bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sal/Manteca/Panela: Ethnoveterinary Practice in Highland Ecuador
Authors: Hirschkind Lynn
Published: January 2005

In this essay, I analyze the feeding of salt, lard, and raw sugar balls to cattle, as practiced in the southern Ecuadorian highlands. These balls provide nutritional satisfaction for cattle and conceptual satisfaction for their owners. Domestic animals are understood to share many human characteristics, needs, and desires. The metaphoric extension of these traits to cattle responds to the quest not only for cognitive order, but also for the pragmatic purposes of management in an uncertain and precarious agrarian environment,[agriculture, animals, ethnoveterinary medicine, metaphor, Ecuador]
Mande Potters and Leatherworkers: Art and Heritage in West Africa
Authors: Gosselain Olivier P.
Published: January 2005

Mande Potters and Leatherworkers: Art and Heritage in West Africa. Barbara E. Frank. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1998. 192 pp.
In Whose Honor? American Indian Mascots in Sports
Authors: Sturm Circe
Published: January 2005

In Whose Honor? American Indian Mascots in Sports. 1995 46 minutes, color. film by Jay Rosenstein. For more information contact New Day Films. 22D Hollywood Ave., Ho‐Ho‐Kus. NJ 07423, (888) 367‐9154.
Chiefdoms and Chieftaincy in the Americas
Authors: Becker Marshall Joseph
Published: January 2005

Chiefdoms and Chieftaincy in the Americas. Elsa M. Redmond. ed. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1998. 303 pp.
The Primate Anthology: Essays on Primate Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation from Natural History
Authors: Vasey Natalie
Published: January 2005

The Primate Anthology: Essays on Primate Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation from Natural History. Russell L. Ciochon and Richard A. Nisbett. eds. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1998. 246 pp.
Hormones, Health, and Behavior: A Socio‐Ecological and Lifespan Perspective
Authors: Dufour Darna L.
Published: January 2005

Hormones, Health, and Behavior:. Socio‐Ecological and Lifespan Perspective. C. Panter‐Brick and C. M. Worthman. eds. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 290 pp.
Primate Locomotion: Recent Advances
Authors: Anemone Robert L.
Published: January 2005

Primate Locomotion: Recent Advances. Elizabeth Strasser. John Fleagle. Alfred Rosenberger. and Henry McHenry. eds. New York: Plenum Press, 1998. 482 pp.
The Woman in the Surgeon's Body
Authors: Cohen Lucy M.
Published: January 2005

The Woman in the Surgeon's Body. Joan Cassell. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998. 267 pp.
Childbirth and Authoritative Knowledge: Cross‐Cultural Perspectives
Authors: Jones Mary Elaine
Published: January 2005

Childbirth and Authoritative Knowledge: Cross‐Cultural Perspectives. Robbie E. Davis‐Floyd and Carolyn F. Sargent. eds., with. foreword by Rayna Rapp. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997 510 pp.
Carnival and Culture: Sex, Symbol, and Status in Spain
Authors: Crain Mary M.
Published: January 2005

Carnival and Culture: Sex, Symbol, and Status in Spain. David D. Gilmore. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998. 244 pp.
Sambia Sexual Culture: Essays from the Field
Authors: Brewis Alexandra A.
Published: January 2005

Sambia Sexual Culture: Essays from the Field. Gilbert Herdt. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1999. 327 pp.
Population, Gender and Politics: Demographic Change in Rural North India
Authors: Upton Rebecca L.
Published: January 2005

Population, Gender and Politics: Demographic Change in Rural North India. Roger Jeffery and Patricia Jeffery. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. 278 pp.
Rural Revolt in Mexico: U.S. Intervention and the Domain of Subaltern Politics
Authors: Mahar Cheleen
Published: January 2005

Rural Revolt in Mexico: U.S. Intervention and the Domain of Subaltern Politics. Daniel Nugent. ed. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998. 384 pp.
Anthropology of Food: The Social Dynamics of Food Security
Authors: Nagel Beverly
Published: January 2005

Anthropology of Food: The Social Dynamics of Food Security. Johan Pottier. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999. 230 pp.
Deadly Developments: Capitalism, States and War
Authors: Simons Anna
Published: January 2005

Deadly Developments: Capitalism, States and War. S. P. Reyna and R. E. Downs. eds. Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach Publishers, 1999. 282 pp.
Small Wars: The Cultural Politics of Childhood
Authors: Helleiner Jane L.
Published: January 2005

Small Wars: The Cultural Politics of Childhood. Nancy Scheper‐Hughes and Carolyn Sargent. eds. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. 429 pp.
Heart of Heaven, Heart of Earth and Other Mayan Folktales
Authors: Carmack Robert M.
Published: January 2005

Heart of Heaven, Heart of Earth and Other Mayan Folktales. James D. Sexton and Ignacio Bizarro Ujpán. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1999. 152 pp.
Biodiversity in Native America
Authors: Wright Patti
Published: January 2005

Biodiversity in Native America. Paul E. Minnis and Wayne J. Elisens. eds. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000.
Gender and Agricultural Development: Surveying the Field
Authors: Mcllvaine‐Newsad Heather
Published: January 2005

Gender and Agricultural Development: Surveying the Field. Helen Kreider Henderson. ed. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1995.
A Model Selection-Based Interval-Mapping Method for Autopolyploids
Authors: Cao Dachuang , Craig Bruce A , Doerge R W
Published: February 2005

While extensive progress has been made in quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping for diploid species, similar progress in QTL mapping for polyploids has been limited due to the complex genetic architecture of polyploids. To date, QTL mapping in polyploids has focused mainly on tetraploids with dominant and/or codominant markers. Here, we extend this view to include any even ploidy level under a dominant marker system. Our approach first selects the most likely chromosomal marker configurations using a Bayesian selection criterion and then fits an interval-mapping model to each candidate. Profiles of the likelihood-ratio test statistic and the maximum-likelihood estimates (MLEs) of parameters including QTL effects are obtained via the EM algorithm. Putative QTL are then detected using a resampling-based significance threshold, and the corresponding parental configuration is identified to be the underlying parental configuration from which the data are observed. Although presented via pseudo-doubled backcross experiments, this approach can be readily extended to other breeding systems. Our method is applied to single-dose restriction fragment autotetraploid alfalfa data, and the performance is investigated through simulation studies.
Abrogation of the Chk1-Pds1 Checkpoint Leads to Tolerance of Persistent Single-Strand Breaks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Karumbati Anandi S , Wilson Thomas E
Published: February 2005

In budding yeast, Apn1, Apn2, Tpp1, and Rad1/Rad10 are important enzymes in the removal of spontaneous DNA lesions. apn1 apn2 rad1 yeast are inviable due to accumulation of abasic sites and strand breaks with 3′ blocking lesions. We found that tpp1 apn1 rad1 yeast exhibited slow growth but frequently gave rise to spontaneous slow growth suppressors that segregated as single-gene mutations. Using a candidate gene approach, we identified several tpp1 apn1 rad1 suppressors. Deleting uracil glycosylase suppressed both tpp1 apn1 rad1 and apn1 apn2 rad1 growth defects by reducing the abasic site burden. Mutants affecting the Chk1-Pds1 metaphase-anaphase checkpoint only suppressed tpp1 apn1 rad1 slow growth. In contrast, most S-phase checkpoint mutants were synthetically lethal in a tpp1 apn1 rad1 background. Epistasis analyses showed an additive effect between chk1 and ung1, indicating different mechanisms of suppression. Loss of Chk1 partially restored cell-growth parameters in tpp1 apn1 rad1 yeast, but at the same time exacerbated chromosome instability. We propose a model in which recombinational repair during S phase coupled with failure of the metaphase-anaphase checkpoint allows for tolerance of persistent single-strand breaks at the expense of genome stability.
Abnormal Cerebral Structure Is Present at Term in Premature Infants
Authors: Inder Terrie E. , Warfield Simon K. , Wang Hong , Hüppi Petra S. , Volpe Joseph J.
Published: February 2005

Background. Long-term studies of the outcome of very prematurely born infants have clearly documented that the majority of such infants have significant motor, cognitive, and behavioral deficits. However, there is a limited understanding of the nature of the cerebral abnormality underlying these adverse neurologic outcomes.

Aim. The overall aim of this study was to define quantitatively the alterations in cerebral tissue volumes at term equivalent in a large longitudinal cohort study of very low birth weight premature infants in comparison to term-born infants by using advanced volumetric 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. We also aimed to define any relationship of such perinatal lesions as white matter (WM) injury or other potentially adverse factors to the quantitative structural alterations. Additionally, we wished to identify the relationship of the structural alterations to short-term neurodevelopmental outcome.

Methods. From November 1998 to December 2000, 119 consecutive premature infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care units at Christchurch Women’s Hospital (Christchurch, New Zealand) and the Royal Women’s Hospital (Melbourne, Australia) were recruited (88% of eligible) after informed parental consent to undergo an MRI scan at term equivalent. Twenty-one term-born infants across both sites were recruited also. Postacquisition advanced 3-dimensional tissue segmentation with 3-dimensional reconstruction was undertaken to estimate volumes of cerebral tissues: gray matter (GM; cortical and deep nuclear structures), WM (myelinated and unmyelinated), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Results. In comparison to the term-born infants, the premature infants at term demonstrated prominent reductions in cerebral cortical GM volume (premature infants [mean ± SD]: 178 ± 41 mL; term infants: 227 ± 26 mL) and in deep nuclear GM volume (premature infants: 10.8 ± 4.1 mL; term infants: 13.8 ± 5.2 mL) and an increase in CSF volume (premature infants: 45.6 ± 22.1 mL; term infants: 28.9 ± 16 mL). The major predictors of altered cerebral volumes were gestational age at birth and the presence of cerebral WM injury. Infants with significantly reduced cortical GM and deep nuclear GM volumes and increased CSF volume volumes exhibited moderate to severe neurodevelopmental disability at 1 year of age.

Conclusions. This MRI study of prematurely born infants further defines the nature of quantitative cerebral structural abnormalities present as early as term equivalent. The abnormalities particularly involve cerebral neuronal regions including both cortex and deep nuclear structures. The pattern of cerebral alterations is related most significantly to the degree of immaturity at birth and to concomitant WM injury. The alterations are followed by abnormal short-term neurodevelopmental outcome.
Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Children's Receipt of Health Care in the First 3 Years of Life
Authors: Minkovitz Cynthia S. , Strobino Donna , Scharfstein Dan , Hou William , Miller Tess , Mistry Kamila B. , Swartz Karen
Published: February 2005

Background. Maternal depression is widely recognized to negatively influence mother-child interactions and children's behavior and development, but little is known about its relation to children's receipt of health care.

Objective. To determine if maternal depressive symptoms reported at 2 to 4 and 30 to 33 months postpartum are associated with children's receipt of acute and preventive health care services in the first 30 months.

Design. Cohort study of data collected prospectively as part of the National Evaluation of Healthy Steps for Young Children (HS). Data sources included medical records abstracted for the first 32 months, enrollment questionnaires, and parent interviews when children were 2 to 4 and 30 to 33 months old. Acute care use included hospitalizations and emergency department visits. Preventive care included well-child visits and vaccinations. Maternal depressive symptoms were assessed by using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale. Generalized linear models (logistic regression for dichotomous outcomes and Poisson regression for count outcomes) were used to estimate the effect of maternal depressive symptoms on children's receipt of care. The models were adjusted for baseline demographic characteristics, child health status, participation in HS, and site of enrollment.

Results. Of the 5565 families enrolled in HS, 88% completed 2- to 4-month parent interviews, 67% completed 30- to 33-month parent interviews, and 96% had medical records abstracted. The percentages of mothers reporting depressive symptoms were 17.8% at 2 to 4 months, 15.5% at 30 to 33 months, and 6.4% at both. Children whose mothers had depressive symptoms at 2 to 4 months had increased use of acute care reported at 30 to 33 months including emergency department visits in the past year (odds ratio [OR]: 1.44; confidence interval [CI]: 1.17, 1.76). These children also had decreased receipt of preventive services including age-appropriate well-child visits (eg, at 12 months [OR: 0.80; CI: 0.67, 0.95]) and up-to-date vaccinations at 24 months for 4 doses of diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, 3 doses of polio vaccine, and 1 dose of measles-mumps-rubella (OR: 0.79; CI: 0.68, 0.93). There was no association of maternal depressive symptoms at 30 to 33 months with children's preceding use of care.

Conclusions. Maternal depressive symptoms in early infancy contribute to unfavorable patterns of health care seeking for children. Increased provider training for recognizing maternal depressive symptoms in office settings, more effective systems of referral, and development of partnerships between adult and pediatric providers could contribute to enhanced receipt of care among young children.
Relationship Between the Clinical Likelihood of Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis and the Sensitivity of a Rapid Antigen-Detection Test in a Pediatric Practice
Authors: Edmonson M. Bruce , Farwell Kathryn R.
Published: February 2005

Objective. The sensitivity of a rapid antigen-detection test (RADT) for group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis is critical to whether the test is cost-effective and to whether a confirmatory throat culture is needed. We evaluated a second-generation RADT to determine if its sensitivity varies across the broad clinical spectrum of patients tested for GAS in pediatric outpatient practice.

Methods. We used laboratory logbooks from a single pediatric clinic to identify 1184 consecutive patient visits at which an RADT was performed. In a blinded chart review, we calculated McIsaac scores to separately estimate the pretest clinical likelihood of GAS pharyngitis for visits at which the RADT result was positive (n = 384) and for visits at which the result proved to be false-negative (n = 65). Positive RADT results were assumed to be true positives, and test sensitivity was estimated by dividing the number of positive results by the sum of positives and false-negatives.

Results. As the clinical likelihood of GAS increased, there were stepwise increases in RADT sensitivity (from 0.67 to 0.88). Sensitivity was low (0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.62–0.86) in patients clinically unlikely to have GAS (McIsaac score ≤2) and high (0.94; 95% CI: 0.89–0.99) in patients <15 years old who had tonsillar exudate and no cough. False-negative RADT results were associated with lighter growth of GAS than found on specimens obtained from a random sample of clinic patients who had only primary throat cultures ordered.

Conclusions. For pediatric patients who are clinically unlikely to have GAS pharyngitis, as indicated by a McIsaac score ≤2, the sensitivity of a second-generation RADT may drop below thresholds reported for cost-effectiveness. For children who have tonsillar exudate and no cough, the test may be sensitive enough to meet current pediatric practice guidelines for stand-alone testing.
Changes in Reporting of Race/Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, Gender, and Age Over 10 Years
Authors: Brahan Denise , Bauchner Howard
Published: February 2005

Background. The recognition of health disparities as an important aspect of US health care has led to renewed interest in the reporting of race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES) in original research reports.

Purpose. To describe reporting of race/ethnicity and SES, in comparison with age and gender, and to report changes with time.

Methods. All original research articles that focused on children and asthma that were published in The Journal of the American Medical Association, The New England Journal of Medicine, Pediatrics, The Journal of Pediatrics, and Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine were reviewed for 2 time periods, 1991–1993 and 2000–2002. Each report was assessed for coding of age, gender, race/ethnicity (number of groups and which groups), and SES.

Results. In 1991–1993, 27 reports met the inclusion criteria; in 2000–2002, 74 were reviewed. Overall, significantly more reports described age (90.1%) and gender (78.2%) than SES (41.6%) and race/ethnicity (54.5%). During the 2 study periods, there were significant increases in studies reporting race/ethnicity (from 29.6% to 63.5%) but not in studies reporting SES or gender. Coding of race/ethnicity, even in the later time period, was largely confined to white (78.7%) and black (89.4%). Fewer reports coded Latino (55.3%) or Asian (14.9%). Only 2 of the 31 articles that coded Latino subjects contained information on ethnic subgroups, whereas none of the 8 articles included Asian subgroups.

Conclusions. Original research reports in a specific area (asthma) for which health disparities have been well documented still contain few data on race/ethnicity and SES, particularly in comparison with age and gender. There has been some improvement in the past decade in the reporting of race/ethnicity, but the reporting of Latino and Asian subgroups remains poor. If we are to understand health disparities, then more appropriate reporting of SES and race/ethnicity is necessary.
Obese Children Who Are Referred to the Pediatric Endocrinologist: Characteristics and Outcome
Authors: Quattrin Teresa , Liu Emily , Shaw Natalie , Shine Barbara , Chiang Elaine
Published: February 2005

Objective. The objective of this study was to characterize a population of obese children who were referred to a pediatric endocrinology clinic and to analyze the outcome of the referral.

Methods. Children who were referred for obesity and seen at least twice between January 1984 and July 2003 were included in this retrospective study. Demographic, clinical, and, when available, laboratory (fasting glucose and insulin, random cholesterol, and liver function tests) and bone age data were abstracted from the medical record at the first and last endocrine evaluations. Self-reported parental height, weight, and family history of diabetes were also entered in the database. Records from the pediatrician were used to identify the age of onset of obesity.

Results. The database included 587 children (mean age at referral: 9.5 years) with a preponderance of non-Hispanic white children (75.6%) and female gender (57.6%). Growth records in 251 children indicated that 80.6% of the children had become obese before the age of 6 years and were referred 4.3 ± 2.9 years after having become obese. At follow-up, 38% of the children exhibited a decreased percentage of overweight compared with the baseline visit, but only 5 children had an age- and gender-specific BMI below the 95th percentile. Cholesterol and fasting insulin were elevated in 174 of 311 and 72 of 94 children, respectively. Bone age radiographic records for 157 patients showed significant advancement in 46%. Half of the mothers and 57.7% of fathers were obese, and type 2 diabetes was self-reported in 11.4% parents.

Conclusions. In the majority of this predominantly non-Hispanic white referred sample of obese children, overweight started in the preschool years. The referral to the endocrinologist, occurring after a prolonged interval from the obesity onset, was ineffective in treating obesity. Hyperinsulinemia and hypercholesterolemia are often present also at a young age. These obesity comorbidities in association with high prevalence of parental obesity and type 2 diabetes expose these youths to high risk for developing type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. Our data underscore the need for early family-based behavioral-lifestyle intervention programs to be made available to pediatricians, enabling them to target the “at risk for overweight” preschool children and their likely overweight parents.
Association Between Parental and Childhood Emergency Department Utilization
Authors: Mistry Rakesh D. , Hoffmann Raymond G. , Yauck Jennifer S. , Brousseau David C.
Published: February 2005

Objective. To examine the association between parental emergency department (ED) utilization and child ED utilization for overall numbers of ED visits, as well as numbers of nonurgent ED visits.

Methods This was a secondary data analysis of the 2000 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, a nationally representative survey of health care utilization. The numbers of overall self-reported ED visits were collected for parents and a single child randomly selected from each family. Negative binomial linear regression, with clustering within families, was used to determine the association between parental ED and child ED use, controlling for potential confounders. The analysis was repeated for nonurgent ED visits, classified with standard and modified versions of previously published criteria.

Results. The mean age of the 3182 children analyzed was 9.4 years; 51% were male, 18.1% were publicly insured, and 8.2% were uninsured. The mean number of overall ED visits in 2000 was 0.17 visits per year for the children (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.15–0.19 visits per year), 0.18 visits per year for the mothers (95% CI; 0.15–0.21 visits per year), and 0.11 visits per year for the fathers (95% CI: 0.09–0.13 visits per year). Each maternal ED visit was associated with 1.30 additional child ED visits (95% CI: 1.07–1.59 visits); each paternal ED visit was associated with an additional 1.33 child ED visits (95% CI: 1.07–1.65 visits). The relationship between parental and child nonurgent ED visits was even more pronounced.

Conclusions. Increased parental ED utilization is significantly associated with increased childhood ED utilization. Parental patterns of ED use may have implications for childhood ED use. Future interventions aimed at decreasing ED utilization should focus on parental or family utilization.
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia and Risk of Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Croen Lisa A. , Yoshida Cathleen K. , Odouli Roxana , Newman Thomas B.
Published: February 2005

Objective. To investigate the association between neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and autism spectrum disorders (ASD).

Methods. We conducted a large case-control study nested within the cohort of singleton term infants born between 1995 and 1998 at a northern California Kaiser Permanente hospital. Case subjects (n = 338) were children with an ASD diagnosis recorded in Kaiser Permanente outpatient databases; control subjects (n = 1817) were children without an ASD diagnosis, who were randomly sampled and frequency-matched to case subjects according to gender, birth year, and birth hospital.

Results. Approximately 28% of case and control subjects received ≥1 bilirubin test in the first 30 days of life. No case-control differences were observed for maximal bilirubin levels of ≥15 mg/dL (10.1% vs 12.1%), ≥20 mg/dL (2.1% vs 2.5%), or ≥25 mg/dL (0.3% vs 0.2%). Compared with children whose maximal neonatal bilirubin levels were <15 mg/dL or not measured, children with any degree of bilirubin level elevation were not at increased risk of ASD, after adjustment for gender, birth facility, maternal age, maternal race/ethnicity, maternal education, and gestational age (for bilirubin levels of 15-19.9 mg/dL: odds ratio: 0.7; 95% confidence interval: 0.5-1.2; for bilirubin levels of 20-24.9 mg/dL: odds ratio: 0.7; 95% confidence interval: 0.3-1.6; for bilirubin levels of ≥25 mg/dL: odds ratio: 1.1; 95% confidence interval: 0.1-11.2).

Conclusion. These data suggest that neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is not a risk factor for ASD.
Photoreceptor synapses degenerate early in experimental choroidal neovascularization
Authors: Caicedo Alejandro , Espinosa‐Heidmann Diego G. , Hamasaki Duco , Piña Yolanda , Cousins Scott W.
Published: January 2005

Severe visual loss in patients with age‐related macular degeneration is associated with the development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV). The pathogenic mechanisms for CNV formation have been extensively investigated, but remarkably little research has addressed the mechanisms for dysfunction of the retina in CNV. Using laser‐induced CNV in mice, we evaluated the mechanisms of retinal dysfunction. At 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks after laser application, retinas under experimental CNV were characterized physiologically (ERG recordings, synaptic uptake of the exocytotic marker FM1‐43, and light‐induced translocation of transducin), histologically, and immunohistochemically. ERG amplitudes were reduced by 20% at 1 week after CNV. Depolarization‐induced FM1‐43 uptake in photoreceptor synapses was selectively reduced by 45% at 1 week after CNV. Although photoreceptor outer segments were shortened by 36%, light adaptation as measured by transducin translocation was mostly preserved. Early in CNV (3 days to 1 week), Muller cells demonstrated induction of c‐fos and pERK expression. Also, the density of macrophage‐like, F4/80 immunoreactive cells increased ∼3‐fold. Minimal photoreceptor death occurred during the first week, and was variable thereafter. At later times in CNV formation (≥2 weeks), expression of photoreceptor synaptic markers was reduced in the outer plexiform layer, indicating loss of photoreceptor synaptic terminals. ERG amplitudes, synaptic uptake of FM1‐43, and the induction of c‐fos and pERK in Muller cells were altered within 1 week of experimental CNV, suggesting that during CNV formation, deficits in retinal function, in particular photoreceptor synaptic function, precede degeneration of photoreceptor terminals and photoreceptor cell death. J. Comp. Neurol. 483:263–277, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nitric oxide stimulates γ‐aminobutyric acid release and inhibits glycine release in retina
Authors: Yu Dou , Eldred William D.
Published: January 2005

Nitric oxide (NO) modulates the uptake and/or release of neurotransmitters through a variety of cellular mechanisms. However, the pharmacological and biochemical processes underlying these neurochemical effects of NO often remain unclear. In our study, we used immunocytochemical methods to study the effects of NO, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), and peroxynitrite on the uptake and release of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine in the turtle retina. In addition, we examined the involvement of glutamate receptors, calcium, and the GABA transporter in this GABA uptake and release. We also tested for interactions between the GABAergic and glycinergic systems. In general, we show that NO stimulated GABA release and inhibited glycine release. The NO‐stimulated GABA release involved calcium‐dependent or calcium‐independent synaptic release or reversal of the GABA transporter. Some effects of NO on GABA release involved glutamate, cGMP, or peroxynitrite. NO promoted glycine uptake and inhibited its release, and this inhibition of glycine release was influenced by GABAergic modulation. These findings indicate that NO modulates the levels of the inhibitory transmitters GABA and glycine through several specific biochemical mechanisms in different retinal cell types and layers. Thus it appears that some of the previously described reciprocal interactions between GABA and glycine in the retina function through specific NO signaling pathways. J. Comp. Neurol. 483:278–291, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A review of principal component analysis and its applications to color technology
Authors: Tzeng Di‐Yuan , Berns Roy S.
Published: January 2005

Principal component analysis, abbreviated PCA, has been an important and useful mathematical tool in color technology since the 1960s. Its uses have included defining tolerance intervals and ellipsoidal regions, estimating colorant spectral properties from mixtures, deriving CIE daylight, data reduction for large ensembles of spectra, and spectral imaging. Although PCA is a common topic in many engineering disciplines, statistics, and mathematics, many color‐technology professionals and color‐science students come from disciplines where this technique is not part of their curricula. It is from this perspective that this review publication was written. The purpose of this publication is to describe PCA and present examples in its use for colorant estimation, spectral data reduction, and defining multidimensional confidence regions for colorimetric scatter data. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 84–98, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20086
Design and study of a color sensitivity function
Authors: Wang Xichang , Gong Yanjun , Song Dongcao
Published: January 2005

If we study color reproduction, such as computer color matching or the appraisal of metametric index, we wish to understand the characteristic of color differences that are caused by the object spectral reflectivity change at each wavelength. If we simulate the light source, we wish to know the characteristics of color differences that are caused by change in relative power distribution of the light source at each wavelength; if we simulate a human eye instrument, we wish to know the characteristics of color differences that are caused by change in visual sense of human eyes at each wavelength. So, we define the color‐sensitivity functions of an object, a light source, and human eyes. According to the chromatic theory, the color‐sensitive functions of an object, a light source, and human eyes are defined in the widely used CIE1976 (L*a*b*) color space and color difference.1 Their mathematical formulae are deduced. The three kinds of color‐sensitive functions are studied systematically and comprehensively in the whole color space. The characteristics of the color‐sensitive functions are summarized, and the mathematical models of the three kinds of color‐sensitive functions can be utilized in some fields such as computer color matching, simulation of a standard light source, and humans viewing a colorimeter. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 118–124, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20089
Color pictures using dielectric films
Authors: Hawkins Aaron R. , Wang Ran , Sanber Ghassan S. , Beutler Joshua L. , Schultz Stephen M.
Published: January 2005

This article presents a method for the fabrication of full‐color images using silicon dioxide films grown on silicon. Three different oxide film thicknesses are used to create a basis color set from which a color palette is constructed. A mathematical description is made showing how to create this color palette based on the surface area of the basis colors within a pixel. Procedures are outlined for transforming an image saved in the JPEG format into photolithography masks. Processing steps are also described for transferring the image onto a silicon wafer. Results are shown for a specific color picture. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 30, 125–129, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20090
Design and implementation of a novel mechanical testing system for cellular solids
Authors: Nazarian Ara , Stauber Martin , Müller Ralph
Published: January 2005

Cellular solids constitute an important class of engineering materials encompassing both man‐made and natural constructs. Materials such as wood, cork, coral, and cancellous bone are examples of cellular solids. The structural analysis of cellular solid failure has been limited to 2D sections to illustrate global fracture patterns. Due to the inherent destructiveness of 2D methods, dynamic assessment of fracture progression has not been possible. Image‐guided failure assessment (IGFA), a noninvasive technique to analyze 3D progressive bone failure, has been developed utilizing stepwise microcompression in combination with time‐lapsed microcomputed tomographic imaging (μCT). This method allows for the assessment of fracture progression in the plastic region, where much of the structural deformation/energy absorption is encountered in a cellular solid. Therefore, the goal of this project was to design and fabricate a novel micromechanical testing system to validate the effectiveness of the stepwise IGFA technique compared to classical continuous mechanical testing, using a variety of engineered and natural cellular solids. In our analysis, we found stepwise compression to be a valid approach for IGFA with high precision and accuracy comparable to classical continuous testing. Therefore, this approach complements the conventional mechanical testing methods by providing visual insight into the failure propagation mechanisms of cellular solids. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater
Anti‐IL‐16 therapy reduces CD4+ T‐cell infiltration and improves paralysis and histopathology of relapsing EAE
Authors: Skundric Dusanka S. , Dai Rujuan , Zakarian Vaagn L. , Bessert Denise , Skoff Robert P. , Cruikshank William W. , Kurjakovic Zlatan
Published: January 2005

Infiltration of the central nervous system (CNS) by CD4+ Th1 cells precedes onset and relapses of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We reported that (B6 × SJL) F1 (H‐2b/s) mice with severe relapsing‐remitting disease had extensive infiltration by CD4+ T cells compared to that in C57BL/6 (B6) (H‐2b) mice, which developed mild low‐relapsing disease in response to myelin oligodendrocyte peptide 35–55 (MOG35–55). This observation led us to search for mechanisms that specifically regulate trafficking of CD4+ cells in relapsing H‐2b/s mice. We show that the CD4+ cell chemoattractant cytokine interleukin (IL)‐16 has an important role in regulation of relapsing EAE induced by MOG35–55 in the (B6 × SJL) F1 (H‐2b/s) mice. We found production of IL‐16 in the CNS of mice with EAE. IL‐16 levels in the CNS correlated well with the extent of CD4+ T‐cell and B‐cell infiltration during acute and relapsing disease. Infiltrating CD4+ T cells, B cells, and to a lesser extent CD8+ T cells all contained IL‐16 immunoreactivity. Treatment with neutralizing anti‐IL‐16 antibody successfully reversed paralysis and ameliorated relapsing disease. In treated mice, diminished infiltration by CD4+ T cells, less demyelination, and more sparing of axons was observed. Taken together, our results show an important role for IL‐16 in regulation of relapsing EAE. We describe a novel therapeutic approach to specifically impede CD4+ T cell chemoattraction in EAE based on IL‐16 neutralization. Our findings have high relevance for the development of new therapies for relapsing EAE and potentially MS. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular structure of agarose chains in thermoreversible hydrogels revealed by means of a fluorescent probe technique
Authors: Itagaki Hideyuki , Fukiishi Hiroyasu , Imai Tomoe , Watase Mineo
Published: January 2005

Thermoreversible hydrogels of agarose with both high and low molecular weights were studied by means of a fluorescence probe method using 1‐anilino‐8‐naphthalene sulfonic acid (ANS). The fluorescence spectra of ANS in agarose/water changed markedly with agarose concentration. Analysis of the spectra shows that this change is not due to a shift of the whole spectrum, but that there are two fluorescent components of ANS in addition to the fluorescence peak at 542 nm due to free ANS molecules in water. The fluorescence component at 461 nm is assumed to be from ANS intercalated within either a single 31helix‐form agarose chain or nonpolar region produced by chemical defect, and the fluorescence component between 507 and 522 nm is assumed to be from ANS in aggregated regions of agarose chains having a loose helical structure. There is no doubt that a certain number of water molecules are included in the aggregated region. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 680–688, 2005
Patterns of electroconvulsive therapy use in Spain
Authors: Bertolín-Guillén José Manuel , Peiró-Moreno Salvador , Hernández-de-Pablo María Eugenia
Published: January 2005

Objective

– To describe the utilization, geographical variations and adaptation of ECT in the Spanish context.

Method

– A cross-sectional study, involving a questionnaire delivered to all hospitals with a Psychiatry Unit (PU) in Spain included in the National Hospitals Catalogue (N= 233). A descriptive analysis was made of the answers to the different questions, using an adequate denominator in each case: all PUs (n= 233), those units that prescribe and apply ECT (n= 174), or only those that apply the technology (n= 108).

Results

– All PUs completed the questionnaire. Fifty-nine units (25.3%) neither prescribed nor applied ECT, while 108 (46.4%) prescribed and applied the technology, and 66 PUs (28.3%) only prescribed ECT. Those units with training responsibilities for psychiatry residents or pregraduate students, and those with a larger number of beds, were more inclined to apply ECT. The estimated ECT applied in the preceding 12 months totaled 2435 with an annual rate per 10,000 inhabitants of 0.61, and a range per Spanish Autonomous Community of 0.28–16.59.

Conclusions

– We now know a reliable rate and characteristics of the use of ECT in Spain, and the attitudes and opinion of PUs Spanish psychiatrists about it. We found a very important variability in ECT application rates among Autonomous Communities.
Association of mental health problems in childhood with prenatal and postnatal physical growth
Authors: Gunther Nicole , Drukker Marjan , Feron Frans , Van Os Jim
Published: January 2005

Aims

The present study was conducted to examine (i) prenatal and postnatal patterns of growth in relation to the risk of later mental health problems in children and (ii) the possible mediating effect of these patterns of growth in the association between parental socioeconomic status (SES) and children’s mental health.

Subjects and methods

The present study is part of a blinded, matched case control study, involving a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from routine examinations at community health services for children and adolescents. The sample comprised 80 patients, referred between the age of 6–13 years to the Community Mental Health Centre in Maastricht, and 320 matched population controls.

Results

Children coming from unemployed families weighed less at birth, but postnatal growth was not associated with this or other indicators of SES. Although children using mental health care were somewhat smaller at birth, there was no evidence that leanness during childhood was a risk factor for the development of mental health problems.

Conclusions

The present results showed some evidence for the impact of intrauterine development on children’s mental health problems. In addition, neither prenatal nor postnatal physical growth were on the pathway between parental SES and children’s mental health problems.
Common co‐lipids, in synergy, impart high gene transfer properties to transfection‐incompetent cationic lipids
Authors: Mukherjee Koushik , Sen Joyeeta , Chaudhuri Arabinda
Published: January 2005

Efficacious cationic transfection lipids usually need either DOPE or cholesterol as co‐lipid to deliver DNA inside the cell cytoplasm in non‐viral gene delivery. If both of these co‐lipids fail in imparting gene transfer properties, the cationic lipids are usually considered to be transfection inefficient. Herein, using both the reporter gene assay in CHO, COS‐1 and HepG2 cells and the whole cell histochemical X‐gal staining assay in representative CHO cells, we demonstrate that common co‐lipids DOPE, Cholesterol and DOPC, when act in synergy, are capable of imparting improved gene transfer properties to a novel series of cationic lipids (1–5). Contrastingly, lipids 1–5 became essentially transfection‐incompetent when used in combination with each of the pure co‐lipid components alone.
Ultrastructural stability under high temperature or intensive light stress conferred by a small heat shock protein in cyanobacteria
Authors: Nitta Koji , Suzuki Nobuaki , Honma Daisuke , Kaneko Yasuko , Nakamoto Hitoshi
Published: January 2005

The role and sub‐cellular localization of the small heat shock protein HspA under stress conditions was investigated comparing the cyanobacterium Synechococcus strain ECT16‐1, which constitutively expresses HspA, with the reference strain ECT. The ultrastructure of ECT cells under elevated temperature or intensive light stress exhibited severe damage including aggregation of cytosol and disordered thylakoid membranes, but in ECT16‐1 cells these ultrastructural changes were much less conspicuous. Immunocytochemical studies showed that the main localization of HspA in the ECT16‐1 cells shifted from the thylakoid area to the cytoplasm, then back to thylakoid area during the heat stress. Expression of HspA stabilized the morphology of nucleoids. The results are discussed, in particular with respect to the unique property of HspA to associate with thylakoid membranes.
At least two Toc34 protein import receptors with different specificities are also present in spinach chloroplasts
Authors: Voigt Andrea , Jakob Mario , Klösgen Ralf Bernd , Gutensohn Michael
Published: January 2005

The receptor components of the chloroplast protein import machinery, Toc34 and Toc159, are both encoded by small gene families in Arabidopsis thaliana. Recent results suggest that each member of these families preferentially interacts with different groups of precursor proteins. Here we address the question, whether multiple homologous Toc receptors are unique to Arabidopsis or whether they are a general phenomenon in plants. Indeed, in spinach we could identify at least two Toc34 proteins with different substrate specificities as demonstrated by competition and antibody inhibition experiments. In addition, an analysis of the available genomic data revealed the presence of at least two Toc34 homologs in six other plant species.
The “promiscuous drug concept” with applications to Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Stephenson Vanessa C. , Heyding R. Andrew , Weaver Donald F.
Published: January 2005

Arguably, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial syndrome, rather than single disease, arising from a complex array of neurochemical factors. Numerous studies on the molecular pathogenesis of AD implicate a diversity of factors ranging from neurotoxic peptides (β‐amyloid) to inflammatory processes (interleukins), but all culminating in a common neuropathology. This diversity of molecular causation is an impediment to the design of effective therapies for AD. To address this design problem, we sought to identify a single, common motif (a “common receptor”) shared by multiple structurally and functionally diverse proteins implicated in AD. This search revealed the presence of a common BBXB peptide motif and upon refinement, an AXBBXB motif; these regions can be exploited for the design of a “promiscuous drug” that exploits a “one‐drug‐multiple‐receptors” therapeutic strategy for AD.
Transactivation of the EGF receptor and a PI3 kinase–ATF‐1 pathway is involved in the upregulation of NOX1, a catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase
Authors: Fan ChunYuan , Katsuyama Masato , Nishinaka Toru , Yabe-Nishimura Chihiro
Published: January 2005

We previously reported that hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells caused by prostaglandin (PG) F2α is mediated by the induction of NOX1, a catalytic subunit of NADPH oxidase that generates superoxide. The signal transduction pathway(s) involved in this process, however, remained unresolved. PGF2α enhanced the phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, and a selective inhibitor of EGF receptor kinase, tyrphostin AG1478, significantly suppressed PGF2α‐induced NOX1 expression. AG1478 also blunted the PGF2α‐induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase (ERK)1/2 and Akt. Phosphoinositide 3 (PI3) kinase inhibitors not only reduced PGF2α‐induced NOX1 expression, but also suppressed the phosphorylation of ATF‐1, a transcription factor previously shown to play a key role in the induction of NOX1. Accordingly, the transactivation of the EGF receptor and the activation of ERK1/2, PI3 kinase, and ATF‐1 constitute the signaling pathways involved in the upregulation of NOX1.
Escherichia coli SecA truncated at its termini is functional and dimeric
Authors: Karamanou Spyridoula , Sianidis Giorgos , Gouridis Giorgos , Pozidis Charalambos , Papanikolau Yiannis , Papanikou Efrosyni , Economou Anastassios
Published: January 2005

Terminal residues in SecA, the dimeric ATPase motor of bacterial preprotein translocase, were proposed to be required for function and dimerization. To test this, we generated truncation mutants of the 901aa long SecA of Escherichia coli. We now show that deletions of carboxy‐terminal domain (CTD), the extreme CTD of 70 residues, or of the N‐terminal nonapeptide or of both, do not compromise protein translocation or viability. Deletion of additional C‐terminal residues upstream of CTD compromised function. Functional truncation mutants like SecA9‐861 are dimeric, conformationally similar to SecA, fully competent for nucleotide and SecYEG binding and for ATP catalysis. Our data demonstrate that extreme terminal SecA residues are not essential for SecA catalysis and dimerization.
Lysophosphatidic acid inhibits anti‐Fas‐mediated apoptosis enhanced by actin depolymerization in epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: Meng Yuru , Kang Shijun , Fishman David A.
Published: January 2005

Conflicting reports exist on the effect of actin depolymerization in anti‐Fas‐induced apoptosis. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) has been found to inhibit apoptosis in variable cell types. In this study, we evaluated LPA's protective effects on anti‐Fas‐induced apoptosis enhanced by actin depolymerization and possible mechanisms in epithelial ovarian cancer. OVCAR3 cells were pretreated with vehicle or LPA, then treated with Cytochalasin D (Cyto D), followed with anti‐Fas mAb to induce apoptosis. Cells were stained with apoptotic markers and analyzed by flow cytometry. We report that LPA inhibited anti‐Fas‐induced apoptosis enhanced by actin depolymerization. Immunoprecipition of Fas death‐inducing signaling complex (DISC) and Western blot suggested that the actin depolymerization accelerated caspase‐8 activation, while LPA inhibited the association and activation of caspase‐8 at the DISC. LPA inhibited caspase‐3 and 7 activation induced by anti‐Fas and/or Cyto D in cytosols. Phosphorylation of ERK and Bad112 by LPA may play a role in preventing caspase‐3 activation through mitochondrial pathway induced by Cyto D. Our investigation found that LPA inhibited anti‐Fas‐induced apoptosis enhanced by actin depolymerization, and LPA may protect epithelial ovarian cancer from immune cell attack and cytoskeleton disrupting reagents induced apoptosis through multiple pathways.