bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adapting Paulo Freire’s Pedagogy for Health Literacy Interventions
Authors: Dearfield Craig T. , Barnum Anthony Justin , Pugh-Yi Robin H.
Published: February 2016

Health literacy skills have been linked with desirable health outcomes. The pedagogical approach of Paulo Freire provides a framework for improving health literacy among underserved communities and for raising consciousness within communities about the social, material, and economic factors that affect health status. This article provides a framework for improving health literacy based on the pedagogy of Freire. The authors provide suggestions for how health literacy interventions can be based on collaboration between educators and the communities they serve. The model emphasizes reducing health disparities through raising consciousness about the contexts that affect a community’s health status and through encouraging community actions to address contextual factors.
Patient Perception of Enough Time Spent With Provider Is a Mechanism for Improving Women Veterans’ Experiences With VA Outpatient Health Care
Authors: Trentalange Mark , Bielawski Mark , Murphy Terrence E. , Lessard Katarzyna , Brandt Cynthia , Bean-Mayberry Bevanne , Maisel Natalya C. , Wright Steven M. , Allore Heather , Skanderson Melissa , Reyes-Harvey Evelyn , Gaetano Vera , Haskell Sally , Bastian Lori A.
Published: February 2016

We postulated that associations between two specific provider characteristics, class (nurse practitioner relative to physician) and primary care providers who are proficient and interested in women’s health (designated women’s provider relative to nondesignated) and overall satisfaction with provider, were mediated through women veterans’ perception of enough time spent with the provider. A national patient experience survey was administered to 7,620 women veterans. Multivariable models of overall patient satisfaction with provider were compared with and without the proposed mediator. A structural equation model (SEM) of the mediation of the two provider characteristics was also evaluated. Without the mediator, associations of provider class and designation with overall patient satisfaction were significant. With the proposed mediator, these associations became nonsignificant. An SEM showed that the majority (>80%) of the positive associations between provider class and designation and the outcome were exerted through patient perception of enough time spent with provider. Higher ratings of overall satisfaction with provider exhibited by nurse practitioners and designated women’s health providers were exerted through patient perception of enough time spent with provider. Future research should examine what elements of provider training can be developed to improve provider–patient communication and patient satisfaction with their health care.
The Effect of Monitoring
Authors: Gathani Sachin , Gomez Maria Paula , Sabates Ricardo , Stoelinga Dimitri
Published: February 2016

Background:

The impact of surveying on individuals’ behavior and decision making has been widely studied in academic literature on market research but not so much the impact of monitoring on economic development interventions.

Objectives:

To estimate whether different monitoring strategies lead to improvement in participation levels and adoption of best practices for coffee production for farmer who participated in TechnoServe Agronomy Training Program in Rwanda.

Research Design:

Farmers were identified randomly for monitoring purposes to belong to two different groups and then selected depending on the additional criterion of having productive coffee trees. We estimate treatment-on-the-treated and intention-to-treat effects on training attendance rates and farmers best-practice adoptions using difference-in-differences estimation techniques.

Subjects:

Farmers were randomly identified to a high or low monitoring with different type and frequency of data collection and selected if they had productive coffee trees as part of the monitoring strategy.

Measures:

Attendance to training sessions by all farmers in the program and best-practice adoption data for improving coffee yield.

Results:

We find that monitoring led to surprisingly large increases in farmer participation levels in the project and also improved best-practice adoption rates. We also find that higher frequency of data collection has long-lasting effects and are more pronounced for low-attendance farmers.

Conclusions:

Monitoring not only provides more data and a better understanding of project dynamics, which in turn can help improve design, but can also improve processes and outcomes, in particular for the least engaged.
Association between Lateral Skull Base Thickness and Surgical Outcomes in Spontaneous CSF Otorrhea
Authors: Stevens Shawn M. , Rizk Habib G. , McIlwain Wesley R. , Lambert Paul R. , Meyer Ted A.
Published: February 2016

Objectives

(1) Correlate skull base thickness with perioperative outcomes for spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) otorrhea. (2) Augment perioperative counseling of patients with abnormally thin skull bases.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary center. Patients with spontaneous CSF otorrhea have thin skull bases. This is associated with obesity and/or idiopathic intracranial hypertension. The influence of skull base thinning on perioperative outcomes is unknown.

Subjects and Methods

A retrospective review was conducted from 2004 to 2014. Forty‐eight cases of spontaneous CSF otorrhea met the inclusion criteria of primary surgery by the senior authors: preoperative dedicated temporal bone computed tomography, absence of other leak etiologies, and follow‐up >6 months. Patients were stratified into thin (<0.9 mm) and thick (>0.9 mm) groups based on computed tomography measures of their tegmen. Primary outcomes measures were as follows: postoperative meningitis, recurrent leak, second site leak (contralateral ear/anterior fossa), and permanent shunt placement. Hearing outcomes were not assessed in this study.

Results

Thirty and 15 patients composed the thin and thick groups, respectively. Both the incidence (P <. 0001) and the rate (P =. 005) of adverse outcomes were significantly higher in the thin group. Only 2 patients in the thick group experienced an adverse outcome. Eleven patients underwent multiple procedures for spontaneous leaks. The recurrence rate was 14.5%. All but 1 recurrence occurred in the thin group.

Conclusions

An abnormally thin tegmen was significantly associated with adverse perioperative outcomes in cases of spontaneous CSF otorrhea. A thick skull base and the presence of an encephalocele may be protective against recurrence. The effect of untreated intracranial hypertension on the results is unknown.
Anatomic Derkay Score Is Associated with Voice Handicap in Laryngeal Papillomatosis in Adults
Authors: Kupfer Robbi A. , Çadalli Tatar Emel , Barry Jonnae O. , Allen Clint T. , Merati Albert L.
Published: February 2016

Objective

The Derkay staging system quantifies recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) severity based on involvement of laryngeal structures. Despite its broad use in the laryngology literature, the association between Derkay score and voice‐related quality of life has not previously been studied. It is hypothesized that Derkay score positively correlates with the Voice Handicap Index–10 (VHI‐10).

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary medical center.

Subjects and Methods

Forty‐six adult RRP patients treated from 2007 to 2013 at a tertiary medical center were included. Anatomic Derkay scores at the time of each RRP procedure were calculated. VHI‐10 scores obtained within 30 days preceding the procedures were used to assess for correlation between Derkay staging system and VHI‐10.

Results

Ninety‐three procedures performed on 46 patients met inclusion criteria. Mean Derkay score was 11.9 (range, 2‐28), and mean VHI‐10 was 18.0 (range, 0‐40). There was a significant positive correlation between Derkay score and VHI‐10 (Spearman coefficientr= 0.42,P<. 0001).

Conclusion

The anatomic burden of RRP as assessed by Derkay staging system is positively correlated with voice‐related quality of life as quantified by the VHI‐10.
Utility of Esophagram versus High‐Resolution Manometry in the Detection of Esophageal Dysmotility
Authors: O’Rourke Ashli K. , Lazar Andreea , Murphy Benjamin , Castell Donald O. , Martin‐Harris Bonnie
Published: February 2016

Objective

This study compared barium esophagram with high‐resolution esophageal manometry (HRM) results to determine whether esophagram is an adequate screening examination for esophageal motility disorders, a common cause of dysphagia.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary academic medical center.

Subjects and Methods

A retrospective review was completed of 281 patients who underwent both HRM and esophagram from March 2012 to June 2014. Inclusion criteria included a specific assessment of the presence or absence of dysmotility on both examinations.

Results

Eighty‐four males and 197 females were included in the study. Average age was 57 years (range, 16‐84). Average time between studies was 19 days (range, 0‐90). Motility was judged to be normal in 40.2% (113 of 281) of esophagrams and 46.6% (131 of 281) of HRM studies. However, disagreement between the study findings was significant (P =. 04). The sensitivity of esophagram for detecting esophageal dysmotility was 0.69, and specificity was 0.50. The positive and negative predictive values of esophagram for dysmotility were 0.61 and 0.58, respectively.

Conclusions

Esophagram is useful in the assessment of anatomic abnormalities but is a poor screening examination for the detection of esophageal dysmotility. Patients with suspected esophageal dysphagia should be referred for HRM to evaluate motility disorders and identify potential treatment targets, regardless of esophagram results.
Paravertebral Nerve Block for Donor Site Pain in Stage I Microtia Reconstruction
Authors: Shaffer Amber D. , Jabbour Noel , Visoiu Mihaela , Yang Charles I. , Yellon Robert F.
Published: February 2016

Acute Interventional Perioperative Pain Service consultants have routinely placed paravertebral nerve block (PVB) catheters for the continuous release of ropivacaine following stage I microtia reconstruction with costal cartilage graft at our institution since 2010. A retrospective chart review from July 2006 was performed to compare the length of hospital stay, median pain score (0‐10 scale), and opioid use of patients receiving PVB with those of historical controls. Statistical analysis included t, Mann‐Whitney U, and Fisher’s exact tests. A total of 15 stage I microtia surgeries were included, 10 with PVB and 5 without. Patients with and without PVB had high peak pain scores (8.4 vs 7.8), remained in the hospital for 3.5 and 3.8 days, and consumed 0.69 and 0.36 mg/kg morphine equivalents, respectively. These findings highlight the feasibility of PVB, but larger studies are needed to optimize pain relief in this population.
Diagnosis of Metastasis to the Thyroid Gland
Authors: Choi Sang Hyun , Baek Jung Hwan , Ha Eun Ju , Choi Young Jun , Song Dong Eun , Kim Jae Kyun , Chung Ki‐Wook , Kim Tae Yong , Lee Jeong Hyun
Published: February 2016

Objectives

Early detection and diagnosis of metastasis to the thyroid gland is important. This study aims to evaluate the clinical value of core‐needle biopsy (CNB) by comparing the results of CNB and fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) in patients with clinically suspected metastasis to the thyroid gland.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary referral practice.

Subjects

Fifty‐two thyroid nodules from 52 patients with clinically suspected metastasis to the thyroid gland (mean age, 62.8 years).

Methods

Of these 52 patients, FNA was initially used in 41 patients and CNB in 20 patients (11 patients as the initial approach and 9 patients after inconclusive FNA results). Ultrasound features of metastasis to the thyroid gland were evaluated. The diagnostic performance, repeated diagnostic examination rate, and diagnostic surgery rate were evaluated for FNA and CNB.

Results

Among these 52 patients, 46 were diagnosed with thyroid metastases and 6 were diagnosed with primary thyroid cancer. Common ultrasound features were an ovoid to round shape (58.7%), ill‐defined margin (56.5%), hypoechogenicity (65.2%), and no calcifications (87.0%). Core‐needle biopsy achieved a significantly higher sensitivity than FNA (100.0% vs 58.6%, P =. 008) without any false‐negative results. Both the repeated diagnostic examination rate and the diagnostic surgery rate were significantly lower in CNB than in FNA (5.0% vs 46.3%, P =. 001, and 5.0% vs 34.1%, P =. 013, respectively).

Conclusions

In cases of known rare primary malignancy, nontypical ultrasound features of primary thyroid malignancy, and need for an additional immunohistochemical analysis, CNB may be primarily considered.
Significance of Tumor Stage in Sinonasal Undifferentiated Carcinoma Survival
Authors: Kuan Edward C. , Arshi Armin , Mallen‐St Clair Jon , Tajudeen Bobby A. , Abemayor Elliot , St John Maie A.
Published: February 2016

Objective

To describe the incidence and determinants of survival of patients with sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) from 1973 to 2011 using the SEER database (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results), with consideration of tumor stage based on the Kadish system.

Study Design

Retrospective database analysis.

Setting

Academic medical center.

Subjects and Methods

The SEER registry was utilized to calculate survival trends for 328 patients with SNUC between 1973 and 2011. Patient data were then analyzed with respect to histopathology, age, sex, race, subsite, modified Kadish stage, tumor size, and treatments rendered.

Results

The cohort was composed of 61.9% males with median age of 60 years. The median overall survival (OS) was 1.9 years. Most tumors presented in the nasal cavity, maxillary sinus, and ethmoid sinus (29.3%, 27.4%, 21%, respectively); 43.7% of patients received both surgical and radiation therapy. OS at 2, 5, and 10 years was 43%, 30%, and 25%, respectively. On univariate analysis, age, Kadish stage, and tumor size were associated with worse OS and disease‐specific survival (DSS), while surgery and radiation therapy were associated with improved OS and DSS (all P <. 05). On multivariate analysis, radiation therapy and lower Kadish stage were associated with improved OS and DSS, while younger age was additionally associated with improved OS (all P <. 05).

Conclusion

SNUC is a rare but aggressive sinonasal malignancy. Tumor stage as determined by the Kadish system is associated with worse survival, with radiation therapy appearing to play a key role in therapeutic management.
Lateral Skull Base Attenuation in Patients with Anterior Cranial Fossa Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks
Authors: O’Connell Brendan P. , Stevens Shawn M. , Xiao Christopher C. , Meyer Ted A. , Schlosser Rodney J.
Published: February 2016

Objective

(1) Determine if patients with anterior fossa spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (SCSF) leaks demonstrate lateral skull base bone attenuation. (2) Examine the relation between body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) and skull base thickness.

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Tertiary care hospital.

Subjects and Methods

Retrospective review from 2004 to 2013 identified 96 patients with anterior cranial fossa SCSF leaks. A control group was identified from a consecutive series of clinic patients. Controls had no history of chronic sinonasal or temporal bone pathology and were divided according to BMI into nonobese (<30 kg/m2) and obese (≥30 kg/m2) groups. Composite skull base thickness was calculated for lateral and anterior subsites through predefined points according to previously published protocols.

Results

Thirty‐two patients were included in each group. Composite lateral skull base thickness was less in patients with SCSF leaks(0.7 ± 0.1 mm) when compared with nonobese controls (0.8 ± 0.1 mm, P =. 004); no differences were apparent when SCSF leaks were compared with obese controls (0.7 ± 0.1 mm, P =. 99). A direct relation was observed between anterior skull base and lateral skull base thickness (r = 0.48, P <. 0001). An inverse correlation was noted between BMI and lateral skull base (r =−0.40, P <. 0001).

Conclusions

Patients with anterior fossa SCSF leaks demonstrate attenuation of the lateral skull base. A significant correlation between anterior skull base thickness and lateral skull base thickness was observed. BMI was inversely related to lateral skull base thickness. Taken together, SCSF leaks are associated with obesity, which appears to be partly responsible for diffuse skull base erosion observed in patients with this condition.
Atomoxetine could improve intra-individual variability in drug-naïve adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comparably with methylphenidate: A head-to-head randomized clinical trial
Authors: Ni Hsing-Chang , Hwang Gu Shoou-Lian , Lin Hsiang-Yuan , Lin Yu-Ju , Yang Li-Kuang , Huang Hui-Chun , Gau Susan Shur-Fen
Published: February 2016

Objective:

Intra-individual variability in reaction time (IIV-RT) is common in individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It can be improved by stimulants. However, the effects of atomoxetine on IIV-RT are inconclusive. We aimed to investigate the effects of atomoxetine on IIV-RT, and directly compared its efficacy with methylphenidate in adults with ADHD.

Methods:

An 8–10 week, open-label, head-to-head, randomized clinical trial was conducted in 52 drug-naïve adults with ADHD, who were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: immediate-release methylphenidate ( n=26) thrice daily (10–20 mg per dose) and atomoxetine once daily ( n=26) (0.5–1.2 mg/kg/day). IIV-RT, derived from the Conners’ continuous performance test (CCPT), was represented by the Gaussian (reaction time standard error, RTSE) and ex-Gaussian models (sigma and tau). Other neuropsychological functions, including response errors and mean of reaction time, were also measured. Participants received CCPT assessments at baseline and week 8-10 (60.4±6.3 days).

Results:

We found comparable improvements in performances of CCPT between the immediate-release methylphenidate- and atomoxetine-treated groups. Both medications significantly improved IIV-RT in terms of reducing tau values with comparable efficacy. In addition, both medications significantly improved inhibitory control by reducing commission errors.

Conclusion:

Our results provide evidence to support that atomoxetine could improve IIV-RT and inhibitory control, of comparable efficacy with immediate-release methylphenidate, in drug-naïve adults with ADHD. Shared and unique mechanisms underpinning these medication effects on IIV-RT awaits further investigation.
The comparative short-term outcome of bipolar II disorder patients variably meeting or not meeting DSM-5 duration criteria following lamotrigine treatment
Authors: McCraw Stacey , Parker Gordon
Published: February 2016

There is accruing clinical and empirical evidence supporting the efficacy of lamotrigine as a treatment for bipolar II disorder. However, the treatment response experienced by those with ‘short duration’ hypomania (or ‘other specified’ bipolar disorder) has been under-researched. We reviewed a clinical sample of 123 patients diagnosed with a bipolar II disorder three months following their initial assessment. A research interview evaluated treatment strategies implemented, depressive and hypomanic episode pattern and functional outcomes. Of patients who had achieved a minimum level of 75 mg of lamotrigine, n = 51 were assigned to the BP II disorder group (i.e., hypomanic episodes lasted four days or longer) and n = 28 to the short duration group (i.e., hypomanic episodes always lasted less than four days). There were no significant differences between the two groups at the three-month follow-up on self-report measures of changes in depressive and hypomanic episode pattern or functioning across six domains (i.e., intimate relationships, family relationships, friendships, work relationships, work performance, overall quality of life), and with the majority of patients reporting some level of improvement. Study limitations include being an observational, uncontrolled design with a relatively small sample size for detecting statistical differences. Nonetheless, lamotrigine appeared to be a suitable medication to be trialled in patients who alternate between depressive episodes and short periods of hypomania, (as for those with DSM-defined hypomanic episodes), and should prompt further investigation.
Robotic adversarial coverage of known environments
Authors: Yehoshua Roi , Agmon Noa , Kaminka Gal A
Published: February 2016

Coverage is a fundamental problem in robotics, where one or more robots are required to visit each point in a target area at least once. Most previous work has concentrated on finding a coverage path that would minimize the coverage time. In this paper, we consider a new and more general version of the problem: adversarial coverage. Here, the robot operates in an environment that contains threats that might stop the robot. The objective is to cover the target area as quickly as possible, while minimizing the probability that the robot will be stopped before completing the coverage. This version of the problem has many real-world applications, from performing coverage missions in hazardous fields such as nuclear power plants, to surveillance of enemy forces in the battlefield and field demining. In this paper, we discuss the offline version of adversarial coverage, in which a map of the threats is given to the robot in advance. First, we formally define the adversarial coverage problem and present different optimization criteria used to evaluate coverage algorithms in adversarial environments. We show that finding an optimal solution to the adversarial coverage problem is [Formula: see text]-hard. We therefore suggest two heuristic algorithms: STAC, a spanning-tree-based coverage algorithm, and GAC, which follows a greedy approach. We establish theoretical bounds on the total risk involved in the coverage paths created by these algorithms and on their lengths. Lastly, we compare the effectiveness of these two algorithms in various environments and settings.
Swarm assignment and trajectory optimization using variable-swarm, distributed auction assignment and sequential convex programming
Authors: Morgan Daniel , Subramanian Giri P , Chung Soon-Jo , Hadaegh Fred Y
Published: February 2016

This paper presents a distributed, guidance and control algorithm for reconfiguring swarms composed of hundreds to thousands of agents with limited communication and computation capabilities. This algorithm solves both the optimal assignment and collision-free trajectory generation for robotic swarms, in an integrated manner, when given the desired shape of the swarm (without pre-assigned terminal positions). The optimal assignment problem is solved using a distributed auction assignment that can vary the number of target positions in the assignment, and the collision-free trajectories are generated using sequential convex programming. Finally, model predictive control is used to solve the assignment and trajectory generation in real time using a receding horizon. The model predictive control formulation uses current state measurements to resolve for the optimal assignment and trajectory. The implementation of the distributed auction algorithm and sequential convex programming using model predictive control produces the swarm assignment and trajectory optimization (SATO) algorithm that transfers a swarm of robots or vehicles to a desired shape in a distributed fashion. Once the desired shape is uploaded to the swarm, the algorithm determines where each robot goes and how it should get there in a fuel-efficient, collision-free manner. Results of flight experiments using multiple quadcopters show the effectiveness of the proposed SATO algorithm.
Concussion Characteristics in High School Football by Helmet Age/Recondition Status, Manufacturer, and Model
Authors: Collins Christy L. , McKenzie Lara B. , Ferketich Amy K. , Andridge Rebecca , Xiang Huiyun , Comstock R. Dawn
Published: February 2016

Background:

Football helmets used by high school athletes in the United States should meet the National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment performance standards. Despite differences in interior padding and exterior shells, all football helmets should provide comparable protection against concussions. Yet, debate continues on whether differences in the rates or severity of concussions exist based on helmet age/recondition status, manufacturer, or model.

Purpose:

To investigate whether high school football concussion characteristics varied by helmet age/recondition status, manufacturer, and model.

Study Design:

Descriptive epidemiological study.

Methods:

High school football concussion and helmet data were collected from academic years 2008-2009 through 2012-2013 as part of the National High School Sports-Related Injury Surveillance Study. The certified athletic trainers of participating schools submitted athlete-exposure (AE) and injury information weekly.

Results:

Participating schools reported 2900 football concussions during 3,528,790 AEs for an overall rate of 8.2 concussions per 10,000 AEs. Concussion rates significantly increased from 2008-2009 through 2012-2013 overall ( P = .006) as well as in competition ( P = .027) and practice ( P = .023). Characteristics of concussed football players (ie, mean number of symptoms, specific concussion symptoms, symptom resolution time, and time until return to play) were similar among players wearing new helmets when compared with reconditioned helmets. Fewer players wearing an old/not reconditioned helmet had concussion symptoms resolve within 1 day compared with players wearing a new helmet. Despite differences in the manufacturers and models of helmets worn by all high school football players compared with players who sustained a concussion, the mean number of concussion symptoms, specific concussion symptoms, symptom resolution time, and time until return to play were similar for concussions sustained by football players wearing the most common helmet manufacturers and models.

Conclusion:

Overall, for new and reconditioned football helmets, the most common helmet manufacturers and models on the market today appear to provide high school football players with similar protection against concussions.

Clinical Relevance:

Concussions can have serious acute and long-term effects. An understanding of concussion patterns in high school athletes can drive targeted preventive measures, including improvements to and/or better use of protective equipment, to reduce the incidence and/or severity of sports-related concussions.
Apgar Scores Are Associated with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptom Severity
Authors: Grizenko Natalie , Eberle Maria Loren , Fortier Marie-Eve , Côté-Corriveau Gabriel , Jolicoeur Claude , Joober Ridha
Published: February 2016

Objective:

Adverse events during pregnancy and delivery have been linked to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Previous studies have investigated Apgar scores, which assess the physical condition of newborns, in relation to the risk of developing ADHD. We propose to go one step further and examine if Apgar scores are associated with ADHD symptom severity in children already diagnosed with ADHD.

Method:

ADHD symptoms severity, while off medication, was compared in 2 groups of children with ADHD: those with low (≤6, n = 52) and those with higher (≥7, n = 400) Apgar scores sequentially recruited from the ADHD clinic.

Results:

Children with low Apgar at 1 minute after birth had more severe symptoms as assessed by the externalizing scale of the Child Behaviour Checklist, the Conners’ Global Index for Parents, and the DSM-IV hyperactivity symptoms count ( P = 0.02, <0.01, <0.01, respectively).

Conclusion:

Low 1-minute Apgar scores are associated with a significant increase in ADHD symptom severity. These findings underline the importance of appropriate pregnancy and perinatal care.
Evaluating the flammability performance of Portland cement-bonded particleboards with different cement–wood ratios using a cone calorimeter
Authors: Yu Youming , Hou Junfeng , Dong Zhiqiang , Wang Cong , Lu Fengzhu , Song Pingan
Published: February 2016

Although much efforts have been made to investigate the cement-bonded particleboards, effects of cement–wood ratio on the flammability of the cement-bonded particleboards remain unclear. The cement-bonded particleboards based on recycled Chinese fir particles are fabricated in this work and the flammability properties are evaluated using cone calorimetry tests. Results revealed that the time to ignition of the specimens is remarkably prolonged by more than 21 times (from 26 to 548 s) when the cement–wood ratio increases from 0.5 to 2.0. Additionally, the peak heat release rate, average heat release rate, total heat release, and average mass loss rate of the cement-bonded particleboards are noticeably decreased with increasing cement–wood ratios, and the residual mass of the cement-bonded particleboards is increased by 51 %. However, yields of both CO and CO2 are slightly improved with increasing cement–wood ratios because of incomplete combustion. This work provides an insight to understanding the flammability of cement-bonded particleboards.
Binge-Drinking Attitudes and Behaviors Among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic College Students
Authors: Shields Julie Delaney , Archiopoli Ashley M. , Bentley Joshua M. , Weiss David , Hoffmann Jeffrey , White Judith McIntosh , Sharp Mercedes Kelsey , Hong Zhibin , Kimura Miwa
Published: February 2016

This study explores binge-drinking behaviors and attitudes among Hispanic and non-Hispanic college students. The authors surveyed students at the same large Hispanic-serving university used in a 1999 study by Bennett et al., partially replicating that earlier research. While the percentage of students who reported binge drinking in the present study did not differ significantly by ethnicity, Hispanic students showed the most dramatic decrease in binge-drinking behavior since the 1990s study. Perhaps not coincidentally, during the years between studies, the university’s substance-abuse prevention office increased its outreach and awareness programs; university policies concerning alcohol use became more stringent and more publicly promoted; and Hispanics became the largest segment of the school’s undergraduate population. At the same time, despite these contextual changes, Hispanic students in the present study were less likely than other groups to disagree with the statement “binge drinking is part of my race/culture,” while non-Hispanic White students were less likely to disagree with the statement “no one ever died as a result of binge drinking.” Recommendations for binge-drinking education and prevention campaigns explicitly targeting Hispanic students and other risk groups (students living on campus; students from rural areas) are discussed.
Controlled Donation After Circulatory Determination of Death
Authors: Dalle Ave Anne L. , Shaw David M.
Published: February 2016

Controlled donation after circulatory determination of death (cDCDD) concerns donation after withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy (W-LST). We examine the ethical issues raised by W-LST in the cDCDD context in the light of a review of cDCDD protocols and the ethical literature. Our analysis confirms that W-LST procedures vary considerably among cDCDD centers and that despite existing recommendations, the conflict of interest in the W-LST decision and process might be difficult to avoid, the process of W-LST might interfere with usual end-of-life care, and there is a risk of hastening death. In order to ensure that the practice of W-LST meets already well-established ethical recommendations, we suggest that W-LST should be managed in the ICU by an ICU physician who has been part of the W-LST decision. Recommending extubation for W-LST, when this is not necessarily the preferred procedure, is inconsistent with the recommendation to follow usual W-LST protocol. As the risk of conflicts of interest in the decision of W-LST and in the process of W-LST exists, this should be acknowledged and disclosed. Finally, when cDCDD programs interfere with W-LST and end-of-life care, this should be transparently disclosed to the family, and specific informed consent is necessary.
Quick Response Tracheotomy
Authors: Browne Graeme A.
Published: February 2016

Quick response tracheostomy (QRT) is a novel open surgical technique to emergently establish an airway. The method is simple; the skills necessary to perform this procedure are rapidly acquired; and it is expedient, minimally traumatic, and remarkably devoid of complications often encountered with percutaneous dilatational tracheotomies, including those complications seen with cricothyroidotomies. Unlike all other tracheotomies in which considerable blunt dissection is required, QRT avoids tissue crushing because sharp dissection alone is used to acquire surgical access to the trachea. The QRT does not entail inserting a guidewire into the trachea, a standard feature for percutaneous tracheal access; it avoids any risk of unintended laceration of the posterior tracheal wall and proximal subjacent esophagus. The technique averts tracheal ring fracture and tracheoesophageal fistula complications. The QRT has a uniquely low incidence of inducing hemorrhage, and it requires no steps that cause temporary tracheal occlusion and will therefore not facilitate hypoxia. The QRT contributes minimally to conditions favorable for generating subglottic stenosis, and the procedure is swiftly executed with very low probability for external tracheal placement of the tracheostomy tube. The QRT is not a blind procedure. No special instruments are required for its execution nor is concurrent tracheoscopy required at any stage while performing a QRT as is specified for percutaneous tracheotomies.
Domperidone for Treatment of Low Milk Supply in Breast Pump–Dependent Mothers of Hospitalized Premature Infants
Authors: Haase Barbara , Taylor Sarah N. , Mauldin Jill , Johnson Teresa S. , Wagner Carol L.
Published: February 2016

Mothers of hospitalized premature infants who choose to provide breast milk are at increased risk of an inadequate breast milk supply. When nonpharmacologic interventions to increase milk supply fail, clinicians are faced with limited options. There is no current evidence to support the use of herbal galactogogues in this population and a black box warning for metoclopramide for potential serious side effects. Thus, domperidone was the only known, effective option for treatment of low milk supply in this population. With a thorough review of the literature on domperidone and coordination with the obstetrical, neonatal, lactation, and pharmacology teams, a domperidone treatment protocol for mothers of hospitalized premature infants with insufficient milk supply was developed at our institution and is presented in this article. A comprehensive understanding of domperidone for use as a galactogogue with a standard treatment protocol will facilitate safer prescribing practices and minimize potential adverse reactions in mothers and their hospitalized premature infants.
Mechanical and dielectric properties of cobalt–zinc nanoferrite/nitrile butadiene rubber composites
Authors: Sattar AA , El-Nashar DE , Agami WR , Aly M Adel
Published: February 2016

Nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) samples filled with cobalt–zinc (Co-Zn) ferrite nanoparticles (Co1− xZn xFe2O4, where x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, 0.95 and 1) were prepared. The structure and morphology of Co-Zn ferrite nanoparticles were investigated using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, while the structure of the Co-Zn nanoferrite-filled NBR composites was studied using scanning electron microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. The influence of ferrite composition on cure characteristics, mechanical properties and hardness showed an improvement up to x = 0.8. Dielectric parameters showed an enhancement with ferrite composition.
Career Education at the Elementary School Level
Authors: Welde Annelise M. J. , Bernes Kerry B. , Gunn Thelma M. , Ross Stanley A.
Published: February 2016

A teacher-training program was introduced in Southern Alberta, Canada, to enable intern teachers to integrate career education projects into their mainstream elementary school courses. This non-experimental, descriptive evaluation used content analysis to examine the effectiveness of 25 career education projects and their corresponding 56 types of career education interventions that were implemented by intern teachers. Twenty-five project reports and 555 student evaluation surveys were examined to determine trends in project strengths, challenges, and recommendations for career education. Students benefited from engaging in a variety of developmentally appropriate learning experiences that allowed them to engage in self-exploration and identify potential careers of interest. Implications for future research and practice are provided.
To Be or Not To Be an Entrepreneur
Authors: Callanan Gerard A. , Zimmerman Monica
Published: February 2016

Reflecting the need for a better and broader understanding of the factors influencing the choices to enter into or exit an entrepreneurial career, this article applies a structured, normative model of career management to the career decision-making of entrepreneurs. The application of a structured model can assist career counselors, college career centers, outplacement firms, and other vocational advisors in properly guiding students and working adults in deciding on an entrepreneurial career. The career decision-making needs of entrepreneurs are examined at two different phases—the choice to become an entrepreneur and the potential to stay in or exit from the business. By summarizing existing research, the article examines key developmental and exploration tasks at each phase. The article concludes with an overview of areas for future research on the career decision-making of entrepreneurs.
Childhood Studies: A sustainable paradigm?
Authors: Hammersley Martyn
Published: February 2016

This article interrogates what are frequently taken to be central commitments of Childhood Studies: the idea that children are worthy of study ‘in their own right’, that childhood is a ‘social construction’, that children are and must be treated as active agents, and that participatory methods are the gold standard. It is argued that while these ideas have been fruitful in some respects, they involve fundamental problems.
Sensitivity analysis and optimization of hot-stamping process of automotive components using analysis of variance and Taguchi technique
Authors: Khalkhali Abolfazl , Noraie Hadiseh , Sarmadi Morteza
Published: February 2016

Nowadays, the demand for achieving cars with higher strength, lower fuel consumption, and better safety considerations propels automakers to produce parts with extremely high strength-to-weight ratios. This criterion is done through the hot-stamping process considered as a novel technology employed for producing high-strength steel parts with low springback, particularly appropriate for the vehicle body. In this paper, firstly, numerical simulation of the hot-stamping process of a blank consisted of boron-alloyed steel 22MnB5 (with commercial name of Usibor 1500) is performed. Secondly, effects of different design parameters including blank holder force, die radius, gap between the punch and die, and forming time on the final temperature distributions as well as springback of the part is investigated. Consequently, optimization has been performed using Taguchi L16 orthogonal array to obtain the parameters which minimize above-mentioned parameters as two objective functions. Obtained results are verified based on performing numerical simulation and comparison to a similar work in the literature. Accuracy of the results is also assessed via the technique of plotting normal probability graphs of both objective functions. Finally, via evaluation of contribution percentage associated with analysis of variance considering each design parameter, a discussion is done by proposing the optimum design.
I Think, Therefore Eyeblink
Authors: Weidemann Gabrielle , Satkunarajah Michelle , Lovibond Peter F.
Published: February 2016

Can conditioning occur without conscious awareness of the contingency between the stimuli? We trained participants on two separate reaction time tasks that ensured attention to the experimental stimuli. The tasks were then interleaved to create a differential Pavlovian contingency between visual stimuli from one task and an airpuff stimulus from the other. Many participants were unaware of the contingency and failed to show differential eyeblink conditioning, despite attending to a salient stimulus that was contingently and contiguously related to the airpuff stimulus over many trials. Manipulation of awareness by verbal instruction dramatically increased awareness and differential eyeblink responding. These findings cast doubt on dual-system theories, which propose an automatic associative system independent of cognition, and provide strong evidence that cognitive processes associated with awareness play a causal role in learning.
Firms’ Choice of Seasoned Equity Issuance Method—Taking Private or Non-private Route
Authors: Tuli Anjali
Published: February 2016

The choice of an issuance method for selling subsequent equity is indeed an important corporate financial decision. The recent popularity of private placements over traditional seasoned equity offering (SEO) methods motivates this review on the determinants of firms’ choice between ‘private’ and ‘non-private’ routes for follow-on equity financing. Empirical results are generally consistent with the theoretical propositions. The review suggests further empirical evidence and importance of dynamic models to extensively explain the choice of an equity floatation method by listed companies.
Changes in motivation as expertise develops: Relationships with musical aspirations
Authors: Hallam Susan , Creech Andrea , Papageorgi Ioulia , Gomes Teresa , Rinta Tiija , Varvarigou Maria , Lanipekun Jennifer
Published: February 2016

Recent models of musical motivation have recognised the complex interactions which occur between environmental (cultural, institutional, familial, educational) and internal factors (cognition and affect) in enhancing or reducing motivation. Much previous research has been small scale and not taken account of long term musical aspirations. This article aims to address these issues exploring changes in motivation as expertise develops with a large sample of learners. A total of 3,325 young musicians, aged 6–19 playing a wide range of instruments participated. They represented nine levels of expertise ranging from beginner to higher education conservatoire entry level. Level of expertise was established in terms of the most recent graded independent instrumental examination taken. They were asked to respond to a series of statements on a 7-point Likert scale. The statements focused on well-established elements of motivation including: self-beliefs; enjoyment of musical activities; enjoyment of performance; level of support received from parents, friends and teachers; attitudes towards playing an instrument and perceptions of its value; and beliefs about the importance of musical ability. Participants were also asked to respond to statements about their long term musical aspirations. An exploratory factor analysis provided the basis for the development of a motivational scale which included five sub-scales: social support and affirmation; social life and the value of playing an instrument; enjoyment of performing; self-belief in musical ability; and enjoyment of instrumental musical activities. There were linear trends for each of the five sub-scales in relation to level of expertise with the exception of social support and affirmation. The five sub-scales collectively predicted a composite score relating to aspirations with a multiple R of .64.
A retrospective chart audit of electroconvulsive therapy at a regional Australian hospital
Authors: Stormont Barry , Diedricks Angelo A , Kidd Garry
Published: February 2016

Objectives:

The objective of the current study was to provide a contemporary review of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) practice in Far North Queensland, Australia.

Method:

Demographic, diagnostic and treatment characteristics were extracted from the hospital files of people who received ECT between 2011 and 2013. Data were quantitatively analysed and described.

Results:

Depressive illnesses were the most common indicator for treatment. However, psychotic illnesses also made up a large proportion of treated cases. The technical aspects of treatment were commensurate with previous Australian findings except for the higher incidence of bifrontal ECT and maintenance treatment.

Conclusions:

Further research is needed across Australia to determine whether the findings of the current study represent changes in Australian ECT practice.
Psychiatrist-determined suitability of patients on long-acting injectable antipsychotics to be discharged from specialist to primary care
Authors: Castelino Alwyn M , Ramakrishnan Jairam K
Published: February 2016

Objective:

We aim to determine psychiatrists’ identified factors associated with suitability of discharging patients on long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAI) from specialist to primary care.

Method:

We undertook a retrospective observational study utilising case file reviews. A questionnaire was developed specifically for this including sociodemographic information, clinical characteristics of the patients and clinical opinion on suitability of discharge to primary care.

Results:

In total, 72 case files (51 men, 21 women) were included in the study. The most common diagnosis was schizophrenia (71%) and Risperidone was the most often used LAI (71%). Fourteen (19%) of the patients were deemed suitable for discharge to primary care. A minimum period of 1 year of stability, having good cognitive function and insight, and absence of high-risk history were associated with suitability for discharge.

Conclusions:

Treating psychiatrists consider only a minority of patients on long-acting injection antipsychotics as suitable for discharge to primary care.
Later life transitions and changes in psychiatry
Authors: Randles Jennifer A
Published: February 2016

Objective:

The objective of this study was to discuss some concerns that today’s psychiatrists are likely to experience in the later stages of their careers.

Conclusions:

When changes associated with ageing begin to make their presence felt, there is a need to come to terms with them. For many psychiatrists this may generate a surprising creativity. Psychiatrists also need to come to terms with a paradigm change that has taken place in psychiatric practice. This paper, one of a series that captures a broad perspective on ageing, was solicited (by the Members Engagement Committee) to specifically capture the psychotherapist’s view of later life transitions.
Expert leadership of eating disorder services in South Australia
Authors: Long Randall , Allison Stephen
Published: February 2016

Objectives:

The objective of this study was to describe the history of South Australian Government eating disorder service from the perspective of changing leadership, health policies and politics.

Conclusions:

The history reveals a foundation of early expert academic clinical leadership changing into a centralised managerial bureaucracy correlating with a diminution of services. A threat to the survival of the service led to a solution involving reinvigoration of expert clinical and academic leadership. Expert leadership was shown to be an important part of an eating disorder service.