bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the hydraulic conductivity for MSW using pilot plant test- A case study of Baghdad city/Iraq
Authors: Al-Isawi Rawaa , Idan Intidhar Jabir , Hassan Afrah Abood , AlZubaidi Hussein A M , Al-Kulabi Nahedh
Published: July 2021

The hydraulic properties of municipal solid waste (MSW) have been regarded as core factors affecting landfills’ flows. To successfully design and applied, information on the conductivity of MSW is required. A laboratory examination of MSW’s hydraulic conductivity in Baghdad City is presented in this study and assesses the influence of waste compaction on hydraulic conductivity parameter. A hydraulic conductivity test was carried out in a laboratory-scale cell using three mixtures of fresh shredded MSW samples ‘SAM1’, ‘SAM2’ and ‘SAM3’ collected from the households Baghdad City. The saturated vertical hydraulic conductivity was quantified according to different types of compactions using a falling head test. A clear trend of decreasing hydraulic conductivity with increasing compaction degree was highlighted after the monitoring process, reflecting the impact of varying waste densities and fine particles’ movement in the column. This experiment shows that the average hydraulic conductivity values at 50, 70, and 90 degrees of compaction were 1.23×10-4 m/s, 0.96×10-4 m/s, and 2.55×10-5 m/s, respectively. The results distinctly showed that the MSW’s hydraulic conductivity could be significantly affected by vertical compaction that is fundamentally attributed to accretion in density resulting in the low void ratio.
Variation of non-diatomic algae in a martyr monument lake under different climate factors
Authors: Al-Magdamy Buthaina A.H. , Al-Salman Ibrahim M.A.
Published: July 2021

The current study was conducted in the environment of the Martyr Monument Lake in the city center of Baghdad during 2019 to monitor the impact of climatic conditions such as drought, water shortage, high temperatures in the environment of the city and the lack of water flow during the years 2015 to 2018 and their effects on some of the physical and chemical factors of water and the dynamics of the phytoplankton community in the lake environment. Heterogeneity of some studied environmental factors, including air and water temperature, permeability, water depth, pH, DO, BOD5, nutrients, nitrate, NO3, and phosphates were found. The results showed the effect of climate change and the presence of organic pollution in addition to the influence of the nature of sites. Sampling on the studied characteristics, which in turn affected the phytoplankton community. The results showed the fluctuations in the rates of air and water temperature, which were between 17 - 41 ° C and 10 - 32 ° C, respectively, as well as the fluctuation of light transmittance rates and water depth according to the different stations and seasons, as they ranged between 0.12-57.02 cm and 120.5- 289.30cm. The pond water was characterized by being neutral and tilted to alkaline in terms of pH 7.0-9.1. The values of dissolved oxygen and vital oxygen requirement rise in winter and gradually decreased in spring and autumn, and the lowest values in summer were 2.4-15.13 mg / liter 0.4-10.6 mg / liter, respectively. The changes in nitrate values rise in winter and decreased in summer in all locations, where they ranged between 2.2 - 12.4 mg, in contrast to phosphate, it increased in the summer winter 0.0033 - 0.5 mg / liter. The qualitative study of phytoplankton identified 125 species belonging to 46 genera. It belongs to 5 classes in which the class of green algae prevailed with 69 species, followed by blue-green algae (39 species), while Euglenophyta and Pyrrophyta recorded 7 species each, while the Cryptophyta algae recorded only 3 types. The study showed that the decrease in the water level and the fluctuation of temperature led to an increase in blue-green algae in areas of organic pollution in which some species such as Microcystis aeruginosa and Oscillatoria spp. Causing the appearance of unpleasant odors and the secretion of deadly toxins to the aqueous medium.
A brief review of water quality indices and their applications
Authors: Aljanabi Zahraa Zahraw , Jawad Al-Obaidy Abdul-Hameed M. , Hassan Fikrat M.
Published: July 2021

Water Quality Indices (WQIs) refers to a set of water quality parameter data that aggregate to produce a single value to the water quality, reducing the huge amount of data into a simple and easy expression. Also enabling comparisons of water quality status for different locations and at different times, which eventually will help inform of water quality status to management and the public in a simple manner. Before generating and developing an appropriate mathematical model, there should be a process of evaluating, reviewing, and considering the Challenges and limitations of the existing developed models of similar nature. Therefore, this review paper intends to summarize the scientific literature papers from different countries related to the development of the water quality indices and practical applications. In general, five common steps are used in approaches of WQI calculation: (1) selection of parameter, (2) transform the data from a parametric system to a dimensionless system, (3) creation of subindices, and (4) compute the final WQI score by using the aggregation of subindices.
The nanoparticles zero-valent synthesis by black tea extract to remove rb 238 using synthetic and natural wastewater by packed bed reactor
Authors: Al Kindi Ghayda Y. , Hassan Ahmed K. , Yahya Dalal GH , Alhaidri Husam A.
Published: July 2021

This study aims to synthesize nanoparticles of iron zero valences from black tea (BT-NZVI) and bentonite supported with black tea zero-valent iron (B-BT-NZVI) using black tea extract in an environmentally friendly and sustainable way to remove the reactive blue pigment 238 (RB). 238) from water. The characterization tests for BT-NZVI and B-BT-NZVI were performed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The zeta potential in the stability of iron nanoparticles was also measured. For measuring the porous material’s surface area, the Brunaune Emmett-Teller (BET) method was used the average diameter of iron nanoparticles was less than 50 nm. BT-NZVI and B-BT-NZVI were used as absorbents in the batch system study. Two adsorption balance models, Langmuir and Freundlich, are used to describe the adsorption process. The Freundlich model matches well with Reactive Blue 238 dye data and has proven successful in the adsorption process. Kinetic data acquired using the pseudo-first and pseudo-second model examined under optimal reaction conditions and a variety of NZVI concentrations. both batch and up-flow packed flow bed reactor with peroxide H2O2 can degrade dyes and utilized in industrial wastewater treatment.
Treatment of Al-Muthanna Petroleum Refinery Wastewater by Electrocoagulation Using a Tubular batch Electrochemical Reactor
Authors: Naser Ghazi F. , Mohammed Thamer J. , Abbar Ali H.
Published: July 2021

An electrocoagulation process has been used to eliminate the chemical oxygen demand (COD) from wastewaters discharged from the Al-Muthanna petroleum refinery plant. In this process, a circular aluminum bar was used as a sacrificial anode, and hallow cylinder made from stainless steel was used as a cathode in a tubular batch electrochemical Reactor. Impacts of the operating factors like current density (5-25mAcm-2), NaCl addition at concentrations (0-2g/l), and pH at values (3-11) on the COD removal efficiency were studied.

Results revealed that the increase in current density increases the COD removal efficiency, whereas an increase in NaCl concentration results in a decline in the COD removal efficiency. Using a pH value higher or lower than 7 causes a lowering of the COD removal efficiency. A current density of 15mA/cm2, NaCl concentration of 1g/l, and pH value of 7 were found to be the best operating conditions in which COD removal efficiency of 95.3% was achieved at a treatment time 45 minutes with an energy consumption of 27.78kWh/kg COD. Based on these conditions, a COD value of 20 ppm could be obtained, which is below the standard limit for discharging petroleum refinery effluents.
Analysis and National Solution for CO2 Gas in Missan Oil Field
Authors: Jasim Dehyaa J. , Mohammed Thamer J. , Abid Mohammad F. , Tahir Hussam H.
Published: July 2021

A site study on associated gas from six oil fields of the Missan Oil Company (MOC) was carried out during 2018. The studied zone is located in the southern part of Iraq. The main objective in the present work was to conduct a complete analysis of the associated gas from the oil fields of the MOC. Another objective was to propose theoretically an appropriate method of capturing carbon dioxide to make the natural gas compliant with the U.S. specifications for the pipeline of natural gas transportation. Gas quantities were measured from each oil field as well as component analysis to determine the percentage of carbon dioxide in the gas. The study revealed that CO2 concentration in the oil fields was slightly increased with time. Moreover, the results showed that the separation technique of CO2 from natural gas was the absorption method in the field of AMARA, while the membrane-separation method was preferred in Al NOOR field as well as BUS2 station, while the two methods are competing in the BAZRGAN field (BUS1, BUS3 and BUN stations).
Isolation, screening, and extraction the more efficient local yeast isolates for biosurfactant production
Authors: Ibrahim Zeena A , Khudheir Saad H , Hussein Amal A
Published: July 2021

Twelve samples of three spices of fruits (Kiwi, orange, and apple) and two spices of vegetables (Green pepper and cucumber) were collected from local shops and supermarkets to isolate the yeast using solid YEPG medium, twenty local yeast isolates were prepared from all samples, thereafter each isolate was tested for its ability to produce biosurfactant using liquid YEPG medium. Results have indicated that only three isolates had the ability to produce the biosurfactant at different abilities in growth medium depending on the emulsification index after 24 hr. They were tested for the production of extracellular biosurfactant only three isolates OS2, AS 9, and PS 14 were able to produce biosurfactant with emulsification index (E24) against machine oil 36%, 47% and 28% respectively also was capable to spread oil by 12mm, 20mm and 9mm respectively but they didn’t reduce YEPG medium surface tension significantly. The three isolates OS2, AS 9, and PS 14 were tested for intracellular biosurfactant, which gave the highest ability to emulsify both machine oil and crude oil, where the emulsification index (E24) reached 46%, 80%, and 55% towards motor oil and 50%, 100%, and 62% towards crude oil for the three isolates, respectively. According to these results, the isolate AS 9 was regarded as the best producer for biosurfactant and identified this isolate as a Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Thereafter this biosurfactant was partially purified using cold ethanol and left to dry using a Rotary evaporator and then converted into a powder by using a Freeze dryer.
The ability of using treated wastewater for irrigation purposes: middle Euphrates of Iraq as a case study
Authors: Al-Murshady K R , Al-Qaisi A Z , Ali Z H
Published: July 2021

The sustainability of water resources is the goal of the present research. Samples of wastewater after treatment are collected from the Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPS) located in the Middle Euphrates provinces of Iraq (Najaf, Karbala, Diwaniya, and Babylon); as a case study. The physical, chemical, and heavy metals parameters tests of these samples will be carried out throughout the year and during the four seasons (Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter). The results showed that the minimum average exceeded the standards for EC, TDS, and TSS concentrations of all seasons are 7.74%, 0.77%, and 52.5%; respectively; while for COD, BOD, SO42-, and NH4 are 43.48%, 172.72%, 44.09%, and 92.02%; respectively. The other concentration of parameters is within standards and give the ability to irrigate potentially eaten fresh vegetables and fruits within two weeks of irrigation, cooked vegetables and fruits if not done water it within two weeks of harvesting it; such as Fodder, Crops, Grains, parks and civic roadsides, and sports stadiums, Fruit trees, Sides of external roads, Green landscapes, Cereals and Forage Crops, Industrial crops and Forest Trees. A SWOT analysis is conducted to assess the ability to use this treated wastewater for irrigation purposes as an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). It is concluded that the ability to use this treated wastewater for irrigation some kinds of plants on different seasons. Also; it is concluded that some units of WWTPs need to rehabilitate and treat the parameters that out-off standards to be suitable to irrigate other kinds of plants.
Household composting in North Syria case study
Authors: Saghir Abdullah
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study (Technical Assessment) is to recognize how to convert solid waste materials into composting in North Syria, Non-State Armed Group (NSAG) controlled areas, and indicates the produced mass of the compost per capita, the assessment showed that: the weather condition in the north of Syria is suitable for converting the domestic solid waste into compost within 99-111 days at the temperature: 10-350C, The volume of the compost is about: 49.3%-55.2% of the volume of the solid waste before composting, that means the composting by housed hold could minimize the volume of solid waste to 44.8%-50.7% so the environment pollution of the and cost of dealing with the solid waste will be low, in general, the loss of mass and volume will have occurred during the composting process. The productivity of compost of each family is about: 0.69 – 0.8 kg/day and the production per capita is 0.08-0.129 kg/day, and the density of the compost 851.6-933.8 kg/m3. Only 6% of people who are involved in the questionnaire in Aleppo and Idleb governorates have no access to farmland whereas 94% of people have access to the farms and about 75% of people who have access to the farmland use fertilization, 92.35% of the interviewees reported that they are not familiar with the processes of converting the domestic solid waste into compost, whereas 7.65% reported that they are familiar with the composting process, and 57.1% of them reported that they were interested to convert the solid waste into compost and 42.9% of them expressed that they were not interest of composting; data shows the reasons why people were not interested in converting the solid waste into compost:13.3% do not have the composting tools, 67.2% are not familiar with composting processes, 12.8% do not need compost and 6.7% of people need a long time to perform the composting.
An ecological study of the fern Asplenium Trichomanes L. in Iraq with a reference to its phytochemical and antioxidant activity
Authors: Ismail A M , Hamdi B A , Maulood B K , AL-Khasreji T.O.
Published: July 2021

A number of ferns are known to have ornamental, medicinal and ethnobotanical importance all over the world. In spite of the presence of numerous fern species such as Equisetum, Adiantum, Asplenium and Cheilanthes species all over our country (Iraq) particularly the Kurdistan part, still, such information in this area is quite rare. Asplenium Trichomonas L. is a genus of one of the widest groups of Asplenideae (maidenhair spleen worts). It is a megaphyllous, homosporous fern, which was found at an elevation above 1600 m.a.s.l. Samples were collected from the Taweela area in Kurdistan of Iraq, the phytochemical and antioxidant activity of the plant was dealt with in the current investigation through the methanol extract method of ferns. The result revealed positive detection of few numbers of flavonoid compounds, among which kaempferol compound showed the highest concentration (227 μg/ml) whereas kaempferide 3-0 glycoside showed the lowest concentration (130.3 μg/ ml), six phenolic compounds were identified through HPLC technique among which (Kaempferol, Quercetin, Myrstin, Rutin, Kea.3-o-glycoside, and Leutolin), also anti-oxidant activity recorded (1c50) it had exceeded (2.27 μg/m1). In contrast the positive control (Ascorbic acid) 0.018 mg/ ml. The present study has been devoted to the distribution of Asplenium Trichomanes L in Iraq with reference to it is a phytochemical and anti-oxidant activity for the first time in the region. In years to come, undoubtedly this will follow with more investigations on fern wealth in Iraq so it will reduce the existing gap in the knowledge in this respect.
Cheilanthes tomentosa Link (Pteridaceae) new addition to the recorded Pteridaceae species in Iraq.
Authors: Maulood B.K. , Ismail A.M. , AL-Amery M.M. , AL-Khasreji T.O.
Published: July 2021

During a survey of Iraqi flora 2010 onward, which is undertaken by Howler Botanical Garden, an interesting fern is recorded. The taxon is identified as Cheilanthes tomentosa Link., based on morphology and anatomy characters. To the best of our knowledge, C. tomentosa has not previously been reported in Iraq. Therefore, the species represent a new addition to the Iraqi flora.
Effect of some heavy metals synergism on the longevity and bioaccumulation inside the muscles of frog ridibunda species under the laboratory conditions
Authors: Sheriff Husain A. , Arif Saad M.
Published: July 2021

Rana ridibunda frogs (Amphibians) are examined under laboratory conditions (10-18 C°) of the aquarium water (tap water), oxygen saturation, non-saturation and starvation. Body weight for two groups of frogs were (260-285 gr) and (58-115 gr). Two types of heavy metals effect were examined (single type and mixed types) of Cdcl2 and HgSo4 used. Longevity as LT50% and LT100% were determined by single heavy metals effect and synergism effect for both oxygen saturated and oxygen non-saturated waters experiments were conducted, then the bioaccumulation inside the legs muscles of the frog were examined for the heavy metals poisoning media (2PPT) concentration. Synergism effects were very clear and differences of O2 saturation were giving clear different results.
Medical waste management during COVID-19 pandemic, a review study
Authors: Alrawi Ayad S , Amin Sahar A. , Al-Ani Rana R.
Published: July 2021

Medical waste management problems are rising due to the crisis brought upon by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a worldwide pandemic. The security management of medical care worldwide increases their attention due to the high risk of COVID-19 medical waste. This paper gives a review of medical waste management during the COVID-19 pandemic around the world. Furthermore, an effort has been made to prepare a review of the characteristics, generation, collection, transportation, disposal, and treatment technologies of solid waste management worldwide. Detailed data on medical waste management practices, including collection, recovery, and disposal, have been presented. The poor medical waste management in Iraq before and during COVID-19 causes a huge environmental risk and can be a possible reappearing infection source. Hence, the study also points out some recommendations for handling COVID-19 pandemic medical waste properly to reduce possible secondary effects on health and the environment and manage any possible pandemics in the future.
International Legal protection of forests in the context of sustainable development.
Authors: Mekhlouf Omar
Published: July 2021

The legal attention to the protection of forests is the key axe to protect the environment in the world, as well as ensuring the economic and social development for generations. Effective legal protection of forest heritage can be achieved only under the sustainability model. This latter ensures the exploitation of forest heritage as an important economic resource while preserving its ecological value in front of contemporary environmental threats, also estimating its role in meeting the social needs of the local population. The international society had paid attention to the importance of this vital wealth and started looking for appropriate mechanisms to protect them, while organizing how to exploit them as an economic resource, besides their social place and cultural aspects. This paper will deal with how does international law devote legal protection to a forest in the light of the sustainable development approach, especially after the united conference on environment and development in 1992.
Analysis of Urban Social Orders of Heritage Fabric in the Old Karkh
Authors: Kawther Khawla K. , Al Slik Ghada
Published: July 2021

The concept of urban order is important to the future perception of cities, especially in the heritage fabric. The research aims to find urban generating orders to be used in future planning and design projects. The research problem lies in the analysis of urban social orders from the traditional urban fabric of the ancient Karkh of Baghdad. The objective of the research: Finding the elements of urban social orders. Research hypotheses: Urban Social order is a hidden order that affects the urban fabric, as well as, Urban Social Orders are linked to cultural orders, order laws, temporal order, spatial theme, geographical and regional order, and urban context to achieving sustainable urban design.
Advantages of Green Technology to Mitigate the Environment Problems
Authors: Mohammed Shireen Ibrahim
Published: July 2021

Green technology can be defined as the use of science and technology to create products that are less harmful to the environment. It is environmentally friendly, the aim of it is to protect the environment. It can also refer to clean energy productions, which means using alternative technology and fuels that do not harm the environment. This technology includes infrastructure tech, which uses to create clean energy, recycle waste, purify water and natural resources conservation, and so on. Many countries are looking to support the growth of the economy and improve their citizens lives to live in a healthy environment without harming the planet, and this can be done by having a full understanding of this tech. In this research, a survey has been done to exam the community awareness about green technology in three cities in Iraq. The result shows that most people from different generations are not aware of this technology. As a result of this surveying, a few recommendations have been suggested to raise awareness about this technology importance, especially for future generations. In addition, the advantages of it have been introduced to have full understand of green tech and adopted it in the community.
Assessment of facilities quality in historical center of Baghdad
Authors: Mahdi Wijdan Abdulmuttalib , Saeed Ahmed Adnan , Salih Waleed Mehmood
Published: July 2021

Research is based on assessing and measuring quality of facilities provided and extent of residents satisfaction with them in locality in Al-Jumhuriya neighborhood of historical mixed use center in city of Baghdad. It is one of most important urban lands uses in city, and also issue of quality has become important in planning Cities to assess extent of residents satisfaction with urban quality and through its multiple indicators, including those related to economic and urban quality, facilities and management, as well as social quality. Comfort, safety, and meet all requirements of living and quality of life.
Evaluation of the Efficiency of Circular Wheat Crop Farms Using GIS and Remote sensing Techniques
Authors: Sbahi Muslim K. , Ziboon Abdul Razzak T. , Hassoon Khalid I.
Published: July 2021

Evaluation of agricultural crop efficiency is one of the most important applications dealt with remote sensing (RS) science and geographic information systems (GIS) because of their economic importance and relevance to countries food security. Therefore, to know the locations of the farms and count the ones specialized in cultivating the wheat crop, the farms of the Ain al-Tamur Cultivation Division, which are famous as being the pivotal farms dependent on groundwater, were chosen as a study area in this research. The research tries to enumerate and estimate the areas cultivated with the wheat crop, which are difficult to access due to the large cultivated area and assess the quality of the crop simultaneously based on the indicators of remote sensing. Eleven satellite images of Landsat8 and Sentinel-2. They covered the entire agricultural seasons of the period from 01/10/2015 to 01/06/2016. Moreover, the GIS program, a spatial database was prepared, depending on the meteorological data of the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture, and using the Cropwat program to calculate the germination evaluation of the crop. Infrared (IR) bands & Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) maps and crop change detection maps created in addition to color maps representing farm areas and their quality. The research results showed good results in estimating areas and the quality of the crop grown with the technique of pivot sprinklers.
Optimization and Enhancement of Charging Control System of Electric Vehicle Using MATLAB SIMULINK
Authors: Ali Faris R H , Ibrahim A A , Mohamad wasel N B , Abdulwahid M M , Mosleh M F
Published: July 2021

Several algorithms and approaches have been adopted for wide range of controlled systems. One of the most interesting algorithms was the Rider Optimization Algorithm (ROA), which has been widely used in many applications for the control system. In this paper, the ROA algorithm has been utilized in the Controlled System (Charging Control System associated and decrease the steady-state error, high overshoot, decreasing for rising time and settling time these issues that we are looking for disentangling it in the controlled System to get furthest reaches of depending capacity that makes Controller work in a best case. of Electric Vehicle) to enhance and optimize the charging procedure. Results obtained shows significant enhancement where the parameter values achieved for the Maximum overshooting, raising time, peak time and the settling time were zero%, 0.0341, 0.7, 0.1188 second respectively, which could be considered as more realistic results as compared with latest work in the same field. Such results have showed a significant enhancement as compared to the related results achieved in the same manner.
Smart Soil Irrigation System Based on A Digital Camera and Graphic User Interface
Authors: Al-Naji Ali , Fakhri Ahmed Bashar , Alnosh Mohammed Abdalmunaf , Oudah Munir
Published: July 2021

Irrigation consumes 70% of the water quantity used worldwide. In a context of rising food demand and declining in water resources, the development of advanced irrigation technologies based on modern techniques in agriculture is a significant demand to keep this resource safe. To achieve this target, the management of water resources in agriculture needs to be specified and controlled. This study aims to propose an automatic, non-contact and cost-effective soil irrigation system based on analysing the changes in loam soil colour captured by a digital camera at different illumination levels. A graphic user interface (GUI) attached to the Arduino Uno microcontroller was used to drive the water pump and determine whether the loam soil requires irrigation or not. The experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed irrigation system to determine soil state and provide an accurate decision for soil irrigating, thus making this system a promising approach in future irrigation technologies.
Solving the unit commitment problem in large systems using hybrid PSO algorithms
Authors: Ismail Ali Abduladheem , Hussain Ali Nasser
Published: July 2021

Unit Commitment (UC) is a nonlinear mixed integer-programming problem. UC is used to minimize the operational cost of the generation units in a power system by scheduling some of generators in ON state and the other generators in OFF state according to the total power outputs of generation units, load demand and the constraints of power system to increase the saving in the power system by applying the Unit Commitment (UC) to the power system. This work proposes Local Attracting Quantum Particle Swarm Algorithm (LAQPSO) to solve the unit commitment problem in power systems. The local attractor in the LAQPSO algorithm is used to obtain the rotation angle direction and magnitude for updating the quantum angle using the quantum rotation gate. The proposed algorithm is applied to solve the UC problem for a 26 units power system. A comparison with the Binary PSO (BPSO), Improved Quantum BPSO (IQBPSO) and other techniques in the literature was implemented to show the efficiency and the accuracy of the proposed algorithm. The results show the superior performance of the proposed LAQPSO algorithm to minimize the total cost when compared with BPSO, IQBPSO and the literature works.
Prediction of PV Solar Panel Output Characteristics Using a Multilayer Artificial Neural Network (MLANN)
Authors: Mohammad Abdulrahman Th. , Al-Sagar Zuhair S. , Hussain Ali Nasser , Al-Tamimi Majid Khudair Abbas
Published: July 2021

In this paper, PV solar collector was tested experimentally from 1st July to 31th August 2018 between 7:00 am and 6:00 pm under the weather conditions of Iraq. The PV output power was calculated by using the measured data of voltage and current obtained from experiments. To predict the PV solar output characteristics, four structures of a multilayer artificial neural network MLANN with Error Back-Propagation EBP were designed in MATLAB software. The MLANN structures have two inputs (temperature and irradiance) and three outputs (voltage, current and power). From experiment tests, a dataset of 434 hourly points was collected to investigate the structures of MLANN model. A 70% of the data used for training stage and 30% was distributed between the testing and validating stages. From test stage, the average of output value was taken for 14 numbers of data to compare with experimental values. The MLANN results show that the structures 2-4-4-1, 2-1-1-1 and 2-5-5-1 were the optimum testing model in the voltage, current and power output respectively with high accuracy and good agreement with experimental results.
Multi objective functions of constraint optimal power flow based on modified ant colony system optimization technique
Authors: Al-Bahran Layth Tawfeeq , Abdulrasool Ali Qasim
Published: July 2021

This article presents the development of Ant Colony System algorithm for solving the constrained Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem. In this modification of ant colony, a local and global update of pheromone has been used. This optimization technique is used to adjust an optimal control variables of the system while satisfying the constraint of the state variables in their limits. The proposed algorithm tested on the IEEE-30 bus with different cases of single and multiple OPF objectives. The obtained results are analysed and compared with other previous studies. This comparison illustrates the efficiency of the ACS technique for solving different OPF problems of complex objective functions where the propose algorithm of ACS has been reduce the single objective function of total fuel cost, power losses, voltage profile improvement and the total generation emission to minimum value of 800.83 $/h, 3.2723 MW, 0.1194 pu and 0.2066 ton/h respectively with reduction of these objective function of 11.216%, 43.991%, 89.660%, 13.952% respectively. The authors have been used the MATLAB software for programming the propose technique without using any simulators. The Ant Colony System has the facility of simplicity in analysis, easy in program, faster in execution, less iteration with accurate result over the other optimization techniques.
Cuckoo Search Optimization for Solving Product Mix Problem
Authors: Al-Khazraji H , Khlil S , Alabacy Z
Published: July 2021

The success of industrial companies is characterized by the efficient use of its resources. Most of decisions regarding to the efficient use of resources such as man, machine and material are subject to constraints. This paper considers a class of resource allocation problem named Product Mix Problem (PMP). The PMP is considered as an important production planning decision in the field of industrial engineering and management. The objective of this paper is to find the optimal quantities of different products that are required different amount of resources to maximize the return profit of a company where resources are limited. A Cuckoo Search Optimization (CSO) is proposed in this paper to as a methodology to search optimal solution. MATLAB Software is used to perform the proposed CSO method. Then, a comparative study between the CSO solution and existing solution in the literature is given. The simulations outcomes show the superiority of CSO over other methods.
Real-Time Implementation of a New Multifunction Relay
Authors: Hameed Ali Abdulsattar , Sultan Ahmed Jasim , Booneya Mehdi F. , Almuhsen Tahseen Ali Abd
Published: July 2021

This paper aims to design and building a New Multifunction Relay (MFR) by using the Arduino MEGA. It is used to provide protection against many abnormal conditions that may occur in the power system. The MFR contains two functions: firstly, are designing an inverse Overcurrent relay, and the other is an Over/Under voltage Relay based on the IEC 60255-151 standard and IEEE 1159 standard respectively. The GUI is designed by using the MATLAB environment to provide a platform of the relay. The proposed MFR showed accuracy results, Low costs, fast response, and very small error rate.
Current-Control Inverter Schemes for a Grid-Connected PV Generator
Authors: Hussein Hussein A. , Mahdi Ali J. , Abdul-Wahhab Thamir M.
Published: July 2021

Photovoltaic Generators (PVGs) are one of the popular renewable energy sources (RESs), which achieve 47% of RES in microgrids. The main components of the proposed system are: (i) a PVG considering extremum operating conditions, the irradiance change is 400-1000 W/m2 and the temperature change is 25-60 °C; (ii) a DC-DC boost converter used for regulating the variable DC-link voltage via an inner voltage-loop controller (iii) a single-phase H-bridge inverter controlled by an outer current-loop controller for implementing the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm at grid side; (iv) an inductive power filter for improving the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the grid current. In this paper, the grid current is controlled to follow the maximum power point (MPP) current considering the losses when transferring the DC power to the grid. Two current-loop controllers are implemented, which are: (i) hysteresis current controller (HCC) and PI current controller (PICC). The proposed design is validated in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the simulation results show significant improvement in power quality, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of the output grid current is less than 2% and the power factor is close to unity.
Design an Accurate Power Control Strategy of Parallel Connected Inverters in Islanded Microgrids
Authors: Almousawi Ali Q. , Aldair Prof. Dr. Ammar A.
Published: July 2021

When the overall loads change periodically, the accurate real power and reactive power sharing considered is essential for the operation of an islanded microgrid. In this work, an accurate power control strategy of parallel-connected inverters in an AC microgrid in islanded mode has been designed. The examined microgrid involves four inverters linked to the load via different system impedance conditions is performed. Also, the control strategy for islanded microgrid operation with detailed switching models is simulated by using PSCAD/EMTDC software, and all dynamic and steady-state real and reactive power sharing is explained. Moreover, the real power sharing is achieved using only the decentralized control (droop control), while the reactive power sharing control approach is proposed as a central controller (secondary controller) in order to improve the precision of fundamental reactive power sharing, gives an efficient dynamic performance, and reduce the circulating current. The central controller in the microgrid requires communications. It is used as an external loop to accomplish identical reactive power sharing according to reactive power load especially when the mismatch in voltage drops through the feeders is occurred. The control approach will still work with traditional droop control when the central controller is a failure. The obtained results show that the proposed approach is immune to the time delay in the central controller. Additionally, the active power and the reactive power is shared accurately.
Indoor Localization Improvements Based on Average RSS Samples
Authors: Mosleh Mahmood F , Daraj A K
Published: July 2021

There are some constraints and challenges in the big building, hence, the Global Positioning Systems (GPS) doesn’t work so well. To address this problem, indoor localization systems carried out based on methods like the Receive Signal Strength (RSS) and Time of Arrival (ToA). However, harsh indoor environments still a big challenge due to the impact of other signal sources or movements of people into the building. Subsequently, the test of signal changeable with time under several conditions. To overcome those problems, Average samples of RSS (ASRSS) proposed in this paper by measure the 63 samples. The Net Spot software was experimental software to measure RSS values in a continuous way with time. The final reference RSS measurements resulting in an average of 63 samples. In the simulation side, Wireless Insite Package (WPI) used to design a Three-Dimensional (3D) case study building. The results of RSS based on the ASRSS technique confirm that the RSS in simulation and experimental sides so close to estimation calculations. The enhancements of estimate RSS lead to estimate accurate position with average errors equal to (0.098m).
Facial Features Extraction for Age Estimation Based on a Neural Network
Authors: Hasan Noor Falah , Mahdi Siraj Qays
Published: July 2021

The determination of a person’s age using computer-based programming relies on biometric features such as facial features and fingerprints. These technologies, which require the intense study of age progression mechanisms in the human face and the factors that influence face aging patterns, have increasingly attracted attention due to their various real-world applications. In this paper, a feature selection method (FSM) has been adopted to identify the most suitable local binary pattern (LBP) features for age estimation. The selected features were then classified using a back-propagation neural network (BPNN). Extracted features were classified using a MATLAB-based artificial neural network (ANN), in which a back-propagation network (BPN) was used. The proposed BPN network contains four layers of neurons: an input layer, two hidden layers, and an output layer. Each layer contains nine neurons in addition to the bias. Experiments in this work were conducted using three types of image datasets: standard FG-NET, privately-collected, and real-time captured image dataset. Experimental results demonstrate the significant role of using a back-propagation neural network (BPNN) with FSM, which produced an estimation accuracy of up to 93.22% after two rounds, while without FMS, estimation accuracy reached 82.966% at most, depending on the original LBP features. However, the accuracy using the images captured by the connected camera reached no more than 71%.
Evaluating Characteristics of 2.5 Gbps GPON using Various Distance and Wavelength
Authors: Ali Mustafa H. , Abu-Alsaad Hiba A. , Almufti Ali M.
Published: July 2021

In this paper, a discussion has been made to analysis is the performance of a Gigabyte Passive Optical Network (GPON) receiver for various distances and wavelengths with a constant power equal to 5 dB in a system having four users on the transmitter side and four in the destination. We will measure the Q-factor for four wavelengths downlink Optical-receiver to decide which wavelength has the best performance and cover the longest distance. Among the two data format, we used Return to Zero (RZ) and Non-Return to Zero (NRZ). Then prove how RZ gives higher effectiveness in the contras to NRZ and longer distance to cover specialty the wavelength (1310) followed with (1270) that it could reach 60 km with Q-factor (7.48) and (6.77) respectively.
Secured Water Quality Monitoring System based on IOT
Authors: Fadel Ahmed Abbas , Shujaa Mohamed Ibrahim
Published: July 2021

Nowadays, the Internet of Things is used in many areas and applications such as smart cities and smart houses. However, the widespread Internet of things (IOT) faces many problems, the most important of those which are related to confidence and privacy. Information security is the main challenge on the Internet of things. To gain a secure and good quality of water, a smart monitoring and secured process system was introduced. In this paper the present algorithm was used to transmit information safely and secure, after the generation of the random key of the algorithm. Sensors was used to sense the change in reading parameters of the acidic/basic water (PH), and total dissolved solids ( TDS) of water, then transfer information from the external environment to the proposed system where the microprocessor (ESP32) and website application. The achieved results showed that the encryption method on the PH and TDS readings parameters succeeds in maintaining the avalanche effect requirement and introducing additional strength to the system.
Reduce the Resources Utilization of LDPC Decoder Based on Min-Sum Decoder for Spread Spectrum Applications
Authors: Mosleh Mahmood F. , Hasan Fadhil S. , Abdulhameed Aya H.
Published: July 2021

Communications with spread spectrum (SS) have attracted attention because of their channel attenuation immunity and low potential for interception. Aside from some extra features such as basic transceiver structures, the analogy alternative to digital SS systems would be chaotic communication. In this brief, Differential Chaos Shift Keying (DCSK) systems, non-periodic and random characteristics among chaos carriers and their interaction with soft data are designed based on low-density parity-check ( LDPC) codes. Because of simple structure and magnificent error correction capability. Using the development kit Xilinx kintex7 FPGA, we investigate the DCSK communication system’s hardware efficiency and resource requirement tendencies based on the LDPC decoding algorithm Min-Sum over AWGN channel. The results demonstrate that the proposed system model has major improvements in Bit Error Rate ( BER) performance and the real-time process. The Min-Sum decoder has comparatively fewer FPGA resources than other decoders for soft decisions. The implemented system achieves a coding gain of 10-4 BER efficiency with 5.6 dB associate Eb/No.
LORA in a Campus: Reliability and Stability Testing
Authors: Kurji Ali S. , Al-Nakkash Aseel H. , Hussein Osama Abbas
Published: July 2021

Long Range (LoRa) Technology offers robust wireless solutions for data collection and communication in smart buildings and smart cities by providing superior performance as a solution for the Internet of Things infrastructure. Its four powerful parameters usually govern the communication performance of LoRa; the transmit power, Spreading Factor (SF), Code Rate (CR), and the Bandwidth (BW). This work introduces a comprehensive study of LoRa’s behavior and the role of the abovementioned parameters based on experimental validation of the various performance metrics of LoRa. LoRa is tested to evaluate its reliability and stability in reality, where the different environment is adopted in Electrical Engineering Technical College in Baghdad, Iraq. In terms of LoRa reliability, the results show an acceptable Mean Absolute Error (MAE) equals to 11.33dB when comparing reference and experimental LoRa sensitivity for all SF values. Moreover, 18% of packet loss has resulted from a heavy fading environment with minimal power and SF. On the other hand, LoRa sensitivity test shows that the variance calculated for 200 RSS samples in a heavy fading condition equals 29.9064. Both tests quantify the efficiency of LoRa in such a harsh environment and pave the way for future LoRa applications implementation.
Impact of FWM on Optical Scheme Performance under Different Limitations Factors and Modulation Formats
Authors: Khamees Luay Ali , Aljanabi Mohanad , Abd H. J. , Hassan Muhnaad Abbas
Published: July 2021

Four-wave mixing (FWM) has been shown to be the leading nonlinear consequence in long transmission distance that can cruelly border the wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and minor the scheme performance. In this work, the system analyze with performance under the effect of wavelength spacing in the case of normal RZ, NRZ intensity modulation - direct modulation (IM-DD) and in the existence of phase shift keying-modulation format, which comprised of (8-PSK and 16-PSK). In addition, the effect of wavelength spacing on FWM is evaluated through 4 kinds of optical fiber, SMF, DSF, NZDF and Large Effective Area Fiber (LEAF) for three channels. The outcomes show that the SMF presents minimum FWM power up to -40.88 dBm, while DSF offers maximum FWM power of -30.99 dBm. It is observed that for NZDF and LEAF, the FWM powers are -31.99dBm and -35 dBm, respectively. In the case of system quality with the channel spacing tuning after 150 Km, BER is 3.3×10−11 on received power of -12 dBm using 16-PSK modulation. Nevertheless, in the existence of NRZ arrangement the BER was originated to be worse and equal to 8×10−3 at same received power.
Aluminium Substrates Coated by Mg-ZnFe2O4 Ferrite Using PVD Technique
Authors: Kadhim Kadhim J. , Lazem Taha H. , Blawa Batool D. , Mejbel Mohanad Kadhim
Published: July 2021

Sol-gel technique was used to prepare Mg0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4 spinel ferrite, (400 nm and 800 nm) ±20 thin films on aluminium substrates were deposited by a vacuum thermal evaporation technique known as physical vapor deposition (PVD). X-ray diffraction reported cubic phase polycrystalline nanostructure and the occurrence of microstrain in the crystals due to sintering temperature effect. Atomic force microscope AFM topography images showed smooth surfaces with low roughness where the average roughness (Ra = 5.3 nm) and root mean square roughness (Rq = 7.09 nm). Scanning Electron Microscope SEM surface images of the thin films shown spherical nanocomposite grains with size in order of 45.93 nm and the cross-section images show regular-shaped agglomerated particles. The effect of thickness on microwave properties for samples without adding any adhesive or fixative was revealed and investigated by Vector Network Analyzer system (VNA) for the X-band width frequency range which shows high reflection stability and very high absorption proportions as (8.40) GHz was the good bandwidth for X-band region. The highest values of the reflection coefficient were (-7.16, -3.96) dB at frequencies (8.42, 8.66) GHz respectively. The highest values of the attenuation coefficient were (-9.57, -9.89) dB at frequencies (9.58, 12.45) GHz respectively.