bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictive effects of teachers and schools on test scores, college attendance, and earnings
Authors: Chamberlain Gary E.
Published: October 2013

Significance

This study measures the predictive effect of teachers on adult outcomes. The data are based on elementary and middle school classrooms, grades four through eight. For a classroom, there is an average score based on a math or reading test given near the end of the school year. There are also later outcome measures for that classroom. These measures include the fraction of the classroom that is attending college at age 20 and the average earnings of the classroom at age 28. The predictive effects are based on observing multiple classrooms with the same teacher.
Pore waters regulate ion permeation in a calcium release-activated calcium channel
Authors: Dong Hao , Fiorin Giacomo , Carnevale Vincenzo , Treptow Werner , Klein Michael L.
Published: October 2013

Significance

Calcium channel dysfunction is implicated in cardiac arrhythmias and immunodeficiency disorders. The recent publication of the crystal structure of a calcium ion channel denoted CRAC has allowed us to use atomic-level computer simulation to begin to understand the mechanism of ion permeation through this ubiquitous and vital cell entry pathway. Our computations identify pore water molecules as a crucial contributor in governing the channel conductance characteristics not only of the wild-type protein but also a disease-related mutant. The present study should be helpful for research designed to improve treatment of immune diseases caused by disrupted calcium signaling.
English spelling performance of Dutch grammar school students
Authors: Hoeijmakers Marieke , de Bree Elise , Keijzer Merel C.J.
Published: October 2013

The present study investigates English spelling performance of Dutch grammar school students to establish whether Dutch grammar school students are able to spell words differing in complexity, as well as whether they are sensitive to the information available in the spellings (phonological, orthographical, and lexical frequency). Twenty-one Dutch foreign language learners of English were presented with an English dictation task (from Kemp, Parrila, & Kirby, 2009). They had to spell base (uninflected) and derived (inflected) words and pseudowords which were matched on the basis of their phonological or orthographical patterns. Students also had to complete a Dutch dictation task, and a word and pseudoword reading task. Findings show that the students obtained higher scores on spelling words versus pseudowords, base versus derived targets, and on phonological versus orthographical targets. There was no correlation between Dutch and English spelling proficiency. These data are interpreted within a usage-based model of language acquisition.
Keep your distance? Remote interpreting in legal proceedings
Authors: Braun Sabine
Published: October 2013

Remote interpreting, whereby the interpreter is physically separated from those who need the interpretation, has been investigated in relation to conference and healthcare settings. By contrast, very little is known about remote interpreting in legal proceedings, where this method of interpreting is increasingly used to optimise interpreters’ availability. This paper reports the findings of an experimental study investigating the viability of videoconference-based remote interpreting in legal contexts. The study compared the quality of interpreter performance in traditional and remote interpreting, both using the consecutive mode. Two simulated police interviews of detainees, recreating authentic situations, were interpreted by eight interpreters with accreditation and professional experience in police interpreting. The languages involved were French (in most cases the interpreter’s native language) and English. Each interpreter interpreted one of the interviews in remote interpreting, and the other in a traditional face-to-face setting. Various types of problem in the interpretations were analysed, quantitatively and qualitatively. Among the key findings are a significantly higher number of interpreting problems, and a faster decline of interpreting performance over time, in remote interpreting. The paper gives details of these findings, and discusses the potential legal consequences of the problems identified.
Multiple sources for the German scandal construction
Authors: Gaeta Livio
Published: October 2013

The interaction of several cases of grammaticalization going back to different source constructions may have dramatic consequences on a linguistic system. This paper discusses the so-called German scandal construction, which consists of a verbal complex displaying a number of synchronic form-meaning mismatches. The scandal is solved if a diachronic point of view is adopted, which shows that the mismatches result from the intraference of two different source constructions expanded in the course of the German linguistic history, namely the Perfekt construction and the zu-infinitive construction.
Sources of auxiliation in the perfects of Europe
Authors: Drinka Bridget
Published: October 2013

This paper explores the complex role of language contact in the development of be and have auxiliation in the periphrastic perfects of Europe. Beginning with the influence of Ancient Greek on Latin, it traces the spread of the category across western Europe and identifies the Carolingian scribal tradition as largely responsible for extending the use of the be perfect alongside the have perfect across Charlemagne’s realm. Outside that territory, by contrast, in “peripheral” areas like Iberia, Southern Italy, and England, have came to be used as the only perfect auxiliary. Within the innovating core area, a further innovation began in Paris in the 12th century and spread to contiguous areas in France, Southern Germany, and northern Italy: the semantic shift in the perfects from anterior to preterital meaning. What can be concluded from these three successive instances of diffusion in the history of the perfect is that contact should be regarded as one of the essential “multiple sources” of innovation, and as a fundamental explanatory mechanism for language change.
Multiple sources and multiple causes multiply explored
Authors: Joseph Brian D.
Published: October 2013

Multiple sources abound in language, at all levels of linguistic analysis (phonology, syntax, semantics, etc.), and in a range of historical pursuits, including etymology and variationist investigations. From a methodological standpoint, moreover, recognizing multiple sources is often good historical linguistic practice (contrary to inclinations towards neat and elegant solutions that satisfy Occam’s Razor). That is, if we can identify multiple pressures on some part of a language system, it cannot always readily be excluded that some or even all might have played a role in shaping a particular development; if all of the factors represent reasonable pressures that speakers could have been aware of and influenced by, excluding any could simply be arbitrary. In this paper, accordingly, I survey the breadth of multiple sources in a variety of areas of language change, and advance one particular consequence that multiple sources can lead to, namely the hypothesis that recognizing multiple sources can be a basis for positing proto-language variation that is realized in variation within single languages and across related languages.
Impacts of Aging Error on Walleye Management in the Winnebago System
Authors: Koenigs Ryan P. , Bruch Ronald M. , Kamke Kendall K.
Published: October 2013

The age data used to manage Walleye Sander vitreus fisheries are not always accurate, as otoliths typically provide more accurate age estimates for larger, older Walleyes than dorsal spines. We assessed the impacts that the aging error associated with the use of dorsal spines has on the estimated age distribution, growth and mortality rates, and yield per recruit for Walleyes in the Winnebago system, Wisconsin. Age distributions derived from otolith age estimates more accurately portrayed variable recruitment than those derived from dorsal spine age estimates. The mean estimates of instantaneous total annual mortality developed from sex-specific catch curves were greater when dorsal spine age estimates were used (0.515 for males, 0.493 for females) than when otolith age estimates were (0.349 for males, 0.396 for females), with most of the differences being observed in natural mortality estimates. The von Bertalanffy growth models were not significantly different, but the yield-per-recruit models (which rely heavily on von Bertalanffy model parameters) incorporating spine age data produced average yield estimates 50–70% lower than the models developed from otolith ages. The yield-per-recruit models derived from spine-determined ages also resulted in lower recommendations as to the age and size of fish for maximum yield at all exploitation levels than the models developed from otolith age data. The mean dorsal spine and otolith age estimates were similar for male Walleyes <457 mm and female Walleyes <508 mm, but for larger fish otoliths yielded significantly older ages than spines. Given the economic and social impacts of the Winnebago system Walleye fishery, we recommend exclusive use of otoliths to obtain the most accurate estimates of fish age, growth, mortality, and yield. In populations in which the sacrifice of large quantities of fish is not acceptable, we recommend using spines to estimate the ages of smaller fish (males <457 mm, females <508 mm) and otoliths to estimate the ages of fish larger than these critical lengths.

Received December 26, 2012; accepted June 10, 2013
A Bioenergetics Approach to Assessing Potential Impacts of Avian Predation on Juvenile Steelhead during Freshwater Rearing
Authors: Frechette Danielle , Collins Alison L. , Harvey James T. , Hayes Sean A. , Huff David D. , Jones Andrew W. , Retford Nicolas A. , Langford Alina E. , Moore Jonathan W. , Osterback Ann-Marie K. , Satterthwaite William H. , Shaffer Scott A.
Published: October 2013

Avian predation on juvenile salmonids is an important source of mortality in freshwater and estuarine habitats when birds and salmonids overlap spatially and temporally. We assessed the potential impact of avian predation upon juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss in a coastal watershed in central California. We conducted stream surveys between 2008 and 2010 to determine the composition, distribution, and density of piscivorous birds in areas that provide rearing habitat for juvenile steelhead. The most commonly sighted bird species were common mergansers Mergus merganser and belted kingfishers Megacyrle alcyon. The density of avian predators varied spatially and temporally but was greatest in the estuary regardless of season and decreased with increasing distance from the estuary. In the absence of local predator diet data, we applied a bioenergetics model to estimate the potential predation on juvenile steelhead by mergansers and kingfishers in the Scott Creek estuary. Model parameters included (1) published values of bird energetic requirements and steelhead energy density, (2) the number of birds present in the estuary during the closure period (from stream surveys), and (3) the size frequency and abundance of steelhead present in the estuary during closure. We predicted the extent of predation for different values of steelhead in bird diets, accounting for uncertainty in the estimates using a Monte Carlo simulation approach. With the assumed contribution of steelhead to the diet ranging from 20% to 100%, the population of kingfishers foraging in the Scott Creek estuary had the potential to remove 3–17% of annual production, whereas mergansers had the potential to remove 5–54% of annual steelhead production. Our results suggest that predation by avian species, particularly mergansers, is an important source of mortality for threatened steelhead populations in central California and should be addressed in future salmonid research and recovery planning.

Received February 13, 2013; accepted June 4, 2013
Impact of Reservoir Elevation during the Spawning Season on the Distribution of Bull Trout Redds
Authors: Barnett Heidy K. , Paige Dwayne K. , Belknap William C.
Published: October 2013

Adfluvial Bull Trout Salvelinus confluentus reside in Chester Morse Lake (CML), a major reservoir in the City of Seattle water supply system on the central west slope of the Cascade mountain range, Washington. Annual surveys over a 12-year period (2000–2011) were used to investigate the spatial distribution of adfluvial Bull Trout redds in river systems of CML relative to reservoir elevation. Because reservoir elevations were lower in the spawning season than during the incubation period, some redds placed in river reaches near the reservoir were vulnerable to cumulative effects from impending inundation as reservoir levels increased and as fine sediments settled across gravel substrates. Higher average elevation of CML during the peak period of spawning caused significantly lower percentages of Bull Trout redds in lowermost river reaches, where fluctuating water levels could adversely affect incubating eggs (R  2 = 0.73). Annually, the proportion of redds distributed within habitat reaches where inundation, as indicated by mean CML elevation during the incubation period, could affect them, varied from 1% to 18%. However, a greater proportion of annual Bull Trout redds (10–68%) fell within the maximum reservoir elevation during the incubation period. These results suggest that maintaining moderate reservoir elevations during the spawning season and holding the reservoir near this elevation through the incubation period can lower the effect on incubating Bull Trout redds. The implications for water level management to benefit adfluvial Bull Trout derived from this data set could also be applicable in similar systems, especially where knowledge of temporal and spatial distribution of salmonid spawning is available.

Received November 13, 2012; accepted June 17, 2013
Sluiceway Operations to Pass Juvenile Salmonids at The Dalles Dam, Columbia River, USA
Authors: Johnson Gary E. , Khan Fenton , Skalski John R. , Klatte Bernard A.
Published: October 2013

Existing ice and trash sluiceways are commonly used as benign, nonturbine routes for downstream passage of juvenile salmonids at hydropower dams. At The Dalles Dam on the Columbia River, we studied various operational configurations of sluiceway weirs to maximize sluiceway passage of juvenile Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. and steelhead O. mykiss. We applied hydroacoustic methods to compare fish passage rates and sluiceway efficiencies for two weir configurations in each year: three weirs (SL 1; i.e., collectively referring to the three weirs above main turbine unit [MU] 1) versus six weirs (SL 1+18) during 2004; and middle (SL 2+5) versus east (SL 2+19) powerhouse weir locations during 2005. Horizontal distributions at the sluiceway and turbines and the effects of operating turbines beneath open sluiceway gates were also analyzed. Sluiceway passage efficiency relative to the powerhouse (SLYphs) varied between study years, between spring and summer, and between day and night. In 2004, sluiceway passage rates were significantly higher (P = 0.0003) for SL 1+18 than for SL 1 during summer–night but were not significantly different between the two configurations during the other three season–day/night periods. The SLYphs was significantly higher for SL 1+18 than for SL 1. The location comparison during 2005 revealed no significant differences between the SL 2+5 and SL 2+19 configurations, except for summer–day. The experimental findings led to recommendations for long-term operations of The Dalles Dam sluiceway: open six rather than three sluiceway weirs to take advantage of the maximum hydraulic capacity of the sluiceway; open the three weirs above the westernmost operating MU and the three weirs at SL 8, where turbine passage rates are relatively high; operate the MUs below open sluiceway weirs as a standard procedure; operate the sluiceway 24 h/d year-round to maximize its benefits to juvenile salmonids; and use the same weir configuration year-round. These operational concepts are transferable to dams where sluiceway surface flow outlets are used to protect downstream-migrating fishes.

Received July 19, 2012; accepted June 26, 2013
Development of a Stock–Recruitment Model and Assessment of Biological Reference Points for the Lake Erie Walleye Fishery
Authors: Zhao Yingming , Kocovsky Patrick M. , Madenjian Charles P.
Published: October 2013

We developed an updated stock–recruitment relationship for Lake Erie Walleye Sander vitreus using the Akaike information criterion model selection approach. Our best stock–recruitment relationship was a Ricker spawner–recruit function to which spring warming rate was added as an environmental variable, and this regression model explained 39% of the variability in Walleye recruitment over the 1978 through 2006 year-classes. Thus, most of the variability in Lake Erie Walleye recruitment appeared to be attributable to factors other than spawning stock size and spring warming rate. The abundance of age-0 Gizzard Shad Dorosoma cepedianum, which was an important term in previous models, may still be an important factor for Walleye recruitment, but poorer ability to monitor Gizzard Shad since the late 1990s could have led to that term failing to appear in our best model. Secondly, we used numerical simulation to demonstrate how to use the stock recruitment relationship to characterize the population dynamics (such as stable age structure, carrying capacity, and maximum sustainable yield) and some biological reference points (such as fishing rates at different important biomass or harvest levels) for an age-structured population in a deterministic way.

Received September 21, 2012; accepted July 2, 2013
Creel Survey Sampling Designs for Estimating Effort in Short-Duration Chinook Salmon Fisheries
Authors: McCormick Joshua L. , Quist Michael C. , Schill Daniel J.
Published: October 2013

Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha sport fisheries in the Columbia River basin are commonly monitored using roving creel survey designs and require precise, unbiased catch estimates. The objective of this study was to examine the relative bias and precision of total catch estimates using various sampling designs to estimate angling effort under the assumption that mean catch rate was known. We obtained information on angling populations based on direct visual observations of portions of Chinook Salmon fisheries in three Idaho river systems over a 23-d period. Based on the angling population, Monte Carlo simulations were used to evaluate the properties of effort and catch estimates for each sampling design. All sampling designs evaluated were relatively unbiased. Systematic random sampling (SYS) resulted in the most precise estimates. The SYS and simple random sampling designs had mean square error (MSE) estimates that were generally half of those observed with cluster sampling designs. The SYS design was more efficient (i.e., higher accuracy per unit cost) than a two-cluster design. Increasing the number of clusters available for sampling within a day decreased the MSE of estimates of daily angling effort, but the MSE of total catch estimates was variable depending on the fishery. The results of our simulations provide guidelines on the relative influence of sample sizes and sampling designs on parameters of interest in short-duration Chinook Salmon fisheries.

Received February 5, 2013; accepted July 1, 2013
An Evaluation of Age-1 Steelhead Stocking Locations on a Minnesota Tributary to Lake Superior
Authors: Ward Matthew C. , Schreiner Donald R. , Staples David F.
Published: October 2013

Historically, less than 2% of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss stocked in river mouths on Minnesota tributaries to Lake Superior returned as adults. To investigate the influence of stocking location on adult return rates, similar proportions of age-1 steelhead were stocked in the mouth and throughout upstream reaches of the Knife River. A subset of steelhead stocked upstream were implanted with coded wire tags (CWT), which resulted in 18% of all fish stocked, regardless of location, possessing a CWT. A fish trap near the mouth of the river was used to sample emigrating age-0 through age-3 juveniles and returning adults. Of the steelhead stocked upstream 45% survived to emigrate. Electrofishing surveys and trap results indicated no steelhead remained in the river past age 2. No evidence was found that larger age-1 stocked steelhead displaced smaller age-1 wild steelhead. Only 12% of returning adults possessed CWTs, 6% less than the percentage stocked with CWTs (18%). Adult return rates for those stocked in the river mouth were 1.0% compared with 0.5% for those stocked upstream. Overall, stocking in the river mouth contributed 69% of the returning adults. Given these results, Minnesota fishery managers should continue to look for alternate ways to increase steelhead return rates if greater adult numbers are desired.

Received February 12, 2013; accepted July 3, 2013
Pin1 promotes histone H1 dephosphorylation and stabilizes its binding to chromatin
Authors: Raghuram Nikhil , Strickfaden Hilmar , McDonald Darin , Williams Kylie , Fang He , Mizzen Craig , Hayes Jeffrey J. , Th’ng John , Hendzel Michael J.
Published: October 2013

Histone H1 plays a crucial role in stabilizing higher order chromatin structure. Transcriptional activation, DNA replication, and chromosome condensation all require changes in chromatin structure and are correlated with the phosphorylation of histone H1. In this study, we describe a novel interaction between Pin1, a phosphorylation-specific prolyl isomerase, and phosphorylated histone H1. A sub-stoichiometric amount of Pin1 stimulated the dephosphorylation of H1 in vitro and modulated the structure of the C-terminal domain of H1 in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. Depletion of Pin1 destabilized H1 binding to chromatin only when Pin1 binding sites on H1 were present. Pin1 recruitment and localized histone H1 phosphorylation were associated with transcriptional activation independent of RNA polymerase II. We thus identify a novel form of histone H1 regulation through phosphorylation-dependent proline isomerization, which has consequences on overall H1 phosphorylation levels and the stability of H1 binding to chromatin.
RhoA GTPase controls cytokinesis and programmed necrosis of hematopoietic progenitors
Authors: Zhou Xuan , Florian Maria Carolina , Arumugam Paritha , Chen Xiaoyi , Cancelas Jose A. , Lang Richard , Malik Punam , Geiger Hartmut , Zheng Yi
Published: October 2013

Hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) are central to hematopoiesis as they provide large numbers of lineage-defined blood cells necessary to sustain blood homeostasis. They are one of the most actively cycling somatic cells, and their precise control is critical for hematopoietic homeostasis. The small GTPase RhoA is an intracellular molecular switch that integrates cytokine, chemokine, and adhesion signals to coordinate multiple context-dependent cellular processes. By using a RhoA conditional knockout mouse model, we show that RhoA deficiency causes a multilineage hematopoietic failure that is associated with defective multipotent HPCs. Interestingly, RhoA−/− hematopoietic stem cells retained long-term engraftment potential but failed to produce multipotent HPCs and lineage-defined blood cells. This multilineage hematopoietic failure was rescued by reconstituting wild-type RhoA into the RhoA−/− Lin−Sca-1+c-Kit+ compartment. Mechanistically, RhoA regulates actomyosin signaling, cytokinesis, and programmed necrosis of the HPCs, and loss of RhoA results in a cytokinesis failure of HPCs manifested by an accumulation of multinucleated cells caused by failed abscission of the cleavage furrow after telophase. Concomitantly, the HPCs show a drastically increased death associated with increased TNF–RIP-mediated necrosis. These results show that RhoA is a critical and specific regulator of multipotent HPCs during cytokinesis and thus essential for multilineage hematopoiesis.
Cgnz1 allele confers kidney resistance to damage preventing progression of immune complex–mediated acute lupus glomerulonephritis
Authors: Ge Yan , Jiang Chao , Sung Sun-Sang J. , Bagavant Harini , Dai Chao , Wang Hongyang , Kannapell Carol C. , Cathro Helen P. , Gaskin Felicia , Man Fu Shu
Published: October 2013

Cgnz1 and Agnz1 on the distal region of mouse chromosome 1 are associated with chronic glomerulonephritis (cGN) and acute GN (aGN). NZM2328.Lc1R27 (R27) was generated by introgressing a C57L/J region where Cgnz1 is located to NZM2328. R27 female mice developed aGN mediated by immune complex (IC) deposition and complement activation without progression to cGN with severe proteinuria. End stage renal disease (ESRD) was not seen in R27 mice as old as 15 mo. Thus, aGN and cGN are under separate genetic control, and IC-mediated proliferative GN need not progress to cGN and ESRD. NZM2328 and R27 female mice have comparable immune and inflammatory parameters. In contrast to NZM2328, R27 mice were resistant to sheep anti–mouse GBM serum-induced nephritis, supporting the hypothesis that aGN is mediated by autoimmunity and resistance to the development of cGN is mediated by end organ resistance to damage. Thus, autoimmunity should be considered distinct from end organ damage. The Cgnz1 region has been mapped to a 1.34 MB region with 45 genes. Nine candidate genes were identified. Clinical relevance of these observations is supported by case studies. Clinical implications and the significance to human lupus and other diseases are presented.
MOJAVE. X. PARSEC-SCALE JET ORIENTATION VARIATIONS AND SUPERLUMINAL MOTION IN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI
Authors: Lister M. L. , Aller M. F. , Aller H. D. , Homan D. C. , Kellermann K. I. , Kovalev Y. Y. , Pushkarev A. B. , Richards J. L. , Ros E. , Savolainen T.
Published: October 2013

We describe the parsec-scale kinematics of 200 active galactic nucleus (AGN) jets based on 15 GHz Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) data obtained between 1994 August 31 and 2011 May 1. We present new VLBA 15 GHz images of these and 59 additional AGNs from the MOJAVE and 2 cm Survey programs. Nearly all of the 60 most heavily observed jets show significant changes in their innermost position angle over a 12–16 yr interval, ranging from 10° to 150° on the sky, corresponding to intrinsic variations of ∼0.°5 to ∼2°. The BL Lac jets show smaller variations than quasars. Roughly half of the heavily observed jets show systematic position angle trends with time, and 20 show indications of oscillatory behavior. The time spans of the data sets are too short compared to the fitted periods (5–12 yr), however, to reliably establish periodicity. The rapid changes and large jumps in position angle seen in many cases suggest that the superluminal AGN jet features occupy only a portion of the entire jet cross section and may be energized portions of thin instability structures within the jet. We have derived vector proper motions for 887 moving features in 200 jets having at least five VLBA epochs. For 557 well-sampled features, there are sufficient data to additionally study possible accelerations. We find that the moving features are generally non-ballistic, with 70% of the well-sampled features showing either significant accelerations or non-radial motions. Inward motions are rare (2% of all features), are slow (<0.1 mas yr−1), are more prevalent in BL Lac jets, and are typically found within 1 mas of the unresolved core feature. There is a general trend of increasing apparent speed with distance down the jet for both radio galaxies and BL Lac objects. In most jets, the speeds of the features cluster around a characteristic value, yet there is a considerable dispersion in the distribution. Orientation variations within the jet cannot fully account for the dispersion, implying that the features have a range of Lorentz factor and/or pattern speed. Very slow pattern speed features are rare, comprising only 4% of the sample, and are more prevalent in radio galaxy and BL Lac jets. We confirm a previously reported upper envelope to the distribution of speed versus beamed luminosity for moving jet features. Below 1026 W Hz−1 there is a fall-off in maximum speed with decreasing 15 GHz radio luminosity. The general shape of the envelope implies that the most intrinsically powerful AGN jets have a wide range of Lorentz factors up to ∼40, while intrinsically weak jets are only mildly relativistic.
Tool use as adaptation
Authors: Biro Dora , Haslam Michael , Rutz Christian
Published: October 2013

Tool use is a vital component of the human behavioural repertoire. The benefits of tool use have often been assumed to be self-evident: by extending control over our environment, we have increased energetic returns and buffered ourselves from potentially harmful influences. In recent decades, however, the study of tool use in both humans and non-human animals has expanded the way we think about the role of tools in the natural world. This Theme Issue is aimed at bringing together this developing body of knowledge, gathered across multiple species and from multiple research perspectives, to chart the wider evolutionary context of this phylogenetically rare behaviour.
Risk, mobility or population size? Drivers of technological richness among contact-period western North American hunter–gatherers
Authors: Collard Mark , Buchanan Briggs , O'Brien Michael J. , Scholnick Jonathan
Published: October 2013

Identifying factors that influence technological evolution in small-scale societies is important for understanding human evolution. There have been a number of attempts to identify factors that influence the evolution of food-getting technology, but little work has examined the factors that affect the evolution of other technologies. Here, we focus on variation in technological richness (total number of material items and techniques) among recent hunter–gatherers from western North America and test three hypotheses: (i) technological richness is affected by environmental risk, (ii) population size is the primary determinant of technological richness, and (iii) technological richness is constrained by residential mobility. We found technological richness to be correlated with a proxy for environmental risk—mean rainfall for the driest month—in the manner predicted by the risk hypothesis. Support for the hypothesis persisted when we controlled for shared history and intergroup contact. We found no evidence that technological richness is affected by population size or residential mobility. These results have important implications for unravelling the complexities of technological evolution.
Long-tailed macaques select mass of stone tools according to food type
Authors: Gumert Michael D. , Malaivijitnond Suchinda
Published: October 2013

Tool selection can affect the success of a tool-based feeding task, and thus tool-using animals should select appropriate tools when processing foods. We performed a field experiment on Piak Nam Yai Island in Laem Son National Park, Thailand, to test whether Burmese long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis aurea) selected stone tools according to food type. We baited the island's shores with stone sets (‘tool tests’) in an effort to attract macaques to use stones presented in a quasi-experimental design. Tool tests were placed at 344 locations for 126 days over a 2 year period, with each set containing four stones of different mass (categories: X, 40–60 g; S, 90–100 g; M, 150–200 g; and L, 400–1000 g). Tool tests were checked when we could access them. The number of times each tool test was checked varied (1–32), for a total of 1950 checks. We also studied 375 non-experimental stone tools that were found at naturally occurring tool-use sites. Our data were not collected by direct observation, but by inspecting stones after use. We found an association between stone mass and food type. In the tool tests, we found S-stones were chosen most often for attached oysters, and L-stones were chosen most often for unattached foods. L-stones were almost always chosen for larger unattached foods (greater than 3 cm length), while for smaller unattached foods (less than or equal to 3 cm length) selection was less skewed to L-stones and more evenly distributed between the M- and L-stone categories. In the non-experimental study, we found that mass varied significantly across five food categories (range: 16–5166 g). We reveal more detail on macaque stone tool mass than previous studies, showing that macaques select differing stone masses across a variety of tool-processed foods. Our study is the first step in investigating the behavioural and cognitive mechanisms that macaques are using during tool selection.
Tool making, hand morphology and fossil hominins
Authors: Marzke Mary W.
Published: October 2013

Was stone tool making a factor in the evolution of human hand morphology? Is it possible to find evidence in fossil hominin hands for this capability? These questions are being addressed with increasingly sophisticated studies that are testing two hypotheses; (i) that humans have unique patterns of grip and hand movement capabilities compatible with effective stone tool making and use of the tools and, if this is the case, (ii) that there exist unique patterns of morphology in human hands that are consistent with these capabilities. Comparative analyses of human stone tool behaviours and chimpanzee feeding behaviours have revealed a distinctive set of forceful pinch grips by humans that are effective in the control of stones by one hand during manufacture and use of the tools. Comparative dissections, kinematic analyses and biomechanical studies indicate that humans do have a unique pattern of muscle architecture and joint surface form and functions consistent with the derived capabilities. A major remaining challenge is to identify skeletal features that reflect the full morphological pattern, and therefore may serve as clues to fossil hominin manipulative capabilities. Hominin fossils are evaluated for evidence of patterns of derived human grip and stress-accommodation features.
A fivefold interpenetrating diamondoid framework constructed by flexible dipyridyl and dicarboxylate ligands
Authors: Wang Jun-Feng , Guo Wen-Jing , Deng Fan-Zheng
Published: October 2013

A novel three-dimensional CdIIcomplex, poly[aqua{μ2-1,4-bis[2-(pyridin-4-yl)ethenyl]benzene-κ2N:N′}[μ4-2,2′-(1,4-phenylene)diacetato-κ4O,O′:O′′,O′′′]cadmium(II)], [Cd(C10H8O4)(C20H16N2)(H2O)]n, has been prepared by hydrothermal assembly of Cd(NO3)2·4H2O, 1,4-bis[2-(pyridin-4-yl)ethenyl]benzene (1,4-bpeb) and 2,2′-(1,4-phenylene)diacetic acid (1,4-H2pda). Each CdIIcentre is located on a twofold axis in a distorted pentagonal bipyramidal coordination environment formed by one O atom from a water molecule, which lies on the same twofold axis, four O atoms from two different 1,4-pda ligands and two N atoms from two different 1,4-bpeb ligands. The CdIIcentres are bridged by the 1,4-bpeb and 1,4-pda ligands, which lie across centres of inversion. The three-dimensional net can be regarded as a diamondoid network by treating the CdIIatoms as nodes and the 1,4-bpeb and 1,4-pda ligands as linkers. The single net leaves voids that are filled by mutual interpenetration of four independent equivalent frameworks in a fivefold interpenetrating architecture.
3,14-Diethyl-2,13-diaza-6,17-diazoniatricyclo[16.4.0.07,12]docosane dichloride tetrahydrate from synchrotron radiation
Authors: Moon Dohyun , Subhan Md Abdus , Choi Jong-Ha
Published: October 2013

The asymmetric unit of title hydrated salt, C22H46N42+·2Cl−·4H2O, comprises half a centrosymmetric dication, one Cl−anion and two water molecules of crystallization. The structure determination reveals that protonation has occurred at diagonally opposite amine N atoms, and that the dication features intramolecular N—H...N hydrogen bonds. In the crystal, a three-dimensional artchitecture is formed by O—H...Cl/N and N—H...Cl/O hydrogen bonds.
Predicting demand for inter-library loan requests
Authors: Ahmadi Mohammad , Dileepan Parthasarati , R. Murgai Sarla
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to develop a mathematical model that can be used to forecast the demand for the inter-library loan (ILL) requests. Accurate estimates of demand are valuable for assisting researchers in their research endeavors.

Design/methodology/approach

– Data were gathered at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga for a period of 48 months from July 2008 to the end of June of 2012. Using these data, a centered moving average with seasonal variation model was formulated for forecasting the demand for the inter-library loan. These forecasts were then compared with the actual values to determine the accuracy of prediction.

Findings

– Centered moving average with seasonal variation model proved to be a good predictor of the demand for the inter-library loans. The model proved to be a very good forecasting tool as the actual values seem to follow the forecasts very closely.

Originality/value

– It is very important to be able to forecast the demand for the inter-library loans. Researchers constantly demand material for their research and librarians try to fulfill their demands. If the demand can be forecast with some degree of accuracy, the process can be expedited.
Weeding worries, part 1: books
Authors: Luther Cottrell Terrance
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– The need to cull collections comes from a variety of concerns. Space, budgets and relevancy are the primary sources of exploration into the weeding of a collection. The purpose of this paper is to provide current commentary on the potential reactions to and unexpected consequences of weeding from the fiscal perspective of community stakeholders.

Design/methodology/approach

– This paper provides insight gathered from a recent emergency library board meeting on weeding, and expands the debate to provide recommendations for future course of action.

Findings

– Communication before, during and after a weeding project in light of informed and emotional community fiscal and material interest in a collection, above board and/or executive interest, is the recommended path to smooth weeding activities.

Originality/value

– This paper reveals a new reality for library leaders previously accustomed to a less informed user understanding of the impact of weeding. It explains the effect of the global recession on the increased financial astuteness of patrons scrutinizing library expenditures in the twenty-first century.
We will get by with a little help from our “Friends”
Authors: M. Watson Ann
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this column is to address how one academic library is surviving budgets cuts with assistance from a Friends group.

Design/methodology/approach

– This is a viewpoint column

Findings

– If your library is facing a substantial budget cut this year, approaching your Friends group for assistance is a worthwhile endeavor.

Originality/value

– The paper describes how a strong connection of the Scarborough Society with the Shepherd University Foundation has created a unique and successful Friends group.
A layered approach for actor modelling in business processes
Authors: Natschläger Christine , Geist Verena
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– A major problem of business process modelling languages that primarily express the flow of activities is the limited support for actor modelling provided by rigid swimlane concepts. Thus, the aim of this work is to present a general approach for actor modelling in business processes that supports different layers of abstraction, thereby increasing the expressiveness and avoiding inaccuracy and redundancy.

Design/methodology/approach

– The proposed actor modelling approach supports task-based assignment of actors and roles based on deontic logic and speech act theory. The semantics of the approach is formally specified based on abstract state machines.

Findings

– The new approach for actor modelling is more expressive and provides the possibility to reduce the structural complexity of the process flow as shown by a case study and a comparison of an ordinary business process modelling approach using swimlanes and the actor modelling approach based on the workflow resource patterns. In particular, the evaluation showed that important patterns such as separation of duties and retain familiar are only supported by the actor modelling approach.

Research limitations/implications

– The research is to some degree in the context of the business process model and notation as a representative of a business process modelling language using swimlanes.

Originality/value

– Different gradations concerning the extent to which actor modelling is supported make the new approach outstanding for modelling activities, actors, and constraints in an expressive and legible way.
Assessing public sector values trough the tri-axial model: empirical evidence from Spain
Authors: Esteve Marc , Grau Monica , Cabrera Valle Ramon
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to examine values among public sector employees. Furthermore, this study will identify differences according to several demographical variables with relevant policy making implications.

Design/methodology/approach

– Once the literature review on public sector values and the description of the tri-axial model is presented, analysis based on a survey of 3,018 public sectors will be undertaken. The sample consists of employees working in the Government of Andalusia, Spain.

Findings

– Results reveal the domination of pragmatic values, as well as values connected to the ethical axis. The study also shows how these values vary according to several demographic characteristics of the respondents, especially when considering their level of education and their respective tenure.

Research limitations/implications

– When managing employees from public organizations, emphasis should be given to the development of an organizational culture that represents a configuration of both pragmatic and ethical axes.

Originality/value

– This study was tested with relatively a large sample size (more than 3,000 observations), thus adding significant and original value to the empirical test of the tri-axial model.
Turning the tables
Authors: P. Lau Victor , Yee Wong Yin , W.C. Chow Cheris
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– Drawing on proactive coping theory, the authors aimed to test the mitigating effects of proactive personality on the relationships between work-to-family conflict and both work-related outcomes (i.e. career satisfaction and social network) and nonwork-related outcomes (i.e. life satisfaction and personal growth).

Design/methodology/approach

– To increase the heterogeneity of sample, undergraduate students in a private university were randomly invited and then requested to invite any one of their parents, who had a full time job currently, to participate in the study. Sample size was 204, with a response rate of 75.56 percent.

Findings

– As predicted, results showed that, for those who had a high level of proactive personality, the influences of work-to-family conflict on both work- and nonwork-related outcomes were all significantly mitigated, as compared with those who had a low level of proactive personality.

Originality/value

– In this paper, the authors initiated a new insight into work-family interface research by advocating that individuals may “transfer” or reallocate their resources across the work and family domains. They labeled this phenomenon as work-family reallocation, which was supposedly to be differentiated from the prevailing concepts of either work-family conflict or work-family facilitation.
A cross-cultural examination of presenteeism and supervisory support
Authors: Lu Luo , L. Cooper Cary , Yen Lin Hui
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– The aim of this study was two-fold: first, to examine the noxious effects of presenteeism on employees' work well-being in a cross-cultural context involving Chinese and British employees; second, to explore the role of supervisory support as a pan-cultural stress buffer in the presenteeism process.

Design/methodology/approach

– Using structured questionnaires, the authors compared data collected from samples of 245 Chinese and 128 British employees working in various organizations and industries.

Findings

– Cross-cultural comparison revealed that the act of presenteeism was more prevalent among Chinese and they reported higher levels of strains than their British counterparts. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that presenteeism had noxious effects on exhaustion for both Chinese and British employees. Moreover, supervisory support buffered the negative impact of presenteeism on exhaustion for both Chinese and British employees. Specifically, the negative relation between presenteeism and exhaustion was stronger for those with more supervisory support.

Practical implications

– Presenteeism may be used as a career-protecting or career-promoting tactic. However, the negative effects of this behavior on employees' work well-being across the culture divide should alert us to re-think its pros and cons as a career behavior. Employees in certain cultures (e.g. the hardworking Chinese) may exhibit more presenteeism behaviour, thus are in greater risk of ill-health.

Originality/value

– This is the first cross-cultural study demonstrating the universality of the act of presenteeism and its damaging effects on employees' well-being. The authors' findings of the buffering role of supervisory support across cultural contexts highlight the necessity to incorporate resources in mitigating the harmful impact of presenteeism.
Sovereign wealth and the crisis: some consequences for Western international businesses
Authors: Weiss Barbara , van Wyk Jay
Published: October 2013

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to assess the wide-ranging implications of the global economic crisis and provide a comprehensive assessment of the how the structure of the market and competition within it is changing as a result.

Design/methodology/approach

– The research methodology draws on a “financialization” market construct and adapts it to include the public-private interfaces (PPIs) that have appeared since the global economic crisis.

Findings

– The crisis has turned the global system on a dime. The decades-long surge of globalization, as characterized by market liberalization and ever more fast-paced investment flows, has abated and, in some cases, been dramatically reversed. It has altered the international investment paradigm. Firms have revised their risk functions and are re-arranging their stakeholder relationships.

Research limitations/implications

– Much needs to be done to assess the wide-ranging implications of the most recent crisis. This is just one set of “snapshots”, if you will, of the way in which market structure and competition are being altered.

Originality/value

– The re-arrangement of stakeholder relationships of both privately owned firms and sovereign enterprises will have far-reaching effects on market structure in such areas as market access and competition, as well as on civil society, writ large.