bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional Group Chemistry
Authors: Hanson James R , Hepworth John D
Published: March 2007

Functional Group Chemistry presents the chemistry of functional groups with an emphasis on patterns of reactivity, the consequences of the relative electronegativity of the atoms that constitute functional groups, the role of lone pairs and the stereochemistry of reactions at a particular group. The material is presented in four chapters. The first chapter describes some of the general principles that affect the reactivity of functional groups. The second chapter examines the chemistry of functional groups involving σ- C-X bonds as in alkyl halides, alcohols, ethers, amines and organometallic reagents. The third chapter covers the chemistry of both symmetrical and unsymmetrical π-bonded functional groups, typified by alkenes and carbonyl groups. The final chapter concentrates on aromatic compounds. It is concerned with the interactions between an aromatic ring and functional groups that are attached to it, such as their effect on the orientation of aromatic substitution. Each chapter concludes with a series of problems. The chemistry of the functional groups is considered here with a mechanistic rationale. Students are encouraged to consider the reactivity of functional groups in terms of their regions of electron deficiency and excess, and hence to identify the sites at which nucleophiles and electrophiles might react. Additional material is available on the website at www.rsc.org/tct Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples.
Fundamental Toxicology for Chemists
Authors: McGregor Douglas B , Illing Paul H P A , Agius Raymond , Aldridge Roger , Fowler John S L , Heinzow Birger , Herber R F M , Jones Alison L , Park Milton V , Sullivan Frank M , Templeton Douglas M , Winneke Gerhard , Renwick Andrew G , Wilkinson Martin ,   IUPAC, Gujral P D , Phillips R Jill , Loughran Katherine , Knight Derek
Published: March 2007

This book is a core introductory text to the subject of toxicology and the use of toxicological information for risk assessment by chemists. Increasingly, chemists are being required by law to advise on the safe handling of chemicals. Few chemists, however, have been trained in toxicology, and the subject is often not covered in a chemistry degree curriculum. It is to address this problem that this book has been written. Fundamental Toxicology for Chemists contains a proposed curriculum for teaching toxicology to chemists, which gives a firm grounding in the basics. With this book as a guide, lecturers will be able to design courses that cover all their students needs. In addition, students in all areas of chemistry will find it invaluable. Fundamental Toxicology for Chemists offers a unique assessment of the subject specifically for chemists. It is both comprehensible and fully comprehensive, covering developing areas such as reproduction, behavioural and ecological toxicology. The book has been approved by the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists) committees on toxicology and the teaching of chemistry. It has a comprehensive index and an extensive glossary of terms, and will have lasting value to all chemists as a reference, and a text book.
The Science of Chocolate
Authors: Beckett Stephen T
Published: March 2007

"Chocolate is available to today's consumers in a variety of colours, shapes and textures. But how many of us, as we savour our favourite brand, consider the science that has gone into its manufacture? This book describes the complete chocolate making process, from the growing of the beans to the sale in the shops. The Science of Chocolate first describes the history of this intriguing substance. Subsequent chapters cover the ingredients and processing techniques, enabling the reader to discover not only how confectionery is made but also how basic science plays a vital role with coverage of scientific principles such as latent and specific heat, Maillard reactions and enzyme processes. There is also discussion of the monitoring and controlling of the production process, and the importance, and variety, of the packaging used today. A series of experiments, which can be adapted to suit students of almost any age, is included to demonstrate the physical, chemical or mathematical principles involved. Ideal for those studying food science or about to join the confectionery industry, this mouth-watering title will also be of interest to anyone with a desire to know more about the production of the world's favourite confectionery."
Nanotubes and Nanowires
Authors: Rao C N Ram , Govindaraj A
Published: March 2007

Research and literature on nanomaterials has exploded in volume in recent years. Nanotubes (both of carbon and inorganic materials) can be made in a variety of ways, and they demonstrate a wide range of interesting properties. Many of these properties, such as high mechanical strength and interesting electronic properties relate directly to potential applications. Nanowires have been made from a vast array of inorganic materials and provide great scope for further research into their properties and possible applications. This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date survey of the research areas of carbon nanotubes, inorganic nanotubes and nanowires including: synthesis; characterisation; properties; applications Nanotubes and Nanowires includes an extensive list of references and is ideal both for graduates needing an introduction to the field of nanomaterials as well as for professionals and researchers in academia and industry.
Mitochondrial superoxide radicals mediate programmed cell death in Trypanosoma cruzi: cytoprotective action of mitochondrial iron superoxide dismutase overexpression
Authors: Piacenza Lucía , Irigoín Florencia , Alvarez María Noel , Peluffo Gonzalo , Taylor Martin C. , Kelly John M. , Wilkinson Shane R. , Radi Rafael
Published: March 2007

Trypanosoma cruzi undergo PCD (programmed cell death) under appropriate stimuli, the mechanisms of which remain to be established. In the present study, we show that stimulation of PCD in T. cruzi epimastigotes by FHS (fresh human serum) results in rapid (<1 h) externalization of phosphatidylserine and depletion of the low molecular mass thiols dihydrotrypanothione and glutathione. Concomitantly, enhanced generation of oxidants was established by EPR and immuno-spin trapping of radicals using DMPO (5,5-dimethylpyrroline-N-oxide) and augmentation of the glucose flux through the pentose phosphate pathway. In the early period (<20 min), changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and inhibition of respiration, probably due to the impairment of ADP/ATP exchange with the cytosol, were observed, conditions that favour the generation of O2•−. Accelerated rates of mitochondrial O2•− production were detected by the inactivation of the redox-sensitive mitochondrial aconitase and by oxidation of a mitochondrial-targeted probe (MitoSOX). Importantly, parasites overexpressing mitochondrial FeSOD (iron superoxide dismutase) were more resistant to the PCD stimulus, unambiguously indicating the participation of mitochondrial O2•− in the signalling process. In summary, FHS-induced PCD in T. cruzi involves mitochondrial dysfunction that causes enhanced O2•− formation, which leads to cellular oxidative stress conditions that trigger the initiation of PCD cascades; moreover, overexpression of mitochondrial FeSOD, which is also observed during metacyclogenesis, resulted in cytoprotective effects.
Does the calcein-AM method assay the total cellular ‘labile iron pool’ or only a fraction of it?
Authors: Tenopoulou Margarita , Kurz Tino , Doulias Paschalis-Thomas , Galaris Dimitrios , Brunk Ulf T.
Published: March 2007

The calcein-AM (calcein-acetoxymethyl ester) method is a widely used technique that is supposed to assay the intracellular ‘labile iron pool’ (LIP). When cells in culture are exposed to this ester, it passes the plasma membrane and reacts with cytosolic unspecific esterases. One of the reaction products, calcein, is a fluorochrome and a hydrophilic alcohol to which membranes are non-permeable and which, consequently, is retained within the cytosol of cells. Calcein fluorescence is quenched following chelation of low-mass labile iron, and the degree of quenching gives an estimate of the amounts of chelatable iron. However, a requirement for the assay to be able to demonstrate cellular LIP in total is that such iron be localized in the cytosol and not in a membrane-limited compartment. For some time it has been known that a major part of cellular, redox-active, labile, low-mass iron is temporarily localized in the lysosomal compartment as a result of the autophagic degradation of ferruginous materials, such as mitochondrial complexes and ferritin. Even if some calcein-AM may escape cytosolic esterases and enter lysosomes to be cleaved by lysosomal acidic esterases, the resulting calcein does not significantly chelate iron at <pH 5. In the present study we show that the calcein-AM method does not capture lysosomal low-mass iron and, therefore, that the method seriously underestimates total cellular labile iron.
Sn
119
transferred hyperfine fields in ErMn6Sn6−xGax
Authors: Perry Laura K. , Ryan D. H. , Venturini G.
Published: March 2007

We present here the Sn anisotropic fields in ErMn6Sn5.89Ga0.11, studied by Sn119 Mössbauer spectroscopy. The moments undergo a 90° spin reorientation from the ab plane to the c axis on cooling through Tsr=38(2)K. We find that the hyperfine field at Sn-2c is totally isotropic, while 5(1)% of Bhf at Sn-2d and more than 20% of Bhf at Sn-2e arise from anisotropic contributions.
Spin-dependent varistor-like behavior of Nd0.7Sr0.3MnO3−δ (⩽δ⩽0.20)
Authors: Yang C. P. , Chen S. S. , Zhou Z. H. , Xu L. F. , Wang H. , Hu J. F. , Morchshakov V. , Bärner K.
Published: March 2007

Spin-dependent varistor-like electrical transport is found in Nd0.7Sr0.3MnO3−δ polycrystalline ceramics with slight oxygen deficient δ⩾0.05. The current-voltage I(V) curve shows nonlinear Ohmic characteristics below a critical temperature. Electrical-field-induced changes of the spin array orientations inside of and between the magnetic domains over grain or phase boundaries have to be concluded for the strong electroresistive effect in Nd0.7Sr0.3MnO3−δ series.
Micro-Raman probing of residual stress in freestanding GaN-based micromechanical structures fabricated by a dry release technique
Authors: Tripathy S. , Lin Vivian K. X. , Vicknesh S. , Chua S. J.
Published: March 2007

In this study, the authors have employed micro-Raman scattering to characterize the residual stress in freestanding GaN-based micromechanical structures on (111)-oriented silicon substrates. Arrays of freestanding cantilevers and microbridges have been fabricated using a combination of dry etching techniques. The Si material beneath the GaN microstructures is removed by a nonplasma XeF2-based dry release technique. Two distinct sets of GaN-based layers on Si(111) with a different amount of growth-induced tensile stress are selected for the fabrication of freestanding cantilevers. The residual stress in these micromechanical structures is determined from the peak shift of the E2-high phonon mode of GaN. Such GaN mechanical structures on Si platforms may be useful for the fabrication of GaN-based microelectromechanical systems and sensors.
The weak connectedness of the attainability set of weak solutions of the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Kloeden P.E , Valero J
Published: March 2007

The attainability set of the weak solutions of the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations which satisfy an energy inequality is shown to be a weakly compact and weakly connected subset of the space
H
, i.e. the Kneser property holds in the weak topology for such weak solutions. The proof of weak connectedness uses the strong connectedness of the attainability set of the weak solutions of the globally modified Navier–Stokes equations, which is first proved. The weak connectedness of the weak global attractor of the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations is also established.
Relationships between vegetation and bird community composition in grasslands of the Serengeti
Authors: Gottschalk Thomas K. , Ekschmitt Klemens , Bairlein Franz
Published: March 2007

The Serengeti–Mara ecosystem holds one of the largest natural grasslands of the world, which is well known for its large herds of mammals. However, the bird community structure of these grasslands has hardly ever been studied. For the first time, a large‐scale study on grassland bird communities has been conducted in all typical open grasslands of the Serengeti National Park. We used ten grassland plots representing a gradient of increasing vegetation height and also including shrubs and trees to analyse the influence of vegetation structure on the composition of grassland bird communities. Three communities of breeding birds were identified in relation to (a) short grass, (b) intermediate and long grass and (c) wooded grasslands. The bird communities of intermediate, long and wooded grassland were very similar, because of identical dominant bird species. Our results suggest that breeding birds of East African grasslands exhibit two contrasting habitat relationships: (1) birds that are restricted to short grass, and (2) species that are tolerant to vegetational shifts from intermediate grass via long grass to early stages of woody vegetation. Because the vegetation is often driven beyond this range in managed tropical grasslands through high grazing pressure or through shrub encroachment, we expect that the long‐grass bird communities will not generally resist anthropogenic disturbance.
Mitemcinal (GM‐611), an orally active motilin agonist, facilitates defecation in rabbits and dogs without causing loose stools
Authors: Sudo H. , Ozaki K. , Muramatsu H. , Kamei K. , Yogo K. , Cynshi O. , Koga H. , Itoh Z. , ōmura S. , Takanashi H.
Published: March 2007

Abstract  The effects of mitemcinal (GM‐611), an orally active motilin agonist, on defecation were investigated in rabbits and dogs. In normal rabbits, within 0–3 h of dosing, orally administered mitemcinal (2.5–10 mg kg−1) increased stool weight in a dose‐dependent manner without causing loose stools. Sennoside (12–48 mg kg−1) also facilitated defecation within 2–9 h of oral administration, but the stools were significantly loosened. In the morphine‐induced constipation model, the stool weight of morphine‐treated rabbits (1 mg kg−1) was only 37.5% of that of untreated animals. Mitemcinal (0.5–20 mg kg−1) dose‐dependently increased stool weight without increasing stool water content. At the highest dose of mitemcinal, stool weight recovered to 83.9% of that of untreated animals. In normal dogs, mitemcinal (0.3–3 mg kg−1) reduced the time to first bowel movement after oral administration without inducing diarrhoea at any dose. These results indicate that mitemcinal facilitates defecation without inducing severe diarrhoea. It is suggested that mitemcinal may be a novel therapeutic agent for constipation that enables easier control of the timing of defecation because of the early onset and short duration of its action, compared with sennoside.
Diel variation of limnological parameters in a reservoir in northeastern Brazil (Boa Esperança, Maranhão/Piauí): Rainy period
Authors: Cavalcante Paulo Roberto Saraiva , Rodrigues Maria do Socorro , Barroso Marcel Felipe Sousa , Barbieri Ricardo , Serra Carmen Lúcia Martins , Oliveira Rosana Carla Alves
Published: March 2007

The diel variation of limnological parameters, measured in Boa Esperança Reservoir, Brazil during the rainy period, exhibited small temperature gradients characterized by an increase in temperature by midday, followed by a partial homogenization of the water column in the night and the early morning. The result was an increase in the epilimnion to a depth of 17 m. The pH and dissolved oxygen concentrations showed higher values at the surface, with the occurrence of anomalies (concentrations higher than at the surface) of the latter variable in the epilimnion, probably as a result of the activity of primary producers and/or losses of oxygen to the atmosphere. The chemical forms of iron in the reservoir exhibited increasing concentrations with depth, as a result of an increase in the concentration of seston and/or accentuated reduction of the levels of oxygen in the bottom layers. The reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ in the bottom water layers in the reservoir, in addition to the primary production process in the epilimnion, could explain the increased phosphorus in the bottom water layer. The concentrations of nitrogen compounds did not exhibit relevant changes or a defined evolution profile, except for nitrate, which showed an outstanding increase in the bottom water layers, suggesting it could be an important nitrogen source for primary producers. Although not unequivocal, these data suggest that ecosystem instability in Boa Esperança Reservoir is the product of short diel thermal variations, and the reduced input of allochthonous materials and nutrients from local catchment. These conditions guarantee the oligotrophic status of Boa Esperança Reservoir for the present time.
Factors associated with change in walking ability in very elderly patients hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Hirakawa Yoshihisa , Masuda Yuichiro , Kuzuya Masafumi , Iguchi Akihisa , Kimata Takaya , Uemura Kazumasa
Published: March 2007

Background:  The aim of this substudy was to identify the predictors of a lesser ability to walk in very elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

Methods:  Data from 15 acute care hospitals in the Tokai Acute Myocardial Infarction Study (TAMIS)‐II sample were used. This is a prospective study of all patients admitted to the hospitals with the diagnosis of AMI from 2001 to 2003. We abstracted the baseline and procedural characteristics including walking ability from detailed chart reviews. In this substudy, patients aged 75 and over were included. Patients were stratified into two categories: 412 patients whose ability to walk was maintained (MA group) and 30 patients whose ability to walk declined (DA group).

Results:  The DA patients were more likely to have a lower body mass index (BMI) score and signs of heart failure on presentation (cardiac shock, 56.7% vs 15.5%; Killip class > or = III, 73.3% vs 36.6%; pulmonary edema, 60.0% vs 27.91%). DA group patients were more likely to receive vasopressors, intra‐aortic balloon pump, or mechanical ventilation. After controlling for statistically significant predictors of a declined ability to walk, DA group patients were significantly more slender than MA group patients, with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.75 (95% confidence interval, 0.62–0.91). DA group patients had a higher shock or mechanical ventilation rate than MA group patients, but not significantly.

Conclusions:  Our results suggest that a lower BMI value and severe heart failure are significant predictors of reduced walking ability during hospitalization among very elderly patients with AMI.
Gene therapy for ischemic brain disease with special reference to vascular dementia
Authors: Sato Naoyuki , Shimamura Munehisa , Takeuchi Daisuke , Kurinami Hitomi , Ogihara Toshio , Morishita Ryuichi
Published: March 2007

Vascular dementia is the second largest cause of dementia in the elderly. There is no effective treatment for cerebral infarction, which is one of the common causes of vascular dementia. In rodent experimental models, gene therapies using growth factors such as brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, fibroblast growth factor‐2, hepatocyte growth factor, glial cell‐line derived neurotrophic factor or vascular endothelial growth factor had beneficial effects on neuroprotection, neurogenesis and/or angiogenesis. Thus, gene therapies can be expected to be useful as new treatments for ischemic diseases, especially for vascular dementia. In clinical trials, gene therapy for vascular dementia still has some problems to be solved, such as the safety and effectiveness of vectors and delivery systems, the timing of treatment, and cell‐specific targeting strategies. The most important thing might be the definition of the best combination of these subjects for every target disease.
Social Dominance in Romantic Relationships: A Prospective Longitudinal Study of Non‐verbal Processes
Authors: Ostrov Jamie M. , Collins W. Andrew
Published: March 2007

The study of social dominance has a long tradition within the peer relationships literature, but rarely has the topic been investigated observationally and longitudinally within other salient close relationships. The present study investigated the role of experiences in social relationships and adjustment indices in childhood in predicting later observed non‐verbal social dominance behaviors in the context of romantic relationships in emerging adults. Analyses from a subsample (N = 70) from a 29‐year prospective longitudinal study revealed links between early peer behavior and subsequent romantic relationship interactions for men and women. Non‐verbal social dominance behaviors were concurrently associated with poor romantic relationship quality, conflict, and physical and verbal aggression within the dyad. Both childhood externalizing and internalizing behaviors significantly predicted non‐verbal social dominance behaviors in the romantic partner interactions.
Integration into the Australian Labour Market: The Experience of Three “Visibly Different” Groups of Recently Arrived Refugees1
Authors: Colic‐Peisker Val , Tilbury Farida
Published: March 2007

This paper explores the effects of “visible difference” on employment outcomes of three recently arrived refugee2 groups: ex‐Yugoslavs, black Africans, and people from the Middle East. The paper draws on data collected through a survey (150 questionnaire‐based face‐to‐face interviews conducted by bilingual interviewers) of refugees who settled in Western Australia over the past decade. Results indicate different outcomes for respondents from the three backgrounds despite similar levels of human capital and similar length of residence. Our evidence supports a “political economy of labour migration” interpretation for the differential outcomes, based on both structural and interpersonal racism, rather than a neo‐classical explanation which holds that the job market is “blind to ethnicity”. Despite high unemployment and loss of occupational status, predominantly highly educated refugees were relatively satisfied with their lives in Australia.
Identification and characterization of simple sequence repeat markers from Brassica napus expressed sequences
Authors: BATLEY JACQUELINE , HOPKINS CLARE J. , COGAN NOEL O. I. , HAND MELANIE , JEWELL ERICA , KAUR JATINDER , KAUR SUKHJIWAN , LI XI , LING ALISON E. , LOVE CHRISTOPHER , MOUNTFORD HAYLEY , TODOROVIC MARIJA , VARDY MEGAN , WALKIEWICZ MARZENA , SPANGENBERG GERMAN C. , EDWARDS DAVID
Published: March 2007

The availability of expressed sequence data derived from gene discovery programs enables mining for simple sequence repeats (SSR), providing useful genetic markers for crop improvement. These markers are inexpensive, require minimal labour to produce and can frequently be associated with functionally annotated genes. This study presents the development and characterization of 24 expressed sequence tags (EST)‐SSR markers from Brassica napus and their cross‐amplification across Brassica species. The markers show reliable amplification, genome specificity and considerable polymorphism, demonstrating the utility of EST‐SSRs for genetic analysis of wild Brassica populations and commercial Brassica germplasm.
Investigating Gender Differences in Alcohol Problems: A Latent Trait Modeling Approach
Authors: Nichol Penny E. , Krueger Robert F. , Iacono William G.
Published: March 2007

Background: Inconsistent results have been found in research investigating gender differences in alcohol problems. Previous studies of gender differences used a wide range of methodological techniques, as well as limited assortments of alcohol problems.

Methods: Parents (1,348 men and 1,402 women) of twins enrolled in the Minnesota Twin Family Study answered questions about a wide range of alcohol problems. A latent trait modeling technique was used to evaluate gender differences in the probability of endorsement at the problem level and for the overall 105‐problem scale.

Results: Of the 34 problems that showed significant gender differences, 29 were more likely to be endorsed by men than women with equivalent overall alcohol problem levels. These male‐oriented symptoms included measures of heavy drinking, duration of drinking, tolerance, and acting out behaviors. Nineteen symptoms were denoted for removal to create a scale that favored neither gender in assessment.

Conclusions: Significant gender differences were found in approximately one‐third of the symptoms assessed and in the overall scale. Further examination of the nature of gender differences in alcohol problem symptoms should be undertaken to investigate whether a gender‐neutral scale should be created or if men and women should be assessed with separate criteria for alcohol dependence and abuse.
Evaluation of Propofol‐Ketamine Anesthesia for Children Undergoing Cardiac Catheterization Procedures
Authors: GAYATRI Parthasarathi , SUNEEL Puthussery Raman , SINHA PRABHAT K.
Published: March 2007

The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of the continuous intravenous administration of a combination of propofol and ketamine for children undergoing cardiac catheterization procedures (CCP). Thirty‐two children scheduled for CCP in a university teaching hospital were included in this prospective randomized study. Patients in group 1 (n = 15) were given a combination of propofol (25 μg/kg per minute) and ketamine (25 μg/kg per minute), whereas patients in group 2 (n = 17) received a combination of propofol (25 μg/kg per minute) and ketamine (12.5 μg/kg per minute) for the maintenance of anesthesia. There were no statistically significant differences with age, weight, duration of the procedure, and the number of diagnostic and interventional procedures between the two groups. There was no hemodynamic instability, airway compromise, excessive salivation, or arterial desaturation in either of the two groups. There was more incidence of movements in patients who received less dose of ketamine; however, it did not reach to statistically significant level. The total dose of ketamine used in group 1 was 309.25 ± 90.97 μg/min, whereas in group 2, it was 148.06 ± 34.05 μg/min. The time to awakening was significantly less in group 2 (P < 0.05). We conclude that a combination of propofol (25 μg/kg per minute) and two different doses of ketamine (25 and 12.5 μg/kg per minute, respectively) are safe and efficacious for CCP in children. Although the time to awaken was more in patients receiving 25 μg/kg per minute of ketamine compared to those receiving 12.5 μg/kg per minute of ketamine, it was well within acceptable limits.
Double‐Trouble: Three Cases with Simultaneous Stent Thrombosis in Different Coronary Arteries
Authors: VAN WERKUM JOCHEM W. , SEESING TOINE H. , SUTTORP MAARTEN‐JAN , BAL EGBERT T. , HEIJER PETER DEN , TEN BERG JURRIËN M.
Published: March 2007

We report about three cases with a unique simultaneous double‐ trouble stent thrombosis in different coronary arteries. Although the triggering mechanism remains purely speculative, it is possible that suboptimal stent size and perhaps underexpansion caused the stent thrombosis in one stent resulting in a heightened platelet activation and impaired hemodynamics causing the second stent thrombosis
Intensity of nest defence is not related to degree of paternity in the willow tit Parus montanus
Authors: Rytkönen Seppo , Kvist Laura , Mikkonen Riikka , Orell Markku
Published: March 2007

We asked whether willow tit Parus montanus males adjust their parental care according to their paternity in current brood. The origin of the nestlings was determined by using molecular technique, and the studied broods were assigned into extra‐pair paternity (EPP) broods, if at least one nestling was fathered by another male, and truly monogamous broods. Over 3 years, 14 of 40 broods (35%) included EP‐offspring, and 29 of 273 nestlings (11%) were EP‐young. Intensity of parental care was measured with risk‐taking against a potential predator, mounted stoat Mustela erminea. The results showed that risk‐taking by EPP males did not differ from that by monogamous males. Neither was the sexual difference in risk‐taking different at EPP and monogamous broods. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that males do not adjust their level of care to paternity, perhaps because they have no reliable cues for assessing their paternity. This may be related to the success of mate‐guarding in their breeding environment, closed forests. Guarding is seemingly successful as the EPP levels are rather low, but it is not totally sure making the potential costs, rejection of own young, too high. We also discuss other population characteristics which may further prevent the evolution of paternity assessment in northern willow tits.
POINCARÉ PLANES IN NONLINEAR ELECTRONICS
Authors: CAMPOS-CANTÓN E. , GONZÁLEZ J. S. , URÍAS J.
Published: March 2007

Details of electronic circuitry to define Poincaré planes in the phase space of nonlinear electronic systems are presented. It allows an experimental setup to capture data at every moment the system's orbit crosses the Poincaré plane. We illustrate how the circuit is used in an experimental setup that allows us (i) to reconstruct bifurcation cascades and to disclose induced first return chaotic maps in a harmonically forced nonlinear oscillator, and (ii) to study bistable switching in Chua's oscillator.
THE EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN FEEDBACK AND DISSIPATION IN IMPACT OSCILLATORS
Authors: GUTIÉRREZ E. , ARROWSMITH D. K.
Published: March 2007

We analyze an important class of engineering systems characterized by the discontinuous motion of a spring-mass constrained by the motion of a feedback-assisted actuator. We show that the combined effects of mechanical restitution coefficient and displacement feedback can be exactly represented by a single equivalent dissipation coefficient. We also show that the topological properties of the surfaces of section of orbits generated by impact oscillators which possess differing proportions of restitution and feedback levels, but whose equivalent dissipation coefficients are equal, are equivalent and universally scalable. The scaling law allows us to interchange the effects of restitution and feedback coefficients and so, effectively, eliminate one of these parameters from the equations of motion. Thus, the topological properties of dissipative feedback-assisted systems can be seen as scaled versions of either purely dissipative, or purely feedback-assisted, oscillators.
NUMERICAL INDICATION OF STRUCTURAL STABILITY IN DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS AND ITS APPLICATION TO CLINICAL STUDY
Authors: SUMIDA TAKEO , IWANAGA HIROAKI , TAHARA TAKASHI
Published: March 2007

The definition of the structural stability in dynamical systems' theory was made by Andronov and Pontryagin. However, numerically the degree of the structural stability is not defined. In this paper we propose and verify its validity. Furthermore, we investigate the degree of the structural stability about the chaos of pulsation of human capillary vessels obtained from psychiatric patients. As a result, the chaos was structurally unstable in the remitted phase as compared with the symptomatic phase.
SYSTEMATIC CONSTRUCTION OF i* STRATEGIC DEPENDENCY MODELS FOR SOCIO-TECHNICAL SYSTEMS
Authors: FRANCH XAVIER , GRAU GEMMA , MAYOL ENRIC , QUER CARME , AYALA CLAUDIA , CARES CARLOS , NAVARRETE FREDY , HAYA MARIELA , BOTELLA PERE
Published: March 2007

Goal- and agent-oriented models have become a consolidated type of artifact in various software and knowledge engineering activities. Several languages exist for representing such type of models but there is a lack of associated methodologies for guiding their construction up to the necessary level of detail. In this paper we present RiSD, a method for building Strategic Dependency (SD) models in the i* notation. RiSD is defined in a prescriptive way to reduce uncertainness when constructing the model. RiSD tackles three fundamental issues: (1) it tends to reduce the average size of the resulting models; (2) it defines some traceability relationships among model elements; (3) it provides some lexical and syntactical conventions. As a result, we may say that RiSD supports the construction process of goal- and agent-oriented models whilst increasing their understanding.
CONTINUOUS Q1–Q1 STOKES ELEMENTS STABILIZED WITH NON-CONFORMING NULL EDGE AVERAGE VELOCITY FUNCTIONS
Authors: FRANCA LEOPOLDO P. , OLIVEIRA SAULO P. , SARKIS MARCUS
Published: March 2007

We present a stabilized finite element method for Stokes equations with piecewise continuous bilinear approximations for both velocity and pressure variables. The velocity field is enriched with piecewise polynomial bubble functions with null average at element edges. These functions are statically condensed at the element level and therefore they can be viewed as a continuous Q1–Q1 stabilized finite element method. The enriched velocity-pressure pair satisfies optimal inf–sup conditions and approximation properties. Numerical experiments show that the proposed discretization outperforms the Galerkin least-squares method.
WELL-POSEDNESS OF THE DRUDE–BORN–FEDOROV MODEL FOR CHIRAL MEDIA
Authors: CIARLET PATRICK , LEGENDRE GUILLAUME
Published: March 2007

We consider a chiral medium in a bounded domain, enclosed in a perfectly conducting material. We solve the transient Maxwell equations in this domain, when the medium is modeled by the Drude–Born–Fedorov constitutive equations. The input data is located on the boundary, in the form of given surface current and surface charge densities. It is proved that, except for a countable set of chirality admittance values, the problem is mathematically well-posed. This result holds for domains with non-smooth boundaries.
ARRANGEMENTS OF NESTED CURVES
Authors: FERRAND EMMANUEL
Published: March 2007

Motivated by Arnold's theory of invariants of plane curves, we introduce the semi-group of equivalence classes of arrangements of nested curves. There exists a natural invariant of plane curves without inverse self-tangencies with values in this semi-group. We show that the associated Grothendieck group is ℤ × ℤ. These two factors correspond to previously known invariants of plane curves without inverse self-tangencies, namely Whitney's index and Arnold's J- invariant. We show that arrangements of nested curves are not classified by their finite type invariants.
THE JACOBI DIAGRAM FOR A Cn-MOVE AND THE HOMFLY POLYNOMIAL
Authors: HORIUCHI SUMIKO
Published: March 2007

The HOMFLY polynomial, which is an invariant of an oriented knot or link L, is the two-variable polynomial P(L; t, z) ∈ ℤ[t±1, z±1]. If we arrange the HOMFLY polynomial by the variable z, then the coefficient of zk is the polynomial of t, which is called the Pk polynomial. Let [Formula: see text] be the nth derivative of the Pk polynomial of a link L evaluated at 1. It is a Vassiliev invariant of order less than or equal to max {n + k, 0}. Let K and K′ be oriented knots such that K′ is obtained from K by a Cn-move (n ≥ 3). We show that the value [Formula: see text] is 0 or ±n! · 2n by using Jacobi diagrams and moreover it is determined by the planarity of the Jacobi diagram corresponding to the Cn-move. By the result, we can decide the above value only by the knot diagrams of K and K′.
THE COEFFICIENTS OF THE HOMFLYPT AND THE KAUFFMAN POLYNOMIALS ARE POINTWISE LIMITS OF VASSILIEV INVARIANTS
Authors: HELME-GUIZON LAURE
Published: March 2007

The Vassiliev conjecture states that the Vassiliev invariants are dense in the space of all numerical link invariants in the sense that any link invariant is a pointwise limit of Vassiliev invariants.

In this article, we prove that the Vassiliev conjecture holds in the case of the coefficients of the HOMFLY and the Kauffman polynomials.
Horizontal Wavenumber Spectra of Vertical Vorticity and Horizontal Divergence in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere
Authors: Lindborg Erik
Published: March 2007

The author shows that the horizontal two-point correlations of vertical vorticity and the associated vorticity wavenumber spectrum can be constructed from previously measured velocity structure functions in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The spectrum has a minimum around k = 10−2 cycles per kilometer (cpkm) corresponding to wavelengths of 100 km. For smaller wavenumbers it displays a k−1 range and for higher wavenumbers, corresponding to mesoscale motions, it grows as k1/3. The two-point correlation of horizontal divergence of horizontal velocity and the associated horizontal spectrum is also constructed. The horizontal divergence spectrum is of the same order of magnitude as the vorticity spectrum in the mesoscale range and show similar inertial range scaling. It is argued that these results show that the mesoscale motions are not dominated by internal gravity waves. Instead, the author suggests that the dynamic origin of the k1/3 range is stratified turbulence. However, in contrast to Lilly, the author finds that stratified turbulence is not a phenomenon associated with an upscale energy cascade, but with a downscale energy cascade.
Resonance in Optimal Perturbation Evolution. Part II: Effects of a Nonzero Mean PV Gradient
Authors: de Vries H. , Opsteegh J. D.
Published: March 2007

Optimal perturbations are constructed for a two-layer β-plane extension of the Eady model. The surface and interior dynamics is interpreted using the concept of potential vorticity building blocks (PVBs), which are zonally wavelike, vertically confined sheets of quasigeostrophic potential vorticity. The results are compared with the Charney model and with the two-layer Eady model without β. The authors focus particularly on the role of the different growth mechanisms in the optimal perturbation evolution.

The optimal perturbations are constructed allowing only one PVB, three PVBs, and finally a discrete equivalent of a continuum of PVBs to be present initially. On the f plane only the PVB at the surface and at the tropopause can be amplified. In the presence of β, however, PVBs influence each other’s growth and propagation at all levels. Compared to the two-layer f-plane model, the inclusion of β slightly reduces the surface growth and propagation speed of all optimal perturbations. Responsible for the reduction are the interior PVBs, which are excited by the initial PVB after initialization. Their joint effect is almost as strong as the effect from the excited tropopause PVB, which is also negative at the surface.

If the optimal perturbation is composed of more than one PVB, the Orr mechanism dominates the initial amplification in the entire troposphere. At low levels, the interaction between the surface PVB and the interior tropospheric PVBs (in particular those near the critical level) takes over after about half a day, whereas the interaction between the tropopause PVB and the interior PVBs is responsible for the main amplification in the upper troposphere. In all cases in which more than one PVB is used, the growing normal mode configuration is not reached at optimization time.
Unusual case of orthostatic tachycardia
Authors: Makai Attila , Csillik Andrea , Csanádi Zoltán , Sághy László , Forster Tamás , Rudas László
Published: March 2007

Bevezetés:
Az orthostasis intolerancia, az orthostaticus tachycardia gyakran jelez hypovolemiát, gyógyszermellékhatást vagy autonóm elégtelenséget. Az orthostasisszal provokálható tachyarrhythmia ritka jelenség, emelt fejvégű billenőasztal vizsgálatsorozatokban csak elvétve fordul elő.
Célkitűzés:
A szerzők egy olyan beteget mutatnak be, akinek AV-csomó reentry tachycardiás paroxysmusait függőleges testhelyzet provokálta.
Módszer:
Vagusmanőverekkel az anterográd lassú pálya vezetésének blokkolása révén sikeresen szüntették a tachycardiát.
Eredmények:
Figyelemre méltó, hogy a vagusmanőverek csak vízszintes testhelyzetben bizonyultak hatásosnak.
Következtetés:
Ez a megfigyelés felhívja a figyelmet a manőverek pontos kivitelezésének fontosságára.
General symptoms of cornea Salzmann-type degeneration
Authors: Nagy Margit , Hadházy† Csaba , Vigváry† László
Published: March 2007

A szerzők ismertetik a Salzmann-féle nodularis degeneratio corneae tüneteit, majd beszámolnak 28 betegükről. Minden vizsgált betegnél arthrosis deformanst találtak röntgenvizsgálattal, és csaknem mindegyiküknél osteoporosist. Három beteg bordaporcában szövettani vizsgálattal azonos, foltos jellegű, regresszív elváltozást találtak. 22 betegnél szürkehályog, 20-nál hallászavar is jelentkezett. A betegség ezek alapján a keratochondrosisok közé tartozik. A szerzők táblázatban közlik a Salzmann-betegség és a hozzá hasonló degeneratio corneae nivalis elkülönítését.
Következtetések:
1. A corneastroma, a hyalinporcok és csontok elváltozása feltehetően közös komponensüknek a mucopolysaccharidáknak (MPS) a rendellenességén alapszik. 2. Ismeretes, hogy mucopolysaccharida (heparin) huzamos adásával osteoporosist lehet kiváltani. Ez alátámasztja a MPS-ek anyagcserezavara és az osteoporosis közti kapcsolatot. 3. A hasonló korú átlagnépességhez képest feltűnően gyakori szürkehályog és hallászavar szintén a MPS-ek anyagcserezavarán alapulhat. 4. A fentiek amellett szólnak, hogy a Salzmann-féle nodularis degeneratio corneae esetében nem az ismétlődő gyulladások okozzák a cornea degeneratioját, hanem fordítva, a degeneratio miatt kóros anyagcseréjű cornea az oka a sorozatos keratitiseknek.
Renal insufficiency caused by medicines, diagnostic processes, toxins
Authors: Szegedi János
Published: March 2007

Az akut veseelégtelenség jelentősége az elmúlt évtizedben nőtt. Ebben szerepet játszik a betegség gyakoriságának növekedése, valamint a betegség mortalitása is. Az akut veseelégtelenség jelentőségének megítélésében nem hagyható figyelmen kívül az a tény sem, hogy nő az orvosi beavatkozások következtében kialakuló akut veseelégtelenség gyakorisága. A széles körben alkalmazott diagnosztikai eljárások, intervenciós beavatkozások, a gyógyszerek is szerepet játszanak az akut veseelégtelenség kialakulásában. A megelőzésben kiemelt feladat a veszélyeztetett populáció felismerése, a renalis funkció felmérése, a nephroprotectiv lehetőségek kihasználása.
Thoughts on „defensive” medicine
Authors: Csiba László
Published: March 2007

„Önvédelmi” orvostan kifejezés alatt azt a torz diagnosztikus és terápiás orvosi magatartást értjük, amikor az orvos az egzisztenciáját, munkáját érintő fenyegetettség miatt egyes beavatkozásokat nem mer elvégezni, másrészt „túlbiztosítja” magát és felesleges vizsgálatokat végeztet belső bizonytalansága, a beteg bizalmatlansága vagy az ellenséges társadalmi környezet miatt. A beteg és orvos közti bizalmat legsúlyosabban a lelkiismeretlen orvosok visszaélései károsítják, ezeket a média felnagyítja. Az orvos-beteg kapcsolat nem degradálható szerződéses jogviszonnyá. A fiatal orvosokat meg kell ismertetni a sikeres diagnózis személyiséget gazdagító örömével. Legyen egészséges önbizalmuk, merjék vállalni a diagnosztikus és terápiás kihívásokat. Valamennyiünknek küzdeni kell az orvosellenes társadalmi hangulat és azon okok ellen, melyek az „önvédelmi” orvostan gyakorlatát előidézték és erősítették.
Some neurological and psychiatric complications in the disorders of the thyroid gland
Authors: Aszalós Zsuzsa
Published: March 2007

A pajzsmirigyhormonok alapvető fontosságúak a központi idegrendszer perinatális fejlődéséhez és a felnőtt agy működéséhez, elsősorban a specifikus célgének transzkripciójának szabályozásával. Fokozzák a kortikális szerotoninerg transzmissziót, szerepet játszanak a noradrenerg funkciók szabályozásában, és érintik a GABA-funkciót. A csecsemő- és kisgyermekkori hypothyreosis mentális retardációhoz vezet, felnőttkorban a demencia és a depresszió a leggyakoribb, de előfordulhat myxoedemás kóma, cerebellaris és agyidegtünetek, megnő a hajlam a cerebrovascularis kórképekre. A periféria részéről polyneuropathia, carpalis alagút syndroma, myalgia gyakori; ritka szövődmény a myokymia. Csaknem minden hyperthyreotikus betegnél előfordulnak minor pszichiátriai tünetek, ritkábban alakul ki pszichózis, demencia, konfúziós állapot, depresszió, apátiás thyreotoxicosis, thyreotoxikus krízis, epilepszia, pyramistünetek vagy chorea. A periféria részvételét krónikus thyreotoxikus myopathia, infiltratív ophthalmomyopathia, myasthenia gravis, thyreotoxikus periódikus hypokalaemiás bénulás és polyneuropathia jelezheti. A figyelemhiányos hiperaktivitásban szenvedők jelentős részénél generalizált pajzsmirigyhormon-rezisztenciát igazoltak. Magas antithyroid antitest titer jellemzi az akut-szubakut indulású, remissziókkal és relapszusokkal jellemezhető, súlyos, életveszélyes, de szteroidra jól reagáló, autoimmun, ritkán előforduló Hashimoto-encephalopathiát.
Effects of autologous bone marrow derived CD34+ stem cells on the left ventricular function following myocardial infarction
Authors: Balogh László , Czuriga István , Hunyadi János , Galuska László , Kristóf Éva , Édes István
Published: March 2007

A kísérletes és az utóbbi 5 évben végzett humán klinikai vizsgálatok szerint a csontvelői eredetű sejtek részt vesznek a miokardiális infarktus gyógyulási folyamatában. Számos kisebb klinikai vizsgálatban mutattak ki enyhe vagy mérsékelt fokú kedvező hatást a miokardiális infarktus után intracoronariásan beadott csontvelői eredetű őssejtekkel. Mivel a legtöbb eddigi vizsgálatban mononukleáris frakciót használtak, a sejtpopuláció sokfélesége miatt nem volt ismert, hogy melyik a hatásos szubpopuláció. 8 miokardiális infarktust szenvedett, csökkent bal kamra funkciójú betegben vizsgáltuk az akut coronaria esemény után 12 ± 1 nappal intracoronariásan végzett CD34+ saját csontvelői őssejt beültetés biztonságosságát és hatékonyságát. 2D-echocardiographia, FDG-PET és MIBI-SPECT vizsgálatot végeztünk a beültetés előtt és 6 hónappal azt követően. A 6 hónapos követés során szignifikánsan javult a globális bal kamra funkció (alap EF 37,3 ± 2,9%, sejt kezelés után 44,8 ± 4,1%; p = 0,0041) és a regionális viabilitás / metabolizmus (17,6 ± 13,5%-kal; p < 0,05). A szívizom elhalt részének perfúziójában nem szignifikáns tendenciózus növekedést észleltünk. Eredményeinkkel elsőként mutattuk ki, hogy a CD34+ csontvelői sejt szubpopuláció javítja a bal kamra funkciót és a metabolizmust miokardiális infarktust követően.