bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Case of Ileal Malignant Lymphoma Presenting with Intussusception
Authors: YAMAUCHI Kazuhiko , MIZUKAMI Yuji , USAMI Akihiko , KUBO Yoshikazu , INOUE Kenji , ONJI Morikazu
Published: August 2007

Abstract: A‐66‐year‐old male presented with a chief complaint of intermittent abdominal pain. Colonoscopy and barium enema indicated intussusception of a submucosal tumor of the ileum into the ascending colon. Surgery was thus carried out. The tumor was located 25 cm from the ileocecal junction, measured 4.1 × 3.2×2.3 cm, and showed intraluminal growth. Histopathologic examination of the resected specimen revealed a diffuse mixed cell type malignant lymphoma, and the tumor had invaded the subserosal layer. Intussusception due to malignant lymphoma is relatively rare in adults. We reviewed 43 cases of ileal lymphoma involving intussusception, reported in Japan over the preceding 12 years, and these cases are discussed along with the present case.
You've Gotta Know When to Fold 'Em
Authors: Miller Gregory E. , Wrosch Carsten
Published: August 2007

The notion that persistence is essential for success and happiness is deeply embedded in popular and scientific writings. However, when people are faced with situations in which they cannot realize a key life goal, the most adaptive response for mental and physical health may be to disengage from that goal. This project followed 90 adolescents over the course of 1 year. Capacities for managing unattainable goals were assessed at baseline, and concentrations of the inflammatory molecule C-reactive protein (CRP) were quantified at that time, as well as 6 and 12 months later. To the extent that subjects had difficulties disengaging from unattainable goals, they displayed increasing concentrations of CRP over the follow-up. This association was independent of potential confounds, including adiposity, smoking, and depression. Because excessive inflammation contributes to a variety of adverse medical outcomes, these findings suggest that in some contexts, persistence may actually undermine well-being and good health.
A Direct Assessment of the Role of Expectation in Inhibition of Return
Authors: Spalek Thomas M.
Published: August 2007

An object hidden among distractors can be found more efficiently if previously searched locations are not reinspected. The inhibition-of-return (IOR) phenomenon indexes the tendency to avoid reinspections. Two accounts of IOR, that it is due to inhibition and that it is due to expectation, are generally regarded as incompatible. The relevant evidence to date, however, has been indirect: Inhibition or expectation has been inferred from response times or similar indirect measures. This article reports the first direct measure of IOR, obtained by asking observers to predict the location of the next target in a display containing eight possible locations on an imaginary circle. On any given trial, the previously cued location was chosen less frequently (impairment)—and the opposite location was chosen more frequently (facilitation)—than chance (choice of all other locations was at chance). The impairment is consistent with both inhibition and expectation accounts; the facilitation is consistent only with expectation accounts. This work also shows that inhibition and expectation are not necessarily incompatible: Implementing expectations may entail inhibiting previously cued locations.
Exploring Sexuality Education and the Burdened Teacher: A Participatory Approach in a Rural Primary School in Kenya
Authors: KIRAGU SUSAN WANJIRU
Published: August 2007

Twenty‐five years since the onset of HIV/AIDS, young people aged 15–24 now make up half of new HIV infections. This paper advocates for comprehensive sexuality education as an effective panacea to reverse this, with teachers stepping up and embracing their role as sexuality educators. The exploration of this challenge is informed by a small‐scale participatory study of teacher responses in a rural primary school in Nakuru district, Kenya. Dialogue was held with 18 teachers (11 females, seven males) on the challenges they faced in teaching sexuality education and teachers emerged as disorientated and embarrassed in conversations about sexuality issues with the pupils. Because sexuality education lacks a curriculum, teachers have found it challenging to integrate it into regular subjects; they also observed that parents seem resistant to addressing this at home, and thus this task falls to them.

In the study, a process of self‐awareness of the need for them to step up and teach sexuality education emerges among the participants. A key finding is that participatory and dialectical interventions that can prepare teachers and develop their confidence in teaching sexuality education are required.
Teenage Pregnancy and Sex and Relationship Education: Myths and (mis)Conceptions
Authors: VINCENT KERRY
Published: August 2007

This paper explores the role of sex and relationship education (SRE) in reducing teenage pregnancy rates. It critically examines some of the assumptions underlying the emphasis placed on SRE within the teenage pregnancy strategy (SEU, 1999) – in particular, the view that ignorance of sexual matters plays a key part in teenage conception. An analysis of these assumptions is used to explore the reasons why the research evidence on the efficacy of sex education in changing adolescent sexual behaviour is mixed. Attention is drawn to the wider contexts within which adolescent sexual behaviour occurs – and the wider contexts within which schools are operating to provide SRE. Also highlighted are suggestions from the literature about what young people want from sex education and the possible implications for reducing teenage pregnancy. The paper concludes that although important, SRE, on its own, is unlikely to be the panacea sought by politicians to reduce the incidence of teenage pregnancy in the United Kingdom.
‘Institutional Thickness’: Local Governance and Economic Development in Birmingham, England
Authors: COULSON ANDREW , FERRARIO CATERINA
Published: August 2007

This article uses the concept of institutional thickness to describe key features of the local governance of economic development. For this purpose, a methodology for the empirical assessment of institutional thickness is developed and applied to the case of Birmingham, England. The results from this empirical analysis are threefold. First, they make it possible to draw some conclusions on the role that local governments can play to promote local economic development. Second, they suggest that institutional thickness is a useful organizing concept for analyses of the local governance of economic development. Finally, they demonstrate the value of a verifiable and replicable methodology for the detection and measurement of local institutional conditions and of governance arrangements.

Cet article s'appuie sur le concept d'épaisseur institutionnelle pour décrire les aspects essentiels de la gouvernance locale en matière de développement économique. Pour ce faire, on a développé une méthodologie afin d'évaluer empiriquement l'épaisseur institutionnelle et de l'appliquer au cas britannique de Birmingham. Les résultats de cette analyse empirique sont de trois ordres: d'abord, ils permettent de tirer des conclusions sur le rôle potentiel des gouvernements locaux dans la promotion du développement économique local; ensuite, ils suggèrent que l'épaisseur institutionnelle constitue un concept d'organisation utile pour analyser la gouvernance locale du développement économique. Pour finir, ils démontrent la valeur d'une méthodologie vérifiable et reproductible si l'on veut repérer et mesurer les situations institutionnelles locales et les dispositifs de gouvernance.
Flowering time and elevated atmospheric CO2
Authors: Springer Clint J. , Ward Joy K.
Published: August 2007

Flowering is a critical milestone in the life cycle of plants, and changes in the timing of flowering may alter processes at the species, community and ecosystem levels. Therefore understanding flowering‐time responses to global change drivers, such as elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, [CO2], is necessary to predict the impacts of global change on natural and agricultural ecosystems. Here we summarize the results of 60 studies reporting flowering‐time responses (defined as the time to first visible flower) of both crop and wild species at elevated [CO2]. These studies suggest that elevated [CO2] will influence flowering time in the future. In addition, interactions between elevated [CO2] and other global change factors may further complicate our ability to predict changes in flowering time. One approach to overcoming this problem is to elucidate the primary mechanisms that control flowering‐time responses to elevated [CO2]. Unfortunately, the mechanisms controlling these responses are not known. However, past work has indicated that carbon metabolism exerts partial control on flowering time, and therefore may be involved in elevated [CO2]‐induced changes in flowering time. This review also indicates the need for more studies addressing the effects of global change drivers on developmental processes in plants.

Contents

Summary
243

I.
Introduction
244

II.
Effects of elevated [CO2] on flowering time
245

III.
Mechanisms for altered flowering time in response to elevated [CO2]
250

IV.
Conclusion
252

Acknowledgements
253

References
253
P2X receptors‐mediated cytosolic phospholipase A2activation in primary afferent sensory neurons contributes to neuropathic pain
Authors: Tsuda Makoto , Hasegawa Shigeo , Inoue Kazuhide
Published: August 2007

Activation of P2X3and P2X2/3receptors (P2X3R/P2X2/3R), ionotropic ATP receptor subtypes, in primary sensory neurons is involved in neuropathic pain, a debilitating chronic pain that occurs after peripheral nerve injury. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We investigated the role of cytosolic phospholipase A2(cPLA2) as a downstream molecule that mediates the P2X3R/P2X2/3R‐dependent neuropathic pain. We found that applying ATP to cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons increased the level of Ser505‐phosphorylated cPLA2and caused translocation of Ser505‐phosphorylated cPLA2to the plasma membrane. The ATP‐induced cPLA2activation was inhibited by a selective antagonist of P2X3R/P2X2/3R and by a selective inhibitor of cPLA2. In the DRGin vivo, the number of cPLA2‐activated neurons was strikingly increased after peripheral nerve injury but not after peripheral inflammation produced by complete Freund’s adjuvant. Pharmacological blockade of P2X3R/P2X2/3R reversed the nerve injury‐induced cPLA2activation in DRG neurons. Moreover, administering the cPLA2inhibitor near the DRG suppressed nerve injury‐induced tactile allodynia, a hallmark of neuropathic pain. Our results suggest that P2X3R/P2X2/3R‐dependent cPLA2activity in primary sensory neurons is a key event in neuropathic pain and that cPLA2might be a potential target for treating neuropathic pain.
Living with a body in pain – between acceptance and denial
Authors: Afrell Maria , Biguet Gabriele , Rudebeck Carl Edvard
Published: August 2007

The aetiology of nonspecific musculoskeletal pain is considered to be multi‐factorial. Long‐standing pain not only has a negative impact on the individual's general health but also changes the individual's experience of him/her self and his/her world. The aim of this study was to describe how individuals with long‐standing musculoskeletal pain, in a bodily existential perspective, relate to their aching body. Semi‐structured interviews with 20 patients were analysed using mainly a phenomenological–hermeneutic method. From the analysis, four main categories reflect the meaning contents of the interviews: the body as an aspect of identity; body reliance; body awareness; ways of understanding pain. From these categories, four distinct typologies were inferred: surrendering to ones fate; accepting by an active process of change; balancing between hope and resignation; rejecting the body. The result indicates that patients with long‐standing pain are to be found along a spectrum from accepting to rejecting the aching body. Body awareness and body reliance seem to have importance in the process of acceptance of the body as well as life situation as a whole, which we regard as interesting hypotheses for further inquiry.
X‐RAY FLUORESCENT ANALYSIS APPLIED TO ARCHAEOLOGY
Authors: HALL E. T.
Published: August 2007

X‐ray fluorescence is now a well established method of analysis both in the laboratory and industry. The fact that the method is essentially nondestructive makes it particularly attractive for the analysis of archaeological and museum artifacts. This paper gives a short simplified description of the method and gives an indication of the type of problem which may be tackled. Due to certain fundamental characteristics of the technique it is not suitable for some projects which would seem at first sight to present no problems.
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF FAIENCE BEADS
Authors: ASPINALL A. , WARREN S. E. , CRUMMETT J. G. , NEWTON R. G.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

A selection of faience beads has been examined using neutron activation analysis, with a view to distinguishing the provenance of individual specimens. Evidence is presented that the tin content in beads from British sites is significantly higher than in those from other areas. Characteristic features of beads from other sources are also discussed.
THE USE OF TEXTURAL PARAMETERS IN THE ANALYSIS OF CAVE SEDIMENTS
Authors: SHACKLEY M. L.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

This paper considers the presentation of the results of the mechanical analysis of cave sediments, suggesting that the use of grain size parameter scatter diagrams is preferable to the older method of cumulative percentage frequency graphs. A sequence of samples was taken from an ideally‐situated cave, the Badger Hole at Wookey, and first subjected to the standard soil analytical tests, followed by a detailed mechanical analysis. It is hoped that this preliminary work will encourage a more quantitative approach to granulometric analysis for archaeological purposes, leading eventually to the extraction of more precise environmental data from cave sediments.
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS OF ANCIENT BURMESE SILVER COINS WITH A LOW FLUX AMERICIUM/BERYLLIUM NEUTRON SOURCE
Authors: THIELE R. W. , KHIN U. AUNG , KYAW U.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

Nondestructive neutron activation analysis is by now a well‐established technique for the analysis of ancient silver coins. The high activation cross‐section of silver for thermal neutrons makes it possible to also use this method with the low neutron fluxes available from an isotopic neutron source. In this case due consideration must be given to minimize the self‐shielding effect which is encountered with coins above a few tenths of a millimetre thickness. A simple method for the determination of the silver, copper and gold content in silver coins based on the self‐shielding properties of silver alloys of different fineness is described. The method has been found to be useful for the quick routine assay of silver coins for the purpose of their classification. Seventeen ancient Burmese silver coins from three different cultural periods of Burma, and two British coins for comparison have been analyzed by this method.
THE AUTHENTICITY OF FIGURINES, ANIMALS AND POTTERY FACSIMILES OF BRONZES IN THE HUI HSIEN STYLE
Authors: FLEMING S. J. , SAMPSON E. H.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

For some 15 years the authenticity of a group of small pottery pieces, claimed to have originated in the Hui Hsien area of China, has been the subject of academic discussion and some dissension. The thermolumines‐cent dating of 22 such pieces from 4 independent collections is reported following a review of archaeological evidence for the origin of the material and of scientific investigations that have previously been made in investigation of its authenticity. It is concluded that all the pieces are of modern origin and not some 2300 years old as their stylistic forms might suggest.
THE ASSESSMENT OF ERROR LIMITS IN THERMOLUMINESCENT DATING
Authors: AITKEN M. J. , ALLDRED J. C.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

This paper discusses known sources of error, both random and systematic; suggests quantitative limits; and proposes a consistent method for compounding them to yield an overall error in age, both for individual sherds and for the weighted average of a number of sherds from the same context. It is proposed that two error limits should be quoted for the date of a context: first, the standard error of the mean value as calculated from the experimentally observed root‐mean‐square deviation of the individual samples, and secondly, the expected overall error from the sources discussed in the paper. The former can be considered as a lower limit and relevant when comparing contexts on the same or similar sites whereas the latter is more realistic when comparing TL dates with radiocarbon or archaeologic chronology.
X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF MUSEUM OBJECTS: A NEW INSTRUMENT
Authors: HALL E. T. , SCHWEIZER F. , TOLLER P. A.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

A new X‐ray fluorescent analyser is described which uses a miniature X‐ray tube or radioisotope source as alternative means of primary excitation. The advantages of this approach as compared to previous methods, particularly where elements low in the periodic table are concerned, is discussed.

The second part of the paper describes an application of the technique. The non‐destructive analysis of valuable ceramics, where elements low in the periodic table are important for differentiation purposes, has previously presented a problem. By using the ‘Isoprobe’such measurements are possible. In this instance the separation of early Chinese porcelains into Northern and Southern production groups is shown to be possible. Although samples have been ground from the wares for comparison with optical emission spectrometry, it is shown that analysis of the unglazed portions of the pots themselves gave similar results.
HETEROGENEITY IN METALS
Authors: CHARLES J. A.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

The forms of inhomogeneity in metals and their origins are discussed in relation to the significance of analysis in an archaeological context. Particular consideration is given to the inhomogeneity that can arise from the redistribution of solutes during the solidification of an alloy casting.
TEMPORAL ORDERING OF SURFACE‐COLLECTED OBSIDIAN ARTIFACTS BY HYDRATION MEASUREMENT
Authors: LAYTON T. N.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

Two samples of obsidian projectile points from northwestern Nevada, one surface collected and the other excavated, were subjected to obsidian hydration measurement. The temporal ordering of the three projectile‐point types in each of the two samples was demonstrated to be the same on the basis of their hydration measurements. The validity of this temporal ordering of the projectile‐point types in the two samples was confirmed by the stratigraphic sequence of the types in the excavated sample.

We have found that surface‐collected obsidian artifacts can be relatively dated by hydration measurement. In northwestern Nevada they hydrate at a rate almost double that of their excavated typological counterparts, but their relative ordering remains the same.
ARCHAEOMAGNETIC SECULAR VARIATION STUDY IN THE UKRAINE AND MOLDAVIA
Authors: RUSAKOV O. M. , ZAGNIY G. F.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

Measurements of the remanent direction in forty‐eight fired structures are reported, spanning 500 b.c. to the present. From the third to the fourteenth centuries a.d. there is continuous coverage and the composite Declination and Inclination curve shows counterclockwise motion.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF URANIUM AND OF TL‐PRODUCING MINERALS IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIALS
Authors: MALIK S. R. , DURRANI S. A. , FREMLIN J. H.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

A technique is described by which the spatial distribution of uranium as well as of thermoluminescent minerals can be examined in the same archaeological sample. The uranium distribution is replicated on an aluminized plastic film with the help of a ‘spark counter’following reactor‐irradiation of the sample, while the TL pattern is photographed directly from a γ‐irradiated sample. Implications for dating from such a comparative examination are discussed for certain pottery and flint samples.
AN X‐RAY DIFFRACTION STUDY OF HEAT‐TREATED CHERT AND ITS ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: WEYMOUTH J. W. , MANDEVILLE M.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

It has been established that on occasion prehistoric man heat‐treated siliceous stones in order to improve their flaking qualities. In this work we have examined samples of heat‐treated chert by means of X‐ray diffraction and have established that, in most cases, heat treatment causes an X‐ray diffraction line broadening which can be interpreted as a decrease in range of crystalline order of up to 40%, in the most extreme case. The implications of this to an understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of fracture and as a tool for archaeological studies are discussed.
A SIMPLE INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING THE DENSITY OF SOLID OBJECTS
Authors: KUSHELEVSKY A. P.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

A simple and easily constructed instrument is described for the direct measurement of the volume of solid objects, such as coins, to a high accuracy. The density of the object is readily calculated by dividing the weight of the object by its volume.
THE USE OF SPECIFIC HEAT IN THE NON‐DESTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS OF SILVER/COPPER ALLOY COINS
Authors: FLEET R. J.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

Using partly plastic apparatus, specific heats of coins have been found calorimetricly to an accuracy of ± 3% for most coins. For silver/copper alloys the specific heat varies approximately linearly with the weight percentage composition, so the latter can be calculated for coins of unknown composition.
INORGANIC INCLUSIONS IN AMBER*
Authors: FLAMINI A. , GRAZIANI G. , GRUBESSI O.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

The inorganic inclusions contained in amber fragments from Baltic regions and from the Simeto basin (Sicily, Italy) have been analyzed. The study, performed with the aid of a scanning electron microscope, shows specimen similarities and differences that are dependent on the place of origin.
PROVENANCE OF PUMICES IN THE NORTH COAST OF CYPRUS
Authors: FORNASERI M. , MALPIERI L. , TOLOMEO L.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

With the aim of establishing the provenance of pumices along the North Coast of Cyprus, from Morphou to Kormakiti, chemical analysis, refractive indices determinations and mineralogical examination have been performed.

On the basis of the experimental data the pumices can be distinguished into two groups. For the first one a provenance from Santorini can be established, for the second Yali, Kos and Milos can be taken into consideration as source localities.
USE OF A WIRE SAW FOR SLICING CERTAIN SAMPLE MATERIALS FOR THERMOLUMINESCENT DATING
Authors: BURLEIGH R. , SEELEY M. A.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

A method is described for obtaining accurate thin slices for thermoluminescence measurement of uniform materials, in particular burnt flint, which does not subject these materials to heat during the cutting process. Cutting is by means of a fine wire impregnated with diamond grit and gives a high standard of surface finish such that very little further preparation is needed. Thus, by the use of this method, there is a considerable saving in time as well as minimal risk of damage to the TL record of the materials during sampling.
THERMOLUMINESCENT DATING OF EGYPTIAN PREDYNASTIC POTTERY FROM HEMAMIEH AND QURNA‐TARIF
Authors: WHITTLE E. H.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

Eight sherds from Hemamieh and two from Qurna‐Tarif, both Predynastic settlement sites in the Nile valley, have been dated by the thermoluminescence method (quartz inclusion technique). The results put the Badarian phase at Hemamieh in the sixth and fifth millenium b.c., and the Gerzean phase in the first half of the fourth millenium b.c. The dates for the village of Qurna‐Tarif fall around 4000 b.c.
SUPRALINEARITY CORRECTIONS IN FINE‐GRAIN THERMOLUMINESCENCE DATING: A RE‐APPRAISAL
Authors: FLEMING S. J.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

Supralinearity correction in the routine ‘fine‐grain’ technique of thermoluminescence dating of pottery has previously been regarded as empirical, but can now be shown to depend in many cases upon the previous radiation history of the material. The likely impact of this effect upon ceramic and bronze dating is considered and illustrated.
DEPENDENCE OF SUPRALINEARITY ON PRE‐DOSE: SOME OBSERVATIONS
Authors: BOWMAN S. G. E.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

Recent studies on pottery and related materials have shown there to be cases where the degree of supralinearity is dependent on the previous radiation history of the sample. Results are presented of two investigations of this variation with pre‐dose: one using pottery, the other using fired feldspars. For these samples no simple form for the variation can be inferred.
THE COMPOSITION OF BRASSES FROM IFE AND BENIN
Authors: WERNER O. , WILLETT F.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

Brass alloys from Ife are compared with a selection of brasses from Benin. Four sources of mixed zinc and lead ore were used in Ife. In Benin lead and copper from different sources were added to these four alloys, which may represent the melting down of older castings. Comparisons are made with analyses from Europe and other parts of Africa.
A STATISTICAL STUDY OF THE IMPURITY OCCURRENCES IN COPPER ORES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO ORE TYPES
Authors: BOWMAN R. , FRIEDMAN A. M. , LERNER J. , MILSTED J.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

A study of the impurity distributions in copper obtained from various ores shows no significant correlations between the impurity distributions. A test of 390 samples of copper obtained from various ores shows that more than 75% of copper samples can be correctly identified as coming from either simple copper metal ores, oxidized ores or more complex reduced ores thereby yielding information on the metallurgical capabilities of the society smelting the ores.
THE SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS OF A GROUP OF ROMAN‐AGE ENAMELLED BROOCHES
Authors: BATESON J. D. , HEDGES R. E. M.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

Results of analysis, mainly by X‐ray fluorescence, are presented for a representative selection of enamelled brooches. The enamel composition is quite distinct, and shows considerable technical sophistication on the part of the manufacturers. The production of different colours and of opacity in the enamel is related to the chemical composition, and analyses of the metal substrate suggest that the alloy was carefully chosen. The implications of this investigation for the study of Roman enamelwork in general are discussed.
COMPOSITION OF THE LA GRAUFESENQUE, BANASSAC AND MONTANS TERRA SIGILLATA
Authors: PICON M. , CARRE C. , CORDOLIANI M. L. , VICHY M. , HERNANDEZ J. A. , MIGNARD J. L.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

The composition diagrams of the La Graufesenque, Banassac and Montans Terra Sigillata are given as well as a calculation method to improve the separation between the workshops with compositions which are very similar. This method can then be generalized.
A RADAR POSITION‐FIXING SYSTEM FOR MARINE MAGNETOMETER SURVEYS
Authors: BARTO ARNOLD J. , CLAUSEN C. J.
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTS

A radar position‐fixing instrument utilized in a marine archaeological magnetometer survey system is discussed. The position‐fixing system provides highly accurate location data for each magnetometer reading and display for navigation purposes on a track plotter. The data is recorded automatically on magnetic tape.
PROCEDURES FOR COMPARING AND COMBINING RADIOCARBON AGE DETERMINATIONS: A CRITIQUE
Authors: WARD G. K. , WILSON S. R.
Published: August 2007

Archaeologists, along with other Quaternary researchers, seldom rely upon a single radiocarbon determination to provide an estimate of the age of the phenomenon which is the object of their study. There is an evident need for an explicitly formulated procedure for comparing sets of radiocarbon determinations from the same and from adjacent strata or sites, and for combining these where statistical and archaeological criteria indicate that this combination is warranted. The present contribution provides explicit modelling for a series of recommended procedures, a critique of previous methods, and paradigms for application of the recommended procedures.
THERMOLUMINESCENCE DATING OF POTTERY: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE DOSE‐RATE FROM RUBIDIUM
Authors: WARREN S. E.
Published: August 2007

The naturally occurring radioisotope 87Rb makes a small contribution to the total dose‐rate. Assuming an average potassium:rubidium ratio of 200:1 the contribution is estimated at 2.9% of the B dose‐rate From potassium. The effect will be negligible in quartz inclusion dating because of the strong attenuation of the B‐ emission from 87Rb. In fine‐grain dating the omission of the 87Rb contribution will overestimate the age of a pottery sherd by not more than 2% and this is regarded as of minor importance when the total error in the technique is at least 15%.
GUTENBERG'S INKS AND PAPERS: NON‐DESTRUCTIVE COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSES BY PROTON MILLIPROBE
Authors: CAHILL T. A. , KUSKO B. H. , ELDRED R. A. , SCHWAB R. N.
Published: August 2007

Particle induced X‐ray emission (PIXE) has been used in analysis of ink and paper of the 42‐line Bible and other early printed works. Results are reported and their significance discussed.
RADIOCARBON MEASUREMENT BY ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETRY: AN EARLY SELECTION OF DATES
Authors: GILLESPIE R. , GOWLETT J. A. J. , HALL E. T. , HEDGES R. E. M.
Published: August 2007

Dates from the first runs of the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit span the range from present to c. 17,000 bp, with errors (1 s.d.) from ± 100 to ± 300 years. Material dated comprises bone, wood, charcoal, seeds, organic residues in pottery, and charcoal inclusions in slag.
THE LEAD, CADMIUM AND ZINC CONTENT OF SOME ROMANO‐BRITISH TEETH
Authors: WHITTAKER D. K. , STACK M. V.
Published: August 2007

The lead, cadmium and zinc content of deciduous and permanent teeth extracted from Romano‐British skulls was measured using atomic absorption spectrometry. Mineral content is reported in μg/g of samples obtained by pulverising whole teeth prior to chemical preparation and analysis. The overall levels of lead and zinc were higher in deciduous than permanent teeth.

Lead levels in conservatively cleaned teeth were twice as high in deciduous compared to permanent teeth but were reduced following abrasive removal of surface enamel especially in deciduous teeth. It was concluded that the higher lead content in deciduous teeth is mainly in the outer layer of enamel.
NON‐DESTRUCTIVE SURFACE ANALYSIS OF ROMAN TERRA SIGILLATA: A POSSIBLE TOOL IN PROVENANCE STUDIES?
Authors: BALLIÉ P. J. , STERN W. B.
Published: August 2007

In the past, studies on the average chemical composition of a sherd vs its origin have successfully been carried out, but attempts failed to reach the same goal with spot analysis (electron microprobe) on the high gloss surface of terra sigillata. When chemical data on the average composition of the surface is used for provenance determinations, significant results are obtainable on the basis of non‐destructive energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence analysis (EDS‐XFA). Terra sigillata from Arezzo, Lezoux, La Graufesenque and Lyon (± 20 B.C. to ± 150 A.D.) were analysed in order to determine the statistically distinctive chemical elements. It is clearly possible under favourable conditions to allocate archaeologically unknown sherds to specific pottery centres.
ANALYSIS OF COPPER‐BASED METALLIC ARTIFACTS BY PROMPT GAMMA‐RAY NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS
Authors: GLASCOCK M. D. , SPALDING T. G. , BIERS J. C. , CORNMAN M. F.
Published: August 2007

Non‐destructive analysis of the major elements in copper‐alloyed artifacts by prompt gamma neutron activation analysis is reported. Copper, zinc, tin and lead were measured in several ancient Roman, Greek and Iranian objects. Good agreement was found in comparison with analysis of similar objects by destructive methods.
COPPER AND BARIUM AS DIETARY DISCRIMINANTS: THE EFFECTS OF DIAGENESIS
Authors: LAMBERT J. B. , SIMPSON S. V. , SZPUNAR C. B. , BUIKSTRA J. E.
Published: August 2007

In skeletons excavated from Woodland sites, copper and barium levels are found to have been contaminated by influx from the soil environment. Electron microprobe scans for both elements show build‐up along the outer surface of femur cross sections. Elemental levels for Cu and Ba are lower in the femur or fibula than in the more porous rib. The distribution of Cu in the immediately surrounding soil is highly anisotropic. These observations indicate that Cu and Ba should not be used for dietary inferences about ancient populations without independent evidence that diagenesis is not important.
THERMOLUMINESCENCE DATING OF STALAGMITIC CALCITE
Authors: DEBENHAM N. C. , AITKEN M. J.
Published: August 2007

The thermoluminescence (TL) method of dating stalagmitic calcite has been applied to twenty‐seven samples from two paleolithic cave sites; Pontnewydd, Wales, and Caune de l'Arago, Tautavel, France. Environmental dose‐rates were evaluated mainly by means of CaF2capsule burials. The ages of the stalagmitic samples were independently determined by means of the uranium series disequilibrium method. In general, good agreement is found between the TL and uranium series dates, which cover a range from approximately 15 000 to 300 000 years B.P. It is estimated that the TL method should extend to the order of a million years in good circumstances.
RESEARCH NOTES AND APPLICATION REPORTS A MICROCOMPUTER SYSTEM FOR DATA LOGGING IN GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYING
Authors: KELLY M. A. , DALE P. , HAIGH J. G. B.
Published: August 2007

A system is described whereby readings from an earth resistance meter may be recorded automatically on a small portable computer. Field tests have demonstrated that the system is more reliable and more economical than manual recording, and that the results may be processed quickly and conveniently into their final form.
THE NORTHERN COLOSSUS OF MEMNON: NEW SLANTS
Authors: BOWMAN H. , STROSS F. H. , ASARO F. , HAY R. L. , HEIZER R. F. , MICHEL H. V.
Published: August 2007

Chemical and petrographic studies of the two 720‐ton ‘Colossi of Memnon’ located near Luxor, and of Egyptian quartzite quarries indicate that the rear pedestal blocks of the northern statue were quarried at Aswan, while the other, main components of the monuments were quarried near Cairo. Our studies suggest that the rear pedestal blocks of the northern statue were part of the reconstruction project undertaken by Roman emperor Septimius Severus. Our studies of the tilting of the statues further suggest that the rear part of the lower torso of the northern statue was moved when the statue was reconstructed. Part of the present‐day tilting of the northern statue probably occurred prior to the reconstruction.
SPECTROCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SOME MEDIAEV AL GLASS FRAGMENTS FROM CATALAN GOTHIC CHURCHES
Authors: RAURET G. , CASASSAS E. , BAUCELLS M.
Published: August 2007

AAS, FE and OES are each used in the analysis of thirteen samples of fragments of window glasses from three Catalan Gothic churches: Sta. Maria del Mar (Barcelona, Spain), Pedralbes Monastery (Barcelona, Spain) and Girona Cathedral (Spain). Two kinds of stained window glass are found. Special attention is paid to Co/Cu, Co/Ni and Cu/Ni ratios for blue glasses and Mn/Cu and Fe/Cu ratios for red glasses.
ANNUAL DOSE CONVERSION FACTORS FOR TL AND ESR DATING
Authors: NAMBI K. S. V. , AITKEN M. J.
Published: August 2007

Revised values based on ICRP publication No. 38 are given, together with energy release values for individual members of the three radioactive series. There is an increase of 5% in the pre‐radon beta component of the thorium series and a decrease from 4.8% to 3.7% in the percentage of the combined uranium series gamma component which is pre‐radon in the uranium‐238 series.
RESEARCH NOTES AND APPLICATION REPORTS DATING THE AEGEAN LATE BRONZE AGE WITH RADIOCARBON*
Authors: BETANCOURT P. P.
Published: August 2007

The beginning of the Late Bronze Age in the Aegean has usually been thought to coincide with the start of the Eighteenth Dynasty in Egypt, and radiocarbon dates (which consistently suggest an earlier chronology) have been rejected by Aegean specialists because they do not agree with this view. Evidence from pottery is used to re‐examine the links between the Aegean and Egypt, with the conclusion that the Aegean Late Bronze Age began during the Hyksos period.
IDENTIFICATION OF JET AND RELATED BLACK MATERIALS WITH ESR SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: SALES K. D. , ODUWOLE A. D. , CONVERT J. , ROBINS G. V.
Published: August 2007

Recent studies of the thermal histories of archaeological materials with electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy have been extended to black materials encountered in archaeology and in the conservation of antiquities. The ESR parameters of jet. charcoal and lampblacks are reported and comparisons made with a range of related materials Discrimination and characterization is achieved by simultaneous consideration of the three main parameters of the ESR signal due to radical carbon. This study is the first attempt using ESR spectroscopy to discriminate between jet and related coal‐like substances.
THERMOLUMINESCENCE DATING OF MATERIALS WHICH EXHIBIT ANOMALOUS FADING
Authors: CLARK P. A. , TEMPLER R. H.
Published: August 2007

This article reports a generalised and systematic approach to the thermoluminescence (TL) dating of samples which suffer from anomalous fading. We hypothesise that the TL signal from each mineral phase is composed of a stable and an unstable portion. The decay of the unstable TL is accelerated thermally, until only stable TL remains. The dating is then carried out on this stable signal. The results, on four known‐age, coeval samples, exhibiting gross anomalous fading (25‐50% loss over a few days), indicate that many, if not all, samples may successfully be dated with this approach.
A COMPARISON BETWEEN MAGNETIC AND ELECTROMAGNETIC PROSPECTION OF A NEOLITHIC RING DITCH IN BAVARIA
Authors: TABBAGH A. , BOSSUET G. , BECKER H.
Published: August 2007

To evaluate more precisely the abilities of the electromagnetic (E.M.) Slingram method for magnetic features detection an experimental comparison was undertaken between the magnetic method with the best magnetometer now available (two optical pumping sensors in a differential mode) and the Slingram E.M. method with the SH3 apparatus. on the neolithic ring ditch a t Viecht (Bavaria, F.R.G.). Despite the absence of automatic recording the electromagnetic results give the same archaeological information as that obtained by the magnetic method.
A LOW DILUTION, WAVELENGTH‐DISPERSIVE X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE PROCEDURE FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL ROCK ARTEFACTS
Authors: CROUDACE I. W. , WILLIAMS‐THORPE O.
Published: August 2007

A method is described for the analysis of archaeological rock artefacts which provides major and trace element data. Wavelength‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (WDXRF) analysis of 2:1 fusion beads permits the accurate and precise measurement of a wide range of elements. Accuracy and precision are nominally 1‐5% for elements having concentrations above 3 times the detection limit. The method requires a much smaller sample size than conventional WDXRF procedures and has been successfully used to characterise early millstones; a number of other applications in archaeology are suggested here.
ASSESSMENT OF IN‐SITE VARIABILITY OF POTTERY FROM SESKLO, THESSALY
Authors: MANIATIS Y. , PERDIKATSIS V. , KOTSAKIS K.
Published: August 2007

Results of X‐ray fluorescence, X‐ray diffraction, thin section analysis and scanning electron microscopy applied to the neolithic pottery of Sesklo indicated the existence of quality variation in pottery, which seems to be the result of using different raw materials and different technological procedures. This differentiation has been observed temporally and spatially in the two excavated areas of the site. Application of physicochemical techniques to technological studies of ancient pottery gives for the first time evidence, with potentially important applications, of the social and economic structure of neolithic Greece.
DRAWING POTSHERDS: A LOW‐COST COMPUTER‐BASED SYSTEM
Authors: TURNER J. D. , KEARY A. C. , PEACOCK D. P. S.
Published: August 2007

When an archaeological site is investigated large numbers of potsherds may be recovered. These have to be drawn. This is a very time‐consuming and labour‐intensive task which is usually undertaken by skilled draughtsmen. The system described in this paper aims to speed the process of sketching potsherds by using software techniques developed for computer‐aided drawing (CAD), together with hardware which allows the user to digitize the profile of a sherd. The resulting system is cheap and portable, and may be used in the field in conjunction with a battery‐powered computer.

A novel method of calculating the position of the original axis of a pot has also been developed for sherds lacking a section o f rim or base.
THE ORIGIN OF THE PICTORIAL KRATER FROM THE ‘MYCENAEAN’ TOMB AT TEL DAN
Authors: YELLIN J. , MAEIR A.
Published: August 2007

A Late Bronze Age Mycenaean pictorial krater, decorated with a chariot procession, from tomb 387 at Tel Dan, Israel, was examined by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The origin of the krater is placed in the Argolid, very likely in the region of Mycenae or Berbati.
THE COMPOSITION OF COPPER‐BASED SMALL FINDS FROM A WEST PHOENICIAN SETTLEMENT SITE AND FROM NIMRUD COMPARED WITH THAT OF CONTEMPORARY MEDITERRANEAN SMALL FINDS
Authors: GIUMLIA‐MAIR A. R.
Published: August 2007

About 100 Phoenician copper alloy artefacts from Morro de Mezquitilla (Spain) have been analysed by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry and atomic unpublished analyses of contemporary material from Nimrud and with small finds of the same period from several Mediterranean areas. There are no published large‐scale analyses of Phonenician metalwork and few analyses of the copper‐based, very minor objects of the sort typically recovered from excavation and the comparisons show both similarities and differences in techniques and alloys of the various civilizations and classes of objects.
ROCK PHYSICS AND THE NEOLITHIC AXE TRADE IN GREAT BRITAIN*
Authors: BRADLEY R. , MEREDITH P. , SMITH J. , EDMONDS M.
Published: August 2007

This paper is concerned with the products of a number of Neolithic quarries in highland Britain. It investigates the claim that the scale of axe distribution was partly the result of social factors which resulted in these artefacts gaining an added value in areas remote from their sources. One case study considers the sequence of production in Cumbria, in relation to the tensile strength of the rock quarried in different parts of the region. It shows that these considerations had only a limited influence over the choice of stone source and the scale on which it was worked. A second study compares the tensile strength of the main raw materials used for making non‐flint axes with the extent to which these sources were actually exploited. Again there is only a limited relationship between the two, suggesting that social factors may indeed have been important.
NEW EVIDENCE FOR THE NATURE OF THE ATTIC BLACK GLOSS
Authors: MANIATIS Y. , ALOUPI E. , STALIOS A. D.
Published: August 2007

New evidence is reported here using transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and laser reflectance for the nature of the black glossy decoration layer present on the Attic black or red figure vases of the sixth to fourth century BC. The black layer, of total thickness about 20 μm, consists mainly of poly crystalline magnetite (Fe3O4) particles of dimensions from 0.2 μm down to extremely fine sizes embodied in an amorphous vitreous matrix. On the outer surface of the black paint we discovered for the first time a thin clear glassy film of approximate thickness 0.1 μm which is rich in Al and Fe and poor in Si. This film must be responsible for the characteristic sheen of the surface. This is verified with the reflection of laser light mostly in specular direction, a unique property compared with black paints of other areas and other periods.
A MULTIVARLITE ANALYSIS OF RENAISSANCE PORTRAIT MEDALS: AN EXPANDED NOMENCLATURE FOR DEFINING ALLOY COMPOSITION
Authors: GLINSMAN L. A. , HAYEK L. C.
Published: August 2007

This study gathered and reported compositional and descriptive analyses of over 200 Italian Renaissance portrait medals in the collection of the National Gallery of Art, Washington A statistical model was developed for allocation of these medals into meaningful assemblages, using the surface alloy composition, and an expanded nomenclature was formulated. Copper, zinc, tin and lead were the primary elements found to combine to form a wide range of alloys, Common impurities were discovered to be significantly lower in the sixteenth‐century medals when compared with those in the fifteenth‐century medals. Renaissance medallists had an extensive knowledge of metallurgy and could produce a variety of alloys without the use of modern technology.
IDENTIFICATION OF AN ADHESIVE USED TO REPAIR A ROMAN JAR
Authors: CHARTERS S. , EVERSHED R. P. , GOAD L. J. , HERON C. , BLINKHORN P.
Published: August 2007

A combination of micro‐analytical techniques, including thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), and combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), was employed to study the lipid composition of an adhesive used to repair an Ecton ware jar, recovered from Roman sediments of the River Nene at West Cotton (Rounds, Northamptonshire, U.K.). GC of the total lipid extract of the adhesive showed a complex pattern which was difficult to interpret. TLC was used to fractionate the extract. The fractions were then trimethylsilylated and submitted to GC and GC/MS. Betulin, lupeol, lupenone, allobetul‐2‐ene, and several other pentacyclic triterpenoid compounds were shown to be present in the ancient material. The similarities between the lipid compositions of the adhesive and of contemporary birch bark tar and a birch bark total lipid extract led to the conclusion that the adhesive was derived largely from birch bark, thus providing the first firm evidence for the use of birch bark tar in ancient Britain.
HOW MANY POTS MAKE FIVE?—AN HISTORICAL REVIEW OF POTTERY QUANTIFICATION
Authors: ORTON C.
Published: August 2007

This paper reviews the ways in which assemblages of pottery have been quantified throughout the twentieth century, and the use to which such data have been put. The values of various ways of quantifying pottery are compared, and a theoretical basis for the comparison of assemblages is described. Finally, the practical steps that need to be taken to make best use of the theory are set out.
THE FUNDAMENTAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANCIENT DIET AND THE INORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF BONE AS DERIVED FROM FEEDING EXPERIMENTS
Authors: LAMBERT J. B. , WEYDERT‐HOMEYER J. M.
Published: August 2007

The levels of ten elements (phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, strontium, barium, potassium, sodium, zinc, iron, and aluminium) have been measured in the femurs and humeri of laboratory rats grown on test diets as a model for palaeodietary studies of excavated human skeletons. High levels of dietary fibre correlate with lower Ca and higher Sr and Ba in the bone. High values of the dietary Sr/Ca ratio correlate with high Sr levels in the bone. High levels of dietary protein correlate with lower Sr and higher Zn. High values of the ratio Ba/Ca and lower levels of Fe correlate with higher levels of Ba. Because bone levels typically are controlled by several dietary components, variation of the levels of a given element in the diet does not necessarily translate into analogous variations in bone. Only K and Fe in bone correlate highly with their levels in diet. The failure of bone Sr, Ba, and Zn to correlate positively with dietary levels is fully explicable in terms of their interdependence on other dietary components, such as Ca, P, Fe, protein, and fibre.