bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abnormal Metabolic Phenotypes Among Urban Chinese Children: Epidemiology and the Impact of DXA‐Measured Body Composition
Authors: Chen Fangfang , Liu Junting , Yan Yinkun , Mi Jie ,   the China Child and Adolescent Cardiovascular Health (CCACH) Study Group
Published: April 2019

Objective

This study aimed to describe the prevalence rates of abnormal metabolic phenotypes among urban Chinese children and to explore the impact of body composition as measured by dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) on metabolic disorders.

Methods

A total of 7,926 children aged 6 to 17 years from seven cities across China were involved. Metabolically unhealthy was defined as having ≥ 2 risk factors (elevated blood pressure, high triglyceride levels, low levels of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and impaired fasting glucose [IFG]). Abnormal metabolic phenotypes were defined as metabolically unhealthy with normal weight (MUNW) and metabolically healthy with overweight or obesity (MHO).

Results

Overall prevalence rates of MUNW and MHO were 10.6% and 15.3%, respectively. The prevalence of MUNW increased with age in boys, whereas the prevalence in girls was statistically higher in 11‐ to 15‐year‐olds than in other age groups. The prevalence of MHO decreased with age in both genders. Among children with normal weight, the levels of body composition indices were positively correlated with metabolically unhealthy phenotype. Fat‐free mass had a protective effect on IFG in children with normal weight. Among children with overweight or obesity, body composition was related to elevated blood pressure and dyslipidemia but not to IFG.

Conclusions

The prevalence rates of abnormal metabolic phenotypes differed between genders and ages. Body composition could partly explain the different metabolic phenotypes at the same BMI status among children.
Curative‐intent radiotherapy for pediatric osteosarcoma: The St. Jude experience
Authors: Tinkle Christopher L. , Lu Jason , Han Yuanyuan , Li Yimei , McCarville Beth M. , Neel Michael D. , Bishop Michael W. , Krasin Matthew J.
Published: April 2019

Background

Radiation therapy (RT) confers local tumor control and survival advantages in some patients with osteosarcoma, yet pediatric and adolescent and young adult (AYA) population studies are limited.

Methods

Twenty‐eight patients treated with curative‐intent RT (median dose, 59.4 Gy; range, 40‐76 Gy) at our institution from 1990 to 2017 were retrospectively identified. Cumulative incidence (CIN) of local failure (LF) was estimated by Gray's method and overall survival (OS) by the Kaplan‐Meier method. Competing‐risk regression and Cox proportional hazards models determined predictors of outcome. Toxicity was reported according to CTCAE v4.0.

Results

With a median follow‐up of 99.1 months in living patients, nine patients (32.1%) developed LF. Estimated CINs of LF with competing risk of death at 5 years for the entire cohort, patients at initial diagnosis (n = 16), and recurrent/refractory patients (n = 12) were 32.7% (95% CI, 16.0‐50.5%), 25.0% (95% CI, 7.3‐48.0%), and 43.8% (95% CI, 13.6‐71.0%), respectively (P  =  0.31). Estimated 5‐year OS was 42.6% (95% CI, 23.2‐62.0%), 54.6% (95% CI, 29.5‐79.6%), and 24.3% (95% CI, 0‐52.2%), respectively (P  =  0.15). No clinicopathologic features were significantly associated with LF, yet lack of chemotherapy or metastasis at the time of RT was independent significant prognostic factors of decreased OS. Eleven patients experienced RT‐related morbidity, with two grade 3 toxicities and no grade 4/5 events.

Conclusions

Curative‐intent RT in pediatric and AYA patients was well tolerated and achieved a local tumor control rate of 75% in patients with primary disease. Local control rates were similar to those in primarily adult studies, with similar or lower doses.
Treatment of advanced pediatric renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Ambalavanan Manoj , Geller James I.
Published: April 2019

Background

Pediatric renal cell carcinoma (pRCC) is the second most common renal malignancy of childhood; however, treatment data for advanced disease is lacking.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of pRCC patients (age < 21 years at diagnosis) treated between 2000 and 2015 at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center was undertaken, with specific focus on medical therapies, accompanied by a detailed literature review.

Results

Twenty‐four patients (median age = 15 years) were identified; 11 were female. Past history of kidney pathology (4) and prior hematologic/oncologic diagnoses (5) were common associated findings. Translocation morphology RCC (tRCC) was the most common subtype (16; 64%), followed by papillary (6; 24%), clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) (1), and chromophobe (1). The TNM stage distribution was I (8; 33%), II (2; 8%), III (3; 13%), and IV (11; 46%). Eleven patients with stage IV disease all had tRCC and received medicinal anticancer therapies, the most common being antiangiogenic (10), conventional chemotherapy (8), mTOR inhibition (7), and immunotherapy (3). Four patients also received small‐port radiotherapy. The mean time to progression (TTP) was longest for axitinib (n = 2; TTP = 7.8 m; range 5.5‐10 m) and sunitinib (n = 6; TTP = 4.7 m; range 0.3–12 m). Overall, 20 cases of pediatric RCC who received RCC‐directed medicinal therapy with outcome data have been previously reported.

Conclusions

For patients with unresectable pRCC requiring systemic therapy, available data are scarce. Data herein support an increased TTP with antiangiogenic therapy in tRCC supporting a formal study of antiangiogenic therapies through multicooperative‐group collaboration.
IRF4 translocation status in pediatric follicular and diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma patients enrolled in Children's Oncology Group trials
Authors: Chisholm Karen M. , Mohlman Jeffrey , Liew Michael , Termuhlen Amanda , Cairo Mitchell S. , Gross Thomas G. , Perkins Sherrie L. , Miles Rodney R.
Published: April 2019

Large B‐cell lymphoma with IRF4 rearrangement is a provisional entity in the 2017 World Health Organization classification. In order to characterize these lymphomas in children from the United States, IRF4 FISH and immunohistochemical stains were performed on 32 follicular lymphoma and diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) from Children's Oncology Group studies. Two DLBCLs (6%) had IRF4 rearrangements, one involving the ileocecal valve and another involving the tonsil and cerebrospinal fluid. Both cases had strong, diffuse IRF4/MUM1 immunohistochemical staining, which may be a pathologic clue to the diagnosis. Reclassification of these cases may have prognostic and therapeutic implications.
Fluoroelastomers reinforced with carbon nanofibers: A survey on rheological, swelling, mechanical, morphological, and prediction of the thermal degradation kinetic behavior
Authors: Ornaghi Felipe G. , Bianchi Otávio , Ornaghi Heitor L. , Jacobi Marly A. M.
Published: April 2019

Fluoroelastomer (FE) reinforced with carbon nanofiber (CNF) (1 and 2 phr) was prepared using an instrumented batch mixer. A property–structure relationship was compared with the compounds containing carbon black (30 phr), neat FE, and hybrid sample (nanofiber + carbon black, 2 phr + 30 phr, respectively). Nanofiber did not improve the mechanical behavior while swelling characteristic was improved as well the initial weight loss by thermogravimetry. The compounds achieve conductive characteristic using only 1 phr. The thermal decomposition of the compounds was carried out using different kinetic approaches in order to establish consistent parameters. It has been shown that the approaches using consistent kinetic parameters can be combined in such a way as to enhance the reliability and quality of each other and consequently the overall kinetic analysis. The limited dispersion with agglomerations seems to be the crucial factor for all analyses evaluated. Finally, the synergism between nanofiber and carbon black for hybrid compound make CNFs very attractive to be used as an additive in the elastomeric composition. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:1223–1232 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effect of interface affinity on the performance of a composite of microcrystalline cellulose and polypropylene/polylactide blends
Authors: Lee Ji Su , Ryu Yeon Sung , Kim Ick‐Soo , Kim Seong Hun
Published: April 2019

The effects of compatibilizer and fillers on the mechanical properties and dispersion state of droplets of polypropylene (PP)/polylactide (PLA) blends were investigated. Two blended composite systems, i.e. PP‐rich (80/20) containing microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) modified with silane (m‐MCC) and PLA‐rich (20/80) containing MCC were prepared by melt compounding using a twin‐screw extruder. The structural differences between MCC and m‐MCC were confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectra. Universal testing machine results revealed that the tensile strength and Young's modulus increased with the addition of compatibilizer and filler, respectively. These results were supported by the reduction of domain size observed by scanning electron microscopy. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis showed a change of the melting and crystallization behavior of blends according to the presence of compatibilizer or filler. An increase of the dynamic storage modulus and a decrease in tan δ with addition of compatibilizer indicated that the interfacial adhesion between PP and PLA improved. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Real‐time whole‐plant dynamics of heavy metal transport inArabidopsis halleriandArabidopsis thalianaby gamma‐ray imaging
Authors: Kajala Kaisa , Walker Katherine L. , Mitchell Gregory S. , Krämer Ute , Cherry Simon R. , Brady Siobhan M.
Published: April 2019

Heavy metals such as zinc are essential for plant growth, but toxic at high concentrations. Despite our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of heavy metal uptake by plants, experimentally addressing the real‐time whole‐plant dynamics of heavy metal uptake and partitioning has remained a challenge. To overcome this, we applied a high sensitivity gamma‐ray imaging system to image uptake and transport of radioactive65Zn in whole‐plant assays ofArabidopsis thalianaand the Zn hyperaccumulatorArabidopsis halleri. We show that our system can be used to quantitatively image and measure uptake and root‐to‐shoot translocation dynamics of zinc in real time. In the metal hyperaccumulatorArabidopsis halleri,65Zn uptake and transport from its growth media to the shoot occurs rapidly and on time scales similar to those reported in rice. In transgenicA. halleriplants in which expression of the zinc transporter geneHMA4is suppressed byRNAi,65Zn uptake is completely abolished.
Versatile light‐responsive organogels: Evaluation of their dye releasing and photoinitiation behaviors
Authors: Dashan Irem , Elverici Melisa , Balta Demet Karaca , Temel Binnur Aydogan , Temel Gokhan
Published: April 2019

Light‐responsive crosslinked structures were prepared by a straightforward quaternization strategy using chloride functional polystyrene copolymers and commercially available Michler's ketone with varying feed ratios. Resulting organogels demonstrated excellent solvent absorption and their swelling characteristics were altered by UV‐light irradiation. According to scanning electron microscope images, UV‐illuminated samples showed an obvious photodecomposition, which enhanced their solvent uptake capacity with increase of UV exposure. Additionally, release behavior of eosin Y as a model compound was determined by UV–vis and fluorescence spectrometers. Achieved photoactive gels were also employed as the reusable heterogeneous initiators for photoinduced free‐radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 1275–1282
A physicians survey assessing management of pulmonary airway involvement in sickle cell disease
Authors: Agrawal Sabhyata , Burton William B. , Manwani Deepa , Rastogi Deepa , De Aliva
Published: April 2019

Background

Airway involvement in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) involves recurrent episodes of acute chest syndrome (ACS), co‐existent asthma, lower airway obstruction (LAO), or airway hyper‐responsiveness/ bronchodilator response (AHR/BDR). With increased recognition that sickle cell (SC) airway inflammation may be distinct from asthma, our aim was to study regional and individual practices among pediatric pulmonologists and elucidate the patient characteristics that determine the diagnosis of asthma or SC airway inflammation.

Methods

A cross‐sectional web‐based survey including 6 case scenarios on diagnosis and management of pulmonary manifestations of pediatric SC airway disease was conducted. The case scenarios, combined different risk factors for airway inflammation: history of recurrent ACS, atopy, family history of asthma, LAO, or AHR/BDR, with possible responses including − diagnosis of asthma, SC airway inflammation, both or neither.

Results

Of the 130 responses, 83 were complete. “Asthma” was diagnosed when LAO (OR, 7.96 [4.28, 14.79]; p < 0.001), family history of asthma (OR 18.88 [5.87, 60.7]; p < 0.001), and atopy (OR 3.19 [1.74, 5.8]; p < 0.001) were present. “SC airway inflammation” was diagnosed when ACS (OR 3.95 [2.08, 7.51]; p < 0.001), and restrictive pattern on PFT (OR 3.75 [2.3, 6.09]; p < 0.001) were present in the scenarios. Regardless of the diagnosis, there was a high likelihood of initiating or stepping up inhaled corticosteroid as compared to prescribing montelukast.

Conclusion

There is variability in the diagnosis and management of SC airway inflammation among pediatric pulmonologists. This study highlights the need for consensus guidelines to improve management of SC airway inflammation.
Rapid early increase in BMI is associated with impaired longitudinal growth in children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Hak Sarah F. , Arets Hubertus G.M. , van der Ent Cornelis K. , van der Kamp Hetty J.
Published: April 2019

Background

We aimed to assess whether final height in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) is affected by body mass index (BMI), BMI increase, pulmonary function, and cystic fibrosis‐related diabetes (CFRD).

Study design

A longitudinal, retrospective study was performed in a cohort of 57 patients with CF (30 boys, 27 girls) born between 1997 and 2001. Height and weight were recorded annually from ages 0.5 to 10 years and biannually up to the age of 18. Measurements were converted to height‐for‐age‐adjusted‐for‐target‐height (HFA‐TH) and BMI‐for‐age z‐scores. Analyses were performed using the independent t tests and the Pearson's correlation.

Results

For both boys and girls, HFA‐TH and BMI‐for‐age z‐scores were significantly lower in the first year of life, these scores increased rapidly until the age of 11 and 8 years, respectively. In boys, HFA‐TH z‐scores declined during puberty, with subsequently significantly impaired final height (z‐score, −0.56, n = 30, standard deviation [SD] = 0.81, P = 0.001). In girls, HFA‐TH z‐scores briefly declined after the age of 8 years, but then increased to a z‐score of −0.21 (n = 27, SD = 0.87) at age 18, which is not significantly lower than the national average (P = 0.22). Pulmonary function and the presence of CFRD were not associated with final height. However, rapid BMI increase between ages 1 and 6 was negatively associated with final height in boys (n = 29, r =−0.420; P = 0.023) and girls (n = 25, r =−0.466; P = 0.019).

Conclusions

In boys and girls, early BMI increase was associated with impaired final height. We suggest that early childhood serves as a “window” in which nutritional variations may program subsequent growth. Further refinement of nutritional strategies could be needed.
The role of hip abductor strength on the frontal plane of gait in subjects with medial knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Selistre Luiz Fernando Approbato , Gonçalves Glaucia Helena , Nakagawa Theresa Helissa , Petrella Marina , Jones Richard Keith , Mattiello Stela Márcia
Published: April 2019

Objective

This study aimed to investigate the relationship of hip abductor strength with external hip and knee adduction moments, pain and physical function, and trunk, pelvis, and hip kinematics in the frontal plane during walking in subjects with medial knee osteoarthritis.

Methods

Twenty‐five subjects with medial knee osteoarthritis were evaluated through an isokinetic strength test for hip abductor, three‐dimensional gait analysis (kinetics and kinematics), and pain and physical function scores. Regression models were used to control the influence of other parameters such as pain, age, gender, severity, walking speed, mass, and height.

Results

No relationship was found of hip abductor strength with peak of external knee adduction moment and knee adduction angular impulse. Hip abductor strength explained 17% of contralateral pelvic drop and 21% of hip adduction angle. In addition, hip abductor strength explained 4% and 1% of the variance in the WOMAC physical function score and 40‐m fast paced walk test, respectively.

Conclusion

Considering the relationship of hip abductor strength with contralateral pelvic drop and hip adduction angle, specific exercises might improve physical function and lower limb dynamic alignment during gait.
Androgen‐responsive lncRNA LINC00304 promotes cell cycle and proliferation via regulating CCNA1
Authors: Zhang Pu , Lu Yali , Kong Zhe , Zhang Yalong , Fu Fangqiu , Su Xinya , Huang Yan , Wan Xuechao , Li Yao
Published: April 2019

Background

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) plays a vital role in the development of many diseases. The abnormal expression of lncRNA is closely related to the occurrence and development of different kinds of tumors including prostate cancer (PCa).

Methods

Differentially expressed lncRNA LINC00304 was identified using a publicly available gene expression data set (GSE38241) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction validation. The Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis were used to predict the molecular function of LINC00304. A lncRNA microarray, bioinformatic analysis, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay were carried out to verify the upstream androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway. Subsequently, the function of LINC00304 was observed by a series of in vitro assays.

Results

We observed higher expression of LINC00304 in PCa cells and samples compared with normal prostate cells and tissues. Functional analysis of LINC00304 showed it was related to regulating cell cycle process, cellular developmental process, and focal adhesion. Further, we identified androgen‐inhibited lncRNA, LINC00304 as a direct target of AR. A series of functional studies revealed that overexpression of LINC00304 could significantly promote cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in PCa cells. We also find that LINC00304 can significantly promote CCNA1 expression in PCa cells.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that LINC00304 may represent a new diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker for PCa.
Critical Cooling Rate Prediction by the Reduced Glass Temperature and Fragility Index
Authors: Gao Qian , Jian Zengyun
Published: April 2019

The reduced glass transition temperature (Trg) and fragility index (m) are both used to predict the critical cooling rate (Rc). When either Trg or m is individually used to predict log10(Rc), a large deviation occurrs in the prediction of log10(Rc) because both of the corresponding correlations have low coefficients of determination (R2). The R2 value increases from either 0.33 (by using only Trg) or 0.68 (by using only m) to 0.91 by using both Trg and m. Therefore, the glass‐forming ability (GFA) is estimated more accurately when Trg and m are both applied to predict log10(Rc) through a binary linear regression analysis.
Defect Formation Energies of Interstitial C, Si, and Ge Impurities in β‐Ga2O3
Authors: Bouzid Assil , Pasquarello Alfredo
Published: April 2019

Formation energies of C, Si, and Ge defects in β‐Ga2O3 are studied through hybrid functional calculations. The interstitial defects of these elements generally occur at higher energies than their substitutional counterparts, but are more stable at low Fermi energies in Ga‐rich conditions, with their range of stability increasing from Ge and Si to C. In n‐type and Ga‐rich conditions, interstitials of Si and Ge show significantly higher formation energies than their substitutional form, but this difference is less pronounced for C. Charge transition levels of interstitial defects lie in the upper part of the band‐gap, and account for several measured levels in unintentionally doped and Ge‐doped samples of β‐Ga2O3.
Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of 3,5‐Disubstituted 1,3,4‐Thiadiazole from Dithioesters under Mild Condition
Authors: Kemparajegowda  , Swarup Hassan A. , Sandhya Nagarakere C. , Rangappa Shobith , Mantelingu Kempegowda , Rangappa Kanchugarakoppal S.
Published: April 2019

An efficient synthetic approach for the construction of 3,5‐disubstituted 1,3,4‐thiadiazoles from dithioesters, hydrazine hydrate and triethyl amine has been developed under transition‐metal free condition. This methodology efficiently constructs 3,5‐disubstituted 1,3,4‐thiadiazole in good to excellent yields with the advantages of wide functional group tolerance and operational simplicity.
Ultra‐High Ion Selectivity of a Modified Nafion Composite Membrane for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery by Incorporation of Phosphotungstic Acid Coupled UiO‐66‐NH2
Authors: Yang Xiao‐Bing , Zhao Lei , Goh Kokswee , Sui Xu–Lei , Meng Ling‐Hui , Wang Zhen‐Bo
Published: April 2019

An ultra‐high ion‐selective Nafion composite membrane for vanadium redox flow battery (VRB) by incorporation of phosphotungstic acid (PWA) coupled UiO‐66‐NH2 was prepared through solution casting. Simple tuning for the filling amount of the nanohybrid composed of PWA and UiO‐66‐NH2 gives the obtained membranes preeminent vanadium barrier property including a minimum vanadium permeability of 3.46 × 10−7 cm2 min−1 and excellent proton transport capability including a maximum proton conductivity of 0.092 S cm−1 at 25 °C. These indicate an ion selectivity of 2.66 × 105 S min cm−3, showing an overwhelming advantage over recast Nafion (0.34 × 105 S min cm−3). As a result, the VRB constructed with the modified membrane exhibits superior battery performance versus recast Nafion at various current densities.
The Role of Temperature and Lipid Charge on Intake/Uptake of Cationic Gold Nanoparticles into Lipid Bilayers
Authors: Lolicato Fabio , Joly Loic , Martinez‐Seara Hector , Fragneto Giovanna , Scoppola Ernesto , Baldelli Bombelli Francesca , Vattulainen Ilpo , Akola Jaakko , Maccarini Marco
Published: April 2019

Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing nanoparticle–membrane interactions is of prime importance for drug delivery and biomedical applications. Neutron reflectometry (NR) experiments are combined with atomistic and coarse‐grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to study the interaction between cationic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and model lipid membranes composed of a mixture of zwitterionic di‐stearoyl‐phosphatidylcholine (DSPC) and anionic di‐stearoyl‐phosphatidylglycerol (DSPG). MD simulations show that the interaction between AuNPs and a pure DSPC lipid bilayer is modulated by a free energy barrier. This can be overcome by increasing temperature, which promotes an irreversible AuNP incorporation into the lipid bilayer. NR experiments confirm the encapsulation of the AuNPs within the lipid bilayer at temperatures around 55 °C. In contrast, the AuNP adsorption is weak and impaired by heating for a DSPC–DSPG (3:1) lipid bilayer. These results demonstrate that both the lipid charge and the temperature play pivotal roles in AuNP–membrane interactions. Furthermore, NR experiments indicate that the (negative) DSPG lipids are associated with lipid extraction upon AuNP adsorption, which is confirmed by coarse‐grained MD simulations as a lipid‐crawling effect driving further AuNP aggregation. Overall, the obtained detailed molecular view of the interaction mechanisms sheds light on AuNP incorporation and membrane destabilization.
Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals for Next‐Generation Optoelectronics
Authors: Liu Maning , Zhang Haichang , Gedamu Dawit , Fourmont Paul , Rekola Heikki , Hiltunen Arto , Cloutier Sylvain G. , Nechache Riad , Priimagi Arri , Vivo Paola
Published: April 2019

Colloidal perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) combine the outstanding optoelectronic properties of bulk perovskites with strong quantum confinement effects at the nanoscale. Their facile and low‐cost synthesis, together with superior photoluminescence quantum yields and exceptional optical versatility, make PNCs promising candidates for next‐generation optoelectronics. However, this field is still in its early infancy and not yet ready for commercialization due to several open challenges to be addressed, such as toxicity and stability. Here, the key synthesis strategies and the tunable optical properties of PNCs are discussed. The photophysical underpinnings of PNCs, in correlation with recent developments of PNC‐based optoelectronic devices, are especially highlighted. The final goal is to outline a theoretical scaffold for the design of high‐performance devices that can at the same time address the commercialization challenges of PNC‐based technology.
Characterization and engineering of the Lrp/AsnC family regulator SACE_5717 for erythromycin overproduction in Saccharopolyspora erythraea
Authors: Liu Jing , Chen Yunfu , Li Long , Yang Endong , Wang Yansheng , Wu Hang , Zhang Lixin , Wang Weiyun , Zhang Buchang
Published: April 2019

In this work, we found that the Lrp/AsnC family protein SACE_5717 negatively regulated erythromycin biosynthesis in S. erythraea. Disruption of SACE_5717 led to a 27% improvement in the yield of erythromycin in S. erythraea A226. SACE_5717 directly repressed its own gene expression, as well as that of the adjacent gene SACE_5716 by binding to the target sequence 5′-GAACGTTCGCCGTCACGCC-3′. The predicted LysE superfamily protein SACE_5716 directly influenced the export of lysine, histidine, threonine and glycine in S. erythraea. Arginine, tyrosine and tryptophan were characterized as the effectors of SACE_5717 by weakening the binding affinity of SACE_5717. In the industrial S. erythraea WB strain, deletion of SACE_5717 (WBΔSACE_5717) increased erythromycin yield by 20%, and by 36% when SACE_5716 was overexpressed in WBΔSACE_5717 (WBΔSACE_5717/5716). In large-scale 5-L fermentation experiment, erythromycin yield in the engineered strain WBΔSACE_5717/5716 reached 4686 mg/L, a 41% enhancement over 3323 mg/L of the parent WB strain.
Inulin Can Alleviate Metabolism Disorders in ob/ob Mice by Partially Restoring Leptin-Related Pathways Mediated by Gut Microbiota
Authors: Song Xiaofeng , Zhong Liang , Lyu Na , Liu Fei , Li Boxing , Hao Yanan , Xue Yong , Li Jing , Feng Yuqing , Ma Yue , Hu Yongfei , Zhu Baoli
Published: April 2019

Inulin has been used as a prebiotic to alleviate glucose and lipid metabolism disorders in mice and humans by modulating the gut microbiota. However, the mechanism underlying the alleviation of metabolic disorders by inulin through interactions between the gut microbiota and host cells is unclear. We use ob/ob mice as a model to study the effect of inulin on the cecal microbiota by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and its interaction with host cells by transcriptomics. The inulin-supplemented diet improved glucose and lipid metabolism disorder parameters in ob/ob mice, alleviating fat accumulation and glucose intolerance. The α diversity of gut microbial community of ob/ob mice was reduced after inulin treatment, while the β diversity tended to return to the level of wild type mice. Interestingly, Prevotellaceae UCG 001 (family Prevotellaceae) was obviously enriched after inulin treatment. A comparative analysis of the gene expression profile showed that the cecal transcriptome was changed in leptin gene deficiency mice, whereas the inulin-supplemented diet partially reversed the changes in leptin gene-related signaling pathways, especially AMPK signaling pathway, where the levels of gene expression became comparable to those in wild type mice. Further analysis indicated that Prevotellaceae UCG 001 was positively correlated with the AMPK signaling pathway, which was negatively correlated with markers of glycolipid metabolism disorders. Our results suggest that the inulin-supplemented diet alleviates glucose and lipid metabolism disorders by partially restoring leptin related pathways mediated by gut microbiota.
A Guide to the Preventive Care of Archaeological Collections
Authors: Meister Nicolette B.
Published: April 2019

Preservation knowledge is important for those preparing archaeological collections for curation or requesting access to collections for research. Literature about the fields of archaeological conservation and curation is plentiful, but there are scant resources that offer a basic introduction to the knowledge needed to facilitate preservation of and access to archaeological collections. Much of the literature focuses on conservation in the field and in the lab. Archaeological curation standards and the importance of sustainable management of archaeological collections also are well documented. In contrast, this article serves as an introductory guide to preventive care, specifically to the agents of deterioration and the storage considerations that affect preservation of and access to archaeological collections. Collections specialists who work in museums, government repositories, or historical societies, as well as field archaeologists, academic archaeologists teaching and conducting research on collections, and descendant communities in tribal historic preservation offices and other repositories will find this guide useful as a reference and teaching resource.
Recent Trends in Neurosurgery Career Outcomes in Canada
Authors: Tso Michael K. , Max Findlay J. , Lownie Stephen P. , Chris Wallace M. , Toyota Brian D. , Fleetwood Ian G.
Published: April 2019

Background: As with other specialties, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC) trainees in Neurosurgery have anecdotally had challenges securing full-time employment. This study presents the employment status, research pursuits, and fellowship choices of neurosurgery trainees in Canadian programs. Methods: RCPSC neurosurgery trainees (n = 143) who began their residency training between 1998 and 2008 were included in this study. Associations between year of residency completion, research pursuits, and fellowship choice with career outcomes were determined by Fisher’s exact test (p < 0.05, statistical significance). Results: In 2015, 60% and 26% of neurosurgery trainees had permanent positions in Canada and the USA, respectively. Underemployment, defined as locum and clinical associate positions, pursuit of multiple unrelated fellowships, unemployment, and career change to non-surgical career, was 12% in 2015. The proportion of neurosurgery trainees who had been underemployed at some point within 5 years since residency completion was 20%. Pursuit of in-folded research (MSc, PhD, or non-degree research greater than 1 year) was significantly associated with obtaining full employment (94% vs. 73%, p = 0.011). However, fellowship training was not significantly associated with obtaining full employment (78% vs. 75%, p = 1.000). Conclusions: Underemployment in neurosurgery has become a significant issue in Canada for various reasons. Pursuit of in-folded research, but not fellowship training, was associated with obtaining full employment.
Maximizing magnetic field generation in high power laser–solid interactions
Authors: Huang L. G. , Takabe H. , Cowan T. E.
Published: April 2019

In order to understand the transport of fast electrons within solid density targets driven by an optical high power laser, we have numerically investigated the dynamics and structure of strong self-generated magnetic fields in such experiments. Here we present a systematic study of the bulk magnetic field generation due to the ponderomotive current, Weibel-like instability and resistivity gradient between two solid layers. Using particle-in-cell simulations, we observe the effect of varying the laser and target parameters, including laser intensity, focal size, incident angle, preplasma scale length, target thickness and material and experimental geometry. The simulation results suggest that the strongest magnetic field is generated with laser incident angles and preplasma scale lengths that maximize laser absorption efficiency. The recent commissioning of experimental platforms equipped with both optical high power laser and X-ray free electron laser (XFEL), such as European XFEL-HED, LCLS-MEC and SACLA beamlines, provides unprecedented opportunities to probe the self-generated bulk magnetic field by X-ray polarimetry via Faraday rotation with simultaneous high spatial and temporal resolution. We expect that this systematic numerical investigation will pave the way to design and optimize near future experimental setups to probe the magnetic fields in such experimental platforms.
Energetics and mixing in buoyancy-driven near-bottom stratified flow
Authors: Puthan Pranav , Jalali Masoud , Chalamalla Vamsi K. , Sarkar Sutanu
Published: April 2019

Turbulence and mixing in a near-bottom convectively driven flow are examined by numerical simulations of a model problem: a statically unstable disturbance at a slope with inclination

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$

in a stable background with buoyancy frequency

$N$

. The influence of slope angle and initial disturbance amplitude are quantified in a parametric study. The flow evolution involves energy exchange between four energy reservoirs, namely the mean and turbulent components of kinetic energy (KE) and available potential energy (APE). In contrast to the zero-slope case where the mean flow is negligible, the presence of a slope leads to a current that oscillates with

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}=N\sin \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$

and qualitatively changes the subsequent evolution of the initial density disturbance. The frequency,

$N\sin \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$

, and the initial speed of the current are predicted using linear theory. The energy transfer in the sloping cases is dominated by an oscillatory exchange between mean APE and mean KE with a transfer to turbulence at specific phases. In all simulated cases, the positive buoyancy flux during episodes of convective instability at the zero-velocity phase is the dominant contributor to turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) although the shear production becomes increasingly important with increasing 

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$

. Energy that initially resides wholly in mean available potential energy is lost through conversion to turbulence and the subsequent dissipation of TKE and turbulent available potential energy. A key result is that, in contrast to the explosive loss of energy during the initial convective instability in the non-sloping case, the sloping cases exhibit a more gradual energy loss that is sustained over a long time interval. The slope-parallel oscillation introduces a new flow time scale

$T=2\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}/(N\sin \unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD})$

and, consequently, the fraction of initial APE that is converted to turbulence during convective instability progressively decreases with increasing

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$

. For moderate slopes with

$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}<10^{\circ }$

, most of the net energy loss takes place during an initial, short (

$Nt\approx 20$

) interval with periodic convective overturns. For steeper slopes, most of the energy loss takes place during a later, long (

$Nt>100$

) interval when both shear and convective instability occur, and the energy loss rate is approximately constant. The mixing efficiency during the initial period dominated by convectively driven turbulence is found to be substantially higher (exceeds 0.5) than the widely used value of 0.2. The mixing efficiency at long time in the present problem of a convective overturn at a boundary varies between 0.24 and 0.3.
GROUPOIDS AND RELATIVE INTERNALITY
Authors: JIMENEZ LÉO
Published: April 2019

In a stable theory, a stationary type $q \in S\left( A \right)$ internal to a family of partial types ${\cal P}$ over A gives rise to a type-definable group, called its binding group. This group is isomorphic to the group $Aut\left( {q/{\cal P},A} \right)$ of permutations of the set of realizations of q, induced by automorphisms of the monster model, fixing ${\cal P}\,\mathop \cup \nolimits \,A$ pointwise. In this article, we investigate families of internal types varying uniformly, what we will call relative internality. We prove that the binding groups also vary uniformly, and are the isotropy groups of a natural type-definable groupoid (and even more). We then investigate how properties of this groupoid are related to properties of the type. In particular, we obtain internality criteria for certain 2-analysable types, and a sufficient condition for a type to preserve internality.
Oil income and the personalization of autocratic politics
Authors: Fails Matthew D.
Published: April 2019

Personalist regimes are more reliant on natural resource rents than other models of autocracy, but the direction of causation is unclear. Resource wealth could finance patronage and allow leaders to skip construction of institutionalized systems of rule, leading to more personalized autocracies. Conversely, personalist leaders may increase resource extraction, since diversifying the economy could increase the power of rivals. I use data on the degree of personalism and level of oil income to disentangle these interpretations. The results show that increases in oil income are associated with subsequent increases in personalism within autocracies. Since personalist regimes are less likely to successfully democratize, the results also provide important evidence as to why oil impedes democracy.
Chronology of a Fortified Mississippian Village in the Central Illinois River Valley
Authors: Krus Anthony M , Herrmann Edward W , Pike Matthew D , Monaghan G William , Wilson Jeremy J
Published: April 2019

Geophysical survey and excavations from 2010–2016 at Lawrenz Gun Club (11CS4), a late pre-Columbian village located in the central Illinois River valley in Illinois, identified 10 mounds, a central plaza, and dozens of structures enclosed within a stout 10 hectare bastioned palisade. Nineteen radiocarbon (14C) measurements were taken from single entities of wood charcoal, short-lived plants, and animal bones. A site chronology has been constructed using a Bayesian approach that considers the stratigraphic contexts and feature formation processes. The village was host to hundreds of years of continuous human activity during the Mississippi Period. Mississippian activity at the site is estimated to have begun incal AD 990–1165 (95% probability), ended incal AD 1295–1450 (95% probability), and lasted150–420 yr (95% probability)in the primary Bayesian model with similar results obtained in two alternative models. The palisade is estimated to have been constructed incal AD 1150–1230 (95% probability)and was continuously repaired and rebuilt for15–125 yr (95% probability), probably for40–85 yr (68% probability). Comparison to other studies demonstrates that the bastioned palisade at Lawrenz was one of the earliest constructed in the midcontinental United States.
Exploring the role of trust in health risk communication in Nunavik, Canada
Authors: Boyd Amanda D. , Furgal Chris M. , Mayeda Alyssa M. , Jardine Cindy G. , Driedger S. Michelle
Published: April 2019

Communicating about health risks in the Arctic can be challenging. Numerous factors can hinder or promote effective communication. One of the most important components in effective communication is trust in an information source. This is particularly true when a risk is unfamiliar or complex because the public must rely on expert assessment rather than personal evaluation of the risk. A total of 112 Inuit residents from Nunavik, Canada, were interviewed to better understand the factors that influence trust in individuals or organisations. Results indicate that there are six primary factors that influence trust in an information source. These factors include: (1) whether the information source is a friend or family member; (2) past performance of the individual or organisation; (3) the general disposition of the audience member (that is, he or she believes that most people are trustworthy); (4) the openness or candidness of the source; (5) value similarity (referring to the perceived correspondence in values between the audience member and communicator); and (6) the credibility of the source. The results of this study can help determine who or what agencies should provide messages about health risks in the Arctic. It also provides insight about effective strategies for engendering trust among Arctic residents.
Subverting Precariousness: Work, History, and Aesthetics in Contemporary Dance in Buenos Aires
Authors: Vallejos Juan Ignacio
Published: April 2019

This article analyzes three artistic acts of the subversion of precariousness in the contemporary dance community in Buenos Aires. It explores the participation of dancers in political groups that demand improvement of their working conditions. It examines how Marina Sarmiento's investigation of dance history stages a precarious body as an archive that deals with aesthetic colonialism. And lastly, it discusses the emergence of an aesthetics of precariousness in Fabian Gandini's work, which brings artistic ethics to the fore. The argument proposed in this article asserts that working conditions, history, and aesthetics represent three dimensions of contemporary dance practice that operate simultaneously and determine the precariousness in the Argentinian dance community.
Projects, Precarity, and the Ontology of Dance Works
Authors: Blades Hetty
Published: April 2019

Project-based work is common within “precarious” working contexts. Within contemporary dance, short-term funding opportunities often result in the production of “sharings,” works in progress, and one-off performance events. This paper considers the relationship between the outputs of projects and the ontology of choreographic “works.” Drawing on Frédéric Pouillaude's conception of choreographic works as both public and resistant, I examine entities produced through projects, which, borrowing a term from choreographer Hamish MacPherson, I label “work-sketches.” Furthermore, I reflect on the correlation between “immaterial labor” and the concept of the choreographic work, thinking through the commodity form of work-sketches and probing the relationship between socioeconomic contexts and dance work ontology.
Zones of Production in Possible Worlds: Dance's Precarious Placement, an Afterword
Authors: Desmond Jane C.
Published: April 2019

This essay investigates dance's “conditions of possibility” to argue that while dance and dancing is, in some ways unique, it many other ways it is similar to other types of labor. These types of labor function not simply as a job, or even career, but also as a “calling,” in the sense that they provide a core part of an individual's identity in the world and organize their life practices. Key dimensions of dance's labor which influence its precarity include the status of the arts in a particular social formation, the role of the state, the functioning of an informal economy, and the tension between art's marginalization and its simultaneous valuation as “priceless” cultural commodity.
La culture habitée aux frontières du socialisme (Gorna Džumaja, 1944-1948)
Authors: Capelle-Pogăcean Antonela , Ragaru Nadège
Published: April 2019

Cet article se propose de construire en objet historique le rapport entre le fait urbain et les spectacles filmiques et théâtraux dans une ville-frontière de Macédoine du Pirin, une région où se heurtèrent les projets nationaux bulgare, macédonien et grec. La période retenue (1944-1948) voit l’instauration du socialisme coïncider avec une ingénierie nationale et sociale d’autant plus intense que l’avenir territorial de cet espace demeure incertain. Tenus par les nouveaux pouvoirs pour être des vecteurs prioritaires du façonnage des individus, le théâtre et le cinéma sont ici envisagés dans leur inscription spatiale, leurs assignations toponymiques, leurs matérialités agissantes afin de cerner les articulations entre périodesantecommuniste et communiste. La « mise en objets » de spectacles, lieux de renégociation des hiérarchies sociales et de pouvoir, offre par ailleurs une perspective oblique sur la fabrique de la ville socialiste, négociée au fil de tournées et de caravanes cinématographiques, dans la comparaison avec d’autres entités urbaines et rurales. Le socialisme s’y dessine finalement en des circulations internationales ne se réduisant pas à une simple soviétisation.
Repenser les statuts sociaux
Authors: Anheim Étienne , Grenier Jean-Yves , Lilti Antoine
Published: April 2019

L’existence des « statuts sociaux » précède celle des sciences sociales, qui s’en sont emparés au XIXe siècle en puisant d’abord dans les écrits des juristes des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles et, plus largement, dans le vocabulaire par lequel les groupes sociaux se désignent à travers le temps et l’espace. Dès cette époque, ils occupent une place centrale dans les travaux des historiens, des sociologues et des anthropologues, qui tentent de décrire et d’expliquer les dynamiques des sociétés humaines et participent à la structuration des débats au sein des sciences sociales, comme en témoignent les jeux et rejeux de l’opposition entre les classes de Karl Marx et les statuts de Max Weber, en particulier chez des lecteurs parfois guidés par des arrières pensées politiques. M. Weber a considérablement contribué au succès de la notion en ajoutant à une dimension juridique et à une conception de la société comme corps, héritées de l’Ancien Régime, un contenu proprement sociologique, lié à la hiérarchisation selon une échelle du prestige social qui n’est ni directement héréditaire, comme dans les castes, ni purement économique, comme dans les classes. Si cette définition a rarement été utilisée de manière stricte par les histo- riens, les sociologues et les anthropologues, elle a permis de proposer un concept délimitant, au sein d’une société donnée, des groupes d’individus dotés de carac- téristiques juridiques mais aussi symboliques communes, en intégrant à l’analyse historique des catégories maniées par les acteurs. Ainsi, durant les années 1960, c’est autour des statuts que se cristallisent les interprétations de l’Ancien Régime comme société d’ordres ou de classes, alors qu’émergent les discussions entre emic et etic parmi les anthropologues. Pourtant, à partir des années 1980, au moment où l’idée d’une interprétation globale des sociétés humaines par les sciences sociales est remise en cause, la question des statuts sociaux semble passer au second plan.
L’imaginaire de la secte
Authors: Benigno Francesco
Published: April 2019

Ce travail entend proposer une nouvelle réflexion sur les « classes dangereuses », concentrée sur l’étude des origines historiques de lacamorranapolitaine, phénomène de criminalité organisée parmi les plus importants à l’échelle mondiale. Dans la Naples des Bourbons, l’expressioncamorristirenvoie à des sujets sociaux marginaux, des malfaiteurs vivant de l’extorsion exercée dans les bagnes, les tripots et les maisons à femmes. Au cours des turbulents jours de l’unification italienne, on commence à les imaginer comme membres d’une secte légendaire, toute-puissante et influente, lacamorra, une société secrète réglée, avec une hiérarchie, des coutumes et son propre argot, qui s’étendrait à la société tout entière. L’article analyse les raisons de cette transformation, étudiant les sources (essentiellement littéraires) et les dynamiques (essentiellement politiques), montrant ainsi les processus de criminalisation et de folklorisation qui marquent une transformation discursive très importante pour l’imaginaire collectif italienne jusqu’à nos jours.