bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Review of Stem Cell Therapy for Acquired Brain Injuries and Neurodegenerative Central Nervous System Diseases
Authors: Watanabe Thomas K.
Published: September 2018

Cell‐based therapies have been the subject of much discussion regarding their potential role in enhancing central nervous system function for a number of pathologic conditions. Much of the current research has been in preclinical trials, with clinical trials in the phase I or I/II stage. Nevertheless, there is considerable interest in the public about the potential regenerative role that stem cells may have in improving function for these neurologic conditions. This review will describe the different types of stem cells that are available, review their possible effects, and discuss some of the variables that investigators need to consider when designing their studies. Current clinical research in the areas of stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative diseases (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson disease) will be reviewed. As this article is aimed at a rehabilitation audience, outcome measures, and the role of concurrent rehabilitation therapies will also be mentioned.
Climate, Land Cover, and Bird Populations: Differential Impacts on the Future Welfare of Birders across the Pacific Northwest
Authors: Kolstoe Sonja , Cameron Trudy Ann , Wilsey Chad
Published: September 2018

We use a random utility model for birding destination choices based on the reports of Oregon and Washington State members of the Cornell University Laboratory of Ornithology eBird citizen science project. We estimate spatially differentiated welfare effects that birders may experience as a consequence of forecasted changes in land cover and climate. We predict per-trip welfare effects (equivalent variations) expected under a business-as-usual scenario using published forecasts for both land cover and species richness. We find significant county-level heterogeneity across eBirders in predicted average per-trip welfare effects. The results suggest discernible distributional consequences across active birders in different areas.
Attachment and Children with Disabilities: Knowledge and Views of Early Intervention Professionals
Authors: Alexander Stacey L. , Frederico Margarita , Long Maureen
Published: September 2018

The parent–child bond known as attachment plays a pivotal role in the development and wellbeing of all young children. While research indicates that there are challenges for children with a disability in developing a secure attachment, little is known about early childhood intervention (ECI) professionals’ knowledge of attachment, how they view its importance in their work, and how they translate this knowledge into practice. To address this gap in research, a questionnaire was developed and administered to ECI professionals at an Australian ECI organisation. Qualitative analysis of results (N= 49) revealed an overall understanding of the role of attachment in child development and indicated that ECI professionals perceive attachment as being very important in their role of enhancing children's learning and wellbeing. Importantly, it emerged that less than half the participants learnt about attachment in their undergraduate training, with most learning about it ‘on the job’ and just over half the respondents felt comfortable in addressing attachment concerns with families. Some families are thus left at risk of being inadequately supported to manage attachment problems. Participants identified a desire for further training. This exploratory study has implications for orientation, training, practice, and further research.
Revision of some damsel-dragonflies (Odonata, Liassophlebiidae and Anglophlebiidae new family) from the Triassic/Jurassic of England and Antarctica
Authors: Kelly Richard S. , Nel André
Published: September 2018

Fossil insects from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary of England could provide an important resource for investigating the severity of extinction events in the terrestrial realm of the uppermost Triassic. However, the fossil record is poorly understood for this period even though there are abundant historical collections. Many of these collections are still in need of taxonomic revision before they can be used to reconstruct past entomofaunas and make inferences about diversity change through time. This paper is part of a larger project to revise the taxonomy of insects across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary of England to better understand changes in insect diversity through the Triassic-Jurassic boundary and associated extinction period. Herein, the damsel-dragonfly family Liassophlebiidae Tillyard, 1925 is revised and an additional specimen from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica is included.Rossiphlebianew genus is erected forLiassophlebia jacksoniZeuner, 1962;L. batheriTillyard, 1925 is considered nomen dubium and another specimen originally attributed toL. batheriis identified asL. withersiTillyard, 1925.Liassophlebia(?)clavigasterTillyard, 1925 andL.(?)hopei(Brodie, 1845) are considered incertae sedis at the generic level.Liassophlebia giganteaZeuner, 1962 is based on a fragmentary specimen but has several unique key characteristics. We redescribe it inAnglophlebianew genus and tentatively in Anglophlebiidae new family in Heterophlebioptera. Also discussed areL. magnificaTillyard, 1925,L. withersi, andL. pseudomagnificaWhalley, 1985, which are redescribed with updated figures.Caraphlebia antarcticaCarpenter, 1969 was originally described from the Early Jurassic of Antarctica as being closely related toLiassophlebia; it is herein confirmed in Selenothemistidae Handlirsch, 1939.

UUID:http://zoobank.org/8fe9a39c-1c3b-4bda-92a6-92c1a0fc95b8
BIOLOGICAL DISTANCE PATTERNS AMONG THE NORTHERN MOCHE LORDS: DENTAL PHENOTYPES AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION IN ANCIENT PERU
Authors: Klaus Haagen D. , Alva Walter , Bourget Steve , Chero Luis
Published: September 2018

Between AD 100 and 800, the Moche culture emerged on the north coast of Peru. Diverse debates surround the nature of Moche territorial and political centralization, sociopolitical identities, and the internal social diversity of Moche society. Here we address some of these issues in a biodistance study based on phenotypic variation of inherited dental traits within and between 36 individuals in the royal tombs of Sipán (Lambayeque valley), Úcupe (Zaña valley), and Dos Cabezas (Jequetepeque valley). Metric and nonmetric dental trait data were analyzed using hierarchical cluster and R-matrix analyses. The results independently indicate that the highest-level Sipán and Dos Cabezas lords likely represented different endogamous kin groups, while limited gene flow occurred between groups of Moche lower nobility between the Lambayeque and Jequetepeque regions. Although biology and material cultural link the Lord of Úcupe to Dos Cabezas, many objects in his tomb demonstrate his participation the world of the Sipán elites. These Moche lords were, on some levels, bioculturally interconnected. Nonetheless, the data broadly lend support to a “many Moches” model of sociopolitical structure, further casting doubt on earlier one-dimensional visions of a centralized hegemonic Moche polity.
COUNSELS OF PERFECTION AND REFORMATION POLITICAL THOUGHT
Authors: MORTIMER SARAH
Published: September 2018

The debate over counsels of perfection was a crucial aspect of the formation of political and ethical thought in the sixteenth century. It led both Protestants and Catholics to consider the status of law and to consider how far it obliged human beings, rather than simply permitting particular actions. From Luther onwards, Protestants came to see God's standards for human beings in absolute terms, rejecting any suggestion that there were good works which were merely counselled rather than commanded, and therefore not obligatory. This view of ethics underpinned the Protestant theological critique of Catholic doctrines of merit but it also shaped the distinctively Protestant account of natural law. It enabled Luther and his allies to defend magisterial control over the church, and it also formed a crucial element of Protestant resistance theory. By examining the Lutheran position on counsels, expressed in theological and political writings, and comparing it with contemporary Catholic accounts, this article offers a new perspective on Reformation theology and political thought.
Climate Change, Development Projects and Internal Displacement In Africa
Authors: Adeola Romola , Viljoen Frans
Published: September 2018

Given the need for legislation to protect internally displaced persons, African Heads of State and Government adopted the Convention on the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa in Kampala in October 2009. The convention, which entered into force on 6 December 2012, is an important binding instrument on internal displacement. Article 10 of the convention requires states to prevent displacement caused by development projects, including climate-based development projects. This article examines the content of this obligation within the context of climate-based development projects.
Three new species of narrowly endemic snapping shrimp, genusAlpheus(Decapoda: Caridea: Alpheidae) from the Persian Gulf
Authors: Dehghani Amir , Sari Alireza , Naderloo Reza
Published: September 2018

Three new species of snapping shrimps of the genusAlpheusare described from the Persian Gulf. These belong to theAlpheus edwardsiispecies-group, which is mainly characterized by unarmed orbital hoods and the presence of dorsal and ventral notches on the palm of the major chela.Alphus ankerisp. nov. shows a close affinity toA. pacificusDana, 1852 andA. heronicusBanner & Banner, 1982 bearing no balaeniceps crests in both sexes on the dactylus of the minor chela, and the merus of the major chela of both sexes are unarmed. This species differs from the closely related species by the absence of an overhanging proximal shoulder in the major chela. The other rock crevice inhabiting species,A. mohammadpourisp. nov. is diagnosed by exhibiting sexual dimorphism in its balaeniceps crests and the armed merus of the major chela. These two characters are similar to those recorded for three sandy/rubble dwelling species:A. inopinatusHolthuis & Gottlieb, 1958,A. lobidensDe Haan, 1849 andA. australiensisBanner & Banner, 1982. This new species is distinguishable from these latter species by the shape of the minor chela and colour pattern. A coral inhabiting speciesA. abumusasp. nov. appears to be closely related toA. maindroniCoutière, 1898, showing an armed merus of the major chela and the absence of spine-like seta on the ischia of the third legs. This last new species is easily discriminated fromA. maindroniby longer antennular segments, a markedly concave frontal margin between the rostrum and orbital hood, and a different colour pattern.
Dressing the Diaspora: Dress practices among East African Indians,circa1895–1939
Authors: WILSON CHRIS
Published: September 2018

This article analyses the dress practices of East African Indians from the late nineteenth century to the middle of the twentieth century, which have failed to attract much scholarly attention. It begins by examining the ways in which very material interactions with items of clothing, while separated from the body, were productive of identities and communities among Indian tailors, shoemakers, Dhobis, and others in East Africa. It then turns away from a specific focus on questions of identity to consider the ways in which dress was incorporated into the diasporic strategies of East African Indians as they sought to negotiate the Indian Ocean world. Finally, it explores how, where, and when Indians adopted particular dress practices in East Africa itself, to illuminate the role of dress in orderings of space, colonial society, and gender. The analytic value of dress, this article contends, lies in its universality, which allows for the recovery of the everyday lives and efforts of ordinary East African Indians, as well as a new perspective on elite diasporic lives.
THE ARCESILAS CUP IN CONTEXT: GREEK INTERACTIONS WITH LATE PERIOD FUNERARY ART
Authors: Skuse Matthew L.
Published: September 2018

The iconography and composition of the Arcesilas Cup are widely acknowledged to have been modelled on weighing scenes found in Egyptian funerary art. However, less attention has been given to how the Arcesilas Painter came to experiment with a composition found in Egyptian funerary art, and why he would want to do so. This paper revises previous studies of the Arcesilas Cup's subject and its similarities to Egyptian illustrations of the weighing of the heart spell. Next, it explores how exchange and consumption in the sixth-century Mediterranean can be used to make sense of the cup's unique subject. Finally, it proposes contexts for the transmission of designs between Egyptian and Laconian artists.
Odor sensitivity impairment: a behavioral marker of psychological distress?
Authors: Houghton David C. , Howard Samuel L. , Uhde Thomas W. , Paquet Caitlin , Schlosser Rodney J. , Cortese Bernadette M.
Published: September 2018

Objective

Enhanced odor sensitivity, particularly toward threat-related cues, may be adaptive during periods of danger. Research also suggests that chronic psychological distress may lead to functional changes in the olfactory system that cause heightened sensitivity to odors. Yet, the association between self-reported odor sensitivity, objective odor detection, and affective psychopathology is currently unclear, and research suggests that persons with affective problems may only be sensitive to specific, threat-related odors.

Methods

The current study compared adults with self-reported odor sensitivity that was described as functionally impairing (OSI; n = 32) to those who reported odor sensitivity that was non-impairing (OS; n = 17) on affective variables as well as quantitative odor detection.

Results

Increased anxiety sensitivity, trait anxiety, depression, and life stress, even while controlling for comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders, was found for OSI compared to OS. While OSI, compared to OS, demonstrated only a trend increase in objective odor detection of a smoke-like, but not rose-like, odor, further analysis revealed that increased detection of that smoke-like odor was positively correlated with anxiety sensitivity.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that persons with various forms of psychological distress may find themselves significantly impaired by an intolerance of odors, but that self-reported odor sensitivity does not necessarily relate to enhanced odor detection ability. However, increased sensitivity to a smoke-like odor appears to be associated with sensitivity to aversive anxiogenic stimuli. Implications for the pathophysiology of fear- and anxiety-related disorders are discussed.
Length of working life and pension income: empirical evidence on gender and socioeconomic differences from Finland
Authors: KUIVALAINEN SUSAN , NIVALAINEN SATU , JÄRNEFELT NOORA , KUITTO KATI
Published: September 2018

In this paper, we analyze gender and socioeconomic differences in the length of working lives and pension income in Finland. Based on internationally unique data covering 50 years of recorded information on individual employment histories and first-year old-age pension income of a cohort retiring in 2011, we trace life-time work histories and their relation to pension income with greater precision than previous studies. While gender and socioeconomic income differences in the lengths of working lives are modest, differences in pension income are more pronounced. The residence-based national pension targeted at those with no or only low earning-related pension accrual plays an important role in cushioning old-age income differences. The results suggest that unequal life-time earnings and occupational segregation remain main challenges for equalizing pension income in old age.
How financial literacy and impatience shape retirement wealth and investment behaviors
Authors: HASTINGS JUSTINE , MITCHELL OLIVIA S.
Published: September 2018

Two competing explanations for why consumers have trouble with financial decisions are gaining momentum. One is that people are financially illiterate since they lack understanding of simple economic concepts and cannot carry out computations such as computing compound interest, which could cause them to make suboptimal financial decisions. A second is that impatience or present-bias might explain suboptimal financial decisions. That is, some people persistently choose immediate gratification instead of taking advantage of larger long-term payoffs. We use experimental evidence from Chile to explore how these factors appear related to poor financial decisions. Our results show that our measure of impatience is a strong predictor of wealth and investment in health. Financial literacy is also correlated with wealth though it appears to be a weaker predictor of sensitivity to framing in investment decisions. Policymakers interested in enhancing retirement well-being would do well to consider the importance of both factors.
ORGAN DONOR OR GRATUITOUS MORAL FAILURE? PICK ONE
Authors: Semrau Luke
Published: September 2018

Many are unwilling to donate their vital organs in death. To affirm this choice is to prefer the integrity of one's corpse over possibly saving and improving the lives of others. This position enjoys no sound defence. Refusing to donate amounts to a gratuitous moral failure.
STABLE MODAL LOGICS
Authors: BEZHANISHVILI GURAM , BEZHANISHVILI NICK , ILIN JULIA
Published: September 2018

Stable logics are modal logics characterized by a class of frames closed under relation preserving images. These logics admit all filtrations. Since many basic modal systems such as K4 and S4 are not stable, we introduce the more general concept of an M-stable logic, where M is an arbitrary normal modal logic that admits some filtration. Of course, M can be chosen to be K4 or S4. We give several characterizations of M-stable logics. We prove that there are continuum many S4-stable logics and continuum many K4-stable logics between K4 and S4. We axiomatize K4-stable and S4-stable logics by means of stable formulas and discuss the connection between S4-stable logics and stable superintuitionistic logics. We conclude the article with many examples (and nonexamples) of stable, K4-stable, and S4-stable logics and provide their axiomatization in terms of stable rules and formulas.
The Impact of Process‐Based Warm Rain Constraints on the Aerosol Indirect Effect
Authors: Jing Xianwen , Suzuki Kentaroh
Published: September 2018

Many global climate models have been found to generate warm rain too frequently. This study, with a particular global climate model, found that the problem can be mitigated via altering the autoconversion process so as to inhibit rain formation under conditions of a large cloud number concentration and small droplet sizes. However, this improvement was found to cause an overly large aerosol indirect effect. This dichotomy between the constraint on warm‐rain formation process and the energy‐budget requirement on aerosol indirect effect was found to result from a pronounced cloud‐water response to aerosol perturbations, which is amplified through the wet scavenging feedback to an extent depending on precipitation‐formation parameterization. Thus, critical compensating errors exist between warm‐rain formation and other key processes, and better constraint on these processes, particularly wet scavenging, is required to mitigate the dichotomy. The results have broad implication for models that suffer from the aforementioned too‐frequent warm‐rain formation bias.
The NextM~6 Event in Parkfield Implied by a Physical Model Linking Interseismic, Coseismic, and Postseismic Phase
Authors: Wang Lifeng
Published: September 2018

Determination of the constitutive frictional parameters is crucial for describing the dynamic behaviors of natural faults. In this study, we explore the along‐strike variation in fault friction along the San Andreas Fault in Parkfield, where characteristicM6 earthquakes occur nearly every 25 years. Using displacement data measured over decades encompassing the interseismic, coseismic, and postseismic phase of the 2004M6 event, which involve inherent fault rheological responses to tectonic loading, we construct a physical model based on the rate‐dependent friction law to describe the fault slip and stress evolution. Our modeled friction rate parameter is consistent with available laboratory measurements using fault cores collected from the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth. Based on the physical model linking interseismic, coseismic, and postseismic phase, we predict that the 25‐year slip deficit following the 2004M6 earthquake will predominantly accumulate in the area to the south of the 2004 event hypocenter, with an energy equivalent to aM6.0 event. Together with the slip deficit accumulated over the 25 years prior to the 2004 event that was unreleased by this event, the total slip deficit amounts to a moment magnitude ofM6.35 ± 0.11, suggesting the upper limit of the seismic release level until 2029. The proposed model (1) involves only two free quantities (the friction rate parameter and velocity coefficient used to determine the effective normal stress); (2) is well constrained by available interseismic, coseismic, and postseismic displacement data; and (3) highlights along‐strike variations in the fault friction.
Lithospheric Structure Across the Alaskan Cordillera From the Joint Inversion of Surface Waves and Receiver Functions
Authors: Ward Kevin M. , Lin Fan‐Chi
Published: September 2018

The final deployment stage of the USArray Transportable Array is nearly complete with several years of high‐quality broadband seismic data across the Northern American Cordillera already publicly available. This section of the Cordillera represents a rich history of tectonic deformation and accretion events as well numerous active tectonic processes. Many of these active tectonic processes such as uplift mechanisms or magmatic systems have been interpreted from structures imaged in regional or limited 2‐D studies. To investigate the fully 3‐D nature of the crust and uppermost mantle (<70 km), we present the results of a joint receiver function, surface wave inversion for the shear wave velocity structure across the Alaskan Cordillera. Integration of our new isotropic velocity model with existing data sets, including seismicity, gravity anomalies, and other seismic imagining methods, indicates that our velocity model is consistent with previous studies while providing unprecedented additional detail. A prominent feature in our model is a low‐velocity mantle wedge. We suggest this low‐velocity mantle wedge results from subducting slab lithosphere. The tectonic significance of this interpretation is that the velocity anomaly extends further to the east than slab seismicity does, suggesting that the downgoing slab extends further to the east, albeit aseismicly. This interpretation provides a simple explanation for the location of the active Wrangell volcanoes. We expect that our velocity model will be integrated with other mantle tomography models to further refine our understanding of this complex tectonic setting.
Intraplate Strike‐Slip Faulting, Stress Accumulation, and Shear Localization of a Crust‐Upper Mantle System With Nonlinear Viscoelastic Material
Authors: Zhang Xuelei , Sagiya Takeshi
Published: September 2018

We investigate the evolution of tectonic background stress and elastic as well as inelastic strain in a crust‐upper mantle system around an infinitely long vertical strike‐slip fault in a self‐consistent mechanical earthquake cycle model. In the early stage of the stress evolution, deformation of the crust and the upper mantle is dominated by a uniform simple shear. Shear localization in the lower crust starts when coseismic rupture extends to the entire brittle upper crust. Together with this transition, the earthquake recurrence intervals decrease by an order of magnitude due to a basal drag originated from a localized plastic flow of the lower crust. After the shear zone is fully developed in the lower crust, the fault slip rate catches up with the far‐field velocity and earthquakes starts to occur periodically. Such a steady state can be reached in several hundred thousand years from the beginning, which includes few hundreds of earthquake cycles. A shear zone with large cumulative strain needs a few million years to develop under an intraplate strike‐slip fault, which is much longer than the time for shear strain rate to be localized. The model successfully reproduced evolution of tectonic stress around an intraplate strike‐slip fault, interacting with the development of localized shear zone in the lower crust. The model demonstrates the importance of considering the whole mechanical system in which rheological structure and fault activities interacting with each other for the better understanding of the intraplate earthquakes.
Satellite Observations of Enhanced Chlorophyll Variability in the Southern California Bight
Authors: Kilpatrick Thomas , Xie Shang‐Ping , Miller Arthur J. , Schneider Niklas
Published: September 2018

Satellite observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and Sea‐viewing Wide Field‐of‐view Sensor reveal a “tongue” of elevated near‐surface chlorophyll that extends into the Southern California Bight from Point Conception. A local chlorophyll maximum at the western edge of the bight, near the Santa Rosa Ridge, indicates that the chlorophyll is not solely due to advection from Point Conception but is enhanced by local upwelling. Chlorophyll in the bight peaks in May and June, in phase with the seasonal cycle of wind stress curl. The spatial structure and seasonal variability suggest that the local chlorophyll maximum is due to a combination of bathymetric influence from the Santa Rosa Ridge and orographic influence from the coastline bend at Point Conception, which causes sharp wind stress curl in the bight. High‐resolution glider observations show thermocline doming in May–June, in support of the local upwelling effect. Despite the evidence for local wind stress curl‐forced upwelling in the bight, we cannot rule out alternative mechanisms for the local chlorophyll maximum, such as iron supply from the ridge. Covariability between chlorophyll, surface wind stress, and sea surface temperature (SST) indicates that nonseasonal chlorophyll variability in the bight is closely related to SST, but the spatial patterns of SST influence vary by time scale: Subannual chlorophyll variability is linked to local wind‐forced upwelling, while interannual chlorophyll variability is linked to large‐scale SST variations over the northeast Pacific. This suggests a greater role for nonlocal processes in the bight's low‐frequency chlorophyll variability.
Moisture Distributions in Tropical Cold Pools From Equatorial Indian Ocean Observations and Cloud‐Resolving Simulations
Authors: Chandra Arunchandra S. , Zuidema Paquita , Krueger Steven , Kochanski Adam , de Szoeke Simon P. , Zhang Jianhao
Published: September 2018

The near‐surface characteristics of approximately 300 convective cold pools over the equatorial Indian Ocean are studied using surface meteorological variables from two equatorial Indian Ocean sites, radar imagery, and constrained cloud‐resolving simulations. The observed temperature drop at cold pool onset is typically accompanied by a drying and a decrease in moist static energy, signifying air transport from above the boundary layer through precipitation‐induced downdrafts. The decrease in the surface water vapor mixing ratio is more pronounced for stronger temperature drops. Composites reveal a slight enhancement in moisture coincident with a slight enhancement in temperature prior to the cold pool frontal temperature drop. The slight enhancements occur prior to a gust of increased surface winds, suggesting that the immediate cause is wind convergence. A statistical analysis combined with a focus on selected case studies is consistent with a view that the strongest cold pools occur in intermediate column water vapor paths with drier midtropospheres. Such conditions are more likely to occur during convectively suppressed phases of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation, when cold pool mesoscale organization facilitates the ability of cumulus congestus to reach the middle troposphere. Cold pools thus help explain why tropical cumulus congestus are common. Cloud‐resolving simulations capture realistic rain rates and surface wind changes (and thereby surface fluxes). The evolution in the model near‐surface moisture field is unrealistic, however, with an erroneous moisture enhancement inside the cold pool edge that is attributed to rain evaporation. This supports a further focus on the model representation of cold pool frontal dynamics and mixing.
Thermomechanical Stresses Drive Damage of Alpine Valley Rock Walls During Repeat Glacial Cycles
Authors: Grämiger Lorenz M. , Moore Jeffrey R. , Gischig Valentin S. , Loew Simon
Published: September 2018

Cycles of glaciation alter the temperature field in proximal alpine valley flanks, driving rock slope damage through thermomechanical stresses. Here we extend simplified assumptions of glacial debuttressing to quantitatively examine how paraglacial bedrock temperature changes, acting in concert with changing ice loads during Late Pleistocene and Holocene glacial cycles, create damage in adjacent rock slopes and prepare future slope instabilities. When in contact with temperate glacier ice, valley walls maintain near isothermal ~0 °C surface temperatures and are shielded from daily and annual cycles. With retreat, rock walls are rapidly exposed to strongly varying temperature boundary conditions, a transition we term “paraglacial thermal shock.” Using detailed, conceptual numerical models based on the Aletsch Glacier in Switzerland, we show that including thermomechanical stresses during simulated glacial cycles creates significantly more rock slope damage than predicted for purely mechanical ice loading and unloading. Glacier advances are especially effective in generating damage as rapid cooling drives contraction of the rock mass reducing joint normal stresses. First time exposure to annual temperature cycles during deglaciation induces a shallow damage front that follows the retreating ice margin, generating damage in a complementary process at shorter time scales. Acting on a reduced strength rock mass, modeled thermomechanical cycles enhance the development of a slope instability with similar attributes as observed in our study area. Our results demonstrate that thermomechanical stresses acting in conjunction with changing ice loads are capable of generating considerable rock slope damage with spatial and temporal patterns controlled by glacier extents.
The Circulation Response to Resolved Versus Parametrized Orographic Drag Over Complex Mountain Terrains
Authors: van Niekerk Annelize , Sandu Irina , Vosper Simon B.
Published: September 2018

The accuracy with which parametrizations of orographic blocking and orographic gravity wave drag (OGWD) are able to reproduce the explicitly resolved impacts on flow over complex terrain is investigated in two models: the Met Office Unified Model (MetUM) and the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Integrated Forecasting System (ECMWF IFS). To this end, global and limited area short‐range forecast experiments across a range of horizontal resolutions, and their model errors relative to analyses, are assessed over two complex mountainous regions: the Himalayas and the Middle East. The impact of resolved orography on the circulation is deduced by taking the difference between high‐resolution experiments with a high (4 to 9 km) and low‐resolution (125 to 150 km) orography. This is then compared with the impact of parametrized orographic drag, deduced from global low‐resolution experiments with and without parametrized orographic drag. At resolutions ranging from tens to hundreds of kilometres, both the MetUM and ECMWF IFS exhibit too strong zonal winds relative to analyses in the lower stratosphere in the region of maximum resolved orographic gravity wave breaking, indicative of some deficiency in the parametrization of OGWD. Diagnosis of the parametrized physics and resolved dynamics tendencies across a range of OGWD parameter values reveal that this error is partly due to the manner in which the resolved dynamics interacts with the parametrized OGWD. This work introduces a method for quantifying the impacts of resolved versus parametrized orographic drag in models and highlights the importance of physics‐dynamics interactions.
Cytoplasmic localization of GRHL3 upon epidermal differentiation triggers cell shape change for epithelial morphogenesis
Authors: Kimura-Yoshida Chiharu , Mochida Kyoko , Nakaya Masa-aki , Mizutani Takeomi , Matsuo Isao
Published: September 2018

Epithelial cell shape change is a pivotal driving force for morphogenesis of complex three-dimensional architecture. However, molecular mechanisms triggering shape changes of epithelial cells in the course of growth and differentiation have not been entirely elucidated. Grhl3 plays a crucial role as a downstream transcription factor of Wnt/β-catenin in epidermal differentiation. Here, we show Grhl3 induced large, mature epidermal cells, enriched with actomyosin networks, from embryoid bodies in vitro. Such epidermal cells were apparently formed by the simultaneous activation of canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways. A nuclear transcription factor, GRHL3 is localized in the cytoplasm and cell membrane during epidermal differentiation. Subsequently, such extranuclear GRHL3 is essential for the membrane-associated expression of VANGL2 and CELSR1. Cytoplasmic GRHL3, thereby, allows epidermal cells to acquire mechanical properties for changes in epithelial cell shape. Thus, we propose that cytoplasmic localization of GRHL3 upon epidermal differentiation directly triggers epithelial morphogenesis.
Enhanced voltage generation through electrolyte flow on liquid-filled surfaces
Authors: Fan B. , Bhattacharya A. , Bandaru P. R.
Published: September 2018

The generation of electrical voltage through the flow of an electrolyte over a charged surface may be used for energy transduction. Here, we show that enhanced electrical potential differences (i.e., streaming potential) may be obtained through the flow of salt water on liquid-filled surfaces that are infiltrated with a lower dielectric constant liquid, such as oil, to harness electrolyte slip and associated surface charge. A record-high figure of merit, in terms of the voltage generated per unit applied pressure, of 0.043 mV Pa−1 is obtained through the use of the liquid-filled surfaces. In comparison with air-filled surfaces, the figure of merit associated with the liquid-filled surface increases by a factor of 1.4. These results lay the basis for innovative surface charge engineering methodology for the study of electrokinetic phenomena at the microscale, with possible application in new electrical power sources.
Two coupled circadian oscillations regulate Bmal1-ELuc and Per2-SLR2 expression in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus
Authors: Nishide Shinya , Honma Sato , Honma Ken-ichi
Published: September 2018

Circadian rhythms in clock genes,Bmal1andPer2expression were monitored simultaneously in the cultured slice of mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) by dual bioluminescent reporters. In the neonatal SCN, the phase-relation between theBmal1andPer2rhythms were significantly changed during culture. Medium exchange produced phase-dependent phase shifts (PRCm) in theBmal1rhythms, but not in thePer2rhythms. As a result, the two circadian rhythms were temporally dissociated after medium exchange. In the adult SCN, the phase-relation between the two rhythms was kept constant during culture at least up to 20 cycles. The amplitude of PRCm in the adult SCN was significantly attenuated in theBmal1rhythm, whereas a PRCm was developed in thePer2rhythm. The circadian period was not systematically affected by medium exchange in either of rhythms, regardless of whether it was in the neonatal or the adult SCN. Tetrodotoxin, a sodium channel blocker, enhanced the phase-response in both rhythms but abolished the phase-dependency. In addition, tetrodotoxin lengthened the circadian period independent of the phase of administration. Thus, theBmal1andPer2rhythms in the SCN are dissociable and likely regulated by distinct circadian oscillators.Bmal1is the component of aBmal1/REV-ERBa/ROR loop andPer2aPer/Cry/BMAL1/CLOCK loop. Both loops could be molecular mechanisms of the two circadian oscillators that are coupled through the protein product ofBmal1. The coupling strength between the two oscillations depends on developmental stages.
A Comparative Study of Hummingbirds and Chickens Provides Mechanistic Insight on the Histidine Containing Dipeptide Role in Skeletal Muscle Metabolism
Authors: Dolan E. , Saunders B. , Dantas W. S. , Murai I. H. , Roschel H. , Artioli G. G. , Harris R. , Bicudo J. E. P. W. , Sale C. , Gualano B.
Published: September 2018

Histidine containing dipeptides (HCDs) have numerous ergogenic and therapeutic properties, but their primary role in skeletal muscle remains unclear. Potential functions include pH regulation, protection against reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, or Ca2+ regulation. In recognition of the challenge of isolating physiological processes in-vivo, we employed a comparative physiology approach to investigate the primary mechanism of HCD action in skeletal muscle. We selected two avian species (i.e., hummingbirds and chickens), who represented the extremes of the physiological processes in which HCDs are likely to function. Our findings indicate that HCDs are non-essential to the development of highly oxidative and contractile muscle, given their very low content in hummingbird skeletal tissue. In contrast, their abundance in the glycolytic chicken muscle, indicate that they are important in anaerobic bioenergetics as pH regulators. This evidence provides new insights on the HCD role in skeletal muscle, which could inform widespread interventions, from health to elite performance.
moxMaple3: a Photoswitchable Fluorescent Protein for PALM and Protein Highlighting in Oxidizing Cellular Environments
Authors: Kaberniuk Andrii A. , Mohr Manuel A. , Verkhusha Vladislav V. , Snapp Erik Lee
Published: September 2018

The ability of fluorescent proteins (FPs) to fold robustly is fundamental to the autocatalytic formation of the chromophore. While the importance of the tertiary protein structure is well appreciated, the impact of individual amino acid mutations for FPs is often not intuitive and requires direct testing. In this study, we describe the engineering of a monomeric photoswitchable FP, moxMaple3, for use in oxidizing cellular environments, especially the eukaryotic secretory pathway. Surprisingly, a point mutation to replace a cysteine substantially improved the yield of correctly folded FP capable of chromophore formation, regardless of cellular environment. The improved folding of moxMaple3 increases the fraction of visibly tagged fusion proteins, as well as FP performance in PALM super-resolution microscopy, and thus makes moxMaple3 a robust monomeric FP choice for PALM and optical highlighting applications.
Creating a switchable optical cavity with controllable quantum-state mapping between two modes
Authors: Chimczak Grzegorz , Bartkiewicz Karol , Ficek Zbigniew , Tanaś Ryszard
Published: September 2018

We describe how an ensemble of four-level atoms in the diamond-type configuration can be applied to create a fully controllable effective coupling between two cavity modes. The diamond-type configuration allows one to use a bimodal cavity that supports modes of different frequencies or different circular polarisations, because each mode is coupled only to its own transition. This system can be used for mapping a quantum state of one cavity mode onto the other mode on demand. Additionally, it can serve as a fast opening high-Q cavity system that can be easily and coherently controlled with laser fields.
Activity of a novel antimicrobial peptide against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms
Authors: Beaudoin Trevor , Stone Tracy A. , Glibowicka Miroslawa , Adams Christina , Yau Yvonne , Ahmadi Saumel , Bear Christine E. , Grasemann Hartmut , Waters Valerie , Deber Charles M.
Published: September 2018

With the increasing recognition of biofilms in human disease, the development of novel antimicrobial therapies is of critical importance. For example, in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), the acquisition of host-adapted, chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection is associated with a decline in lung function and increased mortality. Our objective was to test the in vitro efficacy of a membrane-active antimicrobial peptide we designed, termed 6K-F17 (sequence: KKKKKK-AAFAAWAAFAA-NH2), against multidrug resistant P. aeruginosa biofilms. This peptide displays high antimicrobial activity against a range of pathogenic bacteria, yet is non-hemolytic to human erythrocytes and non-toxic to human bronchial epithelial cells. In the present work, P. aeruginosa strain PAO1, and four multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates from chronically infected CF individuals, were grown as 48-hour biofilms in a static biofilm slide chamber model. These biofilms were then exposed to varying concentrations of 6K-F17 alone, or in the presence of tobramycin, prior to confocal imaging. Biofilm biovolume and viability were assessed. 6K-F17 was able to kill biofilms – even in the presence of sputum – and greatly reduce biofilm biovolume in PAO1 and MDR isolates. Strikingly, when used in conjunction with tobramycin, low doses of 6K-F17 significantly potentiated tobramycin killing, leading to biofilm destruction.
Feasibility and robustness of dynamic 18F-FET PET based tracer kinetic models applied to patients with recurrent high-grade glioma prior to carbon ion irradiation
Authors: Debus Charlotte , Afshar-Oromieh Ali , Floca Ralf , Ingrisch Michael , Knoll Maximilian , Debus Jürgen , Haberkorn Uwe , Abdollahi Amir
Published: September 2018

The aim of this study was to analyze the robustness and diagnostic value of different compartment models for dynamic 18F-FET PET in recurrent high-grade glioma (HGG). Dynamic 18F-FET PET data of patients with recurrent WHO grade III (n:7) and WHO grade IV (n: 9) tumors undergoing re-irradiation with carbon ions were analyzed by voxelwise fitting of the time-activity curves with a simplified and an extended one-tissue compartment model (1TCM) and a two-tissue compartment model (2TCM), respectively. A simulation study was conducted to assess robustness and precision of the 2TCM. Parameter maps showed enhanced detail on tumor substructure. Neglecting the blood volume VB in the 1TCM yields insufficient results. Parameter K1 from both 1TCM and 2TCM showed correlation with overall patient survival after carbon ion irradiation (p = 0.043 and 0.036, respectively). The 2TCM yields realistic estimates for tumor blood volume, which was found to be significantly higher in WHO IV compared to WHO III (p = 0.031). Simulations on the 2TCM showed that K1 yields good accuracy and robustness while k2 showed lowest stability of all parameters. The 1TCM provides the best compromise between parameter stability and model accuracy; however application of the 2TCM is still feasible and provides a more accurate representation of tracer-kinetics at the cost of reduced robustness. Detailed tracer kinetic analysis of 18F-FET PET with compartment models holds valuable information on tumor substructures and provides additional diagnostic and prognostic value.
Graphitic Carbon Electrodes on Flexible Substrate for Neural Applications Entirely Fabricated Using Infrared Nanosecond Laser Technology
Authors: Vomero Maria , Oliveira Ana , Ashouri Danesh , Eickenscheidt Max , Stieglitz Thomas
Published: September 2018

Neural interfaces for neuroscientific research are nowadays mainly manufactured using standard microsystems engineering technologies which are incompatible with the integration of carbon as electrode material. In this work, we investigate a new method to fabricate graphitic carbon electrode arrays on flexible substrates. The devices were manufactured using infrared nanosecond laser technology for both patterning all components and carbonizing the electrode sites. Two laser pulse repetition frequencies were used for carbonization with the aim of finding the optimum. Prototypes of the devices were evaluatedin vitroin 30 mM hydrogen peroxide to mimic the post-surgery oxidative environment. The electrodes were subjected to 10 million biphasic pulses (39.5 μC/cm2) to measure their stability under electrical stress. Their biosensing capabilities were evaluated in different concentrations of dopamine in phosphate buffered saline solution. Raman spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis show that the atomic percentage of graphitic carbon in the manufactured electrodes reaches the remarkable value of 75%. Results prove that the infrared nanosecond laser yields activated graphite electrodes that are conductive, non-cytotoxic and electrochemically inert. Their comprehensive assessment indicates that our laser-induced carbon electrodes are suitable for future transfer intoin vivostudies, including neural recordings, stimulation and neurotransmitters detection.
Afar triple junction triggered by plume-assisted bi-directional continental break-up
Authors: Koptev Alexander , Gerya Taras , Calais Eric , Leroy Sylvie , Burov Evgueni
Published: September 2018

Divergent ridge-ridge-ridge (R-R-R) triple junctions are one of the most remarkable, yet largely enigmatic, features of plate tectonics. The juncture of the Arabian, Nubian, and Somalian plates is a type-example of the early development stage of a triple junction where three active rifts meet at a ‘triple point’ in Central Afar. This structure may result from the impingement of the Afar plume into a non-uniformly stressed continental lithosphere, but this process has never been reproduced by self-consistent plume-lithosphere interaction experiments. Here we use 3D thermo-mechanical numerical models to examine the initiation of plume-induced rift systems under variable far-field stress conditions. Whereas simple linear rift structures are preferred under uni-directional extension, we find that more complex patterns form in response to bi-directional extension, combining one or several R-R-R triple junctions. These triple junctions optimize the geometry of continental break-up by minimizing the amount of dissipative mechanical work required to accommodate multi-directional extension. Our models suggest that Afar-like triple junctions are an end-member mode of plume-induced bi-directional rifting that combines asymmetrical northward pull and symmetrical EW extension at similar rates.