bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Techniques to Protect Aspen Suckers from Ungulate Browsing in the Black Hills
Authors: Kota Andrew M. , Bartos Dale L.
Published: August 2019

Excessive browsing by cattle (Bos taurus L.) and wild ungulates, particularly elk (Cervus elaphus L.), sometimes inhibits growth and maturity of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) suckers in Western North America. In areas where aspen stands are in poor condition or declining, protecting suckers from ungulates may be necessary. This study compared the utility of livestock fences, complete wildlife exclosures, barriers created from slash debris, and tree hinging during 2004 and 2005 in the Black Hills of South Dakota. All of the barriers significantly reduced percentage browsing of aspen suckers compared with the pretreatment average (78%) and posttreatment control (79%). Slash treatments andlivestock fences decreased ungulate browsing by 19%, hinge treatments decreased it by 39%, and wildlife fences eliminated nearly allincidences of sucker browsing. The average length removed per terminal stem for aspen suckers decreased from 20.8 to 14.4 cm across all treatments. After 1 year, the mean number of suckers above 100 cm height in both the hinge and slash treatments were significantly greater than both the fence treatments and control. Data showed that autumn and winter browsing was primarily by wild ungulates. Slash barriers can replace livestock fences where cattle affect aspen suckers. Hinge barriers are more useful than both slash barriers and livestock fences in areas where wild ungulates are the primary browsers.
Distribution of Three Dwarf Mistletoe Species within Their Host Tree Crowns
Authors: Baker Fred A. , Guyon John
Published: August 2019

We examined the distribution of dwarf mistletoes within the crowns of Douglas-firs, ponderosa pines, and lodgepole pines. Stand structure and host species had no effect on the proportion of trees within each dwarf mistletoe rating (DMR) class, nor did it affect the distribution of dwarf mistletoe within crown thirds for a given DMR. Dwarf mistletoe tended to infect the lower third of the crown first in all three species. Regardless of DMR, dwarf mistletoe usually intensified in the lowest crown third before doing so in the other thirds. These results are consistent with the distributions of dwarf mistletoe among crown thirds assumed in the Forest Vegetation Simulator for even-aged stands and are also appropriate for uneven-aged stands of Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, and lodgepole pine. Relationships between percentage of plot infection and DMR and dwarf mistletoe index were strong.
Reforestation of a Salvage-Logged High-Elevation Clearcut: Engelmann Spruce Seedling Response to Tree Shelters after 11 Growing Seasons
Authors: Jacobs Douglass F.
Published: August 2019

High-elevation clearcut sites in the southern Rocky Mountains are difficult to reforest successfully and many sites remain poorly stocked decades after harvest. This article presents results after 11 growing seasons of a project designed to examine use of tree shelters to provide initial shade for planted Engelmann spruce (Picea englemannii Parry ex Engelm.) seedlings. Seedlings were planted in 1996 on a 48-ha site at an elevation of approximately 3,273 m in southwestern Colorado, with different shelter colors providing various shading levels. A control, consisting of shading using debris within the site, was also included. Results after 2 years were presented previously. To examine seedling response to tree shelter removal after seedling establishment, half of shelters were removed in 2000 and seedlings were reassessed in 2007. Control seedlings had lower survival (35%) than any other treatment (ranging from 59 to 78%). Shelter removal in the lightest two shelter color treatments did not reduce survival, suggesting that seedlings can grow in full sun after 4 years of shading. The best overall seedling development (i.e., survival, absolute height, and root collar diameter) occurred in the lightest shelter color with shelters removed. Tree shelters offer a viable means to restore high-elevation spruce-fir sites where past reforestation has proven difficult.
Growth and Mortality of Residual Douglas-Fir after Regeneration Harvests under Group Selection and Two-Story Silvicultural Systems
Authors: Garber Sean , Lam Tzeng Yih , Maguire Douglas A.
Published: August 2019

Complex management objectives for many publicly owned Douglas-fir forests have prompted renewed interest in silvicultural systems other than clearcutting. The College of Forestry Integrated Research Project at Oregon State University was implemented to test for differences in economic, biological, and human responses to group selection and two-story silvicultural systems. Three separate blocks were established and treated between 1989 and 1991. Trees were measured immediately after the harvest treatments (1991 or 1992) and after the 2004 growing season. Responses of residual overstory trees to initial group selection and two-story treatments were tested relative to untreated controls units in terms of (1) gross basal area and stem volume growth of all residual trees and of the 10 largest trees per acre; (2) gross basal area and stem volume growth conditional on initial basal area and stem volume, respectively, of all residual trees and of the 10 largest trees per acre; and (3) mortality of all overstory trees. Basal area and volume growth were greatest in the control and least in the two-story treatment, but volume growth conditional on initial volume did not differ significantly among treatments. Mortality was significantly greater in the two-story treatment. Overstory growth release in residual Douglas-fir may require 10 years or more to appear after regeneration cuts on some sites, and the possibility of increased overstory mortality complicates attainment of desired long-term structure under two-story silvicultural systems.
Stand Development and Population Dynamics of Curlleaf Mountain Mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.) Woodlands in Utah's Bear River Mountains
Authors: Ex Seth A. , DeRose R. Justin , Long James N.
Published: August 2019

Curlleaf mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt.) is a little-studied woodland tree that occurs in pure stands throughout the Intermountain West. Stand development and population dynamics of this species are poorly understood, despite their relevance to management. We describe here the development of stand age structures and population dynamics of mahogany woodlands in northern Utah using tree ages and measurements representing five structurally diverse stands. Establishment periods in all stands lasted decades, and regeneration continued intermittently in the absence of stand-replacing disturbance, eventually creating multiaged structure. Height, crown size, and basal area varied among older mahogany, which may reflect more intense intraspecific competition or increased likelihood of crown damage in older stands. Mahogany woodland managers face significant challenges. It is difficult to characterize historic stand conditions using current age structures because aging mature trees is generally unfeasible. Furthermore, there is little precedent for regenerating mahogany using silvicultural methods. Results suggest that the biggest risk in regenerating mahogany woodlands is low seedling survival, leading to the prolonged absence of mature trees. Consequently, multiaged methods that retain mature trees are recommended.
Mesoscale Variation in Snag and Hardwood Densities and Sizes in Old-Growth Forests in Western Oregon
Authors: Ares Adrian , Bright Cheryl , Puettmann Klaus
Published: August 2019

Snags and hardwoods contribute to biological, structural, and functional diversity in old-growth forests. In the US Pacific Northwest, only general knowledge about regional patterns is available to determine target density of snags and hardwood trees. To investigate their variability at relevant scales for silviculture, we examined snag and hardwood densities and sizes in 20 old-growth units in northern and southern aspects in the Coast Range and the Willamette Valley foothills of Oregon. Snag densities varied largely between subregions and aspects, with aspect affecting densities more than subregion. In the Coast Range, snag density was 2.8 times greater on northern aspects than on southern aspects, whereas in the Willamette Valley foothills snag density was 1.4 times greater on northern aspects than on southern aspects. Density of snags larger than 101.6 cm in diameter was very low. Hardwood densities were also greater on northern aspects than on southern aspects. The negative exponential distribution of hardwood density frequency by size classes could be explained by cohort growth under a wide range of competitive pressures or repeated-recruitment events. Aspect and subregion should be taken into account when defining management targets. Allowing for flexibility at these smaller spatial scales would better reflect the variability in ecological conditions and land use history that led to the development of old-growth stands.
Inoculum Reduction Measures to Manage Armillaria Root Disease in a Severely Infected Stand of Ponderosa Pine in South-Central Washington: 35-Year Results
Authors: Shaw Charles G. , Omdal D.W. , Ramsey-Kroll A. , Roth L.F.
Published: August 2019

A stand of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) severely affected by Armillaria root disease was treated with five different levels of sanitation by root removal to reduce root disease losses in the regenerating stand. Treatments included the following: (1) all trees pushed over by machine, maximum removal of roots by machine ripping, and visible remaining roots removed by hand; (2) all trees pushed over by machine and maximum removal of roots by machine ripping; (3) all trees pushed over by machine with no further removal of roots; (4) smaller trees pushed over by machine but large stumps left, otherwise maximum removal of roots by machine ripping; and (5) all trees felled and removed by skidding, area cleared of slash, sod scalped, and no removal of roots. After 35 years, we found that the more intense and thorough root-removal treatments were generally more effective in reducing the occurrence of Armillaria root disease. However, even the most intensive treatment (treatment 1), which experienced significantly less disease than most other treatments, had 23% of the area expressing mortality. The only operationally feasible treatment (treatment 3) also reduced levels of mortality, but not significantly (40% mortality versus 52% in the control, treatment 5). Although these results support the concept that inoculum removal can reduce root disease levels, the treatment necessary to provide a meaningful reduction in disease loss does not seem to warrant its cost.
Ten-Year Growth Response of a California Red and White Fir Sawtimber Stand to Several Thinning Intensities
Authors: Oliver William W.
Published: August 2019

A 100-year-old stand of California red fir (Abies magnifica) and California white fir (Abies concolor) of near normal density was commercially thinned from below to 6 basal area stand densities. Growth was analyzed after 10 years. Periodic annual increments (PAI) of diameter, height, total volume, and gross basal area were correlated with reserve stand basal area, but merchantable volume and net basal area were not. Mortality resulted in considerable variation in net PAI. As much as 50% of the stand basal area was removed with negligible loss in total net volume production. When economically feasible, commercial thinning in similar stands can leave a vigorous reserve with rapid growth potential. West. J. Appl. For. 3(2):41-43, April 1988.
Fire Suppression's Effects on Forest Succession within a Central Idaho Wilderness
Authors: Barrett Stephen W.
Published: August 2019

In south-central Idaho, fire-scar and tree regeneration patterns in the Salmon River Breaks portion of the Frank Church River of No Return Wilderness suggest that primarily surface fires occurred frequently in semiarid ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa)/Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) forests. Efficient fire suppression since about 1935 has markedly reduced area fire frequency and has altered fuel succession, contributing to recent crown fire behavior in north- and east-facing stands. Prescribed fires might now be difficult to contain in these communities, but burning would help return fuels to pre-1935 conditions. West. J. Appl. For. 3(3):76-80, July 1988.
Costs of Prescribed Burning in Southwestern Ponderosa Pine
Authors: Wood D. B.
Published: August 2019

The costs of prescribed burning in ponderosa pine residual fuels vary widely among national forest districts in northern Arizona; costs ranged from less than $3. to over $30. per acre. Most of the variability was due to the time required for burning. Five high-cost districts averaged 114.4 person-hours to complete a medium-sized burning project whereas seven low-cost districts required an average of only 29.1 person-hours. Sensitivity testing showed that burning block size, burning crew size, fireline preparation time, and travel time can also have significant impacts on costs. Costs generally declined with increases in block size and crew size and with reductions in preparation and travel time. West. J. Appl. For. 3(4):115-119, October 1988.
Total and Merchantable Volume Equations and Taper Functions for Southwestern Ponderosa Pine
Authors: McTague J. P. , Stansfield W. F.
Published: August 2019

Total outside and inside bark cubic foot volume equations are presented for southwestern ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) that are functions of total tree height, diameter breast height, and Girard form class. These equations are appropriate for trees of any size or age, and no distinction is made between "blackjack" and "yellow pine" trees. Equations are included to predict merchantable volume to any upper stem diameter or merchantable height. Taper and merchantable height functions are indirectly derived from the merchantable volume equations. West. J. Appl For. 3(4):123-125, October 1988.
Timing of Trunk-Implanted Acephate for Protection of Douglas-Fir from Defoliation by the Western Spruce Budworm
Authors: Koerber Thomas W. , Sandquist Roger E.
Published: August 2019

The effectiveness of implanting acephate in boles of superior Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) to protect them from defoliation by western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis) and spruce cone-worm (Dioryctria reniculelloides) was investigated. April treatment afforded greater foliage protection than May treatment. November treatment was as effective as April in protecting trees from defoliation. Treatment in fall would be more efficient than in spring because of better road access and more favorable weather conditions. West. J. Appl. For. 3(4):126-128, October 1988.
Black Bears Prefer Urea-Fertilized Trees
Authors: Nelson E. E.
Published: August 2019

Feeding damage by black bears (Ursus americanus) to urea-fertilized 25-yr-old Douglas-firs (Pseudotsuga menziesii) in the Mount Hood National Forest, Oregon, resulted in tree mortality four times as severe as among unfertilized trees. Damage was most apparent following application of urea at 448 kg N/ha in 1972, and 224 kg N/ha in 1977. Only Douglas-fir, the dominant species in the stand, was attacked. Attacked trees were somewhat larger than the stand average, but the difference was not significant. Bears appeared to be attracted to the more vigorous trees, which were on fertilized plots. West. J. Appl. For. 4(1):13-15, January 1989.
Seasonal Browsing of Douglas-Fir Seedlings by Sheep
Authors: Leininger Wayne C. , Sharrow Steven H.
Published: August 2019

Controlled sheep grazing is being prescribed in the United States and elsewhere for the biological control of unwanted vegetation in regenerating conifer plantations. Efficient use of livestock to control brush and herbaceous species requires a thorough understanding of the potential for damage to the tree crop by the grazing animal. Sheep browsing and mechanical damage to Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) seedlings were evaluated in 1981 and 1982 in the Coast Range of Oregon. Sheep browsing of Douglas-fir was greatest in May, soon after bud break. Little browsing generally occurred during July and August. Percent of study trees with browsed terminal shoots decreased as seedling height increased above 90 cm. Less than 3% of the study trees were trampled or received other mechanical impacts by sheep. Our data suggest that Douglas-fir forests can be grazed by sheep with little or no damage to conifer regeneration, except in younger plantations in spring. Extra care must be exercised, during this season, when grazing plantations that have seedlings with terminal shoots less than 1.2 m in height. West. J. Appl. For. 4(3):73-76, July 1989.
Embargoes On and Off: Some Effects of Ending the Export Ban on Federal Logs and Halting Exports of State-Owned Logs
Authors: Flora Donald F. , McGinnis Wendy J.
Published: August 2019

Congress is considering two policy changes that would greatly affect the northwest's timber economy through old-growth exports. One, permitting export of federal logs, would expand high-grade log exports about 630 million bd. ft. annually (about 50%), raising high-grade log prices about $100/mbf and reducing export prices of high-grade logs by about $100/mbf. The other change, allowing states to regulate exports of their logs, would reduce high-grade exports by about 35%, trimming their domestic prices by about $50/mbf and raising their export prices about $150/mbf, assuming the northwest states would end export sales. Lower grade log markets would be affected to a much lesser degree under either proposal. West. J. Appl. For. 4(3):77-79, July 1989.
Expert Opinions on the Future Production of Five Manufactured Wood Products in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Rule Lita C. , O'Laughlin Jay
Published: August 2019

A panel of 21 experts provided their opinions on future production levels of manufactured wood products in the Pacific Northwest. Their projections covered a 50-year span for five groups of products: softwood lumber, plywood and panels, woodpulp, export chips, and log exports. Explanations for three projection levels—low, median, and high—are described for each product group and then converted into an aggregated estimate of total roundwood timber consumption forecasts. Aggregate totals reveal that over the next 50 years, only the high-level scenario indicates a return to the historic peak production levels of the 1970s. No significant change in the relative product group proportions of aggregate roundwood consumption is expected under any of the three projection levels. This means that lumber and woodpulp, presently constituting two-thirds of total roundwood consumption, are expected to remain as the leading manufactured wood products during the next 50 years. West. J. Appl. For. 4(3):92-98, July 1989
Highlead Yarding Productivity and Costs in Coastal British Columbia: Predicted vs. Actual
Authors: Howard Andrew F. , Dodic Dusan
Published: August 2019

A production equation taken from the literature was used to estimate productivity and costs for an ongoing highlead yarding operation. The equation was encoded in a deterministic simulation program, which was used to predict production rates and costs for a contractor yarding second-growth timber in coastal British Columbia. The equation yielded estimates of scheduled time and total costs within 3.4% of actual costs experienced by the contractor for two tracts of timber. The findings suggest that published production equations might have wider application than generally thought. West. J. Appl. For. 4(3):98-101, July 1989.
Effect of Controlled-Release Fertilizers on Growth and Mycorrhizae in Container-Grown Engelmann Spruce
Authors: Hunt Gary A.
Published: August 2019

Two controlled-release NPK formulations (Osmocote and Nutricote) and one micronutrient formulation (Micromax) were added as supplements to soluble fertilizer and evaluated for their effects on seedling growth and mycorrhizal development of 1-0 container-grown seedlings of Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii). Seedlings supplemented with Osmocote or Nutricote had lower root weight, but greater shoot length, stem caliper, and total weight than controls receiving only soluble fertilizer. Addition of Micromax did not alter growth compared to controls, but Micromax plus Osmocote decreased shoot length and shoot:root ratio compared to Osmocote alone. Micromax plus Nutricote increased shoot length compared to Nutricote alone. Five types of mycorrhizal fungi established naturally during the study. Osmocote was most detrimental to mycorrhizal intensity and diversity; nonsupplemented controls had highest mycorrhizal diversity. Modest reductions in fertility can be used to increase root weight and diversity of mycorrhizal fungi. West. J. Appl. For. 4(4):129-131, October 1989.
Height Growth and Site Index Curves for Douglas-Fir in the Siuslaw National Forest, Oregon
Authors: Means Joseph E. , Sabin Thomas E.
Published: August 2019

On the Siuslaw National Forest in the central Oregon Coast Range we performed stem analysis of 55 trees selected with the criteria used by the forest. Height growth patterns of these trees were significantly different (α = 0.05) from commonly used regional height growth curves. Height growth patterns also differed significantly among groups of floristically similar plant associations in the Siuslaw National Forest. We constructed height growth and site index curves for two classes of plant associations having different height growth curve forms and for the combined data. Forest managers should consider building local height-growth and site-index curves if these are important in estimating stand yield or site productivity. West. J. Appl. For. 4(4):136-142, October 1989
Effects of Thinning on Volume Growth of Western Larch Infected with Dwarf Mistletoe in Northeastern Oregon
Authors: Filip Gregory M. , Colbert J. J. , Parks Catherine A. , Seidel Kenneth W.
Published: August 2019

Cubic volume growth and tree vigor of 70-year-old western larch (Larix occidentalis) with and without dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium laricis) were measured 15 years after thinning from above or below to residual densities of 50 to 170 ft²/ac. Vigor was assessed by cambial electrical resistance (CER). Proportional volume growth increased after thinning; was significantly related to the interaction of thinning method and residual density; and decreased with increased dwarf mistletoe severity. Thinning from above was associated with significantly higher proportional volume growth, but led to increased mortality from snow and ice damage to infected trees. CER was significantly related to severity of infection but not to treatment. Thinning is recommended in dwarf mistletoe infested stands of western larch to increase volume growth and reduce new infections in residual trees. West. J. Appl. For. 4(4):143-145, October 1989.
How Long Do Mistletoe-Infected Ponderosa Pines Live?
Authors: Hawksworth Frank G. , Geils Brian W.
Published: August 2019

Tagged ponderosa pines (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum) were examined at Grand Canyon National Park, AZ, to determine 32-year survival rates in trees with various intensities of dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium vaginatum subsp. cryptopodum). Survival was influenced mainly by dwarf mistletoe severity, but also by tree diameter. More than 90% of the uninfected and lightly infected (Dwarf Mistletoe Rating Class 1) trees survived the 32-year study period. However, only 5% of the heavily infected (DMR Class 6) trees over 9 in. dbh, but none of those in the 4-9 in. class, survived the period. The mean longevity, or period during which half the trees are expected to die, for Class 6 trees was 10 years for trees over 9 in. and 7 years for smaller ones; comparable figures for Class 4-5 trees were 25 and 17 years, respectively. West. J. Appl. For. 5(2):47-48, April 1989.
Effects of Site Preparation on Douglas-Fir Seedling Growth and Survival
Authors: Minore Don , Weatherly Howard G.
Published: August 2019

The effects of five yarding-slash treatment combinations on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) growth and survival were compared by obtaining seedling heights, potential seedling heights, survival percentages, soil-penetration resistances, and the occurrence of visible soil-humus for 149 progeny-test plantations in western Oregon. Survival was not improved by mechanical site preparation, and seedlings grown on the compacted, low-humus soils associated with piling slash off site did not grow as tall during their first 5 years as seedlings growing on similar sites where slash had been broadcast-burned. Tilling (disking or ripping) did not benefit seedling height growth. West. J. Appl. For. 5(2):49-51, April 1990.
A Classification of Quaking Aspen in the Central Rocky Mountains Based on Growth and Stand Characteristics
Authors: Shepperd Wayne D.
Published: August 2019

A classification procedure using stand growth data from 140 aspen stands throughout Colorado and southern Wyoming was developed using multivariate clustering and discriminant analysis techniques. Stands were grouped into seven logical stand classses that differed in age, stocking, productivity, or other characteristics. A method of assigning other stands to these classes is presented and applied to an independent data set. West. J. Appl. For. 5(3):69-75, July 1990.
Chamise Chaparral Dead Fuel Fraction Is Not Reliably Predicted by Age
Authors: Paysen Timothy E. , Cohen Jack D.
Published: August 2019

Fire managers of southern California chaparral often assume that the amount of dead material in chaparral shrubs is closely related to canopy age. Analysis of chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum), sampled from southern California shrublands, indicates that the ratio of dead to live components is not related reliably to age of shrub canopy. Further statistical description of the data indicates that fractions of dead material greater than 0.40 are rare. The results provide grounds for seriously questioning current assumptions about the strong relationship between age and fraction dead in southern California chaparral fuels. West J. Appl. For. 5(4):00-00, October 1990.
Influence of Site Factors on Incidence of Vole and Lemming Feeding Damage to Forest Plantations
Authors: Sullivan Thomas P. , Martin Wayne L.
Published: August 2019

The incidence of meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) and brown lemming (Lemmus sibiricus) feeding damage to young plantations of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) and interior spruce (Picea glauca × Picea engelmannii) was studied in west-central British Columbia. Fifty-eight plantations were surveyed for seedling survival and stocking, and an additional 21 older plantations of lodgepole pine were surveyed for tree damage. Average survival of pine (47.7%) was significantly lower than that of spruce (56.0%). Because of mortality from vole feeding, 24 of the 58 plantations were not satisfactorily restocked. Planted trees were attacked significantly more than natural regeneration. Severely attacked plantations occurred in the spruce-subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa) forest type at elevations > 800 m on N to NE aspects. Susceptible plantations generally had mechanical or no site preparation with complex post-harvest debris and limited vegetation cover. West. J. Appl. For. 6(3):64-67.
Activity-Related Differences in Campsite Preference: Potential Causes and Implications for Management1
Authors: Brunson Mark , Shelby Bo
Published: August 2019

The relationship between recreation activity and campsite preference was studied using a survey of wilderness visitors. It was expected that participants in different activities would differ in their preferences for campsite attributes. The attributes considered most important by wilderness visitors who engaged in mountain climbing were different from those of visitors whose primary activity was camping or hiking. Smaller differences were found between hikers and campers. Management actions that limit use of campsites having certain attributes therefore may have disproportionate impacts on participants in some activities. West. J. Appl. For. 6(3):78-81.
NIPF Use of Landowner Assistance and Education Programs in Washington State
Authors: Blatner Keith A. , Baumgartner David M. , Quackenbush Lanny R.
Published: August 2019

A 1988 mail survey to evaluate use and effectiveness of Washington NIPF assistance/education programs resulted in a 69% response or 910 useable questionnaires. In total, 47% of the respondents had received assistance/education from Washington State DNR (17.4%), SCS (15.4%), ASCS Cost-Share (15.5%), Washington State University Cooperative Extension (29.3%) and private forestry consultants (12%). Usefulness of assistance/education received was rated good/excellent by 79.3% to 90.5% of the respondents. Owners also commonly received assistance/education from more than one source, reflecting the fact that NIPF forestry programs tend to work as a system, with each part serving a different function. Respondents receiving assistance or information had larger forested holdings, a somewhat higher level of education and tended to live on or near their forested holdings. A much larger percentage of respondents having received assistance/education indicated they had completed one or more management practices in the past 10 years. West. J. Appl. For. 6(4):90-94.
Changes in Soil Physical Properties due to Cable Yarding and their Hydrologic Implications
Authors: Purser Michael D. , Cundy Terrance W.
Published: August 2019

This study was performed to measure changes in soil properties due to cable yarding and to estimate the resulting changes in hydrologic response. Soils were sampled before and after a commercial logging operation in the northern Cascade Mountains of Washington. The samples were analyzed for saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks), moisture release characteristics, and bulk density (BD). Postlogging Ks values ranged from 1.08 to 497 cm/h and were significantly less than prelogging values, which ranged from 10.8 to 623 cm/h. Postlogging bulk densities ranged from 0.34 to 1.13 g/cm³ and were significantly greater than prelogging values, which ranged from 0.10 to 0.95 g/cm³. Because of the high Ks values it was concluded that Horton overland flow is not a dominant process even after disturbance. A 32.7% reduction in available water storage was found due to decreases in noncapillary porosity and surface horizon thickness. From this, increases in saturation overland flow and/or subsurface flow are predicted on skid trails. Overall impacts on the cutting unit however are considered small. West. J. Appl. For. 7(2):36-39.
Dominant Height and Site Index Equations for Douglas-Fir and Engelmann Spruce in East-Central Arizona
Authors: Stansfield W. F. , McTague J. P. , Lacapa R.
Published: August 2019

Dominant height and site index equations were constructed for Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca) and Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii) on the Fort Apache Indian Reservation, located in east-central Arizona. An indirect parameter prediction method was utilized to develop the equations from stem analysis data. The dominant height equation for Douglas-fir is a function of site index, age, habitat type groups, and soil texture groups. The Engelmann spruce dominant height equation is a function of only site index and age. Site index may be calculated directly by inverting the dominant height equations. West. J. Appl. For. 7(2):40-44.
Effects of Rootstock Source on the Size, Cone Production, and Compatibility of Douglas-Fir Grafts
Authors: Karlsson Ingemar , Woods Jack H.
Published: August 2019

Scions of coastal Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) were grafted on rootstock from coastal, northern interior and southern interior origin. Data on ramet size, cone production, and graft compatibility were collected. Twelve years after grafting significant differences for most crown and stem traits were found among the rootstock sources, with coastal rootstock resulting in the fastest scion growth. Northern interior rootstock sources produced larger grafts than southern interior rootstock. Significant graft union appearance and cone production differences were not detected, but coastal sources consistently had higher graft compatibility and healthier unions. It is concluded that, for coastal Douglas-fir, the use of a vigorous coastal rootstock source that promotes fast growth in the scion, and has high graft compatibility potential, is the most desirable for coastal locations. This will result in fewer losses due to graft incompatibility, faster crown development, more options for crown management and increased cone production potential. West. J. Appl. For. 7(3):73-77.
Comparing the Efficiency of Three Inventory Sampling Methods To Determine Timber Volumes in Pinyon-Juniper Woodlands
Authors: Fox Bruce E. , Raskob Pamela E.
Published: August 2019

We compared three sampling methods to determine timber volumes in pinyon-juniper (Pinus edulis-Juniperus spp.) woodlands, fixed radius plots, variable radius "point" sampling, and line intercept transects. Based on the criterion of the square of the standard error of the mean volume per acre multiplied by total time required to take the field measurements, line intercept transect sampling was the most efficient method. Fixed plot sampling had the highest standard error of the mean and highest measurement time, while point sampling fell between the other two methods in measurement time and standard error of the mean. Based on this analysis, transect sampling is an efficient approach for inventorying pinyon-juniper woodlands, in terms of required field time and in the variance estimates of volume per acre. West. J. Appl. For. 7(4):110-113.
Financial Analysis of Pruning Douglas-Fir and Ponderosa Pine in the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Fight Roger D. , Bolon Natalie A. , Cahill James M.
Published: August 2019

Recent lumber recovery studies of pruned and unpruned Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. ponderosa) were incorporated into computer software using lumber grade prices, growth and yield data, the cost of pruning, and interest rates to determine the expected financial return from pruning. Financial analyses showed that the cost of pruning at which the investment would yield an expected 4% real rate of return was positive on sites where individual tree growth is fairly high, pruning is done as early as biologically possible given limitations on crown removal, and the harvest is 30 to 70 yr after pruning. The better situations in Douglas-fir showed a breakeven cost of up to $21/tree and an internal rate of return exceeding 9%. The better situations in ponderosa pine showed a breakeven cost of up to $11/tree and an internal rate of return of 7%. West. J. Appl. For. 10(1):58-61.
A Method to Initialize the Keetch-Byram Drought Index
Authors: Burgan Robert E.
Published: August 2019

The 1988 National Fire Danger Rating System implements the Keetch-Byram Drought Index. This index is output both as an estimator of drought in its own right and is used to modify fire danger calculations to account for deep drying of dead vegetation and duff. A method initializes this index for those fire danger rating stations that do not run the National Fire Danger Rating System all year long. West J. Appl. For. 8(4)109-115.
"Black Bark" Ponderosa Pine: Tree Grade Definition and Value Comparison with Old-Growth Trees
Authors: Willits Susan
Published: August 2019

A ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) tree grade has been developed to separate lower value, small-diameter trees typical of young-growth stands from small-diameter old-growth trees. The tree grade uses a combination of bark, limb, and crown characteristics to identify the "black bark," trees. The tree grade was tested in two shop type mills and one dimension mill in southern Oregon and eastern Washington. Significant differences in value were found between the sample of black bark pine and the grade 5 control sample. Differences in value increased with diameter because of increased opportunities to recover high-quality lumber from the larger old-growth trees. The dimension mill recovered more lumber volume from the smaller diameter logs because of fewer sawlines and smaller rough-green sizes. Even though the shop mills recovered lower volumes, they did recover higher value by producing Shop and Common grade lumber rather than standard Dimension grades. Overall the differences compensated for each other, and both mill types recovered roughly equal value from logs of similar grade and size. West. J. Appl. For. 9(1): 8-13.
Impact of Pacific Northwest Environmental Regulation on International Timber Supply
Authors: Kelson Aaron R. , Lilieholm Robert J. , Lyon Kenneth S.
Published: August 2019

Recent world developments highlight the near global nature of today's economy. Global sources of industrial timber continue to be affected by emerging world trade patterns. The U.S. Pacific Northwest (PNW) has been a major supplier to global markets. The region is also subject to numerous expense-generating environmental constraints. This article estimates the effects on international timber supply of applying Washington State Forest Practice Act (WSFPA) regulations to the entire PNW using the Timber Supply Model. Results indicate that in the absence of similar constraints in other regions, the added cost of WSFPA compliance reduces average annual harvest in the PNW by 19.3% over a 50-yr horizon. Production is shifted to other regions, including Western Canada, which increases average annual harvests by 7.6% over this simulation period. West. J. Appl. For 9(3): 77-80.
Surgeon Preference for Endothelial Keratoplasty Techniques
Authors: Varadaraj Varshini , Woreta Fasika A. , Stoeger Christopher G. , Tran Khoa D. , Jorgenson Rebecca , Srikumaran Divya
Published: August 2019

Purpose:

To examine barriers and facilitators to adoption of Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) for treatment of endothelial dysfunction.

Methods:

Anonymous electronic surveys were emailed to surgeons ordering corneal transplant tissue in the past 18 months from 2 eye banks in the United States (US).

Results:

Of 365 surgeons emailed, 118 (32%) completed the survey. Most respondents were located at an urban site (59%), were in private practice (64%), and had been in practice for >10 years (53%). Participants performing DMEK (n = 70) were more likely to have been in practice for ≤10 years than those not performing DMEK (56% vs. 35%, respectively, P = 0.03). Among respondents not performing DMEK (n = 48, 41%), the most frequently reported barriers were technical difficulty (n = 30, 63%), a lack of experience (n = 29, 60%), low surgical volume (n = 20, 42%), and risk of postoperative complications (n = 19, 40%). Most (n = 46, 96%) respondents not performing DMEK were interested in doing so, with the following reported as helpful resources: wet laboratory courses (n = 35, 73%), eye bank-prepared tissue: preloaded/prestripped (n = 32, 67%), back-up tissue in case of inadvertent graft damage (n = 29, 60%), higher surgical volume to support the learning curve (n = 28, 58%), and surgical mentorship (n = 22, 46%). Only a minority wanted more data to highlight superiority over other EK procedures (n = 12, 25%).

Conclusions:

There is substantial interest in learning to perform DMEK among the surgical community. Barriers identified in this survey may be addressed to help surgeons increase DMEK adoption.
Combined Thoracoscopic Surgical Stapling and Endobronchial Valve Placement For Lung Volume Reduction With Incomplete Lobar Fissures
Authors: Majid Adnan , Kheir Fayez , Alape Daniel , Chee Alex , Parikh Mihir , DeVore Lauri , Agnew Alexis , Gangadharan Sidhu
Published: August 2019

Background:

In patients with severe emphysema and complete fissures, bronchoscopic lung volume reduction with valves reduces target lobe volume providing improvement in respiratory symptoms, lung function, quality of life, and exercise capacity. It is estimated that up to 88% of patients with emphysema have at least 1 incomplete interlobar fissure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of creating a complete fissure with stapling via minimally invasive video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) followed by bronchoscopic valve placement to induce lobar collapse in a swine model.

Methods:

Chest computed tomography (CT) scans were performed on 2 swine and at least 1 target incomplete fissure was identified. Both swine underwent VATS to complete the target fissure using a surgical stapler, followed by bronchoscopic placement of the Spiration endobronchial valves. A chest CT scan was performed immediately postprocedure. Follow-up bronchoscopy and CT scans were performed 2 weeks after the initial procedure prior to sacrifice.

Results:

Successful fissure completion was accomplished using VATS and confirmed at postmortem explanted lung gross examination. Flexible bronchoscopy 2 weeks following valve placement showed proper positioning of the valves. Effectiveness of combined procedures was confirmed by a chest CT scan that showed complete atelectasis of the target lobe at 2-week follow-up. There was no perioperative or postoperative morbidity or mortality.

Conclusion:

Combined minimally invasive VATS fissure stapling with bronchoscopic valve placement to induce lobar atelectasis appears safe and feasible in the swine model. Future research in humans using a combined procedure is needed to confirm safety and clinical efficacy.
Using a Steroid‐sparing Tool in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease to Evaluate Steroid Use and Dependency
Authors: Harris Rachel E. , Sim Wei , Sutton Harry , Garrick Vikki , Curtis Lee , Gervais Lisa , Merrick Victoria , Barclay Andrew R. , Flynn Diana M. , Tayler Rachel , Hansen Richard , Russell Richard K.
Published: August 2019

Objectives:

The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of steroids within the paediatric inflammatory bowel disease (PIBD) population at a tertiary paediatric centre over a year; to identify cases of steroid dependency; and assess factors associated with steroid excess.

Methods:

The prevalent PIBD population (May 1, 2017–April 30, 2018) were reviewed. Data were collected retrospectively from patient records and entered into an online steroid assessment tool (modified for paediatrics).

Results:

A total of 229 patients (181 Crohn disease, 31 ulcerative colitis [UC], and 17 inflammatory bowel disease–unclassified) were included. Of the 229 patients 38 (16.6%) received oral steroids; 12 of 38 (31.6%) receiving >3‐month course. Eleven of 38 (28.9%) received >1 steroid course (maximum 2). Of the 229 patients 37 (16.2%) had exclusive enteral nutrition, with 26 of 37 (11.4% total cohort) avoiding steroid use during the study period.

Quiescent disease activity had a negative correlation with steroid use (11/127 [8.7%] vs 27/102 [26.5%] P < 0.01), and steroid dependency (3/127 [2.4%] vs 12/102 [11.8%] P < 0.01). Patients with UC were more likely to be steroid dependent (5/31 [16.1%] UC vs 10/198 [5.1%]; P = 0.02); as were network‐managed patients (8/11 [72.7%] vs 7/27 [25.9%]; P = 0.01). Fourteen of 15 (93.3%) of steroid‐dependent patients had active steroid sparing strategies in place (eg, commencement, switching, or optimization of therapies).

Conclusions:

We have described rates of steroid use and dependency within our PIBD population. Exclusive enteral nutrition served as a steroid sparing tool in 11.4% of the total cohort. Replication of this study in other paediatric centres would allow comparative analysis.
Efficacy and Safety of the Local Application of Mitomycin C to Recurrent Esophageal Strictures in Children
Authors: Ley Delphine , Bridenne Marie , Gottrand Frédéric , Lemale Julie , Hauser Bruno , Lachaux Alain , Rebouissoux Laurent , Viala Jérôme , Fayoux Pierre , Michaud Laurent
Published: August 2019

Objectives:

Research on long‐term use of mitomycin C (MC) for recurrent esophageal stenoses is limited. We assessed the long‐term efficacy and safety of local application of MC for recurrent esophageal stenoses in children.

Methods:

This was a retrospective study of 39 patients (17 girls) with a median age of 19.5 months (range: 2.4–196.0) at the time of MC application. The etiologies of stenosis were esophageal atresia (n = 25), caustic ingestion (n = 9), congenital esophageal stenosis (n = 3), and other causes (n = 2). Stenosis was single in 35 (90%) patients and multiple in 4 (10%). Before MC, patients underwent multiple repeated dilations (median: 3 dilations per child [range: 2–26]) over a median period of 7 months (range: 2.6–49.3). Treatment success was defined a priori as a reduction in the number of dilations over the same period from before to after the application of MC.

Results:

For 26 (67%) patients, the application of MC was considered a success: 102 versus 17 dilatations (P < 0.0001). Sixteen (41%) patients never required additional dilation during the follow‐up after MC application (median: 3.1 years [range: 0.6–8.5]). No complication related to MC was observed. Biopsies at the site of MC application were performed at maximal follow‐up in 16 patients and revealed no dysplasia. Three factors were associated with success of MC: single stenosis, short stenosis, and esophageal atresia type III.

Conclusions:

This study is the largest series reported showing that topical application of MC is an efficient and safe treatment for recurrent esophageal stenosis in children.
Translation, Validity, and Reliability of the Chinese Version of the Breast Cancer Survivor Self-efficacy Scale in China
Authors: Yuan Xiaoling , Wu Fulei , Howell Doris , Yuan Changrong
Published: August 2019

Background

Self-efficacy is a crucial variable that is related to quality of life. Patients who have high self-efficacy will exert sufficient effort and have better health outcomes and improved quality of life. Appropriate and precise measurement of self-efficacy can help promote better care. The Breast Cancer Survivor Self-efficacy Scale (BCSES) is designed to measure the perceived confidence of breast cancer patients in managing the tasks for self-management. Originally developed in America, it has not been used in China.

Objectives

The aims of this study were to translate BCSES into Chinese and assess its psychometric properties among Chinese patients.

Methods

In phase 1, the translation of BCSES closely followed the Principles of Good Practices. In phase 2, data on reliability and validity were evaluated in terms of internal consistency, item-total correlations, test-retest reliability, criterion validity, and construct validity. A total sample of 630 native Chinese-speaking patients from 5 hospitals in China participated, including a pilot sample of 182 and a validation sample of 448.

Results

Minor modifications in 5 items were recommended after translation. Both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggested a 2-factor structure was more ideal than the original 1-factor model. Cronbach's α coefficient for the Chinese version of BCSES was .82, intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.97, and item-total correlations were from 0.61 to 0.76.

Conclusions

The Chinese version of BCSES appears to be culturally appropriate, reliable, and valid for assessing self-efficacy among patients with breast cancer in China.

Implication for Practice

The Chinese version of BCSES could help measure the breast cancer patients' self-efficacy and provide evidence to develop culturally sensitive interventions for Chinese patients.