bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discriminación lingüística y contracultura escolar indígena en la Ciudad de México
Authors: Hernández-Rosete Daniel , Maya Olivia
Published: August 2016

(analítico): La discriminación lingüística escolar es una forma de racismo cuya resistencia está poco documentada. En este artículo analizamos las creencias que favorecen la discriminación escolar de indígenas migrantes bilingües y describimos algunas de las respuestas que además existen como mecanismos de contracultura escolar. Realizamos una investigación fenomenológica de tipo constructivista social, cuyo trabajo de campo se realizó en dos escuelas del barrio de La Merced ubicado en la Ciudad de México. Encontramos que la pobreza, la condición migrante y el trabajo infantil persisten como estigmas en la vida escolar. Sin embargo la dificultad para hablar español es quizá la causa de violencia escolar más severa porque se naturaliza a través de apodos y burlas, pero paradójicamente genera un modelo de bilingüismo contracultural que fortalece las identidades lingüísticas de forma lúdica.
Violência sexual, infância e povos indígenas: Ressignificação intercultural das políticas de proteção no contexto das indígenas crianças
Authors: Da Costa Oliveira Assis
Published: August 2016

(descritivo): O artigo analisa a construção de política diferenciada de intervenção sobre violência sexual contra indígenas crianças com base nas experiências institucionais da rede de proteção do município de Altamira, estado do Pará, no Brasil. Mediante uso de pesquisa documental e bibliográfica, além da vivência direta como membro desta rede de proteção, problematiza-se a forma como os direitos indígenas e a compreensão intercultural da infância e da violência sexual repercutiram numa mudança de concepção das políticas de enfrentamento no município, possibilitando a condução de processos de pesquisa sobre a realidade sociocultural dos povos indígenas com relação à temática, também à formação continuada dos profissionais que atuam no atendimento direto das vítimas e na elaboração de fluxo de atendimento intercultural que contemple a autodeterminação dos povos indígenas na dinâmica de atuação da rede de proteção.
Alteridad, Infancia y Delincuencia: Análisis discursivo desde programas sociales hacia infancias en Chile
Authors: Valdenegro Boris , Calderón-Flández Claudia
Published: August 2016

(analítico): El objetivo del presente estudio fue explorar los procesos de construcción de alteridad hacia las infancias a partir de los discursos de interventores sociales, considerando la multiplicidad de tensiones existentes entre las representaciones de las infancias y las prácticas de intervención. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a cuatro profesionales que trabajan en programas de intervención en libertad asistida, generándose un corpus textual que fue estudiado mediante Análisis de Discurso. Los resultados descriptivos muestran la emergencia de polaridades en tensión: sujeto permeable v/s duro; y sujeto autoactualizable v/s carenciado; lo que deja en evidencia la complejidad del tránsito desde una visión minorista/garantista en el aspecto sociocultural y jurídico, y la tensión en el ejercicio deconstructivo que realizan los interventores, quienes finalmente desarrollan nuevos procesos de naturalización que replican la acción de esencializar al otro en la intervención.
IMPACTOS DE OUTROS RESULTADOS ABRANGENTES SOBRE O GERENCIAMENTO DE RESULTADOS
Authors: Wrubel Franciele , Morás Vania Regina , Brighenti Josiane , Leite Maurício , Klann Roberto Carlos
Published: August 2016

O estudo objetivou verificar o impacto de Outros Resultados Abrangentes (ORA) no gerenciamento de resultados (GR) nas companhias abertas brasileiras. A pesquisa se caracteriza como quantitativa e documental. O período de análise compreende 2010 à 2013. Além do ORA, utilizaram-se as variáveis Tamanho (Ln_Tam), Endividamento (Endiv), Alavancagem financeira (AlavFin) e Fluxo de Caixa Operacional (FCO). Como resultado, constatou-se correlação significativa e positiva do ORA com o tamanho das empresas em 2010. Em 2012, ORA apresentou correlação significativa negativa com o FCO e com o Endividamento. O AD apresentou correlação significativa e negativa com o Endividamento em 2011 e 2012 e com a Alavancagem em 2012, já em 2010 e 2012 apresentou correlação significativa e positiva com a Alavancagem. Conclui-se que não foi possível confirmar que o ORA diminui os níveis de GR e nem que essa divulgação aumenta a transparência das informações contábeis para a redução da assimetria informacional dos stakeholders sobre o desempenho econômico e financeiro das empresas analisadas.
Estrutura de Financiamento das Firmas de Energia Elétrica no Brasil: Uma abordagem à Pecking Order Theory (POT)
Authors: De França José Antonio , Santos Sandra Isaelle Figueiredo dos , Sandoval Wilfredo Sosa , Santos Átila Pires dos
Published: August 2016

Este artigo discute resultados de pesquisa sobre formas de financiamento do negócio de energia elétrica no Brasil, por controle de capital, utilizando amostra de 31 firmas, de 1997 a 2013. A pesquisa investiga como essas firmas são preponderantemente financiadas, por capital próprio (CP) seguindo a Pecking OrderTheory (POT) ou capital de terceiros (CT), e ainda como financiamento e taxa de retorno se relacionam. O objetivo é analisar as formas de financiamento e a relação do uso preponderante de capital (UPC) com retorno preponderante de capital (RPC). A metodologia utiliza modelos analíticos e regressão linear multivariada para obtenção dos resultados. Os resultados sugerem que as firmas tem financiamento compatível com a POT; a relação entre CP e CT é menor nas firmas com controle privado; o retorno das firmas com controle privado é superior ao das firmas com controle governamental, o UPC com deslocamento dinâmico, é inverso ao RPC. A pesquisa inova e se diferencia por relacionar UPC com RPC.
Novel Protective Role for Ubiquitin-Specific Protease 18 in Pathological Cardiac Remodeling
Authors: Ying Xiaoying , Zhao Yichao , Yao Tianbao , Yuan Ancai , Xu Longwei , Gao Lingchen , Ding Song , Ding Hongyi , Pu Jun , He Ben
Published: August 2016

Ubiquitin-specific protease 18 (USP18), a USP family member, is involved in antiviral activity and cancer inhibition. Although USP18 is expressed in heart, the role of USP18 in the heart and in cardiac diseases remains unknown. Here, we show that USP18 expression is elevated in both human dilated hearts and hypertrophic murine models. Cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of USP18 in mice significantly blunted cardiac remodeling as evidenced by mitigated myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, ventricular dilation, and preserved ejection function, whereas USP18-deficient mice displayed exacerbated cardiac remodeling under the same pathological stimuli. Similar results were observed for in vitro angiotensin II–induced neonatal rat cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. The antihypertrophic effects of USP18 under hypertrophic stimuli were associated with the blockage of the transforming growth factor-β–activated kinase 1-p38/c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 signaling cascade. Blocking transforming growth factor-β–activated kinase 1-p38/c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 signaling with a pharmacological inhibitor (5Z-7-oxozeaenol) greatly reversed the detrimental effects observed in USP18-knockout mice subjected to aortic banding. Our data indicate that USP18 inhibits cardiac hypertrophy and postpones cardiac dysfunction during the remodeling process, which is dependent on its modulation of the transforming growth factor-β–activated kinase 1-p38/c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2 signaling axis. Thus, USP18 is a potent therapeutic target for heart failure treatment.
Regular Exercise Reduces Endothelial Cortical Stiffness in Western Diet–Fed Female Mice
Authors: Padilla Jaume , Ramirez-Perez Francisco I. , Habibi Javad , Bostick Brian , Aroor Annayya R. , Hayden Melvin R. , Jia Guanghong , Garro Mona , DeMarco Vincent G. , Manrique Camila , Booth Frank W. , Martinez-Lemus Luis A. , Sowers James R.
Published: August 2016

We recently showed that Western diet–induced obesity and insulin resistance promotes endothelial cortical stiffness in young female mice. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that regular aerobic exercise would attenuate the development of endothelial and whole artery stiffness in female Western diet–fed mice. Four-week-old C57BL/6 mice were randomized into sedentary (ie, caged confined, n=6) or regular exercise (ie, access to running wheels, n=7) conditions for 16 weeks. Exercise training improved glucose tolerance in the absence of changes in body weight and body composition. Compared with sedentary mice, exercise-trained mice exhibited reduced endothelial cortical stiffness in aortic explants (sedentary 11.9±1.7 kPa versus exercise 5.5±1.0 kPa;
P
<0.05), as assessed by atomic force microscopy. This effect of exercise was not accompanied by changes in aortic pulse wave velocity (
P
>0.05), an in vivo measure of aortic stiffness. In comparison, exercise reduced femoral artery stiffness in isolated pressurized arteries and led to an increase in femoral internal artery diameter and wall cross-sectional area (
P
<0.05), indicative of outward hypertrophic remodeling. These effects of exercise were associated with an increase in femoral artery elastin content and increased number of fenestrae in the internal elastic lamina (
P
<0.05). Collectively, these data demonstrate for the first time that the aortic endothelium is highly plastic and, thus, amenable to reductions in stiffness with regular aerobic exercise in the absence of changes in in vivo whole aortic stiffness. Comparatively, the same level of exercise caused destiffening effects in peripheral muscular arteries, such as the femoral artery, that perfuse the working limbs.
Mitochondrial Fission of Smooth Muscle Cells Is Involved in Artery Constriction
Authors: Liu Ming-Yu , Jin Jing , Li Shan-Liang , Yan Jie , Zhen Chang-Lin , Gao Jin-Lai , Zhang Yong-Hui , Zhang Yan-Qiu , Shen Xin , Zhang Liang-Shuan , Wei Yuan-Yuan , Zhao Yu , Wang Chen-Guang , Bai Yun-Long , Dong De-Li
Published: August 2016

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles and continuously undergo fission and fusion processes. Mitochondrial fission is involved in multiple physiological or pathological processes, but the role of mitochondrial fission of smooth muscle cells in artery constriction is unknown. The role of mitochondrial fission of smooth muscle cells in arterial function was investigated by measuring the tension of rat mesenteric arteries and thoracic aorta and by evaluating mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, and cytosolic [Ca
2+
]
i
in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Mitochondrial fission inhibitors mdivi-1 and dynasore antagonized phenylephrine- and high K
+
–induced constriction of rat mesenteric arteries. Mdivi-1 relaxed phenylephrine-induced constriction, and mdivi-1 pretreatment prevented phenylephrine-induced constriction in mice, rat aorta, and human mesenteric arteries. Phenylephrine- and high K
+
–induced increase of mitochondrial fission in smooth muscle cells of rat aorta and the increase was inhibited by mdivi-1. Mdivi-1 inhibited high K
+
–induced increases of mitochondrial fission, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, and cytosolic [Ca
2+
]
i
in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Prechelation of cytosolic Ca
2+
prevented high K
+
–induced cytosolic [Ca
2+
]
i
increase, mitochondrial fission, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species overproduction. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant mito-TEMPO antagonized phenylephrine- and high K
+
–induced constriction of rat mesenteric arteries. Nitroglycerin and ROCK (Rho-associated protein kinase) inhibitor Y27632, the 2 vasodilators with different vasorelaxant mechanisms, relaxed high K
+
–induced vasoconstriction and inhibited high K
+
–induced mitochondrial fission. In conclusion, the mitochondrial fission of smooth muscle cells is involved in artery constriction.
Blood Pressure in Young Adults Born at Very Low Birth Weight
Authors: Hovi Petteri , Vohr Betty , Ment Laura R. , Doyle Lex W. , McGarvey Lorcan , Morrison Katherine M. , Evensen Kari Anne I. , van der Pal Sylvia , Grunau Ruth E. ,   APIC Adults Born Preterm International Collaboration, Brubakk Ann-Mari , Andersson Sture , Saigal Saroj , Kajantie Eero
Published: August 2016

Adults born preterm at very low birth weight (VLBW; <1500 g) have higher blood pressure than those born at term. It is not known whether all VLBW adults are at risk or whether higher blood pressure could be attributed to some of the specific conditions underlying or accompanying preterm birth. To identify possible risk or protective factors, we combined individual-level data from 9 cohorts that measured blood pressure in young adults born at VLBW or with a more stringent birth weight criterion. In the absence of major heterogeneity, we performed linear regression analysis in our pooled sample of 1571 adults born at VLBW and 777 controls. Adults born at VLBW had 3.4 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, 2.2–4.6) higher systolic and 2.1 mm Hg (95% confidence interval, 1.3–3.0) higher diastolic pressure, with adjustment for age, sex, and cohort. The difference in systolic pressure was present in men (1.8 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval, 0.1–3.5) but was stronger in women (4.7 mm Hg; 95% confidence interval, 3.2–6.3). Among the VLBW group, blood pressure was unrelated to gestational age, maternal smoking, multiple pregnancy, retinopathy of prematurity, or bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Blood pressure was higher than that of controls among VLBW adults unexposed to maternal preeclampsia. Among those exposed, it was even higher, especially if born appropriate for gestational age. In conclusion, although female sex and maternal preeclampsia are additional risk factors, the risk of higher blood pressure is not limited to any etiologic subgroup of VLBW adults, arguing for vigilance in early detection of high blood pressure in all these individuals.
Prognostic Factors in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension—A Nationwide Cohort Study
Authors: Chang Wei‐Ting , Weng Shih‐Feng , Hsu Chih‐Hsin , Shih Jhih‐Yuan , Wang Jhi‐Joung , Wu Chun‐Ying , Chen Zhih‐Cherng
Published: August 2016

Background

Pulmonary hypertension (
PH
) is a rare but fatal condition. Large‐scale studies to examine the prognostic factors are lacking. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the factors associated with overall mortality in
PH
patients.

Methods and Results

Based on Taiwan's National Health Insurance Database, we identified 1092 newly identified
PH
patients between 1999 and 2011. These patients were matched with 8736 healthy subjects based on propensity score calculated with age, sex, and chronic cardiovascular risk factors. Overall mortality, death incidence rate ratio, and hazard ratio were calculated. Patients with
PH
had a higher mortality than controls (56.45 versus 18.51 per 1000 person‐years,
P
<0.0001), with hazard ratio at 3.3 (95%
CI
: 2.92–3.73,
P
<0.001). The long‐term survival rates of the
PH
patients at 1, 5, and 10 years were 87.9%, 72.5%, and 62.6%, respectively, which were significantly lower than controls with 98.4%, 90.8%, and 83.6% at 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively. Among patients with
PH
, the mortality rate was higher in the older and male patients. However, after stratifying by age and sex, the younger (<50 years) and female patients had a higher risk. Regarding different etiologies of
PH
, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary embolism led to most cases of mortality (adjusted hazard ratio: 3.2, 95%
CI
: 2.76–3.71 and 4.64, 95%
CI
: 2.74–7.87,
P
<0.05).

Conclusions

PH
has high mortality, especially in females, and patients with younger age and with chronic diseases. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and pulmonary embolism contributed to an increased risk of mortality in
PH
patients.
Reversing the Standard Neural Signature of the Word–Nonword Distinction
Authors: Graves William W. , Boukrina Olga , Mattheiss Samantha R. , Alexander Edward J. , Baillet Sylvain
Published: August 2016

The distinction between letter strings that form words and those that look and sound plausible but are not meaningful is a basic one. Decades of functional neuroimaging experiments have used this distinction to isolate the neural basis of lexical (word level) semantics, associated with areas such as the middle temporal, angular, and posterior cingulate gyri that overlap the default mode network. In two fMRI experiments, a different set of findings emerged when word stimuli were used that were less familiar (measured by word frequency) than those typically used. Instead of activating default mode network areas often associated with semantic processing, words activated task-positive areas such as the inferior pFC and SMA, along with multifunctional ventral occipitotemporal cortices related to reading, whereas nonwords activated default mode areas previously associated with semantics. Effective connectivity analyses of fMRI data on less familiar words showed activation driven by task-positive and multifunctional reading-related areas, whereas highly familiar words showed bottom–up activation flow from occipitotemporal cortex. These findings suggest that functional neuroimaging correlates of semantic processing are less stable than previously assumed, with factors such as word frequency influencing the balance between task-positive, reading-related, and default mode networks. More generally, this suggests that results of contrasts typically interpreted in terms of semantic content may be more influenced by factors related to task difficulty than is widely appreciated.
The Role of Anterior Cingulate Cortex in the Affective Evaluation of Conflict
Authors: Braem Senne , King Joseph A. , Korb Franziska M. , Krebs Ruth M. , Notebaert Wim , Egner Tobias
Published: August 2016

An influential theory of ACC function argues that this brain region plays a crucial role in the affective evaluation of performance monitoring and control demands. Specifically, control-demanding processes such as response conflict are thought to be registered as aversive signals by ACC, which in turn triggers processing adjustments to support avoidance learning. In support of conflict being treated as an aversive event, recent behavioral studies demonstrated that incongruent (i.e., conflict inducing), relative to congruent, stimuli can speed up subsequent negative, relative to positive, affective picture processing. Here, we used fMRI to investigate directly whether ACC activity in response to negative versus positive pictures is modulated by preceding control demands, consisting of conflict and task-switching conditions. The results show that negative, relative to positive, pictures elicited higher ACC activation after congruent, relative to incongruent, trials, suggesting that ACC's response to negative (positive) pictures was indeed affectively primed by incongruent (congruent) trials. Interestingly, this pattern of results was observed on task repetitions but disappeared on task alternations. This study supports the proposal that conflict induces negative affect and is the first to show that this affective signal is reflected in ACC activation.
The Neural Correlates of Similarity- and Rule-based Generalization
Authors: Milton Fraser , Bealing Pippa , Carpenter Kathryn L. , Bennattayallah Abdelmalek , Wills Andy J.
Published: August 2016

The idea that there are multiple learning systems has become increasingly influential in recent years, with many studies providing evidence that there is both a quick, similarity-based or feature-based system and a more effortful rule-based system. A smaller number of imaging studies have also examined whether neurally dissociable learning systems are detectable. We further investigate this by employing for the first time in an imaging study a combined positive and negative patterning procedure originally developed by Shanks and Darby [Shanks, D. R., & Darby, R. J. Feature- and rule-based generalization in human associative learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes, 24, 405–415, 1998]. Unlike previous related studies employing other procedures, rule generalization in the Shanks–Darby task is beyond any simple non-rule-based (e.g., associative) account. We found that rule- and similarity-based generalization evoked common activation in diverse regions including the pFC and the bilateral parietal and occipital lobes indicating that both strategies likely share a range of common processes. No differences between strategies were identified in whole-brain comparisons, but exploratory analyses indicated that rule-based generalization led to greater activation in the right middle frontal cortex than similarity-based generalization. Conversely, the similarity group activated the anterior medial frontal lobe and right inferior parietal lobes more than the rule group did. The implications of these results are discussed.
Hippocampal Structure Predicts Statistical Learning and Associative Inference Abilities during Development
Authors: Schlichting Margaret L. , Guarino Katharine F. , Schapiro Anna C. , Turk-Browne Nicholas B. , Preston Alison R.
Published: August 2016

Despite the importance of learning and remembering across the lifespan, little is known about how the episodic memory system develops to support the extraction of associative structure from the environment. Here, we relate individual differences in volumes along the hippocampal long axis to performance on statistical learning and associative inference tasks—both of which require encoding associations that span multiple episodes—in a developmental sample ranging from ages 6 to 30 years. Relating age to volume, we found dissociable patterns across the hippocampal long axis, with opposite nonlinear volume changes in the head and body. These structural differences were paralleled by performance gains across the age range on both tasks, suggesting improvements in the cross-episode binding ability from childhood to adulthood. Controlling for age, we also found that smaller hippocampal heads were associated with superior behavioral performance on both tasks, consistent with this region's hypothesized role in forming generalized codes spanning events. Collectively, these results highlight the importance of examining hippocampal development as a function of position along the hippocampal axis and suggest that the hippocampal head is particularly important in encoding associative structure across development.
Stress and Cognitive Flexibility: Cortisol Increases Are Associated with Enhanced Updating but Impaired Switching
Authors: Goldfarb Elizabeth V. , Froböse Monja I. , Cools Roshan , Phelps Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2016

Acute stress has frequently been shown to impair cognitive flexibility. Most studies have examined the effect of stress on cognitive flexibility by measuring how stress changes performance in paradigms that require participants to switch between different task demands. These processes typically implicate pFC function, a region known to be impaired by stress. However, cognitive flexibility is a multifaceted construct. Another dimension of flexibility, updating to incorporate relevant information, involves the dorsal striatum. Function in this region has been shown to be enhanced by stress. Using a within-subject design, we tested whether updating flexibility in a DMS task would be enhanced by an acute stress manipulation (cold pressor task). Participants' cortisol response to stress positively correlated with a relative increase in accuracy on updating flexibility (compared with trials with no working memory interference). In contrast, in line with earlier studies, cortisol responses correlated with worse performance when switching between trials with different task demands. These results demonstrate that stress-related increases in cortisol are associated with both increases and decreases in cognitive flexibility, depending on task demands.
Genetic and phenotypic component in head shape of common wall lizard Podarcis muralis
Authors: Sacchi Roberto , Mangiacotti Marco , Scali Stefano , Ghitti Michele , Bindolini Beatrice , Zuffi Marco A.L.
Published: August 2016

Head shape in lizards correlates with a wide range of environmental pressures, supporting the hypothesis that patterns of phenotypic change represent adaptive responses to selective processes. However, natural selection promotes evolutionary adaptation only if the trait under selection has enough heritable variation. In this study we used geometric morphometrics and quantitative genetics to assess the heritability patterns of the head shape and size of common wall lizards (Podarcis muralis). Genetic and phenotypic components were estimated using animal models, which showed that more than half of the variation in head morphology is inheritable. Furthermore, at least five independent patterns of genetically determined phenotypic change were detected. These outcomes confirm that morphological differentiation in common wall lizards may reliably be regarded as the result of adaptive processes driven by natural selection.
Update of distribution, habitats, population size, and threat factors for the West African crocodile in Mauritania
Authors: Campos João Carlos , Martínez-Freiría Fernando , Sousa Fábio Vieira , Santarém Frederico , Brito José Carlos
Published: August 2016

The West African crocodile (Crocodylus suchus) is an emblematic species from the Sahara-Sahel with scarce knowledge on distribution and conservation status. This study updated the knowledge on distribution, occupied habitats, population size, and factors that threaten C. suchus and its habitats in Mauritania. Five field expeditions to Mauritania (2011-2016), allowed the detection of 26 new localities, increasing by 27% the current number of all known locations (adding up to ). In most localities less than five individuals were observed, and in all visiting sites the number of observed individuals ranged from one to 23. Eleven threat factors were identified, being droughts and temperature extremes (100% localities affected) and water abstraction for domestic use and nomadic grazing (94%) the most frequent. These findings suggest that crocodiles are apparently vulnerable in Mauritania and that future local conservation strategies are needed to assure the continuity of its fragile populations and preserve their habitats.
Tetraclita (Cirripedia, Thoracica) tests as an important habitat for intertidal isopods and other marine and semi-terrestrial fauna on tropical rocky shores
Authors: Chim C. K. , Wong H. P.-S. , Tan K. S.
Published: August 2016

The barnaclesTetraclita singaporensisandT. squamosahave a thick test to protect the animals against the diverse environmental stress of the tropical intertidal zone and also against predation by muricid gastropods. After the death of the barnacle, however, the empty test is often taken over by other marine fauna as well as semi-terrestrial animals. The sphaeromatid isopodDynamenella ptychurawas the most abundant inhabitant in empty tests observed in Singapore and Malaysia. Ovigerous crustaceans were common. Gastropod specimens comprised almost entirely juveniles of common intertidal species, including those of the littorinidsLittoraria articulataandL. strigata. Gastropod eggs and veligers, insect larvae, pupae and nymphs, and spider spiderlings and immatures were also present. The haminoeid gastropodSmaragdinellawas the dominant animal colonizing barnacles in a succession experiment. Temperature was significantly lower inside the empty test than outside, by 0.2°C. Almost 40% of the barnacle tests remained attached to the substratum for more than four months after the death of the individuals.
Oxidative stress induced by acute and sub-chronic cadmium exposure in the ovaries of the freshwater crab Sinopotamon henanense (Dai, 1975)
Authors: Xu P. , Chen H. , Xi Y. , Mao X. , Wang L.
Published: August 2016

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic environmental pollutants, and is known to have multiple toxic effects on many tissues and organs, including the ovaries. However, the mechanisms underlying Cd toxicity on animal ovaries remain unknown. Here we examined the acute and sub-chronic effects of Cd on the ovaries of the freshwater crab,Sinopotamon henanense(Dai, 1975). Acute effects were studied by treating crabs for 3, 5 and 7 days with two Cd concentrations (7.25 or 14.5 mg/l) and sub-chronic Cd treatment was achieved by treating crabs for 7, 14 and 28 days, respectively, with 0.725 or 1.45 mg/l of Cd. Results showed that Cd levels were significantly increased, in both dose- and time-dependent manners in the sub-chronic groups and in a dose-dependent manner in the acute groups. In the sub-chronic groups, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, SOD, CAT and GPx, initially decreased at day 7 or 14, and increased after 14 and/or 28 days, which was accompanied by an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and metallothionein (MT) levels. In the acute groups, there were no statistically significant changes in the activities of the antioxidant enzymes nor in the levels of MDA and MT. To conclude, our results suggest that Cd may do more oxidative damage to cells of crab ovaries at sub-chronic exposure than at acute exposure, which is due to Cd-induced oxidative stress.
Pope Francis, Liberation Theology, and Social Global Justice
Authors: Puggioni Roberto
Published: August 2016

Pope Francis’ apostolic exhortation Evangelii Gaudium (2013) addresses social issues even if it is not a social document. This paper unfolds its social message and detects the possible convergences with some social themes in the Latin American theology of liberation. In doing this, Francis’ considerations will be framed, as far as possible, in the perspective of the traditional Roman Catholic social thought. Thus, providing also insights on where Francis’ teaching adheres more and where less with the previous social magisterium.

After an introductory part and an historical overview on the relationships between the Holy See and liberation theology, we will outline the basic elements of the theology of liberation. Then, drawing from Evangelii Gaudium, we will reflect on Francis’ considerations on themes such as the kingdom of God, the poor, consumerism, and the free-market, for then assessing its relevance for the church in the contemporary world in the concluding part.
Jewish Languages and the Hebrew Language
Authors: Bar-Asher Moshe
Published: August 2016

This study focuses on the relationship between Jewish languages and Hebrew. It includes a short discussion of a number of topics dealt with in the research literature since the beginning of the study of these languages, with a presentation of my perspective on these issues. Due to space constraints I will deal with only eight of these topics: A. The functional division between Jewish languages and Hebrew in Jewish communities; B. The distinction between ancient and new Jewish languages; C. The special status of Aramaic; D. The Hebrew and Aramaic component in Jewish languages and its extent; E. Semantic fields where the Hebrew component is used; F. Secret languages; G. The Hebrew component’s contribution to the study of Hebrew language traditions; H. Hebrew as a living language in Jewish languages.
The Neotropical tanyderid Araucoderus gloriosus (Alexander) (Diptera, Tanyderidae), with description of the egg, larva and pupa, redescription of adults, and notes on natural history
Authors: MADRIZ R. ISAÍ , COURTNEY GREGORY W.
Published: August 2016

Larvae, pupae and adults of Araucoderus gloriosus (Alexander) were collected during fieldwork in Chilean Patagonia, December 2013 and January 2014. Eggs were obtained from females that oviposited in captivity. Association of all life stages is based on co-occurrence and rearing of individual larvae to adults. A diagnosis for the genus and species is provided. Descriptions of the egg, larva and pupa and redescriptions of the male and female are completed. Eggs of A. gloriosus are the first described for Tanyderidae. Natural history characteristics for this species, including microhabitat, copulatory behavior and oviposition, are discussed.
An integrative approach to reappraising species validity in Pseudexostoma (Teleostei: Sisoridae)
Authors: YANG KUNFENG , JIANG WANSHENG , CHEN XIAOYONG , ZHOU WEI , YANG JUNXING
Published: August 2016

The catfish genus Pseudexostoma (Sisoridae) currently contains three species: P. yunnanensis from the upper Irrawaddy River (Dayingjiang), and P. brachysoma and P. longipterus from the upper Salween River (Nujiang). We adopted an integrative approach combining both morphology-based (traditional measurements, truss-based and geometric morphometrics, fin skeleton examination and X-ray photography) and molecular approaches (genetic distances, haplotype network, phylogenetic relationships) to reappraise species validity in Pseudexostoma. Our results showed that P. longipterus cannot be distinguished from P. brachysoma from either morphological or molecular analyses, and that the former name should thus be considered a junior synonym of the latter. The two remaining geographically isolated species, P. yunnanensis and P. brachysoma, showed a distinct genetic distance equated to the typical 2% sequence divergence threshold delineating different species of fishes, and with a divergence time dated to approximately 1.22–2.14 million years ago. Although P. yunnanensis and P. brachysoma share some morphological characters that appear gradually diverging (body depth at anus and interorbital distance), some degree of overlap still exists, we suggest the two species are distinct based on the total evidence.
On the Lathrobium fauna of the Luoxiao Mountains, Central China
Authors: PENG ZHONG , LI LI-ZHEN , ZHAO MEI-JUN
Published: August 2016

Thirteen species of Lathrobium Gravenhorst, 1802 are recorded from the Luoxiao Mountains, Central China, all of them micropterous and locally endemic. Eight species are described and illustrated: L. bamianense Peng & Li sp. n., L. fumingi Peng & Li sp. n., L. jinyuae Peng & Li sp. n., L. jiulingense Peng & Li sp. n., L. shuguangi Peng & Li sp. n., L. taiye Peng & Li sp. n., L. yangshimuense Peng & Li sp. n., and L. yipingae Peng & Li sp. n. Five probably undescribed species remain unnamed. Including the new taxa, 219 Lathrobium species are currently known from mainland China.
Three new genera and three new species of Nearctic Lasiopteridi (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae: Cecidomyiinae) from Asteraceae and Caprifoliaceae, and the tribe Rhopalomyiini subsumed under Oligotrophini
Authors: GAGNÉ RAYMOND J.
Published: August 2016

Three new Nearctic genera of gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), each with a new species, are described: Helianthecis Gagné for Helianthecis capitum Gagné, new species, that lives in flower heads of Helianthus spp. (Asteraceae) from North Dakota to Texas; Lonicerae Gagné for Lonicerae russoi Gagné, new species, and Lonicerae lonicera (Felt), new combination, that form bud galls on Lonicera spp. (Caprifoliaceae) in California; and Chiosperma Gagné for Chiosperma turgidum Gagné, new species, that forms a bud gall on Symphoricarpos albus (L.) S.F. Blake (Caprifoliaceae) in Washington. The three new genera belong to the supertribe Lasiopteridi and are placed in the tribe Oligotrophini. The tribes Oligotrophini and Rhopalomyiini are combined.
Review of the Eulimnadia (Branchiopoda: Spinicaudata: Limnadiidae) from Argentina with the description of a new species
Authors: MARINONE MARÍA CRISTINA , URCOLA JUAN IGNACIO , RABET NICOLAS
Published: August 2016

A new spinicaudatan species, Eulimnadia pampa sp. nov., is described from Argentina mostly based on the differential egg morphology. This species was collected from rainwater pools from Buenos Aires City and the provinces of Buenos Aires and Entre Ríos, and compared to other Neotropical species. Previous Argentine record of E. brasiliensis is shown to belong to our new species, which represents the southernmost Neotropical Eulimnadia. We also present new records of the Paraguayan Eulimnadia ovisimilis Martin and Belk, 1989 from northeastern Argentina. Eulimnadia santiaguensis is treated as a species inquirenda, thus we recognize only three Eulimnadia species in Argentina: E. pampa sp. nov., E. ovilunata and E. ovisimilis, and we provide a brief indentification key. We present the first description and SEM images of the putative Eulimnadia spermatophore, which we found in the new species.
A new species of the genus Paracypria (Crustacea: Ostracoda: Cypridoidea) from the Fiji Islands
Authors: CHAND PRERNA , KAMIYA TAKAHIRO
Published: August 2016

A new marine species of the genus Paracypria (Paracypria fijiensis n. sp.) is reported from the Fiji Islands, a small island archipelago in the South Pacific Ocean. This is the first report of a Paracypria species from the Fiji Islands. Descriptions of soft parts and valves of Paracypria fijiensis n. sp. are presented herein, and morphological comparisons are made with existing Paracypria species from Australia, Japan and New Caledonia. Although eight coastal sites were sampled across the Fiji Islands, the new Paracypria species was found at only three sites. Large numbers of P. fijiensis n. sp. were recorded from intertidal flats, indicating it to be highly tolerant of the dynamic intertidal zone conditions.
Prominent but Less Productive
Authors: Leahey Erin , Beckman Christine M. , Stanko Taryn L.
Published: August 2016

Federal agencies and universities in the U.S. promote interdisciplinary research because it presumably spurs transformative, innovative science. Using data on almost 900 research-center–based scientists and their 32,000 published articles, along with a set of unpublished papers, we assess whether such research is indeed beneficial and whether costs accompany the potential benefits. Existing research highlights this tension: whereas the innovation literature suggests that spanning disciplines is beneficial because it allows scientists to see connections across fields, the categories literature suggests that spanning disciplines is penalized because the resulting research may be lower quality or confusing to place. To investigate this, we empirically distinguish production and reception effects and highlight a new production penalty: lower productivity, which may be attributable to cognitive and collaborative challenges associated with interdisciplinary research and/or hurdles in the review process. Using an innovative measure of interdisciplinary research that considers the similarity of the disciplines spanned, we document both penalties (fewer papers published) and benefits (increased citations) associated with it and show that it is a high-risk, high-reward endeavor, one that partly depends on field-level interdisciplinarity.
The Elephant (or Donkey) in the Boardroom
Authors: Gupta Abhinav , Wowak Adam J.
Published: August 2016

We examine how directors’ political ideologies, specifically the board-level average of how conservative or liberal directors are, influence boards’ decisions about CEO compensation. Integrating research on corporate governance and political psychology, we theorize that conservative and liberal boards will differ in their prevailing beliefs about the appropriate amounts CEOs should be paid and, relatedly, the extent to which CEOs should be rewarded or penalized for recent firm performance. Using a donation-based index to measure the political ideologies of directors serving on S&P 1500 company boards, we test our ideas on a sample of over 4,000 CEOs from 1998 to 2013. Consistent with our predictions, we show that conservative boards pay CEOs more than liberal boards and that the relationship between recent firm performance and CEO pay is stronger for conservative boards than for liberal boards. We further demonstrate that these relationships are more pronounced when focusing specifically on the directors most heavily involved in designing CEO pay plans—members of compensation committees. By showing that board ideology manifests in CEO pay, we offer an initial demonstration of the potentially wide-ranging implications of political ideology for how corporations are governed.
The Influence of the Metabolic Syndrome on the Short- and Long-Term Outcome After Carotid Endarterectomy
Authors: Visser Linda , Vries Bas M. Wallis de , Mulder Douwe J. , Uyttenboogaart Maarten , Veen Sterre van der , Zeebregts Clark J. , Pol Robert A.
Published: August 2016

The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study is to determine the influence of MetS on short- and long-term outcome and survival after carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Between January 2005 and December 2014, data from all patients undergoing CEA were prospectively recorded. The metabolic syndrome was defined based on the presence of ≥3 of the following criteria: hypertension, high serum triglycerides, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high fasting serum glucose, and obesity. Primary end points were the occurrence of transient ischemic attack (TIA)/cerebrovascular accident (CVA), myocardial infarction, and mortality. A total of 564 interventions (in 525 patients) were performed, of which 244 (43.3%) were in patients who met the diagnosis of MetS. There were no differences in short- and long-term complications and overall survival between patients with and without MetS. Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) had significantly more ipsilateral TIA/CVA after 30 days ( P = .001). The presence of MetS has no negative effect on the outcome after CEA. However, patients with DM have a significantly higher risk of ipsilateral TIA/CVA.
Measurement of Strontium Monoxide in Methane–Air Flames
Authors: Wimberly Bobby J. , Hornkohl James O. , Parigger Christian G.
Published: August 2016

The spectroscopy of alkaline earth metal compounds is stimulated by the use of these compounds in practical areas ranging from technology to medicine. Applications in the field of pyrotechnics were the motivation for a series of flame emission spectroscopy experiments with strontium-containing compounds. Specifically, strontium monoxide (SrO) was studied as a candidate radiator for the diagnosis of methane–air flames. Strontium monoxide emissions have been observed in flames with temperatures in the range 1200 K to 1600 K for two compounds: strontium hydroxide and strontium chloride. Comparisons are made of the measured SrO spectra to simulated spectra in the near-infrared region of 700 nm to 900 nm.
Urban Transition in West Bengal, India
Authors: Guin Debarshi
Published: August 2016

Contemporary urbanization in India is in transition and this, along with the continuation of a ‘top heavy’ urban structure and gradual deindustrialization, is characterized by faster growth of informal employment, a declining trend of urban-ward migration of males, the slow down in the growth of cities and towns and the emergence of new urban centres. Given this immediate backdrop, this paper examines the contemporary processes and emerging forms of urban transition in West Bengal, with its longstanding history of ‘mono-centric’ urbanization. It reveals that urbanization in the state is no longer confined to a few pockets, as many new urban centres have emerged away from them and small towns are growing at relatively faster rates compared to the cities. But the underlying factors of this transition are not associated with the dispersal of economic activities and employment opportunities away from the metropolises. Furthermore, the study is sceptical about the significance of this emerging form of urbanization fuelled by the growth of small cities and towns which have a weak economic base, a crisis of urban governance and inadequate access to basic amenities.
Professionalizing the first steps of the teaching journey
Authors: Brown Dan
Published: August 2016

Educators Rising, which is part of the PDK International Family of Associations, developed a set of seven standards to define what high school students exploring teaching need to know and be able to do to take their first steps on the path to accomplished teaching. The standards represent a new, shared vision from the field; the teaching profession is mapping the front end of a coherent continuum from the initial exploratory phase to entry into the profession to becoming an accomplished practitioner. The seven standards are Standard I: Understanding the Profession; Standard II: Learning About Students; Standard III: Building Content Knowledge; Standard IV: Engaging in Responsive Planning; Standard V: Implementing Instruction; Standard VI: Using Assessment and Data; and Standard VII: Engaging in Reflective Practice.
The Editor’s Note
Authors: Richardson Joan
Published: August 2016

The editor responds to the most lopsided response in this year's PDK Poll of the Public's Attitudes Toward the Public Schools, which concerned how to deal with failing schools. The public favors keeping failing schools open but replacing the principal and teachers in them. The editor says the public seems to think that just removing adults from a struggling school will solve its problems. But swapping out one principal and staff for others ignores the complexity of making change in low-performing schools. The author says that if the teachers and leader knew how to do their work differently, they would be doing it.
Leadership
Authors: Starr Joshua P.
Published: August 2016

As schools and districts are seeking to transform to better serve all children in today’s complex world, leaders must ask critical questions about how much of their time is devoted to strategy. Leaders must be absolutely clear about their theory and strategy for change. As a leader, how do you think change happens, and what actions will you take to enact that strategy? The author identifies six design principles that he says are essential for understanding and implementing systems-level change from the classroom to the boardroom: values, governance, resources, content, talent, and culture.
Conceptualizing and Measuring Transformational and Transactional Leadership
Authors: Jensen Ulrich Thy , Andersen Lotte Bøgh , Bro Louise Ladegaard , Bøllingtoft Anne , Eriksen Tine Louise Mundbjerg , Holten Ann-Louise , Jacobsen Christian Bøtcher , Ladenburg Jacob , Nielsen Poul Aaes , Salomonsen Heidi Houlberg , Westergård-Nielsen Niels , Würtz Allan
Published: August 2016

Existing conceptualizations and measures of transformational and transactional leadership have unclear theoretical bases, confound leadership and its effects, and are not necessarily suitable for public organizations. Overcoming these problems is necessary to test how leadership affects performance. Many public administration scholars apply the concepts, emphasizing the need to ensure that the concepts are applicable in both public and private organizations. The article reconceptualizes transformational and transactional leadership and develops and tests revised measures that can be employed on employees and leaders, are robust in terms of repeated use by the same respondents, and are applicable to public and private organizations alike.
If You’ve Got Leavin’ on Your Mind: The Identification and Validation of Pre-Quitting Behaviors
Authors: Gardner Timothy M. , Van Iddekinge Chad H. , Hom Peter W.
Published: August 2016

This study introduces the concept of pre-quitting behaviors (PQBs), which employees in the process of leaving an organization may unknowingly “leak” and others can observe and use to identify those at risk of turnover. We develop a theoretical framework that explains how and why turnover proclivity can be encoded into observable PQBs. Then, on the basis of input from employees who voluntarily left and their managers, we identify a range of PQBs that served as the basis for an initial measure of the behaviors. Analysis of data to assess the validity of inferences based on the measure revealed that PQBs predicted future voluntary turnover over and above established antecedents of this outcome. Overall, this study suggests that the psychological and behavioral processes that activate and facilitate voluntary turnover are manifest in observable behaviors and thus opens a new line of inquiry into the process of employee turnover.