bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Small Peptides: Orchestrators of Plant Growth and Developmental Processes
Authors: Lu Shuaiqi , Xiao Fei
Published: July 2024

Small peptides (SPs), ranging from 5 to 100 amino acids, play integral roles in plants due to their diverse functions. Despite their low abundance and small molecular weight, SPs intricately regulate critical aspects of plant life, including cell division, growth, differentiation, flowering, fruiting, maturation, and stress responses. As vital mediators of intercellular signaling, SPs have garnered significant attention in plant biology research. This comprehensive review delves into SPs’ structure, classification, and identification, providing a detailed understanding of their significance. Additionally, we summarize recent findings on the biological functions and signaling pathways of prominent SPs that regulate plant growth and development. This review also offers a perspective on future research directions in peptide signaling pathways.
Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Insights into ABA-Related Genes in Cerasus humilis under Drought Stress
Authors: Liu Yu , Zhao Chenxue , Tang Xuedong , Wang Lianjun , Guo Ruixue
Published: July 2024

Cerasus humilis, a small shrub of the Cerasus genus within the Rosaceae family, is native to China and renowned for its highly nutritious and medicinal fruits, robust root system, and remarkable drought resistance. This study primarily employed association transcriptome and metabolome analyses to assess changes in abscisic acid (ABA) levels and identify key regulatory genes in C. humilis subjected to varying degrees of drought stress. Notably, we observed distinct alterations in transcription factors across different drought intensities. Specifically, our transcriptome data indicated noteworthy shifts in GATA, MYB, MYC, WRKY, C2H2, and bHLH transcription factor families. Furthermore, combined transcriptomic and metabolomic investigations demonstrated significant enrichment of metabolic pathways, such as ‘Carbon metabolism’, ‘Biosynthesis of amino acids’, ‘Biosynthesis of cofactors’, ‘Phenylpropanoid biosynthesis’, ‘Starch and sucrose metabolism’, and ‘Plant hormone signal transduction’ under moderate (Mod) or severe (Sev) drought conditions. A total of 11 candidate genes involved in ABA biosynthesis and signaling pathways were identified. The down-regulated genes included secoisolariciresinol dehydrogenase-like and PYL2. Conversely, genes including FAD-dependent urate hydroxylase-like, cytochrome P450 97B2, carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 (CCD4), SnRK2.2, ABI 5-like protein 5, PP2C 51, and SnRK2.3, were up-regulated under Mod or Sev drought stress. This study lays the genetic foundation for ABA biosynthesis to enhance drought tolerance and provides genetic resources for plant genetic engineering and breeding efforts.
Genome-Wide Identification of Seven in Absentia E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Gene Family and Expression Profiles in Response to Different Hormones in Uncaria rhynchophylla
Authors: Lan Jinxu , Lian Conglong , Shao Yingying , Chen Suiqing , Lu Ying , Zhu Lina , Mu Detian , Tang Qi
Published: July 2024

SINA (Seven in absentia) E3 ubiquitin ligases are a family of RING (really interesting new gene) E3 ubiquitin ligases, and they play a crucial role in regulating plant growth and development, hormone response, and abiotic and biotic stress. However, there is little research on the SINA gene family in U. rhynchophylla. In this study, a total of 10 UrSINA genes were identified from the U. rhynchophylla genome. The results of multiple sequence alignments and chromosomal locations show that 10 UrSINA genes were unevenly located on 22 chromosomes, and each UrSINA protein contained a SINA domain at the N-terminal and RING domains at the C-terminal. Synteny analysis showed that there are no tandem duplication gene pairs and there are four segmental gene pairs in U. rhynchophylla, contributing to the expansion of the gene family. Furthermore, almost all UrSINA genes contained the same gene structure, with three exons and two introns, and there were many cis-acting elements relating to plant hormones, light responses, and biotic and abiotic stress. The results of qRT-PCR show that most UrSINA genes were expressed in stems, with the least expression in roots; meanwhile, most UrSINA genes and key enzyme genes were responsive to ABA and MeJA hormones with overlapping but different expression patterns. Co-expression analysis showed that UrSINA1 might participate in the TIA pathway under ABA treatment, and UrSINA5 and UrSINA6 might participate in the TIA pathway under MeJA treatment. The mining of UrSINA genes in the U. rhynchophylla provided novel information for understanding the SINA gene and its function in plant secondary metabolites, growth, and development.
CRISPR/dCas9-Mediated DNA Methylation Editing on emx2 in Chinese Tongue Sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) Testis Cells
Authors: Sun Yanxu , Wang Hong-Yan , Liu Binghua , Yue Bowen , Liu Qian , Liu Yuyan , Rosa Ivana F. , Doretto Lucas B. , Han Shenglei , Lin Lei , Gong Xiaoling , Shao Changwei
Published: July 2024

DNA methylation is a key epigenetic mechanism orchestrating gene expression networks in many biological processes. Nonetheless, studying the role of specific gene methylation events in fish faces challenges. In this study, we validate the regulation of DNA methylation on empty spiracles homeobox 2 (emx2) expression with decitabine treatment in Chinese tongue sole testis cells. We used the emx2 gene as the target gene and developed a new DNA methylation editing system by fusing dnmt3a with catalytic dead Cas9 (dCas9) and demonstrated its ability for sequence-specific DNA methylation editing. Results revealed that utilizing dCas9-dnmt3a to target emx2 promoter region led to increased DNA methylation levels and decreased emx2 expression in Chinese tongue sole testis cells. More importantly, the DNA methylation editing significantly suppressed the expression of MYC proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor (myc), one target gene of emx2. Furthermore, we assessed the off-target effects of dCas9-dnmt3a and confirmed no significant impact on the predicted off-target gene expression. Taken together, we developed the first DNA methylation editing system in marine species and demonstrated its effective editing ability in Chinese tongue sole cells. This provides a new strategy for both epigenetic research and molecular breeding of marine species.
The Diagnostic and Prognostic Role of Interleukin 6 and Interleukin 8 in Childhood Acute Gastroenteritis—A Review of the Literature
Authors: Adumitrăchioaiei Heidrun , Săsăran Maria Oana , Mărginean Cristina Oana
Published: July 2024

Acute gastroenteritis in pediatric patients represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Interleukins 6 (IL-6) and 8 (IL-8) have been intensely studied in relation to various inflammatory conditions, including acute gastroenteritis, as they are activated in response to infection. This review aims to evaluate the ability of IL-6 and IL-8 to distinguish between bacterial and viral etiologies of acute gastroenteritis in children and to assess whether their levels correlate with the severity of this condition in light of currently available data. A scientific database search was performed to identify studies that investigated the role of IL-6 and IL-8 in acute gastroenteritis in the pediatric population. We identified nine studies that matched the review’s objective. Both cytokines show increased values in acute gastroenteritis, but IL-6 levels are significantly higher in cases of bacterial infections. IL-8 levels do not present an increase to the same extent in cases of bacterial diarrhea in children but seem to be associated with the severity of the disease. The lack of sufficient research focusing on IL-6 and -8 as diagnostic, prognostic and severity biomarkers of acute gastroenteritis in children leaves room for further research on this topic, which must include larger cohort studies.
Structure and Functions of HMGB3 Protein
Authors: Chikhirzhina Elena , Tsimokha Anna , Tomilin Alexey N. , Polyanichko Alexander
Published: July 2024

HMGB3 protein belongs to the group of HMGB proteins from the superfamily of nuclear proteins with high electrophoretic mobility. HMGB proteins play an active part in almost all cellular processes associated with DNA—repair, replication, recombination, and transcription—and, additionally, can act as cytokines during infectious processes, inflammatory responses, and injuries. Although the structure and functions of HMGB1 and HMGB2 proteins have been intensively studied for decades, very little attention has been paid to HMGB3 until recently. In this review, we summarize the currently available data on the molecular structure, post-translational modifications, and biological functions of HMGB3, as well as the possible role of the ubiquitin–proteasome system-dependent HMGB3 degradation in tumor development.
Okinawa-Based Nordic Diet Decreases Plasma Levels of IAPP and IgA against IAPP Oligomers in Type 2 Diabetes Patients
Authors: Pocevičiūtė Dovilė , Roth Bodil , Ohlsson Bodil , Wennström Malin
Published: July 2024

Pancreas-derived islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) aggregates and deposits in the pancreas and periphery of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) patients, contributing to diabetic complications. The excess IAPP can be removed by autoantibodies, and increased levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) G against IAPP have been reported in T2D patients. However, whether other Ig classes are also affected and if the levels can be managed is less known. This pre–post study examines IgA levels against IAPP oligomers (IAPPO-IgA) in T2D patients and assesses the impact of the Okinawa-based Nordic (O-BN) diet—a low-carbohydrate, high-fiber diet—on these levels after following the diet for 3 months. IAPP, IAPPO-IgA, and total IgA levels were measured in plasma and fecal samples from n = 30 T2D patients collected at baseline, after 3 months of diet, and after additional 4 months of unrestricted diets (a clinical follow-up). The IAPP and IAPPO-IgA levels were significantly lower after 3 months, with the latter also being significantly reduced at the clinical follow-up. The reduction in plasma IAPP and IAPPO-IgA levels correlated with reductions in plasma levels of metabolic and inflammatory markers. Hence, following the O-BN diet for at least 3 months is sufficient to reduce circulating IAPP and IAPPO-IgA levels, which may be principal in managing T2D.
The Role of microRNA in Schizophrenia: A Scoping Review
Authors: Li Ke , Zhu Lin , Lv Haibing , Bai Yulong , Guo Chuang , He Kuanjun
Published: July 2024

Schizophrenia is a serious mental disease that is regulated by multiple genes and influenced by multiple factors. Due to the complexity of its etiology, the pathogenesis is still unclear. MicroRNAs belong to a class of small non-coding RNAs that are highly conserved in endogenous evolution and play critical roles in multiple biological pathways. In recent years, aberrant miRNA expression has been implicated in schizophrenia, with certain miRNAs emerging as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for this disorder. In this review, our objective is to investigate the differential expression of miRNAs in schizophrenia, elucidate their potential mechanisms of action, and assess their feasibility as biomarkers. The PubMed electronic database and Google Scholar were searched for the years 2003 to 2024. The study focused on schizophrenia and miRNA as the research topic, encompassing articles related to biomarkers, etiology, action mechanisms, and differentially expressed genes associated with schizophrenia and miRNA. A total of 1488 articles were retrieved, out of which 49 were included in this scope review. This study reviewed 49 articles and identified abnormal expression of miRNA in different tissues of both schizophrenia patients and healthy controls, suggesting its potential role in the pathogenesis and progression of schizophrenia. Notably, several specific miRNAs, including miR-34a, miR-130b, miR-193-3p, miR-675-3p, miR-1262, and miR-218-5p, may serve as promising biological markers for diagnosing schizophrenia. Furthermore, this study summarized potential mechanisms through which miRNAs may contribute to the development of schizophrenia. The studies within the field of miRNA’s role in schizophrenia encompass a broad spectrum of focus. Several selected studies have identified dysregulated miRNAs associated with schizophrenia across various tissues, thereby highlighting the potential utility of specific miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers for this disorder. Various mechanisms underlying dysregulated miRNAs in schizophrenia have been explored; however, further investigations are needed to determine the exact mechanisms by which these dysregulated miRNAs contribute to the pathogenesis of this condition. The exploration of miRNA’s involvement in the etiology and identification of biomarkers for schizophrenia holds significant promise in informing future clinical trials and advancing our understanding in this area.
Genomic Landscape of Susceptibility to Severe COVID-19 in the Slovenian Population
Authors: Kovanda Anja , Lukežič Tadeja , Maver Aleš , Vokač Križaj Hana , Čižek Sajko Mojca , Šelb Julij , Rijavec Matija , Bidovec-Stojković Urška , Bitežnik Barbara , Rituper Boštjan , Korošec Peter , Peterlin Borut
Published: July 2024

Determining the genetic contribution of susceptibility to severe SARS-CoV-2 infection outcomes is important for public health measures and individualized treatment. Through intense research on this topic, several hundred genes have been implicated as possibly contributing to the severe infection phenotype(s); however, the findings are complex and appear to be population-dependent. We aimed to determine the contribution of human rare genetic variants associated with a severe outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infections and their burden in the Slovenian population. A panel of 517 genes associated with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection were obtained by combining an extensive review of the literature, target genes identified by the COVID-19 Host Genetic Initiative, and the curated Research COVID-19 associated genes from PanelApp, England Genomics. Whole genome sequencing was performed using PCR-free WGS on DNA from 60 patients hospitalized due to severe COVID-19 disease, and the identified rare genomic variants were analyzed and classified according to the ACMG criteria. Background prevalence in the general Slovenian population was determined by comparison with sequencing data from 8025 individuals included in the Slovenian genomic database (SGDB). Results show that several rare pathogenic/likely pathogenic genomic variants in genes CFTR, MASP2, MEFV, TNFRSF13B, and RNASEL likely contribute to the severe infection outcomes in our patient cohort. These results represent an insight into the Slovenian genomic diversity associated with a severe COVID-19 outcome.
IRE1/JNK Is the Leading UPR Pathway in 6-OHDA-Induced Degeneration of Differentiated SH-SY5Y Cells
Authors: Siwecka Natalia , Galita Grzegorz , Granek Zuzanna , Wiese Wojciech , Majsterek Ireneusz , Rozpędek-Kamińska Wioletta
Published: July 2024

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder which affects dopaminergic neurons of the midbrain. Accumulation of α-synuclein or exposure to neurotoxins like 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress along with the unfolded protein response (UPR), which executes apoptosis via activation of PERK/CHOP or IRE1/JNK signaling. The present study aimed to determine which of these pathways is a major contributor to neurodegeneration in an 6-OHDA-induced in vitro model of PD. For this purpose, we have applied pharmacological PERK and JNK inhibitors (AMG44 and JNK V) in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells exposed to 6-OHDA. Inhibition of PERK and JNK significantly decreased genotoxicity and improved mitochondrial respiration, but only JNK inhibition significantly increased cell viability. Gene expression analysis revealed that the effect of JNK inhibition was dependent on a decrease in MAPK10 and XBP1 mRNA levels, whereas inhibition of either PERK or JNK significantly reduced the expression of DDIT3 mRNA. Western blot has shown that JNK inhibition strongly induced the XBP1s protein, and inhibition of each pathway attenuated the phosphorylation of eIF2α and JNK, as well as the expression of CHOP. Collectively, our data suggests that targeting the IRE1/JNK pathway of the UPR is a more effective option for PD treatment as it simultaneously affects more than one pro-apoptotic pathway.
Defining Nodes and Edges in Other Languages in Cognitive Network Science—Moving beyond Single-Layer Networks
Authors: Vitevitch Michael S. , Martinez Alysia E. , England Riley
Published: July 2024

Cognitive network science has increased our understanding of how the mental lexicon is structured and how that structure at the micro-, meso-, and macro-levels influences language and cognitive processes. Most of the research using this approach has used single-layer networks of English words. We consider two fundamental concepts in network science—nodes and connections (or edges)—in the context of two lesser-studied languages (American Sign Language and Kaqchikel) to see if a single-layer network can model phonological similarities among words in each of those languages. The analyses of those single-layer networks revealed several differences in network architecture that may challenge the cognitive network approach. We discuss several directions for future research using different network architectures that could address these challenges and also increase our understanding of how language processing might vary across languages. Such work would also provide a common framework for research in the language sciences, despite the variation among human languages. The methodological and theoretical tools of network science may also make it easier to integrate research of various language processes, such as typical and delayed development, acquired disorders, and the interaction of phonological and semantic information. Finally, coupling the cognitive network science approach with investigations of languages other than English might further advance our understanding of cognitive processing in general.
Human–Environment Interactions Shape Mosquito Seasonal Population Dynamics
Authors: Blanco-Sierra Laura , Bellver-Arnau Jesús , Escartin Santi , Mariani Simone , Bartumeus Frederic
Published: July 2024

Mosquito species, including the Asian tiger mosquito, can transmit disease-causing pathogens such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, with their population dynamics influenced by a variety of factors including climate shifts, human activity, and local environmental conditions. Understanding these dynamics is vital for effective control measures. Our study, conducted in Jardí Botanic Marimurtra from May to November 2021, monitored Ae. albopictus activity using BG-Traps and investigated larval control effects. We employed Generalized Linear Mixed Models to analyze variables like weather, human presence, and larvicidal control on adult mosquito abundance. Adults of Ae. albopictus exhibited a seasonal pattern influenced by temperature but with bimodal peaks linked to cumulative rainfall. Proximity to stagnant water and visitor influx directly affected mosquito captures. Additionally, the effectiveness of larvicide treatments depended on interactions between preceding rainfall levels and treatment timing. Our research emphasizes the significance of studying vector ecology at local scales to enhance the efficacy of control programs and address the escalating burden of vector-borne diseases. Considering the impacts of extreme weather events and climate shifts is essential for the development of robust vector control strategies. Furthermore, our distinct findings serve as a prime illustration of utilizing statistical modeling to gain mechanistic insights into ecological patterns and processes.
Comparative Economic Analysis of Transmission Lines Adopted for Energy-Saving Conductors Considering Life Cycle Cost
Authors: Fan Lanxin , Chen Heng , Zhao Shuyuan , Wang Yinan
Published: July 2024

Transmission lines serve as pivotal equipment within the power system. Conductors, the primary medium for power transmission and distribution, directly influence the construction cost, operational performance, and long-term benefits of transmission line projects. This study first provides a detailed introduction to the life cycle cost of transmission lines. It utilizes linear regression analysis, the grey model, and the autoregressive integrated moving average model to forecast the electricity sales benefit and quantify the carbon reduction benefits of energy-saving conductors through a methodology. Through the life cycle cost model, we found that operating costs, particularly energy loss costs, dominate the total expenses, accounting for 65% to 66.2%. The JLHA3-425 scheme offers the lowest life cycle cost of 22,891.66 k$. Comparing economic indicators like ENPV, EIRR, and DPP confirmed that the JLHA3-425 medium-strength aluminum alloy stranded wire emerged as the most economically viable option among the evaluated schemes, holding substantial promise for fostering economic and environmental sustainability in electrical power transmission.
The Feasibility and Diagnostic Adequacy of PD-L1 Expression Analysis Using the Cytoinclusion Technique in Bladder Cancer: A Prospective Single-Center Study
Authors: Di Gianfrancesco Luca , Montagner Isabella Monia , Tormen Debora , Crestani Alessandro , Amodeo Antonio , Corsi Paolo , De Marchi Davide , Miglioranza Eugenio , Lista Giuliana , Simonetti Francesca , Busetto Gian Maria , Maggi Martina , Marino Filippo , Scapinello Antonio , Porreca Angelo
Published: July 2024

Background: Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression has been recognized as a potential biomarker for various cancers, yet its diagnostic and prognostic significance in urothelial bladder cancer (BCa) requires further investigation. Methods: In this prospective single-center study, we aimed to assess the feasibility and diagnostic adequacy of PD-L1 expression analysis using cytoinclusion in BCa patients. We enrolled consecutive patients undergoing endoscopic transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT), repeat TURBT, or robot-assisted radical cystectomy. Urinary and tissue specimens were collected from these patients for cytoinclusion and histopathological analysis to evaluate PD-L1 expression. Results: Out of 29 patients, PD-L1 expression was detected from cytoinclusion in 42.8% (3 out of 7), 10% (1 out of 10), and 66.8% (8 out of 12) of patients with negative/papilloma, low-grade, and high-grade tumors, respectively. Conversely, histopathological analysis identified PD-L1 expression in 57.2% (4 out of 7), 30% (3 out of 10), and 83.3% (10 out of 12) of patients with negative/papilloma, low-grade, and high-grade tumors, respectively. The diagnostic concordance between cytoinclusion and histopathology was 85.7%, 80%, and 83.3% in patients with negative/papilloma, low-grade, and high-grade tumors, respectively. Conclusions: Our study underscores the promise of cytoinclusion as a minimally invasive method for quantifying urinary PD-L1 percentages. This approach could serve as both a potential prognostic and diagnostic indicator, easily obtainable from urine samples. Standardizing this technique could facilitate its widespread use as a valuable tool.
Infections with Klebsiella pneumoniae in Children Undergoing Anticancer Therapy or Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: A Multicenter Nationwide Study
Authors: Sękowska Alicja , Czyżewski Krzysztof , Jaremek Kamila , Zalas-Więcek Patrycja , Zając-Spychała Olga , Wachowiak Jacek , Szmydki-Baran Anna , Hutnik Łukasz , Gietka Agnieszka , Gryniewicz-Kwiatkowska Olga , Dembowska-Bagińska Bożenna , Semczuk Katarzyna , Dzierżanowska-Fangrat Katarzyna , Czogała Wojciech , Balwierz Walentyna , Żak Iwona , Tomaszewska Renata , Szczepański Tomasz , Bień Ewa , Irga-Jaworska Ninela , Machnik Katarzyna , Urbańska-Rakus Justyna , Pająk Sonia , Płonowski Marcin , Krawczuk-Rybak Maryna , Królak Aleksandra , Ociepa Tomasz , Urasiński Tomasz , Wawryków Paweł , Peregud-Pogorzelski Jarosław , Brzeski Tomasz , Mycko Katarzyna , Mańko-Glińska Hanna , Badowska Wanda , Urbanek-Dądela Agnieszka , Karolczyk Grażyna , Stolpa Weronika , Skowron-Kandzia Katarzyna , Mizia-Malarz Agnieszka , Pierlejewski Filip , Młynarski Wojciech , Musiał Jakub , Chaber Radosław , Zawitkowska Joanna , Zaucha-Prażmo Agnieszka , Drabko Katarzyna , Goździk Jolanta , Frączkiewicz Jowita , Salamonowicz-Bodzioch Małgorzata , Kałwak Krzysztof , Styczyński Jan
Published: July 2024

Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae is a nosocomial pathogen that causes severe infections in immunocompromised patients. The aim of the study was to conduct a microbiological and clinical analysis of K. pneumoniae infections in children with malignancies or undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation in Poland. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, multicenter study including children and adolescents under 19 years old treated between 2012 and 2021. We analyzed patients’ characteristics, microbiological data, and the outcomes of antibiotic therapy. Results: A total of 9121 newly diagnosed children were treated for malignancy and 1697 pediatric patients underwent hematopoietic cell transplantation. K. pneumoniae infections were diagnosed in 527 patients. Their overall incidence was 4.86% in pediatric hematology and oncology patients and 4.95% in patients who underwent hematopoietic cell transplantation. The incidence of infection was higher in patients with acute leukemia than with solid tumors (7.8% vs. 4.1%; OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.6–2.4; p < 0.0001). The most frequent source of infection was in the urinary tract at 55.2%. More than 57% of K. pneumoniae strains were extended-spectrum β-lactamase-positive and almost 34% were multidrug-resistant. Infections with K. pneumoniae contributed to death in 3.22% of patients. Conclusions: K. pneumoniae is one of the most critical pathogens in children suffering from malignancies or undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation. The incidence of multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae strains is increasing and contributing to poor clinical outcome.
Comparative Analysis of Serum Amino Acid Profiles in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis and Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Kośliński Piotr , Rzepiński Łukasz , Koba Marcin , Maciejek Zdzisław , Kowalewski Mariusz , Daghir-Wojtkowiak Emilia
Published: July 2024

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) and myasthenia gravis (MG) are autoimmune diseases that attack the central nervous system (CNS) and the neuromuscular junction, respectively. As the common pathogenesis of both diseases is associated with an autoimmune background and the involvement of T and B lymphocytes, the overlapping of selected clinical symptoms may cause difficulties in the differential diagnosis of both diseases. Methods: The aim of the study was to use Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Ionization–Mass Spectrometry (LC–ESI–MS/MS) in conjunction with multivariate statistical analyses to examine the changes in amino acid metabolic profiles between patients with MG, MS, and a control group. Results: Comparative analysis of amino acids (AA) between patients with MG, MS, and within the control group allowed for the identification of statistically significant differences in the amino acid profile. Comparing the patients (patients with MS and MG) with the control group, and after taking the results of multiple tests into account, it was observed that amino acids such as ARG, PRO, TRP, CIT were significantly different between the groups. When considering the comparison between the AA concentrations in MS and MG patients, we found three AAs that were significantly different in the MS and MG groups, after correcting for multiple testing (CIT, GABA, and AAA). Higher concentrations of amino acids that showed significant differences were observed in patients with myasthenia gravis. Conclusions: Our results have indicated AAs that may prove valuable for improving the diagnostics of MS and MG patients. To better assess the potential utility of these markers, their performance requires further validation in a larger study group and limitation of possible confounding factors, e.g., medications and diet.
Combined Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction Results in Better Knee Stability and More Satisfactory Subjective Outcomes in Non-Athlete Patients Undergoing Revision Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Jung Se-Han , Park Ji-Soo , Jung Min , Chung Kwangho , Ha Tae-Ho , Choi Chong Hyuk , Kim Sung-Hwan
Published: July 2024

Background: Consensus has not yet been reached regarding combined anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ALLR) with revisional anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (RACLR). We aimed to compare the clinical outcomes between patients who underwent isolated RACLR and those who underwent RACLR combined with ALLR. Methods: Between June 2010 and June 2021, 49 patients who underwent RACLR were retrospectively reviewed over a 24-month follow-up. Patients were categorized into the isolated RACLR (n = 37, group 1) or combined ALLR group (n = 12, group 2). Clinical outcomes were evaluated with several patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) and minimal clinically important differences (MCIDs) for each PROM. The side-to-side difference (SSD) of the anterior instability was measured. The pivot-shift test was performed. Results: Baseline characteristics showed no differences between the groups. PROMs showed no significant differences between the groups at the 2-year follow-up. Group 2 was superior to group 1 in the MCID achievement rate for Lysholm knee and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective scores at 24 months postoperatively. At the final follow-up, the proportion of IKDC grade A in SSD for anterior laxity was higher in group 2 than in group 1 (58.3% versus [vs.] 18.3%, p = 0.009), and the proportion of pivot-shift grade 0 was also higher in group 2 (66.7% vs. 27.0%, p = 0.013). The “near return to activity” rate was also higher in group 2 than in group 1 (83.3% vs. 45.9%, p = 0.043). Conclusions: Combining ALLR with RACLR in non-athletes results in a higher proportion of patients with less mechanical graft failure and satisfactory clinical outcomes.
Myocardial Work Indices in Patients Recently Recovered from Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19
Authors: Dankowski Rafał , Sacharczuk Wioletta , Fedorowicz Julita , Małek-Elikowska Małgorzata , Ożegowski Stefan , Baszko Artur
Published: July 2024

Background/Objectives: Persistent cardiovascular issues are common in COVID-19 survivors, making the detection of subtle myocardial injuries critical. This study evaluates myocardial work (MW) indices in patients recently recovering from mild-to-moderate COVID-19. Methods: A total of 105 recently recovered COVID-19 patients (who had a mean age of 52 years) underwent comprehensive laboratory testing and advanced echocardiographic assessments. The median time since their COVID-19 infections was 56 days (IQR: 42–71). The cohort was stratified based on high-sensitive troponin I (hs-TnI) levels: undetectable versus detectable. The echocardiographic analysis utilized pressure-strain loops to evaluate MW indices. Results: Detectable hs-TnI levels were observed in 42% of patients. The median values of MW indices for the entire group were slightly below normal values: global work index (GWI)—1834 mmHg% (IQR 1168–2054 mmHg%), global constructive work (GCW)—2130 mmHg% (IQR 2010–2398 mmHg%), global wasted work (GWW)—119 mmHg% (IQR 78–175 mmHg%), and global work efficiency (GWE)—94% (IQR 92–96%). Patients with detectable hs-TnI had higher GWW (168 vs. 97 mmHg%, p < 0.005) and lower GWE (93% vs. 95%, p < 0.005). In multiple regression analysis, strain dispersion (PSD) was the sole predictor for GWW (β = 0.67, p < 0.001), while for GWE, PSD (β = −0.67, p < 0.001) and LVEF (β = 0.16, p = 0.05) were significant predictors. Conclusions: Among patients recently recovering from mild-to-moderate COVID-19, elevated hs-TnI levels are linked with a reduction in GWE and an increase in GWW. PSD is an important predictor of myocardial inefficiency and wasted work. In this group, disruptions in the timing and coordination of cardiac muscle contractions may play a key pathophysiological role in reducing the efficiency of the heart’s performance.
An Arduino-Powered Device for the Study of White Perception beyond the Visual Chromatic Critical Flicker Fusion Frequency
Authors: Ávila Francisco J.
Published: July 2024

Arduino microcontrollers are used for a wide range of technological and biomedical applications, such as image classification, computer vision, brain–computer interaction and vision experiments. Here, we present a new cost-effective mini-device based on RGB LED flicker stimulation for the assessment of the chromatic temporal resolution of the visual function based on the concept of critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF). The assembly of the device and its testing in thirty young subjects demonstrate the steady white visual perception of a trichromatic flicker stimulus (mixture of red, green and blue stimuli) beyond the CFF. Macular function as measured by photo-stress recovery time (PRT) was found to be independent of the CFF measurements for red, green and blue lights. However, a statistical correlation was found between the contrast modulation for CFF for red and green stimuli and PRT. Finally, wavefront measurements demonstrate that high-order aberrations improve the temporal resolution of the visual function.
The Usage of Twitter (Now 𝕏) Amplifiers in the European Elections of 2019
Authors: Voulgari Thomai , Angelidis Alexandros K. , Bratsas Charalampos , Kotsakis Rigas , Veglis Andreas , Skamnakis Antonis
Published: July 2024

The aim of this study is to investigate how amplifiers are used in Twitter (now called “X”) during election campaigns. Specifically, the main purpose is to identify the role and engagement of Twitter amplifiers in the 2019 European elections, the visibility of political parties and leaders, and the way in which automated tools are used to manipulate public opinion by influencing voting decisions. The countries considered in the study are two economic powers of Western Europe, France and Germany, as well as two countries of the European South, which are affected by the economic and financial crisis, Greece and Italy. The countries from Southern Europe were included in the sample as they are often used by mass media as political campaign tools. This paper emphasizes the Twitter platform through which the data collection was implemented using the official API of the social networking tool, focusing on the 2019 European elections. We collected data on 88 party leaders and MEP candidates between 10 May and 30 May 2019, as well as on 44,651 accounts that retweeted them. We concluded using 237,813 election-related tweets and used network theory to analyze and visualize the data. The results demonstrate that all political parties use amplifiers to promote their tweets, and some use the same amplifiers between different countries.
Integrated Eye-Tracking Response Surface Analysis to Optimize the Design of Garden Landscapes
Authors: Wang Xinman , Che Baoqi , Lou Qi , Zhu Rong
Published: July 2024

Gardens not only provide people with a place for leisure and relaxation, they also contribute to improving urban ecological environments and promoting social interactions and cohesion. Additionally, from a psychological perspective, gardens play a role in alleviating stress, enhancing happiness, and improving the quality of life. Current research on gardens has primarily employed methods such as questionnaire surveys, environmental psychology analyses, and eye-tracking analyses; however, comprehensive studies on the relationships between multiple factors and levels in garden designs are lacking. Here, we propose a response surface analysis approach based on eye-tracking technology for the design and optimization of gardens. Firstly, the impacts of different garden elements on visitors’ psychology and fixation counts were analyzed using environmental psychology and eye-tracking analyses. Subsequently, the optimal range of each garden feature was determined through single-factor experiments, followed by response surface analysis to obtain the optimal value for each element. The results revealed that changes in garden elements such as the greenery ratio, number of buildings, and water saturation significantly affected visitors’ psychology. The greenery ratio had a greater impact than the number of buildings, which in turn had a greater impact than water saturation. This study is the first to analyze the relationships between multiple garden elements. A strong relationship was found between the greenery ratio and the number of buildings, as well as between the number of buildings and water saturation, while the relationship between the greenery ratio and water saturation was weaker. This approach can not only optimize garden designs but can also be widely applied in fields such as urban planning and public space transformation to enhance visitors’ comfort and satisfaction with the environment and promote sustainable urban development.
Correction: Li et al. Optimizing Soil Health and Sorghum Productivity through Crop Rotation with Quinoa. Life 2024, 14, 745
Authors: Li Guang , Ren Aixia , Anwar Sumera , Shi Lijuan , Bai Wenbin , Zhang Yali , Gao Zhiqiang
Published: July 2024

The author Wenbin Bai has been changed to the second corresponding author [...]
Design and Implementation of a Deep Learning Model and Stochastic Model for the Forecasting of the Monthly Lake Water Level
Authors: Al-Nuaami Waleed , Dawod Lamiaa , Kibria B. , Ghorbani Shahryar
Published: July 2024

Freshwater is becoming increasingly vulnerable to pollution due to both climate change and an escalation in water consumption. The management of water resource systems relies heavily on accurately predicting fluctuations in lake water levels. In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN), a deep learning (DL) neural network model, and an autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model were employed for the water level forecasting of the St. Clair and Ontario Lakes from 1981 to 2021. To develop the models, we utilized the average mutual information and incorporated lag periods of up to 6 months to identify the optimal inputs for the water level assessment in the lakes. The results were compared in terms of the root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of correlation (r), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and graphical criteria. Upon evaluating the results, it was observed that the error values for the deep learning models were insignificant at the designated stations: Lake St. Clair—0.16606 m < RMSE < 1.0467 m and Lake Ontario—0.0211 m < RMSE < 0.7436 m. The developed deep learning model increased the accuracy of the models by 5% and 3.5% for Lake St. Clair and Lake Ontario, respectively. Moreover, the violin plot of the deep learning model for each lake was most similar to the violin plot of the observed data. Hence, the deep learning model outperformed the ANN and ARIMA model in each lake.
Impact of Installation Deviations on the Dynamic Characteristics of the Shaft System for 1 Gigawatt Hydro-Generator Unit
Authors: Song Gangyun , Huang Xingxing , Li Haijun , Wang Zhengwei , Wang Dong
Published: July 2024

The shaft system, transferring the kinetic energy of water flow into electrical energy, is the most critical component in hydropower plants. Installation deviations of the shaft system for a giant hydro-generator unit can have significant impacts on its dynamic characteristics and overall performance. In this investigation, a three-dimensional geometry of the shaft system of an operating hydro-generator unit prototype with a rated power of 1 GW is established. Then, the calculation model of the shaft system is generated accordingly with tetrahedral and hexahedral elements. By applying different boundary conditions, the finite-element method is used to analyze the influences of installation deviations, including shaft radial misalignment and angular misalignment, on the dynamic characteristics of the shaft system. The calculation results reveal that the installation deviations change the natural frequencies, critical speeds, and mode shapes of the shaft system to a certain degree. The natural frequencies of the backward precession motion with installation deviations are reduced by 23% and 38% for the rated speed and the maximum runaway speed. Furthermore, for the forward precession motion, they increased by 30% and 48%, respectively. The critical speeds for the shaft system with radial and angular deviations are 3.2% and 3% larger than the critical speed of the shaft system without any mounting deviations. The radial and angular installation deviations below the maximum permissible values will not result in the structural performance degradation of the 1 GW hydro-generator shaft system. The conclusion drawn in this research can be used as a valuable reference for installing other rotating machinery.
Efficacy of Alirocumab, Evolocumab, and Inclisiran in Patients with Hypercholesterolemia at Increased Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Rajtar-Salwa Renata , Bobrowska Beata , Socha Sylwia , Dziewierz Artur , Siudak Zbigniew , Batko Jakub , Bartuś Stanisław , Krawczyk-Ożóg Agata
Published: July 2024

Background and Objectives: Lowering low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) levels is critical for preventing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, yet some patients fail to reach the LDL-C targets despite available intensive lipid-lowering therapies. This study assessed the effectiveness and safety profile of alirocumab, evolocumab, and inclisiran in lipid reduction. Materials and Methods: A cohort of 51 patients (median (Q1–Q3) age: 49.0 (39.5–57.5) years) was analyzed. Eligibility included an LDL-C level > 2.5 mmol/L while on the maximum tolerated dose of statin and ezetimibe, a diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia, or a very high risk of cardiovascular diseases following myocardial infarction within 12 months prior to the study. Follow-ups and lab assessments were conducted at baseline (51 patients), 3 months (51 patients), and 15 months (26 patients) after the treatment initiation. Results: Median initial LDL-C levels 4.1 (2.9–5.0) mmol/L, decreasing significantly to 1.1 (0.9–1.6) mmol/L at 3 months and 1.0 (0.7–1.8) mmol/L at 15 months (p < 0.001). Total cholesterol also reduced significantly compared to baseline at both intervals (p < 0.001). No substantial differences in LDL-C or total cholesterol levels were observed between 3- and 15-month observations (p > 0.05). No statistically significant differences were noted in cholesterol reduction among the alirocumab, evolocumab, and inclisiran groups at 3 months. The safety profile was favorable, with no reported adverse cardiovascular events or significant changes in alanine transaminase, creatinine, or creatine kinase levels. Conclusions: Alirocumab, evolocumab, and inclisiran notably decreased LDL-C and total cholesterol levels without significant adverse effects, underscoring their potential as effective treatments in patients who do not achieve lipid targets with conventional therapies.
Aspirin–Fisetin Combinatorial Treatment Exerts Cytotoxic and Anti-Migratory Activities in A375 Malignant Melanoma Cells
Authors: Iftode Claudia , Minda Daliana , Draghici George , Geamantan Andreea , Ursoniu Sorin , Enatescu Ileana
Published: July 2024

Background and Objectives: Malignant melanoma (MM) remains one of the most aggressive cancers worldwide, presenting a limited number of therapeutic options at present. Aspirin (ASA), a broadly used non-steroid anti-inflammatory medicine, has recently emerged as a candidate for repurposing in cancer management, due to its therapeutic potential in the treatment of several neoplasms which include MM. Fisetin (FIS) is a flavonoid phytoestrogen instilled with multispectral pharmacological activities, including a potent anti-melanoma property. The present study aimed to assess the potential improved anti-neoplastic effect resulting from the association of ASA and FIS for MM therapy. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using the A375 cell line as an experimental model for MM. Cell viability was assessed via the MTT test. Cell morphology and confluence were evaluated using bright-field microscopy. The aspect of cell nuclei and tubulin fibers was observed through immunofluorescence staining. The irritant potential and the anti-angiogenic effect were determined on the chorioallantoic membrane of chicken fertilized eggs. Results: The main findings related herein demonstrated that the ASA 2.5 mM + FIS (5, 10, 15, and 20 µM) combination exerted a higher cytotoxicity in A375 MM cells compared to the individual compounds, which was outlined by the concentration-dependent and massive reduction in cell viability, loss of cell confluence, cell shrinkage and rounding, apoptotic-like nuclear features, constriction and disruption of tubulin filaments, increased apoptotic index, and suppressed migratory ability. ASA 2.5 mM + FIS 20 µM treatment lacked irritant potential on the chorioallantoic membrane and inhibited blood-vessel formation in ovo. Conclusion: These results stand as one of the first contributions presenting the anti-melanoma effect of the ASA + FIS combinatorial treatment.
Effect of Scanning Strategy on Microstructure Evolution and Stress Control in Laser Cladding Repair of Ti6Al4V Alloy
Authors: Liu Zhoucheng , Ji Jinsheng , Wang Qiang , Guan Xiaohu , Wang Leilei , Zhan Xiaohong
Published: July 2024

Laser cladding provides a cost-effective and high-quality solution for repairing aircraft engines. A finite element model was developed in this study to simulate and analyze the stress distribution during the cladding of a complex curved groove structure made of Ti6Al4V. The mechanism underlying the microstructure at the interface was revealed. The stress concentration locations in the curved groove structure are located at the intersection of the cladding layer and sidewall, as well as at both ends of the cladding layer and the groove bottom. By applying reverse swing scanning, a more consistent distribution of stress fields can be obtained. Optimizing the scanning strategy reduced the maximum stress in the repair layer from 717 MPa to 711 MPa. The experimental stress distribution data are in good agreement with the computational results. The cladding layer undergoes changes in heat cycling and nucleation conditions, leading to the formation of alternating columnar and equiaxed grain morphologies.
Influence of Surface State on the Corrosion Behavior of Si-Reinforced F/M Steels under Solid-Phase Oxygen-Controlled Static Liquid LBE Environment
Authors: Liu Yuchen , Qin Bo , Fu Xiaogang , Long Bin
Published: July 2024

Since F/M steel is one of the leading candidate materials for the lead-cooled fast reactor (LFR), its compatibility with the liquid LBE environment is an essential issue before application. One major way to improve LBE corrosion resistance is to control the oxygen concertation in liquid LBE for the growth of a stable, protective oxide layer on the surface of the structure material. However, the influence of the surface state on corrosion behavior is a more realistic issue when it comes to practical applications. In this study, the corrosion behavior of Si-reinforced 9Cr and 11Cr F/M steels with different surface states was investigated by a static liquid LBE corrosion test under solid-phase oxygen-controlled conditions. The result showed that at 550 °C, the coarse surface state caused dissolution behavior at the initial stage of corrosion, while the fine surface state formed the oxide layer. Moreover, at 610 °C, Si-reinforced 11Cr F/M steel shows better liquid LBE corrosion resistance due to its thinner oxide layer formation.