bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Older Adults’ Health Care Utilization a Year After Experiencing Fear or Distress from Hurricane Sandy
Authors: Sands Laura P. , Xie Yimeng , Pruchno Rachel , Heid Allison , Hong Yili
Published: February 2018

Objective

To determine whether self-reports of disaster-related psychological distress predict older adults’ health care utilization during the year after Hurricane Sandy, which hit New Jersey on October 29, 2012.

Methods

Respondents were from the ORANJ BOWL Study, a random-digit dialed sample from New Jersey recruited from 2006 to 2008. Medicare hospital, emergency department (ED) and outpatient claims data from 2012 and 2013 were matched to 1607 people age 65 and older in 2012 who responded to follow-up surveys conducted from July 2013 to July 2015 to determine their hurricane-related experiences.

Results

In total, 7% (107) of respondents reported they experienced a lot versus 93% (1493) respondents reported they experienced little or no fear and distress from Hurricane Sandy. Those who experienced a lot versus little or no fear and distress had higher probability of all-cause hospital admissions and more ED visits through 3 months (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.19, 95% CI: 1.03-4.63; incidence ratio [IR]: 2.57, 95% CI: 1.21-5.35), and ED and outpatient visits (IR: 2.20, 95% CI: 1.44-3.37; IR: 1.37, 95% CI: 1.02-1.87) through the year after the hurricane.

Conclusions

A self-reported assessment of disaster-related psychological distress is a strong predictor of older adults’ health care needs the year after the disaster. The results indicate that disaster preparedness should extend beyond acute health care needs to address longer-term health consequences of disasters. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:578–581)
Serum carotenoids and macular pigment optical density in patients with intestinal resections and healthy subjects: an exploratory study
Authors: Eriksen Jane N. , Prahm August P. , Falk Mads Krüger , Arrigoni Eva , Jeppesen Palle B. , Larsen Michael , Dragsted Lars O.
Published: February 2018

Reduced absorption capacity in patients with intestinal resections (IR) could result in malabsorption of fat-soluble components like carotenoids, which are of clinical interest in relation to visual health. In this case cohort, we investigated the association between IR and serum lutein, zeaxanthin, β-carotene and macular pigment optical density, when compared with healthy controls. Ten patients with IR and twelve healthy controls were included in the study. Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups, except for higher serum TAG (P < 0·05) and shorter bowel length (P < 0·0001) in the group with IR. Serum lutein, zeaxanthin, β-carotene and macular pigment optical density were >15 % lower in the patient group compared with healthy controls (P < 0·05, adjusted for age) and, in the case of serum lutein and zeaxanthin, also for dietary intake of carotenoids. Results suggest that for a test of macular carotenoid supplementation, subjects with a potentially clinically significant carotenoid deficit could be recruited among patients with IR.
COHERENT SYSTEMS OF FINITE SUPPORT ITERATIONS
Authors: FISCHER VERA , FRIEDMAN SY D. , MEJÍA DIEGO A. , MONTOYA DIANA C.
Published: February 2018

We introduce a forcing technique to construct three-dimensional arrays of generic extensions through FS (finite support) iterations of ccc posets, which we refer to as 3D-coherent systems. We use them to produce models of new constellations in Cichoń’s diagram, in particular, a model where the diagram can be separated into 7 different values. Furthermore, we show that this constellation of 7 values is consistent with the existence of a ${\rm{\Delta }}_3^1$ well-order of the reals.
Population differentiation between Australian and ChineseHelicoverpa armigeraoccurs in distinct blocks on the Z-chromosome
Authors: Song S.V. , Anderson C. , Good R.T. , Leslie S. , Wu Y. , Oakeshott J.G. , Robin C.
Published: February 2018

Over the last 40 years, many types of population genetic markers have been used to assess the population structure of the pest moth speciesHelicoverpa armigera. While this species is highly vagile, there is evidence of inter-continental population structure. Here, we examine Z-chromosome molecular markers within and between Chinese and Australian populations. Using 1352 polymorphic sites from 40 Z-linked loci, we compared two Chinese populations of moths separated by 700 km and found virtually no population structure (n= 41 andn= 54, with <1% of variation discriminating between populations). The levels of nucleotide diversity within these populations were consistent with previous estimates from introns in Z-linked genes of Australian samples (π = 0.028 vs. 0.03). Furthermore, all loci surveyed in these Chinese populations showed a skew toward rare variants, with ten loci having a significant Tajima'sDstatistic, suggesting that this species could have undergone a population expansion. Eight of the 40 loci had been examined in a previous study of Australian moths, of which six revealed very little inter-continental population structure. However, the two markers associated with theCyp303a1locus that has previously been proposed to be a target of a selective sweep, exhibited allele structuring between countries. Using a separate dataset of 19 Australian and four Chinese moths, we scanned the molecular variation distributed across the entire Z-chromosome and found distinct blocks of differentiation that include the region containingCyp303a1. We recommend some of these loci join those associated with insecticide resistance to form a set of genes best suited to analyzing population structure in this global pest.
On the Life Cycle of Spirocerca lupi: Preinfective Stages in the Intermediate Host
Authors: Chhabra R. C. , Singh Kunwar Suresh
Published: February 2018

The development of the preinfective stages of S. lupi has been described and illustrated and the details of morphology given for the first time.

The sex of the first stage juveniles can be distinguished by locating the position of the genital primordium. On an average, the first stage juveniles measure 0·39 mm. in length and 0·036 mm. in breadth, early second stage 0·78 and 0·044 mm. and the advanced second stage 1·40 mm. and 0·63 mm. respectively. The second stage juveniles obtained from beetles were not infective to dogs.
A New Species of Ashworthius Le Roux, 1930 (Haemonchinae: Trichostronǵylidae) from Two Wild Ruminants with a Note on Associated Lesions
Authors: Chauhan P. P. S. , Pande B. P. , Singh Mathan
Published: February 2018

The genus Ashworthius contains the following species: A. pattoni Le Roux, 1930 (genotype) from Tragelaphus scriptus sylvaticus (bush buck), A. sidemi Schulz, 1933 from Cervus nippon hortilorum (Sika deer) and C. elaphus asiaticus (red deer), A. martinagliai Ortlepp, 1935 from Bosclaphus tragocamelus (Nilgai) and A. lerouxi Diaouré, 1964 from Syncerus coffer nanus (dwarf forest buffalo). Pike (1969) revised the genus and redescribed A. lerouxi from Syncerus caffer coffer (African buffalo). He gave accounts of other valid species and amended the generic diagnosis.
Molecular differentiation of three canine and feline hookworms in South China through HRM analysis
Authors: Wang M.W. , Yan X.X. , Hang J.X. , Shi X.L. , Fu Y.Q. , Zhang P. , Yang F. , Pan W.D. , Li G.Q.
Published: February 2018

To investigate the prevalence of canine and feline hookworms in South China, and to assess the risk of zoonotic hookworms to humans, one pair of primers (HRM-F/HRM-R) was designed to establish a high-resolution melting (HRM) method based on internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) rDNA for the detection of Ancylostoma ceylanicum, A. caninum and A. tubaeforme infection. The results showed that the HRM for the three hookworms produced different melting-curve profiles, where melting temperature (Tm) values were 84.50°C for A. ceylanicum, 82.25°C for A. caninum and 81.73°C for A. tubaeforme, respectively. The reproducibility of intra- and inter-assay melting curves was almost perfect. The lowest concentration detected was about 5.69 ×10−4 g/μl. The HRM detection results from 18 canine and feline hookworm samples were in complete accordance with their sequencing results. The HRM method was more sensitive than the polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique in the detection of 98 clinical samples. It is concluded that the HRM method can differentiate between A. ceylanicum, A. caninum, A. tubaeforme and their mixed infections, which may provide important technical support for the zoonotic risk assessment and molecular epidemiological survey of canine and feline hookworms.
Verruca stroemia and Verruca spengleri (Crustacea: Cirripedia): distribution in the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Young Paulo S. , Zibrowius Helmut , Bitar Ghazi
Published: February 2018

The geographic distribution of Verruca stroemia and V. spengleri are reviewed. Verruca stroemia ranges from the White, Barents, Norwegian, and North Seas south to Portugal to the Algarve and to Gorringe Bank. All of the records of this species from the Mediterranean Sea are considered to be V. spengleri. Verruca spengleri occurs in the Azores and Madeira archipelagos, in southern Spain (Cádiz), throughout the Mediterranean Sea from Gibraltar to Lebanon, and in the Black Sea. But a distinct deep-water Verruca species seems to occur in the deep Mediterranean.
Distribution and abundance of Rhynchocinetes typus (Crustacea: Decapoda), in different benthic community structures in northern Chile
Authors: Caillaux Luis M. , Stotz Wolfgang B.
Published: February 2018

An evaluation was carried out on the distribution and abundance of the rock shrimp Rhynchocinetes typus in the inshore subtidal zone on the north-central coast of Chile. A number of different benthic community types occur in the region which have different degrees of spatial complexity provided by the primary substratum and by the biotic communities colonizing the substratum. Shrimp abundance was estimated in five different community types including shallow and deep ‘barren grounds’, low encrusting communities, erect suspension feeding associations, and kelp beds of Lessonia trabeculata. The abundance of shrimp was determined on three different types of primary substratum (stones, boulders, rock mass) within each community. Rhynchocinetes typus occurred in all the communities studied, showing the highest abundance on the deep barren grounds and lowest abundance on the shallow barren grounds. The shrimp was found to prefer the stony areas, as these offered the greatest degree of refuge. The abundance of predators was not significantly different among the different communities. However, a decline of abundance of predators was apparent over the deep barren grounds.
The genus Asterodinium (Dinophyceae) as a possible biological indicator of warming in the western Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Gómez Fernando , Claustre Hervé
Published: February 2018

The presence of two dinoflagellate species of the genus Asterodinium, which are a priori representative of warm waters, is reported for the first time in the western Mediterranean Sea. Asterodinium libanum was identified in the Bay of Villefranche-sur-Mer (Ligurian Sea), while Asterodinium gracile is reported in the Tyrrhenian Sea. These findings are discussed in the context of the progressive warming of Mediterranean waters.
Use of otolith microchemistry to estimate the migratory history of the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus
Authors: Arai Takaomi , Goto Akira , Miyazaki Nobuyuki
Published: February 2018

Ontogenic change patterns in otolith Sr:Ca ratios in the threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, collected from Japanese brackish waters and freshwater, were examined by wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometry on an electron microprobe. Two-dimensional images of the Sr concentration in the otoliths showed a variety of patterns of Sr concentration relative to salinity of habitat in all specimens collected in Hokkaido Island. Otolith Sr:Ca ratios in line analysis of all specimens collected in Hokkaido Island fluctuated strongly during the life history transect in accordance with the migration (habitat) pattern from sea to freshwater, via brackish water. In contrast, the Sr concentration or the Sr:Ca ratios of the Otsuchi River stickleback remained at consistently low levels throughout the otolith (1·5×10−3 in the Sr:Ca ratios). The higher ratios (3·2–6·3×10−3) in sticklebacks collected in Hokkaido Island probably reflect the ambient salinity or the seawater–freshwater gradient in Sr concentration. The findings clearly indicated that otolith Sr:Ca ratios reflected individual life histories, and that the stickleback had a flexible migration strategy in the ambient water.
Control of Honey Mesquite (Prosopis julifloravar.glandulosa) with 3,6-Dichloropicolinic Acid
Authors: Jacoby P. W. , Meadors C. H. , Foster M. A.
Published: February 2018

The herbicide 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid was more effective than 2,4,5-T [(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] or equal-ratio combinations of 2,4,5-T with picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) or dicamba (3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid) when aerially applied as broadcast sprays for control of honey mesquite [Prosopis juliflora(Swartz) DC. var.glandulosa(Torr.) Cockerell]. Applied at 0.56 kg/ha, 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid controlled 60 and 68% of the honey mesquite at two locations; whereas, the mixture of 2,4,5-T and picloram controlled only 21 and 30% of the honey mesquite at the same rate of application. The herbicide 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid was equally effective when applied alone or in 1:1 mixtures with 2,4,5-T, picloram, or triclopyr {[(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl)oxy] acetic acid} at equivalent rates. Applying 3,6-dichloropicolinic acid at 1.12 kg/ha resulted in an absolute increase in mortality of 26% over the 0.56-kg/ha rate.
Epicuticular Wax on Goldenweed (Isocomaspp.) Leaves: Variation with Species and Season
Authors: Mayeux H. S. , Jordan W. R. , Meyer R. E. , Meola S. M.
Published: February 2018

Large quantities of viscous, non-crystalline epicuticular waxes were observed on leaves of three goldenweed (Isocoma) species. Based on weights of residues from single 15-s chloroform extractions, wax on leaves of field-grown plants of the least herbicide-susceptible species, common goldenweed [I. coronopifolia(Gray) Greene], increased from 71 mg/dm2in March to 286 mg/dm2in October, which was two to four times greater than the amount present on other goldenweed species. Similar quantities were produced by leaves of glasshouse-grown plants, but maximum wax production occurred during summer months. The epicuticular wax of fully expanded leaves decreased with age. The amounts of epicuticular wax on individual plants growing within a field population varied by a factor of four.
The Enumeration of 2,4-D Degraders in Saskatchewan Soils
Authors: Cullimore D. Roy
Published: February 2018

Different Saskatchewan soils were studied to determine their populations of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] degraders and gross aerobic bacteria. Soil from Indian Head field plots receiving relatively high field rates (1.12 or 1.68 kg/ha) of 2,4-D amine or ester applied annually over the previous 32 yr contained the highest population of degraders, ranging from 103 to 104 degraders/g soil. Control plots recorded lower populations of degraders (2.5 ± 0.5 × 103 degraders/g soil). Five soils from around the province were also studied, and a relationship was found between the rate of breakdown of 14C-2,4-D in the soil and the number of degraders. Another soil from a different site at Indian Head, but of a similar type to that in the field plots, displayed a much slower rate of 2,4-D degradation and also a much lower degrader population (7 ± 2 degraders/g soil) when compared to the other four soils (4 × 102 to 9 × 102 degraders/g soil). The ratio of degraders to the total bacterial flora varied in all studies between 1:6.5 × 102 and 1:3 × 105. When 1030 soil isolates were screened for their ability to degrade 2,4-D using an agar-block extraction technique, none possessed this feature. This would support the hypothesis that the ratio of 2,4-D degraders to the total microbial flora was indeed large (at least 1:103).
Influence of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Activity of Acifluorfen
Authors: Ritter Ronald L. , Coble Harold D.
Published: February 2018

The influence of temperature and relative humidity on the activity of acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid} on common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.) and common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifoliaL.) was studied in growth chambers. Treatment at high relative humidity (85 ± 5%) resulted in a significant increase in acifluorfen phytotoxicity and decrease in plant dry weight as compared to treatment at a lower (50 ± 5%) relative humidity (RH). Temperature (32 C day, 22 C night or 26 C day, 16 C night) was not as critical as relative humidity in influencing acifluorfen phytotoxicity. Addition of a non-ionic surfactant to the herbicide solution resulted in increased phytotoxicity. Penetration and translocation of acifluorfen in common cocklebur were increased when applications were made at high relative humidity.
Effect of Herbicide and Manure Applications on Soil Chemistry and Growth of Fieldbeans (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Authors: Quakenbush Laura S. , Wilson Robert G.
Published: February 2018

The influence of manure and herbicide applications on weed-free fieldbeans (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) and root rot of fieldbeans was studied during 1978 and 1979 at Scottsbluff, Nebraska. Rates of cattle feedlot manure used were 0, 30000, 56000, 112000, or 168000 kg/ha. Preplant herbicide treatments used were alachlor [2-chloro-2′6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] at 3.4 kg/ha, EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) at 3.4 kg/ha, EPTC + trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) at 2.2 + 0.6 kg/ha, or dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) at 6.7 kg/ha. Manure rates of 56000 kg/ha or higher reduced fieldbean yields both years, but did not increase electrical conductivity or soil exchangeable sodium enough to explain these yield reductions. In 1978, but not in 1979, height and yield of weed-free fieldbeans were reduced by EPTC, EPTC + trifluralin, and alachlor treatments. A significant interaction between manure and herbicide treatments was not detected and none of the treatments increased the severity of root rot in either year.
Inhibition of Chlorophyll Accumulation by Glyphosate
Authors: Kitchen Lynn M. , Witt William W. , Rieck Charles E.
Published: February 2018

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] significantly decreased the chlorophyll content of field-grown soybeans (Glycine maxL. Merr. ‘Williams’) within 48 h after a 2.24-kg/ha treatment. In laboratory studies, 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mM glyphosate reduced chlorophyll content of 7-day-old etiolated barley (Hordeum vulgareL. ‘Barsoy’) shoots 8, 12, 25, 49, and 77%, respectively, following 8 h dark incubation and 24 h illumination. Reduction of chlorophyll accumulation ranged from 6% with 0.001 mM glyphosate to 82% with 1.0 mM glyphosate. In studies with 8-day-old etiolated corn (Zea maysL. ‘Pioneer Brand 3535’) shoots, 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mM glyphosate decreased chlorophyll content of corn shoots 24, 42, and 50%, respectively, after 12 h of illumination. The rate of chlorophyll accumulation in corn shoots was significantly reduced 64% by 1.0 mM glyphosate over a 15-h illumination period. These rapid and substantial effects on chlorophyll accumulation suggest that interference with greening may be important in the mechanism of action of glyphosate.
R-25788 Effects on Chlorsulfuron Injury and Acetohydroxyacid Synthase Activity
Authors: Rubin Baruch , Casida John E.
Published: February 2018

Chlorsulfuron {2-chloro-N-[[(4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)amino] carbonyl]-benzenesulfonamide} applied preemergence or postemergence as a soil drench retards the growth of four corn (Zea maysL.) genotypes in soil with 50% inhibition in each case at a rate of approximately 5 g ai/ha. R-25788 (N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide), applied at 1.0 kg ai/ha to the soil preemergence with chlorsulfuron or postemergence 2 days prior to chlorsulfuron treatment, reverses shoot growth inhibition induced by the herbicide in varying degree in ‘XL25A’ and ‘XL72B’ corn hybrids and ‘FRM017’ and ‘FR619’ inbreds, but not in soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr., var. ‘Amsoy-71’]. Under similar conditions, flurazole [2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)-5-thiazolecarboxylic acid (phenylmethyl ester)] and CGA-92194 [α-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl-methoxy)-imino-benzeneacetonitrile] are less effective than R-25788 in protecting corn genotypes from chlorsulfuron injury. R-25788 also partially reverses chlorsulfuron-induced root growth inhibition in XL25A and FR619 corn but not in pea (Pisum sativumL. var. ‘Dwarf Gray Sugar’). Acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) is higher in both activity and the proportion that is very sensitive to in vitro chlorsulfuron inhibition when prepared from XL25A shoots than from the roots. R-25788 does not reverse the in vitro inhibition of corn acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) by chlorsulfuron. Pretreatment of 5-day-old XL25A corn with R-25788 at 24 or 48 μM significantly increases AHAS activity by approximately 25% in both shoots and roots but does not change its in vitro sensitivity to chlorsulfuron. This antidote also increases the glutathione (GSH) content in roots and etiolated shoots. The R-25788-induced elevation of AHAS activity may contribute to its antidotal effect in corn.
Herbicide Tolerance in Relation to Growth and Stress in Conifers
Authors: King Sandra P. , Radosevich Steven R.
Published: February 2018

Herbicide injury to five coniferous species was determined for the butoxyethanol ester of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine], and the triethylamine salt of triclopyr {[(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinyl) oxy] acetic acid} throughout the growing season of 1981. The relationship of herbicide tolerance to growth rate, water stress, and photosynthesis was determined for Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyiiGrev. & Balif), sugar pine (P. lambertianaDougl.), red fir (Abies magnificaA. Murr.), white fir [A. concolor(Gord. & Glend) Lindl.], and Douglas fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.) Franco]. Although most of the species showed a high correlation of injury to leader or needle growth rate and xylem pressure potential, the seasonal trend in the degree of injury and the relationship of herbicide tolerance to various physiological factors were unique for each species. Criteria for determining herbicide application periods depended on species and herbicide.
Architecture and Environment: St Benet's Holm and the Fashioning of the English Monastic Gatehouse
Authors: Luxford Julian
Published: February 2018

This article analyses the gatehouse of the wealthy Benedictine abbey of St Benet's Holm in Norfolk, one of the set-pieces of English monastic architectural patronage in the fourteenth century. The ruinous condition of this building, and its sequestered location, means that it has attracted little scholarly attention in the past, and the neglect has been exacerbated by the presence of a brick windmill-tower superimposed on its remains four centuries after the gatehouse was built. This forced marriage, at once preposterous and compelling in effect, has absorbed most of the attention paid to the site, and because what is left of the gatehouse's main façade is embedded within the mill-tower, and thus difficult to photograph, its artistic uniqueness and quality of execution have been concealed. There has hence been no serious attempt to investigate or contextualize it (Figs 1, 2).
‘Brutalism Among the Ladies’: Modern Architecture at Somerville College, Oxford, 1947-67
Authors: Fair Alistair
Published: February 2018

In 1945, Janet Vaughan, a distinguished haematologist, became Principal of Somerville College, Oxford, her Principalship lasting until her retirement in 1967. Described in her obituary as ‘a woman of extraordinary vitality and not a little impatience’, Vaughan — awarded the DBE in 1957 — played a key role in steering the college through a period of major change in British Higher Education. Not least amongst the changes was a significant growth in the number of students at university across the country, which resulted in numerous, often high-profile, construction projects. Somerville, which had been founded in 1879 as the University of Oxford's second college for women, was not untouched by this development, and at Vaughan's retirement party, her colleague, the Nobel Prize-winning chemist Dorothy Hodgkin, referred to the several new buildings completed during the previous two decades. The college's post-war building campaign had begun modestly with two small infill developments by Geddes Hyslop in 1948–50 and 1954–56.
Graeme Shankland: a Sixties Architect-Planner and the Political Culture of the British Left
Authors: Smith Otto Saumarez
Published: February 2018

Graeme Shankland (1917–84) conforms in many ways to the popular image of a 1960s planner with his lyrical advocacy of inner city motorways and his suggestions of enormous programmes of renewal in ‘outworn’ Victorian city centres. As an advocate of the belief that ‘our problem in Britain is that it is our generation which must completely renew most of the older parts of our larger towns and cities’, Shankland was an important representative of what Peter Mandler has described as a new ‘more dirigiste version of urban planning’, an approach that had ‘little sentiment about historic townscapes’. As Mandler put it, ‘city centres were to be made “liveable” not by preserving the familiar (which was deemed grey and boring) but by projecting a vision of modern vitality.’ Shankland’s plan for Liverpool is notorious. Gavin Stamp described it as a ‘nightmare’ which was mercifully only ever partly completed. Raphael Samuel labelled him ‘the butcher of Liverpool’. Simon Jenkins’s antipathy towards planners developed after viewing Shankland’s Liverpool plan: ‘I was looking at Bomber Harris. This was the end of the beautiful city and that reaction has infused everything I have thought since about planning and architecture.’ At best, Paul Barker saw him as misguided: ‘I think, for example, of the destruction of the centre of Liverpool by well-meaning planners like Graeme Shankland.’
The Role of Variation in L2 Syntactic Complexity: A Case Study on Subordinate Clauses in Swedish as a Foreign Language
Authors: Wijers Martje
Published: February 2018

This paper critically examines the exclusive use of the relative frequency of subordinate clauses as a measure of syntactic complexity in Second Language Acquisition (SLA) L2 acquisition and as an indicator of Second Language (L2) development. Following Lambert & Kormos (2014), it is argued that it is important to also take into account: (i) different subordinate clause types, (ii) item-based frequencies, and (iii) text genre. Longitudinal written data was collected among 21 Dutch-speaking foreign language learners of Swedish. Based on these data, the study shows that the subordination ratio (a common measure for syntactic complexity) alone was found to be insufficient as an indicator of syntactic complexity and L2 development, as hardly any significant differences were observed in the subordination ratios of the learners and native speakers. The study shows that other aspects are also relevant in determining the learners’ level of syntactic complexity as well as their L2 development, such as the internal structure and context of subordinate clauses, subordinate clause types, and especially the type-token ratio of subordinators used. The results showed a significant negative correlation between the subordination ratio of texts and the type-token ratio of subordinators. The aim of the study is to acknowledge the variation in the learners’ use of subordinate clause, in addition to the general subordination ratio, in order to arrive at a more nuanced view of syntactic complexity in second language acquisition.
GNSS IF Signal Simulation Considering Oscillator Phase Noise
Authors: Xu Bing , Dou Lei
Published: February 2018

Oscillator phase noise has a negative effect on the tracking performance of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers. To provide GNSS software receivers with real test environments, this paper proposes a method to simulate the GNSS Intermediate Frequency (IF) signal, taking the oscillator phase noise effect into consideration. The oscillator parameters are first measured via a pseudolite transmitter and receiver system. According to the measured oscillator parameters, an oscillator-induced frequency fluctuation is then generated, and added to the digital IF signal. Further simulation experiments are conducted that attempt to measure the oscillator phase noise effect on a second-order Phase Lock Loop (PLL) performance. Results indicate that the IF signal simulator considering the oscillator phase noise is able to provide software receivers with real signal dynamics, helping to evaluate the performance of signal processing algorithms on a software platform.
Soybean (Glycine max) and Rotational Crop Response to PPI Chlorimuron, Clomazone, Imazaquin, and Imazethapyr
Authors: Krausz Ronald F. , Kapusta George , Matthews Joseph L.
Published: February 2018

Field studies were conducted from 1989 to 1992 to evaluate soybean and rotational crop tolerance to PPI applications of chlorimuron (23 to 140 g ai/ha), clomazone (560 to 3360 g/ha), imazaquin (70 to 420 g/ha), and imazethapyr (53 to 310 g/ha). Soybean injury was evident only in 1989. Soybean height reduction 45 d after application increased linearly with increasing rates of chlorimuron, imazaquin, and imazethapyr. Chlorimuron at 140 g/ha and imazaquin at 420 g/ha reduced soybean height 120 d after planting. None of the herbicides influenced soybean density. Chlorimuron and imazaquin reduced soybean seed yield linearly as rates increased. None of the herbicides reduced subsequent wheat yield. Corn height reduction increased as the rate of imazaquin and imazethapyr increased. Imazethapyr and imazaquin caused 2 to 40% and 1 to 12% height reduction at 30 d after planting, respectively. Imazethapyr at 310 g/ha applied the previous year reduced corn height at 120 d after planting. There were no differences in corn density. Imazaquin and imazethapyr at 420 and 310 g/ha, respectively, applied the previous year reduced corn yield.
Crop Rotation and Tillage Effects on Weed Populations on the Semi-Arid Canadian Prairies
Authors: Blackshaw Robert E. , Larney Francis O. , Lindwall C. Wayne , Kozub Gerald C.
Published: February 2018

A long-term study was conducted at Lethbridge, Alberta, to determine the response of weed populations to various crop rotations and tillage treatments. Weed density and species composition differed with rotation, tillage, and date of sampling within years. Fewer weeds were found in winter wheat-fallow than continuous winter wheat, winter wheat-lentil, or winter wheat-canola rotations. A dense infestation of downy brome developed in the continuous winter wheat rotation. In all rotations, more weeds were present in zero tillage plots than in either minimum or conventional tillage plots. Dandelion and perennial sowthistle densities increased slightly over years in the minimum and zero tillage treatments. Flixweed, field pennycress, wild buckwheat, and common lambsquarters densities decreased in zero till but densities of downy brome, redroot pigweed, and Russian thistle increased. Russian thistle was not well controlled with trifluralin and its density increased in the winter wheat-canola rotation.
Influence of Corn Rootworm Insecticides on the Response of Field Corn (Zea mays) to Nicosulfuron
Authors: Morton Cathy A. , Harvey R. Gordon , Wedberg John L. , Kells James J. , Landis Douglas A. , Lueschen William E.
Published: February 2018

Field experiments were conducted in Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin to evaluate injurious interactions between nicosulfuron herbicide applied POST and nine insecticides applied at planting on ‘Pioneer 3751’ field corn in 1991. Insecticides were applied in-furrow, T-band, and surface band at planting. Corn injury from nicosulfuron and terbufos applications was more severe in Wisconsin than in Michigan. No corn injury was observed in Minnesota. Terbufos 15% ai granule (15G) or 20% ai controlled release granule (20CR) increased nicosulfuron injury to corn in Wisconsin. Nicosulfuron at 35 g ai/ha caused the greatest vigor reduction following terbufos 15G, intermediate vigor reduction following terbufos 20CR, phorate 20G, or phorate 20CR, and the least vigor reduction following fonofos, chlorpyrifos, chlorethoxyfos, tefluthrin, or carbofuran in Wisconsin.
Incidence of Weed Seed in Cow (Bossp.) Manure and its Importance as a Weed Source for Cropland
Authors: Pleasant Jane Mt. , Schlather Kenneth J.
Published: February 2018

Manure applied to cropland may serve as a source of weed introduction and dispersal. In 36 manure samples from 20 farms, apparently-viable seeds from 13 grasses and 35 broadleaf plants were found. Common lambsquarters was on more than half the farms, yellow foxtail on 35%, common chickweed and dandelion on 30%, and wild mustard, redroot pigweed, and barnyardgrass on 25%. Four farms had manure with no seeds at all; the remainder averaged 75 100 per 1000 kg manure. Twelve milking-cow and heifer barns on six farms with large velvetleaf infestations also were sampled with an average of 133 000 seeds per 1000 kg manure. Only one barn contained velvetleaf seeds. When compared to soil seedbank numbers, manure is not an important seed source for New York farms. However, problems may arise with imported feeds heavily infested with weed seed or which contain even small numbers of noxious weeds.
Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis) and Pale Smartweed (Polygonum lapathifolium) Interference in Field Crops
Authors: O'Donovan John T.
Published: February 2018

Field experiments were conducted at Vegreville, Alberta in 1984, 1985, 1986, and 1988 to determine the effects of green foxtail and pale smartweed on yield of wheat, barley, and canola. There was considerable variation among years in the response of crop yield to both weeds and in the relationship between weed dry weight and weed density. Mostly relationships between crop yield and either weed density or dry weight were poor, suggesting that the weeds competed weakly with the crops. Thus density or dry weight may be poor predictors of crop yield losses due to green foxtail or pale smartweed. Where the crops emerged ahead of these weeds, and where soil moisture was not a limiting factor, crop yield losses were minimal and control with herbicides probably uneconomical. In some instances, growth and development of the weeds was suppressed by the crops to the extent that little or no weed dry matter was present at crop maturity. This was most evident with barley, and where the crops emerged ahead of the weeds.
History of Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) Herbicide Rate Reduction in North Dakota and Minnesota
Authors: Dexter Alan G.
Published: February 2018

Phenmedipham was registered for use at 1.1 to 1.7 kg ai/ha in 1970 and desmedipham at 1.1 to 1.4 kg ai/ha in 1974 for postemergence control of broadleaf weeds in sugarbeet. Phenmedipham was sold from 1970 through 1981 and desmedipham plus phenmedipham (1:1), as a premixed product, has been sold since 1982. Development of multiple applications of reduced rates began in 1972 primarily to reduce sugarbeet injury. The technique was promoted to farmers after 1976. Ahalf-rate of phenmedipham and/or desmedipham applied twice at a 5- to 7-d interval controlled weeds better and caused less sugarbeet injury than a single full-rate application, and allowed application to smaller than four-leaf sugarbeet. Suggested sugarbeet size for the first application changed from 4-leaf in 1970 to cotyledon to two-leaf in 1992. Earlier application to more susceptible small weeds allowed a further rate reduction. The use of soil-applied herbicides prior to phenmedipham and/or desmedipham increased weed control and sugarbeet injury. Application to small weeds and sugarbeet by air or by ground sprayers at spray pressures over 1040 kPa controlled weeds better and injured sugarbeet more than when applied by ground sprayers at 280 kPa. Desmedipham and phenmedipham rates presently are adjusted for sugarbeet size, application method, soil-applied herbicide, and environment. The suggested initial application rate of phenmedipham and/or desmedipham in 1992 was 0.13 to 0.28 kg/ha as compared with 1.1 to 1.7 kg/ha in 1970. A typical rate of desmedipham or desmedipham plus phenmedipham applied in 1992, including multiple application, was approximately 0.7 kg/ha less than typical rates from 1970 through 1977.
Evolution of Herbicide Programs in Sugarbeet
Authors: Griffiths Windsor
Published: February 2018

During the early years of herbicide use, the total amount of ai applied per ha increased in attempts to obtain season-long weed control, peaking in the decade of the mid-1970's to mid-1980's. Since then, the chemical load applied for broadleaf weed control has shown a consistent, if not dramatic, decline. A much more significant reduction has occurred in grass weed control. Main reasons for the reduction are a move from PPI and PRE treatments to POST, the development of repeat low-dose herbicide techniques, and the introduction of more active postemergence grass herbicides. In general, this change has been achieved with a concomitant improvement in crop safety. These developments occurred as a coincident benefit in pursuing the target objective of giving growers more convenient and flexible weed control and not as a specific attempt to reduce chemical use. This paper discusses the evolution of weed control programs in the U.K., France, Germany, and the U.S.A. All show a similar trend, though the pace of change has been slower in the U.S.A.
Changes in Pesticide Usage in the United Kingdom: Policies, Results, and Long-term Implications
Authors: Lawson Harry M.
Published: February 2018

Current United Kingdom (UK) government policy on pesticides is aimed at minimizing rather than arbitrarily reducing usage. It is to be achieved through a rigorous Approvals process, the setting of statutory maximum residue limits, regular monitoring, legislation on the safe use of pesticides on farms, and a core-funded research program on topics such as improved forecasting of pest infestations, more effective application techniques, alternative control strategies, integrated pest management and sustainable farming systems. Over the longer term these measures are expected to bring about substantial real decreases in pesticide usage, without the need to impose arbitrary reduction targets, such as have been implemented by several other European countries. Reductions in the usage of particular chemicals will also occur as a result of the implementation of European Community (EC) environmental legislation on pesticide levels in ground and drinking water and pesticide discharges into the North Sea. With herbicides, the tonnage of active ingredient applied in the UK declined substantially during the 1980s, due mainly to the increased use of products which were more biologically active at lower dosage rates than those they replaced. The actual percentage of crops sprayed remained at 95 to 100. Further reductions are likely in the 1990s, enhanced by factors such as dose-cutting by farmers in response to economic rather than environmental pressures and an increase in set-aside. Weed scientists are currently studying the long-term effects on weed population dynamics of reduced herbicide inputs in cereals, set-aside management, and more environmentally friendly, lower input rotations, as part of a wider program of research designed to provide government with scientifically based information upon which to decide future policies.
Impact of Weed Control on Weeds: New Problems and Research Needs
Authors: Holt Jodie S.
Published: February 2018

Concerns in the public and agricultural sectors about the impacts of agricultural practices have led many weed scientists to refocus research efforts toward development of alternative strategies of weed management. To develop methods of weed management that will supplement or replace herbicides, the impacts of agricultural practices on weeds must be better understood. With a foundation of knowledge in basic weed biology, alternatives to herbicides can be made available in the future.
Bronchoalveolar lavage for diagnosis of tuberculosis infection in elephants
Authors: Hermes R. , Saragusty J. , Moser I. , Holtze S. , Nieter J. , Sachse K. , Voracek T. , Bernhard A. , Bouts T. , Göritz F. , Hildebrandt T. B.
Published: February 2018

Tuberculosis (TB) has been known to affect elephants for thousands of years. It was put into spotlight when few circus elephants were diagnosed carryingMycobacterium(M.)tuberculosis. Because of the zoonotic risk and high susceptibility toM. tuberculosis, periodic testing was enacted since, in captive breeding programmes. Presently, trunk wash is the recommended diagnostic procedure for TB. Trunk wash, however, puts the operator at risk, has low sensitivity, and is prone to contamination. Here, bronchoalveolar lavage is described for the first time for TB diagnosis in elephants. Bronchial, trunk and mouth fluids were investigated using bacterial culture,M. tuberculosiscomplex (MTC)-specific real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and mycobacterial genus-specific qPCR for overall presence of mycobacteria or mycobacterial DNA including bacteria or DNA of closely related genera, respectively, in 14 elephants. Neither bacteria of the MTC nor their DNA were identified in any of the elephants. Yet, 25% of the cultures grew non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) or closely related bacterial species. Furthermore, 85% of the samples contained DNA of NTM or closely related bacterial genera. This finding might explain continued false-positive results from various serological tests. From a zoonotic point of view, bronchoalveolar lavage is safer for the testing personal, has higher probability of capturing MTC and, through PCR, identifies DNA NTM in elephants. Yet, necessary endoscopic equipment, animal sedation and access to a TB reference laboratory might pose challenging requirements in remote conditions in some elephant range countries.
Mood and Personality Characteristics are Associated with Metamemory Knowledge Accuracy in a Community-Based Cohort of Older Adults
Authors: Colvin Leigh E. , Malgaroli Matteo , Chapman Silvia , MacKay-Brandt Anna , Cosentino Stephanie
Published: February 2018

Objectives:Emerging work reveals the neuroanatomic changes that compromise metacognition; however, little is known about the impact of premorbid factors. Research suggests that psychological variables influence the perception of cognition, but whether they influence the accuracy of those perceptions (i.e., metacognition) has not been directly examined.Participants and Methods:Using Latent Class Analysis (LCA), we tested for discrete personality (NEOFFI) and mood (STAI, BDI-II, and GDS) classes among a community-based cohort of 151 older adults, enrolled in the NKI-Rockland study. Metamemory was calculated by comparing subjective memory ratings (modified Cognitive Failures Questionnaire) to objective memory (Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test) to determine the degree to which individuals were overconfident, underconfident, or accurate in their self-assessment. A generalized linear model was used to examine whether metamemory differed across the emergent classes. A one samplettest was used to determine whether the metamemory scores of the emergent classes were statistically significantly different from zero, that is, over or under confident.Results:Two discrete classes emerged in the LCA: Class 1 was characterized predominantly by high extraversion and conscientiousness and low neuroticism and anxiety; Class 2 was characterized predominantly by low extraversion and conscientiousness and high neuroticism and anxiety. Metamemory differed significantly as a function of Class Membership (F(4,151)=5.42;p<.001), with Class 1 demonstrating accurate metamemory (M=0.21;SD=1.31) and Class 2 demonstrating under-confidence (M=−0.59;SD=1.39) in their memory.Conclusions:The significant association between psychological factors and metamemory knowledge accuracy suggests that such characteristics may be important to consider in the conceptualization, assessment, and treatment of metacognitive disturbances. (JINS, 2018,24, 498–510)
Pre-school nutrition-related behaviours at home and early childhood education services: findings from the Growing Up in New Zealand longitudinal study
Authors: Gerritsen Sarah , Anderson Sarah E , Morton Susan MB , Wall Clare R
Published: February 2018

Objective

Pre-school nutrition-related behaviours influence diet and development of lifelong eating habits. We examined the prevalence and congruence of recommended nutrition-related behaviours (RNB) in home and early childhood education (ECE) services, exploring differences by child and ECE characteristics.

Design

Telephone interviews with mothers. Online survey of ECE managers/head teachers.

Setting

New Zealand.

Subjects

Children (n1181) aged 45 months in the Growing Up in New Zealand longitudinal study.

Results

A mean 5·3 of 8 RNB were followed at home, with statistical differences by gender and ethnic group, but not socio-economic position. ECE services followed a mean 4·8 of 8 RNB, with differences by type of service and health-promotion programme participation. No congruence between adherence at home and in ECE services was found; half of children with high adherence at home attended a service with low adherence. A greater proportion of children in deprived communities attended a service with high adherence, compared with children living in the least deprived communities (20 and 12 %, respectively).

Conclusions

Children, across all socio-economic positions, may not experience RNB at home. ECE settings provide an opportunity to improve or support behaviours learned at home. Targeting of health-promotion programmes in high-deprivation areas has resulted in higher adherence to RNB at these ECE services. The lack of congruence between home and ECE behaviours suggests health-promotion messages may not be effectively communicated to parents/family. Greater support is required across the ECE sector to adhere to RNB and promote wider change that can reach into homes.
Mid-upper arm circumference in detection of weight-for-height Z-score below −3 in children aged 6–59 months
Authors: Kapil Umesh , Pandey RM , Bansal Rahul , Pant Bhavana , Varshney Amit Mohan , Yadav Chander Prakash , Sinha Shikha , Sareen Neha , Sachdev Harshpal Singh
Published: February 2018

Objective

To evaluate the predictive ability of mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) for detecting severe wasting (weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) <−3) among children aged 6–59 months.

Design

Cross-sectional survey.

Setting

Rural Uttar Pradesh, India.

Subjects

Children (n 18 456) for whom both WHZ (n 18 463) and MUAC were available.

Results

The diagnostic test accuracy of MUAC for severe wasting was excellent (area under receiver-operating characteristic curve = 0·933). Across the lower range of MUAC cut-offs (110–120 mm), specificity was excellent (99·1–99·9 %) but sensitivity was poor (13·4–37·2 %); with higher cut-offs (140–150 mm), sensitivity increased substantially (94·9–98·8 %) but at the expense of specificity (37·6–71·9 %). The optimal MUAC cut-off to detect severe wasting was 135 mm. Although the prevalence of severe wasting was constant at 2·2 %, the burden of severe acute malnutrition, defined as either severe wasting or low MUAC, increased from 2·46 to 17·26 % with cut-offs of <115 and <135 mm, respectively. An MUAC cut-off <115 mm preferentially selected children aged ≤12 months (OR=11·8; 95 % CI 8·4, 16·6) or ≤24 months (OR=23·4; 95 % CI 12·7, 43·4) and girls (OR=2·2; 95 % CI 1·6, 3·2).

Conclusions

Based on important considerations for screening and case detection in the community, modification of the current WHO definition of severe acute malnutrition may not be warranted, especially in the Indian context.