bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE CONCEPT 0F PATIENCE, RESPECT AND HARMONY IN JAVANESE CULTURE
Authors: Khairina Arianti , Lestari Nanny Sri
Published: February 2019

The Javanese people began to recognise the variety of western literature after printing media was introduced by the Dutch colonial government. Since then, a lot of Javanese literary works written by Javanese authors have been published through mass media. It was a different condition for literature to develop compared to the preceding traditional handwriting period. In Javanese literature today, works of prose are varied into several forms, such as fairy tales, novels and even stories that are widely known in mass media, among them are Panjebar Semangat, and Jaka Lodhang. In the mass media the form becomes short stories (carita cekak, jagating lelembut, wacan boy, carios pedhalangan). Each of these forms has its own fans. The purpose of this research is to trace the concept or principle of patience, harmony and respect in Javanese culture applied by an author in a story. This research explores the story of Lamtara-Lamtara Pinggir Desa. The story is written by Sri Setya Rahayu, a story writer who often writes stories in Javanese. Sri Setya Rahayu is an active writer as her short stories, such as Panjebar Semangat, Jayabaya, Kumangdhang, Djaka Lodang, and others, are often published in magazines or tabloids.
THE MASK, MASKING AND CURTAILMENT OF DOMESTIC TERRORISM IN IKA THROUGH AKAKUM PERFORMANCE OF NTO USOH PEOPLE IN AKWA IBOM STATE
Authors: Akpan Margaret , Udofia Anietie Francis
Published: February 2019

In today`s Nigeria, unchecked spate of violence has gradually surfaced through slippages in human character and garner to domestic terrorism in many communities. Consequences reflect in development plans schemed for these communities. Ika community has experienced this setback significantly among others in terms of development. The dimensions the institutions responsible for countering this enigma take seem to aggravate more terrifying scenarios which end in injuries, tears and even loss of lives. This paper examines how the costumes of Akakum performance tone down domestic terrorism in Ika community. It uses qualitative methodology and interview as its methodology and bases the framework on functionalism. Findings show that chaos are developing in communities as sub-cultures like traditional performances which were viable tools for curtailing antisocial manners have been relegated to the background because of the constant absorption of foreign cultures that do not fit into the context of Nigeria’s perception of social manners. Traditional performances maintain in-built principles that prevent members from transgressing. The body accessories of Akakum are believed to embody supra-mundane powers which deter initiates from indulging in domestic terrorism that pervaded Ika community for many years. The paper concludes that traditional performances should be revitalized, secularized and given a global appeal. If traditional performances are secularized, they may attract tourists` interest; become a foreign income earner and also serve as tools of social control and development in the community.
STRUCTURATION IN INTERNATIONAL POLICING AT INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS DIVISION OF THE INDONESIAN NATIONAL POLICE: A CRITICAL STUDY OF AGENCY-STRUCTURE PRACTICES
Authors: Sudarto Eko
Published: February 2019

The Indonesian National Police (POLRI) deals with the rapid development of transnational crimes penetrating into legal business and the governmental body of the country. The community of global security works together to address this issue through international policing. International Policing is police practices involving multinational citizens or jurisdictions (Deflem, 2007, pp. 701-705). The dynamics of International Policing in POLRI are implemented through the mechanism of international treaties, international operations, international missions, capacity building, exchange of information and technology and benchmarking. The study of international policing examines various phenomena, understandings, dynamics and policing models in America, Europe, Asia and other parts of the world. This study tries to explain international policing by not merely emphasizing interaction between agencies, but also considering the dynamics of interaction between organizations (structures). Therefore, the contribution of Anthony Giddens in the theory of structuration will be crucial in understanding this phenomenon. The theoretical framework by Giddens certainly contains weaknesses, namely the inability to explain the strategies of power, in terms of strategies in language usage, differentiation and forms of symbolic violence. Thus, it needs to be enhanced by the theory of Genetic Structuralism by Bourdieu to explain the various factors helping in strengthening structures such as political policies (the Presidential Decree and the Regulation of Chief of Police) as well as agencies and structures of police. The study throughout 2014 to 2017 explains system continuity (duality), not a dualistic system change, in which agents keep their distance from structures. The method applied in this study is the paradigm of constructivism-criticism through indepth-interview, document study, and Focus Group Discussion (FGD).
UNBREAKABLE DONG NGUYEN: REAFFIRMING ASIAN-AMERICAN MASCULINITY IN THE SERIES UNBREAKABLE KIMMY SCHMIDT
Authors: Setiaki Tsamarah Augustina , Indah Destari Herlin Putri
Published: February 2019

Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt (2015) is an American sitcom that explores the Asian-American immigrant Dong as he seeks acceptance of his masculine identity in the society. While many studies have discussed the stereotypic perceptions of Asian-American men in television series, they scarcely analyze how the individuals attempt to reaffirm their own masculinity. Toward this end, this article aims to analyze how Dong as an Asian-American man expresses and reconstructs his masculinities. It examines Dong‟s character, his interracial relationship with a white woman, and his interracial competition with a white man by using Iwamoto and Liu‟s framework of Asianized and transgressive attributions. The analysis found that Dong embodies a multidimensional masculinity that is different from hegemonic white masculinity. As an Asian-American man, Dong appears to be creating a new, more flexible masculinity, one that is linked with certain feminine characteristics.
JASMINE FLOWERS IN JAVANESE MYSTICISM
Authors: Lestari Nanny Sri
Published: February 2019

This study discusses Javanese society's awareness of jasmine flowers (jasminum sambac) which are small in shape but have full of cultural meanings and philosophies, thus becoming a symbol of life. The focus of this study is the physical form of jasmine flowers and awareness of a healthy natural environment that can build a healthy mental (soul). The purpose of this study is to explore the unique small flower of jasmine, which has long been a symbol of awareness of environmental health which is not only physical but also mental (soul). This study uses a theoretical framework of health, the natural environment and Javanese mysticism, to see the relationship between humans and their environment. This study uses a qualitative research paradigm procedure. Qualitative research procedures provide opportunities for researchers to provide interpretations of the results of their research. The results showed that, ideologically, Javanese people were indeed aware of the importance of the natural environment. The natural environment is the most important factor in human life. Through daily activities can be seen and interpreted that Javanese humans cannot escape from their natural environment. Jasmine small white flowers and it turns out to save many benefits in physical and mental health. Through the cultural roots that exist in cultural ritual activities can be seen, an effort to preserve small white flowers that have many benefits. With positive benefits can give birth to a philosophy that captures the meaning of the flower in life.
Runtuhnya Politik Oligarki dalam Pemilihan Kepala Desa: Kekalahan Incumbent pada Pilkades Tanjung Kabupaten Kediri
Authors: Hidayat Endik , Prasetyo Budi , Yuwana Setya
Published: February 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan fenomena praktik politik oligarki dalam pemilihan kepala desa yang memiliki perbedaan pola dengan pemilihan umum di tingkat lokal dan nasional. Dengan metode penelitian kualitatif dan mengambil studi kasus di Desa Tanjung, Kecamatan Pagu, Kabupaten Kediri, penelitian ini menggambarkan bagaimana politik oligarki berbasis sumber daya material gagal memenangkan pemilihan kepala desa Tanjung. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa semua calon kepala desa menggunakan sumber daya material selain sumber kekuasaan Jawa yang bersifat spiritual. Meskipun demikian, penggunaan uang dan penguasaan institusi formal sebagai karakter dasar oligarki ternyata kurang efektif untuk meraup jumlah suara yang signifikan dalam pemilihan kepala desa Tanjung tersebut. Sebaliknya, semakin banyak sumber kekuasaan nonmaterial yang digunakan calon kepala desa maka semakin besar pula kemungkinan terpilihnya. Sumber kekuasaan nonmaterial tersebut identik dengan kekuasaan Jawa berasal energi mistis kesakten yang berfungsi untuk meningkatkan kepercayaan diri kontestan dalam menghadapi pemilihan. Dengan demikian, peranan sumber kekuasaan material dan sumber kekuasaan nonmaterial dalam kontestasi politik di tingkat desa tidak sama atau bertolak belakang dengan kontestasi politik di tingkat kabupaten, kota, provinsi dan nasional.
Quorums enable optimal pooling of independent judgements in biological systems
Authors: Marshall James AR , Kurvers Ralf HJM , Krause Jens , Wolf Max
Published: February 2019

Collective decision-making is ubiquitous, and majority-voting and the Condorcet Jury Theorem pervade thinking about collective decision-making. Thus, it is typically assumed that majority-voting is the best possible decision mechanism, and that scenarios exist where individually-weak decision-makers should not pool information. Condorcet and its applications implicitly assume that only one kind of error can be made, yet signal detection theory shows two kinds of errors exist, ‘false positives’ and ‘false negatives’. We apply signal detection theory to collective decision-making to show that majority voting is frequently sub-optimal, and can be optimally replaced by quorum decision-making. While quorums have been proposed to resolve within-group conflicts, or manage speed-accuracy trade-offs, our analysis applies to groups with aligned interests undertaking single-shot decisions. Our results help explain the ubiquity of quorum decision-making in nature, relate the use of sub- and super-majority quorums to decision ecology, and may inform the design of artificial decision-making systems.

Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
Mismatch repair-signature mutations activate gene enhancers across human colorectal cancer epigenomes
Authors: Hung Stevephen , Saiakhova Alina , Faber Zachary J , Bartels Cynthia F , Neu Devin , Bayles Ian , Ojo Evelyn , Hong Ellen S , Pontius W Dean , Morton Andrew R , Liu Ruifu , Kalady Matthew F , Wald David N , Markowitz Sanford , Scacheri Peter C
Published: February 2019

Commonly-mutated genes have been found for many cancers, but less is known about mutations in cis-regulatory elements. We leverage gains in tumor-specific enhancer activity, coupled with allele-biased mutation detection from H3K27ac ChIP-seq data, to pinpoint potential enhancer-activating mutations in colorectal cancer (CRC). Analysis of a genetically-diverse cohort of CRC specimens revealed that microsatellite instable (MSI) samples have a high indel rate within active enhancers. Enhancers with indels show evidence of positive selection, increased target gene expression, and a subset is highly recurrent. The indels affect short homopolymer tracts of A/T and increase affinity for FOX transcription factors. We further demonstrate that signature mismatch-repair (MMR) mutations activate enhancers using a xenograft tumor metastasis model, where mutations are induced naturally via CRISPR/Cas9 inactivation of MLH1 prior to tumor cell injection. Our results suggest that MMR signature mutations activate enhancers in CRC tumor epigenomes to provide a selective advantage.
Negative reciprocity, not ordered assembly, underlies the interaction of Sox2 and Oct4 on DNA
Authors: Biddle John W , Nguyen Maximilian , Gunawardena Jeremy
Published: February 2019

The mode of interaction of transcription factors (TFs) on eukaryotic genomes remains a matter of debate. Single-molecule data in living cells for the TFs Sox2 and Oct4 were previously interpreted as evidence of ordered assembly on DNA. However, the quantity that was calculated does not determine binding order but, rather, energy expenditure away from thermodynamic equilibrium. Here, we undertake a rigorous biophysical analysis which leads to the concept of reciprocity. The single-molecule data imply that Sox2 and Oct4 exhibit negative reciprocity, with expression of Sox2 increasing Oct4’s genomic binding but expression of Oct4 decreasing Sox2’s binding. Models show that negative reciprocity can arise either from energy expenditure or from a mixture of positive and negative cooperativity at distinct genomic loci. Both possibilities imply unexpected complexity in how TFs interact on DNA, for which single-molecule methods provide novel detection capabilities.
Dystroglycan is a scaffold for extracellular axon guidance decisions
Authors: Lindenmaier L Bailey , Parmentier Nicolas , Guo Caiying , Tissir Fadel , Wright Kevin M
Published: February 2019

Axon guidance requires interactions between extracellular signaling molecules and transmembrane receptors, but how appropriate context-dependent decisions are coordinated outside the cell remains unclear. Here we show that the transmembrane glycoprotein Dystroglycan interacts with a changing set of environmental cues that regulate the trajectories of extending axons throughout the mammalian brain and spinal cord. Dystroglycan operates primarily as an extracellular scaffold during axon guidance, as it functions non-cell autonomously and does not require signaling through its intracellular domain. We identify the transmembrane receptor Celsr3/Adgrc3 as a binding partner for Dystroglycan, and show that this interaction is critical for specific axon guidance events in vivo. These findings establish Dystroglycan as a multifunctional scaffold that coordinates extracellular matrix proteins, secreted cues, and transmembrane receptors to regulate axon guidance.
X-ray vision: the accuracy and repeatability of a technology that allows clinicians to see spinal X-rays superimposed on a person's back
Authors: Aaskov Jacob , Kawchuk Gregory N. , Hamaluik Kenton D. , Boulanger Pierre , Hartvigsen Jan
Published: February 2019

Objective

Since the discovery of ionizing radiation, clinicians have evaluated X-ray images separately from the patient. The objective of this study was to investigate the accuracy and repeatability of a new technology which seeks to resolve this historic limitation by projecting anatomically correct X-ray images on to a person’s skin.

Methods

A total of 13 participants enrolled in the study, each having a pre-existing anteroposterior lumbar X-ray. Each participant’s image was uploaded into the Hololens Mixed reality system which when worn, allowed a single examiner to view a participant’s own X-ray superimposed on the participant’s back. The projected image was topographically corrected using depth information obtained by the Hololens system then aligned via existing anatomic landmarks. Using this superimposed image, vertebral levels were identified and validated against spinous process locations obtained by ultrasound. This process was repeated 1–5 days later. The projection of each vertebra was deemed to be “on-target” if it fell within the known morphological dimensions of the spinous process for that specific vertebral level.

Results

The projection system created on-target projections with respect to individual vertebral levels 73% of the time with no significant difference seen between testing sessions. The average repeatability for all vertebral levels between testing sessions was 77%.

Conclusion

These accuracy and repeatability data suggest that the accuracy and repeatability of projecting X-rays directly on to the skin is feasible for identifying underlying anatomy and as such, has potential to place radiological evaluation within the patient context. Future opportunities to improve this procedure will focus on mitigating potential sources of error.
A large Late Miocene cetotheriid (Cetacea, Mysticeti) from the Netherlands clarifies the status of Tranatocetidae
Authors: Marx Felix G. , Post Klaas , Bosselaers Mark , Munsterman Dirk K.
Published: February 2019

Cetotheriidae are a group of small baleen whales (Mysticeti) that evolved alongside modern rorquals. They once enjoyed a nearly global distribution, but then largely went extinct during the Plio-Pleistocene. After languishing as a wastebasket taxon for more than a century, the concept of Cetotheriidae is now well established. Nevertheless, the clade remains notable for its variability, and its scope remains in flux. In particular, the recent referral of several traditional cetotheriids to a new and seemingly unrelated family, Tranatocetidae, has created major phylogenetic uncertainty. Here, we describe a new species ofTranatocetus, the type of Tranatocetidae, from the Late Miocene of the Netherlands.Tranatocetus maregermanicumsp. nov. clarifies several of the traits previously ascribed to this genus, and reveals distinctive auditory and mandibular morphologies suggesting cetotheriid affinities. This interpretation is supported by a large phylogenetic analysis, which mingles cetotheriids and tranatocetids within a unified clade. As a result, we suggest that both groups should be reintegrated into the single family Cetotheriidae.
Everything you always wanted to know about gene flow in tropical landscapes (but were afraid to ask)
Authors: Monteiro Waléria Pereira , Veiga Jamille Costa , Silva Amanda Reis , Carvalho Carolina da Silva , Lanes Éder Cristian Malta , Rico Yessica , Jaffé Rodolfo
Published: February 2019

The bulk of the world’s biodiversity is found in tropical regions, which are increasingly threatened by the human-led degradation of natural habitats. Yet, little is known about tropical biodiversity responses to habitat loss and fragmentation. Here we review all available literature assessing landscape effects on gene flow in tropical species, aiming to help unravel the factors underpinning functional connectivity in the tropics. We map and classify studies by focus species, the molecular markers employed, statistical approaches to assess landscape effects on gene flow, and the evaluated landscape and environmental variables. We then compare qualitatively and quantitatively landscape effects on gene flow across species and units of analysis. We found 69 articles assessing landscape effects on gene flow in tropical organisms, most of which were published in the last five years, were concentrated in the Americas, and focused on amphibians or mammals. Most studies employed population-level approaches, microsatellites were the preferred type of markers, and Mantel and partial Mantel tests the most common statistical approaches used. While elevation, land cover and forest cover were the most common gene flow predictors assessed, habitat suitability was found to be a common predictor of gene flow. A third of all surveyed studies explicitly assessed the effect of habitat degradation, but only 14 of these detected a reduced gene flow with increasing habitat loss. Elevation was responsible for most significant microsatellite-based isolation by resistance effects and a single study reported significant isolation by non-forested areas in an ant. Our study reveals important knowledge gaps on the study of landscape effects on gene flow in tropical organisms, and provides useful guidelines on how to fill them.
Photorespiration
Authors: Bauwe Hermann
Published: February 2019

Photorespiration is an ancient metabolic repair pathway that supplements the Calvin–Benson cycle in all oxygenic phototrophs, that is plants, algae and cyanobacteria. It is necessary because oxygen can substitute for carbon dioxide in the first reaction of the photosynthetic carbon dioxide‐fixation process, catalysed by ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco), causing the idle synthesis of the powerful enzyme inhibitor 2‐phosphoglycolate. Scavenging of 2‐phosphoglycolate in the photorespiratory pathway recovers three out of four misdirected carbon atoms while the fourth is released as photorespiratory carbon dioxide. Photorespiration involves more enzymes than the Calvin–Benson cycle itself and requires cooperation of different cellular compartments. It thereby represents one of the most complex examples of metabolic organisation and interacts with other metabolism in many ways. Absolute rates vary owing to the absence or presence of carbon concentrating mechanism and they depend on environmental conditions, mainly oxygen, carbon dioxide and temperature.

Key Concepts

Photorespiration evolved in cyanobacteria as a supplement to the Calvin–Benson cycle in order to remove the enzyme inhibitor 2‐phosphoglycolate, which is unavoidably produced during oxygenic photosynthesis.

Photorespiration was an indispensable condition for the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis, that is cyanobacteria, algae and plants.

When assessed by mass flow, photorespiration constitutes the second most important process in the terrestrial biosphere, excelled only by photosynthesis itself.

Energetically, the photosynthetic–photorespiratory supercycle is not wasteful as sometimes perpetuated but, in contradistinction, very efficient as can be seen from the fact that nearly all life on Earth directly or indirectly depends on this pathway.

Photorespiration was a key driver for evolutionary innovations such as C
4
plants, which are highly productive in warm environments.
Origin of Plant Hybrid Incompatibility
Authors: Chen Chen
Published: February 2019

Hybrid incompatibility (HI) can cause inviability or sterility of inter‐ or intra‐species hybrids, which hinders gene flow between populations and thus contributes to speciation. HI clearly reduces fitness, but is extremely common across kingdoms. The classic Bateson–Dobzhansky–Muller model suggests that HI is caused by the genic conflicts between independently evolved loci. In this case, HI is simply a by‐product of evolution and has never been selected against. This model is supported by dozens of empirical studies and many incompatible HI‐causal genes have been cloned in recent decades. The HI‐causal genes are usually hyper‐polymorphic and evolve rapidly. Genetic drift, selection and the coevolution of plants with external microbes, or with internal selfish elements, may have driven the evolution of HI. These findings greatly broaden our understanding of the origin of HI.

Key Concepts

Hybrid incompatibility is caused by the deleterious interactions between incompatible genes that evolved independently.

Hybrid incompatibility is a by‐product of evolution.

Co‐evolution of plants and their external or internal factors, such as pathogens and genetic selfish elements, drives the evolution of hybrid incompatibilities in plants.

The causal genes of hybrid incompatibilities is predictable.

Hybrid incompatibility causal genes are rapidly evolved.

Some hybrid incompatibility causal genes are selected.

Gene duplication play important roles for the evolution of hybrid incompatibility.
Diurnal Variations in Immunity
Authors: Zhao Yue , Chen Qingfeng
Published: February 2019

Many aspects of immune systems show diurnal variations depending on environmental and physical conditions, which are driven by internal circadian biological clocks and have been widely observed. Diurnal oscillations of immune mediators coordinate with the activity of the immune system, possibly allowing the host to anticipate and handle microbial threats more efficiently. These oscillations may also contribute to stimulation of organ proliferation, recovery and the clearance of potentially harmful cellular elements from the circulation. In addition, abnormal diurnal oscillations in immune system are associated with inflammation response induced by disorders or dysregulation of behaviour, physiology, metabolism, disease symptoms or response to drugs treatment. The overview of diurnal variations perspective of human immune system may provide novel strategies in clinical treatment.

Key Concepts

Diurnal variations in immunity exist widely in nature.

Diurnal variations in immunity show differences between species, for example mouse and human.

Diurnal variations in immunity are regulated by clock genes.

Disruptions of circadian oscillations of immune system are closely associated with human diseases.

Chrono‐immunotherapeutics should be attracting more attention in clinical treatment.
Base‐mediated 1,4‐Conjugate Addition/Intramolecular 5‐exo‐dig Annulation of Propargylamines with Benzoylacetonitriles and β‐Keto Esters for Polysubstituted Furans and Furo[3,4‐c]coumarins Formation
Authors: Li Qianqian , He Xinwei , Tao Jiajia , Xie Mengqing , Wang Hui , Li Ruxue , Shang Yongjia
Published: February 2019

A novel and one‐pot domino reaction of propargylamines with benzoylacetonitriles and β‐keto esters for the regiospecific synthesis of polysubstituted furans and furo[3,4‐c]coumarins has been developed. The reaction is believed to proceed by sequential 1,4‐conjugate addition of benzoylacetonitriles/β‐keto esters to propargylamines, 5‐exo‐dig annulation/isomerization to form the fully substituted furans, and intramolecular transesterification to furo[3,4‐c]coumarin skeleton. The features of this method include inexpensive base, readily available substrates, high regioselectivity, and convenient operation. A wide variety of densely functionalized furans and furocoumarins are furnished by one‐pot domino process and transition‐metal free methods in moderate to good yields, respectively.

magnified image
The Chiral Trimer and a Metastable Chiral Dimer of Achiral Hexafluoroisopropanol: A Multi‐Messenger Study
Authors: Oswald Sönke , Seifert Nathan A. , Bohle Fabian , Gawrilow Maxim , Grimme Stefan , Jäger Wolfgang , Xu Yunjie , Suhm Martin A.
Published: February 2019

1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoro‐propan‐2‐ol aggregates preferentially into an achiral dimer of achiral monomers, but the trimer is found to prefer three metastable chiral monomer units arranged into a strained OH⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen‐bonded ring, which is reinforced by secondary CH⋅⋅⋅FC interactions. This is shown by a combination of infrared, microwave, and Raman spectroscopy in supersonic jet expansions and supported by high‐level quantum chemical calculations. It involves an activation of the monomers by >15 kJ mol−1, clearly driven by the much stronger hydrogen‐bond interaction available to the gauche and even more to the cis monomer units.
Atomic Resolution Insight into Sac7d Protein Binding to DNA and Associated Global Changes by Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Zacharias Martin
Published: February 2019

Sac7d is a small, thermostable protein that induces large helical deformations in DNA upon association. Starting from multiple initial placements of the unbound Sac7d structure relative to a B‐DNA oligonucleotide, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were employed to directly follow several successful binding events at atomic resolution that resulted in structures in close agreement with the native complex geometry. The final native complex formed rapidly within tenths of nanoseconds and included simultaneous large‐scale kinking, groove opening, twisting, and intercalation in the target DNA. The simulations indicate that the complex formation process involves initial non‐native contacts that helped in reaching the final bound state, with residues intercalated at the center of the kinked DNA. It was also possible to identify several long‐lived trapped intermediate states of the binding process and to follow sliding processes of Sac7d along the DNA minor groove.
Fluorescent Triazole Urea Activity‐Based Probes for the Single‐Cell Phenotypic Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Chen Linhai , Keller Laura J. , Cordasco Edward , Bogyo Matthew , Lentz Christian S.
Published: February 2019

Phenotypically distinct cellular (sub)populations are clinically relevant for the virulence and antibiotic resistance of a bacterial pathogen, but functionally different cells are usually indistinguishable from each other. Herein, we introduce fluorescent activity‐based probes as chemical tools for the single‐cell phenotypic characterization of enzyme activity levels in Staphylococcus aureus. We screened a 1,2,3‐triazole urea library to identify selective inhibitors of fluorophosphonate‐binding serine hydrolases and lipases in S. aureus and synthesized target‐selective activity‐based probes. Molecular imaging and activity‐based protein profiling studies with these probes revealed a dynamic network within this enzyme family involving compensatory regulation of specific family members and exposed single‐cell phenotypic heterogeneity. We propose the labeling of enzymatic activities by chemical probes as a generalizable method for the phenotyping of bacterial cells at the population and single‐cell level.
Nonisothermal crystallization kinetic studies on melt processed poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polylactic acid blends containing graphene oxide and exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets
Authors: Jafari Seyed Mohammad Ali , Khajavi Ramin , Goodarzi Vahabodin , Kalaee Mohammad R. , Khonakdar Hossein A.
Published: February 2019

Nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/polylactic acid (PET/PLA) (90/10 and 75/25 wt %/wt %) blend prepared by a melt mixing process in the presence of graphene oxide (GO) and exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnP) were investigated. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) results revealed that both the GO and xGnP were not inclined to the PLA phase, and the distribution of GO in the blend matrix was better than that of xGnP. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) results demonstrated that both the fillers showed compatibilizing effect and refined the morphology of PLA dispersed phase. The crystallinity and crystallization behavior of samples were studied by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and multiple cooling rate Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. The results showed that the degree of crystallinity and crystallization rate of PET was reduced by blending with PLA. Inclusion of the fillers to the blend further reduced the crystallinity while the crystallization rate was increased. Analysis based on Hoffman‐Lauritzen theory revealed that, compared to xGnP, the GO as a better nucleating agent could more effectively reduce lamella thickness and surface folding free energy of the nanocomposites. Crystallization kinetic studies by Jeziorny model revealed two levels of primary and secondary crystallization mechanisms for all samples. Moreover, activation energy of crystallization of the GO‐containing nanocomposites was lower than that of xGnP‐based systems. All the theoretical treatment and experimental results confirm that, compared to xGnP, the GO is more suitable filler and has stronger effect on enhancing the crystallization kinetic of the PET/PLA blends. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47569.

HIGHLIGHTS

Studied crystallization kinetics of PET/PLA blend containing xGnP and GO nanoplatelets

Compared the role of xGnP and GO in crystallization kinetics of the system

Analyzed the crystallization kinetics of the system by various models

Determined the surface folding free energy of the developed systems

GO‐based systems exhibited lower crystallization activation energy than that of the xGnP‐based systems
Nano/microfibers of EVA copolymer obtained by solution blow spinning: Processing, solution properties, and pheromone release application
Authors: Rempel Silvana Pereira , Engler Leonardo Galli , Soares Márcio R. F. , Catafesta Jadna , Moura Sidnei , Bianchi Otávio
Published: February 2019

Pheromones have been used for monitoring and control of insect pests in crops, reducing the use of pesticides. However, among obstacles for this technology to be more useful, is the control and time to release. In this way, this work aims the evaluation of the release of pheromones using micro/nanofibers of ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) produced by blow spinning. Solutions with 0.5–15 wt % EVA were prepared based on the solubility parameter of the copolymer. Fibers were obtained from solutions in the semidiluted concentration regime. Synthetic sex pheromones from the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta and citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella were incorporated into the micro/nanofibers. The morphology and structure of these fibers were evaluated employing field emission scanning electron microscopy and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The fibers sizes (95–426 nm) were dependent on the feed rate of the solution. As a result, pheromone release has occurred linearly over 10 weeks, as determined by thermogravimetry analysis. The solubility parameter influences the amount incorporated in the fiber and the rate of pheromone release. The proposed fiber/pheromone system is interesting since it reduces the use of actives and can be used in several planting cycles and reused. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47647.
Expression of Collagen Types I, II, IX, and X in the Mineralizing Turkey Gastrocnemius Tendon
Authors: Taylor Reginald W. , Mitchell Georgia K. , Andrade Jon Lee , Svoboda Kathy K.
Published: February 2019

The turkey gastrocnemius tendon mineralizes by intramembranous ossification with a transient chondrogenic phase. The mineralizing zone has hypertrophic chondrocytes similar to endochondral bone formation. These similarities prompted the evaluation of this tendon for the presence of type X collagen in the mineralizing zone. Tendons were removed, radiographed, decalcified, and embedded for frozen sections. Seral sections were H&E stained and immunostained individually with antibodies specific collagens (types I, II, IX, and X). Type I collagen was distributed widely throughout the mineralized tendon extracellular matrix. Types II and IX collagen were at the mineralized/non‐mineralized junction. Type X collagen was in the pericellular matrix of hypertrophic chondrocytes and in some calcified matrix. These data support the theory that the gastrocnemius tendon has fibrocartilage characteristics and that type X collagen has a role in the tissue's mineralization. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Copolymer‐Induced Intermolecular Charge Transfer: Enhancing the Activity of Metal‐Free Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Yu Yihuan , Zhang Zhengping , Dai Liming , Wang Feng
Published: February 2019

Breaking the electroneutrality of sp2 carbon lattice is a viable way for nanocarbon material to modulate the charge delocalization and to further alter the electrocatalytic activity. Positive charge spreadsheeting is preferable for catalyzing the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and other electrochemical reactions. Analogously to the case of intramolecular charge transfer by heteroatom doping, electrons in the conjugated carbon lattice can be redistributed by the intermolecular charge transfer from the nanocarbon material to the polyelectrolyte. A copolymeric electrolyte, epichlorohydrin‐dimethylamine copolymer (EDC) was synthesized. The EDC‐modified carbon nanotube (CNT) hybrid was subsequently fabricated by sonication treatment and served as a metal‐free carbonaceous electrocatalyst with remarkable catalytic activity and stability. The resultant hybrid presents positive charge spreadsheeting on CNT as a result of the interfacial electron transfer from CNT to EDC. DFT calculations were further carried out to reveal that the enhancement of the wrapped EDC polyelectrolyte originates from the synergetic effect of the quaternary ammonium‐hydroxyl covalently bonded structure. The CNT‐EDC hybrid not only provides an atomically precise regulation to modulate nanocarbon materials from inactive carbonaceous materials into efficient metal‐free catalysts, but it also opens new avenues to develop metal‐free catalysts with well‐defined and highly active sites.
Chemical Modification of the sp‐Hybridized Carbon Atoms of Graphdiyne by Using Organic Sulfur
Authors: Yang Ze , Cui Weiwei , Wang Kun , Song Yuwei , Zhao Fuhua , Wang Ning , Long Yunze , Wang Huanlei , Huang Changshui
Published: February 2019

Here, a new approach to further improve graphdiyne (GDY) based materials by using benzyl disulfide (BDS) as the sulfur source is demonstrated. The S radicals, generated from the homolysis of BDS, can react with the acetylenic bonds and be well confined in the triangle‐like pores of GDY, forming S‐GDY. The as‐prepared S‐GDY, which possesses numerous heteroatom defects and active sites, is suitable for applications in many electronic devices, such as lithium ion batteries (LIBs). As expected, the assembled LIBs based on S‐GDY displayed improved electrochemical properties, including larger capacity and superior rate capability.
Doping and Photon Induced Defect Healing of Hybrid Perovskite Thin Films: An Approach Towards Efficient Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Kanwat Anil , Choi Won‐Chul , Seth Sudipta , Jang Jin
Published: February 2019

Here, we demonstrate a simple method to improve photoluminescence and electroluminescent properties of MAPbBr3 perovskite thin films by monovalent Cs cation doping and treatment with UV light. It is known that the intermediate species of lead halides, which limits the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of perovskite thin films, are formed due to the presence of an organic polar solvent. In such cases, coalescence of nanocrystals is unavoidable when the thin‐films are thermally annealed to remove the intermediate phases and solvent residues. We find that PbBr2(DMSO)x complexes can effectively tune the morphology, grain boundary, PLQY, and non‐radiative loss of perovskite thin films under UV light irradiation. Upon UV exposure, highly uniform MA0.87Cs0.13PbBr3 ultra‐thin (45 nm) films with a full surface coverage of neatly packed nanocrystallites are obtained. When these films are integrated into electroluminescent devices, a current efficiency (CE) of 18.71 Cd/A and an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 5.63% are observed for green perovskite‐based light emitting diodes (PeLEDs). These values of CE and EQE are respectively thirty‐four and forty‐three times higher than those achieved in pure MAPbBr3 based devices.
Capacitive and Charge Transfer Effects of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes in TiO2 Electrodes
Authors: Ansón‐Casaos A. , Rubio‐Muñoz C. , Hernández‐Ferrer J. , Santidrian A. , Benito A. M. , Maser W. K.
Published: February 2019

The transfer of nanoscale properties from single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) to macroscopic systems is a topic of intense research. In particular, inorganic composites of SWCNTs and metal oxide semiconductors are being investigated for applications in electronics, energy devices, photocatalysis, and electroanalysis. In this work, a commercial SWCNT material is separated into fractions containing different conformations. The liquid fractions show clear variations in their optical absorbance spectra, indicating differences in the metallic/semiconducting character and the diameter of the SWCNTs. Also, changes in the surface chemistry and the electrical resistance are evidenced in SWCNT solid films. The starting SWCNT sample and the fractions as well are used to prepare hybrid electrodes with titanium dioxide (SWCNT/TiO2). Raman spectroscopy reflects the optoelectronic properties of SWCNTs in the SWCNT/TiO2 electrodes, while the electrochemical behavior is studied by cyclic voltammetry. A selective development of charge transfer characteristics and double‐layer behavior is achieved through the suitable choice of SWCNT fractions.
In Situ Generation of Silyl Anion Species through Si−B Bond Activation for the Concerted Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Fluoroarenes
Authors: Kojima Kumiko , Nagashima Yuki , Wang Chao , Uchiyama Masanobu
Published: February 2019

In situ generated silyl anion species enable the concerted nucleophilic aromatic substitution of fluoroarenes. Model DFT calculations indicated that addition of a base to a silylborane would thermodynamically form a silyl borate complex and then kinetically release a silyl anion species through Si−B bond cleavage, and that the in situ generated silyl anion equivalent would further react with a fluoroarene through a concerted nucleophilic aromatic substitution pathway with an activation barrier of ca. 20 kcal/mol to afford the silylated product with a large energy gain. Experiments confirmed that the defluorosilylation reaction took place smoothly at room temperature simply upon mixing fluoroarenes with commercially available silylborane and NaOtBu. Radical scavenger and radical clock reaction experiments provide further evidence for the in situ generation of the silyl anion.
Getting ready for the winter: Timing and determinants of molt in an alpine ungulate
Authors: Déry Florent , Hamel Sandra , Côté Steeve D.
Published: February 2019

Because growth of new hairs entails energetic costs, individual condition and access to food should determine the timing of molt. Previous studies on the timing of molt in ungulates have mostly focused on the influence of age class and reproductive status, but the effects of body condition and environmental phenology have not been evaluated. Our goal was to assess how intrinsic traits and environmental conditions determine the timing of winter coat shedding in a mountain goat population monitored for 27 years. The date of molt completion followed a U shape with age, suggesting that senescence occurs in terms of the molting process in mountain goats. Juveniles of both sexes delayed molting in a similar fashion, but molt timing differed between sexes during adulthood. Males molted progressively earlier until reaching age when reproduction peaked, after which they started delaying molting again. Females reached earliest molt dates at age of first reproduction and then progressively delayed molt date. Lactating females molted 10 days later than barren females on average, but this only occurred in females in good condition. Thus, although it has been shown that reproduction delays molt in ungulates, our results indicate that body condition can override this effect. Overall, our results revealed that access to both extrinsic and intrinsic resources is one of the key mechanisms driving molting processes in a mammalian herbivore.
Determination of genomic N3‐methylthymidine in human cancer cells treated with nitrosamines using capillary electrophoresis with laser‐induced fluorescence
Authors: Krais Annette M. , Kliem Christian , Arlt Volker M. , Schmeiser Heinz H.
Published: February 2019

Methylating substances alter DNA by forming N3‐methylthymidine (N3mT), a mutagenic base modification. To develop a sensitive analytical method for the detection of N3mT in DNA based on capillary electrophoresis with laser‐induced fluorescence detection (CE‐LIF), we synthesized the N3mT‐3’‐phosphate as a chemical standard. The limit of detection was 1.9 amol of N3mT, which corresponds to one molecule of N3mT per 1000 normal nucleotides or 0.1%. With this method, we demonstrated that the carcinogenic nitrosamine N’‐nitrosonornicotine (NNN) induced N3mT in the human lung cancer cell line A549. Treatment with NNN also caused an elevated degree of 5‐hydroxymethylcytidine (5hmdC) in DNA, while the methylation degree (i.e. 5‐methylcytidine; 5mdC) stayed constant. According to our data, NNN could, via yet unknown mechanisms, play a role in the formation of N3mT as well as 5hmdC. In this study we have developed a new sensitive analytical method using CE‐LIF for the simultaneous detection of the three DNA modifications, 5mdC, 5hmdC and N3mT.
On commodity price limits
Authors: Janardanan Rajkumar , Qiao Xiao , Rouwenhorst K. Geert
Published: February 2019

This paper examines the behavior of futures prices and trader positions around the occurrence of price limits in commodity futures markets. We ask whether limit events are the result of shocks to fundamental volatility or the result of temporary volatility induced by the trading of noncommercial market participants (speculators). We find little evidence that limits events are the result of speculative activity, but instead associated with shocks to fundamentals that lead to persistent price changes. When futures trading halts price discovery migrates to options markets, but option prices provide a biased estimate of subsequent future prices when trading resumes.
Lab‐scale testing of operation parameters for algae based treatment of piggery wastewater
Authors: Marazzi Francesca , Bellucci Micol , Fornaroli Riccardo , Bani Alessia , Ficara Elena , Mezzanotte Valeria
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

Microalgae–bacteria‐based processes are among the most promising low‐cost technologies to treat livestock wastewaters. The current literature reports the need for pretreatment or dilution of piggery wastewater for adequate microalgal growth. The aim of this study is to optimize the potential of microalgal–bacterial communities to treat undiluted and untreated piggery wastewater by investigating the influence of some operational parameters such as phosphorus and CO2 availability and hydraulic retention time on the nitrogen removal efficiency and biomass productivity.

RESULTS

The microalgal community (dominated by Chlorella spp.) developed quickly and remained quite stable. The rates of biomass production and NH4‐N removal were 55 ± 30 mg TSS L−1 day−1 and 13 ± 3 mg NH4‐N L−1 day−1 respectively. CO2 adjustment had a positive effect on microalgal growth and NH4‐N removal.

CONCLUSION

Data confirm the ability of the microalgal–bacterial consortium to grow on undiluted and untreated piggery wastewater under semi‐continuous conditions. Synergy between algae and bacteria seems positive since photosynthesis produces the oxygen needed for ammonia oxidation. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
A study of the effect of transient stresses on the fatigue life of RF MEMS switches
Authors: Xi Wei , Elsinawi Ameen , Guha Koushik , Karumuri Srinivasa Rao , Shaikh‐Ahmad Jamal
Published: February 2019

Fatigue affects the durability of radio frequency microelectromechanical systems (RF MEMS) devices. It is common to rely on actuation voltage cycles or resonant frequencies shift to estimate the fatigue life of MEMS devices. Actuation of moving mechanical parts within the device causes transient stresses because of transient vibration. Such stresses and stress cycles are difficult to account for when fatigue life is estimated by observing actuation voltage or resonant frequencies shift only. This work investigates the effect of transient stresses on the durability of RF MEMS switch, using a benchmarked finite element‐based structural dynamics model of the switch to generate the stress‐time history of the device. Principal normal stresses are calculated from raw stress data and ordered such that (σ1 ≥ σ2 ≥ σ3). Maximum principal stress amplitudes at pull‐in and pull‐out are calculated, and their corresponding number of cycles are determined by rainflow counting method. A Cumulative damage index (Dc) is determined using Miner's rule. This study revealed that, when transient stresses are taken into consideration, the cumulative damage caused by a single on‐off cycle, of the switch studied, is 1.031 × 10−6, and its life‐to‐failure is 9.7 × 105 on‐off cycles. Whereas the life‐to‐failure of the switch, without considering transient stresses, is approximately 10.3 × 108 cycles. Results are compared with published data for similar switches, and they are in good agreement.