bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hayekian welfare states: explaining the coexistence of economic freedom and big government
Authors: Bergh Andreas
Published: September 2019

To explain the coexistence of economic freedom and big government, this paper distinguishes between big government in the fiscal sense of requiring high taxes, and big government in the Hayekian sense of requiring knowledge that is difficult to acquire from a central authority. The indicators of government size in measures of economic freedom capture the fiscal size but ignore the Hayekian knowledge problem. Thinking about government size in both the fiscal and Hayekian dimensions suggests the possibility of Hayekian welfare states where trust and state capacity facilitate experimentation and learning, resulting in a public sector that is big in a fiscal sense but not necessarily more vulnerable to the Hayekian knowledge problem. Pensions in Sweden are used as a case to illustrate the empirical relevance of the argument. The new pension system represents big government in a fiscal sense, but by relying on decentralized choice it requires relatively little central knowledge.
Effect of pomegranate fruit supplementation on performance and	various markers in athletes and active subjects: A systematic	review
Authors: Urbaniak Alicja , Skarpańska-Stejnborn Anna
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The aim of the study was to review recent findings on the use of POM supplements in athletes of various disciplines and physically active participants. Eleven articles published between 2010 and 2018 were included, where the total number of investigated subjects was 176. Male participants constituted the majority of the group (n = 155), as compared to females (n = 21). 45% of research described was conducted on athletes, whereas the remaining studies were based on highly active participants. Randomised, crossover, double-blind study designs constituted the majority of the experimental designs used. POM supplementation varied in terms of form (pills/juice), dosage (50 ml–500 ml) and time of intervention (7 days–2 months) between studies. Among the reviewed articles, POM supplementation had an effect on the improvement of the following: whole body strength; feeling of vitality; acute and delayed muscle fatigue and soreness; increase in vessel diameter; blood flow and serum level of TAC; reduction in the rate of increase for HR, SBP, CK and LDH; support in the recovery of post-training CK, LDH, CRP and ASAT to their baseline levels; reduction of MMP2, MMP9, hsCRP and MDA; and increased activity of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase). In the majority of reviewed articles POM supplementation had a positive effect on a variety of parameters studied and the authors recommended it as a supplement for athletes and physically active bodies.
„Für mich war es die Hölle“
Authors: Thölke Annette
Published: September 2019

Zusammenfassung. Eine Pflegeberufsausbildung mit der Betreuung eines Familienmitgliedes zu vereinbaren ist eine Gratwanderung. Diese Zeit ist mit einem massiven Stresserleben verbunden, sodass es bei den Auszubildenden zu psychischer und physischer Überforderung und Belastung kommt. Wie Auszubildende in der Pflegeberufsausbildung die konfligierenden Anforderungen erleben ist die Frage der vorliegenden Studie. Möglichkeiten und Chancen der Unterstützung zum Beispiel von Seiten der Pflegebildungseinrichtung werden aufgezeigt.
Measuring Illness Behavior in One Minute
Authors: Schmalbach Bjarne , Tibubos Ana Nanette , Hinz Andreas , Zenger Markus , Brähler Elmar
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The present study addresses shortcomings in previous psychometric research into the Scale for the Assessment of Illness Behavior (SAIB) and develops a short form, the SAIB-10. We used ant-colony optimization to construct a subset of items in an exploratory sample ( n = 1,187) and affirmed it in factor analysis in a confirmatory sample ( n = 1,208). We find excellent model fit and evidence for strict invariance across sex and age. As expected, there were associations with distressed personality, perceived social support, and mental health. Finally, we report normative values for usage by researchers and clinicians. In sum, the SAIB-10 is an economical measure of illness behavior and recommended as a screening tool or for large-scale surveys.
The Scientist Who Connected It All
Authors: Becker Thorsten , Faccenna Claudio
Published: September 2019

Approaching the 250th anniversary of Alexander von Humboldt’s birth, we look back at the life and legacy of “the most scientific man of his age.”
Water Found in Small, Habitable Zone Planet’s Atmosphere
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: September 2019

K2-18b is warm, has an atmosphere, and has water vapor. But it’s no Earth 2.0.
High‐Energy (>10 MeV) Oxygen and Sulfur Ions Observed at Jupiter From Pulse Width Measurements of the JEDI Sensors
Authors: Westlake J. H. , Clark G. , Haggerty D. K. , Jaskulek S. E. , Kollmann P. , Mauk B. H. , Mitchell D. G. , Nelson K. S. , Paranicas C. P. , Rymer A. M.
Published: September 2019

The Jovian polar regions produce X‐rays that are characteristic of very energetic oxygen and sulfur that become highly charged on precipitating into Jupiter's upper atmosphere. Juno has traversed the polar regions above where these energetic ions are expected to be precipitating revealing a complex composition and energy structure. Energetic ions are likely to drive the characteristic X‐rays observed at Jupiter (Haggerty et al., 2017, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL072866; Houston et al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024872; Kharchenko et al., 2006, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026039). Motivated by the science of X‐ray generation, we describe here Juno Jupiter Energetic Particle Detector Instrument (JEDI) measurements of ions above 1 MeV and demonstrate the capability of measuring oxygen and sulfur ions with energies up to 100 MeV. We detail the process of retrieving ion fluxes from pulse width data on instruments like JEDI (called “puck's”; Clark, Cohen, et al., 2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL074366; Clark, Mauk, et al., 2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA022257; Mauk et al., 2013, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214‐013‐0025‐3) as well as details on retrieving very energetic particles (>20 MeV) above which the pulse width also saturates.
Hemispherical Shifted Symmetry in Polar Cap Patch Occurrence: A Survey of GPS TEC Maps From 2015–2018
Authors: David M. , Sojka J.J. , Schunk R.W. , Coster A.J.
Published: September 2019

Much theoretical and observational work has been devoted to studying the occurrence of F region polar cap patches in the Northern Hemisphere; considerably less work has been applied to the Southern Hemisphere. In recent years, the Madrigal database of mappings of total electron content (TEC) has improved in Southern Hemisphere coverage, to the point that we can now carry out a study of patch frequency and occurrence. We find that Southern Hemisphere patch occurrence is very similar to that of the Northern Hemisphere with a half‐year offset, plus an offset in universal time of approximately 12 hr. This is further supported by running an ionospheric model for both hemispheres and applying the same patch‐to‐background technique. Further, we present a simple physical mechanism involving a sunlit dayside plasma source concurrent with a dark polar cap, which yields a patch‐to‐background pattern very much like that seen in the TEC mappings for both hemispheres.
The Iron Invariance: Implications for Thermal Convection in Earth's Core
Authors: Yong Wenjun , Secco Richard A. , Littleton Joshua A. H. , Silber Reynold E.
Published: September 2019

Convection of the liquid iron (Fe) outer core and electrical properties of Fe are responsible for the geodynamo that generates the geomagnetic field. Recent results showed the thermal conductivity of the core and related conductive heat flux may be much larger than previously accepted, suggesting that thermal convection would not be an energy source to power the geodynamo. Here we report experimental measurements of the electrical resistivity of solid and liquid Fe which show invariant values along the melting boundary at pressures up to 24 GPa. The observed resistivity invariance was extrapolated to Earth's predominantly Fe solid inner core and liquid outer core conditions and, using the Wiedemann‐Franz law, the thermal conductivity was calculated. We calculate a conductive core heat flow of 8–9 TW at the core‐mantle boundary. These results provide strong support for thermal convection as a geodynamo energy source.
Model‐Based Evaluation of Methods for Maximizing Efficiency and Effectiveness of Hydraulic Fracture Stimulation of Horizontal Wells
Authors: Cheng C. , Bunger A.P.
Published: September 2019

Hydraulic fracturing enables oil and gas extraction from low‐permeability reservoirs, but there remains a need to reduce the environmental footprint. Resource use, contaminant‐bearing flowback water, and potential for induced seismicity are all scaled by the volume of injected fluid. Furthermore, the greenhouse gas emissions associated with each extracted unit of energy can be decreased by improving resource recovery. To minimize fluid use while maximizing recovery, a rapidly computing model is developed and validated to enable the thousands of simulations needed to identify opportunities for optimization. Lower pumping pressure approaches that minimize pressure loss through the wellbore perforations combined with nonuniform spacing are shown to be capable of substantially reducing fluid consumption and/or increasing created fracture surface area when the stress variation is mainly from fracture interaction instead of in situ stress. When in situ stress variation is dominant, “limited entry” methods promote more uniform growth but with higher pumping pressures and energy consumption.
Generation of Submesoscale Frontal Eddies in the Agulhas Current
Authors: Tedesco P. , Gula J. , Ménesguen C. , Penven P. , Krug M.
Published: September 2019

This study addresses the dynamics of the Agulhas inshore front in the submesoscale range upstream of 26° E. Submesoscale frontal eddies are observed in the vicinity of Port Elizabeth (26° E) from satellite images and in observations collected from underwater gliders. Using a submesoscale‐resolving numerical model (dx ∼ 0.75 km), we are able to simulate similar submesoscale eddies. Barotropic instability is confirmed as the generation mechanism by a one‐dimensional linear stability analysis and an eddy kinetic energy budget. Kinetic energy is transferred from the mean flow to the eddies through the mean horizontal shear, which is a signature of barotropic instability. When the Agulhas Current is in a nonmeandering state, submesoscale eddy generation is a recurrent process which locally drives the front's variability. Along the front, the spatial variability of barotropic instability is shaped by the background strain. A large strain aligned with the frontal axis intensifies the frontal shear upstream of 28° E while a weakening of the strain allows for barotropic instability to be triggered downstream. Although an intermittent process, the barotropic instability shows a dominant period of variability comparable with the variability of the Agulhas Current and Undercurrent.
Erythromycin suppresses neutrophil extracellular traps in smoking-related chronic pulmonary inflammation
Authors: Zhang Hui , Qiu Shi-Lin , Tang Qi-Ya , Zhou Xiu , Zhang Jian-Quan , He Zhi-Yi , Bai Jing , Li Mei-Hua , Deng Jing-Min , Liang Yi , Zhong Xiao-Ning
Published: September 2019

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) may play a critical role in smoking-related chronic airway inflammation. However, the mechanism by which NETs induced by cigarette smoke initiate the adaptive immunity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is not fully understood. In this study, we explored the effects of NETs induced by cigarette smoke on the myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) and Th1 and Th17 cells. Additionally, we observed the inhibitory effect of erythromycin on NETs induced by cigarette smoke. We found that elevated NET levels in the sputum of COPD patients were correlated with the circulating Th1 response, mDC activation and airflow limitation. NETs induced by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) could activate monocyte-derived mDCs and promote Th1 and Th17 differentiation in vitro. Erythromycin effectively inhibited NET formation induced by CSE. In vivo, erythromycin decreased NETs in the airway and ameliorated emphysema with Th1 and Th17 cell down-regulation and CD40+ and CD86+ mDCs suppression in mice chronically exposed to cigarette smoke. These findings provide direct evidence that NETs promote the differentiation of Th1 and Th17 and play a role in the adaptive immunity of smoking-related chronic lung inflammation. Erythromycin is a potential therapeutic strategy for NETs inhibition in COPD.
ΔNp63α suppresses cells invasion by downregulating PKCγ/Rac1 signaling through miR-320a
Authors: Aljagthmi Amjad A. , Hill Natasha T. , Cooke Mariana , Kazanietz Marcelo G. , Abba Martín C. , Long Weiwen , Kadakia Madhavi P.
Published: September 2019

ΔNp63α, a member of the p53 family of transcription factors, is overexpressed in a number of cancers and plays a role in proliferation, differentiation, migration, and invasion. ΔNp63α has been shown to regulate several microRNAs that are involved in development and cancer. We identified miRNA miR-320a as a positively regulated target of ΔNp63α. Previous studies have shown that miR-320a is downregulated in colorectal cancer and targets the small GTPase Rac1, leading to a reduction in noncanonical WNT signaling and EMT, thereby inhibiting tumor metastasis and invasion. We showed that miR-320a is a direct target of ΔNp63α. Knockdown of ΔNp63α in HaCaT and A431 cells downregulates miR-320a levels and leads to a corresponding elevation in PKCγ transcript and protein levels. Rac1 phosphorylation at Ser71 was increased in the absence of ΔNp63α, whereas overexpression of ΔNp63α reversed S71 phosphorylation of Rac1. Moreover, increased PKCγ levels, Rac1 phosphorylation and cell invasion observed upon knockdown of ΔNp63α was reversed by either overexpressing miR-320a mimic or Rac1 silencing. Finally, silencing PKCγ or treatment with the PKC inhibitor Gö6976 reversed increased Rac1 phosphorylation and cell invasion observed upon silencing ΔNp63α. Taken together, our data suggest that ΔNp63α positively regulates miR-320a, thereby inhibiting PKCγ expression, Rac1 phosphorylation, and cancer invasion.
Long noncoding RNA BFAL1 mediates enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis-related carcinogenesis in colorectal cancer via the RHEB/mTOR pathway
Authors: Bao Yujie , Tang Jiayin , Qian Yun , Sun Tiantian , Chen Huimin , Chen Zhaofei , Sun Danfeng , Zhong Ming , Chen Haoyan , Hong Jie , Chen Yingxuan , Fang Jing-Yuan
Published: September 2019

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) contribute to many steps in carcinogenesis and often serve as biomarkers or therapeutic targets for tumor diagnosis and therapy. Although the role of lncRNAs in tumor formation is becoming clear, whether lncRNAs mediate gut microbiota-induced colorectal cancer (CRC) is largely unknown. Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) is a well-known tumor-inducing bacterium in the human gut; however, its tumorigenic effect remains to be explored. In the present study, we revealed the mechanism by which a lncRNA participates in gut bacteria-induced carcinogenesis: Bacteroides fragilis-associated lncRNA1 (BFAL1) in CRC tissues mediates ETBF carcinogenesis. BFAL1 was highly expressed in CRC tissues compared with that in adjacent normal tissues. In vitro, BFAL1 was upregulated in ETBF-treated CRC cells. Mechanistically, ETBF promoted tumor growth via BFAL1 by activating the Ras homolog, which is the MTORC1 binding/mammalian target of the rapamycin (RHEB/mTOR) pathway. Furthermore, BFAL1 regulated RHEB expression by competitively sponging microRNAs miR-155-5p and miR-200a-3p. Clinically, both high expression of BFAL1 and high abundance of ETBF in CRC tissues predicted poor outcomes for patients with CRC. Thus, BFAL1 is a mediator of ETBF-induced carcinogenesis and may be a potential therapeutic target for ETBF-induced CRC.
Nuclear decoupling is part of a rapid protein-level cellular response to high-intensity mechanical loading
Authors: Gilbert Hamish T. J. , Mallikarjun Venkatesh , Dobre Oana , Jackson Mark R. , Pedley Robert , Gilmore Andrew P. , Richardson Stephen M. , Swift Joe
Published: September 2019

Studies of cellular mechano-signaling have often utilized static models that do not fully replicate the dynamics of living tissues. Here, we examine the time-dependent response of primary human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to cyclic tensile strain (CTS). At low-intensity strain (1 h, 4% CTS at 1 Hz), cell characteristics mimic responses to increased substrate stiffness. As the strain regime is intensified (frequency increased to 5 Hz), we characterize rapid establishment of a broad, structured and reversible protein-level response, even as transcription is apparently downregulated. Protein abundance is quantified coincident with changes to protein conformation and post-translational modification (PTM). Furthermore, we characterize changes to the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex that bridges the nuclear envelope, and specifically to levels and PTMs of Sad1/UNC-84 (SUN) domain-containing protein 2 (SUN2). The result of this regulation is to decouple mechano-transmission between the cytoskeleton and the nucleus, thus conferring protection to chromatin.
GSTA4 mediates reduction of cisplatin ototoxicity in female mice
Authors: Park Hyo-Jin , Kim Mi-Jung , Rothenberger Christina , Kumar Ashok , Sampson Edith M. , Ding Dalian , Han Chul , White Karessa , Boyd Kevin , Manohar Senthilvelan , Kim Yong-Hwan , Ticsa Maria S. , Gomez Aaron S. , Caicedo Isabela , Bose Upal , Linser Paul J. , Miyakawa Takuya , Tanokura Masaru , Foster Thomas C. , Salvi Richard , Someya Shinichi
Published: September 2019

Cisplatin is one of the most widely used chemotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of cancer. Unfortunately, one of its major side effects is permanent hearing loss. Here, we show that glutathione transferase α4 (GSTA4), a member of the Phase II detoxifying enzyme superfamily, mediates reduction of cisplatin ototoxicity by removing 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in the inner ears of female mice. Under cisplatin treatment, loss ofGsta4results in more profound hearing loss in female mice compared to male mice. Cisplatin stimulates GSTA4 activity in the inner ear of female wild-type, but not male wild-type mice. In femaleGsta4−/−mice, cisplatin treatment results in increased levels of 4-HNE in cochlear neurons compared to maleGsta4−/−mice. In CBA/CaJ mice, ovariectomy decreases mRNA expression ofGsta4, and the levels of GSTA4 protein in the inner ears. Thus, our findings suggest that GSTA4-dependent detoxification may play a role in estrogen-mediated neuroprotection.
An in vitro model maintaining taxon-specific functional activities of the gut microbiome
Authors: Li Leyuan , Abou-Samra Elias , Ning Zhibin , Zhang Xu , Mayne Janice , Wang Janet , Cheng Kai , Walker Krystal , Stintzi Alain , Figeys Daniel
Published: September 2019

In vitro gut microbiome models could provide timely and cost-efficient solutions to study microbiome responses to drugs. For this purpose, in vitro models that maintain the functional and compositional profiles of in vivo gut microbiomes would be extremely valuable. Here, we present a 96-deep well plate-based culturing model (MiPro) that maintains the functional and compositional profiles of individual gut microbiomes, as assessed by metaproteomics, while allowing a four-fold increase in viable bacteria counts. Comparison of taxon-specific functions between pre- and post-culture microbiomes shows a Pearson’s correlation coefficient r of 0.83 ± 0.03. In addition, we show a high degree of correlation between gut microbiome responses to metformin in the MiPro model and those in mice fed a high-fat diet. We propose MiPro as an in vitro gut microbiome model for scalable investigation of drug-microbiome interactions such as during high-throughput drug screening.
Differentiation but not ALS mutations in FUS rewires motor neuron metabolism
Authors: Vandoorne Tijs , Veys Koen , Guo Wenting , Sicart Adria , Vints Katlijn , Swijsen Ann , Moisse Matthieu , Eelen Guy , Gounko Natalia V. , Fumagalli Laura , Fazal Raheem , Germeys Christine , Quaegebeur Annelies , Fendt Sarah-Maria , Carmeliet Peter , Verfaillie Catherine , Van Damme Philip , Ghesquière Bart , De Bock Katrien , Van Den Bosch Ludo
Published: September 2019

Energy metabolism has been repeatedly linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Yet, motor neuron (MN) metabolism remains poorly studied and it is unknown if ALS MNs differ metabolically from healthy MNs. To address this question, we first performed a metabolic characterization of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) versus iPSC-derived MNs and subsequently compared MNs from ALS patients carrying FUS mutations to their CRISPR/Cas9-corrected counterparts. We discovered that human iPSCs undergo a lactate oxidation-fuelled prooxidative metabolic switch when they differentiate into functional MNs. Simultaneously, they rewire metabolic routes to import pyruvate into the TCA cycle in an energy substrate specific way. By comparing patient-derived MNs and their isogenic controls, we show that ALS-causing mutations in FUS did not affect glycolytic or mitochondrial energy metabolism of human MNs in vitro. These data show that metabolic dysfunction is not the underlying cause of the ALS-related phenotypes previously observed in these MNs.
Experimental demonstration of quantum advantage for one-way communication complexity surpassing best-known classical protocol
Authors: Kumar Niraj , Kerenidis Iordanis , Diamanti Eleni
Published: September 2019

Demonstrating a quantum advantage with currently available experimental systems is of utmost importance in quantum information science. While this remains elusive for quantum computation, the field of communication complexity offers the possibility to already explore and showcase this advantage for useful tasks. Here, we define such a task, the Sampling Matching problem, which is inspired by the Hidden Matching problem and features an exponential gap between quantum and classical protocols in the one-way communication model. Our problem allows by its conception a photonic implementation based on encoding in the phase of coherent states of light, the use of a fixed size linear optic circuit, and single-photon detection. This enables us to demonstrate in a proof-of-principle experiment an advantage in the transmitted information resource over the best known classical protocol, something impossible to reach for the original Hidden Matching problem. Our demonstration has implications in quantum verification and cryptographic settings.
Autoinhibition and activation mechanisms of the eukaryotic lipid flippase Drs2p-Cdc50p
Authors: Bai Lin , Kovach Amanda , You Qinglong , Hsu Hao-Chi , Zhao Gongpu , Li Huilin
Published: September 2019

The heterodimeric eukaryotic Drs2p-Cdc50p complex is a lipid flippase that maintains cell membrane asymmetry. The enzyme complex exists in an autoinhibited form in the absence of an activator and is specifically activated by phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P), although the underlying mechanisms have been unclear. Here we report the cryo-EM structures of intact Drs2p-Cdc50p isolated from S. cerevisiae in apo form and in the PI4P-activated form at 2.8 Å and 3.3 Å resolution, respectively. The structures reveal that the Drs2p C-terminus lines a long groove in the cytosolic regulatory region to inhibit the flippase activity. PIP4 binding in a cytosol-proximal membrane region triggers a 90° rotation of a cytosolic helix switch that is located just upstream of the inhibitory C-terminal peptide. The rotation of the helix switch dislodges the C-terminus from the regulatory region, activating the flippase.
The EYA3 tyrosine phosphatase activity promotes pulmonary vascular remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Wang Yuhua , Pandey Ram Naresh , York Allen J. , Mallela Jaya , Nichols William C. , Hu Yueh-Chiang , Molkentin Jeffery D. , Wikenheiser-Brokamp Kathryn A. , Hegde Rashmi S.
Published: September 2019

In pulmonary hypertension vascular remodeling leads to narrowing of distal pulmonary arterioles and increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Vascular remodeling is promoted by the survival and proliferation of pulmonary arterial vascular cells in a DNA-damaging, hostile microenvironment. Here we report that levels of Eyes Absent 3 (EYA3) are elevated in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells from patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and that EYA3 tyrosine phosphatase activity promotes the survival of these cells under DNA-damaging conditions. Transgenic mice harboring an inactivating mutation in the EYA3 tyrosine phosphatase domain are significantly protected from vascular remodeling. Pharmacological inhibition of the EYA3 tyrosine phosphatase activity substantially reverses vascular remodeling in a rat model of angio-obliterative pulmonary hypertension. Together these observations establish EYA3 as a disease-modifying target whose function in the pathophysiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension can be targeted by available inhibitors.
A global mass budget for positively buoyant macroplastic debris in the ocean
Authors: Lebreton Laurent , Egger Matthias , Slat Boyan
Published: September 2019

Predicted global figures for plastic debris accumulation in the ocean surface layer range on the order of hundreds of thousands of metric tons, representing only a few percent of estimated annual emissions into the marine environment. The current accepted explanation for this difference is that positively buoyant macroplastic objects do not persist on the ocean surface. Subject to degradation into microplastics, the major part of the mass is predicted to have settled below the surface. However, we argue that such a simple emission-degradation model cannot explain the occurrence of decades-old objects collected by oceanic expeditions. We show that debris circulation dynamics in coastal environments may be a better explanation for this difference. The results presented here suggest that there is a significant time interval, on the order of several years to decades, between terrestrial emissions and representative accumulation in offshore waters. Importantly, our results also indicate that the current generation of secondary microplastics in the global ocean is mostly a result of the degradation of objects produced in the 1990s and earlier. Finally, we propose a series of future emission scenarios until 2050, discussing the necessity to rapidly reduce emissions and actively remove waste accumulated in the environment to mitigate further microplastic contamination in the global ocean.
An Investigation of Nanomechanical Properties of Materials using Nanoindentation and Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Lee Hyuk , Huen Wai Yeong , Vimonsatit Vanissorn , Mendis Priyan
Published: September 2019

Mechanical properties of materials can be derived from the force-displacement relationship through instrumented indentation tests. Complications arise when establishing the full elastic-plastic stress-strain relationship as the accuracy depends on how the material’s and indenter’s parameters are incorporated. For instance, the effect of the material work-hardening phenomenon such as the pile-up and sink-in effect cannot be accounted for with simplified analytical indentation solutions. Due to this limitation, this paper proposes a new inverse analysis approach based on dimensional functions analysis and artificial neural networks (ANNs). A database of the dimensional functions relating stress and strain parameters of materials has been developed. The database covers a wide range of engineering materials that have the yield strength-to-modulus ratio (σy/E) between 0.001 to 0.5, the work-hardening power (n) between 0–0.5, Poisson’s ratio (v) between 0.15–0.45, and the indentation angle (θ) between 65–80 degrees. The proposed algorithm enables determining the nanomechanical stress-strain parameters using the indentation force-displacement relationship, and is applicable to any materials that the properties are within the database range. The obtained results are validated with the conventional test results of steel and aluminum samples. To further demonstrate the application of the proposed algorithm, the nanomechanical stress-strain parameters of ordinary Portland cement phases were determined.
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of a series of CNS penetrant HDAC inhibitors structurally derived from amyloid-β probes
Authors: Choi Myeong A , Park Sun You , Chae Hye Yun , Song Yoojin , Sharma Chiranjeev , Seo Young Ho
Published: September 2019

To develop novel CNS penetrant HDAC inhibitors, a new series of HDAC inhibitors having benzoheterocycle were designed, synthesized, and biologically evaluated. Among the synthesized compounds, benzothiazole derivative 9b exhibited a remarkable anti-proliferative activity (GI50 = 2.01 μM) against SH-SY5Y cancer cell line in a dose and time-dependent manner, better than the reference drug SAHA (GI50 = 2.90 μM). Moreover, compound 9b effectively promoted the accumulation of acetylated Histone H3 and α-tubulin through inhibition of HDAC1 and HDAC6 enzymes, respectively. HDAC enzyme assay also confirmed that compound 9b efficiently inhibited HDAC1 and HDAC6 isoforms with IC50 values of 84.9 nM and 95.9 nM. Furthermore, compound 9b inhibited colony formation capacity of SH-SY5Y cells, which is considered a hallmark of cell carcinogenesis and metastatic potential. The theoretical prediction, in vitro PAMPA-BBB assay, and in vivo brain pharmacokinetic studies confirmed that compound 9b had much higher BBB permeability than SAHA. In silico docking study demonstrated that compound 9b fitted in the substrate binding pocket of HDAC1 and HDAC6. Taken together, compound 9b provided a novel scaffold for developing CNS penetrant HDAC inhibitors and therapeutic potential for CNS-related diseases.
Aminopeptidase N-null neonatal piglets are protected from transmissible gastroenteritis virus but not porcine epidemic diarrhea virus
Authors: Luo Lei , Wang Shaohua , Zhu Lin , Fan Baochao , Liu Tong , Wang Lefeng , Zhao Panpan , Dang Yanna , Sun Pei , Chen Jianwen , Zhang Yunhai , Chang Xinjian , Yu Zhengyu , Wang Huanan , Guo Rongli , Li Bin , Zhang Kun
Published: September 2019

Swine enteric diseases have caused significant economic loss and have been considered as the major threat to the global swine industry. Several coronaviruses, including transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), have been identified as the causative agents of these diseases. Effective measures to control these diseases are lacking. The major host cells of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus have thought to be epithelial cells on small intestine villi. Aminopeptidase-N (APN) has been described as the putative receptor for entry of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus into cells in vitro. Recently, Whitworth et al. have reported that APN knockout pigs are resistant to TGEV but not PEDV after weaning. However, it remains unclear if APN-null neonatal pigs are protected from TGEV. Here we report the generation of APN-null pigs by using CRISPR/Cas9 technology followed by somatic cell nuclear transfer. APN-null pigs are produced with normal pregnancy rate and viability, indicating lack of APN is not embryonic lethal. After viral challenge, APN-null neonatal piglets are resistant to highly virulent transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Histopathological analyses indicate APN-null pigs exhibit normal small intestine villi, while wildtype pigs show typical lesions in small intestines. Immunochemistry analyses confirm that no transmissible gastroenteritis virus antigen is detected in target tissues in APN-null piglets. However, upon porcine epidemic diarrhea virus challenge, APN-null pigs are still susceptible with 100% mortality. Collectively, this report provides a viable tool for producing animals with enhanced resistance to TGEV and clarifies that APN is dispensable for the PEDV infection in pigs.
Activation of mucosal-associated invariant T cells in the lungs of sarcoidosis patients
Authors: Matsuyama Hisayo , Isshiki Takuma , Chiba Asako , Yamaguchi Tetsuo , Murayama Goh , Akasaka Yoshikiyo , Eishi Yoshinobu , Sakamoto Susumu , Homma Sakae , Miyake Sachiko
Published: September 2019

Although the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis is not fully understood, immunological characterization has elucidated highly polarized expression of the type 1 T helper cell response. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate T cells that recognize bacterial riboflavin and rapidly produce cytokines such as interferon γ and tumor necrosis factor α. We prospectively evaluated the proportion of MAIT cells and the expression levels of cell surface markers in peripheral blood from 40 sarcoidosis patients and 28 healthy controls. MAIT cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were also examined in 12 sarcoidosis patients. In peripheral blood, the proportion of MAIT cells was lower (P = 0.0002), but the expression levels of CD69 and programmed death 1 on MAIT cells were higher in sarcoidosis patients than in healthy controls. Moreover, CD69 expression levels were significantly correlated with clinical biomarkers. Sarcoidosis patients with parenchymal infiltration in the lungs showed a significantly higher proportion and number of MAIT cells in BALF compared to patients without parenchymal infiltration. CD69 expression levels on MAIT cells in BALF were higher than levels in peripheral blood. The activation status of MAIT cells might reflect the disease activity of sarcoidosis. Therefore, it is a potential target for sarcoidosis treatment.
Predicting two-dimensional topological phases in Janus materials by substitutional doping in transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers
Authors: Maghirang Aniceto B. , Huang Zhi-Quan , Villaos Rovi Angelo B. , Hsu Chia-Hsiu , Feng Liang-Ying , Florido Emmanuel , Lin Hsin , Bansil Arun , Chuang Feng-Chuan
Published: September 2019

Ultrathin Janus two-dimensional (2D) materials are attracting intense interest currently. Substitutional doping of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) is of importance for tuning and possible enhancement of their electronic, physical and chemical properties toward industrial applications. Using systematic first-principles computations, we propose a class of Janus 2D materials based on the monolayers MX2 (M = V, Nb, Ta, Tc, or Re; X = S, Se, or Te) with halogen (F, Cl, Br, or I) or pnictogen (N, P, As, Sb, or Bi) substitution. Nontrivial phases are obtained on pnictogen substitution of group VB (V, Nb, or Ta), whereas for group VIIB (Tc or Re), the nontrivial phases are obtained for halogen substitution. Orbital analysis shows that the nontrivial phase is driven by the splitting of M-dyz and M-dxz orbitals. Our study demonstrates that the Janus 2D materials have the tunability and suitability for synthesis under various conditions.
Synthesis and characterization of an Au nanoparticles/graphene nanosheet nanocomposite and its application for the simultaneous determination of tramadol and acetaminophen
Authors: Rokhsefid Nasrin , Shishehbore Masoud Reza
Published: September 2019

Here, we aimed to prepare a selective and sensitive electro-chemical sensor through modifying a carbon paste electrode (CPE) with a gold nanoparticle graphene nanosheet (AuNPs/GN) nanocomposite and 4-hydroxyl-2-(triphenylphosphonio)phenolate (HTP).
A bird's-eye view of Li-stuffed garnet-type Li7La3Zr2O12 ceramic electrolytes for advanced all-solid-state Li batteries
Authors: Samson Alfred Junio , Hofstetter Kyle , Bag Sourav , Thangadurai Venkataraman
Published: September 2019

Analysed current trends in development of garnet-type structured Li7La3Zr2O12-based oxides as solid electrolytes for next-generation all-solid-state lithium batteries.
Polysaccharides isolated fromNostoc communeVaucher inhibit colitis-associated colon tumorigenesis in mice and modulate gut microbiota
Authors: Guo Min , Li Zhuoyu
Published: September 2019

NVPS inhibits colorectal cancer in mice and modulates gut microbiota.
Protective activities of polysaccharides from Cipangopaludina chinensis against high-fat-diet-induced atherosclerosis via regulating gut microbiota in ApoE-deficient mice
Authors: Xiong Qingping , Zhu Lijun , Zhang Fengmin , Li Hailun , Wu Jun , Liang Jian , Yuan Jun , Shi Yingying , Zhang Qianghua , Hu Youdong
Published: September 2019

The supplementation of sulfated polysaccharides extracted from C. chinensis slows down the development of atherosclerosis caused by high-fat-diet-induced AS via regulating gut microbiota.
Apoptotic lysosomal proton sponge effect in tumor tissue by cationic gold nanorods
Authors: Lee Dong Un , Park Jun-Young , Kwon Song , Park Jun Young , Kim Yong Ho , Khang Dongwoo , Hong Jeong Hee
Published: September 2019

Schematic image illustrates the mechanism of Cl−release through the proton sponge by the cationic AuNR induced by TRPM2 activation.
Nanomechanical detection ofEscherichia coliinfection by bacteriophage T7 using cantilever sensors
Authors: Mertens Johann , Cuervo Ana , Carrascosa José L.
Published: September 2019

Variation in fluctuation of the bacteria membrane is measured by the coupling to an elastic microcantilever plate. We report the real time detection ofE.coliinfection by bacteriophage T7 using this method.
A new high-capacity and safe energy storage system: lithium-ion sulfur batteries
Authors: Liang Xin , Yun Jufeng , Wang Yong , Xiang Hongfa , Sun Yi , Feng Yuezhan , Yu Yan
Published: September 2019

Lithium-ion sulfur batteries as a new energy storage system with high capacity and enhanced safety have been emphasized, and their development has been summarized in this review.
Intentional construction of high-performance SnO2 catalysts with a 3D porous structure for electrochemical reduction of CO2
Authors: Zhang Xinxin , Chen Zhipeng , Mou Kaiwen , Jiao Mingyang , Zhang Xiangping , Liu Licheng
Published: September 2019

Abundant pore decorated SnO2-NC and SnO2-NF catalysts for highly selective electrochemical reduction of CO2 to HCOOH.
Morpholino-functionalized phosphorus dendrimers for precision regenerative medicine: osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Li Aijun , Fan Yu , Cao Xueyan , Chen Liang , Wang Le , Alves Carla S. , Mignani Serge , Majoral Jean-Pierre , Tomás Helena , Shi Xiangyang
Published: September 2019

Morpholino-functionalized phosphorus dendrimers strongly promote the transformation of mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts for potential applications in bone regeneration.
The preparation and up-conversion properties of full spectrum CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) quantum dot glasses
Authors: Zhang Huiling , Jin Mengfeifei , Liu Xiaodong , Zhang Yaqian , Yu Yanxia , Liang Xiaojuan , Xiang Weidong , Wang Ting
Published: September 2019

Multi-color up-conversion emission of CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) quantum dot glasses under two-photon excitation.
Semiconducting SN2 monolayer with three-dimensional auxetic properties: a global minimum with tetracoordinated sulfurs
Authors: Li Fengyu , Lv Xiaodong , Gu Jinxing , Tu Kaixiong , Gong Jian , Jin Peng , Chen Zhongfang
Published: September 2019

A novel two-dimensional SN2 monolayer possessing tetracoordinated S, was predicted with good stability, tunable bandgap, high hole mobility and three-dimensional auxetic properties.
Correction: Engineered phage nanofibers induce angiogenesis
Authors: Young Yoo So , Shrestha Kshitiz Raj , Jeong Su-Nam , Kang Jeong-In , Lee Seung-Wuk
Published: September 2019

Correction for ‘Engineered phage nanofibers induce angiogenesis’ by So Young Yoo et al., Nanoscale, 2017, 9, 17109–17117.
High acidity cellulose sulfuric acid from sulfur trioxide: a highly efficient catalyst for the one step synthesis of xanthene and dihydroquinazolinone derivatives
Authors: Yue Xiaofei , Wu Zhiqiang , Wang Gang , Liang Yanping , Sun Yanyan , Song Manrong , Zhan Haijuan , Bi Shuxian , Liu Wanyi
Published: September 2019

The HS-cellulose sulfonate catalysed green and efficient one-step synthesis of xanthene and dihydroquinazolinone derivatives.
Salt- and pH-induced swelling of a poly(acrylic acid) brush via quartz crystal microbalance w/dissipation (QCM-D)
Authors: Hollingsworth Nisha R. , Wilkanowicz Sabina I. , Larson Ronald G.
Published: September 2019

Poly(arylic acid) brushes are thoroughly investigated using QCM-D to elucidate their swelling behavior in the presence of salt.
An electrospun fiber based metal–organic framework composite membrane for fast, continuous, and simultaneous removal of insoluble and soluble contaminants from water
Authors: Zhao Rui , Tian Yuyang , Li Shuying , Ma Tingting , Lei Hengtao , Zhu Guangshan
Published: September 2019

MIL-100(Fe) uniformly grown onto an electrospun fiber membrane shows simultaneous removal of soluble organics and insoluble oil from water via one-step filtration.
Superior methanol electrooxidation performance of (110)-faceted nickel polyhedral nanocrystals
Authors: Li Junshan , Zuo Yong , Liu Junfeng , Wang Xiang , Yu Xiaoting , Du Ruifeng , Zhang Ting , Infante-Carrió Maria F. , Tang Pengyi , Arbiol Jordi , Llorca Jordi , Luo Zhishan , Cabot Andreu
Published: September 2019

Colloidal (110)-faceted nickel polyhedral nanocrystals present superior methanol electrooxidation performance in alkaline media.
Rational molecular design towards NIR absorption: efficient diketopyrrolopyrrole derivatives for organic solar cells and photothermal therapy
Authors: Patil Yuvraj , Misra Rajneesh
Published: September 2019

The present review focus on the progress and development of NIR absorbing small molecules based on diketopyrrolopyrrole for organic solar cells and photothermal therapy.
Effects of Age at Cochlear Implantation on Vocabulary and Grammar: A Review of the Evidence
Authors: Duchesne Louise , Marschark Marc
Published: September 2019

Purpose

The increasing prevalence of pediatric cochlear implantation over the past 25 years has left little doubt that resulting improvements in hearing offer significant benefits to language development for many deaf children. Furthermore, given the documented importance of access to language from birth, there has been strong support for providing congenitally deaf children with implants as early as possible. Earliest implantation, in many ways, has become the “gold standard” in pediatric cochlear implantation, on the assumption that it is the key to language development similar to that of hearing children. Empirical evidence to support this assumption, however, appears more equivocal than generally is believed. This article reviews recent research aimed at assessing the impact of age at implantation on vocabulary and grammatical development among young implant users.

Method

Articles published between 2003 and 2018 that included age at implantation as a variable of interest and in which it was subjected to statistical analysis were considered. Effect sizes were calculated whenever possible; we conducted a multivariate meta-analysis to compare outcomes in different language domains.

Results

Taken together, findings from 49 studies suggest that age at implantation is just one of a host of variables that influence vocabulary and grammatical development, its impact varying with several factors including whether age at implantation is treated as a dichotomous or continuous variable. Results from a meta-analysis showed significant differences across language domains.

Conclusion

The pattern of results obtained indicates the importance of considering various child, family, and environmental characteristics in future research aimed at determining how early “early implantation” needs to be and the extent to which age at implantation, duration of implant use, and other factors influence language and language-related outcomes.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.9789041
Praktisches Vorgehen bei Erstdiagnose einer Leberzirrhose
Authors: Bettinger Dominik , Thimme Robert
Published: September 2019

Liver cirrhosis is a major healthcare problem and is associated with an increased mortality due to the development of complications. Therefore, after diagnosis of liver cirrhosis, it is highly clinically relevant to evaluate the reason for liver cirrhosis and to assess the presence of complications in order to prevent progression of liver cirrhosis.
Mediastinale Lymphadenopathie – Tuberkulose oder Tularämie?
Authors: Geerdes-Fenge Hilte F. , Löbermann Micha , Warnke Philipp , Zimpfer Annette , Reisinger Emil C.
Published: September 2019

Anamnese und klinischer Befund Ein 67-jähriger Patient entwickelte akute Kopfschmerzen, nach 2 Tagen zusätzlich Schüttelfrost und Fieber. Ein Infektfokus konnte nicht gefunden werden, periphere Lymphknoten waren nicht palpabel.

Untersuchungen und Diagnose Nach 2 Wochen wurden in einer 18F-FDG-PET-Computertomografie multiple mediastinale, supraklavikuläre und axilläre Lymphknotenschwellungen gesehen. Histologisch zeigten sich epitheloidzellige Granulome mit zentraler Nekrose. Tuberkulose wurde immunologisch und mikrobiologisch ausgeschlossen. Serologisch wurde eine akute Tularämie diagnostiziert.

Therapie und Verlauf Unter der Therapie mit Ciprofloxacin für 20 Tage kam es zum Abklingen der Kopfschmerzen und Normalisierung der Entzündungsparameter.

Folgerung Infektionsquelle war das Einatmen erregerhaltigen Staubs beim Herausreißen einer Efeuhecke 2 Tage vor Symptombeginn. Die Tularämie (Hasenpest) ist eine Zoonose, die direkt von infizierten Tieren oder indirekt über Zecken und Mücken, inhalativ durch Einatmen von kontaminiertem Staub oder durch Ingestion von kontaminiertem Wasser übertragen werden kann. Beim histologischen Nachweis epitheloidzelliger Granulome mit Nekrosen ist die Tularämie eine seltene Differenzialdiagnose.
Körperliches Training zur Frakturprophylaxe des älteren
Menschen
Authors: Kemmler Wolfgang , Kohl Matthias , Engelke Klaus , von Stengel Simon
Published: September 2019

Körperliches Training kann alle Größen des Frakturrisikos positiv beeinflussen,
ein direkter Nachweis des frakturreduktiven Potentials fehlt indes. Ziel dieser
Übersicht ist es, den frakturpräventiven Effekt körperlichen Trainings zu
belegen und die trainings-wissenschaftlich/organisatorische Vorgehensweise am
Beispiel der Erlanger Fitness- und Osteoporose Präventions-Studie zu
diskutieren.

137 früh-postmenopausale Frauen mit Osteopenie verteilten sich 1998 auf die
Trainings- (TG) und die Kontrollgruppe (KG) der Studie. Primärer Endpunkt war
die Häufigkeit niedrig-traumatischer klinischer Frakturen.

Nach 16-jähriger Studiendauer wurden 105 Teilnehmerinnen mit 1680
Teilnehmerjahren in die Analyse eingeschlossen. Die Frakturrate
niedrig-traumatischer Frakturen (0,42; 95 % CI: 0,20–0,86) sowie
osteoporotischer Hauptfrakturen (0,37; 0,14–0,88) lagen in der TG signifikant
niedriger als in der KG. Die Knochendichte an Lendenwirbelsäule (TG: –1,5 ± 5,0
% vs. KG: –5,8 ± 6,4 %) und Schenkelhals (TG: –6,5 ± 4,6 % vs. KG: –9,6 ± 5,0 %)
nahm in beiden Gruppen z.T. signifikant ab, die Reduktion in der KG war jedoch
für beide Regionen signifikant (p ≤ .001) deutlicher. Im Rahmen der EFOPS
durchgeführte Substudien zu trainingswissenschaftlichen Aspekten zeigten
weiterhin, dass (1) ein schnellkräftig durchgeführtes (Kraft-)Training
signifikant günstigere Effekte auf die Knochendichte ausübt als ein mit
moderater oder langsamer Bewegungsgeschwindigkeit durchgeführtes Training. (2)
Eine Trainingsperiodisierung im Vergleich zur simplen Progression der Belastung
günstigere Effekte auf Muskelkraft, Knochendichte und Teilnehmer-Compliance hat
und (3) dass eine Trainingsfrequenz von weniger als zwei
Trainingseinheiten/Woche auch bei hoher Reizintensität und -rate keinerlei
positive Effekte auf die Knochendichte auslöst.

Das unter besonderer Berücksichtigung physiologischer und
trainingswissenschaftlicher Prinzipien sowie Vorgaben des ambulanten
Rehabilitationssports durchgeführte Projekt belegt den klinisch hochrelevanten,
frakturpräventiven Effekt eines körperlichen Trainings bei früh-postmenopausalen
Frauen.