bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Dichotically Enhanced Electronic Communication on Crash Risk and Performance during Simulated Driving
Authors: Kalkhoff Will , Gregory Stanford W. , Melamed David
Published: May 2009

In a driving simulator experiment, male and female college students received turn-by-turn driving directions and cognitive tasks while interacting with an experimenter via an audio communication system. In an Enhanced condition ( n = 29), lower speech frequencies (containing the speech fundamental frequency) were routed to participants' left ears (with right cerebral-hemisphere processing) and verbal frequencies above the speech fundamental frequency were routed to right ears (with left hemisphere processing). A control group ( n = 31) heard unfiltered communications in both ears. Compared to those in the Control condition, participants in the Enhanced condition were significantly less likely to crash and had nonsignificantly lower rates of driving errors (speed infractions, improper lane position, and following distance errors). The results suggest a means of alleviating cognitive load pressure and mitigating crash risk when complex equipment is operated concurrently with two-way electronic communications (cell phone communication while driving, air-to-air and air-to-ground communications, etc.).
Environmental Characteristics and Physical Activity in Racial/Ethnic Minority and Euro-American College Students
Authors: Suminski Richard R. , Pyle Sara , Taylor Wendell C.
Published: May 2009

Little is known about the relations of environmental characteristics and physical activity of college students, especially students from diverse racial or ethnic backgrounds. Associations were examined between environmental characteristics and moderate and vigorous activity in racial or ethnic minority ( n = 418; M age = 24.3 ± 4.5 yr.; 54.2% women) and Euro-American ( n = 297; M age = 23.5 ± 4.4 yr.; 49.7% women) college students. Participants completed questionnaires assessing demographic measures, physical activity, exercise equipment at home, neighborhood characteristics, and convenient places for physical activity. Moderate and vigorous activity participation was similar between the two groups even though racial or ethnic minorities had less supportive home and neighborhood environments for activity and fewer convenient facilities. Greater moderate and vigorous activity were related with more convenient facilities in racial or ethnic minorities. Vigorous activity was associated with better neighborhood characteristics for Euro-Americans. The findings can inform the design and implementation of environmental approaches to promoting activity of college students from diverse ethnic backgrounds.
Physical Activity and Physical Self-Concept in a Sample of Middle-Age Basque Adults
Authors: Esnaola Igor , Zulaika Luis Mari
Published: May 2009

This study examined the relation of physical activity and physical self-concept in a sample of midlife adults from the Basque Country, 248 participants (152 women and 96 men) whose ages ranged from 31 to 49 years. Measurements were made on the Autokontzeptu Fisikoaren Itaunketa, a measure of physical self-concept in Basque language, and questions about physical activity. The Student t test was used to examine differences between Active and Non-active people; and to analyse differences by frequency of activity, analysis of variance was used. Analysis indicated those women who identified themselves as more active had more positive self-perceptions with regard to physical ability, physical condition, strength, and physical self-concept than inactive people while men's scores were more positive for physical ability, physical condition, and physical self-concept. Likewise, both men and women who reported engaging in physical activity more than three times a week also had significantly more positive self-perceptions with regard to physical ability, physical condition, and physical self-concept than those who exercised less frequently.
Comparison of Expert and Nonexpert Swimmers' Opinions about the Value, Potency, and Activity of Four Standard Swimming Strokes and Underwater Undulatory Swimming
Authors: Collard L. , Oboeuf A.
Published: May 2009

Underwater undulatory swimming (UUS) is often perceived to be a nonessential aspect of aquatic propulsion. Given their solid theoretical and practical training in swimming, physical education students should be capable of judging the true value of the “fifth stroke,” since it appears to be the most efficient technique in high level, competitive swimming. To compare opinions and connotations associated with the stroke and the four official strokes (butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, and crawl), 198 students (32 of whom were expert swimmers; M age = 20.6 yr., SD = 1.2), were surveyed using the semantic differential of Osgood, Suci, and Tannenbaum. Although answers of expert and nonexpert swimmers differed significantly ( p<.01, except for the breaststroke), participants considered overall that undulatory stroke was less attractive, less powerful, and less rapid than the four surface strokes ( d = 2.88 for the expert swimmers). Putting one arm in front of the other and repeating the sequence still remains the most solidly held representation of “the right way” to swim. However, the high observed standard deviations for the underwater undulatory stimulus ( SD ≥ 1.1 with SD max = 3 for the expert swimmers) attests to the view being less strongly held by swimming specialists.
Correlates of Learning in Introductory Biomechanics
Authors: Knudson Duane , Bauer Jeff , Bahamonde Rafael
Published: May 2009

Characteristics hypothesized to be related to learning in introductory biomechanics classes were examined. Data from a 2003 national study were supplemented by additional instructor-reported data about experience, tests, laboratory hours, and average course-related expenditures. The number of credit hours of the course ( r = .15) and money spent by departments on laboratory classes per year ( r = -.18) were significantly and uniquely correlated with learning. Increasing credit hours from 3 to 4 with laboratory experience doubled learning. The results supported national standards for a 4-credit course and an emphasis on conceptual understanding rather than quantitative problem-solving. Researchers should seek to confirm these results as well as explore whether contact hours or the nature of laboratory learning experiences contribute to this effect.
Insincere Utterances and Gaze: Eye Contact during Sarcastic Statements
Authors: Williams Jason A. , Burns Erin L. , Harmon Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2009

Anecdotal evidence suggests that speakers often gaze away from their listeners during sarcastic utterances; however, this question has not been directly addressed empirically. This study systematically compared gaze-direction of speakers in dyadic conversation when uttering sincere and sarcastic statements. 18 naïve participants were required to recite a series of contradictory statements on a single topic to a naïve listener, while at the same time conveying their actual opinion about this topic. This latter task could only be accomplished through prosodic or nonverbal communication by indicating sincerity or insincerity (sarcasm) for the various statements and allowed examination of gaze across the two conditions for each participant. Subsequent analysis of the videotaped interaction indicated that, during the time for the actual utterance, sarcastic utterances were accompanied by greater gaze aversion than were sincere utterances. This effect occurred for 15 of 18 participants (3 men, 15 women; M age = 19.8, SD = 1.0) who had volunteered for a small credit in an Introductory Psychology course. Results are discussed in terms of nonverbal communication and possible miscommunication which may apply given cultural differences in use of nonverbal cues.
Perception of Approaching and Retreating Floor-Projected Shapes in a Large, Immersive, Multimedia Learning Environment
Authors: Dolgov Igor , Birchfield David A. , McBeath Michael K. , Thornburg Harvey , Todd Christopher G.
Published: May 2009

Perception of floor-projected moving geometric shapes was examined in the context of the Situated Multimedia Arts Learning Laboratory (SMALLab), an immersive, mixed-reality learning environment. As predicted, the projected destinations of shapes which retreated in depth (proximal origin) were judged significantly less accurately than those that approached (distal origin). Participants maintained similar magnitudes of error throughout the session, and no effect of practice was observed. Shape perception in an immersive multimedia environment is comparable to the real world. One may conclude that systematic exploration of basic psychological phenomena in novel mediated environments is integral to an understanding of human behavior in novel human-computer interaction architectures.
Effects of Colored Lights, Spacing between Stimuli, and Viewing Distance on Error in a Depth-Matching Task
Authors: Huang Kuo-Chen
Published: May 2009

A previous study indicated that color of a comparison stimulus, colored light, and illumination significantly affected the error in perceived depth with binocular and monocular vision. Here, the effects of spacing between standard and comparison stimuli, viewing distance, and five colored lights were investigated. 32 Taiwanese university students in five groups were assigned to one of five colored light conditions. Spacing between comparison and standard stimuli significantly affected error in a depth-matching task. Errors increased with increased spacing. Colored light also had a significant effect; error rate in the depth-matching task under the green light condition was significantly greater than the rates under the white, yellow, and red light conditions, but the difference in error rates between blue and green and among the white, yellow, and red light conditions were not significant. The error rate at a viewing distance of 110 cm was significantly less than errors under 70- and 150-cm conditions. In addition, a two-way interaction effect was detected: viewing distance with spacing between standard and comparison stimuli.
Quantitative Measurement of Poststroke Spasticity and Response to Treatment With Botulinum Toxin: A 2-Patient Case Report
Authors: Cousins Elizabeth , Ward Anthony B. , Roffe Christine , Rimington Lesley D. , Pandyan Anand D.
Published: May 2009

Background and Purpose

Spasticity (hypertonicity) is a frequent problem that can develop after stroke and can lead to a number of secondary complications, such as contractures and pain. Consequently, many rehabilitation resources are used in treating the condition and its secondary complications. At present, the clinical assessment of spasticity incorporates descriptive scales of resistance to passive movement, but the use of a neurophysiological measure of muscle activity levels has been advocated. This case report focuses on the diagnosis of spasticity through the use of a neurophysiological measure.

Case Descriptions

Two individuals who required botulinum toxin treatment for poststroke spasticity were assessed over a course of 20 weeks with both clinical (Modified Ashworth Scale) and neurophysiological (surface electromyography recording of levels of muscle activity) measures of spasticity. Additionally, arm function, arm movement, and pain were measured. The individuals’ responses to treatment with botulinum toxin and overall recovery after stroke are described.

Outcomes

There were discrepancies between the clinical and the neurophysiological measures of spasticity. The clinical measure of spasticity was not effective in consistently identifying the presence of spasticity and, therefore, also was ineffective in documenting the individuals’ responses to treatment. The neurophysiological measure was able to identify when muscle activity levels had been reduced, but a reduction in muscle activity levels did not always correspond with a reduction in Modified Ashworth Scale scores.

Discussion

The accurate identification of spasticity is important not only for assessment but also for the selection of appropriate treatments after stroke.
Assessing Sensitive Attributes Using the Randomized Response Technique: Evidence for the Importance of Response Symmetry
Authors: Ostapczuk Martin , Moshagen Morten , Zhao Zengmei , Musch Jochen
Published: May 2009

Randomized response techniques (RRTs) aim to reduce social desirability bias in the assessment of sensitive attributes but differ regarding privacy protection. The less protection a design offers, the more likely respondents cheat by disobeying the instructions. In asymmetric RRT designs, respondents can play safe by giving a response that is never associated with the sensitive attribute. Symmetric RRT designs avoid the incentive to cheat by not allowing such responses. We tested whether a symmetric variant of a cheating detection model (CDM) increases compliance with the instructions in a survey of academic dishonesty among 2,254 Chinese students. As we observed more noncompliance in the asymmetric than symmetric variant, we recommend the use of symmetric CDMs, which can easily be tested within multinomial models.
Statistical Power for Regression Discontinuity Designs in Education Evaluations
Authors: Schochet Peter Z.
Published: May 2009

This article examines theoretical and empirical issues related to the statistical power of impact estimates under clustered regression discontinuity (RD) designs. The theory is grounded in the causal inference and hierarchical linear modeling literature, and the empirical work focuses on common designs used in education research to test intervention effects on student test scores. The main conclusion is that three to four times larger samples are typically required under RD than experimental clustered designs to produce impacts with the same level of statistical precision. Thus, the viability of using RD designs for new impact evaluations of educational interventions may be limited and will depend on the point of treatment assignment, the availability of pretests, and key research questions.
Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach for pituitary adenomas invading the cavernous sinus
Authors: Ceylan Savas , Koc Kenan , Anik Ihsan
Published: May 2009

Object

In this report, the authors describe their experience with surgical access to the cavernous sinus via a fully transnasal endoscopic approach in 20 cases. Clinical and endocrinological follow-up are discussed.

Methods

The authors used an endoscopic transsphenoidal approach in 192 patients with pituitary adenomas between September 1997 and January 2008, adding a cavernous sinus approach in 20 patients with invasive tumors during the last 5 years of this period. Parasellar extension of the tumor was measured according to the Knosp Scale. Radical tumor removal was achieved in 13 (65%) of 20 patients, and subtotal removal in 7 (35%). The authors used recently defined cavernous sinus approaches in the first 14 cases, including the paraseptal approach in 6, middle turbinectomy in 7, and contralateral middle turbinectomy in 1 case. Combined approaches rather than defined standard cavernous sinus approaches were used in 4 cases and an extended approach in 2.

Results

The tumors included nonsecretory adenomas in 5 cases (25%), growth hormone–secreting adenomas in 7 (35%), prolactin-secreting adenomas in 4 (20%), and adrenocorticotropic hormone–secreting adenomas in 4 cases (20%). Normal growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 levels were achieved in 4 patients (57%) with growth hormone adenomas, and remission criteria were obtained in 3 patients with prolactinomas and 3 patients with adrenocorticotropic hormone–secreting adenomas.

Conclusions

Compared with transcranial and microscopic transsphenoidal surgery, endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery offers a wide exposure for cavernous sinus medial wall adenomas that enables removal of the adenoma from the medial cavernous sinus wall. Because of the necessity for multidisciplinary treatment to achieve satisfactory results, Gamma Knife surgery and medical therapy should be supplementary treatment options after endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery.
Periodic Density Functional Theory Investigation of the Uranyl Ion Sorption on Three Mineral Surfaces: A Comparative Study
Authors: Roques Jérôme , Veilly Edouard , Simoni Eric
Published: June 2009

Canister integrity and radionuclides retention is of prime importance for assessing the long term safety of nuclear waste stored in engineered geologic depositories. A comparative investigation of the interaction of uranyl ion with three different mineral surfaces has thus been undertaken in order to point out the influence of surface composition on the adsorption mechanism(s). Periodic DFT calculations using plane waves basis sets with the GGA formalism were performed on the TiO2(110), Al(OH)3(001) and Ni(111) surfaces. This study has clearly shown that three parameters play an important role in the uranyl adsorption mechanism: the solvent (H2O) distribution at the interface, the nature of the adsorption site and finally, the surface atoms’ protonation state.
Stress and Cardiovascular Disorders: A Review and Suggested Impairment Rating Methodology
Authors: Demeter Stephen L.
Published: April 2024

Stress can be divided into two types: physical and mental. This review focuses only on mental and/or psychological stress and two types of cardiovascular problems—coronary artery disease and hypertension—because they are the two most commonly encountered cardiovascular diseases requiring an impairment evaluation. This information can serve as a paradigm for other cardiovascular disorders.
Comprehensive Medical History Interview: Practical Guidance
Authors: Brigham Christopher R. , Feinberg Steven , Buttar Waqas A.
Published: April 2024

Independent medical evaluations (IMEs), impairment assessments, and providing clinical care mandate obtaining an appropriate history. The medical interview is a crucial component for obtaining an accurate and complete medical history for IMEs, which requires interpersonal and analytical skills. The interview is a purposeful conversation aimed at understanding the patient's experiences, with a focus on verbal and nonverbal cues, to help build a comprehensive understanding of the patient's injury and current problems within the context of their overall health. The extent of history that is documented depends on the purpose of the evaluation and the nature of the injury. The process involves documenting chief complaints, injury details, pre-existing conditions, clinical course, current symptoms, and functional and past medical history.
Should Injuries—What's Normal? Part 1
Authors: Talmage James B. , Snyder Robert B. , Oglesby J. Willis
Published: April 2024

Shoulder injuries can present a puzzling picture for physicians. It is important to understand how biases affect physicians when they are making decisions regarding shoulder surgery. This article discusses what can be considered “normal” for shoulder function, how to determine when surgery is and is not indicated, and what might delay return to work in workers' compensation cases.
Silicosis Among Immigrant Engineered Stone (Quartz) Countertop Fabrication Workers in California
Authors: Fazio Jane C. , Gandhi Sheiphali A. , Flattery Jennifer , Heinzerling Amy , Kamangar Nader , Afif Nawal , Cummings Kristin J. , Harrison Robert J.
Published: April 2024

Key Points

Question

What are the characteristics of patients in California with silicosis from occupational exposure to dust from engineered stone (quartz), a popular material that is high in silica content and that is used to fabricate countertops?

Findings

In this case series of 52 patients, the median age was 45 years at diagnosis, and nearly all were Latino immigrant men. Diagnosis was delayed in 58%, with 38% presenting with advanced disease (progressive massive fibrosis), and 19% died.

Meaning

In California, silicosis associated with occupational exposure to dust from engineered stone primarily occurred among young Latino immigrant men; many patients presented with severe disease, and some cases were fatal.
A Primer for Workers' Compensation
Authors: Bible Jesse E. , Spengler Dan M. , Mir Hassan R.
Published: April 2024

Background Context:

A physician's role within a workers' compensation injury extends far beyond just evaluation and treatment with several socioeconomic and psychological factors at play when compared to similar injuries occurring outside of the workplace. Although workers' compensation statutes vary among states, all have several basic features with the overall goal of returning the injured worker to maximal function in the shortest time period, with the least residual disability and shortest time away from work.

Purpose:

To help physicians unfamiliar with the workers' compensation process accomplish these goals.

Study Design:

Review.

Methods:

Educational review.

Results:

The streamlined review addresses the topics of 1) Why is Workers' Compensation Necessary? 2) What does Workers' Compensation Cover? 3) Progression following Work Injury 4) Impairment and Maximum Medical Improvement (MMI), including how to use the 6th edition of American Medical Association's (AMA) Guides, 5) Completion of Work Injury Claim after Impairment Rating, 6) Independent Medical Evaluation, and 7) Causation.

Conclusions:

In the ‘no-fault’ workers' compensation system, physicians play a key role is progressing the claim along and, more importantly, getting the injured worker back to work as soon as safely possible. Physicians should remain familiar with the workers' compensation process, along with how to properly utilize the AMA Guides.
In Praise of Hospice
Authors: Nicholas James R.
Published: April 2024

In this narrative medicine essay, a retired physician describes the kindness, companionship, and skill of the hospice workers who helped his wife and him prepare for her death.
Gefitinib vs Gefitinib Plus Pemetrexed and Carboplatin Chemotherapy in EGFR-Variant Lung Cancer—Long-Term Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Noronha Vanita , Patil Vijay , Menon Nandini , Shah Minit , Chougule Anuradha , Peelay Zoya , Prabhash Kumar
Published: April 2024

This randomized clinical trial examines whether adding chemotherapy with pemetrexed and carboplatin to gefitinib improves survival among patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)–variant non–small cell lung cancer.
Neighborhood-Level Disadvantage and Delayed Adjuvant Therapy in Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Graboyes Evan M. , Cagle Joshua Lee , Ramadan Salma , Prasad Kavita , Yan Flora , Pearce John , Mazul Angela L. , Anoma Jean-Sebastien , Hill Elizabeth G. , Chera Bhisham S. , Puram Sidharth V. , Jackson Ryan , Sandulache Vlad C. , Tam Samantha , Topf Michael C. , Kahmke Russel , Osazuwa-Peters Nosayaba , Nussenbaum Brian , Alberg Anthony J. , Sterba Katherine R. , Halbert Chanita Hughes
Published: April 2024

Importance

For patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), initiation of postoperative radiation therapy (PORT) within 6 weeks of surgery is recommended by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network Guidelines and the Commission on Cancer. Although individual-level measures of socioeconomic status are associated with receipt of timely, guideline-adherent PORT, the role of neighborhood-level disadvantage has not been examined.

Objective

To characterize the association of neighborhood-level disadvantage with delays in receiving PORT.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective cohort study included 681 adult patients with HNSCC undergoing curative-intent surgery and PORT from 2018 to 2020 at 4 US academic medical centers. The data were analyzed between June 21, 2023, and March 5, 2024.

Main Outcome Measures and Measures

The primary outcome was delay in initiating guideline-adherent PORT (ie, >6 weeks after surgery). Time-to-PORT (TTP) was a secondary outcome. Census block-level Area Deprivation Index (ADI) scores were calculated and reported as national percentiles (0-100); higher scores indicate greater deprivation. The association of ADI scores with PORT delay was assessed using multivariable logistic regression adjusted for demographic, clinical, and institutional characteristics. PORT initiation across ADI score population quartiles was evaluated with cumulative incidence plots and Cox models.

Results

Among 681 patients with HNSCC undergoing surgery and PORT (mean [SD] age, 61.5 [11.2] years; 487 [71.5%] men, 194 [29.5%] women) the PORT delay rate was 60.8% (414/681) and median (IQR) TTP was 46 (40-56) days. The median (IQR) ADI score was 62.0 (44.0-83.0). Each 25-point increase in ADI score was associated with a corresponding 32% increase in the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of PORT delay (aOR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.07-1.63) on multivariable regression adjusted for institution, age, race and ethnicity, insurance, comorbidity, cancer subsite, stage, postoperative complications, care fragmentation, travel distance, and rurality. Increasing ADI score population quartiles were associated with increasing TTP (hazard ratio of PORT initiation, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.53-0.96; 0.59; 95% CI, 0.44-0.77; and 0.54; 95% CI, 0.41-0.72; for ADI quartiles 2, 3, and 4 vs ADI quartile 1, respectively).

Conclusions and Relevance

Increasing neighborhood-level disadvantage was independently associated with a greater likelihood of PORT delay and longer TTP in a dose-dependent manner. These findings indicate a critical need for the development of multilevel strategies to improve the equitable delivery of timely, guideline-adherent PORT.
Comprehensive genomic profiling of pulmonary spindle cell carcinoma using tissue and plasma samples: insights from a real‐world cohort analysis
Authors: Sun Yi , Qin Shilei , Wang Song , Pang Jiaohui , Ou Qiuxiang , Liang Weiquan , Zhong Hai
Published: April 2024

Pulmonary spindle cell carcinoma (PSCC) is a rare and aggressive non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) subtype with a dismal prognosis. The molecular characteristics of PSCC are largely unknown due to its rarity, which limits the diagnosis and treatment of this historically poorly characterized malignancy. We present comprehensive genomic profiling results of baseline tumor samples from 22 patients histologically diagnosed with PSCC, representing the largest cohort to date. Somatic genetic variant detection was compared between paired plasma samples and primary tumors from 13 patients within our cohort. The associations among genomic features, treatment, and prognosis were also analyzed in representative patient cases. TP53 (54.5%), TERT (36.4%), CDKN2A (27.3%), and MET (22.7%) were most frequently mutated. Notably, 81.8% of patients had actionable targets in their baseline tumors, including MET (22.7%), ERBB2 (13.6%), EGFR (9.1%), KRAS (9.1%), ALK (9.1%), and ROS1 (4.5%). The median tumor mutation burden (TMB) for PSCC tumors was 5.5 mutations per megabase (muts/Mb). TMB‐high tumors (>10 muts/Mb) exhibited a significantly higher mutation frequency in genes such as KRAS, ARID2, FOXL2, and LRP1B, as well as within the DNA mismatch repair pathway. The detection rates for single nucleotide variants and structural variants were comparable between matched tumor and plasma samples, with 48.6% of genetic variants being mutually identified in both sample types. Additionally, a patient with a high mutation load and positive PD‐L1 expression demonstrated a 7‐month survival benefit from chemoimmunotherapy. Furthermore, a patient with an ALK‐rearranged tumor achieved a remarkable 3‐year progression‐free survival following crizotinib treatment. Overall, our findings deepen the understanding of the complex genomic landscape of PSCC, revealing actionable targets amenable to tailored treatment of this poorly characterized malignancy.
Electron streaming dose measurements and calculations on a 1.5 T MR‐Linac
Authors: Patterson Elizabeth , Powers Marcus , Metcalfe Peter E. , Cutajar Dean , Oborn Bradley M. , Baines John A.
Published: April 2024

Purpose

To evaluate the accuracy of different dosimeters and the treatment planning system (TPS) for assessing the skin dose due to the electron streaming effect (ESE) on a 1.5 T magnetic resonance (MR)‐linac.

Method

Skin dose due to the ESE on an MR‐linac (Unity, Elekta) was investigated using a solid water phantom rotated 45° in the x‐y plane (IEC61217) and centered at the isocenter. The phantom was irradiated with 1 × 1, 3 × 3, 5 × 5, 10 × 10, and 22 × 22 cm2 fields, gantry at 90°. Out‐of‐field doses (OFDs) deposited by electron streams generated at the entry and exit surface of the angled phantom were measured on the surface of solid water slabs placed ±20.0 cm from the isocenter along the x‐direction. A high‐resolution MOSkin™ detector served as a benchmark due to its shallower depth of measurement that matches the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommended depth for skin dose assessment (0.07 mm). MOSkin™ doses were compared to EBT3 film, OSLDs, a diamond detector, and the TPS where the experimental setup was modeled using two separate calculation parameters settings: a 0.1 cm dose grid with 0.2% statistical uncertainty (0.1 cm, 0.2%) and a 0.2 cm dose grid with 3.0% statistical uncertainty (0.2 cm, 3.0%).

Results

OSLD, film, the 0.1 cm, 0.2%, and 0.2 cm, 3.0% TPS ESE doses, underestimated skin doses measured by the MOSkin™ by as much as –75.3%, –7.0%, –24.7%, and –41.9%, respectively. Film results were most similar to MOSkin™ skin dose measurements.

Conclusions

These results show that electron streams can deposit significant doses outside the primary field and that dosimeter choice and TPS calculation settings greatly influence the reported readings. Due to the steep dose gradient of the ESE, EBT3 film remains the choice for accurate skin dose assessment in this challenging environment.
Global adaptive practical tracking control for high‐order uncertain nonstrict feedback nonlinear systems with unknown control coefficients
Authors: He Zhongjie , Fan Weiyi , Yu Miao , Wang Yuesheng
Published: April 2024

In this article, the problem of global adaptive practical tracking for high‐order uncertain nonstrict feedback nonlinear systems with unknown control coefficients is studied. To avoid the algebraic loop problem associated with the nonstrict feedback condition and guarantee the controllability of the tracking error, a novel dual dynamic gain scaling method is introduced to compensate nonlinearities and the tracking error simultaneously. Besides, by incorporating the sign functions into the design of adding a power integrator, a general approach for the handing of unknown control coefficients and the direction design of the controller is developed. The presented control scheme can ensure that all system states are globally bounded without constraints on state variables while the reference signal is tracked with expected precision. Three simulation examples, including a practical application, are provided to illustrate the validity of the control scheme.
Flexible and Stretchable Thermoresponsive Display for Multifunctional Device Applications
Authors: Kumar Vipin , Sharma Deepanshu , Bendi Ramaraju , Sungjemmenla  , Parida Kaushik , Varrla Eswaraiah , Chee Kenji , Khare Neeraj , Lee Pooi See
Published: April 2024

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been recognized vastly as stimuli‐responsive materials owing to their extreme sensitivity toward the stimuli that make them flawless nominees for multifunctional device applications. However, MOFs are often oversensitive toward moisture, which significantly affects their stable responses and reproducibility. Herein, a MOF–polymer display (i.e., copper‐based MOF with polydimethylsiloxane) is developed that exhibits high sensitivity toward temperature changes without getting affected by moisture. In response to the thermal gradient, the display exhibits the change in color from sky blue to dark blue when the temperature varies from 30 to 100 ºC, which is attributed to the second‐order phase transition within the time interval 40 s and reversible in 60 s. To provide insights on the mechanism, ex situ UV–vis and temperature‐dependent operando X‐day diffraction are conducted, which unveils that the color change in the display is associated with reversible contraction/expansion of the unit cell parameters. In addition to that, the thermoresponse of the display remains unaffected under mechanical deformations, which indicates that the color display is mechanically and thermally stable. The as‐developed color display is mechanically robust and highly sensitive toward temperature change; it can be utilized as the color indicator in signaling temperature rise in smart mobiles or laptops during discharging to keep the user safe or applications in augmented intelligence.
An On‐Skin‐Formed Silk Protein Bioelectrode for Conformable and Robust Electrophysiological Interface
Authors: Yang Zhonghua , Zhang Zishuo , Zhou Tao , Yu Nuo , Yu Rouhui , Du Xiangheng , Bai Xiaowen , Miao Zhenyu , Wu Liang , Pan Shaowu , Zhu Meifang
Published: April 2024

The electrophysiological interface is essential for understanding electrical activities within biological organisms and human‐machine interaction. However, traditional preformed bioelectrodes show insufficient interface contact with hairy and irregular skin, causing signal attenuation and distortion. Here, an on‐skin‐formed silk protein bioelectrode is reported with a conformable and robust interface, achieving a high signal‐to‐noise ratio for electromyographic signals, showing up to a 38.9% increase compared to traditional ones. The fluid‐gel transition of silk protein is induced by a gelling agent composed of ethanol and sodium alginate, leading to a conformable and seamless interface with hairy and irregular human skin, thus resulting in a high signal‐to‐noise ratio. The developed bioelectrode can record electrophysiological signals stably, even underwater. Additionally, human‐machine interaction using electromyographic signals is designed to precisely control the model car's motion trajectory. This work presents an effective method for developing a seamless and conformable electrophysiological interface in bioelectronics.
Synergetic Nitrogen‐Rich Nanocarbon Decoration and Metal Intercalation Enabled Low‐Crystalline V3O7 Hybrids for Boosting Capacitive Sodium Capture
Authors: Yang Yu , Sun Zeyu , Zhang Lu , Ye Meidan , Wen Xiaoru
Published: April 2024

Faradaic capacitive deionization (FCDI) with attractive ion‐capture capacity, outstanding durability, and potential compatibility in high‐salinity water has been recognized as the robust alternative to address the alarming freshwater scarcity. The further innovation of boosting electrode materials is the indispensable requisite for highly efficient FCDI application. Herein, a low‐crystalline nitrogen‐doped carbon quantum dots modified Mg2+‐pillar preintercalated V3O7 (i.e., NCQDs/Mg‐V3O7) heterostructure is assembled via an ingenious one‐spot hydrothermal avenue, and is investigated as the advanced FCDI electrode for desalination application. Taking advantages of the synergic effect of unique microstructure, improved electronic conductivity, and exceptional structural durability, the NCQDs/Mg‐V3O7 electrode delivers an admirable gravimetric adsorption capacity of 54.32 mg g−1 in a NaCl solution of 1500 mg L−1 and attractive cyclic durability. Further, density functional theory calculations verify the intense interface electron coupling interaction between tri‐components, enabling the significantly promoting Na+ capture capability. The synergy removal mechanism is clarified by ex‐situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and in‐situ Raman tests. Additionally, the average removal efficiency of hybrid electrode attains 93.75% in the simulated wastewater comprising the NaCl of 50 mg L−1 and diverse metal nitrates from 10 to 100 mg L−1 for each, certifying the great prospects for practical wastewater treatment.
Integrated GaN Prism Array Self‐Powered Photodetector on Si for Ultraviolet Imaging and Communication
Authors: Xu Tong , Fan Xuefeng , Zhu Gangyi , Qin Feifei , Wan Peng , Tang Kai , Kan Caixia , Shi Daning , Fang Xiaosheng , Jiang Mingming
Published: April 2024

To realize the advantageous combination of microelectronic integrated circuit technology and photonic technology, the development of high‐speed, low‐power, and chip‐integrated photodetection devices is extremely critical. Here, a large‐scale on‐chip integration photodetector array on a Si wafer consisting of 21×21 GaN p‐n homojunction pixels is prepared. The GaN homojunction subunit has significant photovoltaic performance at a bias voltage of 0 V, including high responsivity of 229.5 mA W−1, outstanding specific detectivity of 2.46×1013 Jones (360 nm, 45.7 µW cm−2), and fast response speed of 240/290 µs. Especially, external quantum efficiency can reach 94% in the faint UV illumination at 0 V bias. The excellent photoresponse is confirmed by finite element analysis, which is resulted from an oversized built‐in potential at the p‐n homojunction interface. For exploring potential practical applicability of the device, the full range of active pixels is statistically analyzed. It is confirmed that the small relative deviation of the GaN array is extremely favorable for obtaining high‐resolution imaging capability. Moreover, the prepared device can be used as an optical data receiver for UV optical communication. With compatibility and integrability to Si‐based optoelectronics platforms, the devices are appealing for sensing, imaging and communications.
Iron Active Center Coordination Reconstruction in Iron Carbide Modified on Porous Carbon for Superior Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Guo Wenxin , Li Jinlong , Chai Dong‐Feng , Guo Dongxuan , Sui Guozhe , Li Yue , Luo Dan , Tan Lichao
Published: April 2024

In this work, a novel liquid nitrogen quenching strategy is engineered to fulfill iron active center coordination reconstruction within iron carbide (Fe3C) modified on biomass‐derived nitrogen‐doped porous carbon (NC) for initiating rapid hydrogen and oxygen evolution, where the chrysanthemum tea (elm seeds, corn leaves, and shaddock peel, etc.) is treated as biomass carbon source within Fe3C and NC. Moreover, the original thermodynamic stability is changed through the corresponding force generated by liquid nitrogen quenching and the phase transformation is induced with rich carbon vacancies with the increasing instantaneous temperature drop amplitude. Noteworthy, the optimizing intermediate absorption/desorption is achieved by new phases, Fe coordination, and carbon vacancies. The Fe3C/NC‐550 (550 refers to quenching temperature) demonstrates outstanding overpotential for hydrogen evolution reaction (26.3 mV at −10 mA cm−2) and oxygen evolution reaction (281.4 mV at 10 mA cm−2), favorable overall water splitting activity (1.57 V at 10 mA cm−2). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further confirm that liquid nitrogen quenching treatment can enhance the intrinsic electrocatalytic activity efficiently by optimizing the adsorption free energy of reaction intermediates. Overall, the above results authenticate that liquid nitrogen quenching strategy open up new possibilities for obtaining highly active electrocatalysts for the new generation of green energy conversion systems.
Intervening fish post‐harvest losses to narrow the gap between demand and supply: A review on magnitude of fish post‐harvest losses in some Sub‐Saharan African countries
Authors: Abelti Alemu Lema , Teka Tilahun A.
Published: April 2024

This review was aimed to summarize the extent and causes of fish post‐harvest losses (FPHLs) in Sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries and suggests the necessary intervention measures to narrow the gap between demand and supply. Globally, an estimate of 10–12 million tons of fish is lost per year. FPHLs in SSA are higher than those in other parts of the world. In SSA, the values of fisheries are estimated at 24 billion USD, 1.26% of the GDP of all the African countries and 6% of agriculture GDP. The vast majority of FPHLs in SSA occur at the production (39%), handling (36%), distribution (13%), processing (7%) and consumption (5%). The major factors that cause FPHLs in SSA were long time spent in hauling of fishing gears, spoilage, size discrimination, species preferences, operational losses, animal predation, poor handling practices, lengthy duration of fishing cycle, failure to use ice, lack of storage facilities, lack of transportation and insect infestation. FPHLs amount one third of total production and financial losses of 2–5 billion USD in SSA countries. Furthermore, volarization of fish waste and converting waste into useful substances is a promising approach to reduce fish waste. It can be recommended that improving fish production, live fish handling, processing, preserving, and marketing in SSA could narrow the gap between fish demand and supply.
Recent Advances in the Biomedical Applications of Copper Nanomaterial‐Mediated Cuproptosis
Authors: Wu Sijia , Wang Qian , Li Yuhao , Liu Baolin , Miao Yuqing
Published: April 2024

Nanomedicine‐induced cancer cell death has become a prominent area of research in the life sciences field in recent years. The concept of cuproptosis was first proposed in 2022. Copper homeostasis in organisms is tightly regulated by protein transporters and molecular chaperones. Disruptions in copper homeostasis can adversely affect mitochondrial respiration and disrupt other physiological processes, leading to cytotoxicity. Therefore, researchers have designed and refined copper‐based nanomaterials to induce cuproptosis and assess their effects on cancer treatment. While several reviews on cuproptosis exist, they primarily delve into its molecular mechanisms. This review begins with elucidating the metabolism and homeostasis of copper in the body. Subsequently, the latest advancements in copper nanomaterial‐induced cuproptosis for cancer treatment and antimicrobial purposes is summarized. Finally, a comprehensive summary and outlook on the subject is provided. The goal with this review is to assist researchers in gaining a deeper understanding of the interaction between nanomaterials and cuproptosis, thereby offering new perspectives for designing novel nanomaterials to induce cuproptosis.
Grain‐Boundary‐Rich RuO2 Porous Nanosheet for Efficient and Stable Acidic Water Oxidation
Authors: He Weidong , Tan Xiaohong , Guo Yingying , Xiao Yuhang , Cui Hao , Wang Chengxin
Published: April 2024

RuO2 has been considered as the most likely acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalyst to replace IrO2, but its performance, especially long‐term stability under harsh acidic conditions, is still unacceptable. Here, we propose a grain boundary (GB) engineering strategy by fabricating the ultrathin porous RuO2 nanosheet with abundant of grain boundaries (GB‐RuO2) as an efficient acid OER catalyst. The involvement of GB induces significant tensile stress and creates an unsaturated coordination environment, effectively optimizing the adsorption of intermediates and stabilizing active site structure during OER process. Notably, the GB‐RuO2 not only exhibits a low overpotential (η10=187 mV) with an ultra‐low Tafel slope (34.5 mV dec−1), but also steadily operates for over 550 h in 0.1 M HClO4. Quasi in situ/operando methods confirm that the improved stability is attributed to GB preventing Ru dissolution and greatly inhibiting the lattice oxygen oxidation mechanism (LOM). A proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) using the GB‐RuO2 catalyst operates a low voltage of 1.669 V at 2 A cm−2 and operates stably for 100 h at 100 mA cm−2.
Template‐Guided Silicon Micromotor Assembly for Enhanced Cell Manipulation
Authors: Gao Yuxin , Ou Leyan , Liu Kunfeng , Guo Yuan , Li Wanyuan , Xiong Ze , Wu Changjin , Wang Jizhuang , Tang Jinyao , Li Dan
Published: April 2024

Light‐driven micro/nanorobots (LMNRs) are tiny, untethered machines with great potential in fields like precision medicine, nano manufacturing, and various other domains. However, their practicality hinges on developing light‐manipulation strategies that combine versatile functionalities, flexible design options, and precise controllability. Our study introduces an innovative approach to construct micro/nanorobots (MNRs) by utilizing micro/nanomotors as fundamental building blocks. Inspired by silicon Metal‐Insulator‐Semiconductor (MIS) solar cell principles, we design a new type of optomagnetic hybrid micromotors (OHMs). These OHMs have been skillfully optimized with integrated magnetic constituent, resulting in efficient light propulsion, precise magnetic navigation, and the potential for controlled assembly. One of the key features of the OHMs is their ability to exhibit diverse motion modes influenced by fracture surfaces and interactions with the environment, streamlining cargo conveyance along “micro expressway”—the predesigned microchannels. Further enhancing their versatility, a template‐guided assembly strategy facilitates the assembly of these micromotors into functional microrobots, encompassing various configurations such as “V‐shaped”, “N‐shaped”, and 3D structured microrobots. The heightened capabilities of these microrobots, underscore the innovative potential inherent in hybrid micromotor design and assembly, which provides a foundational platform for the realization of multi‐component microrobots. Our work moves a step toward forthcoming microrobotic entities boasting advanced functionalities.
Water and Air Stable Copper(I) Complexes of Tetracationic Catenane Ligands for Oxidative C−C Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Tang Man Pang , Zhu Lihui , Deng Yulin , Shi Yi‐Xiang , Kin‐Man Lai Samuel , Mo Xiaoyong , Pang Xin‐Yu , Liu Chunyu , Jiang Wei , Tse Edmund Chun Ming , Au‐Yeung Ho Yu
Published: April 2024

Aqueous soluble and stable Cu(I) molecular catalysts featuring a catenane ligand composed of two dicationic, mutually repelling but mechanically interlocked macrocycles are reported. The ligand interlocking not only fine‐tunes the coordination sphere and kinetically stabilizes the Cu(I) against air oxidation and disproportionation, but also buries the hydrophobic portions of the ligands and prevents their dissociation which are necessary for their good water solubility and a sustained activity. These catenane Cu(I) complexes can catalyze the oxidative C−C coupling of indoles and tetrahydroisoquinolines in water, using H2O2 as a green oxidant with a good substrate scope. The successful use of catenane ligands in exploiting aqueous Cu(I) catalysis thus highlights the many unexplored potential of mechanical bond as a design element for exploring transition metal catalysis under challenging conditions.
Investigating the impact of laser polishing parameters on surface roughness, mass ablation rate, and optical transmittance of 3D‐printed PLA substrates
Authors: Bharatish A. , Murthy H. N. Narasimha , Harish D. V. N. , Kumar S. Mahendra , Solaiachari Sivakumar
Published: April 2024

Laser polishing technique is one of the most effective post‐processing methods for 3D‐printed Polylactic acid (PLA) substrates and has gained significant interest of scientific research community in past few years. This paper aims to investigate the effect of fill density, laser power, and scanning speed on the polishing responses of 3D‐printed PLA substrates. These include surface roughness, mass ablation rate, and optical transmittance of PLA substrates printed using the fused deposition modeling technique. The optical transmittance was measured using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy technique and surfaces were characterized using scanning electron microscope, and optical microscope. Minimum surface roughness of 1.04 μm was achieved at 5% laser power and 55% fill density constituting a decrease of 61.8% from unpolished PLA (2.735 μm). The lowest mass ablation rate (0.015 μg/pulse) was observed for the specimens with 40% infill density. Higher scanning speed enhanced the molecular bonding in PLA‐55 specimen indicated by increased peak transmittance ratios of CH bonds at stretching (1.021) and bending modes (1.045).