bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy: Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy versus 3D Non-Coplanar Conformal Radiotherapy for the Treatment of Early Stage Lung Cancer
Authors: Herbert C. , Kwa W. , Nakano S. , James K. , Moiseenko V. , Wu J. , Schellenberg D. , Liu M.
Published: April 2013

Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is a treatment option for patients with early stage lung cancer. Treatment duration can be >30 minutes per fraction with non-coplanar 3D-conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT). Whilst this is generally well tolerated, faster delivery techniques are desirable. Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) allows for fast delivery of radiation treatment. The purpose of this planning study was to compare SBRT with 3D-CRT and VMAT, with VMAT plans generated using both single arc and 3 non-coplanar partial arcs. Ten patients who previously underwent SBRT (48 Gy in 4 fractions) with 3D-CRT were selected. VMAT plans were generated to treat the PTV while limiting doses to organs at risk. Cumulative dose volume histogram (DVH) parameters were compared between the 3 techniques using the Wilcoxon matched pairs test. Treatment delivery time was also assessed. Both VMAT techniques covered target volumes more conformally than 3D-CRT with a mean V48/VPTV of 1.21 for 3D-CRT, 1.03 for 3 arc plans and 1.01 for single arc plans (ρ = 0.005). Dose constraints to organs at risk were met using all three techniques. Mean lung doses were 2.93 Gy for 3D-CRT, 2.87 Gy for single arc and 2.73 Gy for the 3 arc technique (3-arc vs. 3D-CRT: ρ = 0.009). Lung V20 for 3D-CRT, 1 arc and 3 arcs were 3.24%, 2.89% and 2.73%, respectively (3-arc vs. 3D-CRT: ρ = 0.028). Mean time to deliver a single fraction was 13 minutes for 3D-CRT, 9.2 minutes for 3 arcs and 5.5 minutes for 1 arc. VMAT resulted in improved conformality compared to 3D-CRT. The 3 arc technique appears to have the lowest dose to lung although the magnitude is unlikely to be clinically significant. The main advantage of VMAT over 3D-CRT is faster treatment delivery time. Shortened treatment times are anticipated to improve tolerability of this treatment and reduce the chance of error due to intra-fraction motion.
In Pursuit of Safe Foods: Chinese Preferences for Soybean Attributes in Soymilk
Authors: Zheng Yue , Li Xianghong , Peterson Hikaru Hanawa
Published: April 2013

This study examines Chinese consumers’ preferences for organic and non‐GM (genetically modified) attributes of soybeans used in soymilk. An enumerated consumer survey was conducted in three types of grocery outlets in the cities of Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. We found that respondents were willing to pay a premium for organic and non‐GM attributes as well as for information on where soybeans were produced. The organic attribute certified by U.S. agencies was valued more than that certified by Chinese agencies, but the converse was true for the non‐GM attribute. Preferences were heterogeneous, particularly toward U.S.‐certified organic and soybeans of Chinese origin. [JEL Classifications: Q13, Q17]
CuI/amino acid catalysis in coupling and cyclization of β‐bromo‐α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acids with terminal alkynes leading to alkylidenefuranones
Authors: Ho Son Long , Cho Chan Sik , Choi Heung‐Jin , Sohn Ho‐Sang
Published: April 2013

β‐Bromo‐α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acids are coupled and cyclized with terminal alkynes in DMF at 110°C in the presence of a catalytic amount of CuI and amino acid along with a base to give alkylidenefuranones in good yields. Similar reaction under microwave irradiation also gave alkylidenefuranones in higher yields. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved recellularization of ex vivo vascular scaffolds using directed transport gradients to modulate ECM remodeling
Authors: Tosun Zehra , McFetridge Peter S.
Published: April 2013

The regeneration of functional, clinically viable, tissues from acellular ex vivo tissues has been problematic largely due to poor nutrient transport conditions that limit cell migration and integration. Compounding these issues are subcellular pore sizes that necessarily requires extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling in order for cells to migrate and regenerate the tissue. The aim of the present work was to create a directed growth environment that allows cells to fully populate an ex vivo‐derived vascular scaffold and maintain viability over extended periods. Three different culture conditions using single (one nutrient source) or dual perfusion bioreactor systems (two nutrients sources) were designed to assess the effect of pressure and nutrient gradients under either low (50/30 mmHg) or high (120/80) relative pressure conditions. Human myofibroblasts were seeded to the ablumenal periphery of an ex vivo‐derived vascular scaffold using a collagen/hydrogel cell delivery system. After 30 days culture, total cell density was consistent between groups; however, significant variation was noted in cell distribution and construct mechanics as a result of differing perfusion conditions. The most aggressive transport gradient was developed by the single perfusion low‐pressure circuits and resulted in a higher proportion of cells migrating across the scaffold toward the vessel lumen (nutrient source). These investigations illustrate the influence of directed nutrient gradients where precisely controlled perfusion conditions significantly affects cell migration, distribution and function, resulting in pronounced effects on construct mechanics during early remodeling events. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 2035–2045. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrospun aligned PHBV/collagen nanofibers as substrates for nerve tissue engineering
Authors: Prabhakaran Molamma P. , Vatankhah Elham , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: April 2013

Nerve regeneration following the injury of nerve tissue remains a major issue in the therapeutic medical field. Various bio‐mimetic strategies are employed to direct the nerve growth in vitro, among which the chemical and topographical cues elicited by the scaffolds are crucial parameters that is primarily responsible for the axon growth and neurite extension involved in nerve regeneration. We carried out electrospinning for the first time, to fabricate both random and aligned nanofibers of Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate; PHBV) and composite PHBV/collagen nanofibers with fiber diameters in the range of 386–472 nm and 205–266 nm, respectively. To evaluate the potential of electrospun aligned nanofibers of PHBV and composite scaffolds as a substrate for nerve regeneration, we cultured nerve cells (PC12) and studied the biocompatibility effect along with neurite extension by immunostaining studies. Cell proliferation assays showed 40.01% and 5.48% higher proliferation of nerve cells on aligned PHBV/Coll50:50 nanofibers compared to cell proliferation on aligned PHBV and PHBV/Col75:25 nanofibers, respectively. Aligned nanofibers of PHBV/Coll provided contact guidance to direct the orientation of nerve cells along the direction of the fibers, thus endowing elongated cell morphology, with bi‐polar neurite extensions required for nerve regeneration. Results showed that aligned PHBV/Col nanofibers are promising substrates than the random PHBV/Col nanofibers for application as bioengineered grafts for nerve tissue regeneration. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013;110: 2775–2784. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Probability of Criminal Acts of Violence: A Test of Jury Predictive Accuracy
Authors: Reidy Thomas J. , Sorensen Jon R. , Cunningham Mark D.
Published: April 2013

The ability of capital juries to accurately predict future prison violence at the sentencing phase of aggravated murder trials was examined through retrospective review of the disciplinary records of 115 male inmates sentenced to either life (n = 65) or death (n = 50) in Oregon from 1985 through 2008, with a mean post‐conviction time at risk of 15.3 years. Violent prison behavior was completely unrelated to predictions made by capital jurors, with bidirectional accuracy simply reflecting the base rate of assaultive misconduct in the group. Rejection of the special issue predicting future violence enjoyed 90% accuracy. Conversely, predictions that future violence was probable had 90% error rates. More than 90% of the assaultive rule violations committed by these offenders resulted in no harm or only minor injuries. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk Assessment in the Law: Legal Admissibility, Scientific Validity, and Some Disparities between Research and Practice
Authors: Krauss Daniel A. , Scurich Nicholas
Published: April 2013

Risk assessment expert testimony remains an area of considerable concern within the U.S. legal system. Historically, controversy has surrounded the constitutionality of such testimony, while more recently, following the adoption of new evidentiary standards that focus on scientific validity, the admissibility of expert testimony has received greater scrutiny. Based on examples from recent appellate court cases involving sexual violent predator (SVP) hearings, we highlight difficulties that courts continue to face in evaluating this complex expert testimony. In each instance, we point to specific problems in courts' reasoning that lead it to admit expert testimony of questionable scientific validity. We conclude by offering suggestions for how courts might more effectively evaluate the scientific validity of risk expert testimony and how mental health professionals might better communicate their expertise to the courts. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Study of Commercial Nanoparticulate γ‐Al2O3 Catalyst Supports
Authors: Rozita Yahaya , Brydson Rik , Comyn Tim P. , Scott Andrew J. , Hammond Chris , Brown Andy , Chauruka Sandra , Hassanpour Ali , Young Neil P. , Kirkland Angus I. , Sawada Hidetaka , Smith Ron I.
Published: April 2013

This study investigates a range of commercially available γ‐Al2O3 powders by using a combination of integrated experimental techniques. These included general measurements of powder properties by using helium density, BET surface area, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. In addition, dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements were used to investigate nanoparticle dispersions. Bulk crystal structures were analysed by using comparative X‐ray and neutron powder diffraction (XRD and NPD) analyses. Conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to determine particle morphology, particle size, composition, and structure. Aberration‐corrected TEM was used to investigate the crystallinity of nanoparticles including the existence of any surface reconstruction on commonly observed facetted, cubeoctahedral γ‐Al2O3 nanoparticles. From the observation of peak splittings in diffraction data, we favour a description of the γ‐Al2O3 structure based on a distortion of the conventionally accepted face‐centred cubic (Fd$\bar 3$m) structure into a tetragonal I41/amd structure. Distinct differences between TEM, XRD, and NPD data indicate the presence of some cation disorder within a rigid close‐packed oxygen framework. The Rietveld refinement of the NPD data suggests a high level of microstrain of 1.2 %. An improvement to the model is achieved by reducing the aluminium content in the unit cell, which is commensurate with the migration of aluminium ions to the surface and some degree of nonstoichiometry in the particle core. Aberration‐corrected TEM imaging and exit wave reconstruction confirm previous evidence for the presence of enhanced surface contrast at {1 1 1} surface facets, which we associate with the presence of excess cation termination. In addition, these {1 1 1} facets are observed to be heavily stepped. These results may have important implications for the thermal stability of metal catalyst nanoparticles on these high‐surface area supports; the migration of aluminium ions to the surface provides clear evidence of why these materials perform so well as catalyst supports.
Modeling of Multistage Bubble Column Reactors for Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Behin J. , Shojaeimehr T.
Published: April 2013

In this work, a mathematical model based on axial dispersion has been suggested to simulate the behavior of a multistage bubble column reactor. A six‐stage pilot‐scale reactor with an inner diameter of 0.35 m and a height of 12 m was used for hydrogen peroxide production through the direct oxidation of isopropyl alcohol at isothermal condition. Steady‐state and dynamic simulations were performed to predict the concentration of all the reactants in gas and liquid phases. It was observed that for steady state‐conditions the simulation results were consistent with the experimental results. Dynamic models involving liquid back‐mixing can be used for the simulation of start‐up, shut‐down or transition operations in this kind of a rector.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Gas‐Liquid Two‐Phase Flow around a Spherical Particle
Authors: Du W. , Feng D. , Xu J. , Wei W.
Published: April 2013

Microscale studies, which can provide basic information for meso‐ and macroscale studies, are essential for the realization of flow characteristics of a packed bed. In the present study, the effects of gas velocity, liquid velocity, liquid‐solid contact angle, and liquid viscosity on the flow behavior were parametrically investigated for gas‐liquid two‐phase flow around a spherical particle, using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methodology in combination with the volume‐of‐fluid (VOF) model. The VOF model was first validated and proved to be in good agreement with the experimental data. The simulation results show that the film thickness decreases with increasing gas velocity. This trend is more obvious with increasing operating pressure. With increasing liquid velocity, the film thickness tends to be uniform on the particle surface. The flow regime can change from film flow to transition flow to bubble flow with increasing contact angle. In addition, only at relatively high values does the liquid viscosity affect the residence time of the liquid on the particle surface.
Material Advancements in Fabrication of Mixed‐Matrix Membranes
Authors: Nasir R. , Mukhtar H. , Man Z. , Mohshim D. F.
Published: April 2013

The mixed‐matrix membrane (MMM) is a new membrane material for gas separation and plays a vital role for the advancement of current membrane‐based separation technology. Blending between inorganic fillers like carbon molecular sieves, zeolite, metal oxides, silica and silica nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, zeolitic imidazolate framework, metal organic framework, and glassy and rubbery polymers etc. is possible. Due to mechanical, thermal, and chemical stability, these membranes achieve high permeability and selectivity as compared to pure polymeric materials. Despite of these advantages, the MMM performances are still below industrial expectations because of membrane defects and related processing problems as well as the nonuniform dispersion of fillers in MMMs. Material selection for organic and inorganic phases, preparation techniques, material advancements, and performance of MMMs are discussed. Issues and challenges faced during MMM synthesis as well as problem solutions are highlighted.
Erythrocytes labeled with [18F]SFB as an alternative to radioactive CO for quantification of blood volume with PET
Authors: Herance José Raúl , Gispert Juan Domingo , Abad Sergio , Victor Victor M. , Pareto Deborah , Torrent Èlia , Rojas Santiago
Published: April 2013

Inhaled radioactive CO is currently the tracer of choice for blood volume quantification by positron emission tomography (PET). This measurement is of great interest for several clinical and research applications. However, owing to the short half‐life of the radiolabeled CO, it can only be used in centers equipped with a cyclotron. In the present work, we propose an alternative method to label the red blood cells with [18F] in order to obtain blood volume measurements by PET. The use of the radioactive synthon [18F] N‐succinimidyl 4‐[18F]fluorobenzoate ([18F]SFB) was evaluated for erythrocyte labeling and PET blood volume imaging. The images provided by [18F]SFB labeled erythrocytes were compared with those obtained with inhaled [11C]CO. Blood volumes obtained with [18F]SFB labeled erythrocytes were similar to those obtained with [11C]CO in all of the evaluated organs with the exception of spleen, which presented lower uptake with this method. Since the [18F]‐SFB binds irreversibly to red blood cells, in vivo stability of the radiolabel was higher compared with the [11C]CO method. Additionally, owing to the longer half‐life and the shorter positron range of [18F], the image quality was also higher with the [18F]SFB radiolabeled erythrocytes. The labeling of red blood with [18F]SFB represents an advantageous alternative to radioactive CO for blood volume measurement by PET and cardiovascular isotopic imaging. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silica/Silicone Nanofilament Hybrid Coatings with Almost Perfect Superhydrophobicity
Authors: Zhang Junping , Seeger Stefan
Published: April 2013

A facile method for the preparation of silica/silicone nanofilament hybrid coatings with almost perfect superhydrophobicity (contact angle=179.8° and sliding angle=1.3°) is presented. The coatings are obtained by dip‐coating of silica nanoparticles, followed by chemical vapor deposition of silicone nanofilaments. Predominant growth of silicone nanofilaments onto aggregated silica nanoparticles generates a two‐tier structure. The effect of silica nanoparticle size on the growth of silicone nanofilaments, along with their anti‐wetting properties and transparency are investigated in detail. Surface roughness and anti‐wetting properties can be simply regulated by controlling the size of silica nanoparticles.
Numerical study of radial temperature distribution in the AlN sublimation growth system
Authors: Li Huijie , Liu Xianglin , Feng Yuxia , Wei Hongyuan , Yang Shaoyan
Published: April 2013

A large radial temperature gradient in the AlN sublimation growth system would lead to non‐uniform growth rate along the radial direction and introduce thermal stress in the as grown crystal. In this paper, we have numerically studied the radial thermal uniformity in the crucible of a AlN sublimation growth system. The temperature difference on the source top surface is insignificant while the radial temperature gradient on the lid surface is too large to be neglected. The simulation results showed that the crucible material with a large thermal conductivity is beneficial to obtain a uniform temperature distribution on the lid surface. Moreover, it was found that the temperature gradient on the lid surface decreases with increased lid thickness and decreased top window size.
Glucose Dehydration to 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural in a Biphasic System over Solid Acid Foams
Authors: Ordomsky Vitaly V. , van der Schaaf John , Schouten Jaap C. , Nijhuis T. Alexander
Published: April 2013

A solid acid foam‐structured catalyst based on a binderless zirconium phosphate (ZrPO) coating on aluminum foam was prepared. The catalyst layer was obtained by performing a multiple washcoating procedure of ZrPO slurry on the anodized aluminum foam. The effect of the pretreatment of ZrPO, the concentration of the slurry, and the amount of coating on the properties of the foam was studied. The catalytic properties of the prepared foams have been evaluated in the dehydration of glucose to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in a biphasic reactor. The catalytic behavior of ZrPO foam‐based catalysts was studied in a rotating foam reactor and compared with that of bulk ZrPO. The effect of a silylation procedure on the selectivity of the process was shown over bulk and foam catalysts. This treatment resulted in a higher selectivity due to the deactivation of unselective Lewis acid sites. Addition of methylisobutylketone leads to extraction of HMF from the aqueous phase and stabilization of the selectivity to HMF over bulk ZrPO. A more intensive contact of the foam with the aqueous and organic phases leads to an increase in the selectivity and resistance to deactivation of the foam in comparison with a bulk catalyst.
New SRAM design using body bias technique for low‐power and high‐speed applications
Authors: Faraji Rasoul , Naji Hamid Reza , Rahimi‐Nezhad Majid , Arabnejhad Mohammad
Published: April 2013

In this paper, a new SRAM cell with body‐bias actively controlled by a control circuit and word line is introduced to realize low‐power and high‐speed applications. The cell uses two word lines, which vary between positive and negative voltage levels to control the body bias of cell's transistors. In this design, using a peripheral control circuit with the least possible number of transistors, the access time is decreased and also a trade‐off between static and dynamic power consumption is provided. Compared to a conventional SRAM cell, the proposed cell reduces the static power consumption by 82% and improves the read performance by 40% and the write performance by 27%. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A meshless finite point method for three‐dimensional analysis of compressible flow problems involving moving boundaries and adaptivity
Authors: Ortega Enrique , Oñate Eugenio , Idelsohn Sergio , Flores Roberto
Published: April 2013

A finite point method for solving compressible flow problems involving moving boundaries and adaptivity is presented. The numerical methodology is based on an upwind‐biased discretization of the Euler equations, written in arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian form and integrated in time by means of a dual‐time steeping technique. In order to exploit the meshless potential of the method, a domain deformation approach based on the spring network analogy is implemented, andh‐adaptivity is also employed in the computations. Typical movable boundary problems in transonic flow regime are solved to assess the performance of the proposed technique. In addition, an application to a fluid–structure interaction problem involving static aeroelasticity illustrates the capability of the method to deal with practical engineering analyses. The computational cost and multi‐core performance of the proposed technique is also discussed through the examples provided. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial orienting in complex audiovisual environments
Authors: Nardo Davide , Santangelo Valerio , Macaluso Emiliano
Published: April 2013

Previous studies on crossmodal spatial orienting typically used simple and stereotyped stimuli in the absence of any meaningful context. This study combined computational models, behavioural measures and functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate audiovisual spatial interactions in naturalistic settings. We created short videos portraying everyday life situations that included a lateralised visual event and a co‐occurring sound, either on the same or on the opposite side of space. Subjects viewed the videos with or without eye‐movements allowed (overt or covert orienting). For each video, visual and auditory saliency maps were used to index the strength of stimulus‐driven signals, and eye‐movements were used as a measure of the efficacy of the audiovisual events for spatial orienting. Results showed that visual salience modulated activity in higher‐order visual areas, whereas auditory salience modulated activity in the superior temporal cortex. Auditory salience modulated activity also in the posterior parietal cortex, but only when audiovisual stimuli occurred on the same side of space (multisensory spatial congruence). Orienting efficacy affected activity in the visual cortex, within the same regions modulated by visual salience. These patterns of activation were comparable in overt and covert orienting conditions. Our results demonstrate that, during viewing of complex multisensory stimuli, activity in sensory areas reflects both stimulus‐driven signals and their efficacy for spatial orienting; and that the posterior parietal cortex combines spatial information about the visual and the auditory modality. Hum Brain Mapp 35:1597–1614, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Divergent estrogen receptor‐positive and ‐negative breast cancer trends and etiologic heterogeneity in Denmark
Authors: Anderson William F. , Rosenberg Philip S. , Petito Lucia , Katki Hormuzd A. , Ejlertsen Bent , Ewertz Marianne , Rasmussen Birgitte B. , Jensen Maj‐Britt , Kroman Niels
Published: April 2013

Long‐term breast cancer trends in incidence in the United States (US) show rising estrogen receptor (ER)‐positive rates and falling ER‐negative rates. We hypothesized that these divergent trends reflect etiologic heterogeneity and that comparable trends should be observed in other countries with similar risk factor profiles. Therefore, we analyzed invasive female breast cancers in Denmark, a country with similar risk factors as the US. We summarized the overall trend in age‐standardized rates with the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) statistic (1993–2010) and used age‐period‐cohort models to estimate age‐specific EAPCs, cohort rate ratios and projections for future time periods (2011–2018). In Denmark, the overall rate of ER‐positive cancers rose between 1993 and 2010 by 3.0% per year (95% CI: 2.8–3.3% per year), whereas the overall rate of ER‐negative cancers fell by 2.1% per year (95% CI: −2.5 to −1.6% per year). The ER‐positive rate increased fastest among postmenopausal women and the ER‐negative rate decreased fastest among premenopausal women, reflecting that cohorts born after 1944 were at relatively higher risk of ER‐positive tumors and lower risk of ER‐negative tumors. If current trends continue, ER‐positive cancers will increase at least 13% by 2018 in Denmark, ER‐negative cancers will fall 15% by 2018, and breast cancer overall will increase at least 7% by 2018. Divergent ER‐specific trends are consistent with distinct etiologic pathways. If trends in known risk factors are responsible, the Danish and US experience may foreshadow a common pattern worldwide.
Multi‐instrument observations from Svalbard of a traveling convection vortex, electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave burst, and proton precipitation associated with a bow shock instability
Authors: Engebretson M. J. , Yeoman T. K. , Oksavik K. , Søraas F. , Sigernes F. , Moen J. I. , Johnsen M. G. , Pilipenko V. A. , Posch J. L. , Lessard M. R. , Lavraud B. , Hartinger M. D. , Clausen L. B. N. , Raita T. , Stolle C.
Published: April 2013

An isolated burst of 0.35 Hz electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves was observed at four sites on Svalbard from 0947 to 0954 UT 2 January 2011, roughly 1 h after local noon. This burst was associated with one of a series of ~50 nT magnetic impulses observed at the northernmost stations of the IMAGE magnetometer array. Hankasalmi SuperDARN radar data showed a west‐to‐east (antisunward) propagating vortical ionospheric flow in a region of high spectral width ~ 1–2° north of Svalbard, confirming that this magnetic impulse was the signature of a traveling convection vortex. Ground‐based observations of the Hα line at Longyearbyen indicated proton precipitation at the same time as the EMIC wave burst, and NOAA‐19, which passed over the west coast of Svalbard between 0951 and 0952, observed a clear enhancement of ring current protons at the same latitude. Electron precipitation from this same satellite indicated that the EMIC burst was located on closed field lines, but near to the polar cap boundary. We believe these are the first simultaneous observations of EMIC waves and precipitating energetic protons so near to the boundary of the dayside magnetosphere. Although several spacecraft upstream of Earth observed a steady solar wind and predominantly radial interplanetary magnetic field orientation before and during this event, data from Geotail (near the morning bow shock) showed large reorientations of the interplanetary magnetic field and substantial decreases in ion density several minutes before it, and data from Cluster (near the afternoon bow shock) showed an outward excursion of the bow shock simultaneous with it. These upstream perturbations suggest that a spontaneous hot flow anomaly, a bow shock related instability, may have been responsible for triggering this event, but do not provide enough information to fully characterize that instability.
A joint analysis of modeled soil moisture fields and satellite observations
Authors: Jiménez Carlos , Clark Douglas B. , Kolassa Jana , Aires Filipe , Prigent Catherine
Published: April 2013

A methodology to conduct a joint analysis of modeled soil moisture fields from the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) and a data set of multiwavelength observations is presented. It consists of building a statistical model capturing the relationships between the land surface model estimates and the satellite observations, and then using the satellite observations (mapped into soil moisture predictions by the statistical model) to evaluate the fields estimated by the land surface model. Two statistical models are tested and predict very similar soil moisture (global correlation and root‐mean‐square deviation (RMSD) of ~ 0.98 and ~ 0.02 m3/m3). A characterization of prediction uncertainty shows errors ranging between 0.01 and 0.10 m3/m3, depending on biome and season. The satellite prediction and JULES soil moisture agree relatively well (global correlation and RMSD of ~ 0.92 and ~ 0.05 m3/m3), but for some regions and periods, clear differences exist. Conducted tests modifying either the predicted soil moisture or the JULES estimates show that this methodology can effectively change soil moisture toward more correct values. It can then be expected that some of the differences are the result of the satellite information modifying the modeled soil moisture fields toward more realistic values. However, proving this is difficult given the present uncertainties in modeled and observed global soil moisture products.
Positron emission tomography radioligands for in vivo imaging of Aβ plaques
Authors: Mason N. Scott , Mathis Chester A. , Klunk William E.
Published: April 2013

The development of positron emission tomography (PET) radioligands for the non‐invasive imaging of amyloid‐β plaque burden has been the focus of intense research efforts over the last decade. A variety of structural backbones have been investigated and several radiolabeled molecules have been evaluated in phase I (and later) clinical studies. These efforts have been driven by the desire not only to develop a suitable diagnostic imaging agent but also to develop a means to evaluate potential therapies for Alzheimer's disease. This review focuses on the development of these ligands, as well as the radiochemistry and current regulatory status of these PET radioligands. Particular attention is given to those ligands that have progressed to the later stages of drug development (phase II/III clinical trial studies) or approved New Drug Application status.
Positron emission tomography radiotracers for imaging hypoxia
Authors: Wuest Melinda , Wuest Frank
Published: April 2013

Localized hypoxia, the physiological hallmark of many clinical pathologies, is the consequence of acute or chronic ischemia in the affected region or tissue. The versatility, sensitivity, quantitative nature, and increasing availability of positron emission tomography (PET) make it the preclinical and clinical method of choice for functional imaging of tissue hypoxia at the molecular level. The progress and current status of radiotracers for hypoxia‐specific PET imaging are reviewed in this article including references mainly focused on radiochemistry and also relevant to molecular imaging of hypoxia in preclinical and clinical studies.
Synthesis of [15, 16‐3H] beta‐funaltrexamine
Authors: Filer Crist N. , Seguin Richard J.
Published: April 2013

The two step synthesis of [15, 16‐3H] beta‐funaltrexamine is described.
Identification of a subpopulation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells with cancer stem‐like cell properties by high aldehyde dehydrogenase activity
Authors: Yu Fenggang , Sim Adrian Chong Nyi , Li Chunwei , Li Yingying , Zhao Xuening , Wang De‐Yun , Loh Kwok Seng
Published: April 2013

Objectives/Hypothesis

Cancer stem cells have been reported as a new therapeutic target in many cancers, but their existence in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is largely unknown. This study was conducted to determine cancer stem‐like cells in NPC cell line.

Study Design

Basic science experimental study.

Methods

Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, a putative functional marker for cancer stem cells, was assessed in Epstein‐Barr virus‐associated NPC cell line C666‐1 cells. The ability of cells with high and low ALDH activity to proliferate, resist therapy, and initiate tumor formation was compared.

Results

Enrichment of cancer stem‐like cells (with high ALDH activity) in C666‐1 was associated with a significantly greater ability to proliferate, be clonogenic, resist chemotherapy drugs and radiation, reconstitute a heterogeneous population, and express pluripotent markers. Furthermore, subcutaneous injection of these cells into immunodeficient nude mice resulted in a tendency of tumor formation at a higher rate as compared to cells with low ALDH activity.

Conclusions

These results provide evidence for the existence of cancer stem‐like cells in the NPC cell line C666‐1 cells. Laryngoscope, 123:1903–1911, 2013
Pelvic floor muscle training for prevention and treatment of urinary and fecal incontinence in antenatal and postnatal women: A short version Cochrane review
Authors: Boyle Rhianon , Hay‐Smith E. Jean C. , Cody June D. , Mørkved Siv
Published: April 2013

Background

Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) is commonly recommended during pregnancy and after birth both for prevention and the treatment of incontinence.

Objectives

Effect of pelvic floor muscle training compared to usual antenatal and postnatal care on incontinence.

Search Methods

Cochrane Incontinence Group Specialized Register; handsearching (searched February 7, 2012); the references of relevant articles.

Selection Criteria

Randomized or quasi‐randomized controlled trials in pregnant or postnatal women having pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) versus no PFMT or standard care.

Data Collection and Analysis

Duplicate trial assessment, selection and data abstraction.

Results

Twenty‐two trials involving 8,485 women. Continent pregnant women (prevention) who had intensive antenatal PFMT were less likely to report urinary incontinence up to 6 months after delivery (risk ratio (RR) 0.71, 95% CI 0.54–0.95). Incontinent postnatal women (treatment) who received PFMT were less likely to report urinary incontinence 12 months after delivery (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.35–1.03). In a mixed population (women with and without incontinence symptoms in late pregnancy or after delivery), PFMT did not reduce incontinence rates after delivery.

Authors' Conclusions

For women who are continent during pregnancy, PFMT may prevent urinary incontinence up to 6 months after delivery. The extent to which mixed prevention and treatment approaches to PFMT in the postnatal period are effective is less clear that is, offering advice on PFMT to all pregnant or postpartum women whether they have incontinence symptoms or not. There was little evidence about long‐term effects for either urinary or fecal incontinence. Neurourol. Urodynam. 33:269–276, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hybrid particle‐element method for an unstructured hexahedral mesh
Authors: Hernandez R.J. , Fahrenthold E.P.
Published: April 2013

Hamiltonian models of high‐velocity impact dynamics, based on a hybrid particle‐element kinematic scheme, offer an energy conserving description of general contact‐impact, perforation, and fragmentation physics with applications in a number of important engineering fields. Published work on these models has considered only a uniform finite element mesh, requiring curved surfaces and many target and projectile geometries to be represented in an approximate fashion. In recent research, the authors have developed a new formulation suitable for application to any solid model described by an unstructured hexahedral mesh. The formulation incorporates a new algorithm, which constructs an ellipsoidal particle discretization of the mass distribution described by a general hex mesh and a new density interpolation suitable for use with general ellipsoidal arrays whose particles vary in mass, shape, and spatial orientation. Application of the method in the simulation of high‐velocity impact problems shows good agreement with experiment, for both smoothly graded and deliberately distorted hexahedral meshes. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cynophagia in the Púchov (Celtic) Culture Settlement at Liptovská Mara, Northern Slovakia
Authors: Chrószcz A. , Janeczek M. , Bielichová Z. , Gralak T. , Onar V.
Published: April 2013

This paper deals with the remains of butchered dogs from the La Tène and Early Roman sites in northern Slovakia. A large settlement revealed at Liptovská Mara was inhabited by the Celtic tribe of Cotini, representing the so‐called Púchov culture. The long‐term excavation of the site has yielded one of the largest collections from that time in Slovakia. During archaeozoological analysis, the skeletal remains of dogs were identified. Interestingly, a large portion of the specimens represent the cranial skeleton, and the majority of mandibles bear distinctive marks of butchery. On the basis of their placement and similar characteristics, the authors conclude that they resulted from tongue‐removal procedures. Moreover, their frequent occurrence clearly supports the idea of the use of dog flesh at the site. The authors argue that cynophagia occurred mainly for economic reasons; however, it might also have been part of the rituals documented in the sanctuary of Liptovská Mara. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Benefits and limitations of whole genome versus targeted approaches for noninvasive prenatal testing for fetal aneuploidies
Authors: Boon Elles M. J. , Faas Brigitte H. W.
Published: April 2013

The goal to noninvasively detect fetal aneuploidies using circulating cell‐free fetal DNA in the maternal plasma seems to be achieved by the use of massively parallel sequencing (MPS). To date, different MPS approaches exist, all aiming to deliver reliable results in a cost effective manner. The most widely used approach is the whole genome MPS method, in which sequencing is performed on maternal plasma to determine the presence of a fetal trisomy. To reduce costs targeted approaches, only analyzing loci from the chromosome(s) of interest has been developed. This review summarizes the different MPS approaches, their benefits and limitations and discusses the implications for future noninvasive prenatal testing. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptation of Phaeobacter inhibensDSM 17395 to growth with complex nutrients
Authors: Zech Hajo , Hensler Michael , Koßmehl Sebastian , Drüppel Katharina , Wöhlbrand Lars , Trautwein Kathleen , Hulsch Reiner , Maschmann Uwe , Colby Thomas , Schmidt Jürgen , Reinhardt Richard , Schmidt‐Hohagen Kerstin , Schomburg Dietmar , Rabus Ralf
Published: April 2013

Phaeobacter inhibens DSM 17395, a member of the Roseobacter clade, was studied for its adaptive strategies to complex and excess nutrient supply, here mimicked by cultivation with Marine Broth (MB). During growth in process‐controlled fermenters, P. inhibens DSM 17395 grew faster (3.6‐fold higher μmax) and reached higher optical densities (2.2‐fold) with MB medium, as compared to the reference condition of glucose‐containing mineral medium. Apparently, in the presence of MB medium, metabolism was tuned to maximize growth rate at the expense of efficiency. Comprehensive proteomic analysis of cells harvested at ½ ODmax identified 1783 (2D DIGE, membrane and extracellular protein‐enriched fractions, shotgun) different proteins (50.5% coverage), 315 (based on 2D DIGE) of which displayed differential abundance profiles. Moreover, 145 different metabolites (intra‐ and extracellular combined) were identified, almost all of which (140) showed abundance changes. During growth with MB medium, P. inhibens DSM 17395 specifically formed the various proteins required for utilization of phospholipids and several amino acids, as well as for gluconeogenesis. Metabolic tuning on amino acid utilization is also reflected by massive discharge of urea to dispose the cell of excess ammonia. Apparently, P. inhibens DSM 17395 modulated its metabolism to simultaneously utilize diverse substrates from the complex nutrient supply.
The safety and chemical engineering education committee—broadening the reach of chemical engineering process safety education
Authors: Spicer Thomas O. , Willey Ronald J. , Crowl Daniel A. , Smades Wendy
Published: April 2013

The Safety and Chemical Engineering Education (SAChE) program, initiated in 1992, is a cooperative effort between the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) and engineering schools to provide teaching materials and programs that bring elements of process safety into the education of undergraduate and graduate students studying chemical and biochemical products and processes. The SAChE Committee is comprised of representatives from academe and industry in addition to AIChE and CCPS staff with the objective of developing and distributing teaching materials on chemical process safety. In addition to providing a brief history of SAChE, this article summarizes the current major efforts of the Committee including SAChE Products (materials suitable for classroom adaptation distributed through its web site http://www.sache.org), SAChE Faculty Workshops (to introduce faculty to the practice of chemical process safety in an industrial setting), and SAChE Student Safety Certificate Program (materials suitable for self‐study currently available through the AIChE eLearning web site http://aiche.learn.com). © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2013
Process safety leadership: Becoming street smart on process safety
Authors: Wurst Dawn , Cornelisen John
Published: April 2013

It is well known in business improvement circles that good management does not necessarily equal good leadership. This applies to process safety management (PSM) as well. Effectively leading the translation of PSM to action for all whom it affects takes several concurrent actions beyond what is written in PSM regulations. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2013
Copper–zinc thin films reactively co‐sputtered from a two‐component sectioned cathode
Authors: Burgstaller Wolfgang , Mardare Andrei Ionut , Hassel Achim Walter
Published: April 2013

Cu–Zn thin film oxide alloys have been fabricated by reactive co‐sputter deposition using a sectioned two‐component metallic target. A Cu–Zn compositional spread ranging from Cu–88 at.% Zn to Cu–1.3 at.% Zn defining a combinatorial library was identified. A thickness gradient with a maximum of 4.1 µm was found. The microstructure of the Cu–Zn oxide thin films was analyzed by SEM, finding three compositional zones with structural differences. XRD investigations have revealed different crystalline structures for each of the three zones. CuZn intermetallics and pure Cu‐phase were identified together with Cu2O and ZnO. For the first compositional zone XPS depth profiles have shown metallic phase segregation at the thin film/substrate interface. At Zn concentrations higher than 45 at.% Zn an increased tendency of ZnO formation was identified.
Temperature‐dependent ferroelectric dynamic hysteresis properties of modified PMN–PZT relaxor ceramics
Authors: Du Gang , Liang Ruihong , Wang Li , Li Kui , Zhang Wenbin , Wang Genshui , Dong Xianlin
Published: April 2013

Temperature‐dependent ferroelectric dynamic hysteresis properties of modified Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PMN–PZT) ceramics have been investigated in a wide range from 298 to 433 K. Interestingly, it was found that back‐switching polarization Pbc increased while the hysteresis area 〈A 〉, coercive field Ec, saturation polarization Ps, and remnant polarization Pr all decreased linearly with temperature below 398 K (close to the macro–micro domain transition temperature Tnr). A set of simple linear temperature scaling relations was established, which is different from the power‐law scaling relations for soft and hard PZT ceramics. At further increased temperature, double‐loop features appeared and the ferroelectric properties varied nonlinearly due to the reversible macro–micro domain transition in the T > Tnr region. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reliability Analysis Considering the Component Collision Behavior for a Large‐scale Open Source Solution
Authors: Tamura Y. , Yamada S.
Published: April 2013

Open source software systems that serve as key components of critical infrastructures in the society are still ever‐expanding now. Many open source software systems are developed in all parts of the world, that is, Firefox, Apache HTTP server, Linux, Android, and so on. Especially, a large‐scale open source solution composed of several open source software is now attracting attention as a next‐generation software development paradigm because of the cost reduction, quick delivery, and work saving. In this paper, we propose a new approach to software reliability assessment based on stochastic differential equations and a hierarchical Bayesian model in order to consider the interesting aspect of the collision status in the binding phase of open source software. Also, we analyze actual software fault‐count data to show numerical examples of software reliability assessment considering the component collision for several open source software. Moreover, we show that the proposed reliability analysis can assist improvement of quality for the large‐scale open source solution. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social Capital in Post‐Disaster Recovery: Concepts and Measurement
Authors: Noy Ilan
Published: April 2013

Daniel Aldrich, in his new book on social capital in post‐disaster recovery, presents new and convincing empirical evidence to support his claim that social ties and the ability of communities to mobilize are important in facilitating successful post‐disaster recovery. Yet, as Aldrich notes, social capital is “an underexamined factor” in research and more importantly in policymaking, planning, and design of post‐disaster recovery. He identifies the ability of social capital to overcome collective action problems, to provide informal insurance, and to make available resources for investment in longer term recovery as the keys to social capital's importance. While a careful cost‐benefit analysis of some of the interventions that Aldrich suggests is still necessary, the call to arms is very convincing, and it will only become more important as we face changing climatic and demographic conditions that are bound to lead to more deadly and more costly catastrophes.