bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On ‘A Study of Envy and Gratitude’ by Melanie Klein
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott discusses Klein’s paper, ‘A Study of Envy and Gratitude’, as a study of the infant within the analysand, an infant that cannot be directly observed, and extends the discussion of penis envy to an earlier stage, breast envy. Winnicott complains that infancy here is approached in the way Freud looked at the toddler, through the analysis of children and adults. What is missing from this picture of Freud’s and Klein’s is the infant as a real baby with a mother. For Winnicott, the infant is not engaged in splitting love from hatred so much as in fusing into his own erotic potential the essential motility and the variable aggressive components of normal infant growth. To talk of hatred in this context is, for Winnicott, to indicate that earliest infancy is not being described.
The Antisocial Tendency
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

For Winnicott the antisocial tendency in the human being is different from delinquency. He considers that the antisocial tendency may be found at all ages and stages in childhood. A child may become a deprived child when deprived of essential features of home life. Lack of hope is then a basic feature, but the antisocial act is an expression of that hope, and needs to be thought of in this way in treatment. The child who steals, for example, is not looking for the object stolen but the mother over whom he or she has rights. These rights derive from the fact that (from the child’s point of view) the mother was created by the child. It is therefore a picture of the child’s unconscious omnipotence and control over the mother that has led to the stealing of the object. The child’s greediness, manifest in stealing, is part of the early infant self’s compulsion to seek for a cure from the mother who caused the initial deprivation. At the basis of the antisocial tendency is a good early experience that has been lost.
Letter to Oliver H. Lowry
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In his letter to Oliver Lowry, Winnicott discusses the possibility of establishing a chair in Child Psychiatry within ten years. He expresses his belief that the person for this position must be well trained in both paediatrics and psychoanalysis.
Letter to Charles Rycroft
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Charles Rycroft, Winnicott suggests a BPAS meeting on adolescence and inviting Anna Freud to present. He adds that Oscar Friedmann or Ilse Hellmann have experience with adolescents in analysis.
Letter to Thomas Main
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Thomas Main, Winnicott explains that he needed to mention his own patient whom Main discussed, and who formed part of what he calls Main’s second type of patient. He discusses his view that there are two types of patient—those with hope and those without—and considers their respective chances of recovery through psychoanalysis.
Remarks on a Discussion of Balint’s Paper on Technique
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott looks at Balint’s contrasting of verbal interpretation in the clinical analytic setting, with what cannot be done by verbal interpretation alone. Winnicott elaborates why a patient may not be able to use verbal interpretation. For him a patient needs to be able to function at the level of the self and two others, the parents, but some patients may have experienced what Balint calls the area of the basic fault, an early environmental failure that reduces this capacity in the patient.
Review: Six Children
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this review, Winnicott explains that the title refers to the diagnosis and treatment of six kinds of child: the quick-thinking child, the slow-thinking child, the child whose brain has been injured, the child maladjusted emotionally, the child of unusual cultural background, and the child of unusual training. He believes that the author has used her 3,600 personal cases with good common sense but that she adds nothing new to the field of child psychoanalysis.
Letter to Augusta Bonnard
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Augusta Bonnard, Winnicott thanks her for presenting her paper ‘Pre-body Ego Types of Pathological Mental Functioning’ to the BPAS. He expresses his interest in her material about the tongue and says that he believed a shorter paper would have allowed more time for debate.
Preface to Collected Papers: Through Paediatrics to Psychoanalysis
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this Preface and Acknowledgements to Winnicott’s 1958 Collected Papers: Through Paediatrics to Psychoanalysis, he describes his experience as a paediatrician and analyst and gives his reasons for dividing the book into three sections, which show his development within paediatrics, and then beyond to his contribution to psychoanalytic theory.
Letter to Marianne Baumann
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Marianne Baumann, Winnicott suggests speakers for the First International Congress for Analytical Psychology, Zürich, Switzerland, 7–12 July 1958.
Letter to Herbert Rosenfeld
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott thanks Rosenfeld for presenting his paper ‘Psychopathology of Hypochondriacal States’ to the BPAS and commends him for how he dealt with the questions about oral sadism and envy despite differences between Kleinians and non-Kleinians.
Nothing at the Centre
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

Winnicott describes a clinical case of his where the patient, a woman of thirty, is described as having ‘nothing at the centre” of her. In the analysis, sleepiness was often a symptom, which Winnicott assumed was a kind of resistance to his interpretations.
Letter to Dorothy E. M. Gardner
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Dorothy Gardner, Winnicott writes to say that he will no longer do the lectures at the Institute of Education organised by her and Susan Isaacs, although he is continuing those at the LSE.
Letter to Arthur J. Metcalfe
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Arthur J. Metcalf in Sydney, Australia, Winnicott gives a positive reference for the employment application of Thomas Stapleton, a colleague from St Mary’s Hospital.
Letter to Elliot Jaques
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter to Elliot Jaques, Winnicott congratulates Jaques on his BPAS presentation of the previous night and touches on the difference between doing an analysis and writing a paper.
Counter-Transference
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this talk given at a Symposium on Counter-Transference Winnicott describes the original meaning of this clinical phenomenon, as proposed by Freud, where the analysts’ unanalyzed feelings interfere with the transference processes with the patient, and he surveys the newer meanings of the word, giving many instances that have accrued over time. Although he values some of these developments, he considers the original meaning of Freud’s to be the best use of the term.
The Effect of Psychotic Parents on the Emotional Development of the Child
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this essay Winnicott describes the effect of psychosis in one or other of the parents upon the emotional life of the growing child, citing examples from his clinical experience. Assistance from, and interventions by the professionals or alternative carers, and appeals for help by the parents are described.
Review: Going to Hospital with Mother
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this review of James Robertson’s second film, Winnicott praises the film’s ability to show a realistic presentation of a mother’s relationship with her sick child, which benefits not only the child and the mother, but also sisters, nurses and doctors. He goes on to note the great contribution Robertson’s first film, A Two-Year-Old Goes to Hospital, made to nursing practice and social work.
Letter to Ilse Hellman
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this letter, Winnicott expresses his belief that there is great discontent in the British Psycho-analytic Society (BPAS), and he acknowledges the difficulty and importance of her nomination to the committee.
The Theory of the Parent-Infant Relationship
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper on the subject of the parent-infant relationship given at an IPA congress, Winnicott looks at actual infancy, as against the psychoanalytic study of primitive mental mechanisms. He asserts that dependence is the key factor in infancy. This dependence needs the ‘holding environment’ of the mother/parental couple. Infancy is enabled by good maternal care and equally may be distorted by inadequate maternal care. The ego of the infant, weak to begin with, is strengthened if all goes well, and he sees the mother-father couple as innately capable of adapting to the infant, although pathology may yet arise in this stage. Winnicott illustrates how strength or weakness of the meeting of dependency in the infant by the parents may then be accessed (or not) in the analytic setting.
Playing and Culture
Authors: Winnicott Donald W.
Published: March 2017

In this paper, Winnicott addresses the fact that in psychoanalysis no place has been given to understanding how human beings have evolved and created numerous cultural artefacts alongside all else in their existence. From his studies of the place between the infant and mother in the early stages of life, elaborated in his conceptualisation and understanding of transitional objects and phenomena, he proposes that culture gradually evolves from the paradox of the infant’s illusion of his own creativity. This process is enabled by the willing engagement of the mother in sustaining the illusion of her infant’s capacity for creativity and play.
Silent Film
Authors: Kornhaber Donna
Published: March 2017

The era of silent film encompasses the thirty-five-year span between the initial development of film technology around 1894 and the widespread adoption of synchronized sound around 1929. It was a vitally important period in film history, both for the artistry of the films it produced and for the societal impact of the various institutions that developed to produce and display those films. Numerous films from the silent era are regarded as landmarks of world cinema, just as some of the stars and filmmakers that dominated the period remain among the most beloved and influential in film history. Despite the era’s vitality, for decades many scholars took a primitivist view of all but its latest films, regarding the bulk of the silent years mainly as the period of the cinema’s nascence. An evolutionary reading of film history often prevailed, one that saw interest or merit primarily in those aspects of silent film artistry and production that directly anticipated later cinematic developments. Beginning in the 1980s, a new generation of scholars came to fundamentally question this approach and began to see silent film as part of a distinct historical moment worthy of attention in its own right and less as a series of progressive steps on a predefined evolutionary ladder. One impact of this reevaluation has been the periodization of silent cinema into a series of distinct historical stages, each with its own prevailing stylistic features and reigning social dynamics. The details of such periodization can vary significantly between scholars, but one overarching effect is that the term “silent film” has become less frequently used by academic film historians as a viable catchall, given the term’s potential to elide significant differences across cinema’s first decades. Yet the study of filmmaking across the whole of the silent era, or substantial parts thereof, remains an important facet of film scholarship, and in these contexts the idea of a transhistorical silent cinema is still regularly employed. This article looks at those studies that take a broad view of the silent era, both those that predate the trend toward reperiodization and those more contemporary studies that look across a substantial portion of the three and a half decades of the silent years and encompass multiple historical and stylistic periods. In so doing, it aims to offer a starting point for readers wishing to better understand the rich world of filmmaking that existed before sound.
Ecocinema
Authors: Chu Kiu-wai
Published: March 2017

This article introduces recent English scholarship in the expanding field of ecocinema studies. Often seen as a sub-branch of ecocriticism, ecocinema studies (also referred to as “green film criticism,” “eco-film criticism,” or “eco-cinemacriticism”) started to develop only slightly over the past decade or so. All books and articles cited have been published after the mid-1990s, thus revealing the field’s short history and fast expansion. This article is organized in three broad sections. The first five sections focus on the theory and practice of ecocinema studies. General Anthologies introduces edited volumes dedicated to a wide range of thematic issues and theoretical approaches in ecocinema studies. Theorizing Ecocinema: Ethics, Aesthetics, and Politics introduces film scholarship that contribute to define, conceptualize, and define “ecocinema” from ethical, aesthetic, and political dimensions. Eco-Genres: Documentary, Animation, Sci-Fi, and Horror highlights several genres that are often discussed in ecocritical scholarship. As ecocinema studies are, to a large extent, a study of the interplay among film, ecology, and the human mind, books that focus on human’s affective, cognitive, and emotive responses to ecocinema are also a major aspect in the field’s theorization, as reflected in Affect, Cognition, Emotions. Reading Beyond the Text: From Theory to Practice goes beyond a textual analysis of films and puts ecological and environmental ideologies into practice by incorporating writings on the ecological footprint of film, environmental film festivals, and audience studies, as well as pedagogical practices in ecocinema. The next sections introduce works that center around five major themes in ecocinema studies. The Environment: Landscapes and Seascapes and Wildlife, Animal Justice, and Human–Animal Relationships discuss humans’ relationships with the nonhuman world—namely, the (natural and urban) environments—and the nonhuman creatures such as animals and wildlife. The sections on Food Studies; Weather, Climate Change, and Eco-Disasters; and Pollution, Waste, and Toxicity center on those issues, highlighting the urgency of the worsening environmental issues in the contemporary world. The final sections are structured according to geopolitical territories. In addition to books and articles on Hollywood and American Independent Cinema and European Cinemas, recent scholarly works that focus on Asian and the Global Indigenous Cinemas, particularly films from the Global South, have also been introduced. Despite the hope for this entry to be as comprehensive as possible, film scholarship has not been included from neglected countries and regions that are beyond Western and East Asian contexts, such as the relatively under-discussed scholarship from Australasia, Africa, Antarctica, and other parts of the world, because of the limited availability and accessibility of works on these countries.
Sandra Cisneros
Authors: Haque Danielle
Published: March 2017

The “About the Author” section of Sandra Cisneros’s second book, The House on Mango Street, includes the following description: “The daughter of a Mexican father and a Mexican-American mother, and sister to six brothers, she is nobody’s mother and nobody’s wife.” This autobiographical sentence epitomizes Cisneros’s oeuvre, acknowledging the significance of family and roots while defying stereotypes of Chicana women as defined by marriage and motherhood. Cisneros was born in Chicago on 20 December 1954. During her early childhood, her father moved the family between Mexico City and Chicago every few years, and Cisneros writes about how these perpetual disruptions and border crossings contributed to the cultural hybridity found in her work. Cisneros holds a BA from Loyola University and an MFA in creative writing from the University of Iowa Writer’s Workshop. She has written about how her experience as an outsider in her graduate program—as Chicana, female, and working class—shaped her work. Cisneros charted new literary territory through both the form and content of her writing, beginning with the publication of The House on Mango Street, a series of vignettes narrated from the margins of society that defies categorization with its experimental form and simple prose style. It was at the vanguard of Chicana feminism and one of the first works by a Chicana writer to enter the literary mainstream. Cisneros’s emergence in the 1980s was part of a larger movement of Chicana writing, including authors such as Lorna Dee Cervantes, Denise Chavez, Gloria Anzaldúa, and Cherrie Moraga. Debates about her work include criticism of her portrayals of Chicano men and culture, and accusations of self-exoticization and essentialism in her interviews and poetry. Cisneros has taught as a professor of creative writing at University of California at Berkeley, University of California at Irvine, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, and University of New Mexico at Albuquerque. She has written novels, poems, prose pieces, and children’s literature, and for numerous periodicals. Her awards include National Endowment of the Arts Fellowships, the Lanan Literary Award, the American Book Award, the PEN Center West Award for Best Fiction, the Texas Medal of the Arts, and a MacArthur Fellowship. Committed to working on behalf of creative writers, Cisneros is the founder of the Latino MacArthur Fellows (Las MacArturos), the Alfredo Cisneros Del Moral Foundation, the Elvira Cisneros Award, and the Macondo Foundation. For twenty-five years she lived in San Antonio, Texas, and was known for her social justice activism as well as for painting her historic home a delightful and unlawful shade of purple. She now resides in Guanajuato, Mexico.
Open-label Study of Injectable Extended-release Naltrexone (XR-NTX) in Healthcare Professionals With Opioid Dependence
Authors: Earley Paul H. , Zummo Jacqueline , Memisoglu Asli , Silverman Bernard L. , Gastfriend David R.
Published: March 2017

Objectives:

Healthcare professionals (HCPs) with opioid dependence are at risk for relapse and death, particularly in the first year of recovery; however, maintenance treatment with opioid agonists is controversial in this safety-sensitive group. We evaluated long-term safety, tolerability, and treatment outcomes of injectable, intramuscular, extended-release naltrexone (XR-NTX) in opioid-dependent HCPs.

Methods:

This single-arm, multisite, open-label study was conducted in opioid-dependent HCPs who had been detoxified from opioids for at least 2 weeks. Subjects received monthly XR-NTX injections for up to 24 months, combined with counseling via intensive outpatient substance abuse treatment programs. Assessments included monthly urine opioid drug tests and routine safety assessments, along with a trimonthly short form (36) Health Survey, opioid craving questionnaire, and Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication.

Results:

Of 49 opioid-dependent HCPs screened, 38 enrolled and received at least 1 XR-NTX injection. Most were female (n = 31) and nurses or nursing assistants (n = 30). More than half (n = 21; 55.3%) received at least 12 injections. Seven discontinued due to adverse events (3 anxiety, 2 headache, 1 injection-site mass, 1 derealization). None experienced relapses to opioid dependence necessitating detoxification, overdose, or death during treatment. At 24 months, mean opioid craving fell by 45.2%, and short form (36) mental component scores improved by 31.1% from baseline and approached normal levels. Of 22 unemployed subjects at baseline, 45.5% improved employment status at 24 months.

Conclusions:

Long-term (2 years) XR-NTX was associated with no new safety concerns, and, compared with shorter-term studies in the general population, similar or better rates of retention, opioid-negative urines, opioid craving reduction, mental health functional quality of life improvement, and re-employment.
Characterizing the Dietary Landscape of Children, 12 to 35 Months Old
Authors: Moshfegh Alanna J. , Rhodes Donna G. , Goldman Joseph D. , Clemens John C.
Published: March 2017

Dietary intakes in childhood are one of several factors that influence food and beverage choices later in life. Nationally representative dietary data of US children aged 1 and 2 years (toddlers) (n = 469) participating in the “What We Eat in America” component of the 2011-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were analyzed to assess food, beverage, and nutrient intakes. Dietary intakes were collected using 24-hour dietary recall interview conducted by proxy that was usually the mother. Mean and distribution of usual nutrient intakes, percentage meeting dietary reference intakes, meal and snack patterns, and intakes of foods and beverages were estimated. The energy intake of toddlers was 1335 kcal/d. Usual nutrient intakes of vitamins D and E were less than the recommended intake levels by 86% and 62% of toddlers, respectively. Almost all toddlers (96%) had usual intakes less than the recommendations for dietary fiber and potassium, and 71% exceeded the upper level for sodium. Mean daily intake of added sugars was 10% of daily energy intake, with approximately 40% of toddlers exceeding that level. Mean daily snack occasion of toddlers was 3.1, which contributed one-third of their daily energy intake. Beverages contributed one-fourth of their daily energy intake. On the basis of 1 day of dietary recall, milk, water, and 100% fruit juice were the top beverages consumed by toddlers. Soft drinks were consumed by 14% of toddlers. Grain products, protein foods, and mixed dishes were each consumed by at least three-fourths of the toddlers. A greater proportion of toddlers consumed fruit (71%) compared with vegetables (57%). Nearly 1 in 3 toddlers consumed candy, and 2 in 5 consumed cakes/cookies/pastries. More than one-third consumed savory snacks, including chips, popcorn, and pretzels, and an equal proportion consumed crackers. Although the dietary intakes of toddlers met the recommendations for many nutrients, the consumption of food and beverage choices that were not nutrient dense may merit concern. Less healthy choices, introduced at early ages, may shape dietary habits across the life-span.
Sensory Aspects of Bitter and Sweet Tastes During Early Childhood
Authors: Hayes John E. , Johnson Susan L.
Published: March 2017

The flavor of food arises from multiple sensory inputs, including taste, smell, and oral touch. Human preference for food is driven by both biology and previous experience. Hedonic responses for taste and chemesthesis (chemically initiated touch sensations) are generally hardwired, whereas hedonic responses for smell are almost exclusively learned. With time, individuals can also learn to like the initially aversive oral sensations, such as the bitterness of beer or the burn of chili peppers, through a variety of mechanisms. Encouraging the development of healthy eating habits early in life is considered to be an optimal strategy to reduce the risk of diet-related chronic diseases. Over the past 2 decades, much has been written about how individual differences in taste sensation, especially bitterness, may either predispose or prevent a person from making healthy food choices. A related but separate body of work has systematically explored perceptual interactions between various taste stimuli. Unfortunately, these findings are infrequently integrated within the context of eating real foods to consider how they may influence food choice in humans. This article briefly highlights some key findings and attempts to integrate them to provide new insights on how to best encourage appropriate child-feeding behaviors.
Exploring Possible Health Effects of Polyphenols in Foods
Authors: Yang Jensine , Dwyer Johanna T.
Published: March 2017

This article, part 2 of the series on polyphenols, examines some of the evidence for the roles of specific foods rich in polyphenols in reducing the risk of 3 common health conditions: urinary tract infections, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes. Although the research remains emerging rather than settled science, polyphenols may have beneficial health effects. Those who follow the recommended eating patterns of the Dietary Guidelines 2015–2020 can be sure that they are receiving plenty of these plant bioactives.
Academic Productivity of Faculty Associated With Craniofacial Surgery Fellowship Programs
Authors: Ruan Qing Zhao , Ricci Joseph A. , Silvestre Jason , Ho Olivia A. , Ganor Oren , Lee Bernard T.
Published: March 2017

Background:

The H-index is increasingly being used as a measure of academic productivity and has been applied to various surgical disciplines. Here the authors calculate the H-index of craniofacial surgery fellowship faculty in North America in order to determine its utility for academic productivity among craniofacial surgeons.

Methods:

A list of fellowship programs was obtained from the website of the American Society of Craniofacial Surgery. Faculty demographics and institution characteristics were obtained from official program websites and the H-index was calculated using Scopus (Elsevier, USA). Data were assessed using bivariate analysis tools (Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney tests) to determine the relationship between independent variables and career publications, H-index and 5-year H-index (H5-index) of faculty. Dunn test for multiple comparisons was also calculated.

Results:

A total of 102 faculty members from 29 craniofacial surgery fellowship programs were identified and included. Faculty demographics reflected a median age of 48 (interquartile range [IQR] 13), a predominantly male sample (88/102, 89.7%), and the rank of assistant professor being the most common among faculty members (41/102, 40.2%). Median of career publications per faculty was 37 (IQR 52.5) and medians of H-index and H5-index were 10.0 (IQR 13.75) and 3.5 (IQR 3.25), respectively. Greater age, male gender, Fellow of the American College of Surgeons membership, higher academic rank, and program affiliation with ranked research medical schools were significantly associated with higher H-indices.

Conclusions:

Variables associated with seniority were positively associated with the H-index. These results suggest that the H-index may be used as an adjunct in determining academic productivity for promotions among craniofacial surgeons.
Multiple Kernel Learning approach for Medical Image Analysis
Authors: Wani Nisar , Raza Khalid
Published: March 2017

Computer aided diagnosis is gradually making its way into the domain of medical research and clinical diagnosis. With field of radiology and diagnostic imaging producing petabytes of image data. Machine learning tools, particularly kernel based algorithms seem to be an obvious choice to process and analyze this high dimensional and heterogeneous data. In this chapter, after presenting a breif description about nature of medical images, image features and basics in machine learning and kernel methods, we present the application of multiple kernel learning algorithms for medical image analysis.
Physiological preparation of hair cells from the sacculus of the American bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana)
Authors: Azimzadeh Julien B , Salvi Joshua D
Published: March 2017

SHORT ABSTRACT

The American bullfrog’s sacculus permits direct examination of hair-cell physiology. Here we describe the dissection and preparation of the bullfrog’s sacculus for biophysical studies. We show representative experiments from these hair cells, including the calculation of a bundle’s force-displacement relation and measurement of its spontaneous motion.

LONG ABSTRACT

The study of hearing and balance rests upon insights drawn from biophysical studies of model systems. One such model, the sacculus of the American bullfrog, has become a mainstay of auditory and vestibular research. Studies of this organ have revealed how sensory cells—hair cells—can actively detect signals from the environment. Because of these studies, we now better understand the mechanical gating and localization of a hair cell’s transduction channels, calcium’s role in mechanical adaptation, and the identity of hair-cell currents. This highly accessible organ continues to provide insight into the workings of hair cells.

Here we describe the preparation of the bullfrog’s sacculus for biophysical studies on its hair cells. We include the complete dissection procedure and provide specific protocols for the preparation of the sacculus in specific contexts. We additionally include representative results using this preparation, including the calculation of a hair bundle’s force-displacement relation and measurement of a bundle’s spontaneous motion.
Dynamical Scaling and Phase Coexistence in Topologically-Constrained DNA Melting
Authors: Fosado Y. A. G. , Michieletto D. , Marenduzzo D.
Published: March 2017

There is a long-standing experimental observation that the melting of topologically constrained DNA, such as circular-closed plasmids, is less abrupt than that of linear molecules. This finding points to an important role of topology in the physics of DNA denaturation, which is however poorly understood. Here, we shed light on this issue by combining large-scale Brownian Dynamics simulations with an analytically solvable phenomenological Landau mean field theory. We find that the competition between melting and supercoiling leads to phase coexistence of denatured and intact phases at the single molecule level. This coexistence occurs in a wide temperature range, thereby accounting for the broadening of the transition. Finally, our simulations show an intriguing topology-dependent scaling law governing the growth of denaturation bubbles in supercoiled plasmids, which can be understood within the proposed mean field theory.
Scope for sympatric giant-dwarf speciation driven by cannibalism in South-American annual killifish (Austrolebias)
Authors: Van Dooren Tom JM , Thomassen Henri A , Smit Femmie , Helmstetter Andrew J , Savolainen Vincent
Published: March 2017

A trophic radiation in the South-American annual killifish genusAustrolebiashas led to the evolution of large specialized piscivores from small generalized carnivores. It has been proposed that this occurred in a single series of vicariant speciation events. An alternative hypothesis is denoted giant-dwarf speciation: piscivores would have evolved in sympatry by character displacement and cannibalism. We test the plausibility of both scenarios using size measures combined with distributional data and new phylogenetic trees based on mitochondrial and nuclear molecular markers.

Our analysis uses historical biogeography models and Ornstein-Uehlenbeck processes describing trait evolution across the posterior distributions of phylogenetic trees. Large species most likely evolved three times from small ones. For the clade containingA. elongatus, we argue that vicariance was not involved in the origin of these large and specialized piscivores. They experience stabilizing selection with an optimum shifted towards larger bodies and longer jaws. The branch leading to this clade has the fastest evolving jaw lengths across the phylogeny, in agreement with expectations for giant-dwarf speciation. ForA. wolterstorffi, the support for giant-dwarf speciation is weaker. When the species is placed at the root ofAustrolebias, ancestral reconstructions are unreliable and vicariance cannot be ruled out. For the remaining large species, we can reject vicariance and giant dwarf speciation. Our results give rise to two new additional scenarios for the evolution of specialized piscivores. In the first, two successive speciation events in sympatry or parapatry produced large and piscivorous species. In the second, the immigration of a different annual killifish genus (Cynopoecilus) in the Patos area of endemism has contributed to in-situ diversification ofAustrolebiasspecies.
phydms: Software for phylogenetic analyses informed by deep mutational scanning
Authors: Hilton Sarah K. , Doud Michael B , Bloom Jesse D
Published: March 2017

Background

The evolution of protein-coding genes can be quantitatively modeled using phylogenetic methods. Recently, it has been shown that high-throughput experimental measurements of mutational effects made via deep mutational scanning can inform site-specific phylogenetic substitution models of gene evolution. However, there is currently no software tailored for such analyses.

Results

We describe software that efficiently performs phylogenetic analyses with substitution models informed by deep mutational scanning. This software, phydms, is ∼100-fold faster than existing programs that accommodate such substitution models. It can be used to compare the results of deep mutational scanning experiments to the selection on genes in nature. For instance, phydms enables rigorous comparison of how well different experiments on the same gene describe natural selection. It also enables the re-scaling of deep mutational scanning data to account for differences in the stringency of selection in the lab and nature. Finally, phydms can identify sites that are evolving differently in nature than expected from experiments in the lab.

Conclusions

The phydms software makes it easy to use phylogenetic substitution models informed by deep mutational scanning experiments. As data from such experiments becomes increasingly widespread, phydms will facilitate quantitative comparison of the experimental results to the actual selection pressures shaping evolution in nature.
The non-linear development of the right hemispheric specialization for human face perception
Authors: Lochy Aliette , de Heering Adelaïde , Rossion Bruno
Published: March 2017

The developmental origins of human adults’ right hemispheric specialization for face perception remain unclear. On the one hand, infant studies have generally shown a right hemispheric advantage for face perception. On the other hand, the adult right hemispheric lateralization for face perception is thought to slowly emerge during childhood, due to reading acquisition, which increases left lateralized posterior responses to competing written material (i.e., visual letters and words). Since methodological approaches used in infant and children usually differ, resolving this issue has been difficult. Here we tested 5-year-old preschoolers varying in their level of visual letter knowledge with the same fast periodic visual stimulation (FPVS) paradigm leading to strongly right lateralized electrophysiological occipito-temporal face-selective responses in 4- to 6-month-old infants (de Heering & Rossion, 2015). Children’s face-selective response was much larger and more complex than in infants, but did not differ across hemispheres. However, there was a small positive correlation between preschoolers’ letter knowledge and their right hemispheric specialization for faces. These observations suggest that several factors contribute to the adult right hemispheric lateralization for faces, and point to the value of FPVS coupled with electroencephalography to assess specialized face perception processes throughout development with the same methodology.
Real-time observation of flexible domain movements in Cas9
Authors: Osuka Saki , Isomura Kazushi , Kajimoto Shohei , Komori Tomotaka , Nishimasu Hiroshi , Shima Tomohiro , Nureki Osamu , Uemura Sotaro
Published: March 2017

The CRISPR-associated protein Cas9 is a widely used genome editing tool that recognizes and cleaves target DNA through the assistance of a single-guide RNA (sgRNA). Structural studies have demonstrated the multi-domain architecture of Cas9 and sequential domain movements upon binding to the sgRNA and the target DNA. These studies also hinted at the flexibility between domains, but whether these flexible movements occur in solution is unclear. Here, we directly observed dynamic fluctuations of multiple Cas9 domains, using single-molecule FRET. The flexible domain movements allow Cas9 to adopt transient conformations beyond those captured in the crystal structures. Importantly, the HNH nuclease domain in Cas9 only accessed the DNA cleavage position during such flexible movements, suggesting the importance of this flexibility in the DNA cleavage process. Our FRET data also revealed the conformational flexibility of apo-Cas9, which may play a role in the assembly with the sgRNA. Collectively, our results highlight the potential role of domain fluctuations in driving Cas9-catalyzed DNA cleavage.
Cross-talk between active DNA demethylation, resetting of cellular metabolism and shoot apical growth in poplar bud break
Authors: Conde Daniel , Perales Mariano , Le Gac Anne-Laure , Dervinis Christopher , Kirst Matias , Maury Stéphane , González-Melendi Pablo , Allona Isabel
Published: March 2017

Annual dormancy-growth cycle is a developmental and physiological process essential for the survival of temperate and boreal forests. Seasonal control of shoot growth in woody perennials requires specific genetic programs integrated with the environmental signals. The environmental-controlled mechanisms that regulate the shift between winter dormancy to growth promoting genetic program are still unknown. Here, we show that dynamics in genomic DNA methylation (gDNA) levels regulate dormancy-growth cycle in poplar. We proved that the reactivation of cell division in the apical shoot that lead bud break process in spring, is preceded by a progressive reduction of gDNA methylation in apex tissue. We also identified that the induction in apex tissue of a chilling-dependent poplarDEMETER-LIKE 10(PtaDML10) DNA demethylase precedes shoot growth reactivation. Transgenic poplars showing down-regulation of PtaDML8/10 caused delayed bud break. Genome wide transcriptome and methylome analysis and data mining revealed the gene targets of active DML-dependent DNA demethylation genetically associated to bud break. These data point to a chilling dependent-DEMETER-like DNA demethylase controlling the genetic shift from winter dormancy to a condition that promotes shoot apical vegetative growth in poplar.
Essential role for centromeric factors following p53 loss and oncogenic transformation
Authors: Filipescu Dan , Naughtin Monica , Podsypanina Katrina , Lejour Vincent , Wilson Laurence , Gurard-Levin Zachary A. , Orsi Guillermo A. , Simeonova Iva , Toufektchan Eleonore , Attardi Laura D. , Toledo Franck , Almouzni Geneviève
Published: March 2017

In mammals, centromere definition involves the histone variant CENP-A (centromere protein A), deposited by its chaperone, HJURP (Holliday junction recognition protein). Alterations in this process impair chromosome segregation and genome stability, which are also compromised by p53 inactivation in cancer. Here we found that CENP-A and HJURP are transcriptionally up-regulated in p53-null human tumors. Using an established mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) model combining p53 inactivation with E1A or HRas-V12 oncogene expression, we reproduced a similar up-regulation of HJURP and CENP-A. We delineate functional CDE/CHR motifs within theHjurpandCenpapromoters and demonstrate their roles in p53-mediated repression. To assess the importance of HJURP up-regulation in transformed murine and human cells, we used a CRISPR/Cas9 approach. Remarkably, depletion of HJURP leads to distinct outcomes depending on their p53 status. Functional p53 elicits a cell cycle arrest response, whereas, in p53-null transformed cells, the absence of arrest enables the loss of HJURP to induce severe aneuploidy and, ultimately, apoptotic cell death. We thus tested the impact of HJURP depletion in pre-established allograft tumors in mice and revealed a major block of tumor progression in vivo. We discuss a model in which an “epigenetic addiction” to the HJURP chaperone represents an Achilles’ heel in p53-deficient transformed cells.
Mechanisms of precise genome editing using oligonucleotide donors
Authors: Kan Yinan , Ruis Brian , Takasugi Taylor , Hendrickson Eric A.
Published: March 2017

The use of programmable meganucleases is transforming genome editing and functional genomics. CRISPR/Cas9 was developed such that targeted genomic lesions could be introduced in vivo with unprecedented ease. In the presence of homology donors, these lesions facilitate high-efficiency precise genome editing (PGE) via homology-directed repair (HDR) pathways. However, the identity and hierarchy of the HDR (sub)pathways leading to the formation of PGE products remain elusive. Here, we established a green to blue fluorescent protein conversion system to systematically characterize oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN)-mediated PGE using Cas9 and its nickase variants in human cells. We demonstrate that, unlike double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) donors with central heterologies, ODNs generated short conversion tracts with Gaussian-like distributions. Interestingly, single-nick–induced PGE using ODN donors produced conversion tracts biased either mostly uni- or bidirectional depending on the relative strandedness of the ODNs and the nick. Moreover, the ODNs were physically incorporated into the genome only in the bidirectional, but not in the unidirectional, conversion pathway. In the presence of double-stranded genomic lesions, the unidirectional conversion pathway was preferentially utilized even though the knock-in mutation could theoretically have been converted by both pathways. Collectively, our results suggest that ODN-mediated PGE utilizes synthesis-dependent strand annealing and single-stranded DNA incorporation pathways. Both of these pathways generate short conversion tracts with Gaussian-like distributions. Although synthesis-dependent strand annealing is preferentially utilized, our work unequivocally establishes the existence of a single-stranded DNA incorporation pathway in human cells. This work extends the paradigms of HDR-mediated gene conversion and establishes guidelines for PGE in human cells.
A potential Cu/V-organophosphonate platform for tailored void spacesviaterpyridine mold casting
Authors: Bulut Aysun , Wörle Michael , Zorlu Yunus , Kirpi Erdogan , Kurt Huseyin , Zubieta Jon , Grabowsky Simon , Beckmann Jens , Yücesan Gündoğ
Published: March 2017

The reaction of appropriate copper and vanadium salts with tetratopic methane tetra-p-phenylphosphonic acid (MTPPA) in the presence of 2,2′:6′:2′′-terpyridine (terpy) yielded the three-dimensional bimetallic copper vanadium phosphonate framework [{Cu(terpy)}4Cu(VO2)4(MTPPA-H)2]·4H2O (1). Terpy has no net contribution to the three-dimensional structure providing a potential platform for void space formationviamold-casting. The structure was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Magnetic measurements were performed using a SQUID magnetometer. The crystal structure of the methanol solvate of the free ligand, MTPPA·MeOH, was analysed using Hirshfeld surfaces and fingerprint plots.
Testing solutions of a multi-disaster building’s certification functional to the built environment sustainability and resilience
Authors: Bignami Daniele Fabrizio
Published: March 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to present phenomenological extensions and technical improvements of a recent research path on a potential operational scheme aiming at promoting an effective disasters risk reduction of built urban areas, namely, the proposal of a Certification of the Predisposition of Resistance of Edifices to Disasters.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors illustrate new steps of a multidisciplinary research conducted by merging different fields of study, such as disaster risk analysis, sustainable land use and urban planning, environmental assessment methods, different buildings safety topics and certification and auditing management systems tools.

Findings

This work is based on research developed in Italy by carrying out new tests in the coastal regions of Liguria and Tuscany to validate improvements and to confirm in different territories the assessment process of most significant natural and man-made hazards already included in the certification scheme previously developed on the basis of the continental regions of Lombardy and Piedmont.

Originality/value

Investigations and results give firmer foundations and exploitability to a certification such as the one presented here.
The interplay between key marketing and supply chain management capabilities: the role of integrative mechanisms
Authors: Golgeci Ismail , Gligor David M.
Published: March 2017

Purpose

This paper aims to identify key marketing and supply chain management-related (supply chain management – SCM) capabilities and explore the nature of the linkages between these specific capabilities as shaped by the integrative mechanisms adopted by firms.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on the findings from dyadic interviews with 26 marketing and SCM executives from business-to-business firms, the authors develop an empirically grounded conceptual framework.

Findings

The authors identify innovativeness and market learning capability as key marketing capabilities and supply chain agility and relational capability as key SCM capabilities. The authors find that relationships between these strategic marketing and SCM capabilities follow a specific pattern. The authors also find that the application of unique integrative mechanisms can cultivate the potential tandem between marketing and SCM capabilities.

Research limitations/implications

The study informs theory with regard to two key areas: relationships among key marketing and SCM capabilities and integrative mechanisms that shape the underlying mechanisms of capability relationships.

Practical implications

Application of organizational dynamics to key marketing and SCM provides a more nuanced understanding of the linkages among such capabilities. A better understanding and application of integrative mechanisms may help managers to develop better tools and means to bundle their key marketing and SCM capabilities effectively.

Originality/value

The qualitative and exploratory nature of the paper will be of significant interest to managers who would like to achieve greater synergy between marketing and SCM capabilities.