bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attending to the public understanding of science education: A response to Furtak and Penuel
Authors: Larkin Douglas B.
Published: July 2019

This commentary is a response to Furtak and Penuel (2019), and raises four key points. The first is to reframe Furtak and Penuel's argument as an appeal for a public understanding of science education, and by extension, science education reform. The second is to note that such a public understanding of science education must include attention to more than the structure and content of science curricula and the enactment of a “practice turn”; it must also include a robust vision of science pedagogy—something that is markedly absent from the recent Next Generation Science Standards and Framework documents. The third is to make the case that the use of terminology like “hands‐on” is really a marker for a conception of science education, and by attempting to communicate a competing model of science education, reformers are aiming to effect conceptual change among the public about science education itself. Finally, I argue that logical and rational efforts to communicate a public understanding of science education are likely to fall short if affective factors—which are highly activated when discussing science and science education publicly—are not taken into account.
Why not an integrative and inclusive approach—hands on and “minds on?” A lesson for mentoring 21st century science education researchers
Authors: Parsons Eileen R. C.
Published: July 2019

This essay uses a critical sociocultural perspective to examine Osborne's review of an essay written by Furtak and Penuel. This essay highlights dichotomous thinking and positivist/postpositivist perspective underpinning Osborne's discourse and argues that an integrative and inclusive orientation is more advantageous for science education researchers conducting research in an increasingly diverse world in demography and views. An integrative and inclusive approach to research requires an understanding and engagement with positionality, power associated with one's perceived or actual political and social location in a society.
A first‐principles investigation on interactions between various surface‐terminated diamond films
Authors: Jin Xiuting , Liu Fengbin , Si Lina , Dou Zhaoliang , Yan Hongjuan , Li Hong , Qu Min
Published: July 2019

To elucidate the influence of different terminations on diamond surface interaction, the geometry and electronic structures of the diamond films modified by different terminations (H, F, O, NH2, and OH) are studied by using the first principles method. Strong bonding is formed between the clean diamond surfaces, which suggest an obvious interface interaction. Both H and F terminals have significant effects on the reduction of the interface interactions. Due to the larger difference in electronegativity between C and F, the F termination layer has a higher electron density coverage to give a larger repulsive force. Therefore, the interaction between the F‐terminated diamond interfaces is stronger than that between the H‐terminated diamond interfaces. The O‐terminated diamond surfaces are unstable. The NH2‐ and OH‐terminals have weak interaction due to the presence of large functional group atoms that leads to an electronic offset.
Kinetics, Thermodynamics, and Theoretical Studies in a Diels‐Alder Dimerization Process of 3‐Vinylindole Derivative of the 3‐Indoleacetic Acid: An Auxin.
Authors: Valdez‐Camacho Jonathan Román , Cortés‐Guzmán Karen Paola , Torres‐Gómez Héctor , Flores Roberto , Leyva Marco A. , Escalante Jaime
Published: July 2019

In this work we present a kinetics, thermodynamics and theoretical studies of the Diels‐Alder Reaction (DAR) of methyl ester of a 3‐vinylindole in a solvent‐free process for the synthesis of tetrahydrocarbazole. The results of the reaction kinetics analysis show that here DAR was a second order, one‐step process, which indicates an associative mechanism where the s‐cis and s‐trans conformations produce a single activated complex.
Fabrication of Amorphous BiOCl/TiO2‐C3N4 Heterostructure for Efficient Water Oxidation
Authors: Shakeel Muhammad , Zhang Xiaorong , Yasin Ghulam , Arif Muhammad , Abbas Zaheer , Zaman Umber , Li Baoshan
Published: July 2019

The photo‐/electrocatalysis has gained much attention in the recent decades by acquainting variety of catalysts to deal with the energy crises. Keeping in mind the water splitting efficiency of TiO2, we coupled with bismuth oxychlorides (BiOCl) and graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) by low temperature calcination treatment and built an amorphous BiOCl/TiO2‐g‐C3N4 heterostructure for water oxidation. This material was characterized by the state of art spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques such as X‐rays diffractions, UV‐vis. diffused reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and photoelectron spectroscopic measurements. The resulting nanocomposite considered as good electrocatalyst with Tafel slope 81 mVdec−1and produces current density JOER=10 mA cm−2 at overpotential of 376 mV while on illuminations condition it further decreases to 366 mV without compromising the current density with Tafel slope 70 mVdec−1 prevailing the influence of light. The efficient activity was attributed to the synergistic coupling and the visible light responses of the nanocomposite. This investigation not only prospered to enhance the catalytic activity of BiOCl/TiO2 by the incorporation of g‐C3N4 nanosheets, also give perceptions to the relationship between amorphous structure and photo‐/electrochemical catalytic activity.
Effects of limestone filler and silica fume on rheology and strength of self‐compacting concrete
Authors: Benaicha Mouhcine , Belcaid Aicha , Alaoui Adil H. , Jalbaud Olivier , Burtschell Yves
Published: July 2019

In the manufacture of self‐compacting concrete (SCC), the replacement of a cement fraction by mineral additions is the most common method of the mix design in order to reduce the amount of cement for economic or environmental reasons. This study presents the effect of limestone filler and silica fume on the rheological and mechanical behavior of 13 types of self‐compacting concretes. Based on the rheology measurement such as slump flow diameter, V‐funnel flow time, yield stress, and plastic viscosity, and the mechanical tests such as the compressive strength and Young's modulus, our results show that it is possible, according to the type and dosage of mineral additions, to correlate the mechanical parameters and each of the used rheology tests.
External electric field effects on chemical structure and reactivity
Authors: Stuyver Thijs , Danovich David , Joy Jyothish , Shaik Sason
Published: July 2019

In recent years, external electric fields (EEFs) have captured some spotlight as novel effectors of chemical change. EEFs directly impact the structure of molecular systems. For example, aligning an electric field along a specific bond‐axis leads to either shortening or elongation of the bond (and ultimately bond breaking). Furthermore, EEFs enable unprecedented control over chemical reactivity. Orienting an electric field along the so‐called “reaction‐axis,” the direction in which the electrons reorganize during the conversion from reactant to product, leads to catalysis or inhibition and can induce mechanistic crossover from concerted to stepwise reactions. Off‐reaction‐axis orientation enables control over the stereoselectivity of reactions and disables forbidden–orbital mixing. Two‐directional fields enable control over both reactivity and selectivity. In this advanced review, we offer an overview of this rapidly evolving research field with a focus on the valence bond modeling of EEF effects and the insight it offers. A wide variety of examples will be considered and a link to the experiment will be made throughout. We end by offering some perspectives in which we postulate that, as experimental techniques continue to mature, EEFs could potentially become a generally applicable “zapping” tool to facilitate elaborate chemical syntheses.

This article is categorized under:

Structure and Mechanism > Reaction Mechanisms and Catalysis
Dynamical axions and gravitational waves
Authors: Croon Djuna , Houtz Rachel , Sanz Verónica
Published: July 2019

Abstract

In this paper we explore the possibility of observable gravitational waves as a manifestation of the QCD axion dynamics. In particular, we focus on dynamical axion models which solve the strong CP problem, and include the confinement of a QCD-like gauge group at the TeV scale. We study the resulting chiral symmetry breaking phase transition for models with N

F
= 3 and N

F
= 4 light flavors using the linear sigma model. This model describes the scalar meson spectrum and its interactions, with the diagonal field φ as the order parameter. We find that the amplitude of the gravitational wave spectrum depends on the mass of the dynamical axion η′ via the ratio

$$ {m}_{\eta^{\prime }}/{m}_{\varphi } $$

m

η
′

/

m
φ

. The resulting spectra may be observed at future mid-range gravitational wave experiments such as AION/MAGIS, DECIGO, and BBO. Moreover, the TeV states can be searched for at colliders and their quantum numbers characterized, providing a unique connection between axion physics, gravitational waves and collider searches.
Solvable self-dual impurity models
Authors: Adam C. , Oles K. , Queiruga J.M. , Romanczukiewicz T. , Wereszczynski A.
Published: July 2019

Abstract

We find a family of (half) self-dual impurity models such that the self-dual (BPS) sector is exactly solvable, for any spatial distribution of the impurity, both in the topologically trivial case and for kink (or antikink) configurations. This allows us to derive the metric on the corresponding one-dimensional moduli space in an analytical form. Also the generalized translational symmetry is found in an exact form. This symmetry provides a motion on moduli space which transforms one BPS solution into another. Finally, we analyse exactly how vibrational properties (spectral modes) of the BPS solutions depend on the actual position on moduli space. These results are obtained both for the nontrivial topological sector (kinks or antikinks) as well as for the topologically trivial sector, where the motion on moduli space represents a kink-antikink annihilation process.
Three-dimensional (higher-spin) gravities with extended Schrödinger and l-conformal Galilean symmetries
Authors: Chernyavsky Dmitry , Sorokin Dmitri
Published: July 2019

Abstract

We show that an extended 3D Schrödinger algebra introduced in [1] can be reformulated as a 3D Poincaré algebra extended with an SO(2) R-symmetry generator and an SO(2) doublet of bosonic spin-1/2 generators whose commutator closes on 3D translations and a central element. As such, a non-relativistic Chern-Simons theory based on the extended Schrödinger algebra studied in [1] can be reinterpreted as a relativistic Chern-Simons theory. The latter can be obtained by a contraction of the SU(1, 2) × SU(1, 2) Chern-Simons theory with a non principal embedding of SL(2, ℝ) into SU(1, 2). The non-relativisic Schrödinger gravity of [1] and its extended Poincaré gravity counterpart are obtained by choosing different asymptotic (boundary) conditions in the Chern-Simons theory. We also consider extensions of a class of so-called l-conformal Galilean algebras, which includes the Schrödinger algebra as its member with l = 1/2, and construct ChernSimons higher-spin gravities based on these algebras.
Analysis of the Thermomechanical Response of Structural Cables Subject to Fire
Authors: Kotsovinos Panagiotis , Atalioti Athina , McSwiney Neil , Lugaresi Francesca , Rein Guillermo , Sadowski Adam J.
Published: July 2019

Cable-supported structures such as bridges and stadia are critical for the surrounding community and the consequences arising from a major fire event can be substantial. Previous computational studies into the thermal response of cables often employed simplistic heat transfer models that assumed lump capacitance or cross-sectional homogeneity without proof of validity. This paper proposes a methodology for calculating the thermal response of a cable cross-section allowing for heat transfer by conduction through each strand contact surface and radiation across inter-strand cavities. The methodology has been validated against two experiments of cables subjected to radiant heating and an input sensitivity analysis has been undertaken for the heat transfer and material parameters. The approach is compared against simple heat transfer lumped methods for a parallel-strand cable where it is shown that these lumped models are not always conservative. The model is then coupled with a two-dimensional generalised plain strain model to study the likely effect of the cross-sectional temperature gradients on the mechanical response. The study considers three qualitatively different hydrocarbon jet fire scenarios, both with and without external insulation for fire protection. It is shown that the proposed methodology can reproduce realistic cross-sectional temperature distributions with up to 50% temperature difference at the cable external surface and can capture the phenomenon of load shedding in a gradually heated cable. It is also shown that assuming a lumped thermal mass neglects the possibility of moment-inducing temperature gradients which are not considered in the ambient design of cables that is driven by tensile capacities. The proposed model and its predictions contribute towards an improved understanding and a more informed structural design of cable-supported structures in fire.
Let's have more Russian babies. How anti-immigrant sentiment shapes family leave policy in Russia
Authors: Kingsbury Marina
Published: July 2019

This paper builds on scholarship of welfare chauvinism in Europe to present evidence of the relationship between xenophobia and family leave policies in contemporary Russia. I argue that popular anti-immigrant moods pressure government into providing more generous family benefits to Russian families while proposing restrictions to migrants. Findings are based on elite interviews, as well as content analysis of mass media, policy documents, public speeches, and party manifestos. I show that xenophobia is widespread in Russia among the public and policymakers alike, and find that xenophobia is embraced by policymakers to guide decisions regarding the allocation of social benefits.
BFA fuzzy logic based control allocation for fault-tolerant control of multirotor UAVs
Authors: Saied M. , Knaiber M. , Mazeh H. , Shraim H. , Francis C.
Published: July 2019

This paper deals with the problem of fault-tolerant control (FTC) for redundant multirotor unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) subject to actuators failures. A fuzzy logic approach is used to solve the constrained control allocation problem by adjusting the components of the multiplexing vector once a motor failure is detected. This fuzzy logic allocation problem is tuned using the Bacterial Foraging Algorithm (BFA), a powerful bio-inspired optimisation technique. The effectiveness of this approach is illustrated through real experimental application to a hexarotor UAV, where up to two motors failures are considered.
Social Movements and Constitutionalism in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan
Authors: BUI Ngoc Son
Published: July 2019

This article considers whether the academic inquiry of comparative constitutionalism in Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan may be further developed by a full consideration of the relevance of social movements. Integrating social movement theories into comparative constitutional law, this article argues that a more nuanced positive account of the creation and consolidation of constitutionalism in these East Asian polities must be situated within the engagement of social movements in discursive venues for formal and informal constitutional change.
Medical Device Design Practitioner Strategies for Prototype-Centered Front-End Design Stakeholder Engagements in Low-Resource Settings
Authors: Coulentianos Marianna J. , Rodriguez-Calero Ilka , Daly Shanna R. , Burridge Jocelyn , Sienko Kathleen H.
Published: July 2019

Prototypes have the potential to provoke discussion and to encourage stakeholders to play an active role during design engagements in the front-end phases of a design process. However, detailed descriptions of stakeholder engagement strategies in front-end design are lacking. The aim of this research study was to understand how design practitioners prepare and manage stakeholders for engagements involving prototypes in the front-end phases of a medical device design process. Design practitioners at companies developing mechanical and electromechanical medical devices for use in low- and middle-income countries were interviewed following a semi-structured interview guide. Interview transcripts were analysed, and inductive codes were developed. The findings suggest that design practitioners manage the group composition of stakeholders, review the project and prototype(s) with stakeholders at the start of the engagement, and show the progress of prototypes to stakeholders over multiple engagements. These strategies shed light on the importance of handling interpersonal relationships during stakeholder engagement with prototypes.
Navigating Matters of Concern in Participatory Design
Authors: Brodersen Søsser , Pedersen Signe
Published: July 2019

Among 75-90% of residents in Danish nursing homes are diagnosed with dementia. This article explore how a team of five 3rd semester bachelor's design students sought to improve quality of life for elderly people with dementia in a nursing home through a co-design process of a new sensory stimulation technology. Participatory Design researchers agree that it is important to involve diverse actors in the design process such as elderly with dementia, nursing home management, nursing staff etc. But when involving many different actors in designing new products, services and systems the challenge is to navigate the many perspectives and concerns of these actors, which is often conflicting and hence needs negotiating. ‘We draw upon the ANT framework to analyse how ‘matters of concern’ (MoCs) are negotiated and to discuss how designers navigate by staging and facilitating design interactions to support negotiation of MoCs among numerous actors during the design process.
Abductive Inferences in Strategic Design Decisions
Authors: Kroll Ehud , Koskela Lauri
Published: July 2019

The overall strategy of designing is addressed. The design decisions that have a major impact on the direction in which the process evolves are termed “strategic”, and here we study them from the perspective of abduction. The aim is to clarify the role of abduction (in the sense of inference to the best explanation) in strategic decision making in design. Four cases are used for demonstration and discussion: functional decomposition in novel situations; the ordering of subfunctions in a function structure; the order of development of design tasks; and managing the design iterations. We focus on two specific design strategies: systematic design and parameter analysis, and show that strategic abductions often take place within the chosen strategy for the sake of efficiency of the process. Such abductions are often triggered by rules (like focusing first on the issue with greatest uncertainty in the total design task) that derive from Peirce's principle for economy of research. It is found that strategic abductions may have a decisive impact on the outcome of a design process. Two potential ways of improving design strategies and related strategic abductions are discussed.
An Introductory Review of Methods for the Articulation of Strategy in Design
Authors: Simeone Luca
Published: July 2019

This paper presents an introductory review of methods to articulate strategy in design. Articulation is here seen as a process in which strategy is more or less strictly and explicitly identified and described, e.g. in relation to key ideas, directions to follow, goals and expected results. The paper surveys existing literature in design research and identifies two broad categories of methods for the articulation of strategy: (1) structured frameworks, and (2) vocabularies and principles.
Innovative Design in Factory - New Methods to Go from Closed to Expandable Prescriptions at the Shop Floor Level
Authors: Harlé Honorine , Le Masson Pascal , Weil Benoit , Hooge Sophie , Levillain Kevin , Bulin Guillaume , Menard Thierry
Published: July 2019

This paper explores the question of the design activity at the shop floor level. The design activity has been confined for a large part in the design and the methods office. However, a certain form of design adapted to the factory remains. It is necessary to solve the problems which appear during the manufacturing process and to improve the productivity. However another form of design can emerge; it has a stronger impact on the factory, since the rules of the manufacturing system are modified under its effect. The paper studies 21 cases of design in the Airbus factory at Saint-Nazaire. It shows that the design activity does exist at the shop floor level. It characterizes this activity distinguishing two types of design which can co-exist in a factory. It shows that the type of results reached is not the same according to the type of design implemented.
Design for Empathy: A Co-Design Case Study with the Finnish Parliament
Authors: Tuomala Enni-Kukka S E , Baxter Weston L
Published: July 2019

Globalisation and the mixing of people, cultures, religions and languages fuels pressing healthcare, educational, political and other complex sociocultural issues. Many of these issues are driven by society's struggle to find ways to facilitate deeper and more emotionally meaningful ways to help people connect and overcome the empathy gap which keeps various groups of people apart. This paper presents a process to design for empathy – as an outcome of design. This extends prior work which typically looks at empathy for design – as a part of the design process, as is common in inclusive design and human centered design process. We reflect on empathy in design and challenge the often internalised role of the designer to be more externalised, to shift from an empathiser to become an empathy generator. We develop and demonstrate the process to design for empathy through a co-creation case study aiming to bring empathy into politics. The ongoing project is set in the Parliament of Finland, and involves co- creation with six Members of the Parliament from five political parties. Outcomes of the process and case study are discussed, including design considerations for future research.
Role Model for Systems Engineering Application
Authors: Gräßler Iris , Oleff Christian , Hentze Julian
Published: July 2019

Twenty-three years ago, Sheard published a very well-known description of Systems Engineering roles. Each role represents and defines activities and tasks to be taken into account for performing Systems Engineering through the entire system life cycle. As today's more and more complex systems require different considerations and approaches, these activities and tasks have changed and thereby the description of the role model need to be updated. This work introduces the “Role Model for Systems Engineering Application”, which is adapted to today's circumstances, with the intention to give practitioners guidance in applying Systems Engineering. For this purpose, results from literature as well as from research projects and industrial applications experience were analyzed and combined to an updated role description.
A Comparison of Contemporary Prototyping Methods
Authors: Coutts Euan Ross , Wodehouse Andrew , Robertson Jason
Published: July 2019

Prototypes are a common feature of many product design and development endeavours. An ever widening range of prototyping options are available to designers and engineers. May particular options be superior to others, or more appropriate for particular endeavours? This paper reviews current literature on the nature of what constitutes a prototype and the benefits they offer to the discipline. They principally facilitate communication, aid learning, help gain and provide feedback, inform decision making and generally provide superior design outcomes. In order to determine if any particular manner of prototype is preferable for achieving these benefits a comparative study of some of the contemporary prototyping methods is subsequently conducted: A 3D printed prototype (physical prototype), a CAD prototype (represented using a computer monitor), an augmented reality prototype (represented using a tablet device) and a virtual reality prototype (represented using a stereo projector and polarised glasses). The results indicate that while all provide benefits, overall the physical prototype performs best and the augmented reality prototype performs most poorly.
A Lifecycle Cost-Driven System Dynamics Approach for Considering Additive Re-Manufacturing or Repair in Aero-Engine Component Design
Authors: Lawand Lydia , Al Handawi Khalil , Panarotto Massimo , Andersson Petter , Isaksson Ola , Kokkolaras Michael
Published: July 2019

Aero-engine component design decisions should consider re-manufacturing and/or repair strategies and their impact on lifecycle cost. Existing design approaches do not account for alternative production technologies such as the use of additive manufacturing in life extension processes. This paper presents a modeling and optimization methodology for examining the impact of design decisions in the early development stage on component lifecycle cost during the in-service phase while considering the potential use of additive manufacturing in life extension strategies. Specifically, a system dynamics model is developed to assess different end-of-life scenarios. Finally, an optimization problem is formulated and solved to minimize lifecycle cost with respect to design variables related to re-manufacturing.
An Exploratory Study Comparing CAD Tools and Working Styles for Implementing Design Changes
Authors: Phadnis Vrushank Shripad , Leonardo Kevin Alfonso , Wallace David Robert , Olechowski Alison Louise
Published: July 2019

This paper presents the findings of a preliminary study comparing implementation of design changes using various computer-aided design (CAD) working styles. Our study compares individuals’ and pairs’ completion of a series of changes to a toy car CAD model. We discuss the results in terms of productivity and value added ratio, derived from time-based quantitative data. We also discuss qualitative findings acquired through post-study surveys. Overall, our findings suggest that pairs were less efficient than individual designers due to overheads like communication, history dependency and complex couplings within the CAD model tree. However, it is also noteworthy that within each pair the lead participant's performance was at par with individual participants. Lastly, we also discuss behaviors and patterns that emerge as unique to the synchronous collaborative environment, motivating future work.
Analysing and Solving the Reduced-Ability and Excessive-Use Dilemmas in Technology Use
Authors: Wesugi Shigeru
Published: July 2019

Technology use provides great benefits by extending human ability, but the negative effects cannot always be ignored. The author examined the dilemmas of technology use based on Shibata's analysis of McLuhan's extension theory and indicated two types of dilemmas in continuous technology use. First is the decreased human ability as the innate functionality is substituted by the technology. Second is excessive utilisation of the technology, which may instil a false sense of naturally extended ability.

Subsequently, the author considered and suggested approaches for mitigating both types of dilemmas. The decreased-ability dilemma might be resolved by continuously utilising the technology and designing technology relevant to the degree of human ability. Meanwhile, the excessive-utilisation dilemma might be resolved by regulating the technology use and designing technology that achieves the desired disposition change in users.

Finally, the possibility of advancing the existing design approaches to further resolve the dilemmas was discussed.
Analysis and Synthesis of Resilient Load-Carrying Systems
Authors: Schulte Fiona , Kirchner Eckhard , Kloberdanz Hermann
Published: July 2019

Resilient systems have the capability to survive and recover from seriously affecting events. Resilience engineering already is established for socio-economic organisations and extended network-like structures e. g. supply systems like power grids. Transferring the known principles and concepts used in these disciplines enables engineering resilient load-carrying systems and subsystems, too. Unexpected load conditions or component damages are summarised as disruptions caused by nesciense that may cause damages to the system or even system breakdowns. Disruptions caused by nescience can be controlled by analysing the resilience characteristics and synthesising resilient load-carrying systems. This paper contributes to a development methodology for resilient load-carrying systems by presenting a resilience applications model to support engineers analysing system resilience characteristics and behaviour. Further a concept of a systematically structured solution catalogue is provided that can be used for the classification of measures to realise resilience functions depending on system adaptivity and disruption progress. The resilience characteristics are illustrated by 3 examples.
Doll Based Design Tool in Corporate Contexts: A Qualitative Comparison with Storyboard in a New Product Development Project
Authors: Kagohashi Kaho , Taoka Yuki , Ohno Takehiko , Hamaguchi Nana , Chen Xinlei , Amano Kenta , Saito Shigeki
Published: July 2019

Various tools for participatory design approach have been developed to support users to engage design process. Doll scenario is proposed as a generative tool for letting participants make and enact scenarios. However, suitable context to practice doll scenario is unclear in comparison with other tools using scenario. Therefore, our overall objective is to increase understanding of characteristics of making scenario in two different ways of expression; with doll and storyboard. We developed a doll scenario method, doll staging. The tool was evaluated in comparison to storyboard at a workshop which is a part of a new product development project in a corporate. The workshop was evaluated by semi-structured interviews with the participants and observations of the workshop and design outcome. The result suggests that doll staging allows participants to think from users’ perspective in developing new idea. These findings provides new direction to choose scenario based design tools according to objective or context of design project. We also discuss potentials and research directions to use tools for developing scenario in corporate contexts.
Functional Analysis in Embodiment Design - An Investigation of Embodiment Function Relations in Testing Activities
Authors: Grauberger Patric , Voß Katharina , Matthiesen Sven
Published: July 2019

Testing contributes to success of engineering design as it plays an important role in gaining insights about the system in development. Literature indicates that for success in engineering design, gaining insights about relations of embodiment and function is crucial. In this contribution, an investigation of how insights about embodiment function relations are gained in testing, is conducted. For this, the testing documentation in a student development project is analysed. The results show a correlation of gaining insights about embodiment function relations to success in engineering design. Potential for improvement in data acquisition and processing is uncovered, which will be used in a succeeding study to investigate this issue in more detail.
Purpose-Oriented Modelling of the Learning Process When Using Prototypes
Authors: Schork Stefan , Kirchner Eckhard
Published: July 2019

Prototypes are often used as a tool in the product development process and their usage is advised in many guidelines, frameworks and product development methods. Those prototypes achieve different goals of which most relate to getting new insights and information about the product in development. For the development of those prototypes however, significantly less development methods are available compared to the number of methods for the development of products. Investigating the process of using a prototype leads to the idea that the main purpose of those prototypes is describable as learning about the product. This idea is elaborated further and followed by the introduction of the detailed process model for prototyping which is primarily based on the detailed process model for products. However, the purpose of the prototype differs from the purpose of the product which leads to some significant changes of the model. To give an example of a prototyping process, the development of a sensor- integrating elastic claw coupling is introduced and analysed. In addition, this paper discusses the question, how other product development models may be applied to the development of prototypes.
The Concept of Purposeful Prototyping: Towards a New Kind of Taxonomic Classification
Authors: Petrakis Konstantinos , Hird Abigail , Wodehouse Andrew
Published: July 2019

A prototype can be generally defined as a preliminary version of a final product and it can represent both aesthetic and functional features. Prototyping, the process of building a prototype, constitutes an indispensable part of product development processes. Many classifications of prototypes which use a different range of criteria have already been developed and are known as Prototype Taxonomies. This paper proposes an agenda towards the development of a new taxonomic classification which will be based on a prototype's attributes and its intended purpose. This work is justified from the results of an analysis of 8 existing prototype taxonomies which indicate that there is not a taxonomy that explicitly uses the prototypes’ purposes as its basic taxonomic dimension. A definition of the term ‘Prototype Purpose’ is proposed through discussing the differences and relations to the term ‘Prototype Role’. This work results in a list of 23 explicit prototype purposes which arise from 7 roles of prototyping found in relevant literature: Learning, Communication, Demonstration, Integration, Refinement, Exploration and Requirement Elicitation.
The State of Prototyping Practice in the Industrial Setting: Potential, Challenges and Implications
Authors: Diefenbach Sarah , Christoforakos Lara , Maisch Bettina , Kohler Kirstin
Published: July 2019

Prototyping as a central method within innovation- and product development processes has a high acceptance in industry. Various prototyping tools provide impressive visualizations of product ideas in early development stages and especially low fidelity prototyping methods seem easily applicable. However, a closer look at prototyping in practice reveals a number of misunderstandings and barriers regarding effective prototyping, often related to different stakeholders’ (e.g., developer, designer, client) ideas about the purpose of prototyping. Based on a combination of literature analysis, adapting existing models and methods in user centered design (e.g., personas, double diamond design process) and empirical results from industrial research cooperation, we introduce a focus group format and a first model of prototyping maturity, which can help organizations to reflect on their state of practice in prototyping on an individual, team, and organizational level. The maturity model also forms a valuable theoretical lens for design research. Thus, our research aims at researchers in the field of prototyping as well as practitioners involved in prototyping and innovation processes.
Toward Automated Functional Modeling: An Association Rules Approach for Mining the Relationship between Product Components and Function
Authors: Tensa Melissa , Edmonds Katherine , Ferrero Vincenzo , Mikes Alex , Soria Zurita Nicolas , Stone Rob , DuPont Bryony
Published: July 2019

The objective of this research is to support DfX considerations in the early phases of design. In order to do conduct DfX, designers need access to pertinent downstream knowledge that is keyed to early stage design activities and problem knowledge. Product functionality is one such “key” connection between early understanding of the design problem and component choices which dictate product performance and impact, and repositories of design knowledge are one way to archive such design knowledge. However, curation of design knowledge is often a time-consuming activity requiring expertise in product modeling. In this paper, we explore a method to automate the populating of design repositories to support the overall goal of having up-to-date repositories of product design knowledge. To do this, we mine information from an existing repository to better understand the relationships between the components, functions, and flows of products. The resulting knowledge can be applied to automate functional decompositions once a product's components have been entered and thus reliably provide that “key” between early design activities and the later, component dependent characteristics.
Using Hidden Markov Models to Uncover Underlying States in Neuroimaging Data for a Design Ideation Task
Authors: Goucher-Lambert Kosa , McComb Christopher
Published: July 2019

Recently, design researchers have begun to use neuroimaging methods (e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI) to understand a variety of cognitive processes relevant to design. However, common neuroimaging analysis techniques require significant assumptions relating temporal and spatial information during model formulation. In this work, we apply hidden Markov Models (HMM) in order to uncover patterns of brain activation in a design-relevant fMRI dataset. The underlying fMRI data comes from a prior research study in which participants generated solutions for twelve open-ended design problems from the literature. HMMs are generative models that are able to automatically infer the internal state characteristics of a process by observing state emissions. In this work, we demonstrate that distinct states can be extracted from the design ideation fMRI dataset, and that designers are likely to transition between a few key states. Additionally, the likelihood of occupancy within these states is different for high and low performing designers. This work opens up the door for future research to investigate the patterns of neural activation within the discovered states.
A Framework for Designing Work Systems in Industry 4.0
Authors: Kadir Bzhwen A , Broberg Ole , da Conceição Carolina Souza , Jensen Nik Grewy
Published: July 2019

The introduction of new digital technologies in industrial work systems and increasing implementation of Cyber Physical Systems are evoking new and unknown challenges and opportunities related to aspects of human work and organisation. To ensure human wellbeing and overall system productivity, there is a need for interdisciplinary methods and approaches for dealing with the challenges and taking advantage of the opportunities. In this paper, we present a conceptual framework for designing Industry 4.0 enabled work systems, which serves to accommodate this need. The framework combines elements and principles of Design- and Lean thinking methodologies and Human Factors and Ergonomics, thus making it a practical, systematic, and iterative, human centred approach. We use examples from a retrospective industrial case study to illustrate elements of the framework and provide several implications for practitioners.
Aspects of Body Metrics Data Management in the Long Term for the European Fitness Industry
Authors: Guérineau Benjamin-Julia , Samir Kousay , Richrath Marvin , Paetzold Kristin , Montero Joaquin
Published: July 2019

The dawn of the fourth industrial revolution, mostly known through the German initiative “Industrie 4.0”, builds on a set of technologies emerging from software and information and communication technologies (ICT); paired with the growth of the Internet-of-Things (IoT), the so-called “smart products” are expanding on the market. These smart products integrate data collection and processing capacities. Additionally, the collected data have their own lifecycle, and can be classified as sensitive data. In that sense, companies developing hardware products may need support to step in “smart products” development. Digital transformation strategy is a possible overall support for companies. However, regarding smart product development and IoT data management, no studies to date have addressed formalized guidelines to support companies. This article proposes a set of guidelines focusing on IoT data management to support hardware companies in their transformation towards smart products. The proposed guidelines are exemplified on a fitness industry case which is using wearable devices collecting body metrics, considered as sensitive data.
The Direction of Industry: A Literature Review on Industry 4.0
Authors: Wichmann Robert Lawrence , Eisenbart Boris , Gericke Kilian
Published: July 2019

With the rapid success of the digital enterprises in the 21st Century, industrial manufacturing is expected to be approaching the fourth industrial revolution, coined Industry 4.0 (I4.0). The instrumental technology that will drive this evolution is the integration of the physical and digital factory into one cyber physical system. There is consensus among academics and industry alike that there will be an integral paradigm shift in how offerings will be developed and manufactured. While there is much confidence that the future factory will have unprecedented capabilities to satisfy complex customer demands, there is little agreement on how individual organisations can utilise these trends. This paper presents a literature review identifying reoccurring themes and trends of I4.0 and their expected effect on future manufacturing. Central characteristics, challenges and opportunities are identified and discussed. The findings can provide support in developing actionable strategies for industry to direct I4.0 endeavours.
Agile Product Development: Features Identification and Application in the Electricity Sector
Authors: Ribeiro Artur Tavares Vilas Boas , Leal Lorenna Fernandes , do Amaral Guilherme Soares Gurgel , Kahn Ricardo , Pacci Evaristo Bruno Guilherme , Romão Victor , Ricardo G Altmann , Marcos R Avó , Salerno Mario Sergio , Plonski Guilherme Ary , Zancul Eduardo
Published: July 2019

The electricity sector is in the midst of a structural change driven by new technologies. In Brazil, the electricity sector regulation has mechanisms to foster innovation, including investments in R&D. Recently, the regulatory agency and the industry have been calling for approaches to increase the rate at which R&D departments generate solutions that end up being adopted. As a result, novel approaches to R&D project management have entered the agenda. In this context, the objective of this paper is to characterise Agile Product Development and its application in a highly regulated sector. The paper presents a systematic literature review with the debates about Agile and new product development. Then, a case study exploring an early adoption of the Agile approach in R&D project management in the Brazilian electricity sector is presented. Results include the identification of the Agile features most frequently mentioned in the literature. Moreover, the case study explores the Agile features that were more easily absorbed in early adoption, such as iterative patterns, and discusses implementation challenges in team structure, feedback loops, and communication.
Challenges with Supplier Involvement in Product Development: A Supplier’s Perspective
Authors: Flankegård Filip , Johansson Glenn , Granlund Anna
Published: July 2019

Studies of supplier involvement in product development have revealed potential benefits including faster time to market, reduced cost and increased quality. However, existing literature has mainly focused on the customer's perspective on advantages, disadvantages and factors to be considered when involving suppliers in product development. This paper addresses the supplier's perspective by answering following research question: How do challenges that originate from involvement in customer's product development affect a supplier? The question is answered through a single case study at a supplier that develops and manufacture products primary used in capital goods. Thirteen challenges are identified, classified as being internal or external, and categorised into five areas: (A) Customer requirements, (B) Information exchange between customer and supplier, (C) Product variety management, (D) Design- manufacturing integration and (E) Processes and work instructions. The findings suggest that internal challenges need as much attention as external ones that originate from the customer. Also, an indication of when the challenges affect the supplier during product development is presented.
Current Challenges of Agile Hardware Development: What are Still the Pain Points Nowadays?
Authors: Atzberger Alexander , Paetzold Kristin
Published: July 2019

Originally developed for the software industry, agile development is being applied in the hardware field nowadays as well due to its benefits when having to deal with volatile, uncertain, complex and ambiguous (VUCA) conditions. However, certain complications arise when applying the concept of agility in the hardware. In this publication, based on the challenges identified by Ovesen in 2012, the current challenges of agile development for hardware are gathered using an embedded design approach, ensuring its actuality based on the latest surveys and empirical data. The current state regarding the challenges is displayed and its interrelations as well as their advancements compared to seven years ago is discussed. Moreover, an attempt to explain the difficulties of applying agile development is given by a hardware-related complexity model.
Engineering Knowledge Graph for Keyword Discovery in Patent Search
Authors: Sarica Serhad , Song Binyang , Low En , Luo Jianxi
Published: July 2019

Patent retrieval and analytics have become common tasks in engineering design and innovation. Keyword-based search is the most common method and the core of integrative methods for patent retrieval. Often searchers intuitively choose keywords according to their knowledge on the search interest which may limit the coverage of the retrieval. Although one can identify additional keywords via reading patent texts from prior searches to refine the query terms heuristically, the process is tedious, time-consuming, and prone to human errors. In this paper, we propose a method to automate and augment the heuristic and iterative keyword discovery process. Specifically, we train a semantic engineering knowledge graph on the full patent database using natural language processing and semantic analysis, and use it as the basis to retrieve and rank the keywords contained in the retrieved patents. On this basis, searchers do not need to read patent texts but just select among the recommended keywords to expand their queries. The proposed method improves the completeness of the search keyword set and reduces the human effort for the same task.