bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mexico’s Armed Vigilante Movements (2012–2015): The Impact of Low State Capacity and Economic Inequality
Authors: Trevizo Dolores
Published: October 2022

This article disputes recent studies that find no relationship between homicides and vigilantism. Using a unique panel dataset that controls for time and region, this study shows that the relationship exists. The evidence is consistent with the theory of low-capacity states: high homicide rates indicate unchecked criminal enclaves that further corrode trust in police. The territorial gaps in the central state’s presence that O’Donnell once called “brown areas” cost people their lives. Vigilantes react through defensive movements in which ordinary people substitute for the police to fill a security gap. The panel results also indicate that wealth inequality matters. Business people reportedly finance the vigilante organizations, which helps them to sustain collective action over time. Together with income inequality, Mexico’s low-capacity state facilitated an armed vigilante movement between 2012 and 2015.
Tax autonomy mitigates soft budget constraint: evidence from Spanish Regions
Authors: Arespa Marta , González-Alegre Juan
Published: October 2022

Within the framework of the soft budget constraint problem, this article investigates the impact of a legislative reform that increased regional tax autonomy on the propensity of Spanish regional governments to incur a deficit. For this purpose, a dynamic panel data model is estimated, using data for the period 1984–2019. The sample shows a breakpoint in 2002, when the reform of the regional financing system came into force, providing Spanish regions with greater tax autonomy, more fiscal competency, and lower intergovernmental transfers. Results show that the budget constraint has hardened, as regions have fewer incentives to accumulate budgetary deficits with the expectation of future compensations from the central government. A comprehensive review of the evolution of other factors previously identified as determinants of soft budget constraints, and the analysis of two regions not included in this financing system, suggest no other possible explanation for these results.
A further Agnus Dei penny of King Æthelred the Unready
Authors: Keynes Simon , MacKay William A. , Naismith Rory
Published: October 2022

A further example of an Agnus Dei penny recently surfaced at a London auction.1 It was found in 2018 by a metal-detectorist, in south Lincolnshire. It is the twenty-second recorded example struck from Agnus Dei obverse and reverse dies, and takes the total of surviving specimens, including the two known mules with the Last Short Cross type, to twenty-four. The new coin is well preserved, without piercing, mounting or pecking, but is chipped between two and five o’clock. Both the mint, Leicester, and the moneyer, Æthelwig, are already known for the Agnus Dei type;2 it is in fact a die-duplicate of the other known coin of Æthelwig.3 The new coin brings the number of known examples for Leicester to four, and adds a second example for the moneyer. Allowing for the chip, the weight of 1.46g is consistent with the c. 1.75g noted for more complete examples.
Legal culture in the Danelaw: a study of III Æthelred
Authors: Stattel Jake A.
Published: October 2022

Viking invasions and settlements left substantial legacies in late Anglo-Saxon England, attested in legal texts as a division between areas underDena lageand those underÆngla lage.But how legal practice in Scandinavian-settled England functioned and differed from Anglo-Saxon law remains unclear. III Æthelred, the ‘Wantage Code’, provides critical evidence for legal customs being practised in the Danelaw at the close of the tenth century. An investigation into the code’s peace protections re-examines the argument for occurrences of communal liability in England before the Normans. Wantage’s restrictions on access to law and the need to ‘buy law’ suggest a departure from English conceptions of rights. Provisions on proof in legal cases, including a ‘jury’ of thegns, denote alternative measures of the truth. These analyses depict a Danelaw legal culture that reflects viking army origins, a Scandinavian preference for informal dispute-settlement (‘love’) and the concerns of a landholding Anglo-Scandinavian elite.
Beow in Scandinavia
Authors: Grant Tom
Published: October 2022

This article offers a new appraisal of the Scandinavian evidence relating to Beow – a figure who surfaces in a range of Anglo-Saxon sources as a member of the famous Scylding dynasty. The well-known appearances of Beow in Old Norse genealogical material and in the composition known as Kálfsvísa are first reviewed, along with their evolving status in the critical history of Beowulf. New evidence is then adduced from the text known as Bjarkarímur, which attests to a more extensive Scandinavian tradition surrounding Beow than has previously been acknowledged. The expanded dossier of Old Norse evidence pertaining to Beow allows, in turn, for reflections on the development of traditions surrounding this figure in Anglo-Saxon England, and the manner of their transmission to Scandinavia.
SARS-CoV-2 seroepidemiology in paediatric population during Delta and Omicron predominance
Authors: Filippatos Filippos , Tatsi Elizabeth-Barbara , Dellis Charilaos , Koukou Dimitra-Maria , Papagiannopoulos Christos , Margeli Alexandra , Siahanidou Tania , Kanaka-Gantenbein Christina , Syriopoulou Vasiliki , Michos Athanasios
Published: October 2022

Limited prospective severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) data in children regarding the impact of Omicron variant in seropositivity have been reported. We investigated SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity in children between 1 September 2021 and 30 April 2022, representing Delta and Omicron predominance periods. Serum samples from children admitted to the major tertiary Greek paediatric hospital for any cause, except for COVID-19, were randomly collected and tested for SARS-CoV-2 natural infection antibodies against nucleocapsid antigen (Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 reagent). A total of 506/1312 (38.6%) seropositive children (0–16 years) were detected (males: 261/506(51.6%); median age (IQR): 95.2 months(24–144)). Seropositivity rates (%) increased from Delta to Omicron period from 29.7% to 48.5% (P-value<0.0001). Seropositivity increased for all age groups, except for the age group of 0–1 year (P-value:0.914). The highest seropositivity rate was detected in April 2022 (52.6%) and reached 73.9% specifically for the age group 12–16 years. No significant differences were detected in seropositivity with respect to gender, origin, or hospitalisation status. Median (IQR) antibody titres were higher in the Omicron vs. Delta period in all age groups, especially in 12–16 years [32.2 COI (7–77.1) vs. 11.4 COI(2.8–50.2), P-value:0.009). During Omicron variant period increased SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity was detected in paediatric population, especially in adolescents, implicating either increased transmissibility or reinfection rates.
A sociophonetic account of gradient /z/ devoicing among Chicanx high schoolers
Authors: Holliday Nicole , Brogan Franny D.
Published: October 2022

This paper examines final /z/ devoicing among Chicanx teens in Southern California to investigate the degree to which devoiced final /z/ neutralizes with final /s/ in this dialect. Results indicate on the one hand that devoiced /z/ remains distinct from /s/: as expected, devoiced /z/ is significantly less voiceless than /s/ and has a significantly lower center of gravity (COG). However, unexpectedly, devoiced /z/ has a significantly longer fricative duration and a significantly shorter preceding vowel duration than /s/, a pair of results that run counter to general tendencies for voiced fricatives to be shorter and have longer preceding vowels than their voiceless counterparts. We propose that these durational findings may explain, at least in part, the salience of final /z/ devoicing in Latinx Englishes despite its ubiquity among speakers of mainstream US English. In this first instrumental sociophonetic account of final /z/ devoicing in Latinx Englishes, we also find that, counter to existing segmental accounts, the morphological status of /z/ is no longer a significant predictor of devoicing. Moreover, while both following segment and speaker gender are significant predictors of devoicing, they do not condition devoicing in the expected ways.
Unravelling the pastoralist paradox – preferences for land tenure security and flexibility in Kenya
Authors: Bostedt Göran , Sandorf Erlend Dancke , Mureithi Stephen M. , Muricho Deborah N.
Published: October 2022

In this paper, we use a discrete choice experiment conducted among pastoralists in four different semi-arid counties in Kenya characterized by different land tenure regimes to analyze how pastoralists make tradeoffs between tenure security and grazing flexibility – the so-called pastoralist paradox. Results show that there is one group of respondents who are desperate for change and seem to prefer either group or private title deeds to their current situation. A second, smaller group has strong preferences for the status quo, which could be driven by their relatively short migration distances. Concerning index-based livestock insurance, the basis risk suffered by insured pastoralists due to underprediction is high, but willingness to pay (WTP) for livestock insurance should still be high enough to ensure maximum uptake, leaving current low uptakes hard to explain. The worry about climate change is high but does not translate into increased WTP for more secure tenure or formal livestock insurance.
Advances in digital CBT: where are we now, and where next?
Authors: Thew Graham R. , Rozental Alexander , Hadjistavropoulos Heather D.
Published: October 2022

Digital CBT refers to the use of digital tools, platforms or devices to deliver or enhance cognitive behavioural therapy assessment, formulation, treatment, training and supervision. The ‘Advances in Digital CBT’ special issue aimed to document examples of innovative digital CBT practice in this rapidly developing field. In this paper, we have briefly summarised and synthesised the advances demonstrated in this group of articles. These include developments in our understanding of mental health apps, the use of digital tools as an adjunct to therapy, the effectiveness of remotely delivered CBT in routine clinical practice, our understanding of user experiences and involvement, and in digital CBT research methods. We consider the extent of current knowledge in these areas and identify where gaps in evidence lie and how the field could be taken forward to address these. Lastly, we reflect on the broader digital CBT picture and offer our suggestions of six key directions for future research: using robust study designs to evaluate and optimise digital tools; translating and culturally adapting digital tools and practices; understanding and addressing digital exclusion; exploring, reporting and addressing possible negative effects; improving user involvement in design and evaluation; and addressing the implementation gap for digital tools. We suggest that further advances in these areas would be of particular benefit to the digital CBT field.

Key learning aims

(1)

To gain an overview of the articles in the special issue and an understanding of the advances in digital CBT they represent.

(2)

To understand how the advances suggested by the present studies could be taken forward and extended.

(3)

To consider key future directions for further advances in digital CBT.
Geysers, Boiling Groundwater and Tectonics: The 3D Subsurface Resistive Structure of the Haukadalur Hydrothermal Field, Iceland
Authors: Lupi Matteo , Collignon Marine , Fischanger Federico , Carrier Aurore , Trippanera Daniele , Pioli Laura
Published: October 2022

Geysers are among the most fascinating geological features on Earth. Yet, little is still known about their hydrogeological structure at depth. To shed light on the spatial relationships between the vertical conduits and the aquifers feeding them, we conducted a 3D geoelectrical campaign in the Haukadalur hydrothermal field, Iceland. We deployed 24 Iris Fullwavers across the hydrothermal field and inverted resistivity and chargeability measurements. Additionally, we measured temperature variations inside Strokkur and Great Geysir geysers showing temperature fluctuations pointing out the oscillatory behavior that characterizes the geysering cycle of the geysers. By combining a semi‐quantitative temperature distribution of the thermal springs across the hydrothermal field with the inversion of the geoelectrical data, we highlight the control that extensional tectonics have on the distribution of fluids across the hydrothermal field. We also point out the occurrence of a common deep groundwater reservoir feeding the hydrothermal centers. Induced polarization data show that the geysers are fed by sub‐vertical water‐filled fracture zones. The geysers are found at the margins of highly resistive regions where we speculate boiling groundwater and vapor is found. Our proposed model suggests that local waters feeding the main groundwater reservoir downwell from the nearby region and then convect upwards, phase transitioning into vapor at about 200 m depth. From here, fluids flow toward the surface through pipes cutting a highly pressurized and hot system. This study shows to the best of our knowledge the first full 3D tomographic image of a hydrothermal field hosting geysers.
Joint Interpretation of Marine Self‐Potential and Transient Electromagnetic Survey for Seafloor Massive Sulfide (SMS) Deposits: Application at TAG Hydrothermal Mound, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge
Authors: Su Z. , Tao C. , Zhu Z. , Revil A. , Shen J. , Nie Z. , Li Q. , Deng X. , Zhou J. , Liu L.
Published: October 2022

The self‐potential (SP) method is expected to play an important role in the exploration of seafloor massive sulfide (SMS) resources. Since the redox potential changes with depth below the seafloor, SMS deposits are the source of an electrical (source) current density, generating in turn a recordable electrical field. This electrical field can be remotely measured at and above the seafloor. By integrating this electrical field, we obtained a so‐called SP profile or map. The electrical conductivity distribution of SMS deposits is an important ingredient in the inversion of these SP data in order to distinguish between causative primary sources (i.e., associated with the SMS deposits themselves) and secondary current sources associated with conductivity contrasts below the seafloor. Such ingredient is therefore necessary to properly localize SMS deposits and eliminating ghosts associated with high conductivity contrasts. The conductivity structure of the seafloor is however unknown in most SP surveys. This study presents the first joint interpretation of transient electromagnetic and SP surveys. The field data were acquired at the Trans‐Atlantic Geotraverse (TAG) hydrothermal mound. The conductivity structure of TAG mound was obtained by inverting transient electromagnetic data. This electrical conductivity distribution is then used to invert the SP data. The obtained (primary) source current distribution delineates the geometry of the SMS deposits. The deposits are located in the center of the mound as well as at its edges, in a way that is consistent with water column data. Combining the two geophysical methods improves our ability to better decipher the fine geometry of SMS deposits below the seafloor.
SF3B1 mutated MDS: Blast count, genetic co-abnormalities and their impact on classification and prognosis
Authors: Huber Sandra , Haferlach Torsten , Meggendorfer Manja , Hutter Stephan , Hoermann Gregor , Baer Constance , Kern Wolfgang , Haferlach Claudia
Published: October 2022

Recently, MDS with mutated SF3B1 and blast count <5% was proposed as distinct entity with favorable prognosis by the international working group for the prognosis of MDS (IWG-PM), the 5th edition of the WHO classification and the International Consensus Classification. To further characterize this entity with respect to the genomic landscape, AML transformation rate and clinical outcome, we analyzed 734 MDS patients by whole genome sequencing. SF3B1 mutations were identified in 31% (n = 231), most frequently accompanied by TET2 mutations (29%). 144/231 (62%) SF3B1mut samples fulfilled entity criteria proposed by IWG-PM (SF3B1ent). These cases were associated with longer survival, lower AML transformation rate, normal karyotypes and harbored less accompanying mutations compared to SF3B1mut samples not falling into the proposed SF3B1 entity (SF3B1nent). Of SF3B1mut cases 7% (15/231; SF3B1ent: 3/144 [2%]; SF3B1nent: 12/87 [14%]) progressed to AML compared to 15% SF3B1 wild-type patients (75/503). Of these 15 SF3B1mut cases, 10 (67%) showed RUNX1 mutations at MDS or AML stage. Multivariate analysis revealed that del(5q) and RUNX1 mutations were independent negative prognostic factors for overall survival, while blast count >5% was not. In conclusion, SF3B1mut MDS has a favorable prognosis independent of blast count if karyotype and RUNX1 mutations are considered.
Genome-centric investigation of bile acid metabolizing microbiota of dairy cows and associated diet-induced functional implications
Authors: Lin Limei , Lai Zheng , Yang Huisheng , Zhang Jiyou , Qi Weibiao , Xie Fei , Mao Shengyong
Published: October 2022

Although the importance of bile acid (BA)-related microbial strains and enzymes is increasingly recognized for monogastric animals, a lack of knowledge about BA metabolism in dairy cows limits functional applications aimed at the targeted modulation of microbe–host interactions for animal production and health. In the present study, 108 content samples from six intestinal regions of dairy cows were used for shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Overall, 372 high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were involved in BA deconjugation, oxidation, and dehydroxylation pathways. Furthermore, the BA-metabolizing microbiome predominately occurred in the large intestine, resulting in the accumulation of secondary unconjugated BAs. Comparative genomic analysis revealed that the bile salt hydrolase (BSH)-carrying microbial populations managed with the selective environment of the dairy cow intestine by adopting numerous host mucin glycan-degrading abilities. A sequence similarity network analysis classified 439 BSH homologs into 12 clusters and identified different clusters with diverse evolution, taxonomy, signal peptides, and ecological niches. Our omics data further revealed that the strains of Firmicutes bacterium CAG-110 processed the increased abundance of BSHs from Cluster 1, coinciding with the changes in the colon cholic acid concentration after grain introduction, and were intricately related to intestinal inflammation. This study is the first to use a genome-centric approach and whole intestine-targeted metabolomics to reveal microbial BA metabolism and its diet-induced functional implications in dairy cows. These findings provide insight into the manipulation of intestinal microorganisms for improving host health.
Light-independent anaerobic microbial oxidation of manganese driven by an electrosyntrophic coculture
Authors: Huang Lingyan , Liu Xing , Rensing Christopher , Yuan Yong , Zhou Shungui , Nealson Kenneth H
Published: October 2022

Anaerobic microbial manganese oxidation (AMMO) has been considered an ancient biological metabolism for Mn element cycling on Archaean Earth before the presence of oxygen. A light-dependent AMMO was recently observed under strictly anoxic conditions, providing a new proxy for the interpretation of the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis. However, the feasibility of biotic Mn(II) oxidation in dark geological habitats that must have been abundant remains unknown. Therefore, we discovered that it would be possible to achieve AMMO in a light-independent electrosyntrophic coculture between Rhodopseudomonas palustris and Geobacter metallireducens. Transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed insoluble particle formation in the coculture with Mn(II) addition. X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis verified that these particles were a mixture of MnO2 and Mn3O4. The absence of Mn oxides in either of the monocultures indicated that the Mn(II)-oxidizing activity was induced via electrosyntrophic interactions. Radical quenching and isotopic experiments demonstrated that hydroxyl radicals (•OH) produced from H2O dissociation by R. palustris in the coculture contributed to Mn(II) oxidation. All these findings suggest a new, symbiosis-dependent and light-independent AMMO route, with potential importance to the evolution of oxygenic photosynthesis and the biogeochemical cycling of manganese on Archaean and modern Earth.
Serplulimab, a novel anti-PD-1 antibody, in patients with microsatellite instability-high solid tumours: an open-label, single-arm, multicentre, phase II trial
Authors: Qin Shukui , Li Jin , Zhong Haijun , Jin Chuan , Chen Lili , Yuan Xianglin , Fan Qingxia , Chen Kehe , Cao Peiguo , Xiao Jianjun , Jiang Da , Zhang Tao , Zhang Hongyu , Wang Xicheng , Wang Wei , Han Lin , Wang Qingyu , Zhu Jun ,   the Serplulimab-MSI-H Investigators
Published: October 2022

Background

Microsatellite instability-high/mismatch repair-deficient (MSI-H/dMMR) tumours have a high response rate to immunotherapy. Antitumour activity and safety of serplulimab, a novel humanised anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, were evaluated in this phase II study.

Methods

In this ongoing, single-arm, open-label, phase II trial, patients with previously treated unresectable or metastatic MSI-H/dMMR solid tumours received intravenous serplulimab 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks for up to 52 cycles. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR) assessed by an independent radiological review committee per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors v1.1. Secondary endpoints included additional efficacy measures, safety, and tolerability.

Results

As of 9 January 2021, 108 patients were enrolled, and 68 patients with confirmed MSI-H solid tumours were included in the main efficacy analysis population (MEAP). The median follow-up duration in the MEAP was 7.7 months, with an ORR of 38.2% (95% confidence interval, 26.7–50.8). Of the 108 patients, grade ≥3 treatment-emergent adverse events were reported in 53 (49.1%) patients; immune-related adverse events occurred in 52 (48.1%) patients.

Conclusions

Serplulimab demonstrates a durable antitumour effect and a manageable safety profile in previously treated patients with MSI-H solid tumours. Serplulimab is a promising tissue-agnostic treatment for previously treated MSI-H solid tumours.

Trial registration

NCT03941574.
Filamentous fungal biofilms: Conserved and unique aspects of extracellular matrix composition, mechanisms of drug resistance and regulatory networks in Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Liu Shuai , Le Mauff Francois , Sheppard Donald C. , Zhang Shizhu
Published: October 2022

The filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus is an ubiquitous mold that can cause invasive pulmonary infections in immunocompromised patients. Within the lung, A. fumigatus forms biofilms that can enhance resistance to antifungals and immune defenses, highlighting the importance of defining the mechanisms underlying biofilm development and associated emergent properties. A. fumigatus biofilms display a morphology and architecture that is distinct from bacterial and yeast biofilms. Moreover, A. fumigatus biofilms display unique characteristics in the composition of their extracellular matrix (ECM) and the regulatory networks governing biofilm formation. This review will discuss our current understanding of the form and function of A. fumigatus biofilms, including the unique components of ECM matrix, potential drug resistance mechanisms, the regulatory networks governing A. fumigatus biofilm formation, and potential therapeutics targeting these structures.
One-year supplementation with Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 counteracts a degradation of gut microbiota in older women with low bone mineral density
Authors: Li Peishun , Ji Boyang , Luo Hao , Sundh Daniel , Lorentzon Mattias , Nielsen Jens
Published: October 2022

Recent studies have shown that probiotic supplementation has beneficial effects on bone metabolism. In a randomized controlled trial (RCT) we demonstrated that supplementation of Lactobacillus reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 reduced bone loss in older women with low bone mineral density. To investigate the mechanisms underlying the effect of L. reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 on bone metabolism, 20 women with the highest changes (good responders) and the lowest changes (poor responders) in tibia total volumetric BMD after one-year supplementation were selected from our previous RCT. In the current study we characterized the gut microbiome composition and function as well as serum metabolome in good responders and poor responders to the probiotic treatment as a secondary analysis. Although there were no significant differences in the microbial composition at high taxonomic levels, gene richness of the gut microbiota was significantly higher (P < 0.01 by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test) and inflammatory state was improved (P < 0.05 by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test) in the good responders at the end of the 12-month daily supplementation. Moreover, detrimental changes including the enrichment of E. coli (adjusted P < 0.05 by DESeq2) and its biofilm formation (P < 0.05 by GSA) observed in the poor responders were alleviated in the good responders by the treatment. Our results indicate that L. reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 supplementation has the potential to prevent a deterioration of the gut microbiota and inflammatory status in elderly women with low bone mineral density, which might have beneficial effects on bone metabolism.
A 3D printed mimetic composite for the treatment of growth plate injuries in a rabbit model
Authors: Yu Yangyi , Fischenich Kristine M. , Schoonraad Sarah A. , Weatherford Shane , Uzcategui Asais Camila , Eckstein Kevin , Muralidharan Archish , Crespo-Cuevas Victor , Rodriguez-Fontan Francisco , Killgore Jason P. , Li Guangheng , McLeod Robert R. , Miller Nancy Hadley , Ferguson Virginia L. , Bryant Stephanie J. , Payne Karin A.
Published: October 2022

Growth plate injuries affecting the pediatric population may cause unwanted bony repair tissue that leads to abnormal bone elongation. Clinical treatment involves bony bar resection and implantation of an interpositional material, but success is limited and the bony bar often reforms. No treatment attempts to regenerate the growth plate cartilage. Herein we develop a 3D printed growth plate mimetic composite as a potential regenerative medicine approach with the goal of preventing limb length discrepancies and inducing cartilage regeneration. A poly(ethylene glycol)-based resin was used with digital light processing to 3D print a mechanical support structure infilled with a soft cartilage-mimetic hydrogel containing chondrogenic cues. Our biomimetic composite has similar mechanical properties to native rabbit growth plate and induced chondrogenic differentiation of rabbit mesenchymal stromal cells in vitro. We evaluated its efficacy as a regenerative interpositional material applied after bony bar resection in a rabbit model of growth plate injury. Radiographic imaging was used to monitor limb length and tibial plateau angle, microcomputed tomography assessed bone morphology, and histology characterized the repair tissue that formed. Our 3D printed growth plate mimetic composite resulted in improved tibial lengthening compared to an untreated control, cartilage-mimetic hydrogel only condition, and a fat graft. However, in vivo the 3D printed growth plate mimetic composite did not show cartilage regeneration within the construct histologically. Nevertheless, this study demonstrates the feasibility of a 3D printed biomimetic composite to improve limb lengthening, a key functional outcome, supporting its further investigation as a treatment for growth plate injuries.
Enforced mesenchymal stem cell tissue colonization counteracts immunopathology
Authors: García-Bernal David , Blanquer Miguel , Martínez Carlos M. , García-Guillén Ana I. , García-Hernández Ana M. , Carmen Algueró M. , Yáñez Rosa , Lamana María L. , Moraleda Jose M. , Sackstein Robert
Published: October 2022

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are distributed within all tissues of the body. Though best known for generating connective tissue and bone, these cells also display immunoregulatory properties. A greater understanding of MSC cell biology is urgently needed because culture-expanded MSCs are increasingly being used in treatment of inflammatory conditions, especially life-threatening immune diseases. While studies in vitro provide abundant evidence of their immunomodulatory capacity, it is unknown whether tissue colonization of MSCs is critical to their ability to dampen/counteract evolving immunopathology in vivo. To address this question, we employed a murine model of fulminant immune-mediated inflammation, acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD), provoked by donor splenocyte-enriched full MHC-mismatched hematopoietic stem cell transplant. aGvHD induced the expression of E-selectin within lesional endothelial beds, and tissue-specific recruitment of systemically administered host-derived MSCs was achieved by enforced expression of HCELL, a CD44 glycoform that is a potent E-selectin ligand. Compared to mice receiving HCELL−MSCs, recipients of HCELL+MSCs had increased MSC intercalation within aGvHD-affected site(s), decreased leukocyte infiltrates, lower systemic inflammatory cytokine levels, superior tissue preservation, and markedly improved survival. Mechanistic studies reveal that ligation of HCELL/CD44 on the MSC surface markedly potentiates MSC immunomodulatory activity by inducing MSC secretion of a variety of potent immunoregulatory molecules, including IL-10. These findings indicate that MSCs counteract immunopathology in situ, and highlight a role for CD44 engagement in unleashing MSC immunobiologic properties that maintain/establish tissue immunohomeostasis.
Genetic insights into the social organization of Neanderthals
Authors: Skov Laurits , Peyrégne Stéphane , Popli Divyaratan , Iasi Leonardo N. M. , Devièse Thibaut , Slon Viviane , Zavala Elena I. , Hajdinjak Mateja , Sümer Arev P. , Grote Steffi , Bossoms Mesa Alba , López Herráez David , Nickel Birgit , Nagel Sarah , Richter Julia , Essel Elena , Gansauge Marie , Schmidt Anna , Korlević Petra , Comeskey Daniel , Derevianko Anatoly P. , Kharevich Aliona , Markin Sergey V. , Talamo Sahra , Douka Katerina , Krajcarz Maciej T. , Roberts Richard G. , Higham Thomas , Viola Bence , Krivoshapkin Andrey I. , Kolobova Kseniya A. , Kelso Janet , Meyer Matthias , Pääbo Svante , Peter Benjamin M.
Published: October 2022

Genomic analyses of Neanderthals have previously provided insights into their population history and relationship to modern humans1–8, but the social organization of Neanderthal communities remains poorly understood. Here we present genetic data for 13 Neanderthals from two Middle Palaeolithic sites in the Altai Mountains of southern Siberia: 11 from Chagyrskaya Cave9,10 and 2 from Okladnikov Cave11—making this one of the largest genetic studies of a Neanderthal population to date. We used hybridization capture to obtain genome-wide nuclear data, as well as mitochondrial and Y-chromosome sequences. Some Chagyrskaya individuals were closely related, including a father–daughter pair and a pair of second-degree relatives, indicating that at least some of the individuals lived at the same time. Up to one-third of these individuals’ genomes had long segments of homozygosity, suggesting that the Chagyrskaya Neanderthals were part of a small community. In addition, the Y-chromosome diversity is an order of magnitude lower than the mitochondrial diversity, a pattern that we found is best explained by female migration between communities. Thus, the genetic data presented here provide a detailed documentation of the social organization of an isolated Neanderthal community at the easternmost extent of their known range.
A minimum data standard for vector competence experiments
Authors: Wu Velen Yifei , Chen Binqi , Christofferson Rebecca , Ebel Gregory , Fagre Anna C. , Gallichotte Emily N. , Sweeny Amy R. , Carlson Colin J. , Ryan Sadie J.
Published: October 2022

The growing threat of vector-borne diseases, highlighted by recent epidemics, has prompted increased focus on the fundamental biology of vector-virus interactions. To this end, experiments are often the most reliable way to measure vector competence (the potential for arthropod vectors to transmit certain pathogens). Data from these experiments are critical to understand outbreak risk, but – despite having been collected and reported for a large range of vector-pathogen combinations – terminology is inconsistent, records are scattered across studies, and the accompanying publications often share data with insufficient detail for reuse or synthesis. Here, we present a minimum data and metadata standard for reporting the results of vector competence experiments. Our reporting checklist strikes a balance between completeness and labor-intensiveness, with the goal of making these important experimental data easier to find and reuse in the future, without much added effort for the scientists generating the data. To illustrate the standard, we provide an example that reproduces results from a study of Aedes aegypti vector competence for Zika virus.
Reconstruction of time-shifted hemodynamic response
Authors: Herrnberger Bärbel
Published: October 2022

Regression of voxel time course onto expected response is a standard procedure in functional magnetic resonance imaging that relies on exact onset time and shape of superimposed hemodynamic response functions. Elegant capture of time deviation by time derivative regressors appears complicated by shape distortion and limited to ±1 s, and is usually not exploited for reconstructing the true time-shifted response function together with its magnitude. This analysis of the time-derivative approach provides closed-form functional relations between time shift and regression coefficients that allow for hemodynamic shifts of ±5 s and can explain shape distortion and reconstruction behavior. Reliable absolute latencies were no smaller than 0.6 s in a best-case experiment. Confusions of latency are a previously undiscussed shortcoming where current limitation strategy may eliminate correct latencies and protect incorrect ones.
Hospital intervention volume affects outcomes of emergency transcatheter aortic valve implantations in Germany
Authors: Oettinger Vera , Heidenreich Adrian , Kaier Klaus , Zehender Manfred , Bode Christoph , Duerschmied Daniel , von zur Mühlen Constantin , Westermann Dirk , Stachon Peter
Published: October 2022

The literature has shown an inverse volume-outcome relationship for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). However, little is known about emergency admissions in Germany. Using German national electronic health records, we identified all isolated balloon-expandable and self-expanding transfemoral TAVI in 2018. The focus was on those patients with emergency admission. 17,295 patients were treated with TAVI, including 1682 emergency cases. 49.2% of the emergency admissions were female, the mean age was 81.2 years and the logistic EuroSCORE was 23.3%. The percentage of emergency cases was higher in lower volume than in higher volume centers (p < 0.001): In detail, centers performing < 50 TAVI showed an emergency admission rate of ~ 15%, those with > 200 TAVI a rate of ~ 11%. After propensity score adjustment, analyzing the outcomes for an increase in volume per 10 emergency admissions, higher volume centers showed significantly better outcomes regarding in-hospital mortality (OR = 0.872, p = 0.043), major bleeding (OR = 0.772, p = 0.001), stroke (OR = 0.816, p = 0.044), mechanical ventilation > 48 h (OR = 0.749, p = 0.001), length of hospital stay (risk adjusted difference in days of hospitalization per 10 emergency admissions: − 1.01 days, p < 0.001), and reimbursement (risk adjusted difference in reimbursement per 10 emergency admissions: -€314.89, p < 0.001). Results were not significant for acute kidney injury (OR = 0.951, p = 0.104), postoperative delirium (OR = 0.975, p = 0.480), and permanent pacemaker implantation (OR = 1.010, p = 0.732). In conclusion, regarding transfemoral TAVI, the percentage of emergency cases was higher in lower volume centers in Germany. However, higher volume centers show significantly better outcomes for in-hospital mortality and complication rates as well as resource utilization parameters.
The use of PLANS and NetworkX in modeling power grid system failures
Authors: Hadaj Piotr , Strzałka Dominik , Nowak Marek , Łatka Małgorzata , Dymora Paweł
Published: October 2022

The theoretical and practical aspects and results of simulations based on a specialized tool that is used in the energy industry were adressed. The previously discussed cases in the literature by taking into account the worst case and critical states of networks in terms of complex networks were extended. Using the Monte-Carlo method, the vulnerability of the power grid to node failures was investigated, both in terms of the use of specialized software, which is used in the power industry, and a tool for the analysis of complex networks graphs. We present the results obtained and the observed analogy between the results of the analysis performed in specialized software and the complex network graph analysis tool. It has been shown that the results obtained coincide for both software packages, even though their application focuses on slightly different aspects of system operation. Moreover, further possibilities of extending the research in this direction are proposed, taking into account not only the improvement of the method used, but also a significant increase in the size of the tested structure model.
Defining digital surgery for the future
Authors: Raza Marium M. , Venkatesh Kaushik P. , Diao James A. , Kvedar Joseph C.
Published: October 2022

Innovations in robotics, virtual and augmented reality, and artificial intelligence are being rapidly adopted as tools of “digital surgery”. Despite its quickly emerging role, digital surgery is not well understood. A recent study defines the term itself, and then specifies ethical issues specific to the field. These include privacy and public trust, consent, and litigation.
An integrated transcriptome mapping the regulatory network of coding and long non-coding RNAs provides a genomics resource in chickpea
Authors: Jain Mukesh , Bansal Juhi , Rajkumar Mohan Singh , Garg Rohini
Published: October 2022

Large-scale transcriptome analysis can provide a systems-level understanding of biological processes. To accelerate functional genomic studies in chickpea, we perform a comprehensive transcriptome analysis to generate full-length transcriptome and expression atlas of protein-coding genes (PCGs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) from 32 different tissues/organs via deep sequencing. The high-depth RNA-seq dataset reveal expression dynamics and tissue-specificity along with associated biological functions of PCGs and lncRNAs during development. The coexpression network analysis reveal modules associated with a particular tissue or a set of related tissues. The components of transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs), including transcription factors, their cognatecis-regulatory motifs, and target PCGs/lncRNAs that determine developmental programs of different tissues/organs, are identified. Several candidate tissue-specific and abiotic stress-responsive transcripts associated with quantitative trait loci that determine important agronomic traits are also identified. These results provide an important resource to advance functional/translational genomic and genetic studies during chickpea development and environmental conditions.
Nonlinear Hall effects in strained twisted bilayer WSe2
Authors: Hu Jin-Xin , Zhang Cheng-Ping , Xie Ying-Ming , Law K. T.
Published: October 2022

Recently, it has been pointed out that the twisting of bilayer WSe2 would generate topologically non-trivial flat bands near the Fermi energy. In this work, we show that twisted bilayer WSe2 (tWSe2) with uniaxial strain exhibits a large nonlinear Hall (NLH) response due to the non-trivial Berry curvatures of the flat bands. Moreover, the NLH effect is greatly enhanced near the topological phase transition point which can be tuned by a vertical displacement field. Importantly, the nonlinear Hall signal changes sign across the topological phase transition point and provides a way to identify the topological phase transition and probe the topological properties of the flat bands. The strong enhancement and high tunability of the NLH effect near the topological phase transition point renders tWSe2 and related moire materials available platforms for rectification and second harmonic generations.
Principles of X-ray Fluorescence
Authors: Drake B. Lee , Shannon, Jr. Robert F.
Published: October 2022

This chapter is intended to serve as an introduction to the principles of fluorescence. It begins with how color vision functions and then compares and contrasts X-ray fluorescence (XRF) with this process. From here, a more detailed exploration of XRF and its spectra will be presented. Lastly, the means to manipulate the spectrum – both basic and advanced, will be presented. Beginners to XRF should consider the entire chapter – those familiar with XRF and its principals can skip to the second half.
Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Drake B. Lee , Taylor Brittany , Hamilton Marian
Published: October 2022

Quantitative analysis in Energy-Dispersive XRF (EDXRF) has two primary components: the quantification of standardized units from spectra, and the use of XRF data in hypothesis testing. To address quantification, the authors survey empirical and fundamental algorithms which are frequently used in pXRF calibrations. To illustrate hypothesis testing in quantitative XRF analysis, an example of Catawba clay typology was used.
Industrial Applications of pXRF
Authors: Seyfarth Alexander
Published: October 2022

Industrial applications of pXRF are increasing in reach, making use of updated detector and pulse processing capabilities. This chapter covers the most common industrial applications currently deployed with commercially available pXRF units. A metal application segment covers calibration approaches, grade identification, positive material ID and refinery applications, as well as precious metal applications including trading and fake detection. This chapter also covers coating thickness for metal-based matrices, including corrosion, and Ti or Zr conversion coatings, illustrating the creep of pXRF into domains usually occupied by laboratory units. It also reviews consumer product testing derived from ROHS screening, solid sample analysis, and pass–fail screenings. Challenges for the operator are described as a lot of judgment of sample properties must go into the analysis. Geochem and mining are the segments with the most challenging performance requirements and high value instruments require a deeper understanding of detection limits and standardizations of the system. Sample preparation techniques, such as powder, pellet, and direct analysis, are explained with their respective benefits and drawbacks. Less common applications such as tagging, plant, and agricultural analysis are described and demonstrate that industrial applications can still expand.
pXRF Analysis of Heritage Glass
Authors: Blair Elliot H.
Published: October 2022

In this chapter, I consider the potential for using pXRF for the analysis of heritage (archaeological and historical) glasses. In the first section of this chapter, I discuss protocols, limitations and weaknesses, best practices, and the possibilities of pXRF analysis of glass. I follow this with a discussion of calibration issues. I suggest that with careful attention to each of these factors—instrument parameters, sample conditions, and calibration protocols—successful pXRF analyses of heritage glasses can be conducted. Additionally, I suggest that pXRF can be productively used to address research questions in heritage glass analysis that require qualitative, quantitative, or semi-quantitative analyses, but great care is required in sample preparation and data collection to ensure reliable and valid data that is appropriate to the research question being asked.
Uncertainty and pXRF Measurements
Authors: Drake B. Lee , Mayer Elizabeth Grace , Shugar Aaron
Published: October 2022

Uncertainty for laboratory instrumentation adheres to the general guide for uncertainty in measurement (GUM). However, portable X-ray fluorescence technology does not lend itself comfortably to the GUM framework for two reasons: calibration models are often kept proprietary by manufacturers and uncertainty is needed on single observation measurements. The present chapter outlines an approach that is feasible across instrumentation, regardless of whether calibration methods are disclosed. In addition, a review of quantitative and qualitative uncertainty is provided for reference.
Nanotechnology to Detect the Microbial Toxins in Stored Food
Authors: Bhanja Amrita , Nanda Reetuparna , Mishra Monalisa
Published: October 2022

The contamination and intoxication of food due to the action of microorganisms has become a common concern over the past several years. Food samples may be affected by pathogens during any stage of the harvesting process. These foodborne pathogens may induce disease, with an immediate action, or even a year after the initial infection, leading to severe health hazards. This explains the necessity for food sample analysis for the detection of toxins as well as the foodborne pathogens responsible for food contamination. There have been a variety of analytical techniques used for the detection of the toxins, however these techniques come with their own limitations and disadvantages. In order to overcome such challenges, nanotechnology has been proven to be a great method for developing cost-effective, sensitive, rapid and accurate techniques for the detection of microbial toxins. This chapter deals with the types of methods used for the detection of food toxicity, and the mode of action of nanomaterials used in food sensing and detecting the microbial toxins that can affect food quality.
Cobalt-catalysed acyl silane directed ortho C–H functionalisation of benzoyl silanes
Authors: Atkin Liselle , Priebbenow Daniel L.
Published: October 2022

Acyl silanes can be engaged as weakly coordinating directing groups in cobalt catalysed C–H functionalisation reactions to prepare benzoyl silanes that are highly amenable to subsequent synthetic manipulations yet inaccessible via existing methods.
The TiNI monolayer: a two-dimensional system with promising ferroelastic, topological, and thermoelectric properties
Authors: Lei Wen , Hu Rui , Han Shihao , Yuan Hongmei , Jiao Wenyan , Liu Huijun
Published: October 2022

The TiNI monolayer simultaneously exhibits favorable ferroelastic, topological, and thermoelectric properties, which make it a promising multifunctional material to meet the various application requirements of nanoelectronic devices.
Enhanced thermoelectric performance of In-doped and AgCuTe-alloyed SnTe through band engineering and endotaxial nanostructures
Authors: Peng Panpan , Wang Chao , Li Lanwei , Li Shuyao , Chen Jing , Fan Pengya , Du Rui , Si Haotian , Cheng Zhenxiang , Wang Jianli
Published: October 2022

AgCuTe alloying introduces endotaxial nanostructures in SnTe, which significantly decrease thermal conductivity and enhance ZT.
Nanocar swarm movement on graphene surfaces
Authors: Vaezi Mehran , Nejat Pishkenari Hossein , Ejtehadi Mohammad Reza
Published: October 2022

Investigation of nanomachine swarm motion is useful in the design of molecular transportation systems as well as in understanding the assembly process on the surface.