bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the haloacetic acids, a major class of drinking water disinfection by‐products
Authors: Plewa Michael J. , Simmons Jane Ellen , Richardson Susan D. , Wagner Elizabeth D.
Published: April 2010

The haloacetic acids (HAAs) are disinfection by‐products (DBPs) that are formed during the disinfection of drinking water, wastewaters and recreational pool waters. Currently, five HAAs [bromoacetic acid (BAA), dibromoacetic acid (DBAA), chloroacetic acid (CAA), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA); designated as HAA5] are regulated by the U.S. EPA, at a maximum contaminant level of 60 μg/L for the sum of BAA, DBAA, CAA, DCAA, and TCAA. We present a comparative systematic analysis of chronic cytotoxicity and acute genomic DNA damaging capacity of 12 individual HAAs in mammalian cells. In addition to the HAA5, we analyzed iodoacetic acid (IAA), diiodoacetic acid (DiAA), bromoiodoacetic acid (BIAA), tribromoacetic acid (TBAA), chlorodibromoacetic acid (CDBAA), bromodichloroacetic acid (BDCAA), and bromochloroacetic acid (BCAA). Their rank order of chronic cytotoxicity in Chinese hamster ovary cells was IAA > BAA > TBAA > CDBAA > DIAA > DBAA > BDCAA > BCAA > CAA > BIAA > TCAA > DCAA. The rank order for genotoxicity was IAA > BAA > CAA > DBAA > DIAA > TBAA > BCAA > BIAA > CDBAA. DCAA, TCAA, and BDCAA were not genotoxic. The trend for both cytotoxicity and genotoxicity is iodinated HAAs > brominated HAAs > chlorinated HAAs. The use of alternative disinfectants other than chlorine generates new DBPs and alters their distribution. Systematic, comparative, in vitro toxicological data provides the water supply community with information to consider when employing alternatives to chlorine disinfection. In addition, these data aid in prioritizing DBPs and their related compounds for future in vivo toxicological studies and risk assessment. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Young people's perceptions of and reasons for accessing a web‐based cognitive behavioural intervention for bulimia nervosa
Authors: Pretorius Natalie , Rowlands Laura , Ringwood Susan , Schmidt Ulrike
Published: April 2010

Objective

The aim of the present study was to explore young people's experience of accessing and utilising a web‐based cognitive behavioural intervention for bulimic disorders.

Method

Young people (N = 11) with bulimia nervosa or atypical bulimia nervosa completed a qualitative interview. Interviews were analysed and themes were identified.

Results

Young people liked the programme for its accessibility, flexibility, support and information. Some participants used the intervention as a stepping stone to further treatment.

Conclusion

Web‐based interventions have the potential to provide accessible, effective treatment to young people with bulimia nervosa (BN). More research is needed to determine which components are effective and for whom. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The influence of sediment size, relative grain size and channel slope on initiation of sediment motion in boulder bed rivers. A lichenometric study
Authors: Gob Frederic , Bravard Jean‐Paul , Petit François
Published: April 2010

Sediment transport of four boulder bed rivers is studied using lichenometry. The presence of lichens on boulders in the river channel is used to date the last mobilization of the blocks. Using size frequency diagrams and regional growth curves calibrated with dated reference points it is possible to determine the flood event responsible for the last mobilization of each boulder with lichens present. The specific stream power of flood events over the last 60 years is then calculated, and thresholds of sediment transport based on the sediment size are calculated. The results from the four studied rivers are compared to similar relationships in the literature. Sediment motion thresholds appear to be very variable within the same type of river (mountainous boulder bed rivers). The critical specific stream power necessary to mobilize a particle of a given diameter may vary by up to 10 times from one river to the next. Bed sediment size and river slope may explain this large range of stream powers. Calculation of the relative size of the transported particles (Di/D50) also shows that both hiding and protrusion effects, as well as channels slope, are important factors in sediment transport. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photogrammetric monitoring of small streams under a riparian forest canopy
Authors: Bird Stephen , Hogan Dan , Schwab James
Published: April 2010

The recent advent of digital photogrammetry has enabled the modeling and monitoring of river beds at relatively high spatial resolution (0·01 to 1 m) through the extraction of digital elevation models (DEMs). The traditional approach to image capture has been to mount a metric camera to an aircraft, although non‐metric cameras have been mounted to a variety of novel aerial platforms to acquire river‐based imagery (e.g. helicopters, radio‐controlled motorized vehicles, tethered blimps and balloons). However, most of these techniques are designed to acquire imagery at flying heights above the riparian tree canopy. In relatively narrow channels (e.g. <20 m bankfull width), streamside trees can obscure the channel and limit continuous photogrammetric data acquisition of both the channel bed and banks, while still providing useful information regarding the riparian canopy and even spot elevations of the channel. This paper presents a technique for the capture and analysis of close‐range photogrammetric data acquired from a vertically mounted non‐metric camera suspended 10 m above the channel bed by a unipod. The camera is positioned under the riparian forest canopy so that the channel bed can be imaged without obstruction. The system is portable and permits relatively rapid image acquisition over rough terrain and in dense forest. The platform was used to generate DEMs with a nominal ground resolution of 0·03 m. DEMs generated from this platform required post‐possessing to either adjust or eliminate erroneous cells introduced by the extraction process, overhanging branches, and by the effects of refraction at the air–water interface for submerged portions of the channel bed. The vertical precision in the post‐processed surface generally ranged from ± 0·01 to 0·1 m depending on the quality of triangulation and the characteristics of the surface being imaged. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconciled bedload sediment transport rates in ephemeral and perennial rivers
Authors: Cao Zhixian , Hu Peng , Pender Gareth
Published: April 2010

It has been thought for some time that bedload sediment transport rates may differ markedly in ephemeral and perennial rivers and, supporting this thought, there has been observation of very high rates of bedload transport by flash floods in the ephemeral river Nahal Yatir. However, until now, there has been no quantitative model resolving the observation, nor a theory capable of explaining why bedload transport rates by unsteady flash floods can be reasonably well described by bedload transport capacity formulae initially derived for steady flows. Here a time scale analysis of bedload transport is presented as pertaining to Nahal Yatir, which demonstrates that bedload transport can adapt sufficiently rapidly to capacity determined exclusively by local flow regime, and accordingly the transport capacity formulations developed for steady flows can be applied even under unsteady flows such as flash floods. Complementing the time scale analysis, a series of computational exercises using a coupled shallow water hydrodynamic model are shown to adequately resolve the observation of the very high rates of bedload transport by flash floods in Nahal Yatir. While bedload transport rates in ephemeral and perennial rivers differ remarkably when evaluated against a pure flow parameter such as specific stream power, they are essentially reconciled if assessed with a physically sensible parameter incorporating not only the flow regime but also the sediment particle size. The present finding underpins the practice of fluvial geomorphologists relating measured bedload transport to local flow and sediment characteristics only, irrespective of whether the flow is unsteady or steady. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial analysis of sand dunes with a new global topographic dataset: new approaches and opportunities
Authors: Hugenholtz Chris H. , Barchyn Tom E.
Published: April 2010

On June 29, 2009, version 1 of the ASTER GDEM (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model) was made available at no cost or restrictions to users worldwide via electronic download. The ASTER GDEM provides expanded spatial coverage and better resolution than other global digital elevation models (DEMs). In this paper we demonstrate how the ASTER GDEM provides new opportunities for investigating large aeolian sand dunes in three‐dimensions. Two dune‐specific spatial analysis methods are presented to illustrate potential applications of these data for discriminating dune generations and quantifying spatial variations of sediment supply. Moreover, we review how existing and emerging fields of dune pattern analysis and simulation modeling will be able to make significant advances through application of these data, potentially leading to future progress in studies of dune morphodynamics, environmental controls, and paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coupled solid‐fluid FE‐analysis of geotechnical problems involving partially saturated soils
Authors: Hofmann Matthias , Pertl Michael , Hofstetter Günter
Published: April 2010

A numerical model for coupled solid‐fluid FE‐analyses of geotechnical problems involving partially saturated soils is described. As constitutive model for partially saturated soil serves the Barcelona Basic Model, which is formulated in terms of net stress and capillary pressure. Different stress update algorithms are compared for this model regarding the accuracy and efficiency. The application of the numerical model is demonstrated by numerical simulations of the impoundment of an earth dam and of the injection of compressed air into water saturated soil (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Metallothionein‐3 regulates lysosomal function in cultured astrocytes under both normal and oxidative conditions
Authors: Lee Sook‐Jeong , Park Mi‐Ha , Kim Hyun‐Jae , Koh Jae‐Young
Published: April 2010

Cellular zinc plays a key role in lysosomal change and cell death in neurons and astrocytes under oxidative stress. Here, using astrocytes lacking metallothionein‐3 (MT3), a potential source of labile zinc in the brain, we studied the role of MT3 in oxidative stress responses. H2O2 induced a large increase in labile zinc in wild‐type (WT) astrocytes, but stimulated only a modest rise in MT3‐null astrocytes. In addition, H2O2‐induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and cell death were comparably attenuated in MT3‐null astrocytes. Expression and glycosylation of Lamp1 (lysosome‐associated membrane protein 1) and Lamp2 were increased in MT3‐null astrocytes, and the activities of several lysosomal enzymes were significantly reduced, indicating an effect of MT3 on lysosomal components. Consistent with lysosomal dysfunction in MT3‐null cells, the level of LC3‐II (microtubule‐associated protein 1 light chain 3), a marker of early autophagy, was increased by oxidative stress in WT astrocytes, but not in MT3‐null cells. Similar changes in Lamp1, LC3, and cathepsin‐D were induced by the lysosomal inhibitors bafilomycin A1, chloroquine, and monensin, indicating that lysosomal dysfunction may lie upstream of changes observed in MT3‐null astrocytes. Consistent with this idea, lysosomal accumulation of cholesterol and lipofuscin were augmented in MT3‐null astrocytes. Similar to the results seen in MT3‐null cells, MT3 knockdown by siRNA inhibited oxidative stress‐induced increases in zinc and LMP. These results indicate that MT3 may play a key role in normal lysosomal function in cultured astrocytes. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Altered levels and distribution of amyloid precursor protein and its processing enzymes in Niemann‐Pick type C1‐deficient mouse brains
Authors: Kodam A. , Maulik M. , Peake K. , Amritraj A. , Vetrivel K. S. , Thinakaran G. , Vance J. E. , Kar S.
Published: April 2010

Niemann‐Pick type C (NPC) disease is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by intracellular accumulation of cholesterol and glycosphingolipids in many tissues including the brain. The disease is caused by mutations of either NPC1 or NPC2 gene and is accompanied by a severe loss of neurons in the cerebellum, but not in the hippocampus. NPC pathology exhibits some similarities with Alzheimer's disease, including increased levels of amyloid β (Aβ)‐related peptides in vulnerable brain regions, but very little is known about the expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) or APP secretases in NPC disease. In this article, we evaluated age‐related alterations in the level/distribution of APP and its processing enzymes, β‐ and γ‐secretases, in the hippocampus and cerebellum of Npc1−/− mice, a well‐established model of NPC pathology. Our results show that levels and expression of APP and β‐secretase are elevated in the cerebellum prior to changes in the hippocampus, whereas γ‐secretase components are enhanced in both brain regions at the same time in Npc1−/− mice. Interestingly, a subset of reactive astrocytes in Npc1−/− mouse brains expresses high levels of APP as well as β‐ and γ‐secretase components. Additionally, the activity of β‐secretase is enhanced in both the hippocampus and cerebellum of Npc1−/− mice at all ages, while the level of C‐terminal APP fragments is increased in the cerebellum of 10‐week‐old Npc1−/− mice. These results, taken together, suggest that increased level and processing of APP may be associated with the development of pathology and/or degenerative events observed in Npc1−/− mouse brains. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Population neuroscience: Why and how
Authors: Paus Tomáš
Published: April 2010

Population neuroscience endeavours to identify environmental and genetic factors that shape the function and structure of the human brain; it uses tools and knowledge of genetics, epidemiology, and cognitive neuroscience. Here, I focus on the application of population neuroscience in studies of brain development. By describing in some detail four existing large‐scale magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies of typically developing children and adolescents, I provide an overview of their design, including population sampling and recruitment, assessments of environmental and genetic “exposures,” and measurements of brain and behavior “outcomes.” I then discuss challenges faced by investigators carrying out such MR‐based studies, including quality assurance, quality control and intersite coordination, and provide a brief overview of the achievements made so far. I conclude by outlining future directions vis‐à‐vis population neuroscience, such as design strategies that can be used to evaluate the presence of absence of causality in associations discovered by observational studies. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bidirectional influences in mother–toddler dyads: an examination of the relative influence of mothers' and children's behaviours
Authors: Del Vecchio Tamara , Rhoades Kimberly A.
Published: April 2010

This study examined bidirectional relationship between mothers' lax and overreactive discipline and children's misbehaviour and negative effect. We examined the moment‐to‐moment stability of mothers' and children's behaviours (actor effects) and mothers' and children's influence on their partners' subsequent behaviours (partner effects). Participants were 71 mothers and their 24‐ to 48‐month‐old children observed during a 30‐min interaction. Both children and mothers exhibited stability in their own behaviours and influenced the subsequent behaviours of their partners. Additionally, a comparison of partner effects indicated that overreactive discipline more strongly predicted child's negative effect than child's negative effect predicted overreactive discipline. In contrast, although a child's negative effect predicted lax discipline, lax discipline did not predict subsequent child's negative effect. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurobehavioural integrity of chimpanzee newborns: comparisons across groups and across species reveal gene–environment interaction effects
Authors: Bard Kim A. , Brent Linda , Lester Barry , Worobey John , Suomi Stephen J.
Published: April 2010

The aims of this article are to describe the neurobehavioural integrity of chimpanzee newborns, to investigate how early experiences affect the neurobehavioural organization of chimpanzees, and to explore species differences by comparing chimpanzee newborns with a group of typically developing human newborns. Neurobehavioural integrity related to orientation, motor performance, arousal, and state regulation of 55 chimpanzee (raised in four different settings) and 42 human newborns was measured with the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS), a semi‐structured 25‐min interactive assessment. Thirty‐eight chimpanzees were tested every other day from birth, and the analyses revealed significant developmental changes in 19 of 27 NBAS scores. The cross‐group and cross‐species comparisons were conducted at 2 and 30 days of age. Among the four chimpanzee groups, significant differences were found in 23 of 24 NBAS scores. Surprisingly, the cross‐species comparisons revealed that the human group was distinct in only 1 of the 25 NBAS scores (the human group had significantly less muscle tone than all the chimpanzee groups). The human group was indistinguishable from at least one of the chimpanzee groups in the remaining 24 of the 25 NBAS scores. The results of this study support the conclusion that the interplay between genes and environment, rather than genes alone or environment alone, accounts for phenotypic expressions of newborn neurobehavioural integrity in hominids. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and anticoagulant activity of heparin immobilized “end‐on” to polystyrene microspheres coated with end‐group activated polyethylene oxide
Authors: Fry Allyson K. , Schilke Karl F. , McGuire Joseph , Bird Karyn E.
Published: April 2010

Thiol groups were introduced to unfractionated heparin (UFH) and end‐aminated heparin (HepNH2) by reaction with 2‐iminothiolane under conditions favoring selective modification of terminal over primary amines. End‐thiolated heparin retained anticoagulant activity as shown by the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and anti‐Factor Xa (anti‐FXa) assays. Thiolated heparins were linked to pyridyl‐disulfide activated poly(ethylene oxide)‐poly(propylene oxide)‐poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymers adsorbed to 1.15‐μm polystyrene microspheres. Surface loadings were similarly low for each type of thiolated heparin. No anticoagulant activity was observed with aPTT assays of heparinized microspheres, due either to the presence of an insufficient amount of immobilized heparin, or to steric constraints inhibiting the formation of a functional heparin‐antihrombin complex. However, immobilized heparin retained substantial anti‐FXa activity, with significantly greater activity exhibited by the end‐thiolated HepNH2 than the internally (randomly) thiolated UFH. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010.
Tumor suppressors Sav/scrib and oncogene ras regulate stem‐cell transformation in adult Drosophila malpighian tubules
Authors: Zeng Xiankun , Singh Shree Ram , Hou David , Hou Steven X.
Published: April 2010

An increasing body of evidence suggests that tumors might originate from a few transformed cells that share many properties with normal stem cells. However, it remains unclear how normal stem cells are transformed into cancer stem cells (CSCs). Here, we demonstrated that mutations causing the loss of tumor suppressor Salvador (Sav) or Scribble (Scrib) or activation of the oncogene Ras transform normal stem cells into CSCs through a multistep process in the adult Drosophila Malpighian Tubules (MTs). In wild‐type MTs, each stem cell generates one self‐renewing and one differentiating daughter cell. However, in flies with loss‐of‐function sav or scrib or gain‐of‐function Ras mutations, both daughter cells grew and behaved like stem cells, leading to the formation of tumors in MTs. Ras functioned downstream of Sav and Scrib in regulating the stem‐cell transformation. The Ras‐transformed stem cells exhibited many of the hallmarks of cancer, such as increased proliferation, reduced cell death, and failure to differentiate. We further demonstrated that several signal transduction pathways (including MEK/MAPK, RhoA, PKA, and TOR) mediate Ras' function in the stem‐cell transformation. Therefore, we have identified a molecular mechanism that regulates stem‐cell transformation, and this finding may lead to strategies for preventing tumor formation in certain organs. J. Cell. Physiol. 224: 766–774, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oncological safety of skin sparing mastectomy followed by immediate reconstruction for locally advanced breast cancer
Authors: Lim Woosung , Ko Beom‐Seok , Kim Hee‐Jung , Lee Jong Won , Eom Jin Sup , Son Byung Ho , Lee Taik Jong , Ahn Sei‐Hyun
Published: April 2010

Background and Objectives

Skin sparing mastectomy (SSM) has been demonstrated as an oncologically safe procedure for early breast cancer in several studies. But few studies concerned the safety of SSM for patients with locally advanced breast cancer; therefore, its safety for these patients is less clear. The purpose of this study is to examine the oncological safety of SSM followed by immediate reconstruction for locally advanced breast cancer.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 897 breast cancer patients who underwent mastectomy for stage IIB (T3N0)‐III between 1996 and 2005. Of 897, 87 underwent SSM (n = 73) or nipple sparing mastectomy (NSM, n = 14). We compared the local recurrence (LR) rate, disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) for SSM group with conventional mastectomy group.

Results

The 5‐year DFS and OS of SSM group were not worse than those of CM group for all stages. LR rate was 3.0% (2/67) for IIB, 2.8% (1/36) for IIIA, 4.5% (1/22) for IIIC, and 5.0% (1/20) for T3 in SSM group. There was no difference in LR rates between SSM group and CM group for all stages.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates that SSM followed by immediate reconstruction is oncologically safe for locally advanced breast cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:39–42. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intestinal complications after palliative treatment for asymptomatic patients with unresectable stage IV colorectal cancer
Authors: Seo Guh Jung , Park Ji Won , Yoo Sang Bum , Kim Sun Young , Choi Hyo Seong , Chang Hee Jin , Shin Aesun , Jeong Seung‐Yong , Kim Dae Yong , Oh Jae Hwan
Published: April 2010

Background

The initial surgical management of asymptomatic patients with unresectable stage IV colorectal cancer (CRC) is still controversy. The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of major intestinal complications in asymptomatic patients who received palliative treatment for unresectable stage IV CRC, according to the type of treatment.

Methods

Between March 2001 and January 2008, we retrospectively analyzed 227 asymptomatic patients who underwent first‐line resection of the primary tumor followed by chemotherapy (144 patients, resection group) or those who underwent first‐line chemotherapy (83 patients, chemotherapy group).

Results

In the resection group, the incidences of intestinal obstruction, peritonitis, fistula, and intestinal hemorrhage were 14.6%, 0%, 0.7%, and 4.8%, respectively. In the chemotherapy group, these incidences were 15.2%, 1.2%, 0%, and 3.5%, respectively. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of intestinal complications. In multivariate analysis of overall survival, treatment type (resection group vs. chemotherapy group) was not a significant prognostic factor (P = 0.076).

Conclusions

In asymptomatic patients with unresectable stage IV CRC, first‐line chemotherapy may be considered safe, with no increased risk of major intestinal complications compared with primary tumor resection plus chemotherapy. J. Surg. Oncol. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:94–99. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Disparities in cancer care between the United States of America and India and opportunities for surgeons to lead
Authors: Are Chandrakanth , Colburn Lois , Rajaram Shireen , Vijayakumar Manavalan
Published: April 2010

The recent report from International Agency for Research in Cancer (IARC) predicted a threefold increase in the global cancer burden by 2030 with a disproportionate rise in cases from the developing world countries such as India. The aim of this study is to compare the cancer care between the developed and developing countries such as the United States of America and India and suggest avenues for surgeons to take a lead in addressing these disparities. J. Surg. Oncol. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:100–105. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of heparanase gene (HPSE‐1) single nucleotide polymorphisms with gastric cancer
Authors: Yue Zhenyu , Song Yongxi , Wang Zhenning , Luo Yang , Jiang Li , Xing Lili , Xu Huimian , Zhang Xue
Published: April 2010

Background

Heparanase activity plays a decisive role in biological processes associated with remodeling of the extracellular matrix (e.g., cancer metastasis, angiogenesis, and inflammation). Heparanase gene overexpression has been associated with advanced stage and poor survival in several cancers. We investigated the potential association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the HPSE‐1 gene, tumor susceptibility, clinicopathological parameters, and survival with gastric cancer among the Han population in northern China.

Methods

In this case–control study, there were 155 patients with gastric cancer and 204 healthy controls. The genotyping was performed using polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) assay. Chi‐square test was performed to exam differences of genotypes or alleles frequency between samples. The effect of various variables on outcome was investigated by multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards model.

Results

We identified four polymorphisms in the HPSE‐1 gene. Polymorphisms in introns 2 and 3, exon8, and exon13 occurred at a minor allele frequency of ≥10%. There was an increase in frequency of individuals with a genotype that carried the intron3 (A), exon8 (A), exon13 (G) haplotype (AAG) in patients with gastric cancer compared with healthy individuals (P = 0.0001; OR = 7.467; 95% CI: 2.274–24.509). SNP rs11099592 variant genotypes AG/AA were associated with a Borrmann type classification (P = 0.015; OR = 0.182; 95% CI: 0.049–0.668) and invasion depth (P = 0.020; OR = 0.341; 95% CI: 0.134–0.866), whereas SNP rs4328905 AG genotype was correlated to Lauren diffuse grade (P = 0.027; OR = 0.419; 95% CI 0.191–0.917). SNP rs6856901 variant genotypes GC/CC were associated with a better tumor‐related survival (P = 0.028; OR = 0.504; 95% CI: 0.273–0.930) compared with GG genotype.

Conclusions

HPSE‐1 polymorphisms may contribute to gastric tumor characteristics. SNP rs6856901 may be helpful in identifying clinical outcome of patients with gastric cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;102:68–72. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chiral capillary electrophoresis with cationic pyrrolidinium‐β‐cyclodextrin derivatives as chiral selectors
Authors: Xiao Yin , Wang Yong , Ong Teng‐Teng , Ge Liya , Tan Swee Ngin , Young David J. , Tan T. T. Y. , Ng Siu‐Choon
Published: April 2010

New single‐isomer, cationic β‐cyclodextrins, including mono‐6‐deoxy‐6‐pyrrolidine‐β‐cyclodextrin chloride (pyCDCl), mono‐6‐deoxy‐6‐(N‐methyl‐pyrrolidine)‐β‐cyclodextrin chloride (N‐CH3‐pyCDCl), mono‐6‐deoxy‐6‐(N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐pyrrolidine)‐β‐cyclodextrin chloride (N‐EtOH‐pyCDCl), mono‐6‐deoxy‐6‐(2‐hydroxymethyl‐pyrrolidine)‐β‐cyclodextrin chloride (2‐MeOH‐pyCDCl) were synthesized and used as chiral selectors in capillary electrophoresis for the enantioseparation of carboxylic and hydroxycarboxylic acids and dansyl amino acids. The unsubstituted pyCDCl exhibited the greatest resolving ability. Most analytes were resolved over a wide range of pH from 6.0 to 9.0 with this chiral selector. In general, increasing pH led to a decrease in resolution. The effective mobilities of all the analytes were found to decrease with increasing CD concentration. The optimal concentration for most carboxylic acids and dansyl amino acid was in the range 5–7.5 mM and >15 mM for hydroxycarboxylic acids. 1H NMR experiments provided direct evidence of inclusion in the CD cavity.
Considerations on comprehensive and off‐line supercritical fluid chromatography×reversed‐phase liquid chromatography for the analysis of triacylglycerols in fish oil
Authors: François Isabelle , Pereira Alberto dos Santos , Sandra Pat
Published: April 2010

The separation of the triacylglycerols in fish oil was performed by comprehensive and off‐line supercritical fluid chromatography combined with RP‐LC. The first dimension consisted of two serially coupled silver‐ion (SI)‐loaded columns operated with a supercritical mobile phase (supercritical fluid chromatography, SFC) in both the cases, whereas the second dimension was performed in non‐aqueous RP mode (NARP‐LC) on a 10‐cm monolithic octadecyl silica (ODS) or a 45‐cm long ODS column packed with 1.8 μm particles for the comprehensive and off‐line separations, respectively. Despite the outstanding performance of the SI‐SFC×NARP‐LC interface, the high complexity of the sample rendered the online separation far from complete. The off‐line approach gave much better separation mainly because of the higher peak capacity of the second‐dimension column, but even in this case, the use of MS was mandatory to elucidate the different triacylglycerols in fish oil. The disadvantage of the off‐line procedure was the long analysis time.
Laser Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Gasser Andres , Backes Gerhard , Kelbassa Ingomar , Weisheit Andreas , Wissenbach Konrad
Published: April 2010

Focusing on laser additive manufacturing techniques for turbo‐engine applications, two major european and german funded projects, FANTASIA and TurPro, are presented. The aim of both projects is to contribute to winning global leadership of european turbo‐engine manufacturers by developing new flexible and near‐net‐shape additive manufacturing chains and repair techniques based on Laser Metal Deposition (LMD), as seen in Figure 1 and selective Laser Melting (SLM). This article reviews the status quo of FANTASIA and TurPro.
Simultaneous approximation by universal series
Authors: Tsirivas N.
Published: April 2010

We show that, if individual universal series exist, then we can choose a sequence of universal series performing simultaneous universal approximation with the same sequence of indices. As an application we derive the existence of universal Laurent Series on an annulus using only the existence of universal Taylor Series on discs. Our results are generic (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Products of operator ideals and extensions of Schatten classes
Authors: Kühn Thomas , Mastyło Mieczysław
Published: April 2010

We study relations between Schatten classes and product operator ideals, where one of the factors is the Banach ideal ΠE,2 of (E, 2)‐summing operators, and where E is a Banach sequence space with ℓ2 ↪ E. We show that for a large class of 2‐convex symmetric Banach sequence spaces the product ideal ΠE,2 ○ 𝒮aq,s is an extension of the Schatten class 𝒮F with a suitable Lorentz space F. As an application, we obtain that if 2 ≤ p, q < ∞, 1/r = 1/p + 1/q and E is a 2‐convex symmetric space with fundamental function λE(n) ≈︁ n1/p, then ΠE,2 ○ Πq is an extension of the Schatten class 𝒮r,q (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Plasma biomarkers associated with ALS and their relationship to iron homeostasis
Authors: Mitchell Ryan M. , Simmons Zachary , Beard John L. , Stephens Helen E. , Connor James R.
Published: April 2010

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with complicated pathogenesis with variable presentation and disease progression. There is a critical need for a panel of biomarkers to provide clinicians and researchers with additional information. In this study, multiplex immunoassays were used to screen a number of cytokines, growth factors, and iron‐related proteins. ALS patients had significantly higher plasma levels of L‐ferritin and lower concentrations of transferrin when compared to healthy controls and together classified a test group of subjects with 82% accuracy. Duration of ALS symptoms correlated positively with levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1) and negatively with levels of granulocyte‐macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF). The biomarker profile suggests iron homeostasis is disrupted in ALS patients, and changes in ferritin and transferrin (Tf) appear to be indicators of ongoing inflammatory processes. The data demonstrate a plasma biomarker profile in ALS patients that may differ from published reports of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Minimum standards for urodynamic practice in the UK
Authors: Singh Gurpreet , Lucas Malcolm , Dolan Lucia , Knight Stephanie , Ramage Carmel , Hobson Philip Toozs
Published: April 2010

Aim

This paper reports on the recent publication and wide distribution of a joint statement on minimum standards for urodynamic practice in the UK.

Methods

A multidisciplinary working party were tasked with creating standards for both training and certification in urodynamics, as well as explicit standards for a framework of service delivery. This was done through a process of extensive consultation with relevant professional bodies.

Results

The standards suggest a modular structure to urodynamics training, and make recommendations on minimum workload for individuals and departments, the need for multidisciplinary team working and for regular audit.

Conclusions

This is the first attempt to standardise urodynamics practice nationally. The document is available on the United Kingdom Continence Society websitewww.ukcs.uk.net. Neurourol. Urodynam. 29:1365–1372, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Construct validity of four exercise stage of change measures in adults
Authors: Astroth Kim S. , Fish Anne F. , Mitchell G. Lynn , Bachman Jean A. , Hsueh Kuei‐Hsiang
Published: April 2010

Measuring readiness to exercise, or exercise stage of change (ESOC), is an important first step when counseling adults about exercise. However, minimal construct validity testing of ESOC measures has been reported. With a sample of 95 adults, we estimated the construct validity of four ESOC measures with commonly used response formats (true/false, ladder, 5 choice, interview). Participants completed all four ESOC measures in random order as well as six validation measures: physical activity performed, exercise self‐efficacy, decisional balance pros and cons, and behavioral and experiential processes of change. Few participants were in the earliest stage of change. The true/false measure demonstrated the strongest validity. Further studies are needed in diverse samples with more representation across the stages of change. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 33:254–264, 2010
Hospitalization costs associated with warfarin‐related bleeding events among older community‐dwelling adults
Authors: Kim Michelle M. , Metlay Joshua , Cohen Abigail , Feldman Harold , Hennessy Sean , Kimmel Stephen , Strom Brian , Doshi Jalpa A.
Published: April 2010

Purpose

A prior paper from this study demonstrated that patient report of receiving medication instructions from health care professionals is associated with reduced risk of warfarin‐related bleeding hospitalizations. The objective of this analysis was to describe the hospitalization costs due to warfarin‐related bleeding events in older community‐dwelling adults and to estimate the hospitalization costs avoided due to the receipt of medication instruction from different sources.

Methods

We estimated the expected hospitalization costs associated with four instruction sources based on the respective incidence rate of observed hospitalizations and mean hospitalization cost for warfarin‐related bleeding episodes from a prospective cohort study of beneficiaries of the Pennsylvania Pharmaceutical Assistance Contract for the Elderly (PACE). We estimated hospitalization costs avoided due to each instruction source compared to no instructions using the payer's perspective. We conducted probabilistic sensitivity analysis to account for uncertainty in our parameters.

Results

One hundred twenty‐six warfarin‐related bleeding hospitalizations occurred during the observation period with a mean cost of $10 819 (SD: $11 536). The mean expected hospitalization cost from a warfarin‐related bleeding hospitalization without instruction was $835 per year per person. Hospitalization costs avoided with instruction from a health care professional ranged from $443 to $481 per year per person.

Conclusions

The costs per hospitalization associated with warfarin‐related bleeding events are substantial. Instructions for warfarin management from a health care professional may reduce the number of warfarin‐related bleeding hospitalizations and associated costs. Investments in interventions to improve communication regarding warfarin management may be justified economically based on the potential cost savings estimated in this study. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Yukawa couplings and neutrinos in F‐theory compactifications
Authors: Tatar R.
Published: April 2010

F‐theory has the advantage that all the Yukawa couplings of grand unified theories are included and can be computed. The Yukawa couplings of charged matter multiplets are generated around codimension‐3 singularity points of a base but the geometry of F‐theory compactifications is much more complicated. We discuss the relation of several issues related to the up‐type Yukawa couplings. We also consider the right handed neutrinos in F‐theory models.
Noncommutative geometry as a framework for unification of all fundamental interactions including gravity. Part I.
Authors: Chamseddine A.H. , Connes A.
Published: April 2010

We examine the hypothesis that space‐time is a product of a continuous four‐dimensional manifold times a finite space. A new tensorial notation is developed to present the various constructs of noncommutative geometry. In particular, this notation is used to determine the spectral data of the standard model. The particle spectrum with all of its symmetries is derived, almost uniquely, under the assumption of irreducibility and of dimension 6 modulo 8 for the finite space. The reduction from the natural symmetry group SU(2) × SU(2) × SU(4) to U(1) × SU(2) × SU(3) is a consequence of the hypothesis that the two layers of space‐time are finite distance apart but is non‐dynamical. The square of the Dirac operator, and all geometrical invariants that appear in the calculation of the heat kernel expansion are evaluated. We re‐derive the leading order terms in the spectral action. The geometrical action yields unification of all fundamental interactions including gravity at very high energies. We make the following predictions: (i) The number of fermions per family is 16. (ii) The symmetry group is U(1) × SU(2) × SU(3). (iii) There are quarks and leptons in the correct representations. (iv) There is a doublet Higgs that breaks the electroweak symmetry to U(1). (v) Top quark mass of 170–175 GeV. (v) There is a right‐handed neutrino with a see‐saw mechanism. Moreover, the zeroth order spectral action obtained with a cut‐off function is consistent with experimental data up to few percent. We discuss a number of open issues. We prepare the ground for computing higher order corrections since the predicted mass of the Higgs field is quite sensitive to the higher order corrections. We speculate on the nature of the noncommutative space at Planckian energies and the possible role of the fundamental group for the problem of generations.
Organ‐wide telomeric status in diseased and disease‐free prostatic tissues
Authors: Heaphy Christopher M. , Fleet Trisha M. , Treat Eric G. , Lee Sang‐Joon , Smith Anthony Y. , Davis Michael S. , Griffith Jeffrey K. , Fischer Edgar G. , Bisoffi Marco
Published: April 2010

Background

Telomere attrition occurs early in the development of prostatic adenocarcinoma. However, little is known about either telomere status in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), or the spatial and organ‐wide distribution of potential telomere aberrations throughout all areas of prostatic glands affected by cancer or BPH.

Methods

Slot blot titration assay was used to determine telomere DNA content (TC), a proxy for telomere length, in macrodissected tissue consisting of 54 normal samples from 5 disease‐free prostates, 128 BPH samples from 4 non‐cancerous prostates, and 45 tumor, 73 BPH, and 4 prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) samples from 5 cancerous prostates.

Results

Compared to TC in normal prostate samples (n = 54; TC mean = 0.98), tumor samples displayed telomere attrition (n = 45; TC mean = 0.67). TC in PIN samples was similar to tumors. TC in BPH samples from cancerous prostates was similar to TC in tumors and also displayed telomere shortening (n = 73; TC mean = 0.76), whereas BPH samples from non‐cancerous prostates displayed longer telomeres (n = 128; TC mean = 1.06). In prostates affected by adenocarcinoma, areas of potential telomere attrition occurred in histologically normal tissues through the entire gland. However, three‐dimensional zoning revealed a pattern of increasing TC as a function of distance from the primary (index) tumor.

Conclusions

Spatial distributions of TC in prostate specimens indicate a complex “field effect” with varying contributions from both cancer and BPH. The observation that telomere length variations occur in fields of histologically normal tissues surrounding the tumor is of clinical importance, as it may have implications for the diagnosis and focal therapy of prostate cancer. Prostate 70: 1471–1479, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antibodies as a model system for comparative model refinement
Authors: Sellers Benjamin D. , Nilmeier Jerome P. , Jacobson Matthew P.
Published: April 2010

Predicting the conformations of loops is a critical aspect of protein comparative (homology) modeling. Despite considerable advances in developing loop prediction algorithms, refining loops in homology models remains challenging. In this work, we use antibodies as a model system to investigate strategies for more robustly predicting loop conformations when the protein model contains errors in the conformations of side chains and protein backbone surrounding the loop in question. Specifically, our test system consists of partial models of antibodies in which the “scaffold” (i.e., the portion other than the complementarity determining region, CDR, loops) retains native backbone conformation, whereas the CDR loops are predicted using a combination of knowledge‐based modeling (H1, H2, L1, L2, and L3) and ab initio loop prediction (H3). H3 is the most variable of the CDRs. Using a previously published method, a test set of 10 shorter H3 loops (5–7 residues) are predicted to an average backbone (NCαCO) RMSD of 2.7 Å while 11 longer loops (8–9 residues) are predicted to 5.1 Å, thus recapitulating the difficulties in refining loops in models. By contrast, in control calculations predicting the same loops in crystal structures, the same method reconstructs the loops to an average of 0.5 and 1.4 Å for the shorter and longer loops, respectively. We modify the loop prediction method to improve the ability to sample near‐native loop conformations in the models, primarily by reducing the sensitivity of the sampling to the loop surroundings, and allowing the other CDR loops to optimize with the H3 loop. The new method improves the average accuracy significantly to 1.3 Å RMSD and 3.1 Å RMSD for the shorter and longer loops, respectively. Finally, we present results predicting 8–10 residue loops within complete comparative models of five nonantibody proteins. While anecdotal, these mixed, full‐model results suggest our approach is a promising step toward more accurately predicting loops in homology models. Furthermore, while significant challenges remain, our method is a potentially useful tool for predicting antibody structures based on a known Fv scaffold. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social networks and selectivity in Brazilian migration to Japan and the United States
Authors: Zell Sarah , Skop Emily
Published: April 2010

This research analyses the composition of Brazilian migrants in two case studies, comparing the demographics of first‐time migrants over time in the network between Maringá, Brazil and Japan with that between Criciúma, Brazil and the US. Couched primarily within migrant social network theory, the research explores how the legal framework operating in each case influences the level and composition of Brazilian migration over time. Brazilian migration to Japan generally occurs within the context of a legally regulated ‘ethnic‐return’ guest worker program, whereas Brazilian migration to the US is largely unauthorised. The research shows that social networks do operate to diversify the migrant demographic composition over time in both migration flows. However, the development of and dependence on social networks appears stronger in migration to the US (at least initially), which suggests a relation between the legal context of the migration flow and the form and strength of its social networks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular dynamics study on different melting behaviors of CuN (N = 51–53) clusters
Authors: Zhang Lin , Sun Haixia
Published: April 2010

The structural changes of three Cu clusters containing 51–53 atoms during their melting processes have been studied by employing molecular dynamics simulations. The local structures in the atomic density shells are presented according to the pair index of Honeycutt and Andersen. Structural transformation temperatures of the three clusters are increased on increasing the cluster size. Owing to structural differences in these three clusters, their different melting behaviors can be observed. The simulations provide the implications for us to understand the effect of atomic packing in these clusters with icosahedron‐based geometries on causing the structural change differences at elevated temperature.
Reproducible and uniform growth of GaN based HEMTs on 4 inch SiC by plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy suitable for production
Authors: Aidam Rolf , Waltereit Patrick , Kirste Lutz , Dammann Michael , Quay Rüdiger
Published: April 2010

We report on the progress of plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy (PA‐MBE) of AlGaN/GaN based high‐electron‐mobility‐transistor (HEMT) structures towards a process suitable for production. A uniform growth process on SiC substrates with diameter up to 4 inch was developed with variations in thickness and composition of Δd/d = ±1% and Δx = ±0.5%, respectively, and an excellent run‐to‐run reproducibility. The device quality was evaluated after processing with a 4 inch technology. Processed wafers exhibit very good uniformity and yield. Identical performance of all transistors on the entire wafers with high power added efficiency (PAE) of 63%, power density of 6 W/mm, linear gain around 25 dB, and gate leakage currents below 10 µA/mm at 2 GHz and 50 V drain bias were achieved. Accelerated lifetime tests revealed promising long term stability.