bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiple extradural spinal arachnoid cysts: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Bitaraf Mohammad Ali , Zeinalizadeh Mehdi , Meybodi Ali Tayebi , Meybodi Keyvan Tayebi , Habibi Zohreh
Published: November 2009

Extradural spinal arachnoid cysts are rare lesions, which may become symptomatic due to mass effect. Multiple cysts are even rarer of which few are reported to date. A 17-year-old male with acute onset urinary retention and progressive paraparesis is presented. Magnetic resonance imaging of spine revealed multiple spinal extradural arachnoid cysts located dorsal to the spinal cord, causing mass effect. The patient underwent surgery for excision of the cyst and closure of dural defects. He gained urinary continence and near normal muscle strength of lower extremities over a period of two weeks following operation. Up to date, there have been only sixteen reported cases of multiple spinal extradural arachnoid cysts in the literature and the present case appears to be the second most extensive one reported so far. Appreciation of the rarity of such lesions as well as the importance of surgical planning (especially pre-operative localization of the dural defects) is highlighted.
High cardiovascular risks in a North Indian Agarwal community: a case series
Authors: Gupta Rajeev , Agrawal Mukta
Published: November 2009

Community specific cardiovascular disease risk factor studies may be useful to evaluate genetic versus environmental causes. Agarwal is a high profile business community in India. A family based narrative from this community reveals a high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases- stroke and coronary heart disease. This is associated with high prevalence of multiple cardiovascular risk factors such as central obesity, hypertension, lipid abnormalities and diabetes. Another study in the same community in Jaipur reveals high prevalence of obesity associated with low physical activity and high dietary calorie and fat intake. Lifestyle factors appear to be mediator of the cardiovascular epidemic in this community.
Neuropeptide Y functions as a facilitator of GDNF-induced budding of the Wolffian duct
Authors: Choi Yohan , Tee James B. , Gallegos Thomas F. , Shah Mita M. , Oishi Hideto , Sakurai Hiroyuki , Kitamura Shinji , Wu Wei , Bush Kevin T. , Nigam Sanjay K.
Published: November 2009

Ureteric bud (UB) emergence from the Wolffian duct (WD), the initiating step in metanephric kidney morphogenesis, is dependent on GDNF; however, GDNF by itself is generally insufficient to induce robust budding of the isolated WD in culture. Thus, additional factors, presumably peptides or polypeptide growth factors, might be involved. Microarray data from in vivo budding and non-budding conditions were analyzed using non-negative matrix factorization followed by gene ontology filtering and network analysis to identify sets of genes that are highly regulated during budding. These included the GDNF co-receptors GFRα1 and RET, as well as neuropeptide Y (NPY). By using ANOVA with pattern matching, NPY was also found to correlate most significantly to the budded condition with a high degree of connectedness to genes with developmental roles. Exogenous NPY [as well as its homolog, peptide YY (PYY)] augmented GDNF-dependent budding in the isolated WD culture; conversely, inhibition of NPY signaling or perturbation of NPY expression inhibited budding, confirming that NPY facilitates this process. NPY was also found to reverse the decreased budding, the downregulation of RET expression, the mislocalization of GFRα1, and the inhibition of AKT phosphorylation that resulted from the addition of BMP4 to the isolated WD cultures, suggesting that NPY acts through the budding pathway and is reciprocally regulated by GDNF and BMP4. Thus, the outgrowth of the UB from the WD might result from a combination of the upregulation of the GDNF receptors together with genes that support GDNF signaling in a feed-forward loop and/or counteraction of the inhibitory pathway regulated by BMP4.
Repression of Wasp by JAK/STAT signalling inhibits medial actomyosin network assembly and apical cell constriction in intercalating epithelial cells
Authors: Bertet Claire , Rauzi Matteo , Lecuit Thomas
Published: November 2009

Tissue morphogenesis requires stereotyped cell shape changes, such as apical cell constriction in the mesoderm and cell intercalation in the ventrolateral ectoderm of Drosophila. Both processes require force generation by an actomyosin network. The subcellular localization of Myosin-II (Myo-II) dictates these different morphogenetic processes. In the intercalating ectoderm Myo-II is mostly cortical, but in the mesoderm Myo-II is concentrated in a medial meshwork. We report that apical constriction is repressed by JAK/STAT signalling in the lateral ectoderm independently of Twist. Inactivation of the JAK/STAT pathway causes germband extension defects because of apical constriction ventrolaterally. This is associated with ectopic recruitment of Myo-II in a medial web, which causes apical cell constriction as shown by laser nanosurgery. Reducing Myo-II levels rescues the JAK/STAT mutant phenotype, whereas overexpression of the Myo-II heavy chain (also known as Zipper), or constitutive activation of its regulatory light chain, does not cause medial accumulation of Myo-II nor apical constriction. Thus, JAK/STAT controls Myo-II localization by additional mechanisms. We show that regulation of actin polymerization by Wasp, but not by Dia, is important in this process. Constitutive activation of Wasp, a branched actin regulator, causes apical cell constriction and promotes medial ‘web’ formation. Wasp is inactivated at the cell cortex in the germband by JAK/STAT signalling. Lastly, wasp mutants rescue the normal cortical enrichment of Myo-II and inhibit apical constriction in JAK/STAT mutants, indicating that Wasp is an effector of JAK/STAT signalling in the germband. We discuss possible models for the role of Wasp activity in the regulation of Myo-II distribution.
Is It Really Emily Dickinson?
Authors: Gleason George
Published: November 2009

Only one authentic photograph of Emily Dickinson is known to exist. In April of 2000, Professor Philip Gura of the University of North Carolina purchased off eBay a photograph which he believes to be a second photograph of Dickinson. He knew he had an uphill battle to establish its authenticity since it is known that fake photographs of famous people are often offered for sale on eBay. Professor Gura’s research has not resulted in a positive identification of his photograph as being Dickinson. Nevertheless, because it has appeared in a number of publications, there is a growing public perception that the photograph is authentic. The claims offered in its support have been re-examined and new evidence has been accessed. Among other things, substantial differences are shown to exist between the facial characteristics of the woman in the Gura photograph and those of Dickinson displayed in her known authentic photograph. These include differences in the configuration of the chin, mouth, nose, eyes, and hair, all of the principal features that one would examine to establish identity. Several of these characterizing features, which are not displayed in the Gura photograph, appear to be hereditary, since they also appear in other images of Dickinson family members and ancestors.
Textual Scruples and Dickinson’s “Uncertain Certainty”
Authors: Gilliland Don
Published: November 2009

This essay posits a necessary relationship between Dickinson’s religious concerns and her textual practice that Dickinson scholarship has not previously considered. This relationship is the foundation of a poetics that synthesizes philosophical materialism and religious transcendence. Skeptical about the merits of an eternity in “Paradise,” Dickinson retains an attachment to the world and a readiness to accept bodily death as the end of all life, as revealed in “Paradise is of the Option - ” (Fr1125). A textual problem with this poem in turn raises the question of what, in its essence, constitutes a “poem” by Emily Dickinson: is it primarily a material entity (the textpage) with which ideas are then associated, or is it primarily an abstract entity (the “Poem”), consisting in a set of ideas for which the written words and the paper are the medium? Any written verbal literary expression creates a dialectic between a textual artifact and its aesthetic properties. In Dickinson’s poetics, this dialectic is focused to an unusual and exemplary degree, as her conceptions of world and God, the material and the metaphysical, death and immortality, are inseparable from her conceptions of poem and text, of aesthetic entity and material artifact. She thus creates a meta-dialectic that encompasses artifact/world/death and God/aesthetic entity/immortality. To track these ideas in detail, this essay pays close attention to three poems that have religious subject matter (and frequent Christian allusions) but differing textual origins: “A word made Flesh is seldom” (Fr1715), “Of Paradise’ existence” (Fr1421), and “No Crowd that has occurred” (Fr653), concluding that for Dickinson the textpage (as material existent) gives embodiment to and fulfills the poem, and the poem (as spirit) breathes vitality into the textpage (as body).
“Paralyzed, with Gold -”: Dickinson’s Poetics of Photography
Authors: Vogelius Christa
Published: November 2009

This essay considers Dickinson’s use of photographic vocabulary and imagery as informative to her larger canon’s aesthetic goals, particularly her separation of the biographical self from the lyric first-person. Dickinson’s consideration of photography makes up only a small part of her writing on the visual arts more broadly, but it is clearly distinct from her competitive attitude toward painting. Photography in Dickinson’s canon stands apart from this traditional art in that she represents it as a natural force, divorced from artistic choice and calculation. A close examination of Dickinson’s letters and poems shows that Dickinson approaches this natural artistry not only with personal alarm, as her letters seem to emphasize, but also as a model for her own representation. By examining “The Trees like Tassels - hit - and swung -” (Fr523), “The Soul’s distinct connection” (Fr901), and “How the old Mountains drip with Sunset” (Fr327), the essay argues that photography—or the properties and discourse of photography—offers the poet a model for art that resists the emphasis on individual authorship fostered by painting.
Dickinson’s Liberatory Poetics
Authors: O’Malley Maria
Published: November 2009

For the last two hundred years, poets and scholars of English poetry have perpetuated a narrative about poetic form as a means of liberation and freedom. Contemporary poets, suspicious of earlier claims made on behalf of liberation, seem wise to the fact that the rhetoric of freedom in the twentieth century has served capitalistic, hegemonic, and imperialist motives while silencing opposition. Such skepticism emerges especially in the work of contemporary Language poets such as Bob Perelman, Susan Howe, and Charles Bernstein. Taking its cue from these writers’ skepticism, this essay examines the ways in which Dickinson’s poetry rejuvenates our understanding of liberation through tropes of violence. Through close readings of “No Rack can torture me - ” (Fr649), “Could I but ride indefinite” (Fr1056), “The Soul has Bandaged moments - “ (Fr360), and “Unto like Story - Trouble has enticed me - “ (Fr300), this essay demonstrates the ways in which liberation in Dickinson’s poetry is accompanied by images of violence and rupture. Her poetry becomes a means of “liberation” for contemporary poets who are wary of, yet not free from, the tired rhetoric of liberation. As such, Dickinson allows poets to put the violence back in liberation, a violence all too readily elided in public discourse.
El tacto invisible. Relectura erótica del soneto VIII de Garcilaso: del eros fantástico a la fantasía erótica
Authors: Sanz Álvaro Llosa
Published: November 2009

La crítica ha asumido por lo general que el petrarquismo y el neoplatonismo característicos de la poesía amorosa del seiscientos español, canónicamente representada por Garcilaso de la Vega, impiden una interpretación ampliamente erótica de la obra de este. En el presente artículo intento demostrar que desde esa necesidad paradigmática de la obra garcilasiana, no obstante, el poeta plantea la posibilidad de un contacto erótico mediante el sentido de la vista, proceso en el que la fantasía juega un papel clave en la búsqueda constante del encuentro amoroso. Un análisis detallado del soneto VIII (“De aquella vista pura y excelente”), inspirado en el tópico del enamoramiento por la vista y con apoyo en la teoría fisiológica que lo sustenta en la época, ofrece las claves para el inicio de esta relectura sobre la práctica erótica en la obra de Garcilaso de la Vega.
Rules of Gender, Reserve, and Resolution in Pardo Bazán’s Insolación
Authors: Colbert Maria
Published: November 2009

This article explores social and literary conventions, and their violations, in Emilia Pardo Bazán’s 1889 Insolación. The essay argues that the controversy incited by the novel’s publication was inextricably linked to gender issues and Pardo Bazán’s status as a female author (and authority). I question commonly held views on the novel’s deployment of marriage as a resolution, arguing that it does not in fact tie up loose ends, but rather reworks the conventional narrative strategy. I also propose that the novel selectively makes use of an idealized (feminine) rhetoric of reserve in order to make, and conceal, a social critique.
The 1969 Edition of Ulysses : The Making of a Penguin Classic
Authors: McCleery Alistair
Published: November 2009

The status of Ulysses as a classic in the United Kingdom, and, more specifically, its adoption within the academic canon, resulted from its first publication as a paperback by the Penguin Press in 1969. The decisions that Penguin made about price, size, design, additional matter, and marketing were directed towards enhancing that status. This represented an abandonment of the previous markets for the novel: the avant-garde (and its two subsidiaries—the aspirant high-culture consumer and the fine-book collector) and the pornographic. A discussion of the nature of these markets is integrated with evidence drawn from archival sources.
"The Most Precious Victim": Joyce's "Cyclops" and the Politics of Persecution
Authors: Spiegel Michael
Published: November 2009

Recent criticism has complicated the conventional view of James Joyce as a politically disinterested pacifist by restoring Ulysses to the Irish colonial context from which it originally emerged. Despite significant contributions, these critics have struggled to reconcile an "Irish Joyce" with a Leopold Bloom who was once seen as the mouthpiece for the author's pacifism. By reading the "Cyclops" episode through the lens of René Girard's theory of the scapegoat, this essay claims that the Jewish Bloom elucidates, rather than complicates, these postcolonial interpretations. Girard's theory exposes the violence connecting the disparate notions of history, mythology, and community that underlie "Cyclops" and the particular form of colonialism it represents. The essay concludes that Joyce reveals and disrupts the scapegoating process. In so doing, he undermines the civilization that both nationalism and colonialism insist upon and challenges the very nature of community.
Finnegans Wake for Dummies
Authors: Knowles Sebastian D. G.
Published: November 2009

" Finnegans Wake for Dummies" is an answer to a perennial problem: how to begin reading the Wake . The Finnegans Wake paradox states that Finnegans Wake cannot be read except by someone who has already read it; what this article proposes is a new way of reading the book, not from front to back, but in order of difficulty. This "ski-slope" method of reading, beginning with the easiest sections, turning to the intermediate sections, and ending with the really fiendish bits, allows the text to afford the reader a sense of achievement as each level is passed, a sense it otherwise withholds until the final page. The three rounds, beginning with the Mamafesta and ending with the farewell in the pub ("Goodbark, goodbye!"), roughly correspond to the order of composition, so that the reader moves chronologically through Joyce's writing process.
Gaslight, Ghostlight, Golliwog, Gaslight
Authors: Gordon John
Published: November 2009

The gaslight that illuminates the settings of "The Dead" is an antiquated technology on the verge of being replaced by electricity. For that reason, among others, it brings with it associations of nostalgia, foregone romance, and ghosts—in other words, the emotional landscape of "The Dead." These associations converge on the figure of Michael Furey, the "boy in the gasworks," who, in "The Dead," is re-presented by the gas that highlights and burnishes Gretta's hair, that, through its buried pipes, tracks her and Gabriel to the Gresham Hotel, and that literally rises from underground to throw a "shaft" between them, thus extinguishing the feelings of renewed passion that it had helped kindle. Coming from underground to confront a self-conscious member of the "Ascendancy," the gas also reinforces the political theme, running throughout the story, of disenfranchisement—of the Irish by the English, of women by men, of blacks by whites.
Colonialism, Ethnicity, and Geopolitics in the Development of the Singapore National Library
Authors: Luyt Brendan
Published: November 2009

This article addresses three key social, political, and economic forces that influenced the development of the Singapore National Library in the 1950s and 1960s. Singapore inherited a British colonial system that neglected both the education of indigenous residents and library development. A major impetus for the development of a national library came as the country moved toward independence in the 1950s and 1960s and it became politically necessary to provide a multilingual rather than a predominantly English-language library. After independence the Singapore National Library collections and policies were influenced by the censorship imposed by the government in power in the early 1960s. This article examines these three social factors—colonial inheritance, ethnic issues, and the geopolitical situation—and the effects they had on the early development of the Singapore National Library.
Zut, zut, zut, zut : Aesthetic Disorientation in Proust
Authors: Freed-Thall Hannah
Published: November 2009

Critics from Bourdieu to Bersani have emphasized a redemptive logic governing Proust’s À la recherche du temps perdu. This essay investigates an alternative, non-appropriative paradigm for reading in Proust—an aesthetics of the unqualifiable, or “quelconque” (“whatever”). I argue that the most striking aesthetic experiences in the novel are those that expose the critic’s incapacitation in the face of the incomparably commonplace object. At stake here is not the compensatory, self-aggrandizing aesthetics of involuntary memory, but a mode of ravished attention to the ordinary that spoils the profits of distinction.
Contingency and Post-Figural Historiography in the French Restoration, 1815–1830
Authors: Nichols Stephen G.
Published: November 2009

The writing of history in France under the Ancien Régime subscribed to a providential epistemology in which historical events were seen as revealing divine purpose. The Revolution swept away the hegemony of monarchy and church on which providential epistemology rested. Historians like Thierry and Guizot had to search for new ways of conceiving French history based on neutral models such as contingency.
Danger and Literature: Michel Leiris and the Corrida
Authors: Guss Nathan
Published: November 2009

Michel Leiris works though questions about the function of danger in literature and subjectivity in his writings on bullfighting. The matador’s passes are a nexus for conflicting accounts of writing. The visceral intensity of this experience figures an accession to a language authentic to the point that words embody experience and the writer discovers his real self. Yet the impossibility of contact between the converging vectors of the corrida suggests an absence at the heart of the signifier and subjectivity that precludes the definitive discovery of the self in autobiography.
De la genèse naturelle à la régénération sociale : fictions de l’origine chez Rousseau
Authors: Monnin Luc
Published: November 2009

Les empiristes du XVIIIe siècle mettent en gardent contre l’essentialisme qui confond les notions abstraites créées par l’esprit avec les êtres véritables. Contre ce travers philosophique, ils inventent la « méthode analytique » qui retrace progressivement le développement des abstractions à partir d’une origine possible. Je montre comment Rousseau, redéfinissant les notions d’origine et de développement naturel, s’empare de cette méthode dans ses récits de genèses pour en faire, dans l’Émile et sa Julie, une manière de reformer son lectorat. L’article examine aussi la manière dont Rousseau fait usage de la fiction dans un projet philosophique qui naturellement la refuse
The Jew as Model: Anti-Semitism, Aesthetics, and Epistemology in the Goncourt Brothers’ Manette Salomon
Authors: Bell Dorian
Published: November 2009

It is often expeditious to assume that the anti-Semitic depictions so commonplace in nineteenth-century French literature simply echoed prevailing French notions about Jews. This paper seeks to complicate that assumption, drawing on the work of Edmond and Jules de Goncourt to ask whether a certain segment of French literature, for reasons immanent to its evolving poetics and fixations, might have proven especially conducive to anti-Semitic discourse. The literary specificity of this discourse, the paper concludes, is important to understanding not only the development of French anti-Semitism, but also the trajectory of the literary naturalism the Goncourt brothers helped invent.
Entre Genève et Baltimore: Jean Starobinski à Johns Hopkins
Authors: Zanetta Julien
Published: November 2009

Si le nom de Jean Starobinski reste invariablement attaché à celui de Genève, une brève parenthèse vient faire exception dans sa biographie. En effet, c’est en 1953, à l’invitation de Georges Poulet, qu’il va enseigner durant trois ans au Romance Languages Department de l’Université Johns Hopkins à Baltimore, en qualité d’instructor d’abord, puis d’assistant professor. « Écart fécond » s’il en est, c’est lors de ce court séjour aux Etats-Unis que, nouant littérature, médecine et histoire des idées, il rédige sa thèse sur Rousseau et rencontre des personnalités capitales pour son orientation critique.
Le « Malgérien » d’Hélène Cixous
Authors: Debrauwere-Miller Nathalie
Published: November 2009

This essay focuses on how Hélène Cixous’s mourning for Algeria, in “Mon Algériance” and Les Rêveries de la femme sauvage , is linked to the death of her father, buried in Algiers. Cixous’ suffering (“malgérien:” a neologism to express both the evil and the illness -“le mal”- of Algeria) stems from her metonymic constellation of Algeria retrospectively viewed as “evil” during the Vichy regime, and also as the carrier of illness that contaminates the father. Cixous’ “malgérien” is also the experience of mourning the defunct father whose fatal illness becomes in her imaginary Algeria an allegory of the situation of the Jew during the Vichy regime in occupied Algeria. The father’s illness also allegorizes other fatal conflicts for Cixous, such as the relationship between Jews and Arabs, French and Jews, as well as colonizer and colonized in Algeria before 1954. The essay explores Cixous's fracturing of memory occasioned by her departure from Algeria in 1954 and draws out the meaning and implications of the metaphors of suffering and illness in relation to the father’s tuberculosis.
Dialogic Rhetoric in Letters Across the Divide : A Dance of (Good) Faith toward Racial Reconciliation
Authors: Hatch John B.
Published: November 2009

The book Letters Across the Divide: Two Friends Explore Racism, Friendship, and Faith embodies a dialogic rhetoric with significant potential to influence its intended audience to accept the need for racial atonement and reconciliation. It exemplifies what Aaron Gresson calls a "dance of agency" in both its interpersonal exchanges and constructed relationship with readers. Bringing white and black voices, individual and collective concerns, and (inter)personal and public discourse into dialogue, Letters demonstrates the transformative power of "voice," which mediates the "authenticity" of Buberian dialogic rhetoric and the cultural performances of Bakhtinian dialogism. The fact that the white coauthor boldly affirms commonplaces of white resistance increases the likelihood that white readers would identify with and be influenced by his profound attitudinal change in dialogue with his black friend. The coherence and credibility of that transformation depend upon the prefigural power of the authors' shared religious narrative—both enabling and constraining Letters' influence on public racial reconciliation.
Why We "Support the Troops": Rhetorical Evolutions
Authors: Stahl Roger
Published: November 2009

This essay tracks the genealogy of the contemporary call to "support the troops," a rhetoric that includes but goes beyond the strategic and argumentative use of the phrase itself. Support-the-troops rhetoric has two major functions: deflection and dissociation. Deflection involves discursive trends in play since Vietnam that have redefined war as a fight to save our own soldiers—especially the captive soldier—rather than as a struggle for policy goals external to the military. As such, this discourse directs civic attention away from the question of whether the particular war policy is just. The essay explicates these trends through an examination of the POW/MIA, war film, and the symbol of the yellow ribbon. The second trope, dissociation, quarantines the citizen from questions of military action by manufacturing distance between citizen and soldier. Dissociation often goes further to define civic deliberation and dissent as an attack on the soldier body and thus an ultimate immoral act. This essay explores this trope through executive rhetoric, an analysis of the particular phrase "support the troops," metaphor for war, and John Kerry's run for the presidency in 2004. Both deflection and dissociation work to discipline and mute public deliberation in matters of war. The essay concludes by considering strategies for reopening spaces for democratic deliberation.
Fantasies of National Identification in Villette
Authors: Lawson Kate , Shakinovsky Lynn
Published: November 2009

In investigating the role—part invented and part real—that national and nationalist affiliations play in Villette , as well as the ways in which Lucy Snowe's shifting consciousness interprets and reinterprets these constructs, this paper argues that Charlotte Brontë employs mid-Victorian national histories as a prism through which to investigate the nature of national identification itself and its relationship to imagination, invention, and even hallucination. Lucy ultimately accommodates herself to Labassecourien national history through an affiliation with its narrative of liberation that, when seized pragmatically by M. Paul, provides Lucy with, as she says in the final chapter, "a wonderfully changed life, a relieved heart."
Hyding Nietzsche in Robert Louis Stevenson's Gothic of Philosophy
Authors: Hustis Harriet
Published: November 2009

In Robert Louis Stevenson's Gothic novel, Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde , Henry Jekyll testifies both to the fundamental instability of origins and to the incorporation of a principle of synthesis within a framework of apparent antithesis in terms that clearly echo Nietzsche's Beyond Good and Evil . When juxtaposed with Nietzsche's confrontation of the "will to truth," Stevenson's shilling shocker seems to examine this resistance to accepted values and to detail its potentially disastrous consequences.
Jane Austen's Speech Acts and Language-Based Societies
Authors: Nolan-Grant Candace
Published: November 2009

This essay investigates the ways in which speech-act theory can illuminate the worlds internal to the novels of Jane Austen. Examining the origins and reworkings of speech-act theory, as well as different categories of performative speech, it argues that the events in Austen's works are not only caused by language, but also that language in itself is an event—an act. Such language-based societies are then explored, with particular attention to issues of intention and context, and to the implications of such an analysis for the further study of Austen's novels.
George Meredith's Fictional Transformations of Female Life-Writings
Authors: Argyle Gisela
Published: November 2009

In The Tragic Comedians and Diana of the Crossways , George Meredith alludes to the notorious life-writings of two contemporary women, Helene von Racowitza and Caroline Norton. Both women's narratives told of a public scandal surrounding their public and illicit love affair with a leading politician: in Racowitza's case, the German Social-Democratic leader Ferdinand Lassalle; and in Norton's, Lord Melbourne, then prime minister. Both women had assertively transgressed the ideology of separate spheres by entering the sphere of politics through their erotic and intellectual companionship. This essay examines the ways in which Meredith's fiction transforms these feminine, pathetic life-writings into masculine tragicomedies that are instructive examples of the condition of male-female relations.
Renunciations of Rhyme in Byron's Don Juan
Authors: Cocola Jim
Published: November 2009

Although Byron presented himself in Don Juan as a highly spontaneous poet with a knack for the inventive twist of rhyme, his compositional technique was in fact a combination of facility and industry, as demonstrated by the poem's many drafts and revisions. By sounding rhyming conventions in search of new linguistic and sonic structures, Byron produced a set of false starts and finished forms that revealed his taste for renunciation: a taste operative on aesthetic, cultural, personal, and political levels. As such, he bequeathed an insistent, supple, and polyvalent poetics to those who have followed in his wake.
Masculinity and Gossip in Anne Brontë's Tenant
Authors: Joshi Priti
Published: November 2009

This paper examines Anne Brontë's novel against debates about women and women's influence. It argues that Brontë forges a middle ground between Mary Wollstonecraft and Hannah More, rejecting not only the former's repudiation of women's culture but also the latter's aggrandizement of women's influence. Brontë exposes some of the most dearly held fictions of femininity, even as she sympathetically explores its engagement with the production of a "new masculinity." To this end, she offers the very "feminine" behavior of "gossip" or "idle chat," rather than women themselves, as a tool to rehabilitate men who are drawn to a hypermasculine culture of violence.
Ainsworth's Jack Sheppard and the Crimes of History
Authors: Gillingham Lauren
Published: November 2009

This essay reconsiders the place of 1830s fiction in British literary history by investigating the cultural fascination in the period with criminal heroes and the urban underworld. Reading William Harrison Ainsworth's novel Jack Sheppard , the essay argues that this text and the Newgate school to which it belongs help us to reassess the relevance of minor popular genres to the novel's transformations across the nineteenth century, and to interrogate the forms of cultural work that this fiction undertakes.
How The National Health Improved the National’s Health: Peter Nichols, Michael Blakemore, and the National Theatre Company
Authors: Patton Alec
Published: November 2009

Peter Nichols’s The National Health , the National Theatre’s (NT) only popular success of 1969 and winner of that year’s Evening Standard award for “Best New Play,” seems to have succeeded in spite of the efforts of Laurence Olivier, then the NT’s artistic director, to keep it out of the public eye. Nichols’s play, a profane and medically explicit view of a hospital ward with a cast of thirty, offered what Kenneth Tynan described as “an anatomy of England.” As such, it was an ideal test case for the NT’s power and willingness to use its subsidy to stage challenging plays. This article examines the drawn-out, internal struggle over Health , drawing on previously unexamined material from the playwright’s personal papers at the British Library, as well as original interviews with Nichols and director Michael Blakemore. It provides insight into the structure and policies of the NT during Olivier’s directorship—in particular, Tynan’s championing the play casts new light on his role within the NT management, while the play’s scheduling difficulties reveal problems with large-scale repertory, which the NT continues to face.
“ Wochenend und Sonnenschein ”: In the Blind Spots of Censorship at the GDR’s Cultural Authorities and the Berliner Ensemble
Authors: Setje-Eilers Margaret
Published: November 2009

The body of work, letters, and journals produced by Bertolt Brecht after he settled in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) is strangely silent about freedom of expression in the arts. Officially, censorship did not exist in the GDR, but Brecht already had trouble with institutional approvals before his exile years. For example, his film Kuhle Wampe, or Who Owns the World? ( Kuhle Wampe oder Wem gehört die Welt? ) (1932) , co-authored with director Slatan Dudow, was initially prohibited upon completion. With few exceptions, Brecht’s primary texts rarely mention censorship explicitly. However, Brecht’s own work often deals with sociopolitical structures similar to those that challenge characters like Galileo, who live under conditions that make it difficult to do simple things. Brecht’s texts untiringly demonstrate that the prevailing ideological conditions that elicit certain responses need to be transformed before people will be able to correspondingly change. I suggest here that even without revolutionizing the system, Brecht and his wife Helene Weigel, who was theatre manager of the Berlin Ensemble, were often able to maneuver quite skillfully within the GDR’s political circumstances in what I call the “blind spots of censorship,” where the spaces of official and personal relationships overlapped.

Until the Ministry of Culture was established in 1954, the function of overseeing the arts was carried out by a number of early cultural authorities. By the time these various organizations were subsumed into the ministry, Brecht and Weigel had developed relationships within these institutions. One of these associations was with Kurt Bork, a high-ranking functionary who had a long career advising on the arts in many official organizations with authority over the theatre. Another relationship was with Bork’s wife Elfriede, who worked for Weigel. To illustrate the wide-ranging significance of the ties between Brecht, Weigel, and the Borks, I examine two productions that span the years of the Berliner Ensemble under Weigel’s theatre management. The Trial of Lucullus ( Das Verhör des Lukullus ) (1951), by librettist Brecht and composer Paul Dessau, premiered with modifications and a new title, The Condemnation of Lucullus ( Die Verurteilung des Lukullus) , at the Berlin State Opera under manager Ernst Legal. Toward the end of Weigel’s career, Seven against Thebes ( Sieben gegen Theben ) (1969) was produced at the Berlin Ensemble, directed by Manfred Karge and Matthias Langhoff. Both works are marked by correspondence from 1951 to 1969 between the ensemble and Kurt Bork, who acted as a sympathetic liaison for Brecht’s communication with the Socialist Unity Party of Germany even before Brecht settled in Berlin. I suggest here that much effective discussion concerning these two productions took place in the blind spots of censorship.
‘I Wasn't Alone’: Collective Behaviour and Violent Delinquency
Authors: McGloin Jean Marie , Piquero Alex R.
Published: November 2009

A common finding in criminology concerns the influential role of peers for offending. Even so, there is minimal literature, even at the descriptive level, on the extent to which the presence of co-offenders facilitates crime, especially violence. Within a ‘collective behaviour’ framework, we hypothesise that the presence of more accomplices (i.e., larger groups) will be related to an increased likelihood of violent crime. By reviewing data on both co-offenders and co-offending incidents, we find that: (1) violent offences have a higher average number of offenders per event compared to nonviolent offences; (2) as the average number of individuals with whom a person offends increases so too does the count of violent co-offences and (3) the odds of an individual's first group offence being violent increases for every additional accomplice present during the event, independent of whether these co-offenders had a history of prior violence. The conclusion advocates for more research on mechanisms of collective behaviour, paying particular attention to future theoretical and empirical directions.
Ethnic Identity and Criminal Offending in a New Zealand Birth Cohort
Authors: Marie Dannette , Fergusson David M. , Boden Joseph M.
Published: November 2009

There has been a great deal of debate and speculation regarding the high levels of involvement of Māori New Zealanders in the criminal justice system. The present investigation examined the role of Māoricultural identity in predicting criminal offending in a New Zealand birth cohort studied from birth to the age of 21. There were statistically significant ( p < .0001) bivariate associations between both sole Māori identification and Māori/other cultural identification, and both (a) official convictions for property/violent offending during ages 17–21 and (b) selfreported violent and property offending during ages 17–21. Control for a range of potentially confounding factors related to family socioeconomic status, family functioning and personal adjustment reduced the associations between sole Māori identity and criminal offending to statistical nonsignificance (both p values > .40). However, the association between Māori/other cultural identity and criminal offending remained statistically significant (both p values < .05) after control for confounding. The findings suggest that while sole Māori cultural identification is not associated with increased rates of criminal offending, persons of Māori/other cultural identification are at increased risk of violent and property offending.
If at First You Don't Succeed ... Keep Trying: Strategies to Enhance Coalition/ School Partnerships to Implement School-Based Prevention Programming
Authors: Fagan Abigail A. , Brooke-Weiss Blair , Cady Rick , Hawkins J. David
Published: November 2009

Community-based coalitions have been advocated as a promising mechanism to reduce youth involvement in violence, delinquency, and substance use, but coalitions have not always been successful in ensuring widespread adoption of evidence-based prevention strategies. This article describes the strategies used by 12 community coalitions to collaborate with schools to select and implement school-based prevention programs; it includes the barriers to establishing coalition/school partnerships and methods for overcoming these challenges. In this 5-year research project, all communities adopted school-based prevention programs. Coalitions helped achieve this outcome by building relationships with school personnel, fostering champions within the school, creating win/win situations in which schools' needs were addressed, and initiating school-based prevention programs as pilot efforts that were later expanded. While success was achieved in all cases, persistent messaging about the importance of youth problem behaviours was needed to overcome schools' concerns about using academic time to teach prevention messages and replacing current practices with unfamiliar programs. Findings from this study can be used by coalitions and prevention scientists that want to partner with schools to reach a large population of students with effective prevention programming. The results are also of value to researchers and practitioners interested in fostering widespread dissemination of other types of evidence-based programs.
Veiled in the City: The politics of form in the urban space
Authors: Ibrahim Yasmin
Published: November 2009

The city is an allegory for social order, culture and civilization. The city in the postmodern condition extols both order and the subversion of that order through a myriad of latent and overt symbols and activities. The city's space is constructed both through material and visual practices,
and equally through (media and mediated) discourses where these become sites for examination of ideological power and social relationships. This article examines the veil as an object of cultural signification through the politics of form and contextualizes its interface in the post-9/11 urban
space where media and official discourses construct it as disruptive visually and socially to the urban spaces of order and administration.
The Media and American Invasion of Iraq: A Tale of Two Wars
Authors: Salih Abdel Rahman Abdalla
Published: November 2009

Words play an effective role in determining the impact of media on people's attitudes and reactions to events. And it is known that media can play either a positive or a negative role in people's lives, and the trends of any media are governed by the goals and strategies of those who
use and direct the media machinery. This has occurred clearly in the consequences of the tragic events of September 11 2001 and the vital role the media played in that. After the attack on America, a new discourse emerged in the media; this discourse associated the war on Afghanistan, the
aftermath of the Taliban defeat and fall of its government with 9/11. This went in tandem with America's invasion and occupation of Iraq, which has significant importance for the deep impact it made on the world in general and in the region in particular. Most importantly, this war has affected
the historical and civilized heritage of Iraq. Since, these events have affected the region, their impact have reached the media as well. Then it is of great importance to examine and understand the way media in the region particularly responded to the daily events and developments in Iraq.
This article reports an analysis of the discourse used by the media in dealing with the Iraq issue. The discussion focuses primarily on issues pertaining to the general trends of the Arab media in its coverage of events and the specific words used for this purpose, as well as the degree of
independence and depth of the coverage. The study is an attempt to raise issues of media discourse analysis and the impact that had on the public's view of the events.
The nautilus evolving architecture and city landscapes for future sustainable development
Authors: Goodsite Michael Evan , Armstrong Rachel , Nielsen Ole John
Published: November 2009

A new model for environmental and urban sustainability living architecture that connects artifice with the natural world through the use of materials that possess some of the properties of living systems, and can therefore actively exchange energy with the ecosphere, is proposed.
Protocells as smart agents for architectural design
Authors: Hanczyc Martin M , Ikegami Takashi
Published: November 2009

Simple chemical agents with lifelike properties can be termed a protocell, meaning the earliest form of a natural living cell. These agents are not necessarily alive but are examples of living technology, namely technology that possesses lifelike qualities. Given that the protocell
can respond to environmental cues with directional and controlled movement it can be thought of as being able to make decisions whilst navigating through a complex environment. In this way a mobile protocell agent can be considered to exhibit a form of computation. The development of smart
protocell agents can be used as experimental model systems for the investigation of abstracted living processes that can subsequently be physically and chemically manipulated to produce architectural design outcomes.
The 200-Year Continuum
Authors: Kerrigan Christian
Published: November 2009

The 200-Year Continuum is the producer, recorder and exhibitor in Christian Kerrigan's advancing anthology of narratives. Central to Kerrigan's practice is storytelling and myth-making as a means of engaging his audience. Kerrigan uses drawing as his primary mode of research into these
narratives which are consequently offered in the form of live Internet feed installations acting as ecological sites, collaborative scientific experiments introducing new organic technologies and digital images of worlds unseen. Each addition acts as a middle story within The 200-Year Continuum.
In his narrative, The Amber Clock, a ship is grown in the yew forest, Kingley Vale, over 200 years. As such, he explores the possibilities of time in relationship to technology and the natural world. In his narrative, artificial and wild systems are choreographed, and the natural production
of resin is harvested from the yew trees as a way of measuring time. Biological imperatives are harnessed in a second collaborative architectural project entitled Living Architecture: The Protocell. This project seeks to investigate the design potential of using the drivers of biology, the
technological issues and the implications of intervention.
Embracing the tyranny of distance: space as an enabling constraint
Authors: Bullock Seth , Buckley Christopher L
Published: November 2009

Architectural design is typically limited by the constraints imposed by physical space. If and when opportunities to attenuate or extinguish these limits arise, should they be seized? Here it is argued that the limiting influence of spatial embedding should not be regarded as a frustrating
tyranny to be escaped wherever possible, but as a welcome enabling constraint to be leveraged. Examples from the natural world are presented, and an appeal is made to some recent results on complex systems and measures of interaction complexity.
The search for a first cell under the maximalism design principle
Authors: Ikegami Takashi , Hanczyc Martin M
Published: November 2009

A new design principle is discussed for making a sufficiently complex cell for the creation of the first wet artificial life in the laboratory. The current approach is to attempt a minimal cell, which consists of a liposome that contains a minimal metabolic cycle for self-maintenance
and self-replication. Given the lack of success with the minimal cell to date, the authors suggest it is possible to take an alternative approach to building the first wet artificial life form that they have called the first cell. In this article, the concept of the first cell versus the minimal
cell is discussed. The new design principle is supported by the following observations that are examined and developed from an Origins of Life perspective:

That human development shows a U-shaped curve where the skills and
developmental patterns of human infants are proficient at the first phase then decline and subsequently recover to a qualitatively better level.

A review of spatial temporal dynamics using cellular automata studies shows that complexity
generated at both the initial states and the time evolution dynamics can synthesize rich evolutionary processes.

A chemical experiment exhibiting self-organizing dynamics results in the emergence of a self-propelling oil droplet that demonstrates
the self-sustaining properties of a non-equilibrium state.

Finally, the important design question Is life a contingent or deterministic phenomenon? is examined which asks whether a life form is a dynamic product of its surroundings or whether it is the inevitable
outcome of prior events, and is discussed making reference to the characteristics of an art installation The Way Things Go. This contemporary masterpiece, which exhibits a long-lasting chain of unrelated causal events, serves as a theoretical model for discussion of evolutionary processes,
suggesting that when it comes to designing wet artificial life forms in the laboratory, both contingent and deterministic processes should be taken into account.