bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANTIBODY RESPONSE TO PNEUMOCOCCAL VACCINE IN SPLENECTOMIZED ADULTS AND ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Pedersen Freddy Karup , Nielse Johan Lanng , Ellegaard JØRgen
Published: August 2010

The antibody response of 67 splenectomized adults and adolescents with benign underlying diseases to a 14‐valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine was determined by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. It was not significantly different from that of 12 healthy non‐splenectomized adult volunteers for 13 of the 14 polysaccharide antigens studied. Residual splenic tissue as detected by Tc‐scintigraphy was without any influence on the vaccination response. In comparison 5 untreated splenectomized adults with malignant diseases and 11 splenectomized adults receiving immunosuppressive therapy exhibited a significantly reduced combined geometric mean of their postvaccination antibody concentrations (all 14 antigens added) and of their combined geometric mean antibody fold increase as compared to the healthy non‐splenectomized adults. The reduction in antibody response was most pronounced in the group of immunosuppressed patients.

Immunogenicity of each of the 14 vaccine antigens varied considerably as judged by the geometric means of the postvaccination arbitrary antibody concentrations. Also individual variation in postvaccination antibody concentration against each antigen was large.
LYMPHOCYTE‐DOSE RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP IN SPONTANEOUS LYMPHOCYTE MEDIATED CYTOTOXICITY (SLMC) MEASURED BY MICROCYTOTOXICITY ASSAY
Authors: Vilien Mogens , Schultz Karsten , Wolf Hans , Rasmussen Finn
Published: August 2010

Titrations of spontaneous lymphocyte‐mediated cytotoxicity (SLMC) in a 44‐hour microcytotoxicity assay (MA) by serial dilutions of effector lymphocytes were performed to characterize the lymphocyte‐dose response relationship, and to investigate the methodological basis for comparative cytotoxicity studies. The following lymphocyte fractions were used: unseparated, E rosetting, non‐E resetting, EA resetting, and non‐EA rosetting. Assays were performed against target cell lines from normal and malignant urothelium with high or low sensitivity to SLMC in allogeneic and autologous combinations, and against an osteosarcoma cell line. Analysis of SLMC titration curves showed that two different mathematical models could be used to describe the relationship between lymphocyte concentration and SLMC, I: linear relationship (log lymphocytes, CI) with exclusion of both high and low CI values, and II: sigmoid relationship (log lymphocytes, CI) which was transformed to linear relationship (log lymphocytes, log including also high and low values. It is pointed out that perfect quantitative comparisons of SLMC in different combinations were complicated by statistically significant differences between the curve slopes. However, estimations based on experimental results in a range close to 50% cytotoxicity index (CI) may be acceptable, as the differences between slopes were small.
INDUCED AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS IN MACROPHAGES. ORIGIN OF THE SEGREGATING MEMBRANES
Authors: Hamberg Hans , Edman Peter
Published: August 2010

Cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages were exposed for 48 h to a large and toxic dose of polyacrylamide microspheres (previously designed for use as a lysosomotropic carrier for the intracellular delivery of enzymes and other macromolecules). This treatment induced autophagocytosis in the macrophages, which contained abundant autophagic vacuoles at 24 h post exposure. Transmission electron microscopical studies including enzyme cytochemistry showed that the segregating membranes in autophagosome formation consisted of flattened, smooth‐surfaced vacuoles with a granular matrix in which reaction product indicating acid phosphatase activity could be demonstrated. The autophagic vacuole formation was apparently effected by wrapping of a portion of the cytoplasm in a sheet formed by flattening and fusion of multiple small vacuoles with acid phosphatase activity in their matrices. The conclusion is drawn that the segregating membranes are derived from lysosomes or GERL structures in this particular system of induced autophagocytosis.
A DANISH ADULT CASE OF EBV‐POSITIVE BURKITTS LYMPHOMA
Authors: Laulund S. , Elling F. , Saemundsen A. K.
Published: August 2010

A 50‐year‐old Danish male presenting with swelling in fossa supraclavicularis and slight swelling of axillary and inguinal lymphnodes was diagnosed histologically as having malignant, non‐Hodgkin, blast lymphoma. The EBV association was established by demonstration of EBV‐DNA‐positive tumor cells and the presence of high titers of antibodies of the IgG class to VCA, EA (D) and EBNA. The unique finding in this case was the high titers of IgA antibodies to VCA and to EA (D). This latter serological picture is characteristic of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) but has not previously been observed in Burkitt's lymphoma.
PROGRESSION OF MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE FOLLOWING CORONARY MICROEMBOLIZATION IN DOGS
Authors: Smiseth O. A. , Lindal S. , MjøS O. D. , Vik‐Mo H. , JøRgensen L.
Published: August 2010

The aim of the present study was to determine whether induction of ischaemic heart failure by microembolization leads to only a single episode of myocardial injury or whether it sets up a vicious cycle of progressive myocardial damage. Acute left ventricular (LV) failure was produced in 15 closed‐chest anaesthetized dogs by injection of 50 μm plastic microspheres into the left main coronary artery. The dogs showed signs of severely depressed LV function; there was a marked increase in LV end‐diastolic pressure and a marked decrease in stroke volume. Myocardial lactate uptake decreased or reversed to production. Six dogs with very high LV end‐diastolic pressure died during the subsequent 3 days and autopsy revealed pulmonary edema. The LV function was re‐examined in four dogs at 2 and 4 weeks after embolization. Except for a modest elevation of LV end‐diastolic pressure there were no haemodynamic or metabolic signs of myocardial dysfunction. Gross and light microscopic examination of the heart in dogs 8 hours to 6 weeks following microsphere injections revealed numerous small infarcts or focal areas of granulation or scar tissue throughout the entire left ventricle. At 1 to 6 weeks close to the infarcts there were scattered myocytes with strong eosinophilia and pyknosis or loss of nuclei, interpreted as myocytolysis. In two dogs killed at six weeks after the embolization there were areas of granulation tissue, similar to a recent infarction about 1 week old. Thus, in spite of apparent functional restoration there were morphological signs of repeated and progressive myocardial injury several weeks after coronary embolization.
ALPHA‐FETOPROTEIN (AFP) AND HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN (HCG) IN TESTICULAR GERM CELL TUMOURS
Authors: Jacobsen Grete Krag
Published: August 2010

170 patients with testicular germ cell tumours (88 seminomas and 82 non‐seminomas) were examined with immunologic techniques for the presence of the tumour markers alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) and human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in tumour tissue and preoperative serum samples. Patients with pure seminomas had AFP negative tumour tissue and normal levels of serum AFP, whereas 13% had HCG demonstrated in the tumour tissue, mainly in syncytiotrophoblast‐like cells (STLC), and 9% had raised serum HCG. 55% of patients with HCG positive seminomas had raised serum HCG. HCG positive seminomas did not occur in higher frequency in metastatic disease than in localized. 65% of patients with non‐seminomas had AFP positive tumour tissue and 66% had raised serum AFP. 85% of the former group had raised serum AFP and 83% of the latter had AFP demonstrated in the tumour tissue. 69% of the patients with raised serum AFP had a positively stained yolk sac tumour (YST) component, while 15% had positively stained tumour components other than YST, inclusive teratoma components. Although 71% of patients with metastatic disease had raised serum AFP, AFP positive tumours with or without raised serum AFP did not occur with higher frequency in metastatic than in localized disease at the time of diagnosis. 46% of patients with non‐seminomas had HCG positive tumours and 29% had raised serum HCG. 61% of the former group had raised serum HCG and 96% of the latter had HCG demonstrated in the tumour tissue. HCG positive tumours with or without raised serum HCG did not occur more frequently in metastatic than in localized disease at the time of diagnosis. 28% of patients with non‐seminomas had raised serum AFP as well as HCG, whereas 23% had neither AFP nor HCG in tumour tissue and serum. A search for new tumour markers in this rather large marker negative group of patients is recommended.
THE BASEMENT MEMBRANE COMPONENT LAMININ IN BREAST CARCINOMAS AND AXILLARY LYMPH NODE METASTASES
Authors: Nielsen Maja , Christensen Lise , Albrechtsen Reidar
Published: August 2010

The occurrence of the basement membrane (BM) glycoprotein laminin was investigated in 91 malignant breast tumors and in 359 axillary lymph nodes of which 70 contained metastases. The indirect double‐layer immunoperoxidase technique was applied using rabbit anti‐rat laminin. Positive cytoplasmic staining for laminin was found in all breast carcinomas. BM could be demonstrated around in situ carcinomas and in the higher differentiated carcinomas around islands of infiltrating tumor cells. Lymph node metastases resembled the primary tumors in the cytoplasmic staining reaction for laminin, but no BM staining was found. Tissue from 50 benign breast lesions showed cytoplasmic staining for laminin in both the secretory and the myoepithelial cells, but consistently weaker than in the carcinomas. BM was always present.
THE DETACHMENT, ATTACHMENT AND GROWTH CAPACITY OF HUMAN GLIOMA AND GLIA CELLS IN CULTURE
Authors: Benediktsson Gudmundur , Carlsson JöRgen , Nilsson Sverker , Jakobsson Per Åke , Pontén Jan
Published: August 2010

The detachment, attachment and growth were studied in malignant glioma and normal glia cells in culture, using the palladium‐agarose cloning method. The number of cells in each individual clone was repeatedly counted throughout 10 days. All four glioma cell‐lines studied detached and attached themselves at higher rates than the normal, diploid, glia cells. This dynamic behaviour seemed to be a general property of cultured, malignant, glioma cells. All the cell‐lines contained clones with different properties. Some clones were growing, others were nearly constant in cell number and yet others decreased in cell number as a function of time. The differences between these three types of clones were surprisingly sharp.
CELLULAR AUTOPHAGOCYTOSIS INDUCED BY X‐IRRADIATION AND VINBLASTINE
Authors: Hamberg Hans
Published: August 2010

Autophagocytosis was induced in cultured, human glial cells by X‐irradiation or exposure to vinblastine sulphate. A transmission electron microscopic investigation of the origin of the segregating membranes in the autophagic process was performed by labelling of endocytotic vacuoles and lysosomes with electron‐dense marker particles (native and cationized ferritin, colloidal gold and thorium dioxide). Cytochemical demonstration of the lysosomal marker enzyme acid phosphatase and serial sectioning of the cells were also carried out. The majority of newly formed, double‐membrane bounded autophagic vacuoles were devoid of markers for both lysosomes and endocytotic vacuoles. Moreover, no evidence of origin from the endoplasmic reticulum was found and the segregating membranes of this type of autophagic vacuoles were, by process of elimination, considered likely to be derived from Golgi vacuoles or, possibly, assembled de novo. Autophagy also appeared to be effected through an alternative pathway involving a lysosomal wrapping or microautophagic mechanism.
PROGNOSTIC FACTORS IN NEUROBLASTOMAS
Authors: Sandstedt B. , Jereb B. , Eklund G.
Published: August 2010

The clinical and histological factors affecting prognosis for 70 patients with neuroblastomas were tested with regression analysis. Generalized tumor disease was found to be of primary importance. Significant predictors for prognosis in patients without distant metastases were operation, with or without other therapy, age less than one year and histology. When all recorded factors were analyzed the explanation value only reached 0.42. This indicates that the variation in prognosis depends upon other factors as well.
TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA OF THE RENAL COLLECTING TUBULES (»NAL UROTHELIOMA«)
Authors: Balslev E. , Fischer S.
Published: August 2010

Carcinoma of the renal collecting tubules is presented, for the first time in the literature, by a systematic description of 18 renal specimens from cases with or without pelvis carcinoma. The study revealed a surprisingly high incidence of carcinoma in the collecting tubules in association with carcinoma of the pelvis (20%), but as a primary tumour, independent of the pelvic growth. In cases of invasive extension, it is also possible to distinguish between the two localizations of carcinoma by histological criteria. The finding of papillary structure, umbrella cells with keratohyaline or parakeratosis demonstrates that we are dealing with a carcinoma originating in the urothelium of the collecting tubules (renal urothelioma) corresponding entirely to carcinomas of the urinary tract. In a modification of the WHO histological grading of urinary tract tumours, the frequency of grades, I, II, and III is stated for urothelioma and pelvis carcinoma. Perusal of the 18 case records, on the other hand, did not divulge conclusive data as to whether smoking or the use/abuse of analgesics had been operative as carcinogenic factors.
A SIMPLE PROCEDURE FOR IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL‐ AND SILVER‐STAINING OF ENDOCRINE CELLS IN THE SAME SECTION
Authors: Lundqvist M. , Wilander E.
Published: August 2010

A new simple staining and restaining procedure for peptide hormone/biogenic amine containing endocrine cells is described. With this, immunocytochemistry and restaining with a silver technique can be applied to the same histological section for the identification and characterization of endocrine cells.
OCCURRENCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF MALLORY BODIES IN MORBIDLY OBESE PATIENTS
Authors: GLUUD C. , CHRISTOFFERSEN P. , ANDERSEN T. , MORTON J. A. , McGEE J. O'D.
Published: August 2010

Liver biopsies from 61 consecutive patients with morbid obesity (>60% overweight) and from 48 patients with alcoholic liver disease were examined for the presence of Mallory bodies. For the detection both routine haematoxylin and eosing stained sections and sections exposed to an immunohistochemical technique were employed. The latter uses an antiserum which recognizes antigenic determinants in Mallory bodies. Using haematoxylin and eosin staining, Mallory bodies were not detected in any of the biopsies from the obese patients, but found to be present in 6396 of the patients with alcoholic liver disease. Using the immunohistochemical technique, Mallory bodies were found in the liver of 2 obese patients (3%) and in 36 patients with alcoholic liver disease (75%). None of the Mallory body positive obese patients showed signs of diabetes mellitus, cholestasis or hypocholesterolemia, but both patients admitted previous excessive alcohol consumption. It is concluded that the immunohistochemical detection of Mallory bodies is more sensitive than routine staining. Further, Mallory bodies are rare findings in livers of obese patients and may be related to excessive alcohol consumption.
FATAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS DEVELOPED IN LESS THAN 4 YEARS IN AORTOCORONAR VEIN GRAFT IN A HYPERLIPIDEMIC PATIENT
Authors: Folk Erling
Published: August 2010

It is generally believed that it takes decades to develop a complicated atherosclerotic plaque. This view is challenged by the present case describing a hyperlipidemic patient who died of vein graft atherosclerosis less than 4 years after otherwise successful coronary bypass surgery. Although the atherogenesis may be accelerated in autogenous coronary vein grafts compared with native coronary arteries, the present case illustrates that complicated atherosclerosis may develop in the course of only a few years if appropriate conditions prevail.
ENTEROCHROMAFFIN (ARGENTAFFIN) CELLS OF THE RAT GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: PORTELA‐GOMES G. M. , GRIMELIU L. , BERGSTROM R.
Published: August 2010

Argentaffin cells from different parts of the gastro‐intestinal tract were examined electron microscopically by the semi‐thin/ultra‐thin sectioning technique. All these cells contained round or pleomorphic secretory granules, which were mainly concentrated in the infranuclear zone, except in the antrum, where they occurred with a similar frequency in all the peri‐nuclear areas. The highest frequency of granules was found in the colon. The largest granules were seen in the duodenum and the smallest in the large intestine. Argentaffin cells with processes oriented towards the glandular and villous surface were most frequent in the small intestine. No secretory granules were seen in the most apical part of these processes, where in an earlier study serotonin immunoreactivity was observed. This may indicate that serotonin can be stores in a non‐granular form. No close topographic relationship was found between the argentaffin cells and other endocrine cell types or the nervous system.
IDENTIFICATION OF MALIGNANT CELLS IN PRIMARY MONOLAYER CULTURES OF HUMAN BREAST TUMORS
Authors: PETERSEN O. W. , BRIAND P. , VAN DEURS B.
Published: August 2010

Primary monolayer cultures of human breast tumors have been characterized by using light microscopy on cultures incubated for glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity. The enzyme activity was compared with that of the corresponding histological sections as well as with that of three established human cell lines. Furthermore, electron microscopy has been carried out on selected, isolated cell islands. On the basis of localization and morphology, the cells in 5‐day‐old primary monolayer cultures could be classified into 3 categories: (1) cells of the migration zone (periphery) of micro‐explants, (2) single cells, and (3) monolayer cell islands. These cell categories showed little or no G6PDH activity in cultures of benign origin. In the corresponding histological sections of benign tumors no G6PDH activity occurred in the stroma, whereas the G6PDH activity varied in the epithelial elements, being highest in dysplastic elements. Apparently, these elements remain within the microexplants or never appear in the final cultures. By contrast, in cultures of malignant origin some of the single cells and in particular the cell islands showed high G6PDH activity. In histological sections of the malignant tumors the stromal cells showed no activity, whereas the epithelial elements in solid, invasive portions showed high activity. Studies on the established human mammary cell lines MCF‐7 (malignant) and HBL‐100 (presumptive benign) revealed higher G6PDH activity in MCF‐7 than in HBL‐100. Human skin fibroblasts revealed no activity. Electron microscopy of isolated cell islands after enzyme incubation confirmed that these were epithelial, because of the presence of desmosomes. Our observations suggest that G6PDH activity is a possible marker of at least some malignant cells in primary monolayer culture.
EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC ALVEOLITIS IN MICE INDUCED BY THERMOACTINOMYCES VULGARIS
Authors: SEPPÄ A. , JÄGERROOS H. , MÄNTYJÄRVI R. A.
Published: August 2010

A model of allergic alveolitis was developed in inbred mice. Antigen suspension prepared from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris was applicated intranasally in C3H/He mice. Lung histology, serum IgG and IgA antibodies and serum lysozyme were followed during the course of sensitization. The lung histology showed an increased number of intra‐alveolar macrophages and leucocytes in sensitized mice. Interstitial peribronchiolar and perivascular infiltration of mononuclear inflammatory cells and a few granulomas were also detected. An increase in the prevalence as well as titers of IgG and IgA antibodies was recorded during sensitization. An elevation in serum lysozyme level was also observed in sensitized mice. The lung histology of control animals was essentially normal and no increase in antibody titers or lysozyme levels was detected. Intranasal application of antigen prepared from Thermoactinomyces vulgaris seems to produce in mice allergic alveolitis resembling human farmer's lung.
BILATERAL MALIGNANT BRENNER TUMOR
Authors: KENNEDY M. , HOLCK S. , BOCK J.
Published: August 2010

A case of bilateral malignant Brenner tumor of the ovary in a 43‐year‐old woman was studied by light‐ and electron microscopy. The morphologic criteria of this rare lesion are discussed and the pertinent literature reviewed.
THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE AND FASTING ON THE MYOCARDIAL PROTEIN AND LIPID METABOLISM IN EXPERIMENTAL BACTERIAL MYOCARDITIS
Authors: ILBÄCK N‐G. , FR1MAN G. , SQUIBB R. L. , JOHNSON A. J. , BALENTINE D. A. , BEISEL W. R.
Published: August 2010

A generally nonlethal Salmonella typhimurium infection in weanling rats produced bacterial myocarditis and myocardial hyperplasia. Myocardial lesions were characterized by focal infiltrates of inflammatory cells (predominantly mononuclear). segmental myocyte necrosis, and incipient fibrosis. Although bacterial infections are infrequently associated with myocarditis, the S. typhimurium infection in young rats produced a new experimental model of diffuse myocardial inflammatory foci. Biochemical changes in the myocardium included great increases in total myocardial contents of protein (23%), RNA (39%) and DNA (43%) and several lipid fractions (35–55%) as well as in tissue activities of acid hydrolases, such as cathepsin D (124%) and β‐glucuronidase (135%), all of which contrasted with the relatively limited areas of histologic involvement (1.5%). To study the effects of additional stress in this model infection, some rats were exercised by forced running in wheels for 2 hours and others were fasted for 24 hours before samples were obtained. The short period of forced exercise in this infection caused an additional increase of myocardial protein content (47%) but with no additional change in histology. The expected fasting‐induced degradation of protein as well as an infection‐associated increase in myocardial lipids were each prevented when rats were fasted during ongoing acute infection. Protein degradation, as reflected by heightened acid hydrolase activities, seemed to occur at a similar rate regardless of other stresses, whereas the rate of myocardial protein synthesis appeared to be alterable.
THE NORMAL PARATHYROID GLANDS OF THE MONGOLIAN GERBIL
Authors: LORENTZON RONNY , LARSSON HANS‐OLOF , BOQUIST LENNART
Published: August 2010

The parathyroid glands of the normal Mongolian gerbil were studied by light and electron microscopy, using stereology and semi‐automatic image analysis. Basic quantitative data are presented for various nuclear parameters, and for mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, secretory granules, storage granules, lysosomes and lipoid bodies. Chief cells predominate in the normal gland. Atrophic cells are only rarely encountered. The chief cells can be qualitatively subclassified into light, dark and intermediate variants, but quantitatively there is no difference among these variants with regard to the volume densities of mitochondria, lamellar rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, secretory granules and storage granules, suggesting that the subclassification of the chief cells plays no functional role. A statistically significant correlation between volume densities of Golgi complex and secretory granules was found. Compared with the chief cells, the atrophic cells exhibit significantly less lamellar rough endoplasmic reticulum and secretory granules, whereas the content of vesicular rough endoplasmic reticulum is increased. The atrophic cells are suggested to be a degenerative variant of the chief cells.
MYOCARDIAL ANGIOLIPOMA
Authors: KIÉR HENRIK W.
Published: August 2010

Intramyocarcial lipomas are rare, making up only onequarter of all cardiac lipomas which constitute less than 9% of all primary cardiac tumours. Vascular cardiac lipomas, corresponding in architecture to angiolipomas of the soft tissues, do not appear to have been reported previously. A case of an asymptomatic intramyocardial angiolipoma is reported in an 86‐year‐old woman who died of a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm.
SEPARATION OF ARTERIAL SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL SUBPOPULATIONS WITH DIFFERENT GROWTH PATTERNS
Authors: BJÖRKERUD SÖREN
Published: August 2010

Smooth muscle cell (smc) cultures of arterial intima and media have been fractionated into two subpopulations of smc depending upon the capacity for adhesion. The cells of the subpopulations were different structurally and displayed different patterns of growth. The high‐adhesive cells (A‐cells) grew as monolayer while the low‐adhesive (I‐cells) had a marked tendency to multilayered growth. Upon continued cultivation the I‐cells showed excessive mound‐formation and even formation of macroscopically visible tissue‐like pieces, some of which detached spontaneously from the substratum. It is suggested that the dual nature of arterial smooth muscle cells may reflect specialized subpopulations of cells with one variety, the I‐cell, possibly involved in repair and remodelling of the artery.
CYTOFLUOROMETRIC QUANTITATION OF ACRIDINE ORANGE UPTAKE BY CULTURED CELLS
Authors: RUNDQUIST I. , OLSSON M. , BRUNK U.
Published: August 2010

The vacuolar accumulation of the lysosomotropic weak base acridine orange (AO) within living cells in culture was studied by cytofluorometry. Mouse peritoneal macrophages, malignant human glioma cells, and normal human glial cells were utilized. Exposure to AO resulted in granular bright red fluorescence, as well as a diffuse weak green background fluorescence. To obtain reproducible “staining” conditions, the red granular fluorescence was measured as a function of dye concentration and staining time. Exposure to high concentrations of AO (> 10 g/ml) was found to cause cell damage in combination with markedly changed fluorescence distribution for the cell population with reduced mean fluorescence and increased variability. Granular uptake of AO was pH‐dependent and almost zero at pH 5.5. AO fluorescence, as measured by cytofluorometry, was found to be roughly linear to the amount of AO present in the cells, as measured by spectrofluorometry after cell solubilization, indicating negligible fluorescence quenching. AO labelling of living cells might serve as a useful indicator of the condition of the cellular vacuolar (lysosomal) apparatus.
NUCLEAR DNA RECORD IN A MALIGNANT RECTAL CARCINOID
Authors: WILANDER ERIK , GLIMELIUS BENGT , KRAAZ WOLFGANG , PONTÉN JAN , PAHLMAN LARS , SCHEIBENPFLUG LENA
Published: August 2010

A colo‐rectal resection was performed on a 73‐year‐old woman with a preoperative diagnosis of rectal carcinoma. Morphological examination of the specimen revealed a rectal carcinoid tumor with regional lymph node and liver metastases. Silver stains demonstrated an argyrophil reaction in the tumor cells, but the argentaffin reaction and immunocytochemistry with monoclonal serotonin antibodies were negative. Imprint cytology of the tumor was examined cytofluorometrically and diploid nuclear DNA values were recorded with only few tetraploid cells (< 2%.). It is suggested that diploid nuclear DNA values and a low proliferative activity are characteristic of malignant rectal carcinoids.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SOFT‐TISSUE SARCOMA IN THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM
Authors: RYDHOLM ANDERS , BERG NILS OSKAR , GULLBERG BO , THORNGREN KARL‐GORAN , PERSSON BJORN M.
Published: August 2010

From all soft‐tissue malignancies reported to the Swedish National Cancer Registry in Southern Sweden (1.3 mill. inhabitants) from 1964 through 1978, 278 cases were accepted as sarcomas after histologic re‐examination. All these were malignancy‐graded on a four‐grade scale, without knowledge of the clinical course. A number of clinical and morphological variables were recorded and subjected to uni‐, bi‐ and multi‐variate analysis. Follow‐up was available in all patients. The annual incidence rate over all ages was 1.4/100,000. The mean age was 58 years and males dominated (1.3/1). Malignant fibrous histiocytoma, liposarcoma and leiomyosarcoma were the most common histologic groups. Three‐fourths of the tumors were high‐grade malignant (Grade III‐IV). Sixty per cent were deep‐seated, having a median size of 8 cm compared to 4 cm for the superficial tumors. One third of all tumors were located in the thigh. The histologic groups were characterized by age, tumor depth and size, the occurrence of pain, malignancy grade and five‐year survival; it was seen that each group, with respect to at least one of the variables, differed significantly from all the other groups. Thus histologic classification seems to identify different tumor entities. Out of several pair‐wise associations the strongest were as follows: histologic groups versus depth, size, malignancy grade and age; depth versus size; and size versus malignancy grade (Grade IV tumors being larger). The proportion of superficial and small tumors in this series is high, compared to several reported series, probably owing to “referral selection” in the previous studies. The inter‐relationships found between several variables and conclusions based on selected series may explain, in part, the differing opinions which can be found in the literature regarding prognostic variables in soft‐tissue sarcoma.
AN IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF S‐100 PROTEIN AND GLIAL FIBRILLARY ACIDIC PROTEIN IN NASAL GLIOMA
Authors: Kindblom L. G. , Angervall L. , Haglid K.
Published: August 2010

The authors describe a recurrent nasal glioma of the nasal septum in a new‐born boy. Histologically, the nodular tumor tissue resembled normal glial tissue. Immunohistochemical studies with the immunoperoxidase (PAP and ABC) techniques revealed the presence of both S‐100 protein and glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP), indicating the glial nature of the tumor.
TUMOR‐BEARING DEPRESSES DISTANT MAST‐CELL‐MEDIATED MITOGENESIS
Authors: NORRBY KLAS
Published: August 2010

A methylcholanthrene‐induced sarcoma grafted subcutaneously in rats was used in early transplantation generations. Tumor‐bearing rats showed weight loss compatible with cachexia. Healthy rats of the same age served as controls. In tumor‐bearing rats the basal mesenteric proliferation was unaffected whereas the strictly mast‐cell‐mediated hyperproliferative reaction in the mesentery was significantly reduced after intraperitoneal injection of the mast‐cell‐secretagogue compound 48/80, as judged from specific DNA activity and mitosis counting. However, in mesentery and peritoneal lavage the number of mast cells, their histamine‐releasing capacity, and their content of histamine, 5‐hydroxytryptamine and heparin were unaffected by tumor‐burden. The findings suggest the presence of a tumor‐associated systemic factor of unknown nature which interferes with the biochemical events leading to the mast‐cell‐dependent mitogenesis. Since this mitogenic reaction may normally compensate for injury at the cellular level it is questioned whether the decreased mast‐cell‐dependent proliferation in tumor‐bearing is a component of cachexia.
PRIMARY SYNOVIAL CHONDR‐OMETAPLASIA
Authors: BAUNSGAARD PHILIP , NIELSEN BERNT B.
Published: August 2010

Eight cases of primary synovial chondrometaplasia have been evaluated with respect to 1) number of metaplastic nodules, 2) their location in relation to the surface of the synovium, 3) the histochemical composition of the matrix of the nodules; number of nodules with 4) cystic degeneration, 5) osteoclastic/chondroclastic activity at the margin, 6) invasion of connective tissue and 7) calcification and/or ossification. Furthermore, the pleomorphism and hyperchromatism of the chondroid cells and their nuclei and number of mitoses were evaluated. The number of metaplastic nodules varied greatly, from a few to more than a hundred. Most nodules were located at the level of the original synovial surface or in the pedunculated prominences. Histochemically, two types of nodules were found and in about equal numbers. Connective tissue invasion, calcification and ossification were the most frequent changes; whereas cystic degeneration, which has not been described before, was the rarest. Only one of the cases showed all the different changes, and these within a considerable number of the nodules. Variation of the chondroid cells and their nuclei was considered as an expression of degenerative changes, and mitoses were not found. Two of the cases had a tumor‐like accumulation of metaplastic nodules.
ANTI‐IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN EXPERIMENTAL STREPTOCOCCAL IMMUNIZATION; RELATION TO BACTERIAL GROWTH CONDITIONS AND Fc‐RECEPTORS
Authors: BUROVA LARISSA A. , CHRISTENSEN POUL , GRUBB RUNE , SCHALEN CLAES , SVENSSON MAJ‐LIS , BELTUKOV PETER P. , TOTOLIAN ARTEM A.
Published: August 2010

Heat‐killed group A streptococci of types M12 and M22 were used for intravenous immunization of 60 rabbits. Presence of Fc‐receptors binding monomeric IgG in M22 and their absence in M12 has been demonstrated previously. The strains were cultured in either Todd‐Hewitt broth supplemented with 10% horse serum (TH‐H) or in IsoVitaleX, a synthetic medium, supplemented with 10% autologous rabbit serum (IV‐R). A mortality rate of 38% was noted in the first‐mentioned group whereas no mortality was observed in the second group. Sera were examined for agglutination of red blood cells coated with either human or rabbit IgG. Antisera to strains cultured in TH‐H regularly displayed anti‐IgG antibodies reacting with human as well as rabbit IgG; anti‐rabbit IgG titres of anti‐M22 sera were significantly higher than those of anti‐M12 sera. Antisera to strains grown in IV‐R displayed high levels of antibodies reacting with human but not with rabbit IgG. The levels of anti‐human IgG did not differ between anti‐M12 and anti‐M22 sera.
COMPLEXED AUTOANTIBODIES IN PATIENTS WITH JUVENILE CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES, ISOLATED BY RATE‐ZONAL ULTRACENTRIFUGATION
Authors: EGESKJOLD ELSE‐MARIE , JOHANSEN A. , HøYERAAL H. M. , PERMIN H. , JOHNSEN V. , HøIER‐MADSEN MIMI
Published: August 2010

Selected sera from one patient with systemic lupus erythematosus, two with mixed connective tissue disease, one with dermatomyositis, one with progressive systemic sclerosis and one with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis were investigated for autoantibodies after fractionation by computerized rate‐zonal ultracentrifugation. Anti‐Smith antibodies sedimented in an area from 6–11 S and anti‐ribonucleoprotein from 6–13 S. IgG anti‐IgG and IgG antinuclear antibodies (ANA) were present in free or complexed form in the 6–13 S area. IgM ANA occurred as 7 S IgM in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and mixed connective tissue disease, whereas IgM ANA sedimented in the 19 S area in patients with dermatomyositis and progressive systemic sclerosis. Complexes containing IgG anti‐IgG and ANA, positioned in the 6–13 S area are likely to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus and mixed connective tissue disease.
PHAGOCYTOSIS AND KILLING OF CANDIDA ALBICANS BY BLOOD MONOCYTES FROM PATIENTS WITH NON‐SEMINOMATOUS TESTICULAR CARCINOMA: EFFECT OF CHEMOTHERAPY
Authors: NIELSEN H. , RøRTH M.
Published: August 2010

Blood monocytes were isolated from 14 patients with non‐seminomatous testicular carcinoma and tested for phagocytic and fungicidal activity towards Candida albicans. Before chemotherapy, monocyte function in the patients was not different from that of normal controls. However, patients with α‐foetoprotein in their serum had a lower phagocytic activity compared with patients without α‐foetoprotein. No correlation with the histology of the tumor, the clinical stage or the presence in serum of human chorionic gonadotropin was observed. Serum from the patients had no influence on the functions of normal monocytes. During intensive chemotherapy with cisplatinum, bleomycin and vinblastine, a reversible impairment in phagocytosis and killing of C. albicans occurred which had no correlation with the development of febrilia. Two months after the completion of chemotherapy the monocyte functions were unchanged as compared with pretreatment values. In conclusion, the temporary depression of monocyte functions towards C. albicans during chemotherapy might, in addition to other risk factors, predispose the patient to fungal infection.
EFFECT OF HUMAN LEUKOCYTE AND OTHER TISSUE DIALYSATES ON LISTERIA RESISTANCE AND PHAGOCYTOSIS IN MICE
Authors: KARHUMÄKI ELIISA , ASHORN RALPH , KROHN KAI
Published: August 2010

The effect of dialyzable transfer factor (TFd) on Listeria resistance was measured by survival studies and by assessing phagocytic capacity of peritoneal macrophages. Unfractionated dialysates from human leukocytes (DLE), bovine liver, porcine spleen and kidney as well as saline were injected i.p. into NMRI mice 72 h before the i.p. injection of 1–3 times 106Listeria organisms. The results show that DLE, porcine spleen and bovine liver dialysate increased the LD50 5–20 times. Porcine kidney dialysate had no effect on the survival of the mice. After the fractionation of porcine spleen dialysate on Sephadex G–10 column, a significant activity was found in two fractions, II and IX. When active fractions were given together (II + IX) i.p. three days prior to the infection with Listeria organisms, the survival of mice increased significantly, whereas no effect was seen when the fractions were given i.v. and the bacteria i.p. Also the treatment with active fractions increased significantly the phagocytic capacity of peritoneal macrophages. Taken together, our results suggest that the Listeria protective substances seem to operate via monocyte activation.
PROBLEMS IN THE DETECTION OF COMPLEMENT‐FIXING IMMUNE COMPLEXES
Authors: RøDAHL EYVIND
Published: August 2010

In the application of the anti‐C1q, the anti‐C3, or the conglutinin‐binding assay for the detection of complement‐fixing circulating immune complexes in patients with ankylosing spondylitis or healthy blood donors, antibodies cross‐reacting with the solid‐phase bound agent were observed in several sera, resulting in erroneous interpretation of the tests. Corrections for the interfering antibodies were made by testing for the binding to conglutinin both in the presence and in the absence of Ca**, while the anti‐C1q and the anti‐C3 assays included the application of F(ab')2 fragments of normal IgG to check for anti‐F(ab')2 anti‐bodies.
C1 DISSOCIATION IN SERUM: ESTIMATION OF FREE C1q BY ELECTROIMMUNOASSAY
Authors: SJöHOLM ANDERS G. , MÅRTENSSON ULLA , LAURELL ANNA‐BRITA
Published: August 2010

A two‐stage electroimmunoassay was developed for measuring macromolecular C1 (C1qrs) and free C1q. The method was based on Ca2+ dependent fixation of C1qrs to agarose, followed by immune precipitation of dissociated C1s in the presence of EDTA. Free C1q was estimated from the increase in C1qrs resulting from saturation of C1q in the samples with purified C1r‐C1s. The assay system was studied under various experimental conditions. Combined analysis by electroimmunoassay and crossed immunoelectrophoresis indicated that part of the free C1q in undiluted normal serum could be attributed to physiological C1 activation. Owing to concentration dependent C1qrs dissociation the proportion of free C1q increased with the dilution of serum. Results obtained with serum and with purified C1qrs were consistent with the formation of an equimolar C1q:C1r‐C1s complex. However, the capacity for C1r‐C1s binding appeared to be higher in the purified system than in serum. Serum concentrations of free C1q were high in some of the patients with disease conditions characterized by increased C1 activation, such as systemic lupus erythematosus or primary biliary cirrhosis.
PYRIMETHAMINE‐INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES IN VITRO Mechanisms and Reversal of the Effect
Authors: BYGBJERG IB CHRISTIAN
Published: August 2010

It has previously been shown that the antiprotozoal drug pyrimethamine (PYR) in concentrations corresponding to those obtained in clinical practice temporarily suppressed the proliferation of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA‐) stimulated human lymphocytes in vitro; 10‐fold higher concentrations permanently suppressed PHA‐stimulated cells, as indicated by decreased numbers of cells and DNA synthesis. In the present study, it was found that the 3H‐deoxyuridine incorporation in PHA‐stimulated lymphocytes was suppressed by PYR, and that PYR caused defective deoxyuridine suppression of 14C‐thymidine incorporation. The effects of PYR were completely corrected by low concentrations of folinic acid and high concentrations of folic acid, indicating that the basic mechanism of action of PYR is competitive blocking of dihydrofolate reductase. However, the effect of PYR was poorly corrected by exogenous thymidine; therefore, reduced thymidylate synthesis cannot be the sole consequence of PYR exposure. It is suggested that an additional folate‐dependent factor plays an important role in the antimitotic activity of PYR on lymphocytes.
IN VITRO MODULATION OF HUMAN NEUTROPHIL CHEMOTAXIS BY CIS(Z)‐ AND TRANS(E)‐CLOPENTHIXOL, AND CHLORPROMAZINE
Authors: RECHNITZER CATHERINE , KRISTIANSEN JETTE E. , KHARAZMI ARSALAN
Published: August 2010

Phenothiazines have been shown to depress several functions of neutrophils, including chemotaxis. A biphasic effect of chlorpromazine (CPZ) and other phenothiazines on human neutrophil chemotaxis has recently been described. We investigated the effect of the stereo‐isomers of clopenthizol, a thioxanthene, and of CPZ on human neutrophil chemotaxis. CPZ, at a concentration of 157 μM, and cis(Z)‐ or trans(E)‐clopenthixol, at 105 μM, decreased cell viability. Cis(Z)‐ and trans(E)‐clopenthixol as well as CPZ exerted a biphasic effect on neutrophil chemotaxis with a maximal enhancement of 57%, 92%, and 119%, respectively, and inhibition at higher concentrations. Enhancement of human neutrophil chemotaxis and possibly of the antibacterial activity of these cells by CPZ and the stereo‐isomeric compounds of clopenthixol may have clinical implications especially in immunocompromised hosts. The enhancing effect of trans(E)‐clopenthixol is of particular importance as this stereo‐isomer of clopenthixol exhibits both antimicrobial and antiplasmodial activity but has no antipsychotic or antihypersecretory effect.
COMBINED IgG2, IgG4 AND IgA DEFICIENCY: LOW C1Q CONCENTRATIONS AND THE PRESENCE OF EXCESS C1R AND C1S IN AN ADULT PATIENT WITH RECURRENT PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTIONS
Authors: PRELLNER K. , BRACONIER J.H. , SJøHOLM A.G.
Published: August 2010

The complement (C) profile was investigated in an adult patient with combined IgG2, IgG4 and IgA deficiency and recurrent pneumococcal infections. The analysis revealed no gross impairment of the classic and alternative pathways of C activiation. However, the concentrations of circulating C1q were persistently decreased, and the sera contained an excess of C1r‐C1s complexes, resembling the C1 aberrations previously found in children with recurrent acute otitis media. The concentrations of C4 in the patient were persistently low. This could be ascribed to partial C4 deficiency with lack of C4A variants. The patient's IgG and IgM antibody responses to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides and to other bacterial carbohydrate antigens were very poor. Interestingly, pneumococcal C‐polysaccharide (CPS) could be detected in serum obtained during infection‐free periods. Since CPS has been shown to bind C1q without causing C1 activation, the possibility was considered that the C1 aberrations in serum were due to circulating CPS. After administration of intramuscular gammaglobulin to the patient, the serum C1q levels were observed to return to normal.
STUDIES ON THE DEPOSITION OF LAMININ AND TYPE IV COLLAGEN IN HUMAN ORAL MUCOSA TRANSPLANTED TO NUDE MICE
Authors: HOLMSTRUP PALLE
Published: August 2010

Normal human oral mucosa (20 biopsies) and similar tissue transplanted to nude mice (44 transplants) were investigated for the presence of laminin and type IV collagen, using an indirect immunofluorescence staining technique. Laminin and type IV collagen were consistently found in the basement membrane area of the epithelial‐stromal junction, and of the vessels of both normal oral mucosa and oral mucosal transplants. De novo synthesis of laminin and type IV collagen by transplanted epithelium was evidenced by the finding of an increased thickness of basement membrane deposits. New basement membrane‐like material was also seen between the migrating human epithelial cells and the murine connective tissue. By application of species‐specific monoclonal antibodies to human laminin and type IV collagen, it was demonstrated that human epithelial cells have the ability to participate in the information of their basement membranes. The use of both species‐specific and species‐unspecific antibodies showed that the vessel supply of the transplants was of both human and murine origin.
CALCIFICATION IN BREAST ARTERIES
Authors: NIELSEN BERNT B. , HOLM NIELS V.
Published: August 2010

94 breast specimens without malignant changes, from women 30 – 89 years of age, were investigated for arterial calcification, graded in three degrees. In 40 specimens calcification of the vessels was found. The frequency of calcified vessels and the three grades of calcification varied with age, grade I predominating in the medium age‐groups and grade III dominating in the oldest age‐groups. It is concluded that calcification of breast arteries is a frequent degenerative age‐related change, most severe in the oldest age‐groups.
THE HISTOMORPHOLOGY OF KAPOSI SARCOMA IN THREE HOMOSEXUAL MEN
Authors: THOMSEN HENRIK KLEM , JACOBSEN MARIANNE , GERSTOFT JAN , MALCHOW‐MØLLER AXEL
Published: August 2010

Three homosexual men with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) were referred to Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen, during 1981. Biopsies from lymph nodes (case 2), skin (case 1 and 3), oral mucosal membrane (case 1) and lung (case 3) revealed Kaposi Sarcoma (KS). Furthermore, KS was found at autopsy in several other organs in case 3. While the tumor morphology of the lymph nodes, the oral mucosal membrane, and the internal organs was identical to that of classical KS, the skin lesions appeared different. Macroscopically, the skin lesions in case 1 and 3 were alike, but microscopically, the lesions in the two cases differed from each other. In both cases small tumor infiltrates were dispersed in the dermis with interjacent preserved dermal tissue. In case 1 the tumor infiltrates were composed of different vascular structures including irregular slits formed by dermal collagen fibres lined with long slim tumor cells. In case 2 the infiltrates were mainly composed of solid collections of pale tumor cells with faintly stained nuclei. The difficulties in establishing a diagnosis of KS on skin biopsies from patients with AIDS are emphasized.
DISSEMINATION PATTERN OF TWO IMMUNOLOGICALLY INDUCED TRANSPLANTED MALIGNANT LYMPHOMAS IN C57 B1/6J MICE
Authors: RYD WALTER , HAGMAR BJÖRN , HÖCKENSTRÖM THOMAS , RÖCKERT LISE‐LOTTE
Published: August 2010

The need for syngenic tumors to elucidate factors in lymphoma dissemination prompted us to induce new lymphomas in a series of inbred C57B1/6J mice. The method of induction, immunosuppression and simultaneous immunostimulation, had a high mortality rate, but gave us 2 transplantable lymphomas. These tumors are described and compared in the present paper, with emphasis on their dissemination patterns. Both tumors disseminated rapidly from tail transplants to lymphoid organs, lungs and liver. They were characteristically dissimilar, however, in their s.c., i.p. and i.v. transplantabilities.