bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MICRO‐FABRICS OF SHALES AND THEIR REARRANGEMENT BY COMPACTION
Authors: HELING DIETRICH
Published: February 2011

Fabrics of Tertiary shales from the Rhinegraben (southwestern Germany) were studied by methods for fine‐particle measurement including grain‐size distribution, porosity, pore‐size distribution, and specific surface area.

The most frequent pore radii (rm) are found to decrease with increasing overburden, this decrease in relation to porosity being more rapid in shales, which are cemented by carbonate. The specific surface area (Sg) is not affected by pressure down to a depth of approx. 1,000 m. With increasing compaction pressure the specific surface areas are found to decrease indicating a fusion of clay‐mineral particles, which corresponds to the alteration of smectite minerals into 10‐Å mica.

The sorting index of pore‐size distribution (Sop) remains constant throughout the shallow‐burial range. Below 1,000 m the sorting index increases considerably. This effect is caused by the coarse non‐clay components of the shales, since on both sides of a nearly isometric quartz grain, for instance, large pores may be kept open even under high compaction pressure. This effect is also indicated by the skewness of the pore‐size distribution, which shifts from negative to positive values near 1,000 m of overburden. Above this level fine pores predominate while deeper the relatively coarse pores are more abundant.

This study shows that the conventional mechanical model of a clay‐mineral fabric reacting on overburden pressure is applicable to the shallow‐burial range only. After mineral transformations have commenced, the fabrics loose their original grain‐size distribution, so that their porosities are no longer controlled solely by mechanical effects. With the Rhinegraben shales the shallow‐burial range is limited to a depth of about 1,000 m.
Genetic engineering of woody plants: current and future targets in a stressful environment
Authors: Osakabe Yuriko , Kajita Shinya , Osakabe Keishi
Published: February 2011

Abiotic stress is a major factor in limiting plant growth and productivity. Environmental degradation, such as drought and salinity stresses, will become more severe and widespread in the world. To overcome severe environmental stress, plant biotechnologies, such as genetic engineering in woody plants, need to be implemented. The adaptation of plants to environmental stress is controlled by cascades of molecular networks including cross‐talk with other stress signaling mechanisms. The present review focuses on recent studies concerning genetic engineering in woody plants for the improvement of the abiotic stress responses. Furthermore, it highlights the recent advances in the understanding of molecular responses to stress. The review also summarizes the basis of a molecular mechanism for cell wall biosynthesis and the plant hormone responses to regulate tree growth and biomass in woody plants. This would facilitate better understanding of the control programs of biomass production under stressful conditions.
MicroRNA‐375 promotes 3T3‐L1 adipocyte differentiation through modulation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase signalling
Authors: Ling Hong‐Yan , Wen Ge‐Bo , Feng Shui‐Dong , Tuo Qin‐Hui , Ou He‐Sheng , Yao Chao Hua , Zhu Bing‐Yang , Gao Zhi‐Ping , Zhang Liang , Liao Duan‐Fang
Published: February 2011

1. Adipocyte hypertrophy and hyperplasia are important processes in the development of obesity. To understand obesity and its associated diseases, it is important to elucidate the molecular mechanisms governing adipogenesis. MicroRNA‐375 has been shown to inhibit differentiation of neurites, and participate in the regulation of insulin secretion and blood homeostasis. However, it is unknown whether miR‐375 plays a role in adipocyte differentiation.

2. To investigate the role of miR‐375 in adipocyte differentiation, we compared the miR‐375 expression level between 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes and adipocytes using miRNA microarray and quantitative real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) analysis. Furthermore, we evaluated the effects of overexpression or inhibition of miR‐375 on 3T3‐L1 adipocyte differentiation.

3. In the present study, we found that miR‐375 expression was increased after induction of adipogenic differentiation. Overexpression of miR‐375 enhanced 3T3‐L1 adipocyte differentiation, as evidenced by its ability to increase mRNA levels of both CCAAT/enhancer binding protein‐α (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPARγ2), and induction of adipocyte fatty acid‐binding protein (aP2) and triglyceride (TG) accumulation. Furthermore, we found overexpression of miR‐375 suppressed phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2). In contrast, anti‐miR‐375 increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation levels and inhibited mRNA expression of C/EBPα, PPARγ2 and aP2 in 3T3‐L1 adipocyte, accompanied by decreased adipocyte differentiation.

4. Taken together, these data suggest that miR‐375 promotes 3T3‐L1 adipocyte differentiation, possibly through modulating the ERK–PPARγ2–aP2 pathway.
Science Does Not Speak for Itself: Translating Child Development Research for the Public and Its Policymakers
Authors: Shonkoff Jack P. , Bales Susan Nall
Published: February 2011

Science has an important role to play in advising policymakers on crafting effective responses to social problems that affect the development of children. This article describes lessons learned from a multiyear, working collaboration among neuroscientists, developmental psychologists, pediatricians, economists, and communications researchers who are engaged in the iterative construction of a core story of development, using simplifying models (i.e., metaphors) such as “brain architecture,”“toxic stress,” and “serve and return” to explain complex scientific concepts to nonscientists. The aim of this article is to stimulate more systematic, empirical approaches to the task of knowledge transfer and to underscore the need to view the translation of science into policy and practice as an important academic endeavor in its own right.
Double Jeopardy: Poorer Social‐Emotional Outcomes for Children in the NICHD SECCYD Experiencing Home and Child‐Care Environments That Confer Risk
Authors: Watamura Sarah Enos , Phillips Deborah A. , Morrissey Taryn W. , McCartney Kathleen , Bub Kristen
Published: February 2011

Using data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Early Child Care Research Network (NICHD SECCYD), the authors examined whether interactions between home and child‐care quality affect children’s social‐emotional adjustment at 24, 36, and 54 months (N = 771). Triadic splits on quality of home and child care were used to examine children in specific ecological niches, with a focus on those who experience the double jeopardy of poor quality home and child‐care environments. Children in this niche exhibited the highest levels of mother‐reported problem behavior and the lowest levels of prosocial behavior. However, there was evidence that children from lower quality home environments were able to benefit from the compensatory influence of high‐quality child care. These results suggest policies aimed at the cross‐context influences of protective and risky settings.
Maternal Employment, Work Schedules, and Children’s Body Mass Index
Authors: Morrissey Taryn W. , Dunifon Rachel E. , Kalil Ariel
Published: February 2011

Previous work has shown that mothers’ employment is associated with increases in children’s body mass index (BMI), a measure of weight for height. Nonstandard work (working evenings or nights, weekends, or an irregular shift) may also be associated with children’s BMI. This article examines the association between maternal work and children’s BMI and considers the influence of mothers’ nonstandard work schedules. Using data from school‐age children (approximately 8 to 12 years) in the NICHD’s Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N = 990), this study found that an increase in the total time a mother is employed is associated with an increase in her child’s BMI; additionally, the association between maternal employment and children’s weight is much stronger at 6th grade relative to younger ages. There was no evidence that maternal or home characteristics or children’s time use mediated these associations, nor was there any evidence that nonstandard work was associated with children’s BMI. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.
Assessing the Effects of a Work‐Based Antipoverty Program for Parents on Youth’s Future Orientation and Employment Experiences
Authors: McLoyd Vonnie C. , Kaplan Rachel , Purtell Kelly M. , Huston Aletha C.
Published: February 2011

The impacts of New Hope, a 3‐year work‐based antipoverty program to increase parent employment and reduce poverty, on youth ages 9–19 (N = 866) were assessed 5 years after parents left the program. New Hope had positive effects on the future orientation and employment experiences of boys, especially African American boys. Compared to boys in control group families, boys in program group families were less cynical about work, less pessimistic about their employment prospects, and more involved in employment and career preparation. They also worked for longer periods during the school year than did control group boys. Comparable effects were not found for girls. The developmental significance of the findings, possible processes that led to the impacts, and the policy implications of the findings are discussed.
The ABCs of Family Mealtimes: Observational Lessons for Promoting Healthy Outcomes for Children With Persistent Asthma
Authors: Fiese Barbara H. , Winter Marcia A. , Botti Joanna C.
Published: February 2011

Family mealtimes have the potential to promote healthy child development. This observational study of 200 family mealtimes examined the relation between child health in a group of children (ages 5 to 12) with persistent asthma and 3 dimensions of mealtime interaction: Action, Behavior Control, and Communication. Percent time spent in Action and Positive Communication varied by asthma severity, child quality of life, and sociodemographic variables. Positive communication during mealtimes predicted child quality of life. Significant interactions between demographic variables and behavior control suggested that higher levels of behavior control affected child quality of life in the context of lower maternal education. Guidance is offered for practitioners and policy makers toward promoting healthy family mealtimes as a public health priority.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Child FIRST: A Comprehensive Home‐Based Intervention Translating Research Into Early Childhood Practice
Authors: Lowell Darcy I. , Carter Alice S. , Godoy Leandra , Paulicin Belinda , Briggs‐Gowan Margaret J.
Published: February 2011

This randomized, controlled trial was designed to document the effectiveness of Child FIRST (Child and Family Interagency, Resource, Support, and Training), a home‐based, psychotherapeutic, parent–child intervention embedded in a system of care. Multirisk urban mothers and children, ages 6–36 months (N = 157) participated. At the 12‐month follow‐up, Child FIRST children had improved language (odds ratio [OR] = 4.4) and externalizing symptoms (OR = 4.7) compared to Usual Care children. Child FIRST mothers had less parenting stress at the 6‐month follow‐up (OR = 3.0), lower psychopathology symptoms at 12‐month follow‐up (OR = 4.0), and less protective service involvement at 3 years postbaseline (OR = 2.1) relative to Usual Care mothers. Intervention families accessed 91% of wanted services relative to 33% among Usual Care. Thus, Child FIRST is effective with multirisk families raising young children across multiple child and parent outcomes.
An Ecological Approach to Promoting Early Adolescent Mental Health and Social Adaptation: Family‐Centered Intervention in Public Middle Schools
Authors: Stormshak Elizabeth A. , Connell Arin M. , Véronneau Marie‐Hélène , Myers Michael W. , Dishion Thomas J. , Kavanagh Kathryn , Caruthers Allison S.
Published: February 2011

This study examined the impact of the Family Check‐Up (FCU) and linked intervention services on reducing health‐risk behaviors and promoting social adaptation among middle school youth. A total of 593 students and their families were randomly assigned to receive either the intervention or middle school services as usual. Forty‐two percent of intervention families engaged in the service and received the FCU. Using complier average causal effect analyses, engagement in the intervention moderated intervention outcomes. Families who engaged in the intervention had youth who reported lower rates of antisocial behavior and substance use over time than did a matched control sample. Results extend previous research indicating that a family‐centered approach to supporting youth in the public school setting reduced the growth of antisocial behavior, alcohol use, tobacco use, and marijuana use throughout the middle school years.
Remission of Depression in Parents: Links to Healthy Functioning in Their Children
Authors: Garber Judy , Ciesla Jeff A. , McCauley Elizabeth , Diamond Guy , Schloredt Kelly A.
Published: February 2011

This study examined whether improvement in parents’ depression was linked with changes in their children’s depressive symptoms and functioning. Participants were 223 parents and children ranging in age from 7 to 17 years old (M = 12.13, SD = 2.31); 126 parents were in treatment for depression and 97 parents were nondepressed. Children were evaluated 6 times over 2 years. Changes in parents’ depressive symptoms predicted changes in children’s depressive symptoms over and above the effect of time; children’s symptoms significantly predicted parents’ symptoms. Trajectories of children’s depressive symptoms differed significantly for children of remitted versus nonremitted depressed parents, and these differences were significantly predicted by their parents’ level of depression. The relation between parents’ and children’s depressive symptoms was partially mediated by parental acceptance.
Protecting Children From the Consequences of Divorce: A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Parenting on Children’s Coping Processes
Authors: Vélez Clorinda E. , Wolchik Sharlene A. , Tein Jenn‐Yun , Sandler Irwin
Published: February 2011

This study examines whether intervention‐induced changes in mother–child relationship quality and discipline led to short‐term (6 months) and long‐term (6 years) changes in children’s coping processes in a sample of 240 youth aged 9–12 years when assessed initially. Data were from a randomized, experimental trial of a parenting‐focused preventive intervention designed to improve children’s postdivorce adjustment. Three‐wave prospective mediational analyses revealed that intervention‐induced improvements in relationship quality led to increases in coping efficacy at 6 months and to increases in coping efficacy and active coping at 6 years. Tests of the mediated effects were significant for all 3 indirect paths. Results are discussed in terms of pathways to adaptive coping and implications for the implementation of preventive interventions targeting coping.
Promoting Effective Parenting Practices and Preventing Child Behavior Problems in School Among Ethnically Diverse Families From Underserved, Urban Communities
Authors: Brotman Laurie Miller , Calzada Esther , Huang Keng‐Yen , Kingston Sharon , Dawson‐McClure Spring , Kamboukos Dimitra , Rosenfelt Amanda , Schwab Amihai , Petkova Eva
Published: February 2011

This study examines the efficacy of ParentCorps among 4‐year‐old children (N = 171) enrolled in prekindergarten in schools in a large urban school district. ParentCorps includes a series of 13 group sessions for parents and children held at the school during early evening hours and facilitated by teachers and mental health professionals. ParentCorps resulted in significant benefits on effective parenting practices and teacher ratings of child behavior problems in school. Intervention effects were of similar magnitude for families at different levels of risk and for Black and Latino families. The number of sessions attended was related to improvements in parenting. Study findings support investment in and further study of school‐based family interventions for children from underserved, urban communities.
CSRP’s Impact on Low‐Income Preschoolers’ Preacademic Skills: Self‐Regulation as a Mediating Mechanism
Authors: Raver C. Cybele , Jones Stephanie M. , Li‐Grining Christine , Zhai Fuhua , Bub Kristen , Pressler Emily
Published: February 2011

Based on theoretically driven models, the Chicago School Readiness Project (CSRP) targeted low‐income children’s school readiness through the mediating mechanism of self‐regulation. The CSRP is a multicomponent, cluster‐randomized efficacy trial implemented in 35 Head Start–funded classrooms (N = 602 children). The analyses confirm that the CSRP improved low‐income children’s self‐regulation skills (as indexed by attention/impulse control and executive function) from fall to spring of the Head Start year. Analyses also suggest significant benefits of CSRP for children’s preacademic skills, as measured by vocabulary, letter‐naming, and math skills. Partial support was found for improvement in children’s self‐regulation as a hypothesized mediator for children’s gains in academic readiness. Implications for programs and policies that support young children’s behavioral health and academic success are discussed.
Lessons in product innovation: A case study of biotechnology firms
Authors: Woiceshyn Jaana
Published: February 2011

Firms that are able more quickly than others to add value through product development will be the winners in technology‐based industries. This paper examines value‐added progress by contrasting four agricultural biotechnology firms that have managed to create value with one that failed to do so. Lessons were induced for new firms struggling to develop products in emerging industries such as biotechnology. The following findings emerged from manager interviews and secondary data.

In contrast to the ‘progressive’ firms, the failed firm neglected to develop a clear product‐market focus, complementary skills outside its core technology, and relationships with universities and government. These contrasts seemed to stem from differences in the financing arrangements and the level of organizational politics. The failed firm received a generous one‐time funding and had a relatively high level of politics, whereas the funding of the progressive companies was tied to performance milestones and little politicking took place. The reasons for organizational politics are discussed.
Alternative Organizational Formations: A Neoweberian Typology of Polycratic Administrative Systems
Authors: Waters Malcolm
Published: February 2011

Much of the critical attention given to Weber's tripartite scheme of legitimate domination has focused on the issue of its supposed incapacity to accommodate forms of organization not based on instrumental rationality. In fact substantive rationality is a continuous point of reference in Weber's analysis and surfaces in his brief and fragmentary outlines of three polycratic organizational forms: collegiality, mass democracy, and direct democracy. This article locates polycratic organizations in relation to the three monocratic structures indicated by the typology of legitimate domination. Extant examples of polycratic organizations are compared substantively. The three forms are then typologized in terms first of characteristics of participation by personnel, and second of the processes by which decisions are made.
‘All Those in Favour’: Computerised Trade Union Membership Lists as Sampling Frames for Postal Surveys
Authors: Owens David , Rees Teresa , Parry-Langdon Nina
Published: February 2011

The computerisation of membership lists offers considerable scope for postal surveys of trade unionists. However, faith in the new technology can give rise to the illusion of increased accuracy. Yet, the computerised data bases, while undoubtedly quicker and easier to use, may be no more accurate than their manual predecessors and samples drawn from them can result in misleading response rates. Therefore, with reference to a specific case study of a major trade union, we argue that researchers should seek to establish empirically the probable error in their lists with a view to constructing realistic ‘benchmarks’. Then, these substantial new resources can provide a solid basis for worthwhile research.
Goodbye to Sex and Gender
Authors: Hood-Williams John
Published: February 2011

The sociological distinction between ‘sex’ and ‘gender’ has been paradigmatic for twenty years and is still taken for granted within the discipline. However it is a distinction that will no longer serve. Doubts about its continued usefulness surfaced as a result of a variety of influences. This paper refers specifically to the history of sex and to recent work in genetics in order to demonstrate that sex, like gender is a discursive construction. I argue that the sex/gender problematic is wrong to assume biological differences are naturally given and that sex cannot operate as a natural base in a theory of difference.
Achieving the Indeterminate: Accomplishing Degrees of Certainty in Life and Death Situations
Authors: Harvey Janet
Published: February 2011

This paper explores technology's pivotal position at the intersection of control and uncertainty. It examines two areas: Intensive Care and a Labour Ward. Building on the work of Davis (1960), it argues that certainty and uncertainty are socially constructable and reconstructable. This is actively achieved by the deployment of strategies involving particular paradigms (the biomedical model) and artefacts (medical technology). Power lies in control over knowledge and the structures and practices which sustain it, including those embedded in advanced technology. The contribution of medical technology to the achievement of certainty in Intensive Care and end-game Obstetrics (the Labour Ward) is considered. Achieved certainty in medical situations is seen as: the structured masking of uncertainty by the application of medical iconography, artefacts and techniques to create the illusion of certainty. The accomplishment of uncertainty in Obstetrics (as a precursor to technological intervention) is also explored. The accomplishment of uncertainty in medical situations is seen as associated with the structured projection of uncertainty, involving using medical discourse rooted in the medical paradigm to exaggerate the generality of risk and the probability of pathology. It is argued that the highly structured and routinised settings of ICU and the labour Ward, not only aid control by the medical profession but diminish perceptions of uncertainty.
Normalisation and the Psychology of ‘Mental Retardation’
Authors: Simpson Murray K.
Published: February 2011

The 1950 and 1960s witnessed a revival of interest among psychologists in mental retardation closely associated with the development of a behaviourist model. These developments effected a decisive break in the discourse of retardation by inserting a ‘behaviour’ component into the definition of retardation. This strengthened claims by psychology of professional primacy vis-à-vis medicine. The objective of professional assertion helped create the conditions in which the service model of Normalisation2 took root in North America and, to a lesser extent, the UK. As a semi-autonomous discourse, Normalisation provided a vehicle in which elements of contradictory discourses, principally psychology and interactionism, could be appropriated. The interventions which emerged from this comprised a dual strategy of enhanced social integration and the more precise definition and identification of mental retardation.
Proteomic analysis of cPKCβII‐interacting proteins involved in HPC‐induced neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia of mice
Authors: Bu Xiangning , Zhang Nan , Yang Xuan , Liu Yanyan , Du Jianli , Liang Jing , Xu Qunyuan , Li Junfa
Published: February 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 117, 346–356.

Hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) initiates intracellular signaling pathway to provide protection against subsequent cerebral ischemic injuries, and its mechanism may provide molecular targets for therapy in stroke. According to our study of conventional protein kinase C βII (cPKCβII) activation in HPC, the role of cPKCβII in HPC‐induced neuroprotection and its interacting proteins were determined in this study. The autohypoxia‐induced HPC and middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)‐induced cerebral ischemia mouse models were prepared as reported. We found that HPC reduced 6 h MCAO‐induced neurological deficits, infarct volume, edema ratio and cell apoptosis in peri‐infarct region (penumbra), but cPKCβII inhibitors Go6983 and LY333531 blocked HPC‐induced neuroprotection. Proteomic analysis revealed that the expression of four proteins in cytosol and eight proteins in particulate fraction changed significantly among 49 identified cPKCβII‐interacting proteins in cortex of HPC mice. In addition, HPC could inhibit the decrease of phosphorylated collapsin response mediator protein‐2 (CRMP‐2) level and increase of CRMP‐2 breakdown product. TAT‐CRMP‐2 peptide, which prevents the cleavage of endogenous CRMP‐2, could inhibit CRMP‐2 dephosphorylation and proteolysis as well as the infarct volume of 6 h MCAO mice. This study is the first to report multiple cPKCβII‐interacting proteins in HPC mouse brain and the role of cPKCβII‐CRMP‐2 in HPC‐induced neuroprotection against early stages of ischemic injuries in mice.
Spatialising livelihoods: resource access and livelihood spaces in South Africa
Authors: King Brian
Published: February 2011

The livelihood concept remains consistently utilised within a number of research fields, including development studies, political ecology and conservation. Although there are differences in theory and application, these fields draw upon livelihood frameworks to understand how political and economic structures impact decisionmaking and present opportunities for social actors. Several themes have emerged from livelihoods research, including the importance of institutional frameworks and examinations of the conflicts surrounding resource access. While these have been valuable contributions, there has been less attention directed to the reciprocal relationships between space and livelihood. This article draws upon insights from human geography to show how the production and reproduction of livelihoods are interlinked with the processes producing and reproducing space. In order to accomplish this, the article details research completed in South Africa that examines the diversified resources individuals and households combine to generate livelihoods. It is argued that historical and contemporary geographies shape particular livelihood trajectories and social networks for rural residents, thereby making an explicitly spatial analysis necessary for understanding the processes driving social and environmental change. This article asserts that spatialising livelihoods is critical for understanding multiple issues central to livelihood studies, including the significance of diversification, intra‐community differentiation, the structure and agency of livelihoods, and the effects of decisionmaking upon social and environmental systems.
The Importance of Type, Amount, and Timing of Internet Use for Understanding Psychological Distress*
Authors: Cotten Shelia R. , Goldner Melinda , Hale Timothy M. , Drentea Patricia
Published: February 2011

Objective. Few social scientists have examined how Internet usage, including using the Internet for health purposes, may affect mental health. This study assesses whether the type or amount of online health activities and the timing of Internet use are associated with psychological distress.

Methods. We use data from the National Cancer Institute's 2005 Health Information National Trends Survey.

Results. When we compare Internet users to non‐Internet users, using the Internet and using the Internet for health purposes are negatively associated with distress. However, among Internet users, the number of online health activities is positively associated with distress. Greater distress is also associated with using the Internet on weekdays and looking online for information on sun protection.

Conclusions. Internet usage is not necessarily positively associated with psychological distress. The effects depend on the type, amount, and timing of Internet usage.
Elites, Oil, and Democratization: A Survival Analysis*
Authors: Gurses Mehmet
Published: February 2011

Objective. This study explores the relationship between natural resource wealth, most notably oil, and democratic survival. I contend that natural resources help sustain democratic regimes by easing social conflict between the rich and the poor. As such, the availability of abundant natural resource revenues alleviates the elites' fear of redistribution of wealth, thereby stabilizing the regime.

Methods. I estimate a series of survival analyses for the period between 1960 and 1999.

Results. Elite support and oil wealth independently help stabilize democracies.

Conclusions. The results bring the widely held views on the link between oil and democracy into question and invite further scrutiny.
State Educational Investments and Economic Growth in the United States: A Path Analysis*
Authors: Baldwin J. Norman , Borrelli Stephen A. , New Michael J.
Published: February 2011

Objective. This article investigates direct and indirect relationships between state investments in education and economic growth measured as change in per‐capita gross state product (GSP). As a basis for selecting control variables, it also applies a conceptual framework borrowed from the cross‐national growth research.

Method. We gathered 18 years of panel data on the 48 continental states and ran GLS regressions with panel corrected standard errors after executing an AR1 correction for autocorrelation.

Results. Per‐capita savings deposits, college attainment, and initial GSP are the most consistent predictors of GSP growth over the 18‐year period investigated. However, all the independent variables in the model, except high school attainment, predict per‐capita GSP growth from 1997 to 2005.

Conclusion. The study supports the virtues of a path model and a cross‐national framework for explaining the relationship between educational expenditures and GSP growth, especially from 1997 to 2005.
Separation of Ownership and Management: Implications for Risk‐Taking Behavior
Authors: Cole Cassandra R. , He Enya , McCullough Kathleen A. , Sommer David W.
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Issues associated with the relation between the separation of ownership and management and risk‐taking behavior have been considered in an array of studies, with varying results. Due to the wide variety of ownership structures present, the property–casualty insurance industry provides an excellent setting to test the conflicting hypotheses related to separation of ownership from management and risk taking behavior. Employing a large sample of property–liability insurance companies over the period of 1996–2004, we empirically test the alternative hypotheses regarding the implications of separation of ownership from management for firms’ risk taking behavior. The empirical tests include the ownership structures specified in prior research as well as a more detailed classification scheme. We find that each ownership structure is significantly different from every other ownership structure in terms of risk.
Kinship as gift and theft: Acts of succession in Mayotte and Israel
Authors: LAMBEK MICHAEL
Published: February 2011

When kinship is viewed through the lens of succession rather than reproduction, conflict between siblings becomes salient and the gift of kinship can be experienced as theft. Developing an approach to kinship as ethically constituted through acts, I draw on the biblical story of Jacob and Esau to frame an account of succession in Mayotte that transpires in the register of spirit possession. This account follows the lives of two sisters I first described in this journal in 1988.
Tantalus in the Digital Age: Coltan ore, temporal dispossession, and “movement” in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: SMITH JAMES H.
Published: February 2011

This article concerns the paradoxical value potentials of coltan and coltan mining in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, focusing on the actions and statements of diggers, traders, and state and military authorities in and around mining enclaves. Coltan ore is essential for Digital Age technology, and the struggle for it and other minerals is partly responsible for the historical and ongoing violent conflict in the region. However, a great deal of bottom‐up social collaboration occurs around these minerals, and many Eastern Congolese argue that controlling and improving their relationship to them is essential for achieving incremental progress over time. I approach coltan's relationship to violence, autochthony, temporality, and political order by focusing on how it has become, for many, iconic of the elemental power of Congolese earth—a potential that foreigners need and try to capture. I convey the experience of temporal dispossession, epitomized in the life story of a child soldier, as context for understanding why some have projected the desire for progressive temporality, epistemological transparency, and social connectivity onto digital minerals and what the consequences of the symbolic struggle over coltan have been, as different groups try to access its social and temporal potentials for diverse ends.
On value and values in a West Bank settlement
Authors: WEISS HADAS
Published: February 2011

In this article, I use value theory to interrogate values in the West Bank settlement of Beit‐El, particularly the coexistence of pragmatism with the valorization of self‐sacrifice. My aims are threefold: to make sense of West Bank settlement values specifically, and contemporary fundamentalism by extension, within the socioeconomic coordinates of the present moment; to illustrate the contribution of value theory to an ethnography of values; and to tease out from the case study some generalizations regarding the formal relations between value and values as they pertain to contemporary possibilities for and limitations on social agency.
Resistance or inaction? Protecting ayurvedic medical knowledge and problems of agency
Authors: HALLIBURTON MURPHY
Published: February 2011

Through an examination of reactions by practitioners of ayurvedic medicine to India's new WTO‐mandated Patents Act, this article problematizes approaches to agency, resistance, and the intelligibility of systems of power in social theory. The coming together of law, science, and different practices of medicine in this case is challenging to decipher in terms of its potential effects on India's ayurvedic medical system, and ayurvedic medical practitioners have very divergent positions about how to protect their knowledge from misappropriation—ranging from organized resistance to deliberate inaction—and disagree over whether the new laws present a threat. I present theoretical approaches, largely from science and technology studies, that decenter the role of human agency and consider inaction an informed reaction to power in an effort to begin to focus more fully on problems of agency and intelligibility that social analysts have only peripherally acknowledged in their considerations of power and resistance.
Place markers: Tracking spatiality in Brazilian hip‐hop and community radio
Authors: PARDUE DEREK
Published: February 2011

Community radio and hip‐hop constitute sociopolitical agency in the (sub)urban, working‐class neighborhoods of São Paulo. Practitioners and performers have defined themselves, in part, by their success in “conquering space” and, in turn, have created a productive public sphere. Members of both groups consistently describe what they do as public exchange, a viable and visible option on the part of the disenfranchised to engage in a Habermasian ideal sphere of civic agency. In this article, I argue that it is this epistemology of knowledge as exchange coupled with a sociogeographical presence that make hip‐hop and community radio provocative to local residents and periodically irritating to state authorities.
Utopian virtues: Muslim neighbors, ritual sociality, and the politics of convivència
Authors: ERICKSON BRAD
Published: February 2011

In this article, I explore articulations between ritual practice, public sociality, and the politics of immigration in Catalonia (Spain). I investigate phenomena associated with a vernacular interculturalist project known in Catalan as convivència (living together), an alternative to both xenophobic and liberal multiculturalist discourses circulating in Europe. I focus on the capacity of ritual practice to shape embodied socialities between hosts and immigrants and contextualize these dynamics by asking, what congeries of history, public reasoning, techniques of sociality, and policy feed momentum toward polarization or toward pluralism?
The Effect of Anisotropic Shrinkage in Tape‐Cast Low‐Temperature Cofired Ceramics on Camber Development of Bilayer Laminates
Authors: Chiang Meng‐Ju , Jean Jau‐Ho , Lin Shih‐Chang
Published: February 2011

The effect of anisotropic shrinkage in a tape‐cast low‐temperature cofired ceramics (LTCC) on the camber development of bilayer laminate is investigated. The bilayer laminate cambers toward the direction with low‐powder‐packing density, which also exhibits a larger shrinkage rate. This result is in agreement with that predicted by using the viscous analogy for the constitutive relationships of a porous sintering compact. To produce thin, camber‐free substrates, laminates stacked by more than three‐layer tapes with alternating 90° rotation are needed.
Exposure to the dioxin 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) induces squamous metaplasia in the endocervix of cynomolgus macaques
Authors: Scott Mary A. , Tarara Ross P. , Hendrickx Andrew G. , Benirschke Kurt , Overstreet James W. , Lasley B.L.
Published: February 2011

Abstract: Female cynomolgus macaques (n = 11) were treated orally with graded doses of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD). Cervical tissue was recovered at necropsy 1.2–2.7 years later and examined using routine histopathology. Results were compared histologically with cervical tissue from untreated, age‐ and parity‐matched controls. Significant squamous epithelial metaplasia was observed in the endocervix of 9 of 11 TCDD‐treated animals, and the degree of severity was dose dependent. In contrast, minimal or no pathological changes were observed in eight of nine control animals and one animal had only mild squamous metaplasia. These results suggest that TCDD exposure induces epithelial transdifferentiation in the primate cervix. Consequently, the TCDD‐treated macaque may serve as a predictable animal model for the study of cervical epithelial transdifferentiation and for examining the relationship between squamous metaplasia and cervical oncogenesis both at the cellular and at the molecular level.
Callitrichid nutrition and food sensitivity
Authors: Gore M.A. , Brandes F. , Kaup F.‐J. , Lenzner R. , Mothes T. , Osman A.A.
Published: February 2011

Abstract: Captive callitrichids are prone to developing intestinal problems. Their captive and natural diets differ enormously, and diet has been suggested to play a major role in wasting marmoset syndrome. Proteins in wheat, soy and milk are included in callitrichid diets of most colonies and have been linked to an immune reaction in Saguinus oedipus and Callithrix jacchus. In the present study of 23 males and females of the two species, wheat protein was tested but soy and milk products were excluded. One group had wheat and the other had rice in their diet. Blood samples and biopsies from the colon were taken. Results showed changes in the colon and an immune reaction to gliadin, a wheat protein related to coeliac disease in humans. A further immune reaction was also observed. Suggestions for further study and exclusion of cereal in the diet of these small, New World primates are discussed.
Spontaneous Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome in a gang‐housed baboon
Authors: Cary M. , Kosanke S. , White G.
Published: February 2011

Abstract: Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome can cause acute death in the baboon without specific signs. Furthermore, this syndrome could result from stress‐related intestinal permeability changes that allow macromolecules and/or microbiological entities to enter the systemic circulation. The resulting sepsis could cause adrenocortical insufficiency, hypotension and shock leading to death.
Creatine supplementation delays onset of fatigue during repeated bouts of sprint running
Authors: Aaserud R. , Gramvik P. , Olsen S. R. , Jensen J.
Published: February 2011

In this study we have investigated the effect of creatine supplementation on performance of repeated sprint runs in well‐trained young male handball players. The subjects participated in a test before supplementation (T1) and then received creatine (15 g/d) or placebo for five days before a second test was carried out (T2). Following T2, a low dose of creatine (2 g/d) or placebo was maintained for an additional nine days before the third test was performed (T3). The tests consisted of eight 40 m maximal sprint runs with a 25‐s rest period between each sprint. Run time was reduced on the last three sprint runs after five days with high doses of creatine supplementation compared to T1 (P<0.05). Although the run time during the last three sprints was still significantly lower after supplementation of low doses of creatine compared to T1, analysis of variance showed only a tendency for an interaction between test day and random group (P = 0.14). No improvement was seen in the placebo group. Blood lactate was similar at T1 and T2 in the creatine and placebo groups. In conclusion, high doses of creatine supplementation improve performance during repeated sprint runs in well‐trained handball players. Futher studies are needed to clarify whether low doses of creatine supplementation, after a period with supplementation of high doses, are able to maintain improved performance.
Concentric and eccentric shoulder and elbow muscle strength in female volleyball players and non‐active females
Authors: Alfredson H. , Pietilä T. , Lorentzon R.
Published: February 2011

Alfredson H, Pietilä T, Lorentzon R. Concentric and eccentric shoulder and elbow muscle strength in female volleyball players and non‐active females.

Maximal isokinetic concentric (60°/s and 180°/s) and eccentric (60°/s) muscle strength of the external and internal rotator muscles of the shoulder and the flexor and extensor muscles of the elbow was measured in a position resembling spiking and serving in volleyball, on 11 non‐injured female volleyball players (first division) and 11 non‐active females. In the dominant arm, the volleyball players had significantly higher concentric peak torque of the internal and external rotators and elbow extensors at both velocities, and significantly higher eccentric peak torque of the shoulder internal and external rotators and elbow flexors and extensors, than the controls. In the volleyball group, the concentric internal rotation peak torque at 60°/s was significantly higher in the dominant than in the non‐dominant arm. The external/internal strength ratio was significantly lower at 60°/s, but not at 180°/s, in the dominant arm.

Conclusion: The female volleyball players had a higher concentric and eccentric strength in the rotator muscles of the shoulder and in the extensor muscles of the elbow compared to untrained controls in this special test position. There were signs of rotator muscle imbalance at the low test speed, but no signs of weakness of the external rotators, in the dominant arm of the volleyball players.
The Recycling Endosome Protein Rab17 Regulates Melanocytic Filopodia Formation and Melanosome Trafficking
Authors: Beaumont Kimberley A. , Hamilton Nicholas A. , Moores Matthew T. , Brown Darren L. , Ohbayashi Norihiko , Cairncross Oliver , Cook Anthony L. , Smith Aaron G. , Misaki Ryo , Fukuda Mitsunori , Taguchi Tomohiko , Sturm Richard A. , Stow Jennifer L.
Published: February 2011

Rab GTPases including Rab27a, Rab38 and Rab32 function in melanosome maturation or trafficking in melanocytes. A screen to identify additional Rabs involved in these processes revealed the localization of GFP‐Rab17 on recycling endosomes (REs) and melanosomes in melanocytic cells. Rab17 mRNA expression is regulated by microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF), a characteristic of known pigmentation genes. Rab17 siRNA knockdown in melanoma cells quantitatively increased melanosome concentration at the cell periphery. Rab17 knockdown did not inhibit melanosome maturation nor movement, but it caused accumulation of melanin inside cells. Double knockdown of Rab17 and Rab27a indicated that Rab17 acts on melanosomes downstream of Rab27a. Filopodia are known to play a role in melanosome transfer, and in Rab17 knockdown cells filopodia formation was inhibited. Furthermore, we show that stimulation of melanoma cells with α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone induces filopodia formation, supporting a role for filopodia in melanosome release. Cell stimulation also caused redistribution of REs to the periphery, and knockdown of additional RE‐associated Rabs 11a and 11b produced a similar accumulation of melanosomes and melanin to that seen after loss of Rab17. Our findings reveal new functions for RE and Rab17 in pigmentation through a distal step in the process of melanosome release via filopodia.
Escherichia coli Producing CNF1 Toxin Hijacks Tollip to Trigger Rac1‐Dependent Cell Invasion
Authors: Visvikis Orane , Boyer Laurent , Torrino Stéphanie , Doye Anne , Lemonnier Marc , Lorès Patrick , Rolando Monica , Flatau Gilles , Mettouchi Amel , Bouvard Daniel , Veiga Esteban , Gacon Gérard , Cossart Pascale , Lemichez Emmanuel
Published: February 2011

Rho GTPases, which are master regulators of both the actin cytoskeleton and membrane trafficking, are often hijacked by pathogens to enable their invasion of host cells. Here we report that the cytotoxic necrotizing factor‐1 (CNF1) toxin of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) promotes Rac1‐dependent entry of bacteria into host cells. Our screen for proteins involved in Rac1‐dependent UPEC entry identifies the Toll‐interacting protein (Tollip) as a new interacting protein of Rac1 and its ubiquitinated forms. We show that knockdown of Tollip reduces CNF1‐induced Rac1‐dependent UPEC entry. Tollip depletion also reduces the Rac1‐dependent entry of Listeria monocytogenes expressing InlB invasion protein. Moreover, knockdown of Tollip, Tom1 and clathrin, decreases CNF1 and Rac1‐dependent internalization of UPEC. Finally, we show that Tollip, Tom1 and clathrin associate with Rac1 and localize at the site of bacterial entry. Collectively, these findings reveal a new link between Rac1 and Tollip, Tom1 and clathrin membrane trafficking components hijacked by pathogenic bacteria to allow their efficient invasion of host cells.
Consumer Attitudes Toward Shoplifting
Authors: PRESTWICH LEONARD W.
Published: February 2011

This paper reports the findings of a consumer survey on shoplifting conducted during October, 1976 in three shopping centers in Omaha, Nebraska. It explores consumer awareness of shoplifting, attitudes toward shoplifting, and factors affecting attitudes toward shoplifting. It concludes that an educational program to inform and change attitudes would be In the consumer interest.
Community‐Wide Discount Programs for Older Persons: A Review and Evaluation
Authors: GILLETT PETER L. , SCHNEIDER ROBERT L.
Published: February 2011

An evaluation of a community‐wide discount program for elderly people in Richmond, Virginia is reported. The costs and benefits to both the elderly card holders and participating merchants were examined. While some elderly shoppers reported significant savings, many realized little benefit from the program. Most merchants did not vigorously promote the program, and experienced little impact on sales and profits. Implications for program management are explored.