bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3D CFD Based Optimization Technique for Muffler Design of a Motorcycle
Authors: Habib Mohammad Ahsan , Patwari Md Anayet Ullah , Anwar Ahmad Syed , Shadman Sakib , Abir Oneeruddho Hussain
Published: December 2016

In order to minimize the sound transmission due to exhaust gases, the most common and important part of the engine system is muffler. A back pressure on engine is always produce due to the use of the exhaust muffler. This back pressure represents the extra static pressure exerted by the muffler on the engine through the restriction in flow of exhaust gases. The back pressure mainly depends on the internal shape and overall design of the exhaust muffler. Design of muffler is a complex function that affects noise characteristics, emission and fuel efficiency of engine. In this study, a combine model of response surface methodology (RSM) and desirability analysis is used for optimizing the back pressure of a motorcycle reactive muffler, in order to improve the performance of the muffler. For this optimization process, the design variable parameters are size of perforation, number of perforation and chamber size. To measure the back pressure 3D CFD based CAE software has been used. Prediction of acoustics transmission loss virtually is an important analysis required for the development of muffler at an initial design stage. For this reason, for the optimized design virtual acoustics transmission loss analysis is conducted. It is found that after optimizing the design of the muffler, the back pressure is decreased and the acoustics transmission loss is increased that can ensure the improvement of the muffler efficiency.
Investigation of Quality of Drilled Holes by Guiding the Drill Bit Using Permanent Magnet on a Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composite Material
Authors: Patwari Md Anayet Ullah , Yusuf Suleiman Mohammed , Habib Mohammad Ahsan , Ragib Shahrair , Azam Ferdous
Published: December 2016

The use of glass fibre reinforced polymer composite materials (GFRP) increases due to its superior properties that draw the attention of the other researches focusing on relevant aspects concerning the machining of such materials. In conventional machining for hole creation, drilling is the most frequently employed machining process for hole generation in fibre reinforced materials. Due to the laminated structure of the composite materials, several types of damages and other surface irregularities are introduced during drilling processes. These defects in the holes lead to about 60% of the rejections in assembly plant. Surface roughness has been identified to be the main contribution for defects in holes machined in composites. These defects would create reduction in structural stiffness, which may lead to variation of dynamic performance of the whole structure. Hence, achieving the desired hole quality is of great importance for the functional behaviour of the mechanical parts. In the present work, the effect of permanent magnet on the quality of drilled holes on GFRP composite is presented. Experiments are performed under different magnetic drilling conditions of spindle speed, feed rate and drill diameter on CNC drilling machine using three levels of factors. A procedure has been adopted to assess and optimize the chosen factors by the use of Box Behnken design to analyse the effects of different parameters. From the experimental results, it has been observed that the technique used is convenient to predict the main effects and their interaction effects of different influential combinations of machining parameters on surface roughness. It has been found that effect of permanent magnetic on the guiding mechanism of the drill bit which lead to get improved surface roughness with better circularity compared to normal drilling processes. A mathematical model has been developed for the prediction of surface roughness using permanent magnet and normal drilling processes.
Effects of Rice Husk Ash and Brick Waste on the Properties of Construction Bricks
Authors: Sorna Sadia Momtaz , Anjum Seefat E. , Ashraf Sabrina Binte , Haque Rezaul
Published: December 2016

This research reports the effects of rice husk ash and brick waste on the properties of construction brick. Clay is the raw material for producing brick. Both rice husk ash and brick waste are waste materials which can be added to clay to produce better quality brick with lower cost. Bricks of size 77mm x 38mm x 26mm were produced by stiff mud process. Three different sized rice husk ash and brick waste were used in different amounts (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by volume) as a partial replacement of clay while preparing the bricks. Some properties like drying and firing shrinkage, bulk density, and cold crushing strength were measured. There was decrease in drying and firing shrinkage, slight reduction in bulk density and decrease in cold crushing strength with increasing the rice husk ash and brick waste particle percentages.
Fabrication of CoNiP Thin Films with Improved Magnetic Property for Application in MEMS
Authors: Haque M.S. , Rahman M.F. , Zaman M.M. , Matin M.A. , Hakim A.K.M.A. , Islam M.F.
Published: December 2016

This paper reports on fabricated hard magnetic cobalt nickel phosphorous (CoNiP) films with electro-chemically deposition technique on copper substrate in the presence of different urea (0 to 10 g/L) and NaH2PO2 (16 to 21 g/L) concentrations. Thin films were obtained at current density ranges from 5 to 20 mA/cm2 and temperature varies from ambient temperature to 60°C. Magnetic properties namely coercivity, remanent magnetization, saturation magnetization and squareness of the films were studied using Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM). The result showed that for bath containing higher concentration of urea (10 g/L), bright films with higher coercivity were obtained at moderate current density (15 mA/cm2) and at higher temperatures (40-60°C). In contrary, uniform and bright films were produced at ambient temperature in bath containing no urea or lower concentration of urea. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed that porosity and cracking tendency are increased with increasing temperature. CoNiP thin films with improved magnetic properties are thus obtained for plausible applications in high density recording media and MEMS.
Effectiveness of behavioral modification techniques with visual distraction using intrasulcular local anesthesia in hearing disabled children during pulp therapy
Authors: Fakhruddin Kausar Sadia , Gorduysus Mehmet Omer , El Batawi Hisham
Published: December 2016

Objective: Assessing the effectiveness of behavioral modification techniques in combination with visual distraction with/ without video eyewear using computerized delivery system-intrasulcular (CDS-IS) during the application of local anesthetic in hearing-impaired pediatric patients undergoing pulp therapy of primary molars. Materials and Methods: This randomized, crossover clinical study includes 15 children (7 boys and 8 girls), mean age was 6.1 years. Children were randomly distributed into two groups (Group A, n = 7; Group B, n = 8). The study involved three sessions, 1-week apart. During Session I, employing Tell-Show-Do technique, prophylactic dental cleaning was done while participants were watching a movie with sign-language interpretation with/without visual eyewear. At the end of Session I, score on Smiley Faces Program was used for anxiety assessment. During Session II and III, respectively, both groups underwent pulp treatment of equivalent teeth in the opposite sides of the mouth with/without video eyewear vice versa. After the procedure, children were instructed to rate their pain during treatment on the Wong-Bakers’ (WBs’) Faces Pain Scale. Changes in pulse oximeter and heart rate were recorded every 5 min. Paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test were used to assess the significance of changes during each visit. Results: There was a significant (P > 0.04) change in the heart rate observed for Group A underwent pulp treatment while watching video using video eyewear. Self-reported mean pain score also increases during treatment sessions’ with video eyewear, for both groups. Conclusion: Routine psychological (Tell-Show-Do) intervention along with visual distraction with full visibility of the surrounding and use of CDS-IS system for anesthetic delivery is recommended as an effective behavior management technique for children with hearing impairment undergoing invasive dental treatment.
Comparison of temporary anchorage devices and transpalatal arch-mediated anchorage reinforcement during canine retraction
Authors: Kecik Defne
Published: December 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the dental and skeletal effects of canine retraction using conventional anchorage reinforcement systems and comparing them with the usage of TADs. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 50 patients having Class I malocclusions with bimaxillary protrusion indicated for first premolar extraction, and allocated into two groups. The first group consisted of 25 patients with a mean age of 18,7 years (min:14, max:22 years, 16 girls and 9 boys) that TADs were applied as an anchorage mechanic between attached gingiva of upper second premolar and first molar teeth. The second group consisted of 25 patients with a mean age of 19,4 years (min:15, max:23 years, 14 girls and 11 boys) that conventional molar anchorage with Transpalatal arch (TPA) was applied for the anchorage mechanics against canine retraction. Results: The results showed that mean mesial movement and the tipping of the first molars in TAD group between T0 - T1 were insignificant (P > 0,05), however in the TPA group were significant (P<0,01). Vertical movement of the molars were not significant when two groups were compared (P>0,05). Conclusion: Although TPA is a useful appliance, it doesn't provide an effective anchorage control on anteroposterior movement maxillary first molar teeth concerning first premolar extraction treatment. TADs are more convenient to provide absolute anchorage during maxillary canine retraction in contrast to transpalatal arch.
Restorative rehabilitation in a patient with sports trauma
Authors: Rashid Haroon , Vohra Fahim , Lillywhite Graeme R.
Published: December 2016

Sports trauma frequently involves insult to oral soft and hard tissues resulting in loss of tooth structure and tooth loss. Multiple sporting equipment's are employed to prevent irreversible damage to oro-facial structures, and to reduce the overall cost of treatment. However in the undesired consequence of loss of oral structures, multiple treatment options are utilized to restore, esthetics, comfort and function. Osseointegrated implant supported rehabilitation of oral structures in trauma cases provides highly predictable treatment outcomes along with preservation of remaining tissues. This case report presents the management of avulsed teeth caused by hockey stick injury, with osseointegrated dental implant supported fixed partial dentures in esthetic zone using contemporary restorative techniques.
Periodontal health status and implication of periodic acid–Schiff diastase - a key in exfoliative cytology among diabetics mellitus patients: A case–control study
Authors: Imran Aesha , Parakh Mayank Kumar , Kumar Satish Muthu , Nachiammai N. , Sriram K.
Published: December 2016

Objectives: The objectives of the study are: (i) To determine if periodic acid–Schiff (PAS)-Diastase is an effective tool to diagnose DM noninvasively, (ii) to use three different types of staining procedures to identify the staining pattern over the exfoliated cells of normal and diabetic patients, (iii) to study the periodontal health status of DM and normal subjects. Materials and Methods: Basic questions regarding the demographic data were asked, following which community periodontal index (CPI) was recorded. Oral smears were collected from clinically normal buccal mucosa of 150 patients using wooden tongue spatulas. The subjects were asked to gargle their mouth with water and the wooden spatula was scraped at the site from buccal mucosa. The smears were spread evenly on a dry clean glass slide and fixed immediately with absolute ethyl alcohol. Three slides were prepared for each of the patients. PAS, PAS with diastase digestion, and Papanicolaou staining were performed and examined under a microscope. Results: Average CPI for study subjects was 3.2 and control subjects was 2.1. The average loss of attachment was 1.1 in the study group and 0.2 in the control group (P - 0.00) and the result are statistically highly significant. All the 150 cases (100%) were positive for PAS staining, while PAS-diastase (PAS-D) staining showed positivity only for normal subjects and was negative (100%) in the diabetic group (P - 0.00) and the result are statistically highly significant. Conclusions: Results of our study showed that exfoliative cytology of the oral cavity, when stained with PAS and PAS-D, can be used as an effective screening and diagnostic tool for DM patients.
A self-disinfecting irreversible hydrocolloid impression material mixed with povidone iodine powder
Authors: Ismail Hussien Abdalfatah , Asfour Hani , Shikho Souaad Abdulelah
Published: December 2016

Objectives: The aim was to evaluate the effect of adding povidone (PVP) iodine powder with different concentrations to irreversible hydrocolloid on both microbiological and dimensional stability. Materials and Methods: Regular set of (alginate) irreversible hydrocolloid was selected as control group. PVP-iodine powder was mixed with the alginate powder at concentrations of 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20% by weight (test groups). All specimens were tested for their antimicrobial effect against Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus as well as dimensional stability. Results: The results of test groups showed that concentrations 1, 5, and 10, weight % had little effect against S. mutans and S. aureus microorganisms. While concentrations 15 and 20 weight % had demonstrated greater effect on microbial growth. The mean of dimensional stability in mm of modified alginate with PVP-iodine at 15 and 20 weight % was –0.119 ± 0.255 and –0.035 ± 0.074, respectively. While the mean dimensional stability in mm of unmodified alginate was –0.112 ± 0.176 . The results of dimensional stability showed that 15 and 20 concentrations of test groups adversely affect the dimensional stability. The adverse effect was noticed to be significant in concentration 20%, where as it was nonsignificant in 15% concentration. Conclusion: Modified alginate impression material with 15 weight % PVP-iodine powered give the material, a self-disinfected properties with less deteriorating effect on dimensional stability.
Efficacy of LA Axxess burs, Gates Glidden drills and Protaper Sx in obtaining straight line access in mesiobuccal roots of mandibular first molars: A cone-beam computed tomography assessment
Authors: Verma Promila , Bains Rhythm , Tikku A. P. , Chandra Anil , Mehta Shibha
Published: December 2016

Objective: This study aims at cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) evaluation of the ability of Gates Glidden (GG) drills, Protaper Sx, and LA Axxess burs to produce a straight line access (SLA) in mesiobuccal canals of mandibular first molars. Methodology: Forty-five freshly extracted mandibular teeth with a canal curvature of 10-20° were taken for the study and divided into three groups according to the instruments used for cervical preflaring: Group I (LA Axxess burs), Group II (GG drills), and Group III (Protaper Sx). Pre- and post-instrumentation CBCT images were evaluated for comparing the ability of GG drills, Protaper Sx and LA Axxess burs to produce an SLA in mesiobuccal canals of mandibular first molars. Results: There was no significant change (P = 0.06) in the angle in the preSLA images of LA Axxess Group I (12.37 ± 1.01), GG Group II (13.39 ± 1.74), and Protaper Sx Group III (13.90 ± 1.74). The mean decrease in the angle from preSLA to postSLA was significant for all the three groups (P = 0.0001). However, the mean change was highest in Group I (4.25 ± 1.14), followed by Group II (3.28 ± 1.22) and Group III (2.89 ± 1.53). Conclusion: LA Axxess burs were the most effective in reducing the coronal curvature and produced a straighter access to apical third compared to GG Drills and Protaper Sx.
Prevalence of C-shaped mandibular molars in the Portuguese population evaluated by cone-beam computed tomography
Authors: Martins Jorge N. R. , Mata António , Marques Duarte , Caramês João
Published: December 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of first and second C-shaped mandibular molars in a Western European population of Portuguese Caucasians. Materials and Methods: Patients having both routine panoramic radiograph and presurgical cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) exams were selected. The CBCT examination was performed at five different axial levels and the mandibular molars were classified as C-shape according to the Fan criteria. Differences between genders, age groups, left and right side, type of tooth, and root concavity side were determined. The molars were classified as nonfused roots (NFRI–II), FRI–III, or single root with single canal (SS) groups, using the panoramic radiograph. The prevalence of C-shaped anatomy was calculated to each group. Results: A total of 1783 teeth (695 first molars and 1088 second molars) from 792 patients were included in the study. The prevalence of C-shaped configurations was 0.6% and 8.5% to mandibular first and second molars, respectively. The differences between gender, teeth, and root concavity direction were considered statistically significant (P < 0.05). The FR had a significantly higher rate of C-shapes when compared to NFR (P < 0.05). Intrarater reliability was 93.6%. Conclusions: The FR radiographic appearance may be considered a predictor of this anatomy. Second mandibular molars and females had a higher incidence ratio. Apparently, the mandibular C-shaped anatomy is more common in the population of this study than that has been previously reported for the European population.
The effect of education on oral health students’ attitudes in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Tanny Liyana , Komabayashi Takashi , Long D. Leann , Yahata Yoshio , Moffat Susan M. , Tãne Helen
Published: December 2016

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the oral health attitudes and behavior of students in the oral health curriculum in Australia and New Zealand. Materials and Methods: The Hiroshima University - Dental Behavioral Inventory was administered to students in the first (year 1) and final years (year 3) of the oral health curriculum at Charles Sturt University in Australia and the University of Otago in New Zealand. A total of fifty-two year 1 students and forty-five year 3 students completed English version of the questionnaire in 2013. The responses were statistically analyzed by Fisher's exact tests and exact logistic regression models. Results: The responses of students in years 1 and 3 differed significantly for “I worry about the color of my teeth” at Charles Sturt University and at the University Otago, for “I think my teeth are getting worse despite my daily brushing,” “I put off going to the dentist until I have a toothache,” and “I don't feel I've brushed well unless I brush with strong strokes.” The estimated odds ratios from the exact logistic regression models showed that year 1 students were more likely to agree with above-mentioned four questions. Conclusions: Oral Health students who had been educated in a 3-year oral health curriculum in Australia and New Zealand had more positive attitudes and behaviors related oral health than did students at the beginning of their curriculum.
Monotone Finite Volume Scheme for Three Dimensional Diffusion Equation on Tetrahedral Meshes
Authors: Lai Xiang , Sheng Zhiqiang , Yuan Guangwei
Published: December 2016

We construct a nonlinear monotone finite volume scheme for three-dimensional diffusion equation on tetrahedral meshes. Since it is crucial important to eliminate the vertex unknowns in the construction of the scheme, we present a new efficient eliminating method. The scheme has only cell-centered unknowns and can deal with discontinuous or tensor diffusion coefficient problems on distorted meshes rigorously. The numerical results illustrate that the resulting scheme can preserve positivity on distorted tetrahedral meshes, and also show that our scheme appears to be approximate second-order accuracy for solution.
Computing Optimal Interfacial Structure of Modulated Phases
Authors: Xu Jie , Wang Chu , Shi An-Chang , Zhang Pingwen
Published: December 2016

We propose a general framework of computing interfacial structures between two modulated phases. Specifically we propose to use a computational box consisting of two half spaces, each occupied by a modulated phase with given position and orientation. The boundary conditions and basis functions are chosen to be commensurate with the bulk phases. We observe that the ordered nature of modulated structures stabilizes the interface, which enables us to obtain optimal interfacial structures by searching local minima of the free energy landscape. The framework is applied to the Landau-Brazovskii model to investigate interfaces between modulated phases with different relative positions and orientations. Several types of novel complex interfacial structures emerge from the calculations.
Artificial Boundary Conditions for Nonlocal Heat Equations on Unbounded Domain
Authors: Zhang Wei , Yang Jiang , Zhang Jiwei , Du Qiang
Published: December 2016

This paper is concerned with numerical approximations of a nonlocal heat equation define on an infinite domain. Two classes of artificial boundary conditions (ABCs) are designed, namely, nonlocal analog Dirichlet-to-Neumann-type ABCs (global in time) and high-order Padé approximate ABCs (local in time). These ABCs reformulate the original problem into an initial-boundary-value (IBV) problem on a bounded domain. For the global ABCs, we adopt a fast evolution to enhance computational efficiency and reduce memory storage. High order fully discrete schemes, both second-order in time and space, are given to discretize two reduced problems. Extensive numerical experiments are carried out to show the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed methods.
Аффинные базисы Рисса и дуальная функция
Authors: Terekhin Pavel Aleksandrovich
Published: December 2016

Изучаются системы функций на единичном отрезке, порожденные двоичными сжатиями и целочисленными сдвигами одной функции. Подобные системы находят широкое применение в теории всплесков, в нелинейных, в частности жадных, аппроксимациях, в вопросах представления функций рядами, в задачах вычислительной математики и т.д. Получены условия и в некоторых частных случаях критерии на порождающую функцию, при выполнении которых система образует систему Бесселя, базис Рисса, ортонормированную систему и, отдельно, полную систему. Для этого вводится и исследуется понятие дуальной функции к порождающей функции системы. Часть из представленных условий легко проверяемы на практике, что продемонстрировано на примерах.
Библиография: 25 названий.
Явные формулы для инвариантов Черна-Саймонса орбиобразий скрученных узлов и реберные многочлены скрученных узлов
Authors: Ham Ji-Young , Lee Joongul
Published: December 2016

Вычислены инварианты Черна-Саймонса орбиобразий скрученных узлов при помощи формулы Шляфли для обобщенной функции Черна-Саймонса на семействе конических структур скрученных узлов. Приведены явные формулы и конкретные вычисления с использованием общего подхода Хильдена, Лозана и Монтесиноса-Амилибиа. При помощи теоремы Пифагора (из работ Хама, Медных и Петрова) связаны комплексная длина долготы и комплексное расстояние между двумя осями, неподвижными под действием образующих. В качестве приложения вычислены инварианты Черна-Саймонса циклических накрытий гиперболических орбиобразий скрученных узлов. При помощи многочленов комплексных расстояний выведена явная формула для $A$-многочленов скрученных узлов. Описаны реберные многочлены, соответствующие ребрам многоугольников Ньютона $A$-многочленов скрученных узлов. В частности, показано, что число компонент границы любой несжимаемой поверхности, соответствующей ребру с наклоном $-4n+2$, равно $2$.
Библиография: 39 названий.
Comparison of Ultrasonography and Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology in the Diagnosis of Malignant Breast Lesions in a Rural Setup
Authors: Kalwani Rounak , Kher K , Daftari Sonam
Published: December 2016

Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women worldwide. These rising trends have emphasized the need of prompt detection, effective clinical evaluation, and exact diagnosis of the breast disease.

Aim: To analyze and compare the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values and accuracy of ultrasonography (USG) and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in diagnosing malignant breast lump.

Materials and methods: A cross-sectional, prospective study was done. One hundred sixteen female patients attending surgery department with breast lump were included. After complete clinical evaluation of the lump, all patients underwent USG and FNAC examination for diagnosis of the lump, and further subjected to excisional biopsy/definitive surgery, the results of which were further compared with the histopathological results to determine the accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of FNAC and USG.

Results: Out of 116, 61 (52.58%) benign lesions were found while the remaining 55 (47.41%) resulted to be malignant lesions on histopathological examination (HPE). Ultrasonography reported 46 true positive, 60 true negative, and 4 false negative cases with 6 inconclusive reports; whereas, FNAC reported 47 true positive, 61 true negative, and 6 false negative cases with 2 inconclusive reports. There were no false positive cases detected by USG and FNAC. Thus, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy for USG was found to be 92, 100, 100, 93.75, and 96.36% (χ2-value = 94.88, p-value = 0.0001,S) and values of 88.68, 100, 100, 91.04, and 94.73% were obtained for FNAC respectively (χ2-value = 92.04, p = 0.0001,S).

Conclusion: In diagnosing malignant breast lesion, USG and FNAC are 100% specific. Although USG appears more sensitive than FNAC, the percentage of indeterminate report is higher with USG.
Role of Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography in Cases of Obstructive Jaundice in Correlation with Ultrasonography
Authors: Jiwani Mohammadali , Banode Pankaj , Kharche Ashutosh , Jiwani Atieya , Vaidhya S
Published: December 2016

Jaundice is a common problem in society, it is important to discriminate between obstructive and non obstructive cause due to high morbidity in cases of obstructive jaundice, also non obstructive jaundice requires medical management while obstructive jaundice requires surgical intervention. Our study was done with aims to determine role of MRCP in cases of obstructive jaundice in correlation with ultrasonography keeping post surgical follow ups/ ERCP/ histopathology as gold standard for final diagnosis. All patients in our study undergone USG followed by MRCP. We had included total 100 patients out of which 58 females and 42 males. Out of all patients we have observed 56 malignant causes and 44 benign causes. We have observed benign conditions are seen more frequently in adults while increase in frequency of malignancy with increase in age thus there found to have direct relationship of malignant etiology with increase in age. Most common benign cause observed in our study was choledocholithiasis while most common malignancy was carcinoma head of pancreas. In our study we have concluded that MRCP is better modality with high sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy as compared to USG also with use of MRCP invasive procedures like ERCP can be avoided just for diagnostic purpose. We have also noticed few limitations of both USG and MRCP in process of diagnosis.
Askin Tumor: A Case Report of Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors of the Chest Wall – Computed Tomography Findings
Authors: Chandak Namita , Kashikar Shivali , Khan Shiba , Khan Saherish
Published: December 2016

Askin tumor is a rare malignant neoplasm in the thoracopulmonary region. Its diagnostic approach is complex and requires a multidisciplinary team. Given the rarity of this entity, we report a case of Askin's tumor.
Justice and U.S. Occupational Therapy Practice: A Relationship 100 Years in the Making
Authors: Aldrich Rebecca M. , Boston Tessa L. , Daaleman Claire E.
Published: December 2016

At 99 years old, occupational therapy is a global health care profession with a growing orientation toward justice. Because much of the occupational justice discourse has developed outside the United States, parallels between the profession’s ethos and its current focus on justice must be examined more closely in this country. Although occupational therapy practitioners in the United States are better equipped than their predecessors with language and theories that explicitly emphasize justice, the potential for bringing that focus to bear depends on practitioners’ willingness to think differently about their practices. We argue that a focus on justice can be naturally integrated with curriculum standards by emphasizing the link between cultural humility, client-centeredness, and embodied habits of “seeking out unknown others.” Outside formal education, practitioners can be encouraged to think of justice as something that already intersects with practice, not something that practitioners must choose whether to take up.
Effectiveness of Occupational Therapy Interventions for Musculoskeletal Shoulder Conditions: A Systematic Review
Authors: Marik Tambra L. , Roll Shawn C.
Published: December 2016

People with musculoskeletal disorders of the shoulder commonly experience pain, decreased strength, and restricted range of motion (ROM) that limit participation in meaningful occupational activities. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the current evidence for interventions within the occupational therapy scope of practice that address pain reduction and increase participation in functional activities. Seventy-six studies were reviewed for this study—67 of Level I evidence, 7 of Level II evidence, and 2 of Level III evidence. Strong evidence was found that ROM, strengthening exercises, and joint mobilizations can improve function and decrease pain. The evidence to support physical modalities is moderate to mixed, depending on the shoulder disorder. Occupational therapy practitioners can use this evidence to guide daily clinical decision making.
Effectiveness of Occupational Therapy Interventions for Adults With Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review
Authors: Poole Janet L. , Siegel Patricia
Published: December 2016

OBJECTIVE. This systematic review addresses the effectiveness of occupational therapy–related interventions for adults with fibromyalgia.

METHOD. We examined the literature published between January 2000 and June 2014. A total of 322 abstracts from five databases were reviewed. Forty-two Level I studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies were evaluated primarily with regard to the following outcomes: daily activities, pain, depressive symptoms, fatigue, and sleep.

RESULTS. Strong evidence was found for interventions categorized for this review as cognitive–behavioral interventions; relaxation and stress management; emotional disclosure; physical activity; and multidisciplinary interventions for improving daily living, pain, depressive symptoms, and fatigue. There was limited to no evidence for self-management, and few interventions resulted in better sleep.

CONCLUSION. Although the evidence supports interventions within the scope of occupational therapy practice for people with fibromyalgia, few interventions were occupation based.
Response of Global Surface Ozone Distribution to Northern Hemispheric Sea Surface Temperature Changes: Implication for Long-Range Transport
Authors: Yi Kan , Liu Junfeng , Ban-Weiss George , Zhang Jiachen , Tao Wei , Tao Shu
Published: December 2016

Abstract. The response of surface O3 concentrations to basin-scale warming and cooling of Northern Hemispheric oceans is investigated using the Community Earth System Model (CESM). Idealized spatially uniform sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies of ±1 ºC are superimposed onto the North Pacific, North Atlantic, and North Indian oceans, individually. Our simulations suggest seasonal and regional variability of surface O3 in response to SST anomalies, especially in boreal summer. Increasing (decreasing) SST by 1 ºC in one of the regions of focus induces decreases (increases) in surface O3 concentrations, ranging from 1 to 5 ppbv. With fixed emissions, SST increases of a specific ocean in the Northern Hemisphere tend to increase summertime surface O3 concentrations over upwind continents, accompanied with a widespread reduction over downwind regions. We implement the integrated process analysis (IPR) in CESM and find that meteorological O3 transport in response to SST changes is the key process causing surface O3 perturbations in most cases. During boreal summer, basin-scale SST warming facilitates vertical transport of O3 to the surface over upwind regions while significantly reducing vertical transport over continents that are downwind. This process, as confirmed by tagged CO tracers, implicates a considerable suppression of O3 intercontinental transport due to increased stagnation at mid-latitudes induced by SST increases. Changes in O3 chemical production associated with regional SST increases, on the other hand, can increase surface O3 over highly polluted continents except for South Asia. In South Asia, intensified cloud loading in response to North Indian SST warming depresses both surface air temperature and solar radiation, and thus photochemical production of O3. Our findings indicate a robust linkage between basin-scale SST variability and continental surface O3 pollution, which should be taken into account for regional air quality management.
Modelling the Inorganic Bromine Partitioning in the Tropical Tropopause over the Pacific Ocean
Authors: Navarro Maria A. , Saiz-Lopez Alfonso , Cuevas Carlos A. , Fernandez Rafael P. , Atlas Elliot , Rodriguez-Lloveras Xavier , Kinnison Douglas , Lamarque Jean-Francois , Tilmes Simone , Thornberry Troy , Rollins Andrew , Elkins James W. , Hintsa Eric J. , Moore Fred L.
Published: December 2016

Abstract. The stratospheric inorganic bromine burden (Bry) arising from the degradation of brominated very short-lived organic substances (VSLorg), and its partitioning between reactive and reservoir species, is needed for a comprehensive assessment of the ozone depletion potential of brominated trace gases. Here we present modelled inorganic bromine abundances over the Pacific tropical tropopause based on aircraft observations of VSLorg of two campaigns of the Airborne Tropical TRopopause EXperiment (ATTREX 2013 carried out over eastern Pacific and ATTREX 2014 carried out over the western Pacific) and chemistry-climate simulations (along ATTREX flight tracks) using the specific meteorology prevailing. Using the Community Atmosphere Model with Chemistry (CAM-Chem), we model that BrO and Br are the daytime dominant species. Integrated across all ATTREX flights BrO represents ~ 43 % and 48 % of daytime Bry abundance at 17 km over the Western and Eastern Pacific, respectively. The results also show zones where Br/BrO > 1 depending on the solar zenith angle (SZA), ozone concentration and temperature. On the other hand, BrCl and BrONO2 were found to be the dominant night-time species with ~ 61 % and 56 % of abundance at 17 km over the Western and Eastern Pacific, respectively. The western-to-eastern differences in the partitioning of inorganic bromine are explained by different abundances of ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and total inorganic chlorine (Cly).
OMI Satellite Observations of decadal changes in Ground-Level Sulfur Dioxide over North America
Authors: Kharol Shailesh K. , McLinden Chris A. , Sioris Christopher E. , Shephard Mark W. , Fioletov Vitali , van Donkelaar Aaron , Philip Sajeev , Martin Randall V.
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) has a significant impact on the environment and human health. We estimated ground-level sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) using SO2 profiles from the Global Environmental Multi-scale – Modelling Air quality and CHemistry (GEM-MACH) model over North America for the period of 2005–2015. OMI-derived ground-level SO2 concentrations (r = 0.61) and trends (r = 0.74) correlated well with coincident in-situ measurements from air quality networks over North America. We found a strong decreasing trend in coincidently sampled ground-level SO2 from OMI (−81 ± 19 %) and in-situ measurements (−86 ± 13 %) over Eastern US for the period of 2005–2015, which reflects the implementation of stricter pollution control laws including flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) devices in power plants. The spatially and temporally contiguous OMI derived ground-level SO2 concentrations can be used to assess the impact of long-term exposure to SO2 on the health of humans and the environment.
Limited production of sulfate and nitrate on front-associated dust storm particles moving from desert to distant populated areas in northwestern China
Authors: Wu Feng , Zhang Daizhou , Cao Junji , Guo Xiao , Xia Yao , Zhang Ting , Lu Hui , Cheng Yan
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Sulfate and nitrate compounds can greatly increase the hygroscopicity of mineral particles in the atmosphere and, consequently, alter the particles' physical and chemical properties. Their uptake on long-distance transported Asian dust particles within mainland China has been reported to be substantial in previous studies, but the production was very inefficient in other studies. We compared these two salts in particles collected from a synoptic scale, mid-latitude cyclone-induced dust storm plume at the Tengger desert (38.79° N, 105.38° E) and in particles collected in a postfrontal dust plume at an urban site in Xi'an (34.22° N, 108.87° E) when a front-associated dust storm from the Tengger desert arrived there approximately 700 km downwind. Results showed that sulfate concentration was not considerably different at the two sites while nitrate concentration was slightly larger at the urban site than that at the desert site. The estimated nitrate production rate was 4–5 ng per μg mineral dust per day, which was much less than that in polluted urban air. These results indicate that the production of nitrate and sulfate on dust particles following cold fronts was limited when the particles moved from the desert to populated areas. The adiabatic process of the dust-loading air was suggested to be the reason for the absence of sulfate formation and the uptake of background HNO3 to be the reason for the small nitrate production. The significant sulfate and nitrate reported in dust-associated samples in previous studies were more likely produced on locally-emitted and urban mineral particles or from soil-derived sulfate rather than being produced via chemical conversions on desert dust particles.
Biomass burning at Cape Grim: exploring photochemistry using multi-scale modelling
Authors: Lawson Sarah J. , Cope Martin , Lee Sunhee , Galbally Ian E. , Ristovski Zoran , Keywood Melita D.
Published: December 2016

Abstract. We have tested the ability of high resolution chemical transport modelling (CTM) to reproduce biomass burning (BB) plume strikes observed at Cape Grim in Tasmania Australia from the Robbins Island fire. The model has also been used to explore the contribution of near-field BB emissions and background sources to ozone (O3) under conditions of complex meteorology. Using atmospheric observations, we have tested model sensitivity to meteorology, BB emission factors (EF) corresponding to low, medium and high modified combustion efficiency (MCE) and spatial variability. The use of two different meteorological models varied the first (BB1) plume strike time by up to 15 hours, and duration of impact between 12 and 36 hours, while the second plume strike (BB2) was simulated well using both meteorological models. Meteorology also had a large impact on simulated O3, with one model (TAPM-CTM) simulating 4 periods of O3 enhancement, while the other model (CCAM) simulating only one period. Varying the BB EFs which in turn varied the non methanic-organic compound (NMOC) / oxides of nitrogen (NOx) ratio had a strongly non-linear impact on O3 concentration, with either destruction or production of O3 predicted in different simulations. As shown in the previous work (Lawson et al., 2015), minor rainfall events have the potential to significantly alter EF due to changes in combustion processes. Models which assume fixed EF for O3 precursor species in an environment with temporally or spatially variable EF may be unable to simulate the behaviour of important species such as O3. TAPM-CTM is used to explore the contribution of the Robbins Island fire to the observed O3 enhancements during BB1 and BB2. Overall, the model suggests the dominant source of O3 observed at Cape Grim was aged urban air (age = 2 days), with a contribution of O3 formed from local BB emissions. The model indicates that in an area surrounding Cape Grim, between 25–43 % of O3 enhancement during BB1 was formed from BB emissions while the fire led to a net depletion in O3 during BB2. This work shows the importance of assessing model sensitivity to meteorology and EF, and the large impact these variables can have in particular on simulated destruction or production of O3. This work also demonstrates how a model can be used to elucidate the degree of contribution from different sources to atmospheric composition, where this is difficult using observations alone.
Microphysical characterization of long-range transported biomass burning particles from North America at three EARLINET stations
Authors: Ortiz-Amezcua Pablo , Guerrero-Rascado Juan Luis , Granados-Muñoz María José , Benavent-Oltra José Antonio , Böckmann Christine , Samaras Stefanos , Stachlewska Iwona S. , Janicka Łucja , Baars Holger , Bohlmann Stephanie , Alados-Arboledas Lucas
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Strong events of long-range transported biomass burning aerosol were detected during July 2013 at three EARLINET stations, namely Granada (Spain), Leipzig (Germany) and Warsaw (Poland). Satellite observations from MODIS and CALIOP instruments, as well as modeling tools such as HYSPLIT and NAAPS have been used to estimate the sources and transport paths of those North American forest fire smoke particles. Multiwavelength Raman lidar technique was applied to obtain vertically-resolved particle optical properties, and further inversion of those properties with regularization algorithm allowed for retrieving microphysical information on the studied particles. The results highlight the presence of smoke layers of 1–2 km thickness, located at about 5 km asl altitude over Granada and Leipzig, and around 2.5 km asl at Warsaw. These layers were intense, as they accounted for more than 30 % of the total AOD in all cases, and presented optical and microphysical features typical for different aging degrees: color ratio of lidar ratios (LR532/LR355) around 2, α-related Angström exponents of less than 1, effective radii of 0.3 μm, and large values of single scattering albedos, nearly spectrally independent. The intensive microphysical properties were compared with columnar retrievals form co-located AERONET stations. The intensity of the layers was also characterized in terms of particle volume concentration, and then an experimental relationship between this magnitude and the particle extinction coefficient was established.
Adapted ECC ozonesonde for long-duration flights aboard boundary-layer pressurised balloons
Authors: Gheusi François , Durand Pierre , Verdier Nicolas , Dulac François , Attié Jean-Luc , Commun Philippe , Barret Brice , Basdevant Claude , Clenet Antoine , Derrien Solène , Doerenbecher Alexis , El Amraoui Laaziz , Fontaine Alain , Hache Emeric , Jambert Corinne , Jaumouillé Elodie , Meyerfeld Yves , Roblou Laurent , Tocquer Flore
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Since the 1970s, the French space agency CNES has developed boundary-layer pressurised balloons (BLPBs) with the capability to transport lightweight scientific payloads at isopycnic level and offer a quasi-Lagrangian sampling of the lower atmosphere over very long distances and durations (up to several weeks).Electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) ozonesondes are widely used under small sounding balloons. However, their autonomy is limited to a few hours owing to power consumption and electrolyte evaporation. An adaptation of the ECC sonde has been developed specifically for long-duration BLPB flights. Compared to conventional ECC sondes, the main feature is the possibility of programming periodic measurement sequences (with possible remote control during the flight). To increase the ozonesonde autonomy, the strategy has been adopted of short measurement sequences (2–3 min) regularly spaced in time (e.g. every 15 min). The rest of the time, the sonde pump is turned off. Results of preliminary ground-based tests are first presented. In particular, the sonde was able to provide correct ozone concentrations against a reference UV-absorption ozone analyser every 15 min for 4 days. Then we illustrate results from 16 BLBP flights launched over the western Mediterranean during three summer field campaigns of the ChArMEx project (http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr): TRAQA in 2012, and ADRIMED and SAFMED in 2013. BLPB drifting altitudes were in the range 0.25–3.2 km. The longest flight lasted more than 32 h and covered more than 1000 km. Satisfactory data were obtained when compared to independent ozone measurements close in space and time. The quasi-Lagrangian measurements allowed a first look at ozone diurnal evolution in the marine boundary layer as well as in the lower free troposphere. During some flight segments, there was indication of photochemical ozone production in the marine boundary layer or even in the free troposphere, at rates ranging from 1 to 2 ppbv h −1, which is slower than previously found in the boundary layer over land in the same region.
Parameter interactions and sensitivity analysis for modelling carbon heat and water fluxes in a natural peatland, using CoupModel v5
Authors: Metzger Christine , Nilsson Mats B. , Peichl Matthias , Jansson Per-Erik
Published: December 2016

Abstract. In contrast to previous peatland carbon dioxide (CO2) model sensitivity analyses, which usually focussed on only one or a few processes, this study investigates interactions between various biotic and abiotic processes and their parameters by comparing CoupModel v5 results with multiple observation variables. Many interactions were found not only within but also between various process categories simulating plant growth, decomposition, radiation interception, soil temperature, aerodynamic resistance, transpiration, soil hydrology and snow. Each measurement variable was sensitive to up to 10 (out of 54) parameters, from up to 7 different process categories. The constrained parameter ranges varied, depending on the variable and performance index chosen as criteria, and on other calibrated parameters (equifinalities). Therefore, transferring parameter ranges between models needs to be done with caution, especially if such ranges were achieved by only considering a few processes. The identified interactions and constrained parameters will be of great interest to use for comparisons with model results and data from similar ecosystems. All of the available measurement variables (net ecosystem exchange, leaf area index, sensible and latent heat fluxes, net radiation, soil temperatures, water table depth and snow depth) improved the model constraint. If hydraulic properties or water content were measured, further parameters could be constrained, resolving several equifinalities and reducing model uncertainty. The presented results highlight the importance of considering biotic and abiotic processes together and can help modellers and experimentalists to design and calibrate models as well as to direct experimental set-ups in peatland ecosystems towards modelling needs.