bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Directly-digitized pulsed eddy current based quantification of aluminum sheet thickness
Authors: Ali Amir , Asif Ali , Tian Gui Yun , Aziz Farah , Ul Abdin Muhammad Zain
Published: July 2023

Direct interfacing technique (DIT) eradicates additional circuit requirements for sensor-embedded system interface and digitization of analog signals. This technique provides advantages in designing an efficient, portable, and low-cost sensor system. Pulsed eddy current testing (PECT) systems are used for thickness and defect measurements of conductive materials. Circuitous sensor-interfacing methods and tedious data interpretation processes make PECT systems inapt for miniaturization and portable applications. In this work, DIT is used in conjunction with PECT for thickness estimation of conductive material. Change in the de-energizing time of a single coil probe with sample thickness, with respect to air, is used as a signal. The curve fitting method yields a maximum relative error of ≈2% in the thickness estimation. Effects of temperature and liftoff on system accuracy are also investigated. A liftoff compensation method using a 3-signal data group is proposed. It is shown that for thicknesses in the range of 0.508 mm–3.175 mm and liftoffs up to 3.000 mm (step size: 0.500 mm), the proposed scheme produces a maximum relative error of 5.2%. The DIT and PECT combination can be applied for different structural eddy current testing in the future.
Comprehensive Study of the Blazars from Fermi-LAT LCR: The Log-Normal Flux Distribution and Linear rms–Flux Relation
Authors: Wang Na , Yi Ting-Feng , Wang Liang , Mao Li-Sheng , Pu Zhi-Yuan , Ning Gong-Ming , Huang Wei-Tian , Lu He , Zhang Shun , Chen Yu-Tong , Dong Liang
Published: July 2023

Fermi-LAT LCR provides continuous and regularly sampled gamma-ray light curves, spanning about 14 yr, for a large sample of blazars. The log-normal flux distribution and linear rms–flux relation of the light curves for a few Fermi blazars have been examined in previous studies. However, the probability that blazars exhibit the log-normal flux distribution and linear rms–flux relation in their gamma-ray light curves has not been systematically explored. In this study, we comprehensively research the distribution of γ-ray flux and the statistical characteristics on a large sample of 1414 variable blazars from the Fermi-LAT LCR catalog, including 572 FSRQs, 477 BL Lacs, and 365 BCUs, and statistically compare their flux distributions with normal and log-normal distributions. The results indicate that the probability of not rejecting log-normal is 42.05% for the large sample, and there is still a 2.05% probability of not rejecting normality, based on the joint of Kolmogorov–Smirnov, Shapiro–Wilk, and Normality tests. We further find that the probability that BL Lacs conform to the log-normal distribution is higher than that of FSRQs. Besides, after removing sources with less than 200 data points from this large sample, a sample of 549 blazars, which is still a large sample compared to the previous studies, was obtained. Based on dividing the light curves into segments every 20 points (or 40 points, or one year), we fitted the linear rms–flux relation of these three different sets and found that the Pearson correlation coefficients are all close to 1 for most blazars. This result indicates a strong linear correlation between the rms and the flux of these 549 blazars. The log-normal distribution and linear rms–flux relation indicate that the variability of the γ-ray flux for most blazars is a non-linear and multiplicative process.
Identifying Symbiotic Stars with Machine Learning
Authors: Jia Yongle , Guo Sufen , Zhu Chunhua , Li Lin , Ma Mei , Lü Guoliang
Published: July 2023

Symbiotic stars are interacting binary systems, making them valuable for studying various astronomical phenomena, such as stellar evolution, mass transfer, and accretion processes. Despite recent progress in the discovery of symbiotic stars, a significant discrepancy between the observed population of symbiotic stars and the number predicted by theoretical models. To bridge this gap, this study utilized machine learning techniques to efficiently identify new symbiotic star candidates. Three algorithms (XGBoost, LightGBM, and Decision Tree) were applied to a data set of 198 confirmed symbiotic stars and the resulting model was then used to analyze data from the LAMOST survey, leading to the identification of 11,709 potential symbiotic star candidates. Out of these potential symbiotic star candidates listed in the catalog, 15 have spectra available in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) survey. Among these 15 candidates, two candidates, namely V* V603 Ori and V* GN Tau, have been confirmed as symbiotic stars. The remaining 11 candidates have been classified as accreting-only symbiotic star candidates. The other two candidates, one of which has been identified as a galaxy by both SDSS and LAMOST surveys, and the other identified as a quasar by SDSS survey and as a galaxy by LAMOST survey.
The causal agent and the distribution of maize stalk rot disease in the Tanah Laut Regency, South Kalimantan
Authors: Salamiah  , Fitriyanti D , Marsuni Y , Rosa H O , Pramudi M I
Published: July 2023

Stalk rot disease, which can be caused by fungi and bacteria, is a common problem in maize cultivation. The infection of the disease started in 2019 in Tanah Laut Regency with an attack area of 4.7 hectares. The attack area increased to 27.5 hectares in 2020. This study aimed to identify the causal agent of maize stem rot disease in Tanah Laut Regency and how it spread throughout the regency. The study started with the identification of the pathogen in the field. The result showed that maize stalk rot disease in Tanah Laut Regency was caused by Pythium and Fusarium genera of fungi and Pantoea, Erwinia, Dickeya and Pectobacteria genera of bacteria. This disease spread to 10 out of 11 sub-districts in Tanah Laut Regency, with an attack intensity ranging from 1 to 22%.
Male inflorescences, natural enemies, and climate as biotic and abiotic factors on population Elaeidobius kamerunicus at three soil types
Authors: Lubis F I , Agustin I , Putra G I S , Mailisa I , Taufiq  , Rahmah S , Damayani C P , Rudiansyah
Published: July 2023

Pollination determines pollinating weevils in oil palm. Abiotic and biotic factors can influence population pollinator weevils. An experiment was carried out in PT. Sawit Sumbermas Sarana, Tbk. The object of research is to analyze the influence of male inflorescences, natural enemies, and climate on pollinating weevils population at clay, sandy, and peat soil types. The research method used a sampling design. Observation variables were conducted every two weeks for the availability of anthesis male inflorescences, natural enemies, and climate. Davis Vantage Pro 2 was used to measure the climate. The results showed the population of pollinator weevils was significant (p<0.05) influence on male inflorescence. The anthesis male inflorescence per ha increases as the population of pollinator weevil increases. Climate and natural enemies such as Rattus sp., Gasterachanta sp., Argiope sp., Sycanus sp., and Cosmolestes sp., have insignificant influences on pollinating weevils population. Male inflorescence was biotic factor as the source of food for pollinator weevils on clay, sandy, and peat soil types.
Review on socioeconomic and sustainability of oil palm plantations among rural communities in Malaysia
Authors: Ahmad M J , Ismail R , Ghani F A
Published: July 2023

Malaysian oil palm plantations contributed 2.7% of Malaysian Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2020 and became the world’s second largest producer of palm oil after Indonesia. Unfortunately, the expansion of oil palm plantations has always been linked to deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions, and soil erosion. Despite the negative environmental repercussions, there is no denying that the rapid expansion of oil palm plantations has had beneficial social and economic impacts. Therefore, in this study, researchers aim to review recent studies on the socioeconomic impacts of oil palm plantations in Malaysia for the last decade (2012 – 2022). This study also identifies challenges faced by rural communities who are participated in oil palm cultivation. Since this is a conceptual paper, secondary sources, such as research articles, government reports, and published research works, are used in this study. We employed desktop study method to search the academic papers and reports from online databases. Most the papers agreed that land development for oil palm enhances socioeconomic levels, especially among rural communities by providing job opportunities, creating small businesses, reducing poverty, and improving their livelihoods. However, the involvement of farmers and planters in oil palm downstream activities and multiple crop cultivation remains low since small-scale farmers highly depend on selling fresh fruit bunches (FFB) to get their income. The drop in crude palm oil prices because of the international market has severely affected oil palm smallholders’ income. Most of previous research also believed sustainable oil palm plantation helps smallholders improve their socioeconomic conditions. The authorities may also make more efforts to promote sustainable plantations, especially among smallholders.
Effects of Black Soldier Fly oil and calcium soap supplementation on rumen fermentability of Garut Sheep
Authors: Ningsih R H C , Ramadani A D , Raynissa D J , Diapari D , Fassah D M , Astuti D A , Sudarman A
Published: July 2023

Fat is a source of energy for livestock, with low heat metabolic, but dietary fat had negative impact for rumen fermentation. Calcium soap can protect fat for ruminant. This study aimed to examine the characteristics of rumen fermentation in Garut sheep fed with suplements of BSF (Hermetia illucens) oil and BSF Calcium soap. This research used fifteen male Garut sheep with an average body weight of 29.90 ± 3.71 kg. This research used randomized block design consisting of three treatments and five replicates. The treatments were diet without supplementation BSF oil or Calcium soap (P1), diet with BSF oil suplementation 4% (P2) and diet with BSF Calcium soap suplementation 4% (P3). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and further test with Duncan test. The analysis showed that the rumen pH value, ammonia concentration, and protozoa population in the rumen were not affected by the treatments. Concentration of VFA and population of rumen bacteria were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the treatments. The total VFA concentration of P3 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than P1 and P2. Rumen bacteria population of P3 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than P1 and or P2. It can be concluded that supplementation of BSF Calcium soap improve rumen fermentation indicated by higher VFA concentration and bacteria population in the rumen.
Identifying external louver angle for residence opening to optimize the indoor environment for the composite climate of Delhi NCR
Authors: Luthra Jyoti , Meenatchi Sundaram A
Published: July 2023

The essential part of any shading device is to intercept the solar radiation in such a manner that it allows enough daylight inside the building, while at the same time the indoor thermal comfort is upheld for all the seasons. Earlier studies proved that in comparison with internal shading devices, the external ones minimize the internal heat gain in an effective manner by blocking the radiation, before it reaches the fenestration glazing. However, fixed external shades are incapable of balancing the varying requirements of light and heat for different climatic conditions. Mainly, summer and winter in the composite climate demands adaptive shading solutions as per the changing season. The current study is an attempt to evolve appropriate external adaptive louver shades and recommend louver angles for different months, for a single space of a typical apartment building in Delhi NCR region. The recommended angles allow the occupants to make informed decisions by manually adjusting the louvers to improve the indoor environment. This study utilized ladybug and honeybee plugins for the purpose of simulation. The results show that the monthly adjustments of external adaptive shades enhance the indoor environment and save energy. The study developed, analysed and compared two different types of external adaptive louver shading systems such as EALS (External Adaptive Louver Screen) and EALA (External Adaptive Louver Awning) for better indoor environment and energy saving for west orientation.
Evaluation of Sound Absorption Coefficient – Acoustic Properties of Pattamadai mat
Authors: Kalaiselvi R , Infanta Stephy J , Pavithra Raj J S
Published: July 2023

Noise has become one of the most critical problems to address in contemporary cities, and the awareness of the consequences of noise pollution has been increasing lately. Road traffic noise exposure is considered a serious environmental health hazard, as excessive exposure to noise increases cardiovascular diseases and anxiety. People spend most of their time in residences where they become tolerant of noisy environments and are unaware of the effects caused by them. Indoor acoustic comfort in residences is one of the unexplored parts of Indoor environmental quality (IEQ). Achieving sufficient acoustic comfort is of the main priorities in achieving IEQ. Facades are the constructive elements which act as a barrier between outdoor and indoor sound transmission. The main aim of this research is to optimize the characteristics of different elements of the façade of a residential building to enhance indoor acoustic comfort. A case study residence is chosen at Guindy, Chennai, to study the outdoor sound pattern and the corresponding indoor sound level. The outdoor sound level is measured continuously at 1 m from the facade. The indoor sound level is measured at the centre of each room at regular time intervals. Field measurements were conducted in the 2 BHK apartment, and the results were processed to assign each room's acoustic class and determine the residence’s Key Performance Index in terms of acoustic comfort. The results of this research will be optimized in the upcoming research phase using Pachyderm (Grasshopper plugin) to find the best design parameters for the facade to achieve good acoustic comfort in a residence.
Traditional Building Knowledge Systems - A Path to Sustainability
Authors: Athira S B , Amritha P K , Chithra K
Published: July 2023

In architecture and planning domain, sustainability has been considered as a core strategy for over three decades now. The modern era of globalisation, led to homogenisation in architecture, thus widening the gap between modern and Traditional Building Knowledge systems (TBKS) worldwide. This gap is widening at an alarming speed and alienating the architectural concepts from the context and its people, by ignoring the sustainability aspects. The TBKS has evolved in line with the environmental, cultural, technological, economic, and historical context within which it exists. The current study provides an overview of the concepts involved in sustainability and TBKS and how TBKS is addressed in the international forums and UN reports, and ancient treatises that formed the basis of TBKS in the Indian context. The four pillars of sustainability i.e., environmental, social, economic, and cultural dimensions were considered as the parameters to measure how far the sustainability has been achieved in the built environment. From the extensive review of literature, a set of design indicators was identified for the TBKS. Further, its applicability was also analysed based on the case examples. The current study reveals that such indicators, mentioned in the TBKS, are context-specific in nature. Hence, it helps in achieving sustainability at the building level. The paper concludes by identifying the co-relation between TBKS and sustainability and calls for more studies upon using the Traditional Building Knowledge Systems as a potential tool to achieve sustainability.
Development of the renewable geothermal energy in Uzbekistan (as an example – the Muruntau area)
Authors: Sidorova I P , Saxobidinov R I , Golovko E A
Published: July 2023

This paper presents a Multidisciplinary geophysical study of the geothermal areas in Uzbekistan. Based on the developed new geothermal map, data on anomalous geothermal areas were analyzed. Based on the study of the Muruntau area, a comprehensive methodology has been developed for detailing geothermal anomalies. New data of integrated geophysical surveys (gravity survey, seismic survey, magnetotelluric survey) and their interpretation at the stage of geophysical exploration are presented.
A study of the dynamics of the flow and the round process in urbanized areas of plain rivers
Authors: Baymanov K I , Baimanov R K
Published: July 2023

This article analyzes the materials concerning the study of the dynamics of the flow and the channel process in urban areas in the delta of the Amudarya river. In this section, the regularities of the negative impact of anthropogenic factors on the dynamics of the river flow and the course of channel processes were studied. The scale of the impact of urbanization factors that significantly change the course of the channel process is determined and the structural levels of channel forms are assessed. The most cost-effective method for cleaning river beds from polluted bottom sediments by specially created volley water discharges from the upper pool of existing hydroelectric facilities is proposed. Changes in the channel processes in the delta of the Amudarya river under the influence of annually recurring catastrophic low water and strong wind erosion are shown. The time scales at various structural levels of the channel process have been refined. The article used general scientific research methods based on the analysis and generalization of natural and experimental materials.
Morphometric features and genesis of the lake basins of Lake Bol’shoe Svyatoe Dedovskoe and Lake Maloe Svyatoe Dedovskoe (Volga Upland, Russia)
Authors: Astashin A E , Badin M M , Pashkin M N , Vatina O E , Shevchenko I A
Published: July 2023

The article presents the results of a research of morphometric and hydrological characteristics of Lake Bol’shoe Svyatoe Dedovskoe and Lake Maloe Svyatoe Dedovskoe, which are the landscape and hydrological center of the state natural monument “Lake Svyatoe Dedovskoe”. The lakes are located in the north-west of the Volga upland in the Nizhny Novgorod region; it has meaningful scientific (zoological, botanical, geological, geomorphological) significance, performs a water-regulating function, serves as a habitat for rare species of plants and animals. During the research a bathymetric survey was performed from the boat using an echo sounder, combined with a navigator. The results of field research were processed, using the geoinformation program QGIS, a bathymetric map of the lake basins was created and their main morphometric and hydrological characteristics were calculated. Based on the analysis of the morphometric characteristics of the lake and data on the landscape features of its surroundings, conclusions were drawn about the origin of the lake basin.
The Study of the state of soil cover of the coastal zones of the Caspian Sea, subject to the influence of climatic and anthropogenic factors
Authors: Aliyeva N T , Mammadova R I , Ibadova S Y , Abdullayeva K S , Huseynova M A
Published: July 2023

This article is dedicated to research of climate impact change and human activity on ecosystems. It is expressed as metals which is called heavy pollution. It covers the coastal territory of northwestern regions of Apsheron. Pollution in the coastal regions of the Caspian Sea with toxic substances, is of great concern, periodic studies of these zones for the presence of heavy metals are necessary. For the first time, a comparative analysis of the content of heavy metals in the territories of the northwestern part of the Absheron was carried out and the hypothetical reasons for their accumulation were presented. The studied soils in the northwestern part of the peninsula were grouped the degree of the density of heavy metals. Zinc (78.62 mg/kg, at a depth of 0–20 sm) copper and cadmium (23.65 mg/kg and 0.92 mg/kg at a depth of 0–20 sm). The concentration of zinc and copper in the northwestern direction of Apsheron by 1.18 and 1.57 times, compared with the allowable norms for clarks. Under the impact of flooding of coastal zones by the waters of the Caspian Sea, the average content of heavy metals, Ni, Cd, Pb in flooded soils at a depth of 0-100 sm increased by 1.7 times.
Peculiarities of reproduction and dynamics of forests in the Southern Cis-Urals
Authors: Bastaeva G T , Lyavdanskaya O A , Koltunova A I , Kubasov A V , Smirnov M S
Published: July 2023

The article presents statistical data on the dynamics of the forest fund of the Orenburg region. The study of changes in the state of the forest fund, its dynamics is the main means of forestry production, which is of great ecological importance with the possibility of developing rational forms of management in them. The natural and climatic conditions of the Southern Cis-Urals have a direct impact on the formation of forest ecosystems, which are the ecological framework of steppe landscapes. The study showed that during the analyzed period (2016-2019) the area of young stands decreased, and the stable growth of areas of mature and overmature plantations continues. The change in the age structure of the forest fund during the study period is relatively stable, but does not correspond to the optimal “normal forest” model. The factors that contribute to the reduction of the production potential of the forests of the Southern Cis-Urals under the conditions of unfavorable natural and climatic changes have been identified. One of the vectors for the conservation of existing forest resources is to maintain a balance between retired and restored forest areas, the main condition for the stabilization of which is the implementation of comprehensive reforestation and monitoring observations of forest pest and disease outbreaks. The reduction in the area of arrival of forest plantations, in the near future, will change the direction of stabilization of the age structure of forests.
Commercial qualities of fruits of different varieties of apple trees in an intensive orchard on the farm of Central Russia “Agrofirma named after 15 years of October”
Authors: Gulidova V A , Zakharov V L
Published: July 2023

The studies were carried out in a large fruit-growing farm in Central Russia “Agrofirm named after 15 years of October” in the Lebedyansky district of the Lipetsk region. The farm is switching to intensive horticulture using new varieties of apple trees on low-growing rootstocks. The article analyzed the results of a study of a comprehensive assessment of apple varieties with the necessary technological parameters for the production of products that meet domestic and international standards. We studied the main components of productivity and marketability of four varieties of apple trees on low-growing rootstocks: Ligol, Honey Crunch, Berkutovskoe and Spartan. It was found that all varieties are productive and have high marketability. But the most productive variety was Ligol -75 t/ha, which exceeded Spartan by 24 t/ha, Berkutovskoe - by 39 t/ha and Honey Crunch - by 48 t/ha. It was established that the commercial qualities of fruits depended on the characteristics of the variety, changing from the place of growth and the weather conditions of the year. By the sum of sugars, the best variety of apples was determined - this is Spartan, it had the most sugars (11.9%), the excess over the Ligol variety was 1.0%, Honey Crunch - 1.3%, Berkutovskoe - 1.6%. It was found that the highest content of ascorbic acid was in apples of the Berkutovskoye variety (15 mg/100 g), somewhat less was contained in the fruits of Honey Crunch - 14.5 mg/100 g. The minimum amount (8.8 mg/100 g) of ascorbic acid was in Spartan apples. It was established that with an average value of the sugar-acid coefficient of 13.8, the diversity limits for the studied varieties varied from 12.8 (Ligol) to 14.3 (Honey Crunch and Spartan). It was suggested that two varieties of honey crunch and Spartan are closest to the optimal values for this indicator.
Efficient use of land areas created by lowering the level of the Caspian sea
Authors: Shirinova D B , Cavadova Ch A , Huseynova M A , Bagirova N N , Abdullayeva K S
Published: July 2023

The reasons for the change in the level of the Caspian Sea, predictions of the level change, comparisons, analysis of soil samples taken from the coastal area 35 m away from the sea for use in the analysis of the lands caused by the lowering of the sea level were carried out. Separated areas were washed with mixed proportions of domestic sewage, seawater + domestic sewage and seawater + domestic sewage + ordinary (fresh) water. After washing in those areas, the salt content of the soil was studied. Plants of the same name were planted in both areas and watered with the mentioned washing waters. It has been found that the area irrigated with a mixture of household sewage water + normal water (1:1) can be more productive.
Transformation of ecosystems in Bryansk Oblast caused by the agro-industrial complex development
Authors: Nekrich A S
Published: July 2023

The article outlines the location, scales, and intensity of the current ecosystems transformation due to operation of the agro-industrial complex industries in Bryansk Oblast of the Russian Federation. By means of official statistic data and space images gathered from open sources, the key factors determining the environmental condition of agricultural landscapes are identified. For each agricultural landscape’s units, a detailed description is given. Analysis of the current environmental situation within these units is also conducted. It was determined that over the last 12 years, the severe level of ecosystems transformation has been forming in the central and eastern parts of agricultural lands. The significant level of ecosystems transformation is observed in the north, as well as in the eastern and southwestern parts. The moderate level of ecosystems transformation is mostly common on the western part and is located in the central and eastern parts of agricultural lands. The minor level of ecosystems transformation is typical for the south-central and for the north-central parts of agricultural lands. The study shows that the spatial differentiation of the levels of ecosystems transformation in Bryansk Oblast is strongly determined by environmental conditions, the structure of natural landscapes, and depends on the specifics of agriculture.
Development of the basic structure of the information-analytical system to ensure environmental safety in the region
Authors: Iordanova A V , Kirilchuk I O , Persidskaya K A , Gladilin D E
Published: July 2023

As part of this study, the problems in ensuring regional environmental safety have been identified, the features of the development of environmental information systems have been considered. In order to solve the identified problems, the main existing analogues of the developed system have been analyzed. The structure of the information-analytical system to ensure environmental safety in the region has been proposed. It contains such main modules as waste, air, water, soil, plants, animals, as well as the blocks contained in each module: reference and information, reports, monitoring. The main functionality provided is described for each module and corresponding block. In addition, the main tasks aimed at the implementation of the developed information-analytical system for ensuring environmental safety of the region are formulated.
Concentrations of chemical elements in the leaves of Populus suaveolens Fischer and Betula pendula Roth at the facilities of the gold deposit of Eastern Transbaikalia
Authors: Makarov V P , Yu Mikheeva N
Published: July 2023

The concentration of 50 chemical elements in the leaves of Populus suaveolens Fischer and Betula pendula Roth growing in tailings dumps and dumps of gold deposits in Eastern Transbaikalia (Baley) was studied. It was found that the highest concentration of most elements was in the leaves of plants growing at the ZIF-2 tailings dump, and the lowest was on the sands of the thorium tailings dump and sand–pebble soil at the dredge gold mining site. Populus suaveolens differed from Betula pendula by a higher concentration of most chemical elements. A feature of the elemental composition of birch was a significant concentration of Mn and Ba in relation to poplar. The concentration of a number of chemical elements significantly exceeded the clark of terrestrial plants, as well as the maximum permissible levels of concentration of elements established for feed and medicinal plant raw materials.
Waterflooding, water-gas method and generation of carbon dioxide in the reservoir – methods of enhanced oil recovery and technology development
Authors: Gorelkina E I , Mugisho J B , Kouadio K S
Published: July 2023

This article discusses reservoir pressure maintenance methods: flooding and SWAG technology. The accumulated experience of waterflooding technology introduction described in literature sources is analyzed. Identified such disadvantages of waterflooding as reservoir watering due to significantly low viscosity compared to the viscosity of reservoir oils and low oil recovery factor. A method for detecting and preventing the instability of the front of displacement of residual reserves by injected water is indicated. Particular attention is paid to the innovative method of reservoir stimulation, which consists in the generation of carbon dioxide in reservoir conditions. The essence of the technology, method of implementation, advantages compared to gas injection through injection wells are described. Water-gas methods are investigated. The advantage of SWAG technology with the use of pump-ejector systems in comparison with other modifications is proved and the results of the latest research are presented, which cover data on the characteristics of pump-ejector systems, the topical issue of the technology for obtaining water-gas mixtures and the processes of interaction of gas bubbles when pumping mixtures through wells into the reservoir, as well as ways to implement the technology, taking into account the geological and field conditions of potential targets for implementation. This analysis will allow you to correctly choose the method of stimulation of the reservoir and operate the facilities as efficiently as possible. It should be noted that the considered gas and water-gas methods involve the injection of carbon dioxide, associated, exhaust, flue gases into the reservoir, which makes these technologies the most attractive from an environmental point of view.
Calculation specifics in the study of solar greenhouses with thermal energy accumulator in mind
Authors: Rasakhodjaev B S , Boboeva M O , Dilishatov O U , Mashrapova I R , Bekchanov Sh B
Published: July 2023

The paper presents a simplified thermal model that allows estimating heat losses taking into account the main parameters: the surface of the greenhouse - a transparent fence, the bottom of the greenhouse - soil and the ratio of the design of greenhouses. A simplified thermal diagram of the greenhouse heat transfer has been compiled and, on the basis of the simplified thermal diagram, heat losses through the transparent enclosure, through the bottom, soil and structural ratios have been determined by calculation. Calculations show that with total solar radiation, 620 W/m2, heat loss through the surface of a transparent fence is 508 W/m2, in percentage terms it is 82%. At the same time, through the bottom (ground) 58 W / m2, in percentage terms they are 9%, the total heat loss is 566 W / m2, in percentage terms they are 91%. To reduce heat loss through the transparent enclosure, it is recommended to use more innovative materials, such as ceramic film with improved thermal insulation properties or low iron glass, extra clear glass, double-layer transparent enclosure, and it is also recommended to enclose one side of the greenhouse with a thermal insulation wall. According to calculations, in order to reduce heat losses through the bottom of the greenhouse, we recommend making a special deepening in the soil, since at large soil depths, a slow spread of soil temperature is observed, which will also lead to the least heat loss. To reduce heat losses through the bottom of the greenhouse, we recommend using thermal energy accumulators in the ground. Estimation of heat losses makes it possible to determine the required amount of heat loss through the surface and bottom of the greenhouse and, based on these calculations, carry out research work to reduce them.
Researching the current hydrological state of the Torey lakes region of the Ulzda-Torey internal drainage area
Authors: Zima Y V , Matyugina E B
Published: July 2023

The research of the Torey lakes regon, Ulzda-Torey internal drainage area has established that the manifestation of the general global warming trend in the recent decades had been the moderate regional temperature shifts which induce significant changes in the hydrological states and lead to shifts of the hydrological cycle in general. It has been verified that in the discussed area the ground air temperature indications had shifted from the average negative to the average positive. In the period of 1938-1989 the air temperature had a negative value with the average of -1.0°C in 52 years. Starting from 1989 the average annual temperature indications had turned positive, namely +0.4°C in 32 years. A comparative research of the area for the 1938-2021 period has indicated that the regional air temperature rise by 2.2°C combined with the waning annual amount of atmospheric precipitation (with the average of 21%) leads to a sharp decrease of the average annual river flow (by 16%) and even down to none.
Redshifts of distant galaxies redefined
Authors: Cooper Keith
Published: July 2023

The James Webb Space Telescope has discovered some of the most distant galaxies ever seen, as Keith Cooper explains.
Brain imaging reaches record-breaking resolution
Authors: Freeman Tami
Published: July 2023

Researchers in the US have used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to create the highest-resolution image of a mouse brain ever made.
Australia sets out A$1bn national quantum strategy
Authors: Boerkamp Martijn
Published: July 2023

Australia has launched its first national quantum strategy with the aim of becoming a global player in quantum technologies by the end of the decade.
Germany reveals €3bn plan to build a quantum computer by 2026
Authors: Boerkamp Martijn
Published: July 2023

The German government says it will spend €3bn over the next three years to build a universal quantum computer.
The legacy of Thomas Young
Authors: Robinson Andrew
Published: July 2023

A response to the report of a “time” version of Young’s double-slit experiment, generating fringes in frequency rather than space.
Breaking barriers and opening up physics
Authors: Gleeson Helen
Published: July 2023

Helen Gleeson, who chairs the Bell Burnell Graduate Scholarship Fund, describes the importance of nurturing and supporting talented students from non-traditional backgrounds in physics so they can overcome obstacles in academia.
Does ChatGPT know physics?
Authors: Perkowitz Sidney
Published: July 2023

Sidney Perkowitz explores what everyone’s favourite new talk partner has to say about physics.
Within-Host Rhinovirus Evolution in Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract Highlights Capsid Variability and Mutation-Independent Compartmentalization
Authors: Makhsous Negar , Goya Stephanie , Avendaño Carlos C , Rupp Jason , Kuypers Jane , Jerome Keith R , Boeckh Michael , Waghmare Alpana , Greninger Alexander L
Published: July 2023

Background

Rhinovirus (RV) infections can progress from the upper (URT) to lower (LRT) respiratory tract in immunocompromised individuals, causing high rates of fatal pneumonia. Little is known about how RV evolves within hosts during infection.

Methods

We sequenced RV complete genomes from 12 hematopoietic cell transplant patients with infection for up to 190 days from both URT (nasal wash, NW) and LRT (bronchoalveolar lavage, BAL). Metagenomic and amplicon next-generation sequencing were used to track the emergence and evolution of intrahost single nucleotide variants (iSNVs).

Results

Identical RV intrahost populations in matched NW and BAL specimens indicated no genetic adaptation is required for RV to progress from URT to LRT. Coding iSNVs were 2.3-fold more prevalent in capsid over nonstructural genes. iSNVs modeled were significantly more likely to be found in capsid surface residues, but were not preferentially located in known RV-neutralizing antibody epitopes. Newly emergent, genotype-matched iSNV haplotypes from immunocompromised individuals in 2008–2010 could be detected in Seattle-area community RV sequences in 2020–2021.

Conclusions

RV infections in immunocompromised hosts can progress from URT to LRT with no specific evolutionary requirement. Capsid proteins carry the highest variability and emergent mutations can be detected in other, including future, RV sequences.
Sigla storax (Liquidambar orientalis) mitigates in vitro methane production without disturbances in rumen microbiota and nutrient fermentation in comparison to monensin
Authors: Demirtas Ahu , Pacífico Cátia , Gruber Theresa , Chizzola Remigius , Zebeli Qendrim , Khiaosa-ard Ratchaneewan
Published: July 2023

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro dose-dependent effects of sigla storax (Styrax liquidus) on rumen microbiota and rumen microbial fermentation in comparison to monensin as a positive control.

Methods and Results

This study was carried out using a rumen simulation model (Rusitec). Treatments consisted of no additive (control), 10 mg l−1 of monensin sodium salt, 100 mg l−1 (Low-Sigla), and 500 mg l−1 (High-Sigla) of sigla storax (n = 6/treatment). In addition to rumen fermentation characteristics, rumen microbial composition was investigated using 16S rRNA sequencing. The methane variables and the acetate to propionate ratio decreased in the both High-Sigla and monensin groups (P < 0.05). High-Sigla had no effect on ammonia, total SCFA and nutrition degradation, while monensin decreased these parameters (P < 0.05). Unlike monensin, the sigla storax treatments did not affect the alpha or beta diversity indexes of the microbiota. The relative abundance of Methanomethylophilaceae and Ruminococcaceae decreased with High-Sigla and monensin (P < 0.05), and Atopobiaceae and Eggerthellaceae decreased with the both doses of sigla storax as well as monensin treatments (P < 0.05). Syntrophococcus, DNF00809, and Kandleria were among the genera that most decreased with High-Sigla and monensin (Q < 0.07) and were strongly positively correlated with methane production (r = 0.52–0.56).

Conclusions

The high dose of sigla storax (500 mg l−1) decreased methane in the rumen ecosystem without adverse effects on nutrient degradation and SCFA production, and without dramatically impacting the microbial composition. Sigla storax might be a novel feed additive to mitigate methane in cattle.
The transcription factor BnaA9.WRKY47 coordinates leaf senescence and nitrogen remobilization in Brassica napus
Authors: Cui Rui , Feng Yingna , Yao Jinliang , Shi Lei , Wang Sheliang , Xu Fangsen
Published: July 2023

Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient for plants, and its remobilization is key for adaptation to deficiency stress. However, there is limited understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of N remobilization in the important crop species Brassica napus (oilseed rape). Here, we report the identification of a transcription factor, BnaA9.WRKY47, that is induced by N starvation in a canola variety. At the seedling stage, BnaA9.WRKY47-overexpressing (OE) lines displayed earlier senescence of older leaves and preferential growth of juvenile leaves compared to the wild type under N starvation. At the field scale, the seed yield was significantly increased in the BnaA9.WRKY47-OE lines compared with the wild type when grown under N deficiency conditions and, conversely, it was reduced in BnaA9.WRKY47-knockout mutants. Biochemical analyses demonstrated that BnaA9.WRKY47 directly activates BnaC7.SGR1 to accelerate senescence of older leaves. In line with leaf senescence, the concentration of amino acids in the older leaves of the OE lines was elevated, and the proportion of plant N that they contained was reduced. This was associated with BnaA9.WRKY47 activating the amino acid permease BnaA9.AAP1 and the nitrate transporter BnaA2.NRT1.7. Thus, the expression of BnaA9.WRKY47 efficiently facilitated N remobilization from older to younger leaves or to seeds. Taken together, our results demonstrate that BnaA9.WRKY47 up-regulates the expression of BnaC7.SGR1, BnaA2.NRT1.7, and BnaA9AAP1, thus promoting the remobilization of N in B. napus under starvation conditions.
A dominant-negative avirulence effector of the barley powdery mildew fungus provides mechanistic insight into barley MLA immune receptor activation
Authors: Crean Emma E , Bilstein-Schloemer Merle , Maekawa Takaki , Schulze-Lefert Paul , Saur Isabel M L
Published: July 2023

Nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) recognize pathogen effectors to mediate plant disease resistance often involving host cell death. Effectors escape NLR recognition through polymorphisms, allowing the pathogen to proliferate on previously resistant host plants. The powdery mildew effector AVRA13-1 is recognized by the barley NLR MLA13 and activates host cell death. We demonstrate here that a virulent form of AVRA13, called AVRA13-V2, escapes MLA13 recognition by substituting a serine for a leucine residue at the C-terminus. Counterintuitively, this substitution in AVRA13-V2 resulted in an enhanced MLA13 association and prevented the detection of AVRA13-1 by MLA13. Therefore, AVRA13-V2 is a dominant-negative form of AVRA13 and has probably contributed to the breakdown of Mla13 resistance. Despite this dominant-negative activity, AVRA13-V2 failed to suppress host cell death mediated by the MLA13 autoactive MHD variant. Neither AVRA13-1 nor AVRA13-V2 interacted with the MLA13 autoactive variant, implying that the binding moiety in MLA13 that mediates association with AVRA13-1 is altered after receptor activation. We also show that mutations in the MLA13 coiled-coil domain, which were thought to impair Ca2+ channel activity and NLR function, instead resulted in MLA13 autoactive cell death. Our results constitute an important step to define intermediate receptor conformations during NLR activation.
A study of the light bending phenomenon under full general relativity for a pulsar in a binary with a Schwarzschild black hole
Authors: Debnath Jyotijwal , Bagchi Manjari , Basu Avishek
Published: July 2023

The values of the bending delays in the signal of a radio pulsar in a binary with a stellar mass black hole as a companion have been calculated accurately within a full general relativistic framework considering the Schwarzchid spacetime near the companion. The results match with the pre-existing approximate analytical expressions unless both of the orbital inclination angle and the orbital phase are close to 90°. For such a case, the approximate analytical expressions underestimate the value of the bending delay. On the other hand, for systems like the double pulsar, those expressions are valid throughout the orbital phase, unless its inclination angle is very close to 90°. For a pulsar-black hole binary, the bending phenomenon also increases the strength of the pulse profile and sometimes can lead to a small low intensity tail.
Satellite content and halo mass of galaxy clusters: comparison between red-sequence and halo-based optical cluster finders
Authors: Golden-Marx Jesse B , Zu Ying , Wang Jiaqi , Li Hekun , Zhang Jun , Yang Xiaohu
Published: July 2023

Cluster cosmology depends critically on how optical clusters are selected from imaging surveys. We compare the conditional luminosity function (CLF) and weak-lensing (WL) halo masses between two different cluster samples at fixed richness, detected within the same volume (0.1 < z < 0.34) using the red-sequence and halo-based methods. After calibrating our CLF deprojection method against mock galaxy samples, we measure the 3D CLFs by cross-correlating clusters with Sloan Digital Sky Survey photometric galaxies. As expected, the CLFs of red-sequence and halo-based finders exhibit redder and bluer populations, respectively. The red-sequence clusters have a flat distribution of red galaxies at the faint end, while the halo-based clusters host a decreasing faint red and a boosted blue population at the bright end. By comparing subsamples of clusters that have a match between the two catalogues to those without matches, we discover that the CLF shape is mainly caused by the different cluster centroiding. However, the average WL halo mass between the matched and non-matched clusters is consistent with each other in either cluster sample for halos with λ > 30 ($M_{h}^{\mathrm{WL}}\gt 1.5\times 10^{14}h^{-1}{\rm M}_{\odot }$). Since the colour preferences of the two cluster finders are almost orthogonal, such a consistency indicates that the scatter in the mass–richness relation of either cluster sample is close to random. Therefore, while the choice of how optical clusters are identified impacts the satellite content, our result suggests that it should not introduce strong systematic biases in cluster cosmology, except for the λ < 30 regime.
Polarization measurements of Arecibo-sky pulsars: Faraday rotations and emission-beam analyses
Authors: Rankin Joanna , Venkataraman Arun , Weisberg Joel M , Curtin Alice P
Published: July 2023

We present Faraday rotation measure (RM) values derived at L and P bands as well as some 60 Stokes-parameter profiles, both determined from our long-standing Arecibo dual-frequency pulsar polarimetry programmes. Many of the RM measurements were carried out towards the inner Galaxy and the anticentre on pulsars with no previous determination, while others are remeasurements intended to confirm or improve the accuracy of existing values. Stokes-parameter profiles are displayed for the 58 pulsars for which no meaningful Stokes profile at lower frequency is available and 4 without a high-frequency pair. This is a population that includes many distant pulsars in the inner Galaxy. A number of these polarized pulse profiles exhibit clear interstellar-scattering tails; none the less, we have attempted to interpret the associated emission-beam structures and to provide morphological classifications and geometrical models where possible.