bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Salvaged Failed Roof Rings and Antiprotrusion Cages: Surgical Options and Implant Survival
Authors: Tangsataporn Suksan , Abolghasemian Mansour , Kuzyk Paul R. , Backstein David J. , Safir Oleg A. , Gross Allan E.
Published: March 2013

Introduction

Failed acetabular reinforcement rings (ARR) (roof rings and antiprotrusion cages) may require another ARR reconstruction or another type of acetabular device with or without a bone graft. The purpose of this study was to propose surgical options for salvage of failed ARRs and to compare the failure rate of each surgical option.

Materials and methods

We reviewed 33 first ARRs (12 roof rings and 21 antiprotrusion cages) which were revised and converted to a new acetabular reconstruction. Operative reports, radiographs, and clinical data were evaluated. Minimum follow-up was 24 months (average 57 months; range 24-209 months).

Results

33 failed first ARRs were converted to one of three types of acetabular reconstruction, Trabecular Metal (TM) cup in 14, cup-cage in 7 and a second ARR in 12. The TM cup group (TM cup and cup-cage) had a significantly longer survival than the second ARR group (P = 0.025) on log-rank analysis.

Discussion

Treatment of a failed first ARR by a TM cup and a cup-cage provides better results when compared to treatment by a second ARR. Restoration of bone stock is the main factor in determining whether a TM cup or cup-cage rather than another conventional ARR can be used.
Impact of Active Patient follow-up on Worst-case Implant Survival Analysis
Authors: Matharu Gulraj S. , McBryde Callum W. , Treacy Ronan B. , Pynsent William B. , Pynsent Paul B.
Published: March 2013

Background

Patients lost to follow-up pose problems when performing implant survival analysis. We are unaware of any report detailing how implant survival is affected by the sequential capture of patients.

Aims

To assess the logistics of long-term follow-up of patients undergoing Birmingham Hip Resurfacing (BHR), and to determine what impact this had on implant survival with time.

Methods

Between 1997 and 2006 data was prospectively collected on consecutive BHR's implanted by a single surgeon in patients under 50 years of age. Survival analysis was performed at monthly intervals during this study with all patients lost to follow-up at any point in time considered to have failed.

Results

There were 447 BHR's implanted in 393 patients. At study commencement cumulative 10-year survival was 42% (95% CI 36% to 48%) calculated on the confirmed knowledge of the outcome at that time of 275 BHR's, with the remaining 172 lost to follow-up and considered to have been revised. As patients were actively followed-up there was gradual improvement in survival and narrowing of confidence intervals with a final 10-year BHR survival of 96.3% (95% CI 93.7% to 98.3%) with no loss to follow-up.

Conclusions

The findings demonstrate improvement in long-term implant survival with the sequential capture of young and active patients undergoing BHR who were initially considered lost to follow-up. The results reiterate the recommendation that every effort should be made to follow all patients up after joint replacement. This will improve the accuracy of survival reporting and assist comparison between different prostheses.
Short-Term Effects of Radiotherapy Postquadrantectomy on Internal Mammary Artery and Vein
Authors: Cherubino Mario , Scamoni Stefano , Taibi Dominic , Maggiulli Francesca , Pellegatta Igor , Izzo Matteo , Valdatta Luigi
Published: March 2013

When a tumor local recurrence occurs a possible approach can be a mastectomy with simultaneous breast reconstruction with autologous tissue. The area involved by tangential radiation portals includes also the internal mammary artery and veins, considered by the most part of plastic surgeons to be the best recipient vessels for a free flap in breast reconstruction. Internal mammary vessels receives low but not necessary insignificant doses during whole breast irradiation; arteries and veins are traditionally considered quietly resistant to the irradiation but limited data on the flux in mammary vessels after radiotherapy are available. The goal of our study (37 patients from September 2011 to February 2012) was to evaluate modifications in vascular parameters of the flux at ultrasonography in the internal mammary chain after adjuvant radiotherapy that could influence the choice of the autologous surgical technique (free or pedicled flap) and the choice of the recipient vessels in breast reconstruction. Based on the results of our study, we would recommend avoiding an irradiated recipient site when no irradiated recipient vessels are available; a preoperative ultrasound evaluation is recommended in patients underwent whole breast irradiation.
A Qualitative Study of Patient Perspectives about Hypertension
Authors: Jolles Emily P. , Padwal Raj S. , Clark Alexander M. , Braam Branko
Published: March 2013

To understand hypertensive patients' perspectives regarding blood pressure and hypertension treatment, this qualitative study applied semistructured interviews of hypertensive patients. Participants were recruited from two hypertension clinics at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, Canada. To be eligible for inclusion, patients had to be aged 18 years or older, diagnosed with hypertension by a healthcare provider, and currently taking an antihypertensive medication. Participants were stratified in the analysis according to blood pressure control. Twenty-six patients (mean age 57; 62% female) were interviewed, of which 42% were on target and 58% were not. Three underlying themes emerged from the interviews: (a) knowledge of blood pressure relating to diagnosis and management and control of hypertension, (b) integration of hypertension management into daily routine, and (c) feelings and beliefs of wellness. None of the above themes were associated with better control. Knowledge gaps were found, which emphasize the need for further patient education and physician training. Feelings and beliefs of wellness, and not knowledge, were important factors in home assessment of blood pressure. The absence of connections between control of hypertension and the identified domains indicates that current approaches could benefit from the development of a more personalized approach for education and communication.
Short communication. Behavioural activities of two dairy cow genotypes (Holstein-Friesian vs. Jersey x Holstein-Friesian) in two milk production systems (grazing vs. confinement)
Authors: Roca-Fernández A. I. , Ferris C. P. , González-Rodríguez A.
Published: March 2013

The aim of this work was to study the behavioural activities of two cow genotypes, Holstein-Friesian (HF) vs. Jersey × Holstein-Friesian (Jx), when managed within two production systems, a low inputs grazing (G) system vs. a high inputs confinement (C) system. Eighty spring calving cows (HF, n=40 and Jx, n=40), from AFBI Hillsborough (Northern Ireland) experimental dairy cattle, were randomly assigned to one of two production systems (G, n=40 and C, n=40) in a block design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of four treatments (HF-G, HF-C, Jx-G and Jx-C). Cow behavioural activities (feeding, lying, standing and ruminating) were registered on three periods at 20-min intervals, between 16.00-22.00 h and 07.00-14.00 h. Average milk yields (kg cow-1 day-1) were higher (p<0.001) in the C system (27.0) than in the G system (20.1), with differences (p<0.001) between the two cow genotypes (HF, 25.1 vs. Jx, 22.0 kg cow-1 day-1). Milk production system showed an effect on cow behavioural activities. Animals on the G system spent more time (p<0.001) grazing (522 min) than those on the C system spent feeding (173 min). Cows on the C system spent more time (p<0.001) lying (C, 411 vs. G, 212 min), standing (C, 236 vs. G, 85 min) and ruminating (C, 244 vs. G, 141 min) than those on the G system. There were differences between periods for time spent lying (p<0.001), feeding (p<0.05) and ruminating (p<0.001), while time spent standing did not differ between periods. Cow genotype had no effect on any of the behavioural activities.
Short communication. Molecular analysis of the genomic RNAs 1 and 2 of the first Arabis mosaic virus isolate detected in Spanish grapevines
Authors: Lopez-Fabuel I. , Olmos A. , Bassler A. , Dupuis-Maguiraga L. , Torres L. B. , Bertolini E. , Wetzel T.
Published: March 2013

The Arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) is one of the causative agent of the grapevine fanleaf disease, one of the most widespread and damaging viral diseases of grapevine. Recently, the ArMV has been detected in Spanish vineyards, and its determination and molecular characterization was undertaken. To this aim, the nucleotide sequence of the genomic RNAs 1 and 2 of the first isolate of ArMV infecting grapevine detected in Spain (ArMV-DU13) has been determined. The ArMV-DU13 genomic sequences were compared to the corresponding sequences of other isolates of ArMV, or nepoviruses. The most divergent genes among ArMV isolates were the X1 and VPg genes on the RNA 1, and the 2A gene on the RNA 2, with identity levels at the amino acid level of 78% (X1 and VPg) or 69% (2A) between the most distant isolates. Interestingly, the VPg genes were identical between the two grapevine isolates ArMV-Du13 and –NW, suggesting a possible implication of the host. The phylogenetic analysis of the RNA 2 showed that the Spanish isolate was close to Grapevine fanleaf virus isolates. The analysis of the full length RNA 2 suggests a recombination event between ArMV-DU13 and GFLV-GHu isolates between nucleotides 54 and 586 in the ArMV-DU13 isolate. Altogether, these results confirm the high variability between isolates of ArMV, and will be helpful to design more appropriate and reliable molecular diagnostic techniques for the control of this emerging virus in Spain.
Occurrence and distribution of soil Fusarium species under wheat crop in zero tillage
Authors: Silvestro L. B. , Stenglein S. A. , Forjan H. , Dinolfo M. I. , Arambarri A. M. , Manso L. , Moreno M. V.
Published: March 2013

The presence of Fusarium species in cultivated soils is commonly associated with plant debris and plant roots. Fusarium species are also soil saprophytes. The aim of this study was to examine the occurrence and distribution of soil Fusarium spp. at different soil depths in a zero tillage system after the wheat was harvested. Soil samples were obtained at three depths (0-5 cm, 5-10 cm and 10-20 cm) from five crop rotations: I, conservationist agriculture (wheat-sorghum-soybean); II, mixed agriculture/livestock with pastures, without using winter or summer forages (wheat-sorghum-soybean-canola-pastures); III, winter agriculture in depth limited soils (wheat-canola-barley-late soybean); IV, mixed with annual forage (wheat-oat/Vicia-sunflower); V, intensive agriculture (wheat-barley-canola, with alternation of soybean or late soybean). One hundred twenty two isolates of Fusarium were obtained and identified as F. equiseti, F. merismoides, F. oxysporum, F. scirpi and F. solani. The most prevalent species was F. oxysporum, which was observed in all sequences and depths. The Tukey’s test showed that the relative frequency of F. oxysporum under intensive agricultural management was higher than in mixed traditional ones. The first 5 cm of soil showed statistically significant differences (p=0.05) with respect to 5-10 cm and 10-20 cm depths. The ANOVA test for the relative frequency of the other species as F. equiseti, F. merismoides, F. scirpi and F. solani, did not show statistically significant differences (p<0.05). We did not find significant differences (p<0.05) in the effect of crop rotations and depth on Shannon, Simpson indexes and species richness. Therefore we conclude that the different sequences and the sampling depth did not affect the alpha diversity of Fusarium community in this system.
Diurnal variations in water relations of deficit irrigated lemon trees during fruit growth period
Authors: García-Orellana Y. , Ortuño M. F. , Conejero W. , Ruiz-Sanchez M. C.
Published: March 2013

Field-grown lemon trees (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. fil. cv. Fino) were subjected to different drip irrigation treatments: a control treatment, irrigated daily above crop water requirements in order to obtain non-limiting soil water conditions and two deficit irrigation treatments, reducing the water applied according to the maximum daily trunk shrinkage (MDS) signal intensity (actual MDS/control treatment MDS) threshold values of 1.25 (T1 treatment) and 1.35 (T2 treatment), which induced two different drought stress levels. Daily variations in leaf (Yleaf) and stem (Ystem) water potentials, leaf conductance, net photosynthesis, sap flow (SF) and trunk diameter fluctuations were studied on four occasions during the lemon fruit growth period. Ystem and Yleaf revealed a diurnal pattern in response to changes in evaporative demand of the atmosphere. Both water potentials decreased in response to water deficits, which were more pronounced in the T2 treatment. Ystem was seen to be a better plant water status indicator than Yleaf. The difference between the two values of Y (Ystem - Yleaf  = DY) was closely correlated with sap flow, making it a suitable measure of leaf transpiration. Using the slope of this relationship, the canopy hydraulic conductance (KC) was estimated. When other continuously recorded plant-based indicators are not accessible, the concurrent measurement of leaf and stem water potentials at midday, which are relatively inexpensive to measure and user-friendly, act as sufficiently good indicators of the plant water status in field grown Fino lemon trees.
Review. Elimination of viruses in plants: twenty years of progress
Authors: Panattoni A. , Luvisi A. , Triolo E.
Published: March 2013

To shed light on trends about elimination of viruses from plants, a bibliographic research was conducted to identify thermotherapy, chemotherapy and tissue culture trials published from 1991 through 2010. Among woody plants, grapevine, apple and peach are the most frequent targets of sanitation protocols because their health status is strictly regulated. Even if thermotherapy represents the preferred method for the host, grapevine viruses can also be eliminated with chemotherapy and tissue culture; apple viruses respond to chemotherapy as well. Although a similar trend was reported among herbaceous plants, chemotherapy was the most frequently used technique in potato. With regard to virus, thermotherapy was successfully applied against viruses belonging to 13 families and an unassigned genus. Instead, chemotherapy and tissue culture techniques eradicated viruses belonging to fewer families (nine). An interpretation of thermotherapy effects considers the new metabolic “pathways” triggered by the natural antiviral response emitted by the infected plant, with particular reference to virus-induced gene silencing. With regard to chemotherapy, several groups of antiviral drugs belong to inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase inhibitors, S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors, neuraminidase inhibitors. Tissue culture, usually adopted to regenerate plantlets in biotechnological breeding programs, represents the less used tool for eliminate viruses from plants.
Short communication. Enhancement of the immune responses to vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease in mice by oral administration of Quillaja saponaria-A and extracts of Cochinchina momordica seed
Authors: Xiao C. W. , Rajput Z. I. , Bao G. L. , Hu S. H. , Soomro N. A.
Published: March 2013

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of oral administration of extracts from Cochinchina momordica seed (ECMS) or Quillaja saponaria-A (Quil-A) on the immune responses in mice immunized with foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV)-serotype O vaccine. Forty-two imprinting control region (ICR) mice were randomly divided into seven groups of 6 animals in each group, and a dose of 400 μg of Quil-A or ECMS was orally administered for 1,, 2 or 3 days. After that, the animals were subcutaneously immunized twice with FMD vaccine at 3-week intervals and blood samples were collected 2-weeks after boosting for measurement of FMDV-specific IgG and its subclasses. Spleens were collected for lymphocytes proliferation assay. Results indicated that serum FMDV-specific IgG and the IgG subclass responses were significantly enhanced in mice orally administered ECMS or Quil-A when compared with the control group (p<0.05). Lymphocytes proliferation response to FMD vaccine was significantly enhanced by ECMS compared with the control (p<0.05). This study illustrates that ECMS induced immunomodulatory effects and performed better than Quil-A.
Improving the efficiency of spatially selective operations for agricultural robotics in cropping field
Authors: Li Y. L. , Yi S. P.
Published: March 2013

Cropping fields often have well-defined poor-performing patches due to spatial and temporal variability. In an attempt to increase crop performance on poor patches, spatially selective field operations may be performed by agricultural robotics to apply additional inputs with targeted requirements. This paper addresses the route planning problem for an agricultural robot that has to treat some poor-patches in a field with row crops, with respect to the minimization of the total non-working distance travelled during headland turnings and in-field travel distance. The traversal of patches in the field is expressed as the traversal of a mixed weighted graph, and then the problem of finding an optimal patch sequence is formulated as an asymmetric traveling salesman problem and solved by the partheno-genetic algorithm. The proposed method is applied on a cropping field located in Northwestern China. Research results show that by using optimum patch sequences, the total non-working distance travelled during headland turnings and in-field travel distance can be reduced. But the savings on the non-working distance inside the field interior depend on the size and location of patches in the field, and the introduction of agricultural robotics is beneficial to increase field efficiency.
Furrow-irrigated chufa crops in Valencia (Spain). II: Performance analysis and optimization
Authors: Pascual-Seva N. , San Bautista A. , Lopez-Galarza S. , Maroto J. V. , Pascual B.
Published: March 2013

Chufa (Cyperus esculentus L. var. sativus Boeck.) is a traditional crop in the Mediterranean region of Spain, where it is only furrow irrigated. This article analyzes the irrigation performance for this crop, conducting field studies over three consecutive seasons in Valencia (Spain). Irrigation schedule was based on the volumetric soil water content, which was measured with capacitance sensors. Infiltrability was measured with blocked-furrow infiltrometers. An area velocity flow module measured the water flow, the cross-sectional geometry of furrows was determined using furrow profilometers, and times for advance and recession were recorded. WinSRFR software was used to analyze every irrigation event, determining the application efficiency (AE) and distribution uniformity of the minimum (DUmin), and to optimize the combination of furrow inflow (q) and cut-off time (Tco). Average values obtained for AE were 30.1%, 25.6%, and 26.7% in 2007, 2008, and 2009, respectively, and the corresponding DUmin values were 0.54, 0.61, and 0.67. Optimized results showed that it is possible to reach AE and DUmin values up to 87% and 0.86, respectively. However, understanding the q-Tco relationship that maximizes both AE and DUmin is more important than knowing the specific values. A function that related q and Tco was obtained for the typical plot dimensions, and this was validated in 2011. Therefore, this function can be used in most of the plots in the cultivation area.
Furrow-irrigated chufa crops in Valencia (Spain). I: Productive response to two irrigation strategies
Authors: Pascual-Seva N. , San Bautista A. , Lopez-Galarza S. , Maroto J. V. , Pascual B.
Published: March 2013

Chufa (Cyperus esculentus L. var. sativus Boeck.) is an important vegetable crop in Valencia (Spain), where its tubers are used to produce a refreshing drink called 'horchata'. Water is relatively inexpensive, there are no data regarding the volumes of water used to grow chufa, and the irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) has neither been determined. The aim of this research was to compare the productive responses of the chufa crop to two irrigation strategies (IS). The volumetric soil water content (VSWC) was monitored with capacitance sensors. Trends in VSWC were used to determine the in situ field capacity (FC), beginning each irrigation event when the VSWC reached either approximately 45% (H1) or 60% (H2) of the FC at a soil depth of 0.10 m. The experiments were conducted over three consecutive seasons. An area velocity flow module measured the water flow. The yields, the water volumes used, and the IWUE were calculated. Plants were periodically sampled and the harvest index and relative growth rate were determined. The yield was affected by the year and by the IS. The greatest yields were obtained with the H2 strategy (on average 2.18 kg m-2 for H2 vs. 1.94 kg m-2 for H1; p≤0.01), and the average tuber weight (ATW) was affected (p≤0.01) by the year and IS interaction. IWUE was affected by the year, and none of the considered factors affected the harvest index (p≤0.05). It can be concluded that maintaining a higher VSWC would increase both yield and ATW without affecting IWUE.
Isolation of table olive damage causes and bruise time evolution during fruit detachment with trunk shaker
Authors: Jimenez-Jimenez F. , Castro-Garcia S. , Blanco-Roldan G. L. , González-Sánchez E. J. , Gil-Ribes J. A.
Published: March 2013

The high sensitivity of table olives to mechanical damage limits mechanical harvesting with trunk shakers. The objective of this study was the identification, evaluation and temporal evolution assessment of the sources of damage caused to the fruits. To do this, digital image analysis was used for the objective determination of damage produced to table olives. Harvesting tests were performed in an intensive olive orchard with trees of the ‘Manzanilla’ variety in Seville, Spain. Mechanical harvesting with trunk shakers and subsequent detachment of the fruits to the ground produced a level of bruise 12 times greater than the levels obtained from manual harvesting. Fruit-fruit and fruit-branch impacts and friction from the movement of the fruit in the tree canopy during vibration and detachment were the main causes of damage to the fruits. These causes represented a mean value of 60% of the damage produced to the fruits from mechanical harvesting. In addition, most bruising from mechanical damage occurred in the first hour after harvesting and followed an exponential tendency. The information obtained about table olive damage causes and bruise time evolution during fruit detachment with trunk shaker can be used by the producers to determine how to reduce and prevent bruising during harvesting operations.
Influence of tillage practices on soil biologically active organic matter content over a growing season under semiarid Mediterranean climate
Authors: Martín-Lammerding D. , Tenorio J. L. , Albarrán M. M. , Zambrana E. , Walter I.
Published: March 2013

In semiarid areas, traditional, intensive tillage has led to the depletion of soil organic matter, which has resulted in reduced soil fertility. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effects of different soil management systems, practised over 12 years, on soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrogen (SN) and biologically active organic matter (particulate organic matter [POM]; potentially mineralisable nitrogen [PMN]; microbial biomass [MB]). A Mediterranean Alfisol, located in central Spain, was managed using combinations of conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) or no-tillage (NT), plus a cropping background of either continuous wheat (WW) or a fallow/wheat/pea/barley rotation (FW). Soil was sampled at two depths on four occasions during 2006-2007. The results showed the sampling date and the cropping background to significantly affect the SOC (p<0.0057 and p<0.0001 respectively). Tillage practice, however, had no effect on SOC or SN. The C-and N-POM contents were significantly influenced by the date, tillage and rotation. These variables were significantly higher under NT than CT and under WW than FW. The PMN was influenced by date, tillage and rotation, while C-MB was significantly affected by tillage (p< 0.0063), but not by rotation. The NT plots accumulated 66% C-POM, 60% N-POM, 39% PMN and 84% C-MB more than the CT plots. After more than 12 years, the benefits of conservation practices were found in the considered soil properties, mainly under no tillage. In order to obtain a consistent data set to predict soil biological status, it is necessary further study over time.
Shading screens for the improvement of the night time climate of unheated greenhouses
Authors: Montero J. I. , Muñoz P. , Sánchez-Guerrero M. C. , Medrano E. , Piscia D. , Lorenzo P.
Published: March 2013

The objective of this work was to study the effect of shading screens, normally used during the day for cooling purposes, on the night-time climate of unheated greenhouses. For this purpose, first a number of experimental measurements were taken during cold nights to characterise the greenhouse climate both with and without an aluminised external screen. Secondly a Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) model of greenhouse was developed. After validation of the model by comparison with experimental data, the model was used to simulate the greenhouse climate for different sky conditions ranging from cloudless to overcast nights. Simulations were performed for a greenhouse with internal and external shading screens and for the same greenhouse without screens. Experimental results showed the positive effect of an external shading screen, whose use increased night-time temperature and reduced the risk of thermal inversion. Its effect was much stronger under clear sky conditions. The CFD model supported this conclusion and provided a detailed explanation of the temperature behaviour of all the greenhouse types considered. CFD simulations proved that an aluminised screen placed inside the greenhouse at gutter height gave the greatest thermal increase. Therefore, external or internal screens can help to increase the sustainability of greenhouse production in areas with mild winter climates by enhancing the use of solar energy stored in the greenhouse soil during the previous day and released at night-time.
Do questions matter on children’s answers about internet risk and safety?
Authors: Ponte Cristina , Simões José Alberto , Jorge Ana
Published: March 2013

This article aims at understanding the construction of online risk and safety among children addressing the lack of research on children’s discourses on their internet experiences. The analysis compares the perceptions of Portuguese children (9-16) based on an open-ended question about online risk from the EU Kids Online survey and two open-ended questions about online safety from a survey of disadvantaged children. Theoretically, the article combines constructionist perspectives on risk with the framework and matrix used in EU Kids Online project. Methodological tools from cognitive sciences and from critical discourse analysis were used to explore children’s answers. These theories and methods contributed to capture children’s own discourses on online risk and safety, which are complex, often ambivalent and affected by hegemonic public discourses expressing media panics and fears. The analysis made visible how different wordings of questions may lead to different answers and to distinctive children’s positions, from apparently excluded of the risk situations to keen advisors of their peers on online safety.
Cyberbullying experiences on-the-go: When social media can become distressing
Authors: Görzig Anke , Frumkin Lara A.
Published: March 2013

The current study examines the differences between those who have been cyberbullied online and on mobile devices (on-the-go) and those who have been cyberbullied online but not on mobile devices. Additionally, country differences in cyberbullying on-the-go are explored. Analyses were carried out employing a random stratified sample of 25,142 children aged 9-16 from 25 European countries. A multilevel stepwise logistic regression with cyberbullying mode (online and mobile phone vs. online only) as the dependent variable showed that among online bully victims being cyberbullied on-the-go was less likely in Bulgaria and Denmark and more likely in Sweden when compared to the odds across all countries. Moreover, being cyberbullied on-the-go was associated with being older, female and using the internet on-the-go (step 1), higher sensation seeking, psychological difficulties and being more upset by the experience (step 2) as well as a higher likelihood of being bullied via social networking sites (SNS) and instant messages (IM) but not the range of cyberbullying types experienced (step 3). In this last step of the analysis being upset by the experience as well as psychological difficulties ceased to be related to the mode of cyberbullying suggesting that cyberbullying experiences on SNS and IM are potential mechanisms by which cyberbullying on-the-go is experienced as more distressing.
All the (cyber) world’s a stage: Framing cyberbullying as a performance
Authors: Kernaghan Donna , Elwood Jannette
Published: March 2013

This paper explores the ways in which the use of technology presents girls with new and alternative ways to participate in and experience bullying. The focus is particularly on how girls experience and participate in ‘cyberbullying’ via Instant Messenger (IM) programmes and social networking sites (SNS). A mixed method approach was employed with girls aged 12–15 years old in Northern Ireland which captured 494 questionnaire responses and eight online interviews conducted using instant messenger.Findings show that girls of this age group are high IM and SNS users. These forms of communication may be used to impersonate others, convey hurtful or malicious comments or share private or embarrassing information with online audiences. The data indicates that these online forms of bullying may be facilitated within friendship groups in an offline context in order for them to have access to such information and access to the appropriate audience. Furthermore, the research indicates that older girls experience and participate in cyberbullying more than younger girls.This article positions these findings within the conceptual framework of Goffman’s understanding of social interactions as a performance and proposes a model which applies this framework of performance to the phenomenon of cyberbullying.
To tell or not to tell? Youth’s responses to unwanted Internet experiences
Authors: Priebe Gisela , Mitchell Kimberly J. , Finkelhor David
Published: March 2013

This study is one of the first that investigated youth’s response to unwanted Internet experiences, not only for those youth who were bothered or distressed but for all youth who reported the experience. Three types of response were examined: telling someone about the incident and ending the unwanted situation by active or passive coping. Responses to the following unwanted Internet experiences were analysed: Sexual solicitation, online harassment and unwanted exposure to pornography. The study was based on data from the Third Youth Internet Safety Survey (YISS-3), a telephone survey with a nationally representative U.S. sample of 1,560 Internet users, ages 10 to 17, and their caretakers. Youth’s responses to unwanted Internet experiences differ depending on the type of unwanted experiences, whether they are distressed or have other negative reactions caused by the incident and – to some degree – other youth characteristics and incident characteristics. For example, not all youth who are distressed tell someone and not all youth who tell someone are distressed. Also, the reasons for telling may differ depending on whom they tell, and youth tell somebody less often about their victimization if they also are online perpetrators, but of different types of unwanted Internet experiences. Internet safety information for parents and parents’ active mediation of Internet safety does not seem to result in youth telling more often about unwanted Internet experiences.
Performing for one’s imagined audience: Social steganography and other privacy strategies of Estonian teens on networked publics
Authors: Oolo Egle , Siibak Andra
Published: March 2013

The aim of the paper is to analyse the perceptions Estonian 13-16-year-olds have about privacy and imagined audience on SNS, blogs and Instant Messenger. Semi-structured interviews (N = 15) were carried out to explore the various privacy strategies teens implement in order to manage their extended audience. The findings indicate that the majority of the teens in the sample had misperceptions about the size of their online audience. Furthermore, many of them seldom thoroughly thought about possible privacy issues when communicating on mediated publics. Although several of our interviewees confessed that they only kept the members of the “ideal audience”, i.e. close friends and schoolmates, in mind while publishing posts, others claimed to be “performing” somewhat differently in front of extended audience. Our results therefore challenge widespread assumptions that youth do not care about privacy and are not engaged in navigating privacy, as three main privacy strategies – strategic information sharing, self-censorship and social steganography – were implemented by the young interviewees.
Restoring Order to Permutations and Combinations
Authors: Kimani Patrick M. , Gibbs Renamarie T. , Anderson Sarah M.
Published: March 2013

Use the fundamental counting principle to crosscut and unify various counting concepts. In all probability, your students will have fewer problems with mathematics.
La drogue et le journal de voyage contemporain
Authors: Banco Lindsey Michael
Published: March 2013

Cet essai se penche sur les liens entre les représentations du voyage et les représentations des drogues dans les journaux de voyage contemporains. En tant que genre populaire non romanesque, le journal de voyage aide à structurer la perception du public à l’égard du voyage. Cependant, tout comme plusieurs autres formes d’écriture sur les voyages, il dépeint fréquemment les drogues. Nombre de journaux de voyage présentent des écrivains voyageant avec de la drogue, voyageant sous l’effet de la drogue, ou voyageant pour s’en procurer. Les journaux de voyage contemporains présentent souvent le voyage comme étant une métaphore paradigmatique, pourtant problématique, qui sert à comprendre divers genres d’expériences en lien avec la drogue : celles qui servent à acquérir des connaissances sur soi ou à subir des transformations, celles qui vont à la rencontre de l’altérité radicale ou cherchent à la domestiquer sous des formulations néocoloniales. Il est question dans ces pages de deux journaux de voyage relatant l’expérience des drogues, publiés à la fin du 20e siècle : Chasing the Dragon: Into the Heart of the Golden Triangle (1996) de Christopher Cox et Eating the Flowers of Paradise: A Journey Through the Drug Fields of Ethiopia and Yémen (1998) de Kevin Rushby. Mon analyse explore la façon avec laquelle ces récits populaires imaginent la connexion mobilité/intoxication et comment ces connexions font intervenir la double thématique de la mobilité planétaire et de la circulation et de la consommation illicites de substances psychotropes.
Clearing the Smoke to See the Screen: Ideological Manipulation in Audiovisual Translation
Authors: Díaz Cintas Jorge
Published: March 2013

In this article, a critical and methodological approach is offered concerning the subject of manipulation and translation in the realm of the audiovisual. Taking the potentialities unleashed by thecultural turnin Translation Studies as a starting point, the paper first provides an overview of the main hurdles and issues at stake when adopting a line of enquiry centred around the realisation that the way in which cultural values are translated depends not only on linguistic asymmetries between languages but also on fundamental decisions based on power, dominance, and ideology. As part of a debate that could prove fruitful in the world of audiovisual translation (AVT), the concept of manipulation is discussed in detail and a distinction between technical and ideological manipulation is put forward. After considering the special case of censorship and some of the new developments in the use of subtitling as a tool for local empowerment, it is suggested that the boundaries of research into AVT should be pushed beyond its traditionally parochial linguistic sphere by focussing more on unmasking the rationale behind ideologically motivated changes and by contextualising them within a wider socio-cultural environment.
Censorship or Profit? The Manipulation of Dialogue in Dubbed Youth Films
Authors: Zanotti Serenella
Published: March 2013

Youth films are a field of special interest to AVT scholars due to the genre’s propensity for potentially disturbing content, both thematic and linguistic. In youth films the depiction of teenage sexuality, violence, crime and drug consumption often combines with strong language. Both represent problematic areas for the dubbing translators, who often act as censorial agents under the pressure of a number of factors, including target cultural norms and values as well as local regulations. Existing work on censorship in AVT has showed that potentially disturbing elements tend to be toned down, if not censored, in dubbed films. Based on both textual analysis and archival research, this study provides further evidence to previous research, while also showing the role of distribution companies in deciding the level of manipulation imposed on the film dialogue.
Audio Description with Audio Subtitling for Dutch Multilingual Films: Manipulating Textual Cohesion on Different Levels
Authors: Remael Aline
Published: March 2013

There is a strong trend towards multilingualism in Flemish and Dutch films today. In order to make such films accessible for a blind and visually impaired audience, the audio description (AD), which supplies the information from the visuals that cannot be accessed by this target audience, must be combined with audio subtitling (AST), for the translation of the dialogue. Today, a wide variety of strategies is used to accomplish this form of textual manipulation, but current practice is largely based on intuition. The present paper reports on the first phase of a research project carried out on four films, in collaboration with the AD scriptwriter and the sound engineer responsible for the recordings of the Dutch films with AD and AST, two of which will be considered here: Oorlogswinter (Winter in Wartime 2008) and Tirza (2010). The project makes use of four films, but due to limits of space we focus on two only, aiming to reply to three questions. First, we look at how the AST is inserted and whether it interacts with the films’ foreign language dialogue exchanges. Then we consider whether intonation contributes to the coherence of the text. To conclude, the audio and written subtitles are compared. Finally, suggestions for further research are provided.
Accommodating Audience Needs in Islamic Subtitling: A Case of Manipulation?
Authors: Elgebaly Nermine
Published: March 2013

The field of subtitling has its own spatial and temporal challenges and constraints, which are further compounded in the case of translating Islamic programmes because of the culture-specific translation problems. Subtitlers have to bridge the cultural gap and accommodate audience needs, without the possibility of resorting to footnotes, glossaries, or explanatory notes. This may warrant some conscious changes to the Arabic source text (ST) to achieve maximum intelligibility in the English target text (TT). Manipulation in translation has mostly been used in a negative sense to mean a vicious attempt to alter STs to promote a dominant culture and ideology. In Islamic subtitling on the satellite channel Iqraa, this is far from being true as the Arabic text rewriting involves the activation of certain strategies to render complex Islamic concepts intelligible to a wider, international audience. This paper examines how audiovisual translators of the Iqraa satellite channel make conscious alterations to the ST, especially in the case of Iltifat – a rhetorical device in Arabic utilizing a reference/referent shift to involve the audience and achieve a heightened dramatic effect – as well as in the case of code-switching between Classical and Colloquial Arabic. The case study under scrutiny is two audiovisual programmes by two Islamic televangelists, who speak in Egyptian Colloquial Arabic.
La vie dans les contes et fables d’Afrique noire
Authors: Muena Muanza Ntumba
Published: March 2013

Oeuvre de liturgie et d’anthropologie esthétique, cette publication révèle la vitalité d’une communauté chrétienne d’Afrique centrale (du Congo Kinshasa, à Cikapa) qui affronte ses problèmes de survie, dans une liturgie eucharistique dominicale, émaillée de contes comme quatrième lecture. Ces contes y apparaissent comme un moment important de Révélation en Afrique et un moyen mnémotechnique puissant d’éducation et d’action populaire. Y est interprétée, de manière critique et métaphorique, la vie des sociétés postcoloniales, dominées par un capitalisme commercial sauvage avec ses méthodes immorales d’accumulation, au détriment de la majorité et au service d’une minorité interne liée à l’impérialisme. La vie apparaît aussi dans la créativité artistique même des contes qui ne sont jamais figés et dans la manière vivante de les déclamer. Les contes sont une constante réinterprétation de la vie dans le miroir culturel africain et chrétien.
Jésus Christ à la rescousse de la dimension communautaire de la vie en Afrique
Authors: Ntabona Adrien
Published: March 2013

Cet article tente d’élaborer une théologie africaine, en partant des développements johanniques sur la vie, pour relire la solidarité clanique africaine, ainsi que le penchant communautaire de la vie en Afrique noire. Dans la perspective de l’inculturation, il tâche de dynamiser ces valeurs africaines, de les dilater aux dimensions de la charité chrétienne ; ce faisant, le Christ occupe désormais le centre de la solidarité africaine et la fait tendre vers la communauté de vie qui existe entre le Père, le Fils et le Saint-Esprit.
De novo modeling of the F420-reducing [NiFe]-hydrogenase from a methanogenic archaeon by cryo-electron microscopy
Authors: Mills Deryck J , Vitt Stella , Strauss Mike , Shima Seigo , Vonck Janet
Published: March 2013

Methanogenic archaea use a [NiFe]-hydrogenase, Frh, for oxidation/reduction of F420, an important hydride carrier in the methanogenesis pathway from H2 and CO2. Frh accounts for about 1% of the cytoplasmic protein and forms a huge complex consisting of FrhABG heterotrimers with each a [NiFe] center, four Fe-S clusters and an FAD. Here, we report the structure determined by near-atomic resolution cryo-EM of Frh with and without bound substrate F420. The polypeptide chains of FrhB, for which there was no homolog, was traced de novo from the EM map. The 1.2-MDa complex contains 12 copies of the heterotrimer, which unexpectedly form a spherical protein shell with a hollow core. The cryo-EM map reveals strong electron density of the chains of metal clusters running parallel to the protein shell, and the F420-binding site is located at the end of the chain near the outside of the spherical structure.
The Human Kinome and Kinase Inhibition
Authors: Duong‐Ly Krisna C. , Peterson Jeffrey R.
Published: March 2013

Protein and lipid kinases play key regulatory roles in a number of biological processes. Unsurprisingly, activating mutations in kinases have been linked to a number of disorders and diseases, most notably cancers. Thus, kinases have emerged as promising clinical targets. There are more than 500 human protein kinases and about 20 lipid kinases. Most protein kinases share a highly conserved domain, the eukaryotic protein kinase (ePK) domain, which contains the ATP and substrate‐binding sites. Many inhibitors in clinical use bind to the highly conserved ATP binding site. For this reason, many kinase inhibitors are not exclusively selective for their intended targets. Furthermore, despite the current interest in kinase inhibitors, very few kinases implicated in disease have validated inhibitors. This unit describes the human kinome, ePK structure, and types of kinase inhibitors, focusing on methods to identify potent and selective kinase inhibitors. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 60:2.9.1‐2.9.14. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Patient‐Derived Models of Human Breast Cancer: Protocols for In Vitro and In Vivo Applications in Tumor Biology and Translational Medicine
Authors: DeRose Yoko S. , Gligorich Keith M. , Wang Guoying , Georgelas Ann , Bowman Paulette , Courdy Samir J. , Welm Alana L. , Welm Bryan E.
Published: March 2013

Research models that replicate the diverse genetic and molecular landscape of breast cancer are critical for developing the next‐generation therapeutic entities that can target specific cancer subtypes. Patient‐derived tumorgrafts, generated by transplanting primary human tumor samples into immune‐compromised mice, are a valuable method to model the clinical diversity of breast cancer in mice, and are a potential resource in personalized medicine. Primary tumorgrafts also enable in vivo testing of therapeutics and make possible the use of patient cancer tissue for in vitro screens. Described in this unit are a variety of protocols including tissue collection, biospecimen tracking, tissue processing, transplantation, and three‐dimensional culturing of xenografted tissue, which enable use of bona fide uncultured human tissue in designing and validating cancer therapies. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 60:14.23.1‐14.23.43. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Differences Between Women and Men With Recent‐Onset Axial Spondyloarthritis: Results From a Prospective Multicenter French Cohort
Authors: Tournadre A. , Pereira B. , Lhoste A. , Dubost J. J. , Ristori J. M. , Claudepierre P. , Dougados M. , Soubrier M.
Published: March 2013

Objective

To clarify sex differences in early axial spondyloarthritis (SpA).

Methods

In total, 475 patients included in the Devenir des Spondylarthropathies Indifférenciées Récentes (Outcome of Recent Undifferentiated Spondylarthropathies) cohort, a prospective multicenter French cohort of patients with early inflammatory back pain suggestive of SpA, and fulfilling the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) classification criteria for axial SpA were studied. The clinical and imaging features were compared between sexes and according to the clinical or imaging arm of the ASAS criteria using univariate and multivariate analysis.

Results

Comparisons between the 239 men and 236 women showed that women had higher disease activity when measured by the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Patient Global Score and higher fatigue and functional scores despite having less radiographic sacroiliitis and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) inflammation of sacroiliac joints and the spine than men. Disease activity measured by the C‐reactive protein (CRP)–based Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score was not different between men and women. In contrast to patients classified with the clinical arm, disease activity and functional scores did not differ between women and men with sacroiliitis on imaging scans, except for fatigue and the Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life questionnaire. Women with sacroiliitis had more peripheral involvement and more family history, whereas HLA–B27 positivity, elevated CRP, and MRI inflammation of the spine were associated with male sex.

Conclusion

Women with early axial SpA according to the ASAS criteria had greater disease activity when measured by the BASDAI and worse functioning despite fewer radiologic abnormalities than men. The differences in disease expression may be confounding factors to establish the diagnosis of SpA and to assess disease activity in women, suggesting that the imaging arm is a pivotal measure in the ASAS criteria.