bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN ON THE PROTEIN CONTENT OF BARLEY
Authors: WALKER D. R.
Published: March 2010

Soil NO3-N to 30 cm plus added fertilizer N accounted for approximately half of the variance associated with %N and total N in Galt barley and one third of that associated with barley yield. Variance explained by regression was similar for both 30- and 60-cm soil depths and for each of these depths was greater than for the 15-cm depth. Barley yield and total N in grain increased quadratically with increasing soil plus fertilizer NO3-N, whereas %N increased linearly. The change in %N with added increments of fertilizer N was dependent on the amount of soil NO3-N to 30 cm. Below a level of 20 kg/ha, %N remained constant or decreased slightly with the addition of 34 or 67 kg fertilizer N/ha and then increased with additional increments. At levels between 20 and 99 kg NO3-N/ha, %N in the grain generally increased with each added increment of fertilizer N whereas at soil levels of 133–314 kg NO3-N/ha, %N did not change or increased very slightly with increasing fertilizer N.
LA FUMURE AZOTEE DU MAÏS EN RELATION AVEC L’ESPACEMENT DES RANGS
Authors: CHAMBERLAND EMILE
Published: March 2010

Nine field trials were made with corn (Zea mays L.) on six Quebec soils during 1971–1973. Three nitrogen levels (100, 200 and 300 kg N/ha) were combined with three-row spacings (46, 61 and 76 cm). The effect of nitrogen varied greatly from year to year among the sites, and it was likely due to soil and rainfall effects, because the latter varied greatly during the three trial seasons. However, nitrogen applications were beneficial in seven trials out of nine, particularly so on the Rideau clay during a rainy season. Yields were doubled and reached 10,284 kg/ha on two sites in 1972. Total crude protein production was tripled compared to the control treatment on Rideau clay and reached 1,000 kg/ha in 1971 and 1972. Also, a 1,000-kg/ha crude protein production was achieved on Bedford clay site near Quebec City in 1972. Beneficial effects attributable to row spacings were found with four trials out of nine, and its effects seem to be independent of nitrogen rates. Although mean corn yields appear to be highest with the 46-cm row spacing, it was nevertheless decided that a 61-cm row width, with a plant population of 80,000–100,000 plants/ha should be generally recommended because of uneven response to row spacing caused by climatic, soil and cultivar effects. Nitrogen rates of 100 kg N/ha should suffice, though under adverse conditions, rates of 200–225 kg N/ha are required to reach maximum production.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON GROWTH OF FROKER OATS FOR FORAGE. II. CONCENTRATIONS AND YIELDS OF CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
Authors: SMITH DALE
Published: March 2010

Froker oats (Avena sativa L.) was grown from seed to initial panicle emergence in three day/night temperature regimes: hot (H) 32/26 C, warm (W) 27/21 C, and cool (C) 21/15 C. At initial panicle emergence, some plants were transferred to the other regimes to provide nine temperature treatments until harvest at complete panicle emergence. High herbage concentrations of in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) and total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) generally resulted when C temperatures prevailed after initial panicle emergence, whereas high crude protein (CP) and elemental concentrations generally resulted when H temperatures prevailed after initial panicle emergence. In general, yields (g/pot) of DM, IVDDM, TNC, CP, fat, and ash were influenced more by temperature before than after initial panicle emergence. However, yields of DM, IVDDM, and TNC were reduced markedly by the change from C to W and from C to H, and were increased by the change from H to C.
YIELD AND MORPHOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF RAPE (BRASSICA CAMPESTRIS L. CV. SPAN) TO IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZER TREATMENTS
Authors: KROGMAN K. K. , HOBBS E. H.
Published: March 2010

Turnip rape (Brassica campestris L. cv. Span) was grown on field plots for 3 yr under four levels of irrigation. These were no irrigation and irrigation to maintain soil moisture in the upper half of the available range until stem elongation, until early pod formation, or until pod ripening. In the last year, four rates of N plus P fertilizers were superimposed on the irrigation treatments. Irrigation more than doubled yields by promoting greater plant growth, more pods, more seeds per pod, and larger seeds than where irrigation was not applied. Maximum yield (about 3,000 kg/ha) was obtained where irrigation maintained soil moisture in the upper half of the available range until pod ripening. Oil content was increased by irrigation and decreased by fertilizer. Irrigation increased oil yield from 368 to 986 kg/ha. Response to fertilizer was greater with than without irrigation. Daily evapotranspiration was highly correlated with total green pod plus leaf area per plant but not with leaf area alone. Maximum daily evapotranspiration was 7.6 mm and similar to that of irrigated cereals, but total water use at maximum yield for the growing season was less than for cereals because the growing season was shorter than for cereals.
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS ON THE YIELD AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF MEADOW FOXTAIL
Authors: ADRICHEM M. C. J. VAN , TINGLE J. N.
Published: March 2010

The effects of spring-applied nitrogen (0, 56, 112 and 224 kg/ha) and phosphorus (0 and 27.4 kg/ha) on the dry matter (DM) yield and forage quality of successive harvests of meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis L.) were investigated. Nitrogen increased DM yield, crude protein, Cu, K and Zn contents and decreased P, Ca, Mg and Mn contents. Application of P in combination with N increased K content in the first cut and arrested the decline of P content due to N application in all cuts. The levels of dry matter digestibility and Cu declined in successive cuts whereas Mn content increased. At low N rates, Ca and Mg contents increased as the season advanced.
EFFECTS OF PLANT SPACING ON PERFORMANCE OF THE STRAWBERRY CULTIVAR BOUNTY
Authors: CRAIG D. L.
Published: March 2010

Strawberry cv. Bounty was grown for 2 yr in matted rows with plant spacings of two, four and six plants per 0.093 m2, and noncontrolled spacing. In the 1st fruiting yr, yields were lowest from two plants per 0.093 m2 and yields of other spacings did not differ significantly. Second-year yields from the same plots were lowest from the noncontrolled spacing and did not differ significantly for other spacings. The percentage of the marketable crop weighing 7 g or more per fruit ranged from 84.3% from the noncontrolled stand to 93% for two plants per 0.093 m2. Seasonal mean fruit weight was not affected by treatments in 1973. In 1974, fruit from the noncontrolled spacing was significantly smaller than fruit from the other spacings. The data show that optimum marketable yields of 46,629 kg/ha and a seasonal mean weight per fruit of 12 g can be produced by cv. Bounty from a plant stand of six plants per 0.093 m2.
KINKORA: A JOINTWORM-RESISTANT BARLEY
Authors: STERLING J. D. E. , MACLAREN R. B.
Published: March 2010

not available
DOUBLE-FLOWERED ORNAMENTAL CRAB APPLES: CAMERON, MAYBRIDE AND PRINCE CHARMING
Authors: SAMPSON D. R.
Published: March 2010

not available
BARLEY CULTIVAR IDENTIFICATION BY USE OF ISOZYME ELECTROPHORETIC PATTERNS
Authors: BASSIRI ABDOLLAH
Published: March 2010

Electrophoresis was employed to study esterase, acid phosphatase and peroxidase isozymes in shoot extracts from four local and eight introduced barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars. The numbers of bands obtained for esterase, phosphatase, anodal peroxidase and cathodal peroxidase systems were 21, 11, 10 and 7, respectively. Results indicated that esterase alone could be used to differentiate between most of the cultivars and whenever it failed to show differences in banding patterns between two or more cultivars, either phosphatase or anodal peroxidase systems could be applied for complete identification. No significant relationships were found between the banding patterns and agronomic characteristics of the cultivars. The results are compared with other published reports.
PREDISPOSITION TO SEPTORIA LEAF BLOTCH IN OATS AFFECTED BY BARLEY YELLOW DWARF VIRUS
Authors: COMEAU ANDRÉ , PELLETIER GILLES J.
Published: March 2010

This study was conducted to measure the effect of field inoculations of Septoria avenae and BYDV on disease symptoms, grain yield, 1,000-kernel weight, percent hull and plant height of three oat cultivars having different types of disease reactions. Our data show that S. avenae contributed to a yield loss of 8.9% in insecticide-treated plots, and 18.4% in BYDV-inoculated plots, on the average of three cultivars. Similar effects on leaf symptoms, 1,000-kernel weights and percent hull concur to indicate that BYDV predisposes oat plants to heavier damage by septoria leaf blotch.
COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR LYSINE SCREENING IN BARLEY
Authors: LABERGE D. E. , TKACHUK R. , METCALFE D. R.
Published: March 2010

Two more rapid colorimetric procedures for crude protein were compared with amino acid analyses of lysine on an amino acid analyzer. The methods were found to be useful and inexpensive compared with amino acid analyses for segregating high-lysine selections of barley (Hordeum sp.). UDY absorbance, which is related to the dye-binding capacity of basic amino acids, was highly correlated with lysine when expressed as milligrams of lysine per 100 mg of ground sample (r = −0.919). When lysine was expressed as grams of lysine per 100 g of protein, the correlation coefficient was −0.479. Low UDY absorbance (i.e., high dye-binding capacity) can be obtained from higher lysine level or higher protein content. Therefore, for more accurate analyses, a Kjeldahl determination should be performed on the samples. A highly significant correlation (r = 0.753) was observed for ninhydrin absorbance of aqueous extracts when compared with lysine analyses. Application of this method is based on the assumption that high-lysine proteins are in the water-soluble protein fractions. Since high ninhydrin absorbance may be produced by increased soluble protein containing normal levels of lysine, the lysine content of samples screened by this method should be verified by amino acid analyses.
REACTION OF CULTIVATED CEREALS TO CLAVICEPS PURPUREA
Authors: PLATFORD R. G. , BERNIER C. C.
Published: March 2010

The influence of inoculum concentration on the reaction induced in species and cultivars of commercial cereals by two isolates of ergot (Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul.) was investigated. Differences were observed among and within species with respect to each of the three components of the disease reaction, i.e., frequency of sclerotia, size of sclerotia, and amount of honeydew produced. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was less susceptible than the other cereal species. Significantly fewer sclerotia were produced on spring wheat except at high and low inoculum concentrations and the sclerotia were smaller and the honeydew less abundant. Inoculation of selected cultivars within each of the cereal species showed that only cultivars of spring wheat and durum wheat (T. durum Desf.) differed in the expression of the disease reaction. The spring wheat cultivar Kenya Farmer, and durum wheat cultivar Carleton were less susceptible than the commercial cultivars. Inoculum concentration affected sclerotial frequency in the species and cultivars tested but did not affect sclerotial size and honeydew development. The two isolates used in this study differed in their ability to induce sclerotia and also affected sclerotia size and honeydew production.
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM ON YIELD AND MATURITY OF CAULIFLOWER
Authors: CUTCLIFFE J. A. , MUNRO D. C.
Published: March 2010

The effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on the yield and maturity of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. ssp. botrytis cv. Snowball Y) were investigated at a total of nine locations during three successive cropping seasons. Yields were substantially increased at most locations by applications of nitrogen and phosphorus but were only slightly affected by applied potassium. Maturity was slightly delayed by a lack of phosphorus. Maximum yields were generally obtained where N was applied at 112–224 kg/ha, P at 49–98 kg/ha, and K at 93 kg/ha.
RAPESEED: RELATIONS BETWEEN SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Authors: TKACHUK RUSSELL , KUZINA F. D.
Published: March 2010

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L., Brassica campestris L.) was examined for its density, hectoliter weight, porosity, kernel weight, and protein, oil, moisture, and erucic acid content, and iodine value. Inter-relationship and correlations were established between these properties. An increase of from 4 to 10% in moisture content of rapeseed resulted in only a slight decrease in both density and hectoliter weight. Density increased significantly with increase in hectoliter weight. However, in almost all samples, kernel weight was inversely related to density and hence to hectoliter weight. Heavier kernels contained more oil, while the opposite was shown for denser kernels. An inverse relationship was found between hectoliter weight and oil content, showing that low hectoliter weight, usually considered an undesirable property, can actually indicate high oil content. However, low hectoliter weight appears to be associated with low protein content.
ANIK ALFALFA
Authors: PANKIW P. , SIEMENS B.
Published: March 2010

not available
LOCATION AND ACTIVITY OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES IN DEVELOPING WHEAT KERNELS
Authors: PRESTON K. , KRUGER J.
Published: March 2010

The activities of proteolytic enzymes hydrolyzing hemoglobin and azocasein were followed during the development of a hard red spring wheat cultivar. Hemoglobin and azocasein degrading activity in the outer kernel layers (pericarp, green layer and aleurone) increased until approximately 24 days after anthesis and then declined rapidly. In contrast, hemoglobin degrading activity in the endosperm increased to a maximum level at maturity. Carboxymethyl cellulose chromatography, of whole and dissected kernel extracts at various stages of development, separated the hemoglobin-degrading enzymes into two "acidic" and two "neutral" components. The acidic proteases were found mainly in the outer kernel layers, while the neutral proteases were endosperm specific. Results also indicated the presence of low and possibly high molecular weight endogenous protease inhibitors.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN LENGTH OF THE ACTUAL AND EFFECTIVE GRAIN FILLING PERIODS AND THE GRAIN YIELD OF CORN
Authors: DAYNARD T. B. , KANNENBERG L. W.
Published: March 2010

Studies were conducted near Guelph, Ontario in 1970 and 1971 to examine the relationship between grain yield of corn and two measures of the length of the grain filling period, AFPD (actual filling period duration — days from mid-silking to black layer maturity) and EFPD (effective filling period duration — final kernel size divided by mean rate of kernel dry weight accumulation during the middle of the grain filling period). The studies involved 30 adapted commercial hybrids in 1970 and 35 in 1971, with 27 common to both years. Measures of AFPD and EFPD were highly correlated across years. Positive relationships were evident in each year, and over the averages of 2 yr, between AFPD and EFPD, and between both parameters and grain yield; averaged over 2 yr for 27 hybrids, the correlation coefficients between AFPD and yield, and EFPD and yield, were 0.56 and 0.53, respectively (both significant at [Formula: see text]). In general, results provided support for earlier suggestions that selection for an extended grain filling period could result in increased grain yield. However, notable exceptions existed among hybrids to the overall relationship between length of filling period and yield. The existence of these exceptions may indicate that the general relationships observed between length of filling period and yield were only indirect rather than direct, and that exceptional hybrids with high grain yield, high rate of grain dry matter accumulation, and short grain filling period may represent a better breeding objective in short-season corn-growing regions.
WHEAT QUALITY EVALUATION. 4. VARIABILITY IN GROSS ENERGY CONTENT
Authors: ROCHE IAN A. DE LA , FOWLER D. B.
Published: March 2010

A population of 26 wheat cultivars of diverse origin was evaluated for crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, gross energy, ash, kernel hardness, 1,000-kernel weight and hectoliter weight. Similar measurements were made on nine cultivars from the 1971 Canadian Eastern Cooperative Spring Wheat trial. With the exception of crude protein, the ranges of values were narrow for the chemical constituents considered. This was especially true for gross energy where cultivar differences were nonsignificant. Heritabilities were low for all chemical constituents. It was concluded that insufficient genetic variation exists in the chemical constituents of standard strains of wheat grain to significantly alter its gross energy content by selection. Moreover, the previously demonstrated absence of variation in the digestibility coefficient indicates that available energy of wheat grain also can not be altered by genetic manipulation of chemical composition.
ADVENTITIOUS ROOT-FORMING ABILITY IN 55 CULTIVARS OF TOMATO EXPLANTS
Authors: AUNG L. H.
Published: March 2010

not available
RELATIONSHIP OF THE LOW TEMPERATURE EXOTHERM TO APPLE AND PEAR PRODUCTION IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: QUAMME H. A.
Published: March 2010

Twig pieces from the current season’s growth of three crabapple (Malus sp.), eight apple (Malus pumila Mill.) and seven year (Pyrus communis L.)cultivars, and limb pieces from 6- to 7-yr-old branches of Starking Red Delicious apple and Bartlett pear were taken during mid-winter and-subjected to a preconditioning treatment to induce maximal cold hardiness. The apple and pear cultivars studied included many of the major commercial cultivars grown in North America. Freezing tests and differential thermal analysis (DTA) were performed on the twig and limb pieces after preconditioning. Xylem was the most susceptible in stem tissue of both preconditioned apple and preconditioned pear. The temperature at which apple and pear xylem of commercial cultivars became injured (−35 to −40 C and −30 to −35 C, respectively) was related to the initiation of the low temperature exotherm on the DTA profile (−37 to −40 C and −33 to −38 C, respectively) and in turn was related to the average annual minimum temperatures at the northern limits of commercial production (−34.4 to −40 C and −28.9 to −34.4 C, respectively). The low temperature exotherm was previously shown to be produced by freezing of supercooled water in the xylem. The spontaneous nucleation temperature of supercooled water in xylem of the cultivars studied appears to be related to the northern limit of pear and apple production in North America.
USE OF 2,3-DIHYDRO-5,6-DIPHENYL-1,4-OXATHIIN FOR DISBUDDING OF STANDARD CHRYSANTHEMUMS
Authors: PARUPS E. V.
Published: March 2010

Substituted oxathiin (P-293), in concentrations of 0.125 to 0.75%, was used for control of side shoot development of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium) cv. Golden Shoesmith, Fred Shoesmith, Promenade, Impr. Indianapolis White, Festival, and Wildfire. Chemical sprays applied on 20th or 23rd day of short-day period decreased the number of side shoots, delayed flowering up to 4 days and also damaged the leaves of cv. Golden Shoesmith and Fred Shoesmith. The smallest number of side shoots and the largest blooms developed on the other four cultivars when the chemical was used at a concentration of 0.50% a.i. on the 20th short-day. The chemically treated plants, without any manual disbudding, had blooms smaller in size and weight than those from the nontreated, disbudded controls. Plants which were disbudded once by hand 2 wk after the chemical treatment produced somewhat larger and heavier blooms than the plants of the nontreated, disbudded controls. The results indicate that the chemical used on certain cultivars of chrysanthemum may reduce the manual disbudding time without reducing the size and weight of the blooms.
TISSUE SULFUR LEVELS AND ADDITIONAL SULFUR NEEDS FOR VARIOUS CROPS
Authors: GUPTA UMESH C.
Published: March 2010

Sulfur deficiency symptoms in barley (Hordeum distichon L. cv. Volla) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Opal) were related to < 0.12% S in boot stage tissue (BST) and kernels. The BST and kernel S concentrations of > 0.14% in barley and wheat were in the sufficiency range. The S deficiency and sufficiency levels in the three cuts of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Saranac) tissue were 0.15–0.23% and > 0.23%, respectively. For cauliflower, tissue S concentrations of < 0.18% and > 0.19%, respectively, were in the deficiency and sufficiency ranges. Rutabaga (Brassica napobrassica Mill. cv. York) plant tissue S concentrations of < 0.10% were in the deficiency range, while > 0.21% were sufficient. Field survey tissue samples of rutabagas and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea botrytis L. cv. Snowball Y) were in the S sufficiency range, while most alfalfa and a few cereal samples indicated a slight S deficiency problem. The percent P in the BST and kernels of wheat and barley and alfalfa plant tissues was only slightly affected by S applications. Exceptions to this were the BST of barley from the second crop and plant tissue from third-cut alfalfa where S significantly decreased the P concentration of tissue. With added S, the P concentrations increased considerably in rutabaga tissue on both soils.
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE ON DEHARDENING AND REHARDENING OF WINTER CEREALS
Authors: GUSTA L. V. , FOWLER D. B.
Published: March 2010

Cold-hardened crowns of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and a winter rye (Secale cereale L.) readily dehardened upon exposure to warm temperatures. Crowns dehardened at a faster rate at 20 C than at 10 and 15 C. Dehardened plants were capable of rehardening in a short period of time upon exposure to cold-acclimating conditions. In all the dehardening studies, there was a high positive correlation between cold survival and water content of the crowns. Plants collected in the fall and stored at −2.5 C maintained the same level of hardiness for 17 wk.
EFFECTS OF PLANT DENSITY AND PLANTING DATE ON LEAF NUMBER AND SOME DEVELOPMENTAL EVENTS IN CORN
Authors: BONAPARTE E. E. N. A. , BRAWN R. I.
Published: March 2010

The effects of plant density on leaf number and some developmental events in four corn hybrids were studied in 1969 and 1970. Increase in plant density was accompanied by a decrease in leaf number, an increase in the periods from planting to tassel emergence and mid-silk, and an increase in grain moisture at harvest. High linear correlations between leaf number and these developmental events were obtained within the spacing environments. The effects of eight planting dates on leaf number and some developmental events were studied in 1970. Delayed planting was accompanied by changes in leaf number, with a significant increase in leaf number at the middle planting dates, a decrease in the periods from planting to tassel emergence and mid-silk, and an increase in grain moisture at harvest. Leaf number was highly significantly correlated with these developmental events within the planting date environments.
BIOLOGICAL FLORA OF THE CANADIAN PRAIRIE PROVINCES: IV. TRIGLOCHIN L., THE GENUS
Authors: LOOMAN J.
Published: March 2010

Triglochin maritima L., seaside arrowgrass, and T. palustris L., marsh arrowgrass, are widespread on wet saline and high lime soils in the Prairie Provinces of Canada. The morphology, ecology, and general biology of the two species are discussed with special emphasis on their poisonous properties. Triglochin is cyanogenic, and the hydrocyanic acid formed on injury to the plants sometimes causes severe cattle losses.
INFLUENCE OF SPRING SEEDING DATE ON YIELD LOSS FROM ROOT ROT OF BARLEY
Authors: JOHNSTON H. W.
Published: March 2010

not available
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND PROTEIN CHARACTERISTICS OF LENTILS
Authors: BHATTY R. S. , SLINKARD A. E. , SOSULSKI F. W.
Published: March 2010

Chemical and amino acid compositions, protein solubility (Osborn classification), and in vitro protein quality of six genotypes of lentils (Lens culinaris Medik.) were determined. Lentils contained an average of 28.6% protein, 3.1% ash, 4.4% fiber, 0.7% ether extract, 63.1% total carbohydrate (nitrogen-free extract), 44.3% starch and 4,186 kcal/kg of gross energy. Lentil starch contained 36.1% amylose. About one-half (47.1%) of the lentil proteins were soluble in 1.0 M sodium chloride, 3.8% soluble in water, 3.1% soluble in 70% ethanol, and 14.9% soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid. Only 24.0% of the lentil proteins were not solubilized by these solvents. The lentils contained 6.8% of the meal nitrogen as nonprotein nitrogen. The amino acid compositions of the six lentil genotypes were similar. The major amino acids were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine, leucine and lysine; the minor amino acids were methionine, cystine and tryptophan. Because of the lower concentrations of the latter amino acids, lentil proteins gave a chemical score of 35, a protein score of 46, and an essential amino acid index of 63, relative to egg protein.
IDENTIFICATION OF LOW ALKALOID GENOTYPES OF REED CANARY GRASS
Authors: COULMAN B. E. , WOODS D. L. , CLARK K. W.
Published: March 2010

Fifty-two strains of reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) were screened for the presence of tryptamines and carbolines and for concentrations of gramine. Most strains contained genotypes free of tryptamines and carbolines and showed wide interplant variation in gramine levels. Gramine data between years were highly correlated, indicating high broad sense heritability. It was concluded that there exists a diverse gene pool from which to select tryptamine–carboline-free, low-gramine strains of reed canary grass. An improved method for the determination of gramine concentration is described.
NITRATE AND CHLORIDE FERTILIZATION EFFECTS ON YIELD AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BURLEY TOBACCO LEAVES AND SMOKE
Authors: FUQUA B. D. , SIMS J. L. , LEGGETT J. E. , BENNER J. F. , ATKINSON W. O.
Published: March 2010

A field study was conducted to determine the effect of varying N and Cl− rates on the yield and chemical composition of burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Ky-14) leaves and smoke. Nitrate and total N concentrations in leaf were markedly increased when N fertilizer rates were increased and were inversely related to the amount of Cl− applied. Increasing the Cl− rate from 0 to 224 kg Cl−/ha resulted in a 25% reduction in NO3− concentration. Chloride concentrations of the cured leaves were increased nearly 15-fold by increasing rates of Cl−. Increasing the N rate resulted in a reduction in Cl− concentrations at each Cl− level. Increasing chloride additions did not markedly influence yield. Results indicate that nitrate and total-N concentrations in the cured leaves can be significantly lowered by applying proper amounts of elements, such as Cl−, without a reduction in yield. Nitrogen fertilization increased concentrations of nicotine slightly, decreased total phenols, and greatly increased nitric oxide (NO) concentration in cigarette smoke. In contrast, Cl− fertilization resulted in decreased concentrations of the nitrogenous constituents, increased TPM and total phenol, and had small effects on the level of NO in cigarette smoke.
CHESTER HARD RED SPRING WHEAT
Authors: McKENZIE HUGH
Published: March 2010

not available
PRAIRIELAND, ALTAI WILD RYEGRASS
Authors: LAWRENCE T.
Published: March 2010

not available
AN EVALUATION OF FROST PROTECTION PROVIDED BY A WIND MACHINE IN THE OKANAGAN VALLEY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: DAVIS R. L.
Published: March 2010

Wind machine tests were conducted in an Osoyoos, British Columbia, apple orchard on 6 spring nights during 1974. The magnitude of the temperature response observed was inversely proportional to the distance from the wind machine. It was determined that with temperature inversions of 5–7 C, some degree of frost protection could be provided over 3.2–3.6 h with a wind machine similar to that tested.
INFLUENCE OF HERBICIDES FOR BROAD-LEAVED WEEDS AND ADJUVANTS WITH DICHLORFOP METHYL ON WILD OAT CONTROL
Authors: O’SULLIVAN P. A. , BORN W. H. VANDEN , FRIESEN H. A.
Published: March 2010

A reduced rate of dichlorfop methyl 2[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-phenoxypropionic acid methyl ester] (0.56 kg/ha) in combination with different adjuvants provided as effective wild oat (Avena fatua L.) control as the recommended field rate (1.12 kg/ha) without adjuvants. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) yields were higher when treated with dichlorfop methyl at 0.56 kg/ha plus adjuvants than when treated with dichlorfop methyl at 1.12 kg/ha. The herbicidal activity of dichlorfop methyl on wild oats was severely reduced on addition to the spray mixture of growth-hormone-type herbicides for broad-leaved weeds. The antagonism was due to the active ingredients in the herbicide formulations for broad-leaved weeds rather than to solvent incompatibilities. Ester formulations of herbicides for broad-leaved weeds caused less antagonism of dichlorfop methyl activity than did amine formulations. Non-hormonal contact-type herbicides (e.g., bromoxynil at 0.28 kg/ha) were compatible with dichlorfop methyl. Attempts to find a mixture containing low rates of dichlorfop methyl and extra adjuvants in combination with low rates of both bromoxynil and MCPA ester, which would be effective against both broad-leaved weeds and wild oats, were unsuccessful. Dichlorfop methyl did not reduce the herbicidal activity of growth-hormone-type herbicides on Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum L. Gaertn.).
EFFECTS OF GENOTYPE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION ON BREAD WHEAT QUALITY IN WESTERN CANADA
Authors: BAKER R. J. , KOSMOLAK F. G.
Published: March 2010

Means, variances and correlations were used in the assessment of the importance of environment and of genotype–environment interaction in determining eight traits which relate to milling and baking quality in hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The study included two composite samples, representing different geographic areas within Western Canada, of 20–30 lines in each of four trials. Differences between environments were found in all traits. It was concluded that genotype–environment interaction was most important in determining mixograph development time, falling number and remix loaf volume, less important in determining farinograph absorption, and least important in determining flour protein, flour yield, grinding time and sedimentation value.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE COLD SURVIVAL OF WINTER CEREALS
Authors: GUSTA L. V. , FOWLER D. B.
Published: March 2010

Several parameters affecting cold tolerance of winter cereals in artificial freeze tests were examined. Supercooling followed by freezing resulted in death occurring at a higher temperature than when freezing was initiated just below 0 C. The cold tolerance of fully acclimated crowns of winter wheat and a winter rye were reduced an average of 5 C after two thawing and freezing cycles. The duration of freezing in artificial freeze tests has a significant effect on the LD50 of winter cereals. Rapid thawing (2–4 C/min) resulted in death occurring at a higher temperature than slow thawing (0.5–2 C/h).
LIPID AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF BARLEY KERNELS
Authors: FEDAK GEORGE , ROCHE IAN DE LA
Published: March 2010

Lipid content and fatty acid composition were determined in 21 strains of barley. The lipid content did not exceed 3.1% in any of the strains. Linoleic acid was present in highest proportions (50.7–57.9%) followed by smaller proportions of palmitic (18.3–27.0%), oleic (12.2–21.2%) and linolenic acid (4.3–7.1%). In a related experiment involving 24 strains, the environment was found to induce significant differences in lipid content (ether-extracted material) of barley kernels.
INTERNAL BARK NECROSIS OF DELICIOUS APPLE IN RELATION TO SOIL pH AND LEAF MANGANESE
Authors: FISHER A. G. , EATON G. W. , PORRITT S. W.
Published: March 2010

A study in Delicious apple orchards in the Okanagan Valley showed that severe symptoms of internal bark necrosis were generally associated with soil pH below 5.6 and leaf manganese above 120 ppm. Some exceptions, however, show that both these determinations are required for accurate diagnosis of tree symptoms.
NEMATODES IN HELD CORN IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Authors: KIMPINSKI J. , THOMPSON L. S. , WHITE R. P. , WILLIS C. B.
Published: March 2010

Soil and root samples were collected from corn (Zea mays L.) fields in Prince Edward Island (P.E.I.) in 1973 and 1975. Representatives of 24 genera of plant and soil nematodes were extracted. The dominant plant parasitic species, Pratylenchus crenatus Loof, 1960 and P. penetrans (Cobb, 1917) Filipjev and Stek., 1941, were recovered in greater numbers than had been reported previously for Pratylenchus spp. in corn in North America. Nematicide treatments in the field and greenhouse reduced the numbers of nematodes but there were no consistent significant increases in silage or grain yields. Methyl bromide treatment was associated with increased plant yields in the greenhouse. It was concluded that P. crenatus and P. penetrans are not a major problem to corn in P.E.I. However, they reproduce well on corn and can survive the winter in large numbers, and may pose a threat to subsequent crops.
DISTRIBUTION OF AND SOURCES OF RESISTANCE TO BIOTYPES OF PYRENOPHORA TERES IN WESTERN CANADA
Authors: TEKAUZ A. , BUCHANNON K. W.
Published: March 2010

The distribution in western Canada of three biotypes of Pyrenophora teres, the cause of net blotch of barley, was determined. Two of these produced typical net blotch symptoms but differed in virulence and were found throughout the prairies in 1974. The third, which produces spot-like symptoms, was found only in Manitoba and comprised half the total isolates. The incidence of net blotch was higher in fields of two-rowed than in six-rowed barley. Resistance to the three biotypes of P. teres was found in several barley lines when symptom expression and rate of conidial development on infected host tissue were compared. CI 9214 was superior to CI 5791, the resistance source used in some barley breeding programs.
INFLUENCE OF AMINO ACIDS AND SUBSTANCES FROM FLAX ROOTS ON THE SOIL-BORNE PLANT PATHOGEN FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F. LINI
Authors: PETERSON E. A. , TIMONIN M. I.
Published: March 2010

Repeated subculturing of different isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. lini on Czapek’s agar supplemented with specific amino acids caused extensive distortion of hyphal cells and conidia as well as a notable inhibition of chlamydospore formation. Certain amino acids also decreased the virulence of most of the isolates to a wilt-susceptible flax cultivar (Novelty) and affected the extent of counteraction of soil fungistasis brought about by substances from flax roots.
EFFECTS OF ROW SPACING AND SEEDING RATES ON SEED YIELD IN RED CLOVER, ALSIKE CLOVER AND BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL
Authors: PANKIW P. , BONIN S. G. , LIEVERSE J. A. C.
Published: March 2010

The effects of various row spacings and seeding rates on seed yield and certain seed yield components, viz, florets per head, seed set, seeds per pod, were studied on single seedings with three successive seed crops of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), alsike clover (T. hybridum L.), and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). Alsike clover and birdsfoot trefoil produced the highest yields at the narrow 15-cm spacing with successive decreases to the 60-cm spacing. The taller-growing and later-blooming, single-cut red clover was slightly more adaptable to varying spacings with the highest yields at 30- and 45-cm spacings, and slightly lower yields at the 15- and 60-cm spacings. All three crops competed successfully with weeds at the narrow spacings (15 and 30 cm). All three crops were able to compensate within limits in the 2nd and 3rd seed yr for differences in stand caused by different seeding rates. Seeding rates of 2.2 and 4.5 kg/ha were most favorable. Certain components of yield, e.g., florets per inflorescence, percent seed set, and seeds per pod, did not vary within years and are primarily affected by rainfall, soil fertility, pollinator populations and favorable pollinating weather. Differences in seed yields were attributable to total production of flower heads or racemes.
COLD HARDINESS TESTING OF CRANBERRY FLOWER BUDS
Authors: EATON G. W. , MAHRT B. J.
Published: March 2010

Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) uprights collected weekly during the spring of 1972 through 1976 were subjected to artificial freezing trials and exotherm analysis. Dehardening and rehardening varied from year to year. Mean exotherms and T50 values were strongly correlated, but gave different estimates of frost tolerance.
EFFECTS OF COMBINED APPLICATIONS OF TRIALLATE OR TRIFLURALIN WITH SOLUTION NITROGEN ON WHEAT, WILD OATS AND GREEN FOXTAIL
Authors: MOYER J. R. , DRYDEN R. D.
Published: March 2010

Tank mixtures of solution nitrogen, triallate [S-(2,3,3-trichloroallyl)diisopropyl-thiocarbamate] and/or trifluralin [α,α,α,-trifluro-2, 6-dinitro-N, N-dipropyl-p-toluidine] were evaluated for the control of wild oats (Avena fatua L.) and/or green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.). The response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Neepawa to solution nitrogen applied alone or in combination with triallate and/or trifluralin were evaluated. Good control of wild oats and green foxtail was obtained with a tank mixture of solution nitrogen, trifluralin at 1.38 kg/ha, and triallate at 1.65 kg/ha. Tank mixtures of triallate at 1.65 kg/ha with solution nitrogen controlled wild oats. Trifluralin at 1.38 kg/ha with solution nitrogen controlled wild oats and green foxtail. Control of green foxtail and wild oats resulted in increased wheat yields, higher nitrogen content in wheat grain, and a more efficient use of applied nitrogen fertilizer. The response of wheat to nitrogen was similar when nitrogen was applied in tank mixes with herbicides or with water to hand-weeded plots.
EFFET DE L’ENDURCISSEMENT A LA GELEE SUR LA TENEUR EN MATIERE SECHE, EN PHOSPHORE LIPIDIQUE ET EN PROTEINES SOLUBLES ET INSOLUBLES DU BLE D’HIVER
Authors: WILLEMOT C. , HOPE H. J. , PELLETIER L. , LANGLOIS J. , MICHAUD R.
Published: March 2010

During frost hardening of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cvs. Kharkov 22 M.C., hardy, and Champlein, less hardy) fresh and dry weights, lipid phosphorus and soluble and insoluble proteins were determined. Percentage dry matter of the tissues doubled in both cultivars. When results are expressed per plant and per gram fresh weight, lipid phosphorus and soluble and insoluble proteins increased, while they decreased on a dry weight basis. There was therefore apparently no enrichment of the tissues in membranes in comparison with the other cell components but rather a general increase in dry weight. The observed changes occurred to the same extent in both cultivars and thus cannot explain varietal differences in frost hardiness. There was little correlation between the changes in lipids and protein. Lipid and protein membrane components appear therefore to have changed independently.
EFFECTS OF PLANTING DATES ON FORAGE CORN YIELDS AND MATURITY ON PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Authors: WHITE RONALD P.
Published: March 2010

Corn planted on different dates from mid-May to late-June over 4 yr was evaluated for whole plant dry matter yields, grain component yields, and plant nutrient N, P, and K concentrations. Mid-May plantings resulted in greater maturity of both whole plant and the grain component of the whole plant at harvest. No whole plant yield advantage resulted from the earliest planting compared with the late-May or early-June planting, though grain yields were higher. Plantings later than 6 June resulted in significantly lower yields of both whole plant and grain. Plant nutrient levels tended to be higher in the late-planted corn, but the earliest two plantings tended to yield the most harvested nutrients. Extremely slow germination reduced the expected advantages of early plantings.
IRRIGATION, FERTILIZER, HARVEST DATES AND STORAGE EFFECTS ON THE REDUCING SUGAR AND FRUCTOSE CONCENTRATIONS OF JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE TUBERS
Authors: DORRELL D. G. , CHUBEY B. B.
Published: March 2010

Several management practices were imposed on four Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) accessions to determine changes in tuber yield, sugar content and the percentage of fructose and glucose in the hydrolyzed soluble sugar extracts. The fructose concentration in the reducing sugars declined from 82.3 to 74.2% from 6 September to 24 October. Storage of tubers at 2 C for up to 11 wk reduced the mean level of fructose from 78.2 to 68.0% and had a variable effect on reducing sugar concentration. Supplemental irrigation lowered the reducing sugar concentration significantly, while fertilization had no affect on any quality parameters. The Morden accession, M6, produced the best combination of high tuber yield (37.4 t/ha), reducing sugar concentration (16.3%) and fructose concentration in the reducing sugars (77.4%). Although a long period of growth was desirable to produce maximum yields of both tubers and total sugar, it was accompanied by a reduction in the ratio of fructose to glucose. This crop does not appear to require a high level of management to produce a good quality carbohydrate product.
TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING VEGETATIVE VOLUME AND SEED YIELD IN SOYBEANS
Authors: HEINZMAN Jr. CHARLES D. , EILRICH GARY L.
Published: March 2010

A non-destructive volume displacement technique for determining vegetative volume as an estimate of biological yield (where the intact shoot of a plant is placed in a cylinder of water and the water displaced by the shoot is measured) was developed which allows soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) plants to be carried to maturity for seed yield.
INFLUENCE OF PROTEIN CONTENT ON SOME DURUM WHEAT QUALITY PARAMETERS
Authors: DEXTER J. E. , MATSUO R. R.
Published: March 2010

The influence of protein content on some durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) quality parameters was investigated for two Canadian durum wheats of differing spaghetti-making quality. A substantial increase in semolina yellow pigment content was observed for one of the two durum wheats as protein content increased. For both cultivars, a moderate increase in protein content was accompanied by a marked decrease in farinogram mixing time concomitant with an increase in maximum consistency and tolerance index. Cooking quality and tolerance to overcooking continued to improve as protein increased for both cultivars over the complete range of protein content examined. For both durum wheats, the proportion of non-gluten protein (the albumins and globulins) decreased significantly with increasing protein content. Gluten characteristics, as measured by the Berliner turbidity test, appeared to improve as protein increased. However, this improvement could not be related to the Osborne solubility distribution of the gluten proteins which revealed an increase in the proportion of gliadins as protein content increased for one of the durum wheats, and no significant change for the other. For both cultivars, protein content is the major factor that influences both rheological and cooking properties.
VARIATION IN PATHOGENICITY BETWEEN ISOLATES OF CLAVICEPS PURPUREA
Authors: DARLINGTON L. C. , MATHRE D. E. , JOHNSTON R. H.
Published: March 2010

Isolates of Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul. originally isolated from many different grass hosts in the northern Great Plains and several other areas in the United States and England were tested for their pathogenicity to selected cultivars or lines of male-sterile wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). While there was a great range in the level of virulence, no clear-cut evidence of specific races was obtained. A few isolates were weakly virulent on two cultivars of male-sterile spring wheat but were highly virulent on the other two cultivars tested. Wheat and barley breeders are advised to use a mixture of isolates in screening germ plasm for resistance to ergot.
POWDERY MILDEW OF VICIA FABA IN MANITOBA
Authors: KHARBANDA P. D. , BERNIER C. C.
Published: March 2010

Powdery mildew occurred widely on faba beans (Vicia faba L.) in Manitoba in 1974. Mycelia, and conidia were abundant on both leaf surfaces. The fungus later developed numerous cleistothecia 99–143 μm in diam, with rigid appendages, 128–286 μm in length, dichotomously branched at their apices and ending in recurved tips. Frequently, appendages were contorted and irregularly branched. Cleistothecia contained 5–8 asci. The fungus produced mildew symptoms on Lathyrus ochroleucus Hook., L. odoratus L., L. latifolius L., and Vicia americana Muhl., but failed to infect Lonicera tatarica L., Pisum sativum L., and Syringa vulgaris L. The fungus was identified as Microsphaera penicillata (Wall. ex Fr.) Lév. var. ludens (Salmon) Cooke on the basis of morphological characters and pathogenicity. Lathyrus spp. are new hosts of the fungus. L. ochroleucus and V. americana may be sources of primary inoculum of the fungus in Manitoba. Erysiphe pisi DC. reported to occur on V. faba was not found on any of the specimens.
VIRUS DISEASES OF FABA BEANS IN MANITOBA AND THEIR EFFECTS ON PLANT GROWTH AND YIELD
Authors: FROWD J. A. , BERNIER C. C.
Published: March 2010

Faba beans (Vicia faba var. minor Beck, and V. faba equina Pers.) in Manitoba showed a range of leaf mosaic and leaf and shoot necrosis symptoms. Virus isolates from diseased plants were grouped as mild (leaf mosaic, no necrosis) and severe (mosaic with necrosis) types. Two contrasting isolates were identified as variants of bean yellow mosaic virus by host range, aphid transmission, electron microscopy and serology. In field experiments, early infection of faba beans had a severe effect on root nodulation. Infections at pre-bloom, full bloom and post-bloom reduced yields by 59, 48 and 17% (mild isolate) and 96, 70 and 17% (severe isolate), respectively. Neither of the two isolates was transmitted through seed from plants infected at any of the three stages.
EFFECTS OF SEED SIZE ON GERMINATION OF CORN (ZEA MAYS) UNDER SIMULATED WATER STRESS CONDITIONS
Authors: MUCHENA S. C. , GROGAN C. O.
Published: March 2010

Three strains of corn (Zea mays L.), White Cloud popcorn cultivar, inbred R181, and inbred Ay499, were used to determine the importance of seed size on the ability of seeds to germinate under differing mannitol concentrations. Significant differences among seed size categories were obtained. The small seed size was best.
EFFECTS OF SOIL SALINITY LEVELS AND PLANT WATER STRESS AT VARIOUS SOYBEAN GROWTH STAGES
Authors: SEPASKHAH A. R.
Published: March 2010

The effects of plant water stress at flower induction, flowering, podding and pod-filling stages on yield and yield components of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were determined at three salinity levels in a greenhouse study. At all salinity levels, plant water stress was more critical in the pod-filling stage, and reduced seed yield and 100-seed weight.
MATURITY STUDIES ON RED SPORTS OF DELICIOUS APPLES
Authors: MEHERIUK M.
Published: March 2010

A 2-yr study of Gardiner, Hardispur, Harrold Red, Hi-Early, Redspur, Starkrimson, Starking and Wellspur indicated little or no difference in the rate of maturation among the sports of Delicious apples (Malus sylvestris Mill.). The pattern of CO2 production immediately after harvest among the sports was quite similar and the time of the onset of ethylene production indicated a slight difference in stage of maturation only for three sports in one harvest of the 1st yr. Values for internal flesh chlorophyll intensity and soluble solids showed some small and inconsistent differences. Acidity levels and the incidence of scald were not significantly different among the sports in either year.
TRYPSIN INHIBITOR ACTIVITY IN FABA BEANS (VICIA FABA VAR. MINOR), CHANGES DURING GERMINATION AND DISTRIBUTION
Authors: BHATTY R. S.
Published: March 2010

Faba beans (Vicia faba var. minor L.) contained about the same level of trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) as lentils and peas, ⅓ to [Formula: see text] that of vetch, chick pea and bean and about [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] that of flatpea and soybean. The TIA of faba bean increased two-fold during germination on the 3rd to 4th days after which it declined. The TIA was present mostly in the cotyledon fraction of faba bean.