bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leadership Styles in Participatory Ergonomics Programs: A Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: Schall Mark C. , Michel Jesse S.
Published: February 2021

Workplace participatory ergonomics (PE) programs may foster the prevention of injuries and illnesses as well as promote healthier behaviors and productivity among employees. Facilitating leadership has been identified as a critical component to the implementation of PE programs. Several contemporary leadership styles and theories have been proposed in the Industrial and Organizational (I/O) Psychology literature. A bibliometric mapping analysis was performed to assess the extent to which contemporary leadership styles have been studied in relation to PE programs in the ergonomics and public, environmental, and occupational health literature categories of the Clarivate Analytics Web of Science (WoS). Results indicated that while production in the collective areas of PE programs and leadership has increased significantly in recent decades, the study of contemporary leadership styles and/or theories in PE programs has been limited. The results highlight an opportunity for additional interdisciplinary research that may lead to more effective PE program implementation.
Designing an Occupational Exposure Report for Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting
Authors: Millet Barbara
Published: February 2021

Despite the known carcinogenic hazards encountered by Aircraft Rescue and Firefighting (ARFF) personnel on the job, little is known about what reportable components should be documented from ARFF incidents. Interviews and focus groups were used to investigate ARFF firefighters’ knowledge of and behaviors related to occupational exposures. Two interviews and five focus group sessions were conducted with a total of 52 ARFF firefighters. We describe perceptions of occupational exposure risks among ARFF Firefighters in South Florida and characterize the variables needed for ARFF exposure reporting.
Exercise Equipment Development for Safe Activation of the Medial Deltoid
Authors: Celic Selena , Kim Eunsik , Urbanic Jill
Published: February 2021

The medial deltoid muscle is a small – and often neglected – muscle in comparison to other muscular systems in the immediately surrounding area of the upper body. If there is low or improper focus on the medial deltoid, there is a high risk of muscle imbalances and dysfunctions. Limited equipment exists today for proper training of the medial deltoid muscle; meaning there exists an opportunity to develop equipment which can safely and intuitively activate the medial deltoid muscle. To ensure maximization of the medial deltoid without increasing the activation of the surrounding muscles, the activation measurements of the anterior deltoid, posterior deltoid, and upper trapezius were also verified throughout the experiments with the seven exercises tested. This paper presents the pitfalls of current solutions, research of various studies and experiments, and confirms the activation levels and risks associated with various movement patterns.
The Effects of Keyboard Layout and Size on Smartphone Typing Performance
Authors: Turner Colton J. , Chaparro Barbara S. , Sogaard Inga M. , He Jibo
Published: February 2021

Usability and typing performance on a smartphone with two unique QWERTY keyboard layouts (standard vs. curved) on two phone sizes (4.0-inch vs. 5.5-inch displays) was investigated in this study. The effect of hand posture was also investigated (one- vs. two-thumbs). Results show users typed the slowest when using one thumb with the curved keyboard on the small phone (15 WPM), and the fastest when using two thumbs with the standard keyboard on the large phone (24 WPM). Typing performance with the curved keyboard on the large phone size (19 WPM) did not differ between typing with one thumb using the standard keyboard on the large or small phone, or with two thumbs using the standard keyboard on the small phone. Error rates were higher when using the curved keyboard, regardless of phone size. Subjectively, the curved keyboard was rated inferior for both phone sizes in comparison to the standard layout.
Evaluating the Efficacy of a Mobile, Augmented Reality Pediatric Code Cart Education Application
Authors: Morgan John , Wooldridge Abigail R. , Composto Anthony , Mitchell Ashley , Ramadhani Widya A. , Roychowdhury Jyotika , Hanson Keith , Vazquez-Melendez Elsa , Kendhari Harleena , Shaikh Nadia , Riech Teresa , Mischler Matthew , Krzyzaniak Sara , Barton Ginger , Formella Kyle T. , Abbott Zachary R. , Farmer John N. , Ebert-Allen Rebecca , Croland Trina
Published: February 2021

Pediatric codes are rare events that require fast intervention from medical professionals to resuscitate a child. A pediatric code cart contains all medications and equipment immediately needed to complete a pediatric resuscitation, but not all health care professionals (HCPs) know what is located on the cart and where. A mobile, augmented reality (AR) application was created to improve this knowledge. Ten participants performed a timed search on the cart while wearing Tobii Pro eye tracking glasses before and after exposure to the application. Also, a survey to assess participants’ confidence using the code cart was administered before and after exposure to the application; the post survey also contained usability and satisfaction scales. The results showed that performance and confidence improved after using the application, and that the application usability is acceptable. Our findings suggest the application is useful for improving knowledge and efficiency while working with a pediatric code cart.
Female Voice Agents in Fully Autonomous Vehicles Are Not Only More Likeable and Comfortable, But Also More Competent
Authors: Dong Jiayuan , Lawson Emily , Olsen Jack , Jeon Myounghoon
Published: February 2021

Driving agents can provide an effective solution to improve drivers’ trust in and to manage interactions with autonomous vehicles. Research has focused on voice-agents, while few have explored robot-agents or the comparison between the two. The present study tested two variables - voice gender and agent embodiment, using conversational scripts. Twenty participants experienced autonomous driving using the simulator for four agent conditions and filled out subjective questionnaires for their perception of each agent. Results showed that the participants perceived the voice only female agent as more likeable, more comfortable, and more competent than other conditions. Their final preference ranking also favored this agent over the others. Interestingly, eye-tracking data showed that embodied agents did not add more visual distractions than the voice only agents. The results are discussed with the traditional gender stereotype, uncanny valley, and participants’ gender. This study can contribute to the design of in-vehicle agents in the autonomous vehicles and future studies are planned to further identify the underlying mechanisms of user perception on different agents.
Designing 360 Video for Immersive Journalism
Authors: Davis Deborah Pang , Millet Barbara
Published: February 2021

Journalism has seen tremendous change and 360-degree video, a form of virtual reality (VR), continues to present new ways for audiences to experience and engage with stories. Many journalists see 360° video as the future of storytelling. This literature review was conducted to guide UX practitioners and journalism professionals to practical information in an effort to understand the design challenges of VR and 360° video in journalism and identify opportunities to improve the user experience.
Do You Need to Travel? Mapping Face-to-Face Communication Objectives to Technology Affordances
Authors: Dianiska Rachel E. , Peasley Charles J. , Wilson Nicholas , Barnett Neil , Hammel Leilani , Purdy Ben , Wu Peggy , Shirtcliff Elizabeth , Oliver James H. , Gilbert Stephen B.
Published: February 2021

Computer-mediated communications (CMC) can be used as a substitute for face-to-face (FtF) meetings but their effectiveness is highly context dependent. This paper describes a theoretical framework and initial experimental design for characterizing a travel replacement threshold. This effort begins with a use case of remote engineering maintenance training, conducted in three conditions: side-by-side (physically proximate), teleconference (using off-the-shelf software), and a custom VR/AR system designed to provide the apprentice with a virtual view of both the instructor’s larger scale lab and smaller scale workbench. The research hypotheses, experimental protocol, and dependent measures are described. The task involves an instructor demonstrating a circuit board troubleshooting task to a remote apprentice. The apprentice then completes the trained task independently, and performance and subject preferences are compared across conditions. The details of this paper, the result of extensive literature review and winnowing of variables, may assist researchers exploring CMC, training, or social communication.
The Effect of Feedback Type on Perception of Performance
Authors: Walton Jamiahus , Gilbert Stephen
Published: February 2021

In an increasingly connected world, it’s essential to have efficient teams. Training is a common method used to maintain or improve team performance. However, implementing high quality team training can be costly and require a significant amount of time and effort. An Intelligent Tutoring System (ITS) designed for a team, or an Intelligent Team Tutoring System (ITTS), can provide a solution that would reduce the cost, time, and effort required to implement high quality training. Few studies have examined the influence that feedback delivered by an ITTS has on an individual’s perception of their performance and their team’s performance. This within-subjects study, in which 117 participants (39 teams) completed a virtual shopping mall task, addresses this gap. Results indicate that user interface (UI) designers should display either Individual feedback or Team feedback, not both, to give users a correct perception of their performance and their team’s performance.
Asymmetric Load Carriage at Shoulder Height affects Temporal Gait Characteristics among Food Service Workers
Authors: Espino Christopher , Faustino Robin , Franco Tiffany , Galvan Angel Reign , Gothong Matthew , Khaleq Ennis , Occhino Cody , Soangra Rahul
Published: February 2021

Slips and falls are common injuries among restaurant and food service workers. It is estimated that food service workers have 60% higher rate of occupational injury or illness than workers in other industry. This study investigates effects of asymmetric load carriage at shoulder level on gait characteristics. Each participant walked with a service tray held at shoulder height. Each participant’s gait was analyzed under 3 different load walking conditions, no load walking (NLW), intermediate load walking (ILW) (2.5% BW), and maximum load walking (MLW) (5% BW). We found that participants walked significantly slower with gait cycle time 1.125s versus 1.150 s in MLW compared to NLW(p<0.05). We also found that single limb stance time reduced significantly from 0.706s during NLW to 0.694s during MLW and swing time reduced significantly from 0.89s to 0.86s. This study will help design interventions for falls due to load carriage among food service workers.
Investigating Two Variables in a Manual Dexterity Test to Provide Suggestions for Workers in General Industries
Authors: Yao Shun , Zhao Shengping
Published: February 2021

Manual dexterity is an important ability for industries involving lots of handworks, including medical treatment and some manufacturing. To fully evaluate manual dexterity to provide more suggestions for workers in those industries, eight three subjects were recruited to do a lab test on manual dexterity using a typical instrument produced by a Chinese company. Two variables of the test were measured, namely “the total time of completing the manual dexterity test” and “the total counts of dropping pins unintentionally”. A simple linear regression was then performed between those two variables. Results show that a statistically significant positive correlation exists (the value of R2 equals 0.57, which is larger than the critical value 0.217). By dividing the results into four zones, differences between those zones as well as the importance of both physical ability (competence) and psychological factors (a good mentality) were discussed.
Process Risks in Perioperative Medication Delivery
Authors: Coppola Sarah M. , Osei Patience , Gurses Ayse P. , Alfred Myrtede , Neyans David M. , Catchpole Ken R. , Joseph Anjali , Tobin Catherine D. , Biro Joshua M. , Rucks Maya , Abernathy James H.
Published: February 2021

One anesthesia provider is often responsible for prescribing, formulating, dispensing, administering, and documenting medications in the operating room. Unlike other hospital units, there are few safety interventions. Systems engineering approaches can provide important insights into improving patient safety during medication delivery processes (Kaplan et al., 2013; Reid et al., 2005). This study observed anesthesia medication delivery during 20 anesthetic cases in the OR and interviewed 10 anesthesia providers in a large midatlantic academic hospital using a Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) framework to identify process risk in perioperative medication delivery (Holden et al., 2013). Anesthesia attendings, fellows, residents, and certified resident nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) were sampled based on who was in the OR during observations and who volunteered for interviews. Interviews were transcribed and coded through a consensus procedure. The medication delivery process was described using a SEIPS-based process map. Tasks were separated based on the anesthesia phase, though the tasks and phases are not linear; e.g: a provider may prepare for the next case during the maintenance phase.
Personality assessment as a measure of nonhuman mental capacities: A study in anthropomorphism
Authors: Sobel Briana M. , Sims Valerie K.
Published: February 2021

Humans often attribute a humanlike mind to a nonhuman to better understand its behavior in a process known as anthropomorphism. This paper seeks to use personality assessment as a measure of perceived humanlike mental capacities of computers. The relationship was further examined by comparing to assessments of a living counterpart, in this case pets. Participants were given a Big Five Personality inventory and asked to rate each item’s suitability to describe a person, a computer, or a pet. Results indicate that computers are seen for their intellectual similarity to humans while pets have a social and emotional similarity to humans. This research shows that measures of human mental characteristics, such as personality, can also be used to describe nonhumans. Researchers can now better understand the relationship between humans and the various nonhumans in their lives and use this to design more effective interactions.
Comparing Two Decision Support Modes Using the Cognitive Shadow Online Policy-Capturing System
Authors: Labonté Katherine , Lafond Daniel , Hunter Aren , Neyedli Heather F. , Tremblay Sébastien
Published: February 2021

The Cognitive Shadow is a prototype tool intended to support decision making by autonomously modeling human operators’ response pattern and providing online notifications to the operators about the decision they are expected to make in new situations. Since the system can be configured either in a reactive “shadowing” or a proactive “recommendation” mode, this study aimed to determine its most effective mode in terms of human and model accuracy, workload, and trust. Subjects participated in an aircraft threat evaluation simulation without decision support or while using either mode of the Cognitive Shadow. Whereas the recommendation mode had no advantage over the control condition, the shadowing mode led to higher human and model accuracy. These benefits were maintained even when the tool was unexpectedly removed. Neither mode influenced workload, and the initial lower trust rating in the shadowing mode faded quickly, making it the best overall configuration for the cognitive assistant.
Adaptation of Heuristic Evaluations for the Physical Environment
Authors: Shanklin Roslyn , Kortum Philip , Acemyan Claudia Ziegler
Published: February 2021

Previous work has investigated the need for domain specific heuristics. Nielsen’s ten heuristics offer a general list of principles, but those principles may not capture usability issues specific to a given interface. Studies have demonstrated methods to establish a domain specific heuristic set, but very little research has been conducted on interfaces in the physical environment, creating a gap in the state-of-the-art. The research described in this paper aims to address this gap by developing an environmental heuristic set; the heuristic set was developed specifically for the Houston light rail system, METRORail. Following development, the heuristic set was validated against Nielsen’s more general heuristics through several field studies. Results highlighted that there were significantly more usability issues identified when using the environment-based heuristics than the general heuristics. This suggests that domain specific heuristics provide a framework that allows evaluators to capture usability issues particular to the interface of the physical environment.
Nursing’s Role in Translating Safe Communication Practices to Clinical Trial Management
Authors: Johnson Elizabeth A. , Carrington Jane M. , Rainbow Jessica
Published: February 2021

There is great emphasis on safety-related communication best practices in healthcare. However, little is known about safety-related communication within clinical trial management. Clinical trial participants are at greater risk for adverse events, injury, and trial withdrawal when seeking care outside of the trial when external providers are not aware of protocol constraints with care management. Nurses are traditionally the first providers to gather or denote importance on pertinent information when a participant seeks care. The World Health Organization (WHO) 2014 Minimum Information Model for Patient Safety and the SACCIA Safe Communication framework support identification of communication errors that place participants at risk. Implementation of these frameworks by providers can promote accuracy, clarity, context, and actionable decision-making that is in alignment to protocol mandated requirements for care. This paper reviews participant-nurse communication and provides recommendations for effective communication with clinical trial participants who seek care external to the trial.
Immersive Learning Environments at Scale: Constraints and Opportunities
Authors: Siegle Robert F. , Roscoe Rod D. , Schroeder Noah L. , Craig Scotty D.
Published: February 2021

The expansion of online education into massive open online courses (MOOCs) and equipment have created a unique opportunity for delivering immersive learning experiences at scale. However, although the inclusivity of the MOOC ecosystem can be commended, many online courses lack key benefits associated with traditional classroom environments: immersive, engaging, and team-driven learning opportunities. Immersive learning environments (ILEs) address these educational gaps but has not been able to operate at the broad scale that MOOCs offer. Importantly, ILEs address opportunities missing from MOOC systems, they add unique learning opportunities that would also be missing in a traditional classroom. The inclusion of this virtual reality technology is pivotal topic for educational research. This theoretical paper will briefly define immersive learning environments and the potential benefits of incorporating immersive learning environments into scalable educational systems. We will also consider developers constraints on creating these online ecosystem and suggested strategies for overcoming them.
Use of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health to Measure Public Transportation Barriers among Older Adults
Authors: Schuler Patrik T. , D’Souza Clive
Published: February 2021

The International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) is a universal framework used to classify human functioning in clinical and rehabilitative domains. The objective of this study was to examine the utility of the ICF as a framework to categorize and measure barriers to public transportation reported by older adults. ICF coding techniques were applied to sixty paratransit applications for analyzing user-reported barriers to public transportation. Paratransit users were divided into groups based on age (young old vs. oldest old) and ambulatory level (non- vs. ambulatory). Analysis identified 119 instances of user- reported environmental barriers ranging from technology requirements to system/service-based factors, though the prevalence of different barriers differed across groups. Overall, the methodology appears promising. Understanding the complex relationships between functioning and different transportation barriers experienced by specific sub-populations could help identify unmet transportation needs, generate precise research questions, and support the development of inclusive transportation technologies and systems.
Augmented Reality Procedure Assistance System for Operator Training and Simulation
Authors: Hayden Eugene , Wang Kang , Wu Chengjie , Cao Shi
Published: February 2021

This study explores the design, implementation, and evaluation of an Augmented Reality (AR) prototype that assists novice operators in performing procedural tasks in simulator environments. The prototype uses an optical see-through head-mounted display (OST HMD) in conjunction with a simulator display to supplement sequences of interactive visual and attention-guiding cues to the operator’s field of view. We used a 2x2 within-subject design to test two conditions: with/without AR-cues, each condition had a voice assistant and two procedural tasks (preflight and landing). An experiment examined twenty-six novice operators. The results demonstrated that augmented reality had benefits in terms of improved situation awareness and accuracy, however, it yielded longer task completion time by creating a speed-accuracy trade-off effect in favour of accuracy. No significant effect on mental workload is found. The results suggest that augmented reality systems have the potential to be used by a wider audience of operators.
Predictive Analytics for Chair Asset Management
Authors: Heller- Ono Alison
Published: February 2021

Once an ergonomic office chair is purchased in the workplace, it usually remains in circulation far beyond its acceptable life cycle and warranty. Older chairs present ergonomic and safety risks exposing employees to unnecessary musculoskeletal stress and strain resulting in injury exposure claims for the employer. This paper introduces a chair assessment methodology using predictive analytics to evaluate the quality and competency of an office ergonomic chair over time. Rather than relying solely on an employee’s subjective, biased opinion of chair quality or waiting for absolute failure; instead an objective, measurable rating scale is used to determine chair status. The Chair Assessment (software) System (CAS) provides an overall score indicating whether the chair should remain in use, be repaired or removed from circulation in a timely manner so it can be replaced. The Chair Assessment System is part of a furniture asset management system focused specifically on chair use-life cycle.
Effects of Auditory Cueing on Cadence and Gait Pattern
Authors: Carballo Andrei , Chang Matthew , Hirmiz Brian , Lambright Nicolette , Lee Vivian , Lewis Marla , Nguyen Martin , Gothong Matthew , Soangra Rahul
Published: February 2021

A large portion of the population participate in gait rehabilitation, especially those with conditions such as increased fall risk such as stroke, or Parkinson’s Disease. Some studies have shown that auditory cues help improve gait and reduce fall risk, but relationship with gait patterns is missing. In this study, eight participants walked at their preferred cadence and at increased and reduced cadence by 20%. We found that step length and step width were not significantly different in all walking conditions. Decreased cadence resulted in an increase of swing time, stance time, stride time, and stance to swing ratio, and a decrease in stride length. Increased cadence resulted in a decrease in stance time, stride time, swing time, and stance to swing ratio, and an increase in stride length. The results suggest there is a strong correlation between auditory cues and gait patterns that can improve rehabilitative processes in the future.
Virtual Reality: History, Applications, and Challenges for Human Factors Research
Authors: Lum Heather C. , Elliott Lisa Jo , Aqlan Faisal , Zhao Richard
Published: February 2021

Research into the viability of virtual reality (VR) systems goes back nearly five decades. Even so, Human Factors researchers utilizing this type of technology are by most estimates still relatively rare in the field. The following paper focuses on how virtual reality technology is evolving into a viable tool during the research process. A brief background followed by an overview of the major terminology relating to VR is followed by human factors related applications for use. The paper concludes by discussing how VR can be used in education and specific research being conducted to examine metacognitive skills for engineering students.
Investigating drivers’ trust in autonomous vehicles’ decisions of lane changing events
Authors: Ayoub Jackie , Zhou Feng
Published: February 2021

It is potential to improve the interaction between autonomous vehicles (AVs) and drivers by calibrating drivers’ trust in AVs. In this study, we investigated drivers’ trust in AVs’ decisions of changing lanes on a six-lane highway. We derived the AV lane changing scenarios using a machine learning model. The scenarios were rated by 250 participants recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turks (AMTs) in a survey study. The study was designed as a mixed-subject design where the between-subject variable was the amount of information presented (i.e., 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 pieces of information) and the within-subject variable was the information display format (i.e., tabular or visual forms). The results showed that 1) mental demand was always lower in the visual display compared to the tabular one, 2) trust and risk seemed to be inversely proportional across conditions, and 3) 4, 5, or 6 pieces of information tended to be preferred better than others. These results provide design implications on calibrating trust in AV systems by involving the driver in the decision-making process.
Engineering Approach to Unintentional Firearm Discharges
Authors: Stone Richard , Mgaedeh Fatima , Fales Colten , Xu Cong , Backous Gary
Published: February 2021

Unintentional discharges (UDs) of a firearm had been a common phenomenon among law enforcement, increasing the number of injured police, and sometimes it’s fatal. The objective of the current study is to evaluate the trigger finger shelf device proposed by Sheepdog Knife and gun ergonomically and individual preferences. A total of 16 participants from the local Sheriff department participated in this study. The participants were run in pairs through a series of shooting drills testing a series of 8 weapons, including an AR-15, Remington 870, Glock 17, 1911 varying in distance, and several targets using an EMG and video recording to track their performance. Results showed that the use of the trigger shelf did not negatively impact the accuracy and performance of the participants. Also, the trigger shelf assists significantly in decreasing muscle activity. These findings prove that the existence of the trigger shelf does not affect the user’s performance, aiding users ergonomically, and it is a potential future design to help reduce the unintentional discharges.
Exploring User Information Needs in Online Pet Adoption Profiles
Authors: Becerra Zoe M. , Parmar Sweta , May Keenan , Stuck Rachel E.
Published: February 2021

With the increase of online shopping, animal shelters can use websites to allow potential adopters to view adoptable animals and increase the number of adoptions. However, little research has evaluated the information needs of this user group. This study conducted a user needs analysis to determine the types of information potential adopters want when searching for a new pet, specifically a cat or dog. Twenty-six participants ranked different behavioral and physical characteristics based on the level of importance and identified their top five overall characteristics. In general, cat adopters ranked the cat’s personality and behavior to be very important and dog adopters found physical characteristics highly important. This study shows the importance of understanding potential adopters’ needs to provide relevant and valued information on online pet adoption profiles. The recommendations and insights can be used to develop pet profiles that meet adopters’ needs and help adopters find the right pet.
Some Characteristics of Mental Models of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems: A Semi-structured Interviews Approach
Authors: Nees Michael A. , Sharma Nithya , Herwig Karli
Published: February 2021

People construct mental models—internal cognitive representations—when they interact with dynamic systems. The introduction of automation in vehicles has raised concerns about potential negative consequences of inaccurate mental models, yet characteristics of mental models remain difficult to identify. A descriptive study used semi-structured interviews to explore mental models of advanced driver assistance systems (adaptive cruise control, lane keeping assist, and Level 2 systems). Results exposed shortcomings in drivers’ understandings of the hardware, software, and limitations of these systems and also suggested that mental models will affect behavior while using automation. Further, we found that mental models can be influenced by interface feedback (or lack thereof) and limitations experienced. Some drivers attributed purposeful design to aspects of the systems that likely were chosen idiosyncratically or arbitrarily. Our findings offered potentially useful avenues for future research on mental models of automation and corroborated concerns that inaccurate mental models may be common.
Differentiated Instruction further Realized through Teacher-Agent Teaming
Authors: Musick Geoff , Maloney Divine , Flathmann Chris , McNeese Nathan J. , Walton Jamiahus
Published: February 2021

Teacher-agent teams have the potential to increase instructional effectiveness in diverse classrooms. The agent can be trained on previous student assessment data to create a model for assessing student performance and provide instructional recommendations. We propose a conceptual model that outlines how assessment agents can be trained for and used in classrooms to create effective teacher-agent teams. Furthermore, we show how teacher-agent teams can assist in the implementation of differentiated instruction, a strategy which allows teachers to effectively instruct students of diverse backgrounds and understandings. Differentiated instruction is further realized by having an assessment agent focus on grading student work, providing feedback to students, categorizing students, and giving recommendations for instruction so that teachers can focus on providing individualized or small group instruction to diverse learners. This model maximizes the strengths of teachers, while minimizing the tedious tasks that teachers routinely perform.
Where Two Ends Meet: Operator and Stakeholder Perceptions of Procedures
Authors: Mendoza Anjelica M. , Liu Sin-Ning C. , Dumlao Stefan V. , Hendricks Joseph W. , Son Changwon , Sasangohar Farzan , Peres S. Camille
Published: February 2021

The differences between ‘work as imagined’ (WAI) and ‘work as done’ (WAD) reflect theoretically pervasive and well-known barriers to the examination of human performance at work. Due to the dynamic and situational nature of work, the idealized performance reflected in procedures is not always done as prescribed. The identification and examination of this gap and the nature of these deviations are imperative for high-risk industries. The present study used conventional content analysis to compare stakeholders’ performance expectations to the realities of operator performance through interviews collected at a high-risk petrochemical producer. Direct comparisons of stakeholder and operator perspectives revealed divergent expectations of how procedures are used, when they’re most useful, and reasons why operators don’t utilize the procedure amendment process. These differences could be resolved through increased collaboration between stakeholders and operators. Future research should consider collaboration interventions to bridge the gap between WAI and WAD.
Impact of Perceived Agent Expertise on Trust in Computer Agent Recommendations
Authors: Sharp William H , Sebrechts Marc M.
Published: February 2021

Computer agents are frequently anthropomorphized, giving them appearances and responses similar to humans. Research has demonstrated that users tend to apply social norms and expectations to such computer agents, and that people interact with computer agents in a similar fashion as they would another human. Perceived expertise has been shown to affect trust in human-human relationships, but the literature investigating how this influences trust in computer agents is limited. The current study investigated the effect of computer agent perceived level of expertise and recommendation reliability on subjective (rated) and objective (compliance) trust during a pattern recognition task. Reliability of agent recommendations had a strong effect on both subjective and objective trust. Expert agents started with higher subjective trust, but showed less trust repair. Agent expertise had little impact on objective trust resiliency or repair.
The accuracy of interrater reliability estimates found using a subset of the total data sample: A bootstrap analysis
Authors: Armstrong Miriam E. , Tornblad McKenna K. , Jones Keith S.
Published: February 2021

Interrater reliability (IRR) assesses the stability of a coding protocol over time and across coders. For practical reasons, it is often difficult to assess IRR for an entire dataset, so researchers sometimes calculate the IRR for a subset of the total data sample. The purpose of this study is to investigate the accuracy of such subset IRRs. Using bootstrapping, we determined the effects of sample size (10%, 25%, & 40% of the total dataset) and IRR measure type (percent agreement, Krippendorff’s alpha, & the G Index) on the bias and percent error of subset IRRs. Results support the use of calculating IRR from subsets of the total data sample, though we discuss how the accuracy of subset IRR values may depend on aspects of the dataset such as total sample size and coding methodology.
Cross-Cultural Difference in Product Preference in Consumer Review-Based Text Mining Methods: a Case Study on Smart Band
Authors: Wang Cai , Hwan Yun Myung
Published: February 2021

The aim of this study is to compare the cross-cultural differences in product preference among users from different countries, taking Mi band 3 as a case study. With the development of global market, more and more products and services are sold across the globe. Users from different cultures have different behaviors, cognitive styles, and value systems. Therefore, product should be designed to meet the needs and preferences of users from different cultural groups. Compared to traditional research method such as survey questionnaire or interview that requires variety of foreigners as participants, text mining methods from online reviews save much more cost and time. We collected review data from the following three websites: Naver of South Korea, Jingdong of China, and Amazon of the United States. Text mining methods including opinion mining, sentiment analysis, and semantic network analysis were performed. Firstly, product aspects were extracted from reviews according to word frequency. This indicates how much users are paying attention to different aspects of the product. Fine-grained sentiment analysis was conducted to find out customer satisfaction with different product aspects. Then, the words most associated with each product aspect were listed. Cluster analysis was conducted and the topic of each cluster was summarized. Lastly, cross-cultural difference among three countries from the results was observed and discussed. Though there exist similar issues in product preferences among South Korea, China, and the United States, cross-cultural differences about Mi band 3 are shown in many product aspects. The outcome can suggest implications for making strategies in product internationalization and product localization for the global marketing of smart band.
Interdisciplinary Human Factors Curricula for Individualized, Independent Study
Authors: Rantanen Esa M. , Khammash Hamza , Hall James C.
Published: February 2021

Education and career development of new generations of human factors professionals has rightly been a central concern the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society for many decades. There have been periodic surveys to track the changing employer expectations for new professionals, and there have been several panel discussion at the HFES Annual Meetings to address various issues in education of future professionals. There have been significant changes in academia, where many traditional disciplinary programs are declining and new interdisciplinary programs are emerging. These trends may present novel opportunities for education of the future human factors workforce. In this project we surveyed all courses in a university course catalog to identify courses that offer training, to varying degrees, in the Core Competencies as defined by the Board of Certification in Professional Ergonomics. These courses could form a basis for interdisciplinary programs in human factors without being confined in any particular department or existing program.
Assessing the Development of Operator Trust in Automation: A Longitudinal Study of an Autonomous Campus Shuttle
Authors: Fowler Margaret , Sasangohar Farzan , Brydia Bob
Published: February 2021

A large public tier-1 university hosted an autonomous vehicle on campus for a 12-week demonstration. Throughout the deployment, the vehicle was operated autonomously and used 5 safety operators from the student population to take over shuttle operations, as necessary. Daily and weekly surveys as well as pre-and post-study interviews were used to investigate how operators’ trust developed and changed over time as well as the relationship between trust and operational issues that varied in severity. Results revealed that there was not a significant relationship between trust and severity of operational issues. Trust levels appeared to remain relatively consistent before, during and after the deployment.
A Brief Review of Frequently Used Self-Report Measures of Trust in Automation
Authors: Kohn Spencer C. , Kluck Molly , Shaw Tyler
Published: February 2021

With the growing popularity of trust in automation research, there is a strong need for a review of which methods are used to measure trust in automation. This review catalogues the self-report methods commonly used to measure trust in automation, via publications found in the PsychINFO and ACM databases. The frequency of commonly deployed self-report scales are reported and the state of self-report measurement of trust in automation is discussed in brief.
Ergonomic Assessment of Low Back Loading Pattern During Occupational Lifting Task in a Lower Limb Amputee: Minimizing Injury Risk.
Authors: Jayaraman Chandrasekaran , Mummidisetty Chaithanya K. , Hoppe-Ludwig Shenan , McGuire Matthew , Jayaraman Arun
Published: February 2021

While the relationship between occupational task intensity and repetitive overuse injuries have been well studied and prescription/guidelines to assess and minimize risk of such injuries well established in the general healthy population, these aspects are not well understood in individuals with disabilities. In this practice-oriented paper, we use high a resolution sensor-data driven methodology to track muscle activation patterns and joint kinematics during a common lifting task in a unilateral lower limb amputee to gain a better understanding of the risk of injury during non-optimal lifting postures. The observed data from high resolution sensors are used to recommend optimized prosthetic device tuning. Further the participant specific low back compression loads calculated using Hand-Calculation Back Compressive Force estimation model (HCBCF) and the University of Michigan 3D Static Strength Prediction Program (3DSSPP™) model is used to identify the safe zones of joint loading during the lifting task.
Driver stopping behavior at stop-controlled intersections with sightline limitations
Authors: Kolarik Branden S. , Phillips Kyra B. , Zimmermann Jacqueline F. , Krauss David A.
Published: February 2021

Though drivers approaching a stop-sign-controlled intersection are legally required to stop at the limit line if one is present, it is well established that many drivers fail to do so. At many intersections, stopping at the limit line does not afford drivers a full view of approaching traffic, so drivers must travel past the limit line to overcome sightline obstructions including vegetation, buildings, or parked vehicles. In the present observational study, typical driver stopping/slowing behavior was studied via a camera placed at three stop-sign-controlled T-intersections. The presence of buildings at the corner of two intersections, obstructing drivers’ sightlines, explained variation in stopping behaviors across intersections. While drivers were more likely to stop at these two intersections, they reached a minimum speed further past the limit line. The findings support overcoming sight restrictions as one possible reason for the commonly observed behavior of drivers slowing or stopping beyond the limit line.
Examining Enhanced Learning Diagnostics in Virtual Reality Flight Trainers
Authors: McGowin Gregory , Xi Zerong , Newton Olivia B. , Sukthankar Gita , Fiore Stephen M. , Oden Kevin
Published: February 2021

As the complexity of aircraft cockpit operations increases, training effectiveness must be improved, and learning accelerated. Virtual reality (VR) training is increasingly offered as a method for improving training efficacy given its ability to provide a rich sensory experience during learning. This paper describes a study examining how training efficacy can be improved by improving learning diagnostics. We study how varying forms of knowledge assessment are related to different types of task knowledge and task performance in a VR flight simulator. The data suggest that participants who demonstrated higher training comprehension, measured via diagnostic test questions, on conceptual (and to a lesser effect) declarative knowledge, also demonstrated superior knowledge transfer in the VR flight simulator. Findings are discussed in the context of improving cognitively diagnostic assessments that are better able to predict task performance and inform individually tailored training remediation.
Exploring the Encoding Specificity Principle and Context-Dependent Recognition in Virtual Reality
Authors: Parker Jason A. , Kaplan Alexandra D. , Volante William G. , Abich Julian , Sims Valerie K.
Published: February 2021

A virtual reality (VR) training system’s effectiveness is determined by how well the knowledge-and skills-gained in the virtual environment transfers to real-world performance. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of virtual reality training by comparing semantic memorization in congruent (e.g., memorization task in VR and recognition task in VR) versus incongruent environments (e.g., memorization task in VR and recognition task in the real word). In the present study, we semi replicated Godden and Baddeley’s 1980 study on context-dependent recognition memory by using a photorealistic virtual reality environment in place of the underwater, scuba environment. Results revealed participants that learned semantic information in the virtual environment performed highly on the memory recognition task in the material, real-world environment (and vice versa). These findings replicate and extend Godden and Baddeley’s original results and provide evidence for the use of VR training to support semantic-based knowledge transfer.
Look, Ma, no hands! A preliminary study of educational interventions aimed at setting realistic expectations of semi-autonomous vehicle technology
Authors: Amre Shruti M. , Steelman Kelly S.
Published: February 2021

Advanced driver-assist features are becoming fairly ubiquitous as more cars are equipped with features like autosteer and lane assist. While these features are primarily developed to promote driver safety, there are reports that drivers are not maintaining adequate supervisory control when the features are engaged. Vehicle technology branding, misinformation provided by dealership sales representatives, and even internet memes may be responsible for creating unrealistic expectations about the driver’s role when driving a semi-autonomous vehicle. In this experiment, we presented participants with a description of a fictitious semi-autonomous vehicle based off the Tesla Model 3 and one of two educational pieces based upon either the SAE levels of automation or an excerpt from an owner manual. We present the findings and discuss the implications for the development of educational interventions aimed at calibrating driver expectations about semi-autonomous vehicle technology and the role of the driver when using advanced driver-assist features.
For Whom the Tale’s Told: Towards a Multidimensional Model of Targeted Narrative Persuasion in Information Operations
Authors: Song Jihye , Fiore Stephen M.
Published: February 2021

The modern information environment provides an opportunity for cognitive engineering to inform the study of information operations, which involve strategic, often politically-motivated actions to manipulate a targeted audience. In this paper we integrate interdisciplinary theoretical concepts to provide a foundation for a model of persuasion in information operations. We identify sensemaking and framing as key processes and connect these to narrative and identity theories to illustrate how they can inform the study of the individual and the collective in modern sociotechnical systems. From this, we propose a model of narrative persuasion to guide research on social media information operations. Through this, we offer a set of research guidelines to demonstrate how this can serve as a foundation for empirical work blending quantitative and qualitative methods. In this way, we show how cognitive and computational sciences can be blended in support of fundamental and applied research in information operations.
Driver Response Times to Side Road Path Intrusions from SHRP-2 Naturalistic Database
Authors: Dinakar Swaroop , Muttart Jeffrey , Suway Jeffrey , Forensics J.S. , Marr Jim , Edewaard Darlene , Enes Alexander
Published: February 2021

In an age where all major manufacturers are trying to get a better understanding of when an emergency response should be triggered, it becomes imperative to learn how humans respond to emergency events. If one can understand driver behavior, systems can be designed around the user to either assist drivers where they fail to perform well or completely eliminate them from the accident avoidance maneuver. In this study, 169 crash and near crash events from the SHRP2 dataset were analyzed. The response behavior of drivers was measured in events where the through drivers’ path was intruded upon by another vehicle perpendicular to its path. Overall, drivers responded significantly faster when the other vehicle failed to stop, and at intersection locations.