bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Catalysts for the Selective Oxidation of Methanol
Authors: Brookes Catherine , Bowker Michael , Wells Peter
Published: June 2016

In industry, one of the main catalysts typically employed for the selective oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde is a multi-component oxide containing both bulk Fe2(MoO4)3 and excess MoO3. It is thought that the excess MoO3 primarily acts to replace any molybdenum lost through sublimation at elevated temperatures, therefore preventing the formation of an unselective Fe2O3 phase. With both oxide phases present however, debate has arisen regarding the active component of the catalyst. Work here highlights how catalyst surfaces are significantly different from bulk structures, a difference crucial for catalyst performance. Specifically, Mo has been isolated at the surface as the active surface species. This leaves the role of the Fe in the catalyst enigmatic, with many theories postulated for its requirement. It has been suggested that the supporting Fe molybdate phase enables lattice oxygen transfer to the surface, to help prevent the selectivity loss which would occur in the resulting oxygen deficit environment. To assess this phenomenon in further detail, anaerobic reaction with methanol has been adopted to evaluate the performance of the catalyst under reducing conditions.
Slide Valves for Single-Screw Expanders Working Under Varied Operating Conditions
Authors: Wu Yuting , Zhi Ruiping , Lei Biao , Wang Wei , Wang Jingfu , Li Guoqiang , Wang Huan , Ma Chongfang
Published: June 2016

This paper fully describes the working principle of slide valves in single-screw expanders (SSEs). A geometric analysis of suction and volume ratio slide valves is presented to determine the relations between volume ratio, suction closure volume, discharge opening volume and slide valves displacement. An organic Rankine cycle (ORC) thermodynamic model with SSE integrated with slide valves is developed to analyze the power output of SSE and the net power output of ORC system and variation law of slide valves displacement. Analysis of a typical ORC system under changing operating conditions shows that the power output of the expander and the net output power of the ORC system with slide valves are much better than those without slide valves. When the condensing temperature is 40 °C and the waste availability is 80 kW, the increase in output power and net output power are approximately 3.4 kW and 5 kW, respectively. The presented geometric analysis of slide valves and the thermodynamic model integrated with slide valves can be used to provide a theoretical and technical basis for designing the slide valves of SSEs and the control strategies of slide valves under varied operating conditions.
State of Charge-Based Active Power Sharing Method in a Standalone Microgrid with High Penetration Level of Renewable Energy Sources
Authors: Kim Yun-Su , Hwang Chul-Sang , Kim Eung-Sang , Cho Changhee
Published: June 2016

Standalone microgrids, which are mainly constructed on island areas have low system inertia, may result large frequency deviations even for small load change. Moreover, increasing penetration level of renewable energy sources (RESs) into standalone microgrids makes the frequency stability problem even worse. To overcome this problem, this paper proposes an active power sharing method with zero frequency deviations. To this end, a battery energy storage system (BESS) is operated as constant frequency (CF) control mode, whereas the other distributed generations (DGs) are operated as an active and reactive power (PQ) control mode. As a result, a state of charge (SOC) of the BESS is changed as the system load varies. Based on the SOC deviation, DGs share the load change. The SOC data is assumed to be sent via communication system, hence the communication time delay is considered. To enhance reliability, controllers of DGs are designed to take account of the failure of communication system. The simulation results show that active power can be shared among DGs according to desired ratio without frequency deviations even for large variation of output power of RESs.
Energy Transitions in Nigeria: The Evolution of Energy Infrastructure Provision (1800–2015)
Authors: Edomah Norbert , Foulds Chris , Jones Aled
Published: June 2016

The provision of energy infrastructure is essential for economic growth, social cohesion, and environmental sustainability. Understanding the multiple functions and services it provides us requires firstly a deeper understanding of the factors that influence energy infrastructure itself. This paper focusses on the factors that influence the evolution of energy infrastructure in Nigeria. By studying different eras of energy use according to the technologies that were being implemented, resources that were available, and the political practice of the time it is possible to better frame the drivers of energy infrastructure. The paper explores the transitions of how Nigerians managed to obtain the vast majority of energy from food calories and traditional biomass, to the broad portfolio of energy sources that is in use today.
Factors Influencing Anti-Malarial Prophylaxis and Iron Supplementation Non-Compliance among Pregnant Women in Simiyu Region, Tanzania
Authors: Sambili Benatus , Kimambo Ronald , Peng Yun , Ishunga Elison , Matasha Edna , Matumu Godfrey , Noronha Rita , Ngilangwa David
Published: June 2016

Malaria and iron-deficient anemia during pregnancy pose considerable risks for the mother and newborn. Intermittent Preventive Treatment during pregnancy with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (IPTp-SP) and iron supplement to prevent anemia to all pregnant women receiving antenatal care (ANC) services is highly recommended. However, their compliance remains low. This study aimed at identifying factors influencing non-compliance of medications among pregnant women. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Simiyu region in northwest Tanzania using a structured questionnaire to collect data from 430 women who were pregnant or gave birth 12 months prior to data collection. Data were analyzed using non-parametric statistical analysis with STATA 10. Overall, 284 (66%) and 195 (45%) of interviewed women received IPTp-SP and iron supplementation during their ANC visits, respectively. The majority (85%) of women whom received medications were aware if they had received IPTp-SP or iron supplementation. Of those received IPTp-SP, only 11% took all the three doses, while the remaining 89% took only two doses or one dose. For women who received iron supplementation, 29% reported that they did not take any dose at all. Reasons given for not complying with regiments included not liking the medications and disapproval from male partners. Our findings suggest that IPTp-SP and iron supplement compliance among pregnant women in Simiyu region is low. Intensification of community education, further qualitative research and administration of medication through directly-observed therapy (DOT) are recommended to address the problem.
Dexmedetomidine Protects Rat Liver against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Partly by the α2A-Adrenoceptor Subtype and the Mechanism Is Associated with the TLR4/NF-κB Pathway
Authors: Wang Yiheng , Wu Shan , Yu Xiaofang , Zhou Shaoli , Ge Mian , Chi Xinjin , Cai Jun
Published: June 2016

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling plays a dominant role in the pathogenesis of liver ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. Dexmedetomidine (Dex) protects the liver against IR injury via α2-adrenoceptor activation, but the contribution of TLR4 signaling remains unknown. The authors aimed to examine whether pretreatment with Dex produces hepatic protection and investigate the influence of Dex on TLR4/NF-κB signaling. Dex was given via intraperitoneal injection 30 min prior to orthotopic autologous liver transplantation (OALT) in rats, and three α2-adrenoceptor antagonists including atipamezole (a nonselective α2 receptor blocker), ARC-239 (a specific α2B/C blocker) and BRL-44408 (a specific α2A blocker) were injected intraperitoneally 10 min before Dex administration. Histopathologic evaluation of the liver and the measurement of serum alanine aminotransferase activity, TLR4/NF-κB expression in the liver, and pro-inflammatory factors (serum tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β and hepatic myeloperoxidase) concentrations were performed 8 h after OALT. Dex ameliorated liver injury after OALT probably by suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB pathway and decreasing inflammatory mediator levels. The protective effects of Dex were reversed by atipamezole and BRL-44408, but not by ARC-239, suggesting that these effects were mediated in part by the α2A subtype. In conclusion, Dex attenuates liver injury partly via the α2A-adrenoceptor subtype, and the mechanism is due to the suppression of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway.
A Stress-Induced Martensitic Transformation in Aged Ti49Ni51 Alloy after High-Velocity Impact
Authors: Zhu Yingying , Wang Haizhen , Gao Zhiyong , Cai Wei
Published: June 2016

The effects of a high-velocity impact on the microstructure, phase transformation and mechanical property of aged Ti49Ni51 alloy are investigated. The transformation behavior and microstructure along the impact direction after impact emerge with regionalization characteristics, including a deformed region near the crater (0–4 mm) and an un-deformed region of the distal crater (5–6 mm). Stress-induced martensite is the main deformation mechanism in the deforming region of aged Ti49Ni51 alloy under high-velocity impact.
Wood Sawdust/Natural Rubber Ecocomposites Cross-Linked by Electron Beam Irradiation
Authors: Manaila Elena , Stelescu Maria , Craciun Gabriela , Ighigeanu Daniel
Published: June 2016

The obtaining and characterization of some polymeric eco-composites based on wood sawdust and natural rubber is presented. The natural rubber was cross-linked using the electron beam irradiation. The irradiation doses were of 75, 150, 300 and 600 kGy and the concentrations of wood sawdust were of 10 and 20 phr, respectively. As a result of wood sawdust adding, the physical and mechanical properties such as hardness, modulus at 100% elongation and tensile strength, showed significant improvements. The presence of wood sawdust fibers has a reinforcing effect on natural rubber, similar or better than of mineral fillers. An increase in the irradiation dose leads to the increasing of cross-link density, which is reflected in the improvement of hardness, modulus at 100% elongation and tensile strength of blends. The cross-linking rates, appreciated using the Flory-Rehner equation, have increased with the amount of wood sawdust in blends and with the irradiation dose. Even if the gel fraction values have varied irregularly with the amount of wood sawdust and irradiation dose it was over 90% for all blends, except for the samples without wood sawdust irradiated with 75 kGy. The water uptake increased with increasing of fiber content and decreased with the irradiation dose.
Microwave Crystallization of Lithium Aluminum Germanium Phosphate Solid-State Electrolyte
Authors: Mahmoud Morsi , Cui Yuantao , Rohde Magnus , Ziebert Carlos , Link Guido , Seifert Hans
Published: June 2016

Lithium aluminum germanium phosphate (LAGP) glass-ceramics are considered as promising solid-state electrolytes for Li-ion batteries. LAGP glass was prepared via the regular conventional melt-quenching method. Thermal, chemical analyses and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were performed to characterize the prepared glass. The crystallization of the prepared LAGP glass was done using conventional heating and high frequency microwave (MW) processing. Thirty GHz microwave (MW) processing setup were used to convert the prepared LAGP glass into glass-ceramics and compared with the conventionally crystallized LAGP glass-ceramics that were heat-treated in an electric conventional furnace. The ionic conductivities of the LAGP samples obtained from the two different routes were measured using impedance spectroscopy. These samples were also characterized using XRD and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Microwave processing was successfully used to crystallize LAGP glass into glass-ceramic without the aid of susceptors. The MW treated sample showed higher total, grains and grain boundary ionic conductivities values, lower activation energy and relatively larger-grained microstructure with less porosity compared to the corresponding conventionally treated sample at the same optimized heat-treatment conditions. The enhanced total, grains and grain boundary ionic conductivities values along with the reduced activation energy that were observed in the MW treated sample was considered as an experimental evidence for the existence of the microwave effect in LAGP crystallization process. MW processing is a promising candidate technology for the production of solid-state electrolytes for Li-ion battery.
An Investigation of Reverse Flotation Separation of Sericite from Graphite by Using a Surfactant: MF
Authors: Qiu Yangshuai , Yu Yongfu , Zhang Lingyan , Qian Yupeng , Ouyang Zhijun
Published: June 2016

In this paper, a surfactant, atlox4862 (formaldehyde condensate of methyl naphthalene sulfonic sodium salt) (MF), was introduced as a depressant for reverse flotation separation of sericite from graphite. Natural flake graphite has a strong hydrophobic property. After interacting with MF, the graphite became moderately hydrophilic. The flotation results showed that MF had a depressing ability for both sericite and graphite and that the flotation separation of sericite from graphite was attributed to the different declining levels of recovery between graphite and sericite with increased MF concentration. For a pulp pH of 8 and a MF concentration of 250 mg/L, the recovery rates of sericite and graphite were 89.7% and 11.3%, respectively. The results of the FTIR spectra and zeta potential measurements demonstrated that the interaction of MF with graphite and sericite is mainly through electrostatic attraction. MF was preferred to adsorb on the surface of graphite, decreasing its zeta potential and improving its hydrophilicity more than that of sericite.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel α-Aminoamides Containing an Indole Moiety for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Li Haotian , Fan Shiyong , Cheng Jingchao , Zhang Ping , Zhong Bohua , Shi Weiguo
Published: June 2016

The α-aminoamide family of sodium ion channel blockers have exhibited analgesic effects on neuropathic pain. Here, a series of novel α-aminoamides containing an indole ring were designed and synthesized. These compounds were evaluated in mice using a formalin test and they exhibited significant anti-allodynia activities. However, the analgesic mechanism of these compounds remains unclear; a subset of the synthesized compounds can only moderately inhibit the sodium ion channel, Nav1.7, in a whole-cell patch clamp assay. Overall, these results suggest that introduction of an indole moiety to α-aminoamide derivatives can significantly improve their bioactivity and further study is warranted.
Determinants of Anemia among School-Aged Children in Mexico, the United States and Colombia
Authors: Syed Sana , Addo O. , De la Cruz-Góngora Vanessa , Ashour Fayrouz , Ziegler Thomas , Suchdev Parminder
Published: June 2016

Anemia affects approximately 25% of school-aged children (SAC—aged 5.00–14.99 years) globally. We determined in three countries the prevalence and determinants of anemia in SAC. Data on sociodemographics, inflammation and nutrition status were obtained from the 2006 Mexican National Nutrition Survey, the 2003-6 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, and the 2010 Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición Situación Colombia. In the US, vitamin A and iron deficiency (ID) were available only for girls aged 12.00–14.99 years to which our analysis was limited. Associations were evaluated by country using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for confounders and complex survey design. The prevalence of anemia and ID were: Mexico 12% (ID 18%), n = 3660; US 4% (ID 10%), n = 733; and Colombia 4% (ID 9%), n = 8573. The percentage of anemia associated with ID was 22.4% in Mexico, 38.9% in the US and 16.7% in Colombia. In Mexico, anemia was associated with ID (adjusted OR: 1.5, p = 0.02) and overweight (aOR 0.4, p = 0.007). In the US, anemia was associated with black race/ethnicity (aOR: 14.1, p < 0.0001) and ID (aOR: 8.0, p < 0.0001). In Colombia, anemia was associated with black race/ethnicity (aOR: 1.6, p = 0.005), lowest socio-economic status quintile (aOR: 1.8, p = 0.0005), ID (aOR: 2.7, p < 0.0001), and being stunted (aOR: 1.6, p = 0.02). While anemia was uniformly associated with iron deficiency in Mexico, Columbia, and the United States, other measured factors showed inconsistent associations with anemia. Additional data on anemia determinants in SAC are needed to guide interventions.
Aluminum–Titanium Bilayer for Near-Infrared Transition Edge Sensors
Authors: Lolli Lapo , Taralli Emanuele , Portesi Chiara , Rajteri Mauro , Monticone Eugenio
Published: June 2016

Transition-edge sensors (TESs) are single photon detectors attractive for applications in quantum optics and quantum information experiments owing to their photon number resolving capability. Nowadays, high-energy resolution TESs for telecommunication are based on either W or Au/Ti films, demonstrating slow recovery time constants. We report our progress on the development of an Al/Ti TES. Since bulk aluminum has a critical temperature (Tc) of ca. 1.2 K and a sufficiently low specific heat (less than 10−4 J/cm3K2), it can be employed to produce the sensitive material for optical TESs. Furthermore, exploiting its high Tc, Al-based TESs can be trimmed in a wider temperature range with respect to Ti or W. A first Al/Ti TES with a Tc ≈ 142 mK, investigated from a thermal and optical point of view, has shown a response time constant of about 2 μs and single photon discrimination with 0.34 eV energy resolution at telecom wavelength, demonstrating that Al/Ti films are suitable to produce TESs for visible and NIR photon counting.
A Method of Data Aggregation for Wearable Sensor Systems
Authors: Shen Bo , Fu Jun-Song
Published: June 2016

Data aggregation has been considered as an effective way to decrease the data to be transferred in sensor networks. Particularly for wearable sensor systems, smaller battery has less energy, which makes energy conservation in data transmission more important. Nevertheless, wearable sensor systems usually have features like frequently dynamic changes of topologies and data over a large range, of which current aggregating methods can’t adapt to the demand. In this paper, we study the system composed of many wearable devices with sensors, such as the network of a tactical unit, and introduce an energy consumption-balanced method of data aggregation, named LDA-RT. In the proposed method, we develop a query algorithm based on the idea of ‘happened-before’ to construct a dynamic and energy-balancing routing tree. We also present a distributed data aggregating and sorting algorithm to execute top-k query and decrease the data that must be transferred among wearable devices. Combining these algorithms, LDA-RT tries to balance the energy consumptions for prolonging the lifetime of wearable sensor systems. Results of evaluation indicate that LDA-RT performs well in constructing routing trees and energy balances. It also outperforms the filter-based top-k monitoring approach in energy consumption, load balance, and the network’s lifetime, especially for highly dynamic data sources.
The Impact of Sanctions and Neo-Liberalism on Women’s Organising in Iran
Authors: Povey Tara
Published: June 2016

As in the case of many contemporary movements, Iranian women’s activism is connected into local, international and transnational politics. However, Iranian women’s views of transnational solidarity and perceptions of foreign support for women’s rights in Iran are complicated by the experience of Western foreign policy of the last three decades. This is perceived to have claimed to support women’s rights and liberalism against what is often described as a “conservative theocratic state” but has, in some ways, made it more difficult for women to organise “on the ground” and strengthened the hand of conservative forces both materially and ideologically. Two facets of Western foreign policy towards Iran will be discussed and analysed in relation to their impact on women; firstly, this article will investigate the impact of sanctions and the international isolation of the country since 1979 on women’s organisations. Secondly, it will analyse neo-liberalism and the changing nature of the Iranian state, as well as political elites. Utilising interviews with Iranian women activists conducted in 2009, in addition to April 2015, the article will discuss views of transnational solidarity and the diverse political strategies utilised by women activists and organisations in Iran today.
Identification and characterization of EGF receptor in individual exosomes by fluorescence‐activated vesicle sorting
Authors: Higginbotham James N. , Zhang Qin , Jeppesen Dennis K. , Scott Andrew M. , Manning H. Charles , Ochieng Josiah , Franklin Jeffrey L. , Coffey Robert J.
Published: June 2016

Exosomes are small, 40–130 nm secreted extracellular vesicles that recently have become the subject of intense focus as agents of intercellular communication, disease biomarkers and potential vehicles for drug delivery. It is currently unknown whether a cell produces different populations of exosomes with distinct cargo and separable functions. To address this question, high‐resolution methods are needed. Using a commercial flow cytometer and directly labelled fluorescent antibodies, we show the feasibility of using fluorescence‐activated vesicle sorting (FAVS) to analyse and sort individual exosomes isolated by sequential ultracentrifugation from the conditioned medium of DiFi cells, a human colorectal cancer cell line. EGFR and the exosomal marker, CD9, were detected on individual DiFi exosomes by FAVS; moreover, both markers were identified by high‐resolution stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy on individual, approximately 100 nm vesicles from flow‐sorted EGFR/CD9 double‐positive exosomes. We present evidence that the activation state of EGFR can be assessed in DiFi‐derived exosomes using a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that recognizes “conformationally active” EGFR (mAb 806). Using human antigen‐specific antibodies, FAVS was able to detect human EGFR and CD9 on exosomes isolated from the plasma of athymic nude mice bearing DiFi tumour xenografts. Multicolour FAVS was used to simultaneously identify CD9, EGFR and an EGFR ligand, amphiregulin (AREG), on human plasma‐derived exosomes from 3 normal individuals. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of FAVS to both analyse and sort individual exosomes based on specific cell‐surface markers. We propose that FAVS may be a useful tool to monitor EGFR and AREG in circulating exosomes from individuals with colorectal cancer and possibly other solid tumours.
1. Avant-Propos
Authors: Proust Jacques
Published: June 2016

1. Jacques Proust : Introduction.

This special issue of Dix-Huitième siècle on the present-day problems of research is the fruit of a collective reflection. Our research has reached a critical threshold, each one of us knows or feels it. But this crisis is not the outcome of the accumulation of knowledge acquired especially in the last twenty years and which is a matter of merely totalising, nor of improving methodology. It is the consequence of profound changes which have place in the overall pattern of social and intellectual relationships in which research is practised. It is this change and its consequences which must be taken into account to-day at a theoretical level. The preparatory dossier of this number constituted essentially by " propositions " and " counter-propositions " exchanged by members of the group, bears witness both to the difficulty and the necessity of the steps undertaken.
Lumières, élite, démocratie : la difficile position des idéologues
Authors: Régaldo Marc
Published: June 2016

Enlightenment, elite, democracy : the " Idéologues " Difficult Position.

The birth of the intellectual, that new type of scholar, is perhaps the most important social phenomenon of the 18th century. But the intellectualisa socially ambiguous being. This ambiguity can be seen clearly in the ' Idéologues ' of the Décade philosophique. Sincere republicans, they supported the ideals of liberty and equality, but they also defended property and free enterprise. They wanted government by an élite of experts. The plan for a constitution proposed by Amaury Duval in 1795 demonstrates this hesitation between democracy and élitism. Finally, before democracy can be attained, there must be a long process of national education.
Hemsterhuis, platonicien (1721-1790)
Authors: Vieillard-Baron Jean-Louis
Published: June 2016

Jean-Louis Vieillard-Baron : Hemsterhuis, a Dutch Plato, (1721-1790).

Hemsterhuis, although now almost forgotten, was widely esteemed in his time. His philosophy, which is original, derives from the Dutch Cartesian and Newtonian tradition ; it was also influenced by Malebranche and the Cambridge Platonist, Ralph Cudworth. In turn Hemsterhuis influenced Schelling, Hegel and Novalis. He published numerous ' platonic dialogues ' : Socrates was for him the model for a direct, non-academic, and profoundly true philosophy. Although rejecting Plato in his attempt to reconcile poetry and philosophy, he adopted such Platonic themes as the concept of ' idea that of the soul as a moral organ, and the theory of the soul of the world.
Les paradoxes de Linguet
Authors: Burmeister Brigitte
Published: June 2016

Brigitte Burmeister : Linguet's paradoxes.

The social theories of Linguet (1736-1794) combine lucid criticism of 18th-century capitalism with pessimistic, even reactionary conclusions. In his Theory of Civil laws (1767), a critique of the Esprit des lois, Linguet begins with a description of the suffering caused by social inequality, to finish with a plan of reform which rejects any social change. Taking as a starting-point two " paradoxes " of Linguet — his apologies for slavery and for oriental despotism — the author demonstrates how these theories reveal the limitations of Enlightenment ideology by reflecting the contradictions of capitalistic society, insoluble within the framework of bourgeois emancipation. This results in the case of Linguet, not in a communistic Utopia but in an equally utopie, and yet reactionary, rejection of Enlightenment thought.
Entre la mystique et la morale
Authors: Le Brun Jacques
Published: June 2016

Jacques Le Brun : Mysticism and morality, the society of jesus in the 18th century.

Between the Quietist controversy (1687-1699) and 1800, the S. J. underwent a spiritual crisis. Favourable to Fénelon, the Jesuits were affected by his condemnation, and hence avoided whatever might revive disputes. Re-editions of 17th-century texts and new works show how mysticism was replaced by moralism, insistence on practical virtues and the search for happiness. But the mystical current persisted clandestinely, as seen in a few theoretical works, and in others published only in the 19th or 20th centuries, which indicate the bases of the late 18th-century spiritual revival, led by Grou and Clorivière.
Le sain et le malsain dans l'économie de la nature
Authors: Guillerme Jacques
Published: June 2016

Jacques Guillerme : The unhealthy and the economy of nature.

The development of pneumatic chemistry is concerned, during the last third of the 18th Century, with the phenomenology of the putrid and therefore with theories about contagion. At the same time the investigations of chemists resulted in new representations of the interrelation between the healthy and the putrid in the vital mixture. But at first their theories appear simply as mutually antagonistic metaphors for the natural economy. It was impossible to decide between such theories until a quantification of chemical reactions established the phenomenological status of miasma.
La correspondance de Madame de Graffigny
Authors: Dainard J.A. , Allan Peter , Showalter English , Boursier Nicole , Curtis Judith , Kerslake L.C. , Smith David W. , Trott David A. , Walker E. A.
Published: June 2016

J. A. Dainard et al. : Mme de Graffigny's correspondence.

The purpose of this article is to announce a critical edition of the correspondence of Madame de Graffigny, by a team of researchers mainly from the University of Toronto. The interest and usefulness of such an edition are demonstrated, and the historical background of the author and her letters is given. In the appendices are to be found the text of an unpublished letter and inventories of the letters already discovered by the editors, including a guide to the Graffigny Papers at Yale University, where the majority of manuscript letters are located. Readers are asked to write to the general editor if they know of letters not mentioned in the article.
Dix années d'études sadiennes (1968-1978)
Authors: Delon Michel
Published: June 2016

Michel Delon : Ten years of sade studies (1968-1978).

An attempt to provide a panorama of Sade studies since the publication of his complete works and the review by G. Gerruti in Studie francise. During this period Sade has entered university research, which had mainly tried to situate him in relation to his contemporaries. He is at the heart of the major ideological debates of our time on the violences of the Sub jet and History. No reflection concerning power, the interplay of desire and family structure, or the position of women, can avoid him. Adaptations for the stage and screen also enable us to consider the status of his text, for the basic problem is that of the relationship between the work and the myth, between the Text and the Name.
«Prêtons la main à la nature... » II. Fureurs utérines
Authors: Goulemot Jean-Marie
Published: June 2016

Jean-Marie Goulemot : «Give nature a helping hand... » (II) : Uterine frenzies.

The almost total absence of women in Tissot's Onanisme adds to the importance of Bienville's treatise on nymphomania in 17/1. It claims to be a strict application of Tissot's method to women, and reproduces its results (secularisation and médicalisation) and also its failings (no analysis of pleasure, which renders incomprehensible masturbatory passion). In fact, as can be seen from an analysis of Encyclopédie articles, female masturbation does not have the same value as male onanism. It leads to nymphomania and «uterine frenzy ». It is as if there is at the same time an impossibility to discuss female masturbation, and a will to do so, in order to discourage it. There is thus a refusal of an autonomous female erotic ego, which reveals a virile fantasm of the destructive violence of feminine desire, and the fear of the other's sexual independence.
La malédiction paternelle
Authors: Bonnet Jean-Claude
Published: June 2016

Jean-Claude Bonnet : Paternal malediction.

The father, as a censor of desire and an image of the law which guides all sexuality, occupies an excessively large place in the 18th-century imagination. Among the numerous representations of the father, the theme of the paternal curse is a particular case. Its morality is that a bad son suffers his father's anger and causes, by his conduct, his father's death. This traumatising scenario, in which the themes of guilt and of castration are both in play, represents the father's Last Judgement. This is the solemn moment when the irreparable is committed, and in which, reclaiming his name, the father renounces his son by casting him into the void. This theme, which is present in Prévost and for example in Le Doyen de Killerane, is treated in its own right after 1750, by Diderot, Greuze, Rétif.
Les écoles centrales
Authors: Trenard Louis
Published: June 2016

Louis Trenard : The «Écoles Centrales ».

In February 1795 the National Convention decided on the creation of an 'École centrale' in each department in order to restore the education system that had been destroyed during the Revolution. F. de Neufchateau directed their teaching towards a 'moral and philosophical goal'. One innovation was the introduction of History, which was to be a lesson in civic spirit and republicanism, and to provide an explanation for the present. The minister recommended the drawing up of a table of universal history and of civilisations, and insisted on quoting sources in order to develop the judgement and spirit of observation. The teachers were given a free hand in their treatment of the syllabus. This discipline — as yet unsure of its methods and aims — was greatly criticised, especially by Volney.
Le souper grec de Mme Vigée Le Brun
Authors: Mosser Monique
Published: June 2016

Monique Mosser : Mme Vigée Le Brun's Greek supper.

The famous woman painter Elizabeth Vigée Le Brun, who held an important Parisian artistic salon in the rue de Clery, attempted to reconstitute a Greek supper after the publication of J. -J. Barthelemy's novel Le Voyage du jeune Anacharsis en Grèce in 1788. She thus symbolises the emergence of a new type of social figure — the leader of fashion. The account of this social event given by the artist in her Souvenirs reveals the close link between art and fashion. Apart from the draperies amd Etruscan vases, the disposition of this dinner reproduces «attitudes » and «tableaux vivants » which are essential for an understanding of the evolution of painting and theatrical design on the eve of the Revolution. Thus, a simple dinner can become a manifesto of Neoclassical art at its zenith.
La gestion seigneuriale des Phélypeaux
Authors: Michel Marie-José
Published: June 2016

Marie-José Michel : The Phelypeaux's estate management.

The Phelypeaux, a great family of State servants in the 17th and 18th Centuries, owned in the upper Mauldre valley (at present the Yvelines) during Louis XIV's reign, nearly 8000 hectares of land and forests around Pontchartrain Manor. Their papers, conserved in the Archives of the former Seine-et-Oise, reveal the attitudes of the high nobility towards its land and part of its income (35-85,000 livres p. a. — 51 % from farms, 41 % from woods and 8 % from feudal rights). Their estate management is meticulous, rational, concerned with profits and interested in improvements (ploughing implements, artificial meadows), but without questioning the existing feudal structures.
D'Alembert et la nouvelle aristocratie
Authors: Pappas John
Published: June 2016

John Pappas : d'Alembert and the new aristocracy.

The writer under the Old Régime was subordinated to the aristocracy, who were the judges and dictators of artistic and literary taste. Many 18th-century authors protested against this situation, Voltaire and Rousseau demanding greater respect and a more active role in society. D'Alembert was even bolder and more far-reaching ; his Essai sur la société des gens de lettres et des grands is a blueprint for a campaign to wrest control of public opinion from the aristocracy so that men of letters can become «legislators » in matters of taste and philosophy. He succeeded through his role in the Académie française and inspired 19th-century writers and artists to proclaim themselves, in Balzac's words, the «new pontiffs » of the future.
D'Alembert et les synonymistes
Authors: Auroux Sylvain
Published: June 2016

Sylvain Auroux : D'Alembert and the synonymists.

Among d'Alembert's literary activities concerning language, synonymy was undoubtedly the most important. He wrote about fifty articles on the subject for the Encyclopédie (reprinted in later dictionaries) and more than once discussed its theory. This article analyses both his theory and his practice, noting particularly his use of oppositions and comparison of "synonymous with" and "can replace". Particular attention is paid to the fact that d'Alembert's work is part of a cumulative series, beginning with Girard (1718), which continued into the 19th Century. This series (in which d'Alembert is distinguished by his mathematical precision) is the origin of Saussure's concept of value.
Un reportage sur Rousseau en 1763
Authors: Schlobach Jochen
Published: June 2016

Jochen Schlobach : J.-J. Rousseau in 1763.

Two Swiss visitors, J. Wegelin and J.-G. Schulthess, who spent a week with Rousseau at Motiers at the end of October 1763, wrote an account of their discussions with him, entitled "Caractère de Monsieur Rousseau, considéré sous ses faces principales" and dated 28th October 1763. This document provides a description of Rousseau and numerous verbatim reports of conversations, motivated by his two admirers' desire to understand his character at an important moment in the genesis of his Confessions. This text is therefore an exceptional "interview", of interest to specialist and general reader alike. A copy of the unpublished text, discovered in the Wolfenbiittel Library, is published here with an introduction and notes.
L'Europe protestante au siècle des Lumières
Authors: Gusdorf Georges
Published: June 2016

Georges Gusdorf : Protestant Europe during the Enlightenment.

The Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XVI (1685) eradicated the Calvinistic faith in France. This cultural genocide was perceived as an experiment in truth by French refugees all over Protestant Europe. Victims of Catholic persecution, they became propagandists for toleration, liberalism and cosmopoli¬ tanism ; they contributed to the discovery and propagation of the values of the Enlightenment, which proceeded for the greater part from Protestant ideas. Most French historians, prisoners of their Catholic education, are not aware of this Protestant background in the spiritual heritage of their ' Siècle des Lumières '.
La conspiration du prince de Conti (1755-1757)
Authors: Woodbridge John
Published: June 2016

John Woodbridge : The conspiracy of the prince de Conti (1715-1757).

In the summer of 1755, Pastor Paul Rabaut met secretly with the Prince de Conti to discuss means whereby the Prince could help improve the conditions of the Protestants in France. When Conti's own political influence over his cousin Louis XV began to falter, he attempted to lure the Protestants into a revolt against the King in the spring of 1756. The Protestants were to keep Conti's seditious proposal ' an inviolable secret '. This article explores the extent to which some Protestants entered into Conti's schemes and into those of William Pitt, the English Minister. It underscores the severity of the political crisis which Louis XV faced in the years 1755-1757.
«Le jour de boire est arrivé... » Parodies burlesques de La Marseillaise (1792-1799)
Authors: Hudde Hinrich
Published: June 2016

Hinrich Hudde : «Le jour de boire est arrivé... » Burlesoue parodies oh the

«Marseillaise ».

As early as 1792, the triumphant soldiers were called to celebrate with the words «A table, Citoyens », sung to the tune of the Marseillaise. Although this most famous burlesque parody was intended to be pro-revolutionary, it was also interpreted as being anti-revolutionary. During the Revolution it was possible, though difficult, to parody the future national anthem. The eating songs, drinking songs and love songs set to Rouget de Lisle's famous tune, which are printed and discussed here, show the possibilities and limitations of a sometimes daring musical and literary entertainment with a political setting.
Du corps paré au corps lavé : une morale du costume et de la cosmétique
Authors: Jaton Anne-Marie
Published: June 2016

Anne-Marie Jaton : From the body bedecked to the body cleansed : the

morals of dress and cosmetics.

This study traces — through an investigation into fashion, undergarments, make-up and hygiene — the origin and development of a new ' physiological ethic ' which replaces traditional Christian morality. While it takes over some of the latter's characteristics, it differs greatly, creating new patterns of behaviour based on the discovery of the relationship between the ' physical ' and the ' moral '. The salvation of the soul is replaced by Salus, the health of the body ; this entails the establishment of an order of Nature, whose laws are spelled out in the second half of the century in minute detail, down to such things as the frequency of ablutions, the shape of drawers or the composition of make-up.
Indianisme et militantisme protestant. Veyssière de La Croze et son Histoire du christianisme des Indes
Authors: Murr Sylvia
Published: June 2016

Sylvia Murr : Indology and militant Protestantism : Veyssière de La Croze's Histoire du Christianisme des Indes.

La Croze's Histoire du Chistianisme des Indes (1724) provides an example of the utilisation of proto-ethnology in early 18th-century religious disputes. This exiled monk converted to Calvinism uses an enquiry into the Jesuits' missions in India to support the Huguenots' arguments against the Catholics. Besides the book's importance in diffusing B. Ziegelbalg's original material on the Malabar religion, it was influential in providing support for the patristic thesis of the Egyptian origin of the Hindu Religion. In addition to its fusion of Brahmins and Catholic clergy into a single caricature of superstition and religious trickery, this work led the way to the Enlightenment's use of Indology against all religions.
Virginie entre la nature et la vertu. Cohésion narrative et contradictions idéologiques dans Paul et Virginie
Authors: Racault Jean-Michel
Published: June 2016

Jean-Michel Racault : Virginie between nature and virtue. Narrative

cohesion and ideological contradiction in Paul et Virginie.

In this novel, which aims to demonstrate that " happiness consists in living according to natural virtue ", the episode of Virginie's bath presents a problem. Behind the apparent impersonality of an objective description, the rigorous organisation of the account in which the external disorder of the physical world is paralleled by the heroine's internal unease, makes us see that the two series of events are the same. Thus Nature, until then a benign divinity, seems to change its character brutally, and the appearance of sexuality, which is incestuous and therefore forbidden, shatters the initial Eden-like world. This leads to a re-working of the novel's ideology, restoring — without perhaps the author being aware — the coherence which the work has often been accused of lacking.
Jardins et paysage. Existe-t-il un style anglais ?
Authors: Baridon Michel
Published: June 2016

Michel Baridon : Gardens and landscape.

The aim of this article is to study the transition from the French to the English style of landscape gardening. It shows that the so-called " English garden " is aptly named, because although similar tendencies to promote irregularity and variety in the landscape garden also existed in France, it was in England that they could develop most freely. It was there alone that the scientific movement brought about changes in epistemological conceptions ; and these changes tallied with the political myths propagated by the aristocracy whose power had grown with the Glorious Revolution. In short, the English garden provided an image of the modernity of the age, an age which was largely shaped by things English.
Diderot historien de l'art ?
Authors: Becq Annie
Published: June 2016

Annie Becq : Diderot art historian ?

The questioning title indicates that the issue is the very possibility, and not the nature of art history in France at this date. This article tries to explain the historical dimension of the Salons as documents of their time and inasmuch as their critical judgements imply a historical perspective, limited by the normative nature of this criticism. The normative point of view interferes with the explicitly historical projects laid out, for example in the articles art and encyclopédie. The archaic conception of cyclical revolutions which is still at the basis of historical knowledge is here combined with the opposition between Ancients and Moderns. Thus we have a model for understanding the historical nature of art which indicates that Diderot, like many Enlightenment thinkers, had problems with history and time.
Les Nouvelles ecclésiastiques au seuil de la Révolution (1788-1790)
Authors: Favre Robert
Published: June 2016

Robert Favre : The Nouvelles ecclesiastiques at the beginning of the

revolution (1788-1790).

In 1788-9, the Jansenist paper the Nouvelles ecclésiastiques seemed uninterested in events, being only concerned with their opposition to Molinist thought. The only indication of their favourable attitude towards the new ideas is their denunciation of the «despotism » of the bishops and the Pope (called an «abso lute monarch »). After Christmas 1789, they began to mention the Revolution, but mainly in order to express their approval of the National Assembly's religious policy, which they saw as a way to force churchmen to return to evangelical poverty. However, they kept to traditional positions, condemning usury, the marriage of priests or the Deputies' toleration of actors, Jews and Protestants. Thus the N.E. only showed partial and selective support for the Revolution.
La naissance illégitime : faute ou innocence maternelles ?
Authors: Brouard-Arends Isabelle
Published: June 2016

Isabelle Brouard : Illegitimate birth Maternal crime or innocence ?

Illegitimate birth is a favourite theme in 18th-century fiction. Picaresque or libertine novels use it to add spice or as an excuse for misogyny or licentiousness ; but there are also several novels which use it to increase the pathetic side of a dramatic situation. Other works are based on the transgression of illegitimate birth, which is particularly interesting as it raises the issue of the social and moral basis of the family. Conflict arises from the opposition between two codes, that of the individual and that of the family. In works such as La Religieuse, La mère coupable or Florian's short story Claudine we find a growing plea for the recognition of the pleasures of love and their consequence, namely the love child. The illegitimate child is no longer an outsider, for mother and child are rehabilitated and the original stain is washed clean.
La callipédie, ou l'art d'avoir de beaux enfants
Authors: Fischer Jean-Louis
Published: June 2016

Jean-Louis Fischer : Callipedie, or the art of having fine children.

Callipédie, or the art of having fine children, is a Latin poem by Claude Quillet (1602-1661), which was only translated into French in 1749, as a result of contemporary discussions and reflexions in the medical world. J. -J. Rousseau's Emile was largely inspired by the writings of these 1750s authors, whose aim was not only to provide their country with the most perfect and healthy progéniture, but also to bring up these children in the best possible conditions. Fine children could not be fabricated without recommendations concerning the couple's hygiene and behaviour, which were in line with theories of generation and of risks for the foetus's normal development. Such problems of generation inspired a certain number of fictions which appeared a year after the translation of Callipédie, namely Lucine sine concubito, (1750) by Abraham Johnson or John Hill (1716-1775) and Concubitus sine Lucina (1750) by Richard Roe.
La mort-instant et la mort-processus dans la médecine de la seconde moitié du siècle
Authors: Milanesi Claudio
Published: June 2016

Claudio Milanesi : Death as an instant and death as a process in late

18th-century medicine.

The transfer from the Christian and originally Platonic, paradigm, which defines death as the instant at which the soul is separated from the body, to the physiological and vitalistic model, which sees it on the contrary as a process characterized by the successive interruption of organic functions, took place in the works of the new Enlightenment medicine. The concept long attributed to Xavier Bichat was based on the research of Jean-Jacques Ménuret de Chambaud, Jacques-Benigne Winslow, and Paul-Joseph Barthez.