bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incidental diagnosis of granulosa cell tumour in a 25-year-old woman
Authors: Paul P. G. , Thakur Sanghamitra , Annal Anjana , Paul George , Chowdary K. Anusha
Published: February 2021

A 25-year-old woman presented with backache of 2 weeks duration and had 45-60 days menstrual cycle. On transvaginal sonography (TVS), her left adnexa showed a heterogenous solid mass of 5.3×4.2 cm and moderate vascularity on color doppler. Serum inhibin B was raised to 2249 pg/ml. MRI showed 5.5× 4.5 cm solid mass in the left ovary with lobulated margins suggestive of sex cord-stromal/ germ cell tumor. Laparoscopy showed an enlarged left ovary with intact surface. Left adnexectomy with staging biopsies and infracolic omentectomy was performed. Histopathology showed adult granulosa cell tumor with intact ovarian capsule. One-month post-surgery, inhibin B level was 44 pg/ml. She wishes to conceive after six months follow-up.
The psychological impact of COVID-19 disease on nurses in two tertiary healthcare centers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Authors: Jambo Henry E. , Ekwere Timothy Amos , Umoh Victor A. , Ndionuka Nkemakolam F. , Akpan Effiong E.
Published: February 2021

Background: The onset of COVID-19 disease pandemic worldwide has been associated with a high level of psychological distress. Health workers are amongst the high-risk groups for contracting COVID-19 and may be particularly vulnerable to a variety of mental health problems. This study was conducted to determine the psychological impact of the pandemic on mental well-being of Nigerian nurses who are among the frontline health workers in the fight against the disease.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted on a sample of nurses in two tertiary healthcare setting. A simple random sample of 111 nurses completed the general healthcare questionnaire (GHQ 12).Results: The mean age of respondents was 36.86±8.2 years, consisting of 38.7% males and 61.3% females. The prevalence of psychological distress was 64.9%. Females had significantly higher psychological distress than males (p=0.003). Also, respondents performing duties in COVID-19 ICU hosting institution had significantly higher distress score than those from non COVID-19 hosting centre (p=0.02). Psychological distress was also significantly higher for respondents with a history of exposure to suspected (p=0.001) or confirmed cases (p<0.001). Formal infection prevention training was a protective factor for the development of psychological stress (p=0.002).Conclusions: A large proportion of nursing staffs have a high level of psychological distress during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Mental health interventions may be required to mitigate mental health risks in these health workers.
Self-medication with antibiotics among youths from Myanmar
Authors: Win Pyae Sone , Win Thida , Soe Pa Pa
Published: February 2021

Background: Self-medication with antibiotics becomes a public health concern in both developed and developing countries. It is a risk factor for antibiotic resistance, one of the biggest threats to global health, food security, and development today. The prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics varies across the countries, and such studies are still limited in Myanmar. Therefore, we aimed at describing the prevalence of and the factors facilitating self-medication with antibiotics in Myanmar.Methods: This cross-sectional study included face-to-face interviewing of 360 youths randomly selected from 6 townships of Mandalay city, Myanmar.Results: In this study, 36.67% of the youths self-medicated with antibiotics in the six months before the survey. The most common antibiotic used for self-medication was amoxicillin (70.94%). Runny nose (35.61%), cough (26.52%), and fever (25.76%) were the most typical symptoms for which antibiotics were taken. The main factor facilitating self-medication with antibiotics was easy accessibility (86.36%).  One-third of youths selected antibiotics based on the advice of drugstore’s sellers. Most of the youths bought antibiotics at nearby drugstores. About two-thirds of youths stopped taking antibiotics after taking them one or two days, regardless of the outcome.Conclusions: The prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics was high among Myanmar youths. Law enforcement and regulations for inappropriate use of antibiotics is an urgent need to alleviate the consequences of self-medication with antibiotics. Awareness-raising and educational program targeting both drugstore owners and the public through various channels is necessary to reduce the inappropriate use of antibiotics.
Public knowledge and attitude toward basic life support in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Abbas Haytham Abdulnasser , Khudari Safa Yousef , Almalki Rawan Hamed , Abed Raghad Taher , Sait Salam Atif , Sulaiman Afnan Ahmad
Published: February 2021

Background: Basic life support (BLS) is an integral component of initial resuscitative care during critical situations like sudden cardiac arrest, stroke, and airway obstruction. Tragic consequences of such life-threatening emergencies can be prevented with adequate knowledge and training on BLS principles. This study sought to assess the current status of public knowledge and attitude towards BLS in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.Methods: Using a descriptive cross-sectional design, a study was conducted amongst residents of Jeddah, during July 2020. Participants were asked to fill a validated online questionnaire consisting of 9 demographic items, and 23 items determining attitude and general knowledge on BLS and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).Results: A total of 740 participants completed the questionnaire, with the majority being between 18 to 39 years old. Overall, the study findings show inadequate levels of BLS knowledge, with a mean knowledge score of 5.3 (SD±2.8) out of 15. The highest rates of correct responses were observed in the question concerning the recognition of the national emergency contact number (72.3%). Participants who had previously received BLS training had significantly higher knowledge scores (p<0.001), as well as those who took BLS courses within one year or less (p<0.001), and those who previously witnessed CPR (p<0.001).Conclusions: In general, knowledge about BLS among the participants was very limited, yet a positive attitude towards BLS training was observed. Therefore, a nation-wide effort is advised to enhance the public exposure on BLS.
Frequency of osteopenia and osteoporosis in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Asadollahi Marjan , Hamed Zahra , Gharagozli Kourosh , Atalu Abolfazl , Nemati Behzad
Published: February 2021

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most important diseases of the central nervous system and one of the main causes of disability in young and middle age groups. Recent studies show that the risk of osteoporosis and osteopenia in MS patients is higher than the normal population which could be related to many factors. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of osteopenia and osteoporosis among MS patients.Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 30 patients with MS. Bone density of patients was assessed by bone mineral density (BMD) method. Necessary demographic and clinical information were collected by a checklist and then analyzed by statistical methods in SPSS version 16.Results: Of all patients, 36.7% had osteoporosis and osteopenia. According to the results, 86.6% of patients had a decrease in bone density in the pelvic region and 50% in the lumbar spine. 43.3% of patients had osteopenia in the pelvic region and 36.7% in the lumbar spine.Conclusions: The results showed that BMD was high in MS patients. Due to the problems of walking and lack of balance in these patients and the high probability of falling and fractures among them, paying attention to the problem of osteoporosis by early and repeated performing of BMD.
Demographic profile of subjects currently undergoing middle meatus antrostomy for maxillary sinusitis, in a tertiary care centre of Punjab: analysis of 64 subjects
Authors: Munjal Manish , Gupta Ritu , Chaudhary Anurag , Satija Mahesh , Munjal Shubham , Gupta Akriti , Sawhney Mehneet
Published: February 2021

Background: The demographic profile of patients with Maxillary sinusitis undergoing surgical intervention in the state of Punjab was analyzed. The emphasis was on the age, gender and clinical presentation in this prospective study.                   Methods: In this prospective study 64 patients with maxillary sinusitis, were randomly selected from the Rhinology clinics of Oto-rhino-laryngology services, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana in a period of one and a half years (June 2008 to December 2009). All patients were taken up for Functional endoscopic sinus surgery with middle meatus antrostomy.Results: Only 7 (10.94%) patients, with maxillary sinusitis were in the pediatric age group. 40(62.5%) were males and 24 (37.5%) females. Males outnumbered females in the ratio of 1.67:1. Clinical findings were nasal polyp in 33 (51.56%), middle meatus discharge in 10 (15.63%) and septal deviation was seen in 36 (56.25%) patients. Polypoidal mass was seen in the posterior choana in 24 (37.5%) patients followed by discharge inferior to the Eustachian tube orifice in 7 (10.94%). Recurrence of polypoidal change or frank polyposis occurred in 7 patients (10.94%). Post nasal drip persisted in 15/49 cases, while 54 (84.38%) were completely relieved of their symptoms. Recurrence was noticed more commonly in the region of ethmoid air cells.Conclusions: Patients with maxillary sinusitis were seen in the broad age range from 11 to 66 years with a male predominance. Nasal blockage rather than cheek ache was the primary complaint followed by polyp in the middle meatus and post nasal drip inferior to the Eustachian tube.
Knowledge on essential newborn care among antenatal mothers attending tertiary care hospital
Authors: J. Aravindan , N. C. Indira , A. Mithun Kumar
Published: February 2021

Background: Globally 4 million newborn die every year before they reach the age of one month. To achieve the millennium developmental goals newborn survival is essential. Aim of the study was to assess the level of knowledge of antenatal women on essential new born care and danger signs during neonatal period, to find the association of sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics with maternal knowledge level. Settings and design included descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital.Methods: The study enrolled 439 antenatal women by convenient sampling technique. A pretested semi structured questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge. Statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) 21 version was used to analysis the data. Chi square was calculated to find the association. P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: The study shows that 16.7% respondents had adequate knowledge about danger signs during neonatal period. The maternal age, parity, socioeconomic status, parity had significantly associated with the maternal knowledge regarding new-born care (p<0.05).Conclusions: Majority of the ante natal mother had poor knowledge on new born care.
Prevalence of domestic violence among married women doing unskilled manual work in a rural area of Trivandrum district
Authors: Divakaran Sreelatha Deena , Girija Nithya , Purandaran Vasanthamani Benny , Bindhu Anil , Jose Regi , Leelavathy Manju , . Divija , S. Resmi
Published: February 2021

Background: Violence against women is an emerging problem in India. It has considerable adverse impact on the physical and mental health of women including suicidal tendencies. Violence against women and associated risk factors in many Indian communities remains unreported. This paper aimed to study the prevalence of physical, psychological, and sexual violence and risk factors of the women facing domestic violence.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was carried out in a rural area of Trivandrum district of Kerala state. Married women doing unskilled manual work were interviewed using a pretested validated questionnaire developed by Indu P V containing 20 items- 13 questions for assessing psychological violence, 5 for assessing physical violence and 2 for sexual violence.Results: The results showed that 26.76% of women experienced domestic violence. Poor educational qualification and having alcohol addiction in husbands were identified as important risk factors for experiencing domestic violence.Conclusions: Our data along with other sources show clearly that domestic violence is exacerbated by alcohol abuse and it may well be more prevalent in poor communities. Experience of domestic violence is more in women whose husbands are alcoholic. Multi sectorial response such as improving literacy, creating awareness regarding legal aid and screening the victims of violence at primary health centres, should be initiated to mitigate this public health issue.
Formative research on infant mortality rate in Manipur
Authors: Lyngdoh Markordor , Akoijam Brogen Singh
Published: February 2021

Background: IMR is universally regarded as the most important indicator of the health status of a community. Objectives was too triangulate low infant mortality data in Manipur using qualitative data in a district.Methods: A formative research was conducted in Bishnupur area of Manipur in November-December 2017 among health care workers using in-depth interviews. A total of 15 in-depth interviews were transcribed and analysed with qualitative content analysis.Results: Themes emerging out of analysis included well-equipped health care facilities, efficiency of health workers, parent’s awareness, record maintenance, problems faced by the hilly areas and Government schemes.Conclusions: All the participants are of the agreement that IMR in Manipur is low.
Tobacco and alcohol use and dependence among workers in a fish processing factory in coastal Karnataka
Authors: Kulkarni Muralidhar M. , Jacob George P. , Praharaj Samir K. , Vaddar Thippeswamy , Rajamohan Muthukumar , Chaudhary Aparna S.
Published: February 2021

Background: Tobacco and alcohol consumption are considered as major public health problems in India. Coastal areas have a considerable number of people engaged in fishing. The strenuous nature of the job, long and irregular working hours may lead to an increased rate of tobacco and alcohol consumption. Therefore, it becomes essential to assess the prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use and factors associated with it among fish factory workers.Methods: A cross-sectional study carried out in a fish processing factory conducted for 12 months. All employees were included. A semi-structured pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data about the socio-demographic factors and use of tobacco and Alcohol. The level of dependence was assessed by Fagerstrom addiction and alcohol use disorders identification test. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 15. Results were expressed in terms of proportions. Chi-square test and logistic regression were performed to find an association between socio-demographic factors and tobacco and alcohol use.Results: Among 240 individuals, 90% were males. Mean age was 28.75±9.3 years. 40% were migrants. Almost 60% had a monthly income of ≤6500 Rs. Consumption of tobacco was more common (40.4%) as compared to alcohol (32.1%). When assessed for dependence, 49.0% of tobacco had a moderate level of dependence. 72.7% of alcohol users had a low level of dependence. Unmarried, migrant young males were at higher risk of dependence.Conclusions: Tobacco and alcohol use and their dependence is alarming. There is an urgent need to address this problem by education and also explore other feasible interventions.
Knowledge and self-care practices of diabetic patients in an urban community
Authors: Gupta Dipali , Agrawal Nipun , Agrawal Suresh C. , Singh Atul K. , Gupta Shyam B.
Published: February 2021

Background: The term "diabetes mellitus" describes a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiology characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. The GOI’s NPCDCS has a focus on awareness generation for behaviour and life-style changes, screening and early diagnosis of persons with high level of risk factors and their referral to appropriate treatment facilities. Earlier studies have reported that knowledge of patients about diabetes care leads to better glycemic control.Methods: A cross-sectional study conducted over a period of 3 months among diabetic patients coming to private OPD in Bareilly city. Patients with any other serious morbidity were excluded from the study.Results: Mean age was 61.8±13.4 years. Mostly subjects did not know the type of diabetes they had (42, 75.0%) amongst those who knew, majority had type-2 diabetes (9, 16.1%).  Majority had no known history of diabetes in the family (31, 55.4%). Most of the study subjects had diabetes diagnosed for five years or less (26, 46.4%). Most common co-morbidity was hypertension (33, 58.9%) followed by obesity (29, 51.8%). Majority of subjects (23, 41.1%) followed some dietary advice and a little less than half performed exercise daily. Approximately two-third of the subjects (38, 67.9%) did not have blood sugar testing in the previous week and most subjects (31, 55.4%) did not care for their feet. Majority (39, 69.6%) took regular medicine.Conclusions: It is evident that better education is related to good self-care. Masses need to be made aware regarding self-care emphasizing on foot care and regular blood sugar testing.
Comprehensive assessment of elderly population in North India during era of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic
Authors: Kumar Ananya , Agrawal Amisha , Langer Sabina
Published: February 2021

Background: Elderly form a vulnerable population, during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic they are especially at risk due to immuno-senescence and increased number of comorbidities. The aim of this study was to assess the nutritional, physical and mental status of elderly living in urban areas of north India during the lockdown period.Methods: A questionnaire was made in Google forms based on R-MAPP and MNA Score. The assessment was carried out using telecommunication and self-assessment Google forms.Results: Amongst the elderly people, 91% suffered from comorbidities (e.g. hypertension and diabetes) with 37% having >2 comorbidities. The 8% of elderly were   underweight, 45% were normal and 47% were overweight as per BMI. Out of total, 5% elderly were malnourished, 26% were at risk of mal nutritional and 69% had normal nutritional status. 38% of elderly observed a change in eating pattern during lockdown which included eating healthier food for many and increased snacking in some. The water intake was below 1.5 litres in 29%, 1.75-2.5 litres in 47% and >2.5 litres in 24% of the study population. Twenty percent suffered from high levels of anxiety and stress during this lock down period. Five percent of these had very high levels of stress or anxiety. Some were in the extreme range. Twenty six percent complained of loneliness.Conclusions: The elderly population needs to be actively monitored for physical and mental wellbeing during lockdown periods by applying algorithms that effectively use telemedicine as a tool for regular check-ups.
Patient satisfaction and waiting times in the primary health centres of South Chennai
Authors: Yenuganti Vishnu Vardhan , D. Srinivas Rao , P. J. Sasi Kumar , R. Narendranath
Published: February 2021

Background: Patient satisfaction and the out-patient waiting time denotes the extent to which general health care needs of the patients are met to their requirements. This study assesses the quality of health care delivery in three primary health care centres in south Chennai. The main aim was to assess the levels of patient satisfaction and its relation to various components and the waiting time among the patients visiting the primary health centres in south Chennai.Methods: This is a cross sectional study conducted in three primary health centres in the rural part of south Chennai. This study is conducted by face to face interview method using a structured questionnaire on 120 random patients visiting the OPDs of these health centres. The questionnaire included timing pattern associated with the patients visit in the health centre. The collected data is analysed using Chi-square test and is conducted to assess the relationship between different categorical variables.Results: Most of the respondents (66.6%) were highly satisfied with the service provided, treatment and physician care, facilities inside the hospital, and the care of paramedical staff. Hospital cleanliness and Physician care were found to be significant in terms of overall satisfaction, and large number of patients visiting the centre was the most quoted reason for long waiting times with a mean of 45.2 minutes.Conclusions: The longer waiting times can be effectively reduced by employing more doctors and paramedical staff wherever it is required. A proper feedback system by assessing the satisfaction and waiting time is needed in any tertiary health centre to improve the health care delivery.
Assessment of musculoskeletal problems among desk job employees of a tertiary care hospital in Goa
Authors: Mendes Jennifer , Shah Hemangini K.
Published: February 2021

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are a leading cause of disability and the most frequent cause of all health-related absence from work. There is lack of information about MSDs among desk job employees.Methods: A cross sectional study, carried out among desk job employees engaged in administrative work at a tertiary care hospital in Goa involved, data collection on MSDs using Standardised Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) and workstation ergonomics assessment using NIH (National Institute of Health) checklist.Results: Among 110 respondents, 50 males and 60 females, majority (42.7%) were from age group 31-40 years. As per the NMQ, one-year prevalence of MSDs was highest in lower back (55.5%), followed by neck (48.2%); and the lowest in ankles (4.5%). Regular postural breaks were not taken by 59 (53.6%) of the total participants, of which 41(37.3%) complained of at least one MSD and the association was statistically significant (p=0.001). On ergonomic assessment, 62 (56.4%) had chairs with poor lower back support, of which 44 (40%) complained of lower backache; 20 (18.2%) were uncomfortable during keyboard use and 18 (16.4%) with desk setup. Of the 40 participants with continuous computer use for 4-5 hours, 27 complained of neck pain and there was a significant association found between continuous computer use and neck pain (p=0.003).Conclusions: Based on the findings, ergonomic training workshops should be conducted, and the workstation design needs to be improved to reduce the burden of work-related MSDs.
Visual disability certification: A boon for the specially abled
Authors: Farooq Shaheen , Kochar Anju , Goyal Rekha
Published: February 2021

Background: Visual disability has deep emotional, social and economic impact. Rehabilitation of these individuals needs multidisciplinary approach to provide timely and complete support and improve the quality of life of the individual. Visual disability certification can be recognized as a mean by which social services of visually disabled can be coordinated. Objective was to analyze the demographics, causes and degree of visual disability and reasons of seeking disability certificate amongst visually disabled individuals attending ophthalmology OPD at a Tertiary Care Centre in India.Methods: A cross sectional study of patients seeking visual disability certificate was undertaken on 350 patients (567 eyes). Data were collected using pre set proforma. Cause of blindness was ascertained by complete ophthalmic examination and visually disability certificate was issued according to guidelines provided by Government of India.Results: Male female ratio was 1.9:1. Most of patients were from rural side, illiterate and unemployed. Most common age group was 16-30 years and financial and transport assistance was common reason for which certificate was sought. Corneal opacity was most common cause of blindness and visual impairment.Conclusions: Taking necessary preventive measures with the leading causes being identified can reduce the burden of visual impairment. On one hand increase in ophthalmic care and public education is needed to minimize the avoidable blindness rates ;on other hand strategies should be made to rehabilitate the individuals suffering from the unavoidable blindness. Benefits provided via visual disability certificate can play a pivotal role in rehabilitation of such patients.
Cross sectional study on the prevalence of polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medications among elderly patients in a tertiary care centre in central Kerala
Authors: Anthoorathodi Jubina Bency , Joju Aqueen , Reji Ann Mereena , Asokan Anupama Pallivalappil , Naseem Anzeem , Cherian Aparna , Sisupalan Arunima Beena
Published: February 2021

Background: Polypharmacy or the concurrent use of multiple medications, is on the rise, especially in the elderly population as they suffer from multiple co-morbidities. Polypharmacy has been reported to increase the risks for inappropriate medication intake. Objectives: The aim was to investigate the prevalence of polypharmacy and usage of potentially inappropriate medication using Beer’s criteria and to find out the various risk factors of polypharmacy in hospitalised elderly.Methods: A cross sectional study was done in patients aged 60 years and above using a pre designed semi structured questionnaire and from their case records to assess the pattern of polypharmacy by different socio-demographic characteristics and also to found out the risk factors of polypharmacy.Results: 50 patients aged 60 and above were involved in our study out of which, 46% were females and 54% were males. Mean age of our study population was 71.5±8.3. Among them, 30 were hypertensive, 27 were diabetic, 9 of them had dyslipidaemia and 8 of them had coronary artery disease Mean number of medication use was 5.1±4.1. Polypharmacy was observed in 42% of the patients. 20% patients received potentially inappropriate drugs from Beer’s list. We also found significant association of polypharmacy with diabetes mellitus and hypertension.Conclusions: The present study has shown polypharmacy and usage of potentially inappropriate medication as an emerging public health concern. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension were found to be risk factors of polypharmacy. Deprescription should be integrated into clinical care and prescribers need to be educated about Beers criteria and encouraged for rational prescription.
Sustaining ocular emergency and trauma services in corona crisis during the era of pan lockdown
Authors: Sharma Suhani , Kochar Anju , Joshi Rashmi
Published: February 2021

Background: The impact of covid pandemic and pan lockdown on the ocular trauma and emergency department has proved the importance of ocular trauma services deliverance on national vision statics. The un-availability of ophthalmic services in remote areas and limited resources have large impact on prognostic outcomes of ocular emergencies. The presentation of ocular emergency cases and their demographic pattern is important in planning and programming of national strategy to cope up with and sustain the ocular emergency services during such pandemics.Methods: Retrospective cohort study at tertiary care center.Results: The incidence of ocular trauma was increased in male pediatric age group with most common mode of injury was wooden objects. The prognosis of visual outcome was ill- affected due to late presentation and un-availability of ocular emergency services in remote areas.Conclusions: The strategy of “Reassess-Reinforce-Resume” was proved successful in sustaining the emerging trend of ocular trauma during COVID pan- lockdown.
Atmospheric conditions affecting the transmission of COVID-19 virus
Authors: Shoor Purva , Kaur Gagan Deep , Chauhan Amanjot Kaur
Published: February 2021

The physical environment plays an important role in the transmission of respiratory infections like COVID-19. Atmospheric conditions associated to diseases like influenza, adenovirus infections, parainfluenza, common cold viruses and so on. But we are still lacking in evidence to support the influence of meteorological conditions in spreading COVID-19. We have discussed air pollution, smoking, low air temperature, and proximity to equator, low humidity and air velocity as contributing factors in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 through this narrative synthesis. Bio-aerosol or ultra-fine particulate matter seems to be the most promising mode of transmission of COVID-19. Other methods are direct contact and droplet infection. Air pollution control can prevent priming of respiratory system which shall further protect from pulmonary infections. Air sanitization and humidifiers can be considered to modify the indoor air and prevent contracting infection at workplaces, schools and other gatherings.
Community transmission of a virus: a global pandemic overview
Authors: N. Ravindra B. , Das Lipika , C. Darshan J. , Ghosh Sayantan , Kurian Berlin P. , Paul Prolay , Reddy Meghana A. , B. P. Satish Kumar
Published: February 2021

The word ‘pandemic’ was originally a derivative from two Greek words “pan” referring “all” and “demos” “people”. “An epidemic arising over a very diverse area, crossing the global margins, and typically affecting a huge number of people” is defined as a pandemic. Therefore pandemics are recognized by their topographical scale instead of severity of ailments. Even though the term “pandemic” has not been clearly defined, wide  geographic  extension,  disease  movement,  novelty,  severity,  high  attack  rates  and explosiveness, minimal  population immunity,  infectiousness and  contagiousness  can be considered as some of the key features of this term. Till today, globe has encountered several notable pandemics caused by virus such as Spanish flu, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), smallpox, SARS, Ebola and Nipah disease whose causative organisms are H1N1, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Variola virus, DEN-1/DEN2/DEN3/DEN4, coronavirus, Ebola virus (Zaire/Sudan/Tai/Cote D’ivoire), and Nipah virus (NiV) respectively. This review includes detailed data regarding various viral pandemics. Analyzing the history, clinical manifestation, pathogenesis, management and precautions of several viral pandemics which will promote and spread the awareness among the public as well as the healthcare system.
Issues and challenges related to breastfeeding during COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Taywade Manish , Parida Swayam Pragyan , Swain Dharitri , Das Hrushikesh
Published: February 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has drastically affected continuum of care throughout the life. To "bend the curve", regarding argument among all the research community whether positive or symptomatically suspected COVID-19 mother isolation can reduce the risk of transmission to new born. The recommendation is, infant and Mother's should be enabled to remain together and practice kangaroo mother care. Breastfeeding is most essential for an infant growth and development and maternal psychology, evidences till now supporting exclusive breastfeeding is been only been beneficiary and it will be an injustice to obstruct in the wake of this pandemic. The spread of active SARS-CoV-2 virus that can cause infection through breast milk and breastfeeding has not been detected so far.
Changing microbiological picture and sensitivity in otolaryngology in developing world
Authors: Gupta Keshav , Mangla Anshu , Swami Gautam , . Vikas , . Rashi , Yadav Neha
Published: February 2021

Background: Microbiology, culture and sensitivity and antibiotic policy are ever changing in otolaryngology. So, it requires continuous research and modification.

Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at our tertiary care center where microbiology and culture and sensitivity data of patients of chronic otitis media and neck abscess were assessed to form antibiotic policy for the concerned patients. The study comprised of 580 patients of chronic otitis media and 139 patients of neck abscess admitted from October 2018 to December 2019.

Results: Pseudomonas and E. Coli were the most common microbes isolated with most of cases sensitive to Meropenem and Amikacin respectively.

Conclusions: There is a change in microbiological picture and sensitivity to a more resistant type than the previous studies and hence the requirement of modification of antibiotic policy to a more robust one.
Teorías en estudios de hombres transgénero: una revisión de la literatura
Authors: Alcalá-Mercado María Bernarda
Published: February 2021

Propósito/ Contexto. Este artículo busca categorizar las teorías descritas en los estudios empíricos sobre los hombres transgénero, con el propósito de contribuir a los avances epistemológicos y metodológicos en bioética, mediante abordajes transdisciplinares.

Metodología/Enfoque. Se hace una revisión cualitativa de la literatura, de tipo narrativo, con objetivo y pregunta de investigación, búsqueda bibliográfica, recuperación de estudios, sistematización, selección, construcción de base de datos, análisis primario, evaluación y análisis por temas. La revisión abarca los estudios empíricos sobre los hombres transgénero que se encontraron en artículos publicados en revistas en PubMed, APA, DOAJ y SciELO, desde enero de 2010 a mayo de 2019, en español e inglés, y sin límite de diseño. Los artículos incluidos se clasificaron por tema emergente y por teoría, de acuerdo con el autor de la publicación.

Resultados. De 79 artículos, 46 tuvieron un enfoque cuantitativo, 25 cualitativo y 8 mixto. Las temáticas emergentes se refieren a la discriminación, la diversidad, la educación, la identidad, el mercadeo, la salud, lo social y la violencia. Hay ausencia de fundamentos teóricos en 83.5 % de las publicaciones, en el 15.2 % lo teórico se describe indirectamente y apenas en un 3.85 % las teorías se hacen explícitas, en particular en lo que se refiere a lo queer, al reconocimiento y a la identidad sexual y de género.

Discusión/Conclusión/Contribuciones. La producción empírica sobre los hombres transgénero carece de soporte teórico explícito, excepto en 3 artículos. Esto señala la necesidad de trabajar en desarrollos propios, desde la bioética, que impacten en la toma de decisiones individuales y colectivas.
Implicit munkateljesítmény sztereotípiák Svédországban az etnikummal és a túlsúllyal kapcsolatban
Authors: Sánta Tamás
Published: February 2021

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A gyermekkel rendelkező és a nem gyermekes férfi dolgozók karrier elképzelései
Authors: Dr. Juhász Tímea , Kálmán Botond , Dr. Tóth Arnold
Published: February 2021

The question of reconciliation of work and family is getting highlighted in social studies. For along time, a lot of studies concentrated on young mothers; however, researchers have realizedthat this problem proves difficult to men as well. As Bencsik-Juhász write: ” As the actual labormarket primarily employs and caters for men, with all the inherent ad-vantages (like higher wages for the same job) and disadvantages (like longer working hours), it is no wonder thatthe stronger labor-market presence and activity of women also changes the traditional familyroles”(Bencsik – Juhász 2012: 616). The public opinion has been starting to expect double sets ofobligations from the fathers, the traditional family supporter role is still strong, while men arealso expected today to take part in child-rearing. The question is whether these processes effecton men’s career.This study presents career perspectives of male workers with or without child. The authorsmade a quantitative survey in order to get to know this question. Based on research conducted in2016, it is possible to say that men with or without child are different in this question.
The effect of syndrome X on the development of cardiovascular pathology (review of literature)
Authors:   Belgorod National Research University, Chupakha Marina V. , Belousova Oksana N. ,   Belgorod National Research University, Kochinova Ekaterina A. ,   Kursk State Medical University
Published: February 2021

Metabolic syndrome, also known as syndrome X, is defined by WHO as a pathological condition characterized by abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. While there are some differences in definitions adopted by other health organizations, the differences are minor. Successfully defeating infectious diseases, this new noncommunicable disease has become a leading cause of morbidity and mortality not only in the developed world, but also in underdeveloped countries. As highlighted in the literature, multiple factors such as obesity, abnormal lipid profiles and insulin resistance play a key role in the onset of cardiovascular disease. In this brief review, we present an updated hypothesis that insulin resistance and compensatory hyperinsulinemia are major factors in elevated blood pressure in metabolic syndrome and obesity. Obesity is a worldwide epidemic closely linked to the development of type 2 diabetes and CVD. Obesity-related visceral and epicardial obesity are the main causes of heart disease in these individuals. Obesity has a major impact on changes in blood pressure, lipid profile, and factors associated with systemic and vascular inflammation, as well as endothelial dysfunction.
Principles Governing a Fair Trial under Islamic Jurisprudence and International Law
Authors: Karamzadeh Amin , Feiz Zahra
Published: February 2021

A fair trial along with the preservation of human dignity is one of the most important features of Islamic judicial measurement and is a guarantee for individuals to enjoy the fundamental principles of human rights such as freedom and equality. The administration of judicial justice is not only possible due to the existence of substantive laws, but also its executive and formal methods have a prominent and important role in this field, which is also understood by the international judicial system today. However, the weakness of human thought in formulating comprehensive and efficient laws prevents the realization of justice and the achievement of a fair trial. The present article - with a descriptive-analytical method - deals with the formal and principled laws in a fair trial from the perspective of the Islamic judicial system and concludes that the Islamic judicial system includes principles that guarantee the rights of the accused to the highest degree and observe and include this Formal principles and rules in law are a step towards establishing justice in judicial proceedings; However, these laws have been approved and emphasized much earlier than other systems along with the preservation of human dignity in the Islamic judiciary.
An Analysis of the Extension Workers Empowerment in Pidie Jaya Regency
Authors: Ibrahim Agusnawan Linu , Agussabti Agussabti , Fajri Fajri
Published: February 2021

This study aims to determine the factors that affect the level of empowerment of extension workers in Pidie Jaya. The data used are primary data obtained from the results of filling out a questionnaire of 112 extension workers in Pidie Jaya. The analytical method used is using Ordinal Regression. Ordinal regression analysis is a statistical method that describes the relationship between a response variable and more than one predictor variable where the response variable is more than two categories and the measurement scale is level. The results of the study concluded that the level of empowerment of the extension workers in Pidie Jaya was significantly influenced by the socio-cultural support and supporting factors.
Recognizing the Plural Sector: Nonprofit Studies in a Business School Environment
Authors: Brunt Carol , Hansen Ruth , Matthews Megan
Published: February 2021

The “best place” debate centers on which disciplinary setting is best for degree programs in nonprofit management education. We contribute to the discussion by reflecting on the constraints and opportunities intentionally identified in a developing program within an established business school. We ground our work in the nonprofit sector’s interdependence with the market and public sectors, and identify opportunities for reciprocity within a business school setting. Finally, we identify cultivating interdisciplinary relationships as a strategy to ameliorate tension between a competitive vs. collaborative “forced choice” approach.
“Extreme” E-Student Philanthropy: Expanding Grantmaking Into Fully Online Classes and Assessing Outcomes for Students as Learners, Community Members, and Social Activists
Authors: Cencula Olberding Julie , Downing Megan
Published: February 2021

Student philanthropy is an active teaching strategy that enables students to lead a charitable grantmaking process and, in doing so, engage in the curriculum and learn about community needs and nonprofit organizations. About 20 years ago, professors began using the “learning by giving” approach in face-to-face classes. Since that time, some have expanded and innovated. This study is one of the first to examine electronic student philanthropy, or “e-student philanthropy.” Specifically, it looks at “extreme” e-student philanthropy in classes in which both the instruction and the philanthropy experience are fully online (Waldner et al., 2012). This study applies a conceptual framework that recognizes students as learners, community members, and social activists (Britt, 2012), and it analyzes outcomes of e-student philanthropy in three undergraduate classes and one graduate class at a metropolitan university. Survey results indicate the philanthropy experience had positive outcomes for online students on various measures, including interest in the course, learning and applying course material, awareness of community needs, awareness of nonprofit organizations, responsibility to help others in need, and belief they can make a difference in the world.
Mapping Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Risk on Equestrian Trails in Florida State Parks
Authors: Downs Joni , Vaziri Mehrdad , Lavallin Abigail , Miley Kristi
Published: February 2021

Equestrian trail riding is a popular recreational activity but can expose horses and riders to arboviral diseases, such as Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV). This study uses a geographic information system (GIS) -based risk index model to measure and map risk associated with EEEV transmission to horses on equine trails in State Parks across Florida. The risk model assesses EEEV transmission risk of individual trail locations on a continuous scale of 0.0 (no measurable risk) to 1.0 (maximal risk). Risk is evaluated based on the composition and configuration of habitat types that support vectors and hosts of the virus. The results suggest that visitors using equestrian trails in the Florida State Park System may potentially be exposed to high levels of EEEV risk during times that the virus is actively circulating. Accordingly, park management strategies are recommended for reducing transmission risk to both horses and riders in areas where risk is high.
Artefacts as “Co-Participants” in Duoethnography
Authors: Huang Patrick , Karas Michael
Published: March 2021

Duoethnography is an emerging methodology in English language teaching (ELT)/applied linguistics where two or more participants critically examine a shared phenomenon or experience as a way to challenge assumptions and develop new understandings of critical events (Lowe & Lawrence, 2020). It is a flexible tool with an emphasis on interaction, both between people, and people and various physical or digital artefacts (e.g., documents, academic literature). In this paper, we outline our duoethnography on our experience with the Certificate for English Language Teaching to Adults (CELTA) with a focus on how academic literature and social media pervaded our inquiry. We highlight how academic articles and social media were used as artefacts in our study and how their role as “co-participants” enhanced our investigation.

La duoethnographie est une méthodologie émergeante dans l’enseignement de l’anglais (ELT)/en linguistique appliquée dans laquelle deux participants ou plus examinent de façon critique un phénomène ou une expérience partagée comme manière de remettre en question les hypothèses et de créer de nouvelles voies pour comprendre des évènements critiques (Lowe & Lawrence, 2020). Il s’agit d’un outil souple qui met l’emphase sur l’interaction, à la fois entre les personnes, ainsi qu’entre les personnes et divers artefacts physiques ou numériques (par exemple, des documents, des écrits universitaires). Dans cet article, nous exposons notre duoethnographie dans notre expérience du Certificat pour l’enseignement de l’anglais aux adultes (CELTA), en portant une attention particulière à la façon dont les écrits universitaires et les médias sociaux ont imprégné notre enquête. Nous soulignons la manière dont les articles universitaires et les médias sociaux ont été utilisés comme artefacts dans notre étude et de quelle façon leur rôle de « coparticipants » a mis notre enquête en valeur.
The role of Jordanian school principals in achieving the fourth goal of the sustainable development goals
Authors: Abu shaqra Rawan kheder Yousef
Published: February 2021

This study aimed to detect the role of Jordanian school principals in achieving the fourth goal of the sustainable development goals. The study population comprised of all the (3865) basic school male and female principals in the first semester of the academic year 2020/2021. The randomly selected sample consisted of (378) principals. The researcher adopted a descriptive survey approach and built a questionnaire consisting of (36) items based on the UN indicators of the fourth goal of sustainable development goals. The study came out with several main results, some of which were the role of Jordanian school principals in achieving the fourth goal of the sustainable development goals came at a moderate degree and that there are statistically significant differences at the level of statistical significance (α = 0.05) between the respondents’ estimates. It also indicates that there are statistically significant differences at the level of statistical significance (α = 0.05) between the averages of the respondents’ estimates of the overall score of the role of Jordanian school principals in achieving the fourth goal of the sustainable development goals attributed to the difference in the gender variable ( males). Considering the results, the study recommended holding periodic courses to promote principals’ awareness of the requirements of employing the fourth concept of sustainable development and to ensure its further activation in Jordanian schools.

 

Keywords: Fourth goal, sustainable development, Principals
İnsektisitlerin Böcekler Üzerindeki Subletal Etkileri
Authors: ŞAHİN Saliha Selma , KEÇECİ Mehmet
Published: February 2021

İnsektisitlerin böcekler üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesi genellikle ölüm oranları dikkate alınarak yapılmaktadır. Bu ise böcek popülasyonlarının insektisitlerden nasıl etkileneceğini ortaya koyan çalışmaların sadece bir bölümünü içermektedir. Bununla birlikte son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalar ile insektisitlerin böceklere etkisinin daha net ortaya konabilmesinin subletal etkilerinin belirlenmesi ile mümkün olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. İnsektisitlerin böceklere subletal etkileri, böceklerin gelişimleri, fizyolojileri ve davranışları üzerine olabilmektedir. Bu derleme çalışmasında, farklı etki mekanizmalarına sahip insektisitlerin, farklı böcek türlerine olan subletal etkileri ele alınmıştır.