bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental and clinical trial of measuring urinary velocity with the pitot tube and a transrectal ultrasound guided video urodynamic system
Authors: TSUJIMOTO YUKIO , NOSE YORIHITO , OHBA KENKICHI
Published: March 2003

Background : The pitot tube is a common device to measure flow velocity. If the pitot tube is used as an urodynamic catheter, urinary velocity and urethral pressure may be measured simultaneously. However, to our knowledge, urodynamic studies with the pitot tube have not been reported. We experimentally and clinically evaluated the feasibility of the pitot tube to measure urinary velocity with a transrectal ultrasound guided video urodynamic system.

Methods : We carried out a basal experiment measuring flow velocity in model urethras of 4.5–8.0 mm in inner diameter with a 12‐Fr pitot tube. In a clinical trial, 79 patients underwent transrectal ultrasound guided video urodynamic studies with the 12‐Fr pitot tube. Urinary velocity was calculated from dynamic pressure (Pd) with the pitot tube formula and the correcting equation according to the results of the basal experiment.

Results : Velocity measured by the pitot tube was proportional to the average velocity in model urethras and the coefficients were determined by diameters of model urethras. We obtained a formula to calculate urinary velocity from the basal experiment. The urinary velocity could be obtained in 32 of 79 patients. Qmax was 8.1 ± 4.3 mL/s (mean ± SD; range, 18.4–1.3 mL/s), urethral diameter was 7.3 ± 3.0 mm (mean ± SD; range, 18.7–4.3 mm) and urinary velocity was 69.4 ± 43.6 (mean ± SD; range, 181.3–0 cm/s) at maximum flow rate. The correlation coefficient of Qmax measured by a flowmeter versus Qdv flow rate calculated with urethral diameter and velocity was 0.41 without significant difference.

Conclusion : The use of the pitot tube as an urodynamic catheter to a transrectal ultrasound‐guided video urodynamic system can measure urethral pressure, diameter and urinary velocity simultaneously. However, a thinner pitot tube and further clinical trials are needed to obtain more accurate results.
Erythropoietin‐producing renal cell carcinoma in chronic hemodialysis patients: A report of two cases
Authors: SAKAMOTO SHINICHI , IGARASHI TATSUO , OSUMI NOBUYUKI , IMAMOTO TAKASHI , TOBE TOYOFUSA , KAMIYA MAKOTO , ITO HARUO
Published: March 2003

Erythropoietin (EPO)‐producing renal cell carcinomas in two hemodialysis patients are reported. Despite deteriorated kidney function, these patients did not manifest anemia at diagnosis and their elevated serum EPO levels rapidly returned to within the normal range after nephrectomy. Immunohistochemical staining of the resected specimens showed production of erythropoietin in the tumor cells in one case and in the lining cells of the cyst wall in the other case. Renal cell carcinoma could cause an increase of blood hematocrit level in dialysis patients.
Protecting spermatogonia from apoptosis induced by doxorubicin using the luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone analog leuprorelin
Authors: ENDO FUMIYASU , MANABE FUMIO , TAKESHIMA HITOSHI , AKAZA HIDEYUKI
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Purpose:
The present study was performed to investigate the protective effect of leuprorelin (LH‐RH analog), on spermatogonia apoptosis induced by doxorubicin (DXR) in the Sprague–Dawley rat model.

Methods:
Twenty‐four adult male rats were divided into the following four groups: (i) control group; (ii) group given doxorubicin (intravenous injection, 8 mg/kg); (iii) group given leuprorelin (subcutaneous injection, 3 mg/kg); and (iv) group given both doxorubicin (intravenous injection, 8 mg/kg) and leuprorelin (subcutaneous injection, 3 mg/kg). Evaluation for quantification of apoptotic spermatogonia was made by the ratio of TUNEL‐labeled spermatogonia versus 100 Sertoli cells in each seminiferous tubule. Two hundred seminiferous tubules of each rat were assessed.

Results:
The ratio of apoptotic spermatogonia versus 100 Sertoli cells at stages II–IV of the groups given DXR (groups 2 and 4) were significantly higher than those of the other groups. However, the value at stages II–IV of the group given both DXR and leuprorelin (group 4) was significantly lower than that of the group given DXR (group 2).

Conclusion:
The significant prophylactic effect (P < 0.05) of LH‐RH analog against doxorubicin‐induced spermatogonial apoptosis was observed in a stage specific manner by microscopic evaluation with TUNEL.
Oxidative state and zona‐binding ability in mouse spermatozoa treated with reduced glutathione
Authors: Mizuno Kaoruko , Hirata Shuji , Kasai Tsuyoshi , Nagai Seiichiro , Ohta Shoji , Hoshi Kazuhiko
Published: March 2003

Background and Aims: Nuclear proteins in mature mammalian spermatozoa nuclei are oxidized to form numerous disulfide bonds. Reduced glutathione (GSH) in the oocyte has been linked to spermatozoan nuclear decondensation after fertilization. In this study, we analyzed whether GSH reduced protamines in sperm nuclei in vitro, and examined the zona‐binding ability of treated nuclei.

Methods:  Three groups of mouse cauda epididymal spermatozoa were prepared. The first group was cultured in Chatot–Tasca–Ziomek (CZB; control group), the second in 10 mmol/L GSH (GSH group), and the third group was the GSH group re‐cultured in CZB (re‐cultured group). Each sperm was stained with acridine orange, and the oxidative and reductive state of nuclei was analyzed by using fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, we examined the zona‐binding ability for each group by insemination to mouse oocytes after exposure to hyaluronidase.

Results:  All sperm nuclei from the control group displayed an oxidized pattern (green), and those from the GSH group displayed a reduced pattern (red), attributable to reduced protamines. Sperm nuclei from the re‐cultured group displayed the oxidized pattern. Although the zona‐binding ability of the GSH group was deteriorated compared with the control group sperm, no significant differences were observed between the control and re‐cultured groups.

Conclusion:  From these results, in vitro reduced sperm were shown to be oxidized in CZB. A reduction of mouse spermatozoa in vitro by GSH is, therefore, reversible, and the oxidative state of sperm nuclei exerts an effect on zona‐binding ability. (Reprod Med Biol 2002; 1: 55–58)
Improving medical diagnoses by understanding how they are made
Authors: Sutherland D. C.
Published: March 2003

While a correct diagnosis is essential to appropriate patient management, scant attention is paid to the processes by which medical diagnoses are arrived at. While mismanagement may arise from a lack of relevant knowledge or the misuse of available data, this is probably uncommon. In many cases in which diagnistic errors occur, an initial faulty triggering of an inappropriate hypothesis is followed by a premature closure, excluding the search for further data that might be relevant to the diagnostic process. Often this is followed by anchoring, so that even when additional relevant data becomes avail­able, the new information is ignored, and the original, faulty diagnosis is retained. Disturbingly, these errors may not be a reflection of lack of training or experience, and must be guarded against by even the most senior clinicians. Perhaps a systematic review of ­diagnostic accuracy should become a routine part of institutional quality assurance programmes. (Intern Med J 2002; 32: 277−280)
Evidence‐Based Coronary Care
Authors: Jelinek M.
Published: March 2003

By M. Connaughton. London: Churchill Livingstone, 2001. 188 pp. Price $A81.40 (Paperback). ISBN 0‐443004156
Travel Medicine
Authors: Thomas M.
Published: March 2003

Edited by E. Walker, L. Boyne and F. Genasi. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2001. 98 pp. Price $A43.45 (Paperback). ISBN 0443‐16164‐5
The Victorian CPAP Program: is there a need for additional education and support?
Authors: Manser R. L. , Naughton M. T. , Pierce R. J. , Sasse A. , Teichtahl H. , Ho M. , Campbell D. A.
Published: March 2003

Abstract

Background : The Victorian Continuous Positive Airways Pressure (CPAP) Program provides CPAP services to financially disadvantaged individ­uals with moderate to severe sleep apnoea.

Aims : To evaluate health outcomes in patients referred to the pilot program in order to: (i) assess the magnitude of health benefit from treatment in this highly selected population and (ii) identify patient characteristics or factors related to service provision that may influence outcome.

Methods : We adopted a simple before−after research design. Patients who were referred to the program were recruited from five sleep centres. Questionnaires were administered at baseline and 1 and 3 months after commencing CPAP. Generic and disease‐­specific quality of life were assessed using the MOS 36‐Item Short‐form Health Survey and the Sleep Apnoea Quality‐of‐life Index, respectively. Sub­jective daytime sleepiness was measured using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Sleep−Wake Activity ­Inventory.

Results : Of the 68 subjects enrolled in the study, 59 were available for follow up. There were significant improvements in daytime sleepiness (P < 0.0005). Treatment‐related symptoms had a negative impact on overall disease‐specific quality of life, how­ever there were significant improvements in all other domains of disease‐specific quality of life (P < 0.0005). Improvements in generic quality of life were small but statistically significant (P < 0.05). Hospital, disease severity, baseline sleepiness, gender and CPAP‐machine type were not predictors of outcome (P > 0.05).

Conclusion : This review of the Victorian CPAP Program identified significant improvements in sub­jective daytime sleepiness and quality of life, despite the negative impact of treatment‐related symptoms. Future research should explore whether services can be modified to help reduce the impact of treatment‐related side‐effects. (Intern Med J 2002; 32: 526−532)
Prevention of myocardial infarction
Authors: Adams M. R.
Published: March 2003

Abstract

Despite the rapid advances that have been made in the treatment of coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction remains the major cause of death in the developed world and a growing problem for developing countries. To address this growing problem, a strategy aimed at prevention of events in high‐risk individuals is required. This involves assessment of cardiovascular risk followed by risk reduction. At present there is no perfect technique available for risk prediction, although computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging scanning, along with serum markers of inflammation, offer the greatest potential. The applicability of these techniques at present is also limited by cost and accessibility. Risk reduction is possible through lifestyle changes and drug therapy, and effective risk assessment is essential in selecting those most likely to benefit from these interventions. (Intern Med J 2002; 32: 595−600)
Mechanism of herbicidal activity of a new cyclohexane‐1,3‐dione, tepraloxydim to Poa annua L.
Authors: Takahashi Akihiro , Yamada Sigeo , Tanaka Katsunori
Published: March 2003

Tepraloxydim [(EZ)‐(RS)‐2‐{1‐[(2E)‐3‐chloroallyloxyimino]propyl}‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐perhydropyran‐4‐ylcyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one] showed high activity against annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.), which is relatively tolerant to sethoxydim [(±)‐2‐(1‐ethoxyiminobutyl)‐5‐[2‐(ethylthio)propyl]‐3‐hydroxycyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one]. Absorption and translocation rates of tepraloxydim and sethoxydim were higher in P. annua than in Setaria faberi, but the absorption and translocation patterns of tepraloxydim in the two plants were similar to those of sethoxydim. Metabolic rates of tepraloxydim and sethoxydim in P. annua and S. faberi were found to be similar. The concentration for 50% inhibition (I50) of acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) with tepraloxydim was approximately 3 × 10−6 mol L−1 for P. annua and 7 × 10−7 mol L−1 for S. faberi. For sethoxydim, the I50 was found to be 2 × 10−6 mol L−1 with the enzyme of S. faberi, while sethoxydim showed a slight effect on ACCase from P. annua activity, even at 10−4 mol L−1. The strong inhibition of ACCase with tepraloxydim is considered to be the major factor contributing to the high herbicidal activity against P. annua. Measuring the whole plant growth response, the ratio of the tepraloxydim I50 dose of P. annua to that of S. faberi (P/S) was found to be 2.4, while the P/S ratio of sethoxydim and a tepraloxydim analog with a propyl chain at R2 were 56.3 and 73.3, respectively. The herbicidal activity against P. annua was remarkably influenced by the length of the R2 alkyl chain, while the effect on S. faberi was not affected. Acetyl‐coenzyme A carboxylase from P. annua also exhibited a higher resistance to the tepraloxydim analog with a propyl chain than to tepraloxydim. These results suggest that a binding site structure of cyclohexane‐1,3‐diones in the ACCase differs between P. annua and S. faberi.
Awnless barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) response to hand weeding and 2,4‐D application at two growth stages under Mediterranean environment*
Authors: TURK MUNIR A. , TAWAHA ABDEL RAHMAN M.
Published: March 2003

A field study was conducted to determine the response of two awnless barley genotypes (JF//Barsoy/Ri and VA 92‐42‐46) to hand weeding (practised monthly during the growing seasons) and 2,4‐D application at different growth stages during the rainy seasons of 1999 and 2000 at Houfa in northern Jordan. JF//Barsoy/Ri gave significantly higher grain yield than VA 92‐42‐46; 820 and 923 kg ha−1 during 1999 and 2000, respectively. Differences in weed number and fresh weight were significant among various treatments in both seasons. In both growing seasons, yield reductions occurred when 2,4‐D was applied to barley at the stage 11–18 of BBCH scale (leaves 1 to 8 unfolded) and the stage 22–28 (2–8 tillers detectable). Hand weeding proved the best weed control and was more effective than 2,4‐D applications.
Juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis: scary anaesthetic!
Authors: THEROUX MARY , GRODECKI VLADIMER , REILLY JAMES , KETTRICK ROBERT
Published: March 2003

We describe three children ages 20 to 33 months who presented for surgical resection of their laryngeal papillomata. Their anaesthetic management revealed the severity of obstruction which these children presented and the obstacles that faced the anaesthesiologist trying to secure the airway and provide adequate ventilation. The airway obstruction had both a fixed and a dynamic component to it. This was evidenced by the ability of the children to maintain ventilation when spontaneously breathing. But, they exhibited total obstruction when ventilation was attempted via mask using positive pressure. It is possible to encounter obstruction to ventilation after the trachea has been intubated because of papillomata that were ‘shaved off,’ filling the tracheal tube lumen.
Train of four fade in a child with stiff baby syndrome
Authors: Murphy C. , Shorten G.
Published: March 2003

A case is described of a child with stiff baby syndrome who underwent open reduction and femoral shortening of congenital dislocated hip under general anaesthesia. Neuromuscular function was measured electromyographically and demonstrated a great degree of train of four fade (57%) after sevoflurane inhalational induction of anaesthesia. The response to suxamethonium (2 mg·kg–1) was normal. The neuromuscular response to volatile anaesthetic agents and suxamethonium may be abnormal in these children with stiff baby syndrome and intraoperative neuromuscular monitoring is recommended.
Comparison of spontaneous with controlled mode of ventilation in tonsillectomy
Authors: Khan Fauzia A. , Memon Ghulam Asghar
Published: March 2003

Methods: This randomized study compares spontaneous versus controlled ventilation in 60 ASA I and II patients undergoing tonsillectomy as regards haemodynamic stability, recovery characteristics, intra‐ and immediate postoperative complications and surgical impressions.

Results: The patients in the balanced anaesthesia (B) group showed less haemodynamic variability compared to baseline after tracheal intubation, mouth gag application and removal and incision. Two patients had dysrhythmias in the B group compared to six in the spontaneous breathing (S) group. Six patients in the S group had a rise in endtidal carbon dioxide concentration above 7.8 kPa (60 mmHg). Recovery scores were higher in the B group at 10 and 20 min into recovery. The surgical impression of bleeding and jaw relaxation was similar with both groups. The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting and agitation was higher in the S group but did not achieve statistical significance.

Conclusions: Use of balanced anaesthesia offered more haemodynamic stability and a rapid recovery.
Delegation in paediatric anaesthesia: a postal survey
Authors: Lauder G R
Published: March 2003

Background: We wished to determine a consensus view from UK paediatric anaesthetic consultants of what practical skills are safe and appropriate for an anaesthetic trainee to perform during an initial 3‐month module in paediatric anaesthesia.

Methods: A postal survey was sent to all UK and Ireland members of the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists (APA). This questionnaire was designed to determine which tasks were delegated to trainee anaesthetists. Two hundred and four questionnaires were despatched, replies were received from 165 consultant anaesthetists (80% response rate).

Results: More than 50% of the APA respondents would always or regularly allow an anaesthetic trainee in their first 3‐month module in paediatric anaesthesia to perform; an ilioinguinal block, a penile block and a caudal (but not in a neonate).

Conclusions: Anaesthetic registrars undertaking an initial module in paediatric anaesthesia should learn basic airway management, ilioinguinal blocks, penile blocks and caudals (but not neonatal caudals).
Single lung ventilation in children using a new paediatric bronchial blocker
Authors: HAMMER GREGORY B , HARRISON T. KYLE , VRICELLA LUCA A , BLACK MICHAEL D , KRANE ELLIOT J
Published: March 2003

As video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery has become more common in paediatric patients, the use of single lung ventilation in children has also increased. Single lung ventilation in young children is performed by either advancing a tracheal tube into the mainstem bronchus opposite the side of surgery or by positioning a bronchial blocker into the mainstem bronchus on the operative side. Techniques for placing a variety of bronchial blockers outside the tracheal tube have been described. We describe a technique for placement of a new bronchial blocker through an indwelling tracheal tube using a multiport adaptor and a fibreoptic bronchoscope.
Surface mapping of peripheral nerves in children with a nerve stimulator
Authors: BÖSENBERG A. T. , RAW R. , BOEZAART A.P.
Published: March 2003

Defining anatomical landmarks may be difficult in the growing child. With the aid of a peripheral nerve stimulator, the path of many superficial peripheral nerves can be `mapped' prior to skin penetration by stimulating the motor component of the peripheral nerve percutaneously with a 2–3.5 mA output. The required current will vary and is dependent upon the depth of the nerve and the moistness of the overlying skin. This `nerve mapping technique' has proved particularly useful for brachial plexus, axillary, ulna and median nerve blocks in the upper limb and femoral and popliteal nerve blocks in the lower limb. It is a useful teaching tool and improves the success rate of peripheral nerve blocks in children of all ages.
Delivery characteristics of a combined nitric oxide nasal continuous positive airway pressure system
Authors: Lindwall R. , Frostell C.G. , Lönnqvist P.A.
Published: March 2003

Background: Nitric oxide (NO), when inhaled, has a synergistic effect with airway recruitment strategies such as positive endexpiratory pressure (PEEP) or continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in improving oxygenation in lung injury.

Methods: We modified a commercially available nasal CPAP (nCPAP) system to enable the concomitant delivery of inhaled NO (iNO) and nCPAP to neonates and term babies. Oxygen, NO and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations were measured, comparing the effects of using 50 or 1000 parts per million (p.p.m.) NO stock gas cylinders.

Results: Stable and accurate delivery of iNO was found for both stock gas concentrations. Using a 50 p.p.m. NO stock gas resulted in limited NO2 formation, with a maximum inspired NO2 concentration of ≤ 0.3 p.p.m. (dose range up to 37 p.p.m. iNO), which was interpreted as the result of progressive dilution with nitrogen. In contrast, using a 1000 p.p.m. NO stock gas cylinder, inspired NO2 levels increased nonlinearly as expected with an increasing inspired concentration of NO.

Conclusions: Inhaled NO can be safely and reliably delivered by the system we describe. The NO2 levels generated by the system are low, at least up to a dose of 37 p.p.m. NO, regardless of a stock gas concentration of 50 or 1000 p.p.m. NO. Using a 50 p.p.m. NO stock gas concentration, up to 80% oxygen can be given at 10 p.p.m. iNO.
Target controlled infusion of propofol for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia using the paedfusor: an open pilot study
Authors: Varveris Daphne A. , Morton Neil S.
Published: March 2003

Summary Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the ease of use and efficacy of the Paedfusor, a computer controlled propofol infusion device with software appropriate for children down to the age of 6 months and weighing 5 kg.

Methods: Thirty ASA I children, aged 6 months to 16 years, who were scheduled for elective surgery, were anaesthetized using the Paedfusor, programmed for the child's age and weight. Vital signs were recorded at 1‐min intervals during induction and every 3 min thereafter. Patients breathed spontaneously through a laryngeal mask airway (LMATM) and perioperative analgesia was provided by a regional block. Target plasma and calculated effector site propofol readings were recorded on insertion of the LMA, insertion of regional block, surgical incision and on removal of LMA.

Results: A target plasma propofol level of 8 µg·ml−1 universally induced sleep within 1 min. Spontaneous respiration was maintained in the majority of patients with no cases of laryngospasm. Mean calculated effector site concentration was 4.29 µg·ml−1 for insertion of the LMA and 2.78 µg·ml−1 for LMA removal. Fifty‐seven percent moved on insertion of the local anaesthetic block and 30% responded to surgical stimulation. Mean heart rates increased slightly after each stimulus, returning thereafter to baseline values. Blood pressure remained stable. No relationship between the duration of infusion, total propofol requirements and time to patient awakening was found. The average total propofol dose was high, being highest in the youngest groups. Vital signs were within acceptable safety limits throughout.

Conclusions: This open study confirms the ease of use, clinical efficacy and absence of adverse effects of the Paedfusor for the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia in healthy children aged over 6 months undergoing elective surgery.
Myotonic dystrophy and paediatric anaesthesia
Authors: WHITE R.J. , BASS S.P.
Published: March 2003

Myotonic dystrophy is a neuromuscular condition inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, and is most commonly diagnosed in the neonatal period. With improving levels of care, these patients are now presenting more commonly for anaesthesia. We review the clinical features of the condition, and then discuss the steps in the anaesthetic process, outlining the anaesthetic implications of myotonic dystrophy at each stage.
Multiple ciliary body cysts and secondary glaucoma in the Great Dane: a report of nine cases
Authors: Spiess  , Bolliger  , Guscetti  , Haessig  , Lackner  , Ruehli
Published: March 2003

Between 1989 and 1995 nine Great Danes were presented to the small animal clinic of the University of Zurich Teaching Hospital with glaucoma and multiple cysts in the anterior and posterior chamber. In four of the nine dogs cysts were present in both eyes; however, bilateral glaucoma was seen in one case only. Mean intraocular pressure (IOP) at initial presentation was 42 mmHg measured by applanation tonometry. With the exception of one dog, all animals were treated medically for a minimum of 13 days. Two animals were subsequently lost to follow up. Two dogs underwent evisceration with implantation of a silicone prosthesis. The glaucomatous globe was enucleated in three dogs. One owner declined surgery and the dog remained buphthalmic with a poorly controlled IOP. One animal remained visual after trans‐scleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation. Histopathology of the three enucleated globes showed multiple cysts originating from the ciliary body epithelium. The mechanism of IOP elevation is probably by anterior displacement of the iris with narrowing of the angle and collapse of the ciliary cleft. A delicate pre‐iridal fibrovascular membrane was also seen in each case, which could have also contributed to the elevation of IOP. The high odds ratio of 2.23 (CI 95% 1.14, 3.99) for glaucoma and 37.01 (CI 95% 16.42, 77.81) for ciliary body cysts suggests they are both inherited in this breed. Pedigree analysis of the affected dogs failed to definitely reveal the mode of inheritance.
Amiodarone‐induced keratopathy in healthy dogs
Authors: Bicer Sabahattin , Fuller Geraldine A. , Wilkie David A. , Yamaguchi Mamoru , Hamlin Robert L.
Published: March 2003

Amiodarone has a broad spectrum as an antiarrhythmic agent and is indicated for patients with atrial and ventricular arrhythmias. Amiodarone‐induced corneal deposits are the most common reversible side effect (70–100%) in humans. Additional ocular effects in humans include deposits in the lens, retina and optic nerve. This study was conducted to determine ocular effects of chronic oral amiodarone in healthy dogs. Six chronically amiodarone‐treated dogs and four controls were used for this study. Ophthalmic examination was performed using biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy at the end of 4th, 7th and 11th weeks when dogs received amiodarone. Corneal microdeposits were observed at the end of the 7th week in one eye and at end of the 11th week in the other eye of one dog. Immediately following euthanasia, corneas and optic nerves were harvested for light and electron microscopic analysis. Light microscopic analysis showed corneal deposits in the basal epithelial cells of the cornea of the clinically affected dog. In addition, a significant increase in basal cell turnover as indicated by mitotic index was observed in the affected dog compared to both nondeposit amiodarone and control groups. All remaining animals were normal. One out of six dogs treated with amiodarone demonstrated corneal deposits (16%). This prevalence is low compared to humans. Explanations for this may include species variations particularly in volume of lacrimal secretion, or the need for longer administration. In addition, sunlight is believed to exacerbate the corneal deposits in humans and all dogs in this study were housed indoors.
Anisocoria in the dog provoked by a toxic contact with an ornamental plant: Datura stramonium
Authors: Hansen Philippe , Clerc Bernard
Published: March 2003

We report an unusual case of anisocoria in the dog provoked by Datura stramonium, and an experimental clinical assay to reproduce the anisocoria using simple contact with part of the plant in four healthy dogs. Any part of the D. stramonium plant produced anisocoria following simple contact with the eye.
Sister‐group relationships of the Platygastroidea and Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) — an alternate hypothesis to Rasnitsyn (1988)
Authors: Gibson GarY. A. P.
Published: March 2003

Evidence for the hypothesis that Platygastroidea and (Chalcidoidea + Mymarommatoidea) are sister groups is reviewed and an alternate hypothesis of relationships is proposed for Platygastroidea. Platygastroidea is postulated to form a monophyletic group with Pelecinidae, Proctotrupoidea and Vanhorniidae based on common possession of an annular pronotum and a mesopleural‐mesotrochanteral muscle. Hypotheses of character‐state transformation are illustrated diagrammatically to explain distribution of the mesotrochanteral depressor muscle and relative structure of the pronotum, mesothoracic spiracle, prepectus, and pronotal‐mesepisternal attachment throughout the nonaculeate Apocrita. The states of 16 characters are defined in one table and another table summarises the distribution of the states in Orussidae and Apocrita. Retention of an independent prepectus and a mesotergal‐mesotrochanteral depressor muscle indicates that Chalcidoidea + Mymarommatoidea are a relatively early clade of Apocrita but does not indicate exact relationships. Chalcidoidea + Mymarommatoidea are indicated as possibly being more closely related to Diapriidae or Ceraphronoidea based on other characters. It is postulated that structure of the mesocoxal articulation of taxa assigned to the Evaniomorpha may represent a retained symplesiomorphy rather than a synapomorphy. Mesocoxal articulatory structure is illustrated by scanning electron photomicrographs.
Phylogeny of Parabuthus (Scorpiones, Buthidae)
Authors: Prendini Lorenzo
Published: March 2003

A cladistic analysis of the 20 southern African species of Parabuthus Pocock, 1890 (Scorpiones, Buthidae) and five of the eight north‐eastern African and Arabian species is presented, based on 53 characters, mostly of the adult morphology. The resultant topology is largely congruent with Lamoral’s (1978) unpublished topology for 14 Namibian species. Monophyly of the genus Parabuthus is supported, but monophyly of the disjunct southern African vs. north‐eastern African and Arabian species is unsupported. The implications of the cladogram for understanding ecological specialization in Parabuthus, Afrotropical arid biogeography and Parabuthus envenomation are discussed.
Mutations that delay flowering in Arabidopsis de‐couple symptom response from cauliflower mosaic virus accumulation during infection
Authors: Cecchini Edi , Geri Chiara , Love Andrew J. , Coupland George , Covey Simon N. , Milner Joel J.
Published: March 2003

summary

The development of disease symptoms in plants infected with a compatible virus involves complex signalling interactions between host and viral gene products. Photoperiod is an important influence on the transition from vegetative growth to flowering. Symptoms in wild‐type Arabidopsis plants grown under long days were much less severe than in plants grown under short days, although under long days, the levels of replicating virus were 1.5–1.8 times greater than in plants grown in short days. We tested the effects on response to CaMV infection of mutations at two of the loci that control the transition from vegetative growth to flowering, FCA and GI. In long days, CaMV‐infected fca‐1 mutants and strong gi alleles developed much more severe symptoms than wild‐type. Despite the increased symptom severity, levels and distribution of replicating CaMV in fca‐1 and gi mutants were similar to those in wild‐type. In short days, both mutants and wild‐type grew vegetatively. Virus accumulation and symptom developments in fca‐1 were similar to the wild‐type, but in strong gi alleles, symptom progression in apical leaves was very delayed, although virus accumulation was similar to the wild‐type controls. The developmental state of the plants influences the symptom response; however, it does not appear to do so by directly effecting overall virus titre or distribution. The altered symptom response of gi mutants in short days suggests an additional role for GI. These mutants provide compelling evidence for the existence of specific pathways for disease signalling.
A liquid crystal application in skin care cosmetics
Authors: IWAI H. , FUKASAWA J. , SUZUKI T.
Published: March 2003

Intercellular lipids of the stratum corneum contribute threefold to the maintenance of a healthy skin: by hydration, cell adhesion, and reduction of transepidermal water loss. All of these functions can be attributed to the self‐organizing property of the amphiphilic molecules of the stratum corneum lipids. A new type of skin care product called Lamellar Gel was developed, which contains a (synthesized) pseudo‐ceramide. Its structure is similar to that of ceramide found among the stratum corneum lipids, which allows it to control intramolecular interactions. Compared to regular emulsions the Lamellar Gel demonstrated better skin care characteristics regarding permeability, skin hydration, and skin occlusion. This was attributed to the fact that it formed the same self‐organizing structure as natural stratum corneum lipids, hence showing a high affinity to the skin. A high moisturizing effect was observed as the Lamellar Gel combines the benefits of both O/W and W/O emulsions: it provides the same initial hydration as an O/W emulsion and at the same time the same occlusivity as a W/O emulsion. Transepidermal water loss increases under dry environmental conditions. This especially affects the skin around the eyes, where the skin is very thin, and wrinkles are very easily formed. Treatment with the Lamellar Gel recovered these wrinkles promptly and hydrated the stratum corneum for a long time.

Resume

Les lipides intercellulaires de l'epiderme contribuent trois fois au maintien de la sante de la peau: par l'hydratation, l'adhesion cellulaire, et la reduction de la perte d'eau transepidermique. Toutes ces functions peuvent etre attribuees la propriete d'auto‐organisation des molecules amphiphiles des lipides de l'epiderme.

On a developpe un nouveau type de produit de soin pour la peau, appele le Gel Lamellaire, qui contient un pseudo‐ceramide (synthetique). Sa structure est similaire celle du ceramide present dans les lipides de l'epiderme, ce qui lui permet de controler les interactions intramoleculaires.

Par rapport aux emulsions classiques le Gel Lamellaire a montre de meilleures proprietes de soin pour la peau vis‐‐vis de la permeabilite, l'hydratation et le recouvrement de la peau. Ceci est attribue au fait qu'il forme la meme structure auto‐organisante que les lipides de l'epiderme naturel, presentant pa la une forte affinite avec la peau. Un effet fortement hydratant a ete observe puisque le Gel Lamellaire associe les avantages des emulsions H/E et E/H: il apporte la meme hydratation initiale qu'une emulsion H/E et en meme temps le meme recouvrement qu'une emulsion E/H.

La perte d'eau transepidermique augmente en conditions d'atmosphere seche. Ceci touche particulierement la peau du contour de l'oeil, ou la peau est tres fine, et des rides se forment facilement. Un traitement avec le Gel Lamellaire a rapidement resorbe ces rides et hydrate l'epiderme pour une longue duree © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998
Assessment of Efficiency of Repellent Formulations with N,N‐diethyl‐m‐toluamide in Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Milutinović R. , Vuleta G. , Milić J. , Stajković N.
Published: March 2003

Synopsis

The affinity of N,N‐diethyl‐m‐toluamide) (DEET) for various polymers that are potential inert carriers (PEG, PVP, NaCMC, PAA) was studied. Mixtures of DEET and the polymers were prepared and analysed for DEET vapour release using head space analysis. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) showed the highest affinity for DEET. Several insect repellent formulations in the form of a hydrogel, an o/w cream and a stick were prepared with 5% w/w DEET and either 1% w/w or no PVP. The release of DEET from the formulations was investigated by Head Space gas–mass spectrometry at 32°C. The degree of absorption of DEET through the skin was evaluated by applying these topical preparations to shaved rabbit skin and measuring DEET content in the blood samples by gas–mass spectrometry at various time intervals after application. Based on these results the pharmacokinetic parameters were determined. The minimum penetration of DEET through rabbit skin was obtained with a hydrogel containing PVP as a carrier. The biological efficiency of repellent formulations containing 5% DEET (w/w) was evaluated for repellency using the mosquito Aedes aegypti. The results demonstrated that the hydrogel formulation based on polyacrylic acid containing 5% DEET (w/w) supplemented with 1% PVP (w/w), could serve as a suitable vehicle for repellent preparations containing DEET.
Acetylenic polymers for hair styling products
Authors: Martiny S.
Published: March 2003

Synopsis

This paper looks at the basic requirements of hair styling products from a consumer's perspective before moving onto a very brief outline of the various chemistries available to the formulator. It then discusses the manufacture of vinyl pyrrolidone from acetylene. The properties of polyvinyl pyrrolidone are described, followed by the features and benefits of some vinyl pyrrolidone copolymers and terpolymers.

The instrumental analysis of the hold, flexibility, tack and combing properties of polymer films is discussed in some detail, along with the effect of application type on these measurable properties concentrating upon vinyl caprolactam/vinyl pyrrolidone/dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide acrylates copolymer.
Les nerfs à fleur de peau
Authors: Misery L.
Published: March 2003

Synopsis

Skin innervation is extremely dense and reaches the most superficial layers of the epidermis (but not into the stratum corneum). The relationship between skin and the nervous system was neglected for a long time. Nowadays, this represents one of the most widely investigated fields of skin biology.

Associations between nerve fibres and skin are so close that these can be observed at the cellular level. They are anatomical and physiological. Neurotransmitters are naturally synthesized by nerve endings, but cells from the skin and the immune system are also able to produce them. They are mediators for transmission of information between skin and the nervous system. All cutaneous and immune cells express specific receptors for these neuromediators, and enzymes for degrading them. Binding of the neurotransmitter to its receptor induces modulation of cell properties and skin functions (immunity, cell differentiation and proliferation, pigmentation, etc.). Hence, keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, melanocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts and the other cells of the skin or the immune system are modulated and controlled by the nerves. Reciprocally, skin is able to modulate neuronal activity and growth. All these data suggest that skin, nervous and immune systems are integrated in a unique system that we could name the neuro‐immuno‐cutaneous system (NICS).

Hence, we can understand how the nervous system, and further the psychism, are involved in the maintenance of cutaneous homeostasis. In dermatological diseases or in cosmetological disorders, this equilibrium is broken. New fields of research are open: neuro‐dermatology and of course neuro‐cosmetics. Neuro‐cosmetic products are supposed to modulate NICS functioning at the epidermal level. The French expression ‘avoir les nerfs à fleur de peau’ means that nervosity is so tense that one feels his nerves closely under or within skin, ready to explode. In fact, nerves are always ‘à fleur de peau’. Skin is an organ whose dense innervation involves the outermost skin layers, stratum corneum excepted. Long time neglected, the relation between skin and the nervous system are, today, a growing field of research within cutaneous biology.
Development of a natural preservative system using the mixture of chitosan‐Inula helenium L. extract
Authors: Seo S.‐B. , Ryu C.‐S. , Ahn G.‐W. , Kim H.‐B. , Jo B.‐K. , Kim S.‐H. , Lee J.‐D. , Kajiuchi T.
Published: March 2003

Synopsis

The aim of this study was to develop a new natural preservative system making up for the weak points of chitosan as a preservative. As reported in a previous manuscript (20th IFSCC Congress, Cannes, France, 1998), the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of water‐soluble chitosan against bacteria and yeast were 0.9–3.0 mg mL−1, whereas MICs of chitosan against Aspergillus niger were over 5.0 mg mL−1. However, the result of recent study showed that the MICs of Inula helenium L. extract against A. niger were below 1.0 mg mL−1. Thus, we could develop a new preservative system containing both chitosan and I. helenium L. extract named CI‐mixture. MICs of CI‐mixture against bacteria and fungi (yeast and mould) were 2.0–4.0 mg mL−1. When 10.0% of the mixture (the ratio of chitosan to I. helenium L. extract = 7.5% : 2.5%) was applied to cosmetic formulae such as skin lotion, milk lotion, cream and pack, it revealed appropriate preservative efficacy. Our result of the patch test also showed that this preservative system reduced skin irritation by about 30–50%, as compared to the organic preservative system. Therefore, the good natural preservative system including chitosan and Inula helenium L. extract could be incorporated in cosmetic formulations.
Can animal models predict food allergenicity?
Authors: Kimber Ian , Dearman Rebecca J.
Published: March 2003

Summary The development of genetically modified crops requires that appropriate safety assessment procedures are in place. One important consideration is food allergy, the need being to determine whether, and to what extent, the products of novel genes introduced into crop plants have the potential to cause allergic sensitisation. Although there are available approaches to allergenicity testing, there is a need for appropriate animal models that are able to supplement and support existing methods and provide a more direct assessment of the allergenic potential of novel proteins. Although doubts have been expressed regarding the feasibility of developing animal models suitable for this purpose, progress has been made. The purpose of this article is to review recent developments and to consider the potential value of animal models in food allergy safety assessment.
An updated systematic review of interventions to improve health professionals’ management of obesity
Authors: Harvey E. L. , Glenny A.‐M. , Kirk S. F. L. , Summerbell C. D.
Published: March 2003

The objective of this article was twofold (1) to determine
the existence and effectiveness of interventions to improve health professionals’
management of obesity or the organization of care for overweight and obese people;
and (2) to update a previous systematic review on this topic with new or additional studies. The study design was a systematic review of intervention studies, undertaken according to standard methods developed by the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care (EPOC) Group. Participants were trained health care professionals and overweight and obese patients. The measurements were objective measures of health professionals’ practice and behaviours, and patient outcomes including satisfaction, behaviour, psychological factors, disease status, risk factors and measures of body weight, fat, or body mass index (BMI). Twelve studies were included in the original review. A further six were included in this update. Six of the 18 studies were randomized controlled trials of health professional‐orientated interventions (such as the use of reminders and training) and one was a controlled before‐and‐after study to improve collaboration between a hospital clinic and general practitioners (GPs). Ten randomized controlled trials and two controlled clinical trials of interventions comparing either the deliverer of weight‐loss interventions or the setting of the delivery of the intervention, were identified. The heterogeneity and generally limited quality of identified studies make it difficult to provide recommendations for improving health professionals’ obesity management. To conclude, at present, there are few solid leads about improving obesity management, although reminder systems, brief training interventions, shared care, inpatient care and dietitian‐led treatments may all be worth further investigation. Therefore, decisions for the improvement of provision of services must be based on the existing evidence on interventions with patients and good clinical judgement. Further research is needed to identify cost‐effective strategies for improving the management of obesity. A full version of this review (including detailed descriptions of the included studies and their methodological quality, and results and excluded studies tables) is available in the Cochrane Library. The Cochrane Library is a database of systematic review and other evidence on the effects of health care, continuously updated as new information emerges. It is available on CD ROM from Update Software. For further information see: http://www.update‐software.com/cochrane
Weight loss causes increased mortality: cons
Authors: Yang D. , Fontaine K. R. , Wang C. , Allison D. B.
Published: March 2003

Short‐term studies indicate that intentional weight loss (IWL) among obese persons significantly improves health variables that are often precursors or markers of chronic diseases (e.g. heart diseases, type‐2 diabetes). Hence, it is logical to assume that IWL among obese persons would lead to increased longevity. On the whole, epidemiological studies, including recent ones that use conservative analytic approaches such as distinguishing between apparently IWL and unintentional weight loss (UWL), adjusting for potential confounders and excluding apparently unhealthy subjects, indicate that apparently IWL appears to neither increase nor decrease mortality rate. However, it is important to note that none of the existing studies were designed specifically to test the hypothesis that IWL reduces mortality rate, and given methodological problems, these studies do not provide a satisfactory way to address the body mass index (BMI)–mortality question. Several controlled clinical trials suggest that IWL may reduce mortality rate. However, even in these studies, it is important to acknowledge that subjects are randomized to conditions that produce more or less weight loss and not to distinct levels of weight loss per se. Nevertheless, while we await additional data from better designed studies, given our incomplete knowledge, we conclude that it seems more likely than not that IWL achieved by medically recommended methods does not increase and probably decreases mortality rate.
Accessory Cells, Cytokine Loops and Cell‐to‐Cell Interactions in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Orsini Enrica , Guarini Anna , Foa Robin
Published: March 2003

In addition to the extensive work that has been conducted in order to understand better the biological features of the leukemic population in B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), over the years considerable interest has been directed towards other related studies that may have important implications for the accumulation of the leukemic clone and for the immunoparesis typical of this disease. In the present review article, we discuss some of these areas of investigation and, in particular, we focus on: (1) the multiple abnormalities recorded within the T and cytotoxic compartment of patients with CLL;
(2) cytokine loops occurring in this disease, with particular emphasis on the cytokines that appear to play a more critical role; and
(3) the cell‐to‐cell cross talk that may be actively operational in CLL. These findings will be discussed in relation with the possible implications that each of them have in the expansion and clinical behavior of a disease that is increasingly proving its heterogeneity.
ALLOGENEIC TRANSPLANTATION ACROSSTHE HLA BARRIERS
Authors: Aversa Franco , Tabilio Antonio , Velardi Andrea , Martelli Massimo F.
Published: March 2003

In high‐risk acute leukemia patients, a 10‐fold increase in the dose of extensively T‐cell‐depleted hematopoietic stem cells ensures sustained full‐donor engraftment of one‐haplotype‐mismatched transplants without graft‐vs.‐host disease. Since our first successful pilot study, which exploited the principle of a megadose stem cell transplant, our efforts have concentrated on developing new conditioning regimens, optimizing graft processing and improving the post‐transplant immunologic recovery. The results so far achieved in more than 100 high‐risk acute leukemia patients show that haploidentical transplantation is now a clinical reality. Because virtually all patients in need of a hematopoietic stem cell transplant have a full‐haplotype‐mismatched family donor, a T‐cell‐depleted mismatched transplant can be offered with curative intent, thus extending allogeneic transplantation procedures to virtually all candidates.