bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Penetrability and High‐Level Properties in Perception: Unrelated Phenomena?
Authors: Brogaard Berit , Chomanski Bartek
Published: December 2015

There has been a recent surge in interest in two questions concerning the nature of perceptual experience; viz. the question of whether perceptual experience is sometimes cognitively penetrated and that of whether high‐level properties are presented in perceptual experience. Only rarely have thinkers been concerned with the question of whether the two phenomena are interestingly related. Here we argue that the two phenomena are not related in any interesting way. We argue further that this lack of an interesting connection between the two phenomena has potentially devastating consequences for naïve realism. Finally, we consider the possibility of a disunified view of experience that takes perceptual experience to be a matter of both being directly perceptually related to mind‐independent objects and property instances as well as consciously representing these entities.
Asymptomatic spinal arteriovenous fistula presenting only as continuous murmur
Authors: Asada Dai , Itoi Toshiyuki , Hamaoka Kenji
Published: December 2015

Spinal arteriovenous fistula is extremely rare in children. Weakness and sensory disturbance in the lower extremities are the specific clinical presentations. Children, however, commonly have no subjective symptoms; in rare cases, a continuous murmur is the only physical finding. An 18‐month‐old boy was referred for evaluation of a continuous murmur audible at the back. He had no motor or sensory disorder; only a Levine 3/6 continuous murmur audible at the back was found. Echocardiography showed a structurally normal heart but indicated ascending continuous blood flow behind the aortic arch and dilatation of the innominate vein. We suspected spinal arteriovenous fistula, and it was visualized on computed tomography angiography. Spinal arteriovenous fistula was detected using only auscultation and echocardiography. Suspicion of this anomaly on careful auscultation and simple examination, and confirmation on detailed examination, even in the absence of motor or sensory disturbance, is important.
8‐year old patient with giant hydatid cyst consulted with chest wall asymmetry
Authors: Uygun Saime Sündüs , Arıbaş Olgun Kadir , Pekcan Sevgi
Published: December 2015

Cystic echinococcosis, a zoonotic disease, is common in Turkey and is caused by the Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm. We describe the case of an 8‐year‐old girl who was admitted to hospital with chest wall asymmetry after a fall from height, without any other symptoms. Cystic lesion was identified on radiology, and serology supported the diagnosis of hydatid cyst. The patient underwent thorax surgery. Postoperatively, she was treated with benzimidazoles for 2 months. Rarely, hydatid cysts can reach a size sufficiently large to cause chest deformity.
Autologous cord blood transplantation for metastatic neuroblastoma
Authors: Ning Botao , Cheuk Daniel Ka‐Leung , Chiang Alan Kwok‐Shing , Lee Pamela Pui‐Wah , Ha Shau‐Yin , Chan Godfrey Chi‐fung
Published: December 2015

Auto‐SCT is a common approach for metastatic neuroblastoma with the intention to rescue hematopoiesis after megadose chemotherapy. PBSC or BM is the usual stem cell source for auto‐SCT. Auto‐CBT for neuroblastoma has very rarely been performed. Currently, case reports are available for two patients only. We performed 13 auto‐SCTs for high‐risk neuroblastoma from 2007 to 2013, including four cases of metastatic neuroblastoma aged 11–64 months treated with auto‐CBT. All four patients had partial or CR to upfront treatments before auto‐CBT. Nucleated cell dose and CD34+ cell dose infused were 2.8–8.7 × 107/kg and 0.36–3.9 × 105/kg, respectively. Post‐thawed viability was 57–76%. Neutrophil engraftment (>0.5 × 109/L) occurred at 15–33 days, while platelet engraftment occurred at 31–43 days (>20 × 109/L) and 33–65 days (>50 × 109/L) post‐transplant, respectively. There was no severe acute or chronic complication. Three patients survived for 1.9–7.7 yr without evidence of recurrence. One patient relapsed at 16 months post‐transplant and died of progressive disease. Cord blood may be a feasible alternative stem cell source for auto‐SCT in patients with stage 4 neuroblastoma, and outcomes may be improved compared to autologous PBSC or BM transplants.
The evolving potential for pediatric ex vivo lung perfusion
Authors: Luc Jessica G.Y. , Nagendran Jayan
Published: December 2015

Despite the rise in the number of adult lung transplantations performed, rates of pediatric lung transplantation remain low. Lung transplantation is an accepted therapy for pediatric end‐stage lung disease; however, it is limited by a shortage of donor organs. EVLP has emerged as a platform for assessment and preservation of donor lung function. EVLP has been adopted in adult lung transplantation and has successfully led to increased adult lung transplantations and donor lung utilization. We discuss the future implications of EVLP utilization, specifically, its potential evolving role in overcoming donor shortages in smaller children and adolescents to improve the quality and outcomes of lung transplantation in pediatric patients.
Added value of DCE‐MRI in the management of cystic‐cavitary lung lesions
Authors: Karaman Adem , Araz Omer , Durur‐Subasi Irmak , Alper Fatih , Subasi Mahmut , Karakaya Afak D. , Akgun Metin
Published: December 2015

Background and objective

We evaluated the added value of dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) to CT in the evaluation of cystic‐cavitary lung lesions. We aimed to compare morphological parameters, including wall thickness and inner wall irregularity, and to determine whether DCE‐MRI with morphological and dynamic parameters was useful in indeterminate lesions. We also aimed to investigate the added value of DCE‐MRI in terms of whether to biopsy, and if so the site of biopsy.

Methods

This prospective study included 39 consecutive patients with cystic and/or cavitary lung lesions detected by CT who then underwent additional DCE‐MRI. After initial evaluation, the lesions were classified as benign, indeterminate or malignant and the findings of CT and DCE‐MRI compared with each other by considering the final diagnosis that was determined by histopathological findings and clinical evaluation and follow up.

Results

The mean values for wall thickness obtained by DCE‐MRI were lower and the range of wall thickness for indeterminate lesions was narrower than those obtained by CT (5.50–11.50 mm and 5.75–13.50 mm for DCE‐MRI and CT), and inner wall irregularity on DCE‐MRI was more sensitive in malignant lesions. Also, DCE‐MRI obviated biopsy in three benign patients and changed the biopsy site in two patients.

Conclusion

Our study suggests that DCE‐MRI is helpful in indeterminate cystic‐cavitary lung lesions, with morphological and dynamic features. It narrowed the range of wall thickness used for indeterminate lesions, was more sensitive than CT in determining malignant inner wall irregularity, and was also useful in determining the need for and appropriate site of biopsy.

See Editorial, page 576
Theoretical Analysis on the Measurement Errors of Local 2D DIC: Part I Temporal and Spatial Uncertainty Quantification of Displacement Measurements
Authors: Wang Y. , Lava P. , Reu P. , Debruyne D.
Published: December 2015

This paper presents a theoretical uncertainty quantification of displacement measurements by subset‐based 2D‐digital image correlation. A generalised solution to estimate the random error of displacement measurement is presented. The obtained solution suggests that the random error of displacement measurements is determined by the image noise, the summation of the intensity gradient in a subset, the subpixel part of displacement, and the interpolation scheme. The proposed method is validated with virtual digital image correlation tests.
Standing and sitting adlayers in atomic layer deposition of ZnO
Authors: Gao Zhengning , Wu Fei , Myung Yoon , Fei Ruixiang , Kanjolia Ravindra , Yang Li , Banerjee Parag
Published: December 2015

The extent of reactivity of diethyl zinc (DEZ) with a hydroxylated surface during atomic layer deposition (ALD) of ZnO using DEZ and water is measured. Two adlayer configurations of DEZ are possible. The “standing” adlayer releases one ethyl group from DEZ. The “sitting” adlayer releases both ethyl groups, thus forming a Zn bridge between two O anions. Density functional theory calculations suggest the sitting configuration is more stable than the standing configuration by 790 meV. In situ quadrupole mass spectroscopy of by-product ethane generated in ALD half cycles indicate that ∼1.56 OH sites react with a DEZ molecule resulting in 71.6% of sitting sites. A simple simulation of a “ball-and-stick” DEZ molecule randomly collapsing on a neighboring site remarkably captures this adlayer behavior. It is concluded that DEZ fraction sitting is a competitive process of a standing DEZ molecule collapsing onto an available neighboring hydroxyl site, as sites vie for occupancy via adsorption and surface diffusion.
Simultaneous measurements of photocurrents and H2O2 evolution from solvent exposed photosystem 2 complexes
Authors: Vöpel Tobias , Ning Saw En , Hartmann Volker , Williams Rhodri , Müller Frank , Schuhmann Wolfgang , Plumeré Nicolas , Nowaczyk Marc , Ebbinghaus Simon , Rögner Matthias
Published: December 2015

In plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, photosystem 2 (PS2) catalyzes the light driven oxidation of water. The main products of this reaction are protons and molecular oxygen. In vitro, however, it was demonstrated that reactive oxygen species like hydrogen peroxide are obtained as partially reduced side products. The transition from oxygen to hydrogen peroxide evolution might be induced by light triggered degradation of PS2's active center. Herein, the authors propose an analytical approach to investigate light induced bioelectrocatalytic processes such as PS2 catalyzed water splitting. By combining chronoamperometry and fluorescence microscopy, the authors can simultaneously monitor the photocurrent and the hydrogen peroxide evolution of light activated, solvent exposed PS2 complexes, which have been immobilized on a functionalized gold electrode. The authors show that under limited electron mediation PS2 displays a lower photostability that correlates with an enhanced H2O2 generation as a side product of the light induced water oxidation.
Periodic oxidation for fabricating titanium oxynitride thin films via atomic layer deposition
Authors: Iwashita Shinya , Aoyama Shintaro , Nasu Masayuki , Shimomura Kouji , Noro Naotaka , Hasegawa Toshio , Akasaka Yasushi , Miyashita Kohei
Published: December 2015

This paper demonstrates thermal atomic layer deposition (ALD) combined with periodic oxidation for synthesizing titanium oxynitride (TiON) thin films. The process used a typical ALD reactor for the synthesis of titanium nitride (TiN) films wherein oxygen was supplied periodically between the ALD-TiN cycles. The great advantage of the process proposed here was that it allowed the TiN films to be oxidized efficiently. Also, a uniform depth profile of the oxygen concentration in the films could be obtained by tuning the oxidation conditions, allowing the process to produce a wide variety of TiON films. The resistivity measurement is a convenient method to confirm the reproducibility of metal film fabrication but may not be applicable for TiON films depending upon the oxidation condition because the films can easily turn into insulators when subjected to periodic oxidation. Therefore, an alternative reproducibility confirmation method was required. In this study, spectroscopic ellipsometry was applied to monitor the variation of TiON films and was able to detect changes in film structures such as conductor–insulator transitions in the TiON films.
World's simplest electric train
Authors: Criado C. , Alamo N.
Published: December 2015

We analyze the physics of the “world's simplest electric train.” The “train” consists of a AA battery with a strong magnet on each end that moves through a helical coil of copper wire. The motion of the train results from the interaction between the magnetic field created by the current in the wire and the magnetic field of the magnets. We calculate the force of this interaction and the terminal velocity of the train due to eddy currents and friction. Our calculations provide a good illustration of Faraday's and Lenz's laws, as well as of the concepts of the Lorentz force and eddy currents.
The physics of guitar string vibrations
Authors: Perov Polievkt , Johnson Walter , Perova-Mello Nataliia
Published: December 2015

We describe laboratory experiments to study the harmonic content of standing waves in guitar strings. The experimental data were taken by using the magnetic pickup from a guitar and a digital oscilloscope with a Fast Fourier transform capability. The amplitudes of the harmonics in the measured signal depend on the location where the string is plucked, resulting in a different timbre of the sound. The relative amplitudes of transverse standing waves in a string were determined from the experimental data and also predicted from the wave equation with the boundary and initial conditions corresponding to the initial shape of the string.
Forced oscillations with linear and nonlinear damping
Authors: Li Aijun , Ma Li , Keene David , Klingel Joshua , Payne Marvin , Wang Xiao-jun
Published: December 2015

A general solution is derived for the differential equations of forced oscillatory motion with both linear damping (∼v) and nonlinear damping (∼v2). Experiments with forced oscillators are performed using a flat metal plate with a drag force due to eddy currents and a flat piece of stiffened cardboard with a drag force due to air resistance serving as the linear and nonlinear damping, respectively. Resonance of forced oscillations for different damping forces and quality factors is demonstrated. The experimental measurements and theoretical calculations are in good agreement, and damping constants are determined.
A calcium-accumulating region, CAR, in the channel Orai1 enhances Ca
2+
permeation and SOCE-induced gene transcription
Authors: Frischauf Irene , Zayats Vasilina , Deix Michael , Hochreiter Anna , Jardin Isaac , Muik Martin , Lackner Barbara , Svobodová Barbora , Pammer Teresa , Litviňuková Monika , Sridhar Amrutha Arumbakam , Derler Isabella , Bogeski Ivan , Romanin Christoph , Ettrich Rüdiger H. , Schindl Rainer
Published: December 2015

A special region of the store-operated calcium channel maintains channel function under conditions of low extracellular calcium.
Beyond static biomarkers—The dynamic response potential of signaling networks as an alternate biomarker?
Authors: Kim Jaeyeon , Schoeberl Birgit
Published: December 2015

Properties from simulated pathway dynamics effectively predict neuroblastoma patient outcome.
Inhibition of casein kinase 1δ reduces breast cancer
Authors: Nusinovich Yevgeniya
Published: December 2015

Casein kinase 1δ promotes breast tumorigenesis by activation of β-catenin.
Pacemaker-induced transient asynchrony suppresses heart failure progression
Authors: Kirk Jonathan A. , Chakir Khalid , Lee Kyoung Hwan , Karst Edward , Holewinski Ronald J. , Pironti Gianluigi , Tunin Richard S. , Pozios Iraklis , Abraham Theodore P. , de Tombe Pieter , Rockman Howard A. , Van Eyk Jennifer E. , Craig Roger , Farazi Taraneh G. , Kass David A.
Published: December 2015

Transient asynchrony induced by an implanted pacemaker improves pathobiology of heart failure in large animals.
Protection against Experimental Cryptococcosis following Vaccination with Glucan Particles ContainingCryptococcusAlkaline Extracts
Authors: Specht Charles A. , Lee Chrono K. , Huang Haibin , Tipper Donald J. , Shen Zu T. , Lodge Jennifer K. , Leszyk John , Ostroff Gary R. , Levitz Stuart M.
Published: December 2015

A vaccine capable of protecting at-risk persons against infections due toCryptococcus neoformansandCryptococcus gattiicould reduce the substantial global burden of human cryptococcosis. Vaccine development has been hampered though, by lack of knowledge as to which antigens are immunoprotective and the need for an effective vaccine delivery system. We made alkaline extracts from mutant cryptococcal strains that lacked capsule or chitosan. The extracts were then packaged into glucan particles (GPs), which are purifiedSaccharomyces cerevisiaecell walls composed primarily of β-1,3-glucans. Subcutaneous vaccination with the GP-based vaccines provided significant protection against subsequent pulmonary infection with highly virulent strains ofC. neoformansandC. gattii. The alkaline extract derived from the acapsular strain was analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the most abundant proteins were identified. Separation of the alkaline extract by size exclusion chromatography revealed fractions that conferred protection when loaded in GP-based vaccines. Robust Th1- and Th17-biased CD4+T cell recall responses were observed in the lungs of vaccinated and infected mice. Thus, our preclinical studies have indicated promising cryptococcal vaccine candidates in alkaline extracts delivered in GPs. Ongoing studies are directed at identifying the individual components of the extracts that confer protection and thus would be promising candidates for a human vaccine.

IMPORTANCEThe encapsulated yeastCryptococcus neoformansand its closely related sister species,Cryptococcus gattii, are major causes of morbidity and mortality, particularly in immunocompromised persons. This study reports on the preclinical development of vaccines to protect at-risk populations from cryptococcosis. Antigens were extracted fromCryptococcusby treatment with an alkaline solution. The extracted antigens were then packaged into glucan particles, which are hollow yeast cell walls composed mainly of β-glucans. The glucan particle-based vaccines elicited robust T cell immune responses and protected mice from otherwise-lethal challenge with virulent strains ofC. neoformansandC. gattii. The technology used for antigen extraction and subsequent loading into the glucan particle delivery system is relatively simple and can be applied to vaccine development against other pathogens.
Scientists: Engage the Public!
Authors: Shugart Erika C. , Racaniello Vincent R.
Published: December 2015

Scientists must communicate about science with public audiences to promote an understanding of complex issues that we face in our technologically advanced society. Some scientists may be concerned about a social stigma or “Sagan effect” associated with participating in public communication. Recent research in the social sciences indicates that public communication by scientists is not a niche activity but is widely done and can be beneficial to a scientist's career. There are a variety of approaches that scientists can take to become active in science communication.
Removal of black stains from teeth by photodynamic therapy: clinical and microbiological analysis
Authors: Pessoa Larissa , Galvão Virgilio , Damante Carla , Sant'Ana Adriana Campos Passanezi
Published: December 2015

Black-pigmented bacteria (BPB) are Gram-negative anaerobic, non-motile, proteolytic rods strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. Although pigments are produced in vitro, black pigmentation is rarely found clinically. However, it may compromise aesthetics and contribute to gingival inflammation. The aim of this report is to describe a clinical case of a 10-year-old boy showing black pigmentation covering all teeth and to propose an alternative therapy for removal of black pigmentation, based on photodynamic therapy (PDT). In order to perform microbiological analysis, plaque samples were collected before and after PDT, and analysed by real-time-PCR (RT-PCR). The results showed a significant reduction in BPB levels after therapy, along with clinical evidence of absence of black pigmentation and reduction in gingival bleeding, although the plaque index remained unaltered. This case showed that PDT is effective for eliminating black pigmentation caused by BPB, without recurrence during a follow-up period of 7 months.
Cough, codeine and confusion
Authors: O Reilly David , Thomas Mathew , Moylett Edina
Published: December 2015

Codeine is widely prescribed in clinical practice with over the counter (OTC) preparations of codeine freely available for consumption typically as a component of remedies for the common cold/cough. We describe the first reported case of acute confusional state in a previously healthy 14-year-old girl ultimately attributed to inappropriate codeine use. The usage of codeine in the paediatric setting has been highlighted in recent years with many reported deaths—mostly due to respiratory depression. The risks associated with codeine usage may be particularly unnecessary with OTC cough suppressants as evidence of efficacy is absent. Finally, codeine dependence is a common problem among adults and has been reported locally and internationally among adolescents. The combination of lack of efficacy, risk of acute intoxication and dependence, suggests that the use of OTC codeine preparations may be unwarranted.
Factors associated with self-reported failure of binding release among ACL injured male and female recreational skiers: a catalyst to change ISO binding standards?
Authors: Ruedl Gerhard , Helle Kenneth , Tecklenburg Katja , Schranz Alois , Fink Christian , Burtscher Martin
Published: December 2015

Background

Female recreational skiers have twice the rate of knee injuries and three time the rate of ACL injuries compared with their male counterparts. Female skiers suffering from a knee injury reported a significantly higher proportion of failure of binding release than knee injured male skiers.

Purpose

To evaluate factors associated with failure of binding release among ACL injured male and female recreational skiers.

Study design

Cohort study.

Methods

Among a cohort of 498 recreational skiers (68% females) suffering from an ACL injury (complete rupture or partial rupture), age, sex, height, weight, self-reported skill level and self-reported risk taking behaviour, gear origin, ski length, date of last binding adjustment, perceived speed at the moment of injury, type of fall, and failure of binding release of the ski of the injured knee, were collected by questionnaire.

Results

Failure of binding release was reported within 78% of cases and was significantly higher for females compared to males (83 vs 66%, p<0.001) with an adjusted OR of 2.7 (95% CI 1.7 to 4.4). A higher perceived speed at the moment of injury was significantly associated with a decreasing proportion of failure of binding release. A slow perceived speed was independently associated with failure of binding release (adjusted OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.2 to 3.5). There was a significantly higher proportion of failure of binding release during backward falling compared to forward falling (87 vs 72%, p=0.002); similarly, a higher proportion of failure of binding release occurred in cases of complete rupture compared with a partial tear of the ACL (81 vs 64%, p=0.001), respectively.

Conclusions

Among this cohort of ACL-injured skiers, failure of binding release was significantly associated with female sex, a slow perceived speed at the moment of injury and complete rupture of the ACL.
BET 1: Silibinin in suspected amatoxin-containing mushroom poisoning
Authors: Lacombe Guillaume , St-Onge Maude
Published: December 2015

A shortcut review was carried out to establish whether silibinin is better than conservative management at reducing liver transplantation and death after poisoning with amatoxin-containing mushrooms. Thirty-eight papers were found in Medline and 86 in EMBASE using the reported searches. Of these, five presented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The author, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes, results and study weaknesses of these best papers are tabulated. It is concluded that the evidence is limited, but given the lack of alternative treatments in patients with suspected amatoxin-containing mushroom poisoning and the relatively few adverse effects, silibinin should be considered in some patients.
A comprehensive system for AASHTO PP67-10 based asphalt surfaced pavement cracking evaluation
Authors: Qiu Shi , Wang Wenjuan , Wang Kelvin C.P.
Published: December 2015

In light of the newly released AASHTO cracking protocol PP67-10 and high quality cracking data produced from a novel 3D 1 mm pavement data collection and automated analysis system, this paper develops an index system for overall cracking evaluation. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is employed to establish a general framework and fuzzy set theory is adopted to convert actual severity and intensity measures into normalized scores. Multiple data combination techniques are applied for data aggregation. The ultimate product of this system, a single number cracking index representing the overall cracking condition, can be used to rank pavements and prioritize crack-oriented maintenance and rehabilitation projects. Furthermore, cracking indices for different pavement zones can also be derived from the system, which would be significant to examine the pavement failure mechanism. A case study containing 10 pavement sections is performed to demonstrate the applicability of this proposed evaluation system.
Suspended solids in an end pit lake: potential mixing mechanisms
Authors: Lawrence Gregory A. , Tedford Edmund W. , Pieters Roger
Published: December 2015

The production of crude oil from the Canadian oil sands has generated tailings ponds that contain oil sands process-affected water and oil sands fluid fine tailings (FFT). One remediation strategy is to backfill a mined out pit with FFT and cap this with a mix of oil sands process-affected water and fresh water to form a lake, called an end pit lake. Here we discuss various mechanisms governing the vertical mixing of suspended solids in an end pit lake. Depending on the depth of the water cap, wind waves can cause mixing between the water cap and the FFT. Other potential mixing mechanisms include: convection due to salt-water exclusion during ice formation, penetrative convection due to surface cooling, gas emission from the FFT, and internal wave activity. Data collected at Syncrude Canada Limited’s Base Mine Lake in 2013 and 2014 are used to demonstrate the effects of some of these processes.
Chicken sperm transcriptome profiling by microarray analysis
Authors: Singh R.P. , Shafeeque C.M. , Sharma S.K. , Singh R. , Mohan J. , Sastry K.V.H. , Saxena V.K. , Azeez P.A.
Published: December 2015

It has been confirmed that mammalian sperm contain thousands of functional RNAs, and some of them have vital roles in fertilization and early embryonic development. Therefore, we attempted to characterize transcriptome of the sperm of fertile chickens using microarray analysis. Spermatozoal RNA was pooled from 10 fertile males and used for RNA preparation. Prior to performing the microarray, RNA quality was assessed using a bioanalyzer, and gDNA and somatic cell RNA contamination was assessed by CD4 and PTPRC gene amplification. The chicken sperm transcriptome was cross-examined by analysing sperm and testes RNA on a 4 × 44K chicken array, and results were verified by RT-PCR. Microarray analysis identified 21 639 predominantly nuclear-encoded transcripts in chicken sperm. The majority (66.55%) of the sperm transcripts were shared with the testes, while surprisingly, 33.45% transcripts were detected (raw signal intensity greater than 50) only in the sperm and not in the testes. The greatest proportion of up-regulated transcripts were responsible for signal transduction (63.20%) followed by embryonic development (56.76%) and cell structure (56.25%). Of the 20 most abundant transcripts, 18 remain uncharacterized, whereas the least abundant genes were mostly associated with the ribosome. These findings lay a foundation for more detailed investigations on sperm RNAs in chickens to identify sperm-based biomarkers for fertility.
Quantum G2 categories have property (T)
Authors: Jones Corey
Published: December 2015

We show that the rigid [Formula: see text]-tensor categories of finite-dimensional type 1 unitary representations of the quantum groups [Formula: see text] corresponding to the exceptional Lie group [Formula: see text] for positive [Formula: see text] have property (T).
The methods of formaldehyde emission testing of engine: A review
Authors: Zhang Chunhui , Geng Peng , Cao Erming , Wei Lijiang
Published: December 2015

A number of measurements have been provided to detect formaldehyde in the atmosphere, but there are no clear unified standards in engine exhaust. Nowadays, formaldehyde, an unregulated emission from methanol engine, has been attracting increasing attention by researchers. This paper presents the detection techniques for formaldehyde emitted from the engines applied in recent market, introducing the approaches in terms of unregulated emission tests of formaldehyde, which involved gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, chromatography-mass spectrometry, chromatography-spectrum, Fourier infrared spectroscopy and spectrophotometry. The author also introduces the comparison regarding to the advantages of the existing detection techniques based on the principle, to compare with engine exhaust sampling method, the treatment in advance of detection, obtaining approaches accessing to the qualitative and quantitative analysis of chromatograms or spectra. The accuratest result obtained was chromatography though it cannot be used continuously. It also can be utilized to develop high requirements of emissions and other regulations. Fourier infrared spectroscopy has the advantage of continuous detection for a variety of unregulated emissions and can be applied to the bench in variable condition. However, its accuracy is not as good as chromatography. As the conclusion, a detection technique is chosen based on different requirements.
The virial expansion re-visited: A new interpretation
Authors: Wu F. Y. , Aaron R.
Published: December 2015

A central topic in statistical mechanics, a research area Professor Hao Bailin devoted himself throughout the years, is the study of the state of matter. For a gas system the study begins with an understanding of the equation of state relating the pressure [Formula: see text], volume [Formula: see text] and the temperature [Formula: see text]. In 1901 Onnes introduced the virial expansion [Formula: see text] as an empirical formula expressing [Formula: see text] in a power series of particle density [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the number of particles. A first-principle understanding of the virial expansion was provided years later by the advent of the Mayer cluster expansion in statistical mechanics in the 1930s. However, following Onnes the virial expansion has since been generally regarded as an expansion in density. Here we re-visit the virial expansion using the Mayer expansion, and show that the virial expansion should be considered as an expansion in specific volume, the ratio of the effective volume of a gas molecule and its allotted mean volume. This consideration is illustrated in the case of the hard sphere gas.
Study on the transmission properties of periodical and quasi-periodical phononic crystal in elastic wave
Authors: Weng Rui , Zhang Yun , Yang Ze-Kun , Liu Yu-Jie , Ma Bao-Liang , Yang Hong-Wei
Published: December 2015

The propagation of the elastic wave in phononic crystal is different from the normal uniformity medium. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is irrelevant to structure model and used widely. Moreover, when the numerical stability of FDTD iterations is satisfied, the elastic waves’ transmission property through periodical and quasi-periodical phononic crystal can be achieved. In this paper, the transmission coefficients of elastic wave through two systems are numerically calculated and the results of band gaps are analyzed. The results are helpful to study phononic crystal.
Calculation of the anisotropic magnetoresistance in the electron gas
Authors: Azizi J.
Published: December 2015

In this paper, the anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) and electron conductivity of electron gas in presence of the Rashba and Dresselhaus spin-orbit coupling are investigated. Boltzmann equation is solved exactly for low temperature, including electron scattering. Calculations have been performed within the coherent potential approximation. Results of the transport study demonstrate that the AMR enhances as the Rashba strength increases. It is also observed that the AMR depends critically on spin-orbit coupling strength, wave vector and Dresselhaus strength.
Dynamics of vortex–antivortex creation and annihilation in current-driven mesoscopic superconducting squares
Authors: Liang Xiao-Meng , Zha Guo-Qiao
Published: December 2015

In this paper, based on the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau theory, we study the dynamics of vortex–antivortex (V–Av) pairs in a mesoscopic superconducting square with a small hole under applied bias currents. For the sample with a centered hole, a V–Av pair can nucleate at the hole edges and moves in opposite directions perpendicular to applied constant DC drive. The influence of the external magnetic field on the (anti)vortex velocity and the lifetime of V–Av pairs is mainly investigated. Different modes in the dynamical process of the V–Av collision and annihilation are identified. Moreover, in the case when the hole is displaced from the center of the square, the V–Av dynamics behaves quite differently from the symmetric case due to the shift of the V–Av creation point.
Quantum chaos and statistical properties of energy levels for atom in parallel electric and magnetic fields
Authors: Yang Hai-Feng , Tan Yong-Gang , Liu Zhong-Li , Fu Hong-Zhi
Published: December 2015

In this paper, the statistical properties of energy levels are studied numerically for atom in parallel electric and magnetic fields, which is an ideal system to examine the contributions of external fields and ionic core to quantum chaos. The Stark maps of diamagnetic spectra and nearest neighbor spacing (NNS) distributions are obtained by diagonalization method incorporating core effect. We identify obvious level anti-crossing and large value of [Formula: see text] for barium, indicating that core effect has predominant contribution to chaotic dynamics in barium. To study the core effect in detail, we sweep the quantum defect artificially and find that larger core effect will undoubtedly induce stronger chaotic dynamics.
Test Generation for Programs with Binary Tree Structure as Input
Authors: Zhao Ruilian , Li Zheng , Wang Qian
Published: December 2015

Test data generation is a process of creating program inputs that satisfy specific testing criteria. Many works have been focused on test generation with respect to numeric and string data. Dynamic data structures, such as trees and linked lists, have been widely used in modern programming, but on which there are few studies presented. In general, generating a dynamic data structure is associated with a proper shape and valid values generation. It would be difficult to generate such dynamic data structures, as both shapes and values are necessary to be valid simultaneously. This paper focuses on binary tree structures and proposes a novel test generation approach that combines search based testing with constraint solving techniques. The approach creates the shapes of binary tree structures by using GA, and generates the values in their data fields by using constraint solving techniques. The experimental results show that the presented approach is promising and effective. Moreover, the studies investigate factors affecting the performance of the approach, and arrive at a conclusion that the test generation cost is cubic growing as the number of pointer constraints increases.
Improving Similarity Measure for Java Programs Based on Optimal Matching of Control Flow Graphs
Authors: Qiu Dehong , Sun Jialin , Li Hao
Published: December 2015

Measuring program similarity plays an important role in solving many problems in software engineering. However, because programs are instruction sequences with complex structures and semantic functions and furthermore, programs may be obfuscated deliberately through semantics-preserving transformations, measuring program similarity is a difficult task that has not been adequately addressed. In this paper, we propose a new approach to measuring Java program similarity. The approach first measures the low-level similarity between basic blocks according to the bytecode instruction sequences and the structural property of the basic blocks. Then, an error-tolerant graph matching algorithm that can combat structure transformations is used to match the Control Flow Graphs (CFG) based on the basic block similarity. The high-level similarity between Java programs is subsequently calculated on the matched pairs of the independent paths extracted from the optimal CFG matching. The proposed CFG-Match approach is compared with a string-based approach, a tree-based approach and a graph-based approach. Experimental results show that the CFG-Match approach is more accurate and robust against semantics-preserving transformations. The CFG-Match approach is used to detect Java program plagiarism. Experiments on the collection of benchmark program pairs collected from the students’ submission of project assignments demonstrate that the CFG-Match approach outperforms the comparative approaches in the detection of Java program plagiarism.
Estimation of Robot Position and Orientation Using a Stationary Fisheye Camera
Authors: Delibasis Konstantinos K. , Plagianakos Vassilis P. , Maglogiannis Ilias
Published: December 2015

A core problem in robotics is the determination of the location and pose of a mobile robot in its environment. The localization is a basic operation, which must be successfully carried out in complex environments using imprecise and/or contaminated data and is essential for a broad range of mobile robot tasks, since the robot behavior depends on its position. In this work, we propose the use of a stationary fisheye camera for real time robot localization in indoor environments. We employ a model for the formation of the image by the fisheye camera, which can be used for accelerating the segmentation of the robot's top surface, as well as for calculating the robot's true position in the real world frame of reference. The proposed algorithm for robot localization exploits the calibrated fisheye camera model and the known dimensions of the robot, whereas it does not depend on any information from the robot's sensors and does not require visual landmarks in the indoor environment. Furthermore, the pose (orientation) of the robot is determined using a triangular shape placed on top of the robot's flat top surface, using Hu's moment invariants, appropriately modified using the calibrated fisheye camera model. Initial results are presented from video sequences and are compared to the ground truth position, obtained by the robot's sensors. The dependence of the average positional error with the distance from the camera is also measured.
On pretzel knots and Conjecture ℤ
Authors: Rodríguez-Viorato Jesús , Gonzaléz Acuña Francisco
Published: December 2015

Conjecture [Formula: see text] is a knot theoretical equivalent form of the Kervaire conjecture. We show that Conjecture [Formula: see text] is true for all the pretzel knots of the form [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are odd positive integers.
Large deviation type estimates for iterates of linear cocycles
Authors: Duarte Pedro , Klein Silvius
Published: December 2015

We describe some methods used to derive large deviation type (LDT) estimates for quantities associated to random and quasi-periodic linear cocycles. We then explain how such LDT estimates can be used in an inductive scheme to prove continuity properties of the Lyapunov exponents as functions of the cocycle. This is a survey of recent work to appear in a research monograph.
Duality between eigenfunctions and eigendistributions of Ruelle and Koopman operators via an integral kernel
Authors: Giulietti P. , Lopes A. O. , Pit V.
Published: December 2015

We consider the classical dynamics given by a one-sided shift on the Bernoulli space of [Formula: see text] symbols. We study, on the space of Hölder functions, the eigendistributions of the Ruelle operator with a given potential. Our main theorem shows that for any isolated eigenvalue, the eigendistributions of such Ruelle operator are dual to eigenvectors of a Ruelle operator with a conjugate potential. We also show that the eigenfunctions and eigendistributions of the Koopman operator satisfy a similar relationship. To show such results we employ an integral kernel technique, where the kernel used is the involution kernel.
Constraints on singular evolution from gravitational baryogenesis
Authors: Oikonomou V. K.
Published: December 2015

We investigate how the gravitational baryogenesis mechanism can potentially constrain the form of a Type IV singularity. Specifically, we study two different models with interesting phenomenology, that realize two distinct Type IV singularities, one occurring at the end of inflation and one during the radiation domination era or during the matter domination era. As we demonstrate, the Type IV singularities occurring at the matter domination era or during the radiation domination era are constrained by the gravitational baryogenesis, in such a way so that these do not render the baryon to entropy ratio singular. Both the cosmological models we study cannot be realized in the context of ordinary Einstein–Hilbert gravity, and hence our work can only be realized in the context of [Formula: see text] gravity and more generally in the context of modified gravity only.
Sulfonated Co(II) phthalocyanines covalently anchored at organic polymers as catalyst for mild oxidation of mercaptans
Authors: Vashurin Artur , Kuzmin Ilya , Razumov Mikhail , Pukhovskaya Svetlana , Golubchikov Oleg , Voronina Alena , Shaposhnikov Gennady , Koifman Oscar
Published: December 2015

Current work is devoted to covalent immobilization of sulfonated derivatives of cobalt phthalocyanines “Merox catalysts” on the surfaces of polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate. Their catalytic activity in reaction of mild oxidation of sulfur compounds to disulfides with oxygen of the air was studied. Anchoring of the catalyst on this polymer prevents its leaching and promotes its efficient recovering and recycling without significant loss of catalytic activity.
Total synthesis of vitamin B12— a fellowship of the ring
Authors: Craig G. Wayne
Published: December 2015

In the synthesis of cobyric acid following an arduous 60-step synthesis of the tetrapyrrole corrigenolide, Woodward demonstrated that ring cyclization yielded unexpectedly the corrin cyclic ether (Fig. 2). Its structure was chosen as the chemistry logo for the 1970 IUPAC meeting. It was a reminder that chemistry can be capricious and beautiful. This article is a tribute to the 50-year career in porphyrins of Professor Kevin M. Smith and describes his early contributions with colleagues in the synthetic quest of a related porphyrin molecule, vitamin B12(Fig. 1a).
Hebbian Network of Self-Organizing Receptive Field Neurons as Associative Incremental Learner
Authors: Najjar Tarek , Hasegawa Osamu
Published: December 2015

Associative learning plays a major role in the formation of the internal dynamic engine of an adaptive system or a cognitive robot. Interaction with the environment can provide a sparse and discrete set of sample correlations of input–output incidences. These incidences of associative data points can provide useful hints for capturing underlying mechanisms that govern the system’s behavioral dynamics. In many approaches to solving this problem, of learning system’s input–output relation, a set of previously prepared data points need to be presented to the learning mechanism, as a training data, before a useful estimations can be obtained. Besides data-coding is usually based on symbolic or nonimplicit representation schemes. In this paper, we propose an incremental learning mechanism that can bootstrap from a state of complete ignorance of any representative sample associations. Besides, the proposed system provides a novel mechanism for data representation in nonlinear manner through the fusion of self-organizing maps and Gaussian receptive fields. Our architecture is based solely on cortically-inspired techniques of coding and learning as: Hebbian plasticity and adaptive populations of neural circuitry for stimuli representation.

We define a neural network that captures the problem’s data space components using emergent arrangement of receptive field neurons that self-organize incrementally in response to sparse experiences of system–environment interactions. These learned components are correlated using a process of Hebbian plasticity that relates major components of input space to those of the output space. The viability of the proposed mechanism is demonstrated through multiple experimental setups from real-world regression and robotic arm sensory-motor learning problems.
The group Gal(k3(2)|k) for k = ℚ(−3,d) of type (3,3)
Authors: Azizi Abdelmalek , Talbi Mohamed , Talbi Mohammed , Derhem Aïssa , Mayer Daniel C.
Published: December 2015

Let [Formula: see text] denote the discriminant of a real quadratic field. For all bicyclic biquadratic fields [Formula: see text], having a [Formula: see text]-class group of type [Formula: see text], the possibilities for the isomorphism type of the Galois group [Formula: see text] of the second Hilbert [Formula: see text]-class field [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] are determined. For each coclass graph [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], in the sense of Eick, Leedham-Green, Newman and O’Brien, the roots [Formula: see text] of even branches of exactly one coclass tree and, in the case of even coclass [Formula: see text], additionally their siblings of depth [Formula: see text] and defect [Formula: see text], turn out to be admissible. The principalization type [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text]-classes of [Formula: see text] in its four unramified cyclic cubic extensions [Formula: see text] is given by [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text], and by [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text]. The theory is underpinned by an extensive numerical verification for all [Formula: see text] fields [Formula: see text] with values of [Formula: see text] in the range [Formula: see text], which supports the assumption that all admissible vertices [Formula: see text] will actually be realized as Galois groups [Formula: see text] for certain fields [Formula: see text], asymptotically.
Development of prosthetic arm using body actioned SEMG signals
Authors: Veer Karan , Sharma Tanu , Kumar Amod
Published: December 2015

People’s working capability is badly affected when they suffer an amputated arm. Artificial replacements with prosthetic devices to get a satisfactory level of performance for essential functions with the currently available prosthetic technology are very difficult. Myoelectric arm prostheses are becoming popular because they are operated by a natural contraction of intact muscles. Hence, SEMG based artificial arm was fabricated. The system consists of different electronic and mechanical assemblies for operation of hand utilizing microcontroller in order to have minimum signal loss during its processing. With the help of relay switching connected to low power DC motor, system is capable of opening and closing of grip according to individual wish.