bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Summary of the “Open Space Technology Discussions” on Reliability of NDE
Authors: Bertovic Marija , Calmon Pierre , Carter Luke , Fischer Jay , Forsyth David , Holstein Ralf , McGrath Bernard , Müller Christina , Pavlovic Mato , Ronneteg Ulf , Rummel Ward , Schubert Frank , Selby Greg
Published: July 2014

Since the beginnings of the European American Workshops (EAW) in 1997, the aim was to gather the experts in NDE reliability and discuss burning topics with the aim of identifying crucial problems and suggesting ways to move forward. This was usually achieved during the so-called break-out sessions, in which predetermined topics were discussed. During the 5th EAW, held in Berlin in 2013, this approach was replaced by an Open Space Technology (OST) approach. The benefit of this approach is seen in the freedom of topic choices, i. e., the topics are not predetermined but rather arise at that moment in that space and by the participants’ choice. The following topics arose: new reliability methods (Bayesian, MAPOD, …), structural health monitoring, definition of requirements of NDE by customer versus provider, what value of POD is good enough?, human factors, manual versus automated inspection, and basic concepts of reliability of NDE. The participants were encouraged to walk from one session to another and openly express their opinions. These were in the end summarized by a chosen group of moderators and presented in this paper.
Estimating Percentile Speeds from Maximum Operating Speed Frontier
Authors: Lobo António , Rodrigues Carlos , Couto António
Published: July 2014

Most operating speed studies have focused on modeling a specific percentile speed, most notably the 85th, as a function of the road geometrics. This method has resulted in some drawbacks, such as the loss of information due to speed data aggregation, the inability to capture speed dispersion, and few references about the effects of the driving culture and vehicle characteristics on the practiced speeds. Therefore, an operating speed frontier model to improve speed prediction capabilities, is presented. The deterministic component of the model represents the maximum operating spot speed as a function of the local geometric features, whereas the disturbance term includes the nongeometric effects, such as driving behavior, type of vehicle, and road environment. Data are collected in 88 curves and tangents of Portuguese two-lane highways located outside urban areas; approximately 18,000 free-flow vehicles were observed. Following an innovative approach to operating speed modeling, the model is estimated with a stochastic frontier regression between the speeds of all free-flow vehicles and the geometric features at the measurement sites. In addition to the maximum operating speed, the new model is capable of estimating any percentile speed through the cumulative function of the one-sided disturbance while avoiding speed data aggregation. Moreover, the road geometric features required to implement the model are easy to obtain either by consulting the design project or by performing on-site measurements; this ability contributes to the model's applicability in different regions.
MiRiad Roles for MicroRNAs in Cardiac Development and Regeneration
Authors: Fuller Ashley , Qian Li
Published: July 2014

Cardiac development is an exquisitely regulated process that is sensitive to perturbations in transcriptional activity and gene dosage. Accordingly, congenital heart abnormalities are prevalent worldwide, and are estimated to occur in approximately 1% of live births. Recently, small non-coding RNAs, known as microRNAs, have emerged as critical components of the cardiogenic regulatory network, and have been shown to play numerous roles in the growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis of the developing heart. Moreover, the importance of miRNA function in cardiac development has facilitated the identification of prospective therapeutic targets for patients with congenital and acquired cardiac diseases. Here, we discuss findings attesting to the critical role of miRNAs in cardiogenesis and cardiac regeneration, and present evidence regarding the therapeutic potential of miRNAs for cardiovascular diseases.
Effects of Silviculture and Genetics on Branch/Knot Attributes of Coastal Pacific Northwest Douglas-Fir and Implications for Wood Quality—A Synthesis
Authors: Lowell Eini , Maguire Douglas , Briggs David , Turnblom Eric , Jayawickrama Keith , Bryce Jed
Published: July 2014

Douglas-fir is the most commercially important timber species in the US Pacific Northwest due to its ecological prevalence and its superior wood attributes, especially strength and stiffness properties that make it highly prized for structural applications. Its economic significance has led to extensive establishment and management of plantations over the last few decades. Cultural treatments and genetic improvement designed to increase production of utilizable wood volume also impact tree morphology and wood properties. Many of these impacts are mediated by crown development, particularly the amount and distribution of foliage and size and geometry of branches. Natural selection for branch architecture that optimizes reproductive fitness may not necessarily be optimal for stem volume growth rate or for wood properties controlling the quality of manufactured solid wood products. Furthermore, Douglas-fir does not self-prune within the rotation lengths currently practiced. This paper synthesizes extensive Douglas-fir research in the Pacific Northwest addressing: (1) the effects of silviculture and genetics on branch structure and associated consequences for wood quality and the product value chain; and (2) methods to measure, monitor, modify, and model branch attributes to assist managers in selecting appropriate silvicultural techniques to achieve wood quality objectives and improve the value of their Douglas-fir resource.
Exploiting Growing Stock Volume Maps for Large Scale Forest Resource Assessment: Cross-Comparisons of ASAR- and PALSAR-Based GSV Estimates with Forest Inventory in Central Siberia
Authors: Hüttich Christian , Korets Mikhail , Bartalev Sergey , Zharko Vasily , Schepaschenko Dmitry , Shvidenko Anatoly , Schmullius Christiane
Published: July 2014

Growing stock volume is an important biophysical parameter describing the state and dynamics of the Boreal zone. Validation of growing stock volume (GSV) maps based on satellite remote sensing is challenging due to the lack of consistent ground reference data. The monitoring and assessment of the remote Russian forest resources of Siberia can only be done by integrating remote sensing techniques and interdisciplinary collaboration. In this paper, we assess the information content of GSV estimates in Central Siberian forests obtained at 25 m from ALOS-PALSAR and 1 km from ENVISAT-ASAR backscatter data. The estimates have been cross-compared with respect to forest inventory data showing 34% relative RMSE for the ASAR-based GSV retrievals and 39.4% for the PALSAR-based estimates of GSV. Fragmentation analyses using a MODIS-based land cover dataset revealed an increase of retrieval error with increasing fragmentation of the landscape. Cross-comparisons of multiple SAR-based GSV estimates helped to detect inconsistencies in the forest inventory data and can support an update of outdated forest inventory stands.
Using Numbers Creates Value for Health Professionals: A Quantitative Study of Pain Management in Palliative Care
Authors: Unné Anna , Rosengren Kristina
Published: July 2014

Improvement methodology is based on processes to achieve quality and safety in health care in order to improve patient care, especially in management. The aim of this study was to identify differences regarding the method of estimating pain within palliative care in north-eastern Sweden. The study comprised three different data collections—questions from 22 staff members who worked in palliative care, data from the Swedish Palliative Registry, and patients’ medical records. Data were analyzed using a quantitative approach to measure the proportion of differences and similarities in everyday pain management. The two categories “Documentation of Pain Management” and “Pain Management Activities” were identified and illustrated how repeated pain management measurements contributed to a clearer view of pain management activities. The use of numbers instead of words contributed to a better, clearer, and more unified documentation of pain ratings. Use of validated rating tools regarding patients last week of life increased from 47%–100%. This study may inspire better routines to estimate pain and quantify no pain in palliative care. Evidence-based measurement tools from the patient’s perspective, can improve pain management.
Proteome Changes Induced by Imatinib and Novel Imatinib Derivatives in K562 Human Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Cells
Authors: Arvaniti Katerina , Papadioti Anastasia , Kinigopoulou Maria , Theodorou Vassiliki , Skobridis Konstantinos , Tsiotis Georgios
Published: July 2014

Imatinib mesylate is the leading compound to treat chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and other cancers, through its inhibition of Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinases. However, resistance to imatinib develops frequently, particularly in late-stage disease and has necessitated the development of new Bcr-Abl inhibitors. The synthesis of a new series of phenylaminopyrimidines, structurally related to imatinib, showed large interest since the introduction of nilotinib. Here, we compare the protein levels in K562 cells treated with either imatinib or with novel imatinib derivates. Our results revealed that among the 986 quantified proteins, 35 had significantly altered levels of expression by imatinib or its derivates. In a second series of experiments, we directly compared the proteomes of imatinib treated K562 cells with those K562 cells treated with any of the four imatinib derivates. More than 1029 protein were quantified, 80 of which had altered levels of expression. Both experiments pointed to changes in the expression of the ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX3X and of two mitochondrial coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix domain-containing proteins.
Random Shifting and Scaling of Insurance Risks
Authors: Hashorva Enkelejd , Ji Lanpeng
Published: July 2014

Random shifting typically appears in credibility models whereas random scaling is often encountered in stochastic models for claim sizes reflecting the time-value property of money. In this article we discuss some aspects of random shifting and random scaling of insurance risks focusing in particular on credibility models, dependence structure of claim sizes in collective risk models, and extreme value models for the joint dependence of large losses. We show that specifying certain actuarial models using random shifting or scaling has some advantages for both theoretical treatments and practical applications.
Quantification of Impact of Orbital Drift on Inter-Annual Trends in AVHRR NDVI Data
Authors: Nagol Jyoteshwar , Vermote Eric , Prince Stephen
Published: July 2014

The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time-series data derived from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) have been extensively used for studying inter-annual dynamics of global and regional vegetation. However, there can be significant uncertainties in the data due to incomplete atmospheric correction and orbital drift of the satellites through their active life. Access to location specific quantification of uncertainty is crucial for appropriate evaluation of the trends and anomalies. This paper provides per pixel quantification of orbital drift related spurious trends in Long Term Data Record (LTDR) AVHRR NDVI data product. The magnitude and direction of the spurious trends was estimated by direct comparison with data from MODerate resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) Aqua instrument, which has stable inter-annual sun-sensor geometry. The maps show presence of both positive as well as negative spurious trends in the data. After application of the BRDF correction, an overall decrease in positive trends and an increase in number of pixels with negative spurious trends were observed. The mean global spurious inter-annual NDVI trend before and after BRDF correction was 0.0016 and −0.0017 respectively. The research presented in this paper gives valuable insight into the magnitude of orbital drift related trends in the AVHRR NDVI data as well as the degree to which it is being rectified by the MODIS BRDF correction algorithm used by the LTDR processing stream.
Changing Urban Form and Transport CO2 Emissions: An Empirical Analysis of Beijing, China
Authors: Wang Yunjing , Hayashi Yoshitsugu , Chen Jin , Li Qiang
Published: July 2014

Decentralization development and changing urban form will increase the mobility and contribute to global CO2 emissions, in particular for developing countries which are experiencing rapid economic growth and urban expansion. In this paper, an integrated analytical framework, which can quantify the impact of changing urban form on commuting CO2 emissions, is presented. This framework simultaneously considers two emission dependent factors, commuting demand and modal share based on the concept of excess commuting and accessibility analysis, and ensures its applicability to other cities where the detailed individual travel data is not available. A case study of Beijing from 2000 to 2009 is used to illustrate this framework. The findings suggest that changing urban form in Beijing did have a significant impact on commuting CO2 emission increase. Changing to a more decentralized urban form in Beijing had a larger impact on commuting distance and increased usage of cars, which resulted in a significant rise in CO2 emissions. There is a larger space and an urgent need for commuting CO2 emission reduction, in 2009 in Beijing, by planning and by strategic measures in order to promote sustainable transport.
Short-Term Traffic-Related Exposures and Biomarkers of Nitro-PAH Exposure and Oxidative DNA Damage
Authors: Neophytou Andreas , Hart Jaime , Chang Yan , Zhang Junfeng , Smith Thomas , Garshick Eric , Laden Francine
Published: July 2014

Exposure to vehicle exhaust has been associated with cardiac and respiratory disease, lung cancer and greater overall mortality. We investigated whether amino-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (amino-PAH) metabolites of nitro-PAHs could be used as biomarkers of these exposures. Pre- and post-shift urine samples were collected at the beginning and end of a work week from 82 male U.S. trucking industry workers. We used repeated-measures analysis to examine associations of total 1- and 2-aminonaphthalene (1 & 2-AN) and 1-aminopyrene (1-AP) urinary concentrations with microenvironment exposures to particulate matter (PM2.5), elemental and organic carbon and between 1 & 2-AN and 1-AP with urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). There was an association between work week mean PM2.5 levels and post-shift 1 & 2-AN (141.8 pg/mL increase (95% CI: 53.3, 230.2) for each IQR increase (5.54 µg/m3) in PM2.5), but no associations with other exposure measures. There was a statistically significant increase in 8-OHdG concentrations with 1 & 2-AN (2.38 µg/mg creatinine (95% CI: 0.19, 4.58) per 242.85 pg/mg creatinine increase in 1 & 2-AN) and suggestive associations with all other exposure measures. Our findings suggest associations between urinary amino-PAHs with vehicle exhaust-related PM2.5, as well as with a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.
Gene Expression Driven by a Strong Viral Promoter in MVA Increases Vaccination Efficiency by Enhancing Antibody Responses and Unmasking CD8+ T Cell Epitopes
Authors: Becker Pablo , Nörder Miriam , Weissmann Sebastian , Ljapoci Ronny , Erfle Volker , Drexler Ingo , Guzmán Carlos
Published: July 2014

Viral vectors are promising tools for vaccination strategies and immunotherapies. However, CD8+ T cell responses against pathogen-derived epitopes are usually limited to dominant epitopes and antibody responses to recombinant encoded antigens (Ags) are mostly weak. We have previously demonstrated that the timing of viral Ag expression in infected professional Ag-presenting cells strongly shapes the epitope immunodominance hierarchy. T cells recognizing determinants derived from late viral proteins have a clear disadvantage to proliferate during secondary responses. In this work we evaluate the effect of overexpressing the recombinant Ag using the modified vaccinia virus early/late promoter H5 (mPH5). Although the Ag-expression from the natural promoter 7.5 (P7.5) and the mPH5 seemed similar, detailed analysis showed that mPH5 not only induces higher expression levels than P7.5 during early phase of infection, but also Ag turnover is enhanced. The strong overexpression during the early phase leads to broader CD8 T cell responses, while preserving the priming efficiency of stable Ags. Moreover, the increase in Ag-secretion favors the induction of strong antibody responses. Our findings provide the rationale to develop new strategies for fine-tuning the responses elicited by recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara by using selected promoters to improve the performance of this viral vector.
Un procédé de labour original en Indonésie
Authors: Ave Jan B.
Published: July 2014

1. Le procédé de labour connu sous le nom d'ëngkal/ongkal chez les Batak, de kabanda à Sumba, et mis en œuvre à l'aide d'un pieu à labourer appelé respectivement ansuan et Soanga (Suak à Timor) , a pour but de débarrasser le sol de l'alang-alang {Impevata aylin- drïaa) et autres mauvaises herbes nuisibles, et de le rendre de nouveau cultivable en utilisant ces mauvaises herbes décomposées comme engrais. 2. Ce procédé est plus efficace que le labour à la charrue mais exige beaucoup d'énergie, de temps et de personnel. 3. Vu l'effort que son application représente, les populations qui connaissent ce procédé n'y recourent que si elles n'ont pas à leur disposition de terres suffisamment fertiles ; il s'agit seulement de les rendre de nouveau cultivables. 4. Le labourage a toujours lieu à la fin de la saison sèche. 5. Le système de culture dans le cadre duquel s'applique, dans la majorité des cas, le procédé de labour considéré est l'essartage. A Timor, Sumba et Florès, l'essartage constitue encore le système de culture dominant mais le manque de nouvelles terres arables s'y fait déjà fortement sentir. Chez les Batak, l'essartage est en stagnation et se voit progressivement remplacé par un système de champs permanents . 6. Quelques mots pour finir sur le régime des terres : dans toutes les régions où l'on applique le procédé de labour décrit plus haut, les terres sont propriété collective du village ou du clan ; l'agriculteur n'en a que 1'usufruit .
Essai d'identification de la «race» porcine jadis élevée à la glandée dans la chênaie des alentours du Mont Ventoux en Vaucluse
Authors: Barrau Jacques
Published: July 2014

On the basis of a study of historical and iconographical documents, an attempt is made to reconstruct the pig breed which was formerly raised in the oak forests of the Vaucluse highlands. It appears to have been the result of an introgression involving «iberic» and «celtic» pigs. A study is also made of the impact of this type of pig breeding on the landscape and of the reasons for which it was replaced by sheep and goat raising, which greatly transformed this landscape. Observations are also made on the place occupied by the pig in local folklore.
Detached leafin vitro model for masked mycotoxin biosynthesis and subsequent analysis of unknown conjugates
Authors: De Boevre M. , Vanheule A. , Audenaert K. , Bekaert B. , Di Mavungu J. Diana , Werbrouck S. , Haesaert G. , De Saeger S.
Published: July 2014

The manuscript details the development of anin vitro model plant system using detached leaves because there is a need for biosynthetic methods for the production and isolation of masked mycotoxins. This detached leafin vitro model was firstly applied to deoxynivalenol with satisfying results. The biosynthesis of deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside was confirmed using its respective commercially available reference standard. Secondly, the detached leafin vitro model was applied to T-2 toxin. Mono- and tri-glucoside derivatives of T-2 toxin and HT-2 toxin, T-2-(3)-glucoside, T-2-(3)-triglucoside and HT-2-(3)-glucoside were identified and characterised using Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. This is the first report on a triglucoside of T-2 toxin. The discovery of new masked forms implies the importance of the development of analytical methods for their detection, the constitution of toxicity studies, and proving the relevance of their presence in the food and feed chain.
Hiring and Incorporating Doctor of Nursing Practice–Prepared Nurse Faculty Into Academic Nursing Programs
Authors: Agger Charlotte A. , Oermann Marilyn H. , Lynn Mary R.
Published: July 2014

Semistructured interviews were conducted with 15 deans and directors of nursing programs across the United States to gain an understanding of how Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP)–prepared nurses seeking academic positions are hired and used in schools of nursing. Interviews sought to gain information regarding (a) differences and similarities in the roles and responsibilities of DNP- and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)–prepared faculty, (b) educational advancement and mentoring of DNP-prepared nurse faculty, (c) recruitment of doctorally prepared nurse faculty, and (d) shortages of nursing faculty. DNP- and PhD-prepared nurse faculty are hired for varying roles in baccalaureate and higher degree schools of nursing, some similar to other faculty with master's degrees and others similar to those with PhDs; in associate degree in nursing programs, they are largely hired for the same type of work as nurse faculty with master's degrees. Regardless of program or degree type, the main role of DNP-prepared faculty is teaching. [
J Nurs Educ.
2014;53(8):439–446.]
El concepto de ideología en el Marx maduro
Authors: López-Espinosa Luis Felip
Published: July 2014

En los textos del Marx maduro encontramos planteada una teoría del método científico (en economía política) entendido como proceso de «aproximaciones sucesivas». El punto de partida de la investigación no es la experiencia sensible, sino una representación (Vorstellung) caótica de la totalidad. El punto de partida del proceso de conocimiento es, para Marx, la ideología. En nuestra lectura del apartado del fetichismo de la mercancía en El capital descubriremos las resonancias lacanianas del planteamiento de Marx.
Emancipación, cuidado y codependencia
Authors: Rendueles César
Published: July 2014

En la teoría de Marx hay un dilema bien conocido entre la crítica de la ética y la condena del capitalismo como injusto. Por un lado, el marxismo ha considerado que la evaluación moral tiene componentes ideológicos cuya elucidación afecta a la posibilidad de emancipación política. Por otro lado, Marx detectó importantes limitaciones éticas en el individualismo liberal, pero tampoco consideraba aceptable el tradicionalismo comunitarista. Este artículo explora cuestiones éticas relacionadas con el cuidado y la dependencia para avanzar en la resolución de esas paradojas.
Crítica de la economía política, más allá del marxismo tradicional: Moishe Postone y Robert Kurz
Authors: Maiso Jordi , Maura Eduardo
Published: July 2014

El presente texto pretende presentar dos propuestas de actualización de la crítica de la economía política marxiana: las de Moishe Postone y Robert Kurz. Sus planteamientos, gestados a partir de los años ochenta, ofrecen claves para superar las insuficiencias del marxismo tradicional y abren perspectivas fructíferas para actualizar la teoría crítica. Partiendo de una reinterpretación común de las categorías de Marx, ambos autores presentan sin embargo diagnósticos diferentes: mientras Postone incide en cómo el capitalismo origina (y bloquea) la posibilidad de un nuevo orden social, Kurz señala que el capitalismo contemporáneo habría alcanzado su límite interno y entrado en una fase irreversible de declive y desintegración.
Crisis económica y crisis social. El problema del sujeto de la trasformación
Authors: Burgio Alberto
Published: July 2014

La actual crisis económica que sacude al Occidente capitalista (y en particular a los países mediterráneos de la Unión Europea) es el resultado de una historia que comenzó en los años setenta, con la respuesta neoliberal (Reagan y Thatcher) a la caída de la tasa de ganancia producida como resultado de la lucha de clases y los trastornos geopolíticos durante las tres décadas posteriores a la segunda guerra mundial. Volver a leer esta historia con Marx es indispensable para comprender las dinámicas y los desarrollos posibles de la crisis. Pero esto implica evitar toda simplificación determinista y tener en cuenta el papel a menudo decisivo desempeñado, en los procesos materiales, por los factores subjetivos.
Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 Plays a Pivotal Role in Neuroinflammation by Modulating TNF-α Activation
Authors: Lee Eun-Jung , Han Jeong Eun , Woo Moon-Sook , Shin Jin A. , Park Eun-Mi , Kang Jihee Lee , Moon Pyong Gon , Baek Moon-Chang , Son Woo-Sung , Ko Young Tag , Choi Ji Woong , Kim Hee-Sun
Published: July 2014

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play important roles in normal brain development and synaptic plasticity, although aberrant expression of MMPs leads to brain damage, including blood–brain barrier disruption, inflammation, demyelination, and neuronal cell death. In this article, we report that MMP-8 is upregulated in LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells and primary cultured microglia, and treatment of MMP-8 inhibitor (M8I) or MMP-8 short hairpin RNA suppresses proinflammatory molecules, particularly TNF-α secretion. Subsequent experiments showed that MMP-8 exhibits TNF-α–converting enzyme (TACE) activity by cleaving the prodomain of TNF-α (A74/Q75, A76/V77 residues) and, furthermore, that M8I inhibits TACE activity more efficiently than TAPI-0, a general TACE inhibitor. Biochemical analysis of the underlying anti-inflammatory mechanisms of M8I revealed that it inhibits MAPK phosphorylation, NF-κB/AP-1 activity, and reactive oxygen species production. Further support for the proinflammatory role of microglial MMP-8 was obtained from an in vivo animal model of neuroinflammatory disorder. MMP-8 is upregulated in septic conditions, particularly in microglia. Administration of M8I or MMP-8 short hairpin RNA significantly inhibits microglial activation and expression/secretion of TNF-α in brain tissue, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid of LPS-induced septic mice. These results demonstrate that MMP-8 critically mediates microglial activation by modulating TNF-α activity, which may explain neuroinflammation in septic mouse brain.
The impact of dust storms on the Arabian Peninsula and the Red Sea
Authors: Jish Prakash P. , Stenchikov G. , Kalenderski S. , Osipov S. , Bangalath H.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Located in the dust belt, the Arabian Peninsula is a major source of atmospheric dust. Frequent dust outbreaks and some 15 to 20 dust storms per year have profound effects on all aspects of human activity and natural processes in this region. To quantify the effect of severe dust events on radiation fluxes and regional climate characteristics, we simulated the storm that occurred on 18–20 March 2012 using a regional weather research forecast model fully coupled with the chemistry/aerosol module (WRF-Chem). This storm swept over a remarkably large area affecting the entire Middle East, North-Eastern Africa, Afghanistan and Pakistan. It was caused by a southward propagating cold front and associated winds activated the dust production in river valleys of the lower Tigris and Euphrates in Iraq, the coastal areas in Kuwait, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates, Rub al Khali, An Nafud and Ad Dahna deserts, and along the Red Sea coast on the west side of the Arabian Peninsula. Our simulation results compare well with available ground-based and satellite observations. The total amount of dust generated by the storm reached 93.76 Mt. About 80% of this amount deposited within the calculation domain. The Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf received 5.3 Mt, and the Red Sea 1.2 Mt. Dust particles bring nutrients to marine ecosystems, which is especially important for the oligothrophic Northern Red Sea. However, their contribution to the nutrient balance in the Red Sea remains largely unknown. By scaling the effect of one storm to the number of dust storms observed annually over the Red Sea, we roughly estimate the annual dust deposition to the Red Sea to be 6 Mt.
The added value of a visible channel to a geostationary thermal infrared instrument to monitor ozone for air quality
Authors: Hache E. , Attié J.-L. , Tourneur C. , Ricaud P. , Coret L. , Lahoz W. A. , El Amraoui L. , Josse B. , Hamer P. , Warner J. , Liu X. , Chance K. , Höpfner M. , Spurr R. , Natraj V. , Kulawik S. , Eldering A. , Orphal J.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Ozone is a tropospheric pollutant and plays a key role in determining the air quality that affects human wellbeing. In this study, we compare the capability of two hypothetical grating spectrometers onboard a geostationary (GEO) satellite to sense ozone in the lowermost troposphere (surface and the 0–1 km column). We consider 1 week during the Northern Hemisphere summer simulated by a chemical transport model, and use the two GEO instrument configurations to measure ozone concentration (1) in the thermal infrared (GEO TIR) and (2) in the thermal infrared and the visible (GEO TIR+VIS). These configurations are compared against each other, and also against an ozone reference state and a priori ozone information. In a first approximation, we assume clear sky conditions neglecting the influence of aerosols and clouds. A number of statistical tests are used to assess the performance of the two GEO configurations. We consider land and sea pixels and whether differences between the two in the performance are significant. Results show that the GEO TIR+VIS configuration provides a better representation of the ozone field both for surface ozone and the 0–1 km ozone column during the daytime especially over land.
Intercomparison of daytime stratospheric NO2 satellite retrievals and model simulations
Authors: Belmonte Rivas M. , Veefkind P. , Boersma F. , Levelt P. , Eskes H. , Gille J.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. This paper evaluates the agreement between stratospheric NO2 retrievals from infrared limb sounders (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) and High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS)) and solar UV/VIS backscatter sensors (Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography (SCIAMACHY) limb and nadir) over the 2005–2007 period and across the seasons. The observational agreement is contrasted with the representation of NO2 profiles in 3-D chemical transport models such as the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) and TM4. A conclusion central to this work is that the definition of a reference for stratospheric NO2 columns formed by consistent agreement among SCIAMACHY, MIPAS and HIRDLS limb records (all of which agree to within 0.25 × 1015 molecules cm−2 or better than 10%) allows us to draw attention to relative errors in other data sets, e.g., (1) WACCM overestimates NO2 densities in the extratropical lower stratosphere, particularly in the springtime and over northern latitudes by up to 35% relative to limb observations, and (2) there are remarkable discrepancies between stratospheric NO2 column estimates from limb and nadir techniques, with a characteristic seasonally and latitudinally dependent pattern. We find that SCIAMACHY nadir and OMI stratospheric columns show overall biases of −0.5 × 1015 molecules cm−2 (−20%) and +0.6 × 1015 molecules cm−2 (+20%) relative to limb observations, respectively. It is argued that additive biases in nadir stratospheric columns are not expected to affect tropospheric retrievals significantly, and that they can be attributed to errors in the total slant column density, related either to algorithmic or instrumental effects. In order to obtain accurate and long-term time series of stratospheric NO2, an effort towards the harmonization of currently used differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) approaches to nadir retrievals becomes essential, as well as their agreement to limb and ground-based observations, particularly now that limb techniques are giving way to nadir observations as the next generation of climate and air quality monitoring instruments pushes forth.
Retrieval of carbon dioxide vertical profiles from solar occultation observations and associated error budgets for ACE-FTS and CASS-FTS
Authors: Sioris C. E. , Boone C. D. , Nassar R. , Sutton K. J. , Gordon I. E. , Walker K. A. , Bernath P. F.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. An algorithm is developed to retrieve the vertical profile of carbon dioxide in the 5 to 25 km altitude range using mid-infrared solar occultation spectra from the main instrument of the ACE (Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment) mission, namely the Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS). The main challenge is to find an atmospheric phenomenon which can be used for accurate tangent height determination in the lower atmosphere, where the tangent heights (THs) calculated from geometric and timing information are not of sufficient accuracy. Error budgets for the retrieval of CO2 from ACE-FTS and the FTS on a potential follow-on mission named CASS (Chemical and Aerosol Sounding Satellite) are calculated and contrasted. Retrieved THs have typical biases of 60 m relative to those retrieved using the ACE version 3.x software after revisiting the temperature dependence of the N2 CIA (collision-induced absorption) laboratory measurements and accounting for sulfate aerosol extinction. After correcting for the known residual high bias of ACE version 3.x THs expected from CO2 spectroscopic/isotopic inconsistencies, the remaining bias for tangent heights determined with the N2 CIA is −20 m. CO2 in the 5–13 km range in the 2009–2011 time frame is validated against aircraft measurements from CARIBIC (Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container), CONTRAIL (Comprehensive Observation Network for Trace gases by Airline), and HIPPO (HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations), yielding typical biases of −1.7 ppm in the 5–13 km range. The standard error of these biases in this vertical range is 0.4 ppm. The multi-year ACE-FTS data set is valuable in determining the seasonal variation of the latitudinal gradient which arises from the strong seasonal cycle in the Northern Hemisphere troposphere. The annual growth of CO2 in this time frame is determined to be 2.6 ± 0.4 ppm year−1, in agreement with the currently accepted global growth rate based on ground-based measurements.
The formation and growth of ultrafine particles in two contrasting environments: a case study
Authors:   Sobhan Kumar Kompalli, Suresh Babu S. , Krishna Moorthy K. ,   Mukunda M Gogoi,   Vijayakumar S Nair,   Jai Prakash Chaubey
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Formation of ultrafine particles and their subsequent growth have been examined during new particle formation (NPF) events in two contrasting environments under varying ambient conditions, one for a tropical semi-urban coastal station, Trivandrum, and the other for a high-altitude free-tropospheric Himalayan location, Hanle. At Trivandrum, NPF bursts took place in the late evening/night hours, whereas at Hanle the burst was a daytime event. During the nucleation period, the total number concentration reached levels as high as ~ 15 900 cm−3 at Trivandrum, whereas at Hanle, the total number concentration was ~ 2700 cm−3, indicating the abundant availability of precursors at Trivandrum and the pristine nature of Hanle. A sharp decrease was associated with NPF for the geometric mean diameter of the size distribution, and a large increase in the concentration of the particles in the nucleation regime (Dp < 25 nm). Once formed, these (secondary) aerosols grew from nucleation (diameter Dp < 25 nm) to Aitken (25 ≤ Dp ≤ 100 nm) regime and beyond, to the accumulation size regimes (100 ≤ Dp ≤ 1000 nm), with varying growth rates (GR) for the different size regimes at both the locations. A more rapid growth ~ 50 nm h−1 was observed at Trivandrum, in contrast to Hanle where the growth rate ranged from 0.1 to 20 nm h−1 for the transformation from the nucleation to accumulation – a size regime that can potentially act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The faster coagulation led to lifetimes of < 1 h for nucleation mode particles.
Large-eddy simulation of plume dispersion under various thermally stratified boundary layers
Authors: Nakayama H. , Takemi T. , Nagai H.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Contaminant gas dispersion in atmospheric boundary layer is of great concern to public health. For the accurate prediction of the dispersion problem, the present study numerically investigates the behavior of plume dispersion by taking into account the atmospheric stability which is classified into three types; neutral, stable, and convective boundary layers. We first proposed an efficient method to generate spatially-developing, thermally-stratified boundary layers and examined the usefulness of our approach by comparing to wind tunnel experimental data for various thermal boundary layers. The spreads of plume in the spanwise direction are quantitatively underestimated especially at large downwind distances from the point source, owing to the underestimation of turbulence intensities for the spanwise component; however, the dependence of the spanwise spreads to atmospheric stability is well represented in a qualitative sense. It was shown that the large-eddy simulation (LES) model provides physically reasonable results.
Mixed layer variability and chlorophyll a biomass in the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Narvekar J. , Prasanna Kumar S.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. The mixed layer is the most variable and dynamically active part of the marine environment that couples the underlying ocean to the atmosphere and plays an important role in determining the oceanic primary productivity. We examined the basin-scale processes controlling the seasonal variability of mixed layer depth in the Bay of Bengal and its association with chlorophyll using a suite of in situ as well as remote sensing data. A coupling between mixed layer depth and chlorophyll was seen during spring intermonsoon and summer monsoon, but for different reasons. In spring intermonsoon the temperature-dominated stratification and associated shallow mixed layer makes the upper waters of the Bay of Bengal nutrient depleted and oligotrophic. In summer, although the salinity-dominated stratification in the northern Bay of Bengal shallows the mixed layer, the nutrient input from adjoining rivers enhance the surface chlorophyll. This enhancement is confined only to the surface layer and with increase in depth, the chlorophyll biomass decreases rapidly due to reduction in sunlight by suspended sediment. In the south, advection of high salinity waters from the Arabian Sea and westward propagating Rossby waves from the eastern Bay of Bengal led to the formation of deep mixed layer. In contrast, in the Indo–Sri Lanka region, the shallow mixed layer and nutrient enrichment driven by upwelling and Ekman pumping resulted in chlorophyll enhancement. The mismatch between the nitrate and chlorophyll indicated the inadequacy of present data to fully unravel its coupling to mixed layer processes.
Biogeophysical impacts of peatland forestation on regional climate changes in Finland
Authors: Gao Y. , Markkanen T. , Backman L. , Henttonen H. M. , Pietikäinen J.-P. , Mäkelä H. , Laaksonen A.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Land cover changes can impact the climate by influencing the surface energy and water balance. Unproductive peatlands were extensively drained to stimulate forest growth in Finland over the second half of 20th century. The aim of this study is to investigate the biogeophysical effects of peatland forestation on climate change in Finland. Two sets of 18 year climate simulations were done with the regional climate model REMO by using land cover data based on pre-drainage (1920s) and post-drainage (2000s) Finnish National Forest Inventories. The results show that in the most intensive peatland forestation area located in the middle west of Finland, the differences in monthly averaged daily mean two-metre air temperature show a spring warming of up to 0.43 K in April, whereas a slight cooling of less than 0.1 K in general is found from May till October. Consequently, snow clearance days over that area are advanced up to 5 days in the mean of 15 years. No clear signal is found for precipitation. Through analysing the simulated temperature and energy balance terms, as well as snow depth over five selected subregions, a positive feedback induced by peatland forestation is found between decreased surface albedo and increased surface air temperature in the snow melting period. Our modelled results show good qualitative agreements with the observational data. In general, decreased albedo in snow-melting period and increased evapotranspiration in the growing period are the most important biogeophysical aspects induced by peatland forestation that cause changes in climate.
Editorial Urbane Ungleichheit in vergleichender Perspektive – Konzeptionelle Überlegungen und empirische Befunde aus den Americas
Authors: Rothfuß E. , Gerhard U.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Research on urban inequality has a long tradition in human geography as well as sociology. This special issue seeks to amplify the discussion by introducing some new theoretical approaches to the analysis. The first is to open up a research setting for comparative urbanism. By looking at urban life-worlds of marginalized neighbourhoods in the two Americas, the contributors do not want to search for similarities or disparities between different countries, but try to shed light on societal contexts and their spatial settings. The idea is to develop a reconstructive perspective to understand the uneven place-making within cities. With this, a second task is circumscribed: by describing and interpreting every-day life practices in Brazilian favelas and US ghettos, we want to contribute to a better understanding of patterns and spaces of urban inequality. Despite the wide array of (mostly quantitative) studies on urban inequality and segregation we declare a lack of understanding how these marginalized localities are experienced and reproduced. How do unprivileged inhabitants cope with everyday negligence and discrimination? Further concepts of urban citizenship, governmentality and the role of the penal state are introduced to enhance the conceptual as well as empirical analysis of inequality in cities.
Science + Space + Society: urbanity and the risk of methodological communalism in social sciences of space*
Authors: Lévy J.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. During the last decades, geography has lost its epistemological exceptionality, but is this enough? Social sciences are commonly threatened by methodological nationalism and, more generally, by methodological communalism, that is the corruption of a scientific approach or project by any kind of other social alignment that undermines its capacity to develop a free, autonomous thought. Has geography escaped these pitfalls? In this text, the example of urban studies is taken to try and answer these questions. More specifically, the way the idea of spatial justice has emerged in the last decades is explored through the analysis of five significant books among the academic production on these topics. It is then argued, thanks to a critical review around the iconic notion of 'gentrification', that the corpus at stake is more substantial than the limited, partially arbitrary selection of these five books. The present-day situation of urban geography (and probably of urban sociology, too) shows a serious risk of methodological communalism particularly located in Anglophone, and especially North American, literature. Some hypotheses are proposed to explain this particular geography of the academic episteme of inhabited space. It is argued that the potential single-paradigm hegemony in geography and, more generally, in social sciences might fuel this danger. Finally, a possible antidote to this worrying trend could be the simple, but complex idea of putting science, space and society together in a non-dissociable way. The conclusion stresses the necessity of taking up key challenges that urbanity issues raise and the usefulness of epistemological and theoretical pluralism as a major intellectual resource.
Site effect classification based on microtremor data analysis using concentration–area fractal model
Authors: Adib A. , Afzal P. , Heydarzadeh K.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. The aim of this study is to classify the site effect using concentration–area (C–A) fractal model in Meybod city, Central Iran, based on microtremor data analysis. Log–log plots of the frequency, amplification and vulnerability index (k-g) indicate a multifractal nature for the parameters in the area. The results obtained from the C–A fractal modeling reveal that proper soil types are located around the central city. The results derived via the fractal modeling were utilized to improve the Nogoshi's classification results in the Meybod city. The resulted categories are: (1) hard soil and weak rock with frequency of 6.2 to 8 Hz, (2) stiff soil with frequency of about 4.9 to 6.2 Hz, (3) moderately soft soil with the frequency of 2.4 to 4.9 Hz, and (4) soft soil with the frequency lower than 2.4 Hz.
Initial results from geophysical surveys and shallow coring of the Northeast Greenland Ice Stream (NEGIS)
Authors: Vallelonga P. , Christianson K. , Alley R. B. , Anandakrishnan S. , Christian J. E. M. , Dahl-Jensen D. , Gkinis V. , Holme C. , Jacobel R. W. , Karlsson N. B. , Keisling B. A. , Kipfstuhl S. , Kjær H. A. , Kristensen M. E. L. , Muto A. , Peters L. E. , Popp T. , Riverman K. L. , Svensson A. M. , Tibuleac C. , Vinther B. M. , Weng Y. , Winstrup M.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. The Northeast Greenland Ice Stream (NEGIS) is the sole interior Greenlandic ice stream. Fast flow initiates near the summit dome, and the ice stream terminates approximately 1000 km downstream in three large outlet glaciers that calve into the Greenland Sea. To better understand this important system, in the summer of 2012 we drilled a 67 m firn core and conducted ground-based radio-echo sounding (RES) and active-source seismic surveys at a site approximately 150 km downstream from the onset of streaming flow (NEGIS firn core, 75°37.61' N, 35°56.49' W). The site is representative of the upper part of the ice stream, while also being in a crevasse-free area for safe surface operations. Annual cycles were observed for insoluble dust, sodium and ammonium concentrations and for electrolytic conductivity, allowing a seasonally resolved chronology covering the past 400 yr. Annual layer thicknesses averaged 0.11 m ice equivalent (i.e.) for the period 1607–2011, although accumulation varied between 0.08 and 0.14 m i.e., likely due to flow-related changes in surface topography. Tracing of RES layers from the NGRIP (North Greenland Ice Core Project) ice core site shows that the ice at NEGIS preserves a climatic record of at least the past 51 kyr. We demonstrate that deep ice core drilling in this location can provide a reliable Holocene and late-glacial climate record, as well as helping to constrain the past dynamics and ice–lithosphere interactions of the Greenland Ice Sheet.