bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparing Depth Sizing of Complex Field SCC (NNpH and High pH) Between ILI, NDT and Laboratory Methods
Authors: Gamboa Erwin , Hazeltine Alex , Cano Diego , Cornejo Alan
Published: December 2024

Through-wall morphology of high-pH SCC (HpH SCC) cracks and near-neutral-pH SCC (NNpH SCC) cracks tend to be distinctly different due to the different driving mechanisms. NNpH SCC cracks tend to be dozens (if not hundreds) of micrometers wide throughout the whole crack depth, whereas HpH SCC cracks are much tighter, narrowing down to almost sub-micrometer width at the crack tip. Both types of cracks can display varying degrees of branching, and in the case of HpH SCC, some cracks can grow at angles inclined away from the perpendicular (i.e., away from the through-wall direction). All of these morphological complexities present great challenges for in-line inspection (ILI) tools (including those based on electromagnetic acoustic induced technology [EMAT]) for the purposes of detecting and sizing such complex anomalies.

Recent EMAT inspections of operating 22″ and 24″ gas pipelines (API5L X52, both built in 1960) found NNpH and HpH SCC, respectively. Samples from each pipeline were cut out. Then, artificial EDM notches were machined into them and reinspected by EMAT pull-tests, with selected “natural” SCC and “artificial” EDM anomalies analysed further by PAUT and precise destructive (metallographic) methods. This paper presents the results of the comparison of assessed depths between the three methods, encompassing artificial EDM flaws as well as “natural” NNpH SCC and complex (inclined angle) HpH SCC anomalies.
Improvement of ILI Sizing Accuracy for Problematic Corrosion Profiles: A PRCI/PHMSA Project
Authors: Cazenave Pablo , Jimenez Katina , Krishnamurthy Ravi , Shall Zoe
Published: December 2024

In March 2019, the United States Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) issued a Research Announcement to improve the detection capability and sizing accuracy of In-Line Inspection (ILI) systems for various types of anomalies. The objective is to focus on those anomalies that represent the most significant risk threats to the safe operation of pipeline systems and also reduce the number of excavations required for integrity management.

Pipeline Research Council International (PRCI) Project NDE-4-19 was created in December 2019 as part of this initiative. The multi-phased PHMSA-PRCI-Blade Energy project aimed to conduct a collaborative study involving pipeline operators, ILI Technology Providers (TPs), subject matter experts, and consultants to quantitatively measure and improve the detection and sizing capabilities of current ILI systems for challenging and problematic corrosion features.

A data-driven approach was devised, which factually identified problematic corrosion shapes and profiles by reviewing recent Root-Cause-Analysis (RCA) reports of corrosion-related pipeline failures that had previously been inline inspected. This information was used to design and construct an ILI corrosion test string containing complex features with similar profiles. All such profiles were then documented using the best possible Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) techniques.

Three participating ILI TPs proposed appropriate inspection tools based on their knowledge of the string containing complex corrosion features.

A series of blind pull-through tests of the ILI systems were conducted, and the participating ILI TPs delivered standard ILI reports for performance evaluation. The ILI TPs received detailed feedback identifying the detection and sizing gaps. They were given a limited subset sample of detailed 3D corrosion profile data to identify potential sources of detection and sizing improvement.

A second series of ILI tests were performed, and the changes in detection capability and sizing accuracy were analyzed and quantified for each problematic corrosion profile, identifying the improvements and the remaining gaps.

The results and findings of this 3.5-year-long project are presented in this article.
Assessment of Pipeline Damages Caused by Ship Anchor-Chain Drag Incidents
Authors: Arumugam Udayasankar , Krishna Shree , Milligan Ryan , Krishnamurthy Ravi
Published: December 2024

Offshore pipelines are at increased risk of damage from dropped objects such as anchors, chains, and dumped rock debris from fishing or other activities. Depending on the complexity of vessel movements and the duration, it can lead to varying magnitudes of global and local damage to the pipeline. Pipeline global damage includes buckling and pipeline bending, which leads to a high tensile stress/strain state that could cause girth weld failure. The local damage is often formed by contact between the anchor/chain and pipe, causing pipe crushing, dents, buckle/wrinkles, gouges, cracks, or a combination of these, which could trigger immediate or delayed failures. Sometimes, vortex-induced vibration (VIV) may occur at the displaced pipe (free-span) segment, which requires evaluation and mitigation. Sub-sea pipeline damage could involve environmental consequences such as a spill, asset loss, and possibly even casualty. For this reason, relevant investigations should include realistic engineering assessments and, if possible, mitigate prior to consequential damages.

A comprehensive assessment methodology was developed here and is presented in some detail. The ductile failure damage methodology has been applied to dent assessments in pipelines, thermal fatigue, and expandables. However, the application of this to large displacement problems, such as anchor drag, is novel. Further, this is the only approach that uses plasticity and does not use a fracture mechanics parameter. Some key assessment elements include understanding global pipeline displacement, material properties, local damage assessment using the plastic strain limit damage model such as the Ductile Failure Damage Indicator (DFDI), local stresses and strains, and fatigue analysis utilizing the actual operational pressure fluctuation data. One anchor-chain drag incident was modeled, and the observations were predicted through finite element modeling and analysis (FEA). The methodology was verified using full-scale testing of the local dent damage. The results from two different anchor drags are discussed in this paper.
Experimental Studies of Compression and Impact Behaviours of Traditional Versus Alternative Polymer Support Materials for Pipelines
Authors: Gadala Ibrahim M. , Beauregard Yannick , Martens Michael
Published: December 2024

Non-metallic materials such as polymers and woods are commonly used as pipeline supports to distribute loads and dissipate mechanical vibrations. Neoprene is a synthetic rubber material widely used for these purposes but is softer than other common polymer materials such as Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMW) or Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). It is also generally less available and more expensive than natural materials like woods. Because there is an apparent lack of data on the compressive and impact resistance behaviors of pipe support materials, dedicated experiments were conducted on Neoprene, UHMW, Polyethylene (PE), PTFE, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), Polyurethane (PU), and wood samples in this study. The influences of several factors such as temperature, layering, strain rate, and vibration frequency were evaluated. Understanding the differences in mechanical behaviour of these materials is important for pipeline design and stress calculations/simulations.

For compression tests, a 10″ (25.4 cm) diameter conical shaped custom compression platen was designed and analyzed numerically with Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to ensure it met specific weight, maximum deflection, and alignment requirements. These custom platens were fabricated for the experiments from 1018 steel case-hardened for durability and stiffness. For impact experiments, a 12″ (30.5 cm) diameter pipe was set up on a supporting bracket with isolation liners (test materials) sandwiched between the pipe and the support and between the pipe and the bracket. Accelerometer sensors were installed on the pipe and underneath the two support legs of the assembly. Transfer functions on the pipe wall and underneath left and right support legs were measured when impacted using a calibrated force hammer.

Compression tests under monotonic loading showed that PTFE was the stiffest material tested at maximum load, approximately 18% stiffer than Neoprene. Layering had an insignificant effect on the final compressive strain values at the maximum compressive load. However, between 10–100 MPa (1.45 ksi – 14.5 ksi) during the compression stroke, the stiffness of the overall sample is ∼10% lower with more than one layer. Impact tests revealed that PVC and Neoprene materials were more effective than PU in dampening the vibration response in the lower frequency range up to 700 Hz and higher frequency vibrations in the range 1000 Hz through 2000 Hz. None of the tested materials were effective in dampening the pipe vibrations excited in the range between 700 Hz and 1000 Hz.
A Comparison of Wavelet Transform-Based and Fourier Transform-Based Denoising Methods for Strain-Based Pipeline Dent Assessments
Authors: Lin Junxiong , Zhou Wenxing
Published: December 2024

Dents are a common type of mechanical damage on buried steel pipelines resulting from external interference such as excavation activities near the pipeline right of way and rock impact. The strain-based dent assessment using dent signals obtained from inline caliper tools is commonly employed in practice to identify critical dents for mitigation. However, the strains evaluated using the dent signals are sensitive to noises contained in signal. Developing an effective denoising method is therefore crucial to the strain-based dent assessment. This paper compares the effectiveness of the wavelet transform- and Fourier transform-based denoising methods for dent signals. Three-dimensional elasto-plastic finite element analysis (FEA) is employed to simulate indentation scenarios on an unpressurized X60 pipeline segment with an outside diameter of 609.6 mm and a wall thickness of 7.6 mm. The FEA-simulated dent geometry is then employed to generate both noise-free and noisy dent signals by simulating the measuring process of a caliper tool with representative longitudinal and circumferential sampling resolutions. The noisy dent signals are obtained by adding Gaussian white noises to the noise-free signals. The wavelet transform- and Fourier transform-based denoising methods are applied to the generated noisy signals. The dent strains are evaluated using the denoised signals; furthermore, the true dent strains are evaluated using the noise-free signals. The effectiveness and practicality of the two denoising methods are evaluated and compared by comparing the root mean squared error and accuracy of the dent strains obtained from the denoised signals. Based on the analysis results, recommendations are provided regarding the suitable denoising method for practical strain-based dent assessment.
Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) Management Program for Onshore Pipelines
Authors: Tehsin Nauman , Al-Rabeeah Mohammed A. , Alghamdi Abdullah S. , Al-Hashem Murtadah A. , Aljama Mohammed F.
Published: December 2024

Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) on buried pipelines results from simultaneous presence of tensile stress, corrosive environment, and material that is susceptible to SCC. In-Line-Inspection (ILI) using smart tools have been effective in the industry for locating and sizing SCC on pipelines. However, there are some inherent limitations in ILI tools, therefore pipeline operators must develop a comprehensive SCC Integrity Management plan.

Saudi Aramco operates a combined pipeline network of approximately 26,000 kilometers in length. A significant number of Saudi Aramco pipelines were built prior to 1980 with tape coated pipelines, thereby increasing the pipeline network susceptibility to SCC. Saudi Aramco initiated the inspection of these vintage pipelines using Ultrasonic Crack Detection In-Line-Inspection (UTCD ILI) tools and Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer ILI (EMAT ILI) tools respectively to detect the presence of Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC). In-Line-Inspection (ILI) results from a total of 21 pipelines showed presence of SCC. These cracks were later verified through direct assessment results. ASME B31.8S provides a criterion for gauging the severity of SCC by comparing the ratio between failure pressure and maximum allowable operating pressure (MAOP). This paper will cover details of the SCC integrity management planning including but not limited to the pre-validation SCC control and mitigation measures and post-inspection SCC mitigation measure.
An Operator’s Experience of Managing the Hard Spot Threat
Authors: Vervake Gary , Bag Debartha , Kindel Sam , Shabarchin Oleg , Bolf Brady
Published: December 2024

Hard Spots are a recognized pipe manufacturing threat classified under ASME B31.8S for managing system integrity of Natural Gas (NG) transmission pipelines. Hard spots with sufficiently high hardness properties may be susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement and hydrogen stress cracking (HSC). Enbridge experience of managing Hard Spot threat through a Hard Spot ILI program is discussed in this paper. Enbridge has run roughly 2500 miles of Hard Spot tool in its US and Canadian transmission pipelines. Overall tool performance is discussed for both baseline from the perspective of initial Hard Spot callouts and subsequent in-the ditch validation of Hard Spot features. ILI reported Hard Spot features, feature confirmation in the ditch, and subsequent metallurgical laboratory assessment, has been discussed for Enbridge’s gas transmission system. Tool performance has been discussed leveraging Enbridge’s vast mileage of Hard Spot data using API 1163 unity plot methodology comparing tool called features and in-the-ditch and laboratory validation data. Finally, Enbridge’s Bellhole inspection and repair protocol has been discussed specific to related digs for managing the Hard Spot threat.
Leak Detection Using Pressure Transmitters for Pipeline Networks Carrying Multi-Phase Fluids
Authors: Roxas Michael , Girard Matthew , Gunasekaran Prakash , Mokamati Satya
Published: December 2024

With increasing environmental concerns, regulatory and CSA Z662-23 standard requirements [1], leak detection in all pipelines has become a top priority for the energy industry in recent years. Real time leak detection on the upstream pipeline gathering networks carrying emulsions from oil wells to separation facilities is very challenging due to the presence of multiple fluid phases in the pipelines. Due to the unavailability of minimum required instrumentation, SCADA/telemetry on the gathering pipeline network and operational complexity, conventional leak detection methods such as volume balance or real time transient modeling are not possible to implement on these pipelines. In addition, the cost-effectiveness of these technologies doesn’t make it economically feasible to implement them. In this paper, an approach to monitor the emulsion pipeline networks for leak detection using a pressure-based machine learning algorithm is presented. The machine learning-based algorithm uses the pressure data from the beginning and end points of the network to form a closed system that supports creating a decision on whether there is a leak within the pipeline or not.

This paper will demonstrate that with pressure transmitters at the beginning and end points of the pipeline network carrying emulsions, it is feasible to monitor the state of the emulsion pipelines and measure its effectiveness using leak sensitivity, algorithm reliability and robustness during abnormal and degraded operating conditions as the key metrics. The paper will delve into the intricacies of high-frequency data transmission IoT devices to a private cloud system, which plays a pivotal role in continuously monitoring pipeline networks for leaks. The application of this algorithm will be shown for three different pipeline networks with each pipeline containing fluids that have different phase compositions. The paper describes the performance of this algorithm for incidents ranging from small leaks equivalent to a quarter inch leak hole and a full-bore pipeline rupture, which equates to a loss of volume approximately equal to 5–50% of the nominal pipeline flow rate.
Experimental and Statistical Analyses of the Tribological and Weathering Behaviors of Pipeline Support Materials
Authors: Gadala Ibrahim M. , Beauregard Yannick , Martens Michael
Published: December 2024

Polymers such as Neoprene, Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or Ultra-high-molecular-weight (UHMW) polyethylene (PE) are typically used as an intermediary layer between the pipeline or piping structures and rigid ground supports. Neoprene is a commonly used support material but suffers from water accumulation problems and subsequent corrosion of the pipe surfaces in contact with it. Although alternative materials are available, there is a lack of comprehensive data on their friction behaviors with various pipe surface conditions, or their weathering behavior in common environmental conditions. Therefore, in this study friction experiments were conducted on various material/surface combinations, and weathering experiments were conducted on common support materials in relevant environmental conditions. Friction results show that material combinations with Neoprene have the highest static coefficient of friction (CoF), on average. In contrast, combinations with PTFE or in some cases UHMW-PE have the lowest static CoF behaviors, on average. The results of this study are important as inputs in pipeline structural design calculations and vibrational studies or dynamic loading simulations. Comparisons of the performance of various pipe support materials is also useful for high-level material selection and screening purposes.
Mechanical Response and Deformation Behavior of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Buried Steel Pipeline Under Reverse Fault
Authors: Kong Tianwei , Liu Xiaoben , Huang Wei , Zhang Dong , Shi Ning , Wang Hao , Zhang Hong
Published: December 2024

In order to investigate the effect of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (CFRP) on the mechanical response and deformation behavior of buried pipeline under reverse fault, numerical simulation model of carbon fiber reinforced buried steel pipeline under three-dimensional reverse fault is established. The effects of different factors, such as CFRP wrapping thickness, CFRP wrapping length and CFRP wrapping angle on the mechanical response of the pipelines were studied. The results show that with the increase of fault displacement, the structural instability of the pipeline without CFRP wrapping first occurs in the hanging. The ability of the pipeline to resist fault displacement can be greatly improved by wrapping just 10mm thick CFRP. The wrap length has a great influence on the buckling position of the pipeline. The smaller wrap angle is more conducive to increasing the ability of the pipeline to resist fault displacement. For the actual pipeline through the reverse fault, CFRP should be conducted near the fault plane to prevent buckling, the wrap thickness is recommended to be 20mm, the wrap length is recommended to be greater than 30m at both ends of the fault plane, and the wrap angle is recommended to be 15 °.
Local Buckling Failure Analysis of Large-Diameter Steel Pipe With Geometrical Imperfection: A Full Scale Experimental and Numerical Study
Authors: Yu Jiaying , Liu Xiaoben , Wang Yanbing , Zhang Dong , Sun Chao , Chen Pengchao , Zhang Hong , Wang Hao
Published: December 2024

The analysis of local buckling behaviors in urban heated water steel pipelines currently relies on empirical formulas derived from axial buckling load principles within elastic thin shell theory.* There is a pressing need to explore more rational elastoplastic failure criteria for pipelines subjected to temperature loads and to propose improved methods for designing anti-buckling wall thickness. In this study, we investigate the local buckling behavior of large-diameter steel pipelines with geometric imperfections under axial compressive loads through a combination of full-scale experiments and numerical simulations. Utilizing a validated numerical algorithm for shell buckling analysis, we develop a refined three-dimensional numerical model integrating solid elements to simulate soil and shell elements to represent the pipeline. This model enables the examination of local buckling behavior in buried pipelines with initial geometric imperfections under temperature loads. Through a parametric 3D numerical model, we systematically explore the quantitative impacts of pipeline geometry parameters (such as pipe diameter and wall thickness), initial imperfection size (including defect width and out-of-straightness), and in-service loads (such as internal pressure and temperature) on the thermal buckling behavior of buried pipelines. We propose empirical formulas to predict peak plastic strain and deformation in the pipe. The findings presented herein furnish theoretical underpinnings for wall thickness design and safety assessment of buried large-diameter steel pipes.
Strain Demand Prediction Model of Buried Pipeline Subjected to Tectonic Fault Displacement Via Deep Learning Models
Authors: Fu Mengkai , Zhang Hong , Zhang Dong , Shao Jia , Bai Luyao , Chen Pengchao , Wang Hao , Liu Xiaoben
Published: December 2024

The geological hazard such as strike-slip fault is one of the primary threats to the integrity and the safety of in-service pipeline in China, which triggers ground movement leading to the large-scale deformation and serious tensile and compressive failure on pipeline which will cause serious economic and social disruptions, so it is significant to carry out the precise pipeline mechanical response for effective assessments of safety status prediction. Therefore, the accurate numerical simulation of pipeline crossing geological hazards area is established based on the finite element method software ABAQUS with the consideration of the elastoplastic property of high-grade X80 pipe steel. With the combination of ABAQUS and Python, the pipeline under different working condition such as pipeline geometric dimensioning, soil surface movement, pipeline inner pressure and soil type was formulated and the maximum strain of pipeline database for machine learning and deep learning models’ training and validation dataset was formed according to the database above. Base on this database, models including the Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Categorical Boosting (CatBoost) and improved Residual Neural Network (ResNet) model were trained and validated. The results show that the finite element-deep learning conjoint analysis method has the significant advantages of high prediction accuracy. This research serves as a valuable reference and useful guide for the safety state analysis of pipeline under geological hazard.
Numerical Analysis of Cold Bending of Pipelines
Authors: Eskandari Farzad , Kenny Shawn , Fatemi Ali , Martens Michael
Published: December 2024

Cold bends are used to accommodate directional changes in the pipe horizontal alignment or vertical profile. Industry standards and current engineering practice provide guidance on the fabrication of cold bends. There is no explicit constraint on the location of the longitudinal seam weld, in relation to the neutral axis of the bending plane, provided the pipe is greater than 305 mm in diameter with a D/t ratio less than 70. Improved understanding on the influence of the seam weld and bend angle on the pipe mechanical deformation, stress and strain response is needed. The outcomes from this study can be used to inform the critical parameters influencing the cold bending of longitudinal seam welded pipe.
Notes on Piona (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Pionidae) tritonymph moulting from a temperate system in Mexico
Authors: Lucia Montes-Ortiz , Ingrid García-Gómez , Manuel Elías-Gutiérrez
Published: December 2024

N/A
Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) parasitizing free-ranging armadillos (Cingulata: Chlamyphoridae) and humans in Chaco province, Argentina
Authors: Lamattina Daniela , Nava Santiago , Vaschalde Paula J. , Sebastian Patrick S. , Di Blanco Yamil E. , Arrabal Juan P. , Monje Lucas , Vanderhoeven Ezequiel A.
Published: December 2024

N/A
“It’s a Reflection of How I Feel Inside. . . of How I’m Looking Outside”: Racialized Young Women Athletes’ Descriptions of Body Self-Compassion in Canada
Authors: Eke Abimbola O. , Erlandson Marta C. , Humbert M. Louise , Martin Stephanie L. , Ferguson Leah J.
Published: December 2024

Body self-compassion, a kind and nonjudgmental attitude toward the body, may be beneficial for racialized young women athletes in sport. Researchers have found that women athletes may experience body image pressures that may lead to being preoccupied with their bodies’ form and function. This could be heightened for racialized young women because of their unique bodies and the pressures to fit a majority nonracialized body ideal. Thus, a compassionate approach to the body may be particularly important to cultivating positive sport experiences for racialized young women athletes. The purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to explore how racialized young women athletes in Canada describe their experiences of body self-compassion. Eight racialized young women athletes (Mage = 16.63 years, SD = 1.19) engaged in two semistructured one-on-one interviews and reflexive photography. A reflexive thematic analysis was conducted, and three themes were generated: (a) representing my racialized body compassionately and authentically, (b) learning to treat my racialized body with compassion, and (c) understanding the attitudes and emotions about my racialized body. Despite the challenges related to having unique bodies in sport for racialized young women athletes, body self-compassion might foster resilience and body acceptance through developing a more adaptive and compassionate relationship with the body. The experiences of the racialized young women athletes emphasize the importance of promoting body self-compassion in sport, which could potentially pave the way for more inclusive and accepting environments for all athletes.
Effects of Aerobic and Resistance Exercises on Sleep Quality and Fatigue in Women With Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Randomized Controlled Comparative Trial
Authors: Elgayar Saher Lotfy , Youssef Tarek M.
Published: December 2024

This trial sought to compare the effects of aerobic and resistance exercises on sleep quality, fatigue, depression, exercise capacity, and quality of life among women with rheumatoid arthritis. Seventy-eight women with rheumatoid arthritis were randomly allocated into three equalized groups: aerobic training (AT), resistance training (RT), and nonexercising control group. For 12 weeks, exercises were conducted three times a week at moderate intensities. Outcome measures included Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index for sleep quality, Bristol Rheumatoid Arthritis Fatigue Multi-Dimensional Questionnaire for fatigue, Beck Depression Inventory II for depression, time to exhaustion for exercise capacity, and the 12-Item Short Form Health Survey components of physical component score and mental component score for quality of life. Comparatively to the baseline and the group of no exercises, the AT and RT groups exhibited substantial improvements in all outcomes by trial completion (p < .05). In addition, no notable variations were found between the AT and RT groups regarding Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Bristol Rheumatoid Arthritis Fatigue Multi-Dimensional Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory II, physical component score, and mental component score (p > .05). The AT group, however, revealed greater significant increases in time to exhaustion than the RT group (53.19% vs. 15.44%, p = .001). All outcome indicators showed no statistically significant changes in the nonexercising group (p > .05). For women with rheumatoid arthritis, AT could be similarly beneficial as RT for improving sleep quality, fatigue, depression, and quality of life. Nevertheless, AT could have greater gains on exercise capacity in such women.
Mid-infrared photodetection with 2D metal halide perovskites at ambient temperature
Authors: Li Yanyan , Li Shunran , Chen Du , Kocoj Conrad A. , Yang Ankun , Diroll Benjamin T. , Guo Peijun
Published: December 2024

The detection of mid-infrared (MIR) light is technologically important for applications such as night vision, imaging, sensing, and thermal metrology. Traditional MIR photodetectors either require cryogenic cooling or have sophisticated device structures involving complex nanofabrication. Here, we conceive spectrally tunable MIR detection by using two-dimensional metal halide perovskites (2D-MHPs) as the critical building block. Leveraging the ultralow cross-plane thermal conductivity and strong temperature-dependent excitonic resonances of 2D-MHPs, we demonstrate ambient-temperature, all-optical detection of MIR light with sensitivity down to 1 nanowatt per square micrometer, using plastic substrates. Through the adoption of membrane-based structures and a photonic enhancement strategy unique to our all-optical detection modality, we further improved the sensitivity to sub–10 picowatt-per-square-micrometer levels. The detection covers the mid-wave infrared regime from 2 to 4.5 micrometers and extends to the long-wave infrared wavelength at 10.6 micrometers, with wavelength-independent sensitivity response. Our work opens a pathway to alternative types of solution-processable, long-wavelength thermal detectors for molecular sensing, environmental monitoring, and thermal imaging.
Targeted nanoliposomes to improve enzyme replacement therapy of Fabry disease
Authors: Tomsen-Melero Judit , Moltó-Abad Marc , Merlo-Mas Josep , Díaz-Riascos Zamira V. , Cristóbal-Lecina Edgar , Soldevila Andreu , Altendorfer-Kroath Thomas , Danino Dganit , Ionita Inbal , Pedersen Jan Skov , Snelling Lyndsey , Clay Hazel , Carreño Aida , Corchero José L. , Pulido Daniel , Casas Josefina , Veciana Jaume , Simó Schwartz Jr.  , Sala Santi , Font Albert , Birngruber Thomas , Royo Miriam , Córdoba Alba , Ventosa Nora , Abasolo Ibane , González-Mira Elisabet
Published: December 2024

The central nervous system represents a major target tissue for therapeutic approach of numerous lysosomal storage disorders. Fabry disease arises from the lack or dysfunction of the lysosomal alpha-galactosidase A (GLA) enzyme, resulting in substrate accumulation and multisystemic clinical manifestations. Current enzyme replacement therapies (ERTs) face limited effectiveness due to poor enzyme biodistribution in target tissues and inability to reach the brain. We present an innovative drug delivery strategy centered on a peptide-targeted nanoliposomal formulation, designated as nanoGLA, engineered to selectively deliver a recombinant human GLA (rhGLA) to target tissues. In a Fabry mouse model, nanoGLA demonstrated improved efficacy, inducing a notable reduction in Gb3 deposits in contrast to non-nanoformulated GLA, even in the brain, highlighting the potential of the nanoGLA to address both systemic and cerebrovascular manifestations of Fabry disease. The EMA has granted the Orphan Drug Designation to this product, underscoring the potential clinical superiority of nanoGLA over authorized ERTs and encouraging to advance it toward clinical translation.
Gradient polaritonic surface with space-variant switchable light-matter interactions in 2D moiré superlattices
Authors: Dai Zhen-Bing , Fan Hua , Semenenko Vyacheslav , Lv Xinyu , Wen Lu , Zhang Zhen , Fang Shijie , Perebeinos Vasili , Zhao Yue , Li Zhiqiang
Published: December 2024

Polaritons in two-dimensional (2D) materials provide unique opportunities for controlling light at nanoscales. Tailoring these polaritons via gradient polaritonic surfaces with space-variant response can enable versatile light-matter interaction platforms with advanced functionalities. However, experimental progress has been hampered by the optical losses and poor light confinement of conventionally used artificial nanostructures. Here, we demonstrate natural gradient polaritonic surfaces based on superlattices of solitons—localized structural deformations—in a prototypical moiré system, twisted bilayer graphene on boron nitride. We demonstrate on-off switching and continuous modulation of local polariton-soliton interactions, which results from marked modifications of topological and conventional soliton states through variation of local strain direction. Furthermore, we reveal the capability of these structures to spatially modify the near-field profile, phase, and propagation direction of polaritons in record-small footprints, enabling generation and electrical switching of directional polaritons. Our findings open up new avenues toward nanoscale manipulation of light-matter interactions and spatial polariton engineering through gradient moiré superlattices.
Computational and digital analyses in the INSPIRE mouse cohort to define sex-specific functional determinants of biological aging
Authors: Santin Yohan , Chiesa Mattia , Alfonso Amélie , Doghri Yosra , Kang Ryeonshi , Haidar Fraha , Oreja-Fuentes Pilar , Fousset Occiane , Zahreddine Rana , Guardia Mégane , Lemmel Lucas , Rigamonti Mara , Rosati Giorgio , Florian Cédrick , Gauzin Sébastien , Guyonnet Sophie , Rolland Yves , de Souto Barreto Philipe , Vellas Bruno , Guiard Bruno , Parini Angelo
Published: December 2024

Biological age, which reflects the physiological state of an individual, offers a better predictive value than chronological age for age-related diseases and mortality. Nonetheless, determining accurate functional features of biological age remains challenging due to the multifactorial nature of aging. Here, we established a unique mouse cohort comprising 1576 male and female outbred SWISS mice subjected or not to high-fat, high-sucrose diet to investigate multiorgan/system biological aging throughout adulthood. Comprehensive functional and biological phenotyping at ages of 6, 12, 18, and 24 months revealed notable sex-specific disparities in longitudinal locomotion patterns and multifunctional aging parameters. Topological data analysis enabled the identification of functionally similar mouse clusters irrespective of chronological age. Moreover, our study pinpointed critical functional markers of biological aging such as muscle function, anxiety characteristics, urinary patterns, reticulocyte maturation, cardiac remodeling and function, and metabolic alterations, underscoring muscle function as an early indicator of biological age in male mice.
Asparagine availability controls germinal center B cell homeostasis
Authors: Yazicioglu Yavuz F. , Marin Eros , Andrew Hana F. , Bentkowska Karolina , Johnstone Julia C. , Mitchell Robert , Wong Zhi Yi , Zec Kristina , Fergusson Joannah , Borsa Mariana , Raza Iwan G. A. , Attar Moustafa , Ali Mohammad , Kronsteiner Barbara , Furlani Izadora L. , MacRae James I. , Devine Michael J. , Coles Mark , Buckley Christopher D. , Dunachie Susanna J. , Clarke Alexander J.
Published: December 2024

The rapid proliferation of germinal center (GC) B cells requires metabolic reprogramming to meet energy demands, yet these metabolic processes are poorly understood. By integrating metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling of GC B cells, we identified that asparagine (Asn) metabolism was highly up-regulated and essential for B cell function. Asparagine synthetase (ASNS) was up-regulated after B cell activation through the integrated stress response sensor GCN2. Conditional deletion of
Asns
in B cells impaired survival and proliferation in low Asn conditions. Removal of environmental Asn by asparaginase or dietary restriction compromised the GC reaction, impairing affinity maturation and the humoral response to influenza infection. Furthermore, metabolic adaptation to the absence of Asn required ASNS, and oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial homeostasis, and synthesis of nucleotides were particularly sensitive to Asn deprivation. These findings demonstrate that Asn metabolism acts as a key regulator of B cell function and GC homeostasis.
Sequence and cyclostratigraphic analysis of Paleocene carbonate sediments in the Chicxulub impact crater: Implications for sea level change and climate dynamics
Authors: O’Malley Katherine , De Vleeschouwer David , Lowery Christopher M. , Gulick Sean P.S. , Whalen Michael T.
Published: December 2024

The early Paleogene represents a greenhouse Earth experiencing large-scale global environmental changes after the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction. Understanding climate and ocean dynamics during this recovery phase is challenging due to the scarcity of continuous, carbonate-rich sedimentary records. The Paleocene interval of International Ocean Discovery Program−International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (IODP-ICDP) Site M0077 from within the Chicxulub crater provides such an archive. Sequence and cyclostratigraphic analyses reveal condensed and rhythmic bedding, transitioning between marl or argillaceous wackestone and foraminiferal packstones. These 5−33-cm-thick cycles document low-amplitude sea-level changes or local environmental shifts in the Chicxulub basin associated with sea level. The cycles exhibit retrogradational, progradational, or aggradational facies stacking patterns, indicative of transgressive, highstand, and shelf margin systems tracts. Progradational packages align with global sea-level events, suggesting a eustatic driver. Cyclostratigraphy on the sediments’ color reflectance reveals 10 cm and 20 cm periodicities, interpreted as 41 k.y. obliquity and 100 k.y. eccentricity signatures. These climate-driven cycles resemble Paleogene hyperthermals, intensifying the hydrologic cycle and erosion of fine-grained siliciclastic sediments in the Chicxulub hinterland. Thereby, hyperthermals correspond to marl or argillaceous wackestone facies. Moreover, sequence boundaries tend to correspond to minima in the 1.2 m.y. obliquity modulation cycle. This longer-term astronomical control on sea level and climate offers insights into potential drivers of eustatic sea-level change in the Paleocene greenhouse world. The phase relationship between sea level and the 1.2 m.y. obliquity cycle indicates increased water storage in continental reservoirs during periods of astronomically suppressed seasonality (i.e., 1.2 m.y. obliquity minima). Thus, the carbonate sedimentological study of the Paleocene Chicxulub sequences provides unique insights into both local and global environmental dynamics.
Concept of a Convex on-Chip Metalens as a Miniature Sensor of Fluorescence of Single Molecules
Authors: Shuklin F. A. , Barulina E. Yu. , Novikov S. M. , Chernov A. I. , Barulin A. V.
Published: December 2024

Fluorescence spectroscopy of single molecules is of fundamental significance to determine a small amount of matter and to study molecular dynamic processes. However, the applications of this method in medicine require new solutions for the miniaturization of a sensor planform. The most promising direction in this area seems to be the development of photonic integrated circuits with a high molecule detection efficiency in a volume of about cubic micron. In this work, a concept of a dielectric metalens on a waveguide, which has a high efficiency of the focusing/collection of radiation from an aqueous solution, has been presented. The structure of the metalens with a numerical aperture of above 1.1 operating in the optical range near the fluorescence maximum of the Alexa Fluor 647 dye has been simulated. After the calculation of the molecule detection efficiency, diffusion autocorrelation functions of Alexa Fluor 647 molecules have been calculated to characterize the possibility of measuring the brightness, as well as the number and dynamics of single molecules in the focal volume of the metalens. This concept provides the foundation for the development of future sensors of single molecules as biomedical and environment screening tools.
Reversible Transition between Topologically Equivalent States in a Chiral Liquid Crystal with Negative Dielectric Anisotropy
Authors: Simdyankin I. V. , Geivandov A. R. , Palto S. P.
Published: December 2024

In a layer of a chiral liquid crystal with negative dielectric anisotropy and the thickness d corresponding to the second Grandjean zone ($$3{{p}_{0}}{\text{/}}4 < d < 5{{p}_{0}}{\text{/}}4$$, where $${{p}_{0}}$$ is the natural helical pitch) under the action of a planar electric field, an orientational transition occurs from the ground state twisted by the angle $$2\pi $$ to a topologically equivalent untwisted state (0 state). Although the 0 state is metastable and long-lived, it can rapidly be transformed back to the $$2\pi $$ state by an electric field pulse of a comparatively small amplitude. The direct transition to the 0 state is induced by the interaction of the electric field with negative dielectric anisotropy, while the rapid reverse transition can be attributed to the flexoelectric interaction.
Ultrashort Pulses in the Structural Analysis of Diamond Layers with NV Centers
Authors: Makarov D. N. , Eseev M. K. , Gusarevich E. S. , Makarova K. A. , Borisov M. S.
Published: December 2024

The X-ray diffraction analysis is one of the main methods to determine the structure of crystalline materials using both cw X rays and ultrashort pulses. Ultrashort pulses are usually utilized to observe dynamic processes in atomic and molecular systems. In this work, it has been shown that ultrashort pulses can have another important application in the determination of the interplanar distance between diamond layers with NV centers, which can be separated by only several angstroms. The obtained results can be extended to more complex structures and can be finally developed to a new three-dimensional tomography method with angstrom resolution.
Round ligament fibroid presenting as a huge pedunculated vulvar tumour
Authors: Ishak Muhammad Hafiz , Jeffrey Mohamad Jeremi , Ramli Roziana , Abd Kadir Nor Jumizah
Published: December 2024

A woman in her early 20s presented with a huge pedunculated tumour of the vulva which had progressively increased in size over the course of 10 years. Clinical examination revealed a pedunculated solid mass arising from the right labia majora measuring 15×15 cm. CT scan showed a multilobulated mass arising from the right round ligament suggestive of an extrauterine fibroid. Tumour excision, vulvoplasty and inguinal repair were performed, and histopathological examination confirmed fibroid of lipoleiomyoma variant. This article reports a rare case of round ligament fibroid presenting as a huge pedunculated vulvar tumour.
Implications of health professionals’ awareness and involvement in oropharyngeal dysphagia management on inpatient outcomes in a National Hospital in Kenya: a case study
Authors: Ndiema Dalphine Chebet , Abuom Tom O , Matthew Karia
Published: December 2024

Introduction

The complex, multifaceted nature of oropharyngeal dysphagia calls for all health professionals to be aware and involved in its management. Drawing on the WHO’s Interprofessional Collaboration model, this study assessed the implications of health professionals’ awareness and involvement in the management of oropharyngeal dysphagia among inpatients in the acute care facility of a national (level-six) hospital in Kenya. The research questions were (1) what roles do health professionals play in the management of oropharyngeal dysphagia among adult inpatients in the acute care facility of a Kenyan national hospital? (2) what implications do health professionals’ awareness and involvement in oropharyngeal dysphagia management have on the outcomes of inpatients in the acute care facility of a Kenyan national hospital diagnosed with this condition?

Methods

This study adopted a cross-sectional, descriptive design. Data collection involved semistructured interviews with 15 health professionals handling dysphagia inpatients in the facility. The resulting data were transcribed verbatim, analysed thematically and presented through narrations.

Results

The analysis revealed that health professionals perform several oropharyngeal dysphagia management roles that fall into two broad complementary categories: those contributing directly to oropharyngeal dysphagia management and those supporting patients with the condition. However, some participants were uncertain of their roles in dysphagia management. The analysis also identified several potential implications of health professionals’ awareness/non-awareness and involvement/non-involvement in oropharyngeal dysphagia management. The implications were grouped into three themes: patient outcomes, professionalism and the healthcare system.

Conclusions

Increased involvement of all health professionals in the facility in oropharyngeal dysphagia management may result in improved patient outcomes and professionalism. As a recommendation, the hospital’s management should implement programmes emphasising holistic collaboration among health professionals working in its acute care facility to facilitate oropharyngeal dysphagia management and enhance patient outcomes.
Household fuel use and severe asthma symptoms among preschool children in Gauteng province, South Africa: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Bhuda Mandla , Wichmann Janine , Shirinde Joyce
Published: December 2024

Background

Household air pollution continues to be a major public health hazard due to the continued use of household fuel sources. Globally, approximately 4 million people die prematurely each year due to exposure to household air pollution sources. Children are more susceptible to health effects associated with air pollution because their immune systems and lungs are not fully developed.

Objective

The objective of the study was to investigate the association between household fuel use and current severe asthma symptoms among preschool children in Gauteng province, South Africa.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality in Gauteng province, South Africa. A total of 1844 parents and guardians of preschool children completed the modified International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire. However, a total of four questionnaires were discarded due to incorrect completion. Therefore, a total of 1840 questionnaires were included in the data analysis. Data were analysed using multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results

The prevalence of current severe asthma symptoms was 15.4%. The use of gas for cooking or heating significantly increased the likelihood of current severe asthma symptoms among preschool children (OR=3.20;95% CI 2.08 to 4.91; p<0.001). The use of open fire sources (paraffin, wood or coal) increased the likelihood of severe asthma symptoms among preschool children by 87% (95% CI 0.98 to 3.55; p=0.057).

Conclusion

The study observed that using gas and open fire sources for cooking or heating was associated with current severe asthma symptoms among preschool children in Gauteng, South Africa. Household air quality regulations should be developed to mitigate child exposure to household air pollution in the study setting.