bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experience of pain from insulin injections and needle‐phobia in young patients with IDDM
Authors: Hanas R. , Ludvigsson J.
Published: March 2007

We studied attitudes towards insulin injections, needle‐phobia and the experience of pain when using syringes, pens, insulin pumps and in‐dwelling subcutaneous catheters (Insuflon®, Maersk Medical, Lynge, Denmark).

185 children and adolescents with IDDM aged 14.2±4.1 years with a HbA1c of 6.4±1.4% answered a questionnaire using 10 cm VAS scores (0 cm = hardly noticeable pain/not scared of needles at all, 10 cm=unbearable pain, very scared of needles).

The VAS score of injections (median and quartiles) with syringes was 1.9 (1.1, 3.5) cm, with pens 0.4 (0.0, 1.3) cm, with in‐dwelling catheters 0.4 (0.2, 1.7) cm, when taking a bolus dose with insulin pump 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) cm and when taking a blood glucose test 0.7 (0.1, 2.4) cm. The injection pain declined with increasing age but still several teenagers regarded the injection pain as almost unbearable. Injection pain correlated to HbA1c (p=0.033), age (p=0.0003), their own (p<0.0001) and their mother's (p=0.032) needle‐phobia (but not father's) but not to diabetes duration or if parents had tried injections or blood glucose testing. Median needle‐phobia score was 0.4 (0.1, 1.4) cm. Overall, 8.3% of the patients, 16.8% of the mothers and 17.7% of the fathers defined themselves as having pronounced needle‐phobia (⩾5 cm). Those using in‐dwelling catheters reported a higher needle‐phobia but their injection pain was in the same low range as for other individuals.

We conclude that, for most patients, the pain when injecting insulin is quite small irrespective of injection mode, but for some it is almost unbearable. Parents' attitudes are important for children's acceptance of injections. Injections through an in‐dwelling injection aid enables children and adolescents to reduce the pain to levels comparable to those who are less needle‐phobic.
Factors determining prescriber's satisfaction with orthotic services
Authors: Connor H.
Published: March 2007

In order to investigate prescribersatisfaction with the footwear services provided for diabetic patients a questionnaire survey of delegates attending a diabetic foot conference in the UK was carried out.

The 92 replies from 104 departments showed that prescribes' satisfaction with their orthotic services was closely related to how often the prescriber and orthotist saw their patients in joint consultations (Chi2 for trend, 2p < 0.002). Satisfaction with services provided by orthotists who were employed by the NHS was no different from that with services where the orthotists were employed by a manufacturer. Orthotists must be fully integrated members of the diabetic foot care team, and the service must be provided in such a way as to facilitate joint consultations beween prescriber and orthotist.
Prevention is better than cure. The routine examination of the feet of patients with diabetes. Part 3. General conditions affecting the feet
Authors: Fawcett J. , Widdows C. , Wales J. K.
Published: March 2007

This series of articles describes (with accompanying photographs) some of the more common abnormalities which a routine inspection might reveal. Some indication is given of their importance to the diabetic patient and what action the nurse or GP should take.
Diabetes education session for young IDDM probands and their family members in a developing country: an evaluation
Authors: Shobhana R. , Rao P. Rama , Vijay V. , Snehalatha C. , Ramachandran A.
Published: March 2007

The aim of the study was to investigate whether a diabetes education programme developed and provided at our centre was successful in creating an awareness and imparting knowledge on various aspects of diabetes mellitus. A sample of patients was drawn from the outpatient department of the Diabetes Research Centre and the M V Hospital for Diabetes, Madras, Southern India (n=37). They answered a questionnaire consisting of seven areas of information about diabetes mellitus and its management. The data were collected on three occasions, namely, immediately after exposure to the diabetes education programme, three months later and six months later.

The subjects showed significant improvement in the awareness of different aspects related to diabetes mellitus during the follow‐up periods. The mean differences were significant (p < 0.01). It was concluded that the intake of educative material was high, the information was retained and consolidated. The knowledge of diabetes mellitus improved over the time. Participative learning with audio‐visual aids proved beneficial.
Hypernatremia in diabetic ketoacidosis
Authors: Monroe K. W. , King W. D. , Nichols M. H. , Atchison J. A.
Published: March 2007

The elevated blood glucose in DKA creates an osmotic gradient which typically results in hyponatremia. Many patients present with elevated serum sodium concentrations in DKA and very little is known about these patients. We questioned if these patients represent a ‘sicker’ population than those with normal or low serum sodium concentrations.

The objective of this study was to characterise those patients who develop elevated corrected serum sodium levels in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). A retrospective medical record review was done of all episodes of DKA at The Children's Hospital of Alabama between January 1992 and June 1994. All cases of DKA were in patients less than 17 years of age.

Among the 79 study entries which consisted of 52 separate individuals 46% female (n=36) 54% male (n=43), 11 patients were admitted for more than one episode of DKA, 27% (n=21) were patients with new onset diabetes and 73% (n=58) were patients with a prior history of diabetes mellitus. Of the corrected serum concentrations of sodium, 85% (n=67) were less than 149 mmol/L. In the patients with corrected serum sodium concentrations greater than 149 mmol/L (n=12), 35% (n=4) were African‐American and 65% (n=8) Caucasian, which was representative of the overall study population race distribution. Sixty seven per cent (n=8) of the hypernatremic patients were male, 33% (n=4) female.

Patients with new onset diabetes were more likely to present with elevated concentrations of sodium in serum than known diabetic patients (t=5.52, p=0.02); 33% (n=7) of the patients with new‐onset diabetes were hypernatremic. No association was found between corrected sodium and age (t=0.31, p=0.76), duration of symptoms (t=0.42, p=0.68) or serum urea nitrogen concentration which was used as a marker for level of hydration (t=1.48, p=0.14). Duration of symptoms was found to be longer among patients with new onset diabetes (ZT=4.31, p < 0.001) and patients presenting with elevated serum concentration of sodium (ZT=2.20, p=0.028).

We conclude that patients with new onset diabetes are more likely to present with elevated sodium values unrelated to age or level of hydration.
Blood glucose meters: an independent head‐to‐head comparison
Authors: Engel L , Delaney C , Cohen M
Published: March 2007

A new generation of blood glucose meters is now available for use by people with diabetes and health professionals, but little independent evaluation data is available. Previous models are prone to a variety of errors. We compared the accuracy, precision and features of the six latest meters available in Australia as of 1996. Meters studied were the Mini‐Accutrend and Advantage (Boehringer Mannheim), Precision QID and Companion 2 (MediSense), Glucometer Elite (Bayer) and Lynx (National Diagnostic Products). We measured the blood glucose levels of 50 people with diabetes with these meters, and compared them to a reference method (YSI glucose analyser). Error grid analysis confirmed that accuracy of all meters was sufficient for their intended use as patient monitors. Precision was assessed using 25 samples from control solutions provided for each meter, and the coefficient of variation calculated. Improvements in strip and meter technology in some models have increased ease of use and reduced the likelihood of user error. This study, when considered with individual preferences for various features and price should assist patients in choosing a new blood glucose meter.
How do patients dispose of syringes?
Authors: Bain A , Graham A
Published: March 2007

Locally, patients on insulin therapy are advised about the current BDA recommendations for syringe disposal. A systematic survey was conducted to investigate the disposal practices of patients in our area. Fifty insulin‐treated patients were chosen randomly over a four week period. Each patient was interviewed by a diabetes specialist nurse using a specially devised questionnaire. Various health professionals involved in diabetes care were also surveyed regarding syringe disposal.

Results showed that 23 (46%) patients disposed of their syringes in a safe manner, but only 13 (26%) followed the recommended procedure; 21 (42%) made some attempt to immobilise the syringe, but not in an acceptable manner; 6 (12%) disposed of their syringes unaltered and unprotected in the household rubbish. Data on a comparison of patient practice in relation to age, length of time using insulin and recall of syringe disposal advice are given.

Overall, there appears to be a wide variation in the practice of syringe disposal among patients. The regular educational evaluation of these patients needs to include an assessment of their syringe disposal practice, and their knowledge updated when required.
Organising a diabetes service
Authors: Roberts SH
Published: March 2007

This, the ninth in a series of review articles concerned with psychological aspects of diabetes care, illustrates how a diabetes service can be structured to meet the physical and psychological needs of a diabetic population.
The benefits of dietitian‐led community clinics for people with diabetes: Using audit to raise GP awareness
Authors: Pediani L , Bowie P
Published: March 2007

Research has highlighted the importance of individual dietary advice for people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes1. The purpose of this small study was to audit the impact of a recently established community‐based diabetes dietetic service by establishing both levels of awareness and rates of referral to the clinics by local general practitioners (GPs). Findings from an initial survey of 63 local GPs (71.4% response rate) revealed that 57.8% were aware of the service but only 55.6% had actually referred their diabetic patients to the clinics. Twenty (44.4%) GPs cited specific reasons for not referring to the clinic. These included a preference to use a practice nurse to dispense dietary advice (n=3) and opting for referral to the hospital diabetes clinic (n=11). However, no respondents indicated that they disapproved of this type of community‐based service. After implementing an action plan designed to raise both GP awareness of the service and the importance of dietary support and advice provided, the audit loop was closed by repeating the study six months after the initial survey. The repeat audit findings highlighted a significant increase in GP awareness of the service, rising from 57.8% to 94.0% (p<0.001) of respondents. Similarly, the number of GPs referring their diabetic patients increased from 55.6% to 76.0% (p<0.05). By identifying a specific problem with our service, we have used the audit process to evaluate and review our practices and so improve the level of shared care available to diabetic patients requiring diet therapy.
Self‐monitoring of blood glucose from abdominal skin: An extraordinary method
Authors: Holstein A , Hinze S , Perret U , Nahrwold D , Egberts EH
Published: March 2007

A 70 year old man with type 1 diabetes self‐monitored his blood glucose for 15 years by withdrawing capillary blood from the abdominal skin. The precision of this method was determined by simultaneously comparing the specific enzymatic glucose concentrations from the abdominal skin and the finger pad. Intra‐ and inter‐method differences and the means of self‐monitoring values from abdominal skin and finger pad, measured by reflectometers, did not differ statistically from their corresponding laboratory monitorings. Thus, self‐monitoring from abdominal skin is equal to and interchangeable with self‐monitoring from finger pads, provided a high monitoring standard is given. Bootstrap simulation with another 1,000 samples, accidentally fixed by a computer, confirmed the accuracy and reproducabilityof the new method.

Blood glucose self‐monitoring from abdominal skin cannot generally be recommended, but after a quality check, this method might be an alternative to the well‐established method of the finger pad for some people with diabetes.
Intensive dietary therapy in the treatment of type 2 diabetic patients in primary versus specialist care
Authors: Iványi J , Gyimesi A
Published: March 2007

The six‐year prospective data on 100 people newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, aged 40–69 years, were analysed. After careful and controlled dietetic training, carbohydrate metabolism parameters, physical status, fundus pictures and laboratory data were examined yearly, and alterations in treatment were noted. Twenty‐four subjects dropped out during the six year study period. At the end of the six years, 41% of the patients had continued to maintain good control by dietary means. The data were compared with those on 100 similarly detected new type 2 diabetic cases, whose education and control were provided by family physicians. The level of carbohydrate metabolism control was significantly better in the diabetic clinic‐controlled patients; the proportion of sulphonylurea‐treated patients was only 40.5% after six years compared with 68.9% among family physician‐controlled patients. The importance of a correct and controlled diet, good education and continuous control is emphasised.
Monitoring of elderly housebound and mobile diabetic patients in 31 Leicestershire practices: A comparative study
Authors: Farooqi A , Sorrie R
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to compare the monitoring of housebound and mobile diabetic patients aged 75 years and over. In addition, a survey was undertaken to assess the views of health professionals on the results obtained from the study and the service provided to patients.

Thirty‐one volunteer general practices conducted a clinical audit of their diabetic patients using an audit protocol. They were then asked to identify which patients over the age of 75 years were housebound, using a standard definition provided to them. Results were analysed by the Primary Care Audit Group (PCAG) and the audit leads in each participating practice were asked to complete a questionnaire seeking their views on aggregated results and aspects of service provision.

Data were collected on 682 mobile and 152 housebound diabetic patients aged 75 or over.

The results indicate that housebound diabetic patients had significantly lower recorded standards of monitoring for each of seven key audit criteria, addressing annual assessment of symptoms, glycated haemoglobin, feet, urinalysis, fundi, blood pressure and smoking (p<0.001).

Twenty‐eight (90.3%) of the audit leads returned the questionnaire and none of the respondents felt that housebound patients should attend hospital for monitoring. Respondents identified time and training as important resource issues for better monitoring in the community. Respondents also favoured the increased use of diabetic health visitors and domiciliary opticians and for nursing homes to take more responsibility for ensuring that their own patients were monitored.
Prayer foot: A potential cause of serious complication in diabetes
Authors: Kaufman BM , Hurst N
Published: March 2007

A case is presented of severe foot infection in a diabetic Asian man secondary to callus formation from local pressure sustained while at prayer (‘prayer foot’). The presence of poorly‐controlled diabetes and peripheral neuropathy were probably contributory factors, and particular attention to ‘prayer foot’ and patient education is indicated when such risk factors are present.
Long‐term outcome of infra‐inguinal bypass for limb salvage: Are we giving diabetic patients a fair deal?
Authors: Sigurdsson HH , MacAulay EM , Cooper GG , McHardy KC
Published: March 2007

We have reviewed the long‐term outcome of one surgeon's practice of surgery for lower limb ischaemia in diabetic and non‐diabetic patients, with a minimum follow‐up period of three years. Of 56 critically ischaemic lower limbs in 52 diabetic patients, 43 were managed by infra‐inguinal bypass and 13 by amputation. A similar pattern of management was observed in a control group of 126 non‐diabetic patients who underwent infra‐inguinal bypass (96 limbs) or primary amputation (40 limbs). In the infra‐inguinal bypass group, actuarial survival at three years was 49% for those with diabetes and 55% for those without. Actuarial amputation‐free survival atthree years was42% for diabetic patients and 50% for others. Although there appears to be a trend for diabetic patients to perform less well, there was no statistically significant difference in these outcome measures (survival—Chi) Square 3.1693, p=0.075; amputation‐free survival—Chi Square 2.627, p=0.105. We conclude that groups of diabetic patients, like non‐diabetic patients, can expect substantial benefit from infra‐inguinal bypass.
Digital retinal imaging increases detection of diabetic retinopathy in a hospital‐based eye screening programme
Authors: Lindsay RS , Ferguson SC , Bal SK , Young MJ , Walker JD , Frier BM
Published: March 2007

Computerised digital retinal imaging systems may offer an advance for screening programmes set up to detect diabetic retinopathy. The present study examined whether the addition of digital retinal imaging to ophthalmoscopic screening increased the detection of diabetic eye disease, in the context of a routine screening programme in a teaching hospital clinic. A total of 611 consecutive patients with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes mellitus eligible for annual eye screening were randomised either to our current screening process (direct ophthalmoscopy following mydriasis and assessment of visual acuity) or to routine screening with the addition of digital retinal imaging. The addition of a digital retinal image to routine ophthalmoscopic screening increased the detection of background retinopathy (prevalence of background retinopathy 36.1% with digital imaging versus 22.2% without: p<0.01). In the hospital specialist clinic, digital retinal imaging was a useful adjunct to direct ophthalmoscopy in the detection of non‐sight‐threatening diabetic retinal disease.
Blood pressure measurement in diabetes: Lack of effect from stress factors in the clinic
Authors: Zambanini Andrew , Cox Alison , Chan Nor N , Feher Michael D
Published: March 2007

Precise blood pressure (BP) measurements are an important part of the clinical assessment of patients with diabetes, and may be influenced by patient and observer‐related factors. Several ‘stress’ events specific to the diabetes clinic may influence the BP including the finger prick for capillary blood glucose measurement and the consultation with a doctor. Semi‐automated oscillometric devices may be helpful in the diabetes clinic as these not only allow for multiple measurements to be obtained easily but may also reduce observer errors.

The aims of this study were to assess BP changes during specific ‘stress’ events and to evaluate the role of a semi‐automated BP device (Omron HEM‐705CP) in the diabetes clinic.

Fifty‐one routine follow‐up patients (35 men and 16 women) participated in this diabetes clinic‐based observational study. Mean BP mmHg (±SD) were: on arrival to the clinic 143/84 (26/12); pre‐finger prick 141/83 (24/11); post‐finger prick 141/81 (24/11); pre‐doctor consultation 142/81 (23/14); post‐doctor consultation 142/82 (23/13); end of the clinic 146/84 (24/17); 15 minutes after clinic 140/79 (22/10). There were no significant differences, as assessed by single ANOVA, in either systolic or diastolic BP recordings.

There appears to be no significant alerting response related to potential stress events in a diabetes clinic and BP can be measured at any stage using the Omron HEM‐705CP.
Polymer crystals—a review
Authors: Fava R. A.
Published: March 2007

The unique properties that are a direct consequence of chain folding in polymer crystals are described. It is shown that there is a close link between morphology and molecular studies in these entities. It is also shown that the unusual phenomenon of folding persists not only in crystals from very dilute solutions but also in the complex crystalline aggregates of the bulk polymer. Although the experimental crystallisation data can be described exactly in terms of standard nucleation theory, the melting process has proved to be too complex for a simple explanation in terms of thermodynamic principles.
Gel permeation chromatography measurements on PVC resins and plasticisers
Authors: Pedersen H. L. , Lyngaae‐Jørgensen J.
Published: March 2007

The value of gel permeation chromatography (g.p.c.) measurements of PVC resins is discussed in relation to quality control of commercial suspension types. Some examples of simple solvent fractionation and precipitation with methanol are given. In addition, chromatograms of selected plasticisers are shown for analytical identification together with an indication of an approximate determination of the mol. wt. of plasticisers ranging from 400–10,000. Finally a short discussion of the influence of the parameters of operation, i.e. flow rate, volume of injection and concentration of the solution in tetrahydrofuran, is given.

It is concluded that g.p.c. determinations of weight‐average mol. wt. are in fair agreement with light‐scattering measurements.
Flammability of plastics I. relation between pyrolysis and burning
Authors: Learmonth G. S. , Nesbitt A. , Thwaite D. G.
Published: March 2007

The fundamental basis of the burning of polymers is reviewed and the planning of the present investigations is justified. Preliminary results are given on the effect of chlorinated additives on the pyrolytic decomposition of polyesters.
INTRINSIC VISCOSITY OF COPOLYMERS
Authors: Imai S.
Published: March 2007

The intrinsic viscosity of a copolymer has been calculated using the method developed by Fixman. The result shows that the relation [η] = KM1/2 may be observed under certain conditions (where [η] is intrinsic viscosity, M is molecular weight, and K is a constant). However, even in such a case, the ‘unperturbed dimensions’ of the copolymer cannot be obtained in the manner usually adopted for homopolymers. In general, there is no θ state for a copolymer, i.e. no stage at which all interactions between pairs of segments vanish simultaneously.
Heat resistance of epoxy resins
Authors: Pogany G. A.
Published: March 2007

A torsion pendulum has been found to be a sensitive tool to detect the first steps of pyrolysis. It has been shown that some primary bonds break at elevated temperatures, but in the presence of oxygen, new crosslinks can form simultaneously. In resin heated in air, embrittlement due to these crosslinks starts on the surface of the resin and progresses inwards with time.
Sequence studies of vinyl acetate copolymers with acrylic, fumaric and maleic esters using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Moyles A. F. , Reynolds G. E. J.
Published: March 2007

The infra‐red spectra of copolymers of vinyl acetate with acrylic esters and fumaric and maleic di‐esters show no features which enable differentiation one from another. High‐resolution nuclear magnetic resonance, however, shows differences in backbone structure between vinyl acetate‐acrylic esters and vinyl acetatefumaric or maleic esters. Furthermore, there are finer differences between the fumaric and maleic ester copolymers and, with the aid of specially prepared model compounds, it has been established that these differences are accounted for by a greater tendency for the occurrence of fumaric ester sequences than maleic ester sequences in the copolymers. The differing sequence distribution of vinyl acetate‐fumaric ester and vinyl acetate‐maleic ester has been shown to be in qualitative agreement with that expected from reactivity ratios.
Preparation of sections of plastics and polymers for the electron microscope
Authors: Farmer Joan , Little Kitty
Published: March 2007

Experimental details of a method for sectioning rubbers and plastics at room temperature are presented. Usually specimens are embedded in a butyl‐isobutyl methacrylate mixture (provided that they do not dissolve in the monomer) which can be polymerised by ultra‐violet light to varying hardness. This enables sections through fibres and surfaces to be obtained. Because of distortion of the surface layers the angle between the knife and specimen is critical. The thickness of these distorted surface layers rather than the total thickness of the specimen provides a limit to the resolution obtained. Choice of the sectioning angle was made primarily by means of sense of touch, so that a microtome design incorporating a direct transmission of pressure from specimen to hand is needed.
Initiator complexes derived from dichlorobiscyclopentadienyl titanium and alkyl aluminium compounds: II. The 1:1 adduct
Authors: Amass A. J. , Hay J. N. , Robb J. C.
Published: March 2007

The adduct prepared from dichloro‐biscyclopentadienyl titanium and triethyl aluminium at a molar ratio 1:1 was studied as an active catalyst for the polymerisation of styrene. The overall rate of polymerisation was found to be first‐order in monomer, and half‐order in adduct concentration; it was also time dependent, and decreased markedly with time. The molecular weights of the polymer samples also increased with conversion. The values of the transfer constants to monomer, toluene and adduct, and the activation energies of the various steps in the overall polymerisation scheme were consistent with a radical mechanism involving the reduction of Ti (IV) to Ti (III). This mechanism is substantiated by a kinetic study of the deceleration of the polymerisation and of the reduction reaction.
Emulsion polymerisation of vinyl chloride in relation to the chemical structure of the emulsifier
Authors: Hopff H. , Fakla I.
Published: March 2007

The influence of the chemical structure of the emulsifier on the rate of polymerisation, the yield and the properties of the polymer in the emulsion polymerisation of vinyl chloride was studied. The highest molecular weights were obtained with the sodium salts of the sulphuric acid esters of fatty alcohols with a chain length of 10 and 18 C atoms. In the group of aliphatic sulphonates, sulphates and salts of fatty acids there was no great difference. In general the effect of emulsifiers increases with the chain length. Unsaturated emulsifiers decrease the rate of polymerisation. Non‐ionic emulsifiers are less active than ionic ones.
A descriptive study of school discipline referrals in first grade
Authors: Rusby Julie C. , Taylor Ted K. , Foster E. Michael
Published: March 2007

School discipline referrals (SDRs) may be useful in the early detection and monitoring of disruptive behavior problems to inform prevention efforts in the school setting, yet little is known about the nature and validity of SDRs in the early grades. For this descriptive study, SDR data were collected on a sample of first grade students who were at risk for developing disruptive behavior problems (n = 186) and a universal sample (n = 531) from 20 schools. Most SDRs were given for physical aggression and the predominant consequence was time out. As expected, boys and at‐risk students were more likely to receive an SDR and to have more SDRs than were girls and the universal sample. A large difference between schools regarding the delivery of SDRs was found. A zero‐inflated Poisson model clustered by school tested the prediction of school‐level variables. Students in schools that had a systematic way of tracking SDRs were more likely to receive one. Also, schools with more low‐income students and larger class sizes gave fewer SDRs. SDRs predicted teacher ratings, and to a lesser extent, parent ratings of disruptive behavior at the end of first grade. Practitioners and researchers must examine school‐level influences whenever first grade discipline referrals are used to measure problem behavior for the purpose of planning and evaluating interventions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 333–350, 2007.
A preliminary investigation of the concurrent validity of reading comprehension rate: A direct, dynamic measure of reading comprehension
Authors: Neddenriep Christine E. , Hale Andrea D. , Skinner Christopher H. , Hawkins Renee O. , Winn Beth D.
Published: March 2007

Reading comprehension rate (RCR) is a direct measure of reading skills that may be useful in formatively evaluating students reading beyond the fourth‐grade level. To investigate the concurrent validity of RCR, we correlated RCR, reading comprehension level (RCL), and words correct per minute (WC/M) with the Broad Reading Cluster Scores of the Woodcock‐Johnson III Tests of Achievement (WJ‐III ACH) across 88 students in 4th, 5th, and 10th grades. Results showed that aloud‐RCR was significantly correlated with the WJ‐III ACH scores for 4th‐grade (r = .90; n = 22), 5th‐grade (r = .87; n = 29), and 10th‐grade (r = .65; n = 37) students. Regression analysis specified a one‐predictor model for 4th‐grade students (aloud‐RCR), a two‐predictor model for 5th‐grade students (WC/M and aloud‐RCR), and a one‐predictor model for 10th‐grade students (WC/M). Discussion focuses on directions for future research and applied issues related to RCR probe passage development. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 373–388, 2007.
Culturally competent interventions in schools for children with physical health problems
Authors: Clay Daniel L.
Published: March 2007

An estimated 5.2 to 7.8 million children with significant chronic health problems attend school every day in the United States requiring interventions in the school setting. A majority of these students will be from ethnic minority or low‐income groups within two decades. Providing culturally competent interventions in schools is critical to optimize the health, educational, and psychological outcomes of children with significant health problems. This article underscores the culture and health connection and presents a 5‐step model for providing culturally competent services for health problems in schools. The article is intended to help school personnel to determine if, when, and how to incorporate cultural issues in assessment, treatment planning, and intervention. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 389–396, 2007.
Promoting social and academic competence in the classroom: An intervention study examining the contribution of the Responsive Classroom approach
Authors: Rimm‐Kaufman Sara E. , Chiu Yu‐Jen I.
Published: March 2007

This exploratory study examined the contribution of the RC Approach over a two‐year period. The RC Approach integrates social and academic learning in order to produce classroom environments that are conducive to learning by integrating social and academic learning. Two questions are addressed. First, how does teachers' use of RC practices contribute to children's academic and social growth? Second, how is the relation between teachers' use of RC practices and children's academic and social growth moderated by the presence of environmental adversity in the home? Participants included 62 teachers and 157 children at six schools. Findings showed that teachers' use of RC practices was associated with students' improved reading achievement, greater closeness between teachers and children, better pro‐social skills, more assertiveness, and less fearfulness, even after controlling for family risk and children's previous years' performance. Family risk did not moderate the relation between RC practices and children's performance. These findings suggest to the positive contribution of the RC Approach in relation to children's gains over a one‐year period. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 397–413, 2007.
Beyond reductionism: Metabolic circularity as a guiding vision for a real biology of systems
Authors: Cornish‐Bowden Athel , Cárdenas María Luz , Letelier Juan‐Carlos , Soto‐Andrade Jorge
Published: March 2007

The definition of life has excited little interest among molecular biologists during the past half‐century, and the enormous development in biology during that time has been largely based on an analytical approach in which all biological entities are studied in terms of their components, the process being extended to greater and greater detail without limit. The benefits of this reductionism are so obvious that they need no discussion, but there have been costs as well, and future advances, for example, for creating artificial life or for taking biotechnology beyond the level of tinkering, will need more serious attention to be given to the question of what makes a living organism living. According to Robert Rosen's theory of metabolism‐replacement systems, the central idea missing from molecular biology is that of metabolic circularity, most evident from the obvious but commonly ignored fact that proteins are not given from outside but are products of metabolism, and thus metabolites. Among other consequences, this implies that the usual distinction between proteome and metabolome is conceptually artificial – however useful it may be in practice – as the proteome is part of the metabolome.
A review of standards for data exchange within systems biology
Authors: Strömbäck Lena , Hall David , Lambrix Patrick
Published: March 2007

The rapid increase in experimental data within systems biology has increased the need for exchange of data to allow analysis and comparison of larger datasets. This has resulted in a need for standardized formats for representation of such results and currently many formats for representation of data have been developed or are under development. In this paper, we give an overview of the current state of available standards and ontologies within systems biology. We focus on XML‐based standards for exchange of data and give a thorough description of similarities and differences of currently available formats. For each of these, we discuss how the important concepts such as substances, interactions, and experimental data can be represented. In particular, we note that the purpose of a standard is often visible in the structures it provides for the representation of data. A clear purpose is also crucial for the success of a standard. Moreover, we note that the development of representation formats is parallel to the development of ontologies and the recent trend is that representation formats make more and more use of available ontologies.
Prediction of nitrogen metabolism‐related genes in Anabaena by kernel‐based network analysis
Authors: Okamoto Shinobu , Yamanishi Yoshihiro , Ehira Shigeki , Kawashima Shuichi , Tonomura Koichiro , Kanehisa Minoru
Published: March 2007

Prediction of molecular interaction networks from large‐scale datasets in genomics and other omics experiments is an important task in terms of both developing bioinformatics methods and solving biological problems. We have applied a kernel‐based network inference method for extracting functionally related genes to the response of nitrogen deprivation in cyanobacteria Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 integrating three heterogeneous datasets: microarray data, phylogenetic profiles, and gene orders on the chromosome. We obtained 1348 predicted genes that are somehow related to known genes in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. While this dataset contained previously known genes related to the nitrogen deprivation condition, it also contained additional genes. Thus, we attempted to select any relevant genes using the constraints of Pfam domains and NtcA‐binding sites. We found candidates of nitrogen metabolism‐related genes, which are depicted as extensions of existing KEGG pathways. The prediction of functional relationships between proteins rather than functions of individual proteins will thus assist the discovery from the large‐scale datasets.
From proteomics to systems biology of bacterial pathogens: Approaches, tools, and applications
Authors: Plikat Uwe , Voshol Hans , Dangendorf Yvonne , Wiedmann Brigitte , Devay Piroska , Müller Dieter , Wirth Urs , Szustakowski Joseph , Chirn Gung‐Wei , Inverardi Bruno , Puyang Xiaoling , Brown Kara , Kamp Heather , Hoving Sjouke , Ruchti Alexandra , Brendlen Nathalie , Peterson Ron , Buco Jennifer , Oostrum Jan van , Peitsch Manuel C.
Published: March 2007

The hallmark of a systems biology approach is the integration of computational tools with experimental data encompassing multiple classes of biomolecules across different functional levels. Equally important as the availability of reasonably comprehensive information at the gene, protein, and metabolite levels is the development of adequate analysis and visualization tools to reduce the inherent complexity to interpretable dimensions. In this paper, we describe the integration of a 2‐D gel‐based proteome map of Staphylococcus aureus Mu50 with genomic and transcriptomic information through a customized data integration and user interface built on the Ensembl genome browser. We illustrate its application and potential through the analysis of a defined system perturbation caused by a mutation in the formyltransferase gene. We envision that this software package, which we called Insieme, can support the development of novel antibiotics by allowing a systems‐based view of the bacterial response pathways.
Who wants to be an ICH Euro billionaire?
Authors: Gordon Kerry
Published: March 2007

The ICH E9 guideline on Statistical Principles for Clinical Trials is a pivotal document for statisticians in clinical research in the pharmaceutical industry guiding, as it does, statistical aspects of the planning, conduct and analysis of regulatory clinical trials. New statisticians joining the industry require a thorough and lasting understanding of the 39‐page guideline. Given the amount of detail to be covered, traditional (lecture‐style) training methods are largely ineffective. Directed reading, perhaps in groups, may be a helpful approach, especially if experienced staff are involved in the discussions. However, as in many training scenarios, exercise‐based training is often the most effective approach to learning. In this paper, we describe several variants of a training module in ICH E9 for new statisticians, combining directed reading with a game‐based exercise, which have proved to be highly effective and enjoyable for course participants. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Table of Feynman diagrams of the interacting Fermion Green's function
Authors: Mathar Richard J.
Published: March 2007

The Feynman diagrams of the Green's function expansion of fermions interacting with a nonrelativistic 2‐body interaction are displayed in first, second, and third perturbative order of the interaction as 2, 10, and 74 diagrams, respectively. A name convention for the diagrams is proposed and then used to tabulate the diagrams of fourth to seventh order. The Hartree–Fock approximation summons up 2, 8, 40, and 224 of them in first through fourth order. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry profiling of compounds from the infusion of Byrsonima fagifolia Niedenzu
Authors: Sannomiya Miriam , dos Santos Lourdes Campaner , Carbone Virginia , Napolitano Assunta , Piacente Sonia , Pizza Cosimo , Souza‐Brito Alba R. M. , Vilegas Wagner
Published: March 2007

A rapid analytical approach suitable to achieve a comprehensive characterization of the compounds present in the infusion prepared from the leaves of Byrsonima fagifolia Niedenzu (Malpighiaceae), a Brazilian plant used as an infusion to treat gastric disorders, was developed. The method was based on high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray negative ionisation multistage ion trap mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI‐ITMSn).The main ions in the ESI‐ITMS spectra were attributed to a quinic acid core containing from one to five galloyl units. Quercetin derivatives containing one and two sugar moieties as well as galloyl esterification were also detected. These results indicated that HPLC/ESI‐ITMSn is easily applicable to infusions of this plant and allows the rapid and direct identification of these compounds in crude plant extracts. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The moderating influence of firm market power on the transaction cost economics model: An empirical test in a forward channel integration context
Authors: Shervani Tasadduq A. , Frazier Gary , Challagalla Goutam
Published: March 2007

Transaction cost economics (TCE) has guided a variety of research on governance in the strategic management literature. An important question arises, however, as to whether the TCE framework is equally appropriate for all types of firms in all business settings. In this paper, we argue that TCE is not and suggest that firms with high market power may be able to lower transaction costs under high asset specificity and uncertainty in nonintegrated distribution channels, avoiding the need to utilize highly integrated channels as a result. We test our hypotheses with data collected from 40 manufacturers of electronic and telecommunications products in 109 product‐markets in the United States. The results support our hypothesis that transaction cost factors are better at explaining forward channel integration for firms with low market power than for firms with high market power. Our results indicate that the basic TCE framework must be supplemented by the market power construct to adequately explain forward channel integration decisions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building firm capabilities through learning: the role of the alliance learning process in alliance capability and firm‐level alliance success
Authors: Kale Prashant , Singh Harbir
Published: March 2007

In recent years, academics and managers have been very interested in understanding how firms develop alliance capability and have greater alliance success. In this paper, we show that an alliance learning process that involves articulation, codification, sharing, and internalization of alliance management know‐how is positively related to a firm's overall alliance success. Prior research has found that firms with a dedicated alliance function, which oversees and coordinates a firm's overall alliance activity, have greater alliance success. In this paper we suggest that such an alliance function is also positively related to a firm's alliance learning process, and that process partly mediates the relationship between the alliance function and alliance success observed in prior work. This implies that the alliance learning process acts as one of the main mechanisms through which the alliance function leads to greater alliance success. Our paper extends prior alliance research by taking a first step in opening up the ‘black box’ between the alliance function and a firm's alliance success. We use survey data from a large sample of U.S.‐based firms and their alliances to test our theoretical arguments. Although we only examine the alliance learning process and its relationship with firm‐level alliance success, we also make an important contribution to research on the knowledge‐based view of the firm and dynamic capabilities of firms in general by conceptualizing this learning process and its key aspects, and by empirically validating its impact on performance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling service alliances: an exploratory investigation of spillover effects in service partnerships
Authors: Bourdeau Brian L. , Cronin Jr J. Joseph , Voorhees Clay M.
Published: March 2007

The objective of the current study is to provide a preliminary look at the process by which consumers evaluate alliances between service providers. Specifically, the study demonstrates how the service quality of one partner can impact, or ‘spill over’ onto, consumers' evaluations of their transactions with a second partner, and how the performances of partners can have differing effects on customers' intentions to reuse a service partnership. The study tests hypotheses related to the quality, value, and reuse intentions of customers relative to the partnered service through a sample of 334 customers utilizing a seamless service alliance. Our results suggest that spillover effects of service partnerships can either result in beneficial gains for service partners or produce grave consequences when partner providers' service quality is substandard. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
International diversification, subsidiary performance, and the mobility of knowledge resources
Authors: Fang Yulin , Wade Michael , Delios Andrew , Beamish Paul W.
Published: March 2007

We examine the link between international diversification, organizational knowledge resources, and subsidiary performance. The success of international corporate diversification depends on a firm's capability to transfer knowledge to its subsidiaries, and how its local subsidiaries effectively utilize that knowledge. As knowledge resources are imperfectly mobile, a firm may find it difficult to transfer knowledge to its subsidiaries. In our analysis of 4964 Japanese subsidiaries over a 14‐year period, we find that knowledge that is valuable, but not rare, positively affects subsidiary performance in the short term, but not the long term. In contrast, knowledge that is both valuable and rare affects subsidiary performance in the long term, but not the short term. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐Assembled Single‐ and Double‐Stack π‐Aggregates of Chlorophyll Derivatives on Highly Ordered Pyrolytic Graphite
Authors: Huber Valerie , Lysetska Marina , Würthner Frank
Published: March 2007

The highly efficient, light‐harvesting antennae systems present in chlorosomes of green phototrophic bacteria, such as Chloroflexus aurantiacus, serve as a model for the design of bioinspired nanostructured materials. A semisynthetic zinc chlorin, derived from natural chlorophyll a, is used as a building block that self‐assembles into excitonically coupled chromophore stacks. Temperature‐dependent UV/Vis and circular dichroism spectroscopic measurements show the reversible formation of soluble chiral aggregates of this new zinc chlorin dye. High‐resolution scanning tunneling microscopy and atomic force microscopy studies reveal the formation of two types of well‐ordered π‐stacked aggregates on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite.
Acyl Migration Kinetics of 2‐Monoacylglycerols from Soybean Oil via 1H NMR
Authors: Compton David L. , Vermillion Karl E. , Laszlo Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

The acyl migration kinetics of neat 2‐monoacylglycerol (2‐MAG) to form 1‐MAG was determined using 1H NMR spectroscopy to monitor the β‐proton integration ratios of the two species over time. 2‐MAG was synthesized by the Novozym 435‐catalyzed alcoholysis of soybean oil and isolated by solvent extraction or molecular distillation at a mole fraction (X2‐MAG) of 0.94 relative to total MAG. The kinetics parameters of the neat 2‐MAG acyl migration were investigated over the temperature range of 23–80 °C. The 2‐MAG mol fraction remained unchanged at 23 °C over the course of 168 h and reached an equilibrium of X2‐MAG = 0.09 at only 80 °C. Modeling of the kinetics data revealed a 2‐MAG half life (t1/2) of 3,500 and 22.8 h at 23 and 80 °C, respectively, with an activation energy of 79.0 ± 6.5 kJ mol−1. The use of 1H NMR spectroscopy proved an expedient method for monitoring the acyl migration in 2‐MAG compared to other reported methods (e.g. GC, HPLC, and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy), requiring no sample manipulation and minimizing the deleterious effects of high temperatures and solvent exposure.