bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil mineral nitrogen responses following liquid hog manure application to semiarid forage lands
Authors: Bork E. W. , Lambert B. D. , Banerjee S. , Blonski L. J.
Published: July 2013

Bork, E. W., Lambert, B. D., Banerjee, S. and Blonski, L. J. 2013. Soil mineral nitrogen responses following liquid hog manure application to semiarid forage lands. Can. J. Soil Sci. 93: 369–378. Expansion of intensive livestock operations into semiarid regions lacking cultivated lands requires consideration of perennial forages for the efficient and sustainable disposal of manure. Little information exists on the nutrient dynamics associated with the application of manure to these areas. We examined soil mineral nitrogen (N) responses in four sites of the mixed-grass prairie, including two native grasslands and two introduced pastures, following different seasons (fall vs. spring), methods (dribble broadcast vs. coulter injected) and rates of liquid hog manure application (9.4, 18.8, 37.5, 75 and 150 kg ha−1available N). Soil mineral N, including NO3-N, NH4-N and total mineral N, were assessed after application but prior to plant growth in April 1999, and again one growing season later in April 2000. Initial soil N did not vary with season of application. Soil mineral N predictably increased with application rate, but only in the upper soil profile (0–20 cm). Decreases in soil mineral N after one growing season in all treatments highlighted the ability of these perennial forage lands to immobilize large amounts of soil N, a significant portion of which was related to N uptake by vegetation. Compared with broadcast application, manure injection led to 35% greater soil mineral N (both NO3and NH4) prior to plant growth, a response that persisted 1 yr later (+12%), thus demonstrating the N conserved benefits of manure incorporation. Overall, increases in soil mineral N within these forage lands appeared to be relatively short-term in nature, largely depleting over the course of a single growing season, suggesting one-time liquid hog manure application at low to moderate rates may be sustainable in this region of the mixed-grass prairie.
Diffusion of volatile organics through porous snow: impact of surface adsorption and grain boundaries
Authors: Bartels-Rausch T. , Wren S. N. , Schreiber S. , Riche F. , Schneebeli M. , Ammann M.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Release of trace gases from surface snow on earth drives atmospheric chemistry, especially in the polar regions. The gas-phase diffusion of methanol and of acetone through the interstitial air of snow was investigated in a well-controlled laboratory study in the temperature range of 223 to 263 K. The aim of this study was to evaluate how the structure of the snowpack, the interaction of the trace gases with the snow surface, and the grain boundaries influence the diffusion on timescales up to 1 h. The diffusive loss of these two volatile organics into packed snow samples was measured using a chemical ionization mass spectrometer. The structure of the snow was analysed by means of X-ray-computed micro-tomography. The observed diffusion profiles could be well described based on gas-phase diffusion and the known structure of the snow sample at temperatures ≥ 253 K. At colder temperatures, surface interactions start to dominate the diffusive transport. Parameterizing these interactions in terms of adsorption to the solid ice surface, i.e. using temperature-dependent air–ice partitioning coefficients, better described the observed diffusion profiles than the use of air–liquid partitioning coefficients. No changes in the diffusive fluxes were observed by increasing the number of grain boundaries in the snow sample by a factor of 7, indicating that for these volatile organic trace gases, uptake into grain boundaries does not play a role on the timescale of diffusion through porous surface snow. For this, a snow sample with an artificially high amount of ice grains was produced and the grain boundary surface measured using thin sections. In conclusion, we have shown that the diffusivity can be predicted when the structure of the snowpack and the partitioning of the trace gas to solid ice is known.
Chemical feedback effects on the spatial patterns of the NOx weekend effect: a sensitivity analysis
Authors: Valin L. C. , Russell A. R. , Cohen R. C.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. We examine spatial variations in the day-of-week pattern of NO2 over the Los Angeles metropolitan area using the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and then compare the observations to calculations using the WRF-Chem model. We find that the spatial pattern of the day-of-week variations of the NO2 column in the model is significantly different than observed. A sensitivity study shows that the contrasting spatial pattern of NO2 on weekdays and weekends is a useful diagnostic of emissions and chemistry and suggest that constraints from space-based observations on the processes affecting urban photochemistry (e.g. spatial patterns of emissions, ratios of VOC to NOx emissions, rate constants) are possible at a level of detail not previously described.
Benthic communities in the deep Mediterranean Sea: exploring microbial and meiofaunal patterns in slope and basin ecosystems
Authors: Sevastou K. , Lampadariou N. , Polymenakou P. N. , Tselepides A.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The long-held perception of the deep sea consisting of monotonous slopes and uniform oceanic basins has over the decades given way to the idea of a complex system with wide habitat heterogeneity. Under the prism of a highly diverse environment, a large dataset was used to describe and compare spatial patterns of the dominant small-size components of deep-sea benthos, metazoan meiofauna and microbes, from Mediterranean basins and slopes. A grid of 73 stations sampled at five geographical areas along the central-eastern Mediterranean Basin (central Mediterranean, northern Aegean Sea, Cretan Sea, Libyan Sea, eastern Levantine) spanning over 4 km in depth revealed a high diversity, irrespective of the benthic group or level of taxonomic analysis. A common decreasing bathymetric trend was detected for meiobenthic abundance, major taxa diversity and nematode genera richness, but no differences were found between the two habitats (basin vs slope). In contrast, microbial richness is significantly higher at the basin ecosystem and tends to increase with depth. Multivariate analyses (β- and δ-diversity and ordination analysis) complemented these results and underlined the high within-habitat variability of benthic communities. Meiofaunal communities in particular were found to change gradually and vary more towards the abyss. On the other hand, microbial communities were highly variable, even among samples of the same area, habitat and bathymetry. A significant proportion of the variation of benthic communities and their descriptors was explained by depth and proxies of food availability (sedimentary pigments and organic content), but the combination of predictor variables and the strength of the relationship varied depending on the data set used (based on type of habitat, benthic component, taxonomic level). This, along with the observed high within-habitat variability suggests that other factors, which tend to vary at local scale (hydrodynamics, substrate structure, geochemistry, food quality, etc.), may also relate to the observed benthic patterns. Overall, the results presented here suggest that differences in small-size benthos between the basin and slope habitats are neither strong nor consistent; it appears that within-habitat variability is high, differences among depth ranges are important and further investigation of possible environmental drivers of benthic patterns is needed.
A linear inversion method to infer exhumation rates in space and time from thermochronometric data
Authors: Fox M. , Herman F. , Willett S. D. , May D. A.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. We present a formal inverse procedure to extract exhumation rates from spatially distributed low temperature thermochronometric data. Our method is based on a Gaussian linear inversion approach in which we define a linear problem relating exhumation rate to thermochronometric age with rates being parameterized as variable in both space and time. The basis of our linear forward model is the fact that the depth to the "closure isotherm" can be described as the integral of exhumation rate, ė, from the cooling age to the present day. For each age, a one-dimensional thermal model is used to calculate a characteristic closure temperature, and is combined with a spectral method to estimate the conductive effects of topography on the underlying isotherms. This approximation to the four-dimensional thermal problem allows us to calculate closure depths for datasets that span large spatial regions. By discretizing the integral expressions into time intervals we express the problem as a single linear system of equations. In addition, we assume that exhumation rates vary smoothly in space, and so can be described through a spatial correlation function. Therefore, exhumation rate history is discretized over a set of time intervals, but is spatially correlated over each time interval. We use an a priori estimate of the model parameters, in order to invert this linear system and obtain the maximum likelihood solution for the exhumation rate history. An estimate of the resolving power of the data is also obtained by computing the a posteriori variance of the parameters, and by analyzing the resolution matrix. Finally, we illustrate our inversion procedure using examples from the literature.
Daily scale wintertime sea surface temperature and IPC-Navidad variability in the southern Bay of Biscay from 1981 to 2010
Authors: Esnaola G. , Sáenz J. , Zorita E. , Fontán A. , Valencia V. , Lazure P.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The combination of remotely sensed gappy Sea surface temperature (SST) images with the missing data filling DINEOF (data interpolating empirical orthogonal functions) technique, followed by a principal component analysis of the reconstructed data, has been used to identify the time evolution and the daily scale variability of the wintertime surface signal of the Iberian Poleward Current (IPC), or Navidad, during the 1981–2010 period. An exhaustive comparison with the existing bibliography, and the vertical temperature and salinity profiles related to its extremes over the Bay of Biscay area, show that the obtained time series accurately reflect the IPC-Navidad variability. Once a time series for the evolution of the SST signal of the current over the last decades is well established, this time series is used to propose a physical mechanism in relation to the variability of the IPC-Navidad, involving both atmospheric and oceanic variables. According to the proposed mechanism, an atmospheric circulation anomaly observed in both the 500 hPa and the surface levels generates atmospheric surface level pressure, wind-stress and heat-flux anomalies. In turn, those surface level atmospheric anomalies induce mutually coherent SST and sea level anomalies over the North Atlantic area, and locally, in the Bay of Biscay area. These anomalies, both locally over the Bay of Biscay area and over the North Atlantic, are in agreement with several mechanisms that have separately been related to the variability of the IPC-Navidad, i.e. the south-westerly winds, the joint effect of baroclinicity and relief (JEBAR) effect, the topographic β effect and a weakened North Atlantic gyre.
Modelling and mapping climate change impacts on permafrost at high spatial resolution for an Arctic region with complex terrain
Authors: Zhang Y. , Wang X. , Fraser R. , Olthof I. , Chen W. , Mclennan D. , Ponomarenko S. , Wu W.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. Most spatial modelling of climate change impacts on permafrost has been conducted at half-degree latitude/longitude or coarser spatial resolution. At such coarse resolution, topographic effects on insolation cannot be considered accurately and the results are not suitable for land-use planning and ecological assessment. Here we mapped climate change impacts on permafrost from 1968 to 2100 at 10 m resolution using a process-based model for Ivvavik National Park, an Arctic region with complex terrain in northern Yukon, Canada. Soil and drainage conditions were defined based on ecosystem types, which were mapped using SPOT imagery. Leaf area indices were mapped using Landsat imagery and the ecosystem map. Climate distribution was estimated based on elevation and station observations, and the effects of topography on insolation were calculated based on slope, aspect and viewshed. To reduce computation time, we clustered climate distribution and topographic effects on insolation into discrete types. The modelled active-layer thickness and permafrost distribution were comparable with field observations and other studies. The map portrayed large variations in active-layer thickness, with ecosystem types being the most important controlling variable, followed by climate, including topographic effects on insolation. The results show deepening in active-layer thickness and progressive degradation of permafrost, although permafrost will persist in most of the park during the 21st century. This study also shows that ground conditions and climate scenarios are the major sources of uncertainty for high-resolution permafrost mapping.
A record of Antarctic sea ice extent in the Southern Indian Ocean for the past 300 yr and its relationship with global mean temperature
Authors: Xiao C. , Li R. , Sneed S. B. , Dou T. , Allison I.
Published: July 2013

Abstract. The differing response of ice extent in the Arctic and Antarctic to global average temperature change, over approximately the last three decades, highlights the importance of reconstructing long-term sea ice history. Here, using high-resolution ice core records of methanesulfonate (MS−) from the East Antarctic Ice Sheet in Princess Elizabeth Land, we reconstruct southern Indian Ocean sea ice extent (SIE) for the sector 70° E–100° E for the period 1708–2000 A.D. Annual MS− concentration positively correlates in this sector with satellite-derived SIE for the period 1973–2000 (P < 0.05). The 293 yr MS− record of proxy SIE shows multi-decadal variations, with large decreases occurring in two warm intervals during the Little Ice Age, and during the 1940s. However, after the 1980s there is a change in phase between Antarctic SIE and global temperature change, with both increasing. This paradox is probably attributable to the strong anomaly in the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) in the recent three decades.
Factors Affecting the Productivity and Profitability of Vegetables Production in Swaziland
Authors: Masuku Micah Bheki , Xaba Bongiwe
Published: July 2013

Vegetables are not only beneficial for their contribution to the share of agriculture in the economy of Swaziland, but also have a significant probability to compete where there are fewer government regulations and restrictions in the economy. Currently, the local demand for vegetables is higher than local production and hence the gap is filled by imports from South Africa. At the NAMBoard’s fresh produce market, only 11 percent of the vegetables are from local production and the rest come from South Africa. The study aimed to identify factors affecting productivity and profitability of vegetable production. A two-stage sampling technique was used to collect data from 100 vegetable farmers. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed for data analysis. The results showed that the factors that significantly affected productivity of vegetable farmers were access to credit, selling price, fertiliser quantity, distance to market and gender of the farmer. For example, the selling price of carrot had a positive relationship with the productivity of vegetable farmers, suggesting that when the selling price of carrot increase by one unit, all else equal, the quantity of carrot produced would increase by 0.417 kilogrammes. The determinants of profitability of vegetable production were level of education, land under vegetable production and type of marketing agency. For example, with an additional year of education, profit would increase by E0.304. Policy makers should come up with policies that would improve productivity of vegetable farmers through the provision of seminars and workshops where farmers would acquire more training on vegetable production. This should enable them to increase the average yield of vegetables produced per hectare, hence profitability.
Three 3D Metal-Organic Frameworks Constructed from Keggin Polyanions and Multi-nuclear AgI Clusters: Assembly, Structures and Properties
Authors: Wang Xiu-Li , Li Na , Tian Ai-Xiang , Ying Jun , Liu Guo-Cheng , Lin Hong-Yan , Zhao Dan
Published: July 2013

Three Keggin-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) containing multi-nuclear silver subunits, [Ag7(ptz)5(H2O)2][H2SiMo12O40] (1), [Ag8(ptz)5(H2O)2][AsW12O40] (2) and [Ag7(ptz)5(H2O)][HAsMo12O40] (3) (ptzH=5-(4-pyridyl)-tetrazole), have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions by changing the inorganic polyanions. The new compounds have been characterized by elemental analyses, TG analyses, IR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In compound 1, the multi-nuclear Ag5(ptz)5 subunits are interconnected to form chains, which are further linked by AgI cations to construct a 3D MOF with large channels. Pairs of SiMo12O404- polyanions reside in the channels as penta-dentate inorganic ligands. In 2, six AgI cations link five ptz- anions to construct a hexa-nuclear subunit [Ag6(ptz)5]+, which is interconnected to form chains. These chains are further linked by AgI cations to construct a 3D MOF, where AsW12O403- polyanions reside as hexa-dentate ligands. Compound 3exhibits a 3D MOF based on Ag5(ptz)5 subunits, in which the hexa-dentate AsMo12O40
3- polyanions are incorporated. The rigid tetrazole-based ligand ptz- plays an important role in the formation of the multi-nuclear subunits of the title compounds. The electrochemical properties of compound 1and the photocatalytic properties of compounds 1and 3have been investigated.
Solvent-free Synthesis of 1,2-Disubstituted Derivatives of 1,2- Dihydroisoquinoline, 1,2-Dihydroquinoline and 1,2-Dihydropyridine
Authors: Hajinasiri Rahimeh , Rezayati Sobhan
Published: July 2013

A one-pot and efficient approach to the synthesis of dialkyl 2-[1-[(alkoxycarbonyl)anilino]-2(1H)- (isoquinolin-2-yl) (or -quinolin-1-yl or -pyridin-1-yl)]-2-butenedioates is described. This method involves a three-component reaction between isoquinoline, quinoline or pyridine, dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates and N-phenylcarbamates under solvent-free conditions, without using any catalyst and at room temperature. The mild reaction conditions and good yields of the products exhibit the synthetic advantage of this method.
Empoderamiento y proactividad ante la Esclerosis Múltiple
Authors:   Esclerosis Múltiple España
Published: July 2013

Esclerosis Múltiple España (2013): “Empoderamiento y proactividad ante la Esclerosis Múltiple”, Revista Española de Discapacidad, 1 (1): 225-231.
Virtual Entity-Based Rapid Prototype for Design and Simulation of Humanoid Robots
Authors: Tong Guofeng , Gu Jiuhong , Xie Wei
Published: July 2013

This paper proposes a framework for a virtual entity-based rapid prototype (VERP) to facilitate the design and simulation of humanoid robots. The VERP framework consists of three components: virtual entities, a high-fidelity simulation environment with physical and rendering engines, and an interface between the physical and simulation environments. To study the effectiveness of the proposed framework, we present a complete prototype for a humanoid robot using virtual entity modelling, control algorithm design and simulation. The humanoid robot is mathematically modelled with adjustable physical parameters which determine the kinematic and dynamic behaviour of the virtual entity in the simulation environment. With the simulated model, a control scheme for the virtual entity and the actual humanoid robot are designed and implemented through the interface. The empirical experiments and numerical analysis show the effectiveness and preciseness of the proposed VERP in terms of simulation fidelity, dynamic performance, and control interface.
Stereo-Based Tracking-by-Multiple Hypotheses Framework for Multiple Vehicle Detection and Tracking
Authors: Lim Young-Chul , Kim Jonghwan , Lee Chung-Hee , Lee Minho
Published: July 2013

In this paper, we present a tracking-by-multiple hypotheses framework to detect and track multiple vehicles accurately and precisely. The tracking-by-multiple hypotheses framework consists of obstacle detection, vehicle recognition, visual tracking, global position tracking, data association and particle filtering. The multiple hypotheses are from obstacle detection, vehicle recognition and visual tracking. The obstacle detection detects all the obstacles on the road. The vehicle recognition classifies the detected obstacles as vehicles or non-vehicles. 3D feature-based visual tracking estimates the current target state using the previous target state. The multiple hypotheses should be linked to corresponding tracks to update the target state. The hierarchical data association method assigns multiple tracks to the correct hypotheses with multiple similarity functions. In the particle filter framework, the target state is updated using the Gaussian motion model and the observation model with associated multiple hypotheses. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method enhances the accuracy and precision of the region of interest.
On Torture
Authors: Bingyu Liu
Published: July 2013

The torture issue can be regarded as one of the most important issue in the human rights protection sphere. This paper returns to the intriguing moral and legal foundations of both sides to lay out what motivates it and what main arguments and concerns exist, to let any conclusion made on unbiased grounds. Though the analysis, we can briefly conclude that: on the one side, torture is a palpable evil and must be morally and legally taboo in almost all circumstances. On the other side, due to the lack of definite perception of what can be called extreme situations, and considering the defects of torture warrants, whether torture can be justified under certain circumstances is still debatable. What this paper is trying to figure out are the differences between theories, and to find out the defects and values of each theory. The balance of uncertain and intriguing interests and values on torture bring the room for debating.
The Efficacy of Carpal Tunnel Release with Mini-Open Incision
Authors: Kwon Young Ho , Kwak Jae Man
Published: July 2013

We evaluated the effects of carpal tunnel release with a mini-open incision by analyzing symptom improvement. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 64 carpal tunnel syndrome patients who underwent carpal tunnel release with mini-open incisions between January 2001 and December 2010. The 22 males and 42 females had a mean age of 49 years and a mean follow-up of 12 months. We analyzed postoperative symptoms using The Michigan Hand Outcome Questionnaire. Results Patients reported complete resolution of their symptoms, and some patients who had presented with residual symptoms improved gradually. No complications or scar hypersensitivity were observed. MHQ(Michigan Hand outcomes Questionnaire) scores improved significantly between preoperative and postoperative 6 months and 12 months. Conclusions Carpal tunnel release with mini-open incision provides a clinically effective, reliable and safe procedure.
The Association Between Serum GGT Level and Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Kim Heung Yeol , Kong Eun Hee
Published: July 2013

The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. Methods We evaluated 200 postmenopausal women who were visiting a health promotion center at a university hospital from January 2009 to December 2011. Their current medical diseases and medication history were collected through medical records. Basic physical examinations and laboratory tests were performed on all subjects. Results The levels of serum GGT within their normal range were positively correlated with waist circumference (P = 0.01), triglycerides (P <0.001), alkaline phosphatase (P = 0.009), and uric acid (P = 0.01). The serum GGT within their normal range were negatively associated with the femur neck BMD (P = 0.002). In adjusted analysis including age and body mass index, the BMD of the femur neck was more strongly associated with a high-normal serum GGT level among the postmenopausal women as compared with those with a low-normal serum GGT level (P = 0.02). Conclusions Serum GGT within its normal range is negatively correlated with the BMD in the femur neck among postmenopausal women. It can be useful for selecting a group that is at high risk for the bone fracture regardless of the underlying mechanism.
Storage Optimization for Export Containers in the Port of Izmir
Authors: Türsel Eliiyi Deniz , Mat Gamze , Ozmen Burcu
Published: July 2013

In this study, we consider a real-life export container storage problem at an important container terminal in the Port of Izmir, Turkey. Currently, the container storage decisions at the port are taken by operators manually, which leads to continuous unnecessary re-handling movements of the containers. High transportation costs, waste of time, and inefficient capacity utilization in the container storage area are the consequences of non-optimal decisions. The main goal of this study is to minimize the transportation costs and the number of re-handling moves while storing the export containers at the terminal yard. We formulate the problem in two stages. While the first stage assigns the containers of the same vessel to a group of yard bays via an optimization model, the second stage decides on the exact location of each container with the help of an efficient heuristic approach. The experimental results with real data are presented and discussed.
CONTROLLING RISK DUE TO NOISE ON FERRY BOAT
Authors: Nikolic Aleksandar , Nikolic Emilija
Published: July 2013

Environmental and occupational noise is common nuisance that affects the health of employees. Performed health checks of employees engaged by Company “Pomorski Saobraćaj” showed that 5% of examined sailors had hearing loss. The results were a trigger for starting experiment on noise risk assessment with objective to discover possibilities of noise pollution presence, precise significant noise sources and describe solutions for eliminating negative effects. Several measurements on five positions were performed on ferry boat “KAMENARI”, according to EC Physical Agents Directive and Merchant Shipping and Fishing Vessels Regulations 2007. Noise on selected positions exceeded the limit for about 1-5dB. Noise exposure level was 84.5dB. Diesel engine, exhaust system and structural noise were main sources of excessive noise. Experiment shows noise presence as nuisance that affects sailors. Noise presents a serious threat for sailor’s health. It interferes with crew communication and jeopardizes navigation safety. Technical measures, crew health checks and noise monitoring could prevent all negative effects.
Studying the effect of spiral curves and intersection angle, on the accident ratios in two-lane rural highways in Iran
Authors: Jalal Kamali Mohammad Hossain , Monajjem Mohammad Saeed , Ayubirad Mohammad Sadegh
Published: July 2013

Safety in highways is one of the most important subjects in Transportation Engineering. Increasing rate of vehicles and the needs to design or geometrically modifying the highways, emphasized on the safe-designing of the roadways more than before. Between the constructive components of the highway, horizontal curves due to the more occurrences of accidents are of great importance. The American ministry of highway and transportation introduced the software IHSDM, with variant capabilities, to predict accidents. In this research, five types of curves (simple circle curve and clothoid-circle-clothoid) at different intersection angles were designed, and accident rates based on the standard specifications on each curve was predicted by using the IHSDM, and the results are compared with each other. Finally, by processing the curves of accident rates versus the curves types and intersection angle, and comparing them with each other, the necessity of using spiral curves in the highway design is emphasized.
A Systematic Review of the Literature on Health and Wellness Coaching: Defining a Key Behavioral Intervention in Healthcare
Authors: Wolever Ruth Q. , Simmons Leigh Ann , Sforzo Gary A. , Dill Diana , Kaye Miranda , Bechard Elizabeth M. , Southard Mary Elaine , Kennedy Mary , Vosloo Justine , Yang Nancy
Published: July 2013

Primary Objective:

Review the operational definitions of health and wellness coaching as published in the peer-reviewed medical literature.

Background:

As global rates of preventable chronic diseases have reached epidemic proportions, there has been an increased focus on strategies to improve health behaviors and associated outcomes. One such strategy, health and wellness coaching, has been inconsistently defined and shown mixed results.

Methods:

A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)—guided systematic review of the medical literature on health and wellness coaching allowed for compilation of data on specific features of the coaching interventions and background and training of coaches.

Results:

Eight hundred abstracts were initially identified through PubMed, with 284 full-text articles ultimately included. The majority (76%) were empirical articles. The literature operationalized health and wellness coaching as a process that is fully or partially patient-centered (86% of articles), included patient-determined goals (71%), incorporated self-discovery and active learning processes (63%) (vs more passive receipt of advice), encouraged accountability for behaviors (86%), and provided some type of education to patients along with using coaching processes (91%). Additionally, 78% of articles indicated that the coaching occurs in the context of a consistent, ongoing relationship with a human coach who is trained in specific behavior change, communication, and motivational skills.

Conclusions:

Despite disparities in how health and wellness coaching have been operationalized previously, this systematic review observes an emerging consensus in what is referred to as health and wellness coaching; namely, a patient-centered process that is based upon behavior change theory and is delivered by health professionals with diverse backgrounds. The actual coaching process entails goal-setting determined by the patient, encourages self-discovery in addition to content education, and incorporates mechanisms for developing accountability in health behaviors. With a clear definition for health and wellness coaching, robust research can more accurately assess the effectiveness of the approach in bringing about changes in health behaviors, health outcomes and associated costs that are targeted to reduce the global burden of chronic disease.
Sugarcane
Authors: Clark Margaret A. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: July 2013

This article outlines the history of sugarcane as a source of sucrose sweetener, and traces development of major industrial processes for sugar production.Cane sugar production is accomplished in one or two stages, At sugarcane factories, located in cane growing areas, harvested sugarcane is brought in, sugar‐containing juice is extracted, and sugar crystallizes from the concentrated juice. In the single‐stage process, the juice is purified and bleached white. In a two stage process, the juice is partially purified and unbleached juice is crystallized into yellow or brown‐colored raw sugar. Details are given on control of diseases and pests, harvesting and transportation of the sugarcane for processing. The countries producing centrifugal sugar are listed; Brazil, India, EU‐27, and China lead the list. Noncentrifugal sugar is produced mainly by India and Colombia.The many variations on sugar products are detailed, and include powders, fine‐grain and large‐grain crystals, and cubes. Refined granulated sugar is the principal output of a cane sugar refinery.
Chromatography, Liquid
Authors: Poole C. F.
Published: July 2013

Liquid chromatography is a separation technique with three main variants: column liquid chromatography, planar (thin‐layer) chromatography, and capillary electrochromatography. Separations are achieved by the distribution of sample components between a mobile liquid phase and (generally) a porous solid stationary phase. Selectivity differences result from the differences in adsorption, partition, size exclusion, molecular recognition, and electrostatic interactions in the two phases. Defined by mechanism, the main types of liquid chromatography are known as liquid–solid (normal‐phase), reversed‐phase, size‐exclusion, ion‐exchange, affinity, chiral, hydrophilic interaction, and hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography. These separation mechanisms are supported by a wide range of stationary phase materials whose surface chemistry and morphology are designed for optimum performance selected from porous inorganic oxide, porous organic polymers, porous graphitic carbon, chemically bonded inorganic oxides, and chemically modified porous polymers. Liquid chromatographic methods can also be classified by speed, separation performance, and scale. Here, system properties defined by instrumental parameters have to be considered simultaneously with the physical properties of the stationary phase. Analytical and preparative‐scale applications require different instrument platforms. The method used to control the mobile phase flow (capillary forces, pneumatic forces, or electroosmosis) are further important to design criteria. Liquid chromatographic methods are also sustained by a variety of detection possibilities based on the principles of bulk property and solute property methods employing spectroscopic, electrochemical, light scattering, and ion formation techniques.
Coatings
Authors: Wicks Zeno W. , Jones Frank N.
Published: July 2013

The article provides a broad survey of coatings based on organic polymers. The scientific understanding of the chemistry and performance of coatings is emphasized and related to practical aspects of coatings technology. Coverage includes film formation, rheology of liquid coatings, mechanical properties of solid films, adhesion, exterior durability and corrosion control, resins for coatings, solvents, pigments, application methods, and more.
Colorants for Ceramics
Authors: Eppler Richard A. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: July 2013

Many ceramic products such as tile, sanitary ware, glasses, porcelain enameled appliances, are improved by the use of color. There are a number of ways to obtain color in a ceramic product. Transition‐metals ions can be melted into the glass or dispersed in a ceramic body when it is made. Color can also be obtained by inducing the precipitation of a colored matrix into a transparent matrix. The principal way is dispersal of a ceramic pigment into a vitreous matrix. The addition of oxides and ceramics has been known since antiquity. Several colors in bulk glass can be produced by precipitation. Most of the crystals used for ceramic pigments are complex oxides owing to their great stability in molten silicate glasses. Blues, yellows, browns, pinks, blacks, and grays are available in high purity. Greens and purples are available in fair purity; the purity of orange and red is very poor. All of the pigment colors are discussed. The various factors that must be addressed before selecting a pigment include processing stability, uniformity and reproducibilty, particle size, dispersibility, and compatibility
Strontium and Strontium Compounds
Authors: Hibbins Stephen G. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: July 2013

Strontium is a hard white metal. Strontium forms 0.02–0.03% of the earth's crust. The principal strontium mineral is celestite, naturally occurring sodium sulfate. The leading producing countries of celestite are China, Mexico, and Spain. World resources are thought to be 1 billion tons. Nearly all strontium metal is produced commercially by the thermal reduction process in alloy steel retorts. The strontium ion has a low order of toxicity and most compounds have a low order of toxicity. Compounds containing the isotope Sr‐90 are the most toxic. The main uses for strontium is in the form of compounds. End uses include in pyrotechnics, and signals, ferrite ceramic magnets, master alloys, pigments and fillers, and the electrolytic production of zinc. Strontium compounds discussed are acetate, carbonate, hexaferrite, halides, nitrate, oxide, hydroxide, peroxide, sulfate, and titanate.
Thallium and Thallium Compounds
Authors: Blumenthal Bob , Sellers Kelly , Koval Matthew ,   Updated by Staff
Published: July 2013

Thallium resides on the periodic table in Group IIIA along with aluminum, gallium, and indium. The abundance of thallium in the earth's crust is estimated at 0.7 mg/kg (ppm). Thallium is a grayish white metal, similar to tin in appearance. It occurs in nature as two stable isotopes, Tl‐203 and Tl‐205. Radioisotopes have been used in medicine in cardiovascular imaging. Commercial thallium is obtained as a byproduct in the processing of zinc, copper, and lead ores.Thallium is considered more toxic to mammals than cadmium, lead, and mercury and has been implicated in many types of poisonings. The toxicity of thallium compounds depends on their solubility. Thallium has limited application due to its toxic nature. It readily forms alloys. Tl‐201 is used in medical imaging, as an activator in gamma radiation detection, alloys are used in superconductors, in lenses, prisms, and windows for infrared detection, and transmission, as an additive for glass, as a catalyst for light diffraction in acousto‐optical measuring devices. Thallium compounds discussed include the carbonates, carboxylates, halides, hydrides, oxides and hydroxides, nitrates, sulfates, and organometallics
Triphenylmethane and Related Dyes
Authors: Thetford Dean ,   Updated by Staff
Published: July 2013

Triphenylmethane dyes are one of the oldest classes of synthetic dyes. They are brilliant blue, exhibit high tinctorial strength, relatively inexpensive, and may be applied to a large number of substrates. Triphenylmethane dyes are readily absorbed onto polyacrylonitrile fibers. These fibers, however, are durable and a high degree of lightfastness is required. Modifications of the dyes to improve lightfastness met with limited success. Most of these dyes are now used in non‐textile applications.The triphenylmethanes dyes are broadly classified into triphenylmethanes, diphenylnaphthylmethanes, and miscellaneous derivatives. The preparation of these dyes involves several stages. The various methods of manufacture are discussed. Malachite green is of environmental note because of the risk of fish contamination and the food supply. Triphenylmethane dyes are used in printing inks,inks for typewriter ribbons (still in use), and in inks for ball point pens. Specialty applications include tinting of automobile antifreeze and toilet sanitary products. They are also used in coloring paper, glass, ceramics,and in photoduplicating and photoimaging systems. Related dyes discussed are the diphenyarylmethane dyes, phthaleins, heteroarylmethane dyes, and the dyes of this class with near‐infrared adsorption.
Chiral Ligands for Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Athan Alexandra A. , Li Wei , Lin Chi‐Feng , Ojima Iwao
Published: July 2013

This article focuses on the design and development of novel phosphite, phosphoramidite, and diphosphonite ligands with fine‐tuning capability and their successful applications to catalytic asymmetric synthesis.

A library of chiral biphenol‐based phosphorus ligands have been designed, synthesized and applied to a wide range of transition metal‐catalyzed asymmetric catalytic reactions. These reactions include asymmetric hydrogenation, hydroformylation, conjugate addition, allylic amination, allylic alkylation, and allylic etherification. These reactions have also provided enantioselective routes to the syntheses of key intermediates in the total syntheses of bioactive natural products.

The fine‐tuning capability of these ligands is proven critical in achieving excellent enantioselectivity and catalytic activity for specific reactions and processes.
Click Reactions: Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition
Authors: Jung N. , Bräse S.
Published: July 2013

The term “Click‐chemistry” is a general concept that describes reactions of enormous interest because of their unique characteristics for the synthetic chemistry. Many typical Click‐reactions –among them the Diels Alder reaction and 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions– have been known for a long time. The most famous amongst them is the copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) which opens up outstanding opportunities in various fields of science and technology. Since the development of the CuAAC by Meldal and Sharpless it gained enormous attention not only in the field of chemistry, but also in biology and materials sciences. In parallel to the development of new applications of the CuAAC, the need for further adaption of the original Click‐procedure e.g. for bioorthogonal approaches got obvious. Nowadays, the broader scope of the CuAAC‐reaction is often paid for with the abandoning of at least one of the mandatory Click requirements and the modified procedures do not stand the general criteria any more. This review will give an overview of the current progress of the famous CuAAC‐(Click)‐reaction, including postulated mechanisms and importance of additives. It will sum up the challenges that have been mastered under critical consideration of the fulfillment of the original Click‐criteria.
Gold‐Based Core/Shell and Hollow Nanoparticles
Authors: Chaudhuri Rajib Ghosh , Paria Santanu
Published: July 2013

The progress of research advancement on the Au‐based core/shell, hollow, and rattle‐type nanoparticles is reviewed here. The main emphasis of this article is on classification of these three types of nanoparticles based on the location of Au in the particle, such as either core or shell. Although many full or partial articles are available on gold nanoparticles, this article is solely dedicated to Au‐based core/shell, hollow, and rattles‐type nanoparticles. It has been found that Au‐based bi‐functional materials are of more interest because of their excellent dual properties, which in turn make these particles useful in catalysis, surface‐enhanced Raman spectra (SERS), biomedical, and sensor applications versus that of simple Au nanoparticles. In particular, Au‐based bimetallic and Au/metal oxide core/shell nanoparticles are more useful for their optical and catalytic properties. Similarly, hollow Au nanoparticles are also important in recent scenarios because of their excellent SERS and catalytic properties. The synthesis routes of all these types of nanoparticles along with their detailed mechanisms of formation are also discussed. Finally, a few important applications out of several others are also discussed to show the importance of these nanoparticles.
Patents or Trade Secrets? Introduction for Chemical Professionals
Authors: Waller Francis J.
Published: July 2013

Scientists are often faced with the choice of keep their invention as a trade secret or file a patent application. This review is not an in‐depth study of Patent Law; rather, the intent is to give background information to help make that choice. Topics covered include patents and their intended uses, financial value of a patent, cost to secure your patent rights, as well as trade secrets and their violations.
Brief communication: Evolution of a specific O allele (O1vG542A) supports unique ancestry of Native Americans
Authors: Villanea Fernando A. , Bolnick Deborah A. , Monroe Cara , Worl Rosita , Cambra Rosemary , Leventhal Alan , Kemp Brian M.
Published: July 2013

In this study, we explore the geographic and temporal distribution of a unique variant of the O blood group allele called O1vG542A, which has been shown to be shared among Native Americans but is rare in other populations. O1vG542Awas previously reported in Native American populations in Mesoamerica and South America, and has been proposed as an ancestry informative marker. We investigated whether this allele is also found in the Tlingit and Haida, two contemporary indigenous populations from Alaska, and a pre‐Columbian population from California. If O1vG542Ais present in Na‐Dene speakers (i.e., Tlingits), it would indicate that Na‐Dene speaking groups share close ancestry with other Native American groups and support a Beringian origin of the allele, consistent with the Beringian Incubation Model. If O1vG542Ais found in pre‐Columbian populations, it would further support a Beringian origin of the allele, rather than a more recent introduction of the allele into the Americas via gene flow from one or more populations which have admixed with Native Americans over the past five centuries. We identified this allele in one Na‐Dene population at a frequency of 0.11, and one ancient California population at a frequency of 0.20. Our results support a Beringian origin of O1vG542A, which is distributed today among all Native American groups that have been genotyped in appreciable numbers at this locus. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that Na‐Dene and other Native American populations primarily derive their ancestry from a single source population. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:649–657, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diet and social status on Taumako, a Polynesian outlier in the Southeastern Solomon Islands
Authors: Kinaston Rebecca L. , Buckley Hallie R. , Gray Andrew
Published: July 2013

Stable isotopes (δ13C, δ15N, and δ34S) are used to characterize the diet of the adult individuals (n = 99) interred in the Namu burial ground located on the Polynesian outlier of Taumako (∼300–750 BP). Polynesian outliers are islands on the fringe of Remote Oceania that were inhabited by a back migration of populations from Polynesia during prehistory. As a result of admixture with nearby island communities, little is known about the social structure and social diversity of the prehistoric inhabitants of Taumako. The distribution of prestige grave goods within the Namu cemetery has been used as evidence to support the premise that Taumakoan social structure was stratified like Polynesian societies. Here we test the hypothesis that “wealthy” individuals and males will display isotopic ratios indicative of the consumption of “high status” foods in the Pacific islands such as pork, chicken, sea turtle, and pelagic fish. The isotope results suggest the δ34S values were diagenetically altered, possibly an effect of volcanism. The carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios indicate that the diet of all the individuals included a mixture of C3 terrestrial plant foods (likely starchy staples such as yam, taro, and breadfruit, in addition to nuts) and a variety of marine resources, including reef and pelagic fish. The stable isotope results indicate that wealthy individuals and males were eating more foods from higher trophic levels, interpreted as being high status animal foods. The socially differentiated food consumption patterns are discussed within a Pacific island context. Am J Phys Anthropol 151:589–603, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.