bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mind the gap: Consequences of inter-role conflicts of freelance journalists with secondary employment in the field of public relations
Authors: Obermaier Magdalena , Koch Thomas
Published: April 2014

Freelance journalists who are also occupied in public relations have to deal with contrary expectations. Working as a journalist means contributing to the ‘public duty’ of journalism. When doing public relations work, journalists have to represent the particular interests of their clients. If journalists cannot fulfill these contradictory expectations, they experience inter-role conflicts. What are the consequences of these role conflicts? We conducted a quantitative online survey with German freelance journalists who also do public relations work. We observed that participants are often troubled by inter-role conflicts. They feel tense and uncertain whether they see themselves as journalists or as public relations practitioners. Having internalized a normative perception that journalists must not do public relations work, they experience even more intense inter-role conflicts and consequently feel more stressed at work. Moreover, even if their job satisfaction on average remains moderate, when facing inter-role conflicts freelance public relations journalists feel less satisfied with their job situation in general.
“Weighing” Two Qualitative Methods
Authors: Stuckey Heather L. , Kraschnewski Jennifer L. , Miller-Day Michelle , Palm Kimberly , Larosa Caroline , Sciamanna Christopher
Published: April 2014

Two primary forms of qualitative data collection in the health and social sciences include self-report interviews and direct observations. This study compared these two methods in the context of weight management for people who had varying degrees of success with weight loss ( n = 20). We asked general habits of eating as well as barriers to weight loss and maintaining a healthy diet. Video-recorded observations (20 minutes) followed audio-recorded interviews (45 minutes). Data were organized into four primary sections: (1) confirmatory data, where the interviews and observations held similar information; (2) discrepancies between what was reported in the interview and what was observed in the home; (3) new information that was unique to the observation and was not mentioned during the interview; and (4) clarification of data collected in the interview and observation. In general, the observations contained more confirmatory data for participants who had been successful at weight control than those who had not. The majority of observational data were emergent, which led to the discovery of new data of which we were unaware prior to the observations.
Study of heat transfer through multilayer protective clothing at low-level thermal radiation
Authors: Onofrei Elena , Petrusic Stojanka , Bedek Gauthier , Dupont Daniel , Soulat Damien , Codau Teodor-Cezar
Published: April 2014

The goal of this research is to develop a mathematical model of heat transfer in protective garments exposed to routine fire environment (low level of radiant heat flux) in order to establish systematic basis for engineering materials and garments for optimum thermal protective performance and comfort. In the first stage, this paper focuses on the formulation of heat transfer model suitable for predicting temperature and heat flux in firefighter protective clothing, using COMSOL Multiphysics® package based on the finite element method. Computational results show the time variation of the temperature at the inner face of the protective clothing system during the exposure to a low-radiant heat flux as well as during the cooling-down period. Model predictions of the temperature agreed very well with the experimental temperature. In the second stage of this study, in order to predict the first and second-degree burns, the model of heat transfer through multilayer protective system was coupled with the heat transfer model in the skin. The Pennes model was used to model heat transfer in the living tissue. The duration of exposure during which the garment protects the firefighter from getting first and second-degree burns is numerically predicted using Henriques equation. The results demonstrated that even for a low-level thermal radiant heat flux, a typical three-layer thermal protective clothing system is required to protect the wearer from skin burn injury.
A review on the use of fibers in reinforced cementitious concrete
Authors: Mukhopadhyay S , Khatana S
Published: April 2014

Various fibers have been used to reinforce concrete to enhance properties of cement. This review critically analyses the use of different natural and synthetic fibers, the treatments done on some of them to be used in concrete, their strength and weaknesses to be used for such applications. In natural fibers, bamboo coir and jute which have been extensively used have been discussed. Also, the effect of alkali present in cement mixture on the degradation of natural fibers has been detailed. Critical observations such as change in crack pattern, effect of nature of fibers, and the environment in which they are reinforced have been discussed. Effect of use of different sealing materials for the hydrophobic fibers on the ultimate property of the reinforced concrete has been reviewed for various fibers. A comprehensive review of the synthetic fibers predominantly used in such reinforcements—PP, PE, and nylon—has been given along with a critical comparative study of recent developments in the field. The fiber–matrix interface studies have been discussed and further research areas have been suggested.
Measuring and Evaluating Changes in State Opinion Across Eight Issues
Authors: Pacheco Julianna
Published: April 2014

Is state opinion stable or dynamic? Do states exhibit similar or divergent trends? I answer these questions by creating dynamic measures of state opinion using multilevel regression, imputation, and post-stratification (MRP) techniques across eight issues: two global indicators, partisanship and ideology; and six specific issues, including spending on education and welfare, abortion, the death penalty, presidential approval and consumer sentiment. I find that patterns of dynamism and heterogeneity vary. State opinion on some issues, such as consumer sentiment, is highly dynamic but follow closely with national trends. On other issues, such as education spending, states exhibit more stability with heterogeneous trends. And still other issues, such as abortion, exhibit both stability and homogeneity. The results have implications for longstanding debates concerning the nature and origins of mass opinion, the way that state opinions are translated into policies, and how to measure state opinion. Finally, the extensive data set of longitudinal state opinion is publicly available.
From Voyageurs to Bush Pilots
Authors: Pineau Elyse Lamm
Published: April 2014

From Britain’s establishment of the first Hudson’s Bay Company charter in 1670 that laid open the Canadian wilderness to the European fur trade, through the post–World War II (WWII) explosion of American hunting and fishing tourism that laid waste to Aboriginal lands, peoples, and habitats, Canada’s colonial history reveals its own “cowboy” mythos of frontiersmen–heroes and the practice of killing and selling animals for profit. This autoethnography explores themes of resonance and resistance to the American cowboy mythos through Canadian icons of entrepreneurial frontiersmenship and their dominion over indigenous life, both human and animal. By interlocking autobiographical, dramaturgical, and cultural/fokloric narratives, I weave a critical historiography of growing up in a small Ontario bush town where “cowboys and Indians” carried unique geopolitical implications.
Selective Mutism in Early Childhood
Authors: Conn Bridgid M. , Coyne Lisa W.
Published: April 2014

Selective mutism (SM) is a relatively uncommon disorder in childhood, occurring in only 0.3 to 1.8 children per thousand. In early childhood, diagnosing SM can be particularly challenging, and the condition often goes unrecognized until the school years. Given the potential comorbidity of anxiety and communication deficits, treatment can be challenging and attendance in early childhood educational programs allows intervention in a contextually sensitive way that may also help address comorbidities and promote generalization. Thus, this case study of an African American preschool boy highlights the unique obstacles and opportunities of assessment and treatment in a preschool setting. Furthermore, we describe a three-step behavioral approach to addressing SM in collaboration with educators over a 3-month period. Substantive research indicates that early intervention with SM is associated with decreased likelihood of developing an anxiety-related disorder later in childhood; therefore, tailored assessment and intervention in early childhood within a community-based setting may be extremely useful.
Repackaging Prostate Cancer Support Group Research Findings
Authors: Oliffe John L. , Han Christina S. , Lohan Maria , Bottorff Joan L.
Published: April 2014

In the context of psychosocial oncology research, disseminating study findings to a range of knowledge “end-users” can advance the well-being of diverse patient subgroups and their families. This article details how findings drawn from a study of prostate cancer support groups were repackaged in a knowledge translation website— www.prostatecancerhelpyourself.ubc.ca —using Web 2.0 features. Detailed are five lessons learned from developing the website: the importance of pitching a winning but feasible idea, keeping a focus on interactivity and minimizing text, negotiating with the supplier, building in formal pretests or a pilot test with end-users, and completing formative evaluations based on data collected through Google™ and YouTube™ Analytics. The details are shared to guide the e-knowledge translation efforts of other psychosocial oncology researchers and clinicians.
Lifestyle Is the Medicine, Culture Is the Spoon
Authors: Katz David L.
Published: April 2014

We have known now for a span of decades that the leading causes of premature death and chronic disease in the United States and increasingly around the world are behavioral factors under our potential control. We have as well consistent evidence from diverse sources indicating that amelioration of a short list of such factors, with an emphasis on dietary pattern, physical activity, and tobacco use, can slash rates of chronic disease and premature death alike. But choices people make are governed ultimately by choices people have. In an obesigenic and morbidigenic environment that conspires mightily against healthful living, salutary behavior change is all too often forestalled. Constructive and compassionate guidance from clinicians can help confront this challenge, and the case is made that lifestyle in medicine is of real value. But the case is also made that lifestyle is not fundamentally a clinical issue but a cultural one. For the full promise of lifestyle medicine to be realized, it must be lifestyle as medicine—and spoons full of cultural change will be required to make that medicine go down.
Health as an Economic Strategy
Authors: Edington Dee W. , Pitts Jennifer S. , Schultz Alyssa B.
Published: April 2014

This article explores and reviews the available evidence pertaining to lifestyle, disease, and economic losses in the workplace. The literature shows clearly that higher levels of health risks and behaviors lead to the development of disease and moving to a high-cost status. The data suggest that those individuals with lower health risks and those individuals who achieve a reduction in health risks and unhealthy behaviors result in lower probability of disease and high health care costs. The business case for wellness and prevention is also discussed, as is the concept of investing in health as opposed to a strict focus on health care cost reduction. Furthermore, additional determinants of health such as the social–emotional states and positive characteristics of the individual and of the environment and culture are described. Since health is much more than simply the absence of disease, the members of the College of Lifestyle Medicine are encouraged to expand their interests and research inquiry and efforts in evaluating, supporting, and treating these areas. Physicians play a special role in helping individuals improve their healthy behaviors and knowledge of these lifestyle factors will add significantly to their capacity to serve patients. It is very clear that there are growing research, prevention, and treatment opportunities for members of the College of Lifestyle Medicine. It was demonstrated that there is sufficient evidence that justifies the College of Lifestyle Medicine, as observed by the content and quality of the information shared at the conference in Arlington, Virginia in October 2013.
Vibration response of visco-elastically coupled double-layered visco-elastic graphene sheet systems subjected to magnetic field via strain gradient theory considering surface stress effects
Authors: Ghorbanpour Arani Ali , Shokravi Maryam
Published: April 2014

Based on strain gradient theory with surface effect, this article discusses magneto-vibration of coupled double-layered visco-elastic graphene sheet systems embedded on elastic foundation. Graphene sheets were placed in uniform magnetic field and coupled with each other by an enclosing visco-Pasternak medium. Considering the Kirchhoff plate theory and Kelvin–Voigt model, the governing equation is derived using Hamilton’s principle. The equation is solved analytically to obtain the frequency of the coupled system. The parametric study is thoroughly performed, concentrating on the series effects of a magnetic field, visco-elastic damping structure coefficient, aspect ratio, surface layer, visco-Pasternak elastic medium, shear modulus, and mode number. In this system, in-phase and out-of-phase vibrations are investigated. The numerical results of this article show a perfect correspondence with those of the previous researches. The effect of magnetic field on the vibration of graphene sheet with different Winkler coefficients is exposed. Results from the model demonstrate that the magnetic field increases the natural frequencies.
Time and isolation as performance art: A note
Authors: O’Donnell Ian
Published: April 2014

In a series of five year-long works the Taiwanese-American artist Tehching Hsieh captured critical aspects of the prisoner’s experience including the meaning of time, the rigours of solitary confinement, the impact of homelessness and the pressures of inescapable company. These were performed in unambiguously stark, and deeply personal, terms. In a way these pieces of art might be considered partial prison parables which point to, but do not explicate, lessons from which anyone deprived of their liberty might learn.
Menacing Dennis: Representing ‘Australia’s most hated man’ and popular protests for policy change
Authors: Grealy Liam
Published: April 2014

From 2003 until 2012 the Australian media closely followed child sex offender Dennis Ferguson as he appeared in and was expelled from numerous local communities. Unattractive, alone, and obstinately unwilling to acknowledge his crimes, Ferguson conformed to dominant representations elsewhere of the stranger paedophile that demands ongoing governmental intervention. This article closely examines media and political discourses in which Ferguson has operated as a metonymic focal point for public considerations of child sex offending in Australia across the last decade, defined in relation to various conceptions of safe, responsible community. It considers public debates about how best to respond to the release of such offenders and the significance of Ferguson to the development of new Australian law and policy applying to sex offenders as an exceptional population, including extended supervision and continuing detention orders, and post-release institutions. As such, the article argues for close attention paid to the figures which garner media and political attention and around whom new policy approaches are developed, including their limiting effects for addressing problems such as child sexual abuse.
Leader as priest: Plucking the fruit of a flawed metaphor
Authors: Ruth Damian
Published: April 2014

This paper takes its cue from Hatch et al. and their metaphor of leader as priest. This metaphor is extended in order to critically assess the importation of the discourse of spirituality into the arena of corporate leadership. In exploring this extended metaphor it becomes apparent that the concept of a spiritually informed corporate leadership is flawed. We may expect individuals to behave ethically and morally, but we should not confuse this with good or bad corporate leadership and link such leadership to corporate action. By pushing the limits of the leader-priest metaphor, we do not claim to vitiate the value of the metaphor, but we provide different perspectives on some standard questions and show that the problem of reprehensible corporate action might be more productively addressed as an issue of poor quality social and legal design rather than a spiritual or moral deficit.
What do leaders have to live up to? Contrasting the effects of central tendency versus ideal-based leader prototypes in leader categorization processes
Authors: Quaquebeke Niels Van , Graf Matthias M , Eckloff Tilman
Published: April 2014

Leader categorization theory proposes that subordinates perceive leaders against the backdrop of a cognitively represented leader prototype. The match between the two ultimately determines how favourably subordinates respond towards leaders. The respective research, however, yields some confusion as to what kind of prototype is exactly used in this process. Are leaders matched against a central tendency leader prototype, i.e. to an average image of leaders in general, or is it subordinates' goal-directed leader prototype, i.e. their image of an ideal leader, that leaders have to live up to? We reanalysed a field study ( N = 266) and conducted a second one likewise with employees ( N = 271) to contrast the relevance of both prototypes. The analyses reveal that only the match with the ideal leader prototype was predictive of subordinates’ responses towards their leaders. Previous central tendency leader categorization research thus might have pertained to the ideal aspects in the existing leader population.
Air infiltration in walls with direct-fixed claddings
Authors: Bassett Mark R , Overton Greg , McNeil Steven
Published: April 2014

This research examines the extent to which drainage and ventilation drying can remove water that has leaked through claddings on walls with no specific drainage cavity. In this study, tracer gas and zonal computer models were used to measure and predict air infiltration in the space between the wall underlay and the cladding and in the insulated spaces in 16 wall specimens. Half of the walls were clad with weatherboards direct fixed to the frame over a synthetic flexible wall underlay, and the remaining eight had ‘barrier’ or sheet claddings. A companion paper describes drainage and drying measurements in the same walls. Tracer gas measurements showed that average infiltration through weatherboard claddings (0.2 L/s) was much higher than behind sheet claddings (0.03 L/s). The range of day-average infiltration measured behind weatherboards (0.02–1 L/s) actually overlapped earlier measurements in bottom-vented cavity walls (0.1–2 L/s), and this is thought to partly explain the successful track record of direct-fixed weatherboard claddings in New Zealand. The airflow characteristics of leakage paths through claddings and at junctions between the timber frame, cladding, lining and underlay were also measured and used in a zonal model to calculate infiltration rates into the insulated spaces and behind the different claddings. There was acceptable agreement between measured and calculated infiltration, and this supports the next step of applying the computer models to whole buildings to better understand the heat and moisture consequences of air infiltration in New Zealand walls.
Association of ADIPOQ variants and heart failure in an Italian population
Authors: Pileggi Silvana , Barlera Simona , Nicolis Enrico , Crociati Luisa , Pietri Silvia , Specchia Claudia , Franzosi Maria Grazia
Published: April 2014

Objectives:

Adiponectin has insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties. There are few and controversial data on the role of ADIPOQ variants in heart failure (HF) pathogenesis. We planned this large association study to investigate the potential association of four selected ADIPOQ polymorphisms with HF in a population of Italian origin.

Methods:

We genotyped 1173 cases with symptomatic HF and 1136 controls for alleles rs17300539, rs266729, rs1501299 and rs2241766. Cases were patients enrolled in the GISSI-Heart Failure genetic sub-study, with a long-term follow up (median 3.9 years). Controls were blood donors with no history of diabetes or cardiovascular disease (CVD). Genotype and allele frequencies of the four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were compared between the two groups.

Results:

Clinical characteristics were significantly different between HF patients and controls. No significant differences were reported in the allelic and genotypic distribution, with the exception of rs266729 G allele, which showed a significant association with an increased risk of HF [odds ratio (OR) = 1.26; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.07–1.48; p = 0.006). We divided the GISSI-HF population according to HF etiology (ischemic and nonischemic) and presence of diabetes. For rs266729 G allele, a significant association with HF was confirmed in both ischemic (OR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.06–1.56; p = 0.009) and nonischemic patients (OR = 1.2; 95% CI = 1.02–1.42; p = 0.03) as well as in nondiabetic patients (OR = 1.25; 95% CI = 1.05–1.49; p = 0.012). rs2241766 G allele showed a significant reduction of risk of HF in nonischemic (OR = 0.77; 95% CI = 0.62–0.95; p = 0.02) and diabetic patients (OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.45–0.84; p = 0.0025).

Conclusions:

We confirm the association between rs266729 G allele and an increased risk of HF and between rs2241766 G allele and decreased risk of HF. Our study extends the knowledge on the influence of ADIPOQ variants on CVD.
Vasculitis
Authors: Tweed Conor
Published: April 2014

Vasculitis is the umbrella term used to describe a cluster of autoimmune conditions that are characterised by inflammation of the walls of blood vessels. This inflammation can be due to a primary disease or secondary to an existing condition. The range of pathology that drives vasculitis is as broad as the clinical presentation, ranging from general malaise to organ-specific symptoms depending on the blood vessels involved. It is important for GPs to be aware of the disease as it is treatable and can be responsible for significant morbidity and mortality if not managed appropriately. The purpose of this article is to briefly summarise the most common forms of vasculitis, provide guidance on investigating suspected cases, and review the implications of outpatient therapy for the non-specialist.
Estimating cardiovascular risk
Authors: Steven Dr Kathryn
Published: April 2014

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally and according to the World Health Organization it will remain so for the foreseeable future. CVD also causes considerable morbidity within the UK and carries significant economic consequences, costing £9 billion in 2009 alone. Consequently, there is a considerable need to reduce the burden of CVD in terms of mortality, morbidity and economic costs for the NHS. Prevention and management of CVD represents a significant proportion of the workload in primary care: estimating, managing and monitoring cardiovascular risk appropriately and effectively is a key skill for GPs and practice teams.
Deltoid compartment syndrome as a complication of lateral decubitus positioning for contralateral elbow surgery in an anabolic steroid abuser
Authors: Wijesuriya Julian D , Cowling Paul D , Izod Christopher , Burton David JC
Published: April 2014

Compartment syndrome as a result of patient positioning for surgery is a rare but serious complication. Compartment syndrome as a result of anabolic steroid use is more rare. We present a unique case of compartment syndrome related to anabolic steroid use and patient positioning for complex distal humerus fracture fixation and also provide a review of the literature related to this topic.
An Integrated Multivariable Artificial Pancreas Control System
Authors: Turksoy Kamuran , Quinn Lauretta T. , Littlejohn Elizabeth , Cinar Ali
Published: April 2014

Objective:

The objective was to develop a closed-loop (CL) artificial pancreas (AP) control system that uses continuous measurements of glucose concentration and physiological variables, integrated with a hypoglycemia early alarm module to regulate glucose concentration and prevent hypoglycemia.

Materials and Methods:

Eleven open-loop (OL) and 9 CL experiments were performed. A multivariable adaptive artificial pancreas (MAAP) system was used for the first 6 CL experiments. An integrated multivariable adaptive artificial pancreas (IMAAP) system consisting of MAAP augmented with a hypoglycemia early alarm system was used during the last 3 CL experiments. Glucose values and physical activity information were measured and transferred to the controller every 10 minutes and insulin suggestions were entered to the pump manually. All experiments were designed to be close to real-life conditions.

Results:

Severe hypoglycemic episodes were seen several times during the OL experiments. With the MAAP system, the occurrence of severe hypoglycemia was decreased significantly ( P < .01). No hypoglycemia was seen with the IMAAP system. There was also a significant difference ( P < .01) between OL and CL experiments with regard to percentage of glucose concentration (54% vs 58%) that remained within target range (70-180 mg/dl).

Conclusions:

Integration of an adaptive control and hypoglycemia early alarm system was able to keep glucose concentration values in target range in patients with type 1 diabetes. Postprandial hypoglycemia and exercise-induced hypoglycemia did not occur when this system was used. Physical activity information improved estimation of the blood glucose concentration and effectiveness of the control system.
Selective Allosteric Antibodies to the Insulin Receptor for the Treatment of Hyperglycemic and Hypoglycemic Disorders
Authors: Issafras Hassan , Bedinger Daniel H. , Corbin John A. , Goldfine Ira D. , Bhaskar Vinay , White Mark L. , Rubin Paul , Scannon Patrick J.
Published: April 2014

Many therapeutic monoclonal antibodies act as antagonists to receptors by targeting and blocking the natural ligand binding site (orthosteric site). In contrast, the use of antibodies to target receptors at allosteric sites (distinct from the orthosteric site) has not been extensively studied. This approach is especially important in metabolic diseases in which endogenous ligand levels are dysregulated. Herein, we review our investigations of 3 categories of human monoclonal antibodies that bind allosterically to the insulin receptor (INSR) and affect its activity: XMetA, XMetS and XMetD. XMetA directly activates the INSR either alone or in combination with insulin. XMetS, in contrast, does not directly activate the INSR but markedly enhances the receptor’s ability to bind insulin and potentiate insulin signaling. Both XMetA and XMetS are effective in controlling hyperglycemia in mouse models of diabetes. A third allosteric antibody, XMetD, is an inhibitor of INSR signaling. This antibody reverses insulin-induced hypoglycemia in a mouse model of hyperinsulinemia. These studies indicate, therefore, that allosteric antibodies to INSR can modulate its signaling and correct conditions of glucose dysregulation. These studies also raise the possibility that the use of allosteric antibodies can be expanded to other receptors for the treatment of metabolic disorders.
Oral Insulin Reloaded
Authors: Zijlstra Eric , Heinemann Lutz , Plum-Mörschel Leona
Published: April 2014

Optimal coverage of insulin needs is the paramount aim of insulin replacement therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus. To apply insulin without breaking the skin barrier by a needle and/or to allow a more physiological provision of insulin are the main reasons triggering the continuous search for alternative routes of insulin administration. Despite numerous attempts over the past 9 decades to develop an insulin pill, no insulin for oral dosing is commercially available. By way of a structured approach, we aim to provide a systematic update on the most recent developments toward an orally available insulin formulation with a clear focus on data from clinical-experimental and clinical studies. Thirteen companies that claim to be working on oral insulin formulations were identified. However, only 6 of these companies published new clinical trial results within the past 5 years. Interestingly, these clinical data reports make up a mere 4% of the considerably high total number of publications on the development of oral insulin formulations within this time period. While this picture clearly reflects the rising research interest in orally bioavailable insulin formulations, it also highlights the fact that the lion’s share of research efforts is still allocated to the preclinical stages.
Asymptomatic carotid stenosis: What we can learn from the next generation of randomized clinical trials
Authors: Rubin Mark N , Barrett Kevin M , Brott Thomas G , Meschia James F
Published: April 2014

Stroke remains an exceedingly incident and prevalent public health burden across the globe, with an estimated 16 million new strokes per annum and prevalence over 60 million, and extracranial internal carotid artery atherosclerotic disease is an important risk factor for stroke. Randomized trials of surgical treatment were conducted (North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial, European Carotid Surgery Trial) and demonstrated efficacy of carotid endarterectomy for secondary prevention of stroke in patients with cerebrovascular events (e.g. ipsilateral stroke, transient ischemic attack, and/or amaurosis fugax) attributable to a diseased artery with 50–99% stenosis. Therapeutic clarity, however, proved elusive with asymptomatic carotid artery disease. Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study (ACAS), Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial, and Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study (VACS) suggested only modest benefit from surgical intervention for primary stroke prevention and the best medical therapy at the time of these trials is not comparable to modern medical therapy. ACT-1, Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial-2, Stent-Protected Angioplasty in asymptomatic Carotid artery stenosis versus Endarterectomy Trial-2, European Carotid Surgery Trial-2, Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy Versus Stenting Trial-2 are trials that are recent, ongoing, or in development that include diverse populations across Europe and North America, complementary trial designs, and a collaborative spirit that should provide clinicians with evidence that informs best clinical practice for asymptomatic carotid artery disease.
Measuring Developmental Differences With an Age-of-Attainment Method
Authors: Eaton Warren O. , Bodnarchuk Jennifer L. , McKeen Nancy A.
Published: April 2014

The sensitive measurement of variation in rate of attainment is an underutilized but useful indicator of individual differences in development. To assess such individuality, we used longitudinal parental diary checklists of infant attainments to estimate the ages at which ubiquitous developmental milestones like sitting and walking were reached. Parents using this diary checklist have been shown to be valid reporters of milestone attainments. Present analyses show that multiple definitions of milestone onset have high reliability as well. Babies differ considerably in their rates of development, and such individual differences in rates may be predicted from other variables with survival (event history) analysis. Ages of attainment for sustained sitting, crawling, and walking were calculated for 519 infants and predicted using 11 common covariates. Our discovery that babies of younger mothers reach these milestones sooner than those of older mothers reveals the value of an age-of-attainment (AOA) approach. A framework with a SAS program for collecting and analyzing AOA data is presented.
Magistrates Early Referral Into Treatment Program Follow-Up Pilot Study
Authors: Jessimer Matthew , Ang Jessica , Rabone Sophie , Lander Roderick
Published: April 2014

This pilot study involved 40 adults participating in treatment through the Northern Sydney Magistrates Early Referral Into Treatment (MERIT) Program, Australia. Standardized health outcomes questionnaires such as the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS), Kessler–10 (K-10), and Short Form (36) Health Survey (SF36), were administered to each participant on three different occasions: pre-treatment episode, post-treatment episode, and 3 months follow-up. The study aimed to determine whether any observed benefits to participants at completion of the MERIT program were continued 3 to 6 months post treatment. Although the findings indicate that some benefits achieved throughout the treatment phase were maintained at follow-up, the pilot study has a number of methodological limitations, and as such, further research is recommended.
Attachment Style Moderates the Effects of Oxytocin on Social Behaviors and Cognitions During Social Rejection
Authors: Fang Angela , Hoge Elizabeth A. , Heinrichs Markus , Hofmann Stefan G.
Published: April 2014

Whereas the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM) categorizes individuals with similar self-reported symptoms, the research domain criteria offers a new approach for classifying mental disorders on the basis of dimensions of observable behaviors and neurobiological measures. The objective of this proof-of-concept study was to adopt this approach by distinguishing individuals on the basis of disorder-related personality traits during an experimental manipulation that targeted a disorder-related biological mechanism. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study design, we examined whether attachment style moderated the effect of oxytocin administration on social behaviors and cognitions during a social-exclusion test in individuals with social anxiety disorder. Among participants who received oxytocin, as opposed to a placebo, only individuals with low attachment avoidance displayed more social affiliation and cooperation, and only those with high attachment avoidance showed faster detection of disgust and neutral faces. Thus, attachment style moderated oxytocin’s effects among individuals who shared the same DSM diagnosis. We conclude that neurobiological tests can inform new classification strategies by adopting a research domain criteria framework.
MLN4924, an NAE inhibitor, suppresses AKT and mTOR signaling via upregulation of REDD1 in human myeloma cells
Authors: Gu Yanyan , Kaufman Jonathan L. , Bernal Leon , Torre Claire , Matulis Shannon M. , Harvey R. Donald , Chen Jing , Sun Shi-Yong , Boise Lawrence H. , Lonial Sagar
Published: April 2014

Key Points

Blockade of NAE and bortezomib induces phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mTOR inhibition. NAE inhibition and bortezomib combined induce synergistic plasma cell apoptosis.
Biocatalytic potential of vanillin aminotransferase from Capsicum chinense
Authors: Weber Nora , Ismail Abdelrahman , Gorwa-Grauslund Marie , Carlquist Magnus
Published: April 2014

Background

The conversion of vanillin to vanillylamine is a key step in the biosynthetic route towards capsaicinoids in pungent cultivars of Capsicum sp. The reaction has previously been annotated to be catalysed by PAMT (putative aminotransferase; [GenBank: AAC78480.1, Swiss-Prot: O82521]), however, the enzyme has previously not been biochemically characterised in vitro.

Results

The biochemical activity of the transaminase was confirmed by direct measurement of the reaction with purified recombinant enzyme. The enzyme accepted pyruvate, and oxaloacetate but not 2-oxoglutarate as co-substrate, which is in accordance with other characterised transaminases from the plant kingdom. The enzyme was also able to convert (S)-1-phenylethylamine into acetophenone with high stereo-selectivity. Additionally, it was shown to be active at a broad pH range.

Conclusions

We suggest PAMT to be renamed to VAMT (vanillin aminotransferase, abbreviation used in this study) as formation of vanillin from vanillylamine could be demonstrated. Furthermore, due to high stereoselectivity and activity at physiological pH, VAMT is a suitable candidate for biocatalytic transamination in a recombinant whole-cell system.
Assessment of biofeedback rehabilitation in post-stroke patients combining fMRI and gait analysis: a case study
Authors: Del Din Silvia , Bertoldo Alessandra , Sawacha Zimi , Jonsdottir Johanna , Rabuffetti Marco , Cobelli Claudio , Ferrarin Maurizio
Published: April 2014

Background

The ability to walk independently is a primary goal for rehabilitation after stroke. Gait analysis provides a great amount of valuable information, while functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) offers a powerful approach to define networks involved in motor control. The present study reports a new methodology based on both fMRI and gait analysis outcomes in order to investigate the ability of fMRI to reflect the phases of motor learning before/after electromyographic biofeedback treatment: the preliminary fMRI results of a post stroke subject’s brain activation, during passive and active ankle dorsal/plantarflexion, before and after biofeedback (BFB) rehabilitation are reported and their correlation with gait analysis data investigated.

Methods

A control subject and a post-stroke patient with chronic hemiparesis were studied. Functional magnetic resonance images were acquired during a block-design protocol on both subjects while performing passive and active ankle dorsal/plantarflexion. fMRI and gait analysis were assessed on the patient before and after electromyographic biofeedback rehabilitation treatment during gait activities. Lower limb three-dimensional kinematics, kinetics and surface electromyography were evaluated. Correlation between fMRI and gait analysis categorical variables was assessed: agreement/disagreement was assigned to each variable if the value was in/outside the normative range (gait analysis), or for presence of normal/diffuse/no activation of motor area (fMRI).

Results

Altered fMRI activity was found on the post-stroke patient before biofeedback rehabilitation with respect to the control one. Meanwhile the patient showed a diffuse, but more limited brain activation after treatment (less voxels). The post-stroke gait data showed a trend towards the normal range: speed, stride length, ankle power, and ankle positive work increased. Preliminary correlation analysis revealed that consistent changes were observed both for the fMRI data, and the gait analysis data after treatment (R > 0.89): this could be related to the possible effects BFB might have on the central as well as on the peripheral nervous system.

Conclusions

Our findings showed that this methodology allows evaluation of the relationship between alterations in gait and brain activation of a post-stroke patient. Such methodology, if applied on a larger sample subjects, could provide information about the specific motor area involved in a rehabilitation treatment.
The Chemerin Receptor 23 Agonist, Chemerin, Attenuates Monosynaptic C-Fibre Input to Lamina I Neurokinin 1 Receptor Expressing Rat Spinal Cord Neurons in Inflammatory Pain
Authors: Dickie Allen C , Torsney Carole
Published: April 2014

Background:

Recent evidence has shown that the chemerin receptor 23 (ChemR23) represents a novel inflammatory pain target, whereby the ChemR23 agonists, resolvin E1 and chemerin, can inhibit inflammatory pain hypersensitivity, by a mechanism that involves normalisation of potentiated spinal cord responses. This study has examined the ability of the ChemR23 agonist, chemerin, to modulate synaptic input to lamina I neurokinin 1 receptor expressing (NK1R+) dorsal horn neurons, which are known to be crucial for the manifestation of inflammatory pain.

Results:

Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from pre-identified lamina I NK1R+ neurons, in rat spinal cord slices, revealed that chemerin significantly attenuates capsaicin potentiation of miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) frequency, but is without effect in non-potentiated conditions. In tissue isolated from complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) treated rats, chemerin significantly reduced the peak amplitude of monosynaptic C-fibre evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs) in a subset of lamina I NK1R+ neurons, termed chemerin responders. However, chemerin did not alter the peak amplitude of monosynaptic C-fibre eEPSCs in control tissue. Furthermore, paired-pulse recordings in CFA tissue demonstrated that chemerin significantly reduced paired-pulse depression in the subset of neurons classified as chemerin responders, but was without effect in non-responders, indicating that chemerin acts presynaptically to attenuate monosynaptic C-fibre input to a subset of lamina I NK1R+ neurons.

Conclusions:

These results suggest that the reported ability of ChemR23 agonists to attenuate inflammatory pain hypersensitivity may in part be due to a presynaptic inhibition of monosynaptic C-fibre input to lamina I NK1R+ neurons and provides further evidence that ChemR23 represents a promising inflammatory pain target.
Efficacy and safety of pamidronate in Modic type 1 changes: study protocol for a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Cecchetti Stella , Pereira Bruno , Roche Antoine , Deschaumes Christophe , Abdi Dihya , Coudeyre Emmanuel , Dubost Jean-Jacques , Mathieu Sylvain , Malochet-Guinamand Sandrine , Tournadre Anne , Couderc Marion , Vayssade Marielle , Daron Coline , Soubrier Martin
Published: April 2014

Background

Erosive degenerative disc disease, also known as Modic type 1 changes, is usually characterized by low back pain with an inflammatory pain pattern, as seen in spondyloarthropathies. Intravenous pamidronate has proven to be effective in patients with ankylosing spondylitis who are refractory to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and in painful bone diseases in general, such as Paget’s disease, fibrous dysplasia or vertebral fractures. We therefore hypothesize that pamidronate would be effective in treating low back pain associated with Modic type 1 changes.

Methods/Design

This study, called PEPTIDE (short for the French title “Etude Prospective sur l’Efficacité et la tolérance du PamidronaTe dans les dIscopathies Degeneratives Erosives”), will be a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel group, phase two clinical trial. A total of 48 patients will be recruited. These patients will be randomly assigned to one of the two groups, with 24 patients in each group: one group will be given pamidronate and the other a placebo. Pamidronate will be administered at a dose of 90 mg per day for two days consecutively, and every patient, irrespective of treatment group, will be given paracetamol to maintain blinding by preventing drug-induced fever. The primary outcome measure is a between-group difference of 30 points on a 100 mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at three months. Secondary outcome measures are improvement in functional status and the drug’s safety. Primary and secondary outcome measures will be assessed at each visit (inclusion, at six weeks, three months, and six months). If the primary goal is not attained, the patient will be offered a rigid or semi-rigid back brace, irrespective of the treatment group.

Discussion

To date, only local treatments, for example intradiscal corticosteroid therapy, lumbar arthrodesis or back braces have been studied in randomized, controlled trials, with controversial results. This trial is currently ongoing and, if conclusive, should provide physicians with an acceptable alternative to those treatments. The results should be publicly available in spring 2015.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01799616.
Metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer with a late, complete and durable response to docetaxel chemotherapy: a case report
Authors: Daverede Luis , Ralph Christy , Jagdev Satinder P , Trigonis Ioannis , Trainor Sebastian , Harnden Patricia , Weston Michael , Paul Alan , Vasudev Naveen S
Published: April 2014

Introduction

Although treatment options for men with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer have improved in recent years, the outlook for patients remains poor, with overall survival in the region of 2 years. Response rates with chemotherapy are modest and disease progression is usually observed within months of stopping treatment.

Case presentation

We present a case of a 72-year-old White man of British origin with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer with bulky lymphadenopathy and a serum prostate-specific antigen of 295μg/L. He received treatment with docetaxel chemotherapy plus prednisolone, but received just 3 cycles before treatment was stopped due to toxicity and lack of response (prostate-specific antigen was 276μg/L 4 weeks after the last dose and there was a confirmed stable appearance on computed tomography scan). Unexpectedly, at follow-up 4 months later, the patient was clinically better; his prostate-specific antigen had dramatically improved to 4.1μg/L and a re-staging computed tomography scan revealed complete resolution of his bulky lymphadenopathy. At the time, he was receiving a luteinising hormone-releasing hormone analogue but no other disease-modulating treatment. He remains well and asymptomatic, with his most recent serum prostate-specific antigen measuring 0.14μg/L, 18 months after last receiving chemotherapy.

Conclusion

We report a case of complete and durable regression of metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer following palliative chemotherapy which, to the best of our knowledge, has not previously been reported in the literature.
The RUMiC longitudinal survey: fostering research on labor markets in China
Authors: Akgüç Mehtap , Giulietti Corrado , Zimmermann Klaus F
Published: April 2014

This paper describes the Longitudinal Survey on Rural Urban Migration in China (RUMiC), a unique data source in terms of spatial coverage and panel dimension for research on labor markets in China. The survey is a collaboration project between the Australian National University, Beijing Normal University and the Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA), which makes data publicly available to the scientific community by producing Scientific Use Files. The paper illustrates the structure, sampling frame and tracking method of the survey, and provides an overview of the topics covered by the dataset, and a review of the existing studies based on RUMiC data.

JEL codes

C81; J01; P36; R23