bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ARCHAEOGRAPHIC RESEARCH IN THE FIELD OF PILGRIMAGE LITERATURE PRODUCED IN THE TIME OF PETER THE GREAT
Authors:   Institute of Russian Literature (Pushkinskij Dom) of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Fedorova Irina V.
Published: December 2022

This is an overview of the history of archaeographic research in the field of Russian pilgrimage literature produced in the time of Peter the Great. The work, which was carried out by specialists in the 19th and early 21st centuries, led to an expansion of the source base for the study of the field. This allows us to examine issues related to the literary history of texts about pilgrimage, clarify their attribution, the date of a pilgrimage and the date when its description was written. The article reconstructs the social characteristics of readers of pilgrimage stories and attempts to describe the distinctive features of the circulation of these stories in eighteenth-century books.
The Effect of Tool Rotation on Structure and Mechanical Properties in Friction Stir Welding Of Aluminum AA5052
Authors: Kholis Nur , Purwanto Helmy , Annanto Gilar Pandu , Jatmiko Mohammad Alfian Eki
Published: December 2022

Abstract: Welding of aluminum alloy materials is often used in the industrial world, including those engaged in shipping, aircraft, and others. The welding method used to bind aluminum materials is Friction Stir Welding (FSW). Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a simple welding method, namely by utilizing the heat energy generated from the friction of the shoulder tool with the material being welded. This study aimed to determine the effect of tool rotation on the physical and mechanical properties of Friction Stir Welding of Aluminum AA5052. The material used in this study was aluminum with the series AA5052 as the primary material. The friction stir welding process was carried out using CnC milling with parameters of the tool rotation speed of 1000, 1200, and 1500 rpm and a feed rate of 25 mm/minute. Physical analysis was carried out using macro photo observations with a USB Digital Microscope and microstructural observations with optical metallography. Mechanical observations were carried out using tensile testing and hardness testing. The microstructure in the weld nugget area shows good results with fine and dense grains that occur due to the dynamic recrystallization process. The highest tensile strength is 102.49 MPa in the 1000 rpm parameter. This is due to the material mixing process and good heat transfer.
OPPORTUNITIES AND PROSPECTS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE PATHOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION OF CANCER
Authors: Shelekhova K.V.
Published: December 2022

Digitalization, artificial intelligence and machine learning are increasingly being introduced into medicine and pathology in particular. The review presents the definitions and modern concepts of this field, the possibilities and limitations, the advantages and disadvantages of their use. Examples from representative publications are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF AUXILIARY DRUGS ON PHOTODYNAMIC CYTOLYSIS IN PHOTODYNAMIC THERAPY
Authors: Miroshnikova Е.В. , Galebskayа L.V. , Dadali V.A. , Dadal Y.V. , Miroshnikov B.I.
Published: December 2022

The effect of pyridine-containing and phenolic compounds (Mexidol, Emoxypine, Vitamin В6 , Paracetamol, Propofol, Coenzyme Q10) and imidazole-containing Dexdor on photoinduced hemolysis in PDT was studied in an experiment (on erythrocytes of healthy people’s blood). It was found that Mexidol and Emoxypine showed themselves not as antioxidants, but as powerful agents to enhance the hemolytic effect, while in the area of small doses they showed a membraneprotective antihemolytic effect. Therefore, the possibility of their use as concomitant drugs in PDT is problematic and additional clinical studies are required. The anesthetic Dexdor (dexmedetomidine) did not have a noticeable effect on the rate of hemolysis, which makes it possible to recommend it as a priority drug for drug support of PDT. Sedative Propofol (2,4-diisopropylphenol) and Paracetamol (p-acetoaminophenol) as most phenolic compounds caused significant inhibition of hemolysis, which makes their use in PDT problematic. Coenzyme Q10 (its reduced form – ubiquinol) showed a pronounced inhibitory effect on the hemolysis process, however, it can be recommended as an effective membrane-protective drug to protect the membranes of healthy cells
Analisis Risiko Investasi dan Prediksi Saham Menggunakan Algortime Machine Learning
Authors: Widi Hastomo  , Sutarno  , Sudjiran
Published: December 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk analisa risiko dan korelasi antar saham dengan menghitung return harian menggunakan metode moving average (MA). Selain itu dengan dataset dari 2 saham (Apple dan Microsoft) juga dilakukan prediksi nilai saham di periode waktu berikutnya (future), dengan menggunakan metode neural network (deep learning) Long Short Term Memory (LSTM). Hasil dari komputasi dalam bahasa python berupa beberapa visualisasi grafik yang memudahkan pembacaan informasi. Visualisasi grafik MA jangka pendek dan panjang ke dua saham cenderung mengalami penurunan harga semenjak bulan Januari hingga Juni 2022 namun volume penjualan saham tidak terjadi penurunan secara signifikan untuk saham Apple. Berbeda dengan Apple, Microsoft terjadi 2 kali volume penjualan tinggi di bulan Februari (9.107 lembar saham) dan bulan Mei (7.107 lembar saham). Tingkat kemiripan (korelasi) kedua saham tersebut sebesar 72%. Dari analisa risiko dan expected return, saham Apple memiliki risiko (0.019994) dan expected return (0.001402) lebih rendah dari saham Microsoft dengan risiko (0.017169) dan expected return (0.000904). Prediksi waktu kedepan (future) dengan model LSTM, menunjukan Apple dan Microsoft masih akan mangalami penurunan harga saham.
The Effect of Artificial Intelligent Technology Used (Duolingo Application) To Enhance English Learning
Authors: Handini Baiq Suprapti , Nurhasanah Nurhasanah - , Panly Firdaus Imanl
Published: December 2022

This research aims to figure out the effect of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Duolingo Application to Enhance Speaking and Listening Ability. This study uses a quantitative technique where the researcher conducts experimental research using a quasi-experimental design. This research was completed at Hamzanwadi University with the subjects of this study were all students of second semester with class C English program with a total of 31 students. Where 16 students were the experimental class and 15 students were the control class. The results of the information investigation utilized descriptive statistics in analyzing the data and for hypothesis testing using normality test, homogeneity test, T-test and One Way- ANOVA. The means score for the speaking experimental class is 88.63, then 75.38 for the listening, and for the speaking control class it is 80.53, then 52.13 for the listening. Then with the result of significance (Sig.) 0.000 0.05. In conclusion, that there is an influence by utilizing the Duolingo application to enhance speaking abilities in second semester of Hamzanwadi University in the English Education Study Program for the academic year 2022-2023.
Language Learning Attitudes and Reading Comprehension Achievement at A Private Junior High School in East Java, Indonesia: A Correlational Study
Authors: Yusnitasari Rahmadyanti , Novita Dian
Published: December 2022

The attitudes of learners influence their ability to acquire English as a foreign language. In terms of its impact on learners, a good attitude leads to successful learning, whereas a negative attitude leads to failure. During the preliminary study, the researcher found that those who were eager to learn could do the reading test well. On the other hand, the students who were not welcome to English had difficulty to understand and finish the test. Therefore, the research aimed to investigate the relationship between language learning attitude and reading comprehension achievement. This research was conducted at the seventh-grade students at a private junior high school in East Java, Indonesia. The population of this study was 153 students and the sample taken was 43 students. The method used in this research was quantitative method with correlational design. The instruments used to gather the data were language learning attitude questionnaire and midterm examination as reading comprehension test. Both scores were analyzed and calculated using statistical procedure of Pearson Product Moment correlation. The result showed that there was a moderate positive correlation between language learning attitude and reading comprehension achievement (rxy = +0.349). The hypothesis testing showed that p-value (0.022) was less than the level of significance (0.05) which means that H0 was rejected and Ha was accepted. The research findings indicated that there was a correlation language learning attitude and reading comprehension achievement of the seventh-grade students.
The High School Students Readiness’ to Learn English Via Online During Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Nurteteng Nurteteng
Published: December 2022

This research aimed to identify the students’ readiness and opinion to learn English via online during the COVID-19 Pandemic. The researcher applied descriptive qualitative research method. The participants of this research are some students from SMK Muhammadiyah Aimas, MA Muhammadiyah Aimas and SMP Muhammadiyah Aimas. The researcher used random sampling as the technique for selecting the participant. The participants were taken from 10 students of each school as representatives. So, the total of the participant was 30 students who were doing the online learning. The researcher used two instruments. They were questionnaire and interview. The result of this research show that the students are not ready yet in doing online learning during this pandemic at Aimas District. It can be seen from the result of the students’ readiness questionnaire, which is 30,2 with standard deviation is 5, 640. The mean score is classified into low level of readiness. Most of them were not ready for online learning due to lack of motivation in learning, online communication, and computer/internet self-efficacy. Related with the students’ opinion, they think that online learning is not effective to apply because of the internet connection and the teaching method used.
Upgrading The Early Childhood Education Teacher Capacity in Introducing English with A Simulation Strategy
Authors: Harmanto Bambang , Rahmawati Ida Yeni
Published: December 2022

This study was conducted to explore the changes in Early childhood education teachers’ capacity when they were joining a special training with simulation strategy for introducing English at an early childhood education. Teacher’s capacity included two aspects in terms of English teaching strategies, developing material and media.  Developmental study was applied for implementing the strategy involving 10 early childhood education teachers. In the first meeting, they still felt difficult in implementing the model. In the second meeting finally they could practice it well. Quantitatively, 90% of respondents acknowledged and admitted that the simulation strategy  which they used have helped them to practice introducing English to young learners. Meanwhile, the 10% of respondents said that it was quite helpful for them. It can be concluded that training with simulation strategy was effective to improve early childhood education capacity in introducing English earlier. The successful model can be recommended for the other early childhood education teachers as a source of teaching for their students.
The Effect of STEM Education on Pre-Service Science Teachers’ Perceptions of 21st Century Skills and Competences and Problem Solving Skills
Authors: Koculu Asli , Topcu Mustafa Sami , Ciftci Ayse
Published: December 2022

In the globalizing world, individuals should be educated well-qualified to be effective citizens and workers by adapting the information society of the 21st century. At this point, STEM education is considered to promote the construction and improvement of 21st century skills and competences needed for individuals’ living in today’s world. In light of this consideration, the purpose of the current research is to examine the effect of STEM education on pre-service science teachers’ (PSTs) perceptions of 21st century skills and competences and problem solving skills. In this research, a one group pre- and post-test design was conducted. The participants of the current study were 26 PSTs at a public university. The data of the study were collected with “21st Century Skills and Competences Scale” and “Problem Solving Inventory”. In the data analysis, the paired sample t test was used. Findings revealed that there is a statistically significant difference among pre- and post-test total and sub-factors scores of PSTs’ perceptions of both 21st century skills and competences and problem solving skills in favor of the post-test scores. These results suggest that STEM education have a potential to improve PSTs’ perceptions of 21st century skills and competences and problem solving skills.
BURIALS WITH KNIFE-SHAPED BLADES FROM THE DON REGION AND THE NORTH CAUCASUS
Authors: Ilyukov Leonid S. , Melnikov Andrey Yu.
Published: December 2022

In the steppes of Eastern Europe, a whole series of burials were uncovered in simple pits, in which the deceased were buried on their backs, with their legs tucked up, knees up. Their outstretched or half-bent arms lay along the body, hands near the hips, sometimes in the groin area. A flint knife-shaped blade was also discovered there. The bones were richly dyed with ochre. The buried from the Lukovsky I burial ground in the Mozdok district of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, explored in 2017 by the archaeological expedition of LLC “OKN-Proekt” (Rostov-on-Don) complements this series of burials, which S.N. Korenevsky attributes to the proto-Yamna period. The use of knife-shaped blades in the funeral rite is not limited to the framework of the Eneolithic period. They are also found in the burials of the Middle Bronze Age. Since this sample group is characterized by the position of the deceased in simple grave pits, it is questionable to include in it undercut and catacomb structures, in which archaic elements of the funeral rite and grave goods are found. A flint knife with a leather handle was not only a “meat knife”, but also a tool for performing surgical operations. It was used to perform operations to apply cuts (tattoos) to the surface of the skin, as well as to perform rituals associated with phallic cults that emerged in a patriarchal society, where the role of men increased. The placement of a flint blade between the thighs, in the groin area, between the palms, suggests its simbolic meaning. A flint blade was used in performing circumcision of the foreskin, in cult sacrifice.
CLAY VESSELS’ SHAPES AS AN OBJECT OF STUDY OF THE CULTURAL HISTORY OF ALANS OF THE FOREST-STEPPE DON REGION
Authors: Sukhanov Evgeny V.
Published: December 2022

Alans are one of the ethnic components of the Saltovo-Mayatsk archaeological culture. Antiquities associated with this group are found in the Middle Don basin. The article studies the cultural characteristics of the Alanian groups that left behind the burial sites of this region, on the example of pottery. The object of study are the shapes of clay vessels. The study was carried out according to the methodology developed within the framework of the historical-and-cultural approach to the study of ancient pottery, proposed by A.A. Bobrinsky. The article considers the quantitative composition of unmixed traditions of shaping forms of pottery on sites associated with the Alan component of the Saltovo-Mayatsk culture. The three most numerous categories of ware are analyzed: jugs, mugs and pots. The communities that left behind the catacomb burial grounds of the eastern regions of the Don forest-steppe were culturally more heterogeneous than the communities from the western part. The materials of the Mayatsky complex, Yutanovsky and Podgorovsky burial grounds present unique and inherently mixed sets of morphological traditions. Based on the data of the study of ceramics and their comparison with burial traditions, we consider the Yutanovsky, Podgorovsky, Mayatsky burial grounds as cemeteries of communities that included settlers from the western part of the Don forest-steppe, whose traditions mixed up in new places of residence. The most probable reason for the resettlement of a certain part of the Alanian population to the eastern regions of the forest-steppe Don region can be considered the construction of a series of stone and brick fortresses on the Tikhaya Sosna River, as well as the need to control this section of the Slavic-Khazar frontier. In accordance with the concept, proposed by G.E. Afansiyev, these fortifications were built in the 30-40s of the 9th century. The author suggests that it is these events that can explain the influx of the Alanian population into the eastern regions of the forest-steppe Don region and the formation of more culturally heterogeneous groups in the new places of residence of these people than among the “neighbors” from the western regions of the Don forest-steppe.
THE RUBAS FORTIFICATION OF THE MID-SIXTH CENTURY: STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE WESTERN FACADE OF WALL 2
Authors: Gmyrya Ludmila B.
Published: December 2022

The Rubas fortification is a complex of stone military engineering structures, opened in 2014 in the lower reaches of the river. Rubas, 20 km SW from the city of Derbent. In terms of functional orientation, this archaeological object belongs to a series of monumental barrier structures erected in the Caspian Passage (Eastern Caucasus) by Sasanian Iran with the financial participation of Byzantium in the 5th–6th centuries, preventing raids of nomadic tribes into the countries of Transcaucasia and the Middle East. Typologically and chronologically (6th c.), the Rubas defensive complex is comparable to the stone fortifications of Derbent.Excavations (2014, 2016-2018, 2020) on the territory of the archaeological site revealed 6 separate military-technical structures. The connecting link in this complex is the main wall No. 2, oriented in the meridian direction (NW-SE), opened for 28 m. Three structures of the complex, oriented in the latitudinal direction (W-E), were connected to wall No. 2.Wall No. 2 is structurally distinguished by its monumentality. It was built using armored technique from massive, well-hewn stone blocks with internal backfilling from clastic material, including pebble stones and soil. The thickness of the wall is 3.2–3.5 m.A feature of the structure of wall No. 2 is that its facades (eastern and western) are combined. On the eastern facade, 5 building sections are visually distinguished, made using different technological methods. An analysis of engineering solutions during the construction of the eastern facade of wall No. 2 showed that they were due to certain functional tasks, both general defensive and specific, which ensured the strength of the building as a whole.
ANALYSIS OF SOME PHOTO SOURCES RELATED TO THE NOGAIS
Authors: Makhsutov Alim K.
Published: December 2022

With the rapid spread of information technologies today, many archival materials, such as digitized old photographs and videos of representatives of the peoples of the world, in general, and the Caucasus, in particular, have become available to general public. The mentioned materials have a tremendous impact on the image and perception of the material culture of these peoples. Despite the obvious advantages of ample opportunities for the spread of scientific data, these archival and historical materials, unfortunately, are not always used correctly. For instance, on the Internet and in print media, the erroneous use of photographs depicting representatives and elements of the material culture of one people as figures and attributes of other peoples is quite common. Our study analyses four archival photographs from various sources that have appeared in scientific and popular science literature, as well as in encyclopedias, articles, websites of major state and independent media, in materials telling about the Nogai people. We aim to prevent the erroneous use of photographs that have no bearing to Nogais. To achieve this, the author attempts to verify the legitimacy of attributing the studied photographic materials to the Nogais by attracting a broad evidence base in the form of archival data, museum exhibits, works of art historians and historians, as well as a comparative analysis of available material. In the course of the study, the author has come to a sufficiently substantiated conclusion that the photographs presented in the study depict not representatives of the Nogai people, but representatives of the Balkars, Kalmyks, Cossacks and Kazakhs. The researcher of the present work urges the authors of publications about the Nogais to use photographic materials, the relevancy of which is undoubtful.
К ПРОБЛЕМЕ ОБ АГРОЭТНОГРАФИИ НАРОДОВ ДАГЕСТАН
(на примере лакцев)
Authors: Ramazanova Zoya B.
Published: December 2022

Annotation: The article is devoted to some issues of the agroethnography of Nagorno-Dagestan in the 19th - early 20th centuries. on the example of the Laks living now in the territory of the Laksky and Kulinsky districts. The article focuses on issues related to the farming system, the evolution of agroethnography, their dialectical connection with social and cultural development, and at the same time we set the task3 to investigate some issues of agroethnography of the Laks against the background and in connection with the established economic and cultural types characteristic of Lakia of the period under study. . Here we are talking about the agricultural type within the territorial limits of the current Laksky and Kulinsky districts. The system of agriculture determines in what ways to use certain lands, how to extract from the available lands, using the most productive agricultural implements, the greatest final result, while using different combinations of land use, and different methods of preparing and cultivating the land. At the same time, attention is drawn to a set of measures aimed at preserving the use in the future for its intended purpose, that is, to obtain the maximum possible amount of products and raw materials, since the farming system, its nominations are a set of measures to restore and soil fertility of agricultural land. In the article, we naturally take into account the main "background" factor, which largely determines both agriculture and the components of agricultural culture - we are talking about natural and geographical conditions, ecology. The material for writing this article was collected by the author during expedition trips to the relevant regions, archival materials on the agricultural census of Dagestan for 1917, as well as visual observations of the author.
LITTLE-KNOWN PAGES OF THE BIOGRAPHY OF F.I. GOREPEKIN
Authors: Albogachieva Makka S.-G.
Published: December 2022

The article provides little-known details from the life of the researcher of writing systems, folklore and ethnography of the Ingush people – Foma Ivanovich Gorepekin. Based on the available sources, documents of archival fonds and materials of the Gorepekin family archive, the author attempts to clarify some gaps in his biography: origin, exact dates of life and death, information about awards and “exposures”, etc. The author has already carried out work on collecting material and publishing articles, as well as a published a facsimile of his works in 2006. However, there have been no other studies of F.I. Gorepekin’s scientific work in Russian historiography, which explains the relevance of our study. The newly discovered facts provide an opportunity to dispel some myths related to his life path and his academic interests. Some of the materials included in this article are first introduced into scientific circulation and shed light on many little-known pages of the researcher’s life. We pay special attention to issues related to his scientific research and negative assessments by academician N.Ya. Marr and his colleagues. During this period, the theory of N. Ya. Marr was strong, and in this context, the work of a little-known Caucasian scholar from Vladikavkaz caused only annoyance and irritation. The works of F.I. Gorepekin were not given due attention by the staff of the Japhetic Institute, to whom they were sent for expert assessment. Analysis of the material allows us to conclude about the reasons for their claims and negative assessment of his works . The introduction of original details about F.I. Gorepekin allows us to see how politics and power could ruin the fates of researchers, regardless of their real contribution to science. The biography of Foma Ivanovich provides a balanced characterization of that period through the fate of one individual. During the study, the method of biographical research was applied.
THE IMAGE OF GAREGIN NZHDEH IN ARMENIAN AND RUSSIAN COLLECTIVE MEMORY: SYMBOLIC CONFLICT IN URBAN SPACE (BASED ON RESEARCH IN ARMAVIR AND KRASNODAR)
Authors: Volkhonsky Mikhail A. , Yarlykapov Akhmet A.
Published: December 2022

This article analyzes the symbolic aspects of the protracted conflict in Armavir between the city authorities and the leadership of Armavir branch of the Union of Armenians of Russia (from 2012 to 2019) in connection with the installation of a memorial plaque near the Armenian church in honor of the political figure Garegin Nzhdeh. The analysis of the conflict from the perspective of the concept of "symbolic politics" allowed us to identify some specifics of the policy of remembrance carried out by the Armenian diaspora in Russia. The conflict was caused by the different perception of Garegin Nzhdeh's image in the Russian and Armenian cultural memory. For the collective memory of the Russian Armenians Nzhdeh is primarily a national hero, who fought for the independence of Armenia. In the Russian collective memory Nzhdeh is only a politician, who collaborated with the Nazi Germany during the Second World War. As the study showed, during the conflict Armenian and Russian activists used different kinds of memory policy strategies ("symbolic erasure", "symbolic camouflage" and "reformatting" of the previously created memorial space). The study also revealed some structural peculiarities of the collective, cultural and functional memory of Russian Armenians. In particular, the study showed that the collective memory of Russian Armenians has the character of an amalgam, which combines uncomplementary elements of Russian and Armenian collective, cultural memory.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT THE MUGINSKY SITE IN 2021
Authors: Saypudinov Murad Sh. , Ryabogina Natalya E. , Borisov Alexander V. , Idrisov Idris A.
Published: December 2022

The paper provides the results of the archaeological exploration of the Muginsky site (Akushinsky district of the Republic of Dagestan) and paleobotanical analysis of the obtained material. As a result of the investigations carried out, various archeological materials, mainly ceramic ware, have been uncovered. The finds of a fragment of a stone mace head and a flint knife-shaped blade are of particular interest. In addition, a large number of animal bones, mainly of small cattle, were found. Exploration of the Muginsky site have provided new and important material for the cultural and historical characteristics of the culture of the central part of Mountainous Dagestan and the chronology of the site, allowed us to determine the two-layered nature of the site and date it to the final phase of the Eneolithic (Layer 4) and the Middle Bronze Age (Layer 3). The radiocarbon dating for Layer 3, with calibration (1770 ± 50 BC), attributes it between the 19th–18th centuries BC. Paleobotanical examination of finds from the cultural layer of the Muginsky site has revealed an atypical combination of barley and rye grains. The rye grains found are the earliest evidence of the presence of this cereal in the Eastern Caucasus, which raises the question of the time and ways of dissemination of this cultivated crop from the primary area. This subject requires further research and obtaining more extensive paleobotanical collections from cultural layers and the resource zone around sites. This will expand our understanding of the economic activities of the local population, such as the development of agriculture and the emergence of terraced agriculture.
LEGAL DISCOURSE OF DAGESTANI THEOLOGIANS OF THE 17TH-19TH CENTURIES (BASED ON THE MANUSCRIPT FROM THE BAGUZHALAV AL-MACHADI’S COLLECTION)
Authors: Abdulmajidov Ramazan S. , Alibekov Khizri G.
Published: December 2022

The paper presents an analysis of a unique manuscript identified in the book collection of a prominent Dagestani theologian Baguzhalav al-Machadi. It comprises 9 works compiled in the form of questions and answers, which reflect the theological discourse on various legal aspects. The discussion was attended by such reputed theologians as Dawud al-Usishi, Sheikh Izz ad-Din Tayyib, Said al-Makki, Muhammad-haji al-Uradi, Muhammad al-Aliji, Sheikh as-Sijini, Hadith al-Machadi, Muhammad al-Hifnawi and Muhammad al-Aymaki. Some of them were Dagestanis, while others – of the Middle East origin. Their works are written in a form of answers of a number of Middle Eastern theologians to the questions of Dagestanis on various topical issues of that time. The works were compiled in the second half of the 17th – first quarter of the 19th centuries, which allows to trace to a certain extent the development of the legal tradition of Dagestan of that period. They are also a valuable source on the history of everyday life, economic and socio-political development of Dagestan society. The range of questions and answers considered in the theological discourse is extremely diverse, and concerns the various aspects of everyday life. As we believe, Dagestani theologians, turning to their more authoritative compatriots, as well as to scholars from the Middle East, sought to legitimize adat norms through Sharia texts. At the same time, addressing the latter, Dagestani theologians sought to use the unspoken priority in favor of their opinion that existed in the Muslim world. Moreover, the identified Arabic-language sources clearly demonstrate how closely Dagestan was included in the unified legal field of the Arab-Muslim world.
TURKIC MANUSCRIPTS FROM PRIVATE COLLECTIONS OF ALHAJIKENT (KAYAKENT DISTRICT, REPUBLIC OF DAGESTAN)
Authors: Anikeeva Tatiana , Chmilevskaya Ilona
Published: December 2022

As part of the research project of the RSCF No. 22-18-00295 “Electronic library of Arabographic manuscripts from archival, library, museum and private collections of Russia”, the authors conducted an archeographic expedition in the summer of 2022 to the Kayakent, Akhtynsky and Suleiman-Stalsky districts of the Republic of Dagestan with the aim to identify private and mosque collections of manuscripts and books for their subsequent description and digitization. Two private collections, belonging to K.M. Kamalov and Sh.Yu. Magomedov, were identified in the Kayakent district of Dagestan. They comprise around forty volumes of manuscripts and early printed books, as well as handwritten documents: assembly records, letters, registration of legal transactions, etc. Both collections have a common origin and are fragments of collections belonging to local religious figures: the last pre-revolutionary qadi of the village of Alhajikent, Qadi-Agay and his relatives Abuzar-qadi, local alim of the first half of the 19th century, Abdul Wahab Sheikh and Sheikh Mirza. The part of the collection of Sh.Yu. Magomedov was lost in the 1980s. The content of the collections is mainly represented by works in Arabic in the fields of grammar and stylistics of the Arabic language, Muslim law, dogmatics, occult sciences. Due to the loss of its part, the Sh.Yu. Magomedov’s collection covers the period between 1747-1748 to the first third of the 19th century, while in the collection of Kamalov K.M. there are earlier copies of manuscripts, which, according to paleographic characteristics, can be attributed to the middle of the 17th century. Our paper focuses on the few manuscripts in the Turkic languages, identified in the collections.
PERSONAL CONTACTS OF PETER THE GREAT WITH THE RULING ELITES OF DAGESTAN
Authors: Magaramov Sharafutdin A.
Published: December 2022

A historiographical analysis of the events of the Petrine era in the Caucasus demonstrates that the problem of personal contacts of Tsar Peter I with the ruling elites of Dagestan during his campaign in 1722 remains one of the poorly developed historical aspects. The tsar’s personal contacts with foreign elites were part of his imperial policy of expanding the territories of the Russian state, involving new subjects in the sphere of the political and legal space of the empire, ensuring their loyalty in the conditions of multi-ethnicity and political fragmentation of the Caucasus. Such ensuring was achieved by involving local elites in the social structure of the empire, in its economic system. Peter the Great’s contacts with the Dagestan rulers took place during the Persian expedition – his last major foreign policy campaign, as a result of which the southwestern Caspian region was briefly conquered and annexed to the Russian Empire. The conducted study made it possible to identify the reason that determined the pro-Russian position of one or another Dagestan ruler, their attitude to Peter I, in particular. The contacts of the parties were accompanied by giving each other expensive gifts, awarding ranks to the ruling elite that had passed into Russian citizenship, confirmation in positions, assignment of salaries to its representatives, etc. The study is based on the analysis of retrospective documentary information collected from documents of scientific archives of Russia and historiographical sources. The source base of the study, in addition to archival documents, are the materials of direct participants and eyewitnesses of the meeting of Peter I and a number of Dagestani rulers: “The War Diary of 1722”, compiled in the middle of the XIX century based on the diary entries of Peter I, travel notes of the Scottish doctor J. Bell and Artillery Captain Peter Bruce. The last two sources in this study are used in the original.
JOHN BELL ON THE CAMPAIGN OF PETER I TO DERBENT
Authors: Seferbekov Magomedkhabib R.
Published: December 2022

A number of publications have been devoted to the Persian campaign of Peter the Great and the stay of the Russian Imperial troops on the southwestern shores of the Caspian Sea in 1722–1735 – monographs, articles, dissertations, collections of documents and materials prepared with the use of a wide range of sources and literature. This topic continues to attract the attention of historians even today. It has acquired particular relevance in connection with the 350th anniversary of the birth of the first Russian Emperor Peter the Great and the 300th anniversary of the Persian campaign. A large number of documentary sources from the collections of the federal and regional archives of Russia cover the history of the Persian campaign and its results, which made it possible to reveal new episodes of imperial policy in the Caucasian-Caspian region in the first quarter of the 18th century. Among the most valuable sources on the history of the Persian campaign are the travel notes of the English-speaking authors – the direct participants and eyewitnesses of the events described. One of these sources is the John Bell’s book “Travels from St. Petersburg, across Russia, to different parts of Asia”, particularly, the section titled “Journey from Moscow to Derbent in Persia, in 1722”, translated by the author of the paper into Russian with commentaries. This translation may be a valuable contribution to both the ethnography and historiography of the Russian Caucasian studies of the first quarter of the 18th century.
THE STRENGTH AND LOSSES OF NADIR SHAH’S ARMY IN THE DAGESTAN CAMPAIGN OF 1741-1743
Authors: Musaev Makhach A.
Published: December 2022

A number of solid monographs are dedicated to Nadir Shah’s campaign in Dagestan in 1741-1743. While reviewing these studies, one can note a significant discrepancy in the estimations of the size of Nadir Shah's troops during the invasion of Dagestan in the spring of 1741. The authors provide information that specifies the army’s size ranging from “several dozen” to “one hundred and fifty thousand” men. However, they mainly cite a very limited range of sources of information provided by P.G. Butkov and L. Bazin. Meanwhile, the Foreign Policy Archives of the Russian Empire stores encrypted reports of the Russian residents at Nadir Shah’s court Ivan Kalushkin and Vasily Bratishchev. Examination of their information provides an idea ofthe number of troops of the Shah's army in the war, as well as determine the number of losses of his troops: the grand total of soldiers in the Dagestan campaign reached approximately 110 thousand people. Along with the army, there were about 40,000 service personnel and women. Of the soldiers, more than 82 thousand died in Dagestan and a small number of injured men were sent home. Most of the losses were due to combat, less – to hunger and diseases. The losses among the service personnel might have been just as large. The reports of the Russian residents at the Persian court are a very informative source, from which we can learn many interesting details not only about the number of troops, losses, but also the chronology of military events, the results of battles, about Nadir Shah’s tactics and strategy, about the problems of the military campaign, their solutions, international relations and lots of other historical information.
THE HISTORY OF THE CREATION OF THE LEZGIN (KAKHETI) CORDON LINE: GOALS AND TASKS OF FORTIFICATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION
Authors: Gazieva Abidat A. , Ozturk Mustafa
Published: December 2022

The beginning of the 19th century marks a new stage in the military-political development of the Eastern Caucasus and Transcaucasia. Since Georgia was annexed to the empire at that time, the state faced the issue of protecting new territories. A. Ermolov initiated a period of vigorous activity of topographers of the region associated with the construction of a number of fortresses and transfer from the policy of punitive operations to the systematic development of the region using civil colonization. For this purpose, the construction of a system of fortresses along the Iori and Alazani rivers began in the 30s of the 19th century. This system of fortresses entered historiography as the Lezgi (Kakheti) cordon line which was a component of the Left flank of the Caucasian cordon line (after the division of the Caucasian cordon line into flanks in 1834). The Russian government entrusted a number of military-political and economic tasks to the new cordon. In addition, the article examines the place and role of the command staff of the cordon line in the construction, re-deployment of the forces on the line, and the putting into practice provisions of the Caucasian policy in the region. The work reveals the military-political, social-economic importance of the line and the history of the creation of a cordon on the border with Georgia based on the available sources. Overall, the transformation of the Caucasian policy in the region can be seen on the example of the Lezgi (Kakheti) cordon line (the change of policy’s vector from defensive (tactics of punitive operations) to the civil colonization of the region that subsequently contributed to the approach with highlanders through economic, cultural and household relations. The number of constructions on the line and the number of forces deployed in fortresses and fortifications were changing depending on the success of the Tsarist Army in the mountains. The line from the moment of its creation and in the subsequent period performed defensive functions not only for the internal borders but also served as a support of the southern borders of Russia from Turkey and Iran. It was the primary task of preserving the region in geopolitical terms.
DAILY OCCUPATIONS OF DAGESTAN UZDENIS IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19th – EARLY 20th CENTURIES
Authors: Dalgat Elmira M.
Published: December 2022

The subject of this research is the daily activities of Dagestan freemen (commoners) – uzdenis in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. In our research, we have applied procedural and modernization approaches. The first approach considers everyday life as an ordinary, everyday human existence, focusing on the environment, social relations in society. The modernization approach considers the transition of society from the traditional to the modern type, accompanied by the breaking of traditional values, a change in mentality. The article applies historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods. The author describes for the first time the daily activitis of Dagestan uzdenis after the annexation of Dagestan to Russia. The article aims to show the changes that occured in the traditional occupation of Dagestan uzdenis under the influence of capitalist relations that came from the Russian Empire. The author concludes that the daily occupations of the Dagestan freemen comprised traditional forms of agricultural production. The basis of the labor activity of uzden farms was the economic experience of previous generations. Farming in different parts of Dagestan had its own peculiarities. It received special development in the flat and foothill parts of the region with more arable land. In the mountainous zone, the lack of arable land forced farmers to use artificial fields – terraces created and maintained by the labor of several generations. Terraces testify to a high agriculture and have a centuries-old history in Dagestan. In addition to agriculture, Dagestani uzdenis were engaged in cattle breeding, handicrafts, seasonal work, and fishing. A major role in the daily activities of Dagestanis was played by the natural and climatic factor, which dictated the timing of agricultural work. Thus, in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century, the usual way of daily life of the Dagestan peasant gradually changed. Agriculture and cattle breeding acquired a commodity character, factory-made agricultural tools appeared on the farms of wealthy peasants, and the geography of seasonal works expanded. This might be explained by the integration of Dagestan into the economic space of Russia and the modernization of its economy during the period under study.
PROJECTS OF RELIGIOUS AUTONOMY OF MUSLIMS OF EUROPEAN RUSSIA, SIBERIA AND THE NORTH CAUCASUS IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY
Authors: Khabutdinov Aydar Yu. , Imasheva Marina M.
Published: December 2022

The study aims to compare the concepts of religious autonomies of the Muslims of European Russia and Siberia with similar ones in the North Caucasus, set out in projects in the early 20th century. We analyze the process of developing a decision on the creation of religious autonomy for Muslims in European Russia and Siberia and the North Caucasus at the beginning of the 20th century within the framework of a unified Russian statehood, including government bills, drafts of the All-Russian Muslim Congresses in 1906 and 1914, Muslim congresses in the spring-summer of 1917. As a result, in 1917, the Tatar Muslims of Inner Russia and Siberia at the II All-Russian Muslim Congress in July 1917. The concept of national-cultural autonomy was chosen and the Milli Idare and Millet Majlis were established. In the North Caucasus the First Mountain Congress announced the creation of the the Alliance of the United Mountaineers of the North Caucasus and Dagestan (SOGSKD), as a territorial autonomy, with a single body represented by the “Caucasian Muftiate”. We applied the comparative historical method in order to compare the provisions of the projects and characterize the historical events that accompanied their creation. We came to the following conclusions: firstly, the main questions were questions about the form of government and the autonomy of Muslims and the land ussue. Secondly, the political cooperation between the Muslim leaders of the Volga-Ural region and the Caucasus at the beginning of the 20th century led to the creation of the All-Russian party “Ittifaq al-Muslimin”, the Muslim faction of the State Duma, the convocations of the all-Russian Muslim congresses, the idea ofcreating 5 separate Muftiates and a single all-Russian Muslim religious autonomy headed by Sheikh-ul-Islam. Thirdly, in 1917 there was a separation of the two regions on the issues of the formation of religious autonomy, a departure from the idea of common Muslim unity within the borders of Russian statehood. Fourthly, didn’t result in a solution of the issue of organizing the Spiritual Administration of Muslims in the region.
ZAKAT IN THE ISLAMIC CONSCIOUSNESS OF DAGESTANIS: HISTORY AND CURRENT TRENDS
Authors: Abdulagatov Zaid M.
Published: December 2022

The article deals with the study of Islamic consciousness in terms of the institution of zakat in its historical development and the prospects for its development in the modern historical process. Islamic spiritual leaders set the goal of implementing the ideas of the Islamic economy in countries and regions with a Muslim population and demonstrating the benefits of the Islamic economic model. This idea manifested itself rather strongly in the Volga region, in the North Caucasus, including Dagestan. There are ongoing processes of formation of Islamic economic thinking. The significance of the institute of zakat in the implementation of the Islamic economic model determines the relevancy of the study. This model claims to be competitive with the liberal model that dominates the modern world. The article shows the main provisions of the institute of zakat, determined by the fundamental Islamic sacred texts. The controversial issues of a legal nature are discussed, caused by external factors of a social nature. At the same time, we note that external factors are essential in changing the socially significant functions of zakat. The author concludes that the introduction of legal innovations in the institution of zakat did not affect its essential characteristics, defined by sacred texts. In determining the importance of zakat in the religious life of a modern Dagestan Muslim, the results of a sociological survey conducted by the author in 2021 have been used. The survey shows, firstly, that an ordinary Muslim does not have the necessary knowledge regarding zakat. In particular, under which circumstances and which property tax he is obliged to pay, designated as one of the pillars of Islam. Secondly, this tax is paid by an insignificant part of those who call themselves Muslims. The results of the survey lead to the conclusion that the institution of zakat, as the most important component of Islamic economic activity, is not sufficiently covered in the life of ordinary Muslims of Dagestan.