bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pneumatic otoscopy and Impedance Studies in Middle Ear Diagnosis
Authors: Moon Cary N. , Hahn Milege
Published: February 2017

The direct inspection of the tympanic membrane and its movement with Siegle pneumatic otoscopy through the binocular microscope and the electroacoustic measurements of impedance at the tympanic membrane give valuable information in the diagnosis of tympanic membrane and middle ear disorders. Problems such as otosclerosis and tympanosclerosis with ossicular chain fixation, ossicular discontinuities, ossicular chain prosthesis defects and perilymph fistulas, and the problems of middle ear fluid can be identified and differentiated. Frequently a precise diagnosis can be determined prior to surgical exploration. The use of these instruments enables the otologist to anticipate surgical findings and plan a specific procedure, thereby avoiding operative surprises.

The routine use of the pneumatic otoscope and an electroacoustic impedance bridge is recommended in every case of suspected tympanic membrane or middle ear disorder, particularly where an operation is being considered. The combined information obtained through use of the two diagnostic techniques is almost always greater than that obtained by either instrument alone.

Pressure recordings were made in a series of examinations with the pneumatic otoscope using the ear microscope. These pressures, both positive and negative, are acceptable and well within the range utilized by clinical electroacoustic impedance bridges.

Contraindications to the use of pneumatic otoscopy and the electroacoustic impedance bridge are discussed.
Management of Tinnitus Aurium with Lidocaine and Carbamazepine
Authors: Shea John J. , Harell Moshe
Published: February 2017

At present there are two methods of management of tinnitus: one old, by masking with a noise generator, and one new, by biofeedback. Neither of these methods is convenient and neither gets at the heart of the problem. A third method, using intravenous lidocainet as a test and oral carbamazepine§ therapy, was developed in the Pain Clinic of the Auckland General Hospital in New Zealand. This paper will report our brief experience with these drugs in the management of tinnitus and other similar disorders.

Twenty‐seven patients with intractable tinnitus had a significant reduction from a test dose of intravenous lidocaine and were treated with oral carbamazepine. Of this group 1 patient (4%) had complete relief, 21 patients (78%) had partial relief, and S patients (18%) had no relief. Complications were few and not serious, and either disappeared spontaneously or when the carbamazepine was stopped.

One patient with palatal myoclonus, refractory to all other forms of treatment, had complete relief on a small dose of carbamazepine. It may be that palatal myoclonus, hemifacial spasm, and other such clonic convulsive disorders will be amenable to the same treatment.
Carotid Artery Aneurysms: An Otolaryngologic Perspective
Authors: Lane Richard J. , Weisman Robert A.
Published: February 2017

Aneurysms of the carotid arteries are relatively rare and can present difficult diagnostic problems. They may occur anywhere along the course of the carotid artery in its cervical route, petrous portion, or intracranial extension. The associated clinical findings may range from a simple neck mass to a variety of neurologic deficits. Symptoms of headache, facial pain, tinnitus, vertigo, epistaxis, hoarseness, and dysphagia may require otolaryngologic evaluation. The high morbidity and mortality associated with the natural history of carotid aneurysms makes their early detection essential.

Although these lesions have been a subject of great interest in the neurological and neurosurgical literature, surprisingly little has been written to bring them to the attention of otolaryngologists. A review of the literature and an assessment of 10 cases of extracranial carotid aneurysms treated at the University of Pennsylvania in the past 10 years form the basis of this report. Patients with aneurysms involving various portions of the carotid system are presented to illustrate the numerous head and neck manifestations these lesions produce. Differential diagnosis, etiology, natural history, and current management of carotid aneurysms are discussed.
Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: Identification of the High Risk Patient
Authors: Levine Howard L. , Bailin Philip L.
Published: February 2017

While the majority of patients with basal cell carcinoma are cured by the initial therapeutic approach, high risk patients who have had recurrences of basal cell carcinoma have been identified.

From April 1976 to November 1979, 811 patients with 1,271 cutaneous carcinomas were seen at the Mohs' Histographic Surgery Unit of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation. Of these, 496 represented recurrent basal cell carcinomas. Histologic subtype, location of the tumor, and age of the patient were studied in an attempt to identify factors which place patients at risk for persistent or recurrent carcinoma.

The physician who first sees a patient with basal cell carcinoma should look for these risk factors and, after identifying such patients, consider an aggressive management with frequent follow‐up.
Liaison Psychiatry‐Otolaryngology Rounds
Authors: Wallack Joel J. , Lucente Frank E. , Biller Hugh F. , Strain James J.
Published: February 2017

In an attempt to define and resolve patient and staff needs with regard to the psychological, social and economic problems in clinical otolaryngology, psychiatry/otolaryngology rounds were established in the Department of Otolaryngology 18 months ago. These weekly rounds have contributed greatly to improved patient care and better physician‐nurse relations. They have also served a significant educational role for residents, medical students and other members of the patient care team.

At present the rounds are attended by the inpatient nursing staff, 2 physicians, 6 residents, 3 medical students, an otolaryngologic social worker and the liaison psychiatrist. The meeting begins with a 10 minute discussion and review of current problems among the staff. Attention is then directed to the patient who will be interviewed for the day. The medical and social history are presented. Then the patient is brought in and interviewed in a non‐stressful session for 20 minutes mtes. After the patient leaves, the staff discusses the problems which the patient has encountered or poses to them, and the conference participants formulate an appropriate therapeutic plan. Among the problems which have been discussed are noncompliance, organic mental syndromes, hypochondirasis, depression, death and dying, disfigurement, loss of bodily function, and chronic pain. For those patients in whom further psychiatric evaluation and treatment are deemed necessary, the psychiatrist becomes an active participant in their clinical care.
Fluorescein Kinetics in Perilymph and Blood: A Fluorophotometric Study
Authors: Applebaum Edward L.
Published: February 2017

A modified slit lamp fluorophotometer was used to determine fluorescein concentration changes in the perilymph, cerebrospinal fluid and blood of chinchillas after intravenous injection of 0.2 ml of fluorescein sodium. This new technique provides a means of determining quantitative changes of fluorescein concentration in the perilymph without the need to withdraw fluid samples through the round window membrane or cochlear wall. Fluorescein was observed to enter the perilymph between 1 and 2 minutes after injection, and it reached its peak concentration in a mean time of 23 minutes. The mean peak concentration was 4.20x10−6 g/ml. Both increasing and decreasing fluorescein concentration changes in the perilymph followed an exponential time course. Although the observations of cerebrospinal fluid fluorescence were thought to represent a composite of the fluorescence of the cerebrospinal fluid itself and the underlying brain stem blood vessels, the peak fluorescence did not exceed that observed in the perilymph. These observations support the view that most of the perilymph is produced in the cochlea by ultrafiltration from the cochlear blood vessels. The slit lamp fluorophotometer appears to be a satisfactory means of recording fluorescein concentration changes in the perilymph without disturbing the cochlear physiology by penetrating the labyrinth to obtain fluid samples.
Treatment of Chronic Aspiration as a Complication of Cerebrovascular Accident
Authors: Butcher R. Brent
Published: February 2017

Chronic aspiration remains one of the most difficult complications to treat in the patient recovering from brain stem infarction. Aspiration in these patients is often due to an incompetent glottis in association with dysfunction of the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. A systematic approach to the evaluation and treatment of these patients is presented with illustrative case presentations. Such individual treatment protocols allow for optimum rehabilitation of the post‐stroke victim.
Blastomycosis of the Larynx
Authors: Dumich Peter S. , Neel H. Bryan
Published: February 2017

Blastomycosis is a chronic fungal disease with a constellation of signs and symptoms and a variable course. It primarily affects the lower respiratory tract, although extrapulmonary manifestations are common. We describe 6 patients with blastomycosis of the larynx who represent 5.6% of 107 patients with blastomycosis seen at the Mayo Clinic from 1950 through 1981. When involvement of the larynx occurs, both gross and histopathologic findings of the lesion usually resemble the features of well‐differentiated squamous cell carcinoma and often lead to misdiagnosis and inappropriate, overly aggressive, surgical or radiation therapy. So that this unnecessarily aggressive treatment of the diseased larynx can be avoided, we discuss the clinical features, histopathologic findings, diagnosis, and current forms of treatment of blastomycosis.
Current Management of Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea
Authors: Park Jung-Il , Strelzow Victor V. , Friedman William H.
Published: February 2017

Forty‐two patients with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea presenting over a 5 year period were analyzed as.to age, sex, etiology, anatomical and clinical findings, and methods of investigation and treatment. Eighty‐eight were traumatic in origin, with the most common anatomical sites being ethmoid, frontal and sphenoid sinuses, and the cribriform plate region. Meningitis and pneumocephalus were the most frequently associated clinical findings each present in 31% of the cases. Chemical analysis of the CSF for protein was positive in 88% of casesvs.13% when the protein content was quantitatively analyzed. The demonstration and localization of CSF leaks were most effective using metrizamide and CAT scanning when they were active and by indium cisternography when they were small, intermittent, or questionable. The clinical management was divided into medical and surgical approaches with the advantages and disadvantages discussed.
Cochlear Aqueduct Radiographic Anatomy in Temporal Bone Preparations and in Sudden Hearing Loss
Authors: Strauss Melvin , Aufiero Thomas , Varano Lottie
Published: February 2017

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss appears to have many possible etiologic factors. Shea has presented work indicating that a large cochlear aqueduct (CA) is frequently present on the side of an idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (ISHL). However, Valvassori, on performing temporal bone tomographic studies on several hundred patients complaining of ISHL, has not found enlargement of the CA in a statistically significant number of these cases.

In an attempt to resolve this discrepancy, a single blind study was performed utilizing temporal bone polytomography to evaluate the presence or absence of the CA in 22 adult patients. One‐half of these patients had a history of ISHL, while the remaining patients had other complaints as an indication for tomography. In all cases, the CA was identified. The CA was felt to be enlarged in 1 patient suffering from ISHL, in the nonaffected ear of 1 patient with unilateral ISHL, and in 2 control patients. There was, therefore, no positive correlation between CA enlargement and the occurrence of ISHL.

In order to further elucidate the radiologic anatomy of the CA, 9 pairs of adult temporal bones removed at autopsy were studied by polytomography after cannulation and injection of radiopaque material. Measurements of the dimensions of the CA and its radiographic anatomy are discussed and compared to measurements obtained from histopathologic evaluation of the temporal bone.
Allergy In Otolaryngology
Authors: Soss Thomas L.
Published: February 2017

Otolaryngologic allergy concerns itself greatly with the teachings and influence of the late French Hansel, M.D., and his principles of optimal dosage. Later Herbert Rinkel, M.D., was to contribute the titration technique which allowed for a more systematic administration of antigens. Other areas such as provocative testing for foods as well as more controversial areas were later developed. These included cytotoxic testing as well as emphasis on clinical ecology techniques.

The otolaryngologist has been equipped to handle all phases of nasal problems including allergy by 1. management of obvious surgical problems, 2. symptomatic approach with medical methods, 3. environmental controls when indicated and 4. immunotherapy. The last method includes titration as well as radioimmunoassay techniques (RAST).

The author's conjecture regarding the future direction of allergy management from the otolaryngologist's view point is also given. Personal observations and anecdotes of some of the pioneers in the field are included.
Recurrent Acute Otitis Media in Infants — Role of Immune Complexes Acquired in Utero
Authors: Wilson William H.
Published: February 2017

Ten infants experiencing recurring episodes of acute otitis media with associated otitis media with effusion while on human breast milk afford a study of the role of possible immune complexes acquired in ulero through the mother's allergic diathesis. Seven of the 10 children were on the breast when first seen. Challenge feeding tests determined the mothers' hypersensitivities. Those infants breast fed by mothers exhibiting positive challenges to specific foods, manifest allergic responses themselves following the first breast feeding after the mothers' challenge.

A cessation of episodes of AcOM and OME occurred in five of the series as foods proven to be offenders were eliminated from the mother's and child's diet. Degrees of failure were experienced in the remainder, varying as to the severity and cause.
Phrenic Nerve Graft For Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis
Authors: Crumley Roger L.
Published: February 2017

For bilateral vocal cord paralysis, the phrenic nerve graft procedure has been used in five patients. Data from four of these patients suggest that the technique may in some way improve the glottic airway without long‐term diaphragmatic paralysis. No patient to date has demonstrated visible inspiratory vocal cord abduction however. The mechanism of action, if any, is unclear at this time, and we have no electromyographic nor other physiologic data to confirm that true posterior cricoarytenoid muscle reinnervation has taken place.
Sternohyoid Myo‐Osseous Flap for Acquired Subglottic Stenosis in Children
Authors: Close Lanny Garth , Lozano Alexander J. , Schaefer Steven D.
Published: February 2017

Endotracheal intubation can occasionally result in acquired subglottic stenosis (ASGS) in infants and children. Twenty‐one consecutive patients, ages 3 months to 13 years, with ASGS secondary to endotracheal intubation and severe enough to require tracheotomy, are reviewed. Of this population, eight cases of ASGS were refractory to endoscopic excision and dilatation. These eight patients, five of whom had complete stenosis, underwent subglottic reconstruction using a sternohyoid myo‐osseus flap. Six of the eight patients had been successfully decannulated with no evidence of recurrent stenosis at the time of this report.
Metastatic Basal Cell Carcinoma: Report af a Case
Authors: Jarchow Robert C. , Rhodes Miller F.
Published: February 2017

Although basal cell carcinoma (BCC) accounts for as high as 75% of all malignant skin tumors, its metastatic rate is only 0.1%. Predisposing factors for metastasis are generally thought to be: 1. a head and neck primary BCC; 2. a long standing lesion; 3. deep local invasion with ulceration. This paper presents a patient with metastatic BCC with a history of other malignancies and probable immune system compromise. These factors should also alert the clinician to the possibility of metastatic BCC.
The Fate of an Ossicular Allograft in Tympanoplasty
Authors: Goodhill Victor , Gussen Ruth
Published: February 2017

Correction of ossicular defects in tympanoplasty most commonly involves the use of commercially available prostheses or preserved allograft ossicles. Incus autografts and tragal cartilage autografts are also used by many surgeons. Presculptured preserved allograft ossicles have not been used widely, but are used almost exclusively by our clinic.

The fate of ossicular grafts has been reported by a number of investigators with evidence obtained at revision surgery. In this paper we will be able to trace the fate of a presculptured preserved autograft ossicle clinically and pathologically. The unique aspect of this study is the demonstration of the ossicular status in post mortem temporal bone dissection followed by histopathological serial section studies.
Surgical Aptitude Test for Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Resident Applicants
Authors: Krespi Yosef P. , Levine Toni M. , Einhorn Robert K. , Mitrani Moises
Published: February 2017

The search for a convenient, rapid manual dexterity examination, which could be used at the time of the otolaryngology resident applicant's interview, led us to assess the following areas: purposeful hand direction, depth perception, tactile discrimination, finger pressure coordination, finger visual tracking of moving objects, spatial visualization, finger strength, speed of movements, fine control precision, finger dexterity, steadiness during movement, steadiness without movement, and neatness.

With the astronomical increase in applicants to a limited number of positions in the field of otolaryngology‐head and neck surgery, the application of an accurate, efficient manual dexterity assessment at the time of applicant interview is desirable. Presently, dental school applicants are screened by a series of manual dexterity tests. To develop our screening test, we integrated manual performance tests currently in use by private industry, occupational therapists, and dental school admission committees. Thus, applicants who are able to master fine microsurgical and macrosurgical techniques common in our specialty will be preferentially selected.
Clinical Evaluation of a Two‐Channel Amplitude Compression Hearing Aid
Authors: Riko Krista , Pichora-Fuller M. Kathleen , Alberti Peter W.
Published: February 2017

Twelve experienced hearing aid users with mild to moderate hearing loss used two new, commercially available behind‐the‐ear amplitude compression hearing aids for 1 month each. One aid was a single‐channel device; the other was a two‐channel aid. All subjects had used other compression aids for at least 1 year.

Performance in real‐life situations with the personal aid and the two trial aids was evaluated by the Hearing Performance Inventory (HPI). Another questionnaire probed subjective preference for the three aids and willingness to purchase each of the trial aids.

The major HPI finding was an equal performance superiority for the two trial aids over the personal aid for half the subjects.

The preference/purchase questionnaire results indicated that the two‐channel aid had some sound quality advantages, but was unacceptable physically. The single‐channel trial was clearly preferred over the personal and two‐channel device.
Auditory Brain Stem Responses and Nonsense Monosyllable Perception Test Findings for Patients with Auditory Nerve and Brain Stem Lesions
Authors: Kaga Kimitaka , Shindo Mitsuko , Tanaka Yoshisato
Published: February 2017

A nonsense monosyllable audiometric test was administered to 15 patients with eighth nerve or brain stem disorders caused by tumor, hemorrhage, encephalitis, and degenerative disease. Auditory brain stem responses (ABR) were abnormal in all patients. ABR abnormalities were defined by the absence of some or all waves or by a prolongation of the wave V‐I interval. The discrimination scores of the nonsense monosyllables were significantly lower in patients with completely absent ABR, with partial ABR series involving wave I, or with severely prolonged wave V‐I intervals (over 3 SD). However, in patients with wave I only or with only moderately prolonged wave V‐I intervals (less than 3 SD), test scores were within normal range. It is concluded that: 1. perception of nonsense monosyllables could be, though need not be, affected in patients with brain stem lesions; 2. eighth nerve lesions severely disrupt auditory comprehension as well as perception of nonsense monosyllables.
Long‐Term Results After Lateral Cranial Base Surgery
Authors: Poe Dennis S. , Jackson C. Gary , Glasscock Michael E. , Johnson Glenn D.
Published: February 2017

The surgical management of patients with slow‐growing benign temporal bone neoplasms has been criticized because of its significant morbidity and mortality compared with results after radiation therapy, but long‐term control by irradiation remains unproved. Long‐term surgical results have not been studied previously.

One hundred twenty‐nine skull base operations were performed in 126 patients at the Otology Group, Nashville, Tenn., from January 1970 through May 1987. Fifty‐eight patients responded to questionnaires focusing on recovery from loss of cranial nerves. All patients regained some degree of facial function (class V or better), no alimentary tubes or tracheotomies were in use, and no patients had debilitatinQ aspiration.

Long‐term compensation from the cranial nerve deficits of lateral skull base surgery can be expected in most patients and should not be used as an argument for irradiation in patients with a long life expectancy at time of diagnosis.
Lymphotoxin in Human Middle Ear Cholesteatoma
Authors: Yan Shi‐Du , Huang Cheng‐Chun
Published: February 2017

The progressive growth of epidermis appears to be a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of cholesteatoma. How this growth is encouraged is still not well understood. In the present study, lymphotoxin was found in human middle ear cholesteatoma tissues by the immunoperoxidase method using rabbit anti‐human lymphotoxin immunoglobulin G (IgG). Lymphotoxin was localized in the epithelium and connective tissues of the cholesteatomas studied. The epithelium of normal external ear canal skin was lightly stained, but the stain was much weaker than that of the cholesteatomas. In vitro, recombinant human lymphotoxin stimulated proliferation, protein synthesis, and terminal differentiation of basal keratinocytes. These findings suggest that lymphotoxin may be one of the mediators involved in the development of cholesteatoma.
Liver transplant modulates gut microbial dysbiosis and cognitive function in cirrhosis
Authors: Bajaj Jasmohan S. , Fagan Andrew , Sikaroodi Masoumeh , White Melanie B. , Sterling Richard K. , Gilles HoChong , Heuman Douglas , Stravitz Richard T. , Matherly Scott C. , Siddiqui Mohammed S. , Puri Puneet , Sanyal Arun J. , Luketic Velimir , John Binu , Fuchs Michael , Ahluwalia Vishwadeep , Gillevet Patrick M.
Published: February 2017

Liver transplantation (LT) improves daily function and cognition in patients with cirrhosis, but a subset of patients can remain impaired. Unfavorable microbiota or dysbiosis is observed in patients with cirrhosis, but the effect of LT on microbial composition, especially with poor post‐LT cognition, is unclear. The aims were to determine the effect of LT on gut microbiota and to determine whether gut microbiota are associated with cognitive dysfunction after LT. We enrolled outpatient patients with cirrhosis on the LT list and followed them until 6 months after LT. Cognition (Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy score [PHES]), health‐related quality of life (HRQOL), and stool microbiota (multitagged sequencing for diversity and taxa) tests were performed at both visits. Persistent cognitive impairment was defined as a stable/worsening PHES. Both pre‐/post‐LT data were compared with age‐matched healthy controls. We enrolled 45 patients (56 ± 7 years, Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease score 26 ± 8). They received LT 6 ± 3 months after enrollment and were re‐evaluated 7 ± 2 months after LT with a stable course. A significantly improved HRQOL, PHES, with increase in microbial diversity, increase in autochthonous, and decrease in potentially pathogenic taxa were seen after LT compared with baseline. However, there was continued dysbiosis and HRQOL/cognitive impairment after LT compared with controls in 29% who did not improve PHES after LT. In these, Proteobacteria relative abundance was significantly higher and Firmicutes were lower after LT, whereas the reverse occurred in the group that improved. Delta PHES was negatively correlated with delta Proteobacteria and positively with delta Firmicutes. In conclusion, LT improves gut microbiota diversity and dysbiosis compared with pre‐LT baseline but residual dysbiosis remains compared with controls. There is cognitive and HRQOL enhancement in general after LT, but a higher Proteobacteria relative abundance change is associated with posttransplant cognitive impairment. Liver Transplantation 23 907–914 2017 AASLD.
Searching for the Public in Internet Governance: Examining Infrastructures of Participation at NETmundial
Authors: West Sarah Myers
Published: February 2017

The role of the public in Internet governance debates is a critical issue for policymaking, even more so as Internet governance forums encounter crises of legitimacy. This article examines the role of the public in Internet governance debates, drawing connections between theories of the public, science and technology studies, and Internet governance. It examines the architecture of public inclusion at the Global Multistakeholder Meeting on the Future of Internet Governance (NETmundial). NETmundial emerged at a point when public legitimacy became particularly salient for the Internet governance community. So finding modes of inclusion for the rapidly growing, and increasingly diverse group of stakeholders in the governance debate was especially important for the meeting's success. This article links the debate to notions of the public sphere—both in shaping a discursivespacecentral to public debate, the Internet, and by championing a particularformof public discourse, multistakeholderism. By drawing out these connections, the article both reflects upon and challenges ideas about how to achieve public inclusion in Internet governance.
Revised insights into templating radical polymerization within nanoreactors
Authors: Tardy Antoine , Bhullar Kash A. , Lim Dong Q. , Thickett Stuart C. , Zetterlund Per B.
Published: February 2017

The field of polymer chemistry is currently experiencing major research efforts into development of novel techniques for synthesis of polymers with well‐controlled microstructure. Recently, a new method has been reported [McHale et al., Nat. Chem. 2012, 4, 491–497] whereby high molecular weight and low dispersity polymer can be obtained by a radical polymerization process via the use of solely physico‐chemical interactions. This work was based on the combination of H‐bonding templated polymerization confined within nanoreactors of self‐assembled block copolymers. Herein, this system is thoroughly investigated to fully elucidate the underlying mechanism. Modification of physico‐chemical parameters, kinetic parameters as well as observations of size exclusion chromatography (SEC) results and colloidal behavior in various solvents provide revised insights into the mechanism. Through detailed NMR and SEC investigations, it is demonstrated that the SEC secondary peak originally believed to be the high molecular weight “daughter” polymer actually corresponds to nanoparticles containing the daughter polymer. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 1590–1600
Plasma processed air for biological decontamination of PET and fresh plant tissue
Authors: Schnabel Uta , Schmidt Christian , Stachowiak Jörg , Bösel André , Andrasch Mathias , Ehlbeck Jörg
Published: February 2017

Currently used methods for decontamination and sanitation of fresh/fresh‐cut food as well as food processing surfaces are antimicrobial ineffective, generate high costs with a high consumption of water, and chemicals additionally. As an alternative, non‐thermal plasma at atmospheric pressure could be a versatile tool. Therefore, an experimental set‐up based on a microwave‐plasma source which generates plasma processed air (PPA) containing manifold RNS‐based chemical and antimicrobial compounds is used. The PPA is introduced into a reaction chamber for the decontamination of packaging material and fresh produce. This is a new and innovative method for the generation of antimicrobial active air used for dry sanitation. In our experiments, PET stripes, fresh‐cut lettuce, and fresh sprouts are contaminated with six different bacteria; Escherichia coli K12 (DSM 11250), Pseudomonas fluorescens (DSM 50090), Pseudomonas fluorescens (RIPAC), Pseudomonas marginalis (DSM 13124), Pectobacterium carotovorum (DSM 30168), and Listeria innocua (DSM 20649) in a concentration of 108 cfu ml−1 and subsequently treated with PPA. For PPA production, the plasma is ignited for 5, 15, or 50 s. After a post‐plasma treatment with PPA of maximum 5 min, decreases of bacterial load up to 6 log10 cfu ml−1 are detected for P. fluorescens (both strains) and P. carotovorum on PET. On plant tissue only once a reduction higher than 5 log10 cfu ml−1 is gained (P. carotovorum on sprouts). For all other bacteria and specimen, the inactivation rate is less. The characteristics of plasma and its generated cocktail of long living chemical compounds in air leading to a high bacterial inactivation and offering a wide range of possible applications.
Process effects on leakage current of Si‐PIN neutron detectors with porous microstructure
Authors: Yu Baoning , Zhao Kangkang , Yang Taotao , Jiang Yong , Fan Xiaoqiang , Lu Min , Han Jun
Published: February 2017

Using the technique of Microfabrication, such as deep silicon dry etching, lithography, etc. Si‐PIN neutron detectors with porous microstructure have been successfully fabricated. In order to lower the leakage current, the key fabrication processes, including the Al windows opening, deep silicon etching and the porous side wall smoothing, have been optimized. The cross‐section morphology and current–voltage characteristics have been measured to evaluate the microfabrication processes. With the optimized conditions presented by the measurements, a neutron detector with a leakage current density of 2.67 μA cm−2 at a bias of −20 V is obtained. A preliminary neutron irradiation test with 252Cf neutron source has also been carried out. The neutron irradiation test shows that the neutron detection efficiency of the microstructured neutron detectors is almost 3.6 times higher than that of the planar ones.
Study on the Equilibrium Between Liquid Iron and Calcium Vapor
Authors: Berg Martin , Lee Jaewoo , Sichen Du
Published: February 2017

The solubility of calcium in liquid iron at 1823 K and 1873 K (1550 °C and 1600 °C) as a function of calcium potential was studied experimentally. The measurements were performed using a closed molybdenum holder in which liquid calcium and liquid iron were held at different temperatures. The results indicate a linear relationship between the activity of calcium, relative to pure liquid calcium, and the mole fraction of dissolved calcium in liquid iron, with a negligible temperature dependency in the ranges studied. The activity coefficient of calcium in liquid iron at infinite dilution,

$$ \gamma_{{{\text{Ca}}({\text{l}})}}^{ \circ } , $$

γ

Ca
(
l
)

∘

,

was calculated as 1551.
Synthesis of Potential Pharmaceutical Heterocycles as Surface Active Agents
Authors: Howsaway Hamida O. , El‐Sayed Refat
Published: February 2017

Isoxazole, pyrazole, pyran, pyridine and pyrimidine derivatives of fatty acids were synthesized as surface and bioactive heterocycles. Hydroxylation of these intermediates by propylene oxide produced easy‐to‐handle, efficient and quickly biodegradable surface active agents, which revealed the importance of their applications in safety for humans as well as the environment. These compounds showed good activity against bacteria and fungi, showing promise in applications of drugs, cosmetics, and pesticides.
EIGENVALUES OF GEOMETRIC OPERATORS RELATED TO THE WITTEN LAPLACIAN UNDER THE RICCI FLOW
Authors: FANG SHOUWEN , YANG FEI , ZHU PENG
Published: February 2017

Let (M, g(t)) be a compact Riemannian manifold and the metric g(t) evolve by the Ricci flow. In the paper, we prove that the eigenvalues of geometric operator −Δφ + $\frac{R}{2}$ are non-decreasing under the Ricci flow for manifold M with some curvature conditions, where Δφ is the Witten Laplacian operator, φ ∈ C2(M), and R is the scalar curvature with respect to the metric g(t). We also derive the evolution of eigenvalues under the normalized Ricci flow. As a consequence, we show that compact steady Ricci breather with these curvature conditions must be trivial.
Mapping Application for Penguin Populations and Projected Dynamics (MAPPPD): data and tools for dynamic management and decision support
Authors: Humphries G.R.W. , Naveen R. , Schwaller M. , Che-Castaldo C. , McDowall P. , Schrimpf M. , Lynch H.J.
Published: February 2017

The Mapping Application for Penguin Populations and Projected Dynamics (MAPPPD) is a web-based, open access, decision-support tool designed to assist scientists, non-governmental organisations and policy-makers working to meet the management objectives as set forth by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) and other components of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) (that is, Consultative Meetings and the ATS Committee on Environmental Protection). MAPPPD was designed specifically to complement existing efforts such as the CCAMLR Ecosystem Monitoring Program (CEMP) and the ATS site guidelines for visitors. The database underlying MAPPPD includes all publicly available (published and unpublished) count data on emperor, gentoo, Adélie and chinstrap penguins in Antarctica. Penguin population models are used to assimilate available data into estimates of abundance for each site and year. Results are easily aggregated across multiple sites to obtain abundance estimates over any user-defined area of interest. A front end web interface located at www.penguinmap.com provides free and ready access to the most recent count and modelled data, and can act as a facilitator for data transfer between scientists and Antarctic stakeholders to help inform management decisions for the continent.
Robert Persons and The Copie of A Double Letter, 1581
Authors: Holmes P. J.
Published: February 2017

One of the most ‘anonymous’ of all Catholic tracts published in the late sixteenth century is that entitled: The copie of a double letter sent by an Englishe gentleman from beyond the seas, to his frende in London, containing the true aduises of the cause, and maner of the death, of one Richard Atkins, executed by fire in Rome, the seconde of August 1581. It was issued without the name of the author and without any indication as to where or by whom it was printed. The printer has been identified from typographical evidence as Jean Foigny of Rheims, but up till now there has been no positive identification of the author. In this note I want to show that there is conclusive evidence for stating that the tract was written by Father Robert Persons, S.J., using material sent to him from Rome by his fellow-Jesuit Father William Good.
The Date of Bishop Challoner's Baptism. A Problem Solved
Authors: McCann Timothy J.
Published: February 2017

1981 marks the bicentenary of the death of Bishop Challoner, but 200 years later there is still disagreement about the date of his baptism. Fr L. E. Whatmore has argued convincingly that the Bishop was baptized at Chiddingly in Sussex, the son of Richard Challoner and Grace Willard. But he points out that two different dates have been given for the date of the ceremony. He quotes W. H. Challen's statement that the baptism took place on 29 November 1691 and the then Vicar of Chiddingly's assertion that it took place on 12 October 1691. In fact, both dates are supported by documentary evidence, and it is the original documents that are in error. An examination of the original Parish Register for Chiddingly at the East Sussex Record Office, and of the Bishop's Transcripts for Chiddingly in the West Sussex Record Office explains the difference. In the Register, which was quoted by the Vicar, the entry in the list of baptisms for 1691 reads: ‘October ye 12 Richard ye son of Richard Chalender’. On the other hand, the same event recorded in the Transcripts, and quoted by Challen, reads: ‘November ye 29th. Richard the son of Richard Challoner was baptised’. Which document gives the correct date?
‘The Other Thomas Stapleton’
Authors: Mitchell C. J.
Published: February 2017

In 1748, the London bookseller, W. Needham, published a work entitled Pious considerations on several important practical truths of the Christian religion. Divided into fifty-two chapters. Like many Catholic works at this time it contained no evidence of who had written it, and in the General Catalogue of the British Library and in the American National Union Catalog, Pious considerations is entered under its title only.
The Poor Law Board August Order, 1859: A Case Study of Protestant-Catholic Conflict
Authors: Feheney J.M.
Published: February 2017

The August Order was issued by the Poor Law Board on 23 August 1859 and made the provision of Religious Instruction for Catholic orphan pauper children obligatory on the Masters of all Workhouses. It was a significant concession to Roman Catholic, who had been demanding something like it for more than two decades. At the same time, its mandatory nature greatly offended and angered those Guardians who had ultra-Protestant sympathies and connections. The vigour and persistence of the ensuing agitation to have it repealed is almost without parallel in the history of nineteenth-century Protestant-Catholic relations in England and is worth examining in some detail.
Old and New Catholics in Stuart Wales: The Carne Family of Glamorgan
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: February 2017

When James II began looking in Wales for Catholics who could be appointed to the Bench and lieutenancy, he found very few potential supporters in most Welsh counties. What Catholics there were tended to be minor figures, or outsiders who happened to hold Welsh lands. Monmouthshire had a strong contingent of recusants; but the greatest surprise came in Glamorgan, where there came forward a series of apparently recent converts from the Carne and Stradling families. Three Carne brothers served as enthusiastic Catholic Justices, all the more valuable because they held their position by their own prestige and ancestry in addition to political orthodoxy. In 1688, they were virtually the only family in south Wales to attempt serious (indeed, threatening) resistance to the Protestant coup.
Ven. William Southerne: Another Tyneside Martyr.
Authors: Forster Ann M.C.
Published: February 2017

William Southerne, the last martyr to suffer under James I, lived and died during a period of disunion among the English Catholics. They were divided upon several issues: one of these was die lawfulness of taking the Oath of Allegiance. This Oath, introduced by Cecil in 1606, and condemned as unlawful by Pope Paul V the following year, was still favoured by a certain (small) section of the clergy in England. Ven. William Southerne was not of their number: his refusal to take the Oath was the determining factor which brought about his condemnation.
A Bibliography of the Writings of Richard Verstegan (c. 1550-1641).
Authors: Petti A. G.
Published: February 2017

Richard Verstegan is still a neglected writer, not because his works lack intrinsic merit or historical importance, but more fundamentally, because much uncertainty remains about the extent of his authorship.
The Distribution of Catholic Chaplaincies in the Early Eighteenth Century
Authors: Williams J. Anthony
Published: February 2017

Among the archives of the Archbishop of Westminster is a four-page list of ‘Persons of Quality’ and their chaplains and of other Mass-centres, riding-missions, etc. marked in pencil ‘between 1695 and 1710—c. 1701’ possibly because the latter was the year when the Catholic eighth Duke of Norfolk, who heads the list, succeeded to the title. It is, however, possible to assign a more accurate date to this document, i.e. between 14 September 1704 when Sir Henry Arundell Bedingfield—born in 1689 and marked ‘yet minor’ in the list—succeeded to the baronetcy and 11 May 1706 when Lord Carrington died without issue. It may be that further investigation can narrow down the date still further. The document gives no indication of the purpose for which it was compiled though the tenor of its final page suggests that it was drawn up by a secular priest, probably a member of the Old Chapter. The contents of the document are summed-up in a note added in a later hand at the end: ‘This paper tells whether the family was served by a clergyman, that is a secular priest or by a regular viz. a Jesuit (underlined) or a Monk or a Friar’.
Elizabethan Priest–Holes: VI–The Escape Of Charles II
Authors: Hodgetts Michael
Published: February 2017

The escape of Charles II after the Battle of Worcester presents the historian of priest-holes with an unfamiliar and agreeable problem. Instead of there being too little evidence, there is if anything too much. The Boscobel Tracts (Hughes's convenient title for the various printed and manuscript accounts of the affair) are together as long as Gerard's Narrative and Autobiography; and they describe a period of only six weeks instead of eighteen years. From them it is possible to plot the complicated movements of the King and of the other characters in the story, not merely day by day but often hour by hour. The Boscobel episode, like the Battle of Hastings and Guy Fawkes, is familiar to everybody; for three hundred years the sign of the Royal Oak has been a common one in English towns and villages, however remote from the course of the young King's wanderings. But despite that, curiously little has been written about the hides to which Charles owed his safety at Boscobel, Moseley, Trent and Heale, although the Tracts furnish a good deal of useful, if discreetly-worded, information about them.
Catholics and Politics: The Worcestershire Election of 1604
Authors: Grosvenor Ian D.
Published: February 2017

James I proclaimed his first English parliament on 11 January 1603-04. He directed electors to eschew ‘any partial respects or factious combination’, and also to avoid returning ‘any persons either noted for their superstitious blindness one way, or for their turbulent humours other ways’. According to the Venetian Ambassador, it was ‘combination[s]’ of ‘Catholics’ and ‘Puritans’ that the King had particularly in mind. In the event the royal directive was imperfectly followed, At least thirteen elections were contested. Among them was the election for the shire of Worcester. As this study will show, the outcome of the Worcestershire parliamentary election was determined by the interaction of precisely such factional groupings as James had hoped to deter. As much is evident, both from the surviving correspondence of several of the leading participants, and from the records of the Star Chamber suit to which the election subsequently gave rise. The election is cited by Derek Hirst as an example of how ‘the issue of the danger to Protestantism could move people at all times’. But it was at times of extraordinary political activity, such as Parliamentary elections, that anti-Catholic feeling became particularly intense. This study will examine this proposition by reference to the Worcestershire election. It will also offer a reconsideration of Elliot Rose's interpretation of the political attitudes of English Catholics at the opening of the seventeenth century.
The Skull of Wardley Hall
Authors: Bamber J. E.
Published: February 2017

In 1918, the late Mr Ernest Axon wrote an article on the Wardley skull in which he stated:

Of recent years it has been assumed, with great unanimity, that the well-known skull at Wardley is that of Father Ambrose Barlow, a Benedictine, who after a self-sacrificing life as a Catholic missioner in Lancashire, his native county, was in the year 1641 executed under the old law by which every Catholic priest was ipso facto a traitor.
Donne’s Catholicism: I
Authors: Flynn Dennis
Published: February 2017

Over fifty years ago, Louise Imogen Guiney wrote: ‘Someone, firstin the field, should write a little book, which should be a scientific andauthentic study of Dr John Donne as a Catholic’. As Guiney pointed out, Donne’s Catholicism, even when he had ceased to practice it actively, and even after he became an Anglican minister, was a continuous influence on his life and writings. However, Donne’s biographers, those before and those since Guiney, have paid scant attention to Donne’s Catholicism, tending rather to see his life as a paradoxical development fromlibertine scepticism to Protestant fideism. Between these extremes, Donne’s religious development has usually been described in terms of riddles and contradictions, with no more than passing reference to its relativelyclear involvement in the spiritual conflict through which Catholicism was repressed in Tudor and Stuart English society. The most influential proponent of this paradoxical interpretation has undoubtedly been Izaak Walton, Donne’s friend, who inexplicably likened Donne’s rather protracted Anglican conversion to the comparatively spontaneous conversion of St Augustine. Augustus Jessopp later repeated Walton’s fundamental idea, that Donne had clean rejected Catholicism at about twenty, even though Jessopp observed that Donne was suspected by his father-in-law of Catholic sympathies as late as 1602. Edmund Gosse was the first of Donne’s biographers to acknowledge the weight of evidence illustrating Donne’s persistent Catholic sympathies; Gosse nevertheless concluded that Donne’s Catholicism had been easily corrupted in the worldly atmosphere of London in the 1590’s, that he had grown sceptical of religion altogether,and that he lapsed thereafter only occasionally into fits of Catholic religion. Very little evidence of this supposed libertine scepticism can be found. Donne was far from sharing the extraordinary sceptical atheism rumoured of Raleigh or Marlowe, and the theory that he even leaned in this directionhas little support other than weak inference from the cynical tone of some of his writings. On the contrary, Donne seems to have shared the common assumption of his time, and the main lesson of his Catholic education, that there is one true religion. But his biographers have persistently seen him (mechanically mentioning his Catholic background) as a profane writer of ‘conceited verses’ converted by saving grace into an Anglican preacher.