bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Winning” the Forever Wars? Presidential Rhetoric and US Ontological (In)Security
Authors: Hall Jonny
Published: November 2022

Like success at the individual level, ideas of “winning” and “victory” in war have reaffirmed American exceptionalism, its place in the world, and its ontological security. This has been true in response to both policy successes and failures. As other studies have noted, the indeterminacy and longevity of the War on Terror has brought US perceptions of order and control into question, thus generating widespread ontological insecurity. Conducting a discourse analysis of the rhetoric of Presidents Bush, Obama, and Trump, this paper is the first to explore how the ideas of “winning” and “victory” have manifested themselves in political discourse on a national scale. All presidents utilized different components of American identity narratives for their own political purposes, but the inability to produce results commensurate with previous American wars produced significant national ontological insecurity in each case. Accordingly, this paper has implications for politics and policy. Contrary to scholarship that predicts that presidents will avoid predicting unrealistically short conflicts against transnational terrorist groups, the paper shows how the unique promise of ontological security associated with “victory” encourages presidents to use the decisive language of interstate warfare. However, the realities of postmodern war and great power competition mean that presidents will ultimately be unable to create a consensus around what “winning” or “victory” might look like in these conflicts, thus producing widespread ontological insecurity. In that way, the paper illustrates the significance of identity-based issues in policy evaluation processes.
Liposomal amphotericin B—the past
Authors: Brüggemann R J , Jensen G M , Lass-Flörl C
Published: November 2022

The discovery of amphotericin B, a polyene antifungal compound, in the 1950s, and the formulation of this compound in a liposomal drug delivery system, has resulted in decades of use in systemic fungal infections. The use of liposomal amphotericin B formulation is referenced in many international guidelines for the treatment of fungal infections such as Aspergillus and cryptococcal disease and Candida infections, as well as other less common infections such as visceral leishmaniasis. With the development of liposomal amphotericin B, an improved therapeutic index could be achieved that allowed the attainment of higher drug concentrations in both the plasma and tissue while simultaneously lowering the toxicity compared with amphotericin B deoxycholate. In over 30 years of experience with this drug, a vast amount of information has been collected on preclinical and clinical efficacy against a wide variety of pathogens, as well as evidence on its toxicity. This article explores the history and nature of the liposomal formulation, the key clinical studies that developed the pharmacokinetic, safety and efficacy profile of the liposomal formulation, and the available microbiological data.
Extraction of phase information approximating the demagnetization field within a thin-foiled magnet using electron holography observation
Authors: Lee Sujin , Sato Atsuko , Tamaoka Takehiro , Yubuta Kunio , Auchi Mitsunari , Sasaki Taisuke , Ohkubo Tadakatsu , Hono Kazuhiro , Murakami Yasukazu
Published: November 2022

This paper proposes a method that provides a phase image related to the demagnetization field (Hd) within a thin-foil permanent magnet using electron holography. The observation of Hd remains a significant challenge because electron holography in principle allows only imaging of the magnetic flux density (B), which is a mixture of the contributions from magnetization (M), stray magnetic field (Hs) outside of the specimen and Hd inside of the specimen. The phase map approximating Hd, which was determined by processing of the electron holography observation from a Nd2Fe14B single-crystalline specimen, showed a good agreement with the prediction by micromagnetic theory. With respect to permanent magnets, this method can be applied to examinations about the coercivity mechanism, which is sensitive to the demagnetization field.

Graphical Abstract
The significance of double mandibular osteotomy for surgical treatment of large aneurysm of internal carotid artery above mandibular angle. A case report and literature review
Authors: Tilaveridis Ioannis , Tatsis Dimitris , Venetis Gregory , Trelopoulos Georgios , Mylonas Anastasios
Published: November 2022

The aim of this study is to report a case of an unusual large aneurysm of the internal carotid approached with a doubly mandibular osteotomy in order to prove the significance and the excellent result of the specified surgical procedure because of the cooperation of maxillofacial and vascular surgeons. The double mandibular osteotomy is described, as well as the bypass of the aneurysm and the anastomosis of the peripheral edges of the artery. The double mandibular osteotomy can deliver the internal carotid artery from the bifurcation to its entrance to the skull base through the carotid canal and can offer the opportunity to the vascular surgeon to perform the anastomosis easily, quickly and safely.
Article 17
Authors: Boerefijn Ineke , Fraser Julie
Published: November 2022

This chapter assesses Article 17 of the Convention, which provides for the establishment of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. Article 17 resembles the provisions establishing the other United Nations human rights treaty monitoring bodies, with a noteworthy difference in the envisaged enlargement of the Committee from eighteen to twenty-three members after the thirty-fifth ratification. The primary function of the Committee envisaged in the Convention is to consider States parties’ progress in implementing the Convention by means of the reporting procedure (Article 18), which was later supplemented by the individual communications and inquiry procedures of the Optional Protocol. Since 1987, the Committee has participated in the meetings of Chairpersons of the Human Rights Treaty Bodies, a forum in which problems that the treaty bodies have in common are discussed and where working methods are streamlined. These meetings have impacted upon the work of the Committee and vice versa.
Article 20
Authors: Boerefijn Ineke , Fraser Julie
Published: November 2022

This chapter explores Article 20 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), which sets the frequency and location of the Committee’s sessions. It limits the Committee’s meeting time to one session of a maximum of two weeks. This is unique in the UN human rights treaty system; none of the other treaties prescribes the monitoring body’s meeting time. As the number of States parties increased, one annual two-week meeting rapidly turned out to be clearly inadequate for consideration of all the reports and the Committee’s other work. This became even more problematic after the Optional Protocol entered into force in December 2000. Additional meeting time has been granted to the Committee on the basis of General Assembly resolutions, with the Committee now meeting forty-five days a year instead of the ten originally planned.
Article 25
Authors: Kroworsch Susann
Published: November 2022

This chapter examines Article 25 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Article 25 stipulates the procedures required to become a party to the Convention through signature and ratification; it also allows for accession which, in practice, includes succession. The Convention was adopted by the UN General Assembly (UNGA) in resolution 34/180 on 18 December 1979 and was opened for signature at the Copenhagen Conference on 17 July 1980, where sixty-four States signed it. As of 31 December 2021, 189 States have become parties to the Convention, 99 States by means of signature and ratification, 85 States by accession, and 8 States by way of succession. By signing the Convention, the State party is obliged to refrain from acts which would defeat the object and purpose of a treaty. Article 25 also declares the UN Secretary-General (UN SG) as the depositary.
Part 1 Concepts and General Frameworks, 1 Occupation: History, Normative Framework, Concepts
Authors: Eliav Lieblich , Eyal Benvenisti
Published: November 2022

This chapter provides a general introduction to occupation under international law. It begins with a short introduction to the concept of occupation as an exceptional regime. It then moves to present a very brief history of the concept, followed by an outline of the normative framework that governs occupation under contemporary international law. Thereafter, the chapter analyzes several theoretical issues that are crucial to understanding the challenges and dilemmas that permeate this body of law – such as the nature of the occupant's authority, occupation and sovereignty, purported unilateral annexation and the notion of illegal occupation. The concepts and theoretical tensions discussed in this chapter arise frequently in the analysis of specific issues in later chapters.occupation
Anti-Candida auris activity in vitro and in vivo of micafungin loaded nanoemulsions
Authors: Marena Gabriel Davi , Carvalho Gabriela Corrêa , dos Santos Ramos Matheus Aparecido , Chorilli Marlus , Bauab Tais Maria
Published: November 2022

Fungi are becoming increasingly resistant, especially the new strains. Therefore, this work developed nanoemulsions (NE) containing micafungin (MICA), in order to improve its action against infections caused by Candida auris. The NEs were composed of the surfactants polyoxyethylene (20) cetyl ether (Brij 58®)/soy phosphatidylcholine at 10%, sunflower oil/cholesterol at 10%, and 80% PBS. The NEs were characterized by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). For the microbiological in vitro evaluation the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), ergosterol/sorbitol, time kill and biofilms tests were performed. Additionally, the antifungal activity was also evaluated in a Galleria mellonella model. The same model was used in order to evaluate acute toxicity. The NE showed a size of ∼ 42.12 nm, a polydispersion index (PDI) of 0.289, and a zeta potential (ZP) of −3.86 mV. NEM had an average size of 41.29 nm, a PDI of 0.259, and a ZP of −4.71 mV. Finally, both nanoemulsions showed good stability in a storage period of 3 months. Although NEM did not show activity in planktonic cells, it exhibited action against biofilm and in the in vivo infection model. In the alternative in vivo model assay, it was possible to observe that both, NEM and free MICA at 0.2 mg/l, was effective against the infection, being that NEM presented a better action. Finally, NEM and free MICA showed no acute toxicity up to 4 mg/l. NEM showed the best activities in in vitro in mature antibiofilm and in alternative in vivo models in G. mellonella. Although, NEs showed to be attractive for MICA transport in the treatment of infections caused by C. auris in vitro and in vivo studies with G. mellonella, further studies should be carried out, in mice, for example.
BUDH iES V: the baryonic Tully–Fisher relation at z = 0.2 based on direct H i detections
Authors: Gogate A R , Verheijen M A W , van der Hulst J M , Jaffé Y L
Published: November 2022

We present H i-based B- and R-band Tully–Fisher relations (TFRs) and the Baryonic TFR (BTFR) at z = 0.2 using direct H i detections from the Blind Ultra-Deep H i Environmental Survey (BUDH iES). Deep photometry from the Isaac Newton Telescope was used for 36 out of 166 H i sources, matching the quality criteria required for a robust TFR analysis. Two velocity definitions at 20 and 50 per cent of the peak flux were measured from the global H i profiles and adopted as proxies for the circular velocities. We compare our results with an identically constructed z= 0 TFR from the Ursa Major association (UMa) of galaxies. To ensure an unbiased comparison of the TFR, all the samples were treated identically regarding sample selection and applied corrections. We provide catalogues and an atlas showcasing the properties of the galaxies. Our analysis is focused on the zero points of the TFR and BTFR with their slopes fixed to the z = 0 relation. Our main results are: (1) The BUDH iES galaxies show more asymmetric H i profiles with shallower wings compared to the UMa galaxies, which is likely due to the environment in which they reside, (2) The luminosity-based z= 0.2 TFRs are brighter and bluer than the z = 0 TFRs, even when cluster galaxies are excluded from the BUDH iES sample, (3) The BTFR shows no evolution in its zero point over the past 2.5 billion yr and does not significantly change on the inclusion of cluster galaxies, and (4) proper sample selection and consistent corrections are crucial for an unbiased analysis of the evolution of the TFR.
Two decades of optical timing of the shortest-period binary star system HM Cancri
Authors: Munday James , Marsh T R , Hollands Mark , Pelisoli Ingrid , Steeghs Danny , Hakala Pasi , Breedt Elmé , Brown Alex , Dhillon V S , Dyer Martin J , Green Matthew , Kerry Paul , Littlefair S P , Parsons Steven G , Sahman Dave , Somjit Sorawit , Sukaum Boonchoo , Wild James
Published: November 2022

The shortest-period binary star system known to date, RX J0806.3+1527 (HM Cancri), has now been observed in the optical for more than two decades. Although it is thought to be a double degenerate binary undergoing mass transfer, an early surprise was that its orbital frequency, f0, is currently increasing as the result of gravitational wave radiation. This is unusual since it was expected that the mass donor was degenerate and would expand on mass loss, leading to a decreasing f0. We exploit two decades of high-speed photometry to precisely quantify the trajectory of HM Cancri, allowing us to find that $\ddot{f}_0$ is negative, where $\ddot{f}_0~=~(-5.38\pm 2.10)\times 10^{-27}$ Hz s−2. Coupled with our positive frequency derivative, we show that mass transfer is counteracting gravitational-wave dominated orbital decay and that HM Cancri will turn around within 2100 ± 800 yr from now. We present Hubble Space Telescope ultra-violet spectra which display Lyman-α absorption, indicative of the presence of hydrogen accreted from the donor star. We use these pieces of information to explore a grid of permitted donor and accretor masses with the Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics suite, finding models in good accordance with many of the observed properties for a cool and initially hydrogen-rich extremely low mass white dwarf (≈0.17 M⊙) coupled with a high-accretor mass white dwarf (≈1.0 M⊙). Our measurements and models affirm that HM Cancri is still one of the brightest verification binaries for the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna spacecraft.
Cluster cosmology with anisotropic boosts: validation of a novel forward modelling analysis and application on SDSS redMaPPer clusters
Authors: Park Youngsoo , Sunayama Tomomi , Takada Masahiro , Kobayashi Yosuke , Miyatake Hironao , More Surhud , Nishimichi Takahiro , Sugiyama Sunao
Published: November 2022

We present a novel analysis for cluster cosmology that fully forward models the abundances, weak lensing, and the clustering of galaxy clusters. Our analysis notably includes an empirical model for the anisotropic boosts impacting the lensing and clustering signals of optical clusters. These boosts arise from a preferential selection of clusters surrounded by anisotropic large-scale structure, a consequence of the limited discrimination between line-of-sight interlopers and true cluster members offered by photometric surveys. We validate our analysis via a blind cosmology challenge on mocks, and find that we can obtain tight and unbiased cosmological constraints without informative priors or external calibrations on any of our model parameters. We then apply our analysis on the SDSS redMaPPer clusters, and find results favoring low Ωm and high σ8, combining to yield the lensing strength constraint $S_8 = 0.715_{-0.021}^{+0.024}$. We investigate potential drivers behind these results through a series of post-unblinding tests, noting that our results are consistent with existing cluster cosmology constraints but clearly inconsistent with other CMB/LSS based cosmology results. From these tests, we find hints that a suppression in the cluster lensing signal may be driving our results.
Varying-G gravity: physical properties, asymptotic regimes, and Green’s functions, an event horizon, the vacuum energy density, and the external pressure that modifies Jeans stability
Authors: Christodoulou Dimitris M , Kazanas Demosthenes
Published: November 2022

We study varying-G gravity and we add the necessary proofs (general force law, asymptotic forms, and Green’s functions, vacuum and external pressures, linearization of perturbations leading to a new Jeans stability criterion, and a physical origin) to elevate this novel idea to the status of a classical theory. The theory we lay out is not merely a correction to Newtonian gravity, it is a brand-new theory of gravity that encompasses the Newtonian framework and weak-field Weyl gravity in the limit of high accelerations, as well as Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) in the opposite limit. In varying-G gravity, the source of the potential of a spherical mass distribution M(x) is σ(dG/dx) + (G/x2)(dM/dx), where x is the dimensionless radial coordinate and σ(x) = M(x)/x2 is the surface density away from the center x = 0. We calculate the potential $\Phi (x)=\int {G(x)\, \sigma (x)\, dx}$ from Poisson’s equation and the radial acceleration $a(x) = G(x)\, \sigma (x)$. Furthermore, a non-linear scaling transformation of the radial coordinate $x\in (0, \infty)\longmapsto \xi \in (0, 1)$ with scale factor ξ/x ∝ 1/G produces a finite space, in which the spherical surface ξ = 1 is an event horizon. In this classical context, it is the coupling of σ(x) to the gradient dG/dx in the above source that modifies the dynamics at all astrophysical scales, including empty space (where dG/dx ≠ 0). In vacuum, the source σ(dG/dx) supports an energy density distribution that supplies a repelling pressure gradient outside of discrete isolated massive systems. Surprisingly, the same source becomes attractive in linearized perturbations, and its linear pressure gradient opposes the kinetic terms in the Jeans stability criterion.
Investigating non-linear and stochastic hard X-ray variability of active galactic nuclei using recurrence analysis
Authors: Phillipson R A , Vogeley M S , Boyd P T
Published: November 2022

We present results of recurrence analysis of 46 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) using light curves from the 157-month catalogue of the Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) in the 14–150 keV band. We generate recurrence plots and compute recurrence plot metrics for each object. We use the surrogate data method to compare all derived recurrence-based quantities to three sets of stochastic light curves with identical power spectrum, flux distribution, or both, in order to determine the presence of determinism, non-linearity, entropy, and non-stationarity. We compare these quantities with known physical characteristics of each system, such as black hole mass, Eddington ratio, and bolometric luminosity, radio loudness, obscuration, and spectroscopic type. We find that almost all AGNs in this sample exhibit substantial higher order modes of variability than is contained in the power spectrum, with approximately half exhibiting non-linear or non-stationary behaviour. We find that Type 2 AGNs are more likely to contain deterministic variability than Type 1 AGNs, while the same distinction is not found between obscured and unobscured AGNs. The complexity of variability among Type 1 AGNs is anticorrelated with Eddington ratio, while no relationship is found among Type 2 AGNs. The connections between the recurrence properties and AGN class suggest that hard X-ray emission is a probe of distinct accretion processes among classes of AGNs, which supports interpretations of changing-look AGNs and challenges the traditional unification model that classifies AGNs only on viewing angle.
The dark side of galaxy stellar populations – II. The dependence of star-formation histories on halo mass and on the scatter of the main sequence
Authors: Scholz-Díaz Laura , Martín-Navarro Ignacio , Falcón-Barroso Jesús
Published: November 2022

Nearby galaxies are the end result of their cosmological evolution, which is predicted to be influenced by the growth of their host dark matter haloes. This co-evolution potentially leaves signatures in present-day observed galaxy properties, which might be essential to further understand how the growth and properties of galaxies are connected to those of their host haloes. In this work, we study the evolutionary histories of nearby galaxies both in terms of their host haloes and the scatter of the star-forming main sequence by investigating their time-resolved stellar populations using absorption optical spectra drawn from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We find that galaxy star-formation histories depend on the masses of their host haloes, and hence they shape the evolution of the star-forming main sequence over cosmic time. Additionally, we also find that the scatter around the z = 0 star-forming main sequence is not (entirely) stochastic, as galaxies with currently different star-formation rates have experienced, on average, different star-formation histories. Our findings suggest that dark matter haloes might play a key role in modulating the evolution of star formation in galaxies, and thus of the main sequence, and further demonstrate that galaxies at different evolutionary stages contribute to the observed scatter of this relation.
Shattering and growth of cold clouds in galaxy clusters: the role of radiative cooling, magnetic fields, and thermal conduction
Authors: Jennings Fred , Beckmann Ricarda S , Sijacki Debora , Dubois Yohan
Published: November 2022

In galaxy clusters, the hot intracluster medium (ICM) can develop a striking multiphase structure around the brightest cluster galaxy. Much work has been done on understanding the origin of this central nebula, but less work has studied its eventual fate after the originally filamentary structure is broken into individual cold clumps. In this paper, we perform a suite of 30 (magneto)hydrodynamical simulations of kpc-scale cold clouds with typical parameters as found by galaxy cluster simulations, to understand whether clouds are mixed back into the hot ICM or can persist. We investigate the effects of radiative cooling, small-scale heating, magnetic fields, and (anisotropic) thermal conduction on the long-term evolution of clouds. We find that filament fragments cool on time-scales shorter than the crushing time-scale, fall out of pressure equilibrium with the hot medium, and shatter, forming smaller clumplets. These act as nucleation sites for further condensation, and mixing via Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, causing cold gas mass to double within 75 Myr. Cloud growth depends on density, as well as on local heating processes, which determine whether clouds undergo ablation- or shattering-driven evolution. Magnetic fields slow down but do not prevent cloud growth, with the evolution of both cold and warm phase sensitive to the field topology. Counterintuitively, anisotropic thermal conduction increases the cold gas growth rate compared to non-conductive clouds, leading to larger amounts of warm phase as well. We conclude that dense clumps on scales of 500 pc or more cannot be ignored when studying the long-term cooling flow evolution of galaxy clusters.
Effective dust growth in laminar circumplanetary discs with magnetic wind-driven accretion
Authors: Shibaike Yuhito , Mori Shoji
Published: November 2022

It has been considered that large satellites around gas planets form in situ circumplanetary discs (CPDs). However, dust particles supplied into CPDs drift toward the central planets before they grow into satellitesimals, building blocks of the satellites. We investigate the dust growth in laminar CPDs with magnetic wind-driven accretion. In such laminar discs, dust particles can settle on to the mid-plane and grow large by mutual collision more efficient than in classical turbulent CPDs. First, we carry out 3D local MHD simulations of a CPD including all the non-ideal MHD effects (Ohmic resistivity, Hall effect, and ambipolar diffusion). We investigate if the disc accretion can be governed by magnetic wind-driven accretion and how laminar the disc can be, in a situation where the magnetic disc wind can be launched from the disc. Secondly, we model 1D steady CPDs consistent with the results of the MHD simulations and calculate the steady radial distributions of the dust profiles in the modelled discs, taking account of the collisional growth, radial drift, fragmentation, and vertical stirring by the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. We show that satellitesimals can form in such CPDs if the dust-to-gas mass ratio of the inflow to the discs is larger than 0.02, which is 50 times smaller than the critical value in turbulent CPDs. This condition can be satisfied when enough amount of dust piles up at the gas pressure bump created by the planets. This result shows that satellitesimals would form in laminar CPDs with magnetic wind-driven accretion.
Observability of signatures of transport-induced chemistry in clear atmospheres of hot gas giant exoplanets
Authors: Zamyatina Maria , Hébrard Eric , Drummond Benjamin , Mayne Nathan J , Manners James , Christie Duncan A , Tremblin Pascal , Sing David K , Kohary Krisztian
Published: November 2022

Transport-induced quenching, i.e. the homogenization of chemical abundances by atmospheric advection, is thought to occur in the atmospheres of hot gas giant exoplanets. While some numerical modelling of this process exists, the three-dimensional nature of transport-induced quenching is underexplored. Here, we present results of 3D cloud- and haze-free simulations of the atmospheres of HAT-P-11b, HD 189733b, HD 209458b, and WASP-17b including coupled hydrodynamics, radiative transfer, and chemistry. Our simulations were performed with two chemical schemes: a chemical kinetics scheme, which is capable of capturing transport-induced quenching, and a simpler, more widely used chemical equilibrium scheme. We find that transport-induced quenching is predicted to occur in atmospheres of all planets in our sample; however, the extent to which it affects their synthetic spectra and phase curves varies from planet to planet. This implies that there is a ‘sweet spot’ for the observability of signatures of transport-induced quenching, which is controlled by the interplay between the dynamics and chemistry.
Measurements of anomalous cosmic rays from the WIND spacecraft over 1994–2021
Authors: Fu Shuai , Zhang Xiaoping , Zhao Lingling , Wang Ming , Shang Wensai , Luo Pengwei
Published: November 2022

Observations provide direct evidence for a sustained decline in solar activity since the 1980s, with the minimum between solar cycles 24 and 25 (P24/25) reaching its deepest trough in the past hundred years. In response to the reduced solar modulation, low-energy (<GeV) galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) at 1 au attain historical new highs in P24/25, while anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs) show very inconsistent variations with GCRs. To better understand the long-term ACR variations, we revisit the 6.0–13.4 MeV nuc−1 oxygen measurements from the WIND/LEMT instrument over 1994–2021, with particular interests to the recent three solar minima: P22/23 (solar magnetic polarity A > 0), P23/24 (A < 0), and P24/25 (A > 0). We find that the peak ACR intensities in P24/25 are ∼20 per cent lower than those in P22/23 but ∼48 per cent above those in P23/24. Additionally, for a specified heliospheric current sheet (HCS) tilt angle, the GCR intensities in P24/25 are inferred to be significantly higher than those in P22/23 (both are in A > 0 cycles), whereas the ACR intensities in P24/25 are close to those in P22/23. These results indicate that large variability in ACRs exists not only between opposite-polarity cycles, but also between different cycles of the same polarity, and ACRs may be more sensitive to varying HCS compared to GCRs. We speculate that variations in the ACR source intensity may be a key to understanding the ACR–GCR discrepancies. This is the first time for such a long-term study being possible with the same instrument.
Missed opportunities: GRB 211211A and the case for continual gravitational-wave coverage with a single observatory
Authors: Sarin Nikhil , Lasky Paul D , Nathan Rowina S
Published: November 2022

Gamma-ray burst GRB 211211A may have been the result of a neutron star merger at ≈350 Mpc. However, none of the LIGO–Virgo detectors were operating at the time. We show that the gravitational-wave signal from a GRB 211211A-like binary neutron star inspiral in the next LIGO–Virgo–KAGRA observing run (O4) would be below the conventional detection threshold, however a coincident gamma-ray burst observation would provide necessary information to claim a statistically significant multimessenger observation. We calculate that with O4 sensitivity, approximately $11{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of gamma-ray bursts within 600 Mpc will produce a confident association between the gravitational-wave binary neutron star inspiral signature and the prompt gamma-ray signature. This corresponds to a coincident detection rate of $0.22^{+8.3}_{-0.22}\,\mathrm{yr^{-1}}$, where the uncertainties are the 90 per cent confidence intervals arising from uncertainties in the absolute merger rate, beaming and jet-launching fractions. These increase to approximately $34{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ and $0.71^{+26.8}_{-0.70}\,\mathrm{yr^{-1}}$ with proposed O5 sensitivity. We show that the above numbers do not depend significantly on the number of gravitational-wave observatories operating with the specific sensitivity. That is, the number of confident joint gamma-ray burst and gravitational-wave detections is only marginally improved with two or three detectors operating compared to a single detector. It is therefore worth considering whether one detector with sufficient sensitivity (post O4) should remain in sky-watch mode at all times to elucidate the true nature of GRB 211211A-like events, a proposal we discuss in detail.
Spectral analysis of basaltic asteroids observed by the Gaia space mission
Authors: Oszkiewicz Dagmara , Klimczak Hanna , Carry Benoit , Penttilä Antti , Popescu Marcel , Krüger Joachim , Aron Keniger Marcelo
Published: November 2022

There is a great deal of scientific interest in characterizing the basaltic asteroids (spectrally classified as V-types), as they are the key to understanding planetesimal formation and evolution in the early Solar system. These have long been recognized as parts of the crusts of fully differentiated planetesimals. Thus, their multiplicity, distribution, and physical characteristics are crucial for providing context for and constraining the theoretical evolution models of the Solar system. In this work, we perform spectral analysis with an extended data set of spectral measurements from the ESA Gaia mission Data Release 3, thus increasing the sample size of the analysed V-types by more than three times as compared to the literature. Using the data provided by Gaia, we identified ∼2000 possible V-type asteroids. About 350 of them successfully pass our data validation criteria. This sample includes 31 new V-type asteroids beyond 2.5 au and 6 in the Phocaea region. We confirm that the V-type asteroids in the middle and outer part of the main belt show distinct spectral properties compared to typical vestoids. In the inner main belt, we found a great diversity of spectral parameters among the V-types in all populations. Number of asteroids show band depths even greater than that of (1459) Magnya. Furthermore, some objects present 0.9 μm band-centres more than one standard deviation away from the typical value for vestoids. However since the DR3 band centres are often overestimated, those findings are to be confirmed. Overall our results indicate that the inner main belt may contain remnants of multiple differentiated planetesimals, not just (4) Vesta.
Etherington duality breaking: gravitational lensing in non-metric space–times versus intrinsic alignments
Authors: Giesel Eileen Sophie , Ghosh Basundhara , Schäfer Björn Malte
Published: November 2022

The Etherington distance duality relation is well-established for metric theories of gravity, and confirms the duality between the luminosity distance and the angular diameter distance through the conservation of surface brightness. A violation of the Etherington distance duality due to lensing in a non-metric space–time would lead to fluctuations in surface brightness of galaxies. Likewise, fluctuations of the surface brightness can arise in classical astrophysics as a consequence of intrinsic tidal interaction of galaxies with their environment. Therefore, we study these in two cases in detail: First, for intrinsic size fluctuations and the resulting changes in surface brightness, and secondly, for an area-metric space–time as an example of a non-metric space–time, where the distance duality relation itself acquires modifications. The aim of this work is to quantify whether a surface brightness fluctuation effect due to area-metric gravity would be resolvable compared to the similar effect caused by intrinsic alignment. We thus compare the auto- and cross-correlations of the angular spectra in these two cases and show that the fluctuations in intrinsic brightness can potentially be measured with a cumulative signal-to-noise ratio Σ(ℓ) ≥ 3 in a Euclid-like survey. The measurement in area-metric space–times, however, depends on the specific parameter choices, which also determine the shape and amplitude of the spectra. While lensing surveys do have sensitivity to lensing-induced surface brightness fluctuations in area-metric space–times, the measurement does not seem to be possible for natural values of the Etherington-breaking parameters.
Relativistic distortions in galaxy density–ellipticity correlations: gravitational redshift and peculiar velocity effects
Authors: Saga Shohei , Okumura Teppei , Taruya Atsushi , Inoue Takuya
Published: November 2022

We study relativistic effects, arising from the light propagation in an inhomogeneous universe. We particularly investigate the effects imprinted in a cross-correlation function between galaxy positions and intrinsic galaxy shapes (GI correlation). Considering the Doppler and gravitational redshift effects as major relativistic effects, we present an analytical model of the GI correlation function, from which we find that the relativistic effects induce non-vanishing odd multipole anisotropies. Focusing particularly on the dipole anisotropy, we show that the Doppler effect dominates at large scales, while the gravitational redshift effect originated from the halo potential dominates at the scales below 10–$30\, {\rm Mpc}\, h^{-1}$, with the amplitude of the dipole GI correlation being positive over all the scales. Also, we newly derive the covariance matrix for the modelled GI dipole. Taking into account the full covariance, we estimate the signal-to-noise ratio and show that the GI dipole induced by the relativistic effects is detectable in future large-volume galaxy surveys. We discuss how the measurement of dipole GI correlation could be helpful to detect relativistic effects in combination with the conventional galaxy–galaxy cross-correlation.
Observational signatures of massive black hole progenitor pathways: could Leo I be a smoking gun?
Authors: Regan John A , Pacucci Fabio , Bustamante-Rosell M J
Published: November 2022

Observational evidence is mounting regarding the population demographics of massive black holes (MBHs), from the most massive cluster galaxies down to the dwarf galaxy regime. However, the progenitor pathways from which these central MBHs formed remain unclear. Here, we report a potentially powerful observational signature of MBH formation in dwarf galaxies. We argue that a continuum in the mass spectrum of MBHs in (fossil) dwarf galaxies would be a unique signature of a heavy seed formation pathway. The continuum in this case would consist of the usual population of stellar mass black holes, formed through stellar evolution, plus a smaller population of heavy seed MBHs that have not yet sunk to the centre of the galaxy. Under the robust assumption of initial fragmentation of the parent gas cloud resulting in a burst of heavy seed production, a significant fraction of these seeds will survive to the present day as off-nuclear MBHs with masses less than that of the central object. Motivated by the recent discovery of an MBH in the relatively low central density Leo I galaxy, we show that such a continuum in MBH seed masses should persist from the lightest black hole masses up to the mass of the central MBH in contrast to the light seeding scenario where no such continuum should exist. The detection of off-centred MBHs and a central MBH would represent strong evidence of a heavy seeding pathway.
Enhanced binding of an HU homologue under increased DNA supercoiling preserves chromosome organisation and sustains Streptomyces hyphal growth
Authors: Strzałka Agnieszka , Kois-Ostrowska Agnieszka , Kędra Magda , Łebkowski Tomasz , Bieniarz Grażyna , Szafran Marcin J , Jakimowicz Dagmara
Published: November 2022

Bacterial chromosome topology is controlled by topoisomerases and nucleoid-associated proteins (NAPs). While topoisomerases regulate DNA supercoiling, NAPs introduce bends or coat DNA upon its binding, affecting DNA loop formation. Streptomyces, hyphal, multigenomic bacteria known for producing numerous clinically important compounds, use the highly processive topoisomerase I (TopA) to remove excessive negative DNA supercoils. Elongated vegetative Streptomyces cells contain multiple copies of their linear chromosome, which remain relaxed and relatively evenly distributed. Here, we explored how TopA cooperates with HupA, an HU homologue that is the most abundant Streptomyces NAP. We verified that HupA has an increased affinity for supercoiled DNA in vivo and in vitro. Analysis of mutant strains demonstrated that HupA elimination is detrimental under high DNA supercoiling conditions. The absence of HupA, combined with decreased TopA levels, disrupted chromosome distribution in hyphal cells, eventually inhibiting hyphal growth. We concluded that increased HupA binding to DNA under elevated chromosome supercoiling conditions is critical for the preservation of chromosome organisation.
Liquid biopsy with multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification targeting cell-free tumor DNA in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with adult diffuse glioma
Authors: Otsuji Ryosuke , Fujioka Yutaka , Hata Nobuhiro , Kuga Daisuke , Sangatsuda Yuhei , Takigawa Kosuke , Funakoshi Yusuke , Sako Aki , Yamamoto Hidetaka , Nakamizo Akira , Mizoguchi Masahiro , Yoshimoto Koji
Published: November 2022

Background

Copy number alterations (CNAs) are common in diffuse gliomas and have been shown to have diagnostic significance. While liquid biopsy for diffuse glioma has been widely investigated, techniques for detecting CNAs are currently limited to methods such as next-generation sequencing. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) is an established method for copy number analysis in pre-specified loci. In this study, we investigated whether CNAs could be detected by MLPA using patients’ cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Methods

Twenty-five cases of adult diffuse glioma with CNAs were selected. Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) was extracted from the CSF, and DNA sizes and concentrations were recorded. Twelve samples, which had appropriate DNA sizes and concentrations, were subsequently used for analysis.

Results

MLPA could be successfully performed in all 12 cases, and the detected CNAs were concordant with those detected using tumor tissues. Cases with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification, combination of gain of chromosome 7 and loss of chromosome 10, platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha amplification, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 amplification, and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) homozygous deletion were clearly distinguished from those with normal copy numbers. Moreover, EGFR variant III was accurately detected based on CNA.

Conclusions

Thus, our results demonstrate that copy number analysis can be successfully performed by MLPA of cfDNA extracted from the CSF of patients with diffuse glioma.
SYNTAXIN OF PLANTS81 regulates root meristem activity and stem cell niche maintenance via ROS signaling
Authors: Wang Mingjing , Zhang Hailong , Zhao Xiaonan , Zhou Jingwen , Qin Guochen , Liu Yuqi , Kou Xiaoyue , Zhao Zhenjie , Wu Tao , Zhu Jian-Kang , Feng Xianzhong , Li Lixin
Published: November 2022

Root growth and development depend on continuous cell division and differentiation in root tips. In these processes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a critical role as signaling molecules. However, few ROS signaling regulators have been identified. In this study, we found knockdown of a syntaxin gene, SYNTAXIN OF PLANTS81 in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtSYP81) resulted in a severe reduction in root meristem activity and disruption of root stem cell niche (SCN) identity. Subsequently, we found AtSYP81 was highly expressed in roots and localized on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Interestingly, the reduced expression of AtSYP81 conferred a decreased number of peroxisomes in root meristem cells, raising a possibility that AtSYP81 regulates root development through peroxisome-mediated ROS production. Further transcriptome analysis revealed that class III peroxidases, which are responsible for intracellular ROS homeostasis, showed significantly changed expression in the atsyp81 mutants and AtSYP81 overexpression lines, adding evidence of the regulatory role of AtSYP81 in ROS signaling. Accordingly, rescuing the decreased ROS level via applying ROS donors effectively restored the defects in root meristem activity and SCN identity in the atsyp81 mutants. APETALA2 (AP2) transcription factors PLETHORA1 and 2 (PLT1 and PLT2) were then established as the downstream effectors in this pathway, while potential crosstalk between ROS signaling and auxin signaling was also indicated. Taken together, our findings suggest that AtSYP81 regulates root meristem activity and maintains root SCN identity by controlling peroxisome- and peroxidase-mediated ROS homeostasis, thus both broadening and deepening our understanding of the biological roles of SNARE proteins and ROS signaling.
Radiological biomarkers of idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus: new approaches for detecting concomitant Alzheimer's disease and predicting prognosis
Authors: Cai Hanlin , Zou Yinxi , Gao Hui , Huang Keru , Liu Yu , Cheng Yuting , Liu Yi , Zhou Liangxue , Zhou Dong , Chen Qin
Published: November 2022

Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a clinical syndrome characterized by cognitive decline, gait disturbance, and urinary incontinence. As iNPH often occurs in elderly individuals prone to many types of comorbidity, a differential diagnosis with other neurodegenerative diseases is crucial, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD). A growing body of published work provides evidence of radiological methods, including multimodal magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography, which may help noninvasively differentiate iNPH from AD or reveal concurrent AD pathology in vivo. Imaging methods detecting morphological changes, white matter microstructural changes, cerebrospinal fluid circulation, and molecular imaging have been widely applied in iNPH patients. Here, we review radiological biomarkers using different methods in evaluating iNPH pathophysiology and differentiating or detecting concomitant AD, to noninvasively predict the possible outcome postshunt and select candidates for shunt surgery.
Italian subsidised crop insurance: What the role of policy changes
Authors: Santeramo Fabio Gaetano , Russo Ilaria , Lamonaca Emilia
Published: November 2022

Risk management in agriculture is crucial and policymakers are implementing policy reforms to foster farmers’ adoption of ex-ante risk management tools such as crop insurance: Their effectiveness is the core of policy evaluation exercises. The Italian subsidised crop insurance market has been interested by major reforms in 2013 and 2015. The 2013 reform removed subsidies to the mono-risk insurance contracts, whereas the 2015 reform replaced the multi- and pluri-risks contract schemes with packages, devoted to providing coverage over different sets of adversities, thus altering the framework that has been used for several years. We show that the first reform contributed to the drop in the quantity of insurance purchased, whereas the latter reform has increased the quality of the insurance purchased.
The ILHBN: challenges, opportunities, and solutions from harmonizing data under heterogeneous study designs, target populations, and measurement protocols
Authors: Chow Sy-Miin , Nahum-Shani Inbal , Baker Justin T , Spruijt-Metz Donna , Allen Nicholas B , Auerbach Randy P , Dunton Genevieve F , Friedman Naomi P , Intille Stephen S , Klasnja Predrag , Marlin Benjamin , Nock Matthew K , Rauch Scott L , Pavel Misha , Vrieze Scott , Wetter David W , Kleiman Evan M , Brick Timothy R , Perry Heather , Wolff-Hughes Dana L ,   Intensive Longitudinal Health Behavior Network (ILHBN), Bodovski Yosef , Wang Shirlene , Kaslander Jonathan , Chu Daniel , Ponnada Aditya , Braga De Braganca Rebecca , Schloesser Dana , Chi Guanqing , Rivera Daniel , Liebenthal Einat
Published: November 2022

The ILHBN is funded by the National Institutes of Health to collaboratively study the interactive dynamics of behavior, health, and the environment using Intensive Longitudinal Data (ILD) to (a) understand and intervene on behavior and health and (b) develop new analytic methods to innovate behavioral theories and interventions. The heterogenous study designs, populations, and measurement protocols adopted by the seven studies within the ILHBN created practical challenges, but also unprecedented opportunities to capitalize on data harmonization to provide comparable views of data from different studies, enhance the quality and utility of expensive and hard-won ILD, and amplify scientific yield. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief report of the challenges, opportunities, and solutions from some of the ILHBN’s cross-study data harmonization efforts. We review the process through which harmonization challenges and opportunities motivated the development of tools and collection of metadata within the ILHBN. A variety of strategies have been adopted within the ILHBN to facilitate harmonization of ecological momentary assessment, location, accelerometer, and participant engagement data while preserving theory-driven heterogeneity and data privacy considerations. Several tools have been developed by the ILHBN to resolve challenges in integrating ILD across multiple data streams and time scales both within and across studies. Harmonization of distinct longitudinal measures, measurement tools, and sampling rates across studies is challenging, but also opens up new opportunities to address cross-cutting scientific themes of interest.