bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Some Clear Promise of a Better World”
Authors: Tushnet Mark V
Published: November 2023

Responding in 1973 to columnist Dorothy Gilliam, who had written requesting permission to do an article on his “life style” as a Supreme Court justice, Thurgood Marshall wrote, “Believe it or not, there is nothing in my life that will be of interest to anyone. My life style consists of leaving home, coming to the Court, returning home and waiting to return to the Court the next day.”1 Marshall accurately described the life of a Supreme Court justice. His modest description of his daily life also suggests the kind of lawyer and family man he was. Although he had been involved in some of the nation’s most important legal issues, Marshall was not an introspective person.
The Dynamics of Market Structure and Innovation in the Western European Software Industry
Authors: Malerba Franco , Torrisi Salvatore
Published: November 2023

In 1992 the Western European market for information technologies was $157.2 billion (approximately 36 percent of the world market); in the United States it was $152.5 billion; and in Japan it was $75 billion. Software and services accounted for 41.5 percent of the total European information technologies market, against 59 percent in the United States and 40 percent in Japan (see Table 7-1). In the European market, American firms such as Computer Associates, Microsoft, Lotus, and Ashton-Tate have a large market share in packaged software. In 1991 U.S. demand for software was 40 percent of the world market, and American firms had an 87 percent share of the world packaged software market. European firms accounted for 16 percent of world production of packaged software and consumed 41 percent. Japanese firms produced 4 percent of software packages worldwide and consumed 11 percent (EEC 1993). Few European independent software houses specialize in software packages; those that do include Software AG (Germany) and SAP (Germany). Most European firms specialize in professional services and custom software rather than software packages; they include Cap Gemini Sogeti (France), Finsiel (Italy), Serna Group (France, U.K.), and SD-Scicon (U.K.).
Prologue
Authors: Frederick William C
Published: November 2023

But pardon, gentles all, the flat unraised spirits that hath dar’d On this unworthy scaffold to bring forth So great an object: O, pardon! since a crooked figure may Attest in little place a million; And let us, ciphers to this great accompt, On your imaginary forces work Piece out our imperfections with your thoughts; . For ‘tis your thoughts that must [Turn] th’ accomplishment of many years Into an hour-glass; for the which supply Admit me Chorus to this history; Who prologue-like your humble patience pray, Gently to hear, kindly to judge, our play.
Values in Business
Authors: Frederick William C
Published: November 2023

This book argues that business values contain the key to much that is troubling the business world today. Understanding those business values-seeing them for what they are and what they do, where they come from, and how they interact with other competing values-can help business leaders and those who study business behavior in two major ways. Business practitioners toward the end of the twentieth century confront many daunting problems. Some of the more important issues are lagging productivity, burdensome social and regulatory costs, discontented and dis loyal work forces, a rising tide of global competition, geopolitical turmoil, un reliable currency systems, and episodic threats of inflation, recession, and general market instability. A deep knowledge of how values impel business practitioners, their workers, and their firms to do what they do might well help them not only to survive present difficulties but also to ride the powerful social and technological currents transforming the world’s business systems. It may just be that the values within (as well as those outside) the organization are as important to successful management as a skilled command of financial resources, marketing techniques, accounting controls, and the rapidly advancing computerization of business operations. This is not to say-and this book does not argue in the manner of corporate culture enthusiasts-that there can be “business as usual” if only business managers search for and discover the value roots of their own firms. The task and the challenge are considerably more formidable than some of these simple but salable formulas suggest.
The Original Values of Business
Authors: Frederick William C
Published: November 2023

The original values of business arise as manifestations of natural evolutionary processes. The forms they take reflect the operation of basic physical processes of the universe. This evolutionary embeddedness gives them their distinctive function in organized life and causes them to be an essential component in sustaining life itself. Although, as will be told subsequently, these values have an acquired cultural meaning, they are rooted firmly in biophysical and biochemical processes that gave them their first significance. As values, they are emergent from, or extrusions of, these natural processes, only subsequently being assigned a conceptual and culturally symbolic significance. As noted in the preceding chapter, the original values of business are the most fundamental, most archetypal, most basic values present in the business system. Their central position in the business value matrix is testimony to, and largely explained by, their emergence from a natural evolutionary process of the most comprehensive, all-encompassing character. Indeed, the range of phenomena encompassed within that process extends from the microscopic dimensions of molecular genetics to the large-scale phenomena of cosmic evolution. Across that entire spectrum, one finds what appear to be physical constants at work that give momentum and force to evolutionary tendencies. It is those physical constants that have spawned, and continue to justify, the original values of business. Just how that naturalistic process has produced such a result is worth careful attention.
The Power-Aggrandizing Values of Business
Authors: Frederick William C
Published: November 2023

The central idea of this chapter is that business operations, based originally on economizing values that promote productive outcomes, are typically hampered by a competing set of values focused on coercive power, its acquisition and augmentation. Power-focused values, while usually found in most business firms, are not inherently necessary for business’s economizing mission to be carried out successfully. Giving allegiance to such values almost invariably diverts a company from making effective use of resources. The presence of these values also creates and multiplies an aura of invidious personal and social discrimination within the business organization, such as that between the managers and the managed, the leaders and the followers, the managers and the workers, the (conventionally male) dominants and the subservient male and female subordinates, the (typically white) commander-generals and all other ethnic-minority corporate soldiers. In all of these distinctions, one side is found to possess dominant workplace power over the other side. In spite of these power differentials, a surprising consensus tends to sustain the prevailing distribution of power, even though subdued grumbling continues to be heard from those who wield little power.
Ecologizing Values and the Business Dilemma
Authors: Frederick William C
Published: November 2023

The central proposition of this chapter is that ecological processes provide a large natural and sociocultural framework whose normative significance ex tends beyond that of both economizing and power aggrandizement. For business, that poses a dilemma of unbelievable complexity and difficulty, for it is equivalent to saying that the core values of business are encompassed within a normative system that threatens to override all that has been central to and characteristic of the business institution and the business function in society. For the global citizenry, arguing that ecology trumps both economy and business power seeking potentially creates a public policy agenda that could easily pit business against society on many fronts. It is easy to believe that the first skirmishes of such a public policy debate began during the last half of the twentieth century, if one bears in mind the widespread public concern about environmental pollution, depletion of the earth’s ozone layer, the possibility of global warming, and other ecological crises and trends.
The Values Within Technology
Authors: Frederick William C
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines a commonly neglected source of normative guidance. It finds values and normative orientations embedded within the technological realm of human behavior. These technological values and principles are proposed as possible sources of reconciling the several value clashes that separate business and society, particularly the seemingly intractable issues that accompany rampant business economizing occurring within the constraints of finite ecological systems.
The Business Ethics Question
Authors: Frederick William C
Published: November 2023

For close to half a century, scholars who study business operations have sought a normative base from which to judge the moral adequacy of business motives and business goals, as well as the consequences of business decisions, policies, and practices. This is not to say that concern about business ethics arose only toward the middle of the twentieth century, for there is an ancient history that reflects widespread doubt about the moral probity of business people, their motives, and their goals throughout many centuries and across a wide spectrum of societies and cultures. In the West, no lesser figures than Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, Adam Smith, and Karl Marx, not to speak more broadly of the founders of the world’s major religions, have considered such questions. Rather, the intention in this chapter is to focus upon the efforts of contemporary business scholars to find acceptable ways of describing, analyzing, and evaluating the normatively tinged activities of business as it is practiced in corporate America.
Business and the Moral Process
Authors: Frederick William C
Published: November 2023

The normative bill of particulars brought against American corporate business is lengthy, shocking, and saddening. From many quarters and over long stretches of time, a clamorous chorus has sounded out a damning indictment of specific business practices and, in some cases, a condemnation of the institution itself. Greed, selfishness, ego-centeredness, disregard of the needs and well-being of others, a narrow or nonexistent social vision, an ethnocentric managerial creed imposed on nonindustrial cultures, a reckless use of dangerous technologies, an undermining of countervailing institutions such as trade unions, a virtual political takeover of some pluralist government agencies, and a system of self-reward that few either inside or outside business have cared to defend as fair or moral-all of these attributes have been credited to the business account.
Challenges to Adjudicative Democracy
Authors: Gaus Gerald F
Published: November 2023

Before completing the account of adjudicative democracy by considering the place of the judiciary and the problem of political obligation, it is necessary to consider some likely objections to the essentially epistemic conception of democracy defended in the previous chapter. The most obvious objection emanates from social choice theory. I have defended representative democratic law-making institutions on the grounds that they are at least as reliable at tracking what is publicly justified as are alternative systems and, in addition, satisfy the principle of political equality, and, thus, are consistent with the rule of law. But social choice theory would seem to show that this cannot be so. Let me explain.
Does Culture Matter? Negotiating a Complementary Culture to Support Technological Innovation
Authors: Brannen Mary Yoko
Published: November 2023

On October 7, 1989, a group of American and Japanese managers joined by members of the union committee performed a modified ritual of the traditional Japanese ground-breaking ceremony to celebrate the completion of the 40 million dollar expansion of the plant. Traditionally, a Shinto (the aboriginal religion of Japan) priest would have blessed the new machinery by performing a formal “baptismal” in the context of a Shinto ritual to ensure prosperity for the plant. Mindful of the strong Catholic composition of the work force, TSP’s Japanese president decided upon a middle-of-the road approach which blended Western and Japanese ground-breaking rituals. The Western portion of the ritual was comprised of a traditional ribbon-cutting and whitegloved starting up of the machinery by the Japanese chairman of the board.
The Formal Semantic Framework and the Treatment of Distributivity
Authors: Moltmann Friederike
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I will outline a formal fra ework of compositional semantics within which the present approach to part-structure-specific constructions can be cast. This framework provides the basis for a first explicit application of the theory of parts and wholes to distributivity phenomena, which I will give at the end of this chapter. However, first some general remarks about the treatment of sentence meanings are in order.
Semantic Selection, Part Structures, and Perspectives
Authors: Moltmann Friederike
Published: November 2023

There are two sorts of semantic phenomena besides distributivity that involve part structures: [1) part-structure-sensitive semantic selectional requirements of predicates, readings of predicates, and semantic operations and [2] quantification over parts. Both phenomena are main motivations for the notion of situated part structure given in Chapter 1. Part-structure-sensitive semantic selection and part quantification involve part structures that depend on the information about parts and wholes in the relevant situation — in particular, information about the integrity of entities or their parts. Such part structures, moreover, involve a part relation that lacks transitivity and closure under sum formation as inherent formal properties.
Part Structures and Quantification
Authors: Moltmann Friederike
Published: November 2023

The subject of this chapter is the interaction between part structures and quantification with noun phrases. There are at least three respects in which part structures and quantified NPs relate to each other. First, there is an indirect connection between part structures and plural and mass quantifiers. The domain of quantifiers like all men and all wood, as I will argue, consists of all groups of men or all water quantities in — as usual — a contextually restricted domain of quantification. The restrictions on the domain are not arbitrary, though, but rather governed by certain conditions. This chapter will establish that these conditions are exactly parallel to the conditions on part structures introduced in Chapter 1.
Metrical and Other Lexical Specifications of Part Structures
Authors: Moltmann Friederike
Published: November 2023

On the information-based account of the mass-count distinction, singular count, plural, and mass nouns differ in the manner in which the properties they express relate to parts and wholes. Singular count, plural, and mass nouns describe their referents with different part structures: referents of singular count NPs are described as integrated wholes; referents of plurals, as entities composed of integrated wholes; referents of mass NPs as entities that neither are integrated wholes nor have parts that are integrated wholes. But the semantic conditions associated with the categories ‘mass’, ‘count’, ‘singular’, and ‘plural’ do not constitute the only way of specifying particular types of part structure. In the previous two chapters, we saw various ways in which part structures may be specified independently of the mass-count distinction — namely, by certain types of constructions. In particular, we saw that entities could be described as having integrated parts even with mass nouns. Hence, even though the syntactic mass-count distinction implies a semantic mass-count distinction, the converse does not hold.
Dimensions of Parts and Wholes and the Part Structure of Events
Authors: Moltmann Friederike
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters, I discussed two sorts of linguistic information that may induce a perspective on an entity: [1] part-structure-related information (as expressed, for example, by phrases like as a whole or metrical determiners) and [2] information about dimensions (as expressed by phrases like as a teacher). In this chapter, I will discuss phenomena in which these two kinds of information interact in a certain way. This interaction consists in that part structures themselves may be relativized to a dimension. Such a relativization is possible both for the integrity and for the parts an entity may have: an entity may constitute different kinds of integrated whole in different dimensions, and it may have different sets of parts in different dimensions.
Solicitation and Confession in the Anticlerical Imagination
Authors: Haliczer Stephen
Published: November 2023

Although the Spanish Inquisition was not formally abolished until the decree of July 19, 1834, issued during the regency of María Cristina, it had really ceased to function by 1820, when it was suppressed by order of Ferdinand VII in the face of a resurgent liberalism. His refusal to reestablish the institution after the fall of the liberal regime was an indication that it had long since outlived its usefulness, even to a ruler whose government had been marked by intolerance, brutality, and obscurantism.
Single-Loop, Win-Lose forcing Methods
Authors: Nielsen Richard P
Published: November 2023

Ethics Generals, top managers who unilaterally write ethics rules and then use punishments to force complicance, and Ethics Guerillas, who use methods such as secretly blowing the whistle outside the organiza-tion, both practice a politics of forcing. Its key strength is its short-run effectiveness, which can be particularly important in emergency situations. An important limitation of forcing is its destructiveness, par-ticularly with respect to internal organization cooperation. The basic function of organization is to enable us to do more through cooperation than we can do atomistically. Therefore, it is important to maintain and encourage cooperation. However, there are times when the only practical alternative is forcing. We may need to at least keep in reserve the methods of single-loop forcing for those circumstances where more peaceful, cooperative, constructive, and sophisticated methods are ineffective.
Friendly Upbuilding: Triple-Loop Dialog Ii
Authors: Nielsen Richard P
Published: November 2023

Life can only be understood backwards, but it must be lived forwards. . . . Dialectically the position is this: the principle of association, by strengthening the individual, enervates him. . . . It is only after an ethical outlook . . that there is really joining together. -S ren Kierkegaard The struggle of man against power is the struggle of memory against forgetting.
Internal Due-Process Systems: Ethics Processing Machines
Authors: Nielsen Richard P
Published: November 2023

The previous chapters considered various methods for individuals within organizations to act and learn with each other, with traditions systems, and with environments. Internal due-process systems are somewhat different, and may best be described as ethics processing machines. Once an individual activates a due-process system, the machine takes over, as in a legal process. The individual can sometimes intervene or participate, but must to some extent stand back while the machine processes and produces an outcome.
Introduction
Authors: Bakker Peter
Published: November 2023

The Michif language is spoken by Métis, the descendants of European fur traders (often French Canadians) and Cree-speaking Amerindian women. It is spoken in scattered Métis communities in the provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba in Canada and in North Dakota and Montana in the United States. There are also pockets of speakers in northern Alberta and the Northwest Territories in Canada and in Minnesota and Oregon in the United States. It is spoken outside the French-speaking part of Canada and the Cree-speaking areas of North America. At present, the number of speakers is estimated at fewer than 1,000. It was probably double or triple this number around the tum of the century but never much higher. Michif is a rather peculiar language. It is half Cree (an Amerindian language) and half French. It is a mixed language, drawing its nouns from a European language and its verbs from an Amerindian language. It has been called the “nee plus ultra of grammars in contact” (Papen 1987c). Michif speakers, however, rarely know both Cree and French. No such mixture of two languages has been reported from any other part of the world. There are some other mixed languages, but these are all of a different type, dissimilar to Michif. Michif is unusual, if not unique, in several respects among the languages of the world. It poses challenges for all theories of language and of language contact.
The Métis Nation
Authors: Bakker Peter
Published: November 2023

Michif is exclusively spoken by Métis, descendants of French fur traders and Amerindian women. It is necessary for several reasons to discuss these people. First, it is difficult to conceptualize for those who are unfamiliar with them a mixed ethnic group like the Métis. Second, it is useful to have the necessary background information on the speakers of the Michif language. Their situation is, in a number of respects, unique. Finally, the existence of this mixed language seems to be connected to the mixed identity of the Métis. The name of the people and the language is Métis, Mitif, and Metil, pronounced as Michif, which mean “mixed.” All three are varieties of the same word, Mitifbeing the oldest (Trudel 1960: 83). The word is related to Mestizo, a person of mixed ancestry. Métis history and culture are the topics of this chapter.
Grammatical Sketch of Michif
Authors: Bakker Peter
Published: November 2023

This chapter contains a grammatical sketch of Michif. Unfortunately it is impossible to explain in a brief survey all the intricacies of this language, and many formal terms must be used to describe the grammar. Without this terminology it is not possible to describe the language, and without mastering these terms it may be difficult to understand the grammatical sketch. Thus the sketch of Michif is a rather technical discussion, which readers not versed in linguistics may find difficult and which they may want to skip. These readers may go directly to the summary at the end of the chapter. For the arguments concerning the origins of the Michif language, this sketch is perhaps less important. It is necessary for linguists, however, because much more information about Michif has been gathered since Rhodes’s pioneering and insightful grammatical sketch of Michif in 1977.
The Source Languages of Michif
Authors: Bakker Peter
Published: November 2023

In the foregoing chapters we have seen that Michif, which combines Cree and French elements, is a language in its own right. It is a so-called intertwined language spoken by the Métis people. The Métis are a consequence of the Canadian fur trade, during which European men married Amerindian women. Their children were bilingual, and they more or less combined the grammatical system of the mother’s language with the lexicon of the father’s. From this combination the Michif language emerged, a language with Cree verbs and French nouns.
Getting People Interested in the Feedback You Have to Give
Authors: Culbert Samuel A
Published: November 2023

If people thought the advice you wanted to give would empower them, they would seek it from you constantly, all the time! Getting people interested in your ideas and using what you say to function with more empowerment is the topic addressed in this chapter.

No doubt you’ve already had many frustrating advice- and feedback-giving experiences when you were not even able to get the attention of someone you wanted to influence. We have them all the time, and not only when we are trying to tell our teenagers that they might learn more by doing their homework with the television turned off. In fact, just last week we had a frustrating conversation with a high-ranking executive.
Mismatches in Levels of Feedback Sent and Received
Authors: Culbert Samuel A
Published: November 2023

Even when people pay attention to the feedback you send, they’re not necessarily going to get your point. In fact, based on our experience, we’d have to say that their missing your point is likely to be more the norm than the exception.

Very often the reason they miss your point is because you are sending feedback at one level and they are receiving it at another. For example, perhaps you are talking specifics to a new employee who mistakenly thinks that you are making a generalizable point and is looking to come up with a formula for success. Or perhaps you’re talking to someone whose behavior you’ve observed for some time, trying to address the thinking behind an entire class of misdirected behavior, illustrating with a specific, and that person thinks it’s the specific that’s important and, in the process, misses the bigger point. Understanding that there are different levels of advice and feedback, recognizing mismatches between the levels at which influence is being given and sought, and learning how and when you can bridge levels are the subjects of this and the next two chapters.
Breaking Out of the Program
Authors: Culbert Samuel A
Published: November 2023

When we began this book, we characterized the progressive new management models as conceptually correct and on course toward producing teamwork and effective corporate results. We staked our turf as promoting the mentality that enables people to implement those models effectively. We defined that mentality as one that relates to people as subjects, not objects; as distinct individuals pursuing overlapping but different personal-competency agendas in con­ trast to role-determined, interchangeable component elements of the corporate “program” and system. We contended that making this transition was the prerequisite mind-set “organizational” change for putting the new models into practice.
Spatial Reference and Speaker Orientation in Early Colonial Quechua
Authors: Adelaar Willem F H
Published: November 2023

The introduction of writing constitutes a major landmark in the history of a language. When language is transmitted through writing, the mechanisms governing the production and the interpretation of speech are different from those that obtain in an oral communication process. If the introduction of writing is successful, two separate traditions may arise, one of which is the direct continuation of the existing practice of oral transmission. For the second tradition, that of written speech transmission, to develop, a series of adjustments is required in the language system. These adjustments occur both at the morphological and at the lexical levels. Subsequently, the interaction of the two traditions may result in a number of new varieties combining elements of both. Such complex configurations of several co-existing and interrelated traditions are found in the national languages of today’s modern nations.
On the Margin
Authors: Lund Sarah
Published: November 2023

In this essay, I am concerned with examining the meaning of written forms of communication for a largely non-literate1 Quechua-speaking society. My particular focus in exploring this question rests on the interrelationship between the spoken word and the written text in communication between close family members living far apart. In such exchanges, memory plays an essential role in the oral delivery of the message content, while the written form has the role of legitimator and potential source of sorcery. Thus, the personal letter takes on the characteristics of an epigraphic phenomenon, placing on record the names and identity of persons connected with the physical object.
Research Context
Authors: Maxson Cheryl L , Klein Malcolm W
Published: November 2023

How should we, as a society, respond to youngsters who steadfastly refuse to obey their parents? They stay out late and fail to complete their homework or household chores. They hang out with youngsters of dubious character (or with youngsters whose character is unknown to the parents) and in other ways consistently signal disrespect for the authority of their parents. Are they the responsibility of these parents, who will use whatever resources they can muster? Or are they the proper fodder of a public system-the police, the juvenile court, the county children’s service? And what of the habitual truant, whose parents seem able to compel daily school attendance no better than the school principal? Or the girl who seems headed toward early alcoholism, judging from her almost daily consumption of cheap wines or beer with her friends? Or the youngster who has taken to staying out overnight with friends or even on the street or in an abandoned house? What is a parent to do? What can public officials do? What is the role of private agencies? In effect, these disturbing yet noncriminal youngsters are testing us, inadvertently or purposely, forcing us to evaluate just how intrusively we wish to control their lives.
Register and Footing in Role Play
Authors: Hoyle Susan M
Published: November 2023

The pretend role play of school-age children has attracted relatively little attention. It deserves scrutiny, though, because through such play older children can develop and display some of their most intricate linguistic and interactional abilities. During role play, children have an opportunity to practice skills in a variety of registers, some of which they may otherwise not need and thus not display. Furthermore, role play that involves more than one child is subject to complex constraints as participants closely monitor one another’s performance.
Kinship, Semantics, and Linguistic Relativity
Authors: Danziger Eve
Published: November 2023

This book investigates the principle of linguistic relativity by exploring the cultural and psychological reality of three different models of kinship conceptualization among speakers of Mopan Maya, an indigenous language of Central America. I ask whether it is the case that across languages and cultures, individuals find certain concepts natural in experience, implying that where languages vary in their expression of these concepts they do so only supeificially. Or; instead, does the structural organization of languages actually help to form the categories of thought which afterward appear most natural to their speakers?
The Meanings of Kinship Terms
Authors: Danziger Eve
Published: November 2023

The Piagetian Definition Task Psychologists, as well as anthropologists, have had a long-standing interest in terms for family relationships. While anthropologists have been fascinated by the fact that this area of meaning seemed in many cases to hold the key to social organization, and to delineate the area in which the socially or culturally imposed met the natural or self-evidently given, psychologists have concentrated on the relational and potentially self-referential logical properties of kinship terms, especially as a window onto language acquisition and child development.
Tzik and Kinship
Authors: Danziger Eve
Published: November 2023

A set of Mopan terms has now been delineated for study, isolated from other forms of the language by their properties of semantic and pragmatic occurrence. We can call these the tzik relationship terms of Mopan and justify their membership in the set precisely in terms of their occurrence under the defining circumstances. I have considered a term as a candidate for belonging to the set of tzik relationship te1ms if it is a two-placed predicate that occurs in the tzik greeting frame. This is a useful and defensible procedure, and we use it to enter the domain of tzik appellation without presupposing the content of the domain. But it does not quite correspond to the Mopan view of things.
Three Semantic Analyses and Their Consequences
Authors: Danziger Eve
Published: November 2023

In earlier chapters, I suggested that we might use Piagetian acquisition of relationship terms to address broader theoretical questions in the realm of language and thought. Specifically, I argued that we might use the order of acquisition of tzik relationship terms by Mopan children to distinguish among competing hypotheses corresponding to specific positions in the language-and-thought debate. I asked whether there were cases in which it could be demonstrated that the entire range of reference, as well as the focal center, of a culturally distinct category was operative at the cognitive level. I also asked whether universal nuclear family primitives lay behind translational equivalents of kinship concepts in all cases.
All Quiet on the Western Front (U.S., 1930): The Antiwar Film and the Image of Modern War
Authors: Chambers II John Whiteclay
Published: November 2023

More than any other American feature film in the interwar years, All Quiet on the Western Front (U.S., 1930) came to represent the image of World War I. In a poignant saga of the life and death of a sensitive young German recruit, the film vividly portrays the senseless horror of trench warfare on the western front. Explosive sound effects accompany powerful visual images—it was one of the first “talking” pictures—to produce an emotionally wrenching viewing experience. It directly contributed to the widespread revulsion against such slaughter and against industrialized mass warfare in general.
The Longest Day	(U.S., 1962): “Blockbuster” History
Authors: Ambrose Stephen E
Published: November 2023

The Longest Day (U.S., 1962) is one of my favorite historical films. I can still recall the sense of pride when I walked out of the theater in the fall of 1962 after seeing it for the first time. The Longest Day helps us visualize the scale and drama of the Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944, an invasion that marked the beginning of the end of Nazi control in Western Europe. This enormous three-hour film is one of the great epics about World War II. A true “blockbuster,” it powerfully re-created on a grand scale the largest amphibious invasion in history. The deployment of thousands of troops, a vast quantity of battle equipment, and the wizardry of exploding shells resulted in Academy Awards for cinematography and special effects.
Men of Bronze (U.S., 1980) and Liberators (U.S., 1992): Black American Soldiers in Two World Wars
Authors: Price Clement Alexander
Published: November 2023

Many years after he became one of the first of the Allied troops to enter Buchenwald concentration camp, Leon Bass, a black American, observed:

On this day in April in 1945, with some of my comrades, I walked through the gates of a place called Buchenwald. 1 was totally unprepared for what I saw. Someone of 19 couldn’t have been prepared, for he hasn’t lived long enough. I was still trying to develop my value system. I was still trying to sort things out, and then all of a sudden, slap—right in the face—was. the horror perpetrated by man against man.

In the aftermath, as this poignant statement suggests, America’s wars have often brought blacks and whites much closer to the complex interweaving of individual courage, cowardice, national purpose, and collective memory, and closer still to the discovery that battlefields can become symbolic of the larger struggle for racial justice in the United States.
Clement Price, Liberators (U.S., 1992), and Truth in History: Some Comments
Authors: Leab Daniel J
Published: November 2023

The critic Roland Barthes has dealt frequently with what he calls “the pleasure of the text.” Like many of his peers in our postmodern society, Barthes argues that texts of any nature often deny their own claims of authority. And he plays with what has been called the “endlessly open possibilities of language.” Historians in the main respond differently to interpretations of text. They often, especially in recent years, imagine themselves defending “reality,” earnestly safeguarding without assistance the threshold between fact and fiction, valorously securing a community whose inhabitants remain unconcerned about “truth.”
The Rule of Law in Transition
Authors: Teitel Ruti G
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the various legal responses to illiberal rule and the guiding rule-of-law principles in these times. The attempt to adhere to the rule of law during periods of political upheaval creates a dilemma. There is a tension between the rule of law in transition as backward-looking and forward-looking, as settled versus dynamic. In this dilemma, the rule of law is ultimately contingent; rather than grounding legal order, it serves to mediate the normative shift in justice that characterizes these extraordinary periods. In democracies, our intuition is that the rule of law means adherence to known rules, as opposed to arbitrary governmental action.1 Yet revolution implies disorder and legal instability. The threshold dilemma of transitional justice is the problem of the rule of law in periods of radical political change. By their very definitions, these are often times of massive paradigm shifts in understandings of justice.
Introduction
Authors: Mandler Michael
Published: November 2023

While much has been written about the breach between classical and neoclassical economics, an equally significant divide lies within neoclassical theory, separating the ’early neoclassicism” of the late nineteenth-early twentieth centuries from the general equilibrium models predominant since World War II. An exploration into this divide reveals foundational problems paved over rather than solved, whose irresolution weakens contemporary economic theory.
Historical Issues in Preference Theory
Authors: Mandler Michael
Published: November 2023

In the ordinalist caricature of the history of preference theory, economists prior to 1934 were confused about what could be inferred from choice behavior. Then, following the revelation of Hicks and Allen, unfalsifiable psychological assumptions were banished. In reality, early preference theory, with rare exception, did not claim that cardinal comparisons could be deduced from preference information alone; early neoclassical economists simply adopted a psychological theory in which agents form cardinality judgments. Moreover, as we saw in chapter 4, nonordinal properties of utility can sometimes advance theoretical coherence. Indeed, whenever nonordinal psychological premises have seemed plausible, economists have happily embraced them. Not only the original Jevonians but such forerunners of ordinalism as Irving Fisher and many postwar theorists have incorporated implicit or explicit cardinality assumptions. Thus the elimination of nonordinal properties of utility, in addition to being theoretically suspect, is historically only a partial truth.
Paretian Welfare Economics
Authors: Mandler Michael
Published: November 2023

Social decisions involve gains for some individuals and losses for others. Utilitarianism faces this challenge head on: it aims for a complete set of evaluations that can judge all possible trade-offs among the well-being of agents. As an abstraction, utilitarianism delivers on its promise: it specifies an objective function that, when maximized subject to resource constraints, prescribes social decisions. But when confronted with concrete decisions, utilitarianism offers no constructive procedure for comparing agents’ welfare.
Conclusion
Authors: Mandler Michael
Published: November 2023

Economists do not believe that the world works as general equilibrium models of perfect competition predict. Individual agents and firms influence market prices; agents do not hold to fixed goals, act with complete consistency, or form probabilities of all eventualities. Yet perfect competition and the traditional theory of rationality still form the core of neoclassical economics. They are said to describe the enduring tendencies of economic activity, or to be benchmarks against which real-world deviations can be measured.
The Habits Of Legality Criminal Justice And The Rule Of Law
Authors: Francis A Allen
Published: November 2023

This book provides a broad summary of American criminal justice in a time of great concern about solutions to the current crime epidemic. Allen suggests that the way to a more effective penal policy can be found by a closer adherence to the law rather than the current trend to bypass certain laws in the name of the “war on crime”.
The Institutional Environment of Legality
Authors: Francis A Allen
Published: November 2023

Habits of legality manifested in the administration of criminal justice are products of a wide variety of influences. One of the most important of these is the level of unease produced in the community by the perceived threats to life, limb, and property arising from criminal activity. The fear of crime encompasses the most basic and primitive human concerns and, if widespread and acute, may create a crisis of confidence in the capacities of legal institutions to perform their essential functions. In such periods concerns about abuses of governmental authority by police, prosecutors, and judicial officers, as they wield the most stringent sanctions of government, tend to be engulfed in the deeper fears of criminal victimization. At such times the traditions of legality are not wholly or suddenly abandoned, but the social and political environment is one increasingly unfavorable to the habits of legality.
Summation
Authors: Francis A Allen
Published: November 2023

The preceding discussion, encompassing a wide variety of contemporary and historical experience, rests on a series of underlying propositions. It proceeds, first, on the assumption that the rule-of-law concept is vital to the life and survival of liberal societies. Conceptual analysis, although essential to identification and resolution of critical issues, is insufficient to an understanding of the meanings and dimensions of the legality ideal in a functioning political society. To grasp the operational significance of the concept, we must look to the habitual behavior of public officials wielding the public force and to the levels of fidelity to law displayed in the community. It has also been asserted that the habits of legality practiced in the administration of criminal justice may be significantly weakened in times like the present and recent past, when fear and outrage are engendered by perceptions of rampant criminality. The resulting encroachments on the rights of individuals and disregard of the forms of law will likely not be confined to those situations in which emergencies are thought to arise but instead will extend to the operation of the system as a whole.
Literacy in Japan up to 1945
Authors: Inheritance The Tokugawa
Published: November 2023

As has already been remarked, historians have failed to pay adequate attention to the script reform movement in part because they uncritically accept two assumptions about Japanese literacy. One is that Japan was, at least relative to other nations at the time, already highly literate at the end of the Edo period (1600-1867); the other is that, in any event, most Japanese, even the poorest, could read and write by the beginning of the 20th century. The foundation for the first assumption was laid by Ronald Dore (1965, 321), who ventured a very cautious but nevertheless optimistic estimate of literacy at the end of the Edo period on the basis of school attendance figures from that time. Herbert Passin, a bit more confidently, made estimates of literacy for various groups within the general population that work out to an overall literacy rate for the same period of 39 to 47 percent (Passin 1982, 56-57; Unger 1987, 87). The second assumption is implicit in the work of historians of the Meiji period such as Carol Gluck, who emphasize the growth of the press as a factor in social change at the end of the 19th century. Andrew Gordon expands on this theme when he states that “the spread of literacy prepared the ground for the rise of imperial democracy” (Gordon 1991, 18), by which he means the fundamental political and social changes that affected virtually every segment of Japanese society and reached their peak between 1905 and 1918 (1-3).
SCAP Steps In
Authors: Hall Robert King
Published: November 2023

In chapter 3, we saw that Japan had started down the path of script reform, albeit fitfully, long before the Occupation. Both the press and the government were prepared to limit the number of kanji in general use. The press had already voluntarily begun to reduce the use of furigana, which indirectly established a lower limit on the frequency of the kanji and the readings for kanji used in newspapers; even the military had been forced to admit the practical necessity of some sort of script reform. The consensus was that setting a ceiling on the number of characters in general use, reforming the kanazukai, and con trolling the readings that kanji could take was a practical compromise between the status quo and the more radical proposals of the kanagaki and ri5maji movements. It is therefore wrong to characterize the situation in 1946 as one in which the Japanese were forced to draw up the toy/5 kanji list in order to pre vent SCAP (Supreme Command for the Allied Powers) from imposing more drastic measures (as has been claimed by Suzuki Takao [1990] and others). Nor is it correct to regard the 1946 report of the United States Education Mission (USEM), which advocated romanization but insisted that the implementation of that recommendation be left strictly to the Japanese themselves, as the cli max of SCAP involvement in script reform.
Conclusion: The Most Literate Nation on Earth?
Authors: List The Joyo Kanji , Backlash the Liberal Democratic Party
Published: November 2023

In chapter 2, we established that there was a need for a Japanese script reform of some kind in 1945. In chapter 3, we traced how the Japanese themselves, from the 1880s and earlier, had gradually worked toward a consensus on this need and, from 1946 through 1959, had actually implemented kanji limitation, simplification of kana usage, and other concrete measures. In chapters 4 and 5, we reviewed efforts toward romanization and how they were thwarted. The pendulum had reached the outermost limit of its swing with the romaji education experiment, which, while it did not offer conclusive proof, strongly suggested that Japanese children could achieve more academically if they did not have to learn kanji than if they did. Quite apart from the encouragement this would have understandably given supporters of romanization, it would also confirm the arguments of the kanagaki enthusiasts. The fundamental issue, as Halpern had realized, was not whether kana or one of the competing systems of romaji were selected for use, but whether any form of Japanese script free of kanji would be given official approval. From 1950 onward, the pendulum changed direction, and it passed the point of equilibrium soon after the okurigana rules of 1959 had been promulgated.