bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CONSCIÊNCIA NA SUBSTITUIÇÃO DO USO DE ANIMAIS NO ENSINO: ASPECTOS HISTÓRICOS, ÉTICOS E DE LEGISLAÇÃO
Authors: SEIXAS Mone Martins , VIRGENS João Henrique Araújo , MELO Stella Maria Barrouin , HERK Alexander Gerard Steevert Van
Published: January 2019

o especismo, a discriminação de direitos em favor da espécie
humana e em detrimento de outras espécies, é praticado também no
ambiente acadêmico. O uso indiscriminado de animais não-humanos
para o ensino e a pesquisa é uma prática antiga, que foi consolidada
durante a Idade Moderna. Mesmo diante da tecnologia atual, os
animais ainda são usados, de forma prejudicial, para a demonstração
de conhecimentos. Como reação de um número crescente de
pesquisadores em todas as áreas do conhecimento, tem havido um
aumento da criação, aperfeiçoamento e consolidação de métodos
substitutivos e, por parte dos estudantes, a objeção de consciência.
Assim, a substituição do uso prejudicial de animais por métodos
mais eficazes é uma realidade possível e positiva no desenvolvimento ético dos humanos pelo refinamento do respeito aos não-humanos, possibilitando o desenvolviment de habilidades necessárias à prática profissional.
LEGITIMAÇÃO DOS DIREITOS DOS ANIMAIS
Authors: RODRIGUES Diogo Luiz Cordeiro
Published: January 2019

O presente trabalho tem como propósito principal defender
a aplicação dos princípios de justiça aos interesses animais a fim de
que cada um deles possa gozar de direitos básicos, conforme suas
capacidades. Entende-se que o alijamento dos animais do círculo
de consideração jurídico-moral decorre do especismo, que consiste
na discriminação arbitrária de um ente apenas por não pertencer à
espécie humana. Defende-se aqui que a instrumentalização especista
dos animais pelos homens do ocidente sofre, em grande medida,
os influxos diretos e mediatos da tradição judaico-cristã cujo
desenvolvimento está diretamente ligado à idéia de superioridade
humana. Em contraste, é buscado um paradigma apto a incluir os
animais no círculo da justiça, garantido-lhe direitos morais básicos.
A fim de atingir tal desiderato são descritas e criticadas algumas
concepções protetivas existentes, tais como o bem-estarismo, o
utilitarismo, o ambientalismo e a doutrina dos direitos animais. Ao
final defende-se a base do "modelo das capacidades" criado por
Amartya Sen eaplicado por Martha Nussbaum ao âmbito da filosofia
moral, sem prejuízo de outras contribuições, como a proposta de
personalização dos animais, conforme Gary Francione.
DIREITO E LITERATURA - A CONTRIBUIÇÃI DA OBRA DE MONTEIRO LOBATO NA CONSTRUÇÃO DE UMA TEORIA DO DIREITO ANIMAL NO BRASIL CONTEMPORÂNEO
Authors: VELOSO Maria Cristina Brugnara , PORTO Camilo Machado de Miranda
Published: January 2019

Existe algo que a Literatura permite compreender e
desvelar ao Direito, que este como Ciência não consegue apreender.
Nesta perspectiva vemos a literatura como fonte e local de debate e
elaboração de conhecimento jurídico. No presente artigo propomos
avaliar a contribuição da obra de Monteiro Lobato, por meio de seus
personagens e universo literário, na construção de um imaginário
jurídico-coletivo brasileiro da geração contemporânea. A literatura
por meio da linguagem de seus personagens fala às pessoas sobre as
possibilidades do Direito. Segundo a interdisciplinaridade do Direito
e da Literatura e através da obra de Monteiro Lobato visualizamos a
inovação e ampliação de conceitos jurídicos na área do biodireito e
bioética, em especial do direito dos animais. Partimos da constatação
que seus livros para o público infantil ambientam-se no meio rural.
Seu cenário principal é a natureza, e os animais são protagonistas que possuem racionalidade e sentimentos. A literatura é uma das
linguagens, não a única, que gera conceitos cognitivo-afetivos e com
essa abordagem inquietante deslumbra e perturba, contribuindo para
problematizar a visão tradicional do direito e da filosofia quando estes
estão atrelados ao uso puramente intelectual dos conceitos. Com sua
plasticidade a literatura enriquece a noção de racionalidade jurídica
ao agregar sensibilidade. A compreensão literária espelha conteúdos,
interage com o real e desvela sentidos que são apropriados pelo
direito. O transmitido impõe-se e na medida em que é compreendido
e amplia o horizonte que até então nos rodeava.
ESPECISMO RELIGIOSO
Authors: OLIVEIRA Fábio Corrêa Souza de
Published: January 2019

Este artigo investiga o que se pode denominar de especismo religioso, tendo por base o Novo Testamente, o Velho Testamento, o Espiritismo/Kardec e o Hinduísmo/ Hare Krishna.
FOREWORD
Authors: CASSUTO David Nathan
Published: January 2019

.
PROPRIEDADE VIVA: UM NOVO STATUS PARA OS ANIMAIS DENTRO DO SISTEMA JURÍDICO
Authors: FAVRE David
Published: January 2019

Este   artigo   desenvolve   a   legitimidade   de   que   os   animais   não-humanos  podem  possuir  e  exercer  direitos  legais.  Esta  proposta  é   apoiada  pelo  fato  de  que  o  sistema  jurídico  já  abriga  um  número  de  leis   que  defendem  os  interesses  dos  animais  como  nossas  leis  penais  anti-­ crueldade  e  as  ‘civil trust laws’.  Para  tornar  um  pacote  mais  coerente  de   todos  os  animais  relacionados  com  questões  de  política  pública,  é  útil   reconhecer  a  existência  de  uma  quarta  categoria  de  bens,  propriedade   viva.  Uma  vez  diferenciada  de  outros  tipos  de  propriedade,  então  uma   nova  área  da  jurisprudência  irá  evoluir  proporcionando  direitos  legais   pelo  menos  para  alguns  animais.  Este  artigo  estabelece  o  porquê  dos   animais  deverem  receber  consideração  no  âmbito  do  sistema  jurídico,   que  deverá  centrar-­se  sobre  os  animais,  o  que  alguns  dos  direitos  legais   poderiam  ser  e  como  as  regras  tradicionais  do  direito  de  propriedade  serão  modificadas  para  acomodar  a  presença  desta  nova  categoria  de   propriedade.  

  
SUSTENTABILIDADE, ECONOMIA VERDE, DIREITO DOS ANIMAIS E ECOLOGIA PROFUNDA: ALGUMAS CONSIDERAÇÕES
Authors: LOURENÇO Daniel Braga , OLIVEIRA Fábio Correia Souza de
Published: January 2019

Este texto veicula algumas reflexões sobre as noções de sustentabilidade
e economia verde, lugares-comuns do discurso contemporâneo
aos eixos da Rio + 20, a partir das perspectivas do Direito dos
Animais e da Ecologia Profunda. Definitivamente essas noções devem
ser consideradas tanto para humanos como para não-humanos, de maneira a abranger ambos na expressão “futuras gerações”, tão utilizada
após a Constituição Federal de 1988.
A CAMINHO DE UM STATUS DE NÃO-PROPRIEDADE PARA OS ANIMAIS
Authors: KELCH Thomas
Published: January 2019

O common law sempre considerou os animais não humanos
como propriedade, inclusive em decisões judiciais. Porém, ele deve
ser encarado como um mecanismo eficaz para mudanças, visto que se
relaciona com os interesses de proteção dos animais, fazendo surgir
uma nova visão judicial do status destes seres. Os esforços legislativos
para proteger os interesses dos animais têm sido muito ineficientes,
e mesmo quando esses interesses são considerados, os direitos dos
humanos prevalecem. Desta forma, o presente artigo defende uma
mudança da visão do Poder Judiciário referente ao status dos animais
não humanos, tendo como alicerce o commom law, e quebrando definitivamente
a barreira do antropocentrismo, arraigado em nossa sociedade.
ANIMAIS CARNE, PADRÕES HUMANOS E OUTRAS FICÇÕES JURÍDICAS
Authors: CASSUTO David N.
Published: January 2019

Direito e alimentos são conceitos distintos, embora a disciplina
(Direito e Alimentação) implique em uma relação digna de estudo.
A conjunção (“e”) cria um sentido. No entanto, a sua ausência também
transmite um significado. Por exemplo, “carne animal”, sugere que
os animais podem ser tanto carne como animal. Esta fusão tem poderosas
implicações jurídicas. O caso Associação de Carne Nacional v.
Harris (2012) tornou assustadoramente claro que é indiferente para a
lei se a carne animal está viva ou morta. Este ensaio analisa a maneira
supostamente humana com que práticas federais ignoraram a brutalidade
sistemática do “indústria da carne” em que esses animais são
transformados em produtos comercializáveis. E conclui com algumas
observações sobre o porquê que esta cegueira jurídica existe.
DA VULNERABILIDADE DO EMBRIÃO ORIUNDO DA REPRODUÇÃO HUMANA ASSISTIDA E DA ÉTICA DA VIDA
Authors: CARDIN Valéria Silva Galdino
Published: January 2019

A ética pode ser considerada a ciência da conduta dos seres
humanos em sociedade. Hodiernamente, as discussões éticas estão inseridas
numa nova dimensão social, como por exemplo, a utilização
das novas tecnologias genéticas que podem acarretar consequências
nefastas às gerações futuras se não houver ética e responsabilidade
dos cientistas, em face da vulnerabilidade dos embriões. O planejamento
familiar é livre, podendo ser utilizada a reprodução assistida,
desde que observado o princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana e
da paternidade responsável. Neste contexto surgiu a bioética, que
182 | Revista Brasileira de Direito Animal
tem como objetivo melhorar a qualidade de vida humana e ao mesmo
tempo impor limites nos avanços tecnológicos, porque nem todos
os procedimentos são eticamente corretos. O embrião não pode
ser confundido com o nascituro e com uma pessoa, porque apesar de
possuírem a mesma natureza, estão em estágio de desenvolvimento
diferenciados. Pode-se afirmar que o embrião é uma pessoa in fieri e
deve ser protegido pelo Direito positivo em decorrência de possuir direitos
a serem concretizados. Não existe qualquer lei que regulamente
o seu emprego, apenas a Resolução n. 1.957/2010 do CFM, que dispõe
sobre normas éticas e administrativas para os profissionais da área da
saúde. Logo, faz-se necessário a regulamentação destas técnicas em
decorrência do fato da vulnerabilidade do embrião ser maior, porque
trata-se de um ser que não possui capacidade de defesa e sequer pode
expressar a sua vontade, ou seja, a sua própria condição, o torna frágil,
pois o seu desenvolvimento dependerá de como será conduzida a
reprodução assistida.
O AUDIOVISUAL EM INTERVENÇÕES PÚBLICAS
Authors: DANTAS Bianca Salles
Published: January 2019

Este estudo pretende refletir sobre as intervenções públicas
pelos direitos dos animais e sua construção a partir de audiovisuais.
Será colocado em foco o trabalho da organização VEDDAS, que utiliza
filmes pelos direitos dos animais em intervenções públicas desde o
ano de 2007 com o dispositivo audiovisual VEDDAS-Carte. O equipamento
é, duas vezes por semana, montado na Avenida Paulista e
outros pontos de grande movimento na cidade de São Paulo.
OS LIMITES ÉTICOS DO USO DE ANIMAIS EM PERFORMANCES NA ARTE CONTEMPORÂNEA
Authors: SOUSA Jean Carlos Barbosa , TINOCO Isis Alexandra Pincella
Published: January 2019

A importância do estudo da temática proposta neste trabalho
reside na necessidade de questionamento acerca dos limites da
arte, especificamente, no que se refere àquelas manifestações as quais
fazem uso de animais, limitando-se a pesquisa, porém, a abordar a
performance dentro do contexto histórico contemporâneo, tratandose
portanto, de uma temática ainda pouco explorada, no entanto,
premente. Há aqueles que defendem ferrenhamente a autonomia da
Arte, afirmando ser possível excluir a avaliação moral dos aspectos
criativos, contudo, desta forma corremos o risco de cairmos num relativismo
estético e ético, em que tudo passa a ser válido em nome da
auto-intitulada Arte Contemporânea. Não se pode ficar alheio ao fato
de que a experiência artística, enquanto experiência estética, oferece
representações de ideias morais, e de assim sendo, seria ético fazer uso
de animais em performances artísticas? Sendo ético ou não, quais as
implicações filosóficas do uso de animais dentro do contexto artístico?
Haveria um padrão de conduta que os artistas poderiam adotar em suas práticas artísticas, as quais sejam compatíveis com os direitos dos
animais? Este artigo analisa os diversos conceitos da arte performática
e a inserção do uso de animais nesta modalidade artística, trazendo à
tona a dificuldade de delimitação de uma definição do que vem a ser a
performance e exemplos deste tipo de manifestação que vem fazendo
uso de animais ao longo da história da arte contemporânea. Sob a ótica
jurídica conclui-se que é ilegal o uso de animais em tais manifestações
artísticas a luz da legislação pátria; trazendo a tona o conflito entre a
liberdade do artista, a manifestação cultural e vedação de práticas que
submetam os animais à crueldade.
Developing Strategic Readers
Authors: Hill Kelly , Summerlin Jennifer , Ponder Jennifer
Published: January 2019

High‐quality reading instruction for English learners (ELs) is gaining more attention in education policy and research due to poor EL performance on national reading assessments. Because English learners must develop language and literacy simultaneously, reading comprehension is often more challenging. However, a balanced reading approach with specific considerations and scaffolds can help English learners develop into strategic readers. Some key components of a comprehensive reading approach include explicit strategy instruction, adequate time for independent reading, access to appropriate texts, and scaffolds related specifically to English learners' language and literacy abilities.
Teacher Preparation for Writing in Kindergarten to 12th Grade
Authors: Gilliland Betsy
Published: January 2019

Elementary and secondary school teachers in the United States receive limited preparation for teaching writing to English language learners (ELLs). Effective preservice and inservice professional development addresses issues of language, literacy, response to writing, and assessment. Teachers should have opportunities to learn both theories of language and writing development and practical strategies for scaffolding and explicitly teaching ELLs how to write. Beneficial approaches include reflection on their own language and literacy learning and inquiry into their students' writing experiences.
Bilingual Episodic Memory: Encoding and Storage
Authors: Heredia Roberto R. , Cieślicka Anna B.
Published: January 2019

This entry provides a theoretical and empirical overview of the classic theoretical approaches to encoding (e.g., levels of processing, the generation, distributed‐practice, and repetition effects) in bilingual episodic memory. It is concluded that bilingual retrieval is enhanced by such factors as deep processing, elaboration, distinctiveness, and spaced practice repetitions, as opposed to shallow processing and massed repetitions. It is argued that bilingual repetitions significantly enhance memory retrieval, relative to monolingual ones, suggesting that translations are more distinctive and require more mental effort and mental elaboration. Finally, pedagogical implications of bilingual episodic memory findings are discussed and related to L2 learning.
Short‐term remote ischemic conditioning may protect monkeys after ischemic stroke
Authors: Guo Linlin , Zhou Da , Wu Di , Ding Jiayue , He Xiaoduo , Shi Jingfei , Duan Yunxia , Yang Tingting , Ding Yuchuan , Ji Xunming , Meng Ran
Published: January 2019

Objective

We aimed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of short‐term remote ischemic postconditioning (RIPC) in acute stroke monkey models.

Methods

Acute stroke monkeys were allocated to four groups based on the number of limbs exposed to RIPC. RIPC was initiated by 5‐min cuff inflation/deflation cycles of the target limb(s) for 5–10 bouts. Vital signs, skin integrity, brain MRI, and serum levels of cardiac enzymes (myoglobin, creatine kinase [CK], CK‐muscle/brain [CK‐MB]), one inflammatory marker (high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein [hsCRP], and one endothelial injury marker (von Willebrand factor [vWF]) were assessed. Spetzler scores were used to assess neurological function.

Results

No significant differences in vital signs or local skin integrity were found. Short‐term RIPC did not reduce infarct volume under any condition at the 24th hour after stroke. However, neurological function improved in multi‐limb RIPC compared with sham and single‐limb RIPC at the 30th day follow‐up after stroke. Myoglobin, CK, and CK‐MB levels were reduced after multi‐limb RIPC, regardless of the number of bouts. Moreover, multi‐limb RIPC produced a greater diminution in CK‐MB levels, whereas two‐limb RIPC was more effective in reducing serum CK levels at the 24th hour after stroke. hsCRP increased after 5 bouts of multi‐limb RIPC before decreasing below baseline and single‐limb RIPC levels. Serum vWF was decreased at later time points after RIPC in all RIPC groups.

Conclusions

Stroke monkeys in hyperacute stage may benefit from short‐term RIPC; however, whether this intervention can be translated into clinical use in patients with acute ischemic stroke warrants further study.
A New Inner Surface Attrition Treatment for Strengthening Metallic Tubular Structures
Authors: Li Ying , Wu Ge , Liu Long , Lu Jian
Published: January 2019

Based on analytical modeling and simulation aided calculations, a systematic assessment of the surface mechanical attrition treatment (SMAT) on the inner surface of a metallic tubular structure, is presented in this work for the first time. With the help of extensive statistical analysis and dynamic simulations, an optimal design of the key SMAT components is theoretically derived for the best inner surface attrition effect, which is thereafter used for the quasi‐static uniaxial compression tests. A remarkable strengthening effect from the inner surface treatment is observed, which can be attributed to the formation of nano‐twins and nano ϵ‐martensite structures due to the severe pre‐processed strain. Interestingly, no α’‐martensite is observed through transmission electron microscope (TEM). This work provides a framework for the optimal design of attrition treatment for complex surfaces, which can thus greatly extend the application of SMAT technology.
Smart Supramolecular “Trojan Horse”‐Inspired Nanogels for Realizing Light‐Triggered Nuclear Drug Influx in Drug‐Resistant Cancer Cells
Authors: Chen Xiaokai , Zhang Xiaodong , Guo Yuxin , Zhu Ya‐Xuan , Liu Xiaoyang , Chen Zhan , Wu Fu‐Gen
Published: January 2019

Efficient nuclear delivery of anticancer drugs evading drug efflux transporters (DETs) on the plasma and nuclear membranes of multidrug‐resistant cancer cells is highly challenging. Here, smart nanogels are designed via a one‐step self‐assembly of three functional components including a biocompatible copolymer, a fluorescent organosilica nanodot, and a photodegradable near‐infrared (NIR) dye indocyanine green (ICG). The rationally designed nanogels have high drug encapsulation efficiency (≈99%) for anticancer drug doxorubicin (Dox), self‐traceability for bioimaging, proper size for passive tumor targeting, prolonged blood circulation time for enhanced drug accumulation in tumor, and photocontrolled disassemblability. Moreover, the Dox‐loaded nanogels can effectively kill multidrug‐resistant cells via two steps: 1) They behave like a “Trojan horse” to escape from the DETs on the plasma membrane for efficiently transporting the anticancer “soldier” (Dox) into the cytoplasm and preventing the drugs from being excreted from the cells; 2) Upon NIR light irradiation, the photodegradation of ICG leads to the disassembly of the nanogels to release massive Dox molecules, which can evade the DETs on the nuclear membrane to exert their intranuclear efficacy in multidrug‐resistant cells. Combined with their excellent biocompatibility, the nanogels may provide an alternative solution for overcoming cancer multidrug resistance.
A Magnetically Assembled High‐Aspect‐Ratio Needle Electrode for Recording Neuronal Activity
Authors: Yasui Taiki , Yamagiwa Shota , Sawahata Hirohito , Idogawa Shinnosuke , Kubota Yoshihiro , Kita Yuto , Yamashita Koji , Numano Rika , Koida Kowa , Kawano Takeshi
Published: January 2019

Microelectrode devices, which enable the detection of neuronal signals in brain tissues, have made significant contributions in the field of neuroscience and the brain–machine interfaces. To further develop such microelectrode devices, the following requirements must be met: i) a fine needle's diameter (<30 µm) to reduce damage to tissues; ii) a long needle (e.g., ≈1 mm for rodents and ≈2 mm for macaques); and iii) multiple electrodes to achieve high spatial recording (<100 µm in pitch). In order to meet these requirements, this study herein reports an assembly technique for high‐aspect‐ratio microneedles, which employs a magnet. The assembly is demonstrated, in which nickel wires of length 750 µm and diameter 25 µm are produced on a silicon substrate. The impedance magnitude of the assembled needle‐like electrode measured at 1 kHz is 5.6 kΩ, exhibiting output and input signal amplitudes of 96.7% at 1 kHz. To confirm the recording capability of the fabricated device, neuronal signal recordings are performed using mouse cerebra in vivo. The packaged single microneedle electrode penetrates the barrel field in the primary somatosensory cortex of the mouse and enables the detection of evoked neuronal activity of both local field potentials and action potentials.
Magnet Patterned Superparamagnetic Fe3O4/Au Core–Shell Nanoplasmonic Sensing Array for Label‐Free High Throughput Cytokine Immunoassay
Authors: Cai Yuxin , Zhu Jingyi , He Jiacheng , Yang Wen , Ma Chao , Xiong Feng , Li Feng , Chen Weiqiang , Chen Pengyu
Published: January 2019

Rapid and accurate immune monitoring plays a decisive role in effectively treating immune‐related diseases especially at point‐of‐care, where an immediate decision on treatment is needed upon precise determination of the patient immune status. Derived from the emerging clinical demands, there is an urgent need for a cytokine immunoassay that offers unprecedented sensor performance with high sensitivity, throughput, and multiplexing capability, as well as short turnaround time at low system complexity, manufacturability, and scalability. In this paper, a label‐free, high throughput cytokine immunoassay based on a magnet patterned Fe3O4/Au core–shell nanoparticle (FACSNP) sensing array is developed. By exploiting the unique superparamagnetic and plasmonic properties of the core–shell nanomaterials, a facile microarray patterning technique is established that allows the fabrication of a uniform, self‐assembled microarray on a large surface area with remarkable tunability and scalability. The sensing performance of the FACSNP microarray is validated by real‐time detection of four cytokines in complex biological samples, showing high sensitivity (≈20 pg mL−1), selectivity and throughput with excellent statistical accuracy. The developed immunoassay is successfully applied for rapid determination of the functional immunophenotype of leukemia tumor‐associated macrophages, manifesting its potential clinical applications for real‐time immune monitoring, early cancer detection, and therapeutic drug stratification toward personalized medicine.
Recent Advances on Controlled Synthesis and Engineering of Hollow Alloyed Nanotubes for Electrocatalysis
Authors: Li Hui‐Hui , Yu Shu‐Hong
Published: January 2019

The past decade has witnessed great progress in the synthesis and electrocatalytic applications of 1D hollow alloy nanotubes with controllable compositions and fine structures. Hollow nanotubes have been explored as promising electrocatalysts in the fuel cell reactions due to their well‐controlled surface structure, size, porosity, and compositions. In addition, owing to the self‐supporting ability of 1D structure, hollow nanotubes are capable of avoiding catalyst aggregation and carbon corrosion during the catalytic process, which are two other issues for the widely investigated carbon‐supported nanoparticle catalysts. It is currently a great challenge to achieve high activity and stability at a relatively low cost to realize commercialization of these catalysts. An overview of the structural and compositional properties of 1D hollow alloy nanotubes, which provide a large number of accessible active sites, void spaces for electrolytes/reactants impregnation, and structural stability for suppressing aggregation, is presented. The latest advances on several strategies such as hard template and self‐templating methods for controllable synthesis of hollow alloyed nanotubes with controllable structures and compositions are then summarized. Benefiting from the advantages of the unique properties and facile synthesis approaches, the capability of 1D hollow nanotubes is then highlighted by discussing examples of their applications in fuel‐cell‐related electrocatalysis. Finally, the remaining challenges and potential solutions in the field are summarized to provide some useful clues for the future development of 1D hollow alloy nanotube materials.
Extrinsic Electron Concentration in SnO2 Electron Extracting Contact in Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Roose Bart , Friend Richard H.
Published: January 2019

Lead halide perovskite solar cells that use SnO2 as the electron‐transporting material are known to improve upon light soaking. Photoluminescence measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy show that this improvement is due to reduced non‐radiative recombination and is accompanied by a reduction in the extrinsic electron concentration in SnO2. This performance enhancement can also be achieved by exposing these devices to high vacuum at ambient temperature. This study postulates that the performance increase stems from desorption of hydrogen from oxygen vacancies in SnO2. Furthermore, Ga‐doped SnO2‐based devices exhibit a reduced light‐soaking effect and have fewer oxygen vacancies, as is shown by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements. It is concluded that high extrinsic electron concentrations in SnO2 are undesirable because of their role in non‐radiative recombination. The reduction in electron density when SnO2 is incorporated into a perovskite diode is therefore advantageous for solar cell performance.
Asynchrony between ant seed dispersal activity and fruit dehiscence of myrmecochorous plants
Authors: Gordon Susan C. C. , Meadley‐Dunphy Shannon A. , Prior Kirsten M. , Frederickson Megan E.
Published: January 2019

Premise of the Study

Phenological mismatch has received attention in plant–pollinator interactions, but less so in seed dispersal mutualisms. We investigated whether the seasonal availability of myrmecochorous seeds is well matched to the seasonal activity patterns of seed‐dispersing ants.

Methods

We compared seasonal timing of seed removal by a keystone seed‐dispersing ant, Aphaenogaster rudis, and fruit dehiscence of several species of plants whose seeds it disperses in a deciduous forest in southern Ontario, Canada. We examined the timing of elaiosome “robbing” by the nonnative slug Arion subfuscus and tested whether seed removal by ants declines in response to supplementation with additional elaiosome‐bearing seeds (ant “satiation”).

Key Results

Seed removal from experimental depots peaked early in the season for all plant species and correlated with temperature. In contrast, elaiosome robbing by slugs increased late in the season and thus may disproportionately affect plants with late‐dehiscing fruits. Ant colonies removed seeds at similar rates regardless of seed supplementation, indicating that satiation likely does not impact seasonal patterns of seed dispersal in this system. Fruits of the five myrmecochorous plant species in our study dehisced at discrete intervals throughout the season, with minimal overlap among species. Peak dehiscence did not overlap with peak seed removal for any plant species.

Conclusions

Fruit dehiscence of myrmecochorous plants and peak ant seed dispersal activity occur asynchronously. Whether future climate warming will shift ant and plant phenologies in ways that have consequences for seed dispersal remains an open question.
Inter‐ and intraspecific competition and shade avoidance in the carnivorous pale pitcher plant in a nutrient‐poor savanna
Authors: Brewer J. Stephen
Published: January 2019

Premise of the Study

Ecologists generally agree that weak interspecific competition for light contributes to high plant species diversity in ecosystems with nutrient‐poor soils. However, the role of competition for light in such ecosystems that are also maintained by fire is poorly understood. I quantified intra‐ and interspecific competition for light in a fire‐maintained nutrient‐poor pine savanna by contrasting the effects of conspecific and heterospecific neighbors of the pale pitcher plant, Sarracenia alata.

Methods

Accounting for initial neighbor abundance/aboveground production and initial transplant size, I measured growth and survival of small and large pitcher plant ramets of Sarracenia alata transplanted to the vicinity of natural, undisturbed mixtures of large pitcher plants and their heterospecific neighbors in the field. I tested competition for light and nutrients by clipping conspecific neighbors and by excluding prey from unclipped neighbors of transplants. I tested interspecific competition by uprooting heterospecific neighbors.

Key Results

Plant survivorship increased when conspecific neighbors were clipped and/or starved but not when heterospecific neighbors were uprooted. Small pitcher plants benefited from clipping large conspecific neighbors, suggesting that competition for light was important. Large pitcher plants benefited from excluding prey from their neighbors, with no additional benefit of clipping, suggesting that competition for prey limited their survival. Transplants produced new pitchers that were taller with narrower openings (i.e., shade avoidance) when heterospecific neighbors were left intact but not when conspecifics were unclipped.

Conclusions

Results demonstrate size‐dependent intraspecific competition for light and nutrients and interspecific shade avoidance in Sarracenia alata, which could be important to understanding species coexistence in fire‐maintained nutrient‐poor ecosystems.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the sinonasal tract: a review of the national cancer database
Authors: Trope Michal , Triantafillou Vasiliki , Kohanski Michael A. , Kuan Edward C. , Tong Charles C.L. , Patel Neil N. , Maina Ivy W. , Carey Ryan M. , Workman Alan D. , Palmer James N. , Adappa Nithin D. , Newman Jason G. , Brant Jason A.
Published: January 2019

Background

Sinonasal adenoid cystic carcinoma (SNACC) is a rare malignancy with a propensity for distant metastasis. In this study we describe the incidence and determinants of survival among patients with SNACC between the years 2004 and 2012 using the National Cancer Database (NCDB).

Methods

This was a retrospective, population‐based cohort study performed at a tertiary academic medical center. All participants were diagnosed with SNACC between 2004 and 2012 within the NCDB. The main outcome was overall survival (OS).

Results

A total of 793 patients were identified. The cohort was composed of 46.9% males. Mean age at diagnosis was 59.6 years. The maxillary sinus was the most common primary site (49.7%). Nodal disease was seen in 3.6% of the patients, whereas 3.7% had distant metastases. Stage IV disease was seen in 49.1% of cases. In total, 77.4% of patients underwent surgery, 68.2% received radiation therapy, and 16.4% had chemotherapy. Median OS was 78.5 months; OS at 1, 2, and 5 years was 91%, 83%, and 61%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, advanced age (p = 0.001), frontal sinus primary site (p < 0.001), positive margins (p < 0.001), Charlson comorbidity index >0 (p = 0.01), residing in an urban setting (p = 0.04), poorly differentiated or undifferentiated tumor grade (p = 0.003), and advanced tumor stage (p = 0.01) were associated with worse OS, whereas surgery (p < 0.001), but not radiation therapy (p = 0.52) or chemotherapy (p = 0.57), predicted improved OS.

Conclusion

Predictors of survival in SNACC include age, comorbidity status, grade, and stage. Surgery is associated with improved survival and remains the mainstay of therapy, whereas the roles of radiation therapy and chemotherapy require future investigation.
Controlled release on sand bed columns and biodegradability in soil of chitosan: Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose films
Authors: Melaj Mariana A. , Daraio Marta E. , Vazquez Analía
Published: January 2019

The main purpose of this work is to prepare and characterize films based on chitosan (Q) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) blends to achieve adequate properties to be used as coating of conventional fertilizers to prolong their availability for crops. The films loaded with KNO3 as model fertilizer were prepared by casting. Release of fertilizer was studied using sand bed columns. To quantify films durability in soil, their areas were measured in function of time. Results showed that chitosan substantially improved the durability of HPMC, lengthening its permanence in soil 900‰. Relative humidity had influence in mechanical properties. Comparing KNO3 powder and that loaded in the film, the time of residence in the column was much lower for the powder than the second one: 4 and 56 days, respectively. Chitosan–HPMC film would be promising as polymeric coating for controlled release fertilizers taking into account field conditions. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47532.
Effect of bamboo fibers with different coupling agents on the properties of poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐valerate) biocomposites
Authors: Jin Xiao , Zhang Xiaolin , Xu Chong , Nie Sunjian
Published: January 2019

Green biocomposites were prepared via injection molding with poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐valerate) and natural bamboo fibers. Three types of coupling agents were used to modify the fibers, and the influence of different kinds of coupling agents was evaluated. The mechanical properties of the biocomposites varied with the type and content of the coupling agents. The water absorption and thermal properties of the composites were measured simultaneously after treatment with the coupling agents. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was employed to analyze the principle of fiber treatment with different coupling agents. The mechanical properties of the composites markedly improved, whereas the water absorption decreased after modification. Treatment with coupling agents only slightly influences the thermal properties but improved the crystallinity of the composites. Therefore, the interfacial compatibility between the fiber and matrix was enhanced after modification, with the silane coupling agent exhibiting the best effect. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47533.
Consider how proposed changes to Title IX regs might impact college athletics
Authors: Teeter Derek
Published: January 2019

The U.S. Department of Education recently released its long‐awaited proposal for new Title IX regulations governing institutional response to reports of sexual harassment and sexual assault. As widely anticipated, the proposed regulations effectively reverse many elements of the Obama administration's Title IX guidance and impose new mandates for live hearings and cross‐examination that will require an overhaul of institutional processes for resolving complaints against students, including student‐athletes. The proposed regulations do not affect current Title IX guidance governing gender equity with respect to the number of sports teams and institutional support for teams. The proposed regulations, which were published in the Federal Register on Nov. 29, 2018, are open for public comment for a period of 60 days before being finalized.
Aggressive skeletal muscle metastasis from cervical cancer invading into the spinal canal: A case report
Authors: Miyoshi Ai , Kuritani Yoshihiro , Kanao Serika , Naoi Hirokazu , Otsuka Hirofumi , Yokoi Takeshi
Published: January 2019

Key Clinical Message

We present the first case of the patient with skeletal metastasis of uterine cervical cancer which invaded the vertebral body and spinal canal, with consequent paralysis of the lower extremities.
De novo mosaic MECP2 mutation in a female with Rett syndrome
Authors: Alexandrou Angelos , Papaevripidou Ioannis , Alexandrou Ioanna Maria , Theodosiou Athina , Evangelidou Paola , Kousoulidou Ludmila , Tanteles George , Christophidou‐Anastasiadou Violetta , Sismani Carolina
Published: January 2019

Key Clinical Message

We describe a female with Rett syndrome carrying a rare de novo mosaic nonsense mutation on MECP2 gene, with random X‐chromosome inactivation. Rett syndrome severity in females depends on mosaicism level and tissue specificity, X‐chromosome inactivation, epigenetics and environment. Rett syndrome should be considered in both males and females.
Activated Niobium and Tantalum Imido Complexes: From Tuneable Polymerization to Selective Ethylene Dimerization Systems
Authors: Messinis Antonis M. , Batsanov Andrei S. , Howard Judith A. K. , Hanton Martin J. , Dyer Philip W.
Published: January 2019

The niobium and tantalum imido complexes [CpMCl2(NDipp)], [MCl3(NR)(dme)] (R=tBu, Ph, 2,6‐iPr2C6H3 (Dipp), and Mes), and [TaCl3(NDipp)(tmeda)] were tested in combination with EtAlCl2 for the dimerization of ethylene. The niobium systems afforded dimers or polymers, depending on the nature of the imido ligand, with overall productivities in the range 720 to 13,720 (mol C2H4)(mol Nb)−1. The nature of the polyethylene produced (LDPE or HDPE) depended on the imido ligand and the niobium concentration at which catalysis was run. In contrast, the tantalum/dme systems all mediated ethylene dimerization with productivities of up to 4,503 (mol C2H4)(mol Ta)−1, with overall selectivities to butenes of between 73–81 wt %; selectivity within the dimer fraction to 1‐butene was in the range 72 to 100 %. The productivity of [TaCl3(NDipp)(tmeda)] was six times higher than that of its dme‐bearing counterpart, but at the cost of selectivity to 1‐butene. For the tantalum imido‐mediated ethylene dimerization the composition of the product slate formed is indicative of a metallacyclic mechanism being operative.
Near‐neutral Electro‐Fenton Treatment of Pharmaceutical Pollutants: Effect of Using a Triphosphate Ligand and BDD Electrode
Authors: Olvera‐Vargas Hugo , Wee Vincent Yong Han , Garcia‐Rodriguez Orlando , Lefebvre Olivier
Published: January 2019

In this work, a mixture of pharmaceutical pollutants was successfully treated by electro‐Fenton (EF) at near‐neutral pH using the inorganic ligand triphosphate (TPP). The effect of the ligand and the reactivity of its Fe complexes were thoroughly investigated under different conditions of TPP : Fe2+ ratio, Fe2+ and TPP concentrations, current density, and nature of the anode material (Ti/IrO2−RuO2 and boron doped diamond, BDD). The mineralization of organics was mainly controlled by the EF reaction promoted by the continuous electrochemical formation of H2O2 and regeneration of Fe2+ (as Fe2+‐TPP), while the main role of the ligand was to keep active Fe2+ ions dissolved in solution to catalyze the Fenton's reaction at near‐neutral pH. The results contrasted with previous works that reported the ability of Fe‐TPP to enhance the oxidation performance of Fenton‐like systems. Moreover, the remarkable oxidative properties of diamond electrodes enhanced the mineralization efficiency and TPP was not detrimental to oxidation with BDD. Finally, the degradation kinetics of all the compounds under investigation were determined, and a pathway for the antidepressant amitriptyline (ATTL) was proposed.
Synthesis of Ultrathin PEDOT on Carbon Nanotubes and Shear Thinning Xanthan Gum‐H2SO4 Gel Electrolyte for Supercapacitors
Authors: Soni Roby , Bhange Siddheshwar N. , Athira E. , Chetry Rashmi , Kurungot Sreekumar
Published: January 2019

Resistance of the electrode material play a vital role for applications in supercapacitors, where lowering the resistance leads to improved performance. Poly(3,4‐ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) possesses high theoretical conductivity; however, the high density of grain boundaries, low accessible surface area, and low rate capability have been pervasive issues affecting the PEDOT‐based supercapacitors. To this end, a hydrothermal method is proposed in this work where oxygen functional groups incorporated on the surface of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are utilized to polymerize 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT). PEDOT forms an ultrathin, well‐aligned coating on the surface of CNTs. This arrangement minimizes the number of grain boundaries and increases the electrochemically active surface area. Additionally, a shear‐thinning Xanthan gum‐H2SO4 gel electrolyte is introduced to overcome the low impregnation of the conventional polyvinyl‐based electrolyte due to the hydrophobicity of the CNT‐PEDOT composite.A supercapacitor based on this material showed a very low Equivalent Series Resistance (ESR) of 0.31 Ω which leads to a high power density of 74 W cm−3.
Cancer disparities in people with HIV: A systematic review of screening for non‐AIDS–defining malignancies
Authors: Corrigan Kelsey L. , Wall Kevin C. , Bartlett John A. , Suneja Gita
Published: January 2019

Background

People with HIV (PWHIV) have improved survival because of the advent of antiretroviral therapy. Consequently, PWHIV experience higher rates of non‐acquired immunodeficiency syndrome‐defining malignancies (NADMs). Previous studies have demonstrated worsened cancer‐specific survival in PWHIV, partly because of advanced cancer stage at diagnosis. The objective of the current systematic review was to evaluate screening disparities for NADMs among PWHIV.

Methods

The PubMed, Cochrane, EMBASE, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched from January 1, 1996 through April 10, 2018 to identify studies related to screening disparities for NADMs among PWHIV. Eligibility criteria included any study performed in a high‐income country that compared screening for NADMs by HIV status. After title/abstract screening and full‐text review, articles that met eligibility criteria were analyzed.

Results

Of 613 unique articles identified through the search, 9 studies were analyzed. Three studies addressed breast cancer screening, 4 addressed colorectal cancer screening, and 2 addressed prostate cancer screening. Five of the reviewed studies demonstrated that PWHIV were less likely to receive indicated cancer screenings compared with the general population, whereas 3 indicated that screening proportions were higher among PWHIV, and 1 demonstrated that screening proportions were comparable. In most of the studies, PWHIV who had regular access to health care were more likely to undergo cancer screening.

Conclusions

The available evidence does not uniformly confirm that PWHIV are less likely to receive cancer screening. Social determinants of health (insurance status, access to health care, education, income level) were associated with the receipt of appropriate cancer screening, suggesting that these barriers need to be addressed to improve cancer screening in PWHIV.
Templating Porphyrin Anisotropy via Magnetically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Đorđević Luka , Marangoni Tomas , Liu Mingjie , De Zorzi Rita , Geremia Silvano , Minoia Andrea , Lazzaroni Roberto , Ishida Yasuhiro , Bonifazi Davide
Published: January 2019

The preparation and characterisation of a novel three‐dimensional organic material consisting of porphyrin arrays on carbon nanotubes embedded in an organogel is reported. Firstly, the porphyrin array was prepared through metal‐ligand coordination of a ditopic ligand (1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethane) and two bis‐Zn(II) porphyrins, linked through a pyrene core, and was studied through UV‐Vis, NMR and diffusion spectroscopies. Secondly, the porphyrin supramolecular architecture was adsorbed on pristine carbon nanotubes, greatly improving the dispersibility of the latter in organic solvents. The hybrid material was characterised by means of UV‐Vis spectroscopy, microscopic techniques and thermogravimetric analysis. Finally, by exploiting the anisotropic magnetic susceptibility of carbon nanotubes, the hybrid material was aligned under a magnetic field, the organisation of which could be maintained by in situ gelation. The resultant hybrid organogel exhibited notable optical anisotropy, suggesting an anisotropic arrangement of the porphyrin‐CNTs architectures in the macroscopic material.
Spectral efficiency improvement with SISO and SIMO in M‐QAM over millimeter‐wave links
Authors: Al‐Nahhal Mohamed , Ismail Tawfik , Nasr Mohamed E.
Published: January 2019

This paper proposes a spectral efficiency improvement technique for millimeter wave (mmWave) links. The proposed technique provides an efficient utilization of the mmWave link capacity. This technique is applied in three cases the single‐input single‐output (SISO), single‐input multiple‐output (SIMO) with the maximal ratio combining and with the equal gain combining. The M‐ary quadrature amplitude modulation scheme is used in our work. The power series expansion is used for deriving closed‐form expressions for bit error rate (BER) performances in all studied cases. The BER closed‐form expressions are confirmed by the numerical solution of the integral equations. The simulation results show that a high spectral efficiency can be accomplished by the proposed technique. As well as the derived expressions closely match with the numerical solution of integration expressions at different values of modulations order the Rician factor. For instance, the spectral efficiency gain achievement is 8 at signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) equals 34 dB in the case of SISO system whereas in the case of SIMO system, the same gain is achieved at SNR equals 24 dB. As well as the BER performance is enhanced from 1.188 × 10−4, 7.112 × 10−4, 4.164 × 10−3, and 3.286 × 10−2 to 8.717 × 10−16, 1.119 × 10−12, 1.308 × 10−9, and 4.905 × 10−6 for M = 4, 16, 64, and 256, respectively, at SNR equals 30 dB.
Without management interventions, endemic wet‐sclerophyll forest is transitioning to rainforest in World Heritage listed K’gari (Fraser Island), Australia
Authors: Krishnan Vithya , Robinson Nicole , Firn Jennifer , Applegate Grahame , Herbohn John , Schmidt Susanne
Published: January 2019

Wet‐sclerophyll forests are unique ecosystems that can transition to dry‐sclerophyll forests or to rainforests. Understanding of the dynamics of these forests for conservation is limited. We evaluated the long‐term succession of wet‐sclerophyll forest on World Heritage listed K'gari (Fraser Island)—the world's largest sand island. We recorded the presence and growth of tree species in three 0.4 hectare plots that had been subjected to selective logging, fire, and cyclone disturbance over 65 years, from 1952 to 2017. Irrespective of disturbance regimes, which varied between plots, rainforest trees recruited at much faster rates than the dominant wet‐sclerophyll forest trees, narrowly endemic speciesSyncarpia hilliiand more commonLophostemon confertus.Syncarpia hilliidid not recruit at the plot with the least disturbance and recruited only in low numbers at plots with more prominent disturbance regimes in the ≥10 cm at breast height size.Lophostemon confertusrecruited at all plots but in much lower numbers than rainforest trees. Only fiveL. confertuswere detected in the smallest size class (<10 cm diameter) in the 2017 survey. Overall, we find evidence that more pronounced disturbance regimes than those that have occurred over the past 65 years may be required to conserve this wet‐sclerophyll forest, as without intervention, transition to rainforest is a likely trajectory. Fire and other management tools should therefore be explored, in collaboration with Indigenous landowners, to ensure conservation of this wet‐sclerophyll forest.