bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adherence Partners are an Acceptable Intervention to Support Adherence to Prenatal Micronutrient Supplementation among Pregnant Women in Western Kenya
Authors: Martin S , Omotayo M , Chapleau G , Ortolano S , Stoltzfus R , Dickin K
Published: June 2021

In populations with low calcium (Ca) intake, WHO now recommends providing prenatal Ca supplementation alongside iron‐folic acid (IFA) as part of antenatal care (ANC) services to reduce maternal mortality. Even when pregnant women have a stable supply of supplements, they often cite forgetting and family disapproval as adherence barriers. Adherence partners (AP) are a behavior change intervention that expands social support to improve adherence. Pregnant women select APs from their social network (e.g., a spouse or relative) and ask APs to encourage and remind them to take their supplements. This study assessed the acceptability of APs to improve adherence to prenatal Ca and IFA supplements in western Kenya through trials of improved practices, a formative research methodology that follows participants over time as they try a new behavior. We collected qualitative and quantitative data on acceptability and adherence during 3 interviews over 6 weeks. We provided 33 pregnant women with Ca and IFA supplements, counseling, and calendars, and then offered the option of selecting an AP; 26 women agreed to try an AP. Although many women in our previous formative research described husbands as unhelpful during pregnancy, 16 of 26 women selected their husbands to be their AP; most others chose female relatives. Participants reported APs supported adherence by encouraging, reminding, bringing supplements, and providing food. AP support of prenatal Ca and IFA supplements could be acceptable and helpful for pregnant women in low‐resource settings, even in the context of limited family support and ANC attendance. Further research is warranted to assess the appropriateness, feasibility, and impact of this low‐cost intervention.
Prevalence of Deficient Vitamin B12 Intake in a South Indian Population
Authors: Ravi Sripriya , Vanzan Hari , Thanikachalam Sadagopan , Vasudevan Preethi , Must Aviva , Thanikachalam Mohan , Bermudez Odilia
Published: June 2021

Objective

Vitamin B12 is needed for the metabolism of homocysteine (Hcy). Here we examine intake of B12 and its association with Hcy levels in rural and urban adults in South India.

Methods: A randomly selected sample of 8080 (urban: 2221; semi‐urban: 2821; rural areas: 3038) participants (mean age 42 years; 58% women) had diet, anthropometric, blood pressure (BP) and key blood parameters, including Hcy, assessments.

Results: B12 intake was higher in urban (1.9 ± 0.9ug/d) compared to semi‐urban (1.4 ± 0.7 ug/d), and rural (1.2± 0.7ug/d) adults (p <0.01). Women had significantly (p<0.01) lower intakes of B12 compared to men across age groups and area (1.42 ± 0.8 vs. 1.6 ± 0.8 ug/d). Vegetarians (n=594) had higher intakes of B12 compared to non‐vegetarians (n=7058) (1.6 ± 0.7 vs. 1.5 ± 0.8; p< 0.05). A greater percentage of non‐vegetarian women (40%) had intakes <1ug/d compared to vegetarian women (20%). About 40 % of both rural and semi urban women consumed <1ug of B12 /day. About 20% of men from all locations and urban women had <1ug /d of B12. Milk and milk products were the primary sources of B12 for both sexes across locations. B12 intakes correlated inversely and significantly with Hcy levels (p<0.01), with greater associations in men compared to women (p<0.01).

Conclusions

A high proportion of participants have low B12 intake, especially among those from rural and semi‐urban areas and among non‐vegetarians. Consumption of meat does not seem to improve B 12 intake. Interventions to improve B 12 intake are needed.
Fatty Acid Analysis of Citron (Citrus junos Sieb. ex TANAKA) Seed Oil and Its Regulation Effects on Nitric Oxide Production, Lipid Accumulation, and Leptin Secretion
Authors: Kim Tae Woo , Kim Kyoung Kon , Kang Yun Hwan , Kim Dae Jung , Choe Myeon
Published: June 2021

Purpose

Citron seed oil (CSO) has been reported to have high antioxidant activity. However, the composition of CSO and other biologically activities are not reported. In this study, we confirmed the fatty acid composition of CSO that may be beneficial to vascular disease and obesity.

Methods

We investigated the oil composition using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) analysis, and cytotoxicity were confirmed by Cell Counting Kit‐8 (CCK‐8) assay. Nitric oxide (NO) production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was measured with Griess reagent, and lipid accumulation and leptin secretion in 3T3‐L1 cells were measured by Oil‐Red O staining and commercial ELISA kit, respectively.

Results

GC‐MS analysis indicates that CSO contains several components, including linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linolenic acid, palmitoleic acid, and arachidic acid. In physiological activity research, CSO did not induce cytotoxic effect in HUVECs and 3T3‐L1 cells. Further, CSO significantly induced nitric oxide and leptin secretion, and inhibited lipid accumulation.

Conclusion

The effects of CSO on increase of NO release, inhibition of lipid accumulation, and induction of leptin secretion suggest that CSO may be useful for the management of vessels and weight gain. Although further studies are required to investigate safety and reaction mechanism of CSO, our results show that the composition and physiological activity of CSO are enough for use as functional edible oil.
Examining Junior High and High School Students' Willingness to Consume Foods and Beverages Recommended by the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans
Authors: Zawodniak Brittany , Cater Melissa , Miketinas Derek , Tuuri Georgianna
Published: June 2021

Understanding adolescents' willingness to consume foods and beverages is important because preferences impact consumption. This study examined junior high and high school students' willingness to consume 9 foods and beverages recommended by the 2010 Dietary Guidelines For Americans and 9 high fat and sugar alternatives to these items. 288 students completed the survey (67.4% junior high, 51.7% female, 76% white). Willingness data were gathered using a 4‐point Likert‐type scale ranging from “always unwilling” to “always willing,” with an option to select “never eaten.” Exploratory Factor Analysis using Principal Axis factoring with a Promax (oblique) rotation returned 3 factors. Factor 1 included ice cream, French fries, pizza, chips, fried chicken, donuts, and cookies (22.6% of the variance). Factor 2 included whole‐wheat pasta and whole‐wheat toast (13.5% of the variance). Factor 3 included 100% fruit juice, raw vegetables, and fresh fruit (6.6% of the variance). Internal consistency was measured using Cronbach's alpha (Factor 1 = .802, Factor 2 = .724, Factor 3 = .558). Group mean scores for Factors 2 and 3 were significantly higher for high school students compared to junior high students (t = .47, p < .05 and t = .31, p < .001, respectively). This preliminary study provides valuable insight into food preference patterns, and therefore eating behaviors, of adolescents.

Funded in part by Hatch Act Funds # LAB 93846
Healthy Kids Obesity Risk Assessment Demonstrates Predictive Validity in Sample of Low‐income Children
Authors: Townsend Marilyn , Shilts Mical , Styne Dennis , Allen Lindsay , Drake Christiana , Ontai Lenna
Published: June 2021

Medical providers would benefit from a risk assessment tool to supplement a physical exam to predict a BMI trajectory in young children, 3‐5 years. Our objective is to estimate predictive validity of a pictorial assessment tool based on BMI collected 23 months later. Low‐income parents (n=103) provided data about themselves and their young children. Longitudinal data collection included the 43‐item Healthy Kids (HK) and child height/weight for BMI percentile and was repeated 23 months later. Of the 43 potential behavioral items, 14 were selected for the final model using random forests analysis and stepwise regression to predict BMI percentile. The R2 was .74 for the final model that included the HK items and BMI percentile compared to an R2 of .56 for BMI percentile alone. The partial F‐test (F = 4.01, p<.0001) comparing a model with BMI percentile and HK to model with BMI percentile only supports the predictive value of HK tool. Summing the estimates indicates a negative relationship; the lower the HK score, the higher the child's BMI percentile 23 months later. Healthy Kids tool for low‐literate parents adds predictive value to the medical providers' knowledge of the child's BMI.

Supported by National Research Initiative #2009‐55215‐05019 & Agriculture and food Research Initiative #2010‐85215‐20658 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Human Nutrition and Obesity 93330.
Weight Management Practices, Food Choice Behaviors, and Physical Activity of Thai High School Students by Type of Body Dissatisfaction
Authors: Chongwatpol Pitipa , Gates Gail
Published: June 2021

The objective of this study was to compare food choices, physical activity, and weight management practices used by adolescents with different types of body dissatisfaction. Height, weight, body image perception, food choice behaviors, physical activity level, and weight management practices were obtained by questionnaire from high schools students in 9 schools in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. Participants chose the figure that looked most like their current and ideal body using Stunkard's figure rating scale. Participants were categorized by the difference between current and ideal figures into no dissatisfaction (ND: n = 406), wanted bigger figure (BF: n = 539), or wanted thinner figure (TF: n= 1177) groups. The current BMI of the ND, BF, and TF groups were 19.4, 17.7, and 23.0 kg/m2, respectively. The TF group reported the highest use of weight management practices. The ND group reported higher use of weight management practices than the BF group but lower than the TF group. The top 3 weight management practices used by participants in the TF groups were to eat less food, less fat, and more fruits and vegetables. In the BF group, they reported using exercise, more protein, and lots of water to increase their muscle size. Physical activity was significantly lower in the TF group than the ND and BF groups. Overall food choice behaviors between the 3 groups were not significantly different, however, the BF group consumed soda and snacks more frequently than the ND and TF group. In conclusion, participants who wanted thinner figures had higher BMI, used more weight management practices, were less physically active, but had similar food choices as the participants who did not report body dissatisfaction.
Chia Seed Oil Supplementation Has No Influence on Running Performance
Authors: Nieman David , Gillitt Nicholas , Meaney Mary Pat , Dew Dustin , Jin Fuxia
Published: June 2021

Plasma ALA levels peak about 2 h after ingestion, and 60‐85% is utilized by tissues for energy, higher than the 50% shown for other oils. This study determined if consuming 10.5 kcal/kg ALA‐rich chia seed oil before and during running to exhaustion improved performance compared to water. Runners (N=24, age 38.0±1.7 y, VO2max 47.9±1.6 ml/kg/min) reported to the lab twice in an overnight fasted state, 2 weeks apart (randomized, crossover). After a blood sample at 8:00 am, subjects ingested 10 ml/kg water with or without 7 kcal/kg chia seed oil, provided a blood sample at 8:30 am, and then ran to exhaustion (70% VO2max). Subjects ingested 3 ml/kg water/15 min during both trials, and 3.5 kcal/kg chia seed oil after 1 h running. Metabolic measures (Cosmed CPET, Rome, Italy) and RPE were measured during the running bouts. Blood samples were collected immediately‐ and 1‐h post‐exercise, and analyzed for ALA, glucose, lactate, cortisol, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, TNF‐α, and total leukocytes. Despite elevated plasma ALA during the chia seed oil (337%) compared to the water trial (35%) (70.8±8.6, 20.3±1.8 μg/ml, P<0.001), run time to exhaustion did not differ (1.86±0.10, 1.91±0.13 h, P=0.775). No trial differences were found for the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (0.89±0.01, 0.90±0.01, P=0.210), RPE (P=0.917), plasma glucose (P=0.511), or lactate (P=0.308). Significant increases were measured for total leukocytes, plasma cortisol, and cytokines, with no trial differences. In summary, chia seed oil supplementation (10.5 kcal/kg) before and during high‐intensity running, increased plasma ALA but did not enhance run time to exhaustion, or influence RER, cortisol, and inflammation responses compared to water alone.

Support, Dole Foods, Inc.
Effects of Camel Casein Hydrolysate Addition on Microbiological and Rheological Properties of Yoghurt
Authors: ALSALEH Abdulrahman , Metwalli Ali , Ismail Elsayed , Alkhalifa Abdulrahman
Published: June 2021

Camel milk plays an important source of nutrients in arid lands and consumed as fresh ,pasteurized and fermented. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of camel and cow casein hydrolysates by trypsin enzyme on rheological and sensory properties and growth of starter culture of yoghurts made from cow milk. Caseins were separated from camel and cow milk ,and hydrolyzed by trypsin enzyme. The hydrolysates were added at concentration of (0.5; 1.0 and 1.5%) to yoghurt made from cow milk.
Results showed that casein hydrolysates strongly decreased the fermentation and coagulation time of the yoghurts. The rate of pH decrease was higher with camel casein hydrolysate in comparison with cow casein hydrolysate at all concentrations (0.5; 1.0 and 1.5%) Viscosities of the yoghurt made with hydrolysates significantly (p蠄0.05) decreased than control samples. The addition of the hydrolysates significantly (p蠄0.05) increased the hardness and adhesiveness of the yoghurts. No significant differences in water holding capacity of control and treated samples were observed. However, increasing casein hydrolysate addition to 1.5% decreased water holding capacity of yoghurt samples. The sensory evaluation scores of the yoghurts were significantly (p蠄0.05) improved with the addition of casein hydrolysates.
Brazilian Heavy Consumers of Yogurt Present Better Adherence to Dietary Dairy Guidelines than Non‐consumers
Authors: fisberg mauro , Possa Gabriela , Fisberg Regina
Published: June 2021

Objective:

Analyze the consumption of yogurt and association with adherence to dietary (dairy) guidelines in adults living in São Paulo, Brazil

Methods:

2557 subjects were recruited according to their intake of yogurt and distributed into 2 groups: heavy consumers (蠅4 times/week) and non/low‐consumers of yogurt (less than once a week), paired by social economic level, age and gender. Interviewers collected data through face‐to‐face household interviews. Firstly, a questionnaire was applied to obtain data about yogurt intake frequency, demographic and socioeconomic classification. Individuals who met the inclusion criteria went to the second phase of interview, in which data about habitual food intake was evaluated using a validated Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire containing 65 food items

Results:

Heavy consumers of yogurt had lower daily intake of carbohydrate, iron, sodium and alcohol and higher daily intake of protein, saturated fat, fiber, total sugar, vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin A, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and calcium than non‐consumers (p <0.05). Furthermore, heavy consumers showed significantly higher mean intake of milk, milk shaked with fruits, cheese, total dairy products and higher daily number of consumed servings of dairy products than non‐consumers (3.4 vs. 1.4 servings/day; p<0.05)

Conclusion

Heavy consumers of yogurt presented globally better nutrients intake, with a mean of calcium intake higher than the recommended daily intake of calcium (1000mg/day). Besides this, different from the non‐consumers, heavy consumers met in average the dairy dietary guidelines, which recommend the intake of three dairy servings per day
Calcium intake from dairy products is inversely related to obesity and body fat in Mexican school‐aged children
Authors: Oropeza Lorena , Caamaño María , Garcia Olga , Ronquillo Dolores , Martínez Guadalupe , Rosado Jorge
Published: June 2021

Dietary calcium plays an important role in the regulation of energy metabolism. The aim of this study was to examine the association between calcium from dairy and non‐dairy products with obesity in school‐aged children. A total of 613 children aged 8.4 ± 1.4 y from a rural area in Querétaro, Mexico participated in a cross‐sectional study. Weight, height and body composition (DXA) were measured in all children. Diet was evaluated using three 24 h‐recalls. Intake of dairy products included whole milk, yogurt, and cheese. After adjusting for age, energy intake and gender, calcium intake from dairy products was negatively associated with body fat percent (β=−0.179; IC 95%: ‐2.012, ‐0.771; p=0.001), abdominal fat percent (β=−0.193; IC 95%: ‐3.223, ‐0.771; p=0.001) and body mass index for age (β=−0.199; IC 95%: ‐0.461, ‐0.191; p=0.001). There was not association between calcium intake from non‐dairy foods and any measure of obesity. In conclusion, higher calcium intake from dairy products is associated with lower adiposity and lower body mass index in Mexican children.
Associations of Parathyroid Hormone Concentration Among Alaska Natives of Western Alaska
Authors: Luick Bret , Bersamin Andrea , Stern Judith
Published: June 2021

No reports of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations are available for Alaska Native populations. Design: Cross‐sectional study. Methods: PTH, serum 25(OH)D, dietary calcium and demographic variables were collected from 496 Alaska Natives of Western Alaska (43% males) ages 14‐92y residing in Southwestern Alaska. Results: Estimated calcium intake was 470 ± 341 and 376 ± 245 mg/d among men and women, respectively. Median PTH concentration (pmol/L) was 6.96 (2.4‐37.2), and 6.0 (2.4‐24.2) among men and 7.7 (2.6‐37.2) among women. In MLR models, predictors of PTH were 25(OH)D (P=0.02) and BMI (P=0.04) among men, and BMI (P<0.01), 25(OH)D (P=0.01) and an age x BMI interaction (P=0.02) among women.

Conclusion

Broadly low calcium intake was likely related to elevated PTH levels, but resulted in a weak calcium and PTH relationship. PTH concentrations were apparently moderated by 25(OH)D.
High Sugar Intake from Milk and Fruits is Associated with Reduced Risks of Obesity in Korean Children
Authors: Ha Kyungho , Chung Sangwon , Lee Haeng‐Shin , Kim Cho‐il , Joung Hyojee , Paik Hee‐Young , Song YoonJu
Published: June 2021

In recent years, there is growing concern that high sugar intake increases the risk of obesity with special focus on added sugars and sugar from certain food sources. However, Asian population has been reported with low sugar intake and few studies were conducted for association with obesity in children. This study aimed to examine the association of total sugar intake and sugar intake from milk and fruits with obesity in Korean children. Data was obtained from six different studies that had been conducted from 2002 to 2011. A total of 3,990 children aged 9‐14 years who had completed 3 or more days of dietary records were selected. Mean total sugar intake was 51.1g and that from milk and fruits was 14.1g. There was no association of overweight or obesity across quartiles of total sugar intake except boys of 12‐14 years that had reduced risk for obesity. Girls in the highest quartile of sugar intake from milk and fruits had significantly reduced risks for overweight (OR: 0.48, CIs: 0.29‐0.79 for 9‐11y and OR: 0.52, CIs: 0.29‐0.94 for 12‐14y) and for obesity (OR: 0.44, CIs: 0.21‐0.90 for 9‐11y and OR: 0.46, CIs: 0.22‐0.97 for 12‐14y) in both age groups compared with those in the lowest quartile. In conclusion, intrinsic sugars such as sugars in milk and fruits appear to have favorable effects on overweight or obesity, particularly in Asian girls.
Alcohol Use and Zinc Status in HIV+ Adults in Miami, Florida
Authors: Alvarado Glenda , Ceballos Liena , Baum Marianna , Stewart Tiffanie , Fleetwood Christina , Martinez Sabrina , Campa Adriana
Published: June 2021

Objective:

Zinc (Zn) deficiency is the most common nutrient deficiency in HIV, and is not reversed with ART. Zn deficiency affects the immune system and may be aggravated by excessive alcohol use. We examined the effect of alcohol consumption on plasma and dietary Zn, and its association with disease progression in HIV+ adults.

Methods:

After consenting, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) score 蠅8 was used to identify excessive alcohol intake among 274 HIV+ adults. Nutrient intake was estimated with two 24‐hour dietary recalls; blood was drawn for plasma Zn levels, and parameters of HIV disease progression were obtained from medical charts.

Results:

Mean age was 45.9±7.8, 64% were male, 69% were Black, 43% had excessive alcohol drinking, 65% were Zn deficient, 40% used multivitamins with 15 mg Zn/day. CD4 cell count was lower in excessive alcohol drinkers compared to non‐drinkers or moderate drinkers (374.8±54.1 vs. 459.2±62.6 cells/mm3, P=0.029). CD4 cell count and viral load were better in non‐drinkers and moderate drinkers (β=0.2, SE=1.7, P=0.03 and β=‐0.18, SE=0.22, P=0.049, respectively) than in excessive drinkers. There was no relationship between excessive drinking and Zn deficiency. Excessive drinking was correlated with tobacco (r=0.24, P<0.001) and illicit drug use (r=0.25, P<0.001). Zn intake was correlated with energy (r=0.491, P<0.001) and protein (r=0.718, P<0.001) intake, but not with plasma levels of Zn.

Conclusion

Moderate or no alcohol consumption is associated with better measures of HIV disease progression than excessive drinking, but is not associated with Zn deficiency.

Funded by NIDA & NIAAA
Metabolomic Markers Associated with Central Adiposity Gain in Young Adults
Authors: Hootman KC , Trezzi JP , Bailey JR , Burwell LS , Guertin KA , Hiller K , Cassano PA
Published: June 2021

The metabolome reflects metabolic activity and dietary exposures. We conducted a discovery‐based analysis to identify metabolomic markers associated with subsequent increases in adiposity in young adults, which could lead to improving prevention efforts. In a prospective cohort study of freshmen (1 academic year duration; n=141), we identified two groups of participants: 1) those who increased on all 3 markers of adiposity (truncal fat by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry, waist circumference, and weight; n=66; 47% female) and 2) those who were stable (n=16; 56% female). Individual plasma aliquots collected at study baseline were grouped into pools, assayed in triplicate (GC/MS), and the resulting chromatograms were analyzed using MetaboliteDetector software. Normalized metabolite levels were compared between pools using Welch's t‐test. We detected 315 metabolites of verified quality; 11 metabolites were statistically significantly different between the two groups (nominal p‐value <0.05). One metabolite, meso‐erythritol, reached the a priori false discovery rate threshold <0.2 (nominal p=0.0006, FDR q‐value=0.1965); the concentration was 11‐fold higher in the pool with increased central adiposity vs. the pool of stable participants. Other analyses compared the metabolome in two further pools, created according to baseline glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c): meso‐erythritol was 19‐fold greater in the pooled samples of participants with HbA1c>5.5% vs. HbA1c<4.9% (nominal p=0.015). Meso‐erythritol, a metabolite from intake of erythritol, a non‐nutritive sweetener added to commercial foodstuffs, was positively associated with an increase in central adiposity in young adults in this study.
Early Bedtime and Late Wake Time is Associated with Lower Diet Quality among Young Women
Authors: Azarmanesh Deniz , Ronnenberg Alayne , Bertone‐Johnson Elizabeth , Troy Lisa
Published: June 2021

Poor sleep is consistently associated with increased obesity. This association may be partially explained by the influence of sleep on diet. We used linear regression to assess associations between sleep timing (bedtime and wake time) and diet quality among a subset of participants from the UMass Vitamin D Status Study (n=140 women, mean age=21.5 yrs, mean BMI=22.8 kg/m2). Medians for bedtime (12:15am) and wake time (7:30am) were used to define early bedtime and wake (< median) and late bedtime and wake (> Median). Diet was assessed with a modified Harvard Food Frequency Questionnaire and diet quality was measured by the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans Adherence Index (DGAI‐2010), range 0 worst to 100 best. DGAI‐2010 was lower in women with “early bedtime, late wake” (n = 21) compared to the referent group, “early bedtime, early wake” (n = 50) (β= ‐3.62, P=0.03), after adjusting for total energy and alcohol intakes, BMI, smoking and sleep duration. Further adjustment for meeting the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans attenuated the results (β= ‐3.25, P=0.06). Although sleep timing was associated with diet quality in this cross‐sectional study, our findings suggest that physical activity may play a role in the relationship.
Food Craving in Childhood Cancer Survivors
Authors: Shams‐White Marissa , Kelly Michael , Roberts Susan , Must Aviva , Parsons Susan , Saltzman Edward , Zhang Fang Fang
Published: June 2021

Background

Childhood cancer survivors are at an increased risk of obesity, but the causes for this elevated risk are not entirely understood. Cancer treatment may impact the hypothalamic‐pituitary region of the brain, causing long‐term changes in food cravings and intake.

Procedure:

We used a modified Food Craving Inventory to assess total food craving and craving for carbohydrates, sweets, fat and fast‐foods in 22 survivors of pediatric leukemia and lymphoma (median age at study entry = 11.7 years; median years since diagnosis = 5.6 years) at baseline, 6 and 12 months. We further explored whether cancer‐ and treatment‐related factors were associated with craving and whether food craving predicted weight gain in childhood cancer survivors.

Results:

The mean total craving score at baseline was 2.1 (SD=0.7), and the mean score for each component, from the highest to the lowest, was 2.6 (SD=0.9) for fast‐foods, 2.1 (SD=0.8) for sweets, 2.0 (SD=0.6) for carbohydrates, and 1.8 (SD=0.7) for fat. No significant trend in food craving was detected during the one‐year follow‐up. Compared to survivors diagnosed at a younger age (<4.5 years), those diagnosed at an older age (蠅4.5 years) had a significantly higher total craving (2.5 vs. 1.7, p=0.007) and craving for fast‐foods (2.9 vs. 2.1, p=0.03), sweets (2.5 vs 1.8, p=0.03), carbohydrates (2.3 vs 1.7, p=0.03), and fat (2.1 vs. 1.3, p=0.004). Food craving was not significantly associated with changes in BMI z‐score in the 16 survivors who completed follow‐up visits.

Conclusions

Age at diagnosis may potentially affect food craving in childhood cancer survivors. Future large‐scale studies are needed to further evaluate food craving in childhood cancer survivors.
Concordance with DASH Diet and Blood Pressure Change: Result from Framingham Offspring Cohort (1991‐2008)
Authors: Jiang Jieying , Liu Mengling , Troy Lisa , Bangalore Spripal , Hayes Richard , Parekh Niyati
Published: June 2021

The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet was developed to prevent and lower high blood pressure (BP).However, inconsistent results exist between short‐term clinical trials and long‐term observational studies. We evaluated associations of concordance with the DASH diet and BP trajectories and incidence of hypertension in 2,187 men and women (mean age=53y at exam 5) participating in the Framingham Offspring cohort. Diet and BP was assessed at exams 5 through 8 (1991 to 2008), ~13y of follow‐up. DASH scores were calculated by summing 10 food components including food groups that have been shown to influence BP outcomes (e.g. fruits and vegetables, low‐fat dairy products, lean meat and plant‐based protein). Mixed effect and Cox regression models were applied to assess the association of concordance with the DASH diet and BP longitudinal change and incidence of hypertension adjusted for age, sex, smoking, history of diabetes, BMI and physical activity. A modest positive change in systolic BP of 0.054 mmHg/year per unit increase in DASH score (p=0.028) was observed. No significant associations were observed for diastolic BP or incidence of hypertension. Our findings suggest that concordance with DASH diet may not play a role in BP longitudinal change and incidence of hypertension in a population of older adults.
Total Vegetable and White Potato Consumption of Women of Childbearing Age
Authors: Storey Maureen , Anderson Patricia
Published: June 2021

A nutritious diet and healthy lifestyle are crucial before, during and after pregnancy to optimize health for both mother and child. For most women of childbearing age (WCBA), the 2010 Dietary Guidelines recommend about 2.5 cups of vegetables each day. We examined total vegetable and white potato (WP) consumption of WCBA 19 to 50 years using dietary data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009‐2010. Appropriate survey weights were used to calculate average daily consumption of total vegetables and WP using day 1 dietary intake data. On average, WCBA consumed 1.36 cup equivalents of total vegetables. Non‐Hispanic white women, Hispanic women, and women of other races consumed an average of 1.39, 1.43, and 1.46 cup equivalents of vegetables, respectively. On average, non‐Hispanic blacks consumed 1.11 cup equivalents of vegetables—significantly fewer than women of all other races. WCBA consumed about 0.31 cup equivalents of WP. Non‐Hispanic white women, non‐Hispanic black women, Hispanic women and women of other races consumed 0.24, 0.26, 0.25, and 0.20 cups of WP, respectively. These results suggest that vegetable consumption is very low among WCBA and that the affordable WP is an important vegetable, particularly among subgroups of the population with the lowest vegetable intake.
The Added Sugar Puzzle: the Food Science Piece‐Why is Sugar Added to Food and the Challenges of Labeling Added Sugar
Authors: Goldfein Kara , Slavin Joanne
Published: June 2021

Added sugar is the new hot topic replacing the low dietary fat craze that started in the late 1980's. It gained even more publicity with the movie release of Fed Up and the recent proposal from FDA on the nutrition and supplement facts labels on March 3, 2014. So, why is added sugar in the cross hairs of the media and the government? FDA proposes that added sugar declaration on the label is another tool that will help consumers maintain healthy dietary practices by assisting consumers to identify foods that are nutrient‐dense and aid in reducing excessive discretionary calorie intake from added sugars. Through deductive reasoning, labeling added sugar is one tactic to potentially curb the obesity epidemic in the United States. But, is it the right one? Several questions and challenges exist, such as the lack of scientific evidence linking added sugar intake to disease, the ambiguous and confusing definition of added sugar, and the lack of an analytical method to determine added sugar content of food. We review the functions of sugar in food and show that refined starch is often used to replace added sugars in foods with no reduction in calorie content or improvement in nutrient density. Other alternatives to replace added sugars include high potency sweeteners in conjunction with bulking agents, but public controversy also surrounds the use of these alternatives. Without clear benefit to the consumer for added sugar labeling, we question the complex business obstacles, costs, and consumer confusion resulting from the proposed rule. Food scientists have the ability to replace added sugars with other ingredients, but it is not clear that it will be a public health benefit.
Understanding Aspects of Carbohydrate Quality in Rice Related to Differences in Gastric Emptying Rate
Authors: Pletsch Elizabeth , Hamaker Bruce
Published: June 2021

White rice is considered to have lower nutritional quality compared to brown rice due to the loss of its bran fiber during processing. However, components besides bran fiber that may improve the physiological effects of white rice, such as amylose content, slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS), should be further defined. Delayed gastric emptying is associated with extended energy delivery and increased satiety, and may be influenced by these components. Temperature‐cycling was used to increase the SDS and RS fractions in moderately high amylose varieties of cooked white rice (~24 – 29% amylose) with digestion rates monitored in vitro for comparison with brown rice. Gastric emptying rates of rice in human subjects (n=12) were then measured using a 13C‐labeled octanoic acid breath test. In vitro starch digestion indicated that the SDS and RS fractions, in the moderately high amylose white rice, were increased following temperature cycling to levels similar to those in brown rice. Moderately high amylose varieties of white and brown rice also contained more SDS and RS in vitro, and trended to more delayed gastric emptying rates compared to the low amylose rice varieties. However, more delayed gastric emptying rates were still seen with brown rice. This may be a result of properties other than starch digestibility or amylose content that affect gastric emptying rate, such as those related to degradation of the physical form in the stomach.

This research was supported by the Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and the Ingestive Behavior Research Center.
From Paper and Pencil to Tablet and Stylus: Automating the Sneakers and Spokes Environmental Audit
Authors: Koenings M , Horacek T , Marxen L , Farnsworth D , Byrd‐Bredbenner C
Published: June 2021

Walkability and bikeability of communities affects fitness and health. The paper/pencil Sneakers & Spokes Audit (SSA) evaluates the safety, quality, and comfort of walking and biking paths. Scores range 0‐100, with scores 蠅85 indicating Excellent, 70 to <85 Satisfactory, and <70 Unsatisfactory support of biking and walking. This study determined the feasibility of automating the SSA via an interactive website (app) platform, conducted formative beta testing at 2 universities, and refined the SSA. Researchers and key community members at each university collaboratively selected the most commonly used paths to be audited. A quarter of identified paths were assessed at night and a subset (n=6 paths, 4 day, 2 night) were assessed by all evaluators independently to determine interrater reliability via IntraClass Correlations (ICC). Paths were drawn using OpenStreetMap/Leaflet app; audits were performed using tablets and mobile phones. Audit results were downloaded in csv/Excel format. Paths may be downloaded as GIS data files. ICC ranged from 88% to 99%. At university #1 (U#1) 23% of paths had Excellent support, compared to 7% at university #2 (U#2). However, 35% U#2 paths received Satisfactory scores and 58% Unsatisfactory scores, while 38% and 39% of U#1 paths received Satisfactory and Unsatisfactory scores. The interactive map performed best with tablets. The password‐protected app can be accessed securely via computers and tablets. This automated, interactive, user‐friendly audit app is a feasible method for real‐time data collection and comparison of findings across data sites. The SSA can help create environments that encourage physical activity.
Content Analysis of Women and Parenting Magazines Targeted to Latino Audiences
Authors: Barrios P , Lozada C , Delaney C , Martin‐Biggers J , Byrd‐Bredbenner C
Published: June 2021

Latinos are the nation's largest minority group and experience a disproportionate burden of poor health outcomes. Targeted health communications can address such disparities. Magazine headlines consist of a few words and are often written with the intention of provoking emotions and attracting readers' attention. Health communicators may benefit from understanding the different techniques used by magazine editors to create cover lines to capture consumer interest. Trained data collectors (n=4) recorded headlines from 24 months of 6 top‐selling Latino audience women and parenting magazines (n=85 issues), independently coded them for themes/emotions evoked, then analyzed for inter‐coder agreement. Headline themes/emotions identified were power/strength, informative/how‐to, bad/negative, family/protective, newness/uniqueness, improve/organize, great/inspiring, beauty/health, love/passion, easy/simple, daring, and happiness/fun. Initial correlations between 2 researchers categorizing key descriptor terms by theme was high for most themes (0.83 to 0.98), except for improve/organize (0.78). A third researcher cross‐checked until unanimous intercoder agreement was reached. The most commonly used themes in the analyzed magazines were informative/how‐to, great/inspiring, beauty/health and newness/uniqueness (38%, 27%, 22% and 21%, respectively). Findings may help nutrition professionals create materials that better capture reader attention and lead to behavior change. USDA NIFA #2011‐68001‐30170
PLASMA SULFURED AMINO ACID RESPONSES TO METHIONINE‐LOADING TEST IN HIV+ PATIENTS
Authors: Burini Roberto , Borges‐Santos Maria D , Moreto Fernando , Pereira Paulo , Ming‐Yu Yong
Published: June 2021

HIV+ patients present low plasma levels of GSH which could be normalized through dietary supplements with either N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) or glutamine (Gln). Nevertheless, normal Cys levels were not obtained in such situations and lower trans‐sulfuration pathway activity could be the cause. It has been referred that after a methionine load (MetLo) mostly of Cys comes from trans‐sulfuration pathway. The study aimed to investigate the responses of Cys to the MetLo in healthy control (Co) and HIV+ dietary‐supplemented (NAC) subjects. The MetLo (0.1g Met/kg mass weight) was given after overnight fasting to 20 non‐ HIV+ Co and 12 HIV+ HAART‐treated patients. Blood samples were taken before, 2h and 4h after MetLo in different 7‐d dietary situations, with NAC (1g/d) or with their usual diet (DO). The amino acids (Met, Hcy, Cys and Tau) and GSH were determined by HPLC and their inflow rate into circulation (plasma) estimated by the area under the curve (AUC). The difference between groups and diets were compared (p<0.05). When compared to DO the additional effects of MetLo to the NAC supplementation were markedly noted in HIV+ by increasing AUC of Hcy, Cys, Tau and GSH. Met matched the Co and Cys was found lower in both situations while GSH surpassed the Co values. When associated with NAC supplementation the MetLo increased Met probably by the Met spared effect of Cys and then increased Hcy probably by reducing remethylation activity. At the same time, trans‐sulfuration decreased probably feedbacking exogenous Cys. Thus, the failure of restoring normal Cys by MetLo in addition to NAC, in HIV+ patients seems related to increased flux of Cys into GSH and Tau pathways to strengthen the cell antioxidant capacity against the HIV progression. (FAPESP, CAPES and CNPq)
Gender Differences in Bile Acid Kinetics After Dietary Challenges
Authors: Fiamoncini Jarlei , Frost Gary , Scheundel Ronny , Daniel Hannelore
Published: June 2021

Apart from their role in lipid digestion and sterol homeostasis, bile acids (BA) are known to affect metabolism via FXR and TGR5 receptors. They also modulate energy expenditure and thus became a target in obesity research. As part of the Nutritech project, we analyzed the plasma kinetics of BA after dietary challenges. Healthy volunteers in fasting state underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with 75 g of glucose and blood withdrawals at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 240 minutes. In the following day, the same volunteers endured a mixed meal test (MMT) receiving a liquid meal and having blood samples collected at 0, 30, 60, 120, 240 and 360 minutes. Bile acids were analyzed in plasma by a LC‐MS/MS based method with stable‐isotope labeled reference standards. Both dietary challenges increased the plasma concentration of BA (around 3.85‐fold after the MMT and around 2‐fold after the OGTT). The increase of glycine‐conjugated BA was twice more pronounced than that of taurine‐conjugated entities, while naive BA showed no post‐prandial increase. The increase of primary BA was in average 25% more pronounced than that of secondary BA in both tests. Rather surprising was the finding of gender differences in the kinetics of BA after the OGTT which were not observed after the MMT. These differences originate from an earlier peak in plasma BA in men (at t=30 minutes), whereas women reached 30% higher levels of BA 60 minutes after the glucose ingestion. The observed differences between men and women may have different effects in view of metabolic regulation and their impact shall be considered in future studies.
V‐ATPase‐mediated Activation of Cellular and Secreted Cathepsins: Exploring Their Role in Breast Cancer Metastasis
Authors: Hinton Ayana
Published: June 2021

Vacuolar H+‐ATPases are essential H+ pumps that acidify cellular compartments. V‐ATPases at the cell surface of MDA‐MB231 breast cancer cells may contribute to a highly metastatic phenotype. We hypothesize that cell surface V‐ATPases create an acidic microenvironment that activates secreted cathepsins, which leads to cleavage of extracellular matrix, facilitating tumor cell invasion. Less is known about the activation of secreted cathepsins thus we looked into the role of V‐ATPases in secretion and activation of cathepsins B and L (CatB and CatL). Cathepsin activity was measured using a substrate which fluoresces when cleaved. The assays were performed + or ‐ cathepsin‐specific inhibitors. Activity levels were corroborated by immunoblotting for each cathepsin in cell lysates and conditioned media. CatB activity is much higher than CatL inside the cell and CatL activity was much higher extracellularly. Inhibition of V‐ATPases with concanamycin A (a general V‐ATPase inhibitor) leads to a large reduction in the intracellular activity of both CatB and CatL. In conditioned media, inhibition of V‐ATPases leads to a large reduction in CatB activity and a modest reduction in CatL activity. From our results it appears that V‐ATPases are playing a role in activation of both intracellular and secreted cathepsins. These results provide evidence that cell surface V‐ATPases play a role in activation of secreted cathepsins. However, there may be specificity in which secreted cathepsins they act on. Concanamycin can penetrate the cell membrane so we cannot rule out that intracellular V‐ATPases are activating CatB and CatL in secretory vesicles. Experiments with subunit “a” isoform‐specific siRNAs will help define the role that intra‐ and extracellular V‐ATPases play in activation of secreted CatB and CatL.
Determining the Molecular Basis for Differential Hyperoxidation Sensitivity in Peroxiredoxin 1 & 2
Authors: Bolduc Jesalyn , Reisz‐Haines Julie , Nelson Kimberly , Furdui Cristina , Lowther W Todd
Published: June 2021

Oxidative stress, a cellular condition in which the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS; e.g., hydrogen peroxide, H2O2) are too high, causes damage to macromolecules and has been linked to several pathologies including cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, and cardiovascular disease. One way cells maintain homeostatic levels of ROS is to produce a variety of peroxiredoxins (Prxs). Prxs are redox‐sensitive, antioxidant enzymes that remove H2O2. However, Prxs can be inactivated by hyperoxidation of the active site cysteine (Cys‐SPH) residue to Cys sulfinic acid (Cys‐SPO2H). Interestingly, Prx1 is more resistant to hyperoxidation than Prx2, despite the fact that they share 77% sequence identity and are both located in the cytoplasm. The molecular basis for this variability between isoforms in their susceptibilities to inactivation is unknown, but it is important to study since Prx inactivation is implicated in oxidative stress‐associated diseases. We hypothesize that residues unique to hPrx1 cause it to be more resistant to hyperoxidation. We have successfully cloned, expressed, and purified a library of chimeras that target groups of the most dissimilar residues between the two isoforms. We have determined the hyperoxidation sensitivity of the wild type hPrx1 and hPrx2 as well as each chimera using a variety of kinetic assays. By analyzing the changes these chimeras cause in hyperoxidation sensitivity, we have identified two novel, resistance‐conferring motifs.

Sources of research support: AHA MAA: 14PRE19970007, NIGMS/NIH: R01 GM072866
Characterization of a NosP signal transduction pathway in Shewanella oneidensis
Authors: Nisbett Lisa‐Marie , Bacon Bezalel , Boon Elizabeth
Published: June 2021

Adaptive response via signal transduction is necessary for organism survival. Bacteria use two component (His‐Asp) phosphorelay signaling to sense and respond to stimuli, and to regulate various processes such as biofilm formation. Biofilms form when bacteria colonize a surface and aggregate in a self‐secreted exopolysaccharide matrix. Biofilms are extremely resistant to antibiotics and have been implicated in many human diseases. Consequently novel therapeutic approaches for biofilm disruption are needed. Nitric Oxide (NO), a small diatomic gas, has been shown to mediate biofilm dispersal in many bacteria (5). The molecular basis for this regulation has been shown to be NO ligation to H‐NOX proteins, but not all NO responsive bacteria code for an H‐NOX domain. Recently, our lab has identified a novel NO sensing protein, NosP (NO sensing protein) which is predicted to be involved in two component signaling networks that regulate biofilm formation in approximately in 800 of sequenced bacterial species (2), including Vibrio sp., Legionella sp. and the cystic fibrosis associated pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this work, we use biochemistry to investigate and characterize a NosP associated two‐component signal transduction pathway in Shewanella oneidensis. We find that that NosP can undergo heme dependent NO ligation and is predicted to be in the same putative operon as a histidine kinase and its cognate response regulator protein. We also show that gene knockout strains of NosP and NosP associated histidine kinase (NosPHK) produced immature biofilms. We therefore hypothesize that NosP may regulate the activity of its associated two component signaling network and biofilm formation in an NO dependent manner.
Pim1 Is a Novel Kinase That Phosphorylates eNOS at Ser‐633 and Enhances Angiogenesis in Diabetic Mice
Authors: Chen Ming , Yi Bing , Sun Jianxin
Published: June 2021

NO is produced by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) whose function is modulated by posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation and sumoylation. In this study, we identified Pim1 as a novel kinase that mediates eNOS phosphorylation at Ser633. The interaction between Pim1 and eNOS was demonstrated by co‐immunoprecipitation studies in native human endothelial cells and Cos7 cells transiently transfected with eNOS and Pim1 cDNAs. In a vitro kinase assay using recombinant eNOS and Pim1, we demonstrate that Pim1 primarily phosphorylates eNOS at Ser633. Furthermore, co‐transfection of Pim1 with eNOS markedly increased eNOS phosphorylation at Ser633 and substantially increased eNOS activity as determined by NO producton. Intriguingly, in response to VEGF stimulation, phosphorylation of eNOS at Ser633 in vascular ECs exhibits two distinct phases, including a transient phosphorylation occurring between 0 and 60 min and a sustained phosphorylation occurring between 2 h and 24 h, which are mediated by the PKA and Pim1 respectively. Inhibition of Pim1 by either pharmacological inhibitor SMI‐4a or the dominant negative form of Pim1 markedly inhibits VEGF‐induced tube formation, while ectopic expression of Pim1 significantly increases endothelial cell tube formation and EC migration in a NO dependent manner. Strikingly, Pim1 expression and eNOS phosphorylation at Ser633 were substantially decreased in ECs treated with high glucose as well as in the aorta of db/db diabetic mice. Overexpression of Pim1 ameliorates impaired vascular angiogenesis in diabetic mice, as determined by an ex vivo aortic ring assay. Together, these data suggest that Pim1 could potentially serve as a novel therapeutic target for revascularization strategies in diabetic patients.