bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Security interests and knowing receipt
Authors: Glister Jamie
Published: March 2023

Third parties who receive trust property with knowledge that the transfer to them was a breach of trust will be liable in knowing receipt. Knowing receipt has grown quickly in importance in recent years and many of the finer points of the doctrine are still being worked out. This paper discusses one such issue: whether liability can exist when the third party acquires a security interest in trust property, rather than the underlying trust property itself. This point has not yet been considered by English courts, although it has been examined in cases from Australia, Canada and Hong Kong. The paper analyses the existing authorities in the context of the wider law relating to knowing receipt and explains the conceptual difficulties and practical problems with allowing liability to be grounded on the receipt of a mere security interest in trust property.
Universal Neumes: Chant Theory in Messiaen’s Aesthetics
Authors: LUNDBLAD JONAS
Published: March 2023

Gregorian chant exerted a pivotal influence on Olivier Messiaen’s spiritual and musical universe. Scholars have noted his theological preference for this repertoire and its central role in his organ playing, and have observed how some of Messiaen’s melodies contain obvious traces from chants. Recent analytical work has ventured further and shown how plainchant in fact served as a melodic and formal matrix behind the composer’s musical language. This article raises the additional claim that Messiaen’s employment of plainchant rested upon an idiosyncratic and questionable – but largely coherent – theory of neumes as a more or less universal feature in music. A quasi-archaeological reconstruction proves necessary to reconstruct this conception from the composer’s fragmentary and enigmatic statements. The article investigates Messiaen’s readings of Vincent d’Indy and Dom André Mocquereau, including ideas from Hugo Riemann, showing that rhythm is a most central element in their similar connections between chant and freedom of expressivity in contemporary music. All in all, chant theory is highlighted as a vital element in analyses of Messiaen’s own music, as well as a theoretical framework that explains many of the composer’s seemingly eclectic connections between different repertoires.
Music and Austrofascism: Radio, Pan-Germanism and the Reinvention of the Wiener Symphoniker
Authors: ATTFIELD NICHOLAS
Published: March 2023

‘Austrofascist’ has again become an accepted term to describe the Austrian regime from 1933 to 1938. This article contributes to this re-emergence using the example of the Wiener Symphoniker, and by seeking long-term ‘fascistization’ processes surrounding the orchestra rather than blunt comparisons against developments in neighbouring regimes. The account hinges on the Austrian radio service (RAVAG), through which, during the economic crises of the 1920s, the state exerted alignment pressure on many cultural institutions. As Chancellor Dollfuss declared the ‘depoliticization’ of Austria (the banning of political parties) in 1933, RAVAG used its leverage to break the orchestra’s union alliances and dictate personnel selection according to politics. On this foundation, new radio series like Stunde österreichischer Komponisten der Gegenwart (‘Austrian Composers of the Present’) extolled ‘pan-Germanism’: a nationalist ideology that proclaimed the European supremacy of German Austrians and attempted to forge an Austrofascist community – even as it simultaneously created exploitable overlap with National Socialism.
Orthotropic behaviour of shells and stability of uniaxially compressed cylinders
Authors: Hanna M. S. , Beshara A. W.
Published: March 2023

Shells, stability under various types of loadings and their combinations have not yet been completely investigated. This is due to incomplete knowledge of shell philosophy. The aim of this study is to provide a complete and integrated method for treating shell problems on a pure statical basis. This study introduces shell orthotropic behaviour, discusses hoop stress resultant actions, and applies the shell equilibrium equations to a uniaxially compressed cylindrical shell with finite length and fixed ends. Theoretical results are also compared with previously published experimental work. The behaviour of shells in elastic and plasto-elastic range is discussed for a wide range of shell geometries (dimensions), material properties, methods of manufacture, material imperfections, and methods of load application. From this study we conclude mainly that shells behave orthotropically. Their flexural rigidities are related to their radii of curvature and the resultant buckling mode. The buckling strength of a shell depends on shell geometry, material properties, buckling mode and shell coefficient H. This shell coefficient is affected by the method of manufacture, existing imperfections, degree of plasticity, and the method of load application. H can be evaluated by experiment.
Windtunnel experimental investigation of a high performance aircraft model
Authors: Guglieri G. , Quagliotti F.
Published: March 2023

In this paper some experimental results related to a calibration model (the Standard Dynamics Model, SDM) are presented.

The wind tunnel test activity is based on static force measurements and flow visualisations. The behaviour of the fuselage on its own is analysed and a correlation with some available prevision theories for the onset of asymmetries on ogival forebodies is proposed.

A complete set of static data for the SDM is introduced, evaluating the main aerodynamic interactions between the various elements of the configuration.

A series of flow visualisations was performed to verify with qualitative results the validity of the conclusions found from the analysis of the static coefficients.
Cavity drag at transonic speeds
Authors: Squire L. C. , Nasser S. H.
Published: March 2023

This paper presents the results of an investigation of the flow around rectangular and chamfered cavities at high subsonic and low supersonic speeds. Pressures measured on the faces of the cavities are integrated to find the pressure drag of the cavities. The types of cavity tested range from simple sawcuts to cavities so long that the two ends can be regarded as independent and the results for these are compared with the sum of the drags of isolated forward and rear facing steps.

Although the Reynolds numbers of the tests are similar to those in flight conditions the maximum depth of the cavities tested is only 6 mm so that the pressure resolution on the vertical faces of the cavities is limited. In spite of this it is estimated that the maximum error in the drag of any particular cavity is less than the skin friction drag on a smooth surface equal in area to half the plan area of the cavity.
Gas jets in an arbitrary stream
Authors: So R. M. C. , Aksoy H.
Published: March 2023

Self-preserving turbulent flows in the farfield of binary gas jets in an arbitrary stream are investigated. The governing equations solved are valid for jet flows only and are not applicable to wake flows where a linearised set of boundary layer equations are more appropriate. Gaussian error-functions are assumed for the mean excess velocity and mass fraction distributions. Thus formulated, the eddy diffusivities for momentum and mass are evaluated by solving the governing equations and are shown to vary across and along the jet. A condition is imposed on the eddy momentum diffusivity so that it correctly approaches the limiting behaviour for the case of an incompressible free round jet. This condition gives rise to an auxiliary equation for the determination of the decay of centreline properties and jet growth. The new and more general auxiliary equation is shown to model fluid entrainment and to reduce correctly to previous equations derived for the special cases of free gas jets and incompressible heated jets in a co-flowing stream. Thus deduced, the new auxiliary equation is solved together with other conservation equations to yield a set of growth rate and decay laws. The derived growth rate and decay laws correctly approach the various laws derived earlier for different special cases and correlate well with experimental measurements reported in the literature. The present solutions also represent solutions for compressible jets in a general stream where the pressure field is constant. Finally, this approach of analysing the self-preserving mean jet flow is also applicable to the study of wake flows where the linearised boundary-layer equations are solved.
A vortex lattice method for thin wings oscillating in ideal flow
Authors: Laha M. K.
Published: March 2023

The planar vortex lattice method is extended to the case of wings in small-amplitude oscillations in ideal flow. Vortex rings are used to represent the bound vorticity on the wing and the trailing vorticity in the wake. A modified procedure for solving the unknown vortex strengths gives greater computing efficiency. Comparisons with results reported in the literature show good agreement for the various test cases considered. Convergence with increasing lattice density is uniform.
An economic puzzle for airline management — how to cover mandatory investments
Authors: Mariani J.M.
Published: March 2023

A major structural problem in the air transport industry is the very small profit margin i.e. 2-3% over a long period, e.g. 1970-1990. But the industry has to make heavy investment (12-15% of yearly turnover) on a regular basis in market growth and fleet renewal.

As airline cash flow is often insufficient they have to raise equity (limited returns in view of the low profit margins) and inevitably suffer from chronic debt. This is all the more expensive as an airline is often short of capital and made worse when interest rates are high (as is currently the case in France).

The current financial situation was caused by an unprecedented overcapacity crisis, in a time of economic stagnation. This has shown no sign of improvement since the Gulf conflict, and is all the more crucial today because it comes at a time when the air transport industry in general, and Air France in particular, are taking delivery of a large number of new aircraft.

This paper examines a specific case, Air France. This will enable some overall conclusions to be drawn, thereby making an effective contribution to restoring this sector to a sound economic balance in the medium term.

The problem does not just concern airlines. The aircraft financing sector is beginning to feel the effects of the crisis. They might do well to draw the necessary conclusions from this study. Also, one must not forget the aircraft manufacturers, who without doubt still have to face the bulk of the crisis ahead.
Introduction: Punitive Perspectives on Labour Management
Authors: De Vito Christian G. , Fagbore Adam S.
Published: March 2023

What is the historical role of punishment in the management of labour? This is the central question of this Special Issue of the International Review of Social History (IRSH), “Punishing Workers, Managing Labour”. Through a close reading of the diverse range of articles included in this Special Issue and by addressing the relatively extensive but highly fragmented scholarship on the subject, this introduction argues that the key to labour management lay in the interplay of differentiated forms of punishment with distinct labour relations, rather than in the imposition of one punitive regime onto an undifferentiated workforce. In other words, the effective management of labour required the systematic differentiation of the workforce; to that end, the imposition of diversified forms of punishment did not merely reflect existing labour distinctions, but also contributed to creating them. This point leads us to address broader methodological and theoretical issues about how we can analyse such complex interactions: how we can compare the role of punishment in the management of labour across space and time, and how our findings can be used to explain short- and long-term historical changes.
Absolute Obedience: Servants and Masters on Danish Estates in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Lyngholm Dorte Kook
Published: March 2023

This article examines legal relations between estate owners and their servants and workers on Danish estates in the nineteenth century. From the end of the eighteenth century onwards, the traditional privileged role of Danish estate owners was changing, and their special legal status as “heads of household” over the entire population on their estates was slowly being undermined. The article investigates the relationship between estate owners and their servants and workers in legislation and court cases during these times of change. It examines the Danish servant acts from 1791 and 1854 and identifies the asymmetric order of subordination and superiority in this legislation. The core of the relationship was still a “contractual submission” that, to some extent, was private and unregulated by law, and estate owners were entitled to impose sanctions and physical punishment on their servants and workers according to their own judgement. When the Servant Law of 1854 abolished estate owners’ right to punish adult servants physically, it was a significant break from the old legal order. However, a central element in the legislation, before and after 1854, was that servants’ and workers’ disobedience towards estate owners was illegal. By analysing court cases, the article examines the borderlands of the legal definition of disobedience. The elasticity in the legal system was substantial – and frequently favoured the owners. In the legal system, the notion of disobedience served to protect the last remnants of the traditional legal order of submission and superiority.
Bacterivory of the hydrothermal-vent-specific copepod Stygiopontius senokuchiae (Dirivultidae, Siphonostomatoida) from copepodite through adult stages
Authors: Nomaki Hidetaka , Kawatani Kento , Motomura Yusuke , Tame Akihiro , Uyeno Daisuke , Ogawa Nanako O. , Ohkouchi Naohiko , Shimanaga Motohiro
Published: March 2023

Stygiopontius senokuchiae is a hydrothermal-vent-specific copepod species (Dirivultidae, Siphonostomatoida) and abundantly distributes near vent orifices. This species is thought to have an early juvenile planktic stage, and previous studies using bulk tissue stable-isotope and radioisotope data suggest that adults ingest chemoautotrophic microbes growing on vent chimneys. However, ontogenetic changes in their diets have not been investigated. We analysed gut contents of copepodite I to adult stages of S. senokuchiae collected from a hydrothermal-vent chimney at the Izu-Ogasawara Arc to check for the presence of bacterial cells in oral tubes and guts. We compared these results with an unidentified co-occurring calanoid and a species of Ectinosoma (Harpacticoida) and to other Siphonostomatoid copepods, namely Hatschekia labracis (Hatschekiidae), which was attached to a scarbreast tuskfin (Choerodon azurio, Labridae), and Asterocheres sp. 1 (Asterocheridae), which was attached to a spirastrellid sponge. Carbon isotope ratios of S. senokuchiae at different stages and Ectinosoma were measured to complement the nutritional insights obtained from gut-content analysis. Our results clearly showed that most S. senokuchiae individuals possessed bacteria in the oral tube or gut regardless of growth stage, whereas the coexisting Ectinosoma and calanoid did not. The carbon isotopic compositions confirmed that S. senokuchiae gains its nutrition from chemoautotrophic bacteria that use the rTCA carbon-fixation pathway. Comparisons with other Siphonostomatoida copepods suggest that Dirivultidae are specifically adapted to feed on bacteria at hydrothermal-vent chimneys, allowing their high dominance and evolutionary success in these habitats.
Stereotactic radiosurgery in brain metastasis: treatment outcomes and patterns of failure
Authors: Turna Menekse , Rzazade Rashad , Küçükmorkoç Esra , Canoğlu Mehmet Doğu , Küçük Nadir , Çağlar Hale Başak
Published: March 2023

Introduction:

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) has become a preferred treatment in the initial management of brain metastases (BM). This study reported treatment outcomes and identified the patient, tumour, and treatment-related factors that predict failure, survival, and brain necrosis (BN).

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of all BM patients treated with SRS. Patient, tumour characteristics and treatment details data were collected. All recurrences and BN were defined in the neurooncological tumour board.

Results:

From December 2016 to April 2020, 148 patients were analysed. The median follow-up was 14·8 months (range 6–51). At the time of analyses, 72·3% of the patients were alive. Presence of initial neurological deficit (HR; 2·71 (1·07–6·9); p = 0·036) and prior RT (HR; 2·55 (1·28–5·09); p = 0·008) is associated with worse overall survival. The local recurrence rate was 11·5 %. The distant brain metastasis rate was 53·4 %. Leptomeningeal metastasis was seen in 11 patients (7·4%). Symptomatic BN was seen in 19 patients (12·8 %). Bigger lesions (13 versus 23 mm diameter; p = 0·034) and cavity radiosurgery are associated with more BN (63·2 % versus 36·8%; p: 0·004).

Conclusions:

Distant BM is the leading cause of CNS recurrences and, salvage SRS is possible. Due to the increasing risk of developing BN routine metastasectomy should be made with caution.
‘Only One Earth’: Environmental Perceptions and Policies before the Stockholm Conference, 1968–1972
Authors: Joos Lena
Published: March 2023

This article examines the emergence of global environmental perceptions and policies in the preparatory phase of the UN Conference on the Human Environment 1968–1972, based on an internationally comparative study of sixty-three preparatory country reports. Located at the intersection of global, knowledge, environmental and political history, the article raises two theses. First, that ‘the environment’ emerged as a field of knowledge in not only capitalist industrial societies but globally, thus in socialist and non-industrial societies too. Second, the article demonstrates a large overlap of environmental policies taken across geographical and ideological lines. Thus, the article sheds light on the understanding of environmental problems as well as national and international environmental policy measures around 1970 and thereby contributes to the question of how environmental governance emerged as a global field.
Interactions of Hydraulic Fractures With Grain Boundary Discontinuities in the Near Wellbore Region
Authors: Yoshioka Keita , Katou Masafumi , Tamura Kohei , Arima Yutaro , Ito Yoshiharu , Chen Youqing , Ishida Tsuyoshi
Published: March 2023

Hydraulic fractures often turn or branch, interacting with preexisting discontinuities in the rock mass (e.g., natural fractures or defects). The criteria for fracture penetration or deflection are typically based on the in situ stress, and the angle and strength of discontinuities. However, in hydraulic fracture experiments on carbonate rocks (Naoi et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa183), small scale analyses show that the fractures deflected more frequently at discontinuities (grain boundaries) as they propagated farther from the wellbore, a finding not explained by the conventional criteria. Here, we demonstrate that the energy dissipation of a deflecting fracture increases with the distance from the wellbore, such that a propagating hydraulic fracture more easily deflects at a discontinuity from an energetic standpoint. This tendency was confirmed by hydraulic fracture simulations based on a successive energy minimization approach. Our findings, which show that wellbores appreciably affect the behavior of hydraulic fractures, highlight the importance of energetic stability analysis for determining fracture paths.
Novel Insights Into the Zonal Flow and Transport in the Luzon Strait Based on Long‐Term Mooring Observations
Authors: Sun Zhongbin , Zhang Zhiwei , Huang Rui Xin , Gan Jianping , Zhou Chun , Zhao Wei , Tian Jiwei
Published: March 2023

The zonal flow and volume transport in the Luzon Strait play a crucial role in modulating the circulation, heat and material balance, and biogeochemical processes in the South China Sea (SCS), but the quantitative values remain unclear due to lack of long‐term direct observations. Here, this knowledge gap is bridged by analyzing 4‐year velocity measurements from a mooring array along 119.9°E. Based on the novel data, the mean value of the upper‐layer Luzon Strait transport (i.e., LST_up) is estimated at −4.54 ± 1.69 Sv. Seasonally, the westward LST_up attains its peak and trough in January and June with values of −6.80 ± 1.46 Sv and −2.59 ± 0.76 Sv, respectively. At the interannual time scale, the LST_up was strongest in 2016–2017 but weakest in 2017–2018. Further analysis suggested that local winds and the combination of local winds and upstream Kuroshio transport are likely the dominant modulation mechanisms for its seasonal and interannual variations, respectively. In the middle layer, a quasi‐steady cyclonic flow structure is identified and the volume transport is therefore trivial. We further found that seasonal variation of the middle‐layer transport is dominated by the eastward flow of this cyclonic structure. Corresponding to the gravest‐mode response in the Luzon Strait, seasonal‐to‐interannual variations of this middle‐layer eastward flow are nearly in‐phase with the upper‐layer westward flow. Overall, the above observational results provide a benchmark for the flow and transport in the Luzon Strait which can help understand the dynamics of the SCS circulation and validate and improve regional numerical simulations.
Sensitivity Analysis of the Noah‐MP Land Surface Model for Soil Hydrothermal Simulations Over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Hu Wei , Ma Weiqiang , Yang Zong‐Liang , Ma Yaoming , Xie Zhipeng
Published: March 2023

The Tibetan Plateau (TP) features unique and highly heterogeneous soils, terrains, vegetation, and climate. Accurately modeling complex freeze‐thaw processes and their hydrothermal impacts remains a great challenge. This study focused on deciphering the spatiotemporal variability of diverse parameterization schemes in the soil hydrothermal simulations using the Noah‐MP land surface model. We first discussed the spin‐up time required by the model to reach the equilibrium state, and then performed a sensitivity analysis of these schemes. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer land surface temperature and Soil Moisture Active Passive remote sensing products were used as benchmarks to evaluate the schemes' performance. Results show that longer spin‐up times are required in permafrost regions owing to water phase changes. Ground temperature and soil temperature are mainly sensitive to energy‐related schemes. Vegetation‐related schemes play an important role after the growing season begins on the southeastern TP. Soil water content shows strong sensitivity to schemes related to both water and energy transport. However, the sensitivity of these energy‐related schemes is weakened when simulating total soil moisture, including the total amount of water and ice, indicating that these schemes have marked impacts on soil freeze‐thaw processes. These results reveal the different spatial (both regional and depth‐related) and temporal effects of parameterization schemes; we also provided a preliminary selection of these schemes at a regional scale that could facilitate the further improvement of the soil hydrothermal simulations on the TP.
A novel ELP1 mutation impairs the function of the Elongator complex and causes a severe neurodevelopmental phenotype
Authors: Kojic Marija , Abbassi Nour E. H. , Lin Ting-Yu , Jones Alun , Wakeling Emma L. , Clement Emma , Nakou Vasiliki , Singleton Matthew , Dobosz Dominika , Kaliakatsos Marios , Glatt Sebastian , Wainwright Brandon J.
Published: March 2023

Background

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are heterogeneous, debilitating conditions that include motor and cognitive disability and social deficits. The genetic factors underlying the complex phenotype of NDDs remain to be elucidated. Accumulating evidence suggest that the Elongator complex plays a role in NDDs, given that patient-derived mutations in its ELP2, ELP3, ELP4 and ELP6 subunits have been associated with these disorders. Pathogenic variants in its largest subunit ELP1 have been previously found in familial dysautonomia and medulloblastoma, with no link to NDDs affecting primarily the central nervous system.

Methods

Clinical investigation included patient history and physical, neurological and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination. A novel homozygous likely pathogenic ELP1 variant was identified by whole-genome sequencing. Functional studies included in silico analysis of the mutated ELP1 in the context of the holo-complex, production and purification of the ELP1 harbouring the identified mutation and in vitro analyses using microscale thermophoresis for tRNA binding assay and acetyl-CoA hydrolysis assay. Patient fibroblasts were harvested for tRNA modification analysis using HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry.

Results

We report a novel missense mutation in the ELP1 identified in two siblings with intellectual disability and global developmental delay. We show that the mutation perturbs the ability of ELP123 to bind tRNAs and compromises the function of the Elongator in vitro and in human cells.

Conclusion

Our study expands the mutational spectrum of ELP1 and its association with different neurodevelopmental conditions and provides a specific target for genetic counselling.
Impinge Weyl advantages on light
Authors: Wang Xiaomu , Sun Dong
Published: March 2023

Weyl semimetals are emerging topological materials with intriguing physical properties. Now this exotic matter may lead to novel photonic and optoelectronic applications.
Hot moment of N2O emissions in seasonally frozen peatlands
Authors: Wang Xiaomin , Wang Shanyun , Yang Yuanhe , Tian Hanqin , Jetten Mike S M , Song Changchun , Zhu Guibing
Published: March 2023

Since the start of the Anthropocene, northern seasonally frozen peatlands have been warming at a rate of 0.6 °C per decade, twice that of the Earth’s average rate, thereby triggering increased nitrogen mineralization with subsequent potentially large losses of nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere. Here we provide evidence that seasonally frozen peatlands are important N2O emission sources in the Northern Hemisphere and the thawing periods are the hot moment of annual N2O emissions. The flux during the hot moment of thawing in spring was 1.20 ± 0.82 mg N2O m−2 d−1, significantly higher than that during the other periods (freezing, −0.12 ± 0.02 mg N2O m−2 d−1; frozen, 0.04 ± 0.04 mg N2O m−2 d−1; thawed, 0.09 ± 0.01 mg N2O m−2 d−1) or observed for other ecosystems at the same latitude in previous studies. The observed emission flux is even higher than those of tropical forests, the World’s largest natural terrestrial N2O source. Furthermore, based on soil incubation with 15N and 18O isotope tracing and differential inhibitors, heterotrophic bacterial and fungal denitrification was revealed as the main source of N2O in peatland profiles (0–200 cm). Metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, and qPCR assays further revealed that seasonally frozen peatlands have high N2O emission potential, but thawing significantly stimulates expression of genes encoding N2O-producing protein complexes (hydroxylamine dehydrogenase (hao) and nitric oxide reductase (nor)), resulting in high N2O emissions during spring. This hot moment converts seasonally frozen peatlands into an important N2O emission source when it is otherwise a sink. Extrapolation of our data to all northern peatland areas reveals that the hot moment emissions could amount to approximately 0.17 Tg of N2O yr−1. However, these N2O emissions are still not routinely included in Earth system models and global IPCC assessments.
Tissue transglutaminase exacerbates renal fibrosis via alternative activation of monocyte-derived macrophages
Authors: Shinoda Yoshiki , Tatsukawa Hideki , Yonaga Atsushi , Wakita Ryosuke , Takeuchi Taishu , Tsuji Tokuji , Tanaka Miyako , Suganami Takayoshi , Hitomi Kiyotaka
Published: March 2023

Macrophages are important components in modulating homeostatic and inflammatory responses and are generally categorized into two broad but distinct subsets: classical activated (M1) and alternatively activated (M2) depending on the microenvironment. Fibrosis is a chronic inflammatory disease exacerbated by M2 macrophages, although the detailed mechanism by which M2 macrophage polarization is regulated remains unclear. These polarization mechanisms have little in common between mice and humans, making it difficult to adapt research results obtained in mice to human diseases. Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) is a known marker common to mouse and human M2 macrophages and is a multifunctional enzyme responsible for crosslinking reactions. Here we sought to identify the role of TG2 in macrophage polarization and fibrosis. In IL-4-treated macrophages derived from mouse bone marrow and human monocyte cells, the expression of TG2 was increased with enhancement of M2 macrophage markers, whereas knockout or inhibitor treatment of TG2 markedly suppressed M2 macrophage polarization. In the renal fibrosis model, accumulation of M2 macrophages in fibrotic kidney was significantly reduced in TG2 knockout or inhibitor-administrated mice, along with the resolution of fibrosis. Bone marrow transplantation using TG2-knockout mice revealed that TG2 is involved in M2 polarization of infiltrating macrophages derived from circulating monocytes and exacerbates renal fibrosis. Furthermore, the suppression of renal fibrosis in TG2-knockout mice was abolished by transplantation of wild-type bone marrow or by renal subcapsular injection of IL4-treated macrophages derived from bone marrow of wild-type, but not TG2 knockout. Transcriptome analysis of downstream targets involved in M2 macrophages polarization revealed that ALOX15 expression was enhanced by TG2 activation and promoted M2 macrophage polarization. Furthermore, the increase in the abundance of ALOX15-expressing macrophages in fibrotic kidney was dramatically suppressed in TG2-knockout mice. These findings demonstrated that TG2 activity exacerbates renal fibrosis by polarization of M2 macrophages from monocytes via ALOX15.
Next-generation seismic model of the Australian crust from synchronous and asynchronous ambient noise imaging
Authors: Chen Yunfeng , Saygin Erdinc , Kennett Brian , Qashqai Mehdi Tork , Hauser Juerg , Lumley David , Sandiford Mike
Published: March 2023

The proliferation of seismic networks in Australia has laid the groundwork for high-resolution probing of the continental crust. Here we develop an updated 3D shear-velocity model using a large dataset containing nearly 30 years of seismic recordings from over 1600 stations. A recently-developed ambient noise imaging workflow enables improved data analysis by integrating asynchronous arrays across the continent. This model reveals fine-scale crustal structures at a lateral resolution of approximately 1-degree in most parts of the continent, highlighted by 1) shallow low velocities (<3.2 km/s) well correlated with the locations of known sedimentary basins, 2) consistently faster velocities beneath discovered mineral deposits, suggesting a whole-crustal control on the mineral deposition process, and 3) distinctive crustal layering and improved characterization of depth and sharpness of the crust-mantle transition. Our model sheds light on undercover mineral exploration and inspires future multi-disciplinary studies for a more comprehensive understanding of the mineral systems in Australia.
Rotating quantum wave turbulence
Authors: Mäkinen J. T. , Autti S. , Heikkinen P. J. , Hosio J. J. , Hänninen R. , L’vov V. S. , Walmsley P. M. , Zavjalov V. V. , Eltsov V. B.
Published: March 2023

Turbulence under strong influence of rotation is described as an ensemble of interacting inertial waves across a wide range of length scales. In macroscopic quantum condensates, the quasiclassical turbulent dynamics at large scales is altered at small scales, where the quantization of vorticity is essential. The nature of this transition remains an unanswered question. Here we expand the concept of wave-driven turbulence to rotating quantum fluids where the spectrum of waves extends to microscopic scales as Kelvin waves on quantized vortices. We excite inertial waves at the largest scale by periodic modulation of the angular velocity and observe dissipation-independent transfer of energy to smaller scales and the eventual onset of the elusive Kelvin wave cascade at the lowest temperatures. We further find that energy is pumped to the system through a boundary layer distinct from the classical Ekman layer and support our observations with numerical simulations. Our experiments demonstrate a regime of turbulent motion in quantum fluids where the role of vortex reconnections can be neglected, thus stripping the transition between the classical and the quantum regimes of turbulence down to its constituent components.
Astaxanthin treatment ameliorates ER stress in polycystic ovary syndrome patients: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Jabarpour Masoome , Aleyasin Ashraf , Nashtaei Maryam Shabani , Lotfi Sara , Amidi Fardin
Published: March 2023

Astaxanthin (ASX), as a natural carotenoid compound, exists in various types of seafood and microorganisms. It has several possible beneficial therapeutic effects for patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Patients with PCOS also suffer from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In the present work, it was hypothesized that ER stress could be improved by ASX in PCOS patients. Granulosa cells (GCs) were obtained from 58 PCOS patients. The patients were classified into ASX treatment (receiving 12 mg/day for 60 days) and placebo groups. The expression levels of ER stress pathway genes and proteins were explored using Western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. To assess oxidative stress markers, follicular fluid (FF) was gained from all patients. The Student’s t test was used to perform statistical analysis. After the intervention, ASX led to a considerable reduction in the expression levels of 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), and X-box-binding protein 1 compared to the placebo group, though the reduction in the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression level of activating transcription factor 6 was not statistically significant. However, ASX significantly increased the ATF4 expression level. GRP78 and CHOP protein levels represented a considerable decrease in the treatment group after the intervention. In addition, a statistically significant increase was found in the FF level of total antioxidant capacity in the treatment group. Based on clinical outcomes, no significant differences were found between the groups in terms of the oocyte number, fertilization rate, and fertility rate, but the ASX group had higher rates of high-quality oocytes, high-quality embryo, and oocyte maturity compared to the placebo group. Our findings demonstrated that ER stress in the GCs of PCOS patients could be modulated by ASX by changing the expression of genes and proteins included in the unfolding protein response.

Trial registration This study was retrospectively registered on the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials website (www.irct.ir; IRCT-ID: IRCT20201029049183N, 2020-11-27).
Effect of cavity shape on microstructural evolution of pure aluminum in electrically-assisted solidification
Authors: Choi Seung Jun , Kim DongEung , La Moonwoo , Kim Moon-Jo
Published: March 2023

Grain refinement is a crucial issue in metallic materials. One of the emerging techniques to obtain equiaxed grains is to apply an electric current to the liquid metal during solidification. With this view, in this paper, the effect of electric current on the solidification behavior in various cavity shapes of mold was investigated. Cylinder-, cube-, and cuboid-shaped cavities designed to have similar cavity volume were used. By applying an electric current during the solidification of liquid aluminum, the grains were effectively refined with a grain size of approximately 350 µm for all three types of cavities. The circulating flow of liquid aluminum was observed to have a similar shear rate intensity in all three types of cavities, which is known to be sufficiently high (over hundreds of s−1) to induce dendrite fragmentation resulting newly generated nuclei. Dispersion of nuclei on unsolidified aluminum appeared differently according to the shape of the cavity, which influences final shape of refined zone. The area fraction of refined zone was affected by the relative relationship between the solidification completion time and the electric current application time. This study will provide insight to control of process parameters when electrically-assisted solidification is applied to a real product with a complex shape.
Composition of Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) resin
Authors: Rousset Amandine , Ginies Christian , Chevallier Olivier , Martinez-Vazquez Mariano , Amor Ali , Dorget Michel , Chemat Farid , Perino Sandrine
Published: March 2023

Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) is a semi-arid shrub, native from the Chihuahan desert. This plant produces polyisoprene and resin. Polyisoprene is the main focal point of many researches, from structure to properties. Today, some processes are used to extract polyisoprene under its dry form, using solvent extraction, to produce rubber (used in truck or airplane tires) or as an emulsion, to make latex products by dipping (used in medical gloves, condoms, etc.). This article focuses on guayule resin which has some interesting applications in adhesives, coatings, pharmaceuticals, etc. In order to better know the resin composition and to be able to perform comparisons between varieties or seasons, liquid and gas chromatographic analysis methods have been described, for the groups of molecules composing the resin (polyphenols, guayulins, free fatty acids, di and triacylglycerols, argentatins, alkanes, alkanals, sugars, organic acids). Unlike other articles, this study aims to analyze all components of the same resin; the average composition of a guayule resin is given.
Novel NF-κB reporter mouse for the non-invasive monitoring of inflammatory diseases
Authors: Park Se Yong , Kim Min Woo , Kang Ju-Hee , Jung Hyun Jin , Hwang Jung Ho , Yang Soo Jung , Woo Jong Kyu , Jeon Yoon , Lee Ho , Yoon Yeo Sung , Seong Je Kyung , Oh Seung Hyun
Published: March 2023

Bioluminescence imaging is useful for non-invasively monitoring inflammatory reactions associated with disease progression, and since NF-κB is a pivotal transcription factor that alters expressions of inflammatory genes, we generated novel NF-κB luciferase reporter (NF-κB-Luc) mice to understand the dynamics of inflammatory responses in whole body, and also in various type of cells by crossing NF-κB-Luc mice with cell-type specific Cre expressing mice (NF-κB-Luc:[Cre]). Bioluminescence intensity was significantly increased in NF-κB-Luc (NKL) mice exposed to inflammatory stimuli (PMA or LPS). Crossing NF-κB-Luc mice with Alb-cre mice or Lyz-cre mice generated NF-κB-Luc:Alb (NKLA) and NF-κB-Luc:Lyz2 (NKLL) mice, respectively. NKLA and NKLL mice showed enhanced bioluminescence in liver and macrophages, respectively. To confirm that our reporter mice could be utilized for the non-invasive monitoring of inflammation in preclinical models, we conducted a DSS-induced colitis model and a CDAHFD-induced NASH model in our reporter mice. In both models, our reporter mice reflected the development of these diseases over time. In conclusion, we believe that our novel reporter mouse can be utilized as a non-invasive monitoring platform for inflammatory diseases.
Inhaled milrinone in cardiac surgical patients: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic exploration
Authors: Nguyen Anne Quynh-Nhu , Denault André Y. , Théoret Yves , Varin France
Published: March 2023

Mean arterial pressure to mean pulmonary arterial pressure ratio (mAP/mPAP) has been identified as a strong predictor of perioperative complications in cardiac surgery. We therefore investigated the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) relationship of inhaled milrinone in these patients using this ratio (R) as a PD marker. Following approval by the ethics and research committee and informed consent, we performed the following experiment. Before initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass in 28 pulmonary hypertensive patients scheduled for cardiac surgery, milrinone (5 mg) was nebulized, plasma concentrations measured (up to 10 h) and compartmental PK analysis carried out. Baseline (R0) and peak (Rmax) ratios as well as magnitude of peak response (∆Rmax-R0) were measured. During inhalation, individual area under effect-time (AUEC) and plasma concentration–time (AUC) curves were correlated. Potential relationships between PD markers and difficult separation from bypass (DSB) were explored. In this study, we observed that milrinone peak concentrations (41–189 ng ml−1) and ΔRmax-R0 (− 0.12–1.5) were obtained at the end of inhalation (10–30 min). Mean PK parameters agreed with intravenous milrinone published data after correction for the estimated inhaled dose. Paired comparisons yielded a statistically significant increase between R0 and Rmax (mean difference, 0.58: 95% CI 0.43–0.73; P < 0.001). Individual AUEC correlated with AUC (r = 0.3890, r2 = 0.1513; P = 0.045); significance increased after exclusion of non-responders (r = 4787, r2 = 0.2292; P = 0.024). Individual AUEC correlated with ∆Rmax-R0 (r = 5973, r2 = 0.3568; P = 0.001). Both ∆Rmax-R0 (P = 0.009) and CPB duration (P < 0.001) were identified as predictors of DSB. In conclusion, both magnitude of peak response of the mAP/mPAP ratio and CPB duration were associated with DSB.
Spectroscopic identification of Ca-bearing uranyl silicates formed in C–S–H systems
Authors: Yorkshire Antonia S. , Stennett Martin C. , Walkley Brant , Provis John L. , Townsend Luke T. , Haigh Latham T. , Hyatt Neil C. , Mottram Lucy M. , Corkhill Claire L.
Published: March 2023

Portland cement-based grouts used for radioactive waste immobilisation contain a Ca- and Si-rich binder phase, known as calcium–silicate–hydrate (C–S–H). Depending on the blend of cement used, the Ca/Si ratio can vary considerably. A range of C–S–H minerals with Ca/Si ratios from 0.6 to 1.6 were synthesised and contacted with aqueous U(VI) at 0.5 mM and 10 mM concentrations. Solid-state 29Si MAS-NMR spectroscopy was applied to probe the Si coordination environment in U(VI)-contacted C–S–H minerals and, in conjunction with U LIII-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy analysis, inferences of the fate of U(VI) in these systems were made. At moderate or high Ca/Si ratios, uranophane-type uranyl silicates or Ca-uranates dominated, while at the lowest Ca/Si ratios, the formation of a Ca-bearing uranyl silicate mineral, similar to haiweeite (Ca[(UO2)2Si5O12(OH)2]·3H2O) or Ca-bearing weeksite (Ca2(UO2)2Si6O15·10H2O) was identified. This study highlights the influence of Ca/Si ratio on uranyl sequestration, of interest in the development of post-closure safety models for U-bearing radioactive waste disposal.
The role of the west-dipping collision boundary fault in the Taiwan 2022 Chihshang earthquake sequence
Authors: Lee Shiann-Jong , Liu Ting-Yu , Lin Tzu-Chi
Published: March 2023

On 17–18 September 2022, an earthquake sequence with a moment magnitude of 6.6 foreshock and a 7.0 mainshock occurred in southeast Taiwan along the Longitudinal Valley. Several surface breaks and collapsed buildings were observed after the event and one person died. The focal mechanisms of the foreshock and mainshock both had a west-dipping fault plane, which is different from the known active east-dipping boundary fault between the Eurasian Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate. Joint source inversions were performed to better understand the rupture mechanism of this earthquake sequence. The results show that the ruptures mainly occurred on a west-dipping fault. In the mainshock, the slip originated from the hypocenter and propagated toward the north with a rupture velocity of approximately 2.5 km/s. The east-dipping Longitudinal Valley Fault also ruptured, which could be passive and dynamically triggered by the significant rupture on the west-dipping fault. Most importantly, this source rupture model together with the occurrence of large local earthquakes over the past decade strongly supports the existence of the Central Range Fault, which is a west-dipping boundary fault that lies along the north to south ends of the Longitudinal Valley suture.
Effect of tissue-grouped regulatory variants associated to type 2 diabetes in related secondary outcomes
Authors: Hemerich Daiane , Smit Roelof A. J. , Preuss Michael , Stalbow Lauren , van der Laan Sander W. , Asselbergs Folkert W. , van Setten Jessica , Tragante Vinicius
Published: March 2023

Genome-wide association studies have identified over five hundred loci that contribute to variation in type 2 diabetes (T2D), an established risk factor for many diseases. However, the mechanisms and extent through which these loci contribute to subsequent outcomes remain elusive. We hypothesized that combinations of T2D-associated variants acting on tissue-specific regulatory elements might account for greater risk for tissue-specific outcomes, leading to diversity in T2D disease progression. We searched for T2D-associated variants acting on regulatory elements and expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) in nine tissues. We used T2D tissue-grouped variant sets as genetic instruments to conduct 2-Sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) in ten related outcomes whose risk is increased by T2D using the FinnGen cohort. We performed PheWAS analysis to investigate whether the T2D tissue-grouped variant sets had specific predicted disease signatures. We identified an average of 176 variants acting in nine tissues implicated in T2D, and an average of 30 variants acting on regulatory elements that are unique to the nine tissues of interest. In 2-Sample MR analyses, all subsets of regulatory variants acting in different tissues were associated with increased risk of the ten secondary outcomes studied on similar levels. No tissue-grouped variant set was associated with an outcome significantly more than other tissue-grouped variant sets. We did not identify different disease progression profiles based on tissue-specific regulatory and transcriptome information. Bigger sample sizes and other layers of regulatory information in critical tissues may help identify subsets of T2D variants that are implicated in certain secondary outcomes, uncovering system-specific disease progression.
Green fluorometric strategy for simultaneous determination of the antihypertensive drug telmisartan (A tentative therapeutic for COVID-19) with Nebivolol in human plasma
Authors: Salim Mohamed M. , Radwan Aya saad , Hadad Ghada M. , Belal Fathalla , Elkhoudary Mahmoud M.
Published: March 2023

Telmisartan (TEL) and Nebivolol (NEB) are frequently co-formulated in a single dosage form that is frequently prescribed for the treatment of hypertension, moreover, telmisartan is currently proposed to be used to treat COVID19-induced lung inflammation. Green rapid, simple, and sensitive synchronous spectrofluorimetric techniques for simultaneous estimation of TEL and NEB in their co-formulated pharmaceutical preparations and human plasma were developed and validated. Synchronous fluorescence intensity at 335 nm was used for TEL determination (Method I). For the mixture, the first derivative synchronous peak amplitudes (D1) at 296.3 and 320.5 nm were used for simultaneous estimation of NEB and TEL, respectively (Method II). The calibration plots were rectilinear over the concentration ranges of 30–550 ng/mL, and 50–800 ng/mL for NEB and TEL, respectively. The high sensitivity of the developed methods allowed for their analysis in human plasma samples. NEB`s Quantum yield was estimated by applying the single-point method. The greenness of the proposed approaches was evaluated using the Eco-scale, National Environmental Method Index (NEMI), and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) methods.