bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Original use of a direct injection high efficiency nebulizer for the standardization of liquid fuels spray flames
Authors: Lemaire R. , Maugendre M. , Schuller T. , Therssen E. , Yon J.
Published: October 2009

It is of practical importance to lead laboratory-scale experiments allowing a better understanding of the impact of commercial fuels composition on the formation of combustion residues such as soot particles. To this end, a hybrid burner has been designed recently to burn high-speed sprays of small liquid fuel droplets. It consists of a Holthuis (previously McKenna) burner originally equipped with a direct injection high efficiency nebulizer for the atomization of liquid hydrocarbons. A detailed description of this original setup is given in this paper. A priori estimations of atomization and evaporation times and length scales are then proposed and compared with experimental data. Droplet-size distribution measurements obtained in nonreacting conditions using a Malvern Spraytec particle sizer are presented and compared with values estimated by calculation. Cold sprays contours and liquid jet lengths in flames determined by Mie scattering at 532 and 1064 nm, respectively, are also presented. The results discussed in this work indicate that the hydrodynamic characteristics of the sprays generated with our system are relatively independent of the physical properties of fuels leading to comparable flames with identical liquid jet lengths, dimensions, and global structure. This feature facilitates an accurate comparison of flames burning various liquid hydrocarbons, which is of interest to emphasize differences in pollutants emissions and to highlight chemical effects for soot formation analysis.
Oscillations of the collisionless sheath at grazing incidence of the magnetic field
Authors: Shoucri M. , Gerhauser H. , Finken K. H.
Published: October 2009

An Eulerian Vlasov code is used to study the physics of a collisionless sheath with grazing angles of incidence of the magnetic field. The electrons are treated with a parallel-B kinetic equation. In the case where the ion gyroradius is large compared to the Debye length, the electrons, frozen by the magnetic field line, have to move rapidly along the magnetic field B in their attempt to follow the ions gyrating perpendicular to B. Below a critical angle of incidence of the magnetic field, the large gyroradius ions can be scraped off at the plasma-wall interface of the sheath. The electrons now determine the characteristic time for information propagation, with low frequency oscillations appearing in the system. In the case where the ion gyroradius is reduced to the same order as the Debye length, the results evolve closer to those of the classical sheath, and the amplitude of the low frequency oscillations is reduced.
Nondielectric long-range solvation of polar liquids in cubic symmetry
Authors: Stenhammar Joakim , Linse Per , Karlström Gunnar
Published: October 2009

Long-range solvation properties of strongly coupled dipolar systems simulated using the Ewald and reaction field methods are assessed by using electric fluctuation formulas for a dielectric medium. Some components of the fluctuating electric multipole moments are suppressed, whereas other components are favored as the boundary of the simulation box is approached. An analysis of electrostatic interactions in a periodic cubic system suggests that these structural effects are due to the periodicity embedded in the Ewald method. Furthermore, the results obtained using the reaction field method are very similar to those obtained using the Ewald method, an effect which we attribute to the use of toroidal boundary conditions in the former case. Thus, the long-range solvation properties of polar liquids simulated using either of the two methods are nondielectric in their character.
The Cr+–D2 cation complex: Accurate experimental dissociation energy, intermolecular bond length, and vibrational parameters
Authors: Dryza V. , Bieske E. J.
Published: October 2009

The infrared spectrum of the T-shaped C52r+–D2 complex is measured over the 2742–2820 cm−1 range by detecting Cr+ photofragments. The main band, due to the D–D stretch excitation, is shifted at 215 cm−1 to lower energy from the Q01 transition of the free D2 molecule and displays clearly resolved rovibrational transitions. Observation of a photodissociation onset for the N′=8 rotational level is used to infer that the dissociation energy of Cr+–D2, with respect to ground-state Cr+ and D2 fragments, lies between 2839.7 and 2856.9 cm−1. Perturbations to the upper state levels are presumed to arise from interactions with quasibound combination levels involving the intermolecular stretch and bend vibrational modes. A vibrationally averaged Cr+⋯D2 separation of 2.023 Å and an estimate of 394 cm−1 for the intermolecular harmonic stretching frequency are derived from the measured rotational constants.
Evolution of Alfvénic wave envelopes in spin-1/2 quantum Hall-magnetohydrodynamic plasmas
Authors: Misra A. P. , Ghosh N. K. , Shukla P. K.
Published: October 2009

The one-dimensional oblique propagation of large amplitude magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves in a high-β quantum Hall-MHD plasma is studied with electron spin-1/2 effects. The plasma β becomes high by the condition for the nonrelativistic fluid model to be valid and the condition for the collective effects to be important in quantum plasmas. Such a high-β value is a prerequisite for large perturbations of the perpendicular magnetic field comparable with the longitudinal magnetic field. It is shown that the nonlinear evolution of such waves is described by a derivative nonlinear Schrödinger (DNLS) equation. It is found that the DNLS equation does not depend on the higher order quantum coupling associated with the Bohm potential, rather the pressure such as spin force plays the crucial role. Such an evolution equation is shown to admit spin-modified localized envelope solitons whose width L is reduced by ε2/vB2 and the amplitude increases with increasing ε2/vB2 values, where ε is the temperature normalized Zeeman energy and vB2 is the electron thermal energy normalized by the Alfvén wave energy. Moreover, the MHD waves are found to be modulationally unstable for a wave number exceeding its critical value, which typically depends on ε2/vB2. The growth rate of the modulational instability is also investigated. Furthermore, the effect of dissipation due to plasma resistivity is shown to exhibit envelope shocklike structures instead of envelope solitons. The present nonlinear excitations can account for large scale structures in dense astrophysical plasma environments.
Theoretical study on effects of hydrogen bonding on the ring stretching modes of pyridine
Authors: Li An Yong , Ji Hong Bo , Cao Li Juan
Published: October 2009

Pyridine generally acts as the proton acceptors in the hydrogen bonding interaction by using its lone pair n(N) or π-electrons. Some previous research indicated that for the N-type H-bond, the ring breathing mode v1, the N-para-C stretching mode v6a and the meta-CC stretching mode v8a of pyridine showed a frequency blueshift but the triangle mode v12 had no change in frequency. Both electrostatic interaction and charge transfer caused by intermolecular hyperconjugation n(N)→σ∗(HX) have contributions to the frequency blue shifts, while charge transfer is predominant at equilibrium intermolecular distance. An intramolecular hyperconjugation between the lone pair n(N) and the two σ∗(meta-CC) orbitals in the pyridine ring provides a reasonable interpretation for the effect of charge transfer on the ring stretching modes upon formation of the N-type H-bonding.
Fabrication of nanocomposite using self-forming core/shell nanoparticles and its magnetic properties at up to gigahertz bands for high-frequency applications
Authors: Suetsuna Tomohiro , Suenaga Seiichi , Harada Koichi , Tomimatsu Maki
Published: October 2009

A nanocomposite with a magnetic loss factor (tan δ=μ″/μ′) of less than 1% at up to 1 GHz was synthesized using self-forming core/shell nanoparticles of metal/oxide; these were concentrated to achieve a relative permeability (μ′) of more than three. The self-forming core/shell nanoparticles were synthesized by oxidation of a portion of FeCoAl nanoparticles in thermal plasma. An FeCoAl complex oxide shell of approximately 2 nm in thickness was formed on the surface of FeCo nanoparticle, which had approximately 20 nm in diameter. The core/shell nanoparticles were mixed with resin to form bulk material of millimeter-order thickness.
Growth of ultrathin film aluminum oxide on Ag(111)
Authors: Vizzini S. , Oughaddou H. , Hoarau J. Y. , Bibérian J. P. , Aufray B.
Published: October 2009

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy were used to characterize ultrathin epitaxial aluminum oxide on Ag(111) which was prepared via a specific deposition and oxidation process. Atomically resolved STM images show self-organized oxide stripes of 4 nm width with excellent homogeneity in depth and chemical composition properties which are crucial for applications of this oxide to magnetic tunnel junctions. We also found that electrons tunnel easily through the oxide film. This oxide has a different spectroscopic signature from that of alumina and has a wide bandgap close to 6.6 eV.
Tables of Molecular Vibrational Frequencies Part 5
Authors: Shimanouchi T.
Published: October 2009

The compilations of fundamental vibrational frequencies of molecules previously published as NSRDS—NBS—6, NRSD—NBS—11, NSRDS—NBS—17, and NSRDS—NBS—39, are extended to 58 additional molecules. Selected values of the fundamental vibrational frequencies are given for each molecule, together with observed infrared and Raman spectral data and citations to the original literature. The selection of vibrational fundamentals has been based on careful studies of the spectral data and comprehensive normal-coordinate analyses. An estimate of the accuracy of the selected values is included. The tables provide a convenient source of information for those who require vibrational energy levels and related properties in molecular spectroscopy, thermodynamics, analytical chemistry, and other fields of physics and chemistry.
On fixed points of Lüders operation
Authors: Weihua Liu , Junde Wu
Published: October 2009

In this paper, we give a concrete example of a Lüders operation LA with n=3, such that LA(B)=B does not imply that B commutes with all E1, E2, and E3 in A, this example answers an open problem of Professor Gudder.
Reversible hysteresis for broadband magnetopiezoelastic energy harvesting
Authors: Stanton Samuel C. , McGehee Clark C. , Mann Brian P.
Published: October 2009

We model and experimentally validate a nonlinear energy harvester capable of bidirectional hysteresis. In particular, both hardening and softening response within the quadratic potential field of a power generating piezoelectric beam (with a permanent magnet end mass) is invoked by tuning nonlinear magnetic interactions. Not only is this technique shown to increase the bandwidth of the device but experimental results additionally verify the capability to outperform linear resonance. Engaging this nonlinear phenomenon is ideally suited to efficiently harvest energy from ambient excitations with slowly varying frequencies.
A pseudospectral method for optimal control of open quantum systems
Authors: Li Jr-Shin , Ruths Justin , Stefanatos Dionisis
Published: October 2009

In this paper, we present a unified computational method based on pseudospectral approximations for the design of optimal pulse sequences in open quantum systems. The proposed method transforms the problem of optimal pulse design, which is formulated as a continuous-time optimal control problem, to a finite-dimensional constrained nonlinear programming problem. This resulting optimization problem can then be solved using existing numerical optimization suites. We apply the Legendre pseudospectral method to a series of optimal control problems on open quantum systems that arise in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in liquids. These problems have been well studied in previous literature and analytical optimal controls have been found. We find an excellent agreement between the maximum transfer efficiency produced by our computational method and the analytical expressions. Moreover, our method permits us to extend the analysis and address practical concerns, including smoothing discontinuous controls as well as deriving minimum-energy and time-optimal controls. The method is not restricted to the systems studied in this article and is applicable to optimal manipulation of both closed and open quantum systems.
Diffractive optics based three-pulse photon echo peak shift studies of spectral diffusion in polar liquids: Evidence for long lived frequency correlations
Authors: Park Sohyun , Joo Taiha
Published: October 2009

We report a three-pulse photon echo peak shift (3PEPS) apparatus adopting a diffractive beam splitter to generate triplets of femtosecond pulses with tilted wave front, which enhances the overlap over the entire aperture in a noncollinear geometry while preserving femtosecond pulse duration. The apparatus provides highly reproducible 3PEPS data including the long time peak shift, a critical parameter to recognize the spectral inhomogeneity in condensed phases. To demonstrate the high performance of our setup and to examine the inhomogeneous line broadening in liquids, we measured 3PEPS of a carbocyanine dye IR125 in several solvents. The solvation dynamics becomes slower for IR125 compared to the typical values reported previously probably due to the multipolar nature of the excitation in this large and flexible probe molecule. More importantly, inhomogeneity was observed unambiguously in all solvents, and it is excitation energy dependent. It was speculated that slow dielectric relaxation and conformational heterogeneity may be responsible for the inhomogeneity.
Fabrication and characterization of InGaN p-i-n homojunction solar cell
Authors: Cai Xiao-mei , Zeng Sheng-wei , Zhang Bao-ping
Published: October 2009

In x Ga 1 -x N p-i-n homojunction solar cells with different In content are studied. The measured open circuit voltages (Voc) are 2.24, 1.34, and 0.96 V, for x=0.02, 0.12, and 0.15, respectively. By comparing the x-ray rocking curves, the I-V characteristics and the external quantum efficiencies, it’s demonstrated that the deterioration of InGaN crystal quality for larger In contents causes the decrease of Voc. The result demonstrates that reduction of defect is a key factor in the fabrication of nitride solar cell.
Experimental observation of subluminal and superluminal light propagation in rhodamine 6G-doped polymethyl methacrylate
Authors: Zhang Wending , Gao Feng , Zhang Guoquan , Li Wei , Zhang Xinzheng , Xu Jingjun
Published: October 2009

Nondegenerate two-wave coupling process and group velocity change in the paraxial part of an intensity-modulated and focused transverse electromagnetic beam (TEM00 beam in the article) was observed in the rhodamine 6G(R6G)-doped polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) but not in the pure PMMA. The typical superluminal result was −5.1 m/s and the subluminal result was 9.19 m/s, respectively. Furthermore, the results provide a support to our former conclusion that nondegenerate two-wave couplinglike mechanism could be used to change the group velocity of the paraxial part of a focused TEM00 beam in materials with nondegenerate two-wave coupling process.
Design and characterization of bubble phononic crystals
Authors: Leroy Valentin , Bretagne Alice , Fink Mathias , Willaime Hervé , Tabeling Patrick , Tourin Arnaud
Published: October 2009

We report the practical realization of phononic crystals with gas inclusions, using soft lithography techniques. Ultrasonic experiments from 0.3 to 5 MHz confirm the existence of deep and wide minima of transmission through the crystal. We show that the first gap is due to the combined effects of Bragg reflections and bubble resonances. We propose a simple layered model that gives a reasonable prediction of the ultrasonic transmission.
Kinetic Alfvén waves turbulence in the Earth’s magnetosphere
Authors: Kumar Sachin , Sharma R. P.
Published: October 2009

The numerical simulations of the model equation governing the nonlinear dynamics of kinetic Alfvén waves in the intermediate-β plasmas are performed. When the nonlinearity arises due to the ponderomotive force driven density perturbations of kinetic Alfvén waves, the model equation turns out to be a modified nonlinear Schrödinger equation. This has been solved numerically by using appropriate boundary conditions. The coherent, damped magnetic filaments with turbulent spectra have been observed. Our results reveal the interesting change in spectral index because of the damping effect. The steeper power spectra follow ∼k−3.4 scaling. Using the Fokker–Planck equation with the new velocity space diffusion coefficient, we find the distribution function of energetic electrons in these turbulent structures. These turbulent structures can be responsible for plasma heating in Earth’s magnetosphere.
Demonstration of high performance long wavelength infrared type II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiode grown on GaAs substrate
Authors: Pour S. Abdollahi , Nguyen B-M. , Bogdanov S. , Huang E. K. , Razeghi M.
Published: October 2009

We report the growth and characterization of long wavelength infrared type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes with a 50% cut-off wavelength at 11 μm, on GaAs substrate. Despite a 7.3% lattice mismatch to the substrate, photodiodes passivated with polyimide exhibit an R0A value of 35 Ω cm2 at 77 K, which is in the same order of magnitude as reference devices grown on native GaSb substrate. With a reverse applied bias less than 500 mV, the dark current density and differential resistance-area product are close to that of devices on GaSb substrate, within the tolerance of the processing and measurement. The quantum efficiency attains the expected value of 20% at zero bias, resulting in a Johnson limited detectivity of 1.1×1011 Jones. Although some difference in performances is observed, devices grown on GaAs substrate already attained the background limit performance at 77 K with a 300 K background and a 2π field of view.
Unified theory of resistive and inertial ballooning modes in three-dimensional configurations
Authors: Rafiq T. , Hegna C. C. , Callen J. D. , Kritz A. H.
Published: October 2009

Analytic results for the stability of resistive ballooning modes (RBMs) and electron inertial ballooning modes are obtained using a two-scale analysis. This work generalizes previous calculations used for axisymmetric ŝ−α geometry [R. H. Hastie, J. J. Ramos, and F. Porcelli, Phys. Plasmas 10, 4405 (2003)] to general three-dimensional geometry. A unified theory is developed for RBMs and inertial ballooning modes, in which the effects of both ideal magnetohydrodynamic free energy (as measured by the asymptotic matching parameter Δ′) and geodesic curvature drives in the nonideal layer are included in the dispersion relation. This unified theory can be applied to determine the stability of drift-resistive-inertial ballooning modes in the low temperature edge regions of tokamak and stellarator plasmas where steep density gradients exist.
Effect of energetic electrons on near-wall sheath voltage in the cathode region of a cold cathode direct current discharge
Authors: Blessington J. , Adams S. F. , Demidov V. I. , Williamson J. M.
Published: October 2009

It is experimentally demonstrated that energetic electrons originating from the cathode or produced in volumetric processes in the cathode region of a cold cathode direct current discharge can create a large potential drop in the near-wall sheath. This voltage drop may be much greater than kTe/e (where k is the Boltzmann constant, Te is the electron temperature, and e is the electron charge). Due to the large near-wall sheath voltage, slow and moderately energetic electrons cannot reach the wall and move toward the anode. Application of additional potentials to the wall can change the amount of energetic electrons reaching the wall. This effect can be used for regulation of the near-cathode plasma and near-wall sheath properties and thus may be useful in technical applications.
Detection of Colour Change in Moving Objects: Temporal Order Judgment and Reaction Time Analysis
Authors: Murd Carolina , Kreegipuu Kairi , Allik Jüri
Published: October 2009

The time needed to detect changes in the colouration of a single moving stimulus becomes shorter with its increasing velocity (Kreegipuu et al, 2006 Vision Research46 1848–1855). We examined the ability to detect colour change in moving chromatic bars or sinusoidal gratings through temporal order judgment (TOJ) and reaction time (RT) tasks to test whether the effect of velocity found in a previous study is universal and holds for different tasks and stimuli. The results demonstrate that the TOJ and simple RT to the colour change of a moving grating are insensitive to stimulus velocity. Therefore, we conclude that the process of comparison of the two internal representations of external events does not have access to temporal information precise enough to estimate the exact time when something enters our subjective awareness. The motion effect on colour-change perception seems to be confined to a single stimulus that moves across the visual field, to events that contain some spatial predictability, and to tasks that reflect the time of the change relatively directly.
Centre–Surround Relative Motion and the Freezing Rotation Illusion
Authors: Wertheim Alexander H , Paffen Chris L E
Published: October 2009

In the Freezing Rotation illusion a stimulus rotating with a constant velocity is perceived as stationary on the screen, when it is presented in front of a background pattern that moves with a sinusoidal velocity profile, during the phase in which stimulus and background rotate in the same direction. It has been suggested that this illusion is caused by the interfering effect of induced motion resulting from the relative motion between the centre and the surround. Since the magnitude of such an induced motion component presumably relates to the difference between background and centre velocities, the illusion itself should also be related to the amount of relative motion between the centre and the surround, and it should not occur when this difference is zero. We present evidence here that this hypothesis is incorrect. First, we show that the illusion also occurs when the background moves with a constant velocity instead of sinusoidally. Second, we show that the illusion consists of a fixed underestimation of centre velocity when the centre and the surround move in the same direction and a fixed overestimation of centre velocity when they move in opposite directions or when the background remains stationary. The amount of underestimation and overestimation of velocity is not related to the velocity difference between the centre and the surround. Some factors that may be relevant to the explanation of the illusion are discussed.
Facial Adiposity: A Cue to Health?
Authors: Coetzee Vinet , Perrett David I , Stephen Ian D
Published: October 2009

Facial symmetry, averageness, sexual dimorphism, and skin colour/texture all serve as cues to attractiveness, but their role in the perception of health is less clear. This ambiguity could reflect the fact that these facial traits are not the only cues to health. We propose that adiposity is an important, but thus far disregarded, facial cue to health. Our results demonstrate two important prerequisites for any health cue. First, we show that facial adiposity, or the perception of weight in the face, significantly predicts perceived health and attractiveness. Second, we show that perceived facial adiposity is significantly associated with measures of cardiovascular health and reported infections. Perceived facial adiposity, or a correlate thereof, is therefore an important and valid cue to health that should be included in future studies.
Two new, sympatric species of Wahlenbergia (Campanulaceae) from the New England Tableland escarpment, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Plunkett George T. , Bruhl Jeremy J. , Telford Ian R. H.
Published: October 2009

The status of two putative new species of Wahlenbergia sympatric on the New England Tableland escarpment was investigated with morphometric analyses of a database derived from vegetative, floral and fruit characters and scanning electron microscopic studies of seeds. The following new species are described: W. rupicola G.T.Plunkett & J.J.Bruhl and W. telfordii G.T.Plunkett & J.J.Bruhl. Their distributions, habitats and conservation status are noted.
Phylogeny, major clades and infrageneric classification of Corymbia (Myrtaceae), based on nuclear ribosomal DNA and morphology
Authors: Parra-O. Carlos , Bayly Michael J. , Drinnan Andrew , Udovicic Frank , Ladiges Pauline
Published: October 2009

Phylogenetic relationships of sections and species within Corymbia (Myrtaceae), the bloodwood eucalypts, were evaluated by using combined analyses of nuclear rDNA (ETS + ITS) and morphological characters. Combining morphological characters with molecular data provided resolution of relationships within Corymbia. The analyses supported the monophyly of the genus and recognition of the following two major clades, treated here as new subgenera: subgenus Corymbia, including informal sections recognised by Hill and Johnson (1995), namely Rufaria (red bloodwoods), Apteria and Fundoria; and subgenus Blakella, including sections Politaria (spotted gums), Cadagaria, Blakearia (paper-fruited bloodwoods or ghost gums) and Ochraria (yellow bloodwoods). Hill and Johnson’s section Rufaria is monophyletic if Apteria and Fundoria are included. It is evident that, among the red bloodwoods, series are not monophyletic and several morphological characters result from convergent evolution. There was strong morphological and molecular evidence that the three species of red bloodwoods that occur in south-western Western Australia (series Gummiferae: C. calophylla and C. haematoxylon, and series Ficifoliae: C. ficifolia) form a monophyletic group, separate from the eastern C. gummifera (series Gummiferae), which is probably sister to the clade of all other red bloodwoods. Phylogenetic results supported recognition of new taxonomic categories within Corymbia, and these are formalised here.
Effective population size of koala populations under different population management regimes including contraception
Authors: Tanaka Mark M. , Cristescu Romane , Cooper Desmond W.
Published: October 2009

Context. The management of wildlife populations aiming to control population size should also consider the preservation of genetic diversity. Some overabundant koala populations, for example, have low genetic variation. Different management strategies will affect population genetic variation differently. Aims. Here, we compare four strategies with respect to their effects on the effective population size, Ne , and therefore on genetic variation. Methods. The four strategies of interest are: (1) sterilisation or culling (which have the same effect on genetic variation); (2) random contraception of females with replacement; (3) random contraception of females without replacement; and (4) regular contraception, giving every female equal opportunity to reproduce. We develop mathematical models of these alternative schemes to evaluate their impact on Ne . We also consider the effect of changing population sizes by investigating a model with geometric population growth in which females are removed by sterilisation or culling. Key results. We find that sterilisation/culling at sexual maturity has the most detrimental effect on Ne , whereas regular contraception has no impact on Ne . Random contraception lies between these two extremes, leading to a moderate reduction in Ne . Removal of females from a growing population results in a higher Ne than the removal of females from a static population. Conclusions. Different strategies for controlling a population lead to different effective population sizes. Implications. To preserve genetic diversity in a wildlife population under control, the effective population size should be kept as large as possible. We suggest that a suitable approach in managing koala populations may be to prevent reproduction by all females older than a particular age.
Effect of pre-feeding and sodium fluoroacetate (1080) concentration on bait acceptance by house mice
Authors: Fisher P. , Airey A. , Brown S.
Published: October 2009

Context. In New Zealand, the aerial application of toxic baits containing sodium fluoroacetate (1080) can consistently achieve significant reductions in populations of multiple vertebrate pest species including brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), ship rats (Rattus rattus) and stoats (Mustela erminea). Reductions in house mouse (Mus musculus) populations by 1080 baiting appear less consistent, possibly due to low acceptance of 1080 bait by mice in field conditions. Aims. We tested the effect of pre-feeding and 1080 concentration on the acceptance of pellet food by mice. Methods. Wild-caught mice were individually housed and presented with a series of two-choice laboratory feeding tests, using estimates of the daily amount eaten to indicate relative acceptance of different types of pellet food. Key results. Pre-feeding mice on non-toxic food did not increase their subsequent acceptance of the same food containing 0.15% 1080. Mice showed low acceptance of food containing 0.08 and 0.15% 1080 (by weight), with similar mortality (25%). Acceptance of food containing 1.5% 1080 was also very low in comparison with non-toxic food, although mortality in mice was higher (~66%). In comparison with other concentrations, mice ate comparatively more of food containing 0.001% 1080 with no mortality, although the non-toxic food was still significantly favoured. Presentation of a choice between non-toxic food and food containing 0.08, 0.15 or 1.5% 1080 to mice was followed by a significant decrease in average total daily food intake over the following 2 days. In surviving mice this ‘drop feed’ effect was followed by an increase in average daily intake of non-toxic food over the next 3 days until normal daily intake levels were again reached. Conclusions. We suggest that wild mice can rapidly identify food containing 1080 and subsequently will avoid it. Implications. This feeding response partly explains the variable success of 1080 baiting operations against wild mouse populations (M. musculus) in New Zealand.
Habitat use by green turtles (Chelonia mydas) nesting in Peninsular Malaysia: local and regional conservation implications
Authors: van de Merwe Jason Paul , Ibrahim Kamarruddin , Lee Shing Yip , Whittier Joan Margaret
Published: October 2009

Context. Many green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) populations are declining worldwide owing to their susceptibility to human impacts in the marine environment. Identifying the habitats used throughout different lifecycle stages is therefore important for managing the interactions between turtles and humans.
Aims. To identify the habitat utilisation of a C. mydas nesting population in Peninsular Malaysia during breeding, inter-nesting, migration and foraging lifecycle stages.
Methods. Satellite telemetry was used to track the movement of three C. mydas nesting females and one adult male from the Ma’Daerah rookery (Peninsular Malaysia).
Key results.The male and female turtles remained within 30 km of the nesting beach during the breeding and inter-nesting periods, which includes habitat beyond the ‘no trawl zone’ designed to protect turtles in this area. Following the breeding season, the tracked turtles migrated up to 1955 km to four different foraging grounds in Vietnam, Indonesia, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo Malaysia. During foraging, turtles occupied areas threatened by human activities such as fishing and pollution.
Conclusions. The habitats used by the Ma’Daerah C. mydas population during breeding are outside current local protection zones and extend into unprotected international waters during migration and foraging.
Implications. Identification of habitats used by C. mydas populations is a critical element of management and conservation of this endangered, migratory species. Our study highlights the need to increase offshore protection around Ma’Daerah during the nesting season. Furthermore, this study has identified the countries within South-east Asia that Malaysia must cooperate with to ensure effective management of this C. mydas population. This information is particularly relevant to sea turtle conservation and management in regions like South-east Asia, where many coastal countries occupy a small geographical area.
Networks of spatial genetic variation across species
Authors: Fortuna Miguel A. , Albaladejo Rafael G. , Fernández Laura , Aparicio Abelardo , Bascompte Jordi
Published: October 2009

Spatial patterns of genetic variation provide information central to many ecological, evolutionary, and conservation questions. This spatial variability has traditionally been analyzed through summary statistics between pairs of populations, therefore missing the simultaneous influence of all populations. More recently, a network approach has been advocated to overcome these limitations. This network approach has been applied to a few cases limited to a single species at a time. The question remains whether similar patterns of spatial genetic variation and similar functional roles for specific patches are obtained for different species. Here we study the networks of genetic variation of four Mediterranean woody plant species inhabiting the same habitat patches in a highly fragmented forest mosaic in Southern Spain. Three of the four species show a similar pattern of genetic variation with well-defined modules or groups of patches holding genetically similar populations. These modules can be thought of as the long-sought-after, evolutionarily significant units or management units. The importance of each patch for the cohesion of the entire network, though, is quite different across species. This variation creates a tremendous challenge for the prioritization of patches to conserve the genetic variation of multispecies assemblages.
On the evaporation of ammonium sulfate solution
Authors: Drisdell Walter S. , Saykally Richard J. , Cohen Ronald C.
Published: October 2009

Aqueous evaporation and condensation kinetics are poorly understood, and uncertainties in their rates affect predictions of cloud behavior and therefore climate. We measured the cooling rate of 3 M ammonium sulfate droplets undergoing free evaporation via Raman thermometry. Analysis of the measurements yields a value of 0.58 ± 0.05 for the evaporation coefficient, identical to that previously determined for pure water. These results imply that subsaturated aqueous ammonium sulfate, which is the most abundant inorganic component of atmospheric aerosol, does not affect the vapor–liquid exchange mechanism for cloud droplets, despite reducing the saturation vapor pressure of water significantly.
Conformal metrics on the unit ball: The Gehring-Hayman property and the volume growth
Authors: Nieminen Tomi , Tossavainen Timo
Published: October 2009

We continue the study of conformal metrics on the unit ball in Euclidean space. We assume that the density

ρ
\rho

associated with the metric satisfies a Harnack inequality and then consider how much we can relax the volume growth condition from that in [Proc. London Math. Soc. Vol. 77 (3) (1998), 635–664] so that the Gehring-Hayman property still holds along the radii, i.e., if a boundary point can be accessed via a path with

ρ
\rho

-length

M
>
∞

M>\infty

, then the

ρ
\rho

-length of the corresponding radius is bounded by

C
M

CM

. It turns out that if the path is inside a Stolz cone, then this result holds irrespective of the volume growth condition. Moreover, even if the path is not inside a Stolz cone, we are able to relax the volume growth condition for large

r
r

, and still conclude that the corresponding radius is

ρ
\rho

-rectifiable. This observation leads to a new estimate on the size of the boundary set corresponding to the

ρ
\rho

-unrectifiable radii.
MICAL-L1 Links EHD1 to Tubular Recycling Endosomes and Regulates Receptor Recycling
Authors: Sharma Mahak , Panapakkam Giridharan Sai Srinivas , Rahajeng Juliati , Naslavsky Naava , Caplan Steve
Published: October 2009

Endocytic recycling of receptors and lipids occurs via a complex network of tubular and vesicular membranes. EHD1 is a key regulator of endocytosis and associates with tubular membranes to facilitate recycling. Although EHD proteins tubulate membranes in vitro, EHD1 primarily associates with preexisting tubules in vivo. How EHD1 is recruited to these tubular endosomes remains unclear. We have determined that the Rab8-interacting protein, MICAL-L1, associates with EHD1, with both proteins colocalizing to long tubular membranes, in vitro and in live cells. MICAL-L1 is a largely uncharacterized member of the MICAL-family of proteins that uniquely contains two asparagine-proline-phenylalanine motifs, sequences that typically interact with EH-domains. Our data show that the MICAL-L1 C-terminal coiled-coil region is necessary and sufficient for its localization to tubular membranes. Moreover, we provide unexpected evidence that endogenous MICAL-L1 can link both EHD1 and Rab8a to these structures, as its depletion leads to loss of the EHD1-Rab8a interaction and the absence of both of these proteins from the membrane tubules. Finally, we demonstrate that MICAL-L1 is essential for efficient endocytic recycling. These data implicate MICAL-L1 as an unusual type of Rab effector that regulates endocytic recycling by recruiting and linking EHD1 and Rab8a on membrane tubules.
Estimating population haplotype frequencies from pooled SNP data using incomplete database information
Authors: Pirinen Matti
Published: October 2009

Motivation: Information about haplotype structures gives a more detailed picture of genetic variation between individuals than single-locus analyses. Databases that contain the most frequent haplotypes of certain populations are developing rapidly (e.g. the HapMap database for single-nucleotide polymorphisms in humans). Utilization of such prior information about the prevailing haplotype structures makes it possible to estimate the haplotype frequencies also from large DNA pools. When genetic material from dozens of individuals is pooled together and analysed in a single genotyping, the overall number of genotypings and the costs of the genetic studies are reduced.

Results: A Bayesian model for estimating the haplotypes and their frequencies from pooled allelic observations is introduced. The model combines an idea of using database information for haplotype estimation with a computationally efficient multinormal approximation. In addition, the model treats the number and structures of the unknown haplotypes as random variables whose joint posterior distribution is estimated. The results on real human data from the HapMap database show that the proposed method provides significant improvements over the existing methods.

Availability: A reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm for analysing the model is implemented in a program called Hippo (Haplotype estimation under incomplete prior information using pooled observations). For comparisons, an approximate expectation-maximization algorithm (EM-algorithm) that utilizes database information about the existing haplotypes is implemented in a program called AEML. The source codes written in C (using GNU Scientific Library) are available at www.iki.fi/∼mpirinen.

Contact:  matti.pirinen@iki.fi
Proteomic Analysis of Anti‐inflammatory Effects of a Kampo (Japanese Herbal) Medicine “Shoseiryuto (Xiao‐Qing‐Long‐Tang)” on Airway Inflammation in a Mouse Model
Authors: Nagai Takayuki , Nakao Marino , Shimizu Yuliko , Kodera Yoshio , Oh-Ishi Masamichi , Maeda Tadakazu , Yamada Haruki
Published: October 2009

Effects of a Kampo (Japanese herbal) medicine “shoseiryuto (SST, xiao‐qing‐long‐tang in Chinese)”, which has been used for the treatment of allergic bronchial asthma clinically, were examined on ovalbumin (OVA)‐sensitized allergic airway inflammation model (i.e., bronchial asthma) in a mouse. When SST was orally administered at 0.5 g kg−1 day−1 from day 1 to 6 after OVA inhalation, SST reduced the inflammation in lung tissue, the number of eosinophils and the OVA‐specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody titer in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids at 7 days after the OVA inhalation. SST also reduced the airway hyperreactivity at 6 days after the OVA inhalation. Proteomic analysis with the agarose two‐dimensional electrophoresis showed that the expression of spectrin α2 was reduced in the lung tissue of OVA‐sensitized mice and SST recovered the expression. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses of lung tissue also confirmed this result. When prednisolone was orally administered at 3 mg kg−1 day−1 from day 1 to 6 after OVA inhalation, the inflammation in lung tissue, the number of eosinophils in BAL fluids and airway hyperreactivity were reduced in the OVA‐sensitized mice. However, prednisolone did not reduce the OVA‐specific IgE antibody titer in BAL fluids and did not recover the expression of spectrin α2 in lung tissue. These results suggest that at least a part of action mechanism of SST against OVA‐sensitized allergic airway inflammation in a mouse model is different from that of prednisolone.
Agaricus blazeiExtract Induces Apoptosis through ROS‐Dependent JNK Activation Involving the Mitochondrial Pathway and Suppression of Constitutive NF‐κB in THP‐1 Cells
Authors: Kim Mun-Ock , Moon Dong-Oh , Jung Jin Myung , Lee Won Sup , Choi Yung Hyun , Kim Gi-Young
Published: October 2009

Agaricus blazeiis widely accepted as a traditional medicinal mushroom, and it has been known to exhibit immunostimulatory and anti‐cancer activity. However, the apoptotic mechanism in cancer cells is poorly understood. In this study, we have investigated whetherA. blazeiextract (ABE) exerts antiproliferative and apoptotic effects in human leukemic THP‐1 cells. We observed that ABE‐induced apoptosis is associated with the mitochondrial pathway, which is mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and prolonged c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) activation. In addition, the ABE treatment resulted in the accumulation of cytochromecin the cytoplasm, an increase in caspase activity, and an upregulation of Bax and Bad. With those results in mind, we found that ABE decreases constitutive NF‐κB activation and NF‐κB‐regulated gene products such as IAP‐1 and ‐2. We concluded that ABE induces apoptosis with ROS‐dependent JNK activation and constitutive activated NF‐κB inhibition in THP‐1 cells.
Normal systolic blood pressure and risk of heart failure in US male physicians
Authors: Britton Kathryn A. , Gaziano J. Michael , Djoussé Luc
Published: October 2009

Aims

Heart failure (HF) is a major public health issue and hypertension is a major predictor of HF. Observational studies have demonstrated a continuous and graded relationship between ‘normal’ systolic blood pressure (SBP) and cardiovascular disease. However, limited data are available on the relationship between normotensive SBP and the risk of HF.

Methods and results

To test the hypothesis that there is a graded relation between SBP and HF risk among subjects with normal SBP, we used data on 18 876 participants who were healthy and were free of HF at baseline. Incident HF cases were ascertained by annual follow‐up questionnaires and validated through a review of medical records. Cox proportional hazard model was used to compute multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios with corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Between 1982 and 2008, 1098 cases of HF occurred. There was a 35% increased risk of HF among subjects with SBP 130–139 mmHg compared with people with optimal SBP (<120 mmHg). In addition, there was a linear trend in HF risk across the normal range of SBP.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest a linear relationship between normotensive SBP and HF risk. Strategies to prevent HF, such as lifestyle modification, should be emphasized across all blood pressure ranges.
Correction for Quinn, Émilie Du Châtelet, John Freind, Robert Hooke, Charles Darwin and John Stanley Gardiner
Authors: Quinn Terry
Published: October 2009

Correction for ‘Émilie Du Châtelet, John Freind, Robert Hooke, Charles Darwin and John Stanley Gardiner’ by Terry Quinn (Notes Rec. R. Soc. Lond.
61
, 85–88.
(doi:
10.1098/rsnr.2007.0179
)).

John Stanley Gardiner FRS was referred to incorrectly in the title and on lines 32, 37, 39 and 40 of page 87.
The Ferroportin Metal Efflux Proteins Function in Iron and Cobalt Homeostasis in Arabidopsis
Authors: Morrissey Joe , Baxter Ivan R. , Lee Joohyun , Li Liangtao , Lahner Brett , Grotz Natasha , Kaplan Jerry , Salt David E. , Guerinot Mary Lou
Published: October 2009

Relatively little is known about how metals such as iron are effluxed from cells, a necessary step for transport from the root to the shoot. Ferroportin (FPN) is the sole iron efflux transporter identified to date in animals, and there are two closely related orthologs in Arabidopsis thaliana, IRON REGULATED1 (IREG1/FPN1) and IREG2/FPN2. FPN1 localizes to the plasma membrane and is expressed in the stele, suggesting a role in vascular loading; FPN2 localizes to the vacuole and is expressed in the two outermost layers of the root in response to iron deficiency, suggesting a role in buffering metal influx. Consistent with these roles, fpn2 has a diminished iron deficiency response, whereas fpn1 fpn2 has an elevated iron deficiency response. Ferroportins also play a role in cobalt homeostasis; a survey of Arabidopsis accessions for ionomic phenotypes showed that truncation of FPN2 results in elevated shoot cobalt levels and leads to increased sensitivity to the metal. Conversely, loss of FPN1 abolishes shoot cobalt accumulation, even in the cobalt accumulating mutant frd3. Consequently, in the fpn1 fpn2 double mutant, cobalt cannot move to the shoot via FPN1 and is not sequestered in the root vacuoles via FPN2; instead, cobalt likely accumulates in the root cytoplasm causing fpn1 fpn2 to be even more sensitive to cobalt than fpn2 mutants.
Influence of GSTP1 I105V polymorphism on cumulative neuropathy and outcome of FOLFOX‐4 treatment in Asian patients with colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Chen Yen‐Chung , Tzeng Cheng‐Hwai , Chen Po‐Min , Lin Jen‐Kou , Lin Tzu‐Chen , Chen Wei‐Shone , Jiang Jeng‐Kae , Wang Huann‐Sheng , Wang Wei‐Shu
Published: October 2009

Glutathione S‐transferase P1 (GSTP1) participates in detoxification of potentially genotoxic compounds that may alter the efficacy and toxicity of platinum‐based chemotherapy. We analyzed the influence of I105V polymorphism of GSTP1 on clinico‐pathological features and outcomes in 166 Chinese patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma who had been treated with first‐line FOLFOX‐4. Combined analysis of GSTP1 I105V, ERCC1‐118, and XPD‐751 polymorphisms was also conducted. The results showed that, in comparison with Caucasian populations, a remarkably lower prevalence of Val105 allele variants was noted (24.7%). Patients with Val105 allele variants had a higher response to FOLFOX‐4 (56.1%vs 37.6%, P = 0.04), and a longer progression‐free (P < 0.01) as well as overall (P < 0.01) survival. By adjusted analysis, this polymorphism was identified as an independent prognostic factor (P = 0.01). In combined analysis, patients without any risk genotype, including GSTP1‐105 Ile/Ile, ERCC1‐118 C/T or T/T, and XPD‐751 Lys/Gln, had significantly longer progression‐free and overall survivals (P < 0.01). In addition, patients with Val105 allele variants had a higher incidence of grade 3/4 cumulative neuropathy after different cycles of treatment. These data suggest that Asian populations have a lower prevalence of I105V polymorphism in GSTP1. I105V polymorphism in GSTP1, by reducing its enzymatic activity and consequential detoxification to oxaliplatin, could be a key determinant for a better outcome, but more neurotoxicity, to FOLFOX‐4 treatment. (Cancer Sci 2009)