bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Field estimates of fitness costs of the pace‐of‐life in an endangered damselfly
Authors: Khelifa Rassim , Zebsa Rabah , Amari Hichem , Mellal Mohammed Khalil , Mahdjoub Hayat
Published: May 2019

Theory predicts that within‐population differences in the pace‐of‐life can lead to cohort splitting and produce marked intraspecific variation in body size. Although many studies showed that body size is positively correlated with fitness, many argue that selection for the larger body is counterbalanced by opposing physiological and ecological selective mechanisms that favour smaller body. When a population split into cohorts with different paces of life (slow or fast cohort), one would expect to detect the fitness–size relationship among and within cohorts, that is, (a) slower‐developing cohort has larger body size and higher fitness than faster‐developing cohort, and (b) larger individuals within each cohort show higher fitness than smaller individuals. Here, we test these hypotheses in capture–mark–recapture field surveys that assess body size, lifespan, survival and lifetime mating success in two consecutive generations of a partially bivoltine aquatic insect, Coenagrion mercuriale, where the spring cohort is slower‐developing than the autumn cohort. As expected, body size was larger in the slow‐developing cohort, which is consistent with the temperature‐size rule and also with the duration of development. Body size seasonal variation was greater in slow‐developing cohort most likely because of the higher variation in age at maturity. Concordant with theory, survival probability, lifespan and lifetime mating success were higher in the slow‐developing cohort. Moreover, individual body size was positively correlated with survival and mating success in both cohorts. Our study confirms the fitness costs of fast pace‐of‐life and the benefits of larger body size to adult fitness.
Influence of nitrogen protection on the extraction yield and antioxidant activities of polyphenols by ultrasonic‐assisted extraction from rapeseed meal
Authors: Ding Qingzhi , Jiang Hanfei , Chen Yuxin , Luo Lin , He Ronghai , Ma Haile , Wu‐Chen Ricardo A. , Zhang Ting
Published: May 2019

It has been found that ultrasonic‐assisted extraction (UAE) can dramatically increase extraction yield of polyphenols from raw materials. However, the free radical formation induced by ultrasound will cause a series of oxidation reactions, which may reduce the antioxidant activities of polyphenols. To minimize the oxidation effect produced by ultrasound and increase the biological activities of polyphenols, ultrasonic‐assisted nitrogen‐protected extraction (UANPE) was employed to extract polyphenols from rapeseed meal. Experimental results obtained by iodine release test and electron paramagnetic resonance analyses demonstrated that the oxidation reaction and the quantity of free radicals are significantly less (p < .05) in the UANPE process than those in the UAE process without nitrogen protection. According to the single‐factor optimization results, the highest yield of rapeseed polyphenols (RPs) of 12.64 mg/g by UANPE was achieved under the optimal extraction conditions of the material/liquid of 1:30 (g/mL), the ultrasonic extraction time of 30 min, the extraction power of 240 W, and the nitrogen flow rate of 5 L/min. Moreover, the RPs extracted by UANPE exhibited higher antioxidant abilities and inhibition effects on the growth of cancer cells. These results substantiated that UANPE may be an innovative and efficient method in the field of bioactive compounds extraction.

Practical applications

Ultrasonic‐assisted extraction (UAE) is an efficient extraction method. It has been widely used to intensify the extraction of active substances from natural products. However, the free radicals produced by ultrasound will reduce the biological activities of the extract. In order to overcome this obstacle, the nitrogen protection (NP) was used to inhibit the production of free radicals and reduce their oxidation reaction during UAE. Then, the iodine release and electron paramagnetic resonance were determined to evaluate the effect of NP on inhibiting the formation of free radicals induced by ultrasound. Finally, to evaluate its practical value on the extraction effect, a novel method called the ultrasonic‐assisted nitrogen‐protected extraction was used for polyphenols extraction from rapeseed meal. According to the experimental results, this method can not only increase the extraction yield, but also maintain the high antioxidant activities of rapeseed polyphenols.
Growth‐dependent phenotype in FasL‐deficient mandibular/alveolar bone
Authors: Svandova Eva , Sadoine Jeremy , Vesela Barbora , Djoudi Amina , Lesot Herve , Poliard Anne , Matalova Eva
Published: May 2019

FASL (CD178) is known for its role in triggering apoptosis, mostly in relation with immune cells but additional functions have been reported more recently, including those in bone development. Examination of postnatal FasL‐deficient mice (gld) showed an increased bone deposition in adult mice when compared with wild types. However, a different phenotype was observed prenatally, when the gld bone was underdeveloped. The aim of the following investigation was to evaluate this indication for an growth‐dependent bone phenotype of gld mice and to search for the ‘switch point’. This study focused on the mandibular/alveolar bone as an important structure for tooth anchorage. In vivo micro‐computed tomography (CT) analysis was performed at different stages during the first month (6, 12 and 24 days) of postnatal bone development. In 6‐day‐old gld mice, a decrease in bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV), trabecular thickness and trabecular number was revealed. In contrast, the 12‐day‐old gld mice showed an increased BV/TV and trabecular thickness in the alveolar bone. The same observation applied for bone status in 24‐day‐old gld mice. Therefore, changes in the bone phenotype occurred between day 6 and 12 of the postnatal development. The switch point is likely related to the changing proportion of bone cells at these stages of development, when the number of osteocytes increases. Indeed, the immunohistochemical analysis of FASL localized this protein in osteoblasts, whereas osteocytes were mostly negative at examined stages. The impact of FASL particularly on osteoblasts would agree with an earlier in vivo observed effect of FASL deficiency on expression of Mmp2, typical for osteoblasts, in the gld mandibular/alveolar bone. Notably, an age‐dependent bone phenotype was reported in Mmp2‐deficient mice.
Saving Our Oceans: Scaling the Impact of Robust Action Through Crowdsourcing
Authors: Porter Amanda J. , Tuertscher Philipp , Huysman Marleen
Published: May 2019

One approach for tackling grand challenges that is gaining traction in recent management literature is robust action: by allowing diverse stakeholders to engage with novel ideas, initiatives can cultivate successful ideas that yield greater impact. However, a potential pitfall of robust action is the length of time it takes to generate momentum. Crowdsourcing, we argue, is a valuable tool that can scale the generation of impact from robust action. We studied an award‐winning environmental sustainability crowdsourcing initiative and found that robust action principles were indeed successful in attracting a diverse stakeholder network to generate novel ideas and develop these into sustainable solutions. Yet we also observed that the momentum and novelty generated was at risk of getting lost as the actors and their roles changed frequently throughout the process. We show the vital importance of robust action principles for connecting ideas and actors across crowdsourcing phases. These observations allow us to make a contribution to extant theory by explaining the micro‐dynamics of scaling robust action's impact over time.
Effect of Repair Gap Width on the Strength of Denture Repair: An In Vitro Comparative Study
Authors: Gad Mohammed M. , Rahoma Ahmed , Abualsaud Reem , Al‐Thobity Ahmad M. , Fouda Shaimaa M.
Published: May 2019

Purpose

To evaluate the effect of repair gap width on the flexural strength and impact strength of a repaired acrylic denture with and without thermal cycling.

Materials and Methods

A total of 240 heat‐polymerized acrylic resin specimens were fabricated in dimensions of 65 × 10 × 2.5 ± 0.2 mm and 55 × 10 × 10 ± 0.2 mm for flexural strength and impact strength testing, respectively. All specimens were sectioned into halves then divided into 6 groups according to repair gap width (n = 10). The repair gap of the control group was 2.5 mm at the base, while the repair gaps of the test groups were prepared as 2.0, 1.5, 1.0, 0.5, and 0 mm at the base. All specimens were prepared with a 45° bevel joint. Each specimen was placed into the mold that retained the original length of the specimen and modified only the repair gap, which was packed with repair resin. After polymerization, specimens were finished and polished, and half of the specimens were thermal cycled for 5000 cycles. Three‐point bending test and Charpy impact test were used to determine the flexural strength and impact strength, respectively. ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test were used for statistical analysis, where α was set at 0.05.

Results

Decreasing repair gap significantly increased the flexural strength in comparison to control group (p < 0.05); 0.5‐mm repair gap showed the highest flexural strength values. Changing the repair gap significantly increased the impact strength of groups 2.0‐ and 1.5‐mm (p < 0.05). Thermal cycling significantly decreased the flexural strength of all tested groups as well as impact strength for groups with wide repair gaps (2.5‐, 2.0‐, and 1.5‐mm) (p < 0.05), while other tested groups had nonsignificant effect on impact strength (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

Decreasing repair gap increased the flexural and impact strengths of repaired acrylic resin. A repair gap of 0‐, 0.5‐, or 1.0‐mm with beveled repair surface is recommended to improve repair strength and overcome the drawbacks of increased amounts of autopolymerized repair resin.
Antiretroviral agents in pre-exposure prophylaxis: emerging and advanced trends in HIV prevention
Authors: Yap Pui Khee , Loo Xin Griselda Lim , Tan Yoke Ying , Chellian Jestin , Gupta Gaurav , Liew Yun Khoon , Collet Trudi , Dua Kamal , Chellappan Dinesh Kumar
Published: May 2019

Objectives

Antiretroviral agents (ARVs) have been the most promising line of therapy in the management of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. Some of these ARVs are used in the pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to suppress the transmission of HIV. Prophylaxis is primarily used in uninfected people, before exposure, to effectively prevent HIV infection. Several studies have shown that ART PrEP prevents HIV acquisition from sexual, blood and mother-to-child transmissions. However, there are also several challenges and limitations to PrEP. This review focuses on the current antiretroviral therapies used in PrEP.

Key findings

Among ARVs, the most common drugs employed from the class of entry inhibitors are maraviroc (MVC), which is a CCR5 receptor antagonist. Other entry inhibitors like emtricitabine (FTC) and tenofovir (TFV) are also used. Rilpivirine (RPV) and dapivirine (DPV) are the most common drugs employed from the Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTIs) class, whereas, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is primarily used in the Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTIs) class. Cabotegravir (CAB) is an analog of dolutegravir, and it is an integrase inhibitor. Some of these drugs are also used in combination with other drugs from the same class.

Some of the most common pre-exposure prophylactic strategies employed currently are the use of inhibitors, namely entry inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, integrase and protease inhibitors. In addition, we have also discussed on the adverse effects caused by ART in PrEP, pharmacoeconomics factors and the use of antiretroviral prophylaxis in serodiscordant couples.
Prevalence of congenital sensorineural deafness in a population of client‐owned purebred kittens in the United Kingdom
Authors: Mari Lorenzo , Freeman Julia , Van Dijk Jan , De Risio Luisa
Published: May 2019

Background

Data about congenital sensorineural deafness (CSD) in white blue‐eyed cats derive mainly from research colonies, and information about client‐owned cats is limited.

Objectives

To describe the prevalence of CSD in a client‐owned population of white purebred kittens and colored littermates in the United Kingdom.

Animals

One hundred thirty‐two solid white client‐owned purebred kittens and 61 colored littermates, 6 to 21 weeks of age.

Methods

Retrospective (56 cases) and prospective (137 cases) study. Hearing was assessed by brainstem auditory evoked response testing, and the entire litter was tested.

Results

Congenital sensorineural deafness was diagnosed only in solid white kittens, with a prevalence of 30.3% (15.9% bilateral, 14.4% unilateral). The prevalence of CSD was significantly higher in white kittens with 1 (44.4%) or 2 (50%) blue irises than in those without blue irises (22.2%). Kittens with at least 1 blue iris were 3.2 times more likely to have CSD than kittens without blue irises. In solid white kittens, CSD was diagnosed in 7 of 15 (46.7%) Turkish Vankedisi, 8 of 18 (44.0%) Maine Coon, 18 of 41 (43.9%) Norwegian Forest, 3 of 11 (27.3%) British Shorthair, 2 of 12 (16.7%) Devon Rex, 2 of 12 (8.3%) Persian, 1 of 21 (4.8%) Russian, and 0 of 2 Sphinx. The prevalence of CSD was significantly different in Norwegian Forest, Maine Coon, and Turkish Vankedisi kittens compared with Persian or Russian kittens.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

We identified a high prevalence of CSD in a population of client‐owned purebred white kittens in the United Kingdom and suggest differences in breed‐specific prevalence of CSD.
Family bereavement: A case study of controlled organ donation after circulatory death
Authors: Walker Wendy , Sque Magi
Published: May 2019

Deceased organ donation represents a major source of organs for human transplantation practice. In the United Kingdom, as well as other parts of the world, donation after circulatory death accounts for a proportion of all deceased organ donors. Organ and tissue donation emotively takes place in the context of dying, death and bereavement, yet little is known about the family experience of donation after circulatory death. This paper presents a case study of the phenomenon of controlled donation after circulatory death in intensive care. We present a critical analysis of care processes through the lens of a British donor family who participated in a national study of organ and tissue donation. Anonymized family quotes are applied to illustrate specific case issues, and with reference to relevant national guidance and international research. The case portrayed intimate details of the moment in time when the family experienced the potential for controlled donation after circulatory death, factors that appeared to influence family consent and the perceived expectations and outcomes arising from the donation decision. Case analysis demonstrated local compliance with best practice guidance and compassionate end‐of‐life care while supporting organ retrieval. Caring for the grieving family of potential organ donors requires sensitivity and skill. Of importance is a sound professional knowledge and understanding of the clinical care pathway, together with effective teamwork, optimal communication, family and staff support. Further research is required to determine the impact of controlled donation after circulatory death on family grief and bereavement.
Genetic characterization of Gossypium arboreum accession PI 529740 for reniform nematode resistance
Authors: Erpelding John E. , Stetina Salliana R.
Published: May 2019

Breeding for reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) resistance is hindered by the lack of resistance in upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) cultivars. Resistance has been frequently identified in accessions from the Gossypium arboreum germplasm collection with accession PI 529740 rated as highly resistant. Accession PI 529740 was crossed with the susceptible G. arboreum accession PI 529729 to develop an F2 population for genetic characterization. The population showed quantitative variation suggesting multiple genes conferred the resistant phenotype. Thirteen of the 216 F2 plants showed resistance similar to the resistant parent and these data supported a two recessive gene model. Sixty plants were classified as resistant or moderately resistant, indicating a single recessive gene conferred the moderately resistant phenotype. The classification of 24 F2:3 families for nematode resistance generally supported the classification of the corresponding F2 plants; however, most families were highly variable for infection with no families rated as resistant. This information will aid in the introgression of resistance into upland cotton as larger populations will be required to successfully recover resistance conferred by multiple recessive genes.
A comparison of liquid and lyophilized egg yolk plasma to low density lipoproteins for freezing of canine spermatozoa
Authors: Belala Réda , Briand‐Amirat Lamia , Martinot Aline , Thorin Chantal , Michaud Sandrine , Desherces Serge , Youngs Curtis R. , Bencharif Djemil
Published: May 2019

The current study aimed to explore the potential usefulness of liquid or lyophilized egg yolk plasma (EYP) as a substitute for low‐density lipoproteins (LDL) for cryopreservation of canine spermatozoa. In the first experiment, a total of 20 ejaculates harvested from six Beagles were frozen in extenders containing 6% LDL (control) or liquid or lyophilized EYP at one of three concentrations (20%, 40% or 60%). Motility parameters were assessed 10 min after thawing using computer‐assisted sperm analysis. For both liquid and lyophilized EYP, the 40% concentration yielded motility similar (p > 0.05) to that observed with the control extender. In the second experiment, 12 ejaculates collected from the same six dogs were frozen in 6% LDL (Control), 40% liquid EYP or 40% lyophilized EYP extenders. Spermatozoal membrane integrity (hypo‐osmotic swelling test [HOSt] and SYBR14/propidium iodide [PI] staining), acrosome integrity (FITC‐Pisum sativum agglutinin staining) and DNA integrity (acridine orange staining) characteristics were evaluated 10 min after thawing. Both liquid and lyophilized 40% EYP‐based extenders successfully preserved all assessed integrity parameters as efficiently as the control. Results of this study suggest that lyophilized EYP is a viable alternative to LDL in freezing extenders for dog semen.
Hindrances and facilitators in humanitarian migrants’ maternity care in Finland: qualitative study applying the three delays model framework
Authors: Leppälä Satu , Lamminpää Reeta , Gissler Mika , Vehviläinen‐Julkunen Katri
Published: May 2019

Rationale

Humanitarian migration to Finland nearly ten‐folded in 2015–2016 from 3 326 asylum seekers’ yearly average to 32 476. Earlier research shows that humanitarian migrants sustain suboptimal maternal health in high‐income countries, even though care facilities are available.

Aim and objective

This study aimed to investigate what factors do maternity care professionals identify as hindrances and facilitators in humanitarian migrants’ maternity care process in Finland.

Methodological design

Study employed qualitative design. Eighteen midwives and maternity care public health nurses participated in semi‐structured qualitative interviews that were audio‐recorded and transcribed verbatim. Qualitative content analysis of the interview data produced meaning units, codes and categories.

Ethical Issues

Research plan was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of the local hospital district. Participants signed an informed consent prior the interviews.

Findings

Hindrances and facilitators for care were organised in theoretical framework of Three Delays Model. Participants described multiple hindrances for caring process, of which language barrier constantly raised as a significant obstacle for seeking and receiving care, and for perceived quality of care. Correspondingly, interpreters facilitated the caring process at all of its phases. Rural location of asylum centres, long distances and lacking transportation to care hindered reaching the health facility. Complicated bureaucracy was described to affect negatively in receiving adequate care. Refugee and asylum centre workers facilitated decision to seek care, and reaching of health facilities.

Conclusion

Interpreters can influence in the caring process in more versatile ways than we might have acknowledged this far. We recommend further research on interpreters’ role in the caring process of pregnant humanitarian migrants.
Boron demanding tissues of Brassica napus express specific sets of functional Nodulin26‐like Intrinsic Proteins and BOR1 transporters
Authors: Diehn Till Arvid , Bienert Manuela Désirée , Pommerrenig Benjamin , Liu Zhaojun , Spitzer Christoph , Bernhardt Nadine , Fuge Jacqueline , Bieber Annett , Richet Nicolas , Chaumont François , Bienert Gerd Patrick
Published: May 2019

The sophisticated uptake and translocation regulation of the essential element boron (B) in plants is ensured by two transmembrane transporter families: the Nodulin26‐like Intrinsic Protein (NIP) and BOR transporter family. Though the agriculturally important crop Brassica napus is highly sensitive to B deficiency, and NIPs and BORs have been suggested to be responsible for B efficiency in this species, functional information of these transporter subfamilies is extremely rare. Here, we molecularly characterized the NIP and BOR1 transporter family in the European winter‐type cv. Darmor‐PBY018. Our transport assays in the heterologous oocyte and yeast expression systems as well as in growth complementation assays in planta demonstrated B transport activity of NIP5, NIP6, NIP7 and BOR1 isoforms. Moreover, we provided functional and quantitative evidence that also members of the NIP2, NIP3 and NIP4 groups facilitate the transport of B. A detailed B‐ and tissue‐dependent B‐transporter expression map was generated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We showed that NIP5 isoforms are highly upregulated under B‐deficient conditions in roots, but also in shoot tissues. Moreover, we detected transcripts of several B‐permeable NIPs from various groups in floral tissues that contribute to the B distribution within the highly B deficiency‐sensitive flowers.
Characteristics of Indigenous healing strategies in Canada: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Yu Ziwa , Steenbeek Audrey , Macdonald Marilyn , MacDonald Cathy , McKibbon Shelley
Published: May 2019

Objective:

The objective of this review is to identify the characteristics of Indigenous healing strategies in Canada and approaches to improving cultural relevance to local Indigenous contexts.

Introduction:

In the previous 150 years, Indigenous peoples of Canada have experienced colonization, forced assimilation, cultural oppression and violence, and these are associated with high rates of social distress and health disparities. Today, legacies of colonization continue to marginalize Indigenous peoples, creating healthcare institutions devoid of Indigenous worldviews. Despite the growing number of Indigenous healing strategies currently in existence, literature describing these strategies has not been systematically scoped. To address this gap, this scoping review will identify characteristics of Indigenous healing strategies in Canada, and explore culturally relevant approaches used in research process.

Inclusion criteria:

This review will consider literature that describes Indigenous healing strategies in Canada and will include First Nations, Inuit and Métis as the population of interest. Strategies may include, but are not limited to, health services and programs, policies and guidelines, models and frameworks, and Indigenous narratives and expert opinions. Healing strategies delivered in all service settings are eligible for inclusion.

Methods:

The databases/sources to be searched will include: CINAHL, Sociological Abstracts, PsycINFO, MEDLINE and Academic Search Premier. Searches for gray literature will be conducted in iPortal, Canadian Electronic Library, and a list of Canadian government and Indigenous organization websites. Retrieval of full-text studies and data extraction will be performed independently by two reviewers. Findings will be summarized in tabular forms accompanied by narrative text.
Project PHARE-2—A High-Speed UHBR Fan Test Facility for a New Open-Test Case
Authors: Brandstetter Christoph , Pages Valdo , Duquesne Pierre , Paoletti Benoit , Aubert Stéphane , Ottavy Xavier
Published: May 2019

A novel test facility for transonic fans has been constructed and commissioned at École Centrale de Lyon (ECL) within the Project PHARE-2. The facility is instrumented with multi-physical measurement systems to deeply investigate aeroelastic and aeroacoustic phenomena. To enable long-term fundamental research, the composite material open-test-case rotor ECL5 is currently under development, which shall be established as a new reference case for method development. Within the present publication, the project objectives, the current rotor design, ECL5v2, and details on the test facility are presented. With the goal to establish future academic collaborations, the authors aim to initiate a discussion in the research community in an early stage of the test case development to receive constructive feedback on the design and research approach.
Design of an Impedance-Graded Metallic Composite System as a Protective Mechanism for Concrete Structures
Authors: Fernando P. L. N. , Mohotti Damith
Published: May 2019

Protecting concrete structures from high energetic dynamic events such as blasts and impact is a major concern, in both civil- and military-related applications. Most conventional techniques fail to counter the unpredictable nature of dynamic loads, as well as the complex response of structures due to stress wave propagation. Hence, this paper explores the possibility of using a functionally graded—according to impedance—metallic composite system as a protective mechanism to a concrete structure. An analytical framework was developed using matlab, based on elastic and shock wave propagation theories, especially incorporating multiple interactions within the composite system, as well as reflections of free surfaces. A numerical analysis was carried out using the advanced finite element code LS-DYNA. The main objective of this paper was to compare the performance of the composite system against the conventional monolithic system.
Interlayer Attraction Force in Concentric Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Zhou Hai , Leng Jiantao , Guo Zhengrong , Li Jianxin , Huo Zhanlei , Qu Jiaxing , Chang Tienchong
Published: May 2019

The interlayer attraction force between concentric carbon nanotubes (CNTs) plays an important role in CNT-based nanodevices. However, the precise measurement of the interlayer attraction force remains to date a challenge. Although theoretical investigations have identified the dependence of the interlayer attraction force on the tube radius, no explicit relation for such dependence has been established so far. Here, based on an analytical model, we find that the interlayer attraction force between two telescoping concentric CNTs is proportional to the mean (but not the inner nor the outer) radius of the contacting two tubes and consequently propose an explicit expression that relates the interlayer attraction force with the mean radius as well as the interlayer spacing. We also implement the effect of temperature in the present expression based on the linear dependence of the attraction force on temperature. The present expression can be compared with the existing theoretical and experimental results, offering an efficient way to evaluate the interlayer attraction force in the nanodevices composed of concentric CNTs.
On the Influence of Blade Aspect Ratio on Aerodynamic Damping
Authors: Buchwald Patrick , Farahmand Aydin , Vogt Damian M.
Published: May 2019

In order to change the blade count (BC) of axial rotor designs, a scaling technique can be applied where the blades are scaled in axial and circumferential directions while maintaining the solidity. This technique allows to adjust the blade count without changing the steady-state aerodynamics, but the influences on the aerodynamic damping are unknown. The present study is focused on the investigation of the change in aerodynamic damping of a subsonic axial compressor rotor, if the blade count is changed between 13 and 25 blades. The investigation is focused on the first bending mode family and the influences of the hub geometry on the modes are neglected. First, a comparison between the influence coefficient (IC) method and the traveling wave mode (TWM) method is conducted, which shows that the application of the IC method in combination with harmonic balance simulations offers a fast way to compute the aerodynamic damping without introducing significant errors compared with the TWM method simulations. Regarding the aerodynamic damping of the different rotor geometries, it can be noted that the amplitude of the work per cycle influence coefficient of the center blade scales linearly with the blade scaling factor and an increase in aerodynamic damping for an increase in blade count is observed. Furthermore, a simplified analytic theory is established, which explains the phase angle change of the blade influence coefficients due to the blade scaling. In the last part of the paper, an extrapolation method is proposed for the investigated geometry and mode family, which allows for the estimation of damping S-curves for scaled rotor geometries based on only one IC method simulation.
Cardiometabolic Effects of a Workplace Cycling Intervention
Authors: Peterman James E. , Morris Kalee L. , Kram Rodger , Byrnes William C.
Published: May 2019

Background: In laboratory settings, cycling workstations improve cardiometabolic risk factors. Our purpose was to quantify risk factors following a cycling intervention in the workplace. Methods: Twenty-one office workers who sat at work ≥6 hours per day underwent baseline physiological measurements (resting blood pressure, blood lipid profile, maximum oxygen consumption [], body composition, and 2-h oral glucose tolerance test). Participants were randomly assigned to a 4-week intervention only group (n = 12) or a delayed intervention group (n = 9) that involved a 4-week control condition before beginning the intervention. During the intervention, participants were instructed to use the cycling device a minimum of 15 minutes per hour, which would result in a total use of ≥2 hours per day during the workday. Following the intervention, physiological measurements were repeated. Results: Participants averaged 1.77 (0.48) hours per day of cycling during the intervention with no changes in actigraphy-monitored noncycling physical activity. Four weeks of the workplace intervention increased (2.07 [0.44] to 2.17 [0.44] L·min−1, P < .01); end of test power output (166.3 [42.2] to 176.6 [46.1] W, P < .01); and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.09 [0.17] to 1.17 [0.24] mmol·L−1, P = .04). Conclusions: A stationary cycling device incorporated into a sedentary workplace for 4 weeks improves some cardiometabolic risk factors with no compensatory decrease in noncycling physical activity.
Native American groups wary of big U.S. biobank
Authors: Kaiser Jocelyn
Published: May 2019

Tribes say health officials were slow to consult them.
Rapid molecular evolution of pain insensitivity in multiple African rodents
Authors: Eigenbrod Ole , Debus Karlien Y. , Reznick Jane , Bennett Nigel C. , Sánchez-Carranza Oscar , Omerbašić Damir , Hart Daniel W. , Barker Alison J. , Zhong Wei , Lutermann Heike , Katandukila Jestina V. , Mgode Georgies , Park Thomas J. , Lewin Gary R.
Published: May 2019

How the mole-rat lost its pain

Pain alerts our bodies that something is amiss and typically we stop the pain-causing activity. Numerous species of plants and prey animals take advantage of this response by producing pain-causing substances that are released during predation attempts. In turn, species that encounter these substances often evolve ways of turning off the pain-producing mechanism. Eigenbrod
et al.
searched RNA transcripts in eight species of subterranean rodents related to pain-resistant naked mole-rats. They found multiple changes to ion channels involved in pain across the different species. Understanding such adaptations could elucidate pain mechanisms and help us develop approaches for pain relief.

Science
, this issue p.
852
A key metabolic gene for recurrent freshwater colonization and radiation in fishes
Authors: Ishikawa Asano , Kabeya Naoki , Ikeya Koki , Kakioka Ryo , Cech Jennifer N. , Osada Naoki , Leal Miguel C. , Inoue Jun , Kume Manabu , Toyoda Atsushi , Tezuka Ayumi , Nagano Atsushi J. , Yamasaki Yo Y. , Suzuki Yuto , Kokita Tomoyuki , Takahashi Hiroshi , Lucek Kay , Marques David , Takehana Yusuke , Naruse Kiyoshi , Mori Seiichi , Monroig Oscar , Ladd Nemiah , Schubert Carsten J. , Matthews Blake , Peichel Catherine L. , Seehausen Ole , Yoshizaki Goro , Kitano Jun
Published: May 2019

Well prepared

It is well known that species radiate into new niches by adapting to novel environments. But why do some species radiate in this way, while other, related, species do not. Ishikawa
et al.
looked across sticklebacks to determine why some, originally marine, lineages were able to colonize postglacial freshwater environments (see the Perspective by Weber and Tong). They found that a gene involved in fatty acid desaturation was duplicated in freshwater lineages. Transgenic manipulation of this gene allowed marine lineages to synthesize fatty acids and thus survive on fatty acid–deficient freshwater diets.

Science
, this issue p.
886
; see also p.
831
Adult neurogenesis in mammals
Authors: Gage Fred H.
Published: May 2019

Neurogenesis in adulthood has implications for sense of self, memory, and disease
Observation of parity-time symmetry breaking in a single-spin system
Authors: Wu Yang , Liu Wenquan , Geng Jianpei , Song Xingrui , Ye Xiangyu , Duan Chang-Kui , Rong Xing , Du Jiangfeng
Published: May 2019

Breaking symmetry with single spins

The energetics of quantum systems are typically described by Hermitian Hamiltonians. The exploration of non-Hermitian physics in classical parity-time (PT)–symmetric systems has provided fertile theoretical and experimental ground to develop systems exhibiting exotic behavior. Wu
et al.
now demonstrate that non-Hermitian physics can be found in a solid-state quantum system. They developed a protocol, termed dilation, which transformed a PT-symmetric Hamiltonian into a Hermitian one. This allowed them to investigate PT-symmetric physics with a single nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond. The results provide a starting point for exploiting and understanding the exotic properties of PT-symmetric Hamiltonians in quantum systems.

Science
, this issue p.
878
Transgenic
Metarhizium
rapidly kills mosquitoes in a malaria-endemic region of Burkina Faso
Authors: Lovett Brian , Bilgo Etienne , Millogo Souro Abel , Ouattarra Abel Kader , Sare Issiaka , Gnambani Edounou Jacques , Dabire Roch K. , Diabate Abdoulaye , St. Leger Raymond J.
Published: May 2019

Targeting mosquitoes to target malaria

Anopheline mosquitoes transmit the malaria parasite, but the insects themselves are prone to their own infections. Lovett
et al.
engineered a specific fungal pathogen of anophelines to carry insect-selective toxins. The effectiveness of this fungus for controlling mosquitoes was trialed in near-field conditions in Burkina Faso in a setup called MosquitoSphere. Approximately 75% of wild insecticide-resistant mosquitoes released into the environment became infected with the transgenic fungus, causing population collapse within 45 days.

Science
, this issue p.
894
Quantum gate teleportation between separated qubits in a trapped-ion processor
Authors: Wan Yong , Kienzler Daniel , Erickson Stephen D. , Mayer Karl H. , Tan Ting Rei , Wu Jenny J. , Vasconcelos Hilma M. , Glancy Scott , Knill Emanuel , Wineland David J. , Wilson Andrew C. , Leibfried Dietrich
Published: May 2019

Teleporting a trapped-ion quantum gate

Gating—controlling the state of one qubit conditioned on the state of another—is a key procedure in all quantum information processors. As the scale of quantum processors increases, the qubits will need to interact over larger and larger distances, which presents an experimental challenge in solid-state architectures. Wan
et al.
implemented the 20-year-old theoretical proposal of quantum gate teleportation that allows separated qubits to interact effectively. They deterministically teleported a controlled-NOT gate between two computational qubits in spatially separated zones in a segmented ion trap, demonstrating a feasible route toward scalable quantum information processors.

Science
, this issue p.
875
A movie monster evolves, fed by fear
Godzilla: King of the Monsters
Michael Dougherty, director
Warner Bros., 2019. 132 minutes
Authors: Dominy Nathaniel J. , Calsbeek Ryan
Published: May 2019

Godzilla's extraordinary growth over time mirrors an increase in Anthropocene angst
Multiple Drug Transporters Contribute to the Placental Transfer of Emtricitabine
Authors: Zeng Qingquan , Bai Mengru , Li Cui , Lu Shuanghui , Ma Zhiyuan , Zhao Yunchun , Zhou Hui , Jiang Huidi , Sun Dongli , Zheng Caihong
Published: May 2019

Emtricitabine (FTC) is a first-line antiviral drug recommended for the treatment of AIDS during pregnancy. We hypothesized that transporters located in the placenta contribute to FTC transfer across the blood-placenta barrier. BeWo cells, cell models with stable or transient expression of transporter genes, primary human trophoblast cells (PHTCs), and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were applied to demonstrate which transporters were involved.
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Can Enter Dynamin 1 and 2 Double-Knockout Fibroblasts
Authors: Möckel Maureen , Rahn Elena , de la Cruz Nydia , Wirtz Lisa , van Lent Jan W. M. , Pijlman Gorben P. , Knebel-Mörsdorf Dagmar
Published: May 2019

The human pathogen herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) can adapt to a variety of cellular pathways to enter cells. In general, HSV-1 is internalized by fusion of its envelope with the plasma membrane or by endocytic pathways, which reflects the high adaptation to differences in its target cells. The challenges are to distinguish whether multiple or only one of these internalization pathways leads to successful entry and, furthermore, to identify the mode of viral uptake. In this study, we focused on dynamin, which promotes endocytic vesicle fission, and explored how the presence and absence of dynamin can influence viral entry. Our results support the idea that HSV-1 entry into mouse embryonic fibroblasts depends on dynamin; however, depletion of dynamin still allows efficient viral entry, suggesting that alternative pathways present upon dynamin depletion can accomplish viral internalization.
Severe tardive dyskinesia induced by domperidone in presenile and non-dementia type 2 diabetes man with alcohol misuse showing albuminocytological dissociation and white matter hyperintensity
Authors: Kanzaki Akinori , Tada Hidetoshi , Otsuka Akihito , Nakamura Tadashi
Published: May 2019

Domperidone has difficulty passing the blood–brain barrier, thus rarely causes tardive dyskinesia. Furthermore, its symptoms in adults are generally mild. Although both alcohol and diabetes are thought to increase the risk of development of tardive dyskinesia, their impact remains controversial, especially diabetes, and factors related to worsened tardive dyskinesia have not been clearly elucidated. A 59-year-old man with type 2 diabetes and history of alcohol misuse, who had been chronically prescribed domperidone at 15 mg/day, showed severe tardive dyskinesia, which was remitted within several days by stopping the drug. In our case, albuminocytological dissociation and white matter hyperintensity on MRI were confirmed, which were thought to be related to blood–brain barrier dysfunction. This present findings indicate that alcohol misuse and type 2 diabetes, as well as albuminocytological dissociation and white matter hyperintensity may result in severe tardive dyskinesia, even in individuals receiving domperidone.
Misclassification of coffee consumption data and the development of a standardised coffee unit measure
Authors: Poole Robin , Ewings Sean , Parkes Julie , Fallowfield Jonathan A , Roderick Paul
Published: May 2019

Background

Associations of coffee consumption with multiple health outcomes have been researched extensively. Coffee consumption, usually reported in cups a day, is a heterogeneous measure due to numerous preparation methods and cup sizes, leading to misclassification. This paper develops a new ‘unit’ measure of coffee and uses coffee consumption data from a representative sample of the UK population to assess misclassification when cup volume and preparation type are not taken into account.

Methods

A coffee unit measure was created using published estimates of caffeine and chlorogenic acid concentrations, and applied across volumes and preparation types. Four-day food diary data in adults from the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS; 2012–2016) were used to quantify coffee intake. Participant self-reported cups a day were compared with cups a day standardised by (a) 227 mL volume and (b) 227 mL instant coffee equivalents (unit measure), and the degree of misclassification was derived. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to model coffee drinking preferences of different populations and caffeine:chlorogenic acid weighting assumptions of the unit measure.

Results

The NDNS sample consisted of 2832 adult participants. Coffee was consumed by 62% of participants. Types varied, with 75% of caffeinated coffee cups being instant, 17% filter, 3% latte, 2% cappuccino, 2% espresso and <1% other types. Comparing reported cups to volume-standardised cups, 84% of participants had correct classification, and 73% when using the coffee unit measure, 22% underestimated and 5% overestimated, largely by one cup. Misclassification varied by gender, age and income. Sensitivity analysis highlighted the benefits of using the unit measure over volume alone to cater for different populations, and stability of the unit composition assumption.

Conclusion

Cup volume and preparation type should be taken into account, through the application of a standardised coffee unit measure, when coffee consumption is classified in future research studies.
Exploring reasons for differences in performance between UK and international medical graduates in the Membership of the Royal College of General Practitioners Applied Knowledge Test: a cognitive interview study
Authors: Pattinson Julie , Blow Carol , Sinha Bijoy , Siriwardena Aloysius
Published: May 2019

Objectives

International medical graduates (IMGs) perform less well in national postgraduate licensing examinations compared with UK graduates, even in computer-marked multiple-choice licensing examinations. We aimed to investigate thought processes of candidates answering multiple- choice questions, considering possible reasons for differential attainment between IMGs and UK graduates.

Design

We employed a semistructured qualitative design using cognitive interviews. Systematic grounded theory was used to analyse data from ‘think aloud’ interviews of general practitioner specialty trainees (GPSTs) while answering up to 15 live questions from the UK Membership of the Royal College of General Practitioners Applied Knowledge Test (AKT).

Setting

East Midlands, UK.

Participants

21 GPSTs including 13IMGs and 8 UK-trained doctors.

Outcomes

Perceptions of participants on how they answered AKT questions together with strategies used or difficulties experienced.

Results

We interviewed 21 GPSTs (8 female, 13 male, 13 IMGs, 14 from black and minority ethnic groups, age 24–64 years) in years 1–3 of training between January and April 2017. Four themes were identified. ‘Theoretical versus real-life clinical experience’: participants reported difficulties recalling information and responding to questions from theoretical learning compared with clinical exposure; rote learning helped some IMGs recall rare disease patterns. Recency, frequency, opportunity and relevance: participants reported greater difficulty answering questions not recently studied, less frequently encountered or perceived as less relevant. Competence versus insight: some participants were over optimistic about their performance despite answering incorrectly. Cultural barriers: for IMGs included differences in undergraduate experience, lack of familiarity with UK guidelines and language barriers which overlapped with the other themes.

Conclusions

The difficulties we identified in candidates when answering AKT questions may be addressed through training. IMGs face additional difficulties which impede examination success due to differences in educational experience, content familiarity and language, which are also potentially amenable to additional training support.
Low-dose ketamine adjuvant treatment for refractory pain in children, adolescents and young adults with cancer: a pilot study
Authors: Courade Magali , Bertrand Amandine , Guerrini-Rousseau Lea , Pagnier Anne , Levy Dominique , Lervat Cyril , Cojean Nadine , Ribrault Alice , Dugue Sophie , Thouvenin Sandrine , Piguet Christophe , Schmitt Claudine , Marec-Berard Perrine
Published: May 2019

Objectives

Ketamine, anN-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist, is effective at relieving adult cancer pain, although there have been very few reports to date regarding its use in children and in adolescents and young adults (AYA). This study assessed the efficacy, safety and opioid-sparing effects of low doses of ketamine added to opioid analgesics to alleviate persistent cancer pain.

Methods

This prospective, multicentre, observational trial collected data regarding demographics, pain characteristics, pain score assessment within the first 48 hours of ketamine administration, tolerance and satisfaction from 38 patients aged 2–24 years prescribed with ketamine as an adjuvant antalgic for refractory cancer pain in 10 French paediatric oncology centres.

Results

The mean visual analogue scale pain score decreased from 6.7 to 4.3 out of 10 (n=39, p<0.001) from day 1 to day 3 and by at least 2 points in 56% of the patients (n=22) 48 hours after initiation of ketamine. Nine patients experienced poor tolerance (≥2 side effects), all with infusion rates lower than 0.05 mg/kg/hour. None had limiting toxicities. An opioid-sparing effect was highlighted in four patients. Fifty-four per cent of the prescribers and 47% of the patients found the addition of ketamine ‘very helpful’.

Conclusions

Low doses of ketamine as an adjuvant to opioids significantly reduced the intensity of pain in half of the study population. A tendency towards better pain control is shown, although a lack of statistical power somewhat limits our conclusions, especially in children. Nevertheless, ketamine may be a useful option for improving the treatment of refractory pain in children and AYA with cancer.