bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between sclerostin and bone density in chronic spinal cord injury
Authors: Morse Leslie R , Sudhakar Supreetha , Danilack Valery , Tun Carlos , Lazzari Antonio , Gagnon David R , Garshick Eric , Battaglino Ricardo A
Published: October 2011

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in profound bone loss due to muscle paralysis and the inability to ambulate. Sclerostin, a Wnt signaling pathway antagonist produced by osteocytes, is a potent inhibitor of bone formation. Short-term studies in rodent models have shown increased sclerostin in response to mechanical unloading that is reversed with reloading. These studies suggest that complete spinal cord injury, a condition resulting in mechanical unloading of the paralyzed lower extremities, will be associated with high sclerostin levels. We assessed the relationship between circulating sclerostin and bone density in 39 subjects with chronic SCI and 10 without SCI. We found that greater total limb bone mineral content was significantly associated with greater circulating levels of sclerostin. Sclerostin levels were reduced, not elevated, in subjects with SCI who use a wheelchair compared with those with SCI who walk regularly. Similarly, sclerostin levels were lower in subjects with SCI who use a wheelchair compared with persons without SCI who walk regularly. These findings suggest that circulating sclerostin is a biomarker of osteoporosis severity, not a mediator of ongoing bone loss, in long-term, chronic paraplegia. This is in contrast to the acute sclerostin-mediated bone loss shown in animal models of mechanical unloading in which high sclerostin levels suppress bone formation. Because these data indicate important differences in the relationship between mechanical unloading, sclerostin, and bone in chronic SCI compared with short-term rodent models, it is likely that sclerostin is not a good therapeutic target to treat chronic SCI-induced osteoporosis. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Dynamics and mechanism of structural diffusion in linear hydrogen bond
Authors: Chaiwongwattana Sermsiri , Phonyiem Mayuree , Vchirawongkwin Viwat , Prueksaaroon Supakit , Sagarik Kritsana
Published: October 2011

Dynamics and mechanism of proton transfer in a protonated hydrogen bond (H‐bond) chain were studied, using the CH3OH2+(CH3OH)n complexes, n = 1–4, as model systems. The present investigations used B3LYP/TZVP calculations and Born‐Oppenheimer MD (BOMD) simulations at 350 K to obtain characteristic H‐bond structures, energetic and IR spectra of the transferring protons in the gas phase and continuum liquid. The static and dynamic results were compared with the H3O+(H2O)n and CH3OH2+(H2O)n complexes, n = 1–4. It was found that the H‐bond chains with n = 1 and 3 represent the most active intermediate states and the CH3OH2+(CH3OH)n complexes possess the lowest threshold frequency of proton transfer. The IR spectra obtained from BOMD simulations revealed that the thermal energy fluctuation and dynamics help promote proton transfer in the shared‐proton structure with n = 3 by lowering the vibrational energy for the interconversion between the oscillatory shuttling and structural diffusion motions, leading to a higher population of the structural diffusion motion than in the shared‐proton structure with n = 1. Additional explanation on the previously proposed mechanisms was introduced, with the emphases on the energetic of the transferring proton, the fluctuation of the number of the CH3OH molecules in the H‐bond chain, and the quasi‐dynamic equilibriums between the shared‐proton structure (n = 3) and the close‐contact structures (n ≥ 4). The latter prohibits proton transfer reaction in the H‐bond chain from being concerted, since the rate of the structural diffusion depends upon the lifetime of the shared‐proton intermediate state. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2011
Chemistry and heterocyclization of thiosemicarbazones
Authors: Hassan Alaa A. , Shawky Ahmed M. , Shehatta Hamdy S.
Published: October 2011

The review summarizes the literatures dealing with the synthesis of thiosemicarbazone derivatives, chemical reactions and their applications in the synthesis of important heterocyclic as well as fused heterocyclic compounds J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2012).
Variability in the interpretation of chest radiographs for the diagnosis of pneumonia in children
Authors: Neuman Mark I. , Lee Edward Y. , Bixby Sarah , Diperna Stephanie , Hellinger Jeffrey , Markowitz Richard , Servaes Sabah , Monuteaux Michael C. , Shah Samir S.
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND:

Although chest radiography is commonly used to establish the diagnosis of pneumonia in children, the reliability of radiographic findings among radiologists is not well described.

OBJECTIVE:

We sought to evaluate the inter‐rater and intra‐rater reliability of radiographic features commonly described by radiologists in childhood pneumonia.

METHODS:

Prospective case‐based study. One hundred and ten radiographs of children evaluated in a pediatric emergency department for suspicion of pneumonia were interpreted by six radiologists at two academic children's hospitals. Radiologists were blinded to the clinical history. Reliability of standardized radiographic features was evaluated using the kappa statistic.

RESULTS:

The radiographic finding of an alveolar infiltrate demonstrated substantial reliability among radiologists (κ = 0.69). The presence of ‘any infiltrate’ and pleural effusion demonstrated moderate reliability (κ = 0.47 and k=0.45, respectively). Other radiographic features were less reliable: air bronchograms (κ = 0.32), hilar adenopathy (κ = 0.21), and interstitial infiltrate (κ = 0.14). Similarly, the finding of alveolar infiltrate demonstrated substantial intra‐rater reliability upon review of ten duplicate radiographs, whereas interstitial infiltrate was less reliable.

CONCLUSION:

The radiographic finding of an alveolar infiltrate is very reliable among pediatric radiologists, whereas the finding of an interstitial infiltrate is less reliable. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2012; © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine.
A gram‐scale synthesis of [3,4‐13C2,1α,7‐2H2]cortisone
Authors: Li Zizhong , Heffner Peter , Gong Yumin
Published: October 2011

A gram‐scale synthesis of [3,4‐13C2,1α,7‐2H2]cortisone from prednisone was developed. The deuterium atom at the C‐1 position was introduced through a regioselective and stereoselective deuteration of the 1,2‐double bond of the 1,4‐diene‐3‐one using Wilkinson's catalyst. After the oxidative cleavage of the A‐ring, two carbon‐13 atoms were introduced via acetylation of an A‐ring enol lactone with [1,2‐13C2]acetyl chloride. The steroidal A‐ring was then reconstructed to incorporate the carbon‐13 atoms into the C‐3 and C‐4 positions. The deuterium atom at C‐7 was introduced through a regioselective deuteration of the 6,7‐double bond of a 4,6‐diene‐3‐one intermediate using palladium on strontium carbonate. The M + 4 stable isotope labeled cortisone was thus prepared in ca. 4% overall yield. In addition, [3,4‐13C2,1α,7‐2H2]‐11‐dehydrocorticosterone, [3,4‐13C2,1α,7‐2H2]cortisol, and [3,4‐13C2,1α,7‐2H2]corticosterone were also prepared. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MR in hypertension
Authors: Roditi Giles
Published: October 2011

Hypertension is a common systemic disorder affecting the cardiovascular system and kidneys with important morbidity and mortality. However, hypertension is often thought of by radiologists as an “invisible” disease. The aim of this article is to first review hypertension first in terms of its diagnosis, epidemiology and clinical importance. Second, those causes of secondary hypertension that may be diagnosed with MRI techniques are described along with the effects of hypertension on the cardiovascular system and kidneys that are demonstrable with MRI with particular emphasis on renovascular disease. Lastly the use of integrated MRI protocols to evaluate the hypertensive patient and areas for future research are considered. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Connection between NAO, weather types and precipitation in León, Spain (1948–2008)
Authors: Fernández‐González S. , del Río S. , Castro A. , Penas A. , Fernández‐Raga M. , Calvo A. I. , Fraile R.
Published: October 2011

The variability of winter precipitation in the west of the Iberian Peninsula is strongly affected by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). This study focuses on identifying the relationship that exists between precipitation registered in the city of León (in northwestern Spain), the NAO index and the associated weather type during the same period. In order to achieve this objective, the prevailing weather type has been calculated for each day in León from January 1948 to March 2009, using the objective Lamb Weather Types classification method. The most significant results appear in winter (from December to March). During these months an increase has been observed in the frequency of ‘anticyclonic’ weather type (A) (very dry), and a decrease in the ‘cyclonic’ (C), ‘south‐westerly’ (SW) and ‘westerly’ (W) types (the three rainiest weather types). The positive trend in the NAO index could be the main cause of the decrease in the frequency of the three rainiest weather types (C, SW and W) and therefore, responsible for the relevant decline in winter precipitation observed in the city of León. The high correlation coefficients between the NAO index, the frequency of the three rainiest weather types and winter precipitation suggests an interesting method to forecast rainfall. Using a binary logistic regression model, a downscaling model for daily precipitation has been obtained based on the weather types and the NAO index. The daily results obtained for the winter months are good (TSS = 0.64) bearing in mind that only sea level pressure data were used in the logistic model. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Survival impact of malignant pancreatic neuroendocrine and islet cell neoplasm phenotypes
Authors: Roland Christina L. , Bian Aihua , Mansour John C. , Yopp Adam C. , Balch Glen C. , Sharma Rohit , Xie Xian‐Jin , Schwarz Roderich E.
Published: October 2011

Background

The low incidence of malignant “functional” (F) or “nonfunctional” (NF) neuroendocrine islet cell tumors (ICTs) of the pancreas represents a challenge to precise post‐therapeutic survival prediction. This study examined the survival impact of malignant pancreatic ICT morphologic subtypes.

Methods

A pancreatic ICT data set was created from a US‐based population database from 1980–2004. Prognostic factors with survival impact and relationships between surgical therapy and overall survival (OS) were analyzed.

Results

There were 2,350 individuals with malignant ICTs. Histologic subtypes included carcinoid tumors, islet cell carcinomas, neuroendocrine carcinomas, and malignant gastrinomas, insulinomas, glucagonomas, or VIPomas. There was no difference in resection rates between FICTs and NFICTs (23% vs. 20%, P = ns). Median OS was 30 months, with group differences ranging from NE carcinomas (21) to VIPomas (96; P < 0.0001). Median OS of resected versus unresected FICTs was 172 versus 37 months, while that of NFICTs was 113 versus 18 months (P < 0.0001). Compared to neuroendocrine carcinomas, hazard ratios were: VIPomas 0.48, gastrinomas 0.65, carcinoid tumors 0.76, insulinomas 0.84, glucagonomas 0.93, and islet cell carcinomas 1.0.

Conclusions

When controlled for other established prognostic parameters, histopathologic subtype assignment of pancreatic ICTs affects survival prediction. Resection is associated with superior survival for all tumor types. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:595–600. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SOIL DEGRADATION AND ALTERED FLOOD RISK AS A CONSEQUENCE OF DEFORESTATION
Authors: de la Paix M. J. , Lanhai L. , Xi C. , Ahmed S. , Varenyam A.
Published: October 2011

The primary objective of this study was to analyze soil degradation and altered flood risks as a consequence of deforestation. The results showed that the use of fuelwood and competition for agriculture land are the main causes of deforestation, which leads to increased soil erosion and floods. The consequences and the societal risks from floods are quantified. This study indicates that the numbers of fatalities and mortality per river flood event are lower compared with those caused by flash floods. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alkyl‐Substituted N‐Vinylimidazolium Polymerized Ionic Liquids: Thermal Properties and Ionic Conductivities
Authors: Green Matthew D. , Salas‐de la Cruz David , Ye Yuesheng , Layman John M. , Elabd Yossef A. , Winey Karen I. , Long Timothy E.
Published: October 2011

Structure‐property relationships for polymerized ionic liquids (PILs) relate chemical structure to ionic conductivity and reveal the importance of glass transition temperature (Tg) and the energy associated with an ion‐hopping mechanism for ion conduction for a series of alkyl‐substituted vinylimidazolium PILs. The alkyl‐substituted vinylimidazolium‐based PILs with varying lengths of n‐alkyl substituents provide diverse precursors with exchangeable anions to further enhance thermal stability and ionic conductivity. As the anion size increases, regardless of alkyl substituent length, Tg decreases and the onset of weight loss, TD, increases. As the length of the alkyl substituent increases, Tg decreases for PILs with Br− and BF4− counteranions. Ionic conductivity increases over an order of magnitude upon exchange of the counteranion from TfO− < Tf2N−.
Combined nerve transfers for repair of the upper brachial plexus injuries through a posterior approach
Authors: Lu Jiuzhou , Xu Jianguang , Xu Wendong , Xu Lei , Fang Yousheng , Chen Liang , Gu Yudong
Published: October 2011

The upper brachial plexus injury leads to paralysis of muscles innervated by C5 and C6 nerve roots. In this report, we present our experience on the use of the combined nerve transfers for reconstruction of the upper brachial plexus injury. Nine male patients with the upper brachial plexus injury were treated with combined nerve transfers. The time interval between injury and surgery ranged from 3 to 11 months (average, 7 months). The combined nerve transfers include fascicles of the ulnar nerve and/or the median nerve transfer to the biceps and/or the brachialis motor branch, and the spinal accessory nerve (SAN) to the suprascapular nerve (SSN) and triceps branches to the axillary nerve through a posterior approach. At an average of 33 months of follow‐up, all patients recovered the full range of the elbow flexion. Six out of nine patients were able to perform the normal range of shoulder abduction with the strength degraded to M3 or M4. These results showed that the technique of the combined nerve transfers, specifically the SAN to the SSN and triceps branches to the axillary nerve through a posterior approach, may be a valuable alternative in the repair of the upper brachial plexus injury. Further evaluations of this technique are necessary. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.
Generalized circulant Strang‐type preconditioners
Authors: Noschese Silvia , Reichel Lothar
Published: October 2011

Strang's proposal to use a circulant preconditioner for linear systems of equations with a Hermitian positive definite Toeplitz matrix has given rise to considerable research on circulant preconditioners. This paper presents an {eiφ}‐circulant Strang‐type preconditioner. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moments of a linear operator, with applications to the trace of the inverse of matrices and the solution of equations
Authors: Brezinski Claude , Fika Paraskevi , Mitrouli Marilena
Published: October 2011

Let H be a real finite dimensional Hilbert space and A an invertible linear operator on it. In this paper, we are interested in obtaining estimations of Tr(A−1) and of the norm of the error when solving the equation Ax = f ∈ H. These estimates are obtained by extrapolation of the moments of A. Numerical results are given, and applications are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Space‐angle‐energy multigrid methods for Sn discretizations of the multi‐energetic Boltzmann equation
Authors: Lee B.
Published: October 2011

In a recent article, the author presented several improved multiple‐coarsening/semi‐coarsening schemes for Sn discretizations of the Boltzmann transport equation, improved over the original multiple‐coarsening/semi‐coarsening schemes. These improvements were derived from detailed space‐angle descriptions of the near‐nullspace components of the integral equation operator. In this paper, we use the techniques of this article to derive a description of the near‐nullspace components of the multi‐energetic Boltzmann equation, and use this description to develop a space‐angle‐energy multigrid method for this equation. This multigrid method is a scheme for solving a high‐dimensional equation: for spatial 3‐d, the equation is 6‐d; for spatial 2‐d, the equation is 5‐d. This method is more robust and efficient than both the commonly used block Gauss‐Seidel iteration that requires solving mono‐energetic Boltzmann equations, and the improved multiple‐coarsening/semi‐coarsening schemes simultaneously applied to all the energy groups. Numerical experiments applied to multi‐energetic equations with isotropic scattering cross‐sections that simulate Compton‐like scattering and fission, as well as anisotropic scattering cross‐sections, are performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new scheme. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pole assignment for linear and quadratic systems with time‐delay in control
Authors: Li T. , Chu E. K‐W.
Published: October 2011

We consider the pole assignment problems for time‐invariant linear and quadratic control systems, with time‐delay in the control. Closed‐loop eigenvectors in X = [x1, x2, ⋯  ] are chosen from their corresponding invariant subspaces, possibly optimizing some robustness measure, and explicit expressions for the feedback matrices are given in terms of X. Condition of the problems is also investigated. Our approach extends the well‐known Kautsky, Nichols, and Van Dooren algorithm. Consequently, the results are similar to those for systems without time‐delay, except for the presence of the ‘secondary’ eigenvalues and the condition of the problems. Simple illustrative numerical examples are given. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interstitial guidance of cancer invasion
Authors: G. Gritsenko Pavlo , Ilina Olga , Friedl Peter
Published: October 2011

Cancer cell invasion into healthy tissues develops preferentially along pre‐existing tracks of least resistance, followed by secondary tissue remodelling and destruction. The tissue scaffolds supporting or preventing guidance of invasion vary in structure and molecular composition between organs. In the brain, the guidance is provided by myelinated axons, astrocyte processes, and blood vessels which are used as invasion routes by glioma cells. In the human breast, containing interstitial collagen‐rich connective tissue, disseminating breast cancer cells preferentially invade along bundled collagen fibrils and the surface of adipocytes. In both invasion types, physical guidance prompted by interfaces and space is complemented by molecular guidance. Generic mechanisms shared by most, if not all, tissues include (i) guidance by integrins towards fibrillar interstitial collagen and/or laminins and type IV collagen in basement membranes decorating vessels and adipocytes, and, likely, CD44 engaging with hyaluronan; (ii) haptotactic guidance by chemokines and growth factors; and likely (iii) physical pushing mechanisms. Tissue‐specific, resticted guidance cues include ECM proteins with restricted expression (tenascins, lecticans), cell–cell interfaces, and newly secreted matrix molecules decorating ECM fibres (laminin‐332, thrombospondin‐1, osteopontin, periostin). We here review physical and molecular guidance mechanisms in interstitial tissue and brain parenchyma and explore shared principles and organ‐specific differences, and their implications for experimental model design and therapeutic targeting of tumour cell invasion. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling of a concentrating photovoltaic system for optimum land use
Authors: Kim Yong Sin , Kang Sung‐Mo , Winston Roland
Published: October 2011

Concentrating photovoltaic solar power plants using dual‐axis trackers are in increasing demand. In a utility‐scale photovoltaic system, both capacity factor and ground coverage ratio are widely used to characterize systems in view of the land use efficiency. Current system modeling approaches lack accurate location‐specific direct normal irradiance (DNI), miss a reliable electrical model for power optimization and conversion and are inadequate for optimizing the tracker array configuration. In this paper, a comprehensive modeling of a concentrating photovoltaic system is introduced. First, a more accurate estimation of hourly DNI is obtained by considering location‐dependent DNI and air mass changes according to the sun's elevation. Second, mismatch effects of modules are factored in. Third, various power optimization and conversion levels are taken into account for optimization with self‐shading in each module. The tracker array configuration has been optimized to maximize energy harvest by getting a maximum capacity factor for a given ground coverage ratio. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards thinner and low bowing silicon solar cells: form the boron and aluminum co‐doped back surface field with thinner metallization film
Authors: Gu Xin , Yu Xuegong , Xu Jinglin , Fan Ruixin , Yang Deren
Published: October 2011

Using thinner wafers can largely reduce the cost of silicon solar cells. One obstacle of using thinner wafers is that few methods can provide good dopant concentration for the back surface field (BSF) and good ohmic contact while generated only in low bowing. In this paper, we have demonstrated the screening–printing B and Al (B/Al) mixture metallization film technique, making use of the screen‐printing technique and the higher solubility of B in silicon to form a B/Al‐BSF. This technique can raise the carrier concentration in the BSF by more than one order of magnitude and reduce the back surface recombination at a low firing temperature (≤800 °C). We have also shown that through the new technique, the metallization paste thickness at the rear could be reduced largely, which however did not degrade the solar cell efficiency. All these efforts are aiming for pushing forward the application of thinner wafers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biological Decontamination Using High and Reduced Pressure Nitrogen Afterglows
Authors: Sarrette Jean‐Philippe , Cousty Sarah , Clement Franck , Canal Cristina , Ricard André
Published: October 2011

Typical results quantifying the antibacterial efficiencies of high and reduced pressure nitrogen afterglows are presented, using the same microbiological protocol. In parallel, the diffusion of the nitrogen atoms through different polymer membranes is studied.

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Nasal airflow and thoracoabdominal motion in children using infrared thermographic video processing
Authors: Goldman Luis J.
Published: October 2011

The assessment of apnea and asynchronous breathing requires the application of a facemask connected to a pneumotachograph and inductive transducer bands placed around the chest wall. These contact devices may alter the breathing pattern and are difficult to implement, especially in infants and children. This study validates a contactless image‐processing system that simultaneously retrieves breath‐related thermal variations from nasal, ribcage, and abdomen regions of interest (ROI) from infrared thermographic video recordings of children. Thermographic videos were obtained in 17 supine, spontaneously breathing unsedated children (0.33–13.75 years), including 8 patients with respiratory pathology. Representative thermographic signals were obtained from each ROI on a frame‐by‐frame basis. Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient assessed the correlation between control nasal pressure period, the visually scored respiratory rate and the fundamental period in the frequency domain of thermographic signals. A cross‐correlation function calculated the time delay and the phase angle between ribcage and abdomen variability. A Cronbach's Alpha value of 0.976 (0.992–0.944 95% CI) suggests a small‐scale measurement error between thermographic and control periods. The ribcage‐abdomen time delay in children with respiratory disease (−0.42 ± 0.707 sec) significantly differed from healthy children (0.22 ± 0.426 sec, P = 0.0125). This novel system reliably acquired time‐aligned nasal airflow and thoracoabdominal motion estimates without relying on attached sensor performance and detected asynchronous breathing in pediatric patients. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:476–486. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical conditions associated with PCP in children
Authors: Saltzman Rushani W. , Albin Stephanie , Russo Pierre , Sullivan Kathleen E.
Published: October 2011

Pneumocystis jirovecii is a leading cause of opportunistic infections among the immune compromised. During the 1980s, attention focused on patients with HIV, however, with the advent of anti‐retroviral therapy, we wished to revisit the question of underlying diseases associated with Pneumocystis pneumonia in children. We identified 80 cases from 1986 to 2006 and performed a retrospective chart review to identify clinical characteristics for each of the cases. HIV was the single most common associated underlying condition seen in this cohort, accounting for 39% of the cases overall, however, it was seen in just 15% of the cases since 1998. Transplant recipients and oncology patients together comprised another 39% of the cases, with 9% of cases attributed to primary immune deficiency and another 9% of cases associated with less well‐recognized causes of susceptibility. This study documents the ongoing need for vigilance to diagnose Pneumocystis pneumonia in less well‐recognized clinical scenarios. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:510–516. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of water on resonant Raman spectroscopy of closed single‐walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Ghandour Ahmad J. , Dunstan David J. , Sapelkin Andrei , Hernandez Ignacio , Halsall Matthew P. , Crowe Iain F.
Published: October 2011

Tunable Raman excitation spectroscopy with 1.55–1.77 eV laser energies was used to map the second van Hove singularities of semiconducting single‐walled carbon nanotubes ropes in air and immersed in water. The optical transitions are assigned to different (n,m) tubes using a correlation of the diameter and radial breathing mode (RBM) in the Raman spectrum. The resonance energies are blue‐shifted when the tubes are immersed in water and the shift depends on the chiral angle. In addition, the RBM frequencies are also blue‐shifted upon immersion in water.
Tailoring the contact thermal resistance at metal–carbon nanotube interface
Authors: Firkowska Izabela , Boden Andre , Vogt Anna‐Maria , Reich Stephanie
Published: October 2011

Copper‐decorated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were synthesized and used as conductive filler to improve the heat transport capabilities of copper matrix. Thermal properties, i.e., thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity, of copper composite were measured and compared with those containing pristine and functionalized CNTs. Experimental results revealed that composites enriched with nanohybrids where Cu nanoparticles were covalently bonded to CNTs had thermal conductivity four times higher than those containing the same content of pristine CNTs.

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Evaluation of thermal interface resistance in copper‐CNTs composites by means of the flash method.
One‐step separation of high‐purity (6,5) carbon nanotubes by multicolumn gel chromatography
Authors: Liu Huaping , Tanaka Takeshi , Kataura Hiromichi
Published: October 2011

We investigated the separation of the (6,5) chirality from a commercially available (6,5)‐enriched CoMoCAT single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) by the multicolumn gel chromatography method. Results show that several (6,5) fractions with different purities were sorted across the different gel columns. The metallic SWCNTs were collected as the finally unbound SWCNTs. The highest chirality purity of the (6,5) fractions after one‐step separation was 74.5%, which is much higher than that (∼53.8%) of the (6,5) fraction separated from HiPco SWCNTs which contain a broad chirality distribution. This result indicates that the multicolumn method can highly improve the separation yield and efficiency of a specific (n,m) species if it is present at a high level in the starting material.
Origin of the multiferroicity in Eu0.5Ba0.5TiO3
Authors: Wesselinowa J. M.
Published: October 2011

We have proposed a microscopic model with a biquadratic magnetoelectric coupling between the two ordered parameters taking into account the spin–phonon coupling in order to study different properties of multiferroic Eu0.5Ba0.5TiO3. This magnetoelectric coupling is due to an epitaxial strain which occurs by the replacing of the Eu‐ions with the larger Ba‐ions and vice versa. A Green's function technique allows the calculation of magnetic, electric, and phonon properties which are discussed in dependence of temperature and external fields. The magnetization increases with increasing of the electric field, whereas the phonon energy with the magnetic field. This is an evidence for the magnetoelectric coupling.
Tailoring the growth of L10‐FePt for spintronics applications
Authors: Tahmasebi Taiebeh , Piramanayagam Seidikkurippu N. , Sbiaa Rachid , Tan Hang Khume , Law Randall , Lua Sunny , Chong Tow Chong
Published: October 2011

The effect of seed layers on the magnetic and structural properties of FePt thin films was investigated. For the case of Cr(200) seed layer, no ordered L10‐FePt phase in (001) orientation was observed. The insertion of a thin MgO barrier between the Cr and FePt layers improved the perpendicular magnetization orientation of L10‐FePt by limiting diffusion of Cr into the FePt magnetic layer. Ordered L10‐FePt thin films can be developed on Pd[100] at high substrate temperature with the lattice mismatch of below 1% and therefore low roughness compared to MgO or Cr seed layers. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Molecular dynamics studies of lipid bilayer with gramicidin A: Effects of gramicidin a on membrane structure and hydrophobic match
Authors: Saito Hiroaki , Mizukami Taku , Kawamoto Shuhei , Miyakawa Takeshi , Iwayama Masashi , Takasu Masako , Nagao Hidemi
Published: October 2011

The effects of gramicidin A (GA) peptide on the structure of lipid bilayer were studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in the absence and presence of GA peptide. The hydrophobic match between the GA and surrounding lipid bilayer was investigated by the MD simulations of four kinds of lipid bilayer systems: 1,2‐dilauroyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphatidylcholine (diC12:0‐PC), 1,2‐dimyristoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphatidylcholine (DMPC, diC14:0‐PC), 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphatidylcholine (diC16:0‐PC), and 1,2‐distearoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphatidylcholine (DSPC, di18:0‐PC). The observed hydrophobic thickness and order parameter increases, and the gauche conformation decreases in the presence of GA, being consistent with the experimental observations. The acyl chain structure of the DSPC membrane was sufficiently changed to match the length of GA peptide, resulting in a distortion of the membrane surface around the GA peptide. On the other hand, the minor structural changes of lipid and the small fluctuation of the GA were shown in the DMPC membrane. These results indicate that DMPC bilayer has a better hydrophobic match with the GA peptide than the other membranes. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
Physicochemical properties of starches obtained from Polish potato cultivars
Authors: Pycia Karolina , Juszczak Lesław , Gałkowska Dorota , Witczak Mariusz
Published: October 2011

Selected physicochemical, thermal, and rheological properties of starches isolated from new Polish potato varieties were determined. The starches contained 25.7–30.0 g/100 g d.m. of amylose and 59.5–90.2 mg/100 g d.m. of phosphorus. Gelatinization temperatures were 62.6–64.0, 68.9–69.9, and 73.6–77.0°C for TO, TP, and TE, respectively, whilst enthalpy of gelatinization amounted to 11.1–15.3 J/g. The retrogradation degree of starch was from 52.90 to 78.53%. Pasting curves showed significant differences between the starches. Peak viscosity and final viscosity ranges were 2035–4458 and 1931–2985 mPa · s, respectively. Starch pastes exhibited non‐Newtonian, shear thinning, and thixotropic behavior. After cooling they demonstrated diversified viscoelastic properties, however, all of them were classified as weak gels. Significant linear correlations among selected rheological parameters and amylose and phosphorus content were found. Results of principal component analysis demonstrated an ability to differentiate the starches isolated from different potato varieties.
In situ kinetic study of solid‐state crosslinking of potato starch
Authors: Wang Gang , Thompson Michael R. , Liu Qiang
Published: October 2011

This work studies the solid‐state modification of potato starch using sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) at elevated temperature (120°C). Kinetics for the reaction was investigated using an in situ technique based on attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy for monitoring the extent of crosslinking. For tested STMP concentrations between 1.6 and 20% (w/w, dry starch basis), the degree of substitution varied between 0.015 and 0.106 mol P/mol anhydroglucose unit, respectively, within a reaction time of less than 10 min. The reaction data was found to follow a first‐order rate dependency and by examination using a phase‐boundary kinetic model was considered to be exterior diffusion limited. The extent of conversion always converged to an asymptotic value less than 100%. The inclusion of 1–2% hydrocolloidal xanthan gum were found to have no effect on the crosslinking of starch whereas 10–30% glycerol significantly lowered the rate of reaction.
Absent mandibular gap in the retronasal triangle view: a clue to the diagnosis of micrognathia in the first trimester
Authors: Sepulveda W. , Wong A. E. , Viñals F. , Andreeva E. , Adzehova N. , Martinez‐Ten P.
Published: October 2011

Objective

To describe a new ultrasound technique that may be useful for the diagnosis of micrognathia in the first trimester of pregnancy.

Methods

The retronasal triangle (RNT) view is a technique that captures the coronal plane of the face in which the primary palate and the frontal processes of the maxilla are visualized simultaneously. Normal first‐trimester fetuses display a characteristic gap between the right and left body of the mandible in this view (the ‘mandibular gap’). The presence or absence of this gap was evaluated and measured prospectively during real‐time scanning (n = 154) and retrospectively by analyzing three‐dimensional (3D) datasets (n = 50) in normal first‐trimester fetuses undergoing screening for aneuploidy at 11–13 weeks' gestation. 3D datasets from 12 fetuses with suspected micrognathia were also collected and examined retrospectively for the same features.

Results

The mandibular gap was identified in all 204 normal fetuses and increased linearly with increasing crown–rump length (y = 0.033x + 0.435; R2 = 0.316), with no statistically significant differences between measurements obtained by two‐dimensional ultrasound and 3D offline analysis. Among fetuses with suspected micrognathia, three 3D datasets were excluded from analysis because of poor image quality in one and the diagnosis of a normal chin in two. In the remaining nine fetuses, the mandibular gap was absent and was replaced by a bony structure representing the receding chin in seven (77.8%) cases and was not visualized due to severe retrognathia in the remaining two (22.2%) cases. All fetuses with micrognathia had associated anomalies, including seven with aneuploidy and two with skeletal dysplasia.

Conclusions

The RNT view may be a helpful technique for detecting micrognathia in the first trimester. The absence of the mandibular gap or failure to identify the mandible in this view is highly suggestive of micrognathia and should prompt a targeted ultrasound scan to assess for other anomalies. Further research is needed to determine the false‐positive and false‐negative rates of this technique. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Front‐end Desaturase: Structure, Function, Evolution and Biotechnological Use
Authors: Meesapyodsuk Dauenpen , Qiu Xiao
Published: October 2011

Very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n‐6), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n‐3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n‐3) are essential components of cell membranes, and are precursors for a group of hormone‐like bioactive compounds (eicosanoids and docosanoids) involved in regulation of various physiological activities in animals and humans. The biosynthesis of these fatty acids involves an alternating process of fatty acid desaturation and elongation. The desaturation is catalyzed by a unique class of oxygenases called front‐end desaturases that introduce double bonds between the pre‐existing double bond and the carboxyl end of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The first gene encoding a front‐end desaturase was cloned in 1993 from cyanobacteria. Since then, front‐end desaturases have been identified and characterized from a wide range of eukaryotic species including algae, protozoa, fungi, plants and animals including humans. Unlike front‐end desaturases from bacteria, those from eukaryotes are structurally characterized by the presence of an N‐terminal cytochrome b5‐like domain fused to the main desaturation domain. Understanding the structure, function and evolution of front‐end desaturases, as well as their roles in the biosynthesis of very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids offers the opportunity to engineer production of these fatty acids in transgenic oilseed plants for nutraceutical markets.
Survey of anaemia andHelicobacter pyloriinfection in adolescent girls in Suihua, China and enhancement of iron intervention effects byH. pylorieradication
Authors: Xia Wei , Zhang Xin , Wang Jiajia , Sun Caihong , Wu Lijie
Published: October 2011

In the present study, we investigated the prevalence of anaemia and Fe deficiency anaemia (IDA) and explored the relationship betweenHelicobacter pyloriinfection and IDA in adolescent girls. A total of 1037 adolescent girls from Suihua, China were enrolled. Hb, serum ferritin (SF), serum transferrin receptor (sTfR) and serum IgG antibodies toH. pyloriwere measured. Participants with IDA and co-existingH. pyloriinfection (n80) who had an intake of >25 mg/d of Fe were assigned randomly to the intervention and control groups. Patients in the intervention group were administered a 12-week course of oral EDTA–Na–Fe (60 mg Fe/dose, three times a week) and a 2-week course of colloidal bismuth subcitrate, amoxicillin and metronidazole. Subjects in the control group were administered EDTA–Na–Fe alone. Hb, SF and sTfR were reassessed 3 months after the 12-week regimen ended. Prevalence of anaemia, Fe deficiency (defined as SF < 12·0 μg/l), IDA andH. pyloriinfection in the population of 1037 was 19·5, 40·4, 17·1 and 31·2 %, respectively. The prevalence ofH. pyloriinfection in the IDA group was 46·9 %, while the non-anaemic group had 28·1 % prevalence. A significant increase in Hb and SF and a decrease in sTfR value were found in the intervention group and theH. pylori-negative group. Findings suggest that IDA is still one of the prominent problems in adolescent girls. There is an association betweenH. pyloriinfection and IDA. Treatment ofH. pyloriinfection is associated with a more rapid response to oral Fe therapy.
Men and Tendencies in German Religious Thought
Authors: Bixler Julius Seelye
Published: October 2011

The student of present-day German religious thought cannot fail to be impressed by the diversity of the attitudes which it expresses. German religious belief runs the entire gamut of possibilities. Side by side one finds authoritarianism, rationalism, mysticism, a devotion to the past and a dominant interest in the future, a religion based on scholarly research and another grounded in romantic experience, a cloistered individualism and a pragmatic interest in human welfare. Students of Aquinas, of Kant, and of Schleiermacher, disciples of Keyserling and of Steiner, ecclesiastics, nature-lovers, and workers for a new social order, all are active today, and through their efforts a new series of general philosophical conceptions is rising from the ruins of the war.
Chrysostom's Text of the Gospel of Mark
Authors: Geerlings Jacob , New Silva
Published: October 2011

The importance of determining the type of text used by patristic writers in their New Testament quotations is universally understood, and the difficulties due to the tendency of copyists, especially in the lemmata of commentaries, to substitute readings familiar to themselves have often been stated.
The Career of the Prophet Hermas
Authors: Wilson William Jerome
Published: October 2011

Toward the end of the first century the Christian church at Rome seems to have made a convert of whom it was never very proud. He was not a great man. His writings were not included in the New Testament, though they were seriously considered for it. But his book throws a flood of light on the life, the labors, the trials, the hopes, the fears of Christians at about the time when the canonical books were being selected and put together into a collection.
A New Fragment of the Shepherd of Hermas (Michigan Papyrus 44–H)
Authors: Bonner Campbell
Published: October 2011

Two years ago I presented in this Review (vol. XVIII, 1925, pp. 115–127) a preliminary account of the papyrus codex, containing a large part of the Similitudes of Hennas, which belongs to the University of Michigan collection (P Mich 917). The complete publication of that text has been greatly delayed by the demands of other duties; and now the importance of a more recent discovery obliges me to turn aside from the larger task in order to bring to the attention of scholars a new fragment, which may be the oldest extant portion of Hennas’ work.
The Georgian Text of Fourth Esdras from the Athos Manuscript
Authors: Blake Robert P.
Published: October 2011

In the edition of the Georgian text of Fourth Esdras from the Jerusalem manuscript (I), published in this REVIEW, vol. XIX, 1926,1 presented such information as was then available about the other and older Ms. containing this text, namely, that of the lavra of Iveron on Mt. Athos (O). In the summer of 1927 my hope of gaining access to this precious MS. was fulfilled, and the first volume of it was photographed by Professor K. Lake, the Rev. A. W. Johnson and myself. Permission for this was kindly granted by the epitropoi of the monastery, to whom we desire here to express our sincere gratitude. The photographs, developed by the Eastman Kodak Company of Rochester, N. Y., proved to be excellent. A detailed description of the MS. is given in the preceding article of the present number of this Review.
The Pharisees: their Origin and their Philosophy
Authors: Finkelstein Louis
Published: October 2011

The brilliant light thrown upon the Pharisees and the Sadducees by the careful studies of Geiger and Wellhausen, and their many disciples, has not completely dispelled the obscurity whieh surrounds the origin and being of these ancient groups. Geiger, whose views have in the main been accepted by Graetz, Detenbourg, Weiss, and Klausner, conceived of the conflict between these sects as intrinsically similar to that which developed in his own day between the reform and orthodox Jews in Germany.
The Armenian Life of Marutha of Maipherkat
Authors: Marcus Ralph
Published: October 2011

The Armenian Vita here translated, of Marutha, a Syrian bishop of the fifth century, has an interest because of Marutha's activity as mediator between the Byzantine emperors, Arcadius and Theodosius II, and the Sassanian king Yezdegerd I.

The ancient sources for the life of Marutha are scanty nor does the biography here translated add greatly to our knowledge of him. From the Greek and Nestorian sources it is known that he was present at the important councils of the church in the last decades of the fourth century; was sent to the court of Persia, probably at least twice, once on the accession of Yezdegerd in 399 A.D. and again about 408 A.D., when Theodosius II became emperor of the eastern Romans; and that he was present at the Council of Seleucia in 410 A.D.
A Patmos Family of Gospel Manuscripts
Authors: New Silva
Published: October 2011

In the excursus on the ‘Ecclesiastical Text,’ appended to the study of the Caesarean Text of Mark, it was pointed out that four MSS., 1169, 1173, 1204, and 1385, form a closely related group. A visit to Sinai and Patmos this year has made it possible to collate the gospel of Mark in all four codices and to photograph the three at Patmos. The relation between the three Patmos MSS. now reveals itself as much closer than was supposed, but the Sinai MS. has evidently been copied from two archetypes.
New Biblical Papyri at the University of Michigan
Authors: Bonner Campbell
Published: October 2011

Up to this time there have appeared three notices of the great treasure of biblical papyri in the possession of Mr. A. Chester Beatty — the first by Sir Frederic Kenyon in the London Times (November 19, 1931), the second by the same writer in Gnomon (January 1932, pp. 46–49), the third by Professor Carl Schmidt in the Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft. I have seen the last only in an undated offprint which reached America about March 15; the communication was sent to the printer in December 1931. Since a small part of the now famous find has come into the possession of the University of Michigan, it seems desirable to offer more precise information about these pieces.
Some Problems in the Criticism of the Sources for Early Buddhist History
Authors: Clark Walter Eugene
Published: October 2011

Buddhist literature is not complete in any one language. The primary sources for the study of Buddhism consist of texts in Pali, in Sanskrit (with some fragments in Prakrit, and a few texts in a mixed dialect — as though composed by men who were trying to turn Prakrit into Sanskrit but who had a very imperfect knowledge of Sanskrit grammar), in Chinese, in Tibetan, and in several of the languages which were current in Chinese Turkestan. There are also texts in Mongolian, but these seem to be derivatives from Tibetan, and not of primary importance.