bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Responsibility of a Member state of an International Organization: Where Will It End? Comments on Article 60 of the ILC Draft on the Responsibility of International Organizations
Authors: Paasivirta Esa
Published: November 2010

The paper addresses the issue of possible responsibility of a member state for acts of an international organization of which it is a member. This particular issue forms part of the on-going work of the International Law Commission of establishing rules for the responsibility of international organizations. The particular challenge is posed by possible “responsibility gaps”, i.e. situations where a state might avoid compliance with its own obligations by prompting the organization of which it is a member to act instead. The paper compares the ILC approach, approaching the issue by way of trying to establish general rules of responsibility (“secondary rules”) and the practice of the EU, which has addressed the issue by tailor-made solutions in the context of specific treaties (“primary rules”). The latter approach is more flexible as it allows individual solutions pertinent to particular circumstances and treaty regimes so as to ensure that either the organization itself or its member state is responsible, depending whichever is genuinely responsible. The paper concludes that the ILC work is progressing in the right direction as it narrows down the possibilities where a member state can be held responsible to cover only situations bordering abuse, rather than more open-ended standards for individual member state responsibility, which can open the door for unpredictable results.
Abuse of the Members: Questions concerning Draft Article 16 of the Draft Articles on Responsibility of International Organizations
Authors: Blokker Niels
Published: November 2010

This contribution discusses Article 16 (“Decisions, authorizations and recommendations addressed to member states and international organizations”) of the ILC draft articles on responsibility of international organizations, completed in first reading in 2009. According to Article 16, international organizations may incur international responsibility for their binding and non-binding decisions if certain conditions are fulfilled. The main rationale of this provision is that an international organization may not require its members to perform acts which the organization itself may not perform under its own obligations. The need to include this provision in the draft articles is not questioned. Five specific issues are addressed. The provision concerning authorizations may in the future turn out to be the most troublesome, in particular in relation to Security Council authorizations for the use of force.
Impact of Secondary Eyewall Heating on Tropical Cyclone Intensity Change*
Authors: Zhou Xiaqiong , Wang Bin , Ge Xuyang , Li Tim
Published: November 2010

The primary goal of this study is to explore the factors that might influence the intensity change of tropical cyclones (TCs) associated with secondary eyewall replacement. Concentric eyewall structures in TCs with and without large intensity weakening are compared using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 2A12 and 2A25 data. It is found that the secondary eyewalls with a stratiform-type heating profile show a marked weakening, while those TCs with a convective-type heating weaken insignificantly or even intensify. This observed feature is supported by a set of sensitivity numerical experiments performed with the Weather Research and Forecasting model. With more active convection, the latent heat released in the outer eyewall and moat region can better sustain storm intensity. The prevailing stratiform precipitation results in low equivalent potential temperature air in the moat and reduces the entropy of the boundary layer inflow to the inner eyewall through persistent downdrafts, leading to a large intensity fluctuation. Comparison of observations and numerical model results reveals that the model tends to overproduce convective precipitation in the outer eyewall and the moat. It is possible that the model underestimates the storm intensity changes associated with eyewall replacement events.
A Simple Methodology for Estimating Mean and Variability of Annual Runoff and Reservoir Yield under Present and Future Climates
Authors: McMahon Thomas A. , Peel Murray C. , Pegram Geoffrey G. S. , Smith Ian N.
Published: November 2010

Overlying the challenge of managing within natural hydroclimatic variability is the likely modification of runoff variability along with average runoff due to anthropogenic enhancement of greenhouse gas concentrations. In this paper analytical models are developed in which runoff mean and variability, the latter defined by the variance (or standard deviation) of annual runoff, are related to the variances and the covariance of annual precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, and the aridity index (mean annual potential evapotranspiration divided by mean annual precipitation). The method was validated using observed runoff data for 699 worldwide catchments. It was concluded that combining the Schreiber function, which relates the ratio of annual actual evapotranspiration to annual precipitation, with the analytical models provided satisfactory estimates of observed annual runoff mean and interannual variability. It was also concluded that estimates of annual runoff variability based on the simplified model of Koster and Suarez were unsatisfactory. By way of illustrating the new methodology, the approach was applied to projected annual values of precipitation from the Hadley Centre Global Environment Model version 1 (HadGEM) and it showed that considerable changes in reservoir yield are likely to occur if climate change projections of precipitation from HadGEM are realistic. Finally, further simplifications of the equations, based on the Schreiber function, are developed to estimate the mean and standard deviation of annual runoff that allow climate analysts to estimate the impact of potential climate changes on annual runoff characteristics and reservoir yield performance without having to resort to the calibration and application of a rainfall-runoff model or rely on the runoff output from general circulation models to examine such characteristics.
Lightning Activity in a Hail-Producing Storm Observed with Phased-Array Radar
Authors: Emersic C. , Heinselman P. L. , MacGorman D. R. , Bruning E. C.
Published: November 2010

This study examined lightning activity relative to the rapidly evolving kinematics of a hail-producing storm on 15 August 2006. Data were provided by the National Weather Radar Testbed Phased-Array Radar, the Oklahoma Lightning Mapping Array, and the National Lightning Detection Network.

This analysis is the first to compare the electrical characteristics of a hail-producing storm with the reflectivity and radial velocity structure at temporal resolutions of less than 1 min. Total flash rates increased to approximately 220 min−1 as the storm’s updraft first intensified, leveled off during its first mature stage, and then decreased for 2–3 min despite the simultaneous development of another updraft surge. This reduction in flash rate occurred as wet hail formed in the new updraft and was likely related to the wet growth; wet growth is not conducive to hydrometeor charging and probably contributed to the formation of a “lightning hole” without a mesocyclone. Total flash rates subsequently increased to approximately 450 min−1 as storm volume and inferred graupel volume increased, and then decreased as the storm dissipated.

The vertical charge structure in the storm initially formed a positive tripole (midlevel negative charge between upper and lower positive charges). The charge structure in the second updraft surge consisted of a negative charge above a deep midlevel positive charge, a reversal consistent with the effects of large liquid water contents on hydrometeor charge polarity in laboratory experiments.

Prior to the second updraft surge, the storm produced two cloud-to-ground flashes, both lowering the usual negative charge to ground. Shortly before hail likely reached ground, the storm produced four cloud-to-ground flashes, all lowering the positive charge. Episodes of high singlet VHF sources were observed at approximately 13–15 km during the initial formation and later intensification of the storm’s updraft.
The Integrated Nowcasting through Comprehensive Analysis (INCA) System and Its Validation over the Eastern Alpine Region
Authors: Haiden T. , Kann A. , Wittmann C. , Pistotnik G. , Bica B. , Gruber C.
Published: November 2010

This paper presents the Integrated Nowcasting through Comprehensive Analysis (INCA) system, which has been developed for use in mountainous terrain. Analysis and nowcasting fields include temperature, humidity, wind, precipitation amount, precipitation type, cloudiness, and global radiation. The analysis part of the system combines surface station data with remote sensing data in such a way that the observations at the station locations are reproduced, whereas the remote sensing data provide the spatial structure for the interpolation. The nowcasting part employs classical correlation-based motion vectors derived from previous consecutive analyses. In the case of precipitation the nowcast includes an intensity-dependent elevation effect. After 2–6 h of forecast time the nowcast is merged into an NWP forecast provided by a limited-area model, using a predefined temporal weighting function. Cross validation of the analysis and verification of the nowcast are performed. Analysis quality is high for temperature, but comparatively low for wind and precipitation, because of the limited representativeness of station data in mountainous terrain, which can be only partially compensated by the analysis algorithm. Significant added value of the system compared to the NWP forecast is found in the first few hours of the nowcast. At longer lead times the effects of the latest observations becomes small, but in the case of temperature the downscaling of the NWP forecast within the INCA system continues to provide some improvement compared to the direct NWP output.
Forecasting Tropical Cyclone Formation in the Fiji Region: A Probit Regression Approach Using Bayesian Fitting
Authors: Chand Savin S. , Walsh Kevin J. E.
Published: November 2010

An objective methodology for forecasting the probability of tropical cyclone (TC) formation in the Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga regions (collectively the FST region) using antecedent large-scale environmental conditions is investigated. Three separate probabilistic forecast schemes are developed using a probit regression approach where model parameters are determined via Bayesian fitting. These schemes provide forecasts of TC formation from an existing system (i) within the next 24 h (W24h), (ii) within the next 48 h (W48h), and (iii) within the next 72 h (W72h). To assess the performance of the three forecast schemes in practice, verification methods such as the posterior expected error, Brier skill scores, and relative operating characteristic skill scores are applied. Results suggest that the W24h scheme, which is formulated using large-scale environmental parameters, on average, performs better than that formulated using climatology and persistence (CLIPER) variables. In contrast, the W48h (W72h) scheme formulated using large-scale environmental parameters performs similar to (poorer than) that formulated using CLIPER variables. Therefore, large-scale environmental parameters (CLIPER variables) are preferred as predictors when forecasting TC formation in the FST region within 24 h (at least 48 h) using models formulated in the present investigation.
The Bradley Effect: Mediated Reality of Race and Politics in the 2008 U.S. Presidential Election
Authors: Payne J. Gregory
Published: November 2010

This article discusses the origins of the so-called theory known as the “Bradley effect” within the historical context of the 1982 California gubernatorial election and its emergence as a popular, albeit questionable, explanation for Los Angeles mayor Tom Bradley’s unexpected loss in which racism is singled out as a major reason. The essay explores the validity of the Bradley effect in politics as well as how campaign operatives, journalists, pollsters, bloggers, and pundits focus on race, sometimes in a synergistic manner, to both validate and dismiss the effect of race on the election.
Parental Perceptions of Sleep Disturbances and Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Children With Down Syndrome
Authors: Rosen Dennis , Lombardo Angela , Skotko Brian , Davidson Emily Jean
Published: November 2010

Objectives: Children with Down syndrome (DS) have increased difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep (DIMS), excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). As part of a quality improvement initiative, parents of children enrolled in the Children’s Hospital Boston Down Syndrome Program were surveyed about their child’s sleep and breathing patterns while asleep. Methods: An anonymous Internet-based questionnaire was used in the study. Results: The completion rate was 46.5% (255/548). DIMS and EDS were frequently/almost always present in more than half the children. Among parents unconcerned about their child’s breathing, 11.8% witnessed apnea and 4.2% gasping/choking more than once monthly. Parents of children status post adenotonsillectomy (AT) reported witnessed apnea (47.5%), gasping/choking (28.9%) more than once monthly. Discussion: There is room for improved screening of sleep disturbances, OSA in children with DS. The high frequency of persistence of OSA following AT should prompt for continued screening following AT.
Tree Nut Allergy, Egg Allergy, and Asthma in Children
Authors: Gaffin Jonathan M. , Sheehan William J. , Morrill Jaclyn , Cinar Munevver , Borras Coughlin Irene M. , Sawicki Gregory S. , Twarog Frank J. , Young Michael C. , Schneider Lynda C. , Phipatanakul Wanda
Published: November 2010

Background. Children with food allergies often have concurrent asthma. Objective. The authors aimed to determine the prevalence of asthma in children with food allergies and the association of specific food allergies with asthma. Methods. Parental questionnaire data regarding food allergy, corroborated by allergic sensitization were completed for a cohort of 799 children with food allergies. Multivariate regression analysis tested the association between food allergy and reported asthma. Results. In this cohort, the prevalence of asthma was 45.6%. After adjusting for each food allergy, environmental allergies, and family history of asthma, children with egg allergy (odds ratio [OR] = 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3-3.2; P < .01) or tree nut allergy (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.1-3.6; P = .02) had significantly greater odds of report of asthma. Conclusion. There is a high prevalence of asthma in the food-allergic pediatric population. Egg and tree nut allergy are significantly associated with asthma, independent of other risk factors.
Perception and Attitude of Providers Toward Pain and Anxiety Associated With Pediatric Vaccine Injection
Authors: Brady KeriAnne , Avner Jeffrey R. , Khine Hnin
Published: November 2010

Despite the many options available for control of the pain and anxiety during vaccine injections, they are not often used. A total of 70 primary care providers (PCPs) were asked to rate their perception of pain and anxiety associated with vaccine injection in an average 4- to 6-year-old using a visual analog scale—0 ( no pain/anxiety) to 10 ( very severe pain/anxiety)—as well as perceived barriers. The mean PCPs’ perception of pain associated with vaccine injection was 5.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.3-6.1), and perceived anxiety was 7.7 (95% CI = 7.2-8.1). Trainees recorded higher perceived anxiety than attending physicians (8.0 vs 6.9; P = .03)]. Of the respondents, 63 (90%) felt that pain and anxiety control is achievable in their office setting. Nevertheless, only 8 (11%) PCPs had ordered any pain and anxiety control measures during vaccine injection. There is a gap between the PCPs’ perception of pain and anxiety and practice of pain and anxiety control measures during vaccine injection.
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Preschool-Age Children: Issues and Concerns
Authors: Davis Deborah Winders , Williams P. Gail
Published: November 2010

The diagnosis of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children has been steadily increasing over the past 10 years. ADHD is associated with numerous health, behavioral, social, and academic outcomes. The use of medication is common for the treatment of ADHD. However, the evidence base for pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for children younger than 6 years of age is limited. Both short-term and long-term studies of efficacy and safety of all interventions are needed in this population, especially the use of psychotropic medications. Understanding the long-term effects of psychotropic medication on the developing brains of preschoolers has important implications for outcomes into adulthood. Nonpharmacologic evidence-based interventions are available and should serve as the first line of treatment in this population. Future research needs include further evidence regarding specific curricula, dose, duration, delivery methods, and staff training to ensure optimal intervention outcomes.
Parental Preferences for FDA-Approved Medications Prescribed for Their Children
Authors: Yoon Esther Y. , Clark Sarah J. , Butchart Amy , Singer Dianne , Davis Matthew M.
Published: November 2010

Objective. To describe parental preferences for FDA-approved prescription medications for their children. Study design. Cross-sectional Web-enabled survey of a national sample of 1562 parents. Results. Response rate was 61%. Most parents (77%) preferred prescription of only FDA-approved medications for their child. However, one half of parents preferred that their child’s doctor prescribe medication that is safest and works best, even if not FDA approved for children. One third of parents (34%) preferred nothing but FDA-approved medications for their child, regardless of drug safety, effectiveness, or cost. Controlling for parent race and education, mothers (odds ratio = 1.52; P = .004) and older parents (odds ratio = 1.60; P = .025) were more likely to prefer nothing but FDA-approved medications for their children compared with fathers and younger parents. Conclusions. Although most parents initially indicate preference for FDA-approved medications, one half of parents will accept a non-FDA-approved medication for their children with the understanding that it is safer or more effective than the FDA-approved alternative.
Comparison of the Inverness Medical Acceava Strep A Test With the Genzyme OSOM and Quidel QuickVue Strep A Tests
Authors: Rogo Tanya , Schwartz Richard H. , Ascher David P.
Published: November 2010

Previous studies of the accuracy of rapid in-office tests for group A Streptococcus had disparate results, ranging from a sensitivity of 70% to more than 90%. The sensitivity and specificity of 3 commercially available Strep A tests were determined in 2 private pediatric office settings. Acceava Strep A, Genzyme OSOM Strep A, and the Quidel QuickVue Strep A tests were the representative rapid tests for detection of Streptococcus pyogenes. Overnight culture on standard 5% sheep blood agar was the reference standard for this study. All 3 Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments—waived tests had sensitivities and specificities that exceeded 95%.
Pain Management in Young Children Undergoing Diagnostic Tympanocentesis
Authors: Shaikh Nader , Hoberman Alejandro , Kurs-Lasky Marcia , Rockette Howard E. , Chandra Anita , Colborn D. Kathleen , Hooper Emma G. , Cohen Reis Evelyn
Published: November 2010

Objective. To describe the pain associated with diagnostic tympanocentesis and to gather preliminary data comparing the efficacy of 3 methods of pain reduction for tympanocentesis. Methods. In children 6 to 36 months of age undergoing tympanocentesis for acute otitis media, the authors measured pain and distress throughout all phases of the procedure and recovery using physiological (heart rate) and behavioral measures (cry duration, Global Mood Scale score, and pain visual analog scales). They compared—in a randomized controlled trial—3 pain reduction interventions: acetaminophen, acetaminophen plus codeine, and ibuprofen plus midazolam. Results. Heart rate increased throughout the procedure, peaking during needle aspiration. Children treated with acetaminophen alone had higher peak heart rates and Global Mood Scale scores during parts of the procedure. Conclusions. Acetaminophen alone may not be as effective in reducing pain-related physiological and behavioral changes as acetaminophen plus codeine or ibuprofen plus midazolam during diagnostic tympanocentesis.
Testing the Link Between Child Maltreatment and Family Violence Among Police Officers
Authors: Zavala Egbert
Published: November 2010

The purpose of this study is to document the relationship between physical abuse during childhood and family violence among a group of police officers from the Baltimore Police Department in the United States. Analyzing data from the Police and Domestic Violence in Police Families in Baltimore, Maryland, 1997-1999, this study found a positive relationship between physical abuse and family violence toward spouses and children. Specifically, this study found that police officers who indicated that their parents where physical with them were more likely to report being physical with their spouse and children. They were also more likely to report yelling or shouting toward family members. This study shows a positive relationship between physical abuse and involvement in family violence, and increases our knowledge regarding the cycle of violence in police families. This study points to the need for better recognition of physical abuse and the negative consequences children are likely to endure.
Promoting Ecotourism Among Young People
Authors: Cini Francesca , Leone Luigi , Passafaro Paola
Published: November 2010

Ecotourism in natural protected areas is receiving growing international recognition as a means to enhance sustainability. Nonetheless, research on ecotourism and, in particular, on young ecotourists segmentation is still scarce. This study aimed at segmenting the market of young tourists using a range of psychosociological factors. First, a sample of 365 young tourists was segmented on the basis of holiday motivations (considered driving factors of attitudes and behaviors). Second, each group identified was characterized by a consistent set of other psychosociological variables, such as personality traits, personal values, general environmental beliefs, and behavioral variables (ecotourism behavioral intentions and consumption habits). The results show that about 80% of the sample would be open to the ecotourism, and different communication strategies for promoting ecotourism for different segments of potential ecotourists are also proposed.
The internalized stigma experienced by members of a mental health advocacy group in South Africa
Authors: Sorsdahl Katherine R. , Kakuma Ritsuko , Wilson Zane , Stein Dan J.
Published: November 2010

Background: Although there is a growing literature on internalized stigma from the developed world, very little research has been conducted in developing countries such as South Africa. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to describe the internalized stigma experienced by members of a mental health advocacy group in South Africa and relationships between self-stigma and other constructs, namely, empowerment, perceived devaluation and discrimination.

Methods: Self-administered questionnaires measuring respondents reported levels of internalized stigma, empowerment and perceived devaluation and discrimination were distributed to all the members of the South African Depression & Anxiety Group (SADAG) by post and via email. Of the 850 members invited to participate, 142 members of SADAG completed the questionnaire. Pearson correlations were computed and multiple regression analyses were carried out to analyse the data.

Results: The highest reports of stigma were for stigma resistance (mean = 2.9), alienation (mean = 2.47) and perceived discrimination (mean = 2.24). Low levels of stereotype endorsement (mean = 1.77) and social withdrawal (mean = 1.22) were reported. Although respondents often felt that the public held negative attitudes towards individuals suffering with a mental illness (perceived devaluation and discrimination scale (PDD), mean = 2.95), a majority of respondents reported high levels of empowerment (mean = 3.0) and self-efficacy (mean = 2.47). After controlling for socio-demographic factors, higher scores on the PDD were associated with social withdrawal and having experienced discrimination.

Conclusion: Internalization of stigma, disempowerment and loss of self-esteem are not inevitable consequences for all individuals with a mental illness. Nevertheless, perceived stigma is significantly associated with social withdrawal and experienced discrimination.
Randomized Study of Surgical Prophylaxis in Immunocompromised Hosts
Authors: Lopes D.R. , Peres M.P.S.M. , Levin A.S.
Published: November 2010

Although prophylaxis is current practice, there are no randomized controlled studies evaluating preoperative antimicrobial prophylaxis in dental procedures in patients immunocompromised by chemotherapy or organ transplants. To evaluate prophylaxis in dental-invasive procedures in patients with cancer or solid organ transplants, 414 patients were randomized to receive one oral 500-mg dose 2 hours before the procedure (1-dose group) or a 500-mg dose 2 hours before the procedure and an additional dose 8 hours later (2-dose group). Procedures were exodontia or periodontal scaling/root planing. Follow-up was 4 weeks. No deaths or surgical site infections occurred. Six patients (1.4%) presented with use of pain medication > 3 days or hospitalization during follow-up: 4 of 207 (2%) in the 1-dose group and 2 of 207 (1%) in the 2-dose group (relative risk, 2.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.37-11.15). In conclusion, no statistically significant difference occurred in outcome using 1 or 2 doses of prophylactic amoxicillin for invasive dental procedures in immunocompromised patients.
Non-syndromic Oligodontia with a Novel Mutation of PAX9
Authors: Suda N. , Ogawa T. , Kojima T. , Saito C. , Moriyama K.
Published: November 2010

Agenesis of the permanent teeth is a congenital anomaly that is frequently seen in humans. Oligodontia is a severe type of tooth agenesis involving 6 or more congenitally missing teeth, excluding the third molars. Previous studies have indicated that mutations in the homeobox gene MSX1, paired domain transcription factor PAX9, and EDA are associated with non-syndromic oligodontia. This study reports a Japanese family (eight of 14 family members affected) with non-syndromic oligodontia who preferentially lacked molar teeth. In this family, a novel frameshift mutation (321_322insG) was identified in the paired domain of PAX9. The frameshift mutation caused altered amino acids in the paired domain and premature termination of translation by 26 amino acids. When transfected into COS-7 cells, the mRNA expression of 321_322insG PAX9 was comparable with that of wild-type PAX9. However, the mRNA of 321_322insG PAX9 was more unstable than that of wild-type PAX9. This mRNA instability caused a marked decrease in protein production, as evaluated by Western blot analysis and immunostaining. These findings suggest that the 321_322insG mutation causes insufficient function of PAX9 protein and haploinsufficiency as a genetic model of familial non-syndromic oligodontia with a PAX9 mutation.
Critiquing Empirical Moral Psychology
Authors: Huebner Bryce
Published: November 2010

Thought experimental methods play a central role in empirical moral psychology. Against the increasingly common interpretation of recent experimental data, I argue that such methods cannot demonstrate that moral intuitions are produced by reflexive computations that are implicit, fast, and largely automatic. I demonstrate, in contrast, that evaluating thought experiments occurs at a near-glacial pace relative to the speed at which reflexive information processing occurs in a human brain. So, these methods allow for more reflective and deliberative processing than has commonly been assumed. However, these methods may still provide insight into some human strategies for navigating unfamiliar moral dilemmas.
There and Back Again: How Parental Experiences Affect Children’s Adjustments in the Course of Military Deployments
Authors: Andres Manon D. , Moelker René
Published: November 2010

As a consequence of various causes, numerous children are confronted with parental separation. By following families in the course of military deployments, this study aimed at enhancing knowledge on temporary father—child separation. Data were part of a longitudinal study of military families and were collected among Dutch service members and their partners before, during, and after a deployment to Bosnia or Afghanistan. Results revealed that the great majority of the children adapted quite well to the separation and reunion. Furthermore, the general well-being of the children, the mothers, and the fathers in the mission area was positively related. Unlike separation characteristics, maternal well-being was predictive of children’s adjustment in the course of paternal deployment. Hence, the findings underline the importance of helping spouses cope with the absences of service members as it increases the chances that children will also be doing well in the course of parental absence.
Is Government Consolidation the Answer?
Authors: Jimenez Benedict S. , Hendrick Rebecca
Published: November 2010

The Great Recession that started in late 2007 is threatening to alter the local government landscape in the United States. With the steep decline in property and sales taxes, a number of state governments are now reviewing how their local government systems can be restructured to improve service delivery. Scholars from two camps—the advocacy of regional versus multiple centers of local government—have proposed contrasting visions of how the local public sector should be organized. The century-old debate between regionalists and localists has generated a considerable body of theoretical and empirical literature from which state governments can draw as they consider the most effective way of organizing their local governments. This essay discusses the different arguments for local government fragmentation versus consolidation, reviews the empirical evidence, and identifies future areas of research. It focuses on the impacts of the local public sector structure on service delivery, social class and racial segregation, and urban sprawl.
Emerging Infectious Disease/Emerging forms of Biological Sovereignty
Authors: Stephenson Niamh
Published: November 2010

Public health responses to emerging infectious disease (EID) rarely try to interrupt the mobility of goods and information. Rather, designed under the rubric of ‘‘public health security,’’ they extend the rationale of free circulation through efforts to intensify movement and communication between international agencies, national health (and defence) departments, and the pharmaceutical industry. In this way, public health security extends postliberal modes of transnational regulation. This article examines an unfolding scenario which is testing public health’s fidelity to the ethos of international trade agreements: Indonesia has withdrawn from the World Health Organization’s (WHO) ‘‘virus-sharing’’ scheme because WHO has facilitated the use of Indonesian samples of H5N1 for the commercial development of potentially profitable vaccines without consultation with the Indonesian labs in which they originated. It has been argued that the Indonesian move is one that contests the current securitization of global health. However, I argue that what we are witnessing is the process of emergence of a distinct form of biological sovereignty in the form of rival global health security aggregates, each working to inject a new form of postliberal sovereignty into the field of global public health.
Attentional bias in smokers: exposure to dynamic smoking cues in contemporary movies
Authors: Lochbuehler Kirsten , Voogd Hubert , Scholte Ron HJ , Engels Rutger CME
Published: November 2010

Research has shown that smokers have an attentional bias for pictorial smoking cues. The objective of the present study was to examine whether smokers also have an attentional bias for dynamic smoking cues in contemporary movies and therefore fixate more quickly, more often and for longer periods of time on dynamic smoking cues than non-smokers. By drawing upon established methods for assessing attentional biases for pictorial cues, we aimed to develop a new method for assessing attentional biases for dynamic smoking cues. We examined smokers’ and non-smokers’ eye movements while watching a movie clip by using eye-tracking technology. The sample consisted of 16 smoking and 17 non-smoking university students. Our results confirm the results of traditional pictorial attentional bias research. Smokers initially directed their gaze more quickly towards smoking-related cues ( p = 0.01), focusing on them more often ( p = 0.05) and for a longer duration ( p = 0.01) compared with non-smokers. Thus, smoking cues in movies directly affect the attention of smokers. These findings indicate that the effects of dynamic smoking cues, in addition to other environmental smoking cues, need to be taken into account in smoking cessation therapies in order to increase successful smoking cessation and to prevent relapses.
The Distinct Roles of Sociometric and Perceived Popularity in Friendship
Authors: Litwack Scott D. , Aikins Julie Wargo , Cillessen Antonius H. N.
Published: November 2010

The primary goal of this study was to examine the similarities and distinctions between two types of popularity, sociometric and perceived, in their associations with friendship characteristics and how they in turn are related to depressive affect and self-esteem. Among 245 eighth graders, sociometric popularity was associated with a greater number of reciprocated friendships characterized by lower rates of conflict, whereas perceived popularity was related to both more friendship support and conflict. Friendship conflict mediated the association of sociometric popularity with depressive affect for both boys and girls and with self-esteem for boys. Perceived popularity was uniquely related to decreases in depressive affect and increases in self-esteem, adding to the prediction of adolescent friendship characteristics. Results evidence the discriminant validity of sociometric and perceived popularity in their associations with friendship factors and their implications for depressive affect and self-esteem.
Clinical and Radiographic Predictors of Intra-articular Hip Disease in Arthroscopy
Authors: Nepple Jeffrey J. , Carlisle John C. , Nunley Ryan M. , Clohisy John C.
Published: November 2010

Background: The arthroscopic treatment of intra-articular hip disease and associated structural abnormalities continues to evolve. Nevertheless, contemporary diagnostic tools have significant limitations in predicting severity of disease preoperatively.

Hypothesis: Clinical characteristics and radiographic parameters correlate with and predict intra-articular disease patterns in patients undergoing hip arthroscopy.

Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods: In sum, 355 hips in 338 patients undergoing hip arthroscopy by a single surgeon were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical characteristics and radiographic findings (on anteroposterior pelvis and frog lateral radiographs) of mild dysplasia, cam, and pincer-type femoroacetabular impingement were compared with intraoperative labral and chondral disease patterns.

Results: Labral tears were present in 90.1% of hips, and acetabular cartilage lesions were present in 67.3%, including 41.7% with grade 3 or 4 chondromalacia. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found male sex, older age (<30, 30-50, >50 years old), Tönnis osteoarthritis grade, and alpha angle >50° on frog lateral radiograph to be independently associated with increased risk of grade 3 or 4 acetabular chondromalacia (all P < .001). Insidious onset of pain (in contrast to acute onset) was independently associated with the presence of acetabular chondromalacia ( P = .002). Cam-type femoroacetabular impingement (alpha angle >50°) was strongly associated with more severe labral disease ( P < .001). Findings of acetabular dysplasia and pincer femoroacetabular impingement did not remain significantly associated with acetabular chondral disease in the multivariate analysis.

Conclusion: Several clinical and radiographic characteristics—most notably, male sex, older age, Tönnis grade, and elevated alpha angle—are associated with more severe intra-articular hip disease. The recognition of these associations between clinical and radiographic characteristics and hip disease patterns is important for patient selection, surgical planning, and patient counseling.
Return to the Preinjury Level of Competitive Sport After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Surgery
Authors: Ardern Clare L. , Webster Kate E. , Taylor Nicholas F. , Feller Julian A.
Published: November 2010

Background: An athlete’s desire to return to sport after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is a major indication for ACL reconstruction surgery. Typical clearance to return is 6 to 12 months postoperatively.

Purpose: To investigate the return-to-sport rate and participation level of a large cohort at 12 months after ACL reconstruction surgery.

Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods: Data were analyzed for 503 patients who participated in competitive-level Australian football, basketball, netball, or soccer after ACL reconstruction surgery using a quadruple-strand hamstring autograft. Inclusion criteria included participation in competitive sport before the ACL injury and clearance from the orthopaedic surgeon to return to sport postoperatively. Patients completed a self-report questionnaire regarding preoperative and postoperative sports participation and the Cincinnati Sports Activity Scale. The International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) knee evaluation form and hop tests were used to evaluate knee function.

Results: Sixty-seven percent of patients attempted some form of sports activity by 12 months postoperatively; 33% attempted competitive sport. Of those who did not attempt any sports activity by 12 months, 47% indicated that they were planning to return. Men were significantly more likely than women to return. Patients who played sports with a seasonal competition, versus a year-round competition, were significantly more likely to return by 12 months. Patients with normal postoperative knee function (IKDC category A), versus those with nearly normal function (IKDC category B), were no more likely to return, but patients with good hop test results (≥85% limb symmetry index) were more likely to return than patients with poor results (<85%).

Conclusion: People may require a longer postoperative rehabilitation period than that typically advocated to facilitate a successful return to competitive sport after ACL reconstruction surgery. The relationship between postoperative knee function and return-to-sport outcomes at 12 months after surgery was inconclusive.
The Index of Innovation: A New Tool for Regional Analysis
Authors: Slaper Timothy F. , Hart Nicholas R. , Hall Tanya J. , Thompson Michael F.
Published: November 2010

Attempts to create an index of innovation have focused almost exclusively on countries or states. These existing indices also weigh various drivers of innovation equally without regard to their relative effect on economic development. This article has two distinct parts. In Part I the authors develop an index of innovation at the county level. They describe the rationale for selecting innovation measures based on the literature. This section goes into detail about measures and data. Part II statistically analyzes the data for all U.S. counties to assess the relative importance of the innovation factors on GDP-per-worker growth. The researchers also investigate whether the relative importance of the drivers of innovation differ depending on county scale and other characteristics that are often used to differentiate rural from urban. Initial analysis suggests that innovation influences can vary depending on the size of the county and the rural—urban divide.
From Milgram to Zimbardo: the double birth of postwar psychology/psychologization
Authors: De Vos Jan
Published: November 2010

Milgram’s series of obedience experiments and Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment are probably the two best-known psychological studies. As such, they can be understood as central to the broad process of psychologization in the postwar era. This article will consider the extent to which this process of psychologization can be understood as a simple overflow from the discipline of psychology to wider society or whether, in fact, this process is actually inextricably connected to the science of psychology as such. In so doing, the article will argue that Milgram’s and Zimbardo’s studies are best usefully understood as twin experiments. Milgram’s paradigm of a psychology which explicitly draws its subject into the frame of its own discourse can be said to be the precondition of Zimbardo’s claim that his experiment offers a window onto the crucible of human behaviour. This will be analysed by drawing on the Lacanian concepts of acting out and passage à l’acte. The question then posed is: if both Milgram and Zimbardo claim that their work has emancipatory dimensions — a claim maintained within mainstream psychology — does a close reading of the studies not then reveal that psychology is, rather, the royal road to occurrences such as Guantanamo and Abu Ghraib? The drama of a psychology which is fundamentally based on a process of psychologization is that it turns its subjects into homo sacer of psychological discourse.
Durkheim, Jamesian pragmatism and the normativity of truth
Authors: Schmaus Warren
Published: November 2010

In his lectures on pragmatism presented in the academic year 1913—14 at the Sorbonne, Durkheim argued that James’s pragmatist theory of truth, due to its emphasis on individual satisfaction, was unable to account for the obligatory, necessary and impersonal character of truth. But for Durkheim to make this charge is only to raise the question whether he himself could account for the morally obligatory or normative character of truth. Although rejecting individualism may be necessary for explaining the existence of norms, it is not sufficient. I argue that Durkheim never succeeded in providing a full account of normativity. Of course, this is a problem that remains unresolved today. Nevertheless, Durkheim took an important step beyond James in recognizing the insufficiency of his individualist account of truth.
Perceptual Organization Without Perception
Authors: Rosenthal Orna , Humphreys Glyn W.
Published: November 2010

A critical step in visual perceptual processing is integrating local visual elements into contours so that shapes can be derived from them. It is often assumed that contour integration may reflect hardwired coding of low-level visual features. In this study, we present novel evidence indicating that integration of local elements into contours can be learned subliminally, despite being irrelevant to the training task and despite the local properties of the display varying randomly during training. Learning occurred only when contours were consistently paired with task-relevant targets—echoing the findings of previous studies on subliminal learning of low-level features. Our data indicate that task-irrelevant, exposure-based learning extends beyond local low-level visual features and may play a critical role at multiple levels of visual perceptual organization.
Where is the ‘Women’s Community?’ Voices of Lesbian, Bisexual, and Queer Women and Heterosexual Sisters
Authors: Rothblum Esther
Published: November 2010

Sixty women (28 lesbian, 19 bisexual, three queer, and 10 heterosexual) were interviewed about their definition of and connection to ‘community’. Women across sexual identities defined community according to support, similarity to others, physical proximity, and interlocking circles of closeness from family, friends, and lovers outwards to acquaintances and organizations. Regarding women’s connection to community, founders started their own groups and organizations. The majority of lesbian and bisexual women were finders who joined organizations and identified community. Yet bisexual women often felt marginalized within lesbian organizations. Heterosexual women were more connected to family and religious organizations but also more likely to be flounderers, those who felt isolated or marginalized from community. Whereas there are now extensive organizations and activities in the USA for women who identify as lesbian, bisexual, or queer, many women were also part of ‘mainstream’ organizations. Nevertheless, a number of women feel excluded or isolated from community, and this has implications for their needs for connectedness.
RETRACTED ‘But you might be damaging your baby’: Constructing choice and risk in labour and childbirth
Authors: Horton-Salway Mary , Locke Abigail
Published: November 2010

RETRACTED
Networking expertise: Discursive coalitions and collaborative networks of experts in a public creationism controversy in the UK
Authors: Allgaier Joachim
Published: November 2010

Experts do play a particular role in public socio-scientific debates, even more so if they form heterogeneous coalition with other actors and experts. A case study about a public science education controversy surrounding the teaching of evolution/creationism in the UK press is used to investigate in detail how connections and coalitions between experts and other actors involved in the controversy emerged and played out. The research focuses on the question of what role collaborative and other networks of experts played in terms of influence, visibility, credibility, consensus and weight of argument. Issues that are considered in the research are the status of the members of the coalitions forming during the debate and how it is displayed in media representations and letters and petitions, and also how these networks and coalitions of experts perform in relation to each other.
Engaging schools in the science of low-energy buildings
Authors: Charnley Fiona , Fleming Paul , Dowsett Tony , Fleming Margaret , Cook Malcolm , Mill Greig
Published: November 2010

This article explores the relationship between the previous UK government’s initiative to rebuild and renew secondary schools, and the requirement for improved education for sustainable development in the UK. The documented research utilized a number of mechanisms to engage with pupils in Leicester city schools to increase their awareness, knowledge and understanding of the science and engineering associated with the design and operation of low-energy school buildings. Workshops, discussions with energy and sustainable development experts and inspirational visits to existing low-energy buildings were employed to develop an appreciation for the importance of energy efficiency and best design practice. The results demonstrate an increase in pupils’ knowledge and understanding of low-energy school design and additionally a rise in those pupils who are interested in science and would consider it as a career option.