bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New‐QiangGuYin‐Containing Serum Inhibits Osteoclast‐Derived Exosome Secretion and Down‐Regulates Notum to Promote Osteoblast Differentiation
Authors: Meng Shilong , Zhang Xu , Yu Yang , Tong Minghao , Yuan Yifeng , Cao Yanguang , Zhang Wei , Shi Xiaolin , Liu Kang
Published: June 2024

New‐QiangGuYin (N‐QGY), the addition of sea buckthorn on the basis of QGY formula, is herbal formula widely used clinically in China for the treatment of osteoporosis (OP), but its mechanism warrants further exploration. The mechanisms of QGY and N‐QGY in the treatment of OP are probed from the perspective of osteoclast‐osteoblast balance. Thirty Sprague‐Dawley rats are randomly divided into N‐QGY group, QGY group, and Control group. Beyond control rats that orally took normal saline, other rats are orally administered with isometric N‐QGY or QGY twice every day for 3 days. The drug‐containing serum and control serum are prepared and their effects on osteoclast‐derived exosome secretion are determined by bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA), nanoparticle tracking analysis, and Western blot. GW4869 and Interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) are adopted as the exosome inhibitor and inducer, respectively. Exosome uptake, cell counting kit‐8, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, alizarin red staining, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot are performed to examine the effects of altered osteoclast exosome content on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). N‐QGY, QGY, and GW4869 inhibit osteoclast‐derived exosome secretion and exosome uptake by MSCs, whereas IL‐1β exerted the opposite effects (p < 0.05). Different from IL‐1β, N‐QGY, QGY, and GW4869 partially elevated MSC viability, osteocalcin secretion, ALP, RUNX Family Transcription Factor 2 (RUNX2) and Osteopontin (OPN) expressions, and calcium deposition in the osteoclast‐MSCs coculture system (p < 0.05). Mechanically, osteoclasts increased Notum protein level but decreased β‐catenin level, which is enhanced by IL‐1β but is reversed by GW4869, QGY, and N‐QGY (p < 0.05). And the effect of N‐QGY is more conspicuous than that of QGY (P<0.05). N‐QGY‐containing serum inhibits exosome levels in osteoclasts, thereby enhancing osteogenic differentiation of MSCs via inhibition of Notum protein and promotion of β‐catenin protein.
Yttrium Metal–Organic Framework Nanocrystals for Two‐Step Deposited Perovskite Photovoltaics with Enhanced UV‐light Durability
Authors: Wu Jiajun , Liang Xiao , Liu Jiaqi , yu Liang , Wang Fei , Wang Taomiao , Sun Yonggui , Zhou Xianfang , Liu Xiao‐yuan , Lin Haoran , Zhu Quanyao , Wang Hao , Li Gang , Hu Hanlin
Published: June 2024

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), renowned for their porous and tunable functionalities, hold significant potential for enhancing perovskite photovoltaic. However, the influence of MOF, particularly those with balanced cations in the pores, on the conversion of bottom‐layer PbI2 and the distribution of MOFs within perovskite remains underexplored. Herein, a newly synthesized Yttrium (Y)‐MOF material is introduced, featuring dimethylamine (DMA) as balanced cations within its pores and strong absorption in UV regime, to modify perovskite films. Y‐MOF, rich in oxygen and nitrogen sites, and featuring DMA within its pores, can passivate uncoordinated Pb2+ in perovskite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and grazing incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS) analysis of the top and bottom surfaces for pristine and Y‐MOF‐assisted perovskite samples reveal that the presence of PbI2 in the Y‐MOF‐assisted perovskite films is negligible. In situ UV–vis analyses demonstrate that the incorporation of Y‐MOF decelerates the crystallization kinetics of perovskite, facilitating the development of larger perovskite grains. Moreover, GIWAXS experiments conducted at different angles reveal the predominant bottom distribution of Y‐MOF within the perovskite, which effectively mitigates the impact of ultraviolet light on the perovskite. Consequently, the Y‐MOF‐assisted devices to achieve an efficiency of 24.05% with improved stability especially the UV‐light stability.
Conformal Neuromorphic Bioelectronics for Sense Digitalization
Authors: Zhao Xiao , Zou Haochen , Wang Ming , Wang Jianwu , Wang Ting , Wang Lianhui , Chen Xiaodong
Published: June 2024

Sense digitalization, the process of transforming sensory experiences into digital data, is an emerging research frontier that links the physical world with human perception and interaction. Inspired by the adaptability, fault tolerance, robustness, and energy efficiency of biological senses, this field drives the development of numerous innovative digitalization techniques. Neuromorphic bioelectronics, characterized by biomimetic adaptability, stand out for their seamless bidirectional interactions with biological entities through stimulus‐response and feedback loops, incorporating bio‐neuromorphic intelligence for information exchange. This review illustrates recent progress in sensory digitalization, encompassing not only the digital representation of physical sensations such as touch, light, and temperature, correlating to tactile, visual, and thermal perceptions, but also the detection of biochemical stimuli such as gases, ions, and neurotransmitters, mirroring olfactory, gustatory, and neural processes. It thoroughly examines the material design, device manufacturing, and system integration, offering detailed insights. However, the field faces significant challenges, including the development of new device/system paradigms, forging genuine connections with biological systems, ensuring compatibility with the semiconductor industry and overcoming the absence of standardization. Future ambition includes realization of biocompatible neural prosthetics, exoskeletons, soft humanoid robots, and cybernetic devices that integrate smoothly with both biological tissues and artificial components.
From Bioreactor to Bulk Rheology: Achieving Scalable Production of Highly Concentrated Circular DNA
Authors: Paiva Wynter A. , Alakwe Somkene D. , Marfai Juexin , Jennison‐Henderson Madigan V. , Achong Rachel A. , Duche Tinotenda , Weeks April A. , Robertson‐Anderson Rae M. , Oldenhuis Nathan J.
Published: June 2024

DNA serves as a model system in polymer physics due to its ability to be obtained as a uniform polymer with controllable topology and nonequilibrium behavior. Currently, a major obstacle in the widespread adoption of DNA is obtaining it on a scale and cost basis that accommodates bulk rheology and high‐throughput screening. To address this, recent advancements in bioreactor‐based plasmid DNA production is coupled with anion exchange chromatography producing a unified approach to generating gram‐scale quantities of monodisperse DNA. With this method, 1.1 grams of DNA is obtained per batch to generate solutions with concentrations up to 116 mg mL−1. This solution of uniform supercoiled and relaxed circular plasmid DNA, is roughly 69 times greater than the overlap concentration. The utility of this method is demonstrated by performing bulk rheology measurements at sample volumes up to 1 mL on DNA of different lengths, topologies, and concentrations. The measured elastic moduli are orders of magnitude larger than those previously reported for DNA and allowed for the construction of a time‐concentration superposition curve that spans 12 decades of frequency. Ultimately, these results can provide important insights into the dynamics of ring polymers and the nature of highly condensed DNA dynamics.
Magnetic Field‐induced Disordered Phase of Spinel Oxides for High Battery Performance
Authors: Sun Shuwei , Li Xiaoning , Zhang Chu , Wang Xuefeng , Wang Jianli , Wang Chinwei , Xu Zhichuan J. , Cheng Zhenxiang , Bai Ying
Published: June 2024

The disordered phase of spinel LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4 (LNMO) is more appealing as high‐voltage cathode due to its superior electrochemical performance compared to its ordered counterpart. Various methods are developed to induce a phase transition. However, the resulting materials often suffer from capacity degradation due to the adverse influence of accompanying Mn3+ ions. This study presents the utilization of local magnetic fields generated by a magnetic Fe3O4 shell to induce a disordered phase transition in LNMO at lower temperature, transitioning it from an order state without significantly increasing the Mn3+ content. The pivotal role played by the local magnetic fields is evidenced through comparisons with samples with nonmagnetic Al2O3 shell, samples subjected to sole heat treatment, and samples heat‐treated within magnetic fields. The key finding is that magnetic fields can initiate a radical pair mechanism, enabling the induction of order‐disorder phase transition even at lower temperatures. The disordered spinal LNMO with a magnetic Fe3O4 shell exhibits excellent cycling stability and kinetic properties in electrochemical characterization as a result. This innovation not only unravels the intricate interplay between the disordered phase and Mn3+ content in the cathode spinel but also pioneers the use of magnetic field effects for manipulating material phases.
Structural Coloration and Up/Down‐Conversion Photoluminescence of Carbon Nanotube Fibers for Ultraviolet Detection
Authors: Li Run , Li Nan , Zhao Yanlong , Wang Baoshun , Wu Xueke , Huang Ya , Jiang Qinyuan , Zhao Siming , Wang Fei , Ma Qingyu , Xie Zheng , Zhang Rufan
Published: June 2024

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are in great demand in many fields because of their unique properties such as high conductivity, chemical stability, lightweight, and high strength. They also received much attention in optical‐related fields because of the super‐black characteristics under visible light and the photothermal effect of infrared light. Recently, the coloration of CNTs under visible light is realized by a simple liquid phase method with the help of silica photonic crystal (PC) coatings. However, the response modulation such as the photoluminescence (PL) property of CNTs to the infrared and ultraviolet (UV) bands is not yet studied. Herein, silane functionalized carbon dots (SiCDs) are introduced into silica PCs, and successfully realized the structural coloration and PL of CNT fibers (CNTFs). The optical and fluorescence visualization of single CNTs and suspended CNT networks (SCNTNs) is also realized with the assistance of SiCDs droplets. These SiCDs‐decorated SiPCs‐coated CNTFs (SiCDs@SiPCs‐CNTFs) exhibit an up/down‐conversion PL response, and the excitation light source can be UV light, visible light, and near‐infrared laser. The structural coloration and the development of new PL properties will promote the wide applications of PL carbon hybrid materials in many fields such as smart displays, intelligent textiles, anti‐counterfeiting, etc.
Correlates of missed or late versus timely diagnosis of dementia in healthcare settings
Authors: Chen Yi , Power Melinda C. , Grodstein Francine , Capuano Ana W. , Lange‐Maia Brittney S. , Moghtaderi Ali , Stapp Emma K. , Bhattacharyya Joya , Shah Raj C. , Barnes Lisa L. , Marquez David X. , Bennett David A. , James Bryan D.
Published: June 2024

INTRODUCTION

There is limited evidence about factors related to the timeliness of dementia diagnosis in healthcare settings.

METHODS

In five prospective cohorts at Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, we identified participants with incident dementia based on annual assessments and examined the timing of healthcare diagnoses in Medicare claims. We assessed sociodemographic, health, and psychosocial correlates of timely diagnosis.

RESULTS

Of 710 participants, 385 (or 54%) received a timely claims diagnosis within 3 years prior to or 1 year following dementia onset. In logistic regressions accounting for demographics, we found Black participants (odds ratio [OR] = 2.15, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21 to 3.82) and those with better cognition at dementia onset (OR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.10 to 1.98) were at higher odds of experiencing a diagnostic delay, whereas participants with higher income (OR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.81 to 0.97) and more comorbidities (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89 to 0.98) had lower odds.

DISCUSSION

We identified characteristics of individuals who may miss the optimal window for dementia treatment and support.

Highlights

We compared the timing of healthcare diagnosis relative to the timing of incident dementia based on rigorous annual evaluation.

Older Black adults with lower income, higher cognitive function, and fewer comorbidities were less likely to be diagnosed in a timely manner by the healthcare system.
Inflammation‐Triggered Enlargement of Choroid Plexus in Subacute COVID‐19 Patients with Neurological Symptoms
Authors: Rau Alexander , Gonzalez‐Escamilla Gabriel , Schroeter Nils , Othman Ahmed , Dressing Andrea , Weiller Cornelius , Urbach Horst , Reisert Marco , Groppa Sergiu , Hosp Jonas A.
Published: June 2024

Objective

To investigate whether choroid plexus volumes in subacute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients with neurological symptoms could indicate inflammatory activation or barrier dysfunction and assess their association with clinical data.

Methods

Choroid plexus volumes were measured in 28 subacute COVID‐19 patients via cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), compared with those in infection‐triggered non‐COVID‐19 encephalopathy patients (n = 25), asymptomatic individuals after COVID‐19 (n = 21), and healthy controls (n = 21). Associations with inflammatory serum markers (peak counts of leukocytes, C‐reactive protein [CRP], interleukin 6), an MRI‐based marker of barrier dysfunction (CSF volume fraction [V‐CSF]), and clinical parameters like olfactory performance and cognitive scores (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) were investigated.

Results

COVID‐19 patients showed significantly larger choroid plexus volumes than control groups (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.172). These volumes correlated significantly with peak leukocyte levels (p = 0.001, Pearson's r = 0.621) and V‐CSF (p = 0.009, Spearman's rho = 0.534), but neither with CRP nor interleukin 6. No significant correlations were found with clinical parameters.

Interpretation

In patients with subacute COVID‐19, choroid plexus volume is a marker of central nervous system inflammation and barrier dysfunction in the presence of neurologic symptoms. The absence of plexus enlargement in infection‐triggered non‐COVID‐19 encephalopathy suggests a specific severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 effect. This study also documents an increase in choroid plexus volume for the first time as a parainfectious event. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:715–725
Streamlining the Synthesis of Pyridones through Oxidative Amination of Cyclopentenones
Authors: Botlik Bence B. , Weber Micha , Ruepp Florian , Kawanaka Kazuki , Finkelstein Patrick , Morandi Bill
Published: June 2024

Herein we report the development of an oxidative amination process for the streamlined synthesis of pyridones from cyclopentenones. Cyclopentenone building blocks can undergo in situ silyl enol ether formation, followed by the introduction of a nitrogen atom into the carbon skeleton with successive aromatisation to yield pyridones. The reaction sequence is operationally simple, rapid, and carried out in one pot. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions, exhibits broad functional group tolerance, complete regioselectivity, and is well scalable. The developed method provides facile access to the synthesis of 15N‐labelled targets, industrially relevant pyridone products and their derivatives in a fast and efficient way.
Asynchronous Ring Opening of Cyclic Carbonate and Glycidyl Ether Induced Phase Evolution Towards Heat‐Free and Rapid‐Bonding Superior Epoxy Adhesive
Authors: Niu Peixin , Li Chuanlong , Zhu Jun , Zhao Yifang , Li Zixian , Sun Ailing , Wei Liuhe , Wu Kai , Li Yuhan
Published: June 2024

Structural adhesives that do not require heating are in high demand in the automotive and electronics industries. However, it remains a challenge to develop robust adhesives that rapidly achieve super adhesion near ambient temperature. Herein, a room‐temperature curable, fast‐bonding, and super strong epoxy‐based structural adhesive was designed from the perspective of cross‐scale structure, which lies in threefold pivotal aspects: (i) high branching topology of glycerol carbonate‐capped polyurethane (PUGC) increases the kinetics of the ring‐opening reaction, contributing to fast crosslinking and the formation of abundant urethane and hydroxyl moieties; (ii) asynchronous crosslinking of epoxy and PUGC synergistically induces phase separation of PUGC within the epoxy resin and the resulting PUGC domains surrounded by interpenetrated shell serves to efficiently toughen the matrix; (iii) abundant dynamic hydrogen bonds including urethane and hydroxyl moieties, along with the elastomeric PUGC domains, dissipate energy of shearing force. As a result, the adhesive strength rapidly grows to 16 MPa within 4 hours, leveling off to 21 MPa after 7 hours, substantially outperforming commercial room‐temperature curable epoxy adhesives. The results of this study could advance the field of high‐performance adhesives and provide valuable insights into designing materials for efficient curing at room temperature.
3D‐Printing Multi‐Component Multi‐Domain Supramolecular Gels with Differential Conductivity
Authors: Vadukoote Tajmon Tony , Avestro Alyssa‐Jennifer , Smith David K.
Published: June 2024

We report the use of wet‐spinning to 3D‐print gels from low‐molecular‐weight gelators (LMWGs) based on the 1,3 : 2,4‐dibenzylidenesorbitol (DBS) scaffold. Gel stripes assembled from DBS‐CONHNH2 and DBS‐COOH are printed, and their conductivities assessed. Printed gels based on DBS‐CONHNH2 can be loaded with Au(III), which is reduced in situ to form embedded gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The conductivity of these gels increases because of electron transport mediated by the AuNPs, whereas the conductivity of DBS‐COOH, which does not promote AuNP formation, remains lower. We then fabricate multi‐component gel patterns comprised of spatially well‐defined domains of printed DBS‐CONHNH2/AuNP (higher conductivity) and DBS‐COOH (lower conductivity) resulting in soft multi‐domain materials with differential conductivity. Such materials have future prospects in applications such as soft nanoelectronics or tissue engineering.
From Coordination to π‐Hole Chemistry of Transition Metals: Metalloporphyrins as a Case of Study
Authors: Siddiqui Rafia , Burguera Sergi , de las Nieves Piña María , Dhamija Swati , Titi Hatem M. , Frontera Antonio , Bauzá Antonio , Patra Ranjan
Published: June 2024

Herein we have evidenced the formation of favorable π‐hole Br⋅⋅⋅metal noncovalent interactions (NCIs) involving elements from groups 9, 11 and 12. More in detail, M (M=Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+) containing porphyrins have been synthesized and their supramolecular assemblies structurally characterized by means of single crystal X‐ray diffraction and Hirshfeld surface analyses, revealing the formation of directional Br⋅⋅⋅M contacts in addition to ancillary hydrogen bond and lone pair‐π bonds. Computations at the PBE0‐D3/def2‐TZVP level of theory revealed the π‐hole nature of the Br⋅⋅⋅M interaction. In addition, the physical nature of these NCIs was studied using Quantum Chemistry methodologies, providing evidence of π‐hole Spodium and Regium bonds in Zn2+ and Cu2+ porphyrins, in addition to unveiling the presence of a π‐hole for group 9 (Co2+). On the other hand, group 10 (Ni2+) acted as both electron donor and acceptor moiety without showing an electropositive π‐hole. Owing to the underexplored potential of π‐hole interactions in transition metal chemistry, we believe the results reported herein will be useful in supramolecular chemistry, organometallics, and solid‐state chemistry by i) putting under the spotlight the π‐hole chemistry involving first row transition metals and ii) unlocking a new tool to direct the self‐assembly of metalloporphyrins.
Enhancing Reversibility and Stability of Mg Metal Anodes: High‐Exposure (002) Facets and Nanosheet Arrays for Superior Mg Plating/Stripping
Authors: Bi Jingxuan , Zhou Zhenkai , Li Junhui , Li Boxin , Sun Xiaojie , Liu Yuhang , Wang Ke , Gao Guowei , Du Zhuzhu , Ai Wei , Huang Wei
Published: June 2024

Magnesium metal batteries (MMBs), recognized as promising contenders for post‐lithium battery technologies, face challenges such as uneven magnesium (Mg) plating and stripping behaviors, leading to uncontrollable dendrite growth and irreversible structural damage. Herein, we have developed a Mg foil featuring prominently exposed (002) facets and an architecture of nanosheet arrays (termed (002)‐Mg), created through a one‐step acid etching method. Specifically, the prominent exposure of Mg (002) facets, known for their inherently low surface and adsorption energies with Mg atoms, not only facilitates smooth nucleation and dense deposition but also significantly mitigates side reactions on the Mg anode. Moreover, the nanosheet arrays on the surface evenly distribute the electric field and Mg ion flux, enhancing Mg ion transfer kinetics. As a result, the fabricated (002)‐Mg electrodes exhibit unprecedented long‐cycle performance, lasting over 6000 h (>8 months) at a current density of 3 mA cm−2 for a capacity of 3 mAh cm−2. Furthermore, the corresponding pouch cells equipped with various electrolytes and cathodes demonstrate remarkable capacity and cycling stability, highlighting the superior electrochemical compatibility of the (002)‐Mg electrode. This study provides new insights into the advancement of durable MMBs by modifying the crystal structure and morphology of Mg.
Phosphetene‐Based Polyaromatics: Structure‐Property Relationships and Chiroptical Tuning
Authors: Lauwick Hortense , Kertész Erik , Garami Kristóf Noel , Huadsai Wimonsiri , Duffy Matthew P. , Foundi Roukayaati , Chemin Alexandre , Roisnel Thierry , Vanthuyne Nicolas , Benkő Zoltán , Bouit Pierre‐Antoine , Hissler Muriel
Published: June 2024

We describe the synthesis of π‐extended phosphetene rings (4‐member P‐rings) flanked with PAH systems of various topologies. These compounds are fully characterized including X‐ray diffraction. The impact of both the polyaromatic platform and the P‐ring on the structure, and the optical and redox properties are investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Although neither the P centre nor the 4‐membered ring significantly takes part in the HOMO or LUMO orbitals, both structural features have an important modulating role in distorting the symmetry of the orbitals, leading to chiroptical properties. The stereogenic P‐atom is used as a remote chiral perturbator to induce circularly polarized luminescence of the polyaromatic system. The dissymmetry factor is highly dependent on the polyaromatic topology, as supported by theoretical calculations.
Nanometer‐Resolved Mapping of Organic Cation Migration Behavior in Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskites
Authors: Liang Jing , Lan Mu‐Hao , Pang Jie , Xia Xing‐Hua , Li Jian
Published: June 2024

The performance and stability of organic metal halide perovskite (OMHP) optoelectronic devices have been associated with ion migration. Understanding of nanoscale resolved organic cation migration mechanism would facilitate structure engineering and commercialization of OMHP. Here, we report a three‐dimensional approach for in situ nanoscale infrared imaging of organic ion migration behavior in OMHPs, enabling to distinguish migrations along grain boundary and in crystal lattice. Our results reveal that organic cation migration along OMHP film surface and grain boundaries (GBs) occurs at lower biases than in crystal lattice. We visualize the transition of organic cation migration channels from GBs to volume upon increasing electric field. The temporal resolved results demonstrate the fast MA+ migration kinetics at GBs, which is comparable to diffusivity of halide ions. Our findings help understand the role of organic cations in the performance of OMHP devices, and the proposed approach holds broad applicability for revealing migration mechanisms of organic ions in OMHPs based optoelectronic devices.
Selectivity Descriptors of Methanol‐to‐Aromatics Process over 3‐Dimensional Zeolites
Authors: Zhang Xin , Gong Xuan , Abou‐Hamad Edy , Zhou Hexun , You Xinyu , Gascon Jorge , Dutta Chowdhury Abhishek
Published: June 2024

The zeolite‐catalyzed methanol‐to‐aromatics (MTA) process is a promising avenue for industrial decarbonization. This process predominantly utilizes 3‐dimensional 10‐member ring (10‐MR) zeolites like ZSM‐5 and ZSM‐11, chosen for their confinement effect essential for aromatization. Current research mainly focuses on enhancing selectivity and mitigating catalyst deactivation by modulating zeolites′ physicochemical properties. Despite the potential, the MTA technology is at a low Technology Readiness Level, hindered by mechanistic complexities in achieving the desired selectivity towards liquid aromatics. To bridge this knowledge gap, this study proposes a roadmap for MTA catalysis by strategically combining controlled catalytic experiments with advanced characterization methods (including operando conditions and “mobility‐dependent” solid‐state NMR spectroscopy). It identifies the descriptor‐role of Koch‐carbonylated intermediates, longer‐chain hydrocarbons, and the zeolites′ intersectional cavities in yielding preferential liquid aromatics selectivity. Understanding these selectivity descriptors and architectural impacts is vital, potentially advancing other zeolite‐catalyzed emerging technologies.
Phenyl‐Extended Resorcin[4]arenes: Synthesis and Highly Efficient Iodine Adsorption
Authors: Li Dongxia , Wu Gengxin , Zhu Yong‐Kang , Yang Ying‐Wei
Published: June 2024

The continuous exploration of new analogs of calixarenes and pillararenes unlocks infinite opportunities in supramolecular chemistry and materials. In this work, we introduce a new class of macrocycle, phenyl‐extended resorcin[4]arenes (ExR4), a unique and innovative design that incorporates unsubstituted phenylene moieties into the resorcin[4]arene scaffold. Single‐crystal analysis reveals a chair‐like conformation for per‐methylated ExR4 (Me‐ExR4) and a twisted “Figure‐of‐eight” shaped conformation for per‐hydroxylated ExR4 (OH‐ExR4). Notably, OH‐ExR4 demonstrates exceptional adsorption capability toward I3− ions in an aqueous solution, with a rapid kinetic rate of 1.18×10−2 g ⋅ mg−1 ⋅ min−1. Furthermore, OH‐ExR4 shows excellent recyclability and potential as a stationary phase in column setups. The discovery of ExR4 opens up new avenues for constructing new macrocycles and inspires further research in functional adsorption materials for water pollutant removal.
Effect of polycarbonate (PC) content on the mechanical properties, morphology and transesterification mechanism of PBT/PC immiscible blends
Authors: Mane Prajakta , Keche Ashok J. , Chopra Swamini , Pande Kavita
Published: June 2024

This study focuses on the experimental investigation of the mechanical properties of PBT/PC blends with varying compositions. The studied mechanical properties include tensile strength, elongation, tensile modulus, impact strength, and Shore hardness of PBT/PC blends with different PC contents. PBT, characterized by its semi‐crystalline and tough nature, contrasts with PC, known for its impact resistance and hardness. Achieving an optimal blend composition proves to be crucial for attaining the best combination of these properties. The tensile strength of the PBT/PC 30/70 blend increased by approximately 24%, with Shore hardness also experienced a 12% enhancement compared to pure PBT. This improvement is attributed to the presence of PC segments in the blend structure. Conversely, an increase in PC content led to the elongation and impact strength of the blends peaking in the PBT/PC 70/30 blend. Notably, the impact strength of the PBT/PC blend with 30% PC increased by about three times compared to PBT and 18% more than pure PC. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that PBT and PC segments disperse at lower PC content, while at higher content, phase separation becomes prominent. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis indicates direct transesterification between PBT and PC, resulting in the formation of a long‐chain blend structure with random copolymer blocks. The transesterification mechanism is also supported by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) results, wherein a reduction in the crystallization temperature (Tc) and an increase in the glass transition temperature (Tg) is observed. The study concludes that the volume of these segments and their bonding play a decisive role in determining the mechanical properties. The bonding mechanism elucidated through FTIR and SEM provides valuable insights into the fabrication and property engineering of PBT/PC blends.
Beyond traditional methods: Exploring strippable gel based on deep eutectic solvent for efficient radioactive surface decontamination
Authors: Patil Sushil M. , Gupta Ruma , Goswami Dibakar , Jayachandran Kavitha , Layek Arkaprava , Mishra Prashant , Chatterjee Suchandra
Published: June 2024

This study introduces a technique for decontaminating radioactive surfaces by employing a gel, herein termed as radiation decontamination gel with eutectic liquids (RADGEL), composed of a deep eutectic solvent and polyvinyl alcohol, with the goal of enabling reuse of the surface post‐decontamination. The decontamination effectiveness of RADGEL underwent thorough evaluation through trials conducted on different simulated surfaces, achieving decontamination efficiency up to 99.9% for alpha as well as gamma radionuclides. The various parameters influencing decontamination factors such as amount of complexing agent used, polymer film thickness, nature, and magnitude of radioactivity, as well as surface characteristics of substrates to be decontaminated were optimized. Additionally excellent mechanical strength of RADGEL, affirms its potential as practically efficient, cost‐effective, and safe option for surface decontamination. The Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis suggest RADGELs capability for both physical and chemical interactions with contaminants, thus highlighting its comprehensive decontamination efficacy. The outcomes of this study carry substantial implications for the decontamination of surfaces contaminated with various types of radionuclides.
Room‐temperature self‐healing polyurethanes with high mechanical strength and superior toughness for sensor application
Authors: Yin Xingshan , Huang Zhiyi , Liu Xiaochun , Sun Yingjuan , Lin Xiaofeng , Lin Wenjing , Yi Guobin
Published: June 2024

It remains enormous challenges to balance the conflict between high strength and toughness mechanical properties and excellent room‐temperature self‐healing abilities of polyurethane elastomers. In this work, we report a recyclable room‐temperature self‐healing polyurethane elastomer with excellent mechanical properties. The prepared polyurethane elastomer (PU‐DA‐Zn0.50) exhibits high tensile strength of 15.33 MPa, high toughness of 76.77 MJ m−3, and high elongation at break of 1604.46% by introducing isophorone diamine (IPDA), 1‐(3‐aminopropyl) imidazole (IMZ) and zinc ions into polymer system to form a dynamic double‐cross‐linked structure (hydrogen bonds and Zn2+‐imidazole coordination bonds). In addition, the tensile strength of fractured polyurethane can reach more than 80% of the original sample after 48 h of self‐healing at room temperature without external stimuli, which is attributed to the kinetics of rapid exchange of Zn2+‐imidazole coordination bonds at room temperature. It is worth noting that the balance between excellent mechanical properties and outstanding room‐temperature self‐healing ability can be optimized by adjusting the Zn2+‐imidazole coordination bond density in the system. Moreover, the dynamic nature of the double‐cross‐linking network endows polyurethane with favorable recyclability. The above remarkable comprehensive performances reveal a great potential of PU‐DA‐Znx elastomer in the fields of wearable flexible electronic devices such as bionic skin, human motion monitoring, and soft robots.
From immunomodulation to therapeutic prospects: Unveiling the biology of butyrophilins in cancer
Authors: Mehdikhani Fatemeh , Bahar Aysa , Bashi Marzieh , Mohammadlou Maryam , Yousefi Bahman
Published: June 2024

Butyrophilin (BTN) proteins are a type of membrane protein that belongs to the Ig superfamily. They exhibit a high degree of structural similarity to molecules in the B7 family. They fulfill a complex function in regulating immune responses, including immunomodulatory roles, as they influence γδ T cells. The biology of BTN molecules indicates that they are capable of inhibiting the immune system's ability to detect antigens within tumors. A dynamic association between BTN molecules and cellular surfaces is also recognized in specific contexts, influencing their biology. Notably, the dynamism of BTN3A1 is associated with the immunosuppression of T cells or the activation of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells. Cancer immunotherapy relies heavily on T cells to modulate immune function within the intricate interaction of the tumor microenvironment (TME). A significant interaction between the TME and antitumor immunity involves the presence of BTN, which should be taken into account when developing immunotherapy. This review explores potential therapeutic applications of BTN molecules, based on the current understanding of their biology.
Ginsenoside Rb3 alleviates the formation of osteoclasts induced by periodontal ligament fibroblasts in the periodontitis microenvironment through the STAT3 pathway
Authors: Zhang Yuhua , Shi Hanping
Published: June 2024

This study explores the potential role and mechanism of Ginsenoside Rb3 (Rb3) in modulating osteoclastogenesis induced by human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (hPLFs) within the periodontitis microenvironment. We investigated the anti‐inflammatory effects of Rb3 on hPLFs stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (P.g‐LPS) utilizing quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay techniques. Moreover, the functional role of Rb3 in hPLFs‐induced osteoclast formation was assessed by treating human bone marrow‐derived macrophages (hBMMs) with conditioned medium from hPLFs, followed by analyses through qPCR, western blot analysis, and staining for tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and phalloidin. The impact of Rb3 on the activation of the STAT3 signaling pathway was determined via western blot analysis. Results indicated that Rb3 treatment significantly suppressed the upregulation of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, MCP‐1, and IL‐18) at both gene and protein levels in hPLFs induced by P.g‐LPS. Furthermore, conditioned medium from Rb3 plus P.g‐LPS treated hPLFs notably decreased the number of TRAP‐positive cells, actin ring formations, and the expression of osteoclast marker genes (including CTSK, NFATC1, and ACP5). Rb3 also inhibited the P.g‐LPS‐induced activation of the STAT3 pathway, with the activation of STAT3 partially reversing the effects of Rb3 on inflammation and osteoclast differentiation. Collectively, Rb3 ameliorates inflammation in P.g‐LPS‐stimulated hPLFs and reduces hPLFs‐induced osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting the STAT3 signaling pathway, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for periodontitis.
Cognitive ‘stuckness’ in children
Authors: Walters Anne S.
Published: June 2024

This month, I read a commentary on “Eight ways to give yourself a pep talk when you feel stuck” (Turow, 2024), which was distributed in “Six Things Psychologists are Talking About” by the American Psychological Association (May 2024). Although the commentary was geared toward adults, for me it raised thoughts about how often we address “stuckness” among children in treatment.
Solvent‐Less Synthesis of Compositionally Tuned Mixed Metal (Ni−Zn) Ferrites for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Water Splitting and Supercapacitance
Authors: Malima Nyemaga M. , Dilshad Khan Malik , Masikane Siphamandla C. , de Souza Felipe M. , Choi Jonghyun , Gupta Ram K. , Revaprasadu Neerish
Published: June 2024

Exploring efficient, abundant, economical and stable materials for sustainable energy applications, such as electrochemical water splitting and supercapacitance, is a challenging task. Mixed transition metal spinel ferrites can rationally be customized to attain these features and deliver enhanced electrochemical activity. The catalytic performance of spinels is remarkably influenced by tuning the cationic occupancy at the tetrahedral or octahedral position. Herein, a set of spinel Ni1‐xZnxFe2O4 (0≤x≤1) nanocomposites were obtained via a scalable solventless thermolysis of metal acetylacetonate precursors at relatively mild temperatures. A suite of techniques such as powder p‐XRD, EDX, SEM, TEM, HRTEM, and SAED were employed to confirm the formation of the Ni−Zn ferrite solid solutions. It was found that small amounts of Ni at tetrahedral sites were beneficial for charge storage and hydrogen evolution. For instance, Ni0.2Zn0.8Fe2O4 nanocomposite demonstrated superior HER activity with a much lower overpotential of 87 mV compared to the pristine NiFe2O4 (213 mV) or ZnFe2O4 (164 mV) catalysts. However, Ni‐occupied tetrahedral sites were not suitable for OER, whereby the pristine ZnFe2O4 displayed high catalytic activity with an overpotential of 330 mV, outperforming other electrode compositions. The study helps to identify suitable compositions and site tuning for HER, OER and supercapacitors.
Electrochemical sensor development for detecting organophosphate pesticide using CuO nanograss electrode
Authors: Khuntia Ashirbad , Kundu Madhusree , Mahapatra Kamalakanta
Published: June 2024

In this work, copper oxide (CuO) nanograss (NGs) were synthesized on copper foil as electrodes through anodization and annealing processes. After the successful synthesis of the CuO NG electrode, it was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Anodization duration was optimized for NG synthesis and was found to be 20 min with the help of FESEM analysis. The synthesized electrodes were used to analyze the organophosphate pesticides (OPPs), namely ‘malathion’ and ‘chlorpyrifos’, in the absence and presence of interfering molecules using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The proposed sensor functions based on the current inhibition ratio. The parameters like pH, accumulation time, and ionic strength of supporting electrolyte were optimized to be 7 pH, 9 min, and 0.1 M potassium chloride (KCl), respectively, for determining the current inhibition ratio (ΔI/I0). The developed sensor was sensitive and selective, with limit of detection (LOD) as low as 1 ppb for both pesticides. The limit of quantification (LOQ) was 1 ppb for chlorpyrifos and 10 ppb for malathion. The sensor's selectivity was also studied by adding Pb(NO3)2, Zn(NO3)2, NiCl2, and carbendazim to a fixed malathion and chlorpyrifos concentration, and minimal interferences were observed in the detection of malathion and chlorpyrifos. The sensor's functionality was validated using an unknown concentration of malathion and chlorpyrifos in water and food samples with an average recovery of 95% when analyzed with the electrochemical method and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The sensitivity of the electrochemical sensor for chlorpyrifos detection was found to be 0.6678 μA/ppb, and for malathion detection, it was found to be 1.139 μA/ppb.
Preclinical evaluation and phase 1 study of the PI3Kα/δ inhibitor TQ‐B3525 in Chinese patients with advanced cancers
Authors: Li Zhiming , Li Xiang , Li Su , Tao Rong , Tian Xin , Feng Fan , Jiang Wenqi , Wang Huaqing
Published: June 2024

Background

Phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) inhibitors transformed management of various malignancies. This study preclinically characterized TQ‐B3525 (dual PI3Kα/δ inhibitor) and assessed the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D), safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics in relapsed or refractory (R/R) lymphoma or advanced solid tumors (STs).

Methods

Oral TQ‐B3525 was given at eight dose levels on a 28‐day cycle. Primary end points were dose‐limiting toxicity (DLT), maximum tolerated dose (MTD), and safety.

Results

TQ‐B3525 showed high selectivity and suppressed tumor growth. Between June 12, 2018, and November 18, 2020, 80 patients were enrolled (63 in dose‐escalation cohort; 17 in dose‐expansion cohort). Two DLTs occurred in two (two of 63, 3.2%) DLT‐evaluable patients; MTD was not identified. TQ‐B3525 at 20 mg once daily was selected as RP2D. Grade 3 or worse treatment‐related adverse events mainly included hyperglycemia (16.3%), neutrophil count decreased (15.0%), and diarrhea (10.0%). Two (2.5%) treatment‐related deaths were reported. Sixty patients with R/R lymphoma and 11 advanced STs demonstrated objective response rates of 68.3% and 9.1%, disease control rates of 91.7% and 54.6%, median progression‐free survivals of 12.1 and 1.1 months; median overall survivals were not reached.

Conclusion

TQ‐B3525 exhibited rapid absorption and a nearly proportional increase in exposure. Acceptable safety and promising efficacy support further investigation of TQ‐B3525 (20 mg once daily) for R/R lymphoma.
Tumor and cancer stem cells‐derived exosomes interplay: A secret of cancer complications
Authors: Sonar Swarup , Nyahatkar Sidhanti , Kalele Ketki
Published: June 2024

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subset of tumor cells, efficient in self‐renewal within the tumor and also play a vital role in cancer resistance and metastasis. Recent cancer research has focused on exosomes, a tiny subpopulation of extracellular vesicles (EVs), known for their role in intercellular communication, and significantly contributing to tumor development and metastasis (Tumor derived exosomes‐TEXs). These exosomes complicate cancer treatment by promoting tumor and CSC formation and developing drug and therapeutic resistance. This article explores how tumor‐derived exosomes impact CSC survival, proliferation, and resistance to therapies, leading to tumor recurrence. In a tumor microenvironment (TME), exosomes facilitate tumor growth and metastasis. Targeting exosomes could disrupt CSC communication and improve cancer treatment efficacy. Current studies highlight the role of CSCs exosomes in cancer progression and therapeutic resistance. Understanding CSCs exosome‐based cell‐to‐cell communication in tumor opens a new horizon in cancer therapeutics development.
Long‐term tafamidis efficacy in patients with transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy by baseline left ventricular ejection fraction
Authors: Drachman Brian , Damy Thibaud , Hanna Mazen , Wang Ronnie , Angeli Franca S. , Garcia‐Pavia Pablo
Published: June 2024

Aims

Patients with transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR‐CM) present with diverse left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). This study assessed tafamidis efficacy by baseline LVEF in the phase 3 Tafamidis in Transthyretin Cardiomyopathy Clinical Trial (ATTR‐ACT) and its long‐term extension (LTE) study.

Methods and results

Patients were randomized to 30 months of tafamidis or placebo treatment in ATTR‐ACT. On completion, patients could join an LTE study to receive tafamidis. All‐cause mortality (death, heart transplant, or cardiac mechanical assist device implantation) from baseline to the end of follow‐up was assessed in patients continuously treated with tafamidis (80 mg meglumine or 61 mg free acid) or delayed tafamidis treatment (placebo in ATTR‐ACT; tafamidis in the LTE study) according to baseline LVEF (<50% or ≥50%). Supportive outcomes were evaluated over a shorter follow‐up. Patients with baseline LVEF <50% (n = 177: 88 tafamidis‐ and 89 placebo‐treated) had signs of more severe heart failure, a higher proportion were Black, and had variant ATTR‐CM than those with LVEF ≥50% (n = 171: 85 tafamidis‐ and 86 placebo‐treated). At the end of follow‐up (median 60–64 months), all‐cause mortality was numerically higher in patients with baseline LVEF <50%; however, consistent with supportive findings, continuous tafamidis treatment was associated with a 47% reduction in mortality risk compared with delayed tafamidis treatment in patients with LVEF <50% and ≥50% (hazard ratio 0.53 [95% confidence interval 0.367–0.758]; p < 0.001, and 0.53 [0.344–0.818]; p < 0.01, respectively).

Conclusions

Early initiation of tafamidis is associated with reduced mortality in patients with ATTR‐CM, irrespective of initial LVEF value.

Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01994889, NCT02791230.
Paving the path for injury prevention in rugby‐7s: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Behardien Muhammed Rizaan , Ganda Janesh , Dane Kathryn , West Stephen W. , Emery Carolyn A. , Jones Ben , Hendricks Sharief
Published: June 2024

This review and meta‐analysis aimed to describe the current rugby‐7s injury epidemiological literature by examining injury data from both sexes, all levels of play, and their associated risk factors. Studies published up until March 2024 were included. These studies were retrieved from six databases using search terms related to rugby‐7s or sevens, tackle, collision, collision sport, injury, athlete, incidence rate, mechanism, and risk factor. Only peer‐reviewed original studies using prospective or retrospective cohort designs with a clearly defined rugby‐7s sample were considered. Included studies needed to report one injury outcome variable. Non‐English and qualitative studies; reviews, conference papers, and abstracts were excluded. Twenty studies were included. The meta‐analysis used the DerSimonian–Laird continuous random‐effects method to calculate the pooled estimated means and 95% confidence interval. The estimated mean injury incidence rate for men was 108.5/1000 player‐hours (95% CI: 85.9–131.0) and 76.1/1000 player‐hours (95% CI: 48.7–103.5) for women. The estimated mean severity for men was 33.9 days (95% CI: 20.7–47.0) and 44.2 days (95% CI: 32.1–56.3) for women. Significantly more match injuries occurred in the second half of matches, were acute, located at the lower limb, diagnosed as joint/ligament, and resulted from being tackled. Fatigue, player fitness, and previous injuries were associated with an increased risk of injury. There were no statistically significant differences between women's and men's injury profiles. However, the inherent cultural and gendered factors which divide the two sports should not be ignored. The findings from this review will help pave the way forward beyond the foundational stages of injury prevention research in rugby‐7s.