bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen modulation of Medicago truncatula resistance to Aphanomyces euteiches depends on plant genotype
Authors: Thalineau Elise , Fournier Carine , Gravot Antoine , Wendehenne David , Jeandroz Sylvain , Truong Hoai‐Nam
Published: March 2017

Nitrogen (N) availability can impact plant resistance to pathogens by the regulation of plant immunity. To better understand the links between N nutrition and plant defence, we analysed the impact of N availability on Medicago truncatula resistance to the root pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches. This oomycete is considered to be the most limiting factor for legume production. Ten plant genotypes were tested in vitro for their resistance to A. euteiches in either complete or nitrate‐deficient medium. N deficiency led to enhanced or reduced susceptibility depending on the plant genotype. Focusing on four genotypes displaying contrasting responses, we determined the impact of N deficiency on plant growth and shoot N concentration, and performed expression analyses on N‐ and defence‐related genes, as well as the quantification of soluble phenolics and different amino acids in roots. Our analyses suggest that N modulation of plant resistance is not linked to plant response to N deprivation or to mechanisms previously identified to be involved in plant resistance. Furthermore, our studies highlight a role of glutamine in mediating the susceptibility to A. euteiches in M. truncatula.
An information theory account of late frontoparietal ERP positivities in cognitive control
Authors: Barceló Francisco , Cooper Patrick S.
Published: March 2017

ERP research on task switching has revealed distinct transient and sustained positive waveforms (latency circa 300–900 ms) while shifting task rules or stimulus‐response (S‐R) mappings. However, it remains unclear whether such switch‐related positivities show similar scalp topography and index context‐updating mechanisms akin to those posed for domain‐general (i.e., classic P300) positivities in many task domains. To examine this question, ERPs were recorded from 31 young adults (18–30 years) while they were intermittently cued to switch or repeat their perceptual categorization of Gabor gratings varying in color and thickness (switch task), or else they performed two visually identical control tasks (go/no‐go and oddball). Our task cueing paradigm examined two temporarily distinct stages of proactive rule updating and reactive rule execution. A simple information theory model helped us gauge cognitive demands under distinct temporal and task contexts in terms of low‐level S‐R pathways and higher‐order rule updating operations. Task demands modulated domain‐general (indexed by classic oddball P3) and switch positivities—indexed by both a cue‐locked late positive complex and a sustained positivity ensuing task transitions. Topographic scalp analyses confirmed subtle yet significant split‐second changes in the configuration of neural sources for both domain‐general P3s and switch positivities as a function of both the temporal and task context. These findings partly meet predictions from information estimates, and are compatible with a family of P3‐like potentials indexing functionally distinct neural operations within a common frontoparietal “multiple demand” system during the preparation and execution of simple task rules.
Mathematical Analysis of Inertial Waves in Rectangular Basins with One Sloping Boundary
Authors: Troitskaya Saule
Published: March 2017

We consider the problem of small oscillations of a rotating inviscid incompressible fluid. From a mathematical point of view, new exact solutions to the two‐dimensional Poincaré–Sobolev equation in a class of domains including trapezoid are found in an explicit form and their main properties are described. These solutions correspond to the absolutely continuous spectrum of a linear operator that is associated with this system of equations. For specialists in Astrophysics and Geophysics, the existence of these solutions signifies the existence of some previously unknown type of inertial waves corresponding to the continuous spectrum of inertial oscillations. A fundamental distinction between monochromatic inertial waves and waves of the new type is shown: usual characteristics (frequency, amplitude, wave vector, dispersion relation, direction of energy propagation, and so on) are not applicable to the last. Main properties of these waves are described. In particular, it is proved that they are progressive. Main features of their energy transfer are described.
From Pressure Group to Political Party: The Case of the American Anti‐Slavery Society and the Liberty Party*
Authors: Chamberlain Adam
Published: March 2017

Objective

This study evaluates how the leaders in the American Anti‐Slavery Society (AASS) either aided or hindered the formation of the Liberty Party, thus building on Bawn et al.’s (2012) theory of political party formation.

Methods

Regression models are used to study how the presence of AASS organizations affected Liberty Party voting in the early 1840s.

Results

The findings show that AASS organizations had little to no effect on Liberty voting in New England, where AASS leadership was opposed to the idea of a third party, but that a stronger AASS group presence helped the Liberty Party form outside New England, where leaders were more supportive of an anti‐slavery third party.

Conclusion

Interest groups do matter for the formation of political parties, but this is dependent on the support provided by, or the opposition put up by, group leaders.
Control of Elymus repens by rhizome fragmentation and repeated mowing in a newly established white clover sward
Authors: Bergkvist G , Ringselle B , Magnuski E , Mangerud K , Brandsæter L O
Published: March 2017

Control of perennial weeds, such as Elymus repens, generally requires herbicides or intensive tillage. Alternative methods, such as mowing and competition from subsidiary crops, provide less efficient control. Fragmenting the rhizomes, with minimal soil disturbance and damage to the main crop, could potentially increase the efficacy and consistency of such control methods. This study's aim was to investigate whether fragmenting the rhizomes and mowing enhance the control of E. repens in a white clover sward. Six field experiments were conducted in 2012 and 2013 in Uppsala, Sweden, and Ås, Norway. The effect of cutting slits in the soil using a flat spade in a 10 × 10 cm or 20 × 20 cm grid and the effect of repeated mowing were investigated. Treatments were performed either during summer in a spring‐sown white clover sward (three experiments) or during autumn, post‐cereal harvest, in an under‐sown white clover sward (three experiments). When performed in autumn, rhizome fragmentation and mowing reduced E. repens shoot biomass, but not rhizome biomass or shoot number. In contrast, when performed in early summer, rhizome fragmentation also reduced the E. repens rhizome biomass by up to 60%, and repeated mowing reduced it by up to 95%. The combination of the two factors appeared to be additive. Seasonal differences in treatment effects may be due to rhizomes having fewer stored resources in spring than in early autumn. We conclude that rhizome fragmentation in a growing white clover sward could reduce the amount of E. repens rhizomes and that repeated mowing is an effective control method, but that great seasonal variation exists.
Research on Dissemination Rule of Public Opinion from SNA Perspective: Taking the Vaccine Safety Event as an Example
Authors: Wang Jia , Guo Mengyao , Zhang Li , Chen Lujie , Hou Xiaorong
Published: March 2017

With the rapid development of social media, the dissemination of health information has attracted more attention from people. To reveal the rule and mode of information diffusion path is the key to effective crisis prevention and control of information. In this paper, the team took the vaccine safety events as an example, selected and analyzed two hottest microblogs from each phase of one event. The team did visual analysis via Zhiwei which was one academic micro data analysis platform, and utilized social network analysis (SNA) to explore the propagating rules of public opinion.
Wave-Based Control of a Crane System With Complex Loads
Authors: Zhou Jiao , Zhang Kai , Hu Gengkai
Published: March 2017

In the framework of wave-based method, we have examined swing motion control for double-pendulum and load-hoist models. Emphases are placed on wave scattering by the middle load mass in the double-pendulum model and on time-varying configuration in the load-hoist model. By analyzing wave transmission and reflection, trolley's motion to alleviate swing is designed by absorbing reflected wave through adjusting the velocity of trolley. Simulation and experiment are also conducted to validate the proposed control method. The results show that with the designed trolley's motion swings of load can be significantly reduced for both double-pendulum model, suspended rod model which is demonstrated a special case of double-pendulum model, and load-hoist model. Simulation results agree well with the experimental measurement. Launch velocity profiles may have important impact on motion design, especially on force necessary to displace trolley. Finally, a wave-based feedback control is also discussed to demonstrate the flexibility of method.
Global Stability and Bifurcation in Delayed Bidirectional Associative Memory Neural Networks With an Arbitrary Number of Neurons
Authors: Javidmanesh Elham
Published: March 2017

In this paper, delayed bidirectional associative memory (BAM) neural networks, which consist of one neuron in the X-layer and other neurons in the Y-layer, will be studied. Hopf bifurcation analysis of these systems will be discussed by proposing a general method. In fact, a general n-neuron BAM neural network model is considered, and the associated characteristic equation is studied by classification according to n. Here, n can be chosen arbitrarily. Moreover, we find an appropriate Lyapunov function that under a hypothesis, results in global stability. Numerical examples are also presented.
Switched Model and Dynamic Analysis of a Hydroturbine Governing System in the Process of Load Rejection Transient
Authors: Li Huanhuan , Chen Diyi , Wang Feifei , Zhang Hao
Published: March 2017

In this paper, we pay attention to studying the switched model of the hydroturbine governing system (HTGS) by introducing the concept of the switching of operational conditions. More specifically, utilizing the data of an existent hydropower station in China, we propose six nonlinear dynamic transfer coefficients of the hydroturbine, which can better describe the dynamic characteristics of the HTGS in the process of load rejection transient. Moreover, the elastic water hammer-impact of the penstock system and the nonlinearity of the generator for the process of load rejection transient are considered. Based on the combination of the different regulation modes of the governor and the corresponding running conditions of the hydroelectric generating unit, a novel nonlinear dynamic switched mathematical model of the HTGS is finally established. Meanwhile, the nonlinear dynamic behaviors of the governing system are exhaustively investigated using numerical simulations. These methods and analytical results will provide some theory bases for running a hydropower station.
On Thermodynamic Consistency of Homogenization-Based Multiscale Theories
Authors: Rivarola Felipe Lopez , Etse Guillermo , Folino Paula
Published: March 2017

In this paper, the necessary and sufficient conditions for fulfilling the thermodynamic consistency of computational homogenization schemes in the framework of hierarchical multiscale theories are defined. The proposal is valid for arbitrary homogenization based multiscale procedures, including continuum and discontinuum methods in either scale. It is demonstrated that the well-known Hill–Mandel variational criterion for homogenization scheme is a necessary, but not a sufficient condition for the micro–macro thermodynamic consistency when dissipative material responses are involved at any scale. In this sense, the additional condition to be fulfilled considering that the multiscale thermodynamic consistency is established. The general case of temperature-dependent, higher order elastoplasticity is considered as theoretical framework to account for the material dissipation at micro and macro scales of observation. It is shown that the thermodynamic consistency enforces the homogenization of the nonlocal terms of the finer scale's free energy density; however, this does not lead to nonlocal gradient effects on the coarse scale. Then, the particular cases of local isothermal elastoplasticity and continuum damage are considered for the purpose of the proposed thermodynamically consistent approach for multiscale homogenizations.
Staged induction of HIV-1 glycan–dependent broadly neutralizing antibodies
Authors: Bonsignori Mattia , Kreider Edward F. , Fera Daniela , Meyerhoff R. Ryan , Bradley Todd , Wiehe Kevin , Alam S. Munir , Aussedat Baptiste , Walkowicz William E. , Hwang Kwan-Ki , Saunders Kevin O. , Zhang Ruijun , Gladden Morgan A. , Monroe Anthony , Kumar Amit , Xia Shi-Mao , Cooper Melissa , Louder Mark K. , McKee Krisha , Bailer Robert T. , Pier Brendan W. , Jette Claudia A. , Kelsoe Garnett , Williams Wilton B. , Morris Lynn , Kappes John , Wagh Kshitij , Kamanga Gift , Cohen Myron S. , Hraber Peter T. , Montefiori David C. , Trama Ashley , Liao Hua-Xin , Kepler Thomas B. , Moody M. Anthony , Gao Feng , Danishefsky Samuel J. , Mascola John R. , Shaw George M. , Hahn Beatrice H. , Harrison Stephen C. , Korber Bette T. , Haynes Barton F.
Published: March 2017

Identification of maturation stages of V3-glycan neutralizing antibodies explains the long duration required for their development.
Rounding up sickle cells with gene therapy
Authors: Byrne Leah
Published: March 2017

A report of a patient treated with ex vivo lentiviral gene transfer to hematopoietic stem cells shows the promise of gene therapy for sickle cell anemia.
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Transmission Is Blocked by Type-Specific Immunity in an Infant Mouse Model
Authors: Zangari Tonia , Wang Yang , Weiser Jeffrey N.
Published: March 2017

Epidemiological studies on
Streptococcus pneumoniae
show that rates of carriage are highest in early childhood and that the major benefit of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) is a reduction in the incidence of nasopharyngeal colonization through decreased transmission within a population. In this study, we sought to understand how anti-
S. pneumoniae
immunity affects nasal shedding of bacteria, the limiting step in experimental pneumococcal transmission. Using an infant mouse model, we examined the role of immunity (passed from mother to pup) on shedding and within-litter transmission of
S. pneumoniae
by pups infected at 4 days of life. Pups from both previously colonized immune and PCV-vaccinated mothers had higher levels of anti-
S. pneumoniae
IgG than pups from non-immune or non-vaccinated mothers and shed significantly fewer
S. pneumoniae
over the first 5 days of infection. By setting up cross-foster experiments, we demonstrated that maternal passage of antibody to pups either
in utero
or post-natally decreases
S. pneumoniae
shedding. Passive immunization experiments showed that type-specific antibody to capsular polysaccharide is sufficient to decrease shedding and that the agglutinating function of immunoglobulin is required for this effect. Finally, we established that anti-pneumococcal immunity and anti-PCV vaccination block host-to-host transmission of
S. pneumoniae
. Moreover, immunity in either the donor or recipient pups alone was sufficient to reduce rates of transmission, indicating that decreased shedding and protection from acquisition of colonization are both contributing factors. Our findings provide a mechanistic explanation for the reduced levels of
S. pneumoniae
transmission between hosts immune from prior exposure and among vaccinated children.

IMPORTANCE
Rates of carriage of the bacterial pathogen
Streptococcus pneumoniae
are highest among young children, and this is the target group for the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV). Epidemiological studies have suggested that a major benefit of the PCV is a reduction in host-to-host transmission, which also protects the non-vaccinated population (“herd immunity”). In this study, we examined the role of anti-pneumococcal immunity on nasal shedding and transmission of the pathogen using an infant mouse model. We found that shedding is decreased and transmission is blocked by anti-pneumococcal immunity and PCV vaccination. Additionally, transmission rates decreased if either the infected or contact pups were immune, indicating that reduced shedding and protection from the establishment of colonization are both contributing factors. Our study provides a mechanistic explanation for the herd immunity effect seen after the introduction of PCV and identifies potential points of intervention, which may have implications for future vaccine development.
Antibiotic Capture by Bacterial Lipocalins Uncovers an Extracellular Mechanism of Intrinsic Antibiotic Resistance
Authors: El-Halfawy Omar M. , Klett Javier , Ingram Rebecca J. , Loutet Slade A. , Murphy Michael E. P. , Martín-Santamaría Sonsoles , Valvano Miguel A.
Published: March 2017

The potential for microbes to overcome antibiotics of different classes before they reach bacterial cells is largely unexplored. Here we show that a soluble bacterial lipocalin produced by
Burkholderia cenocepacia
upon exposure to sublethal antibiotic concentrations increases resistance to diverse antibiotics
in vitro
and
in vivo
. These phenotypes were recapitulated by heterologous expression in
B. cenocepacia
of lipocalin genes from
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
, and methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
. Purified lipocalin bound different classes of bactericidal antibiotics and contributed to bacterial survival
in vivo
. Experimental and X-ray crystal structure-guided computational studies revealed that lipocalins counteract antibiotic action by capturing antibiotics in the extracellular space. We also demonstrated that fat-soluble vitamins prevent antibiotic capture by binding bacterial lipocalin with higher affinity than antibiotics. Therefore, bacterial lipocalins contribute to antimicrobial resistance by capturing diverse antibiotics in the extracellular space at the site of infection, which can be counteracted by known vitamins.

IMPORTANCE
Current research on antibiotic action and resistance focuses on targeting essential functions within bacterial cells. We discovered a previously unrecognized mode of general bacterial antibiotic resistance operating in the extracellular space, which depends on bacterial protein molecules called lipocalins. These molecules are highly conserved in most bacteria and have the ability to capture different classes of antibiotics outside bacterial cells. We also discovered that liposoluble vitamins, such as vitamin E, overcome
in vitro
and
in vivo
antibiotic resistance mediated by bacterial lipocalins, providing an unexpected new alternative to combat resistance by using this vitamin or its derivatives as antibiotic adjuvants.
Soil transmitted helminthiasis in indigenous groups. A community cross sectional study in the Amazonian southern border region of Ecuador
Authors: Romero-Sandoval Natalia , Ortiz-Rico Claudia , Sánchez-Pérez Héctor Javier , Valdivieso Daniel , Sandoval Carlos , Pástor Jacob , Martín Miguel
Published: March 2017

Background

Rural communities in the Amazonian southern border of Ecuador have benefited from governmental social programmes over the past 9 years, which have addressed, among other things, diseases associated with poverty, such as soil transmitted helminth infections. The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of geohelminth infection and several factors associated with it in these communities.

Methods

This was a cross sectional study in two indigenous communities of the Amazonian southern border of Ecuador. The data were analysed at both the household and individual levels.

Results

At the individual level, the prevalence of geohelminth infection reached 46.9% (95% CI 39.5% to 54.2%), with no differences in terms of gender, age, temporary migration movements or previous chemoprophylaxis. In 72.9% of households, one or more members were infected. Receiving subsidies and overcrowding were associated with the presence of helminths.

Conclusions

The prevalence of geohelminth infection was high. Our study suggests that it is necessary to conduct studies focusing on communities, and not simply on captive groups, such as schoolchildren, with the object of proposing more suitable and effective strategies to control this problem.
Examining sufficiency and equity in the geographic distribution of physicians in Japan: a longitudinal study
Authors: Hara Koji , Otsubo Tetsuya , Kunisawa Susumu , Imanaka Yuichi
Published: March 2017

Objectives

The objective of this study was to longitudinally examine the geographic distribution of physicians in Japan with adjustment for healthcare demand according to changes in population age structure.

Methods

We examined trends in the number of physicians per 100 000 population in Japan's secondary medical areas (SMAs) from 2000 to 2014. Healthcare demand was adjusted using health expenditure per capita. Trends in the Gini coefficient and the number of SMAs with a low physician supply were analysed. A subgroup analysis was also conducted where SMAs were divided into 4 groups according to urban–rural classification and initial physician supply.

Results

The time-based changes in the Gini coefficient and the number of SMAs with a low physician supply indicated that the equity in physician distribution had worsened throughout the study period. The number of physicians per 100 000 population had seemingly increased in all groups, with increases of 22.9% and 34.5% in urban groups with higher and lower initial physician supply, respectively. However, after adjusting healthcare demand, physician supply decreased by 1.3% in the former group and increased by 3.5% in the latter group. Decreases were also observed in the rural groups, where the number of physicians decreased by 4.4% in the group with a higher initial physician supply and 7.6% in the group with a lower initial physician supply.

Conclusions

Although the total number of physicians increased in Japan, demand-adjusted physician supply decreased in recent years in all areas except for urban areas with a lower initial physician supply. In addition, the equity of physician distribution had consistently deteriorated since 2000. The results indicate that failing to adjust healthcare demand will produce misleading results, and that there is a need for major reform of Japan's healthcare system to improve physician distribution.
Inadvertent activation of a PEEP valve leading to potentially severe cardiopulmonary complications in a horse
Authors: Cruz Benedetti Inga‐Catalina , Argano Martina , Küls Nina , Rocchi Attilio
Published: March 2017

A five‐year‐old Austrian thoroughbred mare underwent anaesthesia and was mechanically ventilated using a Smith respirator L.A.‐90. Shortly after commencing, capnography displayed a curve compatible with airway obstruction and haemoglobin saturation decreased progressively. Unexpectedly, positive‐end expiratory pressure and peak inspiratory pressure reached 20 cm H2O and 50 cm H2O, respectively. The ventilator was disconnected and the patient ventilated manually, promptly correcting capnography and saturation. A later inspection of the ventilator identified two problems. The expiratory flow regulator, made of two overriding metal rings, was inadvertently rotated, preventing gas from escaping the system during expiration. Additionally, the poorly labelled knob limiting PIP had been left on 50 cm H2O. The authors describe a critical incident due to both, some specific features and limitations of the Smith Respirator L.A.‐90, and the lack of familiarity of the anaesthetists with the ventilator. Implementing checklists may guide inexperienced users through the safe use of equipment.
Ovarian function’s role during cancer cachexia progression in the female mouse
Authors: Hetzler Kimbell L. , Hardee Justin P. , LaVoie Holly A. , Murphy E. Angela , Carson James A.
Published: March 2017

Cachexia is a debilitating condition that occurs with chronic disease, including cancer; our research has shown that some regulation of cancer cachexia progression is affected by sex differences. The ApcMin/+mouse is genetically predisposed to develop intestinal tumors; IL-6 signaling and hypogonadism are associated with cachexia severity in the male. This relationship in the female warrants further investigation, as we have shown that the ability of IL-6 to induce cachexia differs between the sexes. Since ovarian reproductive function relies on a complex system of endocrine signaling to affect whole body homeostasis, we examined the relationship between ovarian reproductive function and progression of cancer cachexia in the female ApcMin/+mouse. Our study of ovarian reproductive function in female ApcMin/+mice showed disease-related cessation of estrous cycling (acyclicity) in 38% of mice. Acyclicity, including morphological and functional losses and enhanced muscle inflammatory gene expression, was associated with severe cachexia. Interestingly, ovariectomy rescued body weight and muscle mass and function but increased muscle sensitivity to systemic IL-6 overexpression. In conclusion, our results provide evidence for a relationship between ovarian reproductive function and cachexia progression in female ApcMin/+mice.
Intrarenal signaling mediated by CCK plays a role in salt intake-induced natriuresis
Authors: Takahashi-Iwanaga Hiromi , Kimura Shunsuke , Konno Kohtarou , Watanabe Masahiko , Iwanaga Toshihiko
Published: March 2017

The natriuretic hormone CCK exhibits its gene transcripts in total kidney extracts. To test the possibility of CCK acting as an intrarenal mediator of sodium excretion, we examined mouse kidneys by 1) an in situ hybridization technique for CCK mRNA in animals fed a normal- or a high-sodium diet; 2) immuno-electron microscopy for the CCK peptide, 3) an in situ hybridization method and immunohistochemistry for the CCK-specific receptor CCKAR; 4) confocal image analysis of receptor-mediated Ca2+ responses in isolated renal tubules; and 5) metabolic cage experiments for the measurement of urinary sodium excretion in high-salt-fed mice either treated or untreated with the CCKAR antagonist lorglumide. Results showed the CCK gene to be expressed intensely in the inner medulla and moderately in the inner stripe of the outer medulla, with the expression in the latter being enhanced by high sodium intake. Immunoreactivity for the CCK peptide was localized to the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the medullary interstitial cells in corresponding renal regions, confirming it to be a secretory protein. Gene transcripts, protein products, and the functional activity for CCKAR were consistently localized to the late proximal tubule segments (S2 and S3) in the medullary rays, and the outer stripe of the outer medulla. Lorglumide significantly diminished natriuretic responses of mice to a dietary sodium load without altering the glomerular filtration rate. These findings suggest that the medullary interstitial cells respond to body fluid expansion by CCK release for feedback regulation of the late proximal tubular reabsorption.
PSMA-PET/CT-Positive Paget Disease in a Patient with Newly Diagnosed Prostate Cancer: Imaging and Bone Biopsy Findings
Authors: Froehner Michael , Toma Marieta , Zöphel Klaus , Novotny Vladimir , Laniado Michael , Wirth Manfred P.
Published: March 2017

A 67-year-old man diagnosed with Gleason score4+5=9clinically localized prostate cancer with68Ga-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen-targeted ligand positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PSMA-PET/CT) positive Paget bone disease is described. Immunohistochemical staining revealed weak PSMA positivity of the bone lesion supporting the hypothesis that neovasculature might explain positive PSMA-PET/CT findings in Paget disease.
Emission Reduction Performance of Modified Hot Mix Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Wang Chaohui , Li Qiang , Wang Kevin C. P. , Sun Xiaolong , Wang Xuancang
Published: March 2017

Three novel asphalt modifiers with pollutant emission reduction effects and new emissions measurement equipment compatible with several preexisting asphalt production systems are developed in this paper. The effects of various modifier, asphalt binder type, and gradation of hot mix asphalt (HMA) on pollutant emissions are evaluated in the lab through a comprehensive experimental design. Furthermore, road performances are monitored to evaluate the emissions reduction of modified HMA mixture for production. With increasing modifier content, the emissions reduction performance is improved markedly, with maximum reduction of 70.5%. However, the impact of modifier content on pollutant emissions reduction tends to be insignificant for dosages greater than 20% of the initial asphalt weight. Changes in asphalt type and asphalt mix gradation are found to moderately impact the emissions reduction effect. Finally, the mechanisms of emissions reduction are investigated, primarily attribute to their physical and chemical adsorption and pollutant reductive degradation characteristics.
Allelopathic Activity of Extracts from Different Brazilian Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Cultivars on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and Weed Plants
Authors: Casimiro G. S. , Mansur E. , Pacheco G. , Garcia R. , Leal I. C. R. , Simas N. K.
Published: March 2017

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is the fourth most consumed oleaginous plant in the world, producing seeds with high contents of lipids, proteins, vitamins, and carbohydrates. Biological activities of different extracts of this species have already been evaluated by many researchers, including antioxidant, antitumoral, and antibacterial. In this work, the allelopathic activity of extracts from different Brazilian peanut cultivars against lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and two weed plants (Commelina benghalensis and Ipomoea nil) was studied. Aerial parts, roots, seeds, and seed coats were used for the preparation of crude extracts. Seed extract partitioning was performed with n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and aqueous residue. Germination and growth of hypocotyls and rootlets were evaluated after one and five days of incubation with plant extracts, respectively. Crude seed extract and its dichloromethanic partition displayed highest allelopathic activity. These results contribute for the study of new potential natural herbicides.
The Histopathological Finding of the Surgically Extracted Atypical Dome-Shaped Choroidal Osteoma
Authors: Bessho Hirona , Imai Hisanori , Azumi Atsushi
Published: March 2017

Purpose. To report a case of atypical dome-shaped choroidal osteoma, which was diagnosed by histopathological finding of surgically extracted tumor. Case Report. A 35-year-old woman presented with visual field abnormality in the left eye (OS). Her best-corrected visual acuity with Landolt ring chart was 1.0 OS. The funduscopic examination revealed a yellowish dome-shaped choroidal tumor located in the temporal side of the macula with exudative retinal detachment. 25-gauge pars plana vitrectomy and the extraction of the tumor were performed for the definitive diagnosis. Results. As a result of histopathological finding from the extracted tumor, she was diagnosed with choroidal osteoma. 10 months after the last surgery, the BCVA is 0.7 OS. The tumor is not relapsed. Conclusions. We must keep in mind that choroidal osteoma can be one of the differential diagnoses for the dome-shaped choroidal tumor.
Delayed Infection of a Lymphocele following RARP in a Patient with Nonspecific Symptoms
Authors: Taniguchi Tomoki , Takahashi Yoshito , Taniguchi Mitsuhiro , Yamada Toru , Ishida Kenichiro
Published: March 2017

Pelvic lymphoceles are an infrequent complication after pelvic surgery and develop shortly after the surgery in most cases. We experienced a case of delayed infection of a lymphocele 6 months after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) and pelvic lymphadenectomy. In this case, antimicrobial chemotherapy and percutaneous drainage were effective, and there was no recurrence of the disease. Most urologists do not recognize that infected lymphoceles can develop a long time after surgery; thus, infected lymphoceles should be kept in mind in patients with nonspecific infectious symptoms, regardless of the length of time after surgery.
A Portable, Inexpensive, Nonmydriatic Fundus Camera Based on the Raspberry Pi® Computer
Authors: Shen Bailey Y. , Mukai Shizuo
Published: March 2017

Purpose. Nonmydriatic fundus cameras allow retinal photography without pharmacologic dilation of the pupil. However, currently available nonmydriatic fundus cameras are bulky, not portable, and expensive. Taking advantage of recent advances in mobile technology, we sought to create a nonmydriatic fundus camera that was affordable and could be carried in a white coat pocket. Methods. We built a point-and-shoot prototype camera using a Raspberry Pi computer, an infrared-sensitive camera board, a dual infrared and white light light-emitting diode, a battery, a 5-inch touchscreen liquid crystal display, and a disposable 20-diopter condensing lens. Our prototype camera was based on indirect ophthalmoscopy with both infrared and white lights. Results. The prototype camera measured 133mm×91mm×45mm and weighed 386 grams. The total cost of the components, including the disposable lens, was $185.20. The camera was able to obtain good-quality fundus images without pharmacologic dilation of the pupils. Conclusion. A fully functional, inexpensive, handheld, nonmydriatic fundus camera can be easily assembled from a relatively small number of components. With modest improvements, such a camera could be useful for a variety of healthcare professionals, particularly those who work in settings where a traditional table-mounted nonmydriatic fundus camera would be inconvenient.
Giant Cystic Pheochromocytoma with Low Risk of Malignancy: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Maharaj Ravi , Parbhu Sangeeta , Ramcharan Wesley , Baijoo Shanta , Greaves Wesley , Harnanan Dave , Warner Wayne A.
Published: March 2017

Giant pheochromocytomas are rare silent entities that do not present with the classical symptoms commonly seen in catecholamine-secreting tumors. In many cases they are accidentally discovered. The algorithm to diagnose a pheochromocytoma consists of biochemical evaluation and imaging of a retroperitoneal mass. The female patient in this case report presented with a palpable abdominal mass and was cured with surgical resection. She suffered no recurrence or complications on follow-up. The left retroperitoneal mass measured 27 × 18 × 12 cm and weighed 3,315 grams. Biochemical, radiological, and pathological examinations confirmed the diagnosis of a pheochromocytoma. In this paper, we report on our experience treating this patient and provide a summary of all giant pheochromocytomas greater than 10 cm reported to date in English language medical journals. Our patient’s giant cystic pheochromocytoma was the fourth heaviest and fifth largest maximal diameter identified using our literature search criteria. Additionally, this tumor had the largest maximal diameter of all histologically confirmed benign/low metastatic risk pheochromocytomas. Giant cystic pheochromocytomas are rare entities requiring clinical suspicion coupled with strategic diagnostic evaluation to confirm the diagnosis.
Corneal Clarity and Visual Outcomes after Small-Incision Lenticule Extraction and Comparison to Femtosecond Laser-Assisted In Situ Keratomileusis
Authors: Lazaridis Apostolos , Droutsas Konstantinos , Sekundo Walter , Petrak Michael , Schulze Stephan
Published: March 2017

Purpose. To evaluate corneal clarity and visual outcomes after small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and compare them to femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (FS-LASIK).Materials and Methods. Fifty-eight myopic eyes of 33 patients who underwent SMILE were compared to 58 eyes of 33 patients treated with FS-LASIK. All procedures were performed using VisuMax® femtosecond laser and MEL 80® excimer laser (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Germany). Pentacam™ (Oculus, Germany) was used for pre- and 3-month postoperative corneal densitometry (CD) analysis. CD was evaluated at 3 optically relevant, concentric radial zones (0–2 mm, 2–6 mm, and 0–6 mm annulus) around the corneal apex and at 3 different anatomical corneal layers (anterior, central, and posterior). Associations of postoperative CD values with the lenticule thickness and ablation depth were examined. Preoperative and postoperative corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) values were also compared.Results. After SMILE, the total CD (all corneal layers) at 0–6 mm annulus showed no significant change compared to preoperative values (P=0.259). After FS-LASIK, the total CD was significantly reduced (P=0.033). Three-month postoperative CD showed no significant differences between the 2 groups for all examined annuli (0–2 mm:P=0.569; 2–6 mm:P=0.055; and 0–6 mm:P=0.686). Total CD after SMILE at 0–6 mm annulus displayed a weak negative association with the lenticule thickness (P=0.079,R2=0.0532) and after FS-LASIK displayed a weak negative association with the ablation depth (P=0.731,R2=0.0015). Postoperative CDVA was similar for both groups (P=0.517).Conclusion. Quantification of corneal clarity using the Scheimpflug CD showed similar results before and 3 months after SMILE. Compared to FS-LASIK, no significant differences of corneal clarity and CDVA were found 3 months postoperatively.
Decomposition Characteristics and Kinetics of Microalgae in N2 and CO2 Atmospheres by a Thermogravimetry
Authors: Qing Xu , Xiaoqian Ma , Zhaosheng Yu , Zilin Cai , Changming Ling
Published: March 2017

The thermal degradation characteristics of microalgae were investigated in highly purified N2 and CO2 atmospheres by a thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) under different heating rates (10, 20, and 40°C/min). The results indicated that the total residual mass in CO2 atmosphere (16.86%) was less than in N2 atmosphere (23.12%); in addition, the kinetics of microalgae in N2 and CO2 atmospheres could be described by the pseudo bicomponent separated state model (PBSM) and pseudo-multi-component overall model (PMOM), respectively. The kinetic parameters calculated by Coats-Redfern method showed that, in CO2 atmosphere, the apparent activation energy (E) of microalgae was between 9.863 and 309.381 kJ mol−1 and the reaction order (n) was varied from 1.1 to 7. The kinetic parameters (E,n) of the second stage in CO2 atmosphere were quite similar to those in N2 atmosphere.
Detecting Difference between Process Models Based on the Refined Process Structure Tree
Authors: Fan Jing , Wang Jiaxing , An Weishi , Cao Bin , Dong Tianyang
Published: March 2017

The development of mobile workflow management systems (mWfMS) leads to large number of business process models. In the meantime, the location restriction embedded in mWfMS may result in different process models for a single business process. In order to help users quickly locate the difference and rebuild the process model, detecting the difference between different process models is needed. Existing detection methods either provide a dissimilarity value to represent the difference or use predefined difference template to generate the result, which cannot reflect the entire composition of the difference. Hence, in this paper, we present a new approach to solve this problem. Firstly, we parse the process models to their corresponding refined process structure trees (PSTs), that is, decomposing a process model into a hierarchy of subprocess models. Then we design a method to convert the PST to its corresponding task based process structure tree (TPST). As a consequence, the problem of detecting difference between two process models is transformed to detect difference between their corresponding TPSTs. Finally, we obtain the difference between two TPSTs based on the divide and conquer strategy, where the difference is described by an edit script and we make the cost of the edit script close to minimum. The extensive experimental evaluation shows that our method can meet the real requirements in terms of precision and efficiency.
A Secured Load Mitigation and Distribution Scheme for Securing SIP Server
Authors: Ganesan Vennila , MSK Manikandan
Published: March 2017

Managing the performance of the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) server under heavy load conditions is a critical task in a Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) network. In this paper, a two-tier model is proposed for the security, load mitigation, and distribution issues of the SIP server. In the first tier, the proposed handler segregates and drops the malicious traffic. The second tier provides a uniform load of distribution, using the least session termination time (LSTT) algorithm. Besides, the mean session termination time is minimized by reducing the waiting time of the SIP messages. Efficiency of the LSTT algorithm is evaluated through the experimental test bed by considering with and without a handler. The experimental results establish that the proposed two-tier model improves the throughput and the CPU utilization. It also reduces the response time and error rate while preserving the quality of multimedia session delivery. This two-tier model provides robust security, dynamic load distribution, appropriate server selection, and session synchronization.
Innervation of the Human Cavum Conchae and Auditory Canal: Anatomical Basis for Transcutaneous Auricular Nerve Stimulation
Authors: Bermejo P. , López M. , Larraya I. , Chamorro J. , Cobo J. L. , Ordóñez S. , Vega J. A.
Published: March 2017

The innocuous transcutaneous stimulation of nerves supplying the outer ear has been demonstrated to be as effective as the invasive direct stimulation of the vagus nerve for the treatment of some neurological and nonneurological disturbances. Thus, the precise knowledge of external ear innervation is of maximal interest for the design of transcutaneous auricular nerve stimulation devices. We analyzed eleven outer ears, and the innervation was assessed by Masson’s trichrome staining, immunohistochemistry, or immunofluorescence (neurofilaments, S100 protein, and myelin-basic protein). In both the cavum conchae and the auditory canal, nerve profiles were identified between the cartilage and the skin and out of the cartilage. The density of nerves and of myelinated nerve fibers was higher out of the cartilage and in the auditory canal with respect to the cavum conchae. Moreover, the nerves were more numerous in the superior and posterior-inferior than in the anterior-inferior segments of the auditory canal. The present study established a precise nerve map of the human cavum conchae and the cartilaginous segment of the auditory canal demonstrating regional differences in the pattern of innervation of the human outer ear. These results may provide additional neuroanatomical basis for the accurate design of auricular transcutaneous nerve stimulation devices.
Usefulness of Stereotactic Radiotherapy Using CyberKnife for Recurrent Lymph Node Metastasis of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Kawabe Joji , Higashiyama Shigeaki , Sougawa Mitsuharu , Yoshida Atsushi , Kotani Kohei , Shiomi Susumu
Published: March 2017

A woman in her 60s presented with a recurrent lymph node metastasis from a papillary thyroid carcinoma in the right parapharyngeal space. She had already undergone total thyroidectomy, five resections for cervical lymph node metastases, and right carotid rebuilding. Surgical resection of the current metastasis was impossible. 131I-radioiodine therapy (RIT) with 3.7 GBq 131I was not effective; therefore, stereotactic radiation therapy (SRT) using a CyberKnife radiotherapy system was scheduled. The prescription dose was 21 Gy, and a dose covering 95% of the planning target volume (PTV) in three fractions was administered. The PTV was 4,790 mm3. Follow-up magnetic resonance imaging conducted 3 and 12 months after the SRT demonstrated a remarkable and gradual reduction of the recurrent lymph node metastasis in the right parapharyngeal space and no evidence of recurrence. For multidisciplinary therapy of unresectable and/or RIT unresponsive locoregional lymph node metastases and recurrences of DTC, SRT using the CyberKnife system should be considered.
Beer, Cider, and Wine Allergy
Authors: Bansal Rhea A. , Tadros Susan , Bansal Amolak S.
Published: March 2017

Background. Allergy to beer is often due to specific proteins in barley and sometimes to lipid transfer protein. Allergy to wine is frequently due to a sensitivity to grape proteins. We present a rare case of allergy to beer, wine, and cider resulting from IgE reactivity to yeasts and moulds which also explained the patient’s additional sensitivity to yeast extracts and blue cheese. Case Presentation. The patient’s symptoms included throat and facial itching accompanied by mild wheeze and severe urticaria. Diagnosis of allergy to yeast was confirmed by specific IgE testing as well as that to relevant foods and beverages. The patient’s ongoing management included advice to avoid beer, wine, and other food groups containing specific yeasts, in addition to carrying a short acting nonsedating antihistamine as well as an adrenaline autoinjector. Conclusions. Cases of yeast allergy are extremely rare in medical literature but may be underrecognised and should be considered in patients presenting with reactions to alcoholic beverages and other yeast-containing products.
High-Accuracy Tracking Using Ultrawideband Signals for Enhanced Safety of Cyclists
Authors: Dardari Davide , Decarli Nicoló , Guerra Anna , Al-Rimawi Ashraf , Puchades Víctor Marín , Prati Gabriele , De Angelis Marco , Fraboni Federico , Pietrantoni Luca
Published: March 2017

In this paper, an ultrawideband localization system to improve the cyclists’ safety is presented. The architectural solutions proposed consist of tags placed on bikes, whose positions have to be estimated, and anchors, acting as reference nodes, located at intersections and/or on vehicles. The peculiarities of the localization system in terms of accuracy and cost enable its adoption with enhanced risk assessment units situated on the infrastructure/vehicle, depending on the architecture chosen, as well as real-time warning to the road users. Experimental results reveal that the localization error, in both static and dynamic conditions, is below 50 cm in most of the cases.
Geraghty Type Generalized F‐Contractions and Related Applications in Partial b‐Metric Spaces
Authors: Singh Deepak , Chauhan Varsha , Wangkeeree R.
Published: March 2017

The purpose of this paper is to introduce new concepts of (α, β)‐admissible Geraghty type generalized F‐contraction and to prove that some fixed point results for such mappings are in the perspective of partial b‐metric space. As an application, we inaugurate new fixed point results for Geraghty type generalized graphic F‐contraction defined on partial metric space endowed with a directed graph. On the other hand, one more application to the existence and uniqueness of a solution for the first‐order periodic boundary value problem is also provided. Our findings encompass various generalizations of the Banach contraction principle on metric space, partial metric space, and partial b‐metric space. Moreover, some examples are presented to illustrate the usability of the new theory.