bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Political motherhood and the everyday experience of
mothering: a comparison of the child care strategies of
French and British working mothers
Authors: WINDEBANK JAN
Published: July 2002

In contrast to the majority of research on the relationship between

women and the state which bases its findings on nationally aggregated
data and concentrates its analysis on the forces which shape national
policy concerning gender, this article adopts a micro-social approach to

this question. Based on the findings from an in-depth qualitative
cross-national study of the child care strategies of 112 mothers working

in secretarial or clerical occupations in two countries with very different

configurations of ‘political motherhood’, namely, France and
Britain, the
article assesses the impact of these varying policy environments on the

construction of mothering in the everyday lives of employed women. It
finds that different configurations of political motherhood have a significant

impact on the practical aspects of these women's child care strategies

but less impact on their fundamental conceptions of the duties and
responsibilities of mothering. It concludes by considering the significance

of these findings for current debates concerning the role of the state
in
perpetuating or combating unequal gender relations.
The Costs of Unsustainable Home Ownership in Britain
Authors: FORD JANET , BURROWS ROGER
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the costs of unsustainable home ownership in
Britain as manifested through mortgage arrears and possessions. It
suggests that there are a widely drawn set of costs that have an impact on
a range of different actors and institutions, and offers a simple conceptual
framework for developing an analysis of such costs. Further, the paper
suggests that an examination of these costs has the potential to contribute
to some key debates within social policy, not least to a series of
issues about the development and maintenance of social and economic
inequality. This claim is illustrated via an analysis of the financial costs of
arrears and possession. The paper concludes that the financial losses
incurred cannot be regarded as marginal either in terms of the number
of people affected, the sums of money involved or the continuing social
disadvantages that follow possession. The article concludes with a discussion
of whether these issues can be regarded as ‘yesterday's’ problem or
whether they should be viewed as a continuing feature of the contemporary
social and economic landscape.
Explaining Social Policy Adoption in South Korea: the
Cases of the Medical Insurance Law and the Minimum
Wage Law
Authors: JOO JAEHYUN
Published: July 2002

Although policy priority has always been on economic management in
East Asian countries, those countries also developed some notable social
policies. However, explanations for the development of social policies in
those countries have been relatively underdeveloped compared to those of
their economic management policies. This study adds to our understanding
of the social policy development in East Asia by examining two cases
of social policy adoption in South Korea – the Medical Insurance Law and
the Minimum Wage Law. This Korean case study shows a pattern of policy
development primarily driven by particular ‘interests’ (state elites'
perceived political survival needs and their reputation in international
society), with ‘environmental’ factors and ‘policy legacies’
playing a supplementary role. In particular, these policies are interpreted as anticipatory
concessions to moderate members of Korean society by the state
elites who aimed to stabilise their regimes by separating radicals from
moderates. In addition, the medical insurance scheme is understood as a
by-product of the competition between the South and North Korean
regimes. This study also draws our attention to such issues as the similarities
and differences between the East Asian welfare regimes and the
change and continuity in the development of social policies in East Asia.
The ensemble‐averaged impedance cardiogram: An evaluation of scoring methods and interrater reliability
Authors: Kelsey Robert M. , Reiff Sarah , Wiens Stefan , Schneider Tamera R. , Mezzacappa Elizabeth S. , Guethlein William
Published: July 2002

The interrater reliability and concurrent validity of two methods of scoring the ensemble‐averaged impedance cardiogram were evaluated. Impedance cardiographic and electrocardiographic signals were recorded from 40 undergraduate men and women during a baseline rest period and a vocal mental arithmetic task period. Recordings were scored by four raters using a conventional method, involving ensemble averaging after careful editing of beat‐to‐beat waveforms, and a streamlined method, involving ensemble averaging without beat‐to‐beat editing. Intraclass correlations for interrater reliability exceeded .92, whereas intraclass correlations for concurrent validity exceeded .97, indicating excellent agreement between raters and scoring methods for all cardiac measures. The streamlined method was significantly faster than the conventional method. The results indicate that variations in beat‐to‐beat editing do not constitute a serious source of error in the ensemble‐averaged impedance cardiogram and support the interrater reliability and concurrent validity of the two scoring methods.
The usefulness of partial information: Effects of go probability in the choice/nogo task
Authors: Low Kathy A. , Miller Jeff
Published: July 2002

In the present study, we examined whether the use of partial information for response preparation depends on the utility of that partial information for meeting task demands. Using a choice/Nogo task, the utility of the partial information was varied by manipulating the proportion of Go relative to Nogo signals, and preliminary response preparation was indexed by the degree of lateralized readiness potential (LRP) activity on Nogo trials. The Nogo LRP was clearly present when Go probability was high (67% Go) and, to a lesser extent, when Go and Nogo signals were equiprobable. However, the Nogo LRP disappeared when the probability of a Go signal was low (25% Go). This pattern of results supports the hypothesis that response preparation will be based on partial stimulus information only when the information has significant utility in the context of the overall task requirements.
Dissociating beliefs about heart rates and actual heart rates in patients with cardiac pacemakers
Authors: Windmann Sabine , Schonecke Othmar W. , Fröhlig Gerd , Maldener Gabriele
Published: July 2002

Performance on heartbeat counting tasks is usually interpreted in terms of cardiac sensitivity. We tested the hypothesis that heartbeat counting is influenced by beliefs about heart rates by dissociating beliefs about heart rates and actual heart rates. In a within‐subjects design, heart rates of 50 patients with cardiac pacemakers were set to a low (50 bpm), medium (75 bpm), or high (110 bpm) pacing rate unknown to the patients via remote control while they performed a heartbeat tracking task. Results showed that patients' heartbeat counting did not follow the shifts in their actual heart rates adequately, although their overall performance was comparable to that of young and healthy control participants. As a result, tracking scores decreased significantly in the high pacing rate condition where beliefs about heart rates and actual heart rates were most extremely dissociated. The findings suggest that tracking scores reflect beliefs about heart rates rather than cardiac sensitivity.
Constraining constructivism: Cortical and sub-cortical constraints on learning in development
Authors: Quartz Steven , Sejnowski Terrence
Published: July 2002

It is becoming increasingly clear that acquiring cognitive skills is feasible only with significant developmental constraints. However, recent research provides the strongest evidence to date for constructivist development. Here, we examine how these two apparently conflicting perspectives may be reconciled. Specifically, we suggest that subcortical and cortical structures possess divergent developmental strategies, with many subcortical structures satisfying Fodor's criteria for modularity. These structures constitute an early behavioral system that guides the construction of later emerging cortical structures, for which there is little evidence for modularity. Thus, we focus on how the dynamic time course of development itself implicitly constrains the emergence of cortical representations, reducing the requirement for built-in encodings of knowledge in cortical circuits, as on the traditional nativist conception.
A comprehensive theory of human mating must explain between-sex and within-sex differences in mating strategies
Authors: Bleske April L. , Buss David M.
Published: July 2002

Gangestad & Simpson make a major contribution by highlighting the importance of mate choice for good genes, the costs of alternative strategies, and tradeoffs inherent in human mating. By downplaying sex differences and ignoring the nongenetic adaptive benefits of short term mating, however, they undermine their goal of “strategic pluralism” by presenting a theory devoid of many documented complexities of human mating.
The essential roles of emotion in cognitive architecture
Authors: Korb Kevin B. , Nicholson Ann E.
Published: July 2002

Rolls's presentation of emotion as integral to cognition is a welcome counter to a long tradition of treating them as antagonists. His eduction of experimental evidence in support of this view is impressive. However, we find his excursion into the philosophy of consciousness less successful. Rolls gives syntactical manipulation the central role in consciousness (in stark contrast to Searle, for whom “mere” syntax inevitably falls short of consciousness), and leaves us wondering about the roles left for emotion after all.
The ghost of Sigmund Freud haunts Mark Solms's dream theory
Authors: Hobson J. Allan
Published: July 2002

Recent neuropsychological data indicating that an absence of dreaming follows lesions of frontal subcortical white matter have been interpreted by Solms as supportive of Freud's wish-fulfillment, disguise-censorship dream theory. The purpose of this commentary is to call attention to Solms's commitment to Freud and to challenge and contrast his specific arguments with the simpler and more complete tenets of the activation-synthesis hypothesis.

[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Solms]
What memory is for
Authors: Glenberg Arthur M.
Published: July 2002

Let's start from scratch in thinking about what memory
is for, and consequently, how it works. Suppose that memory and
conceptualization work in the service of perception and action. In
this case, conceptualization is the encoding of patterns of possible
physical interaction with a three-dimensional world. These patterns
are constrained by the structure of the environment, the structure of
our bodies, and memory. Thus, how we perceive and conceive of the
environment is determined by the types of bodies we have. Such a
memory would not have associations. Instead, how concepts become
related (and what it means to be related) is determined by how
separate patterns of actions can be combined given the constraints
of our bodies. I call this combination “mesh.” To avoid
hallucination, conceptualization would normally be driven by the
environment, and patterns of action from memory would play a
supporting, but automatic, role. A significant human skill is learning
to suppress the overriding contribution of the environment to
conceptualization, thereby allowing memory to guide conceptualization.
The effort used in suppressing input from the environment pays off by
allowing prediction, recollective memory, and language comprehension.
I review theoretical work in cognitive science and empirical work in
memory and language comprehension that suggest that it may be possible
to investigate connections between topics as disparate as infantile
amnesia and mental-model theory.
Consciousness versus states of being conscious
Authors: Pöppel Ernst
Published: July 2002

States of being conscious (S) can be defined on the basis of
temporal information processing. A high-frequency mechanism provides
atemporal system states with periods of approximately 30 msec to
implement the functional connection of distributed activities allowing
the construction of primordial events; a low frequency mechanism
characterized by automatic temporal integration sets up temporal
windows with approximately 3 seconds duration. This integration
mechanism can be used to define S. P-consciousness and A-consciousness
as conceived of by Block can be mapped onto these neuronal
mechanisms.
The development of features in object concepts
Authors: Schyns Philippe G. , Goldstone Robert L. , Thibaut Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2002

According to one productive and influential approach to
cognition, categorization, object recognition, and higher level
cognitive processes operate on a set of fixed features, which are the
output of lower level perceptual processes. In many situations,
however, it is the higher level cognitive process being executed that
influences the lower level features that are created. Rather than
viewing the repertoire of features as being fixed by low-level
processes, we present a theory in which people create
features to subserve the representation and categorization of objects.
Two types of category learning should be distinguished. Fixed space
category learning occurs when new categorizations are representable
with the available feature set. Flexible space category learning
occurs when new categorizations cannot be represented with the
features available. Whether fixed or flexible, learning depends on the
featural contrasts and similarities between the new category to be
represented and the individual's existing concepts. Fixed feature
approaches face one of two problems with tasks that call for new
features: If the fixed features are fairly high level and directly
useful for categorization, then they will not be flexible enough to
represent all objects that might be relevant for a new task. If the
fixed features are small, subsymbolic fragments (such as pixels), then
regularities at the level of the functional features required to
accomplish categorizations will not be captured by these primitives.
We present evidence of flexible perceptual changes arising from
category learning and theoretical arguments for the importance of this
flexibility. We describe conditions that promote feature creation and
argue against interpreting them in terms of fixed features. Finally,
we discuss the implications of functional features for object
categorization, conceptual development, chunking, constructive
induction, and formal models of dimensionality reduction.
No bridge over the stream of consciousness
Authors: Dennett Daniel C.
Published: July 2002

Pessoa et al.'s target article shows that although
filling-in of various kinds does appear to occur in the brain, it is
not required in order to furnish a “bridge locus” where
neural events are “isomorphic” to the features of visual
consciousness. Some recently uncovered completion phenomena may
well play a crucial role in the elaboration of normal visual
experience, but others occur too slowly to contribute to normal
visual content.
A white thing
Authors: van Brake J.
Published: July 2002

I have no problem with Millikan's saying that Mama, milk,
and mouse are substances, but I do not see why this list cannot be
extended with white, red cows, things, vovetas, lhenxa, GRUE,
and so on. In the right circumstances, given the right training, the
characteristics of substances that Millikan provides work equally well
for each of them.
Pathological completion: The blind leading the mind?
Authors: Walker Robin , Mattingley Jason B.
Published: July 2002

The taxonomy proposed by Pessoa et al. should be extended
to include “pathological” completion phenomena in
patients with unilateral brain damage. Patients with visual field
defects (hemianopias) may “complete” whole figures,
while patients with parietal lobe damage may “complete”
partial figures. We argue that the former may be consistent with the
brain “filling-in” information, and the latter may be
consistent with the brain ignoring the absence of
information.
Neurophenomenological constraints and pushing back the subjectivity barrier
Authors: MacLennan Bruce
Published: July 2002

In the first part of this commentary I argue that a neurophenomenological analysis of color reveals additional asymmetries that preclude undetectable color transformations, without appealing to weak arguments based on Basic Color Categories (BCCs); that is, I suggest additional factors that must be included in “an empirically accurate model of color experience,” and which break the remaining asymmetries. In the second part I discuss the “isomorphism constraint” and the extent to which we may predict the subjective quality of experience from its neurological correlates. Protophenomena are discussed as a way of capturing in a relational structure all of qualitative experience except for the bare fact of subjectivity.
Consciousness – subject to agreement
Authors: Malcolm Neil Law
Published: July 2002

The claim that isomorphism in perceptual behaviour allows for differences in inner experience holds only if experience is taken to be an entity quite distinct from perceptual behaviour and only accidentally related to it. But this is not so. The two are internally related; experience as conceptualised being inherent to perception as a species of normative behaviour.
Frontal eye field: A cortical salience map
Authors: Thompson Kirk G. , Bichot Narcisse P.
Published: July 2002

The concept of a salience map has become important for the development of theories of visual attention and saccade generation. Recent studies have shown that the frontal eye fields have all of the characteristics of a salience map.
How to alienate your natural allies and attract your enemies
Authors: Udry J. Richard
Published: July 2002

Rose erroneously believes that the sciences of human behavior
are being swept with a wave of genetic determinism. Actually,
sociologists and psychologists remain predominantly hostile to any
genetic influence on behavior. They will love Rose. The few behavior
geneticists and sociobiologists in these disciplines are marginalized
and looking for a little respect. Rose impugns their motives and
ridicules their science.
Flows without minimal set
Authors: BENIERE J.-C. , MEIGNIEZ G.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we prove, using explicit constructions, that every non-compact manifold (except, of course, surfaces of finite genus) can be endowed with a non-singular flow without minimal subset, that is to say: a flow such that each orbit closure contains a smaller one.
An example of a flow on a non-compact surface without minimal set
Authors: INABA TAKASHI
Published: July 2002

An example is given of a one-dimensional foliation (or a flow) on an open surface which admits no minimal set.
Policy Paradigms, Policy Networks and Water Policy in Israel
Authors: Menahem Gila
Published: July 2002

The article deals with the questions of the emergence, persistence and change of policy paradigms. It focuses on the role that policy networks play in this process and draws on the literature of problem definition to explain this role. The paper investigates water policy in Israel in the years 1948–1997. The paper distinguishes among two water policy paradigms that have prevailed: the earlier paradigm was one of expanding water resources and agricultural production, followed by a paradigm of priority of agricultural expansion over water conservation. The paper also distinguishes among periods of anticipatory and reactive water policy and highlights the role of policy networks in formulating public policies.
Differences over time in older people’s relationships with children, grandchildren, nieces and nephews in rural North Wales
Authors: WENGER G. CLARE , BURHOLT VANESSA
Published: July 2002

Based on data from the Bangor Longitudinal Study of Ageing (BLSA) 1979–1999, this paper examines changes over time in the intergenerational relationships of older people (aged 65+ in 1979). The analysis uses quantitative and qualitative data to discuss changes from 1979–1999 for those respondents who survived in the community to 1999. It looks at mothers’ and fathers’ relationships with their adult children, grandmother and grandfather relationships with grandchildren and relationships between aunts and uncles with nieces and nephews. It identifies four different patterns of intergenerational relationships showing how the rural employment structure impacts on family structure, migration and support patterns.
Perceptions and consequences of ageism: views of older people
Authors: MINICHIELLO VICTOR , BROWNE JAN , KENDIG HAL
Published: July 2002

This qualitative study examines meanings and experiences of ageism for older
Australians. While the concept is widely applied in academic social analysis,
the term is not understood or used by many of the informants. They talk freely,
however, about negative experiences in ‘being seen as old’ and ‘being treated
as old’. Active ageing is viewed as a positive way of presenting and
interpreting oneself as separate from the ‘old’ group. Informants recognise
that older people as a group experience negative treatment in terms of poor
access to transport and housing, low incomes, forced retirement and
inadequate nursing home care. While few have experienced overt or brutal
ageism, interaction in everyday life involves some negative treatment,
occasional positive ‘sageism’, and others ‘keeping watch’ for one's vulnerabilities.
Health professionals are a major source of ageist treatment. Some
older people limit their lives by accommodating ageism, while others actively
negotiate new images of ageing for themselves and those who will be old in the
future.
Integrating theories of international regimes
Authors: HASENCLEVER ANDREAS , MAYER PETER , RITTBERGER VOLKER
Published: July 2002

Several years after students of international relations started to ask questions about international regimes, there continues to be a strong scholarly interest in the principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures that govern the behaviour of states in particular issue-areas. Indeed, international regimes have been a major focus of theoretical and empirical research in International Relations for many years now. Three schools of thought have shaped the discussion thus far: neoliberalism, which bases its analyses on constellations of interests; realism, which treats power relations among states as its key variable; and cognitivism, which emphasizes actors' causal and social knowledge. Each of these schools of thought has articulated and defended a distinct view on the origins, stability, and consequences of international regimes. In this article we explore the possibilities of achieving additional explanatory power in the study of international regimes by working toward a synthesis of these schools of thought.
Who owes whom, how much, and when? Understanding reciprocated social exchange in international politics
Authors: Lepgold Joseph , Shambaugh George E.
Published: July 2002

It is often said that reciprocityÑreturning good behaviour for good behaviour and bad for badÑstabilizes co-operation by making nonco-operative behaviour unprofitable. Nevertheless, our understanding of how reciprocity works in international politics is unnecessarily limited. Only two patterns are now well recognized. In one of these, both actors in a relationship insist that the value of their concessions must be equivalent and that each must be made highly conditional on the other. The polar opposite pattern is one in which the actors consider both the value and timing of individual concessions to be irrelevant. What is not well understood is that there are two other exchange patterns that actors may also see as mutually satisfactory. In these situations, even though the value and timing of individual concessions both clearly matter to the actors, the pattern of exchange on oneÑthough not bothÑof them is clearly ‘unbalanced’. We lack a way to make sense of such partially unbalanced relationships. This article develops a typology that specifies four types of reciprocity, analyses the conditions under which they are likely to evolve, and draws out the implications of each pattern for actors' strategic choices and bargaining behaviour. The utility of this typology is demonstrated through an analysis of the shifting patterns of reciprocity in Russian-American relations from 1947 through to 1997.
Sex, Pulp and critique
Authors: Clarke Eric F. , Dibben Nicola
Published: July 2002

In an article entitled ‘Sexist Pulp ads attacked’, the Independent on Sunday (IoS) reported public reaction to the posters advertising Pulp's new album This is Hardcore (posters had been defaced with the words ‘this is sexist’), and described the advertisements as part of a turn away from political correctness towards a new ‘anything goes’ realism (Kelly and Clay 1998). The poster shows the naked upper torso of a woman face down on a red leather cushion, in an awkward and ambivalent posture, with lipsticked, half-open mouth. Emblazoned across the centre of the image (which is a reproduction of the album cover) are the words ‘This is Hardcore’ in pink capitals. A leader in the paper on the same day, under the heading ‘This is violent. This is offensive’, interprets the image as a demeaning, sexist and violent representation of women and as an offence to the record-buying public. The leader asserts that ‘Just to sell a few songs, it shows a woman violated’, and concludes with the words: ‘To ban it [the poster] now would only generate more publicity for Pulp. So the only advice we have is for anyone thinking of buying the album. Don't bother.’ (IoS Leader, 1998, p. 4)
Performance atlases of the workspace for planar 3-DOF parallel manipulators
Authors: Liu Xin-Jun , Wang Jinsong , Gao Feng
Published: July 2002

The design of the robotic mechanisms is most important because they determine

the performance characteristics of the robots. This paper concerns the issue of computer-aided design (CAD) for planar 3-DOF parallel robotic mechanisms by means of the physical model of the solution space, which can be used systematically to express the relationships between the performance criteria and all link lengths of one

type of the robtic mechanism. The performance atlases of the workspace volume for the manipulators are plotted in the physical model of the solution space. The characteristics of the distribution of the workspace shapes in the physical model of the solution space are presented. The results are useful for the optimum design of the robotic mechanisms. This paper proposes a new way for robotic CAD.
Locomotive gait generation for inchworm-like robots using finite state approach
Authors: Chen I-Ming , Yeo Song Huat , Gao Yan
Published: July 2002

The gait of a multi-segment inchworm robot is a series of actuator actions that will change the shape of the robot to generate a net motion. In this paper,
we model the multi-segment inchworm robot as a finite state automaton. Gait generation is posed as a search problem on the graph described by the automaton with prescribed state transitions. The state transitions are defined based on the kinematics of robot locomotion. The auxiliary actuator concept is introduced. Single-stride and multi-stride gait generations are discussed. Single-stride gaits exhibit fault-tolerant and real-time computation features that are necessary in actual applications. Both computer simulation and experimental hardware platform are developed for various aspects of gait generation and planning.
On-line learning control of manipulators based on
artificial neural network models
Authors: Ciliz M. Kemal , Işik Can
Published: July 2002

This paper addresses the tracking control problem of robotic
manipulators with unknown and changing dynamics. In this study, nonlinear
dynamics of the robotic manipulator is assumed to be unknown and a control
scheme is developed to adaptively estimate the unknown manipulator dynamics
utilizing generic artificial neural network models to approximate the underlying
dynamics. Based on the error dynamics of the controller, a parameter update
equation is derived for the adaptive ANN models and local stability properties
of the controller are discussed. The proposed scheme is simulated and
successfully tested for trajectory following tasks. The controller also
demonstrates remarkable performance in adaptation to changes in manipulator
dynamics.
Off-line localisation of a mobile robot using ultrasonic measurements
Authors: Hoppenot Philippe , Colle Etienne , Barat Christian
Published: July 2002

Regarding assistance to disabled people for object manipulation and carrying, the paper focuses on the localisation for mobile robot autonomy. In order to respect strong low-cost constraints, the perception system of the mobile robot uses sensors of low metrological quality, ultrasonic ring and odometry. That poses new problems for localisation, in particular. Among different localisation techniques, we present only off-line localisation. With poor perception means, it is necessary to introduce a priori knowledge on sensors and environment models. To solve the localisation problem, the ultrasonic image is segmented applying the Hough transform, well-adapted to ultrasonic sensor characteristics. The segments are then matched with the room, modelled and assumed to be rectangular. Several positions are found. A first sort, based on a cost function, reduces the possibilities. The remaining ambiguities are removed by a neural network which plays the part of a classifier detecting the door in the environment. Improvements of the method are proposed to take into account obstacles and non-rectangular room. Experimental results show that the localisation operates even with one obstacle.
Indirect simultaneous positioning of deformable objects with multi-pinching fingers based on an uncertain model
Authors: Hirai S. , Wada T.
Published: July 2002

A new approach to the control of indirect simultaneous positioning of deformable objects is presented. Many manufacturing processes that deal with deformable objects such as clothes and rubber sheets involve a positioning of multiple points on a deformable object. The multiple points should be guided simultaneously to the desired locations. Moreover, these positioned points cannot be manipulated directly. This operation is referred to as indirect simultaneous positioning. In this article, we will propose a new control law for indirect simultaneous positioning of a deformable object based on its uncertain model and
will show the robustness of the proposed control law. First, a simplified physical model of a deformable object is developed for its positioning operation. Second, indirect simultaneous positioning of an extensible object is formulated. Based on a linearized model of an extensible object, we will propose a novel control law for indirect simultaneous positioning. Next, we will prove the robustness of the proposed control law theoretically. Finally, experimental results will show the robustness of our proposed control law against the
discrepancy between a real fabric and its uncertain model.
Introducing students to musical technology: the case for reel-to-reel analog tape machines
Authors: Julien Olivier
Published: July 2002

Since their beginnings, popular music studies have relied primarily on disciplines such as sociology, anthropology and semiotics. However, the nineties saw the emergence of a generation of scholars whose knowledge of the recording studio led them to show a common interest in technological parameters, and to develop new tools for musicological analysis. This article describes the perspectives that their work offers within the realm of education.
Where does the music come from? A comparison case-study of the compositional processes of a high school and a collegiate composer
Authors: Kennedy Mary A.
Published: July 2002

This comparison case-study examines the compositional processes of a high school and a collegiate composer engaged in a similar task. Procedures included interviews with the composers, observations, and the collection of compositional sketches and ‘audio-journals’. Analysis involved the preparation of field-notes and interview transcripts, document analysis and study of the field note/interview text. Two professional composers and the researcher analysed the compositions to locate similarities and differences.

Important similarities were the use of an exploratory phase at the piano and the acknowledgement of both inspiration and revision as components of the composition process. Differences were found in the uses of time and structure.
IMPLEMENTING THE FINDINGS OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENTS
Authors: Drummond Michael , Weatherly Helen
Published: July 2002

Objective: To explore whether more could be done to increase the
implementation of health technology assessment (HTA) findings.

Methods: A literature review was undertaken to identify the main
barriers to implementation, the mechanisms that influence the diffusion and
use of health technologies, and evidence of the successful implementation of
findings.

Results: Numerous barriers to the implementation of HTA findings
exist at the public policy, health- care professional, and general public
levels. Several mechanisms for influencing the use of health technologies
exist, and there are some examples of findings being implemented through these
mechanisms. However, there are also concerns about the aggressive
implementation of findings. A balanced approach to the implementation of HTAs
is required.

Conclusion: The main elements of a successful implementation
strategy are: a) defining a clear policy question; b) defining a clear
research question; c) making recommendations commensurate with the evidence;
d) identifying the implementation mechanism; e) paying attention to incentives
and disincentives; and f) clarifying the roles and responsibilities of the
various parties. Further research is also required into several aspects of
implementation.
LIKELIHOOD-BASED INFERENCE IN COINTEGRATED VECTOR
AUTOREGRESSIVE MODELS
Authors: Kitamura Yuichi
Published: July 2002

Since the notion of cointegration was established
by Engel and Granger (1987), many statistical methods have
been suggested to estimate and test cointegrated models.
Undoubtedly the Gaussian likelihood–based method
advocated by Johansen (1988, 1991) is one of the most popular
choices among practitioners. In his 1988 paper, Johansen
applied Anderson's (1951) maximum likelihood estimation
procedure for reduced rank regression (RRR) models to isolate
common stochastic trends in multiple time series. This
was a remarkable breakthrough, which he and other authors
have extended into various directions in the last decade.
Johansen's approach is attractive in that it provides
a unified set of tools of estimation, cointegration rank
testing, and parametric hypothesis testing, based on the
Gaussian likelihood for a vector autoregression (VAR).
Although this book and other papers of Johansen are mostly
concerned with reduced form models, the statistical information
provided by his method is useful for applied econometricians,
especially in fields where tractable dynamic structural
models are not available. This book presents a concise
yet comprehensive treatment of his methodology.
Variation in leaf-cutter ant (Atta sp.) densities in forest isolates: the potential role of predation
Authors: Rao Madhu
Published: July 2002

The potential role of predation as a factor underlying variation in leaf-cutter ant (Atta sp.) densities was investigated on recently isolated land-bridge islands in Lago Guri, Venezuela. A survey of mature Atta colonies revealed a sharp increase in densities on small and medium islands (5.6 and 2.3 colonies ha−1 respectively) compared to large islands (0.72 colonies ha−1) and the mainland (0 nests in 5.5 ha). Incipient colonies showed the reverse trend with higher densities on larger landmasses. Cage experiments were conducted to test the impacts of predation on the survival of incipient and young Atta colonies. Protection by wire-mesh cages increased the survival of both incipient and young colonies at all sites. The survival of unprotected incipient and young colonies was significantly reduced on larger landmasses relative to small islands. These results are consistent with burrow survey data that provided indirect evidence of higher armadillo densities on larger landmasses. Findings suggest that reduced predation is a potentially important factor underlying observed variation in Atta density patterns in the Guri islands.
Sugar composition of wild fruits in Hong Kong, China
Authors: KO ICE W. P. , CORLETT RICHARD T. , XU RUO-JUN
Published: July 2002

Soluble carbohydrates are the major nutritional reward in the pulp of most vertebrate dispersed fruits (Corlett 1996, Herrera 1987, Johnson et al. 1985, Jordano 1995). However, although detailed analyses have been made of the carbohydrate content of many cumtivated fruits (e.g. Nagy et al. 1990, Widdowson & McCance 1935), most studies of wild fruits have only quantified total soluble carbohydrates (e.g. Conklin & Wrangham 1994, Corlett 1996, Foster & McDiarmid 1983, Herrera 1987, Izhaki 1992). This is unfortunate because relatively minor differences in the chemical structure of nutrients can have profound implications for frugivorous animals (Martinez del Rio & Restrepo 1993), and the fruit choices of these animals in turn, may have major implications for the abundance and distribution of the plant species.
Use of space by the marsupial Micoureus demerarae in small Atlantic Forest fragments in south-eastern Brazil
Authors: Pires Alexandra Dos Santos , Fernandez Fernando Antonio Dos Santos
Published: July 2002

The spatial patterns presented by the marsupial Micoureus demerarae were studied through capture–mark–recapture in two small Atlantic Forest fragments (areas 7.1 and 8.8 ha). The study took place from March 1995 to August 1997. Considering all captures of each individual, males did not have larger home ranges within the fragments than did females. A negative correlation was found between home range sizes and population densities. For males, home ranges overlapped often, and were larger during the breeding season. For females, home ranges did not overlap except for a short period when there were many individuals present, and home range sizes were not significantly larger in the breeding season. Five movements between the two forest fragments were detected, across 300 m of open vegetation. All the movements were performed by males during the reproductive season. M. demerarae in the small fragments therefore displays a metapopulation structure, although possibly an atypical one where only males disperse.
Frugivory and the importance of seeds in the diet of the orange-rumped agouti (Dasyprocta leporina) in French Guiana
Authors: Henry Olivier
Published: July 2002

This study described the diet of the orange-rumped agouti Dasyprocta leporina in French Guiana. Five food types were identified in stomach contents: seeds, pulp, fibre, leaves and animal matter. D. leporina ate mainly fruit parts, pulp and seeds, although the ingestion of animals, leaves and fibre was not negligible. Food intake differed from one season to another. D. leporina was a pulp-eater (64.8% pulp in March) when fleshy fruit was plentiful and available on the ground (February–May). The level of pulp ingestion was globally in accordance with fruit production. When food resources were low (June–September), D. leporina consumed seeds and cotyledons (73.0% seeds in August) as well as animal (16.4% in July) and to a lesser level, plant parts. By focusing on other food categories, and particularly seeds, it gets nutritious food thus avoiding starvation between June–September. Large proportions of seeds appeared in stomach contents and correlations between seed quantities and ground production were negative and significant; D. leporina seemed to react to environmental factors such as rainfall and fruit production.
ON THE STEADY-STATE DISTRIBUTION OF NUMBER IN THE QUEUE
Geom/G/1
Authors: Chaudhry M. L.
Published: July 2002

Discrete-time queues are frequently used in telecommunication
networks. This paper proposes a new method which is based
only on probabilistic arguments. It derives the distributions
of numbers of customers in the discrete-time systems Geom/G/1
and Geom/G/1/M. Though the derivation does not involve
use of the transforms, the transforms may be obtained,
if desired. Another advantage of this is that the numerical
results obtained are stable as there are no negative signs
involved in summations. Further, the method can be easily
used to solve more complex problems in discrete- and continuous-time
queues.
WHAT'S IN A WORD? VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT IN
MULTILINGUAL CLASSROOMS.Norah McWilliam. Stoke on Trent, UK:
Trentham Books, 1998. Pp. xiii + 192. £14.95 paper.
Authors: Nation Paul
Published: July 2002

This book is intended for teachers of children whose first language is not English and who
are in mainstream classes in an English-speaking country. It has a strong orientation toward
Great Britain.
COMPARING THE L1 AND L2 MENTAL LEXICON
Authors: Wolter Brent
Published: July 2002

This paper explores the possibility that, contrary to the findings of past studies, the L1 and L2
mental lexicon may in fact be structurally similar, with depth of individual word knowledge
determining a given word's degree of integration into the mental lexicon. The paper begins
by reviewing the body of evidence relevant to the research question, and then presents the design
and results of an investigation comparing nonnative and native speaker patterns of responses in
light of depth of word knowledge scores. In discussing the results of the study, a tentative model
for the process by which words are integrated into the mental lexicon is proposed, and the
long-standing belief that a shift from predominantly syntagmatic to predominantly paradigmatic
responses is indicative of lexical development is challenged.
THE UNACCUSATIVE TRAP IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
Authors: Oshita Hiroyuki
Published: July 2002

The distinction of two types of intransitive verbs—unergatives (with underlying
subjects) and unaccusatives (with underlying objects)—may not exist at early stages of L2
acquisition, both being syntactically represented as unergatives. This idea, referred to here as the
Unaccusative Trap Hypothesis, provides an elegant developmental account for a variety of
seemingly unrelated syntactic phenomena in L2 English, Japanese, and Chinese. Target language
input, structural constraints on natural language linking rules, and linguistic properties of a
learner's L1s shape stages in the reorganization of the lexical and syntactic components of
interlanguage grammars. Although nonnative grammars may initially override the structural
constraints postulated as the Unaccusative Hypothesis (Burzio, 1986; Perlmutter, 1978) and the
Uniformity of Theta Assignment Hypothesis (Baker, 1988), at later developmental stages some
may still achieve conformity with the norms of natural languages.
Nouns before verbs in comprehension vs. production: the view from pragmatics
Authors: GOLDFIELD BEVERLY A.
Published: July 2002

This study examines pragmatic factors that bias English-speaking
children to produce more of the nouns and fewer of the verbs that they
know. If nouns are favoured for production, parents should elicit more
nouns than verbs in child speech. If verb comprehension is favoured
over verb production, parents should more often prompt children to
produce an action than to produce a verb. Data from 44 parent–child
(age 1;8) dyads in the New England directory of the CHILDES data
base were analysed. Children produced more nouns than verbs but
mothers produced more verbs than nouns. Speech act analyses indicate
that mothers elicited noun production but rarely prompted children to
produce verbs. Mothers more often prompted children to produce an
action than to produce a verb, and verbs occurred most often in maternal
speech acts used to elicit children's actions. Moreover, children comprehended
many more verbs than they produced. These data suggest that
production measures underestimate the frequency and significance of
verb-learning in early lexical development.
Children's acquisition of speech timing in English: a

comparative study of voice onset time and final syllable vowel

lengthening
Authors: SNOW DAVID
Published: July 2002

This study describes English-speaking children's acquisition
of voice

onset time (VOT), a segmental feature that specifies the timing of word-initial

stop consonants, and final-syllable vowel lengthening (FSVL), a

suprasegmental feature that influences the timing of vowels. The

purpose of the study was to evaluate two hypotheses about the acquisition
of

speech timing contrasts: a ‘motoric’ hypothesis predicting

that children would control the vowel duration contrast earlier than the

consonantal one (FSVL before VOT), and a ‘representation’ hypothesis

predicting that children would control the contrast represented on the

segmental level of linguistic description earlier than the contrast

represented on the suprasegmental level (VOT before FSVL). Longitudinal

acquisition patterns for both contrasts were compared in ten

children between the mean ages of 1;6 and 2;0. The results, indicating

that English-speaking children usually acquired VOT before FSVL, are

discussed in light of evidence that French-speaking children acquire

analogous contrasts in the opposite sequence. The crosslanguage comparisons

support limited forms of both the motoric and representation

hypotheses. As promising topics for further study, the results also

suggested the importance of individual differences, and the variability
of

timing features in the input.
Encouraging narratives in preschoolers:
an intervention study
Authors: PETERSON CAROLE , JESSO BEULAH , McCABE ALLYSSA
Published: July 2002

Twenty economically disadvantaged preschoolers (mean age 3;7) were

randomly assigned to an intervention or a control group, and their
mothers' styles of eliciting narratives from their children were assessed

before and after intervention. Mothers of intervention children were
encouraged to spend more time in narrative conversation, ask more
open-ended and context-eliciting questions, and encourage longer narratives

through back-channel responses. Children's narrative and vocabulary
skills
were assessed before and after the year-long intervention
and 14 children participated in a follow-up assessment a year later.
Narrative measures included the number and length of narratives as well

as how decontextualized and informative they were. Intervention children

showed significant vocabulary improvement immediately after
intervention terminated, and a year later they showed overall improvements

in narrative skill. In particular, intervention children produced
more context-setting descriptions about where and especially when the
described events took place. Such decontextualized language has been
emphasized as important for literacy acquisition.