bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Műtrágyázás hatása a borsó (Pisum sativum L.) elemfelvételére
Authors: Kádár Imre
Published: June 2007

Mészlepedékes csernozjom vályog talajon, egy
műtrágyázási kísérlet 17. évében vizsgáltuk az eltérő N-, P- és K-ellátottsági
szintek és kombinációik hatását az Újmajori fajtájú borsó fejlődésére,
gyomosodására, termésére, valamint a szántott réteg oldható makro- és
mikroelem-tartalmának alakulására. A termőhely talaja a szántott rétegben 3%
humuszt, 5% CaCO
3
-ot és 20% agyagot tartalmazott; P és Zn elemekkel
gyengén, N és K elemekkel közepesen ellátottnak minősült. Kísérletünk
4N×4P×4K=64 kezelést és 2 ismétlést foglalt magában 128 parcellával. A
műtrágyákat 25%-os N-tartalmú pétisó, 18%-os szuperfoszfát és 50%-os kálisó
formájában adagoltuk. A talajvíz 15 m mélyen helyezkedik el, a terület
aszályérzékeny. Főbb eredményeink: Ebben az aszályos évben trágyázás nélkül a
száraz borsó 1,48 t mag, 0,50 t hüvely és 0,90 t szár; míg az optimális N
1
P
1
K
1
-szinten
2,71 t mag, 0,85 t hüvely és 1,80 t szár légszáraz tömeget adott ha-onként. Az
N
3
P
3
K
3
-szinteken 20-30%-os terméscsökkenés
lépett fel. A termésmaximumhoz kötődő és optimálisnak tekinthető N
1
P
1
K
1
-ellátottságon
a fiatal, virágzás előtti föld feletti hajtás 3-4% N, 2-3% K, 0,3-0,4% P
elem-összetétellel, illetve 8-12 körüli N/P, 6-10 körüli K/P és 1-2 körüli N/K
aránnyal jellemezhető. Adataink iránymutatóul szolgálhatnak a szaktanácsadás
számára, diagnosztikai célokra, a borsó tápláltsági állapotának jellemzésére. A
zöldborsó fajlagos, 1 t mag + mellékterméssel felvett elemtartalma 17-27 kg N,
10-13 kg Ca (14-18 kg CaO), 6-11 kg K (7-13 kg K
2
O), 1,7-2,9 kg Mg
(3-5 kg MgO), 1,2-2,1 kg P (3-5 kg P
2
O
5
), 120-140 g Na,
19-24 g Mn, 8-15 g Zn és 4-5 g Cu mennyiséget tett ki a műtrágyázás
függvényében. A fajlagos átlagértékek alkalmasak lehetnek a tervezett termés
elemigényének számításánál és közel állóak a hazai szaktanácsadásban ajánlottakkal.
A száraz borsó fajlagos elemtartalma szintén jelentősen ingadozott a
műtrágyázás függvényében: 47-70 kg N, 20-30 kg Ca (28-42 kg CaO), 15-30 kg K
(18-36 kg K
2
O), 5-7 kg Mg (8-11 kg MgO), 5-7 kg P (11-16 kg P
2
O
5
),
490-660 g Na, 80-120 g Mn, 30-50 g Zn és 14 g Cu értékekkel. A fajlagos
átlagértékek alkalmasak lehetnek a tervezett termés elemigényének számításánál
és közel állóak a hazai szaktanácsadásban ajánlottakkal. A növényi felvételt
meghaladó műtrágya-N átlagos mennyiségét tekintve 60%-a volt kimutatható NO
3
-N
formájában a 6 m-es talajszelvényben. A NO
3
-N bemosódásának határa a
kísérlet 17. évében elérte az 5,0-5,5 m mélységet, mely mintegy 30 cm/év lefelé irányuló mozgásnak felelhet meg e
termőhelyen. Az 1 m alatti NO
3
-N készlete döntően szennyezésként
jelenhet meg a talajban ill. a talajvízben, amennyiben a talajvíz közel
helyezkedik el.
Soil Salinity between 1992 and 2000 in Hungary
Authors: Kovács D. , Tóth Tibor , Marth P.
Published: June 2007

The statistical analysis of salinity data from
samples collected yearly from genetic soil horizons of 69 points of the
Hungarian Soil Information and Monitoring System between 1992 and 2000 showed
changes in time. There is a strong atmospheric control over the groundwater
level and the resulting soil salinity. Weak statistical association was
established between either the pattern of yearly soil salinity changes in the
second (10-20 cm) and third (30-40 cm) genetic horizon and the groundwater
observation stations or the soil types. In the area of Kecskemét there was a
tendency of decreasing soil salinity patterns, while around Békéscsaba a
tendency of increasing soil salinity patterns, as illustrated by the
correspondence biplot. Regarding soil types, the solonetzic meadow soil showed
a tendency of increasing salinity. It was concluded that the statistical
analyses of the monitored data must be carefully planned in order to provide
the optimal background data as independent data from all those available to
accompany the monitored soil data as dependent variable.
Changes in Soil Characteristics in a Mono- and Triculture Long-term Field Experiment
Authors: Kátai János
Published: June 2007

The effects of
fertilization, irrigation and crop rotation on the major soil parameters and
microbiological soil properties were studied at Debrecen-Látókép in the 16
th

and 17
th
years of the fertilization experiment on calcareous
chernozem soil. The results can be summarized as follows:  In the examination period the moisture
content of the experimental soil increased by 2-3% due to irrigation.   With increasing fertilizer doses, the pH
value of soils reduced both in aqueous and
M
KCl suspension, but it did
not change considerably at medium and high fertilizer doses. The hydrolytic
acidity increased with decreasing pH values. The   nitrate-N, AL-soluble phosphorus and
potassium contents increased gradually with increasing fertilizer doses.  Among the soil microbial parameters, the
total number of germs increased slightly, while the amount of nitrifying
bacteria was significantly higher due to fertilization. As a result of
fertilization
,
a significant increase was detected in the phosphatase and urease activityin
both crop rotations and irrigation treatments. The activity of saccharase and
catalase was reduced at medium and high fertilizer doses. In addition to
changing the moisture content of soils irrigationincreased the total
number of germs and the amount of nitrifying and cellulose decomposing
bacteria. Irrigation provided more favourable conditions for CO
2
production,
increasing the microbial biomass C content and for the functioning of
phosphatase and urease enzymes.
In triculture the number of
nitrogen-fixing and cellulose decomposing bacteria was higher than in
monoculture, especially in the case of medium and high fertilizer doses. The
activity of phosphatase, saccharase and urease enzymes was significantly higher
in triculture than in monoculture.
Calibration of Nitrogen Content of Soil with Sweet Corn
Authors: Buzás István , Hoyk E. , Cserni I. , Bors-Pető J.
Published: June 2007

It was found that quantitative and qualitative
indices of the sweet corn yield correlate with the nitrate nitrogen content of
the upper soil layer (0-30 cm). As no correlation was established between the
nitrate nitrogen content of the lower layers and the sweet corn, the conclusion
was drawn that the quantity of sweet corn yield is determined even before its
roots reach deeper down than 30 cm and the nitrogen content of the lower layers
could affect the sweet corn.  Depending
on the NO
3
-N content of the soil before fertilization the maximal
corn ear mass achievable with fertilization may vary. In the study the same
yield could not be accomplished in the case of the lowest soil nitrogen
concentration (2.9 mg NO
3
-N/kg) with the highest fertilizer rate
(200 kg N/ha) - but probably irrespective of any amount of fertilizer - as on
the soil of 4.6 mg NO
3
-N/kg. In the case of the poorly supplied soil
the fertilization curve becomes flat sooner or turns negative. The phenomenon
that, regarding various soils, the maximal yield achievable on soils with good
production features with fertilization is higher than in the case of soils
having worse features, is well-known. That this fact is also valid in the case
of the same soils was expected after calibration experiments carried out with
winter oilseed rape and beet root, but it has not been proven for sweet corn as
yet.  The results also showed that the
grain dry matter production of sweet corn per hectare can still be enhanced
with the increase in the soil's nitrogen supply, even if the corn ear does not
grow.  The presented calibration curves
show - in the range of 2.9-4.6 mg NO
3
-N/kg soil - how much corn ear
and grain dry matter produce are expected on soils with differing nitrogen
supply, distributing 0-200 kg nitrogen fertilizer in spring.
Microbial Biomass and Phosphomonoesterase Activity of the Willow (Salix sp.) Rhizosphere in a Heavy Metal Polluted Soil
Authors: Szili-Kovács T. , Máthé-Gáspár G. , Máthé P. , Anton A.
Published: June 2007

The applicability
of the chloroform fumigation extraction method was tested for detecting soil
microbial biomass and p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNP) for acid phosphatase
activity to study their response to heavy metal pollution in the rhizosphere
soil of planted willow
(Salix sp.).
 
The experimental site was located in the Toka River Valley (North-East
Hungary) along the riverbank that had been severely polluted by flooding. The
river had transported heavy metal and arsenic ions from several heaps deposited
imprudently near a historic lead and zinc mining site. A phytoremediation
experiment was set up by planting willow trees with the aim of extracting toxic
elements from the soil. A strong significant difference between the control and
the metal-contaminated rhizosphere soils resulted much lower microbial biomass
values in the polluted soils, which suggests disturbance in the organic matter
transformation dynamics. A significant increase in acid phosphomonoesterase
activity was determined in the soil due to the pollution. The phosphatase
enzyme production of living organisms may be stimulated by the measured higher
moisture content and significantly lower LE-soluble phosphorus content of the
polluted soil samples. The correlation established between soil water content
and phosphatase activity was positive (r = +0.85), while that between LE-P
content and phosphatase activity was negative (r = -0.69). The most important
stimulating effect was attributable to the lower available phosphorus content,
resulting from the heavy metal (Pb, Zn) content of polluted soil.
Both measured biological parameters therefore were
suitable for indicating soil pollution, but the change was adverse, the biomass
decreased, while phosphatase activity increased. Microbial biomass and phosphatase
activity were not correlated, indicating the different account
of ecological factors that alter the biological properties of a soil.
Species Composition of Indigenous Trichoderma Fungi Affected by Cd, Ni and Zn Heavy Metals in Calcareous Chernozem Soil
Authors: Naár Zoltán , Biró B.
Published: June 2007

Cadmium, nickel or zinc contaminated soils
originating from a long-term heavy metal field experiment were used to assess
the influence of those particular treatments on the coexistence of various
Trichoderma

species. The abundance of six indigenous
Trichoderma
spp. -
T
.
atroviride
,

T
.
harzianum
,
T
.
pubescens
,
T
.
tomentosum
,

T
.
virens
and
T
.
viride
- were studied 12 years
after the application of Cd, Zn and Ni salts on four levels (0, 30, 90 and 270
mg·kg
-1
) in a calcareous chernozem soil.
Trichoderma
fungal
colonies from the soil particles were estimated on selective media. The
isolated strains were taxonomically characterized by microscopic
visualization.  A reduced
Trichoderma

fungal colonization was found at the lower ratio of the studied metals. No
colonization could be recorded in the case of Cd, and a slightly increased
abundance at Ni and Zn metal salts at the highest 270 mg·kg
-1
doses.
The species composition of the fungi varied considerably in the contaminated
samples as a function of the metals and the applied doses. Correlation analysis
revealed that the population density of
T
.
atroviride
,
T
.
harzianum
,

T
.
pubescens
,
T
.
viride
was negatively affected by
the available Cd concentration. The nickel content of the soil, however,
correlated positively with the abundance of
T
.
harzianum
(r =
0.955) and
T
.
virens
(r = 0.964). In addition to this finding,
the frequency of
T
.
viride
and
T
.
tomentosum
showed
significant positive and negative correlation with the Zn treatment (r = 0.955;
r = -0.965, respectively). Great differences between the correlation and
partial correlation coefficients suggested that the heavy metals may alter not
only the abundance of the fungi, but the interspecific relationships among the
indigenous
Trichoderma
population, as well. This fact is considered to
have further influence on some other biotic parameters and the soil functioning
in heavy-metal-affected soils.
Quantitative Analyses of Soil Algae in the Balaton Upland National Park (Hungary)
Authors: Lepossa Anita , Ördög V.
Published: June 2007

Monthly variations of the algal abundance in
different soils of the Balaton Upland National Park were measured by a direct
cell counting method in a one year long investigation. Variance and regression
analyses were used to evaluate the effects of environmental factors on the
quantitative changes in algae. Results underlined the basic role of soil depth
and cultivation, while soil type had a significant effect on cyanobacteria and
diatoms. The seasonal effect in the abundance of eukaryotic algae was registered
by summer maximum cell numbers.  Taking
all three investigated algal groups into consideration, the humus content of
soil seemed to be the most important factor, being in negative correlation with
their abundance, while the actual water content of soil had a slight positive
effect on cell numbers. A negative correlation was found between the nitrogen
content of soil and cyanobacterial abundance. The carbonate content of soils
had a positive effect, while plasticity, zinc concentration and the actual pH
of soil were in negative correlation with diatomal abundance. The actual pH of
soils was the most important factor in the negative correlation with other
eukaryotic algal abundance.  Coefficients
of determination showed that only 16.1%, 14.6% and 8% of the total variance in
the abundance of cyanobacteria, diatoms and other eukaryotic algae,
respectively, can be explained by measured soil and meteorological parameters.
Determination of the Behaviour and the Transport Parameters of Chromium in Soil-Water Systems
Authors: Czinkota Imre , Issa I. , Rétháti G. , Kovács B.
Published: June 2007

A complex investigation was performed for a polluted area using both
experi-mental and computer modelling methods. Among the experimental methods
the adsorption and desorption isotherms were measured to estimate the
concentration dependent equilibrium in the soil-groundwater system. A new
calculation method was worked out for determining the transport para-meters
from results of laboratory tests. Heavy metal solution was leached through a
soil column continuously. The effluent fluidum was collected, and the heavy
metal concentration of the collected fractions was measured by atomic
absorption spectrophotometer. As the result of the analytic process
breakthrough curves were measured in laboratory scale. Due to the applied
initial and boundary conditions the transport equation can be solved
analytically. Using the Ogata and
Banks (1961) solution of the
transport equation a new curve fitting method was introduced. After several
transformations of the equation a theoretical function was fitted to the
measured concentration vs. time and to the concentration vs. effluent volume
data. The parameters of the fitted curve could be used as the dispersion and
retardation parameters of a transport model. 
The water chemistry of the system controls the rate of adsorption and desorption
of metals to and from sediment. Adsorption removes the metal from the water
column and stores the metal in the substrate. Desorption returns the metal to
the water column, where recirculation and bioassimilation may occur. Metals are
probably desorbed from the soil if the salt concentration of the water
increases, and in case of some metals decreases with the redox potential and
with pH.  Parallel to determining the basic transport
parameters of the system using the column study, the maximal equilibrium
concentration of chromium-containing compounds with different oxidation states
were calculated with the MINTEQ model with two variable functions (pH and redox
potential). As a result of the calculations a non-liner relation was
established, as at specific points the maximal equilibrium concentration of
chromium increases with a high gradient. This means that there are combinations
of pH and redox potential values in the case of which chromium has a high
solubility. It is advisable to avoid these points in the pH-E
h
field
if we want to stabilize the contaminant. This state is to be reached when the
goal is the mobilization of the pollutant to make the soil cleaning process
possible. With the introduced calculation method areas on the pH-redox
potential field (at high pH and E
h

values) are found in which the concentration of pollutants may reach a critical
value. The introduced calculation method is quick and gives results accurate
enough for a pilot test.
Effects of breastfeeding and sucking habits on malocclusion in a birth cohort study
Authors: Peres Karen Glazer , Barros Aluísio J D , Peres Marco Aurélio , Victora César Gomes
Published: June 2007

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of malocclusion and to examine the effects of breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking habits on dentition in six-year-old children. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out nested into a birth cohort conducted in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, in 1999. A sample of 359 children was dentally examined and their mothers interviewed. Anterior open bite and posterior cross bite were recorded using the Foster & Hamilton criteria. Information regarding breastfeeding and non-nutritive sucking habits was collected at birth, in the first, third, sixth and 12th months of life, and at six years of age. Control variables included maternal schooling and child's birthweight, cephalic perimeter, and sex. Data were analyzed by Poisson regression. RESULTS: Prevalence of anterior open bite was 46.2%, and that of posterior cross bite was 18.2%. Non-nutritive sucking habits between 12 months and four years of age and digital sucking at age six years were the main risk factors for anterior open bite. Breastfeeding for less than nine months and regular use of pacifier between age 12 months and four years were risk factors for posterior cross bite. Interaction between duration of breastfeeding and the use of pacifier was identified for posterior cross bite. CONCLUSIONS: Given that breastfeeding is a protective factor for other diseases of infancy, our findings indicate that the common risks approach is the most appropriate for the prevention of posterior cross bite in primary or initial mixed dentition.
Flebotomíneos de várzea do rio Aguapeí, região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Odorizzi Rosa M F N , Galati Eunice A B
Published: June 2007

OBJETIVO: Investigar a sazonalidade de flebotomíneos de acordo com sua ocorrência e densidade. MÉTODOS: A pesquisa for realizada em área de várzea do rio Aguapeí, do município de Mirandópolis, Estado de São Paulo. Os flebotomíneos foram capturados mensalmente com armadilhas automáticas luminosas, instaladas das 18:00 às 7:00 horas, durante um ano (2004-2005), em dois locais: varanda de um rancho de pesca e mata. Utilizou-se a média de Williams para o cálculo da sazonalidade dos flebotomíneos e teste de qui-quadrado para comparação. RESULTADOS: Foram capturados 35.995 flebotomíneos. Cinco espécimes eram Brumptomyia avellari, um Psathyromyia (Xiphomyia) hermanlenti e os demais Nyssomyia neivai, que apresentou freqüência mais elevada no inverno. É o primeiro registro de Ps. hermanlenti no Estado. CONCLUSÕES: A alta densidade de Nyssomyia neivai, um dos vetores suspeitos de transmitir a leishmaniose tegumentar americana, aponta o risco de transmissão dessa doença no local, principalmente nos períodos mais secos do ano.
O impacto odontológico no desempenho diário dos trabalhadores do departamento municipal de limpeza urbana de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
Authors: Gomes Andréa Silveira , Abegg Claides
Published: June 2007

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a prevalência do impacto bucal no desempenho diário em adultos brasileiros. Uma amostra representativa, composta por 276 funcionários do Departamento Municipal de Limpeza Urbana de Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, entre 35 e 44 anos, responderam a entrevista e permitiram a realização do exame clínico. O Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (OIDP) foi utilizado para avaliar o impacto bucal no desempenho diário. Do total de participantes, 73,6% tiveram pelo menos um desempenho diário afetado por problemas odontológicos nos últimos seis meses. O mais afetado foi comer e apreciar a comida (48,6%). O desconforto (40,6%) e a insatisfação com a aparência (31,5%) foram os sintomas mais prevalentes. A falta de dentes (21,7%) e a dor de dente (20,7%) foram as principais causas percebidas de impacto no desempenho diário. O OIDP mostrou-se útil para avaliar os impactos odontológicos nas dimensões físicas, psicológicas e sociais do desempenho diário.
The imagination effect increases with an increased intrinsic cognitive load
Authors: Leahy Wayne , Sweller John
Published: June 2007

The imagination effect occurs when learners imagining a procedure or concept perform better on a subsequent test than learners studying rather than imagining. Cognitive load theory explains this result by postulating that information is more likely to be transferred from working to long‐term memory under imagination conditions. In an experiment using elementary school students, it was hypothesised that the imagination effect would be larger using more complex, high intrinsic cognitive load information rather than less complex, low intrinsic cognitive load information because assistance in transferring information to long‐term memory provided by the imagination procedure is less important using simpler materials. Experimental results supported this hypothesis. It was concluded that imagination instructions are more likely to enhance learning when associated with complex information. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow and mass transfer of fully resolved bubbles in non‐Newtonian fluids
Authors: Radl Stefan , Tryggvason Gretar , Khinast Johannes G.
Published: June 2007

In this work, high‐resolution 2‐D numerical simulations were performed on the motion of deformable bubbles in non‐Newtonian fluids and the associated mass transfer. For that purpose, we have implemented a semi‐Lagrangian advection scheme and improved the fluid dynamic calculation by the usage of implicit algorithms. Non‐Newtonian fluids are described by generalized Newtonian as well as viscoelastic model fluids. As shear‐thinning model we use a Power‐Law and a Carreau‐Yasuda model, the viscoelastic fluid simulations are based on an Upper‐Convected Maxwell model combined with a recently introduced model for the evolution of the effective shear rate. The mathematical challenges arising from the hyperbolic nature of the resulting set of equations are addressed by inclusion of artificial diffusion in the stress equation. In our work, it was found that shear thinning effects have impact on collision rates, and therefore, may influence coalescence of bubbles in non‐Newtonian liquids. Furthermore, for the first time, concentration fields of dissolved gas in viscoelastic fluids are presented. The study shows that the fluid elasticity plays a major role for bubble rise velocity, and therefore, mass transfer. As the wake dynamics differ significantly from that in Newtonian liquids, abnormal mixing characteristics can be expected in the bubbly flow of viscoelastic fluids. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
CDG‐Id in two siblings with partially different phenotypes
Authors: Kranz Christian , Sun Liangwu , Eklund Erik A. , Krasnewich Donna , Casey Janet R. , Freeze Hudson H.
Published: June 2007

We present two sibs with congenital disorder of glycosylation (CDG) type Id. Each shows severe global delay, failure to thrive, seizures, microcephaly, axial hypotonia, and disaccharidase deficiency. One sib has more severe digestive issues, while the other is more neurologically impaired. Each is compound heterozygous for a novel point mutation and an already known mutation in the ALG3 gene that leads to the synthesis of a severely truncated oligosaccharide precursor for N‐glycans. The defect is corrected by introduction of a normal ALG3 cDNA. CDG should be ruled out in all patients with severe seizures and failure to thrive. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Further delineation of the phenotype resulting from BRAF or MEK1 germline mutations helps differentiate cardio‐facio‐cutaneous syndrome from Costello syndrome
Authors: Gripp Karen W. , Lin Angela E. , Nicholson Linda , Allen William , Cramer Andrea , Jones Kenneth L. , Kutz Wendy , Peck Dawn , Rebolledo Michael A. , Wheeler Patricia G. , Wilson William , Al‐Rahawan Mohamad M. , Stabley Deborah L. , Sol‐Church Katia
Published: June 2007

Because Cardio‐facio‐cutaneous (CFC) syndrome has significant phenotypic overlap with Costello syndrome, it may be difficult to establish the diagnosis on a clinical basis. The recent discoveries of germline HRAS mutations in patients with Costello syndrome and mutations in BRAF, MEK1, and MEK2 in CFC syndrome uncovered the biologic mechanism for the shared phenotypic findings based on the close interaction of the affected gene products within the MAP kinase pathway. We evaluated a series of patients who were either clinically diagnosed with Costello syndrome, or in whom the diagnoses of both Costello and CFC syndromes were considered. After excluding mutations in HRAS, we identified eight changes in BRAF and five in MEK1. Five mutations are novel, and all changes occurred de novo among those triads tested. A review of the clinical abnormalities showed important differences between patients with either a BRAF or MEK1 mutation, and those previously reported with an HRAS mutation. Statistical significance was achieved, despite the relatively small number of patients with BRAF and MEK1 mutations reported here, for polyhydramnios, growth hormone deficiency and the presence of more than one papilloma, which were less common in CFC compared to HRAS mutation positive patients. Although both CFC and Costello syndrome are characterized by cardiac abnormalities in about three‐fourths of patients, the pattern of congenital heart defects (CHD), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and tachycardia differs somewhat. CHD, especially pulmonic stenosis associated with a secundum‐type atrial septal defect, are more common in CFC than Costello syndrome (P = 0.02). Atrial tachycardia is less frequent in CFC patients with BRAF or MEK1 mutations, compared to Costello syndrome patients with HRAS mutation (P = 0.04). Chaotic atrial rhythm or multifocal atrial tachycardia was observed only in Costello syndrome. Malignant tumors have been viewed as characteristic for Costello syndrome due to HRAS mutations, however, we report here on a MEK1 mutation in a patient with a malignant tumor, a hepatoblastoma. Although this indicates that the presence of a tumor is not specific for Costello syndrome with HRAS mutation, it is noteworthy that the tumor histology differs from those commonly seen in Costello syndrome. Based on these clinical differences we suggest that patients with BRAF and MEK mutations should be diagnosed with CFC syndrome, and the diagnosis of Costello syndrome be reserved for patients with HRAS mutations. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of copolythiophene
Authors: He Jie , Su Zhongji , Yu Binyu , Xiang Li , Yan Bin , Wang Yinghan
Published: June 2007

Copolythiophenes (Co‐PTs), poly(3‐hexylthiophene‐co‐3‐thiophene carboxylic acid) (P3HT‐TCa), poly(3‐hexyloxylthiophene‐co‐3‐thiophene carboxylic acid) (P3HOT‐TCa), and poly(3‐phenylthiophene‐co‐3‐thiophene carboxylic acid) (P3PhT‐TCa), were synthesized by chemical oxidized polymerization to investigate the effect of copolymerization on the properties of polythiophenes (PTs). Gel permeation chromatography showed that the molecular weight (MW) of Co‐PT was lower than that of homopolythiophene. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated that the copolymerization was successful between the monomers. The λmax of Co‐PTs gave a “blue shift” in ultraviolet‐visible (UV‐VIS) spectra. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra showed that the PL intensity of Co‐PT became weaker than that of homopolythiophene and the disappearance of PL had been observed in P3HOT‐TCa. The thermal stability of Co‐PT was influenced by the carboxyl for its low decomposition temperature. Furthermore, the copolymerization between multi‐wall carbon nanotube containing thiophene ring (MWNT‐Th) and 3‐hexyloxylthiphene could also take place successfully. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Synthesis and characterization of polyurea microcapsules containing essential oils with antigerminative activity
Authors: Scarfato Paola , Avallone Elvira , Iannelli Pio , De Feo Vincenzo , Acierno Domenico
Published: June 2007

In this paper we report on the preparation and characterization of polyurea‐based microencapsulated systems, containing essential oils as core materials, for potential applications in controlled‐release formulations of agrochemicals. Microcapsules were synthesized by interfacial polymerization in o/w emulsion between polyfunctional isocyanates and diamines, to investigate the effect of the monomer kind on the morphology and properties of the produced samples. The synthetic conditions that gave the best results were used to microencapsulate four essential oils, able to interfere with the seed germination and radicle elongation of some test plants. The produced samples were characterized, with the aim to analyze their morphology and to verify the effectiveness of essential oil microencapsulation. Moreover, preliminary bioassay based on seed germination and subsequent radical growth were carried out to study the effects of the microencapsulated essential oils. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Host–guest phenomena in polystyrene networks
Authors: Joseph Mary , Mathew Tessymol , George Kochurani , Mathew Thomas V. , Kuriakose Sunny
Published: June 2007

A correlation between the extent of crosslinking and the amount of organic substrates encapsulated within organized macromolecular assemblies was established. The encapsulation of benzoic acid in the cavities of styrene‐based copolymers and their controlled release in the presence of different solvents were studied. Polystyrene networks with encapsulated benzoic acid were prepared with divinyl benzene (DVB) and hexane diol dimethacrylate (HDDMA) as the crosslinking agents. The amount of benzoic acid released followed the order of 5% > 10% > 20% > 15% in chloroform and toluene for both DVB‐ and HDDMA‐crosslinked polystyrene. However, in methanol and water, the release was in the order of 5% > 10% > 15% > 20% for both systems. As the percentage of the crosslinking agent was increased, the pore size decreased (mesopores), and hence the amount of benzoic acid encapsulated also decreased up to 15%. Beyond 15%, the number, rigidity, and stability of the micropores increased, and more benzoic acid was encapsulated with 20% than 15%. The quantitative interpretation of the experimental results was made in terms of a Flory–Rehner analysis of the swelling measurements of the free polymer and the host–guest system. The theoretical results were in excellent agreement with the experimental results of release studies. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas: A Type of Hybrid Support for Water‐Mediated Reactions
Authors: Wan Ying , Zhang Dieqing , Zhai Yunpu , Feng Cuimiao , Chen Jia , Li Hexing
Published: June 2007

Hybrid mesoporous periodic organosilicas (Ph‐PMOs) with phenylene moieties embedded inside the silica matrix were used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the Ullmann coupling reaction in water. XRD, N2 sorption, TEM, and solid‐state NMR spectroscopy reveal that mesoporous Ph‐PMO supports and Pd/Ph‐PMO catalysts have highly ordered 2D hexagonal mesostructures and covalently bonded organic–inorganic (all Si atoms bonded with carbon) hybrid frameworks. In the Ullmann coupling reaction of iodobenzene in water, the yield of biphenyl was 94 %, 34 %, 74 % and for palladium‐supported Ph‐PMO, pure silica (MCM‐41), and phenyl‐group‐modified Ph‐MCM‐41 catalysts, respectively. The selectivity toward biphenyl reached 91 % for the coupling of boromobenzene on the Pd/Ph‐PMO catalyst. This value is much higher than that for Pd/Ph‐MCM‐41 (19 %) and Pd/MCM‐41 (0 %), although the conversion of bromobenzene for these two catalysts is similar to that for Pd/Ph‐PMO. The large difference in selectivity can be attributed to surface hydrophobicity, which was evaluated by the adsorption isotherms of water and toluene. Ph‐PMO has the most hydrophobic surface, and in turn selectively adsorbs the reactant haloaryls from aqueous solution. Water transfer inside the mesochannels is thus restricted, and the coupling reaction of bromobenzene is improved.
Recent Developments in Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation with Hantzsch Esters: A Biomimetic Approach
Authors: You Shu‐Li
Published: June 2007

By utilizing Hantzsch esters as the hydrogen source, asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of CC, CN, and CO is realized in the presence of an organocatalyst or a metal–ligand complex, thus affording versatile chiral building blocks in high yields with excellent enantioselectivities under mild conditions. A detailed discussion of recent findings and an assessment of this biomimetic approach are presented in this review.
Synthesis of Phosphaformamidines and Phosphaformamidinates
Authors: Song Maoying , Donnadieu Bruno , Soleilhavoup Michele , Bertrand Guy
Published: June 2007

A large‐scale synthetic route to a variety of phosphaformamidines and phosphaformamidinates, a type of derivative that was not accessible by the methods previously known for preparing phosphaamidines and phosphaamidinates, is reported. Thermally stable ethyl N‐arylformimidates 1 (ArNCH(OEt), Ar=2,4,6‐(Me)3Ph or 2,6‐(iPr)2Ph) readily reacted with lithium dialkyl‐ and diarylphosphanides to afford the corresponding N‐aryl phosphaformamidines in 80 and 60 % yield, respectively, whereas with lithium (aryl)(silyl)phosphanide, the N‐aryl‐N‐silylphosphaformamidine (60 % yield) was obtained. Addition of primary lithium arylphosphanides to 1 followed by addition of a stoichiometric amount of nBuLi gave rise to the respective phosphaformamidinates (70–88 % yield). Methanolysis of the products afforded the N‐aryl‐N‐hydrogenophosphaformamidines (90–95 % yield). The solid‐state structure of one of the phosphaformamidinates is also presented.
Effects of feedback and behavior contracting on head trauma persons' inappropriate sexual behavior
Authors: Wesolowski Michael D. , Zencius Amie , Burke William H.
Published: June 2007

Three individuals who were traumatically brain injured (TBI) demonstrated inappropriate sexual behaviors. All three participants engaged in touching the genitals of members of the opposite sex and one made sexual comments. In the first two cases, hourly feedback was used initially to reduce the touching. Next, behavior contracting was paired with feedback to further reduce it. In the third case, inappropriate touching and sexual comments were both decreased using only feedback.
Case study: Noninvasive behavioral treatment of self‐injurious hand stereotypy in a child with Rett syndrome
Authors: Paisey Timothy J. H. , Whitney Robert B. , Wainczak Sharon M.
Published: June 2007

Treatment of stereotypic hand mouthing in a 3‐year‐old girl with Rett syndrome by differential reinforcement of competing functional responses plus response interruption is described and evaluated in this case study. A package of graduated guidance with social and edible reinforcers successfully established stable rates of functional hand movements to activate toys, gross motor responses to verbal prompts, palmar grasp and release, and some vocal imitation. Contingent response interruption virtually eliminated hand mouthing during instructional sessions. Instruction alone did not maintain hand mouthing suppression when interruption was withdrawn, and treatment gains appeared highly discriminated. Post‐hoc comparison indicated differential reinforcement plus response interruption (DR1 + 1) to be superior to hand splints in reducing hand stereotypies, with approximately equivalent increases in collateral tongue thrusting.
Integrating instructional procedures into traditional congregate care situations for people with severe disabilities
Authors: Green Carolyn W. , Parsons Marsha B. , Reid Dennis H.
Published: June 2007

Many institutional and community residential agencies experience difficulties in providing habilitative services when direct care staff are working with groups of people with severe disabilities. We evaluated a means of assisting direct care personnel in integrating instructional strategies into traditional congregate care situations. In Experiment 1, integrated teaching strategies were operationalized for two direct care staff persons. The strategies were based on individualized client habilitative goals and the use of brief response prompting and contingent reinforcement paradigms. The staff members integrated the teaching procedures into their group routines with clients upon implementation of an integrated‐teaching staff training and management program. The program involved two staff training sessions and ongoing performance feedback. In Experiment 2, four staff members in another living unit integrated the strategies into their group routines upon implementation of a simplified version of the program. Additionally, while the program was in effect, adaptive behaviors increased in frequency for 19 of 20 clients with profound multiple disabilities. Results of the experiments demonstrate a means through which residential agencies may enhance provision of continuous active treatment in accordance with clinical and governmental guidelines. Suggestions for future rescarch are provided, focusing on overcoming obstacles residential personnel face in providing treatment services in congregate situations.
Ten‐year follow‐up of a successful treatment of self‐injurious behavior
Authors: Jensen Craig C. , Heidorn Steven D.
Published: June 2007

Ten years ago, self‐injurious behavior that produced blindness in a man with profound mental retardation was treated through behavioral intervention. This person's behavioral history was reviewed for 12 years prior to the intervention through examination of his clinical record and for 10 years following the intervention through examination of his clinical record, direct observation, and interviews with staff. Physical injury occurred only once in the last 46 months; physical restraint has not been used in 10 years; and for the past 9 years, no more than one medication has been prescribed for the control of behavior or seizures. Suggestions are presented for designing behavioral interventions at the beginning of treatment to maintain reductions in behavior.
A follow up study of a behavioral program for young people with learning disabilities and challenging behavior
Authors: Kent Angela , Bird Jackie
Published: June 2007

This paper describes a pilot follow‐up study of a behavioral program for 20 young people with learning disabilities and challenging behavior. Eighteen participants made good overall improvement during the treatment period, and this was partially maintained at follow‐up. Eight had continued to improve, eight had deteriorated slightly and four had deteriorated markedly. Adaptive skills were generally maintained. The reemergence of challenging behaviors explained the difference between the Good and Poor Outcome groups. Those participants in the Good Outcome group were younger on admission, scored lower on adaptive skills and higher on challenging behaviors. In addition they had remained on the treatment programme for 12–18 months and had been discharged from the Unit for longer. The overall level of independent living had increased from preadmission and the majority of participants were living in less restrictive placements. These results confirm and extend the findings of previous research. The paper concludes by highlighting the need for more detailed longitudinal follow‐up studies in this area.
The generalized control of excessive behaviors
Authors: Jones Robert N. , McDonnell John J. , Houlihan Daniel D.
Published: June 2007

Two theoretical approaches to generalization in behavioral interventions designed to reduce behavioral excesses are discussed; approaches based on stimulus generalization and those based on response generalization. The potential advantages and disadvantages of each model are outlined, and implications evolving from the application of each model for practitioners are discussed. The article concludes with an overview of guidelines for practitioners and researchers.
Brief report: Teaching persons with moderate mental retardation to use printed instructions and time cues in a work context
Authors: Lancioni Giulio E. , Hof Edwin van den , Brouwer Jacobus A.
Published: June 2007

Printed instructions and programable watches were used for helping two adults with moderate mental retardation perform variable tasks and follow a time schedule for task execution. The subjects, who could not read, were to match the words appearing in instruction notes to identical words superimposed on illustrative pictures (and collected in a vocabulary form). The pictures identified through this matching explained the meaning of the words being matched (i.e., indicated to the subjects which responses/tasks to perform). Self‐recording was also used. The results showed that both subjects learned to use the printed instructions and the watches successfully. The subjects' performance remained positive over time. Procedural aspects and practical implications of the study are discussed.
Stereotyped movement disorder in an adult following acquired brain injury: Effect of environmental stimulation
Authors: Thompson Thomas J. , Pearcey Sharon M. , Bodfish James W. , Crawford Timothy W. , Lewis Mark H.
Published: June 2007

In the present study, a naturalistic functional analysis procedure was used to assess the effect of environmental stimulation on the stereotypic behavior (body rocking) of an adult whose stereotypy appeared to be induced by an acquired brain injury. Environmental stimulation, operationalized in terms of both physical and social characteristics, resulted in only minimal changes in the occurrence of body rocking. Body rocking occurred in excess of 50% of the observations in all environmental stimulation conditions and in a naturally occurring baseline condition. To our knowledge, this is the first published report of a functional analysis of stereotypy associated with acquired brain injury.
An intrusive and restrictive alternative to contingent shock
Authors: Mudford Oliver C.
Published: June 2007

A 31‐year‐old man, a New Zealander with severe developmental disability, engaged in life‐threatening operant vomiting. His therapists and two consultant behavior analysts recommended applying for a Court order to evaluate treatment that included the short‐term use of contingent shock. In Court, others gave expert testimony that positive procedures alone would be sufficient and effective. Following the Court's decision against contingent shock, professionals who were responsible for ensuring compliance with the decision did not identify a nonaversive intervention. Consequently, the client was subjected to an intrusive medical procedure (chronic nasogastric intubation) and a severely restricted environment. This intervention was continued for 1 year. Problems that resulted from conflicting expert testimony on treatment alternatives are discussed.
Case study: Examining the relationship between self‐initiations of an individual with disabilities and directive behavior of staff persons in a residential setting
Authors: Shukla Smita , Surratt Alan V. , Horner Robert H. , Albin Richard W.
Published: June 2007

This case study examines the relationship between self‐initiations of an adult woman with severe disabilities and the directive behavior of staff persons in a community residential setting. Hypotheses generated from functional assessment procedures indicated that (a) Susan's low self‐initiations were very likely related to high directive behavior of staff persons, and (b) infrequent problem behaviors during the morning routine were maintained by escape from repeated staff demands. An intervention was implemented to enable Susan to increase self‐initiation in choice and sequence of activities and simultaneously decrease staff directives. Results and discussion focus on the need for a contextual approach for addressing problematic situations and an affirmation of the effectiveness of the positive behavioral support technology for increasing adaptive behaviors in individuals with severe disabilities.
An economical, humane, and effective method for short—term suppression of hand mouthing
Authors: Realon Rodney E. , Favell James E. , Cacace Stacey
Published: June 2007

Self‐injurious behavior (SIB) is a serious health hazard, especially among individuals with severe and profound mental retardation, sometimes leading to drastic therapeutic measures. Environments in which there are long periods with minimal opportunities for constructive activity are conducive to the development of SIB, but even highly motivated, hard‐working caregivers sometimes have difficulty providing sufficient personal interactions to prevent it. In this case study, one person's self‐injurious hand mouthing was significantly reduced by analyzing her toy play and consistently providing her with preferred toys. The results showed that careful and consistent attention to assuring that preferred materials are available for self‐entertainment may be an effective and efficient method for managing some cases of SIB during times when other activities and treatments are unavailable.
The effects of room management and small‐group procedures on the behavior of older adults who have Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Cash John , Sturmey Peter , Bush Dawn
Published: June 2007

The effects of room management and small groups procedures on the behavior of five older adults with Alzheimer's Disease was experimentally evaluated by a multielement design with replications across five subjects. Engagement during both room management and small groups was higher than during no treatment baselines. The effects on affective and maladaptive behaviors were of small magnitude. Evidence of individual differences was found both with respect to absolute proportions of time spent in various behaviors and with respect to interactions between individual differences and experimental conditions.
Positive procedures and generalized self‐choking
Authors: Osborne J. Grayson , Peine Hermann , Darvish Rokneddin , Blakelock Harold , Jenson William R.
Published: June 2007

In two studies, self‐choking by a middle‐aged man with mental retardation was controlled both directly and indirectly by positive procedures. In the first study, paced eating procedures were employed to control postmealtime rumination. The frequency of generalized self‐choking increased from periods where meals were paced to periods in which meals were not paced and vice versa. In the second study, redirection of self‐choking and reinforcement for responses other than self‐choking (DRO) reduced the frequency of self‐choking, with the procedures applied successively to a number of different environments, trainers, distances from the client, and DRO parameters. These procedures related to a substantial reduction in generalized self‐choking measured in other environments at other times.
Analytical inverse kinematics with body posture control
Authors: Kallmann Marcelo
Published: June 2007

This paper presents a novel whole‐body analytical inverse kinematics (IK) method integrating collision avoidance and customizable body control for animating reaching tasks in real‐time. Whole‐body control is achieved with the interpolation of pre‐designed key body postures, which are organized as a function of the direction to the goal to be reached. Arm postures are computed by the analytical IK solution for human‐like arms and legs, extended with a new simple search method for achieving postures avoiding joint limits and collisions. In addition, a new IK resolution is presented that directly solves for joints parameterized in the swing‐and‐twist decomposition. The overall method is simple to implement, fast, and accurate, and therefore suitable for interactive applications controlling the hands of characters. The source code of the IK implementation is provided. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.