bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ernst Fuchs und die Weltgeltung der Wiener Ophthalmologischen Schule um 1900
Authors: Schmidt-Wyklicky Gabriela
Published: July 2021

Die vorliegende Publikation von Gabriela Schmidt-Wyklicky stellt die erste umfassende wissenschaftliche Monographie über Ernst Fuchs (1851–1930) dar, den bedeutendsten österreichischen Ophthalmologen an der Wende vom 19. zum 20 Jahrhundert. Durch seine pathohistologischen Forschungsarbeiten und seine innovative, internationale Lehrtätigkeit sowie durch sein epochales Lehrbuch der Augenheilkunde, das ins Englische, Französische, Italienische, Russische, Japanische und Chinesische übersetzt wurde, genoss Fuchs weltweit höchstes Ansehen. Dadurch führte Fuchs die Wiener Ophthalmologische Schule innerhalb seines Fachgebietes durch fünf Jahrzehnte zur internationalen Führungsposition.
„Jeśli chcesz być doskonały…” - tożsamość współczesnego pustelnika
Authors: Bujalska Katarzyna Jolanta
Published: July 2021

Życie pustelnicze jest ogromnym darem dla Kościoła. Obecnie można zauważyć zwiększone zainteresowanie tą indywidualną formą życia konsekrowanego. Kobiety i mężczyźni udają się na współczesne pustynie, aby trwać w Bożej obecności i złączyć swoje życie z Ukrzyżowanym Chrystusem. Ich tożsamość na nowo została wytyczona po Soborze Watykańskim II w kan. 603 Kodeksu prawa kanonicznego. Zwraca on uwagę na teologiczne (odsunięcie od świata, milczenie odosobnienia, gorliwa modlitwa, pokuta) i prawne (indywidualna forma życia, publiczna profesja trzech rad ewangelicznych oraz życie zgodne z statutem osobowym) elementy tożsamości pustelniczej.
Modlitwa szkołą nadziei w życiu osób konsekrowanych według Benedykta XVI
Authors: Pagacz Małgorzata
Published: July 2021

Artykuł przedstawia zagadnienie modlitwy osób konsekrowanych na podstawie nauczania Benedykta XVI. Według papieża, modlitwa – która stanowi o istocie życia osób całkowicie poświęconych Bogu – jest pierwszym ważnym miejscem uczenia się nadziei opartej na Bogu i Jego obietnicach. Osoby konsekrowane pełnią posługę nadziei, ponieważ więź z Chrystusem i życie duchowe są dla nich czymś fundamentalnym. Poprzez swoje życie oddane modlitwie i kontemplacji rzeczy Bożych wskazują, gdzie odnawia się i oczyszcza wiara oraz ufność. Modlitwa osób konsekrowanych wyraża ofiarę składaną przez nich Bogu; jako znak nadziei ma niezastąpione znaczenie we współczesnym świecie.
Sleep-related breathing disorders in patients with heart failure: classification, epidemiology and pathophysiology. Part I
Authors: Krupichka K. S. , Agaltsov M. V. , Myasnikov R. P. , Drapkina O. M.
Published: July 2021

The problem of heart failure (HF) is one of the central problems in modern cardiology due to its high prevalence among the population and high mortality. In turn, sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBD) are widespread in patients with HF and are associated with both the progression of the underlying disease and a decrease in the quality of life. For the first time, periodic breathing, as one of the types of sleep breathing disorders, was described in patients with HF.

Further study of the issue showed a high prevalence of other types of SRBD among patients with HF The article discusses the physiology of sleep breathing monitoring in a healthy person and the pathophysiology of SRBD. The pathogenesis of central sleep apnea and its relationship with HF are discussed in detail. In addition, the mechanisms of the adverse effect of obstructive sleep apnea and HF are highlighted.
Serum biomarkers of cardiovascular complications in COVID-19
Authors: Gumerov R. M. , Gareeva D. F. , Davtyan P. A. , Rakhimova R. F. , Musin T. I. , Zagidullin Sh. Z. , Pushkareva A. E. , Plotnikova M. R. , Ishmetov V. Sh. , Pavlov V. N. , Motloch L. J. , Zagidullin N. Sh.
Published: July 2021

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affects not only the respiratory system, but also the cardiovascular system in 20-28% of cases, causing endothelial dysfunction, vasculitis, hyper- and hypocoagulation, myocarditis, endothelial dysfunction and other adverse effects. The presence of cardiovascular risk factors and diseases has been shown to worsen the disease severity and increase mortality from COVID-19. Recent studies have also found that elevations in some serum cardiovascular biomarkers can stratify the disease severity, in particular rates of hospitalizations to an internal medicine or intensive care unit, intubation, and mortality. They can be divided into markers of damage (TnT/I, creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and CPK-MB, myoglobin, NT-proBNP), coagulation (prothrombin time, fibrinogen and D-dimer), as well as prospective biomarkers for which the available evidence base is limited but there is a pathophysiological rationale (homocysteine and sST2). This review presents studies on the use of above serum biomarkers to stratify the risk of death in patients with COVID-19.
Sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors: successful running after two hares
Authors: Perepech N. B. , Mikhailova I. E.
Published: July 2021

The review is devoted to the clinical efficacy of sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors. Information on the mechanisms of drug action is given, as well as rationale for their use in the management of patients with diabetes and heart failure (HF) is provided. The results of large-scale randomized clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitors are discussed. We showed the beneficial effect of SGLT-2 inhibitors on the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. In addition, an evidence of the ability of dapagliflozin and empagliflozin to improve the prognosis of patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction without diabetes are presented. The evidence and mechanisms of the nephroprotective action of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with diabetes and HF are considered.
Percepção e hierarquia de riscos de inundação recorrente em área urbana regularizada: uma análise discursiva
Authors: Silva Sandra Luzia Assis da , Martins Mário Henrique da Mata , Spink Mary Jane Paris
Published: July 2021

RESUMO Este estudo analisou estratégias discursivas adotadas por moradores que vivem em uma área de risco de inundações recorrentes para justificar sua permanência no bairro. Foi baseado em suas percepções, critérios de hierarquização de riscos, ações preventivas e ações de mitigação de riscos. Para tanto, foram analisados trechos de diários de campo e entrevistas semiestruturadas com dois moradores que discordavam sobre o risco de inundações e a necessidade de permanecer no bairro. Os resultados mostram que as dificuldades econômicas de realocação e os princípios morais que impedem alguém de vender sua casa são argumentos usados pelo morador que quer se mudar do bairro. O morador que deseja permanecer no bairro tende a normalizar os riscos e a valorizar os benefícios da região. Os residentes decidem se devem ou não deixar a água entrar em suas casas durante uma enchente e se devem ou não sair de casa durante a estação chuvosa para realizar suas atividades diárias com base em sua organização prévia e apego ao lugar e bens materiais. Conclui-se que as inundações afetam a vida cotidiana dos moradores e envolvem processos de tomada de decisão que precisam ser considerados pelas autoridades públicas na gestão de riscos.
Risk perception and hierarchy of risks related to recurrent floods in a regularized urban area: a discursive analysis
Authors: Silva Sandra Luzia Assis da , Martins Mário Henrique da Mata , Spink Mary Jane Paris
Published: July 2021

RESUMO Este estudo analisou estratégias discursivas adotadas por moradores que vivem em uma área de risco de inundações recorrentes para justificar sua permanência no bairro. Foi baseado em suas percepções, critérios de hierarquização de riscos, ações preventivas e ações de mitigação de riscos. Para tanto, foram analisados trechos de diários de campo e entrevistas semiestruturadas com dois moradores que discordavam sobre o risco de inundações e a necessidade de permanecer no bairro. Os resultados mostram que as dificuldades econômicas de realocação e os princípios morais que impedem alguém de vender sua casa são argumentos usados pelo morador que quer se mudar do bairro. O morador que deseja permanecer no bairro tende a normalizar os riscos e a valorizar os benefícios da região. Os residentes decidem se devem ou não deixar a água entrar em suas casas durante uma enchente e se devem ou não sair de casa durante a estação chuvosa para realizar suas atividades diárias com base em sua organização prévia e apego ao lugar e bens materiais. Conclui-se que as inundações afetam a vida cotidiana dos moradores e envolvem processos de tomada de decisão que precisam ser considerados pelas autoridades públicas na gestão de riscos.
Diagnosticando estruturas e capacitações de aprendizagem de uma Universidade Pública do Nordeste do Brasil
Authors: Loiola Elisabeth , Assis Neto Edgar , Figueiredo Paulo , Soares Junior Jair Sampaio
Published: July 2021

Objetiva-se diagnosticar estruturas e capacitações de Organizações de Aprendizagem (OA) em uma Instituição de Ensino Superior (IES) federal, pública e de grande porte, do Nordeste do Brasil, para promovê-las e melhorar seu desempenho e de seus servidores. A pesquisa quantitativa, do tipo survey com amostra não aleatória, usa o Dimensions of Learning Organization Questionnaire – DLOQ, e a qualitativa realiza-se por análise documental. A análise documental temática contextualiza a IES nordestina no setor educacional no mundo e no Brasil. Do total de 7638 questionários enviados aos servidores, 403 retornam e 378 são válidos. Analisam-se os dados de forma global e entre docentes e servidores técnico-administrativos, e calculam-se as correlações intra e inter fatores do DLOQ. A IES apresenta fragilidades em estruturas e capacitações de OA em nível individual e, mais fortemente, de grupo e organizacional. Estruturas e capacitações de aprendizagem do nível individual correlacionam-se mais fortemente com as do nível grupal e as deste último nível com as de nível organizacional. Docentes avaliam melhor as estruturas e capacitações em aprendizagem do que os servidores técnico-administrativos. O conjunto de resultados sinaliza que a cadeia de interinfluência dos fatores de OA da IES não está ativada em todo o seu potencial positivo e que os pesquisados não reconhecem a IES como organização de aprendizagem. Dedicando um olhar contextualizado e aberto a capturar diferenças internas às IES como organizações de aprendizagem e focando na cadeia de interinfluência de fatores de AO, a pesquisa ressalta aspectos não triviais em artigos sobre OA.
EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL NA ESCOLA: LITERATURA INTERNACIONAL E ANÁLISE DE ESTUDOS BRASILEIROS
Authors: Rosa Maria Arlete , Kauchakje Samira , Fontana Maria Iolanda
Published: July 2021

Este estudo caracteriza um panorama da literatura internacional e brasileira sobre a educação ambiental escolar. Investiga-se como a literatura, em especial a brasileira, aborda a educação ambiental na escola? Os procedimentos da Revisão Sistemática de Literatura permitiram selecionar, entre os anos de 2000 e 2020, 108 artigos, deste total, 66 artigos são de autores com vínculos em instituições internacionais e 42 com vínculos em instituições brasileiras. A análise dos textos permitiu agrupá-los em três categorias identificadas: políticas de educação ambiental; práticas pedagógicas e formação de professores. São 10 artigos que tratam de política de educação ambiental; 77 de práticas pedagógicas e 21 de formação de professores. As práticas pedagógicas representam 71% do total de artigos, concentrando-se no ensino fundamental, que abordam: metodologias valorizando aulas ao ar livre, visitas de campo e natureza; temas relacionados à água, representações sociais, interculturalidade e comunidades tradicionais, conscientização ambiental e epistemologia, entre outros. São incipientes os estudos sobre tecnologias e interdisciplinaridade. Destacam-se, na formação de professores, as práticas pedagógicas participativas e dialógicas. Políticas de educação ambiental são pouco investigadas e discutem projetos e programas orientados para os cuidados e uso dos recursos ambientais. Nas conclusões dos estudos de autores de instituições brasileiras, é recorrente a abordagem crítica que busca superar as concepções da educação ambiental conservadora e naturalista, assim como práticas isoladas, desarticuladas e fragmentadas e com pouco apoio das instituições de ensino. Isso poder contribuir para o fortalecimento desta abordagem nas discussões e na prática da Educação Ambiental na escola.
Earth Pressures Mobilised in Dry Sand with Active Rigid Retaining Wall Movement
Authors: Deng C. , Haigh S.K.
Published: July 2021

A series of centrifuge tests was conducted to explore the earth pressures mobilised in loose and dense sand for a complete set of active movement modes of a rigid retaining wall: rotation about the base, translation and rotation about the top. Earth pressures behind the wall were measured by a Tekscan pressure mapping system. This paper reveals that earth pressures at all depths decrease simultaneously with active wall rotation about the base, while those in shallow layers can increase with active wall translation and rotation about the top. A linkage between earth pressures and shear strains was built as a simplified constitutive law, together with deformation mechanisms, allowing designers to predict flexible wall deflections during construction as well as ultimate collapse.
Giving Voice to the Voiceless: Probing Current Issues for Student Teachers in EFL Teacher Education Program in Iran
Authors: Karimi Fatemeh , Fakhri Alamdari Ebrahim , Ahmadian Mehrshad
Published: July 2021

The present study attempted to give insight into the features of an effective English as a foreign language (EFL) teacher education program by exploring student teachers’ beliefs, ideas, and the challenges they encounter during their teacher education program. The data were collected through several semi-structured focus group interview sessions with a total number of forty-one BA, MA, and PhD students studying teaching English as a foreign language (TEFL) at university. The qualitative grounded theory design was used to analyze the data, and the findings of the study were corroborated with interpretations obtained from the informal observation of several university classes in a TEFL teacher education program in Iran. The inductive analysis of the data resulted in developing the following categories: the challenge of developing the ability to move back and forth from theory to practice,  the struggle to establish a professional identity, the quest for the ‘self’, less-practiced reflective practice, and the missing connection between teacher education programs and schools. The discussion concerning the challenges and issues culminated in implications for EFL teacher education programs through which they can take the issues that student teachers normally experience into account and help them pave the way for an effective EFL teacher education program.
Exploring How Rhetorical Organization Contributes to the Readability of Essays
Authors: Baker John R.
Published: July 2021

The facilitative benefits of genre-specific reading have often been cited as a truism in the field of writing education. In line with this, writing center self-access libraries typically provide a selection of composition texts, including rhetorics (anthologies of model paragraphs and essays). Readability formulae (e.g., the Lexile Readability Formula) are often used to determine whether these texts will be a good fit for potential readers, and although the Lexile Formula reliably and validly assesses two features (i.e., semantic and syntactic), it does not consider other contributing features during the text selection process (e.g., rhetorical organization). To address this, this sequential, mixed-methods study explored the effects of rhetorical organization on undergraduate English language learners’ perceptions of difficulty when reading exemplars (i.e., essays) excerpted from rhetorics. The results indicated that rhetorical organization influences readability both as (a) a primary (i.e., an isolated feature) and (b) a conjoined feature (i.e., comprising two or more associated entities where the second impacts the first). The article also provides a suggestion for writing education professionals and the publishing industry: Readability formulae should be administered in a hybrid fashion, where additional features such as rhetorical organization are subjectively considered when assessing the difficulty of exemplars.
Repair Practice in the Classroom Conversations of Indonesian EFL Students
Authors: Aleksius Madar
Published: July 2021

This study examines repair practice by English as a Foreign Language ( EFL) college students to address the understanding problems that may cause communication breakdowns in classroom conversations. Conversational data were elicited from 40 second-semester students performing jigsaw and information gap communicative tasks. Using the conversation analysis theory and methodological approach, the recorded and transcribed conversations were analyzed to scrutinize the frequency and types of repair strategies, trouble sources, and repair outcomes. The findings show that to address the understanding problem, the EFL college students employed 11 other-initiated repair strategies: Open-class or unspecified strategies; WH-interrogatives; Partial repeat plus WH- interrogatives; Repetition or partial repetition; Candidate understanding; Correction; Request for repetition; Non-verbal; Asking for definition, explanation, translation, example, or spelling; Explicit display of non-understanding; and Request to speak up. These other-initiated repair strategies were triggered by the presence of lexical, semantic content-related, and sequential/speech delivery trouble sources.  Attempts to resolve the understanding problem were conducted by a set of repair outcomes, including Repetition, Acknowledgment, Repetition or acknowledgment plus expansion, explanation, and/or translation, and Repetition or acknowledgment plus translation.  The study provides language educators with new insights on how EFL learners deal with understanding problems in communication so that they could respond appropriately to the repair practice initiated by the students.
1-Step Lysis, DNA Fragmentation and Extraction v1
Authors: Hochheimer Kai , Le Nhi , Machne Rainer
Published: July 2021

This protocol is a 1-step method for Escherichia coli cell lysis and DNA fragmentation by indirect ultrasonic treatment with a cooling system. DNA fragment size distribution can be tuned by varying the intensity and length of the ultrasonic treatment. We used a custom-build setup with a Bandelin Sonoplus homogenizer and the Bandelin BB6 cup horn with a reaction tube holder. This allows for indirect sonication with continuous cooling by a cheap water cooler and pump obtained in a local aquarium shop. The same procedure should also work with (expensive) sonication platforms such as the Covaris. Using this protocol we obtained DNA fragments with high yield and uniform size distribution. Illumina sequencing of the fragments showed uniform fragmentation of the E.coli genome.
nanopore nCoV-2019 sequencing protocol (RAPID barcoding, 1200bp amplicon, combined RT-PCR) v2
Authors: Pembaur Anton , Sallard Erwan , Weil Patrick , Ortelt Jennifer , Ahmad-Nejad Parviz , Postberg Jan
Published: July 2021

We established a protocol for fast, cost efficient Sars-CoV-2 sequencing with little as possible hands-on time (around 3h in total, excluding RNA extraction). The whole Sequencing can be done in one working day, including the bioinformatic pipeline. The cost per sample accumulates at around 40$, with already isolated RNA. We adapted and simplified existing workflows using the ‘midnight’ 1,200 bp amplicon split primer sets for PCR, which produce tiled overlapping amplicons covering almost all of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Subsequently, we applied the Oxford Nanopore Rapid barcoding protocol and the portable MinION Mk1C sequencer in combination with the ARTIC bioinformatics pipeline. We tested the simplified and less time-consuming workflow on confirmed SARS-CoV-2-positive specimens from clinical routine and identified pre-analytical parameters, which may help to decrease the rate of sequencing failures. Duration of the complete pipeline was approx. 7 hrs for one specimen and approx. 11 hrs for 12 multiplexed barcoded specimens. This protocol is a modified version of Nikki Freed and Olin Silanders protocol. To get information such as Primers, visit their protocol. Nikki Freed, Olin Silander 2020. nCoV-2019 sequencing protocol (RAPID barcoding, 1200bp amplicon).doi: 10.1093/biomethods/bpaa014
nanopore nCoV-2019 sequencing protocol (RAPID barcoding, 1200bp amplicon, combined RT-PCR) v3
Authors: Pembaur Anton , Sallard Erwan , Weil Patrick , Ortelt Jennifer , Ahmad-Nejad Parviz , Postberg Jan
Published: July 2021

We established a protocol for fast, cost efficient Sars-CoV-2 sequencing with little as possible hands-on time (around 3h in total, excluding RNA extraction). The whole Sequencing can be done in one working day, including the bioinformatic pipeline. The cost per sample accumulates at around 40$, with already isolated RNA. We adapted and simplified existing workflows using the ‘midnight’ 1,200 bp amplicon split primer sets for PCR, which produce tiled overlapping amplicons covering almost all of the SARS-CoV-2 genome. Subsequently, we applied the Oxford Nanopore Rapid barcoding protocol and the portable MinION Mk1C sequencer in combination with the ARTIC bioinformatics pipeline. We tested the simplified and less time-consuming workflow on confirmed SARS-CoV-2-positive specimens from clinical routine and identified pre-analytical parameters, which may help to decrease the rate of sequencing failures. Duration of the complete pipeline was approx. 7 hrs for one specimen and approx. 11 hrs for 12 multiplexed barcoded specimens. This protocol is a modified version of Nikki Freed and Olin Silanders protocol. To get information such as Primers, visit their protocol. Nikki Freed, Olin Silander 2020. nCoV-2019 sequencing protocol (RAPID barcoding, 1200bp amplicon).doi: 10.1093/biomethods/bpaa014
Predicting length of fatigue cracks by means of machine learning algorithms in the small-data regime
Authors: Badora Maciej , Sepe Marzia , Bielecki Marcin , Graziano Antonino , Szolc Tomasz
Published: July 2021

In this paper several statistical learning algorithms are used to predict the maximal length of fatigue cracks based on a sample composed of 31 observations. The small-data regime is still a problem for many professionals, especially in the areas where failures occur rarely. The analyzed object is a high-pressure Nozzle of a heavy-duty gas turbine. Operating parameters of the engines are used for the regression analysis. The following algorithms are used in this work: multiple linear and polynomial regression, random forest, kernel-based methods, AdaBoost and extreme gradient boosting and artificial neural networks. A substantial part of the paper provides advice on the effective selection of features. The paper explains how to process the dataset in order to reduce uncertainty; thus, simplifying the analysis of the results. The proposed loss and cost functions are custom and promote solutions accurately predicting the longest cracks. The obtained results confirm that some of the algorithms can accurately predict maximal lengths of the fatigue cracks, even if the sample is small.
Consumption of osmo-dehydrated Andean Berry (Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) decreases levels of pro-inflammatory biomarkers of overweight and obese adults
Authors: Gallego Peláez Emerson , Maldonado Celis María Elena , Posada Jhonson Luz Gladys , Gómez García Ana Cristina , Torres Camargo David
Published: July 2021

Background: A Body Mass Index (BMI) greater than 24.9 Kg/m2 promotes chronic inflammation due to increased secretion of pro-inflammatory adipokines. Consuming fruits rich in bioactive compounds such as berries is a promising strategy to counteract this effect. Objectives: Determine the effect of osmo-dehydrated Andean Berry consumption on inflammatory biomarkers (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and adiponectin) and plasma antioxidant capacity in overweight and obese adults after 21 days. Methods: Andean Berry was osmo-dehydrated in 70% sucrose syrup. Antioxidant activity, proximal composition, phenolic content, microbiological analysis, and sensory analysis of the product were determined. Twenty-five obese and overweight subjects consumed 35g of osmo-dehydrated berry for 21 days. Inflammatory biomarkers and antioxidant capacity in plasma were evaluated at the beginning and end of the study. Results: Osmo-dehydrated Andean Berry presented a total phenolic content of 692.7 ± 47.4 mg Gallic Acid Equivalents/100 g. All biomarkers evaluated in the subjects showed statistically significant differences (p> 0.05), except for CRP, before and after the study. IL-6 presented the more significant reduction among all pro-inflammatory adipokines with an effect size of 18.4 Conclusions: Regular consumption of osmo-dehydrated Andean Berry contributes to decreasing pro-inflammatory biomarkers and improves the plasma antioxidant capacity of overweight and obese adults.
Effect of the drying method and texture improvers on reconstitution behavior of yogurt powder: physical and microbiological properties
Authors: Monsalve-Atencio Robinson , Sanchez Karolay , Chica Juan , Camaño Jairo , Saldarriaga Johana , Quintero-Quiroz Julian
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND: One of the most used and effective preservation strategies in foods is drying. However, there are problems with the rheological properties, color, and viability of lactic acid bacteria in the yogurt once reconstituted when applying such conservation strategies.   OBJECTIVES: Determine the concentration of the type of texture improver and drying that minimizes the negative effect on the rheological, color, and microbiological properties of a reconstituted yogurt powder. METHODS: Intended to determine the texture improver which increases rheological properties of reconstituted yogurt powder, a mixture type experimental design was applied where three texture improvers were assessed; carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) (mass fraction 0 - 1), pectin (mass fraction 0 - 1), and xanthan gum (mass fraction 0 - 1). The rheological parameters; consistency index (K), flow behavior (n), viscosity at 100s-1 (η), the storage (G') and loss (G'') modules, and the phase shift angle (δ) of each of the reconstitutions were considered as design-dependent variables. Secondly, a central composite design (face-centered) was used for assessing the effectiveness of the drying (convection, spray-drying, and freeze-drying), the concentration of the texture improver (0.0 - 1.0%), and the yogurt powder concentration (8.0 - 15.0%). The above-mentioned rheological parameters, color, and viability of the lactic acid bacteria from each reconstituted yogurt powder were considered as the dependent variables. Optimization sought to match the parameters of reconstituted yogurt powder that approximated the conditions of fresh yogurt. RESULTS: The independent variables in their lineal expression and some interactions between them had statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). At a concentration of 10.59% with 0.03% xanthan gum, the reconstitution of freeze-dried yogurt powder was the optimized condition (p < 0.05) and obtained the rheological, color, and microbiological parameters closest to fresh yogurt. CONCLUSIONS: The drying of the yogurt by freeze-drying mixed with xanthan gum as a texture improver allowed to obtain a reconstituted yogurt with properties close to the fresh product for direct consumption.
Dynamics of an Epidemic Model under the Influence of Environmental Stress
Authors: Saha Sangeeta , Samanta Guruprasad
Published: July 2021

We have considered a compartmental epidemiological model with infectious disease to observe the influence of environmental stress on disease transmission. The proposed model is well-defined as the population at each compartment remains positive and bounded with time. Dynamical behaviour of the model is observed by the stability and bifurcation analysis at the equilibrium points. Also, numerical simulation supports the theoretical proofs and the result shows that the system undergoes a forward bifurcation around the disease-free equilibrium. Our results indicate that with the increase of environmental pollution, the overall infected population increases. Also, the disease transmission rate among the susceptible and stressed population from asymptomatically infected individuals plays a crucial role to make a system endemic. A corresponding optimal control problem has also been proposed to control the disease prevalence as well as to minimize the cost by choosing the vaccination policy before being infected and treatment policy to the infected as control variables. Numerical figures indicate that the vaccination provided to susceptible needs some time to reduce the disease transmission but the vaccination provided to stressed individuals works immediately after implementation. The treatment policy for symptomatically infected individuals works with a higher rate at an earlier stage but the intensity decreases with time. Simultaneous implementation of all control interventions is more useful to reduce the size of overall infective individuals and also to minimize the economic burden. Hence, this research clearly expresses the impact of environmental pollution (specifically the influence of environmental stress) on the disease transmission in the population.
Algorithms for Determining the Probability of Risks of Accidents in Tunnels Based on the Characteristics of the Noise of Noisy Signals
Authors: Aliev T. A. , Musaeva N. F. , Suleymanova M. T.
Published: July 2021

The paper covers creating the algorithms for calculating the probability of various types of defects in tunnels, the development of which can lead to accidents. Tunnels are an important and complex part of the transport and communication system, through which heavy traffic is carried out. Determining the probability of defects in the latent period of their initiation in individual sections of tunnels is an important problem. The formation of defects is accompanied by the appearance of noise that distorts the useful signals coming from sensors and measuring instruments installed to control the stability of the tunnel and the reliability of its structures. Traditionally measuring instruments register noisy signals, and the technical condition of the tunnels is assessed on the basis of the values of their characteristics. It is shown in the paper that the more reliable indicators of fixing the onset of dangerous changes in the latent period of initiation are the characteristics of the noise, which cannot be extracted from the noisy signal. It is noted that the probability with which the noise takes on admissible and critical values is an indicator of changes in the technical condition of tunnels. Algorithms have been developed for calculating the probabilities of the noise values getting in the given intervals. These probabilities are stored as reference sets for the initiation of tunnel defects. After the training has been carried out, the values of the probabilities with which the noise takes on the given values at different time instants are matched to the type of defect and one of the possible technical states: serviceable, operational, partially operational, inoperable; pre-emergency; emergency, etc. It is also shown that the differences in the probabilities with which the noise takes on the same values at different times are indicators of the dynamics of changes in the malfunction in the tunnels. A database ofinformative attributes of the intensity of the development of failures is also created in the paper. For this database, the indicators of the dynamics of the development of a defect are determined, such as insignificant, slow, significant, intensive.
Bridging Concept and Activity: a Dialectical Synthesis Proposal
Authors: Lago L. , Mattos C.R.
Published: July 2021

This work is a theoretical discussion about concept formation in a cultural-historical perspective that articulates Vygotsky’s system of concepts within Leontiev’s structure of activity. This effort has led to a theoretical proposition that we call concept-activity, a dialectical unity formed by a concept and its genetic activities, i.e., the systematised activities in which concepts emerge directed to a purpose. Taking volition and conscious awareness as analytic categories, we initially relate scientific concepts with actions — concepts-action — and everyday concepts with operations — concepts-operation. The articulation of these elements drives the emergence of conceptual thinking as an activity, framed by the term concept-activity. In other words, while scientific concepts are related to actions because both arise from a conscious and voluntary dimension, everyday concepts are related to operations through a non-conscious and non-voluntary dimension. A discussion on how the concept-activity synthetises the movement between these two forms of conceptualisations and its implication to concept formation is provided.
One More Time on the Zone of Proximal Development
Authors: Zaretsky V.K.
Published: July 2021

The article presents an analysis of L.S. Vygotsky’s concept of a zone of proximal development (ZPD); considers various ZPD definitions; provides a critical review of the most popular definition of ZPD as adopted from L.S. Vygotsky’s 1935 work and used as basic by English-speaking authors. Taking into account the fact that L.S. Vygotsky’s general methodological intention was to establish psychology as a practice and that his developmental theory as well as the ZPD concept development remained incomplete due to the known life circumstances, we analyze L.S. Vygotsky’s writings that allow for another ZPD conceptualization, which differs from the one implied by the 1935 definition, so as to attempt at reconstructing the concept. In reviewing L.S. Vygotsky’s assumptions regarding the learning-development relationship; ZPD; its relevance for diagnostic assessment and teaching; feasibility of extrapolating the ZPD concept onto different personality aspects, the authors identify substantive aspects of the ZPD concept that the "canonical" definition lacks. The article describes a multidimensional model of ZPD, which has taken shape within the Reflection-Activity Approach to assisting students with overcoming learning difficulties and which integrates Vygotsky's key ZPD-related ideas. E.G. Yudin’s conceptualization of methodological functions of conceptual schemes is used to reconstruct the methodological status of the ZPD concept. The authors demonstrate that, since its inception, the ZPD concept has passed through the stages of an explanatory principle, a research subject, and a methodological tool for constructing new subjects of research and development.
PEAXIS: A RIXS and XPS Endstation for Solid-State Quantum and Energy Materials at BESSY II
Authors: Wong Deniz Po , Schulz Christian , Bartkowiak Maciej
Published: July 2021

PEAXIS (Photo Electron Analysis and resonant X-ray Inelastic Spectroscopy) is a dedicated endstation installed at the beamline U41-PEAXIS that offers high resolution soft X-ray spectroscopy measurements with incident photon energies ranging from 180 – 1600 eV. The endstation combines two X-ray spectroscopic techniques, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering (RIXS), which are important for probing the electronic structure and local and collective excitations of solid-state materials. It features a continuous variation of scattering angle under UHV conditions for wave vector-resolved studies and a modular sample environment that allows investigation in the temperature range between 10 K and 1000 K.
Geomorphic Control on Soil Erosion – a Case Study in the Subarnarekha Basin, India
Authors: Kathwas Amar Kumar , Patel Nilanchal
Published: July 2021

Geomorphology depicts the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of both terrain and landscape features combined with the processes responsible for its evolution. Soil erosion by water involves processes, which removes soil particles and organic matter from the upper sheet of the soil surface, and then transports the eroded material to distant location under the action of water. Very few studies have been conducted on the nature and dynamics of soil erosion in the different geomorphologic features. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to assess the control of geomorphologic features on the soil loss. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) was used to determine soil loss from the various geomorphological landforms. Principal component analysis (PCA) was implemented on the USLE parameters to determine the degree of association between the individual principal components and the USLE-derived soil loss. Results obtained from the investigation signify the influence of the various landforms on soil erosion. PC5 is found to be significantly correlated with the USLE-derived soil loss. The results ascertained significant association between the soil loss and geomorphological landforms, and therefore, suitable strategies can be implemented to alleviate soil loss in the individual landforms.
Digital Terrain Model Derivatives Analysis with the Aim of Identifying Specific Soil Types in Young Post-Glacial Topography with a Vector Approach
Authors: Radło-Kulisiewicz Małgorzata
Published: July 2021

This article discusses a study conducted in order to analyse selected Digital Terrain Model (DTM) derivates in  diverse young post-glacial topographic profiles  with the aim of identifying terrain features that could be related to the soils that formed there. The area under investigation is within the reach of the youngest Vistulian Glaciation, in the north-east of Poland. The main goal of the study was to reveal indirect relationships between a lithological soil type and terrain forms, which transpire from DTM derivatives. This can directly help to assign the type of soil in the area to one of the three soil types: a) made of sand, b) made of loam, c) wet-soils. The starting point for the research undertaken was the landscape approach to soil modelling and the article deals with medium scales. Derivatives were analysed using vector data notation, focusing on selected derivative values and their spatial location in relation to one another. The results obtained indicate the possibility of using this approach as an auxiliary approach in soil mapping of areas for which the quality of source materials (such as precipitation geometry) is low. Thus, they can be of assistance in improving the existing soil maps of selected scales. The trend revealed in the obtained results of DTM analysis can be considered as a contribution to realisation of assumptions of a study in digital soil mapping with the use of selected methods of AI.
Positive and Negative Effects of Addition of Organic Carbon and Nitrogen for Management of Sulfuric Soil Material Acidity under General Soil Use Conditions
Authors: Michael Patrick S.
Published: July 2021

This paper reports the findings of two studies conducted to investigate the effects on pH, Eh and sulfate content of sulfuric soil material of acid sulfate soil following the addition of organic carbon and nitrogen. The first study compared the responses to simple carbon sources (glucose, sodium acetate and molasses) with complex organic matter in the form of chopped Phragmites. The second experiment considered the effect of nitrogen by testing organic matter with varying nitrogen content. The results of the first study showed that the changes in Eh and sulfate contents induced by these treatments mirrored the changes in pH, the highest change being only 5.6 units induced by sodium acetate. These results showed that organic carbon alone was ineffective in treating sulfuric soil material acidity, and that nitrogen was needed. Lucerne hay which had the highest nitrogen content produced the largest increase in pH by 4.2 units, and the changes of pea straw and wheat straw was 3.2 units. It was proposed that the alkalinising effect of the treatments was mediated by anaerobic microbial metabolism which required sources of nitrogen as well as organic carbon. The changes in soil redox conditions by -150 mV measured indicated that sulfur-reducing bacteria induced the changes in Eh, which caused pH to increase and sulfate content to decrease in comparison with nitrate-reducing bacteria. The findings of these studies have implications for management of sulfuric soil material acidity.
Забытая российская администрация – Правление Российских таможенных и торговых дел в Варшаве 1818–1822
Authors: Górak Artur
Published: July 2021

Końcowa faza wojen napoleońskich wiązała się z gwałtownymi przemianami w Europie Środkowej. Poza zmianami granic równie ważne były gruntowne reformy zarządzania państwem przeprowadzone także w Imperium Rosyjskim. Jednym z ważnych elementów tych przemian było określenie statusu Księstwa Warszawskiego w stosunku do Imperium. Artykuł przedstawia krótki, ale burzliwy i pełen wahań, proces organizacji administracji celnej na zachodniej lądowej granicy Imperium Rosyjskiego. Praktycznie nieznany w polskiej historiografii Zarząd Rosyjskich Spraw Celnych i Handlowych w Warszawie jest świadectwem pierwszej próby włączenia tego terytorium do rosyjskiego obszaru celnego, co ostatecznie dokonało się w 1851 r.
Od „katolickich czerwonych sztandarów” do Chrześcijańskiego Stowarzyszenia Społecznego. Ewolucja pojmowania społeczno-politycznych zadań katolicyzmu w refleksji politycznej Jana Frankowskiego (1912–1976)
Authors: Orzełek Ariel
Published: July 2021

Jednym z najistotniejszych komponentów myśli politycznej polskiego działacza katolickiego Jana Frankowskiego była jego refleksja nad kwestią stosunku katolicyzmu do społecznych i ekonomicznych problemów współczesności. Dodać należy, że refleksja ta była zmienna i zależna od politycznych uwarunkowań. W okresie międzywojennym Frankowski, związany z ruchem „młodokonserwatystów” wzywał do odnowy Kościoła i zwiększania w nim roli świeckich, którzy powinni zastąpić w wielu sprawach gnuśny kler, szukając nowych dróg katolicyzmu w dobie ateistycznych totalitaryzmów. Nie mogły temu służyć slogany korporacjonizmu i solidaryzmu, ale kreatywna interpretacja encyklik papieskich w duchu „trzeciej drogi” i personalizmu. Frankowski był wówczas przede wszystkim „anty” niż „pro”, starając się przygotować grunt nowym ideom.

            Podczas II wojny światowej współpracował z katolicką organizacją „Unia”, ale w 1944 r. zaczął współdziałać z komunistami. Chociaż zdystansowany od wielu koncepcji grupy „Dziś i Jutro” oraz Stowarzyszenia „PAX”, zaangażował się w nie, szukając możliwości realizacji hasła „trzeciej drogi”. W 1956 r. opuścił ruch Bolesława Piaseckiego. Sprzeciwił się jednak koncepcji bezpartyjnej lewicy demokratycznej co doprowadziło do podziału w grupie tygodnika „Za i Przeciw” i powołania Chrześcijańskiego Stowarzyszenia Społecznego. Było ono w zasadzie jałową ideowo grupą, stojącą na gruncie współpracy z władzami i troski o elementarne prawa Kościoła w Polsce.

            Frankowski przegrał jako twórca i rzecznik wielkich koncepcji, ale także jako polityk o ograniczonych ambicjach. W 1968 r. utracił stanowisko prezesa Chrześcijańskiego Stowarzyszenia Społecznego. Zmarł osiem lat później w niemal całkowitym zapomnieniu. Było to spowodowane także jego rezygnacją ze śmiałej refleksji ideologicznej.
Dowód z zeznań niewolników w procesach o crimen maiestatis
Authors: Dyjakowska Marzena
Published: July 2021

According to the rule being in force in Republican Rome, the slave testimony could not be used to the detriment of their owners, in particular in cases punishable by death (in caput domini), and the slaves could not bring charges against the owners. The few crimes in which exceptions were permitted was the crime of majesty. This article presents the most important views of Roman authors on the credibility of testimony given under torture and also explains the reasons for using torture in interrogating slaves. During the Principate period, the ban on interrogating slaves against their owners in maiestas cases was circumvented and then was abolished by imperial constitutions. During the Dominate period, the crime of lese-majesty was the only one in which a slave was allowed to accuse his master.
Legal Aspects of the Imposition and Enforcement of an Administrative Penalty for Failure to Register a Vehicle Imported from the Territory of a European Union Member State
Authors: Brzezicki Tomasz , Rączka Piotr , Wantoch-Rekowski Jacek
Published: July 2021

The amendment to the Act on Road Traffic Law introduced a new legal institution related to failure to register a vehicle consisting of an administrative fine in the amount of PLN 200 to 1,000. The penalty is imposed by means of an administrative decision issued by a competent starost. With the introduction of the above-mentioned institution in legal circulation, new problems will arise in connection with conducting administrative proceedings to impose a penalty, as well as determining its amount. In addition, a starost, as a creditor, is obliged to initiate enforcement proceedings in the absence of voluntary execution of the decision imposing the penalty. The established body aims to ensure the implementation of Directive 2000/53/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 September 2000 on end-of-life vehicles, concerning, i.a., the absence of sanctions for not registering an imported vehicle and not registering an end-of-life vehicle. The following article discusses the main problems related to the application of the institution introduced with regard to the administrative procedure, the nature of the penalty imposed, as well as its enforcement. The considerations were carried out on the basis of a dogmatic method.
Świadomość ekologiczna społeczeństwa polskiego w zakresie zasobów naturalnych i ich ochrony (przegląd badań)
Authors: Stefaniuk Małgorzata
Published: July 2021

The article comprises an analysis of public opinion surveys concerning the environmental awareness in Polish society concerning natural resources and their protection, which issue has not been presented to date comprehensively in the literature on the subject. To this end, i.e. to present the degree of this awareness, the results of opinion surveys on the following topics have been presented and analysed: environmental protection as a social problem and the sources of knowledge on this subject, climate change, natural resources as sources of energy, attitude to the nuclear power plant construction, and air quality. The study has been based on representative surveys carried out by public opinion polling centres. The above-mentioned analysis has been preceded by terminological findings on such terms as “environmental security”, “natural resources”, “environmental awareness” and “public opinion”, with a proposal for a new definition of environmental awareness, referring to elements of legal awareness. It has been assumed that the knowledge of the degree of public awareness is useful in designing legal solutions conducive to environmentally sound behaviour and in taking decisions on a gradual increase in the extent to which public participation in natural resource management is allowed. The research hypothesis that awareness of natural resources among the Polish population is not optimal but is gradually increasing was confirmed. It has been pointed out that legal measures to promote environmental measures need to be complemented and strengthened by instructional and educational measures.