bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Richardson Number Dependence of Three-Dimensional Motions in Shear Flows
Authors: Caulfield* C P , Peltier** W R
Published: November 2023

Spontaneous development of spatially incoherent “turbulent” motion within an initially laminar state of fluid flow is a problem of fundamental importance [1-2] in physics, with applications in both the geophysical sciences [3-4], and engineering [5-6]. An archetypical specific example concerns the onset of “mixing” in a free shear flow within which the background horizontal velocity varies solely in the vertical direction, and over a finite length scale [7]. Such mixing layers are primarily susceptible to the two-dimensional “Kelvin-Helmholtz” instability [8], and are observed to become turbulent only after the occurence of a secondary bifurcation has induced the appearance of three-dimensional motion, which takes the form of streamwise vortex streaks, in both unstratified ([5], [9-16]) and stratified ([4], [17-21]) flows.
Aspects of Turbulent Mixing at Density Interfaces
Authors: Strang* E J , Fernando* H J S , Kit** E
Published: November 2023

A summary of an experimental program designed to study the nature of zero-mean-shear turbulence near a density interface is presented. The experimental results are discussed vis-a-vis previous theoretical and direct numerical simulation work on the distortion of homogeneous turbulence by a solid plate with different boundary conditions at the plate. The nature of turbulence near the interface, entrainment at the interface and the fate of entrained parcels as they move in the turbulent environment are discussed.
An Experimental/Numerical Study of Internal Wave Transmission Across an Evanescent Level
Authors: Sutherland B R , Linden P F
Published: November 2023

Numerical and experimental studies show that a wavepacket of internal gravity waves may be partially reflected from and transmitted into a region where the wave intrinsic frequency is comparable to the background buoyancy frequency. The departure of the propagation behaviour from that predicted by ray theory is examined in detail. In particular, weakly nonlinear effects are shown to play a significant role when horizontally periodic waves are of moderately large amplitude, though such effects are inhibited for waves that are horizontally as well as vertically compact. Some qualitative results of these analyses are presented here.
Experiments on Two-Dimensional Lee-Wave Breaking in Stratified Flow
Authors: Bonneton* P , Auban** O , Perrier** M
Published: November 2023

In the past several years, a large research effort has been devoted to the understanding of internal waves generated by stratified flows over topography. Extensive reviews may be found in Smith [1] and Baines [2]. This research is motivated by the importance of the lee-wave dynamics on a wide range of spatial scales in the atmosphere and also in the ocean. On the mesoscale, Clark and Peltier [3] and Peltier and Clark [4] have demonstrated, from numerical simulations, that leewave breaking plays an important role in the development of severe atmospheric downslope winds. Subsequently, The present paper describes new experimental results on lee-wave breaking. In Section 2, the experimental facilities and procedures are described. In Sections 3 and 4, the influence of the non-hydrostatic effects on wave breaking over two-dimensional obstacles is analysed.
Fluid Mud Transport in the Laboratory and in the Field
Authors: Ali* K H M , Crapper** M , O’Connor* B A
Published: November 2023

Studies of sediment dynamics in estuaries have commonly been performed in the past through field studies and physical and numerical modelling. Such studies have generally been carried out using an appropriate combination of the above methods, their choice being conditioned by the purpose of this study, the costs involved and, in the case of engineering studies, the desired degree of accuracy of the project.
Interleukin- I receptor antagonist
Authors: Mantovani A , Dinarello C A , Ghezzi P
Published: November 2023

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-lra) has been administered to healthy human volunteers, patients with septic shock, rheumatoid arthritis, graft versus host disease and multiple sclerosis. IL-lra is clearly safe and is without significant impairment of natural host defenses. Although there is only a modest benefit in patients with septic shock, IL-lra reduces disease activity and progression of joint destruction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This chapter updates the current knowledge on IL-lra, with particular emphasis on human disease and the effect of IL-lra in clinical trials.
Liver and lung
Authors: Mantovani A , Dinarello C A , Ghezzi P
Published: November 2023

Cytokines are important mediators, not only of primary liver diseases such as hepatitis or chemical injury, but also in liver injury associated with sepsis and multiple-organ failure. The liver is the tissue that contains the largest mass of macrophages in the whole organism. Liver macrophages (Kupffer cells) have a key role in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) detoxification. Very early it was clear that Kupffer cells could play a role in hepatotoxicity through the release of soluble mediators that included ‘pyrogens’ and ‘tumoricidal factors’ (reviewed in: Nolan, 1975, 1981; Nolan and Camara, 1982). Although the most important effect of cytokines on the liver is probably the induction of acute-phase proteins, the liver is a target organ of the pathogenic action of cytokines.
Configuration of monosaccharides
Authors: David Serge
Published: November 2023

Glucose is extremely soluble in water: 0.5 kg can be dissolved in 250 mL of hot water. The addition of acetic acid to this solution brings about a slow precipita tion of crystals. This is one of various tautomers, referred to in the official nomenclature as ‘α-D-glucopyranose’, a word whose exact meaning will be defined later in this chapter. The absolute configuration of this solid is known through the association of X-ray and neutron diffraction analyses which give the 23 bond lengths, the 42 valency angles, and the 69 torsion angles of this molecule (Brown and Levy 1979). In the schematic representation 1.1 of this configuration, carbons 2 and 3 of the chain are assumed to be in front of the molecule and carbons 1 and 4 in the plane of the drawing. The other carbons and the ring oxygen are at the back of the molecule.
Reactions of carbonyl groups and hemiacetals
Authors: David Serge
Published: November 2023

When protection of hydroxyl groups prevents the transformation of a carbonyl into a hemiacetal by cyclization, the reactivity of a sugar cannot be distinguished from that of an aldehyde or an ordinary ketone, linked to very electronegative groups possibly with an oxygen atom at the /3-position. Thus, we can observe the formation of hydrates stable in water and /3-elimination, if the stereochemistry allows it, in an alkaline medium. As for the usual hemiacetal sugar, all the reactions of the carbonyl compounds are possible due to the rate at which tautomeric equilibrium is established. In fact, it is rather the possible instability of a reagent in the solvent used which limits its application. We have already seen a typical hemiacetal reaction, glycosidation. Another example is the oxidation by halogens, with which we will begin.
Antigens and antibodies. Lectins
Authors: David Serge
Published: November 2023

Readers with a background in biochemistry or medicine will immediately recognize that Sections 15.2 and 15.3 are not on the same level as other parts of this book. This brief section on immunochemistry is above all designed for readers who have followed traditional teaching in organic chemistry. At the moment many sugar chemists work in more or less close collaboration with immunologists. In this book, expressions such as antigen, antibody, monoclonal antibody, determinant, and epitope are found in different sections; and certain analytical methods of quantitative immunology have also been mentioned. Reading Sections 15.2 and 15.3 of this chapter should give the organic chemist a more concrete view of these ideas and experiments. Our goal is to render the dialogue between the immunologist and the organic chemist somewhat easier.
Direct Phasing in Crystallography
Authors: Giacovazzo Carmelo
Published: November 2023

Direct methods are, at present, applied to a large variety of cases: X-ray, neutron or electron data; single crystal and powder data; small molecules and macromolecules. While direct methods solved in practice the phase problem for small molecules, their application to macromolecules is recent and still undergoing strong development. The fundamentals of the methods are described: in particular it is shown how the methods can be optimized for powder, neutron or electron data, and how they can be integrated with isomorphous replacement, molecular replacement and anomalous dispersion techniques. Maximum Entropy methods are also described and discussed. Sets of test structures are used to verify, throughout the various chapters, the mathematical techniques there described and to provide practical examples of applications. This book will appeal to a wide variety of readers - offering both a comprehensive description of direct methods in crystallography and an invaluable reference tool. The first three chapters can be considered as an introduction to the field, with sufficient material to constitute a university course and for allowing the expert use of most direct methods programs. Subsequent chapters are aimed at graduate students and working crystallographers. Basic results are described and discussed in the main body of the text, while the appendices compliment these with in depth mathematical details. The quoted literature is extremely wide and the interested reader can find suggestions for future work and further reading throughout the book.
Finitely presented pro-p groups
Authors: Wilson John S
Published: November 2023

The notion of finite presentability is of interest for various classes of profinite groups, but it has received particular attention for the class of pro-p groups, where p is a fixed prime. The motivation comes from various sources: field theory, the theory of finite p-groups, and applications to infinite abstract groups. Examples of finitely presented pro-p groups include all pro-p groups of finite rank and all Poincare duality groups.
Uniform distribution
Authors: Harman Glyn
Published: November 2023

Definitions. The sequence α,b and normal numbers. Uniform distribution and Riemann integration. Koksma’s inequality. Fourier analysis. The Erdős-Turán theorem and the Wey/ criterion. The sequence nα. Very slowly growing sequences. Metrical theory.
Boron reagents
Authors: Ishihara Kazuaki
Published: November 2023

Arylboron reagents with electron-withdrawing aromatic groups and chiral boron reagents as Lewis acid catalysts are described in this chapter. The classical boron Lewis acids, BX3, RBX2 and R2BX (X = F, Cl, Br, OTf) have become popular tools in organic synthesis. In general, these are used stoichiometrically in organic transformations under anhydrous conditions, since the presence of even a small amount of water causes rapid decomposition or deactivation of the promoters. To obviate some of these inherent problems, we have demonstrated the potential of tris(pentafluorophenyl)boron (1), bis(pentafluorophenyl)borinic acid (2), bis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl) borinic acid (3), 3,4,5-trifluorophenylboronic acid (4), and 3,5-bis(trifluoro methyl)phenylboronic acid (5) as a new class of boron catalysts.
Magnesium(II) and other alkali and alkaline earth metals
Authors: Yanagisawa Akira
Published: November 2023

Alkali and alkaline earth metal salts have mild Lewis acidities and have been utilized as a promoter or catalyst for organic reactions. Among the alkali metal salts, LiC1O4,1-3usually used as a concentrated solution in diethyl ether, is the most popular reagent to induce various transformations, including Diels-Alder reactions,4 5 1,3-sigmatropic rearrangements,6 Mukaiyama aldoladditions,7 8 and Michael additions.9 A catalytic amount of the lithium compound has also been found effective to promote these reactions.7 8.1° Additionally, LiBF4 and LiNTf2 have been used as lithium Lewis acid alternatives for Diels-Alder reactions.11.12 The alkaline earth metal salt MgBrz13 is commonly used as a Lewis acid capable of forming strong bidentate chelates with u-alkoxy carbonyl compounds.
Other transition metal reagents: chiral transition-metal Lewis acid catalysis for asymmetric organic synthesis
Authors: Nishiyama Hisao , Ama Yukihiro Motoy
Published: November 2023

Transition-metal Lewis acid catalysts can supply one or occasionally two vacant sites as Lewis acids for substrates possibly to meet the 18-electron rule for transition metals, and moreover they need not change their valency during the reactions. The unique vacant sites prepared by releasing one or two ligands from the characteristic configurations MLn (n = 4-6, M = metal, L = ligand) consists of different kinds of steric circumstances. Therefore, design of their ligands with consideration not only of stereochemistry but also of valency of metals has been a remarkably attractive subject to develop new Lewis acid catalysts especially for asymmetric synthesis.
Fluorinated Organozinc reagents
Authors: Davis Charles R , Burton Donald j.
Published: November 2023

Fluorinated organometallic reagents provide a general method for the introduction of fluorine into organic molecules and the chemistry of fluorinated vinyl, alkynyl, benzyl, allyl, propargyl, and aryl organometallics1 as well as the chemistry of perfluoroalkyl and functionalized perfluoroalkyl organometallics2 has been recently reviewed. The synthetic utility of many of these organometallic reagents, particularly the fluorinated lithium and Grignard reagents, has been impeded by their limited thermal stability. In recent years, however, significant progress has been made in the preparation and application of diverse fluorinated organozinc reagents which exhibit superior thermal stability. This chapter focuses on the practical aspects of preparation, handling, and application of salient fluorinated vinyl, alkynyl, allyl, Reformatsky, and dialkoxyphosphinylzinc reagents which typify the expanding utility of fluorinated organozinc reagents in organic synthesis.
Coral Reefs: Growth and Development
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim
Published: November 2023

The fundamental problem in supplying a terminology for reefs is that it is, in effect, a taxonomy of reef forms, but a taxonomy derived from imperfect and perhaps biased knowledge of the range and complexity of reef phenomena.—Stoddart 1978 Since the early works of Molengraaff (1927), three basic reef types have been usually discussed in the Indonesian scientific, management and government circles, namely: 1) fringing reefs, 2) barrier reefs; and 3) atolls. This geologically derived classification system, representing an evolutionary sequence of reef development, was first formalized by Darwin in 1842 (Darwin 1842) and has changed little in its general principles. The key feature of Darwin’s formalization of the classification
General principles: chain reactions based on stannane chemistry
Authors: Zard Samir Z
Published: November 2023

Chain reactions involving organotin hydrides are by far the most commonly employed in organic synthesis. A wide variety of carbon- and heteroatom-centred radicals can thus be generated and captured under conditions of sufficient mildness to be compatible with many of the highly complex intermediates encountered in modem synthesis. The propagation steps are generally fast enough that the steady-state concentration of the intermediate radicals remains automatically low, and unwanted radical-radical interactions are greatly diminished.
Protein-tyrosine phosphatases
Authors: Goldstein Barry J
Published: November 2023

The first descriptions of PTPases in cell and tissue extracts provided evidence that they were distinct from other protein phosphatases because of their substrate specificity, neutral pH optimum, resistance to EDT A, and unique inhibition by low concentrations of zinc or vanadate [33]. Biochemical studies have since provided evidence that PTPases are found ubiquitously in cytosolic and particulate fractions of cells not only in mammals, but in diverse organisms including invertebrates and lower organisms such as yeast, viruses and bacteria.
Patterns and regulation of PTPase expression
Authors: Goldstein Barry J
Published: November 2023

While most of the cloned mammalian PTPases are expressed in a variety of tissues, there are many examples of a wide variation in the levels of relative expression, and a number of PTPases whose expression is limited to certain tissues (Table 5). For example, CD45 is expressed solely and SH-PTPl predominantly in haematopoietic cells, STEP and RPTP-σ (LAR-PTP2B) are expressed predominantly in brain, GLEPPl in kidney, and OST-PTP has a peculiar distribution restricted to bone and testis. The PTPases in brain typically have a characteristic neuroanatomic distribution identified by in situ hybridization with cRNA probes or by immunohistochemistry with specific antibodies. These patterns of expression have led to speculation about the roles of certain PTPases in neuronal migration and axonal elongation in the establishment of neural networks in the brain and spinal cord.
Using genes to map population structure and origins
Authors: Sykes Bryan
Published: November 2023

I want to begin my paper at a familiar landmark. This famous diagram shows an evolutionary relationship between genes and language (Fig. 5.1). On the right, proto-languages divide into language families which in tum disperse into the many different tongues we know today. On the left, we have what looks like an evolutionary tree of human populations.
Numerical Analysis A Mathematical Introduction
Authors: Schatzman Michelle , Taylor John
Published: November 2023

Numerical analysis explains why numerical computations work, or fail. This book is divided into four parts. Part I starts with a guided tour of floating number systems and machine arithmetic. The exponential and the logarithm are constructed from scratch to present a new point of view on questions well-known to the reader, and the needed knowledge of linear algebra is summarized. Part II starts with polynomial approximation (polynomial interpolation, mean-square approximation, splines). It then deals with Fourier series, providing the trigonometric version of least square approximations, and one of the most important numerical algorithms, the fast Fourier transform. Any scientific computation program spends most of its time solving linear systems or approximating the solution of linear systems, even when trying to solve non-linear systems. Part III is therefore about numerical linear algebra, while Part IV treats a selection of non-linear or complex problems: resolution of linear equations and systems, ordinary differential equations, single step and multi-step schemes, and an introduction to partial differential equations. The book has been written having in mind the advanced undergraduate students in mathematics who are interested in the spice and spirit of numerical analysis. The book does not assume previous knowledge of numerical methods. It will also be useful to scientists and engineers wishing to learn what mathematics has to say about the reason why their numerical methods work - or fail.
Fourier’s world
Authors: Schatzman Michelle , Taylor John
Published: November 2023

At the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century lived two important men in France. Although they were contemporaries and possessed the same surname, they were not related. One was Charles Fourier (1772-1837), philosopher and Utopian, the inspiration behind phalanstery and of a communism founded on free cooperation in a harmonious climate of human goodness.
Pythagoras’ world
Authors: Schatzman Michelle , Taylor John
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we discuss good old right angles and all the numerical and mathematical marvels they give rise to, as much for the solution of systems of equations as for the various interesting qualitative properties of Hermitian matrices. The reader will, perhaps, have noticed that this subject has already been touched upon in Section 3.1, Lemma 3.1.9, and in Section 10.1 in the study of the Rayleigh quotient.
Spectra
Authors: Schatzman Michelle , Taylor John
Published: November 2023

The theoretical problem of finding eigenvectors and eigenvalues of a square ma- trix A could be considered as being totally solved after a first year course.
Single-step schemes
Authors: Schatzman Michelle , Taylor John
Published: November 2023

Not all ordinary differential equations have explicit solutions, even when calling on very complicated special functions and allowing for some finite number of quadratures (integrations). This is even more true of systems of differential equations. There are far more equations that we cannot integrate explicitly than those that we can.
Projective Geometries over Finite Fields
Authors: Hirschfeld J W P
Published: November 2023

This book is an account of the combinatorics of projective spaces over a finite field, with special emphasis on one and two dimensions. With its successor volumes, Finite projective spaces over three dimensions (1985), which is devoted to three dimensions, and General Galois geometries (1991), on a general dimension, it provides a comprehensive treatise of this area of mathematics. The area is interesting in itself, but is important for its applications to coding theory and statistics, and its use of group theory, algebraic geometry, and number theory. This edition is a complete reworking of the first edition. The chapters bear almost the same titles as the first edition, but every chapter has been changed. The most significant changes are to Chapters 2, 10, 12, 13, which respectively describe generalities, the geometry of arcs in ovals, the geometry of arcs of higher degree, and blocking sets. The book is divided into three parts. The first part comprises two chapters, the first of which is a survey of finite fields; the second outlines the fundamental properties of projective spaces and their automorphisms, as well as properties of algebraic varieties and curves, in particular, that are used in the rest of the book and the accompanying two volumes. Parts II and III are entirely self-contained; all proofs of results are given. The second part comprises Chapters 3 to 5. They cover, in an arbitrary dimension, the properties of subspaces such as their number and characterization, of partitions into both subspaces and subgeometries, and of quadrics and Hermitian varieties, as well as polarities. Part III is a detailed account of the line and the plane. In the plane, fundamental properties are first revisited without much resort to the generalities of Parts I and II. Then, the structure of arcs and their relation to curves is described; this includes arcs both of degree two and higher degrees. There are further chapters on blocking sets and on small planes, which means of orders up to thirteen. A comprehensive bibliography of more than 3000 items is provided. At the end of each chapter is a section, Notes and References, which attributes proofs, includes further comments, and lists every relevant reference from the bibliography.
Cubic curves
Authors: Hirschfeld J W P
Published: November 2023

Although a superficial examination indicates that characteristic two is a special case, the results do not bear this out; however, slightly different methods are required to obtain the results. Apart from the value of q modulo 3, the value modulo 4 turns out to be relevant. In fact, the value of q modulo 12 provides the separation of prime powers needed; this is given in Table 11.1.
Background
Authors: Hurley Stephen , Leese Robert
Published: November 2023

The field of research that is known by the generic term frequency assignment or channel assignment can be considered to have started in the 1960s. The basic requirement, because of spectrum scarcity, is the need for efficient reuse of the spectrum available for any given radio service. The basic prohibiting factor in radio spectrum reuse is interference, caused by the environment or by other radio transmissions. Interference can be reduced by deploying efficient radio subsystems (improvements in hardware) and by making use of better channel assignment techniques.
Optical communications
Authors: Solymar Laszlo
Published: November 2023

Signalling with the aid of torches was, no doubt, a kind of optical communications and, of course, observing the positions of beams and shutters by telescopes may also be considered as belonging to the field of optics. A more modern way of using light for communications was invented by Alexander Graham Bell as an extension of his work on the telephone. He invented a device which worked on the principle that the human voice could modulate the intensity of light. The modulated light then propagated through air to reach the line-of-sight receiver, where the varying light intensity gave rise to a varying current, which in turn could be converted back to sound. The device was called a ‘photophone.’ It worked well in good weather. Contemporary comments were not all admiring.
Deregulation and privatization
Authors: Solymar Laszlo
Published: November 2023

The end of the war saw AT&T stronger than ever. They had the local monopoly, the long distance monopoly and the manufacturing monopoly. Almost all the equipment used by the AT&T network was manufactured by Western Electric, their own company. The Justice Department of the US thought that was too much of a good thing and filed a suit in 1949 seeking to divest Western Electric from AT&T. The case dragged on until 1956 when an out-of-court settlement known as the Final Judgment was reached. AT&T was allowed to retain their manufacturing arm in return for a few minor concessions, namely that (i) Bell companies would license their patents under reasonable and non-discriminating terms to all applicants1 and (ii) they would not engage in any unregulated business. This meant that anything related to telecommunications was all right but anything outside, e.g. computers, was forbidden.
Analysis of Composed Fin Arrays
Authors: Braunshtein O , Kalman H
Published: November 2023

A general method of analysis is presented for heat transfer through a heat sink composed of rectangular fins attached to each other in orthogonal fashion. By treating each fin in the array as a single fin and considering its place in the array through the boundary conditions, the analysis of the problem is reduced to solving a system of linear algebraic equations. An analysis of fin performance and optimum dimensions is presented and, for design purposes, the results are presented graphically and in simple correlations.
Solution of Two-Phase Stefan Problems by the Heat Balance Integral Method
Authors: Caldwell J , Chiu C K
Published: November 2023

Change of phase occurs naturally in many physical and industrial processes. In past work Caldwell and Chiu [1, 2] have used a simple fronttracking method, namely, the heat balance integral method (HBIM), based on the work of Goodman [3] and Bell [4, 5] to solve one-dimensional solidification problems. This paper extends the method to two-phase Stefan problem in cylindrical and spherical geometries. Such problems arise when the effect of sub-cooling is taken into account. Numerical results are obtained for the two-phase spherical problem for a range of Stefan number, sub-cooling parameters and ratio of conductivities. Variation of parameters will have some effect on the solidification process and these effects are also studied.
Interaction of Insoluble Spherical Particles with a Solidifying Interface in the Presence of Morphological Instabilities
Authors: Hadji L , Davis A M J
Published: November 2023

Solid inclusions are mixed with the melt during the solidification processing of particle reinforced metal matrix composites. The influence of these inclusions on the stability of the planar solid-liquid interface during the unidirectional solidification of binary systems is examined. A new expression for the distribution coefficient, which accounts for the presence of particles, is derived.
Experimental Heat Transfer Intensification in Two-Dimensional Flow under Bulk Forces
Authors: Kolesnikov Yu.B , Andreev O V
Published: November 2023

A class of hydrodynamic and heat problems exists in which two-dimensional flow is driven by a bulk force. In this context, a homogeneous magnetic field transverse to an electrically conducting flow confined by boundaries perpendicular to the field is an effective tool for the transformation of the flow to a two-dimensional (2D) state in the plane perpendicular to the field. Scaling of the conducting flow under the homogeneous magnetic field and the eventual development of instability are considered. As an example of the transverse field influence on a flow, a rotating flow confined between two stationary concentric cylinders with insulated end walls exposed to an axial homogeneous magnetic field is studied experimentally. The rotation of the conducting fluid is excited by a driving electromagnetic bulk force arising from the interaction of the magnetic field and electric current (applied from outside) flowing radially through the fluid between the cylinders.
Model of Heat Exchange Between an Aquiferous Layer and a Vertical Heat Probe
Authors: Kujawa T , Szafiik W
Published: November 2023

Here we present a model to give the temperature distribution in the heat exchange between an aquiferous layer and a vertical heat probe. An estimate of the convective heat transfer coefficient is determined as a function of the parameters describing a flow in a water-bearing deposit.
Certain Problems in the Solution of Integral Equations
Authors: Willmott A J
Published: November 2023

The integral equations which describe heat transfer in regenerators at periodic steady state appear to be so innocuous. However, the quadrature methods are not adequate for their solution whereas the series expansion methods are, provided that suitable approximating functions are chosen. Economies are effected by an appropriate selection of collocation points.
The Case of Bounded Vorticity
Authors: Chemin Jean-Yves , Gallagher Isabelle , Iftimie Dragos
Published: November 2023

The aim of this section is to prove an existence and uniqueness theorem when the initial vector field has its curl bounded and compactly supported. In this case, in contrast with the previous chapter, we will use the concept of energy. Indeed, the space where we must include the initial data is, according to Lemma 1.3.1, a space of the type Em (see Definition 1.3.3). Let us now state the theorem.
Vortex Sheets
Authors: Chemin Jean-Yves , Gallagher Isabelle , Iftimie Dragos
Published: November 2023

The vortex sheets problem consists in finding a solution to the incompressible Euler system (E) in dimension 2, when the vorticity is initially the measure of length of a compact curve of class C. This problem is similar to the vorticity patch problem with one extra notch of singularity. It seems out of reach to prove the analogue of the result on the vorticity patches, even if it is true. Indeed this would imply that the vorticity at time t is the measure of length of a smooth compact curve. The path we are going to take is the following. First, we are going to find a large and stable class of initial data containing the divergence-free vector fields with a vorticity that is the measure of length of a smooth compact curve. Then we will regularize the initial data taken in that class. Theorem 4.2.4 gives the existence of global solutions associated with the regularized initial data. Finally, the a priori energy estimates will enable us to take the limit and thus to construct a solution. The result of this approach is the following theorem.
The Wave Front and the Product
Authors: Chemin Jean-Yves , Gallagher Isabelle , Iftimie Dragos
Published: November 2023

The concept of the wave front of a distribution is fundamental in the study of the regularity properties of the solutions of partial differential equations, linear or not. Here is what it is all about. Let u be a distribution on an open subset Ω of ℝd and let x0 be a point in Ω. We consider an infinitely differentiable function f, vanishing outside a small neighbourhood of xo embedded in Ω, and such that f(x0) ≠ 0. It is well known that the Fourier transform of fu, denoted is an infinitely differentiable function and its absolute value is bounded by a polynomial. It is also well known that the smoothness of fu, that is to say the local smoothness of u, is linked to decreasing properties of the function.
Collagen VIII
Authors: Ricard-Blum Sylvie , Dublet * Bernard , der Rest Michel van
Published: November 2023

Collagen VIII was initially isolated from the culture medium of endothelial cells and designated as Endothelial Cell collagen (EC collagen, [92, 912]), before being referred to as collagen VIII [94, see 19, 43 for reviews]. It is a major component of Descemet’s membrane, the basement membrane separating corneal endothelial cells from corneal stroma [1083].
Models for Repeated Measurements
Authors: Lindsey J K
Published: November 2023

This second edition of Models for Repeated Measurements has been comprehensively revised and updated, taking into account the huge amount of research that has been carried out in the subject in recent years. A wide variety of useful new models is now available, models that have revolutionized the analysis of such data. The second edition contains three new chapters on models for continuous non-normal data, on various design issues specific to repeated measurements, and on missing data and dropouts. Exercises have been added at the ends of most chapters, and the programming functions needed to carry out the analyses in the book are publicly available. Models for Repeated Measurements is an essential reference for research statisticians in agriculture, medicine, economics, and psychology, and for the many consulting statisticians who want an up-to-date expository account of this important topic. The book is organized into four parts. In the first part, the general context of repeated measurements is presented. The three basic types of response variables, continuous (normal), categorical and count, and duration, are introduced. There is a discussion of the ways in which such repeated observations are interdependent. The book also develops a framework for constructing suitable models, with the introduction of the necessary concepts of multivariate distributions and stochastic processes. In the following three parts, a large number of specific examples, including data tables, is presented to illustrate the models available. Each of these parts corresponds to one of the types of responses mentioned above. FROM REVIEWS OF THE FIRST EDITION . . . a timely book . . . useful both as a graduate text and as a consulting source. Statistical Methods in Medical Research.
Parasite community ecology and biodiversity
Authors: Roberts M G , Dobson A P , Arneberg P , Leo G A de , Krecek R C , Manfredi M T , Lanfranchi P , Zaffaroni E
Published: November 2023

A wild-animal population is typically host to a whole community of parasites of different species. These parasite species may be sufficiently independent that their population dynamics can be investigated individually. In reality it would be more usual for multiple species to interact such that the presence of any one species may influence the presence and abundance of another, either directly through competition or indirectly through the host immune system. The interactions between parasite species in a community are fundamental in deter- mining the community structure, the viability of each species within the community, and the potential for new species to invade the community. Models of the interaction of parasites in a community have revealed fundamental determinants of com- munity structure, most notably the important role of RO, the basic reproduction number, for each species (Dobson 1985; Dobson and Roberts 1994; Roberts and Dobson 1995).
Selmer’s algorithm
Authors: Schweiger Fritz
Published: November 2023

Let Δn+l = {b = (bo, b1, … , bn): bo ≥ bi ≥ … ≥ bn ≥ O}. Then define The algorithm as presented here differs slightly from Selmer’s approach.
Diophantine approximation
Authors: Schweiger Fritz
Published: November 2023

A vector (q, Pl, … , Pn) ∈ zn+l, q ≥ 1, is called an approximation of order η if  The number η(x) defined bysup has infinitely many solutions} is called the Diophantine approximation exponent.
The second Lyapunov exponent
Authors: Schweiger Fritz
Published: November 2023

In this chapter it will be shown that the classical paper by Paley & Ursell 1930 essentially contains a proof that the second Lyapunov exponent for the two-dimensional Jacobi-Perron algorithm is negative (Schweiger 1996). The only ingredient which was not available to them is the individual ergodic theorem and some facts about the ergodic theory of multidimensional continued fractions.
Periodic Jacobi–Perron algorithms
Authors: Schweiger Fritz
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we present some results on periodic Jacobi–Perron algorithms. The major motivation for Jacobi in inventing this algorithm for pairs of cubic numbers was to generalize the famous theorem of Lagrange on continued fractions to higher dimensions. Although Perron found out that the characteristic equation may be reducible for n ≥. 3 the following modified conjecture is still open.
Complex continued fractions
Authors: Schweiger Fritz
Published: November 2023

Regular continued fractions are connected with the map on the real axis. Therefore the most natural generalization on the complex plane will be connected with the map However, if we view this map as a two-dimensional map we immediately see that new problems will arise.
Motivation and fundamental concepts
Authors: Krzanowski W J
Published: November 2023

An experimenter, or statistician, faced with a multivariate data set will often feel overwhelmed by the sheer bulk of numbers it contains. An archaeologist will not think it excessive to measure twenty different variables on each skeleton that he or she inspects, neither will a physician think it unusual to obtain twenty different indicants (e.g. signs, symptoms, laboratory measurements) from each patient presented for diagnosis. Yet with only fifty such skeletons, or fifty such patients, both scientists will be confronted with 1000 numbers for inspection. At this stage, a second problem becomes apparent, namely that these are not 1000 separate (unrelated) numbers but that in examining them some allowance must be made for the fact that relationships exist between the twenty variables or indicants. These relationships (possibly complex ones) arise as a consequence of all variables being measured on each individual observed by the scientist, and this feature is indeed emphasized by writing the 1000 numbers in the form of a 50 × 20 data matrix. A scientist’s natural inclination when presented with a set of numbers is to scan them in the hope of detecting some interesting features or patterns in the data. The above discussion implies that any single number in the data matrix must be judged in relation to all the other numbers in the same row as well as the same column of the matrix, so that a simple visual inspection of the data matrix is unlikely to show up immediately any patterns that may exist in the numbers. The problems are exacerbated the more variables or individuals that are measured. Consequently, formal procedures are needed to help the scientist or statistician in this hunt for pattern, and it is with such procedures that we shall concern ourselves in this first part of the book.
Graphical methods for association or proximity matrices
Authors: Krzanowski W J
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 2 we considered graphical methods of representing either rows or columns of a matrix, where these rows and columns are linked to two sets of entities that are not formally related. These methods could be applied to any rectangular matrix satisfying this requirement, but were principally aimed at graphical representations of (n × p) data matrices. By contrast, in the present chapter we shall be concerned with matrices whose rows and columns are both linked to the same entities. Such matrices must also by definition be square, since the same number of entities indexes both rows and columns. Furthermore, since it is the same set of entities indexing rows and columns, then the elements of the matrix must represent relationships between pairs of entities in this set.

The two main types of matrices encountered in multivariate analysis that fall within the scope of this chapter, therefore, are correlation or covariance matrices between variables, and similarity or dissimilarity matrices between units. The former can be said to contain information on associations between variables, the latter to contain information on proximities between individuals.
Distribution theory
Authors: Krzanowski W J
Published: November 2023

A p-dimensional vector random variable, or random vector, x is defined to be the vector x’ = (x  1  , x  2  , ••• , xp) whose elements xi are unidimensional random variables. As was indicated in Section 6.3, the rows of a typical data matrix can be viewed as independent realizations of such a random vector. As the majority of techniques to be discussed are appropriate for continuous numerical data, we shall restrict our attention in this chapter mainly to random vectors composed of continuous elements. By extension, an (m · p) random matrix Y is defined to be the matrix Y whose elements Y;; are unidimensional random variables.
Estimation and hypothesis testing
Authors: Krzanowski W J
Published: November 2023

We suppose the data for analysis to be in the form of a single unstructured (n × p) data matrix X. There are thus n observations of a p-vector x, and the observed values x  1  ′  , x  2  ′  , ... , x  n  ′ constitute the rows of X.
Inferential aspects: the two-group case
Authors: Krzanowski W J
Published: November 2023

We suppose that the data matrix X is partitioned into two sections: one section, comprising n  1 rows, constitutes a random sample from a p-variate population π  1, while the second section, comprising π  2   rows, constitutes a random sample from another p-variate population π  2.
Introduction
Authors: Budd C J , Sangwin C J
Published: November 2023

If you were to ask enthusiastic mathematicians whether or not they thought that mathematics was a golden thread in life's rich tapestry, then the chances are that they would say that it was the whole tapestry, together with most of the room in which it is displayed. Mathematics is amazing in its power and beauty and the way that it has applications in so many areas of human endeavour. Mathematics is also central to much of modern technology and its applications to this will become increasingly important in the new millennium. But mathematics is ever changing and growing, and it will only continue to develop and thrive if fresh minds and new ideas are applied to it. The need to stimulate young people to become interested in mathematics led to the creation of the Royal Institution Mathematics Masterclasses.
Regulation by a hormone: the insulin response
Authors: Helmreich Ernst J M
Published: November 2023

The action of insulin has always fascinated biochemists and physicians. The study of insulin and of diabetes, the disease caused by lack of the hormone or by a lack of response to the hormone, is like a mirror, reflecting the advances of biochemistry and medicine. Using the βcells in the pancreas from animal sources, which were discovered by Langerhans in 1869, Banting and Best isolated insulin in 1921, and Abel crystallized it in 1928. In 1955 the primary sequence of insulin and in 1965 the crystal structure of the biologically active part of insulin which binds to the receptor were elucidated by Frederick Sanger and Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, respectively. In 1965, H. Zahn in Germany, N. Katsoyannis in the USA and Niu Ching-I in Wang’s laboratory in Shanghai independently synthesized insulin by chemical means. Today, human insulin is produced using bioengineered E. coli as a source. Donald Steiner discovered proinsulin in 1967, and elucidated the processing of pro-insulin, with the formation and the release of the insulin peptide C, in 1972 (Chapter 1). Moreover, the receptor for insulin was the first membrane-bound receptor to be identified (Pedro Cuatrecasas, 1968). But there is hardly any other problem in biological regulation in general, and endocrine regulation in particular, that has been so unyielding and intractable as that of the molecular mechanism of insulin action.
Historical perspective: past, present, and future
Authors: Zisman Amnon , deKernion Jean B
Published: November 2023

In the last 25 years the knowledge about renal and adrenal tumors has expanded dramatically. What was in the beginning of the century a pioneering surgical craft progressing as a reflection of general surgery has become a multidisciplinary component of the field of urological oncology. Patient care has been influenced by surgical innovations that have continued to evolve, and also by other accomplishments in biochemistry, imaging, immunology, endocrinology, genetics, and molecular biology. These influences set the course for the therapy of renal and adrenal tumors at the start of the third millennium.
Diagnosis and management of the incidental renal mass
Authors: Pantuck Allan J , Rauch Mitchell K , Zisman, Amnon , Belldegrum Arie
Published: November 2023

Malignant tumors of the kidney comprise 2 per cent of cancer incidence and mortality in the US (Landis et al. 1998) with 31 200 new cases estimated to occur in the year 2000 causing approximately 11 900 deaths (Greenlee et al. 2000). In general, no distinction has been made in the past between parenchymal and pyelocalyceal tumors from an epidemiological standpoint, and little information is available to separate the two incidence rates. By conservative estimate, however, more than 80 per cent of these tumors will arise in the renal parenchyma (Devasa et al. 1990) and the vast majority will be adenocarcinomas (renal cell carcinomas). The incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) at autopsy has been reported to be approximately 2 per cent (Hellsten et al. 1990).
Tumor vaccines
Authors: Freedland Stephen J , Zisman, Amnon , Belldegrun Arie S
Published: November 2023

The concept of vaccines dates back thousands of years, but until recently vaccines were used primarily to prevent infectious diseases. With recent advances in cellular biology, molecular biology, and immunology there has been an interest in the use of vaccines not only to prevent infectious diseases, but also to treat a wide variety of human diseases. This has given hope that vaccines can be developed that will treat cancer.
Radiation therapy: basic sciences
Authors: Aronowitz Jesse , Hahn, Peter , Haas Gabriel
Published: November 2023

X-rays were incorporated into the practice of medicine soon after Wilhelm Roentgen reported his discovery in December 1895. Within a year of Roentgen’ s report, physicians and dentists on both sides of the Atlantic began utilizing ‘ skiagraphy’ (diagnostic radiology) (Brecher and Brecher 1969), and literature appeared devoted to the new modality (Morton and Hammer 1896; Williams 1901). Roentgenotherapy soon followed. Within 5 years of Roentgen’ s discovery over 100 maladies were being treated by X-rays (Grubbe 1949, p. 111), and radiotherapy texts were published (Pusey and Caldwell 1903; Freund 1904). Dermatologists were among the first to appreciate the utility of X-rays and radiation therapy remained a pillar of dermatologic therapeutics for more than 50 years. Ionizing radiation was applied to inflammatory, infectious, as well as neoplastic conditions.