bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insights into the roles of charged residues in substrate binding and mode of action of mannuronan C-5 epimerase AlgE4
Authors: Gaardløs Margrethe , Samsonov Sergey A , Sletmoen Marit , Hjørnevik Maya , Sætrom Gerd Inger , Tøndervik Anne , Aachmann Finn Lillelund
Published: April 2021

Mannuronan C-5 epimerases catalyze the epimerization of monomer residues in the polysaccharide alginate, changing the physical properties of the biopolymer. The enzymes are utilized to tailor alginate to numerous biological functions by alginate-producing organisms. The underlying molecular mechanism that control the processive movement of the epimerase along the substrate chain is still elusive. To study this, we have used an interdisciplinary approach combining molecular dynamics simulations with experimental methods from mutant studies of AlgE4, where initial epimerase activity and product formation were addressed with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and characteristics of enzyme–substrate interactions were obtained with isothermal titration calorimetry and optical tweezers. Positive charges lining the substrate-binding groove of AlgE4 appear to control the initial binding of poly-mannuronate, and binding also seems to be mediated by both electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. After the catalytic reaction, negatively charged enzyme residues might facilitate dissociation of alginate from the positive residues, working like electrostatic switches, allowing the substrate to translocate in the binding groove. Molecular simulations show translocation increments of two monosaccharide units before the next productive binding event resulting in mannuronate and guluronate (MG)-block formation, with the epimerase moving with its N-terminus towards the reducing end of the alginate chain. Our results indicate that the charge pair R343–D345 might be directly involved in conformational changes of a loop that can be important for binding and dissociation. The computational and experimental approaches used in this study complement each other, allowing for a better understanding of individual residues’ roles in binding and movement along the alginate chains.
Deep neural network approximation for high-dimensional elliptic PDEs with boundary conditions
Authors: Grohs Philipp , Herrmann Lukas
Published: April 2021

In recent work it has been established that deep neural networks (DNNs) are capable of approximating solutions to a large class of parabolic partial differential equations without incurring the curse of dimension. However, all this work has been restricted to problems formulated on the whole Euclidean domain. On the other hand, most problems in engineering and in the sciences are formulated on finite domains and subjected to boundary conditions. The present paper considers an important such model problem, namely the Poisson equation on a domain $D\subset \mathbb {R}^d$ subject to Dirichlet boundary conditions. It is shown that DNNs are capable of representing solutions of that problem without incurring the curse of dimension. The proofs are based on a probabilistic representation of the solution to the Poisson equation as well as a suitable sampling method.
GC-MS Analysis and Antioxidant Activity ofWrightia tinctoriaR.Br. Leaf Extract
Authors: Khan Nausheen , Ali Amena , Qadir Abdul , Ali Athar , Warsi Musarrat Husain , Tahir Abu , Ali Abuzer
Published: April 2021

Background

Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. (Apocyanaceae) is known as a biologically effective plant for the treatment of jaundice in the Indian traditional system of medicine. It is a wild medicinal tree possessing anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antinociceptive, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antipsoriatic, anticancerous, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac, analgesic, and antipyretic activities. Its constituents are of utmost interest to pharmaceutical industries owing to their many actions and biological activities.

Method

Methanolic extract of W. tinctoria (MEWT) was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and provided affirmative results assisting in the identification and characterization of therapeutic claims regarding this species in the traditional system. The antioxidant activity of MEWT was determined by the most suitable DPPH method.

Results

The basic compounds found in MEWT were β-caryophyllene (0.22%), mome inositol (12.02%), neophytadiene (1.61%), eicosanoic acid methyl ester (0.32%), 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid methyl ester (0.60%), phytol (0.94%), phytol palmitate (1.37%), squalene (1.57%), flavone 4-OH, 5-OH, 7-di-O-glucoside (29.34%), γ-tocopherol (0.49%), stigmast-5-en-3-ol (3.14%), methyl commate B (1.76%), methyl commate A (5.20%), and 24-norursa-3,12-diene (20.36%). The obtained results in the analysis of antioxidant activity of MEWT exhibited considerable free radical scavenging capacity against DPPH-generated free radicals.

Conclusions

This study expands the knowledge of MEWT chemical composition and provides evidence to substantiate ethno-medicinal use of the plant by exploring antioxidant activity. The substantial antioxidant activity of MEWT could be due to presence of terpenes, flavonoids, vitamin E, and other reported compounds.

Highlights

This study includes identification of phytochemicals and antioxidant potential of methanolic extract of Wrightia tinctoria, assisting in therapeutic claims regarding this species in the traditional system.
Unpacking a(nother) voyage round the world
Authors: MacKinney Anne Greenwood , Glaubrecht Matthias
Published: April 2021

This article studies the history of the specimen collection formed by the Franco-Prussian naturalist Adelbert von Chamisso (1781–1838), particularly its assembly during the Russian-led Rurik expedition (1815–18) and its subsequent donation to the museums of Berlin University. It examines three inventories which emerged in the process of transferring objects from an individual collector to an institutional collection, and which demonstrate how transformations in the textual documentation of the collection shaped the objects’ perceived significance. Paying attention to the people who generated collection documents, as well as the intended audiences and the purposes for which they were written, the article argues, is a crucial prerequisite for analysing the history, movements and meaning of collections and collected objects.
Screening of chronic radiation proctitis and colorectal cancer using periodic total colonoscopy after external beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer
Authors: Nakamura Yuki , Soma Takahiko , Izumi Keita , Sakai Yasuyuki , Ushijima Hiroki , Kudo Shigehiro , Saito Yoshihiro , Kageyama Yukio
Published: April 2021

Objective

To investigate the incidence of colorectal cancer and chronic radiation proctitis after prostate radiotherapy using periodic total colonoscopy screening.

Methods

From February 2013 to January 2018, 270 patients who underwent external beam radiation therapy for prostate cancer were advised to receive periodic total colonoscopy screening annually. We evaluated the incidence and characteristics of colorectal cancer and chronic radiation proctitis.

Results

First, second, third, fourth and fifth total colonoscopy were performed in 256 (95%), 151 (56%), 60 (22%), 23 (8.5%) and 7 (2.6%) patients at a median of 14, 31, 42, 54 and 72 months after radiotherapy, respectively. The prevalence proportion of colorectal cancer in the first colonoscopy since radiotherapy was 3.9%. Twelve (4.4%) patients were diagnosed with colorectal cancer, including four invasive cancers, during a follow-up period. Eight of these 12 patients had not experienced rectal bleeding. The median time to diagnosis of colorectal cancer was 21 months. Chronic radiation proctitis was observed in 136 (50%) patients, including 67 (25%) patients with symptomatic bleeding.

Conclusions

The high detection rate of asymptomatic radiation proctitis suggests the utility of total colonoscopy to screen for early-stage colorectal cancer prior to or following radiotherapy for prostate cancer. Considering the longevity after localized prostate cancer treatment, the awareness of chronic radiation-induced proctitis and the risk of colorectal cancer masked by bleeding is needed in treatment decision -making.
Disability and the Complexity of Choice in the Ethics of Abortion and Voluntary Euthanasia
Authors: Clifton Shane
Published: April 2021

In the polarized debates about abortion and voluntary euthanasia, disability advocates, who normally align with left-wing social forces, have tended to side with conservative and religious voices in expressing concerns about the impact of technological and sociopolitical developments on disabled futures. This paper draws on the social model of disability and the virtue ethics tradition to explain the alignment between the religious and disability perspectives, and the theory of transformative choice to highlight the limits and biases of the pro-choice logic. Yet, it also recognizes the inherent contradiction of disabled advocates taking a paternalistic position against the personal agency of women and people facing terminal illnesses. A disability perspective serves the discussion of abortion and euthanasia as an encouragement to work together for the building of a society that enables people with diverse disabilities to exist and flourish, and helps pregnant women, people facing disabling and terminal illnesses, and politicians and social influencers to make informed choices.
Miscarriage Is Not a Cause of Death: A Response to Berg’s “Abortion and Miscarriage”
Authors: Colgrove Nicholas
Published: April 2021

Some opponents of abortion claim fetuses are persons from the moment of conception. Call these “Personhood-At-Conception” (or PAC), opponents of abortion. Amy Berg (2017, Philosophical Studies 174:1217–26) argues that if fetuses are persons from the moment of conception, then miscarriage kills far more people than abortion. Thus, PAC opponents of abortion must “immediately” and “substantially” shift their attention, resources, etc., toward preventing miscarriage or admit they do not believe that personhood begins at conception (or, at least, they should recognize they are not acting in ways consistent with this belief). Unfortunately, Berg’s argument fails at every step. After outlining her argument, I show that her claim—that “miscarriage . . . is much deadlier than abortion”—is false (when taken literally) and misleading otherwise. Further, Berg’s argument is identical in structure to a criticism sometimes levied against the “Black Lives Matter” movement. In the latter context, the argument has been vehemently rejected. Berg’s argument should be rejected for the same reasons. Finally, Berg cites no evidence when claiming that PAC opponents of abortion are “not doing enough” to prevent miscarriage. And, even if PAC opponents of abortion are not diverting substantial funds toward miscarriage prevention, Berg fails to notice that this may be for good reason.
Biomarkers of Stress in Music Interventions: A Systematic Review
Authors: Wong Melanie Mitsui , Tahir Talha , Wong Michael Mitsui , Baron Annilee , Finnerty Rachael
Published: April 2021

Psychological stress is a significant public health concern as it is associated with various comorbidities and long-term health implications. Music interventions are emerging therapies for alleviating psychological stress and improving one’s physical and mental well-being. We conducted a systematic literature review in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement guidelines for reporting to identify all neuroendocrine biomarkers used to evaluate psychological stress in randomized control trials involving music interventions. We identified 18 unique biomarkers of stress from 14 full-text randomized controlled trials studies. Only one of the 14 music studies included a music therapy intervention. The most frequently used biomarkers across the studies were plasma cortisol, salivary cortisol, and salivary α-amylase. Of the 14 studies, 12 included in this review assessed at least one of these three biomarkers. Of these 12 studies, five papers reported p-values for changes in both stress biomarkers and psychological stress outcome measures. Four of the five studies found significant p-values for the reduction of both stress biomarkers and psychological stress in music intervention groups. The variety of stress biomarkers used and the variance in study protocols makes it difficult to assess the magnitude of effect of music interventions on psychological stress. However, our findings suggest that music interventions have the potential for reducing both stress biomarker levels and psychological stress in acute stress situations.
Dynamics of Large Corporate Forestland Ownerships in the United States
Authors: Sass Emma M , Markowski-Lindsay Marla , Butler Brett J , Caputo Jesse , Hartsell Andrew , Huff Emily , Robillard Amanda
Published: April 2021

Ownership of forestland in the United States has changed in recent decades, including the proliferation of timber investment management organizations (TIMOs) and real estate investment trusts (REITs), with the potential to alter forest management and timber supply. This article quantifies forest ownership transitions among ownership categories between 2007 and 2017 and investigates how and why large corporate ownerships own and manage their forestlands. Ownership transitions were determined from refined USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis data; we also conducted a survey of large corporate forestland ownerships. Corporate forestland acreage increased between 2007 and 2017, while family and public forestland decreased. Large corporate landowners report multidimensional, financially focused land management, although industry, timber investment management organizations, real estate investment trusts, and other owners report some different motivations and income streams. This work provides a baseline to track future ownership transitions and the behaviors of large corporate forestland owners.
Prognosis of duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma with lymph node metastasis: is follow-up >5 years required?
Authors: Yepuri Natesh , Vanga Gautam R , Naous Rana , Pasham Sudhir , Ponnekanti Sravan , Kinthala Sudhakar
Published: April 2021

Gangliocytic paragangliomas (GP) are rare tumors encountered exclusively in the second portion of the duodenum. Duodenal gangliocytic paraganglioma (DGP) belongs to a subclass of neuroendocrine neoplasms, characterized with unique histologic features of carcinoid tumor, paraganglioma and ganglioneuromas. According to the recent World Health Organization classification of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), there is a debate to classify them either as low-grade NETs or as an independent entity. There are a few reports of regional lymph node (LN) metastasis that could argue DGP as a true neoplasm. However, majority of them had a benign course, raising the question of whether long-term follow-up is required. We report a case of a retroperitoneal LN involvement by metastatic GP and additionally performed a systematic review of the literature to determine the optimal follow-up, since no guidelines exist for this rare entity.
The end of the Great Speed-Up—and after
Authors: Salt Barry
Published: April 2021

The major shift in the feature film cutting rate over the sound film period is statistically investigated, with a demonstration of how this reduction in Average Shot Length has stopped since around the year 2000. The way in which other stylistic features, such as movement within the frame, colour saturation, and number of words spoken per minute, have increasingly been used by film-makers over the last 20 years for stylistic differentiation in their work is also shown.
Stellar mid-life crisis: subcritical magnetic dynamos of solar-like stars and the breakdown of gyrochronology
Authors: Tripathi Bindesh , Nandy Dibyendu , Banerjee Soumitro
Published: April 2021

Recent observations have revealed the surprising breakdown of stellar gyrochronology relations at about the age of the Sun hinting the middle-aged, solar-like stars transition to a magnetically inactive future. We provide a theoretical basis for these intriguing observations inspired by simulations with a mathematical-dynamo model that can explore long-term solar cycle fluctuations. We reproduce the observed bimodal distribution of sunspot numbers, but only for subcritical dynamos. Based on a bifurcation analysis, we argue that the ageing of solar-like stars makes the magnetically weak dynamo regime readily accessible. Weak magnetic field production in this regime compromises wind-driven angular momentum losses, thus disrupting the hegemony of magnetic braking on stellar rotational spin-down. This hypothesis of subcritical magnetic dynamos of solar-like stars provides a self-consistent, unifying physical basis for a diversity of solar-stellar phenomena such as why stars beyond their mid-life do not spin-down as fast as in their youth, the break-down of stellar gyrochronology relations, the observed bimodal distribution of long-term sunspot observations, and recent findings suggesting that the Sun may be transitioning to a magnetically inactive future.
Prognostic significance of genome-wide DNA methylation profiles within the randomized, phase 3, EORTC CATNON trial on non-1p/19q deleted anaplastic glioma
Authors: Tesileanu C Mircea S , van den Bent Martin J , Sanson Marc , Wick Wolfgang , Brandes Alba A , Clement Paul M , Erridge Sara C , Vogelbaum Michael A , Nowak Anna K , Baurain Jean F , Mason Warren P , Wheeler Helen , Chinot Olivier L , Gill Sanjeev , Griffin Matthew , Rogers Leland , Taal Walter , Rudà Roberta , Weller Michael , McBain Catherine , van Linde Myra E , Sabedot Thais S , Hoogstrate Youri , von Deimling Andreas , de Heer Iris , van IJcken Wilfred F J , Brouwer Rutger W W , Aldape Kenneth , Jenkins Robert B , Dubbink Hendrikus J , Kros Johan M , Wesseling Pieter , Cheung Kin Jip , Golfinopoulos Vassilis , Baumert Brigitta G , Gorlia Thierry , Noushmehr Houtan , French Pim J
Published: April 2021

Background

Survival in patients with IDH1/2-mutant (mt) anaplastic astrocytomas is highly variable. We have used the prospective phase 3 CATNON trial to identify molecular factors related to outcome in IDH1/2mt anaplastic astrocytoma patients.

Methods

The CATNON trial randomized 751 adult patients with newly diagnosed 1p/19q non-codeleted anaplastic glioma to 59.4 Gy radiotherapy +/− concurrent and/or adjuvant temozolomide. The presence of necrosis and/or microvascular proliferation was scored at central pathology review. Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip arrays were used for genome-wide DNA methylation analysis and the determination of copy number variations (CNV). Two DNA methylation-based tumor classifiers were used for risk stratification. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed using 1 of the 2 glioma-tailored NGS panels. The primary endpoint was overall survival measured from the date of randomization.

Results

Full analysis (genome-wide DNA methylation and NGS) was successfully performed on 654 tumors. Of these, 432 tumors were IDH1/2mt anaplastic astrocytomas. Both epigenetic classifiers identified poor prognosis patients that partially overlapped. A predictive prognostic Cox proportional hazard model identified that independent prognostic factors for IDH1/2mt anaplastic astrocytoma patients included; age, mini-mental state examination score, treatment with concurrent and/or adjuvant temozolomide, the epigenetic classifiers, PDGFRA amplification, CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion, PI3K mutations, and total CNV load. Independent recursive partitioning analysis highlights the importance of these factors for patient prognostication.

Conclusion

Both clinical and molecular factors identify IDH1/2mt anaplastic astrocytoma patients with worse outcome. These results will further refine the current WHO criteria for glioma classification.
Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System Antagonism in 2019 Novel Coronavirus Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Ventura Davide , Carr Amy L , Davis R Duane , Silvestry Scott , Bogar Linda , Raval Nirav , Gries Cynthia , Hayes Jillian E , Oliveira Eduardo , Sniffen Jason , Allison Steven L , Herrera Victor , Jennings Douglas L , Page Robert L , McDyer John F , Ensor Christopher R
Published: April 2021

It has been established that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a membrane-bound regulatory peptide, for host cell entry. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors have been reported to increase ACE2 in type 2 pneumocyte pulmonary tissue. Controversy exists for the continuation of ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in the current pandemic. ACE2 serves as a regulatory enzyme in maintaining homeostasis between proinflammatory angiotensin II and anti-inflammatory angiotensin 1,7 peptides. Derangements in these peptides are associated with cardiovascular disease and are implicated in the progression of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Augmentation of the ACE2/Ang 1,7 axis represents a critical target in the supportive management of coronavirus disease 2019–associated lung disease. Observational data describing the use of RAAS inhibitors in the setting of SARS-CoV-2 have not borne signals of harm to date. However, equipoise persists, requiring an analysis of novel agents including recombinant human-ACE2 and existing RAAS inhibitors while balancing ongoing controversies associated with increased coronavirus infectivity and virulence.
Assessing Testing Strategies and Duration of Quarantine in Contact Tracing for SARS-CoV-2: A Retrospective Study of San Francisco’s COVID-19 Contact Tracing Program, June–August 2020
Authors: Reid M J A , Prado P , Brosnan H , Ernst A , Spindler H , Celentano J , Wall-Shui M , Sachdev D
Published: April 2021

We sought to assess the proportion of elicited close contacts diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 at the start of and before exiting quarantine in San Francisco. From June 8 to August 31, 6946 contacts were identified: 3008 (46.3%) were tested, 940 (13.5%) tested positive, and 90% tested positive in the first 9 days of quarantine.
Association Between Diabetic Foot Infection Wound Culture Positivity and 1-Year Admission for Invasive Infection: A Multicenter Cohort Study
Authors: Branch-Elliman Westyn , Sturgeon Daniel , Karchmer Adolf W , Mull Hillary J
Published: April 2021

Inpatients with culture-positive diabetic foot infections are at elevated risk for subsequent invasive infection with the same causative organism. In outpatients with index diabetic foot ulcers, we found that wound culture positivity was independently associated with increased odds of 1-year admission for systemic infection when compared with culture-negative wounds.
Limited Index of Clinical Suspicion and Underdiagnosis of Histopathologically Documented Invasive Mold Infections
Authors: Caudron de Coquereaumont Grégoire , Couchepin Jade , Perentes Jean Y , Krueger Thorsten , Lovis Alban , Rotman Samuel , Lamoth Frederic
Published: April 2021

Invasive mold infections (IMIs) are difficult to diagnose. This analysis of histopathologically proven IMIs at our institution (2010–2019) showed that 11/41 (27%) of them were not suspected at the time of biopsy/autopsy (9/17, 53% among autopsies). The rate of missed diagnosis was particularly high (8/16, 50%) among nonhematologic cancer patients.
Observational demonstration of a low-cost fast Fourier transform spectrometer with a delay-line-based ramp-compare ADC implemented on FPGA
Authors: Nishimura Atsushi , Matsumoto Takeru , Yonetsu Teppei , Nakao Yuka , Fujita Shinji , Maezawa Hiroyuki , Onishi Toshikazu , Ogawa Hideo
Published: April 2021

In this study, a novel type of Fourier transform radio spectrometer (termed as all-digital radio spectrometer; ADRS) has been developed in which all functionalities comprising a radio spectrometer including a sampler and Fourier computing unit were implemented as a soft-core on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). A delay-line-based ramp-compare analog-to-digital converter (ADC), which was completely digital, was used, and two primary elements of the ADC, an analog-to-time converter (ATC) and a time-to-digital converter (TDC), were implemented on the FPGA. The sampling rate of the ADRS f and the quantization bit rate n are limited by the relation τ = 1/(2nf), where τ is the latency of the delay element of the delay-line. Given that the typical latency of the delay element implemented on FPGAs is ∼10 ps, the adoption of a low-quantization bit rate, which satisfies the requirements for radio astronomy, facilitates the realization of a high sampling rate up to ∼100 GSa s−1. In addition, as the proposed ADRS does not require a discrete ADC and can be implemented on mass-produced evaluation boards, its fabrication cost is much lower than that of conventional spectrometers. The ADRS prototype was fabricated with values of f = 600 MSa s−1 and n = 6.6 using a PYNQ-Z1 evaluation board, with a τ of 16.7 ps. The performance of the prototype, including its linearity and stability, was measured, and a test observation was conducted using the Osaka Prefecture University 1.85−m mm–submm telescope; this confirmed the potential application of the prototype in authentic radio observations. With a cost performance 10 times better (∼800 USD GHz−1) than conventional radio spectrometers, the prototype facilitates cost-effective coverage of intermediate frequency bandwidths of ∼100 GHz in modern receiver systems.
Paediatric serum sickness-like reaction: A 10-year retrospective cohort study
Authors: Del Pozzo-Magaña Blanca R , Abuzgaia Awatif , Murray Barbara , Rieder Michael J , Lazo-Langner Alejandro
Published: April 2021

Background

Serum sickness-like reaction (SSLR) is an acute inflammatory condition affecting predominantly children. The pathophysiology remains unclear, but drugs are considered the main trigger.

Objective

The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and laboratory features, triggers, and treatment modalities in children diagnosed with SSLR.

Methods

We conducted a 10-year retrospective cohort study including all paediatric patients (0 to 18 years old) with query SSLR referred to the Adverse Drug Reactions Clinic at the Children’s Hospital of Western Ontario. Diagnostic criteria included acute skin rash plus joint inflammation with or without fever.

Results

We included 83 patients (47 females). Age ranged from 11 months to 12 years (mean 3.2 years). Amoxicillin was the trigger in 82.7% of patients. The mean time between the exposure to the triggering drug and the development of the symptoms was 8.5 days. Urticaria-like and Erythema multiforme-like lesions were present in 35% and 38.5% of the cases, respectively. Joint inflammation affecting hands/feet was present in 60%. Pruritus, lip/eye swelling, and fever were reported in 33, 31, and 45% of patients, respectively. The lymphocyte toxicity assay (LTA) showed incremental T-cell toxicity in 32 of 34 patients. Children that received treatment with antihistamines/nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) plus oral steroids had a mean recovery time shorter than those treated only with antihistamines/NSAIDs (6 versus 8 days; P=0.09).

Conclusions

In our study, SSLR was mostly triggered by amoxicillin and had a mean time presentation of 8.5 days. Further prospective and well-conducted studies are needed.
Implementation and evaluation of a curriculum on the assessment and treatment of disruptive behaviour disorders
Authors: Doja Asif , Pringsheim Tamara , Andrade Brendan F , Cowley Lindsay , Healy Sarah A , Baron Tara , Chan Melissa , DiBartolo Marielena , Gripp Karen , Manos Sarah , Silverman Jason A , Writer Hilary , Gorman Daniel A
Published: April 2021

Disruptive behaviour disorders (DBDs)—which can include or be comorbid with disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder and disruptive mood dysregulation disorder—are commonly seen in paediatric practice. Given increases in the prescribing of atypical antipsychotics for children and youth, it is imperative that paediatric trainees in Canada receive adequate education on the optimal treatment of DBDs. We describe the development, dissemination, and evaluation of a novel paediatric resident curriculum for the assessment and treatment of DBDs in children and adolescents. Pre–post-evaluation of the curriculum showed improved knowledge in participants.
Objectivity in Mathematics, Without Mathematical Objects†
Authors: Pantsar Markus
Published: April 2021

I identify two reasons for believing in the objectivity of mathematical knowledge: apparent objectivity and applications in science. Focusing on arithmetic, I analyze platonism and cognitive nativism in terms of explaining these two reasons. After establishing that both theories run into difficulties, I present an alternative epistemological account that combines the theoretical frameworks of enculturation and cumulative cultural evolution. I show that this account can explain why arithmetical knowledge appears to be objective and has scientific applications. Finally, I will argue that, while this account is compatible with platonist metaphysics, it does not require postulating mind-independent mathematical objects.
Racialized Religion and Civic Engagement: Insights into Intra-Muslim Racial Diversity on University Campuses
Authors: Nojan Saugher
Published: April 2021

Sociologists continue to debate the levels of civic participation of multiply marginalized groups. While scholarship traditionally portrayed marginalized groups as disengaged, others have theorized how group identity threat may incite higher engagement levels. Nevertheless, few examine the extent to which marginalized religious groups also have higher levels of civic engagement. This study contributes an empirical account of a racialized-religious community’s civic participation compared to other religious and nonreligious groups while accounting for complex religion (i.e., how religion is embedded with inequality). Drawing on large-scale undergraduate survey data, this article suggests that Muslims’ faith and collective racialized-religious identities enhance their civic participation compared to other religious groups. Findings extend group identity threat and complex religion theories to consider how a racialized-religious identity may produce different engagement patterns within and across religious communities.
Impacts of heifer postweaning residual feed intake classification on reproductive and performance measurements of first-, second-, and third-parity Angus beef females
Authors: Parsons Cory T , Dafoe Julia M , Wyffels Samuel A , Van Emon Megan , DelCurto Timothy , Boss Darrin L
Published: April 2021

This study evaluated heifer postweaning residual feed intake (RFI) classification on reproductive and performance measurements of first-, second-, and third-parity Angus beef females. We analyzed the annual, as well as, cumulative production of 347 Angus females from birth through weaning of their third calf. Heifer postweaning RFI was calculated as the actual dry matter intake minus the predicted dry matter intake based on the average daily gain of the contemporary group on an annual basis. Heifers were categorized based on RFI as either low (< −0.50 SD from mean), average (± 0.50 SD from mean), or high (> +0.50 SD from the mean) within year. There was no RFI × Parity interaction (P ≥ 0.14) observed for all production/reproduction traits except for conception rates (P = 0.02). Julian birth date of cows was influenced by RFI classification (P < 0.01) and displayed a quadratic (P = 0.02) effect with high RFI cows being born earlier in the calving season than average RFI cows (71.2 vs. 75.3 d), but did not differ from low RFI cows (74.0 vs. 75.3 d). Cow birth weight, weaning weight, as well as all other cow weight and body condition measurements were not influenced by RFI classification (P ≥ 0.14). As expected, there was a linear increase in cow body weight at weaning with increasing parity (P < 0.01). Cow RFI classification had no influence on progeny weaning weight, birth date, calving interval, or postpartum interval (P ≥ 0.15). Calf birth weights displayed a quadratic parity effect (P < 0.01) with first calf heifers having calves with lower birth weights than second- and third-parity calves. Calf 205-d adjusted weaning weights displayed a quadratic effect (P = 0.01) with first calf heifers weaning lighter calves than second- and third-parity cows. Weaning weight ratio displayed a linear decrease with increasing parity (P < 0.01). Cow conception probability displayed a linear tendency for pregnancy 2 (P = 0.09), and a quadratic tendency for pregnancy 4 (P = 0.07) as a function of RFI classification, but no effects were observed for pregnancy 1 and 3. Cow artificial insemination conception rates differed by year of pregnancy (P < 0.01), but not RFI classification (P = 0.81). In summary, heifer postweaning RFI classification had minimal effects on beef cattle production and reproductive efficiency.
Assessing cross-sector stakeholder readiness to advance and sustain statewide behavioral integration beyond a State Innovation Model (SIM) initiative
Authors: Scott Victoria C , Gold Stephanie B , Kenworthy Tara , Snapper Leslie , Gilchrist Emma C , Kirchner Stephanie , Wong Shale L
Published: April 2021

Integrated care is recognized as a promising approach to comprehensive health care and reductions in health care costs. However, the integration of behavioral health and primary care is complex and often difficult to implement. Successful and sustainable integration efforts require coordination and alignment both within health care organizations and across multiple sectors. Furthermore, implementation progress and outcomes are shaped by the readiness of stakeholders to work together toward integrated care. In the context of a Colorado State Innovation Model (SIM) effort, we examined stakeholder readiness to advance and sustain partnerships for behavioral health integration beyond the period of grant funding. Partnership readiness was assessed using the Readiness for Cross-sector Partnerships Questionnaire (RCP) in spring 2019. Participants from 67 organizations represented seven sectors: government, health care, academic, practice transformation, advocacy, payer, and other. RCP analyses indicated a moderate level of readiness among Colorado stakeholders for partnering to continue the work of behavioral health integration initiated by SIM. Stakeholders indicated their highest readiness levels for general capacity and lowest for innovation-specific capacity. Five thematic categories emerged from the open-ended questions pertaining to partnership experiences: (a) collaboration and relationships, (b) capacity and leadership, (c) measurement and outcomes, (d) financing integrated care, and (e) sustainability of the cross-sector partnership. Partnering across sectors to advance integrated behavioral health and create more equitable access to services is inherently complex and nonlinear in nature. The RCP usefully identifies opportunities to strengthen the sustainability of integrated care efforts.
Training researchers in dissemination of study results to research participants and communities
Authors: Cunningham-Erves Jennifer , Stewart Elizabeth , Duke Jillian , Akohoue Sylvie A , Rowen Nicole , Lee Omaran , Miller Stephania T
Published: April 2021

Dissemination of research beyond the academic community is an ethical responsibility of researchers and necessary in translational research to help ensure the uptake of research findings to improve health outcomes. Often, partnerships between community and academicians do not include research dissemination plans, possibly reflecting researchers not knowing how to create these plans. This manuscript details the development process of a research dissemination training module for academicians and researchers. This training was conceptualized and developed by Core faculty and staff. Development steps were: (a) identifying researchers’ dissemination needs using the Core Investigator Survey; (b) identifying communities dissemination needs/preferences using feedback from our community advisory board; (c) conducting a literature search to identify dissemination concepts from researchers and community perspectives; (d) developing the training module; (e) conducting a cognitive review with one basic science researcher and one community-based participatory researcher; (f) evaluating the training; and (g) finalizing the training module. Training attendees included 1 clinical and 3 basic science clinical researchers, a biomedical postdoctoral fellow, and 10 research staff. Of those completing the feedback survey, 60% had some experience with research dissemination. As a result of training, more than 50% of respondents strongly agreed that as researchers they have a clear understanding of dissemination, a greater understanding of the dissemination process, how to identify stakeholders and successfully develop a dissemination plan. While disseminating research findings beyond academic publications may be new to some researchers, this training provided the tools to implement dissemination practices in their current and future research.
Still striding toward social justice? Redirecting physical activity research in a post-COVID-19 world
Authors: Lee Rebecca E , Joseph Rodney P , Blackman Carr Loneke T , Strayhorn Shaila Marie , Faro Jamie M , Lane Hannah , Monroe Courtney , Pekmezi Dorothy , Szeszulski Jacob
Published: April 2021

The COVID-19 crisis and parallel Black Lives Matter movement have amplified longstanding systemic injustices among people of color (POC). POC have been differentially affected by COVID-19, reflecting the disproportionate burden of ongoing chronic health challenges associated with socioeconomic inequalities and unhealthy behaviors, including a lack of physical activity. Clear and well-established benefits link daily physical activity to health and well-being—physical, mental, and existential. Despite these benefits, POC face additional barriers to participation. Thus, increasing physical activity among POC requires additional considerations so that POC can receive the same opportunities to safely participate in physical activity as Americans who are White. Framed within the Ecologic Model of Physical Activity, this commentary briefly describes health disparities in COVID-19, physical activity, and chronic disease experienced by POC; outlines underlying putative mechanisms that connect these disparities; and offers potential solutions to reduce these disparities. As behavioral medicine leaders, we advocate that solutions must redirect the focus of behavioral research toward community-informed and systems solutions.
Individualized Thalamic Parcellation Reveals Alterations in Shape and Microstructure of Thalamic Nuclei in Patients with Disorder of Consciousness
Authors: Zheng Weihao , Tan Xufei , Liu Tingting , Li Xiaoxia , Gao Jian , Hong Lirong , Zhang Xiaotong , Zhao Zhiyong , Yu Yamei , Zhang Yi , Luo Benyan , Wu Dan
Published: April 2021

The thalamus plays crucial roles in consciousness generation and information processing. Previous evidence suggests that disorder of consciousness (DOC) caused by severe brain injury, is potentially related to thalamic abnormalities. However, how the morphology and microstructure change in thalamic subfields and thalamocortical fiber pathways in patients with DOC, and the relationships between these changes and the consciousness status remain unclear. Here, we generated the individual-specific thalamic parcellation in 10 DOC patients and 10 healthy controls (HC) via a novel thalamic segmentation framework based on the fiber orientation distribution (FOD) derived from 7-Tesla diffusion MRI, and investigated the shape deformation of thalamic nuclei as well as the microstructural changes associated with thalamic nuclei and thalamocortical pathways in patients with DOC. Enlargement of dorsal posterior nucleus and atrophy of anterior nucleus in the right thalamus were observed in DOC cohort relative to the HCs, and the former was closely linked to the consciousness level of the patients. We also found significant reductions of fiber density, but not fiber bundle cross-section, within several thalamic nuclei and most of the thalamocortical fiber pathways, suggesting that loss of axons might take primary responsibility for the impaired thalamocortical connections in patients with DOC rather than the change in fiber-bundle morphology. Furthermore, the individual-specific thalamic parcellation achieved 80% accuracy in classifying patients at the minimally conscious state from the vegetative state, compared with ~60% accuracy based on group-level parcellations. Our findings provide the first evidence for the shape deformation of thalamic nuclei in DOC patients and the microstructural basis of the disrupted thalamocortical connections.
Leaf and tree responses of young European aspen trees to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration vary over the season
Authors: Lauriks Fran , Salomón Roberto Luis , De Roo Linus , Steppe Kathy
Published: April 2021

Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2) commonly stimulates net leaf assimilation, decreases stomatal conductance and has no clear effect on leaf respiration. However, effects of eCO2 on whole-tree functioning and its seasonal dynamics remain far more uncertain. To evaluate temporal and spatial variability in eCO2 effects, 1-year-old European aspen trees were grown in two treatment chambers under ambient (aCO2, 400 p.p.m.) and elevated (eCO2, 700 p.p.m.) CO2 concentrations during an early (spring 2019) and late (autumn 2018) seasonal experiment. Leaf (net carbon assimilation, stomatal conductance and leaf respiration) and whole-tree (stem growth, sap flow and stem CO2 efflux) responses to eCO2 were measured. Under eCO2, carbon assimilation was stimulated during the early (1.63-fold) and late (1.26-fold) seasonal experiments. Stimulation of carbon assimilation changed over time with largest increases observed in spring when stem volumetric growth was highest, followed by late season down-regulation, when stem volumetric growth ceased. The neutral eCO2 effect on stomatal conductance and leaf respiration measured at leaf level paralleled the unresponsive canopy conductance (derived from sap flow measurements) and stem CO2 efflux measured at tree level. Our results highlight that seasonality in carbon demand for tree growth substantially affects the magnitude of the response to eCO2 at both leaf and whole-tree level.
Organic Acid Sanitizers for Natamycin and Other Fungicides in Recirculating Application Systems for Citrus Postharvest Decay Management
Authors: Chen Daniel , Förster Helga , Nguyen Kevin , Adaskaveg James E.
Published: April 2021

Natamycin is a new postharvest biofungicide for citrus and some other fruit crops in the United States that can be effectively used in recycling drench or flooder treatments. These applications necessitate sanitation of the fungicide solution to ensure that it remains free from contamination by bacteria that are potentially human pathogens. During in vitro experiments, heated (48°C) citric acid (1,100 or 2,200 μg/ml) amended with sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) (60 or 120 μg/ml, respectively) significantly reduced the viability of a nonpathogenic strain of Escherichia coli in natamycin solutions by >5 log10 compared with the control. During laboratory studies with Penicillium digitatum-inoculated lemon fruit, 1,000 μg/ml of natamycin mixed with 1,000 μg/ml of lactic acid or citric acid and with or without SDBS (55 μg/ml) effectively and significantly reduced green mold. Natamycin mixed with lactic acid at ≥2,000 μg/ml, however, caused fruit injury, resulting in browning and rind pitting. Natamycin was incompatible with peroxyacetic acid, resulting in reduced efficacy against green mold. Sodium hypochlorite mixed with natamycin lost its toxicity to E. coli; however, the performance of natamycin was not affected. With heated (average 49°C) drench treatments on an experimental packing line, natamycin (1,000 μg/ml), fludioxonil (300 μg/ml), or azoxystrobin (300 μg/ml) mixed with citric acid (1,000 μg/ml) and SDBS (55 μg/ml) were effective against green mold without fruit injury. At a pH between 3.6 and 3.8, citric acid-SDBS significantly reduced the viability of E. coli by approximately 4 log10 in mixtures with fludioxonil or azoxystrobin, but not with natamycin. However, natamycin at 1,000 μg/ml mixed with 2,000 μg/ml of citric acid and SDBS (55 μg/ml) significantly reduced E. coli counts by >4 log10 within 4 min when the pH was maintained between 3.0 and 3.3, and the efficacy of the fungicide was retained. The use of citric acid with a surfactant can be a viable alternative sanitation method for natamycin in citrus packinghouses utilizing heated recirculating fungicide systems.
The Boutelou Brothers: From Gardening to Agronomic Practices, Education, and Travels in Spain at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: García-Pereda Ignacio , Rodrigues Ana Duarte , Parejo-Moruno Francisco Manuel
Published: April 2021

At the turn of the nineteenth century, agriculture in Spain was seen as an empirical know-how that was transmitted from generation to generation through practice. However, at the royal gardens the idea that agriculture was a scientific branch of knowledge was already germinating. Focusing on the two brothers—Claudio (1774–1842) and Esteban (1776–1812) Boutelou—this paper argues that these gardeners, profiting from their positions at the Spanish royal gardens, promoted agronomic development and education. In spite of the importance of the Boutelou family, a five-generation dynasty of gardeners, historiography has paid scant attention to them, as well as to the importance of agronomic travels and their reports. This paper aims at interweaving the boundaries between the history of science, history of agriculture, and gardens and landscape studies. Through the lenses of history of science and the application of Long's conceptual framework of ‘trading zones’ and Baldassarri and Matei's ‘gardens as laboratories’, we focus on the position of the Boutelou brothers in the gardens of the royal estates and the new Sanlúcar acclimatization garden. We then demonstrate how they were influenced by travels abroad and how Arthur Young, a Briton, became their role model. Moreover, we establish a relation between the Boutelou's network of experts and the rise of translations of English and French books and the appearance of the first agricultural teaching manuals in Castilian, often published in the context of agricultural societies. Finally, we show how this was fundamental to the renewal of agronomic practices and education in Spain.