnal signature. Examining the diurnal patterns of the new AHI AOD product we find specific areas over land where the diurnal signal is spatially cohesive. For example, in Bangladesh, the AOD increases by 0.50 from morning to evening, and in northeast China, the AOD decreases by 0.25. However, over the open ocean the observed diurnal cycle is driven by two artifacts, one associated with solar zenith angles greater than 70° that may be caused by a radiative transfer model that does not properly represent spherical Earth, and the other artifact associated with the fringes of the 40° glint angle mask. Future work to make the Dark Target AHI algorithm operational will need to re-examine masking including snow mask, re-evaluate assumed aerosol models for geosynchronous geometry, address the artifacts over the ocean and investigate size parameter retrieval from the over-ocean algorithm.
Global Climatology of Equatorial Plasma Bubbles based on GPS Radio Occultation from FormoSat-3/COSMIC
Authors: Kepkar Ankur , Arras Christina , Wickert Jens , Schuh Harald , Alizadeh Mahdi , Tsai Lung-Chih
Published: March 2019

Abstract. The emerging technique of GPS Radio Occultation has been used to detect the ionospheric irregularities prominent in the F-region known as equatorial plasma bubbles. The plasma bubbles are characterized by depreciated regions of electron density. For investigating the plasma bubbles, a nine-year (2008–2016) long time series of signal-to-noise ratio data are used from the vertical GPS radio occultation profiles. The variation in the signal-to-noise ratio of the GPS signals can be linked to vertical changes in the electron density profiles that mainly occur in line with the irregularities in the Earth's ionosphere. The analysis revealed that the F-region irregularities, associated with plasma bubbles occur mainly post sunset close to Earth's geomagnetic equator. Dependence on the solar cycle as well as distinctive seasonal variation is observed when analyzed for different years. In contrast to the other ionospheric remote sensing methods, GPS Radio Occultation technique uniquely personifies the activity of the plasma bubbles based on altitude resolution on a global scale.
The Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project (PAMIP) contribution to CMIP6: investigating the causes and consequences of polar amplification
Authors: Smith Doug M. , Screen James A. , Deser Clara , Cohen Judah , Fyfe John C. , García-Serrano Javier , Jung Thomas , Kattsov Vladimir , Matei Daniela , Msadek Rym , Peings Yannick , Sigmond Michael , Ukita Jinro , Yoon Jin-Ho , Zhang Xiangdong
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Polar amplification – the phenomenon where external radiative
forcing produces a larger change in surface temperature at high latitudes
than the global average – is a key aspect of anthropogenic climate change,
but its causes and consequences are not fully understood. The Polar
Amplification Model Intercomparison Project (PAMIP) contribution to the sixth
Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6; Eyring et al., 2016) seeks to
improve our understanding of this phenomenon through a coordinated set of
numerical model experiments documented here. In particular, PAMIP will
address the following primary questions: (1) what are the relative roles of
local sea ice and remote sea surface temperature changes in driving polar
amplification? (2) How does the global climate system respond to changes in
Arctic and Antarctic sea ice? These issues will be addressed with multi-model
simulations that are forced with different combinations of sea ice and/or sea
surface temperatures representing present-day, pre-industrial and future
conditions. The use of three time periods allows the signals of interest to
be diagnosed in multiple ways. Lower-priority tier experiments are proposed
to investigate additional aspects and provide further understanding of the
physical processes. These experiments will address the following specific
questions: what role does ocean–atmosphere coupling play in the response to
sea ice? How and why does the atmospheric response to Arctic sea ice depend
on the pattern of sea ice forcing? How and why does the atmospheric response
to Arctic sea ice depend on the model background state? What have been the
roles of local sea ice and remote sea surface temperature in polar
amplification, and the response to sea ice, over the recent period since
1979? How does the response to sea ice evolve on decadal and longer
timescales? A key goal of PAMIP is to determine the real-world situation using imperfect
climate models. Although the experiments proposed here form a coordinated
set, we anticipate a large spread across models. However, this spread will
be exploited by seeking “emergent constraints” in which model uncertainty
may be reduced by using an observable quantity that physically explains the
intermodel spread. In summary, PAMIP will improve our understanding of the
physical processes that drive polar amplification and its global climate
impacts, thereby reducing the uncertainties in future projections and
predictions of climate change and variability.