bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Simple Technique for Estimating Board Foot Volume Yields in Appalachian Hardwoods
Authors: Brooks John R. , Wiant Harry V.
Published: August 2019

A simple whole stand yield equation based solely on basal area per acre for sawtimber-sized trees and average dominant height was found to provide reasonably accurate estimates of board foot (International) yield in Appalachian hardwoods. Separate parameter estimates were obtained for mesophytic hardwood and mixed oak remeasurement plot data and the yield tables of Schnur (Schnur, G.L. 1937. Yield, stand and volume tables for even-aged upland oak forests. USDA Tech. Bull. 560). Estimates of board foot yield per acre for the remeasurement plot data were within 10% of observed values for stands over 30 years old and within 5% for stands over 45 years old. A separate model form based on the same two input variables was developed for Schnur’s yield table data for site index classes 50–80. Estimates of board foot yield were within 10% of tabular values for stands over 45 years old, regardless of site index class.
The Effect of Timber Value Information on Pennsylvania's Private Forest Landowner: A Case Study
Authors: Brubaker Roy D. , Finley James C. , McDill Marc E.
Published: August 2019

Six case studies involving private forest landowners in two central Pennsylvania counties explore whether or not participants accurately estimate the present and future value of their timber and the impact improved growth and value data had on their perception of forest value. Methods included testing initial participant estimates, attitudes, and objectives against cruise data collected on each tract and discussing discrepancies between the two information sets (predicted and measured). Participants were relatively accurate at predicting approximate present values, but less adept at predicting probable future values and apportioning appropriate values to contributing factors of future value growth. The relative value of these and other findings from the case studies to education and outreach efforts on the part of resource professions—particularly in regards to generating forest landowner interest in forest management—is discussed. North. J. Appl. For. 23(4):234 –240.
Conventional and Mechanized Logging Compared for Ozark Hardwood Forest Thinning: Productivity, Economics, and Environmental Impact
Authors: Becker Peter , Jensen Jason , Meinert Dennis
Published: August 2019

Replicate 4-ac plots in a 70-year-old upland oak forest on slopes averaging 30 percent in southeastern Missouri were harvested by conventional (chainsaw + skidder) and mechanized (small tracked skid steer + feller-buncher and harvester + forwarder) logging equipment.The heavy thinning prescribed by a crop tree management approach removed an average of 1,300 ft3 or 40 tons per acre of pole wood and sawlogs, leaving an average basal area of 36 ft2/ac. The harvester/forwarder was the most productive (ft3/production hour),and the small feller-buncher the least, being the only system whose (unreplicated) production cost exceeded revenue. Production costs (excluding mobilization, overhead, and profit) of the conventional and harvester/forwarder systems were not statistically different on average, but the lowestcost of the latter was 14% less than that of the conventional system. The frequency of residual trees experiencing substantial bole damage was not significantly different among logging technologies, but the harvester/forwarder did have a higher incidence of substantial crown damage.The area of exposed mineral soil did not differ significantly among technologies, and soil compaction sufficient to impede rooting was rare. Lack of site and operator replication and incomplete cost analyses over a limited time prohibit generalization of these conclusions. North. J. Appl. For. 23(4):264 –272.
Methodology for the Re-location of Permanent Plot Markers Using Spatial Analysis
Authors: Small Erin D. , Wilson Jeremy S. , Kimball Alan J.
Published: August 2019

A well-designed method of establishing, maintaining, and remeasuring permanent plots plays an essential role in long-term data collection. This article describes the re-location of plots set up 25 years earlier using conventional techniques of paced distances and compass directions. As a result, we needed to design and use a method for re-locating plot markers originally established without the benefit of spatial coordinates. Preplanned ground searches using a GIS, digital orthophotoquads, landmark maps, and aerial photographs improved our plot location efficiency and success. In 2003, we were able to re-locate 90% of the plots set up in 1978 to measure the vegetation dynamics after a fire in Baxter State Park, Maine. The spatial coordinates of these permanent plots were documented for future measurement. Lessons learned and techniques developed for this project can facilitate the re-location of permanent plots in other studies and can also be used to improve the documentation of newly established plot locations.
Taper, Volume, and Weight of Small Black Cherry and Red Maple Trees in West Virginia
Authors: Brooks John R.
Published: August 2019

Taper, cubic foot volume, and green weight equations to multiple top diameters were developed for the main bole portion of small-diameter black cherry (BC; Prunus serotina Ehrh.) and red maple (RM; Acer rubrum L.) trees in northern West Virginia. Sample trees were selected from the 2- to 5-in.-diameter class and ranged from 30 to 60 ft in total height. Existing published cubic foot volume equations provided estimates from 6 to 40% lower than estimates from the proposed model form, depending on species and tree size. Based on the published weight equations selected for comparison, differences between the estimates from the proposed models and from the published model with the smallest weight difference from a pool of candidate models, total bole green weight was underestimated from 5 to 93% for BC and from 0.4 to 25% for RM, depending on species and tree size.
Growth and Site Index of White Pine in Relation to Soils and Topography in the Glaciated Areas of Ohio
Authors: Brown James H.
Published: August 2019

Multiple regression equations were developed using topographic and soil factors for predicting growth and site index of white pine growing on old-field sites in the Wisconsin-aged glaciated areas of northern and western Ohio. Correlations between height growth of trees below the breast high (bh) annual growth increment and bh and above were not statistically significant and growth and site index estimates were made using age at bh and growth from the bh annual increment to the growing tip. The best estimates of heights and site index were obtained when data were subdivided into two groups. For plots having 0–10% slopes, two regression equations were developed for predicting height growth: one containing slope shape and depth to soil mottling and the other adding percent clay in the B2 soil horizon to the equation. Those equations accounted for 67 and 73%, respectively, of the variation in heights of trees and 35-year site index ranged from 62 to 82 ft, with the best growth on convex-shaped slopes having the greatest depth to mottling and the lowest clay content. For sites having slopes greater than 10%, one equation was developed containing slope position and slope percent as variables. That equation accounted for 72% of the variation in heights of trees, and site index ranged from 71 to 81 ft, with the best growth on plots at the bottom of slopes having the lowest slope percent.
Impacts of Skidding Traffic Intensity on Soil Disturbance, Soil Recovery, and Aspen Regeneration in North Central Minnesota
Authors: Zenner Eric K. , Fauskee Jeremiah T. , Berger Alaina L. , Puettmann Klaus J.
Published: August 2019

We investigated the effects of different levels of ground-based skidding traffic intensity on soil disturbance, characterized by resistance to penetration (RP) within the top 15 cm of soil, as well as soil recovery, regeneration, and early growth of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) suckers 3 years after a clearcut with reserves summer harvest. Equipment traffic was confined to a network of skid trails, and a GPS was used to determine the number of skidder passes at each of 30 sampling points that were preestablished along an anticipated disturbance gradient ranging from landings to skid trails to areas off skid trails. Thirty-one percent of the harvest area was affected by skid traffic, and up to 603 passes were recorded for a plot. RP increased nonlinearly with the number of passes and reached highest levels at the soil surface. Three years after harvest, soils showed partial recovery in the upper 10-cm layer, with full recovery of the surface layer (0–5 cm depth) when affected by 4 or fewer passes. The deepest layer (10–15 cm), however, showed little recovery since harvest. Sucker density, height, and basal diameter of all suckers and height, basal diameter, and dbh of the tallest suckers were significantly reduced with increasing traffic intensity but were not related to increases in RP. Predicted reduction of sucker density was approximately one-third after 10 passes; reductions of height, basal diameter, and dbh were between 1.5 and 2.5% at 10 passes and 3.5 and 6.5% at 25 passes. Because skidding traffic affected only a limited portion of the stand, the productivity of the future aspen stand was not severely impaired, at least in the very short term.
Application of Nursery Testing in Long-Term White Spruce Improvement Programs
Authors: Weng Yuhui , Tosh Kathy , Park Yill Sung , Fullarton Michele S.
Published: August 2019

Polycross-pollinated white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) families were evaluated in field and retrospective nursery tests in 1989, 1991, and 1992, respectively. Height growth was measured at age 10 for the field tests and at ages 1 to 6 for the retrospective nursery tests. Except for a few cases, the family mean correlations between nursery and field heights were significant for the 1989 and 1992 series, and their corresponding genetic correlations ranged from low to medium (from 0.37 to 0.74). Because of heavy noncrop competition, height growth in the 1991 nursery series showed consistently lower heritabilities and correlations with field performance compared with those of the other two series. Early nursery selection by theoretical prediction was generally efficient for the 1989 and 1992 series. Rank classification analysis indicated that application of early nursery selection should be used with caution for identifying elite families but could be used to cull inferior families or clones, apply multiple-stage selection, or perform positive assortative mating.
Classifying Patterns of Understory Vegetation in Mixed-Oak Forests in Two Ecoregions of Pennsylvania
Authors: Kaeser Melanie J. , Gould Peter J. , McDill Marc E. , Steiner Kim C. , Finley James C.
Published: August 2019

Understory plots in mixed-oak stands in the Ridge and Valley and Allegheny Plateau ecoregions of Pennsylvania were classified to summarize the range of understory conditions common to the region and to evaluate relationships between understory vegetation, overstory conditions, and advance tree regeneration. Factor analysis and cluster analysis were used to identify understory classes. Vegetation cover data including 15 variables (plant species, bare ground, and rocky ground cover) and 4 composite variables (plant species groups) were observed on 1,208 204-m2 plots.The eight vegetation classes resulting from the analyses were associated with different overstory compositions and advance regeneration densities. The understory classes identified in this study may provide insight on the distribution and diversity of problematic and nonproblematic vegetation types.
The Combined Effects of Forest Tent Caterpillar Defoliation and Timber Stand Improvement Activity on Epicormic Sprouting of Sugar Maple and Black Cherry
Authors: Wink Rob A. , Allen Douglas C.
Published: August 2019

A 2 × 2 factorial analysis of variance design assessed the combined effects of severe defoliation by the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria (Hub.), from 1991 through 1993 and concurrent timber stand improvement (TSI) treatments on the occurrence of epicormic sproutingfor both sugar maple (SM), Acer saccharum (Marsh.) and black cherry (BC), Prunus serotina (Ehrh.) in the Tug Hill region of New York State. The potential economic effects of epicormic sprouting by dominant and codominant (DC) SM after defoliation and TSI were statistically significantbut negligible. TSI treatments alone and defoliation alone, however, promoted sprouting in intermediate SM, which may result in future grade reduction. The combination of defoliation and TSI treatment resulted in prolific epicormic sprouting by DC BC. These two disturbances have the potential to cause significant standwide value losses in this species.
Frost Crack Incidence in Northern Hardwood Forests of the Southern Boreal–North Temperate Transition Zone
Authors: Burton Julia I. , Zenner Eric K. , Frelich Lee E.
Published: August 2019

Frost cracks are common in northern hardwood stands near their northern range limits. Although they have long been attributed to the regional climate, temperature fluctuations result in surface cracks largely when internal wounds are present. We examined the relationship between the proportion of trees with frost cracks and both tree-level diameter class and stand structural characteristics in primary stands with a history of minimal logging (n = 4) and 67- to 97-year-old second-growth stands subjected to past heavy partial cuts and high grading (n = 8). We hypothesized that frost crack incidence would (1) be greater in the second-growth stands and (2) be associated with differences in structural attributes between the two stand types. High levels of frost cracking in primary stands indicated that cracks are not completely avoidable. However, the proportion of trees with frost cracks was significantly higher in second-growth than primary stands, particularly on small-diameter trees. For example, the odds for frost cracking were 1.66–3.74 times greater in second-growth than in primary stands in the 15-cm diameter class, but were not different in the 45+-cm diameter class. Frost cracking was positively associated with increasing diameter in both stand types. Structural characteristics reflecting tree size, stand basal area, and basal area of hardwoods were positively associated with the proportion of trees with frost cracks in second-growth stands but not in primary stands. Although the basal area of conifers was negatively associated with frost cracking, the effect was likely due to a reduction in hardwood basal area in the vicinity of conifers. We suggest that greater frost crack incidence in second-growth stands is likely a consequence of injuries to residual trees during selective logging.
Foliar Mass and Nutrition of Abies concolor Christmas Trees following Application of Organic and Inorganic Fertilizer
Authors: Slesak Robert A. , Briggs Russell D.
Published: August 2019

Fertilization in Christmas tree production is common to increase tree growth and quality, with many recommendations focusing on N as a primary amendment. However, other nutrients may limit growth, or N application may induce deficiency of other nutrients. We applied fertilizer as either ammonium nitrate (AN) or chicken manure compost (CMC) to concolor fir (Abies concolor [Gord. and Glend.] Lindl.) at eight sites across central New York in 2003 and measured foliar mass and macronutrient response (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) to assess the potential for an inducible nutrient deficiency or nutrient limitation other than N. Foliage mass, N concentration, and N content increased following both fertilizer treatments, indicating that N limits growth at these sites. Macronutrient (P, K, Mg, Ca) concentrations were reduced following AN application because of nutrient dilution following increased growth. Compared with published sufficiency nutrient concentrations, concentrations of P and K were diluted to levels considered limiting to growth. In contrast, there was no reduction in macronutrient concentrations for P, Ca, and Mg in the CMC application, indicating the potential for this amendment to maintain balanced tree nutrition with increased growth. Foliar K content was increased in the CMC treatment, and needle mass (as the primary growth response variable), was correlated with foliar K concentration (r2 = 0.71, P < 0.01). The results indicate a strong possibility of K limitation in concolor fir across a variety of site conditions. With few exceptions, there were no apparent relationships between soil nutrient pools and foliar nutrition, demonstrating the limitation of soil tests as a guide to nutrient amendments.
Nectria Canker Incidence on Birch (Betula spp.) in Connecticut
Authors: Ward Jeffrey S. , Anagnostakis Sandra , Ferrandino Francis J.
Published: August 2019

A comparison of Nectria canker (caused by Neonectria ditissima) incidence was made between contemporary stands and data sets collected in the 1930s. Cankers were noted on 2,520 black and 1,704 yellow birch growing in 31 study areas used during seven separate surveys in Connecticutbetween 1995 and 2005. Canker incidence was compared with a survey of 6,938 black and 4,117 yellow birch completed during 1934‐1935. Canker incidence in the mid-1930s was much greater than recent incidence for most diameter, crown, and age classes. Birch that grew in open conditionshad higher canker incidence than understory birch. In unmanaged mature stands, canker incidence in 2000 was higher for birch older than 90 years (24%) than for birch 20‐29 years old (1%) and 30‐49 years old (2%). Because the younger birch are probably progeny of intermingled older birch with cankers, is unlikely that the lower incidence of cankers observed on the younger birch was related to local soil conditions, a genetically resistant population, or lack of inoculum. Incidence in more recent surveys was much higher for 20‐29-year-old (12%) and 30‐49-year-old(32%) birch in clearcuts <50 years old than for birch of similar ages in unmanaged forests. Canker incidence of birch in clearcuts was similar to older birch in mature stands and birch during the mid-1930s (13%) that became established following clearcutting or farm abandonment. Canker incidence in birch might be reduced by regeneration prescriptions that minimize exposure of birch saplings to “open-field” environmental conditions during early stand development and by removing infected stems during the early thinning operations.
Tree Regeneration in Oak-Pine Stands with and without Prescribed Fire in the New Jersey Pine Barrens: Management Implications
Authors: Olson Matthew G.
Published: August 2019

This is a case study comparing understory tree regeneration in two mixedwood stands types in the New Jersey Pine Barrens: oak‐pine treated with prescribed fire over the last half century (burned) and oak‐pine without a history of controlled burning (unburned). Understories of burned stands supported mainly desirable oak (Quercus spp.) and pine (Pinus spp.) regeneration (0.3 ft tall, <3 in. dbh), whereas the understories of unburned stands supported a greater abundance of undesirable, nonoak hardwoods (mainly sassafras [Sassafras albidum]) along with good numbers of oak regeneration and, unexpectedly, pine saplings (≥4.5 ft tall, <3 in. dbh). A regime of prescribed fire applied on an ∼6-year interval during the last half century appears to have reduced or excluded nonoak hardwoods, with the exception of hickory (Carya spp.). Maintaining oak‐pine mixtures on sites similar to the unburned stands used in this study may require silvicultural intervention.
Eastern Hemlock Decline in Riparian Areas from Maine to Alabama
Authors: Evans Daniel M. , Aust W. Michael , Dolloff C. Andrew , Templeton Ben S. , Peterson John A.
Published: August 2019

Eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) in the Appalachian mountain range is threatened by the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae). Potential impacts on riparian systems are great because of eastern hemlock's role as a foundation species that influences site soil, vegetation, and stream characteristics. We installed permanent research sites at 49 locations in riparian areas, from Maine to Alabama, to survey eastern hemlock health, measure stand dynamics, and predict near-term forest composition without eastern hemlock. This report summarizes the initial stand measurements from summer of 2008. We found hemlock woolly adelgid present at 25 of 49 stands from Massachusetts to Georgia, and all of these stands had some degree of hemlock decline. New England states, Ohio, western Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and Alabama had good hemlock health and no sign of hemlock woolly adelgid. Eighteen of the 49 sites had no nonhemlock conifer species in the overstory, and 30 of 49 sites had less than 5 m2 ha−1 of nonhemlock conifers. Without eastern hemlock, 25 of the stands would have more than 90% hardwood in the overstory, many of which are in the mid-Atlantic and southern states at sites dominated by shrubs in the understory such as Rhododendron maximum. Competition from shrubs may hinder stand regeneration after disturbance by hemlock woolly adelgid. On the basis of the abundance of hardwood species and lack of conifer species present in the overstory at many infested hemlock-dominated stands, these sites may convert to hardwood-dominated stands, which will affect terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem dynamics.
Influences of Conventional and Low-Density Thinning on the Lower Bole Taper and Volume Growth of Eastern White Pine
Authors: Guiterman Christopher H. , Weiskittel Aaron R. , Seymour Robert S.
Published: August 2019

Throughout the northeastern United States, thinning is a common management practice in stands of eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.), but foresters lack clear information as to whether conventional B-line or low-density thinning will best achieve their growth and financial objectives. Conventional management consists primarily of light crown thinning, whereas low-density management uses heavy crown thinning to isolate selected crop trees. To better inform silviculturists of the effects of these thinning regimes on volume growth and taper of white pine, we compared the lower bole taper—quantified as Girard form class (GFC)—and volume growth between the two thinning regimes and a nonthinned control. Over the 17-year study period, GFC increased among all treatments from an overall average of 0.77 — 0.01 (—SE) to 0.82 — 0.00. Trees under the B-line thinning regime had the most taper (lowest GFC), owing to a thinning-induced growth response at breast height but not at the top of the butt log. Low-density thinning, on the other hand, resulted in substantially larger, less tapered butt logs with significantly higher growth rates at both breast height and the top of the butt log. The volume growth of low-density trees was significantly higher than that of trees in the other treatments. At the stand level, however, the overall volume growth of the low-density treatment was significantly lower than that of the B-line treatment. Thus, this study reveals that when implementing low-density thinning, there is a tradeoff between overall stand growth and larger, less tapered individual trees.
Pulpwood Procurement Practices in the Wisconsin-Upper Michigan Pulp and Paper Industry
Authors: Stier Jeffrey C. , Steele Thomas W. , Engelhard Robert J.
Published: August 2019

Pulpwood constitutes the largest component of the annual timber harvest in Wisconsin. A study was conducted in 1983-84 to determine how pulp mills in Wisconsin and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan obtain their pulpwood supplies and how pulpwood procurement practices have changed over the past two decades. Results indicate that mills rely strongly upon public and private sources of timber, that they are highly dependent on truck transportation of wood supplies, and that they have built up strong procurement departments with links to a broad base of pulpwood producers. Competition and the emphasis on better business practices have increased in recent years as evidenced by the consolidation of woodsheds and greater attention to inventories and promotion of company-sponsored tree farms, especially among those firms that rely on the relatively more scarce long-fibered softwoods. Future procurement strategies suggest possible greater reliance on short-haul rail transportation in those situations where favorable rates can be obtained and expanded use of satellite chipping plants as a vehicle for ensuring a regular wood supply and reducing inventory costs. North. J. Appl. For. 3:10-14, Mar. 1986.
Fitting an Equation to a Two-Way Table
Authors: Gutierrez-Espeleta Edgar E. , Koehler Kenneth J. , Mize Carl W.
Published: August 2019

A number of yield tables, site index curves, and volume tables were developed graphically. Many of these tables exist only in table form and not in equation form. This paper describes a quick technique that can be used to develop a regression equation that will estimate values in many of these two-variable tables. These equations can be incorporated into computer programs for easier calculation of values.

North. J. Appl. For. 3:33-34, Mar. 1986.
Amount and Characteristics of Logging Residue on Harvested Areas in Vermont
Authors: Remington Susan B.
Published: August 2019

An assessment of the type and volume of logging residue was completed for 49 harvested areas in Vermont (manual felling, ground skidding). The line intersect technique was used to sample residue in the areas. On a per-acre basis, the mean volume of logging residue was 264 ft3 with a range of 69 to 797 ft3. The average volume of residue found in a soft-wood stand was 169 ft3 with a range of 69 to 313 ft3. The average volume of residue found in a hardwood stand was 329 ft3 with a range of 69 to 797 ft3. The average piece size was 3.4 in in diameter at the small end, 6.1 in at the large end, with a length of 16.3 ft and volume of 1.6 ft3. North. J. Appl. For. 3:63-65, June 1986.
A Method of Hazard-Rating White Spruce Plantations For Yellowheaded Spruce Sawfly Defoliation
Authors: Morse Bruce W. , Kulman Herbert M.
Published: August 2019

A hazard-rating model for defoliation by the yellowheaded spruce sawfly was developed and validated using 25 white spruce plantations in north central Minnesota. The dependent variable was degree of defoliation, and the independent variables, as measured from small-format aerial photographs, were steepness and slope aspect. The site characteristics and defoliation were correlated using a maximum likelihood logistic regression. The final model determined that steep, south-facing slopes had the highest probability of sawfly-caused defoliation. Identification of high-hazard sites should be a major component of a management plan for this pest. North. J. Appl. For. 3:104-105, Sept. 1986.
Planted Oaks Perform Poorly in North Carolina and Tennessee
Authors: McGee Charles E. , Loftis David L.
Published: August 2019

Results from two long-term studies involving artificial regeneration of northern red and black oak suggest that the clearcut/site-prepare/plant/clean sequence is not a viable regeneration alternative for these species. Height growth of planted oaks across a broad array of sites was unacceptably slow, and in neither study did the various cleaning regimes maintain the oaks in a favorable competitive position. North. J. Appl. For. 3:114-115, Sept. 1986.
Protecting Forest Streams During Whole-Tree Harvesting
Authors: Hornbeck James W. , Martin C. Wayne , Smith C. Tattersall
Published: August 2019

Whole-tree harvesting has potential to cause different responses in quality of forest streams than those resulting from bole-only harvests. We sampled turbidity, temperature, and chemistry of streams draining watersheds that were whole-tree harvested in Maine, New Hampshire, and Connecticut. Changes in stream quality can be expected as a result of whole-tree harvesting, but commonsense precautions suggested at the end of this paper can keep the changes within acceptable limits. North. J. Appl. For. 3:97-100, Sept. 1986.
BLAWAP, a Black Walnut Size and Value Growth Model
Authors: Gutierrez-Espeleta Edgar E. , Mize Carl W.
Published: August 2019

Black walnut offers the highest potential return of any forest tree in the Midwest, but managing walnut in natural stands requires information on the size and value growth of individual trees. We developed an interactive computer program, BLAWAP, that estimates the dbh and height growth of individual, forest grown black walnut trees in Iowa. It uses a taper equation, the estimated dbh and height, and user-supplied information to estimate the value of the tree over the next 20 years. The program and its components are described, and program use is discussed. North. J. Appl. For. 3:135-136, Dec. 1986.
Profitability of Various Timber Harvesting Systems as Affected by Product Sorting and Timber Stand Parameters
Authors: Blinn Charles R. , Sinclair Steven A.
Published: August 2019

The decision-maker in a logging firm should be keenly aware of what product-sorting intensity to select in order to maximize profitability and how stand parameters will affect profitability within any given logging chance. Computer simulation was used to examine the impact of various timber stand parameters on profitability of five timber harvesting systems operating under three product-sorting intensities. For the five harvesting systems assessed, felling and processing were accomplished manually and/or mechanically, and material was transported to a landing with forwarders or skidders. The study included both roundwood and whole-tree chips product forms.

The forwarding system appears to be a profitable timber harvesting system, yielding the highest profitability index values under product sorting. The forwarding and whole-tree chip systems showed the highest profitability under a pulpwood-only harvest. The average number of trees per cord was most highly correlated with net present value for all roundwood harvesting systems. Net present value for the whole-tree chip system was most strongly correlated with the average number of cords of pulpwood material per acre. North. J. Appl. For. 3:167-172, Dec. 1986.
Winter Logging on the Tanana River Flood Plain in Interior Alaska
Authors: Zasada John C. , Slaughter Charles W. , Teutsch Christian E. , Argyle J. Dean , Hill William
Published: August 2019

Flood plains in interior Alaska support an important forest resource. Silvicultural alternatives for these sites depend on access and on the effect of timber harvesting on the residual stand and site. Some aspects (i.e., road access, logging damage to residual stand, and effect of logging on snow pack) of winter logging of white spruce on an island in the Tanana River were observed. Winter roads of snow and ice were easily developed over a variety of surface conditions and appeared to have little lasting impact. Damage to uniformly spaced residual shelterwood trees was variable. Much of this damage could be eliminated by better sale administration, methods of sale layout, and harvesting methods. Logging activity created two distinct snow layers—an upper layer mixed with logging debris and a lower, compacted layer that showed little evidence of being physically disturbed. The compacted layer could provide good physical protection to seedlings and protect the forest floor frown disturbance. North. J. Appl. For. 4:11-16, Mar. 1987.
Forestry Incentive Program Investments in the North: Retention Rates for Acres Treated in 1974
Authors: Ellefson Paul V. , Risbrudt Christopher D.
Published: August 2019

Forestry Incentive Program investments made in 1974 were sampled in late 1981 to determine whether treatments made had been successful. Nine percent of acres treated were sampled. The retention rate for treated stands was 96.5%. Of the total treated acres lost, 36% had been replanted or interplanted. Drought, insects, and diseases were the primary causes of loss of treated acres. North. J. Appl. For. 4:133-135, Sept. 1987.
Salvaging Fire-Damaged Timber in Michigan
Authors: Baumgartner David C.
Published: August 2019

Most wildfire effects appraisal systems suggest that the value of salvageable dead or damaged trees should be included to determine the net economic impact of the fire. However, little information on how to estimate salvage values has been available, and salvage values are often neglected in postfire value change appraisals. A survey of forest managers in Michigan provided statistics on salvage occurring in Michigan from 1980 to 1983. Uses to which wildfire-damaged timber is put and problems in marketing damaged timber are identified. Guidelines are suggested for wildfire effects appraisers to use in estimating salvage values after fires. North. J. Appl. For. 4:149-152, Sept. 1987.
Carbofuran Trials in a Red Pine Seed Orchard
Authors: Rush Peter A. , Overton Ronald P. , Guries Raymond P. , Hall David J. , Perry Robert S.
Published: August 2019

Seed and cone insects can drastically reduce seed yields from pine seed orchards and consequently reduce the profitability of entire tree improvement programs. Liquid and granular formulations of carbofuran both controlled the eastern pine seedworm, the red pine coneworm, the webbing coneworm, and a cone resin midge in field trials at a red pine seed orchard in southern Wisconsin. Both formulations substantially reduced the frequency of insect attacks when applied at the rate of 0.8 oz of active ingredient per inch of tree diameter. The percent of cones attacked by insects declined from 96% in untreated trees to 32% in trees treated with granular carbofuran and 11% in trees treated with liquid carbofuran. Some phytotoxicity was noted on trees treated with liquid carbofuran; phytotoxicity was much less apparent on trees treated with the granular formulation. Label amendments have been made to allow the operational use of carbofuran in northern pine seed orchards, and this may make northern tree improvement programs more profitable. North. J. Appl. For. 4:177-180, Dec. 1987.
Is Timber the Highest and Best Economic Use of Vermont Forest Properties?
Authors: Armstrong Frank H.
Published: August 2019

The Vermont land boom of 1965-1973 saw buyers viewing forest properties as having a higher economic use than timber production. A series of developments after 1973 caused a shifting to the lower valued use of timber production. These included high interest rates, sky-rocketing property taxes, and Internal Revenue Service regulations that made depreciable real estate a far more attractive investment. This resulted in a large volume of Vermont timberland being on the market at reduced prices, producing capital losses for some earlier buyers, but creating investment opportunities today. North. J. Appl. For. 4:186-189, Dec. 1987.
Lower Bole Diameter and Volume of Four Appalachian Hardwoods
Authors: Wiant Harry V. , Williams Thomas B.
Published: August 2019

Coefficients are provided for estimating dbh from stump measurements and estimating diameter and volume from groundline to dbh for northern red oak, white oak, red maple, and yellow-poplar. North. J. Appl. For. 4:212, December 1987.
Root Regeneration and Field Performance of Hormone-Treated Red Oak Seedlings
Authors: Larson Merlyn M.
Published: August 2019

Northern red oak often grows slowly the first few years after out-planting, and weed control may be required for an extended time. In an attempt to stimulate early growth, hormone mixtures of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and kinetin were applied to seedlings before planting by soaking roots in hormone solutions, by application of vacuum during the root-soak period to increase hormone penetration, and by dipping roots in starch polyacrylate gel with hormones. Root regeneration potential and field performance were markedly improved when hormone-treated trees were planted on a weed-free site. A safe and beneficial hormone mixture for soaking seedling roots is 200 mg/l IAA plus 0.1 mg/l kinetin.

North. J. Appl. For. 5:25-28, March 1988.
Regeneration Development in an Upland Hardwood Stand Following a Shelterwood Harvest
Authors: Martin A. Jeff , Hix David M.
Published: August 2019

In 1958, 85 permanent milacre plots were established in a 3.5-ac shelterwood harvest area to monitor regeneration over time. Individual seedlings were numbered with metal tags in this predominantly red oak stand in east-central Wisconsin. Findings, after 26 growing seasons, indicate a low proportion of red oak in the present stand (7.8% of the basal area, 3.6% of the stems). The predominant species is now eastern hophornbeam (ironwood), although other species such as white ash and basswood are common. All of the present red oak became established after the initial regeneration counts. Height growth and survival rates were significantly higher for those stems taller than the mean seedling height in 1959.

North. J. Appl. For. 5:46-49, March 1988.
The Shelterwood Method in Northeastern Forest Types: A Literature Review
Authors: Hannah Peter R.
Published: August 2019

The shelterwood method is used to regenerate an even-age stand under an existing partial canopy. The method is not widely used: however, it is becoming recognized as the best way for regenerating Allegheny hardwoods. The method should be applicable with most tree species of the Northeast and has good potential as an environmentally and esthetically acceptable means of practicing even-age management. Advantages, difficulties, and examples of applications are discussed.

North. J. Appl. For. 5:70-77, March 1988.
Federal-State Death Tax Implications for Private Nonindustrial Forest Landowners in the Northeast
Authors: Walden John B. , Haney Harry L. , Siegel William C.
Published: August 2019

Tax planning is an important component of forest management. Management planning generally focuses on income and property taxes. Potential death taxes, however, are often overlooked, which can cause serious problems with the orderly transfer of forested property at death. This article examines key provisions of the federal death tax law, together with the death tax statutes of 13 northeastern states. A modal depicts the combined death tax levy—federal plus state—in these states for a specific planning strategy at the first spouse's death. A second model examines the total tax levy for three different strategies through the second spouse's death based on the property distribution at the first death. North. J. Appl. For. 5:135-141, June 1988.
Saddled Prominent Outbreaks in North America
Authors: Martinat Peter J. , Allen Douglas C.
Published: August 2019

Saddled prominent has caused severe defoliation in eastern North America at 10-13 year intervals since 1907. Outbreaks consisted of simultaneous infestations in physiographically separated New England mountain systems: the Taconic, Berkshire, Green, and White Mountains. In more extensive outbreaks, concurrent infestations occurred within a 2-3 year period in New England, New York, Pennsylvania, Ontario, Quebec, the Canadian Maritimes, Michigan, and Wisconsin. However, outbreaks were most frequent and persistent in New England, where defoliation first appeared on ridges or upper slopes, and American beech and sugar maple composed at least 60% of the forest. In subsequent years, defoliation persisted in these epicenters (outbreak foci) and spread to stands at lower elevations. General population collapse usually occurred during the third or fourth summer following initial defoliation. Based solely on the historical pattern of infestations, outbreaks are predictable if at all, in the Green and White Mountains in New England. North. J. Appl. For. 5:88-91, June 1988.
Eastern White Pine Cone and Seed Maturity in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Barnett James P.
Published: August 2019

Tests over a 4-year period with eastern white pine in western North Carolina indicated that cone and seed maturity could not be accurately determined by specific gravity, but cone moisture content appeared to be directly related to both. A moisture content of 200% (dry weight basis) indicated maturity of both cones and seeds. After-ripening of cones for 4 weeks improved both seed yield and quality. Moist cone storage was helpful only if immature cones were collected. Dry cone storage provided seeds of high viability over the entire collection period. North. J. Appl. For. 5:172-176, Sept. 1988.
Sowing Method and Seed Treatment Effects on Jack Pine Direct Seeding
Authors: Van Damme Laird
Published: August 2019

Jack pine seed from local seed sources received six treatment combinations by Hilleshog AB of Sweden as follows: (1) control, no treatment, (2) pelleting, (3) coloring, (4) pelleting and coloring, (5) coloring and scenting, and (6) pelleting, coloring and scenting. Laboratory tests performed by Hilleshog AB, a Swedish agriculture seed treating company that pelleted the test seed, showed pelleting to slow the rate of germination, but germination capacity was greater than 90% after 21 days for all treatments. Treated seed were factorially combined with hand and mechanical sowing methods with Bracke scarification in May 1984 on a sandy jack pine site west of Thunder Bay. Another treatment consisted of manually made pyramidal impressions from a corrugated pallet, which compacted the upper-mid-slope region of the scalp. This treatment, randomized within the 2 × 6 factorial design was then hand sown with untreated seed. Percentage of stocked scalps 2 months after germination showed hand sowing to be superior to machine sowing (45% vs 36%). Hand-sown untreated seed performed slightly better than treated seed (58% vs 32%-49%), but differences between seed treatments were not significant when sown by machine. Best results were obtained from untreated seed sown onto the upper slope of a Bracke scalp stabilized by the corrugated pallet (79%). Microsite stabilization appears critical for successful stocking of jack pine and merits further study toward scarification machinery modification. North. J. Appl. For. 5:237-240, December 1988.
Long-Term Effects of Thinning and Pruning on the Quality, Quantity, and Value of Oak Lumber
Authors: Dwyer John P. , Lowell Kim E.
Published: August 2019

After 32 years, experimental plots established to examine thinning levels and pruning effects were harvested. Randomly selected trees in each treatment were felled and sawn into 4/4 lumber, and the lumber from each tree was tallied by grade. For black oak, the species that became largely relegated to the understory, thinning caused a significant increase in the total volume outturn with the greatest increase occurring in the lowest lumber grade (3B). For scarlet oak, the species that became primarily dominant and codominant, thinning increased the total lumber yield per tree with most of the increase accumulating in the lumber grades #1C and #2C. Pruning did not affect the quantity or quality of lumber outturn in either species. North. J. Appl. For. 5:258-260, December 1988.
Clearcutting Central New York Northern Hardwood Stands
Authors: Walters Russell S. , Nyland Ralph D.
Published: August 2019

Clearcutting proved effective for regenerating central New York stands that were dominated by sugar maple along with American beech, black cherry, white ash, red maple, and basswood. Findings from five stands for periods of 7-13 years following clearcutting show densities equivalent to 2,400 to 9,400 saplings of commercial species per acre on 64-100% of the milacres sampled. In each stand, a minimum of 81% of the 6.6 ft radius sample plots were stocked with at least one sapling of a commercial species, suggesting that site occupancy will be fairly complete and uniform as these stands mature. All sites contained abundant regeneration of commercial species immediately after logging, ranging from 15,000 to 57,000 seedlings per acre, but as many as 90% of these were less than 1 ft tall. The species composition generally reflected the original forest with abundant sugar maple and American beech. However, large amounts of black cherry and white ash also appeared on some sites. Many bramble seedlings germinated during the first growing season after logging and developed into a dense uniform cover by the third year. However, the brambles declined as crown closure occurred in the new stands, and disappeared before the tenth year. Clearcutting should successfully regenerate stands of New York northern hardwoods having conditions similar to those of this study.

North. J. Appl. For. 6:75-78, June 1989.
Segmented Quadratic Taper Equations for Spruce and Fir in the Northeast
Authors: Solomon Dale S. , Droessler Terry D. , Lemin Ronald C.
Published: August 2019

Segmented quadratic taper equations were developed from red spruce and balsam fir stem analysis data in the Northeast. Estimated diameters and volumes from the taper equations were compared with actual diameters and volumes in a validation data set, and were found to be precise and have negligible bias in prediction. The derived volume from the taper equation was also compared to existing total tree volume equations for spruce and fir. The error analyses showed the segmented taper equations provided an accurate and precise alternative to total tree volume equations.

North. J. Appl. For. 6:123-126, September 1989.
Costs of Growing Containerized Seedlings Using Different Schedules at Kingsclear, New Brunswick
Authors: Clements Stephen E. , Dominy Stephen W. J.
Published: August 2019

This study examines the relative costs of producing containerized black spruce seedlings under four production schedules, two of which are hypothetical. Using actual expenditure data for a three-crop per year schedule, the production costs for three, two-crop schedules (winter sowing dates of January 1, February 1, and March 1), were derived to examine the cost differences of postponing the sowing date of the winter crop. Average annual costs per thousand seedlings were at least $22 higher under a two-crop compared to a three-crop schedule. Among the two-crop schedules, a winter crop sowing on March 1st yielded the lowest overall cost, although annual savings were no more than $1 per thousand. This minimal difference reflects the high cost of heating greenhouses in the winter, even when empty. North. J. Appl. For. 7:73-76, June 1990.
Red-Breasted Nuthatches Detect Early Increases in Spruce Budworm Populations
Authors: Crawford Hewlette S. , Jennings Daniel T. , Stone Timothy L.
Published: August 2019

Early suppression of increasing spruce budworm populations is essential to prevent epidemics; however, early changes in budworm numbers are difficult to detect. An effective and inexpensive method to detect early increases is needed. Red-breasted nuthatches eat more spruce budworm larvae and pupae as the insect increases in number. We estimated the number of large larvae in Maine and northern New Hampshire forest stands in 1982 and 1983 by determining the number of these larvae in the birds' stomachs. When the mean number of spruce budworm in the stomach approached 1.7, budworm populations were nearing high density and could be expected to cause severe defoliation the following year. North. J. Appl. For. 7:81-83, June 1990.