bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O idoso em diálise
Authors: Kusumota Luciana , Oliveira Marília Pilotto de , Marques Sueli
Published: April 2010

Em decorrência, principalmente, do envelhecimento populacional e mudanças no perfil epidemiológico, tem-se observado um crescente aumento do número de idosos em terapia renal substitutiva. O presente relato aponta e descreve os principais aspectos e as características do idoso em diálise; e destaca como imprescindível o atendimento em saúde, incluindo o cuidado de enfermagem, direcionado e especializado, diante das especificidades e necessidades desta parcela de pacientes nos centros de diálise.
Comunicação como temática de pesquisa na Nefrologia: subsídio para o cuidado de enfermagem
Authors: Koeppe Giselle Barcellos Oliveira , Araújo Sílvia Teresa Carvalho de
Published: April 2010

OBJETIVOS: Identificar a tendência de pesquisas na área de Nefrologia com foco na comunicação e analisar a abordagem sobre comunicação nestas pesquisas. MÉTODOS: Levantamento de artigos nas bases de dados LILACS, SciELO, BDENF e MEDLINE, publicados entre 1997 e 2007, em português e espanhol, com foco na comunicação, ou no relacionamento com o cliente ou nos seus sentimentos, emoções e percepções. As informações sobre os artigos foram organizadas em quadros e divididas em três categorias: comunicação, relacionamento/interação e sentimentos/emoção/percepção. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos artigos relaciona-se aos sentimentos, emoções e percepções da clientela. O vínculo profissional/paciente aparece como facilitador da comunicação. Olhar o cliente de forma integral e individualizada promove um cuidado mais adequado. CONCLUSÃO: Através da investigação da comunicação, pode-se descrever melhor suas características fundamentais, suas perspectivas e possibilidades durante a interação e o cuidado prestado.
Modalidades de hemodiálise ambulatorial: breve revisão
Authors: Matos Érika Ferreira , Lopes Adriane
Published: April 2010

Objetivou-se estudar as modalidades de hemodiálise utilizadas, assim como suas vantagens e desvantagens a fim de contribuir com o bem-estar do cliente com insuficiência renal crônica, durante o tratamento. O estudo é uma revisão bibliográfica conduzida nas bases de dados LILACS e SciElo. Foi constatado que a hemodiálise convencional é a mais utilizada no mundo, mas apresenta muitas intercorrências. A diária e noturna, oferecem benefícios ao coração, mas a primeira tem elevado custo e a segunda, possui estudos limitados. A domiciliar é cômoda ao cliente, mas, requer alterações no domicilio.
Setor de nefrologia: uma parceria entre ensino e service
Authors: Araújo Sílvia Teresa Carvalho de , Koeppe Giselle Barcellos Oliveira
Published: April 2010

Trata de experiências de ensino, de aprendizagem e de avaliação da prestação dos cuidados de enfermagem, por graduandos do sexto período, à clientela em terapias substitutivas renais, em serviço de nefrologia de hospital universitário no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Realizada pela parceria entre instituições públicas de ensino e assistencial, procedemos avaliação coletiva com entrevista estruturada com os participantes do processo, no segundo semestre de 2008. Os dados apontaram diagnóstico do ambiente e perfil da clientela, os cuidados parciais de enfermagem prestados pelos graduandos e cujas avaliações com os participantes do processo indicaram: interesse e bom desempenho dos graduandos e limitações na abordagem dos conteúdos essenciais ao cuidado nas terapias substitutivas renais. Consideramos relevante a aprendizagem teórica e prática da assistência de enfermagem prestada aos clientes em terapias substitutivas renais.
Comparação dos testes de virusneutralização contra os genótipos 1 e 2 do vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV-1 e BVDV-2) em bovinos de rebanhos naturalmente infectados
Authors: Dias Fabio Carvalho , Alexandrino Bruna , Medeiros Andréa Souza Ramos de , Pereira Gener Tadeu , Oliveira Mônica Costa , Samara Samir Issa
Published: April 2010

Os resultados dos testes de virusneutralização (VN) contra os genótipos do vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV-1 e BVDV-2), bem como os respectivos títulos de anticorpos, foram comparados em 1.925 amostras de soro sanguíneo obtidas de rebanhos bovinos naturalmente infectados e não vacinados contra o BVDV, provenientes dos Estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais. A proporção de amostras reagentes entre os genótipos foi analisada pelo Teste de McNemar, e os títulos de anticorpos das amostras reagentes ao BVDV-1 e ao BVDV-2 foram comparados pelo Teste de Wilcoxon. Não foi verificada discordância na proporção de bovinos reagentes ao BVDV-1 e ao BVDV-2 (P>0,05). No entanto, houve discordância entre os títulos de anticorpos detectados nos testes de VN contra os genótipos 1 e 2 do BVDV (P<0,0001). Embora a proporção de animais reagentes contra ambos os genótipos do BVDV tenha sido semelhante, resultados falso-negativos seriam obtidos se 67 amostras (3,5%) tivessem sido submetidas apenas ao teste de VN, para o BVDV-1, e em 51 amostras (2,65%), apenas para o BVDV-2. Alguns rebanhos apresentaram títulos de anticorpos superiores para o BVDV-1, enquanto outros para BVDV-2, demonstrando assim a ocorrência da infecção pelos diferentes genótipos do vírus entre os rebanhos analisados. Portanto, tais resultados demonstraram a necessidade da inclusão de ambos os genótipos do BVDV nos testes de VN.
Destanização e conservação de frutos de jambolão
Authors: Severo Joseana , Santos Railson Schreinert dos , Casaril Jardel , Tiecher Aline , Silva Jorge Adolfo , Rombaldi Cesar Valmor
Published: April 2010

Foram estudadas alternativas para a redução da adstringência (destanização) e conservação de frutos de jambolão (Syzygium cumini, L.). Para isso, no primeiro experimento, os frutos foram colhidos no estádio meio-maduro, mantidos sob temperatura ambiente e submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos: controle (atmosfera normal), 98kPa CO2, 20kPa CO2, 98kPa N2, etileno (100ppm), 1-MCP (1ppm) seguido de etileno (100ppm) e 3,85mL de etanol absoluto L-1. Foram avaliados os teores de acetaldeído e de taninos solúveis, a firmeza e a adstringência dos frutos. No segundo experimento, os frutos foram colhidos no estádio maduro e armazenados em atmosfera modificada passiva, sob temperatura ambiente (AMPA, 23±1°C) e atmosfera modificada passiva refrigerada (AMPR, 4±1°C), pelo período de cinco, 10 e 15 dias. Frutos provenientes dos tratamentos com N2, etileno e etanol apresentaram os melhores resultados quanto à destanização, com aumento nos teores de acetaldeído e diminuição dos taninos solúveis e da adstringência; entretanto, os tratamentos com etileno e etanol causaram amolecimento excessivo nos frutos. O armazenamento em AMPR conservou melhor a coloração roxo-azulada dos frutos e, além de prevenir a incidência de fungos, auxiliou na manutenção dos teores de fenóis totais e de ácido ascórbico e na atividade antioxidante dos frutos.
Cuadro de mando integral para el diseño y validación de instrumentos para valorar el desempeño académico de docentes
Authors: León Alexis Tejedor de , Huerta José Manuel
Published: April 2010

La valoración de la labor docente es un pilar de la acreditación universitaria. En un momento, particularmente sensible relacionado a esta tendencia global y a la imagen que emerge de las diferentes unidades académicas y adminsitrativas, se torna importante, no solamente, recolocar el asunto de conocer si éstas ponen en práctica aquello que realmente enseñan, sino también conocer el grado de satisfacción de los" stakeholders" sobre los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje a nivel universitario. En este contexto, esta investigación tiene como objetivo diseñar y validar instrumentos dirigidos a explorar el entorno de la labor académica del docente universitario del Centro Regional de Veraguas de la Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá, considerando como ejes dimensionales la planificación, el desarrollo y las actividades psicopedagógicas propias de la labor académica. Para la realización de la investigación se utilizó la metodología del Cuadro de Mando Integral en las etapas de planificación estratégica del programa de evaluación académico y se utilizó la técnica Delphi para la validación de contenido y de constructo de los instrumentos. En la validación de la confiabilidad se determinó el valor Alpha de Cronbach utilizándose el programa para la PC de SPSS® para la toma de decisones.
Gestão coletiva de bens comuns no extrativismo da mangaba no nordeste do Brasil
Authors: Schmitz Heribert , Mota Dalva Maria da , Silva Júnior Josué Francisco da
Published: April 2010

O artigo analisa a gestão coletiva de bens comuns no extrativismo da mangaba destacando o acesso aos recursos, os arranjos institucionais e os conflitos sociais entre os atores envolvidos. A pesquisa foi realizada no Nordeste do Brasil a partir de observações, entrevistas e dados secundários. O trabalho mostra a existência de remanescentes de mangabeiras bem conservados a partir da gestão coletiva.
Desafios na construção de indicadores de sustentabilidade
Authors: Guimarães Roberto Pereira , Feichas Susana Arcangela Quacchia
Published: April 2010

Indicadores de sustentabilidade têm sido propostos para atender à necessidade de mensurar a distância entre a situação atual de dada sociedade e seus objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável. A partir de pesquisa bibliográfica se analisam cinco propostas de indicadores e se identificam desafios a serem superados em sua construção para que sejam capazes de promover mudanças de comportamentos e subsidiar decisões.
A conservação ambiental como critério de relações entre grupos e valores: representações e conflitos no entorno do Parque Nacional das Emas, Goiás
Authors: Fleury Lorena Cândido , Almeida Jalcione Pereira de
Published: April 2010

Este artigo trata do conflito ambiental em torno do Parque Nacional das Emas e das representações sociais sobre conservação feitas pelas populações de seu entorno. Após observação direta, pesquisa documental, aplicação de técnicas de associações livres de palavras e entrevistas semi-estruturadas, conclui-se que estão em disputa sentidos culturais, pautados não apenas por interesses objetivos, mas também pelos significados que os distintos grupos sociais projetam para a construção comum do mundo ao seu redor.
Quem é quem diante da presença de espécies exóticas no Brasil? Uma leitura do arcabouço institucional-legal voltada para a formulação de uma Política Pública Nacional
Authors: Oliveira Anderson Eduardo da Silva , Machado Carlos José Saldanha
Published: April 2010

Este estudo objetiva contribuir à formulação de uma Política Pública Nacional de controle de espécies exóticas através da caracterização do arcabouço institucional-legal brasileiro. Após a leitura de documentos diversos, concluí-se que existem obstáculos à construção desta política pública e evidencia-se a urgência da definição e estruturação de um organismo coordenador intersetorial dos agentes, assegurando a consistência das ações e a eficiência prática dessa política.
Recent progress in the methods of genome sequencing
Authors: Ning-wei Zhao
Published: April 2010

Genome sequencing is a very important tool for the development of genetic diagnosis, drugs of gene engineering, pharmacogenetics, etc. As the HGP comes into people's ears, there is an emerging need for the genome sequencing. During the recent years, there are two different traditional strategies available for this target: shotgun sequencing and hierarchical sequencing. Besides these, many efforts are pursuing new ideas to facilitate fast and cost-effective genome sequencing, including 454 GS system, polony sequencing, single molecular array, nanopore sequencing, with each having different unique characteristics, but remains to be fully developed.
Morphological alterations and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest induced by curcumin in human SK-MEL-37 melanoma cells
Authors: Carneiro Marcella Lemos Brettas , Porfírio Elaine Paulucio , Otake Andréia Hanada , Chammas Roger , Báo Sônia Nair , Guillo Lidia Andreu
Published: April 2010

The aim of this work was to study the effect of curcumin on cell cycle in the human SK-MEL-37 melanoma cell line. In addition, morphological and structural analyses were also performed. Flow cytometric analysis showed a G0/G1 arrest at 5 µM after 24 h exposure and a concentration-dependent increase in the proportion of sub-G0 hypodiploid cells. Typical apoptotic events were also observed by the fluorescence microscopy, transmission and scanning electronic microscopy. Loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was not detected. Results suggested that curcumin could arrest human melanoma cells at G0/G1 phase and induce a mitochondrial-independent apoptotic pathway.
Cytochrome P450 detection in liver of the catfish Ancistrus multispinis (Osteichthyes, Loricariidae)
Authors: Klemz Claudio , Salvo Ligia Maria , Bastos Neto Jayme da Cunha , Bainy Afonso Celso Dias , Assis Helena Cristina da Silva de
Published: April 2010

Sensitive biological responses to environmental contaminants are useful as early warning signals to predict the damages by long-term exposure. Protocols standardization to quantify biochemical parameters in different fish species is required to validate its use as biomarkers. Comparative studies from different fish species and its interpretation are a challenge for the validation of its use as general biomarkers, representative of environmental impact. In this study, the protocol for liver cytochrome P450 (CYP) analysis from the native Brazilian fish Ancistrus multispinis was established. The microsome contamination by hemoglobin during the analysis of CYP in liver was detected, leading to misinterpretation of the results. The spectrophotometric method for CYP analysis was adapted in order to diminish the hemoglobin interference. Additionally, the western blotting method for CYP1A analysis was tested with success for this fish species.
Effect of three different types of culture conditions on Spirulina maxima growth
Authors: Monteiro Maria Paula da Costa , Luchese Rosa Helena , Absher Theresinha Monteiro
Published: April 2010

Growth of Spirulina maxima was studied in three types of culture conditions with four replicates each: 1) manual aeration with natural sunlight; 2) manual aeration with artificial light; and 3) constant aeration with an aquarium compressor and artificial light. After 185 days of incubation, growth declined in the first two treatments, while in the third treatment, higher growth was observed with average optical density of 3.7 against 1.8 and 1.9 in the first and second treatment, respectively. This was probably due to the fact that under constant aeration the salts were suspended avoiding the crystallization what could cause a decrease in the availability of the necessary nutrients for the growth. Also, the constant stirring allowed all the cells to receive the same amount of light promoting photosynthesis and consequently, a larger growth and characteristic green coloration. Culture with constant aeration under artificial light should be used for S. maxima cultivation because, besides reducing labor hours, it could be a more effective method for improving the economic income.
Morphological and molecular identification of four Brazilian commercial isolates of Pleurotus spp. and cultivation on corncob
Authors: Menolli Junior Nelson , Asai Tatiane , Capelari Marina , Paccola-Meirelles Luzia Doretto
Published: April 2010

The species of Pleurotus have great commercial importance and adaptability for growth and fructification within a wide variety of agro-industrial lignocellulosic wastes. In this study, two substrates prepared from ground corncobs supplemented with rice bran and charcoal were tested for mycelium growth kinetics in test tubes and for the cultivation of four Pleurotus commercial isolates in polypropylene bags. The identification of the isolates was based on the morphology of the basidiomata obtained and on sequencing of the LSU rDNA gene. Three isolates were identified as P. ostreatus, and one was identified as P. djamor. All isolates had better in-depth mycelium development in the charcoal-supplemented substrate. In the cultivation experiment, the isolates reacted differently to the two substrates. One isolate showed particularly high growth on the substrate containing charcoal.
Polyamine patterns in haploid and diploid tobacco tissues and in vitro cultures
Authors: Carone Sílvia Bicudo , Santa-Catarina Claudete , Silveira Vanildo , Floh Eny Iochevet Segal
Published: April 2010

The aim of this work was to determine PAs levels in pith tissues and callus cultures from haploid and diploid tobacco plants, explanted from the apical and basal regions of the stem. These explants were cultured in an RM-64 medium supplied with IAA and kinetin, under light or in the dark, during successive subcultures. PAs levels followed a basipetal decrease in diploid and an increase in haploid, pith tissues. A similar pattern of total PAs (free + conjugated) was observed for the callus of diploid and haploid plants maintained in the light, and for the haploid callus in the dark, whereas the diploid callus in the dark showed a constant increase in total PAs levels until the end of culture. The PA increase in the diploid callus in the dark was related to free Put levels increase. The ploidy status of the plants could express different PA gradients together with the plant pith and in vitro callus cultures.
Surviving probability indicators of landing juvenile magellanic penguins arriving along the southern Brazilian coast
Authors: Rodrigues Sandra Carvalho , Adornes Andréa Corrado , Santos Filho Euclydes Antônio dos , Silva Filho Rodolfo Pinho , Colares Elton Pinto
Published: April 2010

The aim of this work was to monitor and study the hematocrit and weight of juvenile penguins, with and without oil cover, found alive along the southern coast of Brazil, after capture, as well as before eventual death or release. Released juvenile penguins showed higher weight and hematocrit (3.65 ± 0.06 kg and 44.63 ± 0.29%, respectively) than those that died (2.88 ± 0.08 kg and 34.42 ± 1.70%, respectively). Penguins with higher hematocrit and weight after capture had higher mean weight gain than their counterparts with smaller hematocrit and weight after the capture. Besides, juveniles with higher hematocrit and weight after the capture had higher survival rates, independent of the presence or absence of oil. The results suggested that juveniles covered with oil might have been healthier than the juveniles without oil. The animals without oil probably died as a consequence of health disturbances, while the animals with oil possibly were healthy before contact with oil in the sea.
Effect of lactic acid and UV irradiation on the cassava and corn starches
Authors: Franco Célia Maria Landi , Ogawa Cristina , Rabachini Taís , Rocha Thais de Souza , Cereda Marney Pascoli , Jane Jay-lin
Published: April 2010

In this work, the effect of lactic acid and UV irradiation on the physicochemical and structural characteristics of cassava and corn starches was evaluated. Only the modified cassava starch presented baking expansion capacity. From RVA, reduction of viscosity values, greater internal stability and none set back for modified cassava starch were observed. Modified corn starch did not show any peak viscosity. There were no significant differences in DSC thermal properties of treated and native starches. Amylopectin and amylose molecules from both the modified starches displayed some degradation. Molecular weight of cassava amylopectin was mostly preserved, whereas corn amylopectin was evenly attacked through the granule. Nevertheless, the B long branched chains of cassava amylopectin, with DP~37, were degraded whereas they were unchanged for corn amylopectin.
Neural modeling of bromelain extraction by reversed micelles
Authors: Fileti Ana Maria Frattini , Fischer Gilvan Anderson , Tambourgi Elias Basile
Published: April 2010

A pulsed-cap microcolumn was used for bromelain extraction from pineapple juice by reversed micelles. The cationic micellar solution used BDBAC as the surfactant, isooctane as the solvent and hexanol as the co-solvent. In order to capture the dynamic behavior and the nonlinearities of the column, the operating conditions were modified in accordance with the central composite design for the experiment, using the ratio between the light phase flow rate and the total flow rate, and the time interval between pulses. The effects on the purification factor and on total protein yield were modeled via neural networks. The best topology was defined as 16-9-2, and the input layer was a moving window of the independent variables. The neural model successfully predicted both the purification factor and the total protein yield from historical data. At the optimal operating point, a purification factor of 4.96 and a productivity of 1.29 mL/min were obtained.
Does Wolbachia infection affect Trichogramma atopovirilia behaviour?
Authors: Almeida RP. de , Lenteren JC. van , Stouthamer R
Published: April 2010

Unisexual Trichogramma forms have attracted much attention due to their potential advantages as biocontrol agents. Fitness studies have been performed and understanding the cost that Wolbachia may inflict on their hosts will help in deciding if Wolbachia infected (unisexual) forms are indeed better than sexual forms when used in biological control programmes. The influence of Wolbachia on the foraging behaviour (including walking activity and speed) of T. atopovirilia is reported in this paper. Temperature strongly affected T. atopovirilia female walking activity, but Wolbachia infected and uninfected females differed in none of the behavioural components that were measured such as walking activity and walking speed. Walking activity was highest at 25 ºC and differed significantly from that at 20 and 15 ºC. Trichogramma wasps were highly affected at 15 ºC. Behaviour analysis with females showed that female wasps spend most of the time on drilling + ovipositing on host eggs followed by host drumming and walking while drumming. The parasitism rate and number of offspring did not differ significantly between infected and cured Trichogramma females. Biological control implications of these findings are discussed.
Ultrastructural analysis of the dorsal body gland of the terrestrial snail Megalobulimus abbreviatus (Becquaert, 1948)
Authors: Moraes GD , Achaval M. , Dal Piva MM , Faccioni-Heuser MC , Wassermann GF , Zancan DM
Published: April 2010

The ultrastructure of the reproductive gland, dorsal body (DB), of Megalobulimus abbreviatus was analysed. Electron microscope immunohistochemistry was used to detect FMRFamide-like peptides in the nerve endings within this gland. Nerve backfilling was used in an attempt to identify the neurons involved in this innervation. In M. abbreviatus, the DB has a uniform appearance throughout their supraesophageal and subesophageal portions. Dorsal body cells have several features in common with steroid-secreting gland cells, such as the presence of many lipid droplets, numerous mitochondria with tubular cristae and a developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. Throughout the DB in M. abbreviatus numerous axonal endings were seen to be in contact with the DB cells exhibiting a synaptic-like structure. The axon terminals contained numerous electron-dense and scanty electron-lucid vesicles. In addition, the DB nerve endings exhibited FMRFamide immunoreactive vesicles. Injection of neural tracer into the DB yielded retrograde labelling of neurons in the metacerebrum lobe of the cerebral ganglia and in the parietal ganglia of the subesophageal ganglia complex. The possibility that some of these retrograde-labelled neurons might be FMRFamide-like neurons that may represent a neural control to the DB in M. abbreviatus is discussed.
The 'Herbivory Uncertainty Principle': application in a cerrado site
Authors: Gadotti CA , Batalha MA
Published: April 2010

Researchers may alter the ecology of their studied organisms, even carrying out apparently beneficial activities, as in herbivory studies, when they may alter herbivory damage. We tested whether visit frequency altered herbivory damage, as predicted by the 'Herbivory Uncertainty Principle'. In a cerrado site, we established 80 quadrats, in which we sampled all woody individuals. We used four visit frequencies (high, medium, low, and control), quantifying, at the end of three months, herbivory damage for each species in each treatment. We did not corroborate the 'Herbivory Uncertainty Principle', since visiting frequency did not alter herbivory damage, at least when the whole plant community was taken into account. However, when we analysed each species separately, four out of 11 species presented significant differences in herbivory damage, suggesting that the researcher is not independent of its measurements. The principle could be tested in other ecological studies in which it may occur, such as those on animal behaviour, human ecology, population dynamics, and conservation.
Photosynthetic Response to Water Stress of Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus) in a Southern-Mediterranean Area
Authors: Lovelli Stella , Perniola Michele , Ferrara Alessandro , Amato Mariana , Di Tommaso Teodoro
Published: April 2010

Pigweed is an increasingly aggressive weed in semiarid environments such as Mediterranean areas, and in general the control of allAmaranthusspecies is becoming more and more difficult. Increasing pigweed aggressiveness could be a result of its ability to keep a high water use efficiency under drought conditions. An experiment was conducted to study the effect of water stress on the photosynthetic capacity, growth, and leaf water potential of pigweed at the field level and assess if this species, as a model for C4weeds, is CO2-saturated at the current level of atmospheric CO2in a Mediterranean area. Pigweed was studied within a naturally occurring weed population in a bell pepper field in southern Italy where a rain-fed treatment (V0) was compared to a fully irrigated one (V100) corresponding to the restoration of 100% of the maximum crop water evapotranspiration. Soil water content was measured periodically, and net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and intercellular CO2concentration were determined on pigweed leaves. Photosynthetic rates of 37.6 µmol m−2s−1in V100 and 13.9 µmol m−2s−1in V0 were recorded, with higher transpiration rates in V100; consequently stomatal conductance was significantly lower in rain-fed conditions (0.08 mol m−2s−1)) compared to the irrigated treatment (0.30 mol m−2s−1). Photosynthesis in pigweed is not completely CO2-saturated at the current atmospheric CO2level in the Mediterranean area and this could affect competition and increase of aggressiveness toward crops at the actual CO2atmospheric concentration in agro-ecosystems. This occurs because unlike other C4crops already saturated for CO2, weeds that are not CO2-saturated will remain CO2-sensitive to higher ambient CO2levels. Thus, when they are grown in mixed stands where competition occurs, they can still suppress the slower-growing species.
Absorption and Translocation of Aminocyclopyrachlor and Aminocyclopyrachlor-Methyl Ester in Canada Thistle (Cirsium arvense)
Authors: Bukun Bekir , Lindenmayer R. Bradley , Nissen Scott J. , Westra Philip , Shaner Dale L. , Brunk Galen
Published: April 2010

Laboratory studies were conducted using14C-aminocyclopyrachlor (DPX-MAT28) and its14C-methyl ester formulation (DPX-KJM44) to (1) determine the adjuvants' effects on absorption, (2) compare the absorption and translocation of aminocyclopyrachlor free acid with the methyl ester, and (3) determine the rate at which aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl ester is metabolized to the free acid in Canada thistle. Canada thistle plants were grown from root cuttings and treated in the rosette growth stage. The effect of different adjuvants on absorption was determined by treating individual leaves with formulated herbicide plus14C-herbicide alone or with methylated seed oil (MSO), crop oil concentrate, or nonionic surfactant with and without urea ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate. Plants were harvested 96 h after treatment (HAT). For absorption and translocation experiments, plants were oversprayed with aminocyclopyrachlor or its methyl ester at a rate of 0.14 kg ae ha−1in combination with 1% MSO. Formulated herbicide plus14C-herbicide was then applied to a protected leaf, and plants were harvested 24 to 192 HAT. Plants were harvested and radioactivity was determined in the treated leaf and in aboveground and belowground tissues. Metabolism of aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl ester to the free acid was determined 2, 6, and 24 HAT. All aboveground biomass was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography to establish the ratio of methyl ester to free acid. MSO applied with either herbicide formulation resulted in the highest absorption compared with no surfactant. Significantly greater aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl ester was absorbed, compared with the free acid, which was reflected in the greater aboveground translocation for the methyl ester. Both formulations had similar amounts of translocation to the roots, with 8.6% (SE ± 3.3) for the methyl ester compared with 6.2% (SE ± 2.5) for the free acid. Approximately 80% of the methyl ester was converted to the free acid at 6 HAT. Based on this conversion rate, aminocyclopyrachlor translocated as the free acid in Canada thistle.
Nutrient Addition and Moisture Promote the Invasiveness of Crimson Fountaingrass (Pennisetum setaceum)
Authors: Rahlao Sebataolo J. , Esler Karen J. , Milton Sue J. , Barnard Phoebe
Published: April 2010

We conducted a greenhouse study to examine the effects of different habitat conditions and environmental resources on the growth rates of crimson fountaingrass, an invasive, alien, perennial grass in South Africa. To help understand the factors promoting the spread of this emergent alien grass, we investigated the effects of temperature regimes, nutrient and moisture addition, and soil type on seedling growth rates and biomass allocation. Our results suggest that crimson fountaingrass seedlings do not tolerate drought because they died within 1 mo without water. Additional nutrients and extra water increased seedling growth rates throughout the study period. Higher temperatures with extra moisture increased seedling growth rates and the development of belowground biomass throughout the study period. This study demonstrates the importance of available environmental resources and their interaction with some habitat conditions in promoting crimson fountaingrass growth. We suggest that soil moisture and nutrient availability are critical factors affecting successful establishment of crimson fountaingrass in arid environments. Managers should target seedlings for removal following precipitation and in areas of nutrient enrichment, such as near rivers and at road–river crossings.
Temperature and Light Requirements for Wild Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) Germination over a 12-Month Period following Maturation
Authors: Malik Mayank S. , Norsworthy Jason K. , Riley Melissa B. , Bridges William
Published: April 2010

Knowledge of the germination requirements of wild radish will help in determining the favorable conditions for germination and emergence and allow better management of this weed. Experiments were conducted during 2005 to 2006 and 2006 to 2007 to evaluate wild radish temperature and light requirements over a 12-mo period beginning in July on seeds placed on the soil surface and at a 10-cm depth. Germination response was influenced by temperature, light, duration of burial, and burial depth. Freshly harvested seeds (July) had no more than 18% germination whereas seeds allowed to after-ripen in the field for 3 to 6 mo (October to January) had up to 40% germination. The germination of wild radish retrieved from the soil surface was 1.2 to 1.5 times greater at alternating temperatures (2.5/17.5, 7.5/22.5, and 12.5/27.5 C) than at constant temperatures (10, 15, and 20 C) at 0, 3, and 6 mo after maturation. The light requirement for germination varied by time of year with no differences in germination between light and dark conditions for freshly harvested seeds. Far-red light inhibited germination of wild radish, indicating that wild radish may become sensitive to light following an after-ripening period.
Maternal Environment Effects on Common Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) Seed Dormancy
Authors: Figueroa Rodrigo , Herms Daniel A. , Cardina John , Doohan Doug
Published: April 2010

Common groundsel adapts readily to new environments and selection pressures and has been variably described as both a winter and summer annual. We characterized germination response to temperature in seeds from populations occurring at six sites along a 700-km north–south transect (Kentucky to Michigan). Seeds were collected in 2000 and 2002 from randomly selected plants (350 to 400), at each sampling site. Two germination patterns were observed: (1) seeds from the southern locations averaged 80 to 90% germination across the range of 5 to 25 C; and (2) seeds from northern locations had reduced germination when incubation temperatures were close to 5 or 25 C. When seed from all locations were grown in a common environment (14/10-h thermoperiod of 22/18 C), their progeny had a germination response that was similar across the temperature gradient, regardless of original location, suggesting germination of the parent seed was due to maternal environmental effects. In a subsequent experiment, common groundsel was grown in growth chambers with warm long days (22/15 C and 16 h of light), warm short days (8 h of light), cold long days (15/8 C and 16 h of light), and cold short days. Eighty percent of seeds from the warm environments germinated across the range from 5 to 25 C indicating that these maternal conditions had produced nondormant seeds. In contrast, 20% or fewer of the seeds from plants in the cold chambers germinated regardless of temperature, suggesting that dormancy had been induced by the cool maternal environment. Results also indicated that signaling of maternal environment varied with inflorescence development stages, meaning the earlier the inflorescences are exposed to cold conditions, the lower the percent germination in F1seeds. Preventing seed maturation on common groundsel growing under cool conditions may reduce the formation of a persistent seed bank.
Vapor Movement of Synthetic Auxin Herbicides: Aminocyclopyrachlor, Aminocyclopyrachlor-Methyl Ester, Dicamba, and Aminopyralid
Authors: Strachan Stephen D. , Casini Mark S. , Heldreth Kathleen M. , Scocas Joseph A. , Nissen Scott J. , Bukun Bekir , Lindenmayer R. Bradley , Shaner Dale L. , Westra Philip , Brunk Galen
Published: April 2010

Aminocyclopyrachlor, a newly discovered synthetic auxin herbicide, and its methyl ester, appear to control a number of perennial broadleaf weeds. The potential volatility of this new herbicide and its methyl ester were determined under laboratory conditions and were also compared to dicamba and aminopyralid with the use of enclosed chamber and open-air plant bioassays. Bioassays consisting of visual estimates of epinastic responses and kidney bean and soybean leaf-width measurements were developed to measure vapor release from glass and plastic. Vapor release of aminocyclopyrachlor from glass surfaces was undetectable under laboratory conditions, and no phytotoxic responses were observed when plants were exposed to vapors emanating from various surfaces. Results were similar to those of aminopyralid, indicating the risk of plant injury from vapor movement of aminocyclopyrachlor and aminopyralid was very low. When combined with 1% methylated seed oil, vapor release of aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl ester reached 86% 192 h after application to glass surfaces. Phytotoxic responses of plants exposed to vapors emanating from various surfaces treated with aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl ester were similar to responses to dicamba under enclosed incubation conditions, but were less in outdoor, open-air environments. Studies are needed to understand better the risk of injury to nontarget plants due to vapor movement of aminocyclopyrachlor-methyl ester under field applications.
Cloning and Expression Analysis of Alpha-Tubulin Genes in Water Foxtail (Alopecurus aequalis)
Authors: Hashim Saima , Hachinohe Mayumi , Matsumoto Hiroshi
Published: April 2010

Tubulins are encoded by small gene families in plants. Here we report the cloning and characterization of water foxtail α-tubulin genes (AaTUA), an economically important weed. The genome of water foxtail contains TUA family consisting of at least four genes. Using degenerate primers, four partial TUA genes were isolated from the complementary DNA (cDNA) of water foxtail. Using the partial gene sequences, specific primers for each TUA gene were designed and full-length TUA cDNAs were isolated. These genes were designated as AaTUA1 to AaTUA4. The deduced amino acid sequences of AaTUA genes showed significant homology to the TUA genes of barley, corn, and Arabidopsis. The coding sequences of the AaTUA1 and AaTUA3 genes were interrupted by three introns and there were four introns in the coding regions of AaTUA2 and AaTUA4. The organ-specific expression of AaTUA genes showed that AaTUA1 and AaTUA4 were predominantly expressed in all organs examined (root, stem, young leaf, mature leaf, and panicle), whereas AaTUA2 was expressed mainly in roots and AaTUA3 was expressed in stem, root, and panicle. Abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA) differentially induced the expression of AaTUA1 and AaTUA3. Moreover, trifluralin, propham, and caffeic acid induced the expression of all AaTUA genes in a dose-dependent manner except AaTUA2. This is the first report of complete sequences of AaTUA genes and the first characterization of these genes for any Alopecurus species in the literature.
Probabilistic application of a fugacity model to predict triclosan fate during wastewater treatment
Authors: Bock Michael , Lyndall Jennifer , Barber Timothy , Fuchsman Phyllis , Perruchon Elyse , Capdevielle Marie
Published: April 2010

The fate and partitioning of the antimicrobial compound, triclosan, in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is evaluated using a probabilistic fugacity model to predict the range of triclosan concentrations in effluent and secondary biosolids. The WWTP model predicts 84% to 92% triclosan removal, which is within the range of measured removal efficiencies (typically 70% to 98%). Triclosan is predominantly removed by sorption and subsequent settling of organic particulates during primary treatment and by aerobic biodegradation during secondary treatment. Median modeled removal efficiency due to sorption is 40% for all treatment phases and 31% in the primary treatment phase. Median modeled removal efficiency due to biodegradation is 48% for all treatment phases and 44% in the secondary treatment phase. Important factors contributing to variation in predicted triclosan concentrations in effluent and biosolids include influent concentrations, solids concentrations in settling tanks, and factors related to solids retention time. Measured triclosan concentrations in biosolids and non-United States (US) effluent are consistent with model predictions. However, median concentrations in US effluent are over-predicted with this model, suggesting that differences in some aspect of treatment practices not incorporated in the model (e.g., disinfection methods) may affect triclosan removal from effluent. Model applications include predicting changes in environmental loadings associated with new triclosan applications and supporting risk analyses for biosolids-amended land and effluent receiving waters. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010;6:393–404. © 2010 SETAC
Terrestrial ecological risk evaluation for triclosan in land-applied biosolids
Authors: Fuchsman Phyllis , Lyndall Jennifer , Bock Michael , Lauren Darrel , Barber Timothy , Leigh Katrina , Perruchon Elyse , Capdevielle Marie
Published: April 2010

Triclosan is an antimicrobial compound found in many consumer products including soaps and personal care products. Most triclosan is disposed of down household drains, whereupon it is conveyed to wastewater treatment plants. Although a high percentage of triclosan biodegrades during wastewater treatment, most of the remainder is adsorbed to sludge, which may ultimately be applied to land as biosolids. We evaluated terrestrial ecological risks related to triclosan in land-applied biosolids for soil microbes, plants, soil invertebrates, mammals, and birds. Exposures are estimated using a probabilistic fugacity-based model. Triclosan concentrations in biosolids and reported biosolids application rates are compiled to support estimation of triclosan concentrations in soil. Concentrations in biota tissue are estimated using an equilibrium partitioning model for plants and worms and a steady-state model for small mammals; the resulting tissue concentrations are used to model mammalian and avian dietary exposures. Toxicity benchmarks are identified from a review of published and proprietary studies. The results indicate that adverse effects related to soil fertility (i.e., disruption of nitrogen cycling) would be expected only under “worst-case” exposures, under certain soil conditions and would likely be transient. The available data indicate that adverse effects on plants, invertebrates, birds, and mammals due to triclosan in land-applied biosolids are unlikely. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010;6:405–418. © 2010 SETAC
Acceptance of water alternatives in Australia – 2009
Authors: Hurlimann Anna , Dolnicar Sara
Published: April 2010

In a nationally representative study with a sample size of 1495, Australian residents were asked about their attitudes to recycled and desalinated water. Specifically, they were asked to state how likely they would be to use these sources of water for 14 purposes. Recycled water was found to have a higher stated likelihood of being used for watering gardens (compared to desalinated water). No significant differences in likelihood of use were found for toilet flushing, car washing and cleaning. For all other uses (including drinking), desalinated water had higher likelihood of use ratings. Respondents were also asked about their intention to relocate under four different water scenarios. This is a topic not studied before in the Australian context. Results indicate that respondents' stated likelihood to relocate was highest when there was insufficient water to meet their needs, followed by when recycled water was introduced into their supply, then the introduction of desalinated water. The scenario where residents had to rely on self-purified rain water from a tank had the lowest level of relocation intention. The results indicate that the increased provision of rainwater tanks may be the most publically acceptable water alternative for Australians at this point in time.
Microbial contamination and associated health burden of rainwater harvesting in Bangladesh
Authors: Karim M. R.
Published: April 2010

Rooftop rainwater harvesting has received an increased attention as a potential alternative water supply source both in the coastal and arsenic affected rural areas in Bangladesh. Several programs in installing rainwater harvesting systems have been implemented to mitigate the drinking water problem in the coastal and arsenic affected areas in the country. This study was conducted with a view to assess sanitary integrity, microbial contamination and the associated health risk of the currently practiced rooftop rainwater harvesting mainly used for drinking water supply. Sanitary inspection of the rainwater harvesting systems and an extensive sampling of harvested rainwater from the storage reservoirs and laboratory analysis were conducted. The study findings reveal that harvested rainwater was found to microbiologically contaminated to some extend. The disease burden estimated using QHRA model showed a significant microbial health burden associated with drinking untreated rainwater and both viral and bacterial pathogens dominate the microbial disease burden. In context of arsenic mitigation, rainwater harvesting reduces the health risk from arsenic; however it may increase the microbial disease burden much higher than the level of arsenic health risk at 50 μg/L of Bangladesh standard. Microbial risk needs proper attention through the implementation of a water safety plan for safe and sustainable rainwater harvesting in Bangladesh.
Near-infrared spectroscopic assessment of contamination level of sewage
Authors: Inagaki Tetsuya , Shinoda Yukari , Miyazawa Mitsuhiro , Takamura Hitoshi , Tsuchikawa Satoru
Published: April 2010

We examined the use of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy as a rapid technique for the evaluation of sewage quality. Influent water samples, primary sedimentation tank water samples, and final effluent water samples were collected from sewage treatment facilities in Nagoya, Japan and their NIR spectra obtained. Partial least squares (PLS) models for total phosphate (TP), total nitrogen (TN), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total organic carbon (TOC), and turbidity of sewage water were constructed from the NIR data. The models provided good correlation between measurements obtained conventionally and those predicted from spectroscopy. Spectral variation induced by background interference in samples affected accuracy. Loading plots and score plots derived from PLS regression analysis resolved the background interference and allowed highly accurate predictions. Spectral variation induced by contamination in the sewage was a main predictor of sewage quality. These results show that NIR spectroscopy shows potential for in-line, non-destructive measurement of sewage quality.
Financial and economic feasibility of decentralized wastewater reuse systems in Beijing
Authors: Liang Xiao , van Dijk Meine Pieter
Published: April 2010

Many decentralized wastewater reuse systems have been constructed in Beijing. However their performance is not as good as expected. The total amount of reclaimed water used in Beijing is much less than the designed capacity. In order to understand the reasons causing such poor performance, an integrated financial and economic feasibility analysis for the decentralized wastewater reuse systems in Beijing is carried out in this paper. The monetary values of all the major economic, environmental and social effects are quantified. The financial analysis is made from the viewpoint of the project manager, while the economic analysis is done from the angle of government. The results show that the decentralized wastewater reuse systems in Beijing are economically but not financially feasible. It is found that the low rate actually charged for reclaimed water is an important reason for the system not being financially feasible. The decentralized wastewater reuse systems in Beijing may not continue to operate if the financial problems are not solved.
Projection of future climate change impacts on nonpoint source pollution loads for a forest dominant dam watershed by reflecting future vegetation canopy in a Soil and Water Assessment Tool model
Authors: Park Min J. , Park Jong Y. , Shin Hyung J. , Lee Mi S. , Park Geun A. , Jung In K. , Kim Seong J.
Published: April 2010

This study is to assess the future impact of climate change on hydrological behavior considering future vegetation canopy prediction and its propagation to nonpoint source pollution (NPS) loads. The SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) model was used for the assessment. For a forest dominant ChungjuDam watershed of South Korea, the MIROC3.2hires climate data of SRES A1B and B1 scenarios were adopted and downscaled for the watershed. The future vegetation canopy information was projected by the monthly relationship between Terra MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) LAI (Leaf Area Index) and temperature. The future predicted LAI increased up to 1.9 in 2080s April and October because of the temperature increase 3.6°C and 5.3°C respectively. By reflecting the future LAI changes, the future estimated percent changes of maximum annual dam inflow, SS, T-N, and T-P were + 42.5% in 2080s A1B,−35.6% in 2020s A1B,+73.7% in 2080s A1B and−21.0% in 2080s B1 scenario respectively. The increase of T-N load was from the increase of subsurface lateral flows and the groundwater recharges by the future rainfall increase. The decrease of T-P load was by decrease of sediment load during wet days because the effect of LAI increase is greater than the increase of rainfall.