bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Downdraft outflows: climatological potential to influence fire behaviour
Authors: Potter Brian E. , Hernandez Jaime R.
Published: August 2017

Sudden wind shifts caused by atmospheric gust fronts can lead to firefighter entrapments and fatalities. In this study, we describe the physical processes involved in the related phenomena of convective downdrafts, gust fronts and downbursts. We focus on the dominant process, evaporative cooling in a dry surface layer, as characterised by the measure known as downdraft maximum available potential energy (DMAPE). We present a climatological analysis of DMAPE for the coterminous United States, developed from the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis data for the period 1979–2008. Diurnal and seasonal patterns are described. We conclude with a discussion of the implications and limitations of the analysis and DMAPE as an indicator of gust front strength or downburst occurrence.
The critical phase for visual control of human walking over complex terrain
Authors: Matthis Jonathan Samir , Barton Sean L. , Fajen Brett R.
Published: August 2017

Significance

The physical dynamics of the body are central to the generation and maintenance of the human gait cycle. The ability to exploit the force of gravity and bodily inertia increases the energetic efficiency of locomotion by minimizing the need for internally generated muscular forces and simplifies control by obviating the need to actively guide each body segment. Here we explore how these principles generalize to situations in which foot placement is constrained, as when walking over a rocky trail. Walkers can exploit external forces to efficiently traverse extended stretches of complex terrain provided that visual information about the upcoming ground surface is available during a particular (critical) phase of the gait cycle between midstance of the preceding step and toe-off.
Inferring patterns of folktale diffusion using genomic data
Authors: Bortolini Eugenio , Pagani Luca , Crema Enrico R. , Sarno Stefania , Barbieri Chiara , Boattini Alessio , Sazzini Marco , da Silva Sara Graça , Martini Gessica , Metspalu Mait , Pettener Davide , Luiselli Donata , Tehrani Jamshid J.
Published: August 2017

Significance

This paper presents unprecedented evidence on the transmission mechanism underlying the spread of a broad cross-cultural assemblage of folktales in Eurasia and Africa. State-of-the-art genomic evidence is used to directly assess the relevance of demic diffusion processes, in particular on the distribution of Old World folktales at intermediate geographic scales, and identify individual stories that are more likely to be transmitted through population movement and replacement. The results provide an empirical solution to operate with linguistic barriers and highlight the impossibility of disentangling genetic from geographic relationships at a cross-continental scale, warning against the direct use of extant genetic variability to infer processes of long-range cultural transmission.
Lipophilic siRNA targets albumin in situ and promotes bioavailability, tumor penetration, and carrier-free gene silencing
Authors: Sarett Samantha M. , Werfel Thomas A. , Lee Linus , Jackson Meredith A. , Kilchrist Kameron V. , Brantley-Sieders Dana , Duvall Craig L.
Published: August 2017

Significance

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) has the capacity to silence traditionally undruggable targets, but in vivo delivery barriers limit clinical translation of siRNA, especially for nonhepatic targets such as solid tumors. Most delivery strategies for RNAi cancer therapies focus on synthetic nanocarriers, but their shortcomings include limited delivery to and variable distribution throughout the target site and low therapeutic indices due to nonspecific, carrier-associated toxicities. A diacyl lipid-modified siRNA can leverage albumin as an endogenous carrier, resulting in comprehensively enhanced pharmacokinetic properties that translate to greater quantity and homogeneity of tumor accumulation relative to nanocarriers. The albumin-binding siRNA conjugate strategy is synthetically simple and safe at high doses, and thus is a translatable and potentially transformative option for RNAi oncology therapies.
Stress-inducible gene
Atf3
in the noncancer host cells contributes to chemotherapy-exacerbated breast cancer metastasis
Authors: Chang Yi Seok , Jalgaonkar Swati P. , Middleton Justin D. , Hai Tsonwin
Published: August 2017

Significance

Chemotherapy is a double-edged sword. It is anticancer because of its cytotoxicity. Paradoxically, by increasing chemoresistance and cancer metastasis, it is also pro-cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying chemotherapy-induced procancer activities are not well understood. Here we present data that provide mechanistic explanations for the ability of paclitaxel (PTX), a frontline chemotherapeutic agent, to exacerbate metastasis in mouse models of breast cancer. Importantly,
Atf3
, a stress-inducible gene, in the noncancer host cells is necessary for this PTX effect. Analyses of publicly available datasets suggest that our data from mouse models have relevance to human cancers. Thus, ATF3 links a chemotherapeutic agent—a stressor—to pro-metastatic changes in the host cells. Dampening the effect of ATF3 may improve the efficacy of chemotherapy.
A promiscuous split intein with expanded protein engineering applications
Authors: Stevens Adam J. , Sekar Giridhar , Shah Neel H. , Mostafavi Anahita Z. , Cowburn David , Muir Tom W.
Published: August 2017

Significance

Naturally split inteins are important tools in chemical biology and protein engineering, as they provide a rapid and bioorthogonal means to link two polypeptides, termed exteins, together in a near-traceless manner. However, their use is currently limited by sequence constraints imposed by these extein residues. The engineered split inteins reported in this work, Npu
GEP
and Cfa
GEP
, demonstrate a marked enhancement in extein tolerance, offering greater promiscuity for splicing nonnative sequences. As such, they are shown to improve two important applications of naturally split inteins: protein cyclization and the chemical tailoring of native chromatin. We expect these promiscuous inteins to find broad use in other applications of split inteins that involve the construction of proteins with well-defined sequences.
Crystal structure of an orthomyxovirus matrix protein reveals mechanisms for self-polymerization and membrane association
Authors: Zhang Wenting , Zheng Wenjie , Toh Yukimatsu , Betancourt-Solis Miguel A. , Tu Jiagang , Fan Yanlin , Vakharia Vikram N. , Liu Jun , McNew James A. , Jin Meilin , Tao Yizhi J.
Published: August 2017

Significance

Orthomyxoviruses, including the influenza viruses A–D, all encode a matrix protein M1 that forms a continuous matrix layer underneath the viral envelope. Here we report the crystal structure of a full-length M1 from an orthomyxovirus that infects fish. Consisting of two domains connected by a flexible linker, M1 forms an infinite two-dimensional lattice in crystal through parallel packing. A cryoelectron tomography reconstruction of intact virions confirmed that the M1 lattice closely mimics the viral matrix layer, with the N domain abutting the viral envelope and the C domain pointing toward the virus interior. Our findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of M1 in mediating self-oligomerization, membrane association, and viral genome packaging.
Science and data science
Authors: Blei David M. , Smyth Padhraic
Published: August 2017

Data science has attracted a lot of attention, promising to turn vast amounts of data into useful predictions and insights. In this article, we ask why scientists should care about data science. To answer, we discuss data science from three perspectives: statistical, computational, and human. Although each of the three is a critical component of data science, we argue that the effective combination of all three components is the essence of what data science is about.
Zbtb7b engages the long noncoding RNA Blnc1 to drive brown and beige fat development and thermogenesis
Authors: Li Siming , Mi Lin , Yu Lei , Yu Qi , Liu Tongyu , Wang Guo-Xiao , Zhao Xu-Yun , Wu Jun , Lin Jiandie D.
Published: August 2017

Significance

Brown and beige fat function has important implications for metabolic physiology and the treatment of metabolic disorders. How transcription factors interface with long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), an emerging class of regulatory factors, to drive development and thermogenesis of brown/beige fat remains essentially unknown. Here we identified Zbtb7b as an activator of the thermogenic gene program through a genome-wide functional screen and showed that it plays an essential role in cold-induced thermogenesis and beige fat formation. Mechanistically, Zbtb7b forms a ribonucleoprotein transcriptional complex with the lncRNA Blnc1 and drives thermogenic gene expression via a feedforward loop. This work illustrates the emerging concept of a protein–lncRNA regulatory network in the control of adipose tissue biology and energy metabolism.
Air-quality implications of widespread adoption of cool roofs on ozone and particulate matter in southern California
Authors: Epstein Scott A. , Lee Sang-Mi , Katzenstein Aaron S. , Carreras-Sospedra Marc , Zhang Xinqiu , Farina Salvatore C. , Vahmani Pouya , Fine Philip M. , Ban-Weiss George
Published: August 2017

Significance

The South Coast Air Basin of California, a region of 16.8 million people, is among the most polluted air basins in the United States. A multidecadal effort to attain federal air-quality standards has led to significant progress, but much more work remains. Are recently implemented statewide building efficiency standards on rooftops counterproductive to these goals? With comprehensive regional models and intensive development of model input parameters, our research has identified the air-quality consequences that are expected to result from these efficiency standards. The results can inform policies to mitigate some air-quality penalties, while preserving the benefits of building efficiency standards. This work also sheds light on potential future policies aimed at reducing urban heating from pavement surfaces.
Glycine receptor α3 and α2 subunits mediate tonic and exogenous agonist-induced currents in forebrain
Authors: McCracken Lindsay M. , Lowes Daniel C. , Salling Michael C. , Carreau-Vollmer Cyndel , Odean Naomi N. , Blednov Yuri A. , Betz Heinrich , Harris R. Adron , Harrison Neil L.
Published: August 2017

Significance

Neuronal inhibition in the CNS occurs via two mechanisms. Synaptic inhibition is transient and localized; extrasynaptic inhibition is continuous and diffuse. Glycine receptor (GlyR)-mediated synaptic inhibition in spinal cord was established decades ago; however, GlyR physiology in higher brain regions remains obscure. We show that functional GlyRs are expressed in forebrain structures and mediate tonic and exogenous glycine-induced currents. Unlike synaptic α1β GlyRs in the spinal cord, forebrain GlyRs are primarily composed of α2 or α3 subunits. We identified distinct roles for these subunits by showing that α3 subunits mediate tonic GlyR currents, whereas α2 subunits mediate exogenously activated GlyR currents. Our findings demonstrate mechanisms of neuronal modulation by glycine in the forebrain due to subunit-specific contributions of GlyRs.
Salate derivatives found in sunscreens block experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice
Authors: Wang Yanping , Marling Steven J. , Plum Lori A. , DeLuca Hector F.
Published: August 2017

Significance

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease that is difficult to manage and for which there is no cure. We have discovered that certain specific sunblock preparations can prevent the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a widely used animal model of MS. Salate esters in the sunblock preparations were found to be responsible for preventing EAE. Continued exploration of this finding may lead to new approaches to the management of symptoms of MS.
Effects of maternal investment, temperament, and cognition on guide dog success
Authors: Bray Emily E. , Sammel Mary D. , Cheney Dorothy L. , Serpell James A. , Seyfarth Robert M.
Published: August 2017

Significance

A successful guide dog must navigate a complex world, avoid distractions, and respond adaptively to unpredictable events. What leads to success? We followed 98 puppies from birth to adulthood. Puppies were enrolled in a training program where only ∼70% achieved success as guide dogs. More intense mothering early in life was associated with program failure. In addition, mothers whose nursing style required greater effort by puppies produced more successful offspring. Among young adult dogs, poor problem-solving abilities, perseveration, and apparently greater anxiety when confronted with a novel object were also associated with program failure. Results mirror the results from rodents and humans, reaffirming the enduring effects on adult behavior of maternal style and individual differences in temperament and cognition.
Stress promotes generalization of older but not recent threat memories
Authors: Dunsmoor Joseph E. , Otto A. Ross , Phelps Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2017

Significance

A hallmark of anxiety disorders is the tendency to overgeneralize fear-related behaviors toward harmless stimuli or situations. But little is known about the factors contributing to overgeneralization. Here we investigated the role of acute stress and consolidation in promoting fear overgeneralization. Acute stress resulted in broad generalization of a conditioned fear memory, but only if stress occurred at least 24 h after memory formation. This finding shows that remote fear memories are more sensitive to the effects of stress than newly formed fear memories. Susceptibility to stress for old memories may be a contributing factor to overgeneralization in a host of anxiety and stress-related disorders.
Emergence of a global science–business initiative for ocean stewardship
Authors: Österblom Henrik , Jouffray Jean-Baptiste , Folke Carl , Rockström Johan
Published: August 2017

Significance

The ocean is under considerable pressure originating from diverse human activities on land and in the water. While substantial literature has focused on how science interacts with policy, relatively little is known about interactions between science and business. Here, we describe: (
i
) the process of identifying “keystone actors” in marine ecosystems, namely globally operating corporations engaged in fisheries and aquaculture, with a unique ability to influence change and take on a leadership role in ocean stewardship; (
ii
) how we actively engaged with these actors, to collaboratively develop solutions to the ocean sustainability challenge; and (
iii
) how this coproduction process led to the establishment of a unique global ocean initiative, where science and business collaborate toward the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
Phototropin perceives temperature based on the lifetime of its photoactivated state
Authors: Fujii Yuta , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Konno Naotake , Ogasawara Yuka , Hamashima Noriko , Tamura Saori , Hasegawa Satoshi , Hayasaki Yoshio , Okajima Koji , Kodama Yutaka
Published: August 2017

Significance

Living organisms perceive temperature using thermosensory molecules. In this study, we found that phototropin, a blue-light photoreceptor, perceives temperature via a mechanism based on the photoactivated chromophore’s lifetime to induce appropriate chloroplast positioning in plants. Our findings reveal that the chromophore of phototropin directs chloroplast positioning to optimize photosynthesis in plants by (
i
) sensing blue light and (
ii
) sensing temperature via a temperature-dependent lifetime mechanism. Because many photoreceptors in a range of organisms contain phtoactivatable chromophores with a thermodependent lifetime, the present study suggests that a common molecular principle underlies biological perception of temperature.
Structural organization of the actin-spectrin–based membrane skeleton in dendrites and soma of neurons
Authors: Han Boran , Zhou Ruobo , Xia Chenglong , Zhuang Xiaowei
Published: August 2017

Significance

Actin, spectrin, and associated molecules form a quasi-1D periodic membrane skeleton in neurons, which organizes membrane proteins in periodic distributions and provides mechanical stability for axons. Here, we provide detailed quantifications of this periodic structure in neurons and show that it develops substantially more slowly in dendrites than in axons. Moreover, we observed a 2D, polygonal lattice structure of these molecules in the somatodendritic compartment. The diverse structural organizations and different developmental courses of the membrane skeleton in different neuronal compartments suggest the membrane skeleton is differentially regulated across these neuronal compartments. The observation of the polygonal lattice structure in cells in addition to erythrocytes suggests a potentially general presence of this structure across diverse cell types.
Two functionally distinct E2/E3 pairs coordinate sequential ubiquitination of a common substrate in
Caenorhabditis elegans
development
Authors: Dove Katja K. , Kemp Hilary A. , Di Bona Kristin R. , Reiter Katherine H. , Milburn Luke J. , Camacho David , Fay David S. , Miller Dana L. , Klevit Rachel E.
Published: August 2017

Significance

Ubiquitination—the covalent attachment of ubiquitin to substrates—is a posttranslational modification that regulates virtually every aspect of cellular function in eukaryotes. The final step of substrate ubiquitination requires the coordination of two types of enzymes: ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) and ubiquitin ligases (E3s). Whereas E3s can function with different E2s, coordination between E3s has been reported only for E3s of the same class. Here we show that two distinct E2/E3 pairs (UBC-18/ARI-1 and UBC-3/CUL-1) coordinate to ubiquitinate a common substrate and regulate its steady-state levels in
C. elegans
. Failure to regulate the substrate's levels leads to a serious developmental defect and lethality in worms. Our work provides evidence that cross-talk between two classes of E3s and their respective dedicated E2s occurs in an organism.
CRISPR-Cas9 vectors for genome editing and host engineering in the baculovirus–insect cell system
Authors: Mabashi-Asazuma Hideaki , Jarvis Donald L.
Published: August 2017

Significance

CRISPR-Cas9 is a powerful site-specific genome-editing tool that has been used to genetically engineer many different systems. However, this tool has not yet been adopted for use in the baculovirus–insect cell system, which is an important recombinant protein production platform. Thus, we created new CRISPR-Cas9 vectors that can be used for genome editing in two relevant insect cell lines. This is significant because these tools will enable new efforts to enhance the capabilities and expand the utility of this important protein production platform.
Rho-associated kinase is a therapeutic target in neuroblastoma
Authors: Dyberg Cecilia , Fransson Susanne , Andonova Teodora , Sveinbjörnsson Baldur , Lännerholm-Palm Jessika , Olsen Thale K. , Forsberg David , Herlenius Eric , Martinsson Tommy , Brodin Bertha , Kogner Per , Johnsen John Inge , Wickström Malin
Published: August 2017

Significance

Despite intensive therapy, the cure rate for children diagnosed with high-risk neuroblastoma is still below 50%, accentuating the need for more effective therapies. Recurrent somatic mutations are relatively infrequent in neuroblastoma. We show that approximately 30% of neuroblastoma contains mutations in genes regulating Rho/Rac signaling. The mutations may be associated with activation of downstream Rho-associated kinases (ROCKs). High ROCK2 expression is associated with poor patient survival. Inhibition of ROCK activity suppresses the growth of neuroblastoma in preclinical in vivo models. ROCK inhibitors induce differentiation of neuroblastoma cells partly by glycogen synthase kinase 3β-mediated phosphorylation and degradation of MYCN proteins. These findings suggest that inhibitors of ROCK may represent a therapeutic opportunity for children with high-risk neuroblastoma.
Proteolytic cleavage and PKA phosphorylation of α
1C
subunit are not required for adrenergic regulation of Ca
V
1.2 in the heart
Authors: Katchman Alexander , Yang Lin , Zakharov Sergey I. , Kushner Jared , Abrams Jeffrey , Chen Bi-Xing , Liu Guoxia , Pitt Geoffrey S. , Colecraft Henry M. , Marx Steven O.
Published: August 2017

Significance

Calcium influx through the cardiac voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel (Ca
V
1.2) increases during “fight or flight” through activation of the β-adrenergic and protein kinase A (PKA) signaling pathway. None of the previously identified sites in the α
1C
subunit, each painstakingly and singly investigated, were shown to be required for adrenergic modulation of Ca
V
1.2. Our approach allowed an unprecedented and massive increase in throughput, because we mutated many potential PKA phosphorylation sites throughout α
1C
. By creating transgenic mice expressing either α
1C
with alanines substituted for all conserved consensus PKA phosphorylation sites or, separately, α
1C
without C-terminal proteolytic cleavage, our paradigm-shifting results show that acute β-adrenergic regulation of Ca
V
1.2 does not require phosphorylation of any conserved Ser/Thr of α
1C
or the proteolytic cleavage of the C terminus of α
1C
.
PIF3 is a negative regulator of theCBFpathway and freezing tolerance inArabidopsis
Authors: Jiang Bochen , Shi Yiting , Zhang Xiaoyan , Xin Xiaoyun , Qi Lijuan , Guo Hongwei , Li Jigang , Yang Shuhua
Published: August 2017

Significance

PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTORS (PIFs) are central integrators of plants’ responses to various environmental signals. In this study, we show that PIF3 acts as a negative regulator of plant cold acclimation by directly repressing the expression ofCBFgenes, whereas its protein stability is negatively regulated by two F-box proteins, EBF1 and EBF2, via the 26S proteasome pathway. Moreover, EBF1 and EBF2 are degraded under cold stress, which enhances the stability of PIF3 protein. Collectively, our study establishes an important regulatory paradigm for PIF3 in preventing runaway expression of theCBFgenes at low temperature, which allows plants to adapt to and withstand harsh environments.
Stabilization of ammonia-rich hydrate inside icy planets
Authors: Naden Robinson Victor , Wang Yanchao , Ma Yanming , Hermann Andreas
Published: August 2017

Significance

The mantles of icy planets comprise large amounts of water, ammonia, and methane ices. To understand their interior structure, it is crucial to study these ices at the extreme pressure conditions they likely experience. Hitherto, such studies have mostly been restricted to individual ices and not considered formation of stable mixtures. We survey here mixtures of water and ammonia and show that high pressures stabilize ammonia hemihydrate, through a transformation from a molecular crystal into a fully ionic solid that involves complete deprotonation of water. We suggest that ammonia-rich hydrates can precipitate out of any ammonia–water mixture at sufficient pressures and are an important component inside icy planets.
Effective intermediate-spin iron in O
2
-transporting heme proteins
Authors: Schuth Nils , Mebs Stefan , Huwald Dennis , Wrzolek Pierre , Schwalbe Matthias , Hemschemeier Anja , Haumann Michael
Published: August 2017

Significance

Tuning of the iron-oxygen bonding in hemoproteins is crucial for their versatile O
2
chemistry. The nature of the Fe-O
2
bond in myoglobin (MB) and hemoglobin (HB) has been debated for a long time. High-resolution X-ray Kβ emission and K-edge absorption spectroscopy on MB and HB solutions and quantum chemical (time-dependent) density functional theory and complete-active-space self-consistent-field calculations revealed an essentially ferrous, intermediate-spin iron in an ozone-like configuration in O
2
-bound oxy heme. The emerging bonding situation resolves the three classical models into a consistent view of the metal–ligand interaction, biased toward reversible O
2
binding in the oxygen transporters.
Buying time promotes happiness
Authors: Whillans Ashley V. , Dunn Elizabeth W. , Smeets Paul , Bekkers Rene , Norton Michael I.
Published: August 2017

Around the world, increases in wealth have produced an unintended consequence: a rising sense of time scarcity. We provide evidence that using money to buy time can provide a buffer against this time famine, thereby promoting happiness. Using large, diverse samples from the United States, Canada, Denmark, and The Netherlands (
n
= 6,271), we show that individuals who spend money on time-saving services report greater life satisfaction. A field experiment provides causal evidence that working adults report greater happiness after spending money on a time-saving purchase than on a material purchase. Together, these results suggest that using money to buy time can protect people from the detrimental effects of time pressure on life satisfaction.
Cytotoxic protein from the mushroom
Coprinus comatus
possesses a unique mode for glycan binding and specificity
Authors: Zhang Peilan , Li Kunhua , Yang Guang , Xia Changqing , Polston Jane E. , Li Gengnan , Li Shiwu , Lin Zhao , Yang Li-jun , Bruner Steven D. , Ding Yousong
Published: August 2017

Significance

Glycan binding proteins (GBPs) play an important and ever-emerging role in decoding the structural diversity of cell surface glycans into function. New GBPs provide useful tools to probe and manipulate biological processes. Here we describe the characterization of the Y3 protein from the mushroom
Coprinus comatus
as a unique GBP that shows selective cytotoxicity toward human T-cell leukemia Jurkat cells through caspase-associated apoptosis. Structural analysis along with glycan array screening of Y3 reveals a unique tertiary structure and a specific interaction with GalNAcβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAc, a glycan abundant in invertebrates but uncommon in humans. This work expands on promising novel GBPs available in less-explored sources for biomedical and research applications.
Hippocampal maturity promotes memory distinctiveness in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Keresztes Attila , Bender Andrew R. , Bodammer Nils C. , Lindenberger Ulman , Shing Yee Lee , Werkle-Bergner Markus
Published: August 2017

Significance

Children tend to extract schematic knowledge at the expense of learning and recollecting specific events. Our findings allow us to speculate that the heterogeneous development of subregions within the hippocampus—a brain region crucial for laying down novel memories—contributes to this developmental lag in memory. Specifically, we used in vivo high-resolution structural MRI and memory tests in a large sample of children aged 6–14 years and young adults to characterize hippocampal development. We show that hippocampal maturity as expressed in the multivariate pattern of age-related differences in hippocampal subregions is specifically related to the ability to lay down highly specific memories.
Swimming and Recovery Abilities of Juvenile Chinese Sturgeon Acipenser sinensis
Authors: Fang Min , Cai Lu , Gao Yong , He Da , Johnson David , Huang Yingping
Published: August 2017

Breeding populations of the Chinese Sturgeon Acipenser sinensis are endemic to the Yangtze River in China, but other wild populations have been extirpated, and the species is critically endangered. The swimming performance of juvenile Chinese Sturgeon was tested in a flume‐type respirometer using a three‐phase test: a constant velocity endurance test, followed by a 30‐min recovery period, and then a stepped velocity test to determine the critical swimming speed (Ucrit). Swimming endurance (at 19 ± 1°C) was tested at five constant speeds: 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, and 5.0 body lengths per second (BL/s) (groups 1–5). A control group (group 0) was used to determine Ucrit for fish that had not been subjected to the endurance test. The Ucrit of the control group (U′) was 4.32 ± 0.30 BL/s (mean ± SE) and after fish had completed the endurance test the Ucrit ranged from 2.88 ± 0.15 BL/s in group 1 to 3.64 ± 0.28 BL/s in group 5, with corresponding recovery ratios (Ucrit/U′) of 66.7 ± 3.4% and 84.3 ± 6.4%. Endurance time decreases with swimming speed, so these results indicate that fatigue resulting from swimming at low speed for a longer time requires more recovery time than does fatigue resulting from swimming at high speed for a shorter time. The relationship between swimming speed (U; BL/s) and endurance time (te; min) is described by logte = 3.90 – 0.64U (r2 = 0.769, P < 0.05).
Working memory and auditory imagery predict sensorimotor synchronisation with expressively timed music
Authors: Colley Ian D , Keller Peter E , Halpern Andrea R
Published: August 2017

Sensorimotor synchronisation (SMS) is prevalent and readily studied in musical settings, as most people are able to perceive and synchronise with a beat (e.g., by finger tapping). We took an individual differences approach to understanding SMS to real music characterised by expressive timing (i.e., fluctuating beat regularity). Given the dynamic nature of SMS, we hypothesised that individual differences in working memory and auditory imagery—both fluid cognitive processes—would predict SMS at two levels: (1) mean absolute asynchrony (a measure of synchronisation error) and (2) anticipatory timing (i.e., predicting, rather than reacting to beat intervals). In Experiment 1, participants completed two working memory tasks, four auditory imagery tasks, and an SMS-tapping task. Hierarchical regression models were used to predict SMS performance, with results showing dissociations among imagery types in relation to mean absolute asynchrony, and evidence of a role for working memory in anticipatory timing. In Experiment 2, a new sample of participants completed an expressive timing perception task to examine the role of imagery in perception without action. Results suggest that imagery vividness is important for perceiving and control is important for synchronising with irregular but ecologically valid musical time series. Working memory is implicated in synchronising by anticipating events in the series.
Long-Term Survivorship Following Stereotactic Radiosurgery Alone for Brain Metastases: Risk of Intracranial Failure and Implications for Surveillance and Counseling
Authors: Gogineni Emile , Vargo John A , Glaser Scott M , Flickinger John C , Burton Steven A , Engh Johnathan A , Amankulor Nduka M , Beriwal Sushil , Quinn Anette E , Ozhasoglu Cihat , Heron Dwight E
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND

Historically, survival for even highly select cohorts of brain metastasis patients selected for SRS alone is <2 yr; thus, limited literature on risks of recurrence exists beyond 2 yr.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the possibility that for subsets of patients the risk of intracranial failure beyond 2 yr is less than the commonly quoted 50% to 60%, wherein less frequent screening may be appropriate.

METHODS

As a part of our institutional radiosurgery database, we identified 132 patients treated initially with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) alone (± pre-SRS surgical resection) with at least 2 yr of survival and follow-up from SRS. Primary study endpoints were rates of actuarial intracranial progression beyond 2 yr, calculated using the Kaplan–Meier and Cox regression methods.

RESULTS

The median follow-up from the first course of SRS was 3.5 yr. Significant predictors of intracranial failure beyond 2 yr included intracranial failure before 2 yr (52% vs 25%, P < .01) and total SRS tumor volume ≥5 cc (51% vs 25%, P < .01). On parsimonious multivariate analysis, failure before 2 yr (HR = 2.2, 95% CI: 1.2-4.3, P = .01) and total SRS tumor volume ≥5 cc (HR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.2-4.3, P = .01) remained significant predictors of intracranial relapse beyond 2 yr.

CONCLUSION

Relapse rates beyond 2 yr following SRS alone for brain metastases are low in patients who do not suffer intracranial relapse within the first 2 yr and with low-volume brain metastases, supporting a practice of less frequent screening beyond 2 yr. For remaining patients, frequent (every 3-4 mo) screening remains prudent, as the risk of intracranial failure after 2 yr remains high.
Impact of Feedstock, Parboiling Condition, and Nutrient Concentration on Simultaneous Fortification of Two U.S. Long‐Grain Rice Cultivars with Iron and Zinc
Authors: Patindol James , Fragallo Ligia , Wang Ya‐Jane , Durand‐Morat Alvaro
Published: August 2017

This work investigated the effect of parboiling on simultaneous fortification of rice with iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) using rough rice and brown rice as feedstocks. Three fortificant concentrations (0, 100, and 200 mg/L for both Fe and Zn) were tested, and two long‐grain rice cultivars (CLXL745 and RoyJ) were used as test samples. Cultivar had little impact on the retention of Fe and Zn; steaming combined with soaking significantly increased the migration of Fe and Zn into the endosperm compared with soaking only. The Fe and Zn contents of the resultant parboiled head rice were related to the initial concentrations in the soaking water and were 7.2–17.6 and 21.8–31.9 mg/kg, respectively, when rough rice was used as a feedstock, and they significantly increased to 32.4–84.9 mg/kg for Fe and 45.8–78.4 mg/kg for Zn when brown rice was used as a feedstock. Mineral retention after simulated washing was 87.5–95.1% for Fe and 81.1–84.3% for Zn. Dilute‐HCl extractability as an indicator of mineral bioavailability was 66.2–72.4% for Fe and 83.4–92.0% for Zn. The results indicate that brown rice is a better feedstock than rough rice for mineral fortification via parboiling.
Pathogen and Pest Responses Are Altered Due to RNAi-Mediated Knockdown of GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM 4 in Solanum tuberosum
Authors: Paudel Jamuna Risal , Davidson Charlotte , Song Jun , Maxim Itkin , Aharoni Asaph , Tai Helen H.
Published: August 2017

Steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are major secondary metabolites constitutively produced in cultivated potato Solanum tuberosum, and α-solanine and α-chaconine are the most abundant SGAs. SGAs are toxic to humans at high levels but their role in plant protection against pests and pathogens is yet to be established. In this study, levels of SGAs in potato were reduced by RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of GLYCOALKALOID METABOLISM 4 (GAME4)—a gene encoding cytochrome P450, involved in an oxidation step in the conversion of cholesterol to SGA aglycones. Two GAME4 RNAi lines, T8 and T9, were used to investigate the effects of manipulation of the SGA biosynthetic pathway in potato. Growth and development of an insect pest, Colorado potato beetle (CPB), were affected in these lines. While no effect on CPB leaf consumption or weight gain was observed, early instar larval death and accelerated development of the insect was found while feeding on leaves of GAME4 RNAi lines. Modulation of SGA biosynthetic pathway in GAME4 RNAi plants was associated with a larger alteration to the metabolite profile, including increased levels of one or both the steroidal saponins or phytoecdysteroids, which could affect insect mortality as well as development time. Colonization by Verticillium dahliae on GAME4 RNAi plants was also tested. There were increased pathogen levels in the T8 GAME4 RNAi line but not in the T9. Metabolite differences between T8 and T9 were found and may have contributed to differences in V. dahliae infection. Drought responses created by osmotic stress were not affected by modulation of SGA biosynthetic pathway in potato.
Insights Into the Etiology of Polerovirus-Induced Pepper Yellows Disease
Authors: Lotos Leonidas , Olmos Antonio , Orfanidou Chrysoula , Efthimiou Konstantinos , Avgelis Apostolos , Katis Nikolaos I. , Maliogka Varvara I.
Published: August 2017

The study of an emerging yellows disease of pepper crops (pepper yellows disease [PYD]) in Greece led to the identification of a polerovirus closely related to Pepper vein yellows virus (PeVYV). Recovery of its full genome sequence by next-generation sequencing of small interfering RNAs allowed its characterization as a new poleroviruses, which was provisionally named Pepper yellows virus (PeYV). Transmission experiments revealed its association with the disease. Sequence similarity and phylogenetic analysis highlighted the common ancestry of the three poleroviruses (PeVYV, PeYV, and Pepper yellow leaf curl virus [PYLCV]) currently reported to be associated with PYD, even though significant genetic differences were identified among them, especially in the C-terminal region of P5 and the 3′ noncoding region. Most of the differences observed can be attributed to a modular type of evolution, which produces mosaic-like variants giving rise to these different poleroviruses Overall, similar to other polerovirus-related diseases, PYD is caused by at least three species (PeVYV, PeYV, and PYLCV) belonging to this group of closely related pepper-infecting viruses.
Strategies for Supporting Physician–Scientists in Faculty Roles: A Narrative Review With Key Informant Consultations
Authors: Lingard Lorelei , Zhang Peter , Strong Michael , Steele Margaret , Yoo John , Lewis James
Published: August 2017

Purpose

Physician–scientists are a population in decline globally. Solutions to reverse this decline often have focused on the training pipeline. Less attention has been paid to reducing attrition post training, when physician–scientists take up faculty roles. However, this period is a known time of vulnerability because of the pressures of clinical duties and the long timeline to securing independent research funding. This narrative review explored existing knowledge regarding how best to support physician–scientists for success in their faculty roles.

Method

The authors searched the Medline, Embase, ERIC, and Cochrane Library databases for articles published from 2000 to 2016 on this topic and interviewed key informants in 2015 to solicit their input on the review results.

Results

The authors reviewed 78 articles and interviewed 16 key informants. From the literature, they developed a framework of organizational (facilitate mentorship, foster community, value the physician–scientist role, minimize financial barriers) and individual (develop professional and research skills) strategies for supporting physician–scientists. They also outlined key knowledge gaps representing topics either rarely or never addressed in the reviewed articles (percent research time, structural hypocrisy, objective assessment, group metrics, professional identity). The key informants confirmed the identified strategies and discussed how the gaps were particularly important and impactful.

Conclusions

This framework offers a basis for assessing an organization’s existing support strategies, identifying outstanding needs, and developing targeted programming. The identified gaps require attention, as they threaten to undermine the benefits of existing support strategies.
Sleep Disorder Diagnosis During Pregnancy and Risk of Preterm Birth
Authors: Felder Jennifer N. , Baer Rebecca J. , Rand Larry , Jelliffe-Pawlowski Laura L. , Prather Aric A.
Published: August 2017

OBJECTIVE:

To test the hypothesis that sleep disorder diagnosis would be associated with increased risk of preterm birth and to examine risk by gestational age, preterm birth type, and specific sleep disorder (insomnia, sleep apnea, movement disorder, and other).

METHODS:

In this observational study, participants were from a cohort of nearly 3 million women in California between 2007 and 2012. Inclusion criteria were women with singleton neonates liveborn between 20 and 44 weeks of gestation without chromosomal abnormalities or major structural birth defects linked to a hospital discharge database maintained by the California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development and without mental illness during pregnancy. Sleep disorder was defined based on International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification diagnostic code (n=2,265). Propensity score matching was used to select a referent population at a one-to-one ratio. Odds of preterm birth were examined by gestational age (less than 34 weeks, 34–36 weeks, and less than 37 weeks of gestation) and type (spontaneous, indicated).

RESULTS:

Prevalence of preterm birth (before 37 weeks of gestation) was 10.9% in the referent group compared with 14.6% among women with a recorded sleep disorder diagnosis. Compared with the referent group, odds (95% CI, P value, percentage) of preterm birth were 1.3 (1.0–1.7, P=.023, 14.1%) for insomnia and 1.5 (1.2–1.8, P<.001, 15.5%) for sleep apnea. Risk varied by gestational age and preterm birth type. Odds of preterm birth were not significantly increased for sleep-related movement disorders or other sleep disorders.

CONCLUSION:

Insomnia and sleep apnea were associated with significantly increased risk of preterm birth. Considering the high prevalence of sleep disorders during pregnancy and availability of evidence-based nonpharmacologic interventions, current findings suggest that screening for severe presentations would be prudent.
Long-term Follow-up After Endometrial Ablation in Finland
Authors: Soini Tuuli , Rantanen Matti , Paavonen Jorma , Grénman Seija , Mäenpää Johanna , Pukkala Eero , Gissler Mika , Hurskainen Ritva
Published: August 2017

OBJECTIVE:

To study the risk of endometrial cancer and breast cancer and the hysterectomy rate after endometrial ablation.

METHODS:

In this retrospective cohort study, records of all women with endometrial ablation at ages 30–49 years in Finland (1997–2014) were extracted from the Hospital Discharge Register and linked to the Cancer Registry and Finnish Central Population Register. The primary outcome was cancer incidences in the endometrial ablation cohort compared with those in the background population of the same age. Secondarily, the postablation hysterectomy rate was compared with that of a control cohort of similar-aged women extracted from the Finnish Central Population Register. Multivariate regression models with adjustment for age, parity, number of cesarean deliveries, history of sterilization, and the duration of follow-up were evaluated as risk factors for postablation hysterectomy.

RESULTS:

In total, 154 cancers (standardized incidence ratio [observed-to-expected ratio] 0.96, 95% CI 0.82–1.13) were diagnosed among 5,484 women treated with endometrial ablation during the follow-up of 39,892 women-years. The standardized incidence ratio for endometrial cancer was 0.56 (95% CI 0.12–1.64) and for breast cancer 0.86 (95% CI 0.67–1.09). A total of 1,086 (19.8%) women had postablation hysterectomy. Risk of hysterectomy was almost fourfold in the endometrial ablation cohort compared with 26,938 women in a control group (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 3.63, 95% CI 3.32–3.96). Factors predisposing to postablation hysterectomy were leiomyomas (adjusted HR 1.78, 95% CI 1.03–3.10), age younger than 35 years (adjusted HR 1.44, 95% CI 1.15–1.81), at least two prior cesarean deliveries (adjusted HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.04–1.55), and history of sterilization (adjusted HR 1.15, 95% CI 1.01–1.32).

CONCLUSION:

Endometrial ablation was not associated with an elevated endometrial cancer or breast cancer risk in Finland. Leiomyomas, young age, and history of prior cesarean deliveries or sterilization were associated with an increased risk of postablation hysterectomy.
Neonatal Outcomes of Low-Risk, Late-Preterm Twins Compared With Late-Preterm Singletons
Authors: Salem Shimrit Yaniv , Kibel Mia , Asztalos Elizabeth , Zaltz Arthur , Barrett Jon , Melamed Nir
Published: August 2017

OBJECTIVE:

To test the hypothesis that the risk of neonatal morbidity among late-preterm twins is similar to that of late-preterm singletons.

METHODS:

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all women with twin or singleton pregnancy who gave birth during the late-preterm period in a single tertiary center between 2008 and 2015. Neonatal outcomes of low-risk, late-preterm twins were compared with those of low-risk, late-preterm singletons. The primary outcome was the same primary composite respiratory morbidity variable that was used in the randomized controlled trial of Gyamfi-Bannerman et al on the administration of antenatal corticosteroids during the late-preterm period.

RESULTS:

A total of 922 singleton and 721 twin late-preterm neonates met the inclusion criteria. The rates of composite respiratory morbidity and severe composite respiratory morbidity were similar for twins and singletons (8.3% compared with 7.4%, P=.5 and 6.8% compared with 6.0%, P=.5, respectively), but were lower than the rates of the same composite respiratory morbidity variable in the randomized controlled study described previously. The odds for respiratory morbidity were similar for twins and singletons for both composite respiratory morbidity (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.73, 95% CI 0.48–1.12) and severe composite respiratory morbidity (adjusted OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.50–1.24).

CONCLUSION:

The risk of respiratory morbidity among late-preterm twins is similar to that of late-preterm singletons. Still, the low absolute rates of the composite respiratory morbidity in our population suggest that administration of antenatal corticosteroids may be mostly justified among neonates born closer to 34 weeks of gestation.
A Guide to Terminology for Rh Immunoprophylaxis
Authors: Sandler S. Gerald , Queenan John T.
Published: August 2017

Rh immunoprophylaxis for Rh-negative women requires an understanding of terminology used for Rh blood typing laboratory reports. The pathophysiology of Rh hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn was elucidated by studies in rhesus monkeys. Subsequent studies revealed that the human blood group antigen responsible for Rh hemolytic disease of the newborn (D antigen) is related to, but different from, the rhesus monkey antigen. Weak expression of the D antigen on red cells, originally termed DU, is currently reported by laboratories as a “serologic weak D phenotype,” which can be further defined by RHD genotyping to be either a weak D type or a partial D phenotype. Weak D types 1, 2, or 3 are molecularly defined RHD weak D types, which have an adequate number of intact D antigens to be managed safely as Rh-positive. Partial D phenotypes result from mutations causing loss of one or more D epitopes. Most persons with a partial D phenotype have sufficient D antigen to type as Rh-positive. Some women with a partial D phenotype are detected as serologic weak D phenotypes by routine Rh typing. Whether they type as Rh-positive or serologic weak D phenotype, after being exposed to Rh-positive red cells by transfusion or pregnancy, women with partial D phenotype can form anti-D antibodies and, if they do, are at risk for hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. A pregnant woman with a laboratory report of a serologic weak D phenotype should be further tested for her RHD genotype to resolve whether her case should be managed as Rh-positive or Rh-negative. For more than five decades, the practice of Rh immunoprophylaxis has remained unchanged in terms of the dose of Rh immune globulin and timing of injections. In contrast, advances in the science of Rh blood typing have resulted in a continuously evolving terminology, obliging obstetricians to update their vocabulary to guide their practice. The following review and glossary provide guidance for current Rh terminology and the rationale for changes.