bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alternate Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation Parameters to Manage Motor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease: Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Conway Zachary J. , Silburn Peter A. , Thevathasan Wesley , Maley Karen O' , Naughton Geraldine A. , Cole Michael H.
Published: September 2018

Background

The use of alternate frequencies, amplitudes, and pulse widths to manage motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients with subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN‐DBS) is of clinical interest, but currently lacks systematic evidence.

Objective/Hypothesis

Systematically review whether alternate STN‐DBS settings influence the therapy's efficacy for managing PD motor symptoms.

Methods

Systematic searches identified studies that; involved bilateral STN‐DBS PD patients; manipulated ≥ 1 STN‐DBS parameter (e.g., amplitude); assessed ≥ 1 motor symptom (e.g., tremor); and contrasted the experimental and chronic stimulation settings. A Mantel‐Haenszel random‐effects meta‐analysis compared the UPDRS‐III sub‐scores at low (60‐Hz) and high frequencies ( ≥ 130 Hz). Inter‐study heterogeneity was assessed with the Cohen's χ2 and I2 index, while the standard GRADE evidence assessment examined strength of evidence.

Results

Of the 21 included studies, 17 investigated the effect of alternate stimulation frequencies, five examined alternate stimulation amplitudes, and two studied changes in pulse width. Given the available data, meta‐analyses were only possible for alternate stimulation frequencies. Analysis of the heterogeneity amongst the included studies indicated significant variability between studies and, on the basis of the GRADE framework, the pooled evidence from the meta‐analysis studies was of very low quality due to the significant risks of bias.

Conclusions

The meta‐analysis reported a very low quality of evidence for the efficacy of low‐frequency STN‐DBS for managing PD motor symptoms. Furthermore, it highlighted that lower amplitudes lead to the re‐emergence of motor symptoms and further research is needed to understand the potential benefits of alternate STN‐DBS parameters for PD patients.
Psychosocial impact ofBRCAtesting in young Black breast cancer survivors
Authors: Gonzalez Brian D. , Hoogland Aasha I. , Kasting Monica L. , Cragun Deborah , Kim Jongphil , Ashing Kimlin , Holt Cheryl L. , Hughes Halbert Chanita , Pal Tuya , Vadaparampil Susan T.
Published: September 2018

Objective

Prior studies demonstrating minimal psychological consequences for women receiving genetic counseling/genetic testing (GC/GT) for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer rely on predominantly Caucasian women. We conducted a prospective follow‐up of a subset of participants from a population‐based study of Black breast cancer (BC) survivors receiving GC/GT forBRCA1andBRCA2mutations.

Methods

Black women with invasive BC at age ≤ 50 years diagnosed between 2009 and 2012 were recruited through the Florida Cancer Registry. Participants (n = 215, ageM = 44.7,SD = 6.2) were offered telephone pre‐ and post‐test GC, a subset completed questionnaires assessing sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial variables.

Results

There were no baseline differences in cancer‐related distress, psychological distress, or quality of life between test result groups. Social well‐being improved in women receiving negative results (P = .01), but no other outcomes demonstrated significant changes over time between groups.

Conclusions

Our study is among the first to demonstrate minimal negative psychosocial outcomes following GC/GT among young Black BC survivors, irrespective of test results.
Structure and role for active site lid of lactate monooxygenase from Mycobacterium smegmatis
Authors: Kean Kelsey M. , Karplus P. Andrew
Published: September 2018

Lactate monooxygenase (LMO) catalyzes the FMN‐dependent “coupled” oxidation of lactate and O2 to acetate, carbon dioxide, and water, involving pyruvate and hydrogen peroxide as enzyme‐bound intermediates. Other α‐hydroxy acid oxidase family members follow an “uncoupled pathway,” wherein the α‐keto acid product quickly dissociates before the reduced flavin reacts with oxygen. Here, we report the structures of Mycobacterium smegmatis wild‐type LMO and a wild‐type‐like C203A variant at 2.1 Å and 1.7 Å resolution, respectively. The overall LMO fold and active site organization, including a bound sulfate mimicking substrate, resemble those of other α‐hydroxy acid oxidases. Based on structural similarity, LMO is similarly distant from lactate oxidase, glycolate oxidase, mandelate dehydrogenase, and flavocytochrome b2 and is the first representative enzyme of its type. Comparisons with other α‐hydroxy acid oxidases reveal that LMO has a longer and more compact folded active site loop (Loop 4), which is known in related flavoenzymes to undergo order/disorder transitions to allow substrate/product binding and release. We propose that LMO's Loop 4 has an enhanced stability that is responsible for the slow product release requisite for the coupled pathway. We also note electrostatic features of the LMO active site that promote substrate binding. Whereas the physiological role of LMO remains unknown, we document what can currently be assessed of LMO's distribution in nature, including its unexpected occurrence, presumably through horizontal gene transfer, in halophilic archaea and in a limited group of fungi of the genus Beauveria.

Broad statement of impact

This first crystal structure of the FMN‐dependent α‐hydroxy acid oxidase family member lactate monooxygenase (LMO) reveals it has a uniquely large active site lid that we hypothesize is stable enough to explain the slow dissociation of pyruvate that leads to its “coupled” oxidation of lactate and O2 to produce acetate, carbon dioxide, and water. Also, the relatively widespread distribution of putative LMOs supports their importance and provides new motivation for their further study.
Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Model for Alzheimer Disease Indicates Targeting Sphingolipid Dysregulation as Potential Treatment Option
Authors: Clausznitzer Diana , Pichardo‐Almarza Cesar , Relo Ana Lucia , van Bergeijk Jeroen , van der Kam Elizabeth , Laplanche Loic , Benson Neil , Nijsen Marjoleen
Published: September 2018

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder with high unmet medical need. Drug development is hampered by limited understanding of the disease and its driving factors. Quantitative Systems Pharmacology (QSP) modeling provides a comprehensive quantitative framework to evaluate the relevance of biological mechanisms in the context of disease and to predict the efficacy of novel treatments. Here, we report a QSP model for AD with a particular focus on investigating the relevance of dysregulation of cholesterol and sphingolipids. We show that our model captures the modulation of several biomarkers in subjects with AD, as well as the response to pharmacological interventions. We evaluate the impact of targeting the sphingosine‐1‐phosphate 5 receptor (S1PR5) as a potential novel treatment option for AD, and model predictions increase our confidence in this novel disease pathway. Future applications for the QSP model are in validation of further targets and identification of potential treatment response biomarkers.
Phase I outlier detection in profiles with binary data based on penalized likelihood
Authors: Li Zhen , Shang Yanfen , He Zhen
Published: September 2018

Profile monitoring has been proven to be important among statistical process control problems. In some specific applications, the response variable of a profile can be categorical data, and numerous methods have been proposed for monitoring this type of profiles. Nevertheless, outlier detection for profiles with categorical data still attracted insufficient attention in the literature. To this end, this paper focuses on binary profiles and develops two schemes for outlier detection, from the viewpoint of penalized likelihood, based on the group LASSO method and directional information, respectively, in which the profiles of interest are treated as an integrated high‐dimensional vector. Simulation study shows that the proposed group‐type scheme usually performs better than the existingchart in terms of detecting outliers correctly and alleviating the masking effect. Finally, a real example is used for illustrating the implementation of the proposed scheme.
Combining multiple imputation and bootstrap in the analysis of cost‐effectiveness trial data
Authors: Brand Jaap , van Buuren Stef , le Cessie Saskia , van den Hout Wilbert
Published: September 2018

In healthcare cost‐effectiveness analysis, probability distributions are typically skewed and missing data are frequent. Bootstrap and multiple imputation are well‐established resampling methods for handling skewed and missing data. However, it is not clear how these techniques should be combined. This paper addresses combining multiple imputation and bootstrap to obtain confidence intervals of the mean difference in outcome for two independent treatment groups. We assessed statistical validity and efficiency of 10 candidate methods and applied these methods to a clinical data set. Single imputation nested in the bootstrap percentile method (with added noise to reflect the uncertainty of the imputation) emerged as the method with the best statistical properties. However, this method can require extensive computation times and the lack of standard software makes this method not accessible for a larger group of researchers. Using a standard unpaired t‐test with standard multiple imputation without bootstrap appears to be a robust alternative with acceptable statistical performance for which standard multiple imputation software is available.
Promising Sb2(S,Se)3 Solar Cells with High Open Voltage by Application of a TiO2/CdS Double Buffer Layer
Authors: Wang Weihuang , Wang Xiaomin , Chen Guilin , Chen Binwen , Cai Huiling , Chen Tao , Chen Shuiyuan , Huang Zhigao , Zhu Changfei , Zhang Yi
Published: September 2018

Sb2(S,Se)3 has gathered a lot of attention recently as a promising alternative absorber material. However, the efficiencies of Sb2(S,Se)3 devices are seriously restricted by the low open circuit voltage (Voc). In this work, Sb2(S,Se)3 devices equipped with a TiO2/CdS double buffer layer are prepared by a hydro‐thermal method, which aims to overcome the Voc deficit. The obtained average Voc of the devices is 785 mV and the champion efficiency of 5.73% is also achieved with a highest Voc = 792 mV, Jsc = 12.03 mA cm−2, FF = 60.9%. The improvement of Voc is benefited from the reduced band gap offset after application of the double buffer layer. The non‐encapsulated device could keep an average power conversion efficiency of 5.69% after being stored in ambient air over a month. This indicates the great potential of a double buffer layer in new chalcogenide photovoltaic devices.
Formation of Eutectic Borocarbides in High Boron High Speed Steel during Non‐Equilibrium Crystallization
Authors: Ren Xiangyi , Fu Hanguang , Xing Jiandong
Published: September 2018

In this work, the microstructure, the formation characteristics, and the growth mechanism of eutectic borocarbide during solidification in high boron high speed steel with 2.0 wt% B–0.4 wt% C–6.0 wt% Cr–4.0 wt% Mo–2.0% Al–1.0 wt% Si–1.0 wt% V–0.5 wt% Mn are investigated utilizing liquid quenching technology. The experimental results illustrate that the as‐cast microstructure of high boron high speed steel consists of α‐Fe matrix, eutectic borocarbide M2(B,C) with continuous network structure, M3(B,C) boron‐cementite, and M7(C,B)3 (M = Fe, Cr, Mo, V, Mn). Different precipitating sequences of eutectic borocarbides with various compositions are revealed. During solidification, order of precipitation is Cr‐rich borocarbide and Mo‐rich borocarbide, respectively. Mo‐rich borocarbide precipitates from the existing Cr‐rich borocarbide rather than forming independently. Additionally, the growth mechanism of different borocarbides is systematically studied, which clearly explains the reason of continuous reticular formation of borocarbide. Cr‐rich borocarbide is the proeutecitc phase, which grows in the form of faceted‐nonfacetedgrowth. As the significant finding of this work, the “hexagon” growth mechanism of Mo‐rich borocarbide is discovered. This mechanism feasibly describes the paralleled lamina and faveolated structure of Mo‐rich borocarbide. These results render a consideration for the elimination of elemental segregation through reasonable foundry process designing.
The effect of constant and seasonal changes of ambient conditions on long‐term behavior of high‐rise concrete structures
Authors: Jalilzadeh Afshari Mohammad , Kheyroddin Ali , Gholhaki Majid
Published: September 2018

Temperature is one of the most important factors affecting the long‐term behavior of concrete: Its remarkable impact is directly involved in the analysis and design of structures. In this paper, the effect of ambient temperature on the development of modulus of elasticity, creep, and the shrinkage of concrete with time is investigated under nonlinear staged analysis. This is performed under two sections of constant temperature changes with four different temperatures as indicators of the spectrum from cold to tropical cities, and the seasonal changes in ambient conditions with real growth of creep curves and modulus of elasticity in four modes of the construction start at each of the four seasons of the year, giving indications of the long‐term behavior of high‐rise dual systems and special moment resisting frames. The structures are designed optimally, based on the results of the conventional one‐step analysis and regardless of inelastic strains and temperature effects. This ensures that after applying the concrete time‐dependent parameters at desired temperatures and redesigning according to new forces of nonlinear staged analysis, the feasibility of comparing changes in sections and drifts of the structures can be established. The results show that summer is the worst season to start construction.
The Catalytic Reduction of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and CO2 by Metal Nanoparticles on Lewis‐Acidic Supports
Authors: Toyao Takashi , Hakim Siddiki S. M. A. , Kon Kenichi , Shimizu Ken‐ichi
Published: September 2018

The development of heterogeneous catalysts for green chemical synthesis is currently a growing area in catalysis and sustainable chemistry. Especially the use of renewable carbon resources such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and biomass‐derived compounds (e. g. carboxylic acids, esters, and amides) represent highly attractive research targets. As these substances reside in a high oxidation state, efficient reduction processes are required in order to convert these substrates into useful and value‐added chemicals. Moreover, in the interest of mass production, these substrates should be reduced by molecular H2 and a heterogeneous catalyst. In this context, our group has developed advanced catalysts and established design guidelines for catalysts that promote the reductive transformations of carboxylic acid derivatives and CO2. Our studies show that cooperative catalysis between Lewis‐acidic sites on the catalyst support and supported metal nanoparticles are crucial for the success of these challenging hydrogenations. In this review, we summarize the results of our recent studies on the direct synthesis of value‐added chemicals from CO2 and carboxylic acid derivatives using supported transition‐metal catalysts, and we propose a design concept for heterogeneous catalysts that promote these processes.
Cryptotanshinone (Dsh‐003) from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge inhibits prostaglandin E2‐induced survival and invasion effects in HA22T hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Chang Julia Huei‐Mei , Lin Chih‐Hsueh , Shibu Marthandam Asokan , Chou Yung‐Chen , Liu Jer‐Yuh , Chou Yen‐Hong , Shen Chia‐Yao , Yeh Yu‐Lan , Viswanadha Vijaya Padma , Huang Chih‐Yang
Published: September 2018

Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is currently the second most common cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer‐related mortality in Taiwan. Previous reports show that the expression of (E‐type prostaglandin 2) EP2 and (E‐type prostaglandin 4) EP4 are elevated in HCC and further demonstrate that Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) induces HA22T cell proliferation and metastasis through EP2 and EP4 receptor. Danshen (root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) is a very important and popular traditional Chinese herbal medicine which is widely and successfully used against breast cancer, leukemia, pancreatic cancer, and head and neck squamous carcinoma cells. In this study, we used Cryptotansinone (Dsh‐003) (MW 269.14) from Danshen to investigate their effect and corresponding mechanism of action in PGE2‐treated HA22T cells. Dsh‐003 inhibited HA22T cell viability and further induced cell apoptosis in PGE2‐treated HA22T cells. Furthermore, Dsh‐003 inhibited EP2, EP4, and their downstream effector such as p‐PI3K and p‐Akt expression in HA22T hepatocellular carcinoma cells. We also observed that Dsh‐003 blocked PGE2‐induced cell migration by down‐regulating PGE2‐induced β‐catenin expression and by up‐regulating E‐cadherin and GSK3‐β expression. All these findings suggest that Dsh‐003 inhibit human HCC cell lines and could potentially be used as a novel drug for HCC treatment.
The Unacceptable Morbidity of Negative Laparoscopic Appendicectomy
Authors: Allaway Matthew G. R. , Eslick Guy D. , Cox Michael R.
Published: September 2018

Background

One of the most common acute conditions managed by general surgeons is acute appendicitis. Laparoscopic appendicectomy (LA) is the surgical technique used by many surgeons. The aims of this study were to define our unit’s negative appendicectomy rate and compare the outcomes associated with removal of a normal appendix with those for acute appendicitis in patients having LA.

Methods

A single‐centre retrospective case note review of patients undergoing LA for suspected acute appendicitis was performed. Patients were divided into positive and negative appendicectomy groups based on histology results. The positive group was subdivided into uncomplicated and complicated (perforated and/or gangrenous) appendicitis. Outcomes were compared between groups.

Results

There were 1413 patients who met inclusion criteria, 904 in the positive group and 509 in the negative group, an overall negative appendicectomy rate of 36.0%. Morbidity rates (6.3% vs. 6.9%; P = 0.48) and types of morbidity were the same for negative appendicectomy and uncomplicated appendicitis. There was no significant difference in complication severity (all P > 0.17) or length of stay (2.3 vs. 2.6 days; P = 0.06) between negative appendicectomy and uncomplicated appendicitis groups. Patients with complicated appendicitis had a significantly higher morbidity rate compared to negative and uncomplicated groups (20.1% vs. 6.3% and 20.1% vs. 6.9%; both P < 0.001).

Conclusion

The morbidity of negative LA is the same as LA for uncomplicated appendicitis. The morbidity of LA for complicated appendicitis is significantly higher. The selection criteria for LA in our unit needs to be reviewed to address the high negative appendicectomy rate and avoid unnecessary surgery and its associated morbidity.
eDNA detection of corallivorous seastar (Acanthaster cf. solaris) outbreaks on the Great Barrier Reef using digital droplet PCR
Authors: Uthicke Sven , Lamare Miles , Doyle Jason R.
Published: September 2018

Coral loss through consumption by corallivorous crown-of-thorns seastars (CoTS, Acanthaster spp.) is a major contributor to the coral reef crisis in the Indo-Pacific region. The fourth wave of Acanthaster cf. solaris outbreaks since the 1960s started around 2010 on Australia’s Great Barrier Reef. Ecological monitoring failed to detect early outbreak stages, thus preventing timely intervention. Here, we develop a digital droplet PCR (ddPCR)-based method to detect environmental DNA (eDNA) of CoTS in 2-l water samples that can be compared with abundances of the species recorded by divers along 200-m2 transects. Aquarium tests demonstrated that eDNA was readily detectable and increases proportional to the biomass of CoTS (R2 = 0.99, p < 0.0001). Adaptation from a quantitative PCR technique developed for CoTS larvae (Doyle et al. in Marine Biology 164:176, 2017) to ddPCR improved the limit of quantification (LOQ) by a factor of 45. During field verification on 11 reefs, CoTS eDNA was detectable on all reefs suffering outbreaks. In contrast, CoTS eDNA was absent from ‘post-outbreak’ reefs after populations collapsed and from ‘pre-outbreak’ reefs. In linear models, CoTS densities explained a high amount of variance of eDNA concentrations, both for water samples taken at the depth of transects (R2 = 0.60, p < 0.0001) and on the sea surface (R2 = 0.46, p = 0.0004). The proportion of samples above LOQ was also correlated with CoTS densities, with a similar amount of variance explained as for the concentration (underwater R2 = 0.68, p < 0.0001; surface R2 = 0.49, p = 0.0004). We conclude that, after consideration of sampling locations and times, this method is promising for CoTS population monitoring and early detection of outbreaks and might supplement or replace traditional monitoring. Development of automated samplers and possibly on board PCR in the future will further improve early detection.
Study on the Characters of Phase-Shifted Fiber Bragg Grating in Asymmetric Perturbation and Its Application in Fiber Laser Acoustic Sensor
Authors: Zhao Yanjie , Ni Jiasheng , Zhang Faxiang , Song Zhiqiang , Li Luyan , Chen Ting , Li Shuang
Published: September 2018

A π phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating theoretical model is established, and the effects of an asymmetric and symmetrical perturbation field on a phase-shifted fiber Bragg grating are investigated in this paper. The trends of wavelength shifting caused by effective refraction index of phase shift grating in symmetric and asymmetric acoustic field are investigated in detail. Then, the fiber laser acoustic sensors packaged in asymmetric and symmetrical structures are designed and tested, respectively. The results show that the acoustic response of the wavelength of the distributed feedback (DFB) fiber laser (FL) in an asymmetric packaging structure is much more sensitive than in that in the symmetrical structure. The sensor packaged in the asymmetrical structure has a better low frequency (0 Hz–500 Hz) performance and a higher sensitivity than that in the symmetrical structure, and the sensitivity is improved about 15 dB in average and 32.7 dB in maximum. It provides a new method to improve the sensitivity of the fiber acoustic sensor.
Singularity formation of the Yang–Mills Flow
Authors: Kelleher Casey , Streets Jeffrey
Published: September 2018

We study singularity structure of Yang–Mills flow in dimensions

n \geq 4

. First we obtain a description of the singular set in terms of concentration for a localized entropy quantity, which leads to an estimate of its Hausdorff dimension. We develop a theory of tangent measures for the flow, which leads to a stratification of the singular set. By a refined blowup analysis we obtain Yang–Mills connections or solitons as blowup limits at any point in the singular set.
Gluteus medius avulsion in posterior hip fracture dislocation–A rare injury
Authors: Perumal Ramesh , Shankar Vijay , Yalavarthi Rakesh K. , Jayaramaraju Dheenadhayalan , Rajasekaran Shanmuganathan
Published: September 2018

A 44-year-old male presented to us with right hip pain and limb shortening following road traffic accident. He was diagnosed to have blunt abdominal injury, right hip posterior fracture dislocation, right knee dislocation with vascular injury. Though vascular repair was attempted, he ended up with an above knee amputation. Hip joint was unstable even after closed reduction and intraoperatively, gluteus medius avulsion was noted. This is the second reported case of abductor tendon avulsion in posterior hip dislocations.
Bibliometric Analysis of Erectile Dysfunction Publications in Urology and Sexual Medicine Journals
Authors: Rezaee Michael E. , Johnson Heather A. , Munarriz Ricardo M. , Gross Martin S.
Published: September 2018

Introduction

Scientific literature has experienced a significant growth in the number of authors per publication each year. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the most common urologic conditions, accounting for over 2.9 million outpatient visits per year. Given the prevalence of ED and the large literature base available on this condition, bibliometric analysis of the ED literature could provide urologists and sexual medicine specialists with a better understanding of publication trends in this topic area.

Aim

The purpose of this study was to investigate trends in authorship, citations, and impact score for ED original and review articles published in urology and sexual medicine journals.

Methods

We analyzed ED original research and review articles indexed in MEDLINE between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2016. Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the mean number of authors for articles by journal type and time period (2006 vs 2016). Linear regression was used to examine the relationship between number of authors, number of citations, and relative citation ratio (RCR).

Main Outcome Measure

The primary outcomes of interest included mean number of authors, citations, and RCR per manuscript by journal type and time period.

Results

A total of 3,516 articles were analyzed, 2,938 (83.6%) original and 578 (16.4%) review articles. The mean number of authors among ED publications increased from 4.8 in 2006 to 6.4 in 2016, a 34.4% increase. Original articles had a greater mean number of authors compared to review articles (6.0 vs 4.3, P < .001). The mean number of authors for original articles significantly increased from 5.0 in 2006 to 7.0 in 2016 (P < .001), an increase of 38.9%. A positive linear relationship was observed between mean number of authors and number of citations per manuscript (r = 0.015, P < .01) as well as RCR (r = 0.37, P < .0001). The largest authorship increases were observed in European Urology (78.8%), BJU International (78.6%), and Journal of Sexual Medicine (58.1%).

Clinical Implications

Authorship trends should be taken into consideration when urologists and sexual medicine experts review ED articles for the purpose of informing patient care.

Strength and Limitations

Primary strengths include a large literature base spanning multiple years for analysis and a systematic literature search to identify relevant ED literature. Findings are limited to ED literature published in the urology and sexual medicine journals analyzed.

Conclusion

The number of authors per ED manuscript has significantly increased over time, most notably among original research articles. Increasing authorship was associated with more citations and higher RCR in the ED literature.
Can the subaltern securitize? Postcolonial perspectives on securitization theory and its critics
Authors: Bertrand Sarah
Published: September 2018

Drawing on postcolonial and feminist writings, this article re-examines securitization theory’s so-called ‘silence-problem’. Securitization theory sets up a definably colonial relationship whereby certain voices cannot be heard, while other voices try to speak for those who are silenced. The article shows that the subaltern cannot securitize, first, because they are structurally excluded from the concept of security through one of three mechanisms: locutionary silencing, illocutionary disablement, or illocutionary frustration. Second, the subaltern cannot securitize because they are always already being securitized and spoken for – as in this case by the well-meaning intellectuals trying to highlight and remediate their predicament. Third, the subaltern cannot securitize because the popular rendering of securitization theory as critical obfuscates and rationalises their marginalisation. This article thus reveals the ‘colonial moment’ in securitization studies, showing how securitization theory is complicit with securitizations ‘for’ that marginalise and silence globally, not just locally outside ‘the West’.
War and punitivity under anarchy
Authors: Wagner Wolfgang , Werner Wouter
Published: September 2018

The individualisation of punishment is a key element in liberal narratives about international law and international relations. This narrative has become an integral part of positive international law, especially the regimes governing the use of force and the prosecution of an international crimes. Rather than punishing states or entire societies, liberals claim, punishment has become restricted to those who incurred individual guilt. To liberals, the individualisation of punishment is part of a larger process of enlightenment and civilisation that has helped to fence atavisms like revenge. We do not question the emergence of an ever more sophisticated system of individual punishment in international law. However, we argue that punitivity has been more difficult to fully channel towards individuals and away from collectives than claimed. To be sure, punitive language has by and large been banned from the laws of armed conflict. We argue, however, that the absence of a punitive vocabulary does not equal the absence of punitivity. In contrast, current state practices of using armed force are still imbued with punitivity, however silenced in the current legal framework and thus pushed underground. Realising the presence of a punitive undercurrent, we argue, adds to a more comprehensive understanding of contemporary state practices.
Direct prejudgement of hot images with detected diffraction rings in high power laser system
Authors: Yang Aihua , Li Zhan , Liu Dean , Miao Jie , Zhu Jianqiang
Published: September 2018

A direct prejudgement strategy that takes the diffraction ring as the analysis target is put forward to predict hot images induced by defects of tens of microns in the main amplifier section of high power laser systems. Analysis of hot-image formation process shows that the hot image can be precisely calculated with the extracted intensity oscillation of the diffraction ring on the front surface of the nonlinear plate. The gradient direction matching (GDM) method is adopted to detect diffraction rings. Recognition of simulated diffraction rings shows that it is feasible to directly prejudge hot images induced by those closely spaced defects and the defects that are far apart from each other. Image compression and cluster analysis are utilized to optimize the performance of the GDM method in recognizing actually collected diffraction images. Results show that hot images induced by defects of tens of microns can be directly prejudged without redundant information.
Statistical state dynamics of vertically sheared horizontal flows in two-dimensional stratified turbulence
Authors: Fitzgerald Joseph G. , Farrell Brian F.
Published: September 2018

Simulations of strongly stratified turbulence often exhibit coherent large-scale structures called vertically sheared horizontal flows (VSHFs). VSHFs emerge in both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) stratified turbulence with similar vertical structure. The mechanism responsible for VSHF formation is not fully understood. In this work, the formation and equilibration of VSHFs in a 2D Boussinesq model of stratified turbulence is studied using statistical state dynamics (SSD). In SSD, equations of motion are expressed directly in the statistical variables of the turbulent state. Restriction to 2D turbulence facilitates application of an analytically and computationally attractive implementation of SSD referred to as S3T, in which the SSD is expressed by coupling the equation for the horizontal mean structure with the equation for the ensemble mean perturbation covariance. This second-order SSD produces accurate statistics, through second order, when compared with fully nonlinear simulations. In particular, S3T captures the spontaneous emergence of the VSHF and associated density layers seen in simulations of turbulence maintained by homogeneous large-scale stochastic excitation. An advantage of the S3T system is that the VSHF formation mechanism, which is wave–mean flow interaction between the emergent VSHF and the stochastically excited large-scale gravity waves, is analytically understood in the S3T system. Comparison with fully nonlinear simulations verifies that S3T solutions accurately predict the scale selection, dependence on stochastic excitation strength, and nonlinear equilibrium structure of the VSHF. These results constitute a theory for VSHF formation applicable to interpreting simulations and observations of geophysical examples of turbulent jets such as the ocean’s equatorial deep jets.
Graded resonator arrays for spatial frequency separation and amplification of water waves
Authors: Bennetts Luke G. , Peter Malte A. , Craster Richard V.
Published: September 2018

A structure capable of substantially amplifying water waves over a broad range of frequencies at selected locations is proposed. The structure consists of a small number of C-shaped cylinders in a line array, with the cylinder properties graded along the array. Using linear potential-flow theory, it is shown that the energy carried by a plane incident wave is amplified within specified cylinders for wavelengths comparable to the array length and for a range of incident directions. Transfer-matrix analysis is used to attribute the large amplifications to excitation of local Rayleigh–Bloch waves and gradual slowing down of their group velocity along the array.
Stochastic dynamics of fluid–structure interaction in turbulent thermal convection
Authors: Huang Jinzi Mac , Zhong Jin-Qiang , Zhang Jun , Mertz Laurent
Published: September 2018

The motion of a free-moving plate atop turbulent thermal convection exhibits diverse dynamics that displays characteristics of both deterministic and chaotic motions. Early experiments performed by Zhong & Zhang (Phys. Rev. E, vol. 75 (5), 2007, 055301) found an oscillatory and a trapped state existing for a plate floating on convective fluid in a rectangular tank. They proposed a piecewise smooth physical model (ZZ model) that successfully captures this transition of states. However, their model was deterministic and therefore could not describe the stochastic behaviours. In this study, we combine the ZZ model with a novel approach that models the stochastic aspects through a variational inequality structure. With the powerful mathematical tools for stochastic variational inequalities, the properties of the Markov process and corresponding Kolmogorov equations could be studied both numerically and analytically. Moreover, this framework also allows one to compute the transition probabilities. Our present work captures the stochastic aspects of the two aforementioned boundary–fluid coupling states, predicts the stochastic behaviours and shows excellent qualitative and quantitative agreements with the experimental data.
On the maximal spreading of impacting compound drops
Authors: Liu H.-R. , Zhang C.-Y. , Gao P. , Lu X.-Y. , Ding H.
Published: September 2018

We numerically study the impact of a compound drop on a hydrophobic substrate using a ternary-fluid diffuse-interface method, aiming to understand how the presence of the inner droplet affects the spreading dynamics and maximal spreading of the compound drop. First, it is interesting to see that the numerical results for an impacting pure drop agree well with the universal rescaling of maximal spreading ratio proposed by Lee et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 786, 2016, R4). Second, two flow regimes have been identified for an impacting compound drop: namely jammed spreading and joint rim formation. The maximal spreading ratio of the compound drop is found to depend on the volume fraction of the inner droplet $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$, the surface tension ratio $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}$, the Weber number and the flow regime. Moreover, we propose a universal rescaling of maximal spreading ratio for compound drops, by integrating the one for pure drops with a corrected Weber number that takes $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FE}$ and the flow regime into account. The predictions of the universal rescaling are in good agreement with the numerical results for impacting compound drops.
Understanding Trauma in the Refugee Context
Authors: De Deckker Kimberley
Published: September 2018

For a school counsellor or classroom teacher, working with newly arrived students from refugee backgrounds can be daunting, particularly with the awareness that these students have likely experienced significant and potentially horrific trauma. There is now a wealth of evidence showing that traumatic experiences can significantly impact our neurological development, resulting in difficulties in areas such as learning, behaviour, relationship building and emotion regulation, meaning newly arrived refugee students will often arrive at school with some significant challenges. While there is an extensive amount of literature on trauma, there is very little that focuses specifically on the refugee population, and even less on young people from refugee backgrounds. Predominantly, the research looks at chronic or developmental trauma such as child abuse and neglect, or acute trauma such as natural disasters. The following article looks at the refugee context specifically, breaking down the difference between acute, chronic and developmental trauma; and describing the neurological effects of trauma and suggesting some practical classroom-based strategies that can be employed to support and facilitate the recovery of students from refugee backgrounds.
Ocean-excited plate waves in the Ross and Pine Island Glacier ice shelves
Authors: CHEN ZHAO , BROMIRSKI PETER D. , GERSTOFT PETER , STEPHEN RALPH A. , WIENS DOUGLAS A. , ASTER RICHARD C. , NYBLADE ANDREW A.
Published: September 2018

Ice shelves play an important role in buttressing land ice from reaching the sea, thus restraining the rate of grounded ice loss. Long-period gravity-wave impacts excite vibrations in ice shelves that can expand pre-existing fractures and trigger iceberg calving. To investigate the spatial amplitude variability and propagation characteristics of these vibrations, a 34-station broadband seismic array was deployed on the Ross Ice Shelf (RIS) from November 2014 to November 2016. Two types of ice-shelf plate waves were identified with beamforming: flexural-gravity waves and extensional Lamb waves. Below 20 mHz, flexural-gravity waves dominate coherent signals across the array and propagate landward from the ice front at close to shallow-water gravity-wave speeds (~70 m s−1). In the 20–100 mHz band, extensional Lamb waves dominate and propagate at phase speeds ~3 km s−1. Flexural-gravity and extensional Lamb waves were also observed by a 5-station broadband seismic array deployed on the Pine Island Glacier (PIG) ice shelf from January 2012 to December 2013, with flexural wave energy, also detected at the PIG in the 20–100 mHz band. Considering the ubiquitous presence of storm activity in the Southern Ocean and the similar observations at both the RIS and the PIG ice shelves, it is likely that most, if not all, West Antarctic ice shelves are subjected to similar gravity-wave excitation.
What Makes Cooperatives Successful? Identifying the Determinants of Their Organizational Performance
Authors: Fanasch Patrizia , Frick Bernd
Published: September 2018

In comparison with other organizational forms, cooperatives have been found to offer poor product quality and suffer from low reputation. The main reasons discussed in the literature are information asymmetries, which leads to adverse selection and moral hazard, as well as the absence of profit orientation due to poorly specified and diluted property rights. However, although, in reality, many cooperatives indeed perform poorly, and some are apparently able to completely avoid or at least reduce the problems that are considered prototypical for this hybrid organizational form. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics required to reduce the problems resulting from poorly specified property rights and information asymmetries and, hence, to successfully compete in the market. The data we use to identify the characteristics that separate “good” and “bad” cooperatives encompass 136 organizations in Austria, Germany, and northern Italy. Our logistic regression estimations show that older and larger cooperatives (in terms of acreage) have a significantly higher probability to be listed in at least one of two highly respected wine guides. Moreover, German cooperatives have a significantly lower probability of being listed than either Austrian or northern Italian cooperatives. The findings suggest that differences in performance can be explained by the management of cooperatives. (JEL Classifications: D23, D82, D86, J54, L22, L25, L66, P13, Q13)
Dilemmas of World-Wide Thinking: Popular Geographies and the Problem of Empire in Wendell Willkie's Search forOne World
Authors: Zipp Samuel
Published: September 2018

This essay explores the internationalist vision of Wendell Willkie during World War II, especially as illustrated in his 1943 bestseller,One World. Willkie proposed three mid-century popular geographies of the globe—ways of seeing the relationship between the United States and the world in the context of the expanding ambit of American power and influence. Willkie offered auniversalview of the planet, one that envisioned a new kind of global space free of borders; a depiction of imperial powercontested, which critiqued the racial thinking that underpinned conquest abroad and discrimination at home; and a view of imperial powerobscured, which left unmapped the actual contours of already existing American empire, a dilemma revealed by the omission of the Puerto Rico stop on his 1942 world tour fromOne World. Willkie's widely debated vision revealed the conflicted state of American opinion about U.S. empire during the war.
DOUBLING TROPICAL -DIFFERENCE ANALOGUE OF THE LEMMA ON THE LOGARITHMIC
DERIVATIVE
Authors: CHENG SI-QI
Published: September 2018

We present a tropical $q$-difference analogue of the lemma on the logarithmic
derivative for doubling tropical meromorphic functions.
GROUPS SATISFYING THE DOUBLE CHAIN CONDITION ON ABELIAN SUBGROUPS
Authors: BRESCIA MATTIA , RUSSO ALESSIO
Published: September 2018

If $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$ is a subgroup property, a group $G$ is said to satisfy the double chain condition on $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$-subgroups if it admits no infinite double sequences $$\begin{eqnarray}\cdots <X_{-n}<\cdots <X_{-1}<X_{0}<X_{1}<\cdots <X_{n}<\cdots\end{eqnarray}$$ consisting of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$-subgroups. We describe the structure of generalised radical groups satisfying the double chain condition on abelian subgroups.
Geochronology and physical context of Oldowan site formation at Kanjera South, Kenya
Authors: DITCHFIELD P. W. , WHITFIELD E. , VINCENT T. , PLUMMER T. , BRAUN D. , DEINO A. , HERTEL F. , OLIVER J. S. , LOUYS J. , BISHOP L. C.
Published: September 2018

Oldowan sites in primary geological context are rare in the archaeological record. Here we describe the depositional environment of Oldowan occurrences at Kanjera South, Kenya, based on field descriptions and granulometric analysis. Excavations have recovered a large Oldowan artefact sample as well as the oldest substantial sample of archaeological fauna. The deposits at Kanjera South consist of 30 m of fluvial, colluvial and lacustrine sediments. Magneto- and biostratigraphy indicate the Kanjera South Member of the Kanjera Formation was deposited during 2.3–1.92 Ma, with 2.0 Ma being a likely age for the archaeological occurrences. Oldowan artefacts and associated fauna were deposited in the colluvial and alluvial silts and sands of beds KS1–3, in the margins of a lake basin. Field descriptions and granulometric analysis of the sediment fine fraction indicate that sediments from within the main archaeological horizon were emplaced as a combination of tractional and hyperconcentrated flows with limited evidence of debris-flow deposition. This style of deposition is unlikely to significantly erode or disturb the underlying surface, and therefore promotes preservation of surface archaeological accumulations. Hominins were repeatedly attracted to the site locale, and rapid sedimentation, minimal bone weathering and an absence of bone or artefact rounding further indicate that fossils and artefacts were quickly buried.
JURISDICTION IN TORT CLAIMS FOR NON-PHYSICAL HARM UNDER BRUSSELS 2012, ARTICLE 7(2)
Authors: Hartley Trevor C
Published: September 2018

Article 7(2) of the Brussels Regulation, 2012 confers jurisdiction, in matters relating to tort, on the courts of the Member State in which the harmful event occurred. In Bier v Mines de Potasse d'Alsace, the CJEU held that this covers both the place where the event which caused the damage takes place and the place where the damage itself takes place. In later cases, however, it held that does not cover the place where the victim claims to have suffered financial damage following upon initial damage arising and suffered by the victim in another Member State. A problem arises if there is no physical harm but only financial loss or some other kind of non-physical harm. It is not always clear in such a situation where the damage occurs. This article considers this problem with special reference to pure financial loss but also two other torts in which no physical harm occurs: defamation and intellectual-property infringement.
Know Thy Neighbor: Industry Clusters, Information Spillovers, and Market Efficiency
Authors: Engelberg Joseph , Ozoguz Arzu , Wang Sean
Published: September 2018

Firms in industry clusters have market prices that are more efficient than firms outside clusters. To establish causality, we analyze exogenous firm relocations and find that firms that relocate into industry clusters have higher levels of industry information in their prices. We argue that geographical proximity allows for information spillovers, reducing marginal cost to information producers. Our evidence supports this view: Analysts are more likely to cover stocks inside industry clusters, and when institutional investors have a large position in one stock in the industry cluster, they are more likely to hold other stocks in the same industry cluster.
Anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity of 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione-based metallodrugs and synergistic effect with metronidazole
Authors: Vargas Rigo Graziela , Petro-Silveira Brenda , Devereux Michael , McCann Malachy , Souza dos Santos André Luis , Tasca Tiana
Published: September 2018

Trichomonas vaginalis is responsible for the most common non-viral, sexually transmitted infection, human trichomoniasis, and is associated with an increased susceptibility to HIV. An escalation in resistance (2.5–10%) to the clinical drug, metronidazole (MTZ), has been detected and this compound also has adverse side-effects. Therefore, new treatment options are urgently required. Herein, we investigate the possible anti-T. vaginalis activity of 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione (phendione) and its metal complexes, [Ag(phendione)2]ClO4 and [Cu(phendione)3](ClO4)2·4H2O. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against T. vaginalis ATCC 30236 and three fresh clinical isolates and mammalian cells were performed using serial dilution generating IC50 and CC50 values. Drugs combinations with MTZ were evaluated by chequerboard assay. A strong anti-T. vaginalis activity was found for all test compounds. IC50 values obtained for [Cu(phendione)3](ClO4)2·4H2O were similar or lower than those obtained for MTZ. In vitro assays with normal cells showed low cytotoxicity and [Cu(phendione)3](ClO4)2·4H2O presented a high selectivity index (SI) for fibroblasts (SI = 11.39) and erythrocytes (SI > 57.47). Chequerboard assay demonstrated that the combination of [Cu(phendione)3](ClO4)2·4H2O with MTZ leads to synergistic interaction, which suggests distinct mechanisms of action of the copper–phendione complex and avoiding the MTZ resistance pathways. Our results highlight the importance of phendione-based drugs as potential molecules of pharmaceutical interest.