bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mycorrhization of Quercus acutissima with Chinese black truffle significantly altered the host physiology and root-associated microbiomes
Authors: Zhang Xiaoping , Ye Lei , Kang Zongjing , Zou Jie , Zhang Xiaoping , Li Xiaolin
Published: February 2019

Background

Our aim was to explore how the ectomycorrhizae of an indigenous tree,Quercus acutissima, with a commercial truffle, Chinese black truffle (Tuber indicum), affects the host plant physiology and shapes the associated microbial communities in the surrounding environment during the early stage of symbiosis.

Methods

To achieve this, changes in root morphology and microscopic characteristics, plant physiology indices, and the rhizosphere soil properties were investigated when six-month-old ectomycorrhizae were synthesized. Meanwhile, next-generation sequencing technology was used to analyze the bacterial and fungal communities in the root endosphere and rhizosphere soil inoculated with T. indicum or not.

Results

The results showed that colonization by T. indicum significantly improved the activity of superoxide dismutase in roots but significantly decreased the root activity. The biomass, leaf chlorophyll content and root peroxidase activity did not obviously differ. Ectomycorrhization of Q. acutissima with T. indicum affected the characteristics of the rhizosphere soil, improving the content of organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and available nitrogen. The bacterial and fungal community composition in the root endosphere and rhizosphere soil was altered by T. indicum colonization, as was the community richness and diversity. The dominant bacteria in all the samples were Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, and the dominant fungi were Eukaryota_norank, Ascomycota, and Mucoromycota. Some bacterial communities, such as Streptomyces, SM1A02, and Rhizomicrobium were more abundant in the ectomycorrhizae or ectomycorrhizosphere soil. Tuber was the second-most abundant fungal genus, and Fusarium was present at lower amounts in the inoculated samples.

Discussion

Overall, the symbiotic relationship between Q. acutissima and T. indicum had an obvious effect on host plant physiology, soil properties, and microbial community composition in the root endosphere and rhizosphere soil, which could improve our understanding of the symbiotic relationship between Q. acutissima and T. indicum, and may contribute to the cultivation of truffle.
Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenols, Flavonoids and LCMS Profile of Chamaecrista hildebrandtii (Vatke) Lock and Clerodendrum rotundifolium (Oliv.)
Authors: Odhiambo Rechab S. , Kareru Patrick G. , Mwangi Erastus K. , Onyango Daniel W.
Published: February 2019

Aims: The purpose of the study was to determine the antioxidant activity, quantify total phenols and total flavonoids and characterize the secondary metabolites present in methanolic extracts of Chamaecrista hildebrandtii and Clerodendrum rotundifolium using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

Methodology: The total phenol and flavonoid contents were determined spectrophotometrically while the antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method. The secondary metabolites present in the methanolic leaves extracts were evaluated using LC-MS.

Results: The extracts of C. hildebrandtii showed a significantly higher antioxidant activity (IC50 = 8.7 mg/mL) compared to C. rotundifolium (IC50= 28.5 mg/mL). Both methanolic extracts of C. hildebrandtii and C. rotundifolium had common and different types of flavonoids such as quercetin, rutin, (+)-catechin 3-O-gallate and luteolin 6-C-glucoside among others that could be responsible for the observed antioxidant activity. The total phenolic content of C. hildebrandtii (1.33±0.07 mg/g tannic acid equivalents) was significantly higher than that of C. rotundifolium (0.25±0.00 mg/g tannic acid equivalents). However, there was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) in total flavonoid content of C. hildebrandtii (2.69±0.33 mg/g catechin equivalents) and C. rotundifolium (2.36±0.16 mg/g catechin equivalents).

Conclusion: The results of the present study suggested that the good antioxidant activity exhibited by C. hildebrandtii may probably have been brought about by various secondary metabolites functioning in synergy.
Foreign Body Granuloma after Nasolabial Folds Injected with a New Generation Hyaluronic Filler
Authors: Kantardjiev Vessel , Georgieva Iliana , Denkova Radina , Broshtilova Valentina
Published: February 2019

Nowadays, dermal fillers are used in aesthetic medicine very often, hence, a large number of complications after hyaluronic acid products application may occur. Upon early diagnosis and adequate treatment, almost any adverse reaction can be avoided. Proper injection technique, approved products and detailed anatomical education decrease the risk of long-term sequelae. Herein, a clinical case of foreign body granuloma formation in the area of nasolabial fold after injection of hyaluronic filler is described. A short overview of the pharmacodynamics and possible side effects of the injectable hyaluronic fillers is also presented.
Isolation and Characterization of a Non-Saccharomyces Yeast with Improved Functional Characteristics for Ethanol Production
Authors: Kaur Sandeep , Oberoi Harinder Singh , Phutela Rajpal
Published: February 2019

Aim: To isolate a thermotolerant yeast strain with fermentation potential at elevated temperatures.

Study Design: Lab experimental design was used in the study.

Methodology: Yeasts were isolated from over-ripened fruits and naturally fermenting sugarcane juice. Four isolates showing relatively higher fermentation ability were screened for their fermentation potential. The selected strain was tested for its thermotolerance, osmotolence as well as to work at varied pH.

Results: Isolate Y-4 produced relatively higher ethanol than the other isolates from 15 gl-1 glucose. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of isolate Y-4 showed oval to spherical cells with diameter ranging from 4.5 to 6.2 µm. On the basis of the SEM images and 28s rRNA gene sequencing, isolate Y-4 was identified as Pichia kudriavzevii and designated as P. kudriavzevii SK1. P. kudriavzevii SK1 metabolized glucose, galactose, mannose, maltose and fructose. It showed the potential to grow at a glucose concentration of 300 gl-1 and ferment at 45°C, though the best results were obtained from 15-20 gl-1 glucose at 35°C. Reference strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTCC 11815 produced low concentrations of ethanol under similar conditions. With 200 gl-1 initial glucose concentration 86.1 and 87.9 gl-1 ethanol was obtained in shake flasks and laboratory batch fermenter experiments, respectively at pH 5 at 35°C. This study revealed that P. kudriavzevii SK1 could be utilized for pilot scale fermentation for high gravity fermentations.
The peroxisome biogenesis factors Pex3 and Pex19: multitasking proteins with disputed functions
Authors: Jansen Renate L. M. , van der Klei Ida J.
Published: February 2019

The peroxisomal membrane protein (PMP) Pex3 and its cytosolic interaction partner Pex19 have been implicated in peroxisomal membrane biogenesis. Although these peroxins have been extensively studied, no consensus has been reached yet on how they operate. Here, we discuss two major models of their function, namely, in direct insertion of proteins into the peroxisomal membrane or in formation of PMP‐containing vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Pex3 can also recruit other proteins to the peroxisomal membrane (e.g., Inp1, Atg30, Atg36), thereby fulfilling roles in other processes such as autophagy and organelle retention. Recent studies indicate that Pex3 and Pex19 can also facilitate sorting of certain membrane proteins to other cellular organelles, including the ER, lipid droplets, and mitochondria.
Confounding – Structure
Authors: Hernán Miguel A.
Published: February 2019

Confounding is a bias due to the presence of common causes of the exposure and the outcome. Subject‐matter knowledge can be used to draw causal directed acyclic graphs, and graphical rules such as the backdoor path criterion can then be used to identify confounding and confounders. Although confounding can also be defined as lack of exchangeability of the exposed and the unexposed, statistical associations detected in the data are not enough to characterize confounding.
Medicare Data
Authors: Ash Arlene S. , Virnig Beth A.
Published: February 2019

Medicare is a federal health insurance program for nearly all Americans aged 65 and over, for younger persons entitled to Social Security disability payments for at least 2 years, and for people with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). It is administered by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) in the US Department of Health and Human Services. In 2016, persons with entitlement due to these mandates numbered over 48 million, 8.8 million, and 525 000, respectively. Medicare, especially the program's extensive repository of enrollment and administrative claims information, are a unique resource for health services research, owing to the program's size, national representativeness, continuity of enrollment, presence of race and date‐of‐death data, well‐documented history of use in research, and the help available for researchers wishing to use the data for studies of potential benefit to Medicare beneficiaries.
Prediction of Injury Risk in Sports
Authors: Ivarsson Andreas , Stenling Andreas
Published: February 2019

Sport injuries are a major problem associated with sport participation. To develop preventive strategies and programs, it is important to identify factors that will increase the likelihood of sport injuries. In most sport injury risk factor research, statistical analyses are performed; however, many of the most common statistical analyses provide limited information about predictors of sport injury risk. The common analyses used in previous studies do not acknowledge the complexity associated with investigating risk factors for sport injuries. To better capture this complexity, suggested in most theoretical frameworks, more appropriate of statistical approaches should be used. In this article we present how latent profile analysis, latent change score analysis, and latent growth curve analysis can be used to overcome some of the limitations with more traditional analyses. Lastly, we also elaborate on future directions for analyses in sport injury risk factor research. More specifically, we present how advanced statistical models, such as classification and regression trees (CART) analysis and random forest analysis, can be used to provide researchers and clinicians with results that are more clinically meaningful.
Manifold‐Based Learning: Linear Methods
Authors: Huo Xiaoming , Cao Shanshan
Published: February 2019

Manifold‐based learning is a major tool in dimensionality reduction, which is widely used for feature extraction and feature selection in data mining and statistical learning. It combines techniques from various fields, such as geometry, algorithm, and statistics. The objective of manifold‐based learning is to recover the low‐dimensional structure that is embedded in a higher dimensional space. The focus in this article is on linear methods, where the underlying embedded structure is a linear subspace. We mainly survey the algorithms for manifold‐based learning methods under the unsupervised learning setting. Other nonlinear methods for manifold‐based learning are briefly discussed. We will provide the readers more references for more details on nonlinear manifold‐based learning methods. Our survey emphasizes their linear algebra formulations. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the learning methods. More applications can be found in the literature provided in this article.
Prediction of Soccer Matches
Authors: Groll Andreas , Schauberger Gunther
Published: February 2019

We present the major approaches for the modeling and prediction of soccer matches. Two principal approaches can be distinguished, namely prediction of the scores of both teams and prediction of the match outcomes represented by the categories win, draw, and loss. The most important elements of these strategies are presented together with several different extensions and further developments.
Multistate Start‐Up Demonstration Tests
Authors: Griffith William S. , DePoy Smith Michelle L.
Published: February 2019

Start‐up demonstration tests have been used over the past few decades to decide whether or not equipment should be accepted or rejected. The increase in research on this subject has led to more complex start‐up demonstrations being introduced and implemented. The early literature on start‐up demonstration tests only allowed for binary state outcomes such as a success or failure for a start‐up. A natural extension to binary start‐up demonstration tests are multistate start‐up demonstration tests, which allow for more than two outcomes per start‐up. This article discusses the various types of multistate start‐up demonstration tests, which allow for varying degrees of successes and/or failures for an individual start‐up.
Upswing in cocaine use not matched with growth in treatment options
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: February 2019

Ominous signs in the latest data around the re‐emergence of cocaine and methamphetamine have Recovery Centers of America (RCA) Chief Scientific Officer Deni Carise, Ph.D., highly concerned. While she says the Northeast and Mid‐Atlantic treatment organization's facilities are not now seeing an influx of patients with stimulant dependence alone, the increased prevalence of polysubstance use with cocaine is among the issues meriting attention.
Development of a Cloud‐Based Epidermal MoSe2 Device for Hazardous Gas Sensing
Authors: Guo Shiqi , Yang Dong , Zhang Sheng , Dong Quan , Li Baichen , Tran Nam , Li Zhenyu , Xiong Yujie , Zaghloul Mona E.
Published: February 2019

Toxic gases such as NO2 and irritant gases such as NH3 are two of the harshest aspects that trigger the exacerbation of the respiratory system for asthma patients. Monitoring and recording high‐risk gases are very important for tracking disease and alerting patients because humans can be exposed to a vulnerable environment with inconspicuous gases. Current detectors suffer from lack of portability and cannot provide daily real‐time detection. This work develops a light, inexpensive epidermal gas sensor based on ultralarge MoSe2 nanosheets. MoSe2 nanosheets are obtained using a gold‐assisted exfoliation method and the electrical and optical properties of the film are characterized. A high‐performance gas sensor for NO2 and NH3, which can be integrated onto human skin, is fabricated and shows great stability with up to 30% tensile strain. In particular, the device is able to detect down to 1 part per million with fast response (<200 s). The system is effective in providing timely warnings and the sensing data are uploaded to a cloud‐based terminal so that a medical institute can easily access them and provide a more accurate diagnosis.
NPC1L1‐Targeted Cholesterol‐Grafted Poly(β‐Amino Ester)/pDNA Complexes for Oral Gene Delivery
Authors: Liu Yuan , Chen Dan , Li Jialin , Xia Dengning , Yu Miaorong , Tao Jinsong , Zhang Xinxin , Li Li , Gan Yong
Published: February 2019

Gene vectors for oral delivery encounter harsh conditions throughout the gastrointestinal tract, and the continuous peristaltic activity can quickly remove the vectors, leading to inefficient intestinal permeation. Therefore, vectors have demanding property requirements, such as stability under various pH and, more importantly, efficient uptake in different intestinal segments. In this study, a functional polymer, cholesterol‐grafted poly(β‐amino ester) (poly[hexamethylene diacrylate‐β‐(5‐amino‐1‐pentanol)] (CH‐PHP)), is synthesized and electrostatically interacted with plasmid DNA to form a CH‐PHP/DNA complex (CPNC). This complex is designed to target the Niemann–Pick C1‐like receptor, a cholesterol receptor, to improve oral gene delivery efficacy. With the presence of cholesterol, CH‐PHP shows mitigated cytotoxicity, enhanced enzyme resistance, and improved gene condensing ability. CPNC further contributes to ≈43.1‐ and 2.3‐fold increases in luciferase expression in Caco‐2 cells compared with PNC and Lipo 2000/DNA complexes, respectively. In addition, the in vivo transfection efficacy of CPNC is ≈4.1‐, 2.1‐, and 1.6‐fold higher than that of Lipo 2000/DNA complexes in rat duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, respectively. Therefore, CPNC may be a promising delivery vector for gene delivery, and using a cholesterol‐specific endocytic pathway can be a novel approach to achieve efficient oral gene transfection.
Bacterial Adhesion on Soft Materials: Passive Physicochemical Interactions or Active Bacterial Mechanosensing?
Authors: Straub Hervé , Bigger Claudio M. , Valentin Jules , Abt Dominik , Qin Xiao‐Hua , Eberl Leo , Maniura‐Weber Katharina , Ren Qun
Published: February 2019

The influence of mechanical stiffness of biomaterials on bacterial adhesion is only sparsely studied and the mechanism behind this influence remains unclear. Here, bacterial adhesion on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) samples, having four different degrees of stiffness with Young's modulus ranging from 0.06 to 4.52 MPa, is investigated. Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are found to adhere in greater numbers on soft PDMS (7‐ and 27‐fold increase, respectively) than on stiff PDMS, whereas Staphylococcus aureus adheres in similar numbers on the four tested surfaces. To determine whether the observed adhesion behavior is caused by bacteria‐specific mechanisms, abiotic polystyrene (PS) beads are employed as bacteria substitutes. Carboxylate‐modified PS (PS‐COOH) beads exhibit the same adhesion pattern as E. coli and P. aeruginosa with four times more adhered beads on soft PDMS than on stiff PDMS. In contrast, amine‐modified PS (PS‐NH2) beads adhere in similar numbers on all tested samples, reminiscent of S. aureus adhesion. This work demonstrates for the first time that the intrinsic physicochemical properties associated with PDMS substrates of different stiffness strongly influence bacterial adhesion and challenge the previously reported theory on active bacterial mechanosensing, which provides new insights into the design of antifouling surfaces.
High‐Performance Materials for 3D Printing in Chemical Synthesis Applications
Authors: Kotz Frederik , Risch Patrick , Helmer Dorothea , Rapp Bastian E.
Published: February 2019

3D printing has emerged as an enabling technology for miniaturization. High‐precision printing techniques such as stereolithography are capable of printing microreactors and lab‐on‐a‐chip devices for efficient parallelization of biological and biochemical reactions under reduced uptake of reactants. In the world of chemistry, however, up until now, miniaturization has played a minor role. The chemical and thermal stability of regular 3D printing resins is insufficient for sustaining the harsh conditions of chemical reactions. Novel material formulations that produce highly stable 3D‐printed chips are highly sought for bringing chemistry up‐to‐date on the development of miniaturization. In this work, a brief review of recent developments in highly stable materials for 3D printing is given. This work focuses on three highly stable 3D‐printable material systems: transparent silicate glasses, ceramics, and fluorinated polymers. It is further demonstrated that 3D printing is also a versatile technique for surface structuring of polymers to enhance their wetting performance. Such micro/nanostructuring is key to selectively wetting surface patterns that are versatile for chemical arrays and droplet synthesis.
Enhancing Electrocatalytic Water Splitting by Strain Engineering
Authors: You Bo , Tang Michael T. , Tsai Charlie , Abild‐Pedersen Frank , Zheng Xiaolin , Li Hong
Published: February 2019

Electrochemical water splitting driven by sustainable energy such as solar, wind, and tide is attracting ever‐increasing attention for sustainable production of clean hydrogen fuel from water. Leveraging these advances requires efficient and earth‐abundant electrocatalysts to accelerate the kinetically sluggish hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER and OER). A large number of advanced water‐splitting electrocatalysts have been developed through recent understanding of the electrochemical nature and engineering approaches. Specifically, strain engineering offers a novel route to promote the electrocatalytic HER/OER performances for efficient water splitting. Herein, the recent theoretical and experimental progress on applying strain to enhance heterogeneous electrocatalysts for both HER and OER are reviewed and future opportunities are discussed. A brief introduction of the fundamentals of water‐splitting reactions, and the rationalization for utilizing mechanical strain to tune an electrocatalyst is given, followed by a discussion of the recent advances on strain‐promoted HER and OER, with special emphasis given to combined theoretical and experimental approaches for determining the optimal straining effect for water electrolysis, along with experimental approaches for creating and characterizing strain in nanocatalysts, particularly emerging 2D nanomaterials. Finally, a vision for a future sustainable hydrogen fuel community based on strain‐promoted water electrolysis is proposed.
Stoichiometric Engineering of Chalcogenide Semiconductor Alloys for Nanophotonic Applications
Authors: Piccinotti Davide , Gholipour Behrad , Yao Jin , MacDonald Kevin F. , Hayden Brian E. , Zheludev Nikolay I.
Published: February 2019

A variety of alternative plasmonic and dielectric material platforms—among them nitrides, semiconductors, and conductive oxides—have come to prominence in recent years as means to address the shortcomings of noble metals (including Joule losses, cost, and passive character) in certain nanophotonic and optical‐frequency metamaterial applications. Here, it is shown that chalcogenide semiconductor alloys offer a uniquely broad pallet of optical properties, complementary to those of existing material platforms, which can be controlled by stoichiometric design. Using combinatorial high‐throughput techniques, the extraordinary epsilon‐near‐zero, plasmonic, and low/high‐index characteristics of Bi:Sb:Te alloys are explored. Depending upon composition they can, for example, have plasmonic figures of merit higher than conductive oxides and nitrides across the entire UV–NIR range, and higher than gold below 550 nm; present dielectric figures of merit better than conductive oxides at near‐infrared telecommunications wavelengths; and exhibit record‐breaking refractive indices as low as 0.7 and as high as 11.5.
Elucidating the Mechanism Involved in the Performance Improvement of Lithium‐Ion Transition Metal Oxide Battery by Conducting Polymer
Authors: Kim Taehoon , Ono Luis K. , Qi Yabing
Published: February 2019

Surface treatments with conducting polymers are effective in ameliorating charge capacities and cycling performances for a wide range of lithium‐ion batteries such as Li‐layered transition metal oxide, Li‐sulfur, and Li‐air batteries. So far, however, very little is known about the key process directly involved with the improvement of cell performance and stability. The present study examines how a conducting polymer can contribute to charge capacity enhancement, employing poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene‐sulfonate) coating on the lithium‐layered transition metal oxide cathode. The property of the electrode interface layer is studied on the basis of the local atomic environments. The conducting polymer not only hinders the formation of LiF, carbonates, and semicarbonates compounds but also renders the nature of the solid‐electrolyte interphase layer formed during electrochemical cycles. Furthermore, it inhibits the dissolution of the active material into the electrolyte and preserves the initial atomic states including the active material bulk. The coating enables good consistency in the local atomic environment with depth at the electrode interface, which in turn impedes the phase mismatch resulting from the surface reconstruction on the layered oxide electrode. This further mitigates the phase transformation of the active material, resulting in a lower voltage decay on charge–discharge.
Small‐Sized CuS Nanoparticles/N, S Co‐Doped rGO Composites as the Anode Materials for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Ding Xueda , Lei Song , Du Chengfeng , Xie Zailai , Li Jianrong , Huang Xiaoying
Published: February 2019

In this work, small‐sized CuS nanoparticles/N, S co‐doped rGO composites (CuS@N/S‐G‐Cn) are synthesized by a facile route with the metal‐containing ionic liquids (MILs) [CnMMim]2[CuCl4] (n is 6, 8, 10 representing the number of C atoms in the alkyl chain of imidazolium cation) as the precursors. In the composites, the CuS nanoparticles with small size of sub‐20 nm are homogeneously dispersed in nitrogen and sulfur co‐doped reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The highly dispersed nanosized CuS are embedded on excellent conductive doped rGO substrates to supply not only large quantity of accessible active sites for lithium‐ion insertion but also short diffusion length for lithium ions, while the N and S co‐doping in rGO can efficiently restrain the polysulfides dissolution and circumvent the volume expansion/contraction associated with lithium insertion/extraction during charge–discharge processes. Bestowed by these advantages, the CuS@N/S‐G‐Cn composites exhibit enhanced electrochemical performance for lithium storage. Especially, when [C6MMim]2[CuCl4] is chosen as the precursor, the obtained electrode material CuS@N/S‐G‐C6 delivers a reversible capacity as high as 603.5 mAh g−1 at 200 mA g−1 after 300 cycles and 530 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1 after 1000 cycles.
Strain Sensing with Metamaterial Composites
Authors: Everitt Henry O. , Tyler Talmage , Caraway Bill D. , Bingham Chris M. , Llopis Antonio , Heimbeck Martin S. , Padilla Willie J. , Smith David R. , Jokerst Nan M.
Published: February 2019

Mapping strain fields in visually opaque structural composites—for which failure is often sudden, irreparable, and even catastrophic—requires techniques to locate and record regions of stress, fatigue, and incipient failure. Many composite materials are transparent in the terahertz spectral region, but their strain history is often too subtle to recover. Here, terahertz metamaterials with strain‐severable junctions are introduced that can identify structurally compromised regions of composite materials. Specifically, multilayer arrays of aluminum meta‐atoms are designed and fabricated as strip dipole antennas with a terahertz frequency resonance and a strong response to cross‐polarized radiation that disappears when local stress irreversibly breaks their bowtie‐shaped junction. By spatially mapping the local polarimetric response of this metamaterial as a function of global strain, the regions of local stress extrema experienced by a visually opaque material may be visualized. This proof‐of‐concept demonstration heralds the opportunity for embedding metamaterial laminates within composites to record and recover their strain‐dependent history of fatigue.
Cavity Enhanced Organic Photodiodes with Charge Collection Narrowing
Authors: Yazmaciyan Aren , Meredith Paul , Armin Ardalan
Published: February 2019

Color discrimination in photodetection is conventionally achieved using broadband‐absorbing inorganic semiconductors with passive optical filters. Organic semiconductors show promise to deliver narrowband spectral responses due to their tunable optical properties. While achieving narrow‐absorbing organic semiconductors is an ongoing endeavor in the synthetic chemistry community, charge collection narrowing is introduced as a “material‐agnostic” technique to realize narrowband spectral responses using broadband absorbers such as blends of organic semiconductors, inorganic nanocrystals, and perovskites in a photodiode architecture. Charge collection narrowing in organic semiconductors demands photoactive junction thicknesses on the order of a few micrometers causing fabrication difficulties and limitations in device metrics such as frequency bandwidth. In this work it is shown that electrical inversion can result in charge collection narrowing in organic photodiodes with active layer thicknesses on the order of hundreds of nanometers and hence much easier to achieve via high throughput solution processing techniques. Additionally, it is shown that an indium tin oxide/gold electrode with modified work function acts as a cavity mirror, further narrowing the spectral response and at the same time delivering an extremely selective cathode, suppressing the dark current dramatically. Nearly voltage independent detectivities of 1013 Jones are achieved with an active sensing area of 0.2 cm2.
Switchable All‐Dielectric Metasurfaces for Full‐Color Reflective Display
Authors: Liu He , Yang Hao , Li Yuanrui , Song Boxiang , Wang Yifei , Liu Zerui , Peng Liang , Lim Haneol , Yoon Jongseung , Wu Wei
Published: February 2019

High energy consumption and lack of readability under bright sunlight of conventional transmissive display technology greatly limit the user experience of mobile and wearable devices. To solve this issue, a hybrid display by overlaying a full‐color reflective display on top of a transmissive display is invented. The key component of this technology is a full‐color reflective display based on tandem switchable all‐dielectric metasurfaces. The switchable all‐dielectric metasurfaces in large size (average area ≈5 cm2) are invented and fabricated by low‐cost and high‐throughput nanoimprint lithography. Each switchable metasurface is formed by an array of TiO2/SiO2 hybrid nanopillars on top of a SiO2 substrate, which could reflect a unique color (blue, green, or red) light with high efficiency (bandwidth ≈100 nm and reflectance ≈80%). They become highly transparent (switched‐off) upon high‐index liquid injection. These metasurfaces demonstrate great characteristics such as polarization independence, large viewing angle (up to 60°), and ultra‐high resolution (over 6000 pixels per inch). This kind of full‐color reflective display can be combined with traditional transmissive display to achieve a low‐power hybrid display that performs well from totally dark to bright sunlight conditions. That resolves one of the biggest challenges in mobile and wearable device industry.
Anomalously Perfect Reflections Based on 3‐Bit Coding Metasurfaces
Authors: Jing Hong Bo , Ma Qian , Bai Guo Dong , Cui Tie Jun
Published: February 2019

Herein, a new design method to realize anomalously perfect reflections based on digital coding metasurfaces is proposed. Previous studies on perfect reflections usually rely on impedance matching, which requires complicated analyses and calculations. Based on the digital design of coding metasurfaces, a simple design method to generate anomalously perfect reflections for different reflection angles with high efficiency is presented. 3‐bit digital coding units are designed and verified to provide reflection phase responses of 0°, 45°, 90°, 133°, 176°, 221°, 269°, and 302°. Four digital coding patterns for different reflection angles are created to demonstrate the anomalously perfect reflections. Numerical simulations and experimental results have good agreements, suggesting the powerful potentials of the digital coding metasurface in controlling the electromagnetic waves.
Semiconducting Polymer Dots with Modulated Photoblinking for High‐Order Super‐Resolution Optical Fluctuation Imaging
Authors: Sun Zezhou , Liu Zhihe , Chen Haobin , Li Rongqin , Sun Yujie , Chen Danni , Xu Gaixia , Liu Liwei , Wu Changfeng
Published: February 2019

Super‐resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI) uses photoblinking to achieve fast, background free, 3D fluorescence nanoscopy. The on/off photoblinking characteristics are key factors for realizing high‐order SOFI. However, it remains a great challenge to tune the photoblinking of a fluorescent probe because most of the probes are typical single fluorophore systems with stochastic blinking nature. In this study, effective photoblinking modulation is demonstrated in a nanoscale multichromophoric system consisting of donor–acceptor semiconducting polymers. Numerical simulation is performed to quantitatively evaluate the impact of the number of acceptors on the photoblinking of the nanoparticle probe as well as the spatial resolution of the resulting SOFI nanoscopy. In tandem with simulation, a series of polymer dots (Pdots) are designed with varying donor–acceptor moieties that give rise to the modulated photoblinking behaviors, as evidenced by single‐particle fluorescence trajectories. The photoblinking behaviors are quantitatively compared in terms of autocorrelation function, dot retention fraction, and on/off time ratio. High‐performance photoblinking‐based nanoscopy is implemented by using the optimized Pdots, resolving subcellular structure at a spatial resolution of ≈95 nm. This study provides a useful approach to engineer the photoblinking properties of fluorescent nanoparticles for super‐resolution imaging applications.
Flavin‐Dependent Halogenases from Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris B100 Prefer Bromination over Chlorination
Authors: Ismail Mohamed , Frese Marcel , Patschkowski Thomas , Ortseifen Vera , Niehaus Karsten , Sewald Norbert
Published: February 2019

Flavin‐dependent halogenases selectively introduce halogen substituents into (hetero‐)aromatic substrates and require only molecular oxygen and halide salts for this regioselective oxidative CH‐functionalization. Genomic analysis of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris B100 identified three novel putative members of this enzyme class. They were shown to introduce halogen substituents into, e. g., substituted indoles, while preferring bromide over chloride.

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An Upgraded Lithium Ion Battery Based on a Polymeric Separator Incorporated with Anode Active Materials
Authors: Chen Dongjiang , Zhou Ziqi , Feng Chao , Lv Weiqiang , Wei Zhaohuan , Zhang Kelvin H. L. , Lin Bin , Wu Songhao , Lei Tianyu , Guo Xuyun , Zhu Gaolong , Jian Xian , Xiong Jie , Traversa Enrico , Dou Shi Xue , He Weidong
Published: February 2019

Structural/compositional characteristics at the anode/electrolyte interface are of paramount importance for the practical performance of lithium ion batteries, including cyclic stability, rate capacity, and operational safety. The anode‐electrolyte interface with traditional separator technology is featured with inevitable phase discontinuity and fails to support the stable operation of lithium ion batteries based on large‐capacity anodes with structural change in charges/discharges, such as transition metal oxide anodes. In this work, an anode/electrolyte framework based on an oxide anode and an active‐oxide‐incorporated separator is proposed for the first time and investigated for lithium ion batteries. The architecture builds a robust anode‐separator interface in LIBs, shortens Li+ diffusion path, accelerates electron transport, and mitigates the volume change of the oxide anode in electrochemical reactions. Remarkably, 4 wt% CuO addition in the separator leads to a 17% enhancement in the overall capacity of a battery with a CuO anode. The battery delivers an unparalleled record reversible capacity of 637.2 mAh g−1 with a 99% capacity retention after 100 charge/discharge cycles at 0.5 C. The high performance are attributed to the robust anode‐separator interface, which gives rise to enhanced interaction between the oxide anode and the same‐oxide‐incorporated composite in the separator.
Non‐malignant respiratory disease among workers in the rubber manufacturing industry: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Thapa Nirmala , Tomasi Suzanne E. , Cox‐Ganser Jean M. , Nett Randall J.
Published: February 2019

Background

Non‐malignant respiratory disease (NMRD) cases have occurred among rubber manufacturing workers. We examined exposure to rubber manufacturing emissions as a risk factor for NMRD.

Methods

From a systematic literature review, we identified case reports and assessed cross‐sectional and mortality studies for strength of evidence of positive association (strong, intermediate, non‐significant positive association, none) between exposure to rubber manufacturing emissions and NMRD‐related morbidity and mortality, and conducted two meta‐analyses.

Results

We analyzed 62 articles. We identified 11 cases of NMRD. Nine (30%) of 30 cross‐sectional studies and one (4%) of 26 mortality studies had strong evidence. The summary odds ratio and SMR for the cross‐sectional and mortality meta‐analyses were 3.83 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.28‐6.51) and 0.90 (95%CI, 0.82‐0.99), respectively.

Conclusion

Available evidence supports rubber manufacturing emissions as a potential risk factor for NMRD‐related morbidity. Further investigations with longer follow‐up periods and inclusion of short‐tenured workers could further define risks for NMRD and identify prevention strategies.
Expanding the genetic and clinical spectrum of the NONO‐associated X‐linked intellectual disability syndrome
Authors: Carlston Colleen M. , Bleyl Steven B. , Andrews Ashley , Meyers Lindsay , Brown Sara , Bayrak‐Toydemir Pinar , Bale James F. , Botto Lorenzo D.
Published: February 2019

The NONO gene encodes a nuclear protein involved in RNA metabolism. Hemizygous loss‐of‐function NONO variants have been associated with syndromic intellectual disability and with left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC). A two‐year‐old boy presented to the University of Utah's Penelope Undiagnosed Disease Program with developmental delay, nonfamilial features, relative macrocephaly, and dilated cardiomyopathy with LVNC and Ebstein anomaly. Brain MRI showed a thick corpus callosum, mild Chiari I malformation, and a flattened pituitary. Exome sequencing identified a novel intronic deletion (c.154+5_154+6delGT) in the NONO gene. Splicing studies demonstrated intron 4 read‐through and the use of an alternative donor causing the frameshift p.Asn52Serfs*6. Family segregation analysis showed that the variant occurred de novo in the boy's unaffected mother. MRI and endocrine findings suggest that hypopituitarism may contribute to growth failure, abnormal thyroid hormone levels, cryptorchidism, or delayed puberty in patients with NONO‐associated disease. Also, including this case LVNC has been observed in five out of eight patients, and this report also confirms an association between loss of NONO and Ebstein anomaly. In some cases, unrelated individuals share the same pathogenic NONO variants but do not all have clinically significant LVNC, suggesting that additional modifiers may contribute to cardiac phenotypes.
Activating Inert, Nonprecious Perovskites with Iridium Dopants for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction under Acidic Conditions
Authors: Liang Xiao , Shi Lei , Liu Yipu , Chen Hui , Si Rui , Yan Wensheng , Zhang Qi , Li Guo‐Dong , Yang Li , Zou Xiaoxin
Published: February 2019

Simultaneous realization of improved activity, enhanced stability, and reduced cost remains a desirable yet challenging goal in the search of oxygen evolution electrocatalysts in acid. Herein we report iridium‐containing strontium titanates (Ir‐STO) as active and stable, low‐iridium perovskite electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acid. The Ir‐STO contains 57 wt % less iridium relative to the benchmark catalyst IrO2, but it exhibits more than 10 times higher catalytic activity for OER. It is shown to be among the most efficient iridium‐based oxide electrocatalysts for OER in acid. Theoretical results reveal that the incorporation of iridium dopants in the STO matrix activates the intrinsically inert titanium sites, strengthening the surface oxygen adsorption on titanium sites and thereby giving nonprecious titanium catalytic sites that have activities close to or even better than iridium sites.
Cyanidosilicates—Synthesis and Structure
Authors: Harloff Jörg , Michalik Dirk , Nier Simon , Schulz Axel , Stoer Philip , Villinger Alexander
Published: February 2019

Starting from fluoridosilicate precursors in neat cyanotrimethylsilane, Me3Si−CN, a series of different ammonium salts [R3NMe]+ (R=Et, nPr, nBu) with the novel [SiF(CN)5]2− and [Si(CN)6]2− dianions was synthesized in facile, temperature controlled F−/CN− exchange reactions. Utilizing decomposable, non‐innocent cations, such as [R3NH]+, it was possible to generate metal salts of the type M2[Si(CN)6] (M+=Li+, K+) via neutralization reactions with the corresponding metal hydroxides. The ionic liquid [BMIm]2[Si(CN)6] (m.p.=72 °C, BMIm=1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium) was obtained by a salt metathesis reaction. All the synthesized salts could be isolated in good yields and were fully characterized.
Syntheses and optical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties of polymers with 6‐(2‐thienyl)‐4H‐thieno[2,3‐b]indole with a variety of electron‐deficient units
Authors: Kim Juae , Chae Sangmin , Yi Ahra , Hong Seungyeon , Kim Hyo Jung , Suh Hongsuk
Published: February 2019

Conjugated polymers were synthesized and used for polymer solar cells with new electron‐rich units, 6‐(2‐thienyl)‐4H‐thieno[2,3‐b]indole (2‐TTI). 2‐TTI was coupled with electron‐pulling units, including benzothiadiazole and benzimidazole derivatives, to provide push–pull types of conjugated polymers (poly(8‐(heptadecan‐9‐yl)‐6‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐8H‐thieno[2,3‐b]indole)‐alt‐(2‐methyl‐5,6‐bis(octyloxy)‐4,7‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐2‐(trifluoromethyl)‐2H‐benzimidazole) (PTTIDOCF3), poly(8‐(heptadecan‐9‐yl)‐6‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐8H‐thieno[2,3‐b]indole)‐alt‐(5,6‐bis(octyloxy)‐4,7‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole) (PTTIDOBT), poly(8‐(heptadecan‐9‐yl)‐6‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐8H‐thieno[2,3‐b]indole)‐alt‐(2,2‐dimethyl‐4,7‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐2H‐benzimidazole) (PTTIMBI), and poly(8‐(heptadecan‐9‐yl)‐6‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐8H‐thieno[2,3‐b]indole)‐alt‐(2,2‐dimethyl‐5,6‐bis(octyloxy)‐4,7‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐2H‐benzimidazole) (PTTIDOMBI)). The synthesized conjugated polymers provided deep highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels for higher open‐circuit voltages (VOC). The device composed of PTTIDOMBI and [6,6]‐Phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester PC71BM (1:2) with chloronaphthalene additive showed a VOC of 0.72 V, a short‐circuit current (JSC) of 9.16 mA/cm2, and a fill factor of 0.43; this gave a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.84%. The PTTIDOMBI provided better morphology for enhanced charge transport, and this led to the higher JSC and PCE of the organic solar cells. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47624.
Introgressive hybridization between native and non‐local steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) of hatchery origin
Authors: Weigel Dana E. , Adams Jennifer R. , Jepson Michael A. , Waits Lisette P. , Caudill Christopher C.
Published: February 2019

The artificial propagation and release of individuals from non‐local populations is a widespread practice that can threaten the genetic integrity of native, locally adapted populations, because of domestication effects from the artificial rearing environments and inter‐breeding with the local populations. Introgressive hybridization was examined in a threatened population of anadromous Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792) (winter‐run steelhead) in the Willamette Basin, Oregon. Non‐local, hatchery‐reared, summer‐run steelhead are released annually into the basin as mitigation for the impact of numerous dams.

Sixteen microsatellite loci were used to detect introgression in adult steelhead of natural origin migrating into the basin before spawning during 2013 and 2014. Bayesian clustering analysis (structure) was used to identify the level of admixture in the population and to assign individuals to clusters.

The Bayesian clustering analysis indicated that there are most likely two populations (or clusters) in the study area: a native, coastal, winter‐run steelhead population and a non‐local, summer‐run steelhead population that was derived from artificial crosses between summer‐run coastal and interior redband populations.

Introgressive hybridization was detected in 26.4% of the natural‐origin adult steelhead. First‐generation (F1) hybrids were estimated as 4.9–10.1% of the natural‐origin adult steelhead. Hybrids backcrossed to the native, coastal, winter‐run steelhead were nine times more numerous than backcrosses to the hatchery, summer‐run steelhead. The timing of upstream migration was significantly different between the native, winter steelhead and the F1 hybrids.

Low numbers of summer steelhead and back‐cross summer‐run hybrids were identified in the natural‐origin population, consistent with the reduced fitness of hatchery‐reared summer steelhead in natural environments. Conservation actions that protect native populations from hatchery fish include altering stocking practices (such as integrated management or sterility), and protecting the remaining intact populations by designating genetic preserves and preventing the release of hatchery‐origin or hybrid steelhead into these areas.
The Anatomical and Functional Evolution of the Femoral Fourth Trochanter in Ornithischian Dinosaurs
Authors: Persons Walter S. , Currie Philip J.
Published: February 2019

The femoral fourth trochanter is the attachment site of the caudofemoralis musculature, which is the primary hindlimb retractor in most non‐avian dinosaurs. Early ornithischian dinosaurs are uniquely characterized by a fourth trochanter with a prominent pendant process. Throughout the evolution of ornithischians, the fourth trochanter repeatedly converged on two major morphological changes: (1) the distal migration of the trochanter down the femoral shaft and (2) the loss of the pendant process. Both changes, as well as the original evolution of the pendant form, relate to a single major functional shift emphasizing caudofemoral leverage. Direct evidence of muscle scarring across the surface of the pendant process affirms that it served to extend the attachment of the primary caudofemoralis brevis tendon distally. A proximally located fourth trochanter is the basal condition in dinosaurs and other archosaurs, and the development of a pendant process lengthened the functional lever arm with regard to the insertion of the caudofemoralis. This adaptation afforded improved mechanical advantage, perhaps beneficial in the context of the newly assumed herbivorous diets of basal ornithischians. As some derived ornithischians increased in body size, a high‐leverage system with a more distal caudofemoralis attachment evolved. In some groups, the fourth trochanter as a whole descended down the femur, eventually reaching a point where the pendant process was unnecessary. Sauropodomorphs, the other great lineage of dinosaur herbivores, converged on the same high‐leverage distal fourth trochanter arrangement, but without first transitioning through a prominent pendant form. Anat Rec, 303:1146–1157, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.