bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Films Sensor Containing Extracted Natural Dyes for Monitoring Freeze-Thawing of Frozen Chicken
Authors: Abdalla Omer A. , Saeed Mohammed W. Mohammed
Published: April 2023

Films sensors include natural sensitive dyes and enzymes were used to create freezing-thawing sensitive films. Gliadin/glycerol, as well as anthocyanin, chlorophyll, and beta-carotene, were used to make the films. This type of biosensor is an efficient way to deal with the problem of freeze-thawing meat and provides a low-cost, colorimetric indicator for raising consumer awareness about freeze-thawed chicken. As a result of response enzymes, Glucose oxidase, and alpha-amylase have an impact on intensifying pigments films and reacting to freezing-thawing meat, the naked eye is capable of distinguishing between the colors of films, which changed from red, yellow, and green to faint colors. Sensing films’ color stability was tested, and the results demonstrated that the films were extremely stable and could be kept for longer than three weeks. Finally, real samples could be used to monitor misuse of utilizing storage temperature for chicken meat by using freeze-thawing sensitive colorimetric films. The best concentrations of GOX enzyme are 0.9%(activity270U/0.09g), 0.9%(117U/0.09g) of α-Amylase, and 5% of natural extracted pigments for preparing freezing-thawing sensitive films were of enzymes and, while the best concentration1:0.1 of Gliadin/glycerol composition films. The results of the colorimetric enzymatic system produced with different concentrations of enzymes and exposed to 8 and 35°C revealed that the same concentration of enzymes results in varying stability times when exposed to different temperature conditions, pH levels, and moisture.
Improving the Water Holding Capacity of Chicken Meat and Reducing Waste During Cooking by Using Rhizome Extracts of (Alpinia officinarum)
Authors: Qasim Munaf A. , Al-Azzami A.A. , Yaseen Ali Ameen
Published: April 2023

The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of alcoholic and petroleum ether extracts of Alpinia officinarum roots on the physical parameters of poultry meat over different cold storage durations (4,7,10 day) at 4°C. The extracts helped to preserve the physical properties of the preserved meat samples in general by causing a substantial (P< 0.01) rise in pH levels. The third treatment (100 mg ethanol extract/kg beef) outperformed all others. The addition of the extracts also resulted in a substantial increase (P<0.01) in the ability of the meat to transport water, with the third treatment outperforming the others. The inclusion of the extracts resulted in a substantial reduction (P<0.01) in the percentage.
Effect of Surface and Subsurface Drip Irrigation and Furrows Irrigation System on Water Productivity, Growth and Yield of Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L)
Authors: Khamees Ahmed Abdel Hamza , Ati Alaa Salih , Hussein Hadi Hashem
Published: April 2023

A field experiment was conducted in Al-Yusufiya district - Al-Mahmoudiya district, Baghdad province during the winter season 2021, to study improving the efficiency and management of water use and the productivity of lettuce under different irrigation systems. The Nested-Factorial Experiments design was used, where the main plots include the first factor, irrigation levels (I1) 50%, (I2) 75%, (I3) 100, (I4) 125%, (I5) 150% ETpan. After depleting 35% of the available water and in terms of climatic data from the American Evaporative Basin, Class A. Then the main factor is divided into three replicates, and the coefficients of the second factor are distributed randomly within each replicate, which includes the irrigation system: surface drip irrigation, a plant line drip line (S1) and a two plant line drip line (S2), The subsurface drip irrigation system is a plant-line drip line (SS1) and a two plant drip line (SS2) and furrows irrigation system (SI.) The results show that the highest field water use efficiency is 108.2 and 104.1 kg m-3 for the subsurface drip irrigation system (SS2) and (SS1) and at irrigation level I2. While the field water use efficiency of the surface drip irrigation system was 72.07 kg m-3 at the level of irrigation I3 for treatment (S1) and for treatment (S2) it reached 68.90 kg m-3 at the level of irrigation I4. As for irrigation in-furrow (SI), it reached 33.30 kg m-1 for irrigation level I2 and the highest yield was 286.2 Mg. ha-1 for I5SS2 treatment, and the lowest yield was 62.50 Mg. ha-1 for I1S1 treatment. The highest average head length and head circumference were 46.19 and 69.20 cm at I5SS1 treatment, respectively.
Effect of Adding Organic Acid and Plowing Depth on the Available of NPK in the Soil and the Growth of the Yield of Wheat (Triticum eastvum L.)
Authors: Hassan Dunia Abdel Amir , Kadhem Hanoon Nahi , Abboud Ahmed Marza
Published: April 2023

To investigate the impact of organic acid addition and plowing depth on available NPK in the soil and the growth of wheat (Triticum eastvum L.) yield, a factorial experiment set up in a split-plot design was conducted during the 2021–2022 growing season in the Al Bandar area, which is 5 km from the center of the city of Samawah. Using the (R.C.B.D) design, the first factor included the depths of plowing with three depths of 8, 16 and 24 cm, symbolized by D1, D2 and D3, respectively, and the second factor was the addition of humic and fulvic acids at five levels 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 liters H-1 and symbolized by H0 And H1, H2, H3 and H4 respectively, the land was divided into slabs, and included 45 experimental units in three sectors, size of the test area, in square meters (22) In the experiment, 8 lines of 2 m each were separated by 20 cm and 75 cm on the left. In conversations with others, the amount of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium available in the soil and grain yield at harvest was measured The results showed that the H4 treatment was superior to the amount of potassium ready in the soil, which amounted to 184.89, and phosphorous, which amounted to 21.14, while the treatment of H3 was superior to the amount of nitrogen, which amounted to 28.39, and the grain yield amounted to 5.489. The results showed that the interaction treatment D2H3 and D2H4 was more than 5.571 in most of the studied traits, and the D2H3 treatment gave the highest percentage in the trait of grain yield, which amounted to 6.259.
The Geochemical Temporal Changes of the Salinity in Selected Agricultural Areas in Mid-Mesopotamian
Authors: Muslim Ruaa Issa , Al-Ghasham Najah Alwan Owayez , Al-Mayyahi Sattar Obaid Maiws
Published: April 2023

Salinity is one of the most important aspects that cause great damage to the environment and reduce the productivity of agricultural spaces. A geochemical study was conducted for several farms, located in the south of Baghdad, to determine the impact of several geological factors that contribute to the increasing soil degradation by salinity in these selected green spaces (during the year 2021). Several laboratory methods were adopted to reach accurate results, including the grain size of these agricultural soils. Grain size ranges silt 52.08% and clay 39.59%. Fine grain size is adopted for organic materials and salts on the surface of minerals or within their crystalline structure. The agricultural soils and green spaces of the Mesopotamian basin in the study area are alkaline soil and have a great organizing capacity due to the change in pH (7.2-8). The high salinity was 8.1904%. This is caused by climate change and human activity through improper use of irrigation. The temporal geochemical changes in the salinity of selected agricultural spaces are connected with the formation model. This accumulated model of the Mesopotamian basin is represented by growing over time and developing to the top to be above the water level. This occurs through direct evaporative precipitation from the action of salt buildup to act in the solution by capillary property. Organic matters concentrated in the soils of present study with range 1.2 - 4.8%, is caused by the custom of chemical fertilizers as well as animal remaining. When mixed with surface water, the role of saline groundwater in the high concentration of soil salinity. Also, the climate has an important role in increasing the salinity of the studied soils in the area.
Effect of Polixal and Seaweed Extract in Nutrients Availability, Growth and Yield of Eggplant Under Protected Conditions
Authors: Al-Safi Hassan Naeem Tohme , Issa Falah Hasan , Jassim Raheem Alwan Halool
Published: April 2023

This experiment was carried out in Al-Muthanna Governorate in one of the unheated greenhouses Dimensions (9 X 54 m) affiliated to Experiment Station of agricultural research in Al-Bandar area on the side of the Euphrates River, affiliated to the College of Agriculture / University of Al-Muthanna for the winter agricultural season (2021-2022), to study the effect of adding polixal 20-8 at four concentrations (0, 4, 8, 12 ml L-1) and the effect of spraying seaweed extract (Algaren) at four concentrations (0, 1.5, 3, 4.5 ml L-1) in the readiness of Some nutrients and their concentration in the plant of growth yield of eggplant cv Barcelona, The treatments were assigned to experimental following a randomized completely block design (R.C.B.D.) with three replicates and means were compared according to L.S.D. test at the level 0.05. The results showed the significant superiority of adding a polixal (12 ml L-1) in the average nitrogen content in the leaves (1.273%), and the average phosphorous content in the leaves (0.4458%), the average potassium content in the leaves (1.787 %), The average concentration of phosphorous available in the soil (5.03 MG KG-1), The rate of potassium concentration available in the soil (213.5 MG KG-1) and the average yield of the total hectare reached (16341.0 kg h-1), The results showed the significant superiority of adding spraying seaweed extract (Algaren) at Concentration (4.5 ml L-1) in The average nitrogen content in the leaves (1.260 %), and the average phosphorous content in the leaves (0.3350 %), the average potassium content in the leaves (1.636 %), The average concentration of phosphorous available in the soil (4.62 MG KG-1), The rate of potassium concentration available in the soil (228.3 MG KG-1) and the average yield of the total hectare reached (15037.0 kg h-1).
The Role of Iron Nanoparticles and Humic Acid in Iron Concentration, Growth and Yield of Broccoli (Brassica Oleracea var Italic)
Authors: Farhan Khaleel J. , Mahdi L. E. , Al-Falahi M. N. A. , Sallume Mohammed Obed , Alkhateb Bassam A. A. H.
Published: April 2023

A field experiment was carried out in one of the private farms in Fallujah district, west of Baghdad for the autumn season 2020/2021 in a sandy mixture soil to study the effect of adding humic acid and nano iron on iron availability, growth and yield of broccoli plant to show the effect of the method of adding humic acid at three levels of 0, 50 and 100 kg. h-1 and its interaction with the addition of source and iron level at levels without addition (0 mg L-1, 50 mg L-1 nano iron and 100 mg L-1 metallic iron in some growth and production traits of broccoli plant using a complete randomized block design for a factorial experiment with three replicates and the results were analyzed Statistically at the 0.05 probability level to test for the least significant difference, the results of the study showed that the addition of humic acid caused significant increases compared to the control treatment in the studied traits, the highest average in the traits (number of leaves, leaf area, total plant yield, root weight, root length, iron concentration In leaves) it was 17.89 leaf-1, 362.5 cm2 plant-1, 19.81 Mg h-1, 81.0 g, 45.1 cm, 16.65 mg kg-1, respectively. The treatments of iron spray formulas and concentrations also significantly affected by increasing most of the above characteristics and the superiority of spraying nano iron at a concentration of 50 mg L-1) in (plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, total plant yield, root weight, root length, iron concentration in leaves) reached 40.56 cm, 19.22 leaf. plant-1, 426.4 cm2 plant-1, 26.06 mg/kg H-1, 80.76 gm, 46.0 cm2, 19.12 mg kg-1, sequentially. The effect of the interaction between the two factors of the study was significant, and the combination of adding humic acid combined with spraying nano iron at a concentration of 50 mg L-1) excelled in the traits (number of leaves, leaf area, iron concentration in leaves, total plant yield) which amounted to .20.31 leaf. plant-1, 503.4 cm2 plant -1, 20.79 mg kg -1, 29.83 mg h-1, sequentially.
Spatiotemporal Distribution of Mean Temperature and Total Precipitation over Iraq for a Period (1980-2017)
Authors: Yehia Mohamed A. , Al-Taai Osama T. , Ibrahim Morwa K.
Published: April 2023

Temperature is closely related to climatic elements (such as pressure, wind, humidity, evaporation, precipitation) because these elements are directly or indirectly related to them, especially the elements of temperature and rain, which are the most important elements of climate. The aim of the study is to verify the average monthly temperature and the mean amount of total precipitation for a period of 38 years during the period (1980-2017), for selected stations from Iraq (Mosul - Baghdad - Rutba - Basra) in Iraq. Satellite data recorded by the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast were used, and Mann-Kendall statistics were used for the purpose of calculating the monthly mean temperature and the amount of total precipitation. The results showed an increase in the mean temperature during the months (June, July, August and September), where the mean temperatures recorded an increase rate of more than 45, while the amount of precipitation recorded a decrease in its intensity with a decrease in its monthly mean for the months of winter and spring during the last decade (2010-2017), and some anomalies and extremes were recorded, especially during the decade (1990-1999), where they recorded fluctuation and variation in their monthly values between the increase and decrease in temperature and the difference in the values of the total precipitation rate, where the lowest value recorded for the average monthly free temperature at -3 for some extreme anomalies. This indicated that the behavior of the average temperature is affected by climatic changes and global warming, as well as the effect of this on the amount of total precipitation in terms of decreasing intensity as a result of high temperature rates, an increase in the amount of desertification, droughts and desertification and its impact on the environment in Iraq.
Impact of Weather on Marine Vessel Accidents in the Iraqi Port of Umm Qasr, a Case Study of the Salihiah Tugboat Accident
Authors: Al-Behadili Ahmed A. , Al-Taai Osama T. , Al-Muhyi Abdul Haleem Ali
Published: April 2023

The Arabian Gulf is known as a global center for trade, oil export, and shipping because the countries around the Gulf have many important commercial and oil ports. The southern port of Umm Qasr is one of these important transportation sites in the northern Arabian Gulf, as it includes berths for shipping goods as well as oil berths for importing and exporting oil derivatives and crude transport. Any disruption or disruption in port operations may lead to significant economic and material losses to Iraq. Marine accidents caused by bad weather are considered one of the most serious risks and obstacles facing marine work. In this study, we will investigate and evaluate the meteorological conditions that influence and cause marine accidents. The Salihiah tugboat accident, which collided with a foreign ship in 2020, and led to the sinking of the tow boat in the southern port of Umm Qasr. The disaster was caused by a violent dust storm and high wind speed. Two cases of dust storms were recorded on the day of the accident and several cases of dust raised, and there was also a significant drop in sea level pressure that led to the storm and the lack of visibility in the port of Umm Qasr. The aim of the study is to know the main causative weather factor for the accident and to advise the managers of Iraqi ports to take measures and reduce activity in bad weather conditions.
Carbon Dioxide Huff and Puff as Environmentally Friendly Method for Enhanced Heavy Oil Recovery
Authors: Al-Rubaye Ameer H. , Ameen Hawzhen Fateh M. , Jasim Dheyaa J. , Al-Assal Jawad R.
Published: April 2023

Heavy oil and bitumen are making up approximately 70 percent of the remaining estimated hydrocarbon reserves. Many Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods such as chemical flooding, thermal recovery, gas injection, etc., were developed to make advances in the production of unconventional oil. Among all the variety of EOR methods, thermal recovery produces practically all of the heavy oil and bitumen among the various EOR methods. But at the same time, throughout its application, there are several disadvantages were revealed such as it is an expensive and not environmentally friendly process, heat loss in surface facilities and distribution lines, the efficiency is low after injection, increases in the extracted oil’s surface viscosity have caused polymerization reactions of free radicals created during the steam injection process, and the requirement for continuous steam injection is attempting to keep a hot oil-water interface at the front of the flow. For these reasons, the solvent-based non-thermal recovery method can be used to enhance heavy oil and bitumen recovery in unconventional reservoirs (thin or deep reservoirs) to prevent or reduce unwanted effects as described above. Toluene, carbon dioxide (CO2), ethane, propane, normal butane, and mixture solvents, among others, can be used as the injection solvent for the solvent-based non-thermal recovery method. That is why the researchers have concentrated on carbon dioxide as a solvent with Huff & Puff method to develop the production of heavy oil and bitumen to overcome all these negative issues because CO2 has several characteristics that make it an excellent option for this application. In this paper, the CO2 Huff and Puff method is reviewed. The CO2 Huff and Puff method’s viscosity reduction and oil swelling procedures have been the most significant factors in increasing heavy oil production. As a results, impacts of oil swelling at various temperatures and pressures as well as the viscosity reduction ratio with CO2 injection have been studied.
Measuring the Variability and Humidity of Apis mellifera Honeybee Hives by the Effect of some Ventilation and Indoor Fires During the Autumn Season Using a New System
Authors: Mohamed Maher Youssef , Mansor Mohammed Shakir
Published: April 2023

This study was conducted in the Al-Hadid-Baquba/Diyala governorate during the months of September, October and November of 2021 to increase ventilation and reduce the humidity inside the bee colonies by the use of ventilation holes and the addition of waterers to increase the thermal balance inside the hive. 24 Beehives were used in the experiment and divided into eight treatments. T1 control treatment (beehives with no ventilation holes and without waterers ), T2: Beehives containing waterers, T3, T4 and T5 Beehives contain one, two, and three ventilation holes without waterers; T6, T7, and T8, contain one, two, and three ventilation holes with waterers, respectively. The statistical data obtained from the computer monitoring system showed that the treatments led to a highly significant decrease (P≤0.01) in the temperature and relative humidity recorded inside the beehives. The average temperature during The autumn was 37.50, 36.20, 34.44, 33.90, 33.45, 33.33, 33.49 and 33.96 ° C, while the humidity was 65.59, 67.96, 56.01, 56.23, 61.39, 52.39, 53.18 and 53.96% in treatments T1, T2, T3, T4, T6, T7 and T8 respectively.
Effect the Different Concentrations of Hydrogen Peroxide and Addition Soil Amendments on Growth and Nutrient Balance in Ranunculus Asiaticus L. Grown under Salinity Conditions
Authors: Zaidan O. H. , Abdullatif S. A.
Published: April 2023

An experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at research station (A) / College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad to study the impact of exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide and soil amendments (zeolite and Disper osmotic regulator) in the physiological traits of the Ranunculus asiaticus L. grown in saline soils. The experiment included three factors, soil (S) at two kinds (2.17, 5.8 dsm), soil amendments at includes 3 levels of zeolite (0,4,8 gm kg-1 soil), and two levels Disper Osmotic (1,2 gm l-1), hydrogen peroxide application (0,5,10 mmol l-1). results showed saline soils caused a significant decrease in vegetative and flowering growth, and the leaf content of N, P, K. While a significant increase in the leaf content of Na was observed, is an indicator of oxidative stress. The addition of soil amendments (M3) (1 gm l) to plants grown under salinity stress caused a significant increase in the leaf content of N, P, K and plant height, leaf area and all flowering growth characteristics. Exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide at a concentration (5 mmol l-1) had a significant effect on most of the vegetative and flowering growth characteristics.
Effect of Soaking with Gibberellin and Treatment with Fungal and Bacterial Biofertilizers on the Growth and Flowering of Lilium spp.
Authors: Sadiq S. M. , Abdullatif S. A.
Published: April 2023

This experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Janat AlNakheel located in khazmiah/Baghdad from 1/9/2020 to 1/6/2021 and aimed to study the effect of gibberellin (GA3) soaking and inoculation with fungous and bacterial biofertilizers on growth and flowering of lilium bulbs (Lilium spp.). The experiment was executed as factorial experiment utilizing the randomly complete block design (RCBD) with two factors. The results showed that soaking with gibberellin prior to planting along with inoculation with biofertilizers and their interaction enhanced vegetative growth traits in which a significant increase in plant height (48.85)cm, stem diameter (9.7)mm, number of leaves (110.56) leaves, leaf area (811.0)mm2, chlorophyll content in leaves (54.24) unit spad, dry weight percentage (12.68)%, and NPK percentage (2.61,0.40,3.07)% was noticed. In addition, flowering traits were also enhanced flowering duration (27.89) days, flower diameter (16.53)cm, dry weight percentage (11.26)%, number of flower buds (8.33)buds, flower content of total dissolved saccharides (11.84) and carotene pigments (2.724), and vase life (20.89) days.
Response of Date Palm Trees Phoenix dactylifera L. Khastawi Cultivar to Chemical, Organic and Biological Fertilization
Authors: Kredi Elaf Hashem Mohammed , Al-Ali Hameed Hamdan
Published: April 2023

The study was conducted in one of the own palm orchards located in the area of the village of Albu Assaf - Al-Dawwar, which is 10 km west of Ramadi city / Anbar Governorate, during the 2020-2021 season to know the effect of three levels of fertilizer combinations F0:0, F1: 600 g of urea (N 276) + 350 g of triple superphosphate (P2O5 168 ) + 500 g of potassium sulfate (K2O 240), 1200 g urea (552 N) + 700 g triple superphosphate (P2O5 336) + 1000 g potassium sulfate (K2O 480) and three levels of humic acid H0:0, H1:15, H2:30 ml. L-1 and two levels of a combination of biofertilizers, Trichoderma(Trichoderma harzianum) and Mycorrhizal(Glomus mosseae) B0:0, B1:300 ml Trichoderma + 400 g Mycorrhizal, with three replications for each treatment, To find out the effect of three levels of fertilizer combinations, three levels of humic acid and two levels of bio-fertilizer combination on the vegetative growth characteristics of date palm trees of the Khastawi cultivar. The results indicated the superiority of the level of F2 chemical fertilization in vegetative traits, including the dry matter of leaves, leaflet length, leaflet width, leaf length and increase in the leaves number of gave47.6372 %, 0.7128cm, 0.2436cm, 22.1039cm, 8.5000 leaves, respectively. The H2 of humic acid achieved the best values in the characteristics of the leaves dry matter percentage (%), the length and width of the leaflet, leaf length, and increased leaves number gave 48.1889 %, 0.6872cm, 0.2132cm, 21.8745cm, 8.5556 leaves, respectively, results also indicated the superiority of level B1 of the biofertilizer mixture in the characteristics of leaf dry matter percentage, leaflet width, leaf length and increase in leaf number, 45.5852%, 0.2122cm, 21.6867cm, 8.4444 leaves, respectively. The triple interaction F2H2B1 treatment achieved high averages in the characteristics of the dry matter percentage of leaves, leaflet length, leaf length and the increase in the number of leaves, 50.6900 %, 0.7400cm, 24.0662cm, 9.3333 leaves.
Effect of Biochar Application and Foliar Application of Gibberellin and Cytokinin on Growth and Flowering of Chinese Carnations Dianthus chinensis
Authors: Alwan Samer Hussein , Owen Mazen Amer , Omar Omar Arshad , Salih Ziad Khalaf
Published: April 2023

The experiment was carried out in the Horticulture Department and Landscaping, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, during the Agricultural season 2021-2022 to study the response of Chinese carnation to biochar and growth regular carried out with two factors Add biochar at two levels without adding and adding 10 g under the seedlings, the second factor was spraying with gibberellin and cytokinin growth regulators at four levels (no spray, spraying-1 with gibberellin at a concentration of 100 mg L-1 Cytokine spray at a concentration of 100 mg. Liter-1 and spraying with a mixture of gibberellin and cytokine). The experiment was in a randomized complete block design RCBD, and three replicates, results show that superiority of the treatment of adding charcoal and it gave the highest plant height of 77.26 cm and the highest branches numbers and dry weight 25.24 branches plant-1 and 76.15 g, Spraying with a mixture of gibberellins and cytokinin superior in the rest studied traits which were dry weight 16.02 g and NPK 1.60%, 0.26% and 1.75%, and flowers numbers 49.38 plant flowers-1, and flower diameter 3.36 cm.
Response of Two Potato Cultivars to Spraying with Biozyme-TF and Azosprillum on some Growth and Yield Indicators
Authors: Munem Turk H. A.
Published: April 2023

This research was conducted in one of the private fields in the East Canal area in Baghdad Governorate, to study the effect of spraying with the biostimulant Biozyme-TF and adding the bio-fertilizer Azosprillum on the growth indicators and the yield of two cultivars of potato plant in the spring season of the agricultural season 2017, the first factor with three levels, the first spraying with a biostimulant at a concentration of 10 ml.l-1, and the second add bio-fertilizer at a level of 15 kg. hectare-1, In addition to the comparison treatment, and the second factor is two types of potatoes: Bellini and Santa. The results showed a significant superiority of Bellini cultivar with the addition of the bio-fertilizer Azosprillum at a level of 15 kg. ha-1 in the characteristics of each plant length 92.43 cm and number of leaves 83.52 leaves. Plant-1, total yield 31.18 tons.ha-1, and chlorophyll content of 74.28 mg.100-1, in comparison with Santa variety, which decreased to 78.29 cm and 75.33 leaves.plant-1, 21.86 tons.ha-1 and 73.25 mg. 100-1 for each of plant height, number of leaves, total yield and leaf content of chlorophyll, while Santa cultivar showed with the biozyme-TF foliar spray treatment at a level of 10 ml.l-1 superiority in the nitrogen content of leaves reached 2.58% and the tuber protein content amounted to 1.30 % compared to the comparison treatment, which gave the lowest values, which were 1.50% and .0.49%, respectively.
Estimate of some Effective Compounds of the Four O’clock Rose Plant Callus Mirabilis jalapa L. Outside in vivo
Authors: Al-Qasam Ahmed Mohammed , Ghanim Nadhim Salim
Published: April 2023

Seeds of the plant Mirabilis jalapa were collected from private nurseries in the Salah al-Din governorate and analyzed at the laboratory of plant cell and tissue transplantation in the department of horticulture engineering in the Faculty, of Agriculture at the University of Tikrit, and after the success of the process of sterilization of the seeds of the plant of Mirabilis jalapa and the induction of callus, some of the active compounds within the callus of the plant internode were estimated and compared with the use of growth regulators of different concentrations, When using a combination of Bracinolide at a concentration of 0.01 mg L-1 and sodium chloride salt at a concentration of 100 mmol liters, the highest concentration of P-Coumaric was given at 128.9 μg/gm.
Effect of Foliar Feeding with Copper Nanoparticles on Growth and Yield of Broccoli Crosses
Authors: Al-Shamry Aziz Mahdi Abd , Abbas Diana Khudair
Published: April 2023

The test was conducted in 2021-2022 at the Horticulture and Landscape Department fields - agriculture collage – Diyala University. The study was to examin the result of foliar spray through nano and chelated copper on the growth and production of broccoli hybrids. The foliar spray was used at three levels (0 mg.L-1, 10 mg.L-1, 20 mg.L-1, 40 mg.L-1) whereas five cultivars (v) of broccoli were used and these are: Jassmine (V1), 2004 (V2), Zen (V3), Masturi (V4), and Danar (V5). The results have shown that foliar application of nano copper has significantly affected on the crop growth and production. The highest production was 67.82 t.h-1 and and most of the vegetative and fruitful growth traits were at a concentration of nano-copper 20 mg.L-1. Whereas the results of the effect of foliar spray on broccoli varieties, the V2 has the highest florets 1.363 kg and the total yield was (56.81 h-1) and the chlorophyll index in the leaves was 0.801, and the florets content of carbohydrates, the Danar variety excelled in the leaf area, which amounted to 175.49, while the Matsuri variety excelled in the height of the plant, with an average height of 98.55 cm.
Effect of Organic Fertilizer Spraying from Various Sources and Agricultural Sulfur in the Growth and Harvest of Garlic
Authors: Al-Obeidi Mustafa Mohammed Hussein , Al-Obeidi Hamid Saleh Hammad
Published: April 2023

The field experiment was conducted during the season 2021-2022 in Baquba nursery affiliated to Diyala Agriculture Directorate. In order to study the effect of organic fertilizer and agricultural sulfur on the growth and yield of garlic, the study included two factors; The first is sulfur: without addition (control), agricultural sulfur, ground addition 75 kg ha-1, and spraying with liquid sulfur 2 ml L-1. The second factor was spraying with five types of organic fertilizers, namely: spraying with aqueous extract of sheep manure at a concentration of 100%, spraying with polyamine at a concentration of 2 g L-1, spraying with humic acid 1 ml L-1, and spraying with compost tea at a concentration of 100% in addition to a treatment without spraying (control treatment). The experiment included fifteen treatments and three replications, so the total of the experimental units became forty-five experimental units. A factorial experiment was applied in the split-cut system within the Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D). Results showed that spraying with liquid sulfur 2ml-1 (exceeds in all characteristics of vegetative growth and the yield The number of leaves (9.06 leaf.plant-1), the leaf area (7.56 dm2 plant-1) and the relative content of total chlorophyll (1.58 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight) and the number of lobes per head (39.63 clove. head-1) Head weight (75.27 gm head-1) and total yield (22.58 tons h-1) Measured by the low comparison treatment and gave the lowest values at 8.08 leaf plant-1 and 6.30 dcm2 plant-1, 1.32 mg 100 g-1 fresh weight and 35.86 clove head-1 and 59.25 g head-1 and 17.77 tons h-1 respectively. As regards spraying with organic fertilizer, the results show that the humic acid treatment (1 ml-1) was significantly higher than the control treatment in terms of the number of leaves (9.55 leaf plant-1) and leaf area (8.27 dcm2 plant-1) and relative content Number of cloves per head (42.05, head-weight (81.33gm) and total yield (24.39 ton.h-1). The results of control treatment were 7.42 leaf plant-1 and 4.72 dcm2 plant-1 and 1.00 mg 100 g-1 tender weight 31.85 clove head-1, 50.03 grams head-1 and 15.01 tons h-1, in order. The interaction between sul[hur liqid 2 ml L-1 and humic acid 1 ml L-1 had a significant effect on the leaf number per plant (10.33) leaf area (9.14 dcm2 plant-1) and relative content of total chlorophyll in leaves (1.95mg 100gm-1 fresh weight), cloves (45.66 clove head-1) and head weight (92.55gm head-1) and the total output of the heads (27.76 tons h1) compared to the comparative treatment of 7.20 leaf head-1, 4.39 dcm2 plant-1, 0.97 mg 100g-1 fresh weight, 31.58 clove head-1, 48.33 gm head-1 and 14.50 tons h.1 respectively.
Phytochemical Screening of Rheum ribes Root, Leaves and Flowering Stem and Biological Activity of the Root
Authors: Amin Hawre Dhahir M. , Lazim Zaynab Sabah , Nashi Taghreed A.W.
Published: April 2023

Rheum ribes is one of the most important medicinal plants spread wildly in Iraqi Kurdistan, and its roots are used traditionally in the treatment of Obesity and obesity-related disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia which are considered the major cause of mortality worldwide and since the therapeutic medication failed to prevent their progression. Here comes the importance of medical plants as rich sources of natural bioactive substances that are used to treat many disorders. The current study intended to examine the phytochemical contents of roots (rhizome), leaves, and flowering stems of R. ribes L. that have been collected from five locations: Qandil, Kanitoo, Sharbazher, Penjwen, and Hawraman and to analyze the active compounds by HPLC technique, and also to study the potential of ethanolic extract of R. ribes root in the hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic points of view by using diet-induced obese and diabetic rats. The results showed that roots collected from Qandil had a higher concentration of total phenol and flavonoids and HPLC analysis results found that active compounds found in the plant root were: Gallic acid, Ellagic acid, Quercetin, Catechin, Rutin, Cinnamic acid, Tannic acid, Emodin, Aloe-emodin, and Physcion. Leaves and flowering stems contained all the mentioned compounds except Cinnamic acid and Tannic acid. The ethanolic extract of the roots significantly lowered the level of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides(TG), and low-density lipoprotein(LDL)level (p<0.05) in the blood of rats and also had a positive effect on the body weight loss in rats, especially at a dose of (60 mg/kg).
Effect of Adding Turmeric Powder and Vitamin C on the Productive Performance of Broilers
Authors: Al-Sanjary Ahmed Khaleel , Ibrahim Azhar Majid , Hamid Shehab Muhammad
Published: April 2023

This study was conducted in the field of poultry Livestock Research Station of the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture during the period from 27/12/2021 to 8/2/2022 to study the effect of adding turmeric powder and Vitamin C In some physiological and productive traits of broiler chicken. Using 400 one-day-Un Sexed broiler chickens of Ross-308 breed were randomly distributed to four experimental Treatments. 100 birds per treatment. Each treatment included 5 replicates, with birds per replicate. T1(Control ), T2(Add turmeric Powder at a rate 0.05), T3(Addition of vitamin C at a rate of 300 mg / kg), T4 (Add turmeric Powder at a rate 0.05 and vitamin C at a rate of 300 mg/kg). Statistic analysis of data Showed significant increase (P≤0.05) in the mean live body weight, total weight gain, feed conversion ratio, dressing percentage, relative weight (Thigh, Back, Wings, Neck) and mortality rate.
Effect of Adding Turmeric and Vitamin C in Broiler Diets on some Biochemical and Blood Characteristics
Authors: Al-Sanjary Ahmed Khaleel , Hamid Shehab Muhammad , Ibrahim Azhar Majid
Published: April 2023

This study was conducted in the poultry field of the Livestock Research Station of the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture during the period from 27/12/2021 to 8/2/2022 in order to study the effect of adding turmeric powder and vitamin C on some physiological and productive traits. 400 broiler chicks of Roos-308 strain of one day old were used, distributed randomly, with four experimental treatments for each treatment 100 birds, and each treatment included five replicates and each replicate 20 birds. The treatments were as follows: Treatment T1 (standard diet without addition), T2 (adding turmeric at a rate of 0.5%), (T3) add vitamin C 300 mg / kg, feed (T4) (add turmeric 0.5% and vitamin C 300 mg / kg feed). The results of the statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences at the level of (P≤0.05) in some biochemical characteristics: the ratio of globulin to albumin and the improvement of the parameters of cholesterol, triglycerides, high and low density lipoproteins and AST - ALT enzyme.
Effect of Adding Annatto Seed Powder (Bixa orellana) and Astaxanthin to the Diet in the Productive Performance of Broilers(Ross-308)
Authors: Al-Masoudi Zakariya Abd Al-Ameer , Al-Kafaji Fadhil Rasool
Published: April 2023

Researchers from the Al-Anwar Poultry Company conducted the aforementioned study in the Babil Governorate between february 15 and March 22, 2022. The goal of the study was to ascertain the effect of feeding broiler chickens a diet containing annatto seed powder (Bixa orellana) and astaxanthin on their performance and health. The researchers used 225 sexed Ross-308 chickens that were only one day old The chickens were placed in one of 15 different cages, each of which contained one of five different treatments (for a total of 450 birds). There were three duplicates of each treatment, with a total of 15 birds in each replicate for a total of 45 birds in each replication. The following is how the research was conducted: The results showed a highly significant difference at the level of (p 0.01) for the treatments add T2, T3, T4, and T5 regarding final body weight average, with T1 serving as the control treatment and the standard diet not containing any additions. T2 including powdered annatto seeds at a rate of 0.5 grams per kilogram of feed, T3 including powdered annatto seeds at a rate of 1 gram per kilogram of feed, T4 including astaxanthin at At the level of significance (p0.05), Treatments T2, T3, and T5 performed significantly better than the control treatment T1 in terms of the growth in weight, the amount of feed consumed, and the total feed conversion factor.
The Connection Between Molecular Indicators and Morphological Traits in Plants and Other Organisms by using A Special Indicator
Authors: Jabbar Mundher Kh. , Al-Fatlawi Zeyad H.
Published: April 2023

Molecular and morphological indicators were measured to study the relationship, the RAPD marker was used as a molecular indicator, plant height, grain weight, and grain density were used as morphological traits in bread wheat, and 10 primers which have a type (op) were used in RAPD marker, 10 wheat cultivars were used as genotypes for studying. In study calculated, the number of bands which were appeared in every genotype, plant height, grain weight, and grain density as morphological traits, the results were: the C9 treatment gave a higher number of bands, but C6 which gave a higher value in plant height, C7 superior in grain weight and grain density. Mun indicator appeared high relationship between the C7 genotype and the number of fragments or genes in plant height while the C5 genotype gave less relationship, C7 genotype appeared high relationship between the number of fragments and grain weight trait according to Mun indicator while C5 genotype gave a less relationship. In a grain density trait, the C7 genotype gave a high value in Mun indicator comparison with the C5 genotype which gave less relationship, which means that all genotypes had variations in relationship with molecular indicator effects.
Using PCR and Gel Electrophoresis Techniques to Molecular Confirm and Detection for Flowering Gene Presence in Maize Hybrids
Authors: Al-Baidhani Hadi Hussein , Hadi Banan Hassan
Published: April 2023

The laboratory experiment was conducted in the laboratories of the Musayyib Bridge Company for Molecular Analyzes in the year 2021-2022 to study the molecular analysis of the inbreed lines and their hybrids F1 to estimate the genetic variation at the level of DNA shown by the selected pure inbreed lines and the resulting hybrids F1 of the flowering gene. Five pure inbreed lines of maize were selected (ZA17WR) Late, ZM74, Late, ZM19, Early ZM49WZ (Zi17WZ, Late, ZM49W3E) and their resulting hybrids, according to the study objective, from fifteen different inbreed lines with flowering time. The five inbreed lines were planted for four seasons (spring and fall 2019) and (spring and fall 2020) in the spring season 2019 the inbreed lines were crossed and flowering time were recorded and in the fall season 2019 they were crossed according to the study objective (late × late), (late × early) and (early) × late) and (early × early) in the third season, The results indicated that the two initiators used with the target flowering gene are highly efficient in diagnosing genetic variations and genetic divergence between the selected inbreed lines and their resulting hybrids F1 according to the different flowering time using PCR Poly Chain Reaction and Gel electrophoresis techniques. ) and the fourth hybrid (early×early) was superior in most of its field traits. It was found that inbreed line No. 15 (ZA17WR) did not show any bands in the interaction of the PCR and the flowering gene, and this is evidence that this inbreed line is counted as being optimal for the target gene and therefore genes or genetic sites may influence the early or delayed flowering time trait Therefore, it needs future studies. The aim of the current study is to know the genetic structures that contain the flowering gene and according to the planting date, whether fall or spring, to take advantage of those results in choosing and determining the appropriate and most appropriate method in the maize crop breeding programs to obtain promising genetic structures in terms of flowering time, whether was early or late. Additionally using two techniques to gather leads to increase the usefulness of these two techniques as the number of examined hybrids and inbred lines continues to increase rapidly.
Detection of some Resistance Genes of Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) in some Wheat Cultivars using DNA Marker
Authors: Hasoon Maryem Akbal , Mohmed Ahmed Saeed , Kadhim Jamaal Hussein
Published: April 2023

Schizaphis graminumis one of the most important pests that infect wheat, causing great losses to the crop, This study included the detection of sensitive and resistant of some cultivars wheat to greenbug infestation as well as, the detection Gb 8 gene and Gb 3 gene which are responsible for the appearance of resistance in some wheat cultivars against wheat greenbug using two DNA primers. Four cultivars of wheat were used in the study, which is as follows Jehan, Oneha, Wafih, and Babil, The results showed that Oneha variety was the most sensitive cultivars, also the resistance gene Gb 8 gene was presented in Jehan and Babil cultivars while, DNA bands of Gb 3 gene appeared in Jehan, Wafih and Babil cultivars. The detection of greenbug resistance genes in wheat will help in accelerating the breeding program in the future.
Test the Ability of Some Plant Extracts to Resist Aspergillus flavus and Reduce the Production of Aflatoxin B1
Authors: Al-Fahdawi Sarah T. A. , Al-Warshan Salim H. S.
Published: April 2023

This study was conducted in the Plant Pathology Laboratory / College of Agriculture / University of Anbar to study and test the effectiveness of plant extracts (turmeric, pomegranate peel, banana peel) in inhibiting the growth of the fungusAspergillus flavusand test its ability to reduce aflatoxin B1 from liquid media. The plant materials (powders and extracts) were used in three concentrations (0.1, 0.15, 0.2) mg/ml. The results showed that all plant materials were significantly effective in inhibiting the growth ofA. flavusand their ability to reduce aflatoxin B1 from liquid media. Turmeric powder showed its superiority in its inhibitory effect on the growth of fungi on PDA culture medium, as it achieved the highest percentage of inhibition at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml, which amounted to 87.41%. Whereas, banana peel powder gave the lowest inhibition rate at 0.1 mg/ml concentration (64.07%). While the aqueous extract of turmeric achieved inhibition in the growth of the fungus at a concentration of 0.2 mg / ml by 87.41%, outperformed the aqueous extract of pomegranate and banana, where the rates of inhibition reached 86.66% and 82.96%, respectively at the same concentration. In addition, the alcoholic extract of turmeric showed the highest rate of inhibition of fungi growth at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml, which amounted to 94.07%, followed by the alcoholic extract of banana and pomegranate with a percentage of 93.3% and 88.14%, respectively, at the same concentration. The results of adsorption or binding of aflatoxin B1 from liquid media indicated that pomegranate peel powder at a concentration of 0.15 and 0.2 mg/ml showed a high efficiency in reducing aflatoxin reaching 100% compared to the control treatment (166.66 ppb), which is the same as the result of adding banana peel powder at the same concentration. While turmeric powder showed a lower reduction rate of 93.99%. Also, the results of using aqueous extracts showed the superiority of aqueous extracts of turmeric and pomegranate peels on the reduction of aflatoxin B1 by 93.99% at a concentration of 0.2 mg/ml for both and 84.99% for banana peels. The results of these ratios did not differ in the ability to absorb aflatoxin when using alcoholic extracts of plants at the same concentration.
Mycosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Evaluation as Insecticidal Against the Sunn Pest Eurygaster testudinaria in Vitro
Authors: Jabbar Ahmed Sh. , Mohmed Ahmed Saeed , Hussein Ahmad Mohammad
Published: April 2023

Fungi are used to synthesize metal nanoparticles such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) because of their specifications as lower toxicity and eco-friendly behavior. Extracellular mycosynthesis of Lecanicillium lecanii silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was performed, which was done by a redox reaction, where the filtrate crude of L. lecanii acts as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the formation of nanoparticles. The green synthesized AgNPs were evaluated as insecticidal against the adults of sunn pest Eurygaster testudinaria. The AgNPs were characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FITR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The UV–Vis spectroscopy showed a characteristic absorption peak at 418.5 nm due to surface plasma resonance. FESEM analysis showed that synthesized AgNPs were semi-spherical with an average size of 39.45 nm. The AgNPs showed strong activity in mortality of adults of E. testudinaria under conditions during different periods of time to recorded 100% at concentration 100 ppm compared with 0.00% in control treatment after 10 days from treatment.
The Relationship Between the Presence of Sunn Pest Eurygaster testudinaria Geoffroy and Its Egg Parasitoids in Najaf Province
Authors: Al-Hadrawi Tamkin I. , AllAllah Anwar Jassam , Abdullah Layth Hamdi
Published: April 2023

A field study was carried out to find presence egg parasitoids on egg masses of sunn pest Eurygaster testudinaria Geoffroy and effect of some climatic conditions such as temperature and relative humidity in Kufa/Najaf province during 2017-2020 seasons. the results showed difference in the prevalence of parasitoids according to the species of parasitoids. The parasitoid O. telenomicida is the most common egg parasitoid in region of study and percentage parasitism ranged 6.06 -18.80% in March and 32.24-55.04% in April for all season. The results also showed that egg parasitoids activity begin in the early spring. The time of presence of parasitoid in the field has varied from year to year depending on the presence of Sunn pest and prevailing weather conditions of temperatures and relative humidity.