bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electronic Government Adoption in Pakistan
Authors: Haider Zulfiqar , Shuwen Chen
Published: November 2015

The fundamental factor that creates barrier in the deployment of e-services in the government sector of Pakistan is a critic issue. These barriers are in both demand side as well as supply side of e-Government. As the technology is moving towards innovation, the governments all around the world are transforming their public administrations from conventional methods to new innovative methods. Electronic services are beneficial for citizens and government alike due to cost and time saving, simplification of the procedures, transparency in the governance processes and improvement of office management. Pakistan first took the initiative to incorporate e-Government services in the year 2002. The analysis of e-Government in Pakistan should be conducted through perspective of both parties. The supply-side perspective of the government is one side of the depiction that includes infrastructure, policies, employees behavior, skills etc. And, the demand-side depiction is the people's perspective regarding the deployment of Information Communication Technology (ICT) and users willingness. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model will provide the most preeminent insight in the demand side of e-Government in Pakistan. The government of Pakistan can incorporate the demand side factors side of e-Government services in developing countries like Pakistan.
E-Government in Vietnam
Authors: Khanh Ngo Tan Vu , Danh Ma Thanh , Gim Gwangyong
Published: November 2015

Electronic government (e-government) has established as an effective mechanism for increasing government productivity and efficiency and a key enabler of citizen- centric services. Despite the considerable investment of the Government of Vietnam in e-government, the outcomes of it are still far below the expectation. This paper aims also to assess the current situation of e-government in Vietnam and to investigate the reasons for the modest results of it. Different indicator groups for the measurement of e-government will be applied to access the status of each dimension of e-government as well as the overall performance of e-government in general. The challenges and issues of implementing e-Government systems will also be relevant to implementing ICTs to build systems to support e-governance.
Research on the Influence of Geometry and Positioning on Laser Sintered Parts
Authors: Launhardt Martin , Fischer Christopher , Drummer Dietmar
Published: November 2015

In contrary to the traditional injection molding process, the selective laser sintering process offers a nearly unlimited freedom of design. However, the dimensional accuracy of an SLS part is significantly influenced by the process, the material and its design. In order to achieve high accuracy, the parts need to be repositioned, parameters readjusted and parts consistently rebuilt in an iterative process. In industry this process leads to enormous consumption of process time and polymer powder.Increased dimensional inaccuracy is often caused by the accumulation of polymer melt and the resulting shrinkage effects. Thus, highly accurate SLS parts can be manufactured using three dimensional, filigree structures in order to replace volumetric part sections. In this paper, the potential of using 3D-structures, for enhancing SLS parts’ accuracy is shown. Thus, influencing parameters, such as positioning, scale, process time and geometry feature are systematically varied. Additionally the effect of adjacently positioned parts influencing the dimensional accuracy shall be investigated.
Automated Pattern Recognition in Load Profiles of Milling Operations
Authors: Reger Arnim , Westermann Hans Henrik , Aires Ana Paula
Published: November 2015

Due to the introduction of an energy management system, a lot of existing manufacturing plants were equipped with energy measurement systems. With sufficient sample rates those retrofitted energy measuring systems could provide additional information beside active power and energy consumption. Each production plant is characterized by a process and product specific power consumption with an associated power signal. In this paper a method to determine the information content in power signals of milling operations is discussed. By using the cross correlation function and hidden markov models (HMM) for operation recognition and automatic derivation of energy key performance indicators (EnPI) can be realized. In addition, further production related key performance indicators (KPI) can be derived with pattern recognition in load and current profiles.
The Least Energy Demand Method as Metric to Describe the Relative Energy Efficiency of a Product Based on its Manufacturing
Authors: Kreitlein Sven , Kupfer Isabel , Scholz Michael , Franke Jörg
Published: November 2015

This paper presents a calculation system for evaluating the energy efficiency of a product regarding its production. In order to evaluate the energy efficiency of the manufacturing of a product value-adding processes as well as auxiliary processes are taken into account. Furthermore, the energy consumption of the periphery, in total is included. Since the total value-added chain of a product usually is not located at only one company, the energy efficiency of the manufacturing of the bought-in parts must also be included. In a last step, the plant specific energy efficiency at the product level based on all plants that produce the observed product can be determined. The basic target is a comparability of the energy efficiency across products by derivation of significant KPI’s. The basis to derive possible saving potentials is he relative energy efficiency (REE), which is the quotient of the minimal energy demand and actually measured consumption. For this, it is required that the actually measured energy consumption is based on an independent basis of comparison. This is assured by the stepped least energy demand method, for a product, based on the process-related perspective level of the bottom-up approach.
Evaluation of Model Based Predictive Control Algorithms for Fractional Horse Power Drives
Authors: Blank Matthias , Wendel Sebastian , Loehdefink Philipp , Dietz Armin
Published: November 2015

Model based predictive control is a new promising control method in the field of powerelectronics and electrical drives. The main advantages of MPC are simplicity and intuitiveness of thecontrol method. Constraints and nonlinearities of the system can easily be included, which makes thelinearisation of the system unnecessary. By using MPC it is possible to avoid the cascaded structureof common linear control methods and to gain a fast dynamic performance. A disadvantage is theneed to calculate the optimal actuating variable multiple times in every single sampling cycle leadsto a huge requirement of computational power. So far the computational requirement was the greatestbarrier for the practical application of model based predictive control in the field of power electronicsand electrical drive systems. In addition the small time constants of fractional horse power drivescomplicate the application of predictive control algorithms. In this paper, the feasibility of hardwareimplementation of a cost function based Finite Control Set MPC (FCS-MPC) algorithm for directspeed control of fractional horse power drives is explored. The cost function allows to address variouscontrol goals like dynamics of transitions and energy efficiency – an advantage linear conventionalcontrol methods cannot offer. Hitherto there are very few publications for direct predictive speed. Thepresented approach for direct predictive speed control includes a finite number of possible switchingstates of the converter. This considers the discrete nature of power converters and avoids the need formodulation. The basic principle of the control method is presented and the performance is demonstratedby simulations and experimental results for an industrial brushed type DC-motor.
Simulation-Based Optimization of the Energy Consumption in the Hardening Process for Calcium Silicate Masonry Units
Authors: Donhauser Toni , Ehrhardt Jens , Rackow Tobias , Franke Jörg , Schuderer Peter
Published: November 2015

Owing to a high cost pressure and the need for a reduction of carbon dioxide emissions for manufacturing calcium silicate masonry units (CS), the CS-industry strives to cut the energy consumption. The most energy consuming process step is the autoclaving. About 87% of the energy is required for this particular process step, where the green bodies are steam-hardened at 200°C.For reducing the energy consumption, most of the alternatives aim at optimizing the complete manufacturing process. In this paper, the focus is put on an optimized loading process for the autoclaves, in consideration of preceding and subsequent process steps. For this purpose, a simulation model is developed, where different strategies of loading are implemented and tested. This model can be used to find optimally scheduled assignments of production orders to the available autoclaves, based on the volume of each manufactured product.The analysis of the tested strategies shows, that it is possible to save up to almost 9 % of the required energy for autoclaving by an optimized assignment of the available autoclaves.
Smart Factory Meets Smart Grid: Cyber-Physical Compressed Air Systems Enable Demand Side Management in Industrial Environments
Authors: Boehm Ralf , Bürner Johannes , Franke Jörg
Published: November 2015

In electric energy systems based on renewable generation plants supply and demand often do not occur in the same period of time. Consequently demand side management is gaining importance whereby decentralized automation offers opportunities in industrial environments. Compressed air systems on industrial plants consist of air compressors, compressed air reservoirs and compressed air lines. With suitable dimensioning those industrial compressed-air systems can be used for demand side management purpose. As power consumption of industrial air compressors ranges between a few and several hundred kilowatts each, swarms of communicatively connected air compressors can contribute to the stabilization of power grids. To avoid costly production downtime it is to ensure, that a reliable, non-disruptive supply of compressed air can be maintained at all time. Industrial compressed air systems equipped with automation technology and artificial intelligence, which hereinafter are referred to as Cyber-Physical Compressed Air Systems (CPCAS), allow new business models for utilities, industrial enterprises, compressor manufacturers and service providers. In addition to basic operating parameters like current air pressure and status, those systems can process further information and create, for example, profiles on compressed air consumption over time. By enriching those profiles with data on pressure, volumes, system restrictions and current production requirements (plans), the CPCAS can identify the available potential for demand side management. Ipso facto predictive power on electricity consumption is increasing. By providing the information obtained to the power company or a service provider, savings in electricity costs may be achieved. Expenses within the industrial company may be lowered further as compliance with agreed load limits is being improved by automatic shutdown of air compressors upon reaching the load limit. Within this article the structure of the aforementioned Cyber-Physical Compressed Air Systems is presented in more detail, relations between the major actors are being shown and possible business models are being introduced.
Energy Efficiency and Productivity Optimization of Industrial Cleaning Equipment
Authors: Kübler Frank , Uhlemann Thomas H.J. , Dill Justus , Steinhilper Rolf
Published: November 2015

Advanced cleanliness requirements in production are forcing industrial companies to include new cleaning processes into their manufacturing process. Complex cleaning operation procedures can lower process productivity and at the same time are responsible for substantial parts of the overall energy consumption. An optimization of cleaning processes with respect to cleaning duration, energy consumption and efficiency can therefore contribute to cost reduction significantly. This article presents a procedure for real data based assessment of industrial cleaning equipment. Based upon the resulting information of the procedure, productivity ratios and energy consumptions can be determined up to individual cleaning components. This creates the required transparency to derive customized production and energy efficiency optimization measures.
Green Energy Management Portal – Knowledge and Project Management for Energy Efficiency Projects
Authors: Brandmeier Markus , Rummler Kerstin , Brossog Matthias , Franke Jörg
Published: November 2015

Due to increasing cost pressure and competition on the market resource and energy efficient production is inevitable. Energy efficiency projects address this issue through identifying and unleashing energy saving potentials. Green Factory BAVARIA as an institute-spanning research cooperation generates numerous innovative solutions for energy efficiency enhancement in the manufacturing industry through its research projects. Furthermore a great range of energy efficiency measures yet exist. However, when introducing or developing measures for energy efficiency optimization, there is a lack of systematic knowledge and project management, especially in academic research projects. Systematic project management has been established in industry for several years. There are numerous successful examples given in product development as well as in event preparation or reorganization projects. Thus the implementation of systematic project management in universities is essential, precisely because there often is a close cooperation with the industry in particular in the technical and scientific fields. The more widespread the cross-links between the universities are and the more cooperation partners are involved, the more urgent project management tools are required. In this paper we introduce Green Energy Management Portal, a communication and collaboration platform providing both methods and workflows for conducting research projects on energy efficiency as well as a knowledge base for energy efficiency measures. Therefore Green Factory BAVARIA is able to meet its aspiration for transferring knowledge about energy efficiency into industry and thus contributes to a greener Bavarian economy.
Scenario Based Method to Increase the Flexibility of Energy Use in Production Systems
Authors: Unterberger Eric , Glasschröder Johannes , Reinhart Gunther
Published: November 2015

The paper presents a method to increase the energy flexibility of production systems, establishing a tool to increase the energy flexibility by using the scenario technique. First of all barriers and possible modifications to influence the energy consumption have to be identified. Afterwards, measures can be designed order to address these obstacles. Impacts of the energy conduct on the material flow and production performance indicators will be investigated. These results are necessary for investment decisions for future production plants.
The Preparation of Sol-Si/Direct Dye and Application in the Dyeing of Cotton Woven Fabric
Authors: Li Xiang , Li Xiao Lei , Luo Ya Xiong , Jiang Hui Yu
Published: November 2015

Water silicon sol was prepared in this paper using sol-gel technology, which tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) was used as precursor. And the sol-Si/direct dye was prepared by doping dyes into sol-Si, then the sol-Si/direct dye was used to dye cotton woven fabric. The particle sizes of sol-Si and sol-Si/direct dye, the effects of sol-Si dosage, electrolyte dosage on the dyeing performance of sol-Si/direct dye were discussed. It showed that the particle sizes was really stable and under the influence of sol-Si the fastness were improved evidently, and the K/S value can be able to meet the requirements.
Application of Synergetic Protease Catalytic System in Wool Treatment
Authors: Yin Xiu Mei , Liu Jian Yong , Yao Jin Bo , Liu Yan Bo , Wang Le
Published: November 2015

Abstract: A novel enzymatic processing with the characteristic of applying protease and a proposed activator simultaneously was suggested in the present study for the purpose of producing high quality wool top. Experiments results showed there existed a synergistic effect between the protease and its activator on restricting enzyme hydrolyzing function on the outer layer of wool fiber and removing scale effectively, compared with using protease and activator separately. It was observed that 75%-80% content of activator was consumed while almost no enzyme consumed in the integrative enzyme catalysis system. Furthermore, after the proposed protease treatment, relative test showed the felting ball density decreased by 50% and averaged fiber diameter decreased by 1.393μm, with the tension retention more than 80%, and elongation at break maintaining more than 73% in comparison with the untreated one, implying desired slenderization and improvement of felting behavior of wool fiber
Hydrophilic Finishing of Polyester Fiber with Finishing Agents Based on Poly(γ-glutamic acid)
Authors: Hua Jia Chuan , Li Zheng , Xia Wen , Gong Ji Xian , Zhang Jian Fei , Qiao Chang Sheng
Published: November 2015

The work is aimed to investigate the suitability of poly (γ-glutamic acid) (γ-PGA) for the hydrophilic finishing of polyester fiber. γ-PGA hydrogel was successfully synthesized by a simple mixture process in the aqueous solution. A novel hydrophilic finishing agent was prepared by γ-PGA hydrogel. The rheology behavior study indicated that γ-PGA solution and hydrophilic finishing agent performed pseudoplastic fluid and approximately Newtonian behavior, respectively. The particle diameter determined that particles in hydrophilic finishing agent reached micro-nanograde. Furthermore, polyester fiber was treated with γ-PGA solution and hydrophilic finishing agent. Moisture regain was evaluated as a key performance, results shown the hydrophilicity of polyester fiber was greatly enhanced by γ-PGA finishing.
Improving the Adhesion between High-Performance Polyester Fabric Processed by Cold Plasma Technology and Silicone
Authors: Zhang Lei , Zhan Zhu , Zhou Xiao Hong
Published: November 2015

To improve the adhesion between high-performance polyester fabric and silicone, the cold plasma technology was employed in this paper. And the process was optimized through orthogonal test. The changes in the surface morphology of high-performance polyester fabric processed by cold plasma technology were observed. And the mechanical property of the silicone layered with the fabric was also measured. The optimum process for increasing the roughness of the fiber surface but keeping its strength are 3min of treatment time, 80W of power output and 30Pa of gas pressure. The strength and the modulus of the silicone layered with the fabric processed by cold plasma technology can be increased by 8.61% and12.03%.
Numerical Simulation Flow and Temperature Fields of Fiber Air Dispersion System
Authors: Zhang Meng , Zhou Xiao Hong
Published: November 2015

Fiber air dispersion system (FADS) is an advanced flexible ventilation terminal in ventilated areas. Its benefits are numerous, which are air diffusion without feeling, anti-condensation, easy cleaning and low cost etc. The technology of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used in this paper. At first, a physical model of the environment conditioned by FADS was built. Then, the both field of temperature and flow in the environment was simulated. The boundary conditions and parameters was measured and calculated. Finally, the numerical results were verified by comparing with the experiment data to confirm the reliability of the model. Meanwhile, by using the indoor air evaluation standard, FADS was confirmed to provide a more comfortable environment and better air quality.
Synthesis and Characterization of Core-Shell Thermo-Responsive Microgels with Linear Transition Behavior
Authors: Guan Shu Lin , Fan Na , Zhong Qi , Wang Ji Ping
Published: November 2015

Thermo-responsive microgels with core-shell structure were prepared by free radical emulsion polymerization. The core of microgels was consisted of poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM), while the shell was consisted of poly (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (POEGMA300). In order to compare the transition behavior of the core-shell microgels with the microgels consisted of one thermo-responsive microgel, PNIPAM and POEGMA300 microgels were prepared. PNIPAM exhibits a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of 32 °C, and the LCST of POEGMA300 is approximately 63 °C. The thermo-responsive microgel behavior was measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). It is observed that both of PNIPAM and POEGMA300 microgels show a thermo-responsive ability. The particle size significantly drops when the temperature passes LCST. Moreover the particle size of the thermo-responsive microgels with core (PNIPAM)-shell (POEGMA300) structure shows a linear transition behavior when the temperature is between 50 °C and 70 °C.
Growth of Nano-ZnO Particles in Cotton Fiber Interiors by In Situ Reaction
Authors: Dong Wei Gou , Cui Qi , Wang Shu Dong
Published: November 2015

ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized directly onto the surfaces, lumina, and cell walls of the cotton fibers at low temperature. Studies showed that the nanoZnO particles grown in cell walls of cotton fibers were globose particles with diameters around 40 nm, but those existing on the surfaces of cotton fibers were hexagonal sheeted crystalline solids and had higher crystallinity. Furthermore, UV-blocking characterization and the fastness to washing of the treated cotton fabrics were estimated. The results showed the treated fabrics provided an excellent UV protection factor rating of 50+ , and exhibited a high fastness to washing because nanoZnO particles were assembled in fibrous interiors .
CO2 Desorption by Hydrophilic PTFE Hollow Fiber Membranes via a Membrane Flash Process
Authors: Lv Peng Peng , Wang Feng , Guo Yu Hai , Tang Hong Yan
Published: November 2015

In this study, hydrophilic PTFE hollow fiber membranes were prepared and applied for CO2 desorption via a membrane flash process, which is a new CO2 desorption process by utilizing waste thermal energy. The methyldiethanolamine was selected as the absorbent. Effects of the flashing temperature, flashing pressure, rich solution flow rate and MDEA concentration on CO2 release ratio and CO2 desorption flux were deeply investigated. The results show that flashing temperature is positive to the CO2 release ratio and CO2 desorption flux. However, the flashing pressure, rich solution flow rate and MDEA concentration are negative to the CO2 release ratio and CO2 desorption flux.
Regeneration of the Absorbent by the PTFE Hollow Fiber Membranes Using Vacuum Membrane Regeneration Technology
Authors: Wang Kun , Wang Feng , Guo Yu Hai , Tang Hong Yan , Zhang Hua Peng
Published: November 2015

The polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) hollow fiber membranes were prepared through a cold pressing method including paste extruding, stretching and sintering in this study. Membrane vacuum regeneration technology (MVR) was developed as a novel regeneration technology for regeneration of the absorbent. The membrane structures of the PTFE hollow fiber membranes were investigated. The mixture of N-methyldiethanolamine and piperazine was selected as the absorbent. The PTFE hollow fiber membranes were used for regeneration through vacuum membrane regeneration technology. The CO2 regeneration flux and regeneration ratio increased with the increase of the regeneration temperature and the CO2 loading. The regeneration pressure was negative to the regeneration flux and regeneration ratio. When the flow rate of the rich solution increased, the regeneration ratio decreased and CO2 regeneration flux increased significantly.
The Research Development of Tubular Textile Composites Application on the Trenchless Pipeline Inversion Lining Rehabilitation Technology
Authors: Luo Kai , Zhang Shu Jie , Wang Rui , Si Xiang Ping , Han Xu
Published: November 2015

Tubular Textile Composites Lines in the Internal of Damaged Pipeline by the Trenchless Pipeline Inversion Lining Rehabilitation Technology,in the Form of “pipe in Pipe”for the Repair of Damaged Pipeline. Meanwhile, this Technology Uses Trench-Less Pipeline Repairing Technology and Process to Instead of Full Excavation for Replacing New Pipe , which is Not only Economic but Also Environmental Protection, Meeting the Demands of Modern Urban Development. in this Paper, it’s Mainly Uses a Variety of Trenchless Pipeline Inversion Lining Rehabilitation Technology to Describe Tubular Textile Composite Raw Materials, and to Compare its Molding Methods and Performance Evaluation. and then Making a few Suggestions for the Research and Development on Trenchless Pipeline Inversion Lining Rehabilitation Technology with Tubing Textile Composites.
Study on Rapid Wool Shrinkproof Method Based on Protease Treatment
Authors: Wang Le , Yao Jin Bo , Liu Jian Yong , Liu Yan Bo
Published: November 2015

In the current work, the objective of shrinkproof wool was rapidly achieved via the synergetic effect between a protease and its bioenzyme activator, dramatically increasing the reaction rate of protease to wool cuticles. Optimal shrinkproof effect was obtained after the wool fiber sample was processed in the enzymatic solution for 3min at 50°C under the optimized treating condition, i.e, the concentrations of protease and enzyme activator were 1.3g/L and 2.5g/L respectively, with the wet pickup ratio of 130%, the resultant wool sample maintained 82% and 80% of its control sample in terms of tenacity and extension @ break, respectively, which meets the requirements for subsequent processing and applications. Further large-scale protease treatment to wool yarns was performed and the test result for shrinkage rate was-3.01% based on the shrinkproof standard test method of IWS TM31(5A×5), indicating satisfactory wool shrinkproof effect at rapid processing rate (7m/min).
Influence of Starch-Degrading Enzyme on Properties of Cotton Fabrics in In Situ Bleaching Process
Authors: Li Feng Yan , Yang Qing Yu
Published: November 2015

Enzymes including starch-degrading enzymes and glucose oxidase are used in one-bath process to desize and bleach cotton fabrics. The effect of enzyme concentration on pretreatment efficiency, especially bleaching of cotton fabrics has been investigated by innovatively focusing on glucose conversion ratio of desizing products. The results showed that the starch sizing materials of cotton fabrics were completely removed by starch-degrading enzymes. The conversion ratio of glucose in desized liquor increased with concentration of glucoamylase. Consequently, whiteness of cotton fabrics bleached in one-bath process was also improved, and an increase of 7% in whiteness of bleached fabrics was observed. The fabric tear strength was decreased. However, the loss ratio could be controlled below 15%. The properties of softness and adsorption of bleached cotton fabrics were satisfactory.
Extended Studies on Fibre Diameter Measurement with OFDA Instrument
Authors: Li Qing , Hurren Christopher , Zhang Xu Gui , Wang Xun Gai
Published: November 2015

OFDA 2000 is a widely used fibre diameter measurement instrument. The instrument can provide improved statistical accuracy measurements in comparison with traditional technology. In this paper, a new technique has been developed to enable fibre diameters to be measured in an aqueous environment using the OFDA 2000 instrument. This new technique was utilised to assess the effects of pH and temperature on the diameters of Merino wool fibres in aqueous environments. Significant changes in fibre diameter under aqueous conditions were found as a function of pH and temperature. It is also demonstrated in this paper that the fibre diameter measurement results can be affected by fibre colour. In both dry and aqueous conditions, variation in fibre diameter was observed on fibres with different colours. This could be due to an optical effect or more likely due to physical changes in the dyed fibres as a result of the presence of dyes. Apart from their physical bulk, dyes may also affect the water content of fibres and hence have an influence on the swelling of fibres when they are measured under ambient regain and wet conditions.
Evaluating Tensile Properties of Wool Fibers Based on the Waveform of Acoustic Emission
Authors: Wu Ge , Zhong Yue Qi , Yu Wei Dong
Published: November 2015

As an indirect measurement, acoustic emission (AE) of fiber break reflects the deformation energy during rupturing. It can be employed to evaluate the tensile properties of single fiber in fiber-bundle tensile test. In this paper, the extension of single wool fiber in the fiber-bundle are calculated using AE method. Comparing to the control samples whose extension distribution is derived from the stress-strain curve of fiber bundle, it is believed that the extension distribution calculated from AEs is more accurate and reliable, since it is not affected by the discreteness of fiber strength. The experimental results also show that there is a good linear relationship between the break force of single wool fibers and their AE energy.
Extraction and Analysis of the Surfactants in a Detergent by Combined Chemical and Instrumental Approaches
Authors: Wang Wei Min , Yu Si Si , Pei Ke Mei
Published: November 2015

Surfactants are widely used in industrial products, such as daily chemicals, light industry etc., and it’s very important to separate and analyze the surfactants for development and quality control for those industrial products. In this study, separation and analysis of the surfactants in a detergent were carried out by combined chemical and instrumental approaches systematically. The results indicate that LAS (Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphate) and AES (Alcohol Ether Sulphate) surfactants are identified in the target detergent. This study will supply a practical methodology which can separate and analyze the surfactants in industrial products exactly.
Dyeing of Wool Fabric with Red Pigment Secreted by Ginkgo Biloba Endogenous
Authors: Cheng Rong Huang , Shen Chen Kang , Li Hong Yan , Yu Zhi Cheng
Published: November 2015

In this paper, the wool fabric was dyed with Red Pigment secreted by Ginkgo Biloba Endogenous by direct dyeing and the dyeing process was optimized. The fabric was evaluated from k/s and fastness in this experiment, and a better dyeing process is: temperature 80°C,pH 3, dosage of sodium sulphate is 5g/L, dyeing time is 60 minutes. The wool fabric dyed in the optimal conditions, had 4 to 5 levels soaping fatness, 5 levels rubbing fastness and 2 to 3 sun-shined color fastness. In the experiment, it is Confirmed the red pigment with antimicrobial properties.
Environmental Performance Evaluation Based on Water Footprint and Carbon Footprint - A Case Study on Polyester Flannel Fabric Dyeing and Printing
Authors: Chen Li Zhu , Xu Lu Lu , Ding Xue Mei
Published: November 2015

In order to mitigate water scarcity and pollution as well as climate change, China government acted several environmental action plans on the industrial production in recent five years. Textile printing and dyeing enterprises are the main governance object and they carried out a series of energy/water conversation and emission/pollution reduction projects and measures. In order to evaluate the environmental performance of the projects, we compared Water footprint and Carbon footprint of unit Polyester Flannel dyeing and printing fabric in an enterprise (which conducted the environmental project from 2012 to 2013) respectively in 2012, 2013 and 2014. The results show that both Water footprint and Carbon footprint decreased significantly after the environmental project.
The Preparation and Application of PAN Nanofibers Loaded MnO2 Nano/Microparticles with High Performance of Formaldehyde Decomposition
Authors: Chen Ren Zhong , Yuan Jing Hong , Shen Zhen , Chen Yan Li , Lv Hui , He Xia , Xing Xiu Li , Hu Yi
Published: November 2015

To enhance the formaldehyde decomposition performance of original MnO2 powder, the polyacrylonitrile nanofibers loaded with MnO2 nano/microparticles (denoted as MnO2/PAN) was prepared via a facile method, which combined the low-temperature liquid phase deposition and electrospinning. With the assistance of electrospinning, MnO2 nano/microparticles can distribute uniformly on both outside and inside of PAN nanofibers. Such a hybrid nanostructure would effectively enhance the specific surface area, thence facilitating the catalytic decomposition of formaldehyde. As a result, the MnO2/PAN nanofibers manifest a high-efficiency catalytic capacity of formaldehyde decomposition, with around 44.0% formaldehyde removal rate after 12h (60 °C, pH = 2). In addition, it also shows a better reusability than pure MnO2 powder.
Dyeing Properties of the Plasma-Treated Wool Dyed with Lanasol CE Series Reactive Dyes
Authors: Pu Ya Ning , Wang Xue Yan
Published: November 2015

Wool was treated by air low temperature plasma and dyed with Lanasol CE series reactive dyes. Dyeing properties of the treated wool were studied and compared to the untreated wool. The result showed that the dyeing properties of the low temperature plasma-treated wool were improved obviously, and the dyeing temperature can be reduced. From the measurements of SEM, alkali solubility and water retention rate, it can be seen that the scale layer surface of the treated wool was damaged, and the specific surface and the wettability of the treated fiber was increased. It was these changes that lead to improving dyeing properties of the treated wool.
Effects of Fabric Parameters and Initial Moisture Content on the Smoothness Appearance of Woven Cotton Fabrics in Dryer
Authors: Hu Wei Wei , Wei Yu Hui , Ding Xue Mei , Wu Xiong Ying
Published: November 2015

The effects of fabric parameters and initial moisture content in dryer on the smoothness appearance of woven cotton fabrics have been determined. In this study, 11 kinds of cotton fabrics were selected to evaluate their smoothness appearance after drum drying. The results indicated that the fabric parameters---surface density, thickness and warp density--- had a certain correlation with the fabric smoothness appearance, which wasn’t significant. The initial moisture content affected smoothness appearance positively. With the increasing of initial moisture content, the grade improved and the difference between the max and the mini is about 0.5grade. This study can provide a reference for the design of the dryer program and make fabric washing process achieve the coordination with drying process to obtain a best fabric appearance.
Resource of Wool Fibers and Development Trend of Wool Product
Authors: Yao Mu , Chen Mei Yu , Sun Run Jun , Zhang Zhao Huan , Liu Cheng Kun , Li Li Qiao
Published: November 2015

A wide variety of new wool fiber materials, such as super-fine sheep wool with the average diameter of about 11 μm, rabbit wool of long-hair rabbit, Wusuli raccoon dog wool, and vicuna wool, were developed except for sheep wool and cashmere in the wool textile industry. Tibetan antelope wool was not allowed to make a processing and trade, but it may have a development in the future. Meanwhile, other natural and chemical fibers were added as the raw materials in wool textile production because of their new functional requirements including antistativity, antibacterial, deodorant, improvement of strength and abrasion resistance, anti-electromagnetic radiation and improvement of flame retardancy. The raw materials of the wool textile industry have shown a magnificent development.
The Water Footprint of Wool Scouring
Authors: Wang Lai Li , Ding Xue Mei , Wu Xiong Ying
Published: November 2015

Raw wool contains high percentage by weight of natural contaminants. It is usually treated by a scouring process in the first stage of textile processing. Wool scouring process consumes large quantities of fresh water and produces concentrated effluent with very high oxygen demand, aggravating the water resource shortage and environmental impacts. Water footprint (WF) is a multidimensional indicator that shows water consumption volumes by source and polluted volumes by type of pollution. This study discusses the environmental impacts assessment of wool scouring process based on the WF theory. Through cases study, it was found that chemical oxygen demand (CODCr) was the most critical pollutant associated with the largest pollutant-specific original grey WF (WFori, grey), while NH3-N was the most critical pollutant associated with the largest pollutant-specific residuary grey WF (WFres, grey). The average WFori, greyof wool scouring process was 51878 m3/d, approximately 291 times of blue WF (WFblue). After treatment of the scouring effluent through floatation reflux-biological contact oxidizing technology, the WFori, greyreduced to 558 m3/d. Refluxing and regulating, oil removal were two important processes that contributed largely to effluent treatment as they reduced WFori, greyby 28537 m3/d and 23171 m3/d, respectively.
Investigation into the Use of Gelatin as a Buffer in the Dyeing of Wool with Indigo
Authors: Rosunee Satyadev , Chinniah Rishta , Carr Chris
Published: November 2015

The effect of varying gelatin concentration and temperature on the levelness of wool dyed with 2.0% o.m.f. indigo for various time periods was investigated. The degree of levelness was measured in terms of (RUI)Cvalues. (RUI)Cstands for corrected relative unlevelness index as reported in the work of Chonget al.[1]. The colour fastness to washing of the indigo-dyed wool using gelatin as a buffer was also determined.Gelatin, used as a buffer, potentially maintained the dyebath pH at a constant value of 10 which consequently reduced the colour variations between dyeings. The levelness of dyeing and depth of shade was found to be unaffected by varying concentrations of gelatin. While longer dyeing times resulted in higher degree of levelness and enhanced shade depths, higher dyeing temperatures did not favour the dyeing of wool with indigo, in that lower shade depths and reduced levelness were achieved. Dyeings of excellent wash fastness and dry and wet rubbing fastness were obtained.
Like Follicle, like Fibre? Diameter and not Follicle Type Correlates with Fibre Ultrastructure
Authors: Harland Duane , Woods Joy , Vernon James , Walls Richard , Scobie David , Plowman Jeff , Cornellison Charisa , Craven Tony , Itou Takashi , Koike Kenzo , Nagase Shinobu , Clerens Stefan , Dyer Jolon
Published: November 2015

The hair follicles of most mammals are of two types, primary and secondary. Primary follicles develop earlier and have a prominent arrectorpili muscle. Secondary follicles have less prominent muscles and are often clumped, sharing a common opening from which fibres emerge. It is not entirely clear what types of follicles occur in human scalps. Partly this is because human hairs have a uniform appearance, unlike many mammals in which robust primary hairs differ markedly from narrow secondary fibres. Some sheep breeds are an exception because like humans, wool fibres have a similar macro-scale appearance irrespective of follicle type. How deep does this similarity go? Using electron microscopy, we examined wool primary fibres from different breeds and contrasted them to secondary fibres. For fibres of similar diameter, there was no significant difference in the ultrastructure or proportion and distribution of cortex cell types in primary and secondary fibres. We conclude that fibre diameter is the most important fibre parameter with respect to structural differences between fibres, not whether the fibres originate from primary or secondary follicles.
Silver Nanoparticles - Trapping and Manipulation
Authors: Thanikaivalan E. , Jothilakshmi R. , Murugakoothan P.
Published: November 2015

Silver nanoparticles with different radii were synthesized using silver nitrate solution added with sodium borohydride solution at different ratios. The synthesized silver nanoparticles of radii 25.3 nm, 31 nm, 33.6 nm and 37.1 nm were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibit spherical morphology for all radii. The silver nanoparticles exhibit the plasmon resonance band between 390 nm – 400 nm. The optical trapping effect of Gaussian beam acting on a silver nanoparticle in Rayleigh regime was studied. The optical scattering and optical gradient forces were calculated for silver nanoparticles of different radii.
Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Stannate Nanomaterials by Sol-Gel Method
Authors: Bhabu K. Amarsingh , Theerthagiri J. , Madhavan J. , Balu T. , Rajasekaran T.R.
Published: November 2015

In this work, zinc stannate (Zn2SnO4) nanomaterials were synthesized as a composite system of zinc oxide and tin oxide by sol-gel via hydrolysis process for 60 hours. The effect of annealing temperature on the structural, optical and electrical performances of zinc stannate nanomaterials has been studied. XRD studies revealed that zinc stannate possess spinel cubic crystal structure and their growth in the preferred orientation (311) with characteristic temperature. The surface morphology of the zinc stannate nanomaterials were obtained by scanning electron microscope (SEM). EDAX and FTIR studies were employed to determine the chemical compositions and functional groups of the zinc stannate respectively. The optical properties of the hydrolysed zinc stannate were analysed by UV-visible and photoluminescence spectroscopy. UV-vis spectra were associated to the optical bandgap with a tunable range of 3.17-3.92 eV. PL spectra exhibit the stable broad blue-green emission around 400-600 nm with various excitation wavelengths. Complex impedance spectra reveal that the resistivity of the prepared zinc stannate nanomaterials is in the order of ~ 105 Ω Cm. Hence, zinc stannate is a promising candidate for DSSC applications.
Canvas of Optics behind Nanocrystalline TiO2 Film Engaged in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Jyoti Divya , Mohan Devendra
Published: November 2015

A theoretical explanation of optics behind TiO2has been presented with the help of a four phase model air/glass/ indium doped tin oxide/TiO2designed by modifying Rouard’s model to calculate the final transmittance in to TiO2layer. An optical simulation for the reflectance and transmittance has been executed for the synthesized nanocrystalline TiO2films. To validate the theoretical results TiO2film has been deposited onto indium doped tin oxide (ITO) layer by sol-gel dip coating technique. The novelty of the task lies behind the fact that transmittance helps to calculate the light harvesting efficiency of the Dye-Sensitized solar cells which is the ratio of light actually harvested to the light actually reached to TiO2layer, and that can be done only if one knows transmittance.
Synthesis of Efficient Ni0.9X0.1Se2 (X=Cd, Co, Sn and Zn) Based Ternary Selenides for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Theerthagiri J. , Senthil R.A. , Susmitha K. , Raghavender M. , Madhavan J.
Published: November 2015

A low-cost platinum (Pt) free electrocatalyst of NiSe2 and Ni0.9X0.1Se2 (X=Cd, Co, Sn and Zn) have been developed by hydrothermal reduction route and utilized as counter electrode (CE) in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The purity, phase formation and morphology of the sample were characterized by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The electrocatalytic activity of the synthesized selenides for the reduction of I3- to I- was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The Ni0.9Zn0.1Se2 CE exhibited lower internal resistance and higher electrocatalytic activity than the other ternary metal selenides and this may be due to an increase in the electrocatalytic active sites on the surface of Ni0.9Zn0.1Se2. As a result, the DSSC fabricated with Ni0.9Sn0.1Se2 CE achieved a high power conversion efficiency of 4.20% under an illumination of 100 mW/cm2, which is comparable to that of DSSC with Pt CE (6.11%). These results demonstrate the potential application of Ni0.9Zn0.1Se2 as an alternative CE to replace expensive Pt in DSSCs. This study can be further extended for the development of new metal selenides based CE electrocatalysts with high activity for the DSSCs.
Studies on the Influence of In and Zn Doping on the CdSe Based Photo Electro Chemical (PEC) Solar Cells Using Electron Beam Evaporation Technique
Authors: Rani S. , Shanthi J. , Rajan S. Thanka , Ayeshamariam A. , Jayachandran M.
Published: November 2015

CdSe thin films doped with 10% of Indium and 10 % Zinc were prepared by electron beam evaporation technique and the films were annealed at 200 oC for 30 min. Well crystalline films were deposited and the crystallite variation was studied for doping effect and it was found to be about 48 and 52 nm respectively. Optical band gap values are found to be modified by doping as well as annealing. PEC solar cells were fabricated using CdSe:In and CdSe:Zn films which showed 1.54% and 1.88% conversion efficiency respectively. Annealed films showed considerable influence in the optoelctronic properties and its improvement in conversion efficiency to about 2.75% and 2.87% respectively. In order to increase the photo output the films were annealed at 200o C at temperature. The photo output was Voc = 0.476 V, Jsc = 9.8 mA cm-2, ff = 0.44, η = 2.76 % at 80 mW cm-2. Photoetching increased the output parameters.
A semiquantitative scoring tool to evaluate eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage in trained rats
Authors: Rizo-Roca D. , RÃ­os-KristjÃ¡nsson J.G. , NÃºÃ±ez-Espinosa C. , AscensÃ£o A. , MagalhÃ£es J. , Torrella J.R. , PagÃ¨s T. , Viscor G.
Published: November 2015

Unaccustomed eccentric exercise is a well-documented cause of exercise-induced muscle damage. However, in trained subjects muscle injury involves only light or moderate tissue damage. Since trained rats are widely used as a model for skeletal muscle injury, here we propose a semiquantitative scoring tool to evaluate muscle damage in trained rats. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained fortwo weeks following a two-week preconditioning period, and randomly divided into two groups: control rats (CTL; n=5) and rats with eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (INJ; n=15). Injured rats were sacrificed at three time points: 1, 3 and 7 days post injury (n=5 each). Transverse sections from the right soleus were cut (10 Âµm) and stained with haematoxylin-eosin. Samples were evaluated by two groups of observers (four researchers experienced in skeletal muscle histopathology and four inexperienced) using the proposed tool, which consisted of six items organised in three domains: abnormal fibre morphology, necrotic/(re)degenerating fibres (muscle fibre domain), endomysial and perimysial infiltration (inflammatory state domain) and endomysium and perimysium distension (interstitial compartment domain). We observed the expected time course in the six evaluated items. Furthermore, agreement among observers was evaluated by measuring the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Within the experienced group, items from the muscle fibre and interstitial compartment domains showed good agreement and the two items from the infiltration compartment domain showed excellent agreement. in conclusion, the proposed tool allowed quick and correct evaluation of light to moderate muscle damage in trained rats with good agreement between observers.
Succession of Ordovician Rocks At Lake Timiskaming
Authors: Sinclair G W
Published: November 2015

Ordovician outliers on the Canadian Shield near Lake Timiskaming comprise four major lithic units; these units in ascending order are sandstone, shales, limestone and shales. Formation names are proposed for the four units which are all assigned to the Liskeard
Group. The youngest formation is of Edenian age, the oldest is of Wilderness age.