bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuromuscular Impairment Following Backpack Load Carriage
Authors: Blacker Sam D. , Fallowfield Joanne L. , Bilzon James L.J. , Willems Mark E.T.
Published: July 2013

Load Carriage using backpacks is an occupational task and can be a recreational pursuit. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms responsible for changes in neuromuscular function of the m. quadriceps femoris following load carriage. The physiological responses of 10 male participants to voluntary and electrically stimulated isometric contractions were measured before and immediately after two hours of treadmill walking at 6.5 km•h-1 during level walking with no load [LW], and level walking with load carriage (25 kg backpack) [LC]. Maximal voluntary contraction force decreased by 15 ± 11 % following LC (p=0.006), with no change following LW (p=0.292). Voluntary activation decreased after LW and LC (p=0.033) with no difference between conditions (p=0.405). Doublet contraction time decreased after both LW and LC (p=0.002), with no difference between conditions (p=0.232). There were no other changes in electrically invoked doublet parameters in either condition. The 20:50 Hz ratio did not change following LW (p=0.864) but decreased from 0.88 ± 0.04 to 0.84 ± 0.04 after LC (p=0.011) indicating reduced Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum during excitation contraction coupling. In conclusion, two hours of load carriage carrying a 25 kg back pack caused neuromuscular impairment through a decrease in voluntary activation (i.e. central drive) and fatigue or damage to the peripheral muscle, including impairment of the excitation contraction coupling process. This may reduce physical performance and increase the risk of musculoskeletal injury.
Game Indicators Determining Sports Performance in the NBA
Authors: Mikołajec Kazimierz , Maszczyk Adam , Zając Tomasz
Published: July 2013

The main goal of the present study was to identify basketball game performance indicators which best determine sports level in the National Basketball Association (NBA) league. The research material consisted of all NBA game statistics at the turn of eight seasons (2003-11) and included 52 performance variables. Through detailed analysis the variables with high influence on game effectiveness were selected for final procedures. It has been proven that a limited number of factors, mostly offensive, determines sports performance in the NBA. The most critical indicators are: Win%, Offensive EFF, 3rd Quarter PPG, Win% CG, Avg Fauls and Avg Steals. In practical applications these results connected with top teams and elite players may help coaches to design better training programs.
Fluid Mechanics
Authors: Radev St. , Onofri F. R. A. , Lenoble A. , Tadrist L.
Published: July 2013

The paper review key results [1-14] of the joint researches conducted by IMech and IUSTI. In the First part, we review models and experimental results on the linear and nonlinear instability of a capillary jet including both axisymmetric and nonaxisymmetric disturbances. In the Second part, results on draw resonances, occurring during a glass fibre process are reviewed, as well as the unique optical models and methods developed to perform these studies.
The effect of fractionality nature in differences between computer simulation and experimental results of a chaotic circuit
Authors: Faraji Salman , Tavazoei Mohammad
Published: July 2013

In practice, some differences are usually observed between computer simulation and experimental results of a chaotic circuit. In this paper, it is tried to obtain computer simulation results having more correlation with those obtained in practice by using more realistic models for chaotic circuits. This goal is achieved by considering the fractionality nature of electrical capacitors in the model of a chaotic circuit.
Prognosis and Course of Disability in Patients With Chronic Nonspecific Low Back Pain: A 5- and 12-Month Follow-up Cohort Study
Authors: Verkerk Karin , Luijsterburg Pim A.J. , Heymans Martijn W. , Ronchetti Inge , Pool-Goudzwaard Annelies L. , Miedema Harald S. , Koes Bart W.
Published: July 2013

Background

Few data are available on the course of and predictors for disability in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain (CNSLBP).

Objective

The purpose of this study was to describe the course of disability and identify clinically important prognostic factors of low-back-pain–specific disability in patients with CNSLBP receiving multidisciplinary therapy.

Design

A prospective cohort study was conducted.

Methods

A total of 1,760 patients with CNSLBP who received multidisciplinary therapy were evaluated for their course of disability and prognostic factors at baseline and at 2-, 5-, and 12-month follow-ups. Recovery was defined as 30% reduction in low back pain–specific disability at follow-up compared with baseline and as absolute recovery if the score on the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale (QBPDS) was ≤20 points at follow-up. Potential prognostic factors were identified using multivariable logistic regression analysis.

Results

Mean patient-reported disability scores on the QBPDS ranged from 51.7 (SD=15.6) at baseline to 31.7 (SD=15.2), 31.1 (SD=18.2), and 29.1 (SD=20.0) at 2, 5, and 12 months, respectively. The prognostic factors identified for recovery at 5 and 12 months were younger age and high scores on disability and on the 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) (Physical and Mental Component Summaries) at baseline. In addition, at 5-month follow-up, a shorter duration of complaints was a positive predictor, and having no comorbidity and less pain at baseline were additional predictors at 12-month follow-up.

Limitations

Missing values at 5- and 12-month follow-ups were 11.1% and 45.2%, respectively.

Conclusion

After multidisciplinary treatment, the course of disability in patients with CNSLBP continued to decline over a 12-month period. At 5- and 12-month follow-ups, prognostic factors were identified for a clinically relevant decrease in disability scores on the QBPDS.
Robustness of a Typical Beam-Column Concrete Structure Exposed to Fire
Authors: Annerel Emmanuel , Taerwe Luc
Published: July 2013

Concrete structures behave mostly well during a fire, however, in some cases collapse is found before the calculated fire resistance is obtained. This premature collapse during fire can be explained when studying the global structural response, as stresses are induced by restraint actions of the thermal deformations. This paper studies the behaviour of a structure consisting of beam-column connections exposed to the ISO 834 fire by means of the finite element package Diana. It is found that the effects of thermal restraint can be modeled. Internal thermal restraint may cause vertical cracks in the concrete element which do not extend towards the bottom surface of the heated beam. External thermal restraint is found as the gradual development of plastic hinges and the increase of shear forces which first appear well before the fire resistance according to the simplified methods of EN 1992-1-2 is attained. Due to the thermal deformations, cracks may also occur in building elements not directly exposed to the fire.
Medium Scale Testing and Simulation of Aircraft Crash
Authors: Vepsö Ari , Calonius Kim , Hostikka Simo , Tuomala Markku
Published: July 2013

The topic of an aircraft crash against a nuclear power plant building has received increasing attention during the last decade. VTT has carried out series of jointly funded and designed impact tests and also developed numerical methods and models with which this event can be analysed. In addition, simplified computation methods that are especially useful in parametric studies have been developed at Tampere University of technology (TUT). During the crash, fuel in the fuel tanks is likely to burst out of the ruptured fuel tanks. Fuel burning in pools close to the building might cause significant heating of the structures. Also, the flames and smoke may be transported into the air intakes of the building. These two phenomena are mainly studied via numerical fire simulations with experimentally determined boundary conditions describing the fuel spray behaviour. This paper describes the work carried out in these sub-topics of an aircraft crash.
Ice flow dynamics and surface meltwater flux at a land-terminating sector of the Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Fitzpatrick Andrew A.W. , Hubbard Alun , Joughin Ian , Quincey Duncan J. , As Dirk Van , Mikkelsen Andreas P.B. , Doyle Samuel H. , Hasholt Bent , Jones Glenn A.
Published: July 2013

We present satellite-derived velocity patterns for the two contrasting melt seasons of 2009–10 across Russell Glacier catchment, a western, land-terminating sector of the Greenland ice sheet which encompasses the K(angerlussuaq)-transect. Results highlight great spatial heterogeneity in flow, indicating that structural controls such as bedrock geometry govern ice discharge into individual outlet troughs. Results also reveal strong seasonal flow variability extending 57 km up-glacier to 1200 m elevation, with the largest acceleration (100% over 11 days) occurring within 10 km of the margin coincident with spring melt. By late July 2010, 2 weeks before peak melt and runoff, 48 % of the 2400 km2 catchment had slowed to less than the winter mean. This observation supports the hypothesis that the subglacial hydrological system evolves from an inefficient distributed to an efficient drainage system, regulating flow dynamics. Despite this, the cumulative surface flux over the record melt year of 2010 was still greater compared with the perturbation over the average melt year of 2009. This study supports the proposition that local surface meltwater runoff couples to basal hydrology driving ice-sheet dynamics, and although the effect is nonlinear, our observations indicate that greater meltwater runoff yields increased net flux over this sector of the ice sheet.
Caries and Associated Factors among Pre-school Children: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Khan MAJ , Sajib NH , Parvin S
Published: July 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjdre.v2i1.15528 Bangladesh Journal of Dental Research & Education Vol.2(1) 2012: 1-3
Detection of Antinuclear Antibodies: Comparative Evaluation of Enzyme Immunoassay and Indirect Immunofluroscence Methods
Authors: Begum T , Moral AKM S , Rahman AFMS , Hasan MM
Published: July 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjdre.v2i1.15529 Bangladesh Journal of Dental Research & Education Vol.2(1) 2012: 4-6
Health Education Intervention on Hand Washing in a selected Primary School Children
Authors: Farzan MSA , Zerin I , Kabir MA , Pavel MSR , Hossain MS
Published: July 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjdre.v2i1.15571 Bangladesh Journal of Dental Research & Education Vol.2(1) 2012: 7-11
Review of Dental Implants Success and Failures
Authors: Hasan MM
Published: July 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjdre.v2i1.15574 Bangladesh Journal of Dental Research & Education Vol.2(1) 2012: 22-23
Évolution récente de l'économie canadienne
Authors: Gayet Hélène
Published: July 2013

La reprise, amorcée au cours de l'hiver 1954-1955 après une récession remontant à l'automne 1953 n'a cessé de se confirmer, prenant même une importance exceptionnelle dans certains secteurs. Cependant, l'écoulement des stocks de blé excédentaires, l'accentuation du déficit de la balance commerciale, le problème de l'emploi restent préoccupants.
Le problème du logement et l'activité de la construction en Allemagne occidentale depuis 1945
Authors: Sebastiani Charles
Published: July 2013

Près de 3,5 millions de logements construits depuis 1945, tel est le résultat atteint par les plans de construction d'habitations du gouvernement fédéral.

Bien que l'on puisse élever quelques objections quant aux méthodes choisies et la qualité de certaines constructions, il n'en reste pas moins qu'un tel résultat est remarquable, d'autant plus qu'il a été obtenu parallèlement à la reconstitution du potentiel économique.
Les clauses d'ajustement des salaires aux États-Unis
Authors: d'Ivangin D.
Published: July 2013

Parmi les moyens de négociation de salaires qui se sont développés aux États- Unis il en est quatre qui visent à défendre plus ou moins automatiquement le pouvoir d'achat réel des travailleurs. Ce sont, le salaire minimum, l'échelle mobile, la clause de productivité et le salaire annuel garanti. Ils ont suivi des évolutions diverses, et leur domaine varie en raison inverse de la conjoncture, car dans les époques normales, ou prospères, les syndicats américains s'attachent à augmenter plutôt qu'à conserver le niveau de vie des travailleurs.
L'Autriche au lendemain du traité d'état
Authors: Rogé France
Published: July 2013

La structure de l'Autriche en 1956 diffère profondément de celle d'avant la guerre et de celle de 1948. Le relèvement spectaculaire de l'économie, réalisée dans les conditions difficiles de ces dix dernières années est imputable à des facteurs d'ordre industriel et financier. Le pays ainsi restauré doit faire face désormais aux obligations du Traité d'État qui comporte par contre d'importants avantages. Entre autres, il doit permettre à l'Autriche de jouer à nouveau son rôle — interrompu depuis 1938 — de carrefour des courants d'échanges entre l'Est et l'Ouest de l'Europe.
Le niveau économique du bassin méditerranéen
Authors: Hérouville Hubert d'
Published: July 2013

II est beaucoup question, à notre époque, de la mise en valeur des régions insuffisamment développées. Parmi celles-ci, le bassin méditerranéen intéresse particulièrement les Européens, parce qu'il est lié étroitement à leur histoire et à leur espace économique. Cet ensemble est cependant loin d'être uniforme, les différences étant prononcées, notamment entre les rives nord et sud du bassin.

Pour tous les pays intéressés — leur nombre dépasse la quinzaine — il existe des plans de développement dont la réalisation est plus ou moins avancée. L'exposé de ces programmes (d'ailleurs en perpétuel remaniement) est effectué en détail dans les publications des Nations-Unies, et il a semblé inutile de les reprendre. Il a paru digne d'intérêt, par contre, et d'actualité, de résumer en un document unique, d'esprit comparatif et recourant aux statistiques, les principales causes et les caractères de la pauvreté des pays méditerranéens, ainsi que les principes généraux qui conditionnent leur mise en valeur, le rythme de celle-ci et ses possibilités.
Inscriptions du Létôon de Xanthos
Authors: Bousquet Jean , Gauthier Philippe
Published: July 2013

Publication d'un accord d'isopolitie conclu entre les cités lyciennes de Xanthos et de Myra, vers 150-120 a.C. De la même époque sont deux listes de souscriptions publiques destinées aux réparations des temples du Létôon et à la dorure des statues de culte.
À propos de la dispositio du Sur l'ambassade infidèle : Stratégie rhétorique et analyse politique chez Démosthène
Authors: Frazier Françoise
Published: July 2013

Une analyse détaillée de la dispositio du discours, attentive aux jeux de contrastes, aux inexactitudes chronologiques et aux agencements en trompe-l'œil multipliés par Démosthène, permet de dégager les thèmes dominants de sa foisonnante épilogue, et, à partir de là, de mieux mesurer ses enjeux politiques. Derrière l'opposition entre Eschine et Démosthène, on voit constamment apparaître le «couple» majeur de Philippe et d'Athènes ; ainsi le réquisitoire contre un adversaire politique se double d'un appel à une politique de fermeté, seule capable de faire plier le roi, qui s'inscrit parfaitement dans l'action de l'auteur des Harangues.
Solon. Fragment 36 W. Pratique et fondation des normes politiques
Authors: Blaise Fabienne
Published: July 2013

Le fragment 36 W., souvent cité dans la discussion sur la «sisachthie» solonienne, est, si l'on en étudie précisément l'ensemble, d'un intérêt puissant pour comprendre la démarche législatrice de Solon. En partant d'une conception traditionnelle du droit et en réutilisant le mythe hésiodique dans un sens nouveau, l'auteur expose les conditions de son action en termes non théologiques — contrairement à Hésiode — , mais politiques : la norme n'est plus déduite d'un ordre divin, mais conçue sur le mode du jugement, comme un acte thétique. Le législateur, en tant que tel, se substitue au dieu en se plaçant seul au fondement du droit, position exceptionnelle qui expose l'individu Solon à l'hostilité des hommes et explique probablement l'échec — au moins à court terme — de son action politique.
Comment résister à la conquête ? Temps, espace et récit chez Hérodote
Authors: Payen Pascal
Published: July 2013

D'un côté, l'Enquête d'Hérodote rapporte les projets de domination qui, de Crésus à Xerxès, constituent la trame des rapports entre Grecs et Barbares, de 561 à 479. Mais, de l'autre, le lecteur ne peut oublier que de larges sections décrivent les coutumes et l'espace de nombreux peuples dès que la conquête les menace. Cette dynamique s'enracine dans les conditions matérielles de création et de lecture au Ve siècle avant J.-C, et dans les héritages narratifs que transforme Hérodote (Vies, Catalogues ...). Or aucun conquérant n'est glorifié ni présenté comme un vainqueur, tandis que les peuples visés opposent la singularité de leur espace et l'étrangeté de leurs coutumes, soit un genre de vie devenu stratégie de résistance, en associant particularisme insulaire et fuite calculée sur le modèle nomade. Les Grecs, de même, tantôt conquérants insatiables mais défaits, tantôt résistants invaincus, contribuent à monter que, chez Hérodote, l'autre a le visage de celui qui résiste plutôt que du Barbare. Il s'agit donc bien d'une autre écriture du passé, qui sauve de l'oubli tous les peuples décrits, non les seuls hauts faits des Rois. Les mêmes images sont employées pour décrire la résistance insulaire des nomades, et pour dire le cheminement de l'écriture, ainsi en relation d'homologie avec son objet.
Cité libre ou stipendiaire ? À propos du statut juridique d'Éphèse à l'époque du Haut-Empire romain
Authors: Guerber Eric
Published: July 2013

La question de la nature du statut juridique d'Éphése à l'époque du Haut- Empire romain, examinée jusqu'à présent à partir d'un dossier documentaire restreint, revêt un grand intérêt : en effet, Éphèse est le plus souvent considérée comme une cité libre. Or si tel est le cas, les interventions du proconsul dans les affaires internes de la cité réduisent à fort peu de chose l'autonomia de la capitale de la province proconsulaire d'Asie. Nous aurons là un signe non équivoque de l'amoindrissement du statut de la cité libre à l'époque impériale. Toutefois, admettre qu'Éphèse est une cité libre se révèle une opinion fragile : nous ne disposons d'aucun indice sérieux garantissant la validité de l'éleuthéria de la cité asiate. En outre nous voyons bien, à maintes reprises, le proconsul d'Asie se substituer à l'administration municipale d'Éphése. Cette pratique contraste singulièrement avec le respect scrupuleux que manifestent à la même époque les plus hautes autorités romaines vis-à-vis des privilèges d'une autre cité d'Asie, Aphrodisias de Carie, cité libre, immunis, et affranchie de toute forme de liturgies. Certes, les deux cités ne sont pas rigoureusement comparables et l'étendue de l'éleuthéria d'Aphrodisias est particulièrement remarquable. Cependant plutôt que de supposer la liberté d'Éphése vide de tout contenu, réductible à un simple titre honorifique, il nous paraît plus probable d'admettre que la capitale de la province d'Asie ne fut pas à l'époque du Haut-Empire une civitas libéra.
Encounters, Norms, and Crowding at Six Coastal and Marine Areas in Hawai'i
Authors: Needham Mark D.
Published: July 2013

This article examined encounters, norms, and crowding of 1,422 individuals at six coastal and marine areas in hawai'i. Encounters and crowding differed among these sites with 38–55% of users feeling crowded. On average, however, users encountered fewer than half as many people
(i.e., 63–192 per 500 × 200 yards) compared to their normative standard for the maximum use density they felt should be allowed at each site (i.e., 206–381 people per 500 × 200 yards). Only 11–21% of users encountered more people than their norm, and these individuals
felt more crowded than those who encountered fewer than their norm. Crowding and encounters were important indicators at each site, and there was relatively high agreement regarding use densities that should and should not be allowed at each site. All three concepts (i.e., encounters, norms,
crowding) should be measured when addressing social capacity issues.
Realized climatic niche of North American plant taxa lagged behind climate during the end of the Pleistocene
Authors: Ordonez Alejandro
Published: July 2013

• Premise of the study: Predicting species responses to climate change has become a dynamic field in global change research. A crucial question in this debate is whether‐or‐not species have been and will be able to respond quickly enough to keep up with changing climatic conditions.

• Methods: Focusing on fossil pollen records and paleoclimatic simulations, this work assesses the change in realized climatic niches (climatic temporal trajectories) of 20 plant taxa over the last 16000 yr, and whether this tracking has been the same for different climatic niche dimensions.

• Key results: Climatic factors showed a consistent trend toward warmer temperatures and higher precipitation. Although the response types varied across taxa, species’ realized climatic niches lagged in response to changes in climatic conditions. Temperature niches responded to late Pleistocene (16000–11000 yr ago) climate change, but did so at slower rates than changes in climatic conditions during the same period. In contrast, precipitation niches were relatively stable from 16000 to 11000 yr ago, but still lagged behind changes in climatic conditions. Changes in temperature and precipitation niches eventually stabilized during the Holocene (11000–1000 yr ago).

• Conclusions: These results underscore how the climatic niche realized at any one moment represents a subset of the climate conditions in which a taxon can persist, particularly during times of fast climatic change. Variability in the rates of temporal trajectories across evaluated climatic variables showed taxa specific responses to changes in climatic conditions over time and emphasizes the need to incorporate variation, intensity, and duration of lag effects in assessments of the possible effects of climatic change.
Preparation of optically active bicyclodihydrosiloles by a radical cascade reaction
Authors: Miyazaki Koichiro , Yamane Yu , Yo Ryuichiro , Uno Hidemitsu , Kamimura Akio
Published: July 2013

Bicyclodihydrosiloles were readily prepared from optically active enyne compounds by a radical cascade reaction triggered by tris(trimethylsilyl)silane ((Me3Si)3SiH). The reaction was initiated by the addition of a silyl radical to an α,β-unsaturated ester, forming an α-carbonyl radical that underwent radical cyclization to a terminal alkyne unit. The resulting vinyl radical attacked the silicon atom in an SHi manner to give dihydrosilole. The reaction preferentially formed trans isomers of bicyclosiloles with an approximately 7:3 to 9:1 selectivity.
Lanostane- and cycloartane-type triterpenoids from Abies balsamea oleoresin
Authors: Lavoie Serge , Gauthier Charles , Legault Jean , Mercier Sylvain , Mshvildadze Vakhtang , Pichette André
Published: July 2013

Phytochemical analysis of A. balsamea oleoresin led to the isolation of three new 3,4-seco-lanostane triterpenoids 1–3, one new cycloartane triterpenoid 4 along with fourteen known terpenoids. Structure determinations were based on extensive 1D/2D NMR, IR and MS spectroscopic analyses, and comparison with literature data. The isolated compounds were evaluated in vitro for their cytotoxicity against human cell lines (A549, DLD-1, WS1) and their antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. Abiesonic acid (6) exhibited weak cytotoxic activity against A549 (IC50 = 22 µM) while compounds 1 and 4 were weakly active against S. aureus (MIC = 25 µM).
Effect of Distal Interlock Fixation in Stable Intertrochanteric Fractures
Authors: Kane Patrick M. , Vopat Bryan , Paller David , Koruprolu Sarath , Born Christopher T.
Published: July 2013

The objective of this study was to evaluate the torsion stiffness of locked and unlocked distal fixation of long cephalomedullary nail constructs, in both a fresh fracture and healed, stable intertrochanteric fracture model. Samples were tested in both internal and external rotation (0±3 Nm) for a duration of 10 cycles. Each femur was tested without instrumentation (intact femur), with instrumentation and no fracture (healed intertrochanteric fracture), and with instrumentation with an osteotomy creating a stable intertrochanteric fracture (fresh fracture). All specimens were instrumented with a long cephalomedullary nail. A distal interlock was placed in the dynamic position in 1 femur, and the other femur of the matched pair was left unlocked.

Mean external (ER) and internal (IR) rotation stiffness for intact femurs without instrumentation (ER, 2.1±0.5 Nm/degree; IR, 2.2±0.5 Nm/degree) was statistically stiffer (
P
<.05 for all) compared with fresh fractured locked (ER, 1.1±0.2 Nm/degree; IR, 1.1±0.3 Nm/degree) and fresh fractured unlocked (ER, 0.9±0.3 Nm/degree; IR, 1.0±0.2 Nm/degree) samples. Similarly, healed locked (ER, 2.5±0.2 Nm/degree; IR, 2.8±0.1 Nm/degree) and healed unlocked (ER, 2.5±0.5 Nm/degree; IR, 2.4±0.3 Nm/degree) samples had statistically higher stiffness compared with fresh fractured treatments.

These results suggest that the unlocked distal constructs provide similar torsional strength compared with locked fixation in these models.
Superior Versus Anteroinferior Plating of Clavicle Fractures
Authors: Formaini Nathan , Taylor Benjamin C. , Backes Jeffrey , Bramwell Thomas J.
Published: July 2013

Plate fixation of displaced clavicle fractures has proven to be reliable and reproducible, leading to high union rates and a low rate of associated complications. However, the decision of whether to place the plate superiorly or anteroinferiorly on the clavicle has remained controversial. The authors performed a retrospective review on a consecutive series of patients who underwent plate fixation for a displaced midshaft clavicle fracture at a Level I urban trauma center. A review of surgical records identified 138 patients with a displaced midshaft clavicle fracture requiring operative stabilization. A total of 105 patients who met the inclusion criteria were included in the analysis. Both superior and anteroinferior techniques resulted in a similar time to radiographic union (12.6±4.8 vs 11.3±5.2 weeks, respectively) and identical union rates (95%). At final follow-up, patient-reported implant prominence was nearly double in patients with a retained superior plate (54% vs 29%, respectively;
P
=.04). No significant difference existed in mean visual analog scale score at a mean of 2.77 years postoperatively, although a significant difference existed in the Oxford Shoulder Score questionnaire, with a mean score of 41.4 in the superior group and 44.4 in the anteroinferior group (
P
=.008). Implant removal occurred more frequently after superior plating but was not significant. Both superior and anteroinferior clavicle plating are safe treatment methods for displaced clavicle fractures. Superior plating leads to an increased rate of patient-reported implant prominence and may prompt more requests for implant removal.
Effect of Elbow Flexion on the Proximity of the PIN During 2-incision Distal Biceps Repair
Authors: Jones Jason A. , Jones Christopher M. , Grossman Mark G.
Published: July 2013

The posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) is at risk for injury during surgical dissection for distal biceps repair, yet the optimal position of elbow flexion to avoid a PIN injury has never been established for the 2-incision approach. The purpose of this study was to determine the proximity of the PIN to the radial tuberosity during surgical dissection in different degrees of elbow flexion.

Ten cadaveric specimens with an intact elbow and forearm were dissected in full pronation using a modified Boyd-Anderson approach. Half of the dissections were completed in 90° of flexion and the other half were completed in maximal flexion. To simulate the location of the PIN during a single-incision biceps repair, the distance of the PIN to the radial tuberosity was recorded in full extension and supination. Results from these measurements were assessed for differences using paired
t
tests, with differences deemed significant for
P
values less than .05. The PIN was not identified in any of the 2-incision surgical dissections.

Based on these findings, the proximity of the PIN to the radial tuberosity is not significantly affected by the degree of elbow flexion in the muscle-splitting 2-incision approach. In addition, a safe zone exists for avoiding PIN injury in a single-incision technique for distal biceps repair because a drill bit exiting the radial tuberosity greater than 1 cm in a distal-radial direction would place the PIN at risk.
Cervical Disk Arthroplasty Versus ACDF for Preoperative Reducible Kyphosis
Authors: Chen Yu , Wang Xinwei , Lu Xuhua , Yang Haisong , Chen Deyu
Published: July 2013

Cervical total disk arthroplasty has proven to be an effective and safe alternative for anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion (ACDF) for the treatment of cervical disk degenerative disease. However, whether and when cervical disk arthroplasty is indicated for preoperative cervical spine kyphosis is unclear. In the authors’ clinical experiences, preoperative kyphosis can generally be divided into reducible and irreducible forms according to the results of dynamic flexion-extension lateral radiographs. Reducible kyphosis is mostly related to local disk prolapse, clinical symptoms, and musculature weakness, but irreducible kyphosis is always associated with significant cervical degeneration or congenital bone malformation. In this study, 32 patients with preoperative reducible kyphosis were randomized in a 1:1 ratio to either single-level total cervical arthroplasty with the Discover cervical disk prosthesis (DePuy Spine, Raynham, Massachusetts) (arthroplasty group) or single-level ACDF with a polyetheretherketone cage and plate (ACDF group). No significant differences existed in clinical and radiological results at 2-year follow-up between the arthroplasty and ACDF groups. The global and functional spinal unit angles of the arthroplasty group were significantly lower than those of the ACDF group 6 months postoperatively, which was consistent with the result of the comparison in Neck Disability Index score. However, the sagittal alignment of the overall cervical spine and the treated segment and the Neck Disability Index score significantly improved after 6 months in the arthroplasty group but not in the ACDF group. Therefore, preoperative reducible kyphosis is not a contraindication for cervical total disk arthroplasty. However, neck strength-building exercises should be emphasized for the postoperative rehabilitation after cervical total disk arthroplasty.
High Endothelial Venule Blood Vessels for Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Are Associated with Lymphotoxin β–Producing Dendritic Cells in Human Breast Cancer
Authors: Martinet Ludovic , Filleron Thomas , Le Guellec Sophie , Rochaix Philippe , Garrido Ignacio , Girard Jean-Philippe
Published: July 2013

Blood vessels and tumor angiogenesis are generally associated with tumor growth and poor clinical outcome of cancer patients. However, we recently discovered that some blood vessels present within the tumor microenvironment can be associated with favorable prognosis. These vessels, designated tumor high endothelial venules (HEVs), appear to facilitate tumor destruction by allowing high levels of lymphocyte infiltration into tumors. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms regulating HEV blood vessels in human breast cancer. We found that lymphotoxin β was overexpressed in tumors containing high densities of HEVs (HEVhigh) and correlated to DC-LAMP, a marker of mature DCs. DCs were the main producers of lymphotoxin β in freshly resected HEVhigh breast tumor samples, and the density of DC-LAMP+ DCs clusters was strongly correlated with the density of tumor HEVs, T and B cell infiltration, and favorable clinical outcome in a retrospective cohort of 146 primary invasive breast cancer patients. Densities of tumor HEVs and DC-LAMP+ DCs were strongly reduced during breast cancer progression from in situ carcinoma to invasive carcinoma, suggesting that loss of tumor HEVs is a critical step during breast cancer progression. Finally, an increase in the infiltration of regulatory T cells was observed in HEVhigh breast tumors, indicating that tumor HEVs can develop in the presence of regulatory T cells. Together, our results support a key role for DCs and DC-derived lymphotoxin in the formation of tumor HEVs. These findings are important because novel therapeutic strategies based on the modulation of tumor HEVs could have a major impact on clinical outcome of cancer patients.
Immune Regulation in Obesity-Associated Adipose Inflammation
Authors: Han Jonathan M. , Levings Megan K.
Published: July 2013

Adipose tissue inflammation is often a consequence of obesity and is characterized by infiltration and activation of immune cells that overproduce cytokines and chemokines. This apparent loss of immune regulation in obese adipose tissue contributes to the ongoing chronic inflammation that is thought to promote the degradation of metabolic parameters in obesity. Much recent work has sought to identify the immune cell subsets that are involved in adipose tissue inflammation, understand the mechanisms by which adipose tissue inflammation develops, and develop immunotherapeutic strategies to reverse this process. In this review, we describe the known mechanisms that underlie the loss of immune regulation in obesity-associated adipose tissue inflammation and set the stage for the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
CEBPG Exhibits Allele-Specific Expression in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells
Authors: Blomquist Thomas M. , Brown Ronald D. , Crawford Erin L. , De La Serna Ivana , Williams Kandace , Yoon Youngsook , Hernandez Dawn-Alita , Willey James C.
Published: July 2013

Inter-individual variation in CCAAT/enhancer binding protein gamma (CEBPG) transcript expression in normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NBEC) is associated with predisposition to lung cancer. We hypothesize that this inter-individual variation is in part explained by cis-acting genetic variation in CEBPG. To test this hypothesis we measured transcript expression derived from each parental copy of CEBPG (ie, allele-specific expression; ASE). There was a significant 2.9-fold higher cell cycle-specific variation in ASE of CEBPG rs2772 A compared to C allele ( P < 0.001). In 20% of NBEC samples, CEBPG rs2772 A allele was expressed on average 2.10 fold greater than rs2772 C allele. These data support the hypothesis that genetic variation in linkage disequilibrium with rs2772 influences regulation of CEBPG transcript expression through a trans-effect downstream of RNA polymerase II transcription and confirm that cis-acting genetic variation contributes to inter-individual variation in CEBPG transcript expression in NBEC, which is associated with variation in lung cancer risk.
A Short Note on Short Pants
Authors: Parlier Hugo
Published: July 2013

It is a theorem of Bers that any closed hyperbolic surface admits a pants decomposition consisting of curves of bounded length where the bound only depends on the topology of the surface. The question of the quantification of the optimal constants has been well studied, and the best upper bounds to date are linear in genus, due to a theorem of Buser and Seppälä. The goal of this note is to give a short proof of a linear upper bound that slightly improves the best known bound.
Implicit Difference Methods for Differential Functional Parabolic Equations with Dirichlet's Condition
Authors: Sapa Lucjan
Published: July 2013

Classical solutions of nonlinear second-order partial differential functional equations of parabolic type with Dirichlet's condition are approximated in the paper by solutions of associated implicit difference functional equations. The functional dependence is of the Volterra type. Nonlinear estimates of the generalized Perron type for given functions are assumed. The convergence and stability results are proved with the use of discrete functional inequalities and the comparison technique. In particular, these theorems cover quasi-linear equations. However, such equations are also treated separately. The known results on similar difference methods can be obtained as particular cases of our simple result.
Photosynthesis-dependent isoprene emission from leaf to planet in a global carbon–chemistry–climate model
Authors: Unger N. , Harper K. , Zheng Y. , Kiang N. Y. , Aleinov I. , Arneth A. , Schurgers G. , Amelynck C. , Goldstein A. , Guenther A. , Heinesch B. , Hewitt C. N. , Karl T. , Laffineur Q. , Langford B. , McKinney K. A. , Misztal P. , Potosnak M. , Rinne J. , Pressley S. , Schoon N. , Serça D.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. We describe the implementation of a biochemical model of isoprene emission that depends on the electron requirement for isoprene synthesis into the Farquhar/Ball–Berry leaf model of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance that is embedded within a global chemistry–climate simulation framework. The isoprene production is calculated as a function of electron transport-limited photosynthesis, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, and canopy temperature. The vegetation biophysics module computes the photosynthetic uptake of carbon dioxide coupled with the transpiration of water vapor and the isoprene emission rate at the 30 min physical integration time step of the global chemistry–climate model. In the model, the rate of carbon assimilation provides the dominant control on isoprene emission variability over canopy temperature. A control simulation representative of the present day climatic state that uses 8 plant functional types (PFTs), prescribed phenology and generic PFT-specific isoprene emission potentials (fraction of electrons available for isoprene synthesis) reproduces 50% of the variability across different ecosystems and seasons in a global database of 28 measured campaign-average fluxes. Compared to time-varying isoprene flux measurements at 9 select sites, the model authentically captures the observed variability in the 30 min average diurnal cycle (R2= 64–96%) and simulates the flux magnitude to within a factor of 2. The control run yields a global isoprene source strength of 451 Tg C yr-1 that increases by 30% in the artificial absence of plant water stress and by 55% for potential natural vegetation.
An energy efficient weakly programmable MIMO detector architecture
Authors: Gimmler-Dumont C. , Wehn N.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Energy efficient processing is mandatory in todays' mobile devices. For the upcoming multiple-antenna systems, algorithmic flexibility enables the dynamic reaction to changing channel conditions. We show that most of the tree search based MIMO detection algorithms are based on the same algorithmic kernels and present a weakly-programmable architecture based on these observations. In this way, the detection algorithm can be chosen and parameterized during runtime according to the current channel conditions and QoS requirements leading to a highly energy efficient implementation. The architecture has been implemented and synthesized on a 65 nm technology, resulting in an area of 0.26 mm2 and a power consumption of only 15 mW.
A code-aided synchronization IP core for iterative channel decoders
Authors: Ali I. , Wasenmüller U. , Wehn N.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Synchronization and channel decoding are integral parts of each receiver in wireless communication systems. The task of synchronization is the estimation of the general unknown parameters of phase, frequency and timing offset as well as correction of the received symbol sequence according to the estimated parameters. The synchronized symbol sequence serves as input for the channel decoder. Advanced channel decoders are able to operate at very low signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). For small values of SNR, the parameter estimation suffers from increased noise and impacts the communication performance. To improve the synchronization quality and thus decoder performance, the synchronizers are integrated into the iterative decoding structure. Intermediate results of the channel decoder after each iteration are used to improve the synchronization. This approach is referred to as code-aided (CA) synchronization or turbo synchronization. A number of CA synchronization algorithms have already been published but there is no publication so far on a generic hardware implementation of the CA synchronization. Therefore we present an algorithm which can be implemented efficiently in hardware and demonstrate its communication performance. Furthermore we present a high throughput, flexible, area and power efficient code-aided synchronization IP core for various satellite communication standards. The core is synthesized for 65 nm low power CMOS technology. After placement and routing the core has an area of 0.194 mm2, throughput of 207 Msymbols/s and consumes 41.4 mW at 300 MHz clock frequency. The architecture is designed in such a way that it does not affect throughput of the system.
Analytic investigations on the susceptibility of nonlinear analog circuits to substrate noise
Authors: Widemann C. , Stegemann S. , John W. , Mathis W.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. This work deals with the conducted susceptibility of nonlinear analog circuits with respect to substrate noise. The substrate coupling mechanism is modeled by a passive three-terminal network that is obtained by means of the finite element method with a subsequently performed model order reduction. Applying this substrate model to the bulk terminal of MOS transistors in integrated analog circuits, it is possible to examine the influence of substrate noise on the circuit's functionality. By means of a block-oriented approach, analytic expressions for the output behavior of the circuits are found. The utilized multi-input Wiener model separates the linear dynamic from the nonlinear static circuit properties. Due to this separation the frequency response of both signals, i.e.,input signal and substrate noise, respectively, can be identified, and hence, the frequency range in which the circuit is most susceptible to substrate noise. Since the nonlinear static behavior of each MOS transistor depends on two signals, truncated multivariate Taylor series expansions of the nonlinear elements are performed on the basis of the EKV model description (Enz et al., 1995). The proposed modeling is illustrated by a simple example.
Eigenvalue extraction from time domain computations
Authors: Banova T. , Ackermann W. , Weiland T.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. In this paper we address a fast approach for an accurate eigenfrequency extraction, taken into consideration the evaluated electric field computations in time domain of a superconducting resonant structure. Upon excitation of the cavity, the electric field intensity is recorded at different detection probes inside the cavity. Thereafter, we perform Fourier analysis of the recorded signals and by means of fitting techniques with the theoretical cavity response model (in support of the applied excitation) we extract the requested eigenfrequencies by finding the optimal model parameters in least square sense. The major challenges posed by our work are: first, the ability of the approach to tackle the large scale eigenvalue problem and second, the capability to extract many, i.e. order of thousands, eigenfrequencies for the considered cavity. At this point, we demonstrate that the proposed approach is able to extract many eigenfrequencies of a closed resonator in a relatively short time. In addition to the need to ensure a high precision of the calculated eigenfrequencies, we compare them side by side with the reference data available from CEM3D eigenmode solver. Furthermore, the simulations have shown high accuracy of this technique and good agreement with the reference data. Finally, all of the results indicate that the suggested technique can be used for precise extraction of many eigenfrequencies based on time domain field computations.
Industrial interference and radio astronomy
Authors: Jessner A.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The interferer – victim scenario is described for the case of industrial interference affecting radio astronomical observatories. The sensitivity of radio astronomical receivers and their interference limits are outlined. EMC above 30 MHz is a serious problem for Radio Astronomy. Interferer (CISPR) and victim (ITU-R RA 769) standards are not harmonised. The emissions from the interferer and their spectral characteristics are not defined sufficiently well by CISPR standards. The required minimum coupling losses (MCL) between an industrial device and radio astronomical antenna depends on device properties but is shown to exceed 140 dB in most cases. Spatial separation of a few km is insufficient on its own, the terrain must shield > 30–40 dB, additional mitigations such as extra shielding or suppression of high frequency emissions may be necessary. A case by case compatibility analysis and tailored EMC measures are required for individual installations. Aggregation of many weak rfi emitters can become serious problem. If deployment densities are high enough, the emission constraints can even exceed those for a single interferer at a short distance from the radio observatory. Compatibility studies must account not only for the single interferer but also for many widely distributed interference sources.
New experiments to validate the radiation pattern of the Middle Atmosphere Alomar Radar System (MAARSY)
Authors: Renkwitz T. , Stober G. , Latteck R. , Singer W. , Rapp M.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The Middle Atmosphere Alomar Radar System (MAARSY) is a monostatic radar with an active phased array antenna designed for studies of phenomena in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Its design in particular the flexible beam forming and steering capability makes it to a powerful instrument to perform observations with high angular and temporal resolution. The knowledge of the actual radiation pattern is crucial to configure and analyze experiments carried out with the radar. The simulated radiation pattern is evaluated by the observation of cosmic radio emissions which are compared to a Global Sky temperature Maps model consisting of the most recent, thorough and accurate radio astronomy surveys. Additionally to these passive receive-only experiments active two-way experiments are presented, which corroborate the findings of the passive experiments.
Quantitative data analysis of ESAR data
Authors: Phruksahiran N. , Chandra M.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data processing uses the backscattered electromagnetic wave to map radar reflectivity of the ground surface. The polarization property in radar remote sensing was used successfully in many applications, especially in target decomposition. This paper presents a case study to the experiments which are performed on ESAR L-Band full polarized data sets from German Aerospace Center (DLR) to demonstrate the potential of coherent target decomposition and the possibility of using the weather radar measurement parameter, such as the differential reflectivity and the linear depolarization ratio to obtain the quantitative information of the ground surface. The raw data of ESAR has been processed by the SAR simulator developed using MATLAB program code with Range-Doppler algorithm.