bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Indian OTEC Program
Authors: Jayashankar V. , Purnima J. , Ravindran M. , Mitsumori M. , lkegami Y. , Uehara H.
Published: October 2008

It is planned to construct a pilot floating OTEC plant with a rating of 1MW gross off the coast of India. Preliminarydesign calculations that impact on the sea water systems have been completed. The factors that affect the choice of configuration for the cold water pipe and mooring are discussed. At smaller ratings the cost of the sea water systems is likely to be a larger fraction of the overall plant cost and thus merits detailed investigations.

Introduction

Commercial energy consumption (coal, oil & gas, electricity)in India has increased from 19.76 million tonnes of coal equivalent (MTCE) in 1953–54 to 101.5 MTCE in 1990-91. The contribution by coal, oil & gas and electricity for the latter period is 39, 43.4 and 17.6 percent respectively [1]. As of 1996–97 the lifespan of known reserves of oil & gas is around 20 years and coal reserves are estimated to last for about 200 years. The installed capacity of electrical generation is 96000 MW (1996–97) and is insufficient to meet the current demand. In such a scenario, the development of alternative sources of energy is an imperative. Further, it would be desirable to pursue an energy resource that can be utilised in a sustainable manner. This is possible through renewable sources. For tropical countries with a long coast line, ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) appears to be a promising source.

Ocean Thermal Energy or OTEC harnesses energy through the natural thermal gradient of the ocean depths which acts as a heat engine for a thermodynamic cycle. In tropical countries like India, this temperature difference is above 20°C between the surface of the ocean and at a depth of800-100Om and the annual fluctuation in this value is only l°C. Based on this temperature difference, the area of OTEC resource within India's EEZ is estimated to be 1.5 × 106 km 2. An acceptable power density for OTEC plants has been estimated by researchers to be 0.2 MW/km2. With such a spacing, and allowing 40° for parasitic losses in the OTEC plants, the estimated OTEC potential in India is around 180, OOOMW,

Previous calculations have shown that floating OTEC plants can be competitive at ratings of the order of 50MW. [2]. While the ultimate aim is to build plants of such ratings, a demonstration pilot plant of a smaller capacity to validate the design of subsystems such as heat exchangers, turbine, and sea water systems appears rational. This paper attempts to study the advantages and disadvantages of variousconfigurations of the sea water systems (cold water pipe and moorings) with respect to the complexity, feasibility and cost in the Indian context.

Conceptual basis for pilot plant

Based on the bathymetry of the ocean, three options for OTEC plants exist. They could be land based, shelf based or floating plants. Land based plants are feasible in the islands of India.
Brightly Luminescent and Color‐Tunable CsPbBr3 Nanocrystals with Enhanced Stability and Room Temperature Cubic Structure through Codoping with MnCl2
Authors: Darwish Elshaimaa , Elia Jack , Fehn Dominik , Köllner David , Pourjafar Amir , Christiansen Silke , Meyer Karsten , Webber Kyle Grant , Brabec Christoph J. , Batentschuk Miroslaw , Osvet Andres
Published: April 2024

Lead halide perovskites have attracted much attention from the scientific community in recent years due to their attractive properties and their proven potential in many applications. Nevertheless, their stability and lead toxicity have remained a problem. Herein, the potential of manganese as a divalent dopant to offer better stability and replace a fraction of the toxic lead ions is investigated. Moreover, the reverse microemulsion method is used to obtain tunability in emission and bandgap by doping cesium lead bromide. Furthermore, cubic cesium lead bromide particles are managed to obtain at room temperature as a result of doping.
Optimizing CO2 Adsorption/Desorption via the Coupling of Imidazole and Carbon Nanotubes Paper for Spontaneous CO2 Uptake from Ambient Air and Solar‐Driven Release
Authors: Li Chujia , Cao Xuebo , Liu Guangchun , Huang Lin , Chu Mingming , Cheng Ruobing , Wang Aijun , Xu Zhen
Published: April 2024

Direct air capture (DAC) is a sustainable technology to alleviate the greenhouse effect and a reliable pathway to acquire inexhaustible CO2 for the production of costly chemicals and energy products. Current DAC technologies with amine‐related sorbents rely on chemisorption, while they consume intensive energy for CO2 release and sorbent regeneration by heating. Developing new DAC processes with weak, reversible adsorption can substantially reduce the regeneration energies. Herein, the design of CO2 breathing paper (CBP) is demonstrated toward spontaneous CO2 extraction from ambient air and solar‐driven regeneration. The CBP is fabricated by coupling 2‐ethyl‐4‐methylimidazole to carbon nanotube paper on the basis of density functional theory calculations. At ambient conditions, CBP spontaneously captures atmospheric CO2 with a capacity of 0.14–1.75 mmol g–1 at 0–35 °C through non‐covalent electrostatic interaction. Upon exposure to sunlight, all adsorbed CO2 can be released and converted to concentrated gas for storage. Attractively, the efficiency of solar‐driven CO2 release is much higher than the traditional temperature‐swing method owing to the IR sensitivity of CO2. Besides the reversibility, the mild conditions also ensure the durability of CBP. These findings suggest that the CBP is a promising candidate for cost‐effective DAC.
Advanced Flexible Sensing Technologies for Soft Robots
Authors: Qu Juntian , Cui Guangming , Li Zhenkun , Fang Shutong , Zhang Xianrui , Liu Ang , Han Mingyue , Liu Houde , Wang Xueqian , Wang Xiaohao
Published: April 2024

Soft robots have recently attracted increasing interest due to their advantages in durability, flexibility, and deformability, which enable them to adapt to unstructured environments and perform various complex tasks. Perception is crucial for soft robots. To better mimic biological systems, sensors need to be integrated into soft robotic systems to obtain both proprioceptive and external perception for effective usage. This review summarizes the latest advancements in flexible sensing feedback technologies for soft robotic applications. It begins with an introduction to the development of various flexible sensors for soft robots, followed by an in‐depth exploration of smart materials and advanced manufacturing methods. A detailed description of flexible sensing modalities and methodologies is also included in the review to illustrate the continuous breakthrough of the technology. In addition, the applications of soft robots based on these advanced sensing technologies are concluded as well. The challenges of flexible sensing technologies for soft robots and promising solutions are finally discussed and analyzed to provide a prospect for future development. By examining the recent advances in intelligent flexible sensing technologies, this review is dedicated to highlighting the potential of soft robotics and motivating innovation within the field.
GABAA Receptor‐Specific Carbon Dots for High‐Contrast Hepatocellular Carcinoma Imaging and Differentiation
Authors: Guo Yifei , Sun Yuanqiang , Geng Xin , Wang Junli , Hu Jingyu , Song Rong‐Bin , Yang Ran , Qu Lingbo , Li Zhaohui
Published: April 2024

Targeted fluorescence probes for imaging and differentiation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are highly desirable from its scientific research and clinical applications. However, most of the current targeted fluorescence probes focus on the variation of intracellular microenvironment caused by the cancerization of hepatocyte, which causes a fluorescence intensity alteration but fails to produce a spatial differentiation due to the lack of robust parameters for further improving accuracy. Herein, the study develops a new fluorescent carbon dot (CTF‐CDs) that can target the overexpressed GABAA receptor (GABAAR) on cell membrane for accurate and high‐contrast imaging of HCC and differentiation. The competition response between CTF‐CDs and typical receptor‐binding ligands reveals their affinity toward the picrotoxin‐binding site of GABAAR. Based on this GABAAR‐targeting ability, accurate imaging of HCC cells is realized by lighting their membranes, along with a big difference from the intracellular fluorescence of normal liver cells and other cancer cells. In addition, the CTF‐CDs have also been used to visualize the anticancer drug‐induced variations on HCC cell membrane and fluorescent imaging in HCC tissue. This work extends the targeting object of fluorescence probes from intracellular microenvironment to membrane protein, adding a new dimension to the imaging and differentiation of HCC.
3D Printable Multifunctional Electrochemical Nano‐Doped Biofilament
Authors: Koukouviti Eleni , Economou Anastasios , Kokkinos Christos
Published: April 2024

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) represents a state‐of‐the‐art 3D printing technology that holds great promise in the field of electrochemistry as a fast, in‐house, and digital fabrication method of sustainable sensors. Despite the progress in FDM, existing practical 3D printed sensors still require post‐printing treatment to improve their operational features, either through (electro)chemical surface activation or surface modification with external functional materials. Herein, a novel lab‐made conductive biofilament with integrated two different types of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) for the 3D printing of ready‐to‐use and multiplexed electrochemical sensors is introduced. The filament is composed of biodegradable polylactic acid as a base, polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether as a plasticizer, carbon black as a conductive filler, and nanopowder oxides of bismuth and copper as integrated functional precursor materials. The as‐printed sensors serve as multifunctional transducers for the direct and sensitive determinations of several analytes, by exploiting the different properties of the two co‐existing NPs. Particularly, heavy metals (such as lead, and cadmium) are voltammetrically quantified by amalgamation with BiNPs electrogenerated from Bi2O3, while biomarkers (such as glucose, and uric acid) are determined in enzymatic‐free modes. Determination of glucose takes advantage of the electrocatalytic properties of CuO, while uric acid is directly oxidized at the sensor.
Designing Strong Polarity and High Configurational Entropy Flexible Units toward Excellent Ultraviolet Nonlinear Optical Materials
Authors: Tian Haotian , Lin Chensheng , Li Bingxuan , Zhao Xin , Yan Tao , Ye Ning , Luo Min
Published: April 2024

Polar materials play a crucial role in numerous essential fields; however, efficiently synthesizing them remains a significant challenge. In this study, a viable approach is proposed to enhance the probability of discovering polar materials by developing new functional basic units (FBUs) with strong polarity and high configurational entropy. To validate this approach, a site‐modification strategy is applied to the high configurational entropy flexible (C3H2O4)2− FBU, resulting in the development of four new polar‐enhancing FBUs: (C3(CH3)2O4)2−, (C3F2O4)2−, (C3H(OH)O4)2−, and (C3HFO4)2−. Moreover, 11 new compounds through temperature‐driven conformational changes in FBUs are successfully synthesized. Among these, the proportion of polar structures reaches an impressive 54%. Remarkably, all of these novel polar compounds exhibit outstanding nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. The [Li2C3(CH3)2O4]2·3H2O demonstrates the rare coexistence of a moderate birefringence (0.071@514 nm), short UV cutoff edge (210 nm), and the strongest second harmonic generation (SHG) effect (6.5 × KDP) among ionic‐organic fourth harmonic generation crystals. Preliminary laser experiments have also proven its potential practical value as a fourth harmonic generation crystal. This research not only discovers a variety of exceptional UV NLO crystals but also provides a feasible method to increase the likelihood of finding polar materials.
Precision Engineering of Nanorobots: Toward Single Atom Decoration and Defect Control for Enhanced Microplastic Capture
Authors: Jancik‐Prochazkova Anna , Kmentova Hana , Ju Xiaohui , Kment Stepan , Zboril Radek , Pumera Martin
Published: April 2024

Nanorobots are being received with a great attention for their move‐sense‐and‐act capabilities that often originate from catalytic decomposition of fuels. In the past decade, single‐atom engineering has demonstrated exceptional efficiency in catalysis, energy‐related technologies, and medicine. Here, a novel approach involving point defect engineering and the incorporation of platinum (Pt) single atoms and atomic level species onto the surface of titanium dioxide nanotubes (TiO2‐NT)‐based nanorobots is presented and its impact on the propulsion capabilities of the resulting nanorobots is investigated. The achievement of point defect engineering is realized through the annealing of TiO2‐NT in a hydrogen atmosphere yielding to the point‐defect decorated nanotube (TiO2‐HNT) nanorobots. Subsequently, the atomic level Pt species decorated TiO2 nanotube (TiO2‐SA‐NT) nanorobots are achieved through a wet‐chemical deposition process.  Whereas TiO2‐SA‐NT nanorobots showed the highest negative photogravitaxis when irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light, TiO2‐HNT nanorobots reached the highest velocity calculated in 2D. Both TiO2‐HNT and TiO2‐SA‐NT nanorobots demonstrated a pronounced affinity for microplastics, exhibiting the capability to irreversibly capture them. This pioneering approach utilizing point‐defect and atomic level Pt species nanorobotics is anticipated to pave the way for highly efficient solutions in the remediation of nano‐ and microplastics and related environmental technologies.
Self‐Powered Hydrogen Production From Seawater Enabled by Trifunctional Exfoliated PtTe Nanosheet Catalysts
Authors: Yu Zhipeng , D'Olimpio Gianluca , Huang Haoliang , Kuo Chia‐Nung , Lue Chin Shan , Nicotra Giuseppe , Lin Fei , Boukhvalov Danil W. , Politano Antonio , Liu Lifeng
Published: April 2024

Seawater electrolysis (SWE) is proposed to be a promising approach to green hydrogen (H2) production but its large‐scale deployment faces challenges because of the anodic competing chlorine evolution reaction (CER) and high energy consumption. To address these challenges, innovative hybrid SWE systems have recently emerged, able to mitigate the interference of CER and substantially reduce the electrical energy needed. Herein, the preparation of 2D layered PtTe nanosheets (e‐PtTe NSs) using the liquid‐phase exfoliation method is reported, which show outstanding electrocatalytic performance for the hydrogen evolution (HER), hydrazine oxidation (HzOR), and oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) in seawater. Using e‐PtTe NSs as trifunctional catalysts, two hybrid SWE systems are demonstrated: 1) a hydrazine‐assisted acid‐alkaline dual‐electrolyte seawater electrolyzer enabled by a bipolar membrane (BPM‐OHzSWE), which can simultaneously produce H2 and generate electricity through harvesting the electrochemical neutralization energy and leveraging the advantage of the HzOR over the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in terms of anodic potentials; 2) a hydrazine‐assisted SWE system powered by a direct hydrazine fuel cell (DHzFC), which can realize self‐powered H2 production. These novel hybrid SWE systems show substantial promise for energy‐saving and cost‐effective production of H2 from seawater.
Pyridine‐2,6‐Dicarboxamide Proligands and their Cu(II)/Zn(II) Complexes Targeting Staphylococcus Aureus for the Attenuation of In Vivo Dental Biofilm
Authors: Chaudhary Kajal , Agrahari Bhumika , Biswas Bhumika , Chatterjee Niranjan , Chaudhary Ayushi , Kumar Ashwini , Sonker Himanshu , Dewan Sayari , Saxena Deepanshi , Akhir Abdul , Malhotra Nidhi , Chopra Sidharth , Misra Santosh , Matheswaran Saravanan , Singh Ritika Gautam
Published: April 2024

In the pursuit to combat stubborn bacterial infections, particularly those stemming from gram‐positive bacteria, this study is an attempt to craft a precision‐driven platform characterized by unparalleled selectivity, specificity, and synergistic antimicrobial mechanisms. Leveraging remarkable potential of metalloantibiotics in antimicrobial applications, herein, this work rationally designs, synthesizes, and characterizes a new library of Pyridine‐2,6‐dicarboxamide ligands and their corresponding transition metal Cu(II)/Zn(II) complexes. The lead compound L11 demonstrates robust antibacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) = 2–16 µg mL−1), methicillin and vancomycin‐resistant S. aureus (MIC = 2–4 µg mL−1) and exhibit superior antibacterial activity when compared to FDA‐approved vancomycin, the drug of last resort. Additionally, the compound exhibits notable antimicrobial efficacy against resistant enterococcus strains (MIC = 2–8 µg mL−1). To unravel mechanistic profile, advanced imaging techniques including SEM and AFM are harnessed, collectively suggesting a mechanistic pathway involving cell wall disruption. Live/dead fluorescence studies further confirm efficacy of L11 and its complexes against S. aureus membranes. This translational exploration extends to a rat model, indicating promising in vivo therapeutic potential. Thus, this comprehensive research initiative has capabilities to transcends the confines of this laboratory, heralding a pivotal step toward combatting antibiotic‐resistant pathogens and advancing the frontiers of metalloantibiotics‐based therapy with a profound clinical implication.
Particle‐Based Photoelectrodes for PEC Water Splitting: Concepts and Perspectives
Authors: Liu Deyu , Kuang Yongbo
Published: April 2024

This comprehensive review delves into the intricacies of the photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting process, specifically focusing on the design, fabrication, and optimization of particle‐based photoelectrodes for efficient green hydrogen production. These photoelectrodes, composed of semiconductor materials, potentially harness light energy and generate charge carriers, driving water oxidation and reduction reactions. The versatility of particle‐based photoelectrodes as a platform for investigating and enhancing various semiconductor candidates is explored, particularly the emerging complex oxides with compelling charge transfer properties. However, the challenges presented by many factors influencing the performance and stability of these photoelectrodes, including particle size, shape, composition, morphology, surface modification, and electrode configuration, are highlighted. The review introduces the fundamental principles of semiconductor photoelectrodes for PEC water splitting, presents an exhaustive overview of different synthesis methods for semiconductor powders and their assembly into photoelectrodes, and discusses recent advances and challenges in photoelectrode material development. It concludes by offering promising strategies for improving photoelectrode performance and stability, such as the adoption of novel architectures and heterojunctions.
Deeply Lithiated Carbonaceous Materials for Great Lithium Metal Protection in All‐Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Song Libo , Li Ruhong , Zhu Haotian , Li Zhendong , Liu Gaozhan , Peng Zhe , Fan Xiulin , Yao Xiayin
Published: April 2024

Protection of lithium (Li) metal electrode is a core challenge for all‐solid‐state Li metal batteries (ASSLMBs). Carbon materials with variant structures have shown great effect of Li protection in liquid electrolytes, however, can accelerate the solid‐state electrolyte (SE) decomposition owing to the high electronic conductivity, seriously limiting their application in ASSLMBs. Here, a novel strategy is proposed to tailor the carbon materials for efficient Li protection in ASSLMBs, by in situ forming a rational niobium‐based Li‐rich disordered rock salt (DRS) shell on the carbon materials, providing a favorable percolating Li+ diffusion network for speeding the carbon lithiation, and enabling simultaneously improved lithiophilicity and reduced electronic conductivity of the carbon structure at deep lithiation state. Using the proposed strategy, different carbon materials, such as graphitic carbon paper and carbon nanotubes, are tailored with great ability to speed the interfacial kinetics, homogenize the Li plating/stripping processes, and suppress the SE decompositions, enabling much improved performances of ASSLMBs under various conditions approaching the practical application. This strategy is expected to create a novel roadmap of Li protection for developing reliable high‐energy‐density ASSLMBs.
Li Promoting Long Afterglow Organic Light‐Emitting Transistor for Memory Optocoupler Module
Authors: Chen Yusheng , Wang Hanlin , Chen Hu , Zhang Weimin , Pätzel Michael , Han Bin , Wang Kexin , Xu Shunqi , Montes‐García Verónica , McCulloch Iain , Hecht Stefan , Samorì Paolo
Published: April 2024

The artificial brain is conceived as advanced intelligence technology, capable to emulate in‐memory processes occurring in the human brain by integrating synaptic devices. Within this context, improving the functionality of synaptic transistors to increase information processing density in neuromorphic chips is a major challenge in this field. In this article, Li‐ion migration promoting long afterglow organic light‐emitting transistors, which display exceptional postsynaptic brightness of 7000 cd m−2 under low operational voltages of 10 V is presented. The postsynaptic current of 0.1 mA operating as a built‐in threshold switch is implemented as a firing point in these devices. The setting‐condition‐triggered long afterglow is employed to drive the photoisomerization process of photochromic molecules that mimic neurotransmitter transfer in the human brain for realizing a key memory rule, that is, the transition from long‐term memory to permanent memory. The combination of setting‐condition‐triggered long afterglow with photodiode amplifiers is also processed to emulate the human responding action after the setting‐training process. Overall, the successful integration in neuromorphic computing comprising stimulus judgment, photon emission, transition, and encoding,  to emulate the complicated decision tree of the human brain is demonstrated.
A Mechanoluminescent ZnS:Cu/PDMS and Biocompatible Piezoelectric Silk Fibroin/PDMS Hybrid Sensor for Self‐Powered Sensing and Artificial Intelligence Control
Authors: Kim Min‐Soo , Timilsina Suman , Jang Seong‐Min , Kim Ji‐Sik , Park Sang‐Shik
Published: April 2024

Mechanoluminescence (ML) is luminescence induced due to mechanical stress, providing intuitive responses to strain‐related events. Piezoelectricity is the conversion of mechanical strain into electrical signals, offering a quantitative measurement of force/deformation. Combining ML and piezoelectricity within a single device provides a comprehensive understanding of mechanical events, providing qualitative and quantitative information about strain‐related phenomena. A ZnS:Cu/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite and a biocompatible silk fibroin/PDMS composite are prepared to generate ML and electrical signals, respectively. An innovative method for obtaining powder from silk fabrics is employed. The microstructure and composition of silk fibroin powder are also examined via X‐ray diffraction and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Mechanical stimuli such as pressure, stretching, twisting, bending, vibration, and rubbing are applied to the device to demonstrate optical and electrical responses. Under pressure, a voltage of 3.82 V and an output current of 201.6 nA are generated at a force of 1 N. Furthermore, a handwritten test is conducted to qualitatively visualize letters based on ML effects and explore the feasibility of using artificial intelligence to classify voltage signals generated during writing into their corresponding letters. This biocompatible, dual‐modal self‐powered sensor demonstrates broad applicability in wearable technology, biomechanics, human–machine interaction, security, and energy harvesting.
Hybrid Photonic Structures: Gallium Phosphide Nanowires Decorated with Carbon Dots for Enhanced Broadband Emission
Authors: Zakharov Viktor V. , Rider Maxim A. , Kovova Mariia S. , Kuznetsov Alexey , Anikina Maria A. , Efimova Arina A. , Kondratev Valeriy M. , Shmakov Stanislav V. , Kirilenko Demid A. , Parfenov Petеr S. , Fedorov Vladimir V. , Orlova Anna O. , Bolshakov Alexey D.
Published: April 2024

Carbon dots (CDs) are promising nanostructures in the field of photonics owing to the ease of fabrication, tunable and efficient emission. Gallium phosphide (GaP) nanowires are known for high surface area, optical density, waveguiding, resonant optical properties but lacking the luminescence due to the indirect bandgap. Here, hybrid photonic structures – GaP nanowires decorated with the CDs are fabricated and studied. Feasible drop‐casting deposition technique allows fabrication of dense vertical structures exhibiting efficient photoluminescence. Deposition of the CDs over the nanowires does not affect their luminescent properties demonstrating tolerance of the approach toward the surface aggregation. Tuning of the emission spectrum is obtained via variation of the excitation wavelength and CDs’ synthesis protocol. The structures emitting throughout the visible range are obtained. Analysis of the photoluminescence of an individual structure demonstrates the most intense and fast recombination processes at the ends of a nanowire. It is shown that the luminescence of the CDs’ covering a nanowire acting as a Fabry–Perot cavity is enhanced up to a factor of 3 governed by the Purcell effect. The obtained results unveil a path for fabrication of novel photonic devices via decoration of optically dense nanowires with CDs for enhanced and directed broadband emission.
Thermo‐Optical Switches Based on Spin‐Crossover Molecules with Wideband Transparency
Authors: Zhang Lijun , Capo Chichi Jesukpego Anorld , Calvez Stéphane , Zhang Yuteng , Salmon Lionel , Molnár Gábor , Ridier Karl , Bousseksou Azzedine
Published: April 2024

In this work, a thermally tunable optical resonator operating in the visible wavelength range is reported, which consists of a bilayer structure composed of a thin silver layer and a dielectric coating of [Fe(HB(1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)3)2] switchable spin‐crossover (SCO) molecules. White light is coupled to the resonant structure using a prism and the resulting resonance spectra are investigated as a function of the incident angle and temperature. Switching the SCO molecules from the low‐spin to the high‐spin state gives rise to a substantial blueshift of the resonances reaching up to 30 nm (associated with a reflectance modulation of up to 70%), which can be linked, through transfer‐matrix simulations, to the variation of the optical thickness of the molecular layer. Interestingly, the study demonstrated that the large thermal tunability of the device also gives rise to a photothermal nonlinearity, which can be leveraged for achieving optical limiting applications. Overall, through the present study, it is shown that molecular SCO nanomaterials can be superior to commonly used thermo‐optical switches and well‐established optical phase‐change materials for applications requiring high broadband optical transparency in the visible spectral domain.
Efficacy and histologic frequencies of endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided tissue acquisition using conventional fine‐needle aspiration needles for gastric subepithelial hypoechoic mass
Authors: Akahoshi Kazuya , Tamura Shinichi , Akahoshi Kazuaki , Shiratsuchi Yuki , Koga Hidenobu , Oya Masafumi , Ohishi Yoshihiro , Koga Tadashi
Published: April 2024

Introduction/Purpose

For gastric subepithelial lesions (GSELs) showing a hypoechoic mass (HM) on endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) imaging, the utility of EUS‐guided tissue acquisition using conventional fine‐needle aspiration needles (EUS‐TA‐CFNAN) and the frequency of histological types remain unclear. This study aimed to examine this issue.

Methods

This prospective observational study enrolled 291 consecutive patients who underwent EUS‐TA‐CFNAN for GSELs showing an HM (GSELHM) on EUS imaging. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed for all EUS‐TA‐CFNAN and surgically resected specimens. The main outcome measures were the technical results of EUS‐TA‐CFNAN and the frequency of histological types in GSELHM.

Results

The endoscopic ultrasound‐guided tissue acquisition using conventional fine‐needle aspiration needle diagnosis rate for GSELHM was 80.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 75.0–84.5, 233/291). It was significantly lower for antrum (P = 0.004) and lesions smaller than 2 cm (P = 0.003). There were no adverse events. The immunohistochemical diagnoses of EUS‐TA‐CFNAN included 149 cases of gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) (51.2%), 48 cases of leiomyoma (16.5%), 11 cases of schwannoma (3.8%), 8 cases of the ectopic pancreas (2.7%), 5 cases of subepithelial lesion like cancer (1.7%), 12 cases of other lesions (4.1%), and 58 cases of undiagnosable lesions (19.9%). The frequency of malignant or potentially malignant tumour in GSELHM was 55.0% (95% CI: 49.1–60.8, 160/291). Surgery was performed in 149 patients according to the conclusive EUS‐TA‐CFNAN results, in which the diagnostic accuracy of EUS‐TA‐CFNAN was 97.3% (95% CI: 94.7–99.9, 145/149).

Conclusion

The use of EUS‐TA‐CFNAN for GSELHMs is safe and accurate. Gastric subepithelial lesions showing a hypoechoic mass have a reasonably high possibility of containing malignant or potentially malignant tumours, including GISTs.
SinoNasal Microbiota Transfer to treat recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis: A case series
Authors: Gill Sandeep K. , Hernaiz‐Leonardo Juan C. , Edens Thaddeus J. , Pascual Athenea , Tang Chris , Fan Judy , Thamboo Andrew , Mullings Warren , Alsaleh Saad , Alim Bader M. , Javer Amin R. , Manges Amee R.
Published: April 2024

Key points

SinoNasal Microbiota Transfer (SNMT) was safe with immediate benefit in all recipients, with sustained improvement in two of three recipients for up to 180 days.

The addition of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy worsened chronic rhinosinusitis.

These promising SNMT results warrant further study of safety and efficacy.
The relationship between survey‐based subjective olfactory awareness and objective olfactory function
Authors: Monk Aurelia S. , Pyati Shreyas , Lamb Meredith , Melott Nick , Benaim Ezer H. , Wiesen Christoper , Klatt‐Cromwell Cristine , Thorp Brian D. , Ebert Charles S. , Kimple Adam J. , Senior Brent A.
Published: April 2024

Key points

Correlation between symptom‐based surveys and objective olfactory testing is variable.

For diagnosis and symptom monitoring, surveys should correlate with objective testing.

The Odor Awareness Scale (OAS) and Affective Importance of Odor Scale (AIO) showed significant but moderate positive correlations with University of Pennsylvania Scent Identification Test (UPSIT) score.
Unified Approach to Deamination and Deoxygenation Through Isonitrile Hydrodecyanation: A Combined Experimental and Computational Investigation
Authors: Jiao Ziqi , Jaunich Kyle T. , Tao Thomas , Gottschall Olivia , Hughes Maxwell M. , Turlik Aneta , Schuppe Alexander W.
Published: April 2024

Herein, we describe a general hydrodefunctionalization protocol of alcohols and amines through a common isonitrile intermediate. To cleave the relatively inert C−NC bond, we leveraged dual hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and photoredox catalysis to generate a nucleophilic boryl radical, which readily forms an imidoyl radical intermediate from the isonitrile. Rapid β‐scission then accomplishes defunctionalization. This method has been applied to the hydrodefunctionalization of both amine and alcohol‐containing pharmaceuticals, natural products, and biomolecules. We extended this approach to the reduction of carbonyls and olefins to their saturated counterparts, as well as the hydrodecyanation of alkyl nitriles. Both experimental and computational studies demonstrate a facile β‐scission of the imidoyl radical, and reconcile differences in reactivity between nitriles and isonitriles within our protocol.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Inward Isomerization Hydroaminocarbonylation of Alkenes
Authors: Zou Xian‐Jin , Jin Zhao‐Xing , Yang Hui‐Yi , Wu Fei , Ren Zhi‐Hui , Guan Zheng‐Hui
Published: April 2024

In contrast to the kinetically favored outward isomerization‐hydrocarbonylation of alkenes, the disfavored inward isomerization‐hydrocarbonylation of alkenes remains an important challenge. Herein, we have developed a novel and effective palladium‐catalyzed inward isomerization‐hydroaminocarbonylation of unactivated alkenes and aniline hydrochlorides for the formation of synthetically valuable α‐aryl carboxylic amides in high yields and high site‐selectivities. The high efficiency of the reaction is attributed to a relay catalysis strategy, in which the Markovnikov‐favored [PdH]‐PtBu3 catalyst is responsible for inward isomerization, while the [PdH]‐Ruphos catalyst is responsible for hydroaminocarbonylation of the resulting conjugated aryl alkenes. The reaction exhibits highly functional group tolerance and provides a new method for formal carbonylation of remote C(sp3)−H bond.
Construct Phenylethanoid Glycosides Harnessing Biosynthetic Networks, Protein Engineering and One‐Pot Multienzyme Cascades
Authors: Yao Mingju , Wang Haotian , Wang Zilong , Song Chenglin , Sa Xiaolin , Du Wei , Ye Min , Qiao Xue
Published: April 2024

Phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs) exhibit a multitude of structural variations linked to diverse pharmacological activities. Assembling various PhGs via multienzyme cascades represents a concise strategy over traditional synthetic methods. However, the challenge lies in identifying a comprehensive set of catalytic enzymes. This study explores biosynthetic PhG reconstruction from natural precursors, aiming to replicate and amplify their structural diversity. We discovered 12 catalytic enzymes, including four novel 6′‐OH glycosyltransferases and three new polyphenol oxidases, revealing the intricate network in PhG biosynthesis. Subsequently, the crystal structure of CmGT3 (2.62 Å) was obtained, guiding the identification of conserved residue 144# as a critical determinant for sugar donor specificity. Engineering this residue in PhG glycosyltransferases (FsGT61, CmGT3, and FsGT6) altered their sugar donor recognition. Finally, a one‐pot multienzyme cascade was established, where the combined action of glycosyltransferases and acyltransferases boosted conversion rates by up to 12.6‐fold. This cascade facilitated the reconstruction of 26 PhGs with conversion rates ranging from 5–100 %, and 20 additional PhGs detectable by mass spectrometry. PhGs with extra glycosyl and hydroxyl modules demonstrated notable liver cell protection. This work not only provides catalytic tools for PhG biosynthesis, but also serves as a proof‐of‐concept for cell‐free enzymatic construction of diverse natural products.
Detergent Chemistry Modulates the Transgression of Planetary Boundaries including Antimicrobial Resistance and Drug Discovery
Authors: Seewald Marc , Nielinger Lena , Alker Katharina , Behnke Jan‐Simon , Wycisk Virginia , Urner Leonhard H.
Published: April 2024

Detergent chemistry enables applications in the world today while harming safe operating spaces that humanity needs for survival. Aim of this review is to support a holistic thought process in the design of detergent chemistry. We harness the planetary boundary concept as a framework for literature survey to identify progresses and knowledge gaps in context with detergent chemistry and five planetary boundaries that are currently transgressed, i.e., climate, freshwater, land system, novel entities, biosphere integrity. Our survey unveils the status of three critical challenges to be addressed in the years to come, including (i) the implementation of a holistically, climate‐friendly detergent industry; (ii) the alignment of materialistic and social aspects in creating technical solutions by means of sustainable chemistry; (iii) the development of detergents that serve the purpose of applications but do not harm the biosphere in their role as novel entities. Specifically, medically relevant case reports revealed that even the most sophisticated detergent design cannot sufficiently accelerate drug discovery to outperform the antibiotic resistance development that detergents simultaneously promote as novel entities. Safe operating spaces that humanity needs for its survival may be secured by directing future efforts beyond sustainable chemistry, resource efficiency, and net zero emission targets.
Probability rate optimization of positive Markov jump linear systems via DC programming
Authors: Zhao Chengyan , Zhu Bohao , Ogura Masaki , Lam James
Published: April 2024

We investigate the stabilization problem of positive Markov jump linear systems by optimizing their transition probability rates. By using the convex property of posynomials and the standard mathematical programming that deals with the difference in convex functions, we show that transition probability rate synthesis problems can be solved via difference‐of‐convex (DC) programming. A numerical example is used to illustrate the effectiveness of our results.
Carbons‐to‐SiOx Contact Ratio for Faster Graphite/SiOx Electrode Formulation Optimization
Authors: Meyssonnier Clément , Chalard Cassandre , Goubard‐Bretesché Nicolas , Merabet Amina , Dupré Nicolas , Paireau Cyril , Lestriez Bernard
Published: April 2024

The optimization of composite electrodes based on a silicon/graphite mixture is essential for battery performance, but is complex due to the multiplicity of parameters that come into play. In this direction, we propose to adjust the amount of surface area developed by all the graphitic carbons, including the conductive additive to that of the silicon phase. This concept, introduced here as graphite and carbon‐to‐silicon contact ratio, is based on the importance of contacts on the mechanical, electrical and electrochemical properties of composite electrodes. The validity of this new formulation parameter is studied here for SiOx/Graphite composite electrodes, which differ in the proportions of two types of graphite (spherical or platelet form) and for different types of conductive additives (carbon black and carbon nanotubes). An optimal contact ratio is determined, allowing at the same time the best gravimetric and volumetric capacities, the best cyclability, and the best power performance.
When Prosocial Motives Matter Most: The Interactive Effects of Social Value Orientation, Message Framing, and Helping Costs on Helping Behavior
Authors: Iwai Tatiana , Tavares Gustavo M.
Published: April 2024

We advance prior work on prosocial behavior by examining the situations in which prosocial motives are more likely to influence helping behavior. Building on the arousal:cost‐reward model and the self‐discrepancy theory, we test the moderating effects of help request framing (benevolent vs. economic) and contextual costs of helping on the relationship between social value orientation (SVO) and helping behavior. In two experimental studies, we found evidence that prosocial individuals are more likely to help than proselfs especially when it is more costly to do so. Similarly, prosocial individuals help more when requests are framed in terms of benevolence but not when they are framed as an exchange. These findings suggest that prosocial motives foster helping when it is more challenging to do so—that is, when help seekers do not have much to offer in return as well as in costly situations.
Rapid identification of potential nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug overdose–induced liver toxicity and prediction of follow‐up exposure: Integrating bioanalytical and population pharmacokinetic assay
Authors: Zhou Sufeng , Zhao Tangping , Wang Jie , Wang Luming , Zhang Zimo , Zhu Jinying , Zhao Yuqing , Zhu Ying , Sun Hao , Shao Feng
Published: April 2024

Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the most frequently used drugs that can cause liver toxicity. The aim of this study was to integrate bioanalytical and population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) assay to rapidly screen and quantify the concentrations of NSAIDs in plasma and monitor clinical safety. A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous quantification of acetaminophen (APAP), flurbiprofen (FLB), aspirin (ASP), and ibuprofen (IBP), four commonly used NSAIDs. The PopPK model of the signature toxicant was analyzed based on the published literature. The LC–MS/MS method was successfully validated and applied to determine NSAID concentrations in patient plasma samples. APAP, ASP, and IBP data were best fitted using a one‐compartment model, and FLB data were best fitted using a two‐compartment model. Bootstrapping and visual predictive checks suggested that a robust and reliable pharmacokinetic model was developed. A fast, simple, and sensitive LC–MS/MS method was developed and validated for determining APAP, FLB, ASP, and IBP in human plasma. Combined with the PopPK model, this method was applied to rapidly analyze the concentrations of NSAIDs in clinical samples from patients presenting to the emergency department with acute liver dysfunction and monitored NSAIDs clinical safety.
Alterations in brain functional connectivity in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of functional near‐infrared spectroscopy studies
Authors: Wang Shuangyan , Wang Weijia , Chen Jinglong , Yu Xiaoqi
Published: April 2024

Emerging evidences suggest that cognitive deficits in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are associated with disruptions in brain functional connectivity (FC). This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to comprehensively evaluate alterations in FC between MCI individuals and healthy control (HC) using functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Thirteen studies were included in qualitative analysis, with two studies synthesized for quantitative meta‐analysis. Overall, MCI patients exhibited reduced resting‐state FC, predominantly in the prefrontal, parietal, and occipital cortex. Meta‐analysis of two studies revealed a significant reduction in resting‐state FC from the right prefrontal to right occipital cortex (standardized mean difference [SMD] = −.56; p < .001), left prefrontal to left occipital cortex (SMD = −.68; p < .001), and right prefrontal to left occipital cortex (SMD = −.53; p < .001) in MCI patients compared to HC. During naming animal‐walking task, MCI patients exhibited enhanced FC in the prefrontal, motor, and occipital cortex, whereas a decrease in FC was observed in the right prefrontal to left prefrontal cortex during calculating‐walking task. In working memory tasks, MCI predominantly showed increased FC in the medial and left prefrontal cortex. However, a decreased in prefrontal FC and a shifted in distribution from the left to the right prefrontal cortex were noted in MCI patients during a verbal frequency task. In conclusion, fNIRS effectively identified abnormalities in FC between MCI and HC, indicating disrupted FC as potential markers for the early detection of MCI. Future studies should investigate the use of task‐ and region‐specific FC alterations as a sensitive biomarker for MCI.
Aquaculture: A hidden goldmine for the rural poor—A cost–benefit analysis of fish farming for sustainable development and food security in Vihiga County, Kenya
Authors: Syanya Fredrick Juma , Harikrishnan Mahadevan , Simiyu Naomy Nasambu , Khanna A. R. Nikhila , Litabas Joel Anyula , Mathia Wilson Munala
Published: April 2024

In Kenya, aquaculture plays a significant role in enhancing the livelihoods of rural communities by boosting the local economy and diversifying protein sources. Although Vihiga County in Western Kenya boasts considerable potential for aquaculture, it paradoxically experiences some of the highest levels of poverty and malnutrition in the country. The profitability of fish farming has also been affected by inefficiencies and poor resources, disproportionately affecting the income and nutritional value of rural poor who rely on Aquaculture as a source of cheap protein. The study was conducted in Vihiga County to assess the cost–benefit of aquaculture production, selecting 100 fish farmers through a stratified random sampling technique from five sub‐counties. A descriptive research design was employed, and data analysis was conducted using correlation and regression analysis with SPSS. Budgetary techniques were used for the cost–benefit analysis. Data presentation was by comparing the mean and standard deviation in US dollars of different pond size production. The research findings indicated that the size and type of pond do not have a significant correlation and differences in production (p‐value >.05). There is a strong positive correlation between the size of the pond and the stocking density. The variable cost (VC) has a positive correlation with pond productivity meaning that an increase in VC leads to an increase in production. And is not statistically significant (p‐value = .21827, p‐value >.05). Moreover, the total cost (TC) correlation is statistically significant (p‐value = .0351, p < .05). Larger ponds are more profitable but require higher costs production than smaller ponds. The study concludes that pond size significantly impacts productivity, advocating for smaller ponds to achieve higher net returns with lower production costs. Major challenges include high costs of feeds, inputs, fish diseases, and post‐harvest losses. Key policy variables influencing aquaculture in Vihiga County include infrastructure, fish feed production, capital, and fisheries extension services. Adequate financial support from both National and County governments is crucial for sustainable aquaculture in alignment with Kenya's Vision 2030 and Global Sustainable Development Goals. Policymakers are urged to assist small‐scale farmers with financing, training, and market information to optimize returns on investment.
Does internationalization and board diversity affect family firms' sustainable performance? Empirical evidence from an emerging economy
Authors: Godbole Madhura , R. L. Manogna
Published: April 2024

The purpose of this study is to examine the relation between internationalization and firm sustainable performance on a set of listed Indian family firms belonging to mid‐cap and large cap categories and listed on NIFTY 500. This paper aims to explore the heterogeneity among internationalization and a set of defined variables, namely, female representation on the board, firm size, firm age, industry type, leverage, corporate social responsibility (CSR) and the number of female executives in influencing the firm performance. We aim to incorporate corporate governance, the factors influencing decisions related to it and gender diversity in understanding the relationship between internationalization and firm performance in the context of Indian family firms. The Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and panel data regression models are both used in the study's empirical methodology. In order to examine the relationship between internationalization, as indicated by the percentage of foreign ownership, and family firm performance, as indicated by Return on Equity (ROE), the study uses the data from 2014 to 2023 for analysis, totaling 16,586 firm‐year observations. The findings indicate that internationalization, measured in this study by the investments the companies make abroad, positively affects the performance of the family firms. Age, women on board and number of female executives are seen to have positive associations with the performance of family firms. However, it is seen that firm size for family firms negatively impacts the performance while CSR and leverage seem to have no significant impact.