bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling polycrystalline materials with elongated grains
Authors: Pérez Irvin , Muniz de Farias Márcio , Castro Manuel , Roselló Roberto , Recarey Morfa Carlos , Medina Liosber , Oñate E.
Published: December 2018

A novel algorithm to reproduce the arrangement of grains in polycrystalline materials was recently published by the authors. In this original approach, a dense package of circles (or spheres) with the same distribution as the grains is generated to produce a set of Voronoi cells that are later modified to Laguerre cells representing the original structure. This algorithm was successfully applied to materials with somewhat equidimensional grains; however, it fails for long‐shaped grains. In this paper, modifications are provided in order to overcome these drawbacks. This is accomplished by moving each vertex of the Voronoi cells in such a way that the vertex should be equidistant from the particles with respect to the Euclidean distance. The algorithm is applied to packages of ellipses and spherocylinders in 2D. An example for a package of spheres is also provided to illustrate the application for a simple 3D case. The adherence between the generated packages and the corresponding tessellations is verified by means of the Jaccard coefficient (J). Several packages are generated randomly and the distribution of J coefficients is investigated. The obtained values satisfy the theoretical restraints and the quality of the proposed algorithm is statistically validated.
The Dominance, Prestige, and Leadership Account of Social Power Motives
Authors: Suessenbach Felix , Loughnan Steve , Schönbrodt Felix D. , Moore Adam B.
Published: December 2018

The power motive predicts influential social behaviour; however, its heterogeneous conceptualisations have produced inconsistent results. To overcome this problem, we developed and validated a unitary taxonomy of social power motives based on established delineations of social hierarchies: the dominance, prestige, and leadership account. While we could measure these motives both reliably and distinctively (study 1), we also showed they strongly related to a common power desire (study 2). Assessing their nomological networks (studies 3 and 4), we demonstrated distinct associations between the dominance motive (D: wanting to coerce others into adhering to one's will) and anger and verbal aggression; the prestige motive (P: wanting to obtain admiration and respect) and the fear of losing reputation and claiming to have higher moral concerns; the leadership motive (L: wanting to take responsibility in and for one's group) and emotional stability and helping behaviour. Furthermore, while D uniquely predicted agonistic/retaliatory behaviour in dictator games (study 5), L uniquely predicted the attainment of higher employment ranks in various professions (study 7). Finally, at least to some degree, P and L related positively, and D negatively to prosocial donating behaviour (study 6). This taxonomy represents a novel and powerful approach to predicting influential social behaviour. © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology
High Spatial Resolution MALDI‐MS Imaging in the Study of Membranous Nephropathy
Authors: Smith Andrew , L'Imperio Vincenzo , Denti Vanna , Mazza Mariafrancesca , Ivanova Mariia , Stella Martina , Piga Isabella , Chinello Clizia , Ajello Elena , Pieruzzi Federico , Pagni Fabio , Magni Fulvio
Published: December 2018

Purpose

Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI‐MSI) technology has advanced rapidly during recent years with the development of instruments equipped with low‐diameter lasers that are suitable for high spatial resolution imaging. This may provide significant advantages in certain fields of molecular pathology where more specific protein fingerprints of individual cell types are required, such as renal pathology.

Experimental design

Here MALDI‐MSI analysis of a cohort of membranous nephropathy (MN) patients is performed among which patients either responded favorably (R; n = 6), or unfavorably (NR; n = 4), to immunosuppressive treatment (Ponticelli Regimen), employing a 10 µm laser spot diameter.

Results

Specific tryptic peptide profiles of the different cellular regions within the glomerulus can be generated, similarly for the epithelial cells belonging to the proximal and distal tubules. Conversely, specific glomerular and sub‐glomerular profiles cannot be obtained while using the pixel size performed in previous studies (50 µm). Furthermore, two proteins are highlighted, sonic hedgehog and α‐smooth muscle actin, whose signal intensity and spatial localization within the sub‐glomerular and tubulointerstitial compartments differ between treatment responders and non‐responders.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

The present study exemplifies the advantage of using high spatial resolution MALDI‐MSI for the study of MN and highlights that such findings have the potential to provide complementary support in the routine prognostic assessment of MN patients.
A theoretical investigation on the structures of (NH3)·(H2SO4)·(H2O)0‐14 clusters
Authors: Xu Zhen‐Zhen , Fan Hong‐Jun
Published: December 2018

Ternary clusters (NH3)·(H2SO4)·(H2O)n have been widely studied. However, the structures and binding energies of relatively larger cluster (n > 6) remain unclear, which hinders the study of other interesting properties. Ternary clusters of (NH3)·(H2SO4)·(H2O)n, n = 0‐14, were investigated using MD simulations and quantum chemical calculations. For n = 1, a proton was transferred from H2SO4 to NH3. For n = 10, both protons of H2SO4 were transferred to NH3 and H2O, respectively. The NH4+ and HSO4− formed a contact ion‐pair [NH4+‐HSO4−] for n = 1‐6 and a solvent separated ion‐pair [NH4+‐H2O‐HSO4−] for n = 7‐9. Therefore, we observed two obvious transitions from neutral to single protonation (from H2SO4 to NH3) to double protonation (from H2SO4 to NH3 and H2O) with increasing n. In general, the structures with single protonation and solvated ion‐pair were higher in entropy than those with double protonation and contact ion‐pair of single protonation and were thus preferred at higher temperature. As a result, the inversion between single and double protonated clusters was postponed until n = 12 according to the average binding Gibbs free energy at the normal condition. These results can serve as a good start point for studies of the other properties of these clusters and as a model for the solvation of the [H2SO4‐NH3] complex in bulk water.
Metal‐Free Synthesis of Methylene‐Bridged Bisamide via Selectfluor‐Mediated Oxidative Methylenation
Authors: Yan Min , Zhou Dongheng , Gao Yejun , Ma Yongmin
Published: December 2018

A direct methylenation of amides to afford methylene‐bridged bisamides mediated by Selectfluor in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was achieved. DMSO plays a dual role in this reaction, as both solvent and a methylene source. The developed protocol avoids the use of transition metal catalysts and the reaction is efficient, operationally convenient and tolerable in air and water.
DFT Study on the Structures and Stability of BenSnn (n=1 – 5) and Be2nSnn (n=1 – 4) Clusters.
Authors: Fioressi Silvina E. , Duchowicz Pablo , Bacelo Daniel E.
Published: December 2018

The equilibrium geometries and stabilities of bimetallic BenSnn (n=1 – 5) and Be2nSnn (n=1 – 4) clusters were investigated through DFT calculations. Cluster geometries were optimized using DFT Monte Carlo simulated annealing and the energies ordered via single‐point Quadratic Configuration Interaction (QCISD(T)) calculations evaluated at the optimized B3LYP geometries. Tridimensional highly symmetric structures were generally found as the most stable ones. They have much more in common with the beryllium silicides and germanides than with the carbides. In the larger clusters, a trend to form beryllium sub‐structures capped by tin atoms was observed. The bonding between Be and Sn is largely covalent in character, which suggests that there exist the possibility of obtaining larger structures with novel properties and potential for the development of new materials.
A DFT Study of Disperse Yellow 119 Degradation Mechanism by Hydroxyl Radical Attack
Authors: Wahab Olaide O. , Olasunkanmi Lukman O. , Govender Krishna K. , Govender Penny P.
Published: December 2018

Previous experimental studies had proposed two possible mechanisms, that is, N‐N or C‐N bond cleavage, for azo dye degradation. However, the relative feasibility of these mechanisms based on their energetics has not been properly explored. In this work, the mechanisms of azo dye degradation by hydroxyl (•OH) radical were investigated theoretically for disperse yellow 119 (DY119) dye using density functional theory (DFT) method. This was done with the view to provide useful theoretical insights on photodegradation mechanism of azopyridone dyes. The role of hydrogen bonding on the mechanism was investigated, and the possibility of nitrogen evolution during the process was also examined. Potential energy profiles (PEPs) for the two possible mechanisms were predicted at VWN‐BP/DNP level of theory. Local reactivity indices and energy parameters revealed that the C–N bond cleavage mechanism is preferred to the N‐N cleavage for the photodegradation of DY119. Removal of one intramolecular hydrogen bond from DY119 structure enhanced both the C–N and N–N bond cleavages, but with greater effect on C–N. Loss of nitrogen molecule via the C–N bond cleavage was predicted to be highly spontaneous.
Research on Oil Displaced Effect of Multi‐Component Pore‐Throat Emulsion System
Authors: Zhang Chengli , Wang Peng , Song Guoliang
Published: December 2018

The core displacement experiment is designed to simulate the emulsification process of crude oil in reservoir, and a multi‐component pore‐throat emulsion system (0.8% hexadecane fluorinated betaine (CFN) + 0.4% sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDBS) + 1.2% monodisperse partially hydrophobic silanized SiO2 solution (particle diameter of 25 nm) + 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl)), system 1, was developed. By comparing this system with the other emulsion systems, the stability and comprehensive performance of this system were evaluated. The results showed that the water evolution rate of emulsion system 1 was the smallest, 46.3%, which indicated that the stability of system 1 was the best, and the synergistic ability of emulsifiers CFN and SDBS was effective. After alkylation, nano‐sized SiO2 particles are turned into a special structure of hemispheric hydrophobic and hemispheric hydrophilic. They are closely adsorbed on oil‐water interface, which can inhibit the aggregation between emulsion drops and enhance the stability of emulsion. The micro particle size of emulsion was observed using inverted biological microscope, and it was found that the range of system 1 was the smallest. And microscopically or macroscopically, the properties such as the average diameter of the droplet, separation coefficient, effective share of the droplet, emulsion strength and stability comprehensive coefficient, were dominant. Therefore, the performance of system 1 was well. The displacement effect of emulsion flooding and change of fluid production in each layer under different permeability contrast were researched by three‐tube parallel core displacement experiment. It was found that oil displacement effect of system 1 was the best, the greater the coefficient of permeability variation, the greater decline of liquid production in the high permeability reservoir, and the greater increase of liquid production in the middle and low permeability reservoir. The new emulsion flooding system provides a new idea for the development of heterogeneous reservoirs.
Argon Bubble Coalescence and Breakup in a Steel Ladle with Bottom Plugs
Authors: Liu Wenjie , Lee Justina , Guo Xipeng , Silaen Armin K. , Zhou Chenn Q.
Published: December 2018

Gas‐stirred ladles are widely used in the steel secondary refining process. In order to produce high‐quality steel, a range of stirring conditions, from hard stirring for mixing to gentle stirring for inclusion removal, is required. In this paper, a full scale unsteady three‐dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is developed to simulate the bubble behavior in a steel ladle. A volume of fluid (VOF)‐Lagrangian approach is applied to simulate multiphase flow characteristics. The VOF method is used to track the liquid steel and slag, while the Lagrangian method is used to track the movement of argon bubbles. A water model is used to validate the gas‐stirred ladle model against experimental data. Flow field and bubble breakup and coalescence phenomena inside the ladle is studied in the baseline case, and the effects of initial bubble diameter and gas flow rate during the stirring process have been investigated through parametric study as well.
Reactions in Water – A Greener Approach Using Ruthenium Catalysts
Authors: Shome Sanchari , Singh Surya Prakash
Published: December 2018

Reactions using transition metals as catalysts have emerged as an efficient method in the recent times. However, the selection of solvent plays a crucial role in this regard. Several solvents used traditionally suffer majorly with problems of toxicity; high boiling point etc. leading to drastic reaction conditions. Water being a non‐toxic, non‐inflammable and environmentally benign can replace the hazardous organic solvents in laboratory as well as industry. Maintaining a minimum catalyst loading percentage we can advantageously avail high levels of selectivity. Water was found to be a good solvent medium for several metal catalysed reactions. An intramolecular deprotonation mechanism is followed by the ruthenium (II) catalysts in water; thereby, facilitating the catalytic action of the metal. These studies can help the industrial chemists to utilize water as a solvent for their reactions towards improvement of their waste management procedure. This review mainly focuses on the several recent developments in the above direction.
Variation in outcome reporting in randomized controlled trials of interventions for prevention and treatment of fetal growth restriction
Authors: Townsend R. , Sileo F. , Stocker L. , Kumbay H. , Healy P. , Gordijn S. , Ganzevoort W. , Beune I. , Baschat A. , Kenny L. , Bloomfield F. , Daly M. , Devane D. , Papageorghiou A. , Khalil A.
Published: December 2018

Objective

Although fetal growth restriction (FGR) is well known to be associated with adverse outcomes for the mother and offspring, effective interventions for the management of FGR are yet to be established. Trials reporting interventions for the prevention and treatment of FGR may be limited by heterogeneity in the underlying pathophysiology. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review of outcomes reported in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing interventions for the prevention or treatment of FGR, in order to identify and categorize the variation in outcome reporting.

Methods

MEDLINE, EMBASE and The Cochrane Library were searched from inception until August 2018 for RCTs investigating therapies for the prevention and treatment of FGR. Studies were assessed systematically and data on outcomes that were reported in the included studies were extracted and categorized. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Jadad score.

Results

The search identified 2609 citations, of which 153 were selected for full‐text review and 72 studies (68 trials) were included in the final analysis. There were 44 trials relating to the prevention of FGR and 24 trials investigating interventions for the treatment of FGR. The mean Jadad score of all studies was 3.07, and only nine of them received a score of 5. We identified 238 outcomes across the included studies. The most commonly reported were birth weight (88.2%), gestational age at birth (72.1%) and small‐for‐gestational age (67.6%). Few studies reported on any measure of neonatal morbidity (27.9%), while adverse effects of the interventions were reported in only 17.6% of trials.

Conclusions

There is significant variation in outcome reporting across RCTs of therapies for the prevention and treatment of FGR. The clinical applicability of future research would be enhanced by the development of a core outcome set for use in future trials. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Prognostic Factors of Pathological N1 Non‐small Cell Lung Cancer After Curative Resection Without Adjuvant Chemotherapy
Authors: Moon Youngkyu , Sung Sook Whan , Park Jae Kil , Lee Kyo Young , Ahn Seha
Published: December 2018

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of patients with pathological N1 non‐small cell lung cancer who did not receive adjuvant chemotherapy. We attempted to identify those patients for whom adjuvant chemotherapy would be indispensable.

Methods

Among 132 patients who were diagnosed with pathological N1 lung cancer at a single institution from January 2010 to December 2016 were 32 patients who did not receive adjuvant treatment after curative surgical resection. The surgical and oncological outcomes of these patients were analyzed. Candidate factors for predicting recurrence were analyzed to identify patients at high risk of recurrence.

Results

The median follow‐up time for all 32 patients was 1044 days. The 5‐year recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and disease‐specific survival rates of the patients without adjuvant therapy were 50.3% and 77.6%, respectively. By multivariate analysis, tumors with a lepidic growth pattern [hazard ratio (HR) 0.119, p = 0.024] and extralobar lymph node metastasis (HR 6.848, p = 0.015) were significant factors predicting recurrence. The difference between the 5‐year RFS rates of patients with tumors with or without a lepidic growth pattern was statistically significant (63.5% vs 40.0%, respectively; p = 0.050). The 5‐year RFS rates of patients with intralobar lymph node metastasis versus those with extralobar lymph node metastasis were 63.3% and 18.8%, respectively (p = 0.002).

Conclusions

Patients with tumors without a lepidic growth pattern or with extralobar lymph node metastasis who do not receive adjuvant chemotherapy have a high recurrence rate after surgery. Therefore, these patients should be encouraged to undergo adjuvant chemotherapy if their overall condition is not a contraindication for chemotherapy.
Expand the scorecard for health-care reform to achieve a better result and enhance clinical and translational science
Authors: Coller Barry S.
Published: December 2018

Clinical and translational science is vitally dependent on the nation’s underlying health-care policies and programs. In a reciprocal fashion, data generated by clinical and translational research can inform both health policy and health-care delivery. It is important, therefore, to rate health reform proposals comprehensively on a set of criteria that reflect the broad goals of reform, including the potential impact on clinical and translational science and medical education. I propose that the criteria include achieving universal coverage, reducing administrative costs, retaining one’s chosen primary care physician, encouraging care coordination, empowering physicians, freeing industry from choosing and administering health plans, providing choice of specialists and hospitals, providing patient education, preventing patient overuse of services, rationalizing resource allocation, encouraging competition, limiting government’s role, supporting medical education, training, and research, and freeing industry to make personnel decisions based on business criteria rather than the impact on health-care costs to the company. I discuss the rationale for each element and offer a rating of current proposals relative to a proposal previously made.
Surgical site infections following hip and knee arthroplastic surgery: Trends and risk factors of Staphylococcus aureus infections
Authors: Prattingerová Jana , Sarvikivi Emmi , Huotari Kaisa , Ollgren Jukka , Lyytikäinen Outi
Published: December 2018

We investigated surgical site infections (SSIs) following hip and knee arthroplasties to evaluate predictors of SSI. We found a significant increase in deep Staphylococcus aureus (SA) SSIs despite the decreasing overall SSI rate. The risk of deep SA-SSI differed between genders and among age groups and was affected by timing of surgery.
Incidence and etiology of fever following seasonal influenza vaccination in hospitalized patients
Authors: Foong Kap Sum , Casabar Ed , Warren David K.
Published: December 2018

We conducted a retrospective cohort to examine the incidence and etiology of fever postinfluenza vaccination among hospitalized patients during the 2015–2016 influenza season. Fever occurred in 63 (1.5%) of 4,185 vaccinated patients. Medical patients had fever predominantly associated with concurrent infections; surgical patients had fever explained by noninfectious etiologies.
Radiometric flow in periodically patterned channels: fluid physics and improved configurations
Authors: Lotfian Ali , Roohi Ehsan
Published: December 2018

With the aid of direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC), we conduct a detailed investigation pertaining to the fluid and thermal characteristics of rarefied gas flow with regard to various arrangements for radiometric pumps featuring vane and ratchet structures. For the same, we consider three categories of radiometric pumps consisting of channels with their bottom or top surfaces periodically patterned with different structures. The structures in the design of the first category are assumed to be on the bottom wall and consist of either a simple vane, a right-angled triangular fin or an isosceles triangular fin. The arrangements on the second category of radiometric pumps consist of an alternating diffuse–specular right-angled fin and an alternating diffuse–specular isosceles fin on the bottom wall. The third category contains either a channel with double isosceles triangular fins on its lowermost surface or a zigzag channel with double isosceles triangular fins on both walls. In the first and the third categories, the surfaces of the channel and its structures are considered as diffuse reflectors. The temperature is kept steady on the horizontal walls of the channel; thus, radiometric flow is created by subjecting the adjacent sides of the vane/ratchet to constant but unequal temperatures. On the other hand, for the second category, radiometric flow is introduced by specifying different top/bottom channel wall temperatures. The DSMC simulations are performed at a Knudsen number based on the vane/ratchet height of approximately one. The dominant mechanism in the radiometric force production is clarified for the examined configurations. Our results demonstrate that, at the investigated Knudsen number, the zigzag channel experiences maximum induced velocity with a parabolic velocity profile, whereas its net radiometric force vanishes. In the case of all other configurations, the flow pattern resembles a Couette flow in the open section of the channel situated above the vane/ratchet. To further enhance the simulations, the predictions of the finite volume discretization of the Boltzmann Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook (BGK)–Shakhov equation for the mass flux dependence on temperature difference and Knudsen number are also reported for typical test cases.
Dynamical similarity and universality of drop size and velocity spectra in sprays
Authors: Dhivyaraja K. , Gaddes D. , Freeman E. , Tadigadapa S. , Panchagnula M. V.
Published: December 2018

Sprays are a class of multiphase flows which exhibit a wide range of drop size and velocity scales spanning several orders of magnitude. The objective of the current work is to experimentally investigate the prospect of dynamical similarity in these flows. We are also motivated to identify a choice of length and time scales which could lead towards a universal description of the drop size and velocity spectra. Towards this end, we have fabricated a cohort of geometrically similar pressure swirl atomizers using micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) as well as additive manufacturing technology. We have characterized the dynamical characteristics of the sprays as well as the drop size and velocity spectra (in terms of probability density functions, p.d.f.s) over a wide range of Reynolds ($Re$) and Weber numbers ($We$) using high-speed imaging and phase Doppler interferometry, respectively. We show that the dimensionless Sauter mean diameter ($D_{32}$) scaled to the boundary layer thickness in the liquid sheet at the nozzle exit ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{o}$) exhibits self-similarity in the core region of the spray, but not in the outer zone. In addition, we show that global drop size spectra in the sprays show two distinct characteristics. The spectra from varying $Re$ and $We$ collapse onto a universal p.d.f. for drops of size $x$ where $x/\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{o}>1$. For $x/\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FF}_{o}<1$, a residual effect of $Re$ and $We$ persists in the size spectra. We explain this characteristic by the fact that the physical mechanisms that cause large drops is different from that which is responsible for the small drops. Similarly, with the liquid sheet velocity at the nozzle exit ($u_{s}$) as the choice of velocity scale, we show that drops moving with a velocity $u$ such that $u/u_{s}<1$ collapse onto a universal p.d.f., while drops with $u/u_{s}>1$ exhibit a residual effect of $Re$ and $We$. From these observations, we suggest that physically accurate models for drop size and velocity spectra should rely on piecewise descriptions of the p.d.f. rather than invoking a single mathematical form for the entire distribution. Finally, we show from a dynamical modal analysis that the conical liquid sheet flapping characteristics exhibit a sharp transition in Strouhal number ($St$) at a critical $Re$.
Suppression of the Kapitza instability in confined falling liquid films
Authors: Lavalle Gianluca , Li Yiqin , Mergui Sophie , Grenier Nicolas , Dietze Georg F.
Published: December 2018

We revisit the linear stability of a falling liquid film flowing through an inclined narrow channel in interaction with a gas phase. We focus on a particular region of parameter space, small inclination and very strong confinement, where we have found the gas to strongly stabilize the film, up to the point of fully suppressing the long-wave interfacial instability attributed to Kapitza (Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz., vol. 18 (1), 1948, pp. 3–28). The stabilization occurs both when the gas is merely subject to an aerostatic pressure difference, i.e. when the pressure difference balances the weight of the gas column, and when it flows counter-currently. In the latter case, the degree of stabilization increases with the gas velocity. Our investigation is based on a numerical solution of the Orr–Sommerfeld temporal linear stability problem as well as stability experiments that clearly confirm the observed effect. We quantify the degree of stabilization by comparing the linear stability threshold with its passive-gas limit, and perform a parametric study, varying the relative confinement, the Reynolds number, the inclination angle and the Kapitza number. For example, we find a 30 % reduction of the cutoff wavenumber of the instability for a water film in contact with air, flowing through a channel inclined at$3^{\circ }$and of height 2.8 times the film thickness. We also identify the critical conditions for the full suppression of the instability in terms of the governing parameters. The stabilization is caused by the strong confinement of the gas, which produces perturbations of the adverse interfacial tangential shear stress that are shifted by half a wavelength with respect to the wavy film surface. This tends to reduce flow-rate variations within the film, thus attenuating the inertia-based driving mechanism of the Kapitza instability.
Could Meaning in Life Contribute to Adolescents’ Vocational Commitment and Identity? A Longitudinal Analysis in Different Chinese Cultures
Authors: Li Mengting , Fan Weiqiao , Cheung Fanny M. , Wang Qian
Published: December 2018

This longitudinal study investigated the contributions of Chinese secondary school students’ meaning in life in Grade 10 to vocational identity in Grade 12 in different Chinese settings. Whether vocational exploration and commitment reported by students (VECS) in Grade 11, and the vocational exploration and commitment reported by parents (VECP) of the students mediate the above link was examined as well. Participants comprised 435 students and their parents/guardians from Hong Kong, 422 students and their parents/guardians from urban Shanghai, and 308 students and their parents/guardians from rural Zhejiang. Partial mediation of the VECS in the relationship between meaning in life and vocational identity was significant in the Shanghai and Zhejiang rural samples. In the Hong Kong sample, the VECP was significantly predicted by meaning in life and could predict vocational identity. Associations between parental perceptions of vocational commitment and adolescents’ own career development might therefore be weaker than previously believed. The pattern of the relationships between meaning in life, vocational commitment and identity, and the influence of parents on adolescents’ career development in different Chinese local contexts are discussed herein.
The School Diary in Wartime Japan: Cultivating morale and self-discipline
Authors: PIEL L. HALLIDAY
Published: December 2018

During the Second World War, the Japanese state enacted sweeping education reforms designed to prime the population for Total War. The policies of the National Education Ordinance of 1941 aimed to strengthen collective loyalty and self-sacrifice for the state. Military drill and ceremonial rituals were the outward manifestation of wartime education. But this article examines how teachers borrowed an aspect of progressive ‘whole-person’ education from the more liberal pre-war era—‘daily life writing’ (seikatsu tsuzurikata)—to shape children's dispositions and consciousness. Through such reflective diary writing, children would learn to internalize the ideal behaviours and attributes of the Total War civilian. By comparing education discourse with samples of children's writings, teachers’ written feedback, and interviews of former students of an elementary school affiliated with the Ministry of Education, I show how reflective diary writing, despite its progressive origins as a means of self-expression for self-actualization and social critique, could be co-opted by right-wing Japanese ultra-nationalism for its potential as a means of self-censorship, self-monitoring, and self-control. At the same time, its practice did help children endure the hardships of war and defeat.
Reforming the Security Council through a Code of Conduct: A Sisyphean Task?
Authors: Adediran Bolarinwa
Published: December 2018

The failure of the UN Security Council to adequately and effectively address the Syrian crisis has brought renewed scrutiny to the veto and its capricious use during mass atrocity situations. In response to these concerns, the idea of a code of conduct to regulate the exercise of the veto during humanitarian situations is now being increasingly advanced by several states, including France and the United Kingdom. This paper disputes the utility of such a code and argues that it would not make any significant difference to the way mass atrocity crimes are addressed. I examine three core arguments often extended to justify the merit and the utility of the norm: the circumvention argument, the naming and shaming argument, and the Charter reform argument. I show how each of these arguments is undermined by mistaken notions about the norm's procedural effectiveness, and the role the veto plays in cases of what Simon Chesterman calls “inhumanitarian noninterventions.” Additionally, drawing on interviews conducted with diplomats at the United Nations in New York, I present evidence that resistance to a code of conduct comes not only from the permanent five members of the Council but also from the nonpermanent members, further imperiling the idea's capacity to effect change. Ultimately, I contend that the current global effort to curtail the influence of the veto is nothing more than a journey down the rabbit hole: exciting, but ultimately distracting.
Why Looking Backward Is Necessary to Looking Forward
Authors: Armstrong Nancy
Published: December 2018

By treating the imaginary element that is “sex,” the deployment of sexuality established one of its most essential internal operating principles; the desire for sex—the desire to have it, to have access to it, to liberate it, to articulate it in discourse, to formulate it in truth. It constituted “sex” itself as something desirable.

—Michel Foucault,History of Sexuality, Vol. 1

Although my critical focus has shifted in recent years onto other areas—both earlier and later—of novel studies, I find myself returning to the novels of the 1840s, which is, in my view, the pivotal moment in the history and theory of the British novel. This is the moment when novels relegated forever to the past a future that ensured domestic contentment. During the period from 1847 to 1900, as Georg Lukács tells the story, the historical novel faltered and then froze in its tracks, as the narrative of an individual caught in the winds of historical change capitulated to descriptions of demonically fetishized objects that obscured the engines of change. What Lukács doesn't mention is that, halfway through that same period, novels abruptly ceased to formulate a country house providing what Hannah Arendt has called “a model of national housekeeping.” From the ashes of that bourgeois appropriation of certain aspects of the genteel way of life, the novels of the 1840s assembled a single-family household as a kinship system uniquely capable of operating at every level of English society. To go by these novels, one would think that belonging to such a household was not only the same as belonging to English society itself but was also necessary to one's biological survival. In returning to that moment, I want to consider, more pointedly, what these two observations concerning the form of the Victorian novel have to do with one another, a question that was very much in the air in 1977, when I received my doctorate and took up my first university post.
Dorothea or Jane? The Dilemmas of Early Feminist Criticism
Authors: Vicinus Martha
Published: December 2018

I have never forgotten a comment made by a friend at the first feminist meeting, held in Bloomington Indiana, in the spring of 1969: “Nothing travels faster than an idea whose time has come.” We were amazed and thrilled to discover how much we had in common with other women, and how the women's movement in its early stages gave us permission to express in public a variety of extreme emotions. All of us at that meeting were young, untenured faculty and graduate students, and suddenly—or at least so it seemed—we could speak out against authority. And sometimes authority listened. We quickly turned to writing, our natural medium, for we realized that our academic work had an immediate resonance with our political ambitions. How rare and special this moment was for those of us who worked on the literature of dead authors!
GEORGE CHAUNCEY'SGAY NEW YORK:A VIEW FROM 25 YEARS LATER
Authors: Stack Brian , Boag Peter
Published: December 2018

When George Chauncey'sGay New Yorkappeared a quarter century ago, it did so with deserved fanfare. Reviewers celebrated it as “brilliant,” “magisterial,” “exceptional,” “monumental,” “light-years ahead,” “masterful,” “seminal,” “groundbreaking,” “absolutely marvelous,” a “new beginning,” and a “landmark study.” While reviews ofGay New Yorkappeared in the usual American history journals, many of these were uncommonly long, indicating the book's immediate importance. This importance was also felt beyond the discipline of history with reviews appearing in sociological, anthropological, environmental, American Studies, and even speech journals. The Association of American Geographers held a roundtable onGay New Yorkin 1995 in which a participant dubbed it, “one of the more important texts written by a nongeographer to be included in a canon of new social geography.” Beyond the academy, the popular press also expressed considerable interest in the book, with theNew York Times, theNew Yorker, theNew Republic, and theGay Community Newseach taking up the matter ofGay New Yorkin its pages. And beyond the bounds of the United States, scholarly publications in Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom also commissioned reviews ofGay New York. A year after its American debut with Basic Books, the parent firm of HarperCollins released it in the United Kingdom, and then eight years later the noted historian Didier Eribon translated it into French for the Parisian publisher Fayard. Within its first few years of publication,Gay New Yorkalso collected a number of notable prizes, including theLos Angeles TimesBook Prize for history, the Frederick Jackson Turner Award from the Organization of American Historians (OAH), the Lambda Literary Award for gay men's studies, and the Merle Curti Award from the OAH.
E-Learning in der hochschulischen Pflegeausbildung in Deutschland und die Rolle von Hochschullehrenden − eine Delphi-Erhebung
Authors: Koch Lee Franklin , Faßhauer Uwe , Reiber Karin
Published: December 2018

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Verfahren des E-Learning kommen in zunehmendem Maße in der hochschulischen Pflegeausbildung als Ergänzung zu traditionellen Präsenzlehrveranstaltungen zur Anwendung. Die dezentrale, asynchrone Natur dieser Lernform beeinflusst die Lehr-Lern-Prozesse. Ziel: Diese Studie ermittelt die Meinung von Expertinnen und Experten zur Verwendung von E-Learning in der hochschulischen Pflegeausbildung und zur Rolle der Hochschullehrenden bei virtuellen Lehr-Lern-Arrangements. Methoden: In einer dreiwelligen Delphi-Erhebung äußerten Expertinnen und Experten aus der Hochschullehre, dem Pflegestudium, der Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologie (ICT) und den wissenschaftlichen Fachgesellschaften ihre Meinungen bezüglich E-Learning und dessen Auswirkungen auf die hochschulische Pflegeausbildung und die Rolle der Hochschullehrenden. Das Instrument der Nullrunde (R0) setzte sich aus offenen Fragen zusammen. Die Daten wurden qualitativ inhaltsanalytisch ausgewertet und zusammen mit den Ergebnissen einer vorausgegangenen Literaturübersicht zur Item-Generierung für die standardisierten Folgerunden (R1&2) herangezogen. Das Instrument für R1&2 setzte sich aus 14 Aussagen zum E-Learning und 13 Aussagen zur Rolle der Lehrperson zusammen, zu denen die Teilnehmenden den Grad ihrer Zustimmung angeben sollten. Die Daten der R1&2 wurden mittels statistischer Verfahren ausgewertet. Es erfolgte ein direkter Vergleich von Mittelwert und Median des Zustimmungsgrades der R1&2. Außerdem wurde das Antwortverhalten der einzelnen Teilnehmenden analysiert und als assimilierend, divergierend, stabil oder unerklärlich eingeschätzt. Ergebnisse: Der Stichprobenumfang des Expertenpanels betrug bei R0 = 8, bei R1&2 = 15; die Panelmortalität betrug n = 2. Die Analyse der standardisierten Daten ergab folgendes Bild: Aus Sicht der Teilnehmenden hängt die Effektivität von E-Learning nicht nur von der Art der Lernziele (z. B. kognitiv, affektiv), sondern auch von der Komplexität des Lerngegenstands ab. Persönliche Interaktion ist nach Expertenmeinung für den Lernerfolg unerlässlich. Die Expertinnen und Experten erkennen das Potenzial von E-Learning, die Lernortkooperation, die Kontinuität der Lehre, die Kompatibilität von Studium und Familie / Berufstätigkeit und den Wissenstransfer zu begünstigen. Des Weiteren sind die Teilnehmenden der Meinung, dass E-Learning im Vergleich zur Präsenzlehre den Hochschullehrenden andere / erweiterte didaktische, pädagogische, administrative und technische Kompetenzen abverlangt und dadurch die Rolle von Hochschullehrenden grundlegend verändert. Schlussfolgerungen: Lehrende in der hochschulischen Pflegeausbildung müssen dezidiert auf ihre veränderte Rolle vorbereitet werden. Blended Learning bietet einen höheren Mehrwert als reines E-Learning.
Resilienz- vs. problemorientierte Beratung von Studierenden
Authors: Victor Philipp , Dikloo Asita Shirali , Schwert Pia , Willutzki Ulrike
Published: December 2018

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Studierende suchen zunehmend psychologische Beratung wegen Stressbelastung oder psychischer Störungen auf. Während viele Interventionen auf die Reduktion psychopathologischer Symptome fokussieren, nutzt das persönliche Resilienzmodell (PRM) vorhandene Stärken zur Bewältigung von Hindernissen. Fragestellung: Das PRM sollte mit einer problemorientierten Intervention (ABC-Modell) als aktive Kontrollbedingung und einer Wartekontrollgruppe (WKG) über sechs Wochen hinweg verglichen werden. Methode: In einer randomisierten kontrollierten Studie mit n = 57 Studierenden (Completer) wurde das PRM mit ABC-Modell und WKG verglichen. Ergebnisse: Bei beiden Interventionen zeigten sich überwiegend signifikante Verbesserungen oder Trends in Psychopathologie, Inkongruenz, Depressivität, Selbstwert und Resilienz im Vergleich zur WKG. Die mittleren Prä-Post-Effektstärken lagen bei d = 0.62 (PRM), d = 0.42 (ABC) und d = 0.07 (WKG). Schlussfolgerungen: Das PRM bietet eine ökonomische und ressourcenorientierte Alternative zu problemorientierter Studienberatung.
Crustal and Mantle Structure Beneath the Southern Payenia Volcanic Province Using Gravity and Magnetic Data
Authors: Astort A. , Colavitto B. , Sagripanti L. , García H. , Echaurren A. , Soler S. , Ruíz F. , Folguera A.
Published: December 2018

The Auca Mahuida volcanic field lies on the southernmost Payenia Volcanic Province, one of the broadest retroarc volcanic plateaux in the southern Central Andes (~38°S). This voluminous basaltic flooding of Quaternary age was originated from a deep asthenospheric source, interpreted as a mantle plume product of changing slab dynamics. The geometry of this source is deduced from magnetotelluric data, but the limited spatial coverage of this array does not allow a detailed resolution of this anomaly. In order to present a detailed geometry of the conductive anomaly and related crustal magmatic bodies, we used multiple data sources. We combined Magnetic and Bouguer anomalies, Curie isotherm depth (Tc), Elastic Thickness (Te) and Moho depth derived from the Global Earth Magnetic Anomaly Grid (EMAG2) and terrestrial gravity measurements, all together in a holistic geophysical analysis. The magnetic data depict a nearly 200‐km‐in‐diameter circular anomaly that would correspond to a dense body according to the Bouguer anomaly. Geoid data from the Gravity Field Model (EIGEN‐6c4) have been filtered in order to isolate deeper mass influences and visualize the asthenospheric upwelling previously described from magnetotelluric data. Moho inversion yields a crustal attenuation at 36‐ to 32‐km depth coinciding with Te below 20‐km depth and a shallow Tc (≤15‐km depth) at the site where Geoid positive undulation was calculated. Finally, surface analysis allowed defining a topographic swell, compatible with the dimensions of the identified magnetic anomaly, where the main rivers deviated, potentially due to a recent base level change.
A Surface Flux Scheme Based on the Monin‐Obukhov Similarity for Finite Volume Models
Authors: Nishizawa S. , Kitamura Y.
Published: December 2018

We proposed a surface flux scheme based on the Monin‐Obukhov similarity for finite volume models. The scheme solves a negative bias existing in conventional surface flux schemes. In the conventional schemes, the model prognostic variables are used as the center point value in the model grid to estimate the surface fluxes even though the variables are volume‐averaged values in finite volume models. The substitutional use of the volume‐averaged model variables for the point value results in underestimation of friction velocity and temperature scale and consequent surface fluxes. The underestimation is more remarkable for a thinner layer, namely, higher resolution, and larger roughness length. In the proposed scheme, the model variables are used as volume‐averaged quantities. Large‐eddy simulation and single‐column model experiments on a planetary boundary layer show that the surface fluxes calculated with the conventional scheme are, in fact, smaller compared to those with the proposed scheme. The proposed scheme allows better estimation of not only surface fluxes but also surface atmospheric diagnostics. Improved estimation of the surface flux with this scheme will contribute to improving the reliability of several kinds of simulations (e.g., those related to the atmosphere, ocean, ice sheet, and sea ice). Importantly, its impact becomes even more significant for higher‐resolution simulations, which are likely to be more sought after in the future.
Kinesin-2 and IFT-A act as a complex promoting nuclear localization of β-catenin during Wnt signalling
Authors: Vuong Linh T. , Iomini Carlo , Balmer Sophie , Esposito Davide , Aaronson Stuart A. , Mlodzik Marek
Published: December 2018

Wnt/Wg-signalling is critical signalling in all metazoans. Recent studies suggest that IFT-A proteins and Kinesin-2 modulate canonical Wnt/Wg-signalling independently of their ciliary role. Whether they function together in Wnt-signalling and their mechanistic role in the pathway remained unresolved. Here we demonstrate that Kinesin-2 and IFT-A proteins act as a complex during Drosophila Wg-signalling, affecting pathway activity in the same manner, interacting genetically and physically, and co-localizing with β-catenin, the mediator of Wnt/Wg-signalling on microtubules. Following pathway activation, Kinesin-2/IFT-A mutant cells exhibit high cytoplasmic β-catenin levels, yet fail to activate Wg-targets. In mutant tissues in both, Drosophila and mouse/MEFs, nuclear localization of β-catenin is markedly reduced. We demonstrate a conserved, motor-domain dependent function of the Kinesin-2/IFT-A complex in promoting nuclear translocation of β-catenin. We show that this is mediated by protecting β-catenin from a conserved cytoplasmic retention process, thus identifying a mechanism for Kinesin-2/IFT-A in Wnt-signalling that is independent of their ciliary role.
Vagus-macrophage-hepatocyte link promotes post-injury liver regeneration and whole-body survival through hepatic FoxM1 activation
Authors: Izumi Tomohito , Imai Junta , Yamamoto Junpei , Kawana Yohei , Endo Akira , Sugawara Hiroto , Kohata Masato , Asai Yoichiro , Takahashi Kei , Kodama Shinjiro , Kaneko Keizo , Gao Junhong , Uno Kenji , Sawada Shojiro , Kalinichenko Vladimir V. , Ishigaki Yasushi , Yamada Tetsuya , Katagiri Hideki
Published: December 2018

The liver possesses a high regenerative capacity. Liver regeneration is a compensatory response overcoming disturbances of whole-body homeostasis provoked by organ defects. Here we show that a vagus-macrophage-hepatocyte link regulates acute liver regeneration after liver injury and that this system is critical for promoting survival. Hepatic Foxm1 is rapidly upregulated after partial hepatectomy (PHx). Hepatic branch vagotomy (HV) suppresses this upregulation and hepatocyte proliferation, thereby increasing mortality. In addition, hepatic FoxM1 supplementation in vagotomized mice reverses the suppression of liver regeneration and blocks the increase in post-PHx mortality. Hepatic macrophage depletion suppresses both post-PHx Foxm1 upregulation and remnant liver regeneration, and increases mortality. Hepatic Il-6 rises rapidly after PHx and this is suppressed by HV, muscarinic blockade or resident macrophage depletion. Furthermore, IL-6 neutralization suppresses post-PHx Foxm1 upregulation and remnant liver regeneration. Collectively, vagal signal-mediated IL-6 production in hepatic macrophages upregulates hepatocyte FoxM1, leading to liver regeneration and assures survival.