bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ON THE DILATATOR PUPILLÆ OF THE HUMAN IRIS
Authors: Schäafer E. A.
Published: December 2014

1. The dilatator pupillas of the human iris consists of a thin stratum of radially disposed, riband‐shaped, plain muscle‐cells: this stratum covers the posterior surface of the iris‐stroma.

2. At the peripheral zone of the iris the dilatator is somewhat thickened, and its cells, in place of being in a single layer as is the case over the greater part of the iris, are two or three deep.

3. The dilatator is not separated from the uveal pigment by a basement membrane.

4. The uveal pigment which covers the back of the iris is composed of two strata not very closely adherent to one another. The more superficial or posterior stratum, which is formed of large columnar cells, is in thin sections relatively easily detached from the deeper or anterior stratum. This last is composed of cells which are spindle‐shaped in radial sections; they are arranged over the greater part of the iris in a single layer, but here and there, especially near the periphery, may be two deep. The deeper stratum of the pigmented epithelium is intimately adherent to the adjacent layer which forms the dilatator muscle, but, at least in the adult, the cell‐elements of the two layers are differentiated from one another and do not form a part of the same tissue.
ON THE MECHANISM OF CYTOLYSIS IN PARAMECIUM
Authors: Wulzen Rosalind
Published: December 2014

1. The same agents which cause cytolysis in the sea‐urchin egg and the red blood‐corpuscle produce also cytolysis in Paramecium.

2. The formation of a membrane is an essential step in this cytolysis The membrane is raised in vesicles by an increase in intracellular osmotic pressure. This pressure is due to the production of some soluble colloid by the action of the cytolytic agent upon the protoplasm.

3. The intracellular change indicated by vesicle‐formation renders the cell‐wall soluble in the cytolytic agent, and the cell‐contents are thus extruded.

4. In complete cytolysis the protoplasm is entirely dissolved.

5. The membranes about both contractile vacuoles and nucleus are probably membranes of precipitation.

6. These membranes resist lipoid solvents to such an extent that they probably contain but little lipoid.

To Professor Loeb's kind suggestions is owing anything in this paper which may be of value.
THE ACTION OF DRUGS UPON THE CEREBRAL VESSELS
Authors: Dixon W. E. , Halliburton W. D.
Published: December 2014

The cerebral blood‐vessels respond towards drugs in a manner similar to the pulmonary and coronary vessels. Adrenaline, pilocarpine, and muscarine, drugs well recognised as acting upon nerve‐endings, cause some dilatation, though they always produce marked constriction of systemic vessels. It is probable that the dilator action is confined to the larger blood‐vessels, and it is suggested that this effect is nervous in origin. Barium, lead, veratrine, and pituitary extract cause some constriction, the inference being that these drugs act directly upon muscle. The constriction with pituitary is slight and transient, and is followed by decided dilatation.
THE TRACT OF GOWERS
Authors: Bruce A. Ninian
Published: December 2014

1. In the term “Gowers' bundle” or “tract” all the ascending ventro‐lateral fibres should be included and not the spino‐cerebellar fibres only.

2. If a lesion in the lower thoracic region injures only ventro‐lateral fibres, it is found on tracing the resulting degeneration upwards that there is a gradual transference of spino‐cerebellar fibres from the region of Gowers' bundle to that of Flechsig's, these transferred fibres being distributed to the cerebellum by way of the restiform body along with the other fibres of Flechsig's tract.

3. The ventral spino‐cerebellar fibres arise from the lower cells of Clarke's column of the same side. These cells become chromatolysed as the result of ventro‐lateral lesions which involve the bundle of Gowers only. On the other hand, if the dorsal cerebellar tract of the cord alone is injured, or the inferior cerebellar peduncle divided, most of the cells at the lower extremity of Clarke's column do not undergo chromatolysis.

4. The dorsal and ventral spino‐cerebellar fibres must no longer be regarded as two distinct and separate systems. They form parts of one and the same system, and connect the cells of Clarke's column of the same side with the cerebellum. This system divides at the level of the medulla oblongata, the greater number of fibres passing to the vermis cerebelli by the inferior cerebellar peduncle, a smaller number passing to the vermis by the superior cerebellar peduncle.

5. The ventral cerebellar fibres lie mostly at the periphery of Gowers' bundle, and are not appreciably different in size from the dorsal cerebellar fibres. The fibres lying more centrally are, for the most part, smaller and finer. These do not pass to the cerebellum but to successive segments of the cord, to the lateral nucleus of the medulla oblongata, to the pons, to the anterior and posterior colliculus of both sides, to the substantia nigra of the same side, and to the thalamus of the same side.

6. The spino‐vestibular tract, and the dorsal and ventral collateral plexuses, which have been considered to arise from the dorsal cerebellar tract, may take origin also from the transferred fibres of the tract of Gowers.

7. Section of the spino‐cerebellar tracts in the spinal cord of the monkey produces no permanent physiological effect.
THE EFFECTS UPON GROWTH AND METABOLISM OF THE ADDITION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF OVARIAN TISSUE, PITUITARY, AND THYROID TO THE NORMAL DIETARY OF WHITE RATS
Authors: Schäfer E. A.
Published: December 2014

The experiments related in this paper have been carried out on groups of white rats fed on a normal diet of bread and milk, to which, after a certain preliminary period, small quantities of the glandular substance of the ovary, pituitary body, or thyroid were respectively added. Determinations were made in each group of the rate of growth, the amount of food consumed, the amount of nitrogen excreted and retained, and the amounts of P2O5, Ca, and Mg excreted. The following are the chief results obtained:—

1. Addition of ovarian or pituitary tissue in small amounts to the normal dietary of growing rats has little or no effect on their growth or metabolism.

2. Addition of similar amounts of thyroid tissue causes a great increase of food consumption, especially in quite young animals, with acceleration of growth and retention of nitrogen in the body. At the same time, the nitrogenous metabolism is greatly increased, as is indicated by the large augmentation of nitrogen in the excreta—especially in the urine.

3. Certain differences are observable in the two sexes.

4. The excretion of phosphorus appears to be uninfluenced by ovarian or pituitary addition, but there is an increase with thyroid when the addition of this to the food is increased beyond a certain amount.

5. There appears to be an increased excretion of Ca and Mg in pituitary‐ and thyroid‐fed animals as compared with those to the food of which ovarian tissue is added. But the variations in different experiments are considerable, and render this result doubtful.
THE EFFECT OF NERVE‐FUSION ON THE PATTERNS OF NERVES CONTAINING DEGENERATED FIBRES
Authors: Feiss Henry O.
Published: December 2014

(1) Nerves containing degenerated tracts do not have their anatomical pattern much altered by the interposition of surgical neuromata produced by nerve fusion; the empty sheaths do not become refilled.

(2) In the neuromata themselves marked distortion of pattern may occur, as in cases where normal nerves have been fused, but this is only a local thing and does not affect the anatomical pattern of the nerves below it. At the same time, such fibres as were not affected by the original lesion may form new central connections.

(3) Taken all in all, these experiments give us data which are reconcilable with recognised views on nerve regeneration and chemotaxis. This being so, the evidence is to be regarded as rather unfavourable for justifying nerve anastomosis after lesions in the cord or roots, unless possibly the time‐interval between the original lesion and the anastomosis is very short.
ON THE COAGULATION OF BLOOD
Authors: Cramer W. , Pringle Harold
Published: December 2014

Oxalate plasma, when prepared with certain precautions and filtered through a Berkefeld filter, does not clot on the addition of calcium chloride.

An investigation of this fact has led to the following conclusions:—

Plasma separated from the corpuscular elements in the ordinary way by centrifugalisation at a moderate speed still contains some blood‐platelets. The addition of soluble calcium salts to such plasma brings about in the first instance a breaking down of the platelets. This leads to the liberation of a substance (thrombokinase of Morawitz, thromboplastin of Howell) which is essential for the production of a clot. This substance is not present in freshly prepared oxalate blood in which the platelets have remained intact, and therefore no coagulation takes place on the addition of calcium salts to such plasma, which has been completely freed from platelets by filtration through a Berkefeld filter.

Soluble calcium salts, in addition to the primary effect on the platelets, have also a secondary effect in contributing to the formation of fibrin under the influence of the substance liberated by the platelets.

Since numerous experiments on blood coagulation have been carried out by previous observers with plasma which was not cell free, but still contained blood‐platelets, it follows that a number of phenomena which have been attributed to the chemical or physical properties of the unorganised constituents of the plasma are in reality due to the behaviour of living cellular elements. The conclusions based on experiments with such plasma require to be revised. In the present paper we have discussed the following phenomena:—

The fact that blood remains fluid when caught in paraffined tubes (Freund's method) is explained by the fact that under these conditions the platelets remain intact. The observation of Bordet and Gengou, that plasma obtained from such blood will coagulate when it is transferred to glass vessels, is due to the presence of platelets in such plasma. These platelets disintegrate when brought into contact with glass. The phenomena described by Nolf under the terms “thromboplastic agencies” and “centres of coagulation” are also due to the presence of platelets in the plasma with which he was working. Platelet‐free plasma is not susceptible to the action of “thromboplastic agencies.”
ON THE EFFECTS OF ADMINISTRATION OF EXTRACTS OF PITUITARY BODY AND CORPUS LUTEUM TO MILCH COWS
Authors: Gavin W.
Published: December 2014

1. That under conditions of ordinary farm practice no commercial benefit arises from the administration to dairy cows of these glandular extracts, whether given by the mouth, by subcutaneous injection, or by intravenous injection.

2. That intravenous injection of pituitary extract may be followed by an increased collection of milk in the lower portions of the udder, but that, in spite of this, no alteration in the total quantity per diem or in the quality of the milk occurs.

It must, be emphasised that these results were obtained for commercial purposes, and apply only to ordinary farm practice. The cows were fed as usual, and milked twice a day only. Further observations would be required to determine whether an increase could be gained by simultaneous high feeding or frequent removal of the milk during the injection period.

The author wishes to express his thanks to Professor Schäfer for advice, material, and assistance, without which it would have been impossible for him to carry out the above work.
THE VASCULARITY OF THE LIVER. XI. THE MOTOR REACTION IN THE PORTAL RADICLES OF THE LIVER
Authors: Burton‐Opitz Russell
Published: December 2014

1. By using adrenaline during the perfusion of the portal system of the liver it has been shown that the radicles of this vein possess motor activity.

2. Stimulation of the distal end of the hepatic plexus during the perfusion, as well as in an animal possessing a normal portal circulation, has proved that this motor mechanism is innervated by the aforesaid plexus.

3. It has also been established that the portal mechanism is distinct from the one located in the terminals of the hepatic artery, and that it embraces not only the distributing tubules, but also extensive areas of the central or collecting channels.
ON AN ACCUMULATION OF GAS IN THE TISSUES OF THE FROG AS A RESULT OF PROLONGED SUBMERSION IN WATER
Authors: Cameron A. T. , Brownlee T. I.
Published: December 2014

(1) Specimens of R. pipiens immersed in Winnipeg tap‐water during late winter and spring will live on the average sixteen days. The extreme periods observed are three and fifty‐two days.

(2) The frogs remain perfectly normal for some time, but at a variable period before death ensues—usually several days—they commence to swell. The swelling is due in all cases to the absorption of water, and in most cases this is accompanied by retention of absorbed nitrogen, resulting in a degree of buoyancy which tends to keep the frogs at the surface of the water. If the frogs are removed from the water at any stage before death occurs, they recover completely in a few days. If allowed to remain, death ultimately takes place, and is presumably connected, physically or chemically, with the distension.

(3) The causes of the phenomena are discussed, and other experiments described which throw some further light upon them.

In conclusion, we wish to thank Professor Swale Vincent for the interest he has taken in the work throughout its course.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENALIN ON MUSCULAR FATIGUE IN LEPTODACTYLUS OCELLATUS (L. GIR.) AND IN BUFO MARINUS
Authors: Guglielmetti John
Published: December 2014

1. Subcutaneous or intravenous injection of adrenalin in the frog, Leptodactylus ocellatus, and the toad, Bufo marinus, produces recovery of muscular contractions which have been abolished by previous fatigue. Perfusion experiments show the same result.

2. Within certain limits, the period of duration of the recovery curve depends upon the quantity of adrenalin used, on the frequency of excitation, and on the weight lifted by the muscle.

3. The height of the recovery curve is generally lower than that of the initial curve, but sometimes higher.

4. Given sufficient doses, recovery may be obtained in muscles which have been wholly exhausted, but if a certain interval has elapsed after the fatigue was complete, this result is inconstant.

5. If the first dose is small and the second one much greater (ten times), two consecutive recoveries can be obtained.

6. A dose of adrenalin so small as to be unable to influence the fatigue curve may nevertheless render the muscle less sensitive to a succeeding dose.

7. The manner in which the stimulus is applied, whether through the nerve or directly to the muscle, does not modify the phenomena.

8. When administered by the perfusion method, similar results are obtained, but fatigue supervenes much more rapidly.

9. Recovery is more usually obtained when the adrenalin is made to act early upon the preparation.

10. Frogs are more sensitive to adrenalin when they are fasting.

11. The sensitivity of the frog, Leptodactylus ocellatus, is about five times greater than that of the toad, Bufo marinus.
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN RELATION TO THE THYROID GLAND. IV.: THE EFFECT OF THYROID FEEDING ON THE GASEOUS METABOLISM OF THYROIDECTOMISED RATS
Authors: Cramer W. , M' Call R.
Published: December 2014

Rats in which hypothyroidism has been produced by removal of the thyroid gland react to thyroid feeding by an increased metabolism. Two stages of experimental hypothyroidism have been distinguished in a previous paper as occurring in rats. If thyroid gland is administered in the early stage in which the metabolism is reduced, the effect is to bring the metabolism back to that of a normal animal. In this respect there is an essential similarity between this stage of experimental hypothyroidism and pathological hypothyroidism. If thyroid feeding takes place after the later stage has set in, the condition of the metabolism is similar to that produced in a normal animal by thyroid feeding. This confirms the suggestion made in a previous paper, that this later stage is due to a compensatory mechanism, and does not really represent a condition of true hypothyroidism.

The rise in metabolism produced by thyroid feeding occurs also in the absence of preformed carbohydrate in the food.

The relation of protein metabolism to carbohydrate metabolism in experimental hyperthyroidism is discussed. It is pointed out again that all the changes in metabolism can be explained as being the result of the disturbance of the glycogenic function.

It is suggested that in Graves' disease a diet rich in carbohydrates is indicated to counteract the loss of flesh, which is one of the features of the disease.
THE ACTION OF AMYL NITRITE ON THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION
Authors: McDowall R. J. S.
Published: December 2014

It is shown that amyl nitrite causes a lowering of pulmonary blood‐pressure

Evidence is brought forward to show that there is direct action on the pulmonary blood vessels, and this is supported by the findings in the auricles. The existence of a vasodilator mechanism in the lungs is rendered probable.

A revision of the present position of nitrites in the treatment of certain lung diseases is suggested by the results of these experiments.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENALINE ON LEFT AURICULAR PRESSURE
Authors: McDowall R. J. S.
Published: December 2014

Experiments have been carried out which demonstrate the different factors which affect the pressure changes in the left auricle when adrenaline is injected.

These are seen to be the action of the vagus, of the right ventricle, of the pulmonary vessels, of the left ventricle, of the anaesthetic and of the artificial respiration.

After the vagi have been cut it is usual to get a fall in left auricular pressure with adrenaline. This fall is shown to be due largely to constriction of the pulmonary vessels by the adrenaline ; often, but not always, supplemented by increased action of the left ventricle.

This research was assisted by a grant from the British Medical Association.

I wish to thank Messrs, Parke, Davis and Co., for their kindness in providing me with adrenaline for the investigation.
MITOCHONDRIAL CHANGES IN THE CELLS OF THE GASTRIC GLANDS IN RELATION TO ACTIVITY
Authors: Lim R. K. S. , Ma W. C.
Published: December 2014

1. The granules of the oxyntic cells are probably mitochondrial. During activity there is a peripheral aggregation of granules which eventually leaves the central part of the cell free from them. The granules themselves may elongate into rods (dog and cat) or filaments (rabbit). Other changes, such as swelling of the granules and loss of staining, also take place in some of the cells. It is suggested that these are extreme changes of a pathological character.

2. The peptic cells contain dot‐like mitochondria in the periphery of the loaded or resting cell. As the granules are discharged, mitochondrial rods or filaments develop in the interior of the cell, forming a loose network. The free ends of some of the filaments become varicose, and in the rabbit the appearance suggests a transformation of the swollen ends into free zymogen granules, although such a transition is not clearly indicated in the dog or cat.

3. The changes consequent on activity are more marked among the deeply situated oxyntic cells, while, in the case of the peptic cells, it is the superficial cells which are the most affected. The causes of these differences are discussed.

4. The oxyntic mitochondria are not greatly reduced in number after prolonged activity, while the peptic mitochondria increase as the zymogen is discharged, and vice versa. It is suggested that the mitochondria act as facilitators and do not become transformed into secretion material, although some of the mitochondria may be bound up with the secretion and thereby lost. Since the peptic secretion is probably more colloidal in nature than that of the oxyntic cell, it may explain a greater loss (?) of mitochondria by the former if it is supposed that the zymogen is able to adsorb mitochondrial material.

5. The mucoid‐cell mitochondria show no appreciable change with activity. This is to be expected in view of the little variation in the secretion of these cells.

6. Histologically the cells showing the greatest change after activity may be considered to have their function impaired (fatigued ?), but functionally it is found that the volume of secretion does not diminish pari passu with the onset of such changes. That is to say, there are certain structural changes consequent upon activity, and especially prolonged activity, but these do not indicate cessation of function.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—V. THE STEADY STATE
Authors: Ponder Eric
Published: December 2014

1. In this paper the maintenance of the steady state of the Arneth count is considered in detail. It is shown that the distribution of the cells among the various Arneth classes is due to the cells remaining a short time in Class I., a longer time in Class II., a still longer time in Class III., and so on, the cells normally entering the circulation as cells of Class I. and leaving it from Classes IV. and V.

2. The steady state in abnormal conditions is briefly referred to, and shown to be due to the cells leaving the circulation from classes earlier than Classes IV. and V.

3. The relation of the Arneth count to conditions of leucocytosis and leucopenia is considered.

This research was carried out under a grant from the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society.
REPRODUCTION AND DIET IN THE RAT
Authors: Kennedy Walter P.
Published: December 2014

1. The presence of vitamin E in ether‐extract of crushed oats isshown, and its necessity for normal reproduction in both male and female rats is confirmed.

2. Deficiency of calcium in an otherwise complete diet is shown to induce sterility in both male and female rats. The effect is probably on the germ cells.

3. A protein intake of 75 per cent. in the form of caseinogen is also found to result in sterility in both sexes of the rat. Again it is apparently the germ cells that are affected.

4.
Mitchell's assertion that agar‐agar is necessary for reproduction when feeding with purified diets is not confirmed, but it is found to be of benefit in feeding with a diet of over 70 per cent. protein, without other carbohydrate.

5.
Reader and
Drummond's finding regarding the absence of kidney degeneration after the excretion of very large quantities of nitrogen over periods of about four months is confirmed.

The grants which enabled this investigation to be undertaken were supplied by the Earl of Moray Fund and the Medical Research Council.
THE VASCULAR ARRANGEMENTS OF THE MAMMALIAN SPLEEN
Authors: Mills Edward S.
Published: December 2014

1. The circulation through the splenic pulp is an open one, but the Malphigian follicles have closed capillaries. The rate of flow is sluggish in certain areas, notably about the follicles.

2. The ellipsoids are collections of intensely phagocytic mononuclear cells, occurring at or near the termination of the penicillar arteries of the spleen of certain animals. These cells are embedded in a fine reticular framework which acts as a filter for foreign particles.

3. Ellipsoids do not occur in the rabbit.

4. The size of the ellipsoids depends largely upon the need for such tissue at the time.

5. They are not perfect one‐way valves.

6. In the spleen of the cat and dog phagocytosis of Indian ink particles is carried on largely by cells of these structures.

7. After phagocytosis and migration of the phagocytes, regeneration of the ellipsoids occurs by proliferation of the cells at the termination of the penicillus.

8. Marked hyperplasia of the ellipsoids may result from injection of suitable amounts of foreign particles.

I wish to express my thanks to Professor JOHN TAIT for assistance during the prosecution of this investigation and in preparation of the manuscript.

The expenses of the research were in part defrayed by a grant from the James Cooper Fund of McGill University for Research in Experimental Medicine.
THE NORMAL RESPONSE OF THE ISOLATED UTERUS TO CALCIUM IONS AND THE RESPONSE AFTER EXPERIMENTAL INTERFERENCE
Authors: Kennedy Walter P.
Published: December 2014

1. The effect on the isolated rat‐uterus of diminishing the calcium content of the perfusing Dale solution to half the normal amount is to produce an increase in the rate of total contractions and a gradual diminution of tone. The removal of all the calcium increases both these results still further. The effect on maximal contractions is irregular.

2. The result of doubling the calcium content is to inhibit the rhythmic movements and to produce a more rapid diminution of tone.

3. When rats are fed on a diet poor in calcium, which results in sterility, the rate of rhythmic contraction of the uterus with normal Dale, and with Dale with half calcium, and with no calcium, is lessened. The tone is unaltered.

4. When the dietary treatment has been a high‐protein regime which causes sterility, the activity of the isolated uterus is not affected.

5. Ovariotomy of adult rats causes after a time (150 days or more) an almost complete disappearance of the rhythmic function of the isolated uterus, but the tone is not diminished.

6. The response to variations of the calcium content of the perfusing fluid in ovariotomised animals is qualitatively similar to that of controls, but much less in extent.

The expenses of this research have been defrayed by grants from the Medical Research Council and from the Earl of Moray Fund.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF WATER AND CHOLESTEROL IN THE BLOOD IN EXPERIMENTAL ANÆMIA
Authors: Bodansky Meyer , Dressler Olie G.
Published: December 2014

In experimental anemia produced by phenylhydrazine and acetyl‐phenylhydrazine, the volume of the average red corpuscle is increased. This change is associated with a disproportionate increase of the water content of the corpuscles. However, the swelling is accompanied by an increase, rather than by a decrease, of the cholesterol content of the corpuscles.
ON THE COMPOSITION OF EXCITATION PROCESSES
Authors: Burridge W.
Published: December 2014

Excitable tissues possess two independent sources of potential for building up excitation processes, and can build up responses of equal size with widely varying proportions from the two sources. The excitation process thus has composition as well as size, and its composition is found to modify behaviour.
THE ABSORPTION, DEPOSITION, AND TRANSPORT OF FAT IN THE GUINEA‐PIG
Authors: Smith J. Lorrain , Rettie Theodore
Published: December 2014

1. In the intestine of the guinea‐pig a proportion of the fat absorbed from the food is deposited in the villi in the form of large immobile masses.

2. Extracellular deposition of fat in lymphatic channels and perhaps tissue‐spaces is peculiar to the guinea‐pig. In all other animals investigated deposition in tissues occurs in cells only.

3. Reduction of fat in the diet to a trace (0.1 per cent.) is followed in a few days by complete reabsorption of this deposit.

4. When fat‐containing diet (4 per cent.) is restored, the deposits reappear in two to three days.

5. The mechanism of this deposition and subsequent dispersion has still to be explained. It is extracellular; it depends on the quantity of fat in the diet; it exhibits in the same area an alternation of coalescence and dispersion of fat.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—XIV. THE COUNT IN SURGICAL TUBERCULOSIS IN THE HIGH ALPS
Authors: Kennedy Walter P. , Flint K. Newstead
Published: December 2014

1. The Arneth count in cases of surgical tuberculosis treated by natural heliotherapy in the Alps does not show so great a left‐handed deviation as in similar cases treated in Britain.

2. It is suggested that this may be taken as one of the indications of the success of this method of treatment, and reasons are adduced for this.
REGULATION OF RESPIRATION.—THE EFFECT UPON SALIVARY SECRETION OF THE INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF LACTIC ACID, SODIUM LACTATE, AND HYDROCHLORIC ACID
Authors: Eddy Nathan B.
Published: December 2014

In the dog the secretion of the pilocarpinised submaxillary gland is increased by the intravenous administration of lactic and hydrochloric acids. With the latter the increase in secretion varies in duration and magnitude and is followed frequently by a decrease below the original level. Its effect is the same whether the sympathetic supply to the gland is intact or not.

Both agents increase the submaxillary blood‐volume flow with the vago‐sympathetic intact, but the magnitude of this change seems insufficient to account for the increase in secretion though it might contribute to it. A similar increase in blood‐volume flow is produced after cutting the vago‐sympathetic.

The increase in secretion produced by lactic acid is greater if the vago‐sympathetic has been cut.

Sodium lactate, intravenously injected, decreases salivary secretion if the vago‐sympathetic is intact but increases it if the nerve is cut. It increases submaxillary blood‐volume flow in a like degree whether the vago‐sympathetic is intact or not.

The differences in the effects of lactic acid and sodium lactate before and after section of the sympathetic supply to the gland suggest a central as well as peripheral control of salivary secretion. The lactate ions appear to be inhibitory to the central and augmentory to the peripheral mechanism of secretion.

All three agents cause transient changes in blood‐pressure, and both of the acids always increase pulmonary ventilation, though the change is generally more transitory than the effect upon secretion. Sodium lactate has no effect upon pulmonary ventilation or decreases it. Again the effect is transient.

It is believed that changes in the acid base equilibrium of the tissues and blood are an important factor in the effect upon secretion of lactic acid, of hydrochloric acid, and of sodium lactate. Coincident changes in blood‐volume flow probably affected the results, and some additional effect of the lactate ionis, such as their use as food material supplying energy for secretion, may be involved.

The act of cutting the vago‐sympathetic, while the submaxillary gland was secreting at a constant rate under the continuous injection of pilocarpine, increased submaxillary blood‐volume flow sharply but decreased the rate of secretion. Possible mechanisms producing these changes have been discussed.
INFLUENCE OF RESTING LENGTH ON THE OXYGEN USE OF PLAIN MUSCLE
Authors: David J. Christodoss
Published: December 2014

1. Stretching of the frog's bladder has no certain effect on its oxygen consumption.

2. The oxygen consumption of plain muscle at rest is much higher than that of resting skeletal muscle.

3. In a frog at rest the total oxygen consumption of the plain muscle is nearly equal to the total oxygen consumption of the skeletal muscle.

I am grateful to Professor
Clark for suggesting this work and for his constant help.
THE DIFFUSION OF ORTHOPHOSPHATE INTO AND FROM MUSCLE
Authors: Semeonoff Eugenia
Published: December 2014

1. Using the diffusion method described, the concentration of phosphate in a Ringer solution necessary for equilibrium with resting frog muscle is about 20 mgms. per cent., and with fatigued muscle about 50 mgms. per cent.

2. These results are in agreement with those found by direct estimation, therefore all the inorganic phosphate of muscle is freely diffusible.

3. A muscle placed in oxygenated Ringer solution containing phosphate, and then suspended in oxygen, establishes a constant resting equilibrium whatever the concentration of phosphate in the surrounding fluid may be.

4. No isotonic strength of Ringer solution could be found for muscle in rigor.
SPONTANEOUS “DECIDUOMATOUS TUMOURS” IN THE PSEUDOPREGNANT RAT
Authors: Hain Annie M.
Published: December 2014

A brief histological description is given of the ovaries, uteri, and “deciduomatous tumours” of two rats in which hæmorrhage was observed towards the end of pseudopregnancy.

Although preparations of gonadotropic hormone prolonged the period of pseudopregnancy, they did not increase the frequency of the occurrence of the “tumours.”

The phenomena attendant upon “placental sign,” and those associated with the hæmorrhage which accompanies the tumours, have many points of resemblance in common.

The possibility that the tumours exert a general and not merely a local effect, is touched upon.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—XXII. THE LIBERATION OF THE NEUTROPHILS FROM THE LEUCOGENIC CENTRES
Authors: Climenko David Robert
Published: December 2014

An investigation was carried out in order to determine whether or not a cycle of activity and quiescence was present in the leucogenic tissues. The results were examined statistically and a search for periodicity was made. No cycle could be detected.

A portion of the expenses of this research, which was carried out during the tenure of a Carnegie Research Scholarship, was defrayed by a grant from the Earl of Moray Fund.
STUDIES ON THE FUNCTION OF THE INTESTINAL MUSCULATURE. II. THE VARIATIONS IN RATE AND CHARACTER OF THE NORMAL MOVEMENTS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF THE INTESTINE
Authors: Krishnan B. T.
Published: December 2014

1. The rates and amplitudes of rhythmical contractions observed in excised segments from different regions of the bowel, and those observed in the intact bowel (cat) are analysed and examined. The records obtained with excised segments show the longitudinal muscle contractions best, the balloon records of movements in the intact bowel the circular muscle contractions best.

2. The rate of rhythmical contraction in the two muscle layers shows a definite gradation down the bowel. This corroborates the view of
Alvarez and earlier observers.

3. The cause of the gradient in rhythm is discussed. It is pointed out that the gradient in rhythm cannot be due to a basic metabolic gradient as
Alvarez first suggested, nor separated from the gradient in irritability as he more recently suggested. It is concluded that the gradient in rhythm is the result of a gradation in the tonus of the muscle layers. It is accompanied by a gradation down the bowel in the size and number of nerve‐cells and fibres in Auerbach's plexus.

4. The amplitude and force of the contractions seem to depend not only on the degree of tonus and muscular thickness in the different regions, but also on the pressure within the bowel. The longitudinal muscle in the upper bowel has a tendency to show a greater amplitude in excised segments, while the circular muscle shows, with a high pressure from within, a greater amplitude and force in the upper bowel, and with a low pressure a greater amplitude in the lower bowel (ileum).

5. The normal direction of peristalsis from the oral to the caudal end of the small intestine is determined by the gradation in muscular strength, tone, and irritability.

I wish to express my thanks to Messrs C. K.
Prasada Rao and C.
Vareed for technical assistance in carrying out the experiments.
RED‐CELL DENSITY IN CERTAIN COMMON ANIMALS
Authors: MacLeod John
Published: December 2014

A method for determining red‐cell density is described, and results given for the cells of man, the rabbit, the ox, and the sheep. Values for the density of the plasma of the same animals and for the water content of the erythrocytes are also given.
STUDIES IN SATURATION OF THE TISSUES WITH GASEOUS NITROGEN.—I. RATE OF SATURATION OF GOAT'S BONE MARROW IN VIVO WITH NITROGEN DURING EXPOSURE TO INCREASED ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Authors: Campbell J. Argyll , Hill Leonard
Published: December 2014

1. The rate of saturation of bone marrow with gaseous nitrogen in goats breathing air at +3 atmospheres pressure has been studied. It is 25 per cent. saturated in 1 hour, 60 per cent. in 4 hours, and about 90 per cent. in 8 hours, when the fat content of the marrow is about 90 per cent.

2. This slow rate is shown to be due to (a) low circulation rate through marrow, (b) high fat content diminishing the rate of diffusion.

3. Some data re saturation at some other pressures, e.g. + 1 and + 2 atmospheres, are also recorded. The nitrogen content depends upon the fat content of the marrow, the excess pressure and time of exposure to this pressure.
THE INFLUENCE OF TONAL CONDITIONS ON THE MUSCULAR RESPONSE OF THE MONKEY'S STOMACH
Authors: Patterson T. L. , Rubright L. W. , Gijsbers J. A.
Published: December 2014

1. Stimulation of the central portion of the sciatic in the monkey results in either an augmentation or an inhibition of the stomach, the reaction appearing to be primarily dependent upon the pre‐existing state of tonus of the gastric mechanism. If the stomach is hypertonic, reflex inhibition will follow central stimulation of this nerve; if hypotonic, a contraction may occur or there may be a definite increase in the tonus.

2. Stimulation of the peripheral end of either vagus produces a somewhat similar inhibitory or augmentory action, depending upon the degree of gastric tonus.

3. Peripheral splanchnic stimulation also exerts a similar but smaller response.

4. There is evidence that stimulation of the central portions of the vagus and splanchnic nerves produces, under certain conditions at least, a reflex inhibition of the gastric tonus.

5. Compression of the eyeball leads in some animals to the production of an oculogastric reflex and the tonus change is dependent upon the state of tonicity of the stomach.

6. It is possible that stimulation of all sensory nerves in the body exerts an influence on the stomach via long reflex mechanisms of the vagus and splanchnic efferents.

7. The gastric response is dependent upon the pre‐existing state of tonus of the gastro‐neuro‐muscular mechanism. Tonus and movement are both involved and these may vary quite independently of each other.
INVESTIGATIONS ON THE PHARMACOLOGY OF EVIPAN SODIUM
Authors: Kennedy Walter P. , Narayana Basudeva
Published: December 2014

(1) The depressant action of evipan sodium on the frog heart is very rapidly removed by washing, and is antagonised by adrenalin. Complete recovery can be obtained in a few minutes.

(2) No significant effect is produced by evipan sodium on the blood‐sugar of rabbits or guinea‐pigs.

(3) Respiration is markedly slowed and temperature reduced by this anæsthetic.

(4) The detoxication of evipan sodium in mammals is very rapid.

The investigation was carried out under a grant from the Carnegie Trust, and Bayer Products kindly supplied the evipan sodium used.
A TYPE OF MATERNAL BEHAVIOUR IN THE NORMAL ŒSTROUS FEMALE RABBIT
Authors: Bellerby C. W.
Published: December 2014

At the completion of this investigation the writer was informed by a well‐known rabbit‐fur breeder that the behaviour described above occurs with such frequency in the spring among isolated female rabbits as to constitute a serious drawback when breeding for fur. It is apparently customary on his farm to mate animals shortly before exhibition, as this prevents untimely ruination of their coats. This agrees with the findings given in the present paper. For it shows that as the animals can become pregnant or pseudo‐pregnant ripe follicles must necessarily be present in the ovaries. Pseudo‐pregnancy alone cannot therefore account for the phenomenon.

These observations were made during investigations financed by a Grant made to the Department by the Sex Hormones Committee of the Medical Research Council.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE GONADOTROPIC COMPLEX OF THE ANTERIOR LOBE OF THE HYPOPHYSIS
Authors: Lipschütz Alexander
Published: December 2014

The prehypophysis of the adult female rat or of the guinea‐pig which causes œstrus but no ovarian changes and no luteinization in the infantile rat produces luteinization in the adult rabbit; this is indicative that the luteinizing hormone is present also in the non‐luteinizing prehypophysis.

If an extract of the urine of the menopause having an œstrogenic action but not a luteinizing one (or only a very weak luteinizing one) is combined with the non‐luteinizing prehypophysis, considerable luteinization takes place also in the infantile rat, a high coefficient of luteinization (Qlut) being sometimes revealed.

As the prehypophysis, which alone does not luteinize in the infantile rat, contains the œstrogenic gonadotropic factor (action in the infantile rat) and the luteinizing one (action in the adult rabbit), the substance which is present in the gonadotropic extract of the urine of the menopause is supposed to be a new gonadotropic hormone acting after the

cestrogenic one and sensitizing the follicle so as to bring about its consecutive luteinization by the luteinizing hormone.

But since this substance found by us in the urine of the menopause is probably identical with that found by Evans, Meyer, and Simpson in the urine of pregnancy enabling a growth hormone preparation to luteinize, it may be that the relationship between the œstrogenic hormone, the new factor, and the luteinizing one is other as to the details than here expressed.

My thanks are due to Miss G. Hempel, to Dr E. Vinals, Mr E. Poch, and Mr G. Reyes, for the great help they have given me during the different phases of this work.
A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF HYPERCALCÆMIA PRODUCED PARATHYROID HORMONE AND IRRADIATED ERGOSTEROL UPON THE ACTIVITY OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX BY MEANS OF CONDITIONED REFLEXES
Authors: Andreyev L. , Pugsley L. I.
Published: December 2014

1. Hypercalcæmia produced in dogs by administration of parathyroid hormone or irradiated ergosterol caused functional disturbances in the activity of the higher nervous centres.

2. These disturbances are characterised by an exaggeration of the inhibitory process, shown by enhancement of the inhibitory after‐effect of negative stimuli, acceleration of the extinction of established conditioned reflexes, decrease and eventual disappearance of conditioned reflexes, and varying degrees of lethargy.

3. This exaggeration of inhibition may be temporarily dispelled by the administration of caffeine.

4. A temporary phase of excitation was noted at certain times during the administration of parathyroid hormone, but not during the administration of irradiated ergosterol.

5. The various types of treatment, which involved the maintenance of a marked hypercalcæmia over considerable periods of time, had little effect upon the health of the animals in general, or the sense of hearing in particular.

The authors are deeply indebted to the Otoselerosis Committee of the American Otological Society for financial assistance. They wish to express their thanks to Professor B. P. Babkin, Professor J. B. Collip, and Dr D. L. Thomson for help and advice during the course of this work, and to Professor John Tait for his kindness in lending the oscillator used in the investigation. They also desire to acknowledge their indebtedness to Eli Lilly & Co. for the parathormone and to Mead, Johnson & Co. for the ergosterol used in the experiments.
TWO SIMPLE HEART‐OXYGENATOR CIRCUITS FOR BLOODFED HEARTS
Authors: Evans C. Lovatt , Grande F. , Hsu Fong Yen
Published: December 2014

An apparatus is described which enables the isolated dog's heart to pump blood under normal mechanical conditions for several hours.

We wish to thank the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society for a grant to one of us (C. L. E.), out of which the cost of animals was met; also Mr V. C. Tindley for technical help in the construction and maintenance of the apparatus.
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF ANOXEMIA AND CARBON‐DIOXIDE SATURATION ON COSTAL AND ABDOMINAL BREATHING
Authors: Gesell Robert , Moyer Carl
Published: December 2014

The effects of lowered alveolar oxygen and of increased alveolar carbon dioxide on costal and abdominal breathing were recorded with six encircling bands.

Lowered alveolar oxygen most commonly increased the circumference of the chest and abdomen at the end of expiration and decreased the intra‐thoracic pressure.

This expansion of the chest and abdomen was tentatively attributed to an increased tension of the diaphragm and of the inspiratory muscles of the chest.

Sometimes anoxemia increased the expiratory circumference of the abdomen and decreased that of the chest.

This differential effect was tentatively attributed to a greater development of tension in the diaphragm which, through the lungs, exerted an inward traction on the chest.

During recovery from anoxemia costal respiratory movements were inhibited more than abdominal respiratory movements. The upper costal segments were inhibited more than the lower costal segments. Upper costal apnea and abdominal hyperpnea were not uncommon. In one experiment upper costal apnea was accompanied by abdominal hyperpnea greater than the hyperpnea of the immediately preceding anoxemia.

As abdominal respiratory movements diminished during recovery the costal movements increased. This unusual co‐ordination (?) of costal and abdominal breathing led to a smooth return to normal ventilation.

The effects of carbon dioxide differed importantly from those of anoxemia. In most experiments there was a decrease in circumference of the chest and abdomen at the end of expiration and a corresponding rise in the intra‐thoracic pressures.

It was tentatively suggested that carbon dioxide decreases the tonus of the inspiratory muscles by inhibiting prevailing reflexes which tend to increase lung volume, and that anoxemia increases the tonus of the inspiratory muscles by augmenting these same prevailing reflexes.
THE RELEASE OF A HISTAMINE‐LIKE SUBSTANCE FROM THE LUNGS OF GUINEA‐PIGS DURING ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
Authors: de Burgh Daly I. , Peat S. , Schild H.
Published: December 2014

The claim made by Watanabe that the amount of gut‐contracting (guinea‐pig) substances present in guinea‐pig's lung extracts undergoes a large increase in animals sensitised 10–14 days previously, and also a large decrease after anaphylactic shock, has not been confirmed.

Lung extracts prepared from batches of normal, sensitised and shocked animals show no detectable difference in their power to lower the blood‐pressure of the etherised and atropinised cat.

In confirmation of Bartosch, Feldberg and Nagel, it has been found that a histamine‐like substance is released into the perfusate of isolated guinea‐pig's lungs during anaphylactic shock.

Certain conditions governing the quantity of histamine‐like substance released during shock are described, and further evidence supporting the view that the substance is histamine is brought forward.

A modified form of Einthoven's respiratory pump suitable for small animals is described.

We are indebted to Dr. Raymond Williamson for advice in connection with the sensitisation of the animals, to Dr. Bayliss Ash for preparing the sheep serum and to Mr. H. F. Harding for making the drawing shown in fig. 1.

The expenses of this research were in part defrayed by a grant to one of us (I. de B. D.) The Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society, to whom we express our thanks.