bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of “Yao Lue” 要略, “A Sumary of the Essentials”: The Huainanzi 淮南子 from the Point of View of the Postface
Authors: Murray Judson B.
Published: August 2016

The Huainanzi is a Former Han 前漢 dynasty (202 B.C.E.–9 C.E.) compendium of knowledge written at the court of Huainan and presented to Emperor Wu of the Han 漢武帝 in 139 by Liu An 劉安 (?179–122), the king of Huainan. Liu An was the grandson of the Han “progenitor” Gaozu 高祖 (Liu Bang 劉邦 r. 202–195), and he was the uncle of the reigning emperor Wu (r. 140–87). According to the author(s) of the text’s postface, “Yao lue” 要略 or “A Summary of the Essentials,” the work seeks to provide a comprehensive account or chronicle of the dao 道 (conventionally translated as the “Way”), understood broadly to encompass the cosmos (tiandi 天地 or “Heaven and Earth”), human beings (ren 人) and their affairs (shi 事), and the relationship between them. The account of the dao presented in its chapters is not, however, purely descriptive. The Huainanzi is foremost a political treatise containing instructions worthy of a sage-king (shengwang 聖王) to be employed by the ruler as the proper model or standard by which to govern the empire.
Is That Turkey Australian? Cultural Questions Concerning the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (4th Edition)
Authors: Hallinan Peter
Published: August 2016

The fourth edition of the Stanford-Binet lntelligence Scale is now available for sale and use in this country, from the Australian Council of Educational Research. Many of the individual items appear culturally suspect. Use of the test is not recommended until some clear guidelines on this important issue are established. Comment on the many individual items of concern is included as a first step towards the establishment of such guidelines.
Notes on Professional Practice Co-operation in the Classroom: A New Role for Guidance Officers
Authors: Boyd Julie , Lee Terry
Published: August 2016

Guidance Officers have traditionally been seen as having different aims, goals and outcomes to those of schools. In fact, guidance officers have been seen as having a vested interest in maintaining this separation. We propose that for guidance officers to become more potent in effecting change, and in order to derive maximum benefit for their clients they need to become much more closely asociated with the goals and programs of mainstream education.
Success in Mathematics for All Students: A New Approach to High School Mathematics
Authors: Lake Willem
Published: August 2016

While visiting Europe in 1986 I had the opportunity to observe an exciting educational experiment in Vienna. Dr. Guttmann, professor of biology and Dr. Vanecek, professor of psychology, worked together at the Boltzmann Institute for Learning Research to apply the latest psycho-biological findings to education. First they did this under laboratory conditions and later they proposed workable classroom procedures. In the laboratory they used “Cortical Evoked Potentials” to determine students’ activation levels and how they could alter these to improve their learning retention. From this they developed a model of classroom instruction.
Personality Characteristics of Gifted and Talented Children and their Parents: A Review
Authors: Boyle Gregory J.
Published: August 2016

The present review suggests that gifted and talented individuals exhibit personality characteristics of self-sufficiency/independence, conscientiousness, emotional control and perseverance. However, the combination of high intellectual ability and heightened sensitivity may cause problems for such individuals, resulting in social withdrawal in some cases.
Using Irlen Coloured Lenses for Reading: A Clinical Study
Authors: Whiting Paul R. , Robinson Gregory L.W.
Published: August 2016

Some recent evidence from both clinical and empirical studies has suggested that some cases of reading disability might be helped by the use of Irlen tinted lenses. Clinical work has been carried out in two special education centres, at Sydney CAE and at Hunter Institute of Higher Education. Four hundred and sixty five clients from these centres, all of whom had reading problems, and who had worn Irlen lenses fora minimum of 12 months were surveyed to assess their evaluation of the usefulness of the lenses for a variety of literacy-related difficulties. Ninety three percent indicated a definite improvement in these difficulties. Largest improvements were reported in amount of effort required to read, fluency of reading, concentration, and comprehension. In each factorsurveyed, more than 50% of respondents indicated definite improvements, including handwriting, spelling, tiredness, and self-confidence. Telephone checks with non-respondents indicated that the results are probably reliable for the whole of the population surveyed.
Regulating Religious Broadcasting
Authors: Leigh Ian
Published: August 2016

The broadcasting world is currently undergoing a revolution. The new technologies of cable and, more importantly, satellite broadcasting have brought within reach an enormous potential expansion and diversity in broadcasting. The Broadcasting Act 1990 is the government's response to the challenge, creating a mostly new regulatory framework. Alongside technological advance there has been a growing concern with regulating programme quality, as the creation of the Broadcasting Standards Commission (placed by Pt. V of the Act on a statutory footing) bears witness. A minor, but not insignificant, place in these cross-currents of ferment is occupied by religious broadcasting. This article seeks to place the controls and duties relating to religious broadcasting under the new regime within the context of its history in the UK and to consider the extent to which the new legal and administrative controls achieve an acceptable balance between religious expression and control of standards.
Famous English Canon Lawyers: V
Authors: Baker J. H.
Published: August 2016

The first post-Reformation English canonist in our series seems, on the face of his curriculum vitae a very different kind of lawyer from the medieval writers previously described. He was not a doctor of law, and seems to have spent a mere three years at university. He went up to Oxford as a relatively mature student (in his early 20s) in 1576, having already served an apprenticeship as clerk in the registar's office at York and having become a notary public and actuary of the Consistory Court in the early 1570s. He was a local boy, born and educated in the city of York, and came to the attention of the ecclesiastical authorities as a promising clerk at about the age when more fortunate youngsters were sent to Oxford or Cambridge. Swinburne's study therefore began in the office, and in the routines of clerical writing: a preparation which, in other spheres of law also, could prove as valuable as college life for the true scholar.
The Church and Housing
Authors: Faull David , Rees John
Published: August 2016

The Church's attitude to housing issues is, of necessity, complicated. At the most basic level, human beings need shelter in order to survive: they need protection from the weather, and from predators, and all human beings need to sleep securely for several hours every day. The Christian gospel enjoins Christ's followers to assist in meeting such human need: “in as much as ye did it unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye did it unto me”.
An Interpretation of Argar v Holdsworth
Authors: Smith Michael G.
Published: August 2016

For many years it has been assumed that all parishioners legally qualified to intermarry have a legal right to be married in their parish church. In Blunt's The Book of Church Law it is expressed thus:

‘Every person within the parish in which a church is situate has a common-law right to the use of it in time of Divine Service. … Much more have they a right to the use of the church whenever they are to be present for the performance of any offices as regards themselves. Hence the incumbent's control over all access to the church is limited by the rights of the parishioners to its use at such times as he may appoint to the celebration of any of the offices contained in the Book of Common Prayer: whether those of public worship…; or whether those of a personal kind,… such as marriage.’
Education in Canon Law
Authors: Hill Christopher
Published: August 2016

For a number of years the Society has been troubled at the absence of, or at least the spasmodic nature of, any systematic teaching about Canon or Ecclesiastical law among ordinands and clergy of the Church of England. The first that an ordinand knows of law is often his or her Declaration of Assent and licensing as an Assistant Curate. Provided there are no great crises or scandals, or problems over marriages when the training Incumbent goes on holiday leaving the new Deacon to his or her own devices, the next occasion of ecclesiastical law will be at first incumbency, or possibly as a Team Vicar. After that Faculties, secular employment law, the Children Act, the Charities Act, the Ecumenical Canons become increasingly important; not to speak of the Pastoral Measure in Teams and Groups. No other profession would allow its officers such systematic ignorance of the rules of the game, or be so tardy in providing them with a summary of their rights and responsibilities. Sadly the image of law—and lawyers—has obscured the need for knowledge of professional rules and good practice. A misunderstanding of St Paul on Law and Gospel has permeated much evangelical, charismatic and radical thinking. Anglo-Catholics have a perverse respect for the canon law of another church rather than their own. But the tide has begun to turn.
Authority in the Anglican Communion
Authors: Norman Edward
Published: August 2016

The Church was not founded at Pentecost, as is sometimes said, but by Christ during the course of his ministry in Galilee and Judea. It was he who appointed the twelve to become what today, perhaps, would be called teaching officers, and who commissioned the seventy as a corps of evangelistic missioners. In the ancient world religious knowledge was sometimes committed to sacred writings, sometimes to a school of ideas, sometimes to a priestly caste or an assemblage of cultic observances, and sometimes it emerged episodically through the translations of oracles. Christ, in contrast, revealed his truth to a living company of people—‘the People of God—who, after his corporeal departure, became his body on earth. Precisely because the message was thus conveyed organically it remained permanently new: able to adapt to changing intellectual modes and social filtration, capable of bringing forward fresh insights in the successive cultural shifts of a progressive humanity. Written texts do not transmit truth of themselves: they require re-interpretation, over long periods of time, if they are to achieve durable meaning. Priestly castes have the disadvantage of imploding into small coteries of exclusivity; they frequently become a mere adjunct of ruling elites. Philosophical systems tend to die when the surrounding culture to which they originally related transforms itself or disintegrates. But a living body of people, at the centre of whose religious insights is not a set of ideas but a person, has the verifiable capability of enduring through the centuries, forever changing yet forever the same.
The Trial of Bishop King (Read v Bishop of Lincoln)
Authors: Newton John A.
Published: August 2016

The trial of Bishop Edward King (1829–1910) and the judgment which issued from it proved a landmark in the history of the Victorian Church of England. The judgment was also a turning point in the history of the Catholic Revival, and the bitter series of ritual disputes to which it gave rise. Edward Norman categorised the trial as ‘One of the most important, as well as one of the most extraordinary episodes in the religious history of the nineteenth century.’ R. W. Church, Dean of St Paul's, hailed the judgment as ‘The most courageous thing that has come out of Lambeth for the last 200 years.’ Others, inevitably, given the passions roused by the ritualist controversy, took a more jaundiced view; but few serious Church people were indifferent to the result.
The Canon Law Society of Great Britain and Ireland and its Newsletter
Authors: Ombresop Robert
Published: August 2016

The organisation now known as the Canon Law Society of Great Britain and Ireland was founded in 1957, and its Newsletter was first published in 1969. The activities, publications and achievements of the Society within the Roman Catholic Church are manifold, and were acknowledged by Pope John Paul II when he granted an audience to participants of the 1992 annual conference held in Rome. This papal address is printed at the beginning of The Canon Law: Letter & Spirit (London 1995), the full commentary on the 1983 Code of Canon Law prepared by the Society.
The Community Use of Churches
Authors: Wiggs Samuel
Published: August 2016

It is by no means uncommon in the present day for proposals to be put forward for the re-ordering of a church in order to enable part of the building to be used for what might be described as secular purposes. In some instances this might mean the nave having all fixed furniture removed so that it could be used as a hall, or as part of the church when required. Sometimes rooms are created in part of the building, perhaps in the tower or close to the entrance. Sometimes a great deal of space can be found in a crypt.
Twentieth-Century Revision of Canon Law in the Church of England
Authors: Boulton Canon Peter
Published: August 2016

This study describes and evaluates the Church of England's revision of its canon law in the twentieth century, concentrating on the period from 1939 to 1969. By way of introduction it should be said that this assessment is but part of a larger study which proceeds on two planes of comparison. In the larger study, revision by the Church of England is laid horizontally alongside another Anglican revision carried out as a result of disestablishment of the Church in Wales in 1920, and also the two revisions of Roman Catholic canon law leading to the promulgation of the Codex luris Canonici in 1917 and 1983. Vertically, the history of the revision of English canon law over the previous four hundred years gives some idea of what needed revision, and the difficulties in carrying it out under the constraints of being an established church. In this article, however, only the process of revision by the Church of England in the twentieth century is discussed.
Authority for the use of the Royal Arms in Churches
Authors: Cox Noel
Published: August 2016

In 1953 a number of parishes throughout England wished to commemorate the accession and coronation of Her Majesty the Queen by placing representations of the royal arms in their churches. As the introduction of such devices into churches may only be made with the authority of a faculty from the diocesan consistory court, a number of these petitions came to be considered judicially. Two judgments were reported.
Colloquium of Anglican and Roman Catholic Canon Lawyers
Authors: Hill Mark
Published: August 2016

The Second Colloquium of Anglican and Roman Catholic Canon Lawyers took place at St George's House, Windsor Castle, from 31st May to 3rd June 2000. The Colloquium was hosted by the Centre for Law and Religion at Cardiff Law School under the leadership of Professor Norman Doe, whose recent appointment to a personal chair at Cardiff University was a cause of much celebration amongst the participants. The Colloquium was designed to build upon the pioneering work of a similar venture convened last year in Rome by the Pontifical University of St Thomas Aquinas which, together with Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, USA, cosponsored the event. A report of the first Colloquium appears at (1999) 5 Ecc LJ 281.
Desperate Measures
Authors: Broadbent Pete
Published: August 2016

I want to suggest that, for possibly the first time since the Second World War, we have a genuine opportunity for the Church of England to reform its mission and pastoral coverage, and its institutions, for good and for the furtherance of the Kingdom of God. Our changing culture is the main context for this reform, but it is being made possible by two external drivers—the financial meltdown which is currently taking place at national and diocesan level, and the decline in clergy numbers which has forced the Church at last to embrace the new patterns of ministerial priesthood and lay leadership proposed by John Tiller in 1983. It is clear to me that the Church of England as an institution only embraces change when it is forced to do so. It would be perfectly possible to ignore our changing cultural situation and to die quietly in a corner, were it not for our lack of money and priests. I am upbeat about this, because I do not believe that the forces of reaction and darkness will prevail this time. But I am worried that the framework of ecclesiastical law will delay and attempt to prevent the changes that are needed—and to this concern I will return.
Measure for Measure
Authors: Elengorn Martin
Published: August 2016

The Archbishops' Council has set up a Review of the Dioceses and Pastoral Measures and related Measures, inter alia, ‘… to ensure flexible and cost-effective procedures which fully meet changing pastoral and mission needs…’. This article is mainly devoted to the Pastoral Measure, the current use of which may be of interest. There are about 200 pastoral schemes and orders a year, of which about one in six attract objections. These schemes result in a net reduction of about 70 benefices a year (1%). At the same time, around 20 churches are declared redundant a year (0.1%), of which 60% are found suitable uses and less than 20% demolished. However, not all uses provide a permanent solution and old cases often require re-visiting.
No Secrets in the Church: The Implications of the Data Protection Act 1998
Authors: Behrens James
Published: August 2016

The Data Protection Act 1998 came into force on 1 March 2000. It replaced the Data Protection Act 1984, and implements the EU Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC. This paper examines its implications for the Church.
Legal Aspects of the History of Church and State
Authors: Kemp Eric
Published: August 2016

A convenient starting point for these reflections is the Ordinance of William I, separating the Spiritual and Temporal Jurisdictions, issued some time between 1070 and 1076. If strictly adhered to this might have prevented some subsequent conflicts, but as we know, the next hundred years saw a number of conflicts in the course of the Investiture Contest leading to the murder of Thomas Becket in 1170. Further conflict in the reign of King John ended in Magna Carta of which Archbishop Stephen Langton is thought to have been the chief inspiration.
The Offshore Establishment of Religion: Church and Nation on the Isle of Man
Authors: Pearce Augur
Published: August 2016

The public religion of the Isle of Man is protestant Christianity in the liturgical tradition of the English Prayer Book. The religious establishment is headed by a bishop, who has been since 1541 subject to the oversight of the Archbishop of York.
The General Synod of the Church of Ireland
Authors: Davey Michael
Published: August 2016

This year's General Synod was held, for the first time ever, in Ireland's ecclesiastical capital, Armagh, at the recently constructed City Hotel and Conference Centre, which provided an excellent forum. The occasion was graced by the presence of the leaders of the other three main Churches in the province and by the preaching of the Archbishop of Canterbury at the Synod Eucharist in the recently renovated and refurbished Cathedral.
The Church Electoral Roll: Some Vagaries of The Church Representation Rules
Authors: Lamming David
Published: August 2016

The church electoral roll performs a number of important functions within the Church of England, yet the qualifications for enrolment as set out in the Church Representation Rules, and the basis on which a person's name may be removed from the roll, are far from clear. This article considers critically the criteria for enrolment (especially the meaning of ‘habitual’ attendance at public worship), the duties of the electoral roll officer, and the rights of appeal against his decisions. It concludes by drawing attention to the requirement for every parish to prepare a new roll in 2007.
Lack of Association of Apolipoprotein E Polymorphism in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Nicolini Humberto , Urraca Nora , Camarena Beatriz , Gómez Amalia , Martínez Hortensia , Rinetti Gina , Campillo Carlos , Castelli Paola , Apiquián Rogelio , Fresán Ana , García-Anaya María , Cruz Carlos
Published: August 2016

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) could be considered a neurodevelopmental disorder, from several lines of evidence. One of the most widely studied genes in these disorders is the apolipoprotein E gene, particularly allele 4. We analyzed for association among patients with OCD versus normal controls and cognitively impaired patients. There were no significant differences between OCD probands compared with population controls. However, the cognitively impaired group showed a higher frequency of allele apolipoprotein E gene compared with normal controls and patients with OCD.
Function and Regulation of Monoamine Transporters: Focus on the Norepinephrine Transporter
Authors: Apparsundaram Subbu
Published: August 2016

Presynaptic norepinephrine transporters (NETs) mediate the rapid clearance of norepinephrine from synaptic spaces. NET is a member of the Na+ and Cl− -coupled neurotransmitter transporter gene family, which also includes the serotonin and dopamine transporters. Recent studies reveal that these transporter molecules might be a dynamic component of synaptic plasticity, rather than a constitutive determinant of neurotransmitter levels in synaptic spaces. Recognition that cellular signaling molecules and transporter ligands, including cocaine, amphetamines, and antidepressants, can modify transporter intrinsic activity, trafficking, phosphorylation, and protein levels suggests opportunities for revealing unknown mechanisms of drug action. Control of these properties of transporter function may allow for the development of new strategies to modulate monoaminergic neurotransmission and identify regulatory pathways that may be compromised in psychiatric, neurologic, and neurodegenerative disorders.
Bridging the Gap: Neuroloigy Psychiatry, and Women's Health
Authors: Gorman Jack M.
Published: August 2016

I am extremely indebted to my Columbia University colleague, Dr. Martha Morrell, for her stewardship of this month's issue of CNS Spectrums. Four of the five articles this month deal with epilepsy, its causes, modern treatments, and potential adverse outcomes of treatment. When I became editor of CNS Spectrums last year, one of my goals was to involve more neurologists in shaping the journal's content. A distinguishing aspect of this goal is to present cutting-edge information of value to both psychiatrists and neurologists. We are, after all, the clinicians and scientists most involved with diseases of the central nervous system, and we even share the same specialty board association. More importantly, however, there have recently been calls for better coordination of training and information between psychiatry and neurology. Dr. Eric Kandel, the recent Nobel Prize winner in physiology, has stated that in some ways the separation of psychiatry and neurology is artificial and impedes both fields. While I do not personally favor a complete merger of the two specialties, I do hope that CNS Spectrums will be one forum for bringing them closer together.
The Self-Assessment of Resilience and Anxiety: Psychometric Properties
Authors: Barnett Stewart D. , Connor Kathryn M. , Davidson Jonathan R.T.
Published: August 2016

This report describes the psychometric properties of the Self-Assessment of Resilience and Anxiety (SARA) scale within the context of a study of kava for generalized anxiety. This eight-item, patient-rated scale includes questions designed to measure calmness, mental clarity, confidence, physical well being, sociability, and resilience. The SARA scale was administered during a clinical trial of kava versus placebo in 38 subjects diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Validation of the SARA scale was assessed against the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Penn State Worry Questionnaire, Sheehan Disability Scale, Arizona Sexual Experience scale, and Clinical Global Impression of Illness Improvement scale. Good test-retest reliability, internal consistency, convergent validity, and sensitivity to treatment were identified, and factor analyses revealed a three-factor internal structure. The SARA scale was responsive to symptom change over time and correlated with comparable GAD symptom measures. The SARA scale demonstrates solid psychometric properties and may serve as a reliable and valid measure in the use of kava or related medicinal herbs.
Panic and Agoraphobia: Gender as a Factor
Authors: Yonkers Kimberly A.
Published: August 2016

Anxiety is a common experience, particularly as a response to life stressors. However, severe and uncontrollable anxiety can become a mental disorder. Community studies indicate that 19% of men and 31% of women will develop some type of anxiety disorder during their lifetime. In one such study, the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS), risk factors associated with a lifetime of anxiety disorder included lower income, less education, living in the northeast, and being female. The impact of patient sex is profound in that it increases the likelihood of developing an anxiety disorder by 85% in women compared to men.

Panic disorder is characterized by brief but intense recurrent episodes of fear or discomfort. Diagnostic criteria require recurrent panic attacks in 1 month or one panic attack with continuous fear of other attacks. Symptoms associated with the panic attack include palpitations; sweating; feeling short of breath or a choking sensation; nausea or abdominal discomfort; feeling dizzy; having a sense of unreality; numbness or tingling; chills or hot flushes; and a fear of dying or losing control.
Heart Disease in Women
Authors: Davidson Karina W.
Published: August 2016

Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains the leading cause of death in women in the United States and other industrial countries. CHD accounts for 250,000 female deaths per year, and in contrast to men, there is no indication of declining death rates. Women <65 years of age are twice as likely to die from myocardial infarction (MI) as men and have a poorer prognosis if they survive. Nevertheless, CHD has long been considered a “male” disease and many of the guidelines for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of CHD are extrapolated from data of predominantly middle-aged men to women. It was only in the early 1990s that the National Institute of Health required that researchers report outcome analyses separately by sex. Since then, data has emerged showing that the magnitude of risk conferred by traditional risk factors for CHD (eg, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking) differs between men and women. Sex differences in molecular and cellular mechanisms, and genetics as well as responses to treatment are still vastly understudied.

Increasing evidence suggests that besides traditional CHD risk factors, negative emotions are independent prognostic risk factors for CHD. Recently published guidelines by an expert panel for cardiovascular disease prevention in women mention depression as a target for potential psychosocial interventions. Anxiety has also been shown to predict CHD incidence, acute coronary syndromes (ACS), morbidity and mortality post-ACS, and sudden cardiac death. Studies on the relationship between anxiety and CHD have shown mixed results.
OCD in Women: Diagnosis and Magnitude
Authors: Pigott Teresa A.
Published: August 2016

KeyDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) include the presence of either obsessions or compulsions, some recognition by the individual that their symptoms are excessive or irrational (except in children), duration of at least 1 hour/day, and association with marked distress or functional impairment. OCD patients report that somatic, religious, and sexual obsessions as well as those concerning contamination, aggression, symmetry, and hoarding are most common. The most frequent compulsions reported in OCD patients involve checking, cleaning, counting, repeating, and hoarding behaviors. Factor analyses of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) symptom checklist have also identified five primary symptom dimensions: aggression/checking; contamination/cleaning; symmetry/repeating, counting, or ordering rituals; hoarding; and a sexual/religious symptom dimension.

Results from a large, 2-year prospective study suggest that symptoms of adult OCD are much more stable than previously thought, with any changes more likely to occur within, rather than between the symptom dimensions. Prevalence estimates based on the Epidemiologic Catchment Area survey and the Cross-National OCD Collaborative Group study indicate a worldwide lifetime prevalence rate for OCD of 2% to 3%. Females have a slightly higher risk (1.5 times) for OCD (Slide I). OCD onset is relatively early, generally during adolescence or young adulthood. The clinical course of OCD is generally chronic and complicated by comorbidities.
CRHR1 Antagonists as Novel Treatment Strategies
Authors: Holsboer Florian
Published: August 2016

Research has provided considerable evidence for the hypothesis that corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), the key central coordinator of stress-hormone homeostasis, also plays a role in the development and course of depression and anxiety disorders. Studies using animal models of anxiety, as well as mouse mutants, in which the gene coding for the CRH type 1 receptor (CRHR1) was genetically deleted supported the notion that enhanced CRH/CRHR1 signaling underlies depression and anxiety disorders. Therefore, a number of small nonpeptide molecules that antagonize CRHR1 have been developed. In animal models, these molecules had anxiolytic and other stress-alleviating effects. An initial clinical study showed that CRHR1 antagonism has beneficial effects on depression and anxiety symptoms at doses unharmful to neuroendocrine stress responsivity.
In Search of Animal Models for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Dodman Nicholas H. , Olivier Berend
Published: August 2016

Animal models of obsessive-compulsive disorder may be derived naturally or generated experimentally. Either may be considered a full or partial model, depending on the extent of resemblance to human OCD. Although many models appear to be valid at first glance, complete models should demonstrate “compelling similarities” in all areas examined. Partial models may have only one or two OCD-like features; however, they still provide some opportunities for research. Criteria to consider when evaluating potential models are etiology, symptomatology, and use in indicating methods of therapy and prevention. Demonstration of common underlying physiological mechanisms, patterns of development and expression, and familial associations are some specific elements to consider when assessing the relevance of more complete models.

Cognitive aspects of OCD are difficult, if not impossible, to explore in animals at present and may be quite different from what is found in humans. It is hard to imagine that animals experience ego-dystonicity; however, dogs with acral lick dermatitis (ALD) that have been scolded by their owners will resort to licking themselves when out of sight, implying that they know it is wrong. Because of the difficulty in evaluating an animal's internal state, some adopt the position that there is no complete animal model of OCD and that animal models are at best partial models. However, children who exhibit compulsive behaviors frequently do not experience accompanying obsessions. Even the expression of OCD in children—for example, licking and walking in geometric designs—resembles what is seen in animals.

In the descriptions that follow, only directly comparable aspects of compulsive behavior in animals will be discussed. Naturally occurring models that appear to correspond most closely to full models may be useful in understanding the fundamental mechanisms underlying OCD and the OC spectrum, including genetics and neurobiology. Experimental models, which may be either full or partial models, could contribute similarly or provide limited but specific information in a targeted area of study, depending on the extent of their similarity to OCD.
The Neuroanatomy of Serotonin (5-HT) Dysregulation in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Grove Gregory , Coplan Jeremy , Margolin Lisa , Hollander Eric
Published: August 2016

A growing body of evidence suggests that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may be associated with alterations of the serotonin (5-HT) system and that the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) may play a role in OCD. In this report, we review this evidence and explore the possible roles of 5-HT and DRN as they relate to OCD.
Identifying and Diagnosing Co-Occurring Disorders
Authors: Weiss Roger D.
Published: August 2016

Epidemiologic studies have shown a significantly greater likelihood of substance misuse in persons with psychiatric disorders. One of the largest studies showed that 60.7% of people with bipolar I disorder had a lifetime diagnosis of a substance use disorder (SUD). Moreover, 32% of individuals with any mood disorder, including depression, were found to suffer from substance abuse or dependence. In general population surveys, it has been found that the presence of a mood disorder at least doubles the odds of having SUD.
Considering Wellness in Managing Patients with Bipolar Disorder
Authors: McIntyre Roger S.
Published: August 2016

The 12-month and lifetime prevalences of bipolar I and II disorder in the United States are 2.0% and 3.3%, respectively. Similar to schizophrenia, bipolar disorder is also associated with premature and excess mortality, with an estimated loss of ∼15 years of life expectancy. Most of the excess mortality in individuals with mood disorders results from natural causes, not suicide. Again, similar to schizophrenia, the most common cause of death in patients with bipolar disorder is cardiovascular disease (CVD), which occurs approximately twice as often in this group as in the general population. Although the data are more limited than in schizophrenia, people with bipolar disorder are differentially affected by medical comorbidity. Bipolar disorder is associated with elevated risk of a wide variety of comorbid medical illnesses, including migraine, asthma, chronic bronchitis, hypertension, and gastric ulcer, which compound disability and increase the burden of the disease.
Adult ADHD: Diversion and Misuse of Medications
Authors: Spencer Thomas J.
Published: August 2016

In discussions of diversion and misuse of medications in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the word “misuse” is intentionally used. Abuse of a medication refers to excessive use of a drug to achieve a “high,” which may result in addiction to the medication and which causes dysfunction in a patient's life. However, misuse refers to usage of a medication without a prescription or for reasons other than that which it was prescribed. Diversion refers to the diverting of legally prescribed medication into illegal use by other than the patient. Sahakian and Morein-Zamir recently discussed the use of cognitive-enhancing drugs by individuals with a variety of disorders as well as off-label and non-prescription use by the general public. In addition to inappropriate use of medications, patients with ADHD often turn to other substances that are detrimental to their health, such as nicotine.
Novel Treatments for Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Lydiard R. Bruce
Published: August 2016

Data from a variety of studies, including the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) study, have shown that fewer patients achieve remission from symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) and other depressive disorders after taking the first-prescribed antidepressant treatment than was expected. The goal of treatment is true remission: the complete absence of symptoms. Achieveing less than true remission is associated with MDD recurrence and continued impairment.
Overall Diagnostic Assessment of Mixed Episodes in Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Goldberg Joseph F.
Published: August 2016

The diagnosis of bipolar disorder is made according to the fulfillment of symptom criteria as operationally defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. These criteria encompass both cross-sectional and historical data, along with pertinent corroborative features such as family history, chronobiological sensitivities, treatment outcomes, longitudinal course, and patterns of recurrence. In addition, one classifies a current illness state as involving pure mania, hypomania, a mixed episode, a depressed phase, or euthymia. Mixed states, as originally described by Kraepelin, were thought to represent transitional phenomena en route to the emergence of a frank manic or depressive episode. Today, however, mixed episodes are thought to comprise an important subgroup of syndromically ill individuals with bipolar disorder.
Treatment Guidelines for Acute Manic and Mixed Episodes of Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Frye Mark A.
Published: August 2016

Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition, and pharmacotherapy is essential to its long-term management. Once a comprehensive diagnostic assessment for acute or mixed mania has been completed, it is important to look at an evidence-based data set to guide treatment selection for mood stabilization.

For most patients, lifetime adherence to pharmacotherapy is necessary for maximal mood stability. Pharmacotherapy is the primary treatment for bipolar disorder, as it has been found to be efficacious in treating acute episodes and preventing future episodes of bipolar I disorder. Combination therapy, including at least one mood stabilizer, may be necessary to treat acute depression and mania and to further prevent both depressive and manic recurrences. The goal is to minimize frequency, duration, and severity of depressive and manic symptoms with a treatment regimen, ideally a combination of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, that is positioned to maximize treatment adherence and minimize side effects.

This discussion reviews some treatment guidelines for acute manic and mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder. Through the context of a case study, this discussion will attempt to provide an understanding and appreciation of Food and Drug Administration-approved and non-FDA-approved treatments for acute mania. In addition, the impact of alcohol as an example of drugs of abuse and its impact on the presentation of acute mania will be discussed.
Prevention of Mania and Maintenance Treatment in Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Bowden Charles L.
Published: August 2016

Prevention of mania and maintenance treatment in bipolar disorder is largely routed in the decision to use monotherapy or combination therapy in the treatment regimen. The ability to weigh efficacy against adverse effects is of particular importance in maintenance of this disorder, as most bipolar patients require lifelong use of medication. This discussion will focus on the above mentioned topics, using a case presentation as an example.
Medical Comorbidity and Recovery in Individuals with Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Sajatovic Martha
Published: August 2016

This discussion will focus on medical comorbidity and recovery in individuals with bipolar disorder. The complexity of care will be discussed in the context of a case study, with particular focus on the medical burden of mania, aging and bipolar disorder, and treatment approaches that promote functional recovery.
The Neuropsychiatry of Autism and Asperger's Disorder: Review of the Literature and Case Reports
Authors: Aronowitz Bonnie R. , Decaria Concetta , Allen Andrea , Weiss Nicola , Saunders Audrey , Margolin Lisa , Mosovich Serge , Baum Montebuchs , Hollander Eric
Published: August 2016

The literature on neuropsychiatric, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging findings in autism and Asperger's disorder is briefly reviewed. Neurological soft sign, neuropsychological, and positron-emission tomography findings in one patient with Asperger's disorder and one patient with autism are highlighted, discussed as examples of heterogeneity, and integrated with the relevant literature.
Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: Maze-Solving Behavior in Treated and Untreated Patients
Authors: Gallhofer B. , Krieger S. , Lis S. , Hargarter L. , Roder C. , Lammers C. , Meyer-Lindenberg A.
Published: August 2016

In this article, we present data on the analysis of maze-solving behavior as a tool for the investigation of cognitive disturbance in schizophrenic patients. Solving maze tasks efficiently requires both an interaction between and an integration of perceptive and action-oriented processes. Starting from the hypothesis that these domains are preferentially disturbed in schizophrenia, we propose that the maze-solving behavior of schizophrenic patients permits insight into specific impairments in disease-related cognitive processing. We present the results of a maze task study comparing medication-free schizophrenic patients and matched healthy controls. This analysis forms the basis for an investigation of the influence of psychopharmacological treatment strategies on the observed behavior in the maze-solving paradigm. Finally, a third study concerned with improvement over time associated with medication is presented, and possible influences of extrapyramidal motor disturbances on schizophrenic patients' maze performance are discussed.
Complexity and Neuropsychology: New Perspectives in the Study of Emotions and Cognitive Functions
Authors: Galderisi Silvana , Mucci Armida
Published: August 2016

The present paper is aimed at providing an outline of the process of reconceptualization of cognitive functions and emotions in neuropsychology, recently promoted by the acknowledgment of complex, nonlinear dynamics in brain structure and function.
Autism Screening and Diagnostic Evaluation: CAN Consensus Statement
Authors:   CAN Consensus Group
Published: August 2016

Autism and related disorders occur in as many as one in 500 children. Recognizing the need for uniform recommendations to help guide the initial diagnostic evaluation and referrals in this area, an initial working group of the Cure Autism Now Foundation promulgated the following consensus guidelines for autism screening and diagnostic referral. Although these recommendations were formulated using the best information currently available, they are likely to be modified as the results of additional studies become available; however, they provide a useful tool for clinicians involved in the management of children with autism and related developmental abnormalities.
Challenges in the Classification and Treatment of Trichotillomania
Authors: Ninan Philip T. , Mansueto Charles , Rothbaum Barbara O. , O'Sullivan Richard L. , Nemeroff Charles B.
Published: August 2016

The behavioral syndrome of trichotillomania (TTM) is well characterized, but challenges pertaining to TTM remain in several areas, including diagnostic classification, assessment of severity, and determination of relevance of comorbid psychiatric disorders. Acute pharmacological studies have focused on serotonin transport inhibitors, and preliminary evidence suggests that inhibition of both serotonin and norepinephrine transporters (ie, by clomipramine and venlafaxine) provides a clinical improvement. Dopamine antagonists are promising agents in need of systematic evaluation in TTM. Cognitive-behavioral therapy appears to achieve a decrease in acute symptoms in many patients. However, longitudinal maintenance of benefits has not been rigorously tested with either pharmacological or behavioral therapy. Clinical impressions and treatment data indicate that achieving durability of treatment benefits remains a major challenge in many patients with TTM, although there is evidence of improved outcome with comprehensive multimodal treatment.
The Effect of Risperidone on Cognitive and Psychopathological Manifestations of Schizophrenia
Authors: Lussier Isabelle , Stip Emmanuel
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of risperidone on the cognitive functioning of patients with schizophrenia and how it relates to the alleviation of psychopathological symptoms usually observed in patients receiving treatment. Twelve schizophrenic patients were evaluated while being treated with a traditional neuroleptic, and again approximately 8 and 24 weeks after initiation of risperidone. Patients were compared with a group of normal controls (n=24) who underwent the same cognitive evaluation across time. The normal control group was included to evaluate the level of impairments in patients, but also to test for practice effects. The cognitive evaluation included measures of short-term and long-term memory; attention (alertness, sustained and selective); and executive functioning (verbal and category fluency). Clinical symptoms were rated on the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS) and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Extrapyramidal symptoms were rated with the Extrapyramidal Symptoms Rating Scale.

During treatment with risperidone, schizophrenic patients improved their BPRS and PANSS scores, their performance level on tests of alertness, and both sustained and selective attention.
WCA Recommendations for the Long-Term Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Allgulander Christer , Bandelow Borwin , Hollander Eric , Montgomery Stuart A. , Nutt David J. , Okasha Ahmed , Pollack Mark H. , Stein Dan J. , Swinson Richard P.
Published: August 2016

What are the current recommendations for the long-term treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)? GAD is a common disorder with a lifetime prevalence of 4% to 7% in the general population. GAD is characterized by excessive, uncontrollable worry or anxiety about a number of events or activities that the individual experiences on more days than not over a 6-month period. Onset of GAD symptoms usually occurs during an individual's early twenties; however, high rates of GAD have also been seen in children and adolescents. The clinical course of GAD is often chronic, with 40% of patients reporting illness lasting >5 years. GAD is associated with pronounced functional impairment, resulting in decreased vocational function and reduced quality of life. Patients with GAD tend to be high users of outpatient medical care, which contributes significantly to healtcare costs. Currently, benzodiazepines and buspirone are prescribed frequently to treat GAD. Although both show efficacy in acute treatment trials, few long-term studies have been perform Benzodiazepines are not recommended for long-term treatment of GAD, due to associated development of tolerance, psychomotor impairment, cognitive and memory changes, physical dependence, and a withdrawal reaction on discontinuation. The antidepressant venlafaxine extended-release (XR) has received approval for the treatment of GAD in the United States and many other countries. Venlafaxine XR has demonstrated efficacy over placebo in two randomized treatment trials of 6 months' duration as well as in other acute trials. Paroxetine is the first of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to receive US approval for the treatment of GAD. Paroxetine demonstrated superiority to placebo in short-term trials, and investigations into the use of other SSRIs are ongoing. This suggests that other SSRIs, and serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors, are likely to be effective in the treatment of GAD. Of the psychological therapies, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) shows the greatest benefit in treating GAD patients. Treatment gains after a 12-week course of CBT may be maintained for up to 1 year. Currently, no guidelines exist for the long-term treatment of GAD.