bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nickel Mediated Reduction of Azides by Bu3Snh
Authors: Malanga Corrado , Mannucci Serena , Lardicci Luciano
Published: December 2009

The use of two equivalents of Bu3SnH (TBTH), in the presence of a catalytic amount of NidppeCl2, provides a new procedure for the reduction of organic azides under mild conditions. While non-sterically hindered aliphatic azides readily undergo reduction to produce primary amines in good yields, benzyl azide gives N3 displacement by the hydrido group.
Microbial Biotransformation of Cholic Acid to the New Potential Steroid Intermediate, 9 α - Hydroxy – 3, 12-Dioxo-23, 24-Dinorchola-4,6-Dienoic Acid by Micrococcus Roseus
Authors: Mahato Shashi B. , Garai Subhadra
Published: December 2009

Fermentation of cholic acid with a strain of Micrococcus roseus isolated from soil by enrichment culture technique using cholic acid as the sole source of carbon yielded the metabolite, 9α-hydroxy-3, 12-dioxo-23, 24-dinorchola-4,6-dienoic acid as a single isolable product.
A Convenient Preparation of Unsymmetrical Ketones from Borinates using Phase Transfer Catalysis
Authors: Guo Feng , Huang Shiwen , Shan Zixing , Zhao Dejie
Published: December 2009

Unsymmetrical ketones were prepared from borinates via the insertion of dichlorocarbene into the C–B bond under solid–liquid phase transfer catalysis conditions and oxidation with alkaline hydrogen peroxide in 50–78% yields.
Acid Catalysed Reactions of Ω-Mercaptoalkyl-Phosphinic Anilides: Reluctance of the Thiol Group to Participate in Displacement of the Aniline Moiety
Authors: Harger Martin J. P.
Published: December 2009

Acid catalysed cyclisation occurs readily with HO(CH2)n+3P(O)(NHPh)Ph (n = 0 or 1) in MeOH but only acyclic HS(CH2)n+3P(O)(OMe)Ph is obtained when HS(CH2)n+3P(O)(NHPh)Ph (n = 0 or 1) is treated with HCl in CDCl3 containing 1% MeOH; cyclisation can occur if MeOH is excluded completely but even the five-membered cyclic thiophosphinate 5 (n= 0) is not formed readily.
The Synthesis of Highly Substituted Decahydrocarbazoles as Potential Chain-Breaking Antioxidants
Authors: Brown David W. , Sainsbury Malcolm , Sibley Graham F.M. , Wood Virginia A.
Published: December 2009

Two methyl groups have been introduced into the positions α to the N-atom in 1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7-octahydrobenzo [d]carbazoles in a ‘one-pot’ procedure; additionally bromination of 1H-2,3,4,4a-tetrahydro-6-isopropylcarbazoles has been shown to occur at C-8 and the derived bromides converted into 8-alkenylated derivatives as precursors of chain-breaking antioxidants of tuneable lipophilicity.
Hypervalent Iodine in Synthesis 57: An Efficient Method for the synthesis of N-Arylimidazoles by the Cobalt-Catalysed Coupling of Diaryliodonium Salts with Imidazoles
Authors: Wang Li , Chen Zhen-Chu
Published: December 2009

Cobalt-catalysed N-arylation of imidazole with diaryliodonium salt can be accomplished using Co(OAC)2 as a catalyst and K2CO3 as a base in DMF at 80 °C in high yields.
Recent Developments in the Synthesis, Chemistry and Applications of the Fully Unsaturated 1,2,4-Oxadiazoles
Authors: Hemming Karl
Published: December 2009

Recent major developments in the synthesis (including solid phase methodologies), chemistry and applications of the fully unsaturated 1,2,4-oxadiazole nucleus are reviewed. The review covers the years 1995–2000.
The Synthesis of α-Hydroxyphosphonates Mediated by Microwave Irradiation under Solvent-Free Conditions
Authors: Kaboudin Babak , Nazari Rahman
Published: December 2009

Microwave-assisted hydrophosphonylation of aldehydes under solvent-free conditions was found to be an efficient method for the preparation of α-hydroxyphosphonates; the method was reliable, efficient and high yielding.
The reaction of Alkyl Isocyanides and Dialkylacetylene Dicarboxylates with Phthalic Anhydride Derivatives: A Novel Synthesis of γ-spiroiminolactones
Authors: Shaabani Ahmad , Teimouri Mohammad Bagher , Bijanzadeh Hamid Reza
Published: December 2009

The addition of alkyl isocyanides to dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates in the presence of phthalic anhydride derivatives leading to highly functionalised γ-spiroiminolactones is reported.
Regiospecific Nucleophilic Substitution of Fluorine in Fused Tetrafluoroquinolines with N- and O-Nucleophiles
Authors: Abramov Michael A. , Toppet Suzanne , Dehaen Wim
Published: December 2009

5,6,7,8-Tetrafluoro-1,2-azolo[3,4- b;4′,3′- e]quinolines react regiospecifically with aliphatic and aromatic amines, alcohols and phenols yielding 7-substituted 5,6,8-trifluoro-1,2-azolo[3,4- b;4′,3′- e]quinolines.
Microwave-Assisted Solventless Pechmann Condensation
Authors: Helavi V.B. , Solabannavar S.B. , Salunkhe R.S. , Mane R.B.
Published: December 2009

Solventless Pechmann condensation of various phenols with crotonic acid, malic acid, fumaric acid or maleic acid, using sulfuric acid or anhydrous zinc chloride under microwave irradiation yielded coumarins and chromanones.
Structural Studies on Bioactive Compounds. Part 38.1 Reactions of 5-Aminoimidazole-4-Carboxamide: Synthesis of Imidazo[1,5-a]Quinazoline-3-Carboxamides
Authors: Hannah Duncan R. , Stevens Malcolm F. G.
Published: December 2009

5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide reacts with aromatic aldehydes to afford Schiff bases which can be cyclised to imidazo[1,5- a]quinazoline-3-carboxamides in DMF/sodium hydride. The potassium salt of imidazo[1,5- a]quinazoline-3-carboxylic acid undergoes deuterium exchange in D2O at the 1-position.
Reductive dehalogenation of 4-halogenomethyl azetidin-2-one derivatives. Synthesis of (4-oxo-azetidin-2-yl)acetonitriles
Authors: Boros Έva , Bertha Ferenc , Fetter József , Vida László , Kajtár-Peredy Mária , Czira Gábor
Published: December 2009

The stability of the β-lactam ring under reductive conditions was examined in order to find a selective method for the synthesis of (4-oxo-azetidin-2-yl)acetonitrile derivatives. Fifteen variously substituted 4-halogenomethyl-β-lactam derivatives were synthesised and dehalogenated by three reductive methods. It was found that both the substituents connected to the four-membered ring and to the halogenomethyl group, as well as the applied method have considerable influence on the ratio of the resulting ring-containing and ring-opened products. The best conditions have been defined to give – state products – in excellent yields.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of (9s)-N-methyl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1] nonan-9-yl (cyclopentyl)(hydroxy)(2-thienyl)Acetate Hydrochloride
Authors: Liu Yan-Qing , Liu He , Zhong Bo-hua , Deng Yu-Lin , Liu Ke-liang
Published: December 2009

(9s)-N-methyl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-yl (cyclopentyl)(hydroxy)(2-thienyl)acetate hydrochloride, a more effective muscarinic receptor antagonist, was synthesised and its crystal structure elucidated by X-ray crystallography.
Bromopyrrole Alkaloids from the Jamaican Sponge Didiscus Oxeata
Authors: Hu Jin-Feng , Peng Jiangnan , Kazi Abul B. , Kelly Michelle , Hamann Mark T.
Published: December 2009

Three bromopyrrole alkaloids (1–3) were isolated from the acetone extracts of Didiscus oxeata during chemical and biological investigation of Caribbean and Indo-Pacific marine sponges. The structures were established by spectroscopic methods. Mukanadin D (3) was obtained for the first time as a naturally-occurring C11 bromopyrrole alkaloid.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Phenylantimony(III) Derivatives of 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl) Benzothiazolines
Authors: Sharma Simpal , Sharma Rajendra K. , Rai Audhesh K. , Singh Yashpal
Published: December 2009

Equimolar reactions of PhSb(OMe)2 (prepared in situ) and 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazolines LH2 yield the addition products PhSb(OMe)2LH2, while equimolar reactions of PhSbCl2 with Na2L yield Schiff's base derivatives PhSbL, with rearrangement of the benzothiazoline ring. All these derivatives have been characterised by elemental analyses and plausible structures established
An Acid Catalysed Intramolecular C–C Coupling Reaction of 8-halomethyl-16-methoxy[2.2]Metacyclophanes
Authors: Tanaka Kan , Miyazawa Akira , Hiate Ai , Tashiro Masashi , Saisyo Tatsunori , Okabe Ryo , Kohno Kazufumi , Yamato Takehiko
Published: December 2009

The hydrolysis of 8-bromomethyl[2.2]metacyclophane 1a with a methoxy group at the 16-position was carried out in an 80% aqueous dioxane solution by refluxing in the presence of Nafion-H (a solid perfluorinated resin sulfonic acid) as a catalyst. The reaction yielded the corresponding 8-hydroxymethyl[2.2]metacyclophane 3 and the intramolecular C–C coupling product 2 with a spiro skeleton.
A Facile Clay-Mediated Synthesis of 3,3-diindolyl-2-indolinones from Isatins
Authors: Chakrabarty Manas , Sarkar Sandipan , Harigaya Yoshihiro
Published: December 2009

Dry reaction of isatins (3a, 3b) with indoles (4a–e) on montmorillonite K10 clay at room temperature furnished within minutes 3,3-bis(3′-indolyl)-2-indolinones (1a–f) in high yields. 5-Nitroisatin (3c) furnished, in addition to the expected indolinone 1h, 3-hydroxy-3-(3′-indolyl)-5-nitro-2-indolinone (6), a likely intermediate to 1h.
Oxidation of Benzylic Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds with Hydrogen Peroxide Catalysed by Manganeses Chloride Supported on Montmorillonite K10
Authors: Hashemi Mohammed M. , Khalili Behzad , Eftekhari-sis Bagher
Published: December 2009

Manganeses(II) chloride supported on montmorillonite K10 was found to be an efficient catalysts for the oxidation of alcohols to carbonyl compounds with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant.
Solid-state regioselective nitration of activated hydroxyaromatics and hydroxycoumarins with cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate
Authors: Ganguly Nemai C. , Dutta Sanjoy , Datta Mrityunjoy , De Prithwiraj
Published: December 2009

Predominant ortho-selective mononitration of low-melting and liquid phenols and hydroxycoumarins in moderate to high yields has been accomplished upon grinding with solid cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN). Microwave-assisted expeditious CAN-mediated nitration of relatively high melting phenols and hydroxycoumarins with high efficiency and selectively under solvent-free conditions has been also developed to address the problems of sluggishness and low yield for these reluctant substrates.
Regioselective synthesis of distal-bisalkoxytetrathiacalix[4]arenes by a protection–deprotection method using benzyl groups
Authors: Casas Carol Pérez , Yamamoto Hideo , Yamato Takehiko
Published: December 2009

Regioselective synthesis of distal-bisalkoxytetrathiacalix[4]arenes is accomplished by a protection–deprotection method using benzyl groups as a protecting group. The deprotection of benzyl group was succeeded in the presence of AlCl3 or solid superacid (Nafion-H) under refluxing benzene.
Thieno[2,3-c]pyrazoles and related heterocycles
Authors: Haider Norbert , Farghaly Abdel-Rahman , Al-Mekhlafi Nabil , El-Kashef Hussein
Published: December 2009

5-Chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxaldehyde (1) was converted, via the oxime 2, into the chloronitrile 3. Treatment of compound 3 with methyl thioglycolate gave the novel methyl 4-amino-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-thieno [2,3-c]pyrazole-5-carboxylate (4). This with 2,5-dimethoxytetrahydrofuran gave the pyrrolyl ester 5. Hydrazinolysis of the ester 5 gave the carbohydrazide derivative 6 which was used in the synthesis of substituted heterocycles.
Reaction between Phosphines and Itaconic Anhydride in the Presence of Water: An Efficient One-Pot Synthesis of 5-Oxo-1,2λ5-Oxaphospholanes
Authors: Teimouri Mohammad Bagher
Published: December 2009

5-Oxo-1,2λ5-oxaphospholane derivatives were obtained in excellent yields from the reaction between alkyl or aryl phosphines, and itaconic anhydride in presence of water in dichloromethane.
1,3-Dipolar Cycloadditions of 9-Diazofluorenes with 2-Acyl-2H-1,2,3- Diazaphospholes to Synthesise Phosphiranes and Trimers
Authors: Guo Xiangyun , Feng Li , Tao Fenggang
Published: December 2009

A series of 2-acyl-2 H-1,2,3-diazaphospholes underwent readily 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions with 9-diazofluorenes as the 1,3-dipole, yielding the respective bicyclic phosphiranes or trimers depending on the reaction conditions employed.
High Temperature Bromination of Benzobicyclo[2.2.2]Octa-2,5-Diene Derivatives: Alternative Synthesis of Di-, Tri- and Tetra-Bromobenzobarrelenes
Authors: Daştan Arif
Published: December 2009

The electrophilic bromination of benzobarrelene derivatives has been studied and alternative synthetic methods developed for, di-, tri- and tetrabromobenzobarrelenes.
Cyclisation of 2-Chloro-N-(2-Pyridinyl)Nicotinamides to 5-Oxo-5, 6-Dihydrodipyrido[1,2-a:3′,2′-e]Pyrimidin-11-Ium Chlorides
Authors: Fernandes Elisa L. , Magalhães Alviclér , Paes Karla C. , De Souza Marcus V.N. , Vasconcelos Thatyana R.A. , Wardell James L. , Wardell Solange M.S.V.
Published: December 2009

The ease of thermal cyclisation of 2-chloro- N-(R-2-pyridinyl)nicotinamides, (5: X = NH) to 5-oxo-5,6-dihydrodipyrido-[1,2- a:3′,2′- e]pyrimidin-11-ium chlorides in solution has been found to be in the order: (5: X = NH; R = 4-Me) > (5: X = NH; R = 5-Me) > (5: X = H; R = 6-Me) > (5: X =NH; R = 3-Me). This order reflects both steric and electronic effects of the methyl groups. The products of the cyclisations, which were monitored by NMR spectroscopy in DMSO-d6, were generally characterised by NMR spectroscopy and, specifically for 9-Me-5-oxo-5,6-dihydrodipyrido[1,2- a:3′,2′- e]pyrimidin-11-ium chloride, by X-ray crystallography. The crystal structure of 2-chloro- N-(6-methyl-2-pyridinyl)nicotinamide is also reported. The ester and thioester analogues, 2-pyridinyl 2-chloronicotinate and S-(2-pyridinyl) 2-chloro-3-pyridinecarbothioate, do not undergo cyclisation under the same conditions used for the amides.
A Novel Synthesis and Characterisation of Poly{1-[4-(Benzo-9-Crown-3-4″-Ylaminosulfonyl)Phenyl]Ethylene} as Phase Transfer Catalyst
Authors: Khazaei Ardeshir , Soudbar Davod , Rastegar Majid Faal , Rostami Amin
Published: December 2009

New soluble polystyrene crown ether structure as phase transfer catalyst was prepared by the reaction of styrene-4-sulfonyl chloride with 4-amino, benzo-9-crown-3- and then resulting monomer N-(benzo-9-crown-3-4′-yl)styrene-4-sulfonamide was polymerised with benzoyl peroxide in THF solvent under nitrogen and reflux conditions. The monomer and the polymer were identified by spectroscopic methods and also molecular weight of the polymer was determined by GPC and rate of formation of the polymer-bound lithium crown ether from the soluble polymer and aqueous LiOH was investigated.
A Remarkable Catalytic Activity of [Cu(Ncme)2(PPh3)2]BF4 in Conjugate Addition of Organomanganese Reagents to α,β-Unsaturated Ester, Enone and Allyl Chloride
Authors: Deshmukh M.B. , Jadhav Sunil , Anbhule P.V. , Mali A.R. , Suryawanshi A.W.
Published: December 2009

A simple and convenient method of conjugate addition of alkyl and aryl organomanganese reagents to α,β-unsaturated ester and enone and allyl chloride in presence of Cu(I) salts is described. Conjugated products result with [Cu(NCMe)2(PPh3)2]BF4 as a catalyst along with chlorosilane as an accelerator at −10 to 0 °C.
Synthesis, Structures and Inclusion Properties of Distal-Bis-[(2-Pyridylmethyl)Oxy]Tetrathiacalix[4]Arenes
Authors: Yamato Takehiko , Casas Carol Pérez , Rahman Shofiur , Gil Jeong Tae , Elsegood Mark R. J. , Redshaw Carl
Published: December 2009

Bis[(2-pyridylmethyl)oxy]tetrathiacalix[4]arenes with 1,3- alternate conformation show strong Ag+ affinity and high Ag+ selectivity. The conformational changes of the pyridine moiety from the original outward orientation of the ring nitrogen to the inside orientation toward the thiacalixarene cavity were observed in the process of Ag+ complexation. The structure of a representative thiacalixarene compound in the 1,3- alternate conformation has been determined by X-ray crystallography.
Preparation, Characterisation and Redox Properties of Four New Tetradentate Salicylaldimines with their Cu(Ii) Complexes
Authors: Tas Esref , Aslanoglu Mehmet , Kilic Ahmet , Kaplan Omer , Temel Hamdi
Published: December 2009

Some new tetradentate salicylaldimine ligands of Schiff bases were synthesised by treating 3,5-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde with 1,2-bis-( o-aminophenoxy)ethane, 1,4-bis-( o-aminophenoxy)butane, 1,4-bis-( m-aminophenoxy)buthane and 1,4-bis-( p-aminophenoxy)butane. The compounds were characterised by IR, UV-vis, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, magnetic susceptibility measurements, elemental analysis, molar conductance (ΛM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and cyclic voltammetry. The metal to ligand ratios of the Cu(II) complexes were found to be 1:1. The coordination of the novel tetradentate salicylaldimines appears to occur through the two azomethine nitrogens and two o-OH groups. Cyclic voltammetric studies showed that all of the Cu(II) complexes undergo quasi reversible one-electron transfer redox processes attributed the Cu(II)/Cu(I) couples in dimethylsufoxide. The electron donor affinity of copper(II) complexes increases in order Cu(L4)>Cu(L3)>Cu(L2)>Cu(L1).
Synthesis of 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-nitroindole-2-methanols and 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-nitroindole-2-carbaldehydes
Authors: Narayana Badiadka , Ashalatha Badiadka Valamale , Raj Kuniyil Kulangara Vijaya
Published: December 2009

The synthesis of 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-nitroindole-2-methanols and the corresponding 2-aldehydes is described. The nitroindole-2-methanols were prepared by the reduction of ethyl 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-nitroindole-2-carboxylates with sodium borohydride in methanol/tetrahydrofuran. 4-, 5-, 6- and 7-Nitroindole-2-aldehydes were prepared from the nitroindole-2-methanols using PCC (pyridinium chlorochromate) and with chromium trioxide–pyridine prepared in situ.
Aqueous [bmim][BF4] as Green Solvent in Microwave-assisted Organic Reactions: Clean Synthesis of 1H-benzo[f]chromene Derivatives
Authors: Wen Xin-Min , Wang Hui-Yun , Li Shu-Ling
Published: December 2009

The mixture of hydrophilic [bmim][BF4] and water has been found to be a green and safe reaction medium in the synthesis of ethyl 3-amino-1-aryl-1 H-benzo[ f]chromene derivatives using domestic microwave oven.
New 3-O-Lauroyl-2-O-Benzyl-Glycerol Sulfonate
Authors: Han Liang , Li Zheng-Ming , Gao Jian-Rong
Published: December 2009

The hydroxy groups of D-mannitol were protected by the formation of acetals and benzylethers and then 2-O-benzyl-D-glyceraldehyde dimethylacetal was prepared after the deprotection and oxygenolysis of the protected D-mannitol. In the presence of DCC and DMAP, the lauroyl group was introduced at the primary hydroxyl group of the dimethylacetal and 3-O-lauroyl-2-O-benzyl-glycerol was obtained after the deprotection of the dimethylacetal with FeCl3·6H2O and then reduction with NaBH4. A series of new 3-O-lauroyl-2-O-benzyl-glycerol sulfonates was synthesised by the coupling of different sulfonyl groups with the 3-O-lauroyl-2-O-benzyl- glycerol. The bioactivities of the title compounds were tested and some compounds exhibited fungicidal activity against the tested fungi.
High-yield Synthesis and Characterisation of a Potential Chelating agent 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine-N,N,N′,N′,N″,N″-hexaacetic acid
Authors: Wang Xiaobin , Meng Xia , Duan Hongdong , Qin Dawei , Wang Xingang
Published: December 2009

A useful and potential chelating agent, 2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine-N,N,N′,N′,N″,N″-hexaacetic acid (melamine hexaacetic acid), was synthesised by nucleophilic substitution through three steps and its structure was confirmed by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analyses. The chelation value of melamine hexaacetic acid was determined, by calcium oxalate titration. In comparison with EDTA, melamine hexaacetic acid has better chelating ability.
Copper(II)-(S)-bisoxazoline and zinc(II)-(S)-bisoxazoline catalysed asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of nitrones with electron-deficient alkenes
Authors: Zhu Yong-kuan , Liu Bo , You Jun , Wang Yan-xia
Published: December 2009

A transition-metal-catalysed regio-, diastereo- and enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between nitrones and electron-deficient alkenes has been developed employing 25 mol% of chiral copper(II)- or zinc(II)-(S)-bisoxazolines as catalysts. In the presence of powdered 4 Å molecular sieves and copper(II)-(S)-bisoxazoline as catalyst, the nitrones smoothly react with alkenes at −60°C to give isoxazolidines in good yields and diastereoselectivity and with high enantioselectivities of up to 62% ee. By crystallisation of the isoxazolidines from MeOH an optical purity of >97% ee is obtained. The influence of the metal salts, temperature, molecular sieves, catalyst amount and solvents on the reaction course was discussed.
Synthesis of the Neuroactive Steroid Antagonist 17-phenyl-5α-androst-16-en-3α-ol by a Palladium-Catalysed Coupling Reaction
Authors: Bian Xiaoqin , Li Shuangshuang , Geng Xin , Liu Lanhai , Xie Zengyang , Wang Cunde
Published: December 2009

The neurosteroid antagonist, 3α,5α-17-phenylandrost-16-en-3-ol, which selectively antagonises the GABA-modulatory and GABA-mimetic effects of 3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone and related 5α-pregnanes, was synthesised by a new route using palladium-catalysed coupling reaction as a key step. Commercially available 3α-hydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one gave the desired product in 4 steps with an overall yield of 79.5%.
BiCl3-catalysed nucleophilic substitution of Baylis–Hillman adducts with alcohols
Authors: Li Jian , Liu Xiaotao , Zhao Peichao , Jia Xueshun
Published: December 2009

An efficient nucleophilic substitution of Baylis–Hillman adducts with alcohols catalysed by 10 mol% BiCl3, affords functionalised ethers. Water was the only side product.
Mimicking Biological Systems through Modular Control of Solvation: A Synthetic Receptor that Binds in Both Water or Chloroform
Authors: Plater M. John , De Silva Ben M. , Sinclair James P.
Published: December 2009

Two receptors are described which are designed to complex barbiturates and cyanuric acids. The functional groups at the binding pocket are polar and are designed to enable guest exchange from water to occur by a dispersion of the host. One receptor has a charged binding pocket lined with two phosphate groups resembling a surfactant. Evidence for the partial extraction of diethylbarbituric acid from water is presented. The more polar guest sodium alloxan 5-f-sulfonatophenylhydrazone was not complexed. The receptors were both used to solubilise two insoluble bis-isocyanuric acids by forming 2:1 complexes in chloroform.
Electroluminescent Properties of a Schiff-Base Aluminum Complex in Single Layer Polymer Light-Emitting Diodes
Authors: Liu Xiaoming , Xia Hong , Yu Lianxiang , Gao Bo , Mu Ying
Published: December 2009

The Schiff-base ligand aluminum complex, [AlLMe2] [L = ortho-C6H4(NC6H3Me2-2,6)(CH=NC6H3Me2-2,6)], has been synthesised and characterised; its electroluminescent properties are reported. Electroluminescent devices were fabricated by doping [AlLMe2] in a polymer host of poly (vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and 2-tert-butylphenyl-5-biphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD) using a simple solution spin-coating technique. The single-layer polymer organic light-emitter devices exhibited green emission, showed maximum current efficiency of 1.4 cd/A and maximum luminance of near 1000 cd/m2.
Precursors for the Formation of Tin(IV) Oxide and Related Materials
Authors: Molloy Kieran C.
Published: December 2009

Molecular precursors for the formation of tin oxide and related materials by chemical vapour deposition or sol-gel routes are reviewed.
β-Phenylselenoethanol, an Efficient Reagent for the One-Pot Synthesis of Aryl Vinyl Ethers
Authors: Fu Gui-Yun , Yu La-Mei , Mao Xue-Chun , Wu Dan
Published: December 2009

β-Phenylselenoethanol was treated with phenols under Mitsunobu conditions and subsequent oxidation-elimination with 30% hydrogen peroxide furnished aryl vinyl ethers with good yields (85–90%) in a one-pot, two-step transformation.
Self-Assembly of a Three-Dimensional Supramolecular Structure Based on Carboxyl-Bridged Tetrameric Water Clusters
Authors: Meng Fayan , Jiao Yuanhong , Chen Xuemei , Teng Lei
Published: December 2009

A self-assembled, tetrameric water cluster stabilised by carboxyl-bridging has been characterised by X-ray diffraction studies and thermogravimetric analysis. Every water cluster is connected strongly via hydrogen bonds to four carboxyl oxygens of a terephthalate anion. The water rings are stable at room temperature, but when thermally decomposed, the water loss is irreversible.
Hydrothermal synthesis, crystal structure and electrochemical properties of a novel 3D Dawson-type polyoxometalate supramolecular network
Authors: Tian LiHong , Liu ShiZhong , Hu NingHai , Jia HengQing
Published: December 2009

A novel Dawson-type polyoxometalate supramolecular architecture of the formula [4,4′-H2bipy]2.5·[4,4′-Hbipy]·[P2W18O62]·6.25H2O (4,4′-bipy = 4,4′-bipyridine) has been hydrothermally synthesised and characterised by means of elemental analysis, IR, CV and X-ray single-crystal diffraction. X-ray crystallography indicates that the title compound consists of Dawson-type polyoxoaions [P2W18O62]6-, water molecules and 4,4′-bipy units. The polyoxoanion clusters together with 4,4′-bipy units and water molecules to construct the three-dimensional supramolecular network through hydrogen bonds. The crystal structure analyses reveal that water molecules and 4,4′-bipy units play the important role on the packing arrangements of crystals. Cyclic voltammetry shows that the title compound exhibits three chemically reversible steps
Synthesis, characterisation and antitumour activities of gallic acid hydrazone and its rare earth complexes
Authors: Zhang Ling , Zhang Jian-Hui , Zhu Da-yuan
Published: December 2009

A new gallic acid hydrazone, 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl salicylaldehyde hydrazone, and its four rare earth complexes, [LnL (OAc)2] • H2O (Ln = La3+, Sm3+, Tb3+, Dy3+), have been synthesised and characterised on the basis of elemental analyses, molar conductivity, IR and 1H NMR spectra. The antitumour activities of the prepared compounds have also been evaluated. The results indicate that Gallic acid hydrazone and its four complexes synthesised possess antitumour activity to some extent, and the four complexes show higher antitumour activity against the human leukaemia cell line HL-60 than the ligand. The antitumour activity of the gallic acid hydrazone can be improved by the formation of the rare earth complexes.
Facile synthesis of 3-arylidene-1,3-dihydroindol-2-ones catalysed by a Brønsted acidic ionic liquid
Authors: Hu Yi , Kang Hui , Zeng Bi-Wen , Wei Ping , Huang He
Published: December 2009

A series of 3-arylidene-1,3-dihydroindol-2-one derivatives were conveniently synthesised by the condensation of aromatic aldehydes with 1,3-dihydroindol-2-one using a Brønsted acidic ionic liquid as a dual solvent-catalyst. This method has the advantages of short reaction times, simple work-up, high yields with high purity, being environmentally benign and the ionic liquid can be reused.
Synthesis of isoflavones via base catalysed condensation reaction of deoxybenzoin
Authors: Li Wanmei , Liu Fangming , Zhang Pengfei
Published: December 2009

Base catalysed condensation reaction of o-hydroxyl-α-phenylacetophenones with formyl reagents affords various substituted isoflavones. Many bases were tested in the condensation reaction and DMAP was found to be the most effective catalysis.
Synthesis, magnetic, spectral and antimicrobial studies on metal complexes of 4-methylphenylaminoacetoisatin hydrazone
Authors: El-Tabl Abdou Saad , El-Bahnasawy Ramadan Mahdy , Hamdy Alaa El-Deen
Published: December 2009

A new series of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Cr(III), Fe(III) and Cu(I) complexes of 4-methylphenylaminoacetoisatin hydrazone (HL) have been prepared and characterised The IR spectral data of the complexes indicate neutral bidentate, neutral tridentate or monobasic tridentate behaviour of the ligand depending on the metal ion. The ESR spectra of the complexes [Cu(OAc) (L)].0.5H2O, [CuCl(L)].0.5H2O, [Cr(Cl)(OH)2(HL)].0.5H2O, Co(NO3)2[(HL)2].2.5H2O and [(HL)(Mn)3(Cl)4(OH)2(H2O)6].H2O, are isotropic. However, those of [Cu(NO3)(L)].2.5H2O and [Cu(SO4)(H2O)(HL)], are anisotropic with ionic bond characters. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the compounds show that some metal complexes exhibit a greater inhibitory effect than tetracycline (bacteria) and amphotricine (fungi).
Synthesis and crystal structure of chiral N-ferrocenylmethyl alkamine imine
Authors: Zhang Yu-Mei , Liu Peng , Zhang Hong-Li
Published: December 2009

Two chiral ferrocenylimine alcohols have been prepared, [Fe(η5-(C5H5){η5-C5H4CH=NCH(CH2OH)(CH2R)}] (R = Ph, 5a; R = Pri, 5b). Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the molecular structure of compound 5b is enantiomerically pure.
Sodium dithionite-promoted synthesis of 2-arylbenzothiazoles by reaction of 2,2'-disulfanediyldianiline with aldehydes in water
Authors: Yang Xiaoliang , Xu Yali , Chen Jiuxi , Ding Jinchang , Wu Huayue , Su Weike
Published: December 2009

Sodium dithionite-promoted synthesis of 2-arylbenzothiazoles by reaction of 2,2'-disulfanediyldianiline with aldehydes in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate in water has been developed. Possible reaction pathways are discussed and the effects of different promoter on the reaction are investigated. The important features of this methodology are simple work-up, environmentally benign, high yields, metal-free, and inexpensive reagents.
From thiophene S-oxides to 7-thiabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-enes
Authors: Li Yuan-Qiang , Thiemann Carolin , Ohira Daisuke , Mataka Shuntaro , Tashiro Masashi , Thiemann Thies
Published: December 2009

Oligocycles with a 7-thiabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene unit have been prepared stereoselectively by cycloaddition of thiophene S-oxides to alkenes and subsequent deoxygenation of the sulfoxy bridge of the cycloadducts with PBr3.
Synthesis, Characterisation and Antimicrobial Activity of Novel 2-alkoxycarbonylamino-1,3,2-benzodiazaphosphole 2-oxides
Authors: Reddy P. Vasu Govardhana , Krishna A. Bala , Reddy M.V. Narayana , Annar S.K. , Reddy C. Suresh
Published: December 2009

A series of some new class of 2-alkoxycarbonylamino-1,3,2-benzodiazaphosphole 2-oxides 4a–j were synthesised by reacting 3,4-diaminobenzophenone (3) with various dichlorophosphinyl carbamates (2) in dry toluene-tetrahydrofuran mixture (1:1) in the presence of triethylamine at 45–50°C. All the title compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activity to determine their efficacy and were effective in suppressing the growth of bacteria and fungi. The chemical structures of the title products were characterised by IR, 1H, 13C and 31P NMR and mass spectral studies.
Synthesis, Structure and Inclusion Properties of distal-bis{[(5′-methyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)-5-yl]methoxy}tetrathiacalix[4]arene with 1,3-alternate Conformation
Authors: Shimizu Tomoe , Rahman Shofiur , Xi Zeng , Yamato Takehiko
Published: December 2009

distal-Tetrathiacalix[4]arene having [(5′-methyl-2,2′-bipyridyl)-5-yl]methoxy group with 1,3- alternate conformation was prepared, which shows strong Ag+ affinity and the high Ag+ selectivity. The conformational change of 2,2′-bipyridyl moiety from the original outward orientation of the ring nitrogen to the inside orientation toward the thiacalixarene cavity was observed in the process of Ag+ complexation.
Synthesis of Benzoindolizine Derivatives by Reaction of Trimethyl Phosphite, Dialkyl Acetylenedicarboxylates and Isoquinolinium or Quinolinium Bromides
Authors: Anary-Abbasinejad Mohammad , Charkhati Khadije , Hassanabadi Alireza
Published: December 2009

The reactive 1:1 adduct produced by the addition of trimethyl phosphite to dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates protonated by isoquinolinium or quinolinium bromides to afford isoquinolinium or quinolinium ylides and vinyl phosphonium bromides. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reaction between isoquinolinium or quinolinium ylides and vinyl phosphonium bromides, followed by elimination of dimethyl phosphite and subsequent air-oxidation led to benzoindolizine derivatives in good yields.
Substituted Pyridopyrimidinones: Oxidation of 2-Hydroxypyrido [1,2-a]Pyrimidin-4(H)-One
Authors: Abass Mohamed , Mayas Aisha S.
Published: December 2009

A simple method for the oxidation of 2-hydroxypyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4( H)-one is described. Treatment of the title compound with selenium dioxide in dioxane/water, followed by warming leads directly to 1 H-pyrrolo[2,3- b]pyridine-2,3-dione. The method is shown to be effective for preparation of the last compound which is used as a synthon for some antihypertensive agents.
Growth and yield components of wheat genotypes exposed to high temperature stress under control environment
Authors: Rahman M Ataur , Chikushi Jiro , Yoshida Satoshi , Karim AJMS
Published: December 2009

High temperature stress during grain-filling period is one of the major environmental constraints limiting the grain yield of wheat in Bangladesh. Crop growth response and relative performance of yield components of ten wheat genotypes were studied in two temperature conditions in glass rooms in a Phytotron to identify the genotype tolerant to high temperature stress. A favourable day/night temperatures of 15/10, 20/15, and 25/20°C were maintained from sowing to 60 days after sowing (DAS), 61 to 80 DAS and 81 DAS to maturity, respectively, in one glass room (G1); whereas day/night temperatures in another glass room (G2) was always maintained at 5°C higher than that of G1. Green leaf area and number of tillers in different times, number of days for the occurrence of major crop growth stages, relative performance in yield components, grain yield and heat susceptibility index were estimated following the standard methods. The higher temperature enhanced plant growth, flowering, and maturation. Thus the number of days to booting, heading, anthesis, and maturity of wheat were significantly decreased that varied among the genotypes. Green leaf area and productive tillers/plant were drastically reduced in time under high temperature. The reduced number of grains/spike and smaller grain size resulted from drastic reduction in growth duration were responsible for the yield loss of wheat at high temperature. Out of ten wheat genotypes, three were characterized as high temperature tolerant based on their relative performance in yield components, grain yield and heat susceptibility index. Key Words: High-temperature tolerance, wheat genotype, growth and yield components. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i3.3961 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(3) : 361-372, September 2009
Problems of usual weighted analysis of variance (WANOVA) in randomized block design (RBD) with more than one observations per cell when error variances vary from cell to cell
Authors: Rahman MD Lutfor , Sen Kalipada
Published: December 2009

It is well known that classical analysis of variance (ANOVA) is not suitable for heteroscedastic layouts. Weighted analysis of variance (WANOVA) is the only way to deal with such situations. Problems of usual WANOVA in Randomized. Block Design (RBD) with more than one observations per cell with interaction when error variances vary from cell to cell are discussed in this paper. Key Words: Weighted analysis of variance, error variances, cell to cell. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i3.3964 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(3) : 395-401, September 2009
Effect of different host plants on growth and development of epilachna beetle
Authors: Hossain MS , Khan AB , Haque MA , Mannan MA , Dash CK
Published: December 2009

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of four different host plants viz., teasel gourd, bitter gourd, sponge gourd, and yard long bean on the growth and development of Epilachna dodecastigma Wied under laboratory condition. The number of eggs laid by female beetle was significantly highest feeding on teasel gourd leaves and lowest on yardlong bean leaves. Egg hatching was faster on yardlong bean and delayed on bitter gourd. The host plant, such as sponge gourd produced the large sized larvae, while large pupa and adult were developed by feeding teasel leaves. The smallest larvae, pupae, and adults were found on the consumption of yardlong bean leaves. Highest larval duration was found on sponge gourd followed by bitter gourd and yardlong bean. Both larval and adult food consumption was highest on teasel gourd and lowest on yardlong bean. Considering the biological characteristics and leaf consumption, the plant teasel gourd appeared to be the best host plant for E. dodecastigma. Key Words: Host plant, growth and development, Epilachna dodecastigma, leaf consumption. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i3.3965 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(3) : 403-410, September 2009
Effect of irrigation frequency and fungicide spray on yield and disease infection of onion
Authors: Biswas SK , Akanda MA Razzaque , Uddin M Rafi , Sarker PK
Published: December 2009

A two-year field experiment was conducted at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jessore during the rabi seasons of 2002-2003 and 2003-2004 to find out the level of disease incidence under different levels of irrigation and fungicide spray on the bulb yield of onion. Four irrigation levels: no irrigation (I1), irrigation at 10 days interval (I2), 20 days interval (I3), and 30 days interval (14) with 4 spray schedules: no spray (F1), one spray at 40 days after transplanting (DAT) (F2), two sprays each at 40 and 55 DAT (F3) and three sprays each at 40, 55, and 70 DAT (F4) were used. Yield and yield attributes varied significantly (p = 0.05) between sprayed and unsprayed, and irrigated and non-irrigated treatments, respectively. Higher yields were obtained with the higher frequencies of irrigation and spray. Application of fungicide reduced the disease severity significantly, while irrigation had no significant effect on disease infection. But there was a decreasing trend of the disease severity with increasing irrigation frequency. The highest bulb yield of onion (12.45 t/ha) was obtained with a total water use of 245 mm in six applications including an effective rainfall of 16 mm and three sprays. The disease severity between sprayed and unsprayed plots ranged from 1.33 to 3.16 for I1, 1.08 to 2.33 for I2 1.16 to 2.83 for I3, and 1.16 to 3.00 for I4, respectively. Key Words: Onion, disease incidence, irrigation, water use efficiency. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i3.3967 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(3) : 417-424, September 2009
Effect of seed treatment and foliar spray with fungicides in controlling black point disease of wheat
Authors: Malaker PK , Mian IH
Published: December 2009

The efficacy of seed treatment and foliar spray with fungicides in controlling black point incidence of wheat seeds was evaluated in the field. Two seed treating fungicides, namely Vitavax-200 and Homai-80WP were used @ 0.25% of dry seed weight and foliar spray with Tilt-250EC (0.05%) was applied in six different schedules. Untreated and unsprayed controls were also maintained. Seed treatment with either Vitavax-200 or Homai-80WP significantly increased plant population and grain yield, but none of them was found effective in reducing black point incidence. On the other hand, foliar sprays with Tilt-250EC under all the spray schedules except spraying at 70 and 90 DAS significantly minimized the disease severity over unsprayed control. Among the different spray schedules, spraying at 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90 DAS appeared to be most effective, which was similar to spraying at 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 DAS in reducing black point incidence and increasing grain yield. Economic analysis on yield advantage showed that the highest additional gross margin of Tk. 6120/ha with BCR 2.57 was obtained from five sprays applied at 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 DAS. Key Words: Seed treatment, foliar spray, black point, wheat. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i3.3968 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(3) : 425-434, September 2009
Seed quality deterioration due to temporal variation of biotic and abiotic factors in cucumber
Authors: Khaldun ABM , Haque MD Ehsanul
Published: December 2009

Cucumber seeds were taken to assess the effect of temporal variation on the seed quality. Seeds were stored in three types of containers, such as metal (tin), polythene bag, and cloth bag. The containers were stored at room temperature and ambient relative humidity around three months. Seed quality factors viz., moisture content, germination percentage, vigor index, percentage of abnormal seedling, fresh seed, dead seed, hard seed, root-shoot ratio and amount of dry matter were recorded every 15 days interval. The initial moisture content of seed in tin, poly bag, and cloth bag were 10.66%, 10.13%, and 9.89%, respectively, but it was increased with increasing storage time after 60 days (11.08%, 10.67%, and 10.98%). The germination percentage was higher at 15 days after observation (DAO) for different containers like tin (90%), poly bag (86%), and cloth bag (85%) than after 60 DAO (86%, 84%, and 80%), respectively, on blotting paper substrate. The percentage of dead seed was increased from 2 to 10%, 5 to 12%, and 6 to 12% in tin container, poly bag, and cloth bag, respectively, from 15 DAO to 60 DAO. The vigor indexes of seedling were 14.58, 12.85, and 10.92 at 15 DAO in tin, poly bag, and cloth bag, respectively, which attained at 10.39, 10.26, and 10.08 at 60 DAO, respectively. The length of seedling was 25.85 cm, 25.15 cm, and 24.30 cm at 60 DAO in tin, poly bag, and cloth bag, respectively. Shoot-root ratio was found highest in tin container at 15 DAO (0.95) and lowest in cloth bag (0.70) at 60 DAO. Key Words: Seed quality, cucumber, temporal variation, biotic and abiotic factors. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i3.3972 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(3) : 457-463, September 2009
Effect of management and seed rate on the performance of wheat varieties with varying seed sizes
Authors: Sarker MAZ , Malaker PK , Bodruzzaman M , Barma NCD
Published: December 2009

An experiment was conducted with three wheat varieties of varying seed sizes at five seed rates in medium and high management at Wheat Research Centre, Dinajpur during 2004-05 Rabi season to determine the appropriate seed rates for the varieties under different management practices. On an average, high management increased grain yield by 18.4%, but the benefit-cost ratio (BCR) was higher in medium management. Higher grain yield was obtained from varieties Shatabdi (medium sized seed) and Prodip (large sized seed) compared to Sufi (small sized seed) in high management, whereas in medium management, all the varieties produced similar grain yield. Considering yield performance and BCR analysis, the seed rates of Sufi and Shatabdi might be 100 and 120 kg/ha, respectively, for both the managements. Seed rates of Prodip might be 120 and 140 kg/ha for medium and high management, respectively. Key Words: Management, seed rate, seed size, variety. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i3.3975 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(3) : 481-492, September 2009
Genotypic variation in traditional rice varieties for chlorophyll content, SPAD value and nitrogen use efficiency
Authors: Hassan Mian Sayeed , Khair Abul , Haque M Moynul , Azad Abul Kalam , Hamid Abdul
Published: December 2009

Nitrogen % in both straw and grain, nitrogen uptake by straw and grain, total nitrogen uptake and physiological nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE) showed significant differences due to variable nutrient levels at maturity in traditional rice varieties. PNUE ranges from 40.58 to 49.88 (kg/kg N). Significantly higher PNUE without addition of nitrogen (Zero N) indicated the ability of utilization of the native nitrogen by traditional varieties. Traditional varieties produced 49.88 kg grain by the utilization of zero nitrogen treatment followed by 45.93 kg grain in cowdung (10 t/ha), while 40.58 kg grain by the application of 80 kg/ha nitrogen. The higher PNUE in zero nitrogen treatment confirmed the ability of producing similar yield level compared to added nitrogen treatment. Bashful chikon, might be important due to higher nitrogen content and Badiruzzman considered due to more straw nitrogen (0.71%). Barud also showed excellence with regards to PNUE and total nitrogen uptake. Leaf chlorophyll profile showed a very consistent level in all the varieties except Laichi. Soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value ranged from 34.06 to 41.69, while leaf nitrogen ranged from 2.99 to 3.49 %. SPAD value recorded over time showed four distinct patterns during 15 to 90 DAT. Key Words: Genotypic variation, rice varieties, SPAD value, nitrogen use efficiency. DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i3.3977 Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(3) : 505-515, September 2009
Sophistication of Medical writings
Authors: Khan Mohammad Iqbal
Published: December 2009

Bangladesh Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.8(3) 2009 p44-45
Antioxidant activities of dithiol alpha-lipoic acid
Authors: Islam Mohammad Toowhidul
Published: December 2009

Alpha-lipoic acid, a dithiol compound derived from octanoic acid, which acts as a coenzyme for several redox reactions in almost all the tissue of the body. It retains its protective functions in both oxidized and reduced forms. Alpha-lipoic acid reduces oxidative stress by redox generation of other antioxidants such as vitamin C, E and increasing the intracellular glutathione. Exogenous alpha-lipoic acid has been shown to increase ATP production due to its role in the oxidation of pyruvate and alpha-ketoglutarate in the mitochondria. Alpha-lipoic acid administration has been shown to be effective in preventing pathology in various experimental models in which reactive oxygen species have been implicated. Key words: Antioxidant, free radical, alpha-lipoic acid   DOI: 10.3329/bjms.v8i3.3982 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.8(3) 2009 p46-51
Effects of Genetic, Pre- and Post-Harvest Factors on Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity of White Asparagus Spears
Authors: Papoulias Eleftherios , Siomos Anastasios S. , Koukounaras Athanasios , Gerasopoulos Dimitrios , Kazakis Evangelos
Published: December 2009

The effects of genetic, pre-harvest (season of harvest, spear diameter, spear portion and spear tip color) and post-harvest factors (storage and domestic preparation practices, e.g., peeling and cooking) on total phenolic, flavonoid and ascorbic acid content of white asparagus spears and their correlation with antioxidant capacity (DPPH and FRAP) were studied. Results showed that genetic material was important for the total phenolic content but not season of harvest, spear diameter or storage. Violet spear tips and apical spear portions showed the largest amount of total phenolics. Peeling did not affect total phenolics in fresh asparagus, whereas it reduced their content in stored asparagus, while cooking resulted in an increase in both fresh and stored asparagus. However, the soluble extract of total phenolics and flavonoids were minor and the missing significance of phenolics and flavonoids in antioxidant capacity of white asparagus spears depends on these small amounts.
Distance and Cable Length Measurement System
Authors: Hernández Sergio Elias , Acosta Leopoldo , Toledo Jonay
Published: December 2009

A simple, economic and successful design for distance and cable length detection is presented. The measurement system is based on the continuous repetition of a pulse that endlessly travels along the distance to be detected. There is a pulse repeater at both ends of the distance or cable to be measured. The endless repetition of the pulse generates a frequency that varies almost inversely with the distance to be measured. The resolution and distance or cable length range could be adjusted by varying the repetition time delay introduced at both ends and the measurement time. With this design a distance can be measured with centimeter resolution using electronic system with microsecond resolution, simplifying classical time of flight designs which require electronics with picosecond resolution. This design was also applied to position measurement.