bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The association between breast density and breast cancer pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Authors: Cullinane C. , Brien A. O. , Shrestha A. , Hanlon E. O. , Walshe J. , Geraghty J. , Evoy D. , McCartan D. , McDermott E. , Prichard R.
Published: May 2022

Purpose

Mammographic Density (MD) refers to the amount of fibroglandular breast tissue present in the breast and is an established risk factor for developing breast cancer. The ability to evaluate treatment response dynamically renders neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) the preferred treatment option in many clinical scenarios. Previous studies have suggested that MD can predict patients likely to achieve a pathological complete response (pCR) to NACT. We aimed to determine whether there is a causal relationship between BI-RADS breast composition categories for breast density at diagnosis and the pCR rate and residual cancer burden score (RCB) by performing a retrospective review on consecutive breast cancer patients who received NACT in a tertiary referral centre from 2015 to 2021.

Methods

The Mann–Whitney U Test was used to test for differences between two independent groups (i.e. those who achieved pCR and those who did not). A binary logistic regression model was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for an association between the independent variables of molecular subtype, MD, histological grade and FNA positivity and the dependant variable of pCR. Statistical analysis was conducted with SPSS (IBM SPSS for Mac, Version 26.0; IBM Corp).

Results

292 patients were included in the current study. There were 124, 155 and 13 patients in the BI-RADS MD category b, c and d, respectively. There were no patients in the BI-RADS MD category a. The patients with less dense breast composition (MD category b) were significantly older than patients with denser breast composition (MD category c, d) (p = 0.001) and patients who had a denser breast composition (MD category d) were more likely to have ER+ tumours. There was no significant difference in PgR status, HER2 status, pathological complete response (pCR), FNA positivity, or RCB class dependent upon the three MD categories. A binary logistic regression revealed that patients with HER2-enriched breast cancer and triple-negative breast cancer are more likely to achieve pCR with an OR of 3.630 (95% CI 1.360–9.691, p = 0.010) and 2.445 (95% CI 1.131–5.288, p = 0.023), respectively.

Conclusion

Whilst dense MD was associated with ER positivity and these women were less likely to achieve a pCR, MD did not appear to independently predict pCR post-NACT.
Longitudinal CMR assessment of cardiac global longitudinal strain and hemodynamic forces in a mouse model of heart failure
Authors: Daal Mariah R. R. , Strijkers Gustav J. , Hautemann David J. , Nederveen Aart J. , Wüst Rob C. I. , Coolen Bram F.
Published: May 2022

To longitudinally assess left ventricle (LV) global longitudinal strain (GLS) and hemodynamic forces during the early stages of cardiac dysfunction in a mouse model of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Cardiac MRI measurements were performed in control mice (n = 6), and db/db mice (n = 7), whereby animals were scanned four times between the age of 11–15 weeks. After the first scan, the db/db animals received a doxycycline intervention to accelerate progression of HFpEF. Systolic function was evaluated based on a series of prospectively ECG-triggered short-axis CINE images acquired from base to apex. Cardiac GLS and hemodynamic forces values were evaluated based on high frame rate retrospectively gated 2-, 3-, and 4-chamber long-axis CINE images. Ejection fraction (EF) was not different between control and db/db animals, despite that cardiac output, as well as end systolic and end diastolic volume were significantly higher in control animals. Whereas GLS parameters were not significantly different between groups, hemodynamic force root mean square (RMS) values, as well as average hemodynamic forces and the ratio between hemodynamic forces in the inferolateral-anteroseptal and apical–basal direction were lower in db/db mice compared to controls. More importantly, hemodynamic forces parameters showed a significant interaction effect between time and group. Our results indicated that hemodynamic forces parameters were the only functional outcome measure that showed distinct temporal differences between groups. As such, changes in hemodynamic forces reflect early alterations in cardiac function which can be of added value in (pre)clinical research on HFpEF.
Diving and feeding of adult Atlantic salmon when migrating through the coastal zone in Norway
Authors: Hedger R. D. , Kjellman M. , Thorstad E. B. , Strøm J. F. , Rikardsen A. H.
Published: May 2022

Atlantic salmon post-spawners from a population in northern Norway were tagged with data storage tags (N = 773), and the depth use and diving behaviour of recaptured individuals within the coastal zone were examined, both on their outward migration to sea (N = 44) and their return to the natal river after overwintering at sea (N = 34). In addition, the stomach contents of 909 returning adults caught in the fjord were examined to determine the extent to which, how recently and on what species they had fed. The tagged individuals migrated through surface waters and performed aperiodic dives, regardless of whether they were leaving the fjord as post-spawners (kelts) or returning after a winter or more at sea. However, diving behaviour differed between the fjord and outer coast. During both outward and return migration, dives when fish were likely in the fjord were shallower than on the outer coast. Deep dives of longer duration were more frequent on the outer coast than in the fjord. The stomach content analysis of salmon captured in the fjord did not show strong evidence of recent feeding: 58% of the salmon had empty stomachs, and most stomach contents were highly digested fish (mainly herring, but some capelin and unidentifiable species). We conclude that the inferred diving behaviour in the coastal zone, both on outward migration to sea and on return to the natal river, did not provide sufficient evidence of foraging within the water column, and hypothesize that diving in search for navigation cues is a more likely explanation.
2-year outcomes of phased radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation with the second-generation PVAC Gold ablation catheter
Authors: Klaver M. N. , Wintgens L. I. S. , Wijffels M. C. E. F. , van Dijk V. F. , Alipour A. , Chaldoupi S. M. , Derksen R. , Peper J. , Balt J. C. , Boersma L. V. A.
Published: May 2022

Purpose

The second-generation multi-electrode catheter, PVAC Gold, was designed to improve the safe delivery of phased radiofrequency energy using a “single shot” approach for pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), while retaining efficacy. This large registry presents long-term performance in a daily practice setting.

Methods

A total of 1011 patients undergoing first time ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF) using PVAC Gold were included, 639 patients with PVI for paroxysmal AF (PAF PVI) and 372 patients with persistent or long-standing persistent AF, divided into 175 patients receiving PVI only (PersAF PVI) and 197 patients receiving PVI with additional substrate ablation (PersAF PVI +).

Results

At 24-month follow-up, single procedure freedom from atrial tachyarrhythmia (ATA) was 58% (368/639) in the PAF PVI group, 44% (77/175) in the PersAF PVI group, and 29% (57/197) in the PersAF PVI + group. Allowing one repeat procedure in 33% of patients, 76%, 65%, and 54% were free from ATA at 24 months, respectively. Pulmonary vein reconnection was observed in 98% of patients with recurrent arrhythmia after PVI.

Conclusions

Although phased RF ablation with PVAC Gold is quick and safe, the efficacy outcomes are modest compared to current mainstream ablation strategies.
A Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Approximating the Stationary Distribution of Stochastic Fluid-Fluid Processes
Authors: Bean Nigel , Lewis Angus , Nguyen Giang T. , O’Reilly Małgorzata M. , Sunkara Vikram
Published: May 2022

The stochastic fluid-fluid model (SFFM) is a Markov process $$\{(X_t,Y_t,\varphi _t),t\ge 0\}$$

{

(

X
t

,

Y
t

,

φ
t

)

,
t
≥
0
}

, where $$\{\varphi _t,{t\ge 0}\}$$

{

φ
t

,

t
≥
0

}

is a continuous-time Markov chain, the first fluid, $$\{X_t,t\ge 0\}$$

{

X
t

,
t
≥
0
}

, is a classical stochastic fluid process driven by $$\{\varphi _t,t\ge 0\}$$

{

φ
t

,
t
≥
0
}

, and the second fluid, $$\{Y_t,t\ge 0\}$$

{

Y
t

,
t
≥
0
}

, is driven by the pair $$\{(X_t,\varphi _t),t\ge 0\}$$

{

(

X
t

,

φ
t

)

,
t
≥
0
}

. Operator-analytic expressions for the stationary distribution of the SFFM, in terms of the infinitesimal generator of the process $$\{(X_t,\varphi _t),t\ge 0\}$$

{

(

X
t

,

φ
t

)

,
t
≥
0
}

, are known. However, these operator-analytic expressions do not lend themselves to direct computation. In this paper the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method is used to construct approximations to these operators, in the form of finite dimensional matrices, to enable computation. The DG approximations are used to construct approximations to the stationary distribution of the SFFM, and results are verified by simulation. The numerics demonstrate that the DG scheme can have a superior rate of convergence compared to other methods.
Drug Distribution in Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluids in Relation to IC50 Values in Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease, Using the Physiologically Based LeiCNS-PK3.0 Model
Authors: Saleh Mohammed A. A. , Bloemberg Julia S. , Elassaiss-Schaap Jeroen , de Lange Elizabeth C. M.
Published: May 2022

Background

Very little knowledge exists on the impact of Alzheimer’s disease on the CNS target site pharmacokinetics (PK).

Aim

To predict the CNS PK of cognitively healthy young and elderly and of Alzheimer’s patients using the physiologically based LeiCNS-PK3.0 model.

Methods

LeiCNS-PK3.0 was used to predict the PK profiles in brain extracellular (brainECF) and intracellular (brainICF) fluids and cerebrospinal fluid of the subarachnoid space (CSFSAS) of donepezil, galantamine, memantine, rivastigmine, and semagacestat in young, elderly, and Alzheimer’s patients. The physiological parameters of LeiCNS-PK3.0 were adapted for aging and Alzheimer’s based on an extensive literature search. The CNS PK profiles at plateau for clinical dose regimens were related to in vitro IC50 values of acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, N-methyl-D-aspartate, or gamma-secretase.

Results

The PK profiles of all drugs differed between the CNS compartments regarding plateau levels and fluctuation. BrainECF, brainICF and CSFSAS PK profile relationships were different between the drugs. Aging and Alzheimer’s had little to no impact on CNS PK. Rivastigmine acetylcholinesterase IC50 values were not reached. Semagacestat brain PK plateau levels were below the IC50 of gamma-secretase for half of the interdose interval, unlike CSFSAS PK profiles that were consistently above IC50.

Conclusion

This study provides insights into the relations between CNS compartments PK profiles, including target sites. CSFSAS PK appears to be an unreliable predictor of brain PK. Also, despite extensive changes in blood-brain barrier and brain properties in Alzheimer’s, this study shows that the impact of aging and Alzheimer’s pathology on CNS distribution of the five drugs is insignificant.
Transition Metal Hexacyanoferrate(II) Complexes as Catalysts in the Ring-Opening Copolymerization of CO2 and Propylene Oxide
Authors: Penche Guillermo , González-Marcos M. Pilar , González-Velasco Juan R.
Published: May 2022

The catalytic activity of four transition metal hexacyanoferrate(II) complexes (Ni2[Fe(CN)6], Co2[Fe(CN)6], KFe[Fe(CN)6] and Zn2[Fe(CN)6]) in the ring-opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of CO2 and propylene oxide (PO) is reported here for the first time and compared with that of other hexacyanometallate compounds. Complexes were prepared by coprecipitation employing tert-butanol as complexing agent. X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, elemental analysis, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and N2 physisorption were used to confirm the identity of the obtained materials. Except for Zn2[Fe(CN)6], which showed an amorphous nature, the complexes were constituted by aggregates of cubic nanocrystals with intra-crystalline micropores and inter-crystalline mesopores. Gas–solid phase titration with NH3 revealed the high potential of hexacyanoferrates as Lewis acid catalysts. In the case of Zn2[Fe(CN)6], the lack of structural organization led to an extremely high density of acid sites (43 μmol m−2). The resulting copolymers were analyzed via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography. The studied transition metal hexacyanoferrate(II) catalysts showed mild activity in the target reaction, giving rise to polyethercarbonates with moderate CO2 content (9.3–18.1 wt%), random configuration (67.0–92.4% of polyethercarbonate linkages), modest molecular weights (MW, g mol−1 = 3400–20,200) and high dispersity (ĐM = 4.0–5.4). Cyclic propylene carbonate (PC) was also produced (1.4–19.8 wt%). Among all, the Co2[Fe(CN)6] complex stands as a potential catalyst for CO2/PO ROCOP due to its high CO2 uptake, selectivity and molecular weight of the obtained copolymer.
Reattachable fiducial skin marker for automatic multimodality registration
Authors: Mittmann Benjamin J. , Seitel Alexander , Echner Gernot , Johnen Wiebke , Gnirs Regula , Maier-Hein Lena , Franz Alfred M.
Published: May 2022

Purpose

Fusing image information has become increasingly important for optimal diagnosis and treatment of the patient. Despite intensive research towards markerless registration approaches, fiducial marker-based methods remain the default choice for a wide range of applications in clinical practice. However, as especially non-invasive markers cannot be positioned reproducibly in the same pose on the patient, pre-interventional imaging has to be performed immediately before the intervention for fiducial marker-based registrations.

Methods

We propose a new non-invasive, reattachable fiducial skin marker concept for multi-modal registration approaches including the use of electromagnetic or optical tracking technologies. We furthermore describe a robust, automatic fiducial marker localization algorithm for computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images. Localization of the new fiducial marker has been assessed for different marker configurations using both CT and MRI. Furthermore, we applied the marker in an abdominal phantom study. For this, we attached the marker at three poses to the phantom, registered ten segmented targets of the phantom’s CT image to live ultrasound images and determined the target registration error (TRE) for each target and each marker pose.

Results

Reattachment of the marker was possible with a mean precision of 0.02 mm ± 0.01 mm. Our algorithm successfully localized the marker automatically in all ($$n=201$$

n
=
201

) evaluated CT/MRI images. Depending on the marker pose, the mean ($$n=10$$

n
=
10

) TRE of the abdominal phantom study ranged from 1.51 ± 0.75 mm to 4.65 ± 1.22 mm.

Conclusions

The non-invasive, reattachable skin marker concept allows reproducible positioning of the marker and automatic localization in different imaging modalities. The low TREs indicate the potential applicability of the marker concept for clinical interventions, such as the puncture of abdominal lesions, where current image-based registration approaches still lack robustness and existing marker-based methods are often impractical.
Endocrine disrupting chemicals: effects on pituitary, thyroid and adrenal glands
Authors: Egalini Filippo , Marinelli Lorenzo , Rossi Mattia , Motta Giovanna , Prencipe Nunzia , Rossetto Giaccherino Ruth , Pagano Loredana , Grottoli Silvia , Giordano Roberta
Published: May 2022

Background

In recent years, scientific research has increasingly focused on Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) and demonstrated their relevant role in the functional impairment of endocrine glands. This induced regulatory authorities to ban some of these compounds and to carefully investigate others in order to prevent EDCs-related conditions. As a result, we witnessed a growing awareness and interest on this topic.

Aims

This paper aims to summarize current evidence regarding the detrimental effects of EDCs on pivotal endocrine glands like pituitary, thyroid and adrenal ones. Particularly, we directed our attention on the known and the hypothesized mechanisms of endocrine dysfunction brought by EDCs. We also gave a glimpse on recent findings from pioneering studies that could in the future shed a light on the pathophysiology of well-known, but poorly understood, endocrine diseases like hormone-producing adenomas.

Conclusions

Although intriguing, studies on endocrine dysfunctions brought by EDCs are challenging, in particular when investigating long-term effects of EDCs on humans. However, undoubtedly, it represents a new intriguing field of science research.
Perceived and actual travel times in a multi-modal urban public transport network: comparing survey and AVL data
Authors: Brands Ties , Dixit Malvika , Zúñiga Edgard , van Oort Niels
Published: May 2022

Perceived travel times of travelers are usually longer than actually realized travel times, implying that passengers’ experience of travel time savings is different from objectively calculated savings. This study provides additional empirical evidence on this topic, by comparing the passengers’ perceived travel times reported in an (online) survey with their corresponding actual in-vehicle travel times from Automatic Vehicle Location (AVL) data. The case study involves the metro, tram and bus network of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. On average, travelers perceive their travel time to be 1.9 min (11%) longer than their actual realized travel time. The perceived values match the scheduled values slightly better than the actually realized values. Furthermore, we found a larger travel time over-perception for metro compared to tram and bus. This is a counter-intuitive result, since the metro has been found to have a less negative travel time perception than busses in the public transport choice modelling literature. When the travel purpose is considered, the leisure time purposes recreation and shopping have a significantly smaller travel time over-perception than work-related journeys. Opening a new metro line did not have a significant influence on the travel time perception of travelers in Amsterdam.
How COVID-19 impacted surplus food redistribution in the Netherlands: An explorative study
Authors: Rao Madhura , Bast Aalt , de Boer Alie
Published: May 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has been detrimental to food security globally. The Netherlands, despite its advanced stage of development, saw a surge in food insecurity among its most vulnerable citizens. Dutch food aid is managed by private charities and social organisations that often aim to address the problems of food insecurity and food waste by redistributing surplus food that is safe to consume. This paper investigates how the pandemic impacted surplus food redistribution in the country by employing an Exploratory-Descriptive-Qualitative approach. This is done by analysing data from interviews with relevant stakeholders involved in redistributing surplus food in the Netherlands as well as media reports on the topic. Our findings indicate that the interviewed organisations experienced drastic fluctuations in supply and demand. To cope with these changes, rapid organisational and supply chain innovation was observed. Next to this, there seems to have been disproportionate negative impact on smaller charities in comparison to bigger, better established organisations. Based on our findings, we discuss what the future of surplus food distribution in the Netherlands might look like and why changes made during the pandemic must be well documented and carefully analysed.
Implementing a preimplantation proteomic approach to advance assisted reproduction technologies in the framework of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine
Authors: Kanaka Vasiliki , Proikakis Stavros , Drakakis Petros , Loutradis Dimitrios , Tsangaris George Th.
Published: May 2022

The evolution of the field of assisted reproduction technology (ART) in the last 40 years has significantly contributed to the management of global infertility. Despite the great numbers of live births that have been achieved through ART, there is still potential for increasing the success rates. As a result, there is a need to create optimum conditions in order to increase ART efficacy. The selection of the best sperm, oocyte, and embryo, as well as the achievement of optimal endometrial receptivity, through the contribution of new diagnostic and treatment methods, based on a personalized proteomic approach, may assist in the attainment of this goal. Proteomics represent a powerful new technological development, which seeks for protein biomarkers in human tissues. These biomarkers may aid to predict the outcome, prevent failure, and monitor in a personalized manner in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles. In this review, we will present data from studies that have been conducted in the search for such biomarkers in order to identify proteins related to good sperm, oocyte, and embryo quality, as well as optimal endometrial receptivity, which may later lead to greater results and the desirable ART outcome.
Implementing a system architecture model for automated aircraft cabin assembly processes
Authors: Markusheska Nastasija , Srinivasan Venkatachalam , Walther Jan-Niclas , Gindorf Alex , Biedermann Jörn , Meller Frank , Nagel Björn
Published: May 2022

Aircraft manufacturers provide their customers with a number of options for aircraft customization, including a wide variety of pre-qualified optional equipment from which they can select different components according to their requirements. The numerous options cover a variety of engines, navigation systems, and interior cabin designs. This flexibility gives the possibility to the airlines to differentiate their brands. Moreover, a unique cabin interior design leaves an enduring impression on their customers and constitutes their expectations for the upcoming flight. On the other hand, many choices result in many different specifications, long delivery periods, complicated installation procedures such as stopping the running assembly of the cabin, disassembling already installed cabin components, and assembling new cabin models. Therefore, aircraft customization increases the cost and the lead time of the aircraft manufacturing processes and thus decreases the production rates. It is in the best interest of aircraft manufacturers and airlines to automate and optimize the customization processes to make them more time and cost efficient. This paper presents a method for establishing reconfigurable and optimized scheduling for aircraft cabin assembly. The data necessary for calculating the optimal schedule are retrieved from cabin system architecture that is built with semantic web language. The focus is on building a system architecture ontology model for automated scheduling of assembly processes of an aircraft cabin, which opens up the possibility for cabin customization at every assembly step. Moreover, the cabin ontology can be used as a foundation for co-design where each expert of their branch can further upgrade the model. With the algorithm presented in this paper, the ontology can be upgraded with new data, which will automatically correlate with the existing data in the cabin ontology. The knowledge-based ontology model provides a view of the whole chain from design to realization and feedback links to all included parties. Moreover, it gives the possibility for agile changes in the assembly sequence in response to the updated demands of the clients.
Lineability, spaceability, and latticeability of subsets of C([0, 1]) and Sobolev spaces
Authors: Carmona Tapia J. , Fernández-Sánchez J. , Seoane-Sepúlveda J. B. , Trutschnig W.
Published: May 2022

This work is a contribution to the ongoing search for algebraic structures within a nonlinear setting. Here, we shall focus on the study of lineability of subsets of continuous functions on the one hand and within the setting of Sobolev spaces on the other (which represents a novelty in the area of research).
Non-isothermal two-phase flow in deformable porous media: systematic open-source implementation and verification procedure
Authors: Grunwald Norbert , Lehmann Christoph , Maßmann Jobst , Naumov Dmitri , Kolditz Olaf , Nagel Thomas
Published: May 2022

We propose a formulation for non-isothermal two-component two-phase flow through deformable porous media. The approach covers phase transitions among both phases, i.e. liquid phase components evaporate into the gas phase while gas phase components dissolve or condensate into the liquid phase. These phase transitions always take place in thermodynamic equilibrium. The set of model equations is thereby largely independent of the specific constitutive relations. Starting from general equilibrium equations, we show the evolution of the system of weak formulations of all governing equations, which are then discretised with Taylor-Hood elements in a standard finite element approach. The model equations and the construction of the constitutive equilibria are implemented in the open-source simulator OpenGeoSys, which can be freely used and modified. To verify the implementation, we have selected a number of complementary test cases covering a wide range of process couplings. The numerical model is compared with analytical and semi-analytical solutions of these problems as well as with experimental results. It is shown in the paper that by including thermodynamic effects, solid mechanics, and phase transition processes, the proposed numerical model covers many characteristic features of unsaturated geomaterials and can be employed for the description of a broad range of problems encountered in geotechnical engineering.

Article highlights

An open-source FEM tool for non-isothermal two-phase flow in deformable porous or fractured media is presented in detail.

The model features phase transitions across both fluid phases based on simple equilibrium conditions.

A variety of benchmark tests is presented and compared to other software results and to exact solutions.
Deviant Cartographies: A Contribution to Post-critical Cartography
Authors: Edler Dennis , Kühne Olaf
Published: May 2022

Based on the recently developed approach of 'post-critical cartography', this article addresses how developments in cartography can be interpreted functionally, dysfunctionally, afunctionally, and metafunctionally. This interpretation takes up the sociological topic ofdeviance. Normatively, this article bases on Ralf Dahrendorf’s concept of life chances. It includes established terminology which can be applied to the development of cartography. For example, the development and dissemination of digital cartography, in different development stages, has shown to be functional. Cartographic representations restricting life chances due to disinformation and manipulation can be described as dysfunctional. Cartographic representations that do not receive positive responses from the public or the professional community can be characterized as afunctional. Metafunctional representations are capable of highlighting the contingency of the world and its cartographic interpretation, particularly by including the stylistic device of irony. Critical cartography has made some functional contributions to cartography, but it also comprises dysfunctional effects originating in its moral rigorism. This article intends to contribute to the preservation of its functional and to overcome its dysfunctional impacts.
Indigenous Youth and Resilience in Canada and the USA: a Scoping Review
Authors: Heid Olivia , Khalid Marria , Smith Hailey , Kim Katherine , Smith Savannah , Wekerle Christine ,   The Six Nations Youth Mental Wellness Committee, Bomberry Tristan , Hill Lori Davis , General Daogyehneh Amy , Green Tehota’kerá:tonh Jeremy , Harris Chase , Jacobs Beverly , Jacobs Norma , Kim Katherine , Horse Makasa Looking , Martin-Hill Dawn , McQueen Kahontiyoha Cynthia Denise , Miller Tehahenteh Frank , Noronha Noella , Smith Savanah , Thomasen Kristen , Wekerle Christine
Published: May 2022

Relative to non-Indigenous youth, Indigenous youth have been under-represented when studying pathways to mental wellness. Yet, a broad range of adversity is acknowledged, from intergenerational and ongoing trauma arising from colonial policies. This scoping review explores resilience definitions, measures, key stressors, and what Indigenous youth identify as pathways to their wellness, based on quantitative and qualitative peer-reviewed literature in Canada and the Continental United States. Eight databases (EBSCO, PsycINFO, Science Direct, Social Science Citation Index, Web of Science, PsycARTICLES, and EMBASE) and hand searches of 7 relevant journals were conducted to ensure literature coverage. Two independent reviewers screened each article, with one Indigenous screener per article. The final scoping review analysis included 44 articles. In articles, no Indigenous term for resilience was found, but related concepts were identified (“walking a good path,” “good mind,” Grandfathers’ teachings on 7 values, decision-making for 7 generations into the future, etc.). Few Indigenous-specific measures of resilience exist, with studies relying on Western measures of psychological resilience. Qualitative approaches supporting youth-led resilience definitions yielded important insights. Youth stressors included the following: substance use, family instability, and loss of cultural identity. Youth resilience strategies included the following: having a future orientation, cultural pride, learning from the natural world, and interacting with community members (e.g., relationship with Elders, being in community and on the land). Indigenous traditional knowledge and cultural continuity serve as prominent pathways to Indigenous youth resilience. More research is needed to yield a holistic, youth-centered measure of resilience that includes traditional practices.
Necessary Existence and Monotheism
Authors: Zarepour Mohammad Saleh
Published: May 2022

Avicenna believes that God must be understood in the first place as the Necessary Existent (wâǧib al-wuǧûd). In his various works, he provides different versions of an ingenious argument for the existence of the Necessary Existent—the so-called Proof of the Sincere (burhân al-ṣiddîqîn)—and argues that all the properties that are usually attributed to God can be extracted merely from God's having necessary existence. Considering the centrality of tawḥîd to Islam, the first thing Avicenna tries to extract from God's necessary existence is God's oneness. The aim of the present Element is to provide a detailed discussion of Avicenna's arguments for the existence and unity of God. Through this project, the author hopes to clarify how, for Avicenna, the Islamic concept of monotheism is intertwined with the concept of essential existence.
Disrupt the upper or the lower conduit? The dual role of gas exsolution in the conduits of persistently active volcanoes
Authors: Peng Shirui , Picchi Davide , Suckale Jenny
Published: May 2022

Many volcanoes emit a significant portion of the gas they transport to the atmosphere during continual passive degassing rather than during eruptions. To maintain a high gas and thermal flux without erupting magma, the flow field in the volcanic conduit must be approximately balanced with gas-rich, buoyant magma ascending and degassed, heavy magma descending. In vertical conduits, this exchange flow takes the form of core–annular flow, where the gas-rich magma forms a core enclosed by an annulus of degassed magma. The flow dynamics of core–annular flow have been studied extensively in fluid dynamics, but mostly for constant material properties. Our study aims to advance our understanding of how core–annular flow responds to volatile exsolution – a simple, yet ubiquitous disruption in volcanic conduits, which alters both the density and the viscosity of the core fluid. By deriving an evolution equation for the core–annular interface based on a generalized exchange-flow condition using a lubrication approximation, we find that the response of the system to volatile exsolution depends on the conduit flow regime. The same nucleation event can lead to a flow adjustment only in the upper, only in the lower or in both portions of the volcanic conduit. Our results emphasize that the thermodynamic evolution of magma properties and volcanic conduit flow are intricately linked, which may help understand the observed variability of eruptive behaviour at persistently degassing volcanoes.
Accounting for non-constituents in hybrid quotations: Why unquotation is not the answer
Authors: DE BRABANTER PHILIPPE
Published: May 2022

This paper addresses a serious challenge to some recent semantic accounts of quotation: the existence of ‘non-constituenthybridquotations’, as inVera said she was‘very happy and incredibly relieved’by the supreme court’s decision.These pose a threat to theories that have to make the assumption that hybrid quotations must be co-extensive with syntactic constituents. Responses to the challenge have been proposed, first aquote-breakingprocedure, and subsequentlyunquotation. I argue that these responses fall short of providing empirically satisfactory accounts of the phenomena. Other theories of quotation are not under threat of non-constituent hybrid quotations. I single out a particular family of theories,depictiontheories, which have the added advantage of doing justice to the core mechanisms at the heart of quoting.
Pediatric Blast Trauma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Factors Associated with Mortality and Description of Injury Profiles
Authors: Tovar Matthew A. , Pilkington Rebecca A. , Goodwin Tress , Root Jeremy M.
Published: May 2022

Introduction:

Blast polytrauma is among the most serious mechanisms of injury confronted by medical providers. There are currently no specific studies or guidelines that define risk factors for mortality in the context of pediatric blast injuries or describe pediatric blast injury profiles.

Objective:

The objectives of this study were to evaluate risk factors for pediatric mortality and to describe differences in injury profiles between explosions related to terrorism versus unrelated to terrorism within the pediatric population.

Methods:

A PRISMA systematic review and meta-analysis was performed where articles published from the years 2000-2021 were extracted from PubMed. Mortality and injury profile data were extracted from articles that met inclusion criteria. A bivariant unadjusted odds ratio (OR) analysis was performed to establish protective and harmful factors associated with mortality and to describe the injury profiles of blasts related to terrorism. Statistical significance was established at P < .05.

Results:

Thirty-eight articles were included and described a total of 222,638 unique injuries. Factors associated with increased mortality included if the explosion was related to terrorism (OR = 32.73; 95% CI, 28.80-37.21; P < .05) and if the explosion involved high-grade explosives utilized in the Global War on Terror ([GWOT] OR = 1.28; 95% CI, 1.04-1.44; P < .05). Factors associated with decreased mortality included if the patient was resuscitated in a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)-affiliated combat trauma hospital (OR = 0.48; 95% CI, 0.37-0.62; P < .05); if the explosive was fireworks (OR = 3.20×10-5; 95% CI, 2.00×10-6-5.16×10-4; P < .05); and if the explosion occurred in the United States (OR = 2.40×10-5; 95% CI, 1.51×10-6-3.87×10-4; P < .05). On average, victims of explosions related to terrorism were 10.30 years old (SD = 2.73) with 68.96% (SD = 17.58%) of victims reported as male. Comparison of victims of explosions related to terrorism revealed a higher incidence of thoracoabdominal trauma (30.2% versus 8.6%), similar incidence of craniocerebral trauma (39.5% versus 43.1%), and lower incidence of extremity trauma (31.8% versus 48.3%) compared to victims of explosions unrelated to terrorism.

Conclusion:

Explosions related to terrorism are associated with increased mortality and unique injury profiles compared to explosions unrelated to terrorism in the pediatric population. Such findings are important for optimizing disaster medical education of pediatric providers in preparation for and management of acute sequelae of blast injuries—terror-related and otherwise.
The Rise of Atmospheric Evaporative Demand Is Increasing Flash Droughts in Spain During the Warm Season
Authors: Noguera I. , Vicente‐Serrano S. M. , Domínguez‐Castro F.
Published: May 2022

Flash droughts are characterized by rapid development and intensification, generating a new risk for drought impacts on natural and socio‐economic systems. In the current climate change scenario, the meteorological drivers involved in triggering flash droughts are uncertain. We analyzed the role of meteorological drivers underlying the development of flash droughts in Spain over the last six decades, evidencing that the effect of atmospheric evaporative demand (AED) on flash drought is mainly restricted to water‐limited regions and the warm season. However, the contribution of the AED has increased notably in recent years and particularly in summer (∼3.5% per decade), thus becoming a decisive driver in explaining the occurrence of the latest flash droughts in some regions of Spain. Our findings have strong implications for proper understanding of the recent spatiotemporal behavior of flash droughts in Spain and illustrate how this type of event can be related to global warming processes.
New Insights Into the Substorm Initiation Sequence From the Spatio‐Temporal Development of Auroral Electrojets
Authors: Ohtani S. , Motoba T. , Gjerloev J. W. , Frey H. U. , Mann I. R. , Chi P. J. , Korth H.
Published: May 2022

In the present study we examine three substorm events, Events 1–3, focusing on the spatio‐temporal development of auroral electrojets (AEJs) before auroral breakup. In Events 1 and 2, auroral breakup was preceded by the equatorward motion of an auroral form, and the ground magnetic field changed northward and southward in the west and east of the expected equatorward flow, respectively. Provided that these magnetic disturbances were caused by local ionospheric Hall currents, this feature suggests that the equatorward flow turned both eastward and westward as it reached the equatorward part of the auroral oval. The auroral breakup took place at the eastward‐turning and westward‐turning branches in Events 1 and 2, respectively, and after the auroral breakup, the westward AEJ enhanced only on the same side of the flow demarcation meridian. The zonal flow divergence is considered as an ionospheric manifestation of the braking of an earthward flow burst in the near‐Earth plasma sheet and subsequent dawnward and duskward turning. Therefore, in Events 1 and 2, the auroral breakup presumably mapped to the dawnward and duskward flow branches, respectively. Moreover, for Event 3, we do not find any pre‐onset auroral or magnetic features that can be associated with an equatorward flow. These findings suggest that the braking of a pre‐onset earthward flow burst itself is not the direct cause of substorm onset, and therefore, the wedge current system that forms at substorm onset is distinct from the one that is considered to form as a consequence of the flow braking.
Role of Cloud Subgrid‐Scale Structure in Modulating Clouds Viewed by ISCCP, MODIS, and MISR Simulators
Authors: Wang Xiaocong
Published: May 2022

The role of cloud subgrid‐scale structure in modulating satellite views of clouds was investigated. This was realized by implementing a stochastic cloud generator into the CFMIP (Cloud Feedback Model Intercomparison Project) Observation Simulator Package together with surrogate clouds produced by a cloud‐resolving model (CRM). The subgrid‐scale structural parameters are decorrelation length for overlapping cloud fraction (Lcf), decorrelation length for overlapping cloud condensate (Lcw), and the shape parameter v for measuring cloud inhomogeneity. With the use of median values of Lcf, Lcw, and v derived from CRM, the simulated satellite views bear close resemblance to those using CRM‐inherent clouds. Varying these parameters in the range of lower and upper quartiles leads to differences that are about one‐fifth of those caused by changing cloud microphysics in CRM. While Lcf influences clouds throughout the whole troposphere, Lcw and v result in changes mostly within the upper layers. Increasing (decreasing) cloud inhomogeneity or overlapping degree leads to decreased (increased) occurrence of clouds, except for high‐topped clouds viewed by Multiangle Imaging Spectroradiometer. Care must then be exercised when interpreting model biases in comparison with different instruments. Sensitivity tests show changing condensate distribution from gamma to lognormal makes little impact on final results. Although the differences induced by any of the parameters alone are much limited, they are getting comparable to those seen between models and observations when all parameters are synergistically altered. This brings encouraging results to the modeling community that simulator‐diagnosed clouds can be potentially improved by tuning cloud subgrid‐scale parameters.
Subseasonal Forecast Skill Improvement From Strongly Coupled Data Assimilation With a Linear Inverse Model
Authors: Hakim Gregory J. , Snyder Chris , Penny Stephen G. , Newman Matthew
Published: May 2022

Strongly coupled data assimilation (SCDA), such as using atmospheric observations to update ocean analyses, is critical for properly initializing Earth System models to predict subseasonal to decadal timescales. We show that a Kalman filter with a linear emulator of the coupled dynamics can be used to efficiently assimilate observations with SCDA. A linear inverse model (LIM), trained on 25 years of Climate Forecast System Reanalysis gridded data, is used to assimilate observations daily during an independent 7‐year period. SCDA sea‐surface temperature (SST) analysis errors are reduced over 20% in global‐mean mean‐squared error relative to a control experiment where only SST observations are assimilated with an SST LIM. The analysis improvements enhance forecast skill for leads of at least 50 days. In contrast, extratropical Northern Hemisphere 2 m air temperature forecast errors increase for coupled data assimilation in these experiments, despite reduction during the training period.
Climate Impacts and Potential Drivers of the Unprecedented Antarctic Ozone Holes of 2020 and 2021
Authors: Yook Simchan , Thompson David W. J. , Solomon Susan
Published: May 2022

The latter months of 2020 and 2021 were marked by two of the largest Antarctic ozone holes on record. That such large ozone holes occurred despite ongoing ozone recovery raises questions about their origins and climate impacts. Here we provide novel evidence that supports the hypothesis that the ozone holes were influenced by two distinct and extraordinary events: the Australian wildfires of early 2020 and the eruption of La Soufriere in 2021. We further reveal that both ozone holes were associated with widespread changes in Southern Hemisphere climate that are consistent with the established climate impacts of Antarctic ozone depletion, including a strengthening of the polar stratospheric vortex, enhanced surface westerlies over the Southern Ocean, and surface temperature changes over Antarctica and Australia. The results thus provide suggestive evidence that injections of both wildfire smoke and volcanic emissions into the stratosphere can lead to hemispheric‐scale changes in surface climate.
Overestimated Eddy Kinetic Energy in the Eddy‐Rich Regions Simulated by Eddy‐Resolving Global Ocean–Sea Ice Models
Authors: Ding Mengrong , Liu Hailong , Lin Pengfei , Hu Aixue , Meng Yao , Li Yiwen , Liu Kexiu
Published: May 2022

The performance of eddy‐resolving global ocean–sea ice models in simulating mesoscale eddies is evaluated using six eddy‐resolving experiments forced by different atmospheric reanalysis products. Interestingly, eddy‐resolving ocean general circulation models (OGCMs) tend to simulate more (less) energetic eddy‐rich (eddy‐poor) regions with a smaller (larger) spatial extent than satellite observation, which finally shows that larger (smaller) mesoscale energy intensity (EI) is simulated in the eddy‐rich (eddy‐poor) regions. Quantitatively, there is an approximately 27%–60% overestimation of EI in the eddy‐rich regions, which are mainly located in the Kuroshio–Oyashio Extension, the Gulf Stream, and the Antarctic Circumpolar Currents regions, although the global mean EI is underestimated by 25%–45%. Apparently, the eddy kinetic energy in the eddy‐poor region is underestimated. Further analyses based on coherent mesoscale eddy properties show that the overestimation in the eddy‐rich regions is mainly attributed to mesoscale eddies’ intensity and is more prominent when mesoscale eddies are in their growth stage.
A Deep Learning Approach to Extract Internal Tides Scattered by Geostrophic Turbulence
Authors: Wang Han , Grisouard Nicolas , Salehipour Hesam , Nuz Alice , Poon Michael , Ponte Aurélien L.
Published: May 2022

Extraction of internal tidal (IT) signals is central to the interpretation of Sea Surface Height (SSH) data. The increased spatial resolution of future wide‐swath satellite missions poses a challenge for traditional harmonic analysis, due to prominent and unsteady wave‐mean interactions at finer scales. However, the wide swaths will also produce spatially two‐dimensional SSH snapshots which allows us to treat IT extraction as an image translation problem for the first time. We design and train TITE (Toronto Internal Tide Emulator), a conditional Generative Adversarial Network, which, given a snapshot of raw SSH from an idealized eddying simulation, generates a snapshot of the embedded IT component. We test it on data whose dynamical regimes are different from the data provided during training. Despite the diversity and complexity of data, it accurately extracts ITs in most individual snapshots considered and reproduces physically meaningful statistical properties. Predictably, TITE's performance decreases with the intensity of the turbulent flow.