bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TCR diversity and Treg cells, sometimes more is more
Authors: Wing James B. , Sakaguchi Shimon
Published: October 2011

Treg cells are critical for the maintenance of immune homeostasis and suppression of naturally occurring self‐reactive T cells; however, in order to induce suppression Treg cells must first be activated via their T‐cell receptor by recognition of specific antigen–MHC complexes. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Föhse et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2011. 41: 3101–3113.] shed light on the important question of the role of TCR diversity on Treg‐cell function by demonstrating that high TCR diversity is crucial for optimal Treg‐cell expansion, peripheral reshaping of the Treg‐cell TCR repertoire and in vivo suppressive capacity. In this Commentary, we discuss these findings and also propose a simple mathematical model to aid in the understanding of the relationship between Treg‐cell TCR diversity and the level of suppression delivered by Treg cells in vivo.
Reactions of Diethylamine and Ethylene Catalyzed by PtII or Pt0 – Transalkylation vs. Hydroamination
Authors: Dub Pavel A. , Béthegnies Aurélien , Poli Rinaldo
Published: October 2011

PtBr2/nBu4PBr (without solvent) or K2PtCl4/NaBr (in water) have been shown to efficiently catalyze the hydroamination of ethylene by aniline and are poor catalysts for the hydroamination of ethylene by diethylamine. A DFT study on the hydroamination mechanism indicates that the energetic span of the C2H4/Et2NH catalytic cycle is close to that of the C2H4/PhNH2 cycle. The poor performance is attributed to rapid catalyst degradation with reduction to metallic platinum. Pt0, on the other hand, catalyzes a transalkylation process, partially transforming Et2NH into Et3N, EtNH2 and NH3. This process is inhibited by C2H4. Mechanistic considerations for the Pt0‐catalyzed transalkylation process are presented.
Without power? Landslide inventories in the face of climate change
Authors: Korup Oliver , Görüm Tolga , Hayakawa Yuichi
Published: October 2011

Projected scenarios of climate change involve general predictions about the likely changes to the magnitude and frequency of landslides, particularly as a consequence of altered precipitation and temperature regimes. Whether such landslide response to contemporary or past climate change may be captured in differing scaling statistics of landslide size distributions and the erosion rates derived thereof remains debated. We test this notion with simple Monte Carlo and bootstrap simulations of statistical models commonly used to characterize empirical landslide size distributions. Our results show that significant changes to total volumes contained in such inventories may be masked by statistically indistinguishable scaling parameters, critically depending on, among others, the size of the largest of landslides recorded. Conversely, comparable model parameter values may obscure significant, i.e. more than twofold, changes to landslide occurrence, and thus inferred rates of hillslope denudation and sediment delivery to drainage networks. A time series of some of Earth's largest mass movements reveals clustering near and partly before the last glacial‐interglacial transition and a distinct step‐over from white noise to temporal clustering around this period. However, elucidating whether this is a distinct signal of first‐order climate‐change impact on slope stability or simply coincides with a transition from short‐term statistical noise to long‐term steady‐state conditions remains an important research challenge. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From geotechnical analysis to quantification and modelling using LiDAR data: a study on rockfall in the Reintal catchment, Bavarian Alps, Germany
Authors: Heckmann Tobias , Bimböse Martin , Krautblatter Michael , Haas Florian , Becht Michael , Morche David
Published: October 2011

In the year 2007, enhanced rockfall activity was observed within the scarp of a 500 BP rockslide in the Reintal catchment (Northern Calcareous Alps, Germany); the largest of a series of events took place in August, when almost 50000 m³ of rock were detached from the subvertical rock face and deposited on a talus cone. In this case study, we focus on three aspects of rockfall research: first, we compile detailed geomorphological and geotechnical findings to explain the causes of the recent events. The results of laboratory tests and stability estimations suggest that rockfall activity will persist in the future as the old rockslide scarp still contains unstable rock masses. Second, we use digital elevation data from a pre‐event airborne LiDAR survey (ALS) and post‐event terrestrial laserscanning (TLS) to quantify landform changes and the mass balance of the rockfall event(s). The widespread availability of ALS elevation data provides a good opportunity to quantify fresh events using a comparatively inexpensive TLS survey; this approach is complicated by uncertainties resulting from the difficult coregistration of ALS and TLS data and the specific geometric problems in steep (ALS) and flat (TLS) terrain; it is therefore limited to at least medium‐sized events. Third, the event(s) is simulated using the results of the LiDAR surveys and a modified GIS‐based rockfall model in order to test its capability of predicting the extent and the spatial distribution of deposition on the talus cone. Results show that the model generally reproduces the process domain and the spatial distribution of topographic changes but frequently under‐ and over‐estimates deposition heights. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption kinetics of aromatic compounds on carbon nanotubes and activated carbons
Authors: Zhang Shujuan , Shao Ting , Kose H. Selcen , Karanfil Tanju
Published: October 2011

Adsorption kinetics of two organic compounds on four types of carbonaceous adsorbents (a granular activated carbon [HD4000], an activated carbon fiber [ACF10], a single-walled carbon nanotube [SWNT], and a multiwalled carbon nanotube [MWNT]) was examined in aqueous solutions. The times needed for the adsorption to reach apparent equilibrium on the four carbons followed the order of ACF10 > HD4000 > SWNT > MWNT. Ultrasonication of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) accelerated their adsorption kinetics but had no effect on their equilibrium adsorption capacities. The pseudo-second order model (PSOM) provided good fitting for the kinetic data. The fitting of kinetic data with the intraparticle diffusion model indicated that external mass transfer controls the sorption process in the organic compound–CNT systems, whereas intraparticle diffusion dominates in the sorption of organic compounds onto activated carbons. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:79–85. © 2011 SETAC
Conditional Volatility and the GARCH Option Pricing Model with Non‐Normal Innovations
Authors: Byun Suk Joon , Min Byungsun
Published: October 2011

On the basis of the theory of a wedge between the physical and risk‐neutral conditional volatilities in Christoffersen, P., Elkamhi, R., Feunou, B., & Jacobs, K. (2010), we develop a modification of the GARCH option pricing model with the filtered historical simulation proposed in Barone‐Adesi, G., Engle, R. F., & Mancini, L. (2008). The one‐day‐ahead conditional volatilities under physical and risk‐neutral measures are the same in the previous model, but should have been allowed to be different. Using extensive data on S&P 500 index options, our approach, which employs one‐day‐ahead risk‐neutral conditional volatility estimated from the cross‐section of the option prices (in contrast to the existing GARCH option pricing models), maintains theoretical consistency under conditional non‐normality, and improves the empirical performances. Remarkably, the risk‐neutral volatility dynamics are stable over time in this model. In addition, the comparison between the VIX index and the risk‐neutral integrated volatility economically validates our approach. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 33:1–28, 2013
PRICING OF MEDICAL DEVICES UNDER COVERAGE UNCERTAINTY—A MODELLING APPROACH
Authors: Girling Alan J. , Lilford Richard J. , Young Terry P.
Published: October 2011

Product vendors and manufacturers are increasingly aware that purchasers of health care will fund new clinical treatments only if they are perceived to deliver value‐for‐money. This influences companies' internal commercial decisions, including the price they set for their products. Other things being equal, there is a price threshold, which is the maximum price at which the device will be funded and which, if its value were known, would play a central role in price determination. This paper examines the problem of pricing a medical device from the vendor's point of view in the presence of uncertainty about what the price threshold will be. A formal solution is obtained by maximising the expected value of the net revenue function, assuming a Bayesian prior distribution for the price threshold. A least admissible price is identified. The model can also be used as a tool for analysing proposed pricing policies when no formal prior specification of uncertainty is available. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of whole‐body vibration exposure from unsuspended cabin tractor semi‐trailers
Authors: Velmurugan P. , Kumaraswamidhas L. A. , Sankaranarayanasamy K.
Published: October 2011

Indian tractor semi‐trailer drivers are exposed to mechanical whole‐body vibration during their work. Some drivers suffer from low‐back pain from this vibration. However, there is no evidence of a relationship between the whole‐body vibration from tractor semi‐trailers and low‐back pain or occupational disease because of the lack of investigations. A field study was conducted to characterize the health risks associated with driving tractor semi‐trailers. Studies were conducted at different loadings and on different road surfaces as well as at different speeds, with the vibrations measured at the driver–seat interface on x‐longitudinal, y‐transverse and z‐vertical axes. The vibrations were compared with the health‐risk guidance according to Annex B of ISO 2631‐1 (ISO 2631/1, 1997). The findings of this study indicated that Indian tractor semi‐trailer drivers should not operate continuously more than 4 h a day under current working conditions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Complexity Questionnaires of Visual Displays: A Validation Study of Two Information Complexity Questionnaires of Visual Displays
Authors: Ling Chen , Lopez Miguel , Shehab Randa
Published: October 2011

With the prevalent use of visual interfaces and the increasing demand to display more information, information complexity in human–computer interfaces becomes a major concern for designers. Complex interfaces may adversely affect the effectiveness, efficiency, and even the operational safety of a system. Previously, two questionnaires were developed by researchers at the Federal Aviation Administration to evaluate information complexity of air traffic control displays. This study adapted the questionnaires for commercial visual interfaces and validated them with two types of tasks on three travel websites. The questionnaire measures the information complexity of a visual display based on perceptual, cognitive, and action complexity in terms of three complexity factors: quantity, variety, and relation. The result demonstrates that the questionnaire that uses multiple items for measuring complexity construct has good reliability, validity, and sensitivity. Information complexity is also found to be negatively correlated with usability and positively correlated with mental workload. The contribution of the study includes validating the theoretical framework for the information complexity concept through the use of questionnaires and providing a practical tool for designers to measure information complexity of the visual display for iterative improvement. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Estimating evapotranspiration using an observation based terrestrial water budget
Authors: Rodell Matthew , McWilliams Eric B. , Famiglietti James S. , Beaudoing Hiroko K. , Nigro Joseph
Published: October 2011

Evapotranspiration (ET) is difficult to measure at the scales of climate models and climate variability. While satellite retrieval algorithms do exist, their accuracy is limited by the sparseness of in situ observations available for calibration and validation, which themselves may be unrepresentative of 500 m and larger scale satellite footprints and grid pixels. Here, we use a combination of satellite and ground‐based observations to close the water budgets of seven continental scale river basins (Mackenzie, Fraser, Nelson, Mississippi, Tocantins, Danube, and Ubangi), estimating mean ET as a residual. For any river basin, ET must equal total precipitation minus net runoff minus the change in total terrestrial water storage (TWS), in order for mass to be conserved. We make use of precipitation from two global observation‐based products, archived runoff data, and TWS changes from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission. We demonstrate that while uncertainty in the water budget‐based estimates of monthly ET is often too large for those estimates to be useful, the uncertainty in the mean annual cycle is small enough that it is practical for evaluating other ET products. Here, we evaluate five land surface model simulations, two operational atmospheric analyses, and a recent global reanalysis product based on our results. An important outcome is that the water budget‐based ET time series in two tropical river basins, one in Brazil and the other in central Africa, exhibit a weak annual cycle, which may help to resolve debate about the strength of the annual cycle of ET in such regions and how ET is constrained throughout the year. The methods described will be useful for water and energy budget studies, weather and climate model assessments, and satellite‐based ET retrieval optimization. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The efficacy of a novel, dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor NVP‐BEZ235 to enhance chemotherapy and antiangiogenic response in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Awasthi Niranjan , Yen Peter L. , Schwarz Margaret A. , Schwarz Roderich E.
Published: October 2011

Gemcitabine has limited clinical benefits for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase (PI3K)/AKT and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways are frequently dysregulated in PDAC. We investigated the effects of NVP‐BEZ235, a novel dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, in combination with gemcitabine and endothelial monocyte activating polypeptide II (EMAP) in experimental PDAC. Cell proliferation and protein expression were analyzed by WST‐1 assay and Western blotting. Animal survival experiments were performed in murine xenografts. BEZ235 caused a decrease in phospho‐AKT and phospho‐mTOR expression in PDAC (AsPC‐1), endothelial (HUVECs), and fibroblast (WI‐38) cells. BEZ235 inhibited in vitro proliferation of all four PDAC cell lines tested. Additive effects on proliferation inhibition were observed in the BEZ235‐gemcitabine combination in PDAC cells and in combination of BEZ235 or EMAP with gemcitabine in HUVECs and WI‐38 cells. BEZ235, alone or in combination with gemcitabine and EMAP, induced apoptosis in AsPC‐1, HUVECs, and WI‐38 cells as observed by increased expression of cleaved poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 (PARP‐1) and caspase‐3 proteins. Compared to controls (median survival: 16 days), animal survival increased after BEZ235 and EMAP therapy alone (both 21 days) and gemcitabine monotherapy (28 days). Further increases in survival occurred in combination therapy groups BEZ235 + gemcitabine (30 days, P = 0.007), BEZ235 + EMAP (27 days, P = 0.02), gemcitabine + EMAP (31 days, P = 0.001), and BEZ235 + gemcitabine + EMAP (33 days, P = 0.004). BEZ235 has experimental PDAC antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo that is further enhanced by combination of gemcitabine and EMAP. These findings demonstrate advantages of combination therapy strategies targeting multiple pathways in pancreatic cancer treatment. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 784–791, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Selective action of human sera differing in fatty acids and cholesterol content on in vitro gene expression
Authors: Zirpoli Hylde , Caputo Mariella , Carraturo Antonio , Torino Gaetano , Fazio Alessia , Attya Mohamed , Rastrelli Luca , Tecce Mario Felice
Published: October 2011

Serum constituents might directly affect metabolic diseases pathogenesis and are commonly used as diagnostic tool. The aim of this study was to investigate the human serum effect on in vitro gene expression, related to nutrients action and involved in lipid metabolism. In detail, 40 human sera were firstly analyzed in fatty acids profile by gas‐chromatography. Then samples were tested through direct addition within culture medium on Hep G2 human hepatoma cells, comparing samples from hypercholesterolemic (average 273 mg/dl) versus normocholesterolemic male subjects (average 155 mg/dl), since this condition is a relevant disease risk factor and is typically consequent to nutritional style. Hypercholesterolemic sera produced a 0.4‐fold reduction of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP‐1c) mRNA (P < 0.05) and a 1.5‐fold increase of UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) mRNA (P < 0.01). Samples with higher concentrations of n‐6 fatty acids produced a higher expression of UGT1A1 mRNA. Total fatty acids [docosahexaenoic, eicosopentanoic, arachidonic, linolenic, and linoleic acid (DHA, EPA, AA, LNA, and LA, respectively)] in each serum resulted roughly inverse with trend of SREBP‐1c mRNA expression. Serum AA, LA, and trans fatty acids were more abundant in hypercholesterolemic subjects (P < 0.01) while DHA as quota of detected fatty acids was significantly higher in normocholesterolemic subjects (P < 0.05). While it is not possible to indicate which component was responsible for the observed gene modulations, our data indicate that sera differing in lipid profiles, mainly associated with dietary behavior, differentially affect gene expression known to be involved in metabolic and nutritional related conditions. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 815–823, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous contraction and buckling of stress fibers in individual cells
Authors: Deguchi Shinji , Matsui Tsubasa S. , Sato Masaaki
Published: October 2011

It has been proposed that buckling of actin stress fibers (SFs) may be associated with their disassembly. However, much of the detail remains unknown partly because the use of an elastic membrane sheet, conventionally necessary for inducing SF buckling with a mechanical compression to adherent cells, may limit high quality and quick imaging of the dynamic cellular events. Here, we present an alternate approach to induce buckling behavior of SFs on a readily observable glass plate. Actin SFs were extracted from cells, and constituent myosin II (MII) molecules were partially photo‐inactivated in contractility. An addition of Mg‐ATP allowed actin–myosin cross‐bridge cycling and resultant contraction of only thick SFs that still contained active MII in the large volume. Meanwhile, thin SFs with virtually no active motor protein in the small volume had no choice but to buckle with the shortening movement of nearby thick SFs functioning as a compression‐inducing element. This novel technique, thus allowing for selective inductions of contraction and buckling of SFs and measurements of the cellular prestress, may be applicable to not only investigations on their disassembly mechanisms but also to measurements of the relative thickness of individual SFs in each cell. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 824–832, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nuclear accumulation of fructose 1,6‐bisphosphatase is impaired in diabetic rat liver
Authors: Bertinat Romina , Pontigo Juan P. , Pérez Moisés , Concha Ilona I. , Martín Rody San , Guinovart Joan J. , Slebe Juan C. , Yáñez Alejandro J.
Published: October 2011

Using a streptozotocin‐induced type 1 diabetic rat model, we analyzed and separated the effects of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia over the in vivo expression and subcellular localization of hepatic fructose 1,6‐bisphosphatase (FBPase) in the multicellular context of the liver. Our data showed that FBPase subcellular localization was modulated by the nutritional state in normal but not in diabetic rats. By contrast, the liver zonation was not affected in any condition. In healthy starved rats, FBPase was localized in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, whereas in healthy re‐fed rats it was concentrated in the nucleus and the cell periphery. Interestingly, despite the hyperglycemia, FBPase was unable to accumulate in the nucleus in hepatocytes from streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats, suggesting that insulin is a critical in vivo modulator. This idea was confirmed by exogenous insulin supplementation to diabetic rats, where insulin was able to induce the rapid accumulation of FBPase within the hepatocyte nucleus. Besides, hepatic FBPase was found phosphorylated only in the cytoplasm, suggesting that the phosphorylation state is involved in the nuclear translocation. In conclusion, insulin and not hyperglycemia plays a crucial role in the nuclear accumulation of FBPase in vivo and may be an important regulatory mechanism that could account for the increased endogenous glucose production of liver of diabetic rodents. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 848–856, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gender related alterations of β‐adrenoceptor mechanisms in heart failure due to arteriovenous fistula
Authors: Dent Melissa R. , Tappia Paramjit S. , Dhalla Naranjan S.
Published: October 2011

This study was undertaken to determine gender related changes in different components of β‐adrenoceptor (β‐AR) system in response to arteriovenous fistula (AV‐shunt), which is known to produce heart failure due to volume overload. AV‐shunt was induced in male and female rats for 16 weeks by the needle technique; ovariectomized (OVX) rats treated with or without estrogen were also used. Although AV‐shunt for 16 weeks produced cardiac hypertrophy in both sexes, male animals showed cardiac dysfunction whereas cardiac performance was maintained in females. Both β1‐AR and β2‐AR protein content and mRNA levels were decreased in male and increased in female hearts post‐AV‐shunt. The basal adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity was lower in the female heart; however, AC protein content and the increase in epinephrine (EPi)‐stimulated AC activity were greater in the female AV‐shunt group as compared to males. While AC V/VI and β‐arrestin 2 mRNA levels were decreased in males, mRNA level for GRK2 was increased in females post‐AV‐shunt. In contrast to intact females, AV‐shunt OVX animals showed depressed cardiac function, decreased β1‐AR, β2‐AR, and AC protein content, as well as reduced EPi‐stimulated AC activity. Treatment of OVX rats with 17‐β estradiol attenuated the AV‐shunt induced changes in β‐AR and AC protein content as well as cardiac dysfunction. These results reveal that β‐AR signal transduction system in response to AV‐shunt is downregulated in males and upregulated in females. Furthermore, estrogen appears to play an important role in the upregulation of β‐AR mechanisms and the maintenance of cardiac function in AV‐shunt females. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 3080–3087, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inhibition of long‐term potentiation by CuZn superoxide dismutase injection in rat dentate gyrus: Involvement of muscarinic M1 receptor
Authors: Viggiano A. , Serù R. , Damiano S. , De Luca B. , Santillo M. , Mondola P.
Published: October 2011

Long‐term potentiation (LTP) and long‐term depression represent important processes that modulate synaptic transmission that carries out a key role in neural mechanisms of memory. Many studies give strong evidences on a role of the reactive oxygen species in the induction of LTP in CA1 region of hippocampal slices that was inhibited by adding the scavenger enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD1). Previous data showed that SOD1 is secreted by many cellular lines, including neuroblastoma SK‐N‐BE cells through microvesicles by an ATP‐dependent mechanism; moreover, it has been shown that SOD1 interacts with human neuroblastoma cell membranes increasing intracellular calcium levels via a phospholipase C–protein kinase C pathway activation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of intracerebral injection of SOD1 or the inactive form of enzyme (ApoSOD) on the modulation of synaptic transmission in dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in urethane anesthetized rats. The results of the present research showed that intracerebral injection of SOD1 and ApoSOD in the dentate gyrus of the rat hippocampal formation inhibits LTP induced by high‐frequency stimulation of the perforant path. This result cannot be only explained by the dismutation of oxygen radical induced by SOD1 since also ApoSOD, that lacks the enzymatic activity, carries out the same inhibitory effect on LTP induction. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 3111–3115, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Expression of vitellogenin receptor in the ovarian follicles during the reproductive cycle of the spotted ray Torpedo marmorata Risso 1880
Authors: Del Giudice Giuseppina , Prisco Marina , Agnese Marisa , Valiante Salvatore , Verderame Mariailaria , Limatola Ermelinda , Laforgia Vincenza , Andreuccetti Piero
Published: October 2011

The aim of this investigation was to identify the encoding sequence of vitellogenin receptor gene (vtgr), and its expression during the oogenesis in the spotted ray, Torpedo marmorata, in different phases of reproductive cycle. From an ovarian cDNA of vitellogenic female, we obtained a fragment of 581 bp, which corresponds to a partial sequence encoding the vitellogenin receptor (VTGR) in Torpedo (accession number: gi/193244760). This sequence shows a high identity with the VTGR of other vertebrates, particularly Leucoraja erinacea (89% identity) and Squalus acanthias (84% identity). We also showed that vtgr mRNA expression in the ovary modifies during the oogenesis and throughout the reproductive cycle. Indeed, in immature females, whose ovary contains only previtellogenic follicles, vtgr mRNA occurred in the oocyte cortex as well as within intermediate and pyriform cells. In mature females, whose ovary contains pre‐ and vitellogenic follicles, vtgr mRNA was detectable not only in the oocyte cortex and in intermediate and pyriform cells but also in small follicle cells present in the follicular epithelium of vitellogenic follicles. In ovulating females, that, as pregnant ones, show pre‐and vitellogenic follicles, vtgr mRNA was evident in the oocyte cortex only, whereas in pregnant females, no vtgr mRNA was evident. The role of VTGR in the control of Torpedo vitellogenesis is discussed. J. Exp. Zool. 315:585–592, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How do hatcheries influence embryonic development of sea turtle eggs? Experimental analysis and isolation of microorganisms in leatherback turtle eggs
Authors: Patino‐Martinez Juan , Marco Adolfo , Quiñones Liliana , Abella Elena , Abad Roberto Muriel , Diéguez‐Uribeondo Javier
Published: October 2011

Many conservation programs consider translocation of turtle nests to hatcheries as a useful technique. The repeated use of the same incubation substrate over several seasons in these hatcheries could, however, be harmful to embryos if pathogens were able to accumulate or if the physical and chemical characteristics of the incubation environment were altered. However, this hypothesis has yet to be tested. We conducted two field experiments to evaluate the effects of hatchery sand and eggshell decay on the embryonic development of leatherback sea turtle eggs in Colombia. We identified the presence of both fungi and bacteria species on leatherback turtle eggs. Sea turtle eggs exposed to previously used hatchery substrates or to decaying eggshells during the first and middle third of the embryonic development produced hatchlings that were smaller and/or weighed less than control eggs. However, this did not negatively influence hatching success. The final third of embryonic development seems to be less susceptible to infection by microorganisms associated with decaying shells. We discuss the mechanisms that could be affecting sea turtle egg development when in contact with fungi. Further studies should seek to understand the infection process and the stages of development in which the fungi are more virulent to the eggs of this critically endangered species. J. Exp. Zool. 317:47–54, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A phase I clinical study of naked DNA expressing two isoforms of hepatocyte growth factor to treat patients with critical limb ischemia
Authors: Gu Yongquan , Zhang Jian , Guo Lianrui , Cui Shijun , Li Xuefeng , Ding Dayou , Kim Jong‐Mook , Ho Seong‐Hyun , Hahn Woong , Kim Sunyoung
Published: October 2011

Background

The purpose of the present phase I clinical trial was to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of naked DNA therapy expressing two isoforms of hepatocyte growth factor (pCK‐HGF‐X7) in critical limb ischemia (CLI) patients.

Materials and methods

Twenty‐one patients with CLI were consecutively assigned to receive increasing doses (cohort I: 4 mg; cohort II: 8 mg; cohort III: 12 mg; and cohort IV: 16 mg) of pCK‐HGF‐X7, which was administered into the ischemic calf and/or thigh muscle at days 1 and 15. A safety and tolerability evaluation and measurement of pain severity score using a visual analog scale (VAS), ulcer status, transcutaneous oxygen (TcPO2) and ankle‐brachial index (ABI) were performed throughout a 3‐month follow‐up period.

Results

No serious adverse events were observed in any of the 21 patients for the 3‐month follow‐up period. A significant reduction in pain was observed in the treated patients, with the mean VAS decreasing from 5.95–1.64 (p < 0.001). The mean ABI value increased from 0.49–0.63 (p = 0.026) at 3‐month follow‐up. The mean TcPO2 value on the dorsum of the foot, the anterior calf and posterior calf significantly increased from 28.25–39.28 mmHg (p = 0.012), from 22.00–30.63 mmHg (p = 0.046) and 32.05–47.19 mmHg (p = 0.001) at 3‐month follow‐up, respectively. Wound healing improvement was observed in the six of nine patients that had an ulcer at baseline.

Conclusions

These results support the performance of a phase II randomized controlled trial with pCK‐HGF‐X7. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highlighting the versatility of the Tracerlab synthesis modules. Part 2: fully automated production of [11C]‐labeled radiopharmaceuticals using a Tracerlab FXC‐Pro
Authors: Shao Xia , Hoareau Raphaël , Runkle Adam C. , Tluczek Louis J. M. , Hockley Brian G. , Henderson Bradford D. , Scott Peter J. H.
Published: October 2011

The field of radiochemistry is moving toward exclusive use of automated synthesis modules for production of clinical radiopharmaceutical doses. Such a move not only comes with many advantages but also presents radiochemists with the challenge of re‐configuring synthesis modules for production of radiopharmaceuticals that require non‐conventional radiochemistry while maintaining full automation. Herein, we continue our series of articles showcasing the versatility of the Tracerlab FX synthesis modules by presenting straightforward, fully automated methods for preparing a range of carbon‐11 labeled radiopharmaceuticals using a Tracerlab FXC‐Pro. Strategies for production of [11C]acetate, [11C]carfentanil, [11C]choline, [11C]3‐amino‐4‐[2‐[(di(methyl)amino)methyl]phenyl]sulfanylbenzonitrile ([11C]DASB), (+)‐a‐[11C]dihydroterabenazine ([11C]DTBZ), [11C]flumazenil ([11C]FMZ), meta‐hydroxyephedrine ([11C]HED), [11C]methionine, [11C]PBR28, [11C]Pittsburgh Compound B ([11C]PiB), 1‐[11C]methylpiperidin‐4‐yl propionate ([11C]PMP), and [11C]raclopride are presented. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making the financial case for corrective action to management
Authors: Robitaille Denise
Published: October 2011

Even the best‐designed corrective action plans should not budge off the drawing board without a green light from upper management. Therefore, those charged with boosting organizational performance must do more than pinpoint areas needing improvement and devise a plan to address shortcomings. They need to learn to assess their proposals through the eyes of those who are responsible for strategic planning and authorizing the expenditure of resources. Only by addressing the legitimate concerns that contribute to management's resistance to change initiatives and crafting fact‐based arguments that illustrate the financial benefits to be realized from a well‐deployed corrective action program can its proponents obtain the support needed to turn their vision for organizational excellence into reality. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Isolated limb perfusion with TNF‐alpha and melphalan for distal parts of the limb in soft tissue sarcoma patients
Authors: Deroose Jan P. , van Geel Albertus N. , Burger Jacobus W.A. , Eggermont Alexander M.M. , Verhoef Cornelis
Published: October 2011

Background

Approximately 10% of soft tissue sarcomas (STS) occur in the most distal parts of the extremities. The standard therapy is local excision with adjuvant radiotherapy, but achieving wide resection margins might be difficult in the distal parts of the limb. Tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF) and melphalan‐based isolated limb perfusion (TM‐ILP) is effective in locally advanced STS of the extremities. We report the results of TM‐ILP for STS in the most distal parts of the limb.

Methods

Between 1991 and 2009, 34 ILPs were performed in patients with irresectable STS of the wrist, hand, ankle, or foot. Disease was unifocal in 21 (62%) patients.

Results

Overall response rate was 71% (n = 24). After a median follow‐up of 34 (range 1–143) months the local recurrence rate was 32%. Amputation was unavoidable in four patients (13%), four other patients (13%) underwent a partial amputation of the hand or foot.

Conclusion

With a limb salvage rate of 87%, TM‐ILP is an effective treatment modality in patients with distal STS. In all patients with an indication for amputation surgery due to an STS in the distal part of the limb, TM‐ILP should be considered. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:563–569. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Social Network Analysis of Overseas Tourist Movement Patterns in Beijing: the Impact of the Olympic Games
Authors: Leung Xi Yu , Wang Fang , Wu Bihu , Bai Billy , Stahura Kurt A. , Xie Zhihua
Published: October 2011

The 2008 Beijing Olympic Games had a great impact on the tourism industry in Beijing, especially on tourism flows and movements. This study used content analysis and social network analysis methods to examine 500 online trip diaries and analyze overseas tourist movement patterns in Beijing during the Olympics. The result revealed that overseas tourists were most interested in famous traditional attractions, and their movements were focused in the central city area of Beijing. The study identified the diversity of tourist attractions and the expansion of main visiting areas as the two main changes during the Olympics. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimated net saving to society from cochlear implantation in infants: A preliminary analysis
Authors: Colletti Liliana , Mandalà Marco , Shannon Robert V. , Colletti Vittorio
Published: October 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Although it is clear that cochlear implants (CIs) are highly cost‐effective in adults and children, the possible additional economic benefit of implantation at younger ages has to be fully established to verify whether the costs and outcomes of CIs differ between infants and older children.

Study Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Methods:

Comprehensive data of CI costs were obtained in four groups of children (age 2–11, 12–23, 24–35, and 72–83 months) from parent questionnaires, national healthcare and educational systems, and retail prices for materials used. Outcomes are compared in terms of receptive language level (Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test‐Revised [PPVT‐R]), with follow‐up to the chronological age of 10 years.

Results:

Implantation in infants was associated with a lower total cost for the first 10 years of life. The net savings to society ranged from around 21,000€ in the two younger classes to more than 35,000€ when comparing infants against children in the oldest group. When implantation was delayed, family costs played an important role in the increase in expenses. Children in the 2‐ to 11‐month group scored significantly better at the PPVT‐R than those in the other age groups (P < .05, P < .01, and P < .001, respectively; Dunn's test) at 10 years of age. The cost per 1‐year gain in vocabulary age at the PPVT‐R showed a substantial difference between the youngest and oldest age groups (13,266€/year, 17,719€/year, 20,029€/year, and 28,042€/year, respectively).

Conclusions:

CIs for patients under 1 year of age afford significantly improved performance and a net savings to society. Laryngoscope, 121:2455‐2460, 2011
Biosimulation of acute phonotrauma: An extended model
Authors: Li Nicole Y. K. , Vodovotz Yoram , Kim Kevin H. , Mi Qi , Hebda Patricia A. , Abbott Katherine Verdolini
Published: October 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Personalized, preemptive, and predictive medicine is a central goal of contemporary medical care. The central aim of the present study was to investigate the utility of mechanistic computational modeling of inflammation and healing to address personalized therapy for patients with acute phonotrauma.

Study Design:

Computer simulation.

Methods:

Previously reported agent‐based models (ABMs) of acute phonotrauma were extended with additional inflammatory mediators as well as extracellular matrix components. The models were calibrated with empirical data for a panel of biomarkers—interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, tumor necrosis factor‐α and matrix metalloproteinase‐8—from individual subjects following experimentally induced phonotrauma and a randomly assigned voice treatment namely voice rest, resonant voice exercise, and spontaneous speech. The models' prediction accuracy for biomarker levels was tested for a 24‐hour follow‐up time point.

Results:

The extended ABMs reproduced and predicted trajectories of biomarkers seen in experimental data. The simulation results also agreed qualitatively with various known aspects of inflammation and healing. Model prediction accuracy was generally better following individual‐based calibration as compared to population‐based calibration. Simulation results also suggested that the special form of vocal fold oscillation in resonant voice may accelerate acute vocal fold healing.

Conclusions:

The calibration of inflammation/healing ABMs with subject‐specific data appears to optimize the models' prediction accuracy for individual subjects. This translational application of biosimulation might be used to predict individual healing trajectories, the potential effects of different treatment options, and most importantly, provide new understanding of health and healing in the larynx and possibly in other organs and tissues as well.
Mylohyoid advancement flap for closure of composite oral cavity defects
Authors: Sawhney Raja , Young Lindsay , Ducic Yadranko
Published: October 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To describe a new surgical procedure in the reconstruction of composite oral cavity resections.

Study Design:

Retrospective chart review for all patients who received mylohyoid pull through muscle flap for reconstruction of oral composite resection with marginal mandibulectomy by the senior author between 1999 and 2008.

Methods:

Data gathered from the chart review included demographics, pathologic diagnosis, tumor margins, use of reconstruction plate, exposure to radiotherapy, need for gastrostomy tube, flap viability, and flap complications.

Results:

Twenty‐nine patients received composite resection, marginal mandibulectomy, and reconstruction with the mylohyoid muscle flap between 1999 and 2008. Twenty‐four of the 29 patients (82.7%) had a partial glossectomy as part of the resection. Flap success was 100%. Complications included partial skin graft loss (2 of 29) and partial flap dehiscence (2 of 29). Total complication rate was 13.8%. Twenty‐five patients (86%) were exposed to external‐beam radiotherapy. Two patients required supplemental alimentation with a gastrostomy tube. There were no cases of osteoradionecrosis.

Conclusions:

The mylohyoid flap is a valuable addition to the armamentarium of anterior oral cavity closures. The procedure is intuitive, and surgical time is miniscule. This procedure can often be used in cases previously requiring free flap closure. It allows a quick return to oral alimentation and has minimal donor site morbidity. Laryngoscope, 121:2313–2316, 2011
Parotid tumor size predicts proximity to the facial nerve
Authors: Domenick Natalie A. , Johnson Jonas T.
Published: October 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Parotid surgery mandates that every effort be made to identify and preserve the integrity of the facial nerve. A simple method of predicting the proximity of the nerve to the capsule of the tumor preoperatively may benefit surgical planning and patient counseling. We hypothesized that tumor diameter would be an easily available method to predict nerve proximity to the capsule.

Study Design:

Retrospective review.

Methods:

Pathology reports for patients undergoing parotidectomy were retrospectively reviewed. Diameter and facial nerve margin positivity were observed and recorded for 109 pleomorphic adenomas, 41 Warthin's tumors, and 106 malignant lesions.

Results:

Malignant tumors were most likely to have positive facial nerve margin (63% vs. 53% of pleomorphic adenomas and 37% of Warthin's tumors). A significant difference was found between the diameter of all tumors with a positive facial nerve margin and those with a negative facial nerve margin (P < .001) with margin positivity associated with larger diameter lesions. For all type tumors ≥5 cm, 82.34% had a positive facial nerve margin. Tumors <2 cm were least likely to have a positive facial nerve margin. Logistic regression showed that diameter was correlated with risk of facial nerve margin positivity (odds ratio, 2.66; 95% confidence interval, 1.69‐4.18; P < .001).

Conclusions:

These results demonstrate that parotid tumor diameter is both a convenient and functional means of predicting proximity of a tumor to the facial nerve and for preoperative risk stratification. These observations have important clinical implications. Laryngoscope, 121:2366–2370, 2011
Management of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor–induced angioedema
Authors: Al‐Khudari Samer , Loochtan Michael J. , Peterson Edward , Yaremchuk Kathleen L.
Published: October 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To develop and validate a clinical algorithm for management of patients with angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor–induced angioedema (AIIA).

Study Design:

Prospective cohort observational study.

Methods:

Over 1 year, 40 patients with AIIA were evaluated by otolaryngology, underwent laryngoscopy, and were followed until disease resolution. The need for airway intervention, disposition for appropriate level of care, and other parameters were analyzed.

Results:

Treatment started within 61.5 minutes of presentation to the emergency department (ED). Mean duration until resolution of edema was 29 hours. Twenty (50%) patients required intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and six (15%) required intubation. Seventeen (42.5%) were monitored and discharged from the ED. Floor‐of‐mouth edema was present in 19 (47.5%), and massive tongue edema was found in four (10%) patients. The aryepiglottic fold was involved in 20 (50%) patients on laryngoscopy. Older patients (P = .048) with subjective dyspnea (P = .003) and dysphonia (P = .001) were most likely to require ICU admission. Upper lip swelling had a negative correlation with airway edema identifiable on laryngoscopy alone (P = .008). Dysphonia (n = 16) predicted airway edema upon laryngoscopy (P = .001). All 40 patients were triaged successfully without the need for readmission or escalation of level of care.

Conclusions:

The management protocol was successful in 40 consecutive patients to the appropriate level of care. History and physical examination may predict airway findings identified on laryngoscopy and help guide management when treatment by otolaryngology is not immediately available. A subset of patients will require acute airway intervention and can be identified at initial presentation. Laryngoscope, 121:2327–2334, 2011
Complexation of Amino‐Acid‐Based Block Copolymers With Dual Thermoresponsive Properties and Water‐Soluble Silsesquioxane Nanoparticles
Authors: Mori Hideharu , Saito Shoko , Shoji Kento
Published: October 2011

Smart organic–inorganic hybrids are prepared using non‐covalent interactions between water‐soluble silsesquioxane nanoparticles and two amino acid‐based block copolymers prepared by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. A block copolymer displaying lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and upper critical solution temperature (UCST) is employed, in which only poly(N‐acryloyl‐4‐trans‐hydroxy‐L‐proline) segment could interact with the nanoparticles, whereas another poly(N‐acryloyl‐L‐proline methyl ester) segment shows a thermoresponsive property without any interaction. The complexation of another type of dual thermosensitive block copolymer with two different LCSTs and the silsesquioxane nanoparticles is also investigated.
Cerebrospinal fluid fatty acids in glucocerebrosidase‐associated Parkinson's disease
Authors: Schmid Stefan P. , Schleicher Erwin D. , Cegan Alexander , Deuschle Christian , Baur Stephanie , Hauser Ann‐Kathrin , Synofzik Matthis , Srulijes Karin , Brockmann Kathrin , Berg Daniela , Maetzler Walter
Published: October 2011

Background:

Heterozygous mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene lead to an increased risk for and to more severe alpha‐synuclein‐associated pathology in Parkinson's disease. As both glucocerebrosidase and alpha‐synuclein interact with fatty acids, we hypothesized that cerebrospinal fluid fatty acid levels are altered in these Parkinson's disease patients.

Methods:

Cerebrospinal fluid levels of 13 fatty acids in 8 Parkinson's disease patients with a heterozygous glucocerebrosidase mutation were compared with those of 41 idiopathic Parkinson's disease patients and 30 controls using gas chromatography.

Results:

Parkinson's disease patients with a heterozygous glucocerebrosidase mutation had lower levels of palmitoleic (P ≤ .007), oleic (P ≤ .016), linoleic (P ≤ .005), arachidonic (P ≤ .003), eicosapentaenoic (P ≤ .003) and decosahexaenoic (P ≤ .03) acids and lower levels of total fatty acids (P < .005) compared with both idiopathic Parkinson's disease patients and control subjects.

Conclusions:

These results suggest that abnormalities of fatty acid metabolism are specifically involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease associated with a heterozygous glucocerebrosidase mutation. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Prevalence of ADHD in four general adult outpatient clinics in North East England
Authors: Rao Prathibha , Place Maurice
Published: October 2011

Although it is now acknowledged that ADHD can persist into adulthood, its diagnosis and treatment remain rather patchy. In this study, the authors estimate the frequency of undiagnosed ADHD in four general adult psychiatry outpatient clinics in North East England, and investigate how effective two screening questionnaires are at identifying its presence. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd
From teens to old age: psychiatry strives to help
Authors: Titmarsh Steve
Published: October 2011

Treatment challenges across the life course was the theme for the 10th Latest Advances in Psychiatry Symposium, held in London in March. Speakers addressed issues facing psychiatrists caring for patients from the teenage years right through to old age. Steve Titmarsh provides an overview of the key issues raised during the meeting. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Interface Ltd