bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Xylanase production from a new strain of Aspergillus terreus S9 and its application for saccharification of rice straw using combinatorial approach
Authors: Sharma Sunny , Bajaj Bijender Kumar
Published: October 2017

High production cost and lack of process‐suitable characteristics in available microbial xylanases limit their vast industrial application potential. A new strain of Aspergillus terreus S9 isolated from mushroom compost (Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan, India), utilized agro‐industrial wastes as substrates for growth, and produced a process‐apt xylanase. The study is the first ever report of a thermostable (60–90°C) and broad range pH stable (6.0–10.0) xylanase from a strain of Aspergillus terreus. Of a total of ten process variables examined based on Plackett‐Burman design, four variables, i.e., wheat bran, incubation time, pH, and CaCl2 were earmarked to have substantial influence on xylanase production. These selected four variables were further optimized using Design of Experiments (DoE) approach (response surface methodology), and xylanase yield was enhanced (1.92‐fold). Saccharification potential of xylanase was assessed using rice straw as substrate, under several sets of combinatorial regimes. Results showed that alkali pretreatment (0.2M KOH) followed by acid pretreatment (1% sulphuric acid) and enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulase and xylanase yielded maximum sugars. Desired industrial traits of A. terreus S9 xylanase reflect its application prospective for valorization of lignocellulosic biomass for production of biofuel‐ethanol/other industrial products. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 1210–1219, 2018
An alternative method for interpreting jet erosion test (JET) data: part 1. Theory
Authors: Rose Calvin W. , Olley Jon M. , Haddadchi Arman , Brooks Andrew P. , McMahon Joe
Published: October 2017

The jet erosion test (JET) is a widely applied method for deriving the erodibility of cohesive soils and sediments. There are suggestions in the literature that further examination of the method widely used to interpret the results of these erosion tests is warranted. This paper presents an alternative approach for such interpretation based on the principle of energy conservation. This new approach recognizes that evaluation of erodibility using the jet tester should involve the mass of soil eroded, so determination of this eroded mass (or else scour volume and bulk density) is required. The theory partitions jet kinetic energy flux into that involved in eroding soil, the remainder being dissipated in a variety of mechanisms. The energy required to erode soil is defined as the product of the eroded mass and a resistance parameter which is the energy required to entrain unit mass of soil, denoted J (in J/kg), whose magnitude is sought. An effective component rate of jet energy consumption is defined which depends on depth of scour penetration by the jet, but not on soil type, or the uniformity of the soil type being investigated. Application of the theory depends on experimentally determining the spatial form of jet energy consumption displayed in erosion of a uniform body of soil, an approach of general application. The theory then allows determination of the soil resistance parameter J as a function of depth of scour penetration into any soil profile, thus evaluating such profile variation in erodibility as may exist. This parameter J has been used with the same meaning in soil and gully erosion studies for the last 25 years. Application of this approach will appear in a companion publication as part 2. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An alternative method for interpreting JET erosion test (JET) data: Part 2. Application
Authors: Haddadchi Arman , Rose Calvin W. , Olley Jon M. , Brooks Andrew P. , McMahon Joe , Pietsch Timothy
Published: October 2017

This paper reports the results of jet tester experiments on soil samples of uniform properties which allow quantitative application of the new theory proposed in part 1 of these publications. This theory explores the possibly that a more adequate indicator of soil erodibility may be obtained by using the mass (and so volume) of soil eroded by the jet and the depth of scour penetration, rather than by using penetration depth alone, as assumed in the commonly‐used data interpretation method. It is shown that scour geometry can be well described using a generalized form of the Gaussian function, defined by its standard deviation and maximum depth. Using a published expression for jet kinetic energy flux, the new theory divides this flux into that used to erode soil, and the remainder which is dissipated in a variety of ways. Jet experiments on a specially‐prepared uniform soil sample are reported which provide the key to determining the spatial variability in the profile resistance to erosion offered by field soils. This resistance is expressed in the work required to erode unit mass of soil, denoted as J (in J/kg). The paper also gives results obtained on the profile variation in J for jet tests carried out at riverine sites on the upper Brisbane River, Queensland, Australia. As expected in most natural soil profiles, the results show an increase in J with depth in the profile. The soil resistance (J) is compared to the traditional interpretation of soil erodibility, (kd). The graphical comparison of these two indicators illustrates the inverse type of relationship between them which is expected from their respective definitions, but this relationship is associated with significant scatter. Possible reasons for this scatter are given, together with comments on jet tester experience in a wide variety of soil types. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of above‐ground live biomass and carbon stocks in different plant formations and in the soil of dry forests of the Ecuadorian coast
Authors: Salas Macías Carlos A. , Alegre Orihuela Julio C. , Iglesias Abad Sergio
Published: October 2017

Dry forests are very fragile ecosystems as they are easily used as a source of subsistence products. In this sense, quantifying the carbon stock in these forests is of relevant importance for their conservation and to be able to quantify their participation as mitigation of the effects of climate change. Five 250 m2‐sample plots were established to estimate carbon stored in two pools for each of the plant formations identified (Dry Scrubland, DS; Dry Deciduous Forest, DDF; Dry Semideciduous Forest, DSF). The amount of carbon stored in soils was determined by analyzing the organic carbon randomly taken in each plot. Allometric equations were used to estimate the amount of carbon in above‐ground biomass, taking the total height (H) and the diameter at breast height (DBH) of trees whose DBH is equal to or greater than 5 cm. The total carbon stored in each plant formation was estimated by adding the amount of carbon in biomass and in soils, resulting in 60.30, 69.62, and 123.05 Mg of carbon per hectare for the DS, DDF, and DSF, respectively.
Assessment of the response of Plasmodiophora brassicae in contaminated horticultural land, using lime‐based fertilizer concentrations
Authors: Faggian Robert , Hanson Mary , Kennedy Roy , Petch Geoff , Wakeham Alison
Published: October 2017

Infection of brassica crops with the clubroot pathogen, Plasmodiophora brassicae, can result in stunted plant growth and wilting, which can severely affect crop yield. Determining P. brassicae infection within a field prior to crop planting has long posed a problem for choosing appropriate control treatments. The options for control of this pathogen are limited and in the UK and are based on adjusting pH with soil amendments. In this study quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was investigated for measurement of this pathogen in different control treatments. The qPCR was capable of reliably quantifying P. brassicae at levels greater than and including 103 resting spores/g soil. The assay was used to study the effect of lime‐based products (LimeX) on the incidence of the clubroot pathogen in field trials with broccoli crops grown on contaminated land. The results showed that variation occurred in clubroot resting spore levels in treated and untreated plots during the crop growing period. In year one there was a 96% decrease in spore load during the growth of the crop. Treatment with LimeX resulted in a greater marketable head weight of broccoli in 2 years of the field trials, and significantly reduced gall numbers on the roots in 1 year. The rate of lime (calcium carbonate) application was not found to have a significant effect in this study, however a greater reduction in clubroot was observed at higher LimeX concentrations.
MicroRNA 15a/16‐1 suppresses aryl hydrocarbon receptor–dependent interleukin‐22 secretion in CD4+ T cells and contributes to immune‐mediated organ injury
Authors: Lu Zhou , Liu Jiajing , Liu Xiaoming , Huang Enyu , Yang Jiao , Qian Jiawen , Zhang Dan , Liu Ronghua , Chu Yiwei
Published: October 2017

Interleukin‐22 (IL‐22), as a link between leukocytic and nonleukocytic cells, has gained increasing attention for its pronounced tissue‐protective properties. MicroRNAs, emerging as crucial immune modulators, have been reported to be involved in the production and action of various cytokines. However, the precise control of IL‐22 by microRNAs and its subsequent actions remained to be elucidated. In this study, we found a negative correlation between the expression of microRNA 15a/16‐1 (miR‐15a/16‐1) and IL‐22 in the model of concanavalin A–induced, immune‐mediated liver injury. Knockout of miR‐15a/16‐1 ameliorated liver injury in an IL‐22‐dependent manner. Further results revealed that cluster of differentiation 4–positive (CD4+) T cells were the major source of IL‐22 during liver injury and that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor was the direct target of miR‐15a/16‐1 in CD4+ T cells. In vivo and in vitro data showed that miR‐15a/16‐1 knockout CD4+ T cells produced more IL‐22, while overexpression of miR‐15a/16‐1 down‐regulated the IL‐22 production by inhibiting the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Moreover, transfer of miR‐15a/16‐1 knockout CD4+ T cells promoted tissue repair compared to wild‐type CD4+ T cells by up‐regulating IL‐22. In addition, as a synergistic effect, IL‐22 could down‐regulate miR‐15a/16‐1 expression by activating phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3‐c‐myc signaling, and the decrease of miR‐15a/16‐1 in damaged hepatocytes contributed to IL‐22‐mediated tissue repair by reducing cell apoptosis and promoting cell proliferation. As further proof, we demonstrated the role of miR‐15a/16‐1 in controlling IL‐22 production and IL‐22‐mediated reconstruction of the intestinal epithelial barrier in a dextran sodium sulfate–induced colitis model. Conclusion: Our results suggest that miR‐15a/16‐1 acts as a essential regulator of IL‐22 and that the miR‐15a/16‐1–aryl hydrocarbon receptor–IL‐22 regulatory axis plays a central role in tissue repair; modulation of miR‐15a/16‐1 might hold promise in developing new strategies to enhance IL‐22‐mediated tissue repair. (Hepatology 2018;67:1027–1040)
Process refinements improve a hydrological model concept applied to the Niger River basin
Authors: Andersson Jafet C.M. , Arheimer Berit , Traoré Farid , Gustafsson David , Ali Abdou
Published: October 2017

This study examines a method to improve a process‐oriented hydrological model concept applied to another region than it was first developed for. In principle, we propose to analyse and refine each major hydrological process separately, sequentially, and iteratively. To test the method, the HYPE model concept (HYdrological Predictions for the Environment, originally developed for Sweden) was here applied to the data‐sparse Niger River basin in West Africa. Errors in the baseline Niger‐HYPE model were analysed to identify inadequately described processes. These process descriptions were subsequently isolated and refined through a set of experiments focusing on concept development, input data enhancement, and multivariable calibration. The refinements were guided by in situ discharge observations, earth observations, local expert knowledge, and previous studies. The results show that the original model concept could simulate the annual cycle of discharge, but not the magnitudes or daily dynamics (56‐station average Nash‐Sutcliffe Efficiency = −1). The main processes requiring improved descriptions were precipitation, evaporation, surface runoff, infiltration, soil storage, reservoir regulations, aquifer recharge, and flooding and river‐atmosphere exchange in the Inner Niger Delta. Of these, evaporation, flooding and river‐atmosphere exchange differ so much between Sweden and the Niger River that the model concept had to be refined. All refinements were synthesized in a new model version (Niger‐HYPE2.0) performing significantly better across the basin (56‐station average Nash‐Sutcliffe Efficiency = 0.4). This study demonstrates the danger of applying a model off the shelf, and the obligation to carefully evaluate and revise process descriptions when applying a model concept to a new region. Moreover, the results indicate that our approach to separately, sequentially, and iteratively refine processes together with local experts can substantially improve process‐oriented hydrological models.
Use of double mass curves in hydrologic benefit evaluations
Authors: Gao Peng , Li Pengfei , Zhao Baili , Xu Ruirui , Zhao Guangju , Sun Wenyi , Mu Xingmin
Published: October 2017

Environmental change resulting from intensified human interventions and climate change has impacted the hydrological function of many large river systems, largely altering the production and transport of run‐off and sediment. It is thus vital to quantitatively evaluate the influence of climate change and human activities on streamflow and sediment discharge. Water balance equations, hydrological models, and comparative analyses are commonly used to fulfil this need. Double mass curves (DMCs), being one useful method for comparative analyses, are characterized by low data requirements and high transferability, and thus more practical than water balance equations and hydrological models for hydrologic benefit evaluations. However, the detailed derivation procedure of the DMC has, to date, yet been described in literature. Moreover, in previous studies, changing points of the DMC were determined either rather empirically or as the changing point of streamflow or sediment discharge (i.e., precipitation was not considered). Hence, the changing point detected may be subject to inaccuracies. This paper, for the first time, comprehensively detailed the derivation procedure of the DMC; a new way was proposed to quantitatively examine the changing point of the DMC; an example was also given to demonstrate the use of the DMC in the hydrologic benefit evaluation. It is hopeful that the method given in our paper will be widely adopted by future studies as a standard procedure to derive and use the DMC.
Value of a molecular screening program to support clinical trial enrollment in Asian cancer patients: The Integrated Molecular Analysis of Cancer (IMAC) Study
Authors: Heong Valerie , Syn Nicholas L. , Lee Xiao Wen , Sapari Nur Sabrina , Koh Xue Qing , Adam Isa Zul Fazreen , Sy Lim Joey , Lim Diana , Pang Brendan , Thian Yee Liang , Ng Lai Kuan , Wong Andrea L. , Soo Ross Andrew , Yong Wei Peng , Chee Cheng Ean , Lee Soo‐Chin , Goh Boon‐Cher , Soong Richie , Tan David S.P.
Published: October 2017

The value of precision oncology initiatives in Asian contexts remains unresolved. Here, we review the institutional implementation of prospective molecular screening to facilitate accrual of patients into biomarker‐driven clinical trials, and to explore the mutational landscape of advanced tumors occurring in a prospective cohort of Asian patients (n = 396) with diverse cancer types. Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) and routine clinicopathological assays, such as immunohistochemistry, copy number analysis and in situ hybridization tests, were performed on tumor samples. Actionable biomarker results were used to identify eligibility for early‐phase, biomarker‐driven clinical trials. Overall, NGS was successful in 365 of 396 patients (92%), achieving a mean depth of 1,943× and coverage uniformity of 96%. The median turnaround time from sample receipt to return of genomic results was 26.0 days (IQR, 19.0–39.0 days). Reportable mutations were found in 300 of 365 patients (82%). Ninety‐one percent of patients at study enrollment indicated consent to receive incidental findings and willingness to undergo genetic counseling if required. The most commonly mutated oncogenes included KRAS (19%), PIK3CA (16%), EGFR (5%), BRAF (3%) and KIT (3%); while the most frequently mutated tumor suppressor genes included TP53 (40%), SMARCB1 (12%), APC (8%), PTEN (6%) and SMAD4 (5%). Among 23 patients enrolled in genotype‐matched trials, median progression‐free survival was 2.9 months (IQR, 1.5–4.0 months). Nine of 20 evaluable patients (45%; 95% CI, 23.1–68.5%) derived clinical benefit, including 3 partial responses and 6 with stable disease lasting ≥ 8 weeks.
Retrospective study of the effect of remifentanil use during labor on fetal heart rate patterns
Authors: Boterenbrood Danne , Wassen Martine M. , Visser Gerard H.A. , Nijhuis Jan G.
Published: October 2017

Objective

To investigate possible associations between remifentanil and the appearance of sinusoidal heart rate patterns in fetuses, and neonatal outcomes.

Methods

The present retrospective cohort study included data from patients at over 37 weeks of singleton or multiple pregnancies attending Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard, the Netherlands, in labor between June 1, and August 31, 2015. Patient data were stratified by whether remifentanil was administered during delivery (remifentanil group) or not (control group), and fetal heart rate tracings were reviewed to identify sinusoidal heart rate patterns. The neonatal outcomes compared were 5‐minute Apgar scores and umbilical artery pH.

Results

There were 119 patients included in the study; 60 in the remifentanil group and 59 in the control group. Tracings from 20 (33%) patients in the remifentanil group exhibited a sinusoidal heart rate pattern after remifentanil administration, compared with 5 (8%) patients in the control group (P=0.001). The median time before the onset of sinusoidal patterns after remifentanil administration was 12 minutes. No adverse neonatal outcomes were recorded in either group.

Conclusion

Remifentanil use during labor was associated with the occurrence of sinusoidal heart rate patterns in the fetus; this was not associated with adverse neonatal outcomes.
Efect of longitudinally oriented collagen conduit combined with nerve growth factor on nerve regeneration after dog sciatic nerve injury
Authors: Yao Yao , Cui Yi , Zhao Yannan , Xiao Zhifeng , Li Xing , Han Sufang , Chen Bing , Fang Yongxiang , Wang Piao , Pan Juli , Dai Jianwu
Published: October 2017

The research on artificial nerve conduits has become a focus of study in peripheral nerve reconstruction so as a possible replacement for the treatment of autologous nerve grafts in clinics. In this study, we used longitudinally oriented collagen conduit (LOCC) combined with nerve growth factor (NGF) to reconstruct long distance of sciatic nerve defects (35 mm) in adult dog model. The long term follow‐up evaluation demonstrated that the LOCC/NGF conduit allowed functional and morphological nerve regeneration at the transection site of the injured sciatic nerve. Furthermore, the functional study confirmed that when NGF was loaded onto LOCC it promoted a better recovery of regenerated axons than LOCC alone. The gastrocnemius muscle mass in the LOCC/NGF group was significantly greater than in the LOCC alone group. The results indicated that when LOCC conduit combined with NGF it would provide a preferential environment for sciatic nerve regeneration. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 106B: 2131–2139, 2018.
Loss of Dnmt3b in Chondrocytes Leads to Delayed Endochondral Ossification and Fracture Repair
Authors: Wang Cuicui , Abu-Amer Yousef , O'Keefe Regis J , Shen Jie
Published: October 2017

Despite advanced understanding of signaling mediated by local and systemic factors, the role of epigenetic factors in the regulation of bone regeneration remains vague. The DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b have tissue specific expression patterns and create unique methylation signatures to regulate gene expression. Using a stabilized murine tibia fracture model we find that Dnmt3b is induced early in fracture healing, peaks at 10 days post fracture (dpf), and declines to nearly undetectable levels by 28 dpf. Dnmt3b expression was cell-specific and stage-specific. High levels were observed in chondrogenic lineage cells within the fracture callus. To determine the role of Dnmt3b in fracture healing, Agc1CreERT2;Dnmt3bf/f (Dnmt3bAgc1ER) mice were generated to delete Dnmt3b in chondrogenic cells. Dnmt3bAgc1ER fracture displayed chondrogenesis and chondrocyte maturation defect, and a delay in the later events of angiogenesis, ossification, and bone remodeling. Biomechanical studies demonstrated markedly reduced strength in Dnmt3bAgc1ER fractures and confirmed the delay in repair. The angiogenic response was reduced in both vessel number and volume at 10 and 14 dpf in Dnmt3bAgc1ER mice. Immunohistochemistry showed decreased CD31 expression, consistent with the reduced angiogenesis. Finally, in vitro angiogenesis assays with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) revealed that loss of Dnmt3b in chondrocytes significantly reduced tube formation and endothelial migration. To identify specific angiogenic factors involved in the decreased callus vascularization, a protein array was performed using conditioned media isolated from control and Dnmt3b loss-of-function chondrocytes. Several angiogenic factors, including CXCL12 and osteopontin (OPN) were reduced in chondrocytes following loss of Dnmt3b. DNA methylation analysis further identified hypomethylation in Cxcl12 promoter region. Importantly, the defects in tube formation and cell migration could be rescued by administration of CXCL12 and/or OPN. Altogether, our findings establish that Dnmt3b positively regulates chondrocyte maturation process, and its genetic ablation leads to delayed angiogenesis and fracture repair. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Investigation of DNA Binding Interaction of Newly Synthesized Nickel(II) and Palladium(II) Complexes Containing Ferrocenyl Schiff Base Ligand
Authors: Shafaatian Bita , Atghaei Mohsen , Rezvani Seyyed Ahmad
Published: October 2017

New complexes of nickel(II) and palladium(II) were synthesized using the ferrocenyl imine ligand, which was formed by the condensation of 2‐aminothiophenol and acetylferrocene. This bidentate Schiff base ligand was coordinated to the metal ions through the NS donor atoms. Monomeric complexes of nickel(II) and palladium(II) were synthesized by the reactions of the Schiff base ligand with nickel(II) and palladium(II) chloride in a 2:1 M ratio. In these complexes, the thiol group was deprotonated and coordinated to the metals. The molar conductivity values of the complexes in DMSO showed the presence of non‐electrolyte species. The fluorescence characteristics of the Schiff base ligand and its complexes were studied in DMSO. The synthesized complexes were characterized by FT‐IR, 1H NMR, UV–vis spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and conductometry. Furthermore, the binding interactions of the complexes with DNA were investigated by electronic absorption spectroscopy, and the intrinsic binding constant (Kb) was calculated. Moreover, viscosity and melting temperature (Tm) were investigated in order to further explore the nature of interactions between the complexes and DNA.
On the Hamilton–Waterloo problem with odd cycle lengths
Authors: Burgess A. C. , Danziger P. , Traetta T.
Published: October 2017

Let denote the complete graph if v is odd and , the complete graph with the edges of a 1‐factor removed, if v is even. Given nonnegative integers , the Hamilton–Waterloo problem asks for a 2‐factorization of into α ‐factors and β ‐factors, with a ‐factor of being a spanning 2‐regular subgraph whose components are ℓ‐cycles. Clearly, , , and are necessary conditions. In this paper, we extend a previous result by the same authors and show that for any odd the above necessary conditions are sufficient, except possibly when , or when . Note that in the case where v is odd, M and N must be odd. If M and N are odd but v is even, we also show sufficiency but with further possible exceptions. In addition, we provide results on 2‐factorizations of the complete equipartite graph and the lexicographic product of a cycle with the empty graph.
Existence of LSs
Authors: Zheng Hao , Chang Yanxun , Zhou Junling
Published: October 2017

Let X be a ‐set and be a partition of X into n groups of size 2 and one group G0 of size 4. A large‐set‐plus denoted by LS is a partition of all ‐transverse triples of X into block sets of 3‐GDD(2n41)s with group set , and two block sets of 3‐GDD(2n)s with group set . In this paper, we study the existence problem of LSs and give a nearly complete solution.
Neighborhood and cultural stressors associated with delinquency in Latino adolescents
Authors: Rubens Sonia L. , Gudiño Omar G. , Michel Jena , Fite Paula J. , Johnson‐Motoyama Michelle
Published: October 2017

Research has demonstrated a link between community violence exposure (CVE) and delinquency in adolescence, but little is known about the role of cultural stressors in this relation. This study examined the moderating role of acculturation dissonance and ethnic/racial discrimination in the link between CVE and delinquency engagement in a sample of Latino adolescents. Participants for this study included 134 Latino adolescents (46% males, mean age of 16.14, standard deviation = 1.31) recruited from an urban charter high school located in a large Midwestern city. Findings from hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that higher levels of CVE and acculturation dissonance, as well as male gender, were associated with higher levels of delinquency engagement. A significant interaction was also found between CVE and ethnic/racial discrimination. Interaction probing showed that CVE was significantly associated with delinquency engagement at low but not high levels of ethnic/racial discrimination. Findings suggest that it is important to consider multiple types of cultural and neighborhood stressors when assessing and addressing the needs of Latino adolescents.
Efficient adsorption/reduction of aqueous hexavalent chromium using oligoaniline hollow microspheres fabricated by a template‐free method
Authors: Bao Chongzhuo , Mingxin Chen , Liu Guangrong , Jin Xin , Huang Qiang
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND

Uniform and well‐dispersed hollow microspheres of oligoaniline were synthesized by a facile and template‐free method in alkaline medium. The morphology of oligoanilines was controlled from hollow to hard microspheres, by simply changing the volumes of alkaline medium. SEM, TEM, XRD, FTIR and physical adsorption of nitrogen were used to characterize the products. Hexavalent chromium ion uptake experiments were run with these aniline oligomers.

RESULTS

Adsorption experiments showed that the removal of chromium ions was strongly dependent on the initial pH of the solution. The pseudo‐second‐order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm models were well correlated with the experimental data. The adsorption of Cr(VI) and synergistic reduction to Cr(III) were confirmed by analyzing remnant chromium in the liquid and XPS detection of the exhausted adsorbent. A redox/pseudo‐protonation process was suggested as the mechanism to explain the Cr(VI) removal. The adsorbed chromium ions could be desorbed by NaOH solution. The higher desorption efficiency of 96.2% was achieved by using 1.0 mol L‐1 NaOH as the desorption agent.

CONCLUSIONS

It was observed that the hollow microsphere were the most effective adsorbent of the three adsorbents and its removal efficiency reached 99% to remove 60 mg L‐1 Cr(VI). The facile fabrication, efficient removal of Cr(VI) and simple regeneration offered an option to remove Cr(VI) contamination from natural water and industrial wastewater. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Shaken flasks by resonant acoustic mixing in the biosynthesis of alginate by Azotobacter vinelandii with non‐Newtonian rheological characteristics
Authors: Reynoso‐Cereceda Greta I , Córdova‐Aguilar María S , Valdez‐Cruz Norma A , Trujillo‐Roldán Mauricio A
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND

Orbitally shaken flasks in polysaccharide‐producing bacterial cultures usually present oxygen limitations because of non‐Newtonian rheological characteristics of the resulting culture broth and bacterial respiration. Here, we present the production of alginate by Azotobacter vinelandii using a novel alternative mixing technology (resonant acoustic mixing, RAM) to increase oxygen transfer.

RESULTS

No significant differences were observed in biomass growth (3.43 ± 0.61 g L‐1) with RAM frequencies between 5 and 20 g, but higher specific growth and sucrose consumption rates were found at higher frequencies (15 and 20 g). The highest alginate production (9.13 ± 0.63 g L‐1) was obtained in 20 g cultures, in which no oxygen limitation was detected, whereas intracellular reserve polymer poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB) production was favored at low shaking frequencies (5 and 10 g), in which dissolved oxygen tension was zero for a long culture time. Cultures behave pseudoplastically, with an apparent viscosity that increases until the end of the exponential phase, and the alginate monomer ratio was approximately 1.0 in all cultures.

CONCLUSION

RAM can maintain elevated oxygen transfer rates, even in non‐Newtonian high‐viscosity cultures, as in the case of alginate production by A. vinelandii. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of nano‐sized hydrogen phosphate‐imprinted polymer in acetonitrile/water mixture and its use as a recognition element of hydrogen phosphate selective all‐solid state potentiometric electrode
Authors: Alizadeh Taher , Atayi Khalil
Published: October 2017

Herein, a new recipe is introduced for the preparation of hydrogen phosphate ion‐imprinted polymer nanoparticles (nano‐IIP) in acetonitrile/water (63.5:36.5) using phosphoric acid as the template. The nano‐IIP obtained was used as the recognition element of a carbon paste potentiometric sensor. The IIP electrode showed a Nernstian response to hydrogen phosphate anion; whereas, the non‐imprinted polymer (NIP)‐based electrode had no considerable sensitivity to the anion. The presence of both methacrylic acid and vinyl pyridine in the IIP structure, as well as optimization of the functional monomers‐template proportion, was found to be important to observe the sensing capability of the IIP electrode. The nano‐IIP electrode showed a dynamic linear range of 1 × 10−5‐1 × 10−1 mol L‐1, Nernstian slope of 30.6 ± (0.5) mV decade −1, response time of 25 seconds, and detection limit of 4.0 × 10−6 mol L−1. The utility of the electrodes was checked by potentiometric titration of hydrogen phosphate with La3+ solution.
Land surface air temperature variations over Eurasia and possible causes in the past century
Authors: Zuo Zhiyan , Yang Song , Xu Kang , Zhang Renhe , He Qiong , Zhao Tianbao , Cong Jing
Published: October 2017

In this study, the variations of annual land surface air temperature (SAT) over Eurasia and the northern part of Africa (0°–180°E, 0°–90°N) were investigated using monthly SAT data from the Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia for 1901–2014 and the simulations from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory coupled model. The observed results suggested that the SAT variations exhibited robust non‐uniform spatial features at multi‐time scales. For the variations in inter‐annual to decadal time scales (IDV), the intensity generally increased from south to north, with the strongest intensity being around Siberia and four times that of the weakest intensity found around China. The IDV leading pattern showed a north–south dipole across 40°N. The simulated results suggested that the north–south dipole and the northwards increase of the IDV were due to internal interactions within the complex nonlinear climate system, but the natural and greenhouse gas forcings could intensify the IDV.

The warming trend of the SAT was generally homogeneous, but it showed distinctive multi‐decadal fluctuations in different regions. The linear secular trends and robust multi‐decadal variation around Siberia and China corresponded to the considerable acceleration and deceleration in the warming over the two regions, respectively. The warming around Siberia was mainly caused by greenhouse gases but its modulation due to natural forcing was also considerable because of the robust multi‐decadal variations. Around China, the multi‐decadal variation, contributed by the natural forcing, can explain more than half the variances in the warming. The warming trend around central Asia was intense and parabolic, and the multi‐decadal variation over there was weak and showed few modulating effects.
Innovative liquid formulation of digestates for producing a biofertilizer based on Bacillus siamensis: Field testing on sweet pepper
Authors: Pastor-Bueis Raquel , Mulas Rebeca , Gómez Xiomar , González-Andrés Fernando
Published: October 2017

A biofertilizer (BF) based on the plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (PGPR) Bacillus siamensis was produced using anaerobic digestate (AD) as the main ingredient of the growth medium, alongside a carbon source from residual origin. The use of residues for the growth of PGPR reduces the production costs of biofertilizers, but makes an assessment of the possible toxicity of residues for the bacteria or plants necessary. Therefore, the growth medium of PGPR was first optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM), followed by phytotoxicity tests and a field trial of the BF in a sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) crop at two different locations. AD at 50% dilution, supplemented with 2.3% sugar beet molasses, was the optimum growth medium for producing the BF, with a bacterial concentration of 109 cfu mL−1. In the field trial, the treatments inoculated with BF and fertilized with decreased mineral N (80%) produced significantly better yields per ha than the controls with decreased N (80%) and full N (100%) without BF. This indicates improved efficiency of N use by the crop, as a consequence of the use of BF.
Enhancement of the water solubility and antioxidant activity of hesperidin by chitooligosaccharide
Authors: Cao Ruge , Zhao Yali , Zhou Zhongkai , Zhao Xiaoyu
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND

Hesperidin is a natural product and a strong antioxidant with potential applications in various food and pharmaceutical products. However, its poor water solubility greatly limits its applications.

RESULTS

In this study, chitooligosaccharide (COS) was applied to prepare a stable complex with hesperidin (Hesp‐COS) via the spray‐drying method at 100 °C for 20 min. The resultant complex was characterized by Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. It was demonstrated that the aromatic rings of hesperidin interacted with COS through hydrogen bonding and formed Hesp‐COS complex. As a result, both the water solubility and antioxidant activity of Hesp‐COS were higher than that of the free hesperidin.

CONCLUSION

The preparation conditions of Hesp‐COS in this study were efficient and produced an increment in both the water solubility and antioxidant activity of hesperidin. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Propionibacterium acnes as an emerging pathogen in skull base osteomyelitis: A case series
Authors: Schopper Heather K. , Hatch Jonathan L. , Meyer Ted A.
Published: October 2017

Skull base osteomyelitis (SBO) is recognized as a potentially life‐threatening infection that has been classically attributed to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, growing data shows that the bacteriology of SBO is changing. Traditionally thought of as commensal bacterium, P. acnes has been implicated as a serious pathogen in other specialties. Building on a previous case report from our institution, we have identified three patients with SBO who are culture‐positive for Propionibacterium acnes as a single isolate. Herein, we describe the clinical history of the three patients, along with treatment, present outcome, and review of the literature. Laryngoscope, 128:332–335, 2018
Coping with waves: Plasticity in tidal marsh plants as self‐adapting coastal ecosystem engineers
Authors: Silinski Alexandra , Schoutens Ken , Puijalon Sara , Schoelynck Jonas , Luyckx Deirdre , Troch Peter , Meire Patrick , Temmerman Stijn
Published: October 2017

Tidal marsh vegetation is increasingly valued for its role in ecosystem‐based coastal protection due to its wave dissipating capacity. As the efficiency of wave dissipation is known to depend on specific vegetation properties, we quantified how these morphological, biochemical, and biomechanical properties of tidal marsh vegetation are, in turn, affected by wave exposure. This was achieved by field measurements at two locations, with contrasting wave exposure, in the brackish part of the Scheldt Estuary (SW Netherlands), where Scirpus maritimus is the dominant pioneer species. Our results show that shoots from more wave‐exposed conditions developed significantly shorter and thicker stems than the ones growing in more sheltered conditions. Furthermore, we show that the more exposed shoots are more flexible whereas the shoots growing in more sheltered conditions are stiffer. This may indicate plasticity in response to wave exposure following a stress‐avoidance strategy. Increasing stiffness was shown to be related to enhanced biogenic silica and lignin contents of the shoot tissue. These properties might affect the wave‐attenuating capacity of the marsh as stiff plants are known to mitigate waves more effectively than flexible ones. However, we also found higher shoot densities on the exposed site, which may partly explain why higher relative wave attenuation rates were found on the exposed site, despite the presence of more flexible individual shoots. This study highlights that the efficiency of wave attenuation by tidal marsh vegetation ultimately depends on mutual interactions between waves and plasticity in morphological, biochemical, and biomechanical plant properties.
Patterns and drivers of δ13C variation in the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera
Authors: Drobnitch Sarah Tepler , Pochron Taylor , Miranda Celine
Published: October 2017

The giant kelp Macrocystis pyrifera is a major primary producer and supports species‐rich and productive marine communities on temperate coastlines. The δ13C signature of M. pyrifera tissue is an important potential tool for understanding species interactions within nearshore trophic networks. However, in macroalgae, δ13C can vary widely, and M. pyrifera can differ up to 6‰ within a single individual, greatly complicating the designation of a primary end member in isotope mixing models. Abiotic factors such as irradiance, dissolved inorganic carbon concentration, water motion, and water temperature can drive δ13C variation, either by altering the supply of total CO2 available to individual tissues, or by inducing facultative carbon concentrating mechanisms. In this study, we combine a controlled laboratory experiment with field sampling to better understand and predict the abiotic drivers of δ13C signatures in M. pyrifera tissues. In the field, data revealed strong correlations between δ13C signatures and depth, as well as season and location within a kelp bed. Experimental data demonstrated that the δ13C of incubated tissue was strongly driven by irradiance but not flow velocity, suggesting that enrichment in M. pyrifera tissue is the result of a light‐induced metabolic process. We also confirmed a physiological δ13C enrichment process associated with photosynthate transport. These results facilitate understanding and prediction of the variation in δ13C observed in the field, and inform interpretations of δ13C signatures in trophic analyses and community interaction studies.
Family firm performance: The influence of entrepreneurial orientation and absorptive capacity
Authors: Hernández‐Perlines Felipe , Moreno‐García Juan , Yáñez‐Araque Benito
Published: October 2017

This article investigates the influence of entrepreneurial orientation and absorptive capacity on family firm performance. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS‐SEM) was used to analyze empirical data for 218 Spanish family firms. Absorptive capacity positively mediated the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and family firm performance. This total mediation effect suppressed the direct effect of entrepreneurial orientation on family firm performance. A major implication of this finding is that for family firms to improve their performance through entrepreneurial orientation, absorptive capacity must act as a mediator.
Entrepreneurial orientation, intermediation services, microfinance, and microenterprises
Authors: Panda Debadutta K.
Published: October 2017

This study was conducted to examine the influence of intermediation services on microfinance‐supported microenterprises. Information was collected by using a structured pretested questionnaire from a random section of 366 respondents (from 366 enterprises) from 2 Indian states. Econometric models were used to test the hypotheses, and reliability and validity testing and data analysis were also performed. It was noticed that proactiveness and risk‐taking ability of microenterprises were enhanced when intermediaries emphasize more on the business development services, financial intermediation services, and social intermediation services. Intermediation services of intermediaries impacted on entrepreneurial orientation of microenterprises where networking of microentrepreneurs positively moderated the relationship.
Dosimetric consequences of gold nanoparticle clustering during photon irradiation
Authors: Kirkby Charles , Koger Brandon , Suchowerska Natalka , McKenzie David R.
Published: October 2017

Purpose

The radiation dose enhancement caused by introducing gold nanoparticles (GNP) into cells can increase the dose locally absorbed. A disconnect between experimentally determined survival and dose enhancements predicted by Monte Carlo simulations on macroscopic scales, suggests small‐scale energy deposition patterns play an important role in GNP dose enhancement. Clustering of the GNPs could potentially alter small‐scale energy deposition patterns. Here we use Monte Carlo simulations to quantify energy deposition patterns in the presence of clustered GNPs and address the question of whether clustering of the nanoparticles affects the energy deposition patterns and ultimately cellular response.

Methods

Using the PENELOPE Monte Carlo code, we examine the absorption of energy in the environment of a single irradiated GNP following its interaction with a set of primary monoenergetic photon beams. We introduce successive GNPs to form a cluster about the particle in which the primary photon interactions occur and report on the energy deposited locally (within a 500 nm radius) and nonlocally (beyond 500 nm) in the surrounding water‐equivalent medium as a function of the number of additional GNPs and the packing geometry they assume.

Results

When additional GNPs cluster in tightly packed formations about a GNP in which an incident photon interacts, both the energy deposited locally and released nonlocally are reduced relative to the case where other GNPs are not present. The degree of the reduction depends on incident photon energy, the number of GNPs added to the cluster, and the packing geometry. With 90 additional GNPs in a hexagonal close packing (HCP) cluster about a directly irradiated test particle, the local energy deposition was reduced to 29% (of the value in the absence of neighbors) in the most extreme monoenergetic case. Energy released into the nonlocal volume was most affected by the cluster for low‐incident photon energies (< 40 keV), where reductions to 26% of the value in the absence of a cluster were shown. The packing geometry mitigated these results. When the irradiated GNP was on the periphery of the HCP cluster, or when the cluster was confined to a plane, the observed effects were weaker and when an equal number of GNPs were uniformly distributed in the local volume, the changes were trivial (less than 2%).

Conclusions

The findings provide grounds for reconciling the observations of cell survival with Monte Carlo predictions of GNP dose enhancement. This work is significant because it demonstrates that GNP clustering needs to be understood and accounted to optimize local dose enhancement.
Differential expression of key subunits of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes in porcine embryos derived in vitro or in vivo
Authors: Cabot Birgit , Tseng Yu‐Chun , Crodian Jennifer S. , Cabot Ryan
Published: October 2017

In vitro embryo production is an established method for both humans and animals, but is fraught with inferior development and health issues in offspring born after in vitro fertilization procedures. Analysis of epigenetic changes caused by exposure to in vitro conditions should shed light on potential sources of these phenotypes. Using immunocytochemistry, we investigated the localization and relative abundance of components associated with the SWI/SNF (Switch/Sucrose non‐fermentable) chromatin‐remodeling complex—including BAF155, BAF170, BAF180, BAF53A, BAF57, BAF60A, BAF45D, ARID1A, ARID1B, ARID2, SNF5, and BRD7—in oocytes and in in vitro‐produced and in vivo‐derived porcine embryos. Differences in the localization of BAF155, BAF170, BAF60A, and ARID1B among these sources indicate that improper timing of chromatin remodeling and cellular differentiation might occur in early preimplantation embryos produced and cultured in vitro.
Time to learn: How chronotype impacts education
Authors: Zerbini Giulia , Merrow Martha
Published: October 2017

A growing body of literature has linked chronotype and sleep to school performance. Chronotype is under the control of the circadian clock and refers to sleep timing and diurnal preferences. Chronotype changes with age and is latest during adolescence, giving rise to a mismatch between the (late) circadian clock and the (early) school clock. In general, evening (late) chronotypes obtain lower grades. School performance is influenced by many other factors, such as motivation, intelligence, and conscientiousness. Some of these factors also relate to chronotype. The present paper reviews the literature on the relationship between chronotype and school performance, with the aim of suggesting hypotheses about the mechanisms behind this complex phenomenon and exploring solutions for an optimized school system. Based on the literature reviewed, we hypothesize that chronotype has both a direct and an indirect effect on school performance. The indirect effect is mediated by factors such as conscientiousness, learning/achieving motivation, mood, and alertness. In addition, time of day of testing plays an important role since the chronotype effect on grades is strongest in the morning and disappears in the afternoon. Strategies to decrease the mismatch between the adolescent circadian clock and the school clock could involve light interventions to advance the students’ sleep timing, delays in school starting times, and rearrangements of test schedules (tests later in the day).
Pupillary light reflex and circadian synchronization in the elderly
Authors: Novotny Philipp , Plischke Herbert
Published: October 2017

Most elderly lack a synchronized circadian rhythm and often cannot benefit from light therapy. Non‐visual effects of light are mediated through intrinsic photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). With chromatic pupillometry, the functionality of ipRGCs and their functional circuit in the brain can be tested.