bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ПРОГНОСТИЧНА МОДЕЛЬ ЕПІДЕМІЧНОГО ПРОЦЕСУ КОРОНАВІРУСНОЇ ІНФЕКЦІЇ COVID-19 В УКРАЇНІ
Authors: Соловйов С. О. , Дзюблик І. В. , Мінцер О. П.
Published: August 2020

Представлено визначення особливостей і розроблення моделі прогнозування епідемічного процесу COVID-19 в Україні на основі наявних епідеміологічних даних та існуючих тенденцій. Моделювання епідемічного процесу COVID-19 базувалося на класичній епідеміологічній моделі. Основний параметр моделі — параметр передавання SARS-COV2 був визначений чисельно з використанням наявних епідеміологічних даних: щоденних звітів Міністерства охорони здоров'я України про абсолютну кількість хворих на COVID-19. Числове визначення параметра передавання SARS-COV2 за абсолютною кількістю хворих на COVID-19 у кожному регіоні та в Україні показало тенденцію до зменшення з часом. Апроксимація отриманих числових значень параметру передавання SARS-COV2 здійснювалась між 07 квітня та 02 травня 2020 року за допомогою експоненціальної функції. Результати прогностичного моделювання показали, що до кінця літа 2020 року очікується близько 25 тис. випадків COVID-19, а пік захворюваності припадає на час дослідження (28 квітня — 05 травня 2020 року). Крім того, дослідження дозволили проаналізувати інтенсивність епідемічного процесу в різних регіонах України на підставі обчислених середніх значень передавання SARS-COV2 у період з 07 квітня по 02 травня 2020 року. Було визначено, що найбільш інтенсивний епідемічний процес у Харківській, Луганській і Миколаївській областях, який може бути корисною інформацією для прийняття відповідних управлінських рішень щодо поглиблення заходів карантину в цих регіонах. Прогнозування можливих наслідків впровадження різних програм контролю COVID-19 передбачає комплексне вивчення епідемічного процесу захворювання в цілому та протягом певних періодів часу з подальшою побудовою адекватної моделі прогнозування. Нами запропоновано просту прогностичну модель, але ефективний інструмент для прогнозування епідемічного процесу COVID-19, що може бути корисним у практичній роботі медичних працівників.
ЕЛЕКТРОННІ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНІ СИСТЕМИ В МЕДИЦИНІ ТА БІОЛОГІЇ: ЗАГАЛЬНИЙ АНАЛІЗ
Authors: Ключко О. М.
Published: August 2020

У публікації узагальнено та проаналізовано досвід застосування електронних інформаційних систем із використанням баз даних. Коротко проаналізовано розвиток ідеї інформаційних систем та досліджено їх зразки, розроблені для медицини та біології, що описано у численних науково-технічних публікаціях (близько 370). Виконана класифікація таких систем, що традиційно були розроблені для медицини та біології. Далі розглянуто різні приклади таких інформаційних систем, а також систем, що мають характеристики як медичних, так і біологічних, щоб полегшити розроблення майбутніх досконаліших версій.

Продемонстровано, що можна виділити кілька основних типів інформаційних систем із базами даних для медицини, біології. Виконуючи їх класифікацію, нами впорядковано такі системи відповідно до кількості публікацій, присвячених кожному типу.

За результатами дослідження зроблено ряд висновків: 1. Медичні інформаційні системи характеризуються найбільшою чисельністю, різноманітністю та наближеністю до практики. 2. Електронні інформаційні системи в нейрофізіології, біології характеризуються більшою наближеністю до наукових досліджень. 3. Основна увага розробників зосереджена зараз на розробленні: медичних інформаційних систем загального призначення, електронних бібліотечних систем, електронних систем для роботи з документами, експертних систем і телекомунікаційних систем, що з'явилися в цих списках останнім часом, з початку пандемії SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV). Інші типи були представлені менше, ніж зазначені.
ІНФОРМАЦІЙНА ТЕХНОЛОГІЯ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ АДАПТАЦІЇ КЛІТКИ ДО ГІПОКСІЇ: У ЦЕНТРІ УВАГИ МІТОХОНДРІЇ
Authors: Лябах К. Г.
Published: August 2020

На базі математичної моделі розроблено інформаційну технологію для дослідження адаптації клітини до гіпоксії шляхом перебудови окисної потужності мітохондрій різними способами. Розглянуто приклад її застосування для розрахунку параметрів кисневого режиму клітини з різним розподілом мітохондрій. Порівняння кисневих режимів клітини з рівномірним і нерівномірним розподілом мітохондрій показало, що при гіпоксії підвищення окислювальної потужності рівномірно розподілених мітохондрій може збільшувати швидкість споживання кисню, при цьому гіпоксія в клітці зростає. Переміщення мітохондрій у напряму до капілярів і їх нерівномірний розподіл, за розрахунками, сприяло клітинній адаптації: удалося зменшити гіпоксію та підтримати швидкість споживання кисню на потрібному рівні. При погіршенні дифузійного транспорту О2 перебудова мітохондрій розширює можливості клітини компенсувати погіршення умов дифузії.
ВАЛЕОЛОГІЧНА ТОЧКА ЗОРУ НА ПЕРСОНІФІКОВАНУ МЕДИЦИНУ
Authors: Вишневський В. В. , Гаврилюк В. А.
Published: August 2020

У статті сформована валеологічна точка зору на персоніфіковану медицину. Автори аналізують досяжність таких цільових орієнтирів охорони здоров'я як «збільшення тривалості життя» та «підвищення рівня благополуччя» в їх системному взаємозв'язку. Виходячи з принципової можливості кількісного виміру рівня індивідуального здоров'я, вводиться нове поняття — «індивідуальна траєкторія здоров'я». На основі аналізу ідеалізованих індивідуальних траєкторій здоров'я в дев'ятнадцятому сторіччі та в даний час, наведено недоліки цільового орієнтиру «тривалість життя» для сучасного стану охорони здоров'я. Показана необхідність зміни парадигми «персоніфікованої медицини» для забезпечення досяжності інших цільових орієнтирів охорони здоров'я, зокрема «підвищення рівня благополуччя». Відповідно до запропонованої точки зору, метою та змістом персоніфікованої медицини має стати цілеспрямована діяльність лікаря та пацієнта у напряму управління індивідуальною траєкторією здоров'я пацієнта. В основу цієї діяльності має бути покладено постійний моніторинг кількісного оцінювання здоров'я пацієнта протягом усього його життя.
ТАКСОНОМІЧНІ ЗАСАДИ НАРАТИВНОГО ДИСКУРСУ
Authors: Стрижак О. Є.
Published: August 2020

Складністю інформаційно-аналітичної діяльності експертів у певній отраслі за різними тематичними профілями, є проблема накопичення великих обсягів наукової і науково-технічної продукції, що являє собою пасивну розподілену систему знань. Ця проблема великих даних (Big Data), потребує новітніх рішень, що забезпечують інтегративне використання експертами наративу описів усіх документів, які характеризують наукову та науково-технічну продукцію. Одним із механізмів опанування змістовності мережевих документів є наративний дискурс, що реалізується на основі процедур аналізу, структуризації, класифікації, крітеріалізаці, синтезу й оцінювання тощо. Однак первинним для цих процедур є формування таксономій, що відображають семантичну змістовність кожного документу. Тоді представлення мережевих документів у форматі наративного дискурсу реалізує підтримку процесів взаємодії експертів. Такий підхід із забезпечення інформаційно-аналітичної діяльності експертів створює умови оптимального оброблення ними великої кількості різнопланових інформаційних масивів. На основі таксономічного представлення великих даних для них реалізується компонентна архітектура сервісів підтримки прийняття відповідних рішень.
ПІДГОТОВКА НАУКОВО-ПЕДАГОГІЧНИХ ПРАЦІВНИКІВ У СИСТЕМІ ПІСЛЯДИПЛОМНОЇ МЕДИЧНОЇ ОСВІТИ ЛІКАРІВ І ПРОВІЗОРІВ НА ОСНОВІ СТРАТЕГІЇ ГІБРИДНОЇ РЕАЛЬНОСТІ
Authors: Мінцер О. П. , Бабінцева Л. Ю.
Published: August 2020

Представлено новий погляд на питання докорінної зміни викладання в медичних закладах вищої освіти в умовах масового впровадження інформаційних технологій. Підкреслюється, що останнім часом створено принципово нові навчальні середовища, що базуються на включенні як реальних, так і віртуальних об'єктів. Подібні зміни потребують створення нової системи підготовки науково-педагогічних працівників. Тому необхідно обґрунтувати спеціальну класифікацію знань, що відповідає новим технологічним реаліям навчання в медичних закладах вищої освіти. Зроблено висновки, що питома вага використання розширеної та гібридної реальності поки залишається низькою. Але значна потенційна цінність зазначених технологій для медичної освіти вже найближчим часом може повністю трансформувати медичну освіту, запровадивши навчання на вимогу, віддалений доступ до навчальних матеріалів та об'єктивне оцінювання. Відповідно, вкрай актуальним є першочергова підготовка викладачів у медичних закладах вищої освіти та в системі післядипломної медичної освіти. Важливо також забезпечити відповідний континуум навчання. Запропоновано класифікацію знань, що має викладатися у закладах вищої освіти, особливо в закладах післядипломної освіти. Класифікація представляє собою піраміду знань в основу якої закладаються відносно стабільні стрижневі знання, а на вершині — операційні знання, що постійно змінюються. Комплементарною (перевернутою) пірамідою є питома вага застосування методів віртуальної та гібридної реальності.
Renal and Cardiovascular Effects of SGLT2 Inhibition in Combination With Loop Diuretics in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Heart Failure
Authors: Mordi Natalie A. , Mordi Ify R. , Singh Jagdeep S. , McCrimmon Rory J. , Struthers Allan D. , Lang Chim C.
Published: August 2020

Background:

SGLT2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter-2) inhibitors improve heart failure–associated outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. In patients with heart failure, SGLT2 inhibitors will likely be coprescribed with a loop diuretic, but this combined effect is not well-defined. Our aim was to assess the diuretic and natriuretic effect of empagliflozin in combination with loop diuretics.

Methods:

The RECEDE-CHF trial (SGLT2 Inhibition in Combination With Diuretics in Heart Failure) was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial of patients with type 2 diabetes and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction taking regular loop diuretic who were randomized to empagliflozin 25 mg once daily or placebo for 6 weeks with a 2-week washout period. The primary outcome was change in 24-hour urinary volume from baseline to week 6.

Results:

Twenty-three participants (mean age, 69.8 years; 73.9% male; mean furosemide dose, 49.6±31.3 mg/d; mean HbA1c, 7.9±3.8%) were recruited. Compared with placebo, empagliflozin caused a significant increase in 24-hour urinary volume at both day 3 (mean difference, 535 mL [95% CI, 133–936];
P
=0.005) and week 6 (mean difference, 545 mL [95% CI, 136–954];
P
=0.005) after adjustment for treatment order, baseline 24-hour urine volume, and percentage change in loop diuretic dose. At 6 weeks, empagliflozin did not cause a significant change in 24-hour urinary sodium (mean difference, −7.85 mmol/L [95% CI, −2.43 to 6.73];
P
=0.57). Empagliflozin caused a nonsignificant increase in fractional excretion of sodium at day 3, which was absent at week 6 (mean difference day 3, 0.30% [95% CI, −0.03 to 0.63];
P
=0.09; week 6, 0.11% [95% CI, −0.22 to 0.44];
P
>0.99), and a significant increase in electrolyte-free water clearance at week 6 (mean difference, 312 mL [95% CI, 26–598];
P
=0.026) compared with placebo. Empagliflozin also caused significant reductions in body weight and serum urate at week 6.

Conclusions:

Empagliflozin caused a significant increase in 24-hour urine volume without an increase in urinary sodium when used in combination with loop diuretic.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique Identifier: NCT03226457.
The Cultural Evolution of Oaths, Ordeals, and Lie Detectors
Authors: Mercier Hugo
Published: August 2020

In a great variety of cultures oaths, ordeals, or lie detectors are used to adjudicate in trials, even though they do not reliably discern liars from truth tellers. I suggest that these practices owe their cultural success to the triggering of cognitive mechanisms that make them more culturally attractive. Informal oaths would trigger mechanisms related to commitment in communication. Oaths used in judicial contexts, by invoking supernatural punishments, would trigger intuitions of immanent justice, linking misfortunes following an oath with perjury. These intuitions would justify the infliction of costs on oath takers in a way that appears morally justified. Ordeals reflect the same logic. Intuitions about immanent justice link a worse outcome following the ordeal with a guilty verdict. This link justifies the application of the ordeal, and the fixed costs involved (burning, poisoning). Lie detectors also rely on the creation of a link between a specified outcome and a guilty verdict. However, they do not rely on intuitions about immanent justice, but on a variety of intuitions ranging from the plausibly universal to the culturally idiosyncratic. As a result, lie detectors involve lower fixed costs than ordeals, and are less cross-culturally successful than oaths or ordeals.
The Fitness Relevance of Counterintuitive Agents
Authors: Swan Thomas , Halberstadt Jamin
Published: August 2020

Cognitive scientists have attributed the ubiquity of religious narratives partly to the favored recall of minimally counterintuitive (MCI) concepts within those narratives. Yet, this memory bias is inconsistent, sometimes absent, and without a functional rationale. Here, we asked if MCI concepts are more fitness relevant than intuitive concepts, and if fitness relevance can explain the existence and variability of the observed memory bias. In three studies, participants rated the potential threat and potential opportunity (i.e., fitness relevance) afforded by agents with abilities that violated folk psychology, physics, or biology (i.e., MCI abilities). As in previous work, agents with MCI abilities were recalled better than those with intuitive abilities. Additionally, agents with MCI abilities were perceived as greater threats, and as providing greater opportunities, than agents with intuitive abilities, but this perceived fitness relevance only mediated the memory bias when MCI abilities were used to accomplish disproportionally consequential outcomes. Minimally counterintuitive abilities that violated folk psychology were rated more intuitive and more of an opportunity than violations of folk physics or biology, while folk physics violations were recalled best. Explanations for these effects and their relevance to the cognitive science of religion are discussed.
Cultural Attraction in Film Evolution: the Case of Anachronies
Authors: Sobchuk Oleg , Tinits Peeter
Published: August 2020

In many films, story is presented in an order different from chronological. Deviations from the chronological order in a narrative are called anachronies. Narratological theory and the evidence from psychological experiments indicate that anachronies allow stories to be more interesting, as the non-chronological order evokes curiosity in viewers. In this paper we investigate the historical dynamics in the use of anachronies in film. Particularly, we follow the cultural attraction theory that suggests that, given certain conditions, cultural evolution should conform to our cognitive preferences. We study this on a corpus of 80 most popular mystery films released in 1970–2009. We observe that anachronies have become used more frequently, and in a greater proportion of films. We also find that films that made substantial use of anachronies, on average, distributed the anachronies evenly along film length, while the films that made little use of anachronies placed them near the beginning and end. We argue that this can reflect a functional difference between these two types of using anachronies. The paper adds further support to the argument that popular culture may be influenced to a significant degree by our cognitive biases.
Prestige Does Not Affect the Cultural Transmission of Novel Controversial Arguments in an Online Transmission Chain Experiment
Authors: Jiménez Ángel V. , Mesoudi Alex
Published: August 2020

Cultural evolutionary theories define prestige as social rank that is freely conferred on individuals possessing superior knowledge or skill, in order to gain opportunities to learn from such individuals. Consequently, information provided by prestigious individuals should be more memorable, and hence more likely to be culturally transmitted, than information from non-prestigious sources, particularly for novel, controversial arguments about which preexisting opinions are absent or weak. It has also been argued that this effect extends beyond the prestigious individual’s relevant domain of expertise. We tested whether the prestige and relevance of the sources of novel, controversial arguments affected the transmission of those arguments, independently of their content. In a four-generation linear transmission chain experiment, British participants (N = 192) recruited online read two conflicting arguments in favour of or against the replacement of textbooks by computer tablets in schools. Each of the two conflicting arguments was associated with one of three sources with different levels of prestige and relevance (high prestige, high relevance; high prestige, low relevance; low prestige, low relevance). Participants recalled the pro-tablets and anti-tablets arguments associated with each source and their recall was then passed to the next participant within their chain. Contrary to our predictions, we did not find a reliable effect of either the prestige or relevance of the sources of information on transmission fidelity. We discuss whether the lack of a reliable effect of prestige on recall might be a consequence of differences between how prestige operates in this experiment and in everyday life.
Violent CRED s toward Out-Groups Increase Trustworthiness: Preliminary Experimental Evidence
Authors: Řezníček Dan , Kundt Radek
Published: August 2020

In the process of cultural learning, people tend to acquire mental representations and behavior from prestigious individuals over dominant ones, as prestigious individuals generously share their expertise and know-how to gain admiration, whereas dominant ones use violence, manipulation, and intimidation to enforce obedience. However, in the context of intergroup conflict, violent thoughts and behavior that are otherwise associated with dominance can hypothetically become prestigious because parochial altruists, who engage in violence against out-groups, act in the interest of their group members, therefore prosocially. This shift would imply that for other in-groups, individuals behaving violently toward out-groups during intergroup conflicts become simultaneously prestigious, making them desirable cultural models to learn from. Using the mechanism of credibility enhancing displays (CRED s), this article presents preliminary vignette-based evidence that violent CRED s toward out-groups during intergroup conflict increase the perceived trustworthiness of a violent cultural model.
HIDD’n HADD in Intelligent Design
Authors: Atkinson Andrew Ross
Published: August 2020

The idea that religious belief is ‘almost inevitable’ is so forcefully argued by Justin Barrett (2004, 2012) that it can warrant justifiable concern (Shook, 2017; Sterelny, 2018) – especially since he claims atheism is an unnatural handicap (2012, p. 203). In this article, I argue that religious belief in Homo sapiens isn’t inevitable – and that Barrett does agree when pushed. I describe the role played by a Hyperactive Agency Detection Device (HADD) in the generation of belief in God as necessary but insufficient in explaining religious culture – I distance myself from some common conceptions of HADD and the view I take of it is unorthodox. I point out that the conclusion to Barrett’s (2004) book, ‘Why Would Anyone Believe in God?’ is a fine example of the very hyperactive agency detection Barrett himself describes, and is therefore highly suspect.
No evidence that songbirds use odour cues to avoid malaria-infected conspecifics
Authors: Grieves Leanne A. , MacDougall-Shackleton Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2020

Many animals have evolved mechanisms to detect and avoid parasitized conspecifics, primarily through odour cues, but whether birds are capable of odour-mediated parasite avoidance is unknown. Recently, we showed that exposing song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) to avian malaria parasites (Plasmodium sp.) alters the chemical composition of their preen oil, which is the major source of body odour in birds. Here, we presented song sparrows with preen oil from uninfected (sham-inoculated) and malaria-infected conspecifics, predicting that birds would spend more time with odour cues from uninfected than infected birds. Birds without detectable malarial infections spent about 50% more time with preen oil from uninfected than infected conspecifics, and females spent nearly twice as much time with preen oil from uninfected than infected conspecifics. However, neither difference was statistically significant. Song sparrows may be able to detect odour cues of infection, but further experiments are needed to confirm or refute this.
Phasmarhabditis kenyaensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) from the slug, Polytoxon robustum, in Kenya
Authors: Pieterse Annika , Rowson Ben , Tiedt Louwrens , Malan Antoinette P. , Haukeland Solveig , Ross Jenna L.
Published: August 2020

A new species of Phasmarhabditis was isolated from the slug, Polytoxon robustum, from Nairobi, Kenya. The nematode was identified using morphological, morphometric, molecular and phylogenetic analyses. Phasmarhabditis kenyaensis n. sp. is characterised by an infective juvenile with the longest body length in the genus, measuring 1232 (1107-1336) μm, by the presence of males with a bursa bearing nine bilateral pairs of genital bursal papillae and one pair of papilliform phasmids flanking the tail, cephalate paired spicules, with an arc length of 71 (57-81) μm, as well as by females with a vulva located at the mid-body region and a conoid tail shape, with two phasmids located at ca 40% of the tail length. The molecular phylogeny of the new species, as inferred from its SSU (small subunit) rRNA gene, places P. kenyaensis n. sp. genetically close to undescribed phasmarhabditids from South Africa, suggesting an African grouping, while the D2-D3 (large ribosomal subunit) and ITS region analyses relate P. kenyaensis n. sp. to P. meridionalis, with weak bootstrap support. This is the third new Phasmarhabditis species described from the African continent, the new species bringing the total known complement of the genus to 14 species. A morphometric compendium to all species cultured in vivo is supplied.
Canons, Thefts, and Palimpsests in the Arabic Literary Tradition
Authors: al-Musawi Muhsin J.
Published: August 2020

The purpose of this essay is to explain and also problematize the reasons behind my use of intertextual interaction as an inclusive term that cuts across time and space. With regard to Arabic literary production, ancient and modern, this inclusive term recalls a similar classical and pre-modern understanding of textual engagements as manifestations of textual subordination, anxiety, empowerment, competitiveness, and supremacy. Therefore, the present essay associates this understanding with Arab philologists’ theories of plagiarism. What came once under the rubric of plagiarism has a shared register, parlance, and postulates with current intertextual practices. Both address textual tapestries and matrices whereby threads are woven in an intricate manner. Over time, words, meanings, motifs, and thence theorizations form a constellation. The essay explores a number of Arabic novels of the third millennium as examples of this textual engagement not only with Arabic literary tradition, but also with texts from the global south. Such a substantial and visible textual appropriation invites this critical intervention which, in turn, is bound in dialogue with contemporary literary forays that reflect on texts as tissues of quotations.
Labīd, ʿAbīd, and Lubad: Lexical Excavation and the Reclamation of the Poetic Past in al-Maʿarrī’s Luzūmiyyāt
Authors: Stetkevych Suzanne Pinckney
Published: August 2020

The blind Syrian poet, man of letters and scholar, Abū al-ʿAlāʾ al-Maʿarrī (363 H/973 CE-449 H/1057 CE) is the author of two celebrated diwans. The second of these, his controversial double-rhymed and alphabetized, Luzūm Mā Lā Yalzam (Requiring What is Not Obligatory), known simply as Al-Luzūmiyyāt (The Compulsories), features his uninhibited, often highly ironic and usually pessimistic, religious, and ‘philosophical’ ideas along with mordant criticism of politics, religion, and humanity in general. In his introduction, he abjures the corrupt and worldly qaṣīdah poetry of his otherwise celebrated early diwan, Saqṭ al-Zand (Sparks of the Fire-Drill), to turn in al-Luzūmiyyāt to a poetry that is “free from lies.”

In the present study I take a ‘biopsy’ from Al-Luzūmiyyāt of the eight poems with the double rhyme b-d to explore al-Maʿarrī’s excavation and reclamation of meaning from the Ancient Arabian past through the intertwined legacies of philology and poetic lore. The constraint (luzūm) of the double b-d rhyme in these poems leads inexorably to two proper names, the legends and poetry associated with them, and the etymological-semantic complex that yokes them together and generates related names and themes. The first name is that of the renowned poet of the Muʿallaqāt, Labīd ibn Rabīʿah; the second is that of Lubad, the last of the seven vultures whose life-spans measured out the days of the legendary pre-Islamic sage, Luqmān. Not surprisingly, the ancient Jāhilī poet-knight ʿAbīd ibn al-Abraṣ, likewise, cannot escape the pull of the b-d rhyme. The study demonstrates the mythophoric power of proper names from the Arabic poetic and folkloric past, once lexically and morphologically generated by the double consonants of the rhyme pattern, to evoke poems and legends of the past but also, by the force of al-Maʿarrī’s moral as well as prosodic constraints, to be reconstructed in accordance with the prosodic and moral constraints of Luzūm Mā Lā Yalzam, into a new poetic form, the luzūmiyyah. Quite at odds with the moral, thematic, and structural trajectory of the qaṣīdah form, the luzūmiyyah is by contrast static, directionless, and oftentimes a dead end.
Arabic takhalluṣ, Persian Style in Muḥammad al-Ṣūfī’s Poems to Muḥammad the Prophet
Authors: Homerin Th. Emil
Published: August 2020

Though a signature verse (takhalluṣ) is often found in medieval Persian and Ottoman Turkish poetry, this is less frequently the case in Arabic poetry at this time. However, Muḥammad Ibn al-Shihābī al-Ṣūfī included such a signature verse in 38 Arabic poems, many inspired by recitations of Ibn al-Fāriḍ’s poetry. This article offers a critical Arabic edition and English translation of two of these poems, followed by an extensive discussion of linguistic and stylistic aspects of Ibn al-Shihābī’s Arabic and poetic style. Both poems also highlight trends in Arabic poetry at the end of the 9th/15th century, including the incorporation of elements from regional varieties of Arabic, and Ibn al-Shihābī’s innovative use of the signature verse, which may reflect the influence of Sufi chanting practices.
“Beyond a Snow Pile”: Najīb Surūr’s Challenging Reading of the Egyptian Literary Canon in Riḥlah Fī Thulāthiyyat Najīb Maḥfūẓ
Authors: Fontana Chiara
Published: August 2020

This study of the Egyptian intellectual Najīb Surūr’s critical essay, Riḥlah fī Thulāthiyyat Najīb Maḥfūẓ (c. 1978; A Journey into Najīb Maḥfūẓ’s Trilogy) argues that this underexplored work of Surūr is a brave assessment of the Egyptian literary canon of the 1950s. The argument finds justification in the author’s unique mastery of irony, and his vigorous textual engagement with Maḥfūẓ’s widely acclaimed masterpiece. Throughout his essay, liberated from a “snow pile” of sensational success, Surūr dives into Maḥfūẓ’s novel Bayna al-Qaṣrayn, in order to bolster his conviction that all authors and genres deserve in-depth analyses. Arguing the viability of applying the Constance School’s Reception Theory in evaluating Surūr’s revolutionary reading, this paper seeks to resituate new aesthetical and ideological paradigms in criticism within the broader context of extra literary/intraliterary dynamics that give birth to competing works of fiction. Surūr’s effort also highlights a compelling mismatch between young authors’ de jure inventive ambitions and their de facto conciliation with previous models.
The Question of Tradition between Eliot and Adūnīs
Authors: Nsiri Imed
Published: August 2020

Arguing that the poetic quest is an instance of the modernist movement at crossroads, this article compares poetic quests as represented in the works of T. S. Eliot and ʿAlī Aḥmad Saʿīd, pen-named Adūnīs (Adonis). The article (re-)examines Eliot’s most famous poem The Waste Land and some of Adūnīs’s short poems alongside their respective prose works on literary criticism. I demonstrate how Eliot’s and Adūnīs’s poetic quests are an instance not only of the modernist movement at crossroads, but also of liminality where the modernist poet presents fluctuating images of himself: the poet as a knight that can change the world and, at the same time, as the little man who is blown in the wind. Hence Eliot’s and Adūnīs’s poetic texts are full of paradoxes and are peopled by those that bear within themselves opposites and are capable of everything and nothing. The modernist poet is Eliot’s Tiresias and Adunis’s al-Buhlūl. I illustrate how this instance of liminality is represented in their treatment of the theme of tradition.
City Walk or Booklore?
Authors: Vannieuwenhuyze Bram , De Reu Martine
Published: August 2020

This article offers a critical inquiry of the compilation of inscriptions and their transmission through books and manuscripts. It focuses on a bundle of hand-written slips which record about fifty-two inscriptions from early modern Brussels and which offers a glimpse on the preparatory work for publishing a town description or history. Its title suggests that the authors have used the peripatetic method, an approach in which an author, in the course of a stroll around a place, lists and describes any interesting buildings and sites he encounters. The method seems very appropriate when it comes to collect the texts of public inscriptions in a city or town, since it is generally thought that such texts on buildings could be read by every passer-by. Yet, nonetheless the authors of the Brussels’ compilation certainly recorded texts while walking around in town, they apparently copied texts from existing books as well.
Conceptual Possibilities and Nonpossibilities for the Nature of Meaning
Authors: Poirier John C.
Published: August 2020

Scott Ellington recently discussed my view of hermeneutics at some length, but unfortunately misrepresented my argument. Ellington’s misrepresentation has led to misunderstanding concerning my real concerns, and I come across sounding more or less like just another dyed-in-the-wool Hirschian—when in fact I reject E.D. Hirsch’s central arguments and follow a very different line of reasoning. I respond to Ellington by reexplaining the philosophical grounds for an intentionalist hermeneutic of Scripture, and the real conceptual unavailability of other views of textual meaning—including the view Ellington adopts. I give particular attention to the ‘conceptual creep’ afflicting Ellington’s view, and to the confusion (for him and others) caused by the multidefinitionality of the word ‘meaning’.
Confessing at the Altar
Authors: Shin Yoon
Published: August 2020

This article responds to J. Aaron Simmons’ concerns that James K.A. Smith’s methodology for confessional pentecostal philosophy prohibits philosophical dialogue with the confessional Other. Its responses specifically address Simmons’ proposed personal methodology and his two main concerns about Smith’s methodology: (1) confessional philosophy allows an encroachment of theology into philosophy that threatens the autonomy of philosophy; and (2) confessional philosophy discourages philosophical dialogue with the confessional Other, and promotes insularity and defensiveness by utilizing theologically determinate evidence that act as incommensurable authority structures. The first section of this paper exposits Simmons’ other works that illumine the reasons for his concern. Specifically, it identifies Simmons’ Thomistic view of reason and new phenomenology’s commitment to the hypothetical status of God-talk as the reasons for Simmons’ opposition to Smith’s confessional philosophical method. After clarifying Simmons’ own position, the second section addresses Simmons’ concerns that confessional philosophy promotes epistemic arrogance, defensiveness, and dialogical insularity. Moreover, it provides five responses to Simmons’ concern that confessional philosophy utilizes incommensurate authority structures and that it threatens philosophy’s autonomy through the incursion of theology. The paper concludes with a reflection on the current state and future of pentecostal philosophy
From Pentecoscentrism to Transpentecostalism
Authors: Mansilla Miguel Ángel , Tapia Ladino Marcela , Piñones Rivera Carlos
Published: August 2020

This article proposes an analysis of the relationships between Pentecostalism and crossborder migrations through a constellation of concepts that seek to overcome static and essentialist ideas about Pentecostal identity and the supposed centrality that said identity could have in the consideration of transnational migratory processes (Pentecoscentrism and migracentrism). We analyze the case of migratory processes in the Tarapacá Region of Chile, critically defining three topics of interest: Transpentecostalism as a condition of the subject that migrates and moves without the need to negate or erase his or her identities; the transpentecostal identity as the reality of plural identities of said subjects; and the transpentecostal community as a community that incorporates the national within the metanational (citizens of heaven). All of this is considered as a complex, contradictory, and conflictive process in which the variables of ethnicity, gender, religiosity, and work are articulated.
Called to God’s Mission
Authors: Plüss Jean-Daniel
Published: August 2020

The following reflection will look at the document that resulted the International Reformed—Pentecostal Dialogue. It will highlight the context in which mission is relevant to both ecclesial traditions. In the end attention will be drawn to the language in which this text was written and what that tells us about developing ecumenical relations between Reformed and Pentecostal churches.
Provisional Measures and the Link Requirement
Authors: Lando Massimo
Published: August 2020

In the context of requests for provisional measures, the link requirement has not attracted much scholarly attention and might be regarded as raising limited controversy. However, this article argues that the link is an unnecessary requirement for granting provisional measures by the International Court of Justice and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. First, the function which the link purports to fulfil is already fulfilled by other requirements (i.e., prima facie jurisdiction, plausibility and real and imminent risk of irreparable prejudice). Second, if the link is understood as requiring provisional measures to be tailored to the rights of which protection is sought, the ICJ and ITLOS have the power to indicate measures different from those requested. One may suggest that the link therefore emerges as an unnecessary requirement which overburdens provisional measures proceedings.
Procedural Developments in Investment Arbitration
Authors: Gáspár-Szilágyi Szilárd , Usynin Maxim
Published: August 2020

This column focuses on procedural developments in recent investment arbitration cases, relying on publicly available interim decisions and final awards, handed down during the period 1 January 2019 to 31 March 2020. Given the large number of new cases, decisions and awards, we decided to focus on a dozen of them, which we believe tackle novel issues or present complex procedural matters.
Procedural Developments at International Human Rights Courts and Bodies
Authors: Tigroudja Hélène
Published: August 2020

After exploring the most salient political and institutional issues facing international human rights courts and bodies, this column reviews some of their key procedural developments in 2019, focusing on four specific aspects: the coordination and (dis-)harmony between the multiple mechanisms; the more or less extensive scope of their jurisdiction; the parties’ potential instrumentalization of the proceedings; and States’ compliance with the international decisions.
State Socialist Endeavours for the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to International Crimes: Historical Roots and Current Implications
Authors: Grosescu Raluca
Published: August 2020

This article analyses the role of Eastern European socialist governments and legal experts in encoding the non-applicability of statutory limitations to international crimes. It argues that socialist elites put this topic on the agenda of the international community in the 1960s through two interrelated processes. On the one hand, legal scholars cooperated with Western European lawyers in order to enforce the idea that the international crimes codified by the Nuremberg Charter should not be subject to prescription. On the other hand, Eastern European governments proposed and enabled – through their cooperation with African and Asian states – the adoption of the 1968 UN Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity. In the first decade of the twenty-first century, this instrument became an important tool for advancing prosecutions of international crimes committed under dictatorships and violent conflicts, particularly in Central Eastern Europe and Latin America.
Socialist Internationalism and Decolonizing Moralities in the UN Anti-Trafficking Regime, 1947–1954
Authors: Dolinsek Sonja , Hetherington Philippa
Published: August 2020

In the late 1940s, state socialist governments proclaimed that commercial sex did not exist under socialism. At the same time, they were enthusiastic participants in the drafting of a new UN Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others. This article explores state socialist involvement in the global moral reform drive accompanying the 1949 Convention. It traces the ideological coherence between Socialist Bloc and ‘Western’ delegations on the desirability of prostitution’s abolition. Conversely, it highlights splits on issues of jurisdiction, manifesting in the Soviet call for the eradication of the draft Convention’s ‘colonial clause’, which allowed states to adhere to or withdraw from international instruments on behalf of ‘non-self-governing territories’. We argue that critiques of the colonial clause discursively stitched together global moral reform and opposition to imperialism, according socialist and newly decolonized delegations an ideological win in the early Cold War.
Crimes against the People – a Sui Generis Socialist International Crime?
Authors: Hoffmann Tamás
Published: August 2020

Crimes against humanity is one of the core crimes in international criminal law, whose existence is treated as a natural reaction to mass atrocities. This idea of linear progress is challenged by this article, which demonstrates that in post-Second World War Hungary an alternative approach was developed to prosecute human rights violation committed against civilian populations. Even though this concept was eventually used as a political weapon by the Communist Party, it had long-lasting effects on the prosecution of international crimes in Hungary.
Resolving the Misunderstood Historical Order: A Korean Perspective on the Historical Tributary Order in East Asia
Authors: Oh Si Jin
Published: August 2020

Regarding the historical East Asian order, previous studies appear to have emphasized Chinese and Japanese perspectives, and this academic phenomenon seems to have contributed to solidifying a misunderstanding. This study attempts to present a Korean perspective providing different points of view that challenge previous perspectives on the legal status of Korea in the nineteenth century. One of the critical misunderstandings about the historical relationship between China and Korea is that of vassalage. However, such an analogy is misleading. The East Asian international normative order, which was based on Li, is a particular order that requires a separate treatment. The nature of the tributary order would not necessarily impair sovereignty if it were possible to project and apply the classical international law of the nineteenth century. As the policy of Dongdoseogi represents, however, Korea once seemed to have preferred to maintain the two normative systems simultaneously.
The Drug War in a Land Without Drugs: East Germany and the Socialist Embrace of International Narcotics Law
Authors: Richardson-Little Ned
Published: August 2020

This article examines how the German Democratic Republic (GDR) engaged with the problem of international anti-narcotics law and how it came to embrace the global drug war. The international anti-narcotics system provided a means of signalling the GDR’s normalcy to the international community and allowed East Germany to highlight its absence of drug abuse at home as a demonstration of socialism’s superiority in comparison with the narcotics abuse crisis of the capitalist world. By the 1980s, however, the GDR’s support for the international prohibition of drug trafficking shifted from one of competition with the West to that of collaboration. Through cooperation between international experts from both East and West, GDR elites abandoned earlier concerns about state sovereignty to endorse the global harmonization of drug laws as part of the 1988 Vienna Narcotics Convention.
The Protagonism of the USSR and Socialist States in the Revision of International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Mantilla Giovanni
Published: August 2020

The USSR and Socialist states played a crucial and still largely underappreciated role in the re-negotiation of international humanitarian law (IHL) in 1949 and 1977. Drawing on new multi-archival research, I demonstrate that the support of the Soviet Union and Socialist Bloc states was essential to the negotiation of key legal achievements with regard to non-traditional conflict forms and actors, including rules on internal conflicts, national liberation war, and irregular fighters. They exerted influence chiefly through concerted action to create or side with majority coalitions alongside neutral Western or Third World countries, forcing their principal Western foes to accept rules they found undesirable. Yet Soviet-Western interactions in the re-making of IHL were not simply confrontational. In the 1970s, as Cold War hostilities cooled, East and West engaged in partial backdoor cooperativeness, leading to critical features of the Additional Protocols I and II, including rules for the protection of civilians and IHL oversight.
The Co-creation of Imperial Logic in South American Legal History
Authors: Pérez Godoy Fernando
Published: August 2020

This study is part of the current trend of expanding ‘histories of international law’. From a regional perspective, I analyse not just the South American dimension of the process known as the ‘universalization of international law science’, but also focus on the ‘ideological use’ of ius gentium europaeum in the debate on the occupation of indigenous territories governing by the nation Mapuche in the south of Chile (1861–1883) and then the discussion on the legitimacy of the Saltpeter War between Chile and the Bolivian-Peruvian Alliance (1879–1884). I argue that the Chilean national legal discourse applied a core argument of nineteenth-century international law to legitimize its foreign policy in those conflicts: ‘the standard of civilization’. Thus, it is possible to speak about a domestic recreation of imperial logic as part of the globalization of the European law of nations in the nineteenth century.
The Heidelberg Circle of Jurists and Its Struggle against Allied Jurisdiction: Amnesty-Lobbyism and Impunity-Demands for National Socialist War Criminals (1949–1955)
Authors: Glahé Philipp
Published: August 2020

After the Second World War, the Allies began a program of legal prosecution of war criminals who were to be sentenced in fair and public processes. However, these processes soon evoked vivid criticism, and by no means simply from former National Socialists. The Heidelberg Circle of Jurists (‘Heidelberger Juristenkreis’) is an example of a heterogeneous lobby group including victims of National Socialism as well as supporters of this ideology demanding amnesty for German war criminals between 1949 and 1955. Numbering forty high-ranking judges, lawyers, politicians, professors and church representatives, the Circle had access to a vast network and had a considerable impact on Allied and German war-crimes policy. On the basis of new source material, this article examines the Circle’s evolution, its apparently contradictory composition, its argumentation and its aims, by focusing on three of its members, the former minister of justice of the Weimar Republic and legal philosopher Gustav Radbruch, the internationalist Erich Kaufmann and the Nuremberg lawyer Hellmut Becker.
Transforming the Law of Nations: The Case of the Eighteenth Century Italian Peninsula
Authors: Malaspina Elisabetta Fiocchi
Published: August 2020

This article aims to demonstrate and investigate how natural law and law of nations theories were used and adapted within the context of the Italian peninsula of the late eighteenth century. It proposes to retrace the ways in which the texts of the so called Ecole romande du droit naturel and particularly the Droit des gens ou principes de la loi naturelle, appliqués à la conduite et aux affaires des Nations et des Souverains by Emer de Vattel (1758) were used in and adapted to the Italian environment, which was extremely different from the one in which these texts were written and published, in order to contribute to the legal transformation process of the Italian states during the eighteenth century.
The Mutual Guarantee of the Peace of Westphalia in the Law of Nations and Its Impact on European Diplomacy
Authors: Milton Patrick
Published: August 2020

This paper seeks to investigate how the mutual guarantee clauses of the treaties of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years War in 1648, affected European diplomacy until the late eighteenth century. It will first analyse the reception and impact of the guarantee of the Peace of Westphalia in the European Law of Nations and in subsequent treaty law. Secondly, it will assess the practical impact of this feature of the Law of Nations on European diplomacy, and how this influence changed over time. This will also include an analysis of how diplomacy and shifting power-political currents altered the content of the guarantee in the Law of Nations. In analysing the guarantee’s influence on diplomacy, the paper places a particular emphasis on Franco-Imperial and Swedish-Imperial relations, as well as the perception of the guarantee among diplomats and other political actors during political, constitutional and confessional conflicts within the Holy Roman Empire.
Sovereignty under the League of Nations Mandates: The Jurists’ Debates
Authors: Smith Leonard V.
Published: August 2020

The mandate system took shape at an inflexion point in the evolution from an international system based on rule over territories to one based on rule over peoples. Political compromises made at the Paris Peace Conference resulted in the creation of a new political agent, the League of Nations Mandate, with no clear sovereign. In seeking to systematize this political outcome, jurists located sovereignty with the victorious Great Powers, the League itself, and with the peoples of the mandate territories. Yet they never achieved a consensus, which created an absence at the centre of the mandate system that politics would have to fill throughout the interwar period.