bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Six‐Membered Ring Formation from Lewis Acid Promoted Reactions of 2‐Substituted 2‐Alkenyl Amides and Esters of Ethenetricarboxylate.
Authors: Yamazaki Shoko , Ueda Kohta , Fukushima Yugo , Ogawa Akiya , Kakiuchi Kiyomi
Published: March 2015

Depending on the functionality of the substrates used, either saturated or unsaturated six‐membered ring products are obtained selectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Chemoselective Synthesis of Novel Pyrazolo[3,4‐b]thieno[3,4‐e]pyridines: Substitution Induced Axial Chirality.
Authors: Rani Mani Anusha , Jeyachandran Veerappan , Muthu Muthumani , Sivakolunthu Subbiah , Kumar Raju Ranjith
Published: March 2015

Products deriving from 2‐substituted benzaldehydes display axial chirality due to restricted rotation.
ChemInform Abstract: A Highly Efficient Synthesis of Imidazo‐Fused Polyheterocycles via Groebke—Blackburn—Bienayme Reaction Catalyzed by LaCl3·7H2O.
Authors: Shinde Anand H. , Srilaxmi Malipatel , Satpathi Bishnupada , Sharada Duddu S.
Published: March 2015

Medicinally and biologically relevant imidazo‐fused polyheterocycles are prepared in a one‐pot three component reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand‐Free Palladium Assisted Insertion of Isocyanides to Urea Derivatives For Cascade Synthesis of Phenylamino‐Substituted Quinazolinones.
Authors: Sharma Siddharth , Jain Abhilasha
Published: March 2015

The title reaction involves an isocyanide insertion/intramolecular cyclization/reductive elimination/Mazurciewitcz—Ganesan type rearrangement sequence to form quinazolines.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Oxidative C‐3 Alkenylations of Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines by Substrate‐Contolled Regioselective C—H Functionalization.
Authors: Cao Hua , Lei Sai , Liao Jinqiang , Huang Jianping , Qiu Huifang , Chen Qinlin , Qiu Shuxian , Chen Yaoyi
Published: March 2015

Substrates such as vinylarenes (II) tend to form α‐products (III), while acrylates (IV) tend to form β‐products (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Competitive Silyl—Prins Cyclization versus Tandem Sakurai—Prins Cyclization: An Interesting Substitution Effect.
Authors: Diez‐Varga Alberto , Barbero Hector , Pulido Francisco J. , Gonzalez‐Ortega Alfonso , Barbero Asuncion
Published: March 2015

Allylsilyl alcohols with different substitution patterns are treated with aldehydes under conditions A).
ChemInform Abstract: Formal Asymmetric Hydrobromination of Styrenes via Copper‐Catalyzed 1,3‐Halogen Migration.
Authors: Van Hoveln R. J. , Schmid S. C. , Tretbar M. , Buttke C. T. , Schomaker J. M.
Published: March 2015

Computational modelling is undertaken to predict the correlation between reaction yields and features of the substrates and products.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective Boronic Ester Synthesis by Controlled Speciation.
Authors: Fyfe James W. B. , Seath Ciaran P. , Watson Allan J. B.
Published: March 2015

The solution speciation of boronic acids can be chemoselectively controlled to enable the formal homologation of boronic acid pinacol esters.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Cyclic 1,9‐Acetal Derivatives of Forskolin and Their Bioactivity Evaluation.
Authors: Jonnala Kotesh Kumar , et al. et al.
Published: March 2015

Among the synthesized compounds, derivatives (IIIg)—(IIIi) show potential cytotoxic activities towards several human cancer cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Dynamic Kinetic Resolution and S/R Interconversion of Unprotected α‐Amino Acids.
Authors: Moriwaki Hiroki , et al. et al.
Published: March 2015

Heating over 24 h is necessary to achieve full epimerization to the thermodynamically favoured isomer (R in the case of Sax‐ligand and S for the Rax‐ligand).
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Spirooxindole Alkaloids from Rhizosphere Strain Streptomyces sp. xzqh‐9.
Authors: Xu Qingyan , et al. et al.
Published: March 2015

isolation, structure determination and bioactivity of spindomycins A (I) and B (II)
ChemInform Abstract: Concise and Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Mehranine, (‐)‐Methylenebismehranine, and Related Aspidosperma Alkaloids.
Authors: Mewald Marius , Medley Jonathan William , Movassaghi Mohammad
Published: March 2015

The first stereoselective synthesis of Aspidosperma alkaloid derivatives (‐)‐mehranine (I), (+)‐dihydroxy‐N‐methylaspidospermidine (II), and (‐)‐methylenebismehranine (III) from a chiral lactam precursor is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Ligands Derived from Monoterpenes: Application in the Synthesis of Optically Pure Secondary Alcohols via Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: El Alami Mohammed Samir Ibn , El Amrani Mohamed Amin , Agbossou‐Niedercorn Francine , Suisse Isabelle , Mortreux Andre
Published: March 2015

Review: [55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Self‐Assembled Capsules Based on Tetrafunctionalized Calix[4]resorcinarene Cavitands
Authors: Kobayashi Kenji , Yamanaka Masamichi
Published: March 2015

Review: [73 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Macrocyclizations in the Total Synthesis of Natural Products
Authors: Ronson Thomas O. , Taylor Richard J. K. , Fairlamb Ian J. S.
Published: March 2015

Review: 176 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Modern Carbon‐Fluorine Bond Forming Reactions for Aryl Fluoride Synthesis
Authors: Campbell Michael G. , Ritter Tobias
Published: March 2015

Review: 219 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophilic Trifluoromethylation by Use of Hypervalent Iodine Reagents
Authors: Charpentier Julie , Fruh Natalja , Togni Antonio
Published: March 2015

Review: 165 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Good Partnership Between Sulfur and Fluorine: Sulfur‐Based Fluorination and Fluoroalkylation Reagents for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Ni Chuanfa , Hu Mingyou , Hu Jinbo
Published: March 2015

Review: 669 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Olefin Metathesis Reactions with Fluorinated Substrates, Catalysts, and Solvents
Authors: Fustero Santos , Simon‐Fuentes Antonio , Barrio Pablo , Haufe Gunter
Published: March 2015

Review: 571 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Metal Bond‐Containing Complexes as Catalysts for C‐H Functionalization
Authors: Kornecki Katherine P. , Berry John F. , Powers David C. , Ritter Tobias
Published: March 2015

Review: 328 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloaddition Reactions of Some Tricyclic Imides
Authors: Kulu Irem , Gul Melek , Gunkara Omer Tahir , Ocal Nuket
Published: March 2015

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Green Methods for the Epoxidation of Olefins. Part 1. Using Venturello Anion‐Based Catalysts
Authors: Qiao Yunxiang , Hou Zhenshan
Published: March 2015

Review: 21 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: An Overview on Synthetic Methods of Tributyl Citrate
Authors: Zhang Xiaoli
Published: March 2015

Review: 8 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Fluorocyclizations of Alkenes
Authors: Wolstenhulme Jamie R. , Gouverneur Veronique
Published: March 2015

Review: 43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heterogeneous Photocatalysts in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Cherevatskaya M. , Koenig B.
Published: March 2015

Review: 47 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Near‐Infrared Absorption Nanomaterials as Photoacoustic Contrast Agents for Biomedical Imaging
Authors: Zhang Juchen , Qiao Zengying , Yang Peipei , Pan Jie , Wang Lei , Wang Hao
Published: March 2015

Review: 64 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transporter‐Mediated Tissue Targeting of Therapeutic Molecules in Drug Discovery
Authors: Zhou Jingye , Xu Jianfeng , Huang Zheng , Wang Minmin
Published: March 2015

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Natural Products as Zinc‐Dependent Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors
Authors: Tan Shuai , Liu Zhao‐Peng
Published: March 2015

Review: systematic introduction of natural HDAC inhibitors, with emphasis on their inhibitory potency, selectivity, biological activities, and their typical binding modes with HDACs; 122 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Lithium/Air Battery: Still an Emerging System or a Practical Reality?
Authors: Grande Lorenzo , Paillard Elie , Hassoun Jusef , Park Jin‐Bum , Lee Yung‐Jung , Sun Yang‐Kook , Passerini Stefano , Scrosati Bruno
Published: March 2015

Review: 218 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrosprayed Nanoparticles and Electrospun Nanofibers Based on Natural Materials: Applications in Tissue Regeneration, Drug Delivery and Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Sridhar Radhakrishnan , Lakshminarayanan Rajamani , Madhaiyan Kalaipriya , Amutha Barathi Veluchamy , Lim Keith Hsiu Chin , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: March 2015

Review: 236 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoelectrochemical Bioanalysis: The State of the Art
Authors: Zhao Wei‐Wei , Xu Jing‐Juan , Chen Hong‐Yuan
Published: March 2015

Review: 183 refs.
Kinetic Investigation Exploiting Local Parameter Subset Selection: Isomerization of 1‐Decene using a Rh‐Biphephos Catalyst
Authors: Jörke Andreas , Triemer Susann , Seidel‐Morgenstern Andreas , Hamel Christof
Published: March 2015

A kinetic study of the isomerization of 1‐decene using a Rh‐Biphephos catalyst was performed in order to parameterize a mechanistic kinetic model to observed experimental data. For the derivation of the kinetic model, a previously proposed catalytic cycle was revised regarding the catalyst pre‐equilibrium including the formation of inactive or non‐selective Rh‐species. In order to estimate the model parameters and to support model reduction, a method based on parameter subset selection was extended and applied. Using this approach, sensitive kinetic parameters were identified and determined for the reduced kinetic model.
How do we handle the anti‐HBc positive patient? (in highly endemic settings)
Authors: Lau George K. K.
Published: March 2015

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Indanones As High‐Potency Reversible Inhibitors of Monoamine Oxidase
Authors: Mostert Samantha , Petzer Anél , Petzer Jacobus P.
Published: March 2015

Recent reports document that α‐tetralone (3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐naphthalen‐1‐one) is an appropriate scaffold for the design of high‐potency monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors. Based on the structural similarity between α‐tetralone and 1‐indanone, the present study involved synthesis of 34 1‐indanone and related indane derivatives as potential inhibitors of recombinant human MAO‐A and MAO‐B. The results show that C6‐substituted indanones are particularly potent and selective MAO‐B inhibitors, with IC50 values ranging from 0.001 to 0.030 μM. C5‐Substituted indanone and indane derivatives are comparatively weaker MAO‐B inhibitors. Although the 1‐indanone and indane derivatives are selective inhibitors of the MAO‐B isoform, a number of homologues are also potent MAO‐A inhibitors, with three homologues possessing IC50 values <0.1 μM. Dialysis of enzyme–inhibitor mixtures further established a selected 1‐indanone as a reversible MAO inhibitor with a competitive mode of inhibition. It may be concluded that 1‐indanones are promising leads for the design of therapies for neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and depression.
Hydrogenated Graphene and Hydrogenated Silicene: Computational Insights
Authors: Nguyen Manh‐Thuong , Phong Pham Nam , Tuyen Nguyen Duc
Published: March 2015

Density functional calculations are performed to study the energetic, structural, and electronic properties of graphene and silicene functionalized with hydrogen. Our calculations predict that H atoms bind much more strongly to silicene than to graphene. The adsorbed H atoms tend to cooperatively stabilize each other leading to a two‐dimensional nucleation and growth mechanism. The different structural and electronic modifications induced by H in fully functionalized graphene and silicene (known as graphane and silicane) are also explained. Finally, the electronic properties of defective graphane with multiple hydrogen vacancies are investigated. Engineering the vacancies in graphane offers a way to modify the electronic properties of this material.
Comparison between bioluminescence imaging technique and CFU count for the study of oropharyngeal candidiasis in mice
Authors: Gabrielli Elena , Roselletti Elena , Luciano Eugenio , Sabbatini Samuele , Mosci Paolo , Pericolini Eva
Published: March 2015

We recently described a bioluminescence in vivo imaging technique, representing a powerful tool to test the real‐time progression of oropharyngeal candidiasis, hence potentially useful to evaluate the efficacy of antifungal therapies. In this study, the in vivo imaging technique was compared with CFU measurement of target organs (tongue, esophagus and stomach) for monitoring and quantifying oropharyngeal candidiasis. We have correlated these two analytical methods at different times post‐infection using engineered, luminescent Candida albicans in mice rendered susceptible to oral candidiasis by cortisone‐acetate. Scatter plots, Pearson correlation and Student's t test were used to compare the methods. We observed that the bioluminescence in vivo imaging technique was more reliable than CFU counts in detecting early infection of, and its extent in, the oral cavity of the mouse. This was also evident following the introduction of a variable such as treatment with fluconazole. The results described in this study could validate the bioluminescence in vivo imaging technique as a method to monitor and quantify oropharyngeal candidiasis and to assess early discovery of active compounds in vivo. © 2015 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Energy‐efficient outage‐constrained power allocation based on statistical channel knowledge for dual‐hop cognitive relay networks
Authors: Bordón Raikel , Sánchez Samuel Montejo , Mafra Samuel Baraldi , Garcia Fernandez Evelio Martin , Souza Richard Demo , Rebelatto João Luiz
Published: March 2015

This paper investigates the power allocation problem in decode‐and‐forward cognitive dual‐hop systems over Rayleigh fading channels. In order to optimize the performance of the secondary network in terms of power consumption, an outage‐constrained power allocation scheme is proposed. The secondary nodes adjust their transmit power subject to an average interference constraint at the primary receiver and an outage probability constraint for the secondary receivers while having only statistical channel knowledge with respect to the primary nodes. We compare this approach with a power allocation scheme based on instantaneous channel state information under a peak interference constraint. Analytical and numerical results show that the proposed approach, without requiring the constant interchange of channel state information, can achieve a similar performance in terms of outage probability as that of power allocation based on instantaneous channel knowledge. Moreover, the transmit power allocated by the proposed approach is considerably smaller than the power allocated by the method based on instantaneous channel knowledge in more than 50% of the time. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hedgehog signaling regulates dental papilla formation and tooth size during zebrafish odontogenesis
Authors: Yu Jeffrey C. , Fox Zachary D. , Crimp James L. , Littleford Hana E. , Jowdry Andrea L. , Jackman William R.
Published: March 2015

Background: Intercellular communication by the hedgehog cell signaling pathway is necessary for tooth development throughout the vertebrates, but it remains unclear which specific developmental signals control cell behavior at different stages of odontogenesis. To address this issue, we have manipulated hedgehog activity during zebrafish tooth development and visualized the results using confocal microscopy. Results: We first established that reporter lines for dlx2b, fli1, NF‐κB, and prdm1a are markers for specific subsets of tooth germ tissues. We then blocked hedgehog signaling with cyclopamine and observed a reduction or elimination of the cranial neural crest derived dental papilla, which normally contains the cells that later give rise to dentin‐producing odontoblasts. Upon further investigation, we observed that the dental papilla begins to form and then regresses in the absence of hedgehog signaling, through a mechanism unrelated to cell proliferation or apoptosis. We also found evidence of an isometric reduction in tooth size that correlates with the time of earliest hedgehog inhibition. Conclusions: We hypothesize that these results reveal a previously uncharacterized function of hedgehog signaling during tooth morphogenesis, regulating the number of cells in the dental papilla and thereby controlling tooth size. Developmental Dynamics 244:577–590, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of Metal Cations and Coordination Modes on Luminescent Group 1 and 2 Metal Sulfonate Complexes Constructed from 4,4′‐Dihydroxybiphenyl‐3,3′‐disulfonic Acid
Authors: Yu Yi‐Zhe , Li Ya‐Nan , Deng Zhao‐Peng , Zhu Zhi‐Biao , Huo Li‐Hua , Gao Shan
Published: March 2015

The reactions of 4,4′‐dihydroxybiphenyl‐3,3′‐disulfonic acid (H4L) with group 1 and 2 metal salts in aqueous solution lead to six metal sulfonate complexes, [K2(H2L)]n (1), {[Cs2(H2L)(H2O)]n·nH2O} (2), 2[Mg(H2O)6]2+·2(H2L)2–·2H2O (3), {[Ca(H2L)(H2O)2]n·4nH2O} (4), {[Sr(H2L)(H2O)4]n·3nH2O} (5), and {[Ba(H2L)(H2O)]n·nH2O} (6), which have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetry (TG), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, powder XRD, and single‐crystal XRD. Complexes 1, 2, and 6 exhibit 3D pillared‐layered networks formed by M–O–S layers bridged by the biphenyl rings of H2L2– dianions. The [Mg(H2O)6]2+ cations and sulfonate groups in 3 are held together by second‐sphere interactions to generate layer motifs. Complex 4 presents a layer structure formed by Ca–O chains bridged by the biphenyl rings of H2L2– dianions. Complex 5 has a 3D interdigitating architecture (2D + 2D → 3D), in which the 44 hydrogen‐bonding layer is constructed from linear chains. Meanwhile, the recrystallization of H4L from aqueous solution affords the supramolecular complex 2(H3O+)·(H2L)2–·3H2O (S1), which exhibits a 3D pillared‐layered network. The solid‐state luminescence properties demonstrate that 1–6 exhibit violet emission at room temperature and can sensitize EuIII and TbIII ions to exhibit their characteristic emissions.
Difluoromethyl and Chlorofluoromethyl Sulfoximines: Synthesis and Evaluation as Electrophilic Perfluoroalkylating Reagents
Authors: Pégot Bruce , Urban Céline , Bourne Aaron , Le Thanh Nghi , Bouvet Sébastien , Marrot Jérôme , Diter Patrick , Magnier Emmanuel
Published: March 2015

An efficient and convenient method is described that allows the synthesis of a set of difluoromethyl sulfoximines, as well as chlorofluoromethyl sulfoxides, sulfones, and sulfoximines. Our procedure does not require metals or nonrecommended freons, and it gives rise to an original route to Hu's reagent. Unprecedented chlorofluoromethyl sulfoximines have been also isolated, and these compounds have been shown to act as an electrophilic source of this original bis‐halogenated moiety. The mechanism of the electrophilic chlorofluoromethylation is also discussed.
Novel Nanostructured Electrodes Obtained by Pyrolysis of Composite Polymeric Materials
Authors: Amato Letizia , Schulte Lars , Heiskanen Arto , Keller Stephan S. , Ndoni Sokol , Emnéus Jenny
Published: March 2015

In this work, we compare pyrolyzed carbon derived from the photoresist SU‐8 alone or in combination with polystyrene and poly(styrene)‐block‐poly(dimethylsiloxane) copolymer (PS‐b‐PDMS), to be used as novel materials for micro‐ and nanoelectrodes. The pyrolyzed carbon films are evaluated with scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, contact angle analysis, and Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, the standard rate constant for electron transfer is determined from cyclic voltammograms and found to be lower for PS‐b‐PDMS compared to PS and SU‐8 films. This may be related to the lower carbon content of PS‐b‐PDMS, as well as to its higher microstructural disorder.
On benchmark problems, challenges, and competitions in electrokinetics—A review
Authors: Hurák Zdeněk , Foret František
Published: March 2015

In this critical review, we comment on the absence of widely shared benchmark problems and relevant challenges or even attractive competitions in the field of electrokinetics. We argue that in some other scientific domains that are, similarly as electrokinetics, strongly multidisciplinary, the existence of these tools is very beneficial because it stimulates the discussion about what constitutes the bottleneck of further progress, allows easier exploitation of results provided by other scientific and engineering disciplines, and, last but not least, makes the research domain attractive and visible to a broader public, including students. The goal of this review is to provoke some discussion that might perhaps lead to compensating for these shortcomings.
Novel natural supplement for the production of fungal cellulases and application for enzymatic saccharification of wheat straw
Authors: Kuila Arindam , Rao Peddy V.C. , Choudary Nettem V. , Gandham SriGanesh , Velankar Harshad R.
Published: March 2015

The cost effective production of cellulolytic enzymes and their use for generating higher reducing sugars from lignocellulosic biomass is critical for attaining the commercial viability of lignocellulosic biofuels production. Optimizing the use of locally available agroresidues and natural nutritional alternatives for fungal growth and enzyme production can reduce the cost of enzyme production. In the present work, maximum cellulolytic activity of 30.85 IU/gds was obtained from Trichoderma reesei NCIM 1186 using wheat bran as the substrate and coconut water as the nutritional supplement. The produced cellualse was used for enzymatic saccharification of phosphoric acid pretreated wheat straw. The enzymatic sachharification was optimized through central composite design (CCD) based response surface methodology (RSM). Maximum reducing sugar yields of 371.44 mg/g dry substrate were obtained at 18% (w/v) substrate concentration, 50°C and 24 h of incubation time. Further, the saccharified sugar hydrolysate was fermented using S. cerevisiae NCIM 3215. Maximum ethanol production (2.58% w/v) obtained after 24 h of fermentation at 30°C. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 34: 1243–1248, 2015
Field study on influence of root characteristics on soil suction distribution in slopes vegetated with Cynodon dactylon and Schefflera heptaphylla
Authors: Garg Ankit , Coo Jason Lim , Ng Charles Wang Wai
Published: March 2015

Vegetation evapotranspiration (ET) induced soil water suction reduces hydraulic conductivity and increases shear strength of slopes. Several field studies have been conducted to investigate suction distribution in vegetated slopes. However, these studies were conducted on natural slopes, which are prone to heterogeneity in vegetation and soil conditions. Moreover, studies quantifying the effect of different vegetation species, root characteristics (root depth and root area index) and transpiration reduction function (Trf) on suction in slopes under natural variation are rare. This study investigated the suction distribution and root characteristics in recompacted slopes vegetated with two different species, i.e. Cynodon dactylon (Bermuda grass) and Schefflera heptaphylla (ivy tree). Bare slope served as a control. Suction distributions during different seasons and rainfall events were monitored. It is found that during the dry season, slope vegetated with young Schefflera heptaphylla seedlings have substantially higher suction within the root zone compared with bare slope and slope vegetated with Cynodon dactylon. This is because Schefflera heptaphylla has a higher root biomass, Trf and ET than Cynodon dactylon. It was also found that suctions within root zones of vegetated slopes and bare slope were completely destroyed under rainfall events corresponding to 2 years and 20 years return period. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ecosystem carbon stocks across a tropical intertidal habitat mosaic of mangrove forest, seagrass meadow, mudflat and sandbar
Authors: Phang Valerie X. H. , Chou L. M. , Friess Daniel A.
Published: March 2015

Intertidal habitats provide numerous ecosystem services, including the sequestration and storage of carbon, a topic of great recent interest owing to land‐cover transitions and climate change. Mangrove forests and seagrass meadows form a continuum of intertidal habitats, alongside unvegetated mudflats and sandbars, however, studies that consider carbon stocks across these spatially‐linked, threatened ecosystems are limited world‐wide. This paper presents the results of a field‐based carbon stock assessment of aboveground, belowground and sediment organic carbon stock to a depth of 1 m at Chek Jawa, Singapore. It is the first study of ecosystem carbon stocks of both vegetated and unvegetated intertidal habitats in the tropics. Ecosystem carbon stocks were 497 Mg C ha‐1 in the mangrove forest and 138 Mg C ha‐1 in the seagrass meadow. Sediment organic carbon stock dominated the total storage in both habitats, constituting 62% and >99% in the mangrove forest and seagrass meadow, respectively. In the adjacent mudflat and sandbars, which had no vegetative components, sediment organic carbon stock ranged from 124–143 Mg C ha‐1, suggesting that unvegetated habitats have a carbon storage role on the same order of importance as seagrass meadows. This study reinforces the importance of sediment in carbon storage within the intertidal ecosystem, and demonstrates the need to consider unvegetated habitats in intertidal ‘blue carbon’ stock assessments. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An adaptive multiresolution semi‐intrusive scheme for UQ in compressible fluid problems
Authors: Abgrall R. , Congedo P. M. , Geraci G. , Iaccarino G.
Published: March 2015

This paper deals with the introduction of a multiresolution strategy into the semi‐intrusive scheme, recently introduced by the authors, aiming to propagate uncertainties in unsteady compressible fluid applications. The mathematical framework of the multiresolution setting is presented for the cell‐average case, and the coupling with the semi‐intrusive scheme is described from both the theoretical and algorithmic point‐of‐view. Some reference test cases are performed to demonstrate the convergence properties and the efficiency of the overall scheme: the linear advection problem for both smooth and discontinuous initial conditions, the inviscid Burgers equation, and an uncertain shock tube problem obtained by modifying the well‐known Sod shock problem. For all the cases, the convergence curves are computed with respect to semi‐analytical (exact) solutions. In the case of the shock tube problem, an original technique to obtain a reference highly‐accurate numerical stochastic solution has also been developed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A daily Azores–Iceland North Atlantic Oscillation index back to 1850
Authors: Cropper Thomas , Hanna Edward , Valente Maria Antónia , Jónsson Trausti
Published: March 2015

We present the construction of a continuous, daily (09:00 UTC), station‐based (Azores–Iceland) North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) Index back to 1871 which is extended back to 1850 with additional daily mean data. The constructed index more than doubles the length of previously existing, widely available, daily NAO time series. The index is created using entirely observational sea‐level pressure (SLP) data from Iceland and 73.5% of observational SLP data from the Azores – the remainder being filled in via reanalysis (Twentieth Century Reanalysis Project and European Mean Sea Level Pressure) SLP data. Icelandic data are taken from the Southwest Iceland pressure series. We construct and document a new Ponta Delgada SLP time series based on recently digitized and newly available data that extend back to 1872. The Ponta Delgada time series is created by splicing together several fractured records (from Ponta Delgada, Lajes, and Santa Maria) and filling in the major gaps (pre‐1872, 1888–1905, and 1940–1941) and occasional days (145) with reanalysis data. Further homogeneity corrections are applied to the Azores record, and the daily (09:00 UTC) NAO index is then calculated. The resulting index, with its extended temporal length and daily resolution, is the first reconstruction of daily NAO back into the 19th Century and therefore is useful for researchers across multiple disciplines.
Gray matter atrophy in patients with mild cognitive impairment/Alzheimer's disease over the course of developing delusions
Authors: Fischer Corinne E. , Ting Windsor Kwan‐Chun , Millikin Colleen P. , Ismail Zahinoor , Schweizer Tom A. ,   The Alzheimer Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: March 2015

Objective

We conducted a neuroimaging analysis to understand the neuroanatomical correlates of gray matter loss in a group of mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease patients who developed delusions.

Methods

With data collected as part of the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, we conducted voxel‐based morphometry to determine areas of gray matter change in the same Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative participants, before and after they developed delusions.

Results

We identified 14 voxel clusters with significant gray matter decrease in patient scans post‐delusional onset, correcting for multiple comparisons (false discovery rate, p < 0.05). Major areas of difference included the right and left insulae, left precuneus, the right and left cerebellar culmen, the left superior temporal gyrus, the right posterior cingulate, the right thalamus, and the left parahippocampal gyrus.

Conclusions

Although contrary to our initial predictions of enhanced right frontal atrophy, our preliminary work identifies several neuroanatomical areas, including the cerebellum and left posterior hemisphere, which may be involved in delusional development in these patients. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of projected climate change on the hydrology in the headwaters of the Yellow River basin
Authors: Zhang Yueguan , Su Fengge , Hao Zhenchun , Xu Chongyu , Yu Zhongbo , Wang Lu , Tong Kai
Published: March 2015

Located in the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau, the headwaters of the Yellow River basin (HYRB) are very vulnerable to climate change. In this study, we used the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to assess the impact of future climate change on this region's hydrological components for the near future period of 2013–2042 under three emission scenarios A1B, A2 and B1. The uncertainty in this evaluation was considered by employing Bayesian model averaging approach on global climate model (GCM) multimodel ensemble projections. First, we evaluated the capability of the SWAT model for streamflow simulation in this basin. Second, the GCMs' monthly ensemble projections were downscaled to daily climate data using the bias‐correction and spatial‐disaggregation method and then were utilized as input into the SWAT model. The results indicate the following: (1) The SWAT model exhibits a good performance for both calibration and validation periods after adjusting parameters in snowmelt module and establishing elevation bands in sub‐basins. (2) The projected precipitation suggests a general increase under all three scenarios, with a larger extent in both A1B and B1 and a slight variation for A2. With regard to temperature, all scenarios show pronounced warming trends, of which A2 displays the largest amplitude. (3) In the terms of total runoff from the whole basin, there is an increasing trend in the future streamflow at Tangnaihai gauge under A1B and B1, while the A2 scenario is characterized by a declining trend. Spatially, A1B and B1 scenarios demonstrate increasing trends across most of the region. Groundwater and surface runoffs indicate similar trends with total runoff, whereas all three scenarios exhibit an increase in actual evapotranspiration. Generally, both A1B and B1 scenarios suggest a warmer and wetter tendency over the HYRB in the forthcoming decades, while the case for A2 indicates a warmer and drier trend. Findings from this study can provide beneficial reference to water resource and eco‐environment management strategies for governmental policymakers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial aggregation of time‐variant stream water ages in urbanizing catchments
Authors: Soulsby C. , Birkel C. , Geris J. , Tetzlaff D.
Published: March 2015

We calibrated an integrated flow–tracer model to simulate spatially distributed isotope time series in stream water in a 7.9‐km2 catchment with an urban area of 13%. The model used flux tracking to estimate the time‐varying age of stream water at the outlet and both urbanized (1.7 km2) and non‐urban (4.5 km2) sub‐catchments over a 2.5‐year period. This included extended wet and dry spells where precipitation equated to >10‐year return periods. Modelling indicated that stream water draining the most urbanized tributary was youngest with a mean transit time (MTT) of 171 days compared with 456 days in the non‐urban tributary. For the larger catchment, the MTT was 280 days. Here, the response of urban contributing areas dominated smaller and more moderate runoff events, but rural contributions dominated during the wettest periods, giving a bi‐modal distribution of water ages. Whilst the approach needs refining for sub‐daily time steps, it provides a basis for projecting the effects of urbanization on stream water transit times and their spatial aggregation. This offers a novel approach for understanding the cumulative impacts of urbanization on stream water quantity and quality, which can contribute to more sustainable management. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of melanoma with a serotype 5/3 chimeric oncolytic adenovirus coding for GM‐CSF: Results in vitro, in rodents and in humans
Authors: Bramante Simona , Kaufmann Johanna K. , Veckman Ville , Liikanen Ilkka , Nettelbeck Dirk M. , Hemminki Otto , Vassilev Lotta , Cerullo Vincenzo , Oksanen Minna , Heiskanen Raita , Joensuu Timo , Kanerva Anna , Pesonen Sari , Matikainen Sampsa , Vähä‐Koskela Markus , Koski Anniina , Hemminki Akseli
Published: March 2015

Metastatic melanoma is refractory to irradiation and chemotherapy, but amenable to immunological approaches such as immune‐checkpoint‐inhibiting antibodies or adoptive cell therapies. Oncolytic virus replication is an immunogenic phenomenon, and viruses can be armed with immunostimulatory molecules. Therefore, oncolytic immuno‐virotherapy of malignant melanoma is an appealing approach, which was recently validated by a positive phase 3 trial. We investigated the potency of oncolytic adenovirus Ad5/3‐D24‐GMCSF on a panel of melanoma cell lines and animal models, and summarized the melanoma‐specific human data from the Advanced Therapy Access Program (ATAP). The virus effectively eradicated human melanoma cells in vitro and subcutaneous SK‐MEL‐28 melanoma xenografts in nude mice when combined with low‐dose cyclophosphamide. Furthermore, virally‐expressed granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) stimulated the differentiation of human monocytes into macrophages. In contrast to human cells, RPMI 1846 hamster melanoma cells exhibited no response to oncolytic viruses and the chimeric 5/3 fiber failed to increase the efficacy of transduction, suggesting limited utility of the hamster model in the context of viruses with this capsid. In ATAP, treatments appeared safe and well‐tolerated. Four out of nine melanoma patients treated were evaluable for possible therapy benefit with modified RECIST criteria: one patient had minor response, two had stable disease, and one had progressive disease. Two patients were alive at 559 and 2,149 days after treatment. Ad5/3‐D24‐GMCSF showed promising efficacy in preclinical studies and possible antitumor activity in melanoma patients refractory to other forms of therapy. This data supports continuing the clinical development of oncolytic adenoviruses for treatment of malignant melanoma.
Beyond the Rubric
Authors: Beck Sarah W. , Llosa Lorena , Black Kristin , Trzeszkowski‐Giese Alyssa
Published: March 2015

In order to teach writing effectively, teachers need assessment tools that work for diagnostic purposes—tools that can help them identify students' specific strengths and challenges with writing, as well as generate new ideas for instruction. This study explored what 5 high school teachers (3ELAand 2ESL) learned about their students' strengths and challenges as writers from the students' performance on a think‐aloud‐protocol (TAP) Assessment, how this information differed from what they knew about the students as writers based only on their previous writing in class, and what ideas this newTAP‐generated information gave them for instruction. We found that theTAPAssessment was especially useful in generating new information related to audience awareness, interpretation of the task, and self‐evaluation. Teachers also offered creative suggestions for adapting theTAPAssessment for further use in their classrooms.
Chondroitin Sulfate‐E Binds to Both Osteoactivin and Integrin αVβ3 and Inhibits Osteoclast Differentiation
Authors: Miyazaki Tatsuya , Miyauchi Satoshi , Anada Takahisa , Tawada Akira , Suzuki Osamu
Published: March 2015

Integrins and their ligands have been suggested to be associated with osteoclast‐mediated bone resorption. The present study was designed to investigate whether chondroitin sulfate E (CS‐E), which is one of the sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), is involved in osteoactivin (OA) activity, and osteoclast differentiation. The binding affinity of sulfated GAGs to integrin and its ligand was measured using biotin‐labeled CS‐E, and the osteoclast differentiation was evaluated by tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase staining and a pit formation assay. CS‐E as well as CS‐B, synthetic chondroitin polysulfate, and heparin inhibited osteoclast differentiation of bone marrow‐derived macrophages. Pre‐coating of OA to synthetic calcium phosphate‐coated plates enhanced the osteoclastic differentiation of RAW264 cells, and addition of a neutralizing antibody to OA inhibited its differentiation. CS‐E bound not only to OA, fibronectin, and vitronectin, but also to its receptor integrin αVβ3, and inhibited the direct binding of OA to integrin αVβ3. Furthermore, CS‐E blocked the binding of OA to cells and inhibited OA‐induced osteoclastic differentiation. On the other hand, heparinase treatment of RAW264 cells inhibited osteoclastic differentiation. Since binding of OA to the cells was inhibited by the presence of heparan sulfate or heparinase treatment of cells, heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) was also considered to be an OA receptor. Taken together, the present results suggest that CS‐E is capable of inhibiting OA‐induced osteoclast differentiation by blocking the interaction of OA to integrin αVβ3 and HSPG. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 2247–2257, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Emotion Expression and Substance Use in Newly Parenting Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Desrosiers Alethea , Sipsma Heather , Divney Anna , Magriples Urania , Kershaw Trace
Published: March 2015

Objective

Deficits in emotion expression skills have been associated with alcohol and substance use, but the mechanisms through which these associations occur are not well understood. The current study investigated (a) associations between emotion expression and substance use (i.e., alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana) in newly parenting adolescents and young adults and (b) whether symptoms of depression and stress mediate these associations in young mothers and fathers.

Methods

Participants recruited from obstetrics and gynecology clinics completed the Center for Epidemiological Studies‐Depression Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, Emotion Expression Scale for Children, and substance use items.

Results

Path analysis indicated that lower emotion expression at 6 months postpartum was significantly associated with more alcohol and marijuana use at 12 months postpartum for males but not females. Also among males, stress levels at 6 months postpartum partially mediated associations between emotion expression and alcohol and marijuana use at 12 months postpartum.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that poor emotion expression skills are related to more substance use in young fathers, and levels of stress may partially account for this association.
Nuclear Translocation of Calpain‐2 Mediates Apoptosis of Hypertrophied Cardiomyocytes in Transverse Aortic Constriction Rat
Authors: Sheng Juan‐Juan , Chang Hui , Yu Zhi‐Bin
Published: March 2015

Apoptosis of cardiomyocytes plays an important role in the transition from cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure. Hypertrophied cardiomyocytes show enhanced susceptibility to apoptosis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility to apoptosis and its mechanism in hypertrophied cardiomyocytes using a rat model of transverse abdominal aortic constriction (TAC). Sixteen weeks of TAC showed compensatory and pathological hypertrophy in the left ventricle. TUNEL‐positive nuclei were significantly increased in TAC with angiotensin II (Ang II) treatment. Calpain inhibitor, PD150606, effectively inhibited Ang II‐induced apoptosis of hypertrophied cardiomyocytes. Ang II increased nuclear translocation of intracellular Ca2+ activated calpain‐2 in hypertrophied cardiomyocytes. Ang II enhanced the interaction between activated calpain‐2 and Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II δB (CaMKIIδB), and promoted the degradation of CaMKIIδB by calpain‐2 in the nuclei of hypertrophied cardiomyocytes. Consequently, the depressed CaMKIIδB downregulated the expression of antiapoptotic Bcl‐2 leading to mitochondrial depolarization and release of cytochrome c led to apoptosis of hypertrophied cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, hypertrophied cardiomyocytes show increased susceptibility to apoptosis during Ang II stimulation via nuclear calpain‐2 and CaMKIIδB pathway. J. Cell. Physiol. 9999: 2743–2754, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Angiogenic Role of MMP‐2/9 Expressed on the Cell Surface of Early Endothelial Progenitor Cells/Myeloid Angiogenic Cells
Authors: Kanayasu‐Toyoda Toshie , Tanaka Takeshi , Ishii‐Watabe Akiko , Kitagawa Hiroko , Matsuyama Akifumi , Uchida Eriko , Yamaguchi Teruhide
Published: March 2015

Since the introduction of angiogenic cell therapy using early endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), myeloid angiogenic cells (MACs) have been expected to be useful in treating ischemic diseases. In order to elucidate the angiogenic properties of MACs/EPCs, we clarified the characteristics of MACs as compared to M2 macrophages (Mϕs). Comparison of the gene expression profiles of MACs and late EPCs revealed that MACs expressed greater amounts of metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9. It should be noted that the profile of MMP‐2/9 expression on the cell surface of MACs was similar to that of M2 Mϕs, and that cell surface MMP‐2/9 might be an active form based on molecular size. In addition, the invasion of MACs was prohibited not only by MMP‐2/9 inhibitor, but also by the hyaluronidase treatment that caused the down‐regulation of MMP‐9 on the cell surface of MACs and inhibited their invasion activity. These results indicate that cell surface MMP‐2/9 plays an important role in the high invasion ability of MACs. The conditioned medium of both MACs and M2 Mϕs stimulated tube formation of endothelial cells in vitro. MACs caused an increase in vessel formation in in vivo models through the production of IL‐8. We propose that the role of MACs with cell surfaces expressing MMP‐2/9 is rapidly invading ischemic tissue. J. Cell. Physiol. 9999: 2763–2775, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Purification and characterization of an alkaliphilic endo‐xylanase from Streptomyces althioticusLMZM and utilization in the pulp paper industry
Authors: Luo Ling , Cai Jun , Wang Changgao , Lin Jianguo , Du Xin , Zhou Ansheng , Xiang Mengxiong
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

Xylanase is the key enzyme involved in the conversion of lignocelluloses.

RESULTS

An extracellular xylanase from Streptomyces althioticus LMZM submerged culture medium using corncob was purified and characterized. The enzyme was purified 12.65‐fold through ammonium sulphate precipitation, Sephadex G‐25, DEAE cellulose chromatography, followed by gel filtration through a Sephadex G–100 column. The molecular mass of purified xylanase was about 31.75 kDa. The enzyme was an endo‐xylanase, as it degraded xylan to xylooligosaccharide with non‐xylose after 24 h. The purified enzyme showed optimum activity at 60 °C and at pH 8.0 but remained active over a wide range of pH (6.0–11.0) and temperature (40–80 °C). The enzyme retained 98.72% and 69.50% residual enzyme activity at pH 8.0 and at 60 °C after 1 h. The Km and Vmax values were found to be 43.03 mg mL−1 and 312.5 µmol (min mg−1), respectively. The enzyme was remarkably activated by cysteine and Cu2+, and its activity was strongly inhibited by Hg2+. The brightness of kraft pulp was improved by this xylanase.

CONCLUSION

Since the enzyme was active over a wide range of pH, and remained active at high temperature, it could find potential uses in biobleaching processes in pulp paper industries and in the production of xylooligosacaharides. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of the α‐phenylvinyl cation as a chemical ionization reagent for the differentiation of isomeric substituted phenols in an ITMS
Authors: Begala Michela
Published: March 2015

Ion–molecule reactions between the α‐phenylvinyl cation and isomeric naturally occurring phenols were investigated using a quadruple ion trap mass spectrometer. The α‐phenylvinyl cation m/z 103, generated by chemical ionization from phenylacetylene, reacts with neutral aromatic compounds to form the characteristic species: [M + 103]+ adduct ions and the trans‐vinylating product ions [M + 25]+, which correspond to [M + 103]+ adduct after the loss of benzene. Isomeric differentiation of several ring‐substituted phenols was achieved by using collision‐induced dissociation of the [M + 103]+ adduct ions. This method also showed to be effective in the differentiation of 4‐ethylguaiacol from one of its structural isomers that displays identical EI and EI/MS/MS spectra. The effects of gas‐phase alkylation with phenylvinyl cation on the dissociation behavior were examined using mass spectrometryn and labeled derivatives. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topographical investigation of changes in depth‐wise proteoglycan distribution in rabbit femoral articular cartilage at 4 weeks after transection of the anterior cruciate ligament
Authors: Arokoski Mikko E.A. , Tiitu Virpi , Jurvelin Jukka S. , Korhonen Rami K. , Fick James M.
Published: March 2015

In this study, we explore topographical changes in proteoglycan distribution from femoral condylar cartilage in early osteoarthritis, acquired from both the lateral and medial condyles of anterior cruciate ligament transected (ACLT) and contralateral (CNTRL) rabbit knee joints, at 4 weeks post operation. Four sites across the cartilage surface in a parasagittal plane were defined across tissue sections taken from femoral condyles, and proteoglycan (PG) content was quantified using digital densitometry. The greatest depth‐wise change in PG content due to an ACLT (compared to the CNTRL group) was observed anteriorly (site C) from the most weight‐bearing location within the lateral compartment. In the medial compartment, the greatest change was observed in the most weight‐bearing location (site B). The depth‐wise changes in PG content were observed up to 48% and 28% depth from the tissue surface at these aforementioned sites, respectively (p < 0.05). The smallest depth‐wise change in PG content was observed posteriorly (site A) from the most weight‐bearing location within both femoral condyles (up to 20% and up to 5% depth from the tissue surface at lateral and medial compartments, respectively). This study gives further insight into how early cartilage deterioration progresses across the parasagittal plane of the femoral condyle. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1278–1286, 2015.