bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potencial de Indicação Geográfica da Farinha Milito no Município de Tarauacá – Acre
Authors: Ferreira Junior Genildo Cavalcante , Soliani Rodrigo Duarte , Gonçalves Muller  Padilha , Oliveira Dion  Alves de
Published: April 2024

A farinha milito de Tarauacá é um produto artesanal apreciado no estado do Acre, apresentando potencial para uma Indicação Geográfica (IG). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar seu potencial de IG. Inicialmente, conduziu-se uma revisão sistemática da farinha milito de Tarauacá; em seguida, realizou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa exploratória com levantamento de dados primários e secundários contendo informações sobre seu potencial de IG, com base na Metodologia para Identificação de Potenciais Indicações Geográficas Brasileiras do Sebrae. Verificou-se que a produção da farinha milito segue o mesmo fluxo de produção da farinha de mandioca tradicional, diferindo apenas no procedimento da torra, que torna essa farinha com características sensoriais únicas. A pesquisa destaca a necessidade de novas investigações para caracterizar a cadeia produtiva da farinha milito, abordando análises físico-químicas, microbiológicas, sensoriais e estudos de mercado. Com base neste estudo, após a caracterização completa do produto, a farinha milito de Tarauacá apresentará potencial técnico para obter a IG de Denominação de Origem (DO), representando um avanço significativo para o reconhecimento oficial, prestígio e desenvolvimento sustentável da região.
Mapeamento Tecnológico dos Registros de Software de Sistemas de Gestão no Agronegócio
Authors: Carvalho Victor Vinícius de Alencar , Galhardo Cristiane Xavier , Silva Paula Tereza de Souza
Published: April 2024

Este estudo mapeou o cenário de softwares de gestão no agronegócio, identificando oportunidades para inovação em certificações agrícolas. Registros de software do INPI e do portal do software público foram analisados, além disso, foram realizadas buscas nas bases de patentes do PatentScope®, Espacenet® e Questel Orbit®. Os resultados, obtidos por meio do uso de palavras-chave e de operadores booleanos combinados, revelaram a presença de sistemas voltados para a gestão de certificação, indicando espaço para desenvolvimento nessa área. A maioria dos softwares identificados se concentram em controle e planejamento operacional de campo. Foram encontrados cinco softwares que abordam certificação agrícola, no entanto com foco em gestão de produção, controle de qualidade e rastreamento de campo. Conclui-se que há demanda por softwares especializados em gestão de certificações, dada a crescente exigência de produtos que atendam aos preceitos socioambientais e a necessidade de gerenciar eficientemente as boas práticas agrícolas tanto no mercado interno como no externo, representando uma oportunidade para soluções inovadoras.
Propriedade Intelectual no Metaverso: estudo de caso da marca Nikeland®
Authors: Silva Fernando Melo da , Mazzoni Jean Carlo , Caldas Carlos Henrique Sabino
Published: April 2024

Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a presença das marcas no metaverso, com foco em questões da propriedade intelectual. As empresas estão cada vez mais interessadas em explorar o novo ambiente denominado metaverso e, apesar de ser um ambiente inovador, com inúmeras possibilidades de crescimento empresarial, essa tendência também traz desafios relacionados à proteção dos direitos de propriedade intelectual, pois o conteúdo digital pode ser facilmente copiado e utilizado sem autorização. A metodologia adotada neste trabalho baseia-se em estudo de caso da marca Nikeland®. Foi utilizada a netnografia para identificar as marcas que estão atuando no metaverso, sendo realizado um mapeamento em sites de busca Google e Bing, com os termos Metaverso e Marcas, e verificou-se o protagonismo da indústria da moda, chegando a 48,64% dos resultados encontrados. Além disso, observa-se que mais da metade das marcas presentes no metaverso pertencem ao segmento da moda, com destaque para a marca Nikeland® fazendo uso de novas classes de produtos e serviços com especificações voltadas para o comércio virtual de produtos.
PI-DETECT: software para identificação de ativos de Propriedade Intelectual em documentos acadêmico científicos
Authors: Menino Paulo Marcelo Ferreira , Oliveira Jeanfson Dutra de , Diniz Cristovam Guerreiro , Melo Mauro André Damasceno de
Published: April 2024

A criação dos Núcleos de Inovação Tecnológica (NIT) trouxe um avanço no processo de gestão da inovação nos ambientes acadêmicos, salvaguardando os interesses institucionais na proteção de ativos de Propriedade Intelectual (PI). Isso justifica a necessidade de desenvolvimento de ferramentas de acompanhamento de potenciais ativos contidos em documentos acadêmicos. Este trabalho objetivou a criação de um software para detectar possíveis ativos nesses documentos por meio da mineração de termos relacionados ao tema. O sistema foi desenvolvido utilizando tecnologias disponíveis para ambiente web, e toda a codificação utilizou o VS Code, com os testes de simulação de servidor web realizados em ambiente XAMPP. Os resultados mostraram a eficiência do programa em descrever um perfil de termos correlacionados em documentos dotados de potenciais ativos de PI. Qualificar os gestores de inovação para o uso adequado do software contribuirá para uma maior segurança quanto à divulgação inadequada de achados acadêmicos passiveis de proteção.
Nível de Prontidão de Tecnologia de Software: uma reflexão sobre diferentes escalas
Authors: Ferreira André Luiz Leite , Ribeiro Núbia Moura
Published: April 2024

Como o software não se configura como um produto manufaturado, a avaliação do nível de prontidão da tecnologia de software (STRL) apresenta divergências em relação à avaliação do hardware. Considerando os recentes investimentos governamentais voltados para o desenvolvimento de software, o objetivo deste artigo foi apresentar as escalas STRL usadas como referência na análise de prontidão dessa tecnologia, refletindo sobre a sua importância para o Brasil. A metodologia é exploratória, buscando a compreensão brasileira acerca do nível de prontidão de tecnologia de software (STRL), com abordagem qualitativa, utilizando como procedimentos as pesquisas bibliográfica (classificação TRL, segundo Mankins, 2009) e documental (relatório técnicos, entre os quais: SEI, US-GAO e Embrapii) e, no tratamento dos dados, a análise de conteúdo, sob a perspectiva de Bardin (2016). Os principais resultados mostraram a proeminência das escalas STRL do DoD, NASA, GAO e Embrapii, mas que elas necessitam de interpretação e eventuais adaptações, uma vez que todas derivam da escala TRL focada em hardware.
Solução para Mapeamento e Consulta das Competências dos Pesquisadores: uma arquitetura para extração, integração e consultas de informações acadêmicas
Authors: Santos Matheus Souza dos , Oliveira Victor Hugo de Jesus , Jorge Eduardo Manuel de Freitas , Costa Gleidson de Meireles
Published: April 2024

É de interesse das universidades públicas tornar as produções cientificas desenvolvidas acessíveis, neste contexto o artigo descreve uma solução de uma plataforma de mapeamento de competências que integra fontes de dados, como a plataforma Lattes, Sucupira e JCR, permitindo a busca de pesquisadores ou produções científicas. Para a especificação, desenvolvimento e testes da solução foram aplicados o método de pesquisa experimental com um percurso metodológico de seis etapas alinhadas ao processo de desenvolvimento de produto (PDP). Esta pesquisa traz uma análise comparativa da solução proposta com ferramentas correlatas de mercado tais como: Escavador, Chrome Qualis, Guia Especialista, Somos UFMG, Stela Experta e Plataforma Integra. Como resultado este projeto gerou uma arquitetura da solução e a sua materialização em um portal, trazendo uma série de funcionalidades úteis para pesquisadores, instituições acadêmicas e outros interessados na busca de informações nesse campo.
Auxílio ao Processo de Registro de Marcas e de Nomes Empresariais por meio de Fluxogramas e de Jurisprudência: uma análise da Região Sul (RS, SC e PR)
Authors: Gasperin Leonardo Sabas , Islabão Genizia Islabão de , Cabral Anderson Ricardo Yanzer
Published: April 2024

Este trabalho se concentra em analisar as similaridades dos processos de registro de nomes empresariais e marcas por meio de fluxogramas e jurisprudência, com foco nos Estados da Região Sul. Foi realizado o levantamento da literatura especializada em bases de dados, artigos científicos, manuais e diretivas do INPI, além de terem sido analisadas decisões judiciais sobre o tema. Ainda foi elaborada a proposta de um fluxo que define detalhadamente as diferentes etapas do processo de solicitação de registro de nome empresarial nas Juntas Comerciais da Região Sul, concomitante com a busca prévia de anterioridades do registro de Marca junto ao INPI. Constatou-se que, entre os Estados da Região Sul, o Rio Grande do Sul (RS) detém o maior índice de conflitos, totalizando 58,54% do total de ações judiciais. A pesquisa do nome empresarial nas Juntas Comerciais dos Estados gera maior confiabilidade e, consequentemente, diminui o índice de incidência de disputas judiciais.
Oxo‐Anion Modified Oxides
Authors: Jentoft Friederike C.
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Classification

Variety of Materials and Focus

Target Properties

Structure–Activity Relationships

Effect of Sulfate and Other Oxo‐Anions

Preparation Routes

Formation of Primary Solid

Formation of Pure Hydrous Zirconia

Formation of Sulfate‐Containing Hydrous Zirconia

Template‐Directed Formation of Primary Solid

Commercially Available Precursors

Anion‐Modification of Primary Solid

Addition of Oxo‐Anions to Primary Solid in Liquid Medium

Sulfation of Primary Solid via Gas Phase

Introduction of Oxo‐Anions Using Solid Precursors

Addition of Promoters (Optional)

Promoters

Structure–Activity Relationships

Effect of Promoters

Addition of Promoters

Calcination

Events Occurring During Calcination

Effect of Bed Volume and Packing

Effect of Calcination Temperature on Physical Properties

Effect of Calcination Temperature on Catalytic Performance

Effect of Holding Time

Calcination: A Summary

Sulfation of Thermally Treated Crystalline Oxides

Sulfation with Aqueous Solutions (Solid–Liquid Phase)

Sulfation via Gas Phase (Solid–Gas Phase)

Sulfation of Zirconia using Solid Sulfate Precursors

Addition of Noble Metals

Activation
Solid‐State Reactions
Authors: Delmon Bernard , Devillers Michel
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Why Prepare Catalysts from Solid Precursors?

Some General Concepts and Parameters in Solid‐State Reactions

The Objective of this Chapter in the Handbook

Description of Preparative Methods

Dry Methods

Wet Methods

A
Coprecipitation

B
Spray‐Drying and Spray Calcination

C
Hot‐Petroleum Drying

D
Freeze‐Drying

Chemical Complexation Methods

A
General Comments

B
Crystalline Complex Salts

C
Amorphous Precursor “Citrate” Method: General

D
Citrate Method for the Preparation of CeO
2
–ZrO
2
Solid Solutions as Supports

E
Citrate Method for the Preparation of Unsupported and Supported Perovskite Catalysts

F
Complex Cyanide Method

G
Hybrid Complexation Methods

Advanced Methods for Obtaining Solid Precursors of Flexible Composition

A
Specific Approaches

B
Possible Approaches Based on Specific Interactions

C
The Use of Multi‐Functional Polymers

Specific Methods: Example of Hydrotalcite‐Type Catalysts

Conclusions and Prospects
Immobilization of Molecular Catalysts
Authors: Anwander Reiner
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction and Scope

Metal Complex–Support Interaction

Physically Immobilized (“Entrapped”) Metal Complexes

Intrazeolite Assembly: Ship‐in‐a‐Bottle Catalysts

Entrapment in Sol–Gel and Polysiloxane Matrices

Microencapsulation and Polymer‐Incarcerated Methods

Supramolecular Complexation: Mechanical Immobilization

Tethered Metal Complexes

Multifunctional Surfaces

Spatial Restrictions Imparted by Periodic Mesoporous Silica

Site Isolation via Spatial Patterning of the Silica Surface

Grafted Metal Complexes: Surface Organometallic Chemistry (
SOMC
)

Alkyl‐Based
SOMC

Alkoxide‐Based
SOMC

Amide‐Based
SOMC

Molecular Model Oxo–Surfaces

Metal–Organic Assemblies: Self‐Immobilized Homogeneous Catalysts

Metal–Organic Frameworks

A
Achiral Metal–Organic Assemblies

B
Chiral Metal–Organic Assemblies

Matrix‐Embedded Catalysts

A
Sol–Gel‐Processed Interphase Catalysts

B
Organic–Polymer‐Embedded Catalysts

C
Self‐Immobilizing Polymerization Catalysts

D
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers

Liquid Crystal Assemblies
Muon Spin Spectroscopy of Transient Radicals in Zeolites
Authors: McKenzie Ian , Roduner Emil
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Positive Muon, Muonium and Muoniated Radicals

Experimental Techniques

μ
SR
Studies of Radicals in Zeolites

Conclusions
NMR
Spectroscopy for the Characterization of Surface Acidity and Basicity
Authors: Hunger Michael
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Investigation of
B
rønsted Acidic Hydroxyl Groups by
1
H
MAS
NMR
Spectroscopy

Solid‐State
NMR
Characterization of the Accessibility and Strength of
B
rønsted Acid Sites by Probe Molecules

Solid‐State
NMR
Investigations of
L
ewis Acid Sites by Probe Molecules

Solid‐State
NMR
Investigations of Base Sites in Solid Catalysts
Single Crystal Surfaces
Authors: Marsh Anderson L. , Ribeiro Fabio H. , Somorjai Gabor A.
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Techniques

Examples of Studies with Single Crystals

The Active Site

Model of a Catalytic Surface

Catalysis over an Adsorbed Overlayer

Structure‐Sensitive or Structure‐Insensitive Reactions

Single Crystals are the Standard in Catalysis

Examples of Complex Model Catalyst Systems

The Future
Supported Metal Cluster Catalysts
Authors: Gates Bruce C.
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Synthesis of Supported Metal Clusters from Molecular Precursors

Structures of Supported Metal Clusters

Bonding of Clusters to Supports

Ligands on Supported Metal Clusters

Catalysis

Summary and Assessment

Acknowledgments
Ultrathin Oxide Films
Authors: Freund Hans‐Joachim , Goodman D. Wayne
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Magnesium Oxide

Mg
O
(100)/
Mo
(100)

Mg
O
(100)/
Ag
(100)

Mg
O
(111)/
Mo
(110)

Nickel Oxide

Ni
O
(100)/
Ni
(100),
Mo
(100)

Ni
O
(111)/
Ni
(111)

Alumina

Alumina/
Ni
Al
(110)

Alumina/
Ni
3
Al
(111)

Al
2
O
3
(111)/
Ta
(110)

Al
2
O
3
(111)/
Mo
(110) and
Cu
/
Al
2
O
3
(111)/
Mo
(110)

Silica

Si
O
2
/
Mo
(110)

Si
O
2
/
Mo
(211)

Cu
/
Si
O
2
/
Mo
(110)

Pd
/
Si
O
2
/
Mo
(110)

Au
/
Si
O
2
/
Mo
(211) and
Au
/
Ti
O
2
/
Si
O
2
/
Mo
(211)

Titania

Ti

x

O

y

/
Mo
(100),
Mo
(110),
Pt
(111),
Ni
(110),
W
(100)

Au
/
Ti
O

x

/
Mo
(211)

Chromia

Cr
2
O
3
(111)/
Cr
(11O)

Vanadia

Vanadium Sesquioxide

Iron oxides

Fe
O
/
Pt
(111),
Fe
2
O
3
(0001)/
Pt
(111),
Fe
3
O
4
(001)/
Pt
(111)

Pd
,
Au
on Iron Oxides

Niobia

Molybdenum Oxide

Ceria

Binary Oxides

Ni
O
/
Mg
O
,
Ni
O
/
Ca
O
,
Mg
O
/
Ni
O
,
Ca
O
/
Ni
O
/
Mo
(100)

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
The Reactions of Model Metal Oxide Surfaces
Authors: Idriss Hicham
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Chemical Reactions over
Ti
O
2

Surface Defects

The Surface–Adsorbate System

Formic Acid

Dissociative Adsorption of Formic Acid on the 1 × 1 Terminated (011)
Ti
O
2
Surface

A
Ti
O
2
(001)‐Faceted {011}

Ammonia

Glutaric Acid: A Dicarboxylic Acid

Surface Reaction

A
Ketene Formation

B
Propene Formation

C
The Defected Surface Decomposes the
C

O
and
C

O
Bonds to Restore its Oxygen Atoms

Conclusions and Comments
Microcrystalline Oxides: Bridging the Gap Between Single Crystals and Dispersed Oxides
Authors: Zecchina Adriano , Spoto Giuseppe , Scarano Domenica , Bordiga Silvia
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Effect of the Synthesis Procedure and Thermal Treatments on the Habit of
Mg
O
Microcrystals

Effect of Crystallite Dimension and Perfection on
IR
Spectra of H
2
Adsorbed on
Mg
O
: From High‐Surface‐Area Samples to Single Crystals

Effect of Surface Area on the
IR
Spectra of
CO
Adsorbed on
Mg
O
: Comparison with (100) Single‐crystal Faces

Conclusions
Isotopic Labeling and Kinetic Isotope Effects
Authors: Bauer Frank
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Synthesis and Analysis of Labeled Compounds

Kinetic Isotope Effects

Applications of Labeled Compounds

Carbon Isotopes (
11
C
,
13
C
,
14
C
)

A
Methanol‐to‐Gasoline Reactions; Methylation of Olefins and Aromatics

B
Isomerization of Alkylaromatics

C
Isomerization of Olefins and Paraffins

D
Paraffin Dehydrocyclization

E
Coke Formation

Hydrogen Isotopes (
2
H
,
3
H
)

A
H
/
D
Exchange of Hydrocarbons over Metal and Acid Catalysts

B
Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effects of Hydrocarbon Reactions

Oxygen Isotopes (
17
O
,
18
O
)

Miscellaneous Isotopes (
15
N
,
29
Si
,
35
S
)

Conclusions
Transient Catalytic Studies
Authors: Hinrichsen Kai‐Olaf
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

The Importance of Transient Catalytic Studies

General Experimental Techniques

Temperature‐Programmed (TP) Methods

AlternativeTPMethods

Temporal Analysis of Products

Isotopic Transient Kinetic Experiments

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments
Spillover Effects
Authors: Rößner Frank
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Individual Steps of the Hydrogen Spillover Process

Adsorption and Activation

Primary Spillover

Diffusion on the Support

Secondary Spillover

Phenomena of Hydrogen Spillover

A
Enhanced Adsorption

B
Interaction with Support

C
Spillover‐Assisted Catalytic Phenomena

D
Reverse Spillover

The Nature of Spilling Hydrogen Species

A
Indications for Ion Pairs

B
Indications for
H
3
Species

C
Indications for
H
Atoms

D
Indication for
H
+
Ions

E
Theoretical Approach

Oxygen Spillover

Oxidation Reactions

The
NEMCA
Effect

Conclusions
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Gladden Lynn F. , Mantle Michael D. , Sederman Andrew J.
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Basic Principles

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Fast Data Acquisition

Measurement of Diffusion, Transport and Flow

Applications

Imaging Individual Catalyst Pellets

Hydrodynamics in Reactors

Single‐Phase Flow

Two‐Phase Flow in Fixed‐Bed Reactors

Imaging ReactionsIn Situ

1HImaging

13CImaging

Conclusion
Fundamentals of Electrocatalysis
Authors: Krischer Katharina , Savinova Elena R.
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Electrical Double Layer and Potentials

The Electrical Double Layer

The Work Function of an Electrode, the Electrode Potential and the Potential of Zero Charge

Potentials in Galvanic or Electrolytic Cells

Electrode Kinetics

Kinetics of One‐Step Electrode Reactions

Multistep Reactions

Fundamentals of Electrocatalysis

Primary Effects: Heat of Adsorption and Volcano Plots

Secondary Effects: Double Layer Structure

The Hydrogen Oxidation/Evolution Reaction

Reaction Kinetics and Mechanisms

Influence of the Electrode Material on theHER/HOR

Hydrogen Adsorption on Electrode Surfaces

The Oxygen Reduction and the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Reaction Mechanisms: Relation to the Electrode Material

Oxygen Adsorption and Formation of Surface Oxides and Their Relation to theORR

Structural and Particle Size Effects in theORR

ORRElectrocatalysis for Low‐Temperature Fuel Cells

Oxygen Evolution Reaction

Outlook

Acknowledgement
Industrial Electrocatalysis
Authors: Kotrel Stefan , Bräuninger Sigmar
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction: From Industrial Electrochemistry to Electrocatalysis

Catalysis in Organic Electrochemistry

Synthesis of Adiponitrile

TheSimons Process

Bleached Montan Wax—Regeneration of Chromic Acid

Waste Water Treatment

AAnodic Oxidation of Toxic compounds

a Creating Reactive Oxygen Surface Species

b Selective Conversion vs. Total Combustion

c Common Electrode Materials

BCathodic Reduction of Toxic Compounds

Catalysis in Inorganic Electrochemistry

Chloralkali Electrolysis

AElectrocatalytically Activated Dimensionally Stable Chlorine‐Evolving Electrodes (DSAs)

BElectrocatalysis of Anodic Chlorine Evolution atRuO2Anodes

CDetails of the Electrocatalytic Process

DPreparation and Formulation of the Coatings forDSAs

ELifetime of Dimensionally Stable Chlorine‐Evolving Anodes

FThe Cathode Reaction—Oxygen‐Depolarized Cathode (ODC)

Electrolysis of Hydrochloric Acid

Preparation of Oxygen‐Depolarized Cathodes

First Industrial HCl Electrolysis UsingODCs

Oxygen‐Depolarized Cathodes for Chloralkali Electrolysis

Industrial Water Electrolysis

AThe Electrochemistry of Water Electrolysis

BAlkaline Water Electrolysis

CPEMWater Electrolysis

DHigh‐Temperature Water Electrolysis

Summary and Outlook
Ancillary Techniques in Laboratory Units for Testing Solid Catalysts
Authors: Weitkamp Jens , Gläser Roger
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Overall Equipment

Generation of Feed Streams

Devices for Product Sampling

Conclusions
High‐Throughput Experimentation in Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Schüth Ferdi
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Typical Program

Technology Components

Synthesis

General Remarks

Robotics and Automation Systems

Impregnation

Precipitation

Hydrothermal Synthesis

Sol–Gel Synthesis

Other Techniques for High‐throughput Synthesis of Catalytic Materials

Characterization Tools

Reactors and Analytics

Generic Analytical Methods

AGas Chromatography

BMass Spectrometry

CIRSpectroscopy

StageIReactors and Assays

AMass Spectrometry

BPhotothermal Methods

CElectronic Excitation by Laser Light

DFluorescence or Color Assays

EThermography

FMassively Parallelized Microreactors

StageIIReactors

AFlow Distribution

BHeating

CPossible Problems

DLiquid‐Phase Reactors

Informatics Environment

Data Management

Library Design and Data Mining

AThe Initial Library

BLibrary Design and Data Analysis in Iterative Programs

Outlook
Unsteady‐State Reactor Operation
Authors: Bunimovich Grigorii A. , Silverston Peter L. , Matros Yurii S.
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Dynamic Kinetic Model

General Approaches to Reactor Modeling

Analysis and Optimization of Cyclic Processes

Inlet Composition and Temperature Modulation

Partial Oxidation in Fluidized‐Bed and Riser Reactors

Dynamic Phenomena in a Fixed‐Bed Reactor

Forced Unsteady‐State Processes in Fixed‐Bed Reactors

Reverse‐Flow Operation

Migration of a Reaction Zone through a Reactor Network

Inlet Temperature Modulation

Flow Modulation in Three‐Phase Reactors

Periodically Operated Adsorptive Reactors

Chromatographic Reactors

Flow‐Reversal Adsorptive Reactors

Pressure‐Swing Reactors

NOxStorage Reduction Systems

Stabilization of Unstable Steady States
Conversion of Biomass on Solid Catalysts
Authors: Gallezot Pierre , Kiennemann Alain
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Conversion of Biomass to Biobased Products

Strategy for Biomass Conversion to Chemicals

Catalytic Conversion of Terpenes

Catalytic Conversion of Triglycerides

Catalytic Conversion of Triglycerides to Surfactants

Catalytic Conversion of Triglycerides to Lubricants

Catalytic Conversion of Triglycerides to Polymers

Hydrogenation of Fatty Acids Esters

Catalytic Conversion of Glycerol

Conversion of Glycerol to Oxidized Compounds

Conversion of Glycerol to Polyglycerols and Derivatives

Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol to 1,2‐ and 1,3‐Propanediol

Catalytic Conversion of Carbohydrates

Hydrogenation and Hydrogenolysis of Carbohydrates

Catalytic Oxidation of Carbohydrates

Cascade Catalysis and Multistep, One‐Pot Conversion

Catalytic Conversion of Carbohydrate Derivatives

Furan Derivatives

Conversion of Platform Molecules Produced by Fermentation

Catalytic Conversion of Lignocellulosic Materials

Concluding Remarks

Conversion of Biomass to Heating and Transportation Fuels

Conversion of Vegetable Oils

Transesterification to Biodiesel

Cracking and Steam Reforming of Vegetable Oils

Biochemical/Biological Conversion of Biomass

Anaerobic Digestion

Fermentation and Hydrolysis

Catalytic Reforming of Biomass Derivatives

Catalytic Reforming of Methanol

Catalytic Steam Reforming of Ethanol

AOxide Catalysts

BOxide‐Supported Transition Metals

COxide‐Supported Noble Metals

Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass

Combustion

Pyrolysis

Gasification

AAlkali Metals

BOres

COxide‐Supported Metals

Concluding Remarks
Alkylation of Isobutane with Light Alkenes on Solid Catalysts
Authors: Traa Yvonne , Weitkamp Jens
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Stoichiometry of the Alkylation of Isobutane with Light Alkenes

Role of Isobutane/Butene Alkylation in Petroleum Refining

Salient Features of Isobutane/Alkene Alkylation on Solid Catalysts

Mechanistic Considerations

Investigation of the Carbonaceous Deposits

Alkylation in the Supercritical Phase:In SituRegeneration of Spent Catalysts?

Ex situRegeneration of Spent Catalysts

Integral Yields of Alkylate

Process Developments

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Heterogeneous Catalysis of Alkene Epoxidation
Authors: Linic Suljo , Barteau Mark A.
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Epoxidation of Ethylene with Silver Catalysts

Process Overview

Historical Perspectives on the Reaction Network and Mechanism

Selectivity Control by a “Common Intermediate”

Why Silver is a Unique Catalyst: Activity and Selectivity

Improvement of Catalyst Selectivity

Extensions of Silver‐Catalyzed Direct Epoxidation to Other Olefins

Epoxidation of Larger Alkenes with Titanium‐Based Catalysts

Conceptual Differences Compared to Direct Epoxidation

Titania–Silica Catalysts and Insights into Mechanism and Active Sites

Epoxidation with H
2
O
2
in the Presence of Water:
TS
‐1 and Related Materials

Strategies for
In‐Situ
Generation of Peroxides

Perspective
Amination Reactions
Authors: Mallat Tamas , Baiker Alfons , Kleist Wolfgang , Köhler Klaus
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Amination of Alcohols

Aliphatic Alcohols

Amination over Metal Catalysts (Dehydrogenation Route)

Amination over Solid Acid Catalysts (Dehydration Route)

Amino Alcohols, Polyalcohols

Amination of Phenols

Amination of Carbonyl Compounds (Reductive Alkylation)

Reaction Mechanism

Catalysts, Reaction Conditions

Selective Synthesis of Primary, Secondary, or Tertiary Amines

Amination with Bifunctional Amines or Carbonyl Compounds

Heterocyclic Ring Formation

Stereoselectivity

Amination of Carboxylic Acids and Esters

Amination of Alkenes and Alkynes (Hydroamination)

Amination of Ethers

Amination of Halogen Compounds

Amination of Haloalkanes

Amination of Haloaryls

Amination of Hydrocarbons

Amination of Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide
Elimination and Addition Reactions
Authors: Kraus Milos , Knözinger Helmut
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Scope and Thermodynamics

Common Features

Mechanism

Influence of Reactant Structure on Rate

Direction of Elimination and Addition Reactions

Elimination

Addition

Catalysts

Surface Chemistry and Reaction Mechanisms

Stop Effect

Catalyst Poisoning and Deactivation

Kinetics

Practical Applications of Elimination and Addition Reactions

Dehydrochlorination

Vinyl Chloride Production

Trichloroethene and Tetrachloroethene Production

Production of Linear Alkenes

Dehydration

Hydrochlorination

Hydration and Amination

Formation of Ethanol

Formation of 2‐Propanol

Addition of Alcohols and Organic Acids to Alkenes

Isopropyl Acetate

Methyl
tert
‐Butyl Ether

Alkylation and Dealkylation
Enantioselective Reactions on Anchored Chiral Complexes
Authors: Blaser Hans‐Ulrich , Pugin Benoît
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Industrial Requirements

Characteristics of the Manufacture of Enantiomerically Pure Products

Process Development: Critical Factors for the Application of (Solid) Enantioselective Catalysts

Requirements for Practically Useful Immobilized Catalysts

A
Preparation Methods

B
Supports

C
Catalysts

D
Catalytic Properties and Handling

Anchoring Strategies and Support Materials

Survey of Anchored Complexes

Heterogenization via Covalently Bound Ligands

Heterogenization via Adsorption and Ion Pair Formation

Heterogenization via Entrapment

Assessment and Conclusions
Hydroformylation on Solid Catalysts
Authors: Likholobov Vladimir A. , Moroz Boris L.
Published: March 2008

The sections in this article are

Fundamental Principles of Hydroformylation

General Features and Scope

Homogeneous Oxo Catalysts and Process Parameters

ACobalt Catalysts

BRhodium Catalysts

CCatalysts other than Cobalt and Rhodium Compounds

Reaction Mechanism

Types of Solid Oxo Catalyst

Hydroformylation with Immobilized Metal Complex Catalysts

Supported Metal Complex Catalysts

Supported Metal Complex Catalysts

ACatalysts Anchored onto Ion‐Exchange Resins

BCatalysts Prepared by Covalent Grafting

CCatalysts Prepared by Coordinative Anchoring

DEncapsulated Metal Complex Catalysts

Hydroformylation over Supported Metal Catalysts
Craftsteak, New York
Authors: Merkel Jayne
Published: March 2008

The most chic and beloved restaurants in New York are designed, not by black‐garbed hipsters in a downtown loft, but by a family firm of suburban intellectuals on the North Shore of Long Island, over an hour from Manhattan. Craftsteak is the latest in their portfolio which includes Gramercy Tavern, Tabla, Eleven Madison Park, Bluesmoke, Craft, Craftbar, 'Wichcraft, Medi, and the restaurants at the Museum of Modern Art. Jayne Merkel discusses the challenges of restaurant design with architects at Bentel & Bentel, whose once largely local practice is now taking them all over the world, even to Heathrow's new Terminal 5 where they are designing a restaurant for Gordon Ramsay. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Public Toilet, Gravesend
Authors: Littlefield David
Published: March 2008

David Littlefield describes how a small‐scale urban project for the Thames Estuary town of Gravesend provided Plastik Architects with one of their first major commissions; and the town with a truly iconic public convenience. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Order of Magnitude Effects of Thiazole Regioisomerism on the Near‐IR Two‐Photon Cross‐Sections of Dipolar Chromophores
Authors: Schmidt Karin , Leclercq Amalia , Zojer Egbert , Lawson PaDreyia V. , Jang Sei‐Hum , Barlow Stephen , Jen Alex K.‐Y. , Marder Seth R. , Brédas Jean‐Luc
Published: March 2008

We have investigated computationally the two‐photon absorption (2PA) properties of donor‐acceptor dipolar chromophores, the conjugated backbones of which contain two five‐membered heterocyclic groups which may be electron‐rich (thiophene‐2,5‐diyl) and/or electron‐deficient (thiazole‐2,5‐diyl). Quantum‐chemical calculations (INDO/MRDCI/S‐tensor and Sum‐Over‐States calculations based on DFT‐optimized geometries) indicate that the two‐photon cross‐sections into the lowest two excited states S1 and S2 can be tuned by more than an order of magnitude by varying the nature, order, and, in the case of thiazole, orientation of the heterocycles. Going from one thiazole regioisomer to the other has the strongest impact on the 2PA spectra and can even invert the ratio between the 2PA cross‐sections of S1 and S2. An essential‐state analysis reveals that different channels dominate 2PA into S1 and S2. The sensitivity of 2PA into S1 towards the orientation of the thiazole ring stems from a local modulation on the thiazole ring of the change in state dipole moment upon excitation to S1, Δµ01, whereas the dominant essential parameter through which the thiazole orientation affects 2PA into S2 is the transition dipole moment between S1 and S2, µ12.
Exposures in painting related occupations and risk of selected cancers: Results from a case–control study in montreal
Authors: Ramanakumar Agnihotram V. , Nadon Louise , Siemiatycki Jack
Published: March 2008

Background

Painters are considered to be at increased risk of lung cancer. The objective was to evaluate risk of several cancers, apart from lung, in painting‐related professions. Most previous studies have focused on the job title rather than on exposures incurred.

Methods

A large population based case–control study was carried out during 1979–1986 in Montreal including several types of cancer and focusing on occupational exposures. Interviews elicited detailed lifetime job histories; those were evaluated by a team of industrial hygienists to assign exposure. The exposure checklist included three paint‐related substances: metal coatings, wood varnishes and stains, and wood and gypsum paints. Seven types of cancer were analyzed (numbers interviewed): esophagus (97), stomach (248), colorectal (754), prostate (438), bladder (478), kidney (174) and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (215). For each cancer type, a pooled control group was constituted from 533 population controls and 533 cancer patients selected from other types of cancer. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated between each of the paint‐related agents and each of the seven cancer types, adjusting for several potential confounders, including smoking.

Results

The job title of “painters” was not associated with risk of any of the cancers under study. Most of the ORs between the three agents and the seven cancers were close to null. However, there was a tendency for ORs to be above 1.0 for subjects who had substantial exposure to metal coatings, with noteworthy associations for cancers of the esophagus (OR = 4.2; 95% CI: 1.1–17.0; n = 4), prostate (OR = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.0–7.7; n = 13), and bladder (OR = 1.7; 95% CI: 0.7–4.4; n = 13).

Conclusion

These results are compatible with an absence of risk among painting‐related professions; they are also compatible with excess risk of certain cancers, especially among those exposed to metal coatings. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:419–427, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Review of 64 cases of death in children with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS)
Authors: Tauber M. , Diene G. , Molinas C. , Hébert M.
Published: March 2008

Several deaths have been reported in children with Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) following treatment with growth hormone (GH). We collected all of the reports of deaths in PWS children, both in treatment and non‐treatment groups, analyzed the causes of the death and compared the two groups. We conducted an exhaustive search for reports using bibliographic databases, toxicology pharmacovigilance databases, and personal communications. Sixty‐four PWS children (42M/22F) aged from a few days to 19 years were identified, 28 received GH treatment. Our results show that respiratory disorders were the most common cause of death (respiratory insufficiency or infections) which were reported in 61% of the children (68% in GH‐treated and 55.5% in ‐untreated patients). We found no significant differences in gender, prevalence of obesity or prevalence of sleep apnea, between the patients treated with GH and the untreated patients. Nevertheless, most of the deaths in GH‐treated children (75%) occurred during the first 9 months after the initiation of GH treatment. Our analysis shows the high frequency of respiratory infections in both GH‐treated and ‐untreated PWS children. The first 9 months of GH treatment seems to be a high‐risk period emphasizing the need for comprehensive care before and during GH treatment. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic traces of east‐to‐west human expansion waves in Eurasia
Authors: Chaix Raphaëlle , Austerlitz Frédéric , Hegay Tatyana , Quintana‐Murci Lluís , Heyer Evelyne
Published: March 2008

In this study, we describe the landscape of human demographic expansions in Eurasia using a large continental Y chromosome and mitochondrial DNA dataset. Variation at these two uniparentally‐inherited genetic systems retraces expansions that occurred in the past 60 ky, and shows a clear decrease of expansion ages from east to west Eurasia. To investigate the demographic events at the origin of this westward decrease of expansion ages, the estimated divergence ages between Eurasian populations are compared with the estimated expansion ages within each population. Both markers suggest that the demographic expansion diffused from east to west in Eurasia in a demic way, i.e., through migrations of individuals (and not just through diffusion of new technologies), highlighting the prominent role of eastern regions within Eurasia during Palaeolithic times. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rh‐ and Pt‐catalyzed cycloisomerization of enynes derived from terpenes
Authors: Costes Philippe , Weckesser Jochen , Dechy‐Cabaret Odile , Urrutigoïty Martine , Kalck Philippe
Published: March 2008

The Rh‐catalyzed cycloisomerization of new terpenoid derivatives featuring an O‐tethered enyne unexpectedly leads to polycyclic derivatives containing an inner cyclopropane ring or a diene moiety, depending on the structure of the enyne, as observed in the PtCl2‐catalyzed processes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and properties of SMA‐g‐PA6 and PPO blends via in situ active anionic polymerization of ε‐caprolactam, comparing with MCPA6/PPO blends
Authors: Du Libo , Yang Guisheng
Published: March 2008

In this work, blends of monomer casting polyamide 6 (MCPA6) and poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) were prepared by in situ polymerization via the application of ε‐caprolactam as a reactive solvent. Styrene‐maleic anhydride (SMA) was used as both compatibilizer and macromolecular activator. With the in situ formed graft copolymers of SMA‐g‐PA6, the dispersion of PPO was much smaller, and better mechanical properties and higher heat distortion temperature were obtained. The morphologies of the blends were characterized by scanning electron microscope, and the crystallization behaviors of these blends were also studied by differential scanning calorimeter, wide angle X‐ray diffraction, and polarize optical micrograph. The results showed that the main differences in crystallization behaviors and crystallographic form of PA6 between the two series blends (MCPA6/PPO and SMA‐g‐PA6/PPO) lie in the number and size of dispersed PA6 within the PPO rich region. Besides, the rheological properties of two series blends were also studied. SMA‐g‐PA6/PPO blends present higher viscosity and more elastic behavior than MCPA6/PPO blends. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
A novel and green method for polycondensation reaction of 4‐substituted phenylurazoles with different diisocyanates under solvent‐free conditions
Authors: Mallakpour Shadpour , Dinari Mohammad
Published: March 2008

In this investigation, a new method for step‐growth polymerization reactions of 4‐phenylurazole (PHU) and 4‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)urazole (MPU) with various diisocyanates were developed under solvent‐free conditions. The reaction of these monomers with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and tolulyene‐2,4‐diisocyanate (TDI) were performed in the presence or absence of dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) as a catalyst. The results of polymerization revealed that DBTDL did not have considerable effect on the polymerization process. The resulting polyureas showed good yields and moderate inherent viscosities ranging of 0.17–0.30 dL/g in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) at 25°C. They are soluble in most polar organic solvents. All of the above polymers were characterized by 1H‐NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). This method was compared with the polymerization reaction in N,N‐dimethylacetamide as a solvent via solution polymerization. Under solvent‐free conditions, higher yields and inherent viscosities were obtained. In addition, in this method we do not need to use any solvents and the polymerization reaction can be classified as a green and environmentally friendly method. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
High recovery system in seawater reverse osmosis plants
Authors: Fujiwara Nobuya , Matsuyama Hideto
Published: March 2008

Seawater desalination by the reverse osmosis (RO) method is an energy‐saving system compared with the evaporating method, and can perform seawater desalination efficiently. Seawater RO desalination technology has been established and become a reliable system. Seawater desalination plants using RO technology have spread and the scale of the plants has increased significantly. More economical and efficient RO method seawater desalination systems have come to be required. A high recovery system, which offers reduction of plant construction cost and running cost was devised. Towards realization of this high recovery system, simulation and the field tests were done to confirm the practicality. Furthermore, a high recovery system was adopted for the biggest desalination plant in Japan, and it is performing favorably. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Thermal properties of proton‐conducting radiation‐grafted membranes
Authors: Gürsel Selmiye Alkan , Schneider Julian , Ben Youcef Hicham , Wokaun Alexander , Scherer Günther G.
Published: March 2008

Proton‐exchange membranes are required to exhibit chemical, mechanical, and thermal stability for fuel cell applications. The present investigation has been carried out to explore the thermal behavior of poly(ethylene‐alt‐tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE)‐based proton‐conducting membranes, both uncrosslinked and crosslinked, prepared by radiation grafting and subsequent sulfonation. The influence of preparation steps (irradiation, grafting, sulfonation, crosslinking) on the thermal degradation, crystallinity, and melting behavior of membranes with varying degree of grafting was examined. ETFE base film and grafted films were studied as the reference materials. Furthermore, poly(tetrafluoroethylene‐co‐hexafluoropropylene)‐based grafted films and membranes were investigated as well for comparison. Membrane preparation steps, degree of grafting, crosslinking, type of base polymer have considerable influence on the thermal properties of membranes. The crystallinity of the films decreases slightly by grafting, while a significant decrease was observed after sulfonation. For instance, crystallinity decreased from 37% (pristine ETFE) to 36% (uncrosslinked grafted film) and 23% (uncrosslinked ETFE‐based membrane). On the other hand, the melting temperature of the base polymer was almost unaffected by irradiation and grafting. The crosslinked ETFE‐based membranes exhibit a slightly higher melting temperature (262.5°C) than their corresponding grafted films (261.3°C) and the base film (260.6°C). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Interfacial polycondensation of diphenolic acid and isophthaloyl chloride
Authors: Zhang Ping , Wu Linbo , Bu Zhiyang , Li Bo‐Geng
Published: March 2008

Interfacial polycondensation of diphenolic acid (DPA) and isophthaloyl chloride (IPC) in various solvent/water systems was investigated with tetrabutyl ammonium chloride as a phase transfer catalyst. It was found that a large mass of capsules were formed at the beginning of the reaction for all solvents examined but the capsule morphology and reaction results depended on the solvents. It is believed that the capsule shells make up of the reaction zone and a mechanism of the interfacial polycondensation is proposed accordingly. The effect of the solvents on the reaction was interpreted from the interaction between the polymer and the solvent according to the mechanism. The reaction conditions were optimized, and poly(DPA‐IPC) with high intrinsic viscosity was prepared in high yield under the optimal condition. It is an amorphous polymer with glass transition temperature of about 160°C. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Thermal decomposition of polystyrene in supercritical methanol
Authors: Shin Hee‐Yong , Bae Seong‐Youl
Published: March 2008

The degradation of polystyrene (PS) in supercritical methanol was carried out under reaction temperatures ranging from 340 to 420°C and pressures of 10–30 MPa. The selectivity of liquid products was investigated at various reaction conditions. As the reaction proceeded, the selectivity of styrene monomer, dimer, 1,3‐diphenyl propane, and 1,3‐diphenyl butane had a declining tendency, whereas that of the rest (i.e., toluene, ethyl benzene, isopropyl benzene, and 3‐phenyl propanol, etc.) had an inclining tendency. The sequences of decomposition reaction could be reasoned by analyzing the variation of selectivity of liquid products. The kinetic behavior of PS in supercritical methanol had been investigated. The degradation processes of PS in such supercritical fluids could be formulated by the first‐order kinetic law at the initial stage of reaction. The activation energy for the degradation in supercritical methanol was evaluated to be 117.2 kJ/mol and it was also compared with the activation energies for depolymerization in other supercritical fluids and that for thermal pyrolysis. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation of ultra‐thin PAN‐based activated carbon fibers with physical activation
Authors: Su Yen‐Ju , Ko Tes‐Hao , Lin Jui‐Hsiang
Published: March 2008

This study elucidates the stabilization and activation in forming activated carbon fibers (ACFs) from ultra‐thin polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers. The effect of stabilization time on the properties and structure of resultant stabilized fibers was investigated by thermal analysis, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), elemental analysis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Stabilization was optimized by the pyrolysis of ultra‐thin PAN fibers in air atmosphere at 280°C for 15 min, and subsequent activation in steam at 1000°C for 0.75 to 15 min. Resultant ACFs were characterized by N2 adsorption at 77 K to evaluate pore parameters, XRD to evaluate structure parameters, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) to elucidate surface morphology. The produced ACFs had surface areas of 668–1408 m2/g and a micropore volume to total pore volume ratio from 78 to 88%. Experimental results demonstrate the surface area and micropore volume of 1408 m2/g and 0.687 cm3/g, respectively, following activation at 1000°C for 10 min. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Thermally stable aliphatic polycarbonate containing bulky carbazole pendants
Authors: Gao L. J. , Du F. G. , Xiao M. , Wang S. J. , Meng Y. Z.
Published: March 2008

To improve the thermal and mechanical properties of poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC), the terpolymers were synthesized by the terpolymerization of CO2 with PO and a third monomer, N‐(2,3‐epoxylpropyl)carbazole (NEC) using supported zinc glutarate as catalyst. The catalytic activity, molecular weight, carbonate unit content, as well as the thermal and mechanical properties were investigated extensively. The experimental results showed that the catalytic activity, molecular weight, and carbonate unit content decreased with the incorporation of NEC. The introduction of NEC increased the glass transition temperature from 38.0 to 44.1°C. Moreover, the thermal decomposition temperature (Tg‐5%) of the terpolymer (278°C) was much higher than that of pure PPC (238°C). Accordingly, the mechanical properties proved to be enhanced greatly as evidenced by tensile tests due to the incorporation of bulky carbazole moieties. These improvements in thermal and mechanical properties are of very importance for the process of PPC. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008