bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Precise measurement of sound speed in hydrogel tissue-mimicking material by a through-transmission method
Authors: Elmina Bernadette Carolina Fritzie , Baik Kyungmin , Kim Sung Mok , Kim Yong Tae
Published: October 2022

The water immersion through-transmission method is widely used owing to its simplicity and high precision in measuring sound speed. However, when measuring the sound speed of a compound material whose host medium is water, such as hydrogel tissue-mimicking material (TMM), the reproducibility and reliability of the measurements obtained under the state of water immersion method were found to be low. To solve this problem, the application of contact transmission method instead of the water immersion method was examined in this study. Unlike the water immersion method, the direct-contact method requires stability in target stiffness, which is difficult in TMM hydrogels due to their low-stiffness properties. Therefore, it is important to find a material that acts as a propagation medium, maintains thickness, and prevents percentage change of the material component in TMM. As a propagation medium, it is necessary for the material to have a low attenuation coefficient value to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. Among the investigated candidate materials, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was selected, owing to its lowest signal attenuation value compared to other candidate materials. A measuring jig was designed and manufactured with this material. The sound speeds of agar and gelatin TMMs were measured by the conventional water immersion through-transmission method and the proposed indirect contact-type method for comparison. In the case of the conventional water immersion method, as the measurement was repeated, the measured sound speeds showed a decreasing trend. By contrast, the indirect contact-type measurements using the PMMA jig showed relatively high reproducibility and reliability.
Ocular Surface Ion Transport and Dry Eye Disease
Authors: Lindgren Ethan S. , Cil Onur , Verkman Alan S. , Pasricha Neel D.
Published: October 2022

Purpose of Review

To review the role of ocular surface epithelial (corneal and conjunctival) ion transporters in the pathogenesis and treatment of dry eye disease (DED).

Recent Findings

Currently, anti-inflammatory agents are the mainstay of DED treatment, though there are several agents in development that target ion transport proteins on the ocular surface, acting by pro-secretory or anti-absorptive mechanisms to increase the tear fluid film volume. Activation or inhibition of selected ion transporters can alter tear fluid osmolality, driving water transport onto the ocular surface via osmosis. Several ion transporters have been proposed as potential therapeutic targets for DED, including the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCCs), and the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC).

Ocular surface epithelial cell ion transporters are promising targets for pro-secretory and anti-absorptive therapies of DED.
Childhood dental caries experience in northern Spain: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Fernández-Bonet Jon , Marichalar-Mendia Xabier , Lertxundi-Manterola Aitana
Published: October 2022

Purpose

This study aimed to describe the caries experience in primary and permanent dentition of schoolchildren from a sample taken in public schools in Bilbao, to identify the most vulnerable child population, and compare them with the findings obtained by the Children’s Dental Care Programme in the region of the Basque Country (Spain).

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted using a representative sample (n = 1682) of children from 5-year-old early childhood education classes and the first- and second-year elementary classes in public schools in Bilbao. The dependent variable was the caries experience determined through oral examinations carried out by a single dentist. On the other hand, independent variables were measured through questionnaires completed by families, with help from teachers as appropriate. In the statistical analysis, Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric tests, as well as two logistic regressions, were performed, and the significance level was set at α = 0.05 for decision making.

Results

The mean (SD) values of dft, DMFT, DMFS and DMFT of first permanent molars scores were 1.25 ± 2.20, 0.16 ± 0.61, 0.20 ± 0.90 and 0.15 ± 0.57, respectively. Compared to the findings in the most recent PADI report, the schoolchildren in our sample had slightly greater experience of dental caries in primary dentition and much greater experience in permanent dentition.

Conclusion

The dft index of the primary dentition for the current sample is 1.25, while the DMFT index for the permanent dentition is 0.16. Among pupils in early childhood and elementary education in public schools in Bilbao, children from families with low socioeconomic status and educational attainment are most vulnerable to developing caries.
Self-regulatory Processes in Problematic Pornography Use
Authors: Büsche Kjell , Stark Rudolf , Brand Matthias , Antons Stephanie
Published: October 2022

Purpose of Review

A core symptom of problematic pornography use (PPU) is the repeated failure to control sexual impulses resulting in pornography use; however, the field of self-regulation research has rarely been applied to PPU.

Recent Findings

Various goals can underly the use of online pornography. These goals can conflict with other self-regulatory goals a person holds, which leads to moments of self-control. The outcome of such self-control moments depends on multiple internal factors, including the strength of the desire to use pornography, whether a person perceives a conflict with their behaviour, and the motivation to resist their desire, as well as external, situational factors. Findings on the contribution of volition towards self-regulation in PPU are inconclusive.

More research is needed to further explore what influences moments of self-control, specifically in PPU. The proposed model of self-control moments can be used to derive research questions for further studies as well as to develop prevention and intervention approaches.
How Does High-Speed Rail Impact the Industry Structure? Evidence from China
Authors: Hu Ming-yu , Xu Jing
Published: October 2022

The economic implications of high-speed rail (HSR) cannot be overlooked in China. This paper studies the impact of HSR on the advancement and rationalization of industrial structure and the tertiary industry aggregation through theoretical derivation and multi-period difference-in-differences (DID) by improving the theoretical framework and empirical methods according to the characteristics of China's HSR and economic development. From analyses on urban heterogeneity and inter-industry spillover effects, the transmission mechanism and expressions of the industrial structure are also discussed. The findings show that HSR promotes tertiary industry aggregation and contributes to the transformation of the industrial structure from the primary to secondary and tertiary industry sectors, as well as realizing industrial structure advancement but irrationalization. Furthermore, HSR has a more significant influence on tertiary industry aggregation in large cities and high-density cities. Additionally, the aggregation of the transportation, warehousing, and postal sectors has been reduced, with a significant spillover effect on neighboring cities, proving the siphon effect and conduction mechanism, resulting in a structural shift in the tertiary industry, from basic to advanced sectors. The movement of human resources is a key mediator in the economic impact of HSR.
Performance of pure OME and various HVO–OME fuel blends as alternative fuels for a diesel engine
Authors: Holzer Alexander , Günthner Michael , Jung Philipp
Published: October 2022

Since the potential for reducing CO2 emissions from fossil fuels is limited, suitable CO2-neutral fuels are required for applications which cannot reasonably be electrified, and therefore still rely on internal combustion engines in the future. Potential fuel candidates for CI engines are either paraffinic diesel fuels or new fuels like POMDME (polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether, short “OME”). Besides, also blends of these two types of fuels might be of interest. While many studies have been conducted on OME blends with fossil diesel fuel, the research on HVO–OME blends has been less extensive to date.

In the current work, pure OME and HVO–OME blends are investigated in a single-cylinder research engine. The test results of the various fuel blend formulations are compared and evaluated, particularly with regard to soot-NOx trade-off behavior. The primary objective of the study is to examine whether the major potential of blending these two fuels is already largely exploited at low OME content, or if significant additional emission reduction potential can still be found with higher content blends, but still without the need to switch to pure OME operation. Furthermore, the fuel blend which is best suited for the realization of an ultra-low emission concept under the current technical conditions should be identified. In addition, three different injector designs were tested for operation on pure OME3-5, differing both in hydraulic flow and in the number of injection holes as well as their layout. The optimum configuration is evaluated with regard to emissions, normalized heat release and indicated efficiency.
Interaction of convective plasma and small-scale magnetic fields in the lower solar atmosphere
Authors: Vargas Domínguez Santiago , Utz Dominik
Published: October 2022

In the following short review we will outline some of the possible interaction processes of lower solar atmospheric plasma with the embedded small-scale solar magnetic fields. After introducing the topic, important types of small-scale solar magnetic field elements are outlined to then focus on their creation and evolution, and finally end up describing foremost processes these magnetic fields are involved in, such as the reconnection of magnetic field lines and the creation of magneto-hydrodynamic waves. The occurrence and global coverage in the solar atmosphere of such small-scale phenomena surpass on average those of the more explosive and intense events, mainly related to solar active regions and, therefore, their key role as building blocks of solar activity even during the weaker phases of the 11-year solar cycle. In particular, understanding the finest ingredients of solar activity from the lower to the upper solar atmosphere could be determinant to fully understand the heating of the solar corona, which stands out as one of the most intriguing problems in astrophysics nowadays.
Salt-wasting congenital adrenal hyperplasia phenotype as a result of the TNXA/TNXB chimera 1 (CAH-X CH-1) and the pathogenic IVS2-13A/C > G in CYP21A2 gene
Authors: Fanis Pavlos , Skordis Nicos , Phylactou Leonidas A. , Neocleous Vassos
Published: October 2022

Background

Genetic diversity of mutations in the CYP21A2 gene is the main cause of the monogenic congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) disorder. On chromosome 6p21.3, the CYP21A2 gene is partially overlapped by the TNXB gene, the two residing in tandem with their highly homologous corresponding pseudogenes (CYP21A1P and TNXA), which leads to recurrent homologous recombination.

Methods and results

In the present study, the genetic status of an ethnic Greek-Cypriot family, with a female neonate that was originally classified as male and manifested the salt-wasting (SW) form, is presented. Genetic defects in the CYP21A2 and TNXB genes were investigated by Sanger sequencing multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and a real-time PCR assay. The neonate carried in compound heterozygosity the TNXA/TNXB chimeric gene complex (termed CAH-X CH-1) that results in a contiguous CYP21A2 and TNXB deletion and in her second allele the pathogenic IVS2-13A/C > G (c.655A/C > G) in CYP21A2.

Conclusions

The classic SW-CAH due to 21-hydroxylase (21-OH) deficiency may result from various complex etiological mechanisms and, as such, can involve the formation of monoallelic TNXA/TNXB chimeras found in trans with other CYP21A2 pathogenic variants. This is a rare case of CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, which elucidates the role of the complex RCCX CNV structure in the development of the disease. Identification of the correct CAH genotypes for a given phenotype is of considerable value in assisting clinicians in prenatal diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and genetic counseling.
Dynamic response characteristics of the 67-type railway pontoon bridge
Authors: Zhao Cunbao , Jiang Zhongming , Leira Bernt J. , Shi Xuzhao , Zheng Zhaofeng
Published: October 2022

In China at present, the 67-type railway pontoon bridge is part of the main reserve standard equipment that can be utilized for traffic emergency of cross-river bridges. Based on the potential flow theory and boundary element method (the three-dimensional source distribution method), this paper studies the dynamic response characteristics of the 67- type railway pontoon bridge under the action of waves and train loads (the live load of the Chinese Standard-18). First of all, the hydrodynamic characteristics based on application of other computation models applied in relation to floating bridges are compared with the results obtained by the present approach. Secondly, the effects of varying the related wave parameters (i.e. wave period and angle of incidence) on the dynamic response of the 67-type emergency railway pontoon bridge (as installed across the Ji Canal within the Beijing-Shanhaiguan line) are investigated. Finally, the load effects in the girder when this bridge is subjected to the action of various wave and train loads are analyzed. The calculation results indicate that the method proposed in this paper has good generality which enables it to perform a better analysis of the hydrodynamic characteristics of this kind of practical emergency pontoon.

Article highlights

Research on dynamic response for the major railway emergency pontoon in China are carried out;

The three-dimensional source distribution method and FEM is adopted;

Simulate traffic loads with the live load of the Chinese Standard-18.
Detection of road traffic anomalies based on computational data science
Authors: Raiyn Jamal
Published: October 2022

The development of 5G has enabled the autonomous vehicles (AVs) to have full control over all functions. The AV acts autonomously and collects travel data based on various smart devices and sensors, with the goal of enabling it to operate under its own power. However, the collected data is affected by several sources that degrade the forecasting accuracy. To manage large amounts of traffic data in different formats, a computational data science approach (CDS) is proposed. The computational data science scheme introduced to detect anomalies in traffic data that negatively affect traffic efficiency. The combination of data science and advanced artificial intelligence techniques, such as deep leaning provides higher degree of data anomalies detection which leads to reduce traffic congestion and vehicular queuing. The main contribution of the CDS approach is summarized in detection of the factors that caused data anomalies early to avoid long-term traffic congestions. Moreover, CDS indicated a promoting results in various road traffic scenarios.
Communicating from a distance: medical student perspectives from a robotic bedside assist simulation
Authors: Greenberg Anya L. , Syed Shareef M. , Alseidi Adnan A. , O’Sullivan Patricia S. , Chern Hueylan
Published: October 2022

Background

To safely engage medical students in robotic operations as bedside assists would require new curricula. We aimed to understand student perspectives on communication with a console surgeon during a bedside assist simulation as a step in the process of designing an effective bedside assist curriculum.

Methods

Senior medical students were offered an introductory robotic surgery course. An Intuitive Surgical trainer reviewed robotic features, functionalities, and roles. Then, students participated in a simulation where they introduced an instrument through a laparoscopic port and advanced it into the field of view navigating around obstacles. A non-surgeon researcher conducted post-course focus groups (FGs) to explore participants’ perceptions about communication with the console surgeon during the simulation. Using FG transcriptions, two researchers conducted an inductive thematic analysis.

Results

Thirteen students (46% female) participated in three FGs. The first theme, tension between hierarchy and patient safety, reflected students’ pressure to follow instructions quickly and obediently from their superior and trepidation about revealing knowledge gaps as barriers to communication. Students also recognized that patient safety as at risk with rote following of instructions in the face of their uncertainty. The second theme identified opportunities to enhance communication including shared vocabulary, effective team dynamics, and explicit expectations.

Conclusion

Barriers to effective communication between students and surgical faculty exist. Establishing a bedside assist curriculum that teaches relevant terminology, communicating specific expectations, and promoting a team culture that fosters open communication without judgment may safely expand the role for students in robotic cases.
Mining Statistically Significant Patterns with High Utility
Authors: Tang Huijun , Qian Jiangbo , Liu Yangguang , Gao Xiao-Zhi
Published: October 2022

Statistically significant pattern mining (SSPM) is to mine patterns with significance based on hypothesis test. Under the constraint of statistical significance, our study aims to introduce a new preference relation into high utility patterns and to discover high utility and significant patterns (HUSPs) from transaction datasets, which has never been considered in existing SSPM problems. Our approach can be divided into two parts, HUSP-Mining and HUSP-Test. HUSP-Mining looks for HUSP candidates and HUSP-Test tests their significance. HUSP-Mining is not outputting all high utility itemsets (HUIs) as HUSP candidates; it is established based on candidate length and testable support requirements which can remove many insignificant HUIs early in the mining process; compared with the traditional HUIs mining algorithm, it can get candidates in a short time without losing the real HUSPs. HUSP-Test is to draw significant patterns from the results of HUSP-Mining based on Fisher’s test. We propose an iterative multiple testing procedure, which can alternately and efficiently reject a hypothesis and safely ignore the hypotheses that have less utility than the rejected hypothesis. HUSP-Test controls Family-wise Error Rate (FWER) under a user-defined threshold by correcting the test level which can find more HUSPs than standard Bonferroni’s control. Substantial experiments on real datasets show that our algorithm can draw HUSPs efficiently from transaction datasets with strong mathematical guarantee.
Bodies of Work
Authors: Powell Julie M.
Published: October 2022

Bodies of Work examines the transnational development of large-scale national systems, international organizations, technologies, and cultural material aimed at rehabilitating Allied ex-servicemen, disabled in the First World War. When nations mobilised in August 1914, it was thought that casualties would be minimal and the war would be quickly over. Little consideration was given to what ought to be done for those men whose bodies would forever bear the marks of war's destruction. Julie M. Powell charts how rehabilitation emerged as the best means to deal with millions of disabled ex-servicemen. She considers the ways in which rehabilitation was shaped by both durable and discrete influences, including social reformism, paternalist philanthropy, the movement for workers' rights, patriotism, class tensions, cultural ideas about manliness and disability, nationalism, and internationalism. Powell sheds light on the ways in which rehabilitation systems became sites for the contestation and maintenance of boundaries of belonging.
Discourse Syntax
Authors: Dorgeloh Heidrun , Wanner Anja
Published: October 2022

Discourse Syntax is the study of syntax that requires an understanding of the surrounding text and the overall discourse situation, including considerations of genre and modality. Using corpus data and insights from current research, this book is a comprehensive guide to this fast-developing field. It takes the reader 'beyond the sentence' to study grammatical phenomena, like word order variation, connectives, ellipsis, and complexity. It introduces core concepts of Discourse Syntax, integrating insights from corpus-based research and inviting the reader to reflect on research design decisions. Each chapter begins with a definition of learning outcomes, provides results from empirical articles, and enables readers to critically assess data visualization. Complete with helpful further reading recommendations as well as a range of exercises, it is geared towards intermediate to advanced students of English linguistics and it is also essential reading for anyone interested in this exciting, fast-moving discipline.
Humanizing Science and Philosophy of Science: George Sarton, Contextualist Philosophies of Science, and the Indigenous/Science Project
Authors: Wylie Alison
Published: October 2022

A century ago historian of science George Sarton argued that “science is our greatest treasure, but it needs to be humanized or it will do more harm than good” (1924). The systematic cultivation of an “historical spirit,” a philosophical appreciation of the dynamic nature of scientific inquiry, and a recognition that science is irreducibly a “collective enterprise” was, on Sarton’s account, crucial to the humanizing mission he advocated. These elements of Sarton’s program are more relevant than ever as philosophers of science articulate research programs that take seriously the contextual factors, situated interests, and historical contingencies that shape the sciences we study. I trace the trajectory of a long-term philosophical engagement with archaeology that illustrates a succession of ways in which social, cultural, and political values configure inquiry, culminating in a program of collaborative research that raises the question of what role philosophers can usefully play when the challenges of humanizing scientific practice have centrally to do with navigating entrenched asymmetries of power.
Uniqueness of enhancements for derived and geometric categories
Authors: Canonaco Alberto , Neeman Amnon , Stellari Paolo
Published: October 2022

We prove that the derived categories of abelian categories have unique enhancements—all of them, the unbounded, bounded, bounded above and bounded below derived categories. The unseparated and left completed derived categories of a Grothendieck abelian category are also shown to have unique enhancements. Finally, we show that the derived category of complexes with quasi-coherent cohomology and the category of perfect complexes have unique enhancements for quasi-compact and quasi-separated schemes.
Risk factors for mechanical complications of peripherally inserted central catheters in children
Authors: Greencorn David J. , Kuhle Stefan , Ye Lingyun , Moore Kieran J. , Kulkarni Ketan P. , Langley Joanne M.
Published: October 2022

Objective:

To determine risk factors for mechanical (noninfectious) complications in peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) in children.

Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting:

Pediatric tertiary-care center in Nova Scotia, Canada.

Patients:

Pediatric patients with a first PICC insertion.

Methods:

All PICCs inserted between January 2001 until 2016 were included. Age-stratified (neonates vs non-neonates) Fine–Grey competing risk proportional hazard models were used to model the association between each putative risk factor and the time to mechanical complication or removal of the PICC for reasons not related to a mechanical complication. Models were adjusted for confounding variables identified through directed acyclic graphs.

Results:

Of 3,205 patients with PICCs, 706 had mechanical complications (22% or 14 events/1000 device days). For both neonates and older children, disease group, lumen count, and prior leak were all associated with mechanical complications in the adjusted proportional hazards model. Access vein and prior infection were also associated with mechanical complications for neonates, and age group was associated with mechanical complications among non-neonates.

Conclusions:

We have identified several risk factors for mechanical complications in patients with PICCs that will help improve best practices for PICC insertion and care.
The role of multi-dimensional women's empowerment in agriculture to improve the nutritional status of under-five children in rural cash crop producing, resource-limited settings of Ethiopia
Authors: Jisso Meskerem , Tesfaye Tizalegn , Biadgilign Sibhatu , Tareke Amare Abera , Zerfu Tadesse Alemu
Published: October 2022

Little is known about the relation between the women empowerment in agriculture index, and health and nutrition outcomes among under-five children in Ethiopia. The study's objective was to examine women's empowerment in agriculture and its association with the nutritional status of children (6–59 months) in rural, cash crop producing, and resource-limited settings of Ethiopia. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted employing 422 households; having women of reproductive age group and children under-five. Stratified simple random sampling was used to identify households; a simple random sampling was used to select villages and households. Women empowerment in agriculture was measured by the abbreviated women empowerment in agriculture index. Even if the overall multi-dimensional five domains of empowerment index (5DE) was not a significant predictor of nutritional status in children (P > 0⋅05), sub-indicators had a pivotal role in child nutritional status. Disempowerment in decisions about input into production [AOR = 8⋅85], empowerment on control of income [AOR = 0⋅35] and availability of livestock [AOR = 0⋅38] were predictors of child stunting, whereas women's disempowerment in production decisions seems beneficiary for wasting, disempowered women have 84 % less likely to have wasted child than empowered women [AOR = 0⋅16]. Dietary and agricultural diversity [particularly livestock farming], and women's empowerment in production decisions were predictors of better nutritional outcomes in children. Therefore, a concentrated effort is needed towards strengthening the multi-dimensional empowerment of women in agriculture emphasising women's input into production decisions, dietary and agricultural diversification, mainly livestock farming.
Passenger safety in very large transport aircraft
Authors: Muir H. , Thomas L.
Published: October 2022

Emergency evacuation of future very large transport aircraft (VLTA) in the event of a survivable crash poses a challenge for aircraft manufacturers and certification authorities. In addition, the increase in passenger capacity and flight duration associated with such airframes requires that some general cabin safety issues be revisited. Information gained from previous accidents and research has been reviewed with particular regard to VLTAs. This has included consideration of the issues associated with the aircraft configuration, the behaviour and training of the cabin crew, passenger behaviour in emergency situations, and issues relevant to future trends within the industry.
A study of synthetic jets from rectangular and dual-circular orifices
Authors: Watson M. , Jaworski A. J. , Wood N. J.
Published: October 2022

The results of an investigation into the effect of both the number of orifices and the geometry of these orifices on the fluid structures exiting from a synthetic jet actuator are presented. The experiments have used smoke and laser visualisation and single hotwire measurement techniques to establish the flow field exiting the various orifices and the fluid velocities in the exit plane of the orifice. The results indicate that the use of two small orifices can perhaps produce two coherent vortex rings with a total circulation greater than that found in the ring produced by a large, single orifice of equivalent area. However, they have also shown that there are three different types of interaction between two adjacent orifices, related to the spacing between them and the level of excitation applied to the diaphragm. In addition, these interactions may affect the overall level of circulation in different ways. Finally the results have shown that a rectangular orifice of a given exit plane area is more likely to produce a turbulent ring than the equivalent circular orifice due to a ‘smoothing’ process which endeavours to create an axisymmetric ring from a non-axisymmetric slug of fluid. This work has shown that when using synthetic jet actuators in flow control applications, care should be taken in selecting the spacing and geometry of the orifices used, as certain set-ups may be more suited to certain applications than others.
Passive mm-wave imaging from UAVs using aperture synthesis
Authors: Harvey A. R. , Appleby R.
Published: October 2022

Passive imaging using mm-waves offers very significant advantages in scientific and military surveillance. However, the relatively long wavelengths mean that for the resolutions that are typically sought, the input aperture of the imager needs to be quite large; typically in excess of one metre. Deployment of conventional dish antennae of these dimensions on small aircraft is highly problematic. The use of snapshot synthetic aperture interferometric radiometry (SAIR) offers an attractive route to integrating a two-dimensional antenna array into the structure of an aircraft so that the transverse effective dimensions of the antenna can be almost as large as the aircraft. We report here a study into the feasibility of deployment of a SAIR on unmanned airborne vehicles and the achievable performance parameters. Critical considerations are the achievement of acceptable sensitivity and angular resolution from a SAIR that does not require excessive complexity. It is shown that traditional approaches based on fully sampling the spatial frequencies in the scene are unable to simultaneously meet all of these criteria, but that a SAIR based on thinned sampling of the spatial frequencies shows promise.
Corner speed versus optimum turn speed
Authors: Kutschera A. , Render P. M.
Published: October 2022

Work has been carried out by Kutschera on how to assess, at the conceptual design stage, the performance of fighter aircraft. As part of this work, Kutschera reviewed a number of existing and proposed metrics for assessing aircraft performance. Reference 4 also describes how the performance of an aircraft can be quantified by three types of metric. The first type are steady state or point performance metrics, such as turn rate plots and energy manoeuvrability diagrams. The second type are manoeuvrability metrics and the last are agility metrics.
EMENDATIONS IN COLUMELLA, DE RE RVSTICA BOOK 10
Authors: Kayachev Boris
Published: October 2022

Columella's poem on horticulture, which forms Book 10 of his prose treatise De re rustica, has predominantly been edited by experts in agricultural writings rather than in Latin poetry, leaving many textual problems unsolved or even unrecognized. This article discusses a number of passages and proposes some thirty emendations.
ANALYSIS OF ‘IMMINENCE’ IN INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION CLAIMS:TEITIOTA V NEW ZEALANDAND BEYOND
Authors: Foster Michelle , McAdam Jane
Published: October 2022

The UN Human Rights Committee's finding inTeitiota v New Zealandhas garnered widespread global attention for its recognition that the effects of climate change may put people's lives at risk or expose them to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, thus triggering States’non-refoulementobligations. However, a secondary—and highly problematic—consequence of the decision has been its confusing and misplaced focus on ‘imminence’ of harm. This reflects a concerning, albeit uneven, trend in human rights cases generally (and cases concerning climate change and human rights, in particular) to recognize violations only where rights are immediately threatened. This short article reflects on the assumptions thatTeitiotahas triggered about the place of imminence in international protection claims, identifies the source of confusion, and suggests a more appropriate framework to guide a category of case that is likely to become the subject of intense litigation in the future.
CLARIFYING HUMAN RIGHTS STANDARDS THROUGH ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE INITIATIVES
Authors: Lane Lottie
Published: October 2022

Taking a law-and-governance approach, this article addresses legal certainty in international human rights law as it applies to artificial intelligence (AI). After introducing key issues concerning legal certainty, a comparative analysis of AI law-and-governance initiatives at the international, regional and national levels is undertaken. The article argues that many initiatives contribute to increased legal certainty and can partially compensate for some of the shortcomings of the international human rights law framework, but that further clarification is badly needed. This is especially true for the responsibilities of private businesses which are developing AI and the corpus of human rights beyond privacy and data protection.
Piloting development of species conservation action plans in Guinea
Authors: Couch Charlotte , Molmou Denise , Magassouba Sékou , Doumbouya Saïdou , Diawara Mamadou , Diallo Muhammad Yaya , Keita Sékou Moussa , Koné Falaye , Diallo Mahamadou Cellou , Kourouma Sékou , Diallo Mamadou Bella , Keita Mamady Sayba , Oularé Aboubacar , Darbyshire Iain , Gosline George , Nic Lughadha Eimear , van der Burgt Xander , Larridon Isabel , Cheek Martin
Published: October 2022

Conservation action plans need to be devised and implemented if we are to reduce the extinction risk faced by globally threatened plants. However, most plant species categorized as threatened globally on the IUCN Red List lack conservation action plans. In West Africa, Guinea is one of the most diverse countries in terms of botanical species. In total, 273 plant species in Guinea have been assessed as being threatened globally, reflecting increasing pressure from the extractive industry and a growing population requiring food and fuel. In parallel with the implementation of an Important Plant Area programme in Guinea, we developed conservation action plans for 20 threatened plant species through a pilot study. We outline the methods we used and demonstrate the importance of adopting a collaborative approach and having up-to-date field information. The need for such plans is urgent, with recent estimates suggesting that one-third of African plants are threatened with extinction. Based on our experience with the first 20 conservation action plans for Guinea species, we suggest that the preparation of multi-species conservation action plans would be an efficient use of the limited resources available for species conservation.
Slavery, Law, and Race in England and its New World Empire
Authors: Rabin Dana Y.
Published: October 2022

This paper responds to Holly Brewer's article “Creating a Common Law of Slavery for England and its New World Empire.” Brewer traces a process begun by Charles I, in collaboration with his appointed judges, to legalize the buying and selling of people in England and its Empire. Brewer's work is a much-needed reconstruction of the legal precedents that transformed people into chattel, enabling the business of slavery in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Yet race does not receive any engagement as a category of analysis. Missing is an account of the historical processes whereby laws about slavery contributed to racial formation. Although the global expansion of the British Empire coincided with a new emphasis on rule of law and equality before the law, bound labor and persistent questions of race, gender, status, age, nation, and boundary called attention to the contradictions embodied in Enlightenment thought and its proclaimed universal values.
Forum: Holly Brewer's “Creating a Common Law of Slavery for England and its New World Empire”—Introduction
Authors: Rao Gautham
Published: October 2022

Historians have long since agreed that slavery was central to the social, economic, and political life of the English-speaking North American colonies, and then early United States. Yet the origins of North American slavery have remained far less clear. Holly Brewer's article, “Creating a Common Law of Slavery for England and its New World Empire,” which appeared in a recent issue ofLaw and History Review, attempted to clarify one key question within this puzzle. Did judges and legislatures in the colonies create their own institution of slavery? Or did they borrow from English precedent? For Brewer, the answer is clear: seventeenth and eighteenth century English judges, merchants, and others, in tandem with “crown policy,” built the institution of slavery that would be “a foundation for a common law of slavery in all English colonies and for the slave trade.” Slavery, in other words, was legal in England before theSomersetdecision. It would thus be legal in the British Empire.1
A Geographical Analysis of Access to Trauma Centers from US National Parks in 2018
Authors: Lu Lily Y. , Robichaud Sabrina N. , Boggs Krislyn M. , Bedell Brandon R. , Cash Rebecca E. , Sullivan Ashley F. , Harris N. Stuart , Camargo Carlos A.
Published: October 2022

Introduction:

Millions of people visit US national parks annually to engage in recreational wilderness activities, which can occasionally result in traumatic injuries that require timely, high-level care. However, no study to date has specifically examined timely access to trauma centers from national parks. This study aimed to examine the accessibility of trauma care from national parks by calculating the travel time by ground and air from each park to its nearest trauma center. Using these calculations, the percentage of parks by census region with timely access to a trauma center was determined.

Methods:

This was a cross-sectional study analyzing travel times by ground and air transport between national parks and their closest adult advanced trauma center (ATC) in 2018. A list of parks was compiled from the National Parks Service (NPS) website, and the location of trauma centers from the 2018 National Emergency Department Inventory (NEDI)-USA database. Ground and air transport times were calculated using Google Maps and ArcGIS, with medians and interquartile ranges reported by US census region. Percentage of parks by region with timely trauma center access—defined as access within 60 minutes of travel time—were determined based on these calculated travel times.

Results:

In 2018, 83% of national parks had access to an adult ATC within 60 minutes of air travel, while only 26% had timely access by ground. Trauma center access varied by region, with median travel times highest in the West for both air and ground transport. At a national level, national parks were unequally distributed, with the West housing the most parks of all regions.

Conclusion:

While most national parks had timely access to a trauma center by air travel, significant gaps in access remain for ground, the extent of which varies greatly by region. To improve the accessibility of trauma center expertise from national parks, the study highlights the potential that increased implementation of trauma telehealth in emergency departments (EDs) may have in bridging these gaps.
Population-level salt intake in the WHO European Region in 2022: a systematic review
Authors: Kwong Edwin Jit Leung , Whiting Stephen , Bunge Anne Charlotte , Leven Yana , Breda Joao , Rakovac Ivo , Cappuccio Francesco Paolo , Wickramasinghe Kremlin
Published: October 2022

Objective:

The WHO recommends that adults consume less than 5 g of salt per day to reduce the risk of CVD. This study aims to examine the average population daily salt intake in the fifty-three Member States of the WHO European Region.

Design:

A systematic review was conducted to examine the most up-to-date salt intake data for adults published between 2000 and 2022. Data were obtained from peer-reviewed and grey literature, WHO surveys and studies, as well as from national and global experts.

Setting:

The fifty-three Member States of the WHO European Region.

Participants:

People aged 12 years or more.

Results:

We identified fifty studies published between 2010 and 2021. Most countries in the WHO European Region (n 52, 98 %) reported salt intake above WHO recommended maximum levels. In almost all countries (n 52, 98 %), men consume more salt than women, ranging between 5·39 and 18·51 g for men and 4·27 and 16·14 g for women. Generally, Western and Northern European countries have the lowest average salt intake, whilst Eastern European and Central Asian countries have the highest average. Forty-two percentage of the fifty-three countries (n 22) measured salt intake using 24 h urinary collection, considered the gold standard method.

Conclusions:

This study found that salt intakes in the WHO European Region are significantly above WHO recommended levels. Most Member States of the Region have conducted some form of population salt intake. However, methodologies to estimate salt intake are highly disparate and underestimations are very likely.
‘You’re having us on … that’s what it felt like.’: Frontline Workers Navigating the Introduction of Moral Commitments to Domestic Abuse Support within a Statutory Homelessness System
Authors: England Edith
Published: October 2022

That domestic abuse is a human rights infringement has become recognised at policy, practice, and legislative level globally. Homelessness services are critical in averting and mitigating harm to those who have experienced domestic abuse. The British homelessness system achieves this, in part, through offering a legal right to housing in some circumstances. The Housing (Wales) Act 2014 integrates a human-rights based understanding of domestic abuse yet reduces legal rights to assistance. Based on analysis of interviews with fifty-two homelessness workers and twenty-four applicants I argue that moral commitments cannot compensate for legal rights; rather, they deresponsibilise homelessness services for addressing domestic abuse. I show (1) that workers saw cases where homelessness arose from domestic abuse as functionally beyond the remit of homelessness services (2) that empowered women were understood as undeserving by the system and (3) that workers saw domestic abuse cases as a broad and undefined threat to resources.
A simple approach to estimate long-term interest rates
Authors: Driessen Joost , Nijman Theo E. , Simon Zorka
Published: October 2022

We propose an easy to implement yield curve extrapolation method to determine long-term interest rates suitable for regulatory valuation. We empirically evaluate this approach for the German nominal bond market, by estimating the model on bonds with maturities up to 20 years and assessing the out-of-sample performance for bonds with maturities beyond 20 years. Even though observed long-term yields are somewhat lower than the predicted yields, the method performs quite well empirically given its simplicity. We perform a case study on pension fund liability valuation and show that our proposed method would have a substantial impact on liability values.
Informal Empire: The Origin and Significance of a Key Term
Authors: Attard Bernard
Published: October 2022

Ever since the publication of “The Imperialism of Free Trade” by John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson in 1953, “informal empire” has been a key term for historians. It has, however, always been contentious. The central issue was whether imperial historians were prepared to accept a new concept of empire. This article explains the paradox of informal empire by creating a stronger provenance for the term. Since the early nineteenth century, imperial metaphors have been used to characterize Britain's position in the world economy. Gallagher and Robinson—like their immediate predecessors, Charles Fay and Keith Hancock—wanted to understand British imperialism in the broader context of European expansion while also formulating an alternative to the radical liberal and neo-Marxist interpretations widely current after World War I. Ultimately, the difficulty of using “empire” as a single category led Gallagher and one of his most influential successors to choose an alternative term.
Does Passive Social Media Use Harm Well-Being?
Authors: Meier Adrian , Krause Hannes-Vincent
Published: October 2022

Abstract: Research into the effects of social media on well-being often distinguishes “active” and “passive” use, with passive use supposedly more harmful to well-being (i.e., the passive use hypothesis). Recently, several studies and reviews have begun to question this hypothesis and its conceptual basis, the active/passive dichotomy. As this dichotomy has become a staple of social media research but evidence challenging its validity is mounting, a comprehensive debate on its pros, cons, and potential future is needed. This adversarial review brings together two voices – one more supportive, and the other more critical – toward the active/passive model. In constructive dialogue, we summarize and contrast our two opposing positions: The first position argues that the active/passive dichotomy is a useful framework because it adequately describes how and why passive use is (more) harmful for well-being. The second position challenges the validity of the dichotomy and the passive use hypothesis specifically. Arguments are presented alongside (a) the empirical basis, (b) conceptualization, and (c) operationalization of active and passive use, with particular focus on the passive use hypothesis. Rather than offering a conciliatory summary of the status quo, the goal of this review is to carve out key points of friction in the literature on the effects of social media through fruitful debate. We summarize our main agreements and unresolved disagreements on the merits and shortcomings of the active/passive dichotomy. In doing so, this review paves the way for researchers to decide whether and how they want to continue applying this lens in their future work.
Climate Change Impacts Can Be Differentially Perceived Across Time Scales: A Study Among the Tuareg of the Algerian Sahara
Authors: Miara M. D. , Negadi M. , Tabak S. , Bendif H. , Dahmani W. , Ait Hammou M. , Sahnoun T. , Snorek J. , Porcher V. , Reyes‐García V. , Teixidor‐Toneu I.
Published: October 2022

As an Indigenous community of Algeria and the broader Sahel, the Tuareg hold unique ecological knowledge, which might contribute to broader models of place‐based climate change impacts. Between January and April 2019, we carried out semi‐structured interviews (N = 23) and focus group discussions (N = 3) in five villages of the province of Illizi, Algeria, to document the local Tuareg community's timeline and ecological calendar, both of which are instruments used to understand place‐based reports of climate change impacts. The livelihoods of the Tuareg of Illizi are finely tuned to climate variability as reflected in changes reported in the cadence of events in their ecological calendar (marked by cyclical climatic and religious events). Participants reported rain and temperature irregularities and severe drought events, which have impacted their pastoral and semi‐pastoral livelihoods. These reports are aligned with scientifically measured climate observations and predictions. Paradoxically, although participants recall with detail the climatic disasters that happened in the region over the last century, the Tuareg do not explicitly report decadal trends in the frequency of extreme events. The differential perception of climate change impacts across scales can have important implications for undertaking climate change adaptation measures.