bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Controlled Trial of Anti-Parkinson Drugs in Drug-Induced Parkinsonism
Authors: Ekdawi M. Y. , Fowke R.
Published: August 2008

In his survey of drug-induced extrapyramidal reactions, Ayd (1961) found that they occurred in 38·9 per cent, of 3,775 patients treated with phenothiazines. La Verne (1961) reported the occurrence of dyskinesia in 48 per cent. of 270 cases treated with haloperidol. It is therefore standard practice in many units to administer anti-Parkinson drugs concurrently with tranquillizers.
Educative Treatment of Patients and Parents in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Groen J. J. , Feldman-Toledano Z.
Published: August 2008

Although there is now universal agreement that the reduction of food-intake is the central phenomenon in the syndrome of anorexia nervosa, the cause of the food refusal is still incompletely understood. One of the difficulties in elucidating the psychogenic roots of the anorexia is the fact that the patients themselves are unable to explain their thoughts and feelings. Conversations with them give the impression that one is speaking to a very young child who cannot or dare not express herself, so that the interviews are reduced to monosyllabic answers to questions and long periods of silence without relevation of pertinent material. After having spent much time with such patients in the past, we have since tried to obtain additional information from parents and other family members, neighbours and family doctors who knew the patients and their environment. Although we are well aware that this kind of information pertains more to outward behaviour than to “endopsychic” processes and therefore will probably be considered as of limited value by those who are interested in the so-called psychodynamics of the disease, we were able to formulate at least a tentative hypothesis that seemed to fit the life situation in our patients and bring them under a common denominator. From this hypothesis, which will be formulated below, a simple prediction followed as to how these patients should be treated. In the present paper we wish to formulate the hypothesis and present the preliminary results of a form of treatment, based on this prediction.
Pseudocholinesterase and the Prediction of Stability in Subnormal and Psychopathic Offenders
Authors: McKerracher D. W. , McGuire W. A. , Aronson A. , Scott J.
Published: August 2008

In the last decade, much physiological and biochemical information has been collected about the organic role played by the enzyme “true” cholinesterase in the transmission of nervous impulses (Crossland, 1957; Feldberg, 1957; Nachmansohn, 1959); but attempts to explain the function of pseudocholinesterase have been less consistent, and confined mainly to the effects of physical disease (Berry et al., 1954; Koster et al., 1943; Kunkel et al., 1947; McArdle, 1940) with one exception: Richter, (1942) discovered a significant relationship between raised pseudocholinesterase activity and neurotic anxiety or depression. Eysenck commented on this behavioural link (1947), but no further investigations appear to have been carried out in spite of the provocative theme. The possibility of other behavioural abnormalities being associated with an elevated pseudocholinesterase level therefore seemed to merit some attention.
Serum Proteins in Huntington's Chorea
Authors: Cowie Valerie , Gammack D. B.
Published: August 2008

Huntington's chorea is transmitted by a rare autosomal Mendelian dominant gene. Its hereditary transmission is facilitated by a late onset of the condition in many cases. Often the first signs are not seen until late in the reproductive period, so that it is not uncommon for a patient already to have produced a number of children before the diagnosis is made. On a theoretical basis, 50 per cent. of these offspring are at risk for carrying the gene and consequently for developing the condition themselves.
Modified Leucotomy in Severe Agoraphobia: A Controlled Serial Inquiry
Authors: Marks I. M. , Birley J. L. T. , Gelder M. G.
Published: August 2008

There is still little agreement on the value of frontal leucotomy in the treatment of chronic psychiatric illness (Pippard, 1962). A familiar feature of this uncertainty is the contrast between the enthusiasm of the authors of uncontrolled studies (Pippard, 1955; Scoville, 1960; Sargent and Slater, 1963; Birley, 1964; Sykes and Tredgold, 1964) and the scepticism of those who have included a matched untreated group (Robin, 1958; McKenzie and Kaczanowski, 1964;Brit. Med. J.,1965). These controlled series were only concerned with “standard” leucotomies, which are now generally abandoned. All studies, including those of modified leucotomy, examined heterogeneous psychiatric disorders and concentrated on their final state rather than their progress towards it. This approach may obscure important differences both in type of disorder and stage of follow-up.
Behaviour Therapy of Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome
Authors: Clark D. F.
Published: August 2008

Eighty years ago Gilles de la Tourette (1885) described the syndrome which has become eponymous. It has been usual to consider it as a relatively rare constellation of symptoms, sometimes the concern of the neurologist, sometimes of the psychiatrist; but in recent years three papers (Bockner, 1959; MacDonald, 1963; Polites, Kruger and Stevenson, 1965) discussing the syndrome and its treatment have appeared in British journals alone. All comment on the infrequency of the syndrome, but one does suggest that it may be less infrequent than has been thought in the past.
Measurement of Anxiety by Forearm Blood Flow
Authors: Kelly D. H. W.
Published: August 2008

A physiological index of anxiety would be of considerable value if it could evaluate objectively the diminution in anxiety which follows drug treatment, psychotherapy, deconditioning and prefrontal leucotomy. Anxiety is an unpleasant subjective experience of tension, apprehension or anticipation imposed by the expectation of danger or distress or the need for a special effort. The components of the accompanying physiological response lend themselves to objective measurement and are worthy of study since they reflect the emotional changes which defy direct measurement.
Schizophrenia in Twins: 16 Years' Consecutive Admissions to a Psychiatric Clinic
Authors: Gottesman Irving I. , Shields James
Published: August 2008

Recent developments in the vexed questions of the relative importance to be attributed to genetic and environmental factors in the aetiology of schizophrenia, and the manner in which they interact to produce a phenotypic psychosis, are highlighted by David Rosenthal's series of critical papers (1959–1962) on twin and family studies and the book edited by him chronicling the lives of a set of monozygotic quadruplets all concordant for schizophrenia (1963). In his thorough and open-minded critique Rosenthal argues that previously reported concordance rates for monozygotic (MZ) twins have been misleadingly high. To this point we shall return in a moment. Rosenthal finally concludes that “the best information we now have with respect to the whole broad question of heredity and environment in schizophrenia, is to be found mainly in the five major studies of twins.” Unlike some who have pointed out weaknesses in the studies, he believes that “our task is to determine their source, extent and implications, not to dismiss them offhandedly because they contain errors” (1962a, p. 132).
Psychiatry in Iraq
Authors: Bazzoui Widad , Al-Issa Ihsan
Published: August 2008

In recent years there has been a wide interest in the cross-cultural aspects of mental illness. Information concerning incidence, symptomatology and attitudes towards mental illness in the developing countries may contribute to the understanding of psychological processes and psychiatric problems. Kline (1963) reported a number of surveys of psychiatry in non-Western countries. One of these surveys was conducted in Kuwait, which is culturally and geographically intimately related to Iraq. This study aims at adding to Kline's data by providing information about various facets of psychiatry in Iraq. The present data were collected through interviews with a number of practising psychiatrists and through reference to hospital statistics and other relevant literature, in addition to the authors' clinical experience.
Depressive Psychosis in the Obsessional Neurotic
Authors: Gittleson N. L.
Published: August 2008

The occurrence of depressive psychosis in the obsessional neurotic has been noted by Prichard (1835), Heilbronner (1912), Gordon (1925 and 1950), Vurpas and Corman (1933), Lewis (1934), Stengel (1945 and 1948), Terhune (1949), Pollitt (1956 and 1957), Reda and Paretti (1958), and Skoog (1959). Apart from Freud (1923), Vurpas and Corman and Pollitt, the general view is that such cases fare worse than other depressives. It is still uncertain in what ways, if any, a pre-existing obsessional neurosis modifies a superimposed depressive psychosis. The uncertainty is due to the lack of a large controlled series, the provision of which is the purpose of this study.
Changes in M.P.I. Scores in Neurotic Patients: A Three Year Follow-up
Authors: Ingham J. G.
Published: August 2008

Do the relatively high N-scores observed in neurotic patients reflect a stable characteristic of the neurotic's personality, or are they temporary manifestations occurring only in the acute phase of the illness? Similarly, do the relatively low E-scores of dysthymic patients remain low through variations of clinical state or are they also temporary? The temporal stability of M.P.I. scores is of some practical importance. Criteria for psychiatric diagnosis often include assessments of personality before the illness. Fairly reliable information about this can often be obtained from relatives, but in other cases the clinician is faced with a problem that might appear insoluble. How is he to assess previous personality during an acute illness which may influence the behaviour on which personality is judged?
The MMPI and the Aged—Some Normative Data from a Community Sample
Authors: Britton P. G. , Savage R. D.
Published: August 2008

There has been much speculation but little evidence concerning the view that personality characteristics, like cognitive factors, change with age. Consequently, the lack of information on the MMPI for aged populations may well have led to its inadvertent misuse on the assumption that the standard normative data given in the revised Manual (Hathaway and McKinley, 1951) are applicable to the elderly. The authors present data on a sample of the aged taken from the community which shows this assumption to be misleading, and attempt to improve this situation.
Early Bereavement and Schizophrenia
Authors: Granville-Grossman K. L.
Published: August 2008

The demonstration by previous investigators (Table I), that more schizophrenics have experienced death of a parent in childhood than have control populations, suggests that the bereavement may be of aetiological importance. Gregory (1958) has criticized the methods of such studies, particularly in regard to their difficulty in obtaining well-matched control groups or data relating to the normal population, and the validity of these findings is therefore uncertain. The investigation described in this paper tries to overcome this methodological difficulty by comparing data on ages at bereavement of schizophrenics with those relating to their non-schizoohrenic sibs.
Childhood Bereavement and Subsequent Psychiatric Disorder
Authors: Brown Felix
Published: August 2008

Introductory View

Bereavement is only the most measurable of many possible traumata in childhood; it is fortunately not the commonest and its frequency is still diminishing.
Childhood Bereavement and Subsequent Crime
Authors: Brown Felix , Epps Phyllis
Published: August 2008

It has long been recognized that deprivation in childhood could be related to subsequent crime. Bunyan, in The Life and Death of Mr. Badman, takes for granted that orphanhood renders a girl liable to early seduction. Dickens, writing of Newgate Prison in his Sketches by Boz, says: “Barely past her childhood, it required but a glance to discover that she was one of those children, born and bred in neglect and vice, who had never known what childhood is; who have never been taught to love and court a parent's smile, or to dread a parent's frown. The thousand nameless endearments of childhood, its gaiety and its innocence, are alike unknown to them. They have entered at once into the stern realities and miseries of life, and to their better nature it is almost impossible to appeal in after times ….” In 1944, Bowlby outlined the concept of the affectless and affectionless psychopath produced by deprivation and repeated change of parent figure. The Gluecks, in 1950, found an increase of incidence of broken family in young male delinquents. Analysis of their figures (Fig. 1) suggests that loss of mothers in the childhood of these male delinquents was significant. In 1961 we made an examination of 200 women prisoners and concluded that loss of fathers in childhood was a significant factor in female delinquents.
Childhood Bereavement and Psychiatric Illness
Authors: Dennehy Constance M.
Published: August 2008

The accidental event of childhood bereavement by death of a parent, and its possible importance in the later development of psychiatric illness, has been under study in recent years. It is a truism to state that, in the present organization of European society, such an event is a catastrophe, but whether bereavement is an event of aetiological importance in mental illness has not yet been decided.
Differences Between Physically-minded and Psychologically-minded Medical Practitioners
Authors: Walton H. J.
Published: August 2008

Concern is now general (College of General Practitioners, 1958; Hill, 1960; School of Medicine and Human Biology, 1963) that doctors are inadequately trained for a number of the demands made on them in practice. Many doctors are not equipped to treat emotional disorders and to collaborate with psychiatrists in the treatment of psychologically ill patients. Under present conditions many young doctors graduate with a distinct antipathy to the social and emotional aspects of illness (Walton et al., 1963; Walton et al., 1964). Experienced general practitioners sometimes express strong dislike for the psychological component of their practice and disinclination to get any further training in psychological medicine (Rawnsley and Loudon, 1962). Even those doctors who do seek instruction in psychiatry differ widely in the type of teaching they want and in their attitudes to patients (Walton, 1965). Many of those selecting themselves for training are unsuitable (Balint et al., 1966).
Boy Prostitutes and their Fate
Authors: Craft Michael
Published: August 2008

A boy prostitute is defined here as one under 16 years old who repeatedly performs sexual acts with other males for reward, and is known for this service by his community. This article is concerned with the antecedents, acts, treatment and follow-up of 33 such boys.
The School Progress of Nervous and Troublesome Children
Authors: Douglas J. W. B.
Published: August 2008

This paper describes some of the characteristics of children included in the National Survey of Health and Development who have been cautioned by the police or come before the Courts before their seventeenth birthdays.
Children Under Five in an Adult Psychiatric Ward
Authors: Mitchell Neil , Turton Christopher
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this paper is to describe the routine admission of children below school age with their mothers, it being postulated that this would be to the benefit of both and that the emotional needs of the children would continue to be met during the mothers' treatment. Modern paediatric practice emphasizes the maintenance of the close emotional bond between mother and child, and it was felt that if a mother is mentally ill, the resulting psychological trauma to her child should not be made worse by separating them.
A Comparison of the Effects of Varying Dose Levels of Oxypertine on Mood and Physical Performance of Trained Athletes
Authors: Adamson G. T. , Finlay S. E.
Published: August 2008

Oxypertine (also known as Win. 18,501–2) is a member of a series of alkyl indolyl-4-phenyl piperazines (Archeret al., 1962), and is 1-[2-(5,6 -Dimethoxy-2-methyl-3-indolyl) ethyl]-4-phenylpiperazine.
Double Suicide in Psychiatric Hospital Patients
Authors: Crawford J. P. , Willis J. H.
Published: August 2008

This report was stimulated by the fact that two middle-aged depressive male patients killed themselves in the same ward under identical circumstances within a fortnight. It was thought that it would possibly be instructive to examine the hospital records since its opening in 1866 to look at the available information about patients who had committed suicide whilst under inpatient care here. The total number of suicides to date has been 24 and in the years 1901, 1911, 1955, 1957 and 1965 there have been two suicides in each year. There was sufficient information available to suggest that there were certain similarities between those occurring in the years 1901, 1957 and 1965, so these cases are considered in greater detail in the following reports.
Psychiatric Consultations in a General Hospital
Authors: Kearney Thomas R.
Published: August 2008

Psychiatric consultation in many general hospitals is regarded in much the same light as the French Revolution; it has its hazards and its critics, but tends finally to be accepted as “a Good Thing”. Various aspects of consultation have been discussed, (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (9), but the findings of Mendelson and Meyer are of particular interest, for they point out the high degree of social and family disruption in the patients seen. Elsewhere, the same authors indicate that the impetus for consultation comes, not from the patient, but from the physician, and that disturbed behaviour leads to the psychiatrist being called in (8).
The Effects of Electro-Convulsive Therapy on Patients with Essential Hypertension
Authors: Bodley P. O. , Fenwick P. B. C.
Published: August 2008

There is no doubt that electro-convulsive treatment is a safe treatment, perhaps very safe, yet from time to time reports of a fatality appear in the literature. When death occurs, most authorities agree that it is the cardiovascular system that fails. When there has been no suggestion of respiratory mismanagement, and death has been unrelated to the actual fit, vagal over-activity has received attention as a cause of death. It has been said that almost the only physical contraindication to treatment is a recent coronary thrombosis. Whatever the truth of this may be, uncertainty exists as to the “buffetings” an ischaemic myocardium or a diseased arterial system will tolerate.
The Diurnal Rhythm of Plasma Cortisol Concentration in Depression
Authors: Bridges P. K. , Jones M. T.
Published: August 2008

Endogenous depression appears to be frequently associated with autonomic disturbances, and it has been suggested that in this condition there may be some abnormality of the hypothalamus (Elithorn, 1962; Pollitt, 1965), investigation into which might throw light on its aetiology.
A Psychiatric Study of a Patient with “Pure Gonadal Dysgenesis”
Authors: Nielsen Johannes , Thomsen Niels
Published: August 2008

The present work is a psychiatric cytogenetic study of a patient with “pure gonadal dysgenesis”. This term was first used by Harnden and Stewart (1959), but Swyer (1955) had already drawn attention to the clinical condition of a tall female with hypogonadal signs, amenorrhoea and poorly developed secondary sex characteristics, and Hoffenberg et al. (1957) had described two tall patients with gonadal dysgenesis and recognized this as a variant of Turner's Syndrome because of the normal stature and lack of congenital malformations; they termed it gonadal dysgenesis in the normal-looking female.
Recent Developments in French Psychiatry
Authors: Pichot Pierre
Published: August 2008

In the development of psychiatry, the paths in our two countries, Great Britain and France, have often run parallel, have frequently come into contact, yet each has retained its individuality and with it a nuance of its own. Pinel, freeing the “aliénés” of Bicêtre from their chains, and William Tuke, establishing the York Retreat, were effecting at almost the same time the same revolution in the treatment of the mentally ill, but the philosophical backgrounds of their actions were different; and though the Royal Medico-Psychological Association and the Société Médico-psychologique are of about the same age, their journals reveal that the preoccupations of their members are not absolutely identical. Certainly the interpenetrations have been fruitful. In establishing in Edinburgh, in 1823, the first formal teaching of psychiatry in this country, Sir Alexander Morison had been influenced by the example of Esquirol, his old master; and Théodule Ribot, the founder of modern French psychopathology, had found his conceptual model and his inspiration in the works of English psychologists, to whom he eventually dedicated a volume which became a classic. But too often, in an age which prides itself on having elevated the study of communications to the rank of a science, the diffusion of information meets obstacles which are more than material or linguistic, and a true medical particularism comes into being. The cultivation of national scientific traditions is a sign of creative originality; but, just as the virtues of hybridization have been demonstrated by the geneticists, the advantages stemming from a knowledge of the efforts and the results of other schools are not negligible for psychiatrists. In this paper I am going to attempt to contribute to this mutual understanding by presenting the recent major trends of French psychiatry.
Desensitization and Psychotherapy in the Treatment of Phobic States: A Controlled Inquiry
Authors: Gelder M. G. , Marks I. M. , Wolff H. H. , Clarke M.
Published: August 2008

There is still much disagreement about the best way to treat patients with phobic states. Until recently, drugs and various forms of psychotherapy have mainly been used. Lately, behaviour therapy has also come into use, as graded retraining in practice (Meyer and Gelder, 1963), or as desensitization in imagination (Rachman, 1959; Wolpe, 1961). Since few investigations have included adequate control groups, results such as those of Wolpe (1961) cannot indicate whether behaviour therapy is an advance on existing forms of treatment.
Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression with Medical In-Patients
Authors: Schwab John J. , Bialow Martin R. , Clemmons Roy S. , Holzer Charles E.
Published: August 2008

This report evaluates the use of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRS) (5) in a general medical in-patient population; it is one part of a comprehensive study of depression in these patients (10, 11). The Hamilton Rating Scale was designed to measure the severity of depression in patients already diagnosed as having depressive illness. Hamilton (5) states, “the scale quantifies the results of an interview and is of practical value in assessing the results of treatment.” Recently, the HRS has been used for measuring psychiatric patients' responses to antidepressant medications (7, 9, 12), but there are no reports of its use with medical patients.
Diagnostic Change in a Longitudinal Study of Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Cooper J. E.
Published: August 2008

This paper describes an investigation into the reasons for change in diagnosis in a group of 200 mental hospital patients who were admitted to hospital four times in two years. The cohort consists of the 44,047 patients in England and Wales who had their first admission in 1954, and 46,238 similarly admitted in 1955. The first two years of their progress has already been described in detail (Brooke, E. M., 1963), and further reports are in progress.
A Group Personality Measure and Relationship to Prognosis
Authors: Maddocks P. D.
Published: August 2008

Multitudinous factors play upon each patient; among them are the patient's relationship with the doctor, with other patients, with nurses, relatives, employers and a host of others. Many of these factors are unknown. This investigation is an attempt to put a numerical value on one facet of one factor and assess its relationship to a patient's recovery. The factor measured is the amount of attention given to each patient by the doctor.
Prognosis in “Myxoedematous Madness”
Authors: Ward D. J. , Rastall M. L.
Published: August 2008

A number of factors are recognized as being of importance in the prognosis of “Myxoedematous Madness” (Asher, 2), and these are discussed in some detail below.

The purpose of this paper is to publicize another factor, namely accidental hypothermia, which, by causing a super-added confusional state, can greatly increase mental disturbance. That this additional psychiatric disorder may be rapidly reversible is demonstrated by the following case report.
The Rehabilitation of Long-stay Schizophrenic Patients who have had a Leucotomy
Authors: Nicholas M.
Published: August 2008

Leucotomy has been used to treat many patients with schizophrenia. Although some patients seem to have derived considerable benefit from the operation, a number have shown little or no improvement (Board of Control, 1947, Tooth et al., 1961). An appreciable number of schizophrenic patients who have had a leucotomy remain long-stay patients in mental hospitals. In the last few years there has been an increased emphasis on the rehabilitation of chronically disabled psychiatric patients and the purpose of this paper is to assess the response to rehabilitation of long-stay schizophrenic patients several years after a leucotomy operation.
Problems of a Geriatric Mental Health Service
Authors: Macmillan Duncan
Published: August 2008

The sub-speciality of geriatric psychiatry is coming to be known as “psycho-geriatrics”, an abbreviation which is not a very happy one, but which seems to be becoming generally accepted.
Estimation of Drug Rejection by Schizophrenic In-Patients, with Analysis of Clinical Factors
Authors: Wilson J. D. , Enoch M. D.
Published: August 2008

Biochemical studies on the urine of schizophrenic in-patients and out-patients have shown the drug rejection rate to vary from 5 per cent. to 32 per cent. in the U.K., U.S.A., and U.S.S.R. (3, 4, 8, 9, 11, 12). Even higher rejection rates (70 per cent.) were found with depressed out-patients (12), and high rejection rates have been found in antenatal patients prescribed ferrous sulphate, out-patients supposedly taking P.A.S. for their tuberculosis, and patients on drugs for rheumatoid arthritis (1, 2, 5, 6, 7).
A Regional Post-graduate Training Scheme in Psychiatry
Authors: Enoch M. David , Trethowan W. H.
Published: August 2008

The foundation of the new Department of Psychiatry in the University of Birmingham in January, 1962 was followed by the development of a post-graduate training scheme in psychiatry operating within the area administered by the Birmingham Regional Hospital Board. It was clear at the outset that the Regional psychiatric hospitals were looking to the new Department for positive help in post-graduate training and research and that its creation was accompanied by an air of expectancy. Because, judging from enquiries received, the scheme has excited some attention from outside the Region, it would seem appropriate to give an account of how it operates.
Psycho-Analytical Psychotherapy in the National Health Service
Authors: Freeman Thomas
Published: August 2008

It is a fact that there is, within the National Health Service, a gradually increasing demand for psycho-analytical psychotherapy. This demand is reflected in the large number of patients referred and in many articles dealing with the treatment of psychiatric and physical illnesses. Such satisfaction gained by this recognition is offset by the knowledge that both inside and outside the medical profession there is an abysmal ignorance of what psycho-analytical psychotherapy is, what it can or cannot achieve and what it involves in that most precious commodity—doctor time.
The Psychiatric Service at Birmingham University
Authors: Maclay Inga
Published: August 2008

In recent years the mental health of British university undergraduates has aroused considerable interest. The findings of Parnell (1951) at Oxford, Davy (1957 and 1960) at Cambridge, Malleson (1958) at University College, London, and Juel-Jensen (1962) at Oxford indicate that up to 20 per cent. of students suffer psychiatric disturbances of sufficient degree to constitute a handicap in their daily life. Furthermore, mental ill-health is one of the most important reasons why undergraduates lose time from their studies or withdraw from university altogether. Read (1954) stressed the advantages of the psychiatric service for students at the London School for Economics.
Hypertensive Interactions Between Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors and Foodstuffs
Authors: Blackwell B. , Marley E. , Price J. , Taylor D.
Published: August 2008

Hypertensive attacks during treatment with amine oxidase inhibitors were first described in tuberculous patients, and were “rediscovered'’ when these drugs were introduced into psychiatry. In an assessment of iproniazid for tuberculosis (Ogilvie, 1955), 4 out of 42 patients experienced “attacks of a most distressing nature”, with severe throbbing occipital headache and high blood pressure. Six years later, similar attacks were observed in 5 out of 212 patients treated for depression with nialamide (Davies, 1959), but it was not until the introduction of tranylcypromine that reports again appeared (Lurie and Salzer, 1961; Clark, 1961). By the beginning of 1963, over 40 such cases had been reported, including several complicated by intracerebral haemorrhage or cardiac failure due to the rise in blood pressure (Songco, 1961; McClure, 1962; Dorrell, 1963).
A Comparison of the Outcome of Treatment in Female and Male Alcoholics
Authors: Pemberton D. A.
Published: August 2008

The literature on female alcoholism is relatively scanty. The few reports that have been published suggest that the female alcoholic is different from the male alcoholic: for example, Lysansky (1957) stated that American female alcoholics start to drink later, lose control later, drink alone, prefer wine and have fewer arrests or admissions. Perhaps her illness is also more severe: Fort and Porterfield (1961) discovered in their sample that the women required a much shorter length of time to become alcoholic than did the men; the phases of the process were less distinct and nearly all the women had serious personality difficulties or had experienced strong emotional stress. Another American author, Rosenbaum (1958), thought that female alcoholism was an expression of personality misdevelopment, and produced some evidence to support this view. However, he also demonstrated that in married female alcoholics the husband's own heavy drinking, as well as his non-constructive attitude towards his wife's drinking, contributed to the wife's illness.
Drug Treatment of Adolescent Tiqueurs
Authors: Connell P. H. , Corbett J. A. , Horne D. J. , Mathews A. M.
Published: August 2008

Various forms of treatment have been recommended for multiple tics, including psychotherapy (Zausmer, 1954), behaviour therapy (Yates, 1958) and phenothiazines and other tranquillizers (Lucas, 1964; Kelman, 1965), but there have been no reports of an adequate controlled trial of any particular therapy.
Blood Thiamine and Nicotinic Acid Levels in Alcoholism and Confusional States
Authors: Kershaw P. W.
Published: August 2008

It has been routine psychiatric practice in recent years to prescribe vitamins in alcoholism and confusional states and sometimes in other organic psychoses. The doses given are massive, varying from about ten to twenty times those strictly necessary in deficiency states. This empirical therapy is supported neither by controlled trials nor by direct evidence of vitamin deficiency.
Plasma II-Hydroxycorticosteroids in Affective Disorders
Authors: Brooksbank B. W. L. , Coppen Alec
Published: August 2008

From diverse physiological and psychological studies in animals and in man, it is generally concluded that increased secretion of adrenocortical steroids accompanies emotional stress. The relationship between mood, especially the pathological changes of mood found in a depressive illness, and adrenocortical hormones is not so clearly defined.
Attempted Suicide in Newcastle upon Tyne
Authors: Whitlock F. A. , Schapira Kurt
Published: August 2008

“A suicidal attempt is any act of self-damage inflicted with self-destructive intention, however vague and ambiguous. Sometimes this intention has to be inferred from the patient's behaviour.”

In recent years a number of studies on attempted suicide in various cities in England and Scotland have been published (Batchelor, 1954a and b; Stengel and Cook, 1958; Harrington and Cross, 1959; Middleton et al., 1961; Kessel and Lee, 1962; Sclare and Hamilton, 1963). Direct comparison between these suicides is difficult, not only because they differ in presentation but also because regional and cultural differences contribute to varying clinical and epidemiological data. There is, however, general agreement that cases of attempted suicide have become depressingly common problems in the casualty departments and wards of most general hospitals in larger cities. The Ministry of Health Circular H.M. (61) 94 estimates that the annual incidence of attempted suicide in England and Wales is around 30,000 cases. The present writers agree with Stengel (1963) that this is likely to be an underestimate.
Personal Relevance and the Choice of Constructs for the Repertory Grid Technique
Authors: Caine T. M. , Smail D. J.
Published: August 2008

A number of studies have shown with psychological testing that the form a particular response takes will depend on the personal relevance to the subject of the stimulus, and that the more personally relevant the stimulus the less the effects of other response determinants. For example, Dahlstrom (1962) has listed six “contextual” and five “mediating” variables which he feels account for responses to such test items as those composing the M.M.P.I. These variables include the experimental setting, the examiner and the specific test items (contextual variables), and the veridical facts, personality styles, test instructions (mediating variables). Similar arguments have been advanced with regard to projective testing by Hutt (1951, 1954) and Wertheimer (1957), among others. Caine (1967) has shown that response suppression operates in a sentence building test only when the test material is of limited personal significance to the subject, and that the consistency of response between different testing levels along the overt/covert dimension pertains only when the stimulus material is of psycho-pathological significance. With the T.A.T., Smail (1966) has argued that if meaningful results are to be obtained responses must be interpreted in the light of the patient's particular situation much more than is the general practice, and that responses which are clinically typical of a given diagnostic group may only appear where the stimulus card accurately reflects the situation in which the patient finds himself.
Body Water Variations in Manic-Depressive Psychosis
Authors: Hullin R. P. , Bailey Angela D. , McDonald R. , Dransfield G. A. , Milne H. B.
Published: August 2008

Most of the water and electrolyte studies in mental illness have been carried out on patients suffering from periodic disorders and have been reviewed by Crammer (1962). Coppen and Shaw (1963) found increases in total body water and extracellular fluid and a decrease in residual sodium space on recovery from depression. Manic patients with a high vocal productivity were found by Anderson et al. (1964) to have a negative sodium balance, low plasma potassium levels and a positive potassium balance. Depressed patients with a low vocal productivity had a reduced rate of sodium loss and higher plasma potassium levels. Dawson et al. (1956) found extracellular expansion on spontaneous recovery from manic or depressive attacks. The purpose of the present study was to investigate variations in total body water and its distribution in manic-depressive psychosis. The investigation was complementary to a similar study of variations in body composition during recovery from depression reported by Hullin et al. (1967).
Personality, Physique and the Adrenocortical Response to a Psychological Stress
Authors: Bridges P. K. , Jones M. T.
Published: August 2008

There have been a number of studies attempting to quantify anxiety under stress, using biochemical measures such as plasma Cortisol concentration and urinary catecholamine excretion as concomitants of the emotional response. A limitation of some of this work has been the lack of predictable and adequate stresses studied, which have included disturbing interviews (Blisset al., 1956), admission to hospital and anticipation of operation (Mason, 1959), stressful films (Levi, 1965) and hypnotically induced anxiety (Perskyet at., 1959).
Gilles de la Tourette's Syndrome
Authors: Fernando S. J. M.
Published: August 2008

The syndrome of multiple motor tics accompanied by explosive utterances was originally described by Itard (1825) and later differentiated as a syndrome by Gilles de la Tourette (1885). Koster (1899) discovered two cases among 2,500 patients admitted to a hospital for nervous diseases in Leipzig and found only 50 recorded cases in the literature available to him. Since then, cases have been reported from Germany (Strauss, 1927), Switzerland (Heuscher, 1950), Poland (Dolmierski and Klossowna, 1958), France (Seignot, 1961), Finland, (Salmi, 1961) and Canada (Baker, 1962), in addition to several from the United States and Great Britain (see below). Mahleret al.(1945) found that 18 out of 541 children admitted to a children's ward in a New York psychiatric hospital had tics, but only 11 of them suffered from “the tic syndrome” (Mahler and Luke, 1946)—a synonym for Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Ascher (1948) found four cases of this condition among 9,000 in-patients and 50,000 out-patients at a psychiatric centre in Baltimore. There was only one case detected among 5,300 children attending an education guidance centre in Turku, Finland (Salmi, 1961). Creak and Guttman (1935) found 14 cases in which tics were noted in the diagnosis among in-patients of the Maudsley Hospital, London, between 1932 and 1935. The rarity of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome is such that a review of published case reports is the only feasible method of surveying the broad aspects of the condition. Three cases treated at Runwell Hospital, Wickford, Essex, and a fourth case treated personally in London are presented and published case reports reviewed.
Psychiatric Practice in Great Britain and America: A Comparative Study
Authors: Cooper Brian , Brown Alexander C.
Published: August 2008

The methods of treatment employed for most forms of psychiatric disorder are still largely empirical. Furthermore, they are subject to powerful socio-cultural influences. Hence, it is not surprising that examination of medical practice in different countries reveals wider variation in the treatment of psychiatric disorder than in that of most other forms of morbidity (Shepherd, 1962). To establish the patterns of variation, and to assess their importance, it is necessary to develop techniques which permit direct comparison between the therapeutic practices of representative national groups of psychiatrists. This cannot be an easy matter, since in addition to difficulties of language and protocol there are problems specific to the subject of enquiry. There is as yet no internationally accepted nomenclature for psychiatric disorders, and perusal of the available prevalence statistics suggests that there must be considerable variation in the diagnostic criteria recognized by clinical psychiatrists of different nationalities (Lin and Standley, 1962). Moreover, clinicians whose chief concern is with the treatment and management of individual patients, in part through the manipulation of inter-personal relations, may be reluctant to accept any simple, mutually exclusive classification of their therapeutic techniques.
American Psychopharmacology: Second Class Status?
Authors: Appleton William S. , Chien Ching-Piao
Published: August 2008

In the July 1964 issue of The Atlantic, William Sargant (6), made some controversial comments on American psychiatry. “Freudian converts”, he said, fear “allowing any other methods of psychiatric treatment to gain any real recognition and acceptance in … teaching centers” where physical and biochemical treatments are “dismissed” as “symptomatic” and “second-rate”. He argued, furthermore, that psychoanalysts' views are unrealistic because these practitioners are experienced merely with the “very mildest forms of mental illness”. “Only psychoanalysis holds out any real hope in treatment” is the credo which Dr. Sargant attributes to U.S. psychoanalysts. If these opinions were solely those of one author, they might be overlooked, but they are held by many European and American psychiatrists (1).
Rehabilitation of the Young Schizophrenic Patient
Authors: Durrant B. W.
Published: August 2008

During the treatment of mental illness, a phase is reached when the patient is encouraged to resume his life in the community by spending increasing periods of leave at home.
Childhood Bereavement and Adult Depression
Authors: Hill O. W. , Price J. S.
Published: August 2008

The effect that childhood experience may have upon the individual's adult life has always been a subject of great interest.

Since the publication of Freud's essay on “Mourning and Melancholia” (1917), much thought has been devoted to the influence of bereavement in childhood, more especially as an antecedent to depressive illness in the adult. Bereavement is peculiarsluyitable for such an investigation since the death of a parent is one of the few reasonably frequent events which are largely independent of the behavioural pattern of the family.
The Psychiatric Sequelae of Benign Myalgic Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Kendell R. E.
Published: August 2008

During the 1950s, epidemics of an illness which came to be known as Benign Myalgic Encephalomyelitis were reported from many different parts of the world. Fourteen such epidemics have been reviewed by Acheson (1959). As each fresh outbreak was reported several curious features began to emerge. No virus or other aetiological agent could ever be incriminated, in spite of strong evidence for an infective origin. The illness showed a strange predilection for young women, particularly nurses, and several epidemics occurred in association with poliomyelitis. And though muscular weakness and other neurological disabilities were often severe, objective evidence of damage to the central nervous system was usually conspicuously absent. Indeed, in comparison with other forms of encephalomyelitis the illness seemed mild, even trivial, yet those affected often suffered repeated relapses and exacerbations for many months or even years, and were always curiously slow to regain their former vigour.
Community Care or Hospitalization
Authors: Haider Ijaz
Published: August 2008

In view of the increasing demand for the in-patient care of old people in Essex, a psycho-geriatric unit was set up at Severalls Hospital, Colchester in 1960 to provide a comprehensive service in its catchment area. The organization of this unit has been described by Whitehead (1966) and that of the day hospital by Haider (1967).
Behavioural Characteristics of Primary School Children Referred to a Psychiatric Department
Authors: Wolff Sula
Published: August 2008

This investigation is part of a larger comparative study of Edinburgh primary school children referred to a psychiatric department with behaviour disorders and of a matched control group of non-referred children.
Clinical Psychology as an Applied Science
Authors: Shapiro M. B.
Published: August 2008

The essential function of the clinical psychologist, from the point of view of society as a whole, must be to make available to the Health Service the contribution of the science of psychology. This means much more than the kind of sophistication which stems from an experience of psychiatric disorder and from a study of the psychiatric literature. We will now consider the implications of such an approach for the three main aspects of clinical work: assessment, modification, and research.
Family History Studies. II Sex Differences and Alcoholism in Primary Affective Illness
Authors: Winokur George , Clayton Paula
Published: August 2008

In previous communications (6, 9) we have presented data indicating that affective disorder (manic depressive disease, involutional depressive reaction, neurotic depressive reaction, psychotic depressive reaction) is more frequent in females than in males. More specifically, in a total sample of 366 affective disorder probands there was a ratio of 1·9 females to every male; and in the parents of the probands a statistically significant excess of mothers as compared to fathers was found to have suffered from the same illness. Calculations done on the same proband group revealed that alcoholism was significantly more prevalent in the fathers and siblings of the affective disorder group than in a matched control series. It appeared that if one added the alcoholic fathers to the affectively disordered fathers one found a prevalence of psychiatric illness in fathers which was similar to the prevalence of affective disorder itself in the mothers. Thus, it seemed that the deficiency in affective disorder diagnoses in fathers was made up by alcoholism.
A Comparative Trial of Ro 4-6270 and Amitriptyline in Depressive Illness
Authors: Haider Ijaz
Published: August 2008

Many patients with depressive illness also show considerable anxiety and agitation and often require a tranquillizer in addition to an anti-depressant drug. A new combination—Ro 4-6270 or Limbitrol Forte (Roche)—consisting of amitriptyline 25 mg.+chlordiazepoxide 10 mg. has recently become available for clinical trial. Both amitriptyline and chlordiazepoxide are widely used as an anti-depressant and a tranquillizer respectively. Clinical trials by Harris (1960), Jenner et al. (1961) and Hordern et al. (1963) have confirmed the efficacy of these drugs. Karabanow (1962), Poldinger (1963), Tietzen (1964) and Haider (1967a) have reported the usefulness of the combination of amitriptyline and chlordiazepoxide in depressive states, but none of these studies was adequately controlled. In a previous study (Haider, 1967b) I reported the efficacy of a combination of an anti-depressant and a tranquillizer in improving anxiety and agitation in depressive illness, more than one would expect with an anti-depressant alone. As the combination was compared with a placebo, it was not possible to state with any certainty what was the role of the tranquillizer in improving these symptoms.
Social Class and the Young Offender
Authors: Palmai G. , Storey P. B. , Briscoe O.
Published: August 2008

This study is an investigation of the social class background of a randomly selected sample of young people appearing in the London Juvenile Courts; and of the relationships between their social class and sex and the number and types of offences with which they were charged.
Double Barr Bodies in Women in Mental Hospitals
Authors: Olanders Staffan
Published: August 2008

Sex chromatin studies of the mentally defective have revealed a higher than average prevalence of positive sex chromatin among retarded males, and of double Barr bodies among retarded females (Prader et al., 1958; Israelsohn and Taylor, 1961; Maclean et al., 1962; Anderson et al., 1964; and others). It is not yet clear whether mentally defective women also contain an unusually large number with the XO constitution. That mild mental deficiency is a common accompaniment of an XYY constitution in males has been shown recently (Jacobs et al., 1965; Casey et al., 1966; Price et al., 1966). As yet no epidemiological studies have been reported on the XYY constitution.