bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dislocation Rate after Hip Arthroplasty within the First Postoperative Year: 36Mm versus 28Mm Femoral Heads
Authors: Bistolfi Alessandro , Crova Maurizio , Rosso Federica , Titolo Paolo , Ventura Stefano , Massazza Giuseppe
Published: September 2011

Dislocation is a common and important complication of total hip arthroplasty (THA). Larger femoral heads may reduce the risk of dislocation and improve the range of movement. The aim of this study was to compare the relative risk (RR) of dislocation during the first year after THA between implants with 28mm and 36mm femoral heads. 198 consecutive hips with 28mm femoral head (Group-28) and 259 hips with 36mm femoral head (Group-36) were studied. The patients were assessed preoperatively and periodically using the Harris hip score (HHS) and radiographic analysis. The relative risk (RR) of dislocation was calculated.

The average HHS significantly improved from a preoperative baseline to the last follow-up at 82.1 months (28mm) and 44.3 months (36mm). No statistically significant differences were revealed between the two groups for HHS results and complications (p>0.05), but the difference in RR of dislocation within the first year between the two groups was 7.85 (95%CI: 1.34–46.03), p=0.046. Although dislocation is multifactorial in etiology, the two groups were homogenous for all principal contributing factors except the diameter of the femoral head. Therefore, the use of 36-mm heads can reduce the risk of dislocation following THA by a factor of 8 compared to conventional 28mm heads.
Fracture of an Exeter ‘Cement in Cement’ Revision Stem: A Case Report
Authors: O'Neill Gavin K. , Maheshwari Rohit , Willis Courtney , Meek Dominic , Patil Sanjeev
Published: September 2011

The ‘cement in cement’ technique for revision hip arthroplasty has become popular in recent years, particularly in relation to polished taper stems. Since 2006 a short Exeter stem with 44mm offset has been available specifically for this purpose. We report a fracture of such a stem in the absence of trauma 5 years after the revision procedure. The patient had a BMI of 27.8 and the proximal cement mantle gave good support to the stem. The fracture initiated and propagated from the introducer hole on the shoulder of the prosthesis. Macroscopically there was no defect in this area. This may be an unusual case of fatigue failure.
The Epidemiology and Demographics of Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
Authors: Loder Randall T. , Skopelja Elaine N.
Published: September 2011

The etiology of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is unknown with many insights coming from epidemiologic/demographic information. A systematic medical literature review regarding SCFE was performed. The incidence is 0.33/100,000 to 24.58/100,000 children 8 to 15 years of age. The relative racial frequency, relative to Caucasians at 1.0, is 5.6 for Polynesians, 3.9 for Blacks, and 2.5 for Hispanics. The average age is 12.0 years for boys and 11.2 years for girls. The physiologic age when SCFE occurs is less variable than the chronologic age. The average symptom duration is 4 to 5 months. Most children are obese: >50% are >95th percentile weight for age with average BMI is 25–30 kg/m2. The onset of SCFE is in the summer when north of 40°N. Bilaterality ranges from 18 to 50%. In children with bilateral involvement, 50–60% present with simultaneous SCFEs and those who present with a unilateral SCFE and subsequently develop a contralateral SCFE do so within 18 months. The age at presentation is younger for those who present with a unilateral SCFE and later develop a contralateral SCFE. The age-weight, age-height, and height test are useful to differentiate between an idiopathic and atypical SCFE.
Linear and Hyperbranched Polyglycerol Derivatives as Excellent Bioinert Glass Coating Materials
Authors: Weinhart Marie , Becherer Tobias , Schnurbusch Nicolai , Schwibbert Karin , Kunte Hans‐Jörg , Haag Rainer
Published: September 2011

The non‐specific adsorption of proteins to surfaces in contact with biofluids constitutes a major problem in the biomedical and biotechnological field, due to the initiation of biofilm formation and the resulting improper function of devices. Therefore, non‐fouling surfaces modified with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) are usually applied. In this study, we report the synthesis of triethoxysilane modified glycerol based polymers of linear and branched architecture for the preparation of covalently attached monolayers on glass. Evaluation of the biocompatibility of these surfaces was performed in comparison to bare non‐coated glass, hydrophobic hexadecane modified glass, and mPEG modified glass as the controls. Protein adsorption of BSA and fibrinogen (1 mg · mL−1 in PBS) after 4 and 24 h immersion was reduced by more than 96 and 90%, respectively, compared to the adsorption on bare glass substrates. In addition, mouse NIH‐3T3 fibroblast cells showed only marginal adhesion on the polyglycerol and mPEG coated slides after 3 and 7 d incubation in cell suspension, which demonstrates the long‐term stability of the applied glass coatings. The non‐adhesive properties of these coatings were further reflected in bacterial adhesion tests of Escherichia coli K12 and three clinically relevant Gram‐positive and negative strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Aeromonas hydrophila), since linear polyglycerol (LPG(OH)), linear poly(methyl glycerol) (LPG(OMe)), and hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG) reduced the adhesion for all tested strains by more than 99% compared to bare glass. Therefore, polyglycerol derivatives present an excellent non‐fouling surface coating as an alternative to PEG with feasibility for surface modification of various substrates.
A Generic Toolkit for the Visualization of Archaeological Features on Airborne LiDAR Elevation Data
Authors: Challis Keith , Forlin Paolo , Kincey Mark
Published: September 2011

A range of techniques have become established for the visualization and analysis of airborne LiDAR elevation data within the field of archaeology. In this paper we discuss the visualization of test data representing archaeological features in a variety of terrains using a suite of techniques, all available through generic geographical information system or image processing software. These comprise elevation shading using constrained colour ramps, slope analysis, hill‐shading, principal component analysis of multi‐azimuth hill‐shading, local relief models and solar insolation modelling. The strengths and weaknesses of each technique are discussed and a generic toolkit, suited to the visualization of airborne LiDAR data for archaeological purposes, is presented. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A framework of students' reasons for using CMC media in learning contexts: A structural approach
Authors: Guo Zixiu , Lu Xiongwen , Li Yuan , Li Yifan
Published: September 2011

Motivated by the increasing popularity of computer‐mediated communication (CMC) media in university students' learning, this study employs a four‐stage novel approach for analyzing and developing a structured hierarchy framework for students' usage of CMC media in learning contexts. First, media characteristics and the Uses and Gratifications (U&G) approach were adopted to understand student‐specific reasons for using media. Second, a set of relevant data concerning the university students' reasons for using CMC media was collected by the Repertory Grid Interview Technique (RGT) and analyzed qualitatively using content analysis. The Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) technique was then used to develop a six‐level hierarchical structural model of media use reasons. Finally, the cross‐impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC) technique was used to analyze the driver and dependence power for each media use reason and identify the hidden and indirect relationships among all reasons. The reasons related to students' use of CMC were classified as independent variables, linkage variables, and dependent variables. The study provides a validated typology of different clusters of interrelated students' reasons for using CMC media in learning contexts. The findings of this study will have significant implications and will be helpful for researchers, university policy‐makers, instructors, and organizations in framing CMC technology implementation and use strategies.
Neutralisationsenthalpien – Warum sind sie so verschieden?
Authors: Peper‐Bienzeisler Renate , Fickenfrerichs Hilke , Jansen Walter
Published: September 2011

„Neutralisation“ gibt es in der Säure/Base‐Theorie von J. N. Brönsted nicht. Und dennoch ist es auch nach Brönsted zweckmäßig, in bestimmten Fällen den Begriff „Neutralisation“ zu verwenden. Dann existieren auch Neutralisationsenthalpien. Man kann sie mit einer einfachen Ausrüstung bestimmen. Sie zeigen überraschenderweise große Differenzen. Diese lassen sich einerseits mit der Debye‐Hückel‐Theorie, andererseits mit Protonierungsgleichgewichten erklären.
Soluble Alumotitanosilicates and Their Zirconium and Hafnium Analogues
Authors: Huerta‐Lavorie Raúl , Rascón‐Cruz Fernando , Solis‐Ibarra Diego , Zavala‐Segovia Nieves , Jancik Vojtech
Published: September 2011

The synthesis of molecular heterometallic alumosilicates in good yields has been achieved by reaction between LAl(OH·thf)(μ‐O)Si(OH)(OtBu)2 (1, L = [HC{C(Me)N(Ar)}2]–, Ar = 2,6‐iPr2C6H3) and group 4 amides. These reactions lead to inorganic cycles (type I) and spirocycles (type II) containing six‐membered rings with unprecedented inorganic cores (O–Al–O–Si–O)nM (n = 1, 2; M = Ti, Zr and Hf). Noteworthy, for the heavier metals, Zr and Hf, higher steric bulk in the alkyl substituent of the amide moiety is required to obtain type I compounds. The solid‐state structures for all compounds were determined and reveal a tetrahedral environment for all metal atoms, dihedral angles close to 90° for spirocyclic compounds, and isomorphous structures for the Zr and Hf derivatives.
Concerning the Electronic Control of Torsion Angles in Biphenyls
Authors: Gómez‐Gallego Mar , Martín‐Ortiz Mamen , Sierra Miguel A.
Published: September 2011

In the search for evidence to establish the effect of π conjugation on the variation of the equilibrium torsion angle (θeq) in push–pull 4,4′‐disubstituted biphenyls, a systematic Hammett DFT study has been carried out. The study shows that although reasonable and intuitive, the through‐conjugation between donor and acceptor substituents in these systems is only of some relevance when strong donor and strong charged acceptors are involved. In these cases, changes in the torsion angle from 39 (average) to 10.2° have been observed in the gas phase. Otherwise, θeq is mainly dominated by the (steric) ortho–ortho effect. The results of this study, based on the electronic control of the torsion angle, are complementary to those that rely on planarization by means of reduction of the steric constriction at the 2,2′‐positions of the system.
Total Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of Macrocyclic Lactone Aspergillide C
Authors: Srihari P. , Sridhar Y.
Published: September 2011

A facile approach to the total synthesis of both enantiomers of the 14‐membered macrolactone aspergillide C is described. The strategy employed was also utilized for the synthesis of C4‐epimers of both the enantiomers of aspergillide C. The key reactions include Sharpless kinetic resolution, Achmatowicz reaction, Ferrier type alkynylation, hydrosilylation‐protodesilylation, Corey–Bakshi–Shibata (CBS) mediated reduction, and Yamaguchi macrolactonization.
Synthesis of Phosphoproline Derivatives with an Octahydroisoindole Structure
Authors: Arizpe Alicia , Sayago Francisco J. , Jiménez Ana I. , Ordóñez Mario , Cativiela Carlos
Published: September 2011

The synthesis of two phosphoproline analogues possessing an octahydroisoindole structure is described for the first time. The new α‐aminophosphonic acids can be viewed as the result of fusing a cyclohexane ring to the [c] face of the five‐membered pyrrolidine unit. The junction of the bicyclic system is cis in both compounds, but they differ in the relative stereochemistry of the cyclohexane and phosphonate moieties. Using phthalimide as a common precursor and following stereodivergent routes, the target α‐aminophosphonic acids, (1R*,3aR*,7aS*)‐ and (1S*,3aR*,7aS*)‐octahydroisoindole‐1‐phosphonic acids, have been prepared with completestereocontrol and in high overall yields. The structurally related isoindoline‐1‐phosphonic acid, containing a benzene ring [c]‐fused to pyrrolidine, has also been obtained.
Impulsive personality and the ability to resist immediate reward: An fMRI study examining interindividual differences in the neural mechanisms underlying self‐control
Authors: Diekhof Esther Kristina , Nerenberg Lesly , Falkai Peter , Dechent Peter , Baudewig Jürgen , Gruber Oliver
Published: September 2011

The ability to resist immediate rewards is crucial for lifetime success and individual well‐being. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we assessed the association between trait impulsivity and the neural underpinnings of the ability to control immediate reward desiring. Low and high extreme impulsivity groups were compared with regard to their behavioral performance and brain activation in situations, in which they had to forego immediate rewards with varying value to achieve a superordinate long‐term goal. We found that highly impulsive (HI) individuals, who successfully compensated for their lack in behavioral self‐control, engaged two complementary brain mechanisms when choosing actions in favor of a long‐term goal, but at the expense of an immediate reward. First, self‐controlled decisions led to a general attenuation of reward‐related activation in the nucleus accumbens, which was accompanied by an increased inverse connectivity with the anteroventral prefrontal cortex. Second, HI subjects controlled their desire for increasingly valuable, but suboptimal rewards through a linear reduction of activation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC). This was achieved by an increased inverse coupling between the VMPFC and the ventral striatum. Importantly, the neural mechanisms observed in the HI group differed from those in extremely controlled individuals, despite similar behavioral performance. Collectively, these results suggest trait‐specific neural mechanisms that allow HI individuals to control their desire for immediate reward. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE INVESTING IN THE GLOBAL MARKET: THE PERFORMANCE OF US AND EUROPEAN FUNDS
Authors: Cortez Maria Céu , Silva Florinda , Areal Nelson
Published: September 2011

This paper investigates the style and performance of US and European global socially responsible funds. Several specifications of the return‐generating process are applied as well as their corresponding conditional versions.

Most European global socially responsible funds do not show significant performance differences in relation to both conventional and socially responsible benchmarks. US funds and Austrian funds show evidence of underperformance. By applying conditional models, we find evidence of time‐varying betas but not of time‐varying alphas. With respect to investment style, we find evidence that socially responsible funds are strongly exposed to small cap and growth stocks. Although these results are consistent with previous studies, they uncover some misclassification issues in these funds. Finally, we also document a significant home bias for global socially responsible funds. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of in vitro cytotoxicity, estrogenicity and anti‐estrogenicity of triclosan, perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid
Authors: Henry Natasha D. , Fair Patricia A.
Published: September 2011

Concern with increasing levels of emerging contaminants exists on a global scale. Three commonly observed emerging environmental contaminants: triclosan (2,4,4‐trichloro‐2′‐hydroxydiphenyl ether), a synthetic, broad‐spectrum antibacterial agent, and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), used in stain‐ and water‐resistant treatments, have become distributed ubiquitously across ecosystems and have been detected in wildlife and humans. MCF‐7 BOS human breast cancer cells were used to investigate the potential for cytotoxicity, estrogenicity and anti‐estrogenicity of these three compounds at environmentally relevant concentrations using the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐5‐(3‐carboxymethoxyphenyl)‐2‐(4‐sulfophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium, inner salt assay (MTS) and the E‐SCREEN bioassay. The doses used were 0.002–200 µg ml−1 for triclosan and 0.03–30 µg ml−1 for PFOS and PFOA. Quantitative results from the MTS assay revealed no significant cytotoxicity at lower concentrations for any of the test compounds; however, both triclosan and PFOA were cytotoxic at the highest concentrations examined (100–200 and 30 µg ml−1, respectively), while PFOS showed no significant cytotoxicity at any of the concentrations tested. Positive estrogenic responses (P < 0.05) were elicited from the E‐SCREEN at all concentrations examined for triclosan and PFOA and at 30 µg ml−1 for PFOS. Further, significant anti‐estrogenic activity (P < 0.05) was detected for all compounds tested at all concentrations when cells were co‐exposed with 10−9 m 17‐β estradiol (E2). The overall results demonstrated that triclosan, PFOS and PFOA have estrogenic activities and that co‐exposure to contaminants and E2 produced anti‐estrogenic effects. Each of these compounds could provide a source of xenoestrogens to humans and wildlife in the environment. Published 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
The differential regulation of Gap43 gene in the neuronal differentiation of P19 cells
Authors: Zhao Ji‐cheng , Zhang Lang‐xi , Zhang Ye , Shen Yu‐fei
Published: September 2011

Growth associated protein 43 (Gap43) is a neuron‐specific phosphoprotein, which plays critical role in axon growth and synapses functions during neurogenesis. Here we identified two transcription start sites (TSSs) of the mouse Gap43 gene designated as a proximal site at +1, and a distal TSS at −414. RT‐qPCR data reveal that the transcripts from +1 increase 10‐fold on day‐1 post‐all‐trans retinoic acid (RA) treatment, reached a peak value at day‐4 and gradually reduced. By contrast, the distal TSS directs a late, remarkably sharp increase of the transcripts from the day‐5 on. An intense signal of Gap43 at the neurites and neural network is determined by the efficient transcription of the distal promoter as shown in Northern blot and RT‐qPCR assay. In addition, the targeting of p300 in combination with a differential enrichment of Brm to Brg1 change at the distal promoter region of the gene is induced under RA treatment. The over hundreds of GA rich stretches and the GAGAG elements located between the two TSSs may take parts in the differential transcription of the two TSSs of the Gap43. Our findings provide the first evidence on the identification and differential transcription of the two TSSs of the mouse Gap43 gene, and the preferential distribution of their protein products in the specific stages of RA induced P19 differentiation. These data suggest the efficient transcription of the distal promoter of Gap43 is an important mark for the transition of P19 cells from the progenitor stage into neuronal differentiation. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 2645–2653, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Palatability, adherence and prescribing patterns of antiretroviral drugs for children with human immunodeficiency virus infection in Canada
Authors: Lin Daren , Seabrook Jamie A. , Matsui Doreen M. , King Susan M. , Rieder Michael J. , Finkelstein Yaron
Published: September 2011

Purpose

To assess the impact of perceived palatability of antiretroviral drugs on adherence to therapy of children infected by human immunodeficiency virus and on prescribing patterns by their caring physicians.

Methods

Design: Two arms—retrospective chart review and a cross‐sectional survey.

Setting: Tertiary‐care pediatric human immunodeficiency virus clinic during a 17‐year period.

Participants: Children with human immunodeficiency virus infection and physicians actively caring for children with human immunodeficiency virus infection in seven provinces in Canada were surveyed regarding their perception of the palatability of 8‐liquid and 15 non‐liquid antiretroviral medications and its effect on drug selection.

Main Outcome Measure: Effect of taste preferences of antiretroviral drugs on adherence to treatment by infected children and on drug selection by their caring physicians.

Results

Forty of 119 children (34%) refused at least once to an antiretroviral medication. In 5%, treatment was discontinued because of poor palatability. Ritonavir was the least palatable drug (50% of children; p = 0.01). Ritonavir use (OR 4.80 [95%CI 1.34–17.20]) and male gender (OR 7.25 [95%CI 2.30–22.90]) were independent predictors of drug discontinuation because of poor taste. Physicians also perceived liquid ritonavir as the least palatable (p = 0.01) and the most likely to be discontinued (p = 0.01). However, they commonly prescribed it as first‐line therapy (p = 0.06).

Conclusions

A third of children infected with human immunodeficiency virus fail to adhere to their treatment because of poor drug taste. Physicians are aware of that, but this does not prevent them from selecting the least palatable drugs as first‐line therapy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The mechanism for negative photochromism of spiropyran in silica
Authors: Kinashi Kenji , Nakamura Satoshi , Imamura Masaki , Ishida Kenji , Ueda Yasukiyo
Published: September 2011

The mechanism for negative photochromism of spiropyran in silica was investigated. Prior to our study, the chemical origin of the high thermal stability of the photomerocyanine form (PMC‐form) dispersed in perhydropolysilazane (PHPS), which is converted to silica at ambient temperature, had been investigated. The high thermal stability of the PMC‐form is attributed to the protonated PMC‐form (H⋅⋅⋅PMC‐form), which is produced by intermolecular hydrogen bonding between oxide anions generated by the cleavage of the C − O bonds and the partially uncondensed Si − OH and O − H bonds of silica. Furthermore, the H⋅⋅⋅PMC‐form could be thermally isomerized from the SP‐form without UV light irradiation. This specific phenomenon is caused by the so‐called negative photochromism. In this study, we proposed a mechanism for negative photochromism according to the relationship of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO). The relationship between the HOMOs was determined using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). On the other hand, the relationship between the LUMOs was determined from the respective optical bandgap. As a result, the HOMO level of H⋅⋅⋅PMC‐form was −6.1 eV and that of SP‐form was −5.3 eV. Accordingly, the thermodynamic stabilization of H⋅⋅⋅PMC‐form was attributed to the thermal isomerization through negative photochromism from the SP‐form. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploration of small hydroxy‐9,10‐anthraquinones as anthracycline analogues: physicochemical characteristics and DNA binding for comparison
Authors: Mukherjee Sayantani , Das Piyal , Das Saurabh
Published: September 2011

Hydroxy‐9,10‐anthraquinones resemble anthracycline‐based anticancer drugs. By varying the pH of the solution, the proton dissociation constants of 1,2,5,8‐tetrahydroxy‐9,10‐anthraquinone (THAQ) were determined. Interaction of THAQ with calf thymus DNA (ct DNA) was studied by UV–Vis spectroscopy to determine the overall binding constant and site size of interaction. The binding constant values (~104) for THAQ interacting with ct DNA at different pH were an order less than that known for anthracyclines. From knowledge of the overall binding constants at different pH values and the first pK of THAQ, the contribution of each form (neutral and monoanionic) towards overall binding with ct DNA could be obtained under physiological conditions. Hence, knowing the contributions of the neutral and monoanionic forms, it now becomes possible to know the overall binding constant for an interaction of THAQ with ct DNA at any pH. The calculated parameters help in understanding the role of the negative charge on the monoanionic form during interaction and suggests suitable chemical modifications that could prevent the development of such negative charges. This could lead to an increase in binding of THAQ to ct DNA. The study also helps to recognize the importance of sugar units in anthracycline anticancer drugs in DNA interaction. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
KDNP – A Lead Free Replacement for Lead Styphnate
Authors: Fronabarger John W. , Williams Michael D. , Sanborn William B. , Parrish Damon A. , Bichay Magdy
Published: September 2011

Efforts directed towards creating new environmentally friendly replacements for existing primary explosives have resulted in development of potassium 5,7‐dinitro‐[2,1,3]‐benzoxadiazol‐4‐olate 3‐oxide (KDNP). The chemical and physical properties of this material have been investigated and it appears that KDNP is a suitable drop‐in replacement for lead styphnate in a variety of ordnance applications. KDNP is easily prepared, has excellent thermal stability and has safety and performance properties, which are equivalent to or exceed those for lead styphnate. KDNP has been qualified for military use per NAVSEAINST 8020.5C.
NMR study of size effects in relaxor PMN nanoparticles
Authors: Blinc Robert , Zalar Boštjan , Zupančič Blaž , Morozovska Anna N. , Glinchuk Maya D.
Published: September 2011

93Nb ${1 \over 2}$ → −${1 \over 2}$ NMR line shape and spin–lattice measurements show that microcrystalline PbMg1/3Nb2/3O3 (PMN) powder is dynamically disordered at room temperature, whereas nanocrystalline PMN powder is orientationally frozen out and long‐range ordered at room temperature. The dynamical disorder of the microcrystalline powder results in a motional averaging of the anisotropic part of the 93Nb chemical shift tensor and second order quadrupole shift, whereas this averaging is absent in the nanocrystalline powder, resulting in a broader central line and a longer spin–lattice relaxation time. This seems to be the first observation of such size effects in a relaxor.
Multivisceral Resections in Pancreatic Cancer: Identification of Risk Factors
Authors: Burdelski Christoph M. , Reeh Matthias , Bogoevski Dean , Gebauer Florian , Tachezy Michael , Vashist Yogesh K. , Cataldegirmen Guellue , Yekebas Emre , Izbicki Jakob R. , Bockhorn Maximilian
Published: September 2011

Background

There is an assumption that multivisceral resections (MVRs) in patients with a pancreatic malignancy are associated with higher morbidity. The oncologic benefit, however, remains controversial.

Methods

The aim was to identify risk factors for complications in cases of MVR in patients with pancreatic cancer. Of 1099 patients who underwent major pancreatic resection at our institution between January 1992 and October 2008, a total of 55 were treated with an MVR involving resection of one or more additional organs. This group was compared with 154 patients who had palliative bypass surgery and 303 patients who underwent standard pancreatic head resection.

Results

Multivisceral resection patients had an overall higher incidence of major surgical complications (p < 0.001). In‐hospital mortality was comparable in all groups. Median survival after MVR was inferior to that after standard resection but was significantly better than that after palliative bypass. Univariate logistic regression analysis identified concomitant colon, kidney, and liver resections and any intraoperative transfusion as predictors of complications; in the multivariate analysis, only kidney resections and any intraoperative transfusion were confirmed predictors. In contrast, T status, kidney resection, resection of four or more organs, any postoperative transfusion, and intensive care unit stay of >2 days were identified as predictors of survival in the univariate Cox regression analysis; in the multivariate analysis, only the T status was confirmed. Median survival after MVR was 16 months, after palliative bypass 6 months, and after standard resection 18 months (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Multivisceral resections are technically feasible procedures with increased survival when compared to palliative bypass procedures. The incidence of postoperative complications was increased with kidney resection and when intraoperative transfusion was required.
Destabilization of free convection by weak rotation
Authors: Gelfgat A. Yu.
Published: September 2011

This study offers an explanation of the recently observed effect of destabilization of free convective flows by weak rotation. After studying several models where flows are driven by the simultaneous action of convection and rotation, it is concluded that destabilization is observed in cases where the centrifugal force acts against the main convective circulation. At relatively low Prandtl numbers, this counter-action can split the main vortex into two counter-rotating vortices, where the interaction leads to instability. At larger Prandtl numbers, the counter-action of the centrifugal force steepens an unstable thermal stratification, which triggers the Rayleigh–Bénard instability mechanism. Both cases can be enhanced by advection of azimuthal velocity disturbances towards the axis, where they grow and excite perturbations of the radial velocity. The effect was studied by considering a combined convective and rotating flow in a cylinder with a rotating lid and a parabolic temperature profile at the sidewall. Next, explanations of the destabilization effect for rotating-magnetic-field-driven flow and melt flow in a Czochralski crystal growth model were derived.
Why The Idea Of Purpose Won't Go Away
Authors: Midgley Mary
Published: September 2011

Biologists' current habit of explaining each feature of human life separately through its evolutionary function – its assumed tendency to enhance each individual's reproductive prospects – is unworkable. It also sits oddly with these scientists' official rejection of teleology, since it treats all life as a process which does have an aim, namely, to perpetuate itself. But that aim is empty because it is circular.

If we want to understand the behaviour of living things (including humans) we have to treat them seriously as subjects, creatures with needs, tendencies and directions of their own. The supposedly objective idea of a world of objects without subjects is an unprofitable fantasy.
Some theoretical perspectives on African popular music
Authors: Emielu Austin
Published: September 2011

Popular music occupies a dominant position in the musical landscape of contemporary Africa, yet academic study of popular music is still in its infancy in most parts of Africa. This may be due in part to the absence of theoretical frameworks that stimulate popular music discourses from the African perspective. This paper is an attempt to fill this lacuna. Based on a critical and qualitative analysis of data gathered from field situations, participant observation, interviews and published literary materials on the subject matter, the paper theorises that the creation of African popular music is characterised by two significant processes: indigenisation and syncretisation. The paper further states that African popular music is a socially responsive phenomenon, sustained through the interplay of cross-cultural and trans-national social dynamics. The paper therefore proposes ‘social reconstructionism’ as a new theoretical paradigm for the analysis of African popular music. The paper also suggests that the term ‘African pop’ should be adopted as a generic name for all popular music forms in Africa.
The Political Economy of Governing ISPs in China: Perspectives of Net Neutrality and Vertical Integration
Authors: Hu Henry L.
Published: September 2011

Internet service providers (ISPs) have played an important role in China's internet regulation regime. This article illustrates how ISPs are governed to serve the government's regulatory goals. This involves examining some of the most extraordinary and profound insights concerning internet governance: the theories of the layers principle, the end-to-end argument and the generative internet. Chinese ISPs have been dependent rather than neutral regulatory intermediaries of the government. Moreover, in addition to telecommunication carriers, the radio and television networks affiliated to the State Administration for Radio, Film and Television (SARFT) are to become a new type of ISP that is capable of choking the free spirit of the internet, as recently demonstrated by the far-reaching policy of “network convergence.” This article argues that the policy has the potential to drastically alter the structure and ecology of the internet in China.
Explaining Land Use Change in a Guangdong County: The Supply Side of the Story
Authors: Ping Yew Chiew
Published: September 2011

The conversion of land to non-agricultural use in China has often been attributed to the demand for land arising from urbanization, that is, a growing urban population and the shift from agricultural to industrial activity. With a focus on Sihui 四会, a county in Guangdong, this study explains land use conversion from an alternative perspective: by looking at the supply of agricultural land for conversion and what determines this supply. It gives precedence to the role of the central actors in the process – local officials – and suggests that the extent to which agricultural land is converted for non-agricultural purposes is determined by an array of structural and agential factors, including the fiscal and land resources at the disposal of local officials, the incentive structure and macro-processes which influence their decision.
Mangrove ecosystem services and the potential for carbon revenue programmes in Solomon Islands
Authors: WARREN-RHODES KIMBERLEY , SCHWARZ ANNE-MAREE , BOYLE LINDA NG , ALBERT JOELLE , AGALO STEPHEN SUTI , WARREN REGON , BANA ANDREW , PAUL CHRIS , KODOSIKU RINGO , BOSMA WILKO , YEE DOUGLAS , RÖNNBÄCK PATRIK , CRONA BEATRICE , DUKE NORM
Published: September 2011

Mangroves are an imperilled biome whose protection and restoration through payments for ecosystem services (PES) can contribute to improved livelihoods, climate mitigation and adaptation. Interviews with resource users in three Solomon Islands villages suggest a strong reliance upon mangrove goods for subsistence and cash, particularly for firewood, food and building materials. Village-derived economic data indicates a minimum annual subsistence value from mangroves of US$ 345–1501 per household. Fish and nursery habitat and storm protection were widely recognized and highly valued mangrove ecosystem services. All villagers agreed that mangroves were under threat, with firewood overharvesting considered the primary cause. Multivariate analyses revealed village affiliation and religious denomination as the most important factors determining the use and importance of mangrove goods. These factors, together with gender, affected users’ awareness of ecosystem services. The importance placed on mangrove services did not differ significantly by village, religious denomination, gender, age, income, education or occupation. Mangrove ecosystem surveys are useful as tools for raising community awareness and input prior to design of PES systems. Land tenure and marine property rights, and how this complexity may both complicate and facilitate potential carbon credit programmes in the Pacific, are discussed.
One Hundred Years of Railway Disasters and Recent Trends
Authors: Forsberg Rebecca , Björnstig Ulf
Published: September 2011

Introduction: Globally, railway transport is increasing steadily. Despite the adoption of diverse safety systems, major railway incidents continue to occur. Higher speeds and increased passenger traffic are factors that influence the risk of mass-casualty incidents and make railway crashes a reality that merits extensive planning and training.

Methods: Data on railway disasters were obtained from the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED), which maintains the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT). This descriptive study consists of 529 railway disasters (≥10 killed and/or ≥100 non- fatally injured) from 1910 through 2009.

Results: The number of railway disasters, people killed, and non-fatally injured, has increased throughout the last hundred years—particularly during the last four decades (1970–2009), when 88% of all disasters occurred. In the mid-20th century, a shift occurred, resulting in more people being non-fatally injured than fatally injured. During 1970–2009, 74% of all railway disasters occurred in Asia, Africa, and South and Central America, combined. The remaining 26% occurred in Europe, North America, and Oceania, combined. Since 1980, railway disasters have increased, especially in Asia and Africa, while Europe has had a decrease in railway disasters. The number killed per disaster (1970–2009) was highest in Africa (n = 55), followed by South and Central America (n = 47), and Asia (n = 44). The rate was lowest in North America (n = 10) and Europe (n = 29). On average, the number of non-fatal injuries per disaster was two to three times the number of fatalities, however, in the African countries (except South Africa) the relation was closer to 1:1, which correlates to the relation found in more developed countries during the mid-20th century. The total losses (non-fatally and fatally injured) per disaster has shown a slight decreasing trend.

Conclusions: Despite extensive crash avoidance and injury reduction safety systems, railway crashes occur on all continents, indicating that this type of incident must be accounted for in disaster planning and training. Better developed safety, crashworthiness, and rescue resources in North America and Europe may be factors explaining why the number of crashes and losses has stabilized and why the average number of people killed per disaster is lowest on these continents.
Love and Attention
Authors: Martin Soskice Janet
Published: September 2011

The matched pair ‘love’ and ‘attention’ is familiar to most of us from the essays in Iris Murdoch's The Sovereignty of Good.Although she tells us in that book that there is, in her view, no God in the traditional sense of that term, she provides accounts of art, prayer and morality that are religious. ‘Morality’, she tells us, ‘has always been connected with religion and religion with mysticism’ (Murdoch, 1970, p. 74). The connection here is love and attention: ‘Virtue is au fondthe same in the artist as in the good man in that it is a selfless attention to nature’ (ibid, p. 41). Art and morals are two aspects of the same struggle; both involve attending, a task of attention which goes on all the time, efforts of imagination which are important cumulatively (p. 43). ‘Prayer’, she says, ‘is properly not petition, but simply an attention to God which is a form of love’ (ibid. p. 55).
Darwinism and Environmentalism
Authors: Garvey Brian
Published: September 2011

A number of authors have combined a commitment to Darwinian evolution as a major source of insight into human nature with a strong commitment to environmentalist concerns. The most notable of these is perhaps Edward O. Wilson, in a series of books. Yet it may appear that there is a tension between Darwinism as a world-view – or least some major aspects of it – and a concern for non-human entities as worthy of concern in their own right. In the present paper, I want to address some of the reasons for thinking there is such a tension.
On the mechanisms of late 20th century sea‐surface temperature trends over the Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Authors: Kravtsov Sergey , Kamenkovich Igor , Hogg Andrew M. , Peters John M.
Published: September 2011

The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC), with its associated three‐dimensional circulation, plays an important role in global climate. This study concentrates on surface signatures of recent climate change in the ACC region and on mechanisms that control this change. Examination of climate model simulations shows that they match the observed late 20th century sea‐surface temperature (SST) trends averaged over this region quite well, despite underestimating the observed surface‐wind increases. Such wind increases, however, are expected to lead to significant cooling of the region, contradicting the observed SST trends. Motivated by recent theories of the ACC response to variable wind and radiative forcing, the authors used two idealized models to assess contributions of various dynamical processes to the SST evolution in the region. In particular, a high‐resolution channel model of the ACC responds to increasing winds by net surface ACC warming due to enhanced mesoscale turbulence and associated heat transports in the mixed layer. These fluxes, modeled, in a highly idealized fashion, via increased lateral surface mixing in a coarse‐resolution hybrid climate model, substantially offset zonally non‐uniform surface cooling due to air‐sea flux and Ekman‐transport anomalies. These results suggest that the combination of these opposing effects must be accounted for when estimating climate response to any external forcing in the ACC region.
Reductive genome evolution, host–symbiont co-speciation and uterine transmission of endosymbiotic bacteria in bat flies
Authors: Hosokawa Takahiro , Nikoh Naruo , Koga Ryuichi , Satô Masahiko , Tanahashi Masahiko , Meng Xian-Ying , Fukatsu Takema
Published: September 2011

Bat flies of the family Nycteribiidae are known for their extreme morphological and physiological traits specialized for ectoparasitic blood-feeding lifestyle on bats, including lack of wings, reduced head and eyes, adenotrophic viviparity with a highly developed uterus and milk glands, as well as association with endosymbiotic bacteria. We investigated Japanese nycteribiid bat flies representing 4 genera, 8 species and 27 populations for their bacterial endosymbionts. From all the nycteribiid species examined, a distinct clade of gammaproteobacteria was consistently detected, which was allied to endosymbionts of other insects such as Riesia spp. of primate lice and Arsenophonus spp. of diverse insects. In adult insects, the endosymbiont was localized in specific bacteriocytes in the abdomen, suggesting an intimate host–symbiont association. In adult females, the endosymbiont was also found in the cavity of milk gland tubules, which suggests uterine vertical transmission of the endosymbiont to larvae through milk gland secretion. In adult females of Penicillidia jenynsii, we discovered a previously unknown type of symbiotic organ in the Nycteribiidae: a pair of large bacteriomes located inside the swellings on the fifth abdominal ventral plate. The endosymbiont genes consistently exhibited adenine/thymine biased nucleotide compositions and accelerated rates of molecular evolution. The endosymbiont genome was estimated to be highly reduced, ∼0.76 Mb in size. The endosymbiont phylogeny perfectly mirrored the host insect phylogeny, indicating strict vertical transmission and host–symbiont co-speciation in the evolutionary course of the Nycteribiidae. The designation ‘Candidatus Aschnera chinzeii’ is proposed for the endosymbiont clade.
Positive Darwinian Selection And The Birth Of An Olfactory Receptor Clade In Teleost Fish
Authors: Hussain Ashiq , Saraiva Luis , Korsching Sigrun
Published: September 2011

Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) in mammals recently have been shown to function as olfactory receptors. We have delineated the taar gene family in jawless, cartilaginous and bony fish (zero, two, and more than hundred genes, respectively). We conclude that taar genes are evolutionary much younger than the related OR and ORA/V1R olfactory receptor families, which are present already in lamprey, a jawless vertebrate. The two cartilaginous fish genes appear to be ancestral for two taar classes, each with mammalian and bony fish (teleost) representatives. Unexpectedly, a whole new clade, class III, of taar genes originated even later, within the teleost lineage. Taar genes from all three classes are expressed in subsets of zebrafish olfactory receptor neurons, supporting their function as olfactory receptors. Expression of most TAAR genes in 5dpf zebrafish is found restricted to olfactory epithelium (OE). The highly conserved TAAR1 (shark, mammalian and teleost orthologs) is not expressed in the olfactory epithelium and may constitute the sole remnant of a primordial, non-olfactory function of this family. Class III comprises three-fourths of all teleost taar genes, and is characterized by the complete loss of the aminergic ligand-binding motif, stringently conserved in the other two classes. Two independent intron gains in class III taar genes represent extraordinary evolutionary dynamics considering the virtual absence of intron gains during vertebrate evolution. The dN/dS analysis suggests both minimal global negative selection and an unparalleled degree of local positive selection as another hallmark of class III genes. The accelerated evolution of class III teleost taar genes conceivably might mark the birth of a new olfactory receptor gene family.
A G4MP2 theoretical study on the gas phase enthalpies of formation for various polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other C~10~ through C~20~ unsaturated hydrocarbons
Authors: Rayne Sierra , Forest Kaya
Published: September 2011

Gas phase enthalpies of formation at 298.15 and 1 atm (Δ~f~H~(g),298K~) were calculated using the atomization approach at the G4MP2 composite method level of theory for 86 polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other C~10~ through C~20~ unsaturated hydrocarbons. Where available, good agreement with prior experimental data and/or high level theoretical estimates was obtained. Linear regressions between semiempirical MNDO, MNDO-d, AM1, PM3, RM1, and PM6 estimated Δ~f~H~(g),298K~ and the corresponding G4MP2 values were employed to obtain G4MP2 corrected semiempirical Δ~f~H~(g),298K~ for a suite of 156 C~11~ through C~42~ unsaturated hydrocarbons and PAHs.
Estuarine and Marine Pollutants
Authors: Readman, James W. , Kadar Eniko , Readman John A. J. , Guitart Carlos
Published: September 2011

With the notable exception of the methyl mercury poisoning event in Minamata Bay, Japan, in the 1950s, chemical pollutants, unlike pathogens and toxic algal blooms, rarely cause hospitalisation or instant death. Effects with respect to human health are far more subtle and are typically chronic rather than acute. Consumption of contaminated seafood is the major route of uptake and has implications with respect to increasing aquaculture. Marine aerosols afford another route of exposure for man. Typically, the socio-economic factors are most importantly affected through loss of amenities, ecology and produce, leading to degradation of the environment and, for example, reductions in tourism. This chapter complements those dealing with microbial pollution and harmful algal blooms, and addresses priority pollutants, emerging contaminants presently under scrutiny (including nanoparticles) and plastics. It also discusses the problems associated with evaluating complex mixtures of contaminants to which biota (including humans) are usually exposed. Climate change implications and its effects on pollution are also investigated. Finally, future issues of concern are debated.