bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal variation in population dynamics of a narrow endemic, Ranunculus austro‐oreganus
Authors: Thoen Riley D. , Hendricks Lauren B. , Bailes Graham T. , Johnson Bart R. , Pfeifer‐Meister Laurel , Reed Paul B. , Roy Bitty A. , DeMarche Megan L.
Published: December 2024

Premise

Understanding how population dynamics vary in space and time is critical for understanding the basic life history and conservation needs of a species, especially for narrow endemic species whose populations are often in similar environments and therefore at increased risk of extinction under climate change. Here, we investigated the spatial and temporal variation in population dynamics of Ranunculus austro‐oreganus, a perennial buttercup endemic to fragmented prairie habitat in one county in southern Oregon.

Methods

We performed demographic surveys of three populations of R. austro‐oreganus over 4 years (2015–2018). We used size‐structured population models and life table response experiments to investigate vital rates driving spatiotemporal variation in population growth.

Results

Overall, R. austro‐oreganus had positive or stable stochastic population growth rates, though individual vital rates and overall population growth varied substantially among sites and years. All populations had their greatest growth in the same year, suggesting potential synchrony associated with climate conditions. Differences in survival contributed most to spatial variation in population growth, while differences in reproduction contributed most to temporal variation in population growth.

Conclusions

Populations of this extremely narrow endemic appear stable, with positive growth during our study window. These results suggest that populations of R. austro‐oreganus are able to persist if their habitat is not eliminated by land‐use change. Nonetheless, its narrow distribution and synchronous population dynamics suggest the need for continued monitoring, particularly with ongoing habitat loss and climate change.
Heat‐Related Illness in California Firefighters, 2001–2020
Authors: Murray Margaret , Beckman Stella , Heinzerling Amy , Frederick Matthew , Cummings Kristin J. , Gandhi Sheiphali , Harrison Robert
Published: December 2024

Background

Firefighters have a higher rate of heat‐related illness (HRI) compared to other occupations. Given the changing climate, firefighters' risk of occupational HRI merits attention. Therefore, we aimed to identify demographic, temporal, and geographic risk factors associated with occupational HRI in California firefighters between 2001 and 2020.

Methods

Within the California Workers' Compensation Information Systems (WCIS), we identified firefighters from 2001 to 2020 using industry and class codes and assigned occupation titles using the NIOSH Industry and Occupation Computerized Coding system (NIOCCS). HRI claims among firefighters were identified using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) Ninth or Tenth revision codes, WCIS nature and cause of injury codes, and keywords. We calculated HRI incidence rates adjusted by sex, age, year, and county. Estimates of California firefighter employment were obtained from the American Community Survey.

Results

We identified 2185 firefighter HRI claims between 2001 and 2020 (305.5 claims/100,000 firefighters, 90% CI: 278.7–740.7). Firefighters aged 18 to 29 years had a statistically significant higher risk of HRI compared to those aged 40 to 49 years (rate ratio = 3.5, 90% CI: 3.1–3.9). The HRI rate increased over time, and the risk from 2016 to 2020 was 1.8 times higher than it was from 2001 to 2005 (90% CI: 1.7–1.9). Northern California counties, including Shasta (2313.9) and Sacramento (1772.1), had the highest HRI rates.

Conclusions

Firefighters in certain demographic groups and northern California counties were at highest risk of HRI. With rising temperatures and larger wildfires, additional prevention efforts are needed to reduce HRI in California firefighters.
Endoscopic Endonasal Approach to the Inferolateral Intraconal Orbit: An Anatomical Analysis of Exposure and Maneuverability
Authors: Rodas Alejandra , Tariciotti Leonardo , Zohdy Youssef M. , Soriano Roberto M. , Pradilla Gustavo , Solares C. Arturo , DelGaudio John M.
Published: December 2024

Background

Endoscopic endonasal techniques, initially developed for sinonasal tumor resection, have revolutionized the approach to orbital lesions. The emergence of endonasal orbital tumor surgery has prompted anatomical studies focusing on the medial orbit, yet there remains a lack of literature on maneuverability lateral to the optic nerve (ON), with current feasibility assessments relying primarily on the plane of resectability (POR).

Methods

Bilateral anatomical dissections were conducted on four latex‐injected human cadaveric heads using an endoscopic medial and inferior orbitotomy and superomedial displacement of the inferior rectus muscle (IRM) to access the inferolateral intraconal quadrant. Measurements of distances, areas, angles of attack, and volumetric exposure were obtained using stereotactic points from an imaging‐based navigation system. Additionally, an illustrative case was presented to demonstrate the endoscopic management of laterally based intraconal lesions.

Results

The intraconal space was safely accessed through superomedial displacement of the IRM. The mean intraconal volumetric exposure attained through this maneuver was 2.78 cm3 (1.18 cm3). The most superolateral point reachable by the ipsilateral endoscopic endonasal approach was consistently lateral and superior to the ON at a mean absolute distance of 1.45 cm (0.37 cm). Maneuverability at this target point was superior in the sagittal plane, noted by a larger vertical angle of attack compared with the horizontal angle of attack.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that inferolateral intraconal dissection through an ipsilateral endoscopic endonasal approach is feasible via a medial orbitotomy and superomedial retraction of the IRM. Additionally, our findings reaffirm lesions below the POR are suitable for endoscopic endonasal resection.
Advancements in Immunity and Dementia Research: Highlights from the 2023 AAIC Advancements: Immunity Conference
Authors: Kloske Courtney M. , Mahinrad Simin , Barnum Christopher J. , Batista Andre F. , Bradshaw Elizabeth M. , Butts Brittany , Carrillo Maria C. , Chakrabarty Paramita , Chen Xiaoying , Craft Suzanne , Da Mesquita Sandro , Dabin Luke C. , Devanand Davangere , Duran‐Laforet Violeta , Elyaman Wassim , Evans Elizabeth E. , Fitzgerald‐Bocarsly Patricia , Foley Kate E. , Harms Ashley S. , Heneka Michael T. , Hong Soyon , Huang Yu‐Wen A. , Jackvony Stephanie , Lai Laijun , Guen Yann Le , Lemere Cynthia A. , Liddelow Shane A. , Martin‐Peña Alfonso , Orr Anna G. , Quintana Francisco J. , Ramey Grace D. , Rexach Jessica E. , Rizzo Stacey J. S. , Sexton Claire , Tang Alice S. , Torrellas Jose G. , Tsai Andy P. , van Olst Lynn , Walker Keenan A. , Wharton Whitney , Tansey Malú Gámez , Wilcock Donna M
Published: December 2024

The immune system is a key player in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. While brain resident immune cell‐mediated neuroinflammation and peripheral immune cell (eg, T cell) infiltration into the brain have been shown to significantly contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, the nature and extent of immune responses in the brain in the context of AD and related dementias (ADRD) remain unclear. Furthermore, the roles of the peripheral immune system in driving ADRD pathology remain incompletely elucidated. In March of 2023, the Alzheimer's Association convened the Alzheimer's Association International Conference (AAIC), Advancements: Immunity, to discuss the roles of the immune system in ADRD. A wide range of topics were discussed, such as animal models that replicate human pathology, immune‐related biomarkers and clinical trials, and lessons from other fields describing immune responses in neurodegeneration. This manuscript presents highlights from the conference and outlines avenues for future research on the roles of immunity in neurodegenerative disorders.

Highlights

The immune system plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.

The immune system exerts numerous effects throughout the brain on amyloid‐beta, tau, and other pathways.

The 2023 AAIC, Advancements: Immunity, encouraged discussions and collaborations on understanding the role of the immune system.
Synthesis Strategies for Rare Earth Activated Inorganic Phosphors: A Mini Review
Authors: Singh Sitender , Singh Devender , Siwach Preeti , Gupta Isha , Kumar Pawan
Published: December 2024

Rare‐earth (RE)‐activated inorganic nanophosphors have garnered significant attention due to their unique optical properties and versatile applications in fields ranging from lighting and displays to biomedical imaging. The mini review provides a concise overview of recent advances in the synthesis strategies employed for the fabrication of these nanomaterials. Various synthesis techniques, including solid‐state, sol‐gel, solution combustion, hydrothermal, co‐precipitation, and microwave methods have been discussed, highlighting their advantages and limitations in tailoring the properties of nanophosphors. Furthermore, the role of different rare earth dopants and host matrices in controlling the luminescent properties of nanophosphors has been explored. Future perspectives and emerging trends in preparation of RE‐activated inorganic nanophosphors has also been discussed, with an emphasis on addressing current challenges and exploring new avenues for the fabrication of adequate and functional nanomaterials.
Human body donation programs best practices and recommended standards: A task force report from the American Association for Anatomy
Authors: Balta Joy Y. , Champney Thomas H. , Ferrigno Christopher , Johnson Laura E. , Ross Callum F. , Schmitt Brandi , Smith Heather F.
Published: December 2024

The American Association for Anatomy recently charged a task force with updating and expanding upon best practices and recommendations for human body donation programs. The task force comprised American Association for Anatomy members with specific and detailed knowledge about the legal, ethical, and procedural operations of body donation programs in the United States. The task force developed both foundational and aspirational recommendations. These recommendations emphasize the importance of prioritizing the ethical treatment of all body donors across all education and research sectors. Programs must adhere to several principles to operate an ethical body donation program, the foundation of which is informed consent. The policies and procedures of donation programs must clearly and transparently describe their core operational practices including outreach, registration, custody tracking, use, disposition, and memorialization. Such programs should be governed by a diverse oversight committee whose members are not directly responsible for the program's daily operations. These standards require that all body donation programs follow all national, state, and local laws in the program's jurisdiction. The following recommendations for body donation programs were approved by the Board of Directors of the American Association for Anatomy in 2024 and were conceived as a living document intended to be periodically modified and updated as the ethos and legislation of body donations evolve. Given the importance of these recommendations, translations of this document into Chinese and Spanish are available as supplementary materials S2 and S3.
Biosynthesis of Bacteriochlorophylls and Bacteriochlorophyllides in Escherichia coli
Authors: Wang Baiyang , Liao Qiancheng , Xia Chenyang , Gan Fei
Published: December 2024

Photosynthesis, the most important biological process on Earth, converts light energy into chemical energy with essential pigments like chlorophylls and bacteriochlorophylls. The ability to reconstruct photosynthesis in heterotrophic organisms could significantly impact solar energy utilization and biomass production. In this study, we focused on constructing light‐dependent biosynthesis pathways for bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a and bacteriochlorophyllide (BChlide) d and c in the model strain Escherichia coli. The production of the starting compound, Mg protoporphyrin monomethylester, was optimized by screening the ribosome binding sites for the expression of each of the five genes. By fusing a maltose‐binding protein and apolipoprotein A‐I domain with the membrane protein BchF, the yield of 3‐hydroxyethyl‐Chlide a was increased by five‐fold. Anaerobic cultivation of the engineered E. coli strains facilitated the reduction of the C7=C8 double bond by chlorophyllide a oxidoreductase, a critical step in BChl a synthesis. We further enhanced BChl a production by adjusting the isopropyl‐β‐d‐thiogalactopyranoside concentration to optimize enzyme production and introducing an exogenous superoxide dismutase to combat oxidative stress. Additionally, fusing BciC with a RIAD tag resulted in an eight‐fold increase in the production of 3‐vinyl BChlide d. This study lays the foundation for the reconstitution of BChl‐based photosynthetic apparatus in heterotrophic model organisms, offering promising avenues for future research and applications in biotechnology.
Feasibility of implementing a decision aid for advanced cancer patients in a comprehensive cancer centers' outpatient setting: Valuable lessons learned
Authors: Laryionava K. , Boekels R. , Schildmann J. , Wensing M. , Wedding U. , Surmann B. , Mehlis K. , Gebel C. , Cinci M. , Krug K. , Winkler E. C.
Published: December 2024

Background

Decision aids (DAs) have been proposed as tools to empower patients in decision‐making. However, implementing DA for decisions in advanced cancer is challenging. This study focuses on perspectives of oncologists and other healthcare providers on the hindering and facilitating factors for implementing a customizable DA. This DA is designed to support discussions about whether patients with advanced, incurable cancers should pursue or forgo further anticancer treatment.

Methods

This qualitative study utilized content analysis following Sandelowski's approach on two different datasets derived from research projects on decision‐making in advanced cancer. To inform the development of a DA and understand challenges related to its implementation, we conducted semi‐structured interviews with 24 oncologists (Dataset 1) and three focus groups with various healthcare professionals (n = 19) and in addition post‐implementation semi‐structured interviews with oncologists who used the DA in conversations with their cancer patients (n = 5) (Dataset 2). Furthermore, the insights from process evaluation of developing and implementing the DA in an outpatients' settings was incorporated, enriching the analytical framework.

Results

Two overall themes emerged: (1) Tension between standardizing the use of a DA and responding to individual patient needs. To address this conflict, a two‐part DA was developed, combining structured elements with flexibility. (2) Prerequisites for the use of the DA in outpatients' settings: Senior physicians' support, education in palliative care options and in the use of the DA, and organizational conditions.

Conclusion

Oncologists identified both structural and content‐related aspects for a successful implementation of a DA for patients with advanced cancer. While the content‐related aspects were factored into the development of the DA, structural (organizational) issues need to be especially focused on during implementation.
Monitoring Over Time of Pathological Complete Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Patients Through an Ensemble Vision Transformers‐Based Model
Authors: Comes Maria Colomba , Fanizzi Annarita , Bove Samantha , Boldrini Luca , Latorre Agnese , Guven Deniz Can , Iacovelli Serena , Talienti Tiziana , Rizzo Alessandro , Zito Francesco Alfredo , Massafra Raffaella
Published: December 2024

Background

Morphological and vascular characteristics of breast cancer can change during neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). Dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI)‐acquired pre‐ and mid‐treatment quantitatively capture information about tumor heterogeneity as potential earlier indicators of pathological complete response (pCR) to NAC in breast cancer.

Aims

This study aimed to develop an ensemble deep learning‐based model, exploiting a Vision Transformer (ViT) architecture, which merges features automatically extracted from five segmented slices of both pre‐ and mid‐treatment exams containing the maximum tumor area, to predict and monitor pCR to NAC.

Materials and Methods

Imaging data analyzed in this study referred to a cohort of 86 breast cancer patients, randomly split into training and test sets at a ratio of 8:2, who underwent NAC and for which information regarding the pCR status was available (37.2% of patients achieved pCR). We further validated our model using a subset of 20 patients selected from the publicly available I‐SPY2 trial dataset (independent test).

Results

The performances of the proposed model were assessed using standard evaluation metrics, and promising results were achieved: area under the curve (AUC) value of 91.4%, accuracy value of 82.4%, a specificity value of 80.0%, a sensitivity value of 85.7%, precision value of 75.0%, F‐score value of 80.0%, and G‐mean value of 82.8%. The results obtained from the independent test show an AUC of 81.3%, an accuracy of 80.0%, a specificity value of 76.9%, a sensitivity of 85.0%, a precision of 66.7%, an F‐score of 75.0%, and a G‐mean of 81.2%.

Discussion

As far as we know, our research is the first proposal using ViTs on DCE‐MRI exams to monitor pCR over time during NAC.

Conclusion

Finally, the changes in DCE‐MRI at pre‐ and mid‐treatment could affect the accuracy of pCR prediction to NAC.
Application of Robotic‐Assisted Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Acute Coronary Syndrome: A Case Series
Authors: Squillace Mattia , Testa Luca , Brambilla Nedy , Bedogni Francesco
Published: December 2024

This case series highlights the successful application of robotic‐assisted percutaneous coronary intervention using the R‐One+ system in two acute coronary syndrome patients with significant coronary lesions. The procedures demonstrated the technology's safety, performance, and benefits such as minimal contrast use, reduced operator radiation exposure, and optimal procedural times.
Morel‐Lavallée Lesion: An Easily Missed Closed Debridement Injury in Blunt Trauma
Authors: Mochizuki Hidetaka , Hirata Hirohito , Yoshihara Tomohito , Kobayashi Takaomi , Tsukamoto Masatsugu , Uemura Tetsuji , Mawatari Masaaki , Morimoto Tadatsugu
Published: December 2024

Morel‐Lavallée lesion (MLL) is a closed soft tissue injury following trauma that is often missed. If not treated appropriately, they can lead to infection and is difficult to treat. High‐energy trauma with shear forces should be treated with MLL in mind.
Safety and Efficacy of Two Ultrathin Biodegradable Polymer Sirolimus‐Eluting Stents in Real‐World Practice: Genoss DES Stents Versus Orsiro Stents From a Prospective Registry
Authors: Jeon Ho Sung , Youn Young Jin , Lee Jung‐Hee , Park Young Jun , Son Jung‐Woo , Lee Jun‐Won , Ahn Min‐Soo , Ahn Sung Gyun , Kim Jang‐Young , Yoo Byung‐Su , Yoon Junghan
Published: December 2024

Background

The Orsiro and Genoss DES stents are biodegradable polymer drug‐eluting stents (DESs) with ultrathin struts.

Objective

To investigate the safety and efficacy of these two ultrathin DESs in real‐world practice.

Methods

From a single‐center prospective registry, we included 751 and 931 patients treated with the Genoss DES and Orsiro stents, respectively. After propensity score matching, we compared 483 patients in each group with respect to a device‐oriented composite outcome (DOCO), which comprised cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction, and clinically indicated target lesion revascularization up to 2 follow‐up years.

Results

After propensity score matching, there were no significant between‐group differences in clinical and angiographic characteristics. During the median follow‐up period of 730 days (interquartile range, 427–730 days), there was no significant between‐group difference in the DOCO rate (3.1% in the Genoss DES group vs. 2.9% in the Orsiro group, log‐rank p = 0.847).

Conclusions

This study demonstrated comparable safety and efficacy between the Orsiro and Genoss DES stents during a 2‐year follow‐up period in real‐world practice. However, this result should be confirmed in a large randomized controlled trial.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02038127.
Metastatic Malignant Granular Cell Tumor in the Lymph Node: A Cytological Report With Immunocytochemical Analysis
Authors: Okanishi Hiroyuki , Ishida Mitsuaki , Kohno Naoto , Nakayama Hiroko , Ariga Kozue , Ono Shizuka , Deguchi Chihiro , Takeda Reika , Kurisu Yoshitaka , Hirose Yoshinobu
Published: December 2024

Granular cell tumors (GCTs) are relatively rare, whereas malignant GCTs are extremely rare. This brief report describes a cytological case of metastatic malignant GCT in the lymph node with immunocytochemical analysis. A 77 years old Japanese female with a history of surgical resection for malignant GCT in the back 8 years earlier presented with swelling of the right neck. Intraoperative touch smear of the biopsy specimen of the neck lymph node showed the presence of clusters of polygonal neoplastic cells as well as single neoplastic cells containing rich granular cytoplasm and eccentrically located large round to oval nuclei in a background of granular material. Immunocytochemical analysis demonstrated that these neoplastic cells showed positivity for S‐100 protein and SOX10, and negativity for Melan‐A and HMB45. According to these findings, a cytodiagnosis of metastatic malignant GCT was made with consideration of her history. Histopathological analysis confirmed a metastatic malignant GCT. The present study indicates that immunocytochemical staining for S‐100 protein and SOX10 combined with cytomorphological features might be useful for the cytodiagnosis of malignant GCT.
Exosome‐Shuttled METTL14 From AML‐Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promotes the Proliferation and Radioresistance in AML Cells by Stabilizing ROCK1 Expression via an m6A‐IGF2BP3‐Dependent Mechanism
Authors: Wang Cheng , Song Rui , Yuan Jinjin , Hou Ge , Chu A lan , Huang Yangyang , Xiao Chenhu , Chai Ting , Sun Chen , Liu Zongwen
Published: December 2024

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (AML‐MSCs) have been identified to play a significant role in AML progression. The functions of MSCs mainly depend on their paracrine action. Here, we investigated whether AML‐MSCs functioned in AML cells by transferring METTL14 (Methyltransferase 14) into AML cells via exosomes. Functional analyses were conducted using MTT assay, 5‐ethynyl‐2‐deoxyuridine assay and flow cytometry. qRT‐PCR and western blot analyses detected levels of mRNAs and proteins. Exosomes (exo) were isolated from AML‐MSCs by ultracentrifugation. The m6A modification profile was determined by methylated RNA immunoprecipitation (MeRIP) assay. The interaction between Insulin‐like growth factor 2 mRNA‐binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3) and Rho Kinase 1 (ROCK1) was validated using RIP assay. AML‐MSCs incubation promoted the proliferation and radioresistance in AML cells. Moreover, AML‐MSCs incubation led to increases in m6A levels and METTL14 levels in AML cells. METTL14 was transferred into AML cells by packaging into exosomes of AML‐MSCs. The knockdown of METTL14 in AML‐MSCs exosomes could reduce the proliferation and radioresistance in AML cells. Mechanistically, METTL14 induced ROCK1 m6A modification and stabilized its expression by an m6A‐IGF2BP3‐dependent mechanism. Rescue assay showed that ROCK1 overexpression reversed the inhibitory effects of METTL14 silencing in AML‐MSCs exosomes on AML cell proliferation and radioresistance. Exosome‐shuttled METTL14 from AML‐MSCs promoted proliferation and conferred radioresistance in AML cells by stabilizing ROCK1 expression via an m6A‐IGF2BP3‐dependent mechanism.
Arthropod Food Webs in the Foreland of a Retreating Greenland Glacier: Integrating Molecular Gut Content Analysis With Structural Equation Modelling
Authors: Gravesen Ejgil , Dušátková Lenka , Athey Kacie J. , Qin Jiayi , Krogh Paul Henning
Published: December 2024

The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the global average since 1979, resulting in rapid glacier retreat and exposing new glacier forelands. These forelands offer unique experimental settings to explore how global warming impacts ecosystems, particularly for highly climate‐sensitive arthropods. Understanding these impacts can help anticipate future biodiversity and ecosystem changes under ongoing warming scenarios. In this study, we integrate data on arthropod diversity from DNA gut content analysis—offering insight into predator diets—with quantitative measures of arthropod activity‐density at a Greenland glacier foreland using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). Our SEM analysis reveals both bottom‐up and top‐down controlled food chains. Bottom‐up control, linked to sit‐and‐wait predator behavior, was prominent for spider and harvestman populations, while top‐down control, associated with active search behavior, was key for ground beetle populations. Bottom‐up controlled dynamics predominated during the early stages of vegetation succession, while top‐down mechanisms dominated in later successional stages further from the glacier, driven largely by increasing temperatures. In advanced successional stages, top‐down cascades intensify intraguild predation (IGP) among arthropod predators. This is especially evident in the linyphiid spider Collinsia holmgreni, whose diet included other linyphiid and lycosid spiders, reflecting high IGP. The IGP ratio in C. holmgreni negatively correlated with the activity‐density of ground‐dwelling prey, likely contributing to the local decline and possible extinction of this cold‐adapted species in warmer, late‐succession habitats where lycosid spiders dominate. These findings suggest that sustained warming and associated shifts in food web dynamics could lead to the loss of cold‐adapted species, while brief warm events may temporarily impact populations without lasting extinction effects.
Sex‐Specific Variation in Foraging Behavior is Related to Telomere Length in a Long‐Lived Seabird
Authors: Guillen‐Parra Mauricio , Barcenas‐Flores Rocio , Velando Alberto , Wiley Anne , Montoya Bibiana , Torres Roxana
Published: December 2024

Foraging during breeding is a demanding activity linked to breeding investment and possibly constrained by individual quality. Telomere length, the protective nucleoproteins located at the ends of the chromosomes, is considered a trait reflecting somatic maintenance and individual quality. Therefore, foraging effort and parental investment may be positively related to telomere length, if individuals with longer telomeres are of better quality and thus able to maintain better body condition and allocate more resources to parental activities. In the brown booby (Sula leucogaster), we investigated if telomere length is related to body mass (a proxy of condition) and whether variation in foraging behavior and provisioning effort is related to telomere length or body mass. Then, we explored whether variation in foraging and provisioning influences the chick mass growth rate. In 34 pairs nesting in Isla de San Jorge, in the Gulf of California, México, we sampled their blood to estimate telomere length, measured their body mass, and for 10 days, recorded their foraging behavior via global positioning system (GPS) loggers and their chick provisioning rate and chicks' mass growth rate. We found a positive relationship between parents' body mass and telomere length. Body mass did not affect foraging behavior. Females with longer telomeres were more prone to travel longer distances toward offshore and deeper waters than females with shorter telomeres. In contrast, males with longer telomere lengths performed more nearshore foraging trips than males with shorter telomeres. The chick provisioning rate was unrelated to telomere length or body mass, but females fed the chick at a rate 2.4 times greater than males. Females' offshore foraging, but not males', was positively related to chick mass growth rate. Our results suggest that individual quality, indicated by telomere length, is an important driver of sex‐specific, between‐individual variation in foraging behavior, indirectly affecting offspring condition.
Differences in Gut Microbial Composition and Characteristics Among Three Populations of the Bamboo Pitviper (Viridovipera stejnegeri)
Authors: Zhang Jiaqi , Tan Songwen , Lyu Bing , Yu Min , Lan Yue , Tang Ruixiang , Fan Zhenxin , Guo Peng , Shi Lei
Published: December 2024

The gut microbiota contributes to host health by facilitating nutrient uptake, digestion, energy metabolism, intestinal development, vitamin synthesis, and immunomodulation, and plays an important role in the growth and reproduction of the animal itself. Considering the paucity of research on the gut microbiota of wild snakes, this study focused on bamboo pitviper (Viridovipera stejnegeri) populations from Anhui, Guizhou, and Hunan, with multiple fecal samples collected from each population (six, five, and three, respectively). Total microbial DNA was extracted from the fecal samples using metagenomic next‐generation sequencing and differences in gut microbial composition, abundance, and carbohydrate‐active enzymes (CAZymes) were analyzed and compared among the three populations. Results showed no significant variance in the α‐diversity of the gut microbes across the three populations, while principal coordinate analysis revealed significant differences in gut microbe composition. The four most abundant phyla in the gut microbiota of V. stejnegeri were Pseudomonadota, Bacteroidota, Actinomycetota, and Bacillota, while the four most abundant genera were Salmonella, Citrobacter, Bacteroides, and Yokenella. Linear discriminant analysis effect size demonstrated notable differences in gut microbial abundance among the three populations. Marked differences in CAZyme abundance were also observed across the microbial communities. Future studies should incorporate diverse ecological factors to evaluate their influence on the composition and function of gut microbiota.
Quantifying uncertainty in anthropogenic causes of injury and mortality for an endangered baleen whale
Authors: Linden Daniel W. , Hostetler Jeffrey A. , Pace Richard M. , Garrison Lance P. , Knowlton Amy R. , Lesage Véronique , Williams Rob , Runge Michael C.
Published: December 2024

Understanding the causes of mortality for a declining species is essential for developing effective conservation and management strategies, particularly when anthropogenic activities are the primary threat. Using a competing hazards framework allows for robust estimation of the cause‐specific variation in risk that may exist across multiple dimensions, such as time and individual. Here, we estimated cause‐specific rates of severe injury and mortality for North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis), a critically endangered species that is currently in peril due to human‐caused interactions. We developed a multistate capture–recapture model that leveraged 30 years of intensive survey effort yielding sightings of individuals with injury assessments and necropsies of carcass recoveries. We examined variation in the hazard rates of severe injury and mortality due to entanglements in fishing gear and vessel strikes as explained by temporal patterns and the age and reproductive status of the individual. We found strong evidence for increased rates of severe entanglement injuries after 2013 and for females with calves, with consequently higher marginal mortality. The model results also suggested that despite vessel strikes causing a lower average rate of severe injuries, the higher mortality rate conditional on injury results in significant total mortality risk, particularly for females resting from a recent calving event. Large uncertainty in the estimation of carcass recovery rate for vessel strike deaths permeated into the apportionment of mortality causes. The increased rates of North Atlantic right whale mortality in the last decade, particularly for reproducing females, has been responsible for the severe decline in the species. By apportioning the human‐caused threats using a quantitative approach with estimation of relevant uncertainty, this work can guide development of conservation and management strategies to facilitate species recovery. Our approach is relevant to other monitored populations where cause‐specific injuries from multiple threats can be observed in live and dead individuals.
Mycorrhizal dominance influences tree species richness and richness–biomass relationship in China's forests
Authors: Ma Suhui , Chen Guoping , Cai Qiong , Ji Chengjun , Zhu Biao , Tang Zhiyao , Hu Shuijin , Fang Jingyun
Published: December 2024

Mycorrhizal associations drive plant community diversity and ecosystem functions. Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and ectomycorrhiza (EcM) are two widespread mycorrhizal types and are thought to differentially affect plant diversity and productivity by nutrient acquisition and plant–soil feedback. However, it remains unclear how the mixture of two mycorrhizal types influences tree diversity, forest biomass, and their relationship at large spatial scales. Here, we explored these issues using data from 1247 plots (600 m2 for each) across China's natural forests located mostly in temperate and subtropical regions. Both AM‐dominated and EcM‐dominated forests show relatively lower tree species richness and stand biomass, whereas forests with the mixture of mycorrhizal strategies sustain more tree species and higher biomass. Interestingly, the positive effect of tree diversity on biomass is stronger in forests with low (≤50%) than high AM tree proportion (>50%), reflecting a shift from the complementarity effect to functional redundancy with increasing AM trees. Our findings suggest that mycorrhizal dominance influences tree diversity and richness–biomass relationship in forest ecosystems.
Improving the educational accessibility of sinonasal and skull base anatomy: A novel virtual tool for otolaryngology trainees
Authors: Saraswathula Anirudh , Huang Emily Y. , Li Shirley , Garcia Juan R. , Rowan Nicholas R.
Published: December 2024

Background

Understanding the complex three‐dimensional (3D) anatomy of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and skull base, is difficult but essential for otolaryngology trainees, especially for endoscopic techniques. There is no effective teaching tool at the junior resident or medical student level allowing visualization and manipulation of these structures in 3D.

Objective

To create an interactive 3D app modeling the sinus and skull base for use by junior trainees learning surgical anatomy.

Methods

Using Adobe Photoshop, Cinema 4D, and ZBrush, surgeon and medical illustration teams collaborated to develop a tool combining schematic representation of relevant anatomy with radiologic and endoscopic correlates. This was then incorporated into a web application. Twenty‐one junior residents and medical students were recruited to use the app, and pre‐and post‐app self‐assessments and experience surveys were conducted to assess didactic efficacy.

Results

We created an online‐compatible fully manipulatable schematic 3D representation of the nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and anterior skull base that is capable of anatomic layering. This schematic is presented alongside representative de‐identified radiologic images and surgical principles with corresponding highlighted diagrammatic structures to demonstrate clinically relevant radiologic and endoscopic anatomy. There was a statistically significant improvement in anatomical knowledge in all 13 questions assessing didactic efficacy, with 85.7% of participants providing overall positive feedback.

Conclusions

Acknowledging the didactic utility in an early validation study with junior trainees, this sinus anatomy teaching tool offers a low‐cost and highly accessible modality capable of demonstrating complex anatomical relationships to trainees learning sinus and endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery.
Semi‐empirically modelling barrier sediment transport in response to hydrodynamic forcing using UAV‐derived topographical data (Holgate, New Jersey)
Authors: Schmelz W. John , Spector Ashlyn , Neitzke‐Adamo Lauren , Miller Kenneth G.
Published: December 2024

We conducted monthly surveys, from October 2020 to May 2021, of coastal topography in Holgate, New Jersey. Using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)‐photogrammetry and RTK‐GNSS equipment, we generated digital elevations models and cross‐section profiles, capturing spatiotemporal variability in volumetric change. We measured a total loss of 27 500 ± 10 500 m3 of subaerial sediment through the study. From October 2020 to February 2021, over 59 600 ± 10 500 m3 of sediment was eroded, followed by 32 100 ± 10 500 m3 of deposition from February to May 2021. We developed a semi‐empirical model correlating the measured geomorphological change to wave energy and water‐level variations. The calibrated model identified storm conditions that caused erosion and that waves from the south to southeast caused more erosion than those from the east to northeast. These results emphasise that alongshore transport represents a critical component of sediment transport dynamics relevant to beach erosion. Using the calibrated model, we quantified the impact of water‐level variations and wave energy on net sediment transport for a stretch of barrier coastline. Specifically, a water‐level increase of 0.14 m (equivalent to a 1σ variation) generated slightly less erosion (1.18 m3/m per 48 h) than the same variance‐based increase in wave energy, which generates 1.44 m3/m of erosion per 48 h. These variables strongly covary. Alongshore transport modulates the relationship, increasing erosion 0.9 m3/m per 48 h with a 1σ shift in wave energy directed alongshore. Forcing from strong storms, hindcast from 8 years of data, can produce 15–20 m3/m of erosion per 48 h. This modelling approach represents a methodology to produce estimates of potential erosion under predicted storm conditions, which is inherently valuable to coastal management and resilience planning. Our study demonstrates cost‐effective data collection and robust analytical methods that can be applied globally to benefit both the understanding of coastal geomorphology and local communities through data‐driven natural resource management.
Prevalence of Plasmid‐Mediated Quinolone Resistance Genes in Escherichia coli Isolates From Colonic Biopsies of Iranian Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Alipour Samira , Owrang Mina , Rajabnia Mohsen , Olfatifar Meysam , Kazemian Hossein , Houri Hamidreza
Published: December 2024

Background and Aims

Emerging evidence suggests that ciprofloxacin and other quinolones can be effectively used as adjuncts to immunosuppressive therapy in managing inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Clinical isolates of Enterobacterales frequently exhibit quinolone resistance. Additionally, increased IBD severity has been linked to the proliferation of Enterobacterales in the gut. This study aimed to explore the frequency of fluoroquinolone resistance and the presence of associated resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolates obtained from intestinal biopsies of patients with IBD in Iran.

Methods

In this research, we conducted a study that involved the isolation and examination of E. coli bacteria from inflamed ileal and/or colonic tissues of patients diagnosed with IBD, specifically ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), during colonoscopy procedures. We collected demographic and clinical information from the patients. To identify E. coli strains that were resistant to quinolone antibiotics, we performed both phenotypic and molecular analyses.

Results

From the colonic and ileal biopsies of 121 patients with IBD, we isolated 107 unique strains of E. coli. Among these strains, 18 (16.8%) were derived from patients with CD, and 89 (83.2%) came from those with UC. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests revealed that 61 out of 107 isolates (57%) of the isolates showed phenotypic resistance to at least one type of quinolone. Additionally, plasmid‐mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes, specifically oqxA, oqxB, and qnrS were detected in the E. coli strains linked to both UC and CD. Notably, there was a significant positive correlation observed between intestinal colonization by ciprofloxacin‐resistant E. coli and the patients' history of extended ciprofloxacin antibiotic therapy.

Conclusion

Our results reveal that a significant number of patients with IBD carry quinolone‐resistant E. coli. This colonization may pose a risk factor that could affect disease progression and contribute to potential complications.
Design of and Early Insights From a Generalized Myasthenia Gravis Patient Engagement Research Council
Authors: Geonnotti Gabrielle , Pesa Jacqueline , Peters Wesley , Taylor Melina , Choudhry Zia , Falope Oluyemisi , Price Marquetta , Baxter Lucy , West Bruce , Shea Lisa
Published: December 2024

Background and Aims

An exploratory focus group study was conducted to better understand the needs of patients living with generalized myasthenia gravis (gMG).

Methods

US‐based adults with gMG and caregivers of patients with gMG participated in a Patient Engagement Research Council between August 2022 and January 2023. The study consisted of a 15‐min prework survey, followed by virtual focus groups facilitated using a semi‐structured interview guide. Data concepts were identified using conversational analysis and by direct observation. All transcripts were coded based on concepts using a qualitative research analysis program (MaxQDA).

Results

16 participants (13 patients, three caregivers) were recruited. Participants reported impact on daily activities, fatigue, and psychosocial problems. Many participants experienced delayed diagnosis and difficulty accessing specialist care. Participants described multiple barriers related to their gMG, including barriers to treatment, access‐related issues, and communication disconnect between patients and healthcare professionals. Achieving stable disease was the most important goal. There was a preference for the autonomy of self‐administered medications at home versus infusions. Study insights led to recommendations to guide patient and healthcare professional education.

Conclusion

The study illustrates the need to improve access to specialist care, achieve earlier diagnosis, prioritize patients' preferences in disease management, and develop treatments that improve outcomes without additional burden.

Patient or Public Contribution

The data collected in this study was provided by the focus group participants, which included patients and caregivers of those with myasthenia gravis.
The Role of Telemedicine in Enhancing Surgical Care Delivery in Africa: A Literature Review
Authors: Kwan Su Huey Alicia , Sengar Aman Singh , Kazan Zeinab , Choudhary Karan , Patel Raj Pravin , Wojtara Magda , Uwishema Olivier
Published: December 2024

Background and Aims

In Africa, telemedicine holds great potential to revolutionize surgical care delivery, especially in areas where access to quality treatment is scarce. Data about the use of these services in African countries is, however, limited. To outline the present issues in surgical care delivery, as well as the significant role of telemedicine in advancing surgical care delivery in Africa. This review will also discuss the challenges behind telemedicine utilization in Africa, and recommend targeted measures to address those barriers while promoting the enhanced integration of telemedicine into surgical care delivery.

Methods

A comprehensive online literature search was conducted using several search engines, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar to assess the potential advantages of telemedicine over traditional surgical practices in Africa, as well as to identify the challenges hindering its implementation. The literature review examined the role of nongovernmental organizations in promoting telemedicine adoption across various African countries. Literature search terms include “countries of Africa,” “impact of telesurgery and telemedicine in Africa,” and “current situation of telemedicine in intervention.” Only articles written in English were considered, and inclusion criteria included relevance to our research objectives and countries in Africa.

Results

The potential for telesurgery in Saharan and sub‐Saharan countries is still a milestone to be unlocked, but already telemedicine implementation has shown great results. Although hindrances like trust, lack of infrastructure, and lack of trained personnel in the field of telecommunication have been issues. There is a rise in the use of telemedicine in areas of interest like postsurgical care, doctor‐patient consultation, and tele‐monitoring. Various schemes and plans implemented by public organizations have also peaked since the pandemic. A telemedicine establishment requires multifactorial development occurring in a step‐by‐step manner. Although complexity in development and barriers faced in countries in Africa are concerns, the outcomes of using telemedicine are considerably better. The rising population and lack of medical specialists have led to a gap in access to approachable surgical care, and telemedicine has shown promising potential to overcome it.

Conclusion

Telemedicine implementation has changed the method of intervention in clinics all over the world. Implementation of parts of telemedicine like telesurgery and tele‐monitoring has the potential to overcome the concern of a rising population, but there is still a long way to go.
Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated With Sexual Dysfunction in Malagasy Women With and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross‐Sectional Study in a University Hospital Center, Antananarivo Madagascar
Authors: Raharinavalona Sitraka Angelo , Rakotoarimino Nomenjanahary , Andrianiaina Miora Maëva Arielle , Ralamboson Solofo Andrianarivelo , Andrianasolo Radonirina Lazasoa , Rakotomalala Andrianirina Dave Patrick
Published: December 2024

Background and Aims

Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) remains a very little studied subject in Madagascar, despite the resulting alteration of quality of life. Our study aims to determine the prevalence and risk factors for sexual dysfunction in Malagasy women with and without type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Methods

This was a descriptive and analytical cross‐sectional study, carried out in the Endocrinology department of the Joseph Raseta Befelatanana University Hospital Center over a period of 18 months. FSD was assessed using the Female Sexual Function Index questionnaire in women with and without T2DM.

Results

We retained 122 patients with T2DM and 127 without T2DM. The prevalence of FSD was 47.5% in diabetics and 44.1% in non‐diabetics. In patients with T2DM, factors associated with FSD were age [50–59 years] (OR = 2.03 [1.03–4.51]), nephropathy (OR = 2.18 [1.09–3.98]), ischemic stroke (p = 0.0483), ischemic heart disease (p = 0.005), carotid atherosclerosis (OR = 2.64 [1.09–7.85]), obesity (OR = 3.64 [1.22–12.3]), calcium channel blocker use (OR = 4.71 [1.35–21.0]), history of genitourinary infections (OR = 2.06 [1.07–4.28]). In patients without T2DM, they were age [50 – 59 years] (OR = 4.86 [2.16–11.3]), age of first sexual intercourse < 18 years (OR = 2.06 [1.04–4.57]), irregular menstrual cycle (OR = 2.02 [1.00–6.37]), number of gestations ≥ 4 (OR = 1.99 [1.00–5.41]), abortion (OR = 3.15 [1.21–29.1]) and number of children ≥ 4 (OR = 2.17 [1.01–4.81]).

Conclusion

FSD was more common in diabetics than non‐diabetics. Its early management and associated risk factors are necessary to improve the quality of life of patients.