bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Piezoelectric Passive Distributed Controllers for Beam Flexural Vibrations
Authors: Andreaus U. , Dell’Isola F. , Porfiri M.
Published: May 2004

Recent technological developments have made available efficient bender transducers based on the piezoelectric effect. In this paper an electrical circuit analog to the Timoshenko beam is synthesized using a Lagrangian method and by paralleling capacitive flux linkages to rotation and transverse displacement. A Piezo-ElectroMechanical (PEM) beam is conceived by uniformly distributing piezoelectric transducers on a beam and interconnecting their electric terminals via the found analog circuit, completed with suitable resistors. The high performance features of the synthesized novel circuit include the following. (i) The circuit topology is extremely reduced, the used components are all but one two-terminal elements, and the only two-port network needed is an ideal transformer. (ii) One and the same dissipative circuit ensures a multiresonance coupling with the vibrating beam and the optimal electrical dissipation of mechanical vibrations energy. (iii) For a prototype of a PEM beam, the design of the analog circuit is possible and the obtained nominal values of the circuital elements ensure that can be technically realized without any external feeding. The insertion of resistors in the analog circuit is determined according to two optimality criteria (namely minimization of strain energy time envelope and maximization of vibration time rate decay), based on specific engineering needs. The former seems to be suitable for applications in fatigue phenomena and the latter when the amplitude of vibrations must be rapidly decreased, independently of the initial conditions.
Dynamic Model of a Rotating Channel Used in the Steel Industry and Implementation of a Controller
Authors: Gasparetto Alessandro , Miani Stefano
Published: May 2004

In the steel industry, the steel bars coming out from the last stand of the rolling train must be conveyed to the cooling bed. For this purpose, various types of devices are used in the different steel factories. In this paper, the rotating channel used in a single steel company is described and investigated. The problem of deriving an adequate dynamic model for the rotating channel is tackled; the model is then exploited to design a controller which can be employed in the real application of the rotating channel. A lumped parameter model of the rotating channel has been designed and used in this work. Moreover, a distributed parameter model has also been implemented, so as to be able to compare the two models and to evaluate the error made by using the lumped parameter model instead of the distributed parameter model. The lumped parameter model has then been used as a basis for the implementation of a time-varying control scheme, which is also presented in the paper. The control has then been successfully tested on an accurate simulator of the plant. The results obtained from the tests have been very encouraging.
Children and Adolescents with Sexual Behavior Problems
Authors: Letourneau Elizabeth J. , Schoenwald Sonja K. , Sheidow Ashli J.
Published: May 2004

Youth with substantial sexual behavior problems (n = 166) were compared with youth from the same sample with few sexual behavior problems (n = 413) and with no sexual behavior problems (n = 943). It was hypothesized that youth with significant sexual behavior problems would be characterized by higher rates of sexual and physical abuse and higher rates of internalizing problems relative to youth without sexual behavior problems and that all youth would evidence a positive treatment response to multisystemic therapy. Relative to youth with no sexual behavior problems, youth with significant sexual behavior problems were more likely to have been sexually or physically abused and had higher rates of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. These youth were also more likely to include girls, were younger, and had more social problems than youth with no sexual behavior problems. Youth in all groups responded with clinically relevant and statistically significant reductions in problem behaviors at posttreatment.
Blunt Abdominal Injury in the Young Pediatric Patient: Child Abuse and Patient Outcomes
Authors: Trokel Matthew , DiScala Carla , Terrin Norma C. , Sege Robert D.
Published: May 2004

This study sought to evaluate injury causes and patient outcomes in young children with abdominal injuries. Cases of blunt abdominal injury (N = 927) to children ages 0 to 4 years were extracted from the National Pediatric Trauma Registry®. Measures included hospital utilization (days hospitalized, intensive care unit use, and surgery) and patient outcome (in-hospital fatality, discharge to rehabilitation facility, home rehabilitation, and home nursing). The three most common mechanisms of abdominal injury were motor vehicles (61.27%), child abuse (15.75%), and falls (13.59%). Hospital utilization was higher in patients with multisystem injuries. Patient outcomes were more severe in abused children or those with concomitant central nervous system (CNS) injury; these were the only variables independently associated with increased mortality in this sample. Pediatric abdominal trauma leads to intense use of hospital resources and a high risk of in-hospital mortality. Child abuse, compared to falls, is independently associated with a 6-fold increase in in-hospital mortality.
Strengthening Community-Based Programming for Juvenile Sexual Offenders: Key Concepts and Paradigm Shifts
Authors: Hunter John A. , Gilbertson Stephen A. , Vedros Dani , Morton Michael
Published: May 2004

The past decade has been witness to a sharp increase in residential placement of adjudicated delinquent youth, including juvenile sexual offenders. It is argued that this trend has fiscal implications and may be clinically contraindicated for less characterologically disturbed and dangerous youth. The authors advocate greater investment of public funds in the development and refinement of community-based intervention programs. It is believed that clinically and legally integrated programming, using newer social-ecological methodologies and supports, offers promise of reducing the number of youth who require residential placement, shortening residential lengths of stay and improving the transition of residentially treated youth back into community settings. Key concepts relevant to bolstering community-based programming for juvenile sexual offenders are identified and discussed. Two programs are described, and program evaluation data reviewed, in support of the viability of innovative community-based approaches to the management of this population.
A Poem: Anorexia
Authors: Chan Zenobia C. Y.
Published: May 2004

The author has played multiple roles while engaged in her qualitative works on anorexia nervosa, including observer of family treatment, nurse, researcher, and friend. Perhaps most important, however, she brings to her work the perspective of a woman with cross-disciplinary training (e.g., nursing, women’s studies, social work, and qualitative inquiry). This background led her to thinking about how anorexia nervosa might be rep-resented by poetry. She wrote the poem “Anorexia” to expand on the traditional view of this condition—a view based entirely in pathology and empirical research—hoping to look at it instead through a literary lens.
L’Arche: The Phenomenology of Christian Counterculturalism
Authors: Angrosino Michael V.
Published: May 2004

L’Arche is a worldwide network of more than 100 communities designed as places of refuge for people with developmental disabilities. More than just another group home for those with mental challenges, L’Arche sees itself as a counter cultural witness in the midst of secular, materialistic modern society. Grounded in Christian principles but explicitly multicultural and interfaith in operation, L’Arche attempts to demonstrate the possibility of living by alternative values. This article, an exercise in phenomenological inquiry, identifies the philosophical basis for the counter cultural claims of L’Arche and then presents a descriptive analysis of how the L’Arche communities go about putting those claims into action. Modifications in the standard methodology of phenomenological analysis suitable for application to a group such as L’Arche are discussed.
My Father, the “Wounded Storyteller”: A Postchaos Narrative
Authors: Hagedorn Sarah
Published: May 2004

This article is an attempt to bring healing to one of the many lives that has been deeply affected by the events of September 11, 2001. The author believes that her father’s narrative from that day in New York is similar to what Arthur Frank called a “chaos narrative,” and the author gives voice to her father’s pain and frustration to help heal him and to enrich their relationship. The author’s father’s narrative of that day introduces the article; next, the author contrasts her own relatively muted experience with his. Frank’s chaos narrative concept is discussed as well as the author’s reasons why she believes her father’s narrative is a “postchaos” narrative. The article concludes with a short update on how the author’s father is today and how this article has affected their relationship.
Elegant Communications: Sharing Qualitative Research with Communities, Colleagues, and Critics
Authors: deMarrais Kathleen
Published: May 2004

This article examines possibilities for qualitative evaluations within the federal government’s narrow context of research as articulated in the No Child Left Behind Act and the National Research Council’s Report on Scientific Principles for Education Research. Through vignettes from qualitative evaluation studies, the following questions are addressed: (a) What is quality in qualitative evaluation? (b) How do we communicate with multiple audiences in ways that are engaging and convincing? (c) What role do emotions play in the work of qualitative evaluation? Despite calls for “scientific objectivity,” emotions are at the core of quality educational research. Emotions as responses to power and status dynamics within social relations puts emotions work at the center of evaluation research in schools. Qualitative researchers are challenged to broaden narrow views of educational research through continuing to demonstrate how well, through attention to emotions and through elegant explanations, qualitative methodologies respond to the complexities of school life.
Randomized Design and the Myth of Certain Knowledge: Guinea Pig Narratives and Cultural Critique
Authors: Weinstein Matthew
Published: May 2004

The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB) has explicitly promoted randomized research designs and implicitly promoted clinical trials as the only legitimate educational science. In doing so, the law seeks to remodel educational research in a medical mode. This article draws on the narrative of a human subject participating in a medical randomized experiment to raise questions about the extent to which such designs secure the goals NCLB claims they will: validity, rigor, replicability. In contrasting the narrative of science in NCLB and the narrative of science as told by human subjects, the author draws on de Certeau as well as Bowker and Star to make sense of the difference in structure of the narratives and to highlight the extent to which randomized designs are mythologized in the law and current debates over methodology.
Creative Nonfiction and the Academy: A Cautionary Tale
Authors: Wright David
Published: May 2004

Since their inception, institutional review boards (IRBs), which use a biomedical model with which to evaluate cases, have continued to extend their reach, increasingly of late into the humanities. Although most humanists in the academy are probably not even aware of its existence, their local IRB could step in and demand that a writer’s project, it if involves the broadly defined human-subject research, be vetted through the board before approval be granted to proceed. Should the IRB determine that a writer has breached IRB protocol, the board has the authority to do what it will with the work, including attempting to stop its publication. Before such institutionalized oversight is allowed to continue to expand, much more work has to be done to assure that the process can be justly and rightly applied to the range of fields IRBs aspire to regulate.
Women Filing Assault Charges on an Intimate Partner
Authors: McFARLANE JUDITH , WILLSON PAM , LEMMEY DOROTHY , MALECHA ANN
Published: May 2004

To describe the criminal justice outcomes and violence experienced after women seek to file assault charges against an intimate partner, 90 women were interviewed and followed for six months. Threats of violence, physical assault, stalking, and danger were measured by interview questionnaires at the time of filing charges and at 3 and 6 months later. Among the 90 women, 48% had insufficient evidence for charges; of the 52% making charges, 11% dropped charges, 37% of the perpetrators were arrested, and 4% remained fugitives. With the exception of danger at 3 months for one group of women, levels of violence did not differ by charges accepted or perpetrator arrested at 3 and 6 months. The act of women attempting to file assault charges, whether the charges were accepted or the perpetrator arrested, resulted in equally lower levels of future violence.
Family Violence in Chile
Authors: BACIGALUPE GONZALO
Published: May 2004

Family violence has different cross-cultural and historical meanings. The meanings of family violence in Chile became the focus of public discourse among professionals and policy makers during the transition from a military dictatorship to a democratically elected government. This study analyzes how social scientists and clinical practitioners understood family violence in Chile during this historical period. This review includes exploratory, empirical, and qualitative research studies, as well as transcripts from the family violence legislation that was finally put into place in 1995. The author concurrently interviewed interdisciplinary teams of practitioners to uncover extant and changing family violence discourses. These in-depth interviews explored practitioners' personal, professional, and political ideas about family violence. This study contributes to the field with a contextual and historical analysis of domestic violence interventions in Chile and “decenters” the idea that one context-free method or epistemology can be used to intervene in domestic violence.
Preventing Domestic Violence in the African American Community
Authors: OLIVER WILLIAM
Published: May 2004

This article explores how aspects of Black popular culture can be effectively used to enhance awareness of domestic violence among African Americans and access to domestic violence treatment interventions for this population. Black popular culture can be used to enhance the cultural sensitivity and competence of intervention efforts designed to prevent and reduce domestic violence among African Americans.
“If I Really Loved Him Enough, He Would Be Okay”
Authors: TOWNS ALISON , ADAMS PETER
Published: May 2004

Interviews with 20 women point to the significance of culturally endorsed constructions of the perfect-love in maintaining women in relationships with men who use violence against them and in silencing them from talking about the violence. Using a form of discourse analysis based on feminist poststructuralism, we identified some of the contradictory portrayals of love that point to discourses of the perfect-love. It is argued that women may be regulated by the positions created for them by perfect-love discourses to remain silent about their partners' violence. These findings have significance for early intervention and prevention strategies.
Battered Women in the Restraining Order Process
Authors: WAN ANGELA MOE
Published: May 2004

Between the months of January and May, 1998, the author spent approximately 150 hours as a legal advocate in a court advocacy program in southeastern Wisconsin that assists battered women obtain restraining orders. This article reports observations of how legal advocates in the program are affecting battered women's lives through their services as well as accounts of battered women's experiences in the court system and responses by court personnel to them. These observations are discussed in relation to existing research and theory on work with battered women and to the social context in which such work occurs.
Violence and the Outlaw Status of (Street) Prostitution in Canada
Authors: LOWMAN JOHN
Published: May 2004

This article constructs a profile of murders of sex workers in British Columbia from 1964 to 1998. The analysis reveals the relationships among media, law, political hypocrisy, and violence against street prostitutes. In particular, the article examines how the “discourse of disposal”—that is, media descriptions of the ongoing attempts of politicians, police, and residents' groups to get rid of street prostitution from residential areas—contributed to a sharp increase in murders of street prostitutes in British Columbia after 1980.
An Analysis of the Assets for Independence Act of 1998 for Abused Women
Authors: CHRISTY-McMULLIN KAMERI
Published: May 2004

The abuse of women in the United States is a complex social problem that has also been interwoven with a history of their impoverishment. Although advocates have called for an increase in resources that would help with abused women's short-term economic stability, they have largely ignored the issue of formulating policy that would assist with asset accumulation as a means of obtaining long-term economic security. In an attempt to address this need, the author proposes that the federal government should amend the Assets for Independence Act of 1998 (AFIA) to specifically include abused women and explains the rationale for such a policy.
Extrafamilial Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: BOLEN REBECCA M.
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this study was to determine (a) the ability of extrafamilial sexual abuse categorization schemes previously derived by qualitative methods to predict characteristics of the abuse in female children and (b) the prognostic ability of the emergent categorization scheme to predict differential risk of abuse based on age of the child. Three hundred sixty incidents of extrafamilial sexual abuse in Diana Russell's (1983) community prevalence study of female child sexual abuse comprised the sample. The findings of this analysis highlight the pervasiveness of the threat of extrafamilial child sexual abuse to female children.
Risk Assessment Among Batterers Arrested for Domestic Assault
Authors: BENNETT LAUREN , GOODMAN LISA , DUTTON MARY ANN
Published: May 2004

Increased attention to the problem of domestic violence has brought with it a swell in the number of cases entering the court system. Particularly when resources are limited, it is critical to assess the dangerousness of such cases. This preliminary study attempted to add to the knowledge base about risk factors for continued abuse among batterers who have been arrested for domestic assault. Specifically, we investigated the predictive power of the level of psychological abuse in the relationship. Results suggest that psychological abuse—in particular, dominance and isolation—may be a useful variable in assessing dangerousness.
Examining Elements of Campus Sexual Violence Policies
Authors: POTTER ROBERTO HUGH , KRIDER JEANNE E. , McMAHON PAMELA M.
Published: May 2004

The promulgation of sexual violence policies can be viewed from both criminal justice and public health perspectives. The public health model focuses on prevention through health promotion in contrast to a criminal justice analysis based primarily on deterrence. Because each perspective has a unique focus, policies may have different implications and outcomes. This study subjects campus sexual violence policies to analysis from public health and criminal justice perspectives. Campus sexual violence policies were obtained from a sample of 100 United States colleges and universities in 1998. A descriptive analysis of the types of sexual violence prevention programs and dissemination of knowledge about the policies is presented. Data on actual policies collected were analyzed employing content analytic techniques. Overall, deterrence-based prevention efforts were the most common element, followed by risk- or opportunity-reduction approaches. Implications for campus sexual violence prevention efforts of merging the public health and criminal justice approaches are discussed.
When Ending the Relationship Does Not End the Violence
Authors: FLEURY RUTH E. , SULLIVAN CRIS M. , BYBEE DEBORAH I.
Published: May 2004

Much of the existing research on intimate male violence against women has focused on the prevalence of and response to abuse that occurs within an ongoing intimate relationship. Little attention has been paid to the abuse that occurs after women have ended abusive relationships. In the current study, women leaving a shelter for women with abusive partners were interviewed across 2 years. More than one third of the women were assaulted by a former partner during the time of the study. Several factors under the control of the batterer were found to be related to ex-partner assaults, including his prior violence, threats, and sexual suspicion. Several factors under partial control of the survivor were also explored and were found to be less strongly related to violence by an ex-partner. Implications for improving the community response to women with abusive partners and ex-partners are discussed.
Overdrawing and Balancing Accounts
Authors: EISIKOVITS ZVI , WINSTOK ZEEV
Published: May 2004

This article attempts to develop a theoretical model addressing the structure and dynamics of the repository, or “archive,” from which partners draw memories contributing to the escalation to violence in intimate relationships. Sampling and data analysis followed the principles of grounded theory. The findings indicate two kinds of memories are stored in the archive: one raw, the other molded. Only molded memories are in use during the process of escalation. The violent man manages the archive as a “credit line” for both himself and his partner. The woman may be allowed various levels of credit, which tend to be rigid and include the extreme option of not being allowed any credit at all. In contrast, the man always allows himself a flexible credit line. Theoretical and practical implications for assessing the risk of violence and subsequent societal reaction are discussed. Possible directions for future research are also suggested.
Less than Ideal
Authors: LEVIN REBEKAH
Published: May 2004

As the clock on the receipt of Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) benefits continues to tick, TANF departments across the United States are being expected to address the needs of their harder to serve populations, including domestic violence victims and survivors. This article documents the experiences and learnings from a large TANF office in Chicago where a pilot program was initiated 2 years ago to provide on-site domestic violence services to TANF participants. Despite considerable efforts, most TANF caseworkers resisted referring women for services, forcing the project to devise alternative means of gaining access to the women in the TANF office. Of the women who came to at least one follow-up session with the domestic violence advocates, 57% have been placed in work activities, demonstrating successful outcomes and indicating that it is critically important to solve the organizational issues raised by the demonstration project.
Social Support Among Women in Methadone Treatment Who Experience Partner Violence
Authors: EL-BASSEL NABILA , GILBERT LOUISA , RAJAH VALLI , FOLENO ANTHONY , FRYE VICTORIA
Published: May 2004

This study explores types, availability, use, and satisfaction of support among women in methadone treatment who reported partner violence. It also examines the role of the woman's intimate partner in isolating her from her social network. A total of 68 women participated in 1 of 14 two-hour focus groups. The findings suggest that male dominance and control function to isolate and prevent women from accessing support needed to cope with partner violence. The participants not only felt that they had few people to turn to for support but also expressed dissatisfaction with the support that they received.
Nonoffending Mothers
Authors: McCALLUM SHARON
Published: May 2004

Nonoffending mothers are crucial players in the intervention response to disclosures of sexual assault. This article will outline the experiences of three such women from the point of disclosure of abuse of their children, including the child protection agency response. It is clear that coping with the ramifications of sexual assault disclosure is a harrowing time for women, during which they may question themselves as women, wives, and mothers. The implications for service providers are outlined, with suggestions for helpful ways to proceed with intervention.
Femicide and Social Disorganization
Authors: FRYE VICTORIA , WILT SUSAN
Published: May 2004

In the United States, homicide is a leading cause of death among young women. In New York City between 1990 and 1997, although the overall number of femicides declined markedly, intimate partner femicides increased. The reason for this is unclear. Sociostructural accounts of homicide rates have traditionally focused on the importance of socioeconomic factors indicative of social disorganization. A feminist critique of this perspective suggests that such factors are less important to intimate partner femicide. Using census data on community-level sociostructural factors and surveillance data on femicides between 1990 and 1997 in New York City, the authors evaluate the relative importance of sociostructural factors in models of intimate partner and non-intimate partner femicide.
“Is it Meant to Hurt, is it?”
Authors: SEQUEIRA HEATHER , HALSTEAD SIMON
Published: May 2004

The use of seclusion, restraint, and rapid tranquilization for people with developmental disabilities is controversial. A statistical analysis of 3,767 such incidents, involving 82 clients with developmental disabilities, is presented along with semistructured interview material completed following personal experience of emergency intervention. Women were involved in a disproportionately high number of incidents. It was found that women had a significantly higher probability of being given rapid tranquilization following a violent incident. In contrast, seclusion was more likely to be used with men. Interviews with women demonstrated a commonly held understanding of interventions as punishment and expressions of intense anger and anxiety. The study highlights the importance of including the perspectives of people with developmental disabilities in care planning and staff training.
The Investigation of Abuse and Women With Disabilities
Authors: NOSEK MARGARET A. , HOWLAND CAROL A. , HUGHES ROSEMARY B.
Published: May 2004

This article delineates issues that should be considered by investigators endeavoring to conduct empirically sound research on abuse and women with disabilities. These issues include (a) incorporating in the research design variables that assess increased vulnerability; (b) using literature-based definitions that distinguish emotional, physical, sexual, and disability-related abuse; (c) using population-based sampling methodologies; (d) securing informed consent; (e) maintaining confidentiality; (f) installing safety measures to protect study participants and project staff from retaliation; (g) making special efforts to include women with disabilities from minority backgrounds; (h) using appropriate, validated, disability-sensitive screening instruments; (i) understanding the legal requirements for reporting abusive incidents; (j) implementing abuse studies in clinical settings; and (k) including formative and summative evaluations in outcome studies of abuse interventions. To increase the capacity of battered women's programs to serve women with disabilities, considerably more needs to be known about interventions that are most effective for this population.
Feminist Theory and Status Inconsistency Theory
Authors: YICK ALICE G.
Published: May 2004

It is argued that domestic violence in Asian immigrant communities in the United States, specifically Chinese immigrant families, should be viewed as a distinct social problem. By presenting it as a distinct social problem, we validate the life experiences of women of color. However, many social science theories come from an Anglo-Western or European perspective and do not capture the realities of ethnic minority groups. Therefore, the goal of this article is to examine feminist and status inconsistency theories and their application to domestic violence in Chinese immigrant families. Merits and limitations of each perspective are highlighted. Directions for future research are also highlighted.
European Research on the Prevalence of Violence Against Women
Authors: HAGEMANN-WHITE CAROL
Published: May 2004

Prevalence estimates play a role in academic and policy analyses of violence against women. The debate on available figures and what they measure has tended toward overgeneralization with too little consideration of differences that might emerge from cross-national or cross-cultural comparison. The present review introduces 11 prevalence studies carried out between 1986 and 1997 in nine European countries, their research goals and methodology, and some salient figures. With a growing understanding of the need for sensitive research and clear definitions, there is regrettable lack of interchange within Europe, impeding comparative analysis. Issues for future research are discussed.
Violent Men as Good-enough Fathers?
Authors: ERIKSSON MARIA , HESTER MARIANNE
Published: May 2004

In this article, the authors examine the contrary way that policy and practice have tended to operate in both Sweden and England, concerning violence against women on one hand and children on the other. The arrangements made for children's contact with parents after parents have separated or divorced are important with regard to the ongoing safety of women and children who have left violent men. However, fatherhood in the context of separation and divorce has tended to be construed as inherently nonviolent, with dangerous consequences for women, child safety, and children's welfare.
Security Matters
Authors: SEITH CORINNA
Published: May 2004

Most research on institutional responses to domestic violence has focused on the agencies within the criminal justice system. This article presents findings on the incidence of and responses to domestic violence, drawing on data from social services—an agency responsible for income maintenance and personal support—in a rural canton in Switzerland. The data consist of case files from 1996 and qualitative interviews with social workers and battered women. The findings show that although social workers are alert to financial abuse and attempt to empower women economically, most fail to address and monitor ongoing abuse. Placing these findings within a discussion of feminist approaches to welfare, it becomes clear that economic idependence alone fails to protect women from domestic violence and can even place them in more danger. Nonetheless, welfare can be empowering for women, but the ability of social workers to support abused women depends both on their own awareness and practice and that of other agencies—especially the criminal justice system—intervening with respect to the perpetrator.
The Impact of Sexual Assault, Sexual Assault Perpetrator Type, and Location of Sexual Assault on Ratings of Perceived Safety
Authors: CULBERTSON KAYLEEN A. , VIK PETER W. , KOOIMAN BEVERLY J.
Published: May 2004

The current study introduced the Safety Rating Scale and examined the influence of sexual assault, the location of assault, the relationship to perpetrator, and the impact of assault on perceived safety. Questionnaire packets, including the Safety Rating Scale, were completed by 314 female undergraduates (55% met assault criteria). Results indicated that sexually assaulted women felt less safe than those without an assault history. Women assaulted in their homes reported lower perceived home safety than women assaulted in another location. Furthermore, as the impact of the sexual assault increased, victims' feelings of perceived safety decreased. Finally, the prior relationship to the perpetrator was related to perceived safety.
Culture of Honor, Culture of Change
Authors: SEV'ER AYSAN , YURDAKUL GÖKÇEÇIÇEK
Published: May 2004

This article presents a feminist analysis of honor killings in rural Turkey. One of the main goals is to dissociate honor killings from a particular religious belief system and locate it on a continuum of patriarchal patterns of violence against women. The authors first provide a summary of the defining characteristics of honor killings and discuss the circumstances under which they are likely to occur. Second, they discuss modernization versus traditionalism in Turkey, emphasizing the contradictory forces in a culture of change. Third, they discuss conflict orientations in understanding violence against women, starting from some of the assertions and assumptions of the Marx/Engels hypothesis and socialist feminism, and comparing and contrasting the radical feminist orientation with the materialist orientation. Fourth, the authors give examples of honor killings in Turkey that have been recorded in recent years, specifically highlighting the common threads among these heinous crimes. The patterns observed are more supportive of the radical and socialist feminist orientations than the Marx/Engels hypothesis. The article ends with modest suggestions about breaking the cycle of violence against women, emphasizing the personal, social, structural, and global links in engendering positive change.
Nationalism, War, and Archaization of Gender Relations in the Balkans
Authors: ALBANESE PATRICIA
Published: May 2004

This article addresses why rape in ethnic conflict and war is common. Emphasis is placed on the context of abuse, which some argue remains undeveloped in general explanations of violence against women. The author focuses on the role that ethnic nationalism plays in repatriarchalizing society and gender relations. With the rise of nationalism and militarization, there are institutionalized attempts to revive patriarchal social forms and relations that place women at an increased risk of violence. The article focuses on the former Yugoslavia to show that with nationalism and militarization, the nexus of gender and ethnicity becomes significant and deadly.
The Oppression of Women in India
Authors: JOHNSON PAMELA S. , JOHNSON JENNIFER A.
Published: May 2004

In India, as in all countries around the globe, violence against women occurs daily. Patriarchy plays a role in this violence. For some Indian women, the possibility of violence occurs throughout their lives, especially with changes in marital status. This article discusses several fatal forms of violence that some of the women in India experience. Included in this discussion of violence are the role of women's status, dowry, and the influence of Western capitalism. It is concluded that to combat violence against women, it is imperative that people work toward a global village where women are viewed as equal and valuable partners in society.
Anatomy of a Massacre
Authors: BOSWORTH MARY
Published: May 2004

This article describes the massacre of 35 women in the Paris Hôpital de la Salpêtrière in September 1792. The killing of the women in the city's largest prison-hospital complex for women was a unique event in the French Revolution's history because it was the only all-female institution targeted during the September Massacres. Using archival documents, the author explores what the violence against women in Salpêtrière suggests about gender and punishment at the dawn of modernity.
Violent Offenders on Probation
Authors: OLSON DAVID E. , STALANS LORETTA J.
Published: May 2004

Using data from a sample of discharged adult probationers, the authors compared the probationers' profiles, sentencing conditions, and outcomes for offenders convicted of domestic violence and other violent crimes. Analyses revealed a number of differences between the two groups, particularly regarding prior substance abuse histories, the length and conditions of probation sentences, and the degree to which probationers committed new offenses against their original victims. Regarding traditional measures of probation outcomes, such as rearrests, technical violations, and probation revocations, there were no differences that could be attributed to the conviction offense. The findings have implications for future research on how domestic violence offenders are handled in probation as well as policy, from the standpoint that domestic violence offenders tend to receive relatively short periods of probation supervision and, despite treatment being frequently ordered, they are more likely to revictimize the same individuals even while under correctional supervision.
Intimate Partner Violence in Jamaica
Authors: ARSCOTT-MILLS SHARON
Published: May 2004

This study provides descriptive statistics on women who access the services of the Women's Crisis Centre, a nongovernmental organization in Kingston, Jamaica, whose mission is to provide 24-hour counseling and shelter for women who are the victims of domestic violence. Questionnaires were completed by the center's trained staff at the close of a counseling session with adult women who accessed the services of the center between September 1 and November 30, 1999. This study analyzed 187 questionnaires for which the perpetrator of the incident was a male intimate partner. The sample was fairly homogeneous demographically. Results revealed a high level of physical injury (89%, n = 166) and a low level of reporting violent incidents to the police (26%, n = 42). Although 75% (n = 123) sought medical care, women first turned for assistance to pastors and counselors. Multisectoral support to strengthen and expand the services of the Women's Crisis Centre is recommended.
Supporting Battered Women Involved with the Court System
Authors: BELL MARGRET E. , GOODMAN LISA A.
Published: May 2004

In recent years, courts and battered women's advocates have collaborated to develop court-based advocacy programs to improve domestic violence victims' experiences within the justice system and to foster safety in their lives more generally. This pilot study evaluated the effectiveness of an innovative variation of these legal advocacy programs in which law students work intensively with battered women to obtain protective orders. Compared to women who received standard court services, women working with law student advocates reported significantly less physical and psychological reabuse and marginally better emotional support after 6 weeks. Policy implications and directions for future research are discussed.
Healing the Wounds of Domestic Abuse
Authors: SHARMA ANITA
Published: May 2004

Feminist therapy is a powerful means of helping abused women because of its focus on systemic sources of oppression and hegemony. These forms of oppression are intimately linked to a woman's cultural and socioeconomic background and affect the way she experiences domestic abuse. Although researchers have shown that feminist therapy can be an effective approach for counseling abused women, it is criticized here for failing to acknowledge the diversity among immigrant and racially visible women who have been abused. The author will examine both the effectiveness of feminist therapy and its limitations when counseling immigrant and racially visible women who have been abused. The author will also describe the reality of domestic violence among these women and how their needs differ from women in the dominant culture. Strategies for a more inclusive form of feminist therapy will also be offered as alternatives to existing modes of practice and assessment.
Improving Intimate Partner Violence Protocols for Emergency Departments
Authors: Dodge Andrea Craig , McLoughlin Elizabeth , Saltzman Linda E. , Nah Gregory , Skaj Peggy , Campbell Jacquelyn C. , Lee Debbie
Published: May 2004

A Protocol Assessment Tool (PAT) was developed to assess emergency departments's (EDs's) protocols regarding treatment of patients sustaining partner violence. Using this tool, project staff members evaluated the content of written protocols submitted by ED nurse managers in California and in a national sample in 1992-1993 and in 1996-1997. The number of protocols and their overall content improved significantly in California between 1992-1993 and 1996-1997, and there was a suggestion of improvement in the national sample. Advocacy efforts influenced Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations guidelines and California laws, which in turn may have stimulated increases in the quantity and quality of protocols. The PAT permits readers to evaluate their local facility's protocols.
Battered Women Speak Out
Authors: Busch Noël Bridget , Wolfer Terry A.
Published: May 2004

Recent attention has been given to the challenges and unintended negative consequences of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 on the economic well-being and safety of battered women and their children. This study focused on battered women's perceptions and experiences of disclosing their abuse histories to welfare-to-work case managers. The study found that women are prepared and expect to disclose, but various factors influence their ability to do so. In addition, battered women themselves have specific suggestions for improving the understanding and skills of case managers.
The Relationship Between Intimate Partner Violence and the Use of Addictive Substances in Poor and Homeless Single Mothers
Authors: Salomon Amy , Bassuk Shari S. , Huntington Nicholas
Published: May 2004

This study examines the contributions of adult partner violence, childhood physical abuse and sexual molestation, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and partners'sub-stance use on poor women's use of addictive substances. Utilizing a longitudinal data set, researchers found that women with histories of partner violence had nearly three times the odds of using illegal drugs at follow-up. Reverse causation (i.e., substance use increases the likelihood of violent relationships) did not explain the association. Confounding by childhood sexual molestation and mediation by PTSD also did not fully account for the violence–drug use link. Partners' substance use was independently related to women's follow-up drug and alcohol use. Program and policy implications are reviewed
A Case Study of Community-Based Responses to Rural Woman Battering
Authors: Van Hightower Nikki R. , Gorton Joe
Published: May 2004

This case study addresses intimate partner violence against women in a rural Texas county. Employing qualitative data analysis, we examined rural woman battering from the perspectives of battered women, criminal justice officials, and community service providers. The findings reveal that survivors of intimate violence and providers of community-based interventions had conflicting perspectives about the delivery of services for battered women. Regarding criminal justice services, survivors expressed concerns about inadequate protection, discourteous treatment, and insufficient information about their legal options. In contrast, criminal justice providers were reluctant to make arrests, tended to impose lenient sanctions on abusers, questioned victim credibility, and expressed victim-blaming attitudes. The article concludes by discussing political implications of the study for battered women's services and research in rural settings. The authors suggest that the disjuncture between battered women's needs and community interventions is the product of an ideology of rural patriarchy that is largely unchallenged by grassroots political advocacy.
Violence and Coercion in Sri Lanka's Commercial Sex Industry
Authors: Miller Jody
Published: May 2004

This study examines the local conditions facing commercial sex workers in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Based on findings from a 3-year field comparative field study, the author investigates the widespread nature of violence, coercion, and harassment against women and transgendered/gay men in an illicit sex market whose primary clientele are Sri Lankan men. Specifically, the author examines the relationship between cultural definitions of gender/sexuality and the implementation of existing legal frameworks and its impact on the treatment and experiences of sex workers. The author provides an overview of pathways into the sex industry as well as variations in the nature of coercion, violence, and abuse across industry sectors, focusing specifically on street-level versus “indoor” (i.e., brothels, lodges, massage clinics) sectors of the local sex industry.
Pimp-Controlled Prostitution
Authors: Williamson Celia , Cluse-Tolar Terry
Published: May 2004

Street-level prostitution is comprised of both pimp-controlled prostitution and independent entrepreneurial prostitution. Although much of the more recent research has focused on the latter group, this work reports on a qualitative study designed to understand pimp-related violence to women involved in pimp-controlled prostitution. In addition, this work contributes to the understandingof the relationships between pimps and pros titutes, the roles that each play, and the social rules of the business. Because these women constitute a significant number of those involved in street-level prostitution, more research is called for that focuses on pimp-controlled prostitution.
Legalization
Authors: Sullivan Mary Lucille , Jeffreys Sheila
Published: May 2004

Although aspects of the prostitution industry in the state of Victoria in Australia have been legalized, the large growth in both the now legal and the illegal sectors and increase in the traffickingof women to meet the large demand for paid sexual services indicate that the legislation has not met its intended purposes of minimizing the harm in prostitution and stemming criminal involvement in and controlling expansion of the industry.
African American HMO Enrollees
Authors: Schollenberger Janet , Campbell Jacquelyn , Sharps Phyllis W. , O’Campo Patricia , Gielen Andrea Carlson , Dienemann Jacqueline , Kub Joan
Published: May 2004

Intimate partner violence has been demonstrated to be a significant public health problem among African American women. This study provided an opportunity to examine prevalence of intimate partner violence and health consequences among a group of primarily middle-class, employed African American women enrolled in a privately insured HMO (n = 109 abused and 97 never-abused women). Significantly more abused African American women were divorced or widowed and had incomes less than $50,000 a year. Abused women had more health problems (central nervous system, gynecological, STDs, gastrointestinal), more health problems per medical visits, and more emergency room visits (p < .05) compared to never-abused women. The health consequences of abuse and its association with health disparities are discussed.
Substance Abuse and Men Who Batter
Authors: Bennett Larry , Williams Oliver J.
Published: May 2004

This article briefly reviews data supporting links between substance abuse and men’s abuse of female partners, as well as several perspectives that might explain these links. Then it examines critical issues of practice with substance-abusing men who batter, including assessment, safety, and sequencing of interventions. Finally, special concerns of working with African American men who batter and abuse drugs are addressed.