bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of phosphoglycerides
Authors: Jensen Robert G. , Gordon Dennis T.
Published: November 2006

The synthesis of phosphoglycerides is reviewed. Emphasis is placed upon precursor and intermediate compounds, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, monoacylphosphoglycerides, purification and proof of structure. Suggestions are made for large scale synthesis of phosphoglycerides based upon our experience.
Paraffinic hydrocarbon composition of earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris)
Authors: Nooner D. W. , Oro J. , Cerbulis J.
Published: November 2006

The paraffinic hydrocarbon fraction of the lipids extracted from earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) contains ca. 88%n‐alkanes and 12% branched alkanes and other hydrocarbons. Then‐alkanes range from C13 through C33, and their most interesting feature is the even‐over‐odd carbon number predominance in the C13−C24 range. The nonnormal hydrocarbons consist primarily of monomethyl‐substituted alkanes. Other hydrocarbons that have been identified include the C16. C18, C19 and C20 isoprenoids and the C18, C20 and C22n‐alkylcyclohexanes.
Distribution oftrans‐6‐hexadecenoic acid, 7‐methyl‐7‐hexadecenoic acid and common fatty acids in lipids of the ocean sunfishMola mola
Authors: Hooper S. N. , Paradis M. , Ackman R. G.
Published: November 2006

Lipids extracted from various tissues of four individual sunfish have been shown to contain thetrans‐6‐hexadecenoic acid previously reported for marine turtles, a metridium and a jelly fish, and also the 7‐methyl‐7‐hexadecenoic acid recently isolated from one sunfish liver oil sample. The other fatty acids present were qualitatively typical of marine lipids in general. Unusual quantitative details included high percentages of 18∶0 and 20∶4ω6, which are also found in the Atlantic leatherback turtle and presumably linked to a similar diet of jellyfish and to other common factors. In a sample of lipids from intestinal contentstrans‐6‐hexadecenoic acid was found to be the predominant C16monoene, and was accompanied by comparatively large amounts of the 7‐methyl‐7‐hexadecenoic acid. This observation and other fatty acid details are compatible with an exogenous origin for these acids and jellyfish, etc., as a predominant dietary material for the ocean sunfish.
The distribution of labeled palmitic acid into the diglycerides and triglycerides of rat adipose tissue
Authors: Herodek Sándor
Published: November 2006

After in vitro incubation of rat epididymal fat pads with radioactive palmitic acid, the distribution of the label in the different lipid classes and in different triglycerides was determined by silica gel and silver nitrate‐silica gel thin‐layer chromatography (TLC).

The radioactivity of the diglycerides was approximately half of the triglycerides. This ratio did not change with alteration in the time of incubation. It remained unaltered even after a subsequent 10‐min incubation in a nonradioactive medium.

When the fat pads were incubated, first with14C‐, then with3H‐labeled palmitic acid, the3H/14C ratio was slightly lower in diglycerides than in triglycerides.

The fully saturated molecules contained 38% of the radioactivity of triglycerides. Addition of oleic acid or norepinephrine to the labeled palmitic acid‐containing medium decreased this value. Subsequent incubation with these compounds did not alter the distribution of radioactivity.
The phospholipid composition of plasma in various mammalian species
Authors: Nelson Gary J.
Published: November 2006

Plasma phospholipids in several common mammalian species, including cat, cow, dog, goat, guinea pig, horse, pig, rabbit, rat, and sheep, were analyzed by using chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. Lipids were extracted from plasma with chloroform‐methanol 2∶1 (v/v) and freed of nonlipid material by passage through a Sephadex column. The phospholipids were separated by two‐dimensional thin‐layer chromatography (TLC). Spots were identified by spray reagents, also by infrared spectrophotometry. The relative distribution of the phospholipids was determined by phosphorus analysis on the spot scraped off the TLC plate.

Lecithin, lysolecithin, and sphingomyelin were found in the plasma of all species and accounted for more than 95% of the phospholipids except in the rodents. Lecithin was without exception the major phospholipid in plasma (56 to 83%). Lysolecithin and sphingomyelin content varied between 8 and 23% and 6 and 15% respectively. Phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl inositol were the only noncholine‐containing phospholipids detected (detection limits 0.2%) in the plasma of these species. Together these compounds usually made up less than 5% of the total phospholipid. Rodents were an exception, especially the guinea pig, which had 21.7% phosphatidyl ethanolamine.
The incorporation of ethanolamine into ether‐containing lipids in rat brain
Authors: Horrocks L. A. , Ansell G. B.
Published: November 2006

After intracerebral injection of C14‐ethanolamine into rats, the ethanolamine phosphoglycerides were isolated and hydrolyzed with mild alkali and acid. The specific radioactivity of the diacyl, acyl alkenyl, and acyl alkyl glyceryl‐3‐phosphorylethanolamine, the diacyl and acyl alkenyl glyceryl‐3‐phosphorylcholine, and sphingomyelin was determined at 0.5, 2, 24, and 48 hours. The specific radioactivity‐time relationships show that the ethanolamine plasmalogen is not a precursor for the glyceryl ether form but suggest that acyl alkyl glyceryl‐3‐phosphorylethanolamine is desaturated to form some of the acyl alkenyl glyceryl‐3‐phosphorylethanolamine. The radioactivity in the choline portion of the choline phospholipids was very low.
Effect of dietary linolenic and linoleic acids upon growth and lipid metabolism of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Yu T. C. , Sinnhuber R. O.
Published: November 2006

Nine diets, each containing different levels of linoleic acid (18∶2ω6) and linolenic (18∶3ω3) were fed to duplicate groups of rainbow trout for 14 weeks. The growth rate, feed efficiency, accumulated mortality, and fatty acid composition of neutral fat and phospholipids of these groups of fish were determined. The growth was slow in the groups of fish receiving diets containing (A) low concentration of 18∶3ω3 and (B) high concentration (5%) of 18∶2ω6. The accumulated mortality was high in these groups of fish. The diet containing 1% 18∶3ω3 alone supported rapid fish growth with low mortality. The feed efficiency of this diet was also high. The metabolism of 18∶2ω6 and 18∶3ω3 in fish and their conversion to more unsaturated fatty acids typical of fish lipids was investigated.
Influence of dietary fatty acids on membrane properties and enzyme activities of liver mitochondria of normal and hypophysectomized rats
Authors: Haeffner E. W. , Privett O. S.
Published: November 2006

Studies are reported on the effects of diets containing fatty supplements with (A) a high concentration of arachidonate (46% concentrate of ethyl arachidonate), (B) a high concentration of linoleate (corn oil), and (C) an essential fatty acid deficient, fully saturated fat (hydrogenated coconut oil) upon lipid composition, membrane permeability, and enzyme activities of liver mitochondria of normal and hypophysectomized rats. The fatty supplements produced differences in the fatty acid composition of the liver mitochondria; hypophysectomy, in addition, influenced the neutral and phospholipid composition. Permeability, indicated by swelling properties, correlated generally with the degree of unsaturation and essential fatty acid content of the lipid of the mitochondria of the normal animals. The fatty supplements also influenced the enzyme acitivites of the mitochondria of the normal animals. The mitochondria of the hypophysectomized animals were less responsive to the differences in the dietary fat in both their swelling properties and enzyme activities. Although the relationship was complex, it appeared that the hypophysis was involved in the functions of essential fatty acids in liver mitochondria.
Lipid and fatty acid composition of testes of quaking mice
Authors: Coniglio J. G. , Grogan W. M. , Harris D. G. , Fitzhugh M. L.
Published: November 2006

Testes of quaking mice (sterile mutants) and of controls were analyzed for major lipid classes and fatty acid composition. Of the main lipid classes, only cholesterol esters differed significantly in concentration between the two groups (1.01 for quakers vs 0.69 mg/g wet wt of tissue for controls). The concentration of triglycerides was 4.5–5.0, that of total phosphatides 18–19, and that of free cholesterol 1.9–2.0 mg/g for mutants and controls. The concentrations of phosphatidyl ethanolamine and of sphingomyelin were both lower in quaking than in normal mice, but only the change in the former was statistically significant. Phosphatidyl choline was the major phosphatide (43–45% of total phosphatides) followed by phosphatidyl ethanolamine (24–26%) and sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl serine, and phosphatidyl inositol (all ca. 7% of total phosphatides). Minor differences between the mutants and controls were observed in concentrations of fatty acids of major lipid classes. The mutants, sterile because of faulty spermatid differentiation, had normal quantities of 22∶6 w3 and 22∶5 w6. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the 22‐carbon polyenes are associated with the formation of spermatids, rather than with their final differentiation into spermatozoa.
Stereospecific analysis of some cruciferae species
Authors: Ohlson R. , Podlaha O. , Töregård B.
Published: November 2006

Results of stereospecific analysis of nine Cruciferae seed oils are presented. The major fatty acids in the oils investigated are nonrandomly distributed, not only between inner and outer positions, but also between sn‐1 and sn‐3 positions. When the positional data were plotted versus erucic acid content, a regular and characteristic distribution pattern for each fatty acid was obtained. Category I acids (saturated acids and acids with more than 18 carbon atoms) prefer either of the outer positions. Erucic acid, however, has a clear preference for the sn‐3 position. When in the outer positions, Category II acids (unsaturated acids with 18 carbon atoms) as a rule prefer the sn‐1 to the sn‐3 position. This tendency increases with decreasing unsaturation.
Effect of ethanol on utilization of plasma free fatty acids for liver triacylglycerol synthesis and its relation to hepatic triacylglycerol accumulation in rats
Authors: Johnson O. , Hernell O. , Olivecrona T.
Published: November 2006

The effect of 3 different single doses of ethanol on the liver triacylglycerol concentration and on the metabolism of intravenously injected14C‐oleic acid in fasted rats was studied. All 3 doses (2,3.75, and 6 g ethanol/kg body wt_ caused a rapid increased in the liver triacylglycerol concentration during the first 5–6 hr after the ethanol was given. Until the plasma ethanol concentration had fallen to low values, the high liver triacylglycerol levels were raised and were independent of the ethanol dose given. The incorporation of radioactivity from intravenously injected14C‐oleic acid into liver triacylglycerols was increased over control values to the same extent in all rats given ethanol as long as the plasma ethanol concentration was above a low level. High rates of ethanol oxidation and increased utilization of plasma free fatty acids for liver triacylglycerol synthesis were closely correlated with the development and maintenance of the ethanol induced liver triacylglycerol accumulation.
Lecithin: Cholesterol acyltransferase activity in hypercholesterolemic subjects and in hypercholesterolemic subjects treated with clofibrate
Authors: D'Alessandro A. , Zucconi A. , Bellini F. , Boncinelli L. , Chiostri R.
Published: November 2006

The lecithin: cholesterol acyl transfer reaction in the plasma of hypercholesterolemic subjects and of hypercholesterolemic subjects treated with clofibrate was studied. An increased enzyme activity was found in the first group of patients, while lecithin: cholesterol acyl transfer activity tended to normalize in the second group. This increased enzyme activity might be a defense mechanism against the accumulation of cholesterol in the arterial wall.
24‐Methylenedammarenol: A new triterpene alcohol from shea butter
Authors: Itoh T. , Tamura T. , Matsumoto T.
Published: November 2006

A new triterpene alcohol was isolated from shea butter and its structure was shown to be 24‐methylenedammarenol (24‐methylene‐5α‐dammar‐20[21]‐en‐3β‐01). Dammaradienol (5α‐dammara‐20[21],24‐dien‐3β‐ol) also was isolated from shea butter.
Fatty acid synthesis from 2‐14C‐acetate in rat testis mitochondrial and cytosol fractions in vitro
Authors: Haeffner E. W. , Privett O.S.
Published: November 2006

An in vitro system for acetate incorporation into fatty acids by the mitochondrial and the cytosol fractions of rats testis is described. The rate of incorporation of acetate into fatty acids was twice as fast with the mitochondrial as with the cytosol fraction; both systems were stimulated in the presence of adenosine triphosphate, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, coenzyme A, and MgCl2. The optimum pH was between 7.0–7.5 for the mitochondrial fraction and between 6.5–8.0 for the cytosol fraction. Radio gas chromatography showed that palmitic acid was the most highly labeled acid, followed by stearic acid, in the mitochondrial fraction in accord with the pathway of de novo fatty acid synthesis. Some of the labeled acetate was also incorporated into the 16∶1 and 18∶1 fatty acids of this fraction. Distribution of radioactivity among the mitochondrial lipid classes was highest in the phospholipids and monoglycerides, followed by diglycerides and cholesterol; little radioactivity was present in the triglyceride fraction. These observations are in accord with studies of the incorporation of labeled metabolites into testicular lipids following intratesticular injection and indicate the validity of the in vitro system for studies of specific reactions occurring in vivo.
Stearoyl‐CoA desaturase activity in mammary adenocarcinomas carried by C3H mice
Authors: Rao G. Ananda , Abraham S.
Published: November 2006

Transplantable mammary adenocarcinomas and livers of C3H mice fed a stock diet or a linoleate rich diet (15% corn oil) contain similar amounts of oleate (ca 3 mg/gm tissue). On feeding either a high carbohydrate, fat free or a high carbohydrate, saturated fat‐containing (15% hydrogenated coconut or cottonseed oil) diet for 6 weeks, oleate levels increased 2‐fold in tumor and 5‐fold in liver. The specific activity of stearoyl‐CoA desaturase in liver microsomes was similar to that in the corresponding fractions of mammary glands of lactating mice. In liver, this activity was enhanced 2‐ to 3‐fold by feeding a high carbohydrate, fat free or a high carbohydrate, saturated fat diet. The desaturase activity in mammary tumor microsomes, while only 10% of that in hepatic microsomes, remained unaltered regardless of the type of diet fed. These observations suggest that (a) a major portion of the oleate in the mammary tumor is not produced within the tissue, (b) dietary adaptation is not a general characteristic of stearoyl‐CoA desaturase in neoplastic tissues, and (c) enhanced desaturase activity in liver is directly related to the absence of linoleate or oleate, or to a large decrease in oleate in the diet.
Brassica campestris var. Span: II. Cardiopathogenicity of fractions isolated from span rapeseed oil when fed to male rats
Authors: Kramer J. K. G. , Hulan H. W. , Mahadevan S. , Sauer F. D. , Corner A. H.
Published: November 2006

Rapeseed oils low in erucic acid caused myocardial lesions when fed to weanling male rats for 16 weeks. The cardiopathogenic properties appear to be associated with the triglycerides of the oil, and not to nontriglyceride components present in fully refined rapeseed oil. Cardiac lipid analysis confirmed that erucic acid accumulation was proportional to the concentration of this acid in the diet.
Methylating activity of (Methyl‐14C)‐S‐adenosylmethionine by microsomes of the insectCeratitis capitata
Authors: Jimenez C. , Municio A. M. , Suarez A.
Published: November 2006

The methylating activity of (methyl‐14C)‐S‐adenosylmethionine by microsomes from different stages of development of the insectCeratitis capitata was studied in a series of in vitro experiments. Larval and pharate adult microsomal preparations were used in the in vitro conditions, and the utilization of the methyl group of the S‐adenosylmethionine for the synthesis of phospholipids was evaluated. Incorporation of radio‐activity in lipids by pharate adult microsomes was significantly higher than that by larval preparations. In both cases, phosphatidyl ethanolamine showed the highest levels of radioactivity incorporation. Free bases from total lipid hydrolysates were resolved by paper chromatography, and the labeling was investigated by radioactivity scanning of paper chromatograms. Larval and pharate adult preparations showed clearly the presence of dimethylethanolamine and choline. The presence in the incubation media of phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine and deoxycholate enhanced the radioactivity incorporation into choline, whereas, the first stages of methylation were inhibited. These findings confirmed previous results using insect homogenates.
Studies on chemical nature of lipofuscin (age pigment) isolated from normal human brain
Authors: Taubold R. D. , Siakotos A. N. , Perkins E. G.
Published: November 2006

Human brain lipofuscin isolate was studied for its purity and physical and chemical properties. Purification of the impure material was achieved by gel permeation chromatography using Sephadex LH‐20 and BioBeads S‐X1 gels. The purified lipofuscin polymer represented ca. 12% of the starting material with the rest of the material being various mixed lipids. The mol wt of the purified lipofuscin was determined to be between 6000–7000 daltons. IR, UV‐visible, NMR, and fluorometric spectra were obtained, all indicating the fundamentally lipid nature of lipofuscin. The NMR spectrum strongly resembled that of a typical long chain fatty acid. Numbers of fatty acids and several amino acids were present as a portion of the lipofuscin structure. The results obtained suggested that the brain lipofuscin employed in the present study consisted mainly of polymeric lipid and phospholipid structures along with amino acids either bound to the lipids or as included proteins.
Identification of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15‐octadecapentaenoic acid in laboratory‐cultured photosynthetic dinoflagellates
Authors: Joseph Jeanne D.
Published: November 2006

Polar and nonpolar chromatograms of fatty acid methyl esters derived from 11 species of photosynthetic, marine dinoflagellates cultured in modified Erd‐Schrieber medium contained a component (4–23%) not identifiable by conventional graphic or arithmetic methods. Hydrogenation followed by gas liquid chromatography of the product showed the unknown component to be a straight chained 18 carbon fatty acid methyl ester. Chemical (CH4) ionization mass spectrometry of the isolated ester gave a spectrum characteristic of methyl esters and a mol wt of 288, indicating an 18 carbon molecule with 5 double bonds, or equivalent unsaturation. The IR spectrum showed that the double bonds are nonconjugated, and all arecis in geometry. Electron impact mass spectrometry of the pyrrolidide derivative provided evidence that double bonds are located in the 3, 9, 15 positions and probably also in the 6 and 12 positions of the molecule. These double bond positions were confirmed by NMR spectrometry. Data obtained by quantitation of the algal methyl esters suggest the possibility that these dinoflagellates synthesize 18∶5ω3 (shorthand) notation for chain length: number of double bonds and position of final double bond counted from the terminal methyl group) by a 2 carbon chain shortening of 20∶5ω3, rather than by the insertion of a †3 bond into 18∶4ω3.
Stereospecific analysis of hepatoma, host liver, and normal rat liver triglycerides from animals on chow and fat free diets
Authors: Wood Randall
Published: November 2006

Triglycerides from normal liver, host liver, and hepatoma of rats maintained on chow and fat‐free diets were subjected to stereospecific analysis. Normal and host liver triglycerides from animals on the same diet did not exhibit significant differences. Fat‐free diet reduced polyunsaturated fatty acids in normal and host liver triglycerides, but had no effect upon hepatoma triglycerides. Each position of hepatoma and liver triglyceride glycerol exhibited a characteristic fatty acid composition. Palmitate concentrations were reduced dramatically and stearate levels were increased significantly at the 1 position of hepatoma triglycerides, relative to the corresponding position of liver triglycerides which were affected little by diet or tumor. Except for higher percentages of C‐20 and higher fatty acids, common to all three positions, the composition of hepatoma triglycerides at the 2 position appeared normal. The 3 position of hepatoma triglycerides contained significantly higher percentages of stearate than liver. Data obtained previously for Ehrlich ascites cell triglycerides were in good agreement with this hepatoma. Data from these two neoplasms suggest that the metabolic system that regulates or controls the fatty acid composition at the 1 and 3 positions of normal tissue triglycerides does not function normally in neoplasms.
Phosphatidylkojibiosyl diglyceride: Metabolism and function as an anchor in bacterial cell membranes
Authors: Pieringer Ronald A. , Ganfield Mong‐Ching W.
Published: November 2006

The recently discovered phosphoglycolipid, phosphatidylkojibiosyl diglyceride (PKD), was first observed as a biosynthetic by‐product of glucosyl diglyceride metabolism inStreptococcus faecalis (faecium) ATCC 9790. Its structure is 1,2‐diacyl‐3‐O(2′‐O‐α‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐6′‐O‐phosphoryl‐[1″,2″‐diacyl‐3″‐O‐sn‐glycerol]‐α‐D‐glucopyranosyl)‐sn‐glycerol. The biosynthesis of phosphatidylkojibiosyl diglyceride occurs by a novel transphosphatidylation reaction in which a phosphatidyl group is transferred from diphosphatidyl glycerol to the primary alcohol function at the 6 position of the internal glucose of kojibiosyl diglyceride. The reaction is catalyzed by a membrane‐derived enzyme. Phosphatidylkojibiosyl diglyceride is bound covalently through a phosphodiester bond to the polyglycerol phosphate moiety of membrane lipoteichoic acid fromS. faecalis. Phosphatidylkojibosyl diglyceride has four nonpolar long chain fatty acyl groups and appears to have the necessary physico‐chemical properties to anchor the long hydrophilic glycerol phosphate polymer of lipoteichoic acid to the hydrophobic environment of the membrane ofS. faecalis and probably other gram‐positive bacteria as well.
Dietary and hormonal effects upon activity of “soluble” protein and particulate fraction of fatty acid desaturation system of rat liver microsomes
Authors: Nervi Aníbal M. , Catala Angel , Brenner Rodolfo R. , Peluffo Raúl O.
Published: November 2006

Rat liver microsomes were extracted with a buffered 0.15 M KCl and 0.25 M sucrose solution and fractionated by centrifugation into a particulate component and a supernatant containing a protein factor necessary for fatty acid desaturation. The Δ6 fatty acid desaturation activity of the extracted microsomes was reduced significantly, and the readdition of the supernatant restored the enzymatic activity to the original value of the whole microsomes. A protein diet or a fat‐free diet increased the Δ6 desaturation activity of the whole microsomes. The activating effect was evoked upon the particulate components of the enzymatic desaturation system and not upon the protein factor present in the supernatant. Fasting, refeeding, and refeeding plus glucagon and theophylline treatments of rats also modified the Δ6 desaturation activity of whole liver microsomes. The effect also was evoked on the Δ6 desaturation system tightly bound to the microsomal membrane but not on the protein factor of the supernatant. Accordingly, the protein factor of the supernatant is considered to be different from the cyanide sensitive factor and the desaturase.
GLC and TLC analysis of isopropylidene derivatives of isomeric polyhydroxy acids derived from positional and geometrical isomers of unsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Wood Randall
Published: November 2006

Gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) and thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) were used to investigate the isomeric positional geometrical isopropylidene derivatives of nine isomeric dihydroxy esters, four isomeric methyl 9,10‐12‐trihydroxystearates, and eight isomeric methyl 9,10‐12,13‐tetrahydroxystearates prepared from unsaturated fatty acids. The isopropylidenes derived fromcis andtrans monounsaturated fatty acids were easily separated on both polar and nonpolar columns. Positional isopropylidenes derived from positional isomers of monounsaturated fatty acids were not separated on either liquid phase but were resolved by TLC.

Four of the eight isomeric isopropylidenes derived from the four geometrical isomers of linoleic acid were resolved on the polar column; the other four isomers eluted as a single peak. The four isomeric isopropylidene‐trifluoroacetate derivatives derived from ricinoleic and ricinelaidic acids were also resolved on the polar column. GLC analyses were carried out with liquid phases of ethylene glycol succinate methyl silicone polymer (EGSS‐X) and methyl silicone polymer (SE‐30) packed columns. Isopropylidenes, in addition to their applicability for the resolution of polyhydroxy acid mixtures, are particularly useful for the determination of double bond positions and geometrical configurations of fatty acids without cleavage.
Relationship between erucic acid and myocardial changes in male rats
Authors: Hulan H. W. , Kramer J. K. G. , Mahadevan S. , Sauer F. D. , Corner A. H.
Published: November 2006

The back and belly fat of pigs fed a diet containing 20% by wt rapeseed oil (22% erucic acid) for 16 weeks was rendered into oil. This rendered pig fat, which contained 5.6% erucic acid, was fed to male rats in three separate experiments at 20% by wt of the diet for 16 weeks. In experiment I rendered pig fat was compared only toBrassica campestris var. Span rapeseed oil containing 4.8% erucic acid. In experiments II and III, rendered pig fat was compared to commerical lard containing 0.2% docosenoic acid, commercial lard to which 5.4% free erucic acid was added, and Span rapessed oil. There was no significant (P<0.01) differences observed in the level of erucic acid in the hearts of rats fed diets of rendered pig fat, Span rapeseed oil, or commercial lard plus erucic acid. However, the incidence (P<0.001) and severity (P<0.01) of cardiac lesions were significantly higher in Span rapeseed oil fed rats compared to rats fed control diets. The number of rats affected or the severity of lesions in the rendered pig fat fed group was not significantly different from controls. The results of this study indicate that the myocardial lesions associated with feeding 20% rapeseed oil diets are not related to the content of erucic acid per se. The possible reasons why rapeseed oil causes cardiac lesions in rats are discussed. It is suggested that a triglyceride imbalance in the oil might play an important role in causing these lesions in rats.
Effect of dietary fat supplementation on the composition and positional distribution of fatty acids in ruminant and porcine glycerides
Authors: Mills S. C. , Cook L. J. , Scott T. W. , Nestel P. J.
Published: November 2006

Dietary fats which were protected from ruminal metabolism were fed to ruminants, and the constituent fatty acids subsequently appeared in the glycerides of tissues and secretory products. These dietary fat induced alterations in tissue lipid composition were particularly apparent when the fat source was enriched with linoleic acid. Similarly, when pigs were fed linoleic‐enriched fats, the linoleic acid was incorporated into the adipose tissue triglycerides. Stereospecific analyses were carried out on triglycerides from various tissues and secretory products obtained from animals fed control or linoleate‐enriched diets. The analysis of adipose tissue triglycerides showed that linoleate and oleate were preferentially esterified to positions 2 and 3 (cattle and sheep), and positions 1 and 3 (pigs). Of the other major adipose tissue fatty acids, palmitate was preferentially esterified at position 1 (ruminants) and position 2 (pigs), and stearate was preferentially esterified at positions 1 and 3 (ruminants), and position 1 (pigs). Stereospecific analysis of high mol wt milk triglycerides showed that linoleate was either evenly distributed on all three positions (goats), or predominantly on position 3 (cows). Furthermore, the incorporation of this linoleate did not markedly alter the positional specificity of the other major milk triglyceride fatty acids. Of these fatty acids, the short and medium chain length acids (butyratelaurate) were mainly on position 3, myristate and palmitate on positions 1 and 2, and stearate and oleate evenly distributed. Thoracic duct lymph triglycerides from sheep tended to show preferential incorporation of linoleate at position 3, palmitate at position 2, and stearate at position 1 and 3; oleate, on the other hand, tended to be evenly distributed on all three positions of the lymph triglyceride. The stereospecific arrangement of fatty acids in sheep liver triglycerides was similar to that of lymph triglycerides, and this may reflect the uptake of intact or partially hydrolysed chylomicron and/or very low density lipoprotein triglycerides by the liver. There were also some analogies in the stereospecific arrangement of fatty acids on ruminant lymph and milk triglycerides and this may reflect an incomplete hydrolysis of chylomicron and/or very low density lipoprotein triglycerides prior to uptake by the mammary gland. An unusual feature of lymph from sheep fed linoleate was the presence of phospholipids which contained large amounts of linoleate in ca. equal proportion at both positions 1 and 2 of the phospholipid molecule.
Acid lipase of the castor bean
Authors: Ory Robert L.
Published: November 2006

The acid lipase of the castor bean is present in the dormant seed. It is extracted from the fat pad obtained by centrifuging a macerate of the seed in pH 7.0 buffer containing cysteine and ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid. The pH optimum of the enzyme is 4.2; it is rather heat‐stable, and is inhibited by mercurials and sulfhydryl reagents. Maximum hydrolysis of saturated triglycerides occurs with fatty acids of chain length C4 to C8; unsaturated C18 triglycerides are hydrolyzed at a slightly lower rate.

This lipase is a three‐component system consisting of the apoenzyme, a lipid cofactor (a cyclic tetramer of ricinoleic acid), and a protein activator (a small, heat‐stable glycoprotein which appears to be related to some of the castor allergens). Maximum lipolysis requires all three components. Lipase activity is associated with the spherosomes, the subcellular site of oil storage in the endosperm.
Configuration at C‐24 of 24‐methyl and 24‐ethylcholesterol in tracheophytes
Authors: Nes William R. , Krevitz Kenneth , Behzadan Shamideh
Published: November 2006

24‐Ethylcholesterol was shown by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy to have only the α‐configuration in a series of tracheophytes ranging through the evolutionary hierarchy from ferns through gymnosperms and primitive angiosperms to climax angiosperms. 24‐Methylcholesterol, however, was consistently an epimeric mixture, with the 24α‐epimer present in about twice the concentration of the 24β‐epimer. 24‐Methylcholesterol was always present in smaller amount than the 24‐ethylcholesterol.
Effect of transplanted human ovarian cancer tissue on liver lipid metabolism of nude mice
Authors: Nakazawa Ichiro , Mead James F.
Published: November 2006

The changes in the lipids of liver tissues of nude mice with and without transplanted human cancerous tissues were studied to clarify the effect of transplanted human tumor tissues on host liver lipid metabolism. The total lipid was extracted and separated into phospholipid, triglyceride, and other fractions by thin layer chromatography. The amounts of methyl esters of fatty acids of each lipid fraction were measured by quantitative gas liquid chromatography after each lipid fraction had been subjected to methanolysis by 5% HCl‐methanol. The phospholipid content of liver tissues of six tumor bearing nude mice was increased and the triglyceride content decreased in comparison with these fractions in three control nude mice. The ratio of the phospholipid fatty acid content to the triglyceride fatty acid content (phospholipid∶triglyceride [PL∶TG]) of six tumor bearing nude mice was distributed between 7.6 and 33.5, whereas PL∶TG ratios of three control nude mice were distributed between 1.7 and 3.8. This result was similar to that reported for human liver tissues of patients with malignant neoplastic disease, indicating that nude mice with transplanted human cancer may be useful for clarifying the mechanisms of the lipid‐chemical changes of liver tissues of patients with malignancies.
Methodology for separation of gangliosides from potential water‐soluble precursors
Authors: Carter T. P. , Kanfer J.
Published: November 2006

The following methods were examined for their ability to remove labeled nucleotide sugars and other water‐soluble precursors from ganglioside preparations: enzymatic digestion of nucleotide sugars followed by dialysis; silicic acid and Sephadx G‐25 column chromatography; ascending paper chromatography; high voltage paper electrophoresis; thin layer chromatography; co‐precipitation of gangliosides and bovine serum albumin with trichloroacetic acid. A procedure was developed which allows these complex glycosphingolipids to remain in the chloroform‐rich lower phase during conventional Folch partitioning.
Inhibition of staphylococcus aureus lipase activity by alcohol
Authors: Mates A.
Published: November 2006

A series of saturatedn‐primary alcohols has been examined for its inhibitory effect on staphylococcal lipase. The efficiency of the inhibition of hydrolysis of the triglycerides increased with the chain length of the alcohol and reached a maximum of seven carbon atoms. Further increases in the chain length caused a decrease in the inhibitory ability of the alochol. However the efficiency of the inhibitory effect on Tween 80 hydrolysis increased with the chain length up to 12 carbon atoms. The degree of inhibition caused with the removal of the hydroxyl group away from the end of the chain. The similar keto compounds were more effective than were the alochol compounds. The effect of the alcohols on the enzyme activity could be overcome by addition of more substrate. Evidence is presented that shows that the inhibiting activity of the alcohol is due to its adsorption onto the substrate, thus blocking the enzyme from the substrate.
Biological effects of autoxidized safflower oils
Authors: Nakamura M. , Tanaka H. , Hattori Y. , Watanabe M.
Published: November 2006

Studies on the biological effects of autoxidized safflower oil are reported. Autoxidized safflower oil (peroxide value 465 me/kg) was administered daily by intubation in doses of 1 ml to weanling male rats of the Sprague‐Dawley strain. Groups of rats were killed at 3 days, 3 weeks and 3 months after starting the daily doses. The growth curves, weights of organs, light and electron microscopic examinations, chemical analysis of blood and liver, and the in vitro conversion of 1‐14C‐sodium acetate to CO2, cholesterol and fatty acids in liver slices were studied. Growth was suppressed and the weights of the livers were increased by administration of the autoxidized safflower oil. Light microcopic examination revealed no significant changes in the liver, but marked changes in the endoplasmic reticulum and an increase in the number of microbodies in liver cells of the animals after 3 days and accumulation of lipofuscin‐like substances in liver cells of animals after 3 months were demonstrated by electron microscopy. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase increased in animals of the treated groups. Although triglyceride, cholesterol and phospholipid in the plasma did not show any specific changes, triglyceride increased in the livers of the animals after 3 days but markedly decreased in the animals after 3 months. There was no marked effect on the14C incorporation into CO2, but decreased incorporations into cholesterol were demonstrated in the treated animals. The incorporation of14C into fatty acid was increased by the liver slices of rat after 3 days, but was decreased in the liver slices of animals after 3 weeks and 3 months. These results suggest that the marked decrease in triglyceride in the liver of the 3 month group of animals was partly due to a decreased capacity to synthesize fatty acid in the liver.
Specificity of digestive lipases in hydrolysis of wax esters and triglycerides studied in anchovy and other selected fish
Authors: Patton J. S. , Nevenzel J. C. , Benson A. A.
Published: November 2006

The physiological specificity of fat digestion in several species of marine fish was studied by incubating a variety of synthetic and natural lipid substrates in fish intestinal fluid. Wax ester and triglyceride hydrolyses were studied in vivo and in vitro. In vivo feeding studies showed triglyceride hydrolyses and reesterification in the gut occurred 4 times faster than wax ester metabolism. In vitro comparisons of wax and triglyceride lipolysis always showed triglycerides to be hydrolyzed faster than wax esters; however, wide variation in the ratio occurred among different batches of intestinal juice. Ca. 50% of the 2‐monoglycerides formed in the lipolytic sequence were hydrolyzed. Esters of lipase resistant fatty acids (20∶4 and 20∶5) were cleaved faster than normal fatty acid esters (18∶2 and 18∶3). Two of the species studied, the northern anchovy,Engraulis mordax and the jack mackerel,Trachurus symmetricus, empty lipase(s) into their gall bladders and produce phospholipid‐free bile.
Positional specificity of γ‐ketol formation from linoleic acid hydroperoxides by a corn germ enzyme
Authors: Gardner H. W. , Kleiman R. , Christianson D. D. , Weisleder D.
Published: November 2006

We have shown unequivocally that the positional specificity of γ‐ketol formation by a corn germ enzyme was different from that observed previously by others with an alfalfa seedling enzyme. When the pure positional isomers of linoleic acid hydroperoxide served as substrates, the corn germ enzyme formed one of two γ‐ketols: 12‐oxo‐9‐hydroxy‐trans‐10‐octadecenoic acid from 13‐hydroperoxy‐cis‐9,trans‐11‐octadecadienoic acid (99+% pure) and 10‐oxo‐13‐hydroxy‐trans‐11‐octadecenoic acid from 9‐hydroperoxy‐trans‐10,cis‐12‐octadecadienoic acid (96% pure). Also isolated from these reactions was one of two α‐ketols commonly found as a result of catalysis by linoleic acid hydroperoxide isomerase: 12‐oxo‐13‐hydroxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoic acid from the 13‐hydroperoxide and 10‐oxo‐9‐hydroxy‐cis‐12‐octadecenoic acid from the 9‐hydroperoxide. Evidence is offered that γ‐ketol formation is catalyzed by linoleic acid hydroperoxide isomerase, the same enzyme responsible for α‐ketol production.
Phosphatidyl choline: Donor of 18‐carbon unsaturated fatty acids for glycerolipid biosynthesis
Authors: Roughan P. G.
Published: November 2006

Kinetics of radiocarbon incorporation into the phosphatidyl choline of pumpkin leaf fed 1‐14C‐acetate at low light intensity were strongly suggestive of lipid bound fatty acids acting as substrates for desaturase enzymes. After pulse labeling in direct sunlight with the same precursor, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl glycerol contained up to 90% of total glycerolipid radiocarbon at the shortest sampling times. Subsequent loss of radiocarbon from phosphatidyl choline and a corresponding gain in other glycerolipids is taken to indicate a net flow of long chain fatty acids through phosphatidyl choline and into other lipids. It is proposed that there may be 2 separate synthetases in leaf tissue, one producing oleic and the other palmitic acids as their end products. Oleic acid is transferred almost exclusively to phosphatidyl choline, where it is further desaturated to linoleic and linolenic acids before being made available for the biosynthesis of other lipids. Palmitic acid is transferred mainly to phosphatidyl glycerol, where it is desaturated totrans‐Δ3‐hexadecenoic acid.
Analysis of methylsterol fractions from twenty vegetable oils
Authors: Jeong T. M. , Itoh T. , Tamura T. , Matsumoto T.
Published: November 2006

The 4‐monomethylsterol and 4,4‐dimethylsterol fractions were separated from the unsaponifiables of 20 vegetable oils by preparative thin layer chromatography, and their compositions were determined by gas liquid chromatography. Tentative identification of the individual components of these fractions was carried out by gas liquid chromatography and combined gas liquid chromatographymass spectrometry. Among 4‐monomethylsterols, obtusifoliol, gramisterol, and citrostadienol occur abundantly in most of the oils. Cycloeucalenol also occurs in some of the oils as a major component of 4‐monomethylsterols. Other 4‐monomethylsterols tentatively identified are: lophenol, 31‐norlanosterol, 31‐norcycloartenol, and 31‐norlanostenol and/or 4α‐methylzymostenol. Among 4,4‐dimethylsterols, cycloartenol and 24‐methylenecycloartanol followed by β‐amyrin and cycloartanol are common to most of the oils. Butyrospermol, α‐amyrin, lupeol, and cyclobranol together with a 4,4‐dimethylsterol, presumably lanostenol, occur in some of the oils. Cyclolaudenol is present in poppy seed oil. Besides these compounds, each of the oils contains some unidentified members of 4‐monomethylsterols and 4,4‐dimethylsterols. The methylsterol fraction of capsicum seed oil as compared with that of the other oils is characterized by its very high content of lophenol and cycloartanol together with three other members, presumably 31‐norlanostenol, 4α‐methylzymostenol, and lanostenol.
Changes with diet in the composition of phosphatidyl choline of sheep bile
Authors: Christie W. W. , Moore J. H. , Noble R. C. , Vernon R. G.
Published: November 2006

Bile phosphatidyl choline from sheep, in contrast to that from nonruminants, contains low levels of the normal range of polyunsaturated fatty acids. A comparison has been made of the composition of bile phosphatidyl cholines from sheep receiving either a control diet, a control diet supplemented with unprotected maize oil, or a control diet supplemented with soybean oil or tallow that had been protected against hydrolysis and hydrogenation in the rumen. The composition of bile phosphatidyl choline from sheep receiving protected soybean oil supplement was virtually indistinguishable from that from nonruminants.
Failure to demonstrate degradation of [4‐14C] cholesterol to volatile hydrocarbons in rats and in human fecal homogenates
Authors: Levitt M. D. , Hanson R. F. , Bond J. H. , Engel R. R.
Published: November 2006

The inability of previous workers to recover completely the radioactivity from ingested [4‐14C] cholesterol has led to the hypothesis that the colonic flora of some individuals degrade the sterol nucleus to volatile hydrocarbons, particularly CH4. In the present investigation, the production of radioactive volatiles was measured following incubation of [4‐14C] cholesterol with 8 human fecal homogenates or after instillation of the labeled sterol into the cecum of 3 rats housed in a closed rebreathing system. Three of the 8 homogenates and each of the 3 rats produced copious CH4. However, analysis by combustion demonstrated no radioactivity above background in the volatile headspace of the homogenates or the gas space of the closed system housing the rats, indicating that <0.001% of the number 4 carbon of [4‐14C] cholesterol could have been converted to volatile hydrocarbons. This study, therefore, provides no support for the concept that volatile products account for the incomplete recovery of ingested sterols observed in certain subjects. However, this hypothesis can not be excluded entirely until similar results are obtained with subjects who can be shown to degrade cholesterol.
Subnanogram detection oft‐butyldimethylsilyl fatty acid esters by mass fragmentography
Authors: Phillipou G. , Bigham D. A. , Seamark R. F.
Published: November 2006

The mass spectra oft‐butyldimethylsilyl fatty acid esters all display a pronounced (M−C4H9)+ ion. The proportion of the total ionization carried by this fragment, particularly for saturated and mono‐, di‐, and tri‐unsaturated acid derivatives, facilitates their qualitative analysis at the subanogram level by mass fragmentography.
Mass spectrometric localization of methyl branching in fatty acids using acylpyrrolidines
Authors: Andersson Bengt Å. , Holman Ralph T.
Published: November 2006

Localization of a methyl branch in a fatty acid molecule by mass spectrometry is facilitated by using the pyrrolidide rather than the methyl ester. Branched fatty acid methyl esters are converted to pyrrolidides and are then analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The diagnostic fragments indicate position of the methyl branch.
Effects of pentadecan‐2‐one on the growth of cells in culture
Authors: Gilbertson John R. , Fletcher Ronald D. , Kawalek Joseph C. , Demcisak Barbara
Published: November 2006

The effect of inclusion of trace amounts of pentadecan‐2‐one in the incubation medium on the growth of HeLa Cells was evaluated by measuring viable cell counts (cells excluding trypan blue) and incorporation of [14C] leucine into acid precipitable protein. Evidence is presented to show that exposure of the cells to trace amounts of the methyl ketone, 36μg/ml, effectively inhibits cell growth. This inhibition is relieved by simultaneously incubating the cells with a long chain primary alcohol, hexadecan‐1‐ol, but not with the secondary alcohol, pentadecan‐2‐ol. The observation that the ethyl ketone, hexadecan‐3‐one, also inhibits cell growth but at higher concentrations than that observed with pentadecan‐2‐one and that pentadecan‐2‐ol at similar concentrations has no effect on cell growth indicates that, for optimal effect, the keto function must be at the 2‐position. Inhibition of cell growth by pentadecan‐2‐one is not unique to HeLa cells, as suggested by the inhibitory effects of this lipid type on the growth of other malignant cell lines of human origin.
Influence of diet on conversion of14C1‐linolenic acid to docosahexaenoic acid in the rat
Authors: Poovaiah B. P. , Tinoco J. , Lyman R. L.
Published: November 2006

14C1‐Linolenic acid was incorporated into lipids of hearts, livers, and carcasses of male rats. We studied the influence of diet composition on extent and distribution of radioactivity. A CHOW diet, a purified, essential fatty acid (EFA)‐deficient diet, a purified control diet, and EFA‐deficient diets with four fatty acid supplements were used. Supplements of 18∶2n−6, 20∶4n−6, 18∶3n−3, and 22∶6n−3 were given as single doses. Radioactivities in liver phosphatidyl ethanolamines (PE), phosphatidyl cholines, and neutral lipids were measured. The distribution of radioactivity among the fatty acids in liver phospholipids was determined. Rats on CHOW diet incorporated far less radioactivity than any other group into lipids of hearts and livers. Most of the activity in livers was recovered as 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 in all rats. In EFA‐deficient rats, the radioactivity in 22∶6n−3 of liver PE was still increasing 36 hr after14C1‐linolenic acid had been administered. The n−6 supplements (18∶2n−6 and 20∶4n−6) seemed to reduce the conversion of 20∶4n−3 to 20∶5n−3 (desaturation), whereas the n−3 supplements (18∶3n−3 and 22∶6n−3) reduced the conversion of 20∶5n−3 to 22∶5n−3 (elongation). Formation of 22∶6n−3 may be controlled by 22∶6n−3 itself at the elongation of 20∶5n−3 to 22∶5n−3.