bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparo e administração venosa de medicamentos e soros sob a ótica da Resolução COFEN n° 311/07
Authors: Cortez Elaine Antunes , Soares Glaucimara Riguete de Souza , Silva Ilda Cecília Moreira da , Carmo Thalita Gomes do , Carmo Thiago Gomes do
Published: January 2011

OBJETIVOS: Levantar na literatura os procedimentos cabíveis ao enfermeiro quanto ao preparo e administração venosa de medicamentos e soros e relacioná-los com os aspectos éticos estabelecidos pela Resolução COFEN n° 311/07. MÉTODOS: Pesquisa do tipo revisão bibliográfica realizada nas bases de dados Medline, Lilacs, SciELO e Bdenf. Uma análise temática foi realizada em 13 artigos e emergiram as categorias: Procedimentos realizados pelo enfermeiro no preparo e na administração venosa; Responsabilidades éticas do enfermeiro: atuação do Poder Judiciário frente às decisões administrativas de natureza disciplinar proferidas pelo Conselho Federal de Enfermagem e Conselhos Regionais da Enfermagem. RESULTADOS: O enfermeiro deve realizar o preparo e administração venosa observando os requisitos básicos que garantam a ausência de danos ao cliente, e em conformidade com o Código de Ética dos profissionais de Enfermagem. CONCLUSÃO: O conhecimento da ética é essencial para a profissão da enfermagem, porque subsidia o embasamento teórico e propicia um fazer com resultados efetivos de forma a proteger o ser humano.
Estudos sobre transtornos de personalidade Antissocial e Borderline
Authors: Soares Marcos Hirata
Published: January 2011

OBJETIVO: Este estudo objetivou revisar, na literatura, os critérios diagnósticos e as intervenções nos transtornos de personalidade do tipo Antissocial e Borderline. MÉTODOS: Uma pesquisa manual foi realizada no acervo bibliográfico particular do autor, selecionando-se 12 referências; outra pesquisa sistematizada foi desenvolvida no período de 1990 a 2008, no mês de janeiro de 2009, na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, selecionando-se 23 artigos. RESULTADOS: Os achados indicaram duas abordagens - uma que classifica como doença, mas que necessita de revisão dos critérios diagnósticos e avaliação e a segunda, que classifica como problemas morais. CONCLUSÃO: Independente da abordagem é necessário que o enfermeiro aprimore seu conhecimento e compreenda a dificuldade desse sujeito ao relacionar-se adequadamente com outras pessoas; assim, é de fundamental importância que os membros da equipe de saúde analisem seus sentimentos, atitudes e reações em relação ao comportamento do cliente, uma vez que a relação com esta clientela é considerada uma das mais complexas em saúde mental.
Arteterapia como dispositivo terapêutico em saúde mental
Authors: Coqueiro Neusa Freire , Vieira Francisco Ronaldo Ramos , Freitas Marta Maria Costa
Published: January 2011

Este trabalho objetivou relatar a aplicação da arteterapia na prática cotidiana, tomando por objeto a experiência desenvolvida em um dos grupos terapêuticos do Centro de Atenção Psicossocial da Secretaria Executiva Regional III, órgão da esfera municipal de Fortaleza que atua em parceria com a Universidade Federal do Ceará e que utiliza dispositivos terapêuticos no campo da Saúde Mental, além de promover a sensibilização e estímulo de outros profissionais dessa área e artistas para vivenciar experiências dessa natureza. Desse modo, as ações realizadas visaram à potencialização e valorização de formas singulares do processo de livre criação dos usuários, elevação da auto-estima, melhora do equilíbrio emocional e minimização dos efeitos negativos da doença mental. O grupo vem se apropriando de linguagens da arte, como a pintura, a escultura e de ações de produção de livre expressão artística, obtendo-se, assim, a adesão e o envolvimento dos sujeitos implicados no processo, propiciando mudanças nos campos afetivos, interpessoal e relacional.
Inorganic particle analysis of dental impression elastomers
Authors: Carlo Hugo Lemes , Fonseca Rodrigo Borges , Soares Carlos José , Correr Américo Bortolazzo , Correr-Sobrinho Lourenço , Sinhoreti Mário Alexandre Coelho
Published: January 2011

The aim of this study was to determine quantitatively and qualitatively the inorganic particle fraction of commercially available dental elastomers. The inorganic volumetric fraction of two addition silicones (Reprosil Putty/Fluid and Flexitime Easy Putty/Fluid), three condensation silicones (Clonage Putty/Fluid, Optosil Confort/Xantopren VL and Silon APS Putty/Fluid), one polyether (Impregum Soft Light Body) and one polysulfide (Permlastic Light Body) was accessed by weighing a previously determined mass of each material in water before and after burning samples at 600ºC, during 3 h. Unsettled material samples were soaked in acetone and chloroform for removal of tthe organic portion. The remaining filler particles were sputter-coated with gold evaluation of their morphology and size, under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Flexitime Easy Putty was the material with the highest results for volumetric particle fraction, while Impregum Soft had the lowest values. Silon 2 APS Fluid presented the lowest mean filler size values, while Clonage Putty had the highest values. SEM micrographs of the inorganic particles showed several morphologies - lathe-cut, spherical, spherical-like, sticks, and sticks mixed to lathe-cut powder. The results of this study revealed differences in particle characteristics among the elastometic materials that could lead to different results when testing mechanical properties.
Impact of commercial fishing on Trindade Island and Martin Vaz Archipelago, Brazil: characteristics, conservation status of the species involved and prospects for preservation
Authors: Pinheiro Hudson Tercio , Martins Agnaldo Silva , Gasparini João Luiz
Published: January 2011

Visual records, radio interviews and onboard observations of the fishing activities during a 58 days scientific expedition to Trindade Island and the Martin Vaz Archipelago were obtained from February to April 2007. The regular activities of four different fisheries were observed: pelagic longline, bottom line, trolling and handline. These fisheries caused mortality of at least seven species with some level threat, according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature list. The establishment of specific restriction norms for hook-and-line activities around the oceanic islands was seen as an alternative for the conservation of the ichthyofauna of the region. Satellite monitoring to track the fishery vessels could be established through the national program as another legal mean to diminish fishing the impact.
Otitis Media with Effusion and Hearing Loss in Chinese Children with Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Kwan Wendy M.Y. , Abdullah Victor J. , Liu Kelvin , Van Hasselt C. Andrew , Tong Michael C.F.
Published: January 2011

Objective

To determine the incidence of otitis media with effusion and the associated hearing loss, the rate of ventilation tube insertion, and complications of ventilation tube insertion in Chinese cleft palate patients.

Design

Retrospective review in a tertiary care hospital in Hong Kong.

Patients

A total of 104 consecutive patients with cleft lip and/or cleft palate who were born between January 1996 and January 2006.

Results

The incidence of otitis media with effusion in Chinese cleft palate patients for the first 2 years after birth was 76.1%. Of these patients, 16.9% had otitis media with effusion associated with a moderate hearing loss (40 decibels hearing level [dBHL]). Approximately half (53.2%) of our patients had ventilation tube insertion. Complications including retraction, tympanosclerosis, and perforation of the tympanic membrane were found in 15.7% of all ears with otitis media with effusion and ventilation tube insertion.

Conclusions

The high incidence of otitis media with effusion in cleft palate infants found in this study is consistent with that reported in the Western literature. A small but significant proportion of otitis media with effusion was associated with moderate hearing loss that truly required surgical treatment. Cleft palate children are much more likely to develop otitis media with effusion than normal children, and they develop the condition at an earlier age. A protocol for the treatment of otitis media with effusion in cleft palate patients and further prospective studies are warranted.
Individualized Erlanger KS-Impression Trays for Infants with Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Strobel-Schwarthoff Karin , Hirschfelder Ursula , Hofmann Elisabeth
Published: January 2011

Objective

The use of individualized impression trays is required when taking impressions of the maxilla in infants with cleft lip and palate. Custom trays made of plastic such as polymethylmethacrylate, as well as generic, full-arch infant metal trays, have been used up to now. Given the increasing incidence of infectious diseases, the ability to sterilize impression trays for infants with cleft lip and palate is mandatory. Polymethylmethacrylate impression trays are altered in shape and consistency when autoclaved during the sterilization process. Therefore, they have to be fabricated afresh at regular intervals.

Methods

Based on modified mold patterns of the available plastic trays, 44 pieces were sorted into four groups of 11 trays in ascending order of size. On these plaster casts, which served as the male part of the template, a 1-mm layer of sheet wax was applied. An optimized ergonomic wax handle was then fitted to the wax plate. Realization in a chromium-cobalt-molybdenum alloy was performed according to the lost wax principle.

Conclusions

The sterilizable Erlangen KS-Impression tray (Erlanger KS-Abformlöffel®) is now available in 11 sizes for each of four basic forms. They meet current hygiene guidelines. They can be recommended for routine use when taking impressions in infants with any form of cleft lip and palate without complications.
Harvest Loss and Seed Bank Longevity of Flax (Linum usitatissimum) Implications for Seed-Mediated Gene Flow
Authors: Dexter Jody E. , Jhala Amit J. , Yang Rong-Cai , Hills Melissa J. , Weselake Randall J. , Hall Linda M.
Published: January 2011

Flax is a minor oilseed crop in Canada largely exported to the European Union for use as a source of industrial oil and feed ingredient. While flax could be genetically engineered (GE) to enhance nutritional value, the adoption of transgenic technologies threatens conventional flax market acceptability. Harvest seed loss of GE crops and the persistence of GE crop volunteers in the seed bank are major factors influencing transgene persistence. Ten commercial fields in Alberta, Canada, were sampled after harvesting conventional flax in 2006 and 2007, and flax seed density and viability were determined. Additionally, artificial seed banks were established at two locations in Alberta in 2005 and 2006 to quantify persistence of five conventional flax cultivars with variability in seed coat color (yellow or brown) and α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3cisΔ9,13,15) content (3 to 55%) at three soil depths (0, 3, or 10 cm). Harvest methods influenced seed loss and distribution, > 10-fold more seed was distributed beneath windrows than between them. Direct harvested fields had more uniform seed distribution but generally higher seed losses. The maximum yield loss was 44 kg ha−1or 2.3% of the estimated crop yield. Seed loss and the viability of flax seed were significantly influenced by year, presumably because weather conditions prior to harvest influenced the timing and type of harvest operations. In artificial seed bank studies, seed coat color or ALA content did not influence persistence. Flax seed viability rapidly declined in the year following burial with < 1% remaining midsummer in the year following burial but there were significant differences between years. In three of four locations, there was a trend of longer seed persistence at the deepest burial depth (10 cm). The current study predicts that seed-mediated gene flow may be a significant factor in transgene persistence and a source of adventitious presence.
Comparative Germination and Emergence Ecology of Two Populations of Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) from Iran and Denmark
Authors: Eslami S. V.
Published: January 2011

Common lambsquarters, a summer annual weed, has occupied comparatively different ecogeographical regions around the globe. To investigate the extent to which germination and emergence traits have differentiated in two natural populations of common lambsquarters from different environments (Denmark as mesic and Iran as xeric population), experiments were conducted in the laboratory. Germination of both populations was stimulated by light. The greatest germination percentage of xeric and mesic populations occurred at 25/15 and 20/10 C, respectively. The xeric population showed significantly greater germinability at the lowest (15/5 C) and the highest (35/25 C) fluctuating temperature regimes. Germination of the xeric population was only slightly affected, and the mesic population was severely retarded at a salinity level of 20 desi siemens (DS) m−1. Greater than 42% of the xeric seeds germinated at 30 dS m−1salinity, while the mesic germination almost ceased at this salinity level. Germination of seeds placed in distilled water after the 14-d salinity exposure treatments (recovery rates) was also greater for the xeric vs. mesic populations. Xeric populations showed more than 65% germination up to the osmotic potential of −0.4 MPa, while decreasing osmotic potential from 0 to −0.4 MPa caused an 80% reduction in mesic population germinability (9% germination). The greatest emergence of xeric (77%) and mesic (70%) populations occurred for seeds placed on the soil surface and no seedlings emerged from burial depth 3 cm. These study results suggest that common lambsquarters populations have differentiated for heat, salinity, and drought tolerance at germination stage. These contrasting germination patterns are appeared to be due to either adaptation via natural selection or maternal effects, or some combination of both. Though this study has certain limitations, it, through its findings and their propositions, adds to the existing knowledge about interpopulation differences in germination requirements of common lambsquarters, as a globally distributed species.
Cover Crops and Disturbance Influence Activity-Density of Weed Seed PredatorsAmara aeneaandHarpalus pensylvanicus(Coleoptera: Carabidae)
Authors: Ward Meredith J. , Ryan Matthew R. , Curran William S. , Barbercheck Mary E. , Mortensen David A.
Published: January 2011

The activity-density ofAmara aenea(DeGeer) andHarpalus pensylvanicus(DeGeer) (Coleoptera: Carabidae) was monitored in an experiment that compared five management treatments representing a range of disturbance frequencies, crops, and aboveground biomass production. In 2004 and 2005, three treatments comprised of multiple summer cover crops were compared to bare fallow and soybean, the latter of which used mechanical cultivation to manage weeds. In 2005 weed seed predation was assessed from June to September in two of the treatments (bare fallow and oat–pea/rye–hairy vetch). Beetle activity-density varied with treatment, time of sampling, and year. In 2004 peak activity-density ofA. aeneawas highest in the mustard/buckwheat/canola, but there was no difference inH. pensylvanicusactivity-density. In 2005 activity-density ofH. pensylvanicuswas higher in oat–pea/rye–hairy vetch than in soybean treatment. Seed predation rates were relatively consistent across treatments, averaging between 38 and 63%. In fallow and oat–pea/rye–hairy vetch,H. pensylvanicusactivity-density accounted for 29 and 33% of the variation in seed predation, respectively. Our findings suggest cover crops have a positive effect on the activity-density ofA. aeneaandH. pensylvanicusand that disturbance negatively influences their activity-density in the absence of cover crops.
Critical Period for Weed Control in Alfalfa
Authors: Dillehay Bryan L. , Curran William S. , Mortensen David A.
Published: January 2011

The critical period for weed control for many crops has been well investigated and the results have been used to develop better weed management recommendations. However, research is limited on the critical period for weed control for alfalfa, a perennial crop with multiple harvests. With the advent of new, more effective POST herbicides for alfalfa, an understanding of the critical period may further enhance forage yield. The objective of this study was to determine the critical period for weed control in spring-seeded alfalfa. Alfalfa was seeded conventionally at two locations in Pennsylvania in the spring of 2004 and 2005; glyphosate and glyphosate-resistant alfalfa were used for weed management. A surrogate weed, Japanese millet, was seeded at three planting rates to simulate varied levels of weed density. In the analysis, the critical period for weed control was identified for the 2004 seedings, but not for 2005. In 2004, the critical period varied by location, but began at the 0.5 trifoliate alfalfa growth stage and ended at the 7 trifoliate growth stage. When identified, the critical period was similar for both first-harvest yield and first-year cumulative yield. Higher weed density caused the critical period to begin earlier than under lower weed densities, but weed density had no effect on when the critical period ended. Under moderate to heavy weed populations, the critical period for weed control can increase herbicide use efficiency and maximize alfalfa returns, although under low weed severity, the critical period may not exist.
Exotic C4Grasses Have Increased Tolerance to Glyphosate under Elevated Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Manea A. , Leishman M. R. , Downey P. O.
Published: January 2011

The increase in atmospheric CO2levels can influence the growth of many invasive exotic plant species. However, it is not well-documented, especially for C4plants, how these growth responses will alter the effectiveness of the world's most widely used herbicide for weed control, glyphosate. We aimed to address this question by carrying out a series of glasshouse experiments to determine if tolerance to glyphosate is increased in four C4invasive exotic grasses grown under elevated CO2in nonlimiting water conditions. In addition, traits including specific leaf area, leaf weight ratio, leaf area ratio, root : shoot ratio, total leaf area, and total biomass were measured in order to assess their contribution to glyphosate response under ambient and elevated CO2levels. Three of the four mature grass species that were treated with the recommended concentration of glyphosate displayed increased tolerance to glyphosate under elevated CO2. This was due to increased biomass production resulting in a dilution effect on the glyphosate within the plant. From this study, we can conclude that as atmospheric CO2levels increase, application rates of glyphosate might need to be increased to counteract the growth stimulation of invasive exotic plants.
Shade Avoidance in Soybean Reduces Branching and Increases Plant-to-Plant Variability in Biomass and Yield Per Plant
Authors: Green-Tracewicz Emily , Page Eric R. , Swanton Clarence J.
Published: January 2011

Recent studies have suggested that soybeans express shade avoidance in response to low red : far-red (R : FR) light reflected from neighboring plants and that this response may determine the onset and outcome of crop–weed competition. We tested the hypothesis that the low R : FR ratio would trigger characteristic shade avoidance responses in soybean and that the subsequent phenotype would experience reproductive costs under non–resource-limiting conditions. Soybeans were grown in a fertigation system in field trials conducted in 2007 and 2008 under two light quality treatments: (1) high R : FR ratio (i.e., weed-free) i.e., upward reflected light from a baked clay medium (Turface MVP®), or (2) low R : FR ratio (i.e., weedy) of upward reflected light, from commercial turfgrass. Results of this study indicated that a reduction in the R : FR ratio of light reflected from the surface of turfgrass increased soybean internode elongation, reduced branching, and decreased yield per plant. Shade avoidance also increased the plant-to-plant variability in biomass and yield per plant. Per plant yield losses were, however, more closely associated with reductions in biomass accumulation than population variability as the expression of a shade avoidance response did not influence harvest index. While these results suggest that weed induced shade avoidance decreases soybean per plant yield by reducing branching, it is possible the productivity of a soybean stand as a whole may be buffered against these reduction by a similar, but opposite, expression of plasticity in branching.
The Selective Memory of Weed Seedbanks after 18 Years of Conservation Tillage
Authors: Légère Anne , Stevenson F. Craig , Benoit Diane L.
Published: January 2011

A conservation tillage study provided the opportunity to test whether tillage effects on the germinable weed seedbank would be consistent across different crop rotations and to investigate the potential residual effects of herbicide treatments terminated 12 yr earlier. Our objective was to measure the effects of tillage (moldboard plow [MP] vs. chisel plow [CP] vs. no-till [NT]), crop rotation (2-yr barley–red clover followed by 4-yr barley–canola–wheat–soybean rotation, compared to a cereal monoculture), and of a prior weed management factor (three intensity levels of herbicide use) on the density, diversity, and community structure of weed seedbanks. Species richness, evenness (Shannon'sE), and diversity (Shannon'sH′) of spring seedbanks varied little across treatments and over time. Total seedbank density generally increased as tillage was reduced, with some variations due to weed management in 1993 and crop rotation in 2006. Crop rotations generally had smaller seedbanks with fewer species than the monoculture. In 1993, seedbanks with minimum weed management were twice as dense as those with intensive or moderate weed management (approximately 6,000 vs. 3,000 seed m−2). By 2006, seed density averaged 6,838 seed m−2across intensive and moderate weed management regardless of tillage, but was nearly twice as large in NT (12,188 seed m−2) compared to MP (4,770 seed m−2) and CP (7,117 seed m−2) with minimum weed management (LSD0.005= 4488). Species with abundant seedbanks responded differently to treatments. Barnyardgrass and green foxtail had larger seedbanks in the monoculture than in the rotation. Common lambsquarters and pigweed species had large seedbanks in tilled treatments in the rotation, whereas yellow foxtail and field pennycress contributed to the large seedbanks observed in NT treatments. The latter two species were also associated with residual effects of weed management treatments (terminated 12 yr earlier) in NT. The differential seedbank response of weed species, attributed in part to contrasting weed emergence patterns and agronomic practice effects on seed rain, explained some of the weak treatment effects observed for total seedbank density and diversity. The large weed seedbanks observed in NT plots after 18 yr confirms the importance of seed rain and seedbank management for the sustainability of NT systems.
Spatial Distribution Patterns of Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) in Corn Fields in Spain
Authors: Andújar Dionisio , Ruiz David , Ribeiro Ángela , Fernández-Quintanilla César , Dorado José
Published: January 2011

This study describes the distribution patterns of Johnsongrass populations present in 38 commercial corn fields located in three major corn growing regions of Spain. A total of 232 ha were visually assessed from the cabin of a combine during harvesting using a three-category ranking (high density, low density, no presence) and recording the georeferenced data in a tablet personal computer. On average, 10.3 and 3.9% of the surveyed area were infested with high and low density of Johnsongrass, respectively. Most of the infested area was concentrated in a few large patches with irregular shape. Small patches (less than 1,000 m2) represented only 27% of the infested area. Management factors could explain much of the spatial distribution of this weed in the studied fields. Tillage direction was the main factor explaining patch shape: the length width−1ratio of the patches was greater than two in the tillage direction. In sprinkler irrigated fields, higher levels of infestation were generally observed close to the sprinkler lines. Areas close to the edges of the field had a higher risk of infestation than the areas in the middle of the fields: a negative relationship between distance from the edge and weed abundance was established. Because a few patches, located in some predictable parts of the field, such as field edges, represent most of the seriously infested area, site-specific treatments of these areas could reduce herbicide inputs, until more reliable, spatially precise and practical detection, mapping, and spraying systems are developed.
Behavioral Incident Investigation
Authors: Perkinson Larry
Published: January 2011

Behavioral Incident Investigation (BII) is a powerful tool used to arrive at the reasons people take unsafe actions. It is used as an adjunct to existing investigation methodologies to explore more fully the relationship between the work/management system and the behavior of personnel involved in incidents.

In the BII process, every undesired behavior, whether by operational personnel, supervision, or contractors, etc., is identified. Each unsafe behavior is then analyzed using the ABC model of human behavior (Antecedents/Behavior/Consequences) to determine what were the antecedents, or triggers, in place that suggested the unsafe behavior, and what were the consequences experienced by the person on previous occasions that might have caused them to repeat the unsafe behavior. These results are fed into whatever root cause investigation tool is being used to assist with determining immediate and root causes and appropriately categorizing the results.

Once the root causes are determined, the original behaviors inserted into the ABC model are reversed, and the desired behaviors are inserted into the analysis. The investigator then attempts to determine what antecedents/triggers can be put into place and the consequences that can be implemented that will suggest/trigger and/or encourage/reinforce the corresponding safe behavior. The result is an action plan that not only addresses ways to prevent unsafe behavior, but ways to encourage safe behavior.

The process provides a link to human behavior that is currently left unexplored or underutilized in most investigation methodologies and ensures that action plans to address root causes include behavioral components.
Risk Based Environmental Management System for Gas-to-Liquids Industries
Authors: Pon Saravanan N.. , Van vuuren Marlene J
Published: January 2011

Gas-to-Liquids, or GTL, is a technology breakthrough to convert natural gas into high-performing, ultra-clean liquid fuels by means of the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process. This new and emerging technology is expected to contribute a larger share of the world's gas-processing in the future. The overall objective of the paper is to develop an risk-based Environmental Management System (EMS), to assist the gas-processing industries to effectively implement and manage mitigation measures and also to reduce significant environmental risks from GTL industries. This risk based EMS provides information to government agencies, stakeholders, including policy makers, design and process engineers for making reasoned decisions by defining the range of risks associated with various options.

This paper provides systematic approach to address the risks associated with GTL industries which involves impact identification, determination of severity, estimation of impact probability and evaluation of risk significance. The objectives of the paper are a) to develop the framework to assess the risks, b) to provide a qualitative assessment of the risks, in terms of the potential impact on different environmental components, c) to assess the relative significance of the risks and d) to identify and implement additional control measures to manage the environmental risks. Incorporating risk assessment into EMS allows environmental managers to prioritize risks, to identify the resources needed, and to control and manage the identified risk factors. A brief overview on EMS for GTL industries has been provided to address all activities that have been identified to have potentially significant risks on the environment during different scenarios.
Design and Operation of Fluid Laboratories for Maximum Engagement of Students in HSE Issues
Authors: Williams John M. , Kissami Mimoune
Published: January 2011

This paper describes the set-up of reservoir fluid study teaching laboratories, and the way safety and other HSE issues have been managed to maximise student learning and adoption of safe practices. It is extremely relevant to the education of engineering students in reservoir fluid property measurement skills and in the awareness of HSE issues.

Significant issues are covered relating to the design of the laboratories, including the choice of mercury-free equipment, decision to use combustible and poisonous gases rather than synthetic materials, selection of experiments that could be performed within the time constraints of laboratory sessions, which hazards could be safely managed during experiments, what personal protective equipment (PPE) should be required as standard dress code in the laboratories, and how waste could be minimised, reused, or disposed of.

Identification of experimental hazards and selection and justification of PPE choice has been made part of the experimental procedure. Students have ‘bought-in’ to the need for PPE, despite the inconvenience. Laboratory classes have been held involving numerous students over six years with only one very minor injury reported. The classes significantly increase student awareness and contribute to their preparation for work in the petroleum industry.

Work in the reservoir fluid property laboratory makes a significant contribution to both laboratory and professional conduct components of the petroleum engineering program that are required by accreditation organisations. Sponsors have expressed support for the decision to use real reservoir fluid samples in typical industry conditions, and international visitors have recognised the laboratory as being a world class educational facility.
Promotion of Upward Safe Behavior, An Essential Step in Successful Implementation of HSE Culture
Authors: Rahimi R..
Published: January 2011

Promoting safe behavior at work is a critical part of the health and safety management, because behavior turns systems and procedures into reality. On their own, good systems do not ensure successful health and safety management, as the level of success is determined by how organizations ‘live’ their systems. The behavioral programs currently in use focus on promoting safe behavior among frontline staff. These programs therefore exclude a large proportion of other behaviors that influence health and safety performance. There is potential to extend the behavior modification principles and strategies currently used, to encourage and promote behaviors which support the health and safety management system (HSMS) and the development of a positive health and safety culture. Behavioral programs have become popular in the safety domain, as there is evidence that a proportion of accidents are caused by unsafe behavior. Whilst a focus on changing unsafe behavior into safe behavior is appropriate, this should not deflect attention from analyzing why people behave unsafely. To focus solely on changing individual behavior without considering necessary changes to how people are organized, managed, motivated, rewarded and their physical work environment, tools and equipment can result in treating the symptom only, without addressing the root causes of unsafe behavior. Given that it is the behavior of management that is most critical in creating a culture of HSE in any organization, behavioral safety observations are likely to have their greatest impact if directed upwards, at managers. This paper provides a critical look at the assumptions that underlie such programs and identify some of their limitations.
Environmental Impacts of Different NORM Disposal Methods
Authors: Valeur Jens Rosendal
Published: January 2011

Waste of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) poses a challenge to operators and authorities alike.

The paper reviews legislation and practices regarding NORM waste management in the North Sea countries, with emphasis on the potential environmental impacts. The paper gives an overview of mechanisms causing NORM in the oil and gas industry, the various disposal methods, the legal regime, and the fate and effects in the external environment. Examples of current and future NORM waste challenges are given.

NORM in produced water mainly consists of Ra-226 and Ra-228, which has been dissolved from the geological materials of the reservoir. Parts of the dissolved Ra precipitate as RaSO4 in the process equipment onboard the installation (mainly in the separation systems), associated with precipitation of BaSO4 and SrSO4. If discharged to the sea, the vast majority of the dissolved Ra precipitates as RaSO4 or adsorbs to fine-grained particles and particulate organic matter. When assessing the fate and effects of NORM in the external environment, it is therefore essential to analyse both the fine-grained sediment transport pathways and the uptake mechanisms of marine life.

The strong particle-association of Ra must be taken into account when evaluating the possible environmental impacts of solid NORM waste disposal (from maintenance of equipment, decommissioning of installations, etc.). Re-injection of NORM back to the geological reservoir can be seen as an optimal way of disposing NORM waste, but the approach taken by different countries varies, depending on how the London Convention and the OSPAR Radioactive Substances Strategy are interpreted and implemented.

It is concluded that the NORM waste issue is not in all cases handled optimally with respect to health, safety and environmental impacts, partly because of the constellation of international conventions and national practices which is applied with significant variation from country to country.
Improving Safety Behavior Using Adkar Model
Authors: Al-Qahtani Bandar J.
Published: January 2011

Although the development of science and technologies has already decreased the number of employees in industries, there has been a developing trend in terms of employee's importance in workplaces. Controlling a large number of different and critical operations is the duty of human beings in the oil & gas industries. It is usually supposed that making human errors is one of the main contributors to catastrophic disasters likelihood. Thus, improving safety behavior has become one of the challenges in the workplace.

Several safety management programs have been developed to eliminate the unsafe behavior and promote the safety performance in the organization. Unfortunately, most of these programs and systems, if not all, have failed to achieve their goals; basically, because they are lack of proper behavior change process or methodology.

This paper aims to adopt the ADKAR model to be used as coaching tool to improve individual's safety behavior and also as basis tool to facilitate implementing new safety programs effectively. In particular, the model will be used to:

diagnose employee's resistance to change unsafe behavior promote the employees safety awareness build a successful action plan for personal development during behavior change create uniform safety culture cross the organization

The adopted ADKAR model has the ability to identify why trials of changing behaviors are not working and help leaders and managers take the necessary steps to make the behavior change successful.

In general, eliminating undesired or unsafe behavior requires managing five key phases that form the basis of the ADKAR model:

Awareness of the risk associated with unsafe behavior or action Desire to participate and support the behavior change Knowledge of how to change behavior Ability to implement the behavior change on a day-to-day basis Reinforcement to keep new desired behavior
Preserving Yemen's Cultural Heritage: Yemen LNG's Innovative Approach
Authors: Sinnah Mohammed H. , Hirst Robert
Published: January 2011

This paper describes Yemen LNG's innovative approach to managing Yemen's cultural heritage during construction of a liquefied natural gas (LNG) plant at Balhaf and a 320 km gas supply pipeline, both of which are located in one of the richest archaeological areas in a country with a rare and deep cultural history. Yemen LNG has developed a Cultural Heritage Action Plan (CHAP) to translate Yemen LNG's commitments and strategy for cultural heritage preservation and conservation in all its operational areas into practical actions. Although Yemen LNG-initiated cultural heritage actions should complement national cultural heritage management priorities to be effective, such a national strategy does not yet exist. Yemen LNG is therefore pioneering cultural heritage management in Yemen through its CHAP. Yemen LNG's presentation of the CHAP, and its objectives and actions to Government, and public and private stakeholders is discussed. The feedback it has received from stakeholders is also presented and evaluated.

This paper summarises the:

■ cultural heritage of the Balhaf plant site and along the pipeline corridor; ■ main goals and priority objectives for preserving and conserving the cultural heritage present; ■ methods and mechanisms for achieving these objectives in the form of an action list; ■ phased approach to implementing actions initially during construction and then during plant operations; and ■ status of implementation for the actions addressed in the CHAP.

As cultural heritage preservation is not only an essential cultural consideration but also an increasingly important legal and economic requirement, the CHAP also addresses cultural heritage related matters in contexts beyond the Yemen LNG project area.
An Innovative Method for Improving Information for Effective Accident Investigation
Authors: Gabbert F.. , Hope L.. , Lang K..
Published: January 2011

In Occupational Health and Safety, an accurate understanding of what happened before and during an incident or accident is critical in developing an understanding of the various causes. Understanding root causes and the controls necessary to prevent incidents reoccurring can be both difficult and time consuming and, if not undertaken properly, can lead to ineffective measures and adverse recurrent events. A critical part of any accident investigation is the effective gathering of facts. One of the ways to acquire important first hand information is through witness statements. Given the crucial role of eyewitness evidence, statements should be obtained as soon as possible after an incident. This is not often possible due to demands on staff resources, lack of trained staff being available or the geographically remote location where the event has occurred. This paper examines the development of a self-administered witness interview tool, known as the SAW-IT™, and the theory used to elicit a comprehensive statement of events. This deceptively simple methodology, presently used by several Police Forces in criminal investigations, could be applied in the both in the Oil and Gas industry and in other spheres. This paper discusses the practical and cultural issues that have to be considered. Results of two studies will be outlined, both providing evidence that the interview tool elicits detailed and highly accurate information from witnesses. Study 2 demonstrates that the SAI also protects against forgetting which is a further benefit should a subsequent interview be necessary. Case studies demonstrating the use of the SAW-IT™ in an HSE investigation will be provided as illustrative examples of the practical and evidential benefits of the recall tool. The practical lessons and benefits in applying the SAW-IT™ tool in the oil and gas industry are shared and an outline given of further work proposed.
Conducting Labour Risk Audits and Implementing a Labour Risk Management Programme in Order to Create and Maintain Labour Stability
Authors: Kloppers Christo , Hirst Robert
Published: January 2011

The main objective of this paper is to provide significant new knowledge and experience on conducting Labour Risk Audits and the implementation of Labour Risk Management Programmes in order to create and maintain labour stability and strengthen the operation's social license to operate. Unsatisfactory labour practices and welfare conditions pose an operational and reputational risk to all projects, in addition to potential labour instability and the resultant negative effects on project and operational efficiencies, the perceptions of local communities and their future support during the operations phase could be positively or negatively influenced by the experience of local workers on site, which, in turn, could affect the project's social license to operate. The Yemen Liquefied Natural Gas project (Yemen LNG) will be, at over $US4 billion, the largest project in the country's history and utilised Labour Risk Audits and Labour Risk Management in order to create workforce stability and to retain and strengthen their social license to operate. At the peak of construction up to 12,000 workers of at least 60 nationalities were present on site, which in its itself posed unique challenges to the management of labour relations in a culturally diverse context. The Labour Risk Audits covered areas such as organisational design, human resources administration and the terms and conditions of employment, while Labour Risk Management focused on legal compliance in terms of Yemeni Labour Law and related legislation, welfare (i.e. camp standards, living conditions and catering), demobilisation of workers, and the monitoring of labour risk indicators (e.g. grievances). The paper describes the results and ratifies the need for Labour Risk Audits and Labour Risk Management on similar projects, as all could benefit from a stable and productive workforce, which in turn will also enhance the company's reputation and ensure a continued social license to operate.
Leak Detection Technologies for Continuous Monitoring of Subsea Production Templates
Authors: Vrålstad Torbjørn , Melbye Alf G. , Carlsen Inge M. , Llewelyn David
Published: January 2011

Subsea leakages from underwater production facilities may have significant environmental and economical consequences. There are a wide range of different technologies available for detection of subsea leakages, depending on the type of application and approach to leak detection. The two most common approaches to direct subsea leak detection are inspection/surveying, where sensors are attached to mobile units such as ROVs, and continuous monitoring, where the sensors are permanently installed at the seabed. For the latter case, there are several different types of leak detection technologies depending on whether templates or pipelines are to be monitored. While most subsea facilities are monitored by flow measurement devices which can typically detect leaks of above a few percent of overall flow, this paper addresses direct methods of leak detection, suitable for smaller leaks.

The Norwegian Oil Industry Association (OLF) has initiated a series of projects on subsea leak detection, where the purposes are to obtain an overview of the different types of leak detection systems available, and to determine the practical applicability and functionality of these systems. An important issue in this regard is to experimentally test the leak detection systems with both gas and oil leakages under realistic conditions. This paper presents results from comparative, experimental tests of five different leak detection systems suitable for continuous monitoring of subsea templates, where the purpose of the tests was to elucidate the strengths and limitations of the different detection principles.
From Reporting to Performance Orientation - What Gets Measured Gets Done
Authors: Peball Ulrich , Simion Ana-Maria
Published: January 2011

HSE Culture and performance:

This paper describes how the key tools and techniques are applied to change the HSE culture of a national Exploration & Production company and presents examples of general use for performance oriented reporting in mid size companies. HSE culture of a national affiliate of a large multi-national oil corporation, which was initially very much focused on reporting achievement of figures and not actual progress, was driven to achieve Strategic HSE Objectives by application of the measurement and reporting of meaningful and achievable objectives.

Setting the Strategy and Objectives:

The HSE culture and performance of the E&P Company was very low and mainly driven by bureaucracy and a blaming culture. Over a period of 6 years, HSE initiatives were developed and implemented based on a top down strategy for the multi national group based on an E&P vision, taking into consideration key external drivers for the E&P business. A gap analysis against best industry practices and a defined corporate peer group verified the focus on key issues. For key benchmarks KPI's, targets and key accountabilities were defined.
Human Factors Design Considerations for the Aging Populations
Authors: McGowan Blake
Published: January 2011

Most safety professionals are concerned with the human factors and the aging population. When asked why they are concerned, many express fears of anticipated increases in injury rates as their working population ages. However, data suggests that non-fatal occupational injury rates (sprains and strains) are higher for younger workers (≤ 25 years old) compared to the ageing population (Jackson, 2001; Salminen, 2004). This is especially true for male populations.

In reality, the two most important issues safety professionals should consider as the workforce ages are: Decreases in production performance - Older workers often require increased task completion time, which leads to decreases in production performance (Rahman et al., 2002).Increases in quality errors - Many older workers experience reduced hand sensitivity, which results in reduced tactile sensation and more product assembly errors (Ranganathan et al., 2001).

Currently, many organizations understand the positive impacts of human factors engineering on productivity performance (for example, lean manufacturing). Organizations have repeatedly demonstrated task time improvements and ergonomic risk reductions following the implementation of engineering/ergonomic improvements. However, very few have launched ergonomic initiatives focused on reducing quality errors. Poor facility designs lead to quality issues, and Eklund (1999) showed that 60-70% of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) are related to poor design.

As we age, design is increasingly important since significant physiological changes occur that exacerbate the potential for WMSDs and quality errors. These physiological changes include, but are not limited to: Movement speed slows during grasping (Carnahan et al., 1993) and reaching (Seidler-Dobrin and Stelmach, 1998)Movement precision (deceleration) decreases (Walker et al., 1997)Range of motion is reduced (Chaparro et al., 2000)Muscle strength (grip, push, pull) decreases (Ketchum and Stelmach, 2001)Force control decreases, as adults grip twice as hard to compensate (Cole, 1991)Force perception decreases (Cole et al., 1991)Muscle endurance decreases

In this article, readers will learn how to identify human factors concerns using scientific tools, as well as human factors design guidelines to accommodate the aging population.