bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘What All Men Believe–Must Be True’: Common Conceptions and Consensio Omnium In Aristotle and Hellenistic Philosophy
Authors: Obbink Dirk
Published: November 2023

Having thoroughly derided the gods of the major Presocratics, of Socrates, of Plato (and his successors), of Aristotle (and his followers), of the Stoics, of the poets, and those of popular belief (vulgi opiniones) (ND I. 25–43), Cicero’s Epicurean Velleius asserts: Velleius is usually taken to appeal, as Cicero’s wording suggests, to the argumentation from consensus omnium, the doctrine that ‘what all men believe must be true’. If so, there is an obvious contradiction, which has gone unremarked. To the extended catalogue of rival philosophers attacked for their atheistic views is strikingly juxtaposed the assertion of universal consensus of belief as to the existence and nature of the gods.
A Puzzle Concerning Matter and Form
Authors: Fine Kit
Published: November 2023

Montgomery Furth has written,1 ‘given a suitable pair of individualsߪ there is no reason of Aristotelian metaphysics why the very fire and earth that this noon composes Callias and distinguishes him from Socrates could not, by a set of utterly curious chances, twenty years from now compose Socrates ߪ ‘. He does not specify what these ‘curious chances’ might be. But we may suppose that Socrates eats Callias for his lunch and that, owing to the superiority of Callias’ flesh and bone, it is the matter of this which remains in Socrates after the period of twenty years.
The Definition of Generated Composites in Aristotle’s Metaphysics
Authors: Ferejohn Michael
Published: November 2023

Consider where matters stand at the beginning of Metaphysics Z. 4 in the search for the identity of primary substance which occupies most of z. In the previous chapter Aristotle had narrowed the field of leading candidates for primary substance to the familiar triad of matter, form, and the matter/form composite (i.e. the concrete particular), and had then gone on to eliminate matter from further serious consideration on the ground that it cannot be what primary substance must be, namely something which is ‘separate’ (χωριστόν) and a ‘certain this’ (τόδε τι)2 (1O29a27-8).
Indications of a Creator: Whewell as Apologist and Priest
Authors: Brooke John Hedley
Published: November 2023

So confident was William Whewell of the durability of natural theology that in his History of the Inductive Sciences he would describe a hymn to the Creator as the ‘perpetual song’ of the temple of science. However misplaced that confidence proved to be, it stands in sharp contrast to the perceptions of those historians and philosophers who have treated natural theology, with its repertoire of design arguments, as a force already spent by the close of the eighteenth century. Those who have expressed astonishment that William Paley, the noted Anglican apologist, could write with such jaunty assurance after Hume had so devastated the foundations of natural religion, must find it even more astonishing that hymns to a Creator remained a prominent feature of scientific culture, in Britain at least, until Whewell’s generation had passed away. How does one account for the longevity of a tradition which, whilst not confined to Britain, was nevertheless so conspicuous here that observers have sometimes spoken of a peculiarly British propensity to proclaim a holy alliance between science and religion?.
Aristotle on the Transmutation of the Elements in De Generatione Et Corruptione 1.1-4
Authors: Bostock David
Published: November 2023

I shall here assume that Aristotle did believe in prime matter, at least for most of the time. In particular he believed that his four elements-earth, water, air, and fire-are each made of the same matter, with different combinations of the four forms ‘hot’, ‘cold’, ‘wet’, and ‘dry’. On my account he is committed to this doctrine by his analysis of change in Physics 1. 7, together with his belief that the four elements can change into one another. I also take it that he affirms the doctrine in Physics 1. 9 (and elsewhere), when he claims that matter is neither generated nor destroyed, for this is true only of prime matter.
Reply to Foster*
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: November 2023

There is much with which I agree, and more I admire, in Mr Foster’s paper. I share his bias in favour of extensional first-order languages; I am glad to keep him company in the search for an explicitly semantical theory that recursively accounts for the meanings of sentences in terms of their structures; and I am happy he concurs in holding that a theory may be judged adequate on the basis of holistic constraints. I especially applaud Foster for what he passes over: just as Lear gains power through the absence of Cordelia, I think treatments of language prosper when they avoid uncritical evocation of the concepts of convention, linguistic rule, linguistic practice, or language games.
Truth Conditions, Bivalence, and Verificationism*
Authors: Dowell John Mc
Published: November 2023

Frege held that the senses of sentences can be specified by giving truth conditions, and that the sense of a sentence-constituent is its contribution to the senses of sentences in which it occurs.1 (‘Sense’ may be paraphrased as ‘cognitive meaning’.2) Those two ideas of Frege’s are captured by the following conception of a theory of sense for a language: it assigns a suitable property to each simple sentence constituent discerned in the language by an appropriate syntax, and states rules which determine suitable properties for complex expressions formed in each of the ways permitted by that syntax, given the relevant properties of their components; the property thus determined for a complete sentence is that of being true if and only if some specified condition holds.
The Phenomenology of Episodic Recall
Authors: Hoerl Christoph
Published: November 2023

The concept of episodic memory has been highly influential in shaping psycho logical research over almost three decades now. It was first introduced into the psychological literature by Endel Tulving ( 1972). Yet Tulving was not the first to use the term ‘episodic memory’. It had been used before in a book on the philosophy of memory by Stanley Munsat (1966). Given that Tulving acknowledges Munsat as his source of inspiration, one should expect that the two authors use the term in the same sense. Looking back over the two texts, however, it soon becomes clear that Munsat and Tulving are using the tem1 ‘episodic memory’ to mark out two potentially quite different phenomena.
Consciousness, Computation, and the Chinese Room
Authors: Penrose Roger
Published: November 2023

I shall begin by recalling what I perceive to be the four polarities of viewpoint that I enunciated in Shadows of the Mind (Penrose 1994: 12) with regard to the relationship between conscious thought and computation: All thinking is computation; in particular, feelings of conscious aware ness are evoked merely by the carrying out of appropriate computations. Awareness is a feature of the brain’s physical action; and whereas any physical action can be simulated computationally, computational simulation cannot by itself evoke awareness. Appropriate physical action of the brain evokes awareness, but this physical action cannot even be properly simulated computationally. Awareness cannot be explained in physical, computational, or any other scientific terms.
The Nehemiah Autobiographical Memoir
Authors: Blenkinsopp Joseph
Published: November 2023

Towards the beginning of his massive History of Autobiography in Antiquity, Georg Misch defined his topic as ‘the history of human self-awareness’. The definition, which no doubt owed something to the influence of his father-in- law Wilhelm Dilthey, would certainly apply to Augustine’s Confessions, often taken to be the first specimen of the genre. In spite of his definition, however, Misch notes that Augustine represents a terminus rather than a beginning and, true to his word, reaches him only on page 625 of his history.
Pauline Christianity
Authors: Ziesler J A
Published: November 2023

This revised edition of John Ziesler's broad yet detailed overview of St Paul's thought and distinctive kind of Christianity is intended for a general readership, and is therefore of wider value than individual and more technical commentaries. Dr Ziesler's starting point is St Paul's view of Jesus Christ as marking the end of an era and the beginning of a new world and a new humanity. The concentration is on theology, but matters of authorship and dating are discussed briefly where relevant. A number of key passages from the Pauline letters are given a more extended treatment.
Conscience as Self-Authorizing in Butler’s Ethics
Authors: Darwall Stephen
Published: November 2023

There has long been general agreement about the intended meaning of Butler’s claim that conscience is supremely authoritative. C. D. Broad nicely articulates this consensus when he writes: ’by saying that conscience has supreme authority Butler means that we regard the pronouncements of conscience, not simply as interesting or uninteresting statements of fact, and not simply as reasons to be balanced against others, but as conclusive reasons for or against doing the actions about which it pronounces. To this it might be added that, according to Butler, we do not simply happen so to regard conscience’s pronouncements; we do so rightly.
George Berkeley
Authors: Berman David
Published: November 2023

Unlike nearly all studies of Berkeley, this book looks at the full range of his work and links it with his life - focussing in particular on his religious thought. While aiming to present a clear picture of his career, this book breaks new ground on, among other topics, Berkeley's philosophical strategy, his account of immortality, his Jacobitism, his emotive theory of religious mysteries, and the motivation of his Siris (1744). Also distinctive is the attention paid to the Irish context of his thought, his symbolic frontispieces and portraits, and recent discoveries concerning his life and writings. The Berkeley that emerges from this study is deeper and more human that the usual picture of him as a starry-eyed idealist with every virtue under heaven.
Labour Movements Employers And The State
Authors: Fulcher James
Published: November 2023

This comparative study uses Barrington Moore's notion of `suppressed historical alternatives' to reassess theories of industrial conflict, class organization, and state intervention. It explores the origins of organizational differences in the emergence of labour movements and the employer counter-attack, emphasizing the strength of Sweden's neglected craft unions and the forgotten attempts by British unions to build Swedish style national federations. It examines the strong tendencies towards state control in Sweden and repeated British efforts to establish joint central regulation, which have been similarly overlooked. Unfashionable institutionalist explorations of the Swedish labour peace are defended but it is also argued that the Swedish system of regulation was self-undermining. The book analyses the failure of corporatist integration in both countries and the ensuing struggle between left and right alternatives. The attempt to bring about economic and industrial democracy in Sweden, the decline of the British unions, and current tendencies towards a neo-liberal convergence, are all discussed.
Sects and Society in Tension
Authors: Wilson Bryan R
Published: November 2023

It is a commonplace to refer to the cultural situation in Britain as one of religious pluralism, in which a notional and pervasive orthodoxy has been fragmented by various currents of diversified religious belief and practice. In some measure that pluralism has existed for centuries, of course, but it may be important to note that two divergent tendencies have been at work. Whilst new and exotic religions have been introduced, certain older forms of religious diversity have lost their distinctiveness. The terms in which we had become accustomed to think of religions other than orthodoxy—‘nonconformity’ and ‘dissent’—have become anachronisms, not only because we have largely abandoned the idea of religious conformity as a norm, but also because bodies once seen as radical departures from the norm have gradually come to be regarded as only marginally different.
Secularization: The Orthodox Model
Authors: Wallis Roy , Bruce Steve
Published: November 2023

The secularization thesis is one of sociology’s most enduring research · programmes and like many other long-standing theoretical frameworks it has generated a multitude of criticisms. Most critics have been satisfied with presenting by way of refutation such anomalies as evidence of enduring religiosity or countervailing trends. Few have attempted to erect a comprehensive alternative theory. The only compel¬ ling recent contender has been the self-equilibrating model of relatively constant religious ‘demand’ which Stark and Bainbridge have founded on exchange theory.
Secular Cities? Berlin, London, and New York in the Later Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Mcleod Hugh
Published: November 2023

Between the later seventeenth century and the late twentieth, most western societies moved from being, at least on paper, monolithically Christian, to a situation in which a significant proportion of the population professes no religious belief and has little or no connection with any kind of church.1 An essential precondition for this was the gradual development of religious toleration from the later seventeenth century onwards. The pioneers were England, the Netherlands, and some of the British colonies in North America. But gradually in the course of the eighteenth century effective toleration spread to most other parts of western Europe. The crucial significance of this development was that unorthodox religion, or irreligion, or simply religious non-practice, became legally permitted alternatives.
Internal and External War: 1927–1945
Authors: Brewer John D
Published: November 2023

Considerable developments occurred in the state’s policy of internal colonialism during the years covered by this chapter, and while not as critical as the period after 1948 in this respect, regulations on the Black population intensified and their rights were severely curtailed. It was in this period that the primary task of policing in South Africa narrowed to be control of Blacks. However, various changes in the material circumstances of the Black population were beginning to take place at this time, which fostered the militancy of later periods. What is more, changes occurred in White politics in this period which were instrumental to the 1948 election victory of the National Party on a policy of apartheid, which became the fullest expression of the state’s policy of internal colonialism. These events provide background to developments in policing between 1927 and 1945, and to the role of the police in regulating race relations during this and later periods, and will be outlined in this introduction.
Perceptions of the Labour Market: An Investigation of Differences by Gender and by Working-Time
Authors: Burchell Brendan , Elliott Jane , Rubery Jill
Published: November 2023

Studies of labour-market structures or divisions have primarily been concerned with describing the practices and processes by which divisions in the labour force are created or reinforced. These studies tend to fall into two types: those concerned with charting employer policies and practices (Osterman 1982; Baron and Bielby 1980; Atkinson 19856/; Rubery 1988), or with the demand side of the labour market, and those concerned with work- and life-history data which reveal the interaction of the supply and the demand side of the labour market on individuals’ and groups’ life chances without being able to differentiate adequately between these different influences (Hunt 1988). An aspect of the labour market that has been less systematically explored is how individuals who participate in the labour market actually perceive labour-market opportunities and labour-market barriers.
Internal Labour Markets from Managers’ and Employees’ Perspectives
Authors: Burchell Brendan , Rubery Jill
Published: November 2023

Interest in internal labour markets has recently been fuelled by a variety of different considerations. These range from the theoretical concerns of the new institutionalist economics to the more practical issues of the role of Japanese-type employment systems on labour productivity. All perspectives have, however, taken as their starting-point the employment policy system as described and understood by management.
Shadow and Reality in Occupational History: Britain in the First Half of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Vincent David
Published: November 2023

This is a study of social mobility which existed only in the mind. Its central concern is with occupations which were never found, with work histories which never took place. The analysis explores the origin, substance, and function of the imagined alternative careers which men and women carried with them as they conducted their actual careers in the British economy from the years before 1914 until the early decades after the Second World War.
The Familial Meaning of Housing in Social Rootedness and Mobility: Britain and France
Authors: Bertaux-Wiame Isabelle , Thompson Paul
Published: November 2023

Families differ greatly in their relationships to housing. This is because a house is of much greater significance than a mere physical shell providing shelter. A house is also, both externally and internally, a stage on which are played out both the internal roles within the household and the outward presentation of its members to the social community in which it is situated.1 The special social importance of houses is probably true of almost all settled societies: certainly it is evident outside the West.
Inside the Cult
Authors: Whitehouse Harvey
Published: November 2023

For the past thirty years, adherents of a millenarian cult in Papua New Guinea, known as the Pomio Kivung, have been awaiting the establishment of a period of supernatural bliss, heralded by the return of their ancestors bearing ‘cargo’. The author, Harvey Whitehouse, was taken for a reincarnated ancestor, and was thus able to observe the dynamics of the cult from within. From the stable mainstream of the cult, localized splinter groups periodically emerge, hoping to expedite the millennium; the core of this volume concerns the close study of one such group in two Baining villages. The two aspects of the cult studied here – on the one hand a large, uniform, and stable mainstream organization with a well-defined hierarchy demanding orthodoxy of views, and on the other hand a small-scale and temporary movement, emotional and innovative in its views – stand in sharp contrast one to the other, but are here seen as divergent manifestations of the same religious ideology, implemented in differing ways. This original theory of ‘modes of religiosity’ which Whitehouse here develops draws on recent findings in cognitive psychology to link styles of codification and cultural transmission to the political scale, structure, and ethos of religious communities.
The Ageing Society, the Family, and Social Policy*
Authors: Sumitaka Harada
Published: November 2023

According to a demographic estimate as of 1 October 1994, the number of people aged 65 or above in Japan increased from the preceding year’s figure by 680,000 to 17,580,000, to account for 14.1 per cent of the national population (Table 6.1). The ratio still remained lower than those in western European countries, but was higher than those in the United States and Canada. Moreover, given the recent declining trend in the birth rate, the share of over-65s in Japanese population forecast is bound to become the world’s highest within less than a decade.
Part-Time Work in West Germany
Authors: Blossfeld Hans-Peter , Rohwer Gotz
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we study the long-term development of women’s employ¬ ment and its relationship to the family cycle in Germany. We describe the changes from 1925 until the end of the Second World War for Germany as a whole and then concentrate on changes in West Germany specifically. Changes in women’s employment in East Germany after the Second World War are not analysed here because they follow broadly the same patterns and processes that are discussed more generally for socialist countries in Central and Eastern Europe by Drobnic in Chapter 3.
The Gallerani Account Book Of 1305-8
Authors: Nobes C W
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the Libro dell‘entratae dell‘escita of the London branch of the Gallerani company between the years 1305 and 1308. It appears that it has not been considered in detail before by an accountant. The question of whether it represents double entry is examined. The Farolfi ledger, which may be the earliest extant example of double entry, is only six years older (Lee I 977). This research should be of interest to those who are not accounting historians because it deals with the period when bookkeeping was developing into the Italian fifteenth-century double-entry system which is still the basis of accounting throughout most of the world. Further, because it is not immediately clear whether this account book uses double entry, it raises interesting questions about the exact nature of the characteristics of double entry.
Communication by Design?
Authors: Mansell Robin
Published: November 2023

Changes in advanced information and communication technologies have fundamental implications for the way we communicate, produce, and use information, and accumulate knowledge. Although there can be little doubt of this, the investigative tools and concepts that would enable us to uncover the dynamics of such changes have proven elusive to disciplinary-based scholars in the social sciences. Our aim in this chapter is to outline the theoretical frameworks that underpin our investigations of how actors in the information and communication technology supplier, user, and policy-making communities are actively participating in the innovation processes that generate the technical and institutional conditions that are contributing to pervasive changes in industrial activities and everyday life.
Design and the Domestication of Information and Communication Technologies: Technical Change and Everyday Life
Authors: Silverstone Roger , Haddon Leslie
Published: November 2023

Technological innovation is not just a matter of production. Consumption and use are equally essential components of the innovation process. Technological innovation is also not just a matter of engineering. Both new and old technologies are social products: they are symbolic and aesthetic as well as material and functional. Production and consumption are not related to each other in a singular or linear fashion, but are the product of a complex pattern of activities in which producers and consumer-users, as well as those who intervene in and facilitate the process of consumption, take part.
Software by Design
Authors: Quintas Paul
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter has explored the concepts of design-in-use, suggesting that technological design and innovation are processes completed in the consumption of information and communication technology products within the domestic environment. Conventional notions of the spatial, temporal, institutional, and social location of design activity have thus come under critical scrutiny. In this chapter we continue this critical treatment, moving away from the domestic environment to investigate the activities of ‘production’. Our focus is on software and, in particular, the processes by which software systems are designed, the agencies involved, and the organizational contexts in which design takes place. Sharp divisions between ‘production’ and ‘use’ are not always appropriate in the software arena and the heterogeneous and temporally changing relationships between software developers and users are the central focus of this chapter.
Institutional Shareholders And Corporate Governance In The United Kingdom
Authors: Short Helen , Keasey Kevin
Published: November 2023

Within the general UK corporate governance debate, there is an increasing emphasis on the need for institutional shareholders to play an active role in the governance of companies. For example, the Cadbury Report (1992) notes that, ‘Because of their collective stake, we look to the institutions in particular, with the backing of the Institutional Shareholders ‘ Committee, to use their influence as owners to ensure that the companies in which they have invested comply with the Code ‘ (para. 6.16). However, in many of the discussions of the need for an increased involvement by institutions in corporate governance issues there has been a distinct lack of consideration given to the objectives of institutions and their willingness and ability actively to govern corporations. In particular, it is not clear that institutions, at least on an individual basis, have incentives to devote resources to active monitoring. Agency problems existing between the ultimate beneficiaries of institutional funds and the fund managers responsible for the investment of those funds may act to emphasize short-term profits at the expense of the longer-term corporate governance issues. Furthermore, it is unclear that the role of institutions as shareholders can be easily reconciled with their role as investors where there is a duty to maximize the return for the beneficiaries of the funds that they invest.
Contract Law, Trust Relations, and Incentives for Co-operation: A Comparative Study
Authors: Deakin Simon , Lane Christel , Wilkinson Frank
Published: November 2023

There is, it seems, a wide consensus to the effect that the institutions of contract law are largely marginal to the processes of business contracting. Following Macaulay (1963), most socio-legal scholars would maintain that business parties make little use of contract as a planning or incentive mechanism in long-term business relationships, and that they value flexibility more highly than strict adherence to contract terms. Transaction cost economics has echoed this theme, suggesting that in the case of ‘bilateral governance’, specialized governance structures can operate to maintain the relationship without the need for external legal support (Williamson 1985). In this chapter we report evidence which casts doubt on both these contentions, and which, we would suggest, requires a reassessment of the role of contract law in shaping contractual co-operation. The evidence is derived from a comparative survey of inter-firm relations in Britain, Germany, and Italy. Both inter-firm contracts, in the sense of formal agreements, and the wider system of contract law are found to have an important role to play in fostering trust, in the sense of ‘a mechanism by which actors reduce the internal complexity of their interaction system and which enables the actors to mutually establish specific expectations about their future behaviour’ (Lane and Bachmann 1996: 367). The influence of the legal system needs to be understood in the context of other institutional factors, in particular the activities of industry-level trade associations and of standard-setting organizations.
The Japanese Transplants in North America: Production Organization, Location, and Research and Development
Authors: Florida Richard , Jenkins Davis , Smith Donald f.
Published: November 2023

For more than a decade, there has been growing interest in the methods developed by Japanese manufacturers to organize and manage production work on the factory floor. Such work systems are seen as a source of competitive advantage for Japanese companies in automobiles, electronics, and other industries, and, more generally, as the foundation for a new and superior form of capitalist industrial organization (Lazonick, 1990; Abo, 1993; Kenney and Florida, 1993). Interest in Japanese work practices was intensified by the high level of Japanese direct investment in manufacturing in the USA during the 1980s. Between 1980 and 1990, the number of Japanese manufacturing facilities in the USA increased more than fivefold from 240 to 1,380 plants, and the number of American workers employed by Japanese manufacturing plants increased from 52,339 to 340,000.
The Christian Communities, Active Members of Arab Society throughout History
Authors: Samir Samir Khalil
Published: November 2023

The title of this contribution expresses exactly what I wish to bring to light: the active role played by the Christians in the development of Arab Muslim society. At the same time, however, I shall also examine their role as ‘subjects’ in the Muslim Empire. The title specifies ‘throughout history’ because their situation has evolved during the course of history, due to sociological and political reasons.
The Emigration of Christian Arabs: Dimensions and Causes of the Phenomenon
Authors: Sabella Bernard
Published: November 2023

Emigration trends among Christian Arabs have historically been affected by the political and communal climate and by the economic conditions prevailing in specific societies and in the region of the Middle East as a whole. Emigration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries may also have been related to an overall increase in the population and the inability of the local economies in Lebanon, Syria, and Palestine, to support this increase. A more likely explanation, however, would be a combination of the socio-economic characteristics of Christians with specific political and economic woes to make emigration a feasible alternative to many Christians.
The Political Dynamics of the Copts: Giving the Community an Active Role
Authors: Khawaga Dina El
Published: November 2023

The Egyptian Copts represent a special case compared to the other Chris¬ tian communities of the Middle East. What makes them different is that they have hardly ever developed an explicit form of political expression as a religious denomination. This choice has not been dictated solely by their intense national integration. It is a characteristic which derives from their umbilical ties with Egyptian soil, from the painful history of their relations with every other Church in the world, whether Orthodox, Catholic, or Protestant, and from Egypt’s evolution since the early stages of the national State and the period of colonization. The intertwining of all these different factors has strengthened the national aspect both of the Coptic Church and the Coptic community since the beginning of the modem era. It is an aspect which is often referred to when denoting the political profile of the Copts, as if support for the independence of Egypt were a political choice in itself.
The Modernization of Family and Motherhood in Western Europe
Authors: Pfau-Effinger Birgit
Published: November 2023

In the last decades the social practices of motherhood have changed substantially in Europe. Women have to an increasing degree entered the labour market, particularly in the phase of ’active motherhood’-that is, when their children are still young. As a result, the employed mother has become a new norm in Europe. These changes are reflected in the experiences of childhood. In many European countries, young children in particular are cared for to a greater extent by public institutions. These developments are part and parcel of the social processes of individualization that emerged after the Second World War (Beck 1986) and have contributed to the erosion of traditional forms of the family.
Intergenerational perspectives on family and household change in mid- and later life in England and Wales
Authors: Grundy Emily
Published: November 2023

In many developed countries, people aged 50 or more now account for a large and growing proportion of the total population. In England and Wales in 1994, for example, 31 per cent of the population were aged 50 or over, and by 2021 this proportion is projected to reach 41 per cent (OPCS 1996b). As the household is an important consumption unit, the household arrangements of such a demographically substantial group have major social and economic implications. The household also remains an important unit for the production and exchange of essentials, including meals, personal care, emotional support, and companionship, and is to an in creasing extent the locus of leisure activities.
Teenage mothers: decisions and outcomes
Authors: Allen Isobel , Dowling Shirley Bourke
Published: November 2023

The study described in this chapter set out to examine the ways in which teenage mothers make decisions about their pregnancies and housing and living arrangements, both during pregnancy and after the birth of their babies. Almost 42,000 babies were born to teenage women in England and Wales in 1995, the year when the women in this study became mothers. Increasingly, public discussion has focused on teenage mothers as burdens on the state, who become so by choosing to have babies while single, by living on benefits in local authority housing, and by receiving housing priority over married couples with children. This widely held view of teenage mothers is not supported by research, which shows that most young women do not make a positive choice to become pregnant (Bury 1984; Hudson and Ineichen 1991), and do not become pregnant to receive benefits or to get priority in housing over other families (Hopkinson 1976; Clark 1989).
Topics for Conversation: Career Themes Old and New
Authors: Peiperl Maury A , Arthur Michael B
Published: November 2023

The millennium is an opportune time to consider the concept of career what it means, how it has evolved, and how it may be changing. A thousand years ago careers were largely left to the individual. With the exception of the church, the military, and to a lesser extent governments, few bureaucracies existed. Most people’s work was closely tied to their family and community. And although there were no psychologists, sociologists, or careers researchers (that we know of) to report it, there was a certain work-life balance. That is, those ‘working to live’ so far outnumbered those ‘living to work’ that we can be reasonably assured that working lives and personal lives were in synch: they were part and parcel of each other. People were usually artisans, farmers, laborers, or domestic servants, their families were intertwined with their work, and their work was intertwined with their community.
Economics, Social Capital, and the Colonization of the Social Sciences
Authors: Fine Ben , Green Francis
Published: November 2023

ONE reason for the rise of ‘social capital’ in social discourse is that the concept appears to constitute a new weapon to deploy at the perennial skirmishes on the borders between economics and other social sciences. Although only a minority of economists will yet have heard of it, social capital appears to be both quantifiable and related to traditional economic variables like Gross Domestic Product growth rates, thus potentially trumping economists at their own game. Or, to be less confrontational, social capital may be viewed as a way for other social sciences to engage with economists, to introduce a social element into the analysis of economic phenomena and thus achieve a unified theory.
Socializing Social Capital: Identity, the Transition to Work, and Economic Development
Authors: Fevre Ralph
Published: November 2023

THE critical role of social capital in the colonization of the social sciences by economics is discussed by Fine and Green in their contribution to this volume. Their chapter follows a brilliant series of articles in which Fine has charted the imperialist inroads of economics (Fine 1997; 1999a, c). Fine argues that when non-economists adopt ideas of social—or human—capital as part of the process whereby economics colonizes their disciplines, this does little or nothing to improve understanding in these other disciplines unless they already happen to favour rational choice explanations.
Social Capital and Associational Life
Authors: Maloney William A , Smith Graham , Stoker Gerry
Published: November 2023

FUNDAMENTAL to debates about social capital is the belief that the quality of democratic politics in modern societies is dependent upon the performance of organizations such as interest groups, intermediary associations, civic associations, social movements and voluntary associations (van Deth 1998: 1). A thriving civil society is perceived as acting as a check on state activities: a strong civic community creates strong government, and strong democracy which ‘… rests on the idea of a self governing community of citizens [which] ... challenges the politics of elites’ (Barber 1984: 117).
Strategy Research: Governance and Competence Perspectives
Authors: Williamson Oliver E
Published: November 2023

Business strategy is an expansive enterprise. Not only do all of the functional areas in the business school relate, but strategy is, by nature, interdisciplinary. All of the social sciences-especially economics and organization theory-plus contract law are implicated. Indeed, in the high technology arena where some of the most difficult strategy issues reside, engineering and the law on intellectual property rights also have a bearing.
Multiple Considerations in Making Governance Choices: Implications of Transaction Cost Economics, Real Options Theory, and Knowledge-Based Theories of the Firm
Authors: Barney Jay B , Lee Woonghee
Published: November 2023

Consider the following scenario. A small bio-technology firm has developed a product prototype. While this prototype has shown some market potential, it has yet to receive regulatory approval for commercial development. To receive this approval, it must first be tested in a series of clinical trials, and then be produced and marketed to consumers. These activities can take from ten to twelve years to complete. Thus, this firm will not know, with any degree of certainty, if its product prototype is economically viable for at least ten to twelve years.
Cooperative Capitalism
Authors: Schaede Ulrike
Published: November 2023

The Japanese government is becoming less involved in shaping industrial policy-but what does this imply for the openness of Japanese markets to foreign competition? In an extensive study of 'post-development' Japan, Ulrike Schaede argues that, contrary to what many have suggested, the reduced role of government regulation may not result in more open markets. Instead, as has happened throughout Japanese history, deregulation and the recession of the 1990s have once again led Japanese trade associations to assume important regulatory functions of their own. They do this through 'self-regulation'-setting and enforcing the rules of trade for their industries, independent from the government. As a result, many Japanese markets are now effectively governed by incumbent firms, in particular in terms of structuring the distribution system. As the record of postwar antitrust enforcement reveals, Japan's antitrust system considers most activities of self-regulation, other than outright price-fixing, as legal. Using interviews and a unique database of trade association activities, this book concludes that increasing self-regulation renders both government deregulation programmes and international trade negotiations ineffective in opening Japanese markets. The implications of self-regulation for Japanese industry are mixed: while internationally competitive firms can use self-regulation to reduce competition at home in order to compete more forcefully abroad, some domestic industries, such as the financial sector, may suffer from increased self-protection.
X-ray Dominated Regions
Authors: Lepp Stephen , Tine Stefano
Published: November 2023

X-rays are generated by many sources in the Universe including QSOs, Seyfert galaxies, shocks, supernovae, massive stars and accreting neutron stars. The X-rays heat and ionize the surrounding diffuse matter. In this chapter we will review the effects of X-rays on ambient gas. We will also discuss signatures of X-ray excited gas.
Defect spectroscopy in the nitrides
Authors: Meyer Bruno K , Hoffmann, Axel , Thurian Patrick
Published: November 2023

Nitride-based semiconductors (GaN, InN, AIN) and their ternary alloys are now the open and very attractive playground of physicists and engineers towards the implementation of optoelectronic devices in the blue and ultraviolet (UV) spectral range. In the last three years tremendous efforts have been undertaken and remarkable breakthroughs have been achieved allowing for the realization of blue and green light-emitting diodes and laser structures [1-3]. Specially the improvement in heteroepitaxial growth is made possible by the use of sophisticated low-temperature buffer layer growth.
The Mathematical Theory of Thermodynamic Limits: Thomas-Fermi type models
Authors: Catto Isabelle , Bris Claude Le , Lions Pierre-Louis
Published: November 2023

The thermodynamic limit is a mathematical technique for modeling crystals or other macroscopic objects by considering them as infinite periodic arrays of molecules. The technique allows models in solid state physics to be derived directly from models in quantum chemistry. This book presents new results, many previously unpublished, for a large class of models and provides a survey of the mathematics of thermodynamic limit problems. The authors both work closely with Fields Medal-winner Pierre-Louis Lion, and the book will be a valuable tool for applied mathematicians and mathematical physicists studying nonlinear partial differential equations.
Ordered Media
Authors: Pismen L M
Published: November 2023

Symmetry breaking is a most common (and, maybe, the single most important) phenomenon in nature. The first chapter of the Book of Genesis narrates the story of the Creation that, starting from a disordered state (Hebrew “tohu u-vohu”, loosely translated as “without form and void” in the King James version), has advanced through a series of symmetry-breaking transitions that divided “the light from the darkness” and “the waters under the firmament from the waters above the firmament” (and the firmament, or, in modern terms, a domain wall, was called Heaven). Contemporary physics accepts a not dissimilar outlook of phase transitions in the early Universe. In changing forms and on ascending levels, the symmetry has been broken once and again to build up the astounding variety of natural phenomena on the foundation of a few simple, invariant and symmetric basic laws.
Relativistic Vortices and Strings
Authors: Pismen L M
Published: November 2023

The ultimate unconventional superfluid is vacuum with a broken symmetry, the nonlinear medium of the field theory. More than a century ago, long before the advent of relativity and quantum mechanics, Lord Kelvin (Thomson, 1910) envisioned elementary particles as excitations of vortices in ether. After being abolished by modern physics, the ether was reincarnated in postmodernity as the field-theoretical vacuum, which, far from being void, is envisaged as a nonlinear medium of a complex, and as yet unknown, nature. The structure of vacuum may hold the key to the structure of both elementary particles and the Universe as a whole.
Patterns on islands and microevolution
Authors: Grant Peter R
Published: November 2023

The two basic questions in evolutionary biology are (1) how does evolution occur and (2) why does evolution occur? The first is a question of mechanisms and the second is a question of influences on those mechanisms. By studying evolution in the relative simplicity of island environments we hope to be able to answer both questions, using the full range of techniques of modem biology: description, experimentation, modelling, statistical analysis, and the ordering of data to make inferences about evolution in the past.
The reproductive biology and genetics of island plants
Authors: Barrett Spencer C H
Published: November 2023

The two basic questions in evolutionary biology are (1) how does evolution occur and (2) why does evolution occur? The first is a question of mechanisms and the second is a question of influences on those mechanisms. By studying evolution in the relative simplicity of island environments we hope to be able to answer both questions, using the full range of techniques of modem biology: description, experimentation, modelling, statistical analysis, and the ordering of data to make inferences about evolution in the past.
Molecular and morphological evolution within small islands
Authors: Thorpe Roger S , Malhotra Anita
Published: November 2023

Many studies of evolution on islands, from Darwin ‘s (1859) time onwards, have tended to emphasize inter-island differences. However, inter-island studies (although very popular) are generally not in a position to contribute much to an understanding of relative importance of historical processes and selection on their own. There have been some efforts to distinguish between the roles of historical factors and current selection pressures (Snell et al. 1984; Gardner 1986), but they do not use the appropriate methodology to make much headway with this problem.
Combinatorial counting
Authors: Matoušek Jiří , Nešetřil Jaroslav
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we are going to consider problems concerning the number of various configurations, such as “How many ways are there to send n distinct postcards to n friends?”, “How many mappings of an n-element set to an m-element set are there?”, and so on. We begin with simple examples that can usually be solved with common sense (plus, maybe, some cleverness) and require no special knowledge. Later on, we will come to somewhat more advanced techniques. Since the postcard for each friend can be picked in 26 ways, and the 5 selections are independent (making some of them doesn’t influence the remaining ones), the answer to this problem is 265. In a more abstract language, we have thereby counted the number of all mappings of a 5-element set (Prof. X.’s friends) to a 26-element set (the postcard types).
Vector spaces
Authors: Kaye Richard , Wilson Robert
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we will review material concerning vector spaces. Some of this (but possibly not all of it) may already be familiar to you. This chapter is very important, however, because it sets out the style in which we shall study linear algebra, how we shall organize the text, and why it is particularly useful to do so in this way.
Bilinear and sesquilinear forms
Authors: Kaye Richard , Wilson Robert
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter we introduced the idea of an inner product on a vector space. Our main example was the standard inner product on ℝ3 (and, more generally, on ℝn). This inner product has a particularly elegant geometric meaning, but we saw other important examples (involving vector spaces of continuous functions and integration, for example) where the geometric interpretation isn’t so clear. It turns out that there are many other interesting forms defined like inner products which are not positive definite-some of which, like Minkowski space (Example 4.1), have significant physical interpretations. This chapter starts off the study of these forms, and in particular shows how they may be represented by matrices.