bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testing the growth rate and translation compensation hypotheses in marine bacterioplankton
Authors: Givati Shira , Yang Xingyu , Sher Daniel , Rahav Eyal
Published: February 2023

Two different hypotheses have been raised as to how temperature affects resource allocation in microorganisms. The translation‐compensation hypothesis (TCH) predicts that the increase in enzymatic efficiency with temperature results in fewer required ribosomes per cell and lower RNA:protein ratio. In contrast, the growth rate hypothesis (GRH) predicts that increasing the growth rate with temperature requires more ribosomes and hence a higher cellular RNA:protein. We tested these two hypotheses in laboratory cultures of Prochlorococcus and Alteromonas as well as over an annual cycle in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. The RNA:protein of Alteromonas mostly decreased with temperature in accordance with the TCH, while that of Prochlorococcus increased with temperature, as predicted by the GRH. No support was found for either hypothesis in surface waters from the Eastern Mediterranean, whereas the fraction of phosphorus in RNA was positively correlated with per‐cell bacterial production in the deep chlorophyll maximum, supporting the GRH in this niche. A considerable part of the cellular phosphorus was not allocated to RNA, DNA, phospholipids or polyphosphate, raising the question which cellular molecules contain these P reserves. While macromolecular quotas differed significantly between laboratory cultures and field samples, these were connected through a power law, suggesting common rules of resource allocation.
Associated and intermediate factors between genetic variants of the dopaminergic D2 receptor gene and harmful alcohol use in young adults
Authors: Mattioni Julia , Vansteene Clément , Poupon Daphnee , Gorwood Philip , Ramoz Nicolas
Published: February 2023

Dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) and ankyrin repeat and kinase domain‐containing protein 1 (ANKK1) genes have received considerable attention for their involvement in alcohol use disorder (AUD), but many questions remain on their exact role. We conducted a population‐based case–control and genetic association study in a large sample of young adults. Our aim was to assess the association between DRD2 and ANKK1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and harmful alcohol use, disentangling associated and possible intermediate factors. A total of 1841 college students from the French region Champagne‐Ardennes, aged between 18 and 21 years and who reported at least one lifetime alcohol consumption, were included in this study. Allele frequencies were analysed according to harmful alcohol use (assessed through the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test [AUDIT] questionnaire). Different substance use disorders, including nicotine and cannabis dependences, were also assessed through questionnaires, as was a list of potential associated factors (e.g., major depressive episode, conduct disorder, attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], school failure, sugar consumption, sexual trauma, parents' use of alcohol, tobacco or cannabis). We found that DRD2 rs1800498 was associated with harmful alcohol use. Many factors were detected, but a global path analysis revealed that DRD2 rs1800498 had a significant direct effect on harmful alcohol use and that early age at first alcohol consumption and depressive symptoms moderated this effect. This study suggests an interplay between harmful alcohol use, DRD2 genotypes and other risk factors that, with a full understanding, could be useful for preventive purposes.
Morphology of a grass‐feeding white grub Apogonia cupreoviridis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae: Diplotaxini) using scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Jia Zhi‐Chao , Dong Hui , Li Yu‐Tao , Zhao Xiu‐Xiang , Jiang Lu
Published: February 2023

Larvae of Melolonthinae (white grubs) are usually considered as serious pests for some of them attacking plant roots and causing great losses of agriculture and forestry. However, not all the white grubs are pest species. In this study, the adult Apogonia cupreoviridis were observed to feed on gramineous grasses and fallen ginkgo leaves, while their larvae were frequently collected in the lawn. The larvae were reared in the laboratory and observed using scanning electron microscopy. The larvae have the plegmatia expanded in the middle; distal antennomere with an apical process bearing one bifurcated sensilla and nine sensilla basiconica on the apex; the palidia are V‐shaped and each palidium bearing five to nine pali. The V‐shaped palidia are found in the known larvae of Diplotaxini, as to genera Apogonia and Liogenys.
Effects of temperature experienced during embryonic development on biomass and C and N composition at hatching in Palaemon serratus (Pennant, 1777)
Authors: Baudet Jean‐Baptiste , Xuereb Benoit , Danger Michael , Felten Vincent , Duflot Aurélie , Maniez Emeline , Le Foll Frank , Coulaud Romain
Published: February 2023

In decapod crustaceans, the conditions experienced during embryonic development trigger phenotypic plasticity of the larvae at hatching. The objective of this study was to test the effects of temperature during embryonic development of Palaemon serratus on the phenotypic plasticity of hatching larvae. We incubated egg‐bearing females from eggs laying to hatching at four temperatures (10, 15, 18 and 20°C). Weight, carbon and nitrogen contents were measured on newly laid eggs and on freshly hatched larvae. The duration of embryonic development was negatively correlated with incubation temperature. At 20°C, all females abandoned their eggs during development. Incubation temperature had no effect on the weight and the percentage of N of the larvae at hatching, while it did affect their percentage of C and their C/N ratio. Embryos incubated at 10°C seemed to produce larvae with fewer lipid reserves than those incubated at 15 and 18°C. They probably overconsumed their lipid reserves to compensate for the metabolic losses due to the low temperature. These results provide information on the link between maternal investment per egg and larval development in P. serratus.
Electrophysiological correlates of dispositional mindfulness: A quantitative and complexity EEG study
Authors: Aguerre Nuria Victoria , Gómez‐Ariza Carlos Javier , Ibáñez‐Molina Antonio José , Bajo María Teresa
Published: February 2023

While growing evidence supports that dispositional mindfulness relates to psychological health and cognitive enhancement, to date there have been only a few attempts to characterize its neural underpinnings. In the present study, we aimed at exploring the electrophysiological (EEG) signature of dispositional mindfulness using quantitative and complexity measures of EEG during resting state and while performing a learning task. Hundred twenty participants were assessed with the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire and underwent 5 min eyes‐closed resting state and 5 min at task EEG recording. We hypothesized that high mindfulness individuals would show patterns of brain activity related to (a) lower involvement of the default mode network (DMN) at rest (reduced frontal gamma power) and (b) a state of ‘task readiness’ reflected in a more similar pattern from rest to task (reduced overall q‐EEG power at rest but not at task), as compared to their low mindfulness counterparts. Dispositional mindfulness was significantly linked to reduced frontal gamma power at rest and lower overall power during rest but not at task. In addition, we found a trend towards higher entropy during task performance in mindful individuals, which has recently been reported during mindfulness meditation. Altogether, our results add to those from expert meditators to show that high (dispositional) mindfulness seems to have a specific electrophysiological pattern characteristic of less involvement of the DMN and mind‐wandering processes.
Exploring the cell death mechanisms of cytotoxic [1,2,3]triazolylcarborane lead compounds against U87 MG human glioblastoma cells
Authors: Alamón Catalina , Dávila Belén , Cerecetto Hugo , Couto Marcos
Published: February 2023

Moving towards high‐grade glioma drug discovery, this study aimed to detect the mechanism of cellular death (apoptosis, necrosis and/or autophagy) induced by three carboranyl‐based lead compounds. For that, we performed in U87 MG cells, flow cytometry experiments, as the gold standard technique, as well as confocal microscopy and 1H‐NMR experiments as non‐invasive assays. We selected three hybrid leads (1–3) from the in‐house‐library and the corresponding parent compounds, and recognized tyrosine kinase inhibitors (lapatinib, sunitinib and erlotinib) to put to the test in these experiments. Flow cytometry with Annexin V‐FITC/DAPI staining showed that leads 1 and 3 and lapatinib mainly induced necrosis in U87 MG upon a 24 h treatment at IC50 dose; meanwhile, hybrid 2, sunitinib and erlotinib seem to induce apoptosis in such cells. In general, confocal microscopy studies were in agreement with flow cytometry observing loss of cell membrane integrity in necrotic cells and features of apoptosis, that is, chromatin condensation, in apoptotic cells. Finally, NMR results showed that glioblastoma cells treated with hybrid 1, 3 or lapatinib displayed changes in CH2/CH3 signal ratio and choline signals that could indicate necrotic cell death mechanism: meanwhile, 2‐, sunitinib‐ or erlotinib‐treated cells showed apoptotic characteristic behaviors. Additionally, carboranyl‐hybrid 2 also produced autophagy in U87 MG cells.
Cover Image
Authors: Li Songhang , Zhao Yuxuan , Tian Taoran , Zhang Tianxu , Xie Yu , Cai Xiaoxiao
Published: February 2023

The cover image is based on the Original Article A minimally invasive method for titanium mesh fixation with resorbable sutures in guided bone regeneration: A retrospective study by Songhang Li DDS et al., https://doi.org/10.1111/cid.13147.

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An international assessment of surgeon practices in abdominal wound closure and surgical site infection prevention by the European Society for Coloproctology
Authors: Chowdhury Sharfuddin , El‐Hussuna Alaa , Gallo Gaetano , Keatley James , Kelly Michael E. , Minaya‐Bravo Ana , Ovington Liza , Pata Francesco , Pellino Gianluca , Pinkney Thomas , Sanchez Guillen Luis , Schmitz Niels‐Derrek , Spychaj Kerstin , Riess Celine , van Ramshorst Gabrielle H. ,   2021 European Society of Coloproctology (ESCP) collaborating group
Published: February 2023

Aim

The burden of abdominal wound failure can be profound. Recent clinical guidelines have highlighted the heterogeneity of laparotomy closure techniques. The aim of this study was to investigate current midline closure techniques and practices for prevention of surgical site infection (SSI).

Method

An online survey was distributed in 2021 among the membership of the European Society of Coloproctology and its partner societies. Surgeons were asked to provide information on how they would close the abdominal wall in three specific clinical scenarios and on SSI prevention practices.

Results

A total of 561 consultants and trainee surgeons participated in the survey, mainly from Europe (n = 375, 66.8%). Of these, 60.6% identified themselves as colorectal surgeons and 39.4% as general surgeons. The majority used polydioxanone for fascial closure, with small bite techniques predominating in clean‐contaminated cases (74.5%, n = 418). No significant differences were found between consultants and trainee surgeons. For SSI prevention, more surgeons preferred the use of mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) alone over MBP and oral antibiotics combined. Most surgeons preferred 2% alcoholic chlorhexidine (68.4%) or aqueous povidone‐iodine (61.1%) for skin preparation. The majority did not use triclosan‐coated sutures (73.3%) or preoperative warming of the wound site (78.5%), irrespective of level of training or European/non‐European practice.

Conclusion

Abdominal wound closure technique and SSI prevention strategies vary widely between surgeons. There is little evidence of a risk‐stratified approach to wound closure materials or techniques, with most surgeons using the same strategy for all patient scenarios. Harmonization of practice and the limitation of outlying techniques might result in better outcomes for patients and provide a stable platform for the introduction and evaluation of further potential improvements.
Morphological and temporal variation in early embryogenesis contributes to species divergence in Malawi cichlid fishes
Authors: Marconi Aleksandra , Yang Cassandra Zie , McKay Samuel , Santos M. Emília
Published: February 2023

The cichlid fishes comprise the largest extant vertebrate family and are the quintessential example of rapid “explosive” adaptive radiations and phenotypic diversification. Despite low genetic divergence, East African cichlids harbor a spectacular intra‐ and interspecific morphological diversity, including the hyper‐variable, neural crest (NC)‐derived traits such as coloration and craniofacial skeleton. Although the genetic and developmental basis of these phenotypes has been investigated, understanding of when, and specifically how early, in ontogeny species‐specific differences emerge, remains limited. Since adult traits often originate during embryonic development, the processes of embryogenesis could serve as a potential source of species‐specific variation. Consequently, we designed a staging system by which we compare the features of embryogenesis between three Malawi cichlid species—Astatotilapia calliptera, Tropheops sp. ‘mauve’ and Rhamphochromis sp. “chilingali”—representing a wide spectrum of variation in pigmentation and craniofacial morphologies. Our results showed fundamental differences in multiple aspects of embryogenesis that could underlie interspecific divergence in adult adaptive traits. First, we identified variation in the somite number and signatures of temporal variation, or heterochrony, in the rates of somite formation. The heterochrony was also evident within and between species throughout ontogeny, up to the juvenile stages. Finally, the identified interspecific differences in the development of pigmentation and craniofacial cartilages, present at the earliest stages of their overt formation, provide compelling evidence that the species‐specific trajectories begin divergence during early embryogenesis, potentially during somitogenesis and NC development. Altogether, our results expand our understanding of fundamental cichlid biology and provide new insights into the developmental origins of vertebrate morphological diversity.
Functional near‐infrared spectroscopy shows that object relative clauses are more difficult to process than subject relative clauses in Turkish
Authors: Mutlu Murat Can , Canbeyli Reşit , Saybaşılı Hale
Published: February 2023

It was suggested that processing subject relative clauses (SRCs) is universally easier than processing object relative clauses (ORCs) based on the studies carried out in head‐initial languages such as English and German. However, studies in head‐final languages such as Chinese and Basque contradicted this claim. Turkish is also a head‐final language. Existing relative clause processing literature in Turkish is based solely on behavioural metrics. Even though an ORC processing disadvantage was suggested for Turkish, the results were not conclusive. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the neural dynamics of relative clause processing in Turkish. We asked 14 native Turkish speakers to answer yes/no questions about 24 sentences each containing either a SRC or ORC while their prefrontal hemodynamic activity was recorded with functional near‐infrared spectroscopy. Our findings revealed hemodynamic activity in the lateral portions of the left prefrontal cortex for both conditions. However, hemodynamic activity was more widespread in prefrontal regions in ORC compared to SRC condition. Even though the behavioural metrics failed to produce a significant difference between the conditions, direct ORC > SRC contrast revealed significant activity in the left inferior frontal cortex, a region heavily involved in language processing, as well as in left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortices, which are also known to be involved in language processing‐related and conflict monitoring‐related processes, respectively. Our findings indicate that processing ORCs is more difficult and requires further prefrontal resources than processing SRCs in Turkish, thus refuting the head‐directionality‐based explanations of relative clause processing asymmetries.
Building bridges through cultural adaptation: Examining the initial impact of a culturally adapted parent training intervention for the Chilean context
Authors: Parra‐Cardona Rubén , Fuentes‐Balderrama Jaime , Cantizano Rioseco Luz , Monreal Arcil Francisca Javiera , Correa Molina María Luisa , Martic Guazzini Daniela , Ford Narváez Ana , Neira González Alejandro , Sánchez Ahumada Marcelo , Chacón Sandoval Alexander , Marín Montecinos José , Gaete Jorge
Published: February 2023

Child exposure to maltreatment and neglect constitutes a significant public health problem throughout Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries. Although evidence‐based parent training (PT) interventions constitute an empirically demonstrated alternative to prevent child maltreatment and neglect, multiple implementation barriers have prevented the large‐scale dissemination of evidence‐based PT interventions across LAC countries. This selective prevention study consisted of an exploratory quasi‐experimental design implemented in Chile, aimed at examining the initial impact of a culturally adapted version of the evidence‐based PT intervention known as GenerationPMTO©. The parenting intervention was adapted in a previous pilot study, according to a rigorous model of cultural adaptation. Based on self‐reports completed by 281 caregivers, when compared to baseline measurements, significant improvements at intervention completion were observed in the majority of caregivers' parenting practices, as well as child internalizing and externalizing problematic behaviors. This study provides promising initial empirical evidence that efficacious PT interventions developed in the US can be transported to Latin American contexts, as long as they are thoroughly adapted to achieve high contextual and cultural relevance. The rates of child maltreatment across LAC countries constitute an urgent and permanent call for strongly promoting this line of prevention research.
A web‐based calculator combining Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) and Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI) predicts postoperative complications among young elderly patients with gastric cancer
Authors: Miao Xueyi , Ding Lingyu , Hu Jieman , Zhu Hanfei , Zhao Kang , Lu Jinling , Jiang Xiaoman , Xu Qin , Zhu Shuqin
Published: February 2023

Aim

Nutritional status and frailty are significant indicators reflecting physiological reserve. We sought to establish and validate a web‐based calculator containing the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) and the Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI) together with general clinical information to predict total complications among elderly patients with gastric cancer.

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study of 582 elderly patients with gastric cancer in a tertiary hospital in China. Nutritional status and frailty were assessed by the GNRI and the TFI, respectively. The nomogram was built and further converted into a web‐based calculator. The receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to evaluate the discrimination of the nomogram. Calibration was assessed using the calibration curve and Hosmer‐Lemeshow test via the bootstrap resampling procedure. The decision curve analyses (DCAs) were employed to quantify the net benefits of a certain threshold probability for assessing the clinical values.

Results

The GNRI (odds ratio [OR], 0.921; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.895–0.949; P < 0.001), the TFI (OR, 1.243; 95% CI, 1.113–1.386; P < 0.001), surgical approach (OR, 1.913; 95% CI, 1.073–3.408; P = 0.028) and comorbidity (OR = 1.599, 95%CI = 1.028–2.486, P = 0.037) were independently associated with total complications. The nomogram demonstrated good discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: training cohort, 0.735; validation cohort, 0.777) and calibration (P = 0.135). The DCA curves of the nomogram also showed good positive net benefits.

Conclusions

The web‐based calculator incorporating the GNRI, the TFI, surgical approach, and comorbidity could successfully predict total complications among elderly patients with gastric cancer with good accuracy in a convenient manner. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2023; 23: 205–212.
Enhancer trap lines with GFP driven by smad6b and frizzled1 regulatory sequences for the study of epithelial morphogenesis in the developing zebrafish inner ear
Authors: Baldera Davide , Baxendale Sarah , van Hateren Nicholas J. , Marzo Mar , Glendenning Emily , Geng Fan‐Suo , Yokoya Kazutomo , Knight Robert D. , Whitfield Tanya T.
Published: February 2023

Live imaging in the zebrafish embryo using tissue‐specific expression of fluorescent proteins can yield important insights into the mechanisms that drive sensory organ morphogenesis and cell differentiation. Morphogenesis of the semicircular canal ducts of the vertebrate inner ear requires a complex rearrangement of epithelial cells, including outgrowth, adhesion, fusion and perforation of epithelial projections to generate pillars of tissue that form the hubs of each canal. We report the insertion sites and expression patterns of two enhancer trap lines in the developing zebrafish embryo, each of which highlight different aspects of epithelial cell morphogenesis in the inner ear. A membrane‐linked EGFP driven by smad6b regulatory sequences is expressed throughout the otic epithelium, most strongly on the lateral side of the ear and in the sensory cristae. A second enhancer trap line, with cytoplasmic EGFP driven by frizzled1 (fzd1) regulatory sequences, specifically marks cells of the ventral projection and pillar in the developing ear, and marginal cells in the sensory cristae, together with variable expression in the retina and epiphysis, and neurons elsewhere in the developing central nervous system. We have used a combination of methods to identify the insertion sites of these two transgenes, which were generated through random insertion, and show that Targeted Locus Amplification is a rapid and reliable method for the identification of insertion sites of randomly inserted transgenes.
Fronto‐striatal damage may contribute to resistance to fatigue‐lowering medications in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Palotai Miklos , Pintye Diana , Glanz Bonnie , Chitnis Tanuja , Guttmann Charles R.G.
Published: February 2023

Background and Purpose

Commonly used fatigue‐lowering medications have not been proven effective in treating multiple sclerosis (MS)‐related fatigue. A neuroanatomical basis for treatment‐resistant fatigue in MS has not been explored. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between brain diffusion abnormality patterns and resistance to fatigue‐lowering treatment.

Methods

Retrospective patient stratification: 1. treatment‐resistant (n = 22) received anti‐fatigue and/or anti‐depressant and/or anxiolytic medication and the latest two Modified Fatigue Impact Scale (MFIS) score≥38; 2. responder (n = 16): received anti‐fatigue and/or antidepressant and/or anxiolytic medication while the latest MFIS was <38, and minimum one previous MFIS was ≥38; 3. non‐treated never‐fatigued (n = 26): received none of the above‐mentioned medications and MFIS was always<38 (over minimum four years assessed with MFIS every 1–2 years). 3T brain MRI was used to perform a cross‐sectional voxel‐wise comparison of fractional anisotropy (FA) between the groups.

Results

Treatment‐resistant versus responder patients showed more extensive brain damage (ie, lower FA) favoring the fronto‐striatal pathways. Both groups showed more widespread brain damage than non‐treated never‐fatigued patients. A mean fronto‐striatal FA value of 0.26 could perfectly predict response to modafinil/armodafinil.

Conclusion

Fronto‐striatal damage may play a role in the development of resistance to fatigue‐lowering treatment. Fronto‐striatal FA may serve as a biomarker to predict response to fatigue‐lowering medications in MS.
Purpose maintained: Adverse childhood experiences and meaning in life
Authors: Rose Hope , Womick Jake , King Laura A.
Published: February 2023

Objective

Three studies examined the relationship between adverse childhood experiences and meaning in life, focusing on the facets of meaning—coherence, significance, and purpose.

Method

In Study 1 (N = 1804), college students rated adverse childhood experiences, global meaning in life, and its facets. In Study 2 (N = 822), noncollege adults rated childhood trauma, meaning in life facets, attachment style, mood, and neuroticism. In Study 3 (N = 380) college students wrote about a positive and negative childhood memory, rating the facets of meaning immediately after each writing task.

Results

In Studies 1–2, at the level of zero‐order correlations, adverse childhood experiences related negatively to coherence, significance, and purpose. Controlling for the other facets, adverse childhood experiences remained negatively related to coherence and significance but were unrelated to purpose. Negative relationships between adverse childhood experiences and coherence and significance maintained controlling for covariates (Study 2). In Study 3, the predicted 3‐way interaction showed that after recalling a negative childhood memory, adverse childhood experiences predicted lower significance and coherence but higher purpose.

Conclusions

Adverse childhood experiences consistently predict lower feelings of coherence and significance but, accounting for these associations, are unrelated to purpose. Purpose may represent a motivational strength emerging out of childhood adversity.
Revisiting the Psychobiological Inhibition Model: a conceptual framework for understanding and treating insomnia using cognitive and behavioural therapeutics (CBTx)
Authors: Espie Colin A.
Published: February 2023

Sleep is a biological imperative, so one might wonder “what has psychology got to do with it?” A person's behaviours, thoughts, emotions and interactions with the environment inevitably serve for good, or for ill, as the “setting conditions” for the expression of sleep. Put simply, although sleep is not a psychological phenomenon, sleep has crucial behavioural dependencies. Consequently, the Psychobiological Inhibition Model can embrace numerous, potentially interacting, pathways to the persistence of this ubiquitous disorder, providing an overarching conceptual framework for why and how insomnia develops. The clinical guideline treatment for chronic insomnia is cognitive behavioural therapy. Although typically delivered as “talking therapy”, cognitive behavioural therapy is not some form of “psychobabble”. Rather, the Psychobiological Inhibition Model framework for insomnia articulates how specific techniques can correct the various ways in which the expression of normal sleep and circadian brain–behaviour relationships have become disrupted. Indeed, cognitive behavioural therapy is best conceived of as an approach to treatment rather than being one specific agent. A shift in emphasis towards a cognitive and behavioural therapeutics formulary would provide improved impetus to understanding of how insomnia develops, and of how it may best be treated in any given patient.
Reverse stress testing: Scenario design for macroprudential stress tests
Authors: Baes Michel , Schaanning Eric
Published: February 2023

We propose a systematic algorithmic reverse‐stress testing methodology to create “worst case” scenarios for regulatory stress tests by accounting for losses that arise from distressed portfolio liquidations. First, we derive the optimal bank response for any given shock. Then, we introduce an algorithm which systematically generates scenarios that exploit the key vulnerabilities in banks' portfolio holdings and thus maximize contagion despite banks' optimal response to the shock. We apply our methodology to data of the 2016 European Banking Authority (EBA) stress test, and design worst case scenarios for the portfolio holdings of European banks at the time. Using spectral clustering techniques, we group 10,000 worst‐case scenarios into twelve geographically concentrated families. Our results show that even though there is a wide range of different scenarios within these 12 families, each cluster tends to affect the same banks. An “Anna Karenina” principle of stress testing emerges:Not all stressful scenarios are alike, but every stressful scenario stresses the same banks. These findings suggest that the precise specification of a scenario is not of primal importance as long as the most vulnerable banks are targeted and sufficiently stressed. Finally, our methodology can be used to uncover the weakest links in the financial system and thereby focus supervisory attention on these, thus building a bridge between macroprudential and microprudential stress tests.
And if they don't dance, they are no friends of mine: Exploring boundaries of national identity
Authors: May Antonia C.
Published: February 2023

National identity is widely used to explain anti‐immigrant attitudes and thus the appeal for right‐wing (populist) parties. Yet, consensus on how to capture national identity is lacking. This article identifies ideal‐typical patterns of national boundary making across 42 countries and more than 25 years beyond the ethnic–civic dichotomy and addresses the multidimensionality of national identity. Using latent class analysis and cluster analysis, four ideal‐typical conceptions of nationhood are identified and shown to be differently related to national attachment, national pride, and national chauvinism. Overall, the results close the methodological–empirical gap between classical approaches and recent inductive approaches to national identity and demonstrate that national identity is a cross‐cultural phenomenon with distinct types.
The Mini Nutritional Assessment‐Short Form is more effective in predicting clinical outcomes among hospitalised patients with overweight than the Nutritional Risk Screening‐2002
Authors: Pereira Bertini de Oliveira Ana Jessica , Regina de Goes Cassiana , Gonçalo Domiciano Carla , Ferreira Nathália Luíza , Ferreira Lívia Garcia
Published: February 2023

Understanding of the association between nutritional risk and clinical outcomes in hospitalised patients with overweight is still at an early stage. Given the lack of specific tools for the patient with overweight, the objective of this study was to compare two of the main general screening instruments for assessing nutritional risk in predicting clinical outcomes in a population of hospitalised patients with overweight. A retrospective study was carried out in a medium‐sized hospital in Brazil, with patients ≥20 years old admitted between July 2017 and December 2019. Patients who were overweight and had records of Nutritional Risk Screening‐2002 (NRS‐2002) and Mini‐Nutritional Assessment‐Short Form (MNA‐SF) in their medical files were included in the study. Clinical outcomes data (longer length of stay, readmission during the study period and mortality before the end of study or during hospitalisation) were obtained. The Kappa coefficient assessed agreement between both tools, and their performance for predicting outcomes was analysed using characteristic receiver operating curves (ROC). Data were collected from 643 patients. The prevalence of nutritional risk was 17.7% and 36.1% according to the NRS‐2002 and MNA‐SF (k = 0.390; p < 0.001), respectively. According to both tools, all clinical outcomes were significantly more common among individuals at nutritional risk (p < 0.05). Only the MNA‐SF showed a significant percentage of predictions for readmission (57.2%) and death during hospitalisation (65.7%). For mortality until the end of the study, the area under the ROC curve was similar for MNA‐SF (60.5%) and NRS‐2002 (60.7%; p = 0.057). The MNA‐SF detected a greater proportion of nutritional risk among hospitalised patients with overweight and better predicted all clinical outcomes compared to the NRS‐2002 and should be used to screen patients with overweight for nutritional risk.
Barriers and facilitators to early mobilisation programmes in the paediatric intensive care unit: A scoping literature review
Authors: Noone Chelsea E. , Franck Linda S. , Staveski Sandra L. , Rehm Roberta S.
Published: February 2023

Background

Early mobilisation (EM) in paediatric intensive care units (PICU) is safe and feasible. Nurses, patients and family caregivers are integral to EM. Understanding their perspectives is necessary to implement and sustain EM for children in the PICU.

Aim

To identify and critique research literature on the perspectives of nurses, patients and families regarding EM in the PICU.

Study design

For this scoping review, PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched. Included studies reported experiences of PICU nurses, caregivers and patients. Outcomes included feasibility, acceptability, satisfaction, benefits, facilitators, barriers, concerns, comfort with participation, and experiences and knowledge of EM. Exclusion criteria were: studies with preterm infants, other paediatric settings, review articles and editorials, studies of non‐mobility interventions or chest physiotherapy alone. Quality assessment tools for qualitative and quantitative designs were used.

Results

Nine studies met the inclusion criteria: six quantitative and three qualitative studies. Six themes were identified: nurses' responses, concerns about patient risk factors and adverse events, equipment and staffing resources, family/caregivers' responses, patients' perspectives and overall impact.

Conclusions

Findings demonstrate the importance of an interdisciplinary approach to address cultural, psychological and practical issues with EM. Unvalidated surveys conducted at single time points were used to measure nurses' perspectives. EM presents opportunities and challenges for family caregivers. Patients' experiences of EM are underrepresented in published research.

Relevance to clinical practice

Nurses and family caregivers are instrumental in EM in the PICU. Positive attitudes and competence are essential to PICU EM programme's success. Barriers may be minimized when programme benefits are understood.
Features of cytomegalovirus DNAemia and virus‐specific T‐cell responses in allogeneic hematopoietic stem‐cell transplant recipients during prophylaxis with letermovir
Authors: Giménez Estela , Guerreiro Manuel , Torres Ignacio , Aguilar Cristobal , Albert Eliseo , Hernández‐Boluda Juan Carlos , Hernani Rafael , Pérez Ariadna , Amat Paula , Piñana José Luis , Montoro Juan , Solano Carlos , Navarro David
Published: February 2023

Background

There is scarce information on the natural kinetics of cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNAemia and dynamics of CMV‐specific T‐cell reconstitution in allogeneic hematopoietic transplant recipients (allo‐HSCT) undergoing letermovir (LMV) prophylaxis.

Methods

Twelve adult CMV‐seropositive high‐risk recipients (median age, 53 years; 9 males/3 females) undergoing LMV prophylaxis and 13 non‐LMV allo‐HSCT controls (median age, 58 years; 7 males/6 females) were included. CMV DNAemia in plasma was monitored by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Preemptive antiviral therapy (PET) was administered upon detection of ≥1500 IU/ml. CMV‐specific interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ)‐producing CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were enumerated by flow cytometry around days +30, +60, and +90 after allo‐HSCT. Ex vivo experiments assessing of the potential effect of LMV on CMV‐specific T‐cell expansion in a single CMV‐seropositive donor were also conducted.

Results

Five LMV patients (41.6%) developed CMV DNAemia that cleared spontaneously. Four patients (33.3%) developed CMV DNAemia after LMV cessation, of which two required PET. Nine non‐LMV patients (69.2%) developed CMV DNAemia (five required PET). The percentage of LMV and non‐LMV patients exhibiting detectable CMV‐specific T‐cell responses was comparable (7/10 vs. 10/13; p = .71). Nevertheless, median CMV‐specific CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cell counts were lower in LMV patients by days +60 (p = .006 and .02, respectively) and +90 (p = .08 and .02). Ex vivo, CMV‐specific CD8+ T cells expanded to the same level either in the presence (19.8%) or in the absence of LMV (20.6%).

Conclusions

In our series, episodes of CMV DNAemia in LMV patients cleared spontaneously. A diminished degree of CMV‐specific T‐cell reconstitution in LMV patients compared to non‐LMV patients was observed.

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Parvovirus B19 infection in pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation – Single‐center experience and review
Authors: Holterhus Malcolm , Hennies Marc , Hillmann Hartmut , Thorer Heike , Rossig Claudia , Burkhardt Birgit , Groll Andreas H.
Published: February 2023

Background

Parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection following pediatric hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is a rare complication and available data is scarce. Therefore, we present the experience with B19V Infection in allogeneic pediatric HCT recipients at our transplant center together with a systematic review of the literature.

Methods

Pediatric HCT patients with Parvovirus B19 infection treated at the University Children's Hospital Münster between 1999 and 2021 were retrospectively identified and clinical data were analyzed. Additionally, a systematic MEDLINE search to identify relevant articles was performed.

Results

We identified three out of 445 patients (0.6%) with B19V infection post‐transplantation. B19V infection occurred in combination with other complications like Graft‐versus‐Host disease, additional infections, or autoimmune‐mediated hemolysis potentially triggered by B19V. In one patient these complications lead to a fatal outcome.

The review of the literature showed considerable morbidity of B19V infection with the potential for life‐threatening complications. Most patients were treated by red blood cell transfusion and intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) with a high succession rate.

Conclusion

Symptomatic B19V infection following HCT remains a rare but potentially challenging complication. A causal antiviral therapy does not exist as well as general recommendations on dosage and duration of IVIG therapy. Despite this, most patients are treated successfully with these measures. Additionally, transmission via blood or stem cell products is also rare and no general recommendations on B19V screenings exist.

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Limiting etioplast gene expression induces apical hook twisting during skotomorphogenesis of Arabidopsis seedlings
Authors: Sajib Salek Ahmed , Grübler Björn , Oukacine Cylia , Delannoy Etienne , Courtois Florence , Mauve Caroline , Lurin Claire , Gakière Bertrand , Pfannschmidt Thomas , Merendino Livia
Published: February 2023

When covered by a layer of soil, seedling development follows a dark‐specific program (skotomorphogenesis). In the dark, seedlings consist of small, non‐green cotyledons, a long hypocotyl, and an apical hook to protect meristematic cells. We recently highlighted the role played by mitochondria in the high energy‐consuming reprogramming of Arabidopsis skotomorphogenesis. Here, the role played by plastids, another energy‐supplying organelle, in skotomorphogenesis is investigated. This study was conducted in dark conditions to exclude light signals so as to better focus on those produced by plastids. It was found that limitation of plastid gene expression (PGE) induced an exaggerated apical hook bending. Inhibition of PGE was obtained at the levels of transcription and translation using the antibiotics rifampicin (RIF) and spectinomycin, respectively, as well as plastid RPOTp RNA polymerase mutants. RIF‐treated seedlings also showed expression induction of marker nuclear genes for mitochondrial stress, perturbation of mitochondrial metabolism, increased ROS levels, and an augmented capacity of oxygen consumption by mitochondrial alternative oxidases (AOXs). AOXs act to prevent overreduction of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Previously, we reported that AOX1A, the main AOX isoform, is a key component in the developmental response to mitochondrial respiration deficiency. In this work, we suggest the involvement of AOX1A in the response to PGE dysfunction and propose the importance of signaling between plastids and mitochondria. Finally, it was found that seedling architecture reprogramming in response to RIF was independent of canonical organelle retrograde pathways and the ethylene signaling pathway.
Learning transfusion medicine through scoring objective structured clinical examination
Authors: Badawi Maha Abdulrazak , Hussain Hend Obad , Badawi Mazen Abdulrazak , Al Shawwa Lana Adey , Jamjoom Reda Abdullah , Park Yoon Soo , Tekian Ara
Published: February 2023

Background

Transfusion medicine education at the undergraduate level is typically limited in duration. In view of limitations of traditional teaching methods, we explore effectiveness of scoring (Objective Structured Clinical Examination) OSCE as an educational method.

Materials and Methods

The study was of a randomized interventional three group pre‐test‐post‐test design. Participants were undergraduate medical students in their two final years. The intervention was watching and scoring 2 videotaped OSCE stations about obtaining consent for blood transfusions and assessing the ability to explain risks, benefits, and alternatives of blood transfusion. Participants were asked to assess the performance of the videotaped actor using checklists. Participants were randomized to watch and evaluate one set of videos at either the highest, intermediate, or lowest compliance with required consent elements. Main measure was performance in a knowledge test containing multiple‐choice and true/false questions. This was given before (pre‐test), immediately after the intervention (post‐test 1), and after 8 weeks (post‐test 2). Student perceptions regarding the intervention was assessed immediately after the session.

Results

Sixty‐nine students were randomized. Post‐test 1 results (mean 16.52, SD 1.88) were significantly greater than pre‐test results (mean 11.83, SD 2.13) by group and across all groups (p < 0.001). Post‐test 2 results for the complete cohort showed maintenance of significant improvement in comparison with the pre‐test. The majority of students agreed that learning through scoring OSCE was an effective educational experience.

Conclusions

In the undergraduate medical setting, scoring OSCE stations may enhance learning of content discussed and evaluated in the stations.
La Biblia en América Latina y el Caribe antes del Concilio Vaticano II
Authors: Cardona Ramírez Hernán , Montaño Vélez Carlos
Published: February 2023

La recepción de la Biblia en América Latina y el Caribe tiene tradición. Si la Biblia fue un mecanismo de liberación o de dominación dependió, como sucede hoy día, de los intereses hermenéuticos de sus intérpretes. Fuera del continente se conoce más la lectura política de la Biblia entre los años 60 y 80 del siglo XX; pero la realidad secular anterior alcanza una trayectoria contínua y consistente. Desde el inicio del (des)encuentro de estas dos culturas, las de los indígenas y los conquistadores (1492), hasta los preludios del Concilio Vaticano II (1962), la Biblia tuvo un rol esencial en la evangelización del continente.Este proceso, para algunos estudios, fue un enorme movimiento de opresión y exterminio de los pueblos indígenas; para otras investigaciones hubo abusos evidentes, encomiendas y esclavitud, pero también luces y aportes como el camino de la inculturación, posibilidades para el desarrollo de América Latina y el Caribe gracias al contacto con Europa; además, si hoy se vive el cristianismo en la región es gracias a la recepción de la fe por los pueblos primeros; tampoco faltan pesquisas para visualizar el proceso de evangelización como una misión espiritual generosa y pacífica, en la cual los pueblos indígenas asumieron, sin mayores dificultades, la fe cristiana.La revisión de este periplo descubre, en medio de avatares, discusiones, injusticias, conversiones y apuestas nuevas, una época bíblica con notables experiencias formativas, de entrada, los gestos y los intérpretes, luego los catecismos y sermonarios, el paso por el teatro y los rudimentos de propuestas escolares, los esfuerzos de biblistas, traductores, y pastoralistas, que abrieron camino a la Biblia como clave de lectura de esta realidad, hasta llegar a las publicaciones académicas y de divulgación, proyectos sociales centrados en la evangelización, la alfabetización y la promoción de comunidades, como frutos maduros del siglo XX, en los albores del Vaticano II.
Wavelet-Based Methods to Partition Multibody Systems With Contact in Dynamic Simulation
Authors: Hutchison Chantal , Hewlett Joseph , Kövecses József
Published: February 2023

The performance of physics simulation of multibody systems with contact can be enhanced by viewing the system as being composed of subsystems of bodies, and solving the dynamics of these subsystems in parallel. This approach to partition a system into subsystems, known as substructuring, is often based on topological information, such as the connectivity of a body in the system. However, substructuring based on topology may generate a potentially large number of equivalent decompositions, especially in highly symmetric systems, thus requiring a way to choose one partition over another. We propose that augmenting a topology-based partitioning scheme with dynamical information about the interactions between bodies may provide speedups by including temporal information about the constraint relationships between bodies. The simulation of multibody systems with contact typically exhibits nonstationary and multiscale interactions, which suggests a subsystem can be defined as a collection of bodies which have complex interactions with each other. We define complexity by introducing a novel metric based on the spread of time scales from a wavelet analysis of constraints between bodies. We show that for systems where purely topological information about the interaction between bodies is redundant, including dynamical information, not only removes redundancy but also can achieve significant computational speedups. Our results highlight the potential of using dynamical information to look at large-scale structures in multibody simulations.
Numerical Investigation of Presliding in Viscoplastic Spherical Contacts
Authors: Chowdhury Uraching , Eriten Melih
Published: February 2023

Presliding contacts play an important role in stiffness, damping, and thus dynamic response of assembled structures. Load-dependent nonlinearities in presliding contacts still hinder predictive modeling. Classical models apply only to smooth elastic contacts and a small subset of materials. Recently, the authors tested high density polyethylene (HDPE) inside a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and observed that nonlinearity trends in tangential stiffness and damping deviate from the predictions of the classical models. This discrepancy was attributed to HDPE’s nonlinear viscoplastic response. The aim of this study is to model aforementioned experiments numerically and investigate the influence of nonlinear material response on the presliding response of spherical contacts. A finite element model of a rigid spherical indenter pressed and sheared on a nonlinear viscoplastic half-space is constructed. The indenter geometry and boundary conditions are set in accordance with the experiments, and the constitutive model is tuned to the measured indentation responses. The tuned model delivers a shear response in agreement with the experiments. Accumulated plastic deformations are also found to correlate well with the wear profiles. The model further reveals that nonlinear viscoplasticity dominates tangential stiffness and dissipation at high normal preloads. Our results confirm further that nonlinear material response contributes significantly to the load-dependent nonlinearities in viscoplastic presliding contacts.