bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Bhutan's ecological distribution of rice (Oryza sativaL.) under the impact of climate change through maximum entropy modelling
Authors: Chhogyel Ngawang , Kumar Lalit , Bajgai Yadunath , Sadeeka Jayasinghe Layomi
Published: May 2020

The current research investigated the present and future projected distribution of rice (Oryza sativaL.) based on climatic suitability under three representative concentration pathways (RCPs) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change using maximum entropy (MaxEnt) modelling. The MaxEnt models predict that rice distribution in Bhutan will undergo major changes in terms of spatial range shift of varying magnitudes by 2060. Under the anthropogenic radiative forcing of RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, ecological space of rice is predicted to change between 1 and 43%. Major changes are likely to take place in major rice-growing ecological zones of the country. This is likely to have a negative impact on the livelihood and food security of the people as crop production might start declining due to unfavourable climatic factors. Therefore, the findings of this study could prove beneficial for forecasting focus sites requiring interventions, including future climate research, planning, policy formulation and conservation of natural resources.
Consanguinity rates among Syrian refugees in Lebanon: a study on genetic awareness
Authors: El Sabeh Malak , Kassir Mohamed Faisal , Ghanem Paola , Saifi Omran , El Hadi Dalia , Khalifeh Yara , Akkawi Abdul Rahman , Ghabach Marc , Chaaya Monique , Nemer Georges , Abbas Ossama , Kurban Mazen
Published: May 2020

Consanguineous marriage is a deeply rooted tradition in the Arab world. Such marriages are linked to higher rates of recessive genetic diseases. During the Syrian conflict, which started in 2011, around one million Syrian individuals became refugees in Lebanon. This study assessed the consanguinity rates among Syrian refugees living in Lebanon up to three successive consanguineous generations, and examined refugees’ awareness of the possible consequences of consanguineous marriage and their attitudes towards consanguinity. Their knowledge of, and access to, premarital screening was also assessed. The study was conducted between January and May 2018. Several study sites representing refugees’ distribution within the country were chosen. The study sample included 1008 interviewees from different families. Of those interviewed, 51.9% were in a consanguineous marriage. Interestingly, 23.9% were the product of consanguineous marriages themselves, and 17.9% were consanguineous for three successive generations. The interviewees generally knew about premarital screening, but the majority (61.9%) had not had the screening. The high rates of consanguinity in these Syrian refugees call for immediate action, including raising genetic awareness and providing appropriate genetic counselling. Despite the respondents’ familiarity with premarital screening, there was a low rate of uptake of the test, underscoring the importance of providing better education to these refugees.
Unnatural death in India
Authors: Panda Basant Kumar , Mishra Udaya S.
Published: May 2020

Rising adult mortality is an essential feature of the mortality transition. Vulnerability to disease and infection decreases with age, and adult mortality is more likely to be from unnatural causes such as suicide, homicide and road traffic accidents. This study aimed to assess the patterns of unnatural deaths in India as a whole and for various population subgroups. Data were obtained from the fourth wave of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) conducted in 2015–16 in 29 states and 7 union territories of India. The survey collected information on deaths in households occurring in the 3 years before the survey. Rate of unnatural mortality and years of life lost were calculated separately for males and females as well as for urban and rural populations. Unnatural mortality in India was found to make up 10.3% of total deaths, and was greater among the population aged 10 to 45 years. The unnatural mortality rate in India was 0.67 per 1000 population: 0.84 per 1000 among the male population and 0.49 per 1000 among the female population. A strict positive association was found between the unnatural mortality rate and a state’s development level. In addition, a substantial loss of person-years of life due to unnatural mortality was observed. The results serve as a reminder of the need to adopt measures to reduce this avoidable loss of life in India. Prevention strategies should be targeted at the most vulnerable populations to limit young-age fatality, with its resulting loss of productive years of life.
Effect of carbonation and probiotic addition on the physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of whey dairy beverage
Authors: Alves Carla Salete Jadão , Floriano Simone Andreoti Mendes , Voltarelli Verônica Parassen , de Rensis Christiane Maciel Vasconcellos Barros , Pimentel Tatiana Colombo , Costa Giselle Nobre , Vianna Priscila Cristina Bizam
Published: May 2020

This research communication addresses the impact of the addition of Lactobacillus casei and/or carbonation (CO2) on the chemical composition, physicochemical characteristics, probiotic survival, and sensory acceptance of passion-fruit flavored whey dairy beverages (70% milk/30% whey) during storage (30 d/4°C). The addition of Lactobacillus casei and/or carbonation did not impact on the chemical composition, pH values, and acceptance (flavor and overall impression) of the products, but increased the acidity, and decreased the aroma acceptance. The carbonation process did not affect the probiotic survival but decreased the acidity of the products during storage. It can be concluded that it is possible to develop a probiotic passion-fruit flavored carbonated whey dairy beverage with suitable chemical composition, acidity, sensory acceptance (>6 in 9-point hedonic scale) and probiotic viability (>7 log cfu/ml) that could be refrigerated stored for 30 d. This is the first report considering a probiotic non-fermented carbonated whey dairy beverage.
Order-Flow Segmentation, Liquidity, and Price Discovery: The Role of Latency Delays
Authors: Brolley Michael , Cimon David A.
Published: May 2020

Latency delays intentionally slow order execution at an exchange, often to protect market makers against latency arbitrage. We study informed trading in a fragmented market in which one exchange introduces a latency delay on market orders. Liquidity improves at the delayed exchange as informed investors emigrate to the conventional exchange, where liquidity worsens. In aggregate, implementing a latency delay worsens total expected welfare. We find that the impact on price discovery depends on the relative abundance of speculators. If the exchange with delay technology competes against a conventional exchange, it implements a delay only if it has sufficiently low market share.
COVID-19 psychological impact in 3109 healthcare workers in Spain: The PSIMCOV group
Authors: Romero Carolina S. , Delgado Carlos , Catalá Juan , Ferrer Carolina , Errando Carlos , Iftimi Adina , Benito Ana , de Andrés Jose , Otero Maria ,   The PSIMCOV group*
Published: May 2020

Background

The current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has a great impact worldwide. Healthcare workers play an essential role and are one of the most exposed groups. Information about the psychosocial impact on healthcare workers is limited.

Methods

3109 healthcare workers completed a national, internet-based, cross-sectional 45-item survey between 9 and 19 April 2020. The objective is to assess the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spanish healthcare workers. A Psychological Stress and Adaptation at work Score (PSAS) was defined combining four modified versions of validated psychological assessment tests (A) Healthcare Stressful Test, (B) Coping Strategies Inventory, (C) Font-Roja Questionnaire and (D) Trait Meta-Mood Scale.

Results

The highest psychosocial impact was perceived in Respiratory Medicine, the mean (S.D.) PSAS was 48.3 (13.6) and Geriatrics 47.6 (16.4). Higher distress levels were found in the geographical areas with the highest incidence of COVID-19 (>245.5 cases per 100 000 people), PSAS 46.8 (15.2); p < 0.001. The least stress respondents were asymptomatic workers PSAS, 41.3 (15.4); p < 0.001, as well as those above 60 years old, PSAS, 37.6 (16); p < 0.001. Workers who needed psychological therapy and did not receive it, were more stressed PSAS 52.5 (13.6) than those who did not need it PSAS 39.7 (13.9); p < 0.001.

Conclusions

The psychological impact in healthcare workers in Spain during COVID-19 emergency has been studied. The stress perceived is parallel to the number of cases per 100 000 people. Psychotherapy could have a major role to mitigate the experimented stress level.
Some Thoughts on the Socratic Method
Authors: Fishman Ethan M.
Published: May 2020

The Socratic method was the major pedagogic tool at the first great Western university, Plato's Academy, and continues to be respected, at least in theory, by teachers at our institutions of higher learning. Yet today many of Plato's heirs in the university community seem to hold several perhaps innocent but nonetheless serious misconceptions concerning the Socratic technique. As a political scientist interested in the history of political philosophy, I have developed some thoughts on this subject in response to repeated inquiries by colleagues and students alike.

One popular inaccuracy describes the Socratic method as an openended question and answer process. Actually, the Socratic approach has a singular purpose, namely the search for truth, and it is this explicit goal rather than an informal procedure of give and take which distinguishes the Socratic method from other teaching techniques.
Feminist Theory—Reconstructing Research and Teaching About American Politics and Government
Authors: Fowlkes Diane L.
Published: May 2020

Every social institution is affected by the way in which its internal processes are publicized. For example, the survival of the family as a social institution depends to a great extent on its privacy. It is almost impossible to imagine what forces in society might be released if all conflict in the private domain were thrown open for public exploitation.

When E. E. Schattschneider wrote the above passage in 1960, (inThe Semisovereign People,p. 17), he could not know that the women's movement was about to resurface not only in the United States but around the world, and that one of its aims would be exactly to expose the “conflict in the private domain” of the family. The ideology of “the family,” the power relations in families—these and other “family“-related or other “personal” matters would be questioned in the 1960s, 1970s, and beyond.
Simulating the Politburo
Authors: Petro Nicolai N.
Published: May 2020

For the spring semester of 1986 I designed a seminar on the problems of contemporary Soviet society that would give students a different perspective on the dynamics of decision- making in the USSR. The class, which met once a week for fifteen weeks, culminated in a series of Politburo meetings during which students acted as key Politburo members and considered proposals for reform submitted to them by specialists from various branches of the soviet government.

The idea for such an exercise came to me after reading Douglas W. Simon's recent article in News for Teachers of Political Science about a National Security Council simulation he conducted at Drew University. I felt the most crucial difficulty with a Politburo simulation as opposed to the NSC simulation would be the paucity of reliable and detailed information on sessions of the Politburo.
The Purposes of the Undergraduate Curriculum Reconsidered
Authors: Smith R. Michael
Published: May 2020

In the Summer 1985 issue of the News for Teachers of Political Science, Peter Steinberger raises the perenially fascinating question of the appropriate purposes of the undergraduate political science curriculum. Professor Steinberger rejects two possible purposes, coverage, and the production of good citizens. He also questions the value of teaching subjects that might be learned outside the classroom. Instead, he argues the purpose of an undergraduate curriculum should be teaching one or more modes of thinking characteristic of political science, what might be called our strategies of inquiry. While I agree with Professor Steinberger that we should teach our students how we think, I believe the political science curriculum should have more purposes than this.
A Course Module The Politics of Abortion
Authors: Spitzer Robert J.
Published: May 2020

Three years ago I proposed at SUNY Cortland (a liberal arts college emphasizing undergraduate education with a student population of about 5500) the creation of onecredit introductory level module topics courses in our Political Science Department. The purposes of these modules were several: 1) to provide faculty with a testing ground for new courses located at the upper level. One-credit topics modules would allow faculty to experiment with a new course or new subject on a smaller scale, avoiding the necessity of an intellectual and time investment in a full semester offering; 2)to provide some alternate introductory-level course offerings for non-political-science majors in addition to our two core offerings, Introduction to American Government, and Introduction to Comparative World Systems.
Using POLINET to Access the AP News
Authors: Garson G. David
Published: May 2020

This brief essay/tutorial explains how the new POLINET online network for political scientists and public administrators can be used to access the AP news for teaching American government. POLINET is an internationally accessible telecommunications network featuring electronic mail, teleconferencing, online newsletters, distribution of software, access to databases, and other services. One of these services is access to current AP news.
Electronic News and Public Affairs
Authors: Cherry Dianne L.
Published: May 2020

This annotated syllabus provides suggestions for college professors who are interested in developing a one-semester course that examines the influence of the news and other public affairs programming provided by the Cable-Satellite Public Affairs Network (C-SPAN) on the formation of the public's opinions about salient issues of national interest.

An earlier version of this syllabus was used for advanced undergraduates and graduate students (with an additional reading list and bi-weekly seminar meetings) in a department of communication as a component of their academic preparation in theories of media criticism, performance and “effects,” including social responsibility in the news media, media construction of social reality and agenda-setting by the press. This course met twice weekly for one and one-quarter hours.
Designing Research Experiences for Students
Authors: Bunch Ralph
Published: May 2020

A person looking back on his college course in American Government in the Forties or Fifties probably recalls its encyclopedic text full of details of the structures of government and the mechanics of politics with a second dose of the same — interspersed with normative exhortations — from his professor's lectures. The prof probably got away with verbal murder in promoting his own interpretations and conclusions as if they were equal to facts from the text. Probably most profs took their title quite literally; that is, they professed or declared their views, often with a passionate conviction. In those days, a prof could be reasonably sure he would not be contradicted by the students who were generally well-mannered, neat, clean, and docile. Today, the majority are well-mannered, neat, clean, and hypercritical.
Games for International Politics
Authors: Kowalewski David
Published: May 2020

The games people play can often prove to be enjoyable and educational experiences. For this reason political scientists occasionally employ simulation as a productive tool in their pedagogical repertory. The present study reports the empirical results of one such attempt to fuse work and play in international relations learning.
Some Strategies for Teaching Students Critical Thinking
Authors: Johnson W. Rick
Published: May 2020

Like many other teachers, I have found that the way in which course requirements are structured has a significant influence on the learning outcomes of a course. In particular, I have found that the standard mixture of exams and term papers is often simply not the most effective way to encourage learning and stimulate critical thinking. There are several different types of alternatives to the exam/term paper format which I have tried and which have had positive results. Exams and traditional term papers certainly have their place and I use them in certain cases, but there are also other possibilities which provide a better opportunity (and a more effective “prod“) to encourage independent critical thinking.
Policy Analysis: An Examination of Recent Textbooks
Authors: Fox Douglas M.
Published: May 2020

Policy analysis is one of the most frequently used buzz terms in public administration and political science. A recent spate of textbooks indicates that a substantial segment of the MPA curriculum is devoted to the study of policy analysis. In this essay, we will examine the concept and practice of policy analysis as defined by its various proponents.

How do the authors whose work we scrutinize define the term? For Duncan MacRae and James Wilde, “policy analysis is the use of reason and evidence to choose the best policy among a number of alternatives.” This definition closely resembles that of Edith Stokey and Richard Zeckhauser, who are concerned with “The advantages and disadvantages of each course of action.”
The European Community: Basic Resources
Authors: Goelhert Robert , Shaaban Marian
Published: May 2020

With the first direct election to the European Parliament in the fall of 1979, there has been a renewed interest in the study of the European Community. While very few American universities offer courses on the European Community, more college and universities are including some coverage of the Community through course offerings on European politics or the study of international organizations.

There are several reasons why the European Community is today receiving more attention by scholars and researchers. With the addition of three states in 1973, the nine member organization has become a significant economic force in the world. And because of the Community's economic importance, its decisions also have social and political implications.
Existentialism and Organization Theory
Authors: Choi Yearn H.
Published: May 2020

The field of organization theory includes the individual human being, small group, human institution, and entire social system. Existential writings are concerned with individual morality, authenticity, human selfactualization and the same time with cognitive and intellectual variables which are relevant to human growth. Existentialism provides some very useful insight to the conventional organization theory. Existential literature explores the shrinking of consciousness, the blocking off of awareness, and feelings of depersonalization and apathy. Students express their discontent to the depersonalizing effects of the modern organization, society and bureaucratic world of their lives, and their community. Public administrators face scientific management on points where the nature of the matter is not rational. If help is to be found, it may very well come from poets and writers who often deal with the limits of rational certainty.
Learning How to Do Research: An Exercise and Syllabus
Authors: Schooler Dean
Published: May 2020

“You learn how to do research by doing research.” “You learn about research by studying others’ research.” “You learn research by studying the elements and requirements of research.” We have taught students, both undergraduate and graduate, about the research process with those three traditional approaches and sets of basic assumptions. However, the idea of a Research Process Vision provides a fourth alternative blending elements of the three basic approaches.

The Research Process Vision is an exercise for students in studying and experiencing the political science research process. Basically, the project/ exercise serves as a vehicle for students to sense the varied elements and issues in research and research design through a hypothetical “envisioning” process. Specifically, they develop a paper or document which sketches out and discusses a potential research project, envisions what might exist or be done, and what might occur.
Simulation : The National Security Council
Authors: Simon Douglas W.
Published: May 2020

In the spring of 1981 I designed and taught what I considered, at the time, a "high risk" seminar for seventeen junior and senior political science majors. There were to be no textbooks, no lectures, no examinations and no term papers, those hallmarks of the traditional college course. Nevertheless, when the thirteen week course was over, the students were exhausted and claimed that they had never worked so hard in their college careers.

The adventure that my students (and I) undertook was a semester long simulation of the United States National Security Council (NSC), dealing with actual global events as they happened. As Washington dealt with a problem, we dealt with the same problem. The simulation was initially offered during the deteriorating situation in Iran and instability in the Gulf region.
An Assessment of Simulations on an : International Organization
Authors: Diehl Paul F. , Montgomery Michael J.
Published: May 2020

Simulation is an increasingly popular pedagogical device; much of the recent literature on the theory and practice of political science instruction attests to this. Probably the most popular simulation device is called model United Nations. In recent articles in Teaching Political Science and NEWS for Teachers of Political Science, William Hazelton and James Jacob have described Model United Nations in glowing terms, focusing on one particular conference and completely ignoring the rest of the 200 or more conferences held annually across the United States.

Like Jacob and Hazelton, we recognize the great potential value of United Nations simulations in trying to illuminate the often confusing politics of international organizations. As former participants and directors of these programs, however, we are keenly aware of the shortcomings and difficulties associated with the existing structure of model U.N. programs.
Women, Political Action and Political Participation in a Course: Ethnic and Minorty Politics
Authors: Hartshorn Elinor C.
Published: May 2020

In the fall of 1983, I used, “Women, Political Action and Political Participation,”by Virginia Sapiro, as part of a group of materials in a course on “Ethnic and Minority Politics.” The purpose of the course was to evaluate the experience of different groups in their struggle to achieve political power, to examine how these struggles resembled one another and how they differed, and to take a closer look at some major political actors.
The System is the Solution: Marx's Analysis of Capitalism
Authors: Galster George
Published: May 2020

The following note describes a skit designed primarily as a pedagogic device to illustrate in a meaningful (and, hopefully, provocative and humorous) way Marx's analysis of capitalism. Numerous concepts and phenomena are “brought to life” in the skit: exploitation, immiseration and alienation of workers, maintenance wage, labor theory of value, mechanization and the division of labor, systemic tendencies toward economic crises, relationship of various superstructural components (welfare, religion, etc.) to the economic base, and the radical theory of the state. More specifically, the economic base of a hypothetical capitalist society consists of a stylized production process involving “resources” (Oreo cookies), “labor” (students selected from the class) and eventually “capital” (table knives). The ability of the monopoly capitalist to accumulate surplus by exploiting workers becomes manifest. Other elements of the social superstructure (unions, government, religion, etc.)
The Write Stuff
Authors: Cronin Thomas E.
Published: May 2020

In recent years I've supervised countless undergraduate research papers and numerous senior theses. Not surprisingly, I repeat myself about basic research and writing hints, suggestions, and outright warnings. This handout, “Write Tigers Write!” prepared for the “tigers” at Princeton and The Colorado College (the mascot is the same), attempts to help the novice researcher and is, as well, an act of self-protection.

What follows are suggestions and cautions for students writing a research paper. My suggestions are merely that. They are personal, general and speak more about writing than about research.

Make no mistake about it. Research and writing are demanding work even for the professional. You won't hear professional scholars or writers boast about the easiness of their craft. No matter how much they love it, and they often love it more than anything else, they find it demanding, exacting, lonely and often painful—if they really work at it.
Who Shall Interpret the Constitution?
Authors: Murphy Walter
Published: May 2020

The liberal legacy of the Warren Court, the turmoil within and around its successor, and the advent of the bicentennial of 1787 have increased popular as well as scholarly interest in constitutional theory in general and constitutional interpretation in particular. We are now being treated to a new and intense version of an old debate about the nature of the American political system and proper institutional roles in determining the meaning of the principles underlying the polity. This debate highlights not only issues of fundamental disagreement but also central questions that must first be addressed before one can construct a systematic constitutional jurisprudence or a coherent theory of constitutional interpretation.
The Process of Constitutional Amendment: Law, History, and Politics
Authors: Dellinger Walter
Published: May 2020

The first part of the seminar examined a mystery that reverberates through two centuries: how does a constitutional system of government, itself born of revolution, properly provide for its own revision — provide literally for its own reconstitution? We first considered the political and intellectual assumptions against which Article V of the United States Constitution — the amendment article — was drafted, and then looked briskly at the historical context in which the Constitution's twenty-six amendments have been adopted. With this as background, we addressed a range of issues concerning the law and policy of constitutional change that are currently the subject of lively dispute in America.
Ethics in World Politics: An Int'l Relations Course
Authors: Weisband Edward
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Why Ethics and Theory.

Blaise Pascal once exhorted, “Let us endeavor, then, to think well, this is the principle of morality” — sound advice, indeed, especially in an era such as ours in which both the substance and the character of morality appear “up for grabs.“

That a moral or ethical perspective can facilitate classroom instruction, particularly with regards to the development of clear, competent, cogent, even, compelling reasoning, has not gone unnoticed by both readers and contributors to the NEWS. On the contrary, several recent issues have linked moral perspectives to the teaching of various subjects, eg., Guenter Lewy, “Teaching War and Morality,” (Winter, 1982, No. 32) and William P. Brandon and William T. Bluhm, “Teaching Ethics in a Not- So-Ivory Tower of Babel: Using Health Politics as a Text,” (Fall, 1984, No. 43).
Tools for Analysis: Using Microcomputers
Authors: Nagel Stuart
Published: May 2020

A number of article explain how to useful microcomputer can be for teaching social science research methods, particularly statistical analysis, because students can quickly obtain output from archived or inputted data and experiment with changing inputs and procedures to gain insights into various aspects of statistical analysis. Instructors combine this with lectures and discuss what is or should happen, and help students organize data, draft reports, retrieve information, and interact with others. This article describes a way microcomputers can be used to teach public policy substance, rather than methods or office practice, especially involving controversial issues.
Educating Policy Analysts
Authors: Schacter Hindy Lauer
Published: May 2020

This article explores the role of political science in educating people who perform policy analysis in public bureaucracies. Policy analysts are defined as applied scientists who study the nature, causes and effects for alternative public policies, using relevant academic disciplines, theories and methodologies to choose optimal policies to achieve a given aim. Typically, analysts evaluate enacted policies but occasionally they compare hypothetical alternatives.

The education of policy analysts is similar to the education of engineers. Both draw on several basic sciences for information to solve real-world problems. However, greater consensus exists on which sciences are important for engineers. Their key science is physics although engineering education also uses insights from chemistry, geology and biology.
"Oh, No. Women?" Student Research Projects
Authors: Tolleson Rinehart Sue ,   members of the class in “Policies and Functions of American Government”, Catalano M. , Gonzalez S. , White A. , King R. , Clemmons J. , Coats D. , Greene R. , Johnson W. , Keasler J. , Pope A. , Wylie R. , Murray D. , Chajkowski M. , Ostberg S.
Published: May 2020

This article serves two purposes. It is an account of field testing two instructional units in the APSA text series “Citizenship and Change: Women and American Politics” and it is a report of original research findings produced by students who used the units. In the course of reading about the changing place of American women in the political System and then researching questions raised by their reading, students surprised themselves. They learned to evaluate their own attitudes and the socialization processes leading to them, while they found that they could tackle practical research problems successfully.

GINT 202, Policies and Functions of American Government, is a course which I have treated as an “introductory seminar” on important policy questions and the political system's response to them.
Post Structuralist Political Pedagogy
Authors: Shapiro Michael J.
Published: May 2020

There are many ways to treat the implications of post-structuralist thinking for political pedagogy. Since for the most part I shall be treating its implicationsforsomeone — primarily teachers of political science — the appropriate context is a comparison between post-structuralist inquiry and what remains the prevailing approach to political inquiry, the application of the scientific code.1 We can begin with a broad juxtaposition that will establish the tone of the comparison. Modern political inquiry is increasingly oriented toward a particular model of scientific communication, one which promotes a commitment to precision and clarity in the creation of concepts and the development of measurement indices and, by implication, eschews ambiguity and uncertainty.
The Constitution and Foreign Affairs
Authors: Destler I.M.
Published: May 2020

J.W. Fulbright once called it "American Foreign Policy in the Twentieth Century Under an Eighteenth Century Constitution." In no other policy sphere has our governing charter generated as much anxiety about its suitability to the modern world. Can a system with divided authority, with two major foreign policy decisionmaking institutions, meet the need for united national action on life-or-death matters like, for example, the control and deployment of nuclear arms?

There are those who would deny the problem through simple assertion of presidential predominance. Citing authorities from John Marshall (as federalist Congressman) through Woodrow Wilson (as Constitutional scholar) to Edwin Meese (as presidential counselor), executive branch practitioners and even scholars assert repeatedly that, on foreign policy, the president reigns supreme (or at least ought to).
APSA Annual Meeting Short Courses
Authors: Taub Richard P. , Taylor D. Garth
Published: May 2020

The course will represent a close study of eight carefully selected Chicago neighborhoods chosen to represent examples of gentrification, racial succession, stable integration and stagnation. The course will explore the forces which have lead to their present state by looking at survey data, neighborhood histories and observational materials; and suggest emendations to existing theories about such processes. The course will culminate with a guided tour of the eight neighborhoods, many of which have substantial historical significance. If numbers make it possible, the tour will conclude at an ethnic restaurant in one of the neighborhoods.
Simulating an International Crisis in an Introductory Foreign Policy Course
Authors: Campbell Edwina S. , Percy Stephen , Ku Charlotte
Published: May 2020

Teaching a large introductory course at the undergraduate level is always a challenge. Except in discussion sections, students seldom have the opportunity to be more than passive notetakers in a large lecture hall. One means of increasing student participation and interest in these courses is to simulate a decisionmaking situation, providing students the oppportunity to become involved directly in a hypothetical decisionmaking forum. This type of exercise can be expected to enhance student interest in the course, comprehension of course topics, and verbal skills. Unfortunately, this type of simulation has often been restricted to smaller classes, often graduate seminars. This, however, need not be the case: a simulation exercise can also be conducted in a large undergraduate course that has discussion sessions. This article describes how a simulation of on international crisis was used as an effective teaching device in an introductory course on American foreign policy.
Teaching International Relations to American Students
Authors: Quester George H.
Published: May 2020

Contemporary world politics is a matter of life and death. Studying international relations means studying war — a traditionally tragic subject that has become existentially overwhelming today — and peace. Orthodox theories of international relations proclaim the inevitability of periodic warfare; modern science informs us of the likelihood that human civilization at our present standard would not survive an all-out nuclear exchange.

Since they are aware that the world is a dangerous place, it is not difficult to persuade eighteen-year-olds of the importance of studying world politics. The prospect of nuclear destruction can powerfully concentrate the mind. So can the possibility that America's ruling class would once again send young men to fight in jungles on behalf of ill-defined causes combining ideology with a peculiar version of Realpolitik.
Careers in Foreign Affairs
Authors: Denny Brewster C.
Published: May 2020

In over three decades of a career devoted about equally to university administration, teaching and writing about American foreign policy, and serving as a foreign affairs professional, I have been frequently asked questions by persons considering careers in foreign affairs. I have counseled hundreds of young persons considering foreign affairs schooling and careers, already in foreign affairs careers, or pursuing academic professional education preparatory to or at midcareer in foreign affairs careers. The purpose of this brief paper is to set forth the main elements of that advice for persons seeking counsel about foreign affairs careers. This paper has benefitted greatly from comments and suggestions by colleagues, alumni, and foreign affairs professionals who read earlier drafts.
Information, Values and Action in the Study of Politics
Authors: Comfort Louise K.
Published: May 2020

Every teacher, walking into a classroom, is confronted with the existential question of “what, specifically, am I to accomplish with this particular group of students, in this particular period of time, within the constraints and possibilities of a university learning context?” Dimly, the awareness grows that this particular 50-minute class every Monday, Wednesday, Friday over the next fifteen weeks may constitute the “political education” for a group of entry level participants in our democratic political system. What is it that these students need to learn, what skills are most appropriate for them to acquire, what bases for political action, if any, is it possible for them to develop in a university course?
French Literature
Authors: Wiley W. L.
Published: May 2020

Scholars in the field of French literature of the Renaissance have been quite active during the past year, in keeping with a rising trend of interest that has been obvious for more than a decade. The various bibliographies—the Studies in Philology bibliography, the bibliography of the Revue d'Histoire littéraire de la France, Professor Robert Taylor's listing of books in Renaissance News, etc.—all confirm, I believe, a healthy and growing concern for the sixteenth century in France. The SP bibliography, for example, included in 1949 some 202 items that related to the French Renaissance; the SP bibliography for 1962 contained 423 entries of books and articles involving the Renaissance in France, a pleasing statistical detail for seizièmistes on both sides of the Atlantic. As for journals, the Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance— in keeping with its ancestral connection with Abel Lefranc's Revue des études Rabelaisiennes and the later Revue du seizième siècle—continues to be the publication devoted primarily to the French Renaissance.
Bibliography, Palaeography, and Printing
Authors: Schullian Dorothy M.
Published: May 2020

Few of you would deny that bibliography, palaeography, and printing often cut across the other disciplines represented here. I would not minimize their importance as separate disciplines. They began, however, in the service of the others, and for the Renaissance period they have closer relations, I believe, with each of the other disciplines than does any other single discipline with any other of its sisters. I would ask you to bear this in mind as I report on significant publications in them for the year 1962.

Remembering and regretting that some 1962 publications from abroad have not yet reached this country and that some which have are not yet fully processed and accessible in our libraries, I would begin for bibliography by paying tribute to the bibliographer Jacques-Charles Brunet. The 150th anniversary of the first edition of his Manuel and the 100th anniversary of the first volume of its last edition fell in 1960; subsequently Cesare Olschki edited, and published at Pisa in 1962, a series of contemporary accounts of Brunet's life and work.
Versatility in the timing of seed germination of the cold desert herbaceous perennialLeontice incerta(Berberidaceae)
Authors: Mamut Jannathan , Zhang Cai-Yun , Tan Dun-Yan , Baskin Carol C. , Baskin Jerry M.
Published: May 2020

Only a few studies have been performed on seed germination of perennial ephemeral species native to the cold deserts of central Asia. We hypothesized that seeds of the cold desert perennial ephemeralLeontice incertaexhibit versatility in the timing of germination, that is, having the capacity to germinate at any time in summer, autumn and next spring. At dispersal in late May, only about 30% of the seeds could germinate; thus, a high percentage of the seeds was dormant. Seeds had a fully developed embryo, and dry storage, cold stratification, warm stratification and gibberellin promoted germination; we concluded that they have non-deep physiological dormancy. Seeds buried under natural conditions during summer germinated to 57–86% in autumn (late October) when exhumed and incubated at 5/2–25/15°C. However, seeds were sown in soil exposed to natural temperature and (low) precipitation did not germinate until next spring when the soil was moist. Thus, like various cold desert annuals, seeds of the perennialL. incertacan germinate in summer, autumn and next spring, depending on the availability of soil moisture (rainfall). Rainfall in cold deserts can play an important role in shaping seed germination traits of desert plants.
Symmetry, Proportion and Seriality: The Semantics of Mirroring and Repetition in Science and the Arts. Introduction to Special Issue
Authors: Fludernik Monika , Middeke Martin , Buchleitner Andreas
Published: May 2020

In May 2016 an Academia Europaea symposium with the title ‘Symmetry, Proportion and Seriality: The Semantics of Mirroring and Repetition in Science and the Arts’ was organized at the Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS). Its major aim was to bring together interdisciplinary perspectives on symmetry and related concepts, comparing humanities approaches with those current in the material sciences.
Asociación alélica entre repeticiones de dinucleótidos en los loci de la monoamino oxidasa y la esquizofrenia
Authors: Wei J. , Hemmings G. P.
Published: May 2020

Se determinaron dos microsatélites ligados al X, las repeticiones (AC)n en el locus A de la monoamino oxidasa (MAO) y (TG)n en el locus B de la MAO, utilizando un procedimiento basado en la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) en 89 familias nucleares que constaban de madre, padre y descendiente mujer afectada con esquizofrenia o madre y descendiente varón afectado. Se aplicó un enfoque de riesgo relativo de haplotipo basado en el haplotipo (HHRR) para detectar la asociación alélica de estos dos microsatélites con la esquizofrenia. En las familias de los pacientes varones, se encontró una diferencia significativa en la distribución de frecuencias entre las repeticiones (TG)n transmitidas y no transmitidas (χ2= 15,13, gl = 6,P= 0,019), y la prueba exacta de Fisher mostró que la frecuencia alélica de la (TG)24transmitida era significativamente más alta que la de la (TG)24no transmitida (Pde Fisher = 0,003). Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias significativas en la distribución de frecuencias entre las repeticiones (TG)n transmitidas por la madre o por el padre y las no transmitidas en las familias de las pacientes mujeres. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la distribución de frecuencias entre las repeticiones (AC)n transmitidas y no transmitidas en las familias de pacientes varones o de pacientes mujeres. El presente estudio indica que el gen MAO-B puede estar asociado con la esquizofrenia y el mecanismo genético subyacente de la esquizofrenia puede diferir entre los esquizofrénicos varones y mujeres individuales.
Trastornos de ansiedad y depresivos en una población de adultos con diabetes mellitus insulinodependiente (DMID): relaciones con el control glucémico y las complicaciones somáticas
Authors: Friedman S. , Vila G. , Timsit J. , Boitard C. , Mouren-Simeoni M. C.
Published: May 2020

Se examinó la frecuencia de los trastornos de ansiedad y los depresivos en 69 pacientes ambulatorios con diabetes mellitus insulinodependiente (DMID) y en dos grupos de control. Basándose en medidas de autoinforme, estos trastornos fueron similares en la muestra con DMID y en los grupos de control. En los pacientes ambulatorios diabéticos, según los criterios del DSM-III-R, había una elevada prevalencia vital de trastornos de ansiedad y depresivos no especificados (44% y 41,5%), de fobia simple (26,8%), fobia social (24,6%) y agorafobia, con y sin trastorno de pánico (14,6%). La fobia social actual, la distimia y los trastornos depresivos no especificados se asociaban con un control glucémico inadecuado. La hemoglobina glucosilada se asociaba con el cumplimiento, pero los trastornos psiquiátricos no, excepto la fobia social, que se asociaba significativamente con consultas más frecuentes y un mal cumplimiento del régimen dietético (más tentempiés). Las complicaciones somáticas no estaban asociadas con los trastornos de ansiedad y los depresivos (actuales o vitales) o el cumplimiento, y se explicaban mejor por la duración de la enfermedad y el control glucémico inadecuado.
Una comparación de los diagnósticos de trastorno afectivo de la CIE-8 y la CIE-10. Un estudio de registro de casos de Dinamarca
Authors: Kessing L. V.
Published: May 2020

La introducción de la CIE-10 ha cambiado los límites diagnósticos de los trastornos afectivos en la psiquiatría clínica. El actual estudio presenta la concordancia diagnóstica entre diagnósticos de la CIE-8 dados en 1993 y diagnósticos de la CIE-10 dados en 1994 a los mismos pacientes admitidos en ambos años, según el registro danés de admisiones psiquiátricas. En total, 1.487 pacientes tuvieron un diagnóstico de la CIE-8 de psicosis maniacodepresivas en 1993 y fueron readmitidos en 1994. La mayoría de los pacientes (84,0%) con este diagnóstico según la CIE-8 tuvieron un diagnóstico de trastorno afectivo según la CIE-10. Los pacientes con un diagnóstico de trastorno afectivo según la CIE-10 habían sido diagnosticados antes de maniaco-depresivos (69,6%), psicosis psicógenas (8,7%), trastornos de la personalidad (5,5%) o neurosis (3,2%), según la CIE-8. Así, el concepto de trastorno afectivo de la CIE-10 parecía más general y más amplio en comparación con la CIE-8.
Predicción de la duración de la psicosis antes de la primera admisión
Authors: Verdoux H. , Bergey C. , Assens F. , Abalan F. , Gonzales B. , Pauillac P. , Fournet O. , Liraud F. , Beaussier J. P. , Gaussares C. , Etchegaray B. , Bourgeois M. , van Os J.
Published: May 2020

Evaluar los factores que predicen el intervalo entre el comienzo de los síntomas psicóticos y la primera admisión en una muestra de la población.

Método:

Se comprobó de manera estandarizada la duración de la psicosis antes de la admisión para 59 pacientes consecutivos ingresados por primera vez que presentaban síntomas psicóticos.

Resultados:

La mediana de la duración de la psicosis antes de la admisión fue 3 meses (rango intercuartil: 0,5-14). La historia familiar de hospitalización psiquiátrica (razón de probabilidad [RP] = 12,1, intervalo de confianza [IC] de 95% = 1,15-97,0, P = 0,02), el nivel educativo bajo (RP = 7,7, IC 95% = 1,0-50,0, P = 0,05), el ajuste global malo en el año anterior (RP = 0,93, IC 95% = 0,86- 0,99, P = 0,04) y una gravedad global mayor de la enfermedad en la admisión (RP = 4,0, IC 95% = 0,87-18,3, P = 0,07) predijeron independientemente un intervalo ≥ 3 meses.

Conclusión:

Ya que se sabe también que estos factores predicen una evolución mala, nuestros resultados indican que la asociación entre la duración de la psicosis no tratada y el mal pronóstico puede estar mediada, al menos en parte, por estas variables demográficas y clínicas.
Tentativas de suicidio e inseguridad laboral: una asociación compleja
Authors: Chastang F. , Rioux P. , Dupont I. , Baranger E. , Kovess V. , Zarifian E.
Published: May 2020

Desde Durkheim, los estudios epidemiológicos han revelado una asociación significativa compleja entre el desempleo y la conducta suicida. El propósito de este estudio era analizar la relación entre el parasuicidio y la inestabilidad laboral, incluidos el desempleo, las medidas sociales francesas contra él y el trabajo ocasional.

Método:

Se recogieron los datos demográficos y las características personales y familiares en 541 personas que intentaron suicidarse.

Resultados:

Setenta y siete por ciento estaban activas socialmente, con 61,5% en empleo regular y 38,5% en empleo precario. La razón mujer/varón se aproximaba a 2 en la muestra con empleo seguro y caía a 1 para las personas con mala integración social y profesional.

La depresión, el parasuicidio y el abuso de alcohol eran más comunes en las familias de personas con tentativas repetidas de suicidio y empleo seguro. El efecto de los antecedentes psiquiátricos familiares no era significativo ya en el grupo con inseguridad laboral. La adopción en la infancia era un factor de riesgo para la conducta suicida repetida en el grupo con inseguridad laboral.