bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scandinavia Within and Without Europe
Authors: Stråth Bo
Published: September 2020

This chapter outlines changing relationships between Scandinavia and Europe. The Scandinavian ‘isolationist’ approach to Europe after the Napoleonic wars shifted to more active integrationist policies in the 1920s, with the arrival of left governments and the acceptance of the League of Nations; a new isolationist trend (‘neutrality’) set in after 1933. Against the backdrop of this long-term pattern, the focus is on shifting Scandinavian attitudes to the project of European integration and on attempts to be both within and outside Europe. Before and after the Danish entry into the EU in 1973, tensions between different approaches and between the countries concerned have been evident. The Cold War was a major factor, and its end reinforced the pro-integration approach. More recently, problems with the euro and the refugee crisis have provoked more ambiguous responses, but less so in Finland than in the Scandinavian countries.
Israel/Palestine
Authors: Paul Drew
Published: September 2020

Since the early 1990s, Israel has greatly expanded a system checkpoints, walls and other barriers in the West Bank and Gaza that restrict Palestinian mobility. As a result, such border spaces have become ubiquitous elements of everyday life, with profound political, socio-cultural, and economic effects. 
Israel/Palestine examines how authors and filmmakers in the West Bank, Gaza, and Israel have grappled with the spread and impact of these borders in the period since the Oslo Accords of 1994.
Focusing on novels by Raba’i al-Madhoun, Ghassan Kanafani, Sami Michael and Sayed Kashua, and films by Elia Suleiman, Simon Bitton, Emad Burnat, and Guy Davidi, Israel/Palestine traces how political engagement in literature and film has shifted away from previously common paradigms of resistance and coexistence. Instead, it has become reorganised around these now ubiquitous physical barriers. Using strategies of narrative fragmentation, multivocality, metafiction, fantasy, and silence to depict the effects of these borders, authors and filmmakers interrogate the notion that such spaces are impenetrable and unbreakable by revealing their deceptive and illusive qualities. In doing so, they also imagine distinct forms of protest, and redefine the relationship between cultural production and political engagement.
Script’s Afterlives
Authors: Levy Michelle
Published: September 2020

Chapter 6 draws the consideration of Romantic literary manuscripts forward to the present moment, examining their shifting cultural status from the late eighteenth century onward, including their preservation and dissemination in print and now in digital form. Significant changes to the treatment and valuation of literary manuscripts began in the late eighteenth century, as they began to be preserved and collected as never before. The attention to contemporary manuscripts arose from a growing scholarly and public interest in ancient scripts and manuscripts, and a new devotion to handwriting and to handwritten manuscripts. The second half of this chapter turns to critical treatments of the period’s manuscripts in its textual scholarship, to ask how the privileging of the textual has impacted our engagements with the period’s literary manuscripts. It investigates the major scholarly critical editions of the last five decades to understand how editorial practice has grappled with the period’s literary manuscripts and the literary culture in which they were embedded. It examines how recent digital editions of the period’s manuscripts have improved our access to and revived our interest in literary manuscripts as bearers of cultural meaning beyond the textual.
Orbis non sufficit (An Introduction)
Authors: Végső Roland
Published: September 2020

The introduction draws some of the consequences of what we could call the contemporary fetishization of the concept of the world. It argues that the problem of worldlessness has functioned as the unacknowledged centre of reflection for continental philosophy after WWII. The second half of the 20th century inherited some of the basic contradictions of Martin Heidegger’s definition of worldlessness. As a result, continental philosophy remained limited in its scope by the Heideggerian heritage. In place of the fetishization of the world, the introduction offers a new starting point for our discussions that can be summarized in the simple proposition: ‘the world is not enough’.
The Homeland Debate, Redux: The Political–Cultural Impact of the 1946–1949 Repatriation to Soviet Armenia
Authors: Nalbantian Tsolin
Published: September 2020

Chapter 2 deals with the 1946-1949 Soviet repatriation drive to collect all worldwide Armenians and “return” them to the ASSR and, specifically, the Lebanese Armenian political-cultural understandings of it. I explore how that initiative formed a chapter of Lebanese (and other Middle Eastern) Armenians’ renegotiation of national belonging in early post-colonial times. And although about a third of all Armenian repatriates travelled via Beirut, I also look at those who remained in Lebanon and in other countries in the Middle East. The emerging Cold War was more than a backdrop to this story. Heating up, the Cold War – and the very divergent readings of, and responses to, the repatriation initiative among Lebanese Armenians – reinforced tensions between Armenian rightists and leftists. Armenians’ response to repatriation did not simply reflect their extant political-cultural positions. Rather, repatriation sharpened those positions.
Responses to repatriation echoed issues on the changing Lebanese/Syrian/Armenian identity complex at the dawn of the post-colonial nation-state. The responses to repatriation included a retelling and a reconstitution of the history of the tragedy of the genocide. They also automatically triggered questions about the location and nature of the Armenian homeland, adding fuel to the division between Dashnaks and Armenian leftists.
Cold War, Bottom-up: The 1956 Catholicos Election
Authors: Nalbantian Tsolin
Published: September 2020

Chapter 3 examines the 1956 Catholicos election in Lebanon.While the excitement and success of the repatriation movement was a public relations victory for the USSR supported by local Armenian institutions and assisted by Lebanese and Syrian governments, this election became a site of contestation by Cold War powers and by their state and non-state allies and proxies in the Middle East. This analysis allows us to look at the Cold War in the Middle East not from the top down, through the eyes of Washington or Moscow (or Lebanon’s or Egypt’s state authorities, for that matter) during flash points like the 1958 U.S. intervention in Lebanon or the U.S. and Soviet reactions to the Tripartite Aggression against Egypt in 1956. Rather, in that election, Armenians made use of Cold War tensions to designate a leader of the Armenian Church who was seen to suit the community’s interests. That story also expands our understanding of Lebanon’s Armenians: from refugees and outsiders in national politics to true participants, whose own internal politics, moreover, were of interest to Lebanon’s authorities and who by now felt free to invade and use public spaces beyond their own neighborhoods to make political statements.
Conclusion
Authors: Nalbantian Tsolin
Published: September 2020

The conclusion returns to the need to reexamine the history of Lebanon and its Armenian population. To understand Lebanon in the years following independence one must engage deeply with their Armenian inhabitants and explore how they fashioned and refashioned belonging in the everyday in a variety of spheres: social, religious, cultural, and political. To understand Armenians one does not have to consider them as part of a larger diaspora, but rather as active local inhabitants engaged in layered power struggles. To grasp the complexity of the Cold War in the Middle East, one must examine not only how American and Soviet powers and state proxies engaged with one another, but also how this environment was used and manipulated by societal actors. Taken together, all this demonstrates not only the importance of studying Armenians in Lebanon but also the very necessity of doing so. Armenians Beyond Diaspora pushes Armenians from the margins into the center, not to insert them artificially into a larger history that has already been written, but into a space that calls for additional explorations of marginal populations, power struggles, changing notions of belonging, and the adaptability of the nation.
The Administration of Justice in a Broader Perspective
Authors: Lev Yaacov
Published: September 2020

The chapter examines the medieval system of administration of justice in comparative framework and from longue durée perspective. The chapter also discusses the nature of medieval communal identities.
Palestinian Novels In Israel, 1987−2010: United by Alienation
Authors: H. Makhoul Manar
Published: September 2020

The post-1987 period includes the years of the Intifada, the subsequent peace process, its failure, and the eruption of the second Intifada in the 2000s. This is a politically distinctive period in the life of Palestinians inside (and outside) Israel, in which they start to consider their future in light of a peace process that excludes them from the solution of the Palestinian problem. The first Intifada had a significant impact on Palestinians in Israel, in terms of their sentimental identification with Palestinians in the Occupied Territories and their violent resistance against Israeli occupation. Although Palestinians in Israel did not take part in the uprising, they have undergone a profound transformation in their identification, and begin to associate themselves with the Palestinian national struggle. This tendency continues during the years of the peace process between Israel and the PLO, a process that excluded the Palestinians in Israel from the resolution of the Palestinian problem, further inducing them to consider their future collective status in Israel.
Reflections: Evolution of Palestinian Identity In Israel
Authors: H. Makhoul Manar
Published: September 2020

The identity of Palestinian citizens in Israel has undergone a long evolution since 1948. In the Introduction, I referred to the use of the ‘evolution’ metaphor to indicate the ‘undesigned identity evolution’ of Palestinians in Israel. Undesigned evolution should not be misinterpreted as being random. Identity, according to Anthony Smith, is ‘a product of both “natural” continuity and conscious manipulation. Natural continuity emerges from pre-existing […] identity and community; conscious manipulation is achieved via commemoration, ideology, and symbolism’ (...
Origins
Authors: Rhodes Gary D. , Singer Robert
Published: September 2020

Understanding the television commercial’s evolution from its inception to the late 1950s illustrates how it was influenced by the classical Hollywood style, and that its very adoption of that style into a brief running time meant that it necessarily had to alter the style as well, particularly in terms of editing. The result meant, that even as the commercial borrowed conventions from Hollywood feature filmmaking, the two forms quickly became involved in a dialogue, with the television commercial influencing feature filmmaking, and vice-versa. Chapter 1 initiates the book's exploration of these issues by focusing on early commercials and using the work of Gerald “Jerry” Schnitzer as an important case study. Schnitzer is the essential linking figure between the initial postwar broadcast commercial’s direct appeal to the audience and its later, stylized evolution.
Narrative
Authors: Rhodes Gary D. , Singer Robert
Published: September 2020

To explore these issues in-depth, Chapter 2 covers narrative, specifically examining how television commercials operate in terms of Scene, Genre, Cross-Genre, and the Remake. This chapter contends that the narrative framework for producing the television commercial is arguably, shot by shot, second to second, as frequently creative as a full-length feature film. Some commercials utilize cinematic narrative forms of Hollywood; others diverge from the same. The product and its “message” might be realistic or wholly fantastic; nevertheless, the TV commercial is indeed a narrative, a critically substantial formation, whether it unfolds in the form of a slice-of-life story or a presentational style pitch.
Mise-en-scène
Authors: Rhodes Gary D. , Singer Robert
Published: September 2020

Chapter 3 covers mise-en-scène, specifically examining Sets and Settings, Blocking and Direct Address, Special Effects, and Animation: all that the frame contains within its physical and visible parameters to create signifying, ideologically imbued images. As the commercial’s mise-en-scène invokes the familiar, the shock of the unfamiliar, or even the convergence of the two, it establishes a sense of product differentiation in a highly competitive market for the television audience.
Cinematography
Authors: Rhodes Gary D. , Singer Robert
Published: September 2020

Chapter 4 covers cinematography, specifically Film Stock, Photofilms, the Freeze-Frame, Moving Camera, and Bullet Time/Time Slice. As Sponsor magazine declared in 1955, the “video portion” of the commercials needed to lead, with copywriters following. Gerald Schnitzer often relied on some of the best camera operators of the classical and, later, post-classical Hollywood eras to shoot his TV commercials, initiating a practice in which cinematographers were able to explore and experiment within limitations dictated by advertising clients and television norms.
Sound
Authors: Rhodes Gary D. , Singer Robert
Published: September 2020

Chapter 6 covers sound, offering discussions of how the television commercial has revived, fostered, and revitalized the musical and the silent film genres, integrating sound and image in particularized respects that are markedly different than most Hollywood feature films of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. The chapter also addresses the TV the experimental, intertextual commercial that dates to the 1960s, the disruption of aural teleology in the 21st century, and the unique (even if legally obligatory) forms of audio/visual dissonance in which beautiful images unfold while voiceover explains the dire side effects of given pharmaceuticals.
Introduction: Tales from the Whitehead Mines – On Whitehead, His Students and the Challenges of Editing the Critical Edition
Authors: Petek Joseph
Published: September 2020

Joseph Petek discusses some of the more exciting of the Whitehead Research Project’s archival finds, including photographs of Whitehead as a teenager, while describing the atmosphere of Harvard upon Whitehead’s arrival and its reception of him. The chapter discusses Whitehead’s teaching style and his students’ attitudes towards him, including those of the Radcliffe women. In its latter half, the chapter discusses the challenges involved in editing student notes together to form a coherent account of Whitehead’s lectures, providing exemplars of three sets of handwritten notes.
Whitehead and His Philosophy of Evolution
Authors: Bogaard Paul A.
Published: September 2020

Paul Bogaard discusses Whitehead’s ‘philosophy of evolution’, tracing the concepts of organism, environment and evolution through the Harvard lectures and his published works, concluding that ‘evolution’ as a concept seems to fade in importance for Whitehead in subsequent years (somewhat surprisingly, given its prevalence in the lectures). Of special importance to Whitehead was the work of his new Harvard colleague Lawrence Henderson, whose book The Fitness of the Environment he recommended to his students’ attention.
Whitehead and Kant at Copenhagen
Authors: Bell Jason , Iyengar Seshu
Published: September 2020

Jason Bell and Seshu Iyengar examine Whitehead’s complicated relationship to Kant, of whom he is highly critical in parts of the Harvard lectures, and yet with whom he also shares some common themes, including ‘the limits of both empirical and cognitive investigations, and the role of the subject in generating mechanics’. The chapter argues that while Whitehead called himself anti-Kantian, what he actually rejected was neo-Kantian analytic tendencies, and not Kant himself, who never intended to promote an epistemic prison or to promote subjectivism. In the end, Whitehead’s Harvard lectures ‘represent a harsh rejection of anti-scientific “Kantianism”, but a more careful editorial revision of the scientifically minded Kant, with the addition of new discoveries in science to which Kant did not have access.’
Footnotes to Plato
Authors: Berve Aljoscha
Published: September 2020

Aljoscha Berve examines Whitehead’s relationship to Plato’s philosophy in the Harvard lectures, arguing that the lectures clarify Plato’s influence on Whitehead as one half of an idealised contrast with Aristotle, the mathematician as opposed to the biologist. In his published writings, Plato’s influence on Whitehead could already be seen in his adoption of Plato’s chorá, his discussion of seven general notions in Adventures of Ideas, his juxtaposition of Plato and Ulysses as representing two modes of reason in The Function of Reason, and his style of presentation. But the Harvard lectures show that Whitehead also conceived of Plato as mainly a mathematician whose metaphysics is a result of his dealing with eternal forms.
Uncovering a ‘New’ Whitehead
Authors: Lucas George R.
Published: September 2020

George Lucas’ chapter begins with a discussion of all the ways in which he and others (including Victor Lowe and Lewis Ford) had misinterpreted aspects of Whitehead’s life and philosophy throughout the years, owing in some cases to a lack of adequate information, and in others to a simple lack of adequately attentive scholarship, both of which this collection of essays and the first volume of the Critical Edition help to correct. He further claims that it is Whitehead’s daily and yearly classroom lectures for serious students, not the occasional popular talks for general audiences, that should define his thought, and that the newly published Harvard lectures are thus the primary archival source materials that take us deeper into the real Whitehead than anything he formally published.
Whitehead in Class: Do the Harvard-Radcliffe Course Notes Change How We Understand Whitehead’s Thought?
Authors: Henning Brian G.
Published: September 2020

Brian Henning’s chapter takes a close look at numerous key passages that shift our understanding of Whitehead (including, for instance, the influence of C. D. Broad as a philosophical foil), and, just as importantly, notes the subjects and terms missing from this first year of lectures which we might have expected to find, including God and even (mostly) creativity. While there may be no ‘smoking gun’ in the lectures which fundamentally contradicts previous understandings of Whitehead, they deepen our understanding of his philosophical development, not to mention reveal his explicit thoughts on specific philosophers and scientists who are seldom discussed in his published works.
Cleaving to the Scene of Shame: Stigmatised Childhoods in The End of Alice and Two Girls, Fat and Thin
Authors: Mitchell Kaye
Published: September 2020

Chapter 2 discusses two contemporary American writers, A.M. Homes and Mary Gaitskill – whose literary engagements with shame, in relation to sexuality in particular, have been notably provocative and disturbing. The chapter first discusses childhood and/as the scene of shame and considers the idea of the ‘queer child’; it then analyses the unsettling, contradictory admixture of desire, disgust and shame to be found in Homes’s The End of Alice (1996) and Gaitskill’s Two Girls, Fat and Thin (1991), both of which present stories of child abuse, both of which resist any straightforwardly redemptive or consolatory conclusion. In these novels, the childhood scene of shame is something that cannot be definitively vanquished – hence the double meaning of ‘cleave’ (to cling to, to separate from) in this chapter’s title.
Chapter 2 also considers the movement of shame through and beyond the texts: the self-reflexive emphasis on deviant or unreliable narration; the displacement of shame upon the reader, whose disconcerting complicity is thereby invited; and the unease evident in the novels’ reception, regarding the de-feminising implications of female authors writing about apparently ‘shameful’ topics.
‘The Dumb Cunt’s Tale’: Desire, Shame and Self-Narration in Contemporary Autofiction
Authors: Mitchell Kaye
Published: September 2020

Chapter 3 develops arguments from earlier in Writing Shame around the inextricability of femininity and shame, the non-redemptive literary treatment of shame, the formal disruptions produced in the writing of shame, and the ways in which shame seeps into the contexts and processes of writing, reading and critical reception. It does this via readings of three contemporary, female-authored autofictions with a central focus on (female, heterosexual) desire and with a leaning towards literary experiment: Chris Kraus’s I Love Dick (1997), Marie Calloway’s what purpose did i serve in your life (2013) and Katherine Angel’s Unmastered (2012).
All three texts are discussed as performing and reflecting on acts of self-exposure and states of vulnerability – while also, sometimes, turning that humiliation outwards. All three are read also as complicating the confessional mode via their generic mixing of fiction, memoir, essay and theory. More broadly, the chapter asks what the relationship might be between self-abasement and self-advertisement, and how these texts might work to reveal the structural – not merely personal – nature of shame, as far as women are concerned.
Breaking the Circuit: Encountering Media’s Entanglements with Environment and Behavior through an Energy Art Practice
Authors: Bhowmik Samir
Published: September 2020

Uncovering and exhibiting digital media’s entanglements with energy, behavior and environment through artistic practice has been a decade-long quest for the author. Through three art projects the author describes his experiments with the energy consumption of media, lithium battery recycling, the Cloud and network connectivity. Arguing for critical artistic approaches, the author examines concerns of ecology and behavior as investigated by installation, by workshop, and by community participation, together forming an energy art practice.
Managerial Decision Making in Indicating a Disruption of Critical Infrastructure Element Resilience
Authors: Splichalova Alena , Patrman David , Kotalova Nikol , Hromada Martin
Published: September 2020

Managerial decision making is an integral process used in public and private organizations. Critical infrastructure entities are a strategically significant group dependent on the quality of decision-making processes. They aim to provide services necessary to ensure state security and to satisfy basic human needs. The quality of decision making is an important factor in the management of these entities. The quality level is determined by many factors, the key of which is risk management. For this reason, it is necessary for the operators to minimize risks affecting the elements of the critical infrastructure through which these services are provided. Risk management is commonly used for this purpose, making it possible to assess and manage these risks. However, there is a specific group of threats that affects the resilience of these elements. The indication of these threats is not possible through common risk management. Therefore, it is necessary to develop specific scenarios of negative impacts and procedures for assessing their impact on the resilience of elements of the critical infrastructure. To this end, this conceptual article introduces an entirely new managerial decision-making process for indicating the resilience of critical infrastructure elements.
Volatile Profiling of Fifteen Willow Species and Hybrids and Their Responses to Giant Willow Aphid Infestation
Authors: Tun Kyaw Min , Minor Maria , Jones Trevor , McCormick Andrea Clavijo
Published: September 2020

The giant willow aphid (Tuberolachnus salignus) is a large stem-feeding insect which forms dense colonies on infested plants. Since T. salignus is a new invasive species in New Zealand, we have a poor understanding of the plant chemical responses to aphid infestation. This study aimed to characterize the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions of fifteen different willow species and hybrids growing in New Zealand, and to evaluate changes in response to T. salignus attack in a field trial. Volatiles were collected using a headspace sampling technique and analysed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We found high variability in the volatile profiles of different species and hybrids, with (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and (E)-β-ocimene being the only common components to all blends. Taxonomically related plants showed an overlapping pattern of VOC emission, and there seemed to be a clear separation between shrub and tree willows. Responses to aphid infestation were variable, with only four species/hybrids showing changes in their total VOC emission, or that of at least one class of VOCs. A weak positive correlation between aphid population estimates and VOC emissions suggests that responses are species-specific and not infestation-dependent. These results reveal useful information about the interaction between T. salignus and its potential host plants for biological control and pest management purposes.
The Impact of Intercropping on Soil Fertility and Sugar Beet Productivity
Authors: Romaneckas Kęstutis , Adamavičienė Aida , Šarauskis Egidijus , Balandaitė Jovita
Published: September 2020

There is a lack of research on the practice of intercropping sugar beet and the impact of such agrocenoses on soil and crop fertility, especially under organic farming conditions. For this reason, a three-year stationary field experiment was performed at Vytautas Magnus University, Agriculture Academy, Lithuania. Sugar beet was grown continuously with intercropped Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L., MC), white mustard (Sinapis alba L., MM) and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L., MB) as a living mulch. Inter-row loosening (CT) and mulching with ambient weeds (MW) were used as comparative treatments. The results showed that, under minimal fertilization, CT and intercropping increased the average content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil. However, the average content of magnesium was reduced in single cases (MW, MB), and the average content of sulphur was reduced in all cases. Intercropping significantly decreased the yields of sugar beet root-crop, but was mainly neutral in quality terms. The meteorological conditions during experimentation had a weak impact on root-crop quantity and quality. Generally, the practice of sugar beet intercropping requires more detailed research on how to minimize the competition between the sugar beet, living mulch and weeds, and how to balance the nutrition conditions.
1-Methylcyclopropene on Fruit Quality of Se-Enriched Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) during Shelf Life Period
Authors: Zhu Shuaimeng , Liang Yinli , Mu Lan , An Xiaojuan , Yin Hongfei
Published: September 2020

Selenium (Se) deficiency in humans could be improved by biofortification of food with selenium, 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment is beneficial for the non-sulfur storage of fresh fruit. This study investigated fruit quality of table grape (Hutai No.8) with foliar Se fertilizer at maturity, and fruit quality changes of table grape during shelf life stages that caused by postharvest 1-MCP treatment in 2016 and 2017. The results showed that foliar Se fertilizer application significantly increased Se content in grape berries at maturity, and the raised rate were 43.09% and 33.24% compared to that of control in 2016 and 2017 respectively, meanwhile it increased the nutritional components in grape berries, including soluble proteins, soluble sugars, Vitamin C, total soluble solids, proanthocyanidin content and so on, and decreased the titratable acidity content. During shelf life stages, 1-MCP application decreased the decay number of grapes, and SE + 1-MCP treatment had the most excellent fruit quality among all treatments in two consecutive vintages. In conclusion, Se fertilizer application could increase Se content in grape berries, also improved the fruit nutritional and health care values at maturity. 1-MCP application could delay the process of ripening and senescence for Se-enriched grape and maintaining the postharvest quality of table grape during shelf life stages, it allows us to market the fruit at a more advanced ripening stage without quality loss.
Analysis of Pollination Services Provided by Wild and Managed Bees (Apoidea) in Wild Blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) Production in Maine, USA, with a Literature Review
Authors: Bushmann Sara L. , Drummond Francis A.
Published: September 2020

Maine is the largest producer of wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) in the United States. Pollination comes from combinations of honey bees (Apis mellifera (L.)), commercial bumble bees (Bombus impatiens Cresson), and wild bees. This study addresses (1) previous research addressing wild-blueberry pollination, (2) effects of wild-bee and honey-bee activity densities on fruit set, yield, and crop value, (3) the economic value of wild-bee communities, and (4) economic consequences of pollinator loss. Bee communities were sampled in 40 fields over three years (2010–2012) and bee activity densities were estimated for bumble bees, honey bees, and other wild bees. These data were applied to an economic model to estimate the value of bee taxa. Bumble bees and honey bees predicted fruit set and reduced its spatial heterogeneity. Other wild bees were not significant predictors of fruit set. Yield was predicted by fruit set and field size, but not pest management tactics. Our analysis showed that disruption in supply of honey bees would result in nearly a 30% decrease in crop yield, buffered in part by wild bees that provide “background” levels of pollination. Honey-bee stocking density and, thus, the activity density of honey bees was greater in larger fields, but not for wild bees. Therefore, a decrease in crop yield would be greater than 30% for large fields due to the proportionally greater investment in honey bees in large fields and a relatively lower contribution by wild bees.
Comparative Analysis of Horizontal and Vertical Decoupled Aquaponic Systems for Basil Production and Effect of Light Supplementation by LED
Authors: Fernández-Cabanás Víctor M. , Pérez-Urrestarazu Luis , Juárez Alexes , Kaufman Nathan T. , Gross Jackson A.
Published: September 2020

Aquaponic facilities allow the joint production of fish and plants in a reduced space. This hydroponic technique, combined with vertical farming, is not well studied. The main objective of this work was to compare basil production between horizontal and vertical decoupled aquaponic systems and assess the utilization of supplemental lighting in a greenhouse environment. Six independent vertical racks were arranged with hydroponic trays at three heights. Three racks were affixed with LED lighting on the lowest levels and three with supplemental lighting on the intermediate level. Immediately adjacent to the vertical systems, two independent horizontal systems containing three trays were constructed to compare basil production. After 35 days of growth post transplanting, the total production per tray and weight, height, number of leaves, and nodes of 20 selected plants per tray were determined. Records of the intensity of illumination photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD)) were recorded at dawn (8:00), noon (12:00), and dusk (18:00) at randomly predetermined positions associated with the 20 selected plants per tray. The total basil production in the experiment was 58.79 kg, with an average production per unit area of 2.43 and 0.94 kg m−2 for vertical and horizontal systems, respectively. Productivity per unit area in the vertical systems was 160% greater than in horizontal systems. A significant effect of lighting, the height of the tray, and plant position inside the tray was found on plant growth parameters. Optimization of light source distribution and tray orientation can enhance the productive performance in vertical aquaponic systems. Electricity cost associated with supplemental lighting per kg of production increment was 21.84 and 12.25 $ kg−1 for the bottom and intermediate levels of the vertical system, respectively, the latter being economically the most profitable.
Effects of Three Herbs on Methane Emissions from Beef Cattle
Authors: Vázquez-Carrillo María Fernanda , Montelongo-Pérez Hugo Daniel , González-Ronquillo Manuel , Castillo-Gallegos Epigmenio , Castelán-Ortega Octavio Alonso
Published: September 2020

The objectives of the present work were to evaluate the in vivo antimethanogenic effects of Cymbopogon citratus (CC), Matricaria chamomilla (MC) and Cosmos bipinnatus (CB) on beef cattle fed a high in concentrate diet (forage-to-concentrate ratio [F:C] of 19.4:80.6), and the effects of increasing levels of CC (0%, 2%, 3%, and 4% of the daily DM intake (DMI)) on enteric CH4 emissions by beef cattle fed a ration low in concentrate (F:C ratio of 49.3:50.7). Two experiments were conducted to address the objectives. For the first experiment, eight Charolais × Brown Swiss steers distributed in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square experimental design were used. Four treatments were evaluated: (1) control diet (CO), (2) CO + 365 g dry matter (DM)/d CB, (3) CO + 365 g DM/d MC, (4) CO + 100 g DM/d CC. For Experiment 2, four Charolais x Brown Swiss steers distributed in a single 4 × 4 Latin square design were used. It was concluded that 100 g DM per day CC and 365 g DM per day CB (Experiment 1) reduced CH4 yield of beef cattle. In Experiment 2, CC supplementation levels exceeding 2% of DMI reduced daily CH4 emissions but at the expense of decreasing digestibility of DM.
Evaluation of Cross-Protection between G1a- and G2a-Genotype Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Viruses in Suckling Piglets
Authors: Zhang Yuhan , Chen Yanjun , Yuan Weifeng , Peng Qi , Zhang Fanfan , Ye Yu , Huang Dongyan , Ding Zhen , Lin Longhua , He Houjun , Wu Qiong , Song Deping , Tang Yuxin
Published: September 2020

To date, two genotypes, i.e., genotype 1 (G1) and genotype 2 (G2), of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) have been identified in swine, while the cross protection between the G2a and G1a subgenotypes is undetermined. Hence, in the present study, we attempted to observe a comparative pathogenicity and cross protection of G1a (CV777) and G2a (CH/JX/01) PEDVs. Initially pregnant sows were vaccinated twice with the two kinds of inactivated G1a- and G2a-based PEDV vaccines, respectively and the delivered neonatal piglets were challenged with prototype isolates of G1a and G2a PEDVs, and then the pathogenicity and cross-protection in neonatal piglets were observed. The results showed that CH/JX/01, a highly virulent and dominant G2a PEDV strain currently circulating in China had more severe pathogenicity in vitro and in vivo, and induced more strong immune responses, including higher titers of sIgA in maternal milk than that induced by CV777 PEDV, a prototype of G1a PEDV strain. All piglets from the sows immunized with CH/JX/01 could not only survive when challenged with the homologous PEDV, but also be fully protected when challenged with heterogenous G1a PEDV. In contrast, the piglets from the sows immunized with CV777 could be protected when challenged with homologous PEDV and only partially protected when challenged with heterologous G2a strain of PEDV (CH/JX/01). The findings of this study provide new insights into the pathogenicity, antigenicity, and immunogenicity of currently circulating wild type G2a PEDV, which might be valuable for the development of novel PEDV vaccine candidates with improved efficacy.
Consequences of Climate Change-Induced Habitat Conversions on Red Wood Ants in a Central European Mountain: A Case Study
Authors: Juhász Orsolya , Fürjes-Mikó Ágnes , Tenyér Anna , Somogyi Anna Ágnes , Aguilon Dianne Joy , Kiss Péter János , Bátori Zoltán , Maák István
Published: September 2020

The consequences of anthropogenic climate change are one of the major concerns of conservation biology. A cascade of negative effects is expected to affect various ecosystems, one of which is Central European coniferous forests and their unique biota. These coniferous forests are the primary habitat of many forest specialist species such as red wood ants. Climate change-induced rising of temperature allows trees to skip winter hibernation, making them more vulnerable to storms that cause wind felling, and in turn, promotes bark beetle infestations that results in unscheduled clear-cuttings. Red wood ants can also be exposed to such habitat changes. We investigated the effects of bark beetle-induced clear-cutting and the absence of coniferous trees on colonies of Formica polyctena, including a mixed-coniferous forest as a reference. Our aim was to investigate how these habitat features affect the nest characteristics and nesting habits of F. polyctena. Our results indicate that, in the absence of conifers, F. polyctena tend to use different alternatives for nest material, colony structure, and food sources. However, the vitality of F. polyctena colonies significantly decreased (smaller nest mound volumes). Our study highlights the ecological flexibility of this forest specialist and its potential to survive under extreme conditions.
Better to Have Loved and Lost? Human Avoidant Attachment Style Towards Dogs Predicts Group Membership as ‘Forever Owner’ or ‘Foster Carer’
Authors: Lockyer Jannine M. , Oliva Jessica L.
Published: September 2020

Important physiological, performance, and relationship differences have been reported between companion and working dogs. This study aimed to investigate how human attachment styles manifest towards dogs, depending on the dog’s role. Seeing Eye Dog (SED) carer (n = 25) and Companion Dog Owner (CDO) (n = 78) avoidant and anxious attachment scores towards the dog in their care were compared. Feelings and motivations about being a SED carer or CDO were also investigated qualitatively. Significant differences were observed between pet avoidance, with avoidance scores significantly predicting SED carer group membership. Qualitative insights revealed more human prosocial motivations for becoming a SED carer, and more dog-related motivations for becoming a CDO, with CDOs more likely to consider their dog a ‘significant other’. This study corroborates findings supporting differences in human–dog relationships for working versus companion dogs. The potential impacts of human–dog attachment should be considered for SED success.
Point-of-Care C-Reactive Protein Testing to Reduce Antibiotic Prescribing for Respiratory Tract Infections in Primary Care: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials
Authors: Martínez-González Nahara Anani , Keizer Ellen , Plate Andreas , Coenen Samuel , Valeri Fabio , Verbakel Jan Yvan Jos , Rosemann Thomas , Neuner-Jehle Stefan , Senn Oliver
Published: September 2020

C-reactive protein (CRP) point-of-care testing (POCT) is increasingly being promoted to reduce diagnostic uncertainty and enhance antibiotic stewardship. In primary care, respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are the most common reason for inappropriate antibiotic prescribing, which is a major driver for antibiotic resistance. We systematically reviewed the available evidence on the impact of CRP-POCT on antibiotic prescribing for RTIs in primary care. Thirteen moderate to high-quality studies comprising 9844 participants met our inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses showed that CRP-POCT significantly reduced immediate antibiotic prescribing at the index consultation compared with usual care (RR 0.79, 95%CI 0.70 to 0.90, p = 0.0003, I2 = 76%) but not during 28-day (n = 7) follow-up. The immediate effect was sustained at 12 months (n = 1). In children, CRP-POCT reduced antibiotic prescribing when CRP (cut-off) guidance was provided (n = 2). Meta-analyses showed significantly higher rates of re-consultation within 30 days (n = 8, 1 significant). Clinical recovery, resolution of symptoms, and hospital admissions were not significantly different between CRP-POCT and usual care. CRP-POCT can reduce immediate antibiotic prescribing for RTIs in primary care (number needed to (NNT) for benefit = 8) at the expense of increased re-consultations (NNT for harm = 27). The increase in re-consultations and longer-term effects of CRP-POCT need further evaluation. Overall, the benefits of CRP-POCT outweigh the potential harms (NNTnet = 11).
Advanced Progress of Optical Wireless Technologies for Power Industry: An Overview
Authors: Ding Jupeng , Liu Wenwen , I Chih-Lin , Zhang Hui , Mei Hongye
Published: September 2020

Optical wireless communications have attracted widespread attention in the traditional power industry because of the advantages of large spectrum resources, strong confidentiality, and freedom from traditional electromagnetic interference. This paper mainly summarizes the major classification and frontier development of power industry optical wireless technologies, including the indoor and outdoor channel characteristics of power industry optical wireless communication system, modulation scheme, the performance of hybrid power line, and indoor wireless optical communications system. Furthermore, this article compares domestic and foreign experiments, analyzes parameters for instance transmission rate, and reviews different application scenarios such as power wireless optical positioning and monitoring. In addition, in view of the shortcomings of traditional power technology, optical wireless power transfer technology is proposed and combined with unmanned aerial vehicles to achieve remote communication. At last, the main challenges and possible solutions faced by power industry wireless optical technologies are proposed.
Grid-Friendly Active Demand Strategy on Air Conditioning Class Load
Authors: Zhu Jian-hong , Gu Juping , Wu Min
Published: September 2020

The growing number of accessed energy-efficient frequency conversion air conditioners is likely to generate a large number of harmonics on the power grid. The following shortage in the reactive power of peak load may trigger voltage collapse. Hence, this conflicts with people’s expectations for a cozy environment. Concerning the problems mentioned above, an active management scheme is put forward to balance the electricity use and the normal operation of air conditioning systems. To be specific, first, schemes to suppress the low voltage ride through (LVRT) and harmonic are designed. Second, to deaden the adverse effects caused by nonlinear group load running on the grid and prevent the unexpected accidents engendered from grid malfunction, the dynamic sensing information obtained by an online monitor is analyzed, which can be seen as an actively supervised mechanism. The combined application of active and passive filtering technology is studied as well. Third, the new energy storage is accessed reliably to cope with peak-cutting or grid breaking emergencies, and the fuzzy control algorithm is researched. Finally, system feasibility is verified by functional modules co-operation simulation, and active management target is achieved under scientific and reasonable state-of-charge (SOC) management strategy.
Development of Everting Tubular Net Structures Using Simulation for Growing Structures
Authors: Boxberger Lukas , Weisheit Linda , Hensel Sebastian , Schellnock Julia , Mattheß Danilo , Riedel Frank , Drossel Welf-Guntram
Published: September 2020

Many living beings show the ability and necessity to develop invertible, tubular structures to enable additional functions temporarily. The biological archetypes always demonstrate a high change of volume of the structure between an inactive and active state. This makes the principle interesting for many technical applications, where a certain geometry or an additional volume has to be generated situationally for a task and can only be accepted temporarily, for example, in minimally invasive robotics. A possibility was sought to transfer the archetype into the technical context and to evaluate geometric-constructive dependencies based on an inversion of the structure. The result is a practicable design for repeatedly invertible net structures, which can be used for products with temporary additional functions and volumes.
A Vision-Based Two-Stage Framework for Inferring Physical Properties of the Terrain
Authors: Dong Yunlong , Guo Wei , Zha Fusheng , Liu Yizhou , Chen Chen , Sun Lining
Published: September 2020

The friction and stiffness properties of the terrain are very important pieces of information for mobile robots in motion control, dynamics parameter adjustment, trajectory planning, etc. Inferring the friction and stiffness properties in advance can improve the safety, adaptability and reliability, and reduce the energy consumption of the robot. This paper proposes a vision-based two-stage framework for pre-estimating physical properties of the terrain. We established a field terrain image dataset with weak annotations. A semantic segmentation network that can segment terrains at the pixel level was designed. Given that the same terrain also has different physical properties, we designed two kinds of image features, and we use a decision-making model to realize the mapping from terrain to physical properties. We trained and tested the network comprehensively, and experimented with the complete framework for estimating physical properties. The experimental results show that our framework has good performance.
Accelerated System-Level Seismic Risk Assessment of Bridge Transportation Networks through Artificial Neural Network-Based Surrogate Model
Authors: Yoon Sungsik , Kim Jeongseob , Kim Minsun , Tak Hye-Young , Lee Young-Joo
Published: September 2020

In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN)-based surrogate model is proposed to evaluate the system-level seismic risk of bridge transportation networks efficiently. To estimate the performance of a network, total system travel time (TSTT) was introduced as a performance index, and an ANN-based surrogate model was incorporated to evaluate a high-dimensional network with probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) efficiently. To generate training data, the damage states of bridge components were considered as the input training data, and TSTT was selected as output data. An actual bridge transportation network in South Korea was considered as the target network, and the entire network map was reconstructed based on geographic information system data to demonstrate the proposed method. For numerical analysis, the training data were generated based on epicenter location history. By using the surrogate model, the network performance was estimated for various earthquake magnitudes at the trained epicenter with significantly-reduced computational time cost. In addition, 20 historical epicenters were adopted to confirm the robustness of the epicenter. Therefore, it was concluded that the proposed ANN-based surrogate model could be used as an alternative for efficient system-level seismic risk assessment of high-dimensional bridge transportation networks.