bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel p53 therapies for head and neck cancer
Authors: Castellanos Mario R. , Pan Quintin
Published: July 2016

Inactivation of the tumor suppressor p53 is the predominant pathogenetic event in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The p53 pathway in HNSCC can be compromised through multiple mechanisms including gene mutations, hyperactivation of endogenous negative p53 regulators and by the human papillomavirus E6 protein. Inactivation of p53 is associated with poor clinical response and outcome; therefore, restoration of the p53 signaling cascade may be an effective approach to ablate HNSCC cells. Viral approaches to restore p53 activity in HNSCC have been well‐studied and shown modest activity in clinical trials. Recent work has focused on high‐throughput screens and rational designs to identify and develop small molecules to rescue p53 function. Several p53‐targeting small molecules have demonstrated very promising activity in pre‐clinical studies but have yet progressed to the clinical setting. Further development of p53 therapies, in particular chemical approaches, should be prioritized and evaluated in the HNSCC setting.
Science of giants: China and India in the twentieth century
Authors: PHALKEY JAHNAVI , LAM TONG
Published: July 2016

How might one tell the histories of China and India – two countries that have come to be seen as twenty-first-century giants? How might one tell of how they look to the world and to each other? In this issue we juxtapose, connect and compare the two. Ours is an attempt at a historiography of twentieth-century modernity in China and India beyond the encouragement of Euro-American historiography. We seize this opportunity provided by the contemporary engagement and concern with the two countries to reinterpret the narratives of their twentieth-century transformation, which are far from settled at the moment. We bring historical knowledge to speak usefully to the excitement, anxiety and aspiration around science and technology in China and India. We bring the same to speak meaningfully to the cynicism, admonition and expectations that the world has of them. We use China and India as a method of exploring new historiographical questions of science. We are invested in extending the relevance of studying China and India to the world at large through connections, references and juxtaposition, and by raising questions that, on the one hand, expose the limits of the Euro-American experience and, on the other, open up the intellectual and historiographical space for narratives and theoretical frameworks that are not tied to geopolitical significance. This paper sets out these issues and introduces the papers of the collection.
INNER MODEL THEORETIC GEOLOGY
Authors: FUCHS GUNTER , SCHINDLER RALF
Published: July 2016

One of the basic concepts of set theoretic geology is the mantle of a model of set theory V: it is the intersection of all grounds of V, that is, of all inner models M of V such that V is a set-forcing extension of M. The main theme of the present paper is to identify situations in which the mantle turns out to be a fine structural extender model. The first main result is that this is the case when the universe is constructible from a set and there is an inner model with a Woodin cardinal. The second situation like that arises if L[E] is an extender model that is iterable in V but not internally iterable, as guided by P-constructions, L[E] has no strong cardinal, and the extender sequence E is ordinal definable in L[E] and its forcing extensions by collapsing a cutpoint to ω (in an appropriate sense). The third main result concerns the Solid Core of a model of set theory. This is the union of all sets that are constructible from a set of ordinals that cannot be added by set-forcing to an inner model. The main result here is that if there is an inner model with a Woodin cardinal, then the solid core is a fine-structural extender model.
Mathematical Analysis of the Lag-Phase in Bacterial Growth
Authors: Ledingham J. C. G. , Penfold W. J.
Published: July 2016

Of the large number of experiments recorded by Penfold (1914) in connexion with the question of lag in bacterial growth, a certain proportion have been carried out in such detail as to render them eminently suitable for mathematical analysis. In all work of this kind, which is intended to throw light on the numerical aspect of bacterial growth, it is desirable to take observations at frequent and, if possible, regular intervals, during the period of lag, and to count a sufficiently large number of colonies on the plates. To secure this last and most important desideratum, orientating experiments must be performed, from the results of which one is enabled to calculate what dilution of the culture at any given period of growth will yield a tolerably large and accurately countable plate population.
Potential cerebral malaria therapy: intramuscular arteether and vitamin D co-administration
Authors: DWIVEDI HEMLATA , SINGH SUNIL KUMAR , CHAUHAN BHAVANA SINGH , GUNJAN SARIKA , TRIPATHI RENU
Published: July 2016

Cerebral malaria (CM) shows lethality rate of 15–25% despite effective antimalarial chemotherapy. The effective adjunct treatment to counteract the CM pathogenesis is urgently required. In murine CM model, most interventions studied till date are administered before the onset of CM symptoms, which belittle its translational value to human. We studied intramuscular arteether–vitamin D (ART–VD) combination treatment for CM outcome improvement after the onset of neurological symptoms. The intramuscular dose of 50 µg kg−1 VD for 3 days combined with a loading dose of 25 mg kg−1α/β arteether followed by 12·5 mg kg−1 dose for two consecutive days led to significant improvement in survival (73% in combination group vs 29 and 0% in arteether and VD monotherapy, respectively) and clinical recovery. The treatment in all the groups partially restored the blood–brain barrier integrity and reduced the level of serum proinflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ. The brain transcripts of inflammatory chemokines viz. CXCL10, CXCL9, CCL4 and CCL5 and T cell migration in the brain microvasculature were significantly diminished in all the treatment groups. ART–VD treatment significantly reduced intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression. Taken together, our findings show that coordinated actions of ART–VD improve the outcome of experimental CM.
XXIII.—On the Disruptive Discharge of Electricity: An Experimental Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Science, Department A
Authors: Macfarlane Alexander
Published: July 2016

The experiments to which I shall refer were carried out in the physical laboratory of the University during the late summer session. I was ably assisted in conducting the experiments by three students of the laboratory,—Messrs H. A. Salvesen, G. M. Connor, and D. E. Stewart. The method which was used of measuring the difference of potential required to produce a disruptive discharge of electricity under given conditions, is that described in a paper communicated to the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1876 in the names of Mr J. A. Paton, M. A., and myself, and was suggested to me by Professor Tait as a means of attacking the experimental problems mentioned below.

The above sketch which I took of the apparatus in situ may facilitate tha description of the method. The receiver of an air-pump, having a rod capable of being moved air-tight up and down through the neck, was attached to one of the conductors of a Holtz machine in such a manner that the conductor of the machine and the rod formed one conducting system. Projecting from the bottom of the receiver was a short metallic rod, forming one conductor with the metallic parts of the air-pump, and by means of a chain with the uninsulated conductor of the Holtz machine. Brass balls and discs of various sizes were made to order, capable of being screwed on to the ends of the rods. On the table, and at a distance of about six feet from the receiver, was a stand supporting two insulated brass balls, the one fixed, the other having one degree of freedom, viz., of moving in a straight line in the plane of the table. The fixed insulated ball A was made one conductor with the insulated conductor of the Holtz and the rod of the receiver, by means of a copper wire insulated with gutta percha, having one end stuck firmly into a hole in the collar of the receiver, and having the other fitted in between the glass stem and the hollow in the ball, by which it fitted on to the stem tightly. A thin wire similarly fitted in between the ball B and its insulating stem connected the ball with the insulated half ring of a divided ring reflecting electrometer.
III.–Note on the Bifilar Magnetometer
Authors: Broun J. A.
Published: July 2016

In a paper on “The Bifilar Magnetometer, its Errors and Corrections” &c., which appeared in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, vol. xxii. p. 467; it was shown that, in turning the apparatus which carries the upper extremities of the two wires through an angle exceeding by ν that through which the lower extremities and the magnet are moved, the upper end of each wire is also turned through an angle greater by ν than the lower end. The whole force acting on the magnet, to turn it from the meridian, is compounded of the bifilar and the unifilar torsion—only the former of which had been considered in the method issued by the Committee on Physics of the Royal Society of London for the instruction of directors of observatories.

It was sought in the paper cited to show the change that the neglected forces would introduce into the expression for the unit coefficient, which was found to be

instead of

where Δν is the arc value ot one scale division of the instrument, and β is the variation of ν due to the unifilar torsion. There were errors of copying, including omissions in the investigation given. I also remarked, after the paper was printed, that the value of k found was less than when the unifilar torsions were neglected (since cot (ν + β) < cot ν); whereas all the determinations by other methods, in which the unifilar torsions were included, had shown a greater coefficient.
V.—Additional Memoir on the Parallel Roads of Lochaber
Authors: Home David Milne
Published: July 2016

Towards the end of last winter session, a Memoir by me, on the “Parallel Roads of Lochaber,” was read to this Society, and it has since been published in our Transactions. The subject was far from being exhausted. Nevertheless, I had no intention of continuing the inquiry, venturing to think, that enough had been adduced by me to support the conclusions at which I had arrived. But during the course of last summer, Dr Tyndall of London visited Lochaber. He went for the special purpose of studying the “Roads,” and of enabling him to give a public lecture regarding them in the Royal Institution, Albemarle Street, on 9th June.

In the course of his lecture, Dr Tyndall alluded to my recent Memoir, and also to researches described in a previous Memoir. But he dissented from my solution of the problem, and told his hearers (I quote his words) that they might “with safety dismiss it (the detrital barrier theory) as incompetent to account for the phenomena. The theory which ascribes the Parallel Roads to lakes clammed by barriers of ice, has, in my opinion, an amount of probability on its side, which amounts to a practical demonstration of its truth.”

These views having been rested on observations made in the district by Dr Tyndall himself, I felt that it was only due to a person of his scientific reputation, to reconsider my own opinions, and to weigh well his reasons for coming to a different conclusion.
IX.—On the Toothing of Un-round Discs which are intended to Roll upon each other
Authors: Sang Edward
Published: July 2016

The construction of the toothed wheels used in machinery gives rise to some very interesting investigations in the geometry of motion. The general problem is so to shape the contours as that they shall remain in contact while the wheels turn on their centres with uniform angular velocities.

The inquiry becomes more extensive when the velocities of the wheels are to be variable; as, for example, when we seek to imitate the revolutions of the planets round the sun, and for that purpose introduce the equation of the centre.

In these cases the wheels are supposed to turn on fixed centres; but we may still farther extend the scope of our researches by removing the centres and subjecting the discs to the single condition that they roll upon each other.

If two discs A and B touch at the point S, and if they so move as that the point of contact shifts equally along the two boundaries, they are said to roll on each other; that is to say, if we measure equal distances ST, SV along the two boundaries, the points T and V will come together in the course of the movements.
Astronomy Education: The Current Status in Zambia
Authors: Munyeme Geoffrey , Kalebwe Peter C.
Published: July 2016

There are many interlocking factors determining the introduction of astronomy education in Zambia. The process of infusing this new subject into an education system so centralised as that of Zambia is extremely complex. At school level the process is more complex than at university level, as all syllabuses are developed by a central body, Curriculum Development Centre (CDC) whose priorities are determined by perceived social and economic needs of the country. The prevailing notion in Zambia is that astronomy has no direct bearing on future employment needs. It is therefore not surprising that astronomy is at the bottom of the priority list among school subjects. The recent upsurge of interest in astronomy at the University of Zambia opens up the necessary background for developing astronomy in both school and university curricula. The University has recently formed the Astronomical Society and the Working Group on Space Science in Zambia. Coupled to this are exchange visits and collaborative work between the Physics Department of the University of Zambia and the South-African Astronomical Observatory. In this paper we present a review of the current activities in space science in Zambia and how they relate to the development of astronomy education.
The Central American Master’s Program in Astronomy and Astrophysics
Authors: de Carias Maria C. Pineda
Published: July 2016

The Master’s Program in Astronomy and Astrophysics for Central America arises as part of the project of the National Autonomous University of Honduras to contribute to the establishment of “Astronomy and Astrophysics” as an academic field within the region (Pineda de Carias 1993). In 1997, the same year that the Central American Suyapa Astronomical Observatory (CASAO) was officially inaugurated (within the frame of the VII UN/ESA Workshop on Basic Space Science), a degree course in astronomy and astrophysics at graduate level was approved. In 1998 the program was formally opened for Central American graduate students in physics, mathematics or engineering. In the year 2000, the first group of students is expected to finish their courses. In this document we present the main features of the Master’s Program: the syllabus, resources, organization. A discussion of the results achieved and of future tendencies is also included, together with some recommendations about how the international community may contribute to the enhancement of this type of effort, and on how this model may be useful for developing countries.
Principles for Tertiary-Level Astronomy Courses
Authors: McNally Derek
Published: July 2016

Any worthwhile tertiary-level course of study should, as its highest priority, reflect the discipline it represents as it is contemporaneously practiced. Were it not to do so, students would be intellectually underprovided. This paper sets out general principles which a first degree-level course in astronomy should aim to provide for its students. No specific syllabi will be attempted but, rather, the paper will outline ranges of topics and their level of treatment. While all students taking such courses should have as professional experience as possible, it must be recognised that most students taking tertiary-level astronomy courses may not become professional astronomers and that such courses will necessarily have to have flexibility to meet local circumstances.
Problems Facing Promotion of Astronomy in Arab Countries
Authors: Osman Anas M. I.
Published: July 2016

Promotion of astronomy in Arab countries is facing many scientific and technical problems. Teaching astronomy starts very late in schools, with very simple and limited courses. Many teachers lack a suitable astronomical background, which can lead to incorrect understanding by students of many astronomical ideas and phenomena. Teaching astronomy at higher levels is also very limited, for example: aomng the 16 universities in Egypt, astronomy is taught in only two faculties of science, just for two years. Graduate students find many difficulties in obtaining jobs related to astronomical activities and this is a serious limitation on the attraction of the study of astronomy. On the other hand, astronomical institutions are suffering from a serious lack of the new sophisticated equipment, while the budget allotted for maintenance is very small, and there is a serious shortage of technical staff. The training of astronomers and technicians is badly needed, since good research work depends on modern technological equipment and the complicated software packages used in controlling such equipment and in data analysis. Good libraries are needed for promotion of astronomy especially, the Internet facilities available for the staff is very limited. The effects of culture are very clear; many authorities in developing countries believe that astronomy is a luxury. Finally, most of astronomers are engaged with a lot of administration for all matters, so the free time left for science is very limited.
An Undergraduate Program for Astronomy in México
Authors: Bravo-Alfaro Hector
Published: July 2016

Astronomy in México has an ancient tradition, reinforced during the twentieth century by groups working in theoretical and observational astronomy. During the 1990s, the Great Millimeter Telescope (a single 50-m antenna) has been approved, and a 6-m infrared telescope is under study. Graduate and undergraduate programs must be improved to prepare future Mexican and Latin American astronomers to take advantage of these facilities. To meet the challenge, two traditional Mexican programs (Instituto de Astronomia-UNAM and Instituto Nacional de Astrofisica, Optica y Electronica-INAOE) are updating their graduate programs. Similarly, the Departamento de Astronomía de la Universidad de Guanajuato is joining physicists in the first undergraduate program in México in physics and engineering with an option in astrophysics. This will prepare students for industry, academia or national laboratories, either in physics or astronomy. Jobs in academia have been scarce; many students had to give up their goals after one or two postdoctoral positions. Graduate and undergraduate programs must adjust, by broadening the scope of present programs so that students are better prepared for other job opportunities. We present a B.Sc. program designed by astronomers and physicists to try to address some of these concerns and to prepare the students for either continuing with graduate studies or finding employment in an ever-changing job market. (Co-author is Victor Migenes, Guamajato, México.)
Teaching of Astronomy in India
Authors: Anandaram Mandayam N.
Published: July 2016

Here I will describe the inclusion of astronomy and astrophysics in College level courses of Bangalore University. I will describe the role of the Inter -University Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA) at Pune in making available instruments such as photometers and CCD cameras at low cost to aid teaching of astronomy as well as the running of a large number of training programmes for teachers and students. I will also describe some outstanding problems and suggested solutions.
Astronomy and Astronomical Education in the FSU
Authors: Bochkarev Nikolai G.
Published: July 2016

The current situation in astronomy and astronomical education over the territory of the Former Soviet Union is traced. New facilities for radio-astronomy are being put into work – the most important of them being the two coupled 32-m dishes, VLBI network “Quasar”; a number of observatories are acquiring an international status (in the frame of CIS); The Internet is becoming available for an increasing number of astronomical institutions. Azerbaijan astronomers have overcome their isolation from the rest of the world and cooperate actively with the astronomical community.
Astronomy Research in Bolivia
Authors: Polojentsev Dmitry D.
Published: July 2016

1. An astronomical expedition from Pulkovo observatory in Bolivia, near Tarija was organized in 1982. The first telscope was an astrograph (D=23 cm, F=230 cm, field = 5x5 degrees). Sucsessful observations on this instrument are still being made. In all 7 astronomical instuments were installed. Now they are the National Bolivian Observatory.
A 100-Year Astronomical-Data Bank: Collaboration Possibilities and Some Problems
Authors: Nuritdinov Salakhutdin N.
Published: July 2016

Our Department of Galactic astronomy and Cosmogony of the Astronomical Institude of Uzbek Academy of Sciences has rich photo meterials obtained over more than 100 years by two telescopes (Normal Astrograph with F= 3500 mm, D= 330 mm and Zeiss Double Astrograph with F= 3000 mm, D= 400 mm). The main objects studied are:

1

Open and Globular star clusters,

2

Regions of the Milky Way and the Pulkovo Observatory program.

3

Comets and Asteroids

4

Planets and their Satellites.

There are also astronomical data received in the framework of a number of International programmes. Now we are working out some research-complex programmes of these objects. We are ready to collaborate on these programmes.
Simple Science, Quality Science
Authors: Percy John R.
Published: July 2016

This paper examines ways in which those in astronomically-developing countries can begin to take part in meaningful astronomical research. It is based on a discussion paper, prepared by the author for a special session of IAU Commission 46 on 12 August 2000, and on the many comments contributed by the audience after the paper.
Some Cooperative Activities in East Asia
Authors: Kaifu Norio
Published: July 2016

We report the activity of continued and sequential cooperation among Asian countries/regions, especially in East Asia. Such efforts started in 1990 from a small-size China-Korea-Japan meeting on star-forming regions. Being aware of the importance of cooperation among those neighboring countries, participants agreed to hold sequential “East Asian Meetings for Astronomy (EAMA)”. The 1992 meeting entitled “Millimeter-Wave and Infrared Astronomy” was held in Korea, the 1995 meeting entitled “Ground-Based Astronomy in Asia” was held in Japan, and the 1999 meeting entitled “Observational Astrophysics in Asia and its Future” was held in China. These meetings achieved quite high activity with 100-200 participants, each. An important product of those meetings was active exchange between young astronomers, including graduate students. The primary aim of these meetings/activities was to promote small but practical cooperation in the field of astronomical instrumentation, as well as to widen the contact among Asian astronomers. An East-Asian co-experiment to search for good sites for a possible “Asian Observatory” was among such efforts. The close cooperation between Japan, China (Peoples’ Republic and Taipei) and Korea, on millimeter and sub-millimeter wave technology is another good example of joint developments of new instruments.
V. Report of the Executive Committee (1979–1981)
Authors: Vainu Bappu M.K. , Feast M.W. , Heeschen D.S , Kharadze E.K. , Kresak L. , van den Bergh S. , Wilson R. , Wayman Patrick A. , West Richard M. , Blaauw A. , Müller Edith A.
Published: July 2016

The present report covers the period from 1 January 1979 to 31 December 1981. This period includes the first eight months (to 26 August) of the year 1979, which was part of the period in office of the previous Executive Committee; it does not include the first eight months of 1982, still the period of responsibility of the present Executive Committee (to 27 August 1982).

The address of the General Secretary at the XVIIIth General Assembly will include a report for the period 1 January – 16 August 1982.

This report includes a summarized financial report for the calendar years 1979, 1980 and 1981 and a budget proposal for the calendar year 1982, closing the 3-year budgetary period 1979-1982.
Commission 49: Interplanetary Plasma and Heliosphere: (Plasma Interplanetaire et Heliosphere)
Authors: Verheest F. , Vandas M. , Buti B. , Cramer N.F. , Dryer M. , Habbal S.R. , Hollweg J.V. , Huber M.C.E. , Kojima M. , Ripken H.
Published: July 2016

In the last decade the triennial reports from Commission 49 have covered various topics like (nonlinear) plasma processes, magnetohydrodynamic phenomena and flows in the heliosphere, solar wind composition, transient events in, and latitudinal dependencies of, the heliosphere, interstellar gas flow through the interface region, kinetic versus magnetohydrodynamic theory in heliospheric plasmas and charged dust in space plasmas. Continuing the tradition of summarizing specific aspects to give astronomers outside our own specialty a flavour of our field, we now address recent advances in understanding coronal mass ejections in interplanetary space and the inner heliospheric solar wind under quiet and perturbed conditions. We owe a great debt of gratitude to the eminent contributors for their valiant efforts in writing these succinct but clear reports and guiding us through the recent literature.
Commission 22: Meteors and Interplanetary Dust: (Meteores Et Poussiere Interplanetaire)
Authors: Baggaley W. J. , Porubčan V. , Hawkes R.L. , Babadzhanov P.B. , Baggaley W.J. , Borovička J. , Elford W.G. , Hasegawa I. , Hawkes R.L. , Jenniskens P. , Jones J. , Mann I. , Porubčan V. , Spurný P. , Williams I.P.
Published: July 2016

The IAU Meteor Data Centre (MDC), maintained at Lund, Sweden, under the direction of Bertil Lindblad, remains a valuable resource for the meteor community. Commission 22 currently has representatives on two inter-commission Working Groups, The Prevention of Interplanetary Pollution (Chair C. S. L. Keay of Commission 22) and Near-Earth Objects (IAU C22 representative I.P. Williams). The Commission has one Working Group of its own, Amateur-Professional Co-operation in Meteors, consisting of P. Jenniskens (Chair), H. Betlem, N. Bone, P. Brown, T. Cooper, I. Hasegawa, R. Hawkes, G. Klar-Renner, V. Porubčan, J. Rendtel, J. Richardson, T. Yoshida. Meetings of the working group were held in Japan in Aug 1997 and in Ithaca, NY in Jul 1999, and circulated periodic electronic newsletters. The working group helped establish professional-amateur collaborations during the Leonid campaigns of November 1998 and 1999, facilitated amateur participation in NASA’s Leonid Multi-Instrument Aircraft Campaign, and encouraged publication of amateur observations. The IAU Commission 22 www site has the following new location: http://www.mta.ca/rhawkes/IAU22.
Commission 35: Stellar Constitution: (Constitution Des Etoiles)
Authors: Zahn J.-P. , VandenBerg D. , Canal R. , Chiosi C. , Dziembowski W. , Guzik J. , Meynet G. , Michaud G. , Renzini A. , Saio H. , Tutukov A. , Vauclair G.
Published: July 2016

Our Commission decided to proceed as before, with a rather comprehensive report, while focusing on the subjects where most progress has been achieved during the past three years. The colleagues who kindly contributed to it are W. Dziembowski (helio- and aster-oseismology), J. Guzik (intermediate-mass stars), G. Meynet (massive stars), G. Michaud (atomic diffusion), D. VandenBerg (low mass stars), G. Vauclair (white dwarfs), J.-P. Zahn (convection, rotational mixing).
Commission 45: Stellar Classification: (Classification Stellaire)
Authors: Gerbaldi Michèle , Evans Thomas Lloyd , Ciaria Juan , SJ Christopher Corbally , Drilling John , Garmany Catherine , Gray Richard O. , Kurtz Donald Wayne , Levato Orlando Hugo , North Pierre , Zdanavicius Kazimeras
Published: July 2016

This report does not intend to give a complete review of all the papers that appeared since the previous General Assembly but to focus on a few subjects only.
Commission 27: Variable Stars: (Les Etoiles Variables)
Authors: Kurtz D. W. , Christensen-Dalsgaard J. , Cacciari C. , Cottrell P. , Harmanec P. , Jerzykiewicz M. , Matthews J. , Moskalik P. , Sasselov D. , Welch D.
Published: July 2016

For Commission 27 these triennial reports have traditionally been very compact literature reviews of all the fields relevant to our commission. For several triennia we have been discussing the relevance of them, and asking just who their readership is. It seems that only a few people read them, and fewer use them as introductions to the subject – supposedly one of their prime purposes. The major beneficiaries have been the writers, who have been forced to do three-year reviews of their subjects. The IAU EC gave us the option this triennium of a shorter, four-page report to which the majority of the SOC agreed.
Division VI: Interstellar Matter: (Matière Interstellaire)
Authors: Dopita Michael A. , Bachiller Rafael , Burton Michael , Dyson John , Elmegreen Debra , Henning Thomas , Kwok Sun , Okuda Haruyudi , des Forets Guillaume Pineau , Raymond John , Tenorio-Tagle Guillermo , Torres-Peimbert Sylvia , van Dishoeck Ewine , Viegas-Aldrovandi Sueli , Wilson Thomas
Published: July 2016

Division VI of the International Astronomical Union deals with Interstellar Matter, and incorporates Commission 34. It gathers astronomers studying the diffuse matter in space between the stars, ranging from primordial intergalactic clouds via dust and neutral and ionised gas in galaxies to the densest molecular clouds and the processes by which stars are formed. There are approximately 730 members. The working groups in Planetary Nebulae and Cosmochemistry have served us well in organising periodic seminars in these subject areas. However, the Organising Committee has recognised that other developing areas of the ISM are not properly represented in the current organisation. In January 1997, the Division formed a new ISM working group on Star Forming Regions including cross-divisional representation to monitor progress in their fields and to help develop proposals for future IAU Symposia or Colloquia. In the future, especially in view of the rapid developments in spaceborne X-ray and IR astronomy, Division VI also hopes to form other working groups on the Hot ISM and the Extragalactic ISM.
Division XI: Space and High Energy Astrophysics(Astrophysique Spatiale et Des Hautes Energies)
Authors: Wamsteker Willem , Baliunas S. , Brosch N. , Cesarsky C. , Courvoisier Th.-J.L. , Costa J.M. da , Domingo V. , Fransson C. , Fabian A. , Fazio G. , Hasinger G. , Inoe H. , Li Zhongyuan , O’Brien P. , Oertel G. , Okuda H. , Quintana H. , Rangarajan T.N. , Schilizzi R. , Shustov B. , Thronson H. , Vilhu O. , Wang Zhenru
Published: July 2016

The reporting period has shown that Space has become a firmly established domain in observational Astrophysics, also in the low energy astrophysics area. The launching of new spacecraft is always an important addition to the capabilities of the Astronomers, but the availability of space observatories is strongly affected by the fact that they disappear as their subsystems become damaged or, for other reasons, become inoperable. The relatively short life of astronomical space facilities has generated new dynamic in the life cycle of observational tools for the astronomer, rather different from that for ground facilities. Launch failures or the final in-orbit functionality verification can also very strongly affect the availability of observational capabilities in space astrophysics. The only spacecraft designed without this built-in life time restriction, is the Hubble Space Telescope, which can be serviced by the Space Shuttle.
16. Physical Study of Planets and Satellites
Authors: Smith B A
Published: July 2016

The past triennium has seen an unprecidented increase in our knowledge and understanding of the solar system and, in particular, of the planets and satellites of the outer solar system. This epoch – 1 January 1979 to 31 December 1981 – has witnessed major spacecraft missions to Venus, Jupiter and Saturn by the United States and the launch of further missions to Venus by the Soviet Union.
26. Double Stars
Authors: Franz O.G.
Published: July 2016

Since the summer of 1979, more than 17 000 visual measures were made and have either been published or are being prepared for publication.

Couteau, using the 50- and 76-cm telescopes at Nice, obtained 984 measures and also discovered 207 pairs. Of these, 13% are closer than 0″.25, and 33% have separations smaller than 0″.5. Also at Nice, Morel made 300 measures with the 76-cm refractor and discovered 6 pairs.
40. Radio Astronomy
Authors: Swarup G.
Published: July 2016

This report covers surveys of radio sources, basic measurements of source parameters and new developments in radio telescopes, instrumental techniques and data processing. The period covered is approximately late 1978 to about August 1981. The results and conclusions of astronomical investigations based on measurements made through the radio window are included in the reports of other commissions, as relevant. Following the practice adopted in 1979, a circular was sent to the Presidents of 18 IAU Commissions and to all members of Commission 40 describing the proposed format of the present report and also identifying contact persons who could be consulted to avoid duplication and to ensure that radio astronomical results are adequately covered by various commissions. I am grateful to all concerned for providing the necessary coordination.
28. Galaxies
Authors: Holmberg E. B. , Markarian B. E. , Bertola F. , Bolton J. , Burbidge G. R. , Davies R. D. , Freeman K. C. , Roberts M. S. , Sérsic J. L. , van den Bergh S. , Vorontsov-Velyaminov B. A. , Westerlund B. E.
Published: July 2016

The present account refers mainly to research work published in the period 1973–1975. Due to the limited space available, and the rapidly increasing number of contributions in the field of Commission. 28, it has not been possible to write an all-inclusive report. As in the previous IAU volumes, the report is not intended as a repetition of the summaries given in the Astronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts. In stressing the importance of certain areas of research, the personal views of the writer(s) cannot be entirely avoided.
33. Structure and Dynamics of the Galactic System
Authors: Perek L.
Published: July 2016

It has become a tradition for Commission 33 to invite several authors to contribute to the Report. The scope of the Commission is so wide that it is beyond the possibilities of any one individual to do this work without assistance. B. Westerlund contributed Section 2, S. W. McCuskey Sections 3 and 4, T. Elvius the paragraph on high-latitude studies, F. J. Kerr Sections 3, 4 and 5B, J. Einasto Sections 6B and D, and a summary of the current research by Soviet astronomers, K. C. Freeman Sections 6C, E. L. Woltjer Section 6F, and L. Perek Sections 1, 5A, and 6A. Section 6B contains this time a paragraph on the Galactic Corona as seen from the point of view of galactic models, while Section 4 contains a paragraph on the structure of the Galactic Halo.
40. Radio Astronomy
Authors: Parijskij Y. N.
Published: July 2016

Thousands of papers in the field of radio astronomy have appeared during the last three years. Even simple enumeration of the major achievements will take much more space than it has been allocated to Commission 40. Therefore, taking into account the tendency of the previous years, much greater attention in the present report has been paid to the actual material and references (mainly of observational and methodological character). As to the interpretation of observations, much overlapping has occurred with Commissions 10 and 34. Solar radio astronomy had to be excluded from the report of Commission 40 in view of its practically complete overlapping with the report of Commission 10. Physical interpretation of insterstellar medium observations carried out by radio techniques during the three years has been included in the report of Commission 34. Even in this case we have been forced, as in the previous years, to introduce some additional abbreviations of the most widely used journals in the sections containing a great number of references. These abbreviations are given below.
8. Positional Astronomy
Authors: Hughes J. A. , Requieme Y. , Billaud G. , Carrasco G. , Fricke W. , Gubanov V. S. , Høg E. , Klock B. L. , Lopez J. A. , Ding-jiang Luo , Miyamoto M. , Morrison L. V. , Nikoloff I. , Teleki G. , Yatskiv Y. S.
Published: July 2016

The president thanks those members contributing material to this report. The volume of the material necessitated some editing, but no substantive omissions occurred. Whenever available, AAA numbers are used in lieu of complete titles of publications to help conserve space.

IAU Symposium No. 109 Astrometric Techniques, was held in Gainesville, Florida in January 1984. Although the Proceedings of that meeting are not now available (January 1935), ccmnission members and other interested parties are urged to secure access to that voline when it appears since so many facets of the commission’s work are addressed therein.
VII. Active Regions: Structure and Evolution
Authors: Galzauskas V.
Published: July 2016

The corona above active regions is now recognized as an assemblage of magnetically confined loops of plasma. This advance in understanding the active upper atmosphere is documented in the monograph resulting from the Third Skylab Workshop (Solar Active Regions, 1981, ed., F.Q. Orrall). International collaborative programs during the Solar Maximum Year (SMY) have further stimulated the study of active regions with emphasis on the search for the underlying causes of solar flares. Scores of analyses of individual regions, combining space- and ground-based observations, have been published. We have as a result an improved picture of interactions between active regions: from creation of shear in the magnetic topology to inter-region connections via the corona. A revived interest in the phenomena of recurrent active regions and sunspot decay has highlighted a basic problem for solar magnetism: the removal of magnetic flux from the solar surface. The interpretation of temporary dips in the solar irradiance caused by active regions continues to generate lively debate.
III. Solar Rotation
Authors: Howard Robert F.
Published: July 2016

The study of solar rotation using the Doppler effect in solar spectrum lines continues to be an active and fruitful area of research. Duvall (1982) has confirmed a slower rotation rate for the photosphere than for sunspots, which bears on an earlier controversy regarding this point between the Stanford Solar Observatory and some other observatories. The issue is not settled, however.
VI. The Physics of Coronal Flux Tubes
Authors: Roberts B.
Published: July 2016

Recent texts dealing with background aspects of this topic include Priest (1982), Noyes (1982) and Giovanelli (1984). Here we concentrate on the equilibrium structure of coronal loops, their oscillations and instabilities, and their heating.
20. Positions and Motions of Minor Planets, Comets And Satellites
Authors: Roemer E , van Houten C J , Batrakov Yu V , Candy M P , Kozai Y , Kresák Ĺ , Kristensen L K , Marsden B G , Scholl H , Taylor G E , Yeomans D K , Zhang Y Z
Published: July 2016

Interest in minor planets and comets continued to grow during the triennium, sparked in part by the highly successful 1983 mission of the Infrared Astronomy Satellite (IRAS) as well as by activities associated with the return of P/Halley and the first spacecraft missions to comets. A trial of the Astrometry Network of the International Halley Watch (IHW) on P/Crommelin was quite successful. Yet with an increasing need for precise ephemerides, there continued to be concern for acquisition and timely reporting of astrometric observations of even the best known comets.
21. Light of the Night Sky
Authors: Giese R. H. , Mattila k , Dumont R. , Galperin Yu. I. , Hanner M. S. , Levasseur-Regourd A. C. , Sanchez-Martinez F. , Tanabe H. , Weinberg J. L.
Published: July 2016

The light of the night sky consists of atmospheric components (airglow, light scattered in the atmosphere) and – even in the case of spaceborne observations – of zodiacal, galactic and extragalactic light. Although all components are of similar importance, investigations on zodiacal light have profitted most by the space age since their object of research, the interplanetary dust cloud, became accessible to direct in-situ measurements. Lunar samples and measurements by micrometeoroid detectors provide individual and eventually detailed information on impact events, which however are limited in number and therefore restricted in statistical significance. Zodiacal light investigations involve scattered light of many particles in large volume elements and therefore provide global information about physical properties and spatial distribution of interplanetary dust grains, however just in terms of average values. Therefore both sources of information are complementary and a synthesis can only be achieved by synoptic interpretation of zodiacal light, micrometeoroid, and meteoroid investigations also including dynamical aspects. Measurements of zodiacal light (and emission) from rockets, manned or non manned spacecraft, and deep space probes gained drastically in importance compared to ground based observations. On the other hand investigations on airglow have become more and more a topic of geophysics Caeronomy). They remain relevant however to astronomy as far as photometric features are concerned. These general trends continued in the last triennium and have influenced the activities of our commission.
22. Meteors And Interplanetary Dust
Authors: Belkovich O. I. , Brownless D. E. , Babadzhanov P. B. , Baggaley W. J. , Elford W. J. , Fechtig H. , Hanner M. S. , McDonnell J. A. M. , Stohl J. , Tomita K.
Published: July 2016

Following past practice, a number of authors have contributed reviews of their own field. The contributions have been edited by the President in order to avoid some overlaps, to reduce the length of the reviews an to add some publications. When possible reference numbers in the Astronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts are used. As editor, the President accepts responsibility for any shortcamings in the report.
30. Radial Velocities
Authors: Philip A. G. Davis , Andersen J. , Batten A. , Duflot M. , Hube D. , Mayor M. , Sahade J.
Published: July 2016

This report covers the period June 1981 to June 1984. and includes some material from IAU Colloquium No. 88, October, 1984.). The field of radial velocities has undergone a renaissance in the last few years as the new radial velocity machines have come into use. Not only can stars of much fainter magnitudes be reached, but the precision of the measured radial velocity has been increased by orders of magnitude. Instead of speaking of velocities accurate to kilometers per second it is now possible to measure velocities to tens of meters per second. Research programs, involving these new techniques are now underway involving the study of hundreds, and in some cases, thousands of faint stars.
33. Structure and Dynamics of the Galactic System
Authors: Wielen R. , Burton W. B. , Blitz L. , Iwanowska W. , Kharadze E. K. , Kuzmin G. G. , Lynden-Bell D. , Lynga G. , Mayor M. , Miyamoto M.
Published: July 2016

Several authors have contributed to this report: L. Blitz (Section V), W.B. Burton (Sections IIIB and IVB), J. Einasto (Section VII), B. Fuchs (Sections VIC and VID), W. Hermsen (Section VIF), G. Lynga (Sections IIIA and IVA), M. Mayor (Section II), M. Miyamoto (Sections VIB and VIE) and R. Wielen (Sections I, VIA, and editing). The layout of this report follows previous practice. The galactic center is included in Sections IV and V. The references are, as far as possible, coded by their numbers (VV.CCC.NNN) in the bibliography “Astronomy and Astrophysics Abstracts” (AAA). VV identifies the volume of AAA, while CCC.NNN gives the subject category and the serial number within that volume.
34. Interstellar Matter
Authors: Peimbert M. , Lequeux J. , D’Odorico S. , Elmegreen B. G. , Kostyakova E. B. , Mathis J. S. , Mebold U. , Radhakrishnan V. , Shaver P. A. , Terzian Y. , Wannier P. G.
Published: July 2016

It has become more evident during the last three years that the study of interstellar matter is paramount to understand the evolution of the universe and its constituents. From observations of the present state of the interstellar medium, in our galaxy, in other galaxies, and between galaxies, it is possible to test theories of: evolution of the universe, formation and evolution of galaxies, formation and evolution of stars and of the evolution of the interstellar medium itself. The amount of information on the interstellar medium that has been gathered during the 1982-1984 period has been very large and the theoretical models that have been ellaborated to explain these observations have been very numerous, these facts show that the subject of our Commission constitutes a very active field of astronomical research.
3. Wolf-Rayet star atmospheres
Authors: Abbott David C.
Published: July 2016

Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars are the helium-burning remnants of massive stars (initial mass ≲30 M©), which have lost their outer hydrogen-rich layers through the processes of Roche lobe overflow to a companion or mass loss by a strong stellar wind. The characteristic emission-line spectrum which defines the WR spectral type is produced by a stellar wind that is so dense and opaque, that the radiation of all lines and continua arise from material in the wind. Because the wind completely screens any radiation emitted by the hydrostatic core of the star, the spectra of WR stars are nearly impossible to interpret quantitatively, and the basic parameters — such as mass, luminosity, temperature, and chemical composition — are poorly determined.
40. Radio Astronomy
Authors: Kellermann K. I. , Baldwin J. , Abies J. G. , Broten N. , Dulk G. , Hoglund B. , Kardashev N. , Morimoto M. , Okoye S. , Setti G. , Strom R. , Swarup G. , Weliachew L. , Wilson T. , Wang S.
Published: July 2016

The last triennium marked the 50th anniversary of the paper describing the first observations of cosmic radio emission by Karl Jansky in 1933. Sullivan (82 Classics in Radio Astronomy, Reidel) has published a collection of the major historical papers in radio astronomy, and collections of papers discussing the historical development have been published by Sullivan (84 Early Years of Radio Astronomy, Cambridge Univ. Press) and by Kellermann and Sheets (84 Serendipitous Discoveries in Radio Astronomy, NRAO).
45. Stellar Classification
Authors: Straižys V. , Garrison R. F. , Bell R. A. , Golay M. , Heck A. , Jaschek M. , MacConnell D. J. , Philip A. G. D. , Slettebak A.
Published: July 2016

During the report period (1982–1984) several symposia, colloquia, and workshops in the field of stellar classification were held. These include: IAU Symposium No. 111 ”Calibration of Fundamental Stellar Quantities” (Como, May 24 29, 1984, ed. D. S. Hayes et al.), IAU Colloquium No. 76 “The Nearby Stars and the Stellar Luminosity Function” (Middletown, June 13-16, 1983, ed. A. G. Davis Philip and A. R. Upgren), IAU Colloquium No. 78 “Astronomy with Schmidt-Type Telescopes” (Asiago, August 30-September 2, 1983, ed. M. Capaccioli), the workshop “The MK Process and Stellar Classification” (Toronto, June 6-10, 1983, ed. R. F. Garrison), the Colloquium ”Cool Stars with Excess of Heavy Elements” (Strasbourg, July 3-6, 1984).