bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Relationship of Service Quality, Motivation and Destination Image to Destination Loyalty: A Case Study of Wonorejo Mangrove Ecotourism in Surabaya, East Java
Authors: Dewi Anggi Novita , Abidin Zainal
Published: February 2021

Surabaya as the capital of East Java Province has a tourism attraction based on mangrove ecosystems namely Wonorejo Mangrove Ecotourism. Interest to the growth of loyalty to the destination depends on service quality, motivation, and destination image. Service quality as the heart of marketing and one of the concepts of loyalty success determines the sustainability of a tourist destination in the future. In addition, motivation is also considered as the main driver for traveling. However, this depends on destination image in the minds of tourists. The purpose of this study was to analyze the direct and indirect relationship between service quality and motivation towards destination loyalty, which is mediated by destination image. From 276 online and offline questionnaires distributed to local tourists who visited or visited the Wonorejo Mangrove Ecotourism in the past years, 182 questionnaires were filled in completely. Data analysis used WarpPLS to examine the relationship of influence between variables. The results showed that service quality and motivation had a positive and significant effect on destination loyalty directly or mediated by destination image. Destination loyalty can be effectively increased by encouraging visitor motivation supported by an increase in destination image because the value of the total influence was at the largest of 0.443.
Growth Performance of Smooth Marron (Cherax cainii) Fed Different Dietary Protein Sources
Authors: Saputra Ishaaq , Fotedar Ravi
Published: February 2021

Fish farming including freshwater crayfish still has a dependency on the availability of fish meal as the main source of protein in feed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate alternative protein sources including poultry by-products, feather meal, lupine flour, soybean meal and meat, and bone meal for smooth marron (Cherax cainii) freshwater crayfish feed. A total of 150 juvenile marrons (9.09 ± 0.21 g) were kept for 90 days and distributed into 15 rearing tanks consisting of five treatments with three replications. The results indicated that there was no significant difference in the increase in biomass, survival rate, moulting rate (weight), feed efficiency ratio, and feed digestibility (P> 0.05). However, marron juvenile fed with a protein source of poultry by-products meal had the highest specific growth rate (0.31 ± 0.05 g / day). In addition, marron fed with fish meal protein resulted a significant increase in carapace length (P <0.05). Based on the digestibility test, it was found that the digestibility level of the feed ranged from 76.39 ± 0.01 - 79.11 ± 0.01% and replacement of fish meal had no significant effect on dry matter digestibility (P> 0.05). Overall, the results of this study indicate that the general growth performance of marron is not affected by the replacement of fish meal in the feed. Alternative protein materials can be used as a protein source to replace fish meal in marron feed so that the use of fish meal can be reduced.
Optimization of Pangasius Catfish Production in Pagersari Village, Tulungagung Regency
Authors: Fattah Mochammad , Susadiana Susadiana , Sofiati Dwi
Published: February 2021

Pangasius catfish is freshwater fish for consumption that can be cultivated through fish farming. In order to produce optimal profits, Pangasius catfish farming must pay attention to the use of inputs in the form of seeds, feed and electricity. The purpose of this study was to analyze the optimization of Pangasius catfish production in Tondo Lestari fish cultivator group, Pagersari Village, Tulungagung Regency. Data collection techniques were in the form of interviews, observation and documentation. The data analysis used was linear programming using the POM-QM  for Windows 5 software tool. The Pangasius catfish farming activities of the Tondo Lestari fish cultivator group have been optimal because they resulted in a low production difference between factual and optimal conditons of 3,05 kg or a profit of Rp. 10,502. . The optimal production of Pangasius catfish in a pond size of 200 m2 was 3,173.21 kg and the optimal production in a pond size of 300 m2 was 4,839.83 kg. Therefore,  it can be concluded that Pokdakan Tondo Lestari can take advantage of additional feed and electricity input by reducing the use of seed input by 1.487 heads to increase profits.
Combination of Moringa Leaf Meal and Probiotics in Feed for Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Seeds Survival and Immune System
Authors: Azhar Fariq , Satria Sumarjan Nanang , Hilyana Siti
Published: February 2021

Prevention of disease in tilapia seeds can be done by increasing non-specific defense systems by improving and supplementing the nutritional content of the feed. This study aims to determine the effect of adding Moringa leaf meal combined with probiotics to feed on the survival rate of tilapia seeds and the number of seed blood cells that have been infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. The method used was an experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 3 replications. Treatment A = addition of 4% moringa leaf meal + 6 ml / kg of probiotic feed + A. hydrophila injection; Treatment B = addition of 6% moringa leaf meal + 6 ml / kg of probiotic feed + A. hydrophila injection; Treatment C = addition of 8% moringa leaf meal + 6 ml / kg of probiotic feed + A. hydrophila injection; Treatment D = feed + probiotic 6 ml / kg of feed (positive control) + injection of A. hydrophila; Treatment E = feed + probiotic 6 ml / kg of feed (negative control) + injection of physiological solution. The results showed the addition of Moringa leaf meal combined with probiotics got the best results in treatment C with a survival value of 86.67%, hemoglobin levels of 2.3 g%, erythrocytes of 2.20 × 106 cells, leukocytes of 11.5 × 104 cells, and the total number of intestinal bacteria was 10.34 × 106 cfu / ml.
In Vitro Cytotoxicity Test Reveals Non-toxic of Waste-based Scaffold on Human Hepatocyte Cells
Authors: Anggani Oktantia Frenny , Setiya Budiatin Aniek , Sulmartiwi Laksmi , Rahmad Royan Muhammad
Published: February 2021

Scaffold, as one of the components for bone tissue engineering, requires formulated biomaterials that are both structurally and compositively similar to bone composition. Among others, chitosan, gelatin and chondroitin sulfate are known as potential candidates for scaffold composites that can be easily obtained from waste-based resources. This study aims to investigate the cytotoxicity of different scaffold composition and concentration regimes derived from waste-based chitosan, gelatine and chondroitin sulfate, in vitro. The composition regimes used were (Chitosan : Gelatin : Chondroitin Sulfate) 50 : 50 : 0 (A); 50 : 40 :10 (B); 50 : 35 : 15 (C); 50 : 30 : 20 (D); 50 : 25 : 25 (E). Meanwhile, the final concentrations of scaffold used were 2000, 1000, 500, 250, 100, 10 and 0,1 mg/ml. The different compositions and concentrations of scaffold was tested against Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Huh7it / Human Hepatocyte It). After 48-hour incubation in the scaffold solution, the percentage of cell viability was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-5(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2- (4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The result shows that there is no difference observed among different scaffold compositions on the cell viability (p > 0.05). However, different concentrations of scaffold show significant differences in cell viability in composition C and E (p < 0.01), suggesting possible dose- dependent effect of scaffold on cell viability. Overall, all the waste-based scaffold compositions show no toxicity against the Hepatocellular Carcinoma cells as exhibited by the cell viability that is above 70%, at least with the concentration up to 2000 mg/ml.
Wavelet coherence between ENSO indices and two precipitation database for the Andes region of Colombia
Authors:   Univerisidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Díaz G. Diana Cristina , Villegas Nancy ,   Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Carrera 30, Calle 45-03, Bogotá, Colombia.
Published: February 2021

The influence of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on Colombia's hydrological variables has been shown in different studies. Most of the methodologies implemented have identified linear relationships and have associated the warm (cold) phase called El Niño (La Niña) with negative (positive) rainfall and streamflow anomalies. One of the most adverse impacts founded is the reduction in water supply during the warm phase. Therefore, it is necessary to study the linkage between ENSO and precipitation variability for efficient management of water resources. Consequently, the present paper has two purposes. The first one is to explore nonlinear correlations of the ENSO-precipitation relationship, particularly for specific regions where the freshwater resources have been significantly reduced during El Niño events. The second one is to identify which indices will enable in improving the predictability of hydro-climatological variables. The research was based on the wavelet coherence analysis of monthly precipitation time series from 1981-2016 and the ENSO indices for the same period. The results show that ENSO events influence the precipitation as periods of rainfall deficit or excess. Also, precipitation is organized in bands and that the 2–8-year scales explain most of their variance. The most significant sectors are those that cover El Niño events. In contrast, sectors are smaller when La Niña episodes. Then impacts on precipitation tend to be greater for warm events. Results also allowed to identify that El Niño 3, Niño 3,4, ONI, and BEST indices can be good indicators for forecasting work in these specific places. The use of two kinds of data, one in situ and the other from CHIRPS program, allows to establish the feasibility of using data from satellite origin in regions without enough information; the results showed that CHIRPS data tend to report fewer anomalies than data in situ. However, the coherence structure is similar, but in periods between 36 and 48 months, there were discrepancies of pi/4 in the phase difference, that is, between 3 and 6 months of difference in lags calculated with each database.
Modern Clinical Text Mining: A Guide and Review
Authors: Percha Bethany
Published: February 2021

Electronic health records (EHRs) are becoming a vital source of data for healthcare quality improvement, research, and operations. However, much of the most valuable information contained in EHRs remains buried in unstructured text. The field of clinical text mining has advanced rapidly in recent years, transitioning from rule-based approaches to machine learning and, more recently, deep learning. With new methods come new challenges, however, especially for those new to the field. This review provides an overview of clinical text mining for those who are encountering it for the first time (e.g. physician researchers, operational analytics teams, machine learning scientists from other domains). While not a comprehensive survey, it describes the state of the art, with a particular focus on new tasks and methods developed over the past few years. It also identifies key barriers between these remarkable technical advances and the practical realities of implementation at health systems and in industry.
A Holistic View of the Biology of Pancreatic Cancer and Targeted Therapeutic Approaches to Treat the Cancer
Authors: Munir Sidra , Ahmad Shabir , Gul Ammara
Published: February 2021

Pancreatic cancer is a fatal disease with mortality rate of 5% and a with a limited survival rate of 5 years. Despite of the extensive efforts that has been made to cure the disease it still has been considered as ‘undruggable’. It is characterized by epithelial to dense stromal tumor formation however due to lack of diagnosis options and treatment test available to detect the disease to the point at which resection of the tumor is possible, it makes it the fourth leading cause of cancer related death. The unavailable information regarding the early detection of biological markers along with the increased invasive tumor, the inherit chemoresistance against medication radiation and chemotherapy stubbornly fail the therapeutic options available. These associated problems made the scientists to reevaluate the approaches that are currently in practice and take a step back to fully understand the basic biological pathways that are involved in the pancreatic cancer, the heterogeneity of the tumor itself along with expression and a number of mutations that are observed at different locations. Clinical trial along with new approaches are nowadays focus of research to treat this tumor. The review paper describes the basic cellular pathways involved in pancreatic cancer, the gene mutations and their expression having effect on the pathology of the diseases along with treatment options that are available to treat the tumor. These efforts will help with the expansion of our knowledge to undergo the clinical trial and the synthesis of novel medicines for the prognosis of the disease.
Anapc10 Orchestrates the NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation during Cell Cycle Control
Authors: Huang Siyu , Wan Pin , Huang Shanyu , Xiang Qi , Yang Ge , Shereen Muhammad , Pan Pan , Liu Weiyong , Wu Kailang , Wu Jianguo
Published: February 2021

Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome plays a crucial role in innate immune response. During cell division, the NLRP3 inflammasome activation must be strictly controlled. Here, we discovered the anaphase promoting complex subunit 10 (Anapc10, APC10), a substrate recognition protein of the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), is a critical mediator of the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. APC10 protein interacts with NLRP3, and co-localizes with NLRP3 protein in the cytoplasm. During interphase, APC10 interacts with NLRP3 to promote the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. During mitosis, APC10 disassociates from the NLRP3 inflammasome to inhibit the inflammatory responses. This study reveals a distinct mechanism by which APC10 serves as a switch of the NLRP3 inflammasome activation during cell cycle.
Influence of Material-Dependent Damping on Brake Squeal in the Specific Disc Brake System
Authors: Úradníček Juraj , Musil Miloš , Gašparovič Ľuboš , Bachratý Michal
Published: February 2021

The connection of two phenomena - non-conservative friction forces and dissipation-induced instability can lead to many interesting engineering problems. The paper studies general material-dependent damping influence on dynamical instability of disc brake systems leading to brake squeal. The effect of general damping is demonstrated on a minimal and complex model of a disc brake. A complex system including material-dependent damping is defined in the commercial finite element software. The finite element model validated by experimental data on the brake-disc test bench is used to compute the influence of a pad and a disc damping variations on system stability by complex eigenvalue analysis. Analyzes show a significant sensitivity of the experimentally verified unstable mode of the system to the ratio of the damping between the disc and the friction material components.
Influence of Silica Nano-Additives on Performance and Emission Characteristics of Soybean Biodiesel Fuelled Diesel Engine
Authors: Gavhane R. S. , Kate A. M. , Pawar A. A. , Soudagar Manzoore Elahi M , Nik-Ghazali Nik-Nazri , Mujtaba M.A. , Rizwanul Fattah I.M. , Afzal Asif , Kumar Ravinder , Gadakh V. S. , Shahabuddin M.
Published: February 2021

The present study examines the effect of SiO2 nano-additives on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled with soybean biodiesel. Soybean biofuel was prepared using the transesterification process. Nano-additives characterisations were done using different tests such as FESEM, XRD, EDS, etc., to study the morphology of nano-additives. For proper blending of nano-additives with biodiesel, the ultrasonication process was used. Surfactant was used for the stabilisation of nano-additives. After making all the combinations of nano fuel blends, physicochemical properties were measured as per ASTM standards. Performance and emissions readings were taken at different load conditions. It was found that with the addition of SiO2 nano-additives, brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) was increased by 3.48-6.39% and 5.81-9.88%, respectively. Significant reduction of CO, CO2, NOx, and smoke emissions were also observed compared to baseline fule due to better combustion efficiency with the use of SiO2 nano-additive.
Rapid Approach to Determine Propionic and Sorbic Acid Contents in Bread and Bakery Products using ¹H NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Scharinger Marwa , Kuntz Marcel , Scharinger Andreas , Teipel Jan , Kuballa Thomas , Walch Stephan G. , Lachenmeier Dirk W.
Published: February 2021

The food additive sorbic acid is considered as an effective preservative for certain cereal products, and propionic acid is commonly added in bakery wares, e.g. bread and fine bakery wares. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a new nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR) method for routine screening and quantification of sorbic and propionic acids in bread and several bakery products for quality control purposes. Results showed that none of the screened samples contained higher concentrations than regulatory maximum limits. However, for some samples, labelling of preservatives was lacking or they were used in food categories, for which the use is not approved. It can be concluded that the developed NMR method can be used for routine screening of bakery products.
The Nerves to Conduct a Multiple Sclerosis Crime Investigation
Authors: Chopra Sameeksha , Myers Zoe , Sekhon Henna , Dufour Antoine
Published: February 2021

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative autoimmune disease characterized by aberrant infiltration of immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS) and by the loss of myelin. Sclerotic lesions and various inhibitory factors hamper remyelination processes within the CNS. MS patients typically experience gradual cognitive and physical disabilities as the disease progresses. The etiology of MS is still unclear and emerging evidence suggests that microbiome composition could play a much more significant role in disease pathogenesis than was initially thought. Initially believed to be isolated to the gut microenvironment, we now know that the microbiome plays a much broader role in various tissues and is essential in the development of the immune system. Here, we present some of the unexpected roles that the microbiome plays in MS and discuss approaches for the development of next-generation treatment strategies.
Multiscale Assessment of Caprock Integrity for Geologic Carbon Storage in the Pennsylvanian Farnsworth Unit, Texas, USA
Authors: Trujillo Natasha , Rose-Coss Dylan , Heath Jason E. , Dewers Thomas A , Ampomah William , Mozley Peter S. , Cather Martha
Published: February 2021

The assessment of caprock integrity for underground storage of CO2 and/or enhanced oil recovery (EOR) systems is a multiscale endeavor. Caprock sealing behavior depends on coupled processes that operate over a broad range of length and time scales including nanoscale heterogeneity in capillary and wettability properties to depositional heterogeneity that is basin wide. Larger-scale sedimentary architecture, fractures, and faults can govern properties of potential “seal-bypass” systems that may be difficult to assess. We present a multiscale investigation of geologic sealing integrity of the caprock system that overlies the Morrow B sandstone reservoir, Farnsworth Unit, Texas, USA. The Morrow B sandstone is the target geologic unit for an on-going combined CO2 storage–EOR project by the Southwest Regional Partnership on Carbon Sequestration (SWP). Methods and/or data encompass small-to-large scales, including: petrography using electron and optical microscopy; mercury porosimetry; core examinations of sedimentary architecture and fractures; well logs; a suite of geomechanical testing; and a noble gas profile through sealing lithologies into the reservoir, as preserved from fresh core. The combined data set allows a comprehensive examination of sealing quality by scale, by primary features that control sealing behavior, and an assessment of sealing behavior over geologic time.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Physiological and Recovery Growth Status of Two Tomato Cultivars With Different Heat Susceptibility
Authors: Rajametov Sherzod Nigmatullayevich , Yang Eun Young , Jeong Hyo Bong , Cho Myeong Cheoul , Chae Soo-Young , Paudel Niroj
Published: February 2021

High temperature seriously effects on plant vegetative and reproductive development and reduces productivity of plants, while to increase crop yield is the main target in most crop heat stress tolerance improvement breeding programs, not just survival, under high temperature. Our aim was to compare temperature stress tolerance in two commercial tomato cultivars “Dafnis” (big fruit size) and “Minichal” (cherry fruit size) to develop early screening methods and find out survival rate and physiological responses of tomato cultivars on high temperature (40°C and within 70% RH, day/night) in 4-5 true leaf seedling stage- (4LS) and identifies the linkage of heat tolerance with fruit set and leaf heat damage rates (LHD) in seedling stage with subsequent vegetative traits at recovery. Results showed that heat stress significantly affected on physiological-chemical and vegetative parameters of seedlings regardless of tomato cultivars. Survival and the threshold level of high temperature tolerance in the seedlings of cv. “Dafnis” and “Minichal” were identified on days 7 and 9, respectively. Our findings revealed that photosynthesis (PN, Gs, Ci, Tr) parameters were increased and CHL content persisted steady value in cv. “Minichal” during heat stress period, however EC and RPL rates were lower than cv. “Dafnis”. Heat stress reduced the SFW in both cultivars in seedling stage, but PH and RFW were significantly decreased in the heat tolerant cv. “Minichal”, whereas this parameters were not significantly ranged in the heat susceptible cv. “Dafnis”. Additionally, there no found linkage between vegetative parameters with decreasing of PN and CHL rates during HT of seedlings. In plants of cv. “Minichal” with LHD-25, 50 and 75% were no found significant differences in PH, whereas in cv. “Dafnis” significant differences were determined in plants with LHD-75%, and the significant differences in rates of SFW and RFW were observed in plants of cv. “Dafnis” having LHD-75% for 28 days of recovery at NT condition. Taken together, we concluded that heat stress affected on physiological parameters regardless of tolerance level, and to identify heat tolerant genotype in tomato breeding program, screening and selection genotypes have to be evaluated at the vegetative and reproductive stages with consideration fruit size types. Since we could not find linkage between heat tolerances in seedling stage with fruit set at the reproductive stage and fruit set cannot be used as a general predictor of heat tolerance.
An Updated Checklist of Globally Threatened Species in Bhutan as listed in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
Authors: Nepal Tej Kumar , Manita Miss
Published: February 2021

Bhutan lies to the East of Himalaya and it hosts around 11,248 species in all taxa. Bhutan’s lush and green forest covers 71 percent of land which comes under the five National Parks, four Wildlife Sanctuaries, 1 Strict Nature Reserve, Community Forests and biological corridors connecting different protected areas. More than half (51.44 percent) is protected by law and activities are restricted under certain circumstances. It is home to Takin (Budorcas taxicolor whitei), White-bellied Heron (Ardea insignis), Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis), Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens), Great Hornbill (Buceros bicornis) and Chinese Pangolin (Manis pentadactyla) that are globally threatened. Bhutan contributed around 23 new species between 2017 and 2020 which were new to science, and Bhutan’s biodiversity holds immense opportunities for researchers and environmental scientists as its biodiversity is in early stage of discovery. To date, Bhutan records 1 species as Extinct (EX), 1 species as Extinct in the Wild (EW) and 134 species as Vulnerable (VU), Endangered (EN) and Critically Endangered (CR) under International Union of Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. This paper aims to report a checklist of globally threatened species listed in IUCN Red List of Threatened Species from Bhutan. The paper also lists down the new species that were discovered in Bhutan since 2017. More researchers are needed to discover new species from Bhutan’s rich and lush forest.
Review of space vehicle control and guidance methods at atmosphere reentry
Authors: Samotokhin Alexander Sergeevich
Published: February 2021

Review of control methods for statically stable reentry vehicles with low lift-to-drag ratio at returning from the Moon is presented. We are considering algorithms that have been used in Soviet and American Moon programs, as well as advanced algorithms that now are developed. General trends of advanced domestic and foreign methods are determined.
Anteseden Kepuasan Kerja dan Hubungan Kepusan Kerja dengan Loyalitas Karyawan (Studi pada Mitra PT. Gojek Indonesia di Surakarta)
Authors: Rizki Muhamad Mika , Suprapti Anastasia Riani
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this study is to examine the relation of the antecedents job satisfaction and the relation of the job satisfaction with job loyalty. Specifically this research was done to the gojek partner in the region of Surakarta. Data in this study were collected through questionnaires distributed to respondents. The number of samples in this study is 125. Sampling technique used is purposive sampling. Method used in this study is Structural Equation Model (SEM).  The test conducted are instrument test, model fit test, hypothesis test, and moderation effect test. The instrument used in this study is SmartPLS 3. The result of this study indicate that the antecedents of satisfaction are empowerment and participation, working condition, reward and recognition, teamwork, training and development have a positive relation on job satisfaction, and then job satisfaction is positively related to the job loyalty.
Sinkronisasi Estrus Sapi Peranakan Ongole di Kelompok Tani Sri Mulyo
Authors: Prastowo Sigit , Sunarto Sunarto , Lutojo Lutojo , Widyas Nuzul , Ratriyanto Adi
Published: February 2021

Kelompok Tani Sri Mulyo merupakan kelompok peternak sapi Peranakan Ongole (PO) yang menghadapi kendala peningkatan angka kebuntingan. Permasalahan yang dihadapi adalah kejadian estrus / birahi tenang sehingga penentuan waktu Inseminasi Buatan (IB) tidak tepat dan kemudian berakibat pada kegagalan kebuntingan. Salah satu upaya  untuk mengatasi hal tersebut dengan mengaplikasikan metode sinkronisasi estrus (SE) agar tampilan estrus mudah diamati melalui program pengabdian kepada masyarakat. Pengabdian ini dilakukan dalam 3 tahap, yaitu sosialisasi, pelaksanaan dan evaluasi. Informasi dan kesepakatan tentang program SE disosialisasikan pada tahap pertama, dilanjutkan dengan pelaksanaan di lapangan. Sebanyak 20 ekor sapi PO digunakan dalam program ini dan dari hasil pemeriksaan organ reproduksi diperoleh sebanyak 12 ekor sapi layak untuk disinkronisasi estrus. Hormon yang digunakan dalam program SE ini adalah PGF2α dengan metode dua kali injeksi. Hasil SE didapatkan 10 ekor sapi teramati estrus, sedangkan 2 ekor terlewatkan pengamatannya. Inseminasi dengan semen beku kemudian dilakukan dan dievaluasi keberhasilannya setelah 21 dan 60 hari. Sebanyak 6 ekor tidak menunjukkan tanda-tanda estrus pada hari ke 21 setelah IB, dan 4 ekor dinyatakan bunting setelah evaluasi dengan palpasi rektal pada hari ke 60. Selanjutnya, kelahiran pedet didapatkan sebanyak 4 ekor. Berdasar hasil program SE dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan program SE dapat meningkatkan jumlah sapi betina bunting di Kelompok Tani Sri Mulyo.
Interview with Håkan Hagegård
Authors: Brandfonbrener Alice G
Published: February 2021

Swedish baritone Hakan Hagegard has had an extraordinary international career performing in opera, oratorio, and recitals. While his signature role may have been that of Papageno, in Ingmar Bergman’s famous film of The Magic Flute, Mr. Hagegard is equally at home and adept with
contemporary repertoire. He is also widely known and respected for his interest in developing ways to help other artists survive the rigors of performance. An integral part of this was the building of an artists retreat and meeting place, HageGarden, in rural Sweden. Editor Alice Brandfonbrener,
who is a friend of Hakan Hagegard, recently conducted this interview with the singer long distance with the help of e-mail.
Musicians’ Hands: A Surgeon’s Perspective
Authors: Winspur Ian , Parry Christopher B. Wynn
Published: February 2021

Review of 825 musicians presenting with upper limb symptoms to a specialized musicians clinic in London shows that only 45% had a recognized structural disorder, of whom only 4% were possible candidates for surgery. Surgical experience on musicians is therefore limited and fragmented,
and many misconceptions exist. The most common reason for surgery in this group is coincidental trauma (25%), followed by other common inflammatory and degenerative conditions seen in the general population. The indications for surgery and the techniques used need to be modified. Review of
49 consecutive professional musicians treated surgically along the guidelines discussed show that 98% returned to full-time professional playing, confirming the essential if limited role surgery plays in the care of musicians’ hands.
Physiological Assessment of Bagpipers: A Preliminary Study of Cardiopulmonary Parameters
Authors: Barr Deborah , Dusen Lee Van , Ess Steve , Plezbert Julie
Published: February 2021

This study examined pulmonary function of pipers and cardiac adaptation to the playing of the Great Highland bagpipe. Pipers (n = 13) of varying ages (31-65 years) and playing experiences (2-20+ years) were evaluated for vital capacity (VC), maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV), and
forced vital capacity (FVC) using a RIKO AS-600 spirometer. Subjects were monitored by impedance cardiograph for heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), and cardiac output (CO) at rest and during 5 minutes of playing. An automatic blood pressure (BP) monitor collected BP values over the same
time period. Eleven weeks after initial cardiac data collection, the BP and cardiac measurements were repeated using the same protocols. Mean values for HR, SV, and CO were calculated for rest and each minute (1-5) of playing. A 2 (data session) by 6 (rest, min 1–5) repeated-measures
ANOVA was performed. Analysis revealed a significant overall time effect (p < 0.001) on HR. A-priori contrast comparing all playing times with rest showed significant differences at all time points. Analysis of SV and CO failed to find significance. Heart rate values calculated for percent
of maximum ranged from 68% to 89% of maximum overall while playing (session 1) and from 55% to 81% of maximum (session 2). Predicted percent of maximum values for VC and MVV found 77% of players above their maximum predicted values.
Joint Laxity and Arm Pain in Musicians
Authors: Brandfonbrener Alice G
Published: February 2021

Musculoskeletal symptoms have been ascribed in the literature to hyperextensibility syndrome. This diagnosis depends on finding supranormal laxity among joints of both the upper and lower extremities. While literature pertaining to musculoskeletal syndromes among instrumentalists has
largely supported an association between hyperlaxity and risk for injury, this has not been unanimous. The author redefines the hyperextensibility syndrome for musicians to apply only to the joints most affected by playing instruments, the fingers, hands, and wrists. Using this definition,
43 (34%) of 128 musicians with upper extremity symptoms were found to be hyperextensible. Most but not all of these patients were diagnosed as having musculoskeletal pain syndromes. The author explains the reasoning behind an association between hyperextensibility and musicians’ injuries,
and suggests an approach to preventive intervention.
Camptodactyly: A Finger Deformity in a Young Violinist
Authors: Melchor Gerald P , Brandfonbrener Alice G
Published: February 2021

This report documents a congenital condition previously undescribed in a young musician. Uncommon and affecting between 1% and 2% of the general population, camptodactyly is an atraumatic, congenital flexion deformity of the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint of the finger, most often
the right little finger, as seen in our patient.1 While this condition is not normally of great significance, except when present as part of a wider syndrome, its occurrence as described in this case report has great implications for musicians in that it may have detrimental effects
on their ability to perform. Attempts at surgical correction of such a defect, in itself controversial, might further affect a musician’s ability to return to performance as well as to continue studying his or her instrument.
“Defining the Performing Artist”: How a Health Psychology Course Integrates into University Performing Arts Training
Authors: Popalisky David J , Herbert Marie G
Published: February 2021

University dance and theatre students are at risk for a range of eating disorders because their bodies are their primary instrument of focus and performance and because of the developmental challenges of young adulthood. The head of the dance program and a psychologist from the same
private university’s counseling center collaborated to create a course to address the psychological and physical health needs of this group of students. The history of the development of the course is presented, followed by a discussion of its content, preliminary assessment of its effectiveness,
and future directions.
Energy Requirements of the American Professional Flamenco Dancer
Authors: Pedersen M Elizabeth , Wilmerding M Virginia , Kuhn Brenna T , Enciñias-Sandoval Eva
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine the aerobic and anaerobic capacities of professional American flamenco dancers in order to understand the energy requirements of this dance form. Eleven professional flamenco dancers from Albuquerque, New Mexico, provided a convenience sample
(men = 4 and women = 7). There were three components to the testing: body composition measured with skinfold calipers, maximal aerobic capacity (VO2max) as determined by a graded exercise test with measured expired gases, and anaerobic capacity measured with a Wingate test. The
mean age of the dancers was 28.45 years (24–44 years) and there was a mean of 13.5 years of performance experience (2–40 years). Both men and women were below average in terms of body composition, with a mean of 9.96% body fat (BF) for men (5.25– 13.09%BF) and 16.35%BF for
women (12.96–20.17%BF). Mean maximum aerobic capacity was 51.63 mL · kg–1 · min–1 for men (40.7– 59.5 mL · kg–1 · min–1) and 38.78 mL · kg–1 · min–1
for women (32.9–43.8 mL · kg–1 · min–1), categorizing both as above average for their respective sexes. Results of the Wingate test gave a mean peak power of 16.2 W/kg (13.7–18.3 W/kg) and 11.3 W/kg (8.6–14.3 W/kg) for men and
women, respectively; with a fatigue index of 65.5% (62–74%) for men and 56.1% (35.2–68.1%) for women. These results are nearly 25% higher than other published data on anaerobic athletes. Thus, flamenco dancers have a substantial anaerobic power output. Based upon the results of
this study, it is suggested that the training of flamenco dancers include an aerobic and an anaerobic component.
Ultrasound of the Left Shoulder Girdle in Professional Violists and Violinists: A Pilot Study
Authors: Wilkinson Maureen , Grimmer Karen
Published: February 2021

Musculoskeletal problems in elite orchestral musicians have been reported as common. Despite this, the underlying health problems seem to be underrecognized and underresearched. This pilot study details measurements, using ultrasound, to investigate the reaction of muscles and tendons
in the left shoulder girdle of elite violinists and violists to performance, as a way of exploring muscle response to activity. The tendon of the long head of the biceps, the supraspinatus tendon, the trapezius muscle, upper and mid, and the rhomboid muscle of 15 violinists and violists were
measured, using ultrasound, at set intervals of time after performing. Significant increases in size were demonstrated from baseline at 12, 18, and 24 hours for the biceps tendon; 12 and 18 hours for the upper trapezius and mid-trapezius, medially; and 12 hours for the mid-trapezius, laterally.
The mean percentage increases in size (± 2 × SE) for each were: 14.23 (±8.3), 16.8 (±9.9), 13.6 (±10.9); 11.6 (±7.9), 11.9 (±9.2); 26.2 (±13.15), 32.3 (±29.9); and 23.6 (±12.23), respectively. The p-values for these measurements
ranged from 0.001 to 0.04; significance was set at <0.05. The supraspinatus tendon and lateral rhomboid muscle did not show any significant change. This pilot study indicates that ultrasound is effective in demonstrating changes in muscle over time, but as no normative data have yet been
collected, no significant conclusions can be drawn, indicating a need for continuing research into this area using ultrasound.
Using Beta-blockers to Control Stage Fright: A Dancer’s Dilemma
Authors: Harris David Alan
Published: February 2021

Performing artists face numerous challenges, of which few may be more threatening to a meaningful career than performance anxiety. Stage fright, as this anxiety is commonly known, involves an internal conflict between the need to display one’s artistry publicly and the concurrent
fear of proving inadequate and ultimately suffering public rejection. Typically presenting as a fear of humiliation in situations involving scrutiny by others, this phobia is frequently associated with behavioral, cardiovascular, and neuroendocrine activation, and can manifest itself in a
variety of physical discomforts. A body of research demonstrates successful alleviation of orchestral musicians’ stage fright through use of such blocking agents. No comparable data have been collected among dance artists of any kind, however, and given certain effects of b-blockade
on exercise metabolism, targeted investigations assessing both safety and efficacy in this population are needed.
A Personality Profile of Professional and Conservatory Student Dancers
Authors: Solomon Ruth , Solomon John , Micheli Lyle J , Saunders John J , Zurakowski David
Published: February 2021

The Test of Attentional and Interpersonal Style (TAIS), a 144-item personality inventory developed by sport psychologist Robert Nideffer, was used for the first time with dancers in this study to explore (1) what it would divulge about the shared personality traits of elite-level dancers
and (2) whether it might be useful as a teaching/counseling tool to enhance the performance of under-achieving dance students. Two sets of subjects were tested: group 1 (n = 41: 22 females, 19 males) was composed of professional dancers from the Boston Ballet Company, while the subjects in
group 2 (n = 42: 38 females, 4 males) were all dance majors at the Boston Conservatory. A composite profile was developed for each group by averaging the scores recorded on each of the 18 scales used in the TAIS analysis, and the two profiles were then compared in accordance with standard
testing procedures. Both groups were found to be characterized by an internally focused attentional style, but the professionals were clearly more skilled in adapting this style to the elimination of internal and external distractions. This finding was reinforced by a contrast in the personality
traits relating to interpersonal style, which again portrayed the student dancers as relatively vulnerable to distraction as a result of higher levels of extroversion and impulsivity, and greater ambivalence in their response to external authority. It is concluded that elite dancers do share
certain traits in common, and that identifying personality characteristics that are important to success in dance may provide both students and their teachers with insight for enhancing performance.
The Effects of Music-assisted Coping Systematic Desensitization on Music Performance Anxiety
Authors: Reitman Alan D
Published: February 2021

The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the effects of music-assisted coping systematic desensitization on music performance anxiety. Eighteen musicians (19–45 years old; mean age = 26.66 years), ranging in experience from student to professional, with self-reported performance
anxiety were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) verbal coping systematic desensitization; (2) music-assisted coping systematic desensitization; and (3) a wait-list control group. Subjects in the treatment groups received eight 75-minute group sessions of coping systematic desensitization.
The treatment also included at-home relaxation practice, which made use of prerecorded relaxation scripts, with and without preferred music. All subjects participated in 5-minute pre- and post-treatment performances in front of three raters. Dependent measures included continuous monitoring
of heart rate and frontalis surface electromyography (sEMG) during pre- and post-tests and during a 5-minute resting condition, the Spielberger State–Trait Anxiety Inventory, the Performance Anxiety Response Questionnaire, and the Music Performance Anxiety Questionnaire, administered
pre- and post-treatment, and error count. Results indicated no significant differences between groups on physiological and self-report measures (p > 0.05). Error count was rendered invalid due to low interrater reliability. Self-report measures revealed within-group trends toward reduction
in cognitive indices of anxiety for both treatment groups. Anxiety-related muscle tension (frontalis sEMG) also showed a within-group decline for the music-assisted treatment group. It was concluded that further research is warranted into the use of music-assisted cognitive– behavioral
treatments for musicians.
“It’s the Music, Stupid,” or Why Are Performers So Conservative?
Authors: Brandfonbrener Alice G
Published: February 2021

In my editorial in the previous issue of Medical Problems of Performing Artists , I observed that there appears to be a real difference in people’s inborn abilities to memorize, although in some this ability can be developed and improved upon as a skill. My purpose in writing
about memorization was to question the wisdom of requiring solo musical performers to play from memory since the fear of memory slips appears to be a significant and for many the major cause of performance anxiety. I further questioned why, since memorizing is so difficult for some, all musicians
are subjected to this added stress, by expecting them to play from memory. Is it not about how they play and interpret a piece of music rather than whether they choose to have the music in front of them? When I’ve questioned teachers and some performers about this, they say that playing
with the music prevents the musician from performing with maximal interpretive skill, and the performance is less exciting. This seems to be remarkably without insight, because clearly if the musician is terrified, for whatever reason, including of having memory lapses, there may not be much
energy left for interpretation, and the excitement may come instead from the musician’s embarrassment. I’ve had some further reflection on the question of playing from memory as well as some general observations about how difficult it is for performers to be nonconformists. This
is not meant in the sense of performers’ being rebellious but about deviating from some abstract traditional norm rather than being their own persons. I’ve also written about that in the past in an editorial where I questioned whether people had to look alike, and asked whether
vocally qualified singers with major deformities and disabilities should be excluded from opera. So this may seem like rehashing old issues, but I think there is more to be said than could be contained in only two editorials.
The Arts in the Post-9/11 New World
Authors: Brandfonbrener Alice G
Published: February 2021

It has always been something of a challenge to write a “timely” editorial several months in advance of publication. To be safe one selects what is known as an “evergreen” topic, i.e., not too time-specific. However, two months after the events of September 11
(9/11), it remains difficult if not impossible to imagine what might transpire in the ensuing four months and what topic might be suitable and timely. Furthermore, at least for me, 9/11 remains too fresh to be able to discuss anything of significance, including subject matter appropriate for
an MPPA editorial, totally out of the context of that horrific day.
Strength or Endurance Training for Undergraduate Music Majors at a University?
Authors: Ackermann Bronwen , Adams Roger , Marshall Elfreda
Published: February 2021

The purposes of this study were to evaluate the effect of an exercise regimen for undergraduate music majors at a university, and to determine whether a short-term, moderate-intensity program designed to assist in their preparation for the athletic task of playing an instrument for
many hours a day could be incorporated into their timetables and show strength gains. In this study, 18 volunteer university undergraduate music majors were randomly allocated into either six weeks of strength training or six weeks of endurance training of proximal upper-limb and trunk muscles.
All subjects were measured over a six-week control period prior to the exercise period. Tests using both physical and self-report data were repeated on three separate occasions to determine whether training produced any effects over this period, and which form of training was the more effective.
Physical testing data were collected by an independent tester who was blinded to the study condition. These data included Cybex dynamometer testing in two planes of shoulder motion, field measurements, and timing an isometric 90-degree forward flexion arm hold. Questionnaires were used to
gather data on the frequency and severity of performance-related musculoskeletal disorders and on the perceived exertion of playing. Results indicated that the program produced significant strength gains in both field measurements and dynamometer testing in both exercise groups. While all
field measurements of the actual exercises performed increased significantly over the exercise period, the dynamometer results showed a significant effect of the exercise program on the horizontal plane only, suggesting this group of musicians took a task-specific view of the exercises and
focused more on their application of horizontal exercises, seeing the relevance in relation to playing an instrument. Vertical isokinetic measurements remained unchanged. Perceived exertion of playing was significantly reduced, with endurance training significantly better than strength training
for achieving this result.
Five Common Causes of Physical Injury for Violists: Comments of a Master Teacher on Approach to the Instrument
Authors: Castleman Heidi
Published: February 2021

When string players are injured, it may be caused by structural weaknesses, irreversible inflammatory conditions, or other physical problems. The vast majority of string player injuries, however, occur because of an unsuitable fit of equipment to the player or because of faulty playing
habits.