bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Crystallinity on the Mechanical Properties of PEEK Polymer and Graphite Fiber Reinforced PEEK
Authors: Talbott Margaret F. , Springer George S. , Berglund Lars A.
Published: March 2007

The mechanical properties of PEEK 150P polymer and APC-2 graphite/PEEK com posite were measured at different crystallinities, from 0 to 40 weight percent. For PEEK 150P the tensile, compressive, and shear properties and the fracture toughness were measured. For APC-2 the mode I and mode II fracture toughnesses and fracture energies as well as the mixed mode stress intensity factors were determined. Expressions are pre sented relating the mechanical properties to crystallinity. Finally, data are given which compare the mechanical properties of materials in which the same crystallinity was estab lished by different thermal processes.
Effects of Cure and Moisture on the Properties of Fiberite 976 Resin
Authors: Jianmao Tang  , Springer George S.
Published: March 2007

Tests were performed to evaluate the effects of cure and moisture on the moisture ab sorption characteristics and on the mechanical properties of Fiberite 976 resin. The maxi mum moisture content Mm was determined as a function of degree of cure, temperature, and relative humidity. The diffusivity D was determined as a function of degree of cure and temperature. Empirical correlations were established for the maximum moisture con tent and for the diffusivity. The tensile, compressive, and shear strengths and moduli, and the fracture toughness of dry resin were measured at different degrees of cure ranging from 0.6 to 0.95. The tensile, compressive, and shear properties were also measured at dif ferent degrees of cure with resins containing 0 to 4 percent moisture. These data indicate the individual effects of cure as well as the combined effects of cure and moisture on the mechanical properties.
On Laminate Configurations for Simultaneous Failure
Authors: Fukunaga Hisao , Chou Tsu-Wei
Published: March 2007

A particular class of laminated composites is presented where all layers fail simul taneously. Lamiante configurations and loading conditions for simultaneous failure are ob tained for laminated composites under in-plane loads.

The present paper also shows the optimal laminate configurations to maximize the in-plane strength for graphite/epoxy composites. Tsai-Wu criterion is used as a first ply failure strength criterion. The particular failure strength characteristics are shown for graphite/epoxy composites.

The strength characteristics of the laminate configurations for simultaneous failure are compared with those of the optimal ones. It is shown that the laminate configurations for simultaneous failure are optimal only for a special loading condition.
Three-Dimensional Effective Elastic Constants for Thick Laminates
Authors: Sun C.T. , Sijian Li
Published: March 2007

Equivalent homogeneous anisotropic solids are used to represent thick laminates con sisting of large numbers of a repeating sublaminate. The typical sublaminate is used for studying its load-deformation behavior from which the effective elastic constants are derived from the constituent lamina properties. Explicit expressions for effective elastic constants for general thick laminates are presented. Reduced expressions are also derived for balanced laminates containing a single composite system. Numerical examples are in cluded.
A General Boundary Integral Formulation for the Anisotropic Plate Bending Problems
Authors: Shi Guimin , Bezine Gerard
Published: March 2007

In this paper, a new direct boundary integral element method is presented for the analy sis of Kirchhoff's anisotropic plate bending problems. The two boundary integral equations are derived from the generalized Rayleigh-Green identity after introducing the fundamen tal singular solution of an infinite plate corresponding to the problem of interest. By a sim ple discretization procedure with straight elements for the boundary, and constant assump tion for the unknown boundary functions, two boundary integral equations are obtained in the matrix form. Several computational examples concerning orthotropic plate bending problems are presented. The numerical results obtained by our method as compared with some analytical results show that the present numerical scheme is a versatile tool which gives a satisfactory accuracy.
Energy Absorption Behavior of Graphite Epoxy Composite Sine Webs
Authors: Hanagud S. , Craig J.I. , Sriram P. , Zhou W.
Published: March 2007

The static energy absorption behavior of graphite epoxy composite cor rugated (sine wave) webs loaded in axial compression is reported in this paper. Tests have been conducted to study the effects of various geometric parameters of the web specimen including width and gross thickness. The importance of the failure initiator and its effect on energy absorption are described along with other observed energy absorption trends. Comparisons are made with published tube specimen behavior where appropriate. The existence of a stability boundary within which efficient crushing occurs is shown in the case of gross thickness variation of the web.
Influence of Transverse Shear Deformation on the Scaling of Cross-Ply Cylindrical Shells
Authors: Abu-Arija Kamal R. , Chaudhuri Reaz A.
Published: March 2007

A heretofore unavailable closed-form solution, based on the constant shear- angle theory (CST), is obtained for a general unsymmetric cross-ply circumferentially complete cylindrical shell, with arbitrary boundary conditions and subjected to uniform internal pressure. A novel CLT (classical lamination theory)-based far-field asymptotic analysis has been employed to define dimensionless response parameters—maximum non dimensionalized transverse displacement and its nondimensionalized location—which have been shown to be the upper bounds for their CST- and LCST (layerwise constant shear angle theory)-based counterparts. They provide a rational basis for the scaling anal ysis of laminated cross-ply cylindrical shells. Numerical results are presented for three- layer (symmetric) and two-layer (antisymmetric) cross-ply cylindrical shells with simply- supported edges and are compared with the corresponding CLT-based analytical solutions and LCST-based finite element solutions. These results clearly demonstrate the effects of transverse shear deformation, asymmetry of lamination, and the geometric variables on the predicted displacements and stresses and also on the scaling analysis of such shells.
The Characterization of Elastic Moduli and Damping Capacities of Graphite/Epoxy Composite Laminated Beams in Hygrothermal Environments
Authors: Lee C.Y. , Pfeifer M. , Thompson B.S. , Gandhi M.V.
Published: March 2007

The extensive utilization of polymeric composite materials in commercial applications has mandated that the dynamic response characteristics of these advanced materials be carefully studied under hygrothermal service conditions in order that viable design guidelines be distilled for practicing engineers. Significant progress has been made in understanding both the dynamic response characteristics of polymeric composite materials under iso-hygrothermal conditions and also their static mechanical response characteristics in hygrothermal environments. However, these two areas have generally been treated by the research community as distinct disciplines, and there is a significant void in the literature on evaluating the hygrothermoelastodynamic response of polymeric composite materials. This paper partially addresses this void by presenting a coherent combination of theoretical and experimental investigations on studying the dynamic elastic moduli and damping capacities of composite laminated beams fabricated from Hercules AS4/3501-6 prepreg and exposed to different hygrothermal conditions. The favorable cor relation between the theoretical predictions based on the generic model developed herein and the experimental response-data is anticipated to provide the basis for establishing viable design guidelines for practicing engineers in the aerospace, defense and automotive industries.
Statistical Analysis of Tensile Strength of ARALL® Laminates
Authors: Wu H. Felix
Published: March 2007

Variability in the strength of ARALL® laminates is studied. Standard statis tical procedures are used to determine the distribution function that best fits ARALL® laminates strength data. The normal, log-normal, and two-parameter Weibull distributions are compared using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test. At the 5 % significance level none of these distributions is rejected. However, the data indicate that the strength of laminates, for a given gauge length and cross section, can be best fitted to a two-parameter Weibull distribution. In addition, some small panel-to-panel variations in strength are also found.

The effect of gauge length on the strength of ARALL® laminates is examined. The strength of ARALL® laminates seems to exhibit no gauge length effects over the range from 2 to 20 inches, holding the strain rate constant. This effect, if true in general, would be a substantial advantage for ARALL® laminates, because scaling effects would be mini mized.
Transient Moisture Effects in Fibers and Composite Materials
Authors: Wang John Z. , Dillard David A. , Wolcott Michael P. , Kamke Frederick A. , Wilkes Garth L.
Published: March 2007

Unlike constant moisture effects on the behavior of composite materials, transient moisture effects are not well studied and known. Armstrong and Kingston have shown that the creep of wood under transient humidity levels could be greatly accelerated over that at any constant moisture content. Later this phenomenon was termed "mechano- sorptive". In this paper, the authors show that aramid fibers (Kevlar® 29, Kevlar® 49, and Kevlar® 149) and Kevlar® 49/epoxy composites exhibit mechano-sorptive phenomenon. Kevlar® composites were studied using both creep and dynamic mechanical analysis while undergoing desorption. Creep of single Kevlar® fibers was studied during relative humid ity conditions cycled between 5 % and 95 %. The results observed with Kevlar are consis tent with those reported for other natural polymeric materials.
The Effects of Hot Rolling on AA2124 15 v/o SiC Whisker Composites
Authors: Schueller R.D. , Wawner F.E.
Published: March 2007

Mechanical and microstructural studies were performed on a rolled sheet of AA2124 15 volume percent SiC whisker composite. Tests were done in both the as-rolled condition and after a T6 heat treatment. It was confirmed that hot rolling significantly reduces the tensile strength of a heat treated composite and that a T6 heat treatment re stores this strength. It has been suggested by previous investigators that this reduction and recovery in tensile strength was due to the creation and healing of interfacial voids. How ever, the present study shows that the loss in strength is mainly due to simple overaging of the rolled composite which occurs during cooling. A T6 heat treatment restored the strength of the rolled composite by dissolving the large precipitates. The ductility of the composite was also increased significantly as a result of the heat treatment.
Stress and Failure Analysis of a Pin-Loaded Composite Plate: An Experimental Study
Authors: Tsai M.Y. , Morton J.
Published: March 2007

A graphite/epoxy quasi-isotropic composite plate was loaded through an aluminum pin. High-sensitivity moire interferometry was used to obtain fringe patterns of in-plane displacement components near the pin-plate contact surface. Stresses around and near the contact surface were determined from the experimentally obtained displacements using a localized hybrid approach which consisted of introducing the displacements around a local region of interest into a finite element analysis. X-ray radiography and optical microscopy were employed in a failure analysis of the plate.

Stress distributions on the near contact interface were obtained. Local damage was also documented successfully. A simple failure prediction based on classical laminate theory gave good agreement with the observed location of damage. Valuable local aspects fric tional phenomena were documented.
Impact-Induced Fracture in Laminated Plates and Shells
Authors: Lin H.J. , Lee Y.J.
Published: March 2007

A study of the impact damage of laminated plates and cylindrical shells was conducted by experimental and numerical analysis. The curvature effect on the impact damage of composites was investigated. Laminating sequences of [0°5/90°5/0°5] and [90°5/0° 5/90°5 were considered. Detailed presentation of impact damage was provided through photographs and schematic diagrams. It is found that there are matrix cracks in the lower layer and delamination in the lower interface in plates, while the fiber crack in the upper layer, shear crack in the middle layer and delamination in the upper and lower interfaces are observed in cylindrical shells. A numerical analysis to predict and explain the crack initiation of laminated plates and cylindrical shells was also established.
Modeling Compression Failure of laminated Composites Containing Multiple Through-the-Width Delaminations
Authors: Kutlu Zafer , Chang Fu-Kuo
Published: March 2007

An analytical and experimental investigation was performed to study the compression response of laminated composites containing multiple delaminations. It was of particular interest to determine the effects of delaminations on the residual stiffness and strength of delaminated composite structures and on the ability of the structures to sustain compression. An analytical model was developed for simulating the compression re sponse, from initial loading to final collapse, of laminated composites containing multiple through-the-width delaminations. The model is comprised of three parts: a stress analysis, a failure analysis, and a contact analysis. The stress analysis was developed for simulating the buckling and post-buckling response of the structures, the failure analysis was pro posed for predicting delamination growth and fiber-matrix failure, and the contact analysis was developed for analyzing delamination interface condition during loading. A nonlinear finite element code based on the updated Lagrangian formulation was developed for the model. Extensive experiments on T300/976 graphite/epoxy composites were also per formed to verify the model. Laminates with one or two delaminations were tested. Good agreements were obtained between the predictions and the test data from the initial loading to the final collapse of the specimens. Numerical simulations were also performed to dem onstrate the effect of size, location, and distribution of multiple delaminations on the com pression response of composites.
An Evaluation of the Iosipescu Specimen for Composite Materials Shear Property Measurement
Authors: Morton J. , Ho H. , Tsai M.Y. , Farley G.L.
Published: March 2007

A detailed evaluation of the suitability of the Iosipescu specimen tested in the modified Wyoming fixture is presented. A linear finite element model of the specimen is used to assess the uniformity of the shear stress field in the vicinity of the notch, and demonstrate the effect of the nonuniform stress field upon strain gage measurements used for the determination of composite shear moduli. Based upon test results from graphite epoxy laminates, the proximity of the load introduction point to the test section and the material orthotropy greatly influence the individual gage readings, however, shear modu lus determination is not significantly affected by the lack of pure shear. Correction factors are needed to allow for the nonuniformity of the strain field and the use of the average shear stress in the shear modulus evaluation. The correction factors are determined for the region occupied by the strain gage rosette. A comparison of the strain gage readings from one surface of a specimen with corresponding data from moire interferometry on the opposite face documented an extreme sensitivity of some fiber orientations to eccentric loading which induced twisting and spurious shear stress-strain curves. The discovery of specimen twisting explains the apparently inconsistent shear property data found in the literature. Recommendations for improving the reliability and accuracy of the shear modu lus values are made, and the implications for shear strength measurement discussed.
Winding and Consolidation Analysis for Cylindrical Composite Structures
Authors: Cai Z. , Gutowski T. , Allen S.
Published: March 2007

A general process model for the winding and consolidation of a cylin drical composite structure is presented. A key feature of this model is that it includes the elastic deformation of the fiber bundle and its influence on the process physics. Two im portant cases are discussed in detail. In one case, the resin flow time is short compared to the winding time. Hence the fiber distribution and other important parameters are deter mined almost solely by the fiber deformation behavior. This situation is common in wet filament winding. In the other case, the resin flow time is long compared to the winding time. Here we use a quasi-elastic analysis to determine the fiber distribution and stresses during winding. These conditions are then used as the inputs to the consolidation process. The consolidation process may occur while the wound structure is sitting, while it is being debulked, or while it is being cured and solidified. This case would apply to the winding of prepreg tapes. Finally, simulation experiments were performed to verify both the wind ing and the consolidation models.
Compressive Strength of Damaged and Repaired Composite Plates
Authors: Finn Scott R. , He Yi-Fei , Springer George S. , Lee Hung-Joo
Published: March 2007

Tests were performed assessing the effectiveness of repair in restoring the mechanical properties of damaged, solid composite plates made either of Fiberite T300/976 graphite-epoxy, Fiberite IM7/977-2 graphite-toughened epoxy, or ICI APC-2 graphite-PEEK. The plate length, the layup and the amount of damage were also varied. Damage was introduced in the plates either by impacting them with a solid projectile or by applying a transverse static load. Some (75 % ) or all (100 % ) of the damaged zone was then cut out, and the plate was repaired by plugging and patching the hole. The effec tiveness of the repair was evaluated by measuring the compressive strengths of undamaged plates, damaged plates with no cutout, damaged plates with a cutout, and repaired plates. The data at an intermediate stage of repair (damaged plates with a cutout) provide informa tion on the effect of each repair step on the compressive strength. The results indicated that for the solid plates used in these tests, the repair methods used herein did not improve the compressive strength of already damaged plates.
Analysis of Delamination Growth near Intersecting Ply Cracks
Authors: Whitcomb John D.
Published: March 2007

Three-dimensional finite element analysis was used to study cross-ply laminates with a delamination near the intersection of orthogonal ply cracks. Three lami nates were studied: (0/90)s, (90/0)s, and ((0/90)s)∞ . Mode mix was sensitive to stacking sequence, location along the delamination front, and delamination shape and size. The mode III component was generally the largest component. For loading in the x-direction, there were extremely strong gradients of GI and GIII near the yz-plane, where the delami nation front intersected a ply crack.
Orthotropic Thermal Conductivity of Plain-Weave Fabric Composites Using a Homogenization Technique
Authors: Dasgupta A. , Agarwal R.K.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a new application of two-scale asymptotic homogeni zation schemes to predict the orthotropic thermal conductivity of plain-weave fabric rein forced composite laminates. A unit-cell, enclosing the characteristic periodic repeat pat tern in the fabric weave, is isolated and modeled. A new three-dimensional series-parallel thermal resistance network is developed to solve a steady-state heat transfer boundary value problem (BVP) for this unit-cell. Laminate effective orthotropic thermal conduc tivities are obtained analytically and numerically as functions of (1) thermal conductivity of the constituent materials, (2) fiber volume fraction, and (3) weave style. The analyti cally predicted thermal conductivity values are compared with numerical finite element predictions, with existing models in the literature and with experimentally obtained values.
Curing in Thick Composite Laminates: Experiment and Simulation
Authors: Twardowski T.E. , Lin S.E. , Geil P.H.
Published: March 2007

Thick part ( > 5 cm) temperature profiles were obtained from a one- dimensional experiment. These results are compared with the predictions of a computer simulation containing improved and existing models for extent of reaction, viscosity and other composite properties of the same resin/fiber system. In particular the simulation recovers the thermal behavior of a 5 cm thick, unidirectional Hercules AS-4/3501-6 graphite/epoxy composite laminate. Application of consolidation pressures based on pre dicted viscosities led to dramatic improvement in void content of a real laminate. The sim ulation is used to investigate important processing variables and changes in chemo rheology and temperature in a thick section laminate during cure. The following results are found: imtial extent of reaction is relatively unimportant; consolidation is important; the peak temperature originates near the surface of the laminate and propagates to the center; asymmetric temperature application changes the viscosity and cure profiles; vis cosity never reaches low values simultaneously through the thickness in laminates in ex cess of 10 cm thickness.
Anelastic Deformation of a Thermoplastic-Matrix Fiber Composite at Elevated Temperature; Part I: Neat Resin Structure Characterization
Authors: Chen A.W.-L. , Miyase A. , Geil P.H. , Wang S.S.
Published: March 2007

This is part of a series of articles on the properties of a thermoplastic polyamide matrix [PACM-12, DuPont, poly(bis-4-4'-dicyclohexylmethane) n-dodecane diamide]/graphite fiber (AS4, Hercules) composite. The structural characterization of the neat resin by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction as a function of processing history is described here. PACM-12, considered a representative ther moplastic matrix polymer for advanced composites, as well as an engineering plastic, is partially crystalline (ca. 20%) under normal composite processing conditions, but can be quenched to a completely amorphous state. The complex DSC results are shown to result, at least in part, from the presence of a different crystal structure in slow cooled PACM-12 than in quenched, annealed or fiber samples, to a melting-recrystallization-melting pro cess during heating and to the effect of heating rate.
Postbuckling Behaviors of Composite Panels with Multiple Delaminations
Authors: Suemasu Hiroshi
Published: March 2007

Compressive behaviors of composite panels with through-width, equal- size, equally-spaced multiple delaminations are investigated analytically. An analytical method is formulated on the basis of the Rayleigh-Ritz approximation technique. Contact problem on the delaminated surfaces is considered by the introduction of a constraint, which restricts a relative out-of-plane displacement and a relative slope between the upper and lower portions at a contact point. The postbuckling paths of delaminated panels are solved numerically and the results are compared with the experimental results. If appro priate initial imperfections are assumed, the analytical results can explain well the be haviors of the delaminated panels which are observed in the compressive experiment. The results of the postbuckling analysis indicate that the simplified buckling analysis, where the opening of the delamination is not considered, is sufficient to estimate the buckling load. A method to estimate a total energy release rate is also proposed.
Bilingual Representational Systems and Interlingual Transfer of Learning
Authors: Opoku J. Y.
Published: March 2007

We classified Yoruba-English bilingual subjects as either high or low on separation of their representational systems on a word association test for a list of ten words. Subjects then took part in learning tasts where the list of ten words were learned to one errorless criterion first in one language, and then to another errorless criterion for the translated equivalent words in the other language. Transfer of learning was then measured. Low separation subjects gained significantly more positive transfer than high separation subjects. In addition, transfer from Yoruba to English was more marked for low separation subjects than for high separation subjects. These results are interpreted as supporting theories that postulate separate memory stores for bilinguals.
Personal Control and Crowding Stress
Authors: Schmidt Donald E.
Published: March 2007

Current theoretical explanations of crowding stress have suggested that peronal control may be an important psychological determinant of reactions to the physical environment. Two field surveys were conducted to test the relationship of environment stress and crowding annoyance with personal control and to examine whether this conception of crowding may have cross-cultural generality. In the first study, 282 patrons in a bookstore varying between low and high density were surveyed in regard to perceived control, self-reported stress, and crowding annoyance. Simple correlations and multiple regressions analysis supported the hypothesized relationship for most elements of personal control. In a second study, 185 Singaporean high school students were surveyed relative to residential crowding as a cross-cultural extension. Support was found for the hypothesized relationship between personal control with crowding annoyance and stress. The implications of these results for drawing cross-cultural similarities are discussed.
Toward a Conception of Culture for Cross-Cultural Psychology
Authors: Rohner Ronald P.
Published: March 2007

The concept "culture" in cross-cultural psychology remains largely unexamined theoretically, and is often undifferentiated from other core behavioral science concepts such as "social system" and "society." As a result, the theoretical usefulness and research value of these constructs have been diminished seriously. In order to provide the beginnings of a theory of "culture" for heuristic use in cross-cultural psychology, an attempt is made in this article first, to differentiate conceptually, and second, to interrelate the packaged variables of "culture," "social system," and "society." The intent of this article is to promote the framework for shared understanding about culture and its relation to the other core concepts discussed here, and hence to initiate a dialogue within cross-cultural psychology about the utility of the conceptualization.
Cross-Cultural and Demographic Differences in the Perception of Nations
Authors: Forgas Joseph P. , O'Driscoll Michael
Published: March 2007

The cognitive representations we have about other nations depend on both cultural and individual characteristics. According to Tajfel's functional perception hypothesis, people may bias their perceptions of other nations by paying particular attention to those characteristics on which their own country is positively distinctive relative to comparable other nations. We evaluated this hypothesis in a developed (Australia) and a developing (Papua New Guinea) nation. Subjects were asked to (a) provide similarity judgements between each pair of 20 countries, selected to be representative of .he major national groupings of the world, and (b) to rate each country on 12 bipolar scales. In addition, demographic information (sex, age, religion, socioeconomic status, and political preference) was also obtained from each subject. The data were analysed using an Individual Differences Multidimensional Scaling (INDSCAL) procedure, resulting in three perceptual dimensions: European-non-European; communist-capitalist; and developed-underdeveloped. A multiple discriminant analysis indicated significant differences between Australian and Papua New Guinean subjects in their use of these dimensions, consistent with the functional perception hypothesis. Demographic variables were also related to nation perception. These results are discussed in terms of their significance for functionalist theories of social perception, and their implications for intercultural communication are considered.
Moral Approval of Aggressive Acts
Authors: Fraczek Adam
Published: March 2007

This study is a replication of research by Lagerspetz and Westman (1980) concerning moral approval of various types of interpersonal aggression. The study and related cross-cultural comparisons are basically exploratory. The original technique was adapted for a Polish population. In both studies, subjects were given the "social attitudes inventory" to measure their approval of aggression. The pattern of most approved aggression forms was identical in both samples; the highest approval scores were obtained for violent aggressive behavior, which was justified either for the benefit of others or for self-defense; the Polish sample, as compared to the Finnish one, demonstrated higher approval of more violent forms of aggression. In conclusion, these results were discussed as indicating that an individual's beliefs and values are expressed in the moral approval of aggression, are produced by socialization experiences, and serve as mechanisms regulating interpersonal aggression.
Adolescent Perceptions of Work and Home
Authors: Nevill Dorothy D. , Perrotta Joyce M.
Published: March 2007

High school students in Australia (n = 132), Portugal (n = 149), and the United States (n = 312) took the Salience Inventory, a measure of the relative importance of various life roles. A MANOVA analysis showed significant nation and sex effects. Australian students reported the highest work participation but the lowest work commitment. Portuguese students had the least work experience. Students in the United States reported the highest levels of commitment to home and had the lowest value expectations through work. Females in all three countries were more committed to work and to home than were males. Results were discussed in light of a changing economic and social environment.
Diagnosis as a Function of Race Pairing and Client Self-Disclosure
Authors: Ridley Charles R.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the effects of "therapist" observer-client race pairing and client use of self-disclosure on observers' descriptive and attitudinal ratings of clients. Results indicated that (1) client disclosure produced variations in observers' judgments on five out of nine dimensions;(2) client race produced variations in favor of black clients on the Friendliness and Attitude scales; (3) a significant interaction of observer race and client race occurred on the Depression scale, revealing observers' bias in favor of their own racial grouping; and (4) a significant interaction of client race and client disclosure occurred on the Assessment Scale such that high-disclosing clients of both races were evaluated more favorably than low-disclosing clients, and the low-disclosing black client was evaluated more favorably than his or her low-is closing white client counterpart.
Cross-Language and Cross-Cultural Comparisons in Scale Translations
Authors: Candell Gregory L. , Hulin Charles L.
Published: March 2007

High fidelity translations of measurement instruments from one language to another are required for meaningful comparisons between and within cultures and language groups. Methods from Item Response Theory (IRT) were used to assess the degree to which a French Canadian translation of the Job Descriptive Index (JDI) (Smith, Kendall, & Hulin, 1969), a job satisfaction inventory, provided measurement equivalence across source and target languages and cultures. Data were collected using the translated instrument administered to Francophone Canadians. Responses to the English version of the JDI were also obtained from (1) Francophone Canadians, (2) Anglophone Canadians, and (3) English-speaking Americans. These data allow for multiple comparisons within each item and test different hypotheses about sources of nonequivalence in the translation; the roles of language and culture in item bias are examined independently. Interpretations for the patterns of bias displayed by some items are presented.
Attitudinal and Normative Variables as Predictors of Cheating Behavior
Authors: Enker Myrna S.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine possible predictors of cheating behavior in different cultures. Samples of American and Israeli teachers-intraining (total N = 200) filled out questionnaires that related attitude, normative beliefs, and reports of past, present, and future behaviors with regard to specific cheating behaviors. The results suggest that whereas in American society either attitudes, normative beliefs, or both together could be used as predictors, in Israeli society normative beliefs are far superior as predictors of reported behaviors. Furthermore, the Israeli sample reported behaving in accordance with family norms for the most part, whereas the American sample reports behavior highly correlated with friends', classmates', and society's norms, but not with family norms. Possible alternative interpretations are discussed, and it is argued that with regard to the specific behaviors studied, the system that encourages their existence should be questioned.
Are Social Psychological Laws Cross-Culturally Valid?
Authors: Amir Yehuda , Sharon Irit
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of social psychological findings across cultures and subcultures in order to evaluate the cross-cultural validity of empirically based social psychological laws. Six studies were sampled from four major social psychological journals. Each study was replicated on two Israeli samples, one similar to that of the original study and the other differing in some respect. Results indicate that those original findings that were replicated primarily involved main effects. Interactions were generally not replicated. Those interactions that proved significant were usually in directions different from those obtained in the original studies. These findings indicate the necessity for replications on both cross-cultural and intracultural levels. Methodological aspects of such studies are discussed.
Civil Conflict
Authors: Gershenson Dmitriy , Grossman Herschel I.
Published: March 2007

In many historical cases, victory by a challenger for political dominance over an initially dominant group has ended civil conflict. But in other places, victory by a challenger has provided only a temporary respite, a brief intermission before the resumption of civil conflict. This article uses a theoretical model of civil conflict to identify the factors that determine whether civil conflict is ended or never ending. This theory focuses on how the values that rival groups attach to political dominance relate to each other and to the technology of conflict. These relations determine whether there is civil conflict and, if there is civil conflict, whether civil conflict ends whenever the initial challenger group becomes politically dominant or whether civil conflict is never ending. For example, the authors find that for civil conflict to be never ending, the ratio of values attached to political dominance can be neither too large nor too small. The implications of the theory seem to be consistent with the evolution of 20th-century civil conflicts in such diverse places as Russia, China, Iran, South Africa, the Balkans, Israel/Palestine, and many parts of central Africa.
Mediation
Authors: Wall James A. , Stark John B. , Standifer Rhetta L.
Published: March 2007

The mediation literature of the past decade is organized into six topical areas: the determinants of mediation, mediation per se, approaches employed by mediators, determinants of the mediation approaches, outcomes of mediation, and determinants of the mediation outcomes. The literature that describes mediation per se, mediation approaches, and outcomes is very descriptive rather than theoretical. The literature that deals with the determinants of the mediation, approaches, and outcomes is quite descriptive but also provides an ample base for theory development.
"Wash-In," "Wash-Out," and Systemic Effects in Extended Prisoner's Dilemma
Authors: Terhune Kenneth W.
Published: March 2007

A long (150-trial) PD game, played for money, was used to study the developmental effects of motive constellations and first-trial outcome on coopera tion-conflict behavior. Game partners were matched for their dominance in the TAT-measured needs for achievement, affiliation, or power. Results were: (a) the motive groups developed considerably different levels of cooperation-conflict by the end of the games; (b) some motive groups did not behave as hypothesized; (c) first-trial outcomes affected subsequent behavior, but the effects "washed out" by the end of the games. The discussion emphasized the appropriateness of the systems model for understanding personality and situational effects in social interaction.
International Organizations and World Order
Authors: Sullivan Michael P.
Published: March 2007

This study investigates several recent research efforts which have concluded that participation or membership in international organizations by nations and by individuals has some impact on national support for "world order." It reanalyzes this earlier research utilizing a more parsimonious and more plausible explanation of national support for world order, namely the national attributes of the countries involved. It is concluded that even limiting the analysis to the national attributes of size, wealth, and type of political system provides as much explanation for national support for world order as participation in international organizations, and in some cases accounts for variation in support for world order that cannot be accounted for by participation in international organizations. Implications of these results are then broadened to other studies which use the nation-state as the unit of analysis.
Creating the Conditions for Israeli-Palestinian Negotiations
Authors: Kelman Herbert C.
Published: March 2007

The article conceptualizes a prenegotiation process, designed to create the political and psychological conditions for beginning Israeli-Palestinian negotiations toward a mutually satisfactory settlement, conducive to stable peace and reconciliation. The goal is direct negotiation of a win-win formula for sharing the land, within a framework utilizing the legitimacy achieved by each side. To mobilize existing incentives for such negotiations (despite severe political and psychological constraints) requires steps that increase the sense of opportunity and decrease the sense of danger associated with negotiations. Such steps confront a dilemma, rooted in the conflict's special zero-sum character: Acceptance of the other party's identity and rights (which it needs to feel reassured) is profoundly threatening to each side's own identity and rights. To overcome the resulting barriers to negotiation, a process of successive approximations is outlined, which enables each party to offer the other sufficient reassurance to begin communication without thereby threatening its own vital interests.
U.S. Assistance, Israeli Allocation, and the Arms Race in the Middle East
Authors: McGuire Martin C.
Published: March 2007

This paper constructs an econometric model of Israel's allocation of resources as between defense, public nondefense, and private consumption goods. Because these allocations are influenced by and simultaneously influence U.S. assistance and Arab military outlays, equations for U.S. and Arab allocations are also constructed. This entire multiequation system represents a multicountry allocation and arms race process in the Middle East. A comprehensive body of data on Israeli expenditures, surrounding Arab states expenditures, and U.S. assistance has been assembled for the period 1960 to 1979, and the multiequation model has been estimated. Several conclusions of both theoretical and policy importance emerge from the analysis.
Third Party Consultation as a Method of Intergroup Conflict Resolution
Authors: Fisher Ronald J.
Published: March 2007

Third party consultation is a small group, problem-solving method for the study and resolution of social conflict. A statement of the major components of the method is followed by a review of studies involving intergroup conflict resolution in organizational, community and international settings. A number of theoretical issues are identified. Although the wide variety of practical applications are promising, the underlying theory is assessed to be rudimentary, and the supporting research lacks rigor and sophistication. Recommendations for future studies are coupled with a caution against prematurely assuming that the efficacy of the method has been adequately demonstrated. The scientist/-practitioner union is essential to developing an effective social technology of intergroup conflict resolution.
“Statist” Ideology, National Political Control of Education, and Youth Protest
Authors: Kamens David H.
Published: March 2007

This article provides a theoretical account of the sudden rise and equally sudden demise of 1960s youth protest in many parts of the world. Quantitative data from a small sample of countries (N = 17) are used to illustrate the utility of the explanation through examination of its predictions. The theory focuses on two generally neglected issues: First, what are sources of normative commitments to collective action? Second, why were youth protests political in nature and frequently directed against the state? My account focuses on the diffusion of statism as a normative system throughout the world system and its influence on the dynamics of political conflict within nations. I measure two features of this system: (a) statist ideology and (b) political incorporation of national educational systems. The theory predicts how the diffusion of each of these dimensions will influence the level of noninstitutionalized youth protest within nations.
Tribal Guerrilla Warfare Against a Colonial Power
Authors: Allan Pierre , Stahel Albert A.
Published: March 2007

The guerrilla war in Afghanistan pits tribes against a colonial power. This form of guerrilla war is put into perspective and used to develop a simple dynamic mathematical model describing (1) the macrocombat interactions between the Afghan guerrilla forces and the Soviet and Afghan regular armies, and (2) the support of the guerrillas by the population. We perform various simulations using parameter values derived from guerrilla wars in South Sudan, Malaysia, and Yugoslavia. Most of our scenarios show that the guerrillas are relatively successful during the period retained for analysis (1980-1985) and inflict relatively heavy losses on Soviet forces. Only a very large Soviet escalation (over 300,000 troops) could make a difference, and even then, the resistance would be hard to eradicate because of the support of the population and the primitive state of the country.
Diffusion as an Explanation of Oil Nationalization
Authors: Kobrin Stephen J.
Published: March 2007

Following Rogers, diffusion is defined as a process of social communication involving information flows under uncertainty. The international petroleum industry is a complex social system with considerable uncertainty about existing structural conditions, particularly from the point of view of a developing country. The “demonstration effect” of oil production nationalizations has been an important source of information about the balance of country-company power. The Mexican (1938) and Iranian (1951) nationalizations inhibited further takeovers by demonstrating that the companies had the power to discipline nationalizing countries by isolating them from international markets. The North African nationalizations of 1971 were disinhibiting as they demonstrated that underlying structural conditions had changed to the point where industry sanctions were no longer effective. The diffusion hypothesis is tested empirically and shown to be consistent with the data.
Jews and Arabs in Israel
Authors: Shamir Michal , Sullivan John L.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the patterns of political tolerance and intolerance among Jews and Arabs, patterns that are largely structured by the broader conflict. The two groups are characterized by “focused intolerance.” Both groups are generally intolerant, and the targets of their intolerance are highly concentrated and provide a mirror image of one another. The Arabs overwhelmingly select targets from among Jewish right-wing groups, and Jews select theirs from among Arab left-wing groups. Intolerance usually arises from perceptions of extreme threat, but it may be mitigated by a strong belief in the norms of democracy and minority rights. The Israeli context provides for the requisite threat but does not encourage the counterbalancing support for abstract norms that can be applied directly to the conflict at hand.
Cooperative Game Solutions
Authors: Shubik Martin
Published: March 2007

As part of several lectures the audiences in Australia, India, and the United States were asked how the gain from a cooperative agreement should be divided among three individuals. The responses are considered in the context of various cooperative solutions that have been suggested in the theory of games. More questions are raised than answered.
Minimal Nuclear Deterrence
Authors: Nalebuff Barry
Published: March 2007

This article develops a rational theory of minimal nuclear deterrence: What is the minimal amount of weapons needed to maintain a stable balance of power? By searching for the requirements of minimal nuclear deterrence, we hope to gain a better understanding of how to proceed with arms reduction without compromising the value of deterrence.
Third World Militarization
Authors: Rosh Robert M.
Published: March 2007

This study statistically examines the causes of variance in military expenditures as a percentage of Gross National Product for 63 Third World states from 1969-1978 using a pooled time-series analysis. A country's immediate external environment (its security web), its political process, and its degree of incorporation into and dependence on the world economy are analyzed as to their effect on its defense burden. The findings provide strong statistical evidence that a Third World country's immediate external environment has a significant impact on that country's military burden, thereby suggesting that a subsystemic level of analysis is needed in studying state military allocations.
Behavior-Dependent Contexts for Repeated Plays of the Prisoner's Dilemma
Authors: Thomas Ewart A. C. , Feldman Marcus W.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the game-theoretic stability of three strategies, Tit-For-Tat (TFT), all-Defect (all-D), and all-Cooperate (all-C), that actors might use for repeated plays of the Prisoner's Dilemma (PD). The probability that there will be a next play is assumed to depend on the current behavior of one of the actors—it is w after cooperation and u after a defection—and two cases are examined. The first case is where an actor assumes that the continuation probability depends on its own behavior, and the second is where the continuation probability is assumed to depend on the other actor's behavior. It is shown that the potential for mutual cooperation is higher in the first case than in the second. A detailed examination of the first case reveals that when the ratio (1 - w)/(1 - u) is sufficiently extreme for certain classes of PD, the “cooperative” strategy TFT is stable and the “noncooperative” strategy all-D is unstable. For these classes of PD, it is thus possible both for cooperation to be maintained once it is established, and for cooperation to become established in a world of defectors. The sensitivity of these results to the precision in measurement of payoffs and probabilities is discussed.