bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of syphilis-related hospitalisations in Spain between 1997 and 2006: a retrospective study
Authors: García-García Laura , Ariza-Megía M Carmen , González-Escalada Alba , Álvaro-Meca Alejandro , Gil-deMiguel Ángel , Gil-Prieto Ruth
Published: November 2011

Objective

In order to illustrate the important public health impact of syphilis, which is a preventable infection, the epidemiology of syphilis-related hospitalisations in Spain was studied over a 10-year period.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted using the National Epidemiological Surveillance System for Hospital Data (Minimum Data Set). All hospitalisations due to syphilis infection in any diagnostic position (ICD-9-CM 090–097) between 1997 and 2006 were analysed, according to the Spanish version of the International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision (ICD-9-CM).

Results

There were 9556 hospitalisations associated with syphilis in Spain. The hospitalisation rate was 2.33 per 100 000 population, the mortality rate was 0.07 per 100 000 population and the lethality was 3.17%. The hospitalisation rate increased significantly after 2000 and was higher in men.

Conclusion

Syphilis remains a major public health problem because of both potential complications and its close association with HIV infection. It is necessary to promote early diagnosis, ensure treatment in patients with syphilis and emphasise health promotion and prevention programmes.
Republished review: Triglycerides and atherogenic dyslipidaemia: extending treatment beyond statins in the high-risk cardiovascular patient
Authors: Watts Gerald F , Karpe Fredrik
Published: November 2011

Although statins significantly decrease the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), residual CVD risk remains high. This may partly be due to uncorrected atherogenic dyslipidaemia. The driving force behind atherogenic dyslipidaemia is hypertriglyceridaemia, which results from hepatic oversecretion and/or hypocatabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, and is typical of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Persistent atherogenic dyslipidaemia in patients treated with a statin according to low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol goals may be corrected with niacin, fibrates or n–3 fatty acids. Clinical trial evidence to inform best practice is limited, but new data support adding fenofibrate to a statin. A consistent feature of fibrate clinical trials is the specific benefit of these agents in dyslipidaemic patients and the improvement in diabetic retinopathy with fenofibrate. Ongoing clinical trials may provide good evidence for adding niacin to a statin. Low-dose n–3 fatty acids could be used routinely after a myocardial infarction, but the value of higher doses of n-3 fatty acids in reducing CVD risk remains to be demonstrated.
Phylogeny and pathogenicity ofFusarium oxysporumisolates from cottonseed imported from Australia into California for dairy cattle feed
Authors: Liu Jinggao , Bell Alois A. , Wheeler Michael H. , Stipanovic Robert D. , Puckhaber Lorraine S.
Published: November 2011

A unique biotype of the Fusarium wilt pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f.sp. vasinfectum (Atk) Sny. & Hans., found in Australia in 1993 is favored by neutral or alkaline heavy soils and does not require plant parasitic nematodes to cause disease. This makes it a threat to 4–6 million acres of USA Upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) that is grown on heavy alkaline soil and currently is not affected by Fusarium wilt. In 2001–2002, several shiploads of live cottonseed were imported into California for dairy cattle feed. Thirteen F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum isolates and four isolates of a Fusarium spp. that resembled F. oxysporum were isolated from the imported cottonseed. The isolates, designated by an AuSeed prefix, formed four vegetative compatibility groups (VCG) all of which were incompatible with tester isolates for 18 VCGs found in the USA. Isolate AuSeed14 was vegetatively compatible with the four reference isolates of Australian biotype VCG01111. Phylogenetic analyses based on EF-1α, PHO, BT, Mat1-1, and Mat1-2 gene sequences separated the 17 seed isolates into three lineages (race A, race 3, and Fusarium spp.) with AuSeed14 clustering into race 3 lineage or race A lineage depending on the genes analyzed. Indel analysis of the EF-1α gene sequences revealed a close evolutionary relationship among AuSeed14, Australian biotype reference isolates, and the four Fusarium spp. isolates. The Australian seed isolates and the four Australian biotype reference isolates caused disease with root-dip inoculation, but not with stem-puncture inoculation. Thus, they were a vascular incompetent pathotype. In contrast, USA race A lineage isolates readily colonized vascular tissue and formed a vascular competent pathotype when introduced directly into xylem vessels. The AuSeed14 isolate was as pathogenic as the Australian biotype, and it or related isolates could cause a severe Fusarium wilt problem in USA cotton fields if they become established.
THERMODYNAMICALLY CONSISTENT, FRAME INDIFFERENT DIFFUSE INTERFACE MODELS FOR INCOMPRESSIBLE TWO-PHASE FLOWS WITH DIFFERENT DENSITIES
Authors: ABELS HELMUT , GARCKE HARALD , GRÜN GÜNTHER
Published: November 2011

A new diffuse interface model for a two-phase flow of two incompressible fluids with different densities is introduced using methods from rational continuum mechanics. The model fulfills local and global dissipation inequalities and is frame indifferent. Moreover, it is generalized to situations with a soluble species. Using the method of matched asymptotic expansions we derive various sharp interface models in the limit when the interfacial thickness tends to zero. Depending on the scaling of the mobility in the diffusion equation, we either derive classical sharp interface models or models where bulk or surface diffusion is possible in the limit. In the latter case a new term resulting from surface diffusion appears in the momentum balance at the interface. Finally, we show that all sharp interface models fulfill natural energy inequalities.
A COMBINED EXTENDED AND EDGE-BASED SMOOTHED FINITE ELEMENT METHOD (ES-XFEM) FOR FRACTURE ANALYSIS OF 2D ELASTICITY
Authors: CHEN L. , LIU G. R. , ZENG K. Y.
Published: November 2011

This study combines the edge-based smoothed finite element method (ES-FEM) and the extended finite element method (XFEM) to develop a new simulation technique (ES-XFEM) for fracture analysis of 2D elasticity. In the XFEM, the need for the mesh alignment with the crack and remeshing, as the crack evolves, is eliminated because of the use of partition of unity. The ES-FEM uses the generalized smoothing operation over smoothing domain associated with edges of simplex meshes, and produces a softening effect leading to a close-to-exact stiffness, "super-convergence" and "ultra-accurate" solutions for the numerical model. Taking advantage of both ES-FEM and XFEM, the present method introduces the edge-based strain smoothing technique into the context of XFEM. Thanks to strain smoothing, the necessity of sub-division in elements cut by discontinuities is suppressed via transforming interior integration into boundary integration. Hence, it simplifies the numerical integration procedure in the XFEM. Numerical examples showed that the proposed method improves significantly the accuracy of stress intensity factors and achieves a quasi optimal convergence rate in the energy norm without geometrical enrichment or blending correction.
EFFECT OF SURFACE WETTABILITY ON POOL BOILING: ENHANCEMENT BY HYDROPHOBIC COATING
Authors: TAKATA YASUYUKI , HIDAKA SUMITOMO , KOHNO MASAMICHI
Published: November 2011

Pool boiling from a super-water-repellent (SWR) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) surface with checkered and spotted patterns has been studied experimentally. The heat transfer surfaces are copper with the SWR coating of checkered and spotted patterns and TiO2 -coated surface with PTFE spotted patterns. The domain of SWR and PTFE acts as nucleation sites and, therefore, bubble nucleation starts at very low superheating. In lower heat flux, bubbles with uniform size are generated on the SWR or PTFE domain of the heat transfer surface. These bubbles depart from the heat transfer surface when the contact line reaches the boundary of SWR or PTFE domain. Nucleate boiling with this surface was enhanced by seven times compared with the normal copper surface. The best was the spotted PTFE surface coated on TiO2 superhydrophilic surface.
R-α-lipoic acid does not reverse hepatic inflammation of aging, but lowers lipid anabolism, while accentuating circadian rhythm transcript profiles
Authors: Finlay Liam A. , Michels Alex J. , Butler Judy A. , Smith Eric J. , Monette Jeffrey S. , Moreau Régis F. , Petersen Shay Kate , Frei Balz , Hagen Tory M.
Published: November 2011

To determine the effects of age and lipoic acid supplementation on hepatic gene expression, we fed young (3 mo) and old (24 mo) male Fischer 344 rats a diet with or without 0.2% (wt/wt) R-α-lipoic acid (LA) for 2 wk. Total RNA isolated from liver tissue was analyzed by Affymetrix microarray to examine changes in transcriptional profiles. Results showed elevated proinflammatory gene expression in the aging liver and evidence for increased immune cell activation and tissue remodeling, together representing 45% of the age-related transcriptome changes. In addition, age-related increases in transcripts of genes related to fatty acid, triglyceride, and cholesterol synthesis, including acetyl-CoA carboxylase-β (Acacb) and fatty acid synthase (Fasn), were observed. Supplementation of old animals with LA did not reverse the necroinflammatory phenotype but, intriguingly, altered the expression of genes governing circadian rhythm. Most notably, Arntl, Npas2, and Per changed in a coordinated manner with respect to rhythmic transcription. LA further caused a decrease in transcripts of several bile acid and lipid synthesis genes, including Acacb and Fasn, which are regulated by first-order clock transcription factors. Similar effects of LA supplementation on bile acid and lipid synthesis genes were observed in young animals. Transcript changes of lipid metabolism genes were corroborated by a decrease in FASN and ACC protein levels. We conclude that advanced age is associated with a necroinflammatory phenotype and increased lipid synthesis, while chronic LA supplementation influences hepatic genes associated with lipid and energy metabolism and circadian rhythm, regardless of age.
Low-frequency oscillations of the neural drive to the muscle are increased with experimental muscle pain
Authors: Farina Dario , Negro Francesco , Gizzi Leonardo , Falla Deborah
Published: November 2011

We investigated the influence of nociceptive stimulation on the accuracy of task execution and motor unit spike trains during low-force isometric contractions. Muscle pain was induced by infusion of hypertonic saline into the abductor digiti minimi muscle of 11 healthy men. Intramuscular EMG signals were recorded from the same muscle during four isometric contractions of 60-s duration at 10% of the maximal force [maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)] performed before injection (baseline), after injection of isotonic (control) or hypertonic saline (pain), and 15 min after pain was no longer reported. Each contraction was preceded by three 3-s ramp contractions from 0% to 10% MVC. The low-frequency oscillations of motor unit spike trains were analyzed by the first principal component of the low-pass filtered spike trains [first common component (FCC)], which represents the effective neural drive to the muscle. Pain decreased the accuracy of task performance [coefficient of variation (CoV) for force: baseline, 2.8 ± 1.8%, pain, 3.9 ± 1.8%; P < 0.05] and reduced motor unit discharge rates [11.6 ± 2.3 pulses per second (pps) vs. 10.7 ± 1.7 pps; P < 0.05]. Motor unit recruitment thresholds (2.2 ± 1.2% MVC vs. 2.4 ± 1.6% MVC), interspike interval variability (18.4 ± 4.9% vs. 19.1 ± 5.4%), strength of motor unit short-term synchronization [common input strength (CIS) 1.02 ± 0.44 vs. 0.83 ± 0.22], and strength of common drive (0.47 ± 0.08 vs. 0.47 ± 0.06) did not change across conditions. The FCC signal was correlated with force ( R = 0.45 ± 0.06), and the CoV for FCC increased in the painful condition (5.69 ± 1.29% vs. 7.83 ± 2.61%; P < 0.05). These results indicate that nociceptive stimulation increased the low-frequency variability in synaptic input to motoneurons.
Psychophysical measurement of contrast sensitivity in the behaving mouse
Authors: Histed Mark H. , Carvalho Lauren A. , Maunsell John H. R.
Published: November 2011

To understand how activity in mammalian neural circuits controls behavior, the mouse is a promising model system due to the convergence of genetic, optical, and physiological methods. The ability to control and quantify behavior precisely is also essential for these studies. We developed an operant visual detection paradigm to make visual psychophysical measurements: head-fixed mice make responses by pressing a lever. We designed this task to permit neurophysiological studies of behavior in cerebral cortex, where activity is variable from trial to trial and neurons encode many types of information simultaneously. To study neural responses in the face of this complexity, we trained mice to do a task where they perform hundreds of trials daily and perceptual thresholds can be measured. We used this task to measure both visual acuity and the minimum detectable contrast in behaving mice. We found that the mouse contrast response function is similar in shape to other species. They can detect low-contrast stimuli, with a peak contrast threshold of 2%, equivalent to ∼15° eccentric in human vision. Mouse acuity is modest, with an upper limit near 0.5 cycles/°, consistent with prior data.
Minimizing Surgically Induced Astigmatism at the Time of Cataract Surgery Using a Square Posterior Limbal Incision
Authors: Ernest Paul , Hill Warren , Potvin Richard
Published: November 2011

Purpose. To compare the surgically induced astigmatism from clear corneal and square posterior limbal incisions at the time of cataract surgery.Methods. Surgically induced astigmatism was calculated for a set of eyes after cataract surgery using a temporal 2.2 mm square posterior limbal incision. Results were compared to similar available data from surgeons using clear corneal incisions of similar size.Results. Preoperative corneal astigmatism averaged 1.0 D and was not significantly different between the incision types. Surgically induced astigmatism with the 2.2 mm posterior limbal incision averaged0.25±0.14 D, significantly lower in magnitude than the aggregate surgically induced astigmatism produced by the 2.2 mm clear corneal incision (0.68±0.49 D).Conclusion. The 2.2 mm square posterior limbal incision induced significantly less, and significantly less variable, surgically induced astigmatism relative to a similar-sized clear corneal incision. This is likely to improve refractive outcomes, particularly important with regard to premium intraocular lenses.
Phase Behaviour of the System Propene/Polypropene at High Pressure
Authors: Ruhl Oliver , Luft Gerhard , Brant Patrick , Shutt John Richard
Published: November 2011

The phase behaviour of mixtures of supercritical propene and a number of polypropenes, which have a similar density but significantly different molecular weights and tacticities, was investigated in a broad range of polymer weight fractions and temperatures at high pressures. The cloud‐point pressures were measured optically, using a view cell which was equipped with two windows made of synthetic sapphire and a metal bellows to accurately adjust the pressure. The cloud‐point pressures were found in the range from 29 to 37 MPa decreasing with increasing polymer weight fraction and increasing with increasing temperature and polymer molecular weight. The critical weight fraction was found below 2 to 6 wt.‐%. Whereas the cloud‐point pressures of atactic and syndiotactic samples were high and very similar, the isotactic species exhibit distinctly lower values. The results, extrapolated to lower temperatures, show good agreement with the literature data.
Bartsocas-Papas Syndrome: Unusual Findings in the First Reported Egyptian Family
Authors: Abdalla E. M. , Morsy H.
Published: November 2011

Bartsocas-Papas syndrome (BPS) is an autosomal recessive syndrome with severe craniofacial, limb, and genital abnormalities. As of 2011, 24 published cases and families were registered in the Orphanet Report Series. Compared to other disorders characterized by pterygia, the condition is usually more severe and often lethal: most affected patients die in utero or shortly after birth. We report the first Egyptian family with Bartsocas-Papas syndrome comprising three cases; our proband who was a female infant with severe craniofacial and limb anomalies typical of Bartsocas-Papas syndrome, a similarly affected female fetus which died in utero at the 7th gestational month, and a 16-year-old mentally retarded uncle who presented with some of the typical features of Bartsocas-Papas syndrome, including syndactyly, thumb hypoplasia, and microphthalmia. This male patient actually did not present with pterygia, however, we find his clinical description noteworthy.
On Constants in Nonoscillation Criteria for Half‐Linear Differential Equations
Authors: Fišnarová Simona , Mařík Robert
Published: November 2011

We study the half‐linear differential equation (r(t)Φ(x′)) ′ + c(t)Φ(x) = 0, where Φ(x) = |x|p−2x, p > 1. Using the modified Riccati technique, we derive new nonoscillation criteria for this equation. The results are closely related to the classical Hille‐Nehari criteria and allow to replace the fixed constants in known nonoscillation criteria by a certain one‐parametric expression.
Dopamine Dysregulation Syndrome and Deep Brain Stimulation of the Subthalamic Nucleus in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: De la Casa-Fages Beatriz , Grandas Francisco
Published: November 2011

Dopamine dysregulation syndrome is a complication of the dopaminergic treatment in Parkinson's disease that may be very disabling due to the negative impact that compulsive medication use may have on patients' social, psychological, and physical functioning. The relationship between subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation and dopamine dysregulation syndrome in patients with Parkinson's disease remains unclear. Deep brain stimulation may improve, worsen, or have no effect on preoperative dopamine dysregulation syndrome. Moreover, dopamine dysregulation syndrome may appear for the first time after deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus. The outcome of postoperative dopamine dysregulation syndrome is poor despite stimulation and medication adjustments. Here we review the phenomenology and neurobiology of this disorder, discuss possible mechanisms that may underlie the diverse outcomes of dopamine dysregulation syndrome after subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation, and propose management strategies.
Cardiomyocyte Triglyceride Accumulation and Reduced Ventricular Function in Mice with Obesity Reflect Increased Long Chain Fatty Acid Uptake andDe NovoFatty Acid Synthesis
Authors: Ge Fengxia , Hu Chunguang , Hyodo Eiichi , Arai Kotaro , Zhou Shengli , Lobdell IV Harrison , Walewski José L. , Homma Shunichi , Berk Paul D.
Published: November 2011

A nonarteriosclerotic cardiomyopathy is increasingly seen in obese patients. Seeking a rodent model, we studied cardiac histology, function, cardiomyocyte fatty acid uptake, and transporter gene expression in male C57BL/6J control mice and three obesity groups: similar mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) anddb/dbandob/obmice. At sacrifice, all obesity groups had increased body and heart weights and fatty livers. By echocardiography, ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shortening (FS) of left ventricular diameter during systole were significantly reduced. TheVmaxfor saturable fatty acid uptake was increased and significantly correlated with cardiac triglycerides and insulin concentrations.Vmaxalso correlated with expression of genes for the cardiac fatty acid transportersCd36andSlc27a1. Genes forde novofatty acid synthesis (Fasn, Scd1) were also upregulated. Ten oxidative phosphorylation pathway genes were downregulated, suggesting that a decrease in cardiomyocyte ATP synthesis might explain the decreased contractile function in obese hearts.
The Trans-Sutural Distraction Osteogenesis for 22 Cases of Craniosynostosis: A New, Easy, Safe, and Efficient Method in Craniosynostosis Surgery
Authors: Park Dong Ha , Yoon Soo Han
Published: November 2011

Background: Distraction osteogenesis for the treatment of craniosynostosis is becoming more widely used as it is simple, there are less transfusions, and a decreased incidence of complications, although a secondary procedure for the removal of the distractors is necessary. However, to date all previous procedures have still been complicated. The authors present a novel trans-sutural distraction osteogenesis method (TSuDO) for the treatment of all types of craniosynostosis. Methods: The TSuDO consisted of simple suturectomy of the pathologic suture followed by direct distraction of the suturectomy site only. Types of TSuDO conducted were sagittal TSuDO in 6 patients, coronal TSuDO in 5 patients, unilateral coronal TSuDO in 8 patients, lambdoid TSuDO in 2 patients, and metopic TSuDO in 1 patient (total = 22). Mean age was 9.3 ± 12.7 months. Results: The mean operation time was 143.6 ± 50.2 min, and mean total transfusion volume of blood components was 131.1 ± 78.3 ml. Immediate correction of the abnormal head contour after distraction was observed in all patients, and no complications were encountered except for 1 patient whose distractor malfunctioned and 2 who showed prolonged discharges from the pin sites (controlled by antibiotics). Conclusion: TSuDO is a simple, effective, and safe method for the treatment of all types of craniosynostosis, and is especially effective for the correction of unilateral coronal craniosynostosis.
Modelling of electromechanically actuated active differential wet-clutch dynamics
Authors: Ivanović V , Deur J , Herold Z , Hancock M , Assadian F
Published: November 2011

The paper presents a lumped-parameter dynamic model of an electromechanically actuated wet clutch found in an active limited slip differential. The bond graph modelling technique is used to describe the multi-physical clutch system including the clutch actuator dynamics, the axial dynamics with the fluid film squeeze effect, the thermal dynamics, and the torque development dynamics with a multi-functional clutch friction coefficient static characteristic. Different variants of the individual subsystem models are considered, ranging from first-principle models to simplified and numerically more efficient models. The proposed models are parameterized and thoroughly validated on the basis of the experimental data collected by using an active differential and clutch test rig. The modelling results are used for the purpose of analysis of the clutch steady state and transient behaviour under various operating modes.
Simulation of the interactions between a train and a long-span cable-stayed bridge using parallel computing with domain decomposition
Authors: Xiaoyun Zhang , Xianlong Jin , Xiangdong Chen
Published: November 2011

This paper deals with the use of parallel explicit finite element modeling with domain decomposition for the simulation of long-span cable-stayed bridge–train interactions. A full three-dimensional finite element model of the long-span cable-stayed bridge was created. Parallel computing based on contact balance was utilized to deal with this large-scale numerical simulation problem. Bridge–train interaction simulation was performed on a Dawning 4000A supercomputer using the finite element code LS-DYNA 971 optimized to run on parallel computers. The dynamic response of the cable-stayed bridge and the effect of different domain decomposition strategies on bridge–train simulation computing efficiency were investigated. The results show the numerical scalability of this algorithm which could also be used to guide the design of long-span cable-stayed bridges.
The psychosocial determinants of the intention to reduce the number of sexual partners among recent traditionally initiated and circumcized men in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
Authors: Nyembezi Anam , Funani Itumeleng , Sifunda Sibusiso , Ruiter Robert A.C. , van den Borne Bart , Reddy Priscilla
Published: November 2011

This study focuses on the factors associated with the intention to reduce the number of sexual partners. An individual face-to-face interview was used to collect data amongst 2337 traditionally initiated and circumcized men in the rural areas of Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. About 55.5% reported having a main sexual partner and of those 41.4% indicated having other sexual partners. The strongest association with intention was found for self-efficacy towards having one sexual partner, which accounted for almost 49% of the variance. These findings provide specific information for the development of a focused cultural sensitive STI/HIV prevention programme in sexually active young men, which can be integrated into the initiation and health education practices.
Detribalizing the later prehistoric past: Concepts of tribes in Iron Age and Roman studies
Authors: Moore Tom
Published: November 2011

In studies of the Iron Age and Early Roman periods the concept of the ‘tribe’ has long been a social framework upon which to hang the archaeological record. Yet, despite widespread recognition of the complex social processes and shifting identities during Rome’s expansion, the nature of ‘tribes’ in Late Iron Age Britain and the suitability of this term for describing societies at this time has been largely ignored. This article examines why the term ‘tribe’ has retained its prominence in archaeological studies despite being widely critiqued by anthropologists. Through an examination of the historiography of the term I argue that the traditional tribal model was born of nineteenth-century perceptions of social systems and that neither archaeological evidence nor classical sources support many of its current connotations. The names in classical sources should instead be regarded as reflecting the emergence of new social and political entities in the later Iron Age.
The pipette, the tiered cosmos, and the materialization of transcendence in the rock art of the North American Southwest
Authors: Wright Aaron M. , Russell Will G.
Published: November 2011

The pipette is a rare rock art motif found across the North American Southwest but seldom depicted in other media. We address landscape and archaeological contexts, associated imagery, material correlates, and ethnography to provide an interpretative hypothesis that accounts for the motif’s widespread, cross-cultural use. We argue that pipettes represent a tiered cosmos and axis mundi, at times with portrayals of emergence and transcendence. The pipette’s compartmentalization signifies the conceptual metaphor ‘the cosmos is comprised of containers’, a concept embedded in Uto-Aztecan languages with Mesoamerican antecedents. The motif’s distribution across the North American Southwest demonstrates that it was a key religious symbol that accompanied the adoption of Mesoamerican-like religious beliefs and practices beginning in the eighth century or before. Prehistoric iconography – whether we understand it or not – references thought and ideas that were important enough to memorialize. Despite difficulties inherent to interpretation, archaeology would be remiss not to take advantage of the enduring iconological record. We demonstrate that careful, concentrated, and multidimensional approaches to understanding prehistoric symbolism can provide valuable and credible insight into cultures that otherwise could not speak for themselves.
Engineering knits for versatile technical applications: Some insights on recent researches
Authors: Gokarneshan N , Varadarajan B , Sentil kumar CB , Balamurugan K , Rachel Anita
Published: November 2011

Knits have been playing a predominant role in the area of technical textiles, as recent researches point out. In one of the areas, knits have been produced for advanced textile preforms, wherein they have been knitted into net shapes and have advantages such as high conformability/drapeability to accommodate complex shape moulds, and good permeability. The advanced composite manufacturing processes demand the use of fashionable near net-shaped preforms. Flat knitting technology is especially suited for the production of such products like biaxial-reinforced multi-layer weft-knitted fabrics. Also, natural fiber knits have been developed using flat weft knitting technology in geo textiles, wherein the fabrics could be designed to suit varied soil types and conditions. These have indeed proved to be more economical and superior to their synthetic counterparts. Recently, knit scaffolds made from Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) yarns have been developed for urinary bladder reconstruction. They hold promise for other medical applications such as cardiovascular prosthesis and compression bandaging. Fabrics have been knit with copper core yarns and evaluated for their electromagnetic shielding effectiveness. The shielding effectiveness has been found to increase with factors such as tightness, wale density, and course density. Also, the interlock knitted fabric has better electromagnetic shielding effectiveness in comparison with rib and plain knitted fabrics. Warp knit coupled with stitch bonding technology has been able to effectively produce reinforcement textiles for composite materials. In yet another interesting development, weft knit and braided polypropylene has been used as stents for treating cardiac arterial diseases. The knit stents have proved to be advantageous over the metallic ones with regard to flexibility and easy movement. Warp knits have also been used for large-scale structures as in aircraft applications.
Long-term results of major upper extremity replantations
Authors: Gulgonen A. , Ozer K.
Published: November 2011

We analyzed the long-term functional outcome in patients with major upper extremity replantations. Two patients had amputations proximal to the elbow joint, two had elbow disarticulations and five patients had amputations at the forearm. The mean age was 24 and the mean follow-up time was 18 years. Six patients have undergone secondary operations. The mean grip strength was restored to 34% of the contralateral extremity. Protective sensation was restored in all patients. According to Chen’s functional recovery scale, five patients had excellent, two had good, and two had fair results. Grip strength, two-point discrimination, ranges of motion and Chen’s scale did not improve after 5 years. However, Semmes–Weinstein monofilament testing and cold intolerance continued to improve up to 10 and 12 years, respectively. Replantation of an upper extremity proximal to the wrist joint satisfactorily restored the upper extremity function.
Emerging Supplements in Sports
Authors: Mason Bryan C. , Lavallee Mark E.
Published: November 2011

Context: Nutritional supplements advertised as ergogenic are commonly used by athletes at all levels. Health care professionals have an opportunity and responsibility to counsel athletes concerning the safety and efficacy of supplements on the market.

Evidence Acquisition: An Internet search of common fitness and bodybuilding sites was performed to identify supplement promotions. A search of MEDLINE (2000–August, 2011) was performed using the most commonly identified supplements, including glutamine, choline, methoxyisoflavone, quercetin, zinc/magnesium aspartate, and nitric oxide. The search terms supplement, ergogenic aid, and performance were also used.

Results: Six common and newer supplements were identified, including glutamine, choline, methoxyisoflavone, quercetin, zinc/magnesium aspartate, and nitric oxide.

Conclusions: Controlled studies have not determined the effects of these supplements on performance in athletes. Scientific evidence is not available to support the use of these supplements for performance enhancement.
Awareness of Common Humanity Reduces Empathy and Heightens Expectations of Forgiveness for Temporally Distant Wrongdoing
Authors: Greenaway Katharine H. , Louis Winnifred R. , Wohl Michael J. A.
Published: November 2011

The present research identified why and under what conditions perpetrator groups expect forgiveness from victims when focused on common humanity. In Experiment 1 ( N = 41), thinking about victims as fellow humans increased expectations of forgiveness among perpetrator group members. Experiment 2 ( N = 74) revealed the important role of subjective temporal distance in qualifying the effect of appealing to common humanity. Forgiveness expectations increased when a transgression was perceived as temporally distant rather than close. Experiment 3 ( N = 70) found that expecting forgiveness was associated negatively with remorse for wrongdoing and revealed reduced empathy for victims as a mediator of the effect. Taken together, the findings reveal that factors shown to encourage forgiveness among victims can also create corresponding expectations among perpetrators. Unfortunately, this process is more likely to damage than repair intergroup relations.
Megakaryocyte-specific RhoA deficiency causes macrothrombocytopenia and defective platelet activation in hemostasis and thrombosis
Authors: Pleines Irina , Hagedorn Ina , Gupta Shuchi , May Frauke , Chakarova Lidija , van Hengel Jolanda , Offermanns Stefan , Krohne Georg , Kleinschnitz Christoph , Brakebusch Cord , Nieswandt Bernhard
Published: November 2011

Vascular injury initiates rapid platelet activation that is critical for hemostasis, but it also may cause thrombotic diseases, such as myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke. Reorganizations of the platelet cytoskeleton are crucial for platelet shape change and secretion and are thought to involve activation of the small GTPase RhoA. In this study, we analyzed the in vitro and in vivo consequences of megakaryocyte- and platelet-specific RhoA gene deletion in mice. We found a pronounced macrothrombocytopenia in RhoA-deficient mice, with platelet counts of approximately half that of wild-type controls. The mutant cells displayed an altered shape but only a moderately reduced life span. Shape change of RhoA-deficient platelets in response to G13-coupled agonists was abolished, and it was impaired in response to Gq stimulation. Similarly, RhoA was required for efficient secretion of α and dense granules downstream of G13 and Gq. Furthermore, RhoA was essential for integrin-mediated clot retraction but not for actomyosin rearrangements and spreading of activated platelets on fibrinogen. In vivo, RhoA deficiency resulted in markedly prolonged tail bleeding times but also significant protection in different models of arterial thrombosis and in a model of ischemic stroke. Together, these results establish RhoA as an important regulator of platelet function in thrombosis and hemostasis.
Differential expression of CD300a/c on human TH1 and TH17 cells
Authors: Simhadri Venkateswara R , Mariano John L , Zhou Qing , DeBell Karen E , Borrego Francisco
Published: November 2011

Background

Human memory CD4+T cells can be either CD300a/c+or CD300a/c-and subsequent analyses showed that CD4+effector memory T (TEM) cells are mostly CD300a/c+, whereas CD4+central memory T (TCM) cells have similar frequencies of CD300a/c+and CD300a/c-cells.

Results

Extensive phenotypical and functional characterization showed that in both TCMand TEMcells, the CD300a/c+subset contained a higher number of TH1 (IFN-γ producing) cells. Alternatively, TH17 (IL-17a producing) cells tend to be CD300a/c-, especially in the TEMsubset. Further characterization of the IL-17a+cells showed that cells that produce only this cytokine are mostly CD300a/c-, while cells that produce IL-17a in combination with other cytokines, especially IFN-γ, are mostly CD300a/c+, indicating that the expression of this receptor is associated with cells that produce IFN-γ. Co-ligation of the TCR and CD300a/c in CD4+T cells inhibited Ca2+mobilization evoked by TCR ligation alone and modulated IFN-γ production on TH1 polarized cells.

Conclusion

We conclude that the CD300a/c receptors are differentially expressed on human TH1 and TH17 cells and that their ligation is capable of modulating TCR mediated signals.
Modifications of the metabolic pathways of lipid and triacylglycerol production in microalgae
Authors: Yu Wei-Luen , Ansari William , Schoepp Nathan G , Hannon Michael J , Mayfield Stephen P , Burkart Michael D
Published: November 2011

Microalgae have presented themselves as a strong candidate to replace diminishing oil reserves as a source of lipids for biofuels. Here we describe successful modifications of terrestrial plant lipid content which increase overall lipid production or shift the balance of lipid production towards lipid varieties more useful for biofuel production. Our discussion ranges from the biosynthetic pathways and rate limiting steps of triacylglycerol formation to enzymes required for the formation of triacylglycerol containing exotic lipids. Secondarily, we discuss techniques for genetic engineering and modification of various microalgae which can be combined with insights gained from research in higher plants to aid in the creation of production strains of microalgae.
High-fat meal effect on LDL, HDL, and VLDL particle size and number in the Genetics of Lipid-Lowering drugs and diet network (GOLDN): an interventional study
Authors: Wojczynski Mary K , Glasser Stephen P , Oberman Albert , Kabagambe Edmond K , Hopkins Paul N , Tsai Michael Y , Straka Robert J , Ordovas Jose M , Arnett Donna K
Published: November 2011

Background

Postprandial lipemia (PPL) is likely a risk factor for cardiovascular disease but these changes have not been well described and characterized in a large cohort. We assessed acute changes in the size and concentration of total and subclasses of LDL, HDL, and VLDL particles in response to a high-fat meal. Participants (n = 1048) from the Genetics of Lipid-Lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN) Study who ingested a high-fat meal were included in this analysis. Lipids were measured at 0 hr (fasting), 3.5 hr, and 6 hr after a standardized fat meal. Particle size distributions were determined using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Analyses were stratified by baseline triglycerides (normal vs. elevated) and gender. The effect of PPL on changes in lipoprotein subclasses was assessed using repeated measures ANOVA.

Results

Postprandially, LDL-C, HDL-C, VLDL-C, and triglycerides increased regardless of baseline triglyceride status, with the largest increases in VLDL-C and TG; however, those with elevated triglycerides demonstrated larger magnitude of response. Total LDL particle number decreased over the 6-hour time interval, mostly from a decrease in the number of small LDL particles. Similarly, total VLDL particle number decreased due to reductions in medium and small VLDL particles. Large VLDL particles and chylomicrons demonstrated the largest increase in concentration. HDL particles demonstrated minimal overall changes in total particle number.

Conclusions

We have characterized the changes in LDL and VLDL particle number, and their subclass patterns following a high-fat meal.
The contribution of activated astrocytes to Aβ production: Implications for Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis
Authors: Zhao Jie , O'Connor Tracy , Vassar Robert
Published: November 2011

Background

β-Amyloid (Aβ) plays a central role in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Neurons are major sources of Aβ in the brain. However, astrocytes outnumber neurons by at least five-fold. Thus, even a small level of astrocytic Aβ production could make a significant contribution to Aβ burden in AD. Moreover, activated astrocytes may increase Aβ generation. β-Site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) initiates Aβ production. Here, we explored whether pro-inflammatory cytokines or Aβ42 would increase astrocytic levels of BACE1, APP, and β-secretase processing, implying a feed-forward mechanism of astrocytic Aβ production.

Methods

Mouse primary astrocytes were treated with combinations of LPS, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-1β and analyzed by immunoblot and ELISA for endogenous BACE1, APP, and secreted Aβ40 levels. Inhibition of JAK and iNOS signaling in TNF-α+IFN-γ-stimulated astrocytes was also analyzed. In addition, C57BL/6J or Tg2576 mouse astrocytes were treated with oligomeric or fibrillar Aβ42 and analyzed by immunoblot for levels of BACE1, APP, and APPsβsw. Astrocytic BACE1 and APP mRNA levels were measured by TaqMan RT-PCR.

Results

TNF-α+IFN-γ stimulation significantly increased levels of astrocytic BACE1, APP, and secreted Aβ40. BACE1 and APP elevations were post-transcriptional at early time-points, but became transcriptional with longer TNF-α+IFN-γ treatment. Despite a ~4-fold increase in astrocytic BACE1 protein level following TNF-α+IFN-γ stimulation, BACE1 mRNA level was significantly decreased suggesting a post-transcriptional mechanism. Inhibition of iNOS and JAK did not reduce TNF-α+IFN-γ-stimulated elevation of astrocytic BACE1, APP, and Aβ40, except that JAK inhibition blocked the APP increase. Finally, oligomeric and fibrillar Aβ42 dramatically increased levels of astrocytic BACE1, APP, and APPsβsw through transcriptional mechanisms, at least in part.

Conclusions

Cytokines including TNF-α+IFN-γ increase levels of endogenous BACE1, APP, and Aβ and stimulate amyloidogenic APP processing in astrocytes. Oligomeric and fibrillar Aβ42 also increase levels of astrocytic BACE1, APP, and β-secretase processing. Together, our results suggest a cytokine- and Aβ42-driven feed-forward mechanism that promotes astrocytic Aβ production. Given that astrocytes greatly outnumber neurons, activated astrocytes may represent significant sources of Aβ during neuroinflammation in AD.
Hepatitis C Virus Infection: Molecular Pathways to Insulin resistance
Authors: Parvaiz Fahed , Manzoor Sobia , Tariq Huma , Javed Farakh , Fatima Kaneez , Qadri Ishtiaq
Published: November 2011

Chronic Hepatitis C virus has the potential of inducing insulin resistance and type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in vitro as well as in vivo . Structural and non-structural proteins of HCV modulate cellular gene expression in such a way that insulin signaling is hampered, concomitantly leads toward diabetes mellitus. A number of mechanisms have been proposed in regard to the HCV induced insulin resistance involving the upregulation of Inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, hypophosphorylation of IRS-1 and IRS-2, phosphorylation of Akt, up-regulation of gluconeogenic genes, accumulation of lipids and targeting lipid storage organelles. This review provides an insight of molecular mechanisms by which HCV structural and non-structural proteins can induce insulin resistance.
Orthodenticle is necessary for survival of a cluster of clonally related dopaminergic neurons in the Drosophila larval and adult brain
Authors: Blanco Jorge , Pandey Rahul , Wasser Martin , Udolph Gerald
Published: November 2011

Background

The dopaminergic (DA) neurons present in the central brain of the Drosophila larva are spatially arranged in stereotyped groups that define clusters of bilaterally symmetrical neurons. These clusters have been classified according to anatomical criteria (position of the cell bodies within the cortex and/or projection pattern of the axonal tracts). However, information pertaining to the developmental biology, such as lineage relationship of clustered DA neurons and differential cell subtype-specific molecular markers and mechanisms of differentiation and/or survival, is currently not available.

Results

Using MARCM and twin-spot MARCM techniques together with anti-tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity, we have analyzed the larval central brain DA neurons from a developmental point of view and determined their time of birth, their maturation into a DA neurotransmitter phenotype as well as their lineage relationships. In addition, we have found that the homeodomain containing transcription factor Orthodenticle (Otd) is present in a cluster of clonally related DA neurons in both the larval and adult brain. Taking advantage of the otd hypomorphic mutation ocelliless (oc) and the oc2-Gal4 reporter line, we have studied the involvement of orthodenticle (otd) in the survival and/or cell fate specification of these post-mitotic neurons.

Conclusions

Our findings provide evidence of the presence of seven neuroblast lineages responsible for the generation of the larval central brain DA neurons during embryogenesis. otd is expressed in a defined group of clonally related DA neurons from first instar larvae to adulthood, making it possible to establish an identity relationship between the larval DL2a and the adult PPL2 DA clusters. This poses otd as a lineage-specific and differential marker of a subset of clonally related DA neurons. Finally, we show that otd is required in those DA neurons for their survival.
Quantifying stability in gene list ranking across microarray derived clinical biomarkers
Authors: Schneckener Sebastian , Arden Nilou S , Schuppert Andreas
Published: November 2011

Background

Identifying stable gene lists for diagnosis, prognosis prediction, and treatment guidance of tumors remains a major challenge in cancer research. Microarrays measuring differential gene expression are widely used and should be versatile predictors of disease and other phenotypic data. However, gene expression profile studies and predictive biomarkers are often of low power, requiring numerous samples for a sound statistic, or vary between studies. Given the inconsistency of results across similar studies, methods that identify robust biomarkers from microarray data are needed to relay true biological information. Here we present a method to demonstrate that gene list stability and predictive power depends not only on the size of studies, but also on the clinical phenotype.

Results

Our method projects genomic tumor expression data to a lower dimensional space representing the main variation in the data. Some information regarding the phenotype resides in this low dimensional space, while some information resides in the residuum. We then introduce an information ratio (IR) as a metric defined by the partition between projected and residual space. Upon grouping phenotypes such as tumor tissue, histological grades, relapse, or aging, we show that higher IR values correlated with phenotypes that yield less robust biomarkers whereas lower IR values showed higher transferability across studies. Our results indicate that the IR is correlated with predictive accuracy. When tested across different published datasets, the IR can identify information-rich data characterizing clinical phenotypes and stable biomarkers.

Conclusions

The IR presents a quantitative metric to estimate the information content of gene expression data with respect to particular phenotypes.