bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative evaluation of oral hygiene status by using oral hygiene index, simplified oral hygiene index, and modified oral hygiene index: Revalidation of modified oral hygiene index
Authors: Garg Subhash , Nasir Sumbul
Published: January 2025

Background:

Good oral hygiene is a critical component of overall oral health. Various methods have developed over time to assess oral hygiene status. In 1960, Greene and Vermillion introduced the Oral Hygiene Index (OHI), which assessed debris and calculus on 12 tooth surfaces. In 1964, they proposed a Simplified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-S), which evaluated only 6 surfaces of six index teeth. The authors recommended the OHI-S due to its faster clinical assessments but concluded that it was less sensitive than the OHI despite both indices being sufficiently sensitive. In 1987, Garg S introduced the Modified Oral Hygiene Index (OHI-M), which provides a more comprehensive evaluation by assessing debris and calculus on the facial (buccal/labial), oral (palatal/lingual), and specifically occlusal surfaces of each fully erupted permanent tooth. The OHI-M is a reliable and sensitive method for accurately evaluating oral hygiene status.

Aim:

This study aims to comparatively evaluate oral hygiene status using OHI, OHI-S, and OHI-M and revalidate the OHI-M.

Materials and Methods:

221 patients (119 males and 102 females) were randomly selected through simple random sampling. A single investigator performed the scoring. The sample size was determined based on a 95% confidence level. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics, and Pearson’s correlation test was employed to assess the correlations.

Results:

The mean and standard deviation of the OHI-M were found to be the lowest (2.55 ± 0.82) compared to the OHI (7.13 ± 1.79) and OHI-S (3.23 ± 0.99). It indicates that the variation in OHI-M values is smaller than that in OHI and OHI-S. Positive correlations were observed among the three indices, with a statistically significant result (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

The OHI-M is found to be the most sensitive scoring method for evaluating oral hygiene status compared to the OHI and OHI-S. These results further confirm the validity of OHI-M.
Treatment of periodontal infrabony defect using particulate dentin graft and recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor
Authors: Garg Vishal , Bhardwaj Amit , Chawla Kirti
Published: January 2025

Periodontal bone defects pose significant challenges in dentistry, necessitating effective treatment strategies. This case report explores the regenerative potential of using a combination of particulate dentin graft (PDG) derived from extracted teeth and recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor (rhPDGF) as bone graft material for the treatment of human periodontal infrabony defects. A 44-year-old male patient presented with a 9 mm pocket probing depth (PPD) and an 8 mm infrabony defect depth mesial to #13, with no gingival recession (GR). Following Phase I therapy, open flap debridement and grafting with PDG and rhPDGF were performed. Clinical and radiographic measurements were taken at baseline and 6 and 12 months. At 12 months, a 6 mm reduction in PPD and clinical attachment level gain were observed with no GR. 5 mm (83.33%) bone fill was seen radiographically. Within the limitations of this case report, the utilization of PDG with rhPDGF for the treatment of infrabony periodontal defects has emerged as a promising regenerative therapy.
Retained Fractured Intravenous Catheter: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Arua Onyinyechukwu Adaeze , Bolaji Akanni Abdulazeez , Promise Ubanatu , Echieh Chidiebere Peter
Published: January 2025

Retention of fractured intravenous (IV) catheters is an uncommon but significant complication arising from the prolonged use of peripheral IV cannulas. This report details two cases involving young women. The first case features a 23-year-old postmyomectomy patient who presented to the emergency unit after a fractured IV cannula was discovered during its removal at a peripheral center two days earlier. Doppler ultrasonography revealed that the fractured catheter was still lodged in the left cubital vein, leading to its surgical removal under local anesthesia. The patient recovered well and was discharged the following day. The second case involves a 32-year-old woman who was referred to the cardiothoracic unit due to puerperal sepsis. An 18G catheter in the left cephalic vein fractured, leaving the tip retained after five days of use. Doppler ultrasonography again assisted in localization, and venotomy was performed to extract the retained portion. Notably, both catheters were found at their original insertion sites, with no signs of migration despite the delay in treatment. These cases highlight that while the retention of fractured IV cannulas is rare, it can still occur, especially with prolonged use. Prompt intervention is crucial to avoid complications such as migration toward the heart and associated sequelae. Inflammation and thrombosis may mitigate this risk, as seen in the patients. Surgical retrieval was deemed effective and cost-efficient in both instances. This underscores the need for improved oversight of medical materials to discourage prolonged IV catheter use.
Iron Profile of Sickle Cell Disease Patients in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
Authors: Borodo Awwal Musa , Ibrahim Usman Muhammad , Ibrahim Hauwa , Yau Nabila Ado , Kuliya-Gwarzo Aisha , Ahmed Sagir Gumel
Published: January 2025

Background:

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited chronic haemolytic disorder that is characterised by chronic anaemia and recurrent body pains, with Nigeria accounting for the highest burden globally. This study aimed to evaluate and compare the iron profile of SCD patients and that of haemoglobin AA controls, find the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia amongst SCD patients and compare the iron profile of transfusion-naïve SCD patients with those having a past history of blood transfusion.

Materials and Methods:

A comparative cross-sectional study was used to assess the iron profile of 68 SCD patients compared with that of haemoglobin AA controls selected using a systematic sampling technique. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect socio-demographic data and other information. Data were analysed using SPSS version 20 for Windows with a statistical significance set at P ≤ 0.05.

Results:

The mean age of the cases and controls was 24.1 ± 6.5 years versus 33.1 ± 6.8 years, respectively. The median serum ferritin of the patients versus controls was 382 μg/l (interquartile range [IQR] =195,500) versus 60 μg/l (IQR = 27, 210), respectively. The mean soluble transferrin receptors for patients and controls were 23.4 ± 3.7 μg/l versus 12.4 ± 3.2 μg/l, respectively. The mean total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) for the patients and controls was 4 ± 0.8 μmol/l versus 3.1 ± 1 μmol/l, respectively, whereas the mean serum iron for patients and controls was 17.2 ± 5.3 μmol/l and 18.5 ± 4.9 μmol/l, respectively. Ferritin, TIBC and soluble transferrin receptor levels of the Hb SS patients were significantly higher compared to the controls (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

The iron profile of SCD patients is significantly different from haemoglobin AA control; therefore, a comprehensive protocol on when to request iron profile tests should be developed by the relevant stakeholders to guide clinicians in the management of SCD patients.
Ethical and Medicolegal Implications of Obstetrics Practice in Nigeria
Authors: Obaro HK , Abdurrahman A , Shehu JS , Okonta NAE , Aminu BT , Olatunbosun OS , Ibrahim SO , Otaru M , Ojo OS , Olatoke SO
Published: January 2025

One of the medical specialities with the highest worldwide litigation rate is obstetrics. An obstetrician would have to be extra careful and must have sound knowledge of ethical and medicolegal principles, to be able to escape legal actions from patients. In many African nations including Nigeria, the way medical personnel treated their patients was once accepted and indisputable. Nigerians are now becoming aware of medical malpractice and negligence, even though many victims still do not know how to demand justice, medical professionals too, lack the knowledge of the legal implications of their conduct. Obstetrics trainees receive little education on medical malpractice and risk management, thereby exposing the majority of them to litigation. This review is aimed at examining the ethical and medicolegal implications of obstetrics practice in Nigeria. Obstetrics practice in Nigeria is governed by ethical standards as well as legal limitations, hence every obstetrician will at some point be exposed to clinical circumstances that could result in medicolegal issues. To minimise litigation, obstetricians must adopt some strategies which include clear communication with patients and their relatives; obtaining informed consent for procedures, treatments and interventions; proper documentation of all discussions and interventions; continuing medical education, especially to keep well informed of the legal implications of obstetrics practice and the use of a chaperone when examining patients and maintain professional boundaries.
Writing a Clinical Case Report in Orthopaedics and Spine Care: A Step-by-step Principles for Authors
Authors: Olalekan Ajiboye Lukman , Aliyu Nuradeen Altine
Published: January 2025

Despite a huge diversity and strangeness that orthopaedic and spine cases could present to clinicians which may be important for the professional colleagues to learn from, writing an acceptable case report for public knowledge and benefit could be a serious task for any author. The challenges of writing a case report are a spectrum, ranging from even identifying a suitable case, to what and how to write, and many more. Hence, these could be a reason for jettisoning the idea of writing case report by many and subsequently failing to communicate and share their experience in clinical practice with the world. The aim of this study is to put down a stepwise method of writing a clinical case report in orthopaedic and spine care. Panoramic literature review and the author’s personal experience were expressed to highlight the justifications for a case report as well as examining its various components. The roles of case report in medical advancement, knowledge and skill acquisition are of crucial importance that every practicing physician and researcher should appreciate.
Risk Factors for Cerebrospinal Meningitis Outbreaks in Northern Nigeria: A Look at Age, Sex and Season
Authors: Braimah Joseph Odunayo , Fabio Mathias Correa
Published: January 2025

Background:

Nigeria is one of the countries in the Sahel region where cerebrospinal meningitis (CSM) is a public health concern. Over the years, a concerning number of meningitis cases have been reported in Nigeria’s northern region.

Aim:

To investigate gender, age and month dynamics of CSM outbreaks from the northern region of Nigeria to improve the surveillance of the disease.

Materials and Methods:

Records of 390 symptomatic patients were collected from the Aminu Kano University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria for three years (2020–2023). The data were transformed into categorical data with three explanatory variables (month, age and sex). To determine the significance of these factors on meningitis outbreaks, we fitted logistic regression to model the data.

Results:

Men were more susceptible to the disease than women, and the majority of meningitis cases were reported during the Harmattan season (October, November and December). The majority of patients were under 24 years old, most of which were children. The logistical regression models also showed that while gender and month had significant effects on the disease, age was a less significant variable contributing to meningitis outbreaks.

Conclusion:

The northern region of Nigeria had the highest number of meningitis cases during the dry season, especially October, November and December and in the under 24 years’ age group. Men reported a slightly higher incidence of meningitis than women. To strengthen meningitis surveillance and prevent a resurgence of the disease, it is necessary to pay attention to these dynamics.
Evaluating the Knowledge and Vaccination Intentions against Human Papillomavirus amongst Women with Adolescent Daughters in Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Ezebuiro Emmanuella Ijeoma , Bassey Goddy , Mark Doris C. C.
Published: January 2025

Background:

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a significant cause of cervical cancer, yet vaccination rates remain low. Understanding the knowledge and vaccination intentions amongst mothers can inform public health strategies. This study, therefore, sought to assess the knowledge and vaccination intentions regarding HPV amongst women with adolescent daughters in Rivers State, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods:

A hospital-based descriptive, multicentre, cross-sectional study was conducted at the outpatient clinics of the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital and Rivers State University Teaching Hospital from March to May 2021. A total of 304 women with adolescent daughters were recruited using a pretested, self-administered questionnaire. Data were analysed using SPSS version 23, with Chi-square tests and Pearson’s correlation to determine associations.

Results:

Out of 310 distributed questionnaires, 304 (98.1%) were completed. Most respondents were aged 30–39 years (40.5%) and predominantly from the Igbo ethnic group (50.7%). A significant portion had tertiary education (73.4%). Knowledge of HPV was good, with 62.2% aware of HPV and 55.6% knowledgeable about the HPV vaccine. Health workers were the primary source of information (57.1%). However, 85.2% were unaware of the recommended vaccine doses. Factors such as education level significantly influenced the knowledge of HPV and the vaccine (P = 0.004 and 0.002, respectively).

Conclusions:

Despite good knowledge of HPV and its vaccine, there is a significant gap in specific knowledge regarding vaccination protocols. Enhanced educational efforts by health workers are essential to improve HPV vaccination rates.
Pattern of Neurological Intracranial Lesions on Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Sokoto, North Western Nigeria
Authors: Umar Farouk Kabir , Dahiru Mohammed
Published: January 2025

Background:

The complex nature of the brain presents considerable difficulties in the diagnoses and management of neurological diseases. However, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has surfaced as an invaluable diagnostic tool for neurological conditions by providing accurate and detailed images of the brain and spinal cord and thence, aiding treatment.

Objectives:

The objective of the study was to determine the pattern of intracranial neurologic lesions on MRI.

Materials and Methods:

A prospective investigation carried out during six months, spanning from April to August 2023, included the examination of 86 individuals with neurological disorders utilising 1.5 Tesla General Electric MRI. Images were evaluated and findings were documented and analysed using the SPSS software version 23.

Results:

The findings indicated that cerebral infarction was the predominant brain anomaly observed (32.56%) with males’ preponderance. Cerebral atrophy and cerebral metastasis were nearly equally prevalent, each occurring in 20.93% (n = 18) of the cases. No statistically significant difference was observed in gender variations (P = 0.54).

Conclusion:

Cerebral infarction is the most common intracranial neurologic lesion detected on MRI in Sokoto, North Western Nigeria.
Audit of the Operation Note of the Orthopaedic Surgery Department of Federal Medical Center Birnin Kudu
Authors: Ngibo Terver Josiah , Jatto Hamzah Ibrahim
Published: January 2025

Background:

Comprehensive and accurate operation notes are crucial for effective communication, continuity of care and medico-legal documentation in surgical practice. This audit aimed to evaluate and improve the quality of orthopaedic surgery operation notes.

Methods:

A retrospective audit was conducted using the Royal College of Surgeons of England (RCSE) guidelines to assess the completeness and quality of 60 randomly selected handwritten orthopaedic surgery operation notes from a three-month period. Key documentation parameters were evaluated, and targeted interventions were implemented. A follow-up audit was conducted with another set of 60 operation notes to assess the impact of these interventions.

Results:

The initial audit revealed a mean compliance of 47.44%, with significant deficiencies in several key documentation parameters. Following interventions, including education and redesign of operation note templates, the follow-up audit demonstrated a mean compliance of 94.44%. Notable improvements were observed across all parameters, with compliance rates increasing from 0% to 100% for some critical elements.

Conclusion:

The implementation of targeted interventions based on the RCSE guidelines significantly improved the quality and completeness of orthopaedic surgery operation notes. Regular audits and continuous education are essential for maintaining high standards of surgical documentation, ultimately enhancing patient care and surgical outcomes.
Outcome measures in vitiligo: A narrative review
Authors: Meghana K.B. , Bishnoi Anuradha , Parsad Davinder
Published: January 2025

Vitiligo disease course being unpredictable in course, it is often difficult to monitor the response to therapy. Though there are many outcome measures, there is a lack of uniformity in reporting these across research papers and clinical trials making it challenging to interpret and compare the results. It is also important to know what matters to the patients in terms of outcome and to include them in outcome assessment. This review consolidates the available validated outcome measures in assessing vitiligo, their advantages, and limitations.
Medical treatment of vitiligo: A narrative review
Authors: Bishnoi Anuradha , Meghana K.B. , Parsad Davinder
Published: January 2025

Vitiligo, a chronic skin condition characterized by depigmentation, poses significant therapeutic challenges. Various medical therapies have been explored to address this disorder, aiming to halt its progression and promote repigmentation. Recent advancements in medical therapies have shown promising results in managing this condition. This abstract reviews the latest therapeutic approaches, including the use of Janus kinase inhibitors such as ruxolitinib. Additionally, traditional treatments such as corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and phototherapy continue to play a crucial role in vitiligo management. This review highlights the importance of a multifaceted approach, combining new and established therapies to optimize patient outcomes and improve quality of life.
La Central Hidroeléctrica De Pilmaiquén: Las Tensiones Entre El Diseño Institucional Y Su Implementación (1935-1951)
Authors: Muñoz Sougarret Jorge
Published: January 2025

El presente artículo estudia las diferencias entre el diseño y la implementación de la primera central hidroeléctrica chilena, a inicios de la década de 1940. En las investigaciones previas se destacan las entidades privadas y públicas que planificaron la política de electrificación nacional, subvalorando el papel de actores locales en la construcción y orientación de tal política. A través de fuentes documentales, públicas y privadas, se expondrá cómo los grupos locales de la Provincia de Osorno intervinieron en la implementación de la central hidroeléctrica redirigiendo la energía a sus ámbitos particulares de interés, en desmedro de las propuestas centralizadoras originales.Palabras clave: Hidroelectricidad, industrialización, desarrollismo.
Excomuniones Electorales: El Conflicto Entre La Iglesia Y El Estado, Puerto Rico,1960
Authors: Álvarez Curbelo Silvia
Published: January 2025

En 1960, Estados Unidos y Puerto Rico celebraron elecciones generales en las que la Iglesia Católica fue protagónica, aunque por razones distintas. La candidatura a la presidencia de John F. Kennedy por el Partido Demócrata desató prejuicios y campañas de opinión anti-católicas en Estados Unidos. En Puerto Rico, el Partido Popular Democrático (PPD) fue objeto de una campaña de oposición por parte de la Iglesia Católica y el Partido Acción Cristiana (PAC) por su apoyo del control de la natalidad y su negativa de incluir la enseñanza religiosa en el sistema escolar público. En Estados Unidos ganó Kennedy y en Puerto Rico ganó el PPD, aunque algunos jerarcas de la Iglesia anunciaron que se excomulgaría a todo aquel que votara a favor de dicho partido. Mediante un análisis de discurso de un corpus de textos públicos generados por la Iglesia y el Partido Acción Cristiana de Puerto Rico, y de textos producidos por el gobernante Partido Popular Democrático, se identificaron las matrices discursivas que organizaron las respectivas plataformas de ideas. Estas matrices giran en torno a temores contemporáneos al comunismo y a la extensión del laicismo, así como a temores atávicos relacionados con percepciones milenaristas de un “rapto de la fe” y la dislocación de costumbres y roles tradicionales de la mujer y la familia.Palabras clave: Puerto Rico, Iglesia Católica, control natal, educación religiosa, Luis Muñoz Marín.
Nuevos datos sobre los Vernae en Ostia a través de los testimonios epigráficos
Authors: Cidoncha Redondo Francisco
Published: January 2025

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar un conjunto de casos sobre varios vernae de la ciudad romana de Ostia conocidos mediante las inscripciones donde aparecen mencionados. Los ejemplos analizados aquí serán estudiados desde otra perspectiva que no se ha realizado previamente. A través de la lectura de esos testimonios epigráficos se pueden conocer determinados aspectos de la vida de estos esclavos durante el periodo comprendido entre el siglo I a.C. y los tres primeros siglos de nuestra era. Las inscripciones funerarias aportan datos muy interesantes sobre las relaciones entre estos esclavos y sus propietarios, o entre los esclavos y sus parientes de origen servil.Palabras clave: esclavo, esclavitud, familia, sociedad.
Las intitulaciones en los fueros de urraca I
Authors: Gordo Molina Ángel
Published: January 2025

Por medio de las intitulaciones en los fueros de Urraca I de León se puede conocer tanto la labor de reorganización interna del territorio como la dimensionalidad de la potestas publica y los vínculos privados que la reina ejerció. En las intitulaciones de esos diplomas podemos además observar los ámbitos de acciones que alcanzaron las disposiciones normativas para todos aquellos que resultaron beneficiados con estos documentos, partiendo por la misma soberana.Palabras clave: Urraca I de León, fueros, intitulaciones, potestas publica, vínculos privados.
Hacer estado en los campos. Trabajo docente en escuelas rurales fiscales (Chile, 1904-1948)
Authors: Pérez Navarro Camila , Álvarez Analía
Published: January 2025

Durante la segunda mitad del XIX, la red fiscal de escuelas primarias creció exponencialmente. Sin embargo, en zonas rurales, el proceso de escolarización tuvo un ritmo más lento. Uno de los factores que explica este fenómeno se encuentra en la reticencia del profesorado normalista para trabajar en escuelas rurales. Los docentes consideraban que la multiplicidad de problemas que afectaban la educación rural se debía a la poca presencia del Estado. Esta ausencia se evidenciaba en la escasa llegada de funcionarios estatales a las zonas rurales y campesinas, como fue el caso de los visitadores de escuelas. Este trabajo analiza la presencia ocasional del Estado en escuelas ubicadas en zonas rurales durante la primera mitad del siglo XX a partir de la experiencia del profesorado. Con base en fuentes documentales oficiales, prensa del período, documentación legislativa y prensa pedagógica, nos adentramos en las experiencias del profesorado rural en tanto funcionarios estatales y en las condiciones del trabajo docente en escuelas campesinas. Se concluye que la limitada presencia del Estado impulsó la emergencia de algunas voces docentes que demandaron la implementación de reformas en la educación rural.Palabras clave: Estado, Profesorado, Escuelas rurales, Visitadores de escuelas, Chile.
MAPAS DE “PUEBLOS DE INDIOS” EN CHILE EN EL SIGLO XVIII: EL DISCURSO DE LA EXTINCIÓN
Authors: Vega Palma Alejandra
Published: January 2025

Se analizan los planos de deslinde de pueblos de indios correspondientes a la gobernación de Chile, los que se confeccionaron en el siglo XVIII, y mayoritariamente, a partir de 1790. Se parte del reconocimiento de la diferencia entre territorio y mapa. Pensados específicamente como expresión de un archivo racializado, se evidencia el uso que tiene esta cartografía para impugnar o disminuir las tierras indígenas, constituyéndose en documentos del despojo a partir de la reiterada evocación de lo que se reconoce como el discurso de la extinción.
ENTRE EL MIEDO Y LA ACCIÓN POLÍTICA. LA DERECHA CHILENA ANTE LA “REVOLUCIÓN EN LIBERTAD” Y LA “VÍA CHILENA AL SOCIALISMO” (1964-1973)
Authors: Castillo Castillo Francisco Ignacio
Published: January 2025

Este artículo de investigación tiene como objetivo analizar las prácticas emocionales de la derecha chilena entre 1964 y 1973, en específico, nombrar y prescribir emociones. En dicho periodo, la derecha chilena, conformada por una constelación de partidos y movimientos, se enfrentó a los desafíos emanados de las iniciativas políticas e ideológicas del Partido Demócrata Cristiano y de la Unidad Popular, cada cual con un programa de transformaciones específicas. Desde el punto de vista de la derecha chilena, estas iniciativas resultaban ser amenazantes y peligrosas en tanto trastocaban numerosos puntos claves de sus intereses y de su sensibilidad política. Así, sostengo que la derecha chilena constituyó una comunidad emocional que expresaba una constelación de emociones y sentimientos que oscilaban entre el miedo, el temor, la inseguridad y la incertidumbre. En su interior, se conformaron subcomunidades emocionales que dotaron de significados específicos sus emociones. Asimismo, la derecha construyó una respuesta prescriptiva sobre el miedo, la que consistió, primero, en una rechazo del miedo por considerarse una emoción ligada a la cobardía, y segundo, en un aliento a la acción política. A partir del análisis de una serie de documentos tales como declaraciones de partidos y de dirigentes de derecha, de correspondencia intercambiada y de una revisión sobre el estado de la cuestión del problema de investigación, este artículo tiene la intención de indagar sobre la conformación la derecha chilena en este periodo desde un punto de vista que privilegia el análisis de las emociones como experiencias históricas relevantes para el ámbito de lo político.
ESTRATEGIAS DE COMBATE Y RESISTENCIA CULTURAL ANTE LA DICTADURA CHILENA. LA REBELIÓN POPULAR DE MASAS DEL PARTIDO COMUNISTA DESDE LA EXPERIENCIA MUSICAL (1986-1988)
Authors: Velásquez Meza Javiera
Published: January 2025

El presente artículo tiene por objetivo abordar desde la historia cultural el trabajo de difusión y propaganda llevado a cabo a través de la música por las Juventudes Comunistas de Chile (JJ.CC.) y el Frente Patriótico Manuel Rodríguez (FPMR), en el marco de la Política de Rebelión Popular de Masas (PRPM) impulsada por el Partido Comunista (PC).Bajo la clandestinidad que la dictadura cívico-militar chilena significó para los partidos políticos de izquierda, se desarrollaron diferentes estrategias de resistencia al régimen y de difusión del proyecto político, encontrándose entre ellas la producción musical, en soporte casete. Aquí se destacarán “El Camotazo” (JJ.CC.) y “En medio del combate… cantamos” (FPMR). Ambos trabajos capturaron las principales directrices generacionales de la Rebelión Popular, fortaleciendo un imaginario en torno a la autodefensa y la lucha confrontacional, especialmente armada. Dichas obras evidencian una combinación de las viejas prácticas de la cultura comunista y los nuevos elementos que trajo consigo la década de 1980: difusión e inserción de masas a través de estrategias culturales (en este caso, musicales) y las nuevas alegorías de la violencia política revolucionaria ejercida bajo el contexto de la Rebelión Popular de Masas.A partir de lo señalado, se busca analizar la experiencia de ambas obras y el rol que estas tuvieron en el fortalecimiento de la Rebelión Popular, gestando y agudizando aquellas nuevas perspectivas de lucha en Chile.
Yáñez Andrade, Juan Carlos (coord.). Conozca Chile. Una historia del turismo nacional, 1850-1975
Authors: Herrera Patricio
Published: January 2025

El texto analiza el libro "Conozca Chile. Una historia del turismo nacional, 1850-1975" coordinado por Juan Carlos Yáñez Andrade, donde se ofrece una visión integral del desarrollo del turismo en Chile a lo largo de más de un siglo.
DEFENDER CON FUERZA PARA EVITAR LA GUERRA. EL CONFLICTO ANGLOESPAÑOL POR PUERTO EGMONT (ISLAS MALVINAS) ENTRE ESPACIOS CORTESANOS Y CAMPAÑAS MILITARES (1765-1770)
Authors: Barriera Darío
Published: January 2025

El 10 de junio de 1770 una expedición comandada por Juan Ignacio de Madariaga expulsó la cabecera que los británicos habían establecido en 1765 sobre la costa de una isla en el lado occidental del archipiélago de Malvinas. El sitio -Puerto Egmont para los británicos, puerto de la Cruzada para los españoles- estaba al cuidado de William Maltby (en tierra) y de George Farmer (sobre la fragata Favourite). Madariaga consiguió en pocos días lo que no habían logrado sus predecesores durante el año y medio anterior. Su victoria, además, significó un giro decisivo para las conversaciones cortesanas, de las cuales quedaban definitivamente fuera los rumores y la especulación. Este artículo aborda las diferencias de organización y contexto entre esta expedición y sus predecesoras, así como las particularidades que supuso en este caso la exhibición de fuerza vertida en el terreno por una operación que debía conseguir su objetivo evitando provocar una nueva guerra entre España y Gran Bretaña, potencias que -junto a Francia- estaban disputándose espacios clave de la circulación oceánica en varios puntos del globo.
Gut microbiome composition in patients with liver cirrhosis with and without hepatic encephalopathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Xu Xiao-Tong , Jiang Min-Jie , Fu Yun-Lai , Xie Fang , Li Jian-Jun , Meng Qing-Hua
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND

The gut microbiome is associated with hepatic encephalopathy (HE), but research results on the gut microbiome characteristics of patients with liver cirrhosis with and without HE are inconsistent.

AIM

To study the gut microbiota characteristics of patients with liver cirrhosis with and without HE.

METHODS

We searched the PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases using two keywords, HE, and gut microbiome. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, suitable literature was screened to extract data on the diversity and composition of the fecal microbiota in patients with liver cirrhosis with and without HE. The data were analyzed using RevMan and STATA.

RESULTS

Seventeen studies were included: (1) A meta-analysis of 7 studies revealed that the Shannon index in liver cirrhosis patients with HE was significantly lower than that in patients without HE [-0.20, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.28 to -0.13, I2 = 20%]; (2) The relative abundances of Lachnospiraceae (-2.73, 95%CI: -4.58 to -0.87, I2 = 38%) and Ruminococcaceae (-2.93, 95%CI: -4.29 to -1.56, I2 = 0%) in liver cirrhosis patients with HE was significantly lower than those in patients without HE; (3) In patients with HE, Enterococcus , Proteobacteria , Enterococcaceae , and Enterobacteriaceae proportions increased, but Ruminococcaceae , Lachnospiraceae , Prevotellaceae , and Bacteroidetes proportions decreased; (4) Differences in the fecal metabolome between liver cirrhosis patients with and without HE were detected; and (5) Differential gut microbiomes may serve as diagnostic and prognostic tools.

CONCLUSION

The gut microbiomes of patients with liver cirrhosis with and without HE differ. Some gut microbiomes may distinguish liver cirrhosis patients with or without HE and determine patient prognosis.
Small bites, big impact: The importance of evening snacks in patients with advanced chronic liver disease
Authors: Perazza Federica , Ravaioli Federico
Published: January 2025

People with advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD) have an enhanced risk of malnutrition, which has multifactorial etiology and is mainly linked to a reduced energy and protein intake; malnutrition is critical for patients with cirrhosis since it is often associated with sarcopenia, a skeletal muscle depletion with a loss of muscle mass and function. Late-evening snacks have been extensively studied, and guidelines are recommended to counteract the effects of prolonged fasting at night in patients with ACLD. However, it has not been fully explored whether late evening snacking is clarified as a milestone to address the nutritional needs of people with ACLD or whether it has a potential role in improving body composition. In this randomised control trial, Yu et al demonstrated that long-term nocturnal snacks have the potential to significantly improve body composition by body fat mass, visceral fat area and body cell mass in patients with ACLD. While the improvement in skeletal muscle mass was minor, the promising results in other compositions provide hope for future research and patient care.
Innovative diagnostic tool aids screening for minimal hepatic encephalopathy in non-alcoholic cirrhosis patients
Authors: Li Ting , Li Ya-Ping
Published: January 2025

In this editorial we comment on the article by Jiang et al . We focus on the EncephalApp Stroop test which is an innovative, smartphone-based tool specifically designed for screening minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) in cirrhosis patients. Traditional MHE screening methods, while highly sensitive and specific, are often complex, time-consuming, and require controlled environmental conditions, limiting their widespread clinical use. The EncephalApp Stroop test simplifies the screening process, enhances diagnostic efficiency, and is applicable across diverse cultural contexts. However, the combination of additional biomarkers could further improve diagnostic accuracy. Despite its promising potential, more multicenter clinical studies are required to validate its effectiveness and applicability on a global scale.
Prevalence of cardiometabolic co-morbidities in patients with vs persons without chronic hepatitis B: The FitLiver cohort study
Authors: Jespersen Sofie , Fritt-Rasmussen Asmita , Madsbad Sten , Pedersen Bente K , Krogh-Madsen Rikke , Weis Nina
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND

Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) affects > 300 million people worldwide. The combination of CHB and cardiometabolic co-morbidities increases the risk of liver-related morbidity and mortality. However, international guidelines for CHB treatment do not provide recommendations for follow-up examinations or treatment of patients with CHB and cardiometabolic comorbidities. In studies investigating cardiometabolic co-morbidity in patients with CHB, inconsistent findings have been observed, and both lower and higher prevalence of cardiometabolic co-morbidities compared to the general population have been reported. It is unclear whether patients with CHB living in Denmark have an increased prevalence of cardiometabolic co-morbidities.

AIM

To investigate the prevalence of cardiometabolic comorbidities in patients with CHB and matched non-CHB comparison group.

METHODS

We examined patients with CHB and age-, sex-, body mass index (BMI)-, and country-of-birth matched comparison group. Defining cardiometabolic co-morbidity: Obesity (BMI > 25 kg/m2/abnormal waist-to-hip ratio), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), hypercholesterolemia (total-cholesterol > 5 mmol/L/statin use), hypertension (systolic ≥ 135 mmHg/ diastolic ≥ 85 mmHg/antihypertensive medication) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) (2-hour oral glucose tolerance test glucose > 11.1 mmol/L/HbA1c > 48 mmol/mol/ antidiabetic medication). Physical activity was evaluated using maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), activity monitors, and a questionnaire.

RESULTS

We included 98 patients with CHB and 49 persons in the comparison group. The two groups were well-matched, showing no significant differences in age, sex, BMI, country-of-birth, education, or employment. Among patients with CHB, the following prevalence of cardiometabolic co-morbidity was found: 77% were obese, 45% had MASLD, 38% had hypercholesterolemia, 26% had hypertension, and 7% had T2D, which did not differ significantly from the comparison group, apart from lower prevalence of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) ≥ 48 mmol/L or known T2D. Both groups had low VO2max of 27 mL/kg/minute in the patients with CHB and 30 mL/kg/minute in the comparison group, and the patients with CHB had a shorter self-assessed sitting time.

CONCLUSION

The patients with CHB and the comparison group were well-matched and had a similar prevalence of cardiometabolic comorbidities. Furthermore, both groups had low levels of physical fitness.
Do Child–Turcotte–Pugh and nutritional assessments predict survival in cirrhosis: A longitudinal study
Authors: Carteri Randhall B , Marroni Claudio A , Ferreira Luis F , Pinto Letícia P , Czermainski Juliana , Tovo Cristiane V , Fernandes Sabrina A
Published: January 2025

BACKGROUND

Cirrhotic patients face heightened energy demands, leading to rapid glycogen depletion, protein degradation, oxidative stress, and inflammation, which drive disease progression and complications. These disruptions cause cellular damage and parenchymal changes, resulting in vascular alterations, portal hypertension, and liver dysfunction, significantly affecting patient prognosis.

AIM

To analyze the association between Child–Turcotte–Pugh (CTP) scores and different nutritional indicators with survival in a 15-year follow-up cohort.

METHODS

This was a retrospective cohort study with 129 cirrhotic patients of both sexes aged > 18 years. Diagnosis of cirrhosis was made by liver biopsy. The first year of data collection was 2007, and data regarding outcomes were collected in 2023. Data were gathered from medical records, and grouped by different methods, including CTP, handgrip strength, and triceps skinfold cutoffs. The prognostic values for mortality were assessed using Kaplan–Meier curves and multivariate binary logistic regression models.

RESULTS

The coefficient for CTP was the only statistically significant variable (Wald = 5.193, P = 0.023). This suggests that with a negative change in CTP classification score, the odds of survival decrease 52.6%. The other evaluated variables did not significantly predict survival outcomes in the model. Kaplan–Meier survival curves also indicated that CTP classification was the only significant predictor.

CONCLUSION

Although different classifications showed specific differences in stratification, only CTP showed significant predictive potential. CTP score remains a simple and effective predictive tool for cirrhotic patients even after longer follow-up.
Gobierno abierto en universidades de Lambayeque: principios de clarificación de información
Authors: Martínez Inoñán Teodoro , Algalobo Távara Bruno Paolo
Published: January 2025

Lo público tal y conforme se percibe, debe ser conocido o disfrutado por todos. La información en ese contexto, por lo tanto, debe ser incorporado a esa dimensión, sin embargo, siempre se ha tratado de ocultar la misma desde las esferas del gobierno y esto, ha ocasionado niveles de desconfianza y corrupción en diferentes ámbitos. Los sistemas de gobierno abierto nacen con el propósito de fortalecer la democracia, conllevando a la transparencia, rendición de cuentas, participación y la integridad, de allí que, las universidades públicas son espejos de lo que sucede en las esferas gubernamentales respecto a los mecanismos con información pública que deben acercarse a la ciudadanía. Y no basta con información, sino de generar procesos de logística y de entender los contenidos informativos generando confianza en lo que se entrega como información pública y del actuar político. Las universidades deben caminar en esa ruta de lo público, y está doblemente comprometida, primero con el actuar académico del fortalecimiento de la propuesta, y segundo con el contacto con la ciudadanía que ve en ella el soporte para los cambios sustanciales que debe tener la agenda pública en el cumplimiento de la visión de país.
Características asociadas a la permanencia escolar universitaria: factores sociales y trayectorias
Authors: Rodríguez de la Rosa María Esther , Cepeda Islas María Luisa , Alvarado Guerrero Irma Rosa , del Bosque Fuentes Ana Elena , Vega Valero Cynthia Zaira
Published: January 2025

El fenómeno de la deserción escolar preocupa a las instituciones educativas, genera desigualdad, desequilibrio social, altera los objetivos asignados a la educación, determina la calidad de la educación, compromete un análisis profundo en su caracterización y reducción confiable, es complejo y multifactorial. Se propone el estudio de los factores asociados a la permanencia universitaria, conceptualizándola como un fenómeno relacionado con la carrera escolar. A través de un estudio no experimental, descriptivo de campo transversal. Las variables analizadas permiten establecer las características y/o propiedades de los participantes. Los resultados muestran que la familia, el apoyo económico que brinda la institución y la interacción con pares, el diálogo y las actividades colaborativas, promueven intercambio de conocimientos fomentando aprendizaje y desarrollo profesional. En cuanto al factor económico, es recomendable profundizar en el análisis de los apoyos económicos por mérito y necesidad que se ofrecen al interior de la Facultad y que se generan como parte de las actuales políticas de apoyo a la población estudiantil. El estudio de los elementos que apoyan la permanencia escolar las variables: autorregulación y satisfacción académica permiten replantear el estudio del abandono escolar a un análisis de los elementos que pueden apoyar el rendimiento escolar. Se requiere continuar con el estudio de poblaciones con mayor significancia estadística.
Teoría critica de la educación: vigencia pedagógica desde Marx hasta la escuela de Frankfurt
Authors: Juárez Lucas Plácido
Published: January 2025

El artículo examina las implicaciones pedagógicas de la teoría crítica de Frankfurt en la aplicación educativa, abordándolo desde la perspectiva crítica consolidada por Marx, Engels y los herederos de la Escuela de Frankfurt: W. Benjamín, T. Adorno, M. Horkheimer, H. Marcuse y J. Habermas. A través del análisis de sus teorías y la aplicación del enfoque cualitativo, se trabajó con docentes de cinco instituciones de educación superior en el estado de Puebla. El objetivo principal fue analizar las aportaciones pedagógicas de la Escuela de Frankfurt desde un enfoque crítico, con el fin de generar y fortalecer la conciencia socioeducativa en estudiantes de nivel superior. Los resultados muestran un trabajo analítico que identifica diversas formas pedagógicas para adaptar el pensamiento filosófico de la teoría crítica a los contextos educativos actuales. Se concluye que la pedagogía crítica se nutre de pensadores que han desmenuzado el pensamiento de su época, y que hoy en día los esquemas educativos deben contribuir a mejorar la forma en que los sujetos pedagógicos perciben su realidad y realizan acciones organizadas para transformar su entorno social.
Estudios interdisciplinares en ciencias de la salud. Investigación aplicada y actualización científica. Volumen III
Authors: Santacruz Vélez María Auxiliadora
Published: January 2025

El libro aborda aspectos clave de la práctica de la salud y la investigación en diversas áreas. En el primer capítulo, se valida un instrumento para evaluar la praxis de enfermería quirúrgica, evidenciando la necesidad de contar con herramientas más robustas en México. El segundo capítulo examina la integración de saberes ancestrales en el sistema médico andino de Quinua, Ayacucho, destacando su relevancia social y holística. El tercero analiza la evolución del concepto de riesgo y su aplicación en estudios epidemiológicos, utilizando herramientas estadísticas como RStudio. El cuarto capítulo se centra en la ortodoncia, discutiendo cómo las anomalías en el desarrollo maxilar afectan la oclusión y la salud bucal. Finalmente, el quinto capítulo presenta un análisis de las mallas curriculares de la carrera de Obstetricia en Chile, revelando una baja presencia de asignaturas de Matemáticas a pesar de su importancia para la investigación. Este trabajo resalta la interrelación entre saberes tradicionales y avances científicos en salud.
Riesgo relativo y odds ratio: herramientas clave para el análisis de datos en salud
Authors: Cortés-Toledo Margarita Francisca , Moraga-Álvarez Esteban Hernán , Cea-Netting Ximena Denisse , Silva-Jiménez Diego
Published: January 2025

En el siguiente capítulo del libro, se presenta un análisis detallado del concepto de riesgo a lo largo del tiempo, destacando su evolución hasta llegar a la definición y aplicación actuales. Se exploran las diversas maneras en que este concepto permite establecer asociaciones entre eventos, como enfermedades, y factores de exposición, dependiendo del tipo de estudio realizado. Para ilustrar estos conceptos, se utiliza el software RStudio para llevar a cabo un análisis de datos secundarios, lo que permite realizar demostraciones prácticas sobre cómo calcular y aplicar medidas de riesgo en investigaciones epidemiológicas. A través de este enfoque, se busca ofrecer una comprensión clara de cómo las herramientas estadísticas modernas, combinadas con datos previos, pueden fortalecer la interpretación de los resultados y contribuir a una mejor toma de decisiones en salud pública y estudios relacionados.
Análisis curricular de la carrera chilena de obstetricia en el ámbito investigativo-matemático
Authors: Silva-Jiménez Diego , Cortés-Toledo Margarita , Moraga Álvarez Esteban Hernán , Prieto-Cordero Verónica
Published: January 2025

En el área de Obstetricia, se presentan claros desafíos a nivel nacional e internacional en el ámbito investigativo, para mejorar el desarrollo disciplinar y por consiguiente la atención a las pacientes. El objetivo de la propuesta fue describir y analizar las mallas curriculares de la carrera chilena de Obstetricia en el ámbito Investigativo-Matemático. El método empleado para su desarrollo fue a través de una investigación de tipo cuantitativa, no experimental, transversal con alcance descriptivo de las mallas curriculares de la carrera de Obstetricia. Para llevar a cabo la propuesta, se identificaron y clasificaron asignaturas pertenecientes a uno de los siguientes cinco ejes temáticos: Matemática, Estadística, Salud Pública, Metodología de la Investigación y Proyecto de Investigación, además de su ubicación semestral en la malla y su avance curricular. El análisis de 26 mallas curriculares muestra que Metodología de la Investigación (33,85%) y Salud Pública (23,85%) son los ejes principales, mientras Matemática tiene menor presencia (6,15%), limitada a los dos primeros semestres. Estadística y Salud Pública abarcan del I al VI semestre, y Proyecto de Investigación predomina en el cuarto año, destacando en los semestres IX y X. el análisis permitió apreciar un inicio marcado por una amplia diversificación de áreas temáticas, destacando la baja presencia de asignaturas asociadas a la Matemática y a la Estadística; aun así, se aprecia con claridad un cierre en la línea de estudio predominantemente ligada a la investigación.