bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A physical analysis of the severe 2013/2014 cold winter in North America
Authors: Yu Bin , Zhang Xuebin
Published: September 2015

The severe 2013/2014 cold winter has been examined in the context of the previous 55 winters using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction reanalysis data for the period 1960–2014. North America is dominated by pronounced cold anomalies over the Great Plains and Great Lakes in December 2013 and February 2014 but exhibits an east‐west contrast pattern with warm anomalies over most of the North American West in January 2014. A relevant temperature index, defined as land surface temperature anomalies averaged over (40°–60°N, 105°–80°W), reveals a warming trend as well as interannual variability with a significant power peak of 6.0 years. While 2013/2014 was the second coldest winter during 1960–2014, it is the coldest one in the linearly detrended series, with a negative anomaly of 2.63 standard deviations. This indicates that the long‐term warming has made the 2013/2014 winter less severe than it could have been. The temperature and circulation variability in association with the zonally symmetric variability of the polar vortex projects weakly on the corresponding anomalies in the 2013/2014 winter, whereas the variability associated with the principal mode of North American surface temperature projects strongly on the corresponding anomalies in the winter. This mode is associated with a sea surface temperature (SST) pattern of significant anomalies over the North Pacific and North Atlantic middle and high latitudes. The anomalous atmospheric circulation shows an anticyclonic anomaly over the Gulf of Alaska‐Bering Sea and a cyclonic anomaly downstream over North America. It bears resemblance to the North Pacific Oscillation/Western Pacific pattern and drives the SST in the North Pacific. Over western‐central Canada and the northern U.S., below‐average heights are associated with above‐normal precipitation, implying enhanced upward vertical motion and variation of local cloud forcing, leading to a variation of the surface energy budget dominated by surface longwave radiation anomalies. Over North America, there is less downwelling longwave radiation at the surface when the atmosphere is cold, which is offset by the corresponding reduction in outgoing longwave radiation.
Chemical definition of the mesospheric polar vortex
Authors: Harvey V. L. , Randall C. E. , Collins R. L.
Published: September 2015

We present a simple chemical definition to demark the edge of the mesospheric polar vortices. Because this vortex definition does not rely on the wind field, it is useful in the mesosphere where wind observations are sparse and reanalysis winds are unreliable. The chemical definition is also insensitive to double jets that complicate vortex identification in the mesosphere. The algorithm is based on horizontal gradients of carbon monoxide (CO) and mirrors the widely used vortex edge definition in the stratosphere based on potential vorticity (PV) gradients. Here the approach is used to identify the Arctic vortex in the mesosphere during a 10 year (2004–2014) record of Microwave Limb Sounder data. Vortex size and shape comparisons are made where the CO and PV methods overlap in the upper stratosphere. A case study is presented during the NH 2008–2009 winter that demonstrates the fidelity of the CO gradient method on individual days and emphasizes the impact of double jets on methods to identify the polar vortex. We recommend transitioning from a PV or stream function‐based vortex definition in the stratosphere to using a CO gradient definition above 0.1 hPa (~60 km). The CO gradient method identifies a coherent region of high CO at 80 km that is confined to mid‐to‐high latitudes 99.8% of the time during Arctic winter. Taking advantage of the CO gradient method to identify the polar vortex adds ~20 km of reliable vortex information (from 60 to 80 km) in a region of the atmosphere where reanalyses are most suspect.
Observational evidence of strengthening of the Brewer‐Dobson circulation since 1980
Authors: Fu Q. , Lin P. , Solomon S. , Hartmann D. L.
Published: September 2015

The change of the Brewer‐Dobson circulation (BDC) over the period of 1980–2009 is examined through a combined analysis of satellite Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU/AMSU) lower stratospheric temperatures (TLS), ERA‐Interim reanalysis data, and observed estimates of changes in ozone, water vapor, well‐mixed greenhouse gases, and stratospheric aerosols. The MSU/AMSU‐observed tropical TLS trend is first empirically separated into a dynamic component associated with the BDC changes and a radiative component due to the atmospheric composition changes. The derived change in the dynamic component suggests that the annual mean BDC has accelerated in the last 30 years (at the 90% confidence interval), with most of the change coming from the Southern Hemisphere. The annual mean Northern Hemisphere contribution to the acceleration is not statistically significant. The radiative component of tropical TLS trends is independently checked using observed changes in stratospheric composition. It is shown that the changes in ozone, stratospheric aerosols, well‐mixed greenhouse gases, and water vapor make important contributions to the radiative component of tropical TLS trends. Despite large uncertainties in lower stratospheric cooling associated with uncertainties in observed ozone and water vapor changes, this derived radiative component agrees with the empirically inferred radiative component, both in terms of its average value and small seasonal dependence. By establishing a relationship between tropical residual vertical velocity at 70 hPa and TLS, we show that the relative strengthening of the annual mean BDC is about 2.1% per decade for 1980–2009, supporting the results from state‐of‐the‐art chemistry‐climate model simulations.
The impact of bedform migration on benthic oxygen fluxes
Authors: Ahmerkamp Soeren , Winter Christian , Janssen Felix , Kuypers Marcel M. M. , Holtappels Moritz
Published: September 2015

Permeable sediments are found wide spread in river beds and on continental shelves. The transport of these sediments is forced by bottom water currents and leads to the formation of bedforms such as ripples and dunes. The bottom water flow across the bedforms results in pressure gradients that drive pore water flow within the permeable sediment and enhance the supply of reactive substrates for biogeochemical processes. This transport‐reaction system has been extensively studied for the case of stationary bedforms, whereas bedform migration—the most ubiquitous form of sediment transport—has been often ignored. To study the impact of sediment transport on pore water flow, we incorporated an empirical model of bedform migration into a numerical transport‐reaction model for porous media, using oxygen as reactive solute. The modeled oxygen flux changes significantly as soon as the sediment divides into an upper mobile layer (migrating bedform) and a stationary layer underneath. The bedform is increasingly flushed with oxic bottom water, whereas pressure gradients and pore water flow reverse at increasing rate underneath the bedform. This suppresses net pore water displacement and reduces the oxygen penetration depth up to 90%. In effect, the overall oxygen uptake decreases significantly with bedform migration although bottom water velocities increase. This counterintuitive effect is systematically described for a range of different sediment types, current velocities, and respiration rates and should be considered in future studies.
Global sensitivity of high‐resolution estimates of crop water footprint
Authors: Tuninetti Marta , Tamea Stefania , D'Odorico Paolo , Laio Francesco , Ridolfi Luca
Published: September 2015

Most of the human appropriation of freshwater resources is for agriculture. Water availability is a major constraint to mankind's ability to produce food. The notion of virtual water content (VWC), also known as crop water footprint, provides an effective tool to investigate the linkage between food and water resources as a function of climate, soil, and agricultural practices. The spatial variability in the virtual water content of crops is here explored, disentangling its dependency on climate and crop yields and assessing the sensitivity of VWC estimates to parameter variability and uncertainty. Here we calculate the virtual water content of four staple crops (i.e., wheat, rice, maize, and soybean) for the entire world developing a high‐resolution (5 × 5 arc min) model, and we evaluate the VWC sensitivity to input parameters. We find that food production almost entirely depends on green water (>90%), but, when applied, irrigation makes crop production more water efficient, thus requiring less water. The spatial variability of the VWC is mostly controlled by the spatial patterns of crop yields with an average correlation coefficient of 0.83. The results of the sensitivity analysis show that wheat is most sensitive to the length of the growing period, rice to reference evapotranspiration, maize and soybean to the crop planting date. The VWC sensitivity varies not only among crops, but also across the harvested areas of the world, even at the subnational scale.
Influence of small‐scale fluvial architecture on CO2 trapping processes in deep brine reservoirs
Authors: Gershenzon Naum I. , Ritzi Robert W. , Dominic David F. , Soltanian Mohamadreza , Mehnert Edward , Okwen Roland T.
Published: September 2015

A number of important candidate CO2 reservoirs exhibit sedimentary architecture reflecting fluvial deposition. Recent studies have led to new conceptual and quantitative models for sedimentary architecture in fluvial deposits over a range of scales that are relevant to CO2 injection and storage. We used a geocellular modeling approach to represent this multiscaled and hierarchical sedimentary architecture. With this model, we investigated the dynamics of CO2 plumes, during and after injection, in such reservoirs. The physical mechanism of CO2 trapping by capillary trapping incorporates a number of related processes, i.e., residual trapping, trapping due to hysteresis of the relative permeability, and trapping due to hysteresis of the capillary pressure. Additionally, CO2 may be trapped due to differences in capillary entry pressure for different textural sedimentary facies (e.g., coarser‐grained versus finer‐grained cross sets). The amount of CO2 trapped by these processes depends upon a complex system of nonlinear and hysteretic characteristic relationships including how relative permeability and capillary pressure vary with brine and CO2 saturation. The results strongly suggest that representing small‐scale features (decimeter to meter), including their organization within a hierarchy of larger‐scale features, and representing their differences in characteristic relationships can all be critical to understanding trapping processes in some important candidate CO2 reservoirs.
Lasers, Free‐electron
Authors: Pellegrini Claudio
Published: September 2015

Following many years of theoretical and experimental work, short wavelength free‐electron lasers (X‐ray FELs), covering the wavelength region from tens of nanometer to 1 Å or less, have become a successful reality during the past decade. Four X‐ray FELs are now in operation in Europe, Japan, and the United States, and four more are being built. They have the unique capability of providing coherent X‐ray pulses that can explore matter at the angstrom–femtosecond space and timescales characteristics of atomic and molecular phenomena. Many scientists are using X‐ray FELs to explore the structure and dynamics of molecular systems of interest to physics, chemistry, biology, and for studies in material science and warm dense matter. In this article, we review the main characteristics of X‐ray FELs, their present status, and their future development.
Advances in Speckle Metrology
Authors: Joenathan Charles , Sirohi Rajpal Singh , Bernal Ashley
Published: September 2015

The field of speckle metrology has seen a surge in development in the past 10 years owing to advancements in digital cameras and computing power. For instance, a variety of digital speckle correlation (DSC) processes can now be performed in almost real time and therefore speckle techniques has found applications in nondestructive testing (NDT), biology, and medicine. New techniques in terms of optical arrangements and in extracting phase data have been introduced for measuring out‐of‐plane and in‐plane motions in digital speckle interferometry (DSPI) and digital speckle shear interferometry (DSSPI). DSC, DSPI, and DSSPI have also been combined to extend the range of measurements. In addition, quantitative analysis in speckle interferometry has seen a plethora of new software developments for conducting real‐time, accurate, complicated, fast, and repeatable measurements with ease. In addition, different methods to process speckle fringes have made analysis equivalent to that of classical interferometry, yet can be applied to all types of real‐world specimen.
Compressive Sensing
Authors: Lakshminarayanan Vasudevan , Thapa Damber , Raahemifar Kaamran , Rabbani Hossein
Published: September 2015

Compressive sensing (CS) is an emerging sampling theory, which reproduces signals from a much smaller set of samples than that required by the Nyquist‐Shannon criterion. Since its introduction in the mid‐2000s it has attracted considerable research interest and a number of CS‐based architectures have been proposed, built, and examined in the research labs. This article outlines the main theoretical concepts surrounding CS and also discusses some of its applications in the field of optics and image science.
Large‐Scale Far‐Infrared Invisibility Cloak Hiding Object from Thermal Detection
Authors: Shen Lian , Zheng Bin , Liu Zuozhu , Wang Zuojia , Lin Shisheng , Dehdashti Shahram , Li Erping , Chen Hongsheng
Published: September 2015

Natural animals such as crotaline and boid snakes have the ability to detect infrared radiation, which is emitted by any living object while it is invisible to human eyes. To evade thermal detection, various attempts, such as the stealth or low observability technologies, are generally made to reduce the infrared signature. However, the validity of these technologies is background dependent. In this paper, the first, large‐scale, far‐infrared, unidirectional invisibility cloak in air environment is experimentally demonstrated. The cloak constructed from germanium can smoothly guide the infrared wave around the hidden object when facing the incident wave direction. The cloak works for full polarization in a broad far‐infrared spectrum. This work provides a new way to manipulate infrared radiation for future applications.
Controlled Release Systems Based on Intercalated Paraquat onto Montmorillonite and Clinoptilolite Clays Encapsulated with Sodium Alginate
Authors: Rashidzadeh Azam , Olad Ali , Hejazi Mir Jalil
Published: September 2015

As a model herbicide, paraquat (PQ) was intercalated into montmorillonite (MMT) and clinoptilolite (CL) clays at different concentrations. FT‐IR, XRD, and SEM techniques were used to characterize the structures of the prepared formulations. The prepared PQ/clay samples were further encapsulated with alginate (Alg) polymer. After characterization, the potential application was verified through release of PQ from PQ/clay and PQ/clay/Alg formulations. According to the results, the release of PQ from PQ/MMT was slower than the release from the PQ/CL system. The presence of the alginate polymer in PQ/clay/Alg capsule beads caused the system to liberate PQ in a more controlled release manner than PQ/clay samples. Furthermore, the release data were fitted to empirical equations to estimate the kinetic parameters. The results suggested the feasibility of the use of clay/Alg formulations for controlled release of herbicides in agricultural applications.
Consumers’ Preference Heterogeneity for GM and Organic Food Products in Germany
Authors: Emberger‐Klein Agnes , Zapilko Marina , Menrad Klaus
Published: September 2015

According to the EU co‐existence strategy, no form of agricultural food production system should be excluded. The driving force for this policy is the need to ensure consumers' freedom of choice. The aim of this study is to analyze whether preference heterogeneity for a GM and an organic variant of the same product exists among German consumers. The analysis is based on a survey conducted in spring 2007 in Germany. The specified mixed‐logit and latent class model show significant preference heterogeneity for both production technologies. We found one consumer segment with opposing preferences for GM and organic products and a second one exhibiting positive preferences for GM and organic products. The consumers in the second segment are possibly those who would most benefit from the EU co‐existence strategy and would probably be willing to cover the additional costs associated with a co‐existence strategy in the existing food value chains (D12). [EconLit citations: D12].
Direct Dual‐Template Synthesis of MWW Zeolite Monolayers
Authors: Margarit Vicente J. , Martínez‐Armero Marta E. , Navarro M. Teresa , Martínez Cristina , Corma Avelino
Published: September 2015

A two‐dimensional zeolite with the topology of MWW sheets has been obtained by direct synthesis with a combination of two organic structure‐directing agents. The resultant material consists of approximately 70 % single and double layers and displays a well‐structured external surface area of about 300 m2 g−1. The delaminated zeolite prepared by means of this single‐step synthetic route has a high delamination degree, and the structural integrity of the MWW layers is well preserved. The new zeolite material displayed excellent activity, selectivity, and stability when used as a catalyst for the alkylation of benzene with propylene and found to be superior to the catalysts that are currently used for producing cumene.
Enzymology of Pyran Ring A Formation in Salinomycin Biosynthesis
Authors: Luhavaya Hanna , Dias Marcio V. B. , Williams Simon R. , Hong Hui , de Oliveira Luciana G. , Leadlay Peter F.
Published: September 2015

Tetrahydropyran rings are a common feature of complex polyketide natural products, but much remains to be learned about the enzymology of their formation. The enzyme SalBIII from the salinomycin biosynthetic pathway resembles other polyether epoxide hydrolases/cyclases of the MonB family, but SalBIII plays no role in the conventional cascade of ring opening/closing. Mutation in the salBIII gene gave a metabolite in which ring A is not formed. Using this metabolite in vitro as a substrate analogue, SalBIII has been shown to form pyran ring A. We have determined the X‐ray crystal structure of SalBIII, and structure‐guided mutagenesis of putative active‐site residues has identified Asp38 and Asp104 as an essential catalytic dyad. The demonstrated pyran synthase activity of SalBIII further extends the impressive catalytic versatility of α+β barrel fold proteins.
Rhodium(II)‐Catalyzed Cycloaddition Reactions of Non‐classical 1,5‐Dipoles for the Formation of Eight‐Membered Heterocycles
Authors: Lee Dong Jin , Ko Donguk , Yoo Eun Jeong
Published: September 2015

A new type of intermolecular rhodium(II)‐catalyzed [5+3] cycloaddition has been developed. This higher‐order cycloaddition between pyridinium zwitterion 1,5‐dipole equivalents and enol diazoacetates enables the formation of eight‐membered heterocyclic skeletons, which are otherwise difficult to construct. The optimized cycloaddition occurs efficiently under mild conditions with a wide range of pyridinium zwitterions and with high functional‐group tolerance.
Folate receptor autoantibodies in pregnancy related complications
Authors: Shapira Iuliana , Sequeira Jeffrey M. , Quadros Edward V.
Published: September 2015

Background

Folate receptor autoantibodies in women have been associated with neural tube pregnancy and in children with cerebral folate deficiency syndrome and autism. These autoantibodies have been implicated in blocking folate transport to the fetus and to the brain in infants.

Methods

We report a woman with multiple pregnancy related complications who was diagnosed with autoantibodies to the folate receptor alpha.

Results

A treatment strategy with folate supplementation and reducing the antibody titer proved effective in normal pregnancy outcome.

Conclusion

This long‐term follow up of a subject with folate receptor autoantibodies is a first report of its kind and describes treatment strategy to prevent pregnancy related complications due to folate receptor autoantibodies. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:1028–1030, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Studies on the formation and stability of triplex DNA using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy
Authors: Hu Hongyan , Huang Xiangyi , Ren Jicun
Published: September 2015

Triplex DNA has become one of the most useful recognition motifs in the design of new molecular biology tools, therapeutic agents and sophisticated DNA‐based nanomaterials because of its direct recognition of natural double‐stranded DNA. In this paper, we developed a sensitive and microscale method to study the formation and stability characterization of triplex DNA using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). The principle of this method is mainly based on the excellent capacity of FCS for sensitively distinguishing between free single‐strand DNA (ssDNA) fluorescent probes and fluorescent probe–double‐strand DNA (dsDNA) hybridized complexes. First, we systematically investigated the experimental conditions of triplex DNA formation. Then, we evaluated the equilibrium association constants (Ka) under different ssDNA probe lengths, composition and pH. Finally, we used FCS to measure the hybridization fraction of a 20‐mer perfectly matched ssDNA probe and three single‐base mismatched ssDNA probes with 146‐mer dsDNA. Our data illustrated that FCS is a useful tool for the direct determination of the thermodynamic parameters of triplex DNA formation and discrimination of a single‐base mismatch of triplex DNA without denaturation. Compared with current methods, our method is characterized by high sensitivity, good universality and small sample and reagent requirements. More importantly, our method has the potential to become a platform for triplex DNA research in vitro. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postoperative infectious complications after pancreatic resection
Authors: Okano K , Hirao T , Unno M , Fujii T , Yoshitomi H , Suzuki S , Satoi S , Takahashi S , Kainuma O , Suzuki Y
Published: September 2015

Background

Although mortality associated with pancreatic surgery has decreased dramatically, high morbidity rates are still of major concern. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of, and risk factors for, infectious complications after pancreatic surgery.

Methods

The Japanese Society of Pancreatic Surgery conducted a multi-institutional analysis of complications in patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) or distal pancreatectomy (DP) between January 2010 and December 2012. Risk factors that were significantly associated with infectious complications in univariable models were included in a multivariable logistic regression model, and a nomogram was created to predict the risk of infectious complications after pancreatectomy.

Results

Infectious complications occurred in 1459 (35·2 per cent) of 4147 patients in the PD group and 426 (25·2 per cent) of 1692 patients in the DP group (P < 0·001). Nine risk factors for infectious complications after PD were identified: male sex, age 70 years or more, body mass index at least 25 kg/m2, other previous malignancy, liver disease, bile contamination, duration of surgery 7 h or longer, intraoperative blood transfusion and soft pancreas. Five risk factors for infectious complications after DP were identified: chronic steroid use, smoking, duration of surgery 5 h or more, intraoperative blood transfusion and non-laparoscopic surgery. Occurrence of a postoperative infectious complication was significantly associated with mortality and reoperation after PD (odds ratio (OR) 4·33, 95 per cent c.i. 2·01 to 9·92 and OR 3·26, 1·86 to 5·82, respectively) and DP (OR 6·32, 1·99 to 22·55; OR 3·74, 1·61 to 9·04).

Conclusion

Prolonged operating time, intraoperative blood transfusion, bile contamination (PD) and non-laparoscopic surgery (DP) are risk factors for postoperative infectious complications that could be targeted to improve outcome after pancreatectomy.
Determination of ecliptasaponin A in rat plasma and tissues by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhao Jing , Liu Erwei , Han Lifeng , Wang Linlin , Zhang Yi , Wang Tao , Fang Shiming , Gao Xiumei
Published: September 2015

A sensitive, rapid and specific high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method (HPLC‐MS/MS) was developed to determine ecliptasaponin A in rat plasma and tissues after oral administration. Ginsenoside Rg1 was used as the internal standard (IS). The plasma and tissues samples were prepared by liquid‐liquid extraction with ethyl acetate and separated on an Eclipse Plus C18 column (2.1 mm × 150 mm, 5 µm) at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min using acetonitrile and water (containing 0.05% acetic acid) as the mobile phase. The tandem mass detection was carried out with eletrospray ionization in negative mode. Quantification was performed by using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), which monitored the fragmentation of m/z 633.4→587.2 for ecliptasaponin A and m/z 859.4→637.4 for the IS. The calibration curves obtained were linear in different matrices, and the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) achieved was 0.5 ng/mL both for rat plasma and tissues. The intra‐ and inter‐day precisions were below 15%. This method was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study of ecliptasaponin A in rat plasma and tissues after oral administration. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple and high‐resolution HPLC‐PDA method for simultaneous quantification of local anesthetics in in vitro buccal permeation enhancement studies
Authors: Couto Renê O. , Cubayachi Camila , Lopez Renata F. V. , de Gaitani Cristiane M. , Pedrazzi Vinícius , de Freitas Osvaldo
Published: September 2015

A simple, isocratic, high‐resolution and prompt HPLC‐PDA method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of prilocaine (PCL) and lidocaine (LCL) hydrochlorides in in vitro buccal iontophoresis‐driven permeation studies. A reversed‐phase C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 3μm, 110Å) was used for the chromatographic separation. The mobile phase contained acetonitrile: 0.1M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 (1:1, v/v), plus 0.05% (v/v) diethylamine. The isocratic flow rate was set at 1 mL/min and the detection wavelength was 203 nm. PCL and LCL eluted in 8.9 min and 13 min, respectively, and the system suitability parameters varied within an acceptable range. The method was selective, sensitive, precise, accurate and robust, producing a linear plot at the concentration range of 0.25 to 10 µg/mL. The application of this method was demonstrated by a significant enhancement of the permeation of PCL and LCL with the application of iontophoresis (1 mA/cm2 per 1 h) through isolated porcine esophageal epithelium. The amount of the drug retained in the epithelium also increased with the application of an electrical current. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple LC‐MS method for determination of cyasterone in rat plasma: application to a pilot pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Li Fuqiang , Li Guangyu , Zhao Jinsong , Xiao Jun , Liu Zaoxia , Su Guanfang
Published: September 2015

A simple, specific, and sensitive liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) method for determination of cyasterone in rat plasma was developed in our laboratory. Cucurbitacin B was used as an internal standard (IS). After protein precipitation with twofold volume of acetonitrile, the analyte and IS were separated on a Luna C18 column (100 × 4.6 mm, i.d., 3.0 µm; Phenomenex) by isocratic elution with acetonitrile–water (80:20, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. An electrospray ionization source was applied and operated in the positive ion mode; selected ion monitoring scan mode was used for quantification, and the target ions m/z 543.3 for cyasterone and m/z 581.3 for IS were chosen. Good linearity was observed in the concentration range of 0.40–400 ng/mL for cyasterone in rat plasma. Intra‐day and inter‐day precision were both <7.4%. This method was proved to be suitable for pharmacokinetic studies after oral (5.0 mg/kg) or intravenous (0.5 mg/kg) administration of cyasterone in rats. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Redefining the projectional and clinical anatomy of the duodenojejunal flexure in children
Authors: Koch Christine , Taghavi Kiarash , Hamill James , Mirjalili S. Ali
Published: September 2015

The duodenojejunal flexure (DJF) is an important surgical landmark that enables the pediatric surgeon to establish whether normal intestinal rotation has occurred. The degree of variation in the position of the DJF has not been studied in the pediatric population, and there have been only limited studies on adults. The aim of the present study was to determine the position and relationships of the DJF in infants and children utilizing cross‐sectional imaging.

Computer tomography scans of 120 children were divided into three age groups and systematically analyzed. The DJF position was measured in relation to the vertebral body level, midline, anterior‐posterior distance from the vertebral body, transpyloric plane, and mesenteric vessels. The position of the third part of the duodenum and the length of the mesenteric root were also determined.

There was considerable variation in the DJF position with respect to the above landmarks in all three age groups. The vertebral body level of the DJF was centered on L1, but ranged between T11 and L3. In 3% of children with normal rotation the SMA/SMV relationship was abnormal. The third part of the duodenum was consistently found to be retromesenteric. The length of the mesenteric root ranged from 7 to 22 cm, and generally lengthened with increasing age.

Owing to its variable position in infants and children, the DJF on its own may not be a reliable landmark for establishing normal intestinal rotation. Assessing for normal rotation is multifaceted and further comparative studies are required to characterize the anatomical features of normal and abnormal rotation. Clin. Anat. 29:175–182, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ulnar nerve cutaneous distribution in the palm: Application to surgery of the hand
Authors: Sulaiman Sara , Soames Roger , Lamb Clare
Published: September 2015

The ulnar nerve (UN) was classically described as supplying most of the intrinsic muscles of the hand, and the cutaneous innervation of the ulnar one and half digits, by dividing into superficial sensory and deep motor branches in Guyon's canal. Variations of this pattern have been reported in the literature. This study investigated the cutaneous distribution of the UN in the palm following the dissection of 144 cadaveric hands. The UN was examined and the distances from branching points of the superficial branch to the proximal edge of the pisiform were measured. The UN bifurcated (80.4%) into one deep trunk and one superficial trunk, which further divided distally into the proper digital (PDN) and common digital (CDN) nerves or trifurcated (19.6%) into one deep trunk, a PDN and a CDN in Guyon's canal. It received fibers from the median nerve in four cases and from the dorsal branch of the UN in six cases. A classification scheme based on the nerves contributing to the sensory innervation of the ulnar side of the palm was suggested. Understanding the cutaneous distribution of the UN in the palm and appreciating possible communicating branches can help clinicians to assess hand pathologies better and avoid injuries during surgical interventions. Clin. Anat. 28:1022–1028, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Impact of Crime on Social Ties and Civic Participation
Authors: Takagi Daisuke , Ikeda Ken'ichi , Kobayashi Tetsuro , Harihara Motoko , Kawachi Ichiro
Published: September 2015

The present study examined associations of neighbourhood crime with residents' social ties and civic participation using multilevel models. We hypothesized that crime is indirectly associated with residents' low civic participation by negatively relating to their acquaintanceship ties because of fear of neighbours. By contrast, we predicted that crime is indirectly related to frequent civic participation by positively associating with more intimate friendship ties as a response to combat external threats. Additionally, we hypothesized that high crime rates in the neighbourhood increases the importance of generalized trust towards others. Therefore, we examined the interaction effects of neighbourhood crime and trust on social ties and participation. The study is based on a postal questionnaire mailed to residents aged between 20 and 69 years, residing in Musashino City and Kiyose City, in Tokyo. Rates of larceny reported by the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department were used as indices of neighbourhood crime. As hypothesized, our results showed that crime is positively associated with friendship ties and is negatively related to acquaintanceship ties. Through these opposing relationships, crime showed both positive and negative associations with civic participation. Moreover, we found that generalized trust buffered the adverse relationships between crime, broader social ties and participation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effects of Electrode and Catalyst Selection on Microfluidic Fuel Cell Performance
Authors: Rashed Musaab K. , Mohd Salleh Mohamad Amran , Abdulbari Hayder A. , Shah Ismail M. Halim , Izhar Shamsul
Published: September 2015

A fuel cell can be best defined as an electrochemical converter of fuel and oxidant of chemical energy to electrical energy. The important components of micro fuel cells are the electrodes and catalysts because the kinetics and rates of the electrochemical reactions depend on their materials. All fuel cells consist of two electrodes: the anode, where fuel oxidation takes place, and the cathode, which is used to reduce the oxidants. The present review article highlights the use of a range of electrodes made up of different materials, a variety of catalysts that have been used in previous studies, and their fabrication materials and approaches. In this article, electrodes and catalysts are classified into two types based on the design approach applied to produce the micro fuel cell: micro fuel cell design and conventional assembly design. Most previous studies on fuel cells have demonstrated that the construction and position of the electrodes play crucial roles in improving the performance of micro fuel cells.
Sulfonated Porous Polymeric Nanofibers as an Efficient Solid Acid Catalyst for the Production of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural from Biomass
Authors: Mondal Sujan , Mondal John , Bhaumik Asim
Published: September 2015

Sustainable supply of energy is one of the biggest challenges today. The conversion of energy from any abundant and renewable resources would be an ideal solution for this ever increasing demand of sustainable energy. Biomass provides a potential energy alternative through the platform chemical 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), which is considered as a sustainable source for liquid fuels and commodity chemicals. Herein, we report the synthesis of a nanoporous polytriphenylamine (PPTPA‐1) having high surface area (1437 m2 g−1) by a simple one‐step oxidative polymerization pathway. Upon sulfonation of PPTPA‐1, the sulfonated polymer SPPTPA‐1 showed very high surface acidity and it has been successfully employed as a solid acid catalyst for direct conversion of sugar to HMF. Both PPTPA‐1 and SPPTPA‐1 materials have distinct nanofiber morphologies and they are characterized thoroughly by using powder XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, 13C solid state magic‐angle‐spinning NMR spectrometry, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, and N2 sorption techniques. We have optimized the HMF yields by using different carbohydrate sources and estimated the recycling efficiency of the catalyst.
Bimetallic Cu/Pd Catalysts with Bridging Aminopyrimidinyl Phosphines for Decarboxylative Cross‐Coupling Reactions at Moderate Temperature
Authors: Hackenberger Dagmar , Song Bingrui , Grünberg Matthias F. , Farsadpour Saeid , Menges Fabian , Kelm Harald , Groß Cedric , Wolff Timm , Niedner‐Schatteburg Gereon , Thiel Werner R. , Gooßen Lukas J.
Published: September 2015

A bimetallic catalyst system is presented that enables the decarboxylative cross‐coupling of triflates with carboxylate salts at only 100 °C, which is 70 °C lower than with previous Cu/Pd‐based systems. The new protocol allows the coupling of a broad range of aryl triflates with various substituted 2‐nitrobenzoates in good to excellent yields. The key feature of the catalyst system is a bidentate P,N‐ligand designed to bridge the Pd and Cu centres and thereby facilitating the rate‐determining transmetalation step. Mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) studies support the ability of the aminopyrimidinyl phosphine to simultaneously coordinate copper and palladium.
Systematic Investigation of Reaction‐Time Dependence of Three Series of Copper–Lanthanide/Lanthanide Coordination Polymers: Syntheses, Structures, Photoluminescence, and Magnetism
Authors: Zhang Ju‐Wen , Kan Xiao‐Min , Liu Bin‐Qiu , Liu Guo‐Cheng , Tian Ai‐Xiang , Wang Xiu‐Li
Published: September 2015

Three series of copper–lanthanide/lanthanide coordination polymers (CPs) LnIIICuIICuI(bct)3(H2O)2 [Ln=La (1), Ce (2), Pr (3), Nd (4), Sm (5), Eu (6), Gd (7), Tb (8), Dy (9), Er (10), Yb (11), and Lu (12), H2bct=2,5‐bis(carboxymethylmercapto)‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole acid], LnIIICuI(bct)2 [Ln=Ce (2 a), Pr (3 a), Nd (4 a), Sm (5 a), Eu (6 a), Gd (7 a), Tb (8 a), Dy (9 a), Er (10 a), Yb (11 a), and Lu (12 a)], and LnIII2(bct)3(H2O)5 [Ln=La (1 b), Ce (2 b), Pr (3 b), Nd (4 b), Sm (5 b), Eu (6 b), Gd (7 b), Tb (8 b), and Dy (9 b)] have been successfully constructed under hydrothermal conditions by modulating the reaction time. Structural characterization has revealed that CPs 1–12 possess a unique one‐dimensional (1D) strip‐shaped structure containing two types of double‐helical chains and a double‐helical channel. CPs 2 a–12 a show a three‐dimensional (3D) framework formed by CuI linking two types of homochiral layers with double‐helical channels. CPs 1 b–9 b exhibit a 3D framework with single‐helical channels. CPs 6 b and 8 b display visible red and green luminescence of the EuIII and TbIII ions, respectively, sensitized by the bct ligand, and microsecond‐level lifetimes. CP 8 b shows a rare magnetic transition between short‐range ferromagnetic ordering at 110 K and long‐range ferromagnetic ordering below 10 K. CPs 9 a and 9 b display field‐induced single‐chain magnet (SCM) and/or single‐molecule magnet (SMM) behaviors, with Ueff values of 51.7 and 36.5 K, respectively.
A Study of the 3,3,3‐Trinitropropyl Unit as a Potential Energetic Building Block
Authors: Axthammer Quirin J. , Krumm Burkhard , Klapötke Thomas M. , Scharf Regina
Published: September 2015

Compared with the well‐established 2,2,2‐trinitroethyl group in the chemistry of energetic materials, the 3,3,3‐trinitropropyl group is less investigated regarding its chemical and energetic properties. Thus, investigations on the syntheses of several compounds containing the 3,3,3‐trinitropropyl group were performed and their properties compared with the 2,2,2‐trinitroethyl group. All materials were thoroughly characterized, including single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. The thermal stabilities were examined using differential thermal analysis (DSC) and the sensitivities towards impact, friction, and electrostatic discharge were tested using a drop hammer, a friction tester, and an electrical discharge device. The energies of formation were calculated and several detonation parameters such as the velocity of detonation and the propulsion performance were estimated with the program package EXPLO5.
Efficient Hole Transporting Materials with Two or Four N,N‐Di(4‐methoxyphenyl)aminophenyl Arms on an Ethene Unit for Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Choi Hyeju , Do Kwangseok , Park Sojin , Yu Jong‐Sung , Ko Jaejung
Published: September 2015

Novel steric bulky hole transporting materials (HTMs) with two or four N,N‐di(4‐methoxyphenyl)aminophenyl units have been synthesized. When the EtheneTTPA was used as a hole transporting material in perovskite solar cell, the power conversion efficiency afforded 12.77 % under AM 1.5 G illumination, which is comparable to the widely used spiro‐OMeTAD based solar cell (13.28 %).
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Physical Properties of RE2AgGe3 (RE: Ce, Pr, Nd) Compounds.
Authors: Sarkar Sumanta , Mumbaraddi Dundappa , Halappa Pramod , Kalsi Deepti , Rayaprol Sudhindra , Peter Sebastian C.
Published: September 2015

The title compounds are prepared by repeated arc melting of the elements.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Polyborate Anion, [B7O9(OH)6]3‐: Self Assembly, XRD and Thermal Properties of s‐fac‐[Co(dien)2] [B7O9(OH)6]·9H2O.
Authors: Altahan Mohammed A. , Beckett Michael A. , Coles Simon J. , Horton Peter N.
Published: September 2015

The new compound s‐fac‐[Co(dien)2] [B7O9(OH)6]·9H2O (dien: HN(CH2CH2NH2)2) is prepared from an aqueous mixture of B(OH)3 and [Co(dien)2][OH]3 (obtained by anion exchange from [Co(dien)2]Cl3) in a ratio of 10:1 (room temperature, 3 h, 35% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of 3‐Fluorooxindoles to Vinyl Sulfone.
Authors: Kim Yi Seul , Kwon Su Jin , Kim Dae Young
Published: September 2015

Highly efficient catalytic enantioselective conjugate addition reactions of 3‐fluorooxindoles to activated vinyl sulfone (II) is achieved using a binaphthyl‐modified bifunctional urea catalyst bearing both central and axial chiral elements.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrogenation of Nitroarenes with Palladium Nanoparticles Stabilized by Alkyne Derivatives in Homogeneous Phase.
Authors: Arai Noriyoshi , Onodera Nozomi , Dekita Atsushi , Hori Junichi , Ohkuma Takeshi
Published: September 2015

The title process allows the conversion of a series of nitroarenes to the corresponding aryl amines with high chemoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Reversal of Enantioselective Friedel—Crafts C3‐Alkylation of Pyrrole by Slightly Tuning the Amide Units of N,N′‐Dioxide Ligands.
Authors: Zhang Yulong , Yang Na , Liu Xiaohua , Guo Jing , Zhang Xiying , Lin Lili , Hu Changwei , Feng Xiaoming
Published: September 2015

The enantioselectivity of the alkylation products can be inverted by simply changing the substitution pattern at the aryl group of the chiral ligands.
ChemInform Abstract: Practical Iron‐ and Cobalt‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions Between N‐Heterocyclic Halides and Aryl or Heteroaryl Magnesium Reagents.
Authors: Kuzmina Olesya M. , Steib Andreas K. , Fernandez Sarah , Boudot Willy , Markiewicz John T. , Knochel Paul
Published: September 2015

The title reaction is applied to pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, and 1,3,5‐triazoyl halides and a variety of arylmagnesium halides.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective and Enantioselective Silylation of 2‐Arylcyclohexanols.
Authors: Wang Li , Akhani Ravish K. , Wiskur Sheryl L.
Published: September 2015

The kinetic resolution proceeds best in the presence of silyl chloride (II) and is selective for trans diastereomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Amine‐Promoted Asymmetric [4 + 2] Cycloadditions of α‐Acetoxymethyl Allenoate and Dual Activated Alkenes: Stereoselective Synthesis of Poly‐Substituted Cyclohexenes.
Authors: Cheng Mian , Liu Jian‐Kang , Tong Xiaofeng , Tian Ping
Published: September 2015

The allenic ester (I) reacts with (S)‐benzylmorpholine (BMP) to generate a chiral diene intermediate which readily undergoes Diels—Alder reactions with acrylic nitriles (II) to offer functionalized cyclohexenes (III) after hydrolytic cleavage of the chiral secondary amine auxiliary.
ChemInform Abstract: Practical Methylenation Reaction for Aldehydes and Ketones Using New Julia‐Type Reagents.
Authors: Ando Kaori , Kobayashi Takahisa , Uchida Nariaki
Published: September 2015

New Julia‐type reagents [e.g. (II)] are synthesized and used to prepare terminal alkenes [e.g. (III)] in high yields under mild and practical conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: FeCl3‐Catalyzed Selective Acylation of Amines with 1,3‐Diketones via C—C Bond Cleavage.
Authors: Wang Sinan , Yu Yang , Chen Xuyun , Zhu Haipan , Du Peile , Liu Guohua , Lou Liguang , Li Hao , Wang Wei
Published: September 2015

The acylation reaction tolerates aromatic and aliphatic amines and proceeds with high selectivity towards amines over hydroxy functionalities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Vinyl Sulfoxides Using Sulfinyl Chlorides and Olefins.
Authors: Ding Xiancai , Wen Jianming , Wang Jianqiang , Yu Jun , Li Jing‐Hua
Published: September 2015

Depending on the molar ratios and reaction conditions, the reaction of olefins with sulfinyl chlorides (II) or (VII) affords vinyl sulfoxides (VIII) or vinyl sulfones (III) or (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Nanoparticulate Copper(II) Oxide Catalyzed Synthesis of Guanidine Derivatives and Their Conversion into Functionalized Iminoguanidines.
Authors: Yavari Issa , Sodagar Esmat , Nematpour Manijeh , Askarian‐Amiri Mohammad
Published: September 2015

A simple multicomponent approach for the synthesis of a novel class of iminoguanidine derivatives involving a nano‐copper(II) catalyzed tandem reaction of anilines, di(cyclo)alkylcarbodiimides, sulfonyl azides, and terminal alkynes is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Formal Base‐Free Homolytic Aromatic Substitutions via Photoredox Catalysis.
Authors: Gomes Filipe , Narbonne Vanessa , Blanchard Florent , Maestri Giovanni , Malacria Max
Published: September 2015

Blue LED‐induced reaction between aryldiazonium salts and arenes to biaryls proceeds with some interesting regioselective features depending on the substitution patterns of both reaction partners as well as the use of additives (e.g., K2CO3).
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Oxidative Spirocyclization of Alkynes with Sulfonylhydrazides Leading to 3‐Sulfonated Azaspiro[4,5]trienones.
Authors: Wen Jiangwei , Wei Wei , Xue Shengnan , Yang Daoshan , Lou Yu , Gao Chaoyang , Wang Hua
Published: September 2015

The tandem process for the preparation of the biologically important scaffolds includes sulfonylation of the alkyne substrates, ipso‐carbocyclization, dearomatization, hydration and oxidation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Bis‐spiropyrans Based on 6,8‐Diformyl‐5,7‐dihydroxy‐4‐methylcoumarin and Photochromic Properties Thereof.
Authors: Nikolaeva Olga G. , Karlutova Olga Yu. , Cheprasov Alexander S. , Metelitsa Anatoly V. , Dorogan Igor V. , Dubonosov Alexander D. , Bren' Vladimir A.
Published: September 2015

The reaction of coumarin derivative (I) with indolium perchlorates of type (II) or (IV) yields bis‐spiropyrans of type (III) or the corresponding merocyanine forms of type (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium—NHC Catalyzed Formation of Cyclopenta[b]benzofurans and Their Subsequent Modification.
Authors: Demerzhan Silviya , Gilbertson Scott R.
Published: September 2015

The transformation of recently reported cyclopenta[b]benzofurans (I), (VIII), and (XII) having bis‐esters substituted hydrazino side chains is developed to give products of type (VII), (XI) and (XIII) with potential biological activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Carbolithiation of Heterosubstituted Alkynes: An Experimental and Theoretical Study.
Authors: Lhermet Rudy , Ahmad Maha , Hauduc Clemence , Fressigne Catherine , Durandetti Muriel , Maddaluno Jacques
Published: September 2015

Lithiation of 2‐iodophenyl‐propargylethers (I) results in a 5‐exo‐dig cyclization to yield products (II) selectively.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Boc‐Glycine‐Assisted Indium‐Mediated Allylation Reaction: A Sustainable Approach.
Authors: Vemula Sandeep Reddy , Kumar Dinesh , Cook Gregory R.
Published: September 2015

An unprecedented improvement in the reaction rate is observed during the In‐mediated allylation of isatins (I) with allyl bromide (II) in the presence of N‐Boc‐glycine.