bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mental Health on Campus
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Galea Sandro
Published: April 2020

This chapter focuses on mental health in schools. There is a clear-cut case for investment in campus mental health services: 30% of depressed students eventually drop out, and research suggests that one fifth of this drop-out rate can be averted by early intervention and treatment. This means that for every 500 incoming students, a robust mental health system would help 30 more complete college, adding about $1 million in tuition to that school. Based on the cost of providing mental health services, for every $1 spent on such services, there is a $2 increase in school revenue. This calculation presents only a narrow perspective. Since lifetime earnings follow from successful graduation, there is even greater value to an at-risk student if he or she is not derailed by a mental health problem during college. Ultimately, screening and intervention programs are investments in academic achievement and will have downstream effects on the public’s health.
The Earliest Commentary on the Prophecy of Habakkuk
Authors: Lim Timothy H.
Published: April 2020

This is the first major commentary in English on Pesher Habakkuk for forty years. It elucidates the nature of 1QpHab as the earliest commentary on the prophecy of Habakkuk by a detailed study of the biblical quotation and sectarian interpretation. This commentary provides a new edition of the scroll, including new readings, and detailed palaeographical, philological, exegetical, and historical notes and discussion. It shows that the pesherist imitates the allusive style of the oracles of Habakkuk and also draws on lexemes, phrases, and themes from other biblical texts and Jewish sources. It shows that the pesherist identified the Kittim with the Romans who conquered Judaea in 63 BCE, and suggests that the scroll refers to several righteous and wicked figures, including the last Hasmonean high priests, Aristobulus II, John Hyrcanus II, and Mattathias Antigonus. The righteous figures include those who remain faithful to the Teacher of Righteousness. It is shown that the Teacher of Righteousness was not a deposed Hasmonean high priest, but a sectarian teacher of biblical interpretation, whose hermeneutical function is vested in his divinely appointed role as the expositor par excellence of the community that saw its fulfilment in the prophecy of Habakkuk. The sectarians believe that faithfulness in the teachings of the Teacher of Righteousness will save them in the day of judgment.
A Radical Revolution in Thought
Authors: Coffee Alan
Published: April 2020

While the image of the slave as the antithesis of the freeman is central to republican freedom, it is striking that slaves themselves have not contributed to how this condition is understood. I draw on the long-overlooked work of Frederick Douglass to show how this results in a one-sided conception of both freedom and slavery, which leaves republicanism unable to provide equal and robust protection for historically outcast people. Douglass argued that republican freedom under law is always dependent on a more fundamental ‘radical revolution in thought’, in which the entire system of social norms and practices are reworked together by members of all constituent social groups—women and men, black and white, rich and poor—so that it reflects a genuinely collaborative achievement. Only then can we begin the republican project of establishing a contestatory freedom as non-domination that today’s republicans take for granted.
Solidarity and Civic Virtue
Authors: Gourevitch Alex
Published: April 2020

This chapter argues that debates around republicanism and civic virtue are structured around two unwarranted assumptions. First, neo-republicans and their critics assume that civic virtues are qualities that stabilize a free state. Second, they assume that the cultivation of virtue primarily requires coercive inculcation. I contest both assumptions through historical reconstruction of nineteenth-century ‘labour republicanism’. Labour republicans thought about civic virtue as qualities that agents exercise to transform rather than stabilize a regime. And they argued that virtue developed out of the self-education and activity of citizens themselves, not state coercion. The real danger lies not in the defence of an illiberal state but of the kinds of demands that the oppressed make on each other to act virtuously. As such, labour republicans offer us a model for thinking about the role—and risks—of virtue in emancipatory politics.
Modern Literariness
Authors: Kahn Victoria
Published: April 2020

This chapter explores the meaning of literariness in the aftermath of Kantian aesthetics. It focuses on the work of Søren Kierkegaard and J. M. Coetzee. It argues that, despite the strong formal differences between the texts of Kant, Kierkegaard, and Coetzee, all are engaged in a conversation about the kinds of belief we address to things that we make, and all three contribute to the construction of a specifically modern, formalist idea of literariness. This modern idea of literariness represents a declension from the heroic idea of poetic making characteristic of the early modern period.
Introduction
Authors: Byford Andy
Published: April 2020

The book’s introduction sets out the historical, social, cultural, and political background, linking the rise of child science in Russia and elsewhere with processes of rapid modernization characteristic of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The chapter begins by relating the emergence of the sciences of the child at this particular historical juncture to the expansion of the professional middle classes, highlighting the role that the concept of development played in the latter’s social self-understanding, which in turn helped shape the ideologies of the rising welfare/warfare states. The historical roots of the child study movement are identified in an evolving post-Enlightenment biopolitics of childhood. The chapter stresses the normative nature of the sciences of child development and outlines the different kinds of norms that came to shape this field’s interests and priorities. Next, the chapter dwells on the multidisciplinary and inter-professional character of child science, elaborating how this both influenced and problematized its mobilization and self-identification as a movement. Also highlighted is the transnational nature of this movement. An analysis of the positioning of Russians within it is followed by a discussion of the path that child science took in the Soviet Union in the interwar era. The concluding section is a review of extant historiography on Russo-Soviet child science and a brief outline of the content and approach of the present study.
The Imperfect Child
Authors: Byford Andy
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines the crucial role that the diagnostics and treatment of ‘imperfections’ in the child population played in the formation and growth of Russian child science. It emphasizes the plurality, indeterminacy, and intermixing of diagnostic regimes, which led to ambiguity and vagueness in the definition of infringements of the norm in child development. Analysis opens by considering the emergence of mental testing in Russia as a new means of measuring development and diagnosing deviations from the ‘normal’. It first looks at the fostering of mental testing as a purported ‘scientific’ substitute for school assessments and thus, potentially, a new way of framing educational norms. It then scrutinizes the use of mental testing on the boundaries between neuropsychiatric and psycho-educational diagnostics. The chapter then shifts from problems of diagnostics to those of therapeutics, by looking at the creation of special establishments for ‘defective’ children in the late tsarist period. While medical discourse dominated this domain, it ultimately generated hybrid forms of therapeutics, institutionalized as ‘curative pedagogy’, which stretched across medical, pedagogical, and correctional domains. The chapter concludes with an examination of pathologizations of children in the context of large-scale social upheavals, such as revolution and war. It examines two exemplary case studies in this context—the ‘epidemic’ of ‘child suicides’ in the wake of Russia’s 1905 revolution and the moral panic surrounding the effects of total war on the psychology of the Russian child during the First World War.
Child Science in Revolution
Authors: Byford Andy
Published: April 2020

The chapter explains the rapid development of the child science network in the early Soviet era in the midst and aftermath of the post-revolutionary civil war. All-out ‘struggle’ with ‘delinquency’ and ‘defectiveness’ associated with millions of child vagabonds (besprizorniki), was crucial to the initial phase of expansion. The institutionalization of ‘defectology’, which built on the pre-revolutionary ‘curative pedagogy’, saw particular growth at this juncture. A parallel cause of expansion, which became more dominant from around 1923–4, was the imperative to adjust norms of educational development in order to create an education system for a mass child population that was, for the most part, still being brought up in contexts of exceptionally low levels of literacy and schooling. This took place through progressive educational experimentalism, based on both native and imported models, while at the same time prompting the rooting of the legitimacy of pedagogical innovations in a new science of child development. The chapter also places the expansion of the Soviet sciences of the child in the context of the Bolshevik early 1920s’ ‘revolutionization’ of the human sciences, notably psychology. The analysis concludes by scrutinizing two particularly prominent programmes of innovation in the human sciences of this era—‘reflexology’, based on the neuroscientific paradigms of both Vladimir Bekhterev and Ivan Pavlov; and ‘psychoanalysis’, billed as ‘Freudo-Marxism’. Both thrived in the contexts of trauma and transformation that defined the first half of the Soviet 1920s; though both also failed to survive state-enforced accelerated industrial modernization, which, by the end of the 1920s, introduced new priorities—institutional centralization, political alignment, and social discipline.
Conclusion
Authors: Byford Andy
Published: April 2020

The book’s conclusion discusses ways in which pedology and its legacies have been framed in late Soviet and post-Soviet Russia, while at the same time providing an overview of this book’s core contributions to the historiography and conceptualization of Russo-Soviet child science. The chapter begins with a summary of how pedology’s ‘ghost’ was treated in the late Soviet Union and how some of its strands ended up ‘haunting’ other institutional, disciplinary, or occupational frameworks. This is followed by a discussion of post-Soviet narratives about pedology and its fateful demise, especially constructions of pedology as a ‘repressed science’ (repressirovanaia nauka). The chapter critiques the rhetorical reification of pedology as a science that has developed in this context. It also considers the emergence in contemporary Russia of a number of movements focused on the scientific study of the child, which, in one way or another, make reference to the legacies of early twentieth-century Russo-Soviet child science (childhood studies, pedagogical anthropology, psycho-pedagogical diagnostics). The chapter ends with a summary of the book’s main conclusions, tying together key analytical points made across the preceding chapters. This section emphasizes the interest and importance that the history of child science presents for Russo-Soviet history more generally and revisits the question of where and how Russo-Soviet child science fits into a transnational history of this complex field.
Pacts
Authors: Fiore Alessio
Published: April 2020

It deals with pacts, local bi-lateral agreements that filled the void left by the collapse of a universally-recognized central power. Like oaths of fidelity these could also be between social equals or superiors/inferiors; horizontal or vertical. They begin to be recorded in substantial numbers from c.1080, especially in the regions where the Investitures Conflict/Civil War created a situation of war and fear. In Po Plain they don’t appear until the first decade of the twelfth century. Generally speaking there is deep connection between pacts and conflict—either between the two parties involved or with a third party not included in the pact. There is interesting comment about the possible realities behind the formal ceremonies and language of pacts, for example stratagems for allowing defeated parties to ‘save face’. All of this is generally accompanied by ritual. There is an interesting section at the end of this chapter discussing the implications of pacts and the reasons for proliferation, utilizing social theory and drawing parallels with other periods and areas. In Italy it is not just that state power was ‘privatized’ as in France, but entirely new forms, structures and idioms of social relations, amongst which were pacts, emerged.
Violence
Authors: Fiore Alessio
Published: April 2020

This chapter deals with violence. It includes some graphic accounts of seigneurial violence. These should not be treated superficially as ‘historiographical voyeurism’ but rather considered as manifestations of the ritualistic nature of violence and assessed with regard to their impact in collective local memory. Texts reveal violence to be on the increase in the eleventh century. Also the nicknames of the lords offers a vivid testimony of their attitude toward violence. It often took on a ritual character and was designed to overawe, intimidate, and impose social superiority. Beatings, torture, torching, and rape became part of everyday experience of Italian peasantry from the late eleventh century. Other examples of seigneurial violence over small towns, such as the Frangipane in Terracina, and imperial representatives in Piacenza and Treviso follow.
Using Criminal Law to Enforce Statutory Employment Rights
Authors: Cabrelli David
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines the current terrain of criminal law as a technique of labour market regulation. It identifies a range of possible interactions between the criminal law and civil law in the legal enforcement of labour standards. Sometimes fundamental labour rights, such as the right not to be unfairly dismissed or the right not to be discriminated against, are protected exclusively through a ‘private’ enforcement model at the initiative of the individual right-holder. Sometimes there will be exclusive enforcement through the criminal law with no private right of civil action, as under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974. Finally, there may be mixed enforcement regimes where there is a combination of criminal and civil measures linked to specific statutory rights, as with the enforcement of the National Minimum Wage Act 1998.
The Criminalization of Workplace Harassment and Abuse
Authors: Bogg Alan , Freedland Mark
Published: April 2020

This chapter considers the legal treatment of workplace harassment and abuse. In the wake of social and political activism focused on sexual harassment, the legal regulation of harassment has been under intensive scrutiny. In the English context, harassment is already regulated by an extensive body of legal norms. The Protection from Harassment Act 1997 is an interesting example where legislation provides for parallel tortious and criminal liability for the same wrong. The chapter develops the idea that criminal liability has had a ‘dragging’ effect on the civil liability regime, the effect of which has been to undermine the effectiveness of the legal response. This is because the paradigm of criminal liability has treated harassment as a personalized wrong, reflecting the structure of the criminal process to allocate censure and blame to culpable agents. The effect of this has been to obscure the structural and organizational context to harassment and abuse, which propagates in circumstances of insecurity, precarity, and non-decent work. As an alternative, the chapter defends an organizational framing of criminal liability based upon a health and safety model. It develops this model of criminal liability drawing upon the value of human dignity.
Human Rights, Labour Rights, and Criminal Wrongs
Authors: Mantouvalou Virginia
Published: April 2020

This chapter assesses the contribution of the criminal law in protecting the fundamental human rights of workers. Fundamental human rights identify the basic moral entitlements of workers. These entitlements have a special normative significance in the polity. Accordingly, serious violations of those entitlements by powerful private actors would seem to count as public wrongs against the polity’s ‘civil order’, as constituted by its most fundamental rights. The chapter discusses the position of criminal law under the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR), and the interpretation of the state’s positive obligation to protect as encompassing a positive obligation to criminalize certain public wrongs against fundamental entitlements. This chapter also emphasizes how the European Court of Human Rights has developed an approach to criminalization that is sensitive to its effects in the real world. It is not sufficient to have criminal laws on the statute books. Those criminal laws must be investigated and enforced effectively, with adequate support and protection for victims, and the state also has a duty to dismantle the structural determinants of vulnerability such as those constituted by its own visa regimes.
Victim or Perpetrator? The Criminalization of Migration and the Idea of ‘Harm’ in the Labour Market Context
Authors: Costello Cathryn
Published: April 2020

This chapter provides powerful arguments against the criminalization of irregular migration. It does so by testing the extensive criminalization of irregular migrants against standard liberal principles of criminalization. The chapter argues that it is very difficult to identify any direct wrongs or harms to others that arise in virtue of ‘irregular’ migration. Furthermore, a malum prohibitum offence cannot be justified. Against these weak arguments in favour of criminalization, this chapter identifies compelling reasons against criminalization. Criminalization leads to further criminalization, which ultimately undermines both migrants’ and local workers’ fundamental rights. It also blocks discussion of one particularly worker-protective regulatory response to irregular migration, namely regularization. In truth, the criminalization of migrants represents a context where there has been a decisive rupture with liberal principles of criminalization.
Criminalization, Social Exclusion, and Access to Employment
Authors: Pittard Marilyn J
Published: April 2020

This chapter provides a critical analysis of the impact of criminalization practices on access to employment in Australia, the United States, and the United Kingdom. As increasing numbers of citizens are subject to criminal conviction, often the very ones who have already experienced social and economic disadvantage, this can create a further barrier to labour market participation and to full integration into society. Thus, the criminal law can be instrumental in creating a stratified precariat based upon ‘discreditable’ statuses, creating structural traps in forms of employment with poor conditions and prospects. The chapter explores the ways in which labour laws may on the one hand aggravate this form of social exclusion, or may on the other hand relieve such social exclusion by allowing past criminal convictions eventually to be concealed and forgotten. The chapter’s normative concern is to find the right balance in this respect between, on the one hand, the necessary safeguarding of the employing enterprise, its workers and the recipients of its services, and, on the other hand, the maximizing of the possibility of rehabilitation into society of those with criminal convictions.
Restorative Regulation of Criminality at Work in Canada
Authors: Archibald QC Bruce P
Published: April 2020

This chapter suggests a way of enriching the normative theorization of the interface between labour law and criminal law in Canada. It homes in on the role of the criminal law in enforcing worker-protective labour standards, in particular with regard to workplace health and safety. Focusing specially on penal policy in respect of violations of health and safety standards by employing enterprises and by individual members of the staff of those enterprises, this chapter contends that there is real scope for bringing to bear the principles and tenets of restorative justice upon the practice of applying criminal or quasi-criminal sanctions in this regulatory domain. This might generate some more nuanced and creative regulatory approaches than those which are sometimes manifested in high-profile corporate criminal prosecutions and by the imposition of blockbusting fines upon such corporations. Moreover, the chapter argues that certain of the currently much-discussed human capabilities approaches to legal regulation might be deployed to develop and flesh out a methodology of restorative justice in this particular context.
Informal Governance and Decision-making Through Multiple Streams
Authors: Harcourt Alison , Christou George , Simpson Seamus
Published: April 2020

Chapter 2 develops the analytical framework for the book. It sets out the twin theoretical premises of the book, the first relating to global governance at the level of actor influence and the second applying the multiple streams (MS) framework to the level of decision-making within standards-developing organizations (SDOs). It provides critical discussion of the literature on the influence of different actors in international self-regulatory fora and explains how certain actors can uphold the public interest in fora where states and public actors are largely absent. The multiple streams approach provides an in-depth account of how problems appear on SDO agendas, the nature of the contestation relating to the discussion of standards development, and the extent to which and how standards are translated to final adoption. The chapter identifies mechanisms at the conceptual level which facilitate our understanding of how deliberation of standards development lead to agreement and policy decisions.
802.11ax
Authors: Harcourt Alison , Christou George , Simpson Seamus
Published: April 2020

The local wireless environment has been the setting for the co-existence of licensed mobile communications operators and unlicensed WiFi Internet access providers. The IEEE802.11 family of standards, developed for WiFi services in the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), has dominated standards-setting. However, the burgeoning demand for mobile access to the Internet has led to competition for space on the spectrum. Left unaddressed, this co-existence has created practical issues of potential territorial incursion, technical interference, and, ultimately, device underperformance and service degradation. The chapter focuses on the IEEE’s efforts to create a co-existence standard in a crowded and highly contested standards-making space. It shows how alternative standards-making organizational contexts, based on licensed spectrum standards traditions, were able to develop and insert co-existence standards for WiFi ahead of the IEEE initiative. The chapter explains how the IEEE developed its 802.11ax co-existence standard in this environment.
Conclusion: SDO Decision-making and the Public Interest
Authors: Harcourt Alison , Christou George , Simpson Seamus
Published: April 2020

The conclusion situates the book’s findings in academic debates on democracy and the Internet, global self-regulation, and civil society, and international decision-making processes in unstructured environments. It assesses whether current standards-developing organization (SDO) decision-making is able to bridge historical representation gaps and deficiencies. A nuanced pattern is emerging with increasing inclusion of a wider number of actors within SDO fora. The first part of the chapter returns to the Multiple Streams (MS) framework applied to the case studies on a comparative basis. It identifies key processes under which SDO rules of interaction are established at the international level and explains which interests have come to the fore within decision-making highlighting the occurrence of policy entrepreneurship, forum shopping, and coupling. The final part explores additional frameworks for SDO regulation where spaces for public interest consideration might occur in the future. These are opportunities for inserting public interest considerations into international and national Acts, certification programmes, and the move towards open source solutions for Internet management. The book concludes that, although the literature is expansive on the interaction of corporate sector actors within SDOs, the study of other actors, such as digital rights groups, civil society, academics, policy entrepreneurs and the technical community as a whole, has been underdressed in the literature on international self-regulatory fora to date. In this respect, the book raises important questions of representation of the public interest at the international level by having addressed the actions of actors within SDO fora who promote public interest goals.
Time Travel
Authors: Effingham Nikk
Published: April 2020

There are various arguments for the metaphysical impossibility of time travel, e.g. it’s impossible because objects could then be in two places at once, or it’s impossible because some objects could bring about their own existence. This book argues that no such argument is sound and that time travel is metaphysically possible. The main focus is on the Grandfather Paradox: if someone could go back in time, they could (impossibly!) kill their own grandfather before he met their grandmother, thus time travel is impossible. This book argues that, in such a case, the time traveller would have the ability to do the impossible (so they could kill their grandfather) even though those impossibilities will never come about (so they won’t kill their grandfather). The remainder of the book explores the ramifications of this view, discussing issues in probability and decision theory. It ends by laying out the dangers of time travel and why, even though no time machines currently exist, we should pay extra special care to ensure that nothing, no matter how small or microscopic, ever travels in time.
Changing the Past
Authors: Effingham Nikk
Published: April 2020

Here’s a paradox: time travel is possible; were it possible, you could change the past; it’s impossible to change the past. This chapter argues that we can resolve this paradox in two different ways. One way, the ‘Ludovician’ method, is to accept that changing the past is impossible but deny that time travel requires changing the past (and, as part of the chapter’s discussion, it argues both that Ludovicianism is incompatible with the future being open and that the ‘bilking’ argument isn’t problematic). Another way introduces ‘indexed worlds’—i.e. worlds with extra universes or extra-temporal dimensions—at which the past can be changed. The chapter argues for the metaphysical possibility of both Ludovician and indexed worlds.
Introduction
Authors: Killmister Suzy
Published: April 2020

This chapter opens by outlining the wide range of uses to which dignity is put, in both philosophical work and public life. These range from postulating dignity as the source of inherent moral worth, on the philosophical side, to accusations that a personal slight violates one’s dignity, on the public side. These various uses are used to motivate three desiderata for a theory of dignity: that it can explain how and why dignity is taken to command respect; that it can explain how and why some people are more dignified than others; and that it can explain how and why dignity can be lost or damaged.
Aristotle on the distinction between substances and relatives
Authors: Duncombe Matthew
Published: April 2020

Aristotle worries that his first account of relativity in the Categories, relativity1, over-generates relatives. In particular, some relatives might also be substances, which he thinks absurd. Aristotle responds with a second account of relativity (relativity2, at Categories 7, 8a31–2), which he thinks avoids any relatives turning out to be substances. Recent commentators have held that Aristotle intends to solve the over-generation worry by restricting the scope of relatives. That is, relativity2 counts fewer items as relatives than relativity1. This chapter argues that this cannot explain Aristotle’s attitude. Instead, Aristotle distinguishes between two ways to understand a relative, called here the schematic and the specific. Both operate within the framework of constitutive relativity, since in both cases the question is how we understand a relative, rather than a relation, and in both cases the relative is constituted by its relationship to a correlative. With this distinction in play, Aristotle can avoid over-generating relatives.
Relativity in Aristotle’s Metaphysics 5.15
Authors: Duncombe Matthew
Published: April 2020

This chapter discusses Aristotle’s other official discussion of relatives: Metaphysics 5.15. Although commentators have pointed to apparent doctrinal discrepancies, this chapter argues that the conception of relativity found in Metaphysics 5.15 is consistent with that presented in the Categories and Topics. Scholars disagree on how close the treatments of relatives are in Metaphysics 5.15 and the Categories. Some hold that the two texts agree but do not make this case in detail. Others, who you might call developmentalists, hold that there are significant philosophical differences between the two texts and that Aristotle’s view of relativity develops from that of the Categories to that of Metaphysics 5.15. I argue that what we find in Metaphysics 5.15 is consistent with the Categories, by showing that the tensions developmentalists point to are merely apparent.
Relativity and independence in Aristotle’s On Ideas
Authors: Duncombe Matthew
Published: April 2020

According to Alexander of Aphrodisias’ report, one of Aristotle’s key criticisms of the theory of Forms revolves around relativity. Traditionally understood, Aristotle’s objection suffers from two problems: it attacks a straw target, and it strains the philosophical lexicon. With the developed understanding of relativity in Plato and Aristotle, this chapter offers a new reading. This reading shows how the criticism involves constitutive relativity and does not suffer from the problems of the traditional reading. The chapter begins by outlining the traditional reading of the Relatives Argument refutation. The chapter then argues that this reading faces two problems: one philosophical, one lexical, outlines my alternative reading, and shows that my reading faces neither problem. The chapter ends by showing how the Relatives Argument should be understood, given Aristotle’s refutation.
Relativity in Stoic physics, metaphysics, and ethics
Authors: Duncombe Matthew
Published: April 2020

This chapter argues that the two Stoic notions of relativity influenced Stoic discussions in physics, metaphysics, and ethics. Differentiated relatives pertain to Stoic physics, especially the basic physics of active and passive principles. Relatively disposed things connect to Stoic metaphysics, especially the Stoic categories. The relatively disposed also clarifies a well-known debate within the Stoa on the unity of the virtues. The chapter goes on to discuss some possible counter-evidence to my claim that Stoic relatives are objects, and compares the Stoic view of relativity with earlier views we found in Plato and Aristotle, especially concerning formal features like reciprocity and symmetry principles.
Making the Automaton Speak
Authors: Park Julie
Published: April 2020

What might the eighteenth-century history of automata tell us about the relationships between voice, the human, machines and fiction? Given the rise in our daily lives of voice-operated ‘intelligent assistants’ at this time, the question is especially pertinent. By examining the eighteenth-century case of the speaking doll and the cultural values and desires that its representation in a 1784 pamphlet entitled The Speaking Figure, and the Automaton Chess-Player, Exposed and Detected reveals, this chapter will provide a historical framework for probing how the experiences and possibilities of artificial voice shed light on our deep investments in the notion of voice as a vital sign of being ‘real’ as humans.
Machine Visions
Authors: Slocombe Will
Published: April 2020

This chapter examines the ways in which representations of AI during the twentieth century, particularly in nonandroid form (what might be termed a ‘distributed system’), dovetail with pre-existing perceptions of society operating as a ‘machine’. The chapter defines and outlines conceptions of ‘machine society’, from Thomas Carlyle’s ‘Signs of the Times’ (1829) to contemporary debates about surveillance and machine society, to contextualize the ways in which representations of AI become imbricated in broader social discourses about the loss of autonomy and individuality. Using as its primary texts four different ‘Machines’—E. M. Forster’s ‘The Machine Stops’ (1909); Paul W. Fairman’s lesser-known I, The Machine (1968); Isaac Asimov’s ‘The Evitable Conflict’ (1950); and the popular recent television serial, Person of Interest (2011–2016) created by Jonathan Nolan—the chapter demonstrates the ways in which modern representations relate to debates about social organization to develop a fundamentally ‘mechanical’ vision of society.
The Measure of a Woman
Authors: Devlin Kate , Belton Olivia
Published: April 2020

While the production of real-life sex robots is currently only at prototype stage, sexualized female artificial intelligences have long been a trope in popular media. By critically analysing a selection of science fiction films and television programmes, we explore the narrative of fictional representations of eroticized female robots and the ways in which their reception feeds real-life expectation. While these media representations are, at times, surprisingly nuanced, they persist in giving their female AIs stable gender identities, even when the AIs are disembodied. Fictional and factual fembots each reflect the same regressive male fantasies: sexual outlets and the promise of emotional validation and companionship. Underpinning this are masculine anxieties regarding powerful women, as well as the fear of technology exceeding our capacities and escaping our control.
Theories as Representations
Authors: French Steven
Published: April 2020

The nature of scientific representation has been the subject of considerable discussion recently with frequent comparisons made between theories and depictive artworks. Here it is argued that the Semantic Approach can be understood as a useful means of capturing this representational relationship, in both the scientific and artistic domains. In particular, by deploying the device of partial structures it can capture the manner in which apparently inconsistent theories and pictures can represent, as well as that of certain abstract artworks. Nevertheless, care must be taken in drawing on examples from one domain to support or undermine arguments made about the nature of representation in the other. The comparisons involved highlight crucial differences between theories and artworks that will be drawn upon in subsequent chapters.
Human Greatness
Authors: Moriarty Michael
Published: April 2020

The ‘greatness’ Pascal discerns in humanity has four aspects. 1. Human nature is not purely physical. Pascal upholds a broadly Cartesian dualist view. He acknowledges the difficulty of this but also insists on the difficulty of any alternative explanation, for instance, in purely physical terms. 2. Humankind is radically distinct from the animals. It is argued that Pascal’s formulation of this claim (reducing animal functioning to mere mechanism) is untenable, but that a modified version of his position might suffice for his apologetic purposes. 3. Pyrrhonist scepticism is not the last word: we are capable of knowledge after all, that is (as initially explained in Chapter 4), we have intuitive knowledge (what he calls knowledge ‘by the heart’) of certain primary principles. 4. That we are aware of our wretchedness shows that we are not wholly wretched, completely locked into our condition, for otherwise we should be unable to detach ourselves sufficiently to pass judgement on it. Our dissatisfaction with our lives is a kind of transcendence of their limits.
Contradictions
Authors: Moriarty Michael
Published: April 2020

The conflict between the greatness and the wretchedness of human nature is considered on a more philosophical level. The Stoics do justice to our moral ideals but the Pyrrhonists (whom Pascal sees as implicitly putting humankind on a level with non-human animals) seem better to describe human beings in the mass. The quest for an essence of human nature is compromised by an awareness of the power of custom to determine our beliefs and values. Even our belief in fundamental principles may be based on custom. Yet radical scepticism is in practice unacceptable. The clash between dogmatism (the belief that we have knowledge) and scepticism is irreconcilable. Only the Christian doctrine of the Fall can enable us to get out of this impasse.
Stepping Westward
Authors: Leask Nigel
Published: April 2020

Stepping Westward is the first book of its kind dedicated to the literature of the Scottish Highland tour 1720-1830, a major cultural phenomenon that attracted writers and artists like Pennant, Johnson and Boswell, William and Dorothy Wordsworth, Coleridge, Scott, Hogg, Keats, Daniell, and Turner, as well as numerous less celebrated travellers and tourists. Addressing more than a century’s worth of literary and visual representations of the Highlands, the book casts new light on how the tour developed a modern literature of place, acting as a catalyst for thinking about improvement, landscape, and the shaping of British, Scottish and Gaelic identities. Attention is paid to the relationship between travellers and the native Gaels, whose world was plunged into crisis by rapid and forced social change. At the book’s core lie the best-selling tours of Pennant and Dr Johnson, associated with attempts to ’improve’ the intractable Gaidhealtachd in the wake of Culloden. Alongside the Ossian craze and Gilpin’s picturesque, their books stimulated a wave of ’home tours’ from the 1770s through the romantic period, including writing by women like Sarah Murray and Dorothy Wordsworth. The incidence of published Highland Tours (many lavishly illustrated), peaked around 1800, but as the genre reached exhaustion, the ’romantic Highlands’ were reinvented in Scott’s poems and novels, coinciding with steam boats and mass tourism, but also rack-renting, sheep clearance and emigration.
Conquering Caledonia
Authors: Leask Nigel
Published: April 2020

This chapter focuses on the influence of two ‘literary’ sources on eighteenth-century Highland travel: Tacitus’s Agricola and Macpherson’s Poems of  Ossian. The historical analogy between Agricola’s victory at Mons Graupius and Culloden provided an ideological template for the final defeat of Jacobitism in 1746, explored here in travel accounts written by antiquarians, Hanoverian soldiers fighting in the Forty-Five, and post-war tourists like Bishop Pococke. The second part of the chapter argues that the popularity of Ossian after 1760 remapped Highland topography as a site of Caledonian resistance, stimulating enthusiasm for Gaelic culture which ironically coincided with official attempts to extirpate the language. Macpherson’s English ‘translations’ provided a new incentive for tourists to visit the Highlands, persuading them to collect fragments of ‘authentic’ Ossianic verse, and also inspiring a series of hallmarks sites for tourists in quest of ‘Fingalian topography’ like ‘Fingal’s Cave’ on Staffa and ‘Ossian’s Hall’ at Dunkeld.
British Imperial Internment
Authors: Manz Stefan , Panayi Panikos
Published: April 2020

The chapter begins by examining the development of internment as a policy within the Empire, demonstrating that London led the way, in a rather haphazard fashion, with the dominions and colonies following the lead of the metropole. The chapter demonstrates how internment became globalized through the use of transportation which could take people thousands of miles from their homes. The chapter also examines the nature of the internees, demonstrating that they consisted overwhelmingly of Germans, together with some nationals of the other states at war with the Empire. They remained almost entirely males, although some women experienced incarceration, often voluntarily because they wanted to stay close to their husbands with their children. While some Indians and Africans may have experienced incarceration in Germany, people of colour remained largely absent from British internment camps. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the globality of British imperial internment.
Fort Napier
Authors: Manz Stefan , Panayi Panikos
Published: April 2020

The main internment camp in South Africa was Fort Napier, a former British garrison fort in Pietermaritzburg. The camp housed approximately 2,500 prisoners throughout the war. This included artisans, merchants, hotel employees and hairdressers, seamen, farmers, miners, engineers, teachers, missionaries, and doctors. The chapter argues that vibrant cultural activities convey a positive impression on the surface but, in fact, were a mere distraction from the suffering that occurred. Written testimony shows that the civilians perceived their captivity as double emasculation, neither being able to support their families nor to fight on the front. German nationalism was displayed and led to a process of re-ethnicization among some inmates. The chapter provides a spatial interpretation of the camp, outlining its impact on the immediate environment and economy of Pietermaritzburg. Prisoner release only occurred from April 1919, with half of the inmates being deported to Germany. The camp was closed in August 1919.
The Nature and Legacy of British Imperial Internment
Authors: Manz Stefan , Panayi Panikos
Published: April 2020

This chapter begins by highlighting the main findings of the book, including the globalization of internment by the Empire during the Great War and the consequences for individuals and their families, but also the fact that Britain treated those it had incarcerated in a humane way. The chapter examines the return to Germany, its consequences for individuals, and the way in which the German authorities dealt with the former residents of the British Empire. These people, who may not have seen their homeland for decades, made efforts to preserve the memory of their experiences, along with former civilian and military prisoners who came from other states at war with Germany. While the memory of internment may have survived into the interwar years, it disappeared in the second half of the twentieth century, but came back to life in the early twenty-first century, inspired by the centenary of the Great War.
Introduction
Authors: Mezger Caroline
Published: April 2020

This chapter introduces the book’s key themes, historiographic framework, and research questions. It situates the book at the confluence of studies on National Socialism from a transnational and comparative perspective, experiences of Axis occupation during World War II, minorities and borderland nationalism in Central and Southeastern Europe, and the history of childhood and youth. Upon providing a brief historic overview of the ethnic Germans (Donauschwaben) in northern Yugoslavia’s Vojvodina and outlining the book’s key historiographic contributions, it reflects on the book’s multiscalar approach of interweaving archival, press, and original oral history sources to juxtapose and intertwine different levels of analysis. The chapter suggests that studying childhood and youth mobilization enables insight into larger historic conundrums, such as the interplay between categories like age, (ascribed) nationality, and gender in shaping historical experiences; the interaction between nationalizing forces “from above” and the lived, subjective experience of nationality “from below”; and questions of individual and collective agency in contexts of occupation and war. It presents the book’s main argument, that children and youth confronted with nationalizing projects themselves became agents of nationalization.
National Education and Yugoslavia’s Donauschwaben Minority Schools, 1918–1941
Authors: Mezger Caroline
Published: April 2020

Chapter 1 explores nationalist activism surrounding German minority education in interwar Yugoslavia, focusing in particular on the ethnic German (Donauschwaben) communities in the Vojvodina. Following Yugoslavia’s mass nationalization of schools in 1920, demands for German minority education reverberated from the provincial schoolyard to the German Foreign Office, from Donauschwaben politicians to the League of Nations, and from local Sunday school priests to Germany’s Catholic and Protestant religious agencies. Implementing novel archival and press materials from Germany and Serbia, the chapter shows how debates surrounding the linguistic minority classroom helped ignite the Donauschwaben’s “German” nationalization. As the chapter claims, the ensuing transnational entanglements not only gave rise to a politicization of childhood and youth; they also opened the door to direct interventions from Germany.
Alternate Fronts
Authors: Mezger Caroline
Published: April 2020

Chapter 2 investigates the previously unexplored history of extracurricular youth mobilization among the Vojvodina’s ethnic Germans during the interwar period. It traces the many specifically “German” youth organizations that flourished as Yugoslav German cultural organizations like the Kulturbund, local pro-Reich Erneuerer, Third Reich teachers, Hitler Youth agents, Yugoslav sports groups, and both local and “reichsdeutsche” Catholic and Protestant agencies entered the youth mobilization race, attempting to imbue young Donauschwaben with specific notions of “Germanness.” As the chapter indicates, the initial organizational plurality and relative indifference to exclusivist national causes “from below” shifted towards the late 1930s: by 1940, over 90 percent of Yugoslavia’s young Donauschwaben had joined the local pro-Nazi Deutsche Jugend, creating a formidable army of potential home and battle front recruits ready and willing to fight for Hitler’s Reich.
Mobilizing across Borders
Authors: Mezger Caroline
Published: April 2020

Chapter 6 examines the extracurricular mobilization of ethnic German children and youth in the Hungarian-occupied Batschka/Bácska/Bačka during World War II. It shows how unlike in the German-occupied Banat, the Deutsche Jugend in the Batschka competed with the Hungarian Levente (a mandatory paramilitary youth organization) and various religious youth groups. Kinderlandverschickung (child evacuation, KLV) groups from the Reich further mingled with the region’s ethnic Germans to convey images of Germany and the “Reichsdeutsche” that remained unavailable to the Banat’s children and youth. Young Batschka Donauschwaben thus continuously formulated and defended diverse definitions of “Germanness,” despite the Axis occupation and overwhelming pro-Nazi mobilization of their communities. However, with Germany’s occupation of Hungary in March 1944, these dynamics, too, would shift: any youth who had not yet voluntarily joined formations like the Waffen-SS were coerced into service, making them complicit in some of the Third Reich’s most heinous crimes.