bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasmonics-based detection of H2 and CO: discrimination between reducing gases facilitated by material control
Authors: Dharmalingam Gnanaprakash , Joy Nicholas A , Grisafe Benjamin , Carpenter Michael A
Published: October 2012

Monitoring emissions in high-temperature-combustion applications is very important for regulating the discharge of gases such as NO2 and CO as well as unburnt fuel into the environment. This work reports the detection of H2 and CO gases by employing a metal–metal oxide nanocomposite (gold–yttria stabilized zirconia (Au–YSZ)) film fabricated through layer-by-layer physical vapor deposition (PVD). The change in the peak position of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) was monitored as a function of time and gas concentration. The responses of the films were preferential towards H2, as observed from the results of exposing the films to the gases at temperatures of 500 °C in a background of dry air. Characterization of the samples by XRD and SEM enabled the correlation of material properties with the differences in the CO- and H2-induced LSPR peak shifts, including the relative desensitization towards NO2. Sensing characteristics of films with varying support thicknesses and metal-particle diameters have been studied, and the results are presented. A comparison has been made to films fabricated through co-sputtered PVD, and the calibration curves of the sensing response show a preferential response towards H2. The distinction between H2 and CO responses is also seen through the use of principal-component analysis (PCA). Such material arrangements, which can be tuned for their selectivity by changing certain parameters such as particle size, support thickness, etc., have direct applications within optical chemical sensors for turbine engines, solid-oxide fuel cells, and other high-temperature applications.
Les chantiers de la jeunesse (1940-1944) : une expérience de service civil obligatoire
Authors: Pécout Christophe
Published: October 2012

Résumé Si l’idée d’un service civil obligatoire resurgit fréquemment dans l’actualité, il est utile de rappeler qu’une expérience de service civil obligatoire eut lieu en France entre 1940 et 1944. Plus connue sous le nom de Chantiers de la jeunesse, cette organisation s’est inscrite, il est vrai, dans le contexte singulier de l’Occupation et du vichysme. Toutefois, au-delà de son caractère idéologique et politique, il est intéressant de noter que l’on retrouve au sein des différentes initiatives actuelles en faveur du service civil des caractéristiques communes : formations professionnelle, technique et morale, travaux d’intérêt général, brassage social, pratiques physiques... Faut-il alors voir dans ces organisations un héritage des Chantiers de la jeunesse ?
Le service civil : un espace de socialisation politique ? l'exemple d'unis-cité
Authors: Becquet Valérie
Published: October 2012

Résumé Présenté comme une réponse aux événements urbains de l’automne 2005, le service civil volontaire est créé en mars 2006. Construit comme un socle commun à différents dispositifs, il offre la possibilité à des jeunes d’effectuer des missions d’intérêt général pour une période allant de six à douze mois dans la perspective de contribuer à leur insertion professionnelle et citoyenne. À partir des premiers résultats d’une enquête longitudinale réalisée auprès de la promotion 2006-2007 des volontaires d’Unis-cité, l’article s’intéresse à la dimension citoyenne du service et examine, plus particulièrement, la socialisation politique qui s’opère dans ce cadre.
Loisirs culturels et construction du genre au sein de la famille
Authors: Octobre Sylvie
Published: October 2012

Résumé De la fréquentation des musées, des théâtres, des bibliothèques aux choix télévisuels ou musicaux des enfants et des adolescents, deux univers s’expriment, celui des filles et celui des garçons. Le « genre » est une construction sociale, qui débute dans la famille et qui prend des formes variables, selon les objets culturels et les relations familiales. La prégnance de ces différenciations de genre chez les jeunes générations incite-telle à une relecture des enjeux et clivages culturels ?
Prendre en compte les situations non formelles d'apprentissage
Authors: Calamel Charles
Published: October 2012

En évaluant les résultats et les effets du programme Diapason sur l’intégration scolaire, culturelle et sociale des élèves primo-arrivants non francophones d’une classe d’accueil, on a constaté que le contexte didactique créé par le programme avait une influence sur le rapport au savoir des acteurs impliqués dans l’expérimentation. Les ateliers de pratique artistique conditionnent les situations non formelles d’apprentissage qui agissent sur la scolarité des élèves, mais aussi sur les pratiques professionnelles des enseignants et la créativité des artistes-intervenants.
Accompagner les jeunes vulnérables : catégorisation institutionnelle et pratiques de la relation d'aide
Authors: Muniglia Virginie , Rothé Céline , Thalineau Alain
Published: October 2012

Cet article s’intéresse à la relation d’aide entre les jeunes et les professionnels de l’intervention sociale et présente les enjeux de la qualification des jeunes en fonction de la position des acteurs au sein de l’espace des pratiques professionnelles. Nous montrerons que les modalités de prise en charge des jeunes fluctuent selon le type d’organisation et selon les postures professionnelles adoptées. Ce travail s’appuie sur 90 entretiens menés auprès de travailleurs sociaux intervenant auprès de jeunes à propos de l’organisation de leurs pratiques professionnelles.
Marchés financiers et protection sociale
Authors: Sarlat Guillaume
Published: October 2012

Résumé Les marchés financiers et la protection sociale ont la même fonction : transférer des revenus et des risques. Ils sont parfois en concurrence, la protection sociale proposant des mécanismes d’assurance collective, les marchés financiers des dispositifs d’épargne collective ou individuelle. Ils sont souvent partenaires, les marchés financiers finançant la protection sociale et complétant son offre. Étant aussi étroitement liés, il est logique que lorsque l’un va mal, l’autre soit affecté. La protection sociale souffre aujourd’hui de la crise financière, qui perturbe son équilibre financier et révèle ses déséquilibres structurels.
La santé à crédit : les stratégies des patients face à la crise
Authors: Pianezza Pamela
Published: October 2012

Résumé En période de crise économique, la santé est, malheureusement, l’un des postes de dépense sur lesquels de trop nombreux patients se décident à rogner : en renonçant totalement aux soins, en optant pour des services low cost ou en s’endettant sur plusieurs années, quitte à payer, parfois, des taux d’intérêts exorbitants.
Student-Created Scenarios in the High-Fidelity Simulation Laboratory
Authors: Oldenburg Nancy L. , Brandt Karen , Maney Catherine , Selig Kristen
Published: October 2012

As an assignment in a pediatric theory class, small groups of nursing students created and implemented scenarios in the high-fidelity simulation (HFS) laboratory. The project’s purpose was to determine whether senior nursing students could create HFS scenarios that increased their knowledge base of pediatric nursing and supported the use of evidence in identifying problems and planning nursing care. After completing the project, students wrote individual reflective papers. Qualitative analysis of these papers revealed the common themes of expanded understanding of pediatric nursing care and professional growth. Data supported achievement of the project objectives; however, this was attributed to the scenario-creation process rather than to the scenarios themselves. Challenges identified included lack of a mechanism to involve each student in every scenario and logistical issues, such as faculty time and laboratory scheduling. With attention to such issues, this project can be implemented successfully in a variety of clinical areas.
Optimization of beach profile spacing: an applicable tool for coastal monitoring
Authors: Muñoz-Perez Juan José , Payo Andrés , Roman-Sierra Jorge , Navarro Marina , Moreno Luís
Published: October 2012

This paper presents a simplified and straightforward method for determining optimal beach profile spacing from an economic point of view with an admissible error. This error can be computed theoretically by comparing different profile spacings from two consecutive bathymetries. When a beach sediment budget (from previous monitoring surveys) or the volume density of a beach nourishment project is known, a virtual bathymetry can be designed; therefore, a unique real bathymetry would be needed. The method is applied and analysed for beaches with different characteristics regarding tide, energy, morphology and natural features. The results indicate that the estimated errors are proportional to a beach heterogeneity factor, depending on each particular beach case, such that large spacings do not necessarily induce large errors. In our case, profile spacings of 100 m induce average errors of less than 5%. Moreover, differences in tidal range and the existence of rocky reefs do not seem to affect the results.
Spatial distribution patterns and population structure of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea), in the coastal fishery of western Sardinia: a geostatistical analysis
Authors: Addis Piero , Secci Marco , Angioni Alberto , Cau Angelo
Published: October 2012

The identification of appropriate spatial distribution patterns for the observation, analysis and management of stocks with a persistent spatial structure, such as sea urchins, is a key issue in fish ecology and fisheries research. This paper describes the development and application of a geostatistical approach for determining the spatial distribution and resilience of the population of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus in a fishing ground of western Sardinia (western Mediterranean). A framework combining field data collection, experimental modelling and mapping was used to identify the best-fit semivariogram, taking pre-fishing and post-fishing times into consideration. Variographic analyses indicate autocorrelation of density at small distances, while the isotropic Gaussian and spherical models are suitable for describing the spatial structure of sea urchin populations. The point kriging technique highlights a generally patchy population distribution that tends to disappear during the fishing season. Kriging maps are also useful for calculating predictable stock abundances, and thus mortality rates, by class diameters within six months of fishing. We conclude that the framework proposed is adequate for biomass estimation and assessment of sea urchin resources. This framework can therefore be regarded as a useful tool for encouraging a science-based management of this fishery.
Ses dekades Ou Testament-teologie (1952–2012): Van één Spreker tot verskeie menslike sprekers
Authors: Spangenberg Izak J.J.
Published: October 2012

Six decades of Old Testament theology (1952–2012): From hearing only One Voice to hearing many human voices. This article took a look at what has transpired in the field of Old Testament theology during the past six decades. The year 1952 saw the publication of G. Ernest Wright’s book God Who Acts: Biblical Theology as Recital which is regarded as reflecting a new approach to Old Testament theology. However, the years 1970 and 1989 were also deemed to be important years in the study of the Old Testament, reflecting major changes. The six decades were thus divided into three periods (1) 1952–1970, (2) 1970–1989, and (3) 1989–2012. It was argued that the theologies which were published during the respective periods share a few common trends. This article identified and reflected on these. At the beginning of the six decades revelation through history was an important conviction and impacted on the theologies of the first period. Literary and religious studies during the seventies and nineties of the previous century had little impact on the theologies of the second and third periods. However, during the third period an Old Testament theology which set a new trend, saw the light. This theology has the title Theologies in the Old Testament and reflected a shift from hearing only One Voice in the Old Testament to hearing many human voices.
Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome Type 1
Authors: Ponranjini Vedeswari C. , Jayachandran S , Kayal L , Bakyalakshmi K
Published: October 2012

Autoimmune Polyglandular Syndrome (APS) Type 1 is a rare hereditary disorder that damages organs in the body. This disease entity is the result of a mutation in the AIRE gene. It is characterized by three classic clinical features - hypoparathyroidism, Addison's disease, and chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. For a patient to be diagnosed as having APS Type 1 syndrome at least two of these features needs to be present. The third entity may develop as the disease progresses. We report a case of a 35-year-old female patient with a history of seizure from the age of 11 years, who was managed with anticonvulsant drugs. With worsening of the seizure episodes, patient was diagnosed to have hypoparathyroidism together with the manifestations of oral candidiasis, nails dystrophy, enamel hypoplasia, and hypogonadism. A diagnosis of APS-1 was considered. The facility for genetic analysis of the AIRE gene mutation was not accessible, as the test costs were prohibitive and not affordable for the patient. Patient management was directed to treating individual disease components. However, cerebral and dental changes were irreversible.
Does Contrast-Enhanced Cervical Ultrasonography Improve Preoperative Localization Results in Patients With Sporadic Primary Hyperparathyroidism?
Authors: Karakas Elias , Kann Susanne , Höffken Helmut , Bartsch Detlef Klaus , Celik Ilhan , Görg Christian , Pfestroff Andreas
Published: October 2012

Objective:

Pre-operative localization studies are inevitable in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT), who are eligible for focused or minimally invasive parathyroidectomy (MIP). High-resolution ultrasonography (US) in combination with planar 99mTc-Sestamibi-scintigraphy (MIBI) and additional single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are the standard procedures to localize enlarged parathyroid glands. Our aim was to evaluate the practicability and significance of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in patients with pHPT.

Materials and Methods:

All investigations were performed at the University Hospital Marburg. Totally, 25 patients with biochemical proven pHPT underwent preoperative US, MIBI/SPECT, and CEUS. For CEUS, a suspension of phospholipid-stabilized sulfur-hexafluoride (SF6) microbubbles in combination with a special 12 MHz linear US probe was used. All patients were investigated by two sonographers, who did not get to view the findings noted by the other. Finally, surgery was performed and histopathological results were obtained from 24 patients.

Results:

In 17 (68%) patients, US and MIBI/SPECT already raised suspicion of parathyroid lesions and all suspected lesions were reassessed by CEUS. However, no additional information was obtained using CEUS. Especially in eight patients with negative or inconsistent US and MIBI/SPECT results, CEUS did not provide additional information regarding the site of the suspected parathyroid adenoma. Overall, no side effects were observed using CEUS. Surgical cure was achieved in all patients.

Conclusion:

In this limited cohort of patients, no additional information could be obtained using the costly CEUS compared to results of US and MIBI/SPECT.
A Case of Mitral Valve Tophus in a Patient with Severe Gout Tophaceous Arthritis
Authors: Rohani Atooshe , Chamanian Soheila , Hosseinzade Peiman , Ramezani Javad
Published: October 2012

A few cases of cardiac valve tophi have been reported in literature. In this case report, the echocardiographic characteristics of the hyperechoic mass in the posterior leaflet mitral valve, intact mitral valve ring, and the occurrence of severe tophaceous gout arthritis suggested the diagnosis of a gout tophus on the mitral valve.
Plant-based Paste Fermented by Lactic Acid Bacteria and Yeast: Functional Analysis and Possibility of Application to Functional Foods
Authors: Kuwaki Shinsuke , Nakajima Nobuyoshi , Tanaka Hidehiko , Ishihara Kohji
Published: October 2012

A plant-based paste fermented by lactic acid bacteria and yeast (fermented paste) was made from various plant materials. The paste was made of fermented food by applying traditional food-preservation techniques, that is, fermentation and sugaring. The fermented paste contained major nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids), 18 kinds of amino acids, and vitamins (vitamin A, B1 B2, B6, B12, E, K, niacin, biotin, pantothenic acid, and folic acid). It contained five kinds of organic acids, and a large amount of dietary fiber and plant phytochemicals. Sucrose from brown sugar, used as a material, was completely resolved into glucose and fructose. Some physiological functions of the fermented paste were examined in vitro. It was demonstrated that the paste possessed antioxidant, antihypertensive, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy and anti-tyrosinase activities in vitro. It was thought that the fermented paste would be a helpful functional food with various nutrients to help prevent lifestyle diseases.
Efficacy and Tolerability of Pharmacotherapy Options for the Treatment of Medullary Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Deshpande Hari A. , Sheth Khushboo , Sosa Julie A. , Roman Sanziana A.
Published: October 2012

Metastatic and unresectable medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is often difficult to treat as it is relatively unresponsive to radiation and conventional chemotherapy. This emphasizes the importance of the development of targeted therapies for advanced MTC. Vandetanib was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of symptomatic or progressive MTC in patients with advanced disease in April 2011. This therapy proved to be a breakthrough in the management of MTC. We review the efficacy and safety of this novel treatment and other treatments that are being evaluated in this disease.
Stakeholder Perspectives on Workplace Health Promotion: A Qualitative Study of Midsized Employers in Low-Wage Industries
Authors: Hannon Peggy A. , Hammerback Kristen , Garson Gayle , Harris Jeffrey R. , Sopher Carrie J.
Published: October 2012

Purpose.

Study goals were to (1) describe stakeholder perceptions of workplace health promotion (WHP) appropriateness, (2) describe barriers and facilitators to implementing WHP, (3) learn the extent to which WHP programs are offered to workers' spouses and partners and assess attitudes toward including partners in WHP programs, and (4) describe willingness to collaborate with nonprofit agencies to offer WHP.

Design.

Five 1.5-hour focus groups.

Setting.

The focus groups were conducted with representatives of midsized (100–999 workers) workplaces in the Seattle metropolitan area, Washington state.

Subjects.

Thirty-four human resources professionals in charge of WHP programs and policies from five low-wage industries: accommodation/food services, manufacturing, health care/social assistance, education, and retail trade.

Measures.

A semistructured discussion guide.

Analysis.

Qualitative analysis of focus group transcripts using grounded theory to identify themes.

Results.

Most participants viewed WHP as appropriate, but many expressed reservations about intruding in workers' personal lives. Barriers to implementing WHP included cost, time, logistical challenges, and unsupportive culture. Participants saw value in extending WHP programs to workers' partners, but were unsure how to do so. Most were willing to work with nonprofit agencies to offer WHP.

Conclusion.

Midsized, low-wage employers face significant barriers to implementing WHP; to reach these employers and their workers, nonprofit agencies and WHP vendors need to offer WHP programs that are inexpensive, turnkey, and easy to adapt.
Impact of an Online Healthful Eating and Physical Activity Program for College Students
Authors: Greene Geoffrey W. , White Adrienne A. , Hoerr Sharon L. , Lohse Barbara , Schembre Susan M. , Riebe Deborah , Patterson Jill , Kattelmann Kendra K. , Shoff Suzanne , Horacek Tanya , Blissmer Bryan , Phillips Beatrice W.
Published: October 2012

Purpose.

To identify impact of an online nutrition and physical activity program for college students.

Design.

Randomized, controlled trial using online questionnaires and on-site physical and fitness assessments with measurement intervals of 0 (baseline), 3 (postintervention), and 15 months (follow-up).

Setting.

Online intervention delivered to college students; a centralized Web site was used for recruitment, data collection, data management, and intervention delivery.

Subjects.

College students (18–24 years old, n = 1689), from eight universities (Michigan State University, South Dakota State University, Syracuse University, The Pennsylvania State University, Tuskegee University, University of Rhode Island, University of Maine, and University of Wisconsin).

Intervention.

A 10-lesson curriculum focusing on healthful eating and physical activity, stressing nondieting principles such as size acceptance and eating competence (software developer: Rainstorm, Inc, Orono, Maine).

Measures.

Measurements included anthropometrics, cardiorespiratory fitness, fruit/vegetable (FV) intake, eating competence, physical activity, and psychosocial stress.

Analysis.

Repeated measures analysis of variance for outcome variables.

Results.

Most subjects were white, undergraduate females (63%), with 25% either overweight or obese. Treatment group completion rate for the curriculum was 84%. Over 15 months, the treatment group had significantly higher FV intake (+.5 cups/d) and physical activity participation (+270 metabolic equivalent minutes per week) than controls. For both groups, anthropometric values and stress increased, and fitness levels decreased. Gender differences were present for most variables. First-year males and females gained more weight than participants in other school years.

Conclusion.

A 10-week online nutrition and physical activity intervention to encourage competence in making healthful food and eating decisions had a positive, lasting effect on FV intake and maintained baseline levels of physical activity in a population that otherwise experiences significant declines in these healthful behaviors.
Effects of a Novel School-Based Cross-Curricular Physical Activity Intervention on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in 11- to 14-Year-Olds: The Activity Knowledge Circuit
Authors: Knox Gareth J. , Baker Julien S. , Davies Bruce , Rees Anwen , Morgan Kelly , Cooper Stephen-Mark , Brophy Sinead , Thomas Non E.
Published: October 2012

Purpose.

This study investigates cardiovascular disease risk factor response in adolescents following introduction of brisk walking into curriculum lessons.

Design.

Quasi-experimental.

Setting.

School-based.

Subjects.

An intervention group consisted of 115 (aged 12.4 ± 0.5 y) year eight participants, and 77 (aged 12.1 ± 1.1 y) year seven and year nine participants formed a control.

Intervention.

An 18-week cross-curricular physical activity intervention was implemented in one secondary school.

Measures.

Adiposity variables, blood pressure, lipids, lipoproteins, glucose, insulin, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, high-molecular-weight adiponectin, aerobic fitness, physical activity behavior, and diet were assessed preintervention and postintervention.

Analysis.

Dependent and independent t-tests.

Results.

Prevalence of elevated waist circumference (9.8% vs. 6.9%), systolic blood pressure (3.3% vs. 0%), triglycerides (2.5% vs. 1.2%), and reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol (3.7% vs. 2.7%) decreased in the intervention group. Significant improvements in high density lipoprotein cholesterol to total cholesterol ratio (mean ± SD: 2% ± 4% [confidence interval (CI)0.05 = 1% to 2%], t80 = −3.5, p = .001) and glucose (−.1 ± .4 mmol/L [CI0.05 = −.2% to 0%], t79 = 3.2, p = .002) were evident for the intervention group.

Conclusion.

The Activity Knowledge Circuit may prove to be a sustainable, effective, and cost-effective strategy to engage schoolchildren in physical activity on a daily basis. A longer-duration intervention is required to fully understand risk factor response in adolescents.
Health and Health Care Utilization among Obese and Diabetic Baby Boomers and Older Adults
Authors: Ahn SangNam , Smith Matthew Lee , Dickerson Justin B. , Ory Marcia G.
Published: October 2012

Purpose.

Examine how sociodemographic, health, behavioral, and health care utilization factors are associated with being obese or having diabetes among baby boomers and older adults.

Design.

Cross-sectional data were drawn from the 2007–2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Setting.

United States.

Subjects.

A sample of 3439 baby boomers and older adults included (mean age, 62 years).

Measures.

Covariates included sociodemographics, health outcomes, behaviors, and inpatient and outpatient health care utilization.

Analysis.

Multinomial logistic regression was used to explore which similar or different covariates were associated with different health states between baby boomers and older adults.

Results.

Approximately 8% of baby boomers and 10% of older adults had the twin diagnoses of obesity and diabetes. Having both obesity and diabetes was more common among baby boomers and older adults who were African-American (odds ratio [OR] = 1.79, p = .029 for baby boomers; OR = 3.45, p < .001 for older adults), perceived their general health as fair/poor (OR = 7.67, p < .001; OR = 4.13, p < .001), and utilized outpatient care more often (OR = 8.28, p < .001; OR = 5.35, p = .004). Being obese only was observed less among baby boomers who were current smokers (OR = .45, p < .001), whereas it was observed more among older adults who were former smokers (OR = 1.25, p = .046). Having diabetes only was observed more among baby boomers who had hypertension (OR = 2.44, p = .01), whereas it was observed more among older adults who had very high cholesterol (OR = 2.31, p = .029).

Conclusion.

Identifying chronic disease risk factors during middle age is important for ameliorating further complications in later life. Knowing more about the correlates of obesity and diabetes among different age groups can help health care planners better target preventive health care services.
Rebranding Exercise: There's an App for That
Authors: Stevens Courtney J. , Bryan Angela D.
Published: October 2012

Historically, the approach of promoting exercise by emphasizing its effects on long-term health has predominated. Despite this tradition, there is no strong empirical support for such an approach. Recent work has argued that exercise suffers from a “branding problem” and efforts to promote exercise may be better served by switching the focus from the long-term benefits of exercise that improve health, to the immediate benefits of exercise that enhance quality of life. One way to disseminate and reinforce this message could be through a smartphone application designed to monitor daily improvements on quality of life constructs correlated with exercise participation.
Compression of Morbidity: A Personal, Research, and National Fiscal Solvency Perspective
Authors: O'Donnell Michael P.
Published: October 2012

Soon to be published research shows that people with positive health practices reduced the period of disability at the end of life by an estimated six to nine years. If improved health habits could reduce the period of disability for the entire population of the United States by this amount, spending on Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security would drop substantially, and state and federal income tax revenues would increase substantially. This is critically important given that the Congressional Budget Office has projected that 100% of federal tax revenues will be consumed by Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security by the year 2050 if current health and spending trends continue.
Psychogenic Vertigo
Authors: Shah Henal , Mukherjee Sayantani
Published: October 2012

Psychogenic vertigo is a disorder that merits attention from both ENT and psychiatry services as its genesis and complex symptomatology have roots in both these fields. This article is an endeavor to sift through all information that is available about it and present concisely about its evolution, its current status and all clinical aspects that are of contemporary relevance.

How to cite this article

Shah H, Mukherjee S. Psychogenic Vertigo. Otorhinolaryngol Clin Int J 2012;4(2):77-80.
Clinical Drug Trials on Human Beings viz-a-viz Sanctions related to Animal Experimentation: Need to do Introspection?
Authors: Aulakh Roosy , Gautam Chander Shekhar , Cheema Prabhjot Singh
Published: October 2012

Health care law is totally localized in its nature, but research for the development of new drugs has crossed man-made geographical limits. Weaker legal sanctions, poverty, illiteracy and inaccessibility to legal system have all contributed to make India a favored hub for contact research organizations. Many recent clinical drug trials in India have sparked controversy. However, in India today, we are more bothered about animal protection, but show little concern for volunteers in human trials. It is gradually becoming difficult to conduct research on animals; however, research on human beings is far easier. Sanctions against violation of rights of human volunteers in clinical trials are often only a perceived phenomenon. They are not protected as they should be. Regulatory framework needs thorough introspection, debate, reconsideration and strict implementation. These guidelines should not only be recommendatory but mandatory in nature and those who indulge in violations, shall be punished as per the law of the land effectively.

How to cite this article

Gautam CS, Aulakh R, Cheema PS. Clinical Drug Trials on Human Beings viz-a-viz Sanctions related to Animal Experimentation: Need to do Introspection? J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2012;46(3):113-116.
End of Life Care: A Curricular and Practice Need
Authors: Jindal SK
Published: October 2012

End of life (EOL) care is a subset of palliative care during the terminal phase of an illness. It primarily aims to provide psychosocial supports and symptomatic relief employing a step-ladder approach to management of physical pain, breathlessness and other distressing symptoms. Futile aggressive and invasive treatments are either withheld or withdrawn. The EOL care accepts the principles of stopping disease-modifying therapy after all possible reversible factors of the illness are excluded. It does not imply the non-use of curative treatment whenever it is considered useful. In case of the ‘double-effect’ of a drug, it gives preference to symptomrelieving over the harmful effects, which are accepted as of secondary importance.

EOL care is governed by well established moral principles and individual's freedom of choice. It allows the normal and natural process of death to happen for an incurable and end-stage disease.

How to cite this article

Jindal SK. End of Life Care: A Curricular and Practice Need. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2012;46(3): 117-121.
Contribution of flowering trees to urban atmospheric biogenic volatile organic compound emissions
Authors: Baghi R. , Helmig D. , Guenther A. , Duhl T. , Daly R.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOC) from urban trees during and after blooming were measured during spring and early summer 2009 in Boulder, Colorado. Air samples were collected onto solid adsorbent cartridges from branch enclosures on the tree species crabapple (Malus sp.), horse chestnut (Aesculus carnea, "Ft. McNair"), honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos, "Sunburst"), and hawthorn (Crataegus laevigata, "Pauls Scarlet"). These species constitute ~ 65% of the insect-pollinated fraction of the flowering tree canopy (excluding catkin-producing trees) from the street area managed by the City of Boulder. Samples were analyzed for C10–C15 BVOC by thermal desorption and gas chromatography coupled to a flame ionization detector and a mass spectrometer (GC/FID/MS). Identified emissions and emission rates from these four tree species during the flowering phase were found to vary over a wide range. Monoterpene emissions were identified for honey locust, horse chestnut and hawthorn. Sesquiterpene emissions were observed in horse chestnut and hawthorn samples. Crabapple flowers were found to emit significant amounts of benzyl alcohol and benzaldehyde. Floral BVOC emissions increased with temperature, generally exhibiting exponential temperature dependence. Changes in BVOC speciation during and after the flowering period were observed for every tree studied. Emission rates were significantly higher during the blooming compared to the post-blooming state for crabapple and honey locust. The results were scaled to the dry mass of leaves and flowers contained in the enclosure. Only flower dry mass was accounted for crabapple emission rates as leaves appeared at the end of the flowering period. Total normalized (30 °C) monoterpene emissions from honey locust were higher during flowering (5.3 μgC g−1 h−1) than after flowering (1.2 μgC g−1 h−1). The total normalized BVOC emission rate from crabapple (93 μgC g−1 h−1) during the flowering period is of the same order as isoprene emissions from oak trees, which are among the highest BVOC flowering period floral emissions observed from plants to date. These findings illustrate that during the relatively brief springtime flowering period, floral emissions constitute by far the most significant contribution to the BVOC flux from these tree species, some of which are leafless at this time. Experimental results were integrated into the MEGAN biogenic emission model and simulations were performed to estimate the contribution of floral BVOC emissions to the total urban BVOC flux during the spring flowering period. The floral BVOC emitted during this three-month simulation are equivalent to 11% of the integrated monoterpene flux for the Boulder urban area.
N2O emissions from the global agricultural nitrogen cycle – current state and future scenarios
Authors: Bodirsky B. L. , Popp A. , Weindl I. , Dietrich J. P. , Rolinski S. , Scheiffele L. , Schmitz C. , Lotze-Campen H.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Reactive nitrogen (Nr) is not only an important nutrient for plant growth, thereby safeguarding human alimentation, but it also heavily disturbs natural systems. To mitigate air, land, aquatic, and atmospheric pollution caused by the excessive availability of Nr, it is crucial to understand the long-term development of the global agricultural Nr cycle. For our analysis, we combine a material flow model with a land-use optimization model. In a first step we estimate the state of the Nr cycle in 1995. In a second step we create four scenarios for the 21st century in line with the SRES storylines. Our results indicate that in 1995 only half of the Nr applied to croplands was incorporated into plant biomass. Moreover, less than 10 per cent of all Nr in cropland plant biomass and grazed pasture was consumed by humans. In our scenarios a strong surge of the Nr cycle occurs in the first half of the 21st century, even in the environmentally oriented scenarios. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions rise from 3 Tg N2O-N in 1995 to 7–9 in 2045 and 5–12 Tg in 2095. Reinforced Nr pollution mitigation efforts are therefore required.
Analysis of a 39-yr continuous atmospheric CO2 record from Baring Head, New Zealand
Authors: Stephens B. B. , Brailsford G. W. , Gomez A. J. , Riedel K. , Mikaloff Fletcher S. E. , Nichol S. , Manning M.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. We present an analysis of a 39-yr record of continuous atmospheric CO2 observations made at Baring Head, New Zealand, filtered for steady CO2 mole fractions during southerly wind conditions. We discuss relationships between variability in the filtered CO2 time series and regional to global carbon cycling. Baring Head is well situated to sample air that has been isolated from terrestrial influences over the Southern Ocean, and experiences extended periods of strong southerly winds with low CO2 variability. The filtered Baring Head CO2 record reveals an average seasonal cycle with amplitude of 0.95 ppm that is 13% smaller and 3 weeks earlier in phase than that at the South Pole. Seasonal variations in a given year are sensitive to the timing and magnitude of the combined influences of Southern Ocean CO2 fluxes and terrestrial fluxes from both hemispheres. The amplitude of the seasonal cycle varies throughout the record, but we find no significant long-term seasonal changes with respect to the South Pole. Interannual variations in CO2 growth rate in the Baring Head record closely match the El Niño/Southern Oscillation, reflecting the global reach of CO2 mole fraction anomalies associated with this cycle. We use atmospheric transport model results to investigate contributions to seasonal and annual-mean components of the observed CO2 record. Long-term trends in mean gradients between Baring Head and other stations are predominately due to increases in Northern-Hemisphere fossil-fuel burning and Southern Ocean CO2 uptake, for which there remains a wide range of future estimates. We find that the postulated recent reduction in the efficiency of Southern Ocean anthropogenic CO2 uptake as a result of increased zonal winds is too small to be detectable as significant differences in atmospheric CO2 between mid- to high-latitude Southern Hemisphere observing stations.
Bunker Cave stalagmites: an archive for central European Holocene climate variability
Authors: Fohlmeister J. , Schröder-Ritzrau A. , Scholz D. , Spötl C. , Riechelmann D. F. C. , Mudelsee M. , Wackerbarth A. , Gerdes A. , Riechelmann S. , Immenhauser A. , Richter D. K. , Mangini A.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Holocene climate was characterised by variability on multi-centennial to multi-decadal time scales. In central Europe, these fluctuations were most pronounced during winter. Here we present a record of past winter climate variability for the last 10.8 ka based on four speleothems from Bunker Cave, western Germany. Due to its central European location, the cave site is particularly well suited to record changes in precipitation and temperature in response to changes in the North Atlantic realm. We present high-resolution records of δ18O, δ13C values and Mg/Ca ratios. Changes in the Mg/Ca ratio are attributed to past meteoric precipitation variability. The stable C isotope composition of the speleothems most likely reflects changes in vegetation and precipitation, and variations in the δ18O signal are interpreted as variations in meteoric precipitation and temperature. We found cold and dry periods between 8 and 7 ka, 6.5 and 5.5 ka, 4 and 3 ka as well as between 0.7 and 0.2 ka. The proxy signals in the Bunker Cave stalagmites compare well with other isotope records and, thus, seem representative for central European Holocene climate variability. The prominent 8.2 ka event and the Little Ice Age cold events are both recorded in the Bunker Cave record. However, these events show a contrasting relationship between climate and δ18O, which is explained by different causes underlying the two climate anomalies. Whereas the Little Ice Age is attributed to a pronounced negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation, the 8.2 ka event was triggered by cooler conditions in the North Atlantic due to a slowdown of the thermohaline circulation.
Survey for The Conservation of Agrobiodiversity in Three Italian Linguistic (Occitan, Croatian and Franco-Provençal) Islands.
Authors: Laghetti Gaetano , Ghiglione Giovanni , De Lisi Antonino , Maruca Gina , Losavio Francesco , Pignone Domenico , Hammer Karl
Published: October 2012

This study is a continuation of a research started in 1996 to study and safeguard the agrobiodiversity in Italian linguistic islands by the Institute of Plant Genetics of the C.N.R. of Bari (Italy) and the Institute of Crop Science of Kassel University (Germany). In 2011 additional three collecting missions were carried out in the Franco-Provençal, Croatian, and Occitan linguistic areas. In all 146 accessions were collected belonging mainly to landraces of cereals, pulses and vegetables. Even if these linguistic areas still conserve worthy crop genetic resources (e.g. rye and wheat in Occitan districts, common beans in Franco-Provençal villages of Apulia region), a strong genetic erosion of the most typical crops was recorded. Safeguarding these crops both ex situ and in situ is thus a matter of urgency.
Clinical Outcome following Surgical Intervention for Periprosthetic Hip Fractures at a Tertiary Referral Centre
Authors: Matharu Gulraj S. , Pynsent Paul B. , Dunlop David J. , Revell Matthew P.
Published: October 2012

Complications following surgical intervention for periprosthetic hip fractures are not uncommon. We report the clinical outcome following definitive surgical intervention for this indication at a single tertiary referral centre.

All patients admitted between 2003 and 2009 undergoing such treatment were included. Patient demographics, all surgical interventions, complications following definitive fracture treatment, and postoperative mortality were recorded. Radiographs were reviewed to determine the Vancouver classification for each fracture.

There were 67 patients (mean age at revision 76.7 years; 61% female). Fractures occurred around primary total hip arthroplasties (43%), revision arthroplasties (34%), and hip hemiarthroplasties (23%). Mean time to fracture from the most recent arthroplasty performed was 7.0 years. Most fractures were Vancouver type B2 (49%). The majority of patients underwent revision total hip arthroplasty (96%), using long-stemmed prostheses or proximal femoral endoprostheses, with cables for fracture fixation. Wound infection and systemic complications were seen in 16% and 13% respectively. One or more further surgical interventions were performed in 12%. There were no deaths in-hospital or at 30-days, with 10 fatalities (15%) at a mean 2-year follow-up.

Lower rates of re-intervention and mortality were observed when surgery for acute periprosthetic hip fractures was performed at a tertiary centre. Revision hip arthroplasty with or without fracture fixation proved an effective and safe treatment of periprosthetic hip fractures in a high-risk patient population.
Serum Lactate is a Prognostic Indicator in Patients with Hip Fracture
Authors: Uzoigwe Chika E. , Venkatesan Muralidharan , Smith Robert , Burnand Henry G.F. , Young Peter S. , Cheesman Caroline L. , Middleton Rory G.
Published: October 2012

Background and Purpose

Serum lactate has been shown to be an indicator of adverse clinical outcomes in patients admitted secondary to general trauma or sepsis. We retrospectively investigated whether admission serum venous lactate can predict in-hospital mortality in patients with hip fractures.

Method and Results

Over a 38-month period the admission venous lactate of 807 patients with hip fractures was collated. Mean age was 82 years. The overall in-hospital mortality for this cohort was 9.4%. Mortality was not influenced by the fracture pattern or the type of surgery - be it internal fixation or arthroplasty (p = 0.7). A critical threshold of 3 mmol/L with respect to the influence of venous lactate level on mortality was identified. Mortality rate in those with a lactate level of less than 3 mmol/L was 8.6% and 14.2% for those whose level was 3 mmol/L or greater. A 1 mmol/L increase in venous lactate was associated with a 1.2 (1.02–1.41) increased risk of in-hospital mortality. Patients with a venous lactate of 3 mmol/L or higher had twice the odds of death in hospital compared to matched individuals. There was no statistically significant difference in ASA distribution between those with a lactate of less than or greater than 3 mmol/L.

Conclusions

Patients with an elevated venous lactate following hip trauma should be identified as being at increased risk of death and may benefit from targeted medical therapy.
Las lenguas indígenas de la Costa Rica actual
Authors: Quesada J. Diego
Published: October 2012

La población indígena costarricense asciende a 63,876 personas distribuidas en ocho pueblos indígenas: huetar, maleku, chorotega, bribri, cabécar, brunka guaymi y teribe. En este artículo se presenta su distribución étnica y territorial, sus orígenes e historias, la filiación genética de sus lenguas y su estado actual. También se señalan las instituciones y las investigaciones y programas cuyos esfuerzos están encaminados a la revitalización de sus lenguas y la reivindicación de sus derechos étnicos. 1. INDIGENAS DE COSTA RICA-HISTORIA 2. ETNICIDADINVESTIGACIONES- COSTA RICA 3. CULTURAS INDIGENAS-COSTA RICA DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/wani.v62i0.856 Wani No.62 2010 pp.19-24 Naiwa pyuwara Costa Rica ra patitara uplika kyamka nani yapti bila aisanka nani ba Naiwa pyuwa ra Costa Rica ra patitara uplika kyamka nani ba 63,876 upla nani barasa, baha nani sut ba kyamka satka 8 nani ra asla takisa, nina nani ba: huetar, maleku, chorotega, bribri, cabécar, brunka guaymi bara teribi. Naha ulbanka ra tanka marikisa baha nani sat ka kumi bani kyamka mapla bara tasbaya piarkika trabilka nani dukiara; baku sin witinka nani ginisis ka, blasi ka sturka, yaptika bila nani pana pana wilkanka tanka bamna naiwa yuwa kat ai iwan ka nani nahki briba tanka sim. Baku sin naha ulbanka ra tanka marikisa baha uplika yaptika bila nani tiwi auya ba kli raki bukaia bara ai raitka laka alkaia aiklabanka bri nani ba ta baikaia lainkara wark nani dauki aula ba sim.Costa Rica sauni yak warmanimanikatindiantuniyulwabalna Costa Rica sauni kidi indian sulani63,876 muih pa binina sat sat kau yalalahwi: huetar, maleku, chorotega, bribri, cabécar, brunka guaymi y teribe. Adika wauhnitaya akat laih sulani dawak sauni kau sahyakwi nining kawi, angkaupak kalahna dawak yulni bayakna balna bik, tuni yulwa kidi angdika kal uduhna kaupak kidi dawak warmani kat yalalahwa pani balna bik. Kaput bik adika yak yulwi Apis, walwi talna dawak prukrama balna tuni yulwa dawak sulani kapat ramhni balna yak parasniawinininglalauwakidibik.