bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three Different Modalities of Information in Neoclassical Theory
Authors: Mirowski Philip , Nik-Khah Edward
Published: June 2017

There were eventually three major formats explored by the Cowles economists in their quest to incorporate information into the existing neoclassical model: information as thing, information as inductive index, and information as symbolic computation. We describe the major ways they differed from one another, comparing the inspirational views of Claude Shannon, David Blackwell, and Alan Turing. Further, each came with its own characteristic mathematical formalism, not easily reconciled with prior microeconomics, which tended to be irreducible to the other candidates.
The Walrasian School of Design
Authors: Mirowski Philip , Nik-Khah Edward
Published: June 2017

This chapter describes the first of three chronological schools of market design, in this chapter the Walrasian School. The primary examples come from work by Leonid Hurwicz and Stanley Reiter. The starting point for this approach was the thing-like version of information characteristic of Shannon. We discuss the design task dictated by this approach, as well as the reasons for the eventual failure of this school of design.
Designs on the Market
Authors: Mirowski Philip , Nik-Khah Edward
Published: June 2017

In this chapter we describe the supposed greatest triumph of the market designers, the FCC spectrum auctions. Careful recap of the history reveals that none of the touted benefits of the auction finally settled upon actually were realized; and further, the supposed central role of game theory in the choice of auction was dubious. What economists did accomplish was to deliver the types of licenses preferred by their patrons at good prices. This suggests market design has mostly delivered a new role for economists in the political economy, rather than some generic public benefit.
Introduction
Authors: Wellman Christopher Heath
Published: June 2017

Chapter 1 outlines and motivates the rights forfeiture theory of punishment. The chapter also explains the author’s understanding of moral rights and then briefly summarizes the remaining chapters of the book.
Defending Forfeiture Theory
Authors: Wellman Christopher Heath
Published: June 2017

It is not terribly controversial to claim that forfeiture is necessary for the permissibility of punishment, but there is widespread and deep-seated resistance to the more ambitious thesis that forfeiture is necessary and sufficient for the permissibility of punishment. Chapter 2 defends this strong version of rights forfeiture theory against a variety of apparently fatal objections, including the concern that it licenses gratuitous acts of punishment.
State Punishment and International Criminal Law
Authors: Wellman Christopher Heath
Published: June 2017

Even if we agree that punishment is permissible just in case the person punished has forfeited her right against this hard treatment, it remains an open question as to who may mete out this punishment. If anyone has an exclusive right to punish the wrongdoer, it would presumably be the victim, so those of us who think that the state enjoys sole authority over the punitive process must explain how the state acquires its moral dominion over the criminal legal proceedings. This chapter provides this explanation by arguing that the state violates no rights in claiming a monopoly over the punitive process only because it is uniquely capable of adequately realizing the morally significant aims that a system of punishment can achieve.
Procedural Rights
Authors: Wellman Christopher Heath
Published: June 2017

Chapter 5 explores whether a wrongdoer forfeits her right against being punished as soon as she violates someone else’s rights or only after she has been duly convicted of doing so. Governments unquestionably have pressing reasons to design their criminal legal institutions carefully so that no citizen is vulnerable to being wrongly punished, overpunished, or otherwise harassed by government officials, but the chapter argues that these reasons are wholly instrumental. The chapter thus concludes that there are no preinstitutional procedural rights, not even a right against being punished without first being found guilty by a fair and reliable process.
Introduction
Authors: Poo Mu-chou , Drake H. A.
Published: June 2017

This chapter first provides a historical background for the development of Christianity in Rome and Buddhism in China. It illustrates in both China and Rome, the story of a new religion cannot be told in simple terms of “conquest” or even “success.” Both Buddhism and Christianity faced resistance from elites and commoners alike; to gain acceptance, both engaged in processes of accommodation and adaptation that changed the new faith as much as they changed the old culture. Chapters in the volume are grouped into three parts: Part 1, “Initial Encounters and Causes of Resistance,” considers the obstacles each new religion encountered; Part 2, “Interaction, Influence, and Accommodation,” pursues this theme of adaptation and cross-pollination; Part 3, “Synthesis and Assimilation,” looks at a further stage in this process whereby these new belief systems both altered and were altered by the material life of the old society, including art, architecture, and daily life.
Christianity and Rome
Authors: Drake H. A.
Published: June 2017

While Constantine’s conversion to Christianity changed the deity, it did not change the ideology of the Roman empire. Before Constantine’s relationship with Christianity, there was no religious body in the empire capable of providing a sanction for imperial rule similar to what a vote in the Roman Senate had been able to do. Roman religion was conducted by the same civic authorities who performed “secular duties”; the emperor as pontifex maximus could not credibly ratify himself. But over the centuries, Christians had developed an empire-wide organization completely independent of government control. As the new legitimators of imperial power, bishops demanded and got the right to pass judgment on emperors. The division was neatly framed with give and take on both sides; but from this perspective, the Christian turn to coercion is better analyzed as an outgrowth of power relationships than as the product of an inherent intolerance.
When Buddhism Meets the Chen-Wei Prophetic and Apocryphal Discourse
Authors: Lu Zongli
Published: June 2017

As Buddhism was a new religion introduced to a foreign society and culture, Buddhist doctrines and religious and philosophical concepts had to be translated and transmitted through a set of the indigenous linguistic, conceptual, and metaphoric discourses of the time. The majority of followers of the new religion would welcome and perceive this set of religious concepts only within their own mindsets that had focused on homegrown religious beliefs and cultural traditions. Many historians of Chinese Buddhism have pointed out that Confucianism, Daoism, Metaphysical Learning, and other indigenous cultural traditions contributed significantly to the acculturation of Buddhism in early medieval China. This chapter argues that a less discussed religious discourse, the learning of the chen (讖‎) prophecy and wei apocrypha (weishu 緯書‎), also played a notable role in the process of translating and converting Buddhist scriptures and notions into “Chinese” Buddhism during early medieval China.
Colonizing the Supernatural
Authors: Wan Sze-kar
Published: June 2017

The terms daimōn, “spirit,” “god,” even “genius” in Classical Greek were transformed into the negative “demon” by more than a mere linguistic sleight of hand. The transformation in fact encodes a triumph of the Jewish and Christian worldview over their Greek and Roman counterpart. This chapter traces the linguistic and cultural influences Christianity exerted on the Roman construction of the dead and proposes that conceptualization of the ghostly world does not merely reflect shifts in cultural attitudes but is a deliberate construct designed to bolster the powerful. Armed with monotheism and its constructed power over the spiritual and ghostly realm, imperial Christianity was able to impose a rigid interpretation of the spiritual world and monopolize the cult of the dead. In so doing, the Empire succeeded in colonizing the dead and localized in itself both political and religious power that would last until its eventual collapse.
The Taming of Ghosts in Early Chinese Buddhism
Authors: Poo Mu-chou
Published: June 2017

The problems that Buddhism faced when the earliest monks introduced it into China can be divided into two kinds: how to persuade the cultured elite class, including the rulers, and how to win over the trust of the commoners. As early Buddhists incorporated the Chinese conceptions of ghost by using the terms gui–guishen interchangeably in the translation of sutras when the original Indian terms were demons of nonhuman origins, it created an impression that Buddhism could deal with the ghosts in the Chinese sense. This chapter concentrates on the second sets of problems, that is, how early Buddhism established its root in Chinese society by accommodating the most basic religious concept—the ghost—into its discourse so as to forge its credibility among the Chinese populace. By doing so, Buddhism could also be understood as being transformed into an altered existence that began a new life in Chinese history.
Understanding Retribution in a Changing Religious Landscape
Authors: Heller Natasha
Published: June 2017

This chapter considers ideas of sin, retribution, and injustice from the introduction of Buddhism to China to 600 CE. The concepts of karma and transmigration are usually considered among the most significant contributions Buddhism made to religious belief in China, but these ideas were understood within an existing framework of how transgressions were handled in both the human and superhuman realms. This chapter examines the interaction of these new and old discourses by focusing on the sixth-century collection known as Annals of Avenging Spirits (Yuanhun zhi 冤魂志‎), compiled by the eminent literatus Yan Zhitui 顏之推‎ (531–591 CE). This chapter considers how this concept of injustice is in dialogue with both pre-Buddhist and Buddhist texts on sin, revenge, and retribution. It discusses how instances of injustice fit into narrative and the degree to which injustice as a plot device also functions to model moral thinking about misdeeds and retribution.
From Superstitio to Heresy
Authors: Salzman Michele Renee
Published: June 2017

There are obvious similarities between Roman laws against superstitio—defined as excessive religious credulity, hence magic and private divination, and then paganism—and Roman laws against heresy: both sets of laws represent attempts by the state to define and prohibit religious behaviors. Yet for all their similarities, justifications for laws against heresy were significantly different from those against superstitio. Heresy laws prohibited not just behaviors but beliefs. A comparison of laws on superstitio and heresy in the early fifth-century Theodosian Code shows how heresy laws were directly tied to a Christian tradition of divine law that focused on the precepts and rules laid down by the Christian God himself—God’s law—in a way that was not the case for laws on superstitio. This chapter thus elucidates a fundamental shift in the nature of imperial authority as emperors aligned themselves with a new, unassailable source of power.
Laying the Groundworks
Authors: Jobani Yuval , Perez Nahshon
Published: June 2017

The chapter opens with a categorization of the Western Wall as a “thick site.” Echoing Geertz’s “thick-description” approach, this new concept denotes a site typically but not necessarily religious, which is loaded with different and incompatible meanings attributed to it by different agents. From these agents’ perspective, such meanings are highly significant, and consequently, these sites are irreplaceable. This conceptualization elucidates the most important characteristics of contested sacred sites, enabling a classification of the struggle of the Women of the Wall within a larger “class” of similar struggles and indicating possible solutions. Basic concepts that are necessary for illustrating the contours of the discussion are defined: “state,” “religion,” and “public sphere.” The chapter concludes with a detailed discussion of the contextual research methodology chosen for this study.
Women of the Wall in Focus
Authors: Jobani Yuval , Perez Nahshon
Published: June 2017

This chapter explores the Women of the Wall (WoW) struggle from various perspectives in order to provide a clear picture of this complex conflict. It opens with an in-depth Halakhic analysis of the religious-feminist challenge that the WoW pose to the patriarchy of mainstream Jewish Orthodoxy. It then situates the WoW struggle in the framework of Israel’s complex religion-state arrangement and critically examines the various rulings that the Israeli Supreme Court has issued on the matter (delivered in 1994, 2000, and 2003). Finally, it concludes with a survey of the recent dramatic developments of 2013–16: the reversal of the legal ban on the WoW’s manner of prayer, the “third plaza” plan, and the split within the WoW over the proper response to the “third plaza” plan.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Jobani Yuval , Perez Nahshon
Published: June 2017

The conclusion underscores the impressive achievements of the Women of the Wall in their long struggle, of which arguably the most distinctive is leading the Israeli government and courts to make substantial changes in the prayer arrangements and physical reality at the Western Wall, the most sacred prayer site for Jews worldwide. It should be noted that when the WoW began their struggle (1988), the idea of establishing the egalitarian third plaza at the Western Wall, seemed as implausible as an outlandish science-fiction premise. However, the current fierce debate and split within the WoW regarding the “third plaza” proposal demonstrates, as is argued in this monograph, the need to abandon this solution, and the evenhanded model it reflects, in favor of the context-sensitive privatization model.
Why Marriage Still Matters
Authors: Willoughby Brian J. , James Spencer L.
Published: June 2017

This chapter provides an overview of Marital Paradigm Theory, which serves as the backbone for the remainder of the book. Marital paradigm theory suggests that every person has a collection of beliefs and values about marriage that shape his or her behavior. The authors discuss how emerging adults are broadly thinking about marriage and describes three main themes derived from the interviews with emerging adults: marriage as proof of commitment, marriage as a “piece of paper,” and marriage and the importance of romantic love. The authors emphasize that despite the prevalence of the three themes identified, there is no longer a universal way that emerging adults think about marriage.
Social Influences and Marriage
Authors: Willoughby Brian J. , James Spencer L.
Published: June 2017

This chapter focuses on three social influences that make a difference in how emerging adults think about marriage and marital transitions: peers, religious institutions, and media, which together have some of the largest effects on the marital paradoxes of emerging adults. Friends are discussed first, with a specific focus on how peer interactions on social media influence the marriage dialogue among emerging adults. The decline in religiosity is then discussed, as well as other ways in which religious institutions influence how emerging adults approach marriage. Finally, the influence of media messages is discussed, with a particular focus on the effect that reality television and the celebrity culture that emerging adults have grown up with have soured their view of marriage.
Looking Ahead
Authors: Willoughby Brian J. , James Spencer L.
Published: June 2017

In this summary chapter, the authors review the major themes that appeared during the exploration of how emerging adults approach marriage. The authors note that emerging adults’ values and beliefs about marriage have become much more nuanced and varied compared with previous generations. Furthermore, marriage appears out of reach in the minds of many emerging adults. This, combined with the fact that marriage is no longer viewed as necessary, has created many of the marriage paradoxes currently seen. The authors provide several potential avenues to reducing the marriage paradoxes in the minds of emerging adults. They conclude that whether these paradoxes grow or are resolved likely rests on how the cultural narrative and economic milieu surrounding marriage continue to evolve in the years and decades to come.
Climate Change as Existentialist Threat
Authors: Bein Steve
Published: June 2017

Watsuji Tetsurō’s models of ningen sonzai (人‎間‎存‎在‎), fūdo (風‎土‎), and seken (世‎間‎) help us to make sense of why climate change is not merely an existential threat but also an existentialist one: it threatens our mode of being-in-the-world. The semiotic squares developed by Algirdas Julien Greimas, draw the distinction between two types of opposites: antithesis (where X and anti-X annihilate each other) and countermeasure (where X and counter-X push and pull against each other in the act of self-becoming). The human drives toward individualism (nin) and collectivism (gen) are each other’s countermeasure, just as humanity’s existence in and expansion through the lived world (fūdo風‎土‎) plays the role of countermeasure to the lived world itself. Climate change is an existentialist threat because even by the most conservative estimates, it threatens to topple all of those carefully counterbalanced relationships.
Whitehead’s Perspectivism as a Basis for Environmental Ethics and Aesthetics
Authors: Odin Steve
Published: June 2017

There exist parallels between the Buddhist concept of Indra’s Net and the notion of moral perspective-taking. According to Alfred North Whitehead’s process metaphysics, the aesthetic continuum of nature is an organization of perspectives, whereby each occasion is akin to a Leibnizian monad, or metaphysical point, each functioning as a living mirror that reflects the entire universe from its own unique standpoint as a microcosm of the macrocosm. The metaphysical perspectivism underlying Whitehead’s ecological concept of nature along with a brief consideration of how Whitehead’s perspectivism illuminates the Japanese aesthetic concept of nature can be visualized by the poetic metaphor of Indra’s Net. Whitehead’s Leibnizian perspectivism was reformulated by George Herbert Mead, and later by Lawrence Kohlberg and Jürgen Habermas and can be integrated into an ethical procedure for moral perspective-taking, whereby free moral agents learn to put themselves into the perspectives of others in the community.
Japanese Gardens
Authors: Saitō Yuriko
Published: June 2017

In Japan, as in the west, gardens represent an idealized form of nature in which human beings reshape the natural world according to specific aesthetic paradigms. Unlike Western formal gardens, which are characterized by symmetry and rigid order, Japanese gardens present a more “natural” appearance by articulating the native characteristics of the materials, such as rocks and plants. The philosophy of Zen Buddhism, as well as the time-honored garden design principle of “following the request” show how Japanese garden designers are inspired by—and possibly improve upon—nature in their art and how a respectful attitude toward nature is expressed aesthetically in Japanese gardens.
Disaster Prevention as an Issue in Environmental Ethics
Authors: Takao Takahashi
Published: June 2017

While the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011 gave Japan the opportunity to reconsider the basic relationships between humans and nature, the scale of this disaster was not limited to Japan. It may be said that all of us live in “the age of co-disaster” in which we must realize that disasters are unavoidable. The earthquake brought forth a new agenda for environmental ethics, that is, disaster prevention. However, little research has been done in this area by environmental ethicists, many of whom have focused on the conservation of nature. Disaster prevention may be introduced into environmental ethics by examining Japanese mythology, which can help us develop new ways of forming, maintaining, and restoring good relationships between humans and nature.
Nondualism after Fukushima?
Authors: Masato Ishida
Published: June 2017

Humans and environment form a single continuum, part of a larger cosmic life. This, however, seems to imply that we are continuous even with the radioactive waste produced by the nuclear meltdown in Fukushima. There is nothing surprising about this, since in Buddhism no substance is considered to have intrinsic self-nature such as “clean” or “dirty”—indeed radioactive waste is Buddha-nature in Dōgen’s worldview. On the other hand, there remains a clear distinction between purifying and nonpurifying acts, if Dōgen’s view of human agency in relation to the environment is correctly applied in our present-day context. Taking Fukushima as an example and scrutinizing Dōgen’s many passages on Buddha-nature, washing, and wrongdoing reveal our responsibility to participate in nature’s self-purifying process rather than making questionable appeals to “nondualism.”
Introduction
Authors: Anker Elizabeth S. , Meyler Bernadette
Published: June 2017

While law and literature represents one of the most enduring sites of interdisciplinary inquiry, the field has recently expanded in a wide range of exciting new directions. Since its inception, law and literature has inspired taxonomies of the field, and the Introduction evaluates the limits and merits of those existing categorical schemes. It assesses frequent critiques of law and literature, while developing a framework for conceptualizing the many methodological and other innovations transforming the field. In particular, it emphasizes five new directions, considering the influence of history and political theory, efforts to globalize the field, the broadening of focus beyond legal texts along with changes in legal hermeneutics, attempts to transcend suspicion and critique, and new work on the imagination.
Retrospective Prophecies
Authors: Brooks Peter
Published: June 2017

This chapter argues that stories are not events in the world, but the way we tell events, a crucial distinction sometimes unrecognized in legal opinions. This issue is studied through the Sherlock Holmes detective story model, and then through historian Carlo Ginzburg’s reflections on the “huntsman’s paradigm” and the workings of “retrospective prophecy.” The chapter then turns more closely to the analysis of narrative, particularly the end-determined nature of narrative meaning, and to the one Supreme Court case that discusses narrative in an analytic way: Justice Souter’s opinion in Old Chief v. U.S. Further examples are drawn from rape adjudication (Rusk v. Maryland) and postconviction petitions for relief (Mickens v. Taylor). If narrative, telling the facts, plays so important a role in law, shouldn’t the law arm itself with more tools in the analysis of narrative?
Law’s Affective Thickets
Authors: Reichman Ravit
Published: June 2017

Most efforts to bring law and affect together focus on discrete emotions more than on the inchoate terrain of affect. With the development of affect theory, however, legal scholarship is poised to take a new turn into the realms of mood and intensity, and to embrace affect with greater robustness. Affect theory offers a way to imagine law in noninstrumental ways, considering it in the context of culture. Within this cultural, affective framework, the chapter examines Kazuo Ishiguro’s novel The Remains of the Day and the notion of reasonable force in circumstances of police violence, making the case for understanding reasonability in law not as a mitigation of feeling but an affect in its own right.
Proof and Probability
Authors: Hutson Lorna
Published: June 2017

This chapter explores the assumption that literature’s imaginative reality for lawyers depends precisely on its lack of “reality” in the sense of legal efficacy or consequence. Turning to the example of English theatre, it argues that we should recognize as an innovative achievement the fact that late sixteenth-century dramatists began to produce plays that created their own self-contained imaginative worlds. This achievement depended on a poetic adaptation of techniques of legal or forensic rhetoric, which privileged the making known, through circumstances, of human motive, or causa. The chapter concludes by suggesting that Shakespeare’s plays, thus imagining times and spaces as forms of proof relating to human “cause” or motive, have enabled us to construe human inwardness in ways which have created new forms of cultural “reality.”
Globalizing Law and Literature
Authors: Anker Elizabeth S.
Published: June 2017

The globalization of law and literature has trained attention on the historical role played by law in institutions like slavery and colonization, at the same time prompting questions about the neoimperial effects of an array of contemporary legal constructs and practices. These emphases have often created the presumption that law should foremost be an object of critique, and many widely read and taught literary texts have reinforced that suspicion. This chapter reads M. NourbeSe Philio’s Zong!, a long poem that contends with the legal system’s facilitation of the slave trade, to contend with the historical violence licensed by law. Yet the status of law under globalization is more complicated, and this chapter also analyzes law as a networked, dispersed phenomenon that can be both capacitating and ripe for manipulation. Nuruddin Farah’s novel Gifts illustrates many of these alternate dimensions of law and legality in an increasingly enmeshed, interdependent world.
Measuring Inequality
Authors: Andreasen Robin , Doty Heather
Published: June 2017

The focus of this chapter is on the argument from inductive risk in the context of social science research on disparate impact in employment outcomes. It identifies three types of situations in the testing of scientific theories, not sufficiently emphasized in the inductive risk literature, that raise considerations of inductive risk: choice of significance test, choice of how to measure disparate impact, and the operationalization of scientific variables. It argues that non-epistemic values have a legitimate role in two of these situations but not in the third. It uses this observation to build on the discussion of when and under what conditions considerations of inductive risk help to justify a role for non-epistemic values in science.
Embodied or Ensouled
Authors: Lang Helen
Published: June 2017

This paper begins with the problem of natural substance and its identification by Aristotle as the combination of form and matter, as distinct from the substrate of the body. This is an investigation of the relation between the combination of form and matter on the one hand and body on the other. Looking at both natural science and metaphysics will give us a clear account of the partners involved in the relationship that defines living things. That is the first step toward understanding how and why they enter into a relation and exactly what, for Aristotle, is entailed by that relation. Being clear on the relation of natural substance in the sense of the combination of form and matter, soul and body, will in turn allow us to ask if soul is in every regard attached to body or if there is “something proper” to soul alone.
Medieval Jewish Philosophers and the Human Body
Authors: Meyrav Yoav
Published: June 2017

Medieval Jewish philosophers approached the human body and being in a body from various aspects: ontological, ethical, psychological, and eschatological. Thinkers from many different geographical and philosophical backgrounds nonetheless all shared a common point of reference: Judaism as an “embodied religion.” Jewish day-to-day practice (“mitzvot”) and Jewish law (“halakha”) have much to do with the regulation and moderation of the body, in this life as well as after the resurrection (if taken literally). This creates potential tension with the different philosophical and theological traditions many Jewish philosophers responded to. Passages from the writings of—among others—Saadya Gaon, Judah Halevi, Bahya ibn Paquda, Maimonides, and Abraham ibn Daud, are analyzed and assessed, exhibiting a wide scope of opinions and approaches, all of which have some affinity to the “embodiment” of the Jewish religion, which perhaps reduces the ontological distance between the realm of body and the realm of mind.
Scholastic Philosophers on the Role of the Body in Knowledge
Authors: Nájera Rafael
Published: June 2017

There was no systematic treatment of philosophical issues related to embodiment in the medieval period in the Latin West. But a number of theological and philosophical problems related to the nature of the knowledge of embodied and disembodied human souls and angels forced philosophies such as Scholasticism and thinkers such as Ockham, Suárez, and above all Thomas Aquinas to engage with what it was for a being to have or to assume a body. The one thing that characterized embodied entities when it came to cognition was their having to get that knowledge by themselves through or in conjunction with the corporeal senses. There was no denying that embodiment was the natural state of human beings, and therefore that this was as good as it could get in God’s creation. Still the body was seen as a sort of encumbrance to arriving at a purer kind of intellectual activity.
The Embodiment of Virtue
Authors: Davis Jake H.
Published: June 2017

This chapter surveys some specific ways in which virtue can be, and can fail to be, embodied by human beings. Much of the discussion of ethics in modern Western philosophy has focused on applying abstract principles of right and wrong to outward actions. Adopting a cross-cultural and empirically-based approach to ethics opens up a range of less obvious and perhaps philosophically more interesting ways in which virtue depends on, and can be supported by, our human embodiment. I survey three areas where drawing on sources such as early Confucian and Buddhist texts may prove particularly useful in pushing our investigation of virtue beyond its current confines. These include the training of behavioral dispositions in social contexts; the training of habits of attention in relation to embodied emotion; and finally an examination of internal ethical conflict as embodied emotional motivations.
The Devil in the Flesh
Authors: Decaix Véronique
Published: June 2017

This article focuses on the body of the witch as her bond to the Devil. Witches were identified and punished through the guidance of the Malleus Malleficarum, a key text of the Inquisition, and based on Aristotelian ideas and demonology borrowed from Augustine and other ideas from Scholasticism. A kind of alternative anthropology that also included a gender analysis that women were particularly susceptible to such evil was a part of this system. They also personified a hidden and heretical connection with nature. Following De Certeau and Foucault, this article looks past these ancient concepts to distinguish witchcraft and possession as two frameworks explaining the relation between body and soul.
The Genotype/Phenotype Distinction
Authors: Herring Emily
Published: June 2017

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, before Wilhelm Johannsen first distinguished between the hidden hereditary makeup of organisms (the genotype) and its macroscopic manifestations (the phenotype), theories postulating invisible internal particles meant to account for the external appearance of living organisms were devised. These were not just attempts at solving the problems of inheritance and generation, but also a way of addressing the intimate nature of the bodies of living beings. The problem of embodiment was—for naturalists such as Buffon, Darwin, and Weismann—the problem of understanding how the macroscopic level could be explained by the activity of the microscopic particular level. By the time Johannsen had coined the term “gene” in 1909 this problem had shifted into working out how organisms’ visible characters could explain the workings of the particles hidden within. This Reflection retraces the transition from one conception of embodiment to the other.
Lecturing the Atlantic
Authors: Wright Tom F.
Published: June 2017

Lecturing the Atlantic argues for a new interpretation of the public lecture, as one of the nineteenth-century Anglo-American world’s most important cultural forms. It reorients our understanding of lecturing during the “lyceum movement” by seeing it as an international and cross-media phenomenon patterned by cultural investment in an “Anglo-American commons.” series of case studies shows how some of the midcentury North Atlantic world’s most enduring cultural figures, such as Frederick Douglass, William Makepeace Thackeray, and Ralph Waldo Emerson, as well as fascinating marginal voices such as Lola Montez and John B. Gough, used lecture hall discussions of a transatlantic imaginary to offer powerful commentaries on slavery, progress, comedy, order, tradition, and reform. Through a series of readings of Anglo-American relations as understood through performance and print re-mediation, Wright connects the transatlantic turn in cultural studies to important recent debates in media theory and scholarship on the public sphere and nineteenth-century public culture.
Britain and Antislavery
Authors: Wright Tom F.
Published: June 2017

This chapter explores the multiple dimensions to Frederick Douglass’s invocations of Britain at the lectern. It surveys a wide range of his speeches delivered in the United States between the 1840s and 1880s, and during his two British tours, to unravel the creative uses to which he put his “perplexing duality” toward an Anglo-American commons as part of the struggle for abolition and civil rights. It argues that Douglass’s transatlantic rhetoric helped underpin three strands of his career. First, the idea of an Atlantic world patterned by institutions of speech allowed him to develop his concepts of moral suasion and public opinion. Second, firsthand testimony of British social relations underwrote his transition from antislavery activist to cosmopolitan intellectual engaged with broader issues of citizenship and racial intolerance. Finally, the complex historical narrative of Britain provided Douglass with a vocabulary and teleology through which to contemplate imagined futures for America.
Blood and Soil
Authors: Weinreb Alice
Published: June 2017

This chapter analyzes the food economy of the Third Reich, arguing that the Nazi state relied on individual food acts (eating, cooking, and shopping) to create and maintain racial categories. It looks at the ways in which the country’s rationing program gave new categories of race, and especially the category of the Jew, bodily significance by shaping what people could and should eat. This also meant that racial belonging determined life by determining food supply. Not only Jews and other undesirable races but also Aryans were defined through the food system. This was done by Nazi agricultural discourse that linked racial health with controlling Eastern European farming land, as well by as the valorization of specific foods like the casserole (Eintopf) and whole-grain bread.
Hunger and the Remaking of History
Authors: Weinreb Alice
Published: June 2017

This chapter analyzes occupied Germany between 1945 and 1949, the years that saw the transition from the Second World War to the Cold War. During this time, the country was divided into four zones, each occupied by an Allied power (the United States, the USSR, France, and Great Britain.) This chapter argues that these years, known in Germany as the Hunger Years, played a key role in shaping modern discourses of human rights through assertions of the right of all individuals to food. Specifically, in the wake of the Third Reich, the hunger of German civilians acquired a moral weight that effectively depoliticized the category of “rights.” Analyzing civilian and medical debates about the causes and consequences of German hunger, the chapter explores the ways in which the different Allied rationing programs interpreted responsibility for Nazi crimes, and the ways in which Germans reacted to, challenged, and appropriated these categories.
Epilogue
Authors: Weinreb Alice
Published: June 2017

The epilogue explores the ways in which fantasies and memories of food and hunger were central to the experience of German reunification in 1989/1990. It analyzes the frequent invocation of particular foods, particularly bananas, during this time, and shows that such fantasies about East German appetites have a long tradition in the FRG, dating back to the early years of division. The chapter argues that such Western descriptions of East German hungers and food ways say more about West Germans than they do about East Germans. It also explores the important role played by food in Ostalgie, or “nostalgia for the East,” a form of nostalgia that is specific to post-socialist societies. This analysis uses food discourse to complicate the idea that German reunification was a successful, and above all finite, process.
Introduction
Authors: Vivian Bradford
Published: June 2017

The Introduction argues that witnessing constitutes an important social, political, and moral mode of address in modern public culture. It justifies this main claim while also explaining the basic methodology of the book. The Introduction accordingly defines the following key concepts intrinsic to this study: public culture, relevant notions of modernity and late modernity, rhetorical commonplaces, and witnessing itself. The Introduction thereafter outlines the intended scholarly contributions of the book—including, most especially, an account of witnessing as a rhetorically adaptable medium of communication and, therefore, as a mode of rhetorical invention. It closes, finally, by previewing the case studies in each chapter of this book.
Rumbas in the Barrio
Authors: Fernandes Sujatha
Published: June 2017

This chapter presents an alternative example of the state-sponsored storytelling workshops conducted through the Misión Cultura program in Venezuela under the former radical leftist leader Hugo Chávez. The Misión Cultura provides an opportunity to examine what kinds of storytelling might be available in a context of heightened social movements and a state that has been rolling back neoliberalism. While the Misión Cultura promotes forms of subject-making and narrative based in dominant liberal tropes, it has also created openings for the telling of stories grounded in collective movements and struggles of everyday life that contain the seeds for more oppositional modes of agency.
Chemical Warfare in Yemen
Authors: Orkaby Asher
Published: June 2017

Nasser’s “long-breath strategy” from 1966 through the end of 1967 was focused on maintaining the security of the strategic triangle while using fewer troops. Instead, an intensive bombing campaign that included poison gas was used to target the vast royalist cave network in North Yemen. Despite Egypt’s violation of the Geneva Protocols of 1925, the international community failed to condemn the use of chemical weapons, demonstrating the tenacity of the poison gas taboo. Saudi Ambassador Jamil Baroody’s fierce campaign against UN Secretary General U Thant’s inaction failed to persuade the UN to act. The ICRC, NATO, United States, and UK refused to openly criticize Egypt, as they did not want to fall out of favor with Nasser and suffer economic or political repercussions.
The Cityscape
Authors: James Elaine T.
Published: June 2017

While scholars have tended to view the city in the Song of Songs negatively, this chapter traces a more ambivalent conceptualization of the city, as a space for conviviality and relationship, as well as a space of boundaries and violence. It draws on urban theory to explore these aspects in turn. Ultimately the Song imagines the city as dependent on and susceptible to its surrounding environment, gendered female according to the conventions of the ancient world, and a potent image of both protection and vulnerability. It offers readings of Song 3:1–5 and 5:2–8, and it ends with a close reading of the urban metaphor in Song 8:8–10.
Conclusion
Authors: James Elaine T.
Published: June 2017

The chapter highlights the role of sensuality, care, and cultivation that persistently underscore the Song of Songs’ poetic landscapes.
The Bush Administration and Lebanon After May 2005
Authors: Marinova Nadejda K
Published: June 2017

The chapter analyzes the George W. Bush administration’s utilization of two Lebanese diaspora NGOs: the World Council for the Cedars Revolution (WCCR) and the International Lebanese Committee for UNSCR 1559 (ILC 1559). The two organizations represented activists who withdrew from the World Lebanese Cultural Union after May 2005, when the World Lebanese Cultural Union had returned to a cultural and social agenda. WCCR and ILC 1559 activists continued reiterating support for the administration’s policy toward Syria and Lebanon with Washington think tanks, hosted conferences with members of Congress, and met with officials at the National Security Council and State Department. The chapter provides another example of host-government (in this instance, US) policymakers using diasporas to further mutually beneficial agendas, in a more low-key fashion than the American Lebanese Coalition prior to 2005.
The Iraqi National Congress’s Promotion of the 2003 War
Authors: Marinova Nadejda K
Published: June 2017

The chapter presents the case of the Iraqi National Congress (INC), a paradigmatic case of host-state utilization of diasporas. INC, an Iraqi exile organization headed by Ahmad Chalabi, was founded with US assistance in 1992. During the time of the George W. Bush administration, this was the leading diaspora organization to actively support and promote the impending Iraq war to the US public. The INC also supplied defectors that provided fabricated information to US intelligence agencies and prominent media outlets, and it was an intermediary with other Iraqi exile organizations. The chapter includes analysis of the lead-up to the invasion, as well as a June 2003 Council on Foreign Relations interview with Chalabi. His views upheld the neoconservative agenda, helping sustain the impression, eventually proven false, that Iraq possessed WMDs and of the existence of a link between Saddam and Al-Qaeda, both of which provided the rationale for the 2003 war.
The State Department’s Multidiaspora IdEA Initiative
Authors: Marinova Nadejda K
Published: June 2017

The International Diaspora Engagement Alliance (IdEA) was created by the State Department in 2011 to engage individuals from the group of more than 60 million first- and second-generation immigrants in the United States in homeland development and philanthropy. As argued in this chapter, IdEA is an instance of the US government seeking, with an eye to the long term, to build bridges with diaspora communities and their networks in the countries of origin, eventually strengthening linkages with organizations and individuals in the homeland and winning “hearts and minds” supportive of US policy. This multidiaspora initiative is aimed at diaspora involvement in collaborative economic development in the homeland, and at mentoring and development programs. This collaboration between the State Department and select members of the diaspora communities represents an instance of diasporas serving as a bridge with their homelands, and it is an initiative with future potential for the United States.
Theocracies and Exiles
Authors: Marinova Nadejda K
Published: June 2017

This chapter focuses on SCIRI (SAIRI), the Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq, created by Tehran, and the utilization by the Iranian government of SCIRI in 1982–2003, in the context of the Iran-Iraq war, and in the 1990s. Tehran utilized exiled Shi’i clerics, headed by Ayatollah Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim, in outreach with Iraqi prisoners of war and refugees; in matters of security and military operations against Iraq; in outreach and public relations; and in altogether advancing Iranian goals vis-à-vis Iraq. The status of al-Hakim and the reference to Ayatollah al-Sadr underscored religious veneration as a source of authority and influence over the Shi’i diaspora. This chapter also shows how the theoretical model applies in the political setting of a theocracy with elements of democracy, and how it is not limited to democratic regimes.
Introduction
Authors: Rey Terry
Published: June 2017

The introduction conventionally acquaints the reader with the scope and objectives of the study, which focuses primarily on the relationship between a free black insurgent leader, Romaine-la-Prophétesse, and a French Catholic priest, Abbé Ouvière, during the first months of the Haitian Revolution (1791–1792). The social and political contexts for their relationship are explained, while the book’s key contributions are also forecast. One of these contributions is to broaden our understanding of the role of religion in the Haitian Revolution, a question that in scholarly literature has thus far been largely limited to considerations of Vodou; that Romaine was a deeply pious Catholic and that he achieved something that no other black insurgent leader in the history of the Americas ever did—conquering two coastal cities—underscores our need to also consider Catholic contributions to resistance in the era and region. The introduction closes with a brief chapter outline.
The Priest, the Prophetess, and the Fall of Trou Coffy
Authors: Rey Terry
Published: June 2017

“The Priest, the Prophetess, and the Fall of Trou Coffy” is the climactic chapter of this book because it reveals the nature of the relationship between the priest and the prophetess, Abbé Ouvière and Romaine-la-Prophétesse, and its illumination of events surrounding the fall of the Trou Coffy insurgency, including details on what might be called the Battle of Léogâne. Opening with an explanation of Abbé Ouvière’s enlistment as an adviser to the free colored Confederate Army and the plan he devised with them to pacify the Trou Coffy insurgents and bring them into the Confederate fold, the chapter details the priest’s trip to the prophetess’ lair and his meeting with Romaine, resulting in the treaty that placed the Virgin Mary’s godson in control over Léogane. It concludes with an analysis of a French commander’s arrival with troops to retake the occupied city and eventually defeat the Trou Coffy insurgency.
Conclusion
Authors: Rey Terry
Published: June 2017

The Priest and the Prophetess concludes with a succinct consideration of the ultimate fates and legacies of Romaine-la-Prophétesse and Abbé Ouvière and of what their brief, yet historically momentous, relationship can tell us about the interconnectedness of peoples, places, ideologies, and faiths in the revolutionary Atlantic world. That the former was likely murdered in Saint-Domingue in 1795 because of his religion, and that the latter died of natural causes as an old, distinguished personage in New York in 1832, speaks volumes about the ways in which race and religion channeled and structured power throughout the revolutionary Atlantic world. A summation lauds each man as visionary, heroic healers, their respective flaws notwithstanding.
Artifice and Persuasion
Authors: Moran Richard
Published: June 2017

Aristotle is the first philosopher to give sustained attention to metaphor, and this paper is a close reading of the discussion of metaphor his Rhetoric. Aristotle’s remarks on metaphor combine a traditional philosophical mistrust of metaphor and an appreciation of its indispensability in the context of public argument and persuasion. The discussion concentrates on two related questions. First, in the context of persuasion, how should we understand Aristotle’s insistence that successful metaphor achieves its effect in part by “setting something before the eyes” of its audience? And second, why is it thought important to the persuasive effect of a good metaphor that its artfulness or artifice be concealed from its audience? The paper seeks to understand together the role of the imagistic in thinking about metaphor and the idea of “the art that conceals art.”