bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asparagine accumulation in chicory storage roots is controlled by translocation and feedback regulation of asparagine biosynthesis in leaves
Authors: Soares Emanoella , Shumbe Leonard , Dauchot Nicolas , Notté Christine , Prouin Claire , Maudoux Olivier , Vanderschuren Hervé
Published: July 2020

The presence of acrylamide (AA), a potentially carcinogenic and neurotoxic compound, in food has become a major concern for public health. AA in plant‐derived food mainly arises from the reaction of the amino acid asparagine (Asn) and reducing sugars during processing of foodstuffs at high temperature.

Using a selection of genotypes from the chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) germplasm, we performed Asn measurements in storage roots and leaves to identify genotypes contrasting for Asn accumulation. We combined molecular analysis and grafting experiments to show that leaf to root translocation controls Asn biosynthesis and accumulation in chicory storage roots.

We could demonstrate that Asn accumulation in storage roots depends on Asn biosynthesis and transport from the leaf, and that a negative feedback loop by Asn on CiASN1 expression impacts Asn biosynthesis in leaves.

Our results provide a new model for Asn biosynthesis in root crop species and highlight the importance of characterizing and manipulating Asn transport to reduce AA content in processed plant‐based foodstuffs.
Proteins unbound – how ectomycorrhizal fungi can tap a vast reservoir of mineral‐associated organic nitrogen
Authors: Keiluweit Marco , Kuyper Thomas W.
Published: July 2020

This article is a Commentary on Wang et al. (2020), 228: 697–711.
Assessing the magnetic resonance imaging in determining the depth of invasion of tongue cancer
Authors: Fu Jin‐Ye , Zhu Ling , Li Jiang , Chen Pei‐Qian , Shi Wen‐Tao , Shen Shu‐Kun , Zhang Chen‐Ping , Zhang Zhi‐Yuan
Published: July 2020

Objectives

To assess the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in predicting tumour's depth of invasion (DOI) of tongue cancer by comparing to pathology and to determine the cut‐off value of MRI‐derived DOI for lymph node metastasis.

Patients and methods

In a retrospective analysis, 156 patients with newly diagnosed tongue cancer were included. Tumour's DOI was compared between MRI measurement and pathology by Pearson correlation coefficient and paired t test. The accuracy of MRI‐derived DOI was compared to the pathological DOI. The relationship between MRI‐derived DOI and cervical lymph node metastasis was calculated by receiver operating characteristic curve.

Results

Tumour's DOI was well correlated between MRI measurement and pathology with correlation coefficients of 0.77. MRI‐derived DOI was 3.4 mm (28%) larger than pathology. The accuracy of MRI in deciding pathological DOI was 67.9%. The cut‐off value of MRI‐derived DOI was 10.5 mm for lymph node metastasis of tongue cancer.

Conclusion

Magnetic resonance imaging can be used as a reference to determine tumour's DOI of tongue cancer. Tumour with MRI‐derived DOI larger than 10.5 mm deserves simultaneous neck dissection at initial surgery.
Role of sST2 in predicting recurrence of atrial fibrillation after radiofrequency catheter ablation
Authors: Liu Hailei , Wang Kexin , Lin YongPing , Liang Xichen , Zhao Shuai , Li Mingfang , Chen Minglong
Published: July 2020

Introduction

Atrial fibrosis is associated with atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence after ablation. This study aims to determine the relationship between soluble ST2 (sST2), a profibrotic biomarker, and AF recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA).

Methods

AF patients referred for RFCA were consecutively included from October 2017 to May 2019. Baseline characteristics were collected, and sST2 levels were determined before ablation. Left atrial substrate mapping was performed after circumferential pulmonary vein isolation under sinus rhythm, and substrate was modified in low‐voltage zones. A second procedure was recommended under recurrence.

Results

Two hundred fifty‐eight patients (146 males, average age 61.0 ± 8.8) were included. After a medium follow‐up of 13.5 months, 52 patients (20.2%) had recurrence and received a second procedure. Preoperative sST2 level in patients with recurrence was significantly higher than that in patients without (31.3 ng/mL vs 20.3 ng/mL, P < .001). In those undergoing second ablation, sST2 level in patients with new abnormalities during endocardial mapping was significantly higher than that in patients without (43.0 ng/mL vs 22.1 ng/mL, P < .001). An sST2 level over 26.9 ng/mL could predict AF recurrence with new abnormalities during endocardial mapping with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 75.9%. Multiple logistic analysis showed that sST2 level was an independent predictor of AF recurrence with new abnormalities during endocardial mapping (P < .001).

Conclusions

sST2 level was associated with new abnormalities during endocardial mapping and recurrence of AF after ablation. It might have significance in choosing treatment strategies for AF.
Feeling Politics: Carceral Contact, Well‐Being, and Participation
Authors: Davis Brandon Rudolph
Published: July 2020

How do criminal justice interactions affect political participation and through what mechanisms? In this new era of criminal justice expansion, the number of people who have had interactions and who will interact with the criminal justice system has increased significantly. Notwithstanding the abundant scholarship detailing the expansion of the carceral state, the subsequent increases in carceral contact, and the negative externalities of punitivity, we know little about the mechanisms that drive the observed negative political consequences. We know what is happening but not how it is happening. I argue that predacious criminal justice policies are having a negative interpretative policy feedback effect on the well‐being of those contacted. First, I find that feelings of well‐being are strongly associated with political participation. Second, using structural equation modeling, I offer evidence that carceral contact has a strong direct effect on well‐being and a strong indirect effect on political participation mediated through measures of well‐being. Twenty‐three percent of the political suppression effect is an indirect effect of carceral contact mediated through well‐being.
Decorin concentrations in canine normal and neoplastic mammary gland tissues
Authors: Szczubiał Marek , Kankofer Marta , Wawrzykowski Jacek , Dąbrowski Roman , Łopuszyński Wojciech , Bochniarz Mariola , Brodzki Piotr
Published: July 2020

In the present study, the concentration of decorin in canine normal and neoplastic mammary gland tissues was examined to understand the potential role of decorin in development and progression of canine mammary tumours. The homogenates of 48 mammary gland tumours (10 benign and 38 malignant) and 10 samples of normal canine mammary gland tissue were used in the study. The presence and quantification of decorin was examined in the homogenates using Western blot and specific canine ELISA. Western blotting confirmed the presence of decorin both in the normal mammary gland tissues and in the mammary gland tumours. The concentration of decorin was significantly higher (p < .05) in the benign tumours and non‐metastatic malignant tumours than in the normal mammary gland. The concentration of decorin was significantly lower (p < .05) in the malignant tumours with metastasis to regional lymph nodes compared with benign tumours and non‐metastatic malignant tumours. No significant differences were found in the level of decorin between the benign and the non‐metastatic malignant tumours. Both the histological type of malignant tumours and the histological grade did not significantly affect the concentration of decorin. These findings suggest that neoplastic transformation in the canine mammary gland leads to increase in the decorin protein synthesis. The reducing decorin concentration in canine malignant mammary tumours appears to facilitate the metastatic spread of these tumours.
Prognostication in malignant pleural effusion: One size does not fit all
Authors: Dipper Alexandra , Maskell Nick
Published: July 2020

See related article
Video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery as the gold standard for lung cancer surgery
Authors: Sihoe Alan D. L.
Published: July 2020

Surgical resection remains the only effective means of cure in the vast majority of patients with early‐stage lung cancer. It can be performed via a traditional open approach (particularly thoracotomy) or a minimally invasive approach. VATS is ‘keyhole’ surgery in the chest, and was first used for lung cancer resection in the early 1990s. Since then, a large volume of evolving clinical evidence has confirmed that VATS lung cancer resection offered proven safety and feasibility, better patient‐reported post‐operative outcomes, less surgical trauma as quantified by objective outcome measures and equivalent or better survival than open surgery. This has firmly established VATS as the surgical approach of choice for early‐stage lung cancer today. Although impressive new non‐surgical lung cancer therapies have emerged in recent years, VATS is also being constantly rejuvenated by the development of ‘next generation’ VATS techniques, the refinement of VATS sublobar resection for selected patients, the utilization of bespoke post‐operative recovery programmes for VATS and the synthesis of VATS into multi‐modality lung cancer therapy. There is little doubt that VATS will remain as the gold standard for lung cancer surgery for the foreseeable future.
Belief, Credence and Statistical Evidence
Authors: Fassio Davide , Gao Jie
Published: July 2020

According to the Rational Threshold View, a rational agent believes p if and only if her credence in p is equal to or greater than a certain threshold. One of the most serious challenges for this view is the problem of statistical evidence: statistical evidence is often not sufficient to make an outright belief rational, no matter how probable the target proposition is given such evidence. This indicates that rational belief is not as sensitive to statistical evidence as rational credence. The aim of this article is twofold. First, we argue that, in addition to playing a decisive role in rationalizing outright belief, non‐statistical evidence also plays a preponderant role in rationalizing credence. More precisely, when both types of evidence are present in a context, non‐statistical evidence should receive a heavier weight than statistical evidence in determining rational credence. Second, based on this result, we argue that a modified version of the Rational Threshold View can avoid the problem of statistical evidence. We conclude by suggesting a possible explanation of the varying sensitivity to different types of evidence for belief and credence based on the respective aims of these attitudes.
Safety evaluation of the canine osteosarcoma vaccine, live Listeria vector
Authors: Musser Margaret L. , Berger Erika P. , Tripp Chelsea D. , Clifford Craig A. , Bergman Philip J. , Johannes Chad M.
Published: July 2020

Canine osteosarcoma (OSA) is an aggressive bone tumour in dogs. Standard‐of‐care treatment typically results in relatively short survival times; thus, alternative treatments are needed to confer a survival advantage. It has been shown that OSA is an immunogenic tumour, suggesting that immune modulation may result in superior outcomes. A cryopreserved, Listeria‐based OSA vaccine was recently developed and an initial study in dogs reported prolonged survival for patients receiving the vaccine in conjunction with standard‐of‐care. The goal of the current observational study was to report on the safety of the lyophilized formulation of this vaccine (the canine OSA vaccine, live Listeria vector [COV‐LLV]) in a group of dogs previously diagnosed with OSA. Forty‐nine (49) dogs received the COV‐LLV and were included for analysis. Adverse events (AEs) noted during and after vaccinations were recorded. The AEs observed were typically mild and self‐limiting, with nausea, lethargy and fever being most common. Four dogs (8%) cultured positive for Listeria (three infections including an amputation site abscess, septic stifle joint and bacterial cystitis; and one dog whose lungs cultured Listeria‐positive on necropsy within 24 hours of COV‐LLV administration). These cases join the previously reported Listeria‐positive thoracic abscess that developed in a canine following use of COV‐LLV. Although uncommon, it is important to realize this clinically significant AE is possible in patients treated with live therapeutic Listeria vaccines. As Listeria is zoonotic, caution is required not only for the patient receiving the vaccine, but also for the health care workers and family caring for the patient.
Extracellular metabolism of the enteric inhibitory neurotransmitter β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β‐NAD) in the murine colon
Authors: Durnin Leonie , Kurahashi Masaaki , Sanders Kenton M. , Mutafova‐Yambolieva Violeta N.
Published: July 2020

Key points

β‐Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β‐NAD) is a key inhibitory neurotransmitter in the colon.

The neuroeffector junction in the gut consists of enteric motor neurons and SIP syncytium, including smooth muscle cells (SMCs), interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), and cells expressing platelet‐derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα+cells).

Measuring metabolism of 1,N6‐etheno‐NAD (eNAD) in colonic tunica muscularis and in SMCs, ICC and PDGFRα+cells with HPLC‐FLD, we report that (1) in tissues, eNAD is degraded to eADP‐ribose, eAMP and e‐adenosine (eADO) by CD38, ENPP1 and NT5E, (2) with SMCs and PDGFRα+cells, eNAD is metabolized to eADO by ENPP1 and NT5E, (3) eNAD is not metabolized by ICC, (4) NT5E is expressed chiefly by SMCs and moderately by PDGFRα+cells, (5) SIP cells are not the primary location of CD38.

These data argue that the duration and strength of purinergic neurotransmission can be modulated by targeting multiple enzymes with specialized cellular distribution in the colon.

Prior studies suggest that β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β‐NAD) is an important inhibitory motor neurotransmitter in the enteric nervous system. Metabolism of β‐NAD at the neuroeffector junction (NEJ) is likely to be necessary for terminating inhibitory neurotransmission and may also produce bioactive metabolites. The enteric NEJ consists of enteric neurons and postjunctional cells of the SIP syncytium, including smooth muscle cells (SMCs), interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), and cells expressing platelet‐derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα+cells). We examined possible specialized functions of the NEJ in β‐NAD metabolism by determining the degradation of 1,N6‐etheno‐NAD (eNAD) in colonic tunica muscularis of wild‐type,Cd38−/−,Nt5e−/−,Enpp1−/−andCd38−/−/Nt5e−/−mice and in SIP cells from mice expressing cell‐specific fluorescent reporters purified by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). We measured eNAD and its metabolites eADP‐ribose (eADPR), eAMP and e‐adenosine (eADO) from tissues and sorted SIP cells using liquid chromatography. eNAD exposed to colonic muscularis of wild‐type mice produced eADPR, eAMP and eADO. CD38 mediated the conversion of eNAD to eADPR, whereas ENPP1 mediated degradation of eNAD and eADPR to eAMP. NT5E (aka CD73) was the primary enzyme forming eADO from eAMP. PDGFRα+cells and SMCs were involved in production of eADO from eNAD, and ICC were not involved in extracellular metabolism of eNAD. CD38 mediated the eNAD metabolism in whole tissues, but CD38 did not appear to be functionally expressed by SMCs or ICC. NT5E was expressed in SMCs > PDGFRα+cells. Our data show that extracellular metabolism of β‐NAD in the colon is mediated by multiple enzymes with cell‐specific expression.
Contact Pressures Between the Rearfoot and a Novel Offloading Insole: Results From a Finite Element Analysis Study
Authors: Strayer Seth T. , Moghaddam Seyed Reza M. , Gusenoff Beth , Gusenoff Jeffrey , Beschorner Kurt E.
Published: July 2020

Pressure offloading is critical to diabetic foot ulcer healing and prevention. A novel product has been proposed to achieve this offloading with an insole that can be easily modified for each user. This insole consists of pressurized bubbles that can be selectively perforated and depressurized to redistribute weight to the nonulcer region of the foot. However, the effect of the insole design parameters, for example, bubble height and stiffness, on offloading effectiveness is unknown. To this end, a 3-dimensional finite element model was developed to simulate contact between the rearfoot and insole. The geometry of the calcaneus bone and soft tissue was based on the medical images of an average male patient, and material properties and loading conditions based on the values reported in the literature were used. The model predicts that increasing bubble height and stiffness leads to a more effectively offloaded region. However, the model also predicts that increasing stiffness leads to increasing contact pressures on the surrounding soft tissue. Thus, a combination of insole design parameters was determined, which completely offloads the desired region, while simultaneously reducing the contact pressure on the surrounding soft tissue. This design is expected to aid in diabetic foot ulcer healing and prevention.
Effect of Dance on Postural Control in People with Parkinson’s Disease: A Meta-Analysis Review
Authors: de Almeida Heloisa Suzano , Porto Flávia , Porretti Marcelo , Lopes Gabriella , Fiorot Daniele , Bunn Priscila dos Santos , da Silva Elirez Bezerra
Published: July 2020

This systematic review verified the effect of dance on postural control in people with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and investigated whether this practice can be as effective over a short period as when it is performed over a longer period in relation to the postural control of this population. The search was performed in April 2019 in nine databases. Only randomized/quasi-randomized controlled trials with participants with idiopathic PD were included. The meta-analysis of the 11 articles included, with 13 results, showed that the 211 participants with PD, who belonged to the group performing dance, had a standardized mean difference of postural control 0.82 [0.52, 1.12] greater than the 182 participants who were in a control situation. The statistically significant results of this meta-analysis indicate that dance can improve postural control in people with PD in a short period of time and therefore contribute to the prevention of falls.
College Athletic Trainers’ Perceptions of Rest and Physical Activity When Managing Athletes With a Sport-Related Concussion
Authors: Petit Kyle M. , Covassin Tracey
Published: July 2020

Context:Cognitive and physical rest are commonly utilized when managing a sport-related concussion (SRC); however, emerging research now suggests that excessive rest may negatively impact recovery. Despite current research recommendations, athletic trainers (ATs) may be behind in implementing this emerging research into clinical practice.Objective:To assess college ATs’ perceptions and implementation of an emerging SRC management approach (cognitive and physical rest and activity).Design:Cross-sectional study.Setting:Survey.Participants:A total of 122 (11.8%) ATs (53.3% female; 10.8 [9.8] y experience; 8.7 [6.9] SRCs managed annually) responded to the survey, which was randomly distributed to 1000 members of the National Athletic Trainers’ Association, as well as 31 additional ATs from varying universities.Main Outcome Measures:A 5-point Likert scale assessed the ATs’ perceptions and clinical practices as they relate to specific athlete behaviors (ie, texting, sleeping). The ATs were asked about their willingness to incorporate physical activity into clinical practice.Results:Playing video games (95.9%) and practicing (93.4%) were the activities most perceived to extend SRC recovery. However, sleeping more than usual (7.4%) and increased time in a dark environment (11.5%) were viewed as less likely to extend recovery. ATs restricted practicing (98.4%) and working out (91.8%) for athletes with SRC, while sleeping more than usual (6.6%) and increased time in a dark environment (13.1%) were less restricted. About 71% of the ATs would implement light physical activity for athletes with a symptom score of 1 to 5, 31% with scores of 6 to 10, and 15% with scores of 11 to 20. About 43%, 74%, and 97% believe that light, moderate, and vigorous physical activity, while symptomatic, will extend recovery, respectively.Conclusions:The ATs were receptive to including light physical activity into their SRC management, although only in certain situations. However, most ATs’ beliefs and clinical practices did not completely align with emerging research recommendations for the management of SRCs.
Can a Conservative Rehabilitation Strategy Improve Shoulder Proprioception? A Systematic Review
Authors: Ager Amanda L. , Borms Dorien , Bernaert Magali , Brusselle Vicky , Claessens Mazarine , Roy Jean-Sébastien , Cools Ann
Published: July 2020

Context: Proprioception deficits contribute to persistent and recurring physical disability, particularly with shoulder disorders. Proprioceptive training is thus prescribed in clinical practice. It is unclear whether nonsurgical rehabilitation can optimize shoulder proprioception. Objectives: To summarize the available evidence of conservative rehabilitation (ie, nonsurgical) on proprioception among individuals with shoulder disorders. Evidence Acquisition: PubMed, Web of Science, and EBSCO were systematically searched, from inception until November 24, 2019. Selected articles were systematically assessed, and the methodological quality was established using the Dutch Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were utilized for this review. The conservative treatments were categorized as follows: (1) conventional therapy, (2) proprioceptive training, (3) elastic kinesiology tape, and (4) other passive therapies. Evidence Synthesis: Twelve articles were included, yielding 58 healthy control shoulders and 362 shoulders affected by impingement syndrome, glenohumeral dislocations, nonspecific shoulder pain, rotator cuff dysfunction, or subluxation poststroke. The level of agreement between the evaluators was excellent (84.9%), and the studies were evaluated to be of fair to excellent quality (risk of bias: 28.5%–100%). This review suggests, with moderate evidence, that proprioceptive training (upper-body wobble board or flexible foil training) can improve proprioception in the midterm. No decisive evidence exists to suggest that conventional therapy is of added value to enhance shoulder proprioception. Conflicting evidence was found for the improvement of proprioception with the application of elastic kinesiology tape, while moderate evidence suggests that passive modalities, such as microcurrent electrical stimulation and bracing, are not effective for proprioceptive rehabilitation of the shoulder. Conclusions: Proprioceptive training demonstrates the strongest evidence for the effective rehabilitation of individuals with a shoulder proprioceptive deficit. Elastic kinesiology tape does not appear to affect the sense of shoulder proprioception. This review suggests a possible specificity of training effect with shoulder proprioception.
Volcanic origin for Younger Dryas geochemical anomalies ca. 12,900 cal B.P.
Authors: Sun N. , Brandon A. D. , Forman S. L. , Waters M. R. , Befus K. S.
Published: July 2020

Younger Dryas sediments from Texas have traces of volcanic aerosols that challenge the bolide hypothesis for this cooling event.
Acetylated K676 TGFBIp as a severity diagnostic blood biomarker for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia
Authors: Park Hee Ho , Kim Hong Nam , Kim Hyelim , Yoo Youngbum , Shin Hyosoo , Choi Eun Young , Bae Jong-Sup , Lee Wonhwa
Published: July 2020

Elevated acetylated TGFBIp K676 in the blood of COVID-19 patients is a reliable biomarker for identifying disease severity.
Suppression of Chlamydial Pathogenicity by Nonspecific CD8+T Lymphocytes
Authors: Xie Lingxiang , He Conghui , Chen Jianlin , Tang Lingli , Zhou Zhiguang , Zhong Guangming
Published: July 2020

Chlamydia trachomatis, a leading infectious cause of tubal infertility, induces upper genital tract pathology, such as hydrosalpinx, which can be modeled withChlamydia muridaruminfection in mice. FollowingC. muridaruminoculation, wild-type mice develop robust hydrosalpinx, but OT1 mice fail to do so because their T cell receptors are engineered to recognize a single ovalbumin epitope (OVA457-462). These observations have demonstrated a critical role ofChlamydia-specific T cells in chlamydial pathogenicity.
Partitiviruses Infecting Drosophila melanogaster and Aedes aegypti Exhibit Efficient Biparental Vertical Transmission
Authors: Cross Shaun T. , Maertens Bernadette L. , Dunham Tillie J. , Rodgers Case P. , Brehm Ali L. , Miller Megan R. , Williams Alissa M. , Foy Brian D. , Stenglein Mark D.
Published: July 2020

Galbut virus is a recently discovered partitivirus that is extraordinarily common in wild populations of the model organism
Drosophila melanogaster
. Like for most viruses discovered through metagenomics, most of the basic biological questions about this virus remain unanswered. We found that galbut virus, along with a closely related partitivirus found in
Aedes aegypti
mosquitoes, is transmitted from infected females or males to offspring with ∼100% efficiency and can be maintained in laboratory colonies over years. This efficient transmission mechanism likely underlies the successful spread of these viruses through insect populations. We created
Drosophila
lines that contained galbut virus as the only virus infection and showed that these flies can be used as a source for experimental infections. This provides insight into how arthropod-infecting partitiviruses may be maintained in nature and sets the stage for exploration of their biology and potential utility.
Metamorphic evolution of Proterozoic ultramafic rocks from the Oaxacan Complex (Oaxaca State, southern Mexico): Tectonic implications
Authors: Culí* Laura , Solé Jesús , Ortega-Gutiérrez Fernando
Published: July 2020

The Oaxacan Complex represents the largest outcrop of Grenvillian basement in Mexico. Broadly, it consists of pelitic gneisses, quartzofeldspathic gneisses, metasomatic calc-silicates, orthoamphibolites, and marbles, all intruded by anorthosites, orthocharnockites, and orthogneisses. The entire assemblage underwent granulite-facies metamorphism ca. 1 Ga. We studied for the first time the ultramafic rocks of the Oaxacan Complex, represented by six different samples, all corresponding to ultramafic granulites. Their igneous equivalents are orthopyroxenites, websterites, and clinopyroxenites, and they occur as metric-scale lenses or centimetric layers in paragneisses, or in mingling textures with anatectic marbles. We studied their petrography, geochemistry, geochronology, and geothermobarometry to elucidate their genesis and tectonic implications. Our samples have enriched mid-ocean-ridge basalt and oceanic-island-arc affinities, both tholeiitic and calc-alkaline. Rare earth element patterns normalized to chondritic uniform reservoir from whole rock or single minerals define two or three main groups related to their origin and metamorphic history. Based on their protoliths, these rocks can be divided into: (1) ortho-derived pyroxenites (pre–Grenvillian orogeny), the origin of which was a magmatic cumulate or mafic melt or a mantle rock that had undergone metasomatism; and (2) para-derived pyroxenites (syn- or post-Grenvillian orogeny), the origin of which was a calc-silicate rock undergoing pervasive anatectic and metasomatic processes. The geothermobarometry revealed different stages in the syn- and post-Grenvillian granulitic metamorphic history of the Oaxacan Complex. The high temperature calculated from one sample (~945 °C), in the ultrahigh-temperature metamorphic field, is probably closer to the granulitic metamorphism peak than those obtained in previous studies, although a relict igneous temperature cannot be ruled out with the present data.
Autotomy and Regeneration in Squamate Reptiles (Squamata, Reptilia): Defensive Behavior Strategies and Morphological Characteristics (Using Computer Microtomography Methods)
Authors: Gordeev D. A. , Ananjeva N. B. , Korost D. V.
Published: July 2020

It has been noted that caudal autotomy as a way of defending against predators in recent reptiles is characteristic solely of lepidosaurs and is absent in crocodiles and turtles. It was found that, in the order Rhynchocephalia and in representatives of the majority of families of lizards, intravertebral (IntraVB) autotomy is a widespread phenomenon, whereas agamid lizards and some snakes do not have a break plane, and their tails break between adjacent vertebrae (intervertebral (InterVB) autotomy). The frequencies of occurrence of InterVB autotomy and regeneration in six species of agamas of the genusParalaudakiawere analyzed. Six types of regenerate’s characteristic of the studied group and the anatomical structure of the knob -shaped jagged regenerate are described on the basis of the results of computed microtomography (micro-CT). Phenomena of autotomy and regeneration are discussed in the phylogenetic context.
Risk of severe COVID-19 disease with ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: cohort study including 8.3 million people
Authors: Hippisley-Cox Julia , Young Duncan , Coupland Carol , Channon Keith M , Tan Pui San , Harrison David A , Rowan Kathryn , Aveyard Paul , Pavord Ian D , Watkinson Peter J
Published: July 2020

Background

There is uncertainty about the associations of angiotensive enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) drugs with COVID-19 disease. We studied whether patients prescribed these drugs had altered risks of contracting severe COVID-19 disease and receiving associated intensive care unit (ICU) admission.

Methods

This was a prospective cohort study using routinely collected data from 1205 general practices in England with 8.28 million participants aged 20–99 years. We used Cox proportional hazards models to derive adjusted HRs for exposure to ACE inhibitor and ARB drugs adjusted for sociodemographic factors, concurrent medications and geographical region. The primary outcomes were: (a) COVID-19 RT-PCR diagnosed disease and (b) COVID-19 disease resulting in ICU care.

Findings

Of 19 486 patients who had COVID-19 disease, 1286 received ICU care. ACE inhibitors were associated with a significantly reduced risk of COVID-19 disease (adjusted HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.74) but no increased risk of ICU care (adjusted HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.06) after adjusting for a wide range of confounders. Adjusted HRs for ARBs were 0.63 (95% CI 0.59 to 0.67) for COVID-19 disease and 1.02 (95% CI 0.83 to 1.25) for ICU care.

There were significant interactions between ethnicity and ACE inhibitors and ARBs for COVID-19 disease. The risk of COVID-19 disease associated with ACE inhibitors was higher in Caribbean (adjusted HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.87 to 1.28) and Black African (adjusted HR 1.31, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.59) groups than the white group (adjusted HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.63 to 0.70). A higher risk of COVID-19 with ARBs was seen for Black African (adjusted HR 1.24, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.58) than the white (adjusted HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.62) group.

Interpretation

ACE inhibitors and ARBs are associated with reduced risks of COVID-19 disease after adjusting for a wide range of variables. Neither ACE inhibitors nor ARBs are associated with significantly increased risks of receiving ICU care. Variations between different ethnic groups raise the possibility of ethnic-specific effects of ACE inhibitors/ARBs on COVID-19 disease susceptibility and severity which deserves further study.
Direct puncture of the superficial temporal artery for ethylene vinyl alcohol embolization of a type 3 arteriovenous fistula with a dual lumen balloon
Authors: Clarençon Frédéric , Shotar Eimad , Pouvelle Arnaud , Mouyal Samuel , Lenck Stéphanie , Premat Kevin , Cornu Philippe , Sourour Nader-Antoine
Published: July 2020

Intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) may be difficult to treat by endovascular means, especially when the arterial feeders to the fistula are tortuous. 1 The usual main feeder to intracranial dAVFs is the middle meningeal artery, which may present very tight loops that are often difficult to cross with a microcatheter. 2 Direct puncture of a subcutaneous artery feeding the fistula indirectly via transosseous branches may be a valuable strategic option to overcome this limitation. 3 4 We report here the successful embolization of a Cognard type 3 parietal dAVF by direct puncture of the superficial temporal artery under roadmap guidance. The dAVF was subsequently embolized with ethylene vinyl alcohol via a dual lumen balloon, under balloon inflation. We highlight in this technical video 1 the potential difficulties and risks of direct puncture of the superficial temporal artery. We also stress the risk of delayed scalp necrosis using this technique.

Video 1.
So you want to develop a virtual lecture series? Lessons learned from the Global Inorganic Discussion Weekday (GIDW) — a Canadian initiative
Authors: Drover Marcus W. , Chitnis Saurabh S.
Published: July 2020

The Global Inorganic Discussion Weekday (GIDW) is a virtual inorganic chemistry symposium series co-organized and co-hosted by Canadian inorganic chemists, Marcus Drover (University of Windsor) and Saurabh Chitnis (Dalhousie University). This perspective describes the mission of the GIDW event, its purpose, lessons learned, and offers an outline for other scientific disciplines that wish to organize similar virtual events at a time when physical conferencing is not safely possible.
The River Continuum Concept: lessons from the past and perspectives for the future
Authors: Doretto Alberto , Piano Elena , Larson Courtney E.
Published: July 2020

The River Continuum Concept (RCC) is a milestone in stream ecology because of its comprehensive evaluation of the structure and function of lotic ecosystems. Linking stream physical and geomorphological attributes with patterns in biodiversity, functional traits, and metabolism dynamics, this theory describes downstream gradients in community composition and ecosystem processes. The aim of this review is to evaluate how the RCC, 40 years from its publication in the Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, has influenced basic and applied research in stream ecology, focusing on the most important contributions and recent developments. This work puts into perspective the historical importance of the RCC in the scientific process and integrates past and recent theories, including metacommunity and metaecosystem theories and the river network perspective, to predict taxonomic and functional diversity of benthic communities. Thus, this review provides a unifying overview of the historical context of the field for exploring basic and applied ecological questions to the next generation of stream ecologists.
Various dictyostelids from the environment can produce multilamellar bodies
Authors: Durocher Alicia F. , Gagné-Thivierge Cynthia , Charette Steve J.
Published: July 2020

Multilamellar bodies (MLBs), structures composed of concentric membrane layers, are known to be produced by different protozoa, including species of ciliates, free-living amoebae, and Dictyostelium discoideum social amoebae. Initially believed to be metabolic waste, potential roles like cell communication and food storage have been suggested for D. discoideum MLBs, which could be useful for the multicellular development of social amoebae and as a food source. However, among dictyostelids, this phenomenon has only been observed with D. discoideum, and mainly with laboratory strains grown in axenic conditions. It was thought that other social amoebae may also produce MLBs. Four environmental social amoeba isolates were characterized. All strains belong to the Dictyostelium genus, including some likely to be Dictyostelium giganteum. They have distinctive phenotypes comprising their growth rate on Klebsiella aerogenes lawns and the morphology of their fruiting bodies. They all produce MLBs like those produced by a D. discoideum laboratory strain when grown on K. aerogenes lawns, as revealed by analysis using the H36 antibody in epifluorescence microscopy as well as by transmission electron microscopy. Consequently, this study shows that MLBs are produced by various dictyostelid species, which further supports a role for MLBs in the lifestyle of amoebae.
Dynamics of a quintom dark energy model non-minimally coupled with a mixed kinetic geometric term
Authors: Marciu Mihai
Published: July 2020

Within this work, a new dark energy model is proposed by taking into account a non-minimally mixed kinetic geometric coupling between the two fields, which constructs a quintom model. By considering numerical analysis of the corresponding field equations, the evolution of the Universe in the present model has been analyzed, taking into account different viable potentials. For exponential potentials, the model presents an accelerated expansion, and the dark energy equation of state exhibits phantom divide line crossing. However, for a steeper potential, for example, a mixed potential, it is observed that the Universe can manifest Big Crunch singularities in the distant future, and the moment for which the singularity occurs is sensitive to the value of the mixed coupling strength embedded into the η coefficient. The results show that an increase of the η parameter induces a delay in the Big Crunch time in the distant future. In the present context, the choice of the potential function plays a fundamental role in the evolution of the dynamical system, leading to very distinct cosmological scenarios.
On the ionization loss spectra of high-energy channeled negatively charged particles
Authors: Trofymenko S. V. , Kyryllin I. V.
Published: July 2020

The ionization loss spectra of high-energy negatively charged particles which move in the planar channeling mode in a silicon crystal are studied with the use of numerical simulation. The case when the crystal thickness is on the order of the dechanneling length $$l_d$$ld is considered. It is shown that in this case the shape of the spectrum noticeably depends on $$l_d$$ld. The evolution of various characteristic parameters of the spectrum with the change of $$l_d$$ld is investigated. A method of the experimental determination of $$l_d$$ld on the basis of the measurement of the ionization loss spectrum is proposed.
Clifford algebras, algebraic spinors, quantum information and applications
Authors: Trindade Marco A. S. , Floquet Sergio , Vianna J. David M.
Published: July 2020

We give an algebraic formulation based on Clifford algebras and algebraic spinors for quantum information. In this context, logic gates and concepts such as chirality, charge conjugation, parity and time reversal are introduced and explored in connection with states of qubits. Supersymmetry and M-superalgebra are also analyzed with our formalism. Specifically we use extensively the algebras [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] as well as tensor products of Clifford algebras.
Path integral for quantum dynamics with position-dependent mass within the displacement operator approach
Authors: Benzair H. , Merad M. , Boudjedaa T.
Published: July 2020

In the context of quantum mechanics reformulated in a modified Hilbert space, we can formulate the Feynman’s path integral approach for the quantum systems with position-dependent mass particle using the formulation of position-dependent infinitesimal translation operator. Which is similar a deformed quantum mechanics based on modified commutation relations. An illustration of calculation is given in the case of the harmonic oscillator, the infinite square well and the inverse square plus Coulomb potentials.
Modules with annihilation property
Authors: Mohammadi Rasul , Moussavi Ahmad , Zahiri Masoome
Published: July 2020

Let [Formula: see text] be an associative ring with identity. A right [Formula: see text]-module [Formula: see text] is said to have Property ([Formula: see text]), if each finitely generated ideal [Formula: see text] has a nonzero annihilator in [Formula: see text]. Evans [Zero divisors in Noetherian-like rings, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 155(2) (1971) 505–512.] proved that, over a commutative ring, zero-divisor modules have Property ([Formula: see text]). We study and construct various classes of modules with Property ([Formula: see text]). Following Anderson and Chun [McCoy modules and related modules over commutative rings, Comm. Algebra 45(6) (2017) 2593–2601.], we introduce [Formula: see text]-dual McCoy modules and show that, for every strictly totally ordered monoid [Formula: see text], faithful symmetric modules are [Formula: see text]-dual McCoy. We then use this notion to give a characterization for modules with Property ([Formula: see text]). For a faithful symmetric right [Formula: see text]-module [Formula: see text] and a strictly totally ordered monoid [Formula: see text], it is proved that the right [Formula: see text]-module [Formula: see text] is primal if and only if [Formula: see text] is primal with Property ([Formula: see text]).
Finite unitary rings in which every subring is commutative, are commutative
Authors: Amiri M. , Ariannejad M.
Published: July 2020

We characterize the structure of finite unitary rings [Formula: see text] in which every proper subring is commutative and show that [Formula: see text] is a commutative ring.
Our Current Understanding of Commensalism
Authors: Mathis Kaitlyn A. , Bronstein Judith L.
Published: July 2020

Commensalisms, interactions between two species in which one species benefits and the other experiences no net effect, are frequently mentioned in the ecological literature but are surprisingly little studied. Here we review and synthesize our limited understanding of commensalism. We then argue that commensalism is not a single type of interaction; rather, it is a suite of phenomena associated with distinct ecological processes and evolutionary consequences. For each form of commensalism we define, we present evidence for how, where, and why it occurs, including when it is evolutionarily persistent and when it is an occasional outcome of interactions that are usually mutualistic or antagonistic. We argue that commensalism should be of great interest in the study of species interactions due to its location at the center of the continuum between positive and negative outcomes. Finally, we offer a roadmap for future research.
Extending Plant Defense Theory to Seeds
Authors: Dalling James W. , Davis Adam S. , Arnold A. Elizabeth , Sarmiento Carolina , Zalamea Paul-Camilo
Published: July 2020

Plant defense theory explores how plants invest in defenses against natural enemies but has focused primarily on the traits expressed by juvenile and mature plants. Here we describe the diverse ways in which seeds are chemically and physically defended. We suggest that through associations with other traits, seeds are likely to exhibit defense syndromes that reflect constraints or trade-offs imposed by selection to attract dispersers, enable effective dispersal, ensure appropriate timing of seed germination, and enhance seedling performance. We draw attention to seed and reproductive traits that are analogous to defense traits in mature plants and describe how the effectiveness of defenses is likely to differ at pre- and postdispersal stages. We also highlight recent insights into the mutualistic and antagonistic interactions between seeds and microbial communities, including fungi and endohyphal bacteria, that can influence seed survival in the soil and subsequent seedling vigor.
Functional Gene Diversity of Selected Indigenous Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria in Aged Crude Oil
Authors: Ehis-Eriakha Chioma Bertha , Chikere Chioma Blaise , Akaranta Onyewuchi
Published: July 2020

Crude oil pollution has consistently deteriorated all environmental compartments through the cycle of activities of the oil and gas industries. However, there is a growing need to identify microbes with catabolic potentials to degrade these pollutants. This research was conducted to identify bacteria with functional degradative genes. A crude oil-polluted soil sample was obtained from an aged spill site at Imo River, Ebubu, Komkom community, Nigeria. Bacteria isolates were obtained and screened for hydrocarbon degradation potential by turbidometry assay. Plasmid and chromosomal DNA of the potential degraders were further screened for the presence of selected catabolic genes (C230, Alma, Alkb, nahAC, and PAHRHD(GP)) and identified by molecular typing. Sixteen (16) out of the fifty (50) isolates obtained showed biodegradation activity in a liquid broth medium at varying levels. Bacillus cereus showed highest potential for this assay with an optical density of 2.450 @ 600 nm wavelength. Diverse catabolic genes resident in plasmids and chromosomes of the isolates and, in some cases, both plasmid and chromosomes of the same organism were observed. The C230 gene was resident in >50% of the microbial population tested, while other genes occurred in lower proportions with the least observed in nahAC and PAHRHD. These organisms can serve as potential bioremediation agents.
The Dangerous Couple: Illegal Mining and Water Pollution—A Case Study in Fena River in the Ashanti Region of Ghana
Authors: Duncan Albert Ebo
Published: July 2020

The threat posed by illegal mining to the quality of water resources in Ghana has become a major public concern due to the closing down of some water treatment plants in the country. This study aimed to investigate heavy metal pollution in Fena River due to the illegal mining activities. The study was based on 72 samples from six sampling points for a period of 12 months (January–December). Six heavy metals such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) in water were investigated from Fena River in the Amansie Central District in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The ranges of the heavy metals in water were BDL–1.041, 0.01–0.703, BDL–0.24, 0.17–16.43, 0.46–1.02, and BDL for Pb, Cd, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Hg. Three metals exceeded the safe drinking water guidelines making water generally unsafe for drinking and domestic purposes. According to Nemerow’s pollution index results, three metals, namely, Cd, Pb, and Fe, were the principal metal pollutants in the study area, whereas Hg, Cu, and Zn were found not to contribute to the pollution effect. However, of the polluting metals, only Cd polluted all the six sampling sites, whereas Pb polluted five out of the six sampling sites. The most striking of the results is the absence of mercury in all the sites studied. The findings from the water quality index confirm that only two of the sites recorded marginal water quality, whereas the remaining four sites recorded poor water quality. The high levels of heavy metals polluting water and the deteriorating water quality are due to the illegal mining activities occurring within and around Fena River.