bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Engineered Heart Tissue as a Sensitive Test System for QT Prolongation and Arrhythmic Triggers
Authors: Lemoine Marc D. , Krause Tobias , Koivumäki Jussi T. , Prondzynski Maksymilian , Schulze Mirja L. , Girdauskas Evaldas , Willems Stephan , Hansen Arne , Eschenhagen Thomas , Christ Torsten
Published: June 2018

Background:

Cardiac repolarization abnormalities in drug-induced and genetic long-QT syndrome may lead to afterdepolarizations and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Human induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) should help to overcome the limitations of animal models based on species differences in repolarization reserve. Here, we compared head-to-head the contribution of
I
Ks
(long QT1) and
I
Kr
(long QT2) on action potentials (APs) in human left ventricular (LV) tissue and hiPSC-CM–derived engineered heart tissue (EHT).

Methods:

APs were measured with sharp microelectrodes in EHT from 3 different control hiPSC-CM lines and in tissue preparations from failing LV.

Results:

EHT from hiPSC-CMs showed spontaneous diastolic depolarization and AP generation that were sensitive to low concentrations of ivabradine.
I
Kr
block by E-4031 prolonged AP duration at 90% repolarization with similar half-effective concentration in EHT and LV but larger effect size in EHT (+281 versus +110 ms in LV). Although
I
Kr
block alone evoked early afterdepolarizations and triggered activity in 50% of EHTs, slow pacing, reduced extracellular K
+
, and blocking of
I
Kr
,
I
Ks
, and
I
K1
were necessary to induce early afterdepolarizations in LV. In accordance with their clinical safety, moxifloxacin and verapamil did not induce early afterdepolarizations in EHT. In both EHT and LV,
I
Ks
block by HMR-1556 prolonged AP duration at 90% repolarization slightly in the combined presence of E-4031 and isoprenaline.

Conclusions:

EHT from hiPSC-CMs shows a lower repolarization reserve than human LV working myocardium and could thereby serve as a sensitive and specific human-based model for repolarization studies and arrhythmia, similar to Purkinje fibers. In both human LV and EHT,
I
Ks
only contributed to repolarization under adrenergic stimulation.
Communal Boundaries and Confessional Policies in Ottoman Niš
Authors: Riedler Florian
Published: June 2018

This article focuses on communal boundaries in nineteenth-century Ottoman Niš, a city located in what is today southern Serbia. In particular, it explores the implications of Robert Hayden’s model of “antagonistic tolerance” for Ottoman urban history. In a first step, by taking into consideration the urban form of Niš from a long-term historical perspective, we consider how urban space was divided between inhabitants with different religious backgrounds. The article then turns to consider the symbolic boundaries that existed between confessional groups in nineteenth-century Niš, which can be traced by looking at the construction of churches and mosques. By examining the ways in which communal boundaries were expressed, negotiated and changed through church and mosque buildings, we can begin to render the confessional policies of the Ottoman authorities more transparent.
Administrative Boundaries, Communal Segregation and Factional Territorialisation: The Complex Nature of Urban Boundaries in the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Lafi Nora , Riedler Florian
Published: June 2018

This article offers an approach to Ottoman urban history that puts boundaries at the focus of attention. It serves as an introduction to four case studies exploring social, communal and political boundaries in different Ottoman cities from the eighteenth to the early twentieth century. Our understanding of boundaries rests on a theoretical approach that considers urban space as a collection of socially constructed territories whose boundaries have important functions that serve to structure urban life. From a long-term perspective boundaries can also serve as a heuristic tool to examine the transition from the Ottoman to the post-Ottoman period and its effects on urban environments. In conclusion, the article explores in how far Ottoman urban boundaries in their various transformations can explain present-day urban situations.
Trust towards Conventional Businesses and E-Businesses by Socioeconomic Status in China
Authors: Fong Eric , Lee Trevor Tsz Lok , Shibuya Kumiko , Wang Junxiu , Yang Yiyin
Published: June 2018

This study explores how socioeconomic resources are related to trust in conventional businesses and e-businesses in China. Based on data collected in 2013 from three major cities, the authors found that people who perceived themselves as upper-class were more likely to trust both conventional businesses and e-businesses. Further analysis also suggested that people with self-perceived higher status were more likely to trust conventional businesses than e-businesses. The authors suggest that people with more socioeconomic resources are likely to be able to exchange their socioeconomic resources for other resources. They can command more resources to influence and extend their social network for their own benefit. In addition, those with more socioeconomic resources usually know how to utilize institutional arrangements to their benefit.
Sport, Trust, and Social Capital
Authors: Lewandowski Joseph D.
Published: June 2018

Research in social capital has appealed to the causal power of sport to generate the kinds of generalized trust, ties, and networks that make for more prosperous communities and more democratic societies. Indeed, Robert Putnam’sBowling Alone(2001) takes as the core of its argument the idea that participation in bowling clubs in the United States contributed, in no small way, to ‘making democracy work’ in America. In this way sport appears to be construed as a mechanism for the production of generalized trust and, more broadly, social capital. This study scrutinizes Putnam’s understanding of sport in an effort to make explicit the limits of what participation in sport can be expected to contribute to the formation of generalized trust and social capital. In the context of sport, generalized trust and social capital, the author argues, are best understood in theoretical and empirical terms as stratified and stratifying features of human interaction. Sport does not produce generalized trust and social capital but rather re-produces and reinforces the presence of such resources along socioeconomic and ethnoracial lines.
Social Cohesion and Its Correlates: A Comparison of Western and Asian Societies
Authors: Delhey Jan , Boehnke Klaus , Dragolov Georgi , Ignácz Zsófia S. , Larsen Mandi , Lorenz Jan , Koch Michael
Published: June 2018

Trust can either be conceived of as a social glue in its own right, or as a constitutive element of a larger societal syndrome, termed social cohesion. This contribution takes the latter perspective, analyzing social trust and trust in institutions as integral parts of social cohesion more generally. Despite ongoing worries about the state of social cohesion in contemporary societies, surprisingly little is known as to which macro-level conditions actually weaken social cohesion, and which foster it. It remains an open question whether social cohesion is shaped by universal social forces that work similarly in various world regions, or by region-specific ones (the same holds true for outcomes of social cohesion). Against this background, the present paper seeks to advance our understanding of correlates of social cohesion by systematically comparing Western and Asian societies. The empirical analysis is based on the most comprehensive index of social cohesion currently available, the Bertelsmann Social Cohesion Radar. In separate analyses of 34 Western and 22 Asian societies, the authors explore the associations of economic, social, political, and cultural conditions with cohesion, as well as the associations between cohesion and population well-being. The results suggest that while some correlates (such as economic prosperity) can indeed be considered universal, others (e.g. income inequality, political freedom) work differently in Western and Asian societies. The authors link these findings to sociological and cross-cultural psychological theories on Asian modernization and Asian values. The practical conclusion is that not all policy recommendations for strengthening social cohesion can easily travel from one world region to another.
Paul A. Roth and the Revival of Analytical Philosophy of History
Authors: Gorman Jonathan
Published: June 2018

Krzysztof Brzechczyn’s important collection around Roth’s “revival” stimulates thought about the approaches adopted by analytical philosophers of history. Roth revives Danto’s 1965 pragmatic “constructivist” insights: in a narrative, earlier “events under a description” are described in terms of possibly unknowable later ones and, following Mink, in terms of possibly unknowable later concepts. Roth thinks of the resulting narrative explanation as justified in virtue of its constituting the object explained. However, earlier analytical philosophers of history faced different issues and adopted two different approaches: the positivist logical empiricist analysis used by Hempel (1942) and the nonpositivist “ordinary language” conceptual analysis of Oxford linguistic philosophers used by Dray (1957). Hempel’s Hume-sourced model of historical explanation set a scientific standard to be achieved, while Dray “tested” that analysis against historiographical practice. Both dubiously made “explanation” epistemologically central, as does Roth. Neither they nor later “narrativists” saw that more problematic was “compositionality”, the Hume-sourced view that the meanings of narratives were fully given by the meanings of their constituent sentences.
How Can China Influence the Transatlantic Governance of Cultural Products in the Digital Age?
Authors: Barreiro Carril Beatriz
Published: June 2018

Cultural products were a problematic issue in the negotiations of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). The maintenance of the cultural exception – the exclusion of audiovisual products from some trade rules – was at stake at the beginning of the negotiations. The Europeans argued for the exception, while the United States were more interested in the liberalization of web-based cultural products than in the liberalization of traditional ones. Since the TTIP aimed to remove obstacles not only between European and American markets but also to set out global regulatory rules, China took a keen interest in the negotiations. This article shows how China is acting in the international legal sphere in order to improve its power in the field of cultural products and the effects of this on transatlantic negotiations. It also suggests some actions the European Union can take in order to defend its position in future negotiations.
Brazil’s New Model of Dispute Settlement for Investment: Return to the Past or Alternative for the Future?
Authors: Vidigal Geraldo , Stevens Beatriz
Published: June 2018

This article assesses the contribution of Brazil’s new bilateral treaties on investment, labelled Cooperation and Investment Facilitation Agreements (CIFAs), to the international legal framework for transnational investment. With its CIFAs, nine of which were concluded since 2015, Brazil offers an innovative model of International Investment Agreement (IIA) which does not contain investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS). Instead, CIFAs establish a system that combines dispute prevention mechanisms, creating institutions to ensure continued communication and foster cooperation, and state-to-state arbitration (inspired by dispute settlement provisions common in trade agreements and codified in the World Trade Organization’s Dispute Settlement Understanding). Like recent initiatives put forward by India and the European Union, CIFAs aim not only to regulate bilateral relations but also to positively influence the current debates relating to the reform of the international investment regime. Whether they will become an alternative to the current ISDS-dominated framework will be determined by practice.
Deconstructing the Myth of the Deaths of Piet and Dirk Uys
Authors: Leśniewski Michał
Published: June 2018

The Battle of eThaleni was an important Zulu victory during the early stages of the Zulu-Boer War of 1838–1840. There is a surprisingly large number of studies on this battle, yet most focus on the deaths of Piet and Dirk Uys, and the heroic circumstances of their deaths, rather than on the battle itself. The lack of classical studies on this battle has led to the persistence of several assumptions concerning this battle and the causes of the Voortrekker defeat. Among these are the crucial role played in the defeat by the conflict between Potgieter and P.L. Uys, and Potgieter’s over-cautiousness during the battle, which supposedly put P.L. Uys in danger and led to his death. The goal of this text is to discuss and question these assumptions. The author argues that blame should be more evenly distributed, and that P.L. Uys was no less responsible than Potgieter for the defeat. Moreover, this text seeks to better appreciate the role of the Zulu commander, Nzobo kaSobadli, whose generalship was crucial to the Zulu victory.
Taxonomic revision of the Malagasy Camponotus subgenus Mayria Hymenoptera, Formicidae) using qualitative and quantitative morphology
Authors: RAKOTONIRINA JEAN CLAUDE , FISHER BRIAN L.
Published: June 2018

The Camponotus subgenus Mayria is revised based on the analysis of both qualitative morphological characters and morphometric traits. The multivariate analysis combined the Nest Centroid (NC)-clustering method and Partitioning Algorithm based on Recursive Thresholding (PART) function to generate species hypotheses based on 19 continuous morphological traits of minor workers. The proposed species hypotheses were confirmed by cumulative Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). Morphometric ratios for the subsets of minor and major workers were used in species descriptions and redefinitions. In this study, 14 species are recognized, of which seven are newly described: C. lamosy sp. n., C. liandia sp. n., C. mainty sp. n., C. manabo sp. n., C. raina sp. n., C. sada sp. n., C. tanosy sp. n. Four species are redescribed: C. christi Forel, C. dromedarius Forel, C. lubbocki Forel, and C. repens Forel. The following are raised to species and redescribed: C. foersteri Forel stat. n., C. maculiventris Emery stat. n., and C. pulcher stat. n. The following are synonymized under C. foersteri: Camponotus cambouei Forel, syn. n.; C. christi ambustus Forel, syn. n.; C. christi ferrugineus Emery, syn. n. and C. pictipes Forel, syn. n. The following are synonymized under C. lubbocki: Camponotus lubbocki christoides Forel, syn. n. and C. lubbocki rectus Forel, syn. n. Also included in this revision are an illustrated species identification key, taxonomic discussions, images, and distribution maps for each species superimposed with the ecoregions of Madagascar.
The taxonomic status of the “forgotten” Bolivian snakes, Atractus balzani Boulenger 1898 and Atractus maculatus (sensu Boulenger 1896) (Serpentes: Dipsadidae)
Authors: PASSOS PAULO , SUDRÉ VINÍCIUS , DORIA GIULIANO , CAMPBELL PATRICK D.
Published: June 2018

The genus Atractus Wagler 1828 comprises almost 150 currently recognized species of cryptozoic snakes widespread in the Neotropics, occurring from Panama to northeastern Argentina (Passos et al. 2016a). Despite the publication of the descriptions of several new species within the last decade, the taxonomy of the genus is unclear in some instances. This is mainly due to the fact that a number of poorly delimited taxa still exist (Passos et al. 2018). The most frequent problem faced by taxonomist working with the genus Atractus is the lack of specimens available for several species, most of them only still being known from their types, a situation that considerably weakens the definition of species boundaries between closely related taxa (Passos et al. 2010a, 2013). More importantly, many of the previously recognized species may represent aberrant individuals with unusual or abnormal scale counts, anomalous azygous or fused cephalic plates, infrequent polychromatic patterns, or any combination of these states (see Passos et al. 2016b). In the course of a thorough taxonomic review of the genus (Passos 2008; Passos et al. 2018), an effort has been made to examine all of the available types (including those apparently lost or misplaced in collections) and material of historical importance that was previously referred to the genus in the literature, and these were then compared to newer samples collected more recently. During the examination of the collections of the Natural History Museum of London and the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale of Genova, we found important specimens of Atractus from Bolivia. However, in order to better understand all the problems related to these old and “forgotten” Bolivian snakes, we need to examine their history.
A new hypogean species of the genus Chaetomargoreicheia Magrini & Bulirsch, 2005 (Carabidae: Scaritinae: Clivinini) from Croatia
Authors: ĆURČIĆ SREĆKO , PAVIĆEVIĆ DRAGAN , VESOVIĆ NIKOLA , RAĐA TONĆI
Published: June 2018

Chaetomargoreicheia Magrini & Bulirsch, 2005 is a recently established genus of scaritine ground beetles (Bulirsch & Guéorguiev, 2008) (treated by certain authors as a subgenus of the genus Reicheadella Reitter, 1913) (Magrini & Bulirsch, 2005; Balkenohl, 2017) which currently contains two endogean species inhabiting the Balkan Peninsula: Chaetomargoreicheia zoufali (Reitter, 1913) and C. lakotai (Magrini & Bulirsch, 2005) (Balkenohl, 2003, 2017; Magrini & Bulirsch, 2005; Bulirsch & Guéorguiev, 2008). The aforementioned species are montane and inhabit confined geographic areas (Jeannel, 1957; Magrini & Bulirsch, 2005). C. zoufali was found only in the surroundings of the village of Ravno (collected beneath a deep layer of leaf-litter), Mt. Bjelasnica, near Trebinje, E Herzegovina (Bosnia and Herzegovina), while C. lakotai was found at the entrance of a cave nearby a road (collected under a huge stone), in Mt. Lovćen, near Kotor, S Montenegro (Reitter, 1913; Holdhaus, 1924; Jeannel, 1957; Magrini & Bulirsch, 2005). Chaetomargoreicheia species represent quite rare, stenoendemic taxa, for each of the up-to-now known species only one specimen has been collected by hand so far (Reitter, 1913; Jeannel, 1957; Magrini & Bulirsch, 2005). The fourth author of the current study investigated numerous underground and endogean high-altitude habitats in Dalmatia (Croatia) in the last few years. As a result of the exploration, he has recently collected a small sample of scaritine ground beetles from a cave in S Croatia. After thorough analysis of the sample, we have identified a new Chaetomargoreicheia species.
A contribution to the knowledge of the centipedes of Saint Barthélemy Island (French Antilles), with re-descriptions of Newportia heteropoda Chamberlin, 1918 and Cormocephalus impressus Porat, 1876 (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha)
Authors: SCHILEYKO ARKADY A.
Published: June 2018

The paper provides descriptions of three scolopendromorph centipede species collected in Saint Barthélemy Island. Two of them, Newportia heteropoda Chamberlin, 1918 and Cormocephalus impressus Porat, 1876 are redescribed and their systematic position is discussed. The taxonomic status of Newportia cubana Chamberlin, 1915 is revised, this nominal taxon being treated as the subspecies N. longitarsis cubana stat. nov. C. guildingii Newport, 1845 is confirmed as a valid species of which C. bonaerius Attems, 1928 is considered as a junior synonym. An identification key to the Scolopendromorpha of the island is presented.
When the unknown lives next door: a study of central Amazonian anurofauna
Authors: MOTTA JESSICA , MENIN MARCELO , ALMEIDA ALEXANDRE P. , HRBEK TOMAS , FARIAS IZENI PIRES
Published: June 2018

The number of species of anurans in the Amazon is highly underestimated with new studies reporting the discovery of a large number of species every year. This advance in the discovery of biodiversity is due to the use of molecular tools, especially 16S rRNA gene barcoding, which is used to identify species and discover cryptic lineages. Few anurans of the central Amazon have molecular sequence data available in public databases, which contrasts with the considerable species richness of this biome. The aim of the present study was to test for the presence of cryptic species using the mPTP delimitation algorism. We morphologically identified 26 species, of which 23 were confirmed molecularly with the remaining three species identified as other congeneric species, since sequences with the same epithet do not exist in GenBank. Of these 23 species, nine contained one lineage restricted to central Amazon. This represents an underestimate of 39% in the taxonomic diversity in our sample. This is particularly surprising given that our sampling sites are among the best-studied regions of the central Amazon.
Antecedents and consequences of public administration’s social media website attractiveness
Authors: Wirtz Bernd W. , Göttel Vincent , Langer Paul F. , Thomas Marc-Julian
Published: June 2018

With regard to the increasing use of social media channels in public administrations, this study investigates antecedents and consequences of public administration’s social media website attractiveness, focusing on the local government level. We derive a model based on the Uses and Gratifications Theory and apply a structural equation modeling approach by testing our model based on a survey data of 164 citizens in Germany using social media websites in the context of public administration. As a result, we find that Social Motivation, User-Generated Content and Public Administrator-Generated Content have a significant positive influence on Attractiveness. Moreover, Attractiveness positively affects both Intention to Use and Word-of-Mouth (WoM) Intention.

Points for practitioners

The attractiveness of public institutions’ social media websites such as Facebook depends on three factors: (1) users wish to get connected to other users and (2) the appeal of its content generated by the public institution as well as (3) by other users. Empirical data suggest that the increase in attractiveness of respective social media pages will make users use the social site more often and will also make users recommend the page to others. Against this background, social media page managers of public administration websites will focus on providing an open platform for citizens to exchange information and provide appealing and citizen-oriented content.
Engaging and promoting young women’s entrepreneurship: A challenge to social work
Authors: Thomas Praveen Varghese , Jose Sonny
Published: June 2018

Development is complete only with genuine acknowledgment of the roles of women as well as their active engagement in all forums – political, economic, and social forums – in life. Providing a conducive environment for women has been a developmental debate in India for many decades now. Yet India’s progress and performance on women’s empowerment and gender mainstreaming leave much to be desired by global standards. Women who venture into business or entrepreneurial activities seek active support – spousal and familial – right from the beginning stage of the venture. However, experience seems to suggest that such perceived support systems turn around and in themselves present social impediments to the healthy development of women-lead enterprises. This article is a case study that attempts to portray the travails of a group of young women who attempted to launch an enterprise in a rurban setting. This article describes the social challenges posed to the Unarvu Self-Help Group, in the Trivandrum district of Kerala, and their resilience in overcoming these impediments. This article is a reflection of the experience undergone by many women, and also showcases the resilience generated by self-motivated women venturing as entrepreneurs in the wake of resistance and impediments. The article is a qualitative portrayal of experiences of a social worker trainee in dealing with the issues hindering women entrepreneurship. This also opens up new avenues for professional social work engagement.
A Validation Study of the Posthumous Organ Donation Reasoned Action Scale
Authors: Wong Shui Hung , Chow Amy Yin Man
Published: June 2018

The posthumous organ donation reasoned action scale (PODRAS) may be the first multidimensional scale measuring individuals’ perceptions, which is developed based on the Theory of Reasoned Action and guided by empirical data. This study moves further to validate the scale and examine its psychometric properties. Two hundred and twenty-one university students participated in the study. Results suggested that the scale has a structure with six dimensions: Mutilation and Imperfectness, Legacy for Family, Altruism, Detachment, Eradication of Hope, and Burden on Family. The scale was evaluated with acceptable to good psychometric properties and model fit (χ2/ df = 1.58; root mean square error of approximation = .07; standardized root mean square residual = .08; comparative fit index = .92; incremental fit index = .92; Tucker–Lewis index = .90). Construct validity was also supported. The study has significant contributions that theoretically, the scale proposed a conceptualization framework in understanding posthumous organ donation, whereas methodologically, the scale serves as a tool that facilitates future studies of organ donation behaviors.
Declaration as Disavowal: The Politics of Race and Empire in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Authors: Mackinnon Emma Stone
Published: June 2018

This article argues that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), by claiming certain inheritances from eighteenth-century American and French rights declarations, simultaneously disavowed others, reshaping the genre of the rights declaration in ways amenable to forms of imperial and racial domination. I begin by considering the rights declaration as genre, arguing that later participants can both inherit and disavow aspects of what came before. Then, drawing on original archival research, I consider the drafting of the UDHR, using as an entry point the reception of the NAACP’s Appeal to the World petition, edited by W.E.B. DuBois. I reconstruct conversations within the drafting committee about the right to petition, self-determination, and the right to rebellion, and the separation of the Declaration from the rights covenants, to illustrate the allegiances between US racial politics and French imperial politics, and their legacies for our contemporary conceptions of human rights.
The Relationship Between Transfer Student Status, Student Engagement, and High-Impact Practice Participation
Authors: Zilvinskis John , Dumford Amber D.
Published: June 2018

Objective: Based on the growing number of transfer students in higher education and the concern that transfer students are not as engaged as their peers, specifically in participation in high-impact practices (HIPs), this research asks, “Is there a significant direct or indirect relationship between transfer status, student engagement, and HIP participation?” Method: The current study employed a general latent variable model to explore the relationship between community college transfer student status, student engagement, and participation in HIPs. Using data from the 2014 administration of the National Survey of Student Engagement, 22,994 senior student responses were examined to measure the association between transfer status (students who transferred from a 2-year to 4-year institution compared with nontransfer students), student engagement (collaborative learning, student–faculty interaction, and supportive campus environment), and HIP participation (learning community, service-learning, research with a faculty member, internship, study abroad, and culminating senior experience). Results: Although each of the student engagement indicators significantly mediated HIP participation for transfer students, only the effect for student–faculty interaction was nontrivial. Contributions: The results from this study indicate the importance of faculty in advocating for and supporting transfer students, while presenting questions about the degree to which these students may need additional institutional support to recognize HIPs in a 4-year context. Implications for enhancing student–faculty interaction among transfer students, as a means to increase HIP participation, are discussed.
An Exploration of Multimedia Supports for Diverse Learners During Core Math Instruction
Authors: Kaczorowski Tara L. , Hashey Andrew I. , Di Cesare Dane Marco
Published: June 2018

In the present study, mobile technology was leveraged as a learning tool for core math instruction during a whole number multiplication and division unit. The researchers redesigned paper–pencil worksheets from the math curriculum into multimedia-enhanced, interactive math practice (the eWorkbook) accessed by students on an iPad. With this eWorkbook, which was conceptualized within a Universal Design for Learning framework, we aimed to reduce barriers and capitalize on strengths by embedding flexible scaffolds/supports, allowing for student choice, and incorporating evidence-based teaching practices. Results of this case study suggest students with and without learning disabilities can leverage multimedia to foster unique opportunities for the understanding and expression of mathematical knowledge. Additional affordances of the eWorkbook include extending the reach of teacher support while encouraging self-support. Implications for teachers and researchers are discussed.
Lessons Learned? A Critical Review of the Government Program to Resettle Bosnian Quota Refugees in the United Kingdom
Authors: Robinson Vaughan , Coleman Caroline
Published: June 2018

This study critically evaluates the government program put in place to manage the reception and resettlement of Bosnian quota refugees who arrived in the United Kingdom between November 1992 and August 1995. It outlines the organizational structure put in place to administer the program, the objectives of the program, and the scale of funding allocated to it. It describes how the program was then implemented and critically appraises the outcomes. Particular attention is paid to how the government sought to engineer a desired spatial pattern of resettlement (clustering), how it attempted to steer Bosnians away from settlement in London, and how it tried to create stable and rooted local communities of Bosnians. We conclude that the program was far more successful than previous programs of its type in the United Kingdom, but that further lessons can be learned from it, which could be incorporated in future attempts to resettle large groups of asylum seekers or refugees.
The Economic Adaptation of Immigrants: A New Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Richmond Anthony H. , Verma Ravi P.
Published: June 2018

Classical “functionalist” theories of migration are compared in this paper with neo-Marxian models and both are found inadequate to explain international trends in migration and the Canadian experience of immigration since World War II. An alternative “global systems model” of international and internal migration is put forward which takes into account the movements within and between industrial and postindustrial societies, as well as movements from less developed to more developed areas.
Developing an Index of Ethnic Community Participation
Authors: Sengstock Mary C.
Published: June 2018

This paper is an attempt to construct an index of community characteristics of the Chaldean Iraqi-Americans residing in Metropolitan Detroit, Michigan, by suggesting that an ethnic occupation, a high degree of intermarriage within the ethnic group, and geographical proximity, might serve to unite the Chaldean community as effectively as ethnic associations united the communities in Raymond Breton's study. These three variables are found to be intercorrelated and predictive of the general cultural behavior of the Chaldean community as well as of their values, social interaction patterns, and certain phases of general culture. This has several consequences for ethnic research.
Conditions of Employment and Income Distribution in Mexico as Incentives for Mexican Migration to the United States: Prospects to the End of the Century
Authors: Evans John S. , James Dilmus D.
Published: June 2018

This paper examines the factors contributing to the flow of undocumented migrants from Mexico, demonstrating the problem to be both massive and enduring. The authors focus on the inadequate growth of productive employment, income inequality, and rapid population growth.
Polish Emigration to British Commonwealth Countries: A Demographic Survey
Authors: Zubrzycki Jerzy
Published: June 2018

This article presents an examination of the pattern of emigration from Poland to the countries of the “old” British Commonwealth. 1 Following a general survey of Polish emigration up to World War II, this article examines the situation of Polish migrants in each of the Commonwealth countries.

1 No mention will be made here of South Africa, a member country of the “old” Commonwealth until 1961. Intensive search for information relating to Polish settlers in South Africa revealed only two published items of little value (Jaworski, J. 1968; Krolikowski, 1969). The South African census of 1960 listed 4,421 persons born in Poland who constituted 1.41% of the country's foreign born population. Apart from the survivors of a large group of Polish Jews who arrived in South Africa in the first decade of this century, followed by another group in the late 1920s and early 1930s, the Polish born population was recruited mainly from World War II refugees and evacuees followed by a contingent of former Polish soldiers who fought in Western Europe under British command. Among the former were 500 Polish children (299 boys, 201 girls) who had lost their families during their exile in the Soviet Union and who were offered hospitality by the South African government. They were brought in 1944 from Persia to Outsdoorn, where a Polish school was organized for them (J. Jaworski: 8; Krolikowski: 83). There was, therefore, a close parallel between this event and the story of 733 Polish children who arrived in New Zealand also in 1944(Skwarko 1972 and 1974). The majority of Polish settlers live in Johannesburg and other places in the Transvaal.
Step-Wise Migration: Toward a Clarification of the Mechanism
Authors: Conway Dennis
Published: June 2018

There exists a state of confusion in the migration literature over the concept of step-wise migration. Inconsistencies occur in the specification of the scale at which the process operates and there are a host of alternative definitions of what constitutes a step-wise progression. This article presents an operational definition of step-wise migration that appears consistent from both conceptual and methodological points of view.
Chinese in the United States: A Century of Occupational Transition
Authors: King Haitung , Locke Frances B.
Published: June 2018

This paper examines the changing occupation patterns of the U.S. Chinese over the past one hundred years, based on the hypothesis of historic ramification that the successive legal and socioeconomic restrictions directed against the Chinese since early years would have played a major role in the shaping of the occupation structure of this minority. The presentation includes historic background, occupation accommodation (past and recent), nativity contrast, the Chinese entrepreneurship, the Chinatown sub-economy, and health status of Chinese with work experience. As a macroscopic review, interpretation of findings are confined to the drawing of general inferences, on the basis of which detailed field studies may be initiated.
Migration and Employment of Educated Youth in Ghana
Authors: Rhoda Richard
Published: June 2018

This article examines the employment and migration experiences of recent middle school graduates in Ghana through the results of a survey conducted among 312 middle school headteachers early in 1977.
The Old-New Distinction and Naturalization: 1900
Authors: Guest Avery M.
Published: June 2018

The literature on American immigration frequently distinguishes between the assimilation of the old groups, primarily from Northern and Western Europe, and the new groups, primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe. This article analyzes old-new differences in naturalization, one possible measure of assimilation. Data described here indicate a clear difference in 1900 between the new and old groups in their rates of assimilation, but little difference in eventual degrees of naturalization among persons who have been in the United States for some period of time. It is suggested that some of the remaining differences may be a result of the social structures of the origin countries.
Family and Community among Vietnamese Refugees
Authors: Haines David , Rutherford Dorothy , Thomas Patrick
Published: June 2018

This article focuses on the maintenance, extent and structure of family and community ties among Vietnamese refugees in the United States. The findings from a series of field efforts in northern Virginia indicate the continuing and pervasive importance of both family and community. The family, in particular, extends well beyond the boundaries of the household, and is capable of furnishing significant amounts of emotional and practical support.
Initial Postmigration Employment among European Immigrants: 1900–1935
Authors: Miller Robert K.
Published: June 2018

This article presents an examination of cultural determinants of patterns in the postmigration employment of European immigrants to Philadelphia who entered skilled and semiskilled manual occupations in manufacturing from 1900 to 1935. Hypotheses concerning immigrant employment difficulty, deduced from assimilationist theory, are evaluated using a 1,078 case sample of retrospective work histories gathered by Gladys L. Palmer in 1936.
The American Emigrant in Canada: Trends and Consequences
Authors: Boyd Monica
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the nature of out-migration from the United States to Canada and assesses the consequences of such emigration for the two countries. It is concluded that, excluding the British born population, being foreign born is a handicap in Canada, not an asset, and the American born overcome this occupational disadvantage by virtue of their higher social origins and education.
Out-Migration and Ethnic Communities
Authors: Kobrin Francis E. , Speare Alden
Published: June 2018

Comparative analysis of out-migration, based on a panel followed from 1968 to 1979, reveals substantial ethnic differentials. Part of the variation results from group compositional differences in social class and other characteristics normally related to migration, particularly age, education and local birth. Equally important, however, are indicators of social and economic bonds. These have been re-interpreted as mechanisms that promote ethnic cohesiveness. The results suggest that ethnic groups characterized by a dense network of social and economic ties do not sponsor out-migration, which has been the emphasis of many past studies of chain migration and migrant assimilation. Rather, they deter out-migration by providing alternative opportunities within the ethnic community.
Illegal Immigrants in Canada: Recent Developments
Authors: Robinson W.G.
Published: June 2018

Immigration policies and their management in a country like Canada have long been an interesting and instructive study for other countries. With borders naturally protected by great distance from almost all migrant routes; with a long, undefended border with the United States and a further 3,000 km to its border on the south; with a parliamentary system capable of comparatively rapid legislative and administrative responses to problems; and with a relatively small legal, and even smaller illegal population, Canada has historically “experimented” with novel, often quite creative, immigration policies and programs to both encourage and control the increases in its population. This article presents a summarized version of what Canada did and is doing in response to an important item of public policy — the entry and presence of illegal migrants.
At a Disadvantage: The Occupational Attainments of Foreign Born Women in Canada
Authors: Boyd Monica
Published: June 2018

Using data on the wage and salary labor force age 25–64 from the 1973 Canadian Mobility Study, this article examines the occupational statuses of Canadian female immigrant employees in relation to the statuses displayed by native born women and by native and foreign born men. Immigrant women are observed to have occupational statuses which are lower on the average than those of other sex and nativity groups and which appear to reflect not only their age, place of residence, social origins and educational attainments, but also their membership in two negative status groups: female and foreign born. However, within the foreign born population, considerable stratification exists by birthplace, and the analysis indicates that the double negative of being female and foreign born is less of a factor for the occupational attainments of women born in the United States and in the United Kingdom, than it is for women born in Europe and elsewhere.
Selectivity, Adaptation, or Disruption? A Comparison of Alternative Hypotheses on the Effects of Migration on Fertility: The Case of Brazil
Authors: Hervitz Hugo M.
Published: June 2018

Several major hypotheses have been proposed to explain and predict the effect of migration on fertility. This article conducts a highly disaggregated analysis of migrant and stayer fertility, using Brazilian data for 1976, to ascertain the extent to which the observed patterns of fertility variations are compatible with one or another hypothesis. The study controls for origin, destination, and recency of migration, as well as for age, education, and marital status of migrants and stayers. The regional breakdown consists of a cross-classification of rural/urban status with modern/traditional categories based on the level of economic development of the region.
Religious Diversity and Ethnic Cohesion: A Three Generational Analysis of Syrian-Lebanese Christians in Sydney
Authors: McKay Jame
Published: June 2018

Researchers have paid little attention to the effect of religious differences on the identities and structures of members of a particular ethnic group. The importance of this is evident when the number of ethnic populations which are fragmented by religion is considered. This article presents a case study of Syrian-Lebanese Christians in Sydney to analyze how religious diversity has influenced ethnic identities and ethnic boundaries across three generations.
Sending Countries and the Politics of Emigration and Destination
Authors: Heisler Barbara Schmitter
Published: June 2018

This article examines available means and activities of sending (emigration) countries in their efforts to exert control over the “long-term-temporary” emigration process. This type, rather than “short-term-temporary” or “permanent” migration is regarded most beneficial for sending country interests.

In the European case, which is unique, the structure of migration has provided sending countries with ongoing channels for promoting their interests. These channels are found in the nature of the recruitment agreements concluded between sending and receiving countries which vary between individual pairs of senders and receivers.
Solidarity in Exchange for Adaptation: Dutch Trade Unionism and Immigrant Workers
Authors: De Jongh Ruud J.
Published: June 2018

In 1982 the FNV (Dutch Federation of Trade Unions) consulted the opinions of its grass root members on its policy towards the immigrant workers. Research showed that these members endorse, at least verbally, the necessity for solidarity with immigrant workers, but only on the basis of a ‘trade-off: in exchange for their support immigrants are expected to assimilate more into Dutch society than they have done until now. There is a strong assimilationist tendency among the unionists, especially as far as Muslims are concerned. Special measures taken by the FNV on behalf of the foreign members are resisted by native members.
Aspects of Occupational Mobility and Attainment among Immigrants in Australia
Authors: Miller Paul W.
Published: June 2018

Analysis of data from the 1981 Australian Census indicates that there are considerable differences between the occupational distributions of the native and foreign born. Immigrants from non-English speaking countries are at a far greater disadvantage than their counterparts from English-speaking countries. Estimates of probability models of occupational attainment suggest that the inferior labor market position of immigrants from non-English speaking countries results from the relatively poor minor occupational gains they derive from additional years of education.
Family Formation and Marital Selectivity among Colombian and Dominican Immigrants in New York City
Authors: Gurak Douglas T.
Published: June 2018

Utilizing data from a 1981 survey of Dominican and Colombian immigrants to New York City, and from 1975 marriage certificates for the entire city, this article describes the extent of family formation in the U.S. and patterns of marital selectivity of recent Hispanic immigrants residing in New York City. A core goal of the analysis is the provision of indicators of the extent of and nature of integration processes at an early stage of the immigration.
The Long Grey Welcome: A Study of the American Naturalization Program
Authors: North David S.
Published: June 2018

This study examines the administrative structure of the federal naturalization program. Although the formal award of citizenship is made by the federal and some state courts, the de facto core of the naturalization process is the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (I.N.S.). The article follows a typical naturalization applicant through the application process and examines some of the roadblocks faced. I.N.S. administrative procedures are also examined to delineate the evolution of some of the current difficulties. Finally, the author suggests possible remedies to current administrative problems.
A Survey of Colorado's Migrant Farmworkers: Access to Health Care
Authors: Littlefield Carla , Stout Charles L.
Published: June 2018

This report utilizes data collected in a sample survey of Colorado's adult migrant farmworker population to determine their health needs, health services utilization, and overall access to care. Health needs include selected indices of medical, dental, nutrition and reproductive health. The conclusions and recommendations of the report address pertinent issues in the funding and delivery of health care services to the migrant farmworker population.
Ethnic Community Supports and Psychological Well-Being of Vietnamese Refugees
Authors: Van Tran Thanh
Published: June 2018

This study examines the psychological well-being of 160 Vietnamese refugees in the United States. Path analysis was performed by using version 6 of LISREL to assess the structural relationships between variables included in the analysis. The findings reveal that ethnic community supports, self-esteem, and income have significant direct effects on psychological well-being. The revised path model explains about 57 percent of the variance in psychological well-being. In addition, education, length of residence, English speaking ability, and social adjustment have significant indirect effects on psychological well-being.