bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CANADIAN LINSEED: II. RELATIONS BETWEEN IODINE VALUE AND FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF LINSEED OIL
Authors: Sallans H. R. , Sinclair G. D.
Published: April 2011

Analyses were made for non-saponifiable matter, iodine value, thiocyanogen value, and saturated acids on 54 samples of linseed oil from three varieties of flax grown in Saskatchewan. From these data the percentages of oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids in the oils were computed. Analysis of variance showed that varietal differences exist for all these properties with the exception of non-saponifiable matter, and environmental effects cause significant differences in all properties.Highly significant total correlation coefficients were obtained between iodine value and:—thiocyanogen value, r =.962**; saturated acids, r = −.596**; unsaturated acids, r =.692**; oleic acid, r = −.912**; and linolenic acid, r =.940**. Relations between iodine value and thiocyanogen value, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid proved to be homogeneous with respect to regression coefficients and centroids. From these relations the following prediction equations wrere derived:Thiocyanogen value = 0.44 iodine value + 38.59 (S.e. = 0.63 units);Linolenic acid, % = 0.49 iodine value − 37.93 (S.e. = 0.88%);Linoleic acid, % = 0.055 iodine value + 0.73 (S.e. = 1.80%);Oleic acid, % = −0.48 iodine value + 113.08 (S.e. = 1.06%).** Indicates that the 1% level of significance was attained.
CANADIAN LINSEED: III. IODINE VALUES IN RELATION TO OIL AND MEAL PROPERTIES OF COMMERCIAL SAMPLES
Authors: Sallans H. R.
Published: April 2011

Commercial samples of the 1942 flax crop were collected and composited into a series of 12 composites ranging in iodine value from 182 to 198 units. Analyses of these composites were made to determine what effect a grading system based on iodine values would have on the composition of linseed oil and meal.The data indicate that for these samples the iodine number of the oil provides a reliable index of the fatty acid composition, irrespective of the variety or the environmental conditions under which a particular sample is produced. Thus iodine value of the oil is a reliable factor on which to base a premium grade of Canadian linseed.It is shown that the establishment of such a grade would result in lower oil yield and lower protein content in the cake from this flax. This is due to the effects of variety and environment on the iodine value of linseed oil and may be corrected by the development of new varieties that are adapted to northern areas and have a high oil content.
SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A SAMPLE OF ALBERTA BITUMINOUS SAND
Authors: Clark K. A.
Published: April 2011

Some physical properties of a sample of bituminous sand from the Abasand Oils Ltd. quarry have been determined. The sample contained about 17% bitumen and 1% water. The porosity of the sample in its natural state of packing was 39 to 40%, while saturation of the pore space with bitumen was 80 to 85% and with water, 3.5 to 4.5%. The coefficient of thermal conductivity of the sample in its natural state of packing was 0.0035 in c.g.s. units and at 45 °C. The specific heat of the bitumen content of the sample was 0.35 and of the mineral content, 0.18 for the temperature range 0° to 100 °C. The bitumen had a calorific value of 17,860 B.t.u. per lb.
LE SECOND PRINCIPE ET LA THÉORIE DES QUANTA
Authors: Demers Pierre
Published: April 2011

not available
A MASS SPECTROMETER AND THE MEASUREMENT OF ISOTOPE EXCHANGE FACTORS
Authors: Thode H. G. , Graham R. L. , Ziegler J. A.
Published: April 2011

A 180 degree direction focusing mass spectrometer for isotope abundance measurements is described. In operation, the instrument has a resolution of one mass unit in 100, which is the resolution expected from the dimensions of the slits and the radius of curvature of the ion path.The precision of the instrument is sufficiently good to make possible the direct measurement of equilibrium constants for many isotopic reactions. Several reactions previously used to separate the nitrogen and the sulphur isotopes have been investigated. The equilibrium constants for the two reactions[Formula: see text]were found to be about 60% higher than those previously reported from fractionation column experiments. However, the low values previously reported can be accounted for on the basis of Cohen's theory of packed columns.
POLARIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF STARCH IN CEREAL PRODUCTS: III. COMPOSITION AND SPECIFIC ROTATORY POWER OF STARCHES IN RELATION TO SOURCE AND TYPE
Authors: Clendenning K. A. , Wright D. E.
Published: April 2011

Under the conditions of an improved calcium chloride procedure, only very small differences in specific rotation value have been observed between samples of starch obtained from the same species or genus, nine wheat starches representing hard, soft, and durum varieties grown at different stations varying only from 202.3° to 203.2°. The specific rotation values for 48 samples of starch representing 20 different genera or species also showed little divergence from 203. Average values for wheat starch were 202.7; corn, 202.9; waxy corn, 202.3; barley, 203.5; waxy barley, 202.5; rye, 202.8; oat, 202.9; rice, 203.0; waxy rice, 202.7; grain sorghum, 203.2; waxy sorghum, 202.3; buckwheat, 203.4; millet (impure), 201.4; sweet potato, 203.4; arrowroot, 203.3; tapioca, 202.8; potato, 204.1; lily (bulb), 203.9; pea, 199.4; and bean, 200.4. Storage of starch for upwards of 10 years caused a decrease in the specific rotation value.The fat content of the waxy starches was consistently lower than that of the corresponding non-waxy cereal starches. Oat starches had by far the highest fat content, averaging 1.2%. The fat content of legume, bulb, root, and tuber starches was low but measurable. The protein content of the root, bulb, and tuber starches was approximately 0.1%, and of commercial rice, 0.5%, all of the remaining starches with the exception of the impure millet being intermediate in this respect.
LES AMYLASES DES MICRO-ORGANISMES
Authors: Bois Elphège , Savary Jean
Published: April 2011

not available
EQUILIBRIUM DIAGRAMS FOR BINARY MIXTURES OF ANILINE, ETHYLANILINE, AND DIETHYLANILINE
Authors: Green B. C. , Spinks J. W. T.
Published: April 2011

Liquid–vapour composition curves have been determined for the systems aniline–monoethylaniline, monoethylaniline–diethylaniline, and aniline–diethylaniline. The experimental curve for aniline–monoethylaniline agrees quite well with the curve calculated using Raoult's law. However, the experimental curves for monoethylaniline–diethylaniline and aniline–diethylaniline show wide deviations from the calculated. From the shape of the experimental curves it appears that good separations of aniline, ethylaniline, and diethylaniline from one another may be effected by distillation with a reasonably good column. Improved separation could be obtained by distillation at reduced pressure.
A RAPID SQUASH TECHNIQUE FOR STEM AND ROOT TIPS
Authors: Johnson L. P. V.
Published: April 2011

A method of preparing permanent slides of stem and root tips for chromosomal studies is described. It involves the following procedure:1. Fix in Carnoy's fluid, 30 min.2. Macerate and hydrolyse at room temperature in a mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 95% ethanol (1: 1) 5 to 10 min.3. Rinse as quickly as possible in two changes of water.4. Stain in leuco basic fuchsin, one hour (or longer).5. Transfer material to drop of 50% acetic acid on slide, cover, squash by tapping with a pencil, and, protecting cover glass with absorbent paper, apply pressure with finger. Allow to stand until drying begins under cover glass (about 10 min.).6. Remove cover glass, flood both cover and slide twice with 95% ethanol and three times with n-propyl acetate at about half-minute intervals, place drop of Canada-balsam–xylene on slide and replace cover glass.The method has proved satisfactory in over 20 species, mainly in Pinaceae.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE GROWTH AND EFFICIENCY OF YOLK CONVERSION IN THE SALMON EMBRYO
Authors: Hayes F. R. , Pelluet D.
Published: April 2011

Salmon larvae from one female were placed in a series of 12 temperature chambers ranging from 0.2° to 16 °C., at approximately the time of hatching. The changes in weight of the embryo and yolk sac were followed for some time, and finally brought to a common value representing the embryo gain (or yolk loss) in 10 days. From the results were calculated the temperature coefficient, Q10, for embryo growth, which showed a drop in the colder chambers from about 8 to a little over 2 at 8°, the latter being maintained at warmer temperatures. When the Q10 for activity (yolk loss minus embryo gain) was worked out it proved to follow the same plan as the growth values just mentioned. The effect of temperature on efficiency was also worked out. Efficiency is defined as[Formula: see text]Efficiency in the cold chambers was found to be low and constant at some 42%. At 5° it began to rise, to reach a maximum of nearly 60% in the warmest chamber.
A REVISION OF THE FAMILY ACARIDAE (TYROGLYPHIDAE), ORDER ACARI, BASED ON COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES: PART I. HISTORICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL, AND GENERAL TAXONOMIC STUDIES
Authors: Nesbitt Herbert H. J.
Published: April 2011

The purpose of this paper is to lay the basis for some serious work on comparative acarinology. For this purpose a restricted group, the family Acaridae, has been selected and a detailed morphological study based on approximately 40 species, representative of the various genera of the family, is presented. It is hoped that this will demonstrate more clearly than has hitherto been done the significance, from the standpoint of classification and phylogeny, of the principal morphological characters present in this group of animals. The classifications of previous workers, particularly that of Oudemans', are briefly reviewed and evaluated in the light of present findings; a discussion of the composition and inter-relationships of the various genera and higher groups is given; and finally a synopsis of the tribes and genera of the family Acaridae, based on characters believed to be of phylogenetic significance, is presented.
DISTRIBUTION OF RIBOFLAVIN IN FRESH AND PROCESSED FISH
Authors: Hoar William S. , Barberie Marjorie
Published: April 2011

The riboflavin content of 125 different samples of fish was determined microbiologically. The reliability of the microbiological method for use on fish was established. Fish muscle varies greatly in its riboflavin content but, in general, contains less than meat. Skin, roe, and liver have a higher content than muscle but much lower content than the glandular organs from mammals. Molluscan tissues contain more than mammalian muscle but much less than mammalian glands. There is no relationship between the size of the fish and its riboflavin content. Freezing and smoking do not cause appreciable losses of riboflavin. Canning, salting, and drying may produce great losses.
A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF CERTAIN DIETARY FACTORS ON THE PRODUCTION OF TAR-CARCINOMA IN MICE
Authors: Cameron A. T. , Meltzer Sara , Lederman J. M.
Published: April 2011

A review of the literature suggests that a relationship exists between diet and the experimental production of skin carcinoma in mice, as far as the time of first appearance of tumours is concerned. The dietary factor or factors of importance in this respect have not yet been ascertained, although the recent work of Baumann and his collaborators suggests that a diet rich in fat accelerates the appearance of skin carcinoma.There is no good evidence in the literature that any vitamin acts as an inhibitory factor to experimentally produced cancer of any kind with the sole exception of hepatomata produced by butter-yellow and inhibited by riboflavin.Conclusions concerning diet and skin carcinoma in mice cannot be applied to any other form of cancer in mice and other animals, including clinical cancer in man.The experiments reported in this paper suggest that the carcinogenic agent employed is of much greater importance than any dietary factor or any pretreatment of mice or their progenitors in determining the incidence of skin carcinoma. With a sufficiently powerful agent the incidence is 100% in an ordinary mouse colony, and the appearance of the cancer is rapid. With a weak agent such as dibenzanthracene the incidence is low, and the appearance of the cancer may be markedly delayed.With the dietary proteins tested, in the amounts employed, no evidence was obtained that protein is a dietary factor affecting the time of onset of skin carcinoma.No evidence was obtained that the content of essential unsaturated fatty acids is a dietary factor affecting the time of appearance of skin carcinoma, but too few animals were employed to permit final judgment on this point.A slight modification of the Mackenzie–McCollum diet for rats (essentially cane sugar and casein, with the necessary vitamins, minerals, etc., added) proved only moderately successful for mice. Their life span was shortened, and maintenance of body weight was less perfect.A peculiar syndrome is described, which developed in mice on this modified Mackenzie–McCollum diet containing an excess of the essential unsaturated fatty acids, and it is suggested that this excess perhaps can cause relative deficiency of some vitamin.The Waddell–Steenbock diet for rats proved a suitable vehicle for testing protein modifications of the diet. However, the modified diet, while permitting mice to live to a considerable age, did not appear to be satisfactory for reproduction. The maximum age span in the experiments was 895 days.The long survivals, with dibenzanthracene as tarring agent, were not obtained with either gas-works tar or benzpyrene.The slow onset of a cancer, with dibenzanthracene as tarring agent, makes it unsuitable for such experiments. The most delayed appearance of a tumour, with this carcinogen, was 104 wk. from commencement of tarring.
THE EFFECT OF HEATING, THE PRESENCE OF ANTIOXIDANTS, AND THE LEVEL AND MELTING POINT OF THE FAT COMPONENT ON THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF DIETS AS INDICATED IN RAT FEEDING TESTS
Authors: Crampton E. W. , Mills M. F.
Published: April 2011

Male white rats were fed baked and unbaked diets containing blended cottonseed oil of two different melting points (45° and 57 °C) with and without antioxidant. The fat was incorporated in the diets at 4 and 16% levels. The relative nutritive value of the diets was measured by growth of rats, digestibility of the diet, and the proportion of fat deposited in the livers and carcasses.The digestibility of the fat decreased as the melting point increased from 45 °C to 57 °C The addition of 0.1% nordihydroguairetic acid to the fat showed no effect on the nutritive value of the diets. Increasing the fat content of the diet from 4 to 16% resulted in a decline in body weight that can be accounted for only on the assumption of poor utilization of fat. Heating the diet lowers its efficiency for rats.
THE EFFECTS OF OXYGEN ON THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN CONDITIONS OF ANOXIA AND ASPHYXIA
Authors: Stavraky George W.
Published: April 2011

An analysis is presented of the blood pressure changes during anoxia, asphyxia, and oxygen administration, in 34 animal experiments. Similarly, in 30 human beings during decompression equivalent to altitudes ranging from 16,500 ft. to 29,000 ft., the blood pressure findings are correlated with the action of the heart and the state of the peripheral blood vessels, and the effect of subsequent administration of oxygen upon them is investigated.Sudden deprivation of oxygen leads to a vasoconstrictor response, which, in humans, manifests itself in facial pallor and elevation of the blood pressure. The administration of oxygen in the later stages of this response may produce a further transient elevation of the blood pressure, which is followed by a fall of blood pressure and slowing of the pulse. The rise of blood pressure caused by oxygen after a period of acute anoxia or asphyxia is due to an augmentation of the action of the heart and to an intensification of the vascular tone, the two phenomena contributing to the rise of blood pressure in a varying degree under different experimental conditions. In intact, anaesthetized cats the effect persists after adrenalectomy. In spinal preparations, previously kept on "minimal" respiration, the effect is greatly reduced by the removal of the suprarenal glands. The rise of blood pressure resulting from the administration of oxygen is abolished by the destruction of the spinal cord by pithing, and is therefore attributed to an excitation of the sympathetic centres. Evidence also is presented that suggests that the chemoreceptors participate in this response in intact anaesthetized animals.A protracted oxygen deficiency of a moderate degree leads to a vasodilator reaction. In human subjects it manifests itself in a gradual engorgement of the cutaneous blood vessels, often in a lowering of the blood pressure, and an increase of the pulse rate. Sudden administration of excessive quantities of oxygen under these conditions causes a further decline of blood pressure and a slowing of the pulse. An analysis of the fall of blood pressure caused by the administration of oxygen in conditions of prolonged hypo-oxygenation shows that it is not strictly related to changes in respiration or to acapnia, which occurs during breathing of air deficient in oxygen. Neither is it prevented by addition of carbon dioxide to the oxygen. However, under prevailing experimental conditions, this fall of blood pressure is almost invariably abolished by a bilateral vagotomy, is occasionally reduced by atropine, and is absent in spinal preparations, these observations indicating "that it is dependent on the functioning of the medullary reflex mechanisms.
A HUMAN EMBRYO OF TWO TO THREE PAIRS OF SOMITES
Authors: Shaner Ralph F.
Published: April 2011

A description is given of a human embryo with two to three pairs of somites and about 25 days old. In general the embryo tallies with the few other human embryos of the same stage hitherto described. It has a well developed head fold, but no tail fold. Its neural groove is everywhere open. There is a minute neurenteric canal, a long primitive streak, and long cloacal membrane. The last is degenerate in its caudal part. The optic primordium is faint, but a clear otic placode is present. Between the two extends a neural crest, the earliest on record. A slight fore-gut is present, ending in an oral membrane. There is a long tubular allantois. The notochord is strap-like, issuing from a Henson's node and ending in a prechordal plate. Two well developed pairs of somites appear with the beginning of a third. The mesoderm is split to contain two body cavities, which join beneath the fore-gut. The yolk sac is partly covered with blood islands. There are two definite umbilical arteries and traces of umbilical veins. Solid strands of angioblastic tissue beneath the fore-gut are the only signs of a heart. Scattered indications of body vessels also occur.
RESIN-RUBBER FROM CANADIAN GROWN PLANTS: III. PRELIMINARY PILOT PLANT EXTRACTION OF GUM FROM MILKWEED LEAVES
Authors: Klassen J. , Grace N. H.
Published: April 2011

A pilot plant method for the extraction of resin–rubber gum from milkweed leaves involved a preliminary water extraction at the boiling point for 15 min. and a 1% alkali cook at 10 lb. steam pressure for [Formula: see text]. The cooked leaves were then filtered and washed to a pH of less than 11.5 and milled in a 120 gal. pebble mill for [Formula: see text]. The resulting slurry was passed through a 60 mesh screen and the undersize then subjected to froth flotation. The resin–rubber fraction was concentrated in the froth, which, after thickening, was fed into a pebble mill for agglomeration.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: I. FERMENTATION OF WHEAT MASHES BYAEROBACILLUS POLYMYXA
Authors: Ledingham G. A. , Adams G. A. , Stanier R. Y.
Published: April 2011

Isolation of Aerobacillus strains with desirable fermentative characteristics was facilitated by pasteurization of the original inoculum. Both cultural characteristics and fermentative capacity of the original isolates were extremely variable. Dissociation into more variant types occurred in later generations giving rise to further differences in fermentative characteristics.In the preparation of mashes particle size of wheat is unimportant in relation to yield provided the kernel has been broken. Since prolonged cooking is harmful, a standard procedure of sterilization for 1 hr. at 121 °C. has been adopted. Mashes containing over 15% wheat by weight are inefficiently fermented. Acid production in the mash may be controlled by the addition of excess calcium carbonate at the beginning of the fermentation, or by the addition of ammonia as required. The most satisfactory fermentation temperature is about 32.5 °C.The addition of yeast extract, malt extract, dried yeast, or corn steep liquor is essential for the preparation of an active inoculum. Fermentation of whole wheat mashes may also be enhanced by yeast extract. Removal of the gluten has little effect, but the bran, shorts, germ, and soluble nitrogenous constituents are necessary for a normal fermentation. Pure wheat starch with inorganic supplements can be only partially utilized.Under anaerobic conditions fermentation of a 15% mash is complete in 60 hr., but continuous removal of the carbon dioxide reduces this time to 48 hr. The diol–ethanol ratio for anaerobic fermentations is of the order of 1.3: 1.0. Aerobic conditions inhibit the fermentation, particularly ethanol formation, and 120 hr. are required for completion. The diol–ethanol ratio, however, may be raised to 3: 1 or higher.
PACKAGING: I. WATER-VAPOUR RESISTANCE OF CELLULOSE-BASE CONTAINERS
Authors: Woodcock A. H. , Chapman Marion G. , Pearce Jesse A.
Published: April 2011

Lacquers and resins coated on paper stocks were less effective water-vapour barriers than waxes. Wax coatings became more effective as the density of the base stocks increased. A flexible wax compound at 40 lb. per ream of 500 sheets, 24 by 36 in., was found most satisfactory for coating "Cellophane."Rectangular containers were found more suitable than cylindrical containers. Wax dipping followed by an overwrap produced water-vapour–resistant packages, but the bag-in-box type, using wax-coated Cellophane as liner, was also effective. Pouch-type liners were favoured.Bag-in-box type packages using wax-coated Cellophane as the liner bag were developed for use on dried egg powder, and a wax-impregnated, wax-coated outer container was devised for Army Mess Tin Ration Kits.Mean moisture gain plus twice the standard deviation was used as a merit factor in distinguishing between packages.
DIMETHYLGLYOXIME-COPPER TREATMENT FOR ROTPROOFING FABRICS
Authors: Neish A. C. , Ledingham G. A. , Mackey A. G.
Published: April 2011

Copper was fixed in jute, coarse cotton, and woollen fabrics by dipping the test materials for two to five minutes in a 0.5% aqueous solution of dimethylglyoxime at 90° to 100 °C., and then immersing them in 5% copper acetate at room temperature for five minutes. The amount of fixed copper was varied by altering the strength of the copper solution. The treated fabrics were odourless, remained pliable, and were dyed a khaki colour. As determined by soil burial tests this treatment proved more effective than that with copper naphthenate for rotproofing purposes.
CANADIAN WILTSHIRE BACON: XXIV. EFFECT OF STRONG CURES ON KEEPING QUALITY
Authors: White W. Harold , Gibbons N. E. , Thistle M. W.
Published: April 2011

The effect on keeping quality of hard curing by both wet and dry salting methods, and of treatment with borax, boric acid, acetylsalicylic acid, and a mixture of benzoic and citric acids was investigated on sides and gammons stored at 15.6 °C. (60° F.) for periods up to 40 days. Of the methods studied for preventing spoilage, packing in a 13:3 salt–borax mixture was the most effective, but would be detrimental to flavour quality because of the presence of excessive quantities of sodium chloride and undesirable desiccation of the meat.Experiments on the effect of surface bacterial contamination on internal spoilage indicated that deterioration in the deep meat was relatively independent of the condition of the surface.
FLAVOUR REVERSION IN HYDROGENATED LINSEED OIL: II. EFFECT OF VARIATIONS IN PROCESSING PROCEDURES
Authors: Lemon H. W. , Lips A. , White W. Harold
Published: April 2011

Shortenings prepared from various linseed oils by different methods were stored at 43.3 °C. (110° F.) and sampled at eight-week intervals for 56 weeks. Storage life in terms of flavour reversion was not highly correlated with mean peroxide value or unsaturation. All shortenings were resistant to normal oxidation, but unstable to reversion unless hydrogenated to a very low iodine number. Hot and cold pressed oils yielded products equally susceptible to flavour reversion. Changes in stability attributable to variations in methods of alkali refining, bleaching, and hydrogenation were only minor. High alkali concentrations (30° to 40° Bé.) were beneficial, while hydrogenation at 190 °C. (374° F.) was preferable to hardening at lower temperatures (140 °C. (284° F.) and 115 °C. (239° F.)). Blending with other vegetable oils, or the use of hydroquinone or a wheat-germ oil preparation as antioxidants, slightly retarded the onset of reversion. None of the laboratory or commercially prepared samples examined was considered to be a satisfactorily stable product.
A SMALL SEPARATOR FOR THE RECOVERY OF MILKWEED FLOSS AND SEED: PART I. CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION
Authors: Hamly D. H.
Published: April 2011

A small separator for recovery of milkweed floss and seed was constructed in answer to the demands of the war research project BE-1. Its performance encouraged the development of the Model IV separator as a means of facilitating the utilization of wild milkweed in marginal farming areas. The construction, operation, and performance are described. The machine has a capacity of 12 bu. of dried pods per hour. A single passage through the machine under standard operating conditions yields 83 to 92% of the floss content as a high grade product and 95 to 98% of the seed. Data from this model have been used in designing a portable continuous production model with a capacity of 20 bu. per hour.
CANADIAN WILTSHIRE BACON: XXV. CHEMICAL PRESERVATIVES FOR MAINTAINING QUALITY AT HIGH STORAGE TEMPERATURES
Authors: White W. Harold , Gibbons N. E. , Thistle M. W.
Published: April 2011

Seventy-seven chemical treatments were tested for their effectiveness in maintaining quality in bacon stored at 7.1°, 15.6°, and 23.8 °C. for 30 days. The relative suitability of the compounds was assessed by organoleptic examination.Treatments found to retard both slime formation and mould growth include magnesium benzoate with hydroxyacetic or citric acid; dimethylolurea; borobenzoic acid; acetylsalicylic acid; Aerosol-OS; Aseptex; Salol; cinnamic acid; and a mixture of benzoic acid, citric acid, salt, and oat flour and hulls. Several of the materials were relatively effective against bacteria but not against moulds, viz.: magnesium benzoate; sodium benzoate with hydroxyacetic acid; benzoic or boric acid with hydroxyacetic acid; cheesecloth treated with formaldehyde; and pyruvic acid. A few of the treatments, e.g. borax and Nacconal, retarded mould growth, but had little effect on bacteria. Because of possible toxicity or other considerations, none of the materials studied is considered to be entirely satisfactory.
A SMALL SEPARATOR FOR THE RECOVERY OF MILKWEED FLOSS AND SEED: II. PERFORMANCE STANDARDIZATION
Authors: Hamly D. H.
Published: April 2011

Standardization work with a small floss separator is discussed. The standardization of the mode of separation and of the treatment of pods make possible the demonstration of the existence of marked differences in the products from several clone varieties of milkweed.
HIGH SPEED CAMERA
Authors: Baird K. M.
Published: April 2011

A new type, ultra high speed, motion picture camera is being developed in the Optics Section of the National Research Laboratories for the purpose of assisting research in the recently important fields of high speed aerodynamics, ballistics, and other high rate phenomena. It is expected that the camera will enable pictures having good resolving power to be taken at rates as high as 200,000 per sec. This report describes the principle of the camera and also describes a small experimental model that has been made. Pictures taken at the rate of 64,000 per sec. with the model are included.
SECONDARY RADIATION FROM X-RAY FILTERS: II. THE DESIGN OF EFFICIENT MULTIMETAL FILTERS
Authors: Morrow N. M.
Published: April 2011

An experimental procedure for the design of efficient multimetal X-ray filters is presented. The applicability of such procedure is demonstrated by designing a filter for use with radiation from a Coolidge type X-ray tube operated at 100 kvp., for which it is found that 0.043 gm. per cm.2 of copper backed by 0.08 gm. per cm.2 of aluminum is highly effective.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME MINERAL AND ORGANIC SOILS OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC
Authors: Oliver W. F.
Published: April 2011

The physical properties of 47 samples of various horizons of virgin and cultivated soils of varying organic content have been measured. These properties include loss on ignition, amount of clay, silt, and sand, moisture content at the sticky point, moisture taken up at 50% relative humidity, pore space, heat of wetting, volume expansion, maximum moisture taken up, index of texture, and apparent and absolute specific gravity. Correlation coefficients and indices of correlation have been determined together with the linear and curvilinear regressions giving the relations between these physical properties. These results show that with one exception the loss on ignition may be used as an independent variable to predict the other physical properties.
ISOLATION OF ASCORBIC ACID FROM ROSE HIPS
Authors: Tuba Jules , Hunter George
Published: April 2011

A method has been described for the isolation of ascorbic acid from rose hips.
THE PORE STRUCTURE AND ADSORPTIVE PROPERTIES OF SOME ACTIVATED CHARCOALS: I. THE ADSORPTION OF WATER VAPOUR AND ITS DEPENDENCE ON PORE SIZE
Authors: Fineman M. N. , Guest R. M. , McIntosh R.
Published: April 2011

An examination of the influence of the structure of charcoal adsorbents on the form of the water adsorption isotherm has been attempted by determinations of (1) surface areas of a series of charcoals of varying degrees of activation using nitrogen and butane as adsorbates; (2) total pore volume of each adsorbent sample by density measurements in helium and in mercury; (3) density of adsorbents when immersed in water; (4) adsorption isotherms for water vapour; and (5) surface areas of charcoals partly saturated with water vapour.The evidence appears to suggest that certain very small and certain very large voids in charcoal are not occupied by water vapour at any value of the relative pressure. The former, 10% by volume, are important in terms of surface area; the latter, 30% by volume, influence pore volume calculations. An explanation of the shape of the water adsorption isotherm is attempted in the light of these facts. Estimates of the submicro, micro, and macro pore sizes show fair agreement when these are based upon either the capillary condensation theory or measurements of the total area and volume of the charcoal pores.
STUDIES ON REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES: LX. STABILIZING ACTION OF ETHANOL ON STARCH NITRATES
Authors: Ashford W. R. , Cooke L. M. , Hibbert Harold
Published: April 2011

Fractional dissolution has been applied to nitrated corn starch with the consequent removal of ethanol-soluble fractions. Hot and cold ethanol-soluble fractions have been removed in this way amounting to from 10 to 25% of the crude nitrate. The ethanol-soluble fractions, consisting of low-molecular weight and low nitrogen-content material, are not stabilized by ethanol. The insoluble portion is greatly stabilized as a result of the ethanol treatment.The insoluble residue left after ethanol treatment of crude starch nitrate possesses good explosive properties, a high nitrogen content, and high stability. The stabilization of starch nitrate by ethanol is shown to be the result of a dual action, namely, (a) removal of highly unstable material of low molecular weight and nitrogen content, and (b) the conferring of increased stability by some, as yet unknown, mechanism on the insoluble portion.
STUDY ON THE SYNTHESIS OF VALINE BY THE STRECKER METHOD
Authors: Gaudry Roger
Published: April 2011

A systematic investigation of the synthesis of dl-valine by the Strecker method, starting from isobutyraldehyde, has been made. The potassium-cyanide–ammonium-chloride procedure, as modified by us, has been found to be the most convenient for the large scale laboratory preparation of this amino acid, considering the over-all yield, the purity of the amino acid, and the time required, as well as the ease of preparation. A continuous ether extraction of the amino nitrile has been introduced. This accounts for the high yield and easy separation of the pure amino acid.
OCCURRENCE OF BACILLUS POLYMYXA (PRAZ.) MIG. IN ALBERTA SOILS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS PATHOGENICITY ON POTATO TUBERS
Authors: Jackson A. W. , Henry A. W.
Published: April 2011

The spore-forming bacterium, Bacillus polymyxa, was found to occur widely in Alberta soils. All isolates obtained from the soil, together with several from other sources, proved capable of rotting potato tubers when introduced through wounds under conditions of abundant moisture and high temperature.In these studies pure cultures of Bacillus polymyxa rotted potato slices at temperatures from 20 °C. to 45 °C. and whole tubers at temperatures from 30 °C. to 45 °C. but caused no damage below the minimum temperatures mentioned.Though potato tubers and other vegetables that are formed in the soil probably often come in contact with Bacillus polymyxa, they are not likely to be rotted by it except when temperature and other factors are favourable. In general, soil temperatures in the field in Alberta are not conducive to the decay of potatoes by this organism, but those near the soil surface may on occasion reach favourable levels. The fact that B. polymyxa can be isolated quite frequently from rotted stored potatoes indicates that it is of some importance as a cause of decay in harvested potatoes. If, however, recommended storage temperatures are maintained in the storage quarters no damage from this organism should occur there.
COLCHICINE TREATMENT TECHNIQUES FOR SPROUTED SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS
Authors: Johnson L. P. V. , Holtz H. W.
Published: April 2011

Colchicine techniques were developed on the principle that sprouted seeds or seedlings should not be completely immersed in colchicine solutions since the root, an earlier developing, more actively dividing, absorptive organ, will become overtreated before the stem receives sufficient treatment. Sprouting seeds are placed, stem end down, in holes in a corrugated rubber disk fitted into a Petri dish containing colchicine solution. A covering of moist filter papers protects the upturned roots from drying. Seedlings are grown in small pots that are inverted over similar pots containing vials of colchicine solution so that the seedlings in the upper pots are immersed in the vials. In both methods a 0.2% aqueous colchicine solution is used, and immersion ranging from 6 to 48 hr. is required depending on the species.
THE EFFECT OF CHANGES OF AIR PRESSURE UPON THE GERMINATION OF CONIDIA OF BARLEY POWDERY MILDEW
Authors: Brodie Harold J. , Jones J. F.
Published: April 2011

Reduction of the pressure by not more than 200 mm. of mercury, of the air surrounding the conidia of Erysiphe graminis Hordei Marchal, in water-saturated atmosphere at 18 °C., caused an increase in germination percentage when the experimentally treated conidia were compared with conidia allowed to germinate at atmospheric pressure for three hours. At pressure reduction between 200 and 500 mm., germination was only 90% of germination at atmospheric pressure. At pressure reduction more than 500 mm. below atmospheric, germination was impaired although 53% germination was observed at an actual pressure of only 92 mm., and 5 to 6% at 30 to 50 mm. The enhancement of germination under slightly reduced pressure was found to result from an acceleration of the germination process. More conidia in a given sample germinated at reduced pressure within three hours than at atmospheric, but after five hours the germination percentage tended to become equal in the treated and untreated spores. It is suggested that a slight reduction in pressure might allow carbon dioxide to escape more rapidly from the protoplast of a conidium freshly dislodged from its parent conidiophore thus making it possible for germination to proceed more rapidly than in conidia at atmospheric pressure. Increase in pressure was found to depress germinability, but sufficient data were not obtained to determine the exact relationship between pressure increase and germinability. The data recorded offer further confirmation of the previous work by the senior author on the subject.
PARASITES, DISEASES, INJURIES, AND ANOMALIES OF THE COLUMBIAN BLACK-TAILED DEER, ODOCOILEUS HEMIONUS COLUMBIANUS (RICHARDSON), IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Cowan Ian McTaggart
Published: April 2011

The occurrence of parasites, parasitic disease, some non-parasitic diseases, and certain anomalous conditions in the Columbian black-tailed deer, Odocoileus hemionus columbianus (Richardson), in southern British Columbia is outlined. The parasitological findings are in two categories: those based upon a random sample of 40 wild deer, and those based upon 25 additional deer examined in their entirety and others in part. Twenty-five species of parasites, 8 arthropods and 17 helminths, were recovered. Comparison of parasitism in young and adult deer reveals a few differences in the species of parasites present but both age groups are almost equally susceptible to arthropods and to helminths. Five species of parasites, Cephenemyia jellisoni, Oesophagostomum venulosum, Dictyocaulus viviparus, Fascioloides magna, and Nematodirus filicollis, were found to induce disease that was not infrequently fatal. Some evidence was secured that cursorial predators selectively remove the more heavily parasitized deer.Ten anomalous conditions arising from non-parasitic disease, injury, or congenital deformity are described but none of these was sufficiently frequent to take an important place in the life equation of the deer. Incidence figures are given for various anomalies of form and position of the teeth and for dentoalveolar abscesses and one instance of caries and one of paradontal disease are reported.The study did not include bacteria and viruses as agents causing disease in deer and the only pathogenic micro-organism identified was Actinomyces israeli.
AN EXPERIMENT IN THE CONTROL OF THE CESTODE, TRIAENOPHORUS CRASSUS FOREL
Authors: Miller R. B. , Watkins H. B.
Published: April 2011

During an investigation of the life history of Triaenophorus crassus at Lesser Slave Lake it was found that the coracidia could be killed by increasing the acidity of their laboratory cultures to pH 5.0. In May, 1945, an experiment was carried out at Baptiste Lake, Alta., to determine whether the coracidia could be killed in the lake by acidifying the lake water with sulphuric acid. The experiment was a failure; the value of the work lies in the demonstration of the method used to assess the effects of the treatment.
PRODUCTION OF CLAVIFORMIN BY SOIL PENICILLIA
Authors: Lochhead A. G. , Chase F. E. , Landerkin G. B.
Published: April 2011

Of various strains of fungi isolated from soil that showed antibiotic activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, two species of Penicillium, producing culture filtrates of high antibacterial titre, were studied in more detail. The active substance, when crystallized, was considered to be claviformin (clavacin, clavatin, patulin). Studies on the production of the antibiotic, its assay, and its extraction from culture filtrates are described.
THE EFFECT OF ACUTE STARVATION ON THE BODY ORGANS OF THE ADULT WHITE RAT, WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE ADRENAL GLANDS
Authors: Cameron A. T. , Carmichael J.
Published: April 2011

When rats are starved by withholding all food, though giving water, they develop, two or threes days before death a typical behaviour syndrome, in winch at first there is increased activity, and subsequently, in old animals, marked immobility. At this pre-mortal stage in old animals, or the corresponding stage in younger rats, they have lost 30% or more of their body weight, and if they killed the adrenals are found to be enlarged and discoloured to a dark grey or dark dirty grey. These enlarged glands contain an increased amount of water though their solid content remains practically unaltered, the change representing an increase in the water content of the cells (possibly confined to the cortex). The glomerular zone is diminished in thickness, and the reticular zone also shows abnormality. Animals killed before they have lost 30% of their body weight still have normal adrenals (normal in size, weight, water content, and colour). The enlargement produced m the pre-mortal stage of inanition is a pathological process and is not a hypertrophy. Data in the literature suggest that certain types of adrenal enlargement such as that produced by deficiency of the B-complex vitamins may be similar in nature. The kidneys, heart, and gonads of acutely starved rats tend to lose weight more slowly than the whole body; the liver and spleen more rapidly; and the thyroid at about the same rate.
COLLECTING AND HANDLING MOSQUITOES ON WESTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS INVESTIGATIONS IN MANITOBA
Authors: McLintock J.
Published: April 2011

Mosquitoes used for virus analysis in Manitoba are obtained by means of hand catches or by the use of light traps, sometimes supplemented with dry ice. A trap is described that has been used successfully for this purpose during the past three years. This trap is simple to operate, the insects are taken in good condition for identification, and newly emerged specimens are killed, thereby eliminating the majority of those that could not possibly be infected with the virus of western equine encephalitis. The methods of shipping, sorting, identifying, and storing specimens are given. These methods are, in large part, standard entomological procedures adapted to present needs.
THE EFFECTS OF OESTROGENS AND OF MILD CHRONIC STARVATION ON THE WHITE RAT
Authors: Cameron A. T. , Guthrie Jean S. , Carmichael J.
Published: April 2011

Daily injections of peanut oil for 17 or 18 days cause decrease in rate of growth of the rat, and testicular atrophy. Hence results in experiments in which peanut oil (and probably similar oils) are used as solvent vehicles for administration of material by injection may be misinterpreted. Oral administration of oestradiol (3 mgm. daily) to young mature rats for three weeks or more causes decrease in growth rate, relative decrease in size of kidneys, heart, spleen, muscle, and ovaries, little effect on the liver, marked decrease in size of testes, even to actual atrophy, and frequent enlargement of the adrenals in males, with occasional enlargement in females. The adrenals are discoloured to a maroon shade, whether enlarged or not, and evidence is advanced that they are undergoing a pathological change; any enlargement is not in the nature of hypertrophy. Oral administration of stilboestrol gives similar results. The general effects of oestrogens are more marked in male than in female animals. Loss of appetite and diminished food intake are among the general effects, but the mild chronic starvation so produced can only contribute in very minor degree to the other oestrogenic effects.In mild chronic starvation from food restriction the liver is invariably affected, while the adrenals are never enlarged nor discoloured.The effects of combined oestrogenic and thyroid administration seem to be neither additive nor truly antagonistic.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: VIII. pH CONTROL IN AEROBACILLUS POLYMYXA FERMENTATIONS AND ITS EFFECTS ON PRODUCTS AND THEIR RECOVERY
Authors: Adams G. A. , Leslie J. D.
Published: April 2011

Comparative studies have shown that the pH of 15% wheat mashes fermented by Aerobacillus polymyxa can be as satisfactorily controlled by ammonium hydroxide as by calcium carbonate. The formation of 2,3-butanediol and ethanol was unaffected by all pH levels tested (5.8, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0) with the possible exception of pH 7.0, where a slight diminution of diol formation appeared at 96 hr. Over the pH range 5.8 to 6.0, the amount of ammonium hydroxide required, the escape of ammonia from the mash, and the production of acid were all minimized. The consumption of ammonia was greatest in the first 36 hr. of the fermentation owing to rapid acid production. Fermentation at the different pH levels did not affect the butanediol–ethanol ratio, which was approximately 1.5.Replacement of calcium carbonate by ammonium hydroxide reduced the ash content of the unfermented residue from approximately 20 to 4%. Protein contents (N × 5.7) of insoluble residues from carbonate and ammonia treated washes were 25 and 32%, respectively. In both mashes approximately 50% of the unfermented solids were soluble.Calculation of carbon balances on fermentables showed that increased acid production was accompanied by a decrease in carbon dioxide formation.Riboflavin and nicotinic acid contents per 100 gm. of fermented mash averaged 19.2 and 1270 μgm., respectively and were unaffected by pH of fermenting mash and heat treatment at 100 °C. for 10 hr. The riboflavin showed an 80% increase over that present in the original wheat; nicotinic acid showed a 40% decrease.
THE CROSS-VENTILATED TUNNEL SMOKEHOUSE
Authors: Linton E. P. , Wood A. L.
Published: April 2011

A tunnel smokehouse with an output of 3000 lb. of smoked fillets per nine hour day has been in operation about one year. The temperature, relative humidity, and smoke velocity are controlled at optimum values independent of climatic conditions. Hence the colour and shrinkage of the product may be standardized and losses from cooking and dropping of the fish avoided. The relatively short time of smoking of two to three hours reduces spoilage of the fish to a minimum with resulting improvement in quality. Power and steam consumption have been kept as low as feasible.
SEPARATION OF STARCH AND GLUTEN: IV. APPLICATION OF A RAPID PROCESS TO FLOURS FROM VARIOUS GRADES AND TYPES OF WHEAT
Authors: Shewfelt A. L. , Adams G. A.
Published: April 2011

A rapid process for separating starch and gluten from hard wheat patent flour (consisting of dispersal of a soft dough in water followed by screening) has been applied to pastry flour, whole wheat flour, and patent flours from the following wheats: No. 1 Northern, Hard Red Spring of high protein content; No. 2 Northern, Hard Red Spring of low protein content; No. 4 Northern, Hard Red Spring, severely damaged by frost; No. 2 C. W. Garnet; No.: C. W. Amber Durum; and No. 1 Alberta Red Winter. The original separation procedure required only minor modifications in spite of varying quantities and characteristics of the glutens of these flours. Whole wheat flour required a substantially greater amount of mixing water for the preparation of a satisfactory dough. Approximately 90% of the starch present in each flour was recovered. Starches from the patent flours had protein contents ranging from 0.49 to 0.64% while that from whole wheat flour contained 1.06% of protein. Recoveries of gluten from all flours were practically complete. Crude dry gluten prepared from patent flours contained 20 to 30% of starch while the bran–gluten fraction from whole wheat flour contained 9.9%.
A SURVEY CAMERA TO FIT A BERGER TRANSIT
Authors: Nodwell R. A. , Burstow R. C.
Published: April 2011

An accurate survey camera covering a horizontal angle greater than 45° on [Formula: see text] by [Formula: see text] plate or film is described. The camera is easily interchanged with the telescope of a Berger transit.