bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three Dimensions of Capital Switching within the Real Estate Sector: A Canadian Case Study
Authors: Charney Igal
Published: March 2003

This article analyzes capital switching practices in the real estate development sector. The leading practitioners in Canada, the Canadian‐based real estate companies, are the subject of this inquiry. The tradability and divisibility of real estate properties enhance the growing similarity between real estate properties and other financial assets. It is appropriate to talk about portable real estate portfolios because companies constantly rearrange their property composition. This article emphasizes the ‘three dimensions of capital switching’. These dimensions unpack significant corporate considerations in the deployment and redeployment of capital, namely, mode of operation, property type and location. With respect to office development, the trajectory of the major real estate companies over the last 20 years has accommodated two notable shifts. First, these companies have focused on larger and newer properties, disposing of their smaller and older assets. Second, they have funneled a growing share of their capital assets into the top‐tier cities of the Canadian urban system, reducing investment in other metropolitan areas and disinvesting in the small‐to‐medium sized cities.
The Urban Geography of Low‐income Housing: Cairo (1947–96) Exemplifies a Model
Authors: Harris Richard , Wahba Malak
Published: March 2003

No one has documented the changing geography of low‐income settlements in any city in the developing world over the entire postwar period. The most plausible model of this changing geography, first outlined by John F.C. Turner, indicates the existence of a dual concentration of the poor: in central slums and in informal settlements at the periphery. This dual pattern is associated, respectively, with the filtering‐down of older housing and with owner‐construction of new dwellings, sometimes on illegally‐occupied land. Some writers have suggested that central slums deteriorate, while fringe settlements may be improved over time, thereby distinguishing slums of despair from those of hope. Analysis of the Egyptian census from 1947 to 1996 shows that this suggestion is borne out by the postwar experience of Cairo. Evidence on literacy indicates that central and fringe areas have both contained a high proportion of low‐income households, but that over half a century the relative status of the central areas has slowly declined. Although it has helped to shape the experience of millions, this long‐term trend has not been obvious to close observers of the local scene. Similar historical surveys should be undertaken of low‐income settlements in other cities in the developing world.

Personne n’a étudié la géographie évolutive des logements à faibles revenus dans quelque ville que ce soit du monde en développement durant tout l’après‐guerre. Le modèle le plus plausible de ce changement, esquisséà l’origine par John F.C. Turner, définit l’existence de deux concentrations de pauvres: dans les taudis du centre et dans des implantations informelles à la périphérie. Ce modèle dual est lié respectivement à un déclassement de l’habitat ancien et à la construction de nouvelles habitations par les propriétaires, parfois sur un terrain occupé illégalement. D’après certains auteurs, les quartiers centraux des pauvres se détériorent tandis que les installations périphériques sont susceptibles de s’améliorer avec le temps, établissant ainsi une distinction entre les taudis du désespoir et ceux de l’espoir. Une analyse du recensement égyptien de 1947 à 1996 confirme cette idée au vu de l’expérience du Caire depuis la guerre. Des données sur l’alphabétisation montrent que les zones centrales et périphériques ont abrité une forte proportion de ménages à faible revenu mais que, en un demi‐siècle, la condition sociale des quartiers du centre a connu un relatif déclin. Même si elle a influé sur l’expérience de millions de gens, cette tendance à long terme a échappéà des observateurs directs de la scène locale. Il conviendrait donc d’entreprendre des études historiques similaires dans les quartiers à bas revenus d’autres grandes villes du monde en développement.
Urban Ethnographies in the United States
Authors: Silver Hilary
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Gamm, Gerald, Urban Exodus: why the Jews left Boston and the Catholics stayed

Pattillo‐McCoy, Mary, Black picket fences: privilege and peril among the black middle class
The difference that difference makes in the mobilization of workers
Authors: Ettlinger Nancy
Published: March 2003

Drawing conceptually from feminist, post–development, cultural politics and radical political science literatures, this essay integrally relates differences among contexts (relationally defined) and people. I suggest that prospects for the mobilization of workers across space requires critical thinking about difference, entailing recognition of different work experiences associated with different industrial processes and avenues of exploitation, as well as possible friction among different groups of people across axes of difference. Although frictions of difference related both to economic and non–economic logics may pose complex problems for connecting workers within and across space, I argue that inclusive organizing strategies are critical to achieving pervasive and long–run social change.

Tirant ces concepts de documents sur le post–féminisme et le post–développement, et de textes de politique culturelle et de science politique fondamentale, cet essai associe toutes les différences de contextes (définis en termes de relation) et d’individus. Il suggère que mobiliser des salariés à travers l’espace nécessite une réflexion critique sur la différence, ce qui implique la reconnaissance d’expériences professionnelles diverses combinées à des approches et processus industriels d’exploitation différents, ainsi que d’éventuels points de friction entre divers groupes de personnes d’un bout à l’autre des axes de différence. Même si ces points de friction, liés à une logique tant économique que non–économique, sont susceptibles de créer d’importantes difficultés pour relier des salariés dans l’espace, il faut appliquer des stratégies d’organisation globales si l’on veut obtenir un changement social capable de s’imprégner durablement.
In the Mind of the Beholder: Evaluation of Coping Styles of Immigrant Parents
Authors: Roer‐Strier Dorit
Published: March 2003

The issue of coping with cultural transition, as in the case of immigration, has been the focus of extensive investigation in many domains. There is some diversity among scholars as to the relationship between change, stress, risk and well‐being. Children, in particular, are regarded at risk since they experience parental stress and are exposed to two sometimes conflicting socializing systems. Consequently, parental modes of coping with “acculturation stress” are considered major factors in predicting immigrant children’s well‐being.

This article challenges existing views of a linear relation between parental coping and child well‐being, suggesting that there is a great complexity and many variables that affect both parental coping strategies related to immigration and the definition of risk.

We suggest that child development is affected by parental values and ideologies which form the “Adaptive Adult” image of the culture in which the children are raised. Immigrant parents confronted with a foreign Adaptive Adult image held by the socializing agents of the host culture may adopt one of the several different copying styles. The article describes three most common coping styles labelled by metaphores from the animal world: the traditional “uni‐cultural” style which promotes conservation is represented by the Kangaroo strategy; the “culturally‐disoriented” style which calls for rapid assimilation of children is represented by the Cuckoo metaphor; and the “bi‐cultural” style, based on a meditative approach, is illustrated by the Chameleon’s ability to change its colour to blend in with the environment.

Representatives of four professional sectors who are in daily contact with immigrant families, including educators, social workers, educational psychologists and paediatricians, were presented with three typical coping strategies and were asked to express their opinions regarding the adaptive and risk values of each coping style.

By applying a qualitative research approach, results indicate that there are variations in the way the various stakeholders (parents and socializing agents) perceive basic concepts such as adaptation, risk and well‐being. Consequently, their evaluations of the different parental coping styles vary, suggesting that it is all "in the mind of the beholder".
Greek Immigrants in Australia: Demographic Developments and Economic Integration
Authors: Glytsos Nicholas P.
Published: March 2003

With a high proportion of Greece‐born immigrants in Australia reaching retirement, working age numbers will be reduced dramatically by the year 2000 and will almost vanish by the year 2010. Without newcomers to Australia, which is likely to be the case in the foreseeable future, the involvement of Greece‐born immigrants in the Australian economy will soon be minimal. For quite some time, departures from Australia have exceeded arrivals; the movement in recent years has been practically nil.

While immigration from Greece to Australia has completed something of a century‐long cycle (1900–2000), second generation Greeks in Australia will come to demographic maturity with a more or less normal age distribution. In contrast to their parents, they are well educated with skills, and many hold well paid jobs, thus measuring up to the total Australian population.

The relatively low general and third level education of Greece‐born immigrants, and their lack of adequate vocational qualifications and skills, placed them in a disadvantageous position in the Australian labour market and created some obstacles to their integration in the Australia economy and society. However, subsequent cohorts of immigrants had more and better education and skill qualifications, but still well below those of the total Australian population. Despite these inadequacies, Greece‐born immigrants participate almost equally well in economic activity as the total Australian population.

The relatively superior educational attainment of second generation Greeks is a reflection of the changing aspirations of their parents for the upward economic and social mobility of their children.

The income gap between Greece‐born immigrants and total Australian population is not so great (14 per cent) and has been stable over time. For both populations, the relative position of females has improved considerably and by about equal proportions. The overall conclusion concerning first generation Greeks is that their standard of living is only a little inferior to that of the total Australian population.

Mainly because immigration to Australia is generally permanent family immigration, the volume of remittances to Greece was relatively low during the 1960s; accelerated volumes in the 1970s and the 1980s are explained partly by corresponding changes in migration movements.
Migration Experiences of Turkish Women: Notes from a Researcher’s Diary
Authors: Kadıoğlu Ayşe
Published: March 2003

The article reviews the migration experiences of Turkish women who were either involved in external migration or were exposed to migration by being left behind upon the emigration of their husbands. It includes notes on statements made by some returning women and women whose husbands returned home.

The statements were encountered during a comprehensive field survey conducted in Turkey. Since the literature on women and external migration is, in general, blinded by a view of migrant women as “traditional” regardless of their ethnic, regional, religious and other background variables, it is expected that their exposure to the “modern” western culture will automatically pave the way to their emancipation.

The diary entries of statements made by migrant women portrayed in this article question such an axiomatic proposition by pointing to the significance of background variables and certain features of household structures.
The Role of Immigration in Canada’s Demographic Outlook
Authors: Passaris Constantine
Published: March 2003

Canada’s contemporary demographic profile has been profoundly influenced by the end of the baby boom, decline in the fertility rate, ageing of the population and prospects for an absolute decline in population shortly after the turn of the century.

These demographic characteristics necessitate an enhanced role for immigration and the need for a more proactive immigration policy in order to correct and fine‐tune demographic trends and to come to grips with the social and economic challenges and opportunities of the next few decades.

The expanded role of multicultural immigration conveys a sense of urgency in terms of exploring and anticipating the economic and social costs and advantages related to immigration that are decidedly more multicultural and multiracial in composition.

Canada’s immigration policy will require a realignment of economic and social policies as well as cultural and linguistic programmes in view of the multicultural composition of family dependents, business and entrepreneurial immigrants and refugee movements.
Refugees and Migrants, Migrants and Refugees. An Ethnological Approach
Authors: Bertrand Didier
Published: March 2003

This essay addresses the cultural dimension of the concepts refugee and migrant in order to better define their practical validity and authenticity. Examples are drawn from doctoral research and field work with South‐East Asian refugees both in camps and in France.
The New Economics of Labour Migration and the Role of Remittances in the Migration Process
Authors: Taylor Edward J.
Published: March 2003

In 1995, international migrant remittances exceeded US$70 billion. How have these remittances shaped development in migrant sending areas?

Pessimistic views on migration and development pervade the literature. In contrast, the new economics of labour migration (NELM) argues that migration may set in motion a development dynamic, lessening production and investment constraints faced by households in imperfect market environments and creating income growth linkages.

This article assesses the development potential of remittances from a NELM perspective and cites empirical evidence that remittances may be a positive factor in economic development.

Governments in migrant origin countries may increase the development potential of remittances through a variety of economic policies. Creating a fertile ground for remittances to contribute to broad based income growth in migrant sending areas is a key to promoting development from migration.
Return of Overseas Contract Workers and their Rehabilitation and Development in Kerala (India)
Authors: Nair P.R. Gopinathan
Published: March 2003

Large‐scale emigration of temporary contract workers from Kerala to countries in the Middle East began in the early 1970s. Return migration flows into Kerala assumed large proportions only after the mid‐1980s. Returned migrants include repatriated illegal immigrants and immigrants evacuated during times of political upheaval and hostilities.

Since the end of the 1980s there have been several instances of such repatriation. While reliable information on migration‐related matters is not available in Kerala, not even on the magnitudes of onward and return flows, the total number of returned migrants in Kerala must be already around 0.5 million.

Returned migrants are, in general, middle‐aged persons with low levels of education, skills and experience. After return, about one‐half remain unemployed and of the other half, a few retire from active work and the rest enter into self‐employment, mostly in the services sector, or get into salaried jobs, or become wage labour in agriculture or fishing.

Returned migrants have received little assistance from the state government or any other institution for rehabilitation and development. The socio‐political and economic climate in the state has remained unfriendly to investment, due to a variety of constraints such as scarcity of land, segmentation of the labour market, wage rates much higher than labour productivity, militant trade unionism, political ideology inimical to the growth of the private capitalist sector and inadequacy of the energy and transport infrastructure.

Loss‐making public capitalist sector enterprises have discouraged returned migrants from entrusting their savings with government and several fake private sector enterprises which lured them into taking shares have cheated them. The inertia on the part of the state government to attend to the problems of the emigrants began to thaw after 1996, when it introduced an accident‐cum‐life insurance policy for non‐resident Keralites. But no specified scheme for harnessing the development potential of return migrants has as yet emerged.

The novel experiment begun in Kerala for local level development with the active participation of the people, the availability of cooperative credit agencies at all the local levels and the immense possibilities of development of the state, offer a new opportunity for channelling the development potential of the returned migrants into productive investment.
Residential Concentration Among Immigrants in Oslo
Authors: Blom Svein
Published: March 2003

On the basis of register data, this article outlines the development ofresidential concentrations among immigrants in Oslo from the early 1970suntil 1996.

It is argued that a phase characterized by concentrated immigrant housing inthe inner city was superseded by a phase of dispersal which, in turn, was replaced by a period of new concentration. Western and non‐Western immigrants live in different parts of the city and the degree of residential concentration varies according to the national background of the immigrants.

Between 1988 and 1993 there was a net flux of non‐Western immigrantsfrom the inner city east to the old and new suburban dormitory towns on theoutskirts of the city. This is interpreted as a tendency over time to conformto mainstream Norwegian residential patterns.

The relevance of the term “ghetto” as a designation of areas in Oslo characterized by a high proportion of immigrants is refuted.

Empirical evidence supports the notion that economic resources is the mostimportant factor in creating and maintaining immigrant residential concentrations in the inner city east, while cultural phenomena also appear to play a major causal role.
Factors Affecting Australia’s Refugee Policy: The Case of the Kosovars
Authors: King Jackie
Published: March 2003

This article seeks to explain Australia's refugee policy and to identify the various objectives and factors that influence the development of that policy.

Australia's refugee programme seeks to: provide a humanitarian response and protection to individual refugees; participate responsibly in the international community; honour its Convention obligations; further the interests of the people of Australia; meet high standards of administration and; acknowledge as much as possible changes in refugee populations.

In fulfilling these objectives, Australian governments must weigh and balance various competing factors. These include: humanitarian responsibility, international obligations, social, political, economic and foreign policy factors, as well as efficient administration.

In balancing the relative importance of these factors, the Federal government hopes to fulfil all its refugee and humanitarian objectives. However, the pluralistic nature of Australian society and the often conflicting ideals associated with protection of Australia's interests and the preservation of the rights of refugees, means that fulfilment of these objectives is difficult.

This article examines the Australian government's response to the Kosovar conflict, to assess the relative success Australia had in fulfilling its refugee policy objectives and identifying the various factors that produced the final result.
Ethnic Communities and Ethnic Organizations Reconsidered: South‐East Asians and Eastern Europeans in Chicago
Authors: Majka Lorraine , Mullan Brendan
Published: March 2003

A major debate continues about whether immigrants receive benefits by virtue of their attachment to ethnic communities and ethnic organizations. On one side of the controversy, a large body of literature suggests that the ethnic community, which often contains resources that promote immigrants’ adaptation and assimilation, actually hinders adaptation because the resources of mainstream institutions are less accessible to immigrants (often because they are also minorities). On the opposite side of the argument, critics contend that the ethnic solidarity school emphasizes the positive effects of ethnic communities and ethnic organizations on immigrant populations, while ignoring many of the negative consequences of migrants’ involvement in ethnic groups and ethnic institutions.

The purpose of this article is to reconsider whether ethnic communities and ethnic institutions facilitate immigrants’ socio‐economic adaptation. Specifically, the study analyses the impact of ethnic organizations on public assistance utilization among South‐East Asian and Eastern European refugees in the Chicago metropolitan area in the late 1980s.

The paper proceeds in five stages. As a background to the overall study, the literature on ethnic communities and ethnic organizations is reviewed. This is followed by a discussion of the development of mutual assistance associations (MAAs) in the US. Third is a concise description of the data and methods. Fourth is a presentation of the results. The article concludes with an assessment of the implications of the findings and suggestions for future research.
Reflections on International Organisations and International Legitimacy: Constraints, Pathologies, and Possibilities
Authors: Coicaud Jean‐Marc
Published: March 2003

It may appear questionable at first sight to connect international legitimacy and international organisations. However a strong link exists between them. International organisations are the expression, defence, promotion, and projection of a socialised vision of international relations that is key to the claims and gradual implementation of a sense of international legitimacy. As a result, one way to reflect upon global governance — its present situation and what its future is likely to be — is to analyse how international organisations express and contribute to the making of international legitimacy. The paper touches upon three main points. First, it assesses the current legitimacy of international organisations. Second, the paper will examine the contribution of international organisations to international socialisation, which is another word for international or global governance. Thirdly, it attempts to foresee and map some of the key issues around which the future of the international system, international organisations and global governance and the future of their legitimacy will probably revolve.
The International Financial Institutions (IFIs) and the Political Lessons from the Asian Crises of 1997–1998
Authors: Pereira da Silva Luiz A.
Published: March 2003

In the light of the 1997‐98 Asian Crises that revealed to the general public more about the modus operandi and “raison d’être” of the Bretton Woods IFIs, this paper reviews the criticisms coming from the Left and the Right against them. Both sides suggest closing or limiting the IFIs’ role but for opposite motives. The paper assesses the respective merits of these critiques to determine whether the IFIs can be seen as a prelude of a new, democratic global international order or, conversely, as merely the instruments of the “old” conservative world.
Social Actors and Sovereignty in IGOs
Authors: Meyer‐Bisch Patrice
Published: March 2003

The growing challenge to the authority of IGOs is the backlash of the legitimacy crisis currently affecting states, which are increasingly perceived as being unable to deal with major economic, ecological, social, and cultural policy issues. This weakens the IGOs although in fact they offer a possible solution insofar as they are forums and instruments of regional and world governance. One essential condition, however, if this solution is to be realistic and democratic, is that actors representing civil society, not only NGOs but also private‐sector actors (enterprises), should participate. After the economic and ecological protest movements, cultural demands are now growing stronger and constitute a major challenge for UNESCO. Can that organisation, within a relatively short time, identify the cultural actors whose interaction is vital if cultural diversity and individual cultural rights are to be respected? Can it give them their rightful place in its bodies? It is by focusing on this institutional objective and on the communication of knowledge that it can move away from an overly state‐oriented approach.
Steering the Healthcare Ship: Effects of Market Incentives to Control Costs in Selected OECD Countries
Authors: Scheil‐Adlung Xenia
Published: March 2003

A noticeable worldwide trend in the development of health systems is their increasing orientation towards the market and a dwindling influence on the part of the State. The so‐called health market is thus regarded in the same way as a market for vegetables or cars, over which the laws of supply and demand hold sway. The State can therefore maintain its influence through, among other things, behavioural incentives, whose function in market terms corresponds in many ways to that of tax reductions used to attain specific goals. Behaviour incentives are accordingly being used in numerous health systems to influence the behaviour of the market players, especially patients, sickness funds, doctors and pharmaceutical suppliers, through the establishment of financial gains or penalties. Percentage excesses, structures for competition between sickness funds, various kinds of fees for doctors or other behaviour incentives are frequently put in place as an instrument to hold down costs. Are market incentives really suitable, however, for example to influence medical decisions in such a way that costs can be kept under control? In the following article the cost control incentives most frequently encountered in OECD countries are set out and analysed as to their goals and effects.
Private Health Insurance in Chile: Basic or Complementary Insurance for Outpatient Services?
Authors: Kifmann Mathias
Published: March 2003

A private health insurance system has existed in Chile since 1981 and has covered over a quarter of the population of that country since 1995. This article examines that system in economic terms. The analysis focuses on the incentive effects of state regulations governing the formulation of private health insurance policies and the relationship with the state health service. The imbalance in policy termination rights and the unrestricted possibility to return to the state system emerge as central functional elements. The article postulates that the private system represents, for many, not a full coverage scheme but an additional policy for outpatient benefits, regardless of its officially stated aims.
The World Bank Approach to Pension Reform
Authors: Holzmann Robert
Published: March 2003

This paper highlights the World Bank’s thinking and worldwide involvement in pension reform. Both are driven by the Bank’s mandate to help countries develop economically and to reduce poverty. The Bank has four key concerns in working with clients on pension policy: (1) short‐term financing and long‐term financial viability; (2) effects on economic growth; (3) adequacy and other distributive issues; and (4) political risk and sustainability. In response to these concerns and after review of the three main reform options for unfunded systems ‐ mere PAYG reform, a rapid and complete shift to a mandatory funded system, and a gradual shift to a multipillar scheme ‐ the Bank clearly favours the multipillar approach but in a pragmatic and country‐specific manner. When helping to implement a pension reform the Bank fully takes account of country preferences and circumstances, bases its support on sound reform criteria, links the client assistance with knowledge management, provides training and other measures to enhance the reform capacity of a country, and seeks cooperation with other international institutions. In addition, the Bank has a comprehensive research agenda to improve the working of multipillar schemes, and the investigations include issues of coverage, administrative costs and annuities.
Doctrine and Practice in Social Security Pension Reforms
Authors: Ross Stanford G.
Published: March 2003

This article describes the debate taking place about the most appropriate way for States to provide for retirement income for their citizens. The main doctrinal approaches reflected in this debate are analysed in relation to the actual outcomes of state practice. The key issue is argued to be one not of economic or social policy but of political culture. Reform efforts are surveyed on the basis of the starting points and paths followed in particular countries. The critical problem is found to be how to build a pension system that is realistically based on the actual economic, social, and political conditions of a country.
Pension Reform and International Organizations: From Conflict to Convergence
Authors: Queisser Monika
Published: March 2003

Analysis of pension schemes and recommendations for their reform have been one of the main items on the agenda of international organizations in recent years. However, the ideas and recommendations of the various organizationsinvolved in pension policy sometimes vary considerably. This paper will explore and compare the ideas on pension policy held by the International Labour Office, the International Social Security Association, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development. Although, initially, the discussion of pension reform was characterized by fierce debate with a marked ideological bent, all the participants are now aiming at mutual understanding and, in particular, coordination and cooperation in member States and recipient countries. The previous, dogmatic approach has given way to a predominantly pragmatic position.
Private Pensions — a Viable Alternative? Their Distributive Effects in a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Behrendt Christina
Published: March 2003

Pension reforms have been on the political agenda of governments and international organizations like the OECD and the World Bank for some time. The strengthening of private elements in pension systems is often believed to intensify existing inequalities in the distribution of pensions among the population and to contribute to the marginalization of large groups of older people. This paper explores the distributive effects of private pensions on the basis of Luxembourg Income Study microdata for 12 industrialized welfare states. While confirming that private pensions indeed tend to produce specific inequalities, its results also emphasize the importance of policy factors in mitigating the distributive effects.
Protecting the Old in a Young Economy: Old Age Insurance in the West Bank and Gaza Strip
Authors: Loewe Markus
Published: March 2003

Taking the West Bank and Gaza Strip as a reference point, this paper looks at social protection in developing economies, which are beset by economic stagnation, widespread poverty and unemployment. If the main breadwinner dies, is unable to work or is an older person, these factors are prime causes of absolute poverty. This is hardly surprising, since private and public systems of social security are totally inadequate in this area in particular. Current thinking on social security suggests that what is needed is the rapid introduction of a comprehensive system of retirement provision, comprising a mandatory capital‐funded insurance component, with defined contributions, administered on a decentralized basis; and a state‐administered pay‐as‐you‐go basic insurance component with lump‐sum transfers to safeguard the poorest. A system of this kind works to prevent poverty in old age by redistributing funds from some individuals to others and ensuring an income for life, and it represents a compromise between a fair return on what people have contributed and a fair distribution over society as a whole. It is thus a major force for stability in society.
Towards a convergence of European social models?
Authors: Chapon Séverine , Euzéby Chantal
Published: March 2003

The European Union (EU) has chosen to construct itself through its currency. The social dimension has been left at a secondary level, based on the principle that economic progress will end up “pulling” social models “upwards” This optimism now looks somewhat misplaced. For a whole series of reasons, European social protection systems are threatened by regression: the emergence of liberal economic ideas, the need to be competitive, the implementation of the Stability and Growth Pact, the fact that the differences in the levels of remuneration and social benefits in Euroland are more evident owing to the single currency and, as a result, the harsher social and fiscal competition. If Europe wishes to avoid the risks of social fragmentation due to the “leveling down” of social protection, it will have to organize a minimum threshold of EU solidarity.
Welfare reform and future challenges in the Republic of Korea: Beyond the developmental welfare state?
Authors: Kwon Huck–ju
Published: March 2003

Since the economic crisis of 1997–98, the Republic of Korea has carried out vigorous social policy initiatives including the reform of the National Pension Programme and National Health Insurance. This paper seeks to answer whether the country’s welfare state has moved beyond welfare developmentalism, by examining the cases of those two programmes. By the reform, the coverage of the National Pension Programme was extended to the whole population; and its financial sustainability and accountability were enhanced. Regarding National Health Insurance, efficiency reform was carried out on the management structure, while reform regarding financing was put on hold. These reforms were in clear contrast to the welfare developmentalism that used to place overwhelming emphasis on economic considerations. Despite these reforms, however, the Republic of Korea’s welfare state faces the issues of ineffectual implementation and lack of financial sustainability of social policy. The National Pension Programme has failed to cover the majority of irregular workers, whose numbers are on the increase, and National Health Insurance needs to find a way to meet increasing health expenditure.
Relative sensitivity of the mutual exclusivity and novel‐name‐nameless category assumptions
Authors: Sugimura Takeshi , Maeda Nobuyuki
Published: March 2003

The mutual exclusivity (ME) assumption states that children affix a novel label to only one unfamiliar object, while the novel‐name‐nameless category (N3C) assumption states that children affix a novel label to multiple unfamiliar objects. To compare the relative sensitivity of the two assumptions, two types of tasks, with two trials in each, were given to 5‐year‐olds. In the first trial of each task, all children selected only the unfamiliar object for a novel label, which was consistent with the ME assumption. For the task which did not have the same unfamiliar object in the two trials, 94% of the children selected the object with the same shape but black‐white reversed image in the second trial, which was consistent with the N3C assumption. For the task which had the same unfamiliar object in the two trials, 43% of the children selected the same object in the second trial, which was consistent with the ME assumption, and 48% of them selected the object with the same shape but reversed image, which was consistent with the N3C assumption. The findings suggest that the ME and N3C assumptions can be flexibly applied to children's word learning.
Effects of Interpersonal Affect Upon Fairness Judgment
Authors: Tanaka Ken'ichiro , Takimoto Sei
Published: March 2003

We examined the effect of interpersonal affect on fairness judgment. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to write down fair and unfair behaviors that positive and negative persons performed, giving as many examples as possible within 5 minutes. Participants wrote more fair behaviors for the positive person than for the negative, and wrote more unfair behaviors for the negative person than for the positive. In Experiments 2 and 3, subjects rated the perceived frequency of 60 behaviors (30 fair and 30 unfair). In both experiments, they evaluated fair behaviors by the positive person to be more frequent than those of the negative, and unfair behaviors by the negative person to be more frequent than those of the positive. The results indicate that fairness judgment is influenced by the participant's positive and negative affect toward the judged object. The effects of positive and negative interpersonal affect on fairness judgment are discussed.
Depth perception, motion perception, and their trade‐off while viewing stimulus motion yoked to head movement
Authors: Sakurai Kenzo , Ono Hiroshi
Published: March 2003

Observers viewed monocularly and binocularly a motion parallax display that simulated a vertically or horizontally corrugated sine wave surface. The stimulus consisted of an expanding/contracting dot motion that was yoked to a leftward/rightward or forward/backward head movement. The extent of perceived depth in the binocular condition was smaller than that in the monocular condition, but the extent of perceived motion was larger. We argue that any retinal motion produced by a head movement that the visual system is unable to convert into depth is seen as motion, and that a depth/motion trade‐off occurs to a varying extent across different conditions, depending upon the amount of retinal motion that can be converted into depth.
The Effects of Professional Training: The Social and Religious Capital Acquired in Seminaries
Authors: Finke Roger , Dougherty Kevin D.
Published: March 2003

Debates over seminary education have been at the heart of some of the most heated denominational battles and schisms, often focusing on doctrines being taught at the seminaries. This research moves beyond the debates over specific teachings and explains how seminaries cultivate distinctive social capital (e.g., resources secured through social networks) and religious capital (e.g., mastery of and attachment to a specific religious culture). Using historical and contemporary examples, we illustrate how seminaries provide clergy with social and religious capital that is distinctive from that of the laity. Finally, using Brunette‐Hill’s 1994 survey of Milwaukee clergy and the Educational Testing Service’s 1996 survey of exiting seminarians, we test two propositions on seminary training and religious capital.
“Being Religious” or “Being Spiritual” in America: A Zero‐Sum Proposition?
Authors: Marler Penny Long , Hadaway C. Kirk
Published: March 2003

Recent discussions of religious attitudes and behavior tend to suggest—and in a few cases, provide evidence—that Americans are becoming “more spiritual” and “less religious.” What do people mean, however, when they say they are “spiritual” or “religious”? Do Americans see these concepts as definitionally or operationally different? If so, does that difference result in a zero‐sum dynamic between them? In this article, we explore the relationship between “being religious” and “being spiritual” in a national sample of American Protestants and compare our findings to other studies, including Wade Clark Roof’s baby‐boomer research (1993, 2000), 1999 Gallup and 2000 Spirituality and Health polls, and the Zinnbauer et al. (1997) study of religious definitions. In addition to presenting quantitative and qualitative evidence about the way people think about their religious/spiritual identity, the article draws implications about modernity, the distinctiveness of religious change in the recent past, and the deinstitutionalization of religion.
Inward, Outward, and Upward: Cognitive Aspects of Prayer
Authors: Ladd Kevin L. , Spilka Bernard
Published: March 2003

Recent investigations concerning ways people employ prayer typically suffer from either a fundamentally atheoretical approach or an indiscriminant mixing of affective, behavioral, and cognitive components. The present study examines the theory that a general concept of prayer–as–connection contains prayers of inward (connection with oneself), outward (human–human connection), or upward (human–divine connection) foci. Participants rated words or phrases according to what they “thought about” while praying. Factor analysis revealed eight primary factors: two inward, four outward, and two upward. Three second–order factors emerged (two outward and one upward). However, no general factor appeared.
Dialogical Realities: the Ordinary, the Everyday, and Other Strange New Worlds
Authors: Shotter John
Published: March 2003

We tend to seek theoretical explanations of our own human behavior, to understand everything we do as arising, computationally, from a systematic set of simple laws, principles, or rules. Here, influenced by the later Wittgenstein, I argue that the very possibility of the kind of talk we use in our theorizing arises out of the joint or dialogical activities in which we engage in our practical lives together, and only has its meaning within the context of such activities – thus we cannot turn it around to explain its own genesis. We can, however, achieve a greater reflective awareness of our own structuring of our own activities through the new, nontheoretical methods Wittgenstein introduces into our intellectual practices. Here, I explore some of these methods, and the strange nature of our dialogical activities when seen in their light.
A Human Actor Model for Social Science
Authors: Whitmeyer Joseph M.
Published: March 2003

This article presents a model of the production of human behaviour, grounded in a pragmatist perspective. The model has two components: a small set of considered behaviours, and a set of motivators which I group into four subsets: material, reproductive, and two sets of attributional motivators. The model is based on a minimum principle. A person performs that considered behaviour which comes closest to ideal in light of the person's motivators. I show that both declining marginal utility and satisfying follow as deductions from the model. In addition, especially with the inclusion of attributional motivators, the model accounts for a variety of findings in social science. I also show how it can generate theory and testable empirical predictions.
Alcoholism as Sickness and Wrongdoing
Authors: Martin Mike W.
Published: March 2003

It is now commonplace to call persons sick when their wrongdoing becomes entrenched, extensive, and extreme. This mixing of moral and therapeutic categories seems incoherent if we uncritically embrace a morality‐therapy dichotomy: Behavioral problems like alcoholism are either moral or therapeutic matters, but not both. This paper dissolves the dichotomy by arguing that chronically abusive drinking is simultaneously a sickness and wrongdoing. Alcoholism is at least partly a self‐inflicted impairment of responsible agency that has unhealthy consequences and usually requires therapeutic interventions. Morality and therapy are not inherently opposed. Morality enjoins compassionate helping and nonjudgemental therapy, and therapy is rooted in moral values of caring and respect. The polarized positions of Herbert Fingarette in Heavy Drinking and George E. Vaillant in The Natural History of Alcoholism are reconciled by paying close attention to their accounts of the condition, causes, consequences, and cure of alcoholism.
The Failings of Three Event Perception Theories
Authors: Hecht Heiko
Published: March 2003

Empirical research on the perception of physical events is rarely designed to test a particular theory. The research often fails to be embedded in a larger theoretical context or it is carried out with the implicit goal to support a particular theoretical approach. I argue that this is not very productive. While three theories are relevant for our understanding of events, their limits have rarely been addressed. I expose these limits. The three theories or approaches are (1) direct or ecological perception, (2) inference theory, and (3) the concept of internalization. I demonstrate that all three fail empirically and/or theoretically with respect to explaining the perception of events. They fail because they adhere to simplistic stationary views or because they remain too vague. An adequate theory of event perception has to include three factors at the level of the explanans, namely the stimulus, the purpose of the action to which the percept belongs, and the appraisal of this action's success. Examples from the domains of arrival‐time judgment and perception of events involving classical mechanics are used to support the claims. I suggest that a new pragmatic theory of event perception ought to modify and to incorporate the three concepts of affordances, thought‐like processes, and evolutionary principles.
Liberty as the Absence of Imposed Cost: The Libertarian Conception of Interpersonal Liberty
Authors: Lester J.C.
Published: March 2003

This paper argues for a non‐moral interpretation of the libertarian conception of interpersonal liberty as ‘the absence of imposed cost.’ In the event of a clash of imposed costs, observing such liberty entails ‘minimising imposed costs’. Three fundamental criticisms are examined: strictly interpreted, this would logically imply genocide in practice; it is impractically unclear and moralised; it could entail mob rule of some kind. Self‐ownership and private property are then non‐morally derived merely from applying this formula in a state of nature. Various subsidiary issues arise throughout.
Coherence and Applied Ethics
Authors: Demarco Joseph P.
Published: March 2003

In order for a moral theory to support application it must be able to provide determinate answers to actual moral problems or, at the least, to significantly narrow acceptable options. It must also support the development of a genuine consensus, one that is disinterested, reasonable, and unbiased. I argue that theories concentrating on principles, or on rules, or on particular cases fail to meet these standards. A full coherence theory, taking into account principles, rules, practices, and judgments holds the greatest promise for successful application. I present a detailed outline of a full coherence theory that is principled, pluralistic, and comprehensive. This coherence theory includes three basic principles (expressed both negatively and positively), but binds these, in terms of their explication and application, to rules and practices. This theory respects current practices but also directs us to change practices and institutions and even the interpretation of basic moral principles. The theory includes ways to determine which aspect of moral experience should take precedence in given circumstances, ways to determine who has particular obligations, and how — by means of a mutuality principle — value may be enhanced under conditions of value conflict.