bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Th1/Th2 Cytokine Ratio in Tissue Transudates from Patients with Oral Lichen Planus
Authors: Rhodus Nelson L. , Cheng Bin , Ondrey Frank
Published: March 2007

Objective. The characteristics of oral lichen planus (OLP) provoke investigators to explore possible biomarkers by which to monitor disease activity and therapeutic efficacy. Oral fluids may provide an accessible medium for analysis of such biomarkers. Previous studies have shown that activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of oral lichen planus (OLP), which is a chronic inflammatory disorder mediated by T cells. Prior to the present investigation, reports of the levels of NF-κB and its dependent cytokines in oral fluids have not been forthcoming. The purpose of this study was to detect the level of NF-κB dependent cytokines, TNF-alpha, IL-1-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 in tissue transudates directly from lesions of OLP, and explore the feasibility of the data for clinical application.Study design. Thirteen definitively diagnosed OLP subjects were enrolled in the study as were 13 age-sex matched controls. In each subject, lesion tissue transudates (TTs) were collected by a novel collection technique with a filter paper. The level of cytokines, TNF-alpha, IL-1-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 in three types of oral fluids were determined by ELISA.Results. In the tissue transudate(TT), there were significantly higher level of cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8 detected in OLP patients than in controls: (TT:40.0±9.8versus4.5±0.7,710±114versus305±78,150±25versus1.7±0.5,2800±260versus1450±130,P<.0001; unit: pg/mL).Conclusions. These results indicate that NF-κB dependent inflammatory cytokines may be detected at increased levels in oral lesion tissue transudates which may have diagnostic and prognostic potentials for monitoring disease activity and making therapeutic decisions in patients with OLP.
Contribution of Metal Species to the Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Degradation of Natural Organic Matter
Authors: Uyguner Ceyda Senem , Bekbolet Miray
Published: March 2007

The role of organic matters which are high molecular weight macromolecules in natural water supplies and their subsequent removal by advanced oxidation technologies has gained importance because they posses a substantial capacity to complex dissolved metal species. The present study was conducted to evaluate the impact of aqueous Cr(VI) and Mn(II) species on the photocatalytic oxidation of humic acids as a major component of natural organic matter in aquatic systems. The photocatalytic decolorization rate of humic acid was followed by pseudo-first-order and Langmuir Hinshelwood kinetic models. The presence of aqueous Cr(VI) and Mn(II) species did not significantly alter the degradation efficiency (≤20%) in terms of first-order kinetic model. Although the impact of manganese species could be considered as insignificant, a substantial adsorption effect could be assessed as reflected by respective Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetic model parameters.
Iterative Algorithm for Approximating Solutions of Maximal Monotone Operators in Hilbert Spaces
Authors: Yao Yonghong , Chen Rudong
Published: March 2007

We first introduce and analyze an algorithm of approximating solutions of maximal monotone operators in Hilbert spaces. Using this result, we consider the convex minimization problem of finding a minimizer of a proper lower-semicontinuous convex function and the variational problem of finding a solution of a variational inequality.
Co(III) and Ni(II) Complexes Containing Bioactive Ligands: Synthesis, DNA Binding, and Photocleavage Studies
Authors: Prabhakara M. C. , Basavaraju B. , Naik H. S. Bhojya
Published: March 2007

DNA binding and photocleavage characteristics of a series of mixed ligand complexes of the type[M(bpy)2qbdp](PF6)n⋅xH2O(whereM=Co(III) or Ni(II),bpy=2.2′-bipryidine, qbdp = Quinolino[3,2-b]benzodiazepine,n=3or 2 andx=5or 2) have been investigated. The DNA binding property of the complexes with calf thymus DNA has been investigated by using absorption spectra, viscosity measurements, as well as thermal denaturation studies. Intrinsic binding constant (Kb) has been estimated under similar set of experimental conditions. Absorption spectral studies indicate that the Co(III) and Ni(II) complexes intercalate between the base pairs of the CT-DNA tightly with intrinsic DNA binding constant of1.3×106and3.1×105M-1in Tris-HCl buffer containing 50 mM NaCl, respectively. The proposed DNA binding mode supports the large enhancement in the relative viscosity of DNA on binding to quinolo[3,2-b]benzodiazepine. The oxidative as well as photo-induced cleavage reactions were monitered by gel electrophoresis for both complexes. The photocleavage experiments showed that the cobalt(III) complex can cleave pUC19 DNA effectively in the absence of external additives as an effective inorganic nuclease.
Computational Exploration of the Biological Basis of Black-Scholes Expected Utility Function
Authors: Bhattacharya Sukanto , Kumar Kuldeep
Published: March 2007

It has often been argued that there exists an underlying biological basis of utility
functions. Taking this line of argument a step further in this paper, we have aimed
to computationally demonstrate the biological basis of the Black-Scholes functional
form as applied to classical option pricing and hedging theory. The evolutionary
optimality of the classical Black-Scholes function has been computationally established
by means of a haploid genetic algorithm model. The objective was to minimize the dynamic
hedging error for a portfolio of assets that is built to replicate the payoff from a European
multi-asset option. The functional form that is seen to evolve over successive generations
which best attains this optimization objective is the classical Black-Scholes function
extended to a multiasset scenario.

Computational Exploration of the Biological Basis of Black-Scholes Expected Utility Function
Topological Classification of Conformal Actions onpq-Hyperelliptic Riemann Surfaces
Authors: Tyszkowska Ewa
Published: March 2007

A compact Riemann surfaceXof genusg>1is said to bep-hyperellipticifXadmits a conformal involutionρ, for whichX/ρis an orbifold of genusp. If in additionXisq-hyperelliptic, then we say thatXispq-hyperelliptic. Here we study conformal actions onpq-hyperelliptic Riemann surfaces with centralp- andq-hyperelliptic involutions.
Platinum(II) and Palladium(II) Complexes of Pyridine-2-Carbaldehyde Thiosemicarbazone as Alternative Antiherpes Simplex Virus Agents
Authors: Kovala-Demertzi D. , Varadinova T. , Genova P. , Souza P. , Demertzis M. A.
Published: March 2007

The cytotoxicity and the antivirus activity of Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes with pyridine-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (HFoTsc) against HSV replication were evaluated on four HSV strains—twowtstrains Victoria (HSV-1) and BJA (HSV-2) and twoACVRmutants with differenttkgene mutations R-100 (TKA, HSV-1) and PU (TKN, HSV-2). The experiments were performed on continuous MDBK cells and four HSV 1 and HSV 2 strains were used, two sensitive to acyclovir and two resistant mutants. The five complexes of HFoTsc, [Pt(FoTsc)Cl], [Pt(FoTsc)(H2FoTsc)]Cl2, [Pt(FoTsc)2], [Pd(FoTsc)(H2FoTsc)]Cl2, and [Pd(FoTsc)2], were found to be effective inhibitors of HSV replication. The most promising, active, and selective anti-HSV agent was found to be complex [Pt(FoTsc)(H2FoTsc)]Cl2. This complex could be useful in the treatment of HSV infections, since it is resistant to ACV mutants. PCR study of immediate early 300 bp ReIV Us1 region reveals that the complex [Pt(FoTsc)(H2FoTsc)]Cl2specifically suppressedwtHSV-1 genome 2 hours after the infection, not inducing apoptosis/necrosis on the 8 hours after virus infection. The target was found to be most probably the viral, instead of the host cell DNA.
An Integral Representation of Standard AutomorphicLFunctions for Unitary Groups
Authors: Qin Yujun
Published: March 2007

LetFbe a number field,Ga quasi-split unitary group of rankn. We show that given an irreducible cuspidal automorphic representationπofG(A), its (partial)LfunctionLS(s,π,σ)can be represented by a Rankin-Selberg-type integral involving cusp forms ofπ, Eisenstein series, and theta series.
Angiogenic Factor Expression in Hepatic Cirrhosis
Authors: Giatromanolaki Alexandra , Kotsiou Stamatia , Koukourakis Michael I. , Sivridis Efthimios
Published: March 2007

The pathogenesis of fibrosis in hepatic cirrhosis remains obscure. This study examines the eventual role of angiogenic factors in the fibrotic process. A series of 55 cirrhotic livers was studied for the proliferation state of fibroblasts, and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), thymidine phosphorylase (TP) and the basic and acidic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, aFGF) in both fibroblasts and hepatic cells. The angiogenic and/or fibrogenic factors VEGF, TP, bFGF, and aFGF were clearly expressed in regenerative hepatocytes, but not in fibroblasts of diffuse hepatic fibrosis. The immunohistochemical findings suggest that angiogenic factors and factors promoting oxidative stress (i.e., TP) produced by hepatocytes may contribute to the development of fibrous bands in hepatic cirrhosis.
Analysis of Rotor-to-Stator Rub in a Large Steam Turbogenerator
Authors: Pennacchi Paolo , Vania Andrea
Published: March 2007

Rotor-to-stator rub is a very common topic in rotor dynamics and several models have been proposed in the literature. Anyhow these models are often able to explain only the experimental dynamical behaviour of simple test rigs, which are deliberately reproducing a Jeffcott rotor. On the contrary case, histories related to real machines are seldom presented and analysed. The aim of this paper is to present an actual case history of a large turbogenerator unit that was subjected to partial arc rubs. The experimental results are shown and discussed along with the model-based diagnostic strategy employed to identify the fault severity and the location of the shaft cross-sections where the heaviest rubs occurred. Comparisons between experimental data and simulated vibrations caused by the identified fault are shown to validate the proposed methodology.
Silver Modified Degussa P25 for the Photocatalytic Removal of Nitric Oxide
Authors: Bowering Neil , Croston Deborah , Harrison Philip G. , Walker Gavin S.
Published: March 2007

A study of the photocatalytic behaviour of silver modified titanium dioxide materials for the decomposition and reduction of nitric oxide (NO) gas has been carried out. The effects of silver loading, calcination temperature, and reaction conditions have been investigated. Prepared photocatalysts were characterised using XRD, TEM, and XPS. A continuous flow reactor was used to determine the photocatalytic activity and selectivity of NO decomposition in the absence of oxygen as well as NO reduction using CO as the reducing agent, over the prepared photocatalysts. XRD and TEM analysis of the photocatalysts showed that crystalline silver nitrate particles were present on the titanium dioxide surface after calcination at temperatures of up to200∘C. The silver nitrate particles are thermally decomposed to form metallic silver clusters at higher temperatures. XPS analysis of the photocatalysts showed that for each of the temperatures used, bothAg+andAg0were present and that theAg0/Ag+ratio increased with increasing calcination temperature. The presence of metallic silver species on theTiO2surface dramatically increased the selectivity forN2formation of both decomposition and reduction reactions. When CO was present in the reaction gas, selectivities of over 90%were observed for all the Ag-TiO2photocatalysts that had been calcined at temperatures above200∘C. Unfortunately these high selectivities were at the expense of photocatalytic activity, with lower NO conversion rates than those achieved over unmodifiedTiO2photocatalysts.
Estimates for the Multiplicative Square Function of Solutions to Nondivergence Elliptic Equations
Authors: Rivera-Noriega Jorge
Published: March 2007

We prove distributional inequalities that imply the comparability of theLpnorms of the multiplicative square function ofuand the nontangential maximal function oflogu, whereuis a positive solution of a nondivergence elliptic equation. We also give criteria for singularity and mutual absolute continuity with respect to harmonic measure of any Borel measure defined on a Lipschitz domain based on these distributional inequalities. This extends recent work of M. González and A. Nicolau where the term multiplicative square functions is introduced and where the case whenuis a harmonic function is considered.
Complete Sets of Radiating and Nonradiating Parts of a Source and Their Fields with Applications in Inverse Scattering Limited‐Angle Problems
Authors: Wallacher E. , Louis A. K.
Published: March 2007

Many algorithms applied in inverse scattering problems use source‐field systems instead of the direct computation of the unknown scatterer. It is well known that the resulting source problem does not have a unique solution, since certain parts of the source totally vanish outside of the reconstruction area. This paper provides for the two‐dimensional case special sets of functions, which include all radiating and all nonradiating parts of the source. These sets are used to solve an acoustic inverse problem in two steps. The problem under discussion consists of determining an inhomogeneous obstacle supported in a part of a disc, from data, known for a subset of a two‐dimensional circle. In a first step, the radiating parts are computed by solving a linear problem. The second step is nonlinear and consists of determining the nonradiating parts.
Advances in Coronary Heart Disease Surgery in Latin America
Authors: Gurfinkel Enrique P. , Lernoud Veronica S. , Laguens Ruben P. , Favaloro Roberto R.
Published: March 2007

Background—

The beginnings of coronary artery bypass graft in Latin America could be set in the year 1971. Since then, improvements in technique and greater experience have resulted in a rapid increase in the rate of interventions performed in the region.

Methods and Results—

Searches through PubMed and Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud, as well as personal communications from specialists from Latin America, have been the source of information. Articles were selected by their content related to the theme, and the authors’ nationality and information is mainly from Latin America. Demographic information of the population of Latin America denotes higher age averages, and this implies an increase in the severity of comorbidities in patients who undergo surgery. Longer life expectancy and improvements in medical therapy have implied that patients survive a first intervention beyond the expected time a bypass persists patent. Wall vessel properties of arterial conduits, plus a better anastomotic technique, seem to be the current solution to worsening in the coronary health of patients who undergo revascularization surgery in Latin America.

Conclusions—

Despite scarce economic investment in medical sciences, many academic groups contribute to the exploration of therapeutic pharmacological combinations and inclusively apply genetic strategies.
Risk Factors for Acute Myocardial Infarction in Latin America
Authors: Lanas Fernando , Avezum Alvaro , Bautista Leonelo E. , Diaz Rafael , Luna Max , Islam Shofiqul , Yusuf Salim
Published: March 2007

Background—

Current knowledge of the impact of cardiovascular risk factors in Latin America is limited.

Methods and Results—

As part of the INTERHEART study, 1237 cases of first acute myocardial infarction and 1888 age-, sex-, and center-matched controls were enrolled from Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Chile, Guatemala, and Mexico. History of smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, diet, physical activity, alcohol consumption, psychosocial factors, anthropometry, and blood pressure were recorded. Nonfasting blood samples were analyzed for apolipoproteins A-1 and B-100. Logistic regression was used to estimate multivariate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Persistent psychosocial stress (OR, 2.81; 95% CI, 2.07 to 3.82), history of hypertension (OR, 2.81; 95% CI, 2.39 to 3.31), diabetes mellitus (OR, 2.59; 95% CI, 2.09 to 3.22), current smoking (OR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.97 to 2.71), increased waist-to-hip ratio (OR for first versus third tertile, 2.49; 95% CI, 1.97 to 3.14), and increased ratio of apolipoprotein B to A-1 (OR for first versus third tertile, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.83 to 2.94) were associated with higher risk of acute myocardial infarction. Daily consumption of fruits or vegetables (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.78) and regular exercise (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.55 to 0.82) reduced the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Abdominal obesity, abnormal lipids, and smoking were associated with high population-attributable risks of 48.5%, 40.8%, and 38.4%, respectively. Collectively, these risk factors accounted for 88% of the population-attributable risk.

Conclusions—

Interventions aimed at decreasing behavioral risk factors, lowering blood pressure, and modifying lipids could have a large impact on the risk of acute myocardial infarction among Latin Americans.
Hemiblocks Revisited
Authors: Elizari Marcelo V. , Acunzo Rafael S. , Ferreiro Marcela
Published: March 2007

The trifascicular nature of the intraventricular conduction system and the concept of trifascicular block and hemiblock were described by Rosenbaum and his coworkers in 1968. Since then, anatomic, pathological, electrophysiological, and clinical studies have confirmed the original description and scarce advances have been developed on the subject. In the present study, we attempt to review and redefine reliable criteria for the electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic diagnosis of left anterior and posterior hemiblock. One of the most important problems related to hemiblocks is that they may simulate or conceal the electrocardiographic signs of myocardial infarction or myocardial ischemia and may mask or simulate ventricular hypertrophy. Illustrative examples of these associations are shown to help the interpretation of electrocardiograms. The incidence and prevalence of the hemiblocks is presented based on studies performed in hospital patients and general populations. One of the most common causes of hemiblocks is coronary artery disease, and there is a particularly frequent association between anteroseptal myocardial infarction and left anterior hemiblock. The second most important cause is arterial hypertension, followed by cardiomyopathies and Lev and Lenègre diseases. The hemiblocks may also occur in aortic heart disease and congenital cardiopathies. Left anterior hemiblock is more common in men and increases in frequency with advancing age. Evidence is presented regarding the relationship of spontaneous closure of ventricular septal defects, which may explain the finding of this and other conduction defects in young populations. Isolated left anterior hemiblock is a relatively frequent finding in subjects devoid of evidence of structural heart disease. Conversely, isolated left posterior hemiblock is a very rare finding; its prognostic significance is unknown and is commonly associated with right bundle-branch block. The most remarkable feature of this association is that the prognosis is much more serious with a great propensity to develop complete atrioventricular block and Adams-Stoke seizures.
Nonfatal Acute Myocardial Infarction in Costa Rica
Authors: Kabagambe Edmond K. , Baylin Ana , Campos Hannia
Published: March 2007

Background—

Cardiovascular disease, including myocardial infarction (MI), is increasing in developing countries. Knowledge of risk factors and their impact on the population could offer insights into primary prevention.

Methods and Results—

We estimated the population-attributable risk (PAR) for major MI risk factors among Costa Ricans without a history of diabetes, hypertension, or regular use of medication (889 MI cases, 1167 population-based controls). Lifestyle and dietary variables were measured with validated questionnaires. In multivariate analyses, abdominal obesity (PAR, 29.3%), smoking (PAR, 25.6%), nonuse of alcohol (PAR, 14.8%), caffeine intake (PAR, 12.8%), physical inactivity (PAR, 9.6%), and poor diet (PAR, 6.0%) were the most important MI risk factors. Subjects in the favorable categories of the above 6 risk factors showed a lower risk of MI (odds ratio, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.33) than those in the unfavorable categories. Compared with women, men were more likely to smoke (31% versus 10%) but less likely to have waist circumferences greater than Adult Treatment Panel III cutoffs (9% versus 35%). Many subjects did not meet the American Heart Association or World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization dietary guidelines. For instance, 95% obtained ≥7% of energy from saturated fat, 25% had ≤5% of energy from polyunsaturated fat, 63% had ≥1% energy from
trans
fat, and 53% had low fiber intake (<25 g/d).

Conclusions—

These findings confirm the benefit of a healthy diet, physical activity, moderate alcohol, and cessation of smoking as approaches for the primary prevention of MI. Obesity and smoking were the 2 most important risk factors for nonfatal MI in Costa Rica.
Issue Linkages in International Environmental Policy: The International Whaling Commission and Japanese Development Aid
Authors: Miller Andrew R. , Dolšak Nives
Published: March 2007

This article examines whether a country's vote in the International Whaling Commission (IWC) influences the bilateral aid it receives from Japan. While whaling is of marginal importance to the Japanese economy, it carries significant cultural and emotional value in Japan. The puzzle, then, is whether Japan links the issues of IWC voting and bilateral aid provision. Does Japan reward countries that vote with it at the IWC by disbursing higher levels of bilateral development aid to those countries? To examine this puzzle, we examine IWC votes of 26 developing countries over 1999–2004 along with their development needs and economic ties with Japan. Our analysis suggests that Japanese bilateral aid to developing countries is significantly associated with the countries' IWC voting records. These results hold across a range of statistical specifications. Thus, our article provides evidence to suggest that Japan has employed material incentives to defend its cultural preferences regarding whaling in the face of opposition from pro-conservation IWC members and environmental NGOs.
Lake-Breeze Fronts in the Salt Lake Valley
Authors: Zumpfe Daniel E. , Horel John D.
Published: March 2007

Winds at the Salt Lake City International Airport (SLC) during the April–October period from 1948 to 2003 have been observed to shift to the north (up-valley direction) between late morning and afternoon on over 70% of the days without precipitation. Lake-breeze fronts that develop as a result of the differential heating between the air over the nearby Great Salt Lake and that over the lake’s surroundings are observed at SLC only a few times each month. Fewer lake-breeze fronts are observed during late July–early September than before or after that period. Interannual fluctuations in the areal extent of the shallow Great Salt Lake contribute to year-to-year variations in the number of lake-breeze frontal passages at SLC. Data collected during the Vertical Transport and Mixing Experiment (VTMX) of October 2000 are used to examine the structure and evolution of a lake-breeze front that moved through the Salt Lake Valley on 17 October. The onset of upslope and up-valley winds occurred within the valley prior to the passage of the lake-breeze front. The lake-breeze front moved at roughly 3 m s−1 up the valley and was characterized near the surface by an abrupt increase in wind speed and dewpoint temperature over a distance of 3–4 km. Rapid vertical mixing of aerosols at the top of the 600–800-m-deep boundary layer was evident as the front passed.
Diurnal Cycle of Water Vapor as Documented by a Dense GPS Network in a Coastal Area during ESCOMPTE IOP2
Authors: Bastin Sophie , Champollion Cédric , Bock Olivier , Drobinski Philippe , Masson Frédéric
Published: March 2007

Global positioning system (GPS) data from a dense network have been used for the analysis of the diurnal cycle of water vapor over Marseille, France, during the second intensive observation period (IOP2; 21–26 June 2001) of the Expérience sur Sites pour Contraindre les Modèles de Pollution Atmosphérique et de Transport d’Emission (ESCOMPTE) field experiment. Both tomographic analyses and integrated water vapor (IWV) contents from GPS have been used, in addition to wind profiler data and surface observations. Tomographic analysis of data from the dense GPS network and radiosondes provided the continuous temporal evolution of the vertical distribution of water vapor over the city of Marseille. The city is located on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea in southeastern France and is often under the influence of sea-breeze effects. Two different layers of breeze circulation are identified: a shallow sea breeze, blowing perpendicular to the local coastline, and a deep sea breeze, induced by the regional temperature gradient between sea and land. The origin of water vapor is shown to be mainly due to the advection of marine moist air by these sea-breeze circulations. However, the diurnal cycle of water vapor over Marseille is strongly influenced by the synoptic situation, which changes during the IOP2 (between a northerly mistral in the early stage of the IOP and an easterly wind at the end). It is shown that vertical profiles from tomographic analyses (combined with wind profiler data) allow for a proper interpretation of the diurnal cycle observed in IWV. Two-dimensional maps of IWV are also shown to complement the description of the horizontal advection of moisture by the different circulation regimes.
Estimation of Land Surface Heat Fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau Using GMS Data
Authors: Oku Yuichiro , Ishikawa Hirohiko , Su Zhongbo
Published: March 2007

A Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) originally developed for the NOAA Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer was applied to Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS)-5 Visible/Infrared Spin-Scan Radiometer data that were supplemented with other meteorological data. GMS-5, which is a geostationary satellite, recorded continuous hourly information. Surface temperatures obtained from the GMS-5 data were entered into SEBS to estimate the hourly regional distribution of the surface heat fluxes over the Tibetan Plateau. The estimated fluxes are verified by using corresponding field observations. The diurnal cycle of estimated fluxes agreed well with the field measurements. For example, the diurnal range of the estimated sensible heat flux decreases from June to August. This reflects the change of dry to wet surface characteristics resulting from frequent precipitation during the summer monsoon. Over the Tibetan Plateau, the diurnal range of the surface temperature is as large as the annual range, so that the resultant sensible heat flux has a large diurnal variation. Thus, the hourly estimation based on the GMS data may contribute to a better understanding of the land surface–atmosphere interaction in this critical area.
Thermal and Geometric Controls on the Rate of Surface Air Temperature Changes in a Medium-Sized, Midlatitude City
Authors: Tomita Tomohiko , Kusaka Hiroyuki , Akiyoshi Ryo , Imasato Yoshiyuki
Published: March 2007

Gradual cooling in the evening forms a wintertime nocturnal urban heat island. This work, with a mesoscale model involving urban canopy physics, is an examination of how four thermal and geometric controls—anthropogenic heat QF, heat capacity C, thermal conductivity k, and sky-view factor ψs—modify the rate of surface air temperature changes ΔT/Δt. In particular, the time dependence is diagnosed through numerical experiments. The controls QF and k are major agents in the evening, when QF changes the evening ΔT/Δt linearly and k is logarithmic. The effects of C and ψs are large in the morning and in the afternoon with those of k. The impact of QF is, however, substantial only in the evening. Because the time dependence of C and k is different, the thermal inertia used as a parameter in the urban climate studies should be divided into two parameters: C and k. To improve the thermal environment in urban areas, the modification of QF and k could be effective.
Appeals from Juvenile Courts
Authors: Bowman Addison M.
Published: March 2007

This article points out the desirability of appellate review of juvenile court dispositions, noting that uniformity of practice in any jurisdiction can hardly be achieved in the absence of ap pellate decisions because of the incompleteness of the typical ju venile court act. The author discusses the need for stenographic transcripts of juvenile court hearings and suggests that constitu tional considerations may be involved in decisions on furnishing transcripts. There is a discussion of various methods of provid ing appellate review, including the direct appeal, the two-step approach employing either a referee or a rehearing in the juve nile court, and the extraordinary writs. The scope of appellate review is mentioned, and problems of standing to appeal are considered. In each of these areas the author refers to current law and practice in various states, and attempts evaluation and analysis. The problems brought to light here could in most in stances be solved by legislative revision.
The Legal Process in the Community Setting
Authors: Chambliss William J. , Liell John T.
Published: March 2007

Selecting certain members of society to be officially designated "deviant" involves the processing agencies in a variety of deci sions. These decisions are made within the context of a social set ting which limits the agencies' freedom of choice. At times the agencies must resort to indirect techniques for accomplishing their goals if they are to avoid entanglements and opposition. But these techniques may themselves go awry and, when they do, the entire process becomes more visible by virtue of these errors. A case is analyzed to illustrate the dynamics of this process.
Observations on the Obvious
Authors: Finkelstein Harry
Published: March 2007

A residential treatment center for emotionally disturbed chil dren assumes almost complete responsibility for those in its care. This necessitates some modification of the oft-heard admonition, "Don't treat the symptom." The staff of the institution must concern itself with each child's overt behavior as well as with the unconscious feelings and fantasies that give rise to it.
How Many Years?
Authors: Bates Sanford
Published: March 2007

Very little has been done in the United States to improve the thousands of county jails that hold sentenced petty offenders and persons awaiting trial. Because these inmates are not considered an immediate danger to society, the facilities that handle them are virtually ignored. They are usually operated by local law enforcement officials, who do not have the knowledge or the time to develop needed rehabilitative programs. Subjected to these jails, many minor offenders go on to commit felonies. The deplorable conditions that exist in these local facilities might improve if every jail became part of the state correctional program.
A Time for Skepticism
Authors: Gold Martin
Published: March 2007

Specific research findings are introduced to demonstrate the absence of reliable data supporting claims for the effectiveness of delinquency treatment programs currently in use. Progress in this field will be encouraged if those responsible for treatment programs apply various techniques with a great deal of skepticism, testing their effectiveness systematically and evaluating them ob jectively. Continued innovation is urged, but cast in the form of careful field experimentation.
Minorities in Correction
Authors: Skoler Daniel L. , Loewenstein Ralph
Published: March 2007

One of the most striking manpower problems in our correc tional systems is the vast disparity in racial composition between inmate populations and correctional staffs. This imbalance has stimulated a move to increase minority hiring in correction. In the past two or three years, developments on three levels—rhetoric, judicial decisions, and administrative regulations—offer hope that the goal of increased minority hiring will be realized.
To What Extent Should the Criminal Justice System Be a "System"?
Authors: Forst Martin L.
Published: March 2007

This article examines recent criticism of the current criminal justice system which characterizes it as a "nonsystem" because its three main components—law enforcement, courts, and correction—are often poorly managed and inefficient. It has been suggested that we should apply the "systems approach" to the criminal justice system to make it more coordinated and interdependent. After examining the origin and de velopment of the systems approach and its application to criminal justice, the author discusses some of the practical and theoretical problems involved in transforming the present system into a "true" system. Among the major problems are the erosion of judicial indepen dence and the attenuation of the separation of powers. While admitting the inefficiency of the current criminal justice system, the author suggests that the various segments of the system should not become overly dependent on the systems approach to solve their problems—if doing so means adopting a management ideology that is antithetical to the ideals of justice and legality. The traditional structure of our governmental relations should not be altered in the pursuit of effective management of the criminal justice system.
Children in Jail
Authors: Cottle Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

A series of life studies of incarcerated children is presented, along with a brief discussion of possibilities for reform. The studies permit these chil dren to speak for themselves about the conditions of jail1 and the ex perience of being incarcerated. Some of these are youths who have been tried and sentenced to jail; others were confined in detention centers awaiting trial; and one girl was held illegally in a county jail with adult women. Among the many topics discussed by the children are medical treatment, the lack of educational facilities, the changing nature of their relationships with their parents, the shame and fright of imprisonment, and the physical and psychological effects of being in jail.
The Rationalistic Opportunity Perspective on Criminal Behavior
Authors: Holzman Harold R.
Published: March 2007

Most schools of crtminological theory do not depict persistent in volvement in property crime as rational economic activity similar to other more conventional income-producing endeavors. Yet, the no tion of earning one's living by illicit means frequently appears in the criminological literature, notably in discussions of "professional crim inality." This paper presents a synthesis of ideas drawn from crimi nological theory, economics, and the sociology of occupations in an attempt to generate an alternative explanation of crime as work; this alternative view is termed the "rationalistic opportunity perspective."
Rape, the Law, and Private Property
Authors: Schwendinger Julia R. , Schwendinger Herman
Published: March 2007

Historical developments in rape laws argue against the now-popular notion that the law, which originally protected property, continues to protect male property rights. Also, these developments have been strongly influenced by modes of production, but the law cannot be adequately understood by reducing the property relationships in volved simply to the possession of women by men. While this restrict ed use of the term property may be somewhat meaningful when refer ring to slave societies, it is not very useful when dealing with kinship societies, emerging feudal class distinctions, colonial relationships, or personal dependency relations in the modern American home. Ex amples of rape laws in a variety of contemporary and historical social formations are given, and especially noted is the general trend toward recognition of women's legal rights in the United States.
Mundane Crime
Authors: Gibbons Don C.
Published: March 2007

Popular discussions of "the crime problem" rarely give much attention to "mundane crime," which is a term for a variety of commonplace, low visibility, and often innocuous forms of lawbreaknig found in abundance in American society. Four kinds of mundane crime are identified and discussed: petty vice and public disorder offenses, folk crime, work place crime, and environmental abuse offenses. This paper also argues that a large share of mundane crime arises out of situational influences and other causal processes that have been insufficiently studied by criminologists.
Good Time: The Forgotten Issue
Authors: Parisi Nicolette , Zillo Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

Good time provtstons are a neglected area of criminal justice research. The history of good time provistons can be divided into three periods: 1817-1876, 1876-1971, and 1971 to the present time. In the first period, the major factors behind the creation of good time were to control prtsoners, to regulate prtson population, and to enhance the rehabilitation potential of inmates. In the second stage, parole coexisted with good time, and good time generally was reduced in importance. During the most recent phase, good time has reemerged as a significant element in the sentencing and correctional process. However, the actual role of good time depends on many factors, induding the level of prtson overcrowding. In considering sentencing structure revtstons, it is essential to examine the function of good time in the current and proposed structure.
An Approach to the Allocation of Scarce Imprisonment Resources
Authors: Blumstein Alfred , Kadane Joseph B.
Published: March 2007

In response to the widespread problem of prison congestion, Connecticut's Corrections Commissioner, John Manson, has suggested that prison cells be allocated to judges so that they would assume some responsibility for keeping prison populations within capacity limits. We explore a number of the choices that must be made in implementing this proposal, including the questions of what units to allocate (e.g., cells or cell-years), to whom the allocation should go (courts, individual judges, or prosecutors), what rules for allocation would be proper and equitable, what procedures to follow when an allocation is depleted, how to manage spare cells for emergencies, and what research is needed to implement such a process. The Manson proposal forces a clear recognition of the need to deal with the problem of finite prison capacity, but the problems it raises warrant consideration of the Michigan "safety valve" or the Minnesota capacity-constrained sentencing guidelines for limiting prison congestion.
Architectural Research in the Use of Foam Plastics
Authors: Paraskevopoulos Stephen C. A.
Published: March 2007

This program of research is being sponsored by the Agency for International Development of the U. S. Department of State in the interest of exploring the possibility of using foam plastics as a basic structural material for application in underdeveloped areas of the world. The preliminary investigation included a study of the mechanical properties of cellu lar plastics, methods for producing such ma terials (alone or in combination with other materials), as well as erection techniques which could result from the use of these ma terials. On the basis of this investigation certain conclusions were reached as to the kinds of structures which would make logical use of foam plastics, utilizing their unique properties and designing around their short comings.
Formulating and Processing Technique of High-Density Molded Structural Rigid Urethane Foam
Authors: Dunnous Jack
Published: March 2007

This is another contribution in the continuing series on Foam Formulations being published by the Journal of Cellular Plastics. The information is particularly timely to RIM molders.
The Development of the Ems
Authors: Page S.A.B.
Published: March 2007

The European Monetary System is a joint currency area made up of countries which have not abandoned independent fiscal and monetary policies. This article discusses how it has survived the difficulties normally expected for such an arrangement, in its first three and a half years. The EMS is in modified form a continuation of the joint exchange rate management in which various members of the EC have participated since 1970. The first section summarises the previous experience and attempts to explain why the EMS was introduced, how it was to differ from the earlier arrangements, and what its purposes were. These were a mixture of fairly precise economic targets, longer term economic objectives, and a more diffuse set of beliefs about how the EC should develop and how technical cooperation can contribute to more fundamental agreement. The second section analyses how, on the one hand, the existing characteristics of the present members' economies, and particularly of trade among them, and, on the other, their economic conditions and policies in this period have contributed to the survival of the EMS. The third section examines the performance of the member countries against the specific original goals and finds achievements in the first group of targets, the most short-term; little evidence so far of progress in the second; but perhaps some success in the third, although the nature of these objectives makes judgement difficult.
Policy Trade-Offs in the NIESR Model: Exercises Using Optimal Control
Authors: Brooks Simon , Henry Brian , Karakitsos Elias
Published: March 2007

This article investigates the consequences of alternative fiscal packages by applying optimal control techniques to the National Institute econometric model. Britton (1983) provides an assessment of alternative packages by using ready reckoners derived from simulations of the NIESR model reported in Brooks and Henry (1983). The present investigation may be seen as a more systematic analysis, using the techniques of optimal control. Such an assessment inevitably concerns the measurement of trade-offs between the major objectives of government policy, an issue which has generated much controversy over the last decade. Early interpretations of the Phillips Curve for example tended to regard the empirical finding of an inverse relation between inflation and unemployment as providing a menu for policy choice. According to this interpretation, aggregate demand policy could be used to select the best combination of inflation and unemployment rates available subject to the constraint set by the Phillips Curve. Since that time, parallel developments in the theory of wage inflation, expectations formation, and macroeconomic policy have produced considerable scepticism about the existence of this trade-off, questioning whether the implied choice between alternative combinations of inflation and unemployment is open to governments using aggregate demand policy. Much of this scepticism was coincident with growing dissatisfaction with the Phillips Curve as a statistical representation of wage inflation, but we will not be directly concerned with this aspect of the argument here. Two points however do arise from this debate which are of direct relevance to the subject matter of this article. The first is that a trade-off between inflation and unemployment may exist even if the labour market is not characterised by a Phillips Curve. The second is the central role played by natural rate concepts in the debate on the effectiveness of aggregate demand policy.
The Analysis of Personal Taxation and Social Security
Authors: Atkinson A.B. , King M.A. , Sutherland H.
Published: March 2007

This article describes research on the analysis of the consequences of changes in personal taxation and social security carried out as part of the SSRC Programme on Taxation, Incentives and the Distribution of Income. It shows how data from the Family Expenditure Survey can be used to see who gains and who loses from policy changes, illustrating this by an examination of proposals for a tax credit scheme. It discusses the incorporation of changes in behaviour, and the effect of taxes and benefits on incentives, including the ‘poverty trap’. Particular emphasis is placed on the accessibility of the analysis, and the last section describes a range of programs which are available for use on micro-computers.
Public and Private Sector Pay: a Partly Disaggregated Study
Authors: Foster N. , Henry S.G.B. , Trinder C.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to give a preliminary econometric analysis of earnings inflation based on the disaggregation of aggregate earnings into four sectors: private manufacturing; private non-manufacturing; public corporations; and central and local government. In the introduction we discuss some of our objectives in analysing wage movements in this way. The second section presents the data. The third section describes the alternative hypotheses to be tested and the research methodology used. The fourth section describes the results of the econometric analysis and in the fifth section we draw tentative conclusions. The data series used are described in more detail in the appendix.
Macroeconomic Policy in France and Britain
Authors: Barker Kate , Britton Andrew , Major Robin
Published: March 2007

The comparison of events in Britain with the experience of other major industrial countries can make an important contribution to debate about policy alternatives. Within Western Europe such comparisons are especially apt since a number of countries of similar size, at broadly the same level of economic development, face many of the same problems and opportunities. The main purpose of the study reported here is to draw lessons for Britain from the experience of France, and to see to what extent the lessons one might be tempted to draw are the right ones bearing in mind the differences between the two countries as well as their similarities.
The Causes of British Unemployment
Authors: Layard R. , Nickell S.
Published: March 2007

Unemployment in Britain has risen from around 2 per cent in the late 1950s and early 1960s to around 3 per cent today. What accounts for this astonishing increase?
The Conduct of Fiscal Policy
Authors: Currie David
Published: March 2007

The central focus of this paper is on the conduct of fiscal policy. But the influence of fiscal policy cannot sensibly be examined separately from other aspects of macroeconomic policy, such as monetary, exchange rate and incomes policies. Because of this, we the opportunity to range quite widely. Two broad themes emerge. The first concerns the consequences of consistent forward-looking expectations for the design of policy. The second concerns the global consequences of adopting generally in many countries policy rules designed in the single open economy context. Since policy appraisal is usually conducted in the single economy context, and policy design with consistent expectations is still relatively underdeveloped, it is useful to take stock of these two issues.
Government Borrowing and Financial Markets
Authors: Budd Alan , Dicks Geoffrey , Keating Giles
Published: March 2007

This paper considers two questions related to fiscal and monetary poticy in the United Kingdom. The questions are as follows:

(i) How do shocks to the economy affect monetary growth?

(ii) What effects do changes in the debt/income ratio have on the returns to financial assets?

The first question has been previously in relation to the LBS model. The second question has become relevant now that attention is being directed to the possible long-run constraints on fiscal policy. We take the opportunity to study question (i) in response to recent developments of the LBS model. The most significant developments are firstly the incorporation of a model of the financial sector in the LBS model and secondly the ability to incorporate rational expectations into the determination of asset prices in financial markets.