bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endoscopically Inserted Endoprosthesis in Inoperable Biliary Obstruction
Authors: Gabrielsson N. , Granqvist S. , Sonnenfeld T.
Published: June 2015

Attempts were made to introduce an endoprosthesis into the biliary tract using endoscopic technique in 13 patients with unresectable extrahepatic biliary obstruction. In all but one papillotomy was performed. Successful insertion of the prosthesis was achieved in 11 patients, 10 of whom had effective palliation of jaundice. Mean survival was 4½ months (range one week–13 months). One patient developed pancreatitis following prosthesis insertion. No further complications occurred in the series. This method is an attractive alternative to biliodigestive bypass procedures in patients with inoperable pancreaticobiliary lesions. When compared with internal and/or external drainage by the percutaneous transhepatic technique the method to place an endoprosthesis endoscopically has several advantages.
Kidney Size in Children Assessed by Ultrasonography and Urography
Authors: Hederström E. , Forsberg L.
Published: June 2015

The accuracy of ultrasonographic evaluation of kidney size using the parameter of kidney length was compared with radiographic kidney length assessment by urography. The examination was performed in 102 children 0 to 14 years old in which 427 length comparisons for the right and left kidney were made. Approximately 85 per cent of all differences noted were within a variation interval of 0 to 1.0 cm which was considered to be a good accuracy and consistent with results previously reported. Ultrasonography was therefore regarded as a reliable and suitable alternative to urography in periodic controls of kidney size and growth in children.
Correlation of Detrusor Vesicae Activity to Radiologic Findings in Childhood Myelodysplasia
Authors: Eklöf O. , Naglo A.-S.
Published: June 2015

In selected cases of childhood myelodysplasia associated with incontinence oral anticholinergics, e.g. atropine, may significantly improve the results of continence training programs. At present, the differentiation of patients who may benefit from this kind of pharmacotherapy from those who do not respond calls for laborious recordings of the intravesical pressure. Urography and micturition cystourethrography routinely used for the morphologic evaluation of the urinary tract were compared with the pressure tracings. No useful correlation between findings was obtained, thus excluding the possibility to replace the pressure studies by the much simpler radiologic examinations.
Angiography of the Internal Mammary Artery
Authors: Jonsson K. , Karlsson S.
Published: June 2015

The anatomy and catheterization techniques of the internal mammary artery (i.m.a.) are described. The diagnostic criteria and importance of i.m.a. angiography in thymoma, lymphoma, carcinoma, parathyroid adenoma, diseases of the breast, and trauma are discussed. The role of i.m.a. catheterization for i.a. infusion therapy in lung carcinoma, mesothelioma and chest wall metastases of breast carcinoma and embolization of i.m.a. in bleeding following trauma or tumour ulceration are described. Transcatheter treatment of mediastinal parathyroid adenoma is also described.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Tissue Characterization of a Renal Cell Carcinoma and its Osseous Metastasis
Authors: Pettersson H. , Springfield D. , Hamlin D. , Scott K.
Published: June 2015

A patient with renal cell carcinoma, first presenting because of symptoms from an osseous metastasis, was examined with CT and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Both the primary tumor and the metastasis were well demonstrated by both methods. MRI tissue characterization showed that the T1 values in the kidney and the metatasis were the same, as were the T2 values. This may mean a potential for the MRI to define primary tumors when a metastasis is found.

Malignant disease frequently manifests with symptoms from metastatic spread. This presents the diagnostic challenge of detection of the primary tumor site. In this search, radiologic methods are important tools. The radiologic arsenal recently has been strengthened with a new modality, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and we now present the first case that seems to be reported of MRI depiction and tissue characterization of a renal cell carcinoma, first presenting as an osseous metastasis.
Rapid Dilatation of the Nephrostomy Track Using a New Type of Balloon Catheter
Authors: Ekelund L. , Lindstedt E.
Published: June 2015

A new type of balloon catheter for rapid nephrostomy track dilatation from 3 to 10 mm is described. The balloon has a length of 10 cm, which means that the tract can be dilated in its entire length in one step. The catheter system is recommended for use, especially in patients previously not operated upon.
The Temporomandibular Joint in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Syrjänen S. M.
Published: June 2015

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) was investigated clinically and by orthopantomography in 110 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and in 73 control subjects. Clinical symptoms in the TMJ were established in 34 per cent of the RA patients and in 18 per cent of the controls. Radiographic abnormalities were found in 60 per cent of the RA patients compared with 15 per cent in the controls. No single radiographic abnormality was characteristic of joint involvement by RA. The most common radiologic features in RA patients were changes in the morphology of the condylar head and articular eminentia, marginal irregularities, reduced mobility, and an anterior position of the condylar head. No abnormalities were encountered in the early stage of the disease, which at least in part could be attributed to the inherent limitations of orthopantomography. The incidence of joint lesions increased with duration of the RA.
Repeated Computed Tomography during Treatment of Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung
Authors: Boijsen M. , Svensson G. , Tylén U.
Published: June 2015

Twenty-three patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung were examined with CT and conventional chest radiography before treatment, 19 after 3 courses of chemotherapy, before radiation therapy, and 8 after cessation of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. In most patients high abdominal CT was also employed. CT provided more information about the thoracic involvement than did conventional radiography in more than half of the cases. In 3 cases CT before irradiation demonstrated progression in the thorax, not visible at conventional radiography, and in 4 cases progression of extrathoracic metastases in spite of intrathoracic regression. After therapy, one case of progression in the thorax not seen at conventional radiography was demonstrated. With repeated CT examinations of the thorax and abdomen, progression/regression both intra- and extrathoracically is well demonstrated.
A Three-Contrast, Metal Test Pattern (Snellen E-Plate) in Evaluation of Imaging Techniques in Clinical Chest Radiography
Authors: Manninen H.
Published: June 2015

A metal test pattern based on a minified Snellen-type E-plate was evaluated in testing six imaging techniques for chest radiography. The device consisted of three contrast zones and it was attached to the patient's back over the right lung during chest radiography. The values for visual detectability of the E-figures were compared with the film scores obtained by grading the radiographs with respect to visibility of diagnostically important anatomic details. The test plate proved to be a simple, quick and reproducible tool for testing several imaging techniques at the same time. The E-plate results were similar to those of the visual grading analysis in most respects. A few discrepancies existed, which were probably due to the inability of the test pattern to fully consider the effect of motion unsharpness and varying scattering conditions within the human thorax, as well as to great differences in roentgen ray absorption properties between Au and tissues.
Dysfunction of Pharyngeal Swallowing
Authors: Ekberg O. , Wahlgren L.
Published: June 2015

Cineradiography of pharyngeal swallowing was performed in 854 patients (389 males and 465 females) with dysphagia and analyzed for pharyngeal function. Epiglottic dysmotility was registered in 206 patients (24%), defective closure of the laryngeal vestibule in 318 patients (37%), paresis in pharyngeal constrictors in 130 patients (15%), dysfunction of the cricopharyngeal muscle in 215 patients (25%), webs in 130 patients (15%), Zenker diverticula in 20 patients (2 %) and Killian-Jamie son diverticula in 16 patients (2%). The symptom dysphagia was more frequent among young women compared with young men. Over the age of 65 the relation was reversed. Pharyngeal dysfunction was more common among young men than young women and this was due to a high frequency of dysfunction of the laryngeal vestibule in young men. Epiglottic dysfunction and dysfunction of the laryngeal vestibule, pharyngeal paresis, cricopharyngeal incoordination and webs showed an increased frequency with age, while diverticula did not. Pharyngeal constrictor paresis was more common in men. Defective relaxation of the cricopharyngeal muscle and webs were more common among old women compared with old men.
Radiographic versus Direct Measurements of the Spinal Canal at Lumbar Vertebrae L3–L5 and Their Relations to Age and Body Stature
Authors: Leiviskä T. , Videman T. , Nurminen T. , Troup J. D. G.
Published: June 2015

The role of the narrow lumbar spinal canal in back and sciatic pain is well established. The accuracy of measurements obtained from lumbar radiographs was therefore analyzed in lumbar spine specimens taken from 132 male cadavers. After removal of soft tissues, the same distances were measured on the bones of 80 specimens. Comparisons were made after correction for magnification, the radiographic measurements of interpedicular distances being, on average, 2 mm greater at L3 than the osteologic ones and 4 mm greater at L5. Interarticular distances, midsagittal diameters, and pedicular lengths were, on average, 1 mm greater and foraminal anteroposterior measurements 1 mm less than the osteologic ones. Body stature correlated with interpedicular and interarticular distances, pedicular length, and foraminal anteroposterior measurements. In older age groups, the midsagittal diameter tended to be reduced. A number of correlations were found between the five measurements, e.g. between the anteroposterior diameter of the intervertebral foramen and the pedicular length. Measurements in the transverse plane were independent of those in the anteroposterior plane. These results confirm and amplify preliminary observations and indicate the potential value of simple measurements on lumbar spine films as an alternative to more sophisticated and expensive radiologic investigations.
Physical Interpretation of Diaphanograms Using the Computer-Controlled Image Scanner Osiris
Authors: Wallberg H. , Alveryd A. , Carlsson K.
Published: June 2015

Experiments have shown that the light recorded in diaphanography covers approximately the wavelength region of 645 to 900 nm. No significant change in image quality was noted by changing the camera distance between 10 and 25 cm and the light source aperture between 5 and 30 mm. Experiments using polarising filters indicated that the breast is optically isotropic; therefore the results cannot be improved by using polarising filters. In a comparison of various films, Kodak Ektachrome Infrared Film gave the best results. No degradation or variation in image quality was observed when different batches were compared or when the exposed film was stored for 3 weeks before processing. The exposure level is a critical factor and a series of 3 images is needed for optimum evaluation of diaphanograms. The experiments indicate that diaphanography gives consistent results.
Cystic Intramuscular Myxoma
Authors: Pettersson H. , Hudson T. M. , Springfield D. S. , Kaude J. V.
Published: June 2015

CT and ultrasound examination of a soft tissue mass in a 43-year-old woman revealed a large, cystic lesion. At surgery, a myxoma was found deep to a large cyst. Although myxomas have been reported frequently to contain one to 5 mm cysts, none has previously been reported associated with a large cyst that concealed the solid tumor. Large intramuscular cysts are rare; a cystic appearance on CT or ultrasound examination of an intramuscular mass should suggest a possible underlying solid lesion.
Normal Ureteral Diameter in Infancy and Childhood
Authors: Hellström M. , Hjälmås K. , Jacobsson B. , Jodal U. , Odén A.
Published: June 2015

Ureteral diameters were estimated on films from intravenous urography in 194 children (100 boys and 94 girls) aged 0–16 years. Children with signs of urinary tract infection, calculi, obstruction, duplication or malformation were excluded. Films obtained without abdominal compression were used for measurements, including only ureters visualized over 50 per cent of their lengths. A good correlation was demonstrated between ureteral diameter and age (r=0.69) and between ureteral diameter and the length of a segment of the lumbar spine (r=0.73). The widest part of the ureter was most often located just above the crossing of the iliac vessels. The right ureter was slightly wider than the left one. No difference between boys and girls was noted. The results are in good agreement with those of others obtained at autopsy. Bearing in mind the possible physiologic variations, it would seem that measuring the ureteral diameter can be of value for a more objective differentiation between dilated and non-dilated ureters.
Diverticulosis in Total Colonic Aganglionosis
Authors: Ivancev K. , Fork T. , Hägerstrand I. , Ivarsson S. , Kullendorff C.-M.
Published: June 2015

Two infants with total colonic aganglionosis (TCA) extending into the distal part of the ileum are described. Considerable diagnostic delay occurred with the correct diagnosis established first at 3 and 8 months, respectively. Radiologic findings compatible with TCA such as prolonged barium retention, reflux into ileum following barium enema, and foreshortening of colon were not clearly evident initially. Both patients demonstrated multiple acquired colon diverticula which increased both in number and size during the period of observation. These diverticula are probably a late manifestation of the spastic state of the anganglionic colon. Thus demonstration of diverticula supplies a strong evidence of TCA in infants with intestinal obstruction.
Ultrasonography of the Undescended Testis
Authors: Hederström E. , Forsberg L. , Kullendorff C.-M.
Published: June 2015

Sixty prospective sonographic preoperative examinations were performed on 57 boys, 3 to 12 years of age (mean 6⅔), in order to investigate the accuracy of the method for localizing undescended or non-palpable testes in the anteperitoneal region, i.e. the inguinal canal. Sonographic results agreed with the findings at surgical exploration in 53 (88%) of the 60 examinations performed which was regarded as a satisfactory result. The method is convenient and valuable for the planning of surgery. Sonograms of patients earlier operated upon were difficult to interpret and accounted for some misinterpretations as did examinations in some patients with divergent anatomy.
Death following Intravascular Administration of Contrast Media
Authors: Shehadi W. H.
Published: June 2015

Adverse reactions to intravascularly administered contrast media preceding death and the autopsy findings in 44 patients are presented. There is a wide scatter of the age distribution of fatal reactions. The highest incidence is in the 50–70 year age group. Similar observations were obtained from the 405 deaths due to contrast media reported to the Food and Drug Administration of the United States. In the same age group the number of reactions is highest, likewise the autopsy findings. The predominant autopsy findings are pulmonary edema, congestion and hemorrhage; arteriosclerosis, both general and coronary. In the younger age group the autopsy findings are limited mostly to the respiratory tract. Fatal reactions to contrast media occur often without warning and most deaths occur within 15 min to 6 hours. Reactions to contrast media occur without relation to sex or age.
Forward-Leaning Position for Radiographic Differentiation between Free and Encapsulated Pleural Effusion
Authors: Möller A.
Published: June 2015

Forty-three patients in whom standard radiographic projections of the chest suggested effusion in the dorsal costophrenic sinus were also examined in sitting, forward-leaning position. Following this change of posture the sinus cleared if the effusion was free. The procedure can therefore be useful in patients in whom there is difficulty in distinguishing between free and encapsulated pleural fluid. In addition, it facilitates assessment of the posterior parts of the lungs and the pleura that otherwise are concealed by free effusion.
Ultrasonic Assessment of Abdominal Venous Return
Authors: Smith H.-J. , Grøttum P. , Simonsen S.
Published: June 2015

Duplex scanning, i.e. combined real time ultrasonography and pulsed Doppler velocity measurement, of the inferior vena cava and portal vein was performed in 85 patients subjected to routine left and right heart catheterization. Mean blood velocity and volume blood flow in the inferior vena cava were found to be pulsatile, reflecting both cardiac action and respiration. Different flow patterns could be related to various heart conditions. The cross-sectional area of the inferior vena cava was also pulsatile, the normal variation with respiration being partial collapse during inspiration and maximum distension at end expiration. In the majority of patients, portal vein flow showed variation with respiration only, maximum flow occurring during expiration. The flow patterns found in the two veins were well in accordance with previous invasive findings in animals. It is concluded that duplex scanning is a useful tool in the assessment of abdominal venous return.
Nephrotoxicity of Ionic and Non-Ionic Contrast Media in Aorto-Femoral Angiography
Authors: Albrechtsson U. , Hultberg B. , Lárusdóttir H. , Norgren L.
Published: June 2015

Nineteen patients examined with aorto-femoral angiography were randomized into two contrast medium groups (meglumine metrizoate and iohexol). Urine activity of β-hexosaminidase, a specific renal enzyme, was determined before and on three occasions after angiography. No change of β-hexosaminidase activity was found after angiography with iohexol, while there was a significant increase after examination with meglumine metrizoate. This indicates that meglumine metrizoate even following injection into the abdominal aorta damages renal cells which could not be shown with iohexol as contrast medium. We therefore recommend that at least patients with impaired renal function should be examined with the non-ionic contrast medium iohexol to minimize the danger of further damage to the kidneys and a possible renal failure.
Selective Nephroangiography in the Dog Causing Renal Platelet Aggregation and Irregular Nephrographic Phase
Authors: Almén T. , Bergentz S.-E. , Törnquist C. , Öystese B.
Published: June 2015

Selective renal artery injections of large single doses of the ionic contrast medium metrizoate produced an irregular nephrographic phase, ‘patchy contrast medium retention’, in 14 of 16 dogs. The irregular nephrographic phase was associated with a transient accumulation of platelets and fibrinogen in the kidney and with microscopically demonstrable transient thrombi in afferent arterioles and glomerular capillary tufts. These effects were followed by tubular damage, which was demonstrated in 4 of 6 dogs examined 48 hours after injection. Formation of thrombi was not demonstrated in 6 dogs given small single doses, which produced a homogeneous nephrographic phase. It is suggested that contrast medium induced endothelial damage is a pathogenetic mechanism in the development of thrombi and patchy contrast medium retention.
Ioxaglate versus Diatrizoate in Selective Pulmonary Angiography
Authors: Kumazaki T.
Published: June 2015

A clinical comparison of ioxaglate and diatrizoate with regard to the cardiovascular effects following selective pulmonary angiography was performed in 20 patients with normal pulmonary arterial pressure. Ioxaglate produced a significantly less marked effect on systemic blood pressure (p<0.001), pulmonary arterial pressure (p<0.001), and heart rate (p<0.05–0.01), as compared with diatrizoate.
Computed Tomography of Mediastinal Lymph Nodes
Authors: Lien H. H. , Lund G.
Published: June 2015

Normal lymph nodes of the mediastinum are often not visible at CT. Some nodes may become contrast filled after foot lymphography, and these are easily seen in the CT sections. In the present report contrast filling is used to locate the main groups of mediastinal nodes at CT. The anatomy is reviewed and involvement of different nodes in various diseases is discussed.
Percutaneous Biliary Drainage in Neoplastic Jaundice
Authors: Passariello R. , Pavone P. , Rossi P. , Simonetti G. , Modini C. , Lasagni R. P. , Mannella P. , Gazzaniga G. M. , Paolini R. M. , Iaccarino V. , Feltrin G. P. , Roversi R. , Mallarini G.
Published: June 2015

Technical and clinical data concerning 731 controlled patients submitted to nonsurgical percutaneous biliary drainage (PBD) for preoperative or palliative purposes were collected from eight institutions. Using a computerized analysis program, general and special statistics were obtained, with special attention given to 536 neoplastic cases. Technical success, type, level and nature of the lesions, purpose of drainage, surgery performed, complications, and other clinical and technical information were considered and compared with the clinical results. Statistically significant data were obtained comparing, respectively, bilirubin levels with duration of drainage, survival with type of treatment (PBD alone or followed by radical or palliative surgery), operative with post PBD mortality, survival with type of PBD (external catheter, internal catheter, and endoprosthesis), and complications with type of PBD used.
Renal Size Parameter
Authors: Hederström E.
Published: June 2015

A method for measuring the L1–L3 and L1–L4 distance by sonography is presented, and the results are compared with measurements from radiography. For 35 children aged 2 months to 13 years (mean 5.2 years) sonographic measurements displayed a mean percentage variation of 2.4 to 3.2 per cent from radiographic values. The coefficient of correlation was about 0.98. As sonography is suitable for kidney length estimation, the additional information obtained by the method presented makes it possible to perform the same kidney size evaluation by means of the same length/vertebral body-related diagrams already used in radiographic kidney size evaluation.
Demonstration of Renal Mass Lesions by Early Dynamic Imaging during Bone Scintigraphy
Authors: Thomsen F. , Jørgensen L. , Diemer H.
Published: June 2015

The detection of renal abnormalities during bone scintigraphy using 99Tcm-phosphorous complexes is well documented. Three patients with renal carcinoma visible on early but less well on late images during bone scintigraphy are presented. Early dynamic imaging provides improved lesion detectability and information about renal function.
Transcatheter Intraarterial Management of Gynecologic Tumors
Authors: Thorvinger B. , Jörgensen C. W. , Samuelsson L. , Tropé C.
Published: June 2015

Intraarterial therapy was performed in 17 women with various gynecologic tumors in order to facilitate surgery (13 patients) and for palliation (4 patients). In the non-surgery group intraarterial chemotherapy was supplemented by occlusion in 2 patients. In the surgery group 5 women received intraarterial chemotherapy before the occlusion procedure. In the palliation group the result was poor, but 9 of 13 patients in the surgery group had radical surgery. They had all previously been found to be non-resectable at laparotomy (11 patients) or clinically (2 patients). No severe complications of using the intraarterial technique were encountered, though such are frequently reported.
In Vivo Measurement of the Elasticity and Diameter of the Femoral Artery
Authors: Christensen T. , Neubauer B.
Published: June 2015

The diameter and the elastic properties of the femoral artery were investigated by means of ultrasound M-mode. The nature of individual variations was determined in 27 medical students at the age of 21–23 years. A significant positive correlation was found between height and increasing arterial cross sectional area. The influence of age upon arterial luminal size and elasticity was estimated in a group of 43 persons with a wide range of age. There was a significant rise in stiffness proportional to age, but none in luminal size.
Proton Relaxation in a Multicompartmental System with Exchange, Simulating Human Tissue
Authors: Ericsson A. , Hemmingsson A. , Jung B.
Published: June 2015

The proton magnetic resonance behaviour of human tissue was simulated with a numerical model in which the resonating nuclei were assumed to belong to five different compartments of defined relative sizes and with distinct relaxation properties. Effects of various proton exchange rates between the compartments were included in the model. The time evolution of longitudinal and transverse macroscopic magnetizations was calculated. Applications of this model in magnetic resonance imaging are discussed.
Factors Modifying Contrast Media Induced Fibrillation
Authors: Morris T. W. , Ciaravino V. , Sahler L. G. , Cioffi B.
Published: June 2015

Factors effecting contrast media induced ventricular fibrillation were studied in anesthetized dogs using contact time as the measured parameter. Injections of meglumine/sodium diatrizoate (370 mg I/ml) were made into the right coronary artery at 0.4 ml/s until fibrillation occurred. A contrast medium containing calcium chelators was found to produce fibrillation in a significantly shorter contact time than a similar medium without calcium chelators. Pre-treatment by the cardiac glycoside, ouabain, increased the contact time for fibrillation as did the production of a sub-acute infarction in the left coronary artery and a previous fibrillation and resuscitation. The data suggest that calcium binding additives increase the risk of fibrillation while pre-treatment with cardiac glycosides, the presence of stable infarcts in the non-injected areas, or a previous fibrillation and resuscitation do not increase risk.
Interobserver Variation in the Radiographic Diagnosis of Duodenal Ulcer Disease
Authors: Gjørup T. , Nielsen H. , Jensen L. Bording , Jensen A. Mørup
Published: June 2015

Interobserver variation was estimated in radiologists' detection of duodenal ulcer and deformity of the duodenal bulb. A consecutive series of 156 patients with upper abdominal pain had a double contrast barium examination. The films were first read by routine by a specialist in radiology. A second reading was performed by another specialist who did not know the result of the first reading. Overall agreement between the two readings in the detection of duodenal ulcer and deformity of the duodenal bulb was 0.91 and 0.94, respectively. The overall agreement was adjusted for the expected chance agreement and kappa values were calculated. Kappa was 0.63 for the detection of duodenal ulcer and 0.85 for the detection of deformity of the duodenal bulb.
Ovarian Radiation Dose during Dynamic Cystourethrography Using Videorecording and Photofluorography
Authors: Westby M. , Sandbu J. , Jahren R. , Asmussen M.
Published: June 2015

The ovarian radiation dose in dynamic cystourethrography was estimated by thermoluminescence dosimetry in a phantom and in 26 patients. The urodynamic examination technique was standardized and included fluoroscopy with videorecording and rapid sequence 100 mm fluorography. The examination was performed in the lateral position with dosimeters in the vagina, uterine cavity and rectum. The total dose in the midline was 13 mGy per examination, which compares with 12 mGy in urography.
Ureteral Diameter in Low-Risk Vesicoureteral Reflux in Infancy and Childhood
Authors: Hellström M. , Hiälmås K. , Jacobsson B. , Jodal U.
Published: June 2015

In order to improve the accuracy of the grading of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), reference values for ureteral diameter at micturition cystourethrography (MCUG) were established in infants and children with low-risk VUR. Low-risk VUR was defined as VUR not associated with infection, obstruction, calculi, duplication, malformations (except for hypospadia) or neurogenic bladder disturbances. Forty-six children (age 1 day-14 years) were selected by examining the records of 12000 MCUG:s performed 1960–1983. Ureteral diameter was measured at the widest point of the ureter on the films from MCUG:s and urographies. Ureteral diameter was slightly larger at MCUG than at urography in the same individuals but the difference was not significant. The ureteral diameter at MCUG also correlated closely to normal values at urography in a previous study. It is proposed that the reference values obtained at MCUG in the present investigation can be used for the differentiation between dilatation and no dilatation in the grading of VUR.
Sound Velocity in the Middle Phalanges of the Human Hand
Authors: Fredfeldt K.-E.
Published: June 2015

Determination of the velocity of ultrasound seems a promising way of monitoring diffuse bone mineral disease. Measurements have been made on 13 healthy adults, 3 healthy children, and 17 patients submitted to haemodialysis. The mean ultrasound velocity in the middle phalanges of the hand was found to be 2 403 m/s in the normal adults, 2 109 m/s in the children, and 2 360 m/s in the haemodialysis group. One person had known halisteresis and had a velocity significantly lower than in the normal group. The method is fast and harmless and might be used in screening procedures or at follow-up examinations in patients at risk. However, a prerequisite for this is further investigation of the normal relationships of velocity to age and to actual bone mineral content.
Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Transarterial Injection of Anticancer Agents in Iodized Oil Suspension or of Radioactive Iodized Oil Solution
Authors: Kobayashi H. , Hidaka H. , Kajiya Y. , Tanoue P. , Inoue H. , Ikeda K. , Nakajo M. , Shinohara S.
Published: June 2015

Transarterial injection of modified iodized oil was performed in 48 patients with hepatoma. In 41 cases an adriamycin and/or mitomycin C-iodized oil suspension was administered into the proper hepatic artery or peripheral hepatic branches. A reduction in tumor size of over 50 per cent was obtained in 14 of the 33 patients in whom CT examination was performed before and after treatment. Serum alpha-fetoprotein levels decreased in 20 of 21 cases within the first month after injection. The one-year survival rate was estimated at 55 per cent in advanced hepatoma. In 7 patients, transarterial internal irradiation using radioactive iodized oil was carried out. A decrease in tumor size was observed in all cases and in alpha-fetoprotein levels in 6 cases. One patient with severe liver cirrhosis died in hepatorenal failure. No severe complications or other adverse reactions were encountered with either of the methods.
Left Ventricular Asynergy Score as an Indicator of Previous Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Backman C. , Jacobsson K.-A. , Linderholm H. , Osterman G.
Published: June 2015

Sixty-eight patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) i.e. a history of angina of effort and/or previous ‘possible infarction’ were examined inter alia with ECG and cinecardioangiography. A system of scoring was designed which allowed a semiquantitative estimate of the left ventricular asynergy from cinecardioangiography—the left ventricular motion score (LVMS). The LVMS was associated with the presence of a previous myocardial infarction (MI), as indicated by the history and ECG findings. The ECG changes specific for a previous MI were associated with high LVMS values and unspecific or absent ECG changes with low LVMS values. Decision thresholds for ECG changes and asynergy in diagnosing a previous MI were evaluated by means of a ROC analysis. The accuracy of ECG in detecting a previous MI was slightly higher when asynergy indicated a ‘true MI’ than when autopsy result did so in a comparable group. Therefore the accuracy of asynergy (LVMS ≥ 1) in detecting a previous MI or myocardial fibrosis in patients with CHD should be at least comparable with that of autopsy (scar >1 cm).
The Layering Phenomenon and Boundary Formation in Radiographs
Authors: Nilson A. E.
Published: June 2015

In a radiographic examination using a water-soluble contrast medium this may form a layer beneath a body fluid. Between the two liquids a zone consisting of a mixture of the two liquids then forms through diffusion. This diffusion layer produces some characteristic features in the radiographic image, an analysis of which was the purpose of the model experiments performed in this investigation. In this analysis of the layering phenomenon the radiographed objects were cylindrical tubes of methyl methacrylate partly filled with water. In some cases a rod was placed concentrically in the tube. Contrast medium was layered below the water. Radiographs were produced with the tube either vertical or inclined, and with either a horizontal or a vertical projection. In the image the layer of contrast medium was visualized as a light field, and the water layer as an overlying relatively dark field. The diffusion layer was visualized as a transitional zone—the diffusion field. Distinct boundaries and Mach lines observed in the bottom field were produced by the interface between the contrast medium and the solid wall where it was touched by the roentgen rays. These boundaries continued into the diffusion field where they gradually became less visible and eventually disappeared. The upper and lower boundaries of the diffusion field were diffuse and associated with dark and light Mach bands, respectively. The upper boundary appeared to be convex upwards. In the case of the inclined model and a vertical beam the diffusion field was elliptical, with a still more diffuse transition to the fields above and below than in the case of the vertical model and a horizontal beam. When layering of the contrast medium and a body fluid occurs the imaged distinct boundary of the layer of medium always represents the surface of a solid anatomic structure. A diffuse boundary, on the other hand, can be produced by the diffusion layer, itself.
Regional Differences in the Proton Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Times T1 and T2 within the Normal Human Brain
Authors: Larsson E.-M. , Englund E. , Györffy-Wagner Z. , Brun A. , Cronqvist S. , Persson B.
Published: June 2015

The proton magnetic resonance (MR) relaxation times T1 and T2 were determined in autopsy specimens from 13 different regions of normal human brains. One hundred and seventy-four tissue samples from 25 brains were examined in a pulsed MR analyzer of 0.25 T and were then also studied histologically. There were regional differences in T1 and T2 within the cerebral gray matter but not within the white matter. These regional differences might reflect the different composition and cytoarchitectonic structure of the cortical regions and should be taken into consideration in the interpretation of cortical lesions on MR images.
Acute Renal Failure in Rats
Authors: Cederholm C. , Almén T. , Bergqvist D. , Golman K. , Takolander R.
Published: June 2015

Acute renal failure is a serious complication of reconstructive aortoiliac surgery. The question was raised whether its etiology includes interaction between preoperative angiographic contrast medium and intra-operative clamping of the renal arteries. Renal arteries of 180 rats were bilaterally clamped 10 to 120 min and serum urea was determined from 3 h to 7 days later. in 35 rats 40 min clamping alone produced an increase in urea reaching a maximum 1 day later (median increase 70%). In 3 groups of 12 rats intravenous injection of the contrast medium metrizoate alone in doses 1, 2 and 3 g I/kg body-weight produced no significant increase in urea. Intravenous injection of the same doses to 3 groups of 10 rats each followed 1 h later by renal arterial occlusion for 40 min produced median urea increases one day later of 110, 130 and 170 per cent, respectively, in the 3 groups. The increase was higher than that produced by contrast medium alone (p<0.01) or by renal artery clamping alone (p<0.05) indicating a potentiation of transient renal failure by the combination of contrast medium and renal arterial clamping.
Computed Tomography in Pre- and Postoperative Evaluation of Aortic Dissection
Authors: Landtman M. , Kivisaari L. , Standertskjöld-Nordenstam C.-G. , Taavitsainen M.
Published: June 2015

Thirty-seven patients with angiographically or operatively confirmed acute, chronic or postoperative aortic dissection were examined by means of dynamic CT and the results compared with those obtained by angiography and ultrasonography (US). The diagnostic accuracy was 87 per cent for CT, 97 per cent for angiography, and 76 per cent for US, although US was only available in less than half of the cases. The highest accuracy (95%) of CT was achieved in the pre-operative group, which is comparable with the 97 per cent accuracy achieved using angiography. Three patients in the postoperative group had false negative CTs, resulting in an overall accuracy of 82 per cent as compared with 100 per cent for angiography. Despite its diagnostic capacity, CT could not define the complete extent of dissection in four patients. The descending thoracic aorta was the area most difficult for CT examinations because of frequent artifacts in the images.

References
Selective Streptokinase Fibrinolysis in Femoro-Iliac Arterial Obstruction
Authors: Sørensen K. , Hegedüs V.
Published: June 2015

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of iliac and femoral arteries was in 17 patients combined with selective intra-arterial streptokinase treatment. The patients were divided into two groups, one given low dose long-term therapy and the other high dose short-term therapy. The experiences obtained during an observation period of over one year revealed greater benefit from high dose short-term therapy. It seems that the major cause of complications must be attributed to the development of a high level of streptokinase antibodies during low dose long-term therapy.

References
Radiologic Evaluation of the Continent (S-Pouch) Ileal Reservoir with Anal Anastomosis
Authors: Hennild V. , Kjærgård H. , Hansen L. Kuld
Published: June 2015

A radiologic investigation was performed in 26 patients subjected to colectomy, mucosal proctectomy and endorectal ileo-anal anastomosis after the creation of an ileal reservoir. The patients had suffered from ulcerative colitis or familial polyposis. The reservoir and its efferent leg was best demonstrated by contrast enema. The size and position of the reservoir and the efferent leg was demonstrated, and stenoses, abscesses and fistulae could be identified. Examination of the small bowel with a contrast medium showed slight dilatation of the ileum orally to the reservoir in all instances and one patient had a stenosis at the junction of the afferent leg of the reservoir. Erect and supine projections of the abdomen showed gas in the intestine and fluid levels in the reservoir. These radiographic findings should not be confused with ileus or pelvic abscess. Radiology was of great value in disclosing postoperative complications.

References
Computed Tomography of the Knee with Reference to Meniscal Tears
Authors: Jurik A. G. , Jørgensen J. , Helmig O. , de Carvalho A.
Published: June 2015

Computed tomography (CT) with a high resolution CT scanner and—on a special occasion—double contrast arthrography of the knee with reference to meniscal tears were performed in 50 patients. Operation or arthroscopy was performed in 28 patients and 15 were found to have meniscal tears. A correct diagnosis of the tears was achieved at CT in 13 of these patients. Three false positive and two false negative CT findings were recorded, resulting in a 91 per cent accuracy for CT, a diagnostic specificity of 84 per cent, and a sensitivity of 95 per cent. The diagnostic value of CT thus compared with that of double contrast arthrography. This should indicate that CT may be used as an alternative non-invasive diagnostic procedure in the diagnosis of meniscal tears of the knee joint.

References
Positron Emission Tomography of Cavernous Haemangiomas of the Brain
Authors: Ericson K. , von Holst H. , Mosskin M. , Bergström M. , Lindqvist M. , Norén G. , Eriksson L.
Published: June 2015

Four cases with lesions suspected to be low-grade intracerebral tumours but later proved to be cavernous haemangiomas are described. The patients were examined with contrast enhanced CT and with positron emission tomography (PET). The lesions were partly calcified with a mild or no mass effect and a slight contrast enhancement at CT. There were signs of disrupture of the blood-lesion barrier also on radionuclide studies. PET with 11C-methionine and 11C-glucose showed a normal or decreased accumulation of the tracers. This combination of findings has not been encountered in intracranial tumours. As a comparison, one case of glioblastoma is described. In this patient, the CT findings suggested a cavernous haemangioma. However, PET showed a markedly increased accumulation of 11C-methionine, which is compatible with brain tumour but not with haemangioma.
Cerebral Computed Tomography in Men with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: Brun B. , Boesen F. , Gerstoft J. , Nielsen J. O. , Præstholm J.
Published: June 2015

Cerebral CT scannings were performed in 19 homosexual men with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Nearly half of them (9 patients) had cortical atrophy. Three patients with toxoplasmosis had cerebral pathology, in two of them with ring enhancement while the third had an ill-defined nonspecific lesion with slight heterogeneous enhancement without ring formation. Two patients with multifocal leucoencephalopathy and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, respectively, presented non-enhancing, low attenuating lesions at CT.
THE Jugular Bulb Diverticulum
Authors: Wadin K. , Wilbrand H.
Published: June 2015

Two hundred and forty-five temporal bone specimens were examined radiographically. Subsequently the topographic relationship between the jugular fossa and surrounding structures was evaluated in plastic casts of the specimens. Fifty-eight casts showed a high jugular fossa and in 17 a jugular bulb diverticulum was found. A diverticulum is regarded as an anomaly of the high jugular bulb and presumably has a potential for expansion. Most frequently a diverticulum was directed medially into the space between the internal acoustic meatus, the vestibular aqueduct and the posterior cranial fossa. Seven diverticula reached the level of the internal acoustic meatus. Encroachment upon the vestibular aqueduct was seen in 4 casts and both the internal acoustic meatus and the cochlear aqueduct were very close to the diverticulum. A few diverticula were directed postero-laterally close to the facial canal and the stapedius muscle. The investigation was supplemented with a selected clinical material of radiographs of temporal bones with high fossae. The results corresponded to those of the experimental investigation. The jugular bulb diverticulum is a relatively common feature and should be regarded as an anomaly with a potential to give rise to clinical symptoms consequent to its intrusion upon surrounding structures.
Translumbar Selective Coronary Angiography by Catheter Replacement Technique
Authors: Efsen F. , Asmussen I.
Published: June 2015

Coronary angiography in patients with angina pectoris and widespread atherosclerosis imposes special technical problems. In two patients with unaccessible femoral and brachial arteries and one with bilateral occlusion of the femoral arteries selective left and right coronary angiography was performed by translumbar insertion of catheters using a modified catheter replacement technique. The technique is simple and no complications were observed.
Quantitative Metacarpal Bone Measurements before and after Renal Transplantation
Authors: Andresen J. , Nielsen H. E.
Published: June 2015

The outer (D) and inner diameter (d) of the second metacarpal bone, the combined cortical thickness (D—d), cortical area (D2–d2) and bone mass ((D2d2)/D2) were measured in 74 renal transplant (RT) recipients at the time of renal transplantation and in a prospective analysis of 60 recipients after transplantation. The RT patient group was made up of recipients who after renal transplantation developed osteonecrosis or spontaneous fractures (RT-ON/SF) and an age- and sex-matched renal control group of subjects who did not develop these complications (RT-C). At the time of renal transplantation, in renal transplant recipient men and women, significantly reduced values in D, D—d and D2–d2 was noticed. These findings could be explained by a higher ratio of bone resorption than formation at the periosteal surface. Following renal transplantation, significant increases in d were seen with significant decreases in D—d, D2–d2 and (D2–d2)/D2, probably due to endosteal bone resorption, whereas D was unchanged compared with normal control persons. In the total group and in RT-ON/SF women, D decreased significantly and in ON/SF, increased significantly with significant decrease in bone mass compared with normal women whereas no significant changes in the parameters were seen in RT-C women. These findings indicate that bone loss after transplantation continues at the periosteal surface in women. The bone loss was most markedly demonstrated in women, who subsequently develop osteonecrosis or spontaneous fractures, probably due to a combined periosteal and endosteal resorption of calcified bony tissue.
Ultrasound Examination of Foreign Bodies
Authors: Suramo I. , Pamilo M.
Published: June 2015

Ultrasound examination of foreign bodies most frequently encountered in the human body was performed when they were contained within a transmission medium acoustically resembling human soft tissues. All the foreign bodies evaluated (lead and plastic pellets, pieces of wire, nails, needles, small fragments of rock and glass, wooden slivers, surgical sponges and surgical threads) were detectable with ultrasound. Strong echoes were reflected from their surface when they were positioned favourably, although in some positions the echoes from a needle, fragment of glass, wooden sliver, or surgical thread could not be distinguished from those of the surroundings. Acoustic shadows were also seen behind the foreign bodies. A striking column of reverberation echoes was demonstrated behind lead pellets and nails while behind a glass plate there was an acoustic shadow that was often difficult to detect because it was concealed by a mirror image. With modern grey-scale real-time equipment it is possible to demonstrate objects from various angles, a fact which should facilitate the detection of foreign bodies in in vivo circumstances.