bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative analysis of cytocompatible properties of the root surface exposed to diode laser (970 nm) as adjunct to scaling and root planing
Authors: Savita A M , Nageswaran G R , Reddy Roopa
Published: April 2023

Aims:

The aim of the current study was to examine the effects of diode laser (970 nm) when used as adjunct to mechanical debridement on reattachment of fibroblast cell cultures to the root surface.

Materials and Methods:

Eighteen extracted single-rooted human teeth were used in the study. Briefly, the anatomical crowns were removed; roots were sectioned and preserved in antiseptic solution. The sections were divided into three groups: (i) scaling and root planing (SRP), (ii) SRP followed by diode laser exposure and (iii) untreated control group. All the sections were inoculated with NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblast cell lines and cell attachment was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy analysis and growth was quantitatively assessed by MTT assay after days 1, 3 and 5.

Results:

On intragroup analysis, there was significant cell proliferation seen on day 1 and day 5. However, no significant differences were observed between the treatment groups at the various time points.

Conclusion:

970-nm diode laser exposure had a positive effect in enhancing the fibroblast reattachment to root surfaces. However, to ascertain the role of laser treatment in enhancing the rapid cell growth compared to SRP, further quantitative studies with more sample numbers are required.
Cedarwood oil as an alternative to xylene as a clearing agent in histopathological tissue processing – A comparative study
Authors: Thamilselvan Snega , Sherlin Herald J. , Jayaraj Gifrina , Don K. R. , Santhanam Archana
Published: April 2023

Background:

Clearing in histopathological tissue processing should be able to make the tissues translucent and clear for the tissues to be visible under light microscopy and should render the clearing agent to be miscible with the dehydrant and the impregnation wax in the preceding and following processing steps. Xylene is a gold standard clearing agent but increasing concerns about the potential carcinogenicity, implementing eco-friendly agents in routine histopathology is necessary.

Aim:

The aim of the study is to assess the clearing ability of Cedarwood oil as an alternative to Xylene in routine tissue processing.

Materials & Methods:

The study was carried out in the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology. Formalin fixed 50 tissue samples of size 3-7mm were taken and subsequent dehydration done with acetone and alcohol. The dehydrated tissue is later processed using 90ml of Cedarwood oil with few drops of Xylene and Thymol. After clearing the tissues were subjected to impregnation and embedded in paraffin wax, later which sections were made and stained using H & E stain.

Results:

The results of our study on comparison showed better outcome in tissues processed with cedarwood oil than xylene. Statistical Significant correlation was observed in nuclear staining (p value = 0.001) ; cytoplasmic staining (p value = 0.08) and background staining (p value = 0.045) indicating a positive results on using cedarwood oil as clearing agent.

Conclusion:

The cedarwood oil can be considered as a safer natural alternative to xylene in laboratories. The cedarwood oil is eco - friendly and easily available with enhanced tissue processing qualities.
In vitro anticancer activity of a pentacyclic triterpenoid via the mitochondrial pathway in bone-invasive oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Adtani Pooja Narain , Narasimhan Malathi , Girija Dinesh M.
Published: April 2023

Context:

Oral cancer is the most dreadful cancer worldwide with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 50%. Anticancer therapies such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy result in severe side effects.

Aim:

We aimed to evaluate the in vitro anticancer activity of Asiatic acid (AA) on bone-invasive oral squamous cell carcinoma (BHY) cell line.

Settings and Design:

This was an in vitro laboratory setting.

Materials and Methods:

BHY cell lines were used for the experiment. Confocal microscopy was used to observe cellular alterations. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was performed to determine the IC50 concentration of AA and flow cytometry to analyze the percentage of cells in each phase of the cell cycle post treatment. Immunoblot assays and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) were used to study the expression level of genes involved.

Statistical Analysis Used:

Student's t-test and one-way analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis.

Results:

IC50 concentration of AA was 15.6 μM. On flow cytometry analysis, treatment with 15.6 μM and 31.25 μM of AA for 24 h increased the percentage of cells in the G2/M phase to 45.63% and 53.12%, respectively, compared to 9.62% in control group. Immunoblot analysis and semiquantitative rt-PCR demonstrated an upregulation of p53, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (p21 and p27), caspase-3, caspase-9, cytochrome c and Bax in a time-dependent manner and downregulation of cyclins and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 (**P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 versus control) post AA treatment.

Conclusion:

AA induces apoptosis via the mitochondrial-dependent pathway and causes cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase in BHY cell line.
Odontogenic myxoma with pain and uncommon histological feature in the mandible
Authors: Tarjan Armaghan , Rezaee Mostafa , Danesteh Hossein , Samirani-Nezhad Nazafarin
Published: April 2023

Odontogenic myxoma (OM) is a rare benign painless, slow-growing lesion with local aggressive behavior. Pain and sensory disturbance and fibro-osseous appearance in histopathology have been rarely reported in OM. The authors reported a 52-year-old male case presented with a large gingival mass around a mobile mandibular right first molar extended to the distal aspect of the third molar. Microscopic examination of the incisional and excisional biopsy revealed an OM with numerous newly formed bone or cementum-like material present throughout the specimen like those seen in fibro-osseous lesions. For avoiding to recurrence, a segmental mandibulectomy was performed and a metal plate was inserted to the right mandible defect under general anesthesia. Rehabilitation was completed with the placement of implants. We review and discuss about this variety.
Comparison of orosomucoid-1 immunoexpression and angiogenesis between oral squamous cell carcinoma cases with different histological grades
Authors: Sánchez-Romero Celeste , Bologna-Molina Ronell , González-González Rogelio , Salazar-Rodríguez Sirced , Mendoza Nataly Barreiro
Published: April 2023

Background:

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy in this region, and thus, further elucidation of its tumoral mechanisms is important. One of the main roles of the acute-phase protein orosomucoid-1 (ORM1) is the promotion of angiogenesis, which is key for tumor nutrition and growth.

Aim:

Our aim was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of ORM1 and the angiogenic activity indicated by microvascular density (MVD) in OSCC samples according to histological grade.

Materials and Methods:

Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections from 45 OSCC cases were submitted to immunohistochemistry: 25 were well-differentiated OSCC, 18 were moderately differentiated OSCC and 2 were poorly differentiated OSCC. ORM1 staining was evaluated by a semiquantitative method, and CD34-positive blood vessels were quantified to calculate the MVD. The results were statically analyzed.

Results:

All cases exhibited immunoexpression of ORM1 and CD34. However, no significant differences were found between the expression of both markers among the histological grades. In addition, the presence of ORM1 in inflammatory cells and in the extracellular matrix was detected in most cases.

Conclusion:

These results suggest that the induction of angiogenesis is not the main role of ORM1 in OSCC and may be associated with the regulation of the immune/inflammatory response or the transport of protumoral molecules, such as sialyl-Lewis X or phorbol esters, which requires confirmation in future studies.
The temporomandibular joints disorders in patients with osteoporosis
Authors: Lilo Lilo Ali Qays , Ali Maytham Riad , Hussein Alyassiri Ali Mihsen
Published: April 2023

Background:

Osteoporosis is a skeletal and progressive behavioral disease with physically and psychologically significant consequences.

Aims of the Study:

Evaluate the presence and effects of Temporomandibular Joints Disorders in osteoporotic patients.

Materials and Methods:

Fifty-eight (58) patients with osteoporosis participated in this study as they were already diagnosed by Rheumatologists, physical and sport Rehabilitation physicians in Merjan Medical city/Babylon – Iraq between period February and August 2019.

Results:

Twenty-seven (27) patients with T. M. J clicking as anterior disk displacements, Seventeen (17) patients with spasm in muscles of mastication, and then finally Fourteen (14) out of 58 patients with subluxation and dislocation.

Conclusions:

Osteoporosis can have a significant impact on oral health.
Repair strength of dimethacrylate-based composites resins: Effect of sandblasting, adhesive bonding, and thermocycling
Authors: Khoroushi Maryam , Bahrani Mohammad Mehdi , Zandian Amin , Fathpour Kamyar
Published: April 2023

Background:

The goal of this study is to determine the effect of different sandblasting particles and dental adhesive systems on the repair strength of dimethacrylate-based composite resins.

Materials and Methods:

In this in-vitro study, 96 specimens of X-trafil composite blocks were prepared and divided into eight groups (n = 12). Four groups were sandblasted with Aluminum Oxide (AL) and four other groups with Bio-Active Glass particles (BAG). A two-component silane was applied on the surface of all the samples after phosphoric acid etching and rinsing. Two groups of the sandblasted specimens were treated with Clearfil SE Bond (CSB) and the other two groups were treated with Single Bond Universal (SBU) and new composite was bonded to the prepared surfaces. Half of the specimens in each group were thermocycled. Shear force was applied to the bonded composite using a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min and mean shear bond strength (MSBS) was calculated (MPa). The data was analyzed using Kruskal–Wallis and Man–Whitney U-tests with the significance level of 0.05.

Results:

Significant differences were observed between different groups (P < 0.001). The highest and the lowest MSBS of the thermocycled samples were reported 18.88 MPa with application of AL and SBU and 11.46 MPa with the application of AL and CSB, respectively. No significant difference was observed with application of BAG particles after thermocycling.

Conclusion:

Effect of AL on repair shear bond strength of composite resins is affected by bonding type. Bonding type did not affect repair shear bond strength of BAG. Thermocycling reduced bond strength in all groups.
Marginal fit of endocrowns fabricated by three-dimensional printing and the conventional method: An in vitro study
Authors: Jamshidi Sina , Darabi Reza , Azarian Mohammad , Mahabadi Meysam , Nilli Monireh
Published: April 2023

Materials and Methods:

This in vitro, experimental study evaluated 20 endocrowns, of which 10 were fabricated by 3D printing and 10 were fabricated by the conventional wax-up technique. The marginal gap was measured at 8 points under a stereomicroscope. The results were analyzed using the Shapiro–Wilk test, paired t-test, independent t-test, and one-way analysis of variance (α = 0.05).

Results:

The mean marginal gap was maximum at the distal point, and minimum at the buccal point for the conventionally fabricated endocrowns with an overall mean marginal gap of 99.67 ± 4.59 μm. The mean marginal gap was maximum at the mesiobuccal and minimum at the buccal point before pressing (overall mean of 103.92 ± 2.19 μm) before pressing, and maximum at the distobuccal and minimum at the mesiobuccal point after pressing (overall mean of 117.67 ± 2.87 μm). According to paired t-test, the mean marginal gap of endocrowns fabricated by 3D printing significantly increased after pressing at all 8 points and also in general, compared with before pressing (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the mean marginal gap at all points was significantly greater in endocrowns fabricated by 3D printing compared with those fabricated by the conventional method (independent t-test, P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the results showed that endocrowns fabricated by the conventional method had significantly superior marginal fit than those fabricated by 3D printing.

Background:

Marginal fit is a key factor in success of prosthetic restorations. This study aimed to assess and compare the marginal fit of endocrowns fabricated by three-dimensional (3D) printing and the conventional method.
Epidemiology and clinico-laboratory manifestations of scrub typhus in Hadoti region of Rajasthan, India
Authors: Jain Pankaj , Sharma Manoj , Seval Manoj , Meena Pramod
Published: April 2023

Objective:

To study epidemiology, clinical manifestations, and laboratory parameters of scrub typhus in Hadoti region of Rajasthan, India.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted on 50 patients with scrub typhus between August 2022 and November 2022. Scrub typhus was diagnosed by ELISA IgM scrub typhus antibody. The data about demography, vital parameters, and lab investigations were collected and analyzed.

Results:

Ninety-two percent of the patients were from a rural background (92%), 86% were farmers and the majority were females. Most patients were 40-60 years old. The major complaints were fever (100%), myalgia (100%), headache (82%), and body swelling (80%). Major complications were pneumonia (68%), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (62%), hepatitis (44%), and acute kidney injury (42%). Triglyceride levels were >200 mg/dL in 80% of patients, albumin <3.5 g/dL in 98% and eschar mark was present in 24% of patients.

Conclusions:

Scrub typhus is a serious acute febrile illness that can lead to multi-organ dysfunction and is associated with significant mortality. Increasing awareness regarding disease in endemic regions, early screening of patients, and treatment as early as possible could help prevent the patient from severe life-threatening complications.
Invasive versus non-invasive ventilation in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia
Authors: Nair Abhijit , Paul Jacob , Yadav Ajay , Al Sawafi Khalid
Published: April 2023

Objective:

To compare the survival and length of stay of invasive ventilation (IV) with those of non-invasive ventilation (NIV) in patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome in a single hospital from May 2020 to March 2021.

Methods:

After obtaining approval from the Hospital Director, the data of COVID-19 patients including demographics, type of respiratory support (non-invasive ventilation or invasive ventilation), duration of ventilation, length of stay, discharge, and death were collected and analyzed.

Results:

Out of the 152 patients identified, 134 patients were analyzed. The median intubation days were 10.0 (Q1: 3.5, Q3: 13.5) in the IV group and 0.0 (Q1: 0.0, Q3: 0.0) days in the NIV-only group. Out of the 101 patients who received NIV, 43 patients were subsequently intubated due to failure of NIV. Of the 63 patients (47.01%) who died, 22 (66.66%) were from the IV group and 40 (92.02%) were from the NIV-followed-by-intubation group, and 1 (1.72%) were from the NIV-only group. Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of a respiratory comorbidity (OR=16.56, 95% CI=1.56-175.48, P=0.02) was an independent predictor of survival.

Conclusions:

Respiratory co-morbidity is a significant adverse predictor of survival outcome. The decision on the type of respiratory support should be made on a patient-to-patient basis.
Retrospective analysis of patients with surgically proven ovarian torsion, our experience
Authors: Shwyiat Rami , Taso Omar A. , Al-Edwan Fatima , Khreisat Basel , Al-Dubees Ammal
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT

Aim:

To study the patients who were admitted to our hospital with surgically proven ovarian torsion and were operated for the same and to study for whom detorsion was done.

Materials and Methods:

A retrospective analysis of the medical records and surgical notes of 150 patients with surgically proven ovarian torsion over a 10-year period between January 2011 and January 2021 was carried out. Surgical notes included details like mode of the surgery (laparotomy or laparoscopy), type of surgery (oophorectomy, detorsion, detorsion with cystectomy), whether fixation was done or not, size of mass/ovary, laterality, appearance of the torted ovary, color of the ovary, and number of twists. Histopathologic reports of the patients who underwent oophorectomy or detorsion with cystectomy were also recorded.

Results:

During the 10-year study period, 88 (58.7%) patients had undergone laparotomy and 62 (41.2%) patients had undergone laparoscopy. Detorsion with cystectomy was done in 96 (64%) cases, detorsion alone in 14 (9.3%) cases, and oophorectomy was done in 40 (26.6%) cases. There was no significant difference in terms of increase in postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Laparoscopic detorsion with cystectomy is the most common surgical procedure used for ovarian torsion at King Hussein Medical Center.
Need to involve relevant stakeholders –lessons from NFHS data
Authors: Raina Sunil Kumar , Kumar Raman
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT

Contextualizing data to their settings is perhaps the most important step in deriving a meaning from them. This is no less true for health data. The National Health Survey data are an excellent source of information; however, its strength may not be its contextualization. Our habit of, for example, doing primary care without family physicians or doing public health without understanding the complete domain and involvement of its proponent seems to have extended to this exercise (collection of National Health Survey data) as well. Relegating health data to statistics and calculus alone should be a pitfall all of us must avoid. Identifying the right stakeholders to understand the complexity of health data is the key.
Motivation to quit tobacco; Impact of different types of Anti-tobacco state-sponsored media propaganda messages
Authors: Kumari Laxmi , Sood Meenakshi , Gupta Sandhya
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Antitobacco media messages can easily reach the mass and play a very positive and significant role in changing the motivational stages among recent quitters. Motivation is the key to changing human behaviour. Motivation can be intrinsic and extrinsic. To modify tobacco-related behaviour, one must have an inherent motivation to quit tobacco. However, the outside factors, for example, protobacco advertisements, antitobacco advertisements, peer pressure, celebrity influence, and family members’ influence cannot be ignored.

Method:

A total of 400 recent tobacco quitters were enrolled from four colleges via a multistage sampling method. Time series research design was used for data collection at three time periods 0, 1, and 3 months. Study participants were divided into four groups: 1) personal testimony group, 2) health warning group, 3) celebrity-influenced public service announcements, and 4) natural exposure group. Media messages containing antitobacco video clippings and pictures were delivered to the participants via phone thrice a week, as per the groups assigned. All four groups were assessed for the motivational stage via contemplation ladder at 0, 1, and 3 months of intervals.

Results:

Antitobacco personal testimonial media messages are most effective in enhancing the motivation to quit tobacco, followed by the antitobacco health warning messages, which are also proven to be effective in maintaining high motivation levels to remain abstinent from smoking. However, public service announcements are ineffective in keeping the motivation to quit tobacco at higher smoking.

Conclusion:

Overall, the antitobacco state-sponsored media messages, personal testimonials, and health warnings about tobacco products effectively maintain and enhance motivation to quit tobacco.
Epidemiology of non-communicable diseases among transgender population residing in Chennai district, Tamil Nadu
Authors: Prasanth Balan Krishna , Eashwar Virudhunagar Muthuprakash Anantha , Mahalakshmi Krishnan , Ramachandran Karthikeyan
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

There is a paucity of research on non-communicable diseases (NCDs) like diabetes, hypertension and coronary heart diseases among transgenders, with more importance given to diseases like HIV. The study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of NCDs, their risk factors and the associated factors among transgenders residing in Chennai district, Tamil Nadu.

Methodology:

This is a descriptive cross-sectional study done among 145 transgenders residing in the Chennai district, Tamil Nadu, selected by snowball sampling method. Data were collected by a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire, anthropometric data were measured, and blood pressure was measured by a mercury sphygmomanometer using standard protocols. Data were entered in Excel software and analysed by using SPSS version 25.

Results:

The mean age of the study participants was 36 ± 4.2 years. Nearly 91% had only up to school education. Around 26.7% suffered from type 2 diabetes mellitus, 15.1% had a history of hypertension, 36.3% were newly diagnosed hypertensives, and 13.9% were overweight/obese. Almost 40% were either current tobacco or alcohol consumers. There was a statistically significant association found between overweight/obesity and education, work, and income of study participants.

Conclusion:

The high prevalence of NCDs among the study participants warrants health education among transgenders to get screened for common NCDs. Further research is needed to understand the risks of NCDs among transgenders.
Kearns–Sayre syndrome: Two case reports and a review for the primary care physician
Authors: Richmond Chad , Powell Leonard , Brittingham Zachary D. , Mancuso Alison
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT

Kearns–Sayre syndrome (KSS) is a mitochondrial encephalopathic disorder. Because mitochondria are ubiquitous organelles that are present in almost every human tissue, their dysfunction can affect nearly any organ system and give rise to a wide range of clinical characteristics. 1: As is the case with most diseases associated with mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations, the clinical features of KSS were defined before modern molecular genetic classifications emerged. 2: The exact prevalence of KSS is unknown; however, estimates place it at about 1:100,000 people. Although it is a rather rare syndrome, the ability to recognize or consider KSS as part of a differential diagnosis is crucial. Reported here are two case reports: 1) a 30-year-old Caucasian female patient who presented for evaluation to her primary care physician’s office and, and 2) A 57-year-old Caucasian female patient long-term C care resident. Guidelines are listed for management as a primary care physician as well as signs and symptoms that are often associated with Kearns–Sayre syndrome and other mitochondrial disorders.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus risk assessment among Alrass city employees, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al Wahbi Muath Fahad , Al-fahhad Noor Mohammed
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious chronic disease that can affect all parts of human body and associated with short-term and long-term complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Age, obesity, family history, and hypertension are considered to be the most common risk factors for the incidence of DM. This study aimed to assess the risk of type 2 diabetes among governmental employee in Alrass city in Qassim, Saudi Arabia.

Material and Methods:

A cross-sectional survey was done using health professional-administrated questionnaire. Two groups of data collectors were formed and trained to fill out the questionnaire, each group was consist of 1 family medicine doctor and 4 nurses. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS v. 26.

Results:

A total of 527 subjects participated in our study with a response rate of 100%. Of them, more than half (55%) were females. Approximately all of our participants were Saudi 92% regarding age, more than three quarters (79.5%) were aged less than 45 years, 15.6% were ranged from 45 to 50 years, and 4.9% were from 55 to 64 years. We reported no significant correlation between gender and nationality regarding the risk of DM.

Conclusion:

Saudi females who aged less than 45 years and obese participants had a risk for developing DM.
Psychological distress and related factors regarding COVID-19 among the ancillary hospital staff: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Goel Kapil , Singh Gurmeet , Arora Yogesh , Goel Parul , Aggarwal Arun Kumar , Sen Arunima , Kumar Krishan , Bhogal Ranjitpal Singh , Thakur JS , Singh Amarjeet , Sharma Nikita
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:

Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at the front line of the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak response. They have faced great risks to both physical and mental health. We aimed to assess the psychological effect of COVID-19 among ancillary hospital staff.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 267 on-duty ancillary hospital staff using a semi-structured questionnaire to assess their psychological status and risk perception. In addition, their knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) and risk perception were also assessed. The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was used to screen for psychological distress.

Results:

Among 267 participants, the mean (±SD) age was 33.5 (7.6) years. The majority knew about the symptoms of COVID-19 (88.4%), droplet spread (99.3%), and the importance of isolation (99.3%). About 35.2% were worried about infecting family members, while 26.2% were worried about colleagues at the frontline. Only 38.9% of them had a good knowledge score. Participants with high school and above education level had significantly good knowledge about COVID-19 (OR = 1.99; 95% CI = 1.17- 3.39) than those with primary school or below. Being female (OR 1.99; 95% CI 1.17-3.39) and working with COVID-19 patients (OR 3.88, 95% CI 1.77-8.47, P = 0.001) was associated with psychological distress.

Conclusion:

The ancillary hospital staff had insufficient knowledge regarding the risk factors of COVID-19 but possessed positive attitudes and practices. Continued health education and appropriate psychological interventions may improve understanding and reduce psychological distress.
A Community-based Cross-sectional Study on Out-of-pocket Expenditure for Coronavirus Disease Patients in Urban Slums, Bengaluru Rural
Authors: Sunil Kumar D. R. , Hulugappa Lakshmi , Vidya R. , Manjula S.
Published: April 2023

Background:

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused unprecedented harm to humanity and economies worldwide. A study of economic impact of COVID-19 patients in urban slums is limited.

Aims:

Hence, this study was undertaken to estimate the out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE), and compare amongst admissions in public and private hospitals and home isolation of COVID-19 patients.

Patients and Methods:

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in urban slums under the urban field practice area of a medical college between September 2021 and November 2021. Data from 108 COVID-19 patients were collected by a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire by interview method.

Results:

The mean age of respondents was 41.99 ± 10.49. The most common symptom was fever 91.6%, followed by cough 69.4%. History of travel was present in 64% and contact with family member was 69%. The mean OOPE for COVID-19 disease was 36756 INR per patient. Overall, the mean direct cost for COVID-19 admission was 29143 INR and mean indirect cost was 7529.62 INR. On applying Krushkal Wallis test, OOPE for direct cost on COVID-19 patient hospital admission, lab investigations, medications was H=65.85, 53.52, 28.98 with P value< 0.05 respectively and was found statististically significant. Similarly for Indirect cost, Loss of wages, travel expenses of the patient and attenders was H=10.45, 31.23 respectively and was found to be statistically significant at P <0.05. Overall the mean direct cost with government, private, home isolation COVID-19 patients was highly significant χ2 = 33.92, P = 0.000, and mean indirect cost χ2 = 9.48, P = 0.002.

Conclusions:

The OOPE for COVID-19 disease was high. The direct and indirect cost in government facility was minimal. The government's timely response to the pandemic was able to reduce the costs to the patients or else the economic burden would be higher.
Determining the best anti-microbial properties of dental cements used for pulp capping procedures using deep dentinal carious material
Authors: Makarla Soumya , Venugopal Reshma , Bavle Radhika M. , Selvan Arul K. , Muniswamappa Sudhakara S. , Dinesh Rathidevi
Published: April 2023

Introduction:

The exposure of the healthy pulp in cases of deep dentinal caries (DDC) that contain carious microorganisms can be prevented by placing a layer of pulp capping agent on the affected dentin. The cements used for pulp-capping should also ensure good anti-microbial properties. The present study was carried out to detect the antimicrobial efficacy of the commonly used cements by culturing the samples directly from DDC.

Aims:

To determine the efficacy of dental cements in the growth inhibition of microorganisms involved in DDC using direct contact anaerobic culture test.

Method:

100 samples of DDC were collected in RTF. Ten microliters of the specimen containing RTF was incubated in thioglycolate broth consisting of 1 mm3 cement blocks of GIC, CaOH2, ZnOE and MTA anaerobically for 24 hours. This was further sub-cultured using selective media for streptococcus mutans, lactobacillus and bifidobacterium. Growth inhibition was measured by calculating the number of CFUs and statistically analysed using ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc tests.

Results:

Tests showed variation in the anti-microbial effects of the cements and was highly significant at P < 0.001. Bifidobacterium showed most number of CFUs. MTA was the most effective pulp capping agent exhibiting 87.13% reduction in microbial growth, followed closely by ZnOE (84.6%).

Conclusion:

A conservative approach to treat DDC is the need of the hour which calls for the use of pulp capping cements of good antimicrobial efficacy. The current study revealed bifidobacterium to be the most prevalent in DDC and the cement that would best inhibit the mixed culture growth was MTA followed closely by ZnOE.
Markers of cytotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage in Diabesity
Authors: Tandon Ankita , Gulati Nikita , Singh Narendra Nath
Published: April 2023

Background:

The oral mucous membrane is particularly sensitive to certain types of systemic disorders such as anemia, vitamin deficiencies, infectious diseases, hormonal disturbances and can be objectively reproduced through definite measurements using cytomorphometry.

Objectives:

The objective of the study is to evaluate the quantitative and qualitative changes in cytological buccal smears of obese individuals with type II diabetes (Group 1 = 20), obese individuals without type II diabetes (Group 2 = 20), individuals with type II diabetes without obesity (Group 3 = 20) by comparing with controls (individuals without obesity and without type II diabetes) (Group 4 = 20).

Materials and Methods:

Buccal mucosal cells were scraped from study participants and were subjected to morphometric analysis (Magnus Pro software). Clinical history, hemoglobin A1c, heights and weights of participants were measured and consequently, their body mass index was calculated. Quantitative parameters (nuclear area, cytoplasmic area, nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio) and qualitative parameters (micronuclei [MN], nuclear budding, nuclear disintegration, apoptosis, necrosis) were assessed among the groups. The data were statistically interpreted using SPSS software version 20.0.

Results:

There is an increase in nuclear diameter and nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio of Groups 1 and 3 relative to Group 2. The qualitative assessment revealed MN and nuclear disintegration in Group 1 and 3 individuals. In addition, other qualitative changes such as nuclear budding and apoptotic bodies were evident in patients with type II diabetes.

Conclusion:

The aforementioned qualitative and quantitative parameters facilitate early diagnosis and identification of individuals at risk of developing new age systemic illnesses such as diabetes and obesity.
Quantification of inflammatory, angiogenic, and fibrous components of reactive oral lesions with an insight into the pathogenesis
Authors: Vasanthi V , Divya Bose , Ramadoss Ramya , Deena P , Annasamy Ramesh K , Rajkumar Krishnan
Published: April 2023

Background:

Reactive oral lesions pose diagnostic difficulties as they mimic each other clinically. A definitive diagnosis is made based on the histopathological presentation of this group of lesion. Stromal microenvironment is the key to the sequence of the stages of these lesions. Stringent quantification of each component of the stroma is important to understand the pathogenesis. The aim is to evaluate inflammation, angiogenesis, and fibrosis in the reactive group of lesions through quantitative analysis.

Materials and Methods:

Blocks of irritation fibroma, inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia, pyogenic granuloma, and normal mucosa were retrieved from the archives and Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Masson Trichrome staining were done. The severity of inflammation, epithelial thickness, collagen proportionate area, integrated density of collagen, Mean Vascular Area (MVA), Mean Vascular Perimeter (MVP), and Mean blood vessel percentage area (MBVPA) were analysed quantitatively using Image J software version 1.8. The pattern of rete ridges at the epithelium-connective tissue interface was analysed qualitatively.

Results:

Inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia presented with severe inflammation (60%). Mean Vascular Percentage Area (MVPA) and Mean Vascular Perimeter (MVP) were increased in pyogenic granuloma. The mean collagen proportionate area and the integrated density of collagen were found to be more in irritation fibroma (64.47%, 2519638.01 ± 810471.58 μm2). The epithelial thickness was highest in inflammatory fibrous hyperplasia (62.71 ± 18.86 μm).

Conclusion:

Reactive oral lesions are histologically distinct, yet they exhibit considerable overlap depending on the stage of the lesion. A morphometric quantitative exploration of the individual pathogenic components may aid in specific diagnosis.
Sexual dimorphism of inferior alveolar canal location
Authors: Rath Rachna , Sangamesh NC , Acharya Rashmi Rekha , Sharma Gaurav
Published: April 2023

Background:

Sex determination from unidentified skeletal remains a daunting task in forensic odontology. The mandible is the strongest and most durable of bones available for post-mortem profiling and its morphometric characteristics have been investigated. Less explored is the location of the mandibular canal which in a few populations has shown gender dimorphism.

Aim:

The present cross-sectional study explores sexual dimorphism in an eastern Indian population of Odisha from an analysis of cone-beam CT system (CBCT) images for the relative position of the mandibular canal and its foramina.

Method and Materials:

A total of 120 CBCT images from either gender (1:1 ratio) of adult dentate individuals aged 18–60 years were analysed for the relative position of the mandibular canal. Ten measurements (8- coronal and 2- from axial slices) concerning the mandibular canal; at the level of the mandibular foramen, mandibular first molar and mental foramen were performed. Unpaired Student's t-test was employed to compare variables between the sexes at P < 0.05 level of significance.

Results:

The results revealed statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) between the genders in most of the variables (8/10), with higher mean values in males compared to females except in the distance between mandibular foramen and anterior border of the ramus (2.648 ± 0.67 mm in females, 2.527 ± 0.75 mm in males) and in the distance between the canal and lingual cortical plate in the region of the first molar (14.515 ± 1.33 mm in females, 14.288 ± 2.01 mm in males).

Conclusion:

The relative position of the mandibular canal and its associated foramina show sexual dimorphism in an adult eastern Indian population.
Anti-cariogenic property of Carica papaya, Trachyspermum ammi, Caesalpinia crista linn extracts and their effect on human oral keratinocytes
Authors: Govindaram Divyalakshmi , Kumar A Ramesh , Krishnan Rajkumar , Savithri N
Published: April 2023

Objectives:

Dental caries is a dynamic and composite process. The multifactorial etio-pathogenesis thus influences the initiation and the progression of the disease. The prime pathogenic bacterium includes Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus sp and Actinomyces viscosus. The purpose of this in vitro study was to analyze the antimicrobial property of the test herbal extracts and also their effects on the human oral keratinocytes.

Materials and Methods:

The bacterial strains S. mutans (American Type Culture Collection [ATCC]-25175); Lactobacillus species (ATCC 4356) and A. viscosus (ATCC 15987) were cultured in the specific culture media-Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin, Man Rogosa Sharpe and Enrichment media, respectively. The test extracts were exposed to the cultured plates and the mean zone of inhibition was measured. The test herbal extracts were also tested for deleterious effects on oral keratinocytes via the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Independent Student's t-test and analysis of variances were performed.-25175); Lactobacillus species (ATCC 4356) and A. viscosus (ATCC 15987) were cultured in the specific culture media-Mitis Salivarius Bacitracin, Man Rogosa Sharpe and Enrichment media, respectively. The test extracts were exposed to the cultured plates and the mean zone of inhibition was measured. The test herbal extracts were also tested for deleterious effects on oral keratinocytes via the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Independent Student's t-test and analysis of variances were performed.

Results:

The extracts of Carica papaya, Trachyspermum ammi and Caesalpinia crista linn inhibited the growth of bacteria and the antimicrobial effect was found to be statistically significant at the neat/standard concentration (100 μg/ml). The three extracts showed a cell viability range 96%–99% indicating that the test extracts did not produce or display any deleterious effects on the oral keratinocytes.

Conclusions:

The three test herbal extracts possess effective anti-cariogenic properties with near par with the efficacy of chlorhexidine and T. ammi proved to be the most potent. The extracts at different concentrations also proved to be safe, noncytotoxic producing a range of 96%−99% of cell viability of the oral keratinocytes.
Hyposalivation and oral candidiasis-A short review
Authors: Babu N Aravindha , Anitha N
Published: April 2023

Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic fungal infection commonly encountered in immunocompromised individuals. The oral cavity harbours numerous microbes and along with immunity saliva also maintains oral health. The Candida species form biofilm over the tissue and prosthetic surfaces. The biofilm formation results in persistent colonisation and persistent infection. The saliva in the oral cavity maintains the integrity of the oral environment by washing away the microbes through its flow and with its antimicrobial agents. The significant role of salivary histatins as an antifungal agent diminishes with hyposalivation. The importance of saliva in preventing fungal colonisation and infection is discussed in this review.
Analysis of the positions of anterior teeth in orthodontically treated and untreated population
Authors: Anthwal Nishita , Joshi Ankur , Grover Neeraj , Gupta Vineeta , Tyagi Nutan , Gupta Himanshu
Published: April 2023

Aim:

To compare the uniqueness of human dentition in both orthodontically treated and untreated populations and evaluate the reliability of bitemark analysis.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 1464 maxillary and mandibular casts were fabricated from orthodontically treated and nontreated population. After careful examination of the study teeth, 326 nontreated maxillary cast (Group 1), 333 nontreated mandibular cast (Group 2), 336 orthodontically treated maxillary cast (Group 3), and 320 orthodontically treated mandibular casts (Group 4) were selected for the analysis. For uniformity, the sample size of 320 was selected from each group for comparison.

Results:

The arch width was a major cause of variance. In Group 1, only 6.87% of similarity rate was seen, whereas in Group 3, the match rate increased to 55% showing similarity. In Group 2, only 1.87% similarity and Group 4 showed 42.7% match rate.

Conclusion:

The human dentition may be unique, but it loses its uniqueness once any dental treatment is carried out.
Evaluation and comparison of linear and diagonal odontometry of first molars as a tool for gender discrimination; assessed in a population from Maharashtra
Authors: Murgod Vinita V. , Vinodkumar MP , Vaswani Vina R.
Published: April 2023

Background:

Linear odontometry is customarily used in gender determination which can pose difficulties in cases of tooth decay, attrition since they mainly involve the proximal surfaces.

Objectives:

The present cross-sectional observation study, estimated the efficacy of alternative measurements, that is, diagonal measurements and cervical measurements in gender determination in comparison to routine odontometry.

Material and Methods:

A total of 200 dental cast models (upper and lower) of 100 individuals (50 male and 50 female) from Maharashtra state were included.

Results:

Univariate discriminant function analysis showed that, in maxillary molars, MD width gave the highest gender dimorphism of 64%, followed by BL with 62%. In the mandibular teeth, MD gave an accuracy of 75% followed by MB-DL with 73%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that overall diagonal and linear measurements gave the highest dimorphism of 81% with 80% correctly identified as females and 82% as males. The mandibular MD, BL and MB-DL gave an accuracy of 79% with 78% corrected identified as females and 80% correctly identified as males. Mandibular ML-DB and Cervical DB-CML together gave an accuracy of 77% and mandibular MD with75%.

Conclusion:

Thus, the study proves that diagonal measurements give almost equivalent or better results than linear measurements in gender determination.
Liquid biopsy and its significance in tumour – Detection in the field of pathology
Authors: Tomar Upma , Grover Neeraj , Tomar Sanjeev , Bhalla Kanika , Singh Shreya
Published: April 2023

The treatment of cancer has remarkably improved because of increased knowledge of the abnormalities at the molecular level, which results in human cancer growth. This has initiated the development of ever more successful as well as effective targeted cancer therapies. Detection of cancer is diagnosed basically by performing routine biopsy/cytology, which has many drawbacks. Therefore, the concept of liquid biopsy has been introduced to oncology, which has the potential to revolutionise the management of cancer patients, eliminating the invasive procedures needed to obtain tissue samples and provide information. Liquid biopsy is the analysis of tumour cells or tumour cell products obtained from blood or other body fluids, providing a broad range of opportunities in the field of pathology. Here, we focus on the most prominent liquid biopsy markers, circulating tumour cells and circulating tumour-derived deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), in the blood of patients. In this review, we discuss recent clinical studies on these biomarkers for early detection and prognostication of cancer, which helps in successful management. Hence, liquid biopsy is introduced with great promise for personalised medicine because of its ability to provide multiple non-invasive snapshots of the primary and metastatic tumours.
Significance and expression of p-Akt in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Hindy Suha Abdulhussein
Published: April 2023

Background:

Oral cancer is considered as the sixth-most common malignant neoplasm in the world and the most common type is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Akt is a serine/threonine-protein kinase, that acts in the regulation of different signaling downstream pathways, including; proliferation, growth, cell metabolism, angiogenesis and survival. The objective of the present study was to show the expression of p-Akt and its prognostic effect in oral SCC (OSCC).

Materials and Methods:

A total of 72 cases of OSCC were included in this study; the expression of the Akt gene was done on 4 μm tumor sections using immunohistochemical staining of Akt antibody.

Results:

Histopathological examination showed that: (43) were GIII, (13) cases were GII, and (16) cases were GI. The positivity of immunohistochemical staining were appear as brown stain. Results showed increase expression of p-Akt in most cases of oral SCC and mean expression about (54.86 ± 31.58), and the expression of p-Akt was increased with the progression of the histological grade of the tumor.

Conclusion:

High expression of p-Akt and its relation with the progression of tumor grade and invasion of tumor may indicate the relationship between p-Akt expression and aggressiveness and progression of the tumor.
Utility of serum and salivary lactate dehydrogenase and uric acid levels as a diagnostic profile in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients
Authors: Anitha G , Kumar K. Vinod , Deshpande Gururaj , Nagaraj M , Kalyani Veerbhadra
Published: April 2023

Background:

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), an intra-cellular enzyme present in all cells of the body, catalyses the final step of anaerobic glycolysis. This intra-cellular enzyme is released into the extra-cellular space after tissue disintegration, which is evident in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). However, investigations comparing Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in OSCC and healthy controls have shown conflicting findings in both serum and saliva samples. Further, Uric acid's anti-oxidant activity has been demonstrated in several diseases. Several cancers have been linked to increased uric acid levels. However, uric acid levels in oral squamous cell cancer have varied. There exists limitted research comparing serum and salivary uric acid with OSCC. Thus, the present investigation was conducted to evaluate the combined diagnostic abilities of serum and salivary LDH and uric acid in OSCC.

Aim and Objective:

To compare and correlate LDH and uric acid levels in serum and salivary samples of OSCC patients and healthy individuals.

Material and Methods:

LDH levels and uric acid levels were measured using an enzymatic method in serum and salivary samples of OSCC cases (n = 18) and healthy individuals (n = 18).

Results:

This study indicated statistically significant elevated levels of LDH in serum and saliva samples of OSCC patients when compared to healthy individuals. Furthermore, serum and salivary uric acid were higher in OSCC patients than in controls. This increased levels of uric acid was significant only in serum but not in saliva samples. However, salivary uric acid was found to be co-relating with serum uric acid. In addition to this, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve when plotted to assess combined diagnostic abilities of all the investigations to predict oscc, indicating the diagnostic ability to be 77%.

Conclusion:

This study found an increase in uric acid levels in OSCC patients, which contradicts previous existing litratures. Salivary uric acid and LDH levels may be effective indicators for OSCC screening. However, because of the limited sample size, these findings should be viewed with caution.