bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Follicular development, superovulation and artificial insemination in embryo donor cattle
Authors: Godke R. A. , Pool S. H. , Rorie R. W.
Published: March 2023

Although significant advances have been made in embryo transplant technology, embryo transplant units still have to cope on a daily basis with persisting hurdles. One of these problems relates to superovulation methodology that results in consistent ova production within and across donor cows. Although research publications on the subject date back over 30 years, this problem remains as an annual topic of discussion at the professional and embryo transfer society meetings. It has now become painfully clear that our basic knowledge of primordial follicle activation, follicle recruitment, follicle receptor site interactions, endocrine involvement in follicular development and follicular growth dynamics is less than adequate. There is a need for research to develop workable physiological models so that we can better understand follicular growth and development.

A second problem relates to the artificial insemination (AI) of donor females to produce optimal fertilization rates across embryo collections. With thousands of donor cows superovulated and inseminated in the world over three years, it would seem that this problem should have been resolved by now, but unfortunately variability in fertilization rates and low viable embryo recovery still exists. These results suggest that basic research is also needed on oocyte maturation and fertilization before additional progress can be made in this area. It now appears that research efforts should focus on developing and understanding of how these physiological events occur in situ rather than conducting repetitive field trials hoping to uncover optimal superovulation and insemination schedules for donors in commericial embryo transplantation programs. It is agreed that this type of physiology research is often difficult, time consuming and costly. It has now become evident that a renewed effort is needed in basic research before further progress is made in harvesting the optimal number of transferable quality embryos from each donor female.
Pathophysiology of abortion in cattle
Authors: Murray R. D.
Published: March 2023

Pathological lesions and inflammatory cell infiltrations in the placenta associated with abortion in cattle do not appear to be so severe or diffuse as to suggest that inflammatory or immunological responses are responsible for the expulsion of the fetus. A failure of trophoblast to secrete progesterone and other steroid hormones, as a result of degeneration or necrosis related to infection increases the excitability of the myometrium. Uterine contractions expel the fetus in the absence of the hormonal cascade which normally controls the fetal ejection reflex.
Current world status of bluetongue
Authors: Osburn B. I.
Published: March 2023

Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious disease of ruminants caused by viruses of the genus orbivirus. Currently there are 24 known serotypes of bluetongue virus worldwide. These viruses have been recognized on six continents, Africa, North America, South America, Australia, Asia and Europe, and currently five continents (all but Europe) have infection. South Africa has the greatest number of serotypes, followed by Australia and the United States.

BTV is a double stranded RNA virus. There are 10 strands of RNA which code for the 7 structural and 3 nonstructural proteins. Gene segments 2 and 5 code for viral proteins 2 and 5. These proteins make up the outer coat and VP2 is responsible for neutralizing antigens. VP3 and 7 are the major proteins that make up the core. The core proteins, particularly VP7, is important for bluetongue group specificity.
Ultrasonic alterations in the spinal cord of Brown Swiss cattle affected with bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy (weaver)
Authors: El-Hamidi M. , Leipoid H. W.
Published: March 2023

Histologic and ultrastructural features of bovine progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy (BPDME) in Brown Swiss cattle are described. There was evidence of axonal degeneration with predominance of simultaneous degradation of both axon and myelin. Phagocytic cells were present in areas of degeneration and were active in removing axonal debris. These lesions are not specific to the BPDME and can be classified as Wallerian degeneration.
Practice Tips
Authors: American Association of Bovine Practitioners
Published: March 2023

Editor's note: These practice tips were presented at the AABP Annual Convention in Kansas City on November 15, 1989
Current perspectives on drug and chemical residue problems from FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine
Authors: Teske Richard H.
Published: March 2023

There is considerable focus on increasing the cooperation and communication between agencies at the Federal, State and local levels. As this becomes more of a reality it will become increasingly difficult for individuals with a history of producing animals, milk or eggs with violative residues to find markets that will accept them.

Paper presented at the 22nd AABP Convention, Kansas City, MO., Nov. 14-17, 1989
Practical measures for residue avoidance in veal calves
Authors: Hutchinson Larry
Published: March 2023

The formula-fed veal industry consists of a fairly small number of production units, which are generally associated with a company which supplies feed and, in some instances, management and health advice. Production units may be independent, on contract or company owned. In many cases, there is no working relationship between the production unit and a veterinarian.

A small survey was conducted of veterinarians who do work with veal production units. Fifteen US and Canadian veterinarians responded. These veterinarians work with a total of 322 veal farms. A summary of their responses regarding drug use on farms with which they work follows.
Nutritional aspects of BST
Authors: Hutjens Michael F.
Published: March 2023

As milk production increases 2 to 3 percent annually, nutrient demands for high producing cows will continue to be a major management challenge. Minnesota DHI data illustrate the shift in feeding programs and strategies as milk yield increases. Bovine somatotropin (BST) is biotechnology that could increase milk yield 5 to 15 percent in the future. Mix14 predicted the year 2000, average milk yield could be 16,335 pounds without BST or 20,418 pounds if BST was used by U.S. dairy farmers. Meeting the nutritional needs of BST treated cows must be understood by dairy farmers, dairy nutritionists, veterinarians, and agri-business personnel. By examining current feeding strategies in high producing herds, three-times-a-day milking, and BST research; BST feeding strategies can be anticipated
Public health issues concerning the use of BST
Authors: Farber Theodore M.
Published: March 2023

BST is currently undergoing clinical testing and is considered an investigational new animal drug subject to all of the requirements and oversight previously discussed. At this stage of the approval process, information about a drug is proprietary to the companies submitting the data to the FDA Because of the broad interest in BST, however, the companies have disclosed more information than is normally available at this early phase of the approval process.

The FDA's mission remains the same: to ensure that the nation's pharmaceutical and biological products are safe and effective and that the food supply is safe and nutritious. The law requires that our review of any new drug product, including drugs made through recombinant DNA technology such as BST, focus on whether that product is safe and effective for its intended use. The Center for Veterinary Medicine's scientists work diligently to carry out that responsibility. It is my belief that they do it as well as it can be done.

Presented at the 1989 Annual Fall Conference for Veterinarians, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, October 26, 1989.
Initial steps in solving herd mastitis problems
Authors: Kirk John H.
Published: March 2023

Most mastitis problems are a repeat of similar mastitis problems which continue to happen over and over. As the problems are repeats, so are the solutions in many instances. Solutions to mastitis problem usually involved short term and long corrections or changes. With this pattern of recurrence in mind, there is a base of information which should be gathered whenever it is necessary to attempt to solve a mastitis problem. This presentation will attempt to focus on the initial evaluation and immediate short term corrections made on the initial visit to the farm.

Presented at the 3rd Annual Georgia Veterinary Food Animal Conference, Hilton Hotel, Macon, Georgia on January 7, 1990
Dairy practitioners' opportunity to improve the cow's environment
Authors: Jones Gordon A.
Published: March 2023

Performance is the new standard that dairy farms and dairy practitioners are being judged by. Everyday, a dairy practitioner has opportunities to view subpar performance of both the dairy livestock and the total system (housing, ventilation, feeding, cattle handling, etc.). Cow performance increases as the environment becomes more cow friendly. Many times, the environment may be healthy enough to keep the cow healthy, but not friendly enough to increase performance. Taking these opportunities and giving leadership to the dairy farm is rewarding to both the veterinarian and the dairyman.

There are four major reasons for improving the environment. First, we can improve the animal's health, both clinically and subclinically. Healthy animals are needed to perform optimally but they are not necessarily profitable animals unless managed profitably. Second, we can improve and measure the improvement of the animal's performance, i.e., pounds of milk per cow per day, rate of gain, reproductive efficiency and labor efficiency. Third, we can improve the operator's health and safety. The last reason is that we can improve the building's health and longevity.

Presented at the Dairy Herd Health Programming Conference, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, June 6-7, 1990
Potential use of recombinant bovine interferon-Alphal1 in the control of bovine respiratory disease in fattening calves
Authors: Martinod S. , McCullough K. , Miozzari G. , Steiger R. F.
Published: March 2023

Interferons (IFNs) are a group of proteins which control virus replication, exhibit anti-proliferative effectson cells, and modulate immune effector cell functions. The results of five semi-field trials summarized in the present article demonstrate that rBoIFN-αl1 affords significant protection to fattening calves against natural outbreaks of ECP. The product has proved to be similarly promising in the control of shipping fever under North American feedlot conditions.
Hoof trimming made easy
Authors: Anderson John F.
Published: March 2023

One segment of herd health that is being almost totally ignored is hoof trimming. An individual or two should be professionally trained to trim feet and be part of a dairy practice group. Hoof trimming, as it is presently performed, can be markedly improved because this procedure often predisposes animals to lameness when it is not properly performed.
Current status of adult cattle vaccination with Strain 19 in Florida
Authors: Nicoletti Paul
Published: March 2023

Vaccination of adult cattle with 1/25th of the standard dose of strain 19 reduced the number of cattle removed from 110 herds in one year by 85% in 85 dairy herds and by 90% in 25 beef herds. This dose also minimized the effects of false positive reactions to serological tests. Complement fixation was found to be superior to other tests for diagnosing infection in vaccinated cattle.
Echocardiography in the bovine animal
Authors: Pipers Frank S. , Reef Virginia , Hamlin Robert L. , Rings D. Michael
Published: March 2023

Echocardiograms were obtrained from 15 standing clinically normal cows using an ultrasonic recording device. The echo beam penetrated the right thoracic wall in the area of the fourth intercostal space with a frequency of 2.25 MH3.  Left ventricular wall thickness measured 2.00 +/- .19 cm while the septal dimension was slightly higher at 2.24 +/- .26 cm. Velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf), and index of contractility, was .87 +/- .4 m/s and minor axis shortening fraction (% delta D), and indicator of pump frunction, was 43.5 +/- 5.8%.
Metabolic profile tests in high yielding normal cows and in cows suffering from abomasal displacement
Authors: DeCupere F. , Muylle E. , Van Den Hende C. , Oyaert W.
Published: March 2023

In high yielding dairy cows, the determination of the ketone bodies in blood and urine for evaluation of the energy state, is not always a reliable method, though it can be helpful in dairy herd health management. Determination of Ca and Mg may also be a guide for eventual supplementation in pre- and post-partum diet. Cows suffering from abomasal dislocation were found to be in a state of insulin resistance of which the causes need further investigation.
Using a multiple logistic regression model to predict prognosis of cows with right abomasal displacement or abomasal volvulus
Authors: Grohn Y. T. , Fubini S. L. , Smith D. F.
Published: March 2023

Data at admission and at surgery were collected on 458 cows with right abomasal displacement or abomasal volvulus to derive multiple logistic regression models for predicting postsurgical outcome (productive, salvaged or terminal). Three admission variables (heart rate, base excess, and plasma chloride concentration), and five surgical variables (heart rate, base excess, diagnosis, method of decompression used, and appearance of abomasal serosa) were used in the final models. Predicted outcomes using the admission and surgical models were closely related with actual outcomes.
Treatment of acute rumen dilation with oral administration of activated charcoal
Authors: Iwase S. , Matui Y. , Hoshi K. , Motoyoshi S.
Published: March 2023

Three Holstein steers averaging 250 kg with rumen fistulae were given 8 kg of crushed barley; 12 h later, activated charcoal was orally administered to a steer. Two others remained untreated for control. Changes in blood chemistry, rumen juice and clinical signs were monitored for 24 h. The treated steer recovered without showing critical signs. There was no increase in osmotic pressure and no accumulation of lactic acid in the rumen juice. In 2 control steers rumen pH fell to less than 4.5 at the lowest and osmotic pressure in rumen juice suggested lactic acid acidosis. The control steers died. Oral administration of activated charcoal was applied to 20 cattle suffering from acute rumen dilation by overfeeding of concentrates. Of these, 19 cattle were cured. The recovery was prominent in severely affected cases which had not been able to stand 24 h after overfeeding.
Prevention of milk fever by oral administration of encapsulated Ca-salts
Authors: Pehrson B. , Jonsson M.
Published: March 2023

The prophylactic effect on milk fever by repeated oral administration of encapsulated Ca-salts in close correlation with calving was tested in comparison with both a commercially available Ca-gel ('Paregel') and placebo capsules. Two trials involved a total of 193 cows that had contracted milk fever at their last calving. In trial I 28.8% of the cows treated with Ca-capsules contracted milk fever compared with 35.6% of the 'Paregel'-treated cows. In trial II 14.6% of the cows in the capsule-treated group contracted the disease compared with 54.8% in the placebo group.
Herd health problems
Authors: Nir O.
Published: March 2023

Applied clinical epidemiological methods in an integrated programme of herd health are described. These include the data base used to store the data, part of the monitoring report dealing with reproduction, and programmes of epidemiological evaluation. Anoestrous is used as an example for the methodology applied. Alarming levels of "% cows open greater than 150 d" when monitored, are further evaluated for the relative contribution of various possible factors of the trait. The effect of underfeeding before service on the rate of anoestrous is further investigated using the data base. The merits and limitations of such tools as part of the integrated herd health programmes are discussed.
Herd health management for beef cow/calf operations
Authors: Lucas Steve
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the components of a herd health program for beef cow/calf herds. The paper will be directed at improving and maintaining optimal reproductive efficiency in the beef cow and management of the calves up to weaning.

There are four components of a beef herd health program. These components are: 1) prebreeding, 2) pregnancy diagnosis and weaning of calves, 3) winter feeding mangement, and 4) precalving and calving. These are the primary times that the herd health veterinarian will want to visit the ranch.
Influence of bovine somatotropin on subclinical and clinical mastitis
Authors: Anderson K. L. , McDaniel B. T. , Nathan U. , Johnson T. V. , Rehman J.
Published: March 2023

Lactating Holstein cows of mixed parity were randomly allocated to 4 levels of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST) (0, 5.2, 10.3, and 15.6 mg/day) administered into the tail fold area from early lactation (28-35 days in milk) to the end of lactation. On dairy A, 60 cows were studied for the first lactation and 43 of the same cows were studied for 2 complete lactations. On dairy B, 32 cows were studied for a single lactation, but all cows had been treated with the same dose of rBST during the previous lactation. Duplicate quarter milk samples were aseptically collected from all cows at trial entry, at 60-day intervals during the trial and at trial end or dry-off. All cases of clinical mastitis were recorded an milk samples were collected from affected quarters for microbiological analysis. Milk samples were analysed by standard microbiological precedures. Preliminary analysis of data indicated that treatment with rBST did not adversely affect incidence, prevalence and duration of subclinical intramammary infections or incidence of clinical mastitis.
Determination of Enzyme Activity, Proteinuria and Creatininuria in Bovine Urine
Authors: Proverbio D. , Belloli A. , Greppi G. , Vacirca G. , Grieco V.
Published: March 2023

Blood samples were taken just before slaughter and urine urine samples were taken after slaughter from 67 healthy Italian Friesian cows aged 4-7 years. None of the cows had any clinical or haematological signs of kidney damage, but 46 had macroscopic or histological signs of kidney damage. The remaining 21 were used to calculate serum and urine reference values for urea, creatinine, proteins, N-acetyl-glucosaminidase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, lactate dehydrogenase, alpha-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase.
Megatrends Affecting the U.S. Dairy Industry
Authors: Novakovic Andrew M.
Published: March 2023

In the last few years the dairy industry, including farmers and processors, has been buffeted by volatile prices that have resulted in large part because of declining milk price supports. While this has been a very important issue of immediate concern, numerous nonprice factors have played and continue to play an equally important role in shaping the future of the American dairy industry. In this paper, I will discuss what might be called mega trends shaping milk production and consumption in the U.S.
Planning for Expansion and Growth of Our Dairy Enterprise to Compete in the 21st Century
Authors: Doornink Dean
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this paper is to explain why the Doornink family of Baldwin, WI, who own a nationally recognized registered Holstein herd of 90 cows averaging 25,000m 900f 780p with a BAA of 106, decided to borrow about $1,000,000 to build a modern, highly efficient 300 cow free stall barn, milking parlor, and feed storage center.
Goal Setting and Achievement
Authors: Milligan Robert A.
Published: March 2023

Management is about performance. It is generally accepted both in management theory and practice that goal setting is an effective and necessary technique for peak performance. In this article, goals are a key ingredient in the achievement of the vision and mission established by the organization leaders.
Management Factors Affecting Antibiotic Residues and the Establishment of Antibiotic Resistance in Dairy Calves
Authors: Goodger William J. , Troutt Fred , Wallace Linda , Williams Camille
Published: March 2023

Management practices that may contribute to antibiotic residues in dairy calves were surveyed on 42 large-scale dairies in Tulare County, California. The survey covered antibiotic use in cows and calves, colostrum use, feeding of milk from cows treated with antibiotics, treatment personnel, and record keeping.
Some Characteristics of Twin Births in a Holstein Herd
Authors: Callahan C. J. , Horstman L. A.
Published: March 2023

The objective of this study was to gather data on twinning in one Holstein herd.
Production of Bovine Calves Following Separation of X- and Y- Chromosome Bearing Sperm and In Vitro
Authors: Cran D. G. , Johnson L. A. , Miller N. G. A.
Published: March 2023

Article reprinted from The Veterinary Record, January 9, 1993, No. 2.
Integrated Herd Health Programs in the Dairy Herd The Israeli Experience
Authors: Markusfeld Oded
Published: March 2023

A comprehensive, mutual veterinary service is practiced in Israel under the nationwide Mutual Society for Cattle Insurance and Veterinary Services "Hachaklait". The package offered under contract includes emergency treatment, preventive and herd medicine, consulting services and supportive laboratory services. The routine by which the balance between individual cow and herd medicine, and that between the clinical and the supportive services are achieved is described in detail. Early professional treatment of all clinical diseases, discovery of diseases by routine tests and examinations, a regular presence on the farm and the use of "real time" diagnostic laboratories are the essence of the individual cow therapy. The value of following feeding plans, vaccination programs, and other preventive measures in optimization disease prevalence is stressed. The statistical and clinical epidemiological approach to herd problems is described and some of the problems associated with integrated herd health programs are discussed.
Another Look at Dairy Economics and Production Medicine
Authors: Kunkel A. J.
Published: March 2023

Many veterinarians are aware of the cost to the dairyman of mastitis - chronic and acute, infertility, digestive problems and displaced abomasum, and costs involved in sub-optimal rearing of replacements. The purpose of this article is to broaden our thinking to include another condition likely more costly than any of the above. To date, the problem of inconsistent lactation persistence is little discussed and really hasn't been named yet.
What is DCAB (Dietary Cation-Anion Balance) and What is the Potential for Use in Dry and Lactating Rations?
Authors: Byers David I.
Published: March 2023

As our knowledge of ruminant nutrition increases, consequently so does our ability to fine tune feed rations. In recent years a new idea in ration formulation and dairy cattle nutrition has emerged. The technique, known as Dietary Cation Anion Balance (DCAB), has enabled many dairymen to more precisely balance dairy rations.
Brucellosis in Bison
Authors: Hartup Barry K.
Published: March 2023

Brucellosis, or Bang's disease, caused by the bacterium Brucella abortus, is a potentially devastating cause of abortion and unthriftiness in cattle.
Problem Identification in a Dairy Herd
Authors: Maroney Mike , Hillery Fay , Hookstead Jeff
Published: March 2023

This report is the work of three senior veterinary students. Their assignment was to identify and prioritize the production problems on a dairy using the "Goal Form" from the Bovine Practitioner, No. 26, September 1991, pages 21 to 28.
Tools to Improve Reproductive Performance of Dairy Cattle
Authors: Olson Jerry D.
Published: March 2023

This paper discusses the use of parameters of herd reproduction in the diagnosis of infertility problems, the efficiency of oestrus detection, and the use of prostaglandins in controlled breeding programmes.
Dry Cow / Fresh Cow Feeding for Better Breeding
Authors: Estill Charles T.
Published: March 2023

This review summarizes research indicating that adverse metabolic conditions, particularly marked periparturient loss of body condition body condition exert acute and latent effects on fertility by negatively influencing follicle development and subsequent luteal function. It is concluded that nutritional management directed to minimizing loss of body condition will result in improved fertility.
Some Critical Farm Management Concepts
Authors: Boehlje Michael
Published: March 2023

The longer term financial and economic outlook for agriculture is for modestly lower incomes and somewhat increased financial pressure than has existed during the past few years. Undoubtedly the "tried and true" management strategies to respond to tighter margins such as controlling costs, reducing debt loads (or at least borrowing carefully), increasing efficiency and productivity, and using various marketing strategies to reduce risk and enhance price should be reemphasized in this environment. However, it is also important to focus on longer term strategic issues for successful management of a farm business; that is the focus of this discussion.
Clinical effect of buserelin on pregnancy rates in cattle
Authors: Sheldon Martin
Published: March 2023

The trial used 2530 recorded services of 1619 animals on 19 dairy farms. Alternate cows were injected intramuscular with 10μg buserelin, a GnRH analogue (Receptal, Hoechst UK), 11 days after insemination. The pregnancy rate was calculated for control and treated cows, paired for calving to first service interval, parity and week of service. For 520 paired control and treated cows the pregnancy rate to first service was 50.6% and 60%, respectively (p <0.01). For second and subsequent services each cow was grouped according to treatment or control status in the preceding dioestrus period, in addition to day 11 after service. This gave three treated groups: treated, treated (TT); treated, control (TC); and control, treated (CT) which could then be compared to the control, control (CC) group. For 136 paired CC and CT cows the pregnancy rate to second service was 41.2% and 54.4% respectively (p <0.05). For 67 paired CC and CT cows the pregnancy rate to third service or more was 23.9% and 52.2% respectively (p <0.001). For 40 paired CC and TT cows the pregnancy rate to third service or more was 15.0% and 45.0% respectively (p <0.01). The increased pregnancy rate after treatment was associated with a reduction in the number of cows with interoestrus intervals of 11-17 days compared with control cows (2% vs. 7%, p <0.01).
Sand bedding in tie stall and stanchion barns
Authors: Brickner G. , Eisele Chris
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this report is to describe how to install and maintain a sand bedding system, describe the problems that have been seen, and address some of the design modifications in tie stall and stanchion barns. The use of sand in stall barns has been approved in Wisconsin. However, there are some considerations to keep in mind. Wood can not be used in the back of stall platforms as bedding keepers, even if it is painted. The stall platforms must be left intact, and as required of all bedding, the sand must be kept clean and dry.
Tympany, displacement and torsion of the abomasum in calves
Authors: Dirksen G. U.
Published: March 2023

Clinical experiences with abomasal displacements in calves up to 6 months of age are reported on the basis of an evaluation of 34 cases of uncomplicated left-sided displacement of the abomasum, 26 cases of abomasal tympany with displacement on the right side of the abdomen, and 24 abomasal torsions, observed in 1990/91/92. Relevant clinical findings as well as the methods and results of treatment are described. Final remarks include ideas on the possible pathogenesis of each of the three abomasal diseases.
Bovine neosporosis
Authors: Rossow Kurt
Published: March 2023

Neospora is a recently emerging protozoal parasite of cattle. Infection is most often manifested as abortion. This report will review current opinion on the life cycle/transmission, clinical presentation, management and diagnosis of N eospora sp. abortion in the bovine.
Understanding how beef cow trace mineral requirements relate to production parameters
Authors: Corah Larry , Arthington John D.
Published: March 2023

Approximately 16 different minerals are required to support normal biological functions in beef cattle. Under grazing situations nearly all of these are adequately provided by forage and water. Minerals which are not met by dietary sources need to be supplemented. These minerals are grouped into two categories, macrominerals and microminerals. The macrominerals which are commonly supplemented to grazing animal diets include; sodium (as NaCl), potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and sulfur. Only the microminerals which form a group called the essential trace minerals (ETMs) will be discussed in this report. Although false, a commonly held theory of trace mineral utilization is one which suggests that animals will consume trace minerals as they are needed. In reality, sodium as sodium chloride is the only mineral which animals have the innate ability to consume as needed. Therefore proper trace mineral intake is crucial when addressing potential deficiency situations.

Seven trace minerals are considered essential to support normal physiological functions in beef cattle. These include: cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, selenium, and zinc. The level at which these ETM's are supplemented varies irt accordance with the amount and availability with the diet being consumed.
Presence of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, bovine respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus in non-vaccinated beef and dairy cattle in Mexico detected by an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method
Authors: Dominguez J. , Lopez-Leon A. , Hernandez-Jauregui P.
Published: March 2023

A serological survey of 12 states of Mexico against IBR, BVD, BRSV and PI3 by an ELISA method showed a seroprevalence of 54.91%, 55.99%, 66.38% and 73.12% in nonvaccinated beef and dairy cattle. In beef animals the results were 54.94% positive for IBR, 54.18% for BVD, 63.59% for BRSV and 71.37% for PI3, whereas in dairy cattle the percentage of seropositive animals was 54.73% for IBR, 64.81% for BVD, 78.70% for BRSV and 82.10% for PI3.84.61% of the herds tested(44) were positive to the four viruses simultaneously, 9.61% (5 herds) had antibodies against three viruses, 2 herds (3.8%) were positive to two viruses and one herd to one virus (1.92%); no herds were found completely seronegative to any of these four viruses.
Intensive rotational grazing
Authors: Sheaffer Craig C.
Published: March 2023

Intensive rotational grazing is an alternative feeding strategy for dairy cows. If forages and grazing animals are well managed, returns from intensive rotational grazing compare favorably to confinement- stored feeding systems.
Non-lactating cattle mastitis
Authors: Galphin S. P.
Published: March 2023

What are the dynamics of heifer mastitis, or in other words, what could be the pathogenesis for heifer mastitis; and, is there any similarity between this mastitis complex and other mastitis complexes affecting dairy cattle worldwide?
Effects of ground currents on dairy cows
Authors: Hartsell Daniel , Dahlberg Duane , Lusty David , Scott Robert
Published: March 2023

These results are especially important since the majority of studies on stray voltage have concluded that there is no noticeable effects on cows production, health, blood chemistry, SCC or water consumption when the cows are exposed to shock currents as they touch the metal parts of the stall or waterer (Southwick et. al. 1992). In the work discussed in this paper the only change on the farm was the connecting of the electric utility grounds to their neutral. This was an electrical change that increased the electric current going into the ground on the farm by means of the primary neutral. The results included both observed and measured changes in health, blood chemistry, SCC and water consumption. New models are needed which can better match the behavior, health and production of the dairy cows to their electrical exposure. Simply an analysis of the information already generated would greatly assist in this process. It is hoped that this study will trigger new research and additional debate in connection with stray voltage and the effects of EM energy with a special consideration to the effects of the electricity that gets into the earth from the multitude of sources. The results of such research and debate could reveal significant effects for all living organisms that go far beyond what is known about the effects of electrical shock. An understanding of the effects discovered in this test could be the key to dealing with the many dairies in the country that are experiencing the erosion of their profits and health. If we ignore the canaries that stop singing, we can only blame ourselves for the inevitable results.
Cattle industry at the turn of the 21st century
Authors: Vannini L.
Published: March 2023

"The 1980's are to be considered a decade of squandered opportunities in so far as a more equitable distribution of resources is concerned. The economic growth registered by certain industrialized countries in both the East and West ran parallel to the stagnation and recession afflicting Africa and Latin America,where poverty brought into sharper relief the gap between the rich and poor nations. " The problems of hunger and malnutrition are anything but solved and the food supply needed to meet increasing demand remains one of the key issues to be faced in the coming millennium.

Assessing against such a backdrop the economic importance and the role of the cattle industry in its varying social contexts and surveying its typologies, range of production practices and the particular development that distinguishes them are but part of a far more multifaceted and complex world than may, at first glance, seem to be the case. Indeed, understanding and defining this sector are complicated even further by the far-reaching changes that have occurred over the last few years in the agricultural policies and trade relations of the world's leading agricultural producers as well as by the rapid transformation in the political and social fabric of both the former command-economy countries and those of the southern hemisphere. Then, too, the ongoing evolution in the modern dietary regimen and in the consumption patterns of meat and dairy products puts any interpretation of what is happening in the sphere of wishful thinking and makes any attempt to define the development prospects for the cattle industry very debatable.
Vaccination of cattle against ringworm on a farm in Slovenia
Authors: Veternik D. , Zadnik T.
Published: March 2023

The paper is a case report on the use of a live lyophilized vaccine (Bioveta) against Trichophyton verrucosum on a 705-head dairy farm where 40 calves, 25 heifers and 110 young breeding animals showed clinical signs of ringworm infection. All young stock and the bulls were vaccinated and the lesions disappeared within 90 days from all affected stock and no new cases were detected.
Comparative evaluation of therapeutic trials in experimentally induced lead toxicosis in crossbred calves
Authors: Randhawa S. S. , Singh Gurdeep , Nauriyal D. C. , Brar R. S.
Published: March 2023

Lead toxicosis was induced by oral administration of lead acetate (10 mg/kg body weight) in 10 crossbred, 6-9-month-old calves. Blood biochemical analysis revealed anaemia, significant increase in mean plasma activity of AST, ALP, LDH and GGT enzymes associated with significant increase in BUN and plasma creatinine contents by 40th day of induction. Parenteral treatment with Na2EDTA-calcium borogluconate combination along with thiamine hydrochloride was more effective than treatment comprising Na2EDTA-calcium borogluconate combination alone in restoring blood biochemical and plasma enzymatic values with early and full clinical recovery.
Reduced cardiac functional capacity as a consequence of the double-muscled conformation selection in the Belgian White and Blue breed
Authors: Amory H. , Rollin F. , Lomba F. , Desmecht D. , Linden A. , Lekeux P.
Published: March 2023

In this hemodynamic study (conducted in 2 parts), cardiac function has been compared in double-muscled calves and in calves with conventional conformation. Simultaneous measurements of cardiac output, cardiovascular pressures and ventricular volumes showed that in the bovine species, the double-muscled conformation selection induces a significant reduction of the cardiac output and the stroke volume. This reduction in global cardiac performance is not due to a lower heart rate, a lower ventricular preload or an higher after load, but was rather associated with a reduced myocardial contractility and a lower indexed volumetric capacity.
"Bovine Perfect Sleeper" or use of shredded rubber filled polyester mattresses to prevent injury to dairy cattle housed in tie stalls
Authors: Underwood W. , McClary D. , Kube J.
Published: March 2023

To reduce foot/leg injury and to improve cow comfort of 84 dairy cattle housed in tie stalls for 20 h/day, woven fibre mattresses, constructed with shredded (1 inch diameter) tyre rubber (nonsteel-belted) and a heavyweight industrial fabric, were placed in each tie stall. Approximately 300 lb of shredded tyre rubber was used per mattress at a cost of $0.05/lb, or $15.00/mattress. Three different fabric materials were examined. Type 1 fabric was a 9 oz (per square yard) polypropylene bag with rolled lap seams. Fabric type 2 was a 14.4 oz woven seamless polypropylene, while type 3 was a 20 oz woven seamless polyester/nylon. Type 1 mattress materials cost $33.50/stall, required less time and lumber to construct, but developed holes in the fabric within 1-4 months. Type 2 mattresses cost $34.20/stall, required more time and lumber, but lasted 3-6 months. Type 3 mattresses cost $29.50/stall, required the same time and lumber as type 2, and lasted 4-10 months. All 3 mattresses greatly decreased the incidence of leg and udder injuries. Mattress surfaces could be easily cleaned, but required a wood shaving cover to reduce friction on body-contact areas and to absorb moisture. The amount of bedding used was greatly reduced.
Preliminary survey of North Carolina slaughterhouse bulls for Tritrichomonas foetus
Authors: Fox Elisa W. , Hobbs David , Stinson John , Rogers Glenn M.
Published: March 2023

450 bulls presented to a North Carolina slaughterhouse were tested for Tritrichomonas foetus. A sample of preputial smegma was collected from each bull and inoculated into a propriety medium, specifically designed for the diagnosis of T. foetus infections. Each sample was monitored periodically throughout the 5 day incubation interval for growth of the organism. No cases of trichomoniasis were identified at any stage of the screening process. The ability of the organism to survive and multiply in the culturing system, both as a pure culture and in the presence of smegma from an uninfected bull, was verified using a positive control strain T. foetus 1119.
Respiratory distress due to a laryngeal mass in a Holstein cow
Authors: Gleiter Latricia , Meyer Barb , McGuirk Sheila
Published: March 2023

A five year old Holstein cow was presented to the University of Wisconsin Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital with respiratory noise of several months and anorexia of approximately two weeks duration. She had been treated with flunixin meglumine and penicillin with no signs of improvement. The respiratory noise had gradually increased and the cow's condition worsened over a two week period. She developed a fever, began losing weight and milk production dropped from 125# to 85# or less. The cow had been born and raised on the farm and was 74 days fresh. The calving was normal and no oral or jugular IV medication had been administered since freshening. The only change in environment was the addition of two calves purchased at auction in Fon du Lac, Wisconsin two weeks prior to the onset of signs.
Mineral nutrition of the beef cow to impact immunologic response
Authors: Clark C. K. , Ansotegui R. P. , Paterson J. A.
Published: March 2023

The role of minerals in beef cattle diets continues to be a strong area of interest for producers, veterinarians and scientists. Minerals are required for a variety of metabolic functions including the immune system's response to pathogenic challenges. Maintaining the immune response through proper mineral supplementation may have a positive impact on herd health and ultimately, profitability of cow-calf operations. However, mineral supplementation strategies quickly become complex because of differences in forage mineral bioavailability, interactions among minerals which can inhibit mineral absorption, and difficulty in easily assessing cow mineral status. The effects of copper, zinc, cobalt and chromium on the immune system are the primary focus of this paper.
Operation of herd fertility and health schemes
Authors: Esslemont R. J.
Published: March 2023

A Fertility Scheme is one where regular visits are made, normally by the same veterinarian, to a herd where routine work is carried out.

Based on records drawn from either a hand kept or computerized recording scheme, the veterinarian inspects such cattle as those that have been served and now need rectal pregnancy diagnosis. The practitioner may also inspect cows for a range of other reasons, especially to carry out postnatal checks on animals not seen in heat, and those that have been repeatedly (but unsuccessfully) served.

At present in the U.K., no full Herd Health Schemes are carried out. As it is, relatively few Herd Fertility Schemes are operated. Why is this? What changes have occurred in the last 20 years that have been beneficial, and what is holding up future developments?
Effects of dietary gossypol in cottonseed meal on aspects of semen quality and sperm production in young braham bulls
Authors: Chenoweth P. J. , Risco C. A. , Larsen R. E. , Velez J. , Tran T. , Chase C. C.
Published: March 2023

Young reproductively normal Brahman bulls were fed either a cottonseed meal supplement giving 8.2g free gossypol/day (n=4) or a soybean meal supplement (n=4) for 11 weeks to study effects upon semen characteristics and sperm production. Semen was collected weekly by electro-ejaculation and assessed for sperm motility and morphology (employing both brightfield and DIC microscopy). At trial completion, bulls were sacrificed and sperm production rates were estimated. Sperm motility differed between groups over the last 3 weeks of the trial. Normal sperm were less in treated bulls from week 5, with midpiece abnormalities differing from week 3. Treated bulls had lower sperm production rates at trial completion.
What does it take to get in the BSE business?
Authors: Bailey Tom
Published: March 2023

Practitioners have the resources to increase the reproductive efficiency of a herd by being familiar with the causes of reproductive failure and how to prevent them. One important step in reducing the incidence of reproductive related problems in 50% of the breeding herd, the herd sire(s), is to recommend the utilization of only those bulls that have passed a breeding soundness evaluation prior to entry into the herd.
Manure pollution potential and choosing an appropriate manure handling system
Authors: Schmidt D. R.
Published: March 2023

Environmental protection is no longer just a good idea, it has become a major decision making factor for all industries. The push for a clean environment has come from environmental groups, lawmakers, the general public and family members. For the beef industry to remain vital, it is essential that environmental issues be addressed. Manure CAN be a significant contributor to air and water quality degradation. It is up to feedlot owners and managers to make certain this does not happen - for everyone's benefit. Preventing this pollution is simply a matter of controlling the manure from production to end use.
Feeding broiler litter to beef cows
Authors: Pugh D. G.
Published: March 2023

The use of poultry litter in the diets of beef cattle is discussed with emphasis on handling to minimise and prevent contamination by pathogenic bacteria. Reports of health problems associated with the use of poultry litter are also discussed.
Poster Session (28th AABP Convention, 1995)
Authors: Bovine Practitioners American Association of
Published: March 2023

Abstracts of poster presented at the 28th AABP Convention, September 14 - 17, 1995, San Antonio, Texas
Neonatal calf management
Authors: McGuirk Sheila M.
Published: March 2023

An investigation of a calf disease problem on a dairy should follow certain consistent, repeatable steps. Whether you are the attending or consulting veterinarian, it behooves you to compile baseline information so you know the purpose of the calf raising operation (replacement heifers, veal, dairy beef). Baseline information can be obtained by interview but it should be corroborated by a review of the calf records, billing slips, or laboratory data. This information becomes your initial database which is used to accurately state the problem. It is imperative that there is agreement between veterinarian and owner about what the problem is. Subsequently, the investigation of a calf disease outbreak will be problem-oriented, thus avoiding the natural tendency to target everything in an operation which is problematic or could be improved.
Beef quality assurance for the cow-calf practitioner
Authors: Odde K. G.
Published: March 2023

Beef quality assurance has become an important issue in recent years because consumers demand a safeand wholesome food supply. The purposes of this paper are to define beef quality assurance, discuss the quality issues encompassed in a beef quality assurance program, and discuss the role of veterinarians in cow-calf quality assurance programs.
AABP Association and Conference News
Authors: American Association of Bovine Practitioners
Published: March 2023

Description of the Annual Conference of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners (30th : 1997), officers, district news, events, awards, and other news.
Association of twin pregnancy diagnosis and parturition with days open, days pregnant at diagnosis, parity, and milk production in dairy cattle
Authors: Day John D. , Weaver Leon D. , Franti Charles E.
Published: March 2023

Association between twin pregnancies diagnosed by either rectal palpation or observation at calving and days open, days in gestation at pregnancy diagnosis, parity, and milk production in the lactation preceding the birth of twins were studied on 5493 cows on 14 California dairies. A total of 196 bicornual (3.57%) and 74 unicornual (1.35%) twin pregnancies were diagnosed, but the actual twinning rate at parturition was 6.86%. The incidence of twins at diagnosis and at calving was dependent on parity and independent of days open. Detection of twins at diagnosis by rectal palpation was dependent on days pregnant at diagnosis. Cows in parities greater than 2 diagnosed with twin pregnancies and calving with twins had higher peak mild production than cows diagnosed with single pregnancies and calving with singles, respectively. However, when data were stratified by dairy, no significant difference occurred in peak milk production between cows diagnosed with singles or twins, and no significant difference occurred between cows calving with singles and twins. The 305 day mature equivalent milk production (ME) did not differ between cows diagnosed or calving with twins and singles. Optimal time for diagnosis of twins was at 51 to 60 day postbreeding.
Nutritional profiles
Authors: Van Saun Robert J.
Published: March 2023

This review considers the Compton metabolic profile, procedures for metabolic profiles, and their interpretation.