bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mongolia: All Quiet on the Western Front
Authors: Sanders Alan J.K.
Published: December 2014

Alicia Campi and her Mongolian co-author Baasan reconstruct a largely unknown historical record indicating that relations between Mongolia and the u.s. might have been established a century ago, had opportunities not been missed and the ‘China question’ not predominated. Ambassador Jonathan Addleton provides an account of the official establishment of u.s.-Mongolian diplomatic relations in January 1987, as perestroika was already eating away at the foundations of the first ‘people’s republic’, and shows how freedom and democracy have flourished there in the era of globalisation. Dierkes and his contributors indicate some of the challenges Mongolians face in adapting the traditional and the modern to their new society.
How drought and deciduousness shape xylem plasticity in three Costa Rican woody plant species
Authors: Scholz Alexander , Stein Anke , Choat Brendan , Jansen Steven
Published: December 2014

This paper explores the phenotypic plasticity of xylem in tropical trees in order to test the hypothesis that different leaf phenological patterns influence levels of xylem plasticity. Wood anatomy was studied in the wet-deciduous species Cordia alliodora (Ruiz & Pav.) Oken, the dry-deciduous species Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC., and the evergreen species Ocotea veraguensis (Meisn.) Mez., collected from seasonally dry forest and tropical cloud forest in Costa Rica. Xylem plasticity and trait conservatism were examined by analysing the coefficient of variation (CV) and the relative distance plasticity index (RDPI) of xylem anatomical traits. The two deciduous species exhibited wider vessels, lower wood density, and higher Huber values than the evergreen species. Furthermore, intervessel connectivity was highest for the two deciduous species in seasonally dry forest compared to cloud forest, whereas the opposite was found for the evergreen species. Overall highest trait variability was found for all plants at the seasonally dry site. The evergreen species O. veraguensis had the highest plasticity values compared to the deciduous species. Highest plasticity was found for vessel composition index (vessel area/vessel number), whilestrongest trait conservatism was found for vessel diameter. In conclusion, our data indicate that evergreen O. veraguensis does not show less xylem plasticity than the two deciduous tree species studied.
The Massaria disease of plane trees:its wood decay mechanism
Authors: Schmitt Uwe , Lüer Benjamin , Dujesiefken Dirk , Koch Gerald
Published: December 2014

Branches of Platanus × hispanica with distinct symptoms of the Massaria disease were investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy and cellular UVmicrospectrophotometry. The samples collected in the city of Mannheim, Germany, were infected in vivo with the fungus Splanchnonema platani and showed various degrees of wood decay. The investigations were focused on the decay pattern of cell walls in the different cells, i.e., fibres, vessels as well as ray and axial parenchyma cells. The following results were obtained. Hyphae of the ascomycete fungus Splanchnonema platani penetrated from cell to cell through the pits and not through the cell wall middle lamella, by the formation of thin perforation hyphae. During this process, the 1–5 μm thick hyphae became narrower without attacking the wall around the pit canal. After penetration through a pit, the hyphae again enlarged to their original diameter. This is true for all pit pairs connecting the various cell types. Late decay stages did not show a decay of cell corner regions and middle lamellae of fibres as well as vessel and parenchyma cell walls. Phenolic deposits in parenchyma cells were still present in severely attacked xylem tissue. These features point to a low lignolytic capacity of the fungus. The frequently found microscopic decay pattern with the formation of oval or spherical cavities in the S2 layer of the secondary wall with an often structurally intact S3 layer is a characteristic of softrot decay. This classification is also supported by the remaining cell corner and middle lamella regions in advanced decay stages. As a consequence of this decay type, branches fracture in a brittle mode.
Five new species of Miconia (Melastomataceae) from the Central Peruvian Andes
Authors: Cardenas Lizeth A , Burke Janelle M , Michelangeli Fabian A
Published: December 2014

We describe five new species of Miconia (Melastomataceae) from Yanachaga Chemillén National Park and vicinity in Pasco, Peru: Miconia cardenasiae, Miconia chemillensis, Miconia humifusa, Miconia odoratissima, and Miconia pozuzoana. These species occur across a range of ecological habitats in the central Andes of Peru. Two of these species exhibit modifications for plant-arthropod interactions as leaf domatia and one of them has hollow stems. The number of previously undescribed species presented here from a relatively small area underscores the continued need for alpha taxonomy in the tropical Andes. Based on restricted distribution and habitat degradation pressure, we recommend that all species be categorized as either Endangered or Critically Endangered under IUCN guidelines.
Codonopsis gongshanica (Campanulaceae), a new species from NW Yunnan based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic analysis
Authors: WANG QIANG , HONG DE-YUAN
Published: December 2014

In the present study, a new species Codonopsis gongshanica is described. This species is endemic to Gaoligong Mountains of NW Yunnan. Codonopsis gongshanica is similar to Codonopsis bhutanica and Codonopsis subsimplex in morphology, but it can be separated from these species by its simple stem, sub-rosulate leaves, short petiole, solitary flower, and diagnostically dark purple ring just below the corolla throat. Our molecular phylogenetic analysis based on chloroplast DNA fragments (atpB, matK, rbcL, petD with petB-petD, and psbA-trnH) shows that the new species is well recognized in our molecular tree, with its taxonomic position revealed.
Nomenclatural entanglements associated with Racomitrium chlorocarpum (Grimmiaceae)
Authors: Bednarek-Ochyra Halina
Published: December 2014

A nomenclatural history of one of the most neglected and misunderstood species Racomitrium chlorocarpum is presented. Valid publication of this species name was incorrectly ascribed to M. Fleischer and R. chlorocarpum of 1904 is merely a younger isonym of R. chlorocarpum Paris of 1897. The species name is lectotypified with a specimen from Tasmania, Australia, deposited in the Hooker herbarium (BM), and an isolectotype is present in the herbarium of W. Mitten (NY). Racomitrium chlorocarpum is a typical representative of the genus Bucklandiella, the largest segregate of the broadly interpreted genus Racomitrium and the relevant transfer to this genus is effected as Bucklandiella chlorocarpa, comb. nov. The diagnostic characters of the species are briefly summarised. This is a hydrophytic species, endemic to Australasia and is known from SE Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand.
Aristolochia xuanlienensis, a new species of Aristolochiaceae from Vietnam
Authors: HUONG NGUYEN THI THANH , HAI DO VAN , QUANG BUI HONG , CUONG NGUYEN THE , KHANG NGUYEN SINH , VU DANG QUOC , MA JIN-SHUANG
Published: December 2014

Aristolochia Linneaus (1753: 960), the largest genus of Aristolochiaceae, consists of about 400 species (Hwang, 1988, Ma, 1989) but most of them are in the New World (Hou, 1984: 53; Huang et al. 2003: 246). It is widely distributed throughout tropics and subtropics but also extends into warm temperate regions. However, the genus is also rich in Asia, particularly in eastern and southern Asia, with more than 70 species (Ma, 1989). In Vietnam, there are 13 species and 1 variety (Ban, 2003, Lecomte, 1910, Ho, 2000, Do et al. 2014). During a field expedition to Thanh Hoa Province, Xuan Lien Nature Reserve, an unknown species of Aristolochia was collected and studied in the Vietnamese Herbaria; in comparison with other species of the genus, particularly the floral and fruit characteristics of those in the nearby area, it became obvious that it indeed represented a species new to science, which we described here.
Lactarius subgenus Russularia (Russulaceae) in South-East Asia: 2. Species with remarkably small basidiocarps
Authors: Wisitrassameewong Komsit , Nuytinck Jorinde , Hampe Felix , Hyde Kevin David , Verbeken Annemieke
Published: December 2014

This paper is the second in a series of biodiversity papers on Lactarius subgenus Russularia in tropical forests of Southeast Asia. This study is based on extensive mycological exploration, especially in Northern Thailand, during the past ten years. In this paper we consider some species that are characterized by remarkably small basidiocarps i.e. with an average pileus diameter that is smaller than 20 mm. One of the most common species in Northern Thailand with dwarf basidiocarps is L. gracilis, originally described from Japan. We introduce the new species L. crenulatulus, L. perparvus and L. glabrigracilis with morphological descriptions and illustrations. Molecular evidence based on the ITS sequence analysis supports the classification and novel status of the taxa. All species are associated with trees belonging to the Fagaceae. These are the first reported collections of small basidiocarps of L. subg. Russularia in Southeast Asia. In our paper we compare these new species with small basidiocarp with similar representatives from Europe and other Asian regions.
Bellevalia pseudolongipes sp. nov. (Asparagaceae): a new species from southeastern Anatolia, Turkey
Authors: KARABACAK OSMAN , YILDIRIM HASAN , MARTİN ESRA
Published: December 2014

Bellevalia pseudolongipes (Asparagaceae) is described and illustrated as a new species from Siirt province in South Eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Diagnostic morphological characters, a full description and detailed illustrations are provided. It is morphologically similar to B. longipes but easily differs in both several morphological characters and chromosome number. The somatic chromosome number was determined as 2n = 12 in B. pseudolongipes.
New findings of Eurycercus Baird, 1843 (Cladocera: Anomopoda) in the Eastern Palaearctic
Authors: BEKKER EUGENIYA I. , NOVICHKOVA ANNA A. , KOTOV ALEXEY A.
Published: December 2014

Information on the cladocerans of Eastern Palaerctic is limited, and remote islands of Arctic and Subarctic in this region are among inadequately studied territories, i.e. due to a very limited access to them. “Nearctic” Eurycercus longirostris is reported here for the first time from Bering Island and Wrangel Island. Also E. macracanthus is found to be common in Kamchatka Peninsula, while previously only a single population was known. We concluded that the Beringian land bridge played, together with glaciation in North America, important role in the evolutionary history of Eurycercus (Eurycercus), as it was earlier demonstrated for other cladocerans and other animals.
A new species of the genus Norops from Darién, Panama, with comments on N. sulcifrons (Cope 1899) (Reptilia, Squamata, Dactyloidae)
Authors: NICHOLSON KIRSTEN E. , KÖHLER GUNTHER
Published: December 2014

We describe the new species Norops triumphalis sp. nov. from Darién, Panama. Norops triumphalis differs from all congeners by having a combination of (1) smooth, bulging, subimbricate ventral scales; (2) a short tail, ratio tail length/SVL 1.54; (3) short hind legs, longest toe of adpressed hind leg reaching to ear opening, ratio shank length/SVL 0.24; (4) a lichenous body pattern; and (5) a very large yellowish orange dewlap in males. In external morphology, N. triumphalis is most similar to the species of the N. pentaprion group. Norops triumphalis differs from the other species in the N. pentaprion group, except N. sulcifrons, by having a very large orange male dewlap (vs. a large red or pink dewlap) and an unpigmented throat lining. Norops triumphalis differs from N. sulcifrons by having the supracaudal scales not forming a serrated crest (vs. a distinct serrated caudal crest present in N. sulcifrons), 4 supracaudal scales per segment (vs. 3 supracaudal scales per segment in N. sulcifrons), greatly enlarged outer postmental scales, about four times the size of adjacent medial scales (vs. moderately enlarged outer postmental scales, about twice the size of adjacent medial scales, in N. sulcifrons), and no enlarged postcloacal scales in males (vs. a pair of moderately enlarged postcloacal scales present in male N. sulcifrons). We further provide a standardized description and illustrations of the holotype of N. sulcifrons.
Geographical distribution of pelagic decapod shrimp in the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: JUDKINS DAVID C.
Published: December 2014

Ninety-one species of pelagic decapod shrimp were identified in 938 midwater-trawl collections taken between 1963 and 1974 from the North and South Atlantic. Distributional maps are provided for the most frequently occurring species. Nighttime abundance of most species was greatest within the upper 200 m. Degree of geographical overlap was estimated using the geometric mean of the proportion of joint occurrences with a value ≥ 0.5 deemed significant. Geographical distributions tended to be unique, and only 31 species had values ≥ 0.5 with one or more other species. Species within genera and within phylogenetic subgroups of Sergia were generally parapatric or partially overlapping in distribution. Five geographical groupings of co-occurring species across genera were identified: Subpolar-Temperate, Southern Hemisphere, Central, Tropical, Eastern Tropical and Western Tropical. The two species of the Southern Hemisphere group are circumpolar at temperate latitudes. The 12 species of the Central group occurred throughout the subtropical and tropical North and South Atlantic. The eight species of the Tropical group occurred broadly across the equatorial Atlantic and Caribbean with ranges usually extending into the Gulf of Mexico and northward in the Gulf Stream. The two species of the Western Tropical group occurred most often in the western tropics, but there were scattered occurrences at subtropical latitudes. The four species of the Eastern Tropical group were endemic to the Mauritanian Upwelling and the Angola-Benguela Frontal zones off western Africa. Two of the three species in the Subpolar-Temperate group had bipolar distributions, and all three occurred in the Mediterranean and in the Mauritanian Upwelling zone. Most Central, Tropical and Western Tropical species were present in the in the Gulf of Mexico. The 10 species from the Mediterranean were a mixture of Subpolar-Temperate, Central and benthopelagic species. Patterns of distribution in Atlantic pelagic decapods closely parallel those of other pelagic taxa, but myctophid fishes from the same collections appear to partition subtropical regions more finely.
Insiders and outsiders in stepfamilies: Adults’ and children’s views on family boundaries
Authors: Castrén Anna-Maija , Widmer Eric D
Published: December 2014

This study examines descriptions of families after separation and re-partnering, with a focus on family boundaries between those considered family and those excluded from it. Adults in stepfamilies may try to maintain a large number of family ties originating from various partnerships, or they may limit the recognition of their family to the members of their new household. Children, on the other hand, are encouraged to maintain contact with both parents and their relatives. Family descriptions of 48 re-partnered mothers residing in Switzerland, as well as their current partners and children, are analysed by focusing on exclusiveness and inclusiveness in written or drawn descriptions. Descriptions collected in family interviews follow a balance of social tensions among interdependent individuals by which responses of children usually match those of their mothers. Mothers’ responses show a high level of exclusiveness, whereas responses of mothers’ partners and children are more balanced between exclusivity and inclusivity. Inclusiveness in families after re-partnering is also connected to conditions such as family structure, mothers’ education and employment.
Transportation disasters, financial crises, and beyond
Authors: Mao Zhifei
Published: December 2014

The purpose of this article is to respond to Ulrich Beck’s (2014) two crucial concepts –metamorphosis and emancipatory catastrophism – by examining the articulation between transportation disasters and financial crises. The article explains why metamorphosis is an ongoing and open process that is unpredictable, unintentional, and inclusive. It also illustrates how dialogical communities of risk, as one of the possible emancipatory side effects of global risk, may weaken due to social organisms and inequality in risk definition.
Predicting Student Success in a Psychological Statistics Course Emphasizing Collaborative Learning
Authors: Gorvine Benjamin J. , Smith H. David
Published: December 2014

This study describes the use of a collaborative learning approach in a psychological statistics course and examines the factors that predict which students benefit most from such an approach in terms of learning outcomes. In a course format with a substantial group work component, 166 students were surveyed on their preference for individual learning, their preference for group learning, and their discomfort with group learning. They were also surveyed about their attitudes toward statistics, including their anxiety about learning statistics, their interest in learning statistics, and their belief in the value of learning statistics. Findings indicated that students reporting a higher preference for group work and lower levels of anxiety about statistics had better learning outcomes as measured by final percentage of total points in the course. We suggest that course instructors utilizing collaborative approaches in their teaching are well served by considering how students’ preexisting attitudes may influence their engagement with the material and final performance in the course.
Using Quizzing to Assist Student Learning in the Classroom
Authors: Nguyen Khuyen , McDaniel Mark A.
Published: December 2014

Recently, the testing effect has received a great deal of attention from researchers and educators who are intrigued by its potential to enhance student learning in the classroom. However, effective incorporation of testing (as a learning tool) merits a close examination of the conditions under which testing can enhance student learning in an authentic classroom setting, where a number of factors may deviate from the laboratory. Based on existing evidence, we highlight several studies that encompass a few of the complexities of using testing to enhance course performance, including situations in which quizzing is beneficial for summative test performance, contexts in which quizzing does not appear to be as beneficial, and instances in which quizzing may actually hamper final test performance.
Institutional embeddedness of market integration: The formation of free trade agreements in 1957–2008
Authors: Park Chan-ung
Published: December 2014

Why do certain pairs of countries establish free trade agreements (FTAs)? Existing studies on FTAs have examined internal attributes of countries such as neoliberalism or the interest of domestic political elites. FTAs as a type of market integration across national borders create high uncertainties in the absence of supra-national political authorities. To explain how countries cope with uncertainties, this article presents the institutional embeddedness argument to explain FTA formation among countries from 1957 to 2008, focusing on the effects of IGO ties and other types of relationships between countries. The findings demonstrate that, controlling for trade and political alliances, IGO ties positively enhance the chance of an FTA. Social and cultural IGOs also promote FTA formation as much as economic IGOs. More importantly, the effect of socio-cultural IGO ties increases as the distance between countries increases. These findings suggest that institutional ties between countries are an important channel for enhancing socio-cultural awareness, affinities, and trust as well as sharing economic and technical information for FTAs as an institutionalization project of market integration between countries.
Public environmental skepticism: A cross-national and multilevel analysis
Authors: Zhou Min
Published: December 2014

Environmental skepticism, defined as doubt about the authenticity or severity of environmental degradation, is common among the general public. This study attempts to identify its social bases, using a large and recent (2010) dataset that covers 45,119 individuals from 32 countries. Using multilevel modeling, it explores both individual-level and country-level influences on public environmental skepticism. The results support four individual-level perspectives (knowledge deficit, cultural orientation, social trust, and competing priority) and their interplay. Environmental skepticism stems from insufficient education and self-assessed environmental knowledge, religious and conservative values, lack of trust in general society and science, and other concerns competing with environmental concern. Moreover, the skepticism-reducing effect of education and self-assessed knowledge is found to be contingent on individuals’ religiosity and political ideologies. Education and self-assessed knowledge are more effective in reducing skepticism among less religious individuals and left-leaning liberals than among religious people and right-leaning conservatives.
Government–Business Partnership Formation for Environmental Improvements
Authors: Lin Haiying
Published: December 2014

This article extends resource dependence theory to systematically explain what types of firms are likely to partner with governments through government–business partnerships (GBPs) to address environmental challenges. Using data from 377 environmental alliances formed between 1985 and 2013, this article empirically assesses firms’ likelihood of choosing GBPs for environmental improvements rather than selection of other cross-sector and interfirm partnership(s). The results suggest that GBPs are likely to form when firms are in vulnerable strategic positions, for example, where their survival substantively relies on receiving government support. GBPs are also likely to form when firms have strong resource or social positions that allow them to leverage governmental power in the development of strategic opportunities related to environmental improvements.
Recent Data and Approaches on the Neolithization of the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: de Lagrán Íñigo García-Martínez
Published: December 2014

This paper discusses recent data on, and approaches to, the Neolithization of the Iberian Peninsula. A brief outline is given of new discoveries and archaeological evidence, together with an analysis of the main sites and their contexts, with special emphasis on Neolithic pioneer communities and the role of the hunters–gatherers in the Neolithization process. The analysis concentrates mainly on pottery, as it accounts for most of the archaeological evidence, although other components of the ‘Neolithic package’ are also considered, such as evidence of agriculture, animal husbandry and other materials. A hypothesis on the Neolithization of Iberia is proposed, as well as a brief summary of alternative ideas and models. This hypothesis explains the Neolithisation of this territory in a specific chronological framework (between 5700–5600 and 5400–5300 BC), where one can assume the existence of Neolithic pioneer communities and the important role played in the spread of the Neolithic across this area by both local Mesolithic groups and colonization processes (leapfrog phenomena).
A prospective evaluation of the contribution of ambient temperatures and transport times on infrared thermometry readings of intravenous fluids utilized in EMS patients
Authors: Joslin Jeremy , Fisher Andrew , Wojcik Susan , Cooney Derek R
Published: December 2014

Background

During cold weather months in much of the country, the temperatures in which prehospital care is delivered creates the potential for inadvertently cool intravenous fluids to be administered to patients during their transport and care by emergency medical services (EMS). There is some potential for patient harm from unintentional infusion of cool intravenous fluids. Prehospital providers in these cold weather environments are likely using fluids that are well below room temperature when prehospital intravenous fluid (IVF) warming techniques are not being employed. It was hypothesized that cold ambient temperatures during winter months in the study location would lead to the inadvertent infusion of cold intravenous fluids during prehospital patient care.

Methods

Trained student research assistants obtained three sequential temperature measurements using an infrared thermometer in a convenience sample of intravenous fluid bags connected to patients arriving via EMS during two consecutive winter seasons (2011 to 2013) at our receiving hospital in Syracuse, New York. Intravenous fluids contained in anything other than a standard polyvinyl chloride bag were not measured and were not included in the study. Outdoor temperature was collected by referencing National Weather Service online data at the time of arrival. Official transport times from the scene to the emergency department (ED) and other demographic data was collected from the EMS provider or their patient care record at the time of EMS interaction.

Results

Twenty-three intravenous fluid bag temperatures were collected and analyzed. Outdoor temperature was significantly related to the temperature of the intravenous fluid being administered, b = 0.69, t(21) = 4.3, p < 0.001. Transport time did not predict the measured intravenous fluid temperatures, b = 0.12, t(20) = 0.55, p < 0.6.

Conclusions

Use of unwarmed intravenous fluid in the prehospital environment during times of cold ambient temperatures can lead to the infusion of cool intravenous fluid and may result in harm to patients. Short transport times do not limit this risk. Emergency departments should not rely on EMS agencies’ use of intravenous fluid warming techniques and should consider replacing EMS intravenous fluids upon ED arrival to ensure patient safety.
β2-adrenergic stress evaluation of coronary endothelial-dependent vasodilator function in mice using 11C-acetate micro-PET imaging of myocardial blood flow and oxidative metabolism
Authors: Croteau Etienne , Renaud Jennifer M , Archer Christine , Klein Ran , DaSilva Jean N , Ruddy Terrence D , Beanlands Rob SB , deKemp Robert A
Published: December 2014

Background

Endothelial dysfunction is associated with vascular risk factors such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes, leading to coronary atherosclerosis. Sympathetic stress using cold-pressor testing (CPT) has been used to measure coronary endothelial function in humans with positron emission tomography (PET) myocardial blood flow (MBF) imaging, but is not practical in small animal models. This study characterized coronary vasomotor function in mice with [11C]acetate micro-PET measurements of nitric-oxide-mediated endothelial flow reserve (EFRNOM) (adrenergic-stress/rest MBF) and myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) using salbutamol β2-adrenergic-activation.

Methods

[11C]acetate PET MBF was performed at rest + salbutamol (SB 0.2, 1.0 μg/kg/min) and norepinephrine (NE 3.2 μg/kg/min) stress to measure an index of MBF response. β-adrenergic specificity of NE was evaluated by pretreatment with α-adrenergic-antagonist phentolamine (PHE), and β2-selectivity was assessed using SB.

Results

Adjusting for changes in heart rate × systolic blood pressure product (RPP), the same stress/rest MBF ratio of 1.4 was measured using low-dose SB and NE in normal mice (equivalent to human CPT response). The MBF response was correlated with changes in MVO2(p = 0.02). Nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-inhibited mice (Ng-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) pretreatment and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) knockout) were used to assess the EFRNOM, in which the low-dose SB- and NE-stress MBF responses were completely blocked (p = 0.02). With high-dose SB-stress, the MBF ratio was reduced by 0.4 following NOS inhibition (p = 0.03).

Conclusions

Low-dose salbutamol β2-adrenergic-stress [11C]acetate micro-PET imaging can be used to measure coronary-specific EFRNOMin mice and may be suitable for assessment of endothelial dysfunction in small animal models of disease and evaluation of new therapies.
Initial pore pressures under the Lusi mud volcano, Indonesia
Authors: Tingay Mark
Published: December 2014

The Lusi mud volcano of East Java, Indonesia, remains one of the most unusual geologic disasters of modern times. Since its sudden birth in 2006, Lusi has erupted continuously, expelling more than 90 million cubic meters of mud that has displaced approximately 40,000 people. This study undertakes the first detailed analysis of the pore pressures immediately prior to the Lusi mud volcano eruption by compiling data from the adjacent (150 m away) Banjar Panji-1 wellbore and undertaking pore pressure prediction from carefully compiled petrophysical data. Wellbore fluid influxes indicate that sequences under Lusi are overpressured from only 350 m depth and follow an approximately lithostat-parallel pore pressure increase through Pleistocene clastic sequences (to 1870 m depth) with pore pressure gradients up to [Formula: see text]. Most unusually, fluid influxes, a major kick, connection gases, elevated background gases, and offset well data confirm that high-magnitude overpressures also exist in the Plio-Pleistocene volcanic sequences (1870 to approximately 2833 m depth) and Miocene (Tuban Formation) carbonates, with pore pressure gradients of [Formula: see text]. The varying geology under the Lusi mud volcano poses a number of challenges for determining overpressure origin and undertaking pore pressure prediction. Overpressures in the fine-grained and rapidly deposited Pleistocene clastics have a petrophysical signature typical of disequilibrium compaction and can be reliably predicted from sonic, resistivity, and drilling exponent data. However, it is difficult to establish the overpressure origin in the low-porosity volcanic sequences and Miocene carbonates. Similarly, the volcanics do not have any clear porosity anomaly, and thus pore pressures in these sequences are greatly underestimated by standard prediction methods. The analysis of preeruption pore pressures underneath the Lusi mud volcano is important for understanding the mechanics, triggering, and longevity of the eruption, as well as providing a valuable example of the unknowns and challenges associated with overpressures in nonclastic rocks.
Making Things Technical: Samuelson at MIT
Authors: Maas Harro
Published: December 2014

This article examines how Samuelson defined his own role as an economist as a technical expert, who walked what he called the “middle of the road” to—seemingly—stay out of the realm of politics. As point of entry I discuss the highly tempting offers made by Theodore M. Schultz in the 1940s to come over to Chicago, which Schultz persistently repeated over three years and despite strong Chicago faculty resistance. A contrast between Schultz’s own experiences as an economic expert at Iowa State, Samuelson’s work as an external consultant for the National Resources Planning Board during the Second World War, and the firm support of the MIT administration for Samuelson’s research serves to pinpoint the meaning of being technical for Samuelson, and the relation of the technical economic expert to the realm of politics.
Decisions and Dynamics: Postwar Theoretical Problems and the MIT Style of Economics
Authors: Thomas William
Published: December 2014

This article examines certain issues in postwar economic theory and compares them with related issues in the nascent fields of cybernetics, industrial dynamics, and operations research. Because all these fields had close connections to MIT, the comparison provides an opportunity to assess to what degree a peculiar MIT “style” of economics, developed particularly by Paul Samuelson and Robert Solow, could be attributed to the MIT context, and to what degree this style developed in dialogue with a larger conversation taking place in and around the American economic profession as a whole. It is concluded that there were significant affinities in theoretical interest running between MIT economics and other fields at MIT, which revolved around the emergence of macro-scale phenomena out of the dynamic interplay of local decision-making processes. However, the methodology through which Samuelson and Solow, in particular, addressed these issues was peculiar to economic discourse.
The Global Virus Network’s testimony on Ebola to the U.S. Senate
Authors: Gallo Robert C.
Published: December 2014

In this Editorial I briefly outline the Global Virus Network’s testimony to the recent U.S. Senate’s “Fighting Ebola and Protecting America” committee hearing.
Moving on up: the HCA workforce development escalator at Kingston University
Authors: Hyatt Francina , Firth Terry
Published: December 2014

Robust continuing professional development for associate practitioners (APs) and healthcare assistants (HCAs) is essential for ensuring excellent care for patients, job satisfaction and career progression. Registered nurse mentors also need know that APs and HCAs have the knowledge and skill to undertake a delegated task safely. The Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education at Kingston University, recently rated top in the NHS Health Education performance ratings in London, is committed to developing APs and HCAs. This article provides APs and HCAs with an overview of the education and training offered at Kingston University, and how this relates to the proposed Care Certificate being piloted by Health Education England, Skills for Care and Skill for Health (2014) .
Delivering the childhood influenza immunisation programme
Authors: Cotton Richard
Published: December 2014

In 2012, the Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) recommended extending the annual influenza programme to include all children aged between 2 and 16 years.

This article provides a review of how the influenza vaccination pilot in secondary schools has been carried out in the author's area of practice, exploring the work required to roll out the programme within a short time frame, looking at the challenges faced, and the opinions of the schools, parents and pupils involved in the pilot.
The latest findings from the Millenium Cohort Study
Authors: Henshaw Pete
Published: December 2014

The latest findings of the Millennium Cohort Study, which is following the lives of children born at the turn of the century, reveal the challenges of modern childhood, including poverty, obesity and fractured families. Despite this, the study finds that children are happy with life, family and their schooling.
Recurrent urinary tract infection in older women
Authors: Nazarko Linda
Published: December 2014

Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat to public health. Every year, GPs prescribe 35 million courses of antibiotics ( Watson, 2013 ), the equivalent of 54.6% of the population being prescribed an antibiotic annually. One of the most commonly treated infections in primary care is urinary tract infection (UTI). Ageing increases the risk of UTI and recurrent urinary tract infection (RUTI) and the need to use long-term antibiotics to prevent RUTI. This article uses a case history approach to explore how RUTIs should be diagnosed and managed, and concludes by discussing the pressing need for specific evidence-based guidelines for UTI in older people, as the population ages and antimicrobial resistance increases.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: What an Educator Needs to Know
Authors: Chaturvedi Amrita , Murdick Nikki L. , Gartin Barbara C.
Published: December 2014

The presence of obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) impairs social, emotional and academic functioning. Individuals with OCD may have co-morbid disorders including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, oppositional defiant disorder, or Tourette syndrome. Challenges occur when students with OCD become a part of the general education classroom. This article provides an overview of OCD and presents information to assist teachers and school staff to successfully meet the needs of students with OCD.
Educational Implications of Costello Syndrome: The Team Approach
Authors: Murdick Nikki L. , Gartin Barbara C.
Published: December 2014

Since the 1990s the number of children with disabilities placed within the general education classroom has steadily increased. Many of these children are provided special education services under the generic disability title “intellectual disability.” Over the past decade, there has been a significant amount of research concerning rare genetic syndromes that result in separating developmental disabilities into categories using similar origins and characteristics. Costello syndrome is one of these rare syndromes. Although information is available to medical practitioners, it has seldom been communicated to educators. The authors have taken the available data and, using a team approach, made recommendations for involving medical and health professionals in educating students with Costello syndrome.
Eight Steps to School-Based Employment Training for Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability
Authors: Hart Barnett Juliet E , Crippen Robert
Published: December 2014

Despite the transition requirements mandated by IDEA, and a growing body of research supporting effective transition planning for learners with autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability, current national surveys of transition from school to work document dismal employment outcomes for adults with significant disabilities who frequently are without employment or are under-employed. Enrollment in vocational or employment-related programs in high schooi improves post secondary employment attainment for students with disabilities. Using a restaurant organized and delivered by students with ASD and ID at their local high school as a model, the following describes eight, research-based, practical steps for teachers seeking to develop and implement high-quality, inclusive employment training programs for their students with disabilities. Implementing these steps will assist teachers in preparing students to assume post-secondary, meaningful integrated employment opportunities that are associated with greater economic self-sufficiency, social and community inclusion, and overall personal life satisfaction.
RADIX ROC: um algoritmo de baixa complexidade para a formação de célula de manufatura
Authors: Georges Marcos Ricardo Rosa
Published: December 2014

O Sistema de Manufatura Celular tem sido amplamente utilizado na indústria como alternativa para o incremento da capacidade de competição. Os benefícios do uso da manufatura celular incluem o aumento da flexibilidade, redução do estoque em processo e redução do tempo total de processamento. O primeiro passo na adoção da manufatura celular nas indústrias é o projeto das células, que é feito a partir de uma análise na matriz de incidência máquina peça. Existem vários algoritmos para realizar a análise desta matriz em busca de agrupamentos que poderão dar origens as células de manufatura. Este artigo propõe um algoritmo de baixa complexidade computacional chamado RADIX ROC. Este algoritmo é baseado no clássico algoritmo ROC (Rank Order Clustering). Uma revisão da literatura sobre o assunto é realizada, assim como uma análise comparativa entre alguns algoritmos, para demonstrar a baixa complexidade do algoritmo proposto.
Análise descritiva de fatores que influenciam resultados econômicos no cluster moveleiro de Bento Gonçalves
Authors: Sellitto Miguel Afonso , Rossato João Paulo , Luzzi Ismael , Pereira Giancarlo Medeiros , Borchardt Miriam
Published: December 2014

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar fatores que influenciam a competitividade das empresas do cluster moveleiro de Bento Gonçalves, no Rio Grande do Sul. Por revisão bibliográfica, identificaram-se quatro fatores que podem influenciar a competitividade em clusters: produtividade da região, inovação, relação com fornecedores e cooperação entre empresas. O método de pesquisa é o estudo de caso único. As técnicas de pesquisa são a revisão bibliográfica, análise documental específica sobre o cluster estudado e entrevistas com especialistas do cluster. As principais conclusões do estudo foram: o cluster tem alta produtividade, principalmente pela maquinaria de alta tecnologia empregada pelas principais empresas; a inovação é permanente e motivada pela imposição, pelas grandes empresas, de metas às pequenas e médias empresas; a relação com fornecedores oligopolizados é problemática pela pouca existência na região da prática de compras coletivas; e a cooperação entre empresas é pequena, pela cultura arraigada na região de depender pouco de recursos que estão fora das empresas. Tais fatores podem ajudar a construir hipóteses de pesquisa para futuros estudos.
Aplicação da programação por metas e análise por envoltória de dados no processo licitatório de embarcações offshore de uma empresa petrolífera
Authors: Silva Francisco , Marins Fernando Augusto Silva , Simões Rider Rodrigues
Published: December 2014

Este artigo tem por objetivo desenvolver e aplicar um modelo GPDEA-CCR da Programação por Metas e Análise por Envoltória de Dados (Goal Programming and Data Envelopment Analysis - GPDEA) para avaliar a eficiência do processo de contratação de embarcações offshore de uma empresa petrolífera. Este problema contempla vários requisitos técnicos, econômicos e legais que são necessários às operações logísticas offshore e já foi tratado por outros autores que adotaram um modelo tradicional da DEA-CCR. Foi abordado um problema real disponível na literatura envolvendo vinte embarcações candidatas à contratação pela empresa que foram consideradas como sendo as Unidades Tomadoras de Decisão (Decision Making Units – DMUs) e, para cada uma delas, foram analisadas sete (7) variáveis, sendo duas (2) variáveis de entrada (inputs) e cinco (5) variáveis de saída (outputs). Os inputs avaliados para cada embarcação foram: o valor do custo diário de afretamento e o consumo de combustível. Os outputs avaliados para cada embarcação foram: a capacidade total de armazenamento de água potável; a capacidade total de armazenamento de óleo diesel; a capacidade total de armazenamento de carga de convés; a potência máxima contínua de propulsão, e a velocidade máxima a ser atingida durante a navegação. Os dois modelos, DEA-CCR e GPDEA-CCR, foram aplicados à mesma base de dados e compararam-se os seus desempenhos quanto à escolha da DMU (embarcação) mais interessante de ser contratada pela empresa. Observou-se que a aplicação da GPDEA permitiu uma melhor discriminação das alternativas analisadas, facilitando a tomada de decisão na contratação das embarcações offshore para uma empresa petrolífera. Foram testados também os conceitos da Fronteira Padrão, da Fronteira Invertida, da Fronteira Composta Normalizada e da Supereficiência para melhorar a discriminação das DMUs por ambos os modelos.
Produção sucroalcooleira: estratégias financeiras e operacionais
Authors: Ribeiro Celma de Oliveira , Oliveira Sydnei Marssal de , Mendes Thiago de Oliveira
Published: December 2014

Este artigo propõe a construção de um modelo de otimização para a definição do  portfólio de produtos de uma usina sucroalcooleira, levando em conta aspectos operacionais e financeiros. Considera-se que a receita obtida por um produtor provém da venda de açúcar e álcool no mercado físico e de resultados obtidos através de operações de hedge no mercado de derivativos de açúcar.  Empregando como medida de risco o CVaR (Conditional Value-at-Risk), o modelo possibilita a construção de uma fronteira eficiente e, de acordo com a tolerância ao risco do produtor, define a estratégia ideal de produção (mix de produção) e de atuação no mercado de derivativos (razão de hedging).  Através do modelo o artigo busca também analisar a vantagem do uso do mercado de opções na construção de estratégias financeiras de hedging em mercados de commodities agrícolas.
Utilização do método monte carlo para avaliação econômica de policultivos de jundiás, carpas e tilápias-do-nilo como uma alternativa de modelo de cultivo de peixes para pequenas propriedades
Authors: Ritter Filipe , Pandolfo Adalberto , Barcellos Leonardo José Gil , Ritter Vanessa Rita dos Santos , Pandolfo Luciana Marcondes , Tagliari Leandro Dóro , Barbacovi Naira Elizabete
Published: December 2014

Com o crescimento da população mundial e o aumento da demanda por alimentos de qualidade e em quantidades suficientes, a aquicultura se encaixa neste contexto como atividade produtora de proteína animal de alta qualidade e em grande quantidade por área utilizada. A produção de peixes em tanques de cultivo já é praticada a mais de cinco décadas no Rio Grande do Sul, e o sistema comumente utilizado é o policultivo de carpas, que consiste na consorciação de diferentes espécies de carpas visando melhorar o rendimento de cada uma e consequentemente obter uma produtividade maior. Porém o policultivo de carpas atualmente utilizado possui baixo nível tecnológico, a produção obtida é considerada pequena e, além disso, ocorre a liberação de água eutrofizada nos corpos naturais d’água ocasionando um desequilíbrio no ambiente aquático natural. Estudos já foram realizados acrescentando o jundiá, ao policultivo tradicional, obtendo com isso bons resultados. Alguns estudos sobre viabilidade econômica foram efetuados, porém com espécies isoladas, ou consorciadas, como é o caso do policultivo de camarões e tilápias-do-nilo. Realizou-se a avaliação do projeto e o método de avaliação na condição de risco para o Método Monte Carlo.  Concluiu-se que a substituição de 25% das carpas por jundiás e tilápias-do-nilo apresenta maior produção de biomassa, parâmetros de efluente com melhor qualidade, e que um investimento em policultivo com vida útil de 25 anos é viável economicamente para uma Taxa Mínima de Atratividade (TMA) de 6,17%.
Gestão da cadeia de suprimento e vantagem competitiva relacional na indústria de calçados
Authors: Viana Fernando Luiz Emerenciano , Barros Neto José de Paula , Añez Miguel Eduardo Moreno
Published: December 2014

Este artigo tem como objetivo geral investigar a contribuição da gestão da cadeia de suprimento para a obtenção de vantagem competitiva por empresas da indústria de calçados, com foco principal na análise das relações interorganizacionais. Utilizou-se para tal um modelo de análise desenvolvido por Viana (2010), cujo principal suporte teórico é dado pela visão relacional (DYER; SINGH, 1998). Trata-se de um estudo de casos múltiplos interpretativo, englobando duas empresas do setor calçadista que atuam no Ceará, em cuja análise de dados foi aplicado o método das comparações constantes, com o auxílio do software Atlas/ti. Em linhas gerais, percebeu-se que nos relacionamentos das empresas com seus fornecedores predomina o regime de parceria e são aplicados os principais pressupostos da gestão da cadeia de suprimento, o que contribui para a obtenção de vantagem competitiva relacional. Nas relações das empresas com o Governo e as instituições de fomento, os incentivos fiscais constituem o principal recurso acessado, os quais contribuem para a obtenção de vantagem competitiva temporária em relação aos concorrentes que não possuem instalações produtivas no Nordeste, bem como levam à situação de paridade competitiva em relação aos concorrentes que possuem instalações produtivas na Região Nordeste a aos concorrentes no mercado externo.