bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Origin and development of the cryptic shoot meristem in Zeylanidium lichenoides (Podostemaceae)
Authors: Katayama Natsu , Kato Masahiro , Yamada Toshihiro
Published: March 2013

• Premise of the study: The shoot apical meristem is the source of aerial shoot systems. In the aquatic eudicot family Podostemaceae, subfamily Podostemoideae, however, shoots develop in the absence of a distinct apical meristem. Previous studies suggest that the cryptic embryonic shoot meristem is involved in primary shoot development in some species (e.g., Zeylanidium lichenoides), although it is unclear whether the meristem maintains meristematic identity. Our aim was to determine how an embryonic shoot meristem is established during embryogenesis and how it is involved in plumular leaf development in the seedling.

• Methods: We observed anatomy and analyzed gene expression in Z. lichenoides, using an ortholog of the shoot meristem marker gene SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM).

• Key results: Expression of the STM ortholog, ZlSTM, began in the apical part of the 16‐cell embryo. By the heart‐shaped embryo stage, its expression was restricted to the putative organizing center (OC) and the protodermal cells just above them, forming a cryptic embryonic shoot meristem without a typical stem cell (apical initials) layer. During seedling development, expression was not maintained in the meristem, but instead shifted to the adaxial bases of cotyledons where plumular leaves would form.

• Conclusions: ZlSTM expression demonstrated that the meristematic identity is partly retained in the embryonic shoot apex. This cryptic embryonic shoot meristem has a putative OC, but no typical stem cell layer, and it is not maintained during primary shoot development. Modification of the regulatory mechanism between the OC and stem cells might be responsible for this ephemeral shoot meristem in Podostemaceae.
Revised Central Nervous System Neuropenetration-Effectiveness Score is Associated with Cognitive Disorders in HIV-Infected Patients with Controlled Plasma Viraemia
Authors: Ciccarelli Nicoletta , Fabbiani Massimiliano , Colafigli Manuela , Trecarichi Enrico Maria , Silveri Maria Caterina , Cauda Roberto , Murri Rita , De Luca Andrea , Giambenedetto Simona Di
Published: March 2013

Background

The objective of our study was to compare two different central nervous system penetration- effectiveness (CPE) scores for the prediction of cognitive dysfunction in HIV-infected patients.

Methods

We performed a cross-sectional single cohort study, consecutively enrolled during routine outpatient visits. HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy with plasma HIV RNA<50 copies/ml were included. A neuropsy-chological battery was administered. Each patient was classified as cognitively impaired on the basis of results obtained in age-, gender-, education- and nationality-matched healthy HIV-negative subjects. Self-reported adherence to antiviral therapy was measured on a 0–100 visual analogue scale. CPE rank was calculated for each antiretroviral regimen based on rules proposed by the CHARTER group in the 2008 original version (orCPE rank) and the 2010 revised version (revCPE rank). Neuroeffectiveness categories were analysed based on cutoffs of ≥1.5 (orCPE rank) or ≥6 (revCPE rank).

Results

A total of 101 patients were enrolled (66% male, median age 47 years, median education 13 years); mean adherence was 81%. orCPE rank ≥1.5 and revCPE rank ≥6 were observed in 85.0% and 78.2% of patients, respectively ( P=0.31). Asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI) was diagnosed in 50 (49.5%) subjects. In a multivariable model, after adjusting for nationality, adherence and nadir CD4+ T-cell count, orCPE rank did not show an association with cognitive performance ( P=0.704). By contrast, patients with revCPE rank ≥6 (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.11, 0.95; P=0.039) and adherence ≥80% (OR 0.39, 95% CI 0.15, 0.99; P=0.047) showed a decreased risk of cognitive impairment.

Conclusions

A high prevalence of ANI was observed in virologically suppressed HIV-infected individuals. The revCPE rank showed improved association with neurocognitive dysfunction over the orCPE rank. Moreover, a relationship between cognitive impairment and adherence to antiretroviral therapy was found.
Article Commentary: A Light in the Cognitive Fog?
Authors: Cavassini Matthias , Pasquier Renaud A Du
Published: March 2013

HIV escape in the central nervous system (CNS) despite undetectable viral load in the plasma has been observed and may contribute to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Favouring the use of HIV drugs with a good penetration into the CNS has been advocated, leading to the establishment of the CNS penetration-effectiveness (CPE) score. However, the relevance of this score is not fully established. Ciccarelli et al. compared two versions of the CPE scores in their capacity to predict cognitive dysfunction in HIV-infected individuals. The revised CPE score, but not the original one, showed an improved association with cognitive impairment. Prospective studies are warranted to assess the validity of the CPE score.
Les enfants du numérique : activités extrascolaires et caractéristiques chez 30 000 élèves de la 6e du collège français
Authors: Le Cam Marion , Rocher Thierry , Lorant Sonia , Lieury Alain
Published: March 2013

Dans le cadre d’une évaluation du ministère de l’Éducation nationale (DEPP) sur un panel de 31 120 élèves de 6 e de collège (11,6 ans), un certain nombre de caractéristiques des élèves sont étudiées, le sexe, le redoublement, la pratique du français et la profession du père ainsi que leurs activités extrascolaires. Les garçons et les filles ne diffèrent que de façon insignifiante pour les tests cognitifs. En tête des activités préférées des élèves apparaît la télévision, la musique, les jeux vidéos, le téléphone et regarder des vidéos. Concernant la pratique du français à la maison, si une faible proportion d’élèves n’entendent jamais le français à la maison (1 %), 15 % des élèves n’entendent le français que parfois. Ces deux groupes d’élèves ont des scores moins élevés sur tous les tests cognitifs et scolaires.
Mini-projects in Chemical Engineering Laboratory
Authors: Cancela Angeles , Sanchez Angel , Maceiras Rocio
Published: March 2013

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  <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; layout-grid-mode: line; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;" lang="EN-US">Chemical engineering laboratory practices based in mini-projects were design and applied the students of forestry engineering in chemical subject. This way of practice reveals a more cooperative learning and a different style of experimentation. The stated goal was to design practices that motivate students and to enable them to develop different skills, including cross teamwork and communication. This paper describes how these practices were developed and the advantages and disadvantages of using this methodology of teaching.
Polyhydrures et nanoparticules : 35 ans avec la chimie organométallique
Authors: Chaudret Bruno
Published: March 2013

Formé en chimie organométallique à l’Imperial College, Bruno Chaudret s’est intéressé durant les années 1980-1990 à la chimie des interactions de l’hydrogène avec les métaux de transition, notamment les polyhydrures et les complexes de l’hydrogène moléculaire. En parallèle, il a développé depuis la fin des années 1980, une nouvelle approche de synthèse de nanoparticules métalliques à partir de précurseurs organométalliques. Cette approche s’est fortement diversifiée et permet d’accéder à des nanoparticules de taille, forme surface et propriétés physiques et chimiques contrôlées.
Qu’attendre des liquides ioniques en chimie organique ?
Authors: Plaquevent Jean-Christophe
Published: March 2013

Les réactions chimiques sont souvent menées en solvants organiques. Leur remplacement ou leur suppression est un enjeu crucial en raison de leur nocivité (toxicité, inflammabilité, émission de COV). Les liquides ioniques répondent aux critères voulus, avec une tension de vapeur négligeable qui interdit toute évaporation et permet le recyclage. La plupart d’entre eux semblent peu nocifs et sont ininflammables. Les avancées récentes et les attentes de la communauté sont discutées dans cet article.
Artificial Organs
Authors: Catapano Gerardo , Verkerke Gijsbertus Jacob
Published: March 2013

The market of tools, devices, and processes for medical treatments and diagnosis has been growing at a very fast pace, driven by the multi-disciplinary development of integrated innovative technologies. In this chapter, the way artificial organs design is currently taught is analyzed and discussed relative to the evolution of the methods of artificial organs design as substitution of physical and metabolic bodily functions. Particular attention is devoted to the evolution from empirical attempts at providing generic replacement of a single mechanical function to a more systematic multi-purpose approach that increasingly accounts for biological issues. As a result, at the forefront of research, the paradigm is shifting from mechanical/electronic prostheses towards the development in vitro of tissue engineered organs/tissues, where the artificial part is fully integrated with the biological counterpart. Personalized solutions for each patient rather than a generic solution good for all patients are also sought.
Biomedical Instrumentation
Authors: Webster John G.
Published: March 2013

Biomedical instrumentation is widely used in healthcare to monitor patients, diagnose and treat various pathologies, and advance biomedical engineering research. This chapter covers the measurement of biopotentials for diagnosis, including the electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram, electrocorticogram, electromyogram, electroneurogram, electrogastrogram, action potential, electroretinogram, and electro-oculogram. Pulse oximeters are also covered along with important therapeutic devices such as the artificial cardiac pacemaker, defibrillator, cochlear implant, lithotripsy, ventilator, anesthesia machine, heart-lung machine, infant incubator, electrosurgery, and tissue ablation. The chapter concludes by covering electrical safety, providing future subjects for research such as a blood glucose sensor, and a permanently implanted intracranial pressure sensor, and describing the major organizations that promote the field of Biomedical Instrumentation.
Bionanotechnology
Authors: Reisner David E. , Brauer Samuel , Zheng Wenwei , Vulpe Chris , Bawa Raj , Alvelo Jose , Gericke Mariekie
Published: March 2013

Bionanotechnology is multidisciplinary knowledge gained at the intersection of biology and nanotechnology. Certainly, biology operates in the nanoscale regime, using natural processes that occur in the nanoscale, by convention, under 100 nm in dimension. Therefore, bionanotechnology relates to those subtopics in the biological life sciences that exploit the analytical and experimental tools of nanotechnology. This chapter makes no pretense of acting as a comprehensive treatise, but rather selects a mix of timely topics that span over a wide set of tools and applications. It is addressed to practitioners, researchers, faculty, and university/college students within the field of bioengineering/biomedical engineering; it is also addressed to other closely-related governmental, non-governmental, and industrial entities.
Biorobotics
Authors: Menciassi Arianna , Laschi Cecilia
Published: March 2013

Biorobotics is an emerging discipline that merges biomedical engineering and robotics. Biorobotics is the science and engineering of robotics applied in the Biomedical field, with the development of biomedical devices for surgery and rehabilitation, as well as with the modeling of biological systems. In this sense, biorobotics is also the construction of physical models of the biological systems, as bioinspired and biomimetic robots. Although most technologies are derived from robotics at large, biorobotics possesses some distinguishing features in terms of methodology of design that deserve to be approached apart from robotics. Biorobotics represents today a field of evolution for biomedical engineering and for robotics, and the ideal ground for educating young engineers, by breaking the traditional barriers among the engineering sectors and those of biological sciences and medicine.
Neural Engineering
Authors: Robinson Charles J.
Published: March 2013

This chapter provides a definition for Neural Engineering and briefly describes its history. An introduction to neuroscientific principles is presented to provide a basis for understanding neurally-engineered developments. Specific advances in neuroprosthetics are described, including visual prosthetics, cochlear implants, myoelectric artificial limbs, brain-computer interfaces, and functional neuromuscular stimulation applications. Other neural engineering applications and the future potentials of the field are also considered.
Factors that guide nurse managers regarding the staffing of agency nurses in intensive care units at private hospitals in Pretoria
Authors: Jooste Karien , Prinsloo Carine
Published: March 2013

Staffing needs affect the nursing department’s budget, staff productivity, the quality of care provided to patients and even the retention of nurses. It is unclear how the role players (the nursing agency manager, the nurse manager and the agency nurse) perceive the staffing of agency nurses in intensive care units (ICUs). The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the factors that guide nurse managers regarding the staffing of agency nurses in ICUs at private hospitals in Pretoria. A quantitative exploratory and descriptive design was used. A survey by means of a structured questionnaire was carried out. Probability sampling was implemented to obtain a study sample (n = 124). One similar self-administered 5-point scale instrument was completed by the participants. Data was analysed by means of descriptive and inferential statistics. The principles of validity and reliability were adhered to and ethical considerations were also taken into account. The results indicated limitations in the determining of posts, recruitment and advertising, as well as the selection and appointment of agency nurses in ICUs at private hospitals in Pretoria. Recommendations on staffing are made to nurse managers in ICUs.
Investigating the contributing factors to postmortem pH changes in springbok, eland, red hartebeest and kudu edible offal
Authors: Magwedere Kudakwashe , Sithole Fortune , Hoffman Louw C. , Hemberger Yvonne M. , Dziva Francis
Published: March 2013

The objective of the study was to assess pH measurements between offal organs of different species and the association between pH taken 4 h post-slaughter and different predictor variables in the liver and lungs. A linear regression analysis was conducted on selected variables to identify the main predictors and their interactions affecting the pH of meat 4 h post-slaughter. In an increasing order of magnitude during winter, the pH achieved at 16 h – 36 h post-slaughter in springbok heart, liver, spleen, kidney and lungs was significantly (p 0.05) higher than pH 6.0. The pH attained in springbok carcasses was (p 0.05) below 6.0, whilst no significant differences were observed from the regulatory reference (pH 6.0) in the heart. There was a positive association between the pH of game meat 4 h post-slaughter and liver congestion. The pH of game meat 4 h post-slaughter increased by 0.11 units (p 0.05) per millilitre increase in liver congestion and decreased by 0.04 units (p 0.05) per minute increase in the shooting-to-bleeding interval, irrespective of the species. The lack of a statistically significant association between some selected variables and pH changes in this study suggested that either the factors may have a small effect which is only detectable with large data-sets and/or the effect may be modified by other unidentified factors. As some of the offal organs had final pH readings above 6.0, alternative measures are required to inactivate certain endogenous pathogens in edible wild game offal sourced from endemic areas.
Morphological identification of parasitic nematode infective larvae of small ruminants and cattle: A practical lab guide
Authors: Van Wyk Jan A. , Mayhew Estelle
Published: March 2013

In 2004, a new concept was introduced for simplifying identification of larvae of the common nematodes of cattle, sheep and goats that comprises estimates of the lengths of the sheath tail extensions of infective third-stage larvae (L3) of each genus and/or species to that of Trichostrongylus spp., instead of having to be dependent only on measurements in micrometre. For example, if the mean length of the sheath tail extension (the extension of the sheath caudad, beyond the caudal tip of the larva) of Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Trichostrongylus axei is assumed to be ‘X’, then that ofHaemonchus contortus is 2.0–2.7 ‘X’ – a difference that is not difficult to estimate. An additional new approach suggested now, particularly for L3 of species and/or genera difficult to differentiate (such as Chabertia ovina and Oesophagostomum columbianum), is to estimate the proportion of the larval sheath tail extension comprising a terminal thin, whip-like filament. For the experienced person, it is seldom necessary to measure more than one or two sheath tail extensions of L3 in a mixed culture, because the identity of most of the remaining L3 can thereafter be estimated in relation to those measured, without having to take further measurements. The aim of this article was to present the novel approach in the form of a working guide for routine use in the laboratory. To facilitate identification, figures and a separate organogram for each of small ruminants and cattle have been added to illustrate the distinguishing features of the common L3.
A Two Year Longitudinal Outcome Study of Addicted Health Care Professionals: An Investigation of the Role of Personality Variables
Authors: Angres Daniel , Bologeorges Stephanie , Chou Jessica
Published: March 2013

The co-morbidity of personality disorders (PDs) and other dysregulatory personality patterns with addiction have been well-established, although few studies have examined this interplay on long-term sobriety outcome. In addition, health care professionals suffering from addiction have both a significant public health impact and a unique set of treatment and recovery challenges. The aim of this study was to investigate if personality variables differentiated sobriety outcome in this population over a two year interval. A clinical sample of health care professionals participated in a substance abuse hospital treatment program individually tailored with respect to personality. Participants took the Temperament and Character Inventory and the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory at intake, and were tracked two years post-discharge to determine sobriety status. Univariate analyses showed antisocial personality, female gender, and alcohol dependence were independent predictors of relapse, however a significant relationship between personality and substance use did not exist in multivariate analysis when controlling for demographic variables The lack of multivariate relationships demonstrates the heterogeneity in self-report measures of personality, which suggests the interplay of personality and addiction is complex and individualized.
An information-theoretic proof of Nash’s inequality
Authors: Toscani Giuseppe
Published: March 2013

We show that an information-theoretic property of Shannon’s entropy power, known as
concavity of entropy power
[7], can be fruitfully employed to prove inequalities in sharp form. In particular, the
concavity of entropy power
implies the logarithmic Sobolev inequality, and the Nash’s inequality with the sharp constant.
Sharp and maximized real-part estimates for derivatives of analytic functions in the disk
Authors: Kresin Gershon
Published: March 2013

Representations for the sharp coefficient in an estimate of the modulus of the

n

-th derivative of an analytic function in the unit disk

{\mathbb D}

are obtained. It is assumed that the boundary value of the real part of the function on

\partial{\mathbb D}

belongs to

L^p

. The maximum of a bounded factor in the representation of the sharp coefficient is found. Thereby, a pointwise estimate of the modulus of the

n

-th derivative of an analytic function in

{\mathbb D}

with a best constant is obtained. The sharp coefficient in the estimate of the modulus of the first derivative in the explicit form is found. This coefficient is represented, for

p\in (1, \infty)

, as the product of monotonic functions of

|z|

.
Year-round observations of water-soluble ionic species and trace metals in Sapporo aerosols: implication for significant contributions from terrestrial biological sources in Northeast Asia
Authors: Pavuluri C. M. , Kawamura K. , Mihalopoulos N. , Fu P.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. High aerosol loadings are prevalent in the atmosphere of East Asia, where the aerosols impact the Earth's climate system and human health; however, their sources and seasonal variations are not clearly understood. To better understand the sources of water-soluble ionic species and trace metals in Northeast Asia, we studied atmospheric aerosol samples collected in Sapporo, northern Japan for one-year period. SO42− (average 3.47 ± 1.03 μg m−3) was found as the most abundant ionic species, which accounted for on average 43 ± 15% of the measured total ionic mass followed by Cl− (13 ± 12%) ≈ NO3− ≈ Na+ > NH4+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ > MSA−. Among the metals determined, Ca was found as the most abundant (45 ± 5.2%) followed by Fe (27 ± 4.5%), Al (21± 3.1%), Zn (3.2 ± 1.7), Ti, Mn, Ni, Pb, Cu, V, As, Cr and Cd. Based on factor analysis, linear relations of selected species with biomarkers, and backward air mass trajectories, we found that long-range atmospheric transport of soil dust (∼ 33%) from arid regions of Mongolia and/or Northeast China is a major source for Sapporo aerosols as well as terrestrial biogenic emissions (≥ 24%) including microbial activities and biomass burning mostly from distant source region(s) (e.g. Siberia). We also found that the contributions of soil dust to the aerosols maximized in early spring whereas those of vegetational emissions maximized in spring/summer. Contributions of microbial activities to aerosols peaked in autumn whereas forest fires/biomass burning peaked in autumn/winter. On the contrary, fossil fuel combustion/industrial activities and oceanic emissions to Sapporo aerosols are suggested to be rather minor. This study also suggests that fungal spores contribute to some trace metals (i.e. Ni, Cu, As) while pollen contributes to Zn in aerosols.
VOC emissions, evolutions and contributions to SOA formation at a receptor site in Eastern China
Authors: Yuan B. , Hu W. W. , Shao M. , Wang M. , Chen W T.. , Lu S. H. , Zeng L. M. , Hu M.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured by two online instruments (GC-FID/MS and PTR-MS) at a receptor site on Changdao Island (37.99° N, 120.70° E) in eastern China. Reaction with OH radical dominated the chemical loss of most VOC species during the Changdao campaign. A photochemical age based parameterization method is used to calculate VOC emission ratios and to quantify the evolution of ambient VOCs. The calculated emission ratios of most hydrocarbons agree well with those obtained from emission inventory, but the emission ratios of oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) are significantly lower than those from emission inventory. The photochemical age based parameterization method is also used to investigate primary emissions and secondary formation of organic aerosol. The primary emission ratio of OA to CO are determined to be 14.9 μg m−3 ppm−1 and SOA are produced at an enhancement ratio of 18.8 μg m−3 ppm−1 to CO after 50 h of photochemical processing in the atmosphere. SOA formation is significantly higher than the level determined from VOC oxidation under both high-NOx (2.0 μg m−3 ppm−1 CO) and low-NOx condition (6.5 μg m−3 ppm−1 CO). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and higher alkanes (>C10) account for as high as 17.4% of SOA formation, which suggests semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) may be a large contributor to SOA formation during the Changdao campaign. SOA formation potential of primary VOC emissions determined from both field campaigns and emission inventory in China are lower than the measured SOA levels reported in Beijing and Pearl River Delta (PRD), indicating SOA formation cannot be explained by VOC oxidation in this regions. SOA budget in China is estimated to be 5.0–13.7 Tg yr−1, with a fraction of at least 2.7 Tg yr−1 from anthropogenic emissions, which are much higher than the previous estimates from regional models.
Review article "Air-sea exchanges of CO2 in world's coastal seas"
Authors: Chen C.-T. A. , Huang T.-H. , Chen Y.-C. , Bai Y. , He X. , Kang Y.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. The air-sea exchanges of CO2 in the world's 165 estuaries and 87 continental shelves are evaluated. Generally and in all seasons, upper estuaries with salinities of less than two are strong sources of CO2 (39 ± 56 mol C m−2 yr−1, negative flux indicates that the water is losing CO2 to the atmosphere); mid-estuaries with salinities of between 2 and 25 are moderate sources (17.5 ± 34 mol C m−2 yr−1) and lower estuaries with salinities of more than 25 are weak sources (8.4 ± 14 mol C m−2 yr−1). With respect to latitude, estuaries between 23.5 and 50° N have the largest flux per unit area (63 ± 101 mmol C m−2 d−1); these are followed by mid-latitude estuaries (23.5–0° S: 44 ± 29 mmol C m−2 d−1; 0–23.5° N: 39 ± 55 mmol C m−2 d−1), and then regions north of 50° N (36 ± 91 mmol C m−2 d−1). Estuaries south of 50° S have the smallest flux per unit area (9.5 ± 12 molC m−2 d−1). Mixing with low-pCO2 shelf waters, water temperature, residence time and the complexity of the biogeochemistry are major factors that govern the pCO2 in estuaries but wind speed, seldom discussed, is critical to controlling the air-water exchanges of CO2. The total annual release of CO2 from the world's estuaries is now estimated to be 0.10 PgC yr−1, which is much lower than published values mainly because of the contribution of a considerable amount of heretofore unpublished or new data from Asia and the Arctic. The Asian data, although indicating high in pCO2, are low in sea-to-air fluxes because the wind speeds are lower than previously determined values, which rely heavily on data from Europe and North America, where pCO2 is lower but wind speeds are much higher, such that the CO2 fluxes are higher than in Asia. Newly emerged CO2 flux data in the Arctic reveal that estuaries there mostly absorb, rather than release CO2. Most continental shelves, and especially those at high latitude, are under-saturated in terms of CO2 and absorb CO2 from the atmosphere in all seasons. Shelves between 0° and 23.5° S are on average a weak source and have a small flux per unit area of CO2 to the atmosphere. Water temperature, the spreading of river plumes, upwelling, and biological production seem to be the main factors in determining pCO2 in the shelves. Wind speed, again, is critical because at high latitudes, the winds tend to be strong. Since the surface water pCO2 values are low, the air-to-sea fluxes are high in regions above 50° N and below 50° S. At low latitudes, the winds tend to be weak, so the sea-to-air CO2 flux is small. Overall, the world's continental shelves absorb 0.4 PgC yr−1 from the atmosphere.
Integrated assessment of global water scarcity over the 21st century – Part 1: Global water supply and demand under extreme radiative forcing
Authors: Hejazi M. I. , Edmonds J. , Clarke L. , Kyle P. , Davies E. , Chaturvedi V. , Wise M. , Patel P. , Eom J. , Calvin K.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Water scarcity conditions over the 21st century both globally and regionally are assessed in the context of climate change, by estimating both water availability and water demand within the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM), a leading community integrated assessment model of energy, agriculture, climate, and water. To quantify changes in future water availability, a new gridded water-balance global hydrologic model – namely, the Global Water Availability Model (GWAM) – is developed and evaluated. Global water demands for six major demand sectors (irrigation, livestock, domestic, electricity generation, primary energy production, and manufacturing) are modeled in GCAM at the regional scale (14 geopolitical regions, 151 sub-regions) and then spatially downscaled to 0.5° × 0.5° resolution to match the scale of GWAM. Using a baseline scenario (i.e., no climate change mitigation policy) with radiative forcing reaching 8.8 W m−2 (equivalent to the SRES A1Fi emission scenario) and a global population of 14 billion by 2095, global annual water demand grows from about 9–10% of total annual renewable freshwater in 2005 to about 32–37% by 2095. This results in more than half of the world population living under extreme water scarcity by the end of the 21st century. Regionally, the demand for water exceeds the amount of water availability in two GCAM regions, the Middle East and India. Additionally, in years 2050 and 2095 36% (28%) and 44% (39%) of the global population, respectively is projected to live in grid cells (in basins) that will experience greater water demands than the amount of available water in a year (i.e., the water scarcity index (WSI) > 1.0). This study implies an increasingly prominent role for water in future human decisions, and highlights the importance of including water in integrated assessment of global change.
Integrated assessment of global water scarcity over the 21st century – Part 2: Climate change mitigation policies
Authors: Hejazi M. I. , Edmonds J. , Clarke L. , Kyle P. , Davies E. , Chaturvedi V. , Eom J. , Wise M. , Patel P. , Calvin K.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. We investigate the effects of emission mitigation policies on water scarcity both globally and regionally using the Global Change Assessment Model (GCAM), a leading community integrated assessment model of energy, agriculture, climate, and water. Three climate policy scenarios with increasing mitigation stringency of 7.7, 5.5, and 4.2 W m−2 in year 2095 (equivalent to the SRES A2, B2, and B1 emission scenarios, respectively), under two carbon tax regimes (a universal carbon tax (UCT) which includes land use change emissions, and a fossil fuel and industrial emissions carbon tax (FFICT) which excludes land use change emissions) are analyzed. The results are compared to a baseline scenario (i.e. no climate change mitigation policy) with radiative forcing reaching 8.8 W m−2 (equivalent to the SRES A1Fi emission scenario) by 2095. When compared to the baseline scenario and maintaining the same baseline socioeconomic assumptions, water scarcity declines under a UCT mitigation policy but increases with a FFICT mitigation scenario by the year 2095 particularly with more stringent climate mitigation targets. The decreasing trend with UCT policy stringency is due to substitution from more water-intensive to less water-intensive choices in food and energy production, and in land use. Under the FFICT scenario, water scarcity is projected to increase driven by higher water demands for bio-energy crops. This study implies an increasingly prominent role for water availability in future human decisions, and highlights the importance of including water in integrated assessment of global change. Future research will be directed at incorporating water shortage feedbacks in GCAM to better understand how such stresses will propagate across the various human and natural systems in GCAM.
A short history of geophysical radar at Arecibo Observatory
Authors: Mathews J. D.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. As Arecibo Observatory (AO) approaches its 50th anniversary, it is appropriate to review the many radars and ionospheric heaters that have been deployed on or near the 305 m dish and to summarize some of the innovative radar-based geophysical research that has resulted. The reasons William E. (Bill) Gordon developed the 305 m Arecibo dish are well known but are briefly reviewed. The early and then more recent radar/feed designs are reviewed as geophysical uses of Arecibo have evolved and as the full potential of the dish and nearby facilities was and is being realized from HF through S-band frequencies. This history surely has some gaps and there are a few mysteries. The community is encouraged to fill these gaps and to help complete the history.
Brief communication "Using the new Philippine radar network to reconstruct the Habagat of August 2012 monsoon event around Metropolitan Manila"
Authors: Heistermann M. , Crisologo I. , Abon C. C. , Racoma B. A. , Jacobi S. , Servando N. T. , David C. P. C. , Bronstert A.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. From 6 to 9 August 2012, intense rainfall hit the northern Philippines, causing massive floods in Metropolitan Manila and nearby regions. Local rain gauges recorded almost 1000 mm within this period. However, the recently installed Philippine network of weather radars suggests that Metropolitan Manila might have escaped a potentially bigger flood just by a whisker, since the centre of mass of accumulated rainfall was located over Manila Bay. A shift of this centre by no more than 20 km could have resulted in a flood disaster far worse than what occurred during Typhoon Ketsana in September 2009.
Contribution of temporal dominance of sensations method to the sensory description of taste properties of commercial green tea brands
Authors: Trembecká Lenka , Fekete Tomáš , Beňová Zuzana , Dubová Noémi
Published: March 2013

This paper aims to investigate the most dominant taste attributes of green tea samples in panelists perception over time. In order to assess the samples, a brand new method of sensory evaluation called „Temporal Dominance of Sensations“ was used. The five commercial green tea brands were evaluated by eight trained panelists (students). For each sample of green tea, curves of the dominance of each attribute over time were computed. The TDS curves provided information about the sequence of attributes that were dominant during degustation. This methodology was useful to characterize taste properties of green tea samples.
Biomechanical Behavior of Bone Scaffolds Made of Additive Manufactured Tricalciumphosphate and Titanium Alloy under Different Loading Conditions
Authors: Wieding Jan , Fritsche Andreas , Heinl Peter , Körner Carolin , Cornelsen Matthias , Seitz Hermann , Mittelmeier Wolfram , Bader Rainer
Published: March 2013

Purpose

The repair of large segmental bone defects caused by fracture, tumor or infection remains challenging in orthopedic surgery. The capability of two different bone scaffold materials, sintered tricalciumphosphate and a titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V), were determined by mechanical and biomechanical testing.

Methods

All scaffolds were fabricated by means of additive manufacturing techniques with identical design and controlled pore geometry. Small-sized sintered TCP scaffolds (10 mm diameter, 21 mm length) were fabricated as dense and open-porous samples and tested in an axial loading procedure. Material properties for titanium alloy were determined by using both tensile (dense) and compressive test samples (open-porous). Furthermore, large-sized open-porous TCP and titanium alloy scaffolds (30 mm in height and diameter, 700 μm pore size) were tested in a biomechanical setup simulating a large segmental bone defect using a composite femur stabilized with an osteosynthesis plate. Static physiologic loads (1.9 kN) were applied within these tests.

Results

Ultimate compressive strength of the TCP samples was 11.2 ± 0.7 MPa and 2.2 ± 0.3 MPa, respectively, for the dense and the open-porous samples. Tensile strength and ultimate compressive strength was 909.8 ± 4.9 MPa and 183.3 ± 3.7 MPa, respectively, for the dense and the open-porous titanium alloy samples. Furthermore, the biomechanical results showed good mechanical stability for the titanium alloy scaffolds. TCP scaffolds failed at 30% of the maximum load.

Conclusions

Based on recent data, the 3d printed TCP scaffolds tested cannot currently be recommended for high load-bearing situations. Scaffolds made of titanium could be optimized by adapting the biomechanical requirements.
On Poverty Traps and Equilibria in Growth Models
Authors: Grandville Olivier de La
Published: March 2013

Abstract: We show that, contrary to a widely spread error, when the savings and the population growth rates are constant, an unstable equilibrium cannot exist in a neoclassical model, because it would imply an increasing average productivity of capital and therefore a negative marginal productivity of labor. As a consequence, a poverty trap, a dire reality, cannot be explained by such an unstable equilibrium, nor cannot it be eliminated by a capital "big-push". We finally give necessary conditions for an economy to escape a poverty trap.
How many lakes are there, and how big are they?
Authors: Balcerak Ernie
Published: March 2013

Because of the important role lakes play in regional and local biogeochemical cycling, including carbon storage and emissions, scientists need to know how many lakes of various sizes exist. However, determining the size distribution of lakes is more difficult than it may seem—the smallest lakes are often not recorded on maps. Some researchers have suggested that the number of small lakes is underestimated and have used size distributions to suggest that small lakes dominate the global lake surface area.
Adult Age‐Related Differences in the Misinformation Effect for Context‐Consistent and Context‐Inconsistent Objects
Authors: Prull Matthew W. , Yockelson Melissa B.
Published: March 2013

The present study examined age‐related differences in the misinformation effect for objects that were consistent or inconsistent with their environmental settings. Young and older adults viewed one of two slide sequences, each containing context‐consistent items (e.g., a blender in a kitchen setting or a saw in a woodshop setting) and context‐inconsistent items (a saw in a kitchen setting or a blender in a woodshop setting). After receiving misinformation through post‐event narratives, participants received tests of yes/no recognition requiring remember/know judgments (Experiments 1–3) and source monitoring (Experiments 2 and 3) for slide details. Although age‐related differences in the misinformation effect were nonreliable, older adults tended to report misinformation as remembered more often than young adults, and source monitoring tests reduced the misinformation effect for both age groups. Misinformation effects were equivalent or larger for inconsistent objects than for consistent objects. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Graphene Oxide‐Based Antibacterial Cotton Fabrics
Authors: Zhao Jinming , Deng Bo , Lv Min , Li Jingye , Zhang Yujie , Jiang Haiqing , Peng Cheng , Li Jiang , Shi Jiye , Huang Qing , Fan Chunhai
Published: March 2013

Graphene oxide (GO) is an excellent bacteria‐killing nanomaterial. In this work, macroscopic applications of this promising nanomaterial by fixing GO sheets onto cotton fabrics, which possess strong antibacterial property and great laundering durability, are reported. The GO‐based antibacterial cotton fabrics are prepared in three ways: direct adsorption, radiation‐induced crosslinking, and chemical crosslinking. Antibacterial tests show that all these GO‐containing fabrics possess strong antibacterial property and could inactivate 98% of bacteria. Most significantly, these fabrics can still kill >90% bacteria even after being washed for 100 times. Also importantly, animal tests show that GO‐modified cotton fabrics cause no irritation to rabbit skin. Hence, it is believed that these flexible, foldable, and re‐usable GO‐based antibacterial cotton fabrics have high promise as a type of new nano‐engineered antibacterial materials for a wide range of applications.
Separation and purification of carbon nanotubes using froth flotation with three sequential pretreatment steps of catalyst oxidation, catalyst removal, and silica dissolution
Authors: Lertrojanachusit Nattapong , Pornsunthorntawee Orathai , Kitiyanan Boonyarach , Chavadej Jittipan , Chavadej Sumaeth
Published: March 2013

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with a carbon content of 3% were synthesized via the disproportionation of CO over a CoMo/SiO2 catalyst. The proposed purification technique consisted of four sequential steps: oxidative treatment, acid leaching, silica dissolution, and froth flotation. The as‐synthesized CNTs were oxidized at 250 °C before being treated with a 5‐m HCl solution at 80 °C and a sonication time of 6 h, resulting in a catalyst removal of 90% and an increase in carbon content to 4%. For the silica dissolution, the CNTs were treated with a 0.5‐m NaOH solution at 70 °C and a sonication time of 12 h, leading to a silica removal of 70% and an increase in carbon content to 35%. The froth flotation technique was employed to separate the CNTs from the remaining silica using two types of surfactants: linear ethoxylated alcohol with an average degree of polymerization of 7 and a linear alkyl chain of 12–14 carbon number (Surfonic L24‐7) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS). The separation performance was maximized at a Surfonic L24‐7‐to‐SDBS molar ratio of 1 : 12 with a total surfactant concentration of 230 mg/L, yielding a carbon content of 76%. © 2013 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic Games for Stochastic Systems with Delay
Authors: Mukaidani Hiroaki
Published: March 2013

This paper discusses dynamic games for a class of linear stochastic delay systems governed by Itô's stochastic differential equation. The Pareto and Nash strategies are developed by solving cross‐coupled matrix inequalities. To obtain these strategy sets, new cross‐coupled algebraic equations (CSAEs) are established on the basis of the Karush‐Kuhn‐Tucker (KKT) conditions, which constitute the necessary conditions. It is noteworthy that the state feedback strategies can be obtained by solving the linear matrix inequality (LMI) recursively. Finally, a numerical example showing the effectiveness of the proposed methods and the attained cost bounds is described.
Relaxed Stability Conditions for Switched Systems with Dwell Time
Authors: Tanner Herbert G.
Published: March 2013

The paper presents asymptotic, and input‐to‐state stability results, for switched systems with dwell time in which the switching signal is not arbitrary, but is rather chosen as part of the control design strategy. Then, appropriate switching policies allow the use of functions without sign‐definite time derivatives in lieu of a common Lyapunov‐like function.
Aggregation of polyQ‐extended proteins is promoted by interaction with their natural coiled‐coil partners
Authors: Petrakis Spyros , Schaefer Martin H. , Wanker Erich E. , Andrade‐Navarro Miguel A.
Published: March 2013

Polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases are genetically inherited neurodegenerative disorders. They are caused by mutations that result in polyQ expansions of particular proteins. Mutant proteins form intranuclear aggregates, induce cytotoxicity and cause neuronal cell death. Protein interaction data suggest that polyQ regions modulate interactions between coiled‐coil (CC) domains. In the case of the polyQ disease spinocerebellar ataxia type‐1 (SCA1), interacting proteins with CC domains further enhance aggregation and toxicity of mutant ataxin‐1 (ATXN1). Here, we suggest that CC partners interacting with the polyQ region of a mutant protein, increase its aggregation while partners that interact with a different region reduce the formation of aggregates. Computational analysis of genetic screens revealed that CC‐rich proteins are highly enriched among genes that enhance pathogenicity of polyQ proteins, supporting our hypothesis. We therefore suggest that blocking interactions between mutant polyQ proteins and their CC partners might constitute a promising preventive strategy against neurodegeneration.
THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE EFFORT ON COMPLIANCE IN YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: Wilder David A. , Fischetti Anthony T. , Myers Kristin , Leon‐Enriquez Yanerys , Majdalany Lina
Published: March 2013

We evaluated the effect of response effort on compliance with three children who exhibited noncompliance when asked to relinquish a preferred toy. Participants were given access to a preferred toy and then asked to place the toy in a toy bin, which was located either 0.3 m (low effort) or 3 m (high effort) away. We used a reversal design to evaluate the effect of the effort manipulation. Compliance by all three participants was sensitive to the effort manipulation. In addition, compliance by two participants maintained as the distance required to comply with instructions was systematically increased. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermodynamic assessment of domain‐domain interactions and in vitro activities of mesophilic and thermophilic ribosome recycling factors
Authors: Uchiyama Susumu , Ohshima Atsushi , Yoshida Takuya , Ohkubo Tadayasu , Kobayashi Yuji
Published: March 2013

Ribosome recycling factor (RRF) is essential for bacterial growth. Structural studies revealed that RRF consists of two domains connected by two short polypeptides at the hinge region. Here, we evaluated the intrinsic stabilities (ΔG*s) of the two domains and the free energy of the domain‐domain interactions (ΔGint) for mesophilic RRF (RRF from Escherichia coli, EcRRF) and thermophilic RRF (RRF from Thermus thermophilus, TtRRF) by using differential scanning calorimetry and circular dichroic spectroscopy. Despite single endothermic peaks, a higher than unity value for the ratio of calorimetric enthalpy to van't Hoff enthalpy of the unfolding indicated the presence of unfolding intermediates for both RRFs. Deconvolution analysis based on statistical thermodynamics employing multiple states of the unfolding process with domain‐domain interactions allowed us to determine ΔG*s of each domain and ΔGint. The results indicated that domain I has a higher unfolding temperature than domain II and that it stabilizes domain II through ΔGint, giving rise to an apparent single peak of unfolding. Interestingly, the estimated ΔGint values of 6.28 kJ/mol for EcRRF and 26.28 kJ/mol for TtRRF reflect the observation that only EcRRF has recycling activity at ambient temperature. Our present study suggests the importance of a moderate ΔGint for biological activity of multidomain proteins. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 100: 366–379, 2013.