bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zur zivilrechtlichen Stellung deutscher Juden nach frühneuzeitlichen Rechtsordnungen
Authors: Behr Volker
Published: December 2007

Die Pestpogrome des 14. Jahrhunderts zeigen, dass das als Kammerknechtschaft bezeichnete Sonderverhältnis zwischen König und Juden diesen zu dieser Zeit keinen kollektiven Schutz mehr bot. Es erschöpfte sich nur noch in Nutzungsrechten des Königs, die seitdem zunehmend auf Territorialherren und Städte übergingen. Auf territorialer Ebene konnten sich Juden fortan individuellen Schutz erkaufen und verbriefen lassen. Diese territorialen Schutzbriefe hatten eine andere Qualität als die königlichen Schutzbriefe aus der Zeit vor der Etablierung der Kammerknechtschaft. Waren letztere noch Ausfluss eines besonderen Kaufmannsschutzes, an dem auch die seinerzeit vor allem im Fernhandel tätigen Juden teilhatten, waren die territorialen Schutzbriefe als eine Sonderregelung für Angehörige einer sozialen Randgruppe ausgestaltet. Verbrieft wurde ein befristetes und darüber hinaus mehr oder weniger reglementiertes Aufenthaltsrecht für den betreffenden Juden und seine Haushaltsangehörigen. Die Reglementierungen betrafen zumeist die Bedingungen der Ausübung gewerblicher Tätigkeit, welche sich regelmäßig auf die Geld- und Pfandleihe beschränkte.
Wilhelm (Zeev) Haller (1884–1956) als Architekt jüdischer Gemeinden [25 Abb.]
Authors: Knufinke Ulrich
Published: December 2007

Bei der Beschäftigung mit historischen Bauwerken jüdischer Gemeinden treten immer wieder einzelne Architektenpersönlichkeiten hervor, die vor allem durch ihre heute zumeist zerstörten Projekte für jüdische Auftraggeber bedeutend sind. Wilhelm Haller ist einer dieser weitgehend vergessenen Baumeister, an deren Werken die Entwicklung der Architektur in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts verfolgt werden kann. Sein Werdegang mit einer Karriere als Architekt im Deutschland der Weimarer Republik, der durch den Beginn der nationalsozialistischen Herrschaft erzwungenen Emigration und dem Neubeginn in Palästina erscheint geradezu exemplarisch für jüdische Architekten seiner Generation.
Chronist im Niemandsland – Alfred Kantorowicz' Haltung zum Judentum
Authors: Schilling Klaus
Published: December 2007

Als Chronist deutscher Geschichte im 20. Jahrhundert ist Alfred Kantorowicz (1899–1979) nach seiner Flucht aus der DDR in die Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Jahr 1957 bekannt geworden. Mit seinem 1959 und 1961 in zwei Bänden veröffentlichten ›Deutschen Tagebuch‹ schreibt sich Kantorowicz zwischen die Fronten des Kalten Krieges ein. In seiner Erzählung über die Jahre des Exils, die Begegnungen mit Heinrich Mann und anderen, seine Rückkehr nach Deutschland und die Jahre als Professor an der Berliner Humboldt-Universität kommt das Judentum meist nur am Rande seiner Texte vor. Viele Jahre lang war Kantorowicz' Haltung zu seinem eigenen Judentum durch dessen Verdrängung bestimmt. Der Eintritt in die KPD ging für Kantorowicz – wie für viele andere ›jüdische Kommunisten‹ – einher mit dem Ausschluss des eigenen Judentums.
Die »Frauenpflichtlerin« – Zur Erinnerung an Nadja Strasser
Authors: Schmidt Birgit
Published: December 2007

Vor einigen Jahren fiel mir in einem Antiquariat ein schmales Bändchen in die Hände, das mich in Erstaunen versetzte: Das Ergebnis. Lyrische Essays, so der Titel, ist eine radikalfeministische Kritik an der bürgerlichen Gesellschaft, die zum Zeitpunkt ihres Erscheinens (1919) revolutionär wirken musste. Immerhin forderte die Autorin, Nadja Strasser, die Abschaffung der bürgerlichen Ehe.
»Making the world a better place. « Welfare and politics, welfare as politics? Activities of Jewish women in Vienna before 1938
Authors: Malleier Elisabeth
Published: December 2007

This paper deals with the history of Jewish women in Vienna and the question of the political nature of their welfare activities before 1938.
»Es müsste so sein, dass man einstens erzählen kann, wie die Juden […] zu Predigern des Friedens unter den Menschen wurden.« Die deutsch-jüdische Predigt im Ersten Weltkrieg – Max Dienemann und Moritz Güdemann
Authors: Schad Margit
Published: December 2007

Die Wahrnehmung, Deutung und Verarbeitung des Ersten Weltkriegs in der deutsch-jüdischen Kultur ist noch nicht ausreichend und schlüssig analysiert, was angesichts der Schlüsselrolle, die der »Große Krieg« in den ideologischen Kämpfen der Weimarer Republik und im Nationalsozialismus spielte, erstaunlich ist. Insbesondere wissen wir wenig darüber, wie die »Urkatastrophe« des 20. Jahrhunderts religiös erlebt, gedeutet und verarbeitet wurde. Die anfänglich rein politikgeschichtliche Perspektive, unter der der Erste Weltkrieg in der deutsch-jüdischen Historiographie betrachtet wurde, ist zwar durch die Perspektive des deutsch-jüdischen Verhältnisses und der gesellschaftlichen Situation der Juden erweitert worden, kulturhistorische Fragestellungen, die das System kollektiver Sinnkonstruktionen, mit denen Menschen Wirklichkeit erfahren, definieren, beschreiben und gestalten, werden aber nach wie vor fast gänzlich außer acht gelassen. Die Bedeutung des Krieges für das deutsche Judentum wird in der »grausamen Desillusionierung« der mit ihm verbundenen Hoffnung auf gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz gesehen. Dass mit der vorausgehenden Illusion eine kulturelle Deutung des Krieges verbunden war, die in ihrer Bedeutung für Selbstverständnis, Identität und Mentalität und die hieraus erwachsende Sicht auf die eigene kulturelle und gesellschaftliche Rolle kaum zu überschätzen ist, wird dabei nicht beachtet.
Microstructural Features in Aged Erbium Tritide Films
Authors: Gelles D. S. , Brewer L. N. , Kotula P. G. , Cowgill D. F. , Busick C. C. , Snow C. S.
Published: December 2007

Erbium is used as a storage medium for tritium. Microstructural study of helium bubble generation from tritium decay in erbium tritide can provide an unusual example of bubble development with negligible radiation damage. Aged erbium tritide film specimens were found to contain five distinctly different microstructural features. The general structure was of large columnar grains of ErT2. But on a fine scale, precipitates believed to be erbium oxy-tritides and helium bubbles could be identified. The precipitate size was in the range of ∼10 nm and the bubbles were of an unusual planar shape on {111} planes with an invariant thickness of ∼1 nm and a diameter on the order of 10 nm. Also, an outer layer containing no fine precipitate structure and only a few helium bubbles were present on the films. This layer is best described as a denuded zone which probably grew during aging in air. Finally, large embedded Er2O3 particles were found at low density and nonuniformly distributed, but sometimes extending through the thickness of the film. A failure mechanism allowing the helium to escape is suggested by observed cracking between bubbles closer to end of life.
Adsorption and kinetic desorption study of 152+154Eu(III) on multiwall carbon nanotubes from aqueous solution by using chelating resin and XPS methods
Authors: Tan X. L. , Xu D. , Chen C. L. , Wang X. K. , Hu W. P.
Published: December 2007

Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have been pretreated with HNO3 and used for the adsorption of radionuclide 152+154Eu(III) from aqueous solutions. The effects of pH (2–12), ionic strength (0.01 M and 0.1 M NaClO4) and radionuclide 152+154Eu(III) solution concentrations (10-8–10-5 mol/L) on the adsorption of 152+154Eu(III) on MWCNTs were investigated. The experiments were carried out at 25±2 °C and under atmosphere conditions. Adsorption of 152+154Eu(III) on MWCNTs increases significantly with increasing pH at pH <6, and over 96% 152+154Eu(III) are adsorbed on MWCNTs at pH >6. Strong surface complexation and/or chemisorptions are considered as the main adsorption mechanism. The sorption was also characterized by using high resolution XPS spectra. The results show that MWCNTs can be a promising candidate of adsorbent for preconcentration of lanthanides from large volumes in radioactive nuclear waste management.
Liquid–liquid extraction of uranium from nitric acid solution using di-n-butylsulfoxide in petroleum ether as extractant
Authors: Khan Muhammad Haleem , Shahida Shabnam , Ali Akbar
Published: December 2007

A simple, efficient and economical liquid–liquid extraction method has been developed for quantitative extraction of uranium from 2 M HNO3using di-n-butyl sulfoxide in petroleum ether. The dependence of the partition reaction of U(VI) on the concentration of HNO3, extractant and temperature was studied. The reaction was found to be inversely dependent upon the temperature and the values for related thermodynamics functions (ΔH, ΔS, ΔG) for extraction equilibrium were determined to be -33.6 kJ/mol, -1.29 kJ/mol/degree and -0.11 kJ/mol/degree, respectively. The effect of Al(NO3)3as salting-out agent and diverse ions on the extraction was examined. The salting-out agent slightly enhanced the extraction. All cations studied have showed negligible effect on the extraction, whereas phosphate and fluoride interfered seriously. Among others, oxalate, citrate and sulphide ions affect the extraction to a lesser extent. Uranium was successfully extracted from a synthetic mixture of Ti+4, Zr+4, Hf+4and Th+4using EDTA as masking agent. Among strippants, deionized water was found most suitable, and the recovery of uranium was noted to be ≥96%. The stoichiometric composition of the extracted species was found to be UO2(NO3)2·2DBSO. The extraction mechanism is discussed on the basis of the results obtained. The extractant has high loading as well as recycling capacity without any degradation. The method was also applied to the Standard Reference Material (NBL-49) and the measured value was found to be in agreement with the reported value within ±2% deviation.
Species dependent radiotracer study of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) using an aqueous biphasic system
Authors: Roy Kamalika , Lahiri Susanta
Published: December 2007

The speciation study of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) was carried out using a polyethylene glycol (PEG) based aqueous biphasic extraction system (ABS). Neutron activated Cr(III) and Cr(VI) salts were assayed in a HPGe detector before and after employing aqueous biphasic extraction. Different salts of various salting out abilities were taken as the salt rich phase. The best condition for extraction of Cr(VI) and the maximum differential attitude of ABS to Cr(VI) and Cr(III) was observed when 2 M Na2SO4 and PEG #4000 (50% w/w) solutions were used. Cr(III) can also be extracted by the PEG with prior complexation with diphenylthiocarbazone (dithizone). The chromium dithizonate complex is quantitatively extracted by the PEG rich phase.
TRLFS and EXAFS investigations of lanthanide and actinide complexation by triflate and perchlorate in an ionic liquid
Authors: Stumpf Silvia , Billard Isabelle , Gaillard C. , Panak Petra J. , Dardenne K.
Published: December 2007

The solvation of the Eu-perchlorate (ClO4–) and triflate (CF3SO3–, OTf–) salts as well as of Cm(ClO4)3and Am(ClO4)3in the ionic liquid C4mimTf2N (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) has been comparatively investigated by application of laser fluorescence spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Moreover, the ClO4–/OTf–ligand exchange reaction for the two actinide cations has been analyzed by the same spectroscopic techniques. A structural model for the different complexes was determined by the interpretation of the spectroscopic data. The lanthanide and the two actinide cations show the same coordination in C4mimTf2N. Moreover, a sequence for the strength of complexing ligands could be deduced from the spectroscopic data for the lanthanide and the two actinides: ClO4–>OTf–≥Tf2N–>H2O.
177Lu-DOTMP: A viable agent for palliative radiotherapy of painful bone metastasis
Authors: Das Tapas , Chakraborty Sudipta , Sarma Haladhar D. , Banerjee Sharmila
Published: December 2007

The suitable nuclear decay characteristics [T
1/2=6.73 d, E
β (max)=497 keV, E
γ=113 keV (6.4%), 208 keV (11%)] as well as the feasibility of large-scale production with adequate specific activity and radionuclidic purity using a moderate flux reactor are important attributes towards 177Lu to be considered as a promising radionuclide for palliative care in painful bone metastasis. The present study describes the preparation of 177Lu complex of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetramethylene phosphonic acid (DOTMP) and its preliminary biological evaluation in animal models with an aim to proposing it as a viable radiopharmaceutical for bone pain palliation. The choice DOTMP as the polyaminophosphonic acid carrier ligand is based on the enhanced thermodynamic stability and kinetic inertness of the metal-ligand complexes with macrocyclic chelators. 177Lu was produced with a specific activity of ∼12 GBq/mg (∼324 mCi/mg) and radionuclidic purity of 99.98% by irradiation of natural Lu2O3 target at a thermal neutron flux of ∼6×1013 n/cm2s for 21 d. 177Lu-DOTMP complex was prepared in high yield and excellent radiochemical purity (>99%) using DOTMP synthesized and characterized in-house. The complex exhibited excellent in-vitro stability at room temperature. Biodistribution studies in Wistar rats showed rapid skeletal accumulation of the injected activity [(1.60±0.19) per gram in femur at 3 h post-injection] with fast clearance from blood and minimal uptake in any of the major organs. Scintigraphic studies carried out in normal Wistar rats and New Zealand white rabbits also demonstrated significant accumulation of the agent in skeleton and almost no retention in any other vital organs.
Nonequilibrium Processes During Fe(CO)5 Pyrolysis in a Shock Wave
Authors: Deppe J. , Drakon A. , Emelianov A. , Eremin A. , Jander H. , Wagner H. Gg.
Published: December 2007

In this work the processes of nonequilibrium radiation and ionization in the weak shock waves (2 < M < 4) in argon or helium, containing a small admixture (0.1–2%) of Fe(CO)5 are experimentally studied. The spectra- and time-resolved measurements, performed using a ICCD camera (StreakStar II, LaVision GmbH) have shown, that the unresolved radiation spectra are situated in the range 400–700 nm. The maximum of the spectra lies approximately at 615 nm. The radiation appeared immediately at the propagating shock front and lasted about 8–12 μs. The following time-resolved measurements, performed using photomultipliers (at 615 ± 10 nm) and calibrated electric probes have shown intensive peaks of emission and electric current with duration of few μs, that correlates with the characteristic time of active growth of iron clusters. The analysis of the results obtained allowed to conclude that the real mechanism of generation of the observed peaks of radiation and ionization is the instant dissociation of Fe(CO)5 causing an active condensation process of a supersaturated vapor of iron atoms, which results in the formation of excited and ionized iron clusters.
Effect of Sodium Sulphate on the Volumetric, Rheological and Refractometric Properties of some Disaccharides in Aqueous Solutions at Different Temperatures
Authors: Banipal Parampaul Kaur , Dhanjun Harpreet Singh , Sharma Suman , Hundal Harneet , Banipal Tarlok Singh
Published: December 2007

Density,ρ, viscosity,η, and refractive index,n, of some disaccharides [D(+)-cellobiose, D(+)-lactose monohydrate, D(+)-maltose monohydrate and sucrose] in water and in 0.49850 and 0.99705mol kg-1aqueous solutions of sodium sulphate [Na2SO4] have been measured at four temperatures [288.15, 298.15, 308.15 and 318.15K]. From these data, the apparent molar volumes,VΦ, and viscosity-B-coefficients using Jones–Dole equation have been determined at different temperatures. The partial molar volumes of transfer,ΔtV20at infinite dilution and B-coefficients of transfer,ΔtB, have been estimated for transfer of disaccharides from water to aqueous sodium sulphate solutions. Partial molar expansion coefficients, (∂V20/∂T)Pand dB/dTcoefficients have also been calculated. Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow has been calculated by using Feakin´s transition-state theory for the studied systems. D(+)-Cellobiose has shown characteristically different hydration behaviour among the studied disaccharides. The signs and magnitude ofΔtV20, andΔtB parameters have been discussed in terms of various interactions occurring in these solutions.
3D reconstruction and calculation of surface area and volume of bell pepper
Authors: Gillay Zoltán , Fenyvesi László
Published: December 2007

There was a method developed that generates the three-dimensional model of not axisymmetric produce, based on an arbitrary number of photos. The model can serve as a basis for calculating the surface area and the volume of produce. The efficiency of the reconstruction was tested on bell peppers and artificial shapes. In case of bell peppers 3-dimensional reconstruction was created from 4 images rotated in 45° angle intervals. The surface area and the volume were estimated on the basis of the reconstructed area. Furthermore, a new and simple reference method was devised to give precise results for the surface area of bell pepper. The results show that this 3D reconstruction-based surface area and volume calculation method is suitable to determine the surface area and volume of definite bell peppers with an acceptable error.
Depressive Disorder Associated with Mycophenolate Mofetil
Authors: Draper Heather M.
Published: December 2007

Immunosuppressive pharmacologic agents are associated with a diverse array of adverse drug reactions. One of these agents, mycophenolate mofetil, is indicated for prevention of allogeneic organ transplant rejection and has recently been evaluated for treatment of autoimmune disease states, including myasthenia gravis. Although the prescribing information for mycophenolate mofetil reports depression as an adverse event, no descriptions of the onset or manifestation of this idiosyncratic reaction have been published. This case report describes a 64‐year‐old woman with myasthenia gravis who received mycophenolate mofetil and developed a severe depressive disorder requiring hospitalization 4 days after the start of therapy. The drug was discontinued, and she was treated with sertraline, quetiapine, and clonazepam. Within 2 days after mycophenolate mofetil discontinuation, the patient's depressive symptoms had markedly improved. Eight days later, mycophenolate mofetil was reintroduced under direct observation. After day 2 of this rechallenge, the patient reported a substantial increase in her depressive symptoms. Treatment was discontinued again, with improvement in the patient's symptoms within 2 days. Use of the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale indicated a probable relationship between the patient's development of depression and mycophenolate mofetil therapy. Future evaluations of mycophenolate mofetil should include an assessment of psychological adverse effects. In addition, postmarketing surveillance should be encouraged to further delineate the association between depression and mycophenolate mofetil therapy.
Risk of Hospitalization for Acute Pancreatitis Associated with Conventional and Atypical Antipsychotics: A Population‐Based Case‐Control Study
Authors: Gasse Christiane , Jacobsen Jacob , Pedersen Lars , Mortensen Preben Bo , Nørgaard Mette , Sørensen Henrik Toft , Johnsen Søren Paaske
Published: December 2007

Study Objective. To examine the association of atypical and conventional antipsychotics with the risk of hospitalization for acute pancreatitis.

Design. Population‐based, case‐control study.

Data Source. Health care databases of Northern Denmark.

Patients. A total of 3083 adults hospitalized with acute pancreatitis (case patients) and 30,830 control subjects.

Measurements and Main Results. Controls were selected from the general population by using risk‐set sampling and were matched to case patients by age and sex. The date of the case patients' admission for acute pancreatitis was used as the index date for the matched control subjects. Conditional logistic regression analysis was used to estimate rate ratios (RRs) for hospitalization due to acute pancreatitis in current users (0–90 days before admission or index date) and former users (> 90 days before admission or index date) of atypical and conventional antipsychotics compared with nonusers of the respective antipsychotics, while controlling for covariates and stratifying by age. Fifteen case patients (0.5%) were current users of atypical antipsychotics, and 128 case patients (4.2%) were current users of conventional antipsychotics. Adjusted RRs for current use and former use of atypical antipsychotics were 0.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.3‐1.1) and 0.3 (95% CI 0.1‐0.9), respectively. A trend was noted for increasing risk of hospitalization due to acute pancreatitis with decreasing potency of conventional antipsychotics, with adjusted RRs of 1.2 (95% CI 0.7‐2.0) for high‐potency, 1.5 (95% CI 1.0–2.2) for intermediate‐potency, and 2.8 (95% CI 2.0–3.8) for low‐potency conventional antipsychotics, which was largely age‐modified with an adjusted RR of 5.2 (95% CI 3.2–8.5) in patients younger than 60 years, compared with an adjusted RR of 1.5 (95% CI 0.9‐2.5) in older users. Former use of conventional antipsychotics of any kind was associated with an adjusted RR of 1.6 (95% CI 1.4‐1.9).

Conclusions. Current use of low‐potency conventional, but not atypical, antipsychotics was associated with an increased risk of hospitalization for acute pancreatitis.
Early Clinical Experience with Anidulafungin at a Large Tertiary Care Medical Center
Authors: Brielmaier Benjamin D. , Casabar Ed , Kurtzeborn Christine M. , McKinnon Peggy S. , Ritchie David J.
Published: December 2007

Study Objective. To evaluate early clinical experience with anidulafungin.

Design. Retrospective cohort study.

Setting. Large, university‐affiliated, tertiary care medical center.

Patients. All patients receiving anidulafungin between July 15, 2006, and January 15, 2007.

Measurements and Main Results. Thirty‐five patients received at least one dose of anidulafungin. Safety and tolerability were evaluated in all patients; efficacy outcomes were assessed in 13 patients who had a documented fungal infection and received anidulafungin for a minimum of 5 days. Common conditions at baseline were hepatic dysfunction (25 patients [71%]), severe sepsis (17 patients [49%]), and solid organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (10 patients [29%]). Eight patients (23%) were receiving drugs with the potential to interact with echinocandins other than anidulafungin. Seventeen (49%) of the 35 patients received anidulafungin as empiric antifungal therapy. Anidulafungin was used to treat invasive candidiasis in seven patients (20%) and candidemia in 10 patients (29%); Candida albicans or Candida glabrata was isolated most frequently in these two infections combined (7 isolates each [41%]/17 infections). A favorable efficacy outcome was noted in 10 (77%) of 13 evaluable patients. One patient developed breakthrough Candida parapsilosis fungemia while receiving anidulafungin. Overall, anidulafungin was well tolerated, with only one patient having an infusion‐related reaction. Anidulafungin was also well tolerated among patients receiving concomitant metronidazole.

Conclusion. Anidulafungin was well tolerated and produced favorable outcomes in the majority of the patients evaluated. The availability of anidulafungin makes it a feasible option for antifungal therapy, particularly in patients who have hepatic dysfunction and in those who are receiving drugs than can interact with other echinocandins.
Integrase Inhibitors: A New Treatment Option for Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Correll Todd , Klibanov Olga M.
Published: December 2007

The emergence of antiretroviral drug resistance in patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has prompted efforts to develop new antiretrovirals that differ from existing agents with regard to mechanism of action and resistance profiles. We evaluated the literature regarding a new class of antiretrovirals, the integrase inhibitors. A MEDLINE search (January 1996‐May 2007) was performed to identify relevant clinical trials and review articles; abstracts from HIV conferences were also searched. Raltegravir (MK‐0518) and elvitegravir (GS‐9137) are the two integrase inhibitors in late‐phase development. These agents prevent viral DNA integration into the CD4+ cell chromosome. Both drugs showed potent antiviral activity in large clinical trials that were performed in treatment‐experienced, multidrug‐resistant patients. Promising results have also been seen in an initial dose‐ranging study with raltegravir in treatment‐naïve patients. Preliminary data describe integrase inhibitor resistance profiles, but more data are needed in this area. Both agents were well tolerated in clinical trials, with favorable pharmacokinetic profiles for once‐ or twice‐daily dosing. Raltegravir and elvitegravir differ in their metabolism, resulting in distinct drug‐interaction profiles for each agent. Based on available data, this new class of antiretrovirals will soon be widely used in antiretroviral‐experienced patients infected with HIV. In the future, this class of drugs may become a reasonable treatment option for antiretroviral‐naïve patients, but more data are needed in that patient population.
Unique Dielectric Properties Distinguish Stem Cells and Their Differentiated Progeny
Authors: Flanagan Lisa A. , Lu Jente , Wang Lisen , Marchenko Steve A. , Jeon Noo Li , Lee Abraham P. , Monuki Edwin S.
Published: December 2007

The relatively new field of stem cell biology is hampered by a lack of sufficient means to accurately determine the phenotype of cells. Cell-type-specific markers, such as cell surface proteins used for flow cytometry or fluorescence-activated cell sorting, are limited and often recognize multiple members of a stem cell lineage. We sought to develop a complementary approach that would be less dependent on the identification of particular markers for the subpopulations of cells and would instead measure their overall character. We tested whether a microfluidic system using dielectrophoresis (DEP), which induces a frequency-dependent dipole in cells, would be useful for characterizing stem cells and their differentiated progeny. We found that populations of mouse neural stem/precursor cells (NSPCs), differentiated neurons, and differentiated astrocytes had different dielectric properties revealed by DEP. By isolating NSPCs from developmental ages at which they are more likely to generate neurons, or astrocytes, we were able to show that a shift in dielectric property reflecting their fate bias precedes detectable marker expression in these cells and identifies specific progenitor populations. In addition, experimental data and mathematical modeling suggest that DEP curve parameters can indicate cell heterogeneity in mixed cultures. These findings provide evidence for a whole cell property that reflects stem cell fate bias and establish DEP as a tool with unique capabilities for interrogating, characterizing, and sorting stem cells.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Two new species ofRetiskenea? (Gastropoda: Neomphalidae) from Lower Cretaceous hydrocarbon-seep carbonates of northern California
Authors: Campbell Kathleen A. , Peterson Dawn E. , Alfaro Andrea C.
Published: December 2007

Two new Mesozoic gastropod species, provisionally attributed to the minute (height < 5 mm) coiled neomphalid genusRetiskenea?, are described from three geographically isolated, Early Cretaceous, hydrocarbon seep-carbonate sites at Wilbur Springs, Rice Valley, and Cold Fork of Cottonwood Creek, northern California (USA). A fourth paleo-seep locality at Paskenta, of probable Upper Jurassic age, also yielded a single specimen of a morphologically similar microgastropod that may be a neomphalid with affinities to the Lower Cretaceous specimens described herein. the limestone lenses are ~2-260 m in length, ~1-5 m in diameter, and surrounded by forearc siliciclastics of bathyal turbidites or sedimentary serpentinites in the Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous (Tithonian-Albian) Great Valley Group and its equivalents. the Lower Cretaceous microgastropods are tentatively placed inRetiskenea?based on similar shell characters: size, globose shape, inflated reticulate protoconch, number and distinct inflation of the body whorls, and fine, prosocline sculpture of the final body whorl. the fossils occur in carbonate microbialites that formed in seafloor sediments during archaeal anaerobic oxidation of methane in the zone of bacterial sulfate reduction, associated with H2S- and CH4-rich fluid seepage. the CaliforniaRetiskenea?fossils commonly are found in gregarious clusters, or closely affiliated with thin worm tubes or, in one case, a larger gastropod.

These Mesozoic records increase the total known species attributable to this cold-seep endemic genus from two to four. Its spatial and temporal distribution thus may have spanned ~9,000 km around the Pacific Rim from at least ~133 m.y. to the present in 10 subduction-related seep sites from California (possibly Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous), Washington (middle Eocene-Upper Oligocene), and modern offshore Oregon, the eastern Aleutians, and the Japan Trench. If the generic placement of these microgastropod fossils is correct, the California records are the oldest-known occurrences ofRetiskenea, consistent with an estimated minimum Mesozoic origin for the 'hot vent' Neomphalidae, as inferred from molecular analyses published on other living members of the family.
Discovery of Upper Ladinian ammonoids at the type locality of the Lower Carnian Desatoyense Zone (South Canyon, New Pass Range, Nevada)
Authors: Balini Marco
Published: December 2007

South Canyon, located in the New Pass Range in central Nevada (Fig. 1), is one of the most important localities for Upper Triassic marine invertebrates in North America. This site yields very rich ammonoid faunas, as well as cnidarians (Muller, 1936; Stanley, 1979; Roniewicz and Stanley, 1998), foraminifers (Gazdzicki and Stanley, 1983), bivalves (Waller and Stanley, 1998, 2005; Hopkin and McRoberts, 2003), and brachiopods.
Middle to Upper Tournasian radiolaria of the Baltalimani Formation, Istanbul, Turkey
Authors: Noble Paula J. , Tekin U. Kagan , Gedik Ibrahim , Pehlivan Sukru
Published: December 2007

Radiolarians collected from five localities of the Baltalimani Formation in the Istanbul region are described in detail, and the local stratigraphic ranges and persistence of biostratigraphically important radiolarian species are documented. the spumellarian component is published for the first time, and four new species are described:Albaillella kayain. sp.,Ceratoikiscum jucundumn. sp.,Meschedea akcetensisn. sp., andStigmosphaerostylus istanbulensisn. sp. Two assemblages are recognized: theA. paradoxaand theA.sp. aff.A. undulata-A. deflandreiassemblage. the olderA. paradoxaassemblage containsTraenosphaera sicarius, Pararchocyrtium serrensis, Cyrtisphaeractenium mendax, and common to abundantA. paradoxaandPopofskyellium. Albaillella paradoxais not restricted to the older assemblage but is the only species ofAlbaillellapresent. the youngerA.sp. aff.A. undulata-A. deflandreiassemblage contains eitherA.sp. aff.A. undulataorA. deflandrei. Albaillella indensis ambigua, A. kayain. sp., andKantolliumsp. A occur exclusively in theA.sp. aff.A. undulata-A. deflandreiassemblage, but are rare and patchy in their occurrence. Distinctive taxa common to both assemblages areArchocyrtium lagabriellei, Pylentonema antiqua, C. avimexpectens, C. umbraculatum, C. jucundumn. sp.,Trilonche palimbola, M. akcetensisn. sp.,S. tortispina, Polyentactinia polygonia, P. aranea, andCubaxonium? octaedrospongiosum.Many of the taxa present occur in middle and upper Tournasian sections from France, the central Pyrenees, and Germany and provide a solid basis for re-assessing the age of the Baltalimani Formation as middle to late Tournasian (Tn2-Tn3).
The operculum of Otostoma Retzii (Nilsson, 1827) (Gastropoda, Neritidae; Late Cretaceous) and its phylogenetic significance
Authors: Jagt John W. M. , Kiel Steffen
Published: December 2007

The Neritimorph gastropod genus Otostoma d'Archiac, 1859 (p. 871), with its hemispherical shell and typical axial ribs and lamellae, is a characteristic fossil in (sub)tropical, nearshore deposits of the late Early and Late Cretaceous ages (Saul and Squires, 1997; Kiel, 2002; Kiel et al., 2002; Bandel and Kiel, 2003). The genus survived Cretaceous/Paleogene boundary perturbations and appears to have become extinct during the Middle Eocene (Glibert, 1973; Saul and Squires, 1997). Its placement in the Neritimorpha Golikov and Starobogatov, 1975 is clear from its typical hemispherical shell and D-shaped inner lip with a row of denticles. Long considered linked to Recent Nerita Linnaeus, 1758 (see Wenz, 1938-1944; Kase, 1984; Squires and Saul, 1993; Bandel and Kiel, 2003), assignment of Otostoma to the Neritoidea Rafinesque, 1815 has recently been corroborated by documentation of dissolved internal walls in Otostoma divaricatum (d'Orbigny, 1842) from the Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) of northeast Spain (Bandel and Kiel, 2003). However, axial (collabral) ornament as seen in Otostoma is unknown in modern neritids, which usually are either smooth or spirally sculptured. Here we describe the operculum of Otostoma retzii (Nilsson, 1827) for the first time; it closely resembles that of Nerita and many species of Neritina Lamarck, 1816, yet differs significantly from those of other neritimorph clades, including Neritopsidae Gray, 1847 and Neritiliidae Schepman, 1908.
Glyptorthis(Foerste, 1914) andBassettellanew genus (Brachiopoda: Orthida) from the Late Ordovician of the east Baltic
Authors: Zuykov Michael A. , Butts Susan H.
Published: December 2007

The GenusGlyptorthisFoerste, 1914 is a rare component of the Late Ordovician to early Silurian brachiopod faunas of the East Baltic. Hints and Röömusoks (1997) reported on the occurrence ofGlyptorthisin seven stratigraphie levels within the Upper Caradoc, Ashgill and Llandovery, in a paper summarizing the stratigraphy of Estonia. To date, however, very few of these brachiopods have been studied in detail. Three species from the Ashgill and Llandovery were established by Rubel (1962) and Röömusoks (1970), whereas some unnamed Caradoc taxa were listed only in the latter paper. Collections made since 1987 by S. S. Terentiev and M. A. Zuykov revealed that rare specimens ofGlyptorthis-like brachiopods occur in fossiliferous lower Caradocian (Idavere Regional Stage) strata in the western part of the St. Petersburg region, northwestern Russia. These specimens, assigned herein to a new glyptorthid genus and species Bassettella gracilis, comprise the core of this paper. Moreover, generic affinities of Estonian species from the Ashgill currently assigned toGlyptorthisare discussed. The type specimen of J. Hall (1847) in the American Museum of Natural History (New York) and specimens from the type area in the Sch¨chtert Brachiopod Collection in the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University (New Haven), have been investigated for comparative purposes.
Tube ultrastructure of the fossil genusRotulariaDefrance, 1827 (Polychaeta, Serpulidae)
Authors: Vinn Olev
Published: December 2007

Among Polychaete annelids, calcareous tubes occur in Serpulidae, Spirorbidae, Sabellidae, and Cirratulidae (Perkins, 1991; Fischer et al., 2000). The tubes of most serpulids are completely or partially cemented to the substrate. The fossil genus Rotularia has a peculiar unattached, spirally coiled tube, thus well distinguishable from the other known serpulids. Tube records of Rotularia are known from Mesozoic (Late Jurassic) (Ball, 1960; Stevens, 1967) to Early Tertiary sediments, becoming very common during the Cretaceous and Eocene (see Savazzi, 1995). It also has a global distribution (Wrigley, 1951; Ball, 1960; Keen, 1961; Regenhardt, 1961; Howell, 1962; Stevens, 1967; Chiplonkar and Tapaswi, 1973; Ware, 1975; Lommerzheim, 1979; Macellari, 1984; Jäger, 1993).
Destabilization of parathyroid hormone mRNA by extracellular Ca2+ and the calcimimetic R-568 in parathyroid cells: role of cytosolic Ca and requirement for gene transcription
Authors: Ritter Cynthia S , Pande Sangeeta , Krits Irina , Slatopolsky Eduardo , Brown Alex J
Published: December 2007

Extracellular Ca reduces parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels through several mechanisms, but many details of the intracellular steps involved have been difficult to elucidate because of the lack of a suitable parathyroid cell model. The present studies utilized our Ca-responsive bovine parathyroid organoid culture system (pseudoglands) to examine PTH mRNA in intact parathyroid cells. Increasing medium calcium from 0.4 to 3.0 mM reduced PTH mRNA to 20–30% of basal by 16 h. Reducing medium Ca from 3.0 to 0.4 mM restored PTH mRNA levels over a 24-h period. PTH mRNA was also reduced by the calcimimetic R-568, confirming the role of the calcium-sensing receptor. PTH decay rates were determined by placing pseudoglands in either 0.4 or 3.0 mM Ca for 2 h and then blocking gene transcription. PTH mRNA remained stable for at least 24 h in pseudoglands incubated in 0.4 mM Ca, but fell gradually by 62% in the presence of 3.0 mM Ca. Blocking transcription prior to the addition of high-Ca medium dramatically blunted the Ca-induced degradation of PTH mRNA, indicating that acceleration of PTH mRNA decay by Ca requires gene transcription. Pharmacologic investigation of the signaling pathways involved indicated that the Ca-induced reduction of PTH mRNA did not involve MAP kinase, phospholipase D, or cyclic AMP. However, increasing cytosolic Ca with thapsigargin or the Ca ionophore A23187 decreased PTH mRNA levels. In summary, Ca-mediated destabilization of PTH mRNA requires gene transcription and involves increases in cytosolic Ca.
A MOBILE COMPUTING SOLUTION FOR COLLECTING FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS DATA ON A POCKET PC
Authors: Jackson James , Dixon Mark R.
Published: December 2007

The present paper provides a task analysis for creating a computerized data system using a Pocket PC and Microsoft Visual Basic. With Visual Basic software and any handheld device running the Windows Moble operating system, this task analysis will allow behavior analysts to program and customize their own functional analysis data‐collection system. The program will allow the user to select the type of behavior to be recorded, choose between interval and frequency data collection, and summarize data for graphing and analysis. We also provide suggestions for customizing the data‐collection system for idiosyncratic research and clinical needs.
REDUCING STUDENT STEREOTYPY BY IMPROVING TEACHERS' IMPLEMENTATION OF DISCRETE‐TRIAL TEACHING
Authors: Dib Nancy , Sturmey Peter
Published: December 2007

Discrete‐trial teaching is an instructional method commonly used to teach social and academic skills to children with an autism spectrum disorder. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the indirect effects of discrete‐trial teaching on 3 students' stereotypy. Instructions, feedback, modeling, and rehearsal were used to improve 3 teaching aides' implementation of discrete‐trial teaching in a private school for children with autism. Improvements in accurate teaching were accompanied by systematic decreases in students' levels of stereotypy.
A COMPARISON OF OUTCOMES FROM DESCRIPTIVE AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSES OF PROBLEM BEHAVIOR
Authors: Thompson Rachel H. , Iwata Brian A.
Published: December 2007

We compared results of descriptive and functional analyses of problem behavior for 12 participants whose descriptive data have been reported previously (Thompson & Iwata, 2001). Results indicated that in only 3 of the 12 cases was problem behavior maintained by the consequence observed most frequently during the descriptive analysis. Attention was the most common consequence for problem behavior during descriptive analyses for 8 of the 12 participants; however, maintenance of problem behavior by attention was evident for only 2 of these 8 participants.
EVALUATING PRESCHOOL CHILDREN'S PREFERENCES FOR MOTIVATIONAL SYSTEMS DURING INSTRUCTION
Authors: Heal Nicole A. , Hanley Gregory P.
Published: December 2007

Preschool teachers rely on several strategies for motivating children to participate in learning activities. In the current study, we evaluated the effectiveness of and preference for three teaching contexts in which embedded, sequential, or no programmed reinforcement was arranged. The embedded context included highly preferred teaching materials, the sequential context included highly preferred edible items for correct responding, and a control context included neither. In addition, an exclusively play‐oriented activity was included as a fourth option to determine if one of the direct teaching contexts could compete with a relatively unstructured and exclusively child‐led activity. All participants preferred the sequential context (use of high‐quality consequences) over the embedded context (use of high‐quality teaching materials), 2 of the 4 participants preferred some motivational system to none at all, and the play area was selected over all variants of the instructional contexts during the majority of trials. We found either no or small differences in correct responding in the different instructional contexts; however, rates of undesirable behavior were highest in the least preferred interaction area for 3 of the 4 participants. Implications for the design of effective and preferred teaching environments for young children are discussed.
Production Optimization through Coupled Facility/Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Hayder E. , Dahan M. , Dossary M.
Published: December 2007

Proper field management for optimal performance of hydrocarbon reservoirs must capture the interdependence of the subsurface reservoir behavior and surface facility constraints. In this work we describe how full coupling improved development of a Saudi field by reducing water production by 30% while maintaining the target plateau for the required period of time.

This was achieved by an iterative procedure that was able to devise an optimal producing strategy. The strategy involved time-dependent well production/injection rate allocations in response to field behavior. The strategy devised take into account production network constraints, network bottlenecks/under-utilization, and reservoir engineering complexities in producing three different reservoirs that make up the field.

This work was realized by linking Saudi Aramco's in-house developed simulator (POWERS) with a commercially available surface network simulator (PE-GAP). The paper will highlight some of the major challenges in creating the link from engineering as well as from software/hardware perspectives.

Due to this successful endeavor, the workflow will be applied to more fields. Furthermore connection to SCADA system for real-time monitoring is under developed.
Screening Criteria for Carbon Dioxide Huff ‘n’ Puff Operations
Authors: Mohammed-Singh L. , Singhal A. K. , Sim S.
Published: December 2007

This paper reviews design and performance data on sixteen (16) CO2 huff ‘n puff projects conducted in different wells in the Forest Reserve oilfield of Trinidad and Tobago over the last twenty (20) years. Specific inferences on conditions under which these projects succeeded in increasing oil production were generalized taking into account published results of similar projects elsewhere.

With a variety of technical, operational and economic variables, a strong correlation or a definitive conclusion is difficult. However, by correlating various performance attributes with different parameters, certain inferences are drawn and tested which could be used to: Determine if a candidate well could benefit from CO2 huff ‘n puff operations andIdentify optimal design and operational configurations in specific situations, based on field experience and engineering considerations.

Successful projects were conducted in reservoirs with crude oil gravities from 11-38°API and in-situ viscosities from 0.5 to 3000 cp (mPa.s) porosities of 11 to 32%, depths from 1150 to 12870 feet (345 to 3900 m), thicknesses from 6 to 220 feet (2 to 67 m) and permeabilities ranging from 10 to 2500 mD. Huff ‘n puff operations benefited from high oil saturations, mild pressure support to production, soak intervals of 2 to 4 weeks and production against back-pressures to discourage excessive water or gas production. Successful operations had CO2 utilization ranging from 0.3 Mcf/barrel to 10 Mcf/barrel for light oil reservoirs and 5 Mcf/barrel to 22 Mcf/barrel for some heavy oil reservoirs.

CO2 huff ‘n puff operations are essentially near wellbore stimulation techniques which can lead to increased oil recovery via removal of some productivity damage, reduced oil viscosity, increased dissolved gas content, oil swelling and vaporization of lighter components of oil. They can also suppress water production. They have significantly boosted short-term oil production and generated quick payouts, especially at attractive oil prices. In certain cases, they have also provided strategic information on injectivity and pressure communication with adjacent wells, and helped determine if a drive process is indicated. This paper attempts to demonstrate that by properly understanding relevant reservoir mechanisms, one can screen specific prospects and design appropriate operations.
Upscaling of Hydraulic Properties of Fractured Porous Media: Full Permeability Tensor and Continuum Scale Simulations
Authors: Rodriguez A. A. , Klie H. , Sun S. , Gai X. , Wheeler M. F. , Florez H.
Published: December 2007

The simulation of flow and transport phenomena in fractured media is a challenging problem. Despite existing advances in computer capabilities, the fact that fractures can occur over a wide range of scales within porous media compromises the development of detailed flow simulations. Current discrete approaches are limited to systems that contain a small number of fractures. Alternatively, continuum approaches require the input of effective parameters that must be obtained as accurately as possible, based on the actual fracture network or its statistical description.

In this work, a novel method based on the utilization of the Delta-Y transformation is introduced for obtaining the effective permeability tensor of a 2D fracture network. This approach entails a detailed description of the fracture network, where each fracture is represented as a segment with a given length, orientation and permeability value. A fine rectangular grid is then superimposed on the network, and the fractures are discretized so that each one of them is represented as a connected sequence of bonds on the grid with a hydraulic conductivity proportional to the ratio of effective permeability over fracture discretization length. The next step consists of the selection of a coarser rectangular grid on which the continuum simulation is performed. In order to obtain the permeability tensor for each one of the resulting blocks, the Delta-Y method is used.

Finally, the resulting continuum permeability tensor is used to simulate the steady-state flow problem, and the results are compared with the actual flow pattern yielded by the fracture network simulation. The results obtained with both methods follow a similar flux pattern across the reservoir system. This shows that the proposed approach allows for efficient perform upscaling of hydraulic properties by honoring both the underlying physics and details of fracture network connectivity.