bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between Hyperhomocysteinemia and Ultrasonographic Atherosclerotic Indices of Carotid Arteries in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Grekas Dimitrios , Economou Hippoliti , Makedou Areti , Destanis Evagelos , Theodoridou Ageliki , Avdelidou Afrodite , Demitriadis Athanasios , Tourkantonis Achilles
Published: August 2005

Background: Atherosclerotic cardiovascular events are a major cause of morbidity and the main cause of mortality in hemodialysis patients. Hyperhomocysteinemia – which is a consistent finding in uremic patients – is considered an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the relationship between plasma homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations and atherosclerotic CVD has not been extensively investigated. Patients and Methods: 37 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis and 30 healthy individuals (control group), sex- and age-matched, were included in this study. Both healthy controls and hemodialysis patients underwent echo-Doppler carotid artery examination. The right and left carotid arteries were assessed separately. Our observation included measurements of the ultrasound images of the intimal wall thickness, the lumen diameter and the atherosclerotic plaques. We determined plasma Hcy, vitamin B12 and folic acid levels and serum cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, ApoA-I, ApoB-100, Lp(a), CRP, albumin and creatinine levels in blood samples from both studied groups. We also determined the urea reduction ratio in the patient groups. The epidemiological as well as the biochemical data were correlated with the findings of the carotid artery examination. Results: Plasma Hcy levels were significantly increased in hemodialysis patients compared to controls (33 ± 12.3 vs. 12.27 ± 7.47 µmol/l, p < 0.001). Intimal wall thickness, lumen diameter and number of atherosclerotic plaques of both carotid arteries were significantly higher (p < 0.01 or p < 0.001) in patients compared to controls. There was a significant positive correlation between plasma Hcy levels and the number of the atherosclerotic plaques (r = 0.41, p < 0.01 in the right and r = 0.49, p < 0.001 in the left carotid artery). Lumen diameter was significantly (p < 0.01) associated with age, MAP and CRP levels. Significant correlations (p = 0.05–0.01) were also found between the number of the plaques and age as well as the duration of hemodialysis, while folic acid levels were inversely correlated with the number of the plaques. Conclusions: Both hyperhomocysteinemia and atherosclerotic indices of the carotid arteries are more prevalent in hemodialysis patients compared to healthy controls. Elevated plasma Hcy levels were associated with the carotid artery atherosclerotic indices in chronic hemodialysis patients.
Serum C-reactive Protein Level Is Associated with Renal Function and It Affects Echocardiographic Cardiovascular Disease in Pre-Dialysis Patients
Authors: Ateş Kenan , Yilmaz Özgür , Kutlay Sim , Ateş Aşkın , Nergizoğlu Gökhan , Ertürk Şehsuvar
Published: August 2005

Background: Relevance of serum CRP for morbidity and mortality in pre-dialysis patients has not been assessed extensively. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of elevated serum CRP in pre-dialysis patients and to identify the factors that associate with serum CRP. We were also evaluated the effects of serum CRP on cardiovascular disease, anemia, and nutritional markers. Methods: One hundred and eight pre-dialysis patients with a mean creatinine clearance (CrCl) of 30.1 ml/min were included in the study. Data collected from each patient included demographics, co-morbidity, medications, blood pressures, blood biochemistry including serum CRP, renal function, and echocardiography. Results: Serum CRP was elevated (>5 mg/l) in 43 patients (39.8%). There was a negative correlation between serum CRP and CrCl (r = –0.370, p < 0.001). CrCl was the unique independent factor affecting serum CRP. Serum CRP was an independent factor affecting left ventricular mass index, fractional shortening, serum albumin and hematocrit in multivariate analyses. Conclusions: Prevalence of elevated serum CRP in pre-dialysis patients is high. Reduced renal clearance of CRP and/or cytokines may contribute to the inflammatory status. Elevated serum CRP is an important cause of morbidity in pre-dialysis patients.
Incontinentia pigmenti in Combination with Decreased IgG Subclass Concentrations in a Female Newborn
Authors: Pauly Eva , Linderkamp Otwin , Pöschl Johannes
Published: August 2005

Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is a rare neurocutaneous disorder caused by mutations in the NEMO (NF-ĸB essential modulator) gene. Skin lesions are typically the first manifestation of IP though they may be accompanied by multiple malformations. This report presents the case of a female newborn with early onset of IP lesions within the 1st day of life. After the age of 1 month she developed frequent episodes of severe gastroenteritis. Examination of the immune system revealed low concentrations of IgG subclasses. This study suggests that, contrary to previous belief, IP is associated with immune deficiency.
The Effects of Subordinates' Behaviour on Managerial Style
Authors: Crowe Bruce J. , Bochner Stephen , Clark Alfred W.
Published: August 2005

A manager faced with variations in subordinates' behaviour will accommodate his behaviour to fit the interpersonal circumstances. This will happen even if it means reversing a stated preference for a particular managerial style. This hypothesis was tested in a laboratory experiment. Subjects acted as managers working with subordinates to devise an itinerary for a visiting head office executive. In a 2 x 2 design, democratic and autocratic managers, classified according to scores on a leadership belief scale, were assigned both democratic and autocratic subordinates. On observing their responses, it was found that both types of managers behaved democratically with democratic subordinates and autocratically with autocratic subordinates. The results show that subordinates' influence is strong enough to bring about a response from managers that is opposite to their own preference. The influence of subordinates, therefore, must be included in theories that seek to understand the manager-subordinate relationship. It is suggested that the concept of interpersonal accommodation may be useful in describing reciprocal influence.
Identification and Personal Learning in T-Groups
Authors: Peters David R.
Published: August 2005

The importance and impact of the practice of laboratory training have been increasingly recognized in recent years. However, as with most innovatory techniques of social change, invention and creativeness in practice have far outstripped our systematic knowledge of the internal dynamics of laboratory training and its results. Several general models suggest broad stages of group development or list some conditions of personal learning-although seldom have these models been accompanied by systematic research. However, as several reviews have noted (Stock, 1964; Schein & Bennis, 1965; Lieberman et al, 1969) these general models do not seem to deal adequately with the intrapersonal dynamics of the learning process and the phenomenology of the participant. This research project aimed to examine some fundamental questions: how, more precisely, do people learn in laboratory training; what dynamic mechanisms and specific theory of learning are involved; and what relation does this personal learning process have to the interpersonal context of the group and particularly to the trainers
Some Developmental Correlates of Scarcity
Authors: Williams Lawrence K.
Published: August 2005

Investigating the 'culture of poverty' is currently in vogue. Given the recent focus on the poor within the United States, the values, family structure, and behavior of the poor are being examined and re-examined. If nothing else, this activity seems to be uncovering the fact that the poor in the United States are not unlike the poor of many other cultures. Most of the research has been, and is, centered on the adult; in particular, on the discrepancies between the adult poor and the 'Protestant ethic' middle class society as it is reflected, if not in the reality of the middle class itself, at least in the mind of the reseacher.

This paper explores the development and maintenance of the value system associated with the poor by focusing on the concept of scarcity.2 Further, it attempts to explain the transmission of these values through child-training activities; that is, to dig beneath the vague concept of socialization. The base for the research reported here is in Peru. Learning theory models are examined, along with more anthropological and sociological perspectives. The essential elements for combining these diverse viewpoints involve the concepts of predictability and control of the environment.
Retroactive Inhibition of Cognitive Dissonance by Increasing Intensity of Counter-advocacy
Authors: Touhey John C.
Published: August 2005

To examine the applicability of Bern's self-perception theory to the reversal of cognitive dissonance, subjects wrote counter-attitudinal essays under conditions of high and low choice and were provided either no feedback or bogus feedback designed to increase their judgments of the strength, effectiveness and extremeness of their counter-advocacy. Bogus feedback reversed 74 per cent of the attitude change shown by subjects who wrote under conditions of high choice without feedback. Low choice subjects in both feedback conditions and control subjects showed no change. The findings are interpreted in terms of communicator credibility and it is proposed that additional variables identified by the self-perception theory might effectively inhibit attitude changes induced by cognitive dissonance.
The Physical Correlates of Variety in Work
Authors: Dickson John W.
Published: August 2005

The level of variety in work in four shop floor work situations was investigated by means of semi-structured interviews with the workers. Variety was found to occur mainly at the level of batches (that is work units of one to two hours duration) and was generally unimportant in other periods of time. Discretion in work enabled the job occupants to possess more variety in work through allowing different responses to the same stimuli of the work situation. Preferences for different levels of variety were affected by such features of the work situation as bonus earnings and individual levels of skill on particular tasks.
Factors Influencing Intentions and the Intention-Behavior Relation
Authors: Ajzen Icek , Fisbbein Martin
Published: August 2005

Communicative and compliance behaviors of subjects working in three-person groups were predicted. Consistent with Fishbein's modified version of Dulany's theory of propositional control, subjects' intentions to perform these behaviors correlated highly with their attitudes toward the behaviors and with their normative beliefs about the behaviors, multiplied by their motivation to comply with the norms. Behavioral intentions correlated significantly with behavior, although intervening events were found to attenuate the intention-behavior relation. Measuring intentions after these intervening events had occurred, or taking the intervening events into account, was shown to improve behavioral prediction. These findings were compared with prediction of behavior from traditional attitude measures.
Expectancy Theory in Work and Motivation: Some Logical and Methodological Issues
Authors: Wabba Mabmoud A. , House Robert J.
Published: August 2005

The development of expectancy theory is described and 14 alternative models of expectancy are contrasted. It is argued that the essence of the theory in work and motivation is the choice of work behavior. As such, it is shown that the present formulation of theory in industrial and organizational psychology, and consequently the empirical research based on it, ignores the rationality assumptions underlying this choice behavior. Some of these assumptions are specified. It is pointed out that the major constructs of the theory (expectancy and valence) lack the necessary theoretical classification. Several issues in need for further research are discussed. The concept of instrumentality is found to be ambiguous and difficult to operationalize. Finally, it is shown that the typical formulation of the theory is based on optimization choice criteria (maximizing or satisficing) and the empirical validity of these criteria is questioned. Alternative criteria are proposed. The empirical findings in the field are interpreted in light of the discussion.
Towards an Array of Organizational Control Modalities
Authors: Sutherland John W.
Published: August 2005

This paper explores the proposition that environmental field properties tend to determine both the structural and behavioral aspects of the organizations resident in the fields. In what is largely a speculative exercise then, I attempt to define four ideal-type environmental fields, from which four ideal-type organizations may be derived. To lend the analysis some prescriptive or operational significance for the social theorist, I then attempt to show why there is a unique organizational control modality appropriate for each of the ideal-types. Finally, these four organizational control modalities will be shown to be potentially useful as cornerstones for a generalized theory of organizational behavior.
Factors of Satisfaction and Importance in an Academic Setting
Authors: Amir Yehuda , Krausz Mosbe
Published: August 2005

In order to examine aspects of Herzberg's two-factor theory of satisfaction in an academic setting, 262 students were studied. Specific aims of the study were: (a) identification of Motivation and Hygiene variables in an academic setting, and examination of the relationship between them; (b) identification of factors of importance and satisfaction, and examination of the similarity between them. The results do not support Herzberg's notion that gratification of Motivation factors contributes principally to the presence of satisfaction whereas non-gratification of Hygiene factors creates dissatisfaction. Furthermore, no support was found for the two-factor theory based on the factor analysis of satisfaction items. However, importance of satisfaction items could easily be divided into Motivation and Hygiene factors, suggesting that the two-factor theory may be more suited to the importance of variables than to satisfaction with them.
Effects of Medium of Communication on Experimental Negotiation
Authors: Short J. A.
Published: August 2005

Pairs of subjects performed a simple negotiation task over one of three media of communication (face-to-face, closed circuit television, or a loud-speaking audio link). One person was required to argue a case which was consonant with his personal views; the other person was required to argue a case that bore no necessary relationship to his personal views. Medium of communication had a significant effect on the outcome of the negotiation: the side whose case was consonant with his personal views was more successful under face-to-face than under audio-only communication. Results in the video condition resembled those in the face-to-face condition. The findings are interpreted in terms of a greater emphasis on interpersonal considerations (as opposed to interparty considerations) in face-to-face discussions than in audio discussions.
Parental Permissiveness as Perceived by the Offspring and the Degree of Marijuana Usage Among Offspring
Authors: Hunt Deryl G.
Published: August 2005

This survey research, using typological and cross-tabulation procedures with a randomly selected sample of 563 black and white, primarily Catholic-democratic middle-class, undergraduate students from a northern urban university, explored and analyzed the relationships between perceived parental permissiveness (laissez-faire, autocratic, quasi-democratic, and democratic) and the degree of marijuana usage (high, medium and low) among offspring. The following hypotheses were tested and found to obtain: (1) Perceived laissez-faire parent-child relationships lead to high marijuana usage by offspring; (2) Perceived autocratic parent-child relationships lead to medium use of marijuana by offspring; (3) Perceived quasi-democratic parent-child relationships lead to low marijuana usage by offspring; and (4) Perceived democratic parent-child relationships lead to low marijuana usage. In addition, a summary of four intervening variables, age (16-18, 19 and above) sex, race (black, white) and peer group orientation (strong, moderate, weak) were documented via the literature to correlate with marijuana usage, yielded 36 sub-hypotheses, of which 29 were confirmed.
An Integrative Balance Notation for the Attractiveness-Persuasiveness Relationship in Persuasive Communication Versus Forced Compliance
Authors: Kaplan Kalman J. , Baron Reuben M.
Published: August 2005

The present paper attempts to employ aspects of the incentive-dissonance controversy regarding the effects of monetary reward in a discussion of the relationship between the likeability or attractiveness of a source and his persuasiveness. To this end 'persuasive communication' and 'forced compliance' are distinguished as two paradigms of social influence. The case is made that a positive attractiveness-persuasiveness relationship follows an incentive rule and has been most strongly supported in the persuasive communication context. In contrast, a negative attractiveness-persuasiveness relation follows a dissonance rule and emerges from the forced-compliance literature. Balance terminology is utilized to molecularly analyze this problem, the separation of 'liking' and 'unit' relations being especially useful in our attempts to diagram the dynamics of forced compliance. Such analysis allows a diagrammatical comparison of the persuasive communication and forced compliance paradigms. In general, our interpretation suggests that the traditional 'positive product' rule for balance is best applied to the persuasive communication paradigm while a 'negative product' rule is most profitably applied to the forced compliance paradigm. What mediates these diverse situations, we suggest, is the formation of a personal unit relation (i.e., p produces the discrepant event through his own actions). Antecedents to personal unit formation are discussed for both paradigms as are applications of our analysis to the general dissonance-incentive controversy.
Political Sociology in the United States: A Case Study of Theoretical Change and Continuity
Authors: Wasburn Philo C.
Published: August 2005

Political sociology is viewed as an interdisciplinary hybrid rather than as a subfield of sociology. Nevertheless, some of the basic features of research in political sociology conducted in the United States are those characteristic of American sociology in general. American political sociology has emphasized social-psychological research and has focused on the conditions of the stability of Western political democracies. These and certain other related orientations have handicapped the analysis of protest, violence, change and the political development of non-industrial societies.

Confronted by the spectre of worldwide vehement political protest, conflict and change, political sociology seems likely to develop new paradigms to deal with such phenomena. Such paradigms may direct greater attention to the works of anthropologists, economists and traditional political scientists. The paradoxical result would be that American political sociology would appear to become increasingly interdisciplinary while actually establishing itself more firmly within the intellectual tradition within which Western sociology originated.
Interpersonal Style and the Communication Dilemma: I. Managerial Implications of the Johari Awareness Model
Authors: Hall Jay
Published: August 2005

The Johari Awareness Model of interpersonal processes was explored as a paradigm for research into interpersonal style and communication practices in organizations. Data from 1,000 managers and 115 MBA graduate students regarding their use of Exposure and Feedback processes in relationships with subordinates, colleagues, and superiors were obtained via the Personnel Relations Survey. In addition, data regarding personality traits were gathered using the MMPI, CPI, and Famous Sayings tests; and information about managerial style preferences was gained from the Styles of Management Inventory. Investigations of the effects of role relationships, managerial orientation, and personality traits on interpersonal processes were made. A number of significant multivariate effects were found suggesting that the Johari model may be a viable tool for dealing with personalistic aspects of the communication dilemma in human systems.
Interaction in Violence
Authors: Shoham S. Giora , Ben-David Sarah , Rahav Giora
Published: August 2005

The aim of the study is the examination of the actual process of eruption of the violent act.

The study, therefore, concentrates on a stimulus-response interaction and examines the nature of the provocation, the nature of the reaction, and the relationship between the two factors. These three components constitute one cycle, and each cycle acts as a stimulus to the subsequent one.

If the first cycle of interaction is not clear to the parties, the interaction will tend to escalate in its intensity until the meaning of Alter's action is clarified; then, if it is perceived as provoking it could erupt into violence. Or, if Alter's meaning was finally defined by Ego as neutral or friendly, the tension will subside and jocular friendship might ensue. However, if the interaction is still ambiguous, the initial cycles might be forgotten, and the subsequent cycles, even if ambiguous, will be defined as provoking, and violence may erupt.
Encounter Groups: Their Effect on Rigidity
Authors: Hoerl Richard T.
Published: August 2005

In the study reported here, mean scores of the Flexibility and Tolerance for Ambiguity scales of the CPI did not increase significantly following encounter group training. It was found however, that people who sign up for encounter groups are already significantly more flexible than people who do not come to encounter groups. It can be seen then, that the significance of the treatment effect depends more on who goes (volunteers vs. non volunteers) rather than what happens (lecture vs. encounter groups.)
An Improved Measure of Structural Balance
Authors: Stix Allen H.
Published: August 2005

This paper describes the properties an index of balance must have for social scientific acceptability; illustrates the shortcomings of the two available measures of overall structural balance, Harary's it and Flament's b; and advances a new measure, B.
Rejection of the Retiree Role: A Study of Female Industrial Workers in Their 50's
Authors: Jacobson Dan
Published: August 2005

Inferences from previous studies on the meaning of work and retirement for older female blue-collar workers are reviewed. Data are reported on willingness to retire and several related attitudinal variables with particular reference to differences between semi-skilled female and male subjects who approach retirement age. Results show that female subjects are less likely to be positively oriented toward retirement than are male Ss. For both sexes, reluctance to retire is associated with expected deprivations of a primarily extrinsic nature. However, among women work-based social ties emerge as the chief correlate of the wish to go on working. It is suggested that female Ss' pre-retirement attitudes are, in part, an extension of their degree of satisfaction with social attributes of the work situation. Their comparatively stronger inclination to remain employed may be affected by a changing life style which becomes less decisively centered on the home and its diminishing range of social options.
The Taxonomic Classification of Behaviors and Situations and the Problem of Behavior-Environment Congruence
Authors: Price Richard H.
Published: August 2005

Ss rated the appropriateness of each of a fixed sample of behaviors in each of a fixed sample of situations. A cluster analysis of the intercorrelations of situations across behaviors yielded four distinct and homogeneous situation clusters. A cluster analysis of the intercorrelations of behaviors across situations produced four homogeneous and distinct behavior clusters. The relationship between the situation clusters and behavior clusters was examined and indicated that certain behavior clusters were uniquely appropriate in certain situation clusters. The implications of these results for (a) the interpretation of behavior X situation interaction effects, (b) situational classification as a basis of scientific concept formation and, (c) the identification of instances of behavior-environment congruence were discussed.
Systems Models, Economic Models and the Causal Texture of Organizational Environments: An Approach to Macro-Organization Theory
Authors: Metcalfe J. L.
Published: August 2005

Using analogies from systems theory and economic theory, a more precise specification of the nature of the problem posed by 'turbulent' organizational environments is developed. This analysis points to the need for macro-organizational theory to explain the behaviour of complex interorganizational systems. Models from political theory are used as a basis for studying the integrative problems of pluralistic systems and the process of macro-organizational management. The role of 'second order' and 'network' organizations in developing the capacity of a system to formulate and implement 'macro-policies' is discussed.
Proxemics and Stress: An Empirical Study of the Relationship Between Living Space and Roommate Turnover
Authors: Rohner Ronald P.
Published: August 2005

Drawing upon prior work in animal and human proxemics as a general stimulus for .this research, we confirmed the hypothesis that male university students sharing rooms with twinbeds choose new roommates significantly more often than students sharing rooms with bunkbeds. All rooms were the same size and were provided by the university with the same basic furnishings. The critical difference in the two types of rooms appears to lie in the relatively greater living space and visual privacy gained by students in rooms with bunkbeds, one above the other in relation to the loss of visual privacy and more restricted space available to students in rooms with single beds lined against two walls.
Occupational Satisfaction of Farm Husbands and Wives
Authors: Bharadwaj Lakshmi K. , Wilkening Eugene A.
Published: August 2005

Data from a sample of 500 Wisconsin farm families provide only partial support for the hypothesis that husbands and wives derive their primary satisfaction with occupational success from aspirations and attainments in their respective role areas. Farm mechanization and level of living best predict the husband's satisfaction, while gross farm income is the single most important predictor of the wife's satisfaction. Also, among aspiration measures, it is the husband's home aspiration that is most predictive of his satisfaction, while his farm aspiration and not the wife's home aspiration best predicts the satisfaction of the wife. The results suggest that in evaluating occupational success the couples utilize different perceptual frameworks which reflect the relative salience of farm and family roles in their lives. The couple's goal orientations and interests do not simply reproduce culturally determined sex-role patterns.
On Structure and Process in Work Motivation
Authors: Solem Allen R.
Published: August 2005

Takes the position that work motivation may be viewed as a function of intellectual vs. emotional factors in behavior and relationships between them; the intellectual, reality factors providing situational structure and the emotional aspects yielding the energy supply. Four groups, technical and managerial, (N = 104) were sampled on favorable-unfavorable dimension of factual and objective current work experiences separately from the affective and emotional. Data analysis indicated (a) subjects readily made the distinction; (b) objective factors defined the situational structure; (c) ego-centered factors of interpersonal and object relations yielded emotional experiences; (d) skill may furnish important linkages between structural and emotional experiences. A framework and implications for analysis of work activities and experiences toward increased effectiveness and intrinsic satisfaction from work activity are discussed, together with lines of further current investigation.
Machiavellianism, Locus of Control, Aggression, Performance and Precautionary Behaviour in Ice Hockey
Authors: Russell Gordon W.
Published: August 2005

The sport of hockey served as a setting for the investigation of the relationships between both Machiavellianism and I-E locus of control and three behavioural indices of aggression. Physical aggression, challenge to authority, and total aggression were positively related to Mach V scores and I-E locus of control, the only exception being I-E and physical aggression. Goal scoring, as a performance measure, was positively related to challenge to authority and total aggression while assists were highly correlated with all measures of aggression and I-E locus of control. Measures of precautionary behaviour were generally unrelated to the scales.
Has the Research Challenge to Motivation—Hygiene Theory Been Conclusive? An Analysis of Critical Studies
Authors: Grigaliunas Ben , Wiener Yoash
Published: August 2005

Since its publication, Motivation-Hygiene (M-H) theory (Herzberg, Mausner and Snyderman, 1959) has made a wide impact on the field of job attitudes and motivation. The theory with its implications has produced a large following of proponents as well as a significant number of critics and has created a major controversy in the history of Industrial Psychology. In 1967, Whitsett and Winslow attempted a detailed analysis of research studies critical to M-H theory. They pointed out that many investigations were characterized by methodological flaws, misrepresentation of results and gross misunderstanding of M-H theory.

In the last several years, the number of critical articles has not declined. Some old flaws, pointed out by Whitsett and Winslow, have persisted and new issues have emerged. Many of the critical studies have concluded that M-H theory is not valid. Korman (1971), discussing it in a textbook, stated: 'Conclusions by Dunnette, Campbell, and Hakel (1967) based on their work, as well as that of Ewen, et al. (1966), among others, seem to have effectively laid the Herzberg theory to rest in terms of the degree to which it is supported by well-designed studies.' (p. 149).
Majority and Minority Perceptions and Behavior in Cross-Cultural Teams
Authors: Webber Ross A.
Published: August 2005

Four hundred and fifty-six students were constituted into 1 14 four-person cross-cultural teams in which the three man majority in each group were American White Males. An American White Female, American Black Male or Foreign Male was the single minority member. After 13 weeks of joint tasks, data on roles claimed for self and attributed to others were collected by questionnaire and essay. Interviews supplemented the questionnaire.

The American White Male majority claimed task leadership for themselves or attributed it to other AWM's. They perceived all minorities as generally following and contributing relatively little. In turn, most minority members did not claim leadership. Those few that did strive for leadership were usually rejected. American White Females tended to respond with complementary stereotypic behavior: they were relatively passive, claimed non-leadership, adhered to group norms and were cooperative. In contrast, American Black, European and Latin American Males tended to violate group norms and frequently to withdraw from the team. Japanese males remained active in their groups and tried to conform but were sometimes excluded by the majority.
Persuasiveness and Accent-Message Incompatibility
Authors: Powesland Peter , Giles Howard
Published: August 2005

An experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effect of a speaker's accent upon listeners' responses to a communication. Speeches in favour of and against the Industrial Relations Act 1971 were recorded by one speaker using (a) RP (received pronunciation) and (b) a regional accent. Each of four groups of predominantly RP-speaking subjects heard one of the four accent-message combinations. The version which was most effective in influencing subjects' opinions was the RP-accented speech against the Act. This result is discussed in terms of compatibility between message-content and speaker's accent, listeners' identification with the speaker and the discrepancy between the listeners' original attitudes and that advocated by the speaker.
Child Rearing and Education in the Synanon School
Authors: Gould Edward
Published: August 2005

This paper proposes to examine in some depth Synanon's innovative experiment in collective child rearing and education. A detailed description of the Synanon School is presented, including its history and development, organization, and census data on its 200 resident children by age, sex, race, and time in Synanon. The school's functioning is discussed with special emphasis on the following areas: (a) Synanon as a new, emerging self-contained community with its own life style and value system; (b) The educational concepts and philosophical tenets which underly Synanon, its school curriculum and practices; (c) Synanon's unique and extensive use of small group processes to foster change at the individual, social, and institutional levels; (d) Its child rearing practices, role of parents, utilization of many adults as parenting figures, and socialization techniques that rely extensively on peer group influences.

Frequent references are made to the Israeli Kibbutz system as an analagous model for communal child rearing and education. Differences and similarities between Synanon's emerging 'Community Parenting' model and the Kibbutz system are pointed out. Questions are also raised as to possible strengths and weakness of Synanon's approach to collective child rearing. The paper concludes with some observations on the significance and implications of Synanon's 'in vivo' experiment in alternative models of social organization, child rearing and education.
Effects of Video Tape Feedback and Modeling on the Behaviors of Task Group Members
Authors: Walter Gordon A.
Published: August 2005

This study tests the relative and combined merits of two behavior modification inputs for effecting predictable and productive task group behavior change. Two hundred and seventy-seven subjects, mostly between 20 and 27 years of age, acted in problem solving groups of five to seven members. Analysis of variance results indicate that video tape presentation of model groups and video tape feedback yield significant behavioral change. It is concluded that video tape feedback and modeling can be utilized in a constructively oriented behavior modification effort in a task group context.
Determinants of Supervisory Behavior: A Role Set Analysis
Authors: Pfeffer Jeffrey , Salancik Gerald R.
Published: August 2005

While most studies have examined the consequences of different supervisory behaviors, the present study examines some determinants of supervisory actions. It is argued that the behavior of the supervisor is constrained by the demands of others in his role set. It was found that the expectations of a supervisor's boss and those of his subordinates and peers accounted for a significant portion of the observed variation in behaviors across 53 supervisors in the housing division of a large state university. Further, the extent to which supervisors conformed to their bosses' expectations was related to the number of persons and the proportion of the time spent supervising, the demands to produce, the supervisor's sex, and the proportion of the decisions made by superiors. Multivariate analysis indicated that the expectations of subordinates were more important in influencing social behaviors, while the expectations of the bosses were more important in determining work-related behaviors. Results are discussed in terms of Weick's (1969) concept that individuals in an organization will interlock behaviors to obtain a stable mutually satisfying interaction.
Structural Balance and the Sociomatrix: Finding Triadic Valence Structures in Signed Adjacency Matrices
Authors: Sherwin Ronald G.
Published: August 2005

A taxonomy of triadic valence structures is developed in accordance with the concept of balance. In addition, a set of algorithms for finding each of the valence structures in signed adjacency matrices is presented. The algorithms have been incorporated in a computer program designed to reveal the triadic interaction structures of large groups.
The Effects of the Findings of the U.S. National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders: An Experimental Study of Attitude Change
Authors: Davis E. E. , Fine Margret
Published: August 2005

One hundred and nineteen white student Ss responded to semantic differential, behavioral differential, Likert scales and other measures tapping attitudes, perceptions and factual information relevant to the race riots of the mid to late 1960's. Items were factor analyzed and composite scores on the resulting factors were used in later analyses. Thirty-seven experimental Ss were given reading material containing a summary of the salient points made in the Kerner Commission Report. Twenty-nine controls received dummy reading material. The questionnaire was re-administered three weeks later to both groups. A number of significant shifts in attitudes were obtained; these were typically in a direction more consistent with the findings of the Kerner Commission Report, which advocated social change. Significant shifts occurred in Ss' evaluation of changing social policy as well as in their expression of behavioral intentions toward stimulus persons of both races who strongly favored civil rights action. Attitude shifts were accompanied by increases in factual information. Negative relationships between measures of racial prejudice and semantic differential evaluations of busing children to promote school integration (r =-.39; p<.001) and federal enforcement of open housing (r =-.47; p<.OOl) were obtained, suggesting that attitudes toward such issues are significantly related to racial prejudice. It was suggested that, as potential instruments of attitude change, reports of this and similar Commissions set up to study social problems and make recommendations for social policy should be studied to determine the extent of their impact on attitudes.
Images of Inequality in Sweden and Britain
Authors: Scase Richard
Published: August 2005

A number of writers have suggested that the institutions of industrial-capitalism are conducive to the development of false consciousness. This article investigates this claim by reference to a comparative study of attitudes towards the class structure among two groups of English and Swedish workers. It finds that the Swedish workers-compared with the English-have more realistic assessments about patterns of economic rewards but less accurate conceptions of mobility chances. It argues that these attitudes are a consequence-if only partly-of the meritocratic and egalitarian policies of the Swedish labour movement. Hence, it suggests that although capitalist societies may have various ideological and institutional similarities, there are other normative influences which contribute to important differences between them, particularly in terms of the level of workers' consciousness and general social awareness.
One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich: A Study of the Structural Requisites of Organization
Authors: McDonough John J.
Published: August 2005

The paper utilizes Solzhenitsyn's novel, One day in the life of Ivan Denisovich, to portray the operation of organization structure at its least understood level as a psychological artifact. The novel provides a rare opportunity to observe structure 'in action' at the level of the organizing scheme employed by the central character, Shukhov, in his quest for survival. The unencumbered view of structure in operation as a psychological artifact leads to an understanding of the paradox which organization structure presents to organization analysts and theoreticians.

The principal source of the paradox lies in an understanding of the transformation process which structure performs at the psychological level. The organizing power of structure lies in its ability to reduce a complex field of relationships into a manageable set of objects and categories. In the process of this transformation the very medium of thought is altered in a way that, by definition, obscures the field of relationships whose interplay defines the basic structural requisites of the situation. As a result, our understanding of structure either in relation to a given situation or as a phenomenon is distorted by the fact that it is the form which structure takes rather than the substantive function which it performs which draws our attention.

The paper concludes with the argument that an understanding of this paradox takes the mystique out of structure and provides the first step in the development of a conceptual scheme which will provide a basis for the more systematic study of structure.
Strategies of Administrative Control and Organizational Effectiveness
Authors: Reimann Bernard C. , Negandhi Anant R.
Published: August 2005

The results of a comparative study of thirty manufacturing firms in India indicated that the most effective organizations tended to choose a unidimensional strategy of administrative control. This strategy consisted of the use of formalized procedures to control decentralized decision-making with respect to both human and material resources. The least effective firms chose a similar strategy of control, however they emphasized mainly those procedures involving the control of material resources and tended to neglect their human resources in this respect. These results are interpreted as evidence in favor of normative theory of administrative control in organizations. The most effective strategy for maintaining indirect control over a decentralized decision-making process appears to be one which effectively integrates the rational material resource controls with the more intangible human resource control mechanisms.
Attitudes Towards Participation among Local Authority Employees
Authors: Lischeron Joe , Wall Toby D.
Published: August 2005

Employee attitudes towards participation in management decision-making is recognized as a subject which, though under researched, is of considerable contemporary importance. A questionnaire study of the attitudes of one hundred and twenty seven blue-collar employees leads to the following conclusions. First, whilst employees experience little participation they do express strong desires to be involved in decision-making. Second, the form of participation preferred depends upon the nature of the decision involved. In middle-management decision-making most employees would like to participate through personal contact with management; in top-management decisions employee representation is desired; and in pay related decisions participation through trade union representation is favoured. Finally, attitudes towards participation are positively related to job satisfaction. The usefulness of such questionnaire data as a starting point for the implementation of participative practices is discussed.
The Ability to Predict Workers' Preferences: Further Evidence
Authors: Brosnan Peter
Published: August 2005

This abstract reports a follow-up of an earlier survey of the ability of managers and trade union officers to predict workers' preferences. It was found that even when economic and social conditions change a good deal, and despite changes in individuals' preferences, the 'average union members' ' preferences for pay and fringe benefits remain remarkably constant. This being the case, the results of the earlier survey would have been an excellent source of information about workers' preferences. However the managers and union officers were unable to assess workers current preferences and the majority of persons who had predicted preferences in both surveys performed more badly in the second, most overestimating the limited changes in preferences which had occurred. It was concluded that those who work closest to the ordinary worker are less capable of deciphering the confusing array of information which they receive about him.
nAchievement, nPower and Effectiveness of Research and Development
Authors: Varga Karoly
Published: August 2005

The French Test of Insight was administered to 118 executives, scientists and engineers working on seventeen pharmaceutical and chemical industry R + D projects. Scoring was according to McClelland et al., nAch and Veroff nPow systems. The R + D projects were classified as successful and unsuccessful by outside experts, both from a technical and an economic point of view. Blind analysis showed that (1) nAch significantly correlated both with technical and economic success, (2) nPow was a strong factor making for both kinds of success when present in conjunction with nAch but a factor making for failure in the absence of nAch, (3) nAch proved to be a factor making for success both on projects which allowed for initiative and those that did not, nPow on the other hand furthered success on non-initiative projects only, on initiative ones it promoted failure. Results are discussed in the light of the nAch construct, the theory of the human need for work; and various nPow constructs.
Job Enlargement: A Multidimensional Process
Authors: Donaldson Lex
Published: August 2005

This paper reports the results of an evaluation study into the effects of a job enlargement exercise on female assemblers of electrical domestic appliances. Data on job satisfaction and perceptions of job attributes are analysed, and a comparison is made between the group with the enlarged job and another group of operatives who are performing tasks fairly similar to those which the enlarged group were performing prior to job enlargement. The results indicate that the expected increases in satisfaction associated with greater work variety, novelty and felt use of abilities were achieved. There were some dissatisfying outcomes related to decreased social interaction and somewhat increased effort of work. It is suggested that opportunities for social interaction could have been maintained by a different job redesign. The increased effort of work was hypothesized to relate to the presence of multiple motives for change among the management team. The need is stressed to conceptualize job enlargement as a phenomenon involving multiple variables and outcomes, and as an interactive social process of implementation.
A Boolean Analysis of Interpersonal Perception
Authors: Alperson Burton L.
Published: August 2005

Laing, Phillipson, and Lee (1966) have developed an ingenious technique, the Interpersonal Perception Method (IPM), for the determination of the degree to which the members of a dyad agree on important issues, understand one another, feel understood, and realize the understanding of the other member. Unfortunately, a number of problems make it unlikely that the potential of the IPM will be realized: (a) it is nearly impossible to avoid getting tangled in complex semantics, (b) relationships among terms are obscure, (c) derivation of terms is completely intuitive and sometimes ambiguous, and (d) scoring procedures are tedious and difficult.

Boolean analysis of the IPM makes its truth-functional structure explicit. In so doing it removes the need for intuitive derivations of terms; it clarifies the structure of IPM relation ships; it substantially reduces scoring efforts; and it provides a logical and rigorous substructure for the IPM which allows it to be developed as a general method for the study of interpersonal phenomenology. The analysis also reveals that of the 30 original IPM determinations, 15 are either redundant or superfluous.

Boolean analysis makes the IPM readily adaptable to a wide variety of investigations. A general technique for the derivation of terms is demonstrated and a sample set of determinations for evaluation of marital therapy is derived.