bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anti-Diabetic Effect of Balanced Deep-Sea Water and Its Mode of Action in High-Fat Diet Induced Diabetic Mice
Authors: Ha Byung , Shin Eun , Park Jung-Eun , Shon Yun
Published: October 2013

In this study, we investigated the effects of balanced deep-sea water (BDSW) on hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced diabetic C57BL/6J mice. BDSW was prepared by mixing deep-sea water (DSW) mineral extracts and desalinated water to give a final hardness of 500–2000. Mice given an HFD with BDSW showed lowered fasting plasma glucose levels compared to HFD-fed mice. Oral and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests showed that BDSW improves impaired glucose tolerance in HFD-fed mice. Histopathological evaluation of the pancreas showed that BDSW recovers the size of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, and increases the secretion of insulin and glucagon in HFD-fed mice. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction results revealed that the expression of hepatic genes involved in glucogenesis, glycogenolysis and glucose oxidation were suppressed, while those in glucose uptake, β-oxidation, and glucose oxidation in muscle were increased in mice fed HFD with BDSW. BDSW increased AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 pre- and mature adipocytes and improved impaired AMPK phosphorylation in the muscles and livers of HFD-induced diabetic mice. BDSW stimulated phosphoinositol-3-kinase and AMPK pathway-mediated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Taken together, these results suggest that BDSW has potential as an anti-diabetic agent, given its ability to suppress hyperglycemia and improve glucose intolerance by increasing glucose uptake.
Effect of Pressure on Thermal Stability of G-Quadruplex DNA and Double-Stranded DNA Structures
Authors: Takahashi Shuntaro , Sugimoto Naoki
Published: October 2013

Pressure is a thermodynamic parameter that can induce structural changes in biomolecules due to a volumetric decrease. Although most proteins are denatured by pressure over 100 MPa because they have the large cavities inside their structures, the double-stranded structure of DNA is stabilized or destabilized only marginally depending on the sequence and salt conditions. The thermal stability of the G-quadruplex DNA structure, an important non-canonical structure that likely impacts gene expression in cells, remarkably decreases with increasing pressure. Volumetric analysis revealed that human telomeric DNA changed by more than 50 cm3 mol−1 during the transition from a random coil to a quadruplex form. This value is approximately ten times larger than that for duplex DNA under similar conditions. The volumetric analysis also suggested that the formation of G-quadruplex DNA involves significant hydration changes. The presence of a cosolute such as poly(ethylene glycol) largely repressed the pressure effect on the stability of G-quadruplex due to alteration in stabilities of the interactions with hydrating water. This review discusses the importance of local perturbations of pressure on DNA structures involved in regulation of gene expression and highlights the potential for application of high-pressure chemistry in nucleic acid-based nanotechnology.
Synthesis, Characterization, X-ray Structure and Biological Activities of C-5-Bromo-2-hydroxyphenylcalix[4]-2-methyl resorcinarene
Authors: Abosadiya Hamza , Hasbullah Siti , Mackeen Mukram , Low Seow , Ibrahim Nazlina , Koketsu Mamoru , Yamin Bohari
Published: October 2013

C-5-bromo-2-hydroxyphenylcalix[4]-2-methylresorcinarene (I) was synthesized by cyclocondensation of 5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2-methylresorcinol in the presence of concentrated HCl. Compound I was characterized by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic data. X-ray analysis showed that this compound crystallized in a triclinic system with space group of Pī, a = 15.9592(16)Å, b = 16.9417(17)Å, c = 17.0974(17)Å, α = 68.656(3)°, β = 85.689(3)°, γ = 81.631(3)°, Z = 2 and V = 4258.6(7)Å3. The molecule adopts a chair (C2h) conformation. The thermal properties and antioxidant activity were also investigated. It was strongly antiviral against HSV-1 and weakly antibacterial against Gram-positive bacteria. Cytotoxicity testing on Vero cells showed that it is non-toxic, with a CC50 of more than 0.4 mg/mL.
Model-Based Biomass Estimation of a Hemi-Boreal Forest from Multitemporal TanDEM-X Acquisitions
Authors: Askne Jan , Fransson Johan , Santoro Maurizio , Soja Maciej , Ulander Lars
Published: October 2013

Above-ground forest biomass is a significant variable in the terrestrial carbon budget, but is still estimated with relatively large uncertainty. Remote sensing methods can improve the characterization of the spatial distribution and estimation accuracy of biomass; in this respect, it is important to examine the potential offered by new sensors. To assess the contribution of the TanDEM-X mission, eighteen interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) image pairs acquired over the hemi-boreal test site of Remningstorp in Sweden were investigated. Three models were used for interpretation of TanDEM-X signatures and above-ground biomass retrieval: Interferometric Water Cloud Model (IWCM), Random Volume over Ground (RVoG) model, and a simple model based on penetration depth (PD). All use an allometric expression to relate above-ground biomass to forest height measured by TanDEM-X. The retrieval was assessed on 201 forest stands with a minimum size of 1 ha, and ranging from 6 to 267 Mg/ha (mean biomass of 105 Mg/ha) equally divided into a model training dataset and a validation test dataset. Biomass retrieved using the IWCM resulted in a Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between 17% and 33%, depending on acquisition date and image acquisition geometry (angle of incidence, interferometric baseline, and orbit type). The RMSE in the case of the RVoG and the PD models were slightly higher. A multitemporal estimate of the above-ground biomass using all eighteen acquisitions resulted in an RMSE of 16% with R2 = 0.93. These results prove the capability of TanDEM-X interferometric data to estimate forest aboveground biomass in the boreal zone.
A Multi-Scale Flood Monitoring System Based on Fully Automatic MODIS and TerraSAR-X Processing Chains
Authors: Martinis Sandro , Twele André , Strobl Christian , Kersten Jens , Stein Enrico
Published: October 2013

A two-component fully automated flood monitoring system is described and evaluated. This is a result of combining two individual flood services that are currently under development at DLR’s (German Aerospace Center) Center for Satellite based Crisis Information (ZKI) to rapidly support disaster management activities. A first-phase monitoring component of the system systematically detects potential flood events on a continental scale using daily-acquired medium spatial resolution optical data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). A threshold set controls the activation of the second-phase crisis component of the system, which derives flood information at higher spatial detail using a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) based satellite mission (TerraSAR-X). The proposed activation procedure finds use in the identification of flood situations in different spatial resolutions and in the time-critical and on demand programming of SAR satellite acquisitions at an early stage of an evolving flood situation. The automated processing chains of the MODIS (MFS) and the TerraSAR-X Flood Service (TFS) include data pre-processing, the computation and adaptation of global auxiliary data, thematic classification, and the subsequent dissemination of flood maps using an interactive web-client. The system is operationally demonstrated and evaluated via the monitoring two recent flood events in Russia 2013 and Albania/Montenegro 2013.
USE OF REFURBISHED SHIPPING CONTAINERS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF HOUSING BUILDINGS: DETAILS FOR THE STRUCTURAL PROJECT
Authors: Bernardo Luís F. A. , Oliveira Luiz A. P. , Nepomuceno Miguel C. S. , Andrade Jorge M. A.
Published: October 2013

Construction using refurbished shipping containers is a recent building system, with already many successful examples around the world. This system presents a huge potential in the field of sustainable construction provided by the recycling of used containers. This paper aims to contribute to a better knowledge of this construction system in what concerns to the structural project. The general constitution of two maritime shipping containers is presented as well as some aspects of their structural behavior. For this purpose, numerical analyses were performed using a finite elements analysis program. Normative aspects for the structural project are also presented. This paper also presents the analysis of a case study with the use of refurbished shipping containers to build a single-family house. The evaluation of the strength of the refurbished shipping containers to building actions is carried out. It is shown that such evaluation is not easy because some mechanical parameters of noncommercial steel section of the elements that compose the shipping containers are unknown. Nevertheless, this study shows the feasibility of this building system.
Le vieillissement des campagnes : éléments d'introduction démographique et géographique
Authors: Blanchet Mickaël
Published: October 2013

Les campagnes françaises connaissent de profondes mutations depuis la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale : extension de la ville en direction des campagnes, urbanisation des modes de vie, recul de l’emploi primaire et explosion des activités de services. Ces transformations de la ruralité française débouchent sur une pluralité de configurations locales. Dans ce jeu, le vieillissement de la population plus marqué en milieu rural oscille entre attractivité territoriale et fin de cycle démographique.
Pour une offre de services adaptée aux personnes atteintes de la maladie d'alzheimer et à leurs proches des réalisations en france et à l'étranger en milieu rural
Authors: Guisset-Martinez Marie-Jo , Villez Marion
Published: October 2013

Les problématiques du vieillissement en milieu rural sont connues. Aux difficultés identifiées s’ajoutent la survenue éventuelle de troubles cognitifs et leurs conséquences sur la vie quotidienne. Le présent article se propose de présenter des initiatives, en France et à l’étranger, constituant des réponses appropriées pour les personnes malades et leurs familles vivant en milieu rural. Ces actions nécessitent de nouvelles modalités d’intervention pour les acteurs professionnels.
Le temps insurrectionnel comme « moment politique ». Tunisie 2011
Authors: Robert Baduel Pierre
Published: October 2013

Tunisie 17 décembre 2010-14 janvier 2011. Révolution annoncée ou révolution inattendue ? La même question pourrait être posée pour toutes les Révolutions. Derrière l’opposition entre l’annoncé et l’inattendu, se tient la question de la part des causalités et de celle de l’imprévisibilité, de la part du déterminisme et de celle de l’indéterminisme. Si, dans un premier temps le présent article rappelle comme autant de causes possibles de sa fin quelques failles du régime autoritaire tunisien, il montre que c’est à partir d’une cristallisation interactionniste d’une série d’évènements que le déclenchement d’une insurrection a abouti motu proprio à la chute du régime Ben Ali. S’appuyant essentiellement sur une sociologie des crises et des mouvements sociaux, l’article identifie quatre éléments d’une dramaturgie qui, chacun isolé dans sa sphère comme dans les crises qu’avait connues la Tunisie antérieurement, n’aurait pas eu une efficacité suffisante, mais qui, jetés ensemble dans le creuset de l’incertitude structurelle maximale où se trouvait alors le pays, ont débouché sur la révolution du 14 janvier 2011 : un fait divers transfiguré, une insurrection locale qui devait rester acéphale et devenir ubiquitaire, une spectacularisation en temps réel de celle-ci qu’à l’échelle du monde devait assurer opportunément une cyberdissidence nationale et une discorde au sommet de l’Etat dans l’appréciation et la conduite de la situation qui a abouti à l’implosion de la clé de voûte du régime, le premier cercle du pouvoir, et à l’enclenchement – ambigu - d’un processus de transition politique.
Le limon d'une question sociale, à contre-courant des révolutions arabes ? Comment circulent les paradigmes au nord et au sud du Sahara
Authors: Catusse Myriam
Published: October 2013

Les soulèvements de 2011 dans le monde arabe ont réactualisé les agendas de la recherche. Les questions liées aux injustices sociales décriées par les manifestants sont ainsi saisies par des politistes non pas nécessairement pour expliquer les causes des protestations, mais pour en analyser certaines formes et logiques. En ouvrant ces nouveaux chantiers de recherche ou en reformulant des questions liées aux échanges qui tissent les relations de domination, ils ouvrent des perspectives de comparaison tant au sein du monde arabe que hors de la région. À la confrontation avec les regards portés quelques années auparavant sur les « transitions africaines », plusieurs pistes stimulantes se dessinent, éclairant de part et d’autre, certains angles morts de nos recherches : d’une part, changer l’échelle d’observation des changements de régime engage à prendre en compte les luttes sociales, qu’avait peu abordées la « transitologie » en Afrique subsaharienne ; d’autre part, considérer la protestation sociale et ses conséquences sur les logiques de l’action publique dans leurs économies politiques offre une perspective peu développée jusque-là dans le monde arabe.
Après les révolutions, des armées maghrébines face à une double transition
Authors: Haddad Saïd
Published: October 2013

La séquence des « révolutions arabes », enclenchée en 2011, a souligné la diversité des rôles tenus par les armées dans ces bouleversements. Au Maghreb, la diversité du positionnement des armées peut s’expliquer par l’état des relations civilo-militaires et par l’organisation des armées. Par ailleurs, le contexte régional pèse également sur le positionnement et l’engagement des forces armées sur la scène politique régionale et domestique. L’articulation de ces trois éléments sera ainsi discutée dans cet article. L’hypothèse centrale est que – à l’exception de la Libye – les armées maghrébines sont appelées à jouer un rôle majeur au lendemain de la séquence de 2011 et en cette période de double transition, tant à l’intérieur des systèmes nationaux qu’au niveau régional.
La malédiction des ressources naturelles et ses antidotes
Authors: Carbonnier Gilles
Published: October 2013

Cet article présente les dynamiques économiques, sociales, politiques et environnementales qui sous-tendent la malédiction des ressources dans nombre de pays en développement, sur fond de volatilité accrue des cours. Il examine ensuite les remèdes potentiels, à savoir les stratégies et politiques visant à enrayer cette malédiction. Pour conclure, l’article se penche sur les enjeux soulevés par cette problématique pour le continent africain et les pays importateurs de ressources.
La mobilisation des syndicats anglais en faveur de l'égalité salariale (1968-2012)
Authors: Guillaume Cécile
Published: October 2013

Depuis les années 1970, les syndicats anglais se sont impliqués dans différentes formes de mobilisation juridique visant l’obtention de l’égalité salariale, via notamment l’accompagnement de plaignantes saisissant les tribunaux. Cet engagement dans la lutte contre les discriminations faites aux femmes serait-il la conséquence directe de la féminisation des adhérent-e-s et des politiques de mixité des syndicats ? Fondé sur une enquête croisant des entretiens avec les principaux acteurs de cette mobilisation et des documents d’archives, cet article insiste tout d’abord sur l’influence de grèves de femmes et des groupes féministes dans l’obtention d’une législation en 1970 et sur l’importance de la stratégie judiciaire menée par une agence non-gouvernementale, l’ Equal Opportunity Commission , dans l’évolution et l’application du droit anglais dans les années 1980. Cette enquête met ensuite l’accent sur le rôle de certains hommes, syndicalistes ou avocats engagés, qui dans les années 1990 se saisissent du droit anti-discriminatoire afin de lutter contre les politiques de restructurations menées par les gouvernements conservateurs et de syndiquer dans les services – publics et privés. Cette mobilisation juridique n’a cependant que faiblement modifié les pratiques conventionnelles discriminantes, cautionnées par des négociateurs syndicaux (hommes). De plus en plus nombreuses au sommet et à la base des syndicats, les femmes peinent en effet à peser dans les instances de négociation collective décentralisées, face à des employeurs récalcitrants, dans un contexte de dérégulation du marché du travail anglais.
A Review on ICT Based Applications for Intervention and Assistance of People with Memory Deficits
Authors: Drigas Athanasios , Dourou Athanasia
Published: October 2013

This is a review paper which examines the exploitation of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) for cognitive deficits and more precisely for memory deficits. Several research papers which related to computerized techniques and developed applications for short or long term memory were chosen. In addition it is assessed in several presented papers of how helpful these techniques and applications prove to be for people with such deficits. This kind of assistance and intervention focuses on human-computer interaction and on its positive results in the development of linguistic or social skills and personal relationships. This review, points out certain technological breakthroughs of several researchers from the Global Scientific Society that assist adults and children with memory deficits.
Research on Personal Education Background Extraction Using Rules
Authors: Zhong Z.M. , Li C. H.
Published: October 2013

With the explosive growth of Internet information, how to obtain the required information from the vast amounts of text information is becoming an important issue today. Extraction of personal attribute has made considerable progress, including name, sex, place of birth, date of birth, related events, etc. But the extraction of personal education background information does not arouse researcherâ??s enough attention. The attribute of personal education background is very complex in text and involves all kinds of education structures such as primary school, middle school and university. We put forward a new method of extracting personal attributes from texts based on rules. Firstly, rules of personal education background are formulated after analyzing a lot of texts about people. Secondly, the related algorithm is designed to extract personal education background from unstructured texts based on rules. Finally, the experiment is implemented for 100 documents about people. The results show that the average precision of extracting personal education background is 0.898, the average recall is 0.8959, and the average F-measure is 0.8968.
Electronic Governance on the Internet
Authors: Warren Michael A. , Weschler Louis F.
Published: October 2013

Can Internet-based technologies deliver on the promise of making government more accessible? What tangible benefits can these technologies bring to the public manager? Computers are becoming smaller, yet more powerful and considerably less expensive. The power of the computer—a faster processor, more memory, and more storage capacity—is not as important as its network capability. How well does the computer connect to the Internet to send and retrieve needed information? Warren and Weschler examine how Internet-based technologies facilitate the two-way linkage of citizens, groups and government agencies. The authors address citizen access issues and the implications of Internet technologies for electronic governance. 
Cutting Edge: IL-25 Elicits Innate Lymphoid Type 2 and Type II NKT Cells That Regulate Obesity in Mice
Authors: Hams Emily , Locksley Richard M. , McKenzie Andrew N. J. , Fallon Padraic G.
Published: October 2013

The cellular composition of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and release of cytokines by such cells within VAT has been implicated in regulating obesity and metabolic homeostasis. We show the importance of IL-25–responsive innate cells, which release the Th2 cytokine IL-13, in regulating weight and glucose homeostasis in mouse models of diet-induced obesity. Treating obese mice with IL-25 induces weight loss and improves glucose tolerance, and is associated with increased infiltration of innate lymphoid type 2 cells (ILC2), type I and type II NKT cells, eosinophils, and alternatively activated macrophages into the VAT. By depleting ILC2 in obese Rag1−/− mice, we observe exacerbated weight gain and glucose intolerance. Conversely, transferring ILC2 or type I or type II NKT cells into obese mice induces transient weight loss and stabilizes glucose homeostasis. Our data identify a mechanism whereby IL-25 eliciting IL-13–producing innate cells regulates inflammation in adipose tissue and prevents diet-induced obesity.
Quaternary geology of the North Bay - Mattawa region
Authors: Harrison J E
Published: October 2013

Quaternary deposits and landforms were mapped in a 1,200 square mile area covered by the North Bay, Mattawa, Powassan and Kiosk 1:50, 000 scale map-sheets. Reconnaissance into adjoining regions augments informa
Surficial geology of the Sept-Îles area, Quebec North Shore
Authors: Dredge L A
Published: October 2013

The Sept-Iles map area lies along the Quebec North Shore - a rugged upland hinterland of rounded Precambrian hills and a terraced coastal plain of late Quaternary marine sediments. Surface materials are divided into ten genetic units: bedrock outcrop; sandy till;
outwash; a marine offlap sequence consisting of massive and rhythmically bedded silty marine clay. silty deltaic foreset sand. littoral sand and tidal flat clay; alluvium; eolian sand; and peat. Mamillated bedrock hills and large valleys graded to below sea level were developed prior to the last
glaciation, ill all surficial deposits relate to the last glacial episode and postglacial events. The main ice flow was to the southsoutheast, although striae along the coast in the southern part of the study area indicate early and very late easterly ice flow within the Laurentian channel. The
limit of the late Labradorean grounded ice sheet lay about 50 km south of the present coast near Sept-fles and near the coast in the vicinity of Godbout. Upon deglaciation. which occurred about 9000 to 10 000 years ago in the Sept-fles area and somewhat earlier (13 500? years ago) near Godbout. the
Goldthwait Sea inundated the region. Marine limit rises from 100 m near Godbout to 130 m at Sept-fles. Below marine limit a thick marine offlap sequence was deposited as the land emerged. Sediment-laden meltwater poured through pre-existing valleys and debouched into the regressing sea to form
coalescing deltas. which were subsequently terraced to present sea level. Above marine limit sandy, poorly stratified meltout and flow till were deposited as ice retreated northwards. Two major morainic belts trend southwest-northeast: The Baie-Trinite moraines are small, subparallel features; they
lie near the edge of the Laurentian channel and may have been emplaced along shear planes in brittle ice near the limit of glaciation. The Laurentian Upland and Daigle moraines are part of a larger morainic system stretching hundreds of kilometres along the North Shore and are associated with a
major interruption in the general pattern of ice retreat. Settlements and transportation corridors are concentrated along the coastal plain. which is underlain by sensitive marine clays subject to flowsliding. The clays are nonplastic and have water contents which slightly exceed the liquid limit.
Flowslides or semicircular rotational slips occur where slopes are overstepened or where excessive porewater pressures develop as a result of natural or man-induced disturbance.
Molecular Profiling for Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Kittaneh Muaiad , Montero Alberto J. , Glück Stefan
Published: October 2013

In recent years advances in molecular biology have launched disruptive innovations in breast cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. The advent of genomics has revolutionized our understanding of breast cancer as several different biologically and molecularly distinct diseases. This research has led to commercially available polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microarray tests that have begun to fundamentally change the way medical oncologists quantify recurrence risk in early stage breast cancer patients. The Genomics era has altered the clinicopathologic paradigm of selecting patients for adjuvant cytotoxic chemotherapy. Sufficiently powered prospective studies are underway that may establish these molecular assays as elements of standard clinical practice in breast cancer treatment. In this article, we review the strengths and limitations of currently available breast cancer-specific molecular tests.
Spatial Analysis of Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever in Iran
Authors: Mostafavi Ehsan , Haghdoost AliAkbar , Khakifirouz Sahar , Chinikar Sadegh
Published: October 2013

Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a viral zoonotic disease. During 1999–2011, 871 human cases of CCHF were diagnosed in Iran. A history of serologic conversion for CCHF virus was seen in 58.7% of 2,447 sheep samples, 25.0% of 1,091 cattle samples and 24.8% of 987 goat samples from different parts of Iran. Spatial analysis showed that the main foci of this disease in humans during these years were in eastern Iran (P < 0.01) and the second most common foci were in northeastern and central Iran. Two livestock foci were detected in the northeastern northwestern Iran. On the basis of the results of this study, infection likely entered Iran from eastern and western neighboring countries.
Contributions of Non-Governmental Organizations to WHO Targets for Control of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases
Authors: Gallo Kerry , Mikhailov Alexei , Hailemeskal Meklit Berhan , Koporc Kim , Mbabazi Pamela Sabina , Addiss David
Published: October 2013

Soil-transmitted helminthiases (STH) may affect up to 1 billion children globally. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends regular preventive chemotherapy for at-risk individuals. The WHO Preventive Chemotherapy (PCT) Databank tracks annual treatments reported by national Ministries of Health (MOHs) to evaluate progress to coverage goals. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) deliver STH treatments; the extent to which they are included in MOH reports to the WHO is unclear. The Global NGO Deworming Inventory solicited treatment reports from NGOs to compare with the PCT Databank. In 2010, NGOs delivered 65.4 million STH treatments, which is an estimated 25.1% of the total delivered. Of these treatments, 23.3 million (35.6%) were not reported to the WHO; 22.3 million (95.7%) were from countries that had not submitted STH treatment reports to the WHO. Reporting from NGOs to MOHs and from MOHs to the WHO should be strengthened to ensure that progress to WHO treatment goals is monitored with better completeness and assessed accurately.
A Psychological Reexamination of the Bertrand Paradox
Authors: Fatas Enrique , Haruvy Ernan , Morales Antonio J.
Published: October 2013

The Bertrand paradox describes a situation in which two competing firms reach an outcome where both price at marginal cost. In laboratory experiments, this equilibrium is not generally observed. Existing empirical works on Bertrand competition have found evidence for boundedly rational models. We find that such models are useful in organizing behavior in early stages of the game, but less so in later stages. We show that a new model, coarse grid Nash equilibrium, based on the assumption that subjects discretize the strategy space, explains the data better.
Exploring the nature of air quality over southwestern Ontario: main findings from the Border Air Quality and Meteorology Study
Authors: Brook J. R. , Makar P. A. , Sills D. M. L. , Hayden K. L. , McLaren R.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. This paper serves as an overview and discusses the main findings from the Border Air Quality and Meteorology Study (BAQS-Met) in southwestern Ontario in 2007. This region is dominated by the Great Lakes, shares borders with the United States and consistently experiences the highest ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter concentrations in Canada. The purpose of BAQS-Met was to improve our understanding of how lake-driven meteorology impacts air quality in the region, and to improve models used for forecasting and policy scenarios. Results show that lake breeze occurrence frequencies and inland penetration distances were significantly greater than realized in the past. Due to their effect on local meteorology, the lakes were found to enhance secondary O3 and aerosol formation such that local anthropogenic emissions have their impact closer to the populated source areas than would otherwise occur in the absence of the lakes. Substantial spatial heterogeneity in O3 was observed with local peaks typically 30 ppb above the regional values. Sulfate and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) enhancements were also linked to local emissions being transported in the lake breeze circulations. This study included the first detailed evaluation of regional applications of a high-resolution (2.5 km grid) air quality model in the Great Lakes region. The model showed that maxima in secondary pollutants occur in areas of convergence, in localized updrafts and in distinct pockets over the lake surfaces. These effects are caused by lake circulations interacting with the synoptic flow, with each other or with circulations induced by urban heat islands. Biogenic and anthropogenic emissions were both shown to play a role in the formation of SOA in the region. Detailed particle measurements and multivariate receptor models reveal that while individual particles are internally mixed, they often exist within more complex external mixtures. This makes it difficult to predict aerosol optical properties and further highlights the challenges facing aerosol modelling. The BAQS-Met study has led to a better understanding of the value of high-resolution (2.5 km) modelling for air quality and meteorological predictions and has led to several model improvements.
Chemical contribution to future tropical ozone change in the lower stratosphere
Authors: Meul S. , Langematz U. , Oberländer S. , Garny H. , Jöckel P.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The future evolution of tropical ozone in a changing climate is investigated by analysing timeslice simulations with the state-of-the-art Chemistry-Climate Model EMAC. Between the present and the end of the 21st century a significant increase in ozone is found globally for the upper stratosphere and the extratropical lower stratosphere, while in the tropical lower stratosphere ozone decreases significantly. Different studies showed before that this decrease is connected to changes in tropical upwelling. By splitting the relative ozone change into the contributions from transport, chemical production, and chemical loss, the impact of chemical processes in addition to transport in this region is analysed. The dominant role of transport for future ozone changes is confirmed, but it is found that changes in ozone destruction and especially changes in the production of ozone do contribute to the relative ozone changes in the tropical lower stratosphere. The causes for the changing loss and production rates are studied by separating the contributions from the different catalytic loss cycles and the different production processes. It is shown that changes in the production are mainly due to changes in the overlying ozone column which are determined by both chemistry and transport. Changes in the ozone destruction can be attributed to a modified efficiency of the ClOx and NOx loss cycles in the lower and middle stratosphere and of the HOx loss cycle in the lowermost tropical stratosphere. The role of ozone transport in determining the ozone trend in this region is found to depend on the changes in net production, with a smaller contribution from transport to the ozone changes if the net production decreases.
Investigation of aged aerosols in size-resolved Asian dust storm particles transported from Beijing, China to Incheon, Korea using low-Z particle EPMA
Authors: Geng H. , Hwang H. J. , Liu X. , Dong S. , Ro C.-U.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. This is the first study of Asian dust storm (ADS) particles collected in Beijing, China and Incheon, Korea during the same spring ADS event. Using a seven-stage May impactor and a quantitative electron probe X-ray microanalysis (ED-EPMA, also known as low-Z particle EPMA), we examined the composition and morphology of 4200 aerosol particles at stages 1–6 (with a size cut-off of 16, 8, 4, 2, 1, and 0.5 μm in equivalent aerodynamic diameter, respectively) collected during an ADS event on 28–29 April 2005. The results showed that there were large differences in the chemical compositions between particles in sample S1 collected in Beijing immediately after the peak time of the ADS and in samples S2 and S3, which were collected in Incheon approximately 5 h and 24 h later, respectively. In sample S1, mineral dust particles accounted for more than 88% in relative number abundance at stages 1–5, and organic carbon (OC) and reacted NaCl-containing particles accounted for 24% and 32%, respectively, at stage 6. On the other hand, in samples S2 and S3, in addition to approximately 60% mineral dust, many sea salt particles reacted with airborne SO2 and NOx, often mixed with mineral dust, were encountered at stages 1–5, and (C, N, O, S)-rich particles (likely a mixture of water-soluble organic carbon with (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3) and K-containing particles were abundantly observed at stage 6. This suggests that the secondary aerosols and the internal mixture of mineral dust with sea spray aerosol increased when the ADS particles passed over the Yellow Sea. In the reacted or aged mineral dust and sea salt particles, nitrate-containing and both nitrate- and sulfate-containing species vastly outnumbered the sulfate-containing species, implying that ambient nitrogen oxides had a greater influence on the atmospheric particles during the ADS episode than SO2. In addition to partially- or totally-reacted CaCO3, reacted or aged Mg-containing aluminosilicates (likely including amesite, allophite, vermiculite, illite, and montmorillonite) were observed frequently in samples S2 and S3; and furthermore, both the atomic concentration ratios of [Mg]/[Al] and [Mg]/[Si] were elevated compared to that in sample S1. This shows that a great evolution or aging process must have occurred on the mineral dust. This indicates that the number abundance, reactivity with gaseous pollutants, and ratios of [Mg]/[Al] and [Mg]/[Si] of Mg-containing aluminosilicates are promising indices of the aging process of ADS particles during long-range transport.
Uncertainty analysis of projections of ozone-depleting substances: mixing ratios, EESC, ODPs, and GWPs
Authors: Velders G. J. M. , Daniel J. S.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The rates at which ozone depleting substances (ODSs) are removed from the atmosphere, that is, their lifetimes, are key factors for determining the rate of ozone layer recovery in the coming decades. We present here a comprehensive uncertainty analysis of future mixing ratios of ODSs, levels of equivalent effective stratospheric chlorine (EESC), ozone depletion potentials, and global warming potentials, using, among other information, the 2013 WCRP/SPARC assessment of lifetimes of ODSs and their uncertainties. The year EESC returns to pre-1980 levels, a metric commonly used to indicate a level of recovery from ODS-induced ozone depletion, is 2048 for mid-latitudes based on the lifetimes from the SPARC assessment, which is about 2 yr later than based on the lifetimes from the WMO assessment of 2011. However, the uncertainty in this return to 1980 levels is much larger than the 2 yr change. The year EESC returns to pre-1980 levels ranges from 2039 to 2064 (95% confidence interval) for mid-latitudes and 2061 to 2105 for the Antarctic spring. The primary contribution to these ranges comes from the uncertainty in the lifetimes. The earlier years of the return estimates are comparable to a hypothetical scenario in which emissions of ODSs cease in 2014. The later end of the range corresponds to a scenario containing an additional emission of about 7 Mt CFC-11-eq in 2015, which is the same as about 2 times the cumulative anthropogenic emissions of all ODSs from 2014 to 2050, or about 12 times the cumulative HCFC emissions from 2014 to 2050.
Evidence for cosmic ray modulation in temperature records from the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly region
Authors: Frigo E. , Pacca I. G. , Pereira-Filho A. J. , Rampelloto P. H. , Rigozo N. R.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Possible direct or indirect climatic effects related to solar variability and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were investigated in the southern Brazil region by means of the annual mean temperatures from four weather stations 2 degrees of latitude apart over the South Atlantic Magnetic Anomaly (SAMA) region. Four maximum temperature peaks are evident at all stations in 1940, 1958, 1977 and 2002. A spectral analysis indicates the occurrence of periodicities between 2 and 7 yr, most likely associated with ENSO, and periodicities of approximately 11 and 22 yr, normally associated with solar variability. Cross-wavelet analysis indicated that the signal associated with the 22 yr solar magnetic cycle was more persistent in the last decades, while the 11 yr sunspot cycle and ENSO periodicities were intermittent. Phase-angle analysis revealed that temperature variations and the 22 yr solar cycle were in anti-phase near the SAMA center. Results show an indirect indication of possible relationships between the variability of galactic cosmic rays and climate change on a regional scale.
A new model for biomineralization and trace-element signatures of Foraminifera tests
Authors: Nehrke G. , Keul N. , Langer G. , de Nooijer L. J. , Bijma J. , Meibom A.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The Mg/Ca ratio of Foraminifera calcium carbonate tests is used as proxy for seawater temperature and widely applied to reconstruct global paleo-climatic changes. However, the mechanisms involved in the carbonate biomineralization process are poorly understood. The current paradigm holds that calcium ions for the test are supplied primarily by endocytosis of seawater. Here, we combine confocal-laser scanning-microscopy observations of a membrane-impermeable fluorescent marker in the extant benthic species Ammonia aomoriensis with dynamic 44Ca-labeling and NanoSIMS isotopic imaging of its test. We infer that Ca for the test in A. aomoriensis is supplied primarily via trans-membrane transport, but that a small component of passively transported (e.g., by endocytosis) seawater to the site of calcification plays a key role in defining the trace-element composition of the test. Our model accounts for the full range of Mg/Ca and Sr/Ca observed for benthic Foraminifera tests and predicts the effect of changing seawater Mg/Ca ratio. This places foram-based paleoclimatology into a strong conceptual framework.
What controls the isotopic composition of Greenland surface snow?
Authors: Steen-Larsen H. C. , Masson-Delmotte V. , Hirabayashi M. , Winkler R. , Satow K. , Prié F. , Bayou N. , Brun E. , Cuffey K. M. , Dahl-Jensen D. , Dumont M. , Guillevic M. , Kipfstuhl J. , Landais A. , Popp T. , Risi C. , Steffen K. , Stenni B. , Sveinbjörnsdottír A.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Water stable isotopes in Greenland ice core data provide key paleoclimatic information, and have been compared with precipitation isotopic composition simulated by isotopically-enabled atmospheric models. However, post-deposition processes linked with snow metamorphism remain poorly documented. For this purpose, a monitoring of the isotopic composition (δ18O, δD) of surface water vapor, precipitation and samples of top (0.5 cm) snow surface has been conducted during two summers (2011–2012) at NEEM, NW Greenland. The measurements also include a subset of 17O-excess measurements over 4 days, and the measurements span the 2012 Greenland heat wave. Our observations are consistent with calculations assuming isotopic equilibrium between surface snow and water vapor. We observe a strong correlation between surface vapor δ18O and air temperature (0.85 ± 0.11 ‰ °C−1 (R = 0.76) for 2012). The correlation with air temperature is not observed in precipitation data or surface snow data. Deuterium excess (d-excess) is strongly anti-correlated with δ18O with a stronger slope for vapor than for precipitation and snow surface data. During nine 1–5 days periods between precipitation events, our data demonstrate parallel changes of δ18O and d-excess in surface snow and surface vapor. The changes in δ18O of the vapor are similar or larger than those of the snow δ18O. It is estimated that 6 to 20% of the surface snow mass is exchanged with the atmosphere using the CROCUS snow model. In our data, the sign of surface snow isotopic changes is not related to the sign or magnitude of sublimation or condensation. Comparisons with atmospheric models show that day-to-day variations in surface vapor isotopic composition are driven by synoptic weather and changes in air mass trajectories and distillation histories. We suggest that, in-between precipitation events, changes in the surface snow isotopic composition are driven by these changes in surface vapor isotopic composition. This is consistent with an estimated 60% mass turnover of surface snow per day driven by snow recrystallization processes under NEEM summer surface snow temperature gradients. Our findings have implications for ice core data interpretation and model-data comparisons, and call for further process studies.
The Subgrid Importance Latin Hypercube Sampler (SILHS): a multivariate subcolumn generator
Authors: Larson V. E. , Schanen D. P.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Coarse-resolution climate and weather forecast models cannot accurately parameterize small-scale, nonlinear processes without accounting for subgrid-scale variability. To do so, some models integrate over the subgrid variability analytically. Although analytic integration methods are attractive, they can be used only with physical parameterizations that have a sufficiently simple functional form. Instead, this paper introduces a method to integrate subgrid variability using a type of Monte Carlo integration. The method generates subcolumns with suitable vertical correlations and feeds them into a microphysics parameterization. The subcolumn methodology requires little change to the parameterization source code and can be used with a wide variety of physical parameterizations. Our subcolumn generator is multivariate, which is important for physical processes that involve two or more hydrometeor species, such as accretion of cloud droplets by rain drops. In order to reduce sampling noise in the integrations, our subcolumn generator employs two variance-reduction methods, namely importance and stratified (Latin hypercube) sampling. For this reason, we name the subcolumn generator the Subgrid Importance Latin Hypercube Sampler (SILHS). This paper tests SILHS in interactive, single-column simulations of a marine stratocumulus case and a shallow cumulus case. The paper then compares simulations that use SILHS with those that use analytic integration. Although the SILHS solutions exhibit considerable noise from time step to time step, the noise is greatly damped in most of the time-averaged profiles.
Impacts of climate change on the seasonality of low flows in 134 catchments in the River Rhine basin using an ensemble of bias-corrected regional climate simulations
Authors: Demirel M. C. , Booij M. J. , Hoekstra A. Y.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The impacts of climate change on the seasonality of low flows were analysed for 134 sub-catchments covering the River Rhine basin upstream of the Dutch-German border. Three seasonality indices for low flows were estimated, namely the seasonality ratio (SR), weighted mean occurrence day (WMOD) and weighted persistence (WP). These indices are related to the discharge regime, timing and variability in timing of low flow events respectively. The three indices were estimated from: (1) observed low flows; (2) simulated low flows by the semi-distributed HBV model using observed climate as input; (3) simulated low flows using simulated inputs from seven combinations of General Circulation Models (GCMs) and Regional Climate Models (RCMs) for the current climate (1964–2007); (4) simulated low flows using simulated inputs from seven combinations of GCMs and RCMs for the future climate (2063–2098) including three different greenhouse gas emission scenarios. These four cases were compared to assess the effects of the hydrological model, forcing by different climate models and different emission scenarios on the three indices. Significant differences were found between cases 1 and 2. For instance, the HBV model is prone to overestimate SR and to underestimate WP and simulates very late WMODs compared to the estimated WMODs using observed discharges. Comparing the results of cases 2 and 3, the smallest difference was found for the SR index, whereas large differences were found for the WMOD and WP indices for the current climate. Finally, comparing the results of cases 3 and 4, we found that SR decreases substantially by 2063–2098 in all seven sub-basins of the River Rhine. The lower values of SR for the future climate indicate a shift from winter low flows (SR > 1) to summer low flows (SR < 1) in the two Alpine sub-basins. The WMODs of low flows tend to be earlier than for the current climate in all sub-basins except for the Middle Rhine and Lower Rhine sub-basins. The WP values are slightly larger, showing that the predictability of low flow events increases as the variability in timing decreases for the future climate. From comparison of the error sources evaluated in this study, it is obvious that different RCMs/GCMs have a larger influence on the timing of low flows than different emission scenarios. Finally, this study complements recent analyses of an international project (Rhineblick) by analysing the seasonality aspects of low flows and extends the scope further to understand the effects of hydrological model errors and climate change on three important low flow seasonality properties: regime, timing and persistence.