bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of Thrips on Cabbage, 1980
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. , Luetchford C. M.
Published: March 2022

Testing was conducted in Stanley, NY in a commercial field moderately infested with thrips and two weeks from harvest. Previous to this test the only insecticide used was an early season application of parathion on May 30 at 0.5 lbs ai/acre for flea beetle control. The experimental area consisted of thirteen 32-in rows, each 27-ft in length. This area was divided into a RCB design with 10 replications. A single cabbage head was considered a plot and treatments were bordered by 1 row on each side and replications by 3 plants on each end. Prior to including a plant in the test, it was evaluated for the presence of thrips and all plants selected were infested. Treatments were applied Aug 1 using a hand-held 2.5 gal Hudson sprayer delivering 19 gal/acre. Sprays were directed into the cabbage plant from both sides at a 45° angle. One-half tablespoon of sticker-spreader was added/gal. Efficacy was evaluated on Aug 4-5 by removing each plant, examining the outer leaves and intact head, then peeling back the head leaves to the 10th layer. All thrips were counted but not separated into species.
Foliar Sprays to Control Cabbage Looper on Cauliflower, 1980
Authors: Hofmaster R. N. , Francis J. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Early Snowball’ cauliflower was transplanted Aug 15 in 3-ft rows with 20 inch row spacing. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of a single 25 ft long row with an untreated row adjacent to each treatment plot. The sprays were applied with a D. B. Smith 5-gallon, knapsack, compressed-air, hand-operated sprayer at the rate of 75 gal/acre (40 psi), using a D. B. Smith #E-147 adjustable cone nozzle. Applications were made on Sep 2, 11, 19 and Oct 2. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of loopers/10 cauliflower plants and by foliage injury ratings. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1 to 5 and were categorized as follows: 1) Only occasional feeding - necessary to look very close to see evidence of injury; 2) Visible signs of feeding but less than 10% of the leaves severely damaged; 3) Heavy feeding on 10-25% of foliage; 4) intense feeding on 25-50% of foliage; and 5) Practically 100% of the foliage severely damaged, plants nearly defoliated.
Cabbage Looper Control on Collards with Bacillus Thuringiensis and Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus, 1979
Authors: Harper J. D. , Hollingsworth M. H.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at the North Alabama Horticulture Substation, Cullman. Col lard transplants were set in plots consisting of 6 rows (44 in centers) x 30 ft separated by 5 ft alleys. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was utilized. Treatments were applied on Jul 16, 23, 31, Aug 7, 14 and 21. Applications were made with a Super Blue Boy 6000 high clearance sprayer delivering 108 gal/acre. On Aug 6, counts were made of small, medium, and large T.rn larvae on 3 plants from the center 2 rows of each plot; on Aug 27, similar counts were made on the top 10 leaves of 3 plants per plot. On Aug 27, ten plants randomjy selected from the center 2 rows of each plot were rated for damage. Plants were rated on a 1-6 leaf loss scale, where 1 = 0-1%, 2 = 2-5%, 3 = 6-10%, 4 = 11-20%, 5 = 21-50%, 6 > 51% loss. Insect counts and damage ratings were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were compared by Duncan’s multiple range test.
Use of Bacillus Thuringiensis for Control of Lepidopterous Insect Pests on Sweet Corn, 1979
Authors: Andreadis T. G.
Published: March 2022

‘Sweet Sue’ sweet corn was planted on Jun 1, 1979 at Lockwood Farm, Hamden, CT. Treatment plots were arranged in a complete randomized block design with 5 replicates. Each plot consisted of 5 rows, 0.76 m apart and 3 m in length, surrounded on all sides by 2 untreated buffer rows. The commercial formulations of Bacillusthuringiensis tested were Thuricide-HPC aqueous concentrate (16,000 lU/mg) and Dipel wettable (4,000 lU/mg). Both were applied in water at the maximum recommended rateof 2.7 x 1010 1U/ha. Methomyl 1.8L was used as the standard of comparison for control. All treatments were applied with a hand held compressed-air sprayer equipped with a single nozzle at 30-40 psi. Treatments were initiated at the first sign of insect attack (Jul 26) when plants were in the early tassel stage and repeated at 3-5 day intervals until harvest (Sep 4) for a total of 8 treatments. Treatments were evaluated by examining 20 randomly selected plants from each plot at harvest for the presence of corn earworm, European corn borer and fall armyworm larvae and feeding damage. Ears were classified as damaged if they exhibited any kernal injury 2.5 cm below the ear tip.
Flea Beetle Control on Seedling Sweet Corn, 1979
Authors: Gerhardt Paul D.
Published: March 2022

This trial was conducted at the University of Arizona, Mesa Branch Station, with a soil type of Laveen clay loam. Golden Bantam cross T-51 strain of sweet corn was planted in a single row per 40 inch wide moist bed on Aug 15. After the seedling corn was 6-8 inches tall it was irrigated. A complete randomized block design with 4 replicates was used. Plots were 4 beds wide, 13.2 ft and 30 ft long on 0.009 acres. Sprays were applied using a CO2 pressurized bak-pak sprayer with a D-3 tip, No. 25 core and 50 mesh screen. This operated at 55 psi applying 35 gallons of spray mixture per acre. Insect counts were made by examining 20 plants from the middle 2 rows of each plot for the presence of flea beetle adults. Two species of flea beetles were present, the desert corn flea beetle, Chaetocnemaectypa which was most numerous and the palestriped flea beetle, Systenablanda.
Colorado Potato Beetle Controll in Eggplant, 1980
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

‘Special Hibush’ eggplant were seeded in the greenhouse Mar 5 ‘80 and transplanted to a Sassafras sandy loam field May 14. Single row plots were 12 ft long and 5 ft wide; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Granular treatments were applied in a 6 in band in the furrow; foliar treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted spray boom with drop nozzles on either side of the row and one nozzle over the center calibrated to deliver 83 gal/A at 250 psi. Sprays were applied May 20, 28; Jun 2, 9, 12, 18, 23; Aug 1, 7, 14, 24, 29; Sep 4, 7, 14 and 22. Categories for the foliage injury ratings are as follows: 0) no feeding; 1) noticeable feeding, 10% defoliation; 2) moderate feeding, 25% defoliation; 3) heavy feeding, 50% defoliation; 4) severe feeding, 75% defoliation, buds and flowers destroyed; and 5) defoliation. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal. Mature fruit were harvested on Jul 30, Aug 5, Sep 8 and 23 and examined for percent damaged or scarred fruit caused by Colorado potato beetle feeding.
Foliar Sprays to Control the Tomato Fruitworm on Tomatoes, 1980
Authors: Linduska James J. , Hiddleson Loren M.
Published: March 2022

Campbell 28 tomatoes were direct seeded in single row plots, 25 ft in length, on Jun 6 ‘80. Distance between rows was 6 ft. When plants were 2-3 inches tall they were thinned so as to provide clumps of 3 tomato plants spaced 12 inches apart. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loam/ sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gallons of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 3 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 psi. Treatments were applied Aug 21 and 26; Sep 2, 11, 17 and 24. In evaluating the various insecticidal treatments 50 green fruit and 50 ripe fruit/treatment/replication were examined for injury on Oct 2 ‘80. Yields were taken on Sep 25 and Oct 1 from a 20 ft section of row.
Synthetic Pyrethroid Sprays for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on Potatoes, 1981
Authors: Powell Donnie M.
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted on Apr 22, in Ritzville silt loam soil (Mesic Calciorthidic Haploxerolls) pH 6.2 and organic matter 1.6% at Yakima, WA. The synthetic pyrethroid insecticides were applied with a 2-row, portable boom CO2 powered sprayer at 50 psi in 50 gal of water per acre to the foliage of potatoes on Jul 1 and Jul 22. Monitor was used as a standard treatment. There were no untreated check plots, because of the severe infestation of Colorado potato beetles (CPB) at the time of insecticide application. Each plot was 2 rows (34 inches) wide and 19 ft long. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The potato crop was sprinkler irrigated with 0.75 acre inch at 7 to 10 day intervals. The foliage on the 2 row plots was brushed with the hand to dislodge the insects and the number of dead and live CPB per sq m of soil surface per plot were counted on Jul 2 and Jul 23 (24 hrs post-treatment). The number of CPB adults and larvae on the plants in 15 row ft. (2 rows 7.5 ft) per plot were counted on Jul 2, 15, 22 and Jul 30 and Aug 7. The percent defoliation by CPB was estimated per plot on Jul 2 (starting point), Jul 15, and Jul 22, and Aug 4 and 7.
Foliar Sprays for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle Larvae, 1981
Authors: Radcliffe Edward B. , Johnston Richard L.
Published: March 2022

Experiments were conducted on the J. Vanascek farm near East Grand Forks, MN., and the R. Keller farm near Crookston, MN., using ‘Kennebec’ and ‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes respectively. Treatments were applied to single row plots, 30 ft long, with 36 inch row spacing using a hand-held, CO2 pressurized sprayer at 12 psi and 25 psi delivering 65 gal of water/acre. Experiments were in a randomized complete block with 3 replications on the Vanaseck farm and 4 replications on the Keller farm. Counts were made of 2nd-4th instar larvae on all plants until a total of ca ; 200 leaves were reached in each replication. These same plants were then counted post-treatment to determine control. Treatments; were applied to the entire plot. Counts were made prior to, 24 hr and 7 day post-treatment on the Vanascek farm and prior to and 24 hr post-treatment on the Keller farm.
Foliar Sprays for Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1981
Authors: Sberrod D. W. , Francis J. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Norchip’ Irish potatoes were planted with 10 inch spacing in 36 inch rows on Mar 4. Each plot consisted of a single, 25 ft long row bordered on each side by an untreated row. The treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. The sprays were applied with a D. B. Smith 5 gal knapsack, hand-operated, compressed-air sprayer calibrated to deliver 75 gal/acre (40 psi) using a D. B. Smith #E-147 adjustable cone nozzle. Applications were made on May 29, Jun 8, 15, 22 and 29. Yields were taken on Jul 1. Evaluation criteria consisted of direct counts of the number of Colorado potato beetle larvae/10 hills and late season foliage injury ratings. Foliage injury ratings were on a scale of 0-5 as follows: 0) no damage; 1) slight feeding, less than 5% defoliation; 2) visible feeding with 5-10% defoliation; 3) moderate damage, 10-25% defoliation; 4) heavy damage, 25-50% defoliation; 5) severe damage, greater than 50% defoliation.
Foliar Sprays for Control of European Corn borer and Potato Tuberworm, 1981
Authors: Sherrod D. W. , Francis J. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Red Lasoda’ Irish potatoes were planted 10 inches apart in 36 inch rows on Jul 28. Each plot consisted of a single row 25 ft long bordered on each side with an untreated row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Foliar applications were made with a propane compressed air backpack sprayer using 3 hollow cone nozzles/row. The sprayers were calibrated to deliver 75 gal water/acre at ca 40-50 psi. Sprays were applied on Sep 8, 15, 21, 28 and Oct 13. Yields were taken on Nov 16. Evaluation criteria for insecticide efficacy Included counts of tuberworms mines/10 stems taken from 10 separate plants/plot and the number of vines with obvious European corn borer injury/10 hills.
Potato, Wireworm Control, Pasco, WA, 1980
Authors: Toba H. H. , Turner J. E.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted in a grower’s solid-set, sprink Ier-irrigated field. The soil type was Ritzville silt loam (Calciorthidic HaploxerolIs), and the organic matter content was less than 0.5%. On Apr 2, 5 soil samples were taken at each of 10 sites to a depth of at least 18 inches with a posthole digger; 28 wireworms were found for an estimated density of 2.24 wireworms/ft2 . The test area consisted of 4 adjacent blocks of 4 different application methods: i preplant broadcast (BCST), at-plant sidedress (APSD), at-plant seed furrow (FURR), and post-emergence sidedress (PESD). Each plot’ measured 40 ft long and 4 rows wide (34 inch row spacing), and each treatment was replicated 4 times. On May 1, BCST applications were made: granular formulations with a hand-operated Cyclone grass seeder, and liquid formulations diluted in water to a volume of 1 qt with a hand-held, 2-row sprayer with a boom consisting of 4 TeeJet (No. AL80015) nozzles and applied at a rate of 24 gal/acre at a pressure of 30 psi. The plots were rototilled to a depth of 4-6 inches within 1 hr after application.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle in Direct Seeded Tomatoes with Systemic Insecticides, 1981
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

‘Campbell 28’ tomatoes were direct seeded with a Planet Jr. on May 27. Plots consisted of a single row of tomatoes 45 ft-long, buffered on each side by a guard row. Distance between rows was 6 ft. When plants were 2-3 inches tall they were thinned so as to provide clumps of 3 tomato plants spaced 12 inches apart. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All treatments were applied with a single spout electric drive Gandy (Model 901-2) in a 20 inch band or in a furrow at planting time. Band treatments were incorporated approximately 2 inches deep with rolling cultivators. Furrow treatments were applied 2 inches below and 2 inches to the side of the seed furrow. Soil temp at the 4 inch depth at the time of treatment was 70°F. Soil was classified as a Norfolk “A” loamy sand.
Insect Control on Tomatoes in Florida, 1980
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

‘Flora-Dade’ transplants were set Sep 9, 18 inches apart on 2.5 ft wide by 8 inch high beds of Myakka fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 10 trellised plants and were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied Oct 7, 14, 21, 28; Nov 5, 14, 21, 15; Dec 2, 9, 17 and 23 with a 2.5 gal hand-held CO2 powered sprayer which was operated at 40 psi and delivered 125-200 gal/acre (gallonage was increased as the plants grew). On Nov 12, 450 H. zea eggs 1-3 days old were sprayed on each plant in a 1% agar solution. The number and weight of undamaged friut and number of fruit damaged by larvae of the southern armyworm and tomato fruitworm were totaled over harvests taken on Nov 25; Dec 2, 9, and 16. On Dec 30, plants were cut and shaken and the number of dislodged larvae of the cabbage looper and southern armyworm counted.
Alfalfa, Third Cutting Pea Aphid Control, Missouri, 1981
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Spurgeon D. W.
Published: March 2022

The test area was part of an established 8 acre alfalfa field. Test compounds were applied on Aug 26 to third cutting alfalfa and evaluations made at 24 hr. Finished sprays were applied to 40 ft x 50 ft plots at 12 gpa and 40 psi. materials were applied with an IH cub tractor rigged with a 20 ft spray boom, FS-4 nozzles, 50 mesh filter screens, and a PTO roller pump. Temperature at time of treatment was 75°F and alfalfa was ca 10 inches tall. Efficacy evaluation was made by sub-sampling plots with 10 sweep samples per plot. Each sweep of a 15 inch net was 180° while moving briskly forward. Each treatment was replicated 4 times.
Alfalfa Insect Control, Iowa 1981
Authors: Buntin G. David , Higgins Randall , Quisenberry Sharron , Pedigo Larry P.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated in a 3-yr old alfalfa stand at Ankeny, IA. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots measured 20 x 40 ft. Insecticides were applied on May 6 at a rate of 27 gal/acre at 26 psi with a CO2-powered bicycle sprayer equipped with SS8003 flat-fan nozzles. Insects were sampled by taking 10 pendulum-sweeps in one quarter of each plot with a standard 15 inch sweep-net. Plots were sampled 1 day pre-treatment and 2, 7, and 14 days post-treatment. Insecticide phytotoxicity was evaluated 7 days post-treatment by assigning each plot a value of 0 to 5, with 0 = no symptoms and 5 = foliage death.
Second Cutting Alfalfa Insect Control Study, 1980
Authors: Cuperus Gerrit W. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied Jul 9-10, to 4th year alfalfa in 50 x 27 ft plots in a randomized block design with 4 repl ications. Treatments were appl ied with a tractor-drawn boom sprayer at the rate of 27 gal/acre at 100 psi. Insect populations were sampled 4 times with a sweep net 925 pendulum sweeps/plot).
Fall Armyworm Control in Late Planted Corn, 1980
Authors: Heliman John L. , Curtis William , Hochmuth Robert , Frishman Maria , Levesque Kevin , Bassow Fern
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted in a no-till field planted Jul 2 in 38 inch rows after wheat. At time of treatment, the corn averaged 3 ft (mid whorl stage) and damage was heavy with 0.5-2 larvae/plant. Treatment plots were 4 ft x 15 ft rows for foliar sprays and 2 ft x 15 ft rows for granular treatments arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Treatments were made on Aug 6. Sprays were applied with a back pack CO2, boom sprayer calibrated to deliver 40 gpa at 32 psi. Granular treatments were applied by hand shaker cans over the whorl. Post-treatment counts of larvae were made on 10 plants selected at random from the center 2 rows of each plot Jul 7.
Insecticidal Control of the Cotton Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm, 1981
Authors: Mullins Walton , Gallaher Martin L.
Published: March 2022

Delcot 311 variety was planted on May 29 on the Lee Farm of the University of Missouri Delta Research and Extension Center, PortageviIle, MO. Plots were 8 rows x 50 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied with a Hahn high-clearance sprayer at the rate of 5 gal per acre (total volume), 4 mph, 40 psi and 1 nozzle per row. Aldicarb was applied on Jul 2 at a rate of 2 lb ai/acre to reduce beneficial populations. Applications for Heliothis spp. control were made on August 10, 18 and 25 on an “as needed” basis. Plots were examined 3-4 days following treatment to determine Helioth is spp. damaged squares and bolls per 100 sampled and the number of larvae per 100 bolls and 100 squares (center 4 rows sampled). Yields were estimated by machine picking the center 4 rows of each plot on Oct 31.
Evaluation of Pay-Off for Control of Pink Bollworm, 1981
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Mullis C. H.
Published: March 2022

Various treatments of Pay-Off were compared with 2 other materials (Pydrin and Ambush) for control of pink bollworm at the Yuma Experiment Station. Cotton seed was planted on 40 inch beds (plant 4 skip 2 rows). Plots were 4 row x 50 ft with 6 ft alleys between plots in row. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied a 2 row small plot sprayer at 20 gpa and 40 psi (with a CO2 pressurized system). A total of 10 applications were made during the season: Jun 22; Jul 2, 10, 15, 23; Aug 7, 14, 21, 26; Sep 4. Pressure by the pink bollworm was heavy throughout the season. Data relative to the carmine spider mite occurrence is shown in a second table.
Contact Toxicity of Insecticides Against the Whitebacked Planthopper, 1981
Authors: Heinrichs E. A. , Basilio R. P.
Published: March 2022

Four replications of 20 three-day-old adult females were treated in a Potter’s spray tower. Insecticides were applied as 0.075% sprays. Based on the surface area of the petri dishes in which the insects were treated the rate was equivalent to 0.75 kg ai/ha. After treatment, insects wee placed into a 500 ml beaker containing 10-day-old rice seedlings. Mortality was recorded at 1, 4, 24 and 48 hr after treatment (HT). M-9918, dioxacarb, M-10604, methidathion and UC-27867 were effective at 48 HT ( 80% control). M-9918 and dioxacarb treatments had the most rapid knockdown causing 98% mortality at 1 HT.
Corn Earworm Control on Sorghum Grain Heads, 1981
Authors: Gardner Wayne A.
Published: March 2022

Funk’s G522DR was planted in Cecil loamy clay soil by conventional tillage methods on Jun 23 in Pike Co., GA. Plots were 6.1 m x 3 rows with a row spacing of 91 cm and were separated by 2 untreated rows and 1 m alleys, sprays were applied with compressed-air sprayers calibrated to deliver 375 liters/ha at 2.1 kg/cm2. The single application was made on Sep 16 when grain was in the soft dough stage. Spray was directed to opposite sides of heads to insure thorough coverage. Larvae densities were estimated on each sampling date by counting larvae collected by shaking 10 randomly selected heads from each plot into a bucket. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB experimental design.
Planting Time Applications of Insecticides for Control of Chinch Bugs on Grain Sorghum, 1980
Authors: Kindler S. D. , Staples R. , Cobia L. R.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide granules were applied either in the furrow slightly below the seed or in a 6 inch band in front of the planter press wheel. In test 1, planted with the hybrid Asgrow Bug Off on May 31 immediately adjacent to a field of wheat heavily infested with chinch bugs, treatments were replicated 3 times in a complete randomized block design. Each plot was 4 rows wide and 30 ft long. The Baygon spray was applied at 20 gal/cre in 7 inch bands over the rows and was raked in after application. On Jun 22 chinch bugs were counted on 15 plants in each plots in which plants were still alive. Plant survival in each plot was determined on Jun 22 and Jul 20. In test 2, planted with the hybrid Acco GR-1089 on May 30, treatments were replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block design. Each plot was a single row 20 ft long. Two inches of rain fell on May 31 and 1 inch on Jun 2. The plos were artificially and uniformly infested with a large indefinite number of chinch bugs on Jun 27 and again on Jun 30. Chinch bug counts were made on 5 plants in each plot on Jul 8 and plant survival in each plot was determined on Jul 20.
Apple, Pre-Bl00M Rosy Apple Aphid Control, 1981
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Starner Van R.
Published: March 2022

The insecticides were applied using 3 different air-blast machines and gallonages per acre. Each treatment was applied to a 4-tree plot in randomized block design with each plot consisting of the following cultivars: Delicious, Golden Delicious, Stayman and Rome Beauty. Each treatment was replicated 3 times. Data were collected form all cultivars. Materials were evaluated by counting infested leaves and injured apples/tree. A leaf was considered infested if it contained one or more live aphids.
Apple, Evaluation of Sprayers, 1981
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Hickey Kenneth D.
Published: March 2022

Distribution pattern, amount of deposit and biological efficacy of a pesticide applied by different commercial airblast sprayers were measured in a mature block of ‘Stayman’ apple trees. Trees were spaced 9.1 m in rows 10.7 m apart and mechanically pruned to a height of 4.3 m. Comparisons of one conventional and one low volume, mist type (with and without electrostatic head ESH) airblast sprayers were made. Treatments were randomized in a complete block design with 5 replicated single tree plots. Sprays were applied during calm air conditions from only 1 side of the sprayers and treated trees were separated by 1 row of trees which minimized drift. The same chemicals and amounts/acre were applied on Jun 19 with sprayers driven at 2.5 mph but the amount of spray mixture varied. The pesticide and chemical tracer used/acre were as follows: Phosphamidon 8EC 237 ml and Solubor (20.5$ B) 1.8 kg. Observations for the effectiveness of the insecticide were made on shoots collected 3.7 and 4.3 m high (top of tree) on both sides (east and west) nearest the sprayer outlet and along the middle top of the tree parallel to the tree row. Five terminals/section were observed for number of leaves infested and number of live aphids on the most infested leaf/infested shoot. For the chemical analysis of B, a sample of 2 leaves/shoot was taken from the centers of 15 shoots for each section. Dry weight of the sample was determined and 1 g sample-was placed in an optical emission spectro-meter.
Insecticide Sprays for Control of the Sugarcane Borer (SCB), Large-Plot Field Trial, 1980
Authors: Hensley S. D. , Finger C. K. , Reagan T. E. , Flynn J. L.
Published: March 2022

Foliar spray concentrates were applied from an airplane to a field of first stubble crop sugarcane (Var. CP 65-357) at Little Texas Plantation near NapoleonviIle, LA, for control of season-long SCB infestations. A randomized complete block experimental design was employed with treatments replicated 5 times. Each plot consisted of a single block (cut) of sugarcane surrounded by drainage ditches or headlands; the size of these plots ranged from 1.8 to 3.4 acres. Each spray concentrate was applied in water to the crop canopy on 48 ft swath-widths (8 rows) and at a rate of 2 gal of finished formulation per acre, per application. The first application of insecticides was begun after internodes were visible and when 5% of the stalks harbored larvae in leaf sheaths (Jul 25). The second application was made Aug 12 when that level of infestation was again detected in Guthion-treated plots. However subsequent applications (applied Sep 13 and Oct 7) were made to facilitate long-term pesticide residue studies and without consideration of the level of SCB infestation existing in the field trial. The efficacy of insecticide treatments was evaluated at crop harvest (Oct 20-21) by comparing percentages of internodes damaged by seasonal populations of SCB larvae in treated plots to that found in untreated (check) plots; then (10 stalks) samples, randomly selected in each plot, were scanned for external signs of stalk-penetration by SCB larvae. Significant differences in bor
Sugarcane Borer Control, 1981
Authors: Hensley S. D. , Reagan T. E. , Flynn J. L.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide sprays were applied 3-4 weeks apart in a block of plant sugarcane located on the St. Gabriel Experiment Station near Baton Rouge, LA, to determine season long control of sugarcane borer (SCB) infestations. A randomized complete block experimental design was set up with treatments replicated 5 times. Individual plots were 3 rows spaced 6 ft apart x 24.2 ft (0.01 acre). Each spray concentration was applied to the sugarcane plant canopy in water at 30 psi with a compressed-air knapsack sprayer that delivered 25 gal finished formulation per acre. Insecticide applications were begun after internodes were first visible above ground and when 5% of the stalks contained small SCB larvae in leaf sheaths. Four applications of each insecticide were made (Jun 17, Jul 13, Aug 8, 27). The efficacy of individual insecticide treatments was determined at harvest time by residual control comparisons of % internodes bored in treated plots; 20 stalks were randomly selected from the center row of each plot on Oct 15-16 and examined for external signs of SCB entrance and exit holes.
Control of Tobacco Flea Beetle and Green Peach Aphid on Burley Tobacco with Soil Insecticides, 1981
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Pless C. D.
Published: March 2022

Four soil-applied insecticides were evaluated at the Tobacco Experiment Station, Greeneville. Soil insecticides were applied and incorporated prior to transplanting on May 25. Plots were 20 ft x 4 rows with 40 inch spacing between rows; plants were spaced 18 inches apart. Four randomized complete blocks were separated by 5 ft alleys. Flea beetle damage was based on average number of feeding holes/10 leaves; counts were made on the fifth leaf (of width greater than 2 inches) from the top of the plant. Aphid ratings ranged from 0 (no evident damage) to 5 (heavy infestation with necrosis of lower leaf bases). Soil type was Hermitage silt loam of pH 6.3.
Cereal Leaf Beetle Control in Winter Wheat, 1980
Authors: McPherson Robert M.
Published: March 2022

Eight insecticides were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling cereal leaf beetle larvae in winter wheat. Insecticides were applied May 22 on ‘McNair 1003’ red winter wheat grown on the W. D. Gray Farm, Richmond Co., VA. A randomized block experimental design was used with 3 replications. Individual plots were 10 rows, 20 ft long and spaced 0.6 ft apart. Each spray concentrate was applied to the foliage with a CO2 powered back-pack sprayer with a 6 ft boom set at 32 psi that delivered 26.5 gal of finished formulation per acre. Individual treatments were evaluated 72 hr after treatment by comparing the number of larvae per 3 row-feet in the treated plots to those in the untreated plots.
Laboratory Insecticide Screening Against Wireworms, Yakima, Washington, 1980
Authors: Toba H. H. , Turner J. E.
Published: March 2022

The soil was Rltzville silt loam (Calciorthidic Haploxerolls) with an organic matter content of less than 0.5%. The larvae were field-collected and of medium size. The bioassays were conducted as follows: insecticides were mixed with air-dry soil in a Twin shell blender for 10 min, distilled water was added (6.8 parts:100 parts soil by weight) and mixed for another 10 min, and the treated soil was placed in 0.5 pt glass fruit jars. Dosage rates simulated broadcast treatments, and the incorporation of materials 6 inches deep in soil. One boiled wheat grain was pushed down ca 1 inch into the soil of each jar. One wireworm was then placed on the soil of each jar; only those that burrowed into the soil within 2 min were used in the test. The jars were covered with plastic lids and were held in a laboratory maintained at ca 20-25°C. Each treatment consisted of 10 jars (replicates), and Dyfonate was included in each test as a standard. Once a week, each jar was checked to determine mortality, the soil and larva were returned to the jar, new boiled wheat grain was added, and moisture, if required, was added to the soil as required. Percent mortality for any given week was based on the weekly cumulative total of dead larvae and moribund larvae that died the following week.
Comparative Toxicity of Three Formulations of Phosmet to Western Spruce Budworm, 1980
Authors: Haverty Michael I.
Published: March 2022

The Imidan 1E formulation of phosmet has been field tested against the western spruce budworm with mixed results. In an attempt to increase the amount of phosmet in the Imidan formulation so that less carrier need be applied, Stauffer Chemical Co. developed two experimental formulations of Imidan, 2E and 3E. For laboratory tests, insects were placed on fresh Douglas-fir foliage 24 hours before spraying and were held in Randall cages. Insecticide sprays were applied to 6th-stage larvae on foliage in a spray chamber. Formulations were diluted in water (12 or 32 mg ai/ml) with a delivery volume of 0.25 ml (equivalent to 9.4 l/ha). Two doses were selected from a dose response curve established for Imidan 1E; one was estimated to cause 50 percent mortality, the other 90 percent. The two doses of each formulation were applied in increasing concentration; the order of application of each formulation was randomized. After spraying, insects and foliage were replaced in the Randall cage. Mortality was evaluated at 7 days post-spray. Differences in mortality between the three formulations for each dose were evaluated with a 3 x 2 contingency table at the = 0.05 level.
Scots Pine, Pales Weevil and Northern Pine Weevil Control, Carroll Co., Ohio, 1980
Authors: Nielsen David G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

A stand of Scots pine Christmas trees, partially harvested in 1979, was used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides as stump treatments to limit reproduction of regeneration weevils. Three, 5-stump replicates arranged in a randomized complete block design were treated April 24 when the temperature was 16-18°C with clear skies and a slight breeze. Tordon was applied to only 5 stumps scattered throughout the stand. Hudson compression sprayers were used to apply ca 180 ml of finished spray to each stump. On May 4, additional stumps were treated in the aforementioned manner at the same location to evaluate 2 rates of Furadan 4F. In this case, 20 consecutive stumps in a row were treated with each rate (=4, 5-stump reps/trt.). Stumps were sampled Aug 8-Nov 7 by stripping bark to first lateral roots and counting larvae and depressions in the xylem that indicated presence of chip cocoons. No attempt was made to distinguish chip cocoons of the 2 weevil species.
Bronze Birch Borer Control on European White Birch, Richland Co., Ohio, 1979
Authors: Akers R. C. , Nielsen D. G.
Published: March 2022

An abandoned nursery with a block of several hundred birches 3-5 m tall, growing on 1.8 m centers in rows 2.4 m apart, were used to evaluate efficacy of selected Insecticides. Trees showing evidence of larval infestation but enough vigor to survive another year were selected. A hydraulic Meyer’s sprayer operating at 200 psi was used to apply treatments to run-off on all bark surfaces. The canopy was also sprayed to maximize exposure of adults to insecticide. Each treatment was applied 3 times at 2-week intervals to the same 4 trees (=replicates) beginning Jun 13 when skies were sunny, 24-26°C, and no breeze. Conditions were the same during the second and third applications, except for a slight breeze ( 5 kph). Trees received permanent metal tags and color-coded surveyor’s tape to ensure treatment identification the following year when treatment effectiveness was evaluated. Trees were felled May 22, and all old emergence holes were circled with a red wax pencil. Total bark surface area was estimated for each tree. Threes were cut to fit in a screenhouse where they were stored until adult emergence was completed. New emergence holes were counted in late Jul to assess treatment effectiveness.
Chemical Control of Eastern Tent Caterpillar on Choke Cherry, Carroll, Co., Ohio, 1980
Authors: Nielsen David G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Choke cherry (204 m) growing on a north-facing slope in a 0.5 hectare area were used for evaluating efficacy of selected insecticides. A CO2 compression sprayer operating at 40 psi with a TeeJet SS8004 flat fan nozzle was used to apply ca 1 liter of finished spray to each of 3, single-tree replicates containing at least 1 tent with living larvae. Treatments were applied May 15 when the ambient temperature was 16-18°C with cloudy skies and 24 kph winds. Spray was first directed to the tent(s) and then to surrounding branches and foliage. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 5 days later and required 2-man-hours. One tent in each tree was dismantled, and living and dead caterpillars were counted.
Dogwood Borer Control, Lexington, Kentucky, 1979
Authors: Potter D. A. , Timmons G. M.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were applied to the trunk and crown of flowering dogwoods (5-10 cm dia) on the University of Kentucky campus. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, and were applied Jun 11, 14 days after the estimated date of first adult emergence based on pupal skin counts. Trees were sprayed to run-off using a 7.6 liter (2 gal) compressed air sprayer, under sunny skies at 23°C with a slight breeze (8-16 kph). Approximately 160 ml of finished spray was applied per tree. Counts of live borers were made on Nov 1, by inspecting trees for fresh frass. As applied, none of the materials was phytotoxic.
Control of Elm Leaf Beetles on Siberian Elm, 1981
Authors: King Ed , Pinkston Ken , Price Richard
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on a windbreak planting of Siberian elms, approximately 20 ft tall, located 2 mi south of Stillwater, OK. Trees were treated on Jul 8 when the temperature was 85°F and the wind velocity was 15-20 mph. Larvae were 3-7 mm long. Application equipment consisted of a John Bean 55 Sprayer and Spraying Systems Gun, Jet #43, which delivered 3.1 gal/min at 300 psi. Trees were treated to run-off. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times. Larval counts were made by examining 18 inches of terminal branch at 10 locations per tree.
Apple, Mid-Season Miticide Evaluations, 1981
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. , David P. J.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on Jun 8 following a Jun 5 count, analysis of which showed no significant differences (P = .01) in mite populations. Single tree plots were arranged in a randomized block design and replicated four times. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean 35 gal/min (132.49 litres/min) hydraulic pump operating at 300 psi (21.09 kg/cm2) for this spray and two subsequent test sprays on Jun 23 and Jul 16. (Note: On the dinobuton plot the first spray was delayed until Jun 29.) Mites and eggs were counted at approximately weekly intervals from Jun 5 to Aug 3, on randomly selected 25 leaf samples using 2 modified Henderson-McBurnie leaf brushing technique. Mite predators were counted on Jul 14 on five limbs on each tree by jarring them onto a one square meter sheet of white muslin by striking each limb 5 times with a rod. In addition to the materials being evaluated, the following were used on these trees: pre-bloom, chlorpyrtfos (Lorsban), oil, benomyl (Benlate) and metiram (Polyram); bloom, benomyl (Benlate) and metiram (Polyram); post-bloom, benomyl (Benlate), metiram (Polyram), azinphosmethyl (Guthion), carbaryl (Sevin) as thinning agent, parathion (Penncap-M), methomyl (Lannate), Alar, Dikar, and captan.
Control of Bagw0Rms on Chinese Juniper, 1981
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Price Richard , King Ed
Published: March 2022

Bagworm control was evaluated on Chinese Junipers that were located at a nursing home in Stillwater, OK. The plants were 4-5 feet high and 10-15 ft wide. Treatments were randomized and replicted 3 times. Plants were sprayed until run-off with a John Bean 55 Sprayer and a Spraying system Gun, Jet #43, which delivered 2.6 gal/min at 200 psi. The plants were treated Jun 26 when the temperature was 90°F and the wind velocity ranged 0-5 mph. A pre-treatment count from 10 locations on each of the 15 plants showed an average of 8.8 larvae, 0.25 to 0.75 inches long, per 18 inches of terminal branch. Mortality was determined by examining 10 larvae from each treatment at 1, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after appl icat ions.
Phytotoxicity Evaluations with Methomyl, Virginia, 1981
Authors: Schultz P. B. , Parnell L. A.
Published: March 2022

Phytotoxicity trials were conducted on 6 species of ornamental plants at X, 2X and 4X rates. This corresponds to 0.45, 0.90 and 1.8 lb ai/100 gal of Lannate 1.8L. Treatments were applied on Jul 28 using a 1 gal B & G compressed air sprayer at 30 psi. Sprays were applied to run-off. Evaluation for possible injury was conducted on Aug 6 and 13. Temperature at the time of treatment was 75°F. Rainfall from Jul 29 to Aug 13 was 2.02 inches. No phytotoxicity was observed on any of the 6 species tested in this study.
Apple, Aphicide Trials on Established Aphid Colonies, 1981
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Ponton L. F. , David P. J.
Published: March 2022

Six materials plus a water control were applied (runoff) on May 7 and May 14 to four randomly selected trees per treatment at Steeles Tavern, VA. The compounds were evaluated for control of established colonies of A. pomi and D. plantaginea. All treatments were applied at 14.06 kg/cm 9200 psi) with a handgun on a truck-mounted Swanson sprayer equipped with a 132.49 litre/min (35 gpm) pump. For the post-treatment count, twenty-five damaged terminals were examined per tree for presence of live aphids.
Candidate Formulations for Disinfesting Transport Vehicles, 1981
Authors: Kirkpatrick Robert L. , Fons James F.
Published: March 2022

Laboratory-reared stored-product insects were exposed to I insecticidal formulations in transport trailers (ca 71 m3) in Miami, FL. For each test, 40 insects of each species were held in 10 cm dia open petri dishes placed on the floor at the midsection of each trialer ca 30 cm from a side wall. The aerosols were propelled by CO2 or freon and released within closed trailers by an individual walking the length of the trailer and releasing the aerosol for the required amount of time. Dusts were formulated with either Diabrite or HiSil 233 as a carrier and introduced into the trailer by CO2 propellant through an open rear door. The exposure period was 5 hr; 10 min in the closed trailer after each aerosol application, 20 min with one door of the trailer opened for aeration, and 4.5 hr in the original containers after their removal from the trailers and before the insects (treated and untreated) were transferred to clean petri dishes. Insects were observed after 24 hr for knockdown (those that could not walk or remain in an upright position) and at 14 days post-exposure for mortality, expressed as dead plus moribund insects (those that showed little or no movement when lightly stimulated with a small camel-hair brush). Each test was replicated 3 times. The average air temperature inside the trailer at treatment was 21°±3°C and the relative humidity was 80 ± 12%.
Apple, Insecticide Trials on Rosy Apple Aphid, 1981
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. , David P. J.
Published: March 2022

Materials were applied at delayed dormant to early pink stage of bud development (Apr 7) on 6 year old Golden Delicious trees using a Hardie hydraulic sprayer operating at 500 psi (35.15 kg/cm2). Trees were sprayed to run-off. Single tree plots were arranged in a randomized block design and replicated 4 times. In addition to the insecticides being tested, other materials used included metiram (Polyram), mancozeb (Manzate), thiophanate-methyl (Topsin), phosalone (Zolone), azinphosmethyl (Guthion) and captan. No phytotoxicity was observed and all treatments were consistent with normal horticultural practices. Treatments were evaluated for effects on rosy apple aphid populations on May 4 and Jun 3. All colonies on each tree that were found in a 2 min search were counted.
Blackfly Larval Control in Irrigation Canals with

Bacillus

thuringiensis

var

israelensis

, 1981
Authors: Stoltz Robert L.
Published: March 2022

A wettable powder formulation of B.t. was tested in irrigation canals in south central Idaho to determine mortal ity to S. vitattum larvae. For each treatment the appropriate amount of formulated material to achieve a given concentrate in the canal was mixed with 15 gall of water in a high pressure sprayer. The mixture was sprayed into canals at the rate of 1 gal spray per minute to achieve a 15 minute application period. Blackfly larval populations were monitored on 0.375 inch yellow polypropylene rope. Sections of rope 4 ft long were suspended above the water surface and allowed to trail in the water current at distances 10 m-1600 m downstream from the treatment site. Ropes were placed in the canals 14 days prior to the application dates. Each rope had sections 5 cm long marked along the center. Larval counts were taken from 4 of the marked sections at each distance downstream before and after treating. Larval detachment or moribund, non-mobile larvae were both used in the tests as evidence of mortality. Test numbers 1-4 were applied Aug 6, Sep 28, Oct 2, and Oct 16, respectively.
Laboratory Screening of Materials to Control the Vector of Bluet0Ngue Disease, 1980-81
Authors: Holbrook Frederick R.
Published: March 2022

Adulticides were evaluated as technical grade materials dissolved in acetone, and were applied to caged colonized insects by injection into the airstream of a wind tunnel. There were 3 replications of 4 doses and a control treatment. Mortality counts were made at 24 h after exposure (or treatment). Larvicides (except Bactimos) were evaluated as technical grade materials initially dissolved in acetone with emulsifier and then added to deionized water to give the selected doses. There were 3 reDlications of 4 doses and a control treatment. Mortality counts were made at 24 h. All data were subjected to probit analyses.
Aerial Applications of Ac-217,300 (American Cyanamid Company) Baits for Control of Red Imported Fire Ants, 1979
Authors: Williams D. F. , Lofgren C. S.
Published: March 2022

Aerial applications of baits containing AC-217,300 against natural infestations of the red imported fire ant were conducted in GA and FL during Aug. The treatments were made alone the shoulders and median strips of 2 highways. The chemical was formulated in soybean oil and applied on 4 carriers; pre-gel defatted corn grits, pre-gel degermed corn grits, puffed (extruded) corn and corncob grits (12/30 mesh). The concentration of AC-217,300 was 0.75% on all the carriers except corncob grits (0.375%). Corncob grits contaned 15% soybean oil and all other carriers 30%. The applications were made using a gravity flow hopper and tube system mounted on a Bell 47 helicopter flying at 75 ft altitude and 75 mph with a swath width of 70 ft. The pre-gel defatted and degermed corn grit carriers were applied at 3 rates; 0.75, 1.5, and 2.25 lb/acre. The puffed corn was applied at 0.75 lb/acre while the corncob grits were applied at 2.5 lb/acre.
Residual Treatments for House Fly Control in Wooden Stanchion Swine Barns, 1981
Authors: Quisenberry Sharron S. , Yoran C. Lynn
Published: March 2022

Atroban 25% WP, Ectiban 25% WP, or Rabon 50% WP were applied to the interior and exterior surfaces of 3, 39 x 4.9 m, multiple stanchion, manually cleaned swine barns located on the Iowa State University Bilsland Swine Farm near Madrid. Treated surface areas were primarily unfinished wood. A 4th barn served as an untreated-control. Atroban and Ectiban were applied at a rate of 0.05 liter/m2 (1 gal/750 ft2) and Rabon at 0.08 liter/m2 (1 gal/500 ft2) using a sprayer delivering 40 psi. Two separate test trials were conducted. Treatments were assessed by monitoring fly populations with 3, white, 76 x 127 mm cards and 3, white, 25 x 216 mm strips placed at equal intervals inside each barn. Samples were taken pre-treatment and at weekly intervals post-treatment.
Apple, Rosy Apple Aphid Insecticide Test, 1981
Authors: Swift Fred C.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied on May 19 to non-replicated 4-tree plots of 11-year-old Red Delicious. The trees were heavily infested with rosy apple aphid and the infested leaf clusters were severely curled at the time of treatment. The insecticides were applied with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 225 psi. Trees were sprayed to runoff, using ca 6 gallons per tree. The treatments were evaluated by counting the number of aphlds on 10 severely damaged leaves on each tree (40 leaves/treatment), on May 26, one week after treatment.
Control of Grape Berry Moth, 1981
Authors: Johnson Donn T. , Mayes R. L.
Published: March 2022

One insecticide (Ambush) was evaluated for control of the grape berry moth (GBM) in a commercial vineyard near Rogers, AR. There were six randomly selected plots (replicates) per treatment and each contained 2 vines. Vine spacing was 9 ft between rows by 8 ft in the row at 544 vines/acre. Sprays were applied Apr 13, Apr 26, May 12, May 19, Jun 11 and Jul 20. Peak pheromone catches occurred on Jun 9 and Jul 20 which produced a low infestation. A hand sprayer was used at 40 psi to apply 0.4 qt/vine (50 gpa) to runoff with an adjustable conejet nozzle. Sampling involved post-treatment counts of GBM damaged berries in 56 clusters from each plot on Aug 12.