bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LAW, HYDROLOGY, AND SURFACE‐WATER SUPPLY IN THE UPPER COLORADO RIVER BASIN1
Authors: Jacoby Gordon C. , Weatherford Gary D. , Wegner Judith W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Law and hydrology are inextricably woven together in the pattern of water resource development in the west. The former attempts to allocate a limited and valuable resource as the latter tries to define the limits of the resource. In the past an inadequate data base has made hydrologic estimates difficult and political factors have pushed the law into possibly conflicting commitments in the Colorado River Basin.

Through the use of tree‐ring research, hydrologists have produced a more definitive data base and placed water allocations such as the Colorado River Compact of 1922 in a clearer long‐term perspective. This data base leads to the conclusion that the surface‐water supply is about 13.5 million acre‐feet per year. This hydrologic limit must be apportioned within an existing legal framework ‐ the “Law of the River.” As development approaches the resource limit in the Upper Colorado River Basin, lawyers and hydrologists must act in concert toward the equitable solution of allocation and reallocation problems.
OWNERSHIP AND WATER SYSTEM OPERATION1
Authors: Mann Patrick C. , Mikesell John L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Two types of organizational systems provide most of the water service in the United States. The investor‐owned firm operates on a profit basis generally subject to state commission regulation. The government‐owned firm is generally confronted by local control. The comparative efficiency of private versus government firm provision of water services is essentially an empirical issue. Unit costs and other operating statistics are examined for water firms of each ownership form. The analysis shows that private firms tend to have higher operation costs than do government firms, possibly attributable to wage‐salary differentials. The analysis also indicates that capital investment in large government firms may result in diseconomies. The analysis creates serious doubt as to whether efficient provision of water services can be better facilitated by large mergers of either ownership form.
CONSERVATIONAL WATER PRICING FOR INCREASED WATER SUPPLY BENEFITS1
Authors: Carey D. I. , Haan C. T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A study was undertaken to see if benefits from water supply could be increased by utilizing price‐usage information in reservoir design studies. Three pricing policies were examined. The first policy assumed no price‐use relationship, and quantity demanded was based on existing community usage with a low water rate. The price of water was set to recover system costs. A price‐use relationship was assumed in the second policy and the water rate was constant. The price of water was determined from the associated system which provided maximum expected net benefits. The third policy assumed the price‐use relationship and the price charged for water during each billing period was a non‐linear function of storage which increased as the amount of water in storage at the beginning of the period decreased.

It was found that the use of the conservation pricing policies substantially reduced storage requirements while providing demonstrable net benefits to the community and a large average supply. The conservation pricing policies substantially lowered the average price paid for water. The effect of uncertainty in consumer response to changes in price was studied by using a probabilistic price‐use relationship. This uncertainty did not significantly reduce the effectiveness of the conservation policy. It was concluded that demand management by the use of a proper pricing policy could significantly increase net water supply benefits to a community.
AGRICULTURAL LEGISLATION'S POTENTIAL IN REDUCING DISCHARGE OF POLLUTANTS1
Authors: Gambell Ernest L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Agricultural lands (including most forest lands) make up almost four‐fifths of the total land area of the United States and include, or are traversed by, perhaps an equal proportion of our ground and surface waters. Therefore, a very large part of our environment is directly “agriculture‐related” in any consideration of the discharge of pollutants.

Several important Federal and State laws relate to the control or abatement of agriculture‐related pollution. Existing legislation generally mandates the control or abatement of pollution (from point or nonpoint sources) or authorizes the use use of public funds or other resources for such purposes. Some of these laws can be effective instruments in keeping pollutants from being discharged into surface or ground waters or into the air, but the degree to which some pollutants originating from agricultural lands and operations constitute a serious environmental hazard in waters remains controversial.

Although most of the technology exists to reduce greatly the movement of these pollutants, investments are often required which benefit the nonfarm public without economic returns to the farmer. Whether a zero discharge is either an environmentally or economically feasible alternative to more limited or selective control, is explored. However, if the public is willing to bear its reasonable share of the cost for clean air and water, the needed basic legislation already largely exists. Under it, agricultural land holders may apply program standards and use their own and available program resources to bring about effective control or abatement of pollutants.
MICRO‐RELIEF SURFACE DEPRESSION STORAGE: ANALYSIS OF MODELS TO DESCRIBE THE DEPTH‐STORAGE FUNCTION1
Authors: Mitchell J. Kent , Jones Benjamin A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Micro‐relief surface depression storage is one of the components of the rainfall‐runoff process. The quantification of surface depression storage values and a depth‐storage model to describe the storage was the subject of this study. Point measurement data were collected on 258 surfaces of 5 soils and three artificial surfaces. Five methods of computing storage, 15 depth‐storage models, two depth increments, and six grid spacings were investigated. The 1‐inch grid computational method, 0.1‐inch depth increment, and 1‐inch grid spacings were recommended. The surface depression storage function is best described by the model S = aDb, which relates surface depression storage as a function of depth with two equation parameters. Equations for describing the surface depression storage model parameters have been developed.
NITROGEN CONTENT AND ACIDITY OF RAIN ON THE GEORGIA COAST1
Authors: Haines Evelyn B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Since nitrogen is a nutrient frequently in short supply in coastal ecosystems, an estimate of the nitrogen input via rain was made for the Georgia coast. Water samples collected in 34 separate storms during a 12 month period were analysed for concentrations of ammonia, nitrate plus nitrite, and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON). The range and average concentration in micromoles of nitrogen per liter was 0.0 to 137 (6.3) for ammonia, 1.0 to 21 (7.9) for nitrate plus nitrite, and 0.0 to 13.6 (4.0) for DON. DON, not usually measured in rain, comprised up to 62% of the total nitrogen content. The annual amount of nitrogen contributed by rain to the coast was about 0.3 g N/m2. This value is a small fraction of the calculated nitrogen requirements of coastal plants. More than half the rain samples had pH values less than the CO2 equilibrium pH of 5.6. Values as low as 4.2 were in the range of pH values reported for acid rain in Europe and the northeastern U.S. Total titratable acidity was measured for 12 summer rainwater samples. The results fox 7 individual storms showed a highly linear relation between hydrogen ion concentration and total acidity. However, the elope of the regression line indicated that increases in acidity were not a result of addition of strong acid alone.
AN APPLICATION OF COMPUTER GRAPHICS TO ANALYSIS OF EXTREMES1
Authors: Burkhardt Glenn , Prakash Anand
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A convenient method for the statistical analysis of hydrologic extremes is to use probability papers to fit selected theoretical distributions to extremal observations. Three commonly accepted statistical distributions of extreme hydrologic events are: the double exponential distribution, the bounded exponential distribution, and the Log Pearson Type III distribution. In most cases, probability papers are distribution specific. But, for the Log Pearson Type III distribution, the probability paper is characterized by a population‐specific parameter, namely, the coefficient of skewness. It is not practicable to procure probability papers for all possible values of this parameter. Therefore, a computer program is developed to generate population‐specific probability papers and to perform statistical analysis of the data using computer graphics. Probability papers covering return periods up to 1000 years or more are generated for the three distributions mentioned above. Using a plot routine, available extremal observations are plotted on selected probability papers and a linear regression analysis is used to fit a straight line to the data. Predictions of hydrologic extremes for higher recurrence intervals can be made by extrapolating the fitted straight lines.
THE EFFECT OF SALT ON SMALL, ARTIFICIAL LAKES1
Authors: Cherkauer Douglas S. , Ostenso Nile A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Northridge Lakes, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, receive runoff from a 3.8 square kilometer drainage area. Almost 30% of the watershed is covered by shopping centers, apartment buildings, and roadways. Deicing agents used on the paved areas, primarily NaCl with some CaCl2, dissolved in surface runoff and entered the lakes during the winter season. This highly saline inflow was denser than the receiving lake water and formed a saline‐water stratum at the lakes' bottom. The salinity stratification remained stable until the spring thaw when a rapid decay began. After the stratification had disappeared, the lakes continued to act as a storage site for dissolved salts. Chloride concentrations in the lakes remained well above the levels found in natural lakes until the advent of the next salting season. Furthermore, outflow from the lakes also showed abnormally high salt concentrations year‐round.
SOME EFFECTS OF ACIDIFIED WATER ON THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF ROACH (Rutilus rutilus L.) AND PERCH (Perca fluviatilis L.)1
Authors: Johansson Niklas , Milbrink Göran
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Fertilized eggs of perch (Perca fluviatilus L.) and roach (Rutilus rutilus L.) were reared at different pH values both in the field and in the laboratory. The results from the laboratory tests revealed that both species showed at least a 50% decrease in their hatching frequencies when reared at pH values below 5.6. At pH values below 4.6 both species studied show an almost complete lack of reproduction. The field studies with eggs from different lakes indicated that there might be an adaptation, manifesting itself as a higher frequency of hatching in water with a composition similar to that of the natural habitat. Field experiments also showed that the roach is more sensitive than perch to low pH values.
USE OF STATE ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES IN WATER RESOURCE SYSTEM MODELING1
Authors: Lettenmaier Dennis P. , Burges Stephen J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. A relatively straightforward illustration of the potential uses of State Estimation techniques in water resources modeling is given. Background theory for Linear and Extended Kalman Filters is given; application of the filter techniques to modeling BOD and oxygen deficit in a stream illustrates the importance of model conceptualization, model completeness, uncertainty in model dynamics and incorporation of measurements and measurement errors. Potential applications of state estimation techniques to measurement system design; model building, assessment and calibration; and data extension are explored.
NONPARAMETRIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF ANNUAL PEAK FLOW DATA FROM A RECENTLY URBANIZED WATERSHED1
Authors: Lazaro Timothy R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. In order to demonstrate the feasibility of a nonparametric statistical application in investigating the hydrologic impact of the rapid land use change accompanying intense urbanization, annual maximum peak flow data from an actual example (the Northeast Branch Basin, a recently urbanized Washington, D.C., suburban watershed) were analyzed. Annual peak flow data from the Patuxent Basin above Unity, Maryland, a rural watershed in close proximity to the study area, were compared to data from the Northeast Branch for the Same period utilizing the Wilcoxon matched‐pairs signed‐ranks test. A change in central tendency of each series was noted at the 0.01 significance level; however, the change was negative in the rural basin and positive in the urbanized Northeast Branch Basin. This central tendency change was considered indicative of an average decrease in the size of rainstorms producing annual maximum peak discharges. Rainstorm data from the Northeast Branch Basin were divided into two equal periods (before urbanization and after) and the Wilcoxon test was applied. It was found that rainstorms producing maximum annual peak discharges in the urbanized period were indeed smaller than those in the prior period (0.01 level of significance); however, larger annual peaks were produced. It was concluded that nonparametric statistical methods can be used readily with conventional methods to isolate and clearly analyze the various problems in an actual urban hydrologic study.
AN OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUE ADAPTED TO USDAHL‐74 REVISED MODEL OF WATERSHED HYDROLOGY1
Authors: Comer George H. , Henson W. H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. A direct search optimization routine has been added to USDAHL‐74 Revised Model of Watershed Hydrology. It provides an objective method to determine values of selected parameters to give the optimum match between observed and computed hydrologic data. Examination of intermediate results also gives information on the sensitivity of the model to changes in the parameter being optimized.
TRANSIENT WATER QUALITY MODELING IN STREAMS1
Authors: Willis Robert , Anderson Donald R. , Dracup John A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. A general planning model for simulation of water quality in streams and canals is formulated and verified. The model simulates the temporal and spatial variations in conservative and nonconservative constituents. The nitrogen cycle and its interaction with other nutrients and the dissolved oxygen resources of the stream are included. A fully implicit finite difference approximation is used to solve the mass transport equations describing variations in constituent concentrations throughout the stream systems.

The model is applied to the Truckee River in northern California. Results indicate the applicability of the model for assessing the impact of alternative water quality management strategies on the stream system.
STATUS REPORT ON HEAT STORAGE WELLS1
Authors: Meyer Charles F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The Heat Storage Well concept evolved at TEMPO in 1972. Technical, economic, institutional, and legal aspects of implementing the concept are being studied. Heat Storage Wells offer the possibility of conserving a substantial part of the heat energy now wasted in generating electricity and of reducing thermal pollution caused by the waste heat. Large thermal electric power plants would produce heat at useful temperatures such as 300–400°F. Combined electric‐ and heat‐generating systems will require low‐cost, low‐loss storage of large amounts of hot water for periods of 90 to 180 days to serve both electric loads and seasonally‐varying heat loads. Compared to conventional electricity‐only systems, combined electricity‐heat systems can save more than 20 percent in energy, reduce the cost of both electricity and heat, and eliminate the need for cooling water or towers. Possibilities for changes in legal and institutional practices are suggested, such as making resource‐allocation decisions on the basis of energy units rather than dollars.
PROBLEMS IN FORECASTING WATER REQUIREMENTS1
Authors: Domokos Miklos , Weber Jean , Duckstein Lucien
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT.Methodological problems associated with forecasting water requirements by use of regression analysis are examined. Problems occurring when long‐range forecasts are based on linear and nonlinear extrapolation of time series models include possible changes in socioeconomic conditions, water allocation system structure, and limits to growth. Problems arising in forecasting based on multiple regression models are likely to involve serially dependent errors, multicollinear explanatory variables, and difficulties inherent to the presence of explanatory variables that must themselves be predicted.
ROLE OF CARBONATE ROCKS IN MODIFYING FLOOD FLOW BEHAVIOR1
Authors: White Elizabeth L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The interrelationships between the runoff characteristics of watersheds (expressed as the mean annual flood), standard basin parameters (area, drainage properties, and relief), and the parameters which describe the solutional modification of the basins (carbonate rock fractions, sinkhole development, and measures of internal drainage) were used to group 62 carbonate watersheds. Simple binary correlations were obtained by direct plotting of the data. This was followed by multivariate analyses: factor and cluster analyses. Following the cluster analysis, which separated the basins into three groups, the variance within each group was examined again by binary correlations and by factor analysis. Prediction equations for those basins underlain by dolomite rock [QBAR = 12.4 TOT1.01] and for those basins underlain by carbonate rock with very little surface expression [QBAR = 43.5 TOT0.87] were proposed. Basins underlain by karstic limestone had a large amount of variance within the data set; therefore no prediction equation could be obtained. (QBAR = mean annual flood, cfs; TOT = total length of all blue lines shown on topographic maps, miles.)
SHALLOW AQUIFERS RELATIVE TO SURFACE WATER, LOWER NORTH PLATTE RIVER VALLEY, WYOMING1
Authors: Herrmann Raymond
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The occurrence of ground water in the lower North Platte Valley, Goshen County, Wyoming, was studied to determine safe yield within the alluvial aquifer under varying discharge and recharge conditions. The alluvium of the North Platte is extensively developed for irrigation purposes and the effects of large‐scale pumpage are of major concern. Actual withdrawals are estimated to be 46,000 acre‐feet. Should pumping reach potentially higher levels an overdraft is expected. Effect of ground water withdrawals are established from projections of the flow regime within the alluvial aquifer. A time dependent, numerical model was employed to predict aquifer response to increased withdrawals. The results suggest that more efficient use of surface waters and/or increased use of ground water will reduce the annual subsurface return flow to the North Platte River and its tributaries by an amount equal to the reduced ground water recharge increment. Alternatives are available for management of the lower North Platte alluvial aquifer. The preferred course is to correlate surface and subsurface water rights, in light of convenience, economics, and best means of storage for maximum utilization of the single water resource.
UNIT HYDROGRAPHS – A COMPARATIVE STUDY1
Authors: Singh Krishan P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Unit hydrographs derived by using two methods, linear programming and least squares, are compared. Test data comprise rainfall and runoff information from four storms over the North Branch Potomac River near Cumberland, Maryland. The mathematical bases of these methods for unit‐hydrograph derivation are explained. The linear programming method minimizes the sum of absolute deviations, and the least squares method minimizes the sum of the squares of deviations. Computer subroutines are readily available for application of these methods. The unit hydrographs derived with the two methods are practically the same for storms 2 and 3, but differ somewhat for storms 1 and 4. However, the reconstituted direct surface runoff hydrographs are similar to those observed with the exception of the hydrograph for storm 4 which had a relatively more non‐uniform rainfall excess of a considerably larger duration.
PUBLIC HEALTH ASPECT OF TROPICAL WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT1
Authors: Egbuniwe Nnamdi
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The Governments of Nigeria have planned to build 395 dams in the next five years. Such water resources development may increase the incidence of Schistosomiasis, Malaria, Onchocerciasis, and Trypanosomiasis. Adequate measures should be taken to minimize adverse effects of the projects on the public health.
AN EXPLORATORY SURVEY AND ANALYSIS OF SAILING IN GALVESTON BAY, TEXAS1
Authors: Jarman Richard , Ditton Robert B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Participation in sailing has increased dramatically over the past fifteen years. During some periods the growth in sailing participation has actually exceeded that of other forms of recreational boating. Although increased sailing activity has exerted pressure for policy and facility development, our understanding of sailing is limited. The lack of baseline information systems may be a major reason for the absence of sailing research efforts. The purpose of this paper is to describe the findings of an exploratory survey of sailing in Galveston Bay, Texas. Included are findings on the descriptive characteristics, boat ownership, sailing experience, extent and nature of sailing participation and geographic patterns of sailing of a group of sailing participants in Galveston Bay. Although exploratory in nature, this survey provides an increased understanding of sailing activities as well as difficulties involved in obtaining data.
A REVIEW ON DECISION MODELS IN ECONOMICS OF REGIONAL WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Bundgaard‐Nielsen M. , Hwang C. L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The literature on decision models in economics of regional water quality management is reviewed and classified.
ON THE CAPACITY‐EXPANSION OF DESALINATION PLANTS AND STORAGE TANKS1
Authors: Rajhi Hamad N. , Marino Miguel A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A mathematical programming model is structured to find the optimal time and capacity expansion path of desalination plants and storage tanks for a hypothetical community which depends on desalination as its sole, or major, water supply source. The objective is to determine the least costly combination of sues and times of installation (of both desalting plants and storage tanks) which can meet a rising water demand over a finite planning horizon. The optimality criterion used in the model is based on two major economic elements: the economies of scale inherent in such facilities and the time‐value of money represented by the interest rate, the former favoring large capacities and the latter small capacities. The model is applied using three population growth patterns and two interest rates. The water demand components for every year in the planning period are computed using empirical formulas which are based on population and other basic data. The model is solved for each of the above cases with the aid of a computer program based on the method of feasible conjugate directions. The results clearly reflect the balance between the economies of scale and the time‐value of money under every demand growth function.
A COMPARISON OF PHOSPHORUS AND WATER CONTRIBUTIONS BY SNOWFALL AND RAIN IN NORTHEAST OHIO1
Authors: McComas Murray R. , Cooke G. Dennis , Kennedy Robert H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A record snowfall of 55.8 centimeters occurred on December 1 and 2, 1974 in Portage County, Ohio. An early winter thaw melted the greater part of the snow by December 22, 1974, and a two‐day rain fell from December 23 to December 25. These weather events provided an opportunity to compare snowmelt and rainfall contribution to runoff and phosphorus loading to the Twin Lakes Watershed. Phosphorus concentrations of the snow and rain were determined. Six lake inflows and two lake outflows were measured daily for volume and phosphorus concentration.

The snow added 217,000 cubic meters of water and 2.2 kilograms of total phosphorus to the watershed. The rain added 74,000 cubic meters of water and 1.6 kilograms of total phosphorus. Total water discharge from the watershed during December was 244,537 cubic meters and total phosphorus output was 20.3 kilograms. The snow provided 49.9% of the discharge and 8% of the phosphorus whereas the rainfall contributed 28% of the discharge and 6% of the phosphorus. These results indicate that while snow is a significant source of water, it is not a large source of phosphorus. The greatest contribution of phosphorus comes from fine sediment carried by storm runoff.
COST FUNCTIONS FOR ADDITIONAL GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT1
Authors: Maddock Thomas
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Cost functions are determined which will allow compensation to existing users of ground water when new users require rights. These functions are dependent on the additional energy cost to existing users. The costs produced by these functions can be significant when large quantities of water are required.
AN LP‐10 MODEL FOR COORDINATING MULTI‐GROUP INPUTS IN RESOURCE PLANNING1
Authors: Liang Tung
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A model for guiding public as well as multi‐discipline inputs about the development of water and related natural resources has been developed. Optimal location of economic activities can be achieved by iterative use of the model. An example illustrating the manner the model can be used is included in the paper.
A NOTE ON THE USE OF ECONOMIC INCENTIVES IN WATER POLLUTION ABATEMENT1
Authors: Bundgaard‐Nielsen M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The firms decision to invest in wastewater treatment facilities is influenced by the economic incentives provided. It is shown that the timing of investments in pollution control may be described by an extended version of the first year benefit criterion. The criterion developed may help to provide a better insight into the complex interaction of the various economic incentives used in pollution abatement.
MODELING MULTIPLE‐USE IN NATURAL AREAS: PART 1 ‐ THE BASIC FORMULATION1
Authors: York David W. , Dysart Benjamin C. , Gahan Lawrence W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a mathematical model of multiple‐use in natural areas. The model represents a unified system for the assessment of cases where some form of development is proposed for relatively natural areas. The focus of the model system is a benefit‐cost analysis. Provisions for the full consideration of easily measured monetary costs and benefits as well as semitangible benefits accruing from environment‐related activities such as outdoor recreation are contained in the model. Means for incorporating desirability as a measure of aesthetics, uniqueness, and environmental quality into the evaluation are provided. Serveral types of constraints have been imposed on the system to increase model realism. A family of compatibility constraints was designed to limit inter‐use conflicts arising from incompatible activities. A form of the gradient optimization algorithm was utilized to facilitate the evaluation. The model system has application in a wide range of problems frequently encountered in environmental planning and assessment as well as natural resources management.
INCOMMENSURABLES AND TRADEOFFS IN WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1
Authors: Lynne Gary D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Society has many objectives, many of which are not commensurable. This incommensurability problem is generally referred to as the multiple objective problem and leads to the notion of tradeoffs. Various approaches to calculating tradeoffs in water resource development have been advocated by several authors. Many have made errors in the context of the conceptural model presented in this paper. It is argued the correct framework for tradeoff analysis is the neoclassical economic model. The relevant tradeoffs, then, are really price ratios. These, in turn, must be calculated in such a manner as to allow comparison of product mixes where the expenditure on resources is the same. This is where several authors have erred. An empirical example which illustrates the correct application of the model is presented.
NEAR REAL‐TIME MAPPING OF THE 1975 MISSISSIPPI RIVER FLOOD IN LOUISIANA USING LANDSAT IMAGERY1
Authors: Schwertz Eddie L. , Spicer Bradley E. , Svehlak Henry T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The project described in this report was undertaken by the Louisiana State Planning Office to establish the extent of backwater flooding in Louisiana in April 1975. Band 7 Landsat imagery, enlarged to a scale of 1:250,000 was used to visually identify flooded areas. Inundated areas were delineated on overlays keyed to 1:250,000 U.S. Geological Survey topographic quadrangles. Tabular data identifying acres flooded, according to land use type, were derived by merging the flood map overlays with computerized 1972 land use data. Approximately 1.12 million acres of the state were inundated by flood waters. The total acreage and land use types affected by flooding were determined within 72 hours from the time the flood areas were imaged. Flooded maps were prepared for 26 parishes. Field observations were made by Louisiana Cooperative Extension Service county agents in order to determine the accuracy of parish flood maps and flood acreage figures by land use type. Results indicated that this was a fast, accurate, and relatively inexpensive method of compiling flood data for disaster planning and postflood analysis.
DECLINING POTENTIOMETRIC LEVELS IN FORT WALTON BEACH AREA, FLORIDA1
Authors: Qureshi Zia
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Fort Walton Beach area is presently faced with an excessive drawdown of the potentiometric level in the upper Floridan aquifer. Based on available data, the potentiometric level in the Floridan aquifer has dropped 162 feet since 1936. This declining potentiometric level can lead to problems and possible loss of the natural resource on a long‐term basis. However, if corrective measures or programs for proper management of groundwater resources are undertaken at this time, the potential problems may be averted.
ANALYSIS OF DATA FROM BIOLOGICAL SURVEYS OF STREAMS: DIVERSITY AND SAMPLE SIZE1
Authors: Kaesler Roger L. , Herricks Edwin E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Brillouin's equation (H) for species diversity from information theory is to be preferred for the purposes of applied ecology over the equation of Shannon (H′) or the more commonly used approximate equation (H″). By its use, the difficult problem of delimiting the extent of the community being sampled in a stream survey can be avoided. Moreover, Brillouin's equation gives the exact diversity of the fully censused collection, whreas Shannon's diversity can only be approximated with a biased estimator. If we regard a sample as a message from the environment to the ecologist, Brillouin's equation is the proper one for computing its diversity. The product moment correlation coefficient between Brillouin's H for the total number of individuals from a group of samples and for randomly chosen subsets of 100 individuals from each sample was nearly as high as the correlation between H and H″ based on the total samples. This indicates that small sample sizes may give a useful diversity index. Replicated subsamples show that much smaller samples than are normally used can discriminate between communities from polluted and unpolluted environments. The use of smaller samples should reduce the cost of stream surveys.
SEWAGE DISCHARGES FROM SHIPS TRANSITING COASTAL SALT WATERS1
Authors: van Hees Willem
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A number of aspects of the discharging of non‐oily wastewaters by transiting ships are treated in this overview paper. In the introduction, options to discharging (the use of holding tank, on board treatment) and the impact of changing regulations are discussed. Assessment of the effects of sewage discharges on coastal waters required that data, at first not available, be generated. An account is given of the characterization of Navy shipboard wastewaters and of experiments involving sewage discharges at sea, measurements of water quality before, during and after an amphibious operation, and fore and aft of transitting Navy ships. A better understanding of sewage dilution after discharge led to the verification of a method for controlled discharging of sewage (and other wastewaters). This method permits limiting the coliform bacteria count in the ship's wake to values below acceptable limits. The final sections contain information on long range effects of ships’sewage discharges, obtained in studies by the U.S. Navy and others, as well as public health considerations.
PREDICTING STORMFLOW AND PEAKFLOW FROM SMALL BASINS IN HUMID AREAS BY THE R‐INDEX METHOD1
Authors: Hewlett J. D. , Cunningham G. B. , Troendle C. A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A relatively simple nonlinear equation was fitted to 468 stormflows larger than 0.05 area inches on 11 forested basins from New Hampshire to South Carolina, providing a predictive method for use on forest and wildlands in humid regions. Stormflow in area inches (Q̄) was:

image

where R is the mean value of Q/P for all P larger than one inch, P is storm rainfall in inches, and I is the initial flow rate in ft3/sec/mi2. S.E. was 0.3 inch of stormflow. Peakflow was similarly estimated, S.E. 26 ft3/sec/mi2. The R‐index method is proposed as a practical tool in forest and wildland management. Similar to the SCS runoff curve number method, the R‐index method requires no prior assumptions about infiltration capacities of forest lands, but calls for the mapping of all first‐order streams for the average storage capacity index R, i.e., the mean hydrologic response of the source areas. Tested against the runoff curve method on four independent basins, predictions by the R‐index method were considerably more accurate when field information normally available to planners and managers was used in both methods.
MODELING MULTIPLE‐USE IN NATURAL AREAS: PART II ‐ THE SANTEE SWAMP STUDY1
Authors: York David W. , Dysart Benjamin C. , Gahan Lawrence W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The previous paper in this two‐part series presented the basic information of a newly developed mathematical model of multiple‐use in natural areas. The model is a unified system for the assessment of cases where development is proposed for relatively natural areas. This paper presents the results of an application of the model to a study of the proposed timber harvest in the Great Santec Swamp in South Carolina. This was done in an effort to demonstrate the utility of the model as a planning and assessment tool. Four potential uses of the Swamp were investigated: logging of hardwood saw timber, hunting, fishing, and nature observation. The model system proved to be extremely useful in the evaluation of potential management schemes and in the selection of the most promising or optimal management plan.
PRODUCTION PROCESSES UNDER THE ICE IN LAKE ST. CLAIR: 1. IRRADIATION AND TEMPERATURE1
Authors: Wallen D. G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Data from three ice‐covered stations in Lake St. Clair were collected to evaluate the effect of ice and related variables on phytoplankton production. Primary production, phytoplankton standing crop, irradiation and temperature were measured from January to April, 1973. Mean production values ranged from 0.74 mgC/m3/h at station 1 near Mitchell Bay to 3.4 mgC/m3/h in waters at stations 2 and 3 below the Thames River mouth. A similar pattern was observed in chlorophyll a concentration, the mean values ranged from 0.63 μg/1 at station 1 to 2.1 and 1.3 μg/1 at stations 2 and 3. Temperature stratification occurred at the three stations. However, the temperatures at station 1 were consistently more than a degree warmer than at the other two stations. Irradiation was low, having a mean value at the sampling depth of .075 ly/min. The data is interpreted to indicate that the ice‐bound phytoplankton were adapted to the low irradiation. It is suggested that the variation observed between stations is related to the formation of a plume by the Thames River and differences in nutrient loads carried by the St. Clair and Thames Rivers.
BETTER WATER RESOURCES THROUGH SEWERLESS SANITATION1
Authors: Leich Harold H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The water‐flushed sewage system represented an advance in human sanitation when adopted in the nineteenth century but is coming under increasing criticism because it wastes water of drinking quality and sewage treatment plants do not completely clean the effluent. A number of on‐site waste disposal systems are now available or under development which may eliminate the need for sewers and central treatment plants: aerobic, biological, composting, incinerating, oil‐flushed, and vacuum or pressure systems. Official agencies should test them to determine if one or more can replace central sewer systems. As part of the program, the kitchen garbage grinder should be phased out.
MAN‐MADE LAKES: ATTITUDE SURVEYS OF THEIR VALUE IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS1
Authors: Debo Thomas N.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Attitudinal surveys of residents living near four small residential lakes were conducted to determine how they perceived the advantages and disadvantages associated with the lakes. The survey results indicate that lakes can be used as a tool for land development creating a variety of benefits and problems. Most people felt that lakes have a positive economic impact on the value of their home, are a positive factor in their decision to purchase a home, and provide them with some benefits. They were also aware that lakes create continual maintenance and water quality problems but were willing to pay for the maintenance if they had access to and could utilize the facilities associated with the lakes. Based on the results of the surveys, recommendations are formulated pertaining to the planning development and utilization of residential lakes.
AN OPTIMIZATION MODEL FOR EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT OF URBAN WATER RESOURCES1
Authors: Narayanan Rangesan , Jensen Bartell C. , Bishop A. Bruce
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A mathematical programming model is proposed to determine economically efficient urban water resource allocation and pricing policy by maximizing the sum of the consumer and producer surplus. The optimization of this nonlinear problem is accomplished by the use of linear programming algorithm. The feasibility of using recycled water for municipal purposes is examined in a planning context. The impact of higher water quality discharge standards on pricing and allocation of water is analyzed and the attractiveness of water reuse option is demonstrated.
DEVELOPING COMPETITION FOR WATER IN THE URBANIZING AREAS OF COLORADO1
Authors: Anderson R. L. , Wengert N. I.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Rapid population growth in the metropolitan area of Denver, Colorado, is causing conflicts over water use. Two cities, Thomton and Westminster, have begun condemnation proceedings against three irrigation companies to secure agricultural water rights for municipal use. This is the first condemnation proceeding against irrigation water rights for municipal use. Should the suit succeed, over 30,000 acres of presently irrigated land will lose its water supply. There are about four hundred landowners in the area; two hundred of these are commercial farmers, including truck, dairy and specialty farms. Total agricultural production amounts to about $8 million per year. About 561 jobs related to agriculture will disappear along with about $4 million in not income.

Only 6.4 percent of the farmland along the Front Range is irrigated. Continued urban growth will put pressure on the water supply of much of this land. The interested parties of the region should cooperate to lessen the impact of urban growth on agricultural lands and water by forming a metropolitan water district. Such a district could share costs of development of additional municipal water and develop systems where municipalities would recycle waste water back to the irrigated lands.
LAKE MICHIGAN DIVERSION ‐ STREAM QUALITY PLANNING1
Authors: Macaitis Bill , Povilaitis Stanley J. , Cameron Edward B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: By United States Supreme Court action, the diversion of water from Lake Michigan and the Lake Michigan Drainage Basin in the Metropolitan Chicago Area is regulated at an annual maximum rate of 3,200 cfs. Approximately 1,700 cfs of this diversion is used for water supply, and the remaining 1,500 cfs consists primarily of stormwater runoff with lesser amounts of direct lake diversion, such as lockage and leakage, navigational makeup water flows, and discretionary diversion needed to maintain water quality standards in the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago's basic waterways.

In order to assess the schedule of its discretionary diversion needs, the District, using a computer model of its basic waterway system, has calculated the minimum discretionary diversion requirements for projected water quality conditions as successive elements of the District's water pollution control program are completed. The results of these analyses can be used as a basis for developing plans for future allocations of the limited supply of Lake Michigan water to other uses such as domestic water supply, when and if such supplies become available.
HYDROGEOCHEMICAL RELATIONSHIPS USING PARTIAL CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS1
Authors: Barr Douglas E. , Newland Leo W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Sixty‐nine groundwater samples were analyzed for six chemical parameters. Partial and simple correlation coefficients for these parameters indicate that partial coefficients are superior to simple coefficients in establishing geochemical relationships for the aqueous system evaluated. The improved reliability arises from the ability of partial correlation analysis to hold outside factors that may be affecting the two variables of interest, constant.
EFFECTS OF URBAN LAKES ON QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF BASEFLOW1
Authors: Cherkauer Douglas S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Man‐made lakes have significant impacts on the hydrologic conditions in the watershed in which they are built. This paper examines the nature of the impact upon baseflow by comparing baseflow conditions at the outlet of the lakes with those elsewhere in the watershed. Situated in the upper reaches of a small watershed, the lakes studied have only a minor effect upon the magnitude of baseflow discharge, increasing it slightly from October to January, and decreasing it from May to September. Baseflow quality is substantially affected. Natural dissolved ions, as represented by magnesium, are generally decreased in concentration and total load by the lakes. Road salt related inons are substantially increased in both concentration and total load in the baseflow. Surface runoff stored in the lakes is extremely enriched in salt in the winter, and the storage capacity of the lakes is sufficient to maintain winter salt concentrations in the baseflow near the lakes until summer. The storage effect also tends to damp out seasonal fluctuations in baseflow chloride content which are extreme in suburban watersheds. The difference in quality between the lake and non‐lake baseflows and the linear distance needed for complete mixing are used as measures of the magnitude and distal extent of the lake effect on baseflow quality.
FIELD EVALUATION OF SOME PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT TECHNIQUES1
Authors: Ortolano Leonard , Wagner Thomas P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Public involvement in water resources planning is receiving much current attention, and there is a need to examine systematically how different public involvement techniques work in practice. The following techniques were among those used to involve the public in a recent Corps of Engineers’study of flooding on San Pedro Creek in Pacifica, California: a public workshop, citizen information bulletins (CIBs) and questionnaries. Interviews were held with 75 study participants to evaluate the effectiveness of these techniques. The interviews indicated that various study participants felt positively about the particular workshop format employed and about the use of a communications specialist to train workshop leaders. There were mixed reactions to the effectiveness of the CIBs and questionnaires. Although many individual citizens felt that the CIBs and questionnaires were useful, some of the Corps planners felt that CIBs and questionnaires would only be “cost‐effective” on large studies and/or where the questionnaire response rate was high. The interviews led to a number of specific suggestions regarding how the extent of public involvement could be increased in future water resources planning studies.
A MODELLING METHOD FOR EVALUATING WATER QUALITY POLICIES IN NONSERIAL RIVER SYSTEMS1
Authors: Bayer M. B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper describes a modelling method which simplifies the evaluation of water quality policies for nonserial (branching) river systems. The method introduces dummy facilities at the junctions of the major tributary branches with the mainstream as replacements for the facilities and activities on the tributaries. The cost functions for the dummy facilities and the DO and BOD concentrations at the junctions as determined for each tributary are introduced into the mainstream serial system model which is then solved for the optimal values of the mainstream treatment plant efficiencies, the dummy facility effeciencies, and the tributary system DO and BOD concentrations using nonlinear programming. Given the optimum values for the dummy facility efficiencies and the values for the tributary system DO and BOD concentrations, the optimum values for the tributary treatment plant efficiencies are found using nonlinear programming. The method is applied to a river system with a mainstream and one major tributary which contain industrial and municipal organic and thermal polluters and their associated wastewater treatment plants.
ACCIDENTAL AND PLANNED WEATHER MODIFICATION IN ILLINOIS1
Authors: Changnon Stanley A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Weather modification, both planned by man and that accidentally produced by man, has been under intensive study in Illinois for ten years. Most everyone in Illinois and the Midwest is living in a climate that now is modified inadvertently from its natural state. State atmospheric scientists have tackled weather modification through a series of interrelated studies beginning with climatic studies (to establish the background), experimental design studies, experimental field studies to verify changes and their causes, and finally socio‐economic and environmental studies to measure the impacts of weather modification. Studies at St. Louis show that the city acts as a trigger of summer clouds and rainfall leading to 4 to 6 summer days with 3 cm or more rain somewhere just east of the city. Power plants and jet aircraft also accidentally produce climatic changes. A focus on planned weather modification has been on the design of needed midwestern experiments in rainfall enhancement and hail suppression including the societal and environmental impacts.