bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen Management in Kharif Pearlmillet
Authors: J. R. Patel, , D. M. Patel, , J. S. Desai,
Published: June 2024

An experiment was conducted during kharifseason of the years 2021 to 2023 (Three years) at Agronomy Instructional Farm, Chimanbhai Patel College of Agriculture, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar having loamy sand soil to study the Nitrogen management in kharif pearlmillet. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design and replicated four times with seven treatments. On three years pooled results application of 80 kg N/ha being at par with 75% RDN as chemical fertilizer in addition with 25% RDN through castor cake or vermicompost or FYM recorded significantly higher plant height at 60 DAS, at harvest, length of earhead over rest of treatments. Further, it also significantly increased seed yield (1631 kg/ha) and stover yield (3754 kg/ha). Maximum net realization and benifit : cost ratio (BCR) were registered with application of 80 kg N/ha as chemical fertilizer followed by 75 % RDN as chemical fertilizer + 25 % RDN through castor cake in pooled results. Higher yield and net realization can be secured with the application of either 100% RDN (Recommended Dose of Nitrogen) i.e. 80 kg/ha through chemical fertilizer + 25 % RDN through castor cake or vermicompost (20 kg N/ha) in addtion to recommend dose of phosphourus 40 kg/ha as basal under North Gujarat Agro climatic conditions.
Effect of Nitrogen Management on Growth and Yield of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.)
Authors: Karnot Magendra Karan , Debbarma Victor , Kumar Ravindra , Pareek Dinesh
Published: June 2024

A field experiment was conducted during Zaid season of 2023 at Crop Research Farm Department of Agronomy, Naini Agriculture Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Sciences and Technology. To determine “Effect of Nitrogen Management on Growth and Yield of Pearl Millet” the result revealed that treatment 6 [25% Nitrogen through poultry manure + 75% Nitrogen through urea] recorded significantly higher plant height (183.10 cm), higher plant dry weight (64.49 g), higher ear head length (26.10 cm), maximum number of ear head/plant (2.20), higher grain yield (2.46 t/ha) and higher straw yield (6.79t/ha).
A Review on Sonochemical Treatment of Dye Molecules
Authors: Islam Md. Shaharul , Alam M. Shamsul , Uddin Md. Helal
Published: June 2024

The use of ultrasound is a very effective and suitable process for the degradation of harmful dyes. In order to elucidate the degradation mechanism, numerous studies have examined the breakdown of dye molecules in aqueous medium with different additives using ultrasonic irradiation. In this review, the basic principle of sonochemical treatment and the effect of different parameters such as pH, irradiation time, different additives like NaCl, Na2SO4, CCl4, H2O2, ZnO nanoparticle etc. on sonolytic degradation of the organic dyes are discussed. From the studies it is concluded that the acidic condition is favorable for most of the dye degradation. Assessing the results of earlier studies we have also found that the aforementioned additives aided the degradation of dye molecules depending on their amount used in sonication with relatively higher or lower extent. Therefore, dye molecule from environment especially from waste water can be effectively reduced by using sonochemical irradiation process.
An Efficient Method for Solving Nonlinear Boundary Value Problems Via the Non-Polynomial Tension Spline Function
Authors: Khlefha Ahmed R
Published: June 2024

In this research, a nonlinear system of second-order boundary value problems is solved, by using non-polynomial tension spline function. The suggested method's validity and applicability are proved by a few numerical findings. The method's results show that it is both easy to use and efficient.
Influence of the ECAP Processing Parameters on the Cyclic Deformation Behavior on Ultrafine‐Grained Cubic Face Centered Metals
Authors: Böhner Andreas , Höppel Heinz Werner , May Johannes , Göken Mathias
Published: January 2012

Ultrafine‐grained (UFG) materials are widely known to exhibit significantly improved fatigue properties when the fatigue life is regarded in a Wöhler‐S–N‐plot. More detailed, the achieved improvements in fatigue life significantly depend on the processing conditions of these UFG materials. In this work the influence of several equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) processing parameters on the fatigue properties of the Al–Mg model system with up to 2% of magnesium and on the technical alloy AA5754, namely AlMg3 are investigated. Most surprisingly, it is found that the material produced with route A (no rotation between ECAP passes), exhibit a higher fatigue life than the material produced by route Bc (90°‐rotation between ECAP passes). It is found that the different textures are responsible for that behavior. Moreover, the number of ECAP passes or the application of backpressure also significantly influences the fatigue life. In this context, relevant differences in the cyclic deformation behavior, microstructure, and damage mechanisms were discussed in this paper.
Endoscopic resection of an anterior skull‐base Schwannoma
Authors: Adam Stewart I. , Vining Eugenia M.
Published: January 2012

Sinonasal Schwannomas represent less than 4% of all head and neck Schwannomas. These neural sheath tumors arise from the ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve, as well as autonomic nerves from sympathetic fibers of the carotid plexus and parasympathetic fibers of the sphenopalatine ganglion. Patients commonly present with nonspecific symptoms such as nasal obstruction, epistaxis, and anosmia. Nasal endoscopy usually reveals a unilateral polypoid mass. Diagnostic imaging with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) is typically nonspecific. Diagnosis may be delayed due to the masquerade of common sinonasal conditions, such as allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis. We report a case involving a 51‐year‐old male with an anterior skull‐base Schwannoma that was excised endoscopically. Clinical features, imaging characteristics, histopathology, and treatment of sinonasal Schwannomas are discussed. © 2011 ARS–AAOA, LLC.
Nucleinsäure‐ und Peptidaptamere: Grundlagen und bioanalytische Aspekte
Authors: Mascini Marco , Palchetti Ilaria , Tombelli Sara
Published: December 2011

In den vergangenen Jahren haben auf Nucleinsäuren und Proteine gestützte kombinatorische Moleküle die Aufmerksamkeit von Forschern verschiedener Gebiete, von der Medizin bis zur analytischen Chemie, erregt. Diese als Aptamere bezeichneten Moleküle sind als Alternativen zu Antikörpern für viele unterschiedliche Anwendungen ins Gespräch gebracht worden. Dieser Aufsatz zielt darauf, die Besonderheiten dieser kombinatorischen Moleküle zu illustrieren, die zuerst wegen ihrer Bedeutung für die molekulare Medizin Eingang in die Forschung gefunden haben, jedoch auch ein enormes Potenzial auf anderen bioanalytischen Feldern haben, auf denen historisch die Antikörper vorherrschend waren, zum Beispiel dem der Bioassays (biologisch‐biochemische Testsysteme). Es wird eine Beschreibung dieser Moleküle gegeben, und die Methoden zu ihrer Selektion und Herstellung werden zusammengefasst. Darüber hinaus werden auch kritische Aspekte mit Bezug zu diesen Molekülen erörtert.
Reaction Dynamics and Solution Chemistry of Polyoxometalates by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Ohlin C. André
Published: December 2011

Mass spectrometry both complements other analytical techniques and allows for types of analyses and experiments not possible with common analytical methods, such as NMR, IR, and UV/Vis spectroscopy. Electrospray constitutes one of the mildest forms of ionization, making it the preferred method for the analysis of large fragile or reactive ions. There is particular promise for mass spectrometry in aiding the characterization of polyoxometalates and their solutions, but caution must be taken in designing the experiments in order to yield reliable data and to avoid the temptation of over‐interpreting the relevance of gas‐phase data to solution chemistry.
Heavy commercial vehicles‐following behavior and interactions with different vehicle classes
Authors: Sarvi Majid
Published: December 2011

This work investigates the effect of heavy commercial vehicles on the capacity and overall performance of congested freeway sections. Furthermore, the following behaviors of heavy commercial vehicles and its comparison with passenger cars are presented. Freeways are designed to facilitate the flow of traffic including passenger cars and trucks. The impact of these different vehicle types is not uniform, creating problems in freeway operations and safety particularly under heavy demand with a high proportion of heavy vehicles. There have been very few studies concerned with the traffic behavior and characteristics of heavy vehicles in these situations. This study draws on extensive data collected over a long stretch of freeway using videotaping and surveys at several sites. The collected data were firstly used to study the interaction between heavy vehicles and passenger cars. Through a detailed trajectory analysis, the following behaviors of 120 heavy vehicles were then analyzed to provide a thorough understanding of heavy vehicles‐following behavior mechanism. The results showed a significant difference in the following behavior of heavy vehicles compared with other vehicles. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating competitiveness using fuzzy analytic hierarchy process—A case study of Chinese airlines
Authors: Wu Chong , Zhang Xin‐ying , Yeh I‐Cheng , Chen Fei‐yu , Bender Jacob , Wang Tie‐nan
Published: December 2011

With the development of a national market economy, the Chinese aviation industry is now confronted with international competition. Therefore, it is necessary to research the competitive status of Chinese national aviation, as well as advice on how to enhance the competitiveness of the Chinese aviation industry. The main objective of this paper is to propose FAHP as an effective solution for resolving the uncertainty and imprecision in the evaluation of airlines' competitiveness. In this paper, we review the research of industrial international aviation competitiveness at both home and abroad, discuss a theoretical framework for the study of aviation competitiveness, establish an index system with five first‐order indicators and 17 second‐order indicators, set up a Chinese aviation competitiveness model based on simple fuzzy numbers from the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process, and evaluate the competitiveness of five major Chinese airlines. The results showed that this model and these indicators are scientific and practical, with a wide range of application prospects for the purpose of improving and increasing Chinese airline competitiveness in the international market. The effective approach presented in this paper is especially applicable when subjective judgments on performance ratings and attribute weights are not accessible or reliable, or when suitable decision makers are not available. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow injection–chemiluminescence determination of acyclovir
Authors: Long Xingyu , Chen Funan
Published: December 2011

The chemiluminescence (CL) reaction of acyclovir (ACV)–potassium permanganate, with formaldehyde as an enhancer, was investigated by the flow‐injection system, and a new method is reported for the determination of ACV on the basis of the reaction. The method is rapid, effective and simple for the determination of acyclovir in the range 0.2–80 mg/L, with a limit of detection of 0.06 mg/L (3 S:N), a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 3.7% for the determination of 1.0 mg/L acyclovir solution in 11 repeated measurements. The method has been applied to the determination of acyclovir in pharmaceuticals, with satisfactory results. The possible reaction mechanism is also discussed briefly. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermodynamics of Translesion Synthesis across a Major DNA Adduct of Antitumor Oxaliplatin: Differential Scanning Calorimetric Study
Authors: Florian Jakub , Brabec Viktor
Published: December 2011

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to measure the thermodynamic changes associated with translesion synthesis across major lesion induced in DNA by antitumor oxaliplatin [1,2‐d(GG) intrastrand cross‐link]. Insertion of matched nucleotides dC at the primer terminus (across unique 3′‐ or 5′‐dG in the unplatinated template) and subsequent extensions resulted in an incremental increase in thermodynamic parameters. In contrast, incorporation of dC opposite either platinated dG in the intrastrand cross‐link formed in the template strand and subsequent extensions by one nucleotide resulted only in little changes in thermodynamics. A similar thermodynamic delay was observed for a control template primer containing a dG:dT mismatch across 3′‐ or 5′‐dG in the template and subsequent Watson–Crick primer extensions. The thermodynamic scarcity generated by either the lesion or mismatches was not localized but extended to the 5′‐downstream sites, which may be connected with the phenomenon termed “short‐term memory” of replication errors retained by some DNA polymerases responding to DNA damages or mismatches. Interestingly, formation of the 1,2‐d(GG) intrastrand cross‐link of oxaliplatin altered the overall DSC profiles of the dG:dT mismatch template/primers only in a very small extent. While addition of matched nucleotide dC across either dG in the template strand was thermodynamically favored over the presence of a mismatched dT (ΔΔG0310 was 7.6 or 6.8 kJ mol−1, ΔΔH was 14 or 49 kJ mol−1), no such thermodynamic advantage was observed with the 1,2‐d(GG) intrastrand cross‐link of oxaliplatin at these positions (ΔΔG0310 was 2.8 or −0.3 kJ mol−1, ΔΔH was 4 or 9 kJ mol−1). The equilibrium thermodynamic data also provide insight into the processes associated with misincorporation of incorrect nucleotides during replication bypass across major cross‐links of antitumor oxaliplatin. On the other hand, besides thermodynamic effects also kinetic factors play an important role in the processing of the cross‐links of antitumor platinum drugs. The impact of the two effects in overall processing DNA adducts by a particular DNA polymerase will depend on its nature.
A Charge‐Transfer Challenge: Combining Fullerenes and Metalloporphyrins in Aqueous Environments
Authors: Krokos Evangelos , Spänig Fabian , Ruppert Michaela , Hirsch Andreas , Guldi Dirk. M.
Published: December 2011

A series of truly water‐soluble C60/porphyrin electron donor–acceptor conjugates has been synthesized to serve as powerful mimics of photosynthetic reaction centers. To this end, the overall water‐solubility of the conjugates was achieved by adding hydrophilic dendrimers of different generations to the porphyrin moiety. An important variable is the metal center of the porphyrin; we examined zinc(II), copper(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II), iron(III), and manganese(III). The first insights into electronic communication between the electron donors and the electron acceptors came from electrochemical assays, which clearly indicate that the redox processes centered either on C60 or the porphyrins are mutually affected. Absorption measurements, however, revealed that the electronic communication in terms of, for example, charge‐transfer features, remains spectroscopically invisible. The polar environment that water provides is likely to be a cause of the lack of detection. Despite this, transient absorption measurements confirm that intramolecular charge separation processes in the excited state lead to rapid deactivation of the excited states and, in turn, afford the formation of radical ion pair states in all of the investigated cases. Most importantly, the lifetimes of the radical ion pairs were found to depend strongly on several aspects. The nature of the coordinated metal center and the type of dendrimer have a profound impact on the lifetime. It has been revealed that the nature/electronic configuration of the metal centers is decisive in powering a charge recombination that either reinstates the ground state or any given multiplet excited state. Conversely, the equilibrium of two opposing forces in the dendrimers, that is, the interactions between their hydrophilic regions and the solvent and the electronic communication between their hydrophobic regions and the porphyrin and/or fullerene, is the key to tuning the lifetimes.
Pre‐organization of the Core Structure of E‐Selectin Antagonists
Authors: Schwizer Daniel , Patton John T. , Cutting Brian , Smieško Martin , Wagner Beatrice , Kato Ako , Weckerle Céline , Binder Florian P. C. , Rabbani Said , Schwardt Oliver , Magnani John L. , Ernst Beat
Published: December 2011

A new class of N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine (GlcNAc) mimics for E‐selectin antagonists was designed and synthesized. The mimic consists of a cyclohexane ring substituted with alkyl substituents adjacent to the linking position of the fucose moiety. Incorporation into E‐selectin antagonists led to the test compounds 8 and the 2′‐benzoylated analogues 21, which exhibit affinities in the low micromolar range. By using saturation transfer difference (STD)‐NMR it could be shown that the increase in affinity does not result from an additional hydrophobic contact of the alkyl substituent with the target protein E‐selectin, but rather from a steric effect stabilizing the antagonist in its bioactive conformation. The loss of affinity found for antagonists 10 and 35 containing a methyl substituent in a remote position (and therefore unable to support to the stabilization of the core) further supports this hypothesis. Finally, when a GlcNAc mimetic containing two methyl substituents (52 and 53) was used, in which one methyl was positioned adjacent to the fucose linking position and the other was in a remote position, the affinity was regained.
The Influence of Silver Nanostructures Formed in situ in Silica Sol–Gel Derived Films on the Rate of Förster Resonance Energy Transfer
Authors: Holmes‐Smith A. Sheila , McDowell Gary R. , Toury Marion , McLoskey David , Hungerford Graham
Published: December 2011

The efficiency of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) can be enhanced in the presence of a metal. Herein, we demonstrate the increased efficiency for a novel model sensor system where FRET is shown to occur between Rhodamine 6G in the bulk sol–gel matrix and Texas Red, which is held a fixed distance away by covalent attachment onto a silane spacer. Silver colloids are formed using light to initiate the reduction of a silver salt, which can be achieved at controlled locations within the film. Both the fluorescence intensity and lifetime maps and analysis indicate that an enhanced FRET efficiency has been achieved in the presence of silver nanoparticles. An increase in efficiency of 1.2–1.5 times is demonstrated depending on the spacer used. The novelty of our approach lies in the method of silver‐nanoparticle formation, which allows for the accurate positioning of the silver nanoparticles and hence selective fluorescence enhancement within a biocompatible host material. Our work gives a practical demonstration of metal‐enhanced FRET and demonstrates the ability of such systems to be developed for molecular‐recognition applications that could find use in lab‐on‐a‐chip technologies.
Optical Resonator Biosensors: Molecular Diagnostic and Nanoparticle Detection on an Integrated Platform
Authors: Baaske Martin , Vollmer Frank
Published: December 2011

Optical resonator biosensors are emerging as one of the most sensitive microsystem biodetection technology that does not require amplification or labeling of the analyte. This minireview provides a scholarly introduction to this research area and reviews current advances in molecular diagnostics and nanoparticle detection.
Redox Chemistry of Third Phases Formed in the Cerium/Nitric Acid/Malonamide‐n‐Dodecane Solvent Extraction System
Authors: Ellis Ross J. , Antonio Mark R.
Published: December 2011

Upon solvent extraction of the colorless solution 0.1 M Ce(NO3)3⋅6H2O in 3 M HNO3 with DMDBTDMA (N,N′‐dimethyl‐N,N′‐dibutyltetradecyl malonamide) at a concentration of 0.5 M in n‐dodecane (also a colorless solution), a yellow third phase is formed. In keeping with previous observations reported in the historical literature of solvent extraction, the yellow color was initially interpreted as an indication of the presence of tetravalent cerium, which is, coincidentally, yellow in aqueous HNO3. The valence quandary arising from the visual assessment led us to extract a freshly prepared solution of 0.1 M cerium(IV) nitrate, which was obtained by exhaustive bulk electrolysis of 0.1 M Ce(NO3)3⋅6H2O in 3 M HNO3. A red third phase was obtained. Under ambient light, the red third phase reverts to the yellow color of the third phase formed upon solvent extraction of CeIII. These observations, in combination with results obtained by UV/Visible and X‐ray absorption spectroscopies as well as electrochemical studies of the yellow and red third phases, demonstrate that the colors are directly correlated with changes in Ce valence, where CeIII obtains in the yellow third phase and CeIV in the red one, and the formation of coordination complexes with DMDBTDMA. By use of three‐phase electrode voltammetry and controlled potential electrolysis techniques, the one‐electron CeIII/CeIV redox chemistry in the third phases was examined in a manner not realized beforehand. These results, demonstrating reversible electrochromism, stand at the intersection of the fields of electroanalytical chemistry, on the one hand, and separations science, on the other, thus providing original insights into third phase phenomena and ion transfer across the aqueous–organic liquid interface in the extraction system.
Float zone (FZ) silicon: A potential material for advanced commercial solar cells?
Authors: Rost H.‐J. , Luedge A. , Riemann H. , Kirscht F. , Schulze F.‐W.
Published: December 2011

Cylindrical rods of multi‐crystalline electronic grade FZ silicon with a diameter of 142 mm were grown. Wafers of 100 mm × 100 mm sizes were prepared at different axial positions and characterized by µ‐PCD minority carrier life time mapping, residual stress polariscopy and structural etching. Some of these wafers were processed for solar cells. It could be shown that the grown multi‐crystalline FZ silicon, surprisingly, shows worse minority carrier lifetimes (between 12 and 19 microseconds) and less efficiency (13.6%) of the solar cells compared with 15.6% for conventional directionally solidified silicon, 17.0% for single‐crystalline FZ and 17.3% for single‐crystalline CZ silicon. This decrease can be correlated to the stress induced dislocation generation caused by the strongly inhomogeneous temperature gradient during the FZ crystallization. Alternatively, dislocation‐free single crystals with a quadratic cross section have been grown in the thermal field of a specially designed RF ‐ inductor without rotation. This facilitates an increased yield of the expensive material. As a consequence, multi‐crystalline FZ material does not seem to be suited as basic material for the solar cell production. However, electronic grade single‐crystalline FZ material with its high efficiency grown nearly square‐shaped with a standard size could become an attractive alternative to commercial PV growth methods. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Doing Good Does Good? Sustainable Marketing of CSR and Consumer Evaluations
Authors: Lii Yuan‐Shuh , Wu Kuang‐Wen , Ding May‐Ching
Published: December 2011

This study focuses on the effect of the sustainable marketing of three types of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives – sponsorship, cause‐related marketing, and philanthropy – on consumer evaluations with the moderating effect of psychological distance (social distance and spatial distance). Four hundred and eighty subjects participated in a 3x2x2 between‐subjects factorial design experiment. The results of the analyses were significant and in the direction hypothesized. Philanthropy was found to have a stronger effect on consumer evaluations, followed by sponsorship and cause‐related marketing. However, the relationship between CSR initiatives and consumer evaluations was significantly stronger when consumers perceived the focal brand with low social distance as well as the cause with low spatial distance. The findings thus provide support for the importance of psychological distance in moderating CSR initiatives. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Evaluating expression and catalytic activity of anaerobic fungal fibrolytic enzymes native topiromyces sp E2 inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: O'Malley Michelle A. , Theodorou Michael K. , Kaiser Chris A.
Published: December 2011

The development of efficient methods to convert plant material (lignocellulose) to fermentable sugars is a promising avenue towards the development of renewable biofuels. Anaerobic fungi that reside within the digestive tract of large herbivores are among the most efficient and robust digesters of lignocellulosic material known in nature. Despite the powerful cellulose degrading capacity of gut fungi, remarkably little is known about the cellulolytic enzymes from these organisms due to the difficulties associated with their isolation and culture. We have cloned five such saccharolytic enzymes (bglA, cel48A, celpin, xylA, and xylB) from a cDNA library prepared from the anaerobic fungus Piromyces sp E2 for expression and extracellular secretion in the model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae. All enzymes were readily produced, but only low‐molecular weight proteins (xylA and xylB) were secreted efficiently into the extracellular medium. Piromyces sp E2 enzymes were posttranslationally modified in S. cerevisiae according to their sequence prediction, suggesting compatibility between the two systems, yet not all of the recombinant proteins were catalytically active. Activation of cellular stress mechanisms in the secretory pathway suggest enzyme misfolding during the production of cel48A and bglA, which likely limits activity. However, bglA, exhibited moderate reactivity against pNPG when produced in S. cerevisiae. Furthermore, since we aim to understand how the cellulolytic enzymes of anaerobic fungi are produced in their native system, we have implemented methods to isolate and culture anaerobic fungi obtained from the digestive tract of a horse. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2012
Aging of methabenzthiazuron, imidacloprid, and N,N-dimethylsulfamide in silty soils and effects on sorption and dissipation
Authors: Dalkmann Philipp , Menke Ulrich , Schäfer Dieter , Keppler Jürgen , Pätzold Stefan
Published: December 2011

Differences in soil properties can influence the fate of plant protection agents in the environment. The present study aims to investigate the sorption behavior and related aging processes of imidacloprid (IMI; insecticide), methabenzthiazuron (MBT; herbicide), and N,N-dimethylsulfamide (DMSA; degradate of the fungicide tolylfluanid) in six soils of silty texture but otherwise varying properties. The sorption behavior of these 14C-labeled compounds exhibiting different physicochemical properties was characterized by applying a three-step sequential extraction procedure. After 119 d, MBT revealed strongest sorption (K′tot 47.4–200.4 L/kg), followed by IMI (K′tot 11.7–30.6 L/kg), and DMSA with K′tot close to zero. Aged sorption factors (AFs) were calculated to characterize aging processes over time exhibiting a 2.6–3.5-fold (IMI), a 1.8–4.5-fold (MBT), and no (DMSA) increase of sorbed amounts within 84 d. Sorption and aging varied widely in the group of silty soils, which differed with respect to organic matter content, C/N-ratio, and microbial soil parameters. The time-dependent increase of adsorption of MBT and IMI was more pronounced in those soils that had a lower organic carbon and low microbial biomass content. Concomitantly, MBT and IMI degradation decelerated, presumably because of aged sorption at inner binding sites leading to a lower accessibility. In contrast, in the soils with a higher organic carbon content a strong initial (but later still reversible) sorption of MBT and IMI, occurring presumably at outer surface sites, reduced the extent of time-dependent diffusion toward inner binding sites. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:556–565. © 2011 SETAC
PURCHASING POWER PARITY IN NINE TRANSITION COUNTRIES: PANEL SURKSS TEST
Authors: Chang Tsangyao , Tzeng Han‐Wen
Published: December 2011

This study applies Panel Seemingly Unrelated Regressions Kapetanios et al. (SURKSS) tests, proposed by Wu and Lee (2009), to investigate the properties of long‐run purchasing power parity (PPP) in nine transition countries over the period of January 1995 to December 2008. The empirical results from the univariate unit‐root and panel‐based unit‐root tests indicate that PPP does not hold for these nine countries under study. However, Panel SURKSS tests indicate that PPP is valid for only two of these nine countries. As concerns major policy, our study implies that PPP can be used to determine the equilibrium exchange rate for both Estonia and Hungary, two countries under study. Our results emphasized that there is weak evidence about the long‐run PPP hypothesis in transition countries, and the validity of PPP remains a controversial and unsettled issue. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Books On Vocational Guidance
Authors: BYRN DELMONT K.
Published: December 2011

Counseling in Secondary Schools: A Frame of Reference, by John W. Loughary

Working With Groups: Group Processes and Individual Growth, by Walter M. Lifton

The Psychology of Character Development, by Robert F. Peck with Robert J. Havighurst

Psychology: An Introduction to the Study of Human Behavior, by Henry Clay Lindgren and Donn Byrne

Practical Business Psychology (Third Edition), By Donald A. Laird and Eleanor Laird

Homestudy Course for Civil Service Jobs, by David R. Turner

Guidance for the Academically Talented Student, edited by Elizabeth M. Drews

Barron's Guide to the Two‐Year Colleges by Seymour Eskow
Personality Traits of Professional Actors1
Authors: CHYATTE CONRAD
Published: December 2011

This report is based on a thesis written by the author in June, 1948, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at New York University. The writer is grateful to Dr. Naomi Stewart for her valuable guidance in completing the study. Those actors and non‐actor controls who were subjects in the experimental portion of the study are also due a genuine vote of thanks.—The Author
A Demonstration of Vocational Counseling
Authors: KIRCHHEIMER BARBARA A. , HEADLEY ROBERT R.
Published: December 2011

Foreword: Even for the experienced counselor, it is usually easier to assess a vocational problem and indicate what should be accomplished than to describe the process of solution. In an effort, therefore, to illustrate the techniques and principles of vocational counseling, the authors have constructed the following composite case, representative of the average problem encountered at a university counseling service. It has purposely been over‐simplified in order better to highlight the over‐all counseling process and, in the opinion of the writers, the fundamental principles of vocational counseling.—The Authors.
Maintenance of cartilaginous gene expression on extracellular matrix derived from serially passaged chondrocytes during in vitro chondrocyte expansion
Authors: Hoshiba Takashi , Yamada Tomoe , Lu Hongxu , Kawazoe Naoki , Chen Guoping
Published: December 2011

The loss of cartilaginous phenotype during in vitro expansion culture of chondrocytes is a major barrier for the application of cartilage tissue engineering. The use of matrices mimicking the in vivo extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment is anticipated to be an efficient method to suppress chondrocyte phenotype loss. In this study, we developed several types of ECM derived from serially passaged chondrocytes for use as cell‐culture substrata and compared their effects on chondrocyte functions. Primary bovine chondrocytes and serially passaged chondrocytes (at passages 2 and 6) were cultured on tissue‐culture polystyrene. After culture, the cellular components were selectively removed from the ECM deposited by the cells. The remaining ECM proteins were used as cell‐culture substrata. The composition of the deposited ECM depended on the culture stage of the serially passaged chondrocytes used for the ECM production. The deposited ECM supported the adhesion and proliferation of chondrocytes. The effects of the ECM on the chondrocyte dedifferentiation during in vitro passage culture differed dramatically depending on the phenotype of the chondrocytes used to produce the ECM. The primary chondrocyte‐derived ECM delayed the chondrocyte dedifferentiation during in vitro passage culture and is a good candidate for chondrocyte subculture for tissue engineering. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2012.
Effect of calcium carbonate on hardening, physicochemical properties, and in vitro degradation of injectable calcium phosphate cements
Authors: Sariibrahimoglu Kemal , Leeuwenburgh Sander C. G. , Wolke Joop G. C. , Yubao Li , Jansen John A.
Published: December 2011

The main disadvantage of apatitic calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) is their slow degradation rate, which limits complete bone regeneration. Carbonate (CO) is the common constituent of bone and it can be used to improve the degradability of the apatitic calcium phosphate ceramics. This study aimed to examine the effect of calcite (CaCO3) incorporation into CPCs. To this end, the CaCO3 amount (0–4–8–12 wt %) and its particle size (12.0‐μm‐coarse or 2.5‐μm‐fine) were systematically investigated. In comparison to calcite‐free CPC, the setting time of the bone substitute was delayed with increasing CaCO3 incorporation. Reduction of the CaCO3 particle size in the initial powder increased the injectability time of the paste. During hardening of the cements, the increase in calcium release was inversely proportional to the extent of CO incorporation into apatites. The morphology of the carbonate‐free product consisted of large needle‐like crystals, whereas small plate‐like crystals were observed for carbonated apatites. Compressive strength decreased with increasing CaCO3 content. In vitro accelerated degradation tests demonstrated that calcium release and dissolution rate from the set cements increased with increasing the incorporation of CO, whereas differences in CaCO3 particle size did not affect the in vitro degradation rate under accelerated conditions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2012.
Delivery of VEGF using collagen‐coated polycaprolactone scaffolds stimulates angiogenesis
Authors: Singh Shivani , Wu Benjamin M. , Dunn James C. Y.
Published: December 2011

Establishing sufficient vascularization in scaffold remains a challenge for tissue‐engineering. To improve angiogenesis, we incorporated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in collagen‐coating over the porous polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds. The release kinetics of loaded VEGF from collagen‐coated PCL (col‐PCL) scaffolds was same as from scaffolds without the collagen. The bioactivity of VEGF delivered by the col‐PCL scaffolds was confirmed by human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation and chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The col‐PCL scaffolds were implanted subcutaneously in mice for 7 and 14 days. At day 7, vascularization within scaffolds loaded with VEGF was superior to that in the scaffolds without VEGF. However, the vessel connectivity to host circulatory system was incomplete and restricted to the scaffold edges. At day 14, blood vessels in scaffolds reached density similar to the subcutaneous tissue and were perfusable throughout the implant thickness. Prewashing the scaffolds with saline to remove the unbound growth factor decreased the initial burst release and sustained the VEGF‐mediated angiogenesis in vivo. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that physically adsorbed VEGF stimulated angiogenesis in collagen‐coated PCL scaffolds. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2012.
Alkali pretreatment of softwood spruce and hardwood birch by NaOH/thiourea, NaOH/urea, NaOH/urea/thiourea, and NaOH/PEG to improve ethanol and biogas production
Authors: Mohsenzadeh Abas , Jeihanipour Azam , Karimi Keikhosro , Taherzadeh Mohammad J.
Published: January 2012

Alkali‐dissolution pretreatment of softwood spruce and hardwood birch to improve ethanol and biogas production was investigated. The pretreatments were carried out at different temperatures between − 15 and 80 °C with NaOH/thiourea (7/5.5 wt%), NaOH/urea (7/12 wt%), NaOH/urea/thiourea (7/8/6.5 wt%), and NaOH/PEG (7/1 wt%) aqueous solutions. The pretreated materials were then subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis for 72 h. The pretreatments by NaOH/thiourea at − 15 °C improved the hydrolysis yields of spruce from 11.7% to 57% of theoretical yield, and for birch from 23.1% to 83% of theoretical yield. The enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of these pretreated materials by NaOH/thiourea with baker's yeast resulted in 54.0% of theoretical yield compared with 10.9% for untreated spruce and 80.9% of theoretical yield compared with 12.9% for untreated birch. Furthermore, anaerobic digestion of pretreated materials resulted in 0.36 L g−1 VS methane compared with 0.23 L g−1 VS for untreated birch, and 0.21 L g−1 VS compared with 0.03 L g−1 VS for untreated spruce. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Immunohistochemical and immunological detection of ghrelin and leptin in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss and murray cod Maccullochella peelii peelii as affected by different dietary fatty acids
Authors: Ettore Varricchio , Finizia Russo , Elena Coccia , Giovanni Turchini , David Francis , Paolo De Girolamo , Marina Paolucci
Published: December 2011

In this study, we report ghrelin and leptin immunoreactive (ir) cells distribution in the gastrointestinal tract and blood ghrelin and leptin levels in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii) fed diets with different fatty acid compositions. Juvenile rainbow trout and Murray cod were fed five iso‐energetic experimental diets containing fish oil (FO) or one of the following vegetable oils (VO): olive oil (OO), sunflower oil (SO), linseed oil (LO), and palm oil (PO); as the added dietary lipid source. The presence and distribution of both ghrelin and leptin ir cells in the gastrointestinal tract were affected by the inclusion of VO. Ghrelin ir cells were found in the gastric glands of rainbow trout and in the mioenteric plexuses of the stomach of Murray cod fed FO. Ghrelin ir cells were localized in the mucosa of the intestine of rainbow trout and Murray cod fed VO. Leptin ir cells were more abundant in the epithelial lining of the mucosa folds and in the glands of the stomach of rainbow trout fed VO. Leptin immunoreactivity was detected in the gastric mioenteric plexus of Murray cod fed FO. No differences were found both in ghrelin and leptin levels in blood plasma or in the growth rates of rainbow trout and Murray cod fed the different experimental diets. These observations suggest that dietary fatty acids play a role in the peripheral feeding regulation. Microsc. Res. Tech. 75:771–780, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A portable cryo‐plunger for on‐site intact cryogenic microscopy sample preparation in natural environments
Authors: Comolli Luis R. , Duarte Robert , Baum Dennis , Luef Birgit , Downing Kenneth H. , Larson David M. , Csencsits Roseann , Banfield Jillian F.
Published: December 2011

We present a modern, light portable device specifically designed for environmental samples for cryogenic transmission‐electron microscopy (cryo‐TEM) by on‐site cryo‐plunging. The power of cryo‐TEM comes from preparation of artifact‐free samples. However, in many studies, the samples must be collected at remote field locations, and the time involved in transporting samples back to the laboratory for cryogenic preservation can lead to severe degradation artifacts. Thus, going back to the basics, we developed a simple mechanical device that is light and easy to transport on foot yet effective. With the system design presented here we are able to obtain cryo‐samples of microbes and microbial communities not possible to culture, in their near‐intact environmental conditions as well as in routine laboratory work, and in real time. This methodology thus enables us to bring the power of cryo‐TEM to microbial ecology. Microsc. Res. Tech. 75:829–836, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fiber laser based two‐photon fret measurement of calmodulin and mcherry‐E0GFP proteins
Authors: Adany Peter , Johnson Carey K. , Hui Rongqing
Published: December 2011

The speed and accuracy of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements can be improved by rapidly alternating excitation wavelengths between the donor and acceptor fluorophore. We demonstrate FRET efficiency measurements based on a fiber laser and photonic crystal fiber as the source for two‐photon excitation (TPE). This system offers the potential for rapid wavelength switching with the benefits of axial optical sectioning and improved penetration depth provided by TPE. Correction of FRET signals for cross excitation and cross emission was achieved by switching the excitation wavelength with an electrically controlled modulator. Measurement speed was primarily limited by integration times required to measure fluorescence. Using this system, we measured the FRET efficiency of calmodulin labeled with Alexa Fluor 488 and Texas Red dyes. In addition, we measured two‐photon induced FRET in an E0GFP‐mCherry protein construct. Results from one‐photon and two‐photon excitation are compared to validate the rapid wavelength switched two‐photon measurements. Microsc. Res. Tech. 75:837–843, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The observation of the localized surface plasmons and its coupling
Authors: Li Junmei , Xu Xiaoxuan , Wang Yufang , Wang Meng , Dong Zhifu , Tian Wanhui , Sun Jiaming , Zhang Cunzhou , Wang Bin
Published: December 2011

The surface plasmons properties on gold film composed of inverted square pyramidal pits were investigated. The near‐field scanning optical microscopy image showed that the surface plasmons were mainly located in the cavity of the pits; this is consistent with the mapping image obtained using the Raman scattering intensity of Rhodamine 6G. The calculation results obtained by using the finite element method showed that the electric field mainly located in the pyramidal pits and the field distribution was not affected by the adjacent pits around it. Compared with the single pyramidal pit, the localized electric field intensity increased in the condition of the structure array because of the surface plasmons coupling effect. The surface‐enhanced Raman scattering spectra intensity decreased as the incident angle of the excited laser increased except that there are two peaks at around 5° and 17.5°, which can be attributed to the Bragg scattering of the surface plasmons. The reflectance spectra collected by a microscope at different magnifications were different. The intensity variation between surface‐enhanced Raman scattering spectra obtained using ×20 and ×50 objective illustrated that the adsorption peak in the reflectance spectra corresponded to the surface plasmons coupling effect. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Was ist Geometrie? Geometrie und Anschauung. Erhard Schmidt zum 75. Geburtstag gewidmet
Authors: Hamel Georg
Published: January 2012

Die nachfolgenden Ausführungen sollen auch dazu dienen, die tiefe Kluft, die zwischen den Naturwissenschaften und den Geisteswissenschaften, insbesondere der Philosophie, aufgerissen ist, zu überbrücken. Eine solche Überbrückung ist nur möglich bei Besinnung auf die letzten Fundamente der Wissenschaft überhaupt. Denn nur da können die gemeinsamen Wurzeln liegen. Für die Geometrie, die ebenso stark mit der Mathematik wie mit der Physik zusammenhängt, ohne in die eine oder andere aufzugehen, soll hier ein Versuch gemacht werden. Sie scheint besonders zum Brückenschlagen geeignet zu sein. Im übrigen handelt es sich um Gedanken, die der Verfasser schon lange hegt und schon in seiner Rektoratsrede vom Jahre 1928 teilweise dargestellt hat.
Efficiency and regulation: A basis for reform: 2nd annual MDE lecture, Pace University, Graduate School of Business, New York City, USA
Authors: Crew Michael A.
Published: January 2012

This paper reviews the nature and consequences of regulation and attempts to provide a framework for reform. The paper argues that regulation, in addition to direct effects on the efficiency of the firm, causes changes in management orientation. These effects are analyzed for monopoly regulation and the implications for the A‐J effect examined. They may be more important than A‐J effects and may explain why A‐J effects are not always significant. Finally, the paper discusses some proposals for reform, focusing on ways in which the transactions costs of regulation can be reduced while preserving it as a governance structure.
On the causality of real‐valued semigroups and diffusion
Authors: Kowar Richard
Published: December 2011

In this paper, we show that a process modeled by a strongly continuous real‐valued semigroup (that has a space convolution operator as infinitesimal generator) cannot satisfy causality. We present and analyze a causal model of diffusion that satisfies the semigroup property at a discrete set of time points and that is in contrast to the classical diffusion model not smooth. More precisely, if v denotes the concentration of a substance diffusing with constant speed, then v is continuous, but its time derivative is discontinuous at the discrete set M of time points. Furthermore, we show that diffusion with constant speed satisfies an inhomogeneous wave equation with a time dependent coefficient. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decay property of Timoshenko system in thermoelasticity
Authors: Said‐Houari Belkacem , Kasimov Aslan
Published: December 2011

We investigate the decay property of a Timoshenko system of thermoelasticity in the whole space for both Fourier and Cattaneo laws of heat conduction. We point out that although the paradox of infinite propagation speed inherent in the Fourier law is removed by changing to the Cattaneo law, the latter always leads to a solution with the decay property of the regularity‐loss type. The main tool used to prove our results is the energy method in the Fourier space together with some integral estimates. We derive L2 decay estimates of solutions and observe that for the Fourier law the decay structure of solutions is of the regularity‐loss type if the wave speeds of the first and the second equations in the system are different. For the Cattaneo law, decay property of the regularity‐loss type occurs no matter what the wave speeds are. In addition, by restricting the initial data to with a suitably large s and γ ∈ [0,1], we can derive faster decay estimates with the decay rate improvement by a factor of t−γ/2. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oscillation criteria of a class of fourth order differential equations
Authors: Zhang Maozhu , Sun Jiong , Ao Jijun
Published: December 2011

In the present paper, we consider the oscillation of a class of self‐adjoint fourth order differential equation. Some oscillation and non‐oscillation criteria on a perturbation equation of Euler differential equation are given. In particular, we find the exact value of a constant in some oscillation criteria, which has answered the open problem presented by Došlý in 2004. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.