bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anthranilic Acid Accumulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Induced by Expression of a Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase Gene from Paecilomyces cinnamomeus BCC 9616
Authors: Promsuk Gunlatida , Vuttipongchaikij Supachai , Prommarit Kamonchat , Suttangkakul Anongpat , Lazarus Colin M. , Wonnapinij Passorn , Wattana‐Amorn Pakorn
Published: October 2022

Heterologous expression of nrps33, a nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene, from Paecilomyces cinnamomeus BCC 9616 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae unexpectedly resulted in the accumulation of anthranilic acid, an intermediate in tryptophan biosynthesis. Based on transcriptomic and real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) results, expression of nrps33 affected the transcription of tryptophan biosynthesis genes especially TRP1 which is also the selectable auxotrophic marker for the expression vector used in this work. The product of nrps33 could inhibit the activity of Trp4 involved in the conversion of anthranilate to N‐(5′‐phosphoribosyl)anthranilate and therefore caused the accumulation of anthranilic acid. This accumulation could in turn result in down‐regulation of downstream tryptophan biosynthesis genes. Anthranilic acid is typically produced by chemical synthesis and has been used as a substrate for synthesising bioactive compounds including commercial drugs; our results could provide a new biological platform for production of this compound.
A Comparative Study of Nitroxide‐Based Biradicals for Dynamic Nuclear Polarization in Cellular Environments
Authors: Ackermann Bryce E. , Lim Byung Joon , Elathram Nesreen , Narayanan Sirish , Debelouchina Galia T.
Published: October 2022

Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is a powerful tool to enhance the NMR signals of molecules by transferring polarization from unpaired electron spins to nuclei through microwave irradiation. The resulting signal enhancements can enable the analysis of samples that have previously been intractable by NMR spectroscopy, including proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites in cells. To carry out DNP, the sample is doped with a polarization agent, a biradical containing two nitroxide moieties. DNP applications in cells, however, present significant challenges as nitroxides are often susceptible to the reducing cellular environment. Here, we introduce a novel polarization agent, POPAPOL, that exhibits increased lifetimes under reducing conditions. We also compare its bioresistance and DNP performance with three popular, commercially available polarization agents. Our work indicates that pyrrolidine‐based nitroxides can outperform piperidine‐based nitroxides in cellular environments, and that future polarization agent designs must carefully balance DNP performance and stability for cellular applications.
Optical coherence tomography versus angiography and intravascular ultrasound to guide coronary stent implantation: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Siddiqi Tariq Jamal , Khan Muhammad Shahzeb , Karimi Galougahi Keyvan , Shlofmitz Evan , Moses Jeffrey W. , Rao Sunil , West Nick E. J. , Wolff Eric , Hochler Jason , Chau Karen , Khalique Omar , Shlofmitz Richard A. , Jeremias Allen , Ali Ziad A.
Published: October 2022

Background

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an adjunct to angiography‐guided coronary stent placement. However, in the absence of dedicated, appropriately powered randomized controlled trials, the impact of OCT on clinical outcomes is unclear.

Objective

To conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis of all available studies comparing OCT‐guided versus angiography‐guided and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)‐guided coronary stent implantation.

Methods

MEDLINE and Cochrane Central were queried from their inception through July 2022 for all studies that sought to compare OCT‐guided percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to angiography‐guided and IVUS‐guided PCI. The primary endpoint was minimal stent area (MSA) compared between modalities. Clinical endpoints of interest were all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), myocardial infarction (MI), target lesion revascularization (TLR), target vessel revascularization (TVR), and stent thrombosis (ST). Risk ratios (RRs) and mean differences (MDs) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using a random‐effects model.

Results

Thirteen studies (8 randomized control trials and 5 observational studies) enrolling 6312 participants were included. OCT was associated with a strong trend toward increased MSA compared to angiography (MD = 0.36, p = 0.06). OCT‐guided PCI was also associated with a reduction in the incidence of all‐cause mortality [RR = 0.59, 95% CI (0.35, 0.97), p = 0.04] and cardiovascular mortality [RR = 0.41, 95% CI (0.21, 0.80), p = 0.009] compared with angiography‐guided PCI. Point estimates favored OCT relative to angiography in MACE [RR = 0.75, 95% CI (0.47, 1.20), p = 0.22] and MI [RR = 0.75, 95% CI (0.53, 1.07), p = 0.12]. No differences were detected in ST [RR = 0.71, 95% CI (0.21, 2.44), p = 0.58], TLR [RR = 0.71, 95% CI (0.17, 3.05), p = 0.65], or TVR rates [RR = 0.89, 95% CI (0.46, 1.73), p = 0.73]. Compared with IVUS guidance, OCT guidance was associated with a nonsignificant reduction in the MSA (MD = −0.16, p = 0.27). The rates of all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality, MACE, MI, TLR, TVR, or ST were similar between OCT‐guided and IVUS‐guided PCI.

Conclusions

OCT‐guided PCI was associated with reduced all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality compared to angiography‐guided PCI. These results should be considered hypothesis generating as the mechanisms for the improved outcomes were unclear as no differences were detected in the rates of TLR, TVR, or ST. OCT‐ and IVUS‐guided PCI resulted in similar post‐PCI outcomes.
Pemphigus vegetans misdiagnosed as condylomata acuminata: A case report
Authors: Siadat Amir Hossein , Moeine Reza , Iraji Fariba , Galehdari Hamid , Shahriarirad Reza
Published: October 2022

Pemphigus vegetans is a rare variant of pemphigus vulgaris, characterized by vegetating lesions primarily in the flexures. A 41‐year‐old male patient presented with pemphigus vegetans highly mimicking condylomata acuminata, which led to mistreatment. Careful analysis of clinical and laboratory findings enabled us to reach a correct diagnosis and successful treatment.
Asymmetric acidic/alkaline N2 electrofixation accelerated by high‐entropy metal–organic framework derivatives
Authors: Sun Yuntong , Wu Wenqiang , Yu Lei , Xu Shuaishuai , Zhang Yuxiang , Yu Licheng , Xia Baokai , Ding Shan , Li Ming , Jiang LiLi , Duan Jingjing , Zhu Junwu , Chen Sheng
Published: October 2022

High‐entropy materials are composed of five or more metal elements with equimolar or near‐equimolar concentrations within one crystal structure, which offer remarkable structural properties for many applications. Despite previously reported entropy‐driven stabilization mechanisms, many high‐entropy materials still tend to decompose to produce a variety of derivatives under operating conditions. In this study, we use transition‐metal (Ni, Co, Ni, Zn, V)‐based high‐entropy metal–organic frameworks (HE‐MOFs) as the precursors to produce different derivatives under acidic/alkaline treatment. We have shown that HE‐MOFs and derivatives have shown favorable kinetics for N2 electrofixation in different pH electrolytes, specifically cathodic nitrogen reduction reaction in acidic media and anodic oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline media. To buffer the pH mismatch, we have further constructed an asymmetric acidic/alkaline device prototype by using bipolar membranes. As expected, the prototype showed remarkable activities, with an NH3 yield rate of 42.76 μg h−1 mg−1, and Faradaic efficiency of 14.75% and energy efficiency of 2.59%, which are 14.4 and 4.4 times larger than those of its symmetric acidic and alkaline counterparts, respectively.
Interactive Bioconjugation at N‐Terminal Cysteines by Using O‐Salicylaldehyde Esters towards Dual Site‐Selective Functionalization
Authors: Silva Maria J. S. A. , Cavadas Rafaela A. N. , Faustino Hélio , Veiros Luís F. , Gois Pedro M. P.
Published: October 2022

N‐terminal Cys modification has been intensively studied to produce homogeneous bioconjugates essentially through two modes of reaction: reversible modification with the equilibrium shifted towards the formation of the desired conjugate or stable and irreversible conjugates. Herein, we report a new method of N‐terminal cysteine modification using O‐salicylaldehyde esters (OSAEs) through fast conjugation and irreversible deconjugation. These reagents can rapidly react with N‐terminal Cys at low‐micromolar concentration to form thiazolidines with subsequent hydrolysis of the ester moiety to the phenolic derivative. These phenolic thiazolidines can be hydrolyzed at acidic pH (≈4.5) to recover the intact N‐terminal Cys. Bioconjugation reactions using OSAEs offer controlled reversibility to as act as a protecting group for N‐terminal cysteines, allowing the modification of in‐chain residues without perturbing the N‐terminal Cys, which can then be deprotected and used as a conjugation site.
Oxidative Desymmetrization Enables the Concise Synthesis of a trans‐Cyclooctene Linker for Bioorthogonal Bond Cleavage
Authors: Kuba Walter , Sohr Barbara , Keppel Patrick , Svatunek Dennis , Humhal Viktoria , Stöger Berthold , Goldeck Marion , Carlson Jonathan C. T. , Mikula Hannes
Published: October 2022

Modified trans‐cyclooctenes (TCO) are capable of highly efficient molecular manipulations in biological environments, driven by the bioorthogonal reaction with tetrazines (Tz). The development of click‐cleavable TCO has fueled the field of in vivo chemistry and enabled the design of therapeutic strategies that have already started to enter the clinic. A key element for most of these approaches is the implementation of a cleavable TCO linker. So far, only one member of this class has been developed, a compound that requires a high synthetic effort, mainly to fulfill the multilayered demands on its chemical structure. To tackle this limitation, we developed a dioxolane‐fused cleavable TCO linker (dcTCO) that can be prepared in only five steps by applying an oxidative desymmetrization to achieve diastereoselective introduction of the required functionalities. Based on investigation of the structure, reaction kinetics, stability, and hydrophilicity of dcTCO, we demonstrate its bioorthogonal application in the design of a caged prodrug that can be activated by in‐situ Tz‐triggered cleavage to achieve a remarkable >1000‐fold increase in cytotoxicity.
Iron‐Catalyzed Borylation of Propargylic Acetates for the Synthesis of Multisubstituted Allenylboronates
Authors: Bermejo‐López Aitor , Kong Wei‐Jun , Tortajada Pedro J. , Posevins Daniels , Martín‐Matute Belén , Bäckvall Jan‐E.
Published: October 2022

A novel iron‐catalyzed borylation of propargylic acetates leading to allenylboronates has been developed. The method allows the preparation of a variety of di‐, tri‐ and tetrasubstituted allenylboronates at room temperature with good functional group compatibility. Stereochemical studies show that an anti‐SN2’ displacement of acetate by boron occurs; this also allows transfer of chirality to yield enantiomerically enriched allenylboronates. The synthetic utility of this protocol was further substantiated by transformations of the obtained allenylboronates including oxidation and propargylation.
Preparation of Perovskite Solar Cells in the Air: Degradation Mechanism and Prospects on Large‐Area Fabrication†
Authors: Guo Shuaishuai , Liu Kaikai , Rao Li , Hu Xiaotian , Chen Yiwang
Published: October 2022

Comprehensive Summary

The preparation of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in the air environment has attracted the attention of numerous experimenters due to its low preparation cost and the possibility of commercialization. Although the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PSCs has increased rapidly and exceeded 25%, which is comparable to commercial polysilicon solar cells, most certified or reported high‐efficiency perovskite solar cells are still confined to glove boxes or relatively small active areas in the air environment due to moisture, oxygen, high temperature, and ultraviolet (UV) factors. In this review, the factors that lead to perovskite degradation are reviewed, and the appropriate strategies for manufacturing high‐efficiency and stable perovskite solar cells under environmental conditions are summarized to help the technology be commercialized for high‐quality, stable, and large‐area perovskite thin films in the air.
A generalized single‐index linear threshold model for identifying treatment‐sensitive subsets based on multiple covariates and longitudinal measurements
Authors: Ge Xinyi , Peng Yingwei , Tu Dongsheng
Published: October 2022

Identification of a subset of patients who may be sensitive to a specific treatment is an important step towards personalized medicine. We consider the case where the effect of a treatment is assessed by longitudinal measurements, which may be continuous or categorical, such as quality of life scores assessed over the duration of a clinical trial. We assume that multiple baseline covariates, such as age and expression levels of genes, are available, and propose a generalized single‐index linear threshold model to identify the treatment‐sensitive subset and assess the treatment‐by‐subset interaction after combining these covariates. Because the model involves an indicator function with unknown parameters, conventional procedures are difficult to apply for inferences of the parameters in the model. We define smoothed generalized estimating equations and propose an inference procedure based on these equations with an efficient spectral algorithm to find their solutions. The proposed procedure is evaluated through simulation studies and an application to the analysis of data from a randomized clinical trial in advanced pancreatic cancer.
Antiplasmodial and Antimalarial Activity of 3,5‐Diarylidenetetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐4(3H)‐ones via Inhibition of Plasmodium falciparum Pyridoxal Synthase
Authors: Moorthy Hariharan , Yadav Mamta , Tamang Nitesh , Mavileti Sai Kiran , Singla Labhini , Choudhury Angshuman Roy , Sahal Dinkar , Golakoti Nageswara Rao
Published: October 2022

A series of 22 different 3,5‐diarylidenetetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐4(3H)‐ones (DATPs) were synthesized, characterized, and screened for their in vitro antiplasmodial activities against chloroquine (CQ)‐sensitive Pf3D7, CQ‐resistant PfINDO, and artemisinin‐resistant PfMRA‐1240 strains of Plasmodium falciparum. DATP 19 (3,5‐bis(4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dimethoxybenzylidene)tetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐4(3H)‐one) was found to be the most potent (IC50 1.07 μM) against PfMRA‐1240, whereas 21 (3,5‐bis(3,4,5‐trimethoxybenzylidene)tetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐4(3H)‐one) showed IC50 values of 1.72 and 1.44 μM against Pf3D7 and PfINDO, respectively. Resistance indices (RI) as low as 0.2 to 0.5 for 10 (3,5‐bis(4‐nitrobenzylidene)tetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐4(3H)‐one) and 20 (3,5‐bis(3‐nitrobenzylidene)tetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐4(3H)‐one), and <1 for most other DATPs reveals their greater potency against resistant strains than the sensitive one. The single‐crystal XRD data for DATP 21 are reported. In silico support was obtained through docking studies. Killing all three strains within 4–8 h, these DATPs showed rapid kill kinetics toward the trophozoite stage. Furthermore, DATP 18 (3,5‐bis(quinolin‐4‐ylmethylene)tetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐4(3H)‐one) inhibited PfPdx1 enzyme activity with IC50 20.34 μM, which is about twofold lower than that (IC50 43 μM) for an already known inhibitor 4PEHz. At an oral dose of 300 mg/kg body weight, DATPs 19 and 21 were found to be nontoxic to mice, and at 100 mg/kg body weight, DATP 19 was found to suppress parasitaemia, which led to an increase in median survival time by three days relative to untreated control mice in a malaria curative study.
Chemically Diverse S. mansoni HDAC8 Inhibitors Reduce Viability in Worm Larval and Adult Stages
Authors: Noce Beatrice , Di Bello Elisabetta , Zwergel Clemens , Fioravanti Rossella , Valente Sergio , Rotili Dante , Masotti Andrea , Salik Zeya Ansari Mohammad , Trisciuoglio Daniela , Chakrabarti Alokta , Romier Christophe , Robaa Dina , Sippl Wolfgang , Jung Manfred , Häberli Cécile , Keiser Jennifer , Mai Antonello
Published: October 2022

Schistosoma mansoni HDAC8 is a reliable target to fight schistosomiasis, and several inhibitors have been reported in the literature up to now. Nevertheless, only a few displayed selectivity over the human deacetylases and some exhibited very low or no activity against parasite larvae and/or adult worms. We report here the in vitro enzyme and biological activity of a small library of HDAC inhibitors from our lab, in many cases exhibiting submicromolar/nanomolar potency against smHDAC8 and diverse degrees of selectivity over hHDAC1 and/or hHDAC6. Such compounds were tested against schistosomula, and a selection of them against the adult forms of S. mansoni, to detect their effect on viability. Some of them showed the highest viability reduction for the larval stage with IC50 values around 1 μM and/or displayed ∼40–50 % activity in adult worms at 10 μM, joined to moderate to no toxicity in human fibroblast MRC‐5 cells.
Biobehavioral factors predict an exosome biomarker of ovarian carcinoma disease progression
Authors: Lutgendorf Susan K. , Thaker Premal H. , Goodheart Michael J. , Arevalo Jesusa M. G. , Chowdhury Mamur A. , Noble Alyssa E. , Dahmoush Laila , Slavich George M. , Penedo Frank J. , Sood Anil K. , Cole Steven W.
Published: October 2022

Background

Biobehavioral factors such as social isolation and depression have been associated with disease progression in ovarian and other cancers. Here, the authors developed a noninvasive, exosomal RNA profile for predicting ovarian cancer disease progression and subsequently tested whether it increased in association with biobehavioral risk factors.

Methods

Exosomes were isolated from plasma samples from 100 women taken before primary surgical resection or neoadjuvant (NACT) treatment of ovarian carcinoma and 6 and 12 months later. Biobehavioral measures were sampled at all time points. Plasma from 76 patients was allocated to discovery analyses in which morning presurgical/NACT exosomal RNA profiles were analyzed by elastic net machine learning to identify a biomarker predicting rapid (≤6 months) versus more extended disease‐free intervals following initial treatment. Samples from a second subgroup of 24 patients were analyzed by mixed‐effects linear models to determine whether the progression‐predictive biomarker varied longitudinally as a function of biobehavioral risk factors (social isolation and depressive symptoms).

Results

An RNA‐based molecular signature was identified that discriminated between individuals who had disease progression in ≤6 months versus >6 months, independent of clinical variables (age, disease stage, and grade). In a second group of patients analyzed longitudinally, social isolation and depressive symptoms were associated with upregulated expression of the disease progression propensity biomarker, adjusting for covariates.

Conclusion

These data identified a novel exosome‐derived biomarker indicating propensity of ovarian cancer progression that is sensitive to biobehavioral variables. This derived biomarker may be potentially useful for risk assessment, intervention targeting, and treatment monitoring.
An optimized ticket manager based energy‐aware multipath routing protocol design for IoT based wireless sensor networks
Authors: Roberts Michaelraj Kingston , Thangavel Jayapratha
Published: October 2022

Recently, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and Internet of Things (IoTs) have emanated as an indispensable assets that play a critical role in revolutionizing the field of data communication. Owing to the evolution of communication standards, research trends in IoT based wireless sensor networks have been rapidly progressing toward achieving effective data routing with a prolonged network lifetime and minimized energy consumption. In this article, an optimized ticket manager based energy‐aware multipath routing protocol (TMERP) is proposed. The proposed protocol design comprises three important functional entities: ticket manager (TM), routing planner (RP), and backup node (BN). The TM is responsible for controlling and monitoring all the constraints related to networking. Then, the RP minimizes the overall complexity of the optimal resource allocation by avoiding an end‐to‐end delay. Finally, the BN facilitates efficient data routing through the optimal selection of routing paths using the node trust evaluation and backup process to minimize data loss. Hence, the proposed multipath routing system has a distinct advantage in enhancing the network lifetime constraint with minimal energy consumption owing to the collective performance of its functional entities. The simulation results of the experimental studies show that the proposed protocol design achieved an improved performance in terms of network energy, throughput, and network operational lifetime by 39.3%, 47.9%, and 10.5%, respectively when compared with similar existing protocols.
Comparative parotid gland segmentation by using ResNet‐18 and MobileNetV2 based DeepLab v3+ architectures from magnetic resonance images
Authors: Sunnetci Kubilay Muhammed , Kaba Esat , Beyazal Çeliker Fatma , Alkan Ahmet
Published: October 2022

Nowadays, artificial intelligence‐based medicine plays an important role in determining correlations not comprehensible to humans. In addition, the segmentation of organs at risk is a tedious and time‐consuming procedure. Segmentation of these organs or tissues is widely used in early diagnosis, treatment planning, and diagnosis. In this study, we trained semantic segmentation networks to segment healthy parotid glands using deep learning. The dataset we used in the study was obtained from Recep Tayyip Erdogan University Training and Research Hospital, and there were 72 T2‐weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images in this dataset. After these images were manually segmented by experts, masks of these images were obtained according to them and all images were cropped. Afterward, these cropped images and masks were rotated 45°, 120°, and 210°, quadrupling the number of images. We trained ResNet‐18/MobileNetV2‐based DeepLab v3+ without augmentation and ResNet‐18/MobileNetV2‐based DeepLab v3+ with augmentation using these datasets. Here, we set the training set and testing set sizes for all architectures to be 80% and 20%, respectively. We designed two different graphical user interface (GUI) applications so that users can easily segment their parotid glands by utilizing all of these deep learning‐based semantic segmentation networks. From the results, mean‐weighted dice values of MobileNetV2‐based DeepLab v3+ without augmentation and ResNet‐18‐based DeepLab v3+ with augmentation were equal to 0.90845–0.93931 and 0.93237–0.96960, respectively. We also noted that the sensitivity (%), specificity (%), F1 score (%) values of these models were equal to 83.21, 96.65, 85.04 and 89.81, 97.84, 87.80, respectively. As a result, these designed models were found to be clinically successful, and the user‐friendly GUI applications of these proposed systems can be used by clinicians. This study is competitive as it uses MR images, can automatically segment both parotid glands, the results are meaningful according to the literature and have software application.
Three‐Dimensional Vessels‐on‐a‐Chip Based on hiPSC‐derived Vascular Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Bulut Merve , Vila Cuenca Marc , de Graaf Mees , van den Hil Francijna E. , Mummery Christine L. , Orlova Valeria V.
Published: October 2022

Blood vessels are composed of endothelial cells (ECs) that form the inner vessel wall and mural cells that cover the ECs to mediate their stabilization. Crosstalk between ECs and VSMCs while the ECs undergo microfluidic flow is vital for the function and integrity of blood vessels. Here, we describe a protocol to generate three‐dimensional (3D) engineered vessels‐on‐chip (VoCs) composed of vascular cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). We first describe protocols for robust differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (hiPSC‐VSMCs) from hiPSCs that are effective across multiple hiPSC lines. Second, we describe the fabrication of a simple microfluidic device consisting of a single collagen lumen that can act as a cell scaffold and support fluid flow using the viscous finger patterning (VFP) technique. After the channel is seeded sequentially with hiPSC‐derived ECs (hiPSC‐ECs) and hiPSC‐VSMCs, a stable EC barrier covered by VSMCs lines the collagen lumen. We demonstrate that this 3D VoC model can recapitulate physiological cell‐cell interaction and can be perfused under physiological shear stress using a microfluidic pump. The uniform geometry of the vessel lumens allows precise control of flow dynamics. We have thus developed a robust protocol to generate an entirely isogenic hiPSC‐derived 3D VoC model, which could be valuable for studying vessel barrier function and physiology in healthy or disease states. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Differentiation of hiPSC‐VSMCs

Support Protocol 1: Characterization of hiPSC‐NCCs and hiPSC‐VSMCs

Support Protocol 2: Preparation of cryopreserved hiPSC‐VSMCs and hiPSC‐ECs for VoC culture

Basic Protocol 2: Generation of 3D VoC model composed of hiPSC‐ECs and hiPSC‐VSMCs

Support Protocol 3: Structural characterization of 3D VoC model
Intergenerational effects of overfeeding on aversive learning in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Anwer Hamza , Mason Dominic , Zajitschek Susanne , Hesselson Daniel , Noble Daniel W. A. , Morris Margaret J. , Lagisz Malgorzata , Nakagawa Shinichi
Published: October 2022

The obesity epidemic is concerning as obesity appears to negatively impact cognition and behavior. Furthermore, some studies suggest that this negative effect could be carried across generations from both mothers and fathers although evidence is not consistent. Here, we attempt to address how obesogenic diets in the parental generation (F0) can impact offspring's cognition and anxiety intergenerationally (F1) in a zebrafish model. We compare both mean trait values and their variances. Using a multifactorial design, we created a total of four groups: F1T (treatment mothers × treatment fathers); F1M (treatment mothers × control fathers); F1P (treatment fathers × control mothers); and F1C (control mothers × control fathers, F1C); and subjected them to anxiety tank tests and aversive learning assays. When both parents were exposed, offspring (F1T) displayed the poorest aversive learning, while offspring that only had one parent exposed (F1P and F1M) learnt the aversive learning task the best. Zebrafish in all groups displayed no statistically significant differences in anxiety‐associated behaviors. Males and females also performed similarly in both anxiety and aversive learning assays. While all F1 groups had similar levels of fasting blood glucose, variance in glucose levels were reduced in F1P and F1T indicating the importance of investigating heteroskedasticity between groups. Furthermore, anxiety behaviors of these two groups appeared to be less repeatable. To our knowledge, this is the first study to test the intergenerational effects of an obesogenic diet on zebrafish cognition. Our multifactorial design as well as repeated tests also allowed us to disentangle maternal and paternal effects (as well as combined effects) and accurately detect subtle information such as between‐individual variation.
The detected effects of driptips and leaf wettability on the kinetic energy of throughfall in rubber‐based agroforestry in Xishuangbanna
Authors: Liu Jiaqing , Liu Wenjie , Zhang Wenliu , Wang Pingyuan
Published: October 2022

Driptips play important roles in controlling soil erosion and in the water cycle. The driptips size distribution and the morphology of water droplets on the leaves among rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) and intercropping species (Camellia sinensis, Citrus reticulata, Flemingia macrophylla and Theobroma cacao) were measured. Driptip‐producing experiments were conducted indoors on stabilized leaves of five species with artificially mist spray. In all five foliage species, the diameter of the driptips from rubber leaves was the lowest. Furthermore, the relationship between driptips size and the mean leaf width at 3 mm from the rubber leaf tip was significantly positively correlated. Leaf wettability as measured by water droplets height linearly increase with the total volume of water which dropped on the leaves of all five species. The contact angle of the water droplets and the total volume of the droplet were significantly negatively correlated. Based on physical theory, the kinetic energy of the driptips was calculated by estimating the diameters of the driptip from all five species. The results indicated that it was important to consider the kinetic energy of driptips in selection of intercropping species when constructing rubber‐based agroforestry plantations. Understanding the relationship between driptips size and the development of leaf tips (leaf width at 3 mm from the leaf tip) will require more experiments with different leaf inclinations, and the results also confirmed that using the contact angle of water droplets to assess leaf wettability. This study can help to predict canopy water processes, such as canopy water storage and drainage.
Wildfire evacuation patterns and syndromes across Canada's forested regions
Authors: Tepley Alan J. , Parisien Marc‐André , Wang Xianli , Oliver Jacqueline A. , Flannigan Mike D.
Published: October 2022

Human exposure to wildfire is increasing in many regions globally—a trend likely to continue as climate change drives increases in wildfire activity and human populations continue to expand into fire‐prone landscapes. In Canada, this trend is reflected by a steady increase in the annual number of wildfire evacuations since the 1980s. Evacuations can be costly and cause severe stress, even when homes remain undamaged. Because many factors driving community vulnerability are likely correlated, classifying at‐risk communities into groups whose members share common drivers of wildfire vulnerability will be helpful in identifying the key wildfire evacuation “syndromes” that are repeated in different parts of the landscape. Understanding these syndromes will aid in anticipating and mitigating the effects of future fire exposure. Here, we classify the populated places across Canada's forested regions into 19 groups using variables describing their potential vulnerability to wildfire, including the surrounding land cover, land use and infrastructure, and the local fire regime. Then, we evaluate the utility of these groups by comparing actual wildfire exposure among the groups using a unique dataset of 1043 wildfire evacuations from 1980 to 2019. We identified three main evacuation syndromes that represent 79% of all evacuations and are distinct in their geographic distribution, the characteristics of the fires that drove the evacuations, the communities exposed, and the likely mode of evacuation. In remote areas dominated by conifer forest, evacuations were driven primarily by lightning‐ignited fires in the summer. Exposed communities typically lacked access to the road network, making it important to plan for evacuation by air. In less remote mixedwood forest areas, evacuations were driven largely by human‐ignited fires in the spring, and most communities had access to major roads. In interior British Columbia, evacuations were mainly in the summer and driven by both lightning‐ and human‐ignited fires. These areas experienced the greatest increase in evacuation frequency over the last two decades, reflecting the local trend of increasing wildfire activity. These differences highlight how the major risk factors vary spatially across the forested regions and temporally over the fire season—knowledge that will facilitate more effective planning for future fire seasons.
Recent increase in autumn temperature has stabilized tree growth in forests near the tree lines in Chilean Patagonia
Authors: Gibson‐Carpintero Stephanie , Venegas‐González Alejandro , Urra Vinci D. , Estay Sergio A. , Gutiérrez Álvaro G.
Published: October 2022

It is widely accepted that global warming is affecting forests near the tree line by increasing tree growth in these cold‐limited environments. However, since about 1970, a reduction in tree growth near the tree line has been observed in response to warming and increased drought stress. This reduction in tree growth has been mainly reported in forests of the northern hemisphere but less studied in southern forests. In this study, we investigated tree populations of Nothofagus pumilio located near the arboreal altitudinal limit in the central Patagonian Andes (45–47° S, Aysén region, Chile). In this region, warming has been accompanied by increased drought conditions since the 2000s. We explored whether this climatic variability has promoted or reduced tree growth at the regional scale in tree lines of these broadleaved temperate forests of central Patagonia. We constructed tree‐ring chronologies and determined common growth patterns and trends, and then analyzed the influence of recent climate. We detected a significant change in the slope of regional growth trends between the periods 1955–1985 and 1985–2015. We found that positive growth trends in the period 1955–1985 were associated with warmer and drier springs. However, after 1985, we found a stabilization in N. pumilio growth associated with a steady increase in temperature in autumn. Our results support the idea that more frequent warm autumns, with very thin or no snow cover, have stabilized tree growth due to water deficit at the end of the growing season of N. pumilio. The predicted climate change scenario of increasing temperatures and drought in central Patagonia may increase competition among trees for water, particularly at the end of the growing season. Consequently, we could expect a decreasing forest growth trend in central Patagonia, potentially impacting forest dynamics of these southern forests.
Evaluating Coordinative Binding Mechanisms through Experimental and Computational Studies of Methoxy‐Substituted Arylazothioformamide Copper(I) Complexes
Authors: Pradhan Rabina , Groner Vincent M. , Gutman Kaylaa L. , Larson Garrett E. , Kan Yuwei , Zhang Qiang , Heiden Zachariah M. , Roll Mark F. , Moberly James G. , Waynant Kristopher V.
Published: October 2022

Redox‐active arylazothioformamide (ATF) ligands, when reacted with CuI salts, coordinate to form a variety of 1 : 1 dimers and 2 : 1 ligand‐metal complexes through a N=N−C=S chelation motif. In this study, monosubstituted (ortho/meta/para) methoxy regioisomers of ATF were synthesized and evaluated with CuI halide and BF4 salts. UV‐Vis binding association studies revealed a 2 : 1 binding association model against all species producing a para ≫ ortho > meta pattern across the methoxy substitution range. To understand why the 2 : 1 non‐linear binding model was preferred over a 1 : 1 model for CuI halide salt dimers (i. e., A2B2), a series of mechanisms were computed indicating that metal salt dimers (i. e., B+B→B2) or ligand‐metal salt‐metal salt‐ (i. e., AB+B→AB2) interactions provide favorable pathways. Combined, the data substantiate the 2 : 1 binding association mechanistically even as the substitution pattern, steric bulk, and electronics alter the coordination strength of the ligands to the CuI center.
Recent Developments and Trends in Asymmetric Organocatalysis
Authors: García Mancheño Olga , Waser Mario
Published: October 2022

Asymmetric organocatalysis has experienced a long and spectacular way since the early reports over a century ago by von Liebig, Knoevenagel and Bredig, showing that small (chiral) organic molecules can catalyze (asymmetric) reactions. This was followed by impressive first highly enantioselective reports in the second half of the last century, until the hype initiated in 2000 by the milestone publications of MacMillan and List, which finally culminated in the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. This short Perspective aims at providing a brief introduction to the field by first looking on the historical development and the more classical methods and concepts, followed by discussing selected advanced recent examples that opened new directions and diversity within this still growing field.
Electrochemical Bromination of Substituted Thiophenes in Batch and Continuous Flow
Authors: Lu Hao‐Kuan , Liu Ting , Shi Zhaojiang , Yan Hong , Li Zhen , Ye Ke‐Yin
Published: October 2022

An electrochemical bromination of thiophenes from ammonium bromide is developed both in batch and continuous‐flow conditions. Substituted thiophenes possessing 2‐hydrogens selectively afford a series of 2‐bromothiophenes while 2‐substituted benzothiophenes generate 3‐bromobenzo[b]thiophenes. Based on the cyclic voltammetric studies and literature, a bromine cation involved mechanism was proposed.
Palladium‐ and Iridium‐Catalyzed Deracemization of Allylic Oxygen Compounds with Oxygen Nucleophiles
Authors: Gais Hans‐Joachim
Published: October 2022

Allylic oxygen compounds (AOCs) are an important class of versatile building blocks in natural and non‐natural product synthesis. Catalytic in‐situ deracemization is an attractive means for their enantioselective synthesis. Particularly attractive is the deracemization of AOCs through transition metal‐catalyzed dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation (DYKAT) with oxygen nucleophiles (ONus). This review describes pertinent aspects of the palladium‐catalyzed DYKAT of racemic allylic carboxylates, vinyl oxiranes and vinyl dioxolanones with carboxylates, hydrogen carbonate, alcohols, phenols, oximes, diosphenols and water and the iridium‐catalyzed DYKAT of racemic allylic alcohols, imidates and carboxylates with alcohols and carboxylic acids. Included in the discussion is the palladium‐catalyzed desymmetrization ofmeso‐cycloalkene bis(carboxylates) with hydrogen carbonate. While Trost's bisphosphinobenzamides, Zhou's spiro‐phosphoramidite and Feringa's BINOL‐phosphoramidite are highly efficient ligands in palladium‐catalyzed DYKAT, Carreira‐Dorta's BINOL‐phosphoramidite‐olefin is an excellent ligand in iridium‐catalyzed DYKAT. This review also discusses mechanistic and structural aspects of η3‐allylpalladium‐bisphosphinobenzamide and η3‐allyliridium‐BINOL‐phosphoramidite‐olefin complexes and of the corresponding catalysts.
Photoredox/Copper‐Catalyzed Trifluoromethylamino‐Cyanation of 1,3‐Enynes
Authors: Liu Shuai , Huang Yangen , Qing Feng‐Ling , Xu Xiu‐Hua
Published: October 2022

A photoredox/copper‐catalyzed 1,4‐difunctionalization of 1,3‐enynes with readily available trifluoromethylaminating reagent and TMSCN was developed. This reaction proceeded at mild conditions, affording the corresponding trifluoromethylaminated allenes in good yields and excellent regioselectivity. The synthetic application of the resulting products has also been demonstrated by the transformation toN−CF3oxazolidinones.
Palladium/Norbornene Cocatalyzed Catellani‐Type Domino Reaction with Aryl Diazonium Salts
Authors: Fu Ying , Guo Liang‐Liang , Zhang Yu‐Xia , Du Zhengyin
Published: October 2022

The palladium/norbornene co‐catalyzed difunctionalization of haloarenes provides a facile and efficient method for the synthesis of polyfunctional aromatic compounds. However, the suitable substrates for such a transformation have been strictly limited to haloarenes. We here demonstrate that aryl diazonium salts could be well employed as substrates in these reactions, enabling arylbromides with electron‐withdrawing groups to be used as cross‐coupling partners.
Deoxygenative Intramolecular Minisci‐Type Reaction to Access Fused Heterocyclic Scaffolds
Authors: Troyano Francisco José Aguilar , Anwar Khadijah , Mohr Fabian , Robert Guillaume , Gómez‐Suárez Adrián
Published: October 2022

Herein, we present a straightforward strategy for the synthesis of fused heterocycles through a deoxygenative, intramolecular Minisci‐type reaction. This approach grants access to complex polycyclic scaffolds in three steps from readily available starting materials, such as chlorinated heteroarenes and 1,3‐diols. The use of saccharide derivatives as the starting 1,3‐diol motif allows for the synthesis of novel heterocyclic scaffolds with excellent diastereoselectivity and formal retention of configuration at the newly formed C−C bond.
Analysis of drug interactions with serum proteins and related binding agents by affinity capillary electrophoresis: A review
Authors: Sharmeen Sadia , Kyei Isaac , Hatch Arden , Hage David S.
Published: October 2022

Biomolecules such as serum proteins can interact with drugs in the body and influence their pharmaceutical effects. Specific and precise methods that analyze these interactions are critical for drug development or monitoring and for diagnostic purposes. Affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) is one technique that can be used to examine the binding between drugs and serum proteins, or other agents found in serum or blood. This article will review the basic principles of ACE, along with related affinity‐based capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods, and examine recent developments that have occurred in this field as related to the characterization of drug–protein interactions. An overview will be given of the various formats that can be used in ACE and CE for such work, including the relative advantages or weaknesses of each approach. Various applications of ACE and affinity‐based CE methods for the analysis of drug interactions with serum proteins and other binding agents will also be presented. Applications of ACE and related techniques that will be discussed include drug interaction studies with serum agents, chiral drug separations employing serum proteins, and the use of CE in hybrid methods to characterize drug binding with serum proteins.
A double fixed rank kriging approach to spatial regression models with covariate measurement error
Authors: Ning Xu , Hui Francis K. C. , Welsh Alan H.
Published: October 2022

In many applications of spatial regression modeling, the spatially indexed covariates are measured with error, and it is known that ignoring this measurement error can lead to attenuation of the estimated regression coefficients. Classical measurement error techniques may not be appropriate in the spatial setting, due to the lack of validation data and the presence of (residual) spatial correlation among the responses. In this article, we propose a double fixed rank kriging (FRK) approach to obtain bias‐corrected estimates of and inference on coefficients in spatial regression models, where the covariates are spatially indexed and subject to measurement error. Assuming they vary smoothly in space, the proposed method first fits an FRK model regressing the covariates against spatial basis functions to obtain predictions of the error‐free covariates. These are then passed into a second FRK model, where the response is regressed against the predicted covariates plus another set of spatial basis functions to account for spatial correlation. A simulation study and an application to presence–absence records of Carolina wren from the North American Breeding Bird Survey demonstrate that the proposed double FRK approach can be effective in adjusting for measurement error in spatially correlated data.
An energy‐frequency parameter for earthquake ground motion intensity measure
Authors: Chen Guan , Yang Jiashu , Liu Yong , Kitahara Takeshi , Beer Michael
Published: October 2022

A novel scalar ground motion intensity measure (IM), termed the energy‐frequency parameter, is proposed based on the Hilbert‐Huang transform. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed IM, the correlation analysis between the engineering demand parameter (EDP) and energy‐frequency parameter is performed using 1992 recorded ground motions, in which EDP is the maximum inter‐storey drift of structures obtained by nonlinear time‐history analysis. Results show that the energy‐frequency parameter has a strong linear correlation with EDP at natural logarithm, and this correlation is applicable for various structural fundamental periods. We also verified that the lognormal cumulative distribution function can characterize the energy‐frequency parameter‐based fragility function, which can further facilitate the application of the parameter in seismic risk analysis. Besides, the strong correlation between the energy‐frequency parameter and other IMs (such as PGA, PGV, PGD, CAV, , , and SI) potentially makes the proposed IM widely applicable in seismic risk analysis. Moreover, since the energy‐frequency parameter depends only on the frequency‐domain characteristics of the ground‐motion signal, it may closely link to seismological theory and provide new insights into seismology engineering.
Control of river discharge on large‐scale estuary morphology
Authors: Baar Anne W. , Braat Lisanne , Parsons Daniel R.
Published: October 2022

Estuaries are dynamic landscapes with complex bar and channel patterns formed by interactions between tidal and fluvial currents. River discharge dampens the tidal wave, enhances the ebb flow, and supplies sediment to the estuary. However, it is largely unknown how river discharge influences overall estuary morphology. The objective of the current study is to quantify the control of river discharge on bar and channel dimensions and sediment transport throughout the estuary. To this end, a long‐term and large‐scale Delft3D‐2DH estuary model was designed with a suite of model runs undertaken where discharge systematically varied. Results show that tide‐dominated estuaries with significant river discharge can develop towards a dynamic equilibrium with a constant tidal prism through adjustment of channel dimensions to accommodate the supplied river discharge. It is essential to account for this morphodynamic adjustment when considering the transition from tide‐dominated estuaries to aggrading river‐dominated estuaries. After this transition, the estuary evolution depends on the discharge‐to‐width ratio. Tidal prism either decreases with higher river discharge as the tidal flow is dampened and the estuary aggrades, or increases when the estuary widens as it adjusts to the increase in total discharge. Additionally, results show that a higher river discharge increases the difference between the limit of flood‐dominant sediment transport and the limit of flow reversal, which has important implications for the preservation of the tidal signal in the stratigraphy. Estuary dimensions and channel patterns can be described as a function of river and tidal discharge. These findings indicate that the dynamic spatial component in numerical models is crucial in predicting trends in long‐term estuary morphology as well as in inverse predictions from stratigraphy.
Hybrid optimization model for design and optimization of microstrip patch antenna
Authors: Subhadra Sarngadharan Ajitha , Narasimhamurthy Rashmi , Sankaramoorthy Balasubramaniam , Singh Suryabhan Pratap , Singh Charanjeet
Published: October 2022

The antenna design for a specified resonant frequency necessitates the computation of optimal values of different sizes. This is a harder task for microstrip patch antenna (MPA) since there is no precise numerical formula that leads to accurate solutions for designing these antennas. Presently, bio‐inspired approaches are widely deployed in numerous antenna designs and it has revealed an immense assurance in handling the rising necessities of antenna engineering for overall cost, reduced size, and enhanced performances. This work aims to introduce an optimal MPA design, where the antenna elements like patch length, patch height, substrate width, and substrate length are optimally tuned by a new hybrid optimization model. For this, a new hybridized model known as shark smell integrated EHO is proposed. Eventually, the primacy of the suggested model is scrutinized via varied assessments.