bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Arylation of Isochroman.
Authors: Park Soo J. , Price Jason R. , Todd Matthew H.
Published: April 2012

First examples of an oxidative coupling between isochroman and anisole or related compounds are reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Simple Method for the Synthesis of 3‐(Pyrrolidin‐1‐yl)piperidine.
Authors: Smaliy R. V. , Chaykovskaya A. A. , Yurchenko A. A. , Lakhtadyr A. I. , Yurchenko S. A. , Shtil N. A. , Kostuk A. N.
Published: April 2012

A novel two‐step access to the title compound (IV) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Selective Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Chloroamination of Unactivated Alkenes by Using Hydrogen Peroxide as an Oxidant.
Authors: Yin Guoyin , Wu Tao , Liu Guosheng
Published: April 2012

The new method uses an environmentally benign catalytic system, in which H2O2 is used as oxidant and CaCl2 as chloride source.
ChemInform Abstract: Effects of Substituent and Catalyst on the Intramolecular Povarov Reaction—Synthesis of Chromenonaphthyridines.
Authors: Maiti Sourav , Panja Suman Kalyan , Sadhukhan Koushik , Ghosh Jaydip , Bandyopadhyay Chandrakanta
Published: April 2012

Novel target compounds are synthesized via in situ formation of aldimines and subsequent intramolecular imino‐Diels—Alder reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Alkyl Hexahydropyrazino[1,2‐c]pyrimidine‐9‐carboxylates
Authors: Vovk M. V. , Kushnir O. V. , Mel'nichenko N. V. , Tsymbal I. F.
Published: April 2012

via cyclocondensation of 3‐alkoxycarbonylmethylidenepiperazinones (I) with α‐chlorobenzyl isocyanates or 1‐aryl‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl isocyanates
ChemInform Abstract: Inhibitory Constituents of Nardostachys chinensis on Nitric Oxide Production in RAW 264.7 Macrophages.
Authors: Hwang Bang Yeon , et al. et al.
Published: April 2012

The activity‐guided fractionation of the MeOH extract of the rhizomes of Nardostachys chinensis leads to the isolation of sesquiterpenoids narchinol B (Ia) and C (Ib) along with 10 known compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Polyhydroxylated N‐Alkoxypiperidines by Ring‐Closing Double Reductive Amination: Facile Preparation of Isofagomine and Analogues.
Authors: Malik Gaelle , Guinchard Xavier , Crich David
Published: April 2012

A new route to title compounds is based on the formation and amination of cyclic acetals of type (III)/(VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Ion Exchange Properties, Analytical and Catalytic Applications of Nano‐Sized Cerium Zirconium Phosphate.
Authors: Preetha B. , Janardanan C.
Published: April 2012

A new inorganic cation exchange material, CeO2·2ZrO2·1.25P2O5 ·14H2O is synthesized by mixing solutions of NaH2PO4, ZrOCl2 and Ce(SO4)2 (pH 1, 20 °C, 24 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Indole RSK Inhibitors. Part 2. Optimization of Cell Potency and Kinase Selectivity.
Authors: Kirrane Thomas M. , et al. et al.
Published: April 2012

A series of inhibitors for the 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) are optimized for cellular potency and kinase selectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure Characterization of Sodium Neptunate Compounds
Authors: Smith A. L. , Raison P. E. , Konings R. J. M.
Published: April 2012

Review: 28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid‐State Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells Based on Ionic Iridium(III) Complexes
Authors: Hu Tao , He Lei , Duan Lian , Qiu Yong
Published: April 2012

Review: 87 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Size‐Selected Metal Clusters: New Models for Catalysis with Atomic Precision
Authors: Habibpour Vahideh , Wang Zhi W. , Palmer Richard E. , Heiz Ulrich
Published: April 2012

Review: 29 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Drugs Through Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Lin Guo‐Qiang , Sun Xing‐Wen
Published: April 2012

Review: 167 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses of Cyanines: A Review
Authors: Panigrahi Mallika , Dash Sukalyan , Patel Sabita , Mishra Bijay K.
Published: April 2012

Review: ca. 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Dual Activation in Organocatalysis: Design of Tunable and Bifunctional Organocatalysts and Their Applications in Enantioselective Reactions
Authors: Lu Liang‐Qiu , An Xiao‐Lei , Chen Jia‐Rong , Xiao Wen‐Jing
Published: April 2012

Review: about 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Peptidic Foldamers: Ramping up Diversity
Authors: Martinek Tamas A. , Fueloep Ferenc
Published: April 2012

Review: 176 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of Novel Selective Human β3 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists as Potential Overactive Bladder (OAB) Therapies
Authors: Imanishi Masashi , Hattori Kouji
Published: April 2012

Review: 19 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Photocatalysts for the Oxidation of Pollutants and Model Compounds
Authors: Marin M. Luisa , Santos‐Juanes Lucas , Arques Antonio , Amat Ana M. , Miranda Miguel A.
Published: April 2012

Review: 251 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleic Acid and Peptide Aptamers: Fundamentals and Bioanalytical Aspects
Authors: Mascini Marco , Palchetti Ilaria , Tombelli Sara
Published: April 2012

Review: 234 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Scaffold‐Free Tissue Engineering Using Cell Sheet Technology
Authors: Haraguchi Yuji , Shimizu Tatsuya , Yamato Masayuki , Okano Teruo
Published: April 2012

Review: 81 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mesoporous Metal—Organic Framework Materials
Authors: Xuan Weimin , Zhu Chengfeng , Liu Yan , Cui Yong
Published: April 2012

Review: 62 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Designer Peptide Surfactants Stabilize Diverse Functional Membrane Proteins
Authors: Koutsopoulos Sotirios , Kaiser Liselotte , Eriksson Hanna Maria , Zhang Shuguang
Published: April 2012

Review: 36 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Single‐Scan Multidimensional Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Tal Assaf , Frydman Lucio
Published: April 2012

Review: 78 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nuclear Spin Relaxation in Isotropic and Anisotropic Media
Authors: Nicholas Matthew P. , Eryilmaz Ertan , Ferrage Fabien , Cowburn David , Ghose Ranajeet
Published: April 2012

Review: 91 refs.
Synthesis, Structure Analysis, and Antitumor Evaluation of 3,6‐Dimethyl‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine‐1,4‐dicarboxamide Derivatives
Authors: Rao Guo‐Wu , Guo Yan‐Mei , Hu Wei‐Xiao
Published: April 2012

3,6‐Dimethyl‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine‐1,4‐dicarboxamide derivatives were synthesized, and their structures were confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. This reaction yields the 1,4‐dicarboxamide derivatives rather than the 1,2‐dicarboxamide derivatives. Their in vitro antitumor activities were evaluated against SGC‐7901, HO‐8910, MCF‐7, and A‐549 cells. The results showed several compounds to be endowed with cytotoxicity in the low micromolar range. One compound (IC50=0.57 μM) was further evaluated in vivo against an A‐549 xenograft in BALB/cA nude mice; it effected 76.4 % inhibition of tumor weight through intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of 40 mg kg−1 body weight. Moreover, its acute toxicity was evaluated, and the i.p. LD50 value was 325 mg kg−1 in mice.
Reduction of the chemical master equation for gene regulatory networks using proper generalized decompositions
Authors: Ammar Amine , Cueto Elías , Chinesta Francisco
Published: April 2012

The numerical solution of the chemical master equation (CME) governing gene regulatory networks and cell signaling processes remains a challenging task owing to its complexity, exponentially growing with the number of species involved. Although most of the existing techniques rely on the use of Monte Carlo‐like techniques, we present here a new technique based on the approximation of the unknown variable (the probability of having a particular chemical state) in terms of a finite sum of separable functions. In this framework, the complexity of the CME grows only linearly with the number of state space dimensions. This technique generalizes the so‐called Hartree approximation, by using terms as needed in the finite sums decomposition for ensuring convergence.

But noteworthy, the ease of the approximation allows for an easy treatment of unknown parameters (as is frequently the case when modeling gene regulatory networks, for instance). These unknown parameters can be considered as new space dimensions. In this way, the proposed method provides solutions for any value of the unknown parameters (within some interval of arbitrary size) in one execution of the program. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow cytometric detection of liposomal cytarabine in cerebrospinal fluid of patients treated with intrathecal chemotherapy
Authors: Stacchini Alessandra , Demurtas Anna , Aliberti Sabrina
Published: April 2012

We report the unusual flow cytometric detection of liposomes in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with aggressive non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma and acute myeloid leukemia, treated with intrathecal liposomal cytarabine. © 2012 International Clinical Cytometry Society
A simple flow cytometric assay for routine paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria testing based on immature reticulocytes and granulocytes
Authors: Tsagarakis Nikolaos J. , Paterakis George
Published: April 2012

Background:

The aim of this study was to test an easy‐to‐perform flow cytometric (FCM) assay for the routine investigation for diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), through the simultaneous detection of PNH clones on immature reticulocytes (i‐RET) and granulocytes.

Methods:

During the last 5 years, eight patients were diagnosed with PNH in our laboratory, among 90 patients prospectively studied for PNH. The determination of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) deficient cells on the erythroid lineage was made with a two‐color FCM assay of CD71 and CD59, evaluating the PNH clone on i‐RET. Three color combinations based on CD66b/CD16/CD45 and CD59/CD24/CD45 were used for the determination of GPI‐deficient granulocytes.

Results:

In all the patients with PNH, the PNH clones determined with CD71(+)CD59(−) red blood cells (RBC) were nearly identical to the respective clones determined with CD16(dim/−)/CD66b(−) and CD59(−)/CD24(−) granulocytes, in contrast to the clones determined with CD59‐deficient erythrocytes only, which were significantly lower.

Conclusions:

Our results indicate that the simultaneous assessment of the PNH clone on CD71(+)/CD59(−)i‐RET and CD16(dim/−)/CD66b(−) granulocytes, could offer a reliable method of two series PNH screening, at low cost and with ease of application. © 2012 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Ambivalent effects of dendritic cells displaying prostaglandin E2‐induced indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase
Authors: Lanzinger Margit , Jürgens Birgit , Hainz Ursula , Dillinger Barbara , Raberger Julia , Fuchs Dietmar , Heitger Andreas
Published: April 2012

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), an abundantly produced lipid messenger in mammalian organisms, has been attributed to possess potent albeit ambivalent immunological functions. Recently, PGE2 has been reported to stimulate the commonly believed immunosuppressive indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) pathway in human dendritic cells (DCs), but without promoting DC immunosuppressive activity. Here, we report that PGE2 used as a DC maturation agent apparently has more diverse functions. PGE2‐matured DCs acquired powerful IDO activity, which was sustained even after removing PGE2. These IDO‐competent DCs were able to stimulate allogeneic T‐cell proliferation, but achieved inhibitory activity as their content in DC/T‐cell co‐cultures increased. The DC inhibitory activity was reversed upon blockade of IDO activity, confirming that the suppressive effect was in fact mediated by IDO and occurred in a dose‐dependent fashion. IDO‐mediated T‐cell suppression was restored upon re‐stimulation of T cells in the absence of IDO activity, confirming its reversibility. T cells stimulated by PGE2‐matured IDO‐competent DCs were sensitized to produce multiple cytokines, comprising Th1, Th2, and Th17 phenotypes. Collectively, these data suggest that T cells stimulated by PGE2‐matured DCs are not terminally differentiated and their ultimate type of response may be formed by microenvironmental conditions.
Double negative Treg cells promote nonmyeloablative bone marrow chimerism by inducing T‐cell clonal deletion and suppressing NK cell function
Authors: Su Ye , Huang Xuyan , Wang Shuang , Min Wei‐Ping , Yin Ziqin , Jevnikar Anthony M. , Zhang Zhu‐Xu
Published: April 2012

The establishment of immune tolerance and prevention of chronic rejection remain major goals in clinical transplantation. In bone marrow (BM) transplantation, T cells and NK cells play important roles for graft rejection. In addition, graft‐versus‐host‐disease (GVHD) remains a major obstacle for BM transplantation. In this study, we aimed to establish mixed chimerism in an irradiation‐free condition. Our data indicate that adoptive transfer of donor‐derived T‐cell receptor (TCR) αβ+CD3+CD4–CD8–NK1.1– (double negative, DN) Treg cells prior to C57BL/6 to BALB/c BM transplantation, in combination with cyclophosphamide, induced a stable‐mixed chimerism and acceptance of C57BL/6 skin allografts but rejection of third‐party C3H (H‐2k) skin grafts. Adoptive transfer of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, but not DN Treg cells, induced GVHD in this regimen. The recipient T‐cell alloreactive responsiveness was reduced in the DN Treg cell‐treated group and clonal deletions of TCRVβ2, 7, 8.1/2, and 8.3 were observed in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, DN Treg‐cell treatment suppressed NK cell‐mediated BM rejection in a perforin‐dependent manner. Taken together, our results suggest that adoptive transfer of DN Treg cells can control both adoptive and innate immunities and promote stable‐mixed chimerism and donor‐specific tolerance in the irradiation‐free regimen.
NKp46 expression discriminates porcine NK cells with different functional properties
Authors: Mair Kerstin H. , Essler Sabine E. , Patzl Martina , Storset Anne K. , Saalmüller Armin , Gerner Wilhelm
Published: April 2012

So far little is known about natural killer (NK) cells in the pig due to the lack of NK cell‐specific markers. In this study, we identified the activating receptor NKp46 (CD335) in swine with newly developed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for more detailed studies on NK cells in this species. The NKp46 mAbs showed a specific reactivity with a distinct population of perforin+CD2+CD3−CD8α+CD16+ lymphocytes. In spleen and liver, an additional subset of CD8αdim/− lymphocytes with increased NKp46 expression was observed. Surprisingly, we could identify NKp46− cells with an NK cell phenotype in all animals analyzed. These lymphocytes showed comparable cytolytic activity against xenogeneic and allogeneic target cells as NKp46+ NK cells. In contrast, NKp46+ NK cells produced several fold higher levels of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) than the NKp46− cells after cytokine stimulation. Furthermore, an activation‐dependent induction of NKp46 expression in formerly NKp46− cells after stimulation with interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), IL‐12, and IL‐18 could be shown. In summary, our data indicate that NKp46 is not expressed by all porcine NK cells and that NKp46 discriminates porcine NK cells differing in regard to cytokine production, which challenges the paradigm of NKp46 as a comprehensive marker for NK cells across different mammalian species.
Mycobacteria‐infected bystander macrophages trigger maturation of dendritic cells and enhance their ability to mediate HIV transinfection
Authors: Mazurek Jolanta , Ignatowicz Lech , Källenius Gunilla , Jansson Marianne , Pawlowski Andrzej
Published: April 2012

Synergistic interplay between Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and HIV in coinfected ind‐ividuals leads to the acceleration of both tuberculosis and HIVdisease. Mtb, as well as HIV, may modulate the function of many immune cells, including DCs. To dissect the bystander impact of Mφs infected with Mtb on DC functionality, we here investigated changes in DC phenotype, cytokine profiles, and HIV‐1 transinfecting ability. An in vitro system was used in which human monocyte‐derived DCs were exposed to soluble factors released by Mφs infected with mycobacteria, including virulent clinical Mtb isolates and nonvirulent BCG. Soluble factors secreted from Mtb‐infected Mφs, and to a lesser extent BCG‐infected Mφs, resulted in the production of proinflammatory cytokines and partial upregulation of DC maturation markers. Interestingly, the HIV‐1 transinfecting ability of DCs was enhanced upon exposure to soluble factors released by Mtb‐infected Mφs. In summary, our study shows that DCs exposed to soluble factors released by mycobacteria‐infected Mφs undergo maturation and display an augmented ability to transmit HIV‐1 in trans. These findings highlight the important role of bystander effects during the course of Mtb–HIV coinfection and suggest that Mtb‐infected Mφs may contribute to an environment that supports DC‐mediated spread and amplification of HIV in coinfected individuals.
Influence of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α on dendritic cell differentiation and migration
Authors: Köhler Theresa , Reizis Boris , Johnson Randall S. , Weighardt Heike , Förster Irmgard
Published: April 2012

Dendritic cells(DCs) are important sentinels of the immune system and frequently reside in areas of low oxygen availability, in particular in the course of inflammatory processes. Hypoxia‐inducible transcription factor (HIF)1α is responsible for major alterations in gene expression as part of the cellular adaptation to low oxygen concentration. In this study, we generated mice with a conditional deletion of HIF1α in DCs. Bone marrow‐derived DCs from WT and conditional mutant mice expressed elevated levels of major histocompatibility complex class II and CD86 when grown in a hypoxic environment, whereas production of the cytokines interleukin (IL)‐12p70, IL‐10, IL‐6, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐23 was reduced, both independent of HIF1α expression. In contrast, secretion of IL‐22 was strongly enhanced under hypoxic conditions in an HIF1α‐dependent manner. The chemokine receptor CCR7 was expressed at higher levels in wild‐type DCs compared with HIF1α‐deficient DCs, whereas the production of CCL17 and CCL22 was increased in conditions of low oxygen. Using in vitro as well as in vivo migration assays, we observed an enhanced migratory capability of DCs generated under hypoxia, which was HIF1α‐dependent. Taken together, our data indicate that HIF1α plays an important role for DC differentiation and migration in a low oxygen environment.
Glucocorticoid‐induced leucine zipper is downregulated in human alveolar macrophages upon Toll‐like receptor activation
Authors: Hoppstädter Jessica , Diesel Britta , Eifler Lisa K. , Schmid Tobias , Brüne Bernhard , Kiemer Prof. Alexandra K.
Published: April 2012

Induction of the glucocorticoid‐induced leucine zipper (GILZ) by glucocorticoids plays a role in their antiinflammatory action, whereas GILZ expression is reduced under inflammatory conditions. The mechanisms regulating GILZ expression during inflammation, however, have not yet been characterized. Here, we investigated GILZ expression in human alveolar macrophages (AMs) following Toll‐like receptor (TLR) activation. Macrophages were shown to predominantly express GILZ transcript variant 2. Lipopolysaccharide‐treated AMs, THP‐1 cells, and lungs of lipopolysaccharide‐exposed mice displayed decreased GILZ protein and mRNA levels. The effect was strictly dependent on the adapter molecule MyD88, as shown by using specific ligands or a knockdown strategy. Investigations on the functional significance of GILZ downregulation performed by GILZ knockdown revealed a proinflammatory response, as indicated by increased cytokine expression and NF‐κB activity. We found that TLR activation reduced GILZ mRNA stability, which was mediated via the GILZ 3′‐untranslated region. Finally, involvement of the mRNA‐binding protein tristetraprolin (TTP) is suggested, since TTP overexpression or knockdown modulated GILZ expression and TTP was induced in a MyD88‐dependent fashion. Taken together, our data show a MyD88‐ and TTP‐dependent GILZ downreg‐ulation in human macrophages upon TLR activation. Suppression of GILZ is mediated by mRNA destabilization, which might represent a regulatory mechanism in macrophage activation.
Activation of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells proceeds normally in the absence of B cells during EAE
Authors: Hoehlig Kai , Shen Ping , Lampropoulou Vicky , Roch Toralf , Malissen Bernard , O'Connor Richard , Ries Stefanie , Hilgenberg Ellen , Anderton Stephen M. , Fillatreau Simon
Published: April 2012

B cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells can both facilitate remission from experimental auto immune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a disease of the central nervous system (CNS) used as a model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Considering that B‐cell‐depletion therapy (BCDT) is used to treat MS patients, we asked whether Treg‐cell activation depended on B cells during EAE. Treg‐cell proliferation, accumulation in CNS, and augmentation of suppressive activity in the CNS were normal in B‐cell‐deficient mice, indicating that B cells are not essential for activation of the protective Treg‐cell response and thus provide an independent layer of regulation. This function of B cells involved early suppression of the encephalitogenic CD4+ T‐cell response, which was enhanced in B‐cell‐deficient mice. CD4+ T‐cell depletion was sufficient to intercept the transition from acute‐to‐chronic EAE when applied to B‐cell‐deficient animals that just reached the peak of disease severity. Intriguingly, this treatment did not improve disease when applied later, implying that chronic disability was ultimately maintained independently of pathogenic CD4+ T cells. Collectively, our data indicate that BCDT is unlikely to impair Treg‐cell function, yet it might produce undesirable effects on T‐cell‐mediated autoimmune pathogenesis.
Molecular control over thymic involution: From cytokines and microRNA to aging and adipose tissue
Authors: Dooley James , Liston Adrian
Published: April 2012

The thymus is the primary organ for T‐cell differentiation and maturation. Unlike other major organs, the thymus is highly dynamic, capable of undergoing multiple rounds of almost complete atrophy followed by rapid restoration. The process of thymic atrophy, or involution, results in decreased thymopoiesis and emigration of naïve T cells to the periphery. Multiple processes can trigger transient thymic involution, including bacterial and viral infection(s), aging, pregnancy and stress. Intense investigations into the mechanisms that underlie thymic involution have revealed diverse cellular and molecular mediators, with elaborate control mechanisms. This review outlines the disparate pathways through which involution can be mediated, from the transient infection‐mediated pathway, tightly controlled by microRNA, to the chronic changes that occur through aging.
Innate immunity's path to the Nobel Prize 2011 and beyond
Authors: Wagner Hermann
Published: April 2012

The 2011 Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine to Ralph Steinmann, Jules Hoffmann, and Bruce Beutler recognized a paradigm shift in our understanding of innate immunity, and its impact on adaptive immunity. The Prize highlighted the initial discoveries of Toll's role in immunity in flies, Toll‐like receptors in mammals, and the establishment of dendritic cells as the initiators of adaptive immunity. This historical Commentary focuses on the developments in our understanding of innate immunity.
A method for isolation of karanjin from the expelled cake of Pongamia glabra
Authors: Susarla Radha S. , Murthy Marthanda M. , Rao Bhamidipati V. S. K. , Chakrabarti Pradosh P. , Prasad Rachapudi B. N. , Kanjilal Sanjit
Published: April 2012

Due to the renewed interest in the production of biodiesel from nonconventional oils like karanja (Pongamia glabra), huge quantity of expelled cake will be generated in near future. However, due to the presence of several antinutritional components, expelled karanja cake cannot be used as feed for poultry and livestock. It needs detoxification and the first step during detoxification is the removal of karanjin, the major bioactive constituent. The present study aimed at isolation of karanjin from expelled cake. Accordingly, a simple and scalable process was developed for the isolation of karanjin with purity in the range of 95–97% from the expelled cake of karanja. Different solvents were screened by varying temperature, time, and amount of extracting solvents to extract karanjin from the expelled cake and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) was found to be the best among them. DMC extraction of 1.0 kg of expelled cake yielded 3.6 g (0.36% with respect to expelled cake) of karanjin of 97% purity.
An efficient reaction protocol for the ruthenium‐catalysed epoxidation of methyl oleate
Authors: Behr Arno , Tenhumberg Nils , Wintzer Andreas
Published: April 2012

The transition metal catalysed epoxidation of methyl oleate 1 by hydrogen peroxide was investigated using Ru(acac)3/dipicolinic acid as catalyst. Under optimised reaction conditions, the epoxidised methyl oleate 2 was obtained with a quantitative yield in short reaction time and under mild reaction conditions.

Practical applications: Epoxidised fatty acids and their derivatives are produced by the Prilezhaev reaction and used in various applications in the chemical industry. Due to the known drawbacks of epoxidation with peroxy acids, such as hazardous handling of peracids in large quantities or the decrease of epoxide selectivity due to the formation of undesired by‐products in the acidic medium, the epoxidation of fatty acid derivatives using more convenient oxidants is still a subject of research interest. Herein, we present a simple procedure for the transition metal catalysed epoxidation of methyl oleate 1 by hydrogen peroxide in quantitative yields, and under mild reaction conditions, as a potential alternative for the production of epoxidised fatty acid derivatives.
Absorption of NO2 into aqueous (NH4)2SO3 solution in a stirred tank reactor
Authors: Guo Rui‐Tang , Pan Wei‐Guo , Zhang Xiao‐Bo , Ren Jian‐Xing , Jin Qiang , Xu Hong‐Jian
Published: April 2012

Absorption experiments of NO2 from simulated flue gas into aqueous (NH4)2SO3 solution were performed in a stirred tank reactor under atmosphere pressure. As can be seen from the experimental results, the absorption rate of NO2 into (NH4)2SO3 solution increases as the (NH4)2SO3 concentration increases from 0.01 to 0.06 mol/L. As the concentration of (NH4)2SO3 solution exceeds 0.06 mol/L, the absorption process becomes gas‐film controlled. And the absorption rate increases with increasing NO2 inlet concentration but decreases with increasing reaction temperature. Compared with Na2SO3 solution, (NH4)2SO3 solution has higher NO2 absorption rate. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 465–469, 2013
Pyrolysis of deinked paper sludge to synthesize adsorbents for elemental Hg vapors
Authors: Almquist Catherine , Qin Na
Published: April 2012

Deinked paper sludge (DPS) was pyrolyzed at 600°C, 750°C, and 900°C in dry nitrogen to synthesize adsorbents. The performance of the pyrolyzed DPS for the gas‐phase adsorption of elemental mercury (Hg0) was investigated, and the performance was compared with that of BPL activated carbon as received (Calgon Carbon Corporation). In addition, the adsorption capacities of pyrolyzed DPS for Hg0 were compared with those published for other activated carbon adsorbents. The physical and chemical properties of pyrolyzed DPS and BPL were characterized to assess their differences, and those differences were used to hypothesize reasons for differences in their adsorption performance for Hg0. Characterization of the adsorbents was conducted using BET surface area, X‐ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analyses, scanning electron microscopy, electron dispersion spectroscopy, and Fourier transform spectroscopy. Pyrolyzed DPS performed better than BPL for Hg0 adsorption, despite the significant difference in surface area (pyrolyzed DPS ∼50 m2/g; BPL 1100 m2/g). Reasons for differences in adsorption performance are likely due to the pore size distribution, presence of and access to surface active sites, and morphology of the pyrolyzed deinked paper sludge compared with BPL. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 524–534, 2013
An Integrative Segmentation Method for Detecting Germline Copy Number Variations in SNP Arrays
Authors: Shi Jianxin , Li Peng
Published: April 2012

Germline copy number variations (CNVs) are a major source of genetic variation in humans. In large‐scale studies of complex diseases, CNVs are usually detected from data generated by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping arrays. In this paper, we develop an integrative segmentation method, SegCNV, for detecting CNVs integrating both log R ratio (LRR) and B allele frequency (BAF). Based on simulation studies, SegCNV had modestly better power to detect deletions and substantially better power to detect duplications compared with circular binary segmentation (CBS) that relies purely on LRRs; and it had better power to detect deletions and a comparable performance to detect duplications compared with PennCNV and QuantiSNP. In two Hapmap subjects with deep sequence data available as a gold standard, SegCNV detected more true short deletions than PennCNV and QuantiSNP. For 21 short duplications validated experimentally in the AGRE dataset, SegCNV, QuantiSNP, and PennCNV detected all of them while CBS detected only three. SegCNV is much faster than the HMM‐based (where HMM is hidden Markov model) methods, taking only several seconds to analyze genome‐wide data for one subject. Genet. Epidemiol. 36:373–383, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhanced hepatocarcinogenesis in mouse models and human hepatocellular carcinoma by coordinate KLF6 depletion and increased messenger RNA splicing
Authors: Vetter Diana , Cohen-Naftaly Michal , Villanueva Augusto , Lee Youngmin A. , Kocabayoglu Peri , Hannivoort Rebekka , Narla Goutham , Llovet Josep M. , Thung Swan N. , Friedman Scott L.
Published: April 2012

KLF6-SV1 (SV1

), the major splice variant of

KLF6

, antagonizes the KLF6 tumor suppressor by an unknown mechanism. Decreased KLF6 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) correlates with increased mortality, but the contribution of increased SV1 is unknown. We sought to define the impact of SV1 on human outcomes and experimental murine hepatocarcinogenesis and to elucidate its mechanism of action. In hepatitis C virus (HCV)-related HCC, an increased ratio of

SV1/KLF6

within the tumor was associated with features of more advanced disease. Six months after a single injection of diethylnitrosamine (DEN),

SV1

hepatocyte transgenic mice developed more histologically advanced tumors, whereas

Klf6

-depleted mice developed bigger tumors compared to the

Klf6

fl(+/+) control mice. Nine months after DEN,

SV1

transgenic mice with

Klf6

depletion had the greatest tumor burden. Primary mouse hepatocytes from both the

SV1

transgenic animals and those with hepatocyte-specific

Klf6

depletion displayed increased DNA synthesis, with an additive effect in hepatocytes harboring both

SV1

overexpression and

Klf6

depletion. Parallel results were obtained by viral SV1 transduction and depletion of Klf6 through adenovirus-Cre infection of primary

Klf6

fl(+/+) hepatocytes. Increased DNA synthesis was due to both enhanced cell proliferation and increased ploidy. Coimmunoprecipitation studies in 293T cells uncovered a direct interaction of transfected

SV1

with

KLF6

. Accelerated KLF6 degradation in the presence of

SV1

was abrogated by the proteasome inhibitor MG132.

Conclusion:

An increased SV1/KLF6 ratio correlates with more aggressive HCC. In mice, an increased SV1/KLF6 ratio, generated either by increasing SV1, decreasing KLF6, or both, accelerates hepatic carcinogenesis. Moreover, SV1 binds directly to KLF6 and accelerates its degradation. These findings represent a novel mechanism underlying the antagonism of tumor suppressor gene function by a splice variant of the same gene. (Hepatology 2012)
Ectopic expression of murine CD47 minimizes macrophage rejection of human hepatocyte xenografts in immunodeficient mice
Authors: Waern Johan M. , Yuan Qinggong , Rüdrich Urda , Becker Pablo D. , Schulze Kai , Strick-Marchand Helene , Huntington Nicholas D. , Zacher Behrend J. , Wursthorn Karsten , DiSanto James P. , Guzman Carlos A. , Manns Michael P. , Ott Michael , Bock Michael
Published: April 2012

Macrophages play an important role in the rejection of xenogeneic cells and therefore represent a major obstacle to generating chimeric mice with human xenografts that are useful tools for basic and preclinical medical research. The signal inhibitory regulatory protein α (SIRPα) receptor is a negative regulator of macrophage phagocytic activity and interacts in a species-specific fashion with its ligand CD47. Furthermore, SIRPα polymorphism in laboratory mouse strains significantly affects the extent of human CD47-mediated toleration of human xenotransplants. Aiming to minimize macrophage activity and thus optimize human cell engraftment in immunodeficient mice, we lentivirally transduced murine CD47 (Cd47) into human liver cells. Human HepG2 liver cells expressing Cd47 were less frequently contacted and phagocytosed by murine RAW264.7 macrophages

in vitro

than their Cd47-negative counterparts. For the generation of human-mouse chimeric livers in immunodeficient BALB-ΔRAG/γc-uPA (urokinase-type plasminogen activator) mice, freshly thawed cryopreserved human hepatocytes were transduced with a lentiviral expression vector for Cd47 using a refined

in vitro

transduction protocol immediately before transplantation.

In vivo

, Cd47-positive human primary hepatocytes were selectively retained following engraftment in immunodeficient mice, leading to at least a doubling of liver repopulation efficiencies.

Conclusion:

We conclude that ectopic expression of murine Cd47 in human hepatocytes selectively favors engraftment upon transplantation into mice, a finding that should have a profound impact on the generation of robust humanized small animal models. Moreover, dominance of ectopically expressed murine Cd47 over endogenous human CD47 should also widen the spectrum of immunodeficient mouse strains suitable for humanization. (Hepatology 2012)
AKR1B10 overexpression in breast cancer: Association with tumor size, lymph node metastasis and patient survival and its potential as a novel serum marker
Authors: Ma Jun , Luo Di‐Xian , Huang Chenfei , Shen Yi , Bu Yiwen , Markwell Stephen , Gao John , Liu Jianghua , Zu Xuyu , Cao Zhe , Gao Zachary , Lu Fengmin , Liao Duan‐Fang , Cao Deliang
Published: April 2012

Aldo‐keto reductase 1B10 (AKR1B10) is a secretory protein that is upregulated with tumorigenic transformation of human mammary epithelial cells. This study demonstrated that AKR1B10 was overexpressed in 20 (71.4%) of 28 ductal carcinomas in situ, 184 (83.6%) of 220 infiltrating carcinomas and 28 (87.5%) of 32 recurrent tumors. AKR1B10 expression in breast cancer was correlated positively with tumor size (p = 0.0012) and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.0123) but inversely with disease‐related survival (p = 0.0120). Univariate (p = 0.0077) and multivariate (p = 0.0192) analyses both suggested that AKR1B10, alone or together with tumor size and node status, is a significant prognostic factor for breast cancer. Silencing of AKR1B10 in BT‐20 human breast cancer cells inhibited cell growth in culture and tumorigenesis in female nude mice. Importantly, AKR1B10 in the serum of breast cancer patients was significantly increased to 15.18 ± 9.08 ng/ml [n = 50; 95% confidence interval (CI), 12.60–17.76], with a high level up to 58.4 ng/ml, compared to 3.34 ± 2.27 ng/ml in healthy donors (n = 60; 95% CI, 2.78–3.90). In these patients, AKR1B10 levels in serum were correlated with its expression in tumors (r = 0.8066; p < 0.0001). Together our data suggests that AKR1B10 is overexpressed in breast cancer and may be a novel prognostic factor and serum marker for this deadly disease.
Prospective study of ultraviolet radiation exposure and risk of cancer in the United States
Authors: Lin Shih‐Wen , Wheeler David C. , Park Yikyung , Cahoon Elizabeth K. , Hollenbeck Albert R. , Freedman D. Michal , Abnet Christian C.
Published: April 2012

Ecologic studies have reported that solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure is associated with cancer; however, little evidence is available from prospective studies. We aimed to assess the association between an objective measure of ambient UVR exposure and risk of total and site‐specific cancer in a large, regionally diverse cohort [450,934 white, non‐Hispanic subjects (50–71 years) in the prospective National Institutes of Health (NIH)‐AARP Diet and Health Study] after accounting for individual‐level confounding risk factors. Estimated erythemal UVR exposure from satellite Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data from NASA was linked to the US Census Bureau 2000 census tract (centroid) of baseline residence for each subject. We used Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for multiple potential confounders to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for quartiles of UVR exposure. Restricted cubic splines examined nonlinear relationships. Over 9 years of follow‐up, UVR exposure was inversely associated with total cancer risk (N = 75,917; highest versus lowest quartile; HR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.95–0.99; p‐trend < 0.001). In site‐specific cancer analyses, UVR exposure was associated with increased melanoma risk (highest versus lowest quartile; HR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.13–1.32; p‐trend < 0.001) and decreased risk of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (HR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.74–0.92) and colon (HR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.82–0.96), squamous cell lung (HR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.75–0.98), pleural (HR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.38–0.84), prostate (HR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.88–0.95), kidney (HR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.73–0.94) and bladder (HR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.81–0.96) cancers (all p‐trend < 0.05). We also found nonlinear associations for some cancer sites, including the thyroid and pancreas. Our results add to mounting evidence for the influential role of UVR exposure on cancer.
Biological Assessment of Water Pollution Using Periphyton Productivity and Standing Crop in the Linggi River, Malaysia
Authors: Nather Khan Ibrahim , Begham M. Firuza
Published: April 2012

Many assessments of water pollution in aquatic ecosystem have focused mainly on physical and chemical characteristics. However, until recently, biological aspects have been given little attention. Although physical and chemical methods of assessing water pollution are relatively simple to interpret, biological assessments have many strong merits. Therefore an attempt was made to use periphyton productivity (in terms of biomass ash‐free dry weight, AFDW) and chlorophyll‐a content (measured from periphyton colonized on glass microscope slides) to assess water pollution in the Linggi river. The Linggi River is a tropical lotic system in the country of Malaysia. As a result of increased nutrient enrichment due to sewage and agro‐industrial wastes, analyses of accumulated periphyton on glass slides showed increased biomass AFDW from an unpolluted upstream reach to the highly polluted downstream reach of the river. In contrast to biomass, the chlorophyll‐a content of the accumulated periphyton was not always directly related to the AFDW of the biomass. Though the highly polluted Station 4 showed high biomass AFDW and chlorophyll‐a, due to increased nutrient enrichment. The chlorophyll‐a values at slightly polluted Station 2 were lower than at the unpolluted Station 1. Meanwhile, the mean chlorophyll‐a content observed in Linggi river was relatively high as compared to previous studies carried out in Malaysia. When the Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated using key chemical parameters linked to organic pollution, there was a significant correlation between chemical parameters, biomass AFDW, and chorophyll‐a. Though the chlorophyll‐a content increased with decreases in the WQI, similar to the biomass AFDW, the chlorophyll‐a values were found to be lower in slightly polluted Station 2 than unpolluted Station 1. Therefore it was not necessary that an increase in the biomass AFDW, due to nutrient enrichment, would always increase the chlorophyll‐a in accumulated periphyton (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Extended acute toxicity study of 188Re‐liposome in Rats
Authors: Chi‐Mou Liu , Chia‐Che Tsai , Chia‐Yu Yu , Wan‐Chi Lee , Chung‐Li Ho , Tsui‐Jung Chang , Chih‐Hsien Chang , Te‐Wei Lee
Published: April 2012

Liposomes can selectively target cancer sites and carry payloads, thereby improving diagnostic and therapeutic effectiveness as well as reducing toxicity. To evaluate therapeutic strategies, it is essential to use animal models reflecting important safety aspects before clinical application. As our previous study found that a high dosage (185 of MBq) of 188Re‐N,N‐bis (2‐mercaptoethyl)‐N’,N’‐diethylethylenediamine‐labeled pegylated liposomes (188Re‐liposome) induced a decrease in white blood cell (WBC) count in Sprague–Dawley rats 7 days postinjection, the objective of the present study was to investigate extended acute radiotoxicity of 188Re‐liposome. Rats were administered via intravenous (i.v.) injection with 188Re‐liposome (185, 55.5 and 18.5 MBq), normal saline as a blank control or non‐radioactive liposome as a vehicle control. Mortality, clinical signs, food consumption, body weights, urinary, biochemical and hematological analyzes were examined. In addition, gross necropsy and histopathological examinations were also performed at the end of the follow‐up period. None of the rats died and no clinical sign was observed during the 28‐day study period. Only male rats receiving 188Re‐liposome at a high dosage (185 MBq) displayed a slight weight loss compared with the control rats. In both male and female rats, the WBC counts of both high‐dose and medium‐dose (55.5 MBq) groups reduced significantly 7 days postinjection, but recovered to the normal range on Study Day 29. There was no significant difference in urinary analyzes, biochemical parameters and histopathological assessments between the 188Re‐liposome‐treated and control groups. The information generated from the present study on extended acute toxicity of 188Re‐liposome will serve as a safety reference for radiopharmaceuticals in early‐phase clinical trials. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cadmium‐induced hepatotoxicity and its abrogation by thymoquinone
Authors: Zafeer Mohammad Faraz , Waseem Mohammad , Chaudhary Shaista , Parvez Suhel
Published: April 2012

Cadmium (Cd2+) causes alteration of the cellular homeostasis and oxidative damage. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible protective role of thymoquinone (TQ), a predominant bioactive component present in black seed oil (Nigella sativa) on the hepatotoxicity of Cd2+ with special reference to its protection against perturbation of nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants. The effect of TQ pretreatment was examined in postnuclear supernatant prepared from liver of Swiss albino mice under in vitro conditions. CdCl2 treatment (5 mM) resulted in a significant increase in antioxidant enzymatic activities. It also caused a significant (p < 0.001) increase in protein carbonyl and reduced glutathione content. Pretreatment with TQ (10 μM) showed a significant protection as manifested by noticed attenuation of protein oxidation and rejuvenation of the depleted antioxidants of cellular fraction. These results strengthen the hypothesis that TQ exerts modulatory influence on the antioxidant defense system on being subjected to toxic insult. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 26:199–205, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.21402
Effect of glycolysis inhibition on mitochondrial function in rat brain
Authors: Cano‐Ramírez D. , Torres‐Vargas C. E. , Guerrero‐Castillo S. , Uribe‐Carvajal S. , Hernández‐Pando R. , Pedraza‐Chaverri J. , Orozco‐Ibarra M.
Published: April 2012

Inhibition of the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase enhances the neural vulnerability to excitotoxicity both in vivo and in vitro through an unknown mechanism possibly related to mitochondrial failure. However, as the effect of glycolysis inhibition on mitochondrial function in brain has not been studied, the aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of glycolysis inhibition induced by iodoacetate on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in brain. Mitochondria were isolated from brain cortex, striatum and cerebellum of rats treated systemically with iodoacetate (25 mg/kg/day for 3 days). Oxygen consumption, ATP synthesis, transmembrane potential, reactive oxygen species production, lipoperoxidation, glutathione levels, and aconitase activity were assessed. Oxygen consumption and aconitase activity decreased in the brain cortex and striatum, showing that glycolysis inhibition did not trigger severe mitochondrial impairment, but a slight mitochondrial malfunction and oxidative stress were present. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 26:206–211, 2012; View this article online atwileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.21404
Therapeutic effects of human adipose stem cell‐conditioned medium on stroke
Authors: Cho Yu Jin , Song Hyeon Suk , Bhang SukHo , Lee Saehyoung , Kang Bong Gu , Lee Jae Chul , An Jaeyeol , Cha Choong Ik , Nam Do‐Hyun , Kim Byung Soo , Joo Kyeung Min
Published: April 2012

Stem cell therapy is a promising approach for stroke. However, low survival rates and potential tumorigenicity of implanted cells could undermine the efficacy of the cell‐based treatment. The use of stem cell‐conditioned medium (CM) may be a feasible approach to overcome these limitations. Especially, specific stem cell culture condition and continuous infusion of CM into ischemic brains would have better therapeutic results. The CM was prepared by culturing human adipose‐derived stem cells in a three‐dimensional spheroid form to increase the secretion of angiogenic/neuroprotective factors. Ischemic stroke was induced by standard middle cerebral artery occlusion methods in the brain of 8‐week‐old Sprague‐Dawley rats. Continuous infusion of CM or αMEM media (0.5 μl/hr) into the lateral ventricle was initiated 8 days after the surgery and maintained for 7 days. Alteration in the motor function was monitored by the rotarod test. Infarction volume and the number of microvessels or TUNEL‐positive neural cells were analyzed 15 days after the surgery. Compared with αMEM, continuous CM infusion reduced the infarction volume and maintained motor function. The number of CD31‐positive microvessels and TUNEL‐positive neural cells significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in the penumbra regions. Although the apoptosis of all neural cell types decreased, reduction in the microglial apoptosis and astrogliosis was prominent and significant. In this study, the therapeutic effects of the CM against stroke were confirmed in an animal model. Increased endothelial cell proliferation, reduced neural cell apoptosis, and milder astrogliosis may play important roles in the treatment effects of CM. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.