bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MoSi2-Based High-Temperature Structural Silicides
Authors: Petrovic John J.
Published: December 2015

Structural materials that can withstand oxidizing and aggressive environments at temperatures above 1000°C constitute an enabling materials technology for a wide range of applications in the industrial, aerospace, and automotive arenas. A few of the industrial uses for such materials are furnace elements and components, power generation components, high-temperature heat exchangers, gas burners and igniters, and high-temperature filters. Aerospace applications include turbine aircraft engine hot-section components such as blades, vanes, combustors, nozzles, and seals. Automotive applications involve components such as turbocharger rotors, valves, glow plugs, and advanced turbine engine parts.

There is increasing interest in silicide-based compounds for high-temperature structural uses under oxidizing conditions in the range of 1200–1600°C. In this temperature range, for oxidation and strength reasons, the choice of materials is limited to the silicon-based structural ceramics such as Si3N4 and SiC, and the new class of “high-temperature structural silicides.” An extensive survey of progress in the area of high-temperature structural silicides has recently been published.
Interfaces in Structural Ceramics
Authors: Norton M. Grant , Carter C. Barry
Published: December 2015

Structural ceramics are necessarily polycrystalline and their usefulness is largely determined by the interfaces between the grains. The relationship between the structure and chemistry of different interfaces and the micro-structure can be illustrated by reviewing studies of interfaces in a wide range of materials including such classical ceramics as Al2O3, the current “hightech” polyphase ceramics exemplified by ZrO2-toughened Al2O3, and the composite materials of the future. Using transmission electron microscopy is essential for a complete understanding, but limitations to its use must be recognized. Only by understanding the factors that control the behavior of these interfaces will it become possible to further extend the application of interface engineering.

Structural ceramics are a group of materials that can be used for applications requiring their strength to persist at high temperatures or in conditions that would be particularly corrosive to alternative materials, which are usually metallic. Strength and strength-related properties such as toughness depend largely on the microstructural features of the processed material.

The microstructure is defined by the morphology and size of the grains and the interfaces between these grains. If the grains are in intimate contact, then the interface is a grain boundary of the type familiar from studies of metals.
Exploring Optimal Pronunciation Teaching: Integrating Instructional Software into Intermediate-level EFL Classes in China
Authors: Hanna Barbara Elizabeth , Gao Yang
Published: December 2015

This study sought to investigate the effectiveness of teaching pronunciation with instructional software to a cohort of Chinese speakers of English aged from 13 to 16 with a lower-intermediate language proficiency level. It also attempted to explore the relationship between language learners’ attitudes towards pronunciation and their pronunciation learning.

Sixty students at an English language school in China participated in this project: 20 were instructed by a teacher, another 20 used instructional software (New Oriental Pronunciation) alone, and the remaining 20 received combined instruction from both a teacher and the software. Participants’ performances on pronunciation were evaluated in a pre-test and post-test. Their attitudes towards pronunciation were also assessed, in pre- and post- surveys. In addition, an open-ended questionnaire collected students’ reflections on the software and the lead researcher took observation notes during instruction.

The greatest increase in performance was achieved by students who had undergone both forms of instruction, suggesting that the combination is optimal. Participants whose attitudes towards pronunciation changed the most made the greatest improvement in pronunciation, indicating that attitudes are crucial to pronunciation learning. This study provides a number of recommendations for various fields including software design, teacher training, and future research.
Wacana Pemerintahan Demoktis dan Dinamika Politik di Negeri-negeri Timur Tengah: Saudi Arabia, Yordania, Mesir, Iran, dan Turki
Authors: Yani Muhammad Turhan
Published: December 2015

Democracy -which means an authority of the people as opposed to that of the
ruler- fair general election, civil supremacy, equality before law, and government
accountability are seemingly inapplicable in Arab countries. Applying democracy and
sustaining it will require what Bernard Lewis calls “gradual and deliberate change”, which
will take these countries to a reform process from a political autocracy to an open and
competitive political system. The same view is echoed by Robin Wright. To him, democracy
in Arab countries will need a long time to take place. This is because culturally and
socially speaking political freedom and individual participation in politics are hard to
come by in these countries.
Dialektika Gaya Bahasa al-Qur’ân dan Budaya Arab Pra-Islam: Sebuah Kajian Sosiologi Bahasa
Authors: Muzakki Akhmad
Published: December 2015

The linguistic style of the Qur’an is closely associated with the psychological state of the Arabs as well as with their overall civilization. When speaking of the truth—especially the truth that has to do with the unseen—Islam puts into consideration this psychological aspect and conveys this kind of truth in a metaphorical or symbolical language. By this, it is meant that the language of the Qur’an is a product of the dialectical process between what the Qur’an ought to say and the contextual reality. Therefore, the Qur’an must be understood in relation to the contextual reality so as to show its ardent adaptability to a given reality. The linguistic studies have thus far shown that when certain texts are read in isolation from the social constructs in which they are written as well as from their author, the texts will loose their true meaning and their communicative function. A literary work is above all a response to a social condition that takes place in a given
time and space.
Karl Raimund Popper: Problem Neopositivistik dan Teori Kritis Falsifikasi
Authors: Huda M. Syamsul
Published: December 2015

Karl Popper once criticizes the positivistic paradigm by means of what he calls the theory of falsification. To him, the positivistic paradigm constitutes a failure simply because it cannot distinguish between science and prude science, that is, between empirical method and non-empirical method. In the scientific knowledge, empirical science, mathematics and logic must be differentiated, something that the positivistic paradigm has failed to do. This paradigm furthermore, did not have a clear picture what logic-based science is, empirical knowledge and psychology of knowledge. It also fails to properly understand knowledge that springs from tradition, emotion, authority and so forth. All positivistic paradigms such as that of Karl Max’s Historicism, Freud’s theory of Psycho Analysis, Adler’s theory of Individual Analysis and Newton’s theory of Gravitation fall into this trap of failure.
Keilmuan Hukum Islam dalam Perspektif Epistemologis
Authors: Idri Idri
Published: December 2015

This paper is aimed at exploring the epistemological aspect of the science of Islamic Law, that is, its methods and procedures of analysis. For this purpose, the paper makes use of the deductive-coherency method, inductive-correspondence method, scientific method, phenolmenological method, and functional as well structural method. The paper argues that procedures in studying Islamic Law consists of there levels of analysis, namely taxonomy analysis, competence analysis and information processing. In reading Islamic Law in this way, it is hoped that this science may be developed along side with other social sciences and humanities.
Gerakan Salafi Radikal dalam Konteks Islam Indonesia: Tinjauan Sejarah
Authors: Qodir Zuly
Published: December 2015

This paper is aimed at describing the advent and development of the radical Salafi movement in Indonesia. Historically speaking, such movement was originated in the Middle East especially in Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Syria. In these countries movements like Hizbut Tahrir and Wahhabiya –to mention but few- were found and well-established. Movements such as these were actually banned subsequently in their countries of origin mainly for propagating the idea of Khilafah and for trying to topple the legitimate government. In Indonesia interestingly, the Salafi radical movements survived and even flourished amid the heavy criticism from their antagonists. Leading campuses in the country such as Bogor Institute for Agriculture (Institut Teknologi Bogor/IPB) became their safe-heavens, as it were. Leaders and followers of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI) as well as Islamic Justice Welfare Party (PKS) were graduates of this campus. Hence, it was on this campus that the seed of these Salafi movements was planted. The HTI and PKS must be considered the most important Salafi movements in modern Indonesia. They have played their important role in forming the history of this country. Views have been expressed concerning their nature and agendas. Some maintain that these movements are radical and fundamentalists and bear the political agenda to transform Indonesia into becoming the “Islamic State”. Others are of belief that these movements are moderate and progressive, or else revivalist and neo-fundamentalists. It is on this heated debate that this paper is interested in. It will explore the nature and agendas of these two Salafi movements by referring –first- to the views expressed by the experts, and –second- the views of the leadership of the Nahdhatul ‘Ulama (NU) and Muhammadiyah, two largest Muslim organization in Indonesia.
Nawa al-Sa‘dawi: Modalitas sebagai Pembentuk Nilai Islam dalam Praktik Diskursus Gender oleh Pemimpin Agama dan Penguasa Mesir
Authors: Fauziyah Yayuk
Published: December 2015

Nawa al-Sa’dawi is an Egyptian gender and social activist. Her first and most controversial novel “al-Mar’ah wa al-Jins” provoked a far-reaching debate on issues relating to sex and women. This novel was the reason for her intimidation by both the political and religious authorities in Egypt. She was later dismissed from her position as a director of public health service by the request of the political authority. To her disappointment, Egypt was overwhelmed by a repressive mentality of men against women and children. And she believed that this repression was the result of –among others- the capitalistic mentality of the Egyptians. This mentality was translated into a discourse that legitimizes gender-bias policy that both political and religious authorities advocated. Al-Sa’dawi objected this, and expressed her concern in her The Hidden Face of Eva where she first narrates the repressive reality that she encounters in her society. She then suggests that the capitalistic mentality of the Egyptians has become some kind of value system around which their behavior was shaped. By value system she means a belief that women can – and even must- be exploited for the interest of men. Woman is inferior to man. This belief is so common that it forms part and parcel of the Egyptian social structure, mentality and the way they run their day-to-day economic activities. A patriarchal society would stand firm in defense of this value system. Driven either by its capitalistic mentality or else by its persistence to stay resolute, the patriarchal society would unduly remain aloof in its exploitation of women and children. The thrust of al-Sa’dawi’s ideas is to challenge all this. This paper in the meantime is destined to explore those ideas by consulting the Islamic view concerning justice and equality. We also are interested in examining al- Sa’dawi’s ideas by employing Pierre Bourdieu’s schemata of Habitus x Capital = Domain.
Umat Islam di Filipina Selatan: Sejarah, Perjuangan, dan Rekonsiliasi
Authors: Saifullah SA Saifullah SA
Published: December 2015

This paper deals mainly with the political struggle of the people of Southern Philippine for independence. To a large extent, this paper is about the investigation of the political ideology of these people. To start with, the paper distinguishes between two opposing groups, namely the government and the Muslim group demanding for independence. The Muslims in their turn were then classified into two groups, the one is radical pursuing for political change through political –often violent- activities, and the other is moderate urging for a better life especially for Muslims through a peaceful, constructive, legal, and constitutional means. The paper argues that the government of the Philippine has shown its willingness to find ways of solving the problems through dialogue and peace process. The paper is also interested in discussing the view expressed by Peter Gowing who believes that in the near future the Muslims of the Philippine would be divided into two groups. The one successfully forms autonomous quasi-independent Muslim territories, and the other sticks to the national government having a strong consciousness to work toward the national integration and harmony.
Perlindungan Anak dalam Perspektif Islam
Authors: Ahmad Zulfa
Published: December 2015

This paper deals with the problem of child protection from an Islamic perspective. It starts by discussing the Islamic teaching concerning family values and the function of family in child education as well as the responsibility of the family in protecting the children. By extension the paper is also concerned with the idea of marriage, its meaning and function in social life. We base our analysis on the Qur’ânic verses but also on the child protection law number 23 year 2002. We basically argue that it is up to the family to raise the children in a positive or negative manner. The very structure of family is very much relevant to the upbringing of the children and that their positive or negative attitude is dependent upon the nature of the surrounding in which they live.
Problem Pengelolaan Madrasah Aliyah dan Solusinya
Authors: Ahid Nur
Published: December 2015

Many High Schools (Aliyah) in Indonesia are faced with one of the following problems: low operational expenditure, poor human resources, unsettled contract with the teachers, small number of the teachers, and poor facilities. This paper tries to speak of the practical ways to come to terms with such problems. These practical ways -some of which are related to money- are in fact ideals. These ideals in one way or another are the foundations for the practical problems that our schools face. By ideals we mean such values as determination, discipline, and right vision for the school. The paper argues that money is not a magic stick that may solve all problems. he key is that all elements of school must use the best they have to realize the best they want to achieve. Practical problems may be solved by ideals, obsessions and dreams. In a country where money is rare, the vision and orientation of our education should change the character of the educated from being money-oriented to ideals-oriented.
Islam Mataraman dan Orientasi Politiknya dalam Sejarah Pemilu di Indonesia
Authors: Chalik Abdul
Published: December 2015

This paper deals with a cultural fraction of the Javanese Muslim called Islam Mataraman. Historically Islam Mataraman originated from the Islam that flourished during the era of the Mataram Kingdom in an inland Javanese island. This paper tries to explore the unique characters of this group of the Javanese Muslims that distinguish them from others culturally and politically. It maintains that Islam Mataraman is not only about culture, politics or belief, but also about the integration between them all. Integration is the key word in this paper. The paper also tries to show that in integration process, religion is not always the key player. In fact we are not interested in discussing the winner and the looser in this process. We are rather interested in showing that the integration is unique and complicated process, and that Islam in this part of Java is a perfect model of how religion, culture and politics can converge without there being a sense of domination or marginalization. To carry out its task, the paper will consult not only the local authoritative scholars in this field, but also the international experts so as to have a balanced view of the problem. At the end, we will also try to discuss how this integration imply on the political attitudes of the Muslim Mataraman.
Menguak Islam Eksklusif yang Toleran
Authors: Fata Ahmad Khoirul
Published: December 2015

This paper speaks of something unusual. Exlusive Islam has been commonly branded as untolerant, while the inclusive Islam has been identified as tolerant. This paper tries to prove the reverse that the exclusive Islam can be tolerant too. It addresses first the problem of religion-based conflict in Indonesia arguing it is this problem that provoked the birth of such liberal font of Islam called Jaringan Islam Liberal (JIL). Born to propagate the polite Islam, the movement turned out to be just another defect within the Muslim society. The fact is that, majority of Muslims in the country are not happy with it. The reaction of Muslims varied, and culminated in the issuance of the Indonesian Council of Ulama (Majelis Ulama Indonesia/ MUI) that such notion as religious pluralism that the movement is busy campaigning for is forbidden religiously. This paper is an attempt to reconstruct the pluralistic discourse in a way that would not iritate the conservative segment of Muslim society. It also tries to understand why majority of Muslims in this country rejected the idea of religious pluralism propounded by the liberals.
Akar Tradisi Politik Sunni di Indonesia Pada Masa Kerajaan Islam di Nusantara
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad
Published: December 2015

This research is interested in exploring the seeds of the Sunni political thought during the era of Islamic kingdom in Indonesia. Many have argued that the Islam that has finally prevailed in the country is a Sunni Islam. Accepting this proposition would mean that the political ideals that the early Muslim kings in the land adopted are necessarily Sunni. The forms and contents of these ideals will be the task of this paper to discover. The paper however argues that whatever form the ideals have taken, the Indonesian version of Sunni politics has most likely been developed around power. In other words, the ulama and the princes are two sides of the same coin. While the ulama need the support of the princes to disseminate the Sunni doctrine, the later needs the support of the former for the legitimacy of his authority. The paper hence maintains that there has been no any form of separation between religion and politics in the early history of Indonesian Islam.
Teologi Wirausaha
Authors: Jalil Abdul
Published: December 2015

In the social theory of religion, it is commonly believed that the inner aspect of man such as religious experience does have a role in shaping his outer, namely external dimension. How one behaves is a result of his/her inner state. One’s attitude is none other than the manifestation of his/her religiousness. On that basis, this paper argues that the spirit of entrepreneurship that one has within him/her is the result of his/her faith –and also understanding- of his/her religion. The paper holds that it is religion that drives one to be an entrepreneur. The Islamic world-view concerning the dynamics of life for instance, has been the major source of inspiration for many youngsters to do business. This paper therefore deals with some Islamic teachings concerning life such as worldly well-being, free will and the value of work before God. The paper however also discovers that although Islam has a lot to say concerning business, only few Muslims made use of its teaching do develop what can be called Islamic entrepreneurship.  
Penciptaan Setan untuk Kebaikan Manusia
Authors: Muktafi Muktafi
Published: December 2015

In Arabic Satan means an enemy, one who is distant, misled, burnt, disowned from the grace of God and displaced from His mercy. He is so distant that he cannot any longer hear and know the truth. He is so arrogant that he became the victim of his own attitude. In the Qur’an the word Satan is always mentioned in its concrete from (ma’rifah) which means that the existence and threat of the Satan is true and real. This also means that Satan is created solely to mischief man on his earthly life and mislead him from the grace of God. Different views however have been expressed to the extent that the creation of the Satan may also be understood as an indication of God’s mercy upon His creation especially human being. If it is not because of Satan, human being would not be able to distinguish between good and vice. And it is exactly because of Satan that human being –upon his success to avoid his deceive- may be raised to the higher status as human being. This paper is concerned with this controversy and with the logical implication that emerges thereof. It is ultimately about tracing the Qur’anic and prophetic notion of what Satan is, and what it means to be human.
Kebijakan Distribusi Ekonomi Islam dalam Membangun Keadilan Ekonomi Indonesia
Authors: Noor Ruslan Abdul Ghofur
Published: December 2015

Market has always been part of development in Indonesia and in any country in that matter. How far development will succeed depends very much therefore on the nature of market. Well-managed market will certainly affect the process of development. This paper deals with the relationship between market and development with particular attention to the notion of justice. It argues that in Indonesia economic injustice is the main cause for the failure of development for many decades. The paper tries to show the many indicators of that injustice which includes among others, the unequal distribution of wealth among the citizens. The paper then moves to the economic system of Islam which –it argues- is based on the concept of justice, and maintains that this Islamic system can be both the solution and alternative for the ailing Indonesian economy.
Rekonstruksi Fiqh Jinayah terhadap Perda Syariat Islam
Authors: Sahid HM Sahid HM
Published: December 2015

This paper poses a question whether Syari’ah can be adopted as a regional/provincial law in Indonesia or not? The question has many sides. First, the many provinces in Indonesia have different religious and cultural setting, making them varied in their reception not only to Syari’ah but also to Islam itself. Even the province where Muslims are majority, Syari’ah is not always ready to apply. Second, the formalization of Syari’ah has provoked an uneasy response from many non-Muslims and also from many Muslims who are not happy with the formalization of Syari’ah. Third, the provincial law has thus far been good in some provinces, giving no chance for the Syari’ah law to interfere. It is these problems that this paper is concerned with. Some aspects of the Syari’ah criminal law that many have attempted to be formalized will be discussed here such as the law of fornication, of drugs and beer, of prostitution, and of religious transgression.
Kritik Abdullah Saeed terhadap Praktik Pembiayaan Murabahah pada Bank Islam
Authors: Syaparuddin Syaparuddin
Published: December 2015

This paper is aimed at discussing the critical view of Abdullah Saeed as far as murabahah is concerned. For Saeed, this banking practice, which is adapted and adopted from Syari’ah has caused a lot of controversies. The basic question that a man like him asks is, does this Syari’ah banking system really make a difference? Nonetheless, it is this Syari’ah-based banking product that dominated the whole Islamic banking system in the great majority of Islamic countries. Investigating the nature of this product becomes therefore both strategic and important so as to have a better and proper understanding of it. This proper understanding will in turn influence the way this product is promoted and sold to the public in line with the values of Syari’ah. The paper will also compare murabahah with the similar banking practices in the conventional banks.
Peta Fiqh Mu‘âsir Muslim Progresif
Authors: Muzammil Iffah
Published: December 2015

Many contemporary Muslim scholars argue that Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) is not ready to face the demands of the modern era. Modernity is so powerful that it weakens the foundation of fiqh on the one hand, and opens up new opportunities that cannot be reached by fiqh on the other. The method that fiqh has introduced is in itself incapable of adapting to new situation and also incapable of addressing new issues such as the issue of human right, constitusionalism and the like. It is in this context that the contemporary Muslim scholars speak out for reform in the methodology of fiqh as well the application of thismethodology in addressing new issues. This paper is concerned with discussing this problem by referring to the thought of some leading authority in this regard such as Abdullahi Ahmed an-Na‘im, Aboe el-Fadl and Nas}r H{âmid Abû Zayd. The paper argues that for these scholars, fiqh has lost its role and power in the modern society because of its discriminative trait. Fiqh must therefore deal with this negative image if it is to restore its influence in the modern civilization.
Qiyâs dan Istihsân dalam Rasionalitas Usûl al-Sarakhsî
Authors: Mawardi Ahmad Imam
Published: December 2015

There are two conceptual terms that this paper will try to expose. The first is analogy (qiyâs) and the second is istihsân, an analogy—like method of extrapolating jurisprudential rules. The paper will try to speak of their relationship in the light of al-Sarakhsî’s rationality. In the field of Islamic jurisprudence, the two concepts are often seen as contradicting to one another. The Shafi’ite jurists are even of belief that using istihsân is legally forbidden for that would contradict the general rules of Islamic law. The paper assumes that despite general view of the jurists that istihsân is an equivocal method it can nonetheless be fitted into qiyâs. To show that however, the paper would inevitably re-define both qiyâs and istihsân as proposed by al-Sarakhsî. By exploiting the ideas of al-Sarakhsî, the paper hopes that new lights may be shed as far as the richness of Islamic method in
jurisprudence is concerned.
Samâ’ dalam Tradisi Tasawuf
Authors: Siradj Said Aqil
Published: December 2015

Samâ‘ in Tasawuf has been a very important element in the dissemination of this spiritual dimension of Islam. Yet, it has received very little both from the practitioners of Tasawuf and its intellectuals. This paper tries to expose this simply in a hope to make it heard in the academic and popular circle. Here, samâ‘ is not only understood as a form of music, as many would do, but also as an art of listening of which music is certainly part. The paper will explore the meaning and definition of this term, putting emphasis on its many-faceted function in the formation and development of one’s soul and spirituality. It is argued that soul is musical and artistic. Using art and music to talk to soul is therefore the proper way and means. The paper will also try to show that samâ‘ is also an indispensable part of spiritual method to reach and know God. Knowledge of God in other words, can be gained through this practice. Hence, samâ‘ is treated not only as a form of entertainment, but also a kind of practical epistemology.
Isu Lingkungan dalam Perspektif Kalam, Fiqh, dan Tasawuf
Authors: Sukarni Sukarni
Published: December 2015

There is no doubt that the problem of environment has become the most formidable issue faced by human being in the modern history. The danger imposed by the environmental crisis is much greater than the danger of any forms of war. This crisis has thus become the greatest enemy of humanity. The level and extent of the danger requires equally a great effort to address and tackle it. It is here that this paper tries to contribute. It attempts to offer an Islamic perspective of environment and its conservation. The paper is convinced that Islam is rich with perspectives on this issue. It therefore, introduces the many theories and views on environment that the sciences of Islam have spoken about. It brings into discussion the view of the science of theology (kalam), jurisprudence (fiqh) and sufism  (tasawuf) on environment. Each of these sciences is discussed in relation to the others, as well as in the context of what the paper calls fiqh lingkungan (the jurisprudence of environment). The idea that underlines the paper is thatthese sciences are—generally speaking—concerned with the idea of personal and collective responsibility; an idea that already has a direct relevance to the problem of environment.
Kontribusi Imam al-Râfi‘î dan Imam al-Nawawî dalam Penataan Keragaman Pendapat Hukum Mazhab Shâfi‘î
Authors: Saleh Abdul Mun’im
Published: December 2015

The diversity of legal opinions in the Shâfi‘î school of thought (madhhab), in the form of old opinion (qawl qadîm) and new opinion (qawl jadîd) and the ijtihâd activities that pertained  to some centuries after the passing away of al-Shâfi‘î, has brought this madhhab into encounter with serious problems in selecting the law. In such a situation, al-Râfi‘î and al-Nawawî came into the fore as muharrir (selector) to cope with this uncertainty. This research tries to analyze all scientific activities of the two scholars using the theory of tarjîh. This research found out that they attempted to establish a legal certainty in the Shâfi‘î school of law through the making of new mixed system of tarjîh to ensure which opinions deserve to be regarded as valid from the viewpoint of Shâfi‘î madhhab. This achievement contributes to the enrichment of Shâfi‘î madhhab as a legal school consisting of a great variety of legal opinions that equips itself with procedures of selection used as norms of everyday life.
The Hunter and the Farmer: Jean Toomer’s Depression-Era Masculinist Writings
Authors: Curwood Anastasia C.
Published: December 2015

In 1937, after he had written the novel Cane, left the African-American culture of Harlem, studied under the mystic Georges Gurdjieff in France, lost his wife to childbirth, and married for the second time, Jean Toomer sought to publish a series of essays. The subjects varied, but the most common theme was masculinity—men’s prerogatives, natures, and responsibilities. He theorized women’s temperaments as well, but it was clearly the study of maleness that captured his attention.

Toomer’s interest was noteworthy given the fact that he became ever more concerned with sexuality and gender as he left behind his African-American identity. Toomer did not intend to “pass,” as is commonly assumed—he actually wanted to be raceless, or of the “American” race. In his adopted home in the Pennsylvania countryside, Toomer attempted to construct his life based entirely on his masculinity. In Toomer’s opinion, his entire household-- his white wife, his light-skinned daughter, and various temporary occupants—was a social experiment in supporting his masculine genius and creativity.

This essay is an intellectual history of Toomer’s self-construction. Using his diaries and published and unpublished writings, I will explain how Toomer saw his own male identity and how, although he had renounced his blackness, his racial identity mediated his ideal of his gender.
INFORMATION-MEASURING TEST SYSTEM OF DIESEL LOCOMOTIVE HYDRAULIC TRANSMISSIONS
Authors: Zhukovytskyy I. V. , Kliushnyk I. A. , Ochkasov O. B. , Korenyuk R. O.
Published: December 2015

Purpose. The article describes the process of developing the information-measuring test system of diesel locomotives hydraulic transmission, which gives the possibility to obtain baseline data to conduct further studies for the determination of the technical condition of diesel locomotives hydraulic transmission. The improvement of factory technology of post-repair tests of hydraulic transmissions by automating the existing hydraulic transmission test stands according to the specifications of the diesel locomotive repair enterprises was analyzed. It is achieved based on a detailed review of existing foreign information-measuring test systems for hydraulic transmission of diesel locomotives, BelAZ earthmover, aircraft tug, slag car, truck, BelAZ wheel dozer, some brands of tractors, etc. The problem for creation the information-measuring test systems for diesel locomotive hydraulic transmission is being solved, starting in the first place from the possibility of automation of the existing test stand of diesel locomotives hydraulic transmission at Dnipropetrovsk Diesel Locomotive Repair Plant "Promteplovoz". Methodology. In the work the researchers proposed the method to create a microprocessor automated system of diesel locomotives hydraulic transmission stand testing in the locomotive plant conditions. It acts by justifying the selection of the necessary sensors, as well as the application of the necessary hardware and software for information-measuring systems. Findings. Based on the conducted analysis there was grounded the necessity of improvement the plant hydraulic transmission stand testing by creating a microprocessor testing system, supported by the experience of developing such systems abroad. Further research should be aimed to improve the accuracy and frequency of data collection by adopting the more modern and reliable sensors in tandem with the use of filtering software for electromagnetic and other interference. Originality. The authors developed the information-measuring system that improves the hydraulic transmission test process by automating and increasing the accuracy of measurements of control parameters. The measurement results are initial data for carrying out further studies to determine the technical condition of the hydraulic transmission UGP750-1200 during the plant post-repair tests. Practical value. The paper proposed the alternate design of microprocessor hydraulic transmission test system for diesel locomotives, which has no analogues in Ukraine. Automated data collection during the tests will allow capturing the fast processes to determine the technical condition of hydraulic transmission.
PROCESS FEATURES OF FLUCTUATIONS PROPAGATION AT STRESS-STRAIN WORK OF THE RAILWAY TRACK
Authors: Bondarenko I. O.
Published: December 2015

Purpose. Scientific work aims at the determination the basic laws of fluctuations propagation process from exitation of rolling stock in the design system of permanent way and substructures of the railway lines for studing the deformation processes as the basis for a regulatory framework of the track operation in the conditions of ensuring the reliability of railways. Methodology. To achieve the aim the principles of elasticity theories and wave propagation process in describing the interaction track and rolling stock were applied. Findings. The kinds of fluctuations and system which should be used when considering the fluctuations in the deformation process of rail track were established. The general view of the displacement function was determined. Originality. The theoretical concepts and principles to consider fluctuations of a structures system of permanent way and substructures of the railway track, energised by rolling stock were grounded. This will allow studing the process of deformation work of the mentioned system, which changes its state. That in turn will allow us to determine the parameters of the trains functional reliability, as part of the security passes of rolling stock on the track section with regard to its technical condition. Practical value. Usually for safe crossing of rolling stock parameters of fluctuation process in the system «vehicle-track» are determined. Existing models or carefully consider fluctuations of rolling stock in generalized characteristics of the structures of permanent way and substructures of the railway tracks or view of quasi-dynamic fluctuations rails with general characteristics of under rail base. This review process of oscillations, energised by rolling stock and delivered to all the elements of the permanent way and substructures of the railway track do not allow determining both the reliability parameters of elements in the system of track construction and parameters of functional reliability of trains as part of security checkpoints in the area of rolling stock gauge because of its technical state. Therefore, for examining issues of reliable performance elements of the permanent way and substructures of the railway track are proposed its stress-strain work. It gives the possibility to consider a dynamic process, localized both in time and space.
INEQUALITIES RESEARCH OF THE TRACK AT THE RAILROAD CROSSINGS
Authors: Kurhan M. B. , Kurhan D. M. , Luzhytskyi O. F.
Published: December 2015

Purpose. The intersection of highways and railways in one level – railway crossing, is a zone of increased danger for rail and road transport. Nearly half of all crossings are available on the main directions of passenger transportation. From this comes the problem of maintenance and service locations of intersection roads and railways. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the processes of emergence and development of inequalities in the area of railroad crossings and identify the factors that cause them. Methodology. The presence of derogation from the plan and profile within the railway crossing and approaches to it reduces evenness of riding and passenger comfort. Today, there are various possibilities for shooting natural geometry of a railway track. For research on a large number of areas during long service life, the tape of a track measuring car remains the most convenient. However, this tool is directed to assess the state of the railway line and does not determine the exact geometrical position. When trying to determine valid outlines of the track inequalities on track measuring tape, some difficulties arise. Findings. Performed statistical analysis showed a steady trend of growth of inequalities in the area of the railway crossings. Generally, the level of inequalities in the vertical plane increases in1.3−3.2 times and in 1.2−2.0 times in the horizontal plane (compared with areas that are outside crossing). During the deflection lines of action in the area of railroad crossing concrete slabs work as ribs that limit deflections of rail-tie grating. When placing the wheels of the bogie before (or after) and within crossing the calculated modulus of elasticity under the rail base, brought to the point of wheels contact can vary up to 3 times. Originality. Issues of the assessment and investigation of inequalities on track started to be developed. The resulting statistics on inequalities accumulation gauge in the zone of crossing were obtained. Analytical research changes in the characteristics of stress and deformation of the track at the site of the conclusion of the railway crossing were presented. Practical value. Obtained results will be useful for measures to improve the evenness riding of trains and increase the comfort level of passengers.
STRENGTH INCREASE METHODS OF THE SIDE FRAME OF THE BOGIE IN THREE–PIECE TRUCKS
Authors: Reidemeister O. H. , Shykunov O. A.
Published: December 2015

Purpose. In the paper it is proposed to find methods of structural reinforcement of a side frame of a bogie in areas of stress concentration (the compound zone, the corners of the pedestal jaw opening, etc.), where, as the experience of operation shows, it is possible the emergence of fatigue cracks. It should avoid a significant increase in weight of the structure and does not cause «overflow» areas with a lot of stress from one portion of the structure to another. Methodology. The stresses in the side frame are determined by finite element modeling. Firstly parts of structure that is subject to be strengthened are detected. At the next stage the possible ways of enhancement are developed (wall thickness increase, change of fillet radii, introduction of additional truss plate, etc.). After which according to the results of simulation the effectiveness of each method is evaluated. Amplification of individual sections of the side frame does not always lead to its hardening as a whole (stress decrease in one place often leads to stress increase in the other one). The further procedure is iterative in nature: best-case changes are entered in the design of the frame; weakened areas of construction again are revealed and so on, till to the achievement an acceptable level of safety. Findings. Directional iterative search allows finding a combination of local amplification that increasing significantly the strength of structure. Namely, radius of the transition from the column to the support surface and in the openings between the column and the inclined belt up to 40 and 50 mm are increased respectively; truss plate are added between the upper and lower shelf of Triangel guide and on the inner guide of jaw aperture; technological area of the aperture in the column is reduced by one-third. Due to the proposed stresses combination, voltages in construction were reduced by 41%. Originality. The efficiency of the iterative search procedure of local amplifications combinations in design of the side frame that let significantly increase its strength without a significant increase in weight is presented by scientists. Practical value. Obtained results give the possibility to increase significantly the strength of the side frame in the three-piece truck without any noticeable change in its geometrical and mass characteristics.
TESTING NEW TYPES OF ROLLING STOCK FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY WITH SIGNALING AND COMMUNICATION DEVICES
Authors: Havrilyuk V. I. , Shcheka V. I. , Meleshko V. V.
Published: December 2015

Purpose. In the paper there is the comparative analysis of standards and methods of measurements of electromagnetic interference, those are caused by electrical equipment of new types of rolling stock with AC and DC-current electric traction in accordance with the normative documents are adopted in Ukraine and the EU. The development on this basis the measuring method of current interference in traction network, generated by the electrical equipment of electric rolling stock (ERS) applicable to testing the new types of rolling stock for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) with different systems of railway signaling is also needed. Methodology. The testing method has been offered. It includes measurements in power circuits of rolling stock, as well as in track devices of signalization systems. Findings. Norms and methods tests of a rolling stock on electromagnetic compatibility with track circuits (TC) were analyzed. It was found that a large variety of electricity supply systems, signalization and link in Europe makes it necessary to test new types of electric rolling stock for electromagnetic compatibility with pick up unit in each country separately, taking into account the features used in its systems. It is greatly increases the cost of introducing new types of rolling stock. The test method of electric rolling stock EMC with track circuits has been developed; it includes measurement in power circuits of rolling stock, as well as in track devices of signalization systems. Measurements in accordance with the proposed methodology for electric rolling stock with asynchronous traction drive when driving on sections electrified at AC and DC have been carried out. The values of the interference current in track circuit to all the frequencies of the signal current have been defined. It is shown that under some modes of the train the interference current exceed the permissible values. Originality. The method for measuring interference current generated by rolling stock electrical equipment in the traction network was offered. The method assumes the simultaneous recording of the network current of electric train, automatic locomotive signaling current, train`s speed, driver`s controller handle position and reverse traction current in a track line when trains passing over the measuring section with subsequent computer processing results, computer and physical simulations. Practical value. Using of the developed method improves the accuracy of the tests and reduces their cost.
Characterization of Multiple Herbicide-Resistant Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perennessp.multiflorum) Populations from Winter Wheat Fields in Oregon
Authors: Liu Mingyang , Hulting Andrew G. , Mallory-Smith Carol
Published: December 2015

Many Italian ryegrass populations in Oregon are resistant to more than one herbicide; therefore, the resistance patterns of these populations must be determined to identify alternative herbicides for management. Two suspected resistant Italian ryegrass populations (R2 and R4) survived flufenacet plus metribuzin applications under typical winter wheat production conditions. Populations R2 and R4 were resistant to clethodim, pinoxaden, quizalofop, mesosulfuron-methyl, flufenacet, but not to acetochlor, dimethenamid-p, metolachlor, pyroxasulfone, imazapyr, sulfometuron, or glyphosate. R4 was resistant to diuron, but R2 was not. The estimated flufenacet doses required for 50% growth reduction (GR50) were 438 g ai ha−1(R2) and 308 g ai ha−1(R4). Both populations were controlled by pyroxasulfone at rates greater than 15 g ai ha−1. An Asp-2078-Gly substitution in the ACCase gene was found in both populations, while an Ile-2041-Asn was found only in the R4 population. A Ser-264-Gly substitution inpsbA gene was found in the R4 population. These mutations previously have been reported to provide resistance to ACCase and photosynthetic inhibitors, respectively. No resistance mutations were identified in the acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene of either population. The addition of the P450 inhibitor, chlorpyrifos, increased the injury resulting from mesosulfuron-methyl on both resistant populations providing indirect evidence that the ALS resistance may be metabolic. Multiple herbicide-resistant Italian ryegrass populations were identified in this study with both target site and nontarget site based mechanisms likely involved. However, several herbicides were identified including pyroxasulfone, a herbicide in the same group as flufenacet, which could be used to control these two populations.
Transfer and Expression of ALS Inhibitor Resistance from Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) to anA. spinosus×A. palmeriHybrid
Authors: Molin William T. , Nandula Vijay K. , Wright Alice A. , Bond Jason A.
Published: December 2015

Transfer of herbicide resistance among closely related weed species is a topic of growing concern. A spiny amaranth × Palmer amaranth hybrid was confirmed resistant to several acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors including imazethapyr, nicosulfuron, pyrithiobac, and trifloxysulfuron. Enzyme assays indicated that the ALS enzyme was insensitive to pyrithiobac and sequencing revealed the presence of a known resistance conferring point mutation, Trp574Leu. Alignment of the ALS gene for Palmer amaranth, spiny amaranth, and putative hybrids revealed the presence of Palmer amaranth ALS sequence in the hybrids rather than spiny amaranth ALS sequences. In addition, sequence upstream of the ALS in the hybrids matched Palmer amaranth and not spiny amaranth. The potential for transfer of ALS inhibitor resistance by hybridization has been demonstrated in the greenhouse and in field experiments. This is the first report of gene transfer for ALS inhibitor resistance documented to occur in the field without artificial/human intervention. These results highlight the need to control related species in both field and surrounding noncrop areas to avoid interspecific transfer of resistance genes.