bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Turnaround” as Shock Therapy
Authors: Johnson Amanda Walker
Published: April 2012

“Turnaround” strategies of educational reform promise that school closure, reconstitution, privatizing, and reopening them will bring miraculous results. Questioning the implications, this article situates “turnaround” strategies locally, following the closure of a predominantly minority high school in 2008, in Austin, Texas. The neoliberal reforms, intending to “clean the slate” and privatize school management, constituted “shock therapy.” The school’s closure also reflected an increasingly punitive approach to state-based support systems. Furthermore, although the state articulated the closure as a benefit to students, the community experienced closure as a type of social and civic death.
Teaching Community Networks
Authors: Hunt Andrea N. , Mair Christine A. , Atkinson Maxine P.
Published: April 2012

Despite the prominence of teaching in academia, we know little about how graduate students learn to teach. We propose the concept of a teaching community network (TCN), an informal social network that facilitates the exchange of teaching-specific resources. We explore the role of TCNs through a case study of a sociology doctoral program at a large state university. Results reveal that students rely heavily on informal ties within the graduate student community and existing formal programs to share teaching-related resources (e.g., information and social support) and develop their identities as instructors. We suggest that graduate programs facilitate TCNs through formal teacher-training programs and structural conditions that encourage informal, one-on-one interactions (e.g., shared offices). By cultivating TCNs, graduate programs can assist students in developing their teaching skills and identities as instructors, thus training students to balance the demands of research and teaching within an academic culture.
Why, Where, and How to Infuse the Atlanta Sociological Laboratory into the Sociology Curriculum
Authors: Wright Earl
Published: April 2012

The Atlanta Sociological Laboratory is the moniker bestowed on scholars engaged in sociological research at Atlanta University between 1895 and 1924. Under the leadership of W. E. B. Du Bois, 1897–1914, this school made substantive yet marginalized contributions to the discipline. Its accomplishments include, but are not limited to, its establishment of the first American school of sociology, the first sociology program to institutionalize the use of the insider researcher, the first sociology program to institutionalize the practice of method triangulation, and the first sociology program to institutionalize the acknowledgment of limitations in its publications. Despite these accomplishments, the Atlanta Sociological Laboratory remains unknown to most professional sociologists. This article examines why the accomplishments of this school should be incorporated into the sociology curriculum, where this school should be incorporated into the sociology curriculum, and how this school can be incorporated into the sociology curriculum.
Canadian Values and Military Operations in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Rennick Joanne Benham
Published: April 2012

Whereas traditionally religion has played a central role in shaping the shared values in a society, secularization, privatization of religion, and pluralism are changing the values that personnel bring to the Canadian Forces. This late modern reality means that many people who have rejected traditional forms of religion in order to interpret their personal spiritual beliefs for themselves are uncertain about their core values. Differences in values among military personnel are further complicated by the realities of modern military engagements that require a greater need for ethical thinking and moral decision making. This article examines the nature of religion and values in late modern Canadian society and identifies religious leadership as a source of moral and ethical direction as well as consolation in the face of moral anomie. Finally, it highlights the need for greater education about the role of religion and values for military personnel.
An optimal predictive control strategy for radiant floor district heating systems: Simulation and experimental study
Authors: Cho S Hwan , Hong Seong-ki , Li Song-chun , Zaheeruddin M
Published: April 2012

A study was conducted to assess the energy performance of an optimal predictive control strategy for radiant floor district heating systems. A four-zone radiant floor heating system model was developed. The simulated performance of the optimal predictive control strategy was studied. The results showed 10% energy savings compared to a Proportional-Integral (PI) control strategy. Experiments were conducted in a laboratory radiant floor district heating system test facility. The description of the test facility, its operating conditions, and the results obtained are described. Experimental results further confirm the findings from the simulation study. Being simple and energy efficient, the optimal predictive control strategy is a good candidate control strategy for radiant floor district heating systems.

Practical application: Energy efficiency is a major issue of interest in the design and operation of sustainable heating systems. The radiant floor district heating systems have been successfully installed and operated in many countries resulting in significant energy savings. The optimal predictive control strategy proposed in this study further enhances the potential for higher energy savings from the district heating systems. The optimal control strategy is simple to implement as it relies on the predicted outdoor air temperature and computes future temperature set-points for the boiler water temperature. A suitably tuned Proportional-Integral (PI) controller can be used to track the optimal set-point thus realizing potential energy savings. A programmable logic controller or a supervisory control system would be appropriate to implement the designed optimal control strategy. The local control can be realized by using industrial PI feedback controllers.
Intersubjective Model of Value Transmission
Authors: Tam Kim-Pong , Lee Sau-Lai , Kim Young-Hoon , Li Yanmei , Chao Melody Manchi
Published: April 2012

What values do parents want to transmit to children? The intersubjective model of value transmission posits that parents want to transmit not only the values they personally endorse but also the values they perceive to be normatively important in the society. The present research shows support to this premise. Furthermore, Studies 1 and 2 revealed that the use of perceived norms is moderated by families’ social contexts and parents’ personality: It was particularly pronounced among parents who were immigrants, who had a stronger need for closure, and who were more conforming. In addition, Studies 3 and 4 demonstrated that parents’ perceived norms can explain actual value transmission: Values parents perceived to be normatively important were to some extent internalized by children. The intersubjective model paves some new directions for value transmission research, contributes to the understanding of cultural transmission and cultural change, and extends the intersubjective approach to culture.
Resting Energy Expenditure After Fontan Surgery in Children With Single‐Ventricle Heart Defects
Authors: Mehta Nilesh M. , Costello John M. , Bechard Lori J. , Johnson Victor M. , Zurakowski David , McGowan Francis X. , Laussen Peter C. , Duggan Christopher P.
Published: April 2012

Background: Data on resting energy expenditure (REE) and oxygen consumption (VO2) after pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) will facilitate optimal nutrient prescription. Methods: The authors measured continuous REE and VO2, using an in‐line indirect calorimetery (IC) in 30 consecutive children with single‐ventricle physiology immediately after Fontan surgery. REE during steady state at 8 hours after surgery was compared with standard equation‐estimated energy expenditure (EEE). Patients were classified into 3 groups: hypermetabolic (measured REE [MREE]/EEE ratio >1.2), hypometabolic (MREE/EEE ratio <0.8), and normometabolic (MREE/EEE ratio 0.8–1.2). Demographic, anthropometric, and perioperative clinical characteristics were examined for their correlation with metabolic status. Results: In 26 of 30 patients with completed IC, mean REE at 8 hours after surgery was 57 ± 20 kcal/kg/d, and mean VO2 was 110 ± 35 mL/min. Mean values of VO2 and REE did not change within the first 24 hours after surgery. There was poor correlation between MREE at 8 hours and the EEE using the World Health Organization equation (r = 0.32, P = .11). Most patients (n = 19, 73%) were either normometabolic or hypometabolic. Lack of hypermetabolism was significantly associated with higher intraoperative serum lactate level and positive fluid balance compared with the rest of the group. Conclusions: The authors report a low prevalence of hypermetabolism in children with single‐ventricle defects after Fontan surgery. Measured REE had poor correlation with equation‐estimated energy expenditure in a majority of the cohort. The absence of increased energy expenditure after CPB will influence energy prescription in this group.
An essay on agriculture and population pressure
Authors: Macdonald Andrew S
Published: April 2012

This is an essay highlighting the fundamental importance of agriculture (historical and present) in the agro-socioeconomic evolution of human societies, from the times of the hunter/gatherers to the modern day. Attention is drawn in the text to the importance of deforestation in relation to micro and macro climate changes, and the vital role of carbon dioxide to plant and animal life. The essay also relates the world’s natural resources to the present unsustainable population pressures.
Further evidence that infantile autism is a chronic psychosis distinguished by a Deficient Delayed Response Function affecting the connections between Hippocampus and Singulum in its center, the SMA and the inhibitory Purkinje cells in cerebellum
Authors: Saugstad Letten F
Published: April 2012

Older literature on infantile autism accompanied by mental retardation, focussed on epilepsy, cerebral palsy and microcephaly. Multiple adversity was needed to delay growth sufficiently to pruning of connection between Hippocampus and Singulum in its centre, SMA and inhibitory cells in Cerebellum in the synaptogenesis in infancy. Temporary macrocephaly was observed. Today, macrocephaly dominates the discussion. One single adversity, deficient “brain food”, seemingly retards growth sufficiently to cause excess pruning with absent activity in inhibitory Purkinje cells in Cerebellum, the SMA and A DEFICIENT, LACKING DELAYED RESPONSE FUNCTION. The brain needs time to adapt, but the Delayed Response Task is lost. Microcephaly predominates at puberty. We wanted to understand cerebellar reactions more fully.
Weigners Fixative–An Alternative to Formalin Fixation for Histology With Improved Preservation of Nucleic Acids
Authors: Klopfleisch R. , Deetzen M. von , Weiss A. Th. , Weigner J. , Weigner F. , Plendl J. , Gruber A. D.
Published: April 2012

Formalin fixation and paraffin embedding (FFPE) is the standard method for tissue storage in histopathology. However, FFPE has disadvantages in terms of user health, environment, and nucleic acid integrity. Weigners fixative has been suggested as an alternative for embalming cadavers in human and veterinary anatomy. The present study tested the applicability of Weigners for histology and immunohistochemistry and the preservation of nucleic acids. To this end, a set of organs was fixed for 2 days and up to 6 months in Weigners (WFPE) or formalin. WFPE tissues from the skin, brain, lymphatic tissues, liver, and muscle had good morphologic preservation, comparable to formalin fixation. The quality of kidney and lung samples was inferior to FFPE material due to less accentuated nuclear staining and retention of proteinaceous interstitial fluids. Azan, Turnbull blue, toluidin, and immunohistochemical stainings for CD79a, cytokeratin, vimentin, and von Willebrand factor led to comparable results with both fixates. Of note, immunohistochemical detection of CD3 was possible after 6 months in WFPE but not in FFPE tissues. mRNA, miRNA, and DNA from WFPE tissues had superior quality and allowed for amplification of miRNA, 400-bp-long mRNA, and 1000-bp-long DNA fragments after 6 months of fixation in WFPE. In summary, Weigners fixative is a nonhazardous alternative to formalin, which provides a good morphologic preservation of most organs, a similar sensitivity for protein detection, and a superior preservation of nucleic acids. Weigners may therefore be a promising alternative to cryopreservation and may be embraced by people affected by formalin allergies.
In Vivo Evidence for Tibial Plateau Slope as a Risk Factor for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
Authors: Wordeman Samuel C. , Quatman Carmen E. , Kaeding Christopher C. , Hewett Timothy E.
Published: April 2012

Background:

In vivo studies reporting tibial plateau slope as a risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury have been published with greatly increasing frequency.

Purpose:

To examine and summarize the in vivo evidence comparing tibial slope in ACL-injured and uninjured populations.

Study Design:

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods:

We reviewed publications in Scopus, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, and PubMed to identify all studies reporting a measure of tibial plateau slope between ACL-injured groups and controls. A meta-analysis was performed including calculation of effect size and 95% confidence interval as well as 95% confidence intervals for the mean values of the measurement in each study.

Results:

Fourteen studies met our inclusion/exclusion criteria. Five of 6 radiographic studies reporting medial tibial plateau slope (MTPS) demonstrated significant differences between controls and ACL-injured groups, while only 1 of 7 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies reported significant differences between groups. Mean MTPS measurements and standard deviations reported for controls ranged from 2.9° ± 2.8° anterior to 9.5° ± 3° posterior. For ACL-injured patients, MTPS ranged from 1.8° ± 3.5° anterior to 12.1° ± 3.3° posterior. Lateral tibial plateau slope (LTPS) was reported to be significantly greater in ACL-injured groups in all 5 MRI-based studies reporting group comparisons. Mean values for LTPS in controls ranged from 0.3° ± 3.6° anterior slope to 9° ± 4° posterior slope. In ACL-injured groups, mean reported LTPS values ranged from 1.8° ± 3.2° to 11.5° ± 3.54° posterior slope.

Conclusion:

Despite high measures of reliability for the various methods reported in current studies, there is vast disagreement regarding the actual values of the slope that would be considered “at risk.” Reported tibial slope values for control groups vary greatly between studies. In many cases, the study-to-study differences in “normal” tibial slope exceed the difference between controls and ACL-injured patients. The clinical utility of imaging-based measurement methods for the determination of ACL injury risk requires more reliable techniques that demonstrate consistency between studies.
The Role of Age and Sex in Symptoms, Neurocognitive Performance, and Postural Stability in Athletes After Concussion
Authors: Covassin Tracey , Elbin R.J. , Harris William , Parker Tonya , Kontos Anthony
Published: April 2012

Background: Researchers have begun to focus on age and sex differences in concussion outcomes. Results suggest that younger athletes and female athletes may take longer to recover from a concussion. However, little is known about the interactive effects of age and sex on symptoms, neurocognitive testing (NCT), and postural stability.

Hypothesis/Purpose: The purpose of the study was to examine sex and age differences in symptoms, NCT, and postural stability following concussion. We hypothesized that high school and female athletes would have worse symptoms, NCT, and postural stability than college and male athletes, respectively.

Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods: A total of 296 concussed athletes from a multistate, 2-year study were enrolled in this study. Participants completed the Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT) and Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) at baseline and again at 2, 7, and 14 days after concussion. Participants completed the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) at 1, 2, and 3 days after concussion.

Results: Female athletes performed worse than male athletes on visual memory (mean, 65.1% and 70.1%, respectively; P = .049) and reported more symptoms (mean, 14.4 and 10.1, respectively) after concussion ( P = .035). High school athletes performed worse than college athletes on verbal (mean, 78.8% and 82.7%, respectively; P = .001) and visual (mean, 65.8% and 69.4%, respectively; P = .01) memory. High school athletes were still impaired on verbal memory 7 days after concussion compared with collegiate athletes ( P = .001). High school male athletes scored worse on the BESS than college male athletes (mean, 18.8 and 13.0, respectively; P = .001). College female athletes scored worse on the BESS than high school female athletes (mean, 21.1 and 16.9, respectively; P = .001).

Conclusion: The results of the current study supported age differences in memory and sex differences in memory and symptoms and an interaction between age and sex on postural stability after concussion that warrant consideration from clinicians and researchers when interpreting symptoms, specific components of NCT, and postural stability tests. Future research should develop and assess interventions tailored to age and sex differences and include younger (<14 years) participants.
Early Hospital Social Work Practice
Authors: Sedgwick Thomas W.
Published: April 2012

Janet Thornton (1881–1963) was the director of social services at Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center in New York City from 1924 to 1947. Drawing on previously unexamined archival letters and documents, this article presents a professional and personal perspective on Thornton’s life. Restoring her to the historical record on hospital social work brings into focus the foundations of present-day social work practice in health care settings and adds new insights into the role of women in the burgeoning profession.
Using equality to challenge austerity: new actors, old problems
Authors: Conley Hazel
Published: April 2012

This article critically examines the potential for ‘new actors’ in industrial relations to use developments in equality law to challenge government economic policy. The author draws on documentary analysis of the Fawcett Society’s attempt to gain a judicial review of the 2010 emergency budget alongside legal theory in relation to reflexive regulation and literature that examines ‘new actors’ in industrial relations. The aim is to stimulate debate on the role of the state and social movements in pursuing gender equality and how the latter might compete with or complement the role of trade unions. The concluding argument is that, while reflexive legislation provides opportunities for social movements to complement trade union activity, the role of the state remains contradictory, ultimately thwarting legal enforcement of equality when its economic authority and the interests of capital are threatened.
Professionalism ‘from below’: mobilization potential in Indian call centres
Authors: Vaidyanathan Brandon
Published: April 2012

While the ideology of professionalism is criticized by scholars as a tool of managerial control, the contestable and situated nature of its meaning can weaken this mechanism. Drawing on interviews with Indian call centre employees, the present study reveals how professionalism is understood by employees as an ideal that is binding on managers as much as on workers. Respondents draw on it to articulate grievances against managerial abuse, corruption, sycophancy and negligence, and to express their preference for so-called ‘western’ management practices to protect their rights and dignity in the workplace. This evidences a form of professionalism ‘from below’, fostering mobilization potential which unions seem to tap into. Yet this article also considers ways in which professionalism may serve as an obstacle to later stages of mobilization and to organizational commitment generally.
Breaks in employment due to childcare in the Czech Republic before and after 1989
Authors: Valentova Marie
Published: April 2012

This article analyses how Czech mothers perceive the consequences for their careers of interruptions in their employment due to childcare and how their perceptions are affected by whether they had their children prior to or after the fall of the socialist regime. The analysis reveals that women’s perceptions of interruptions in employment due to childcare have changed over time and depend on the institutional and legal context; in particular, the fall of the socialist regime had a significant impact on the perceptions of mothers. The analysis indicates that women who had children after 1989 exhibit more negative perceptions of how engaging in childcare influenced their careers compared to mothers who interrupted their careers due to childcare before the fall of the state socialist regime.
Experimental investigations of heat transfer coefficients of cutting fluids in metal cutting processes: analysis of workpiece phenomena in a given case study
Authors: Luchesi Vanda M , Coelho Reginaldo T
Published: April 2012

This paper reports an experimental method to estimate the convective heat transfer of cutting fluids in a laminar flow regime applied on a thin steel plate. The heat source provided by the metal cutting was simulated by electrical heating of the plate. Three different cooling conditions were evaluated: a dry cooling system, a flooded cooling system and a minimum quantity of lubrication cooling system, as well as two different cutting fluids for the last two systems. The results showed considerable enhancement of convective heat transfer using the flooded system. For the dry and minimum quantity of lubrication systems, the heat conduction inside the body was much faster than the heat convection away from its surface. In addition, using the Biot number, the possible models were analyzed for conduction heat problems for each experimental condition tested.
The Causal Role of Phoneme Awareness and Letter-Sound Knowledge in Learning to Read
Authors: Hulme Charles , Bowyer-Crane Claudine , Carroll Julia M. , Duff Fiona J. , Snowling Margaret J.
Published: April 2012

There is good evidence that phoneme awareness and letter-sound knowledge are reliable longitudinal predictors of learning to read, though whether they have a causal effect remains uncertain. In this article, we present the results of a mediation analysis using data from a previous large-scale intervention study. We found that a phonology and reading intervention that taught letter-sound knowledge and phoneme awareness produced significant improvements in these two skills and in later word-level reading and spelling skills. Improvements in letter-sound knowledge and phoneme awareness at the end of the intervention fully mediated the improvements seen in children’s word-level literacy skills 5 months after the intervention finished. Our findings support the conclusion that letter-sound knowledge and phoneme awareness are two causal influences on the development of children’s early literacy skills.
Investigations on diesel engine performance based on jatropha, karanja and neem biodiesels
Authors: Yadav Ashok , Singh Onkar
Published: April 2012

Owing to the steep rise in demand for petroleum fuel and the depletion of the petroleum reserves, there is an intensive search for alternative fuels in the world. Non-edible oils with low viscosity can be a good alternative sustainable fuel for compression ignition engines. Transesterification of oils is a process which brings viscosity into a range equivalent to that of diesel fuel. In this study, three non-edible oils, namely, jatropha, karanja and neem oils are transesterified and these transesterified oils (biodiesels) have been tested in a four-stroke compression engine. Test results obtained have been analysed and compared for engine performance evaluation with respect to diesel fuel. This study indicates that methyl esters of jatropha, karanja and neem oils can be a good substitute for diesel fuel in compression ignition engine without any engine modification. Brake specific fuel consumption and brake specific energy consumption are slightly higher compared to diesel fuel for all operating ranges of the engine. Small variation in the exhaust gas temperature and thermal efficiency are observed while the engine is run on four different fuels.
Robust control of conjugated polymer actuators considering the spatio-temporal dynamics
Authors: Torabi Keivan , Amiri Moghadam Amir Ali
Published: April 2012

Conjugated polymers are emerging materials which have a wide range of applications including biomimetic robots and biomedical devices. These novel materials attract considerable attention owing to their interesting sensing and actuating behavior. However, complicated electro-chemo-mechanical dynamics is a drawback for their application in functional devices. Although extensive research has been conducted on static modeling of conductive polymers, the dynamic modeling is not well understood. In this paper we focus on dynamic modeling and robust control of a fast trilayer polypyrrole actuator as a distributed parameter system. The Euler–Bernoulli beam model with inclusion of Kelvin–Voigt damping and tip loading is utilized for vibration analysis of the smart actuator. Considering the spatio-temporal dynamics of the actuator, a one-point feedback controller based on quantitative feedback theory is designed that can suppress arbitrary external disturbances and consistently track desired inputs.
Health effects of infant feeding: Information for parents in leaflets and magazines in five European countries
Authors: Gage Heather , Von Rosen-Von Hoewel Julia , Laitinen Kirsi , Jakobik Viktoria , Martin-Bautista Elena , Schmid Martina , Egan Bernadette , Morgan Jane , Williams Peter , Decsi Tamas , Campoy Cristina , Koletzko Berthold , Raats Monique
Published: April 2012

Parents’ decisions about whether to breastfeed their infant, and when to introduce complementary foods, are important public health issues. Breastfeeding has beneficial health effects and is widely promoted. Leaflets and magazine articles on infant feeding were collected in 2005, in five European countries (England, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Spain), and screened for statements that link feeding behaviours to infant health outcomes. A total of 127 leaflets contained 512 statements (0.38 / published page). Magazines contained approximately 1 article / month. Health outcomes were more intensively covered in England and Germany. Most statements referred to short term health implications. Lack of scientific agreement may underlie lack of cover of longer term health effects. Scope may exist to promote improved infant feeding practices by increasing the quantity and specificity of messages about health effects. Further research is required to evaluate the impact of alternative means of providing information on infant feeding practices.
Effects of Statin Monotherapy Versus Statin Plus Ezetimibe Combination on Serum Uric Acid Levels
Authors: Moutzouri Elisavet , Liberopoulos Evangelos N. , Florentin Matilda , Liamis George , Elisaf Moses S.
Published: April 2012

Background:

Uric acid is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The effect of statins and ezetimibe on serum uric acid levels has not been yet clarified.

Objective:

To compare the effect of simvastatin/ezetimibe 10/10 mg, simvastatin 40 mg, and rosuvastatin 10 mg daily on serum uric acid levels in patients with dyslipidemia.

Methods:

This was a prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded end point (PROBE) study. Following a 3-month dietary intervention, patients with hypercholesterolemia received simvastatin/ezetimibe 10/10 mg or simvastatin 40 mg or rosuvastatin 10 mg. Changes in serum levels of uric acid and fractional renal excretion of uric acid as well as changes in electrolyte and renal function parameters were assessed after 12 weeks of treatment.

Results:

One hundred fifty-three patients (56 male) were included. At week 12, a significant reduction in serum uric acid levels was seen in all treatment groups (simvastatin/ezetimibe 10/10 mg: −3.8%, simvastatin 40 mg: −5.7%, and rosuvastatin 10 mg: −3.8%; P < .05 compared with baseline; P = not significant [NS] for comparison between groups). Fractional excretion of uric acid nonsignificantly increased in all groups (simvastatin/ezetimibe 10/10 mg: +6.8%, simvastatin 40 mg: +6.8%, and rosuvastatin 10 mg: +5.9%). The reduction in serum uric acid levels correlated with the increase in fractional excretion of uric acid and baseline uric acid levels. Renal function parameters as well as serum levels and fractional excretions of electrolytes remained unchanged in all groups. Changes in serum lipids were similar across groups.

Conclusion:

Simvastatin/ezetimibe 10/10 mg, simvastatin 40 mg, and rosuvastatin 10 mg exhibit a similar uric acid–lowering effect.
Substitute Care in Child Welfare and the Risk of Arrest
Authors: Ryan Joseph P.
Published: April 2012

This study sought to investigate whether the reason for placement was associated with the subsequent risk of arrest. The author has focused on youth entering care for reasons of maltreatment and for child behavioral problems. The author stratified the sample based on a history of juvenile delinquency. The sample was diverse and included youth between 8 and 16 years of age with at least one episode in a substitute care child welfare setting ( n = 5,528). Approximately 23% of youth were placed in child welfare for reasons others than maltreatment; specifically child behavioral problems. Youth placed for behavioral problems were significantly more likely to live in congregate care facilities, experience placement instability, and more likely to experience at least one arrest. A prevailing argument is that child welfare offers a broader range of family-based services as compared with the secure settings of juvenile justice. High rates of congregate care placement reported in the current study indicate that family-based services are infrequently associated with youth placed for behavioral problems in child welfare. High rates of subsequent arrest indicate that the congregate care approach for youth with behavioral problems in child welfare is limited.
Does different mean difficult? Contrastivity and foreign language reading: Some data on reading in German
Authors: Kaiser Irmtraud , Peyer Elisabeth , Berthele Raphael
Published: April 2012

In this article, we present data from a research project on reading in German as a foreign language. The main research focus of the project was the relevance and the difficulty of understanding certain grammatical structures of German. Our data provide a good basis for new insights into the question whether, how and when contrastivity and transfer of syntactic structures across languages influence in any significant way the acquisition of receptive competences in a foreign language. The results show that foreign language readers with a Romance L1 do not necessarily have problems in understanding German sentences containing contrastive structures, that is, structures that do not exist in their L1. A comparison of semantically equivalent sentences containing either contrastive or non-contrastive structures showed that only three out of seven contrastive structures are more difficult than their non-contrastive counterparts.
Reformulation of questions with candidate answers
Authors: Svennevig Jan
Published: April 2012

This article deals with a multiunit question format in which an open question is reformulated as a more specific yes–no question or a list of alternatives. The reformulation is considered a technique for preempting manifest or potential problems of formulating an appropriate answer. The reformulated question proposes one or more candidate answers to the original question and thereby guides the interlocutor in the direction of a relevant type of response. The question format is interpreted mainly as a practice for promoting understanding and participation by the nonnative speaker. In addition, it displays expectations of possible answers and may thus be considered a way of demonstrating common ground and thereby achieving affiliation. On the other hand, the alternatives proposed may on occasions restrain the freedom of the interlocutor to formulate an independent answer and may then be considered a dominating move.
‘Making friends with the neighbours’: Blogging as a research method
Authors: Olive Rebecca
Published: April 2012

During my research about women and surfing, I have found writing a blog useful as a tool for doing research in the cultural context of surfing. More than a simply a space to increase transparency in my ethnographic research process, blogging became a method of its own. Linking Elizabeth St Pierre’s discussion of research ‘folds’ with Elspeth Probyn’s encouragement to ‘think the social through myself’, blogging helped to address feminist concerns that research remains relevant to lived cultural understandings and experiences of the women participating. Blogging also helped in developing a language and a style of writing that reflects the experiences of surfing in a culturally meaningful way, and to provide a way of locating my own subjectivity within the research space. Through blogging I have been able to keep fieldnotes and ideas alive, engaged and in exchange throughout the project, moving and shifting through both theory and culture.
Engaging adolescent participants in academic research: the use of photo-elicitation interviews to evaluate school-based outdoor education programmes
Authors: Smith Erin F , Gidlow Bob , Steel Gary
Published: April 2012

This article examines the use of photo-elicitation interviews as a qualitative research method when studying aspects of adolescent behaviour. In particular, it describes and evaluates the use of photo-elicitation interviews to investigate the outdoor education experiences of a group of 34 (12 male, 22 female) New Zealand secondary school students (aged 14–15 years old) who attended a school-based outdoor education programme, referred to throughout as ‘school camp’. Results indicate that the use of cameras, and hence photographs, are attractive features of the technique that render it suitable for engaging young people in academic research and exploring social experiences. While the inclusion of cameras also presents some methodological limitations and ethical considerations, photo-elicitation interviewing is a useful addition to the suite of qualitative research methods employed in outdoor education research.
Perceptual Speech and Paralinguistic Skills of Adolescents With Williams Syndrome
Authors: Hargrove Patricia M. , Pittelko Stephen , Fillingane Evan , Rustman Emily , Lund Bonnie
Published: April 2012

The purpose of this research was to compare selected speech and paralinguistic skills of speakers with Williams syndrome (WS) and typically developing peers and to demonstrate the feasibility of providing preexisting databases to students to facilitate graduate research. In a series of three studies, conversational samples of 12 adolescents with WS and 12 adolescents matched for chronological age and sex were compared on a variety of speech and paralinguistic measures. The participants with WS performed similarly to age-matched peers on intelligibility, percentage consonants correct, loudness, phrasing, and pitch. There was a significant difference between the groups of participants for modified phonological mean length of utterances, mean syllables per word attempted and accurate productions, whole word accuracy, fillers, laughter, repetitions/reformulations, sound effects, rate, stress, and voice quality. In several cases, the performance of the adolescents with WS was stronger than age-matched participants.
Military Cognitive Readiness at the Operational and Strategic Levels
Authors: Grier Rebecca A.
Published: April 2012

Military cognitive readiness is a somewhat new concept that has been defined many ways. In this article, I review these definitions and propose that cognitive readiness is not just one construct, but three inter-related constructs akin to the military levels of war and readiness (tactical, operational, & strategic). Each of these constructs requires cognitive performance in complex, uncertain, and stressful military operations. However, the nature of performance is different for each. Thus, each level of cognitive readiness requires different measures. As a first step in the development of measures for operational and strategic cognitive readiness, a review of research related to predicting cognitive performance in complex, uncertain, and stressful operations was conducted. From this review a set of inherent psychological factors and their measures were identified. The article concludes by indicating what future steps are needed to develop measures of both operational and strategic readiness.
System Dynamics Modeling of Sensory-Driven Decision Priming
Authors: Patterson Robert Earl , Fournier Lisa R. , Williams Logan , Amann Ryan , Tripp Lisa M. , Pierce Byron J.
Published: April 2012

The authors present an empirical investigation and a system dynamics model of human decision priming. Decision priming occurs when initial information creates the expectation that a given decision is appropriate, which speeds up or slows down decision making. A conjunction benefits-and-costs paradigm was used to collect the empirical data, whereas system dynamics techniques were used to create a computational model of decision priming. Decision priming occurred with simulated naturalistic stimuli (i.e., models of military tanks in a desert scene presented in perspective view), the results of which were modeled in a parallel-channels coactive architecture. Simulation revealed that the basic features of decision priming in humans could be simulated with this architecture. Decision priming likely occurs in naturalistic settings. Predictions derived from the model could provide useful information for the design of multimodal or multichannel displays.
Affective Dimensions of the Phenomenon of Double Bookkeeping in Delusions
Authors: Bortolotti Lisa , Broome Matthew R.
Published: April 2012

It has been argued that schizophrenic delusions are “behaviourally inert.” This is evidence for the phenomenon of “double bookkeeping,” according to which people are not consistent in their commitment to the content of their delusions. The traditional explanation for the phenomenon is that people do not genuinely believe the content of their delusions. In the article, we resist the traditional explanation and offer an alternative hypothesis: people with delusions often fail to acquire or to maintain the motivation to act on their delusional beliefs. This may be due to avolition, to emotional disturbances, or to the fact that, given the peculiar content of some delusions, the surrounding environment does not support the agent’s motivation to act.
Bodily Feeling in Depersonalization: A Phenomenological Account
Authors: Colombetti Giovanna , Ratcliffe Matthew
Published: April 2012

This paper addresses the phenomenology of bodily feeling in depersonalization disorder. We argue that not all bodily feelings are intentional states that have the body or part of it as their object. We distinguish three broad categories of bodily feeling: noematic feeling, noetic feeling, and existential feeling. Then we show how an appreciation of the differences between them can contribute to an understanding of the depersonalization experience.
Loss of Affect in Intellectual Activity
Authors: Goldie Peter
Published: April 2012

In this article I will consider how loss of affect in our intellectual lives, through depression for example, can be as debilitating as loss of affect elsewhere in our lives. This will involve showing that there are such things as intellectual emotions, that their role in intellectual activity is not merely as an aid to the intellect, and that loss of affect changes not only one’s motivations, but also one’s overall evaluative take on the world.
Affective Self-Construal and the Sense of Ability
Authors: Slaby Jan
Published: April 2012

How should we construe the unity, in affective experience, of felt bodily changes on the one hand and intentionality on the other, without forcing affective phenomena into a one-sided theoretical framework such as cognitivism? To answer this question, I will consider the specific kind of self-awareness implicit in affectivity. In particular, I will explore the idea that a bodily sense of ability is crucial for affective self-awareness. Describing the affective ways of “grasping oneself” manifest in a person’s felt sense of ability will help us understand the intimate connection between bodily feelings and intentionality in affective processes. In order to illustrate these experiential structures in a concrete case, I will discuss experiential changes often reported by sufferers of depression.
Delusional Atmosphere, the Everyday Uncanny, and the Limits of Secondary Sense
Authors: Thornton Tim
Published: April 2012

In Paradoxes of Delusion, Sass aims to use passages from Wittgenstein to characterize the feeling of “mute particularity” that forms a part of delusional atmosphere. I argue that Wittgenstein’s discussion provides no helpful positive account. But his remarks on more everyday cases of the uncanny and the feeling of unreality might seem to promise a better approach via the expressive use of words in secondary sense. I argue that this also is a false hope but that, interestingly, there can be no interesting or substantial explanation of this failure.
A Cognitive Neuroscience Approach to Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Social Phobia
Authors: Blair Karina S. , Blair R. J. R.
Published: April 2012

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and social phobia (SP) are major anxiety disorders identified by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV). They are comorbid, overlap in symptoms, yet present with distinct features (worry in GAD and fear of embarrassment in SP). Both have also been explained in terms of conditioning-based models. However, there is little reasoning currently to believe that GAD in adulthood reflects heightened conditionability or heightened threat processing—though patients with SP may show heightened processing of social threat stimuli. Moreover, the computational architectures that maintain these disorders in adulthood are different. For GAD this may reflect the development of an inefficient “worrying” strategy of emotional regulation. For SP this appears to reflect the atypical processing of self-referential information.
Saudade – a Key Portuguese Emotion
Authors: Silva Zuzanna Bułat
Published: April 2012

I analyze the linguistic picture of the Portuguese emotion saudade, roughly “nostalgia,” in an attempt to show its cultural significance and contradict the view that nostalgia is a marginal feeling, deprived of any practical function.
Head impact conditions in the case of cyclist falls
Authors: Bourdet Nicolas , Deck Caroline , Carreira Rui P , Willinger Rémy
Published: April 2012

In 2009 approximately half of the French population owned a bicycle. However, the cyclist’s accident rate is the highest of all road users. Hence, it is necessary to set up a protection system for cyclists, especially for the cephalic segment. Currently, relatively little literature has dealt with the head impact condition for this kind of accident, especially for cases of cyclist falls. Therefore, the objective of this work was to identify the initial conditions for head impact in cases of cycling fall accidents. The present paper proposes a parametric study by simulating a lot of accident scenarios. A total of 1024 simulations have been automatically carried out using Madymo®’s software and a specially designed program. Two situations of cycling falls have been investigated according to real accident configuration: cyclist falls due to skidding and after hitting a curb. The TNO (Dutch Organization for Applied Scientific Research, Nederlandse Organisatie voor Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek) pedestrian 50th percentile human model was coupled to a city bicycle model. The analysed outputs are head impact area and head velocity before impact. The work has provided a solid information base for future work on cyclist accidents. The parametric analysis was also used to study the effects of poorly known environmental parameters, such as speed or torso inclination. The results provided estimates of the impact area and speed of the head, which helps to improve the design of safer helmets and of helmet certification standards tests.
Safety and efficacy of pralatrexate in the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory peripheral T-cell lymphoma
Authors: Marchi Enrica , O’Connor Owen A.
Published: April 2012

T-cell lymphomas (TCL) are a diverse and heterogeneous group of malignancies that represent less than 15% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Initial refinements of the clinical classification of these complex diseases have been made, but a better understanding of their molecular pathogenesis is still needed. Even if the paucity of insights into the underlying pathogenesis of TCLs has hindered our ability to develop rational targeted therapies, significant advances have been made. Pralatrexate (10-propargyl 10-deazaaminopterin) is a unique antifolate that has been rationally designed to have high affinity for the reduced folate receptor (RFC) and the folylpolyglutamate synthetase (FPGS) and was the first drug ever approved for the treatment of relapsed and refractory peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCL). This review describes the preclinical development of pralatrexate that led to early-phase clinical trials in lung cancer and lymphoma and its subsequent approval in PTCL. The review also describes how pralatrexate has been combined with other agents in both the preclinical and clinical settings. FDA approval for the use of pralatrexate in PTCL has been granted based on the results of the pivotal Phase II trial of this agent in relapsed and refractory PTCL patients. clinical development, pralatrexate, preclinical data, T-cell lymphoma
Bleeding risks are higher in children versus adults given prophylactic platelet transfusions for treatment-induced hypoproliferative thrombocytopenia
Authors: Josephson Cassandra D. , Granger Suzanne , Assmann Susan F. , Castillejo Marta-Inés , Strauss Ronald G. , Slichter Sherrill J. , Steiner Marie E. , Journeycake Janna M. , Thornburg Courtney D. , Bussel James , Grabowski Eric F. , Neufeld Ellis J. , Savage William , Sloan Steven R.
Published: April 2012

Age-group analyses were conducted of patients in the prophylactic platelet dose trial (PLADO), which evaluated the relation between platelet dose per transfusion and bleeding. Hospitalized patients with treatment-induced hypoproliferative thrombocytopenia were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 platelet doses: 1.1 × 1011, 2.2 × 1011, or 4.4 × 1011 platelets/m2 per transfusion, given for morning counts of ≤ 10 000 platelets/μL. Daily hemostatic assessments were performed. The primary end point (percentage of patients who developed grade 2 or higher World Health Organization bleeding) was evaluated in 198 children (0-18 years) and 1044 adults. Although platelet dose did not predict bleeding for any age group, children overall had a significantly higher risk of grade 2 or higher bleeding than adults (86%, 88%, 77% vs 67% of patients aged 0-5 years, 6-12 years, 13-18 years, vs adults, respectively) and more days with grade 2 or higher bleeding (median, 3 days in each pediatric group vs 1 day in adults; P < .001). The effect of age on bleeding differed by disease treatment category and was most pronounced among autologous transplant recipients. Pediatric subjects were at higher risk of bleeding over a wide range of platelet counts, indicating that their excess bleeding risk may be because of factors other than platelet counts. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT00128713.