bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optical activity of lactones from animal and vegetable fats
Authors: Van Der Ven B. , De Jong K.
Published: April 2007

The isolation of optically active lactones from animal and vegetable fats is described. As the optical activity of lactones isolated from butterfat is ascribed to their biological origin, special attention was paid to the optical purity of the lactones. Lactone mixtures from butterfat, goat milk fat and coconut oil were found to be dextrorotatory, those from babassu oil levorotatory. The total lactone mixtures of two out of three samples of palm‐kernel oil were slightly dextro‐, whereas that of the third one was levorotatory. After isolation of the individual lactones from the mixtures, levo‐ and dextrorotatory lactones were demonstrated side by side in palm‐kernel oil and in coconut oil. The δ‐lactones of palmkernel oil were levo‐, the γ‐isomers dextrorotatory. In coconut oil only the δ‐C12 lactone was levorotatory, whereas the other components of the δ‐series were dextrorotatory. The specific rotation [a]d of the chemically pure lactones was considerably lower than that of model lactones, this being an indication of their optical impurity. As it was evident from model experiments that no racemization of the lactones occurred during isolation, it follows that both optical antipodes are formed in the fats in unequal amounts, via different pathways.
A simple method for preparation of methyltrans‐10,cis‐12 octadecadienoate
Authors: Scholfield C. R. , Koritala S.
Published: April 2007

A simple crystallization procedure is described for the preparation oftrans‐10,cis‐12 octadecadienoate from methyl esters of alkali‐isomerized linoleic acid.
Membrane Fatty Acids as Pacemakers of Animal Metabolism
Authors: Hulbert A. J.
Published: April 2007

The recent discovery that the fatty acid composition of tissue phospholipids varies in a systematic manner among species has lead to the proposal that membrane fatty acid composition is an important determinant of the metabolic rate characteristic for each species. Endotherms (mammals and birds) have a basal metabolic rate (BMR) that is several times that of ectotherms and have more polyunsaturated membranes. In both birds and mammals, as species size increases there is a decrease in mass‐specific BMR and a decrease in membrane polyunsaturation. Membrane‐associated processes are significant components of BMR and important membrane proteins operate at much faster rates in species with high BMR than in those with low BMR. A series of “species‐crossover” experiments show that the rate of this molecular activity is largely due to the nature of the membrane bilayer surrounding these membrane proteins such that polyunsaturated membranes are associated with fast membrane‐associated processes. It is suggested that this influence is due to the physical properties that such polyunsaturated membranes possess. This has been called the membrane pacemaker theory of metabolism and provides a framework to understand factors such as the influence of diet on metabolism. It is noted that in the rat membrane fatty acid composition is a regulated parameter being more influenced by the balance between n‐3 and n‐6 polyunsaturates in the diet than it is by general diet content of saturated, monounsaturated and total polyunsaturated fats.
Apoptotic effect of Semecarpus anacardium nut extract on T47D breast cancer cell line
Authors: Mathivadhani Panneerselvam , Shanthi Palanivelu , Sachdanandam Panchanatham
Published: April 2007

There is an increasing interest in identifying potent cancer‐preventive and therapeutic agents against breast cancer. A great number of reports have in recent years dealt with anticancer characteristics of Semecarpus anacardium nut extract (SA). The majority of these studies has been targeted on the protective effect rendered to the living system rather than the preventive effect on cancer cells. SA was tested for its inhibitory effect on human breast cancer cells (T47D). Cytotoxicity analyses suggested that these cells had become apoptotic. SA was discovered to induce rapid Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular stores of T47D cell line, and its cytotoxicity against T47D was well correlated with altered mitochondrial transmembrane potential. At the molecular level, these changes are accompanied by decrease in bcl2 and increase in bax, cytochrome c, caspases and PARP cleavage, and ultimately by internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Taken together, our results provide unprecedented evidence that SA triggers apoptotic signals in T47D cells.
Role of thylakoid protein kinases in photosynthetic acclimation
Authors: Rochaix Jean-David
Published: April 2007

Photosynthetic organisms are able to adjust to changes in light quality through state transition, a process which leads to a balancing of the light excitation energy between the antennae systems of photosystem II and photosystem I. A genetic approach has been used in Chlamydomonas with the aim of elucidating the signaling chain involved in state transitions. This has led to the identification of a small family of Ser–Thr protein kinases associated with the thylakoid membrane and conserved in algae and land plants. These kinases appear to be involved both in short and long term adaptations to changes in the light environment.
Rapid, transient induction of ER stress in the liver and kidney after acute exposure to heavy metal: Evidence from transgenic sensor mice
Authors: Hiramatsu Nobuhiko , Kasai Ayumi , Du Shuqi , Takeda Masayuki , Hayakawa Kunihiro , Okamura Maro , Yao Jian , Kitamura Masanori
Published: April 2007

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress‐responsive alkaline phosphatase (ES‐TRAP) serves as a sensitive indicator for ER stress. In response to heavy metals including cadmium, nickel and cobalt, hepatocytes and renal tubular cells expressing ES‐TRAP exhibited ER stress and decreased ES‐TRAP activity. In ES‐TRAP transgenic mice, acute exposure to cadmium showed rapid, transient decreases in the activity of serum ES‐TRAP. It was inversely correlated with the induction of endogenous ER stress markers in the liver and kidney. Our result provides first evidence for the acute, reversible induction of ER stress in vivo after exposure to heavy metal.
A high molecular weight soluble fraction of tempeh protects against fluid losses in Escherichia coli-infected piglet small intestine
Authors: Kiers Jeroen L. , Nout M. J. Rob , Rombouts Frans M , Nabuurs Marius J. A. , van der Meulen Jan
Published: April 2007

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is an important cause of diarrhoea in children and piglets. Infection of ETEC results in fluid secretion and electrolyte losses in the small intestine. In this study the effects of tempeh, a traditional fungal fermented soyabean product, on fluid losses induced by ETEC infection in piglets was investigated. Pairs of ETEC-infected and non-infected small intestinal segments of piglets were perfused simultaneously for 8 h with pre-digested tempeh, its supernatant and saline as an internal control. In saline perfused segments, ETEC infection reduced net fluid absorption by more than 500 μl/cm2, whereas this reduction was significantly less for pre-digested tempeh and its supernatant (75 and 282 μl/cm2, respectively). The supernatant of pre-digested tempeh was also compared with its permeate and retentate fractions. These fractions were created by ultra-filtration and contained respectively low and high molecular weight (>5 kDa) compounds. Again ETEC infection caused a significant reduction of net fluid absorption when perfused with saline (386 μl/cm2) and also with the permeate fraction (300 μl/cm2), but much less with the supernatant and the retentate fraction (125 and 140 μl/cm2, respectively). The reduction in net fluid absorption upon ETEC infection when perfused with supernatant of either undigested or pre-digested tempeh was not different. Therefore from this study it can be concluded that a high molecular weight soluble fraction of tempeh is able to protect against fluid losses induced by ETEC, suggesting that this could play a potential role in controlling ETEC-induced diarrhoea.
The transient start of supersonic jets
Authors: RADULESCU MATEI I. , LAW CHUNG K.
Published: April 2007

This study investigates the initial transient hydrodynamic evolution of highly under-expanded slit and round jets. A closed-form analytic similarity solution is derived for the temporal evolution of temperature, pressure and density at the jet head for vanishing diffusive fluxes, generalizing a previous model of Chekmarev using Chernyi's boundary-layer method for hypersonic flows. Two-dimensional numerical simulations were also performed to investigate the flow field during the initial stages over distances of ~ 1000 orifice radii. The parameters used in the simulations correspond to the release of pressurized hydrogen gas into ambient air, with pressure ratios varying between approximately 100 and 1000. The simulations confirm the similarity laws derived theoretically and indicate that the head of the jet is laminar at early stages, while complex acoustic instabilities are established at the sides of the jet, involving shock interactions within the vortex rings, in good agreement with previous experimental findings. Very good agreement is found between the present model, the numerical simulations and previous experimental results obtained for both slit and round jets during the transient establishment of the jet. Criteria for Rayleigh–Taylor instability of the decelerating density gradients at the jet head are also derived, as well as the formulation of a model addressing the ignition of unsteady expanding diffusive layers formed during the sudden release of reactive gases.
The role of viscosity and surface tension in bubble entrapment during drop impact onto a deep liquid pool
Authors: DENG Q. , ANILKUMAR A. V. , WANG T. G.
Published: April 2007

The phenomenon of liquid drop impact onto the surface of a deep pool of the same liquid is studied in the context of bubble entrapment, using high-resolution digital photography. Three liquids, pure water, glycerin/water mixtures, and silicon oil, have been used to investigate the effect of viscosity (μ) and surface tension (σ) on regular bubble entrapment, and the associated impact crater signatures. The global viscous effect is seen as a shift in the classical inviscid bubble entrapment limits, whereas, at the impact crater, the local effect is seen as a weakening of the capillary wave, which is responsible for bubble pinching, and a weakening of the intensity of crater rebound. Bubble entrapment, which results from a competition between concentric capillary pinching of the crater cusp and viscous damping, is captured well by the capillary number Ca (Ca = mu Viσ, where Vi is the drop impact velocity). The measured peak entrapped bubble size decreases exponentially as capillary number increases, with the cut-off capillary number for bubble entrapment estimated to be around 0.6. The critical crater cone angle for peak bubble pinch-off weakly increases with capillary number, with the measured value in agreement with theory in the inviscid limit (low Ca). Additionally, the growth of the main body of the high-speed thin jet, formed immediately following bubble pinch-off, is fitted to a power-law singularity model. This suggests that the thin jet is similar to the hydraulic jets produced by the collapse of free-surface standing waves.
The influence of imperfections on the flow structure of steady vortex breakdown bubbles
Authors: BRØNS MORTEN , SHEN WEN ZHONG , SØRENSEN JENS NØRKÆR , ZHU WEI JUN
Published: April 2007

Vortex breakdown bubbles in the flow in a closed cylinder with a rotating end-cover have previously been successfully simulated by axisymmetric codes in the steady range. However, high-resolution experiments indicate a complicated open bubble structure incompatible with axisymmetry. Numerical studies with generic imperfections in the flow have revealed that the axisymmetric bubble is highly sensitive to imperfections, and that this may resolve the apparent paradox. However, little is known about the influence of specific, physical perturbations on the flow structure. We perform fully three-dimensional simulations of the flow with two independent perturbations: an inclination of the fixed cover and a displacement of the rotating cover. We show that perturbations below a realistic experimental uncertainty may give rise to flow structures resembling those obtained in experiments, that the two perturbations may interact and annihilate their effects, and that the fractal dimension associated with the emptying of the bubble can quantitatively be linked to the visual bubble structure.
Supercritical shallow granular flow through a contraction: experiment, theory and simulation
Authors: VREMAN A. W. , AL-TARAZI M. , KUIPERS J. A. M. , VAN SINT ANNALAND M. , BOKHOVE O.
Published: April 2007

Supercritical granular flow through a linear contraction on a smooth inclined plane is investigated by means of experiments, theoretical analysis and numerical simulations. The experiments have been performed with three size classes of spherical glass beads, and poppy seeds (non-spherical). Flow states and flow regimes are categorized in the phase space spanned by the supercritical Froude number and the minimum width of the contraction. A theoretical explanation is given for the formation of steady reservoirs in the contraction observed in experiments using glass beads and water. For this purpose, the classical, one-dimensional shallow-water theory is extended to include frictional and porosity effects. The occurrence of the experimentally observed flow states and regimes can be understood by introducing integrals of acceleration. The flow state with a steady reservoir arises because friction forces in the reservoir are much smaller than in other parts of the flow. Three-dimensional discrete-particle simulations quantitatively agree with the measured granular flow data, and the crucial part of the theoretical frictional analysis is clearly confirmed. The simulations of the flow further reveal that porosity and frictional effects interact in a complicated way. Finally, the numerical database is employed to investigate the rheology in a priori tests for several constitutive models of frictional effects.
Effective velocity boundary condition at a mixed slip surface
Authors: SBRAGAGLIA M. , PROSPERETTI A.
Published: April 2007

This paper studies the nature of the effective velocity boundary condition for liquid flow over a plane boundary on which small free-slip islands are randomly distributed. It is found that an effective Navier partial-slip condition for the velocity emerges from a statistical analysis valid for arbitrary fractional area coverage β. As an example, the general theory is applied to the low-β limit and this result is extended heuristically to finite β with a resulting slip length proportional toaβ/(1 − β), whereais a characteristic size of the islands. A specification of the nature of the free-slip islands is not required in the analysis. They could be nano-bubbles, as suggested by recent experiments, or hydrophobic surface patches. The results are also relevant for ultra-hydrophobic surfaces exploiting the so-called ‘lotus effect’.
Optimal disturbances in swept Hiemenz flow
Authors: GUÉGAN ALAN , HUERRE PATRICK , SCHMID PETER J.
Published: April 2007

The initial perturbation with the largest transient energy growth is computed in the context of the swept leading-edge boundary layer. The highest energy amplification is found for perturbations which are homogeneous in the spanwise z-direction, although on shorter time scales the most amplified disturbances have a finite spanwise wavenumber. In both cases the production term associated with the shear of the spanwise velocity is responsible for the energy amplification in the perturbation energy equation. A connection is made with the amplification mechanism exhibited by optimal perturbations in streaky boundary layers (Hoepffner et al. J. Fluid Mech. vol. 537, 2005, p.91) and the results are compared to the optimal Görtler–Hämmerlin disturbances computed by Guégan et al. (J. Fluid Mech. vol. 566, 2006, p. 11).
Dynamics of drop breakup in inhomogeneous turbulence at various volume fractions
Authors: GALINAT SOPHIE , RISSO FRÉDÉRIC , MASBERNAT OLIVIER , GUIRAUD PASCAL
Published: April 2007

We report experimental and numerical determinations of the breakup probability of a drop travelling through inhomogeneous turbulent flow generated in a pipe downstream of a restriction. The model couples the Rayleigh–Lamb theory of drop oscillations with the Kolmogorov–Hinze theory of turbulent breakup. The interface deformation is modelled by a linear oscillator forced by the Lagrangian turbulent Weber number measured in experiments. The interface is assumed to rupture when either (i) the instantaneous Weber number exceeds a critical value or (ii) the predicted deformation exceeds a given threshold. Seven flow configurations have been tested, corresponding to various Reynolds numbers, damping coefficients and drop volume fractions. The history of the drop deformation proves to play an important role, and simulations assuming a critical Weber number fail to reproduce the experiments. Simulations assuming a critical deformation predict well the main features observed in the experiments. The linear oscillator appears able to describe the main feature of the dynamics of the drop deformation in inhomogeneous turbulence. Provided the oscillation frequency and the damping rate are known, the model can be used to compute the breakup probability in concentrated dispersed two-phase flows.
On vortex rings around vortices: an optimal mechanism
Authors: ANTKOWIAK ARNAUD , BRANCHER PIERRE
Published: April 2007

Stable columnar vortices subject to hydrodynamic noise (e.g. turbulence) present recurrent behaviours, such as the systematic development of vortex rings at the periphery of the vortex core. This phenomenon lacks a comprehensive explanation, partly because it is not associated with an instability stricto sensu. The aim of the present paper is to identify the physical mechanism triggering this intrinsic feature of vortices using an optimal perturbation analysis as a tool of investigation. We find that the generation of vortex rings is linked to the intense and rapid amplification of specific disturbances in the form of azimuthal velocity streaks that eventually evolve into azimuthal vorticity rolls generated by the rotational part of the local Coriolis force. This evolution thus appears to follow a scenario opposite to the classical lift-up view, where rolls give rise to streaks.
Asymptotic solutions of convection in rapidly rotating non-slip spheres
Authors: ZHANG KEKE , LIAO XINHAO , BUSSE F. H.
Published: April 2007

Asymptotic solutions describing the onset of convection in rotating, self-gravitating Boussinesq fluid spheres with no-slip boundary conditions, valid for asymptotically small Ekman numbers and for all values of the Prandtl number, are derived. Central to the asymptotic analysis is the assumption that the leading-order convection can be represented, dependent on the size of the Prandtl number, by either a single quasi-geostrophic-inertial-wave mode or by a combination of several quasi-geostrophic-inertial-wave modes, and is controlled or influenced by the effect of the oscillatory Ekman boundary layer. Comparisons between the asymptotic solutions and the corresponding fully numerical simulations show a satisfactory quantitative agreement.
t.A.T.u. You! Russia, the global politics of Eurovision, and lesbian pop
Authors: HELLER DANA
Published: April 2007

The author argues that the success of the Russian pop duo, t.A.T.u., and in particular their participation in the 2003 Eurovision Song Contest, is revealing of the multiple and contradictory ways in which Russia is currently engaging with concepts of the national and the international. Specifically, the essay considers t.A.T.u.’s performance of faux-lesbian pop eroticism as a productive flashpoint of East-West misreading and failed translation that might account for the pop duo’s very different reception in Russia and the West. The controversies and inconsistencies that have followed t.A.T.u are located in the larger context of ongoing debates over the redefinition of post-Soviet Russian national identity and Russia’s emerging role on the global pop cultural stage. From this perspective, it is argued, the t.A.T.u. phenomenon interfaces with aspects of both post-Soviet and international youth cultures, shifts in Russian attitudes toward gender, sexuality, and identity politics, and the contradictory commodification and transnational circulation of distinctive ‘European’ identities that is Eurovision’s stock and trade. Thus, a secondary question addressed by the author concerns the value of Eurovision itself as a subject suitable for serious scholarly engagement.
Inventing recorded music: the recorded repertoire in Scandinavia 1899–1925
Authors: GRONOW PEKKA , ENGLUND BJÖRN
Published: April 2007

The first Scandinavian records appeared in 1899. By 1925, over 27,000 sides had been made in the region, and recordings had become an established part of musical life. Half of the recordings were made by the Gramophone Company, the market leader, but there were at least a dozen competing firms. The companies had to find out by trial and error what types of music would be attractive to customers. Early recording artists were mostly well-known personalities from opera, theatre or music halls, and their repertoire had already been tried on the stage.

Most Scandinavian records were pressed in Germany or the United Kingdom, and the companies also promoted their international repertoire in the region, but customers preferred local artists. A hundred years ago, opera singers were the only internationally known recording artists. Popular music was tied to local languages and traditions, and a demand for imported popular music only emerged after World War One, with the growing popularity of modern dance music.
Fundamental solution in the linear theory of thermoviscoelastic mixtures
Authors: SVANADZE MERAB , IOVANE GERARDO
Published: April 2007

In this article the linear theory of thermoviscoelastic mixtures is considered. The fundamental solution of the system of linear-coupled partial differential equations of steady oscillations (steady vibrations) of the theory of thermoviscoelastic mixtures is constructed in terms of elementary functions and basic properties are established.
Expression of SRG3, a chromatin-remodelling factor, in the mouse oocyte and early preimplantation embryos
Authors: Sun F. , Tang F. , Yan A Y. , Fang H. Y. , Sheng H. Z.
Published: April 2007

SRG3 (Smarcc1) is a core subunit of the SWI/SNF complex. In the absence of SRG3, embryonic development ceases during peri-implantation stages, indicating that SRG3, as well as the chromatin-remodelling process, plays an essential role in early mouse development. To gain a better understanding of chromatin remodelling during the early stages of development, we examined SRG3 expression during oogenesis and preimplantation stages using immunofluorescence and western blot assays. SRG3 was detected in nuclei of oocytes during growth and maturation. Following fertilization, SRG3 was detected in pronuclei shortly after their formation. Nuclear concentrations of SRG3 increased in a time-dependent fashion and were found to be greater in the male pronucleus than in the female pronucleus. The increase in nuclear SRG3 was partially inhibited by a protein synthesis inhibitor, but not by a transcriptional inhibitor. Expression of SRG3 is accompanied by expression of Brg1 and Ini1, two other core subunits of the SWI/SNF complex. The expression of these three remodelling factors parallels that of SP1 and TBP, both spatially and temporally, in the mouse embryo, suggesting a role for remodelling factors in chromatin structure and function during early development.
Essential role of follicle stimulating hormone in the maintenance of caprine preantral follicle viability in vitro
Authors: Matos M.H.T. , Lima-Verde I.B. , Luque M.C.A. , Maia Jr J.E. , Silva J.R.V. , Celestino J.J.H. , Martins F.S. , Báo S.N. , Lucci C.M. , Figueiredo J.R.
Published: April 2007

The aims of the present study were to investigate the effects of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) on survival, activation and growth of caprine primordial follicles using histological and ultrastructural studies. Pieces of caprine ovarian cortex were cultured for 1 or 7 days in minimum essential medium (MEM – control medium) supplemented with different concentrations of FSH (0, 10, 50 or 100 ng/ml). Small fragments from non-cultured ovarian tissue and from those cultured for 1 or 7 days in a specific medium were processed for classical histology and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Additionally, effects of FSH on oocyte and follicle diameter of cultured follicles were evaluated. The results showed that the lowest percentage of normal follicles was observed after 7 days of culture in control medium. After 1 day of culture, a higher percentage of growing follicles was observed in the medium supplemented with 50 ng/ml of FSH. In the presence of 10 and 50 ng/ml of FSH, an increase in diameter of both oocyte and follicle on day 7 of culture was observed. TEM showed ultrastructural integrity of follicles after 1 day of culture in MEM and after 7 days in MEM plus 50 ng/ml FSH, but did not confirm the integrity of those follicles cultured for 7 days in MEM. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that FSH at concentration of 50 ng/ml not only maintains the morphological integrity of 7 days cultured caprine preantral follicles, but also stimulate the activation of primordial follicles and the growth of activated follicles.
Effect of dehydroleucodine on meiosis reinitiation inBufo arenarumdenuded oocytes
Authors: Sánchez Toranzo G. , Giordano O.S. , López L.A. , Bühler M.I.
Published: April 2007

In amphibian oocytes meiosis, the transition from G2to M phase is regulated by the maturation promoting factor (MPF), a complex of the cyclin-dependent kinase p34/cdc2 and cyclin B. In immature oocytes there is an inactive complex (pre-MPF), in which cdc2 is phosphorylated on both Thr-161 and Thr-14/Tyr-15 residues. The dephosphorylation of Thr-14/Tyr-15 is necessary for the start of MPF activation and it is induced by the activation of cdc25 phosphatase. Late, to complete the activation, a small amount of active MPF induces an auto-amplification loop of MPF stimulation (MPF amplification). Dehydroleucodine (DhL) is a sesquiterpenic lactone that inhibits mammalian cell proliferation in G2. We asked whether DhL interferes with MPF activation. For this question, the effect of DhL (up to 30 μM) on the resumption of meiosis was evaluated, and visualized by germinal vesicle break down (GVBD), ofBufo arenarumoocytes inducedin vitroby either: (i) removing follicle cells; (ii) progesterone stimulation; (iii) VG-content injection; or (iv) injection of mature cytoplasm. The results show that DhL induced GVBD inhibition, in a dose-dependent manner, in spontaneous and progesterone-induced oocyte maturation. Nevertheless, DhL at the doses assayed had no effect on GVBD induced by mature cytoplasm injection, but exerted an inhibitory effect on GVBD induced by GV content. On the basis of these results, we interpreted that DhL does not inhibit MPF amplification and that the target of DhL is any event in the early stages of the cdc25 activation cascade.
Introduction
Authors: Worcester Kent
Published: April 2007

Cartoons come in many shapes and sizes, from gag cartoons and comic
strips, to comic books and graphic novels. A more or less respectable
cartoon format is the newspaper editorial cartoon. This symposium
considers the state of editorial cartooning around the globe, from
representations of gender, religion, student life, and popular culture in
the United States, to visual politics in Indonesia, Yemen, Turkey, and
South Africa.
Interview with Clay Bennett
Authors: Margulies Jimmy
Published: April 2007

Clay Bennett is the editorial cartoonist for the Christian Science
Monitor, based in Boston. Bennett joined the Christian Science
Monitor in 1998 and produces five cartoons a week, which are
nationally syndicated by the Christian Science Monitor News Service.
Previously, he was the editorial cartoonist for the St. Petersburg
Times from 1981–1994. He began his career as a staff artist for
the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette and the Fayetteville Times
after graduating from the University of North Alabama in 1980 with degrees
in Art and History.
Interview with Ann Telnaes
Authors: Harrison Brigid C.
Published: April 2007

Ann Telnaes is one of the most important political cartoonists of this
era. In 2001, she became only the second woman to win the Pulitzer Prize
for Editorial Cartooning. Relying on sharp, elegant lines, noted use of
positive and negative spaces, strong metaphor, evocative symbolism, biting
satire, and pointed editorial commentary, Telnaes' editorial cartoons
are distinctive both artistically and in the message they convey.
Reconsidering the Decline of the Editorial Cartoon
Authors: Danjoux Ilan
Published: April 2007

Originating in the late nineteenth century, the editorial cartoon
began as a mutually beneficial partnership between cartoonists and
publishers. Publishers hoped to capitalize on the cartoon's
popularity to increase revenue while cartoonists received job security and
access to broad audiences. Recently, the future of the editorial cartoon
in the United States has been a topic of much debate. Monitoring the
decline of employment opportunities, growing editorial controls, and the
greater use of syndication gives the impression of a medium in decline.
Matt Davies, the head of the Association of American Editorial Cartoonists
(AAEC), recently stated that in any given interview he is
“invariably asked about the demise of the editorial
cartoonist” (Nieman 2004, 6).
Cartooning and Nuclear Power: From Industry Advertising to Activist
Uprising and Beyond
Authors: Rifas Leonard
Published: April 2007

For more than three decades no commercial nuclear project in the U.S.
was ordered that was not later canceled. Recently, the groundbreaking for
the National Enrichment Facility in New Mexico in August, 2006, the
issuance of the first “Early Site Permit” for a nuclear power
plant in March, 2007, and a massive lobbying campaign in Washington, D.C.
have been signs that the nuclear power industry still dreams of a
renaissance. Nuclear power's momentum was broken in the late 1970s by
several factors, including a grassroots anti-nuclear movement that won
tightened regulations, thus raising the costs of nuclear power plant
construction and operation. Editorial cartoons in the daily press of that
time are only one of a number of fields of cartooning that document this
nuclear power controversy, and not the one that affords the closest look.
Both the nuclear industry and participants in the anti-nuclear movement
published entire comic books to explain their views of nuclear power.
Besides these special-purpose comic books, editorial cartoonists in the
weekly press and representations of nuclear power in mass entertainment
provide further bodies of visual evidence for understanding the steps by
which nuclear power won and lost the “public acceptance” that
it now tries to win back.
The Political Iconography of Muhammad Cartoons: Understanding
Cultural Conflict and Political Action
Authors: Müller Marion G. , Özcan Esra
Published: April 2007

The controversy over the depiction of the Prophet Muhammad in cartoons
that swept the globe at the beginning of 2006 was arguably the second
major event after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks that brought
“Muslims” as a group of political actors to the forefront of
international politics. The crisis was sparked in late September 2005, by
the publication of political cartoons, depicting Islamic prophet Muhammad,
in the Danish newspaper Jyllands-Posten. While the original cause
of controversy was limited to a small country in northern Europe,
political actions spread worldwide, ranging from peaceful protests to
diplomatic sanctions to consumer boycotts, and finally to open violence
against anything symbolizing “the West.” The levels of
political action were muddled, and responsibilities as well as the
potential to act were confused. Almost all of the actors involved in the
controversy were left without an appropriate counterpart to address. For
example, the Arab League and Muslim organizations blamed the Danish
government for the publication of the cartoons, and for not taking action
against the independent publisher of Jyllands-Posten. Enraged
Muslim citizens of countries as geographically distant as Lebanon, Sudan,
and Indonesia attacked and ransacked Danish embassies, and threatened
anyone coming from a country belonging to the European Union. The editors
of several newspapers—e.g., in France and Jordan—who had
decided to reprint the cartoons either in an act of journalistic
solidarity with Jyllands-Posten or to inform their Muslim
readership about the cartoons, were fired. And, terrorist group Al Qaeda
put the editor and cartoonists of Jyllands-Posten, as well as all
of Denmark, at the top of its target list. The diplomatic fallout from the
cartoon publication was enormous and has severely shattered relations
between European and Arab countries. Despite the enormity of the event,
the question of how the publication of 12 cartoons in Denmark could lead
to a global crisis that dominated the news and kept diplomats and
politicians on alert for more than three months remains unanswered.
Drawing Dissent: Political Cartoons in Yemen
Authors: Corstange Daniel
Published: April 2007

Does the fallout from the now infamous Danish cartoons depicting the
Prophet Muhammad reflect inherent mass radicalism or irrationality on the
part of Muslim societies? Judging from the news coverage broadcast to
Western audiences, one would think so. Most media images focused on
bearded men or veiled women demonstrating and burning flags reinforced by
dramatic sound bites, as when the usually sober BBC (2006) cited one protester as saying: “They want
to test our feelings. They want to know whether Muslims are extremists or
not. Death to them and their newspapers.” These reactions seemed
disproportionate, if not irrational, because of the medium: they were,
after all, just drawings.
Cartooning Democracy: The Images of R. K. Laxman
Authors: Chatterjee Sushmita
Published: April 2007

Flipping through the recently published collection of R. K.
Laxman's cartoons chronicling Indian democracy (titled Brushing
Up the Years: A Cartoonist's History of India 1947–2004,
2005), I was intrigued by the dynamic nature of
the material collected together. It is indispensable as a teaching tool
that displays the many vicissitudes of Indian democracy over the years.
But also, the active nature of actual democratic life pulsated through
each and every framed visual satiric political presentation. What is it
about his visual melancholic humor that seems to question democratic
functioning at its kernel? There is nothing funny/trivial about
democratic governance, but by drawing in the comical aspect of a
functioning democracy, Laxman's cartoons draw out a democracy alive
to its inherent possibilities; a democracy laughing at itself for the
aberrations from its idyllic potential.
Political Values in a Threat Environment
Authors: Babula Michael
Published: April 2007

Inglehart based the theory of values change on the concepts of
scarcity. He argues that people “place the greatest value on those
things that are in relatively short supply” (1981, 881). ‘Materialist’ concerns about
economic and physical security are desired by the public in times of
depression or warfare. Emphasis on ‘Post-materialist values’
such as freedom, self-expression, and quality of life increases as demands
for clean drinking water, food, and shelter are met (Abramson and
Inglehart 1995). In this regard, values
represented beliefs that are derived from human needs gratification
(Inglehart 1971).
The Production and Placement of Political Science Ph.D.s,
1902–2000
Authors: Masuoka Natalie , Grofman Bernard , Feld Scott L.
Published: April 2007

This paper is the second of a three-part series dealing with
quantitative indicators of impact and prominence in the political science
discipline. In these essays, we assess some of the changes in the
discipline since the publication of the Somit and Tanenhaus (1963; 1964; 1967) studies that cover the first 60 years of the
twentieth century. In the first paper of the series, published in the
January 2007 issue of PS (Masuoka, Grofman, and Feld 2007), we focused on the individual visibility and
impact of all regular faculty in Ph.D.-granting departments by using
SSCI-based cumulative citation counts to their lifetime work. In
particular, we identified the 400 most-cited faculty members in the
discipline, and we found that citation counts are strongly influenced by
factors such as date of Ph.D., subfield, and gender. This, the second
paper in the series, shifts to departmental-level data and details the
historical changes in Ph.D. production and placement rates from
1902–2000. The last paper in the series, to be published in the July
2007 issue of PS, will combine the individual-level citation data
presented in the first paper with the Ph.D. production and placement data
in the second paper to look at the factors that affect reputational
rankings of Ph.D.-granting political science departments. The authors would like to thank Russell Dalton,
Lee Sigelman, and the anonymous reviewers of PS for their helpful
feedback and corrections. We are also indebted to the bibliographic
assistance of Clover Behrend-Gethard and to the inspiration of Joe
Tanenhaus' pioneering work. Any errors presented in this paper are
the sole responsibility of the authors. The authors welcome corrections to
the data that is presented in this series. Comments and corrections can be
sent to Bgrofman@uci.edu.
How to Assess Plagiarism of Ideas?
Authors: Weyland Kurt
Published: April 2007

Scholars are sometimes called upon to adjudicate charges of
plagiarism, that is, of the unacknowledged “lifting” of one
writer's words or ideas by another. When literal copying of whole
expressions or sentences is involved, judgments are straightforward. But
when the accuser claims that his or her ideas were plagiarized, as in the
recent court case against Random House over Dan Brown's Da Vinci
Code, the situation is much more complicated. Passing judgment in
such cases requires a reflection on the meaning of
“plagiarism” and the best ways of assessing it, which this
brief article seeks to provide.
Diary of a Political Scientist III, Fall 2006: Classes, Cadets, and
Bob Corker
Authors: Nelson Michael
Published: April 2007

Classes begin today: one section of Rhodes College's celebrated
great books course, The Search for Values in the Light of Western History
and Religion, and two sections of a new course for me and (surprisingly)
for Rhodes, Southern Politics. Today, as on subsequent Mondays,
Wednesdays, and Fridays for the next 14 weeks, I'll begin at noon
with Search and keep going until 2:50 with my other two classes. Over the
years I've found that it's easier (not easy, but easier) to
teach my classes back-to-back-to-back than to pump myself up for a class,
come down afterward, and have to climb that motivational hill again before
meeting the next one.
Simulating the Free Trade Area of the Americas
Authors: Switky Bob , Avilés William
Published: April 2007

Since the early 1990s, North Americans have participated in a large
political-economic experiment in a regional trade bloc called the North
American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). With NAFTA now over 10 years old,
the non-NAFTA countries have been debating the merits and shortcomings of
creating an expanded version of the trade agreement that would encompass
virtually every state in the Americas. The Free Trade Area of the Americas
(FTAA) would encompass 34 western hemisphere countries, over 800 million
consumers, and a total economy of over $12 trillion. The debate over the
FTAA raises a long list of important practical questions for each of the
potential member states and their citizens. The debate also raises a host
of pedagogical questions for students of the entire region and beyond.
This paper describes a student-based simulation that taps into those
practical and pedagogical questions. As in other simulations, such as the
Model United Nations, students role-play while vicariously experiencing
the opportunities and constraints facing each country as they negotiate
for policy preferences.
Arch T. Dotson
Authors: Esman Milton J. , Ziegler Jerome M. , Lowi Theodore J.
Published: April 2007

Arch T. Dotson, professor emeritus of government at Cornell
University, died April 6, 2006, at the age of 85. He had been sound of
mind and body virtually until the end, teaching until his voice was too
weak to be heard. A “country boy” born and bred in Paris,
Kentucky, he worked from his early teens on farms managed by his father.
Arch left for World War II just short of earning his B.A. from
Transylvania College and joined the Army Air Force as a “check
pilot,” becoming a jock in every war plane up to the B-29.
Discharged with the rank of major, the GI Bill got him through his Harvard
Ph.D. and a post-doc at the London School of Economics. His entire
academic career was at Cornell, beginning in 1950, as a dedicated teacher,
serving beyond his retirement as a teacher, and, respectively, as director
of Cornell-in-Washington, director of Cornell Abroad, and director of the
Cornell Institute of Public Affairs.
Making International Collaboration Work: A Third Update from the
French Politics Group of APSA
Authors: Appleton Andrew , Mazur Amy
Published: April 2007

This is the third in a series of articles about the activities of the
French Politics Group (FPG), charting the institutionalization of our
research and teaching partnerships with our colleagues in France. In last
year's essay for PS (April, 2006: 389–91), we
discussed 10 lessons we had learned in pursuing successful international
collaboration. Following yet another productive year of ever-increasing
collaborative activities on both sides of the Atlantic, it appears that
this prescription for success has continued to work. As evidence, one need
only look at FPG-sponsored activities at the APSA annual meeting. In
Philadelphia in 2006, the group hosted five panels with an average
attendance of 25 people. Attendees at our (open bar) Friday, late-night
cocktail party declared it to be the toast of the APSA social scene. We
have seen an increased attendance of French political scientists as well
(20, compared to two in 2001). Finally, an APSA-sponsored roundtable has
laid the foundation for a French “State of the Discipline” to
be published in collaboration with the Association Fran[,]caise
de Science Politique (AFSP). Here, we revisit the top 10 key ingredients
to our growing and highly fruitful collaboration in hopes of spurring on
others to invest their time and limited resources to contribute to the
internationalization of the discipline and APSA.
George J. Graham, Jr.
Authors: Booth W. James
Published: April 2007

George J. Graham died on November 30, 2006, after a courageous battle
with cancer. He was 68 years old. George is survived by his daughter,
Carmen Michelle Graham Christgau of San Francisco and a sister, Joyce
Graham Johnson of Sarasota.
Glendon A. Schubert
Authors: Lowi Theodore J.
Published: April 2007

People like Glendon Schubert never die. Glen was an individualist who
lived by his work, and I'm one of his products. I was not a born
scholar. I had no idea of what “the life of the mind” was all
about. College was for me merely four more years of high school. Academic
achievement was just competition by other means, and grades were nothing
but a way of keeping score.
Pressure effect of self‐diffusion in periclase (MgO) by molecular dynamics
Authors: Ito Yosuke , Toriumi Mitsuhiro
Published: April 2007

Pressure effect of self‐diffusion in periclase (MgO) was investigated by molecular dynamics (MD), and viscosity variation of lower mantle periclase was predicted by employing the Nabarro‐Herring model. Self‐diffusion coefficients were derived directly from recorded trajectories of atoms. The MD calculations were performed at 2400–6000 K and 0–140 GPa. Migration energy (Hm*) and formation energy (Hf*) of ordinary pressure (0 GPa) are consistent with experimental data. Observed pressure dependence of self‐diffusion coefficients was turned from negative with increasing pressure. The behavior of self‐diffusion coefficients predicts softening of lower mantle periclase with increasing depth. We predict 1.3 times reduction of the viscosity (0.3 K/km geothermal gradient) or 2.0 times (0.6 K/km geothermal gradient).
Earthquake source characteristics from dynamic rupture with constrained stochastic fault stress
Authors: Ripperger J. , Ampuero J.‐P. , Mai P. M. , Giardini D.
Published: April 2007

One of the challenging tasks in predicting near‐source ground motion for future earthquakes is to anticipate the spatiotemporal evolution of the rupture process. The final size of an event but also its temporal properties (propagation velocity, slip velocity) depend on the distribution of shear stress on the fault plane. Though these incipient stresses are not known for future earthquakes, they might be sufficiently well characterized in a stochastic sense. We examine the evolution of dynamic rupture in numerical models of a fault subjected to heterogeneous stress fields with varying statistical properties. By exploring the parameter space of the stochastic stress characterization for a large number of random realizations we relate generalized properties of the resulting events to the stochastic stress parameters. The nucleation zone of the simulated earthquake ruptures in general has a complex shape, but its average size is found to be independent of the stress field parameterization and is determined only by the material parameters and the friction law. Furthermore, we observe a sharp transition in event size from small to system‐wide events, governed mainly by the standard deviation of the stress field. A simplified model based on fracture mechanics is able to explain this transition. Finally, we find that the macroscopic rupture parameters (e.g., moment, moment rate, seismic energy) of our catalog of model quakes are generally consistent with observational data.
A method for automatic scaling of sporadic E layers from ionograms
Authors: Scotto Carlo , Pezzopane Michael
Published: April 2007

A method for automatic scaling of the maximum frequency and virtual height of a sporadic E layer is presented. A set of ionograms recorded at the ionospheric observatory of Gibilmanna was used to test the performance of the algorithm. The test was performed by comparing the data obtained automatically with the values scaled by an operator.
Wave breaking along the stratospheric polar vortex as seen in ERA‐40 data
Authors: Abatzoglou John T. , Magnusdottir Gudrun
Published: April 2007

Planetary wave breaking through the depth of the Northern Hemispheric stratosphere is observed in daily ERA‐40 reanalysis data. Strong wave breaking along the vortex edge is objectively diagnosed by noting the large‐scale overturning of potential vorticity contours on isentropic surfaces spanning the stratospheric vortex. Breaking events show distinctly different climatologies depending on whether they occur along the upper or lower portion of the stratospheric vortex. During early winter there is a strong negative correlation between the frequency of breaking events in these two regions. Frequent wave breaking in the lower stratosphere in early winter appears to both shield the upper portion of the vortex from wave disturbances and reduce the net upward wave activity flux into the troposphere, thereby allowing the vortex to strengthen into mid‐winter.