bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Otosclerotic stapedial footplate fixation in an 18th century burial
Authors: Birkby Walter H. , Gregg John B.
Published: August 2005

Fixation of the footplate of the stapes by otosclerosis has been found in the left ear of a probable Spaniard who died about 200 years ago and was buried in the Tucson Presidio. Previous studies on North and South Dakota American Indian crania of about the same time period did not demonstrate any stapedial fixation in 2,600 burials (4,064 temporal bones), 1,416 of which were over 16 years of age at death. The Tucson burial would indicate that this abnormality can be demostrated in old interred skeletal material. Our other studies suggest that this disease process was not common in the prehistoric and historic Indian populations of the Dakotas.
Magnitude of sex differences in dichotomous ossification sequences of the hand and wrist
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Poznanski Andrew K. , Larson Kay E.
Published: August 2005

Among the dichotomous (present/absent:absent/present) ossinication sequences individually ascertained in 3059 boys and girls with at least one but not more than 27 ossification centers of the hand and wrist, 54 such sequences exhibit statistically‐significant sex differences in frequency, 32 of them at the 1% confidence level or better. Analyzed by regions (rows and rays, epiphyses and round bones), ten centers, primarily distals and those of the first digit, account for the majority of the significant sex differences.
A factor analysis of morphogenetic fields in the human dentition
Authors: Lombardi A. Vincent
Published: August 2005

The traditional morphogenetic fields of the human dentition were evaluated by means of factor analysis of dental dimensions taken from a series of human crania. When crown length, crown width and crown index were considered separately, factors emerged which could be identified with the tooth group fields. But a combined crown length‐crown width analysis generated factors which extended beyond the regional tooth groups. Crown width itself was revealed to be an important axis of morphologic intergration. It was concluded that univariate methods are not adequate for identifying morphogenetic fields; the teeth must be treated as multidimensional units where the correlation among dimensions is accounted for.
Hominid teeth and their relationship to hominid phylogeny
Authors: Read Dwight W.
Published: August 2005

Hominid fossil teeth are analyzed in terms of size and shape and contrasted with teeth from a modern population to determine boundaries that can be placed on a reconstruction of the hominid phylogeny. Teeth alone are considered as they are the only material preserved in large enough quantities to measure population variability accurately. Problems with the use of indices such as size and shape as species markers are discussed. Conclusions that are made about possible phylogenies are based on the analysis of size and shape.
Cusp size, sexual dimorphism, and heritability of cusp size in twins
Authors: Biggerstaff Robert H.
Published: August 2005

Overall measures of mandibular molars reflect the combined size contributions of the component cusps and ridges. Until now, the size hierarchy of primary and permanent mandibular molar cusps remained unclear. This paper utilizes the relative plane surface areas (basal area dimensions) of the individual molar cusps, as assays of cusp size to demonstrate cusp size variations within populations, antimere cuspal variations, sexual dimorphism, and the heritability of cusp size. Duplicate dental casts from 199 pairs of like‐sexed twins provide the raw data. Defined anatomic landmarks on the occlusal surfaces were reduced to X‐Y rectangular coordinates prior to the computation of the basal areas dimensions. The results establish a cusp size hierarchy specific for molar type, i.e., five‐cusped molars with a distal fovea and distal marginal ridge (5fd), five‐cusped molars without a distal fovea and without a distal marginal ridge (5o), and four‐cusped molars (4c). Sexual dimorphism in cusp size in apparent in 5fd molar cusps but not in 5o molar cusps. However, males have a significantly higher frequency of 5fd molars. Females have a higher frequency of smaller 5o and 4c molars which have fewer crown components. Moreover, female 5o molars have cusps as large as or larger than 5o male molar cusps. Right‐side‐left‐side differences exist between antimere cusps based on relatively low correlations. The mirroring of molar types occurs infrequently. When observed, most intrapair differences for cusp size, using F‐ratios, indicate a low component of hereditary variability.
The skeletal correlates of behavioral modification in the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus)
Authors: Siegel Michael I. , Jones Cynthia L.
Published: August 2005

The effects of behavioral modification on the skeletal morphology of the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) are investigated. Climibing, with increrased prehensile use of the foot, is found to bring about significant changes in metatarsal and long bone morphology. Differences in metatarsal robusticity related to weight‐bearing differences associated with different locomotor patterns are reported for a natural history setting for Peromyscus.
The skin of primates. XLIV. Numerical taxonomy of primate skin
Authors: Grant Philip G. , Hoff Charles J.
Published: August 2005

Data on 84 characteristics of the skin of 36 species of primates were extracted from a series of articles describing the histological and histochemical properties of the skin of primates. The data were subjected to a cluster analysis. The results were in reasonably good agreement with orthodox primate taxonomies although some exceptions were apparent. The species clustered into four main groups approximately comparable to Prosimii, Cercopithecoidea, Ceboidea, and Hominoidea. The internal arrangements of the Prosimii, Cercopithecoidea, and Hominoidea are commensurate with standard taxonomic practice. Within the Ceboidea, however, the Atelinae and Alouattinae tend to group with the Hominoidea, Aotus and Saimiri show variable placements, and Callimico groups with the Callithricidae.
Morphometric analysis of Cartesian coordinates of the human skull
Authors: Benfer Robert A.
Published: August 2005

A method for locating the three dimensional coordinates of cranial landmarks with respect to the Frankfort, midsagittal, and coronal planes is presented. Sliding calipers were used to obtain the distances from left and right porion and apex to each landmark, except for a few points where spreading calipers are required. In the present example, 35 landmarks (for a total of 105 measurements) were located for each of 35 Peruvian precolumbian skulls. These distances were entered into a program (SKULL) which calculates the Cartesian coordinates of each landmark. The XYZ coordinates of each landmark contain all the information necessary for calculation of the distances between any two landmarks, and these distances may also be obtained as output from program SKULL, if desired (595 distances if all 35 landmarks are used).

Reliability of the location of coordinates was determined by comparing computed distances among selected landmarks from program SKULL with traditional anthropometric measurements. Satisfactory agreements were found. Direct multivariate analysis of the coordinates of the landmarks produced insights not available in traditional multivariate analysis of conventional anthropometric measurements.
Cranial dysraphism mistaken for trephination
Authors: Stewart T. D.
Published: August 2005

Attention is called to a disputed diagnosis of trephination reported for a perforated skull of a prehistoric New England Indian. The perforation, surrounded by a saucer‐like depression, is located exactly in the midline just in front of bregma. The finding of a similar lesion in a prehistoric Indian skull from the North Coast of Peru — where, as in New England, good evidence of the practice of trephination is lacking — provides support for a more reasonable diagnosis for both cases: congenital cranial dysraphism, specifically encephalocele. Information about dysraphic states from modern clinical experience is summarized.
Albert Damon's contributions to engineering anthropology
Authors: Hertzberg H. T. E.
Published: August 2005

The work by physical anthropologists in general, and by Albert Damon in particular, for U. S. flying personnel during World War II led to anthropological improvements in the combat effectiveness, safety and comfort of aircrewmen important in the outcome of that conflict. The efforts of those men created the foundations of a new profession, Engineering Anthropology, which has become an essential part of an even broader movement, Human Factors Engineering (or Ergonomics in Europe) in modern technology.
New hominids from East Rudolf, Kenya, I
Authors: Day M. H. , Leakey R. E. F. , Walker A. C. , Wood B. A.
Published: August 2005

Important new hominid fossils from the Plio‐Pleistocene sediments of Lake Rudolf, Kenya, are described. They include: a partial, adult cranium with most of the calvaria and some of the facial skeleton preserved; a complete right femur; and bones of a single left lower limb — femur and upper and lower parts of the tibia and a small portion of fibula. Detailed comparative descriptions will be published later.
Secular trend in body size among college athletes
Authors: Polednak Anthony P.
Published: August 2005

Height and weight were compared across five birth decades (1850–1899) among 1,121 Harvard atheletes who were letternmen in various sports. There were considerable differences in the magnitude of the secular trend among the sport categories (crew, baseball, football, track, ice hockey, and two or more sports). Comparing the 1890–1899 and 1860–1869 birth‐cohort samples, football lettermen were 2.6 inches (6.6 cm) taller (p < 0.001) and 20 pounds (9.1 kg) heavier (p < 0.001). Crew lettermen were 2.6 inches taller (p < 0.001) and 8.5 pounds (3.9 kg) heavier (p < 0.05). For lettermen in other sports, changes in mean height and weight were smaller in magnitude. Differential selection for body size may explain the differences in the magnitude of the secular trend when analzyed by specific sport.
Estimation of race admixture—A new method
Authors: Chakraborty Ranajit
Published: August 2005

The contribution of a parental population in the gene pool of a hybrid population which arose by hybridization with one or more other populations is estimated here at the population level from the probability of gene identity. The dynamics of accumulation of such admixture is studied incorporating the fluctuations due to finite size of the hybrid population. The method is illustrated with data on admixture in Cherokee Indians.
New fossil hominids from Laetolil, Tanzania
Authors: White Tim D.
Published: August 2005

New fossil hominid specimens from the Laetolil fossil locality in Tanzania are described. The material includes mandibles and teeth derived from reliably‐dated deposits of Pliocene age. Preliminary descriptions, measurements and illustrations are presented.
Congenital defects of the upper lateral incisors (ULI): Condition and measurements of the other teeth, measurements of the superior arch, head and face
Authors: Le Bot Pierre , Salmon Denise
Published: August 2005

We surveyed a French male population for the incidence of missing or reduced upper lateral incisors (ULI). In 5,738 subjects, we observed an incidence of 1.59% with one or two reduced ULI (the other normal) and 1.90% with one or two missing ULI (the other normal or reduced), altogether, 3.49% affected subjects. Furthermore, 250 random controls were observed. Agenesis of other teeth is more frequent in propositi. Missing third molars were 12.4% in controls, 24.0% in propositi with reduced ULI and 39.6% in propositi with two missing ULI. Furthermore, agenesis of incisors, canines and premolars ranges from 0.4% in controls to 1.3% in propositi having reduced ULI and 5.0% in propositi with two missing ULI. So, propositi with reduced ULI are intermediate between the controls and the propositi with missing ULI with respect to the frequency of agenesis of other teeth.

On the other hand, a different ranking is observed with respect to the teeth measurements: reduction of tooth size is more marked in propositi with reduced ULI than in propositi with missing ULI. The reduction mainly affects canines, incisors and to a lesser degree, premolars. Arch length and interpremolar diameters are smaller in propositi with missing ULI, compared with controls.
Social organization and food resource availability in primates: A socio‐bioenergetic analysis of diet and disease hypotheses
Authors: Coelho Anthony M. , Bramblett Claud A. , Quick Larry B.
Published: August 2005

Data obtained during a field study of two species of nonhuman primates (Alouatta villosa and Ateles geoffroyi) living in the Tikal National Park in Guatemala are used to suggest an answer to the question: To what extent is the existence of a particular form of social organization (group size, structure, and composition) an indication of the amount of energy in the form of food resources available to animals in a particular habitat? Seven researchers working in teams spent 2,318 hours in the field, 1,145 hours of which were in contact with the monkeys. Comparisons of dietary data, estimated energy expenditures, and habitat productivity provide indications of the degree to which a habitat is capable of supporting the energy and other nutritional requirements of howler and spider monkeys living within the study area. These data suggest that much larger populations and different forms of social organizations can be supported by resources available within the habitat.
The evolution of molar occlusion in the Cercopithecidae and early catarrhines
Authors: Kay Richard F.
Published: August 2005

Those Eocene prosimians which are possible catarrhine ancestors have four blade‐like crests on each lower molar. Each crest shears in sequence across two upper molar crests. Occluding crests are concavely curved to hold the foods being sheared. Each of two medial lower molar crests bordering the principal crushing surface shear past single upper molar crests at about the same time the lateral lower molar crests contact the second rank of upper molar crests. Grinding and crushing areas are restricted to hypoconid, trigonid, and protocone surfaces.

Oligocene catarrhine molars have increased crushing‐grinding capacities and maintained but modify their shearing. As the crushing surface of the protocone expands and a crushing hypocone is added, the “second rank” upper molar shearing crests are functionally reduced. At the same time medial crests are increasingly emphasized so that the total shearing capacity remains virtually unchanged. Marginal shearing blades are straight edged; leading edges of occluding blades are set at different angles to the occlusal plane so that blades contact at only one point at any given time.

Early Primates have separate crushing basins surrounded by shearing blades. Catarrhines tend to link expanding crushing surfaces anteroposteriorly into a continuous surface between all molars.

A cladistic analysis based on both new and previously recognized characters indicates that: 1, Apidium may be more closely related to Aegyptopithecus than to Parapithecus; 2, cercopithecids are derived from a Parapithecus‐related stock; 3, Oreopithecus could equally well have come from an Apidium or Aegyptopithecus stock.
Morphometric affinities of the human shoulder
Authors: Oxnard C. E.
Published: August 2005

A recent discussion by Corruccini and Ciochon ('76) implies that previous multivariate morphometric studies of the shoulder, reviewed in Oxnard ('73), have been misinterpreted because due allowance was not made for the overall sizes of the specimens. Results that were given functional significance in the earlier investigations are cited as being due at least in part to overall bodily size. Although examination of the range of genera selected for mention by Corruccini and Ciochon seems superficially to support this view, it is demonstrated here that examination of the full range of genera in the earlier studies refutes, unequivocally, that suggestion.

The discussion by Corruccini and Ciochon ('76) also implies that the more complex size correction applied in their study produces a result different from that of the previous workers. Again, although perusal of the particular part of the earlier study selected for discussion by Corruccini and Ciochon would appear to bear that out, it is demonstrated here that comparisons with all parts of the earlier results provide a different picture. Thus the main result of Corruccini and Ciochon replicates rather closely a more restricted part of the earlier result not mentioned by Corruccini and Ciochon. The difference between Corruccini and Ciochon's principal result and the main result of the prior authors is shown to rest upon the difference between the more restricted earlier study of “residual” shoulder dimensions and the other broader studies; i.e., not upon any multivariate manipulation, but upon the inclusion in the broader study of a wider range of information about the shape of the primate shoulder.

Knowledge of these and other points is important in assessing the overall contribution of the discussion of Corruccini and Ciochon.
Genes and people in the caspian littoral: A population genetic study in northern Iran
Authors: Kirk R. L. , Keats Bronya , Blake N. M. , McDermid E. M. , Ala F. , Karimi M. , Nickbin B. , Shabazi H. , Kmet J.
Published: August 2005

Data for the distribution of alleles controlling two blood group systems and secretor status, for hemoglobin types, five serum protein groups and 15 red cell enzyme systems has been obtained. Eleven of the systems showed polymorphic variation and these systems have been used to calculate genetic distances using Morton's Kinship measure. No systematic relationship between genetic distance and geographic location of linguistic affiliation is apparent. There is, however, an apparent cline of decreasing frequency of PGDc from east to west and also significant differences in the frequency of G6PD deficiency corresponding to variation in the ecology of the region.

Genetic distance comparisons with other selected populations reveal that the Turkic and Turkoman speaking peoples in the Caspian area cluster with the Kurds, Greeks and Iranis. The Persian speakers are genetically remote from these populations; they are, however, close to the Parsis who migrated from Iran to India at the end of the Seventh Century A.D.

Several unusual genetic variants were detected, including a novel MDH pheno‐type, a superoxide dismutase phenotype identical with the Scandinavian type, and rare forms of LDH, PGM locus 2, ceruloplasmin, diaphorase, peptidases and PHI.
Relationship between tooth and long bone size
Authors: Lavelle Christopher L. B.
Published: August 2005

Canonical correlations between tooth and long bone dimensions showed a greater correlation for Anglo‐Saxons and apes than for Nineteenth Century Londoners, i.e., coefficients of 0.75 for gorilla, 0.72 for chimpanzee, 0.69 for orang‐utans, 0.74 for Anglo‐Saxons, but 0.53 for Nineteenth Century Londoners. Although based upon limited sample sizes and limited metrical profiles of teeth and long bones, the data support the thesis that modern Europeans are under reduced selection pressure to maintain tooth size compared with apes or ancient man.
The topology of hair streams and whorls in man, with an observation on their relationship to epidermal ridge patterns
Authors: Findlay G. H. , Harris W. F.
Published: August 2005

Hair slope, whorl, cross and field formation is expressible in a topological form. The mathematical description required suggests an origin for the patterns in a growth process occurring in the upper dermis which determines the patterns of the hair slope. The formulae proposed by Euler, Poincaré and Ludwig are adopted as a descriptive method for the analysis of hair patterning resulting from hair slope. A unitary theory for hair streams and fingerprint patterns is suggested by the discovery, on one remarkable human foetus, of sites where epidermal ridges and convergent hair whorls were combined. Placement of the parietal scalp whorl in man is linked to hominid brain and skull development, and its associated hair field is noted to be bipartite, as revealed through patterns of differential hair loss.
Radiological anthropometry of the hand in Turner's syndrome
Authors: Park Elizabeth
Published: August 2005

Metacarpal‐phalangeal (M‐P) lengths, metacarpal sign, and carpal angle were studied using 142 pairs of hand X‐rays from 81 individuals with Turner's syndrome age 6 to 25 years. Left M‐P lengths, grouped by bone age, were compared with normal female standards and Z‐score pattern profiles calculated for each bone age. Differences between Turners and normals in most M‐P lengths increased with age, particularly after puberty. Calculation of inter‐individual and intra‐individual variability yielded good evidence for a M‐P pattern profile typical of Turner's syndrome, with increasing growth deficiency from distal to proximal and lateral to medial. The incidence of positive metacarpal sign was 33.8%, with no significant difference between XO and non‐XO Turners. It did not appear that M41 ceased growth prematurely, suggesting that short M4 is not the result of early epiphyseal fusion. Carpal angle, reported to be abnormally decreased in Turners, was not found to differ from normal. There was no difference between right and left sides or between XO and non‐XO Turners, but carpal angle did decrease significantly with both decreasing ulnar deviation in positioning of the hand and increasing age. In the latter respect Turners differ from normals who show an increase in carpal angle with age.
Associations in emergence age among permanent teeth
Authors: Kent Ralph L. , Reed Robert B. , Moorrees Coenraad F. A.
Published: August 2005

Associations in the timing of emergence among the permanent teeth of Boston children were obtained from a mixed longitudinal growth study of 414 Caucasian twin pairs examined annually. Correlations were estimated by the method of maximum likelihood for corresponding left‐right teeth, upper‐lower teeth, and all paired combinations from central incisor to second molar in a jaw quadrant of each sex. Strong positive correlations in emergence timing prevailed throughout the dentition. Principal component analyses on correlation matrices of jaw quadrant relations for boys and girls in the maxilla and mandible showed that three components effectively explained the emergence associations among the seven permanent teeth in each jaw quadrant. Factor analytic techniques further illustrated the nature of the three components and showed the emergence relations to be essentially the same in the maxilla and mandible for both sexes. The first component was a general maturation factor influencing all of an individual's teeth to be simultaneously early or late in emerging. The remaining two components were a molar factor, affecting almost exclusively the emergence timing of the permanent first and second molars, and a duration factor that affected the duration of the emergence process for non‐molar teeth, contrasting particularly the incisors and premolars.
An aid for identification of dermatoglyphic patterns in subjects difficult to fingerprint
Authors: Maricq Hildegard R.
Published: August 2005

The author's in vivo microscopic technique, initially developed for observation of capillaries in human skin, can be helpful for detecting fingerprint patterns in subjects in whom an abnormal skin surface makes it difficult to record or even observe these patterns by the usual techniques.
Prevalence and possible etiology of dental enamel hypoplasia
Authors: El‐Najjar Mahmoud Y. , Desanti Mike V. , Ozebek Leon
Published: August 2005

Two hundred black and white adult human skeletons and 200 living black and white children from the greater Cleveland area were examined for evidence of enamel hypoplasia. Enamel hypoplasia, present in varying expressions (pits, lines and grooves), was found to be more prevalent in both skeletal samples, than in the living groups. In the majority of cases, sex differences between white and black males and females through time and space are highly significant for all tooth categories. Regardless of the mechanisms behind it, prevalence of enamel hypoplasia for both white and black groups has significantly declined through time. No evidence suggesting specific etiologies responsible for enamel hypoplasia can be found. In the majority of previously published reports, the etiology is still idiopathic. The reduction in the prevalence of enamel hypoplasia in the groups examined through time may be related to improved nutritional conditions and the elimination or decline of childhood diseases that have been implicated in this condition.
Multivariate dental allometry in primates
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. , Henderson Avery M.
Published: August 2005

Disagreement is current over the question of whether relatively large teeth in some large primates are a natural outcome of growth trends instead of an indication of intrinsic differences. A cross‐primate survey of dental scaling relative to skull (and inferred body) size is given in this study, using a principal component technique to measure the multivariate growth relation between two sets of data: dental size and cranial size. Cheek teeth are strongly positively allometric in restricted taxonomic groups, especially in cercopithecoids. Conversely, the allometry drops to an almost linear proportional growth relation when variation in diet is controlled.
Aging in the lumbar spine. II. L1 and L2
Authors: Ericksen Mary Frances
Published: August 2005

The bodies of the first and second lumbar vertebrae, like those of L3 and L4, show a significant trend toward lowering and broadening with age. Superior, inferior, and midbody transverse breadths increase, but there is little or no increase in endplate “flaring” with age. There is essentially no change in the relationship between anterior and posterior heights, but as reported for L3 and L4, there is a sexual difference in the amount and type of wedging of the bodies of L1 and L2. Posterior wedging (posterior height less than anterior height) of these vertebrae is about twice as common in females as in males. Whites of both sexes show a statistically significant relationship between age and increased biconcavity of the endplates. Black females, but not the males, show a similar trend, especially in L1.
Linkage disequilibrium in Bougainville Island
Authors: Cadien James D. , Hassett Matthew J. , Friedlaender Jonathan S.
Published: August 2005

Linkage disequilibria are estimated for three 2‐locus systems in 18 samples from Bougainville Island, Solomon Islands. The systems are haptoglobin, acid phosphatase and MN blood group. The disequilibria are estimated two ways: by maximum likelihood (ML) and by the covariance between the non‐alleles. Though seven of the 52 ML estimates are statistically different than zero, none of the covariance estimates are significant. We conclude that because linkage disequilibrium for loosely linked loci is a small quantity and because the sample sizes for most populations studied by anthropologists are small, linkage disequilibrium will not be a useful parameter for the study of natural selection in these populations.
Brain evolution in old World monkeys
Authors: Falk Dean
Published: August 2005

Sulcal patterns of 14 genera of Old World monkeys were analyzed from 107 endocasts. Colobines and cercopithecines differ in patterns of cerebral convolutions, and functional and evolutionary hypotheses are here proposed regarding those differences. The cercopithecine pattern seems to be the more derived since it suggests relative expansion of prefrontal, and inferior temporal integration cortices as compared to the colobine pattern.
Genetic basis of a‐b, b‐c and c‐d ridge counts on human soles
Authors: Pateria H. N.
Published: August 2005

The mechanism of inheritance of ridge count of plantar inter‐digital areas has been studied among Brahmans of Sagar town of Central India.

The correlation coefficient between ridge counts in various family relationships lend support to the concept of an additive genetic model.
Preservation of proteins in mummified tissues
Authors: Barraco Robin A.
Published: August 2005

Protein material was extracted from the dessicated tissues of several Egyptian mummies and a frozen Eskimo. The distribution and degree of preservation of high molecular weight protein was analyzed by gel filtration, protein assays, amino acid analysis, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The protein has undergone considerable degradation although some high molecular weight protein (C. 130,000 daltons) remains intact. Amino acid analysis of the extracted protein indicates the basic amino acids have undergone a chemical modification and may represent a point of preferential breakdown in the polypeptide chain. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry of tissue cations suggests a correlation between degree of preservation of mummified tissue and levels of sodium salts (natron) in the tissue.
Skin colorimetry in belize. I. Conversion formulae
Authors: Lees Francis C. , Byard Pamela J.
Published: August 2005

Comparisons between skin colorimetry reports have been hampered by the common use of two different types of portable reflectometers, which sample reflectances at different wavelengths. In an attempt to provide direct comparability between the two machines, multiple linear regression equations were derived from reflectance spectrophotometry readings on 308 Black Caribs and 175 Creoles in Belize, Central America, using both machines. Cross validation tests show the coefficients presented are applicable to independent data sets and generally applicable to other heavily pigmented populations. Comparisons with previously published conversion formulae, which were from very small samples using simple linear regression, show a definite improvement in predictive accuracy when using multiple regression equations based on a large sample.
Morphoclinal variation in the anthropoid shoulder
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. , Ciochon Russell L.
Published: August 2005

A morphocline in the organization of the shoulder joint is demonstrated among anthropoid primates. This metrical test supports the view that hominoid distinctions are monophyletic in origin. The primates that are behaviorally and functionally convergent on hominoids are only partially convergent or are not convergent in shoulder morphology.
A functional analysis of the primate masticatory system and the origin of the anthropoid post‐orbital septum
Authors: Cachel Susan Marie
Published: August 2005

Study of the dry weights of primate and non‐primate masticatory musculature reveals a significant relationship between the Anterior Temporalis/Masseter ratio and the relative development of the anterior dentition. Available dietary information demonstrates that species emphasizing incisal preparation of food have a high AT/M index; species emphasizing molar occlusion have a low AT/M index. Utilizing this information, a model is presented of the origin of the anthropoid post‐orbital septum. Frugivory or extensive incisal preparation of food is causally related to the development of the post‐orbital septum, because diet can then create selection pressures for an increasingly tendinous and enlarging anterior segment of the temporalis muscle which requires additional bony areas of origin in the anterior temporal fossa. Cenozoic climatic oscillations leading to increasing seasonality may have been the triggering element in this model, because seasonality creates periods in which the availability of fruit is relatively predictable.
Distribution of HLA antigens in Polish and German populations in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Authors: Stevenson Joan C. , Duquesnoy René J.
Published: August 2005

Gene and haplotype frequencies for HLA‐A and HLA‐B antigens were determined in Milwaukee blood donors of German and Polish descent. Gene frequencies for A25 and B18 were significantly higher in Poles than in Germans. Significant gametic associations were noted for A1‐B8, A29‐B12 and AW30‐B13 in both populations. Gametic association for A3‐B7 was only found in Germans, while the A25‐B18 haplotype frequency was significantly increased in Poles. Since the latter haplotype has also been found in Yugoslavs, Ukrainians and Czechs, it is possible that A25‐B18 represents a Slavonic marker.
Relationship between body size and long bone lengths in Pan and Gorilla
Authors: Wood B. A.
Published: August 2005

Measurements of body length (vertex to heel) were abstracted from the field notes of Pan and Gorilla specimens from the Powell‐Cotton Museum. Bicondylar femur and humerus length were measured on each skeleton and correlation coefficients with body length were computed. In both the separate sex and the combined sex samples of Gorilla, and in the combined sex sample of Pan, long bone lengths are significantly correlated with body size, but in Pan only 20% of the variance in body length is reflected in the long bone measurements.
Methods of isoelectric focusing
Authors: Byles R. H. , McGuire William , Sanders Mark F.
Published: August 2005

The method of isoelectric focusing has been avoided by many workers because of expense, technical difficulty, and problems of interpretation. Inexpensive, easy, and interpretable results are possible using equipment and reagents commonly available. Methods which allow these results are presented and explained.
The relationship of buccal pits to caries formation and tooth loss
Authors: Pfeiffer Susan
Published: August 2005

It is demonstrated that in mandibular molars there is a statistically significant tendency for teeth with buccal pits to be lost premortem more frequently than teeth without buccal pits. The mandibles of a large ossuary population (ca. 1600 A.D.) are examined with regard to buccal pitting, caries formation and premortem tooth loss. A log likelihood ratio test is used to test the relationship between age and frequency of buccal pits. A G‐value of 20.84 (p < 0.025) indicates that the frequency of pits is significantly higher among individuals under ca. 18 years. It is argued that caries formation is the mechanism through which the molars are lost, given high caries frequencies that approximate pitting frequencies in their distribution.
The Krapina dental remains
Authors: Wolpoff Milford H.
Published: August 2005

An analysis of age, specimen associations, demographic characteristics, and metric features is presented for the Krapina dental sample. A critical analysis of emergence criteria applicable to skeletal samples leads to an occlusal eruption schedule which can be used to determine wear rates. These are used to provide dental ages for the Krapina jaws and isolated teeth. A number of individual associations of isolated teeth with existing jaws and with each other result in an estimated individual count between 75 and 82. Demographic analysis indicates that the specimens do not accurately sample a living population; numerous adults as well as children under the age of three are not represented. Metric analysis indicates a moderate range of variation. The interproximal wear rates are low, and no evidence of tooth size associated differential survivorship can be demonstrated. The sample fits in a European evolutionary sequence of reducing posterior and expanding anterior permanent teeth, while the deciduous teeth seem to undergo expansion through the Würm glaciation.
Sex discriminatory effectiveness using combinations of root lengths and crown diameters
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Cole Patricia E. , Van Alstine Wallace L.
Published: August 2005

Using optical‐scanner (OPTOCOM) and radiogrammetric measurements on mandibular permanent teeth, root length alone affords sex‐discriminatory effectiveness equal to or exceeding conventional crown diameters. Combinations of root lengths and crown dimensions yield up to 80% accuracy in sexing with as few as two teeth, and discriminatory effectiveness of 87% with mandibular teeth alone.
Wear striation direction on primate teeth: A scanning electron microscope examination
Authors: Ryan Alan S.
Published: August 2005

Two experimental methods were used to produce wear stria‐tions in one direction on unworn teeth. These include: (1) sliding 22 American Indian (Juntunen site, Michigan; Late Woodland) newly erupted incisors, by hand, across a flat glass surface covered with fine loose sand; and (2) using a unidirectional motor driven mechanical wear machine to draw 56 modern human dental extractions across a flat glass surface covered with silicon carbide powder of different grit sizes. A scanning electron microscope examination of individual wear striation morphology indicates that these wear striations begin with broad pits and have extending grooves that become narrower; characteristics that indicate the motion of wear. Patterns of wear striations on the worn dentitions of American Indians (Juntunen site) and the paleocene primate Phenacolemur pagei show similar characteristics and correspond to the buccal phase of mastication when the mandible is drawn upward, forward and slightly medially into centric occlusion. The data provided by this study can be used to test competing hypotheses concerning the direction of mandibular movement during mastication and food preparation.
Family studies of tooth size factors in the permanent dentition
Authors: Townsend Grant C. , Brown Tasman
Published: August 2005

Correlations between dimensions of the permanent teeth in Australian Aboriginals were studied by factor analysis to disclose the main sources of shared variability. Findings indicated that in both males and females most of the common variability in the tooth dimensions could be accounted for by factors representing mesiodistal size of anterior teeth, buccolingual size of anterior teeth, generalized size of the premolars and generalized size of the molars.

Factor scores derived from the analysis were used to calculate intraclass correlations among brothers and among sisters. These correlations tended to be higher for the factors contributing most to the common variability indicating that the factors might represent fields under direct genetic control. There was no trend for intraclass correlations among siblings derived from multivariate scores to be consistently higher than those based on observed tooth dimensions. The main advantage to the user of factor analysis is the ability to interpret associations between interrelated variables more objectively than is possible by conventional correlation methods.
A multivariate analysis of fatness and relative fat patterning
Authors: Mueller William H. , Reid Russell M.
Published: August 2005

Skinfold measurements (triceps, subscapular, suprailiac and medial calf) in four samples (376 boys, 352 girls, 338 men and 380 women from rural Colombia) were subjected to principal components analysis to identify components of obesity and relative fat patterning. Three components emerged which were similar in the four samples: a first component of fatness explaining 70–80% of the variance and two fat pattern components each explaining 10–15% of the variance: trunk‐extremity and upper‐lower body. Fatness and the trunk‐extremity pattern components changed with age in children (7–12 years), but none of the components changed with age in adults (25–60 +). The fatter tended to be more patterned in both age groups. Canonical correlation analysis revealed that socioeconomic status was more related to fatness than to patterning. With the exception of brothers, all first degree relatives (sib, parent‐offspring) and spouses were correlated in fatness. Some of the correlations between relatives–usually sibs, but not spouses–were also significant for the pattern components, suggesting a genetic basis for the known stability of this characteristic (Garn, '55a). Principal components analysis is a useful multivariate alternative for quantitative studies of anthropometric patterning.
On the relationship between chitin particle size and digestibility in the primate Galago senegalensis
Authors: Kay Richard F. , Sheine Wendy Sue
Published: August 2005

Experiments were performed to examine the relationship between the particle size of chitin and its digestibility in the small insectivorous prosimian Galago senegalensis. In the first set of experiments, four animals were fed a 25% chitin diet with the chitin particles less than or equal to 60‐mesh (0.250 mm maximum diameter). On average, the animals digested 22.5 ± 2.2 percent of the ingested chitin. In the second set of experiments, the four animals were fed a 25% chitin diet with the chitin particles ground to ≤ 40‐ and ≥ 45‐mesh (between 0.425 and 0.325 mm). On average, the animals digested 2.75 ± 1.38 percent of the ingested chitin. There was no significant variation between the performance of any of the animals on either the 60‐ or 40–45‐mesh trials. In all instances, however, each animal digested significantly more of the 60‐mesh chitin and the 40–45‐mesh chitin.

These experiments demonstrate the importance of masticatory efficiency among small mammals for improving the digestibility of foods such as insects which contain high proportions of chitin. They also suggest why insectivorous and folivorous primates have certain convergent dental specializations for finely grinding their foods. Both leaves and insects contain relatively indigestible structural carbohydrates. These substances are much more completely digested when the surface area to volume ratio of the swallowed material is increased. The masticatory efficiency of frugivorous primates is much lower since the constituents of these foods are relatively completely digested irrespective of the fineness of grinding.
The depth of the lingual fossa in permanent incisors of Norwegian. I. method of measurement, statistical distribution and sex dimorphism
Authors: Aas I. H. Monrad , Risnes Steinar
Published: August 2005

The depth of the incisor lingual fossa in permanent extracted incisors and plaster casts of Norwegians was examined. It was shown that plaster casts are well suited for measurements of lingual fossa depth, and that the measurements can be performed with great accuracy. Skewness values showed the symmetry of the distribution to decrease with decreasing mean lingual fossa depth. Kurtosis was found small in maxillary incisors, in mandibular outside the limits for normal theory. The distribution of the depth of the lingual fossa cannot generally be described as normal. No sex differences were found. The inheritance of this trait in Norwegians is probably not sex linked.
Gene flow and genetic microdifferentiation of a transplanted Tlaxcaltecan Indian population: Saltillo
Authors: Crawford M. H. , Dykes Dale D. , Skradski K. , Polesky H. F.
Published: August 2005

This study is one portion of a research program on: (1) the genetic effects of transplantation of Mexican Indian populations into diverse environments; (2) the effect of Spanish colonization on the genetics of Mexico. In 1591, 91 Tlaxcaltecan families were transplanted into northern Mexico to aid in the pacification of the Chichimec Indians. The descendants of these migrants are the residents of the City of Saltillo in the state of Coahuila. Since Saltillo had undergone considerable growth due to industrialization, two adjoining barrios–Chamizal and La Minita–were chosen for this study. Chamizal is an old established barrio where the descendants of the Tlaxcaltecan colonialists resided, while La Minita is a small shantytown made up of squatters from the surrounding areas.

Blood specimens were collected by venipuncture from 302 participants and analyzed for 16 blood groups, 13 serum protein and red blood cell enzyme systems. The gene frequency distribution suggests that the Saltillo populations are a triracial hybrid made up of Indian, African and Spanish parental con‐tributions. Admixture estimates and genetic distance measures are both in agreement with the ethnohistory of the transplanted Tlaxcaltecan community.
The volar skin of primates: Its frictional characteristics and their functional significance
Authors: Cartmill Matt
Published: August 2005

Friction of volar skin on wood is not proportional to load in human beings and prosimians, but to load raised to a fractional power. This meets theoretical expectations for the frictional characteristics of convex elastic surfaces. Although this enables small clawless primates to cling to steeper slopes and larger vertical supports than would otherwise be possible, the magnitude of the effect is not great enough to overcome the disadvantages of clawlessness in climbing vertical or steeply‐sloping tree trunks and branches. In human subjects, friction appears to be more nearly proportional to load than in small prosimians used as experimental subjects. It is suggested that this is due to the fact that the small animals have discrete, elevated volar pads. Pad coalescence in large primates may be an adaptation for increasing the power to which load must be raised to become proportional to friction; increasing this exponent yields more friction per unit of adduction force on supports that are small relative to the animals' dimensions and weights.
An electromyographic study of serratus anterior in atelines and Alouatta: Implications for hominoid evolution
Authors: Stern Jack T. , Wells James P. , Jungers William L. , Vangor Andrea K.
Published: August 2005

The serratus anterior pars caudalis muscle of nonhuman primates displays anatomical differences among genera that can be attributed to differences in the mechanical demands placed on these genera by their diverse locomotor: behaviors. In primates that engage extensively in climbing and suspensory behaviors, the caudal digitations of this fan‐shaped muscle are aligned more nearly parallel to the long axis of the trunk. In order to clarify the selective factors promoting such a morphological change, we have conducted a telemetered electromyographic study of the caudal and middle digitations of the serratus anterior pars caudalis. During voluntary elevation of the forelimb, only the middle, more obliquely disposed digitations are powerfully recruited. The caudal digitations are either inactive or function just to initiate scapular rotation. During locomotion, the middle digitations act in the swing (recovery) phase, whereas the caudal digitations are predominatly active in the support (propulsive)These Pashe findings suggest that the caudal digitations are important in propelling the trunk past the scapula during locomotion. Evolution of a fiber orientation more parallel to the long axis of the trunk is suggested to have occurred in broad chested primates for the purpose of facilitating locomotor behaviors requiring caudal scapular retraction for propulsion, but which would be deleteriously affected if such retraction were linked to simultaneous ventral displacement of the shoulder girdle. In its current state, the human serratus anterior seems clearly adapted for arm‐raising functions and indicates descent from a small ape with a thoracic shape similar to atelines.
Osteometry and autoradiography of the long bones of sleletons of women exposed to internal radiation at 13–19 years of age
Authors: Polednak Anthony P. , Farnham Joseph E.
Published: August 2005

Lengths of long bones of skeletons were examined in 25 women first exposed to large skeletal doses of radiation (alpha particles from radium) at the age of 13–19 years. Meanlengths did not differ significantly between two subgroups based on age at first exposure toradiation (i.e., 13–16 vs. 17–19 years). Autoradiographs of femora of some women who ingested radium at 13–15 years of age showed evidence for bone growth when blood levels of radium were low (i.e., after ingestion of radium). These findings indicate no detectable effect of large skeletal doses of radiation on growth in adolescent and post‐adolescent periods.