bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative characterization of the microstructure of in situ aluminum matrix composites
Authors: Prusov E S , Shabaldin I V , Deev V B
Published: December 2021

A quantitative assessment of the microstructure parameters is necessary for making informed decisions on the development and adjustment of technological parameters for the production of cast metal matrix composites. This study gives an estimate of the size and distribution of the reinforcing phases in the structure of in-situ Al-Mg2Si aluminum matrix composites using an automated technique for analyzing metallographic images realized in the ImageJ open-source software with developed macros. A comparison of the quantitative parameters of the microstructure of composites in different parts of the ingot is carried out. The central regions of the ingot are distinguished by higher values of the average quantity of particles per unit of the microsection surface area in comparison with the peripheral regions. The average size of the synthesized Mg2Si reinforcing particles was 16 μm and practically did not vary in different areas.
Mathematical modeling of the properties of thermal insulation materials based on hollow ceramic microspheres and phenylon
Authors: Smirnov K V , Yu Chukhlanov V , Smirnova N N
Published: December 2021

In this work, the creation of heat-insulating materials that are still operable at temperatures up to + 400 °C and have increased physical and mechanical characteristics was studied. This aim was achieved by using a heat-resistant polymer binder phenylon (an aromatic polyamide) and hollow ceramic microspheres, that were used as a filler. Phenylon was produced by OJSC «Polimersintez» in Vladimir. Hollow ceramic microspheres are the floating fractions of flue emissions from solid-fuel thermal power plants. Thermal insulation materials were made by mixing hollow ceramic microspheres with a phenylon solution in dimethylacetamide to the state of «wet sand». Then, the obtained substance was molded the solvent residues were removed. Furthermore, the main properties of the obtained materials were also studied. It was established that the thermal insulation material is characterized by high strength characteristics, has significant resistance to impact loads and is operable at temperatures up to 400 °C The developed thermal insulation materials are intended to be used in the construction of objects operating under the conditions of cyclic exposure to high temperatures (for example, power plants) and in the construction of objects operating under the conditions of cyclic exposure to high temperatures (for example, power facilities).
Investigation of physical and chemical properties, performance and behavior in fire conditions of epoxy compositions modified with inhibitory fillers
Authors: Totskiy D , Borisova V , Davidenko A , Kadochnikova E , Loran N
Published: December 2021

The presented article presents the results of investigations of operational characteristics and thermal stability of polymer composites whose matrix is represented by epoxy resins modified with different kinds of inhibiting fillers. An analytical literature review has been performed, methods and methods of obtaining flame retardant composites have been studied. Experimental study of the influence of inhibiting modifiers - fine fillers: iron oxide, silica flour, graphite, talcum, copper oxide has been carried out. According to the results of the experimental study, the modification of the epoxy matrix of the composite by the introduction of inhibiting fillers by ultrasonic treatment contributes to an increase in thermal stability. The modified material is characterized by decrease of intensity of destruction of the material matrix, expressed in decrease of mass loss level, decrease of maximum value of thermal effect, increase of oxidation period, and also steady formation of a thermal insulating carbonaceous layer.
Physical chemical analysis of polymeric substances synthesized from monomers in heavy pyrolysis oil
Authors: Burkhev F , Kushiev H , Juraev T
Published: December 2021

Our article describes in the results of the research the polymerization of the residual (brown tint) after the separation of useful cabocylic compounds (indene) from the composition of one of the important fractions of heavy pyrolysis oil (indene and its homologues), which are considered to be a brownish product formed on the basis of natural gas pyrolysis, and the molecular mass and physical chemical. As a result of the analysis of the infrared (IR), it was known that the product contains functional groups (-C=C-) with a polymerizing property, along with an aromatic ring, and the polymer is made up of a mixture of isomers of polyvinyl toluene. The molecular mass of the polymer (MM) in the viscometric method was determined as the best solvent of benzene in the process of maturation, the macromolecular mass and the degree of polymerization (p) were determined as a result of the studies conducted.
Evaluation of the durability of mastic deck covering based on polymer composites in the range of operating stresses and temperatures
Authors: Burmistrov E , Burmistrova A , Tikhomirov A , Bimberekov P
Published: December 2021

The urgency of anticorrosive protection issues of ship hulls, deck structures, mechanisms, etc., as one of the main problems of the naval, is noted. One of the options for its effective solution is the use of coatings based on various polymer-composite materials. The authors substantiate the need for a preliminary assessment of the reliability and durability of such coatings, taking into account high humidity and aggressiveness of the operating environment, the corrosion of the repaired surfaces, the cyclic effect of stresses and alternating temperatures, etc. Proceeding from this, using the example of multicomponent polymer-composite compositions of the “Sprut” type, methodological approaches to the study of the polymer-composites durability for ship repair are considered. Their comparative characteristics are given. A mathematical model for assessing the durability of polymer-composite materials and coatings based on them is described, and the experimental studies’ results of their durability under static and cyclic stress in the operating temperature range are presented. The obtained results of theoretical and experimental studies are important for development of the methodological approaches to increasing the durability of mastic deck coatings based on polymer composite materials and the development of practical guidelines for the use of adhesives in shipbuilding and ship repair. The research results make it possible to develop new and improve the adopted technologies for the use of protective coatings on the structures of ship hulls and deck structures. Thus, the problems of the water transport operation, associated with the anti-corrosion protection of ship hull and deck structures and their repair, can be solved.
Study of synthesis of hydrogen and hydrocarbons by mechanochemical activation of the surface of mineral rocks
Authors: Klimov D
Published: December 2021

In the light of the eternal discussion regarding the sources of hydrocarbons for the initial oil and gas-forming substance, it is possible to recognize the legitimacy of both organic matter, which is confirmed by the biogenic theory of the origin of oil, and deep gases, declared by supporters of the theory of the inorganic concept, referring to the extraordinary richness of hydrocarbons in the mantle. But, the catagenic stage, the process of obtaining oil from the initial substance, in which the primary carbonaceous substance (often under such hypothetical concepts as “micron-oil”, “fluids”) passes into hydrocarbons in the form of oil deposits, causes no less scientific interest and also insufficiently studied. The author sees it as fair to attempt to put emphasis on predominantly geodynamic conditions, tectonic stresses, physico-chemical and thermobaric conditions, the generation of hydrocarbons, on the basis of the synthesis of hydrocarbons in any geological period. The article proposes the author’s chemical model describing the low-temperature polycondensation synthesis of hydrocarbons from water and carbon dioxide in the process of mechanical reactions on the surface of a rock model.
Optical properties of Er: LiNbO3 ceramics on Yb, Er: LiNbO3 substrate
Authors: Stroganova E V , Ponetaeva I G , Puzanovskiy K V , Galutskiy V V , Kuplevich M V
Published: December 2021

The present research focuses on the study of the polarization and temperature dependences of the luminescent kinetic spectral properties of Er: LiNbO3 ceramics deposited on Yb,Er: LiNbO3 crystal substrate by laser ablation.
Molecular dynamics study of the influence of supercooling temperature and orientation of the crystallization front on its velocity in silver
Authors: Poletaev G M , Bebikhov Yu V , Semenov A S , Yu Rakitin R
Published: December 2021

The molecular dynamics method was used to study the influence of the supercooling temperature and the orientation of the crystallization front relative to the growing crystal on the front velocity in silver. According to the data obtained, the crystallization velocity with an increase in the supercooling temperature does not increase monotonically, but has a maximum at about 0.7-Tm (Tm
is melting temperature), after which it gradually decreases, which is explained by a decrease in the diffusion mobility of atoms in the amorphous phase. Crystallization proceeds faster with the orientation of the front plane (100), slower - with the (110) and (111) orientations.
Phenomenological physical foundations of structural dynamics in technical mechanics
Authors: Mogiljuk Zh G , Poduval’tsev V V
Published: December 2021

The article deals with the problem of forming dynamic thinking in the course of technical mechanics. This problem covers various forms and levels of professional training, including engineering courses in structural mechanics, postgraduate and doctoral studies. The study of this problem in the article is carried out using dynamic concepts in technical physics and metrology. The main method for analyzing this problem is the method and theory of vibroacoustic computational modeling developed by Prof. Hlystunov M.S. The article presents a comparative analysis of the reaction of a cantilever beam to static and dynamic load. The dynamic characteristics of such a beam, including its AFFC, AFC and FFC, resonances and antiresonances, are considered. Then we consider the reaction of the simplest two-rod frame to a dynamic load and its fundamental difference from the reaction to a static load. The article provides detailed mathematical calculations using the corresponding section of operational calculus. The terms, definitions, and mathematical representations used in the article correspond to similar classical concepts that are widely used in metrology, technical cybernetics, and technical physics. The article is provided with the necessary illustrations for a visual representation of the main dynamic characteristics and properties of building structures.
Two-stage magnetic-elasto-pulse stamping of thin sheet parts
Authors: Nescoromniy S , Strizhakov E , Minko D
Published: December 2021

The article substantiates the use of preliminary static loading and subsequent forging force when stamping thin sheet parts of complex shape with an elastic punch. The static load provides a relative deformation of the order of 20– 30% in the processing zone, which guarantees the stability of the position of the workpiece during subsequent pulsed loading. This technique is very important in the manufacture of asymmetric parts with a thickness of 0.01 – 0.3 mm. As a result, the accuracy of the products obtained corresponds to the 7th grade.The article provides a schematic diagram and a description of the proposed design of a double-action press, and analyzes the cyclogram of the device.It is recommended to carry out a static load with an electric drive, a pulsed one with a magnetic hammer, which is connected to a generator of impulse currents with a capacitive storage with an energy capacity of up to 40 kJ with a natural discharge frequency of the current of 20 kHz.
Electro-plasticity’s Effect By Deformation And Impulse Impact Of A High Energy Electromagnetic Field
Authors: Kochetov Andrey , Fisunova Elena , Lavrenova Tatiana , Filonenko Lyubov
Published: December 2021

The problem of obtaining predicted physical and mechanical properties and a given service life of multifunctional composite protective coatings in the form of barrier layers that increase the service life of mechanical engineering products and formative tools are inherently interconnected. Among all the variety of innovative highly efficient technological processes, a special place should be given to the method of electro-acoustic spraying (ELAN). This method is innovative in the field of synthesis of multifunctional composite coatings, which allows the formation of protective films of an amorphous material on any conductive substrates [1]. This technology is based on the use of the complex energy of an electric spark and a complex ultrasonic field. The aim of this work is to optimize the process of obtaining multifunctional composite protective coatings based on the complex mass transfer of the electrode material and the subsequent formation of amorphous structures with predictable physical and mechanical properties by the method of electro-acoustic spraying based on the effect of electro-plasticity during deformation and pulsed action of a high-energy electromagnetic field.
Friction welding of carbon quality steel
Authors: Schepkin V , Poletaev Yu
Published: December 2021

The aim of the work is to study the possibility of using, instead of manual arc welding with a covered electrode, a method of friction welding of fittings and small-diameter branch pipes of hull power plants. The solution to this problem is possible on the basis of the application of the friction welding process of small diameter nipples and nipples. Given the insufficient theoretical and experimental study of the problem, it was necessary to solve the following scientific and technical problems: to develop the design of the models and the connected (conical) surfaces of the choke and branch pipe assemblies; substantiate the choice of optimal angles for preparing surfaces for welding; justify the choice and experimentally confirm the values of the welding mode parameters; to assess the quality of welded joints by non-destructive and destructive methods. The obtained positive results of the experimental study confirmed the technological feasibility and economic feasibility of using friction welding of carbon steel fittings and small-diameter nozzles.
Procedure for calculation of the admissible continuous power transmission currents of overhead wires and contact lines
Authors: Zharkov Yu I , Figurnov E P , Kharchevnikov V I
Published: December 2021

The proposed methodology summarizes published and original domestic and foreign theoretical and experimental materials on heating and cooling of spiral and shaped wires of overhead power transmission lines and electric power systems and uses those of them that best meet the fundamental laws of heat transfer. Formulas for calculating the surface area for spiral and shaped wires are given. A generalized formula for the convective heat transfer coefficient taking into account the direction and speed of the wind, including for the anti-ice regime, is given. The parameters of this formula do not coincide with the existing ones, since they are based on the experimental data for spiral and shaped wires, and not for round pipes. The formula for calculating the power of heat transfer under solar radiation is given. A generalized formula is given for calculating the continuous allowable current, all components of which are described in detail in the article.
Calculation of aerial contact wire volume heated by a moving electric ARC
Authors: Semenov Yu G , Kondrashov I A
Published: December 2021

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of electrified railways electric locomotive current collectors’ interaction violation with an aerial contact wire, accompanied by the occurrence of an electric arc. Current collection disorders, accompanied by arcing, have a destructive effect on the contacting elements, causing their thermal erosion. Places where current collection violations occur should be registered and diagnosed in a timely manner in order to prevent an emergency situation associated with burnout or breakage of the aerial contact wire. In order to further develop the system of technical diagnostics for current collection disorders accompanied by arcing, it is necessary to study the nature and parameters of the processes occurring during these violations. The main part of the article is devoted to the study of the area of heating the aerial contact wire by a moving electric arc. The characteristics describing the heated area are geometric parameters, including the area in the cross section of the wire and the volume of the area. To obtain the necessary data, the method of heat sources was applied, which is a mathematical model that describes the process of heat propagation in an aerial contact wire. The electric arc arising when the current collector breaks off is considered as a mobile heat source distributed over the aerial contact wire surface in the heating zone and having a limited radius of the heating spot. Based on the heat propagation process peculiarities inside the aerial contact wire, a method for calculating the volume of the heated area bounded by an isothermal surface of a certain temperature is presented. The heated area was visualized using the PTC MathCAD.
Analysis methodology for the design of start-up rheostats on thermo-dependent polycrystalline resistances
Authors: Voronova N P
Published: December 2021

The article provides a brief analysis of the starting processes of electrical devices in autonomous systems of limited power. The existing methods of automatic start-up and regulation of the operation of electrical machines and apparatus are considered, which are a multi-link system, the reliability of which is determined by a number of intermediate links, and the stepping is one of the biggest drawbacks that negatively affect the dynamics of the starting process. In addition, the issues of simplicity, low cost and small dimensions of the automatic control system for electrical installations are of particular importance in the problem of energy saving. The use of low-power thermistors as part of starting devices requires intermediate equipment and various components, which significantly reduces the reliability of the equipment. The increase in currents flowing through the ballasts simplifies the electrical control and regulation circuits. For the use of polycrystalline semiconductor thermistors in circuits with high currents, it is necessary to use special designs in order to prevent overheating of the thermistor material. The article provides algorithms for the synthesis of starting rheostats. A number of restrictions are considered and formulated, on which the nature of the processes of starting electric motors with the help of thermistor rheostats, which ensure the fulfillment of certain restrictions, depends. Recommendations are given for the formation of optimal starting processes using rheostats built on semiconductor polycrystalline thermistors.
The electric substations compensating devices’ distribution optimization
Authors: Yu Mikaelian E , Trubicin M A
Published: December 2021

The article discusses methods for calculating electrical networks when choosing the consumer compensating devices’ location. The main network and calculation module of a complex network is analyzed. The mathematical support of the reactive power factor compensation (PFC) problem is described in regional power systems, the areas of application of individual models are substantiated, and the results of the practical use of the corresponding calculation results are analyzed.
Customer compensating device placement control in energy systems
Authors: Yu Mikaelian E , Trubicin M A
Published: December 2021

The choice of the installation site for compensating devices is determined by various factors that should be taken into account when performing calculations. The location of reactive power compensation devices is determined by the results of mathematical modeling and the optimal operating mode of individual sections of electrical networks. The paper presents the results of modeling, considers the uncertainties encountered when solving the problem of placing compensating devices.
Forecasting of the efficiency indicators of the use of boiler and furnace fuel in the non-traction power engineering of railway transport based on the model of temporaryth row
Authors: Rozhitskiy D , Bardykin Yu , Pavlov Yu , Repin A , Chernikov V
Published: December 2021

The article considers the solution of the problem of constructing forecast values for a long period of changes in the value of the specific consumption of boiler and furnace fuel by boilers for a geographically distributed company-Russian Railways, taking into account the use of various types for the main types of fuel used in the generation of thermal energy: natural gas, heating oil, coal and brown coal. A mathematical model based on time series using the Bollinger method is proposed, which includes elements of extrapolation and modeling. An example of calculating the change in the values of specific consumption in the future until 2035 in the whole railway network is given. A simulation of the change in this value is performed for the variant fractions of substitution of one type of fuel with another. The possibility of determining long-term forecast indicators using a time series model is shown.
SRM simulation with reduced amount of initial information taking into account saturation of magnetic circuit
Authors: Tchavychalov M V , Nabokov A E , Bolshikh I V
Published: December 2021

The article describes the currently used approaches to mathematical modeling of switched reluctance electric machines. It is shown that the traditional approach uses a large amount of initial information on the dependence of the flux on the current and the angular position of the rotor in the form of lookup tables. It is proposed to use the description of the flux using the hyperbolic arcsine function. This approach will reduce the amount of preliminary information and thus simplify the procedures for configuring control systems.
Reducing the noise level of power transformers
Authors: Kostukov A V
Published: December 2021

The results of studies of the noise of power transformers at the enterprises of the machine-building complex are presented in this paper. The causes of the noise of power transformers are identified, the analysis is made, and the main design indicators affected the increase in the sound power level of high-voltage converters are determined. Based on the analysis of design indicators, organizational and technical measures are proposed for improving reliability and accident-free operation of power transformers, as well as reduction of the noise level of power transformers.
Improvement of passenger car power supply
Authors: Nikitin V V , Trifonov B A
Published: December 2021

A significant part of the fleet of passenger cars in operation on Russian railways are equipped with an autonomous power supply system, in which the main source of energy is an undercar generator, which is rotated from the axle of a wheelset. The disadvantage of such a system is the limitation of the speed range in which it is possible to power consumers of electric power of a passenger car from the main source: as a rule, the lower limit of this range is 35 km/h. The article proposes a variant of a technical solution that will expand the speed range of using the undercar generator by lowering the lower limit to 25 km/h: it is proposed to provide self-excitation of the undercar generator through an inverting-type DC voltage pulse converter. The parameters of the elements of the pulse converter circuit and the possibility of expanding the boundaries of the high-speed range of operation of the EGV.08.1U1 undercar generator are estimated.
Vector control system of electric traction drive with power losses minimization
Authors: Titova T S , Evstaf’ev A M , Pugachev A A
Published: December 2021

Based on the operating conditions analysis of electric traction drives of locomotives, it has been established that the vector control systems for an asynchronous motor fully satisfy all the requirements. On the basis of a T-shaped equivalent circuit, a mathematical model of an induction motor is presented, taking into account losses in the stator steel, the effect of the rotor current and saturation displacement. An algorithm for the formation of the optimal, from the point of view of power losses, task for the rotor flux linkage when using a vector control system with the orientation of the axes of the coordinate system along the rotor magnetic field, is developed. The limiting factors are the limitations on the current and voltage of the motor stator, the diesel generator set power. A shared control system for an electric traction drive with asynchronous motors has been developed, which provides direct control of wheel slip with a subordinate vector control system that minimizes power losses. The results of modeling in a steady-state operation and a start-up mode for an electric traction drive of a two-axle bogie with axial support and 630 kW asynchronous motors with the use of various options for organizing circuit reentrances are presented.
Eco-friendly sun lamp for railway facilities
Authors: Lapshin V F
Published: December 2021

The paper considers the possibility of using a pulsed discharge in cesium as an environmentally friendly high quality light source for lighting industrial premises of railway transport facilities. The use of cesium filling of standard sapphire burners of high-pressure sodium lamps and a pulsed mode of electric power supply of the discharge to create a light source has been substantiated. A mathematical model of a high-pressure pulsed discharge in cesium is formulated on the basis of the radiative gas dynamics equations. The discharge was simulated and it was shown that it is possible to create a plasma with a temperature 4000 -7000 K and a pressure of 0.5 - 1.5 at m with the power supplied to the discharge ∼ 100 W/cm in the steady-state combustion mode. The dependence of the discharge lighting characteristics on the amplitude of the current pulses and the amount of cesium in the gas discharge tube is analyzed. It is shown that in a wide range of currents and plasma densities, the color rendering index of the discharge radiation Ra> 95 with luminous efficacy ηV ∼ 70lm/W and more. The average luminous flux emitted per unit length of the discharge column is ∼ 104 lm/cm. The color temperature of the discharge radiation can vary over a wide range of values Tc∼ 3000÷4500 K. It is shown that the color coordinates Xc,Yc of discharge radiation are close to the values Xc,Yc of a blackbody. The use of such a source in conditions of a short daylight hours will make it possible to create practically solar illumination of large production areas.
Model of the traction and external power supply system joint operation
Authors: Agunov A V , Burkov A T , Ivanov M A
Published: December 2021

The paper presents a description of mathematical model designed to study the joint operation of 25 kV alternating current traction power supply systems and 110 - 750 kV power supply systemsThe design concept of three-phase and single-phase PU-generators on the basis of the EMF source behind inductive resistance as well as three-phase and single-phase loads is considered. Based on the above mathematical expressions, a computer model has been developed to analyze the joint operation of three-phase networks of external power supply and single-phase traction networks. The model is implemented in the software package MATLAB -Simulink. Using this computer model the influence of power overflows in the 110 - 330 kV network of PJSC “Karelenergo” and PJSC “FGC UES” on the equalizing currents in the traction network of the Knyazhaya-Idel’ section of the October railroad was analyzed. Brief analysis of modeling results is presented.
On the assessment of the reliability of the train radio communication channel
Authors: Roenkov D N , Plekhanov P A
Published: December 2021

The research purposeis to develop an approach to assessing the reliability of a train radio communication channel based on the representation of a radio communication network in the form of a model that includes both traditional elements (various types of equipment, a wire channel) and a radio channel, which is proposed to be described by the availability of radio coverage, which varies depending on the location of the mobile subscriber. In the research methods of the theory of reliability, and, in particular, the assessment of the availability factor of the elements of the radio communication system and communication channels, dynamically changing during the movement of the mobile radio station. In addition, to assess the energy of radio channels, the theory of radio wave propagation was applied, including on the basis of industry recommendations for calculating radio communication networks of JSC Russian Railways. As result of the research, a method was proposed for assessing the dependence of the reliability of a train radio communication channel (in terms of readiness) on the track coordinate. In this case, the radio communication channel dynamically changes the composition of the elements when the mobile subscriber moves along the railway section. Simultaneously, for each point of the section, the calculation formula is also dynamically changed, which makes it possible to find the value of the readiness of the communication channel. The proposed approach allows to identify the sections of technological radio communication networks that are weakest from the point of view of communication reliability and take this information into account when planning work to improve the reliability of communication networks.
Influence of the load of the power transformer on the magnetizing current
Authors: Ivankov S , Zagulyaev S , Gukov D
Published: December 2021

Data on the magnetizing current of power transformers are taken from the experience of idling. It is considered that it does not change under load. The experience of idling does not take into account the uneven saturation of the magnetic core when working under load. The hypothesis of a significant error caused by this assumption is put forward. The experiments carried out confirmed the hypothesis. The differences in the measurement of the magnetizing current at idle and under load in the experiments reached 28-32%. This determines the inaccuracy in the calculations of currents and losses in power transformers, which, taking into account the continuous operation of transformers and their large number, can be significant. It is proposed to add the experience of working at rated load when testing power transformers. This experience will not only allow us to clarify the val-ue of the magnetizing current under load and magnetic losses, but also to re-fine the design of the transformer in the direction of reducing the magnetizing current by eliminating uneven saturation of the magnetic circuit when working under load, due to the influence of magnetic scattering fields. This is possible by locally increasing the cross-section of the magnetic circuit in the busiest places of the magnetic circuit.
The experimental study of the influence of the string length and the position of the electromagnetic excitation coil on the metrological characteristics of the strain sensors of the intelligent monitoring system
Authors: Kucherenko A , Gusev N , Maslov V
Published: December 2021

The article is devoted to the study of the influence of changes in the string length of string converters and the position of the electromagnetic excitation coil relative to the points of attachment of the string on the amplitude of its vibrations. The re-search was carried out on a prototype of a string converter made under the patent for the invention of the Russian Federation No. 2685803 and having a constant string tension force. The results of theoretical and experimental studies showing the influence of the highest harmonics on the amplitude of string vibrations are presented. The factors determining the composition of harmonics are considered. The contribution of the harmonics to the resulting string oscillation amplitude and the measurement error of the controlled parameter of the stress-strain state is considered. The ranges of the measurements with the help of string converters with a constant string tension force and the ways of their expansion are justified.
Improvement of lithium-ion rechargeable battery (LIRB) for Electric Ships
Authors: Romanovsky V , Nikiforov B , Avramenko A
Published: December 2021

The rapid improvement of lithium-ion rechargeable battery (LIRB) has given a powerful impetus to the development of environmentally friendly, powerful and universal for use on ships and underwater vehicles. The practice of building electric ships for many years has confirmed the effectiveness of electric propulsion for many types of vessels. Organically, electric propulsion fits into icebreakers and those vessels whose operation is associated with increased maneuvering modes and variable loads on propellers. LIRB has been actively used on ferries operating in a wide range of outdoor temperatures. On diesel-electric submarines (DES), the use of rechargeable batteries is traditional and is the main source of electricity. The subsequent development of new sources of electricity, the improvement of power semiconductor devices and microelectronics has led to the successful implementation of ideas for the construction of fully electric offshore facilities.
Digital optimization of car’s hinged components
Authors: Efimov A , Fedotova O , Goryunov V , Korostelkin A , Petrov R , Sharkov M , Zatylkin K , Borovkov A
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this work is to reduce the weight of the car’s hinged structures (front and rear doors, tailgate and lock reinforcements) by using various types of optimization which involve removing material, changing thicknesses, and topography from parts (topology, topography, parameter and multivariate) as well as the interpretation of optimization results for specific types of production while maintaining the rigidity and strength characteristics. This technique is necessary to reduce the time for product development and reduce the cost of manufacturing parts. This study addressed the issue of the maximum possible weight reduction while meeting all the requirements (strength calculations, stiffness calculations, modal analysis, analysis of resistance to external loads, local rigidity of the door attachment points - strength loadcases, stiffness loadcases, modal, denting, IPI) and technological limitations (Envelope requirements, casting technology). The final design solution was required to contain visible changes from the original structure, meet performance requirements, and obtain a feasibility study from the production department.
Mechanical-Geometrical Modeling Of The Hyperelastic Materials At Uniaxial Stretching
Authors: Azarov Daniil
Published: December 2021

Hyperelastic materials, such as rubber, occupy an important place in the design and operation of various technological equipment and machines. The article analyzed the deformation behavior of hyperelastic materials using a mechanical-geometric model. The method of mechanical-geometric modeling is a new method for obtaining constitutive relations and strain energy density functions for nonlinear elastic solids. It is based on physically and geometrically consistent prerequisites. The resulting models can describe broad classes of nonlinear elastic materials (both isotropic and anisotropic) depending on the mechanical and geometric properties “embedded” in them at the first stages of design. This paper discusses two basic types of models based on different initial geometry. The mechanical parameters of the models are constants, and the models themselves are considered in a statement corresponding to isotropic hyperelastic materials. The article presents the most common diagrams of deformation of artificial and natural rubbers, as well as steel. Hyperelastic materials, depending on the task, can be described in the nonlinear theory of elasticity as ideal incompressible, or as weakly compressible. Parameters of expressions of strain energy density functions of mechanical-geometric models obtained for cases of incompressible and weakly compressible continuous solids were identified. Stretch diagrams and diagrams of the transverse deformation function of the obtained mechanical-geometric models for the two cases mentioned above are plotted. The extension diagram for the model with parameters corresponding to the classic structural material of the steel type is also shown. Comments are given on the possibility of further paths of developing the method of mechanical-geometric modeling to obtain results not only in the field of nonlinear theory of elasticity, but also viscoelasticity.
Technological tests of a multi-seat device for vibro-shock processing of long parts of complex shape
Authors: Koval Nikolay , Vyalikov Ivan , Khubiev Rustam , Karagodskaya Yulia
Published: December 2021

The article deals with the issues related to the possibility of ensuring the indicators of quality of long complex-shaped parts by using vibration-impact processing in the technological process of their manufacturing using a special multi-seat device. The analysis of the design of representatives of long parts and the requirements for the quality of their surface layer, as well as the operational properties, made it possible to formulate the basic requirements for the design of multi-seat tools and develop a prototype for technological tests. The device allows processing two fragments of long parts and was used to establish the possibility of processing full-sized products and to establish optimal processing modes. Elements of the helicopter spars, which have the most complex design in the class of the considered parts, were used as fragments. Particular attention is paid to the processing of the inner surface of a complex shape and variable cross-section. The test results showed the possibility of using a multi-seat device for vibration-impact hardening treatment, which ensures the achievement of the specified parameters of the surface layer: surface roughness and microhardness with high process productivity.
Laser processing of high chromium white iron
Authors: Batkhuu P , Omoontsoo G , Lygdenov B , Guriev A
Published: December 2021

Mechanical properties, such as wear-resistance and hardness, of laser welded and cladded high chromium white iron were investigated. The study involves the laser welding, cladding, and laser surface melt treatment by 3-kW Nd:YAG continuous wave high power laser. The laser welding of 2-mm thick high chromium white iron samples was laser welded in two combinations: iron-to-iron and iron-to-steel. Strong metallurgical bonding was witnessed between not only the iron samples but also iron and steel samples by laser welding. Three types of powder materials were used to laser clad the samples: metal-ceramic (compositionally close to INCO-702), stellite-21, and stellite-1 in order to estimate mechanical property changes and process ability of high chromium white iron. Even though the microstructure of metal-ceramic coating shows worse than stellite powder coatings it has more hardness and wear resistant property which were comparable to base iron. Hardness of metal-ceramic coating was slightly lower than base iron, yet the wear resistance was increased twofold.
Research study of the elastic-strength and tribological characteristics of the surface after laser processing of the slurry coatings
Authors: Vasilkova E , Myasnikov Ph , Myasnikova N
Published: December 2021

The research paper examines the results of applying the proposed method of the laser processing of the composite slurry coating on the steel samples` surface such as 12Kh2N4A-Sh. An increase in the elastic-strength and tribological characteristics` surface occurs as a result of the imposition of several physicochemical processes in the laser-impact zone on the applied composite slurry coating with an epoxy element as the base material with the laser thermal hardening, the diffusion influence on the atomic boron along grain boundaries, carbonization and the formation of a modified surface layer. The conducted research shows the gradient structure of the surface layers. The coating composition varies in the studied samples, however, for all experimental samples, the elastic-strength and tribological characteristics are higher than the corresponding characteristics of the standard steel sample as 12Kh2N4A-Sh, which has undergone the cementation process. The calculated values of the resistance indicators of the elastic and plastic deformation are confirmed by the conducted tribological tests. It is given the higher efficiency of the laser processing method of the slurry coating and it is concluded the prospects of the proposed method.
Improvement of the tribological properties of heavy-loaded friction units “Centre block-footstep bearing” of a freight car
Authors: Sychev A , Avilov V , Savenkova M , Luneva E , Sychev A
Published: December 2021

Various problems and different approaches of solution of such a problematic unit as “centre block-footstep bearing” of freight cars are discussed in the paper. The methods of improving the tribological properties of this friction unit by means of material modification of friction surfaces and perfection of physical, chemical and tribological properties of the used lubricants were studied. Grease lubricants common for friction units of railway machinery were used after being modified with inorganic polymers based on double metaphosphates. Bench and operational tests of the developed additive of the polymeric double metaphosphates were carried out. This additive reduces wear and increases the service life of the friction unit, due to the better adhesion properties of this additive. The variants with a change in the geometry of the contact surface of the disk between the bolster and the “centre block-footstep bearing” arrangement of the car are considered. Simulation of the parameters of movement in curved sections is proposed.
Introduction of innovative technologies in friction units of heavy-duty tribosystems and monitoring of their condition
Authors: Kolesnikov I , Koropets P , Avilov V
Published: December 2021

The article describes studies of heavy-duty metal-polymer tribosystems: wheel-brake pad and pyatnik-podpyatnik of rolling stock, as well as spline couplings of the MI-26 helicopter tail rotor transmission. Tests of the wheel - brake pad system were carried out on an inertial stand with two-way braking at loads and speeds close to real operating conditions. Methods for modifying polymers, fillers, and nanoscale additives have been developed for the Pyatnik - podpyatnik tribosystem of rolling stock. To increase the wear resistance of work surfaces two-layer carbon fibers were applied to the spline couplings. DLC- coatings. Bench tests of these coatings showed a 4.5-fold reduction in wear when testing full-scale slots with a load of 30,000 kg. H and the number of completed cycles in 1,000,000. Methods for monitoring spline couplings based on the analysis of the frequency spectrum of the acoustic-emission (AE) vibration signal generated during the operation of the friction unit are considered. The results of studying the working state of spline couplings obtained by vibration diagnostics in the acoustic frequency range are presented. The state estimation is based on both the characteristics of the time signal and the transformation of the signal in the frequency domain using modal decomposition of the signal using Hilbert-Huang transformations. It is shown that for the effective for monitoring heavy-duty tribosystems, it is advisable to use neural networks.
Improvement of the wear resistance and energy efficiency of heavy-loaded metal-polymer transport tribosystems
Authors: Kolesnikov I , Osipov V , Kolesnikov V , Guzun V , Avilov V
Published: December 2021

The article describes the phenomena of electrification, and their effect on the processes of diffusion of polymer degradation products into metal surfaces in metal-polymer tribosystems, as well as the formation of secondary structures during friction. New methods of measuring tribo IV (tribo Internal Voltage) and the results of studies of various groups of materials are presented. The conducted studies made it possible, by combining multipolar polymer materials from fillers and nanoscale additives in the composite, to increase the wear resistance of heavily loaded metal-polymer tribosystems. For metal surfaces it was carried out by friction delivery of reinforcing elements to their surface layers, for polymer composites it was based on the developed technology of their modification, the formation of secondary surface structures in the process of metal-polymer friction was carried out.
Wear of the PG-CP4 coating applied by plasma to 40H13 steel and subjected to laser treatment
Authors: Morozov V V , Gusev V G , Morozov A V
Published: December 2021

This paper discusses the wear of PG-CP4 powder coating deposited by plasma on 40H13 steel and treated by laser. A multi-factor model was established that relates the absolute wear of the PG-CP4 coating to independent factors of the laser processing process and allows you to reduce the coating wear. The longitudinal feed Spr of the laser beam and distance L from the protective glass of the laser head to the processed surface have the greatest and approximately equal influence on the absolute wear of the coating, and the radiation power W -a minimum influence. The research of 40H13 steel coated (the first option) and uncoated steel (the second option), showed that of all the samples that provide reliable adhesion of the coating to the substrate and the greatest reduction in absolute wear (from 80 to 22 micrometers, by 72.5 %) was achieved in the first case at the mode: W = 3 kW, Spr = 10 mm/s and L = 60 mm. The results of the research are recommended for use in enterprises that implement the processes of plasma and laser processing of materials, as well as in design organizations that develop modern technological laser systems.
Coercimeter for non-destructive control of solid alloys
Authors: Tsybriy I K , Koval N S , Topolskaya I A
Published: December 2021

The widespread use of solid-alloy tools in modern engineering makes it necessary to ensure and maintain quality in the process of their production. The use of hard alloy plates of inadequate quality results in the instability of the mechanical processing and, as a consequence, the quality of the processed products in the batch is reduced. Heterogeneity of structure and properties is a significant disadvantage of products of cermet solid alloys as a product of powder metallurgy. They must therefore be subject to 100 per cent quality control. Today, various methods are used in order to control the physical and mechanical properties of products, such as hardness and microhardness of the surface and surface layer. Non-destructive control methods, one of which is a magnetic method based on measurement of the coercive force of an article, are of high priority and potential. A coercimeter instrument is proposed to implement this method. This research gives a description of the principle of its work, the functions performed by individual nodes, their electrical circuits and possibilities.