bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevention of Lipid Peroxidation–derived Cyclic DNA Adduct and Mutation in High-Fat Diet–induced Hepatocarcinogenesis by Theaphenon E
Authors: Coia Heidi , Ma Ning , Hou Yanqi , Dyba Marcin D. , Fu Ying , Cruz M. Idalia , Benitez Carlos , Graham Garrett T. , McCutcheon Justine N. , Zheng Yun-Ling , Sun Bing , Kallakury Bhaskar V. , Ma Junfeng , Fang Hong-Bin , Berry Deborah L. , Muralidaran Vinona , Chung Fung-Lung
Published: August 2018

Obesity is associated with cancer risk and its link with liver cancer is particularly strong. Obesity causes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) that could progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Chronic inflammation likely plays a key role. We carried out a bioassay in the high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice to provide insight into the mechanisms of obesity-related HCC by studying γ-OHPdG, a mutagenic DNA adduct derived from lipid peroxidation. In an 80-week bioassay, mice received a low-fat diet (LFD), high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD with 2% Theaphenon E (TE) (HFD+TE). HFD mice developed a 42% incidence of HCC and LFD mice a 16%. Remarkably, TE, a standardized green tea extract formulation, completely blocked HCC in HFD mice with a 0% incidence. γ-OHPdG measured in the hepatic DNA of mice fed HFD and HFD+TE showed its levels increased during the early stages of NAFLD in HFD mice and the increases were significantly suppressed by TE, correlating with the tumor data. Whole-exome sequencing showed an increased mutation load in the liver tumors of HFD mice with G>A and G>T as the predominant mutations, consistent with the report that γ-OHPdG induces G>A and G>T. Furthermore, the mutation loads were significantly reduced in HFD+TE mice, particularly G>T, the most common mutation in human HCC. These results demonstrate in a relevant model of obesity-induced HCC that γ-OHPdG formation during fatty liver disease may be an initiating event for accumulated mutations that leads to HCC and this process can be effectively inhibited by TE. Cancer Prev Res; 11(10); 665–76. ©2018 AACR.
Recurrent Mantle Cell Lymphoma Presenting as Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Authors: Ahmed Rafeeq , Kumar Kishore , Makker Jasbir , Niazi Masooma , Balar Bhavna
Published: August 2018

Mantle cell lymphoma is a rare and aggressive subtype of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Mantle cell lymphoma frequently involves extranodal sites, and gastrointestinal tract is involved microscopically and macroscopically in more than 80% of cases. We present two cases of recurrent mantle cell lymphoma presenting with lower and upper gastrointestinal bleeding, respectively. A 58-year-old woman with a history of recurrent mantle cell lymphoma treated with chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation presented with left-sided abdominal pain and hematochezia. Colonoscopy showed a mass-like lesion in the ascending colon, polyps in the ascending colon, and splenic flexure. A 68-year-old man with a history of mantle cell lymphoma treated with chemotherapy presented with epigastric pain and melena. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed a large polypoidal ulcerated mass with oozing in the duodenal bulb. Biopsies in both patients were suggestive of mantle cell lymphoma. Patients with mantle cell lymphoma could be asymptomatic or may present with abdominal pain, obstruction, diarrhea, or gastrointestinal bleeding. In patients presenting with gastrointestinal symptoms, endoscopy must be pursued and biopsies must be taken for any suspicious lesions as well as normal mucosa to exclude mantle cell lymphoma as an etiology for the lesion or symptoms. Even though there are no standard guidelines for endoscopic screening of gastrointestinal tract in asymptomatic patients, one should be aware of involvement of gastrointestinal tract in the early course of disease or recurrent disease. Although mantle cell lymphoma is initially responsive to chemotherapy, it eventually becomes refractory with a median survival of 3–5 years.
Dietary Oxidative Balance Scores and Biomarkers of Inflammation among Individuals with and without Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Marks Kristin J. , Hartman Terryl J. , Judd Suzanne E. , Ilori Titilayo O. , Cheung Katharine L. , Warnock David G. , Gutiérrez Orlando M. , Goodman Michael , Cushman Mary , McClellan William M.
Published: August 2018

Background: Oxidative stress and inflammation are proposed mechanisms of nonspecific kidney injury and progressive kidney failure. Higher dietary oxidative balance scores (OBS) are associated with lower prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: We investigated the association between OBS and biomarkers of inflammation using data from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study. Nutrient estimates from the Block Food Frequency Questionnaires were used to define tertiles of 11 pro- and antioxidant factors. Points for each OBS component were summed, with a higher score indicating predominance of antioxidant exposures. Multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate the association between OBS and biomarkers of inflammation (interleukin-6 [IL-6], interleukin-8 [IL-8], interleukin-10 [IL-10], fibrinogen, C-reactive protein [CRP], white blood cell count, and cystatin C). An interaction term was included to determine if associations between OBS and inflammatory markers differed between individuals with and without CKD. Results: Of 682 participants, 22.4% had CKD. In adjusted models, OBS was associated with CRP and IL-6. For every 5-unit increase in OBS, the CRP concentration was –15.3% lower (95% CI: –25.6, –3.6). The association of OBS with IL-6 differed by CKD status; for every 5-unit increase in OBS, IL-6 was –10.7% lower (95% CI: –16.3, –4.7) among those without CKD, but there was no association among those with CKD (p = 0.03). Conclusion: This study suggests that a higher OBS is associated with more favorable levels of IL-6 and CRP, and that the association of OBS and IL-6 may be modified by CKD status.
Adenocarcinoma Arising from Perianal Fistulizing Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Fornaro Rosario , Frascio Marco , Caratto Michela , Caratto Elisa , Bianchi Rita , Razzore Andrea , Caristo Giuseppe , Sticchi Camilla , Casaccia Marco
Published: August 2018

Perianal fistula is a very debilitating event and a cause of morbidity in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD). Its malignant transformation is very rare with an incidence of around 0.004–0.7%. Presence of disease in the colon and rectum is the major risk factor for the development of a perianal fistula. In this report we show a case of adenocarcinoma arising from a perianal fistulizing CD. This type of tumor is highly aggressive, difficult to diagnose, and has a rather poor prognosis. The different neoplastic transformations and the different types of tumors that may appear in patients with CD, especially at the colorectal level or at the level of an eventual anastomosis, are to date well documented and described in the literature, while there is a lack of information and of treated cases concerning the occurrence of cancer at the level of a fistula. Due to the rarity of cases, we tried to identify the most frequent and important risk factors: sex, duration of disease, age at diagnosis, and the history of the fistula.
Spontaneous Regression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Portal Vein Tumor Thrombus
Authors: Koya Yudai , Suzuki Tomohiro , Tai Mayumi , Ichii Osamu , Matsuhashi Nobuo , Ejiri Yutaka , Shibata Michihiko , Harada Masaru
Published: August 2018

An 83-year-old man underwent transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) for a 20-mm hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Couinaud’s segment 4. Computed tomography (CT) 4 months after TACE showed tumor thrombus in the portal vein in addition to diffuse metastases and arterioportal shunts in the left lobe. Although we performed the best supportive care, the tumor thrombus in the portal vein and tumors in the left lobe had completely disappeared on CT 16 months after the TACE. Rapidly grown portal vein tumor thrombus and arterioportal shunt might be the causes of spontaneous regression of HCC, probably associated with tumor hypoxia.
Age- and Diabetes-Related Changes in the Free Fatty Acid Composition of the Human Stratum Corneum
Authors: Wohlrab Johannes , Gabel Alexander , Wolfram Martin , Grosse Ivo , Neubert Reinhard H.H. , Steinbach Sophie C.
Published: August 2018

Of particular importance for Stratum corneum (SC) lipids are the free fatty acids (FFAs). Age-related changes of the SC structure lead to diminished capacity for barrier compensation. The aims of this cross-sectional study were to identify even-numbered especially odd-numbered FFAs within the intercorneocytic lamellar lipid structures of the SC and to explore age- and diabetes-related changes in FFAs. Gas chromatography – flame ionisation detection was used to qualitatively and quantitatively assess FFAs extracted from the SC. 110 subjects aged over 60 years (elderly/healthy), 110 subjects aged 18–40 (young/healthy) and 38 subjects with diabetes mellitus aged 18–40 (young/diabetic) were investigated. Overall, odd-numbered FFAs comprised about 21, 23 and 24% of total FFAs in subgroups elderly/healthy, young/healthy and young/diabetic. The most abundant short-chain FFAs were C16: 0 and C18: 0 and long-chain FFAs were C24: 0 and C26: 0. Only levels of C15: 0 and C17: 0 decreased with age. In contrast, levels of C18: 2 and C19 were significantly decreased and levels of C15, C17, C18: 1 and C23 were significantly increased in young diabetic subjects. In general, compared with younger healthy subjects, FFA composition was only partly significantly altered in older healthy subjects but was significantly altered in younger diabetic subjects.
Relationship between Liver Pathology and Disease Progression in a Murine Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Lee Sun Hwa  , Yang Eun Jin
Published: August 2018

Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease that causes selective motor neuron cell death and accompanying skeletal muscle atrophy and structural deformities. In both patients with ALS and animal models, there appears to be spinal cord and muscle pathology. This pathology can be modeled in hSOD1G93A mice, which have a point mutation in the gene for superoxide dismutase 1. Similar to patients with ALS, hSOD1G93A mice present hepatic abnormalities and lymphocytic infiltration in the liver. However, the relationship between liver function and disease progression is not well understood. Objective: The goal of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms relating liver pathology to disease progression in hSOD1G93A mice. Methods: Liver tissues were harvested from control (nontransgenic) mice, presymptomatic hSOD1G93A mice, and symptomatic hSOD1G93A mice. Results: In the liver, the expression of proteins related to inflammation and oxidative stress increased with disease progression in hSOD1G93A mice. Furthermore, histone deacetylase 4, DNA-damage-inducible 45α, and platelet-derived growth factor β, which are associated with liver fibrosis, were upregulated in the livers of presymptomatic hSOD1G93A mice. Conclusions: Taken together, these findings suggest that liver dysfunction in hSOD1G93A transgenic mice is mediated by increased inflammation and oxidative stress as well as the upregulation of fibrosis-related proteins.
The Role of Demographic and Symbolic Features in Clinical Arabic Graphesthesia Testing
Authors: Muayqil Taim A. , Alanazy Mohammed H. , Al-Herbish Maan J. , Al-Nafisah Mohammed , Halawani Lubna M. , Al-Bader Sakhar S. , Al-Yousef Lujain M. , Aljafen Bandar N.
Published: August 2018

Objective: Graphesthesia is the ability to identify a symbol traced on the skin. Agraphesthesia is the impairment in this ability and is encountered in various disorders of the somatosensory pathways. We aimed to describe the demographic and symbolic features that influence correct recognition of Arabic graphesthesia stimuli in healthy Arabic individuals. Methods: Participants were community dwelling healthy Arabian individuals of 18 years of age or older. Demographic information collected included age, gender, years of education, and hand dominance. Assessment was conducted using a list of 15 symbols drawn in a single stroke while the hands were obscured from vision. Symbols were current letters and numbers from Arabic script. Each participant was exposed to 60 attempts in total in a random order and correct responses were counted. Results: A total of 126 male and female participants were included. On average, men scored less than women (p < 0.0001), older subjects scored less than those below 30 years of age (p = 0.03), and higher years of education resulted in higher scores (p = 0.047) while handedness did not significantly associate with performance. More correct responses were seen for numerical symbols than letters (p < 0.0001). Symbols with unique script were more likely to be correctly identified. Conclusions: Number and letter symbols traced on the palm are identified with varying levels of accuracy when conducted according to our method. Female gender, younger age, and higher education are associated with higher scores. Among the many potential symbolic properties that contribute to recognition, a numeric symbol with a unique script is most likely to be correctly identified.
Detection of elusive fire salamander larvae (Salamandra salamandra) in streams via environmental DNA
Authors: Preißler Kathleen , Watzal Alexander Dennis , Vences Miguel , Steinfartz Sebastian
Published: August 2018

In the face of the global biodiversity crisis, the monitoring of species richness and diversity is experiencing an increased demand entailing a raise in cost and time investment. The analysis of species-specific DNA fragments in environmental samples (eDNA) such as from water or soil, facilitate the molecular detection of species without the specific sampling of individuals. The invasive chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) is infecting natural fire salamander populations (Salamandra salamandra) and causes chytridiomycosis resulting in infrequent regional extinctions of populations across Central Europe. With regard to the expanding distribution of Bsal over the last years, cost-effective monitoring of fire salamanders is important for the conservation of this species. Based on a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay, we developed a new protocol to detect S. salamandra larvae in streams via eDNA, using species-specific primers of the mitochondrial control region (D-loop). We tested the efficiency of qPCR primer sets for six combinations of DNA extraction kits coupled with subsequent PCR inhibitor removal kits for obtaining qPCR-detectable S. salamandra eDNA from water filters, that were taken both from natural streams and artificial water tanks in the laboratory as positive controls. We found that the DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit in combination with the DNeasy PowerClean CleanUp Kit performed best for detecting salamander larvae from natural streams. Our experimental protocol paves the way for resource-saving approaches to monitor S. salamandra larvae, but also confirms the limits to this eDNA approach in that it requires optimized laboratory protocols.
Notes on the Brazilian species of Purenleon Stange (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae), with description of two new species
Authors: Machado Renato Jose Pires , de Miranda Tavares Leon Gustavo
Published: August 2018

This study focuses on the Brazilian species of the genus Purenleon Stange (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae). A total of five species are herein reported to Brazil: Purenleon clavatus (Navás), Purenleon fernandezi Miller & Stange (first record for Brazil), Purenleon cautus (Walker) comb. n., and two new species: Purenleon limeirai
sp. n. and Purenleon rafaeli
sp. n. The taxonomical status of other two species was reevaluated: Formicaleo bipunctatus Navás was synonymized under P. cautus and Feinerus nebulosus Navás was revalidated and transferred to Purenleon. A key to the South American species of Purenleon is also presented.
Dacryobolus angiospermarum (Polyporales, Basidiomycota), a new brown-rot corticioid species from southern China
Authors: XU YUN-LIN , LIU SHI-LIANG , WU SHENG-HUA , HE SHUANG-HUI
Published: August 2018

A new corticioid species, Dacryobolus angiospermarum, is described and illustrated from southern China based on morphological and molecular evidence. The new species is similar to D. karstenii but differs in growing on angiosperm wood, having wider skeletal hyphae, and lacking hymenial cystidia. In the phylogenetic tree inferred from ITS and nrLSU sequence of Dacryobolaceae, D. angiospermarum formed a distinct lineage sister to the D. karstenii group. Samples of D. karstenii from southern China, north Europe and northwestern United States formed different lineages. However, no morphological characters can be used to distinguish them at present.
Erratum: Systematics and biogeography of Tropical Eastern Pacific Chthamalus with descriptions of two new species (Cirripedia, Thoracica). Zootaxa 1574: 1–30 (2007)
Authors: PITOMBO FABIO BETTINI , BURTON RON
Published: August 2018

We report a lapsus calami in our explanation of the etymology of the name Chthamalus southwardorum sp. nov. in Pitombo & Burton 2007.
A new species of Pseudione Kossmann, 1881 (Isopoda, Cymothoida, Bopyridae) parasitizing the lobster Nephropsis aculeata Smith, 1881 (Decapoda, Astacidea, Nephropidae) in the Southwestern Atlantic
Authors: HORCH AMANDA PORCIUNCULA , HUBER AUGUSTO FREDERICO , ARAUJO PAULA BEATRIZ , RIBEIRO FELIPE BEZERRA
Published: August 2018

A new species of Pseudione Kossmann, 1881 is described from two parasitized specimens of the clawed lobster Nephropsis aculeata Smith, 1881, collected from Brazilian waters in the southwestern Atlantic. It is the second species of the genus from Brazil and is the fourth species parasitizing nephropid lobsters in the world.
Description of the larva and pupa of Limnephilus hamifer Flint 1963 (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae) from Costa Rica
Authors: SPRINGER MONIKA , BERMÚDEZ-MONGE JENNY
Published: August 2018

The larva and pupa of Limnephilus hamifer Flint 1963 are described and illustrated for the first time. The description is based on material collected and reared from the Cerro de la Muerte mountain range in Costa Rica, and from additional specimens deposited at the Zoological Museum of the University of Costa Rica. The distribution of this species is restricted to high mountain areas of Costa Rica and Panamá and constitutes the most southern distribution of the genus on the American continent.
Meteorological Equipment of the Hanford Engineer Works, Richland, Wash.
Authors: Church Phil E. , Gosline C. A.
Published: August 2018

A 400-ft tower with an anemometer and an aspirated thermohm at each 50-ft interval and a precision wind vane at each 100-ft interval with indicators and recorders in the office building is described. With a “surface” observation level the lapse rate, hence degree of stability, is continuously recorded at nine levels; the character of mixing and amount of dilution of waste stack gases are thereby known.
WITAN: A Wind-Time Analyzer*
Authors: Kraght P. E.
Published: August 2018

Airline meteorology requires procedures that offer both simplicity and speed of flight weather problems. Many of these problems have their basis in wind-time analysis. A WInd-Time-ANalyzer called WITAN can be developed from the simple geostrophic wind equation for constant pressure surfaces. This instrument speedily and with simplicity solves problems of geostrophic winds, wind components, advection components, advection distance, cross and on route components, ground speed, and flying time between check points. In addition with the polar parameters, (Rφ) given WITAN is an aid in the procedures of finding tracks better than the great circle under certain wind conditions.
The Albedo of the Ground and Atmosphere
Authors: Fritz Sigmund
Published: August 2018

Measurements of the upward and downward components of solar radiation were measured from a B-29 airplane on March 22, 1947. From these the albedo of the ground has been calculated. In the center of the country along the 39th parallel of latitude, the albedo of the ground, except when covered in part by snow, was found to be between .07 and .10. As the Western Mountains were approached, the albedo increased to .12. In the mountains, where the color of the terrain varies rapidly, the albedo reached a high value of .23, and averaged about .17. For terrain which was partially snow-covered the highest albedo measured was .29.

Computations were made which showed the absorption of solar radiation to be about .06 ly/min in a unit column reaching from the ground to 10,000 feet which by itself would cause a temperature rise of .05C°/hr. in a cloudless smoky atmosphere.
Drop-Size Distribution Measurements in Orographic Rain
Authors: Anderson Lloyd J.
Published: August 2018

Measurements on rainfall near Hilo, Hawaii are described. Quartile deviations of drop-size distributions are plotted versus rainfall intensity. Comparison is made with similar data of Laws and Parsons, and certain similarities and differences are pointed out.
Some Remarks Concerning the Gradient-Wind Equation *
Authors: Godson Warren L.
Published: August 2018

The form of the gradient-wind equation involving the motion of pressure systems is briefly derived in order to indicate the assumptions involved. The equation is applied to closed highs and lows aloft, verifying qualitatively their empirically-observed motion in the direction of their strongest winds. Criteria for the speed of translation of high pressure centers and ridges are deduced from the gradient-wind equation. It is shown that both roots of the binomial solution for anti-cyclonically curved trajectories or contour lines must be admissible and that the classically-discarded root offers a logical explanation for the so-called super-gradient wind.
Some Aspects of Hawaiian Rainfall *
Authors: Riehl Herbert
Published: August 2018

The question is raised whether rainfall over the sugar and pineapple plantations in the central parts of the island of Oahu in the Hawaiian group is so sporadic and disorganized that it is not amenable to short term forecasting, or whether it occurs in sufficiently organized form so that general synoptic forecasts for Hawaii can be supplied that will be useful for operations on the plantations. It turns out that most rainfall is attributable to synoptic disturbances. This is more true in winter, when the islands normally experience their heaviest rainfall, than in summer, when precipitation is at its seasonal low ebb. Further analysis of the disturbances shows that a few large storms produce over ⅔ of the annual rainfall total and that the orographic effect responsible for local differences in rainfall received from storms decreases in importance as storm intensity increases.
The Rain Required for a Radar Echo
Authors: Perrie D. W.
Published: August 2018

A Microwave Early Warning Radar was operated at Clinton, Ontario from March until October, 1945, for the purpose of studying radar echoes from rain. The principal contribution from this operation has been a direct determination of the amount of rain (measured both by gauge and by drop measurements) required to produce an echo at a given range.
Experiments with Silver Iodide Smokes in the Natural Atmosphere
Authors: Vonnegut Bernard
Published: August 2018

Preliminary experiments have been made on seeding natural supercooled clouds with silver iodide smokes. It is believed that in many cases positive effects were observed. In a majority of the experiments it is impossible to prove beyond doubt that the effects are the result of the seeding. However, certain of these experiments demonstrate conclusively that modification of natural clouds with silver iodide smokes can be achieved. Areas of supercooled ground fog several hundred feet in diameter have been changed to ice at a temperature of − 5°C by small scale releases of silver iodide smoke from the ground. Similarly areas up to a mile in diameter have been filled with small ice crystals by releasing the smoke at − 20°C when the air is supersaturated with respect to ice.

On December 21, 1948, a supercooled stratus cloud layer approximately 1,000 feet thick at a temperature of − 10° was seeded from an airplane with silver iodide smoke produced by dropping three or four pounds of burning charcoal which had been impregnated with one percent by weight of silver iodide. For purposes of comparison, and in order to definitely establish the position of the seeding, dry ice seedings were made about three miles away on either side. The results of the silver iodide seeding are clearly visible in photographs taken from the airplane. About six square miles of the supercooled cloud layer were transformed into ice crystals as the result of seeding with somewhat less than one ounce of silver iodide.
Lightning Detection by Radar
Authors: Ligda Myron G. H.
Published: August 2018

On July 20, 1949 what are thought to be the first photographs of the radar indication of lightning strokes were obtained by the Weather Radar Research Project of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The method of radar lightning detection is described, and suggestions are made for research in this field. Possible uses of the observation include positive determination of certain precipitation cells as thunderstorms and their identification as such in rareps.
Photolytic Inactivation of Ice-Forming Silver Iodide Nuclei
Authors: Inn Edward C. Y.
Published: August 2018

Photolytic decomposition of silver-iodide crystals has been observed when the crystals were exposed to light of wave lengths less than 4300Å, as indicated by darkening of the exposed crystals. Qualitative observations indicate exposed silver iodide crystals undergo reversible photolysis, although the exact conditions under which this takes place is not well understood. When silver iodide nuclei were similarly exposed to light, the ability to form ice particles, when injected into a cloud of super-cooled water droplets, was found to be essentially destroyed. It is believed that, as a result of photolysis of the exposed silver iodide nuclei, the physico-chemical nature of surface of the nuclei has been altered to minimize effectively the surface-structure sensitive process of ice nucleation.
A Cloudform-Stability Scale for Tropical Oceanic Areas *
Authors: Bryson Reid A.
Published: August 2018

On the basis of experience in Puerto Rico and the western Pacific, a scale for rating convective cloudforms in terms of the thermodynamic stability represented was developed. This scale provides a quantitative measure for the study of diurnal variation of cloudform, and for weather pattern diagnosis.
Measurements of Absorption of Solar Radiation by Clouds
Authors: Fritz Sigmund , MacDonald Torrence H.
Published: August 2018

The measurements of absorption of solar radiation in extensive cloud systems suggest an average value of about 20% absorption if we treat the Washington observations as one group, since they pertain to one cloud system. This is substantially higher than an extrapolation of the theoretical computations indicates. Final resolution of the matter must await additional measurements made by various techniques.
Navigating With the Weather
Authors: Allen Louis
Published: August 2018

The application of meteorology and oceanography to the navigation of surface vessels is discussed. Comments are made in regard to the importance of these sciences in designing and building ships, and also in the observations of ocean currents by ships at sea. It is concluded that safer, more efficient, and more comfortable ocean crossings are possible when ships' captains choose to navigate with the weather.
Meteorological Aspects of the Atomic “Base Surge” *
Authors: Holzman Colonel B. G.
Published: August 2018

The Bikini (Baker Test) under water atomic explosion is described and the point is made that the spectacular cloud formation associated with the “base surge” was dependent upon the moist tropical air mass prevailing at the time of the explosion.
Nephoscopes (I)
Authors: Fergusson Sterling P.
Published: August 2018

With small effort and expense, very important information concerning the atmosphere can be obtained by means of studies of clouds; growing awareness of this, within recent years is indicated by the appearance of new techniques and new forms of instruments—nephoscopes—for the measurement of the heights, motions, and other phenomena of clouds. The larger number of these instruments, accompanied by brief descriptions, have been produced in Europe, and few details of new or older nephoscopes have appeared in America since Abbe's “Treatise on Meteorological Apparatus and Methods” in 1888.

In the present paper are comparisons of the more important nephoscopes in use since the beginning of accurate observations, descriptions of installations found satisfactory, and a bibliography of published researches concerning nephoscopes and observations made with them. The nephoscope of the widest range of use and the most economical to produce is of the reflecting form; (1) the mirror is a disk of black glass, both sides of which are reflectors, so that (2) it may be reversed when one side becomes dulled through use; (3) the diameter of the mirror should be at least 20 centimetres, to permit measurement of rapidly-moving or indistinct clouds; (4) the eyepiece—a small disk in which is a hole about 3 mm in diameter through which the cloud-image is followed—is carried at any desired height above or distance from the mirror, on a flexible, adjustable arm extending from the mirror, or on a separate support or stand.
Radar-Rainfall Studies in Ohio *
Authors: Bunting Donald C. , Latour Marinus H.
Published: August 2018

A University of Florida Research Team conducted weather radar studies during the summer of 1948 at Wilmington, Ohio. Some results of these studies are presented here. Data were obtained to show the feasibility of using radar for quantitatively measuring the rate of rainfall. Comparisons are made between isohyets obtained by calculations from radar data and those obtained from rain gages. Comparisons are also made between results obtained from 10-cm and 3.2-cm radars.
Performance Characteristics of Sanborn Rod Thermistors
Authors: Staley Raymond C.
Published: August 2018

One type of Sanborn rod thermistor is studied with respect to the accuracy of measurement of air temperature. Compensation techniques are reviewed and inaccuracies, uncertainties, and lag coefficients are evaluated. Shielding of thermistors from solar and long-wave radiation is examined. With yearly calibration and proper shielding, temperatures may be measured with an accuracy of at least 0.4C°.
Results of Double-Theodolite Observations at Bishop, Cal., in Connection with the “Bishop-Wave” Phenomena *
Authors: Colson DeVer
Published: August 2018

A double-theodolite pilot-balloon observation program was inaugurated at the Bishop, California, Weather Bureau station in order to obtain data on the actual air currents in that area. The results of the observations for the period from February through May 1951 are discussed. Comparisons between single- and double-theodolite computations are shown. The mean actual ascension rates are compared for each month, and the mean ascension rates for the entire period are compared with the standard assumed single-thodolite ascension rates. Relations between the mean actual ascension rates and the local topography, the elevation of the balloon, the direction and speed of the general upper-level wind are shown. Several examples are given showing the existence of the standing (“Bishop” or “Sierra”)-wave pattern in the double-theodolite data. In some cases, the location of the up and downdrafts as well as the horizontal wave length can be determined.
Correlation of Chloride Particle Abundance with the Synoptic Situation on a Cross-Country Flight
Authors: Crozier W. D. , Seely B. K. , Wheeler L. B.
Published: August 2018

An account is given of the collection of airborne chloride particles, by airplane, on a cross country flight. The accompanying meteorological situation is described. The distribution of chloride particles found is consistent with the view that they originated in the Gulf of Mexico and in the Pacific off the coast of Mexico. The greatest abundance of chloride particles was found east of the mountains in southern California, in air that probably came from the region of a tropical storm.
Duration of Very Hot Temperatures *
Authors: Court Arnold
Published: August 2018

Maximum temperatures on very hot days in hot-desert areas are similar in duration and time of occurrence to maximums on cooler days: they occur around three hours after noon, and the temperature (as measured to the nearest whole degree by standard thermometers) remains at the maximum for about two hours. These findings are based on analysis of the differences between hourly temperatures and the maximum of the day, on days when the maximum was 110°F or hotter during two summers in two desert areas of the world.
A Mobile Method for Measuring Atmospheric Diffusion *
Authors: Sartor J. D. , Katz I. , Katz R. E.
Published: August 2018

Interest of the radio-meteorologist centers on diffusion because the vertical structure and the non-homogeneity of the atmosphere, in terms of refractive index, play a vital part in radar propagation. A portable method of measuring diffusion consists of lifting smoke-puff generators aloft with tethered balloons, setting off puffs remotely and photographing them with two motion picture cameras. From the resulting records of the areal spread of the smoke and the distance it travels, one may compute values of diffusion coefficients. Preliminary experiments yield data in accord with values published by Sutton.
Exploring Eye of Typhoon “Marge,” 1951
Authors: Simpson R. H.
Published: August 2018

In August 1951 an unusual airplane reconnaissance of a mature typhoon succeeded in collecting extensive data from the eye and adjacent rain area of the storm. The eye, which was clear except for a low stratocumulus undercast, was circular, 40 miles in diameter, and had a central pressure at the surface of 26.43 inches (895 mb) with a sizable pressure gradient from the center to edge of the eye. Walls of nimbostratus surrounding the eye rose like a huge coliseum to a height of 35,000 feet. Two eye soundings from the surface to 17,000 feet were made, the first at midday, the second in late afternoon. These revealed exceptionally warm temperatures, more than 16° C at 17,000 feet, with lapse rates essentially isothermal from the surface to 10,000 feet. Marked cooling occurred between these two soundings in the layer 7,000–10,000 feet. Horizontally, temperature varied little at 800 feet; at 9,000 feet, however, the eye center was nearly 8 C° warmer, and at 18,000 feet 18 C° warmer than the adjacent rain area. At 9,000 feet, significant temperature gradients were confined primarily to the eye, while at 18,000 feet they were concentrated in the rain area.
Thermal Influence in the Diurnal Pressure Wave
Authors: Spar Jerome
Published: August 2018

The mean diurnal pressure curve was computed separately for days with large and for days with small ranges of temperature. Harmonic analysis of the two curves shows that the amplitude of the semidiurnal, as well as the diurnal, component is larger on days with large range of temperature. The semidiurnal maxima occur earlier on days with small temperature range.
A Momentum Disdrometer for Measuring Raindrop Size from Aircraft *
Authors: Katz Isadore
Published: August 2018

There exists a need to measure raindrop distributions in storms being investigated by radar. A new airborne instrument for such measurements has been developed which measures simultaneously the droplet size and the total liquid water. It is primarily a capillary collector inside of which is mounted a condenser microphone to measure the acoustic wave generated by the transfer of energy from the rain drop to the pickup. This device contains a “built-in” calibration system as it measures both the mass (by measuring momentum) and total volume of identical droplets.
Weather-Typing Applied to Summer Frontal-Rains in Oregon
Authors: Woodbridge David D. , Decker Fred W.
Published: August 2018

Weather types based on pressure patterns and frontal positions have been developed for summer frontal passages in Oregon. The associated precipitation throughout the area has been found closely correlated with the weather types, making it possible in many cases confidently to estimate the precipitation which would have occurred in the absence of attempts at weather modification.
On the Existence of a Polar-Front Zone at the 500-mb Level
Authors: Bradbury Dorothy L. , Palmén E.
Published: August 2018

Specific cases are cited which show the existence of a clear-cut frontal zone at the 500-mb level. The relationship of this frontal zone to the location of the jet stream and to the formation of surface disturbances can be used as a valuable tool for forecasting. The value of the data received from weather reconnaissance flights is emphasized and recommendations for improving these flights are given.
Cloud Seeding in the Sierra Near Bishop, California *
Authors: Hall Ferguson , Henderson T. J. , Cundiff Stuart A.
Published: August 2018

Cloud seeding operations using dry ice dispensed from aircraft have been carried out by the California Electric Power Company in the High Sierra near Bishop, Calif., since February 1948. Limited visual observations suggest that snow showers can be produced from non-precipitating orographic clouds by seeding, the snow reaching the ground at the higher elevations. Comparison of the annual runoff from the seeded watershed with that from adjacent areas for the three years 1948, 1949 and 1950 showed a positive departure in the 1948–49 season significant at the 1% level. Significant departures did not appear during the other two years, but the average for the three years was significant at the 5% level. From the same analysis it might be estimated that the average annual flow during the three-year period was augmented by 9% with the 90% confidence limits being zero and 18%. On the other hand the unusual circulation prevailing during the 1948–49 winter may have been responsible, at least in part, for the departure in flow during this season. Snowpack comparisons did not indicate a significant increase in the Bishop area, but it is shown that such a result is not incompatible with the possibility that additional precipitation was produced which was not reflected in the snow surveys.
Thermodynamic Limitations of Ice Accretion Instruments
Authors: Fraser D. , Rush C. K. , Baxter D.
Published: August 2018

A number of instruments used for determining the supercooled water content of an icing cloud depend on measuring the rate of accretion of ice on an unheated body. It has been shown by Ludlam that, since only part of the supercooled water freezes on impact, and the rest cannot always be frozen by the limited convective and evaporative heat losses which are available, there are limiting water contents beyond which such methods of measurement are unreliable. These limits have been calculated for a rotating cylinder at normal and high flight speeds, and the results show that rotating cylinder measurements are of limited usefulness and may, in fact, prove entirely misleading as regards both water content and droplet size. Experimental results show agreement with the calculated values. The limits for a conventional rotating-disc rate-of-icing meter and for an NAE-Smith ice detector head have also been obtained experimentally.

It is concluded that apart from the possibility of using refrigerated ice-accretion instruments, it is necessary to use a thermal method of measuring high values of water concentration, but that an ice-accretion method must also be employed to distinguish between warm water, supercooled water and ice crystals.
A Laboratory Model Resembling the “Bishop-Wave” Phenomenon
Authors: Long Robert R.
Published: August 2018

A description is given of the flow of a three-layer system of immiscible fluids over an obstacle immersed in the lowest liquid. A tentative suggestion is offered that some features of the motion may be similar to the flow of air over the Sierra range near Bishop, California. Some arguments are advanced supporting this suggestion.
The Use of Insolation in Forecasting Temperatures
Authors: Williams Thomas L.
Published: August 2018

Daytime temperature forecasts are made for two stations in Southwestern United States. The forecasts are based upon computed values of incident solar energy and the latest albedo values as reported by various authors. An approximation is made of the amount of energy that is used to heat the soil, and the pseudo-adiabatic chart ia used indirectly to determine the surface temperature change that will result from a given amount of available energy.
Surface Winds in the Salt Lake Desert I.—The Beulah Station Record *
Authors: Ives Ronald L. , Wilkinson Rita K . , Kroona Evelyn L.
Published: August 2018

Recorded and derived wind data from Beulah Station, central Tooele County, Utah, for the calendar year 1944, for the 2-meter level, are here presented, with a brief summary of the interrelations of these and other climatic data from the area.
A Case Study of the Dispersion of Energy in Planetary Waves
Authors: Carlin Albert V.
Published: August 2018

A clear-cut case of dispersion of energy downstream in the mid-tropospheric long-wave pattern during the first two weeks of November 1951 is examined with the help of plots of meridional wind components. The dispersion could be traced over more than half the hemisphere traveling with a speed about twice that of the zonal wind at 700-mb. Calculations of group velocity based on Rossby's work show good agreement with observed values of the speed of dispersion.
A Basis for Forecasting Peak Wind Gusts in Non-Frontal Thunderstorms
Authors: Fawbush Ernest J. , Miller Robert C.
Published: August 2018

From sixty-two cases of non-frontal thunderstorms passing over reporting stations, a relation is found between peak wind gusts and the temperature difference between the surface air underneath and in advance of the thunderstorm. The temperature under the thunderstorm is forecast by lowering the wet-bulb temperature at the freezing level to the surface along a saturation adiabat on a pseudoadiabatic chart, permitting use of the relation as an aid to thunderstorm gust forecasting.
Verification of Prognostic Charts
Authors: Teweles Sidney , Wobus Hermann B.
Published: August 2018

Desirable characteristics of a system for scoring prognostic charts are discussed. A successful system now in use at the WBAN Analysis Center is described in detail. The preliminary score produced is a function of the pressure difference between pairs of stations over the area of the chart. A secondary score, the deviation from a running mean of daily scores adjusted by handicaps assigned to the individual forecasters, is a measure of forecasting skill relatively independent of many spurious effects. The slowly varying handicap is a useful means of ranking the ability of the forecasters.
An Extension to 100,000 Feet of the U.S.A.F. Standard Cold and Hot Atmospheres
Authors: Solot Samuel B. , Keegan Thomas J.
Published: August 2018

For the purpose of setting up engineering standards the U. S. A. F. was requested to determine standard cold and hot atmospheres from 60,000 feet to 100,000 feet. Data were too scarce to use conventional statistical techniques and an alternate method is presented herein. Included are graphs of the cold and hot atmospheres for each of four latitudinal zones from sea level to 100,000 feet, and a table of heights and temperatures at critical points along straight-line envelopes enclosing all zonal curves.
Rosters for Shift Workers *
Authors: McIntyre D. P.
Published: August 2018

The principles underlying symmetrical rosters are examined mathematically and formulae of value to planners are derived. Methods are discussed for the systematic design of rosters to meet any given set of requirements. Numerous examples are used to illustrate these methods.
The Determination of Soil Moisture from Climatic Data *
Authors: Mather John R.
Published: August 2018

A method of computing daily values of soil moisture from climatic data is described and comparisons with measured soil moisture values are given. Because the soil moisture values are obtained from climatic data only, past values of soil moisture content, unavailable otherwise, can be determined for any place for which climatic data are available. A long record of soil moisture is computed for one locality and estimates of the probabilities of occurrence of different levels of soil moisture are made. Such estimates are essential in any realistic long range planning.
The South Platte Valley Tornadoes of June 7, 1953
Authors: Reber Carl M.
Published: August 2018

This is an eye-witness account of a series of six tornadoes observed in extreme northeastern Colorado and western Nebraska on June 7, 1953. The author's illustrations, developed from his pencil sketches made while the tornadoes were being observed, show details of their appearance. Of special interest to meteorologists may be the remarks and illustrations pertaining to the formation and dissipation of the tornadoes. Another section of the paper gives a description of the synoptic features associated with the tornadoes.
The Effect of Cities upon Horizontal and Vertical Temperature Gradients
Authors: Duckworth Fowler S. , Sandberg James S.
Published: August 2018

For three California cities of various sizes, two-meter-level temperature patterns were determined by intensive traverses with automobile-mounted thermistors, and vertical temperature gradients in the lowest 1000 feet were measured by wiresonde simultaneously at urban centers and peripheral open areas. In 35 evening surveys under varying weather conditions, a characteristic horizontal temperature pattern existed for each city. Temperatures increased from peripheral open lands to built-up center in direct proportion to structure density. Characteristics of the urban gradients have been analyzed in relation to city size and to meteorological parameters. Vertical temperature data showed that built-up areas frequently caused instability up to about 3 times roof height in otherwise stable air and that a “crossover” point sometimes existed above which the air over the urban center was cooler than that over surrounding country.
The Observed Zonal Circulation of the Atmosphere 1
Authors: Mintz Yale
Published: August 2018

Observational data from many sources are brought together to form a composite picture of the distribution, from pole to pole and from sea level to the 5-centibar level, of the normal summer and winter zonal winds averaged around the earth.
The Life Cycles of Jet Streams and Extratropical Cyclones
Authors: Vederman Joseph
Published: August 2018

A model of the life cycle of the jet stream corresponding to the Bjerknes life cycle of extratropical cyclones is proposed. Diagrams are given showing various stages of development of the jet stream. The model is compared with analyzed charts of jet streams and surface cyclonic frontal systems.
Radioactive Hailstones in the District of Columbia Area, May 26, 1953
Authors: Jaffe Gilbert , Wittmann Walter , Bates Charles C.
Published: August 2018

At about 2000Z, 26 May 1953 the District of Columbia area experienced a hailstorm in which individual hailstones ranged up to the size of tennis balls. Determinations of the radioactive count of the water content of these hailstones and of roof gravels indicate that considerable material was brought to earth by the hailstorm from the explosion of the atomic cannon shell 29 hours earlier some 2000 airline miles away in Nevada. The air-flow pattern at upper levels proves to have been around a high-pressure ridge located between the two sites. Such a pattern permitted the arrival of such radioactive material over the District of Columbia area within the time noted.