bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultraviolet‐C Light Sanitization of English Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Packaged in Polyethylene Film
Authors: Abdussamad Tarek R. , Rasco Barbara. A. , Sablani Shyam S.
Published: April 2016

Food safety is becoming an increasing concern in the United States. This study investigated the effects of ultraviolet‐C (UV‐C) light as a postpackaging bactericidal treatment on the quality of English cucumber packaged in polyethylene (PE) film. Escherichia coli k‐12 was used as a surrogate microbe. The microbial growth and physical properties of packaged cucumbers were analyzed during a 28‐d storage period at 5 °C. Inoculating packaged cucumbers treated at 23 °C for 6 min with UV‐C (560 mJ/cm2) resulted in a 1.60 log CFU/g reduction. However, this treatment had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the water vapor transmission rate or oxygen transmission rate of the PE film. Results show that UV‐C light treatment delayed the loss of firmness and yellowing of English cucumber up to 28 d at 5 °C. In addition, UV‐C light treatment extended the shelf life of treated cucumber 1 wk longer compared to untreated cucumbers. Electron microscopy images indicate that UV‐C light treatment influences the morphology of the E. coli k‐12 cells. Findings demonstrate that treating cucumbers with UV‐C light following packaging in PE film can reduce bacterial populations significantly and delay quality loss. This technology may also be effective for other similarly packaged fresh fruits and vegetables.
Revisiting Late Quaternary Slip‐rate along the Maqu Segment of the Eastern Kunlun Fault, Northeast Tibet
Authors: Jian LI , Yueqiao ZHANG , Hailong LI , Jinhong XIONG , Jianhua LI , Tairan WU
Published: April 2016

The Late Quaternary slip rate along the Maqu segment of the eastern Kunlun Fault was estimated using a combination of high‐resolution remote sensing imagery interpretation, field observations and differential Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements of offset river terraces, and 14C dating of snail shells collected from offset risers. The results show that the left‐slip rate along the segment is 3–5 mm/a, and that the vertical slip rate is 0.3–0.5 mm/a. Both the horizontal and vertical slips on the segment remain consistent over a distance of ∼100 km. It means that no slip gradient as previously suggested occurred along the Maqu segment, and which thus might behave as an independent seismogenic fault. Judging from multiple relationships among young terrace offsets, we infer that co‐seismic surface rupture produced by a characteristic earthquake with a magnitude of Ms7.0–7.5 on the Maqu fault could generate a horizontal slip of 4.5–5 m and a vertical slip of 0.45–0.5 m, with a corresponding ratio (Dh/Dv) of about 9. Two surface rupture events must have occurred over the past 3300 years, the latest one possibly between 1485 cal BP and 1730 cal BP.
Late‐Quaternary Slip Rate and Seismic Activity of the Xianshuihe Fault Zone in Southwest China
Authors: Yongshuang ZHANG , Xin YAO , Kai YU , Guoliang DU , Changbao GUO
Published: April 2016

The Xianshuihe fault zone is a seismo‐genetic fault zone of left‐lateral slip in Southwest China. Since 1725, a total of 59 Ms ≥ 5.0 earthquakes have occurred along this fault zone, including 18 Ms 6.0–6.9 and eight Ms ≥ 7.0 earthquakes. The seismic risk of the Xianshuihe fault zone is a large and realistic threat to the western Sichuan economic corridor. Based on previous studies, we carried out field geological survey and remote sensing interpretation in the fault zone. In addition, geophysical surveys, trenching and age‐dating were conducted in the key parts to better understand the geometry, spatial distribution and activity of the fault zone. We infer to divide the fault zone into two parts: the northwest part and the southeast part, with total eight segments. Their Late Quaternary slip rates vary in a range of 11.5 mm/a – (3±1) mm/a. The seismic activities of the Xianshuihe fault zone are frequent and strong, periodical, and reoccurred. Combining the spatial and temporal distribution of the historical earthquakes, the seismic hazard of the Xianshuihe fault zone has been predicted by using the relationship between magnitude and frequency of earthquakes caused by different fault segments. The prediction results show that the segment between Daofu and Qianning has a possibility of Ms ≥ 7.0 earthquakes, while the segment between Shimian and Luding is likely to have earthquakes of about Ms 7.0. It is suggested to establish a GPS or InSAR‐based real‐time monitoring network of surface displacement to cover the Xianshuihe fault zone, and an early warning system of earthquakes and post seismic geohazards to cover the major residential areas.
Interpreting the Coseismic Uplift and Subsidence of the Longmen Shan Foreland Basin System during the Wenchuan Earthquake by a Elastic Flexural Model
Authors: Zhaokun YAN , Yong LI , Chongjian SHAO , Rongjun ZHOU , Liang YAN , Guohua ZHAO , Binglei YAN
Published: April 2016

The coseismic surface uplift of the Longmen Shan (LMS) created an instantaneous topographic load over the western margin of the Sichuan Basin, where surface subsidence, decreasing eastward, has been measured using several methods, such as GPS, SAR and levelling. Using an elastic flexural model, we aim to interpret the coseismic surface uplift and subsidence, and constrain the effective lithospheric elastic thickness (Te) of the Sichuan Basin. Using different effective elastic thickness values for the Sichuan Basin, a series of subsidence curves were computed by the elastic flexure model equation for a broken elastic plate. The curves, produced by models using an effective elastic thickness of 30–40 km, provided the best fit to the general pattern of observed coseismic subsidence of the Sichuan Basin. However, the calculated subsidence (∼40–70 cm) at the front of the LMS is evidently lower than the observed values (∼100 cm), suggesting that the effective elastic thickness therein should be lower. These results indicate that the lithospheric strength may decrease westward from the Sichuan Basin to the LMS.
Differential Evolution of High‐Pressure and Ultrahigh‐Pressure Metapelites from Habutengsu, Chinese Western Tianshan: Phase Equilibria Modelling and 40Ar/39Ar Geochronology
Authors: Zeng LÜ , Lifei ZHANG
Published: April 2016

Metapelite is one of the predominant rock types in the high‐pressure–ultrahigh‐pressure (HP–UHP) metamorphic belt of western Tianshan, NW China; however, the spatial and temporal variations of this belt during metamorphism are poorly understood. In this study, we present comparative petrological studies and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of HP and UHP pelitic schist exposed along the Habutengsu valley. The schist mainly comprises quartz, white mica, garnet, albite and bluish amphibole. In the MnO–Na2O–CaO–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O (MnNCKFMASH) system, P–T pseudosections were constructed using THERMOCALC 333 for two representative pelitic schists. The results demonstrate that there was a break in the peak metamorphic pressures in the Habutengsu area. The northern schist has experienced UHP metamorphism, consistent with the presence of coesite in the same section, while the southern one formed at lower pressures that stabilized the quartz. This result supports the previous finding of a metamorphic gradient through the HP–UHP metamorphic belt of the Chinese western Tianshan by the authors. Additionally, phengite in the northern schist was modelled as having a Si content of 3.55–3.70 (a.p.f.u.) at the peak stage, a value much higher than that of oriented matrix phengite (Si content 3.32–3.38 a.p.f.u.). This indicates that the phengite flakes in the UHP schist were subjected to recrystallization during exhumation, which is consistent with the presence of phengite aggregates surrounding garnet porphyroblast. The 40Ar/39Ar age spectra of white mica (dominantly phengite) from the two schists exhibit similar plateau ages of ca. 315 Ma, which is interpreted as the timing of a tectonometamorphic event that occurred during the exhumation of the HP–UHP metamorphic belt of the Chinese western Tianshan.
moveHMM: an R package for the statistical modelling of animal movement data using hidden Markov models
Authors: Michelot Théo , Langrock Roland , Patterson Toby A.
Published: April 2016

Due to the substantial progress in tracking technology, recent years have seen an explosion in the amount of movement data being collected. This has led to a huge demand for statistical tools that allow ecologists to draw meaningful inference from large tracking data sets.

The class of hidden Markov models (HMMs) matches the intuitive understanding that animal movement is driven by underlying behavioural modes and has proven to be very useful for analysing movement data. For data that involve a regular sampling unit and negligible measurement error, these models usually are sufficiently flexible to capture the complex correlation structure found in movement data, yet are computationally inexpensive compared to alternative methods.

The R package moveHMM allows ecologists to process GPS tracking data into series of step lengths and turning angles, and to fit an HMM to these data, allowing, in particular, for the incorporation of environmental covariates. The package includes assessment and visualization tools for the fitted model.

We illustrate the use of moveHMM using (simulated) movement of the legendary wild haggis Haggis scoticus. Our findings illustrate the role our software, and movement modelling in general, can play in conservation and management by illuminating environmental constraints.
Opioid‐related Policies in New England Emergency Departments
Authors: Weiner Scott G. , Raja Ali S. , Bittner Jane C. , Curtis Kevin M. , Weimersheimer Peter , Hasegawa Kohei , Espinola Janice A. , Camargo Carlos A.
Published: April 2016

Objectives

The opioid abuse and overdose epidemic in the United States has led to the need for new practice policies to guide clinicians. We describe implementation of opioid‐related policies in emergency departments (EDs) in New England to gauge progress and determine where further work is needed.

Methods

This study analyzed data from the 2015 National Emergency Department Inventory–New England survey. The survey queried directors of every ED (n = 195) in the six New England states to determine the implementation of five specific policies related to opioid management. ED characteristics (e.g., annual visits, location, and admission rates) were also obtained and a multivariable analysis was conducted to identify ED characteristics independently associated with the number of opioid‐related policies implemented.

Results

Overall, 169 EDs (87%) responded, with a >80% response rate in each state. Implementation of opioid‐related policies varied as follows: 1) use of a screening tool for patients with suspected prescription opioid abuse potential (n = 30, 18%), 2) access state prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) before prescribing opioids (n = 132, 78%), 3) notify the primary opioid prescriber when prescribing opioids for ED patients with chronic pain (n = 69, 41%), 4) refer patients with opioid abuse to recovery resources (n = 117, 70%), and 5) prescribe naloxone to patients at risk of opioid overdose after ED discharge (n = 19, 12%). EDs located in metropolitan areas and with at least one attending physician on duty 24/7 were less likely to implement opioid policies (incident rate ratio [IRR] = 0.65, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.48–0.89; and IRR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.6–1.0, respectively) while EDs with ≥15% hospitalization rate that used electronic computerized medication ordering and those in Rhode Island were more likely to implement opioid policies (IRR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.03–1.48; IRR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.19–3.22; and IRR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.08–1.56, respectively).

Conclusions

The implementation of opioid‐related policies varies among New England EDs. The presence of policies recommending use of screening tools and prescribing naloxone for at‐risk patients was low, whereas those regarding utilization of the PDMP and referral of patients with opioid abuse to recovery resources were more common. These data provide important benchmarks for future evaluations and recommendations.
International compliance with new Basel Accord principles for risk governance
Authors: Wright Sue , Sheedy Elizabeth , Magee Shane
Published: April 2016

We assess international compliance with the Basel Committee's 2010 guidance on governance of banking organisations. Based on an extensive examination of regulatory documents in selected advanced economies, we find that reform is incomplete in jurisdictions most affected by the financial crisis, and with the largest financial centres. In contrast, other countries less affected by the financial crisis have enacted risk governance reforms as protection against potential future contagion. We provide insights for policy‐makers charged with improving governance at banks, and a richer understanding for international regulators as they revise the guidelines and aim for greater compliance at the national level.
Factors predicting a failed primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter injury
Authors: Kirss Jaan , Pinta Tarja , Böckelman Camilla , Victorzon Mikael
Published: April 2016

Introduction

The success of the primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) is paramount in maintaining adequate fecal continence after childbirth. The factors determining the success or failure of primary repair are unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate modifiable factors determining the success or failure of the primary sphincter repair after OASI.

Material and methods

Sixty women with OASI were investigated by endoanal ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging, and with the Wexner incontinence questionnaire. Based on the findings, the women were divided in two groups; successful primary repair group (n = 41) and failed primary repair group (n = 19).

Results

The primary repair failed in 31.7% of the tears. These included more tears repaired by less experienced personnel (p < 0.001) and more repairs performed during on‐call hours (p = 0.039) than in the successful primary repair group. Significantly more pain medication was used in the failed group (p = 0.003), and the use of antibiotics and laxatives after the repair was more common in the successful group (p < 0.001). Sphincter injuries were repaired using the overlapping suture technique in 95.1% of the repairs in the successful group compared with 47.4% in the failed group (p = 0.03). The mean (SD) Wexner score was significantly higher in the failed group [5.92 (4.1) vs. 1.88 (4.2), p < 0.001], in agreement with the findings on endoanal ultrasound.

Conclusions

Postpartum perineal tears should be evaluated by personnel familiar with the diagnosis and repair of OASI. Delaying the primary repair until next morning is recommended if experienced personnel are unavailable during on‐call hours.
Effects on postpartum weight retention after antenatal lifestyle intervention – a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Ronnberg AnnKristin , Hanson Ulf , Ostlund Ingrid , Nilsson Kerstin
Published: April 2016

Introduction

High weight retention after pregnancy is related to an increased risk of future obesity. The objective was to evaluate whether an antenatal intervention, compared with standard care, could reduce postpartum weight retention (PPWR).

Material and methods

Women with body mass index >19, age ≥18 years, knowledge of Swedish, and pregnancy ≤16 weeks' gestation were randomized. Standard care was compared with a composite intervention including a personalized weight graph, education on recommended weight gain, prescription of exercise, and monitoring of weight until 1 year after delivery. Mean (kg) PPWR was compared between the groups and risk estimates (odds ratio) for excessive weight retention were calculated.

Results

Of 445 women randomized, 267 remained for analysis at ≤16 weeks postpartum and 168 at 1 year postpartum. The intervention group had a significantly lower mean PPWR at ≤16 weeks [1.81 kg (standard deviation, SD, 4.52) vs. 3.19 kg (SD 4.77), p = 0.016]. At one year postpartum, mean retention was still 0.7 kg lower in the intervention group [0.30 kg (SD 5.52) vs. 1.00 kg (SD 5.46)]; the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.414). Gestational weight gain above Institute of Medicine recommendations was a significant risk factor for excessive weight retention (>5 kg) one year after delivery (OR 2.44; 95% CI 1.08–5.52, p = 0.029).

Conclusions

A composite lifestyle intervention during pregnancy reduced short‐term weight retention, but the effect of the intervention did not remain at 1 year postpartum. A gestational weight gain above Institute of Medicine recommendations increases the risk of excessive long‐term weight retention.
Effect of Impeller Geometry on Lift‐Off Characteristics and Rotational Attitude in a Monopivot Centrifugal Blood Pump
Authors: Nishida Masahiro , Nakayama Kento , Sakota Daisuke , Kosaka Ryo , Maruyama Osamu , Kawaguchi Yasuo , Kuwana Katsuyuki , Yamane Takashi
Published: April 2016

The effect of the flow path geometry of the impeller on the lift‐off and tilt of the rotational axis of the impeller against the hydrodynamic force was investigated in a centrifugal blood pump with an impeller supported by a single‐contact pivot bearing. Four types of impeller were compared: the FR model with the flow path having both front and rear cutouts on the tip, the F model with the flow path having only a front cutout, the R model with only a rear cutout, and the N model with a straight flow path. First, the axial thrust and the movement about the pivot point, which was loaded on the surface of the impeller, were calculated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. Next, the lift‐off point and the tilt of the rotational axis of the impeller were measured experimentally. The CFD analysis showed that the axial thrust increased gently in the FR and R models as the flow rate increased, whereas it increased drastically in the F and N models. This difference in axial thrust was likely from the higher pressure caused by the smaller circumferential velocity in the gap between the top surface of the impeller and the casing in the FR and R models than in the F and N models, which was caused by the rear cutout. These results corresponded with the experimental results showing that the impellers lifted off in the F and N models as the flow rate increased, whereas it did not in the FR and R models. Conversely, the movement about the pivot point increased in the direction opposite the side with the pump outlet as the flow rate increased. However, the tilt of the rotational axis of the impeller, which oriented away from the pump outlet, was less than 0.8° in any model under any conditions, and was considered to negligibly affect the rotational attitude of the impeller. These results confirm that a rear cutout prevents lift‐off of the impeller caused by a decrease in the axial thrust.
Oxymatrine Induces Liver Injury through JNK Signalling Pathway Mediated by TNF‐α In Vivo
Authors: Lu Hong , Zhang Li , Gu Li‐Li , Hou Bi‐Yu , Du Guan‐Hua
Published: April 2016

Oxymatrine (OMT) is a traditional Chinese medicine monomer and has been used for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis and many other diseases. We aimed to investigate whether OMT could induce hepatotoxicity in mice and explored the preliminary mechanisms of toxic effects. Twenty‐four Institute for Cancer Research male mice were randomly divided into four groups: control group, 40, 160 and 320 mg/kg OMT‐treated group. OMT was orally administered once daily for 7 days. The OMT‐treated group exhibited an improved liver index and increase in serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase,augmented liver histological injury, elevated levels of malondialdehyde and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) accompanied by the activation of caspase‐9/‐8/‐3, up‐regulated expressions of tumour necrosis factor receptor l (TNFR1), TNF receptor‐associated structure domain (TRADD) and phosphorylation of stress‐activated protein kinase/c‐jun N‐terminal protein kinases (p‐SAPK/JNK). Altogether, these results suggest that OMT at a dose of 320 mg/kg leads to liver damage and is related to the activation of JNK signalling pathway mediated by TNF‐α in the liver of mice.
Intravenous Lipid Emulsion as an Antidote for the Treatment of Acute Poisoning: A Bibliometric Analysis of Human and Animal Studies
Authors: Zyoud Sa'ed H. , Waring W. Stephen , Al‐Jabi Samah W. , Sweileh Waleed M. , Rahhal Belal , Awang Rahmat
Published: April 2016

In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the role of intravenous lipid formulations as potential antidotes in patients with severe cardiotoxicity caused by drug toxicity. The aim of this study was to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of all human and animal studies featuring lipid emulsion as an antidote for the treatment of acute poisoning. The Scopus database search was performed on 5 February 2016 to analyse the research output related to intravenous lipid emulsion as an antidote for the treatment of acute poisoning. Research indicators used for analysis included total number of articles, date (year) of publication, total citations, value of the h‐index, document types, countries of publication, journal names, collaboration patterns and institutions. A total of 594 articles were retrieved from Scopus database for the period of 1955–2015. The percentage share of global intravenous lipid emulsion research output showed that research output was 85.86% in 2006–2015 with yearly average growth in this field of 51 articles per year. The USA, United Kingdom (UK), France, Canada, New Zealand, Germany, Australia, China, Turkey and Japan accounted for 449 (75.6%) of all the publications. The total number of citations for all documents was 9,333, with an average of 15.7 citations per document. The h‐index of the retrieved documents for lipid emulsion research as antidote for the treatment of acute poisoning was 49. The USA and the UK achieved the highest h‐indices, 34 and 14, respectively. New Zealand produced the greatest number of documents with international collaboration (51.9%) followed by Australia (50%) and Canada (41.4%) out of the total number of publications for each country. In summary, we found an increase in the number of publications in the field of lipid emulsion after 2006. The results of this study demonstrate that the majority of publications in the field of lipid emulsion were published by high‐income countries. Researchers from institutions in the USA led scientific production on lipid emulsion research. There is an obvious need to promote a deeper engagement through international collaborative research projects and funding mechanisms.
Economic impact of genomic diagnostics for intermediate‐risk acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Cressman Sonya , Karsan Aly , Hogge Donna E. , McPherson Emily , Bolbocean Corneliu , Regier Dean A. , Peacock Stuart J.
Published: April 2016

Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML) is a rare but serious group of diseases that require critical decision‐making for curative treatment. Over the past decade, scientific discovery has revealed dozens of prognostic gene mutations forAMLwhile sequencing costs have plummeted. In this study, we compared the cost‐effectiveness of multigene integrative analysis (genomic analysis) with the standard molecular testing currently used for diagnosis of intermediate‐riskAML. We used a decision analytic model with data for costs and outcomes from British Columbia, Canada, to assess the long‐term (10‐year) economic impacts. Our results suggest that genomic analysis would result in a 26% increase in the use of first‐remission allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The resulting treatment decisions and downstream effects would come at an additional cost of $12 556 [2013 Canadian dollars (CAD)] per person and the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio would be $49 493 per quality‐adjusted life‐year gained. Cost‐effectiveness was dependent on quality of life during the long‐term (5–10) years of survival, relapse rates following first‐remission chemotherapy and the upfront cost of transplantation. Non‐relapse mortality rates, short‐term quality of life and the cost of genomic sequencing had only minor impacts. Further research on post‐remission outcomes can lead to improvements in the cost‐effectiveness of curative treatments forAML.
Building Concern Free of Force in the Treatment of Adult Survivors of Childhood Incest
Authors: Gil Sharon
Published: April 2016

Incest brutally extinguishes the instinctive concern of a parent towards his/her child, transforming the relationship into one of force and destruction. This mode of communication tends to be re‐enacted in therapy. A main paradox embodied in the treatment of adult survivors of incest is, therefore, the paradox of force and concern. How can therapeutic relatedness sustain maternal concern when, at the same time, the therapeutic couple is unconsciously forced to re‐enact elements of an unforgiving past? By presenting clinical material, I demonstrate how this conflicting paradox blinded me while working with a female patient, leading us to an impasse, while overlooking and then re‐enacting an incestuous relationship. In the process of re‐enacting, maintaining genuine human concern was annihilated, as we both became figures in her previously written story. Concern free of force becomes possible when the therapeutic process is released from the burden of resolving the tension between concern and force, thereby gradually facilitating the evolution of a dialectical space that enables a more comprehensive mode of experience and communication. The force of abusive re‐enactment, then, does not negate the free choice of the patient and the therapist alike to react to force with concern.
Epistemic Mistrust: A Crucial Aspect of Mentalization in People with a History of Abuse?
Authors: Knox Jean
Published: April 2016

I explore the development of implicit mentalizing, its roots in internal working models of early attachment relationships and how these contribute to the emergence of epistemic trust. I discuss the respective contributions of caregiver sensitivity and congruent ‘marking’ to the development of secure attachment and epistemic trust. I discuss the ways in which early relational trauma and sexual abuse directly contribute to the emergence of epistemic mistrust and the implications of this for the role of mentalizing in psychotherapy.
Ethical Dilemmas in the Prison Setting
Authors: Bryan Alison
Published: April 2016

The author describes the experience of undertaking psychotherapy with highly defended patients in the context of a prison cell in a London prison, rather than her customary private practice. She presents an ethical challenge to psychotherapists to enhance the quality of their private work by stepping outside the familiarity of the consulting room into contexts which involve change, challenge and subsequent clinical development. The author highlights theories around violence and the sexualization of aggression and describes the demand of ‘in the moment’ ethical challenges present in work with two patients, one convicted for child abuse and the other for rape. The paper also raises questions around how the aggression inherent in the prison system leads to the perpetuation of offending, and how psychotherapy allowed the patients to begin to work through their histories enveloped in their offences.
Predicting and preventing readmissions in kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Covert Kelly L. , Fleming James N. , Staino Carmelina , Casale Jillian P. , Boyle Kimberly M. , Pilch Nicole A. , Meadows Holly B. , Mardis Caitlin R. , McGillicuddy John W. , Nadig Satish , Bratton Charles F. , Chavin Kenneth D. , Baliga Prabhakar K. , Taber David J.
Published: April 2016

A lack of research exploring post‐transplant process optimization to reduce readmissions and increasing readmission rates at our center from 2009 to 2013 led to this study, aimed at assessing the effect of patient and process factors on 30‐d readmission rates after kidney transplantation.

This was a retrospective case–control study in adult kidney transplant recipients. Univariate and multivariate analyses were utilized to assess patient and process determinants of 30‐d readmissions.

384 patients were included; 30‐d readmissions were significantly associated with graft loss and death (p = 0.001). Diabetes (p = 0.049), pharmacist identification of poor understanding or adherence, and prolonged time on hemodialysis prior to transplant were associated with an increased risk of 30‐d readmissions. After controlling for risk factors, readmission rates were only independently predicted by pharmacist identification of patient lack of understanding or adherence regarding post‐transplant medications and dialysis exposure for more than three yr (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.10–4.71, p = 0.026 and OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.22, 3.70, respectively), both of which were significantly modified by history of diabetes.

Thirty‐d readmissions are attributable to both patient and process‐level factors. These data suggest that a lack of post‐transplant medication knowledge in high‐risk patients drives early hospital readmission.
Kidney transplantation for end‐stage renal disease secondary to familial Mediterranean fever
Authors: Altindal Mahmut , Turkmen Ercan , Yildirim Tolga , Yilmaz Rahmi , Aki Fazil Tuncay , Arici Mustafa , Altun Bulent , Erdem Yunus
Published: April 2016

Although kidney transplantation (KT) is widely used for treating renal amyloidosis secondary to familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), data concerning transplant outcome are limited and inconsistent. The aim of this study was to determine the long‐term outcome of KT in patients with amyloidosis secondary to FMF. Kidney transplantation outcome in 24 patients with FMF was compared to that in 72 controls matched for age, gender of recipient, and type of the donor that underwent KT due to end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) not caused by FMF. Mean follow‐up time was 80.3 ± 55.1 months in the FMF group, vs. 86.5 ± 47.6 months in the control group. Death‐censored graft survival at five and 10 yr in the FMF group was 95.8% and 78.4%, respectively, and was comparable to that in the control group. In the FMF group, five‐ and 10‐yr patient survival (87.5 and 65.6%) was shorter than in the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant. The findings show that long‐term outcome of KT in the patients with amyloidosis secondary to FMF was comparable to that in patients with ESRD not caused by FMF. Recurrence of amyloidosis in the allograft, gastrointestinal intolerance, and fatal infections remain as major complications during the post‐transplant period.
Gut microbiota of Type 1 diabetes patients with good glycaemic control and high physical fitness is similar to people without diabetes: an observational study
Authors: Stewart C. J. , Nelson A. , Campbell M. D. , Walker M. , Stevenson E. J. , Shaw J. A. , Cummings S. P. , West D. J.
Published: April 2016

Aim

Type 1 diabetes is the product of a complex interplay between genetic susceptibility and exposure to environmental factors. Existing bacterial profiling studies focus on people who are most at risk at the time of diagnosis; there are limited data on the gut microbiota of people with long‐standing Type 1 diabetes. This study compared the gut microbiota of patients with Type 1 diabetes and good glycaemic control and high levels of physical‐fitness with that of matched controls without diabetes.

Methods

Ten males with Type 1 diabetes and ten matched controls without diabetes were recruited; groups were matched for gender, age, BMI, peak oxygen uptake (VO2max), and exercise habits. Stool samples were analysed using next‐generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to obtain bacterial profiles from each individual. Phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) was implemented to predict the functional content of the bacterial operational taxonomic units.

Results

Faecalibacterium sp., Roseburia sp. and Bacteroides sp. were typically the most abundant members of the community in both patients with Type 1 diabetes and controls, and were present in every sample in the cohort. Each bacterial profile was relatively individual and no significant difference was reported between the bacterial profiles or the Shannon diversity indices of Type 1 diabetes compared with controls. The functional profiles were more conserved and the Type 1 diabetes group were comparable with the control group.

Conclusions

We show that both gut microbiota and resulting functional bacterial profiles from patients with long‐standing Type 1 diabetes in good glycaemic control and high physical fitness levels are comparable with those of matched people without diabetes.
Antiresorptive therapy and newly diagnosed diabetes in women: a historical cohort study
Authors: Yang S. , Leslie W. D. , Morin S. N. , Majumdar S. R. , Lix L. M.
Published: April 2016

Aims

Undercarboxylated osteocalcin (ucOC) promotes increased insulin sensitivity and increased secretion. Since antiresorptive therapy (AT) decreases ucOC levels, AT could increase the risk of diabetes and this would have serious clinical ramifications. We sought to test this hypothesis by examining the association between new use of AT and newly‐diagnosed diabetes.

Methods

Using a bone mineral density (BMD) registry for Manitoba, Canada, we identified 33 640 women aged ≥50 years without diabetes at their first BMD test for 1998–2013. We linked these women to a province‐wide retail pharmacy database to identify new AT exposure each year for up to 5 years after a BMD test. Time‐dependent analysis was used to test the independent association between new use of AT and newly diagnosed diabetes.

Results

This cohort had a mean age of 65 years, a mean body mass index of 26.8 kg/m2, and 12% were receiving glucocorticoid and 13% hormone replacement therapy at BMD test. In the first year after BMD test, 29% of women started AT (bisphosphonates, 92%). Over a mean 4.2 years of follow‐up, 3.7% new AT users and 4.2% non‐users had diabetes (adjusted hazard ratio 1.01, 95% confidence interval 0.87–1.16). Sensitivity analyses using AT dose–response gradients also found no significant associations with diabetes.

Conclusions

Despite the plausible biological mechanisms related to ucOC, new use of AT was not a risk factor for diabetes in this cohort. The clinical implications of these findings are reassuring, as AT is widely prescribed for treating osteoporosis in older women who are also at high risk of developing diabetes.
Convenient and Inconvenient Truths in Family Law: Preventing Scholar‐Advocacy Bias in the Use of Social Science Research for Public Policy
Authors: Sandler Irwin , Saini Michael , Pruett Marsha Kline , Pedro‐Carroll JoAnne L. , Johnston Janet R. , Holtzworth‐Munroe Amy , Emery Robert E.
Published: April 2016

This is the second of two articles on the risks of advocacy bias in the reporting of research findings when boundaries are blurred between social science research and advocacy in the pursuit of public policy. In the first article we identify common ways in which social science researchers and reviewers of research—wittingly or unwittingly—can become advocates for ideological positions and social policies at the expense of being balanced reporters of research evidence. The first article discusses the difference between truth in social science and truth in law and identifies a range of scholar‐advocacy strategies that bias research evidence, illustrated by recent debates about overnight parenting of infants and toddlers. In this second article we show how biased research evidence by scholar advocates results in increased confusion and controversy that diminishes the credibility of all parties and stalemates progress in the field, using a case illustration of intimate partner violence in family court. We also show how adherence to scientific methods prevents the misuse of research and suggest a number of collaborative, integrative measures that can help transcend the adversarial stalemate. In a look to the future we consider some unbiased, standardized ways of assessing the strength and generalizability of research evidence.
Legal Representation in the Juvenile Dependency System: Travis County, Texas’ Parent Representation Pilot Project
Authors: Wood Steve M. , Summers Alicia , Soderman Duarte Crystal
Published: April 2016

This study examines outcomes related to a parent representation pilot program in Travis County, Texas. Participation in the pilot program was related to earlier attorney appointment, a higher percentage of attorney presence across the life of the case, and a higher percentage of permanent outcomes for children. Parents’ percentage of presence at hearings across the life of the case was related to the child being returned home, dismissal of the juvenile dependency petition, and permanent management conservatorship. Early attorney appointment (i.e., less than 10 days from the initial hearing to full appointment) was related to permanent case outcomes.
Parenting in Families of Low Socioeconomic Status: A Review with Implications for Child Welfare Practice
Authors: Zilberstein Karen
Published: April 2016

Families involved in the child welfare system overwhelmingly draw from low socioeconomic (SES) populations. Impoverished children are placed in foster care at disproportionate rates. Addressing this dynamic requires understanding the adaptations low‐income families make when parenting under adversity so that accurate assessments of their needs occur. This article focuses on two aspects of child welfare practice: the evaluation of parenting capacity and service delivery. It examines, in particular, how well current practices and guidelines, as outlined in the literature, fit with more general research on families and parenting in low‐SES environments and offers suggestions for improving practice.
Multiyear greenhouse gas balances at a rewetted temperate peatland
Authors: Wilson David , Farrell Catherine A. , Fallon David , Moser Gerald , Müller Christoph , Renou‐Wilson Florence
Published: April 2016

Drained peat soils are a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to the atmosphere. Rewetting these soils is considered an important climate change mitigation tool to reduce emissions and create suitable conditions for carbon sequestration. Long‐term monitoring is essential to capture interannual variations in GHG emissions and associated environmental variables and to reduce the uncertainty linked with GHG emission factor calculations. In this study, we present GHG balances: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) calculated for a 5‐year period at a rewetted industrial cutaway peatland in Ireland (rewetted 7 years prior to the start of the study); and compare the results with an adjacent drained area (2‐year data set), and with ten long‐term data sets from intact (i.e. undrained) peatlands in temperate and boreal regions. In the rewetted site, CO2 exchange (or net ecosystem exchange (NEE)) was strongly influenced by ecosystem respiration (Reco) rather than gross primary production (GPP). CH4 emissions were related to soil temperature and either water table level or plant biomass. N2O emissions were not detected in either drained or rewetted sites. Rewetting reduced CO2 emissions in unvegetated areas by approximately 50%. When upscaled to the ecosystem level, the emission factors (calculated as 5‐year mean of annual balances) for the rewetted site were (±SD) −104 ± 80 g CO2‐C m−2 yr−1 (i.e. CO2 sink) and 9 ± 2 g CH4‐C m−2 yr−1 (i.e. CH4 source). Nearly a decade after rewetting, the GHG balance (100‐year global warming potential) had reduced noticeably (i.e. less warming) in comparison with the drained site but was still higher than comparative intact sites. Our results indicate that rewetted sites may be more sensitive to interannual changes in weather conditions than their more resilient intact counterparts and may switch from an annual CO2 sink to a source if triggered by slightly drier conditions.
A new seasonal‐deciduous spring phenology submodel in the Community Land Model 4.5: impacts on carbon and water cycling under future climate scenarios
Authors: Chen Min , Melaas Eli K. , Gray Josh M. , Friedl Mark A. , Richardson Andrew D.
Published: April 2016

A spring phenology model that combines photoperiod with accumulated heating and chilling to predict spring leaf‐out dates is optimized using PhenoCam observations and coupled into the Community Land Model (CLM) 4.5. In head‐to‐head comparison (using satellite data from 2003 to 2013 for validation) for model grid cells over the Northern Hemisphere deciduous broadleaf forests (5.5 million km2), we found that the revised model substantially outperformed the standard CLM seasonal‐deciduous spring phenology submodel at both coarse (0.9 × 1.25°) and fine (1 km) scales. The revised model also does a better job of representing recent (decadal) phenological trends observed globally by MODIS, as well as long‐term trends (1950–2014) in the PEP725 European phenology dataset. Moreover, forward model runs suggested a stronger advancement (up to 11 days) of spring leaf‐out by the end of the 21st century for the revised model. Trends toward earlier advancement are predicted for deciduous forests across the whole Northern Hemisphere boreal and temperate deciduous forest region for the revised model, whereas the standard model predicts earlier leaf‐out in colder regions, but later leaf‐out in warmer regions, and no trend globally. The earlier spring leaf‐out predicted by the revised model resulted in enhanced gross primary production (up to 0.6 Pg C yr−1) and evapotranspiration (up to 24 mm yr−1) when results were integrated across the study region. These results suggest that the standard seasonal‐deciduous submodel in CLM should be reconsidered, otherwise substantial errors in predictions of key land–atmosphere interactions and feedbacks may result.
Risk factors for disability progression among Japanese long‐term care service users: A 3‐year prospective cohort study
Authors: Kamiya Kuniyasu , Adachi Takuji , Sasou Kenji , Suzuki Tadashi , Yamada Sumio
Published: April 2016

Aim

To examine the predictive ability of memory deterioration and grip strength for disability progression among those who utilized the home‐help service.

Methods

We prospectively followed a cohort of community‐dwelling older people who were aged 65 years or older, certified support level 1–2 or care level 1–2 and home‐help service users provided by Consumers' Cooperatives in Aichi and Kanagawa prefecture. Memory capability, grip strength, chronic conditions and other indices were surveyed at baseline. Disability progression was defined as being certified care level 3 or higher, or institutionalization during 3‐year follow up.

Results

We assessed 417 older adults, of which 386 were included (7.4% excluded). In multivariate Cox regression analyses, a higher eligibility level and memory deterioration were independently associated with a higher hazard ratio. When chronic conditions were entered in the model, cancer and low grip strength were additionally associated.

Conclusions

The findings of the present study show that memory deterioration is a risk factor for disability progression. Also, grip strength might be a risk factor with consideration of chronic conditions. The cause–effect relationship of those factors and disability progression would be a future challenging issue. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 568–574.
Blood, Money and Endless Paper: Slavery and Capital in British Imperial History
Authors: Scanlan Padraic Xavier
Published: April 2016

The history of slavery in Britain and the British Empire has placed the legislative milestones of anti‐slavery – the abolition of the slave trade in 1807 and the abolition of slavery in 1833 – at the centre of historical inquiry. This essay considers why the passing of anti‐slavery laws, rather than the implementation of anti‐slavery reforms, has been so pivotal in the historiography. It asks what the history of slavery in Britain and the British Empire would look like if turned away from the bright line of emancipation, and toward the continuities between slavery and freedom. It places British approaches to the history of slavery into a wider historiographical context and considers how renewed emphasis on the physical experience and everyday routines of slavery and anti‐slavery, in tandem with a rigorous rethinking of the archives, might shape the future of the field.
The diving behaviour of the Manx Shearwater Puffinus puffinus
Authors: Shoji Akiko , Dean Ben , Kirk Holly , Freeman Robin , Perrins Christopher M. , Guilford Tim
Published: April 2016

The diving capabilities of the Procellariformes remain the least understood component of avian diving physiology. Due to their relatively small size, shearwaters may have high oxygen consumption rates during diving relative to their available oxygen stores. Dive performance in this group should be strongly limited by the trade‐off between oxygen consumption and oxygen stores, and shearwaters could be a good model group for testing predictions of dive theory. Many earlier measurements of shearwater dive behaviour relied on observations from the surface or potentially biased technology, and it is only recently that diving behaviour has been observed using electronic recorders for many of the clades within the family. The diving behaviour of Manx Shearwaters Puffinus puffinus breeding in Wales, UK, was studied on a large sample of birds using time–depth–temperature recorders deployed on chick‐rearing shearwaters in July and August over 3 years (2009–2011). Light availability apparently limited diving as dives only occurred between 04:00 and 19:00 h GMT. All individuals routinely dived deeper than traditionally assumed, to a mean maximum depth of 31 m and occasionally down to nearly 55 m. We compiled all available data for a comparison of the dive depth across shearwater species. There was a positive allometric relationship between maximum dive depth and body mass across Puffinus and Ardenna shearwater species, as expected, but only if samples of fewer than two individuals were excluded. The large intra‐specific range in maximum dive depth in our study illustrates that apparent diversity in diving performance across species must be interpreted cautiously.
Application of a dense genetic map for assessment of genomic responses to selection and inbreeding in Heliothis virescens
Authors: Fritz M. L. , Paa S. , Baltzegar J. , Gould F.
Published: April 2016

Adaptation of pest species to laboratory conditions and selection for resistance to toxins in the laboratory are expected to cause inbreeding and genetic bottlenecks that reduce genetic variation. Heliothis virescens, a major cotton pest, has been colonized in the laboratory many times, and a few laboratory colonies have been selected for Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) resistance. We developed 350‐bp double‐digest restriction‐site associated DNA‐sequencing (ddRAD‐seq) molecular markers to examine and compare changes in genetic variation associated with laboratory adaptation, artificial selection and inbreeding in this nonmodel insect species. We found that allelic and nucleotide diversity declined dramatically in laboratory‐reared H. virescens as compared with field‐collected populations. The declines were primarily a result of the loss of low frequency alleles present in field‐collected H. virescens. A further, albeit modest decline in genetic diversity was observed in a Bt‐selected population. The greatest decline was seen in H. virescens that were sib‐mated for 10 generations, in which more than 80% of loci were fixed for a single allele. To determine which regions of the genome were resistant to fixation in our sib‐mated line, we generated a dense intraspecific linkage map containing three PCR‐based and 659 ddRAD‐seq markers. Markers that retained polymorphism were observed in small clusters spread over multiple linkage groups, but this clustering was not statistically significant. Overall, we have confirmed and extended the general expectations for reduced genetic diversity in laboratory colonies, provided tools for further genomic analyses and produced highly homozygous genomic DNA for future whole genome sequencing of H. virescens.