bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A SEASON EXTENSION TECHNIQUE FOR COOL SEASON VEGETABLES USING POLY TUNNELS AND ROW COVERS
Authors: McIntosh Gloria , Klingaman Gerald
Published: February 2019

Spunbonded polyester or polystyrene row covers were used as additional cold protection for spinach (Spinacia oleracea), kale (Brassica oleracea), pak choi (Brassica rapa) and P-types of lettuce (Lactuca savita) grown in ground beds under unheated polyethylene tunnels during the fall and winter of 1991 and 1992 in climatic zone 6. Temperatures inside poly tunnels averaged 2.4C warmer than outside. Average temperatures were 1.9C warmer than control under polystyrene and 1.5C warmer under spunbonded polyester. Average hourly temperatures showed both row covers offered significantly more cold protection than the greenhouse covering alone; but the two row covers offered similar protection from the cold. Row covers did not result in fresh weight differences in most of the species tested, except kale which had greater fresh weight in control. It may be concluded that during a similar mild winter, these cool season vegetables could be grown under unheated polyethylene tunnels with no additional protection necessary. When temperatures are lower, row covers could provide the protection required to produce these crops.
INFLUENCE OF `CRIMSON SWEET' WATERMELON WITH VISPORE ROW COVER IN COMBINATION WITH WAVELENGTH SELECTIVE MULCHES
Authors: Wilson Mack A. , Khan Victor A. , Stevens Clauzell
Published: February 2019

Several plastic mulches [clear, black, IRT-76 (green), and ALOR (brown)] were used in combination with four row covers [(clear and white slitted), spunbonded polyester and VisPore]. The total numbers and marketable numbers per 1000/ha were highest with the clear and IRT-76 mulches without the use of row covers, respectively. There was a significant orthagonal comparison interaction with the clear & IRT-76 mulches vs. black & ALOR mulches. A significant orthogonal comparison interaction was observed with total yield with row covers vs. no row cover, mulch vs. control, clear and IRT-76 vs. black & ALOR, clear vs. IRT-76, and black vs. ALOR. Marketable yield showed a significant interaction with orthogonal comparison with row covers vs. no row cover and clear & IRT-76 vs. black & ALOR.
SENESCENCE IN SWEETCORN
Authors: Russo Vincent , Pappelis Aristotel
Published: February 2019

Fungi can colonize senescent sweet corn (Zea mays var. rugosa Bonaf.) tissue. Senescence levels of tissues can be rated. Effects of four planting dates on senescence of standard (su, cv. Merit), and supersweet (sh2, cv. Florida Staysweet) corn at fresh market and seed harvest were determined. Stalk senescence was affected by cultivar (sh2 < su) and planting date (earliest was lowest). Shank senescence was affected by cultivar (fresh market < seed harvest) and planting date (lowest for plants of the earliest and latest plantings). Cob senescence was not affected by cultivar, slightly lower at fresh market than seed harvest, and lower for plants of the later than earlier planting dates. In a second experiment senescence was rated during development of sh2 cultivars. Formation of reproductive structures increased senescence rate. Cultivar had little effect on stalk and cob senescence at fresh market harvest. The cv. `Honey'n Pearl' had the lowest shank senescence rating. Delayed senescence should be incorporated in to corn genotypes.
EFFECT OF FOLIAGE REMOVAL FOR USE AS A GREEN VEGETABLE ON GROWTH OF GEORGIA RED PEANUT S
Authors: Mortley D. G. , Lu J. Y. , Grant P. , Carver G. W.
Published: February 2019

The effect of periodic removal of peanut foliage for use as a green vegetable on final foliage and nut production was evaluated in a field experiment in the summer of 1992. Georgia Red peanut cultivar was grown in Norfolk sandy loam soil in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments consisted of removing peanut foliage at 2, 4, and 6 weeks, starting six weeks after planting, and an untreated check. Fresh foliage yield declined an average of 30% while dry weight declined 34% when harvested at 2 and 4 weeks. Nut yield declined 33% when harvested at 2 and 4 weeks but yield decreased only 10% when harvested at 6 weeks. Peanut greens are highly nutritious especially as a rich source of vitamin C and protein. For good balance between foliage and nut production, it appears that harvest intervals should be after four weeks.
PERENNIAL GARDEN ASTER PRODUCTION IN NORTHWEST ARKANSAS
Authors: Goff Lynn , Einert Alfred , Klineaman Gerald
Published: February 2019

Success of European research and marketing efforts on perennial garden asters prompted American nurserymen to introduce (Aster novi-belgii and Aster ericoides) for fall bedding plant sales in the United States. This research investigated the feasibility of asters for outdoor production in Northwest, AR. and examined general cultural practices for growing asters in this region. Variety, fertilization and pruning trials with 15 cultivars of perennial aster were conducted at Fayetteville, AR. in 1992. Six varieties demonstrated retail market potential based on appearance and growth habit. Plants produced from rooted cuttings established 6 June in 3.78-liter containers were of high market quality in 8-12 weeks. A conventional resin-coated slow release fertilizer plus 500 ppm N weekly or conventional slow release product plus 180 ppm N constant feed, produced better growth than the slow release fertilizer used alone. Of 9 pruning regimes, results showed a significant difference in plant height and width by treatment across varieties. The differences among treatments were consistent for each variety. Pruning had no significant effect on bloom date or duration of bloom.
URBAN FORESTRY AND EXTENSION: A WORKING PARTNERSHIP
Authors: Nash L. , Fountain W. , Witt M.
Published: February 2019

In a unique partnership. the University of Kentucky Dept. of Horticulture, the Cooperative Extension Service, and the Kentucky State Division of Forestry are teaming up to produce two training packages for “train-the-trainer” workshops throughout the state. The workshops will be open to people interested in urban/community trees and arboriculture.

The first training session will be held in 1993 and will cover five modules: 1) Designing the planting site to compensate for a disturbed environment; 2) Species selection for the existing site; 3) Scientific planting techniques; 4) Post-planting care: and 5) Integrated pest management.

The second training session will be held in 1994 and will cover the following topics: 1) Establishing a scientific management program for the urban forest; 2) Preparation and administration of grants: 3) Fund-raising and efficient use of volunteers; 4) Developing an urban tree inventory; 5) Recognition of hazard trees; and 6) Selecting quality nursery stock.

The training packages will consist of a written manual, videos, and slide sets. Training sessions are open to foresters, county agents, city planners, developers, and others in Kentucky who are interested in returning to their communities and training others on the topics covered.
GROUND COVERS FOR SEMI-ARID LANDSCAPES.
Authors: McKenney C. B. , Gaitán-Gaitán F.
Published: February 2019

The High Plains of Texas is a short-grass prairie with an extremely stressful environment which limits adapted ornamentals. Plant materials capable of consistent performance have yet to be established for this region. Twelve perennial ground covers were evaluated for urban landscape use. Species were planted in a completely radomized design split in time with four replicates. Ground coverage and distance of spread were evaluated monthly for two growing seasons in 1989 and 1990. Visual ratings of quality as ground cover were also determined using color, growth and density as indices. Sedum brevifolium, Sedum acre, Lysimachia nummularia, Sedum sieboldi, and Arrhenatherum elatius `Variegatum' were the most promising species for all criteria. Sedum acre and Arrhenatherum elatius `Variegatum' did not perform well at temperatures above 40°C. Sedum stolonifera failed to survive in this demanding environment.
EFFECTS OF RHIZOCTONIA SOLAM DENSITY IN POTTING SOIL ON EFFICACY OF BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL TREATMENTS IN ROSEMARY PROPAGATION
Authors: Maness Nancy E. , Motes James E. , Conway Kenneth E.
Published: February 2019

Aerial blight of rosemary (Rosemarinus officinalis) caused by Rhizoctonia solani (AG-4) is a problem in production of rooted cuttings. Two separate studies were conducted on rosemary cuttings during propagation. Four levels of R. solani were mixed into potting medium at the rates of 0, 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 percent (w/w). Seven treatments were evaluated: Trichoderma harzianum alone, Laetisaria arvalis alone, iprodione (single application, full rate), CGA 173506 (single application, full rate), T. harzianum + iprodione (single application, 1/2x rate), L. arvalis + CGA 173506 (single application, 1/2x rate), and a control. Biocontrol agents were mixed into medium at a rate of 5g/kg medium. Mycelial growth began by day four on the medium surface in the 0.1 and 1.0 R. solani levels. By day six, cuttings showed signs of infection. Disease incidence increased with higher levels of R. solani inoculum. At levels 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0, the L. arvalis plus 1/2x rate one time application CGA 173506 and iprodione alone (full rate one time application) gave the best control of aerial blight in both experiments. In the first experiment, iprodione alone and T. harzianum plus 1/2x rate iprodione gave the most root growth at the 0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 R. solani levels. In the second experiment, L. arvalis plus 1/2x rate CGA 173506 gave best root growth. At level 0, treatments were not significantly different in either experiment.
LEAF ELEMENTAL CONTENT AND GROWTH OF `SHAWNEE' BLACKBERRY AS INFLUENCED BY APPLIED K AND NA
Authors: Spiers James M.
Published: February 2019

The effects of varying potassium and sodium fertilization levels on 'Shawnee' blackberry (Rubrus, subgenus Eubatus, spp.) plant growth and leaf elemental content were studied in sand culture experiments. Increasing K fertilizer levels linearly increased K, but decreased Mg and Zn in the leaves. Concentrations of Na, Ca, Cu. Fe, and Mn were not significantly influenced by K fertilization. Plants contained six times more Na with high than with low Na fertilization. Na fertilization did not significantly affect leaf K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu or Zn, but leaf Mn was linearly reduced by increasing Na fertilization. Leaf K and Na were directly influenced by the amounts of supplied K and Na. 'Shawnee' blackberries readily take up Na but exhibit some salt tolerance at low to moderate Na fertilization levels. At high Na levels, they appear to lack a mechanism to reduce Na uptake, which results in reduced plant growth.
STRAW MULCH UNDER STRAWBERRIES REDUCES EROSION AND HAILDAMAGE
Authors: Whitworth Julia
Published: February 2019

In September of 1991, 1.1 m × 20 cm raised beds were built near Lane, OK. The beds were covered with straw or woven plastic mulch, or were left uncovered. Heavy rains in October left the uncovered beds about 20 cm wide × 13 cm tall. A gully was formed at the end of this field, and soil was deposited across several beds. Strawberry plants were set into all beds in mid-February 1992. At this time, the straw-mulched beds, although settled into an inverted “V” shape, were still about 1 m wide and about 18 cm tall. A very intense hail and rain storm struck the fields on May 13. Most of the hail was about 1.3 cm in diameter. The hail fell for about 30 minutes in early afternoon. The hail was accompanied by about 12.7 cm of rain. The strawberry plants on the woven plastic mulch were almost completely destroyed. The strawberry plants on bare ground were severely damaged by the hail, and their roots were often washed out of the ground. About 85 to 90 percent of these plants died. Strawberry plants on the straw-mulched beds appeared to be less damaged by the hail than other plants, and were not washed out of the ground. About 95% of these plants survived.
EVALUATION OF SOUTHERNPEA CULTIVARS FOR FRESH MARKET MECHANICAL HARVEST
Authors: Buckley B. , Mulkey W.A. , Griffins J.D. , Peel K.C. , Talbota T. , Russell W.
Published: February 2019

Four southernpea cultivars were evaluated for fresh market mechanical harvest at Calhoun, Chase, and Ruston, Louisiana. The cultivars were 'Encore', 'Royal Cream', 'Queen Anne', and 'Texas Pinkeye'. In addition, 'Early Acre' and breeding lines AR87-435 and AR91-135 were also evaluated at Chase. The marketable yield from mechanical harvest ranged from 1075 kg·ha-1 for 'Royal Cream' at Calhoun and Ruston to 1855 kg·ha-1 for 'Encore' at Calhoun and Chase. Low concentrated maturity was the main factor limiting marketable yield. The percent mature pods at harvest was near 55 for most cultivars. Yield efficiency of mechanical harvest vS. hand harvest was above 75% for most cultivars. The percent trash resulting from machine harvest ranged from 6 for AR91-135 to 24 for 'Queen Anne'.
EFFECTS OF FERTILIZER TYPE AND RATE AND LIMING ON BANANA SQUASH
Authors: Russo Vincent
Published: February 2019

There is a question whether it is best to use synthetic or organic materials to fertilize horticultural crops. Fertilizer rate can effect nutritional value of banana squash (Curcubita maxima Duch.) which is used in processed food. Seed were planted in 1990, 1991 and 1992 into beds treated with recommended (base) and twice the recommended (2X) rates of synthetic or organic fertilizers. Lime was or was not first applied in spring 1991. Synthetic fertilizer produced better yields than organic fertilizer. In 1990, the base fertilizer rate improved yield. In 1992, the 2X fertilizer rate improved yield. Liming did not affect yield. Beginning soil pH was 5.55. For lime augmented treatments soil pH was increased to, and maintained at, 5.65 through fall 1992. For no-lime treatments soil pH was approximately 5.3 through fall 1992. Organic materials, likely bound to soil under acidic conditions, are less available and could explain lower yields. The data suggests that soil pH will have to be improved before banana squash yields can be increased using organic fertilizers.
THE EFFECT OF ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT-C ON STORAGE ROTS AND RIPENING OF TOMATOES
Authors: Liu J. , Stevens C. , Khan V.A. , Lu J.Y. , Wilson C.L. , Adeyeye O. , Kabwe M.K. , Pusey L. , Chalutz E. , Sultana T. , Droby S.
Published: February 2019

The application of low hormetic low-dose ultraviolet light (WV-C, 254 nm) on fruits and vegetables to stimulate beneficial responses is a new method for controlling storage rots and extending the shelf-life of fruits and vegetables. The present study was aimed at treating tomatoes (lycopersicon esculentum) with different UV-C dosages (1.3 to 40 KJ/m2) to induce resistance to black mold (Alternaria alternata), gray mold (Boytris cinerea), and Rhizopus soft rot (Rhizopus stolonifer). Thesediseases were effectively reduced when tomatoes were artificially inoculated following UV-C irradiation UV-C treated tomatoes were firmer in texture and less red in color than the control tomatoes, indicating a delay in ripening. Slower ripening and resistsace to storage rots of tomatoes are probably related. The positive effect of UVC on tomatoes decreased as treatments were performed at stages of increased ripeness.
IMPLEMENTING IPM IN KENTUCKY COMMERCIAL APPLE ORCHARDS
Authors: Brown G.R. , Hartman J. , Bessin R. , Jones T. , Strang J.
Published: February 2019

Apple growers would like to use pesticides efficiently and diminish concerns about food safety and pesticide usage. The 1992 Apple IPM Program objectives were: 1) to demonstrate the application of Integrated Pest Management practices in commercial orchards and, 2) to provide the training and support needed to help these growers become self sufficient in IPM practices. Grower training meetings and regular scouting of the orchards were the primary educational methods. End-of-the-season evaluations of past and disease incidence were made. Except for Frogeye Leaf Spot, there were no significant differences in insect pest, disease levels or in fruit quality attributes in IPM versus standard blocks. The IPM blocks had significantly more mite incidence. Growers did produce commercially acceptable crops using IPM based decisions while reducing the average past control cost by $56 par acre. Educational programs did help growers to be more proficient in making IPM based decisions.
ENDOGENOUS HORMONE LEVELS OF PECAN NUTS DURING STRATIFICATION AND STORAGE AT 10C
Authors: Matta Frank B. , Jover Pedro
Published: February 2019

An experiment was conducted to determine emergence, free abscisic acid (ABA), and total indoleacetic acid (IAA) levels of 'Hughes' and 'Owens' pecan nuts subjected for 45, 90, and 135 days to stratification and storage at 10C; 'Hughes' nut showed a positive relationship between emergence and days in stratification. However, free ABA and total IAA were not related to days in stratification. Emergence percentages of 'Hughes' and 'Owens' were negatively related to days of storage at 10C. Emergence was not related to levels of free ABA or IAA. Free ABA levels and total IAA levels of 'Hughes' were negatively related to days in storage at 10C.
CHANGES IN PECTIN AND HEMICELLULOSE IN `BELLE OF GEORGIA' PEACHES DURING SOFTENING.
Authors: Hegde Supreetha , Maness Niels
Published: February 2019

The mechanism of softening was studied in a rapidly softening peach cultivar `Belle of Georgia' by assessing changes in pectins and hemicellulose from enzymically inactive cell walls. Cell wall preparations were sequentially extracted with imidazole and sodium carbonate (pectin extracts), and potassium hydroxide (hemicellulose extracts). The pectin extracts were particularly enriched in galacturonic acid, arabiiose and rhamnose, and contained only small amounts of hemicellulose associated sugars. Hemicellulose extracts were enriched in xylose, glucose, mannose, and fucose. More tightly bound hemicellulose fractions contained considerable amounts of pectin associated sugars. The proportion of pectin associated sugars in hemicellulose extracts was greater for cell wall extracts of softened fruit. Some possible relationships between pectin/hemicellulose solubility and fruit softening will be presented. Work was supported by USDA grant 90-34150-5022 and the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station.
Tissue Culture of Cowpea and Pigeonpea
Authors: Marsh Lurline , Dkhill Moshen
Published: February 2019

Tissue culture of four cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and two pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) genotypes was tested on Blaydes' medium supplemented with different hormone concentrations. Explants of cotyledonary nodes, cotyledons and leaves of the cowpea genotype IT82E-16, IT64E-124, Pinkeye Purple Hull and MN13 produced callus after 4 weeks in Blaydes' medium. The hormone combinations in the medium were 2-l dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2.4-D) (2 mg/liter) and kinetin at 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 mg/liter, or 2,4-D and thidiazuron (TDZ) at 2.2, 4.4 and 6.6 mg/liter or benzylaminopurine (BA) at 2.25, 4.5 or 6.75 mg/liter. Shoots occured on cotyledonary nodes of Pinkeye Purple Hull In the TDZ (6.6 mg/liter). Roots were produced from the leaf and cotyledonary nodes of Pinkeye Purple Hull and on cotyledons of IT-64E-124 cultured In media with kinetin (0.5 mg/liter). Leaf and cotyledon explants of pigeonpea genotype; ICPL 146 1965HK and ICPL 65024 produced callus and some shoots in BA (2.25 mg/liter) after 4 weeks. The callus when subcultured on BA (0.5 mg/liter) and NAA (0.1 mg/liter) produced shoots. Regenerated shoots rooted in the Blaydes' medium with kinetin (0.01 mg/liter) and NAA (0.6 mg/liter).
POSTHARVEST QUALITY OF WATERMELON CULTIVARS
Authors: Perkins-Veazie P.M. , Collins J.K. , Maness N. , Cartwright B.
Published: February 2019

A study was conducted to characterize the quality of seedless and seeded watermelon. The seeded cultivars 'Jubilee', 'Black Diamond' and 'Allsweet' were compared with seedless 'King of Hearts' for firmness, lycopene content, rind thickness, soluble solids concentration (SSC), ascorbic acid, sugar composition, sweetness index and sensory qualities. 'King of Hearts' melons had higher firmness and lycopene values but a lower sweetness index compared with the other cultivars. 'Black Diamond' and 'Jubilee' cultivars had greater rind thickness compared to the other cultivars. 'Allsweet' and 'Jubilee' fruit had the highest ascorbic acid concentration. 'Black Diamond' had greater fructose and glucose levels than 'Jubilee' or 'King of Hearts' but was lowest in SSC. Untrained taste panelists preferred 'Jubilee' and 'Allsweet' melons. In this study, SSC, sugar composition, sweetness index or firmness were not good indicators of watermelon preference.
ETHYLENE EFFECT ON SWEET POTATO SUGAR CONTENT, CHILLING INJURY AND SPROUTING
Authors: Chegeh B.K. , Picha D.H.
Published: February 2019

Cured and non-cured `Beauregard' and `Jewel' sweet potato roots were exposed to 0, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 ppm ethylene for 15 days at room temperature (21°C). Sucrose and total sugar content increased with increasing ethylene. Fructose, glucose, and maltose content had little or no change, while alcohol insoluble solids decreased with increasing ethylene concentration. Roots exposed to ethylene for 10 days and then chilled at 4.4°C for 15 days developed chilling injury symptoms sooner than those free of ethylene. Chilling injury increased with increasing ethylene concentration. Non-cured roots suffered more chilling injury than cured ones. `Jewel' was more susceptible to chilling injury than `Beauregard'. Sprout yield was higher in ethylene exposed roots and increased with increase in ethylene concentration. Cured `Beauregard' roots exposed to ethylene sprouted more than non-cured roots. `Beauregard' non-cured roots were not stimulated in sprouting by low ethylene concentrations while `Jewel' (cured and non-cured) roots were stimulated in sprouting by all ethylene concentrations.
FIRMNESS CONTROL OF SWEETPOTATO PRODUCTS BY MODIFICATION OF TISSUE pH
Authors: Walter William H.
Published: February 2019

Difficulty in controlling textural properties of processed sweetpotato products is a major factor accounting for the small number of such products available at the retail level. Control of textural properties is essentia1 because a succeseful commercial operation must turn cut a consistently high quality product from a wide range of raw materials, encompassing just-harvested roots to roots which have been stored for up to 10 months. We have developed a process to control the firmess of sweetpotato producta. It involve vacuum infiltration of either acidulants or bases into peeled, sliced sweetpotatoes, followed by heat processing of the infiltrated strips. Using this process, loss of firmness caused by heat processing can be reduced from 85-95% of the initial firmness to 65-75% of the initial firmness. This process is effective because it decreases the rate of heat-mediated cleavage of pectic subestances.
EFFECTS OF SHORT TERM CA STORAGE ON PEACH QUALITY
Authors: Purvis Albert C.
Published: February 2019

Mature, unripe peaches were stored at 1°C in air or in 1% O2 plus 2.5%, 5.01, or 10.0% CO2 for 25 days and then ripened in air at 15°C for 3 days. Fruit stored in air or 2.5% CO2 developed browning of the flesh during ripening but fruit stored in 5.0% or 10.0% CO2 turned yellow. Only the fruit stored in 10.0% CO2 softened during ripening, but water soluble pectin content increased and protopectin content decreased in peaches stored in 5.0% or 10.0% CO2. Low temperature storage apparently interferes with the levels and/or activities of the pectin degrading enzymes during subsequent ripening of peaches. High levels of CO2 during low temperature storage appears to reduce chilling injury by protecting the capacity of the fruit to produce adequate levels of the pectolytic enzymes at ripening temperatures.
CRITICAL VOLATILES IN THE FIAVOR OF THE SWEETPOTATO
Authors: Kays Stanley J. , Sun Jyh-Bin , Severson Ray F.
Published: February 2019

Changes in the concentration of individual sugars in sweetpotato storage roots with cooking and their relationship to the formation of volatile compounds were studied. During cooking maltose concentration increased from 0.03% fwt at 25.C to a maximum of 4.33% at WC. Microwave pretreatment (2-4 minutes) resulted in a significant decrease in amounts of maltose and volatiles formed. At 80°C, approximately 80% of maltose synthesis was inhibited when pretreated with microwaves. Adding maltose into microwave pretreated samples and then cooking in a convection oven restored most of the volatile profile with the exception of phenylacetaldehyde. Upon heating (200°C), sweetpotato root material that was insoluble in both methanol and methylene chloride produced similar volatile profiles to those from sweetpotatoes baked conventionally. Volatiles derived via thermal degradation of the non-polar methylenc chloride fraction and the polar methanol fraction did not display chromatographic profiles similar to those from conventionally baked sweetpotatoes. Initial reactions in the formation of critical volatiles appear to occur in the methanol and methylene chloride insoluble components. Maltol (3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone) was found to be one of the critical components making up the characteristic aroma of baked sweetpotatoes. It was concluded that maltose represents a primary precursor for many of the volatile compounds emanating from baked `Jewel' sweetpotatoes and the formation of these volatiles appears to involve both enzymatic and thermal reactions.
Impact of Insecticide Schedule, N and K Rates, and Transplant Container Size on Cabbage Yield
Authors: Csizinszky A.A. , Schuster D.J.
Published: February 2019

The impact of two insecticide spray application schedules (weekly or on demand), three N and K rates [1x, 1.5x, and 2x; 1x = (kg·ha-1) 130N-149K], and two transplant container cell sizes [small, 21 mm wide × 51 mm deep (7.5 cm 3), and large, 38 mm wide × 70 mm deep (33.7 cm”)] on `Market Prize' cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata group) yield was investigated in Fall and Winter 1982-83 and Spring 1983. Fenvalerate was sprayed at 0.112 kg·ha-1. For the weekly schedule, 10 sprays were applied in fall and winter and nine in spring; for the on-demand schedule, two sprays were applied in both seasons. There were more insect-damaged heads in both seasons in the plots sprayed on demand than in those sprayed weekly. In fall and winter, the combination of a weekly schedule with 1.5x and 2x N and K rates increased marketable yields over those of the on-demand schedule. Marketable yields at the 1.5x and 2x N and K rates were similar for plants in small or large transplant container cells, but the lx N and K rate applied to plants in small cells reduced yields. In spring, both application schedules produced similar yields, but yield increased with increasing N and K rates and large transplant container cells. Insecticide application schedule and cell size did not affect leaf nutrient concentration significantly, but increasing N and K rates resulted in higher N, P, and K leaf concentrations. Concentrations of N and K in the soil at 42 days after transplanting (DAT) were higher with increasing N and K rates. At harvest (86 DAT), only K concentrations had increased with N and K rates. Chemical name used: cyano (3-phenoxyphenyl) methyl 1-4 chloro-alpha-(1-methylethyl benzeneacetate) (fenvalerate).
Papaya Ringspot Virus Influences Net Gas Exchange of Papaya Leaves
Authors: Marler Thomas E. , Mickelbart Michael V. , Quitugua Roland
Published: February 2019

Leaves of container-grown papaya (Carica papaya L.) plants were inoculated with papaya ringspot virus (PRV) to determine its influence on dark respiration and photosynthesis. Photosynthetic capacity, apparent quantum yield, ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence from dark-adapted leaves, and photosynthetic CO2-use efficiency were reduced by PRV infection. Internal CO2 partial pressure at ambient external CO2 was not affected, but leaf dark respiration was increased by PRV infection. These results suggest that reduced growth, yield, and fruit quality common in PRV-infected papaya plants is caused, at least partially, by reduced photosynthesis and increased respiration.
Identifying Rose Cultivars Using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers
Authors: Torres A.M. , Millán T. , Cubero J.I.
Published: February 2019

Five rose (Rosa spp.) cultivars were analyzed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Using eight primers, all cultivars were distinguished by comparing differences in DNA banding patterns. The RAPD technique fingerprints rose cultivars rapidly and inexpensively for identification and patent protection purposes.
Determining Irrigation Wetting Patterns Using Time Domain Reflectometry
Authors: Pelletier Genevieve , Tan C.S.
Published: February 2019

A time domain reflectometry (TDR) technique was used to measure water in the soil profile to derive wetting patterns of drip and microjet irrigation systems in a peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] orchard. A distinct cone shape of >50% available soil water (ASW) extending from the emitter down to a depth of >45 cm was observed in the drip system. The 50% ASW zone in the microjet system was an elongated semicircle from the soil's surface down to a depth of 35 cm. TDR can be used successfully to determine wetting patterns of various irrigation systems to develop better irrigation scheduling.
Treating Shrunken-2 Sweet Corn Seed with Fungicide Infused via Acetone
Authors: Hung Patricia E. , Fritz Vincent A. , Kommedahl Thor , Markhart Albert H. , Waters Luther
Published: February 2019

Experiments were conducted to determine if the fungicide imazalil infused into shrunken-2 sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. rugosa Bonaf.) seed via acetone could protect against soil- and seedborne fungi enough to improve germination and vigor. `Florida Staysweet' and `Crisp-n-Sweet 710' seeds were infused for 0.25 hours with 1% or 2% (w/w) imazalil-acetone (LA) solutions, air-dried, and subjected to a modified laboratory seedling growth cold test using sterile soil or soil inoculated with Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon. Both IA concentrations significantly reduced the incidence of diseased seedlings in soil inoculated with F. moniliforme when compared to nontreated controls. Neither treatment significantly reduced the incidence of seedborne fungi. Chemical name used: 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(2-propenyloxy)ethyl-H-imidazole (imazalil).
Bloom Thinning of `Winblo' Peach and `Fantasia' Nectarine with Monocarbamide Dihydrogensulfate
Authors: Myers Stephen C. , King Andrew , Savelle Amy T.
Published: February 2019

Mature `Winblo'/Lovell peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees in Georgia were treated with five concentrations of D-88, a 79 % to 82 % active ingredient formulation of monocarbamide dihydrogensulfate: 0 (water only), 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 ml·liter-1. All treatments were made by airblast application at 1200 liters·ha-1 when trees were at 95% full bloom. The number of flowers on three limbs per tree was counted 3 days before and fruitlets 25 days following treatment. Regression analysis revealed a linear thinning response to concentration, with 10.0 m1·liter-1 reducing the number of flowers per limb cross-sectional area by 56% over the nonthinned control. Mature `Fantasia' nectarine trees in New Zealand were treated with four concentrations of D-88: 0 (water only), 2.5, 3.75, and 5.0 ml·liter-1. All treatments were made by handgun application to runoff when trees were ≈2 days past full bloom. The number of flowers per limb was counted 6 days before and fruit 62 days following treatment. Regression analysis revealed a linear thinning response to concentration, with 5.0 ml·liter-1 reducing the number of flowers per limb by 55 % over the nonthinned control. Total yield (kilograms of fruit) per tree was the same for all treatments, although fruit size on sprayed trees was larger. No phytotoxicity or fruit finish injury was observed.
Hydrophilic Polymers and Wetting Agents Affect Absorption and Evaporative Water Loss
Authors: Blodgett Allyson M. , Beattie David J. , White John W. , Elliott George C.
Published: February 2019

A plantless system using subirrigation was developed to measure water absorption and loss in soilless media amended with hydrophilic polymers, a wetting agent, or combinations of these amendments. Peat-perlite-vermiculite and bark-peat-perlite controls achieved 67% and 52% of container capacity, respectively, after 20 daily irrigation cycles. Maximum water content of amended media was 78% of container capacity. Adding only a hydrophilic polymer did not increase total water content significantly. Adding a wetting agent increased water absorption in both media. However, when hydrophilic polymer and wetting agent were present, the medium absorbed more water than with wetting agent alone. More extractable water was removed from media containing wetting agent. Water loss rate by evaporation was not affected significantly by medium, hydrophilic polymer, wetting agent, or any combination of these variables.
Coal Bottom Ash and Pine Wood Peelings as Root Substrates in a Circulating Nutriculture System
Authors: Woodard M.A. , Bearce B.C. , Cluskey S. , Townsend E.C.
Published: February 2019

`Inca Yellow' marigolds (Tagetes erects L.) were planted in polyethylene bags containing coal bottom ash (CBA), pine wood peelings (PWP), a mixture of 1 CBA: 1 PWP (v/v), and loose Grodan rockwool (RW) and grown in a circulating nutriculture system. Three fertigation frequencies of 12, 6, or 4 cycles per 12-hour light period were set with a duration of 5 minutes each. Flower diameters of marigolds grown in CBA, PWP, and CBA-PWP exceeded flower diameters of RW-grown marigolds, and days from planting to harvest were less in CBA and CBA-PWP than in the other two media. There was no interaction between medium and fertigation frequency. Foliar analysis showed no significant differences in plant elemental composition among root media or fertigation frequencies. Postharvest PWP water extracts contained higher P levels than extracts of other media, and CBA-PWP water extracts contained higher K, Ca, and Mg. In the CBA-PWP mixture, decomposition products from PWP may have increased P volubility and solubilized the K, Ca,-and Mg-in CBA.
Differential Susceptibility to Leaf Silvering in Cucurbita pepo
Authors: Paris Harry S. , Stoffella Peter J. , Powell Charles A.
Published: February 2019

`Striato d'Italia' (cocozelle group) and `Clarita' (vegetable marrow group) summer squash were grown in the greenhouse and field in the presence of sweetpotato whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci Germ.) and their susceptibility to leaf silvering was compared. Silvering was less severe in `Striato d'Italia' in the greenhouse and field.
Nitrogen Rate, Cultivar, and Within-row Spacing Affect Collard Yield and Leaf Nutrient Concentration
Authors: Dangler James M. , Wood C. Wesley
Published: February 2019

Collards (Brassica oleracea L. Acephala Group) were grown in spring and fall to evaluate the effects of N fertilizer rate (0, 56, 112, 168, and 224 kg·ha -1), cultivar (Blue Max and Vates), and within-row spacing (15, 23, and 30 cm) on yield and leaf mineral nutrient concentrations. Season, cultivar, and N rate interacted in their effects on yield. In spring, `Blue Max' yield increased linearly with N rate to 10.4 t·ha-1, whereas the highest `Vates' yield (7.0 t·ha-1) was obtained with 112 kg N/ha, and yield remained similar with additional N. In fall, `Blue Max' and `Vates' yields were highest (14.5 and 9.9 t·ha -1, respectively) with 112 kg N/ha. Leaf N and P concentrations increased quadratically and linearly, respectively, in response to N rate. Maximum yields were obtained with the 15-cm within-row spacing. Leaf N concentration increased linearly with increased plant population. The adequacy of the present sufficiency range for leaf Ca concentrations of field-grown collards is discussed.
Initial Growth of Rosebay Rhododendron Seedlings as Influenced by Day and Night Temperatures
Authors: Starrett Mark C. , Blazich Frank A. , Warren Stuart L.
Published: February 2019

Rosebay rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum L.) seedlings were grown in controlled-environment chambers for 14 weeks under long (9-hour) days at 18, 22, 26, or 30C in factorial combination with 15-hour nights at 14, 18, 22, or 26C. Total dry-matter production was lowest for 18C days and highest for 26C days. A similar response occurred for top, leaf, root, and stem dry weights. Nights at 22C maximized total plant, top, leaf, and stem dry weights. The optimum day/night cycle for dry-matter production was 26/22C. Leaf area was optimum with 18C nights. Leaf weight ratio (leaf dry weight: total plant dry weight) increased with an increase in night temperature to a maximum at 22C. Root weight ratio (root dry weight: total plant dry weight) decreased with an increase in night temperature to a minimum at 22C. Stem weight ratio (stem dry weight: total plant dry weight) and shoot: root ratio (top dry weight: root dry weight) were not influenced significantly by day or night temperature. A day/night cycle of 26/22C seems to be optimal for producing-salable plants.
Response to Artificial Infection by Phytophthora cactorum of Four Apple Scion Cultivars on Three Rootstock
Authors: Utkhede R.S. , Smith E.M.
Published: February 2019

A 10-year field experiment was conducted on 20-year-old apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) inoculated with Phytophthora cactorum (Leb. & Cohn) Schroet. to study the influence of the scion cultivar on rootstock susceptibility. The rootstock MM.111 was less susceptible to P. cactorum than M.7 when `Golden Delicious' was the scion, but there were no differences when `Delicious', `Haroldred Delicious', or `McIntosh' were the scions. Similarly, the rootstock M.26 was less susceptible than M.7 when `McIntosh' was the scion, but there were no differences when `Delicious', `Haroldred Delicious', or `Golden Delicious' were the scions. These results suggest that the influence of scions on rootstock susceptibility to P. cactorum crown rot is variable.
Physiological Attributes Related to Quality Attributes and Storage Life of Minimally Processed Lettuce
Authors: Couture R. , Cantwell M.I. , Ke D. , Saltveit M.E.
Published: February 2019

Relationships between storage quality attributes, such as russet spotting and browning intensity, and physiological attributes, such as soluble phenolic content and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activities, of minimally processed crisphead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were studied. The processed lettuce tissue was kept in air or air plus ethylene at 2 or 5 μl·liter-1 at 2.5 or 5C for 1 to 4 days and then transferred to air at 2.5, 5, or 20C for 1 to several days. None of the above physiological attributes of the initial samples from eight lettuce cultivars (Calmar, El Toro, Sea Green, Pacific, Monterey, Salinas 88, 86-13, and Nerone) and three maturity stages (immature, mature, and overmature) correlated with their storage quality. However, ethylene-induced PPO and PAL activities and browning intensity measured 3 to 4 days after harvest consistently and significantly correlated with the final visual quality of the ethylene-treated, minimally processed lettuce after 6 to 10 days of storage. Among these three attributes, ethylene induced a 2.5- to 5.3-fold increase in PAL activity, while the relative changes in PPO activity and browning intensity were only 23% to 68%. Ethylene-induced PAL activity possibly may be used as an index to predict the storage life of minimally processed lettuce.
Storing `Galia' Melons in a Controlled Atmosphere with Ethylene Absorbent
Authors: Aharoni Yair , Copel Azica , Fallik Elazar
Published: February 2019

The quality of `Galia' melons (Cucumis melo pv. reticulates) stored in a controlled atmosphere (CA) of 10% CO2 plus 10% O2 with ethylene absorbent (EA) for 14 days at 6C and an additional 6 days at 20C was significantly better than that of control fruit or fruit stored in CA only. Fruit stored in CA plus EA were firmer and exhibited less decay than fruit from the other two treatments.
Comparing Turfgrass Cumulative Evapotranspiration Curves
Authors: Fernandez George C.J. , Love Belinda
Published: February 2019

Twenty-five commercially available turfgrass cultivars were evaluated for cumulative evapotranspiration (ETcum) attributes under progressive water stress for 0 to 21 and 0 to 24 days using the gravimetric mass balance method in two greenhouse studies. At the end of the water-stress treatment, the cultivars were scored visually for their green appearance on a 0 (no green) to 10 (100% green) scale. The Gompertz nonlinear model gave a best fit to ETcum vs. days adjusted for pan evaporation variation in the greenhouse compared with monomolecular and logistic nonlinear regression models. Two ETcum attributes—maximum evapotranspiration rates (ETmax) and inflection time (ti) (the time when the change in ET becomes zero)—were estimated for each cultivar using the Gompertz model. Based on final ETcum, ETmax, ti, and greenness score, `Bristol', `Challenger', and `Wabash' Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.); `Shademaster' creeping fescue (Festuca rubra L.); `FRT-30149' fine fescue (F. rubra L.); and `Aurora' hard fescue (F. ovina var. duriuscula L. Koch.) were identified as low water-use cultivars.
Calorimetric Analysis of Gerbera Flowers
Authors: Tourjee Kenneth R. , Harding James , Byrne Thomas G.
Published: February 2019

Ligule color of a Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus ex Hooker population was analyzed with a reflectance spectrophotometer having a spectral capability of 400 to 700 nm and a cv <3% for the variables hue, chroma, and value. The observations for each variable had a continuous distribution; these broad distributions are possibly bimodal. The repeatability of hue, chroma, and value, determined as the correlation between measurements made on plants in December and those made on the same plants the following April, are 0.83, 0.82, and 0.86, respectively. The phenotypic correlations between value and chroma, value and hue, and chroma and hue are -0.35, 0.73, and 0.11, respectively. Some possible biochemical implications concerning the interaction of anthocyanin and carotenoid pigments are discussed. Reflectance spectroscopy and Commission International de l'Eclairage 1976 (L* a* b*) color space notation provide an objective and precise method for incorporating color into a recurrent selection program.
Yield and Quality of Huitlacoche on Sweet Corn Inoculated with Ustilago maydis
Authors: Valverde M.E. , Moghaddam P. Fallah , Zavala-Gallardo M.S. , Pataky J.K. , Paredes-Lopez O. , Pedersen W.L.
Published: February 2019

Ear gall development was evaluated after inoculating sweet corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids with Ustilago maydis (DC) Corda by injecting sporidial suspensions into silk channels when silks had emerged ≈3 to 6 cm from ear shoots. Gall incidence was ≈35% in two inoculation trials. About 0.5% of the noninoculated control plants was infected. Gall weight increased ≈250% to 500% between 14 and 21 days after inoculation, reaching a maximum of ≈280 to 600 g. Gall tissue was nearly 100% black and had lost its spongy integrity 19 to 21 days after inoculation, when mycelial cells formed powdery teliospores. A 1- or 2-day harvest window during which huitlacoche yield and quality were optimized corresponded to the time at which 60% to 80% of the gall tissue was black. The optimal huitlacoche harvest time varied among hybrids from 17 to 19 days after inoculation, but we suspect that optimal harvest time varies from ≈15 to 24 days after inoculation, depending on the growth stage at which the host is inoculated and the environmental conditions following inoculation. Differences among sweet corn hybrids in gall incidence, gall size, and coverage of mature galls by husk leaves were observed and could be used to select sweet corn hybrids that are well suited for producing huitlacoche.
The Role of Light during Phlox drummondii Hook. Seed Germination
Authors: Carpenter William J. , Ostmark Eric R. , Cornell John A.
Published: February 2019

The role of light on phlox germination and radicle emergence was studied. Neither light level nor duration affected total germination (G) percentages, which ranged from 93%. to 98%. Increasing light level and lengthening light duration delayed achieving 50% of final germination (T50) and increased the span in days between 10% and 90% germination (T90 - T10). Increasing light duration from 0 to 24 hours during germination at 0.15 μmol·s-1·m-2 progressively increased T50 from 3.5 to 7.1 days and T90 - T10 from 2.6 to 13.1 days. Similarly, lengthening light duration from 0 to 24 hours at 1.5 μmol·s-1·m-2 light increased T50 from 3.7 to 10.8 days and T90 - T10 from 2.8 to 13.4 days, whereas 15 μmol·s -1·m-2 increased T50 from 3.9 to 21.9 days and T90 - T10 from 2.9 to 29.2 days. Increasing the number of days in darkness from 0 to 6 decreased T50 from 14.8 to 4.3 days and T90 - T10 from 20.2 to 3.5 days. Increasing the number of days in light from O to 6 increased T50 from 4.0 to 8.9 days and T90 - T10 from 3.8 to 8.2 days. Estimated rates of decline or increase in T50 and T90 - T10 with each added day in darkness or light were measured by fitting regression equations. Seeds germinated in continuous darkness or in 24 or 48 hours of light followed by total darkness had similar G, T50, and T90 - T10. The results indicate that initial phlox seed germination was not affected by light, but that light inhibited radicle extension in later germination stages.
Watermelon Transplant Age: Influence on Fruit Yield
Authors: Vavrina Charles S. , Olson Stephen , Cornell J.A.
Published: February 2019

Total fruit yield of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai] in Florida field tests was unaffected by transplant age (3, 4, or 5 weeks from seeding) or modular cell size (18.8, 30.7, or 60.5 cm3), but was affected by trial year. A further study revealed that early and total fruit yields at two field sites were unaffected by transplant age, ranging from 3 to 13 weeks, when grown in the same modular cell size (34 cm3), but were affected by field trial site. We conclude that transplant age or modular cell size is of little importance relative to post-transplanting conditions (site or year) in influencing watermelon fruit yield.
Fruit-removal Time Influences Return Bloom in Pecan
Authors: Reid William , Huslig Susan M. , Smith Michael W. , Maness Niels O. , Whitworth Julia M.
Published: February 2019

The optimum time for removing pecans [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] to enhance return bloom was determined. Fruit were removed from part of `Mohawk', `Giles', and `Gormely' trees five times during the season as determined by fruit phonological age: immediately after postpollination drop, at 50% ovule expansion, at 100% ovule expansion or water stage, during the onset of dough stage, and 2 weeks after dough stage. Return bloom of all cultivars was increased by fruit removal during ovule expansion. Removing `Mohawk' and `Giles' fruit shortly after pollination induced the greatest return bloom. Return bloom in the small-fruited `Gormely' was equally stimulated by fruit removal at any time during ovule expansion, a result indicating that early fruit removal may be more important for large-than for small-fruited cultivars. If a commercially feasible method to thin pecans is developed, our studies indicate that the optimum time for fruit thinning would be during ovule expansion.
Evaluating Sweet Onion Cultivars for Sugar Concentrations and Pungency
Authors: Vavrina Charles S. , Smittle Doyle A.
Published: February 2019

Six onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars were grown during 2 years to evaluate the effects of environment on bulb quality as measured by sugar and pyruvate (pungency) concentrations. Within each year, bulb fresh weight was not affected by cultivar; however, bulb fresh weights were 36% higher in a year when most of the rain fell during maximum bulb expansion. Total bulb sugar concentration and pungency varied among cultivars and years. Pungency was higher and the sugar: pungency ratio was lower in `Texas 1015Y' and `Sweet Georgia' than in `Dessex', `Rio Bravo', 'Hybrid Yellow Granex', and `Granex 33'. Under low S nutrition, market acceptance of “sweet” onion cultivars that vary slightly in nonstructural water-soluble carbohydrates may be assessed more precisely by the sugar: pungency ratio than by sugar or pungency assessments.