bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A BETTER WAY OF CONVICTING BUSINESSES OF AVOIDABLE DEATHS AND INJURIES?
Authors: Glazebrook P.R.
Published: September 2002

The Law Commission’s proposal for an offence of “corporate killing” (modelled on the common law crimeof gross negligence manslaughter) is criticised for vagueness and imprecison, for not comprehending serious non-fatal injuries, and for failing to recognise that in the absence of clear rules of attribution, any criminal liability imposed on an organisation can only be for failing to prevent something happening. It is suggested that offences (patterned on those of causing death by dangerous, or by careless and drunken driving) of causing death or serious injury by breaking (statutory) regulations would be a much better way of holding businesses and similar bodies as well as individuals liable for death and serious injuries that would not have occurred if those regulations had been obeyed.
IMMUNITY FOR INTERNATIONAL CRIMES: A REAFFIRMATION OF TRADITIONAL DOCTRINE
Authors: Yang Xiaodong
Published: September 2002

InArrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium), decided on 14 February 2002, the International Court of Justice held that an incumbent Minister for Foreign Affairs was immune from criminal proceedings before a foreign domestic court, even if the charges involved crimes against humanity. Human rights advocates might well regard this decision as a serious setback. Decided against a widespread euphoria brought forth by, and largely due to a neglect of an important dictum in, the historic holding in Pinochet No. 3 [2000] 1 A.C. 147, the case serves further to clarify a crucial point of State immunity in current international law. The Pinochet case dealt with the immunity of a former, as opposed to a serving, Head of State. While the majority of the Law Lords only mentioned in passing that the immunity enjoyed by a serving Head of State ratione personae was absolute, the International Court of Justice stated, in unambiguous language, that: … in international law it is firmly established that, as also diplomatic and consular agents, certain holders of high-ranking office in a State, such as the Head of State, Head of Government and Minister for Foreign Affairs, enjoy immunities from jurisdiction in other States, both civil and criminal.
WELL-PROTECTED ENEMIES OF MANKIND
Authors: Tams Christian J.
Published: September 2002

[T]he torturer has become—like the pirate and the slave
trader before him—hostis humani generis, an enemy of all mankind.
(Kaufman J. in Filártiga v. Peña-Irala 630 F.
2d 876, 890 (2d Cir.,1980)).

The European Court of Human Rights’ decision in Al-Adsani v. UK (2002) 34 E.H.R.R. 273 does not openly reject the view that torturers have become enemies of all mankind. It does however affirm that they can protect themselves abroad with a magic weapon that neither pirates nor slave traders usually possessed. This is the shield of sovereign immunity, which prevents State torturers from being tried before courts of a foreign State. In Al-Adsani, the ECHR, by a bare majority of 9 votes to 8, decided that States and their officials can invoke immunity even where they are accused of breaches of peremptory norms of international law (ius cogens), i.e. norms which, by definition, admit of no derogation (Article 53 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties).
PRIVACY, CONFIDENTIALITY AND THE CULT OF CELEBRITY
Authors: Howarth David
Published: September 2002

You receive information that someone you know is having an affair. Do you tell the person’s spouse? It is not an easy question. Should you think, “This is none of my business?” But the spouse might rightly blame you for not telling him or her. Whatever you think, however, you are unlikely to conclude that you should ring a newspaper and sell it the story for several thousand pounds. As a way of informing the wronged spouse, it lacks a certain fitness for purpose.
FLOATING CHARGES—COSSLETTIN THE HOUSE OF LORDS
Authors: Sealy L.S.
Published: September 2002

Here we are concerned with two cases involving the same parties. The first is reported as Re Cosslett (Contractors) Ltd. [1997] Ch. 23, [1998] Ch. 495, and was noted in [1997] C.L.J. 257 and [1998] C.L.J. 22. Cosslett, an engineering firm, had brought two large coal-washing machines on to a site belonging to the local council pursuant to a contract to reclaim land on which colliery waste had been dumped. Cosslett ran into financial difficulties and abandoned the work, and was later put into administration. The council, acting under a power conferred by the contract, used the machines to finish the job (employing a second contractor, Burrows). The first action was brought by Cosslett’s administrator under the Insolvency Act 1986, s. 234, demanding summarily that the machines be handed over to him. The Court of Appeal held that the contract did indeed authorise the council to use the machines in this way, and that so long as the work was continuing the administrator’s claim must fail. But there was a second point. Another provision in the contract (Clause 63) gave the council power to sell the abandoned machines and use the proceeds to discharge any debts owed to it by Cosslett. The Court of Appeal held that this clause created a floating charge which, not having been registered under the Companies Act 1986, s. 395, was void in the ensuing administration. However, this did not affect the council’s right to use the machines, and judgment was given in favour of the council.
A HOLLOW VICTORY: THE ECJ RULES ON DIRECT EFFECT OF FREEDOM OF ESTABLISHMENT PROVISIONS IN EUROPE AGREEMENTS
Authors: Pedain Antje
Published: September 2002

In three judgments delivered on 27 September 2001 (Cases C-63/99 R. v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p. Gloszczuk and Gloszczuk; C-235/99 R. v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p. Kondova; C-257/99 R. v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p. Barkoci and Malik), the ECJ ruled on the legal effects of provisions in the so-called “Europe Agreements” (EAs), Association Agreements concluded in the early 1990s between the European Communities and their Member States, of the one part, and certain Eastern European countries, of the other part, with a view to promoting harmonious economic development with and within these countries and to acknowledging the ultimate political objective on the part of these States eventually to become Members of the European Union.
DID THE JURY MISBEHAVE? DON’T ASK, BECAUSE WE DO NOT WANT TO KNOW.
Authors: Spencer J.R.
Published: September 2002

InR. v. Quereshi [2002] 1 W.L.R. 518 the defendant, who was Asian, was convicted of arson with intent to endanger life, for which he was sentenced to four years’ imprisonment. A few days after the verdict a juror made a series of allegations to the court administrator which the administrator later summarised as follows: Despite the usher’s warning not to make racist remarks, disparaging remarks were made throughout the trial by some members of the jury about the defendant’s appearance, his accent, his poor English, his mannerisms, and his business integrity. It is alleged that the following remarks were made during the trial: “I know his sort, they’re all the same”; “I have worked with them in Birmingham. I know what they’re like”; “the only reason he’s got a clean record is because he’s never been caught” and “he would have been better off staying in India.” Some members of the jury appeared to have reached a decision at the outset of the trial and did not change their minds. During the trial, newspapers dealing with the trial were brought into the jury retiring room by jurors and shown around. At least three jurors had mobile phones and two of them used them to contact outsiders during the trial and to tell them about the progress of the trial. A juror fell asleep during the evidence. A juror was deaf and could not hear all the evidence. Other members of the jury adopted a bullying attitude. On hearing this, Quereshi unsurprisingly appealed, asking the Court of Appeal to have the allegations properly investigated.
A Theory of Precedent: From Analytical Positivism to a Post-Analytical Philosophy of Law. By R. Siltala. [Oxford: Hart Publishing. 2000. xv, 267 and (Bibliography) 10pp. Hardback £40.00 net. ISBN 1–84113–123–7.]
Authors: Lucy William
Published: September 2002

The first half of Raimo Siltala’s book (chapters 1–5) is an essay in “analytical legal positivism” that examines the doctrine and practice of precedent in a number of jurisdictions. Analytical positivism is, for Siltala, “a shorthand expression for a set or cluster of philosophical and jurisprudential tenets” (p. 17). These tenets include the sources and separation theses of contemporary legal positivism and, more generally, the commitments of “[a]nalytical philosophy” (p. 20) to “(rational) argument and clarity, along with the emphasis laid on linguistic analysis, seen as free from any effort towards metaphysical synthesis” (ibid.). Within this framework, Siltala develops an account of the nature of a legal norm (chapter 2) which serves as an entrée to the main course, namely, the construction, elucidation and defence of “a theory of precedent ideology” (chapters 3–5). The latter theory should not, however, detract from the utility of Siltala’s account of legal norms, helpfully combining the early Dworkin’s discussion of rules and principles with some analyses of legal formality to yield an account of “deontic formality” (pp. 53–54). This notion appears genuinely fruitful and it would be a pity were it overlooked because it only occasionally surfaces in the subsequent discussion of precedent ideologies.
Human Rights in India: Historical, Social and Political Perspectives.
Edited by Chiranjivi J. Nirmal. [New Delhi:
Oxford University Press. 1999. xxxvi, 269, (Bibliography) 18,
(Annexures) 34, and (Index) 6 pp. Hardback £12.99 net.
ISBN 1–972–87055–4.] Datar on Constitution of India. By Arvind P. Datar.
[Nagpur: Wadhwa & Co. 2001. cxxxiii, 1401,
(Appendices) 180, and (Index) 92 pp. Hardback £75.00 net.
ISBN 0–19–564597–9.]
Authors: Forsyth Christopher
Published: September 2002

The Constitution of India is a mammoth instrument—the largest Constitution in the world—with 395 articles, 12 Schedules and 83 amendments. Accounts of the constitutional law of India are thus inevitably very large. The late H.M. Seervai’s multi-volume Constitution of India (4th edn., 1993) is well known and rightly described as “monumental”. But now a new work is making its presence felt. Arvind Datar originally intended to write no more than a Student’s Edition of Seervai. But Seervai refused permission for this project, taking the view, probably with justice, that his work could not be summarised. So Datar decided to write an article by article commentary of the Constitution and Datar on Constitution of India is the result. The resulting book is monumental in its own right. It deals exhaustively with each of the articles of the constitution. The author makes it plain that he could have written a much longer book in that he refers only to decisions of the Supreme Court of India. Only where the Supreme Court has been silent does he refer to relevant decisions of the several state High Courts. None the less, his approach is commendably comparative. The Constitution of the United States is often referred to (and it is in fact reproduced in an appendix) as are decisions of the US Supreme Court. But the work as a whole shows that “Not the Potomac, but the Thames, fertilises the flow of the Yamuna” (Krishna Iyer J. in Samsher Singh v. Union of India AIR 1974 SC 2192 at 2212 cited by Datar on p. 396).
EFFECT OF SOME METABOLIC INHIBITORS AND GROWTH HORMONES ON THE SPORULATION AND GROWTH OF AZOLLA MICROPHYLLA
Authors: Kar P. P. , Singh D. P.
Published: September 2002

Foliar sprays of 25–100 mg L−1 dinitrophenol, sodium azide (NaN3) and thiourea solution applied to Azolla microphylla (strains 202 and 203) at seven days after inoculation significantly increased the sporulation frequency and number of micro- and mega-sporocarps per plant. Azolla biomass production was decreased by the application of NaN3 at 50–100 mg L−1 and dinitrophenol or thiourea at 75 and 100 mg L−1. Both the sporulation frequency and sporocarp number were maximal with dinitrophenol and NaN3 at 100 mg L−1 and thiourea at 75 mg L−1. At this concentration, NaN3 was more effective than dinitrophenol and thiourea in enhancing sporulation in A. microphylla (strain 203). The sporulation frequency and micro-sporocarp number were significantly higher with gibberellic acid (2.5 mg L−1) than with indole acetic acid (6 mg L−1) application, while the effects of NaN3 were comparable with those of gibberellic acid. The mega-sporocarp numbers in these treatments were comparable. The combined application of any two of the metabolic inhibitors had antagonistic effects and decreased the sporulation frequency and sporocarp number over their individual applications. Combined applications also substantially reduced the biomass production. The application of gibberellic acid or indole acetic acid along with one of the metabolic inhibitors had synergistic effects on the formation of sporocarps and significantly increased the biomass production, irrespective of the metabolic inhibitor treatment. The number of both micro- and mega-sporocarps in the gibberellic acid + NaN3 and indole acetic acid + NaN3 treatments, and micro-sporocarps in the gibberellic acid + dinitrophenol, indole acetic acid + dinitrophenol and indole acetic acid + thiourea treatments was significantly higher than when each of these chemicals was applied alone. Of the different combinations of gibberellic acid, indole acetic acid and NaN3, gibberellic acid + NaN3 recorded the highest sporulation frequency and micro-sporocarp number, and indole acetic acid + NaN3 the highest mega-sporocarp number. Application of all three chemicals together had no extra advantage.
THE CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATION WITHIN THE EXPERIMENTAL AREA
Authors: Pearce S. C.
Published: September 2002

In any experiment the land will not be completely uniform and it is helpful to have ways of allowing for the variation. Some sources, for example altitude, will be obvious; some will be permanent but less obvious, such as depth of topsoil; and some may depend upon season and so be unpredictable. Various methods of local control have been suggested. Where the experimenter has good knowledge of the land it can be divided into blocks, each as far as possible uniform within itself. Then comparisons are made within the blocks rather than within the area as a whole. Where such knowledge does not exist, it is sometimes reasonable to make an assumption about the fertility pattern and make use of that, as in a row-and-column design like a Latin square. There is also the possibility of judging the fertility pattern from the data themselves and assessing the performance of a plot by reference to that of its neighbours.

The approach will be to generate bodies of data on the computer to form realizations of diverse fertility patterns and to use all methods on all realizations, noting success and failure.

When the variation forms a trend, blocks succeed only if they are aligned along fertility contours; the other methods do not depend upon orientation. Row-and-column designs can fail badly if the rows and columns interact. Some random variation is inevitable and it makes all methods less effective, especially nearest-neighbour methods, which can fail also when there are discontinuities. Random patches of different soil types are very difficult to deal with and any method might fail.
Viscous flow between two moving parallel disks: exact solutions and stability analysis
Authors: ARISTOV S. N. , GITMAN I. M.
Published: September 2002

The motion of a viscous incompressible liquid between two parallel disks, moving
towards each other or in opposite directions, is considered. The description of possible
conditions of motion is based on the exact solution of the Navier–Stokes equations.
Both stationary and transient cases have been considered. The stability of the motion
is analysed for different initial perturbations. Different types of stability were found
according to whether the disks moved towards or away from each other.
Nonlinear rheology of a dilute emulsion of
surfactant-covered spherical drops in
time-dependent flows
Authors: VLAHOVSKA P. , BŁAWZDZIEWICZ J. , LOEWENBERG M.
Published: September 2002

The effect of an insoluble surfactant on the rheological behaviour of a dilute emulsion
is theoretically studied under low-capillary-number conditions. The dynamics depends
on three dimensionless time-scale parameters that characterize the strength of the
mechanisms that control the magnitude of the distortion of the surfactant distribution
on the drop interface. These mechanisms include Marangoni relaxation, drop rotation
by the imposed flow, and oscillations of the imposed flow. The interaction of the time
scales gives rise to a complex rheological behaviour. The evolution of the system is
described by a nonlinear matrix equation derived by expanding the fluid velocity and
surfactant distribution in spherical harmonics. Analytical expansions are developed
for conditions where the surfactant distribution is only slightly perturbed, which
occurs when one of the time-scale parameters is small.
On sound generation by the interaction between
turbulence and a cascade of airfoils with
non-uniform mean flow
Authors: EVERS I. , PEAKE N.
Published: September 2002

The sound generated by the interaction between a turbulent rotor wake and a stator
is modelled by considering the gust response of a cascade of blades in non-uniform,
subsonic mean flow. Previous work by Hanson & Horan (1998) that considers a
cascade of flat plates at zero incidence is extended to take into account blade geometry
and angle of attack. Our approach is based on the work of Peake & Kerschen (1997),
who calculate the forward radiation due to the interaction between a single vortical
gust and a cascade of flat plates at non-zero angle of attack. The extensions completed
in this present paper are two-fold: first we include the effects of small but non-zero
camber and thickness; and second we produce uniformly valid approximations which
predict the upstream radiation near modal cut-off. The thin-airfoil singularity in the
steady flow at each leading edge is crucial in our model of the sound generation.
A new analytical expression for the coefficient of this singularity is derived via a
sequence of conformal mappings, and it turns out that in our asymptotic limit this
is the only quantity which needs to be calculated from the steady flow in order
to predict time-averaged noise levels. Once the response to a single gust has been
completed, we use Hanson & Horan (1998)'s approach to determine the response
to an incident turbulent spectrum, and find that as well as the noise corresponding
to the auto-correlation of the gust velocity component normal to the blade, there is
also a contribution from the cross-correlation of the normal and tangential velocities.
Predictions are made of the effects of blade geometry on the upstream acoustic power
level. The blade geometry can have a very significant effect on the noise generated
by interaction with a single gust, with changes of up to 10 dB from the flat-plate
noise levels. However, once these gust results have been integrated over a full incident
turbulence spectrum the effects of the geometry are rather smaller, although still
potentially significant, leading to changes of up to about 2 dB from the flat-plate
results. The implication of all this is that the blade geometry can have a significant
effect on the tonal noise components generated by rotor–stator interaction (i.e. by
single harmonic gusts), but that the broadband part of the noise spectrum is relatively
unaffected.
Suboptimal feedback control of turbulent flow
over a backward-facing step
Authors: KANG SEONGWON , CHOI HAECHEON
Published: September 2002

The objective of the present numerical study is to increase mixing in turbulent flow
behind a backward-facing step using a systematic feedback control method. Spatially
and temporally varying blowing and suction with zero-net mass flow rate are provided
at the step edge, based on the sensing of the spanwise distribution of the wall pressure
fluctuations at a downstream location. The cost functional to be increased is the
root-mean-square spanwise pressure-gradient fluctuations at the sensing location, which
may be associated with mixing behind the backward-facing step. Given the cost
functional, the actuation at the step edge is determined through the suboptimal
feedback control procedure of Choi et al. (1993). Large-eddy simulations of turbulent
flow are conducted at a Reynolds number of 5100 based on the step height and
free-stream velocity. The results of suboptimal feedback controls are compared with
those of non-feedback single-frequency actuations. In case of the suboptimal control,
velocity and vorticity fluctuations substantially increase downstream of the
backward-facing step as well as in the recirculation zone. As a result, the reattachment length
is significantly reduced, as compared to those of uncontrolled flow and flow with
single-frequency actuations. A simple open-loop control method is devised from the
suboptimal feedback control result, producing nearly the same mixing enhancement
as the feedback control.
Nonlinear sloshing in zero gravity
Authors: BILLINGHAM JOHN
Published: September 2002

We study the effect of a time-periodic, lateral acceleration on the two-dimensional
flow of a fluid with a free surface subject to surface tension, confined between two
plane, parallel walls under conditions of zero gravity. We assume that the velocity
of each contact line is a prescribed, single-valued function of the dynamic contact
angle between fluid and solid at the wall. We begin by obtaining analytical solutions
for the small-amplitude standing waves that evolve when this function is linear,
the fluid is inviscid and the lateral acceleration is sufficiently small. This leads to
damping of the motion, unless either the contact angles are fixed or the contact lines
are pinned. In these cases, we include the effect on the flow of the wall boundary
layers, which are the other major sources of damping. We then consider the weakly
nonlinear solution of the inviscid problem when the contact angle is almost constant
and the external forcing is close to resonance. This solution indicates the possibility
of a hysteretic response to changes in the forcing frequency. Finally, we examine
numerical solutions of the fully nonlinear, inviscid problem using a desingularized
integral equation technique. We find that periodic solutions, chaotic solutions and
solutions where the topology of the fluid changes, either through self-intersection or
pinch off, are all possible.
Noise-driven wave transitions on a vertically
falling film
Authors: CHANG HSUEH-CHIA , DEMEKHIN EVGENY A. , SAPRIKIN SERGEY S.
Published: September 2002

We decipher the rich and complex two-dimensional wave transition and evolution
dynamics on a falling film both theoretically and numerically. Small-amplitude white
noise at the inlet is filtered by the classical linear instability into a narrow Gaussian
band of primary frequency harmonics centred about ωm. Weakly nonlinear zero-mode
excitation and a secondary modulation instability then introduce a distinct
characteristic modulation frequency Δ [Lt ] ωm. The primary wave field evolves into
trains of solitary pulses with an average wave period of 2π/ωm. Abnormally large
‘excited’ pulses appear within this train at a relative frequency of Δ/ωm due to the
modulation. The excited pulses travel faster than the equilibrium ones and eliminate
them via coalescence to coarsen the pulse field downstream. The linear coarsening
of wave period downstream is a universal (0.015/〈u〉) s cm−1 and the final wave
frequency is the modulation frequency Δ for 0.1 < δ < 0.4 where 〈u〉 is the flat-film
average Nusselt velocity, δ = (3R2/W)1/3/15 is a normalized Reynolds number, R is
the flat-film Reynolds number and W the Weber number.
Possible alternative to Rλ-scaling of small-scale
turbulence statistics
Authors: HILL REGINALD J.
Published: September 2002

Traditionally, trends of universal turbulence statistics are presented versus Rλ, which
is the Reynolds number based on Taylor's scale λ and the root-mean-square (rms) of
a component of velocity urms. λ and urms, and hence Rλ, do not have the attribute of
universality. The ratio of rms fluid-particle acceleration to the rms of the acceleration
caused by the viscous force, Ra, is an alternative to Rλ. Ra is a Reynolds number. It
is composed of statistics of the small scales of turbulence. It can be evaluated with
single-wire hot-wire anemometry. Like Rλ, it can be partially evaluated by means
of flow similarity. Direct measurement of Ra is challenging; therefore, Ra is not a
replacement for Rλ. For isotropic turbulence the relationship between Ra and Rλ is
given. Anisotropic turbulence is discussed.
Not Such an ‘Unpromising Beginning’: The First Dutch Trade Embassy to China, 1655–1657
Authors: Rahusen-De Bruyn Kops Henriette
Published: September 2002

As early as 1613, the leadership of the Dutch East India Company [VOC] recognized the importance of direct trade with China. Attempts to gain a foothold on the Chinese coast by use of force in the early decades of the century were unsuccessful. Beginning in 1624, the Dutch used a fortified settlement on the island of Taiwan as the next best thing to a mainland base. When their position on Taiwan was threatened in the middle of the century, the VOC directors decided to try to get their mainland trading privileges through diplomacy. Although later embassies have received more extensive scholarly attention, relatively little research has been done into the expectations and strategies of the various parties involved in the first VOC embassy of 1655–1657.
The Emergence and Development of the Jama‘at-i-Islami of Jammu and Kashmir (1940s–1990)
Authors: Sikand Yoginder
Published: September 2002

Introduction

The Jama‘at-i-Islami is, by far, one of the most influential Islamic movements in the world today, particularly strong in the countries of South Asia. Its influence extends far beyond the confines of the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent, and the writings of its chief ideologues have exercised a powerful impact on contemporary Muslim thinking all over the world. Much has been written about the movement, both by its leaders and followers as well as by its critics. Most of these writings have focused either on the Jama‘at's ideology or on its historical development in India and Pakistan. Hardly any literature is available on the evolution and history of the Jama‘at in the disputed state of Jammu and Kashmir. This is unfortunate, because here the Jama'at has had a long history of its own, which has followed a path quite distinct from the branches of the movement in both India and Pakistan. Furthermore, the Jama‘at has played a crucial role in the politics of Kashmir right since its inception in the late 1940s, a role that has gained particular salience in the course of the armed struggle in the region that began in the late 1980s and still shows no sign of abating.
The Body in Social Policy: Mapping a Territory
Authors: TWIGG JULIA
Published: September 2002

The paper explores the relevance of recent theorising around the body for
the discipline of social policy. It aims to show how such work opens up
new ways of thinking within the core areas of social policy as well as
proposing new subjects for social policy consideration, arguing that the
common image of the body as an absent presence that has been characteristic
of sociological accounts in the recent past still applies in relation
to social policy, but that considerable gains can be made from incorporating
this new theorising and new subject matter into the scope of
the subject. It explores this by means of six areas of relevance: health
care, community care, disability, no-power consumption, as well as cross-cutting
themes of age, ‘race’, gender, sexuality.
NUMBER ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY THREE November 2001 to January 2002
Authors: BENNETT FRAN
Published: September 2002

1 Social security and income maintenance

2 Health

3 Education

4 Housing and environment

5 Personal social services

6 Law and the treatment of the offender

7 Unemployment and the labour market

8 Race relations

9 Voluntary sector

10 Government

11 Gender and sexuality

12 Demography
Private complementary medicine and older people: service use and user empowerment
Authors: ANDREWS GAVIN J.
Published: September 2002

Increasing numbers of people are using complementary therapies, and many are in older age groups. Although recent empirical research has considered the demands for complementary medicine, and in particular its recent consumer boom, little acknowledgement is given in research to the different social categories of users, and to the intricacies of their different motivations and consumer behaviours. In the context of a relative paucity of dedicated research investigations, the paper highlights the relevance of social gerontological perspectives. Based on a questionnaire survey of 144 older users, and in-depth interviews with 20 older users in southern England, it considers trends in local use and user actions, attitudes and opinions. From a disciplinary perspective, the paper also contributes to a growing body of research which focuses on older peoples’ self-implemented health and health care strategies. There is a substantial degree of user satisfaction with the therapies used, and many respondents claimed to have benefited in terms of their physical and mental health. Older users are also empowered by their treatment decisions and negotiations, many of which are made either independently, or jointly between themselves and their therapists. Treatment solutions are typically constructed with combinations of complementary therapies, or combinations of complementary therapies and orthodox health services.
Class, caring and disability: evidence from the British Retirement Survey
Authors: GLASER KAREN , GRUNDY EMILY
Published: September 2002

There has been an increasing interest in the caring responsibilities of middle generation individuals as numerous studies have noted the continuing family obligations of people in later life. Employing data from the United Kingdom Office of National Statistics Retirement Survey of 1988/89, we examined social class differentials in the provision of care by 55–69 year olds. Our results show few social class differences in the provision of co-resident care to a parent (among those aged 55–69 in 1988/89 with at least one living parent), but significant social class differences in the provision of care to a spouse. Working class individuals were more likely to be caring for a spouse than their middle class counterparts because of the higher prevalence of disability among this group.
Epiphyte biomass and nutrient capital of a moist subtropical forest in north-eastern Taiwan
Authors: Hsu Chia-Chun , Horng Fu-Wen , Kuo Chen-Meng
Published: September 2002

A plot of 1200 m2 was selected to represent the average epiphyte abundance of a moist subtropical broadleaved forest at Fushan in north-eastern Taiwan. In this plot, all epiphytes of 18 sample trees with dbh > 5 cm were removed and weighed to estimate their biomass and nutrient content. We found that the biomass of epiphytes and their associated detrital matter in this plot was 3360 kg ha-1. The nutrient capital of the epiphytes (kg ha-1) was: N = 42.4, P = 1.9, Mg = 5.5, Na = 1.3, Ca = 14.5 and K = 28.9. Although the epiphytic biomass constituted less than 2% of the total above-ground biomass of the forest, the epiphytes comprised about 21-43% of the total foliage nutrient capital of the ecosystem. Because nutrients contained in epiphytes and tree foliage are more readily available to other organisms than those in woody components, epiphytes may play a greater role in ecosystem nutrient cycling than their relatively small biomass would suggest.
Historical C3-C4 vegetation pattern on forested mountain slopes: its implication for ecological rehabilitation of degraded highlands of Ethiopia by afforestation
Authors: Eshetu Zewdu
Published: September 2002

In Ethiopia, plantation forestry for soil conservation and wood supply is mainly based on exotic tree species harvested at 12–25-y rotation age. To evaluate if these forests truly represent ecological rehabilitation of degraded areas through the build-up of soil organic matter before harvest, relative abundances of C3 vs. C4 carbon in soils under a 25-y-old forest on Mt. Yegof have been studied based on changes in soil δ13C values due to vegetation cover changes by afforestation. At Yegof, shrub and tree leaves had δ13C value of −28.7 ± 0.4‰. The grasses showed a value of −30.7 ± 0.6‰ at 2700–3000 m asl (typical C3) and of −13.6 ± 0.3‰ at 2520 m asl (typical C4). Soil δ13C values were −21.7 ± 0.9‰ in soil at 0–5 cm and −20.7 ± 0.6‰ in soil at 30–50 cm indicating a long history of C4-dominated grass or cropland over the elevations sampled. The shifts towards lower δ13C values in soil at 0–5 cm coincide with 25 y of C3 vegetation. Carbon content in topsoil was 3.4–9.2% and in tree leaves was 45–56%. However, an estimate of new C3 carbon (54%) in 0–5 cm soil was low as compared with tropical rain-forest and savanna ecosystems suggesting a slow rate of carbon turnover at Yegof. The results suggest that degraded sites at Yegof may need further duration of forest cover longer than current rotation times of the forests to improve soil conditions and restore soil organic matter and carbon, which have been lost during the past land use. It is encouraging from the perspectives of ecological rehabilitation and soil conservation that a shift in the dominance from C4 vegetation types of agricultural and grassland ecosystems to C3 forest ecosystems could be established in less than 25 y on these highly degraded slopes of Mt. Yegof.
Argumentation structures that integrate dialectical and non-dialectical reasoning
Authors: STRANIERI ANDREW , ZELEZNIKOW JOHN , YEARWOOD JOHN
Published: September 2002

Argumentation concepts have been applied to numerous knowledge engineering endeavours in recent years. For example, a variety of logics have
been developed to represent argumentation in the context of a dialectical situation such as a dialogue. In contrast to the dialectical approach, argumentation has also been used to structure knowledge. This can be seen as a non-dialectical approach. The Toulmin
argument structure has often been used to structure knowledge non-dialectically yet most studies that apply the Toulmin structure do not use the original structure but vary one or more components. Variations to the Toulmin structure can be understood as different
ways to integrate a dialectical perspective with a non-dialectical one. Drawing the dialectical/non-dialectical distinction enables the specification of a framework
called the generic actual argument model that is expressly non-dialectical.
The framework enables the development of knowledge-based systems that integrate
a variety of inference procedures, combine information retrieval with reasoning
and facilitate automated document drafting. Furthermore, the non-dialectical framework provides the foundation for simple dialectical models. Systems based on our
approach have been developed in family law, refugee law, determining
eligibility for government legal aid, copyright law and e-tourism.
Non-optimal onsets in Chamicuro: an inventory maximised in coda position
Authors: Parker Steve
Published: September 2002

The widely attested onset/coda asymmetry involves a situation in which the inventory of phonemes in syllable-final position in a particular language is a subset of those which contrast in onsets. The inverse of this pattern has been claimed to never occur (Goldsmith 1990, Beckman 1998). However, this prediction is falsified by Chamicuro, a Peruvian language in which /h/ and /[glottal plosive]/ are systematically restricted to coda position. Since no permutation of all known constraints can account for this unusual distribution, a new constraint is necessary. I propose that we invoke HAVEPLACE and subcategorise it for onsets. This positional markedness filter permits placeless (laryngeal) consonants to surface in codas, but blocks them in onsets. A beneficial side-effect of this analysis is that it preserves the onset/coda asymmetry while allowing /[glottal plosive]/ and /h/ to be the only principled exceptions to it.
San Duanmu (2000). The phonology of Standard Chinese. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Pp. xv+300.
Authors: Lin Yen-Hwei
Published: September 2002

This new addition to the series on the phonology of the world's languages edited
by Jacques Durand is the most comprehensive study of the synchronic
phonology of Standard Chinese (or Standard Mandarin) since the publication
of Cheng's (1973) monograph. Duanmu provides a detailed description of the
phonological facts in Standard Chinese (henceforth SC), some of which are new
or little studied before, offers new perspectives on old problems and proposes
a theoretical analysis of these facts in current frameworks such as feature
geometry, metrical phonology and Optimality Theory. The main innovation
and, in my opinion, the most significant contribution of this book is the
extensive coverage of stress (or metrical structure) and its influence on the order
and length of compound words. The role of metrical structure is also extended
to the analysis of some long-standing problems of the well-known tone 3 sandhi
process. Claiming the existence of stress and its importance to understanding
the interaction of phonology and morphosyntax in SC may come as a surprise
to some readers since SC is not a stress language and its phonetic stress is
notoriously difficult to detect. The proposed metrical analysis, nonetheless, is
innovative and convincingly argued, and has clearly established the phonological
relevance of metrical structure for SC.
The Poetic Syllogism according to al-Fārābī: an Incorrect Syllogism of the Second Figure
Authors: Aouad Maroun , Schoeler Gregor
Published: September 2002

It is well-known that the Arab philosophers of the Aristotelian tradition, like some of their Alexandrian predecessors, attached rhetoric and poetics to logic, and supported this inclusion by the idea that the principal poetic procedure - that is, essentially, metaphor - is a kind of syllogism: the poetic syllogism. However, until now, no texts prior to those of Avicenna had been identified which render the structure of this syllogism explicit. In the present contribution, we present and translate a passage from al-Fārābī which shows that for him, the poetic syllogism is an incorrect syllogism of the second figure - a different interpretation from that which will be given by Avicenna.
The Knowledge of Arabic Mathematics by Clavius
Authors: Knobloch Eberhard
Published: September 2002

The article deals with the Arabic sources of Chr. Clavius in Rome and the six different ways they were used by him in mathematics and astronomy. It inquires especially into his attitude towards al-Farghānī, Thābit ibn Qurra, al-Bi[tdotu]rūjī, Ibn Rushd, Mu[hdotu]ammad al-Baghdādī, Pseudo-Ibn al-Haytham, Jābir ibn Afla[hdotu], and Pseudo-al-[Tuotu]ūsī.
Prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in older people
Authors: Shetty HGM , Pooviah PK , Routledge PA
Published: September 2002

The incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) increases with age and it has been reported to be higher
in males. The annual incidence rates per 1000 for DVT and PE are 1.3 and 1.8 respectively for people
aged between 65 and 69 years, rising to 2.8 and 3.1 respectively in those aged between 85 and 89
years. Older people are about eight times more likely to develop venous thromboembolism (VTE) in
hospitals, nursing homes or other chronic care facilities. About 1.7% develop PE and 8%
develop recurrent PE within one year of treatment for DVT. About 3% of patients with DVT and
21% of those with PE die in hospital. One year mortality with DVT is 21% and that with
PE is 39%. The diagnosis of PE is often missed in older
people and it is often detected only at postmortem.
Microtubules and parental genome organisation during abnormal fertilisation in humans
Authors: Rawe Vanesa Yanina , Olmedo Santiago Brugo , Nodar Florencia Noemí , Vitullo Alfredo Daniel
Published: September 2002

We analysed the distribution of β-tubulins, acetylated α-tubulins and chromatin configuration in 113 human zygotes showing abnormal fertilisation, 16-18 h after conventional in vitro fertilisation (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). After a first characterisation using phase contrast microscopy, immunofluorescence staining was performed in 67 IVF and 46 ICSI zygotes that developed one, three or more pronuclei and/or subnuclei, with or without extrusion of the second polar body. Independently of the number of pronuclei found, β-tubulins were uniformly distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the abnormal zygotes. We did not observe any kind of microtubule alteration with respect of the ploidy level and/or its origin. The most frequent abnormal fertilisation pattern found after IVF was the presence of three or four pronuclei (74.6%). On the other hand, the presence of one pronucleus (63.0%) was the main pattern found after ICSI. No differences between the two groups were seen in terms of development of subnuclei. Anamolies detected after IVF and ICSI showed different aetiologies such as parthenogenetic activation, gynogenetic or androgenetic development, as well as digynic or diandric fertilisation.
DNA replication and RNA synthesis in thymocyte nuclei microinjected into the cytoplasm of artificially activated mouse eggs
Authors: Borsuk Ewa , Maleszewski Marek
Published: September 2002

Thymocyte nuclei were microinjected into the cytoplasm of parthenogenetic mouse eggs within 60 min or 3 h after egg activation and DNA replication and RNA synthesis were analysed in remodelled thymocyte nuclei and female pronuclei. We show that thymocyte nuclei which transform into pronucleus-like nuclei (thymocytes injected not later than 60 min after activation) enter S-phase 1 h earlier than the female pronuclei. At the beginning of the first cell cycle they remain transcriptionally silent, but in G2 undertake transcription earlier than the female pronuclei. Partly remodelled thymocyte nuclei (injected 3 h after activation) start to replicate DNA at the same time as the female pronuclei. They reinitiate RNA synthesis within 2 h after transfer and continue to transcribe irrespective of the transcriptional activity of the female pronucleus. We show that the observed transcription is only nuclear, i.e. RNA polymerase II-dependent.
Determination and synchronisation of G1-phase of the cell cycle in 2- and 4-cell mouse embryos
Authors: Yu Yuansong , Xia Ping , Li Shufent , Yan Yunqin , Tan Jinghe
Published: September 2002

Incorporation of [3H]thymidine at different concentrations into mouse embryos at early developmental stages was determined by autoradiography. Methods to synchronise the G1-phase of mouse 2- and 4-cell embryos were also investigated. The results showed that the ability of embryos to incorporate [3H]thymidine increased with development. Embryos at the 4-cell stage were not labelled when the concentration of [3H]thymidine was lower than 5 μCi/ml, whereas the nuclei of embryos at morula and blastocyst stages began to show silver grains at a concentration of 0.1 μCi/ml of [3H]thymidine. After 2- and 4-cell mouse embryos were synchronised at the onset of G1-phase by treatment with low temperature or nocodazole, and DNA synthesis was detected by autoradiography, the duration of G1-phase was estimated. The result showed that 43% of the 2-cell embryos had a G1-phase of ≤ 1 h, 22% had a G1-phase of ≤ 2 h, 22% had a G1-phase of ≤ 3 h and 13% had a G1-phase of ≤ 4 h. The G1-phase in 85% of the 4-cell embryos was ≤ 3 h, that in 8% of embryos was ≤ 4 h and that in 7% of embryos was ≤ 5 h. The toxicity of nocodazole on mouse embryo development was assessed based on both blastocyst formation and the number of blastomeres, and the results indicated that the effect of nocodazole on embryo development and cell cycle block was dose-dependent. The minimum concentration of nocodazole for metaphase block of mouse late 2-cell embryos was 0.05 μM, and the appropriate concentrations which did not impair development were 0.05-0.5 μM.
Acquisition of meiotic competence in growing pig oocytes correlates with their ability to activate Cdc2 kinase and MAP kinase
Authors: Kanayama Nobuyuki , Miyano Takashi , Lee Jibak
Published: September 2002

Meiotic maturation of mammalian oocytes is under the control of cell cycle molecules Cdc2 kinase and MAP kinase (mitogen-activated protein kinase). In the present study, we investigated the relationship between the ability to activate Cdc2 kinase and MAP kinase and the acquisition of meiotic competence during pig oocyte growth. Growing and fully grown pig oocytes were collected from four groups of antral follicles of various diameters (A, 0.5-0.7 mm; B, 1.0-1.5 mm; C, 2.0-2.5 mm; D, 4.0-6.0 mm) and cultured in vitro. Fully grown oocytes from class D follicles, which have full competence to mature to metaphase II, had the ability to activate both Cdc2 kinase and MAP kinase. In contrast, growing oocytes from class A follicles, which have limited competence to resume meiosis, had no such ability. Cyclin B1 molecules did accumulate, however, with phosphorylated 35 and 36 kDa bands of p34cdc2 appearing in the cultured oocytes. Of the growing oocytes from class B follicles, 60% resumed meiosis but arrested at metaphase I. Some of the oocytes in this class were capable of activating Cdc2 kinase, although they did not appear to have established a MAP kinase-activating pathway or the ability to activate MEK. These results suggest that limited meiotic competence in growing oocytes from class A follicles is due to their inability to activate Cdc2 kinase and their incomplete MEK-MAP-kinase pathway, although the oocytes are capable of accumulating cyclin B1 molecules. During the final growth phase, pig oocytes acquire the ability to activate Cdc2 kinase and then establish the MEK-MAP-kinase pathway for full meiotic competence.
Use of medium‐range ensembles at the Met Office I: PREVIN –a system for the production of probabilistic forecast information from the ECMWF EPS
Authors: Legg T P , Mylne K R , Woolcock C
Published: September 2002

This is the first of a pair of papers covering the production and use of probability forecasts at ranges of 3 to 10 days at the Met Office using the ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System (EPS). The use of ensembles is intended to provide a set of forecasts which cover the range of possible uncertainty, recognising that it is impossible to obtain a single deterministic forecast which is always correct. We present a brief review of ensemble forecasting techniques and their use for the generation of probability forecasts. A wide range of probability forecasting products and tools are now available to forecasters at the Met Office, generated from the EPS. These will be described, and their use and interpretation discussed, both for site‐specific forecast data and for fields of data covering a wider area. An important part of any forecasting system is verification: this is covered in some detail using several different methods, for the site‐specific forecasts of surface weather parameters. Comparisons are made between the probabilistic forecasts and equivalent deterministic forecasts generated from the high‐resolution ECMWF model, and it is evident that the former are more skilful according to most assessment methods for forecasts more than three days ahead. The companion paper shows how forecasters use the vast amounts of information available in forecast production (Young and Carroll 2002). Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.