bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Could colorimetric method replace the individual minimal erythemal dose (MED) measurements in determining the initial dose of narrow‐band UVB treatment for psoriasis patients with skin phototype III–V?
Authors: Kwon I.H. , Kwon H.H. , Na S.J. , Youn J.I.
Published: February 2012

Background  Assessment of minimal erythemal dose (MED) for individual patients has been used to guide the narrowband Ultraviolet B (NB‐UVB) phototherapy, which sometimes causes discomfort and additional time. The L* value (the lightness of color in Commission Internationlale de l’Eclairge L*a*b* color scale) measured by colorimeter was shown to be useful for predicting sensitivity to NB‐UVB irradiation.

Objective  To compare the efficacy and safety of NB‐UVB phototherapy between 50% of MED and colorimetric L* value starting dose regimens for skin phototype III–V Korean patients with psoriasis.

Method  Twenty seven patients determined starting doses based on colorimetric L* value, and 27 patients based on 50% of MED. Since correlation analysis showed that L* value had the most significant association with MED compared with skin phototypes, a*, and b* values, we designated starting doses of L* value regimen as follows: 300 mJ/cm2 (L* >66), 400 mJ/cm2 (62 < L*≤66), and 500 mJ/cm2 (L*≤62).

Results  There was no significant difference between two groups in clinical efficacy including response rate, mean number of sessions, duration of treatment, maximum dose and cumulative dose until achieving the state of near clearance. The proportion of adverse effects was not also significantly different.

Conclusions  NB‐UVB starting dose determination based on colorimetric L* value was comparable with conventional MED based regimen in efficacy and safety for skin phototype III–V patients. Since it provides much convenience and ease for both patients and physicians, colorimetric L* value could partly substitute the MED checking methods in NB‐UVB phototherapy.
Paleohydrogeologic simulations of Laurentide ice‐sheet history on groundwater at the eastern flank of the Michigan Basin
Authors: NORMANI S. D. , SYKES J. F.
Published: February 2012

A deep geologic repository (DGR) for low‐ and intermediate‐level waste has been proposed by Ontario Power Generation for the Bruce nuclear site in the Municipality of Kincardine, Ontario, Canada. As envisioned, the proposed DGR would be constructed at a depth of about 680 m below ground surface within the argillaceous Ordovician limestone of the Cobourg Formation. Within the geologic setting of southern Ontario, the Bruce nuclear site is positioned along the eastern flank of the Michigan Basin. The regional‐scale domain for the modeling undertaken in support of the DGR program encompasses an area of approximately 18 000 km2 and extends to the deepest points in Lake Huron and Georgian Bay. The conceptual model for the ground water system was developed using data from the DGR site characterization program. Hydraulic parameters for the model hydrostratigraphic units were defined using data from the DGR site boreholes and from lab analyses of cores. Borehole data included hydraulic conductivities from straddle‐packer hydraulic tests and pressure measurements from the Westbay MP38 and MP55 multilevel groundwater monitoring system. Data from this system indicate that units of the Salina and the Ordovician sediments are under‐pressured relative to hydrostatic levels associated with ground surface at the DGR site. The Silurian Niagaran Group is slightly over‐pressured while the Cambrian Formation sandstone is significantly over‐pressured. The pressure distribution in the sedimentary rock of the Bruce site was analyzed using a hydromechanical model that assumed homogeneous loads and no lateral strain. Layer dependent specific storage coefficients and one‐dimensional loading efficiencies were calculated based on testing of core samples. The impact of glaciation and deglaciation on the groundwater system was investigated in paleohydrogeologic scenarios. The model results indicated that basal meltwater does not penetrate vertically below the units of the Salina at the DGR site. A suite of paleohydrogeologic scenarios were investigated in this study. Based on these analyses, glaciation and deglaciation were unable to yield the abnormal pressure patterns observed in the DGR boreholes for the Ordovician formations. Models that included the presence of a gas phase were found to produce under‐pressures that are similar to field observations.
How much heterogeneity can the welfare state endure? The influence of heterogeneity on attitudes to the welfare state
Authors: Hjerm Mikael , Schnabel Annette
Published: February 2012

Cultural and economic heterogeneity is often seen as a major threat to modern welfare states. This article contributes to the discussion of how much heterogeneity the welfare state can endure by theoretically and empirically focusing on the relationship between different levels of national identity and the support for welfare state policies. We analyse the effect of different types of national identity on attitudes towards taxation and redistribution. We show that it is the subjective aspect of national identity, or social cohesion, that in fact matters for predicting attitudes to the welfare state. In comparison, more objective measures of heterogeneity like the inequality of income distribution, language fractionalisation or the percentage of foreign‐born individuals do not have any effect on attitudes to the welfare state.
Pressing technique and its effect on the quality of Dhaka cheese
Authors: HABIB RAIHAN , WILBEY RODNEY ANDREW , GRANDISON ALISTAIR STEVEN
Published: February 2012

Dhaka cheese is a semihard artisanal variety made mainly from bovine milk, using very simple pressing methods. Experimental cheeses were pressed at gauge pressures up to 31 kPa for 12 h at 24 °C and 70% RH. These cheeses were subsequently examined for their compositional, textural and rheological properties plus their microstructures investigated by confocal laser microscopy. The cheese pressed at 15.6 kPa was found to have the best compositional and structural properties.
Habitat selection and diet of Western Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus in an atypical biogeographical region
Authors: GONZÁLEZ MANUEL A. , OLEA PEDRO P. , MATEO‐TOMÁS PATRICIA , GARCÍA‐TEJERO SERGIO , DE FRUTOS ÁNGEL , ROBLES LUIS , PURROY FRANCISCO J. , ENA VICENTE
Published: February 2012

Ecological features and conservation requirements of populations at the latitudinal limits of a species’ geographical range frequently differ from those in other parts of the range. Identifying such differences is key to implementing effective conservation strategies for threatened range‐edge populations especially, in the context of rapid global warming, at the lower‐latitude range edge. We studied habitat selection and diet of the endangered Cantabrian Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus cantabricus in a recently discovered population at the southernmost edge of the sub‐species’ range. This is the only Western Capercaillie population in the Mediterranean biogeographical region. We combined non‐systematic surveys based on questionnaires, reports and field sampling with data from radiotracking to assess habitat selection. Diet was surveyed by micro‐histological methods from droppings collected in the new population, which inhabits Pyrenean Oak Quercus pyrenaica forests and Scots Pine Pinus sylvestris plantations, and in two Cantabrian populations inhabiting Eurosiberian forests. Capercaillie preferred large (> 500 ha) and medium‐sized (100–500 ha) Pyrenean Oak forest fragments and large Scots Pine plantations. Forest fragments smaller than 100 ha and non‐forested habitats were always avoided. Diet differed markedly between Mediterranean and Eurosiberian populations. Bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus is common in the diet of most Capercaillie populations but was scarce in the study area and so was rare in the diet of the new population. Instead, Rockrose Halimium lasianthum was described for the first time as a major food resource for the Capercaillie and was consumed in autumn and winter. Pine needles were also heavily consumed in winter. We document for the first time the strong preference of Capercaillie for Pyrenean Oak forests and a moderately high consumption of the leaves, buds and acorns of this tree species throughout the year. Habitat selection and diet of this Mediterranean population differ from those of the core Cantabrian and other populations. Our results suggest a wider environmental tolerance (phenotypic plasticity) in the species than previously recognized. We advocate specific protection for this unique range‐edge Capercaillie population and its Pyrenean Oak forest habitat.
Review: Psychopathology in childhood epilepsy
Authors: Reilly Colin , Kent Elizabeth , Neville Brian G.R.
Published: February 2012

Background

Population‐based studies of psychopathology are important in childhood epilepsy given that there is a spectrum of severity with regard to the impact of epilepsy and associated behavioural/psychiatric difficulties.

Method

Population‐based studies in childhood epilepsy which have focused on global measures of psychopathology and rates of specific behavioural and psychiatric disorders were reviewed with respect to prevalence of disorders and possible correlates of difficulties. Clinic‐based studies and meta‐analyses were reviewed where they added to an understanding of the correlates or treatment of psychopathology in childhood epilepsy. The systematic review methodology was based on a search of PubMed from January 1980 to June 2011.

Results

Children with epilepsy are at significantly higher risk for a range of behavioural and psychiatric disorders including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), depressive and anxiety disorders. Available evidence suggests that these difficulties are under‐recognised and there have been few studies focussing on interventions to treat these behavioural and psychiatric issues in childhood epilepsy.

Conclusion

Population‐based studies suggest high rates of psychopathology in childhood epilepsy. As a result children with epilepsy need close monitoring with regard to the presence of behavioural difficulties. There is a need for studies on how such difficulties can be best managed so that affected children and their families can maximise their quality of life.
ON THE EMBALMMENT OF S. FRANCESCO CARACCIOLO
Authors: RASMUSSEN K. L. , TORINO M. , GLASTRUP J. , RAMSEYER N. T. , BJERREGAARD P.
Published: February 2012

The Italian saint Francesco Caracciolo died in June 1608 and his body was transported from Agnone in the Abruzzo region to the city of Naples, where he was interred. According to written sources, his body was embalmed, but the embalmment method is unknown. In the present work, four samples of the remains of S. Caracciolo have been analysed for traces of embalmment. No organic compounds usually used for embalmment were found using GC with MS detection. Only low background levels of As were measured using CV‐AAS (Cold Vapour Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy). In two samples analysed by CV‐AAS, however, very high concentrations of Hg (12.7 μg g−1 and 4.9 μg g−1) were measured, these being 100 to 1000 times more than the background Hg levels found in bone tissue of other medieval and Renaissance individuals. Two interpretations seem viable: (1) the high Hg levels are caused by embalmment using Hg‐containing compounds; (2) the excess Hg originates from a medical treatment that S. Caracciolo received in his youth, when he was cured of leprosy, or in connection with his illness just prior to his death. The case of excess Hg in the remains of S. Caracciolo has distinct parallels with those of other Renaissance burials.
Regional Patterns of Dyssynchrony: Lateral Wall Delay Is Desirable but Not Essential for Left Ventricular Remodeling in Biventricular Pacing
Authors: O'Mara John E. , Fruechte Ethan M. , Palac Robert T. , Costa Salvatore P.
Published: February 2012

Background: Tissue synchronization imaging (TSI), a parametric imaging technique based on tissue velocity imaging, often demonstrates patterns other than lateral delay in patients evaluated for cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). The prevalence of these patterns and their response to CRT has not been well described. We hypothesized that regional patterns of dyssynchrony might correlate with the extent of reverse remodeling. Methods: A consecutive series of 32 patients underwent echocardiographic study prior to CRT implant and 3 months postimplant. TSI was used to color‐code the time‐to‐peak positive systolic velocity at six basal and six mid‐LV segments. Each patient was assigned to one of four groups based on the predominant location of greatest delay (≥2 segments): (1) posterolateral delay, (2) septal delay, (3) no dyssynchrony, or (4) other. Results: Patients were classified as follows: posterolateral delay in 44% of patients (n = 14), septal delay in 28% (n = 9), no dyssynchrony in 16% (n = 5), and other pattern in 13% (n = 4). At 3‐month follow‐up, the group with the lateral delay pattern was associated with the greatest decrease in left ventricular end‐systolic volume (LVESV) and the largest improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (−45 mL and +9.3%, respectively, P < 0.05). The LVESV in the other three groups changed as follows: −24 mL (septal), −28 mL (no dyssynchrony), and −15 mL (other). Similar trends were observed for LVEF and left ventricular end‐diastolic volume. Conclusions: Despite the presence of wide QRS and a left bundle branch block, the most delayed segment is not always the posterolateral wall. Posterolateral delay is associated with the best response to CRT, while other patterns respond at a lower magnitude. (Echocardiography 2012;29:554‐559)
Effective Valve Opening Area in the Detection of Dysfunctional Aortic Valve Prostheses: A Differentiated Statistical Analysis of This Parameter Including the Introduction of Minimal Expected Normal Values as Borderline to Dysfunctional Stenotic Prostheses
Authors: Bogunovic Nikola , Horstkotte Dieter , Faber Lothar , Bogunovic Lukas , Kececioglu Deniz , Piper Cornelia , Prinz Christian , van Buuren Frank
Published: February 2012

Background: Dysfunction of heart valve prostheses (VP) is a life‐threatening complication and the diagnosis remains difficult. The motivation for this study was to improve the detection of dysfunctional VP by optimizing application of the prosthetic effective orifice area (VA). For this reason the minimal expected normal VA (VAexpected) was introduced. Methods: We investigated echocardiographically 1,369 normally functioning aortic valve prostheses (AVP). Mean VA, transprosthetic peak (PPG) and mean pressure gradients (MPG) were evaluated to gain reference values depending on prosthetic size and construction principle. Mean VAexpected was calculated by applying a simple formula that was developed empirically using statistical analyses. The results were compared with those of 65 dysfunctional AVPs. Results: VAexpected can be applied as a threshold between normal and dysfunctional stenotic AVP and showed a correct estimation in 87% of all normally functioning and 100% of dysfunctional stenotic VPs. The sensitivity for all prosthetic sizes is 1.0, independently of the constructional principle of the VP. Specificity ranged between 0.8 and 1.0, dependent on VP size. The formula representing VAexpected is simple and can be executed easily. Conclusion: As nearly independent of stroke volume and in consideration of VAexpected, VA seems to have become one of the preferable parameters for detecting pathological stenotic AVPs echocardiographically. The additional application of PPG/MPG and other parameters permits prostheses with relevant isolated regurgitation and patient‐prosthesis‐mismatch to be distinguished. (Echocardiography 2012;29:713‐719)
On the Efficiency of Score Tests for Homogeneity in Two‐Component Parametric Models for Discrete Data
Authors: Todem David , Hsu Wei‐Wen , Kim KyungMann
Published: February 2012

Summary In many applications of two‐component mixture models for discrete data such as zero‐inflated models, it is often of interest to conduct inferences for the mixing weights. Score tests derived from the marginal model that allows for negative mixing weights have been particularly useful for this purpose. But the existing testing procedures often rely on restrictive assumptions such as the constancy of the mixing weights and typically ignore the structural constraints of the marginal model. In this article, we develop a score test of homogeneity that overcomes the limitations of existing procedures. The technique is based on a decomposition of the mixing weights into terms that have an obvious statistical interpretation. We exploit this decomposition to lay the foundation of the test. Simulation results show that the proposed covariate‐adjusted test statistic can greatly improve the efficiency over test statistics based on constant mixing weights. A real‐life example in dental caries research is used to illustrate the methodology.
Ethnographies de Lucha (of Struggle) in Latino Education: Toward Social Movement
Authors: VILLENAS SOFIA A.
Published: February 2012

In this article, I describe the fight back imperatives of Latino educational ethnography at a time when Latino children's education continues to be the battleground for nation and culture wars. I briefly trace the expansion of the field of Latino educational ethnography during the last two decades, and point to the possibilities for the future of Latino ethnographies de lucha as social movement. [Latino education, ethnography, agency, social movement]
Reducing Inequities by Linking Basic Research and Political Action
Authors: MEHAN HUGH
Published: February 2012

In this comment, on Terri McCarty's Presidential Address, I focus on her dynamic approach to investigation that contributes to a vibrant and constructively critical exploration of the place of basic research, critical policy analysis, and activism in the anthropology of education and the social sciences more broadly. [basic research, critical inquiry, social activism, language policy]
ICE Raids, Children, Media, and Making Sense of Latino Newcomers in Flyover Country
Authors: HAMANN EDMUND T. , REEVES JENELLE
Published: February 2012

Extant cultural models articulated in “Flyover Country” print media responses to ICE workplace raids showed a welcome of sorts of Latino newcomers. These models suggest a place for Latino students at school and more broadly for Latino children and parents in these communities. Thus, they index an unwillingness to see Latino newcomers in dehumanizing reductive terms, like “alien” or “illegal,” even as these more debilitating models may also be extant elsewhere in the public sphere. [cultural models, new Latino diaspora, media, flyover country, public sphere]
Narrating Beliefs: A Language Ideologies Approach to Teacher Beliefs
Authors: RAZFAR ARIA
Published: February 2012

This article explores how we can better understand the language ideologies of teachers working with second language learners through narrative analysis. This analysis draws on ethnographic data collected in an urban high school with a predominant Latina/o population and nearly a quarter designated as English learners. This analysis illustrates how emergent narratives and language ideologies provide a valuable framework and method for better understanding teacher beliefs in situ about language learners and learning. [narrative, language ideologies, English learners, teacher beliefs]
Elaboration and Luminescent Properties of Eu/Tb Co‐Doped GdPO4‐Based Glass Ceramics for White LEDs
Authors: Guo Hai , Li Fang , Wei RongFei , Zhang Hao , Ma ChongGeng
Published: February 2012

Eu/Tb single‐doped and co‐doped oxyfluoride aluminosilicate glasses and glass ceramics containing GdPO4 nanocrystals were elaborated, and their structural and luminescent properties were investigated by X‐ray diffraction, Transmission electron microscopy, excitation and emission spectra, as well as decay lifetime measurement. Excited by 350 nm light, a combination of blue (5d→4f of Eu2+), green (5D4→7F5 of Tb3+) and red (5D0→7F2 of Eu3+) emissions emerges to achieve white emission in Eu/Tb co‐doped precursor glasses and glass ceramics. Our research shows that Eu/Tb co‐doped precursor glasses and GdPO4‐based glass ceramics may be applied in lighting and luminescent aspects.
Microstructure and Hardening Mechanism of K0.5Na0.5NbO3 Lead‐Free Ceramics with CuO Doping Sintered in Different Atmospheres
Authors: Wang Hong‐Qiang , Dai Ye‐Jing , Zhang Xiao‐Wen
Published: February 2012

In this study, we used conventional ceramics techniques to prepare lead‐free ceramics (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3‐x mol CuO (KNN‐ xCu) sintered in air atmosphere and argon atmosphere, respectively, and investigated the corresponding hardening characteristics. The microstructure, P–E hysteresis loops, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results indicate that the Cu2+ ions can play different roles on the hardening mechanism in air atmosphere and argon atmosphere. The Cu2+ ions are considered to replace the Nb5+ ions for forming O2− vacancies, and act as a hardener when sintered in air. However, when sintered in argon atmosphere, a large portion of Cu2+ ions could be reduced into Cu+ ions and then replaced by Na+.
Low Temperature Sintering of Innovative Bioactive Glasses
Authors: Bellucci Devis , Sola Antonella , Cannillo Valeria
Published: February 2012

Two innovative glass compositions based on the commonly used 45S5Bioglass®were developed by increasing the calcium quantity and replacing the sodium oxide with a specific content of potassium oxide. The new glasses, namedBG_Ca/KandBG_Ca/Mix, can be prepared using a conventional melting process and show a very low tendency to crystallize. Thanks to this peculiarity,BG_Ca/KandBG_Ca/Mix powders can be sintered at a relatively low temperature (800°C) to obtain samples of high compactness and bioactivity, since their amorphous nature is preserved. Consequently, the proposed glasses are perfect for making specific products such as scaffolds or hydroxyapatite‐based composites. Furthermore, the relatively low alkali amount in the new compositions gives rise to a slow ion leaching in simulated body fluid, thus avoiding abrupt changes inpHthat can damage osteoblasts or negatively affect their behavior.
Enhancing Hydrogen‐Generation Performance of γ‐Al2O3 Modified Al Powder by Ultrasonic Dispersion
Authors: Liu Wen‐Hui , Gai Wei‐Zhuo , Deng Zhen‐Yan , Tang Junwang
Published: February 2012

Previous work indicated that γ‐Al2O3 modified Al powder could react with water and generate hydrogen under ambient conditions. In this work, an ultrasonic dispersion procedure was used to disperse and mix the Al and γ‐Al2O3 powders. It was found that γ‐Al2O3 modified Al powder prepared by the ultrasonic procedure has a higher hydrogen‐generation speed than that prepared by a traditional ball‐milling method. Microstructure analyses showed that the ultrasonic procedure greatly eliminated the agglomeration of Al and γ‐Al2O3 powders so that γ‐Al2O3 grains covered Al particle surfaces more uniformly. This implies that a favorable processing procedure is the key to obtain high performance modified Al powder.
MiR‐155 inhibits cell migration of human cardiomyocyte progenitor cells (hCMPCs) via targeting of MMP‐16
Authors: Liu Jia , van Mil Alain , Aguor Eissa N. E. , Siddiqi Sailay , Vrijsen Krijn , Jaksani Sridevi , Metz Corina , Zhao Jiajun , Strijkers Gustav J. , Doevendans Pieter A. , Sluijter Joost P. G.
Published: February 2012

Undesired cell migration after targeted cell transplantation potentially limits beneficial effects for cardiac regeneration. MicroRNAs are known to be involved in several cellular processes, including cell migration. Here, we attempt to reduce human cardiomyocyte progenitor cell (hCMPC) migration via increasing microRNA‐155 (miR‐155) levels, and investigate the underlying mechanism. Human cardiomyocyte progenitor cells (hCMPCs) were transfected with pre‐miR‐155, anti‐miR‐155 or control‐miR (ctrl‐miR), followed by scratch‐ and transwell‐ assays. These functional assays displayed that miR‐155 over‐expression efficiently inhibited cell migration by 38 ± 3.6% and 59 ± 3.7% respectively. Conditioned medium from miR‐155 transfected cells was collected and zymography analysis showed a significant decrease in MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 activities. The predicted 3′‐UTR of MMP‐16, an activator of MMP‐2 and ‐9, was cloned into the pMIR‐REPORT vector and luciferase assays were performed. Introduction of miR‐155 significantly reduced luciferase activity which could be abolished by cotransfection with anti‐miR‐155 or target site mutagenesis. By using MMP‐16 siRNA to reduce MMP‐16 levels or by using an MMP‐16 blocking antibody, hCMPC migration could be blocked as well. By directly targeting MMP‐16, miR‐155 efficiently inhibits cell migration via a reduction in MMP‐2 and ‐9 activities. Our study shows that miR‐155 might be used to improve local retention of hCMPCs after intramyocardial delivery.
Inflammation in atherosclerosis: a cause or a result of vascular disorders?
Authors: Manduteanu Ileana , Simionescu Maya
Published: February 2012

Sound data support the concept that in atherosclerosis, inflammation and dyslipidemia intersect each other and that irrespective of the initiator, both participate from the early stages to the ultimate fate of the atheromatous plaque. The two partakers manoeuvre a vicious circle in atheroma formation: dyslipidaemia triggers an inflammatory process and inflammation elicits dyslipidaemia. Independent of the initial cause, the atherosclerotic lesions occur focally, in particular arterial‐susceptible sites, by a process that, although continuous, can be arbitrarily divided into a sequence of consecutive stages that lead from fatty streak to the fibro‐lipid plaque and ultimately to plaque rupture and thrombosis. In the process, the initial event is a change in endothelial cells (EC) constitutive properties. Then, the molecular alarm signals send by dysfunctional EC are decoded by specific blood immune cells (monocytes, T lymphocytes, neutrophils, mast cells) and by the resident vascular cells, that respond by initiating a robust inflammatory process, in which the cells and the factors they secrete hasten the atheroma development. Direct and indirect crosstalk between the cells housed within the nascent plaque, complemented by the increase in risk factors of atherosclerosis lead to atheroma development and outcome. The initial inflammatory response can be regarded as a defense/protective reaction mechanism, but its further amplification, speeds up atherosclerosis. In this review, we provide an overview on the role of inflammation and dyslipidaemia and their intersection in atherogenesis. The data may add to the foundation of a novel attitude in the diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerosis.
Post‐stroke depression: mechanisms, translation and therapy
Authors: Loubinoux Isabelle , Kronenberg Golo , Endres Matthias , Schumann‐Bard Pascale , Freret Thomas , Filipkowski Robert K. , Kaczmarek Leszek , Popa‐Wagner Aurel
Published: February 2012

The interaction between depression and stroke is highly complex. Post‐stroke depression (PSD) is among the most frequent neuropsychiatric consequences of stroke. Depression also negatively impacts stroke outcome with increased morbidity, mortality and poorer functional recovery. Antidepressants such as the commonly prescribed selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors improve stroke outcome, an effect that may extend far beyond depression, e.g., to motor recovery. The main biological theory of PSD is the amine hypothesis. Conceivably, ischaemic lesions interrupt the projections ascending from midbrain and brainstem, leading to a decreased bioavailability of the biogenic amines – serotonin (5HT), dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE). Acetylcholine would also be involved. So far, preclinical and translational research on PSD is largely lacking. The implementation and characterization of suitable animal models is clearly a major prerequisite for deeper insights into the biological basis of post‐stroke mood disturbances. Equally importantly, experimental models may also pave the way for the discovery of novel therapeutic targets. If we cannot prevent stroke, we shall try to limit its long‐term consequences. This review therefore presents animal models of PSD and summarizes potential underlying mechanisms including genomic signatures, neurotransmitter and neurotrophin signalling, hippocampal neurogenesis, cellular plasticity in the ischaemic lesion, secondary degenerative changes, activation of the hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis and neuroinflammation. As stroke is a disease of the elderly, great clinical benefit may especially accrue from deciphering and targeting basic mechanisms underlying PSD in aged animals.
Melatonin protects against isoproterenol‐induced alterations in cardiac mitochondrial energy‐metabolizing enzymes, apoptotic proteins, and assists in complete recovery from myocardial injury in rats
Authors: Mukherjee Debasri , Ghosh Arnab K. , Bandyopadhyay Arun , Basu Anjali , Datta Santanu , Pattari Sanjib K. , Reiter Russel J. , Bandyopadhyay Debasish
Published: February 2012

Abstract:  The present study was undertaken to explore the protective effect of melatonin against isoproterenol bitartrate (ISO)‐induced rat myocardial injury and to test whether melatonin has a role in preventing myocardial injury and recovery when the ISO‐induced stress is withdrawn. Treatment for rats with ISO altered the activities of some of the key mitochondrial enzymes related to energy metabolism, the levels of some stress proteins, and the proteins related to apoptosis. These changes were found to be ameliorated when the animals were pretreated with melatonin at a dose of 10 mg/kg BW, i.p. In addition to its ability to reduce ISO‐induced mitochondrial dysfunction, we also studied the role of melatonin in the recovery of the cardiac tissue after ISO‐induced damage. Continuation of melatonin treatment in rats after the withdrawal of ISO treatment was found to reduce the activities of cardiac injury biomarkers including serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and cardio‐specific LDH1 to control levels. The levels of tissue lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione were also brought back to that seen in control animals by continued melatonin treatment. Continuation of melatonin treatment in post‐ISO treatment period was also found to improve cardiac tissue morphology and heart function. Thus, the findings indicate melatonin’s ability to provide cardio protection at a low pharmacological dose and its role in the recovery process. Melatonin, a molecule with very low or no toxicity may be considered as a therapeutic for the treatment for ischemic heart disease.
A CRM1‐Dependent Nuclear Export Signal Controls Nucleocytoplasmic Translocation of HSCARG, Which Regulates NF‐κB Activity
Authors: Zhang Mei , Hu Bin , Li Tingting , Peng Yanyan , Guan Junhong , Lai Shenshen , Zheng Xiaofeng
Published: February 2012

HSCARG is a newly identified nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) inhibitor that plays important roles in cell growth. Our previous study found that HSCARG could shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm by sensing the change in cellular redox states. To further investigate the mechanism of HSCARG translocation and its effect on the regulation of NF‐κB activity, we identified a previously uncharacterized nuclear export signal (NES) at residues 272–278 of HSCARG that is required for its cytoplasmic translocation. This leucine‐rich NES was found to be mediated by chromosome region maintenance 1. More importantly, accumulation of HSCARG in the nucleus occurred following a mutation in the NES or oxidative stress, which attenuated the inhibition of NF‐κB by HSCARG. These results indicate that nucleocytoplasmic translocation of HSCARG plays an important role in fine‐tuning NF‐κB signaling.
Somatic markers mediate the effect of serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms on Iowa Gambling Task
Authors: Miu A. C. , Crişan L. G. , Chiş A. , Ungureanu L. , Drugă B. , Vulturar R.
Published: February 2012

This study investigated whether somatic markers mediate the effect of serotonin transporter genotype on Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) performance. Participants (N = 135) were genotyped for the insertion/deletion and single‐nucleotide (rs25531) polymorphisms in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5‐HTTLPR). The results of mediation analyses indicated that skin conductance responses that anticipated IGT card selections partially (i.e. 42% of the total effect) mediated the effect of genotype on IGT performance. In comparison with high‐functioning 5‐HTTLPR genotypes, the low‐functioning genotypes were associated with higher total IGT scores. This suggests that the higher synaptic availability of serotonin, associated with the low‐functioning 5‐HTTLPR genotypes, may confer differential susceptibility to decision making under risk, and that almost half of this effect is explained by facilitated somatic markers during IGT.
Male breast cancer: A 30‐year experience in South Australia
Authors: DE IESO Paul B , POTTER Andrew E , LE Hien , LUKE Colin , GOWDA Raghavendra V
Published: February 2012

Aims:  Male breast cancer (MBC) is an uncommon disease with a paucity of information in the literature. The treatment of MBC has traditionally been extrapolated from experience with female breast cancer. This study reports on the treatment and outcomes of this disease in South Australia over a 30‐year period.

Methods:  From 1977 to 2007 63 patients with a median age of 62 years (range 33–85 years) were identified and treated for MBC. Data obtained, included initial stage, pathological features, treatment and outcomes.

Results:  With a median follow up of 4.9 years (range 2 months to 19 years) the 5‐year overall survival (OS) rate was 85% with median survival of 5.5 years. In all, 18 (29%) were diagnosed with recurrent disease, while 45 (72%) remained disease free. The median time to recurrence was 2.5 years. One patient failed locally, three (4%) had locoregional recurrence and distant recurrence was noted in 14 patients (22%). Disease stage at presentation was a significant predictor of 5‐year OS and recurrence (P = 0.012 and P = 0.0001). Tumor diameter was also a significant predictor of 5‐year OS and recurrence (P = 0.006 and P = 0.021).

Conclusion:  This retrospective series has a 5‐year OS that compares favorably with other published series of MBC. The positive findings may help change the misperception that MBC is an inherently aggressive disease process with a poor clinical outcome. Further studies are needed to carefully and thoroughly investigate this rare but treatable disease.
ERCC1 C19007T polymorphism and the risk and invasiveness of cervical cancer in Korean women
Authors: HAN Seung‐Su , KIM Jae Weon , LEE Sang Hoon , KIM Dong Ho , PARK Noh‐Hyun , SONG Yong‐Sang , KANG Soon‐Beom
Published: February 2012

Aim:  Various DNA alterations by environmental or endogenous carcinogens, if not repaired, can cause genetic mutagenesis, resulting in carcinogenesis. A polymorphic variant of excision repair cross‐complementation group 1 (ERCC1) (the DNA repair gene) may be associated with carcinogenesis due to reduced DNA repair capacity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the ERCC1 C19007T polymorphism might be associated with the increased risk and invasiveness of cervical cancer in Korean women.

Methods:  Peripheral blood samples from 229 patients with invasive cervical cancer and 204 non‐cancer controls were used to detect the ERCC1 C19007T polymorphism by performing a polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Allelic frequencies and genotype distributions in the patients’ group were compared with those in the control group. The relationship between this polymorphism and cancer invasiveness was also evaluated by analyzing clinicopathological parameters including International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage, lymph node status, histological type and parametrial invasion. The analytic methods used were the χ2 test and logistic regression analysis.

Results:  The allelic frequencies of patients (A, 0.758; C, 0.242) were not significantly different from that of controls (A, 0.755; C, 0.245) (P = 0.925). The C/C genotype had no increased risk for cervical cancer susceptibility compared with the TT genotype (P = 0.932). A subgroup analysis of the clinicopathological parameters in the cancer group also showed that there is no significant association between the ERCC1 C19007T polymorphism and cervical cancer invasiveness.

Conclusion:  This study shows that the ERCC1 C19007T polymorphism might not be associated with the risk and invasiveness of cervical cancer in Korean women.
NGC 2419 does not challenge MOND, Part 2
Authors: Sanders R. H.
Published: February 2012

I argue that, despite repeated claims of Ibata et al., the globular cluster NGC 2419 does not pose a problem for modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND). I present a new polytropic model with a running polytropic index. This model provides an improved representation of the radial distribution of surface brightness while maintaining a reasonable fit to the velocity dispersion profile. Although it may be argued that the differences with these observations remain large compared to the reported random errors, there are several undetectable systematic effects which render a formal likelihood analysis irrelevant. I comment generally upon these effects and upon the intrinsic limitations of pressure-supported objects as tests of gravity.
Vascular Risk Prediction in Ischemic Stroke Patients Undergoing in-patient Rehabilitation – Insights from the Investigation of Patients with Ischemic Stroke in Neurologic Rehabilitation (INSIGHT) Registry
Authors: Weimar Christian , Siebler Mario , Brandt Tobias , Römer Daniela , Rosin Ludger , Bramlage Peter , Sander Dirk
Published: February 2012

Background

In-patient rehabilitation following ischemic stroke offers a unique opportunity for risk factor and lifestyle modification. Quantification of risk in this setting may help to tailor therapy, increase physician awareness and patient compliance and thus to reduce recurrent vascular events.

Aims

To validate the predictive value of established secondary stroke risk scores.

Methods

One thousand one hundred sixty-three patients undergoing in-patient rehabilitation following recent ischemic stroke in 15 German neurologic rehabilitation centers were included 0·9 ± 0·5 months after the index event. Outcome information was available for 846 participants (72·7%) after a mean follow-up of 13 ± 2·3 months.

Results

Patients' mean age was 66·3 ± 12·3 years and 42·5% were women. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (mean 4·0 ± 3·9), modified Rankin scale (median 2, range 0–5), and Barthel Index (median 90, range 0–100) indicated good functional status. A recurrent fatal or nonfatal stroke during follow-up occurred in 6·7% and combined vascular events (stroke, myocardial infarction, vascular death) in 10·9%. The predictive accuracy for recurrent stroke was slightly higher on the Essen Stroke Risk Score than on the Stroke Prognostis Instrument II (area under the curve 0·62 vs. 0·56), while both scores had a similar predictive accuracy for combined vascular events.

Conclusions

Risk stratification on the Essen Stroke Risk Score and Stroke Prognostis Instrument II provides a moderate accuracy for the prediction of recurrent stroke and vascular events in patients undergoing neurologic inpatient rehabilitation. Although individual risk prediction may remain imprecise, the use of these scores should be encouraged.
Thrombolysis or Anticoagulation for Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: Rationale and Design of the TO-ACT Trial
Authors: Coutinho Jonathan M. , Ferro José M. , Zuurbier Susanna M. , Mink Marieke S. , Canhão Patrícia , Crassard Isabelle , Majoie Charles B. , Reekers Jim A. , Houdart Emmanuel , de Haan Rob J. , Bousser Marie-Germaine , Stam Jan
Published: February 2012

Rationale

Endovascular thrombolysis, with or without mechanical clot removal, may be beneficial for a subgroup of patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVT) who have a poor prognosis despite treatment with heparin. Published experience with endovascular thrombolysis is promising but only based on case series and not on controlled trials.

Aim

The objective of the Thrombolysis or Anticoagulation for Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (TO-ACT) trial is to determine if endovascular thrombolysis improves the functional outcome of patients with a severe form of CVT.

Design

The TO-ACT trial is a multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded endpoint trial. Patients are eligible if they have a radiologically proven CVT, a high probability of poor outcome (defined by presence of one or more of the following risk factors: mental status disorder, coma, intracranial hemorrhagic lesion, or thrombosis of the deep cerebral venous system), and if the responsible physician is uncertain if endovascular thrombolysis or standard anticoagulant treatment is better. One hundred sixty-four patients (82 in each treatment arm) will be included to detect a 50% relative reduction (from 40% to 20%) of poor outcomes.

Study

Patients will be randomized to receive either endovascular thrombolysis or standard therapy (therapeutic doses of heparin). Endovascular thrombolysis is composed of local application of rt-plasminogen activator (PA) or urokinase within the thrombosed sinuses, mechanical thrombosuction, or a combination of both. Patients randomized to endovascular thrombolysis will be treated with heparin before and after the interventional procedure, according to international guidelines.

Outcomes

The primary endpoint is the modified Rankin score (mRS) at 12 months, with a score ≥2 defined as poor outcome. Secondary outcomes are six-months mRS, mortality, and recanalization rate. Major intracranial and extracranial hemorrhagic complications within one-week after the intervention are the principal safety outcomes. Results will be analyzed according to the ‘intention-to-treat’ principle. Blinded assessors not involved in the treatment of the patient will assess endpoints with standardized questionnaires.
Design of a Prospective, Dose-Escalation Study Evaluating the Safety of Pioglitazone for Hematoma Resolution in Intracerebral Hemorrhage (SHRINC)
Authors: Gonzales Nicole R. , Shah Jharna , Sangha Navdeep , Sosa Lenis , Martinez Rebecca , Shen Loren , Kasam Mallikarjunarao , Morales Miriam M. , Hossain M Monir , Barreto Andrew D. , Savitz Sean I. , Lopez George , Misra Vivek , Wu Tzu-Ching , Khoury Ramy El , Sarraj Amrou , Sahota Preeti , Hicks William , Acosta Indrani , Sline M. Rick , Rahbar Mohammad H. , Zhao Xiurong , Aronowski Jaroslaw , Grotta James C.
Published: February 2012

Rationale

Preclinical work demonstrates that the transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma plays an important role in augmenting phagocytosis while modulating oxidative stress and inflammation. We propose that targeted stimulation of phagocytosis to promote efficient removal of the hematoma without harming surrounding brain cells may be a therapeutic option for intracerebral hemorrhage.

Aims

The primary objective is to assess the safety of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist, pioglitazone, in increasing doses for three-days followed by a maintenance dose, when administered to patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage within 24 h of symptom onset compared with standard care. We will determine the maximum tolerated dose of pioglitazone.

Study Design

This is a prospective, randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation safety trial in which patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage are randomly allocated to placebo or treatment. The Continual Reassessment Method for dose finding is used to determine the maximum tolerated dose of pioglitazone. Hematoma and edema resolution is evaluated with serial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at specified time points. Functional outcome will be evaluated at three- and six-months.

Outcomes

The primary safety outcome is mortality at discharge. Secondary safety outcomes include mortality at three-months and six-months, symptomatic cerebral edema, clinically significant congestive heart failure, edema, hypoglycemia, anemia, and hepatotoxicity. Radiographic outcomes will explore the time frame for resolution of 25%, 50%, and 75% of the hematoma. Clinical outcomes are measured by the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), the Barthel Index, modified Rankin Scale, Stroke Impact Scale-16, and EuroQol at three- and six-months.
Autonomy for older people in residential care: a selective literature review
Authors: Welford Claire , Murphy Kathy , Rodgers Vivien , Frauenlob Theresia
Published: February 2012

welford c., murphy k., rodgers v. & frauenlob t. (2012) Autonomy for older people in residential care: a selective literature review. International Journal of Older People Nursing7, 65–69  doi: 10.1111/j.1748‐3743.2012.00311.x

Autonomy is an important concept because it brings dignity to peoples’ lives, regardless of physical circumstances. The United Nations (UN) Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing emphasises the need to include older adults in autonomous decision‐making processes. However, many older people living in residential care find that their autonomy is curtailed. This is largely because autonomy for older people is poorly understood, and hence, nurses working with older people need to become clear about what autonomy is and how it can be facilitated. In this, the first of three papers, the literature is reviewed specifically to establish the meaning of autonomy for older people in residential care as opposed to autonomy in a wider context. This important distinction may help nurses working with older people to begin to facilitate autonomy more effectively.
Chronic pelvic pain: gynaecological and non‐gynaecological causes and considerations for nursing care
Authors: Gökyıldız Şule , Beji Nezihe Kızılkaya
Published: February 2012

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is one of the most difficult problems encountered by health professionals, and it is a very common gynaecological complaint in women of reproductive age. Any structure in the abdomen and/or pelvis could have a role in aetiology of CPP. The aetiology, however, is often unclear and the origin seems can be multifactorial. A multidisciplinary team can offer simultaneous assessment and management of somatic, behavioural and psychosocial components of the pain, and the nurse as an integral member of the healthcare team has an important role to play in ensuring effective care provision. The purpose of this review is to present comprehensive and contemporary information about the gynaecological and non‐gynaecological causes of CPP alongside an examination of the role of the nurse in caring for women who experience this problem.