bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relativistic Electron Flux Decay and Recovery: Relative Roles of EMIC Waves, Chorus Waves, and Electron Injections
Authors: Zhang Zijin , Artemyev Anton , Mourenas Didier , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Zhang Xiao‐Jia , Kasahara S. , Miyoshi Y. , Matsuoka A. , Kasahara Y. , Mitani T. , Yokota S. , Hori T. , Keika K. , Takashima T. , Teramoto M. , Matsuda S. , Shinohara I.
Published: December 2024

We investigate the dynamics of relativistic electrons in the Earth's outer radiation belt by analyzing the interplay of several key physical processes: electron losses due to pitch angle scattering from electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves and chorus waves, and electron flux increases from chorus wave‐driven acceleration of 100–300 keV seed electrons injected from the plasma sheet. We examine a weak geomagnetic storm on 17 April 2021, using observations from various spacecraft, including GOES, Van Allen Probes, ERG/ARASE, MMS, ELFIN, and POES. Despite strong EMIC‐ and chorus wave‐driven electron precipitation in the outer radiation belt, trapped 0.1–1.5 MeV electron fluxes actually increased. We use theoretical estimates of electron quasi‐linear diffusion rates by chorus and EMIC waves, based on statistics of their wave power distribution, to examine the role of those waves in the observed relativistic electron flux variations. We find that a significant supply of 100–300 keV electrons by plasma sheet injections together with chorus wave‐driven acceleration can overcome the rate of chorus and EMIC wave‐driven electron losses through pitch angle scattering toward the loss cone, explaining the observed net increase in electron fluxes. Our study emphasizes the importance of simultaneously taking into account resonant wave‐particle interactions and modeled local energy gradients of electron phase space density following injections, to accurately forecast the dynamical evolution of trapped electron fluxes.
Microstructural and Micromechanical Evolution of Olivine Aggregates During Transient Creep
Authors: Wiesman Harison S. , Breithaupt Thomas , Wallis David , Hansen Lars N.
Published: December 2024

To examine the microstructural evolution that occurs during transient creep, we deformed samples of polycrystalline olivine to different strains that spanned the initial transient deformation. Two sets of samples with different initial grain sizes of 5 μm and 20 μm were deformed in torsion at T = 1,523 K, P = 300 MPa, and a constant shear strain rate of 1.5 × 10−4 s−1, during which both sets of samples experienced strain hardening. We characterized the microstructures at the end of each experiment using high‐angular resolution electron backscatter diffraction (HR‐EBSD) and dislocation decoration. In the coarse‐grained samples, dislocation density increased from 1.5 × 1011 m−2 to 3.6 × 1012 m−2 with strain. Although the same final dislocation density was reached in the fine‐grained samples, it did not vary significantly at small strains, potentially due to concurrent grain growth during deformation. In both sets of samples, HR‐EBSD analysis revealed that intragranular stress heterogeneity increased in magnitude with strain and that elevated stresses are associated with regions of high geometrically necessary dislocation density. Further analysis of the stresses and their probability distributions indicate that the stresses are imparted by dislocations and cause long‐range elastic interactions among them. These characteristics indicate that dislocation interactions were the primary cause of strain hardening during transient creep in our samples. A comparison of the results to the predictions of three recent models reveals that the models do not correctly predict the evolution in stress and dislocation density with strain in our experiments due to a lack of previous such data in their calibrations.
Consistent Initial Error Modes Causing the Largest Prediction Errors and the Strongest Predictability Barrier for Two Types of El Niño Events in CMIP6
Authors: Zhang Jingjing , Hu Shujuan , Duan Wansuo , Peng Jianjun , Hou Meiyi
Published: December 2024

Based on the coupled conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (C‐CNOP) method, this study explores the season‐dependent predictability barrier (PB) affecting the forecasts of two types of El Niño (central Pacific, CP; eastern Pacific, EP) events by using CMIP6 models. It is found that CP (EP) El Niño forecasts often occurs summer (spring) PB, and only powerful season‐dependent PB can lead to large prediction errors. Further investigating the initial causes of the largest prediction errors and strongest PB, we find that the spatial pattern of initial errors consistently exhibits the sea temperature anomaly dipole of east positive–west negative in the equatorial Pacific, and errors over upper layers of North (South) Pacific are similar to the negative Victoria mode (South Pacific Meridional Mode). Physically, the mode evolution of initial errors in the equatorial Pacific, North and South Pacific are all positive feedback processes, which together ultimately lead to large cold biases over the central‐eastern (CP) or eastern (EP) equatorial Pacific in December. Analysis shows that the initial error mode of North Pacific mainly affects the cold bias of the central Pacific, whereas the mode of South Pacific mostly controls the bias in the eastern Pacific. These initial error modes found in this study can have more serious impacts on forecasts of two types of El Niño events than that in previous studies. The results of this study offer valuable scientific guidance for the adaptive observation of ENSO, which will likely be able to maximize the prediction skills for two types of El Niño events.
Causes of a Lack of QBO/Solar‐MJO Connection in Certain CMIP6 Models
Authors: Trencham N. E. , Hood L. L.
Published: December 2024

A connection between the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO), solar variability, and the short‐term convective climate oscillation, the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO), in boreal winter has been found in observational data, yet it is generally lacking in current global climate models (GCMs). A proposed mechanism is changes in tropical lower stratospheric upwelling rates and static stability caused by QBO and solar UV effects on extratropical wave forcing of the stratospheric residual meridional circulation (the Brewer‐Dobson circulation). The extent to which this mechanism, which operates only in boreal winter and enhances similar effects of the QBO‐induced meridional circulation, is simulated in a series of GCMs participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) is investigated. The models are found to be often lacking complete representation of several elements of the mechanism, with particular issues being QBOs that are westerly biased and weak in the lower stratosphere, insufficient solar or QBO modulation of extratropical wave activity (the Holton‐Tan effect), too weak reductions in equatorial tropopause static stability in response to extratropical wave forcing, and MJOs that in some cases do not respond to these reductions. Through bypassing many of these deficiencies via data selection, it is demonstrated that effects on the MJO that resemble those found in observations (strengthening of the MJO following early winter sudden stratospheric warmings and during easterly QBO winters) can be simulated by a subset of the models. This supports operation of the proposed mechanism, and points to needed model improvements, although caveats exist and further work is needed.
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals transcriptional changes in circulating immune cells from patients with severe asthma induced by biologics
Authors: Park Kyungtaek , Lee Ji-Hyang , Shin Eunsoon , Jang Hye Yoon , Song Woo-Jung , Kwon Hyouk-Soo , Cho Yoo Sook , Lee Jong Eun , Adcock Ian , Chung Kian Fan , Lee Jeong Seok , Won Sungho , Kim Tae-Bum
Published: December 2024

Patients with severe eosinophilic asthma often require systemic medication, including corticosteroids and anti-type 2 (T2) cytokine biologics, to control the disease. While anti-IL5 and anti-IL4Rα antibodies suppress the effects of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, the molecular pathways modified by these biologics that are associated with clinical improvement remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to describe the effects of T2-targeting biologics on the gene expression of blood immune cells. We conducted single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from eight patients with severe eosinophilic asthma treated with mepolizumab, reslizumab, or dupilumab. PBMCs were obtained before the initiation of biologics and at 1- and 6-month timepoints after the initiation of treatment to elucidate treatment-induced changes. During treatment, the proportions of T cells/natural killer (NK) cells, myeloid cells, and B cells did not change. However, the composition of classical monocytes (CMs) changed: IL1B+ CMs were reduced, and S100A+ CMs were increased. The subsets of T cells also changed, and significant downregulation of the NF-κB pathway was observed. The genes related to the NF-κB pathway were suppressed across T/NK, myeloid, and B cells. The transcriptional landscape did not significantly change after the first month of treatment, but marked changes occurred at six-month intervals. In conclusion, regardless of the type of biologics used, suppression of T2-mediated pathways ultimately reduces the expression of genes related to NF-κB signaling in circulating immune cells. Further studies are warranted to identify potential biomarkers related to treatment response and long-term outcomes.

Clinical trial registration number: NCT05164939
Circadian clock activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells of preterm and term neonates
Authors: Zuo Meilan , Kramer Achim , Mönke Gregor , Sciesielski Lina K. , Dame Christof
Published: December 2024

Background

During mammalian gestation, fetal circadian rhythms are thought to be mainly controlled by maternal signals. In humans, the initiation and activity of central and peripheral circadian clocks is largely unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the developmental clock properties in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs).

Methods

HUVECs were obtained from (a) preterm infants, subgrouped according to birth weight or gestational age classification, and (b) term infants (in total: n = 60). In vitro clock activity was determined by using live bioluminescence recording of a luciferase reporter gene under circadian control over 120 h. In addition, core clock and clock-associated gene expression were quantified using NanoString technology.

Results

Peripheral clock activity was detected, regardless of prematurity and birth weight classification. The mean period, amplitude, and phase of circadian oscillations were not significantly associated with gestational age or birth weight classification.

Conclusions

Peripheral clock activity can be demonstrated in HUVECs from both preterm and term infants without significant developmental differences in the period, amplitude, and phase of oscillations. This model may be useful to identify perturbation factors of proper development and entrainment of neonatal circadian clock activity.

Impact

We established a model system for analyzing the peripheral clock in preterm and term HUVECs.

In HUVECs, the peripheral clock exhibits functional in vitro activity independent of gestational age or birth weight categories.

In this model system, neither significant developmental differences exist in the period, amplitude, and phase, nor in the expression of circadian core clock and clock-associated genes.

Entrainment and proper function of the circadian clock deserve attention in neonatal intensive care.
Improvement in the toughness and compatibility of poly(lactic acid)/starch acetoacetate through reactive melt-kneading with amine-modified silicone
Authors: Shibasaki Kazuki , Hsu Yu-I , Uyama Hiroshi
Published: December 2024

Nonbiodegradable plastic pollution has taken centerstage because of its negative impacts on ecosystems, and poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/starch blends, which are biodegradable plastics, have attracted increased attention as sustainable materials. However, the poor compatibility between hydrophobic PLA and hydrophilic starch causes their composites to become brittle. In this study, to improve the compatibility between PLA and starch, the hydroxyl groups of starch were modified with acetoacetate, and amine-modified silicone was used as the compatibilizer. The acetoacetyl group readily reacts with primary amines under mild conditions to form enamines and is expected to react rapidly during the melt-kneading process. The amino groups also react with the decomposed PLA end groups via condensation. Therefore, amine-modified silicone is considered a suitable compatibilizer for PLA and starch acetoacetate (SAA). PLA/SAA/amine-modified silicone blends were prepared via melt-kneading. The toughness of PLA/SAA was improved by approximately 15 times when 3 wt% amine-modified silicone was added. Furthermore, in the SEM observation of the tensile fracture surface, it was found that the dispersibility of SAA in PLA was improved such that SAA and PLA were indistinguishable. This approach can contribute to the widespread use of biodegradable plastics in packaging materials and single-use plastics.
Nanocellulose: Source, Chemistry, and Properties
Authors: Narayanan Thinakaran
Published: December 2024

Nanocellulose refers to various nanostructured forms of cellulose, including cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), cellulose nanofibres (CNF), and bacterial nanocellulose. These materials have distinctive properties that make them suitable for a wide range of applications. CNF and CNC are well-known for their nanostructured nature and potential in various fields. Bacterial nanocellulose, which is produced by bacteria, stands out due to its high purity, ultrafine network structure, and impressive mechanical properties, making it ideal for biocompatible applications. The mechanisms for using nanocellulose in tissue engineering and bioremediation are still being explored. Cryo-grinding is a promising method for preserving the crystalline structure of nanocellulose and minimising damage during production. This chapter provides an overview of nanocellulose, highlighting its unique properties, production methods, and potential applications in various industries, with an emphasis on its significance in advanced materials and biotechnology.
Immunological Aspects of Nanocellulose
Authors: Pillai Mamatha M , Malik Garima , Tayalia Prakriti
Published: December 2024

This chapter delves into the intricacies of the association between nanocellulose and immunology. It outlines the foundational principles of immunology, differentiating between innate and adaptive immunity. The effects of the source and chemical modifications of nanocellulose on the immune response are highlighted, exploring the comprehensive interactions between nanocellulose and both branches of immunity. Furthermore, the chapter underscores the immunomodulatory properties of nanocellulose, presenting its potential in therapeutic applications and its emerging role in immunotherapy, particularly as a drug delivery system. As we navigate breakthroughs and address challenges in immunotherapeutic applications, the chapter concludes by envisioning the future landscape of nanocellulose in immunology, pinpointing emerging trends and research gaps, and charting the course forward.
Electrospinning of Nanocellulose-based Natural Polymer Composites for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Dadashi Hamed , Saebnazar Aysan , Ahdeno Niloufar , Nazemiyeh Amirreza , Jaymand Mehdi , Vandghanooni Somayeh , Eskandani Morteza
Published: December 2024

This chapter explores the advanced utilization of nanocellulose-based polymer composites in the area of tissue engineering (TE). The chapter investigates different areas of TE, with a specific emphasis on the electrospinning method for creating scaffolds and the use of nanocellulose and natural or synthetic polymers for tissue regeneration. It also discusses creating nanocellulose composites using synthetic or natural polymers and nanoparticles for TE purposes. The chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the latest research and progress in TE, emphasizing the potential for using nanocellulose-based polymer composites to improve tissue regeneration and repair. Through the examination of various composite combinations and their effects on tissue growth, the chapter provides valuable insights into the role of these materials in TE.
Biodegradation of Nanocellulose Scaffolds
Authors: John Vineetha , Ninan Neethu
Published: December 2024

This chapter covers the various biodegradation mechanisms of nanocellulose scaffolds using microorganisms, enzymes and radiation, where factors like pH, temperature and hydrophobicity play a vital role in the reduction of molecular weight and increase in crystallinity. In vivo and in vitro breakdown procedures are included which can follow the hydrolysis, enzymatic and/or thermal degradation steps. In reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated scaffold degradation studies, faster splitting facilitating cell infiltration, resulting in better neovascularisation and engraftment at the implanted site, is observed distinguished by improved swelling ratio, porosity and hydrophilicity. Quantifying methods used for characterisation, like X-ray diffraction, high-performance liquid chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance and others, to identify the typical comparative physicochemical changes in the pristine and degraded nanocellulose structures are explained. These non-destructive techniques allow quantitative assessment and repeated measurement of the same sample which is an added advantage during the degradation process.
3D Bioprinting of Nanocellulose Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications
Authors: Md Fadilah Nur Izzah , Yamagishi Rio , Zainuddin Andik Nisa Zahra , Mustakim Nurul Nadhirah , Rosemanzailani Farah Alea , Fauzi Mh Busra
Published: December 2024

Nanocellulose has remarkable mechanical qualities, sustainability, and biocompatibility. It is produced from renewable resources, like bacteria or wood. This chapter explores the use of nanocellulose as a component of bioink, emphasising its capacity to replicate the structure of the extracellular matrix and facilitate the development and differentiation of cells. Complex three-dimensional tissue constructions with customised topologies can be created by layer-by-layer deposition of nanocellulose bioinks using sophisticated bioprinting techniques, such as extrusion-based or inkjet-based approaches. These bioprinted scaffolds have a lot of potential for use in wound healing, organ regeneration, and disease modelling in regenerative medicine. Furthermore, the ecologically favourable properties of nanocellulose correspond with the increasing need for sustainable biomedical materials. The incorporation of nanocellulose into bioprinted scaffolds holds great potential to transform tissue engineering through sustainable, biocompatible, and adaptable approaches to tissue regeneration and repair, provided that research in this field advances.
Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering Scaffolds With Nanocellulose
Authors: Anil Sukumaran , Thomas Nebu George , Sweety Vishnupriya K. , Varghese Nibu
Published: December 2024

Nanocellulose has emerged as a promising biomaterial for tissue engineering applications, particularly in the regeneration of bone and cartilage. This chapter explores the unique properties of and synthesis methods for nanocellulose and its potential in development of hybrid systems for bone and cartilage tissue engineering. The physicochemical properties of nanocellulose, including its high mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and surface modification capabilities, make it an ideal candidate for creating scaffolds that mimic the natural extracellular matrix. The chapter discusses various nanocellulose-based hybrid systems, such as nanocellulose–ceramic, nanocellulose–polymer, and nanocellulose–metal composites, and their applications in bone and cartilage tissue engineering. The biocompatibility and biodegradability of these hybrid systems are also examined, along with their ability to support cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Furthermore, the chapter highlights the challenges and future research directions in the field, emphasizing the need for scalable production methods, regulatory compliance, and long-term in vivo studies. Overall, this chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the potential of nanocellulose-based hybrid systems in advancing bone and cartilage tissue engineering, offering insights into developing innovative scaffolds for regenerative medicine applications.
Recent Advances in Vascular Tissue Engineered Grafts With Nanocellulose
Authors: Krishna Pranav , Megha M. R. , Anil Kavya , Sandhya Mahesh Manikantan , Vijayamma Raji , Garrigue Philippe
Published: December 2024

This chapter explains the biomedical applications of cellulose in vascular grafting, highlighting its beneficial properties, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and good mechanical characteristics. It begins with a brief overview of the important role of tissue engineering in addressing vascular diseases and then explores the incorporation of nanocellulose into vascular grafts. The discussion covers the complex anatomy of blood vessels, the limitations of traditional grafting methods, and innovative tissue engineering approaches. It also outlines different methods for integrating nanocellulose into graft scaffolds, as well as strategies for enhancing their performance and improving biocompatibility. Also, it emphasises the importance of assessing biological feasibility through thorough in vitro testing and examining biodegradability kinetics. Furthermore, it delves into the cellular responses provoked by grafts incorporating nanocellulose, supported by recent research findings. It concludes with an overview of ongoing clinical trials, providing insights into the current status and outlining potential directions for further advancements in this emerging field.
Ultrafast Laser Ablation – A Peerless Synthesis Strategy for Functional Nanomaterials
Authors: Nancy Parvathy , Vengoli Mohamed Nawas , Thomas Sabu , Antoine Rodolphe , Kalarikkal Nandakumar
Published: December 2024

Ultrafast laser ablation synthesis techniques offer a rapid, straightforward, and eco-friendly approach for producing functional nanomaterials in comparison to alternative methods, like colloidal chemistry. While previous studies have primarily focused on synthesizing nanomaterials and characterizing their structures and properties, there remains a significant gap in our understanding of the underlying physical processes that occur during ablation and material formation under extreme conditions. In particular, obtaining experimental data on transient parameters, such as temperature and pressure, during ablation possesses significant challenges. As a result, there is a growing interest in ongoing research efforts aimed at unravelling the formation mechanisms of a variety of functional nanomaterials and exploring their potential applications. Femtosecond lasers offer a significant advantage in their capacity to generate nanostructures through a limitless array of solid targets and liquid mediums in a ‘green’ way. This chapter outlines the proficiency of femtosecond laser ablation as a fundamental technique for producing nanoscale assemblies comprising various functional materials, which exhibit intriguing physical and chemical properties.
Synchrotron-based infrared microspectroscopy unveils the biomolecular response of healthy and tumour cell lines to neon minibeam radiation therapy
Authors: González-Vegas R. , Seksek O. , Bertho A. , Bergs J. , Hirayama R. , Inaniwa T. , Matsufuji N. , Shimokawa T. , Prezado Y. , Yousef I. , Martínez-Rovira I.
Published: December 2024

The biochemical impact of neon minibeam radiation therapy (NeMBRT) on BJ (healthy) and B16-F10 (tumour) cell lines was investigated through synchrotron-based infrared microspectroscopy.
Investigating protein degradability through site-specific ubiquitin ligase recruitment
Authors: Shade Olivia , Ryan Amy , Belsito Gabriella , Deiters Alexander
Published: December 2024

We report targeted protein degradation through the site-specific recruitment of native ubiquitin ligases to a protein of interest via conjugation of E3 ligase ligands.
Li-TFSI free carbazole-based hole transport materials enable highly stable perovskite solar cells
Authors: Zheng Liangding , Ou Yangmei , Wang Shihuai , Xie Lin , Hua Yong
Published: December 2024

In this work, we have designed and synthesized a new hole transport material (OY1) and dopant (OY(TFSI)2) for perovskite solar cells. The incorporation of OY1 and OY(TFSI)2 can significantly enhance the moisture and thermal stabilities of devices.
Synthesis of continuously substituted quinolines from o-alkenyl aromatic isocyanides by palladium-catalyzed intramolecular imidoylative 6-endo cyclization
Authors: Yao Tuanli , Liu Wei , Hu Hanfu , Qin Xiangyang
Published: December 2024

Palladium-catalyzed intramolecular imidoylative 6-endo cyclization via activation of a vinyl C–H bond with imidoylpalladium and carboxylate.
Unleashing the potential of rare earth ions in modified calcium titanate for strategic anti-counterfeiting application
Authors: Vanishree P , Swati G
Published: December 2024

(Ca,Zn)TiO3:Pr3+,Er3+ phosphor shows multiple emission colors under different excitation wavelengths, and afterglow ∼12 minutes. The developed anticounterfeit ink was found to be aqueous stable and was tested on substrates with different porosities.
A dual-emission fluorescence sensor based on TCPP@UiO-66-NH2 for high-sensitivity detection of copper ions
Authors: Du Jia-qi , Lin Du-wei , Chen Wen-yi , Sun Qian , Gao En-qing
Published: December 2024

A dual-emission fluorescence sensor based on TCPP@UiO-66-NH2 was developed for highly sensitive and selective Cu2+ detection, offering reliable performance in real samples with built-in corrections and a detection limit as low as 24 nM.
What happened to BBR3464 and where to from here for multinuclear platinum-based anticancer drugs?
Authors: Tesoriero Mia A. , Wheate Nial J.
Published: December 2024

The development of the trinuclear platinum(ii) complex BBR3464 (also known as triplatin) in the late 1990s was meant to be a revolution in the field of platinum chemotherapy.
Interfacial engineering of a CoSe@NiFe heterostructure electrocatalyst for high-efficiency water and urea oxidation
Authors: Yu Xinyue , Zhang Wenlu , Ma Lijuan , Tang Jingxiao , Lu Wenbo , Li Jisen , Zhang Jinjun , Xu Xiaohu
Published: December 2024

Electro-oxidation reactions as critical half-reactions in both overall and assisted water electrolysis play a pivotal role in realizing highly effective and energy-saving hydrogen generation and achieving simultaneous wastewater degradation.
Shear-stiffening supramolecular polymers: fabrication, modification and application
Authors: Li Nan , Gu Shiyu , Wu Qi , Wu Jinrong
Published: December 2024

This review outlines the progress of SSSPs from fabrications and structures to modifications and applications since the advent of polyborosiloxane.
Festschrift issue of Nanoscale in honour of Santanu Bhattacharya
Authors: Pal Asish , Vemula Praveen Kumar , Varghese Shyni
Published: December 2024

Asish Pal, Praveen Kumar Vemula and Shyni Varghese introduce the Nanoscale themed collection, Celebrating the 65th birthday of Professor Santanu Bhattacharya.
Palladium-catalyzed three-component annulation reaction involving multiple C–H activation
Authors: Yang Shuai , Zuo Xiang , Zhang Yanghui
Published: December 2024

A palladium-catalyzed three-component annulation reaction involving multiple C–H activation has been developed, which offers a new synthetic approach for succinimide-fused tricyclic scaffolds.
The kinetics of a light irradiation enhanced room temperature NO2 gas sensor using hybrid ZnO/ZnTe nanorod structures
Authors: Hieu Nguyen Minh , Phuoc Cao Van , Viet Anh Cao , Manh Hung Nguyen , Phan Anh D. , Chinh Nguyen Duc , Majumder Sutripto , Hong Cuong Truong , Gia Chuc Hoang , Van Minh Do , Quang Trung Do , Nguyen Tu , Van Du Nguyen , Manh Trung Tran , Thanh Huy Pham , Jeong Jong-Ryul , Kim Chunjoong , Kim Dojin
Published: December 2024

The first report of a nanohybrid ZnO/ZnTe sensor under the blue light irradiation effect with significant sub-ppm NO2 response enhancements.
Unveiling a growth temperature-dependent ultra-sensitive tetragonal scheelite BiVO4 thin film-based gas sensor for ammonia volatilization at room temperature
Authors: Nallakumar Santhosh , Thirumalaisamy Logu , Kalainathan Sivaperuman , B Vijaya , Sekar Anand , Usha Rani Muthurakku
Published: December 2024

A tetragonal scheelite BiVO4 thin film shows high sensor response (S = 900 for 75 ppm) to ammonia at room temperature (RT). Prolonged stability (S = 58.2 for 25 ppm), good repeatability makes it a promising candidate for an ammonia gas sensor at RT.
Recent progress in alkali metal (Li/Na/K) hybrid-ion batteries: pioneering the future of energy storage
Authors: Zhang Yan , Cao Rui , Ouyang Chen , Jiang Libing , Wang Yi , Yang Mei , Xia Hui
Published: December 2024

Alkali metal (Li/Na/K) hybrid-ion batteries (AHIBs) offer a sustainable and safe energy solution. This review highlights research progress in AHIB technologies, with a focus on mechanisms and innovative approaches that enhance battery performance.
Rigid-flexible dynamic polymers based on borate bonds
Authors: Tu Jing , Chen Bo , Xiong Xinhong , Xu Weiming , Cui Jiaxi
Published: December 2024

A rigid-flexible dynamic polymer that exhibits distinct glass-like rigid behavior under normal conditions and flexible-solid characteristics at very low strain rates is reported.
The AICD interactome: implications in neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration
Authors: Ng Laura Lok-Haang , Chow Jessica , Lau Kwok-Fai
Published: December 2024

The pathophysiological mechanism involving the proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the generation of amyloid plaques is of significant interest in research on Alzheimer's disease (AD). The increasing significance of the downstream AD-related pathophysiological mechanisms has sparked research interest in other products of the APP processing cascades, including the APP intracellular domain (AICD). The potential importance of AICD in various cellular processes in the central nervous system has been established through the identification of its interactors. The interaction between AICD and its physiological binding partners is implicated in cellular events including regulation of transcriptional activity, cytoskeletal dynamics, neuronal growth, APP processing and cellular apoptosis. On the contrary, AICD is also implicated in neurodegeneration, which is a potential outcome of the functional fluctuation of AICD-mediated neuronal processes within the neuronal network. In this review, we summarize the neuronal functions and pathological manifestations of the dynamic AICD interaction network.
Constraints to Child Language Development in Peri-Urban and Rural Areas: A Mixed-Methods Analysis From Southwestern China
Authors: Zhang Xinwu , Jia Xiyuan , Pang Zhaofeng , Guo Jingruo , Feng Tianli , Rule Andrew , Rozelle Scott , Ma Yue
Published: December 2024

Purpose:

This mixed-methods study examined how differences in parental time, knowledge, and economic constraints, as well as community socioeconomic contexts, may contribute to differences in home language environment and child language ability outcomes between peri-urban and rural households in China.

Method:

We conducted an explanatory sequential mixed-methods analysis using data from 158 children aged 18–24 months among peri-urban and rural households with low socioeconomic status (SES) in southwestern China. Audio recordings were collected from each household and analyzed using the Language ENvironment Analysis system. The Mandarin version of the MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventories was administered to each child's primary caregiver. We also conducted qualitative interviews with primary caregivers in 31 peri-urban and 32 rural households. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded.

Results:

The quantitative results reveal that children in peri-urban households heard less adult speech and had lower language ability than children in rural households. Directed content analysis of interviews found that peri-urban caregivers faced more severe time constraints and less favorable community socioeconomic contexts than rural primary caregivers. Taken together, these findings suggest that differences in time constraints and community socioeconomic contexts between the two populations are the most likely factors contributing to the inferior language environment and language ability among children in peri-urban households.

Conclusion:

The mixed-methods study indicated that parental time constraints and community socioeconomic contexts should be considered alongside SES for a comprehensive understanding of factors influencing parental investment in the home language environment in China.
Teacher Confidence and Practices When Referring Students From Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations for Speech and Language Services: A Case Study
Authors: Davis Karen C. , Watson Danielle J.
Published: December 2024

Purpose:

The purpose of this case study was to investigate teacher behaviors and attitudes toward referring culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students for speech and language services.

Method:

A 20-item survey was developed to investigate three primary variables: (a) teacher training in educating CLD populations, (b) teacher beliefs and practices when referring students from CLD populations for speech and language services, and (c) perceived stigma in referring students from CLD backgrounds for speech and language services. Twenty-two educators from a high-performing private school participated in this case study.

Results:

Although 20 of the 22 respondents reported that they had received some instruction in multicultural issues in education, only seven participants reported that they were confident in referring CLD children for services. Six questions addressed cultural bias and yielded 132 responses. Of those 132 responses, 60 were neutral, which reflects 45% of the data.

Conclusion:

This case study provides us with descriptive information regarding teachers' confidence in their own referral skills. The methodology used in this study could be used to inform the development of future surveys that intend to focus on this area.
Inversion of the temperature field in oil‐immersed reactors using optimal measurement points selected by random forest
Authors: Guo Jiayi , Zhu Kaizhuang , Li Xiaopeng , Zhao Jingyun , Liu Yunpeng , Lv Fangcheng
Published: December 2024

To address the subjective issue of selecting measurement points based on mainstream line methods for hotspot temperature inversion in oil‐immersed power equipment, this paper demonstrates an oil‐immersed reactor temperature field inversion method based on random forest (RF) measurement point optimisation. Firstly, a temperature field calculation method for a 22‐kV oil‐immersed reactor is proposed. In combination with Latin hypercube sampling, 50 sets of temperature field data are calculated. Based on these samples, the selection of measurement points based on RF feature importance and the training of the genetic algorithm‐optimised back propagation (GA‐BP) inversion model are undertaken. Finally, the optimal combination of external tank wall measurement points is determined based on comprehensive error indicators, achieving accurate inversion of internal hotspot temperatures in the reactor (with an error of 0.243 °C). The inversion errors are reduced by 2.91 °C and 1.47 °C on average per group compared to existing methods, evincing the superiority of the proposed model.
Towards carbon‐free electricity: A flow‐based framework for power grid carbon accounting and decarbonization
Authors: Chen Xin , Chao Hungpo , Shi Wenbo , Li Na
Published: December 2024

This study introduces a comprehensive framework aimed at advancing research and policy development in the realm of decarbonization within electric power systems. The framework focuses on three key aspects—carbon accounting, carbon‐aware decision making, and carbon‐electricity market design—and proposes solutions to existing problems. In contrast to traditional pool‐based emission models, this framework proposes a novel flow‐based emission model that incorporates the underlying physical power grid and power flows. Thus, the framework allows accurate carbon accounting at both the temporal and spatial scales, thereby facilitating informed decision‐making to achieve grid decarbonization goals. The framework is built on a flow‐based carbon accounting methodology and utilizes the carbon‐aware optimal power flow technique as a theoretical foundation for decarbonization decision‐making. Additionally, this study explores the potential design of carbon‐electricity markets and pricing mechanisms to incentivize decentralized decarbonization actions. Critical issues of data availability, infrastructure development, fairness and equity considerations are also discussed.
Properties of diffuse and volume discharges that are important for their applications
Authors: Tarasenko Victor , Panchenko Alexei , Beloplotov Dmitry , Lomaev Mikhail , Sorokin Dmitry , Zhang Cheng
Published: December 2024

Diffuse and volume discharges are currently used widely in various fields. This work compares the properties of diffuse and volume discharges, as well as considers the conditions for their formation at high pressures. The main attention is paid to a diffuse discharge (DD). It has been shown that the ignition of a diffuse discharges is preceded by the development of a wide streamers. In the case of a volume discharge, the streamers usually have a small diameter and an ionisation waves emerging from it passes into the spark leader with subsequent discharge constriction. There are images and emission spectra of diffuse discharges in air and nitrogen in the paper. It has been confirmed that a diffuse discharges initiated by a nanosecond voltage pulse in a point‐to‐plane gaps has a uniform effect on the surface of a flat electrode. It was found that thin tracks of luminous particles are observed against the background of the DD plasma glow. They are associated with sputtering of the pointed electrode material due to the large field enhancement on the macro‐ and microinhomogeneities.
Salt‐and‐pepper denoising based on lightweight convolutional neural networks for flexible AMOLED
Authors: Huang Chengqiang , Yang Yanjun , He Yinghu
Published: December 2024

To improve the performance of the image preprocessing module in consumer electronics using an active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diode display panel, the concept of judging before processing for salt‐and‐pepper denoising is originally proposed. Firstly, a dataset for salt‐and‐pepper noise image classification is constructed, and a convolutional neural network (CNN) for judging noise image (CNN‐J) is trained. Image classified as normal by CNN‐J is not processed, while the classified noisy image is denoised. In the denoising process, a marking image and a rough denoised image are generated by CNN for noise mask (CNN‐M) and CNN for denoising (CNN‐D), respectively. Subsequently, the refined denoised image is output using the proposed refining mechanism. The middle layers of CNN‐M and CNN‐D are constructed by depth‐separable CNN to reduce the network complexity. Experimental results show that the misjudging rate of CNN‐M marking is reduced by 19.94% compared with the best existing marking method. Compared with the traditional methods, the peak signal to noise ratio of the proposed method is increased by 2.95% and the information loss is reduced by 21.46%. In addition, the computational complexity is at least 11.18% lower than that of the traditional CNN. Finally, the display of salt‐and‐pepper denoised images on the flexible AMOLED is realized.
Informed total-error-minimizing priors: Interpretable cosmological parameter constraints despite complex nuisance effects
Authors: Ried Guachalla Bernardita , Britt Dylan , Gruen Daniel , Friedrich Oliver
Published: December 2024

While Bayesian inference techniques are standard in cosmological analyses, it is common to interpret resulting parameter constraints with a frequentist intuition. This intuition can fail, for example, when marginalizing high-dimensional parameter spaces onto subsets of parameters, because of what has come to be known as projection effects or prior volume effects. We present the method of informed total-error-minimizing (ITEM) priors to address this problem. An ITEM prior is a prior distribution on a set of nuisance parameters, such as those describing astrophysical or calibration systematics, intended to enforce the validity of a frequentist interpretation of the posterior constraints derived for a set of target parameters (e.g., cosmological parameters). Our method works as follows. For a set of plausible nuisance realizations, we generate target parameter posteriors using several different candidate priors for the nuisance parameters. We reject candidate priors that do not accomplish the minimum requirements of bias (of point estimates) and coverage (of confidence regions among a set of noisy realizations of the data) for the target parameters on one or more of the plausible nuisance realizations. Of the priors that survive this cut, we select the ITEM prior as the one that minimizes the total error of the marginalized posteriors of the target parameters. As a proof of concept, we applied our method to the density split statistics measured in Dark Energy Survey Year 1 data. We demonstrate that the ITEM priors substantially reduce prior volume effects that otherwise arise and that they allow for sharpened yet robust constraints on the parameters of interest.
3D projection analysis: Characterizing the morphological stability of nearby open clusters
Authors: Hu Qingshun , Qin Songmei , Luo Yangping , Li Yuting
Published: December 2024

Context. The study of open cluster morphology is pivotal for exploring their formation and evolutionary processes.

Aims. We manage to assess the morphological stability of 105 nearby open clusters within tidal radii on the X-Y, X-Z, and Y-Z planes of the heliocentric Cartesian coordinate system, utilizing member catalogs from the literature. Meanwhile, we also delve into factors potentially impacting the clusters’ morphological stability on these projection planes.

Methods. We used the rose diagram method by constructing the 3D projected morphology of sample clusters to quantify the morphological stability of their 3D projected morphology.

Results. Our analysis indicates there is a demonstrated linear positive correlation between the number of sample clusters’ member stars within tidal radii and their morphological stability in different 3D projection planes. This may suggest that the more member stars there are within the tidal radius of a cluster, the stronger its own gravitational binding capacity is, resulting in strong morphological stability. We find a direct link between the clusters’ morphological stabilities in the X-Z plane within tidal radii and their velocity dispersion in the same plane, suggesting that the morphological stabilities in the X-Z plane may be dependent on internal dynamics. Moreover, the morphological stability of the clusters’ 3D projection is influenced by their spatial positions along the Y axis, but not linearly, indicating that the environmental changes at the clusters’ location may affect their morphological stability. Likewise, specific external forces can have an effect on their morphological stability.

Conclusions. This research introduces a novel perspective for understanding the morphological stability of open clusters, with a particular focus on their 3D projected morphologies.
Physical characterization of the FeLoBAL outflow in SDSS J0932+0840: Analysis of VLT/UVES observations
Authors: Sharma Mayank , Arav Nahum , Korista Kirk T. , Bautista Manuel , Dehghanian Maryam , Byun Doyee , Walker Gwen , Mintz Sasha
Published: December 2024

Context. The study of quasar outflows is essential for understanding the connection between active galactic nuclei (AGN) and their host galaxies. We analyzed the VLT/UVES spectrum of quasar SDSS J0932+0840 and identified several narrow and broad outflow components in absorption, with multiple ionization species including Fe II. This places it among the rare class of outflows known as iron low-ionization broad absorption line outflows (FeLoBALs).

Aims. We studied one of the outflow components to determine its physical characteristics by determining the total hydrogen column density, the ionization parameter, and the hydrogen number density. Through these parameters, we obtained the distance of the outflow from the central source, its mass outflow rate, and its kinetic luminosity, and we constrained the contribution of the outflow to the AGN feedback.

Methods. We obtained the ionic column densities from the absorption troughs in the spectrum and used photoionization modeling to extract the physical parameters of the outflow, including the total hydrogen column density and ionization parameter. The relative population of the observed excited states of Fe II was used to model the hydrogen number density of the outflow.

Results. We used the Fe II excited states to model the electron number density (ne) and hydrogen number density (nH) independently and obtained ne ≃ 103.4 cm−3 and nH ≃ 104.8 cm−3. Our analysis of the physical structure of the cloud shows that these two results are consistent with each other. This places the outflow system at a distance of 0.7−0.4+0.9 kpc from the central source, with a mass flow rate (Ṁ) of 43−26+65 M⊙ yr−1 and a kinetic luminosity (Ėk) of 0.7−0.4+1.1 × 1043 erg s−1. This is 0.5−0.3+0.7 × 10−4 of the Eddington luminosity (LEdd) of the quasar, and we thus conclude that this outflow is not powerful enough to contribute significantly toward AGN feedback.
Effects of sound absorbing facades on the acoustical quality in different simulated inner courtyard situations
Authors: Eggenschwiler Kurt , Jansohn Tilljan , Blau Matthias , Schäffer Beat
Published: December 2024

Residential perimeter blocks can shield traffic noise, but the acoustical quality may be sub-optimal in the inner courtyards. This study investigated how effective sound-absorbing facade surfaces and balcony soffits as well as an absorbing floor (lawn) influence the acoustical quality in inner courtyards. Room acoustical simulations were carried out for eight generic and two real-world models with very large numbers of transmission paths. Facades (reflecting, fully absorbing, partially absorbing), balcony soffits (reflecting, absorbing) and courtyard floor (reflecting, absorbing) were varied. A range of room acoustical parameters were evaluated, namely, reverberation time T20, early decay time EDT, strength G, speech transmission index STI, and Dietsch’s echo criterion EK. The simulations revealed that fully absorbing facades are an effective measure to improve the acoustical quality in inner courtyards, while partially absorbing facades result in smaller improvements. In fact, each additional storey of absorbing facades further improves the situation. In the case of non-absorbing facades, absorbing balcony soffits or an absorbing floor in the inner courtyard are not very effective as individual measures and may even increase disturbances due to echoes. The same holds true for situations with absorbing facades. Their feasibility should therefore be clarified for the individual situation in question.