bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Two‐Chain Insulin from a Single‐Chain Branched Depsipeptide Precursor: The End of a Long Journey.
Authors: Musiol Hans‐Juergen , Moroder Luis
Published: January 2011

Review: 30 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Naturally Occurring Dimers from Chemical Perspective
Authors: Lian Gaoyan , Yu Biao
Published: January 2011

Review: 124 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Functional Materials: From Hard to Soft Porous Frameworks
Authors: Thomas Arne
Published: January 2011

Review: 197 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Boron Isotope Determinations in Waters and Other Geological Materials: Analytical Techniques and Inter‐Calibration of Measurements
Authors: Tonarini Sonia , Pennisi Maddalena , Gonfiantini Roberto
Published: January 2011

Review: 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Dimensional Coordination Polymers on Surfaces: Towards Single Molecule Devices
Authors: Mas‐Balleste Ruben , Gomez‐Herrero Julio , Zamora Felix
Published: January 2011

Review: 62 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Functional Nanoprobes for Ultrasensitive Detection of Biomolecules
Authors: Song Shiping , Qin Yu , He Yao , Huang Qing , Fan Chunhai , Chen Hong‐Yuan
Published: January 2011

Review: 64 refs.
Synthesis and Characterization of Indium‐borate Glass‐ceramics Containing Ho0.01Ce0.74Zr0.25O1.995 Nanorods via Incorporation Method
Authors: Alemi Abdolali , Khandar Ali Akbar , Salem Amin , Kafi‐Ahmadi Leila
Published: January 2011

Glasses in the system 5In2O3·94Na2B4O7 were fabricated via melt quenching technique. The amorphous nature of the quenched glasses was confirmed by X‐ray powder diffraction studies, and the infrared spectra of the glasses show no boroxol ring formation in the structure of these glasses. Differential thermal analysis is shown glass transition temperature 696°C and crystallization temperature 1151°C. A cerium‐zirconium mixed oxide Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 and Ho‐doped cerium‐zirconium mixed oxide were obtained by solid‐state method. Then glass powder and Ho‐doped cerium‐zirconium mixed oxide were mixed. The mixture was heated in a crucible. The glass‐ceramic sample was obtained by pouring the melts on stainless steel. Obtained samples were annealed at 450°C for 1 h to remove thermal strain. Differential thermal analysis for glass‐ceramic sample is shown glass transition temperature 668°C and crystallization temperature 1159°C. The scanning electron microscopy study for glass‐ceramic indicates that the crystallized glass consists of rod‐like crystals with average diameter of about 38 nm dispersed in the glassy regions.
Synthesis of Mesoporous Silica Immobilized with 3‐[(Mercapto or amino)propyl]trialkoxysilane by a Simple One‐pot Reaction
Authors: Adam Farook , Hello Kasim Mohammed , Osman Hasnah
Published: January 2011

Sodium silicate from rice husk ash (RHA) was transformed to functionalized silica with 3‐(mercaptopropyl)‐trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) or 3‐(aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) via a simple sol‐gel technique in a one‐pot synthesis to give RHAPrSH and RHAPrNH2. The 29Si MAS NMR of RHAPrSH and RHAPrNH2 showed the presence of T1, T2, T3, Q2, Q3 and Q4 silicon centers. The 13C MAS NMR showed that RHAPrSH had chemical shifts at δ 16.59, 32.73, consistent with two of the carbon atoms of the MPTMS moiety, while the 13C MAS NMR of RHAPrNH2 had chemical shifts at δ 14.58, 26.13, 47.87, consistent with the three carbon atoms of the APTES moiety. The presence of carbon, silicon, sulfur and nitrogen in RHAPrSH and RHAPrNH2 was determined by a combination of elemental analysis and EDX study.
Synthesis of Layered Sodium Manganese Phosphate via Low‐heating Solid State Reaction and Its Properties
Authors: Wu Xuehang , Wu Wenwei , Liu Chen , Li Shushu , Liao Sen , Cai Jinchao
Published: January 2011

The layered nanocrystalline sodium manganese phosphate was synthesized by low‐heating solid state reaction using MnSO4·H2O and Na3PO4·12H2O as raw materials. The resulting sodium manganese phosphate and its calcined products were characterized using element analysis, thermogravimetry and differential thermal analyses (TG/DTA), Fourier transform IR (FT‐IR), X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐Vis) absorption spectroscopy, and magnetic susceptibility. The results showed that the product obtained at 70°C for 3 h, NaMnPO4·3H2O, was a layered compound, and its crystallite size and interlayer distance were 27 nm and 1.124 nm, respectively. The thermal process of NaMnPO4·3H2O between room temperature and 700°C experienced three steps, the dehydration of the one adsorption water at first, and then dehydration of the two crystal waters, at last crystallization of NaMnPO4. Magnetic susceptibility measurements of NaMnPO4· 3H2O from room temperature to 2.5 K point to ferrimagnetic ordering at TN‐35 K.
A Potassium‐Lithium Double Salt of Decavanadate Showing Unprecedented (6,8)‐Connected Topology
Authors: Lü Yaokang , Feng Yunlong
Published: January 2011

A new potassium lithium double salt of decavanadate, K4Li2[V10O28]·10H2O (1) has been synthesized and characterized. 1 crystallizes in the triclinic system, and features an unusual (6,8)‐connected network with the K4O32 clusters, Li2O10 clusters and V10O28 clusters. The K4O32 clusters and Li2O10 clusters share an edge and a triangle plane to form an infinite rod‐shaped chain. The chains are further interlinked by V10O28 clusters to generate the final 3D framework. UV‐Vis spectrum, fluorescent spectrum and cyclic voltammetry curves have been studied.
Synthesis of Stereoisomers of Cryptofolione 6′‐Mono‐ and 4′,6′‐Di‐O‐benzyl Ethers
Authors: Sabitha Gowravaram , Bhaskar Vangala , Siva Sankara Reddy S. , Yadav J. S.
Published: January 2011

Synthesis of stereoisomers of 6′‐mono‐ and 4′,6′‐di‐O‐benzyl cryptofolione is described through a key intermediate 6, which was prepared by coupling of iodobenzene 8 with chiral propargyl alcohol 9 under Cosford protocol conditions. Monobenzyl ether 4 is obtained via epoxide 6 opening with vinyl Grignard, followed by cross‐metathesis reaction with a vinyl lactone 11. Whereas, dibenzyl ether 5 is prepared by epoxide 6 opening with chiral propargyl alcohol 7 followed by simple transformations and finally cis‐Wittig olefination.
Synthesis, Photophysical and Electrochemical Characterization of the Heteroleptic Iridium Complexes with Modified Ancillary Ligand by Carrier‐transporting Groups
Authors: Liang Aihui , Wang Yafei , Liu Yu , Tan Hua , Cao Yunbo , Li Liang , Li Xiaoshuang , Ma Wenjie , Zhu Meixiang , Zhu Weiguo
Published: January 2011

Two heteroleptic iridium complexes with a general formulation of (piq)2Ir(G‐pic) were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR and element analysis, in which piq is 1‐phenylisoquinoline, G‐pic is picolinic acid derivative containing carrier‐transporting group by a non‐conjugated connection of 1,6‐dioxyhexane. Both (piq)2Ir(G‐pic) complexes exhibited an enhanced UV absorption band at 310–400 nm, an increased HOMO energy level and an identical red emission peaked at 612 nm with higher fluorescence quantum efficiency (øf), compared to (piq)2Ir(pic) in dichloromethane solution. Interestingly, this iridium complex containing both hole‐transporting triphenylamine and electron‐transporting oxadiazole moieties exhibited the best Фf of 0.58 using Ru(bpy)3(PF6)2 as the reference (øf=0.062 in acetonitrile). This work indicates that incorporating carrier‐transporting groups into ancillary ligand by a non‐conjugated connection is available for improving the optophysical properties of their iridium complexes.
FeCl3‐Catalyzed Condensation of 2‐Naphthol and Aldehydes under Solvent‐Free Reaction Conditions: An Efficient and Green Alternative for the Synthesis of 14‐Aryl(Alkyl)‐14‐H‐dibenzo[a, j]xanthenes
Authors: Wang Bo , Li Pinghua , Zhang Yicheng , Wang Lei
Published: January 2011

An iron‐catalyzed condensation of 2‐naphthol with aldehydes has been described. In the presence of a catalytic amount of iron(III) chloride (5 mol%), the condensation reaction of 2‐naphthol and aldehydes underwent smoothly to generate the corresponding products in good to excellent yields under base‐, acid‐, ligand‐, additive‐, and solvent‐free reaction conditions.
Effect of pH on the Metabolism of Aconitine under Rat Intestinal Bacteria and Analysis of Metabolites Using HPLC/MS‐MSn Technique
Authors: Wang Xiye , Pi Zifeng , Liu Wenlong , Zhao Yufeng , Liu Shuying
Published: January 2011

A semi‐quantitative method of mass spectrometry (MS) has been described for the analysis of metabolites of aconitine by rat intestinal bacteria at different pH. At pH 7.0, the rat intestinal bacteria exhibit optimal activity for the metabolism of aconitine. A high‐performance liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization multiple‐stage mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI‐MSn) method has been applied to investigate the characteristic product ions of metabolites. Then, the logical fragmentation pathways of metabolites have been proposed. By comparing the retention time (tR) of HPLC and the ESI‐MSn data with the data of standard compounds and reports from literature, ten metabolites have been identified and a distinctive metabolite (15‐deoxyaconitine) has been deduced first time. The experimental results demonstrate that HPLC/ESI‐MSn is a specific and useful method for the identification of metabolites of aconitine. Also, in the present paper, the HPLC‐MS method was introduced to determine the synthetical metabolite prior to the study of the toxicity by the method of Bliss.
Preparation for Optimal Conformation of Lysozyme with Nanodiamond and Nanosilica as Carriers
Authors: Wu Victor Wei‐Keh , Kure(Ko) Fumi
Published: January 2011

Solutions of suspended particles of nanodiamond and nanosilica in deionized water 25 mg/10 mL were prepared for the purpose of achieving saturation adsorption. The respective saturation thresholds and adsorption reaction constants of lysozyme of extremely diluted concentrations 0–1000 nmol/L in 7 mmol/L (potassium phosphate buffer solution) PPBS on the surfaces of nanodiamond and nanosilica of 100 nm diameter have been measured. The adsorbed quantities of lysozyme on a unit surface area of both nanoparticles can be derived. The possible influences by the adsorption surface profile and adsorption surface area, adsorption ability of the nanoparticles, strength and activity of lysozyme have been discussed.
Monodisperse CeO2 sub‐micro spherical aggregates with controllable building blocks
Authors: Wei Jingjing , Yang Zhijie , Yang Yanzhao , Wei Huiying
Published: January 2011

Monodisperse CeO2 spherical aggregates with diameters ranging from 200 to 300 nm have been successfully synthesized through a facile hydrothermal method. The structure and morphology of the samples were characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM). The building blocks (primary nanocrystals) of the spherical aggregates could be effectively tuned by adding different amount of urea. Furthermore, N2 adsorption/desorption experiment displays a gradual increase of BET surface areas of spherical aggregates with increasing the amount of urea. Finally, the formation mechanism of CeO2 spherical aggregates was preliminarily discussed. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Crystal growth of the intermetallic compound Nd2PdSi3
Authors: Xu Y. , Löser W. , Tang F. , Blum C. G. F. , Liu L. , Büchner B.
Published: January 2011

Nd2PdSi3 single crystals were grown by a vertical floating zone method with radiation heating at a zone traveling rate of 3 mm/h. The compound exhibits congruent melting behavior at a liquidus temperature of about 1790 °C. The actual crystal composition (35.3 ± 0.5) at.% Nd, (16.2 ± 0.5) at.% Pd, and (48.5 ± 0.5) at.% Si is slightly depleted in Pd and Si with respect to the nominal stoichiometry. Therefore, the gradual accumulation of these elements in the traveling zone led to a decrease of the operating temperature during the growth process. Single crystalline samples exhibit a large anisotropy due to the crystal electric field effect and order ferromagnetically below the Curie temperature TC = 15.1 K. The [001] orientation was identified as the magnetic easy axis at low temperatures. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Scaling Design and Experimental Study on Hall Thrusters with Curved Magnetic Field
Authors: Ding Y. J. , Yu D. R. , Jia D. C. , Yan G. J. , Li H.
Published: January 2011

The existing scaling theories of Hall thrusters are based on the hypothesis of a one‐dimensional straight magnetic field, which is not suitable for the design of modern thrusters with a two‐dimensional curved magnetic field. In this paper, using the equation analysis method, we derive new similarity criterions in a curved magnetic field by analyzing the momentum equations of charged particles; consequently, we propose a new modeling design method for Hall thrusters with a constant discharge voltage. This method is further validated by experiments. A designed model with a power of 1.5 kW is made based on our proposed method from a prototype model with a power of 1 kW. The experimental results demonstrate that these two thrusters have little differences in performance and physical processes as expected from the scaling. Therefore, our method is well suited for designing a Hall thruster with a curved magnetic field (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Contribution to Calculation of Ion Microfield Nonuniformity Effect on the Asymmetry of Lyman‐αLine in Dense Plasma
Authors: Chenini K. , Khelfaoui F. , Guerricha S. , Chihi S. , Ouahhab A. , Meftah M. T.
Published: January 2011

The high orders of Stark effects on spectral line shapes are examined in the ion‐static and electron‐impact ap‐proximations. At first the distribution functions of the spatial derivative of the ion microfield inHe+plasma are calculated for different plasma conditions when the coupling parameter is weak. We present new results about the spatial derivative ion microfield distributions and apply them to show the asymmetry of the Lyman‐α(Ly‐α) line inHe+plasma. At the second stage we show that asymmetry is affected by the spatial derivative tensor of the local ion electric field. We have used the Monte‐Carlo simulation (MCS) to compute the distribution functions for all tensor components and use them to solve the evolution equation of emitter whose solution serves to compute and therefore to show the line shape asymmetry. Good agreement of our distribution functions of ion microfield gradients and the line asymmetry with other results are obtained (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Diagnostics of High‐Pressure Arc Plasmas by Hydrogen Balmer Spectra
Authors: Omar B. , Wierling A. , Röpke G.
Published: January 2011

We re‐examine several Balmer spectra obtained from high‐pressure arc discharges (Radtke and Günther, Contrib. Plasma Phys. 26, 143 (1986); Radtke, Günther, and Spanke, ibid. 26, 151 (1986)). By matching synthetic spectra to the experimental line profiles, we infer plasma parameters such as density, temperature, and composition. Spectral line modeling is based on a microscopic quantum statistical approach. Corrections accounting to the merging lines near the threshold are describe following a model of D'yachkov. Self‐absorption is clearly visible in the spectra and accounted for in one‐dimensional model assuming thermal equilibrium. A consistency check is performed by comparing to the broadening of silicon impurity lines, where present in some of the spectra. Furthermore, a comparison is made with predictions from a fluid variational model for the composition and the equation of state of the plasma (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Polyhydroxybutyrate production by Saccharophagus degradans using raw starch as carbon source
Authors: González‐García Yolanda , Rosales Mario A. , González‐Reynoso Orfil , Sanjuán‐Dueñas Rubén , Córdova Jesús
Published: January 2011

Biosynthesis of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) from raw starch as the carbon source by the polysaccharide‐digesting bacteria Saccharophagus degradans was investigated in a fed‐batch culture. The production and properties of the PHB synthesized from starch were compared to those obtained using glucose as carbon source. In fed‐batch cultures, S. degradans accumulated 21.35 and 17.46% of PHB, using glucose or starch as carbon source, respectively. The physical properties of the biopolymer produced from each carbon source were similar between them. Molecular mass, melting temperature and heat of fusion were 54.23 kDa, 165.61°C and 59.59 J/g, respectively, using glucose; and 57.07 kDa, 174.31°C and 67.66 J/g, respectively, using starch. This is the first work describing the capability of S. degradans to utilize raw starch as the sole carbon source for the production of PHB.
A single‐point mutation enables lactate dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis to utilize NAD+ and NADP+ as cofactor
Authors: Richter Nina , Zienert Anke , Hummel Werner
Published: January 2011

The NAD+‐dependent lactate dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis (BsLDH) catalyzes the enantioselective reduction of pyruvate to lactate. BsLDH is highly specific to NAD+ and exhibits only a low activity with NADP+ as cofactor. Based on the high activity and good stability of LDHs, these enzymes have been frequently used for the regeneration of NAD+. While an application in the regeneration of NADP+ is not sufficient due to the cofactor preference of the BsLDH. In addition, NADP+‐dependent LDHs have not yet been found in nature. Therefore, a structure‐based approach was performed to predict amino acids involved in the cofactor specificity. Methods of site‐saturation mutagenesis were applied to vary these amino acids, with the aim to alter the cofactor specificity of the BsLDH. Five constructed libraries were screened for improved NADP+ acceptance. The mutant V39R was identified to have increased activity with NADP+ relative to the wild type. V39R was purified and biochemically characterized. V39R showed excellent kinetic properties with NADP(H) and NAD(H), for instance the maximal specific activity with NADPH was enhanced 100‐fold to 90.8 U/mg. Furthermore, a 249‐fold increased catalytic efficiency was observed. Surprisingly, the activity with NADH was also significantly improved. Overall, we were able to successfully apply V39R in the regeneration of NADP+ in an enzyme‐coupled approach combined with the NADP+‐dependent alcohol dehydrogenase from Lactobacillus kefir. We demonstrate for the first time an application of an LDH in the regeneration of NADP+.
Synthesis of 4,5‐dihydroimidazo[5,1‐c][1,4,2]benzodiazaphosphinines
Authors: Zarudnitskii Evgeniy V. , Kyrylchuk Andrey A. , Huryeva Anastasiia N. , Kostyuk Aleksandr N. , Yurchenko Aleksandr A.
Published: January 2011

Derivatives of a novel phosphorus‐containing heterocyclic system, 4,5‐dihydroimidazo [5,1‐c][1,4,2]benzodiazaphosphinine, have been prepared by the direct phosphorylation of 1‐(2‐(aroyl/alkyl)aminophenyl)‐2‐methylthioimidazole with dibromophenylphosphine in a basic medium. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 22:91–95, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20658
Temperament and sleep–wake behaviour from infancy to toddlerhood
Authors: Hayes Marie J. , McCoy Shannon K. , Fukumizu Michio , Wellman Joseph D. , DiPietro Janet A.
Published: January 2011

Sleep–wake behaviours and temperament were examined longitudinally for trait stability and relationship to behavioural state regulation from infancy to early childhood. Subjects were 120 low‐risk, full‐term infants from a middle class sample. At 6 weeks, parents completed three consecutive days of the Baby's Day Diary which measures sleep, wake, fuss, feed and cry states and the Infant Characteristics Questionnaire. At 16 months, parents assessed sleep behaviours with the Sleep Habits Inventory and temperament with the Toddler Symptom Checklist. At 24 months, parents repeated 3 days of the Baby's Day Diary. Structural Equation Modelling was used to examine the cross‐age hypotheses for sleep–wake and temperament associations. From early infancy to toddlerhood, sleep–wake behaviours and irritable temperament were notably stable but independent in this cohort. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
South Africa without apartheid: Estimates from general equilibrium simulations
Authors: Iyengar Murali , Porter Richard C.
Published: January 2011

A general equilibrium model of the South African economy in the 1980s is constructed, focusing on the labour‐market distortions created by legal and customary restrictions on nonwhite labour mobility. The model is static and calibrated to the data of 1980; its simplified representation of the economy incorporates five production sectors, two race categories, two skill levels, and five kinds of labour‐market constraints. Three counter‐factual simulations are conducted:

The labour‐market constraints are relaxed marginally, one at a time. Such change has little impact on either the level of GDP or its distribution.

The constraints are derived that would be preferred by different white sub‐groups – were each sub‐group to choose the various constraints so as to maximize its own income. No such group hasuneconomicmotive in keeping so many Blacks in the reserves. Beyond that, interests diverge. Urban capital would like to expand the entry of nonwhites into the cities and into skilled jobs. White farmers, white mining labour, and white urban unskilled labour would like to keep nonwhites out of the cities and out of skilled jobs. White urban skilled labour stands between these groups.

The outcome of perfectly free labour markets is examined, under the assumption that the education level of nonwhites permits them to move either slowly or rapidly into the newly accessible skilled jobs. GDP rises from five to ten per cent, and dramatic income redistribution is achieved. Some nonwhites experience wage increases up to one half; skilled whites are not much affected, and even the direction of the impact on them is unclear; profits increase by as much as one fifth; and the incomes of white farmers and unskilled white labourers my fall by more than one half.

The measured changes owing to a transition to free labour markets, large as they are, represent no more than lower‐bound estimates of the effects of apartheid since the simulations deal only with the racial restraints on labour markets and do not contemplate possible racial redistribution of the ownership of land, physical capital, or human capital.
The impact of multilateral and tied bilateral aid on the UK economy
Authors: Morrissey Oliver
Published: January 2011

In line with their commitment to reduce public spending, the Conservative government under Thatcher cut the aid budget by some six per cent in real terms in their first five years in power, with the brunt of the cuts falling on bilateral aid. Business groups deplored this trend and argued that it be reversed because tied bilateral aid generated greater commercial benefits for the economy than multilateral aid, an argument which government ministers appeared to accept. We estimate and compare the impact of multilateral and tied bilateral aid on the UK economy in 1980 and 1985 using Input‐Output impact analysis. The results suggest, quite strongly, that multilateral aid generates greater benefits both in volume terms and per equivalent amount of aid expenditure. We conclude that the case for the increased use of tied bilateral aid is weaker than commonly supposed.
Who is afraid of choices? A proposal for multi‐criteria analysis as a tool for decision‐making support in development planning
Authors: Pétry Françoise
Published: January 2011

The thesis of this paper is that classical economic analysis and traditional optimisation techniques are not sufficient to assist decisionmakers in development planning and policy making, and that new multi‐criteria methodologies developed during the last decade would often provide useful additional tools.

Rural development (RD) will be the main focus – due to the author's very limited experience in other technical fields. Some promising approaches will be described and proposals will be made for testing their applicability in various RD planning problems.
Exports of industrial technology from Turkey
Authors: Kirim Arman
Published: January 2011

The paper examines the sectoral and geographical distribution of exports of manufacturing technologies from Turkey on the basis of a sample of technology exporting manufacturing firms. It further studies the firm‐specific features of technology exports.
Review article: New forms of foreign investment in developing countries
Authors: Evers Barbara , Kirkpatrick Colin
Published: January 2011

Developing with Foreign Investment. By VINCENT CABLE and BISHNODAT PERSAUD (eds.). (London, Croom Helm, 1987, pp.327, £25.00.)

Transnational Corporations in World Development: Trends and Prospects. By UNITED NATIONS CENTRE ON TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS. (New York, United Nations, ST/CTC/89, 1988, pp.623, £37.75.)
Construction of a thermodesorption injector for gas chromatography
Authors: Schröder Wolfgang
Published: January 2011

A detailed description for the do‐it‐yourself construction of a high‐performance thermodesorption GC injector (HPTI) is presented. The injector consists of a heated desorption chamber, a cooled loop for focusing the desorbed volatiles as well as a heating control for sample injection into the separation column. The gas flow is controlled by valve switching during the steps of the operation. Two versions of the injector function either for the injection of highly volatile compounds or for compounds with extremely low volatility, e.g. lubricants. The sophisticated gas flow management allows injection of highly concentrated samples without memory effects in a sample gas split mode, while traces may be injected with virtually 1:1 sample transfer. A wide range of adsorbents appropriate for the compounds can be chosen due to homemade adsorbent tubes and the achievability of high desorption temperature. Solutions may be injected from a carrier material after solvent evaporation. The HPTI fulfills all multipurpose GC injector requirements and with the support of downloadable instruction files can be built by anyone working with conventional GC devices.
Kinetics of electropolymerization of 1‐amino‐9,10‐anthraquinone
Authors: Badawy Waheed A. , Ismail Khaled M. , Medany Shymaa S.
Published: January 2011

1‐Amino‐9,10‐anthraquinone was electropolymerized on platinum substrates either from aqueous or nonaqueous electrolytes. The aqueous electrolyte was 6.0 mol L−1 H2SO4, and the nonaqueous solvent was acetonitrile containing lithium perchlorate, LiClO4, as a supporting electrolyte. The formed polyaminoanthraquinone was stable, and the polymerization process was reproducible. The kinetics of the electropolymerization process was investigated by determining the charge consumed during the electropolymerization as a function of time at different concentrations of the electrolyte components. The results of chronoamperometry have been used to determine the orders of reaction. In either aqueous or nonaqueous solution, the electropolymerization process follows first‐order kinetics with respect to the monomer concentration. In nonaqueous solution, the very small concentrations of water did not affect the order of reaction. The order of reaction with respect to the traces of water and the supporting electrolyte concentration was found to be zero. In aqueous solution, the order of the electropolymerization reaction with respect to the concentration of H2SO4 was found to be negative (−0.66), which means that the aqueous electrolyte inhibits the polymerization reaction. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 43: 141–146, 2011
Direct Access to Mesoporous Crystalline TiO2/Carbon Composites with Large and Uniform Pores for Use as Anode Materials in Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Lee Jinwoo , Jung Yoon S. , Warren Scott C. , Kamperman Marleen , Oh Seung M. , DiSalvo Francis J. , Wiesner Ulrich
Published: January 2011

Mesoporous and highly crystalline TiO2 (anatase)/carbon composites with large (>5 nm) and uniform pores were synthesized using PI‐b‐PEO block copolymers as structure directing agents. Pore sizes could be tuned by utilizing block copolymers with different molecular weights. The resulting mesoporous TiO2/carbon was successfully used as an anode material for Li ion batteries. Without addition of conducting aid (Super P), the electrode showed high capacity during the first insertion/desertion cycle due to carbon wiring inside the walls of mesoporous TiO2/carbon. The electrode further showed stable cycle performance up to 50 cycles and the specific charge capacity at 30 C was 38 mA h (g of TiO2)−1, which indicates CCM‐TiO2/carbon can be used as a material for high rate use.

magnified image
Poly(ethylene glycol)‐Coated Magnetite Nanoparticles: Preparation and Characterization
Authors: Amici Julia , Celasco Edvige , Allia Paolo , Tiberto Paola , Sangermano Marco
Published: January 2011

This paper reports a novel synthetic process to obtain poly(ethylene glycol)‐coated magnetite nanoparticles. Magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized by a chemical co‐precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions under alkaline conditions, which were then coated with poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate via UV‐curing in water. The nanoparticles were characterized by means of DLS, FT‐IR spectroscopy, TGA, TEM, and XPS. The magnetic properties of the magnetic nanoparticles at room temperature were also characterized by the measurement of hysteresis curves using a vibrating‐sample magnetometer.

magnified image
Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization‐Derived Materials for Separation Science, Heterogeneous Catalysis and Tissue Engineering
Authors: Buchmeiser Michael R.
Published: January 2011

Summary: The chemistry of ring‐opening metathesis polymerization‐ (ROMP) derived monolithic materials is summarized. Since ROMP triggered by well‐defined transition metal alkylidenes is a living polymerization method, it allows for the controlled and highly reproducible synthesis of monolithic media in terms of total porosity, pore size distribution and specific surface area. In addition, the high functionality tolerance of ROMP allows for creating monolithic supports with an unprecedented diversity in terms of functional groups that may be introduced. Selected applications in the areas of separation science, heterogeneous catalysis and tissue engineering are presented and discussed within the context of ROMP.
The Role of Conformations in the Interplay of Structure and Dynamics in Macromolecular and Supramolecular Systems
Authors: Spiess Hans Wolfgang
Published: January 2011

Summary: Following Paul J. Flory, the role of local chain conformation in determining the structure and dynamics of macromolecules is elucidated, employing advanced solid state NMR spectroscopy supported by X‐ray scattering and dielectric spectroscopy. Topics covered include the local conformation in amorphous polymers, conformational memory, chain organization and dynamics in semicrystalline polymers, polypeptides, and rod‐coil copolymers.
A Study on Structural, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polymer Composites of Poly(vinyl alcohol) with Inorganic Material
Authors: Nasar Gulfam , Khan Muhammad Saleem , Khalil Uzma
Published: January 2011

Summary: In this paper we have tried to find the relationship of thermal and mechanical properties i. e. thermal conductivity, tensile strength and Young's Modulus of the composite material. Two systems were selected; poly(vinyl alcohol)/sodium sulphate composite, and poly(vinyl alcohol)/lithium sulphate composite. Various concentrations of these salts were used to make composites of poly(vinyl alcohol). Films were grown, dried at room temperature and were subjected to mechanical, structural and thermal characterization. Thermal conductivity was determined at room temperature using polyethylene, silicon and quartz as reference. It was found out that the thermal conductivity of both the systems is highly dependent on the nature and the concentration of added salt in the polymeric composite. Thermal conductivity of the poly vinyl alcohol/ sodium sulphate composite, and poly vinyl alcohol/lithium sulphate composite, decreased with concentration of the salts in the polymer composite. These composites were also analyzed by XRD. Observed roperties were explained on the bases of their structure. Machenical properties such as tensile strength and Young's Modulus were also found out to be a function of the compostion of the composite
Prediction of Interfacial Interactions between Polymer Layers
Authors: Varvarenko Sergiy , Samaryk Volodymyr , Nosova Nataliya , Puzko Nataliia , Taras Roman , Tarnavchyk Ihor , Voronov Andriy , Kohut Ananiy , Voronov Stanislav
Published: January 2011

Summary: Results of a study on polymer surface modification using heterofunctional polyperoxides are presented. A prognostic model of the polymer surface modifier efficiency was developed on the basis of obtained data. It was shown that implementation of demands to the macromolecule composition during development of new peroxide‐containing modifiers in combination with sufficient peroxide group reactivity increased efficiency of the polymer surface modification.
Two‐Dimensional Chromatographic Analysis of Polystyrene‐block‐poly(methyl methacrylate) Copolymers Synthesized by Selective Oxidation of Polystrene‐9‐borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane
Authors: Elhrari Wael K. , Mallon Peter E.
Published: January 2011

Summary: The preparation of polystyrene block methyl methacrylate copolymers (PS‐b‐PMMA) is described. The polystyrene segment was prepared by anionic polymerization and the methylmethacrylate segment was prepared via free radical autoxidation of a borane agent attached to the styrene chain.1 The chemistry involves a transformation of the anionic polymerization process to borane chemistry by firstly producing polystyrene with chain end unsaturated alkyl functional groups prepared using a n‐butyllithium initiator and termination with allylchlorodimethylsilane. Secondly, the unsaturated macroinitiator end was hydroborated by 9‐borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9‐BBN) to produce a borane terminated PS. Thirdly, the borane group at the chain end was selectively oxidized and converted to polymeric radicals in the presence of methyl methacrylate which then initiated radical polymerization to produce block copolymers. The polymer obtained was characterized using several chromatographic techniques including LC‐CC (liquid chromatography under critical conditions) for the polystyrene segments and two‐dimensional chromatography with LC‐CC in the first dimension and SEC in the second. The results show that block formation was successful although significant homopolymerization of methyl methacrylate is also obtained.
Peroxide‐Containing Chitosan Derivative for Hydrogel Synthesis
Authors: Solomko Nadiya , Budishevska Olga , Voronov Andriy , Kohut Ananiy , Popadyuk Andriy , Voronov Stanislav
Published: January 2011

Summary: Peroxide‐containing chitosan was synthesized using a polymer‐analogous reaction between chitosan and tert‐butylperoxymethyl ester of maleic acid. Peroxide‐containing chitosan macromolecules cross‐link into a polymeric hydrogel network in the presence of 1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone upon heating. Polymeric hydrogels are formed due to reactions of radical chain transfer and recombination. Reacting radical species are chitosan macroradicals and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) macroradicals formed by decomposition of peroxide‐containing fragments. Synthesized hydrogels are pH‐responsive and facilitate drug release.
Cavitation during Drawing of Crystalline Polymers
Authors: Galeski Andrzej , Rozanski Artur
Published: January 2011

Summary:Cavitation in low molecular weight liquids under tension and in crystalline polymers during tensile drawing was recapitulated. The review indicated that the amorphous phase of crystalline polymers at temperature above its glass transition temperature differs markedly from low molecular weight liquids. Cavitation in polymers seemingly is not of a heterogeneous character, unlike in unpurified low molecular weight liquids. The most probable reasons are: confinements of amorphous layers between crystalline lamellae and macromolecular chain entanglements, the factors that are absent in low molecular weight liquids.
Kinetic Modeling of Semi‐Interpenetrating Polymer Network (SIPN) Process ‐ A Comprehensive Study on the Case of Polyethylene/Polystyrene Semi‐I IPN
Authors: Lin Weijie , Biegler Lorenz T. , Jacobson Annette M.
Published: January 2011

A comprehensive kinetic model is developed for a semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (SIPN) process, which involves simultaneous crosslinking, grafting, and degradation. Computational expense has been reduced considerably through a new component decomposition strategy, where a continuous variable approximation and a fixed pivot technique are applied for modeling each component. The inter‐polymer formulation is then reconstructed by a statistical approach. Based on the kinetic parameters obtained from the literature and a series of experiments, the model provides consistent agreement for gel fraction, joint molecular weight distribution (MWD) and polymer composition predicted in the studied cases, showing promising capability for the SIPN industrial application as well as for other polymer composite systems.

magnified image
Herbert simon appreciation and aspiration
Authors: Hunt Norman C.
Published: January 2011

The award of the Nobel Prize in Economics to a Professor of Computer Sciences and Psychology is surprising but refreshing. Unlike many economists, Simon is more concerned with how decisions are made than with what decisions are made. His writings, although academic and theoretical, are concerned with the real world and are of practical value to the administrator. He is willing to accept evidence from any relevant source and has ranged widely over not only the disciplines of the social sciences but also the philosophies. Simon is well aware of the value of quantitative methods, but remains convinced of the great importance of value judgements in decision‐making. In view of the trends in modern society towards greater concern with aspects of welfare which are difficult to quantify, and the growing importance of the public sector, Simon's work is highly relevant to our times. It is in the best traditions of political economy, and is not remote from reality.
Models of changes in managerial salaries in five economies
Authors: Newbould Gerald D. , Sparkes John R.
Published: January 2011

International comparisons of many kinds are hindered by the lack of data that are consistent between countries. This has been the case particularly with comparisons of managerial remuneration and, along with the lack of consistent data, there has been no satisfactory theory of differentials in managerial remuneration either in absolute terms for example, as between a given‐status manager in, say, Canada and the UK – or in relative terms ‐ for example, the differential between two managers of different status in each country. This article uses some recently published, and expensively gathered, data on managerial remuneration in five countries with the purpose of extending the usage of the data, which were published more or less merely as information, and introducing some tentative steps towards a better understanding of absolute and relative differences in managerial salaries.
The crumbling of apartheid: An application of managerial economics
Authors: Horwitz Ralph
Published: January 2011

The thesis of this examination of Apartheid in the Republic of South Africa is that the sophistication of capital structure, whether viewed macro‐economically or at the level of the firm, passes nigh‐irrestible power to even unorganized workers. This non‐Marxist social system model is empirically substantiated by South African economic history but, more particularly, from managerial decisions in respect of the production function – especially in the critical gold‐mining industry – over time. This leads to the logical conclusion that the dynamic intensification of foreign capital investment in the Republic alone can end that country's system of Apartheid.
Economic misconceptions in the pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Teeling‐Smith George
Published: January 2011

The pharmaceutical industry has failed to defend itself effectively against criticisms of its economic behaviour, because it has largely failed to understand the factors affecting its own economic structure. These concern the importance of competitive research and pricing, and the need to protect and nurture the fruits of its innovation by the use of patents, brand names and sales promotion. There is still need for a better understanding of the importance of these factors both outside the industry and amongst its own staff, if its contribution to modern medical technology is not to be stifled by irrational criticisms and controls.
Data sources for managerial economists
Authors: Lind Harold
Published: January 2011

Most people think they know what market research is, and generally have a picture of a girl with a clip‐board asking about voting intentions. In fact, the term ‘market research’ covers a widely varied family of activities, using different techniques to achieve different purposes. This paper describes the various combinations of research types into which a survey can fall (large sample/small sample, quantitative/qualitative, industrial/consumer, etc.) and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the different methodologies. It then provides information about the size and structure of the market research industry in the United Kingdom.
Appraising world energy prospects
Authors: Clarke A. W. , Hart T. F.
Published: January 2011

The authors begin by outlining a multi‐scenario technique for coping with future uncertainty in assessments of the business environment for energy planning. The discussion then leads to a quantification of world energy demand under two exploratory scenarios, whose results are compared with published forecasts. Analysis of the components of demand highlights the importance of the Third World. After a review of the world's fossil fuel resources, the likely effective availability of oil and other energy sources (including nuclear power and the renewables) is set against the scenario levels of energy demand. The paper ends with a summary of the implications for action in the field of energy.
Factors influencing the export potential of the british offshore supplies industry
Authors: Gregory P.
Published: January 2011

After establishing exporting in its context as a strategic alternative in corporate planning, and explaining its apparent appropriateness given the anticipated decline in the domestic market and the supposed technological lead held by British offshore suppliers, a wide range of factors influencing the export potential of the industry are identified, emphasizing in particular that the United Kingdom's technological superiority (and its relevance with respect to exports) has in the past been exaggerated, while inept marketing continues to be a problem.
Returns to research and development in the us pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Virts John R. , Weston J. Fred
Published: January 2011

Research concerning the pharmaceutical industry rate of return has concentrated on two policy issues: (1) possible resource misallocation and (2) the drug innovation environment. Accounting returns are suspect for policy purposes, requiring attention to the role of, and impact on, expectations of returns. This paper uses evidence about expectations and about resource flows into R&D consistent with those expectations to infer the level of economic returns. Our results provide evidence of a decline in expected returns, with exit of firms and resources. Regulation may be one of the major causes of the adverse shift in prospective returns from R&D investments.
A microeconomic planning model for the new york times newspaper
Authors: Forman Leonard
Published: January 2011

The New York Times model is a large‐scale model which forecasts sales and earnings for the New York Times newspaper. Sturcturally, it is composed of two major blocks; a demand module, and a production, cost and revenue module. The demand module, the heart of the model, is a set of simultaneous nonlinear econometric equations which forecast physical volume, approximately 35 categories of advertising lines and 10 categories of circulation. The second block is recursive and contains roughly 300 equations, some of which are stochastic behavioral equations. This block converts the volume forecasts into paging, newsprint consumption, newsprint distribution and manning requirements. These physical flows are then monetized, using price and wage forecasts, to produce estimates of revenue, fixed and variable costs, and operating profit. This paper summarizes the development of the model, with emphasis on the advertising and circulation model. It should be noted that the structure of the model is constantly evolving. Consequently, emphasis is placed on the conceptual underpinnings of the model not on a detailed presentation of the current structure.
Lease finance in industrial markets
Authors: Lowe J. F. , Morgan E. J. , Tomkins C. R.
Published: January 2011

Financial leasing is being used increasingly to acquire items of industrial equipment where use is more crucial than ownership. Its advantages over traditional forms of finance are straightforward and to a large degree appear to be based on the utilization of a cost advantage deriving from the fiscal system. In view of this, it might be expected that price would be a dominant marketing variable since the ‘product’ is relatively homogeneous, even though the industry structure is oligopolistic. This has been the case to a certain extent but policies of product differentiation and market segmentation have enabled firms to avoid some of the rigours of price competition.
Suppression of EGF‐induced tumor cell migration and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 expression by capsaicin via the inhibition of EGFR‐mediated FAK/Akt, PKC/Raf/ERK, p38 MAPK, and AP‐1 signaling
Authors: Hwang Yong Pil , Yun Hyo Jeong , Choi Jae Ho , Han Eun Hee , Kim Hyung Gyun , Song Gye Yong , Kwon Kwang‐il , Jeong Tae Cheon , Jeong Hye Gwang
Published: January 2011

Scope: Capsaicin is a cancer‐suppressing agent. The aim of our study was to determine the effect of capsaicin on tumor invasion and migration; the possible mechanisms involved in this inhibition were investigated in human fibrosarcoma cells.

Methods and results: We employed invasion, migration and gelatin zymography assays to characterize the effect of capsaicin on HT‐1080 cells. Transient transfection assays and immunoblot analysis were performed to study its molecular mechanisms of action. Capsaicin inhibited the epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐induced activation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9 and MMP‐2, and further inhibited cell invasion and migration. Capsaicin decreased the EGF‐induced expression of MMP‐9, MMP‐2, and MT1‐MMP, but did not alter TIMP‐1 and TIMP‐2 levels. Capsaicin suppressed EGF‐induced c‐Jun and c‐Fos nuclear translocation, and also abrogated the EGF‐induced phosphorylation of EGF receptor (EGFR), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), protein kinase C (PKC), phosphatidylinositol 3‐Kinase (PI3K)/Akt, extracellular regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, and JNK1/2, an upstream modulator of AP‐1. Furthermore, the EGFR inhibitor inhibited EGF‐induced MMP‐9 expression, as well as AP‐1 activity and cell migration.

Conclusion: Capsaicin inhibited the EGF‐induced invasion and migration of human fibrosarcoma cells via EGFR‐dependent FAK/Akt, PKC/Raf/ERK, p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK), and AP‐1 signaling, leading to the down‐regulation of MMP‐9 expression. These results indicate the role of capsaicin as a potent anti‐metastatic agent, which can markedly inhibit the metastatic and invasive capacity of fibrosarcoma cells.