bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taylor barley
Authors: Legge W. G. , Tucker J. R. , Bizimungu B. , Tekauz A. , Fetch T. G. , Haber S. , Menzies J. G. , Noll J. S. , Turkington T. K. , Martin R. A. , Choo T. M. , Vigier B. J. , Blackwell B. A. , Savard M. E.
Published: September 2013

Legge, W. G., Tucker, J. R., Bizimungu, B., Tekauz, A., Fetch, Jr., T. G., Haber, S., Menzies, J. G., Noll, J. S., Turkington, T. K., Martin, R. A., Choo, T. M., Vigier, B. J., Blackwell, B. A. and Savard, M. E. 2013. Taylor barley. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 969–977. Taylor is a hulless two-row spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar with malting quality potential, and is one of the first hulless cultivars to be registered for that purpose in Canada. This line was developed in 2001 from a CDC Freedom/Rivers cross by in vitro selection using three Fusarium derived mycotoxins in the medium of an anther culture system. Taylor was evaluated in the Western Cooperative Hulless Barley Registration Test (2006–2008), and in pilot-scale malting trials (2007–2008), before being registered as HB705 in 2009 with its name changed to Taylor in 2011. In extensive evaluation in Fusarium head blight (Fusarium graminearum Schwabe) nurseries from 2002 to 2011, Taylor consistently showed low deoxynivalenol concentration.
Superconvergence of Finite Element Methods for Optimal Control Problems Governed by Parabolic Equations with Time-Dependent Coefficients
Authors: Tang Yuelong , Chen Yanping
Published: September 2013

In this article, a fully discrete finite element approximation is investigated for constrained parabolic optimal control problems with time-dependent coefficients. The spatial discretisation invokes finite elements, and the time discretisation a nonstandard backward Euler method. On introducing some appropriate intermediate variables and noting properties of the L2 projection and the elliptic projection, we derive the superconvergence for the control, the state and the adjoint state. Finally, we discuss some numerical experiments that illustrate our theoretical results.
A Block Matrix Loop Algebra and Bi-Integrable Couplings of the Dirac Equations
Authors: Ma Wen-Xiu , Zhang Huiqun , Meng Jinghan
Published: September 2013

A non-semisimple matrix loop algebra is presented, and a class of zero curvature equations over this loop algebra is used to generate bi-integrable couplings. An illustrative example is made for the Dirac soliton hierarchy. Associated variational identities yield bi-Hamiltonian structures of the resulting bi-integrable couplings, such that the hierarchy of bi-integrable couplings possesses infinitely many commuting symmetries and conserved functionals.
An Unconditionally Energy Stable Immersed Boundary Method with Application to Vesicle Dynamics
Authors: Hu Wei-Fan , Lai Ming-Chih
Published: September 2013

We develop an unconditionally energy stable immersed boundary method, and apply it to simulate 2D vesicle dynamics. We adopt a semi-implicit boundary forcing approach, where the stretching factor used in the forcing term can be computed from the derived evolutional equation. By using the projection method to solve the fluid equations, the pressure is decoupled and we have a symmetric positive definite system that can be solved efficiently. The method can be shown to be unconditionally stable, in the sense that the total energy is decreasing. A resulting modification benefits from this improved numerical stability, as the time step size can be significantly increased (the severe time step restriction in an explicit boundary forcing scheme is avoided). As an application, we use our scheme to simulate vesicle dynamics in Navier-Stokes flow.
Habitus Disjunctures, Reflexivity and White Working-Class Boys’ Conceptions of Status in Learner and Social Identities
Authors: Stahl Garth
Published: September 2013

The article primarily explores the social class identification of 15 white working-class boys at a high performing school in a socially marginalized area of South London where academic performance was routinely depicted as crucial to economic and social well-being. The research aims to consider the influence of a high performing school on the boys’ identity and the relationship between their identity and their engagement with education. First, a brief background on white working-class boys ‘underachievement’ will provide the context. Second, Bourdieu's conceptual tools of habitus, institutional habitus and capitals are examined. Bourdieu's class analysis provides a useful conceptual framework to address (divided) working-class masculinities in a high attaining academic institution. Third, semi-structured interviews focused on academic self-concept, social class-identification and subsequent rationales, as well as participants’ identification of who they considered to be a student they admire, provide valuable insight into understanding habitus disjunctures and learner identities.
The Class of London 2012: Some Sociological Reflections on the Social Backgrounds of Team GB Athletes
Authors: Smith Andy , Haycock David , Hulme Nicola
Published: September 2013

This rapid response article briefly examines one feature of the relationship between social class and elite sport: the social backgrounds of the Olympians who comprised Team GB (Great Britain) at the 2012 London Olympics Games, and especially their educational backgrounds, as a means of shedding sociological light on the relationship between elite sport and social class. It is claimed that, to a large degree, the class-related patterns evident in the social profiles of medal-winners are expressive of broader class inequalities in Britain. The roots of the inequalities in athletes’ backgrounds are to be found within the structure of the wider society, rather than in elite sport, which is perhaps usefully conceptualized as ‘epiphenomenal, a secondary set of social practices dependent on and reflecting more fundamental structures, values and processes’ ( Coalter 2013 : 18) beyond the levers of sports policy. It is concluded that class, together with other sources of social division, still matters and looking to the process of schooling and education, whilst largely ignoring the significance of wider inequalities, is likely to have a particularly limited impact on the stubborn persistence of inequalities in participation at all levels of sport, but particularly in elite sport.
Sociology without Frontiers? On the Pleasures and Perils of Interdisciplinary Research
Authors: Pilnick Alison
Published: September 2013

The potential benefits of interdisciplinary research are commonly stated and widely acknowledged. Amongst the many claims that are made, it is suggested that an interdisciplinary approach can lead to greater innovation, promote lateral thinking, and encourage reflexivity in the research process. This paper presents a personal reflection, drawn from experience in one specific sub-field of medical sociology, on how some of these benefits might actually come to fruition. However, it also explores something which is generally given far less consideration: the potential perils of interdisciplinary research. In particular, I will focus on two areas. First, I will raise some intellectual concerns over what interdisciplinary research might mean for the health of sociology as a discipline. Secondly, I will consider some of the ethical issues that can arise when we put our professional sociological skills at the service of another profession. I will conclude by reflecting on what the implications of these concerns are for my own work in the sociology of health and illness, and what might constitute ‘successful’ interdisciplinary collaboration in this field.
The London 2012 Legacy for Primary Physical Education: Policy by the Way?
Authors: Griggs Gerald , Ward Gavin
Published: September 2013

Legacy rhetoric claiming to inspire a generation of young people has pervaded the London 2012 Olympics and Paralympics from the initial bidding processes, through to post events discourses. On the eve of the closing ceremony David Cameron, published a statement on the Number 10 webpage stating a desire to put competitive sport at the heart of a new curriculum for primary Physical Education. This intention will impact upon a congested policy space within which it is the dominant discourse, rather than the most appropriate, which will prevail and will result in the formation of policy by the way. This paper examines the potential impact of the statement from Number 10 on pedagogical practice within Primary Physical Education.
Reflections on the Process of Researching Disabled People's Sexual Lives
Authors: Liddiard Kirsty
Published: September 2013

This article offers a reflexive account of the processes, politics, problems, practicalities and pleasures of storying disabled people's sexual lives for the purposes of sociological research. Drawing upon a doctoral study which explored disabled people's lived experiences of sex, intimacy and sexuality through their own sexual stories, the author considers how her identity, subjectivity and embodiment – in this case, a white, British, young, heterosexual, disabled, cisgendered woman with congenital and (dependent upon the context) visible impairment – was interwoven within and through the research methodology; most explicitly, as an interlocutor and co-constructor of informants’ sexual stories. Given the paucity of reflexive research in this area, a number of reflexive dilemmas are identified which make important methodological contributions to qualitative sociology, disability studies scholarship and research, and current knowledges of the emotional work of qualitative researchers (Dickinson-Smith et al. 2009).
Global CO2 fluxes estimated from GOSAT retrievals of total column CO2
Authors: Basu S. , Guerlet S. , Butz A. , Houweling S. , Hasekamp O. , Aben I. , Krummel P. , Steele P. , Langenfelds R. , Torn M. , Biraud S. , Stephens B. , Andrews A. , Worthy D.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. We present one of the first estimates of the global distribution of CO2 surface fluxes using total column CO2 measurements retrieved by the SRON-KIT RemoTeC algorithm from the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). We derive optimized fluxes from June 2009 to December 2010. We estimate fluxes from surface CO2 measurements to use as baselines for comparing GOSAT data-derived fluxes. Assimilating only GOSAT data, we can reproduce the observed CO2 time series at surface and TCCON sites in the tropics and the northern extra-tropics. In contrast, in the southern extra-tropics GOSAT XCO2 leads to enhanced seasonal cycle amplitudes compared to independent measurements, and we identify it as the result of a land–sea bias in our GOSAT XCO2 retrievals. A bias correction in the form of a global offset between GOSAT land and sea pixels in a joint inversion of satellite and surface measurements of CO2 yields plausible global flux estimates which are more tightly constrained than in an inversion using surface CO2 data alone. We show that assimilating the bias-corrected GOSAT data on top of surface CO2 data (a) reduces the estimated global land sink of CO2, and (b) shifts the terrestrial net uptake of carbon from the tropics to the extra-tropics. It is concluded that while GOSAT total column CO2 provide useful constraints for source–sink inversions, small spatiotemporal biases – beyond what can be detected using current validation techniques – have serious consequences for optimized fluxes, even aggregated over continental scales.
Light-absorbing carbon in Europe – measurement and modelling, with a focus on residential wood combustion emissions
Authors: Genberg J. , Denier van der Gon H. A. C. , Simpson D. , Swietlicki E. , Areskoug H. , Beddows D. , Ceburnis D. , Fiebig M. , Hansson H. C. , Harrison R. M. , Jennings S. G. , Saarikoski S. , Spindler G. , Visschedijk A. J. H. , Wiedensohler A. , Yttri K. E. , Bergström R.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. The atmospheric concentration of elemental carbon (EC) in Europe during the six-year period 2005–2010 has been simulated with the EMEP MSC-W model. The model bias compared to EC measurements was less than 20% for most of the examined sites. The model results suggest that fossil fuel combustion is the dominant source of EC in most of Europe but that there are important contributions also from residential wood burning during the cold seasons and, during certain episodes, also from open biomass burning (wildfires and agricultural fires). The modelled contributions from open biomass fires to ground level concentrations of EC were small at the sites included in the present study, <3% of the long-term average of EC in PM10. The modelling of this EC source is subject to many uncertainties, and it was likely underestimated for some episodes. EC measurements and modelled EC were also compared to optical measurements of black carbon (BC). The relationships between EC and BC (as given by mass absorption cross section, MAC, values) differed widely between the sites, and the correlation between observed EC and BC is sometimes poor, making it difficult to compare results using the two techniques and limiting the comparability of BC measurements to model EC results. A new bottom-up emission inventory for carbonaceous aerosol from residential wood combustion has been applied. For some countries the new inventory has substantially different EC emissions compared to earlier estimates. For northern Europe the most significant changes are much lower emissions in Norway and higher emissions in neighbouring Sweden and Finland. For Norway and Sweden, comparisons to source-apportionment data from winter campaigns indicate that the new inventory may improve model-calculated EC from wood burning. Finally, three different model setups were tested with variable atmospheric lifetimes of EC in order to evaluate the model sensitivity to the assumptions regarding hygroscopicity and atmospheric ageing of EC. The standard ageing scheme leads to a rapid transformation of the emitted hydrophobic EC to hygroscopic particles, and generates similar results when assuming that all EC is aged at the point of emission. Assuming hydrophobic emissions and no ageing leads to higher EC concentrations. For the more remote sites, the observed EC concentration was in between the modelled EC using standard ageing and the scenario treating EC as hydrophobic. This could indicate too-rapid EC ageing in the model in relatively clean parts of the atmosphere.
Secondary aerosol formation from stress-induced biogenic emissions and possible climate feedbacks
Authors: Mentel Th. F. , Kleist E. , Andres S. , Dal Maso M. , Hohaus T. , Kiendler-Scharr A. , Rudich Y. , Springer M. , Tillmann R. , Uerlings R. , Wahner A. , Wildt J.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Atmospheric aerosols impact climate by scattering and absorbing solar radiation and by acting as ice and cloud condensation nuclei. Biogenic secondary organic aerosols (BSOAs) comprise an important component of atmospheric aerosols. Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emitted by vegetation are the source of BSOAs. Pathogens and insect attacks, heat waves and droughts can induce stress to plants that may impact their BVOC emissions, and hence the yield and type of formed BSOAs, and possibly their climatic effects. This raises questions of whether stress-induced changes in BSOA formation may attenuate or amplify effects of climate change. In this study we assess the potential impact of stress-induced BVOC emissions on BSOA formation for tree species typical for mixed deciduous and Boreal Eurasian forests. We studied the photochemical BSOA formation for plants infested by aphids in a laboratory setup under well-controlled conditions and applied in addition heat and drought stress. The results indicate that stress conditions substantially modify BSOA formation and yield. Stress-induced emissions of sesquiterpenes, methyl salicylate, and C17-BVOCs increase BSOA yields. Mixtures including these compounds exhibit BSOA yields between 17 and 33%, significantly higher than mixtures containing mainly monoterpenes (4–6% yield). Green leaf volatiles suppress SOA formation, presumably by scavenging OH, similar to isoprene. By classifying emission types, stressors and BSOA formation potential, we discuss possible climatic feedbacks regarding aerosol effects. We conclude that stress situations for plants due to climate change should be considered in climate–vegetation feedback mechanisms.
Burning of olive tree branches: a major organic aerosol source in the Mediterranean
Authors: Kostenidou E. , Kaltsonoudis C. , Tsiflikiotou M. , Louvaris E. , Russell L. M. , Pandis S. N.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Aerosol produced during the burning of olive tree branches was characterized with both direct source sampling (using a mobile smog chamber) and with ambient measurements during the burning season. The fresh particles were composed of 80% organic matter, 8–10% black carbon (BC), 5% potassium, 3–4% sulfate, 2–3% nitrate and 0.8% chloride. Almost half of the fresh olive tree branches burning organic aerosol (otBB-OA) consisted of alkane groups. Their mode diameter was close to 70 nm. The oxygen to carbon (O : C) ratio of the fresh otBB-OA was 0.29 ± 0.04. The mass fraction of levoglucosan in PM1 was 0.034–0.043, relatively low in comparison with most fuel types. This may lead to an underestimation of the otBB-OA contribution if levoglucosan is being used as a wood burning tracer. Chemical aging was observed during smog chamber experiments, as f44 and O : C ratio increased, due to reactions with OH radicals and O3. The otBB-OA AMS mass spectrum differs from the other published biomass burning spectra, with a main difference at m/z 60, used as levoglucosan tracer. In addition to particles, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as methanol, acetonitrile, acrolein, benzene, toluene and xylenes are also emitted. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to the ambient organic aerosol data and 3 factors could be identified: OOA (oxygenated organic aerosol, 55%), HOA (hydrocarbon-like organic aerosol, 11.3%) and otBB-OA 33.7%. The fresh chamber otBB-OA AMS spectrum is close to the PMF otBB-OA spectrum and resembles the ambient mass spectrum during olive tree branches burning periods. We estimated an otBB-OA emission factor of 3.5 ± 0.9 g kg−1. Assuming that half of the olive tree branches pruned is burned in Greece, 2300 ± 600 tons of otBB-OA are emitted every year. This activity is one of the most important fine aerosol sources during the winter months in Mediterranean countries.
WAIS Divide ice core suggests sustained changes in the atmospheric formation pathways of sulfate and nitrate since the 19th century in the extratropical Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Sofen E. D. , Alexander B. , Steig E. J. , Thiemens M. H. , Kunasek S. A. , Amos H. M. , Schauer A. J. , Hastings M. G. , Bautista J. , Jackson T. L. , Vogel L. E. , McConnell J. R. , Pasteris D. R. , Saltzman E. S.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. The triple-oxygen isotopic composition (Δ17O = δ17O-0.52 × δ18O) of sulfate and nitrate reflects the relative importance of their different production pathways in the atmosphere. A new record of sulfate and nitrate Δ17O spanning the last 2400 yr from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide ice core project shows significant changes in both sulfate and nitrate Δ17O in the most recent 200 yr, indicating changes in their formation pathways. The sulfate Δ17O record suggests that an additional 12–18% of sulfate formation occurs via aqueous-phase production by O3, relative to that in the gas-phase in the present-day compared to the early 19th century. Nitrate Δ17O indicates a increasing importance of RO2 in NOx-cycling between the mid-19th century and present-day in the mid-to-high latitude Southern Hemisphere. The former has implications for the climate impacts of sulfate aerosol, while the latter has implications for the tropospheric O3 production rate in remote low-NOx environments. Using other ice core observations, we rule out drivers for these changes other than variability in extratropical oxidant (OH, O3, RO2, H2O2, and reactive halogens) concentrations. However, assuming OH, H2O2, and O3 are the main oxidants contributing to sulfate formation, Monte Carlo box model simulations require a large (≥ 210%) increase in the [O3]/[OH] ratio over the Southern Ocean in the early 19th century to match the sulfate Δ17O record. This unlikely scenario points to a deficiency in our understanding of sulfur chemistry and suggests other oxidants may play an important role in sulfate formation in the mid-to-high latitude marine boundary layer. The observed decrease in nitrate Δ17O since ~1860 CE is most likely due to an increased importance of RO2 over O3 in NOx-cycling and can be explained by a 48–84% decrease in the [O3]/[RO2] ratio in the extratropical Southern Hemisphere NOx-source regions.
Temperature response of denitrification and anammox reveals the adaptation of microbial communities to in situ temperatures in permeable marine sediments that span 50° in latitude
Authors: Canion A. , Kostka J. E. , Gihring T. M. , Huettel M. , van Beusekom J. E. E. , Gao H. , Lavik G. , Kuypers M. M. M.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Despite decades of research on the physiology and biochemistry of nitrate/nitrite-respiring microorganisms, little is known regarding their metabolic response to temperature, especially under in situ conditions. The temperature regulation of microbial communities that mediate anammox and denitrification was investigated in near shore permeable sediments at polar, temperate, and subtropical sites with annual mean temperatures ranging from −5 to 23 °C. Total N2 production rates were determined using the isotope pairing technique in intact core incubations under diffusive and simulated advection conditions and ranged from 2 to 359 μmol N m−2 d−1. For the majority of sites studied, N2 removal was 2 to 7 times more rapid under advective flow conditions. Anammox comprised 6 to 14% of total N2 production at temperate and polar sites and was not detected at the subtropical site. Potential rates of denitrification and anammox were determined in anaerobic slurries in a temperature gradient block incubator across a temperature range of −1 to 42 °C. The highest optimum temperature (Topt) for denitrification was 36 °C and was observed in subtropical sediments, while the lowest Topt of 21 °C was observed at the polar site. Seasonal variation in the Topt was observed at the temperate site with values of 26 and 34 °C in winter and summer, respectively. The Topt values for anammox were 9 and 26 °C at the polar and temperate sites, respectively. The results demonstrate adaptation of denitrifying communities to in situ temperatures in permeable marine sediments across a wide range of temperatures, whereas marine anammox bacteria may be predominately psychrophilic to psychrotolerant. To our knowledge, we provide the first rates of denitrification and anammox from permeable sediments of a polar permanently cold ecosystem. The adaptation of microbial communities to in situ temperatures suggests that the relationship between temperature and rates of N removal is highly dependent on community structure.
Long-term variations in Iceland–Scotland overflow strength during the Holocene
Authors: Thornalley D. J. R. , Blaschek M. , Davies F. J. , Praetorius S. , Oppo D. W. , McManus J. F. , Hall I. R. , Kleiven H. , Renssen H. , McCave I. N.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. The overflow of deep water from the Nordic seas into the North Atlantic plays a critical role in global ocean circulation and climate. Approximately half of this overflow occurs via the Iceland–Scotland (I–S) overflow, yet the history of its strength throughout the Holocene (~ 0–11 700 yr ago, ka) is poorly constrained, with previous studies presenting apparently contradictory evidence regarding its long-term variability. Here, we provide a comprehensive reconstruction of I–S overflow strength throughout the Holocene using sediment grain size data from a depth transect of 13 cores from the Iceland Basin. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that the main axis of the I–S overflow on the Iceland slope was shallower during the early Holocene, deepening to its present depth by ~ 7 ka. Our results also reveal weaker I–S overflow during the early and late Holocene, with maximum overflow strength occurring at ~ 7 ka, the time of a regional climate thermal maximum. Climate model simulations suggest a shoaling of deep convection in the Nordic seas during the early and late Holocene, consistent with our evidence for weaker I–S overflow during these intervals. Whereas the reduction in I–S overflow strength during the early Holocene likely resulted from melting remnant glacial ice sheets, the decline throughout the last 7000 yr was caused by an orbitally induced increase in the amount of Arctic sea ice entering the Nordic seas. Although the flux of Arctic sea ice to the Nordic seas is expected to decrease throughout the next century, model simulations predict that under high emissions scenarios, competing effects, such as warmer sea surface temperatures in the Nordic seas, will result in reduced deep convection, likely driving a weaker I–S overflow.
Mid-Pliocene East Asian monsoon climate simulated in the PlioMIP
Authors: Zhang R. , Yan Q. , Zhang Z. S. , Jiang D. , Otto-Bliesner B. L. , Haywood A. M. , Hill D. J. , Dolan A. M. , Stepanek C. , Lohmann G. , Contoux C. , Bragg F. , Chan W.-L. , Chandler M. A. , Jost A. , Kamae Y. , Abe-Ouchi A. , Ramstein G. , Rosenbloom N. A. , Sohl L. , Ueda H.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Based on simulations with 15 climate models in the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project (PlioMIP), the regional climate of East Asia (focusing on China) during the mid-Pliocene is investigated in this study. Compared to the pre-industrial, the multi-model ensemble mean (MMM) of all models shows the East Asian summer winds (EASWs) largely strengthen in monsoon China, and the East Asian winter winds (EAWWs) strengthen in south monsoon China but slightly weaken in north monsoon China in the mid-Pliocene. The MMM of all models also illustrates a warmer and wetter mid-Pliocene climate in China. The simulated weakened mid-Pliocene EAWWs in north monsoon China and intensified EASWs in monsoon China agree well with geological reconstructions. However, there is a large model–model discrepancy in simulating mid-Pliocene EAWW, which should be further addressed in the future work of PlioMIP.
WHEN ARE DAMAGES TAX FREE?: THE ELUSIVE MEANING OF "PHYSICAL INJURY"
Authors: Jensen Ronald H.
Published: September 2013

No Abstract
ENTRY-LEVEL ENTREPRENEURS AND THE CHOICE-OF-ENTITY CHALLENGE
Authors: Satterthwaite Emily Ann
Published: September 2013

For first-time, lower-income and credit-constrained entrepreneurs (“entry-level entrepreneurs”), the employment tax savings proffered by a longstanding tax shelter known as the “Sub-S Shelter” can be particularly salient. Such hypersalience is problematic from a policy perspective. It not only increases the costs and complexity of the entry-level entrepreneur’s deliberation process concerning the appropriate entity for her business, but it distorts her incentives to choose the entity that best supports her business’s future growth. I argue that because the hypersalience of the Sub-Shelter is likely to be more pronounced for entry-level entrepreneurs than for entrepreneurs with more experience or better access to capital, the burdens of the shelter are distributionally regressive. As an alternative to full-scale reforms that would eliminate the demand for the Sub-S Shelter but may be politically infeasible, I suggest that the shelter’s regressive hypersalience can be addressed by government measures to provide choice-of-entity information tailored to the needs and concerns of entry-level entrepreneurs. Such targeted information can mitigate the hypersalience of the Sub-S Shelter by underscoring the risks of relying on it, while highlighting the real option value of choosing a more flexible business entity such as an LLC. By nudging entry-level entrepreneurs towards neutrality in regard to their choice-of-entity decisions, this approach has the potential to improve both the efficiency and the equity of a key step in formalizing a new business.
Front Matter
Authors: Tax Review Pittsburgh
Published: September 2013

Front Matter
Art and Pluralism
Authors: Whiteley Nigel
Published: September 2013

Lawrence Alloway (1926–1990) was one of the most influential and widely respected (as well as prolific) art writers of the post-war years. His many books, catalogue essays, and reviews manifest the changing paradigms of art away from the formal values of modernism towards the inclusiveness of the visual culture model in the 1950s, through the diversity and excesses of the 1960s, to the politicisation in the wake of 1968 and the Vietnam War, on to postmodern concerns in the 1970s. Alloway was in the right places at the right times. From his central involvement with the Independent Group and the Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA) in London in the 1950s, he moved to New York, the new world centre of art, at the beginning of the 1960s. In the early 1970s Alloway became deeply involved with the realist revival and the early feminist movement in art — Sylvia Sleigh, the painter, was his wife — and went on to write extensively about the gallery and art market as a system, examining the critic's role within this system. Positioning himself against the formalism and exclusivism associated with Clement Greenberg, Alloway was wholeheartedly committed to pluralism and diversity in both art and society. For him, art and criticism were always to be understood within a wider set of cultural, social and political concerns, with the emphasis on democracy, social inclusiveness and freedom of expression. This book provides a close critical reading of Alloway's writings.
Un siècle, deux littératures : le xxe siècle français
Authors: Auger Manon , Huglo Marie-Pascale
Published: September 2013

En raison d’un décloisonnement et d’une diffraction critiques manifestes, il n’est pas aisé de tracer les contours de la recherche québécoise portant sur la littérature française duxxesiècle. Il appert néanmoins que la recherche au Québec présente des lignes de forces, des « tangentes », que peut révéler une étude attentive tant des parcours des chercheurs, des problématiques qui les intéressent et des principaux lieux de collaboration, que des oeuvres et des corpus qui retiennent leur attention. Ainsi, tout en problématisant la pertinence qu’il y a à faire duxxesiècle la mesure d’un découpage disciplinaire, cet article propose un examen à la fois scrupuleux et subjectif de la recherche québécoise afin d’établir quels sont les points de convergence ou de démarcation susceptibles de mieux définir son apport spécifique. L’observation d’une répartition très nette entre la « littérature duxxesiècle » et celle du « contemporain » (allant des années 1980 jusqu’à aujourd’hui) permet par ailleurs de mettre en parallèle « deux » lectures duxxesiècle, mais aussi « deux » littératures relativement distinctes ayant leurs enjeux critiques spécifiques
Tatsumi Receives 2012 N. L. Bowen Award: Response
Authors: Tatsumi Yoshiyuki
Published: September 2013

Thank you, Bob, for your kind words. I am most grateful to everyone involved in the nomination and evaluation processes, the VGP section, and AGU for affording me this much‐appreciated honor, the 2012 Bowen Award. Also, I would like to thank my seniors and many colleagues for sharing the fun of decoding how magmas form in the Earth's interior.
Classical Sociology
Authors: Cockerham William C.
Published: September 2013

Classical sociology is the systematic study of human society and social life in its earliest period that led to its establishment as a scientific discipline. While Auguste Comte came up with the idea of a sociological science that eventually evolved into reality and Karl Marx provided insight into the dynamics of class conflict and social change, other scholars were more decisive in establishing sociology as an academic discipline. One of these was Herbert Spencer, who was important in popularizing the field, but two others – Émile Durkheim and Max Weber – emerged as the greatest masters of classical sociology.
Large Scale Graphene/Hexagonal Boron Nitride Heterostructure for Tunable Plasmonics
Authors: Zhang Kai , Yap Fung Ling , Li Kun , Ng Chang Tai , Li Lin Jun , Loh Kian Ping
Published: September 2013

Vertical integration of hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) and graphene for the fabrication of vertical field‐effect transistors or tunneling diodes has stimulated intense interest recently due to the enhanced performance offered by combining an ultrathin dielectric with a semi‐metallic system. Wafer scale fabrication and processing of these heterostructures is needed to make large scale integrated circuitry. In this work, by using remote discharged, radio‐frequency plasma chemical vapor deposition, wafer scale, high quality few layer h‐BN films are successfully grown. By using few layer h‐BN films as top gate dielectric material, the plasmon energy of graphene can be tuned by electrostatic doping. An array of graphene/h‐BN vertically stacked micrometer‐sized disks is fabricated by lithography and transfer techniques, and infrared spectroscopy is used to observe the modes of tunable graphene plasmonic absorption as a function of the repeating (G/h‐BN)n units in the vertical stack. Interestingly, the plasmonic resonances can be tuned to higher frequencies with increasing layer thickness of the disks, showing that such vertical stacking provides a viable strategy to provide wide window tuning of the plasmons beyond the limitation of the monolayer.
Microwaving Blood as a Non‐Destructive Technique for Haemoglobin Measurements on Microlitre Samples
Authors: Basey‐Fisher Toby H. , Guerra Nadia , Triulzi Chiara , Gregory Andrew , Hanham Stephen M. , Stevens Molly M. , Maier Stefan A. , Klein Norbert
Published: September 2013

The non‐destructive ex vivo determination of haemoglobin (Hgb) concentration offers the capability to conduct multiple red blood cell haematological measurements on a single sample, an advantage that current optical techniques are unable to offer. Here, a microwave method and device for the accurate and non‐destructive determination of Hgb concentration in microlitre blood samples are described. Using broadband microwave spectroscopy, a relationship is established between the dielectric properties of murine blood and Hgb concentration that is utilized to create a technique for the determination of Hgb concentration. Subsequently, a microwave dielectric resonator‐microfluidic system is implemented in the analysis of 52 murine samples with microlitre volumes and Hgb concentrations ranging from 0 to 17 g dL−1. Using the characterized relationship, independent and minimally invasive Hgb measurements are made on nine healthy mice as well as seven with mutations in the Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene that leads to colorectal cancer and consequently anaemia.
Immunologic and Tissue Biocompatibility of Flexible/Stretchable Electronics and Optoelectronics
Authors: Park Gayoung , Chung Hyun‐Joong , Kim Kwanghee , Lim Seon Ah , Kim Jiyoung , Kim Yun‐Soung , Liu Yuhao , Yeo Woon‐Hong , Kim Rak‐Hwan , Kim Stanley S. , Kim Jong‐Seon , Jung Yei Hwan , Kim Tae‐il , Yee Cassian , Rogers John A. , Lee Kyung‐Mi
Published: September 2013

Recent development of flexible/stretchable integrated electronic sensors and stimulation systems has the potential to establish an important paradigm for implantable electronic devices, where shapes and mechanical properties are matched to those of biological tissues and organs. Demonstrations of tissue and immune biocompatibility are fundamental requirements for application of such kinds of electronics for long‐term use in the body. Here, a comprehensive set of experiments studies biocompatibility on four representative flexible/stretchable device platforms, selected on the basis of their versatility and relevance in clinical usage. The devices include flexible silicon field effect transistors (FETs) on polyimide and stretchable silicon FETs, InGaN light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), and AlInGaPAs LEDs, each on low modulus silicone substrates. Direct cytotoxicity measured by exposure of a surrogate fibroblast line and leachable toxicity by minimum essential medium extraction testing reveal that all of these devices are non‐cytotoxic. In vivo immunologic and tissue biocompatibility testing in mice indicate no local inflammation or systemic immunologic responses after four weeks of subcutaneous implantation. The results show that these new classes of flexible implantable devices are suitable for introduction into clinical studies as long‐term implantable electronics.
Antiretroviral Solid Drug Nanoparticles with Enhanced Oral Bioavailability: Production, Characterization, and In Vitro–In Vivo Correlation
Authors: McDonald Tom O. , Giardiello Marco , Martin Philip , Siccardi Marco , Liptrott Neill J. , Smith Darren , Roberts Phill , Curley Paul , Schipani Alessandro , Khoo Saye H. , Long James , Foster Alison J. , Rannard Steven P. , Owen Andrew
Published: September 2013

Nanomedicine strategies have produced many commercial products. However, no orally dosed HIV nanomedicines are available clinically to patients. Although nanosuspensions of drug particles have demonstrated many benefits, experimentally achieving >25 wt% of drug relative to stabilizers is highly challenging. In this study, the emulsion‐templated freeze‐drying technique for nanoparticles formation is applied for the first time to optimize a nanodispersion of the leading non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor efavirenz, using clinically acceptable polymers and surfactants. Dry monoliths containing solid drug nanoparticles with extremely high drug loading (70 wt% relative to polymer and surfactant stabilizers) are stable for several months and reconstitute in aqueous media to provide nanodispersions with z‐average diameters of 300 nm. The solid drug nanoparticles exhibit reduced cytoxicity and increased in vitro transport through model gut epithelium. In vivo studies confirm bioavailability benefits with an approximately four‐fold higher pharmacokinetic exposure after oral administration to rodents, and predictive modeling suggests dose reduction with the new formulation may be possible.
Variation of the anterior aspect of the femoral head‐neck junction in a modern human identified skeletal collection
Authors: Radi Nico , Mariotti Valentina , Riga Alessandro , Zampetti Stefania , Villa Chiara , Belcastro M. Giovanna
Published: September 2013

The effectiveness of the so‐called skeletal markers of activity as functional indicators is widely debated. Among them, certain morphological features of the anterior aspect of the femoral head‐neck junction (Poirier's facet, cervical fossa of Allen, etc.) have been considered in relation to some behaviors and specific activities (e.g., squatting, horseback riding, etc.). However, disagreement on terminology and descriptions, the absence of standardized scoring methods and poor knowledge of the variability and distribution of these features make it difficult to interpret their meaning. The aim of this study is to analyze the variability of the anterior aspect of the femoral neck through a new scoring method taking into account three main traits: Poirier's facet, plaque, and cribra (including the Allen's fossa). This method has been applied to a sample of 225 adult individuals of both sexes coming from an identified modern skeletal collection, achieving low intraobserver and interobserver error values. The results highlight some significant trends: plaque, almost always bilateral, appears to be a normal condition of the femur, being present in approximately 90% of the individuals. Cribra is more frequent in females and decreases with age. Poirier's facet shows a very low frequency. This method allows the representation of both the anatomical diversity of the region already described in literature and part of the variability never considered before. Our results suggest caution in considering these features as markers related to specific activities. Am J Phys Anthropol 152:261–272, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mesoscopic approach to inviscid gas dynamics with thermal lag
Authors: Cimmelli Vito Antonio
Published: September 2013

A phenomenological model for thermal relaxation and wave propagation in ideal polyatomic gases is developed by introducing a dynamical non‐equilibrium temperature. The system of equations governing the evolution of the gas is derived and the speeds of propagation of thermo‐mechanical disturbances together with the Rankine‐Hugoniot jump conditions for shock waves are calculated. The hyperbolic theories of heat propagation in incompressible fluids and rigid solids are recovered as particular cases. For rigid solids, the well posedness of the Cauchy problem is proved by a classical method.
Utilizing term proximity for blog post retrieval
Authors: Ye Zheng , He Ben , Wang Lifeng , Luo Tiejian
Published: September 2013

Term proximity is effective for many information retrieval (IR) research fields yet remains unexplored in blogosphere IR. The blogosphere is characterized by large amounts of noise, including incohesive, off‐topic content and spam. Consequently, the classical bag‐of‐words unigram IR models are not reliable enough to provide robust and effective retrieval performance. In this article, we propose to boost the blog postretrieval performance by employing term proximity information. We investigate a variety of popular and state‐of‐the‐art proximity‐based statistical IR models, including a proximity‐based counting model, the Markov random field (MRF) model, and the divergence from randomness (DFR) multinomial model. Extensive experimentation on the standard TREC Blog06 test dataset demonstrates that the introduction of term proximity information is indeed beneficial to retrieval from the blogosphere. Results also indicate the superiority of the unordered bi‐gram model with the sequential‐dependence phrases over other variants of the proximity‐based models. Finally, inspired by the effectiveness of proximity models, we extend our study by exploring the proximity evidence between uery terms and opinionated terms. The consequent opinionated proximity model shows promising performance in the experiments.
Finite‐Time H∞ State Estimation for Discrete‐Time Switched Control Systems Under Asynchronous Switching
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad Naveed , Xiao Jian , Xiang Weiming
Published: September 2013

The Luenberger observer technique has long been used for reliable state estimation of feedback control systems. In this paper it is employed for asynchronously switched control systems. The theory of finite‐time stability (FTS) and finite‐time boundedness (FTB) is incorporated, which is a relatively new concept offering open and challenging problems, especially in the field of robust state estimation for switched control systems. Many real‐world systems are supposed to run for a fixed interval of time and hence the design of finite‐time state observers has more significance from the point of view of many engineering applications. This investigation considers asynchronous switching between observer and physical systems, which accounts for inherent delays in practical applications caused by measurement and sensing mechanisms, and crafts a more practical and accurate design method. Furthermore, performance index which is a vital technique for robust system design against external disturbances is integrated in the design procedure.
Pulmonary metastasectomy in colorectal cancer
Authors: Treasure T , Leonard P
Published: September 2013

Surgeons need to do difficult trials
Long-term clinical and functional outcome following treatment for Paget–Schroetter syndrome
Authors: Taylor J M , Telford R J , Kinsella D C , Watkinson A F , Thompson J F
Published: September 2013

Background

Effort-related thrombosis of the axillosubclavian vein (Paget–Schroetter syndrome, PSS) is uncommon. It tends to affect young, active individuals and yet consensus on management is lacking. The aim here was to analyse late outcomes in a series of patients treated for PSS using a standard protocol.

Methods

The medical records of patients treated for PSS over 16 years were analysed. Patients were divided into four groups according to their management. Clinical and functional outcomes were analysed regarding residual venous defects after treatment, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire scores, respectively.

Results

Some 117 patients (52 men and 65 women, mean age 32 years) were included. Catheter-directed thrombolysis was successful in 42 of 56 treated patients. Thoracic outlet decompression surgery was performed in 95 patients. DASH scores improved significantly in patients treated surgically (P < 0.001 to P = 0·009); early surgery had a better outcome than delayed surgery (P = 0·040). Patients who were managed conservatively showed no improvement (P = 0·116). Where venoplasty was necessary, it was successful in 18 of 25 patients. A short duration of lysis (less than 24 h) increased the risk of rethrombosis (P = 0·020). The method of postoperative anticoagulation had no influence on the rate of rethrombosis.

Conclusion

Patients treated surgically for PSS had better functional outcomes than those managed conservatively. Prompt thrombolysis and surgery was superior to delayed management with respect to rethrombosis and functional outcome.
Programming instruction using a micro robot as a teaching tool
Authors: Yamanishi Teruya , Sugihara Kazutomi , Ohkuma Kazumasa , Uosaki Katsuji
Published: September 2013

This practical report analyzes a programming class using a micro robot (MR), the smallest soccer robot in the RoboCup world competition. This class examined the effect of using the MR as the actual equipment employed in programming. Questionnaire results on this class revealed that these teaching materials evoked a heightened programming interest among students. Moreover, the problems related to programming instruction using an MR were better understood; therefore, a strategy for improving the related problems is discussed here. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 23:109–116, 2015; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/cae; DOI 10.1002/cae.21582
Wandering spleen: a potential abdominal catastrophe
Authors: McBrearty Anthony , McGuinness Etain , Neill Adrian
Published: September 2013

Key Clinical Message

We describe the case of a wandering spleen complicated by volvulus and demonstrate the role of radiology and urgent intervention in managing this rare but potentially fatal condition.
Lewis Acid Mediated Vinyl‐Transfer Reaction of Alkynes to N‐Alkylimines by Using the N‐Alkyl Residue as a Sacrificial Hydrogen Donor
Authors: Malakar Chandi C. , Stas Sara , Herrebout Wouter , Abbaspour Tehrani Kourosch
Published: September 2013

A variety of N‐alkyl‐α,α‐dichloroaldimines were vinylated by terminal acetylenes in the presence of Lewis acids such as In(OTf)3 or BF3⋅OEt2 and hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) as an additive. The reaction proceeds at ambient temperature and leads to geometrically pure allylic β,β‐dichloroamines. This approach is complementary to previously reported transition‐metal‐catalyzed vinyl‐transfer methods, which are not applicable to aliphatic imines and are restricted to imines that contain an electron‐withdrawing nitrogen substituent. In the present approach, terminal alkynes were used as a source of the vinyl residue, and the N‐alkyl moiety of the imine acts as a sacrificial hydrogen donor. The additional advantage of this methodology is the fact that no external toxic or hazardous reducing agents or molecular hydrogen has to be used. This new methodology nicely combines a C(sp2)C(sp) bond formation, hydride transfer, and an unusual cleavage of an unactivated CN bond, thereby giving rise to functionalized primary allylic amines. A detailed experimental study supported by DFT calculations of the mechanism has been done.