bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New and little-known marine species of Pinaciophora, Rabdiaster and Thomseniophora gen. nov. (Rotosphaerida: Pompholyxophryidae)
Authors: Nicholls Kenneth H.
Published: September 2012

Near-shore benthic sediment samples collected at low tide from the western Atlantic Ocean (Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Canada) and the eastern Pacific Ocean (Haida Gwaii (Queen Charlotte Islands), British Columbia, Canada) were searched for little-known species of the rhizarian (Cercozoa) genera Pinaciophora, Rabdiaster and other related rotosphaerids. Several representatives with complete investitures of silica-scales (the structure of which is taxonomically diagnostic) were studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The validity of the genus Pinaciophora (sensu Penard, 1904) as defined by a single type of plate-scale only, was strengthened by the discovery of Pinaciophora rubicunda and of another previously undescribed entity, both of which lacked spine-scales. Several earlier reports of loose scales from marine habitats, and erroneously identified as the freshwater P. fluviatilis, might be assigned to P. marina sp. nov. The new genus Thomseniophora was erected to include all ‘Pinaciophora' previously known to produce spine-scales and seven new taxa were described. Six other little-known species of Thomseniophora, Pinaciophora and Rabdiaster were described from the Canadian west coast (Pacific Ocean) including one new species of Pinaciophora. The addition of Thomseniophora brings the number of genera assigned to the Rotosphaerida to six: Pinaciophora, Thomseniophora, Rabdiaster, Rabdiophrys and Pompholyxophrys. The presence of several apparently closely related taxa in the same collection (same location and sampling date) strengthens the conclusion that relatively small differences in the morphology of their siliceous scales were more likely caused by genetic differences than by environmental influences.
Variations in amount and direction of seafloor spreading along the northeast Atlantic Ocean and resulting deformation of the continental margin of northwest Europe
Authors: Le Breton E. , Cobbold P. R. , Dauteuil O. , Lewis G.
Published: September 2012

The NE Atlantic Ocean opened progressively between Greenland and NW Europe during the Cenozoic. Seafloor spreading occurred along three ridge systems: the Reykjanes Ridge south of Iceland, the Mohns Ridge north of the Jan Mayen Fracture Zone (JMFZ), and the Aegir and Kolbeinsey Ridges between Iceland and the JMFZ. At the same time, compressional structures developed along the continental margin of NW Europe. We investigate how these compressional structures may have resulted from variations in the amount and direction of seafloor spreading along the ridge system. Assuming that Greenland is rigid and stationary, we have used a least squares method of palinspastic restoration to calculate differences in direction and rate of spreading along the Reykjanes, Kolbeinsey/Aegir and Mohns Ridges. The restoration generates relative rotations and displacements between the oceanic segments and predicts two main periods of left‐lateral strike slip along the main oceanic fracture zones: (1) early Eocene to late Oligocene, along the Faeroe Fracture Zone and (2) late Eocene to early Oligocene and during the Miocene, along the JMFZ. Such left‐lateral motion and relative rotation between the oceanic segments are compatible with the development of inversion structures on the Faeroe‐Rockall Plateau and Norwegian Margin at those times and probably with the initiation of the Fugløy Ridge in the Faeroe‐Shetland Basin during the Eocene and Oligocene. The Iceland Mantle Plume appears to have been in a position to generate differential seafloor spreading along the NE Atlantic and resulting deformation of the European margin.
NSF realignment plan includes moving polar office into geosciences directorate
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: September 2012

The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) announced plans on 7 September to realign four program offices that are currently within the office of the NSF director, reducing the number of NSF directorates and offices within the director's office from 16 to 13 “to maximize research and education outcomes for science and engineering while enhancing NSF's operational agility.” Under the realignment, which would begin 1 October, the Office of Polar Programs (OPP) would become a division within the Directorate for Geosciences (GEO); OPP, which is currently within the office of the director, had been part of GEO until 1993. The Office of Cyberinfrastructure, also currently in the director's office, would become a division within the Directorate for Computer and Information Science and Engineering. Two other offices within the director's office—the Office of International Science and Engineering and the Office of Integrative Activities—would be merged to become the Office of International and Integrative Activities.
Report calls for measures to advance climate modeling
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: September 2012

While climate modeling has made enormous strides over the past several decades, a critical step toward making more rapid, efficient, and coordinated progress in modeling would require “an evolutionary change in U.S. climate modeling institutions away from developing multiple completely independent models toward a collaborative approach,” according to a 7 September report by a committee of the U.S. National Research Council's Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (BASC). “The Committee believes that the best path forward is a strategy centered around the integration of the decentralized U.S. climate modeling enterprise—across modeling efforts, across a hierarchy of model types, across modeling communities focused on different space and timescales, and between model developers and model output users,” the report notes. “A diversity of approaches is necessary for progress in many areas of climate modeling and is vital for addressing the breadth of users needs.” Entitled A National Strategy for Advancing Climate Modeling, the report states that, “If adopted, this strategy of increased unification amidst diversity will allow the United States to more effectively meet the climate information needs of the Nation in the coming decades and beyond.”
Small‐scale methane dispersion modelling for possible plume sources on the surface of Mars
Authors: Olsen K. S. , Cloutis E. , Strong K.
Published: September 2012

Intense interest in the characteristics of a methane source on Mars has been spurred by recent observations of a plume structure. The current NASA Mars Science Laboratory and future landers and orbiters will be tasked with understanding the sources of methane. The Canadian Space Agency's Mars Methane Analogue Mission, involving a simulated Mars micro‐rover field campaign, was recently able to detect and measure the isotopic composition of methane seeping from boreholes in a serpentine mine in Québec. We aim to determine spatial limits for detecting such a point source above the terrestrial background concentration of methane using gradient transport models. We estimate the source strength to be on the order of 5.3 ×−10 kg s−1and find that this produces detectable enhancements at distances less than 11.6 m from the source if there is no wind. These same models are applied to the Mars surface environment to determine whether an instrument on a rover would be capable of detecting a methane point source when not directly downwind of it. The estimated source strengths on Mars are much greater than at Jeffrey Mine and we find that these would be detectable at distances less than 30 m from the plume axis, which lies along the direction of advective transport. Much of the work done on modelling the Martian atmosphere uses large‐scale general circulation models and this work examines the behaviour of methane plumes at very local scales.
Impacts of chemical reactivity on ice nucleation of kaolinite particles: A case study of levoglucosan and sulfuric acid
Authors: Tobo Yutaka , DeMott Paul J. , Raddatz Michael , Niedermeier Dennis , Hartmann Susan , Kreidenweis Sonia M. , Stratmann Frank , Wex Heike
Published: September 2012

Changes in the ice nucleation properties of mineral dust particles due to soluble coatings are still not well understood. Here we show that the reactivity with soluble materials deposited on the surfaces of kaolinite particles is an important factor affecting the ice nucleation properties of the particles. Using kaolinite particles treated with levoglucosan or H2SO4(i.e., non‐reactive and reactive materials, respectively), we investigated the fraction of particles capable of nucleating ice at temperatures ranging from −34°C to −26°C. Below water saturation, both the levoglucosan and H2SO4 coatings similarly reduced the ice nucleating ability of kaolinite particles. Above water saturation, however, only the H2SO4coatings reduced the ice nucleating ability of the particles, particularly at warmer temperatures. We suggest that the absence or presence of surface chemical reactions plays an important role in determining the number concentrations of ice crystals formed from mineral dust ice nuclei under mixed‐phase cloud conditions.
Acoustic velocities of pure and iron‐bearing magnesium silicate perovskite measured to 25 GPa and 1200 K
Authors: Chantel Julien , Frost Daniel J. , McCammon Catherine A. , Jing Zhicheng , Wang Yanbin
Published: September 2012

Ultrasonic interferometry measurements in conjunction with in situ X‐ray techniques have been used to measure compressional and shear wave velocities and densities of MgSiO3perovskite (Mg‐Pv) and Mg0.95Fe0.042+Fe0.013+SiO3perovskite ((Mg, Fe)‐Pv) in the multianvil at pressures up to 25 GPa and temperatures to 1200 K. Data for Mg‐Pv are consistent with previous studies and the (Mg, Fe)‐Pv sample has almost identical shear properties to Mg‐Pv. The adiabatic bulk modulus,Ks, for (Mg, Fe)‐Pv, however, is found to be substantially lower than Mg‐Pv, with a refined value of 236 GPa and a pressure derivative of 4.7. It is proposed that this lowKSvalue result from a change in the elasticity of Fe‐bearing perovskite at low pressures <30 GPa. High temperature data are consistent with recent models and it is shown that the obtained elastic properties of (Mg, Fe)‐Pv are not inconsistent with a lower mantle of bulk silicate Earth composition.
Seismic scatterers within subducting slab revealed from ambient noise autocorrelation
Authors: Ito Yoshihiro , Shiomi Katsuhiko
Published: September 2012

We reconstructed new migrated images from autocorrelation functions of ambient noise at seismic stations in northeastern Japan. During the analysis period, the autocorrelation functions, having a frequency range of 0.5–2 Hz, showed some coherent signals at large lapse times of 10–50 s as well as at small lapse times of less than 10 s. These signals were also coherent in space along cross sections across the Japan subduction zone. The migrated images show seismic scatterers within the subducting Pacific Slab at the depth range of 50–150 km. The distribution of the scatterers within the subducting slab is comparable to the double seismic zone in the subduction zone; in particular, the thickness of the distribution of the seismic scatterers is consistent with that of two planes of the double seismic zone. This indicates inhomogeneities in the seismic velocity structure around the upper and lower planes of the seismicity. The new migrated images suggest that seismic scatterers, such as fluid from dehydration reactions of the hydrated metamorphosed mantle, exist in the lower as well as upper plane of the seismicity in the double seismic zone; this fluid may act as a scatterer within the subducting slab.
Spring snow cover extent reductions in the 2008–2012 period exceeding climate model projections
Authors: Derksen C. , Brown R.
Published: September 2012

Analysis of Northern Hemisphere spring terrestrial snow cover extent (SCE) from the NOAA snow chart Climate Data Record (CDR) for the April to June period (when snow cover is mainly located over the Arctic) has revealed statistically significant reductions in May and June SCE. Successive records for the lowest June SCE have been set each year for Eurasia since 2008, and in 3 of the past 5 years for North America. The rate of loss of June snow cover extent between 1979 and 2011 (−17.8% decade−1) is greater than the loss of September sea ice extent (−10.6% decade−1) over the same period. Analysis of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) model output shows the marked reductions in June SCE observed since 2005 fall below the zone of model consensus defined by +/−1 standard deviation from the multi‐model ensemble mean.
MESSENGER observations of a flux‐transfer‐event shower at Mercury
Authors: Slavin James A. , Imber Suzanne M. , Boardsen Scott A. , DiBraccio Gina A. , Sundberg Torbjorn , Sarantos Menelaos , Nieves‐Chinchilla Teresa , Szabo Adam , Anderson Brian J. , Korth Haje , Zurbuchen Thomas H. , Raines Jim M. , Johnson Catherine L. , Winslow Reka M. , Killen Rosemary M. , McNutt Ralph L. , Solomon Sean C.
Published: September 2012

Analysis of MESSENGER magnetic field observations taken in the southern lobe of Mercury's magnetotail and the adjacent magnetosheath on 11 April 2011 indicates that a total of 163 flux transfer events (FTEs) occurred within a 25 min interval. Each FTE had a duration of ∼2–3 s and was separated in time from the next by ∼8–10 s. A range of values have been reported at Earth, with mean values near ∼1–2 min and ∼8 min, respectively. We term these intervals of quasiperiodic flux transfer events “FTE showers.” The northward and sunward orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field during this shower strongly suggests that the FTEs observed during this event formed just tailward of Mercury's southern magnetic cusp. The point of origin for the shower was confirmed with the Cooling model of FTE motion. Modeling of the individual FTE‐type flux ropes in the magnetosheath indicates that these flux ropes had elliptical cross sections, a mean semimajor axis of 0.15RM (where RM is Mercury's radius, or 2440 km), and a mean axial magnetic flux of 1.25 MWb. The lobe magnetic field was relatively constant until the onset of the FTE shower, but thereafter the field magnitude decreased steadily until the spacecraft crossed the magnetopause. This decrease in magnetic field intensity is frequently observed during FTE showers. Such a decrease may be due to the diamagnetism of the new magnetosheath plasma being injected into the tail by the FTEs.
3‐D focused inversion of near‐seafloor magnetic data with application to the Brothers volcano hydrothermal system, Southern Pacific Ocean, New Zealand
Authors: Caratori Tontini F. , de Ronde C. E. J. , Yoerger D. , Kinsey J. , Tivey M.
Published: September 2012

We describe and apply a new inversion method for 3‐D modeling of magnetic anomalies designed for general application but which is particularly useful for the interpretation of near‐seafloor magnetic anomalies. The crust subsurface is modeled by a set of prismatic cells, each with uniform magnetization, that together reproduce the observed magnetic field. This problem is linear with respect to the magnetization, and the number of cells is normally greater than the amount of available data. Thus, the solution is obtained by solving an under‐determined linear problem. A focused solution, exhibiting sharp boundaries between different magnetization domains, is obtained by allowing the amplitudes of magnetization to vary between a pre‐determined range and by minimizing the region of the 3‐D space where the source shows large variations, i.e., large gradients. A regularization functional based on a depth‐weighting function is also introduced in order to counter‐act the natural decay of the magnetic field intensity with depth. The inversion method has been used to explore the characteristics of the submarine hydrothermal system of Brothers volcano in the Kermadec arc, by inverting near‐bottom magnetic data acquired by Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs). Different surface expressions of the hydrothermal vent fields show specific vertical structures in their underlying demagnetization regions that we interpret to represent hydrothermal upflow zones. For example, at focused vent sites the demagnetized conduits are vertical, pipe‐like structures extending to depths of ∼1000 m below the seafloor, whereas at diffuse vent sites the demagnetization regions are characterized by thin and inclined conduits.
Springtime high surface ozone events over the western United States: Quantifying the role of stratospheric intrusions
Authors: Lin Meiyun , Fiore Arlene M. , Cooper Owen R. , Horowitz Larry W. , Langford Andrew O. , Levy Hiram , Johnson Bryan J. , Naik Vaishali , Oltmans Samuel J. , Senff Christoph J.
Published: September 2012

The published literature debates the extent to which naturally occurring stratospheric ozone intrusions reach the surface and contribute to exceedances of the U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for ground‐level ozone (75 ppbv implemented in 2008). Analysis of ozonesondes, lidar, and surface measurements over the western U.S. from April to June 2010 show that a global high‐resolution (∼50 × 50 km2) chemistry‐climate model (GFDL AM3) captures the observed layered features and sharp ozone gradients of deep stratospheric intrusions, representing a major improvement over previous chemical transport models. Thirteen intrusions enhanced total daily maximum 8‐h average (MDA8) ozone to ∼70–86 ppbv at surface sites. With a stratospheric ozone tracer defined relative to a dynamically varying tropopause, we find that stratospheric intrusions can episodically increase surface MDA8 ozone by 20–40 ppbv (all model estimates are bias corrected), including on days when observed ozone exceeds the NAAQS threshold. These stratospheric intrusions elevated background ozone concentrations (estimated by turning off North American anthropogenic emissions in the model) to MDA8 values of 60–75 ppbv. At high‐elevation western U.S. sites, the 25th–75th percentile of the stratospheric contribution is 15–25 ppbv when observed MDA8 ozone is 60–70 ppbv, and increases to ∼17–40 ppbv for the 70–85 ppbv range. These estimates, up to 2–3 times greater than previously reported, indicate a major role for stratospheric intrusions in contributing to springtime high‐O3events over the high‐altitude western U.S., posing a challenge for staying below the ozone NAAQS threshold, particularly if a value in the 60–70 ppbv range were to be adopted.
Reproducing early Martian atmospheric carbon dioxide partial pressure by modeling the formation of Mg‐Fe‐Ca carbonate identified in the Comanche rock outcrops on Mars
Authors: van Berk Wolfgang , Fu Yunjiao , Ilger Jan‐Michael
Published: September 2012

The well defined composition of the Comanche rock's carbonate (Magnesite0.62Siderite0.25Calcite0.11Rhodochrosite0.02) and its host rock's composition, dominated by Mg‐rich olivine, enable us to reproduce the atmospheric CO2partial pressure that may have triggered the formation of these carbonates. Hydrogeochemical one‐dimensional transport modeling reveals that similar aqueous rock alteration conditions (including CO2partial pressure) may have led to the formation of Mg‐Fe‐Ca carbonate identified in the Comanche rock outcrops (Gusev Crater) and also in the ultramafic rocks exposed in the Nili Fossae region. Hydrogeochemical conditions enabling the formation of Mg‐rich solid solution carbonate result from equilibrium species distributions involving (1) ultramafic rocks (ca. 32 wt% olivine; Fo0.72Fa0.28), (2) pure water, and (3) CO2partial pressures of ca. 0.5 to 2.0 bar at water‐to‐rock ratios of ca. 500 molH2O mol−1rock and ca. 5°C (278 K). Our modeled carbonate composition (Magnesite0.64Siderite0.28Calcite0.08) matches the measured composition of carbonates preserved in the Comanche rocks. Considerably different carbonate compositions are achieved at (1) higher temperature (85°C), (2) water‐to‐rock ratios considerably higher and lower than 500 mol mol−1 and (3) CO2partial pressures differing from 1.0 bar in the model set up. The Comanche rocks, hosting the carbonate, may have been subjected to long‐lasting (>104 to 105 years) aqueous alteration processes triggered by atmospheric CO2partial pressures of ca. 1.0 bar at low temperature. Their outcrop may represent a fragment of the upper layers of an altered olivine‐rich rock column, which is characterized by newly formed Mg‐Fe‐Ca solid solution carbonate, and phyllosilicate‐rich alteration assemblages within deeper (unexposed) units.
Mechanism of secondary currents in open channel flows
Authors: Yang Shu‐Qing , Tan Soon Keat , Wang Xi‐Kun
Published: September 2012

This paper describes the conditions for initiation and maintenance of secondary currents in open channel flows. By analyzing the Reynolds equation in the wall‐normal and wall‐tangent directions, this study reveals that, like other types of vortices, the secondary currents are originated in the near‐boundary region, and the magnitude (or strength) of secondary flow is proportional to the lateral gradient of near‐wall velocity. The near‐wall secondary flow always moves from the region with lower velocity (or lower boundary shear stress) to the location with higher velocity (or higher boundary shear stress). Subsequently, the near‐boundary secondary flow creeps into the main flow and drives circulation within a region enclosed by lines of zero total shear stress, leading to anisotropy of turbulence in the main flow region. This paper also discusses typical secondary currents in open channel flows and presents the relationship between sediment transport and secondary currents. The formation of sand ridges widely observed on the Earth surface is explained in the light of the proposed relationship.
The effect of photonic bandgap materials on the Shockley-Queisser limit
Authors: Munday Jeremy N.
Published: September 2012

The limiting efficiency of photovoltaic energy conversion was determined by Shockley and Queisser using the theory of detailed balance, which described the balance between absorption and emission of photons. However, when a material is placed on top of a solar cell that modifies the transmission of photons (e.g., a photonic crystal), both the absorption and emission of photons are modified. Here, we show how the addition of a photonic structure can lead to an effective modification of the energy bandgap of the material and can subsequently change its maximum theoretical efficiency. We consider the effect of non-ideal photonic structures and the effect of non-radiative recombination within the cell and find that, with realistic materials, efficiency gains of several percent can be achieved with the addition of photonic structures.
Thermal tweezers for nano-manipulation and trapping of interacting atoms or nanoparticles on crystalline surfaces
Authors: Mason D. R. , Gramotnev D. K. , Gramotnev G.
Published: September 2012

Thermal tweezers is an all-optical nanofabrication technique where surface thermophoresis due to holographically induced strong temperature modulation is used for parallel manipulation and trapping of adatoms and adparticles with nanoscale resolution. This paper conducts the detailed numerical analysis of thermal tweezers in the presence of significant interaction between the adparticles on the surface. In particular, we demonstrate that the considered inter-particle interactions result in a significant enhancement of the surface thermophoretic effect and substantially increases modulation of particle concentration on the surface. In addition, we predict the possibility to achieve adparticle confinement on the surface to strongly sub-wavelength regions ∼12 times smaller than the vacuum wavelength of the optical radiation. A numerical approach to surface diffusion of interacting nanoparticles and adatoms is developed, the Monte Carlo interaction method, and its applicability conditions and limitations are discussed. The obtained results will be important for better understanding of the fundamental aspects of surface thermophoresis, as well as the development of new approaches to nano-patterning of surfaces for engineering their optical, electronic, chemical, and mechanical properties by means of the directed self-assembly of nanoparticles and adatoms.
Structure, magnetic, and dielectric characteristics of Ln2NiMnO6 (Ln = Nd and Sm) ceramics
Authors: Yang W. Z. , Liu X. Q. , Zhao H. J. , Lin Y. Q. , Chen X. M.
Published: September 2012

In the present work, the structure, magnetic, and dielectric characteristics of Nd2NiMnO6 and Sm2NiMnO6 have been investigated with comparison to those for La2NiMnO6. The magnetic and dielectric properties of the present ceramics vary with decreasing lanthanide ionic radius (RLn). Both Nd2NiMnO6 and Sm2NiMnO6 are ferromagnetism with the monoclinic symmetry (space group P21/n). The Curie temperature TC of Nd2NiMnO6 and Sm2NiMnO6 is 194 K and 156 K, respectively, and it decreases with decreasing 〈Ni-O-Mn〉 bond angle which depends on RLn. Meanwhile, the dielectric constant ε′ monotonically decreases with decreasing RLn. The similar variation tendency of magnetic and dielectric characteristics with RLn indicates that the structural origins for the magnetic and dielectric response should be closely linked with each other.
The magnetic phase diagram and large reversible room-temperature magnetocaloric effect in antiperovskite compounds Zn1−xSnxCFe3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1)
Authors: Lin S. , Wang B. S. , Tong P. , Huang Y. N. , Huang Z. H. , Liu Y. , Tan S. G. , Lu W. J. , Zhao B. C. , Song W. H. , Sun Y. P.
Published: September 2012

We report the magnetic phase diagram of antiperovskite compounds Zn1−xSnxCFe3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1). The effects of the ratio of Zn/Sn on the structure, magnetic and electrical transport properties have been investigated systematically. With increasing the Sn content x, the lattice constant increases while both the Curie temperature (TC) and the saturated magnetization decrease gradually. All the resistivity curves of Zn1−xSnxCFe3 show a metal-like behavior in measured temperature range (2–350 K). In particular, the T2-power-law dependence of the electrical resistivity is obtained at low temperatures for all samples with x ≤ 0.3. It is noteworthy that, for x = 0.1, the TC is tuned just at the room temperature (∼300 K). Around TC, the magnetocaloric effect is considerably large with a magnetic entropy change of 2.78 J/kg K (ΔH = 45 kOe) as well as a relative cooling power (RCP) of 320 J/kg (ΔH = 45 kOe). Considering the considerably large RCP, suitable working temperature, inexpensive and innoxious raw materials, Zn0.9Sn0.1CFe3 is suggested to be a promising candidate for practical application in magnetic refrigeration.
Rotational dynamics of a dipolar supercooled liquid
Authors: Sesé Gemma , de Urbina Jordi Ortiz , Palomar Ricardo
Published: September 2012

We study the rotational dynamics of a supercooled molecular liquid by means of molecular dynamics simulations. The system under investigation is composed of rigid diatomic molecules with an associate dipole moment. At room temperature, orientational correlations decrease rapidly with increasing distances. Upon cooling, angles between dipole moments of molecules within the first coordination shell decrease. As for the dynamical properties, rotational diffusion coefficients decrease with temperature at a smaller rate than translational diffusion coefficients do, and the critical temperature associated with the former is lower than the one corresponding to their translational counterparts. Translation and rotation about an inertial axis are uncorrelated, whereas some coupling between translation and dipole reorientation is obtained.
Structure, histochemistry and ultrastructure of the male reproductive accessory glands in the neotropical flat-faced fruit-eating bat Artibeus planirostris (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)
Authors: Puga Cíntia C. I. , Beguelini Mateus R. , Negrin Ana C. , Christante Caroline M. , Morielle-Versute Eliana , Vilamaior Patricia S. L. , Taboga Sebastião R.
Published: September 2012

Chiroptera, the second largest mammalian order, presents different reproductive strategies and unique reproductive features. However, there are few reports regarding male reproductive accessory glands (RAGs) in Chiroptera. Thus, the aim of the present study was to characterise the RAGs of the exclusively neotropical bat Artibeus planirostris (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) macroscopically, microscopically and ultrastructurally. The RAGs were composed of a prostatic complex with two regions (ventral and dorsal) and paraurethral and bulbourethral glands, but no seminal vesicles. The ventral region had an undefined epithelium, with secretory and basal cells, and its secretions were periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive. The dorsal region received both deferens ducts, had a columnar pseudostratified epithelium with secretory and basal cells. There were two types of secretions from the dorsal region: one that was basophilic and another that was mixed PAS positive and PAS negative. The paraurethral glands were dispersed in the connective tissue of the urethra, whereas the bulbourethral glands were located in the penile root. Histological and ultrastructural data confirmed the prostatic nature of the ventral and dorsal regions and the holocrine nature of the ventral region, with the latter finding never having been described previously for the prostate gland. Our findings demonstrate the wide discrepancy of RAGs between A. planirostris and other mammals in terms of their composition, structure and morphology.
Si surface passivation by SiOx : H films deposited by a low-frequency ICP for solar cell applications
Authors: Zhou H P , Wei D Y , Xu S , Xiao S Q , Xu L X , Huang S Y , Guo Y N , Khan S , Xu M
Published: September 2012

Hydrogenated silicon suboxide (SiO
x
 : H) thin films are fabricated by a low-frequency inductively coupled plasma of hydrogen-diluted SiH4 + CO2 at a low temperature (100 °C). Introduction of a small amount of oxygen into the film results in a predominantly amorphous structure, wider optical bandgap, increased H content, lower conductivity and higher activation energy. The minority carrier lifetime in the SiO
x
 : H-passivated p-type Si substrate is up to 428 µs with a reduced incubation layer at the interface. The associated surface recombination velocity is as low as 70 cm s−1. The passivation behaviour dominantly originates from the H-related chemical passivation. The passivation effect is also demonstrated by the excellent photovoltaic performance of the heterojunction solar cell with the SiO
x
 : H-based passivation and emitter layers.
Brain Metastases Research 1990–2010: Pattern of Citation and Systematic Review of Highly Cited Articles
Authors: Nieder Carsten , Grosu Anca L. , Mehta Minesh P.
Published: September 2012

Background. High and continuously increasing research activity related to different aspects of prevention, prediction, diagnosis and treatment of brain metastases has been performed between 1990 and 2010. One of the major databases contains 2695 scientific articles that were published during this time period. Different measures of impact, visibility, and quality of published research are available, each with its own pros and cons. For this overview, article citation rate was chosen.Results. Among the 10 most cited articles, 7 reported on randomized clinical trials. Nine covered surgical or radiosurgical approaches and the remaining one a widely adopted prognostic score. Overall, 30 randomized clinical trials were published between 1990 and 2010, including those with phase II design and excluding duplicate publications, for example, after longer followup or with focus on secondary endpoints. Twenty of these randomized clinical trials were published before 2008. Their median number of citations was 110, range 13–1013, compared to 5-6 citations for all types of publications. Annual citation rate appeared to gradually increase during the first 2-3 years after publication before reaching high levels.Conclusions. A large variety of preclinical and clinical topics achieved high numbers of citations. However, areas such as quality of life, side effects, and end-of-life care were underrepresented. Efforts to increase their visibility might be warranted.
Lateral Surgical Approach to Lumbar Intervertebral Discs in an Ovine Model
Authors: Oehme David , Goldschlager Tony , Rosenfeld Jeffrey , Danks Andrew , Ghosh Peter , Gibbon Anne , Jenkin Graham
Published: September 2012

The sheep is becoming increasingly used as a large animal model for preclinical spine surgery studies. Access to the ovine lumbar intervertebral discs has traditionally been via an anterior or anterolateral approach, which requires larger wound incisions and, at times, significant abdominal retraction. We present a new minimally invasive operative technique for a far-lateral approach to the ovine lumbar spine that allows for smaller incisions, excellent visualisation of intervertebral discs, and minimal abdominal retraction and is well tolerated by animals with minimal morbidity.
Effect of Diamel in patients with metabolic syndrome: A randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled study (Diamel对代谢综合征患者的影响：一项随机双盲安慰剂对照研究)
Authors: Cabrera‐Rode Eduardo , Orlandi Neraldo , Padrón Yaneysi , Arranz Celeste , Olano Raysa , Machado Mayra , Hernández‐Yero Arturo , Calderín Raúl , Domínguez Emma
Published: September 2012

Background

The aim of the present study was to determine whether the administration of Diamel, marketed as a food supplement by Catalysis Laboratories (Madrid, Spain) could improve any of the components of metabolic syndrome (MS), as well as insulin resistance and sensitivity.

Methods

In all, 100 patients with MS (19–70 years of age) who satisfied the World Health Organization criteria for MS were included in the study. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either oral Diamel or a placebo (while maintaining a diet appropriate to their weight and physical activity) at a dose of two capsules before each of the three main meals each day for 1 year. Anthropometric indices, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, lipid profile, insulin, creatinine, and uric acid (UA) were determined. Insulin resistance (IR) was assessed and three indirect indices were used to calculate insulin sensitivity (IS).

Results

Compared with placebo, Diamel improved fasting insulin concentrations, IS, and IR and reduced UA concentrations from 6 months until the end of treatment (P < 0.05 for all). In addition, after 12 months treatment with Diamel, significant changes from baseline were seen for mean fasting insulin (P < 0.05), UA (P < 0.05), IR (P < 0.001), and IS (P < 0.001), whereas no such changes were seen in the placebo‐treated group. Improvements were noted in body mass index, IR, and IS in both groups.

Conclusions

Long‐term Diamel treatment, combined with lifestyle changes, was beneficial for IR and IS, and reduced serum UA levels in patients with MS.
CSR development in post‐communist economies: employees' expectations regarding corporate socially responsible behaviour – the case of Romania
Authors: Stoian Carmen , Zaharia Rodica Milena
Published: September 2012

Drawing on stakeholder theory and the evolutionary approach to institutions, this paper investigates the channels through which corporate social responsibility (CSR) is developed in post‐communist economies by focusing on the employee background factors that shape the employees' expectations with regard to corporate socially responsible behaviour. We identify three channels through which exogenous and endogenous CSR are developed: employees with work experience in multinational enterprises (MNEs) (leading to exogenous CSR), employees with CSR knowledge (leading to exogenous CSR) and employees with experience of the socialist system (leading to endogenous CSR). Furthermore, we argue that the interactions between these channels lead to hybrid CSR in transition economies. We use a questionnaire‐based survey with employees of domestic and MNEs in Romania and we conduct regression analysis. We find that employees with work experience in MNEs act as channels for exogenous CSR, while employees with experience of the socialist system act as channels for endogenous CSR. Furthermore, employees with experience of the socialist system and CSR knowledge or work experience in an MNE act as channels for hybrid CSR in transition economies. Based on our results, we put forward implications for theory, managers and policy makers.
Enhancing pigmentation via activation of A3 adenosine receptors in B16 melanoma cells and in human skin explants
Authors: Madi Lea , Rosenberg‐Haggen Bianca , Nyska Abraham , Korenstein Rafi
Published: September 2012

A3 adenosine receptor, A3AR, belongs to the Gi proteins coupled receptors. Activation of A3AR by its agonist, IB‐MECA, decreases cAMP and was expected to reduce melanin level. Unexpectedly, B16 melanoma cells exposed to IB‐MECA increased melanin levels in a dose‐dependent manner. Human skin explants exposed to IB‐MECA showed an increase in DOPA positive cells and in melanin deposition in keratinocytes. The agonist induced AKT phosphorylation, leading to a rapid translocation of the transcription factor MiTF towards the nucleus. DOPA oxidase activity and melanin levels induced by IB‐MECA were further enhanced by PD98509, an inhibitor ERK signalling pathway. Our study shows that IB‐MECA decreases cAMP while inducing melanogenesis. The proposed mechanism involves activation of PI3K/AKT signalling pathway by β/γ subunits of the G protein coupled to A3AR. The increase in melanin level in human skin explants suggests that IB‐MECA may be a potential candidate to the treatment of hypopigmentation of skin.
The timber and energy biomass potential of intensively managed clonedNorway spruce stands
Authors: Routa Johanna , Kellomäki Seppo , Strandman Harri , Bergh Johan , Pulkkinen Pertti , Peltola Heli
Published: September 2012

We used ecosystem model simulations to study the timber and energy biomass potential offered by intensively managed clonedNorway spruce stands. More specifically, we analysed how the use of cloned trees compared with non‐cloned trees, together with thinning, nitrogen (N) fertilisation and rotation length (from 60 to 100 years), affects the annual mean production of timber (i.e., saw logs, pulpwood) and energy biomass (i.e., stumps and harvesting residuals in the final felling) and its economic profitability [annual mean of net present value (NPV) with a 2% interest rate]. Furthermore, we employed a life cycle analysis/emission calculation tool to assess the total netCO2emissions per unit of energy (kgCO2MW h−1) produced based on energy biomass. We found that both the annual mean production of timber and theNPVincreased substantially, regardless of the management regime, if cloned trees with an annual growth increase of up to 30% compared with non‐cloned trees were used in regeneration. In general, the use of a short rotation with N fertilisation clearly increased the annual mean of theNPV. Consequently, the use of cloned trees also clearly increased the annual mean production of energy biomass and decreased the total netCO2emissions per unit of energy produced based on energy biomass. However, the total annual netCO2emissions were the lowest if a long rotation was used with N fertilisation. To conclude, the use of cloned trees together with intensive management could potentially be highly beneficial for the cost‐efficient and sustainable production of timber and energy biomass in an integrated way.
Hypophosphatemia among severely malnourished children with sepsis in Bangladesh
Authors: Yoshimatsu Shoji , Hossain Md Iqbal , Islam Md Munirul , Chisti Mohammod Jobayer , Okada Masafumi , Kamoda Tomohiro , Fukushima Takashi , Wagatsuma Yukiko , Sumazaki Ryo , Ahmed Tahmeed
Published: September 2012

Background

The interaction between hypophosphatemia (HP) and severe malnutrition has received little attention. This study investigated the prevalence, severity, and risk factors of HP among severely malnourished children with sepsis in Bangladesh.

Methods

Children aged 6–59 months admitted with sepsis to Dhaka Hospital from April 2010 to December 2011 were enrolled in the study and divided into two groups: severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and non‐SAM groups. Plasma phosphate and the related biochemical parameters were measured upon admission and on the second and fourth days for both groups and the 10th day or discharge day for the SAM group.

Results

The prevalence of HP (plasma phosphate <3.7 mg/dL) was 72.9% and 62.5% (P = 0.26) for 48 SAM and for 56 non‐SAM patients, respectively; that of moderate–severe HP (phosphate <2 mg/dL) was 25.0% and 19.6%, respectively (P = 0.51). The plasma phosphate level of 21 SAM patients was significantly lower on the second and fourth days than upon admission (P = 0.03, P = 0.01, respectively); it then recovered on the 10th day or discharge day. On multiple logistic regression analysis, plasma potassium <2.5 mmol/L upon admission was found to be a risk factor for moderate or severe HP (adjusted odds ratio, 7.21; 95% confidence interval: 1.88–27.7).

Conclusion

HP is common among children with sepsis. Potassium <2.5 mmol/L upon admission is considered a risk factor for moderate or severe HP in children with sepsis.
Utility of the P19 suppressor of gene‐silencing protein for production of therapeutic antibodies in Nicotiana expression hosts
Authors: Garabagi Freydoun , Gilbert Erin , Loos Andreas , McLean Michael D. , Hall J. Christopher
Published: September 2012

To study how the P19 suppressor of gene‐silencing protein can be used effectively for the production of therapeutic glycoproteins, the following factors were examined: the genetic elements used for expressing recombinant proteins; the effect of different P19 concentrations; compatibility of P19 with various Nicotiana tabacum cultivars for transgenic expression; the glycan profile of a recombinant therapeutic glycoprotein co‐expressed with P19 in an RNAi‐based glycomodified Nicotiana benthamiana expression host. The coding sequences for the heavy and light chains of trastuzumab were cloned into five plant expression vectors (102–106) containing different 5′ and 3′ UTRs, designated as vector sets 102–106 mAb. The P19 protein of Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) was also cloned into vector 103, which contained the Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter and 5′UTR together with the terminator region of the nopaline synthase gene of Agrobacterium. Transient expression of the antibody vectors resulted in different levels of trastuzumab accumulation, the highest being 105 and 106 mAb at about 1% of TSP. P19 increased the concentration of trastuzumab approximately 15‐fold (to about 2.3% of TSP) when co‐expressed with 103 mAb but did not affect antibody levels with vectors 102 and 106 mAb. When 103 mAb was expressed together with P19 in different N. tabacum cultivars, all except Little Crittenden showed a marked discolouring of the infiltrated areas of the leaf and decreased antibody expression. Co‐expression of P19 also abolished antibody accumulation in crosses between N. tabacum cv. I‐64 and Little Crittenden, indicating a dominant mode of inheritance for the observed P19‐induced responses.
Trilateral Development Cooperation: Power and Politics in Emerging Aid Relationships
Authors: McEwan Cheryl , Mawdsley Emma
Published: September 2012

Changes are reverberating through the international development system. This article focuses on (re)emerging development actors in the South and their role in setting agendas, challenging current aid orthodoxies, and re‐articulating development cooperation relationships between and within the North and South. Specifically, the article examines trilateral development cooperation, a significant new trend in foreign aid. The first aim is to examine the role of trilateral development cooperation in the changing geographies of development and global partnerships. The second aim is to foreground and critically evaluate the politics of trilateral development cooperation. The authors argue that trilateral development cooperation has potential to improve aid effectiveness, harness the energies and expertise of southern partners, and reshape development relations in more egalitarian ways. Alternatively, however, it may work to co‐opt (re)emerging donors into a depoliticized and ineffective aid system. While this argument has been made by many critics with regard to North–South development relations, the authors also question the projection of shared interests and essentialized developing country identities in relation to the South–South element of trilateral development cooperation. The article concludes by emphasizing the need to extend critical perspectives to all elements of the new development partnerships emerging within a rapidly changing global landscape.
Immigration and Informal Labor
Authors: Bohn Sarah , Owens Emily Greene
Published: September 2012

We develop state‐level proxies for informal employment using differences between measures of self‐reported employment and officially sanctioned employment. In construction and landscaping, industries associated with under‐the‐table labor, we develop proxies for informal work based on productivity per officially sanctioned worker. We relate each set of proxies for informal employment to changes in immigrant population and composition. We find some evidence that immigration is associated with informal employment generally and in the construction industry when prevailing wages are low. States with high concentrations of low‐skilled male immigrants have higher levels of informal employment in the landscaping industry.
Abscisic acid interacts antagonistically with classical defense pathways in rice–migratory nematode interaction
Authors: Nahar Kamrun , Kyndt Tina , Nzogela Yasinta Beda , Gheysen Godelieve
Published: September 2012

Studies involving plant–nematode interactions provide an opportunity to unravel plant defense signaling in root tissues. In this study, we have characterized the roles of salicylate (SA), jasmonate (JA), ethylene (ET) and abscisic acid (ABA) in plant defense against the migratory nematode Hirschmanniella oryzae in the monocot model plant rice (Oryza sativa).

Experiments with exogenous hormone applications, biosynthesis inhibition and mutant/transgenic lines were executed to test the effect on H. oryzae parasitism in rice roots.

Our results demonstrate that an intact ET, JA and SA biosynthesis pathway is a prerequisite for defense against H. oryzae. By contrast, exogenous ABA treatment drastically compromised the rice defense towards this nematode. Gene expression analyses using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) demonstrate that the disease‐inducing effect of ABA is likely to be the result of an antagonistic interaction between this hormone and the SA/JA/ET‐dependent basal defense system.

Collectively, in rice defense against H. oryzae, at least three pathways, namely SA, JA and ET, are important, while ABA plays a negative role in defense. Our results suggest that the balance of ABA and SA/JA/ET signaling is an important determinant for the outcome of the rice–H. oryzae interaction.