bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Zweikernkomplexe Cp2Mn2(CO)4S2 und Cp2Mn2(CO)4Se2
+ / The Binuclear Complexes Cp2Mn2(CO)4S2 and Cp2Mn2(CO)4Se2
Authors: Herberhold Max , Reiner Dietmar , Zimmer-Gasser Beate , Schubert Ulrich
Published: February 2015

The reactions of cyclopentadienyl dicarbonyl tetrahydrofuran manganese, CpMn(CO)2(OC4H8), with either COS or COSe lead preferentially to binuclear complexes, Cp2Mn2(CO)4S2 and Cp2Mn2(CO)4Se2, respectively. According to an X-ray crystallographic study, the sulfur complex is a centrosymmetric molecule containing a planar Mn-(S-S*)-Mn* unit with d(Mn-S) 216.7(4) pm, d(S-S*) 200.7(6) pm and < MnSS* 114.4(2)°.
Gold Complexes of a P-Coordinate Cyclotriphosphazene [1,2]
Authors: Dash K. C. , Schmidpeter A. , Schmidbaur H.
Published: February 2015

Contrary to the reports on the coordination oi copper (I) to N/P-ambidentate cyclotri-phosphazenes, gold (I), gold (III) and dimethylgoldf 111) chloride are found to become exclusively P-coordinated to the prototype ligand 2-methyl-4,4,6,6-tetraphenylcyclotri-phosphazene (1). The P-H proton is transferred to an adjacent nitrogen atom of the heterocycle. According to temperature dependent NMR spectra, the AuCl and the AuCl3 complexes are fluxional molecules or ions, resp., with a rapid proton transfer between P-NH-P and P = N-P functions. The behaviour is similar to that of related palladium and platinum complexes, reported previously.
Bis (η2-olefin) tetracarbonylwolfram- und -molybdän-Komplexe: photochemische Synthese, Struktur und dynamisches Verhalten / Bin (η2-olefin)tetracarbonyltungsten and -molybdenum Complexes: Photochemical Synthesis, Structure and Fluxional Behaviour
Authors: Grevels Friedrich-Wilhelm , Lindemami Marion , Benn Reinhard , Goddard Richard , Krüger Carl
Published: February 2015

Extended photolysis of M(CO)6 (M = W, Mo) and methyl acrylate or dimethyl fumarate results in formation of (η2 -olefin)2M(CO)4 via the less stable (η2 -olefin)M(CO)5 complexes. X-ray structure analysis of (η2-methyl acrylate)2W(CO)4 reveals the trans-staggered arrangement of the olefinic ligands. Rotational barriers are determined by variable temperature NMR spectroscopy.
Synthesis of Hexahydroindazole, Tetrahydro-[pyrimidoquinazolinone, benzodiisoxazolone] Derivatives and Anils from Diethyl 1,4-Cyclohexanedione-2,5-dicarboxylate
Authors: Afsah El-Sayed , Amer Fathy A. , Metwally Mohamed A. , El-Zimaity Mohamed T.
Published: February 2015

Treatment of diethyl 1,4-cyclohexanedione-2,5-dicarboxylate (1) with hydrazine hydrate in glacial acetic acid afforded the diazobicycloocatdienedicarboxylate (2) and the azine (3). On the other hand, condensation of 1 with benzenesulphonylhydrazide in ethanolic solution gave the indazole derivative (4). Interaction of 1 with urea or hydroxyl-amine afforded the tetrahydropyrimidoquinazolinone (5) and the tetrahydrobenzodi-isoxazolone (6), respectively. Treatment of 1 with aniline gave the mono-anil (7) which, when subjected to Japp-Klingemann reaction with p-anisidine gave the dihydrazonoanil (8) and their condensation with benzidine in acetic acid gave the hydrazonoketoester (9). On the other hand condensation of 7 with hydrazine hydrate in ethanolic solution afforded the azobis (5-anilinoterephthalate) (10) and the hexahydrobenzodipyrazolone (11).
1-und 2-Methylallylkationen aus isomeren Vinylbromidradikalkationen / 1-and 2-Methylallyl Cations from Cation Radicals of Isomeric Vinyl Bromides
Authors: Schwarz Helmut , Wesdemiotis Chrysostomos
Published: February 2015

It is demonstrated by collisional activation mass spectrometry that dissociative ionization of E-and Z-1-bromobutene-1 (3, 4), 2-bromo-butene-1 (5) and 2-bromobutene-2 (6) yields exclusively 1-methylallyl cation (a). Unimolecular Br -loss from the molecular ion of 1-bromo-2-methylpropene (7) gives rise to the specific formation of the isomeric 2-methylallyl cation (b). Kinetic energy release measurements sup-port the interpretation that Br' loss from the cation radicals 3-7 is preceded (or accompanied) by an exothermic isomerization of the incipient C4H7
+ ions.
Crystal and Molecular Structure of 1,11-bis(Tropolone)-3,6,9-trioxaundecane · RbI
Authors: Chacko K. K. , Saenger W.
Published: February 2015

The complex between the polyether ligand 1,11-bis(tropolone)-3,6,9-trioxaundecane and RbI crystallizes in space group P21/c with cell dimensions a = 11.383(4), b = 14.493(5), c = 16.122(6) Å and β = 111.02(5)° with Z = 4. The structure was solved on the basis of 3734 X-ray reflections measured on a diffractometer with CuKα-radiation and refined to an R of 0.101. The polyether wraps around the Rb+ in a circular structure. One of the tropolone rings is elevated in order to avoid collision. Rb+ is located 1.224(6) Å above the plane formed by five oxygen atoms of the ligand, it is coordinated to I -(3.666(2)Å) and to all oxygens. The Rb+ ··· O distances of the least electronegative “ester oxygens”, 3.14(1) Å and 3.18(1) Å are significantly longer compared to the other Rb+···O distances in the range 2.81(1) Å to 3.08(1) Å. The conformation about the C-C and C-O bonds of the ligand are gauche and trans as generally found in such molecules. The two tropolone seven-membered rings are slightly non-planar and display an envelope-type structure.
Dependence of Chlorine Isotope Separation in Ion Exchange Chromatography on the Nature and Concentration of the Eluent
Authors: Heumann Klaus G. , Baier Klaus
Published: February 2015

In a heterogeneous electrolyte system of a strongly basic anion exchanger and solutions of NaBF4 or NaClCO4 we established the influence of the nature and concentration of the eluent in chromatographic experiments on chlorine isotope separation. Results show that when the electrolyte concentration is increased the degree of isotope separation decreases. With NaBF4 the separation factor is greater than with NaClO4 under conditions which are otherwise the same. For electrolyte solutions containing ClO4
-, NO3
- and BF4
- there is a linear relation between the separation factor of the chlorine isotopes and the logarithm of the heat of anion hydration of the elution electrolyte.
Notizen: Nitrido-Bromokomplexe von Wolfram (VI) / Nitrido Bromo Complexes of Tungsten(VI)
Authors: Ruschke Peter , Dehnicke Kurt
Published: February 2015

Impure tungsten nitrido bromide, WNBr3 (1) is prepared by the reaction of iodine azide with WBr6. PPh4[WNBr4] (2) can be obtained by the solvent induced decomposition of PPh4[WBr5N3], which is probably an intermediate in the reaction of WBr5 with PPh4N3 or in the reaction of PPh4[WBr6] with iodine azide. 2 reacts with acetonitrile to form the solvate WNBr3 · CH3CN (3). According to the IR spectra, in all complexes (1-3) W ≡ N triple bonds are present.
Mössbauer Spectroscopic Studies of Monosubstituted Pentacyano Ferrate(II) Complexes, Na3[Fe(CN)5RNH2] · nH2O
Authors: Garg A. N. , Shukla P. N.
Published: February 2015

A series of compounds Na3[Fe(CN)5RNH2] · nH2O where R = -H, -CH3, -C2H5, n-C3H7, n-C4H9 and -CH2C6H5 and RNH2 = C5H5N have been studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy. Quadrupole splitting (⊿EQ) values vary in a limited range (0.68-0.80 mm/sec) indicating only small distortions in the octahedral geometry of the compounds with the substitution of various amino groups. Isomer shift (δ) values remain almost constant suggesting that s-electron density is not affected by substitution.
Übergangsmetallkomplexe von Diazenen, XVI [1] Struktur und Mößbauerdaten von (2.3-Diazanorbornen)Fe3(CO)9 / Transition Metal Complexes of Diazenes, XVI [1] Structure and Mössbauer Data of (2,3-Diazanorbornene)Fe3(CO)9
Authors: Kisch H. , Krüger C. , Trautwein A.
Published: February 2015

The molecular structure of (2,3-diazanorbornene)Fe3(CO)9 consists of a triangular Fe3(CO)9 group bound to the diazene unit. The seven-coordinated Fe(CO)3 group forms two Fe-N bonds with lengths of 1.974 and 1.965 Å, each of the two six-coordinated Fe(CO)3 groups has slightly shorter Fe-N-bonds of 1.898 and 1.903 Å. One Fe-Fe distance, 2.612Å, is longer than the two other ones, 2.572 and 2.582 Å, which are in the range of typical single bonds. The presence of seven-and six-coordinated iron carbonyl groups is also demonstrated by the Mössbauer spectrum showing signals with quadrupole splittings of 1.23 and 0.78, 0.62 ± 0.01 mm/s, respectively.
Kinetische Untersuchung der Methanolyse von chlormethylierten Phenolen / Kinetic Studies of the Methanolysis Reaction of Chloromethylated Phenols
Authors: Steina Günter , Böhmer Volker , Lötz Werner , Kämmerer Hermann
Published: February 2015

The solvolysis of 25 differently substituted chloromethylated phenols was studied kinetically in methanol at 25 °C. A sharp decrease of the initial reaction rate with in-creasing concentrations of added acids can be explained by a very fast solvolysis of the phenolate anions in comparison with the undissociated compounds. The latter show strictly first order kinetics up to high conversions and the rate constants can be partly correlated with the Jaffé relation. Highly negative values for the reaction constants q = -5.4 and q = -6.2 for ortho-and para-chloromethylated compounds show, that the undissociated phenols react according to the SNl -mechanism. However, deviations are found for compounds with strongly electron attracting substituents, which may be partly caused by an intramolecular catalytic effect of the phenolic hydroxy group in the case of the ortho-isomers.
On the Rare-Earth Pnigochalcogenides LnAsSe
Authors: Schmelczer R. , Schwarzenbach D. , Hulliger F.
Published: February 2015

The structures of GdAsSe and NdAsSe were determined from single crystal data. GdAsSe crystallizes in the monoclinic CeAsS-type structure. The deviations from the parent tetragonal ZrSiS-type structure are smaller than in the corresponding sulphides. The As-As distances in the infinite arsenic chains appear to be too large to warrant non-metallic properties. The structure of NdAsSe is isopuntal with the CeAsS-type; however, only As pairs can be identified. The CeAsS-type structure was also found in the LnAsSe compounds with Ln = Pr, Sm, Tb, . . ., Tm, Lu, Y. The distortions of the ZrSiS-type substructure become more pronounced on going to smaller cations. The stoichiometry of the samples depends strongly upon the preparation.
Cyclic Boron Derivatives of Biurets [1]
Authors: Bielawski Jacek , Niedenzu Kurt , Weber Annelore , Weber Wilhelm
Published: February 2015

Several 1,3,5-triaza-2-boracyclohexa-4,6-diones have been prepared by condensation reactions of boranes with biurets; N-methylated species could be characterized by their 1H, 11B and 13C NMR spectra. Some data are also reported on bicyclic bis(N,N',N"- trimethylbiuret-1,5-diyl)borate(l-) salts and on a betaine consisting of two N,N',N"-trimethylbiuret moieties bonded to a central four-coordinate boron atom.
A Novel Isomerization of an Electron-Rich Alkene
Authors: Weinberg Erica L. , Burton J. Thomas , Baird Michael C. , Herberhold Max
Published: February 2015

Displacement of 2-methvlpropene from [Fp(Me2C = CH2)]BF4 (Fp = (η5-C5H5)Fe(CO)2) by Z-1,2-dimethoxyethylene (Z-DME) gives [Fp(Z-DME)]BF4. Displacement by E-1,2-dimethoxyethylene (E-DME), in contrast, does not give the expected complex of E-DME, but rather the complex of the Z-alkene. A mechanism involving scission of the C = C bond of the coordinated alkene to give a bis-carbene intermediate is proposed.
The Structures of S4N⊖, S3N2O2 and S4N3⊖
Authors: Gleiter Rolf , Bartetzko Richard
Published: February 2015

Part of the potential surface of S4N⊖ has been investigated using the MNDO method. It is found that the cis-trans isomer 1b is more stable by 20-30 kJ/mol than the trans-trans isomer (1 c) and the cis-cis isomer (1 a). The stability of 1 b is traced back to stabilization of the HOMO and to a Coulomb attraction. For S3N2O2 (2) the MNDO calculations favour those isomers (2a and 2b) with two sickle-like arrangements for the same reasons. For S4N3 e (3) only one isomer (3a) is favoured due to the stabilization of the HOMO. The similarity in the transannular interaction present in 1-3 and that in trithiapentalenes and related compounds is pointed out. The PE spectrum of 2 has been reinvestigated. The first five bands can be interpreted by comparison between the measured ionization potentials and the calculated (MNDO) orbital energies.
Zur Reaktion von (η3-Allyl)- (η5-cyclopentadienyl)palladium mit 2,3-Bis(diphenylphosphino)- maleinsäureanhydrid / Reaction of (η3-Altyl)(η5-cyclopentadienyl) Palladium with 2.3 - Bis (dipheny lphosphino) maleic Anhydride
Authors: Fenske D. , Christidis A.
Published: February 2015

(η3 -Allyl) (η5 -cyclopentadienyl) palladium reacts with bis(diphenylphosphino)maleic an-hydride to form a complex in which the C5H5 ligand is inserted into a P-C bond of the phos-phine ligand. The high yield (>95%) suggests that this reaction takes place within the co-ordination sphere of palladium. The structure is studied by x-ray crystal structure analysis.
Die Kristallstruktur von Kalium-bis(hexamethylentetramin)-tris-(isothiocyanato)cuprat(II)-dihydrat, K[Cu(C6H12N4)2(NCS)3] · 2 H2O, einem trigonal-bipyramidalen Kupfer(II) -Komplex / The Crystal Structure of Potassium-bis(hexamethylenetetramine)-tris-(isothiocyanato) cuprate(II )-dihydrate, K[Cu(C6H12N4)2(NCS)3] · 2 H2O, a Trigonal Bipyramidal Cupric Complex
Authors: Pickardt Joachim
Published: February 2015

From an aqueous solution of cupric acetate containing an excess of KSCN and hexamethy- lenetetramine crystals of the title compound could be obtained. An X-ray structure analysis showed that the cuprate(II) anion has trigonal bipyramidal geometry. The three equatorial positions are occupied by NCS groups, the axial positions by the hexamethylenetetramine molecules
Direct Photochemical cis-trans Isomerization with 185 nm Radiation: A Facile Preparation of cis-Di-tert-butylethylene
Authors: Adam Waldemar , Yany Faris
Published: February 2015

On irradiation of trans-di-tert-butylethylene at 185 nm in pentane the sterically congested cis-isomer was formed in ca. 40%. This π-π* excitation constitutes a convenient, direct method for the preparation of such usually difficult to prepare olefins
Frontorbitale und 1.2-Hydridwanderungen in Carbeniumionen/ Frontier Orbitals and 1,2-Hydrogen Shifts in Carbenium Ions
Authors: Frenking Gernot , Schwarz Helmut
Published: February 2015

For various carbenium ions it is shown that the energy value and the degree of localization of the LUMO have a significant influence on the energy barriers of 1,2-hydrogen shifts. The structures of the transition states are in line with the Hammond-Postulate.
Struktur- und Phasenübergangsuntersuchungen an β-Li2ZnGe/ Structure and Phase Transition Investigations on β-Li2ZnGe
Authors: Cullmann Hans-Otto , Hinterkeuser Heinz-Walter , Schuster Hans-Uwe
Published: February 2015

The ternary compound β-Li2ZnGe was prepared and its structure determined from powder and single crystal data. The compound crystallizes in a modified Na3As type structure, space group Ṗ̇̇̇̇̇̇̇̇̇̇̇̇̇̇3̄

m 1 - D3
3d.The cell parameters are: a = 432.6 pm, c = 1647.0 pm, c/a= 3.83.

A phase transition between a-and β-Li2ZnGe was found and the reaction of the elements lithium, zinc and germanium to a-Li2ZnGe was followed by differential thermal analysis. The temperatures and the enthalpies of transition and fusion were determined.
Eine einfache Darstellung von Khaplofolin, Dihydroflindersin und verwandten Alkaloiden [1] / Synthesis of Khaplofoline, Dihydroflindersine and Related Alkaloids [1]
Authors: Reisch J. , Müller M. , Mester I.
Published: February 2015

A simple synthesis of khaplofoline (lb) and dihydroflindersine (4) has been reported. PTC-prenylation of 4-hydroxy-2-quinolone (8 a) gave a mixture of C-, O-and C/O-prenylated compounds (2a, 8b, 8c, 3d, 3e and 8f), 2a being the major product. N-prenylation of 8h gave 3i which yielded 8k after following treatment with aqueous HCl. Acid catalysed cyclisation of 2 a gave a mixture of 4 and 1 b in a ratio of 3:1.
Crystal and Molecular Structure of 4-Oxo-6-iodoqwnolinium(OIQn)-2,2'- (2,5-cyclohexadiene-1,4-diylidene)- bispropanedinitrile (TCNQ)
Authors: Keller H. J. , Steiger W. , Werner M.
Published: February 2015

One-dimensional Conductors, Linear Chain Structures (C9H7INO · C12H4N4) triclinic PT, a = 7.161(5) Å, b = 8.639(5) Å, c = 17.392(6) Å, α -64.96(4)°, β = 80.64(3)°, γ = 76.99(3)°, V = 1075.6 Å3 , Z = 2, dc = 1.47 Mgm-3. The structure was refined to R - 0.114 for 2022 reflections. It consists of segregated diadic stacks of TCNQ and 4-oxo-iodoquinolinium ions. Inter-planar distances in the TCNQ stack are 3.09(1) Å and 3.32(1) Å; 3.37(1) Å and 3.55(1) Å in the quinolinium stack.
Metallkomplexe mit Hexamethylentetramin als Ligand: Kristallstruktur des Cadmiumiodid-Addukts 3Cdl2 • 2 C6H12N4 • 4 H2O / Metal Complexes with Hexamethylenetetramine as Ligand: Crystal Structure of the Cadmium Iodide Adduct 3CdI2 • 2C6H12N4 • 4 H2O
Authors: Pickardt Joachim
Published: February 2015

The reaction of aqueous solutions of cadmium iodide and hexamethylenetetramine yields crystals of an adduct 3CdI2 • 2CeH12N4 • 4H2O. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P 21/n, Z = 2, a = 811.5(2), b = 1049.2(4), c = 1849.5(6) pm, β = 97.73(2)°. The adduct is polymeric and may be regarded as built up from groups of two tetrahedrally and one octahedrally coordinated Cd(II) ions in which the tetrahedra and the octahedron are sharing common iodine atoms at the corners; neighbourirg Cd3 units are interlinked by hexamethylenetetramine molecules.
Eine einfache und ergiebige Synthese für Bis(trimethylsilyl)- und Bis(trimethylgermyl)quecksilber / A Simple and High Yielding Synthesis for Bis(trimethylsilyl)- and Bis(trimethylgermyl)mercury
Authors: Rösch Lutz , Altnau Gerald , Hahn Ekkehard , Havemann Hans
Published: February 2015

Bis (trimethylsily 1)mercury, Bis(trimethylgermy 1)mercury, Lithium-tris(trimethylsilyl)mercurate
Reactions of 3,4-Dichloro-l,2,5-thiadiazol / Reactions of 3,4-Dichloro-l,2,5-thiadiazol
Authors: Roesky Herbert W. , Wehner Erwin
Published: February 2015

SN2C2Cl2 prepared from (CN)2 and S2CI2 reacts with BCI3, SbCl5 and SO3 to yield the 1:1 adducts, TiCU forms an 1:2 adduct. The adducts were characterized on the basis of IR and Raman spectra. SN2C2Cl2 is alkylated with (C2H5)3O+BF4- at one of the nitrogen atoms. The results are compared with adducts of S2N2CO with Lewis acids
Die Reduktion von CBr2F2 durch Blei - ein neuartiger Weg zum Difluorcarben / The Reduction of CBr2F2 by Lead -a Novel Pathway to Difluorocarbene
Authors: Fritz Heinz P. , Kornrumpf Wolfgang
Published: February 2015

CBr2F2(1) is reduced by lead metal even at room temperature with intermediate formation of :CF2. At 40 to 60 °C this reaction is rapid and nearly quantitative. Electron-rich olefins allow the trapping of difluorocarbene in the form of the corresponding 1,1-difluorocyclopropanes in up to 90% yield. In dichloromethane, dichloroethane or aceto-nitrile the reduction proceeds only in the presence of molar amounts of complexing anions like bromide or chloride. Tetrabutylammonium salts proved to be advantageous.

The reduction does not proceed via carbanions, since the corresponding protonated products are not observed, even in the presence of good proton donors.

Electrochemical investigations of the reduction of 1 at Ni-, Pt-, Sn-and Pb-electrodes support the suggested mechanism.
Synthese von neuen Silazangerüstsystemen / Synthesis of Some Silazane Frameworks
Authors: Wannagat Ulrich , Blumenthal Thomas , Eisele Gerd , König Axel , Schächter Reinhard
Published: February 2015

Some novel silazane frameworks (scheme 1: H, J, K, M, P) were synthesized and characterized by mainly methyl substituted derivatives. Synthetic routes are given in Scheme 2 and 3, respectively, as well as in equations (13) and (14). Compounds are described in their properties, physical data and elemental and structure analysis.
Synthese und Eigenschaften von Brom(methyl)- und Iod(methyl)(organyIthio)gallanen / Synthesis and Properties of Bromo(methyl)- and Iodo(methyl)(organylthio)gallanes
Authors: Hoffmann Gerhard G.
Published: February 2015

The reaction between dibromo- or diiodo(methyl)gallane and the trimethylsilyl sulphides (CH3)3SiSR (R = CH3, C2H5, n-C3H7, i-C3H7. Ph, CH2Ph) have been investigated. Halo(methyl)- (organylthio)gallanes are formed. These compounds and their chloro analogues can also be obtained by the reactions between the dihalo(methyl)gallanes and the corresponding leaddi- (thiolates) in the molar ratios 2:1, or from the halo(dimethyl)gallanes and free thiols. Some physical and chemical properties of the new compounds are given, and the tentative mechanisms of these reactions are discussed. Syntheses of methylgalliumdiiodide and dimethylgalliumhalides via trimethylgallane und galliumtrihalides or methylgalliumdihalides are described.
Correction of Structure Determinations on Monomethyl-Substituted 2-(ChloromethyI)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decanes, 2-Methylene-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decanes, 1-(1′-Cyclohexene-1′-yloxy)-2-propanes and rac-4,5,6,7-Tetrahydro-3-methyI-1-benzofurans
Authors: Runsink Jan , Meier Lothar
Published: February 2015

The structures of the entitled compounds, synthesized as mixtures up to four isomers, are determined by the means of 13C NMR spectroscopy. Our previous assignment [2] of the syn/antiisomers of the monomethyl-substituted 2-(chloromethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decanes are reversed. Wrong assignments made in literature [3, 4] are corrected.
Kondensierte Imidazolone / Condensed Imidazolones
Authors: Möhrle Hans , Hemmerling Hans-Jörg
Published: February 2015

11-13.

The dehydrogenation of 2-tert-amino-2,2-diphenyl-acetamides with cyclic amine components gives under neighbouring the corresponding condensed imidazolones

With analogous reactions of 2-tert-amino-2-phenylacetamides on dependence of the ring size of the amine cycle, a different course is observed resulting in the cyclic acylaminal 14 or in the condensed imidazolone derivatives 15 and 16.
Differential Dynamics of Spatial Attention, Position, and Color Coding within the Parietofrontal Network
Authors: Astrand Elaine , Ibos Guilhem , Duhamel Jean-René , Ben Hamed Suliann
Published: February 2015

Despite an ever growing knowledge on how parietal and prefrontal neurons encode low-level spatial and color information or higher-level information, such as spatial attention, an understanding of how these cortical regions process neuronal information at the population level is still missing. A simple assumption would be that the function and temporal response profiles of these neuronal populations match that of its constituting individual cells. However, several recent studies suggest that this is not necessarily the case and that the single-cell approach overlooks dynamic changes in how information is distributed over the neuronal population. Here, we use a time-resolved population pattern analysis to explore how spatial position, spatial attention and color information are differentially encoded and maintained in the macaque monkey prefrontal (frontal eye fields) and parietal cortex (lateral intraparietal area). Overall, our work brings about three novel observations. First, we show that parietal and prefrontal populations operate in two distinct population regimens for the encoding of sensory and cognitive information: a stationary mode and a dynamic mode. Second, we show that the temporal dynamics of a heterogeneous neuronal population brings about complementary information to that of its functional subpopulations. Thus, both need to be investigated in parallel. Last, we show that identifying the neuronal configuration in which a neuronal population encodes given information can serve to reveal this same information in a different context. All together, this work challenges common views on neural coding in the parietofrontal network.
Reciprocal Interareal Connections to Corticospinal Neurons in Mouse M1 and S2
Authors: Suter Benjamin A. , Shepherd Gordon M.G.
Published: February 2015

Primary motor (M1) and secondary somatosensory (S2) cortices, although anatomically and functionally distinct, share an intriguing cellular component: corticospinal neurons (CSP) in layer 5B. Here, we investigated the long-range circuits of CSPs in mouse forelimb-M1 and S2. We found that interareal projections (S2 → M1 and M1 → S2) monosynaptically excited pyramidal neurons across multiple layers, including CSPs. Area-specific differences were observed in the relative strengths of inputs to subsets of CSPs and other cell types, but the general patterns were similar. Furthermore, subcellular mapping of the dendritic distributions of these corticocortical excitatory synapses onto CSPs in both areas also showed similar patterns. Because layer 5B is particularly thick in M1, but not S2, we studied M1-CSPs at different cortical depths, quantifying their dendritic morphology and mapping inputs from additional cortical (M2, contralateral M1, and local layer 2/3) and thalamic (VL nucleus) sources. These results indicated that CSPs exhibit area-specific modifications on an otherwise conserved synaptic organization, and that different afferents innervate M1-CSP dendritic domains in a source-specific manner. In the cervical spinal cord, CSP axons from S2 and M1 partly converged on middle layers, but S2-CSP axons extended further dorsally, and M1-CSP axons ventrally. Thus, our findings identify many shared features in the circuits of M1 and S2 and show that these areas communicate via mutual projections that give each area monosynaptic access to the other area's CSPs. These interareally yoked CSP circuits may enable M1 and S2 to operate in a coordinated yet differentiated manner in the service of sensorimotor integration.
Density, distribution, and activity of the ocelot Leopardus pardalis (Carnivora: Felidae) in Southeast Mexican rainforests
Authors: Pérez-Irineo Gabriela , Santos-Moreno Antonio
Published: February 2015

The ocelot Leopardus pardalis is of particular significance in terrestrial communities due to its ecological role within the group of small-sized felids and as a mesopredator. However, despite the reduction of ocelot habitat in Southeast Mexico, there are still very few ecological studies. This research aimed to contribute with some ecological aspects of the species in this region. For this, 29 camera trap stations were established in a rain forest in Los Chimalapas (an area of 22km2) during a two years period (March 2011-June, 2013), in Oaxaca state, Southeast Mexico. Data allowed the estimation of the population density, activity pattern, sex ratio, residence time, and spatial distribution. Population density was calculated using Capture-Recapture Models for demographically open populations; besides, circular techniques were used to determine if nocturnal and diurnal activity varied significantly over the seasons, and Multiple Discriminant Analysis was used to determine which of the selected environmental variables best explained ocelot abundance in the region. A total of 103 ocelot records were obtained, with a total sampling effort of 8 529 trap-days. Density of 22-38individuals/100km2 was estimated. Ocelot population had a high proportion of transient individuals in the zone (55%), and the sex ratio was statistically equal to 1:1. Ocelot activity was more frequent at night (1:00-6:00h), but it also exhibited diurnal activity throughout the study period. Ocelot spatial distribution was positively affected by the proximity to the village as well as by the amount of prey. The ocelot population here appears to be stable, with a density similar to other regions in Central and South America, which could be attributed to the diversity of prey species and a low degree of disturbance in Los Chimalapas.
Aplicación de las funciones elípticas de Fourier para la descripción de la forma de los huevos de las aves
Authors: Denis Ávila Dennis
Published: February 2015

Egg shape is difficult to quantify due to the lack of an exact formula to describe its geometry. Here I described a simple algorithm to characterize and compare egg shapes using Fourier functions. These functions can delineate any closed contour and had been previously applied to describe several biological objects. I described, step by step, the process of data acquisition, processing and the use of the SHAPE software to extract function coefficients in a study case. I compared egg shapes in three birds’ species representing different reproductive strategies: Cuban Parakeet (Aratinga euops), Royal Tern (Thalasseus maximus) and Cuban Blackbird (Dives atroviolaceus). Using 73 digital pictures of eggs kept in Cuban scientific collections, I calculated Fourier descriptors with 4, 6, 8, 16 and 20 harmonics. Descriptors were reduced by a Principal Component Analysis and the scores of the eigenvalues that account for 90% of variance were used in a Lineal Discriminant Function to analyze the possibility to differentiate eggs according to its shapes. Using four harmonics, the first five component accounted for 97% of shape variances; more harmonics diluted the variance increasing to eight the number of components needed to explain most of the variation. Convex polygons in the discriminant space showed a clear separation between species, allowing trustful discrimination (classification errors between 7-15%). Misclassifications were related to specific egg shape variability between species. In the study case, A. euops eggs were perfectly classified, but for the other species, errors ranged from 5 to 29% of misclassifications, in relation to the numbers or harmonics and components used. The proposed algorithm, despite its apparent mathematical complexity, showed many advantages to describe eggs shape allowing a deeper understanding of factors related to this variable.
The effect of astaxanthin on resistance of juvenile prawns Macrobrachium nipponense (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) to physical and chemical stress
Authors: Tizkar Babak , Seidavi Alireza , Ponce-Palafox Jesús Trinidad , Pourashoori Parastoo
Published: February 2015

In recent years, the use of new scientific techniques has effectively improved aquaculture production processes. Astaxanthin has various properties in aquaculture and its antioxidant benefits have been closely related to stress resistance; besides, it is an essential factor for growth in many crustaceans and fish. The objective of this study was to evaluate the resistance of prawn (Macrobrachium nipponense) fed diets containing different amounts of astaxanthin (AX) to the shock and stress of different physicochemical environments. A 70-day trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation of a source of astaxanthin (Carophyll Pink, 10% astaxanthin, w/w, Hoffman-La Roche, Switzerland) at various levels in the diet of M. nipponense juveniles. Four dry diets were prepared: AX0 without astaxanthin, AX50 with 50mg/kg, AX100 with 100mg/kg, and AX150 with 150mg/kg astaxanthin. The feeding trial was conducted in a recirculation water system consisting of 12 fiberglass tanks (1 000L) used for holding prawns. Three replicate aquaria were initially stocked with 36org/m2 per tank. During the trial, prawns were maintained on a 12:12-h light:dark photoperiod with an ordinary incandescent lamp, and the water quality parameters were maintained as follows: water temperature, 25-26°C; salinity, 1g/L; pH, 8.5-8.8; dissolved oxygen, 6.0-6.5mg/L; and ammonia-nitrogen, 0.05mg/L. Incorporation of AX, production output, and physiological condition were recorded after 10 weeks of feeding. At the end of the growing period, the prawns were exposed to thermal shock (0°C), ammonia (0.75mg/L), and reduced oxygen (0.5mg/L). The time to lethargy and the time to complete death of the prawns were recorded. The results showed that control prawns had the shortest time to lethargy and death compared with prawns subjected to the other treatments. The results of this study have shown that the amount of muscle tissue and gill carotenoids in prawn fed with an AX150 diet showed greater reduction than those exposed to other treatments. It is possible that higher levels of astaxanthin in the body under oxygen reduction stress can be beneficial for prawns. These results suggest that male prawns showed lethargy earlier than females, and the percentage of carotenoid reduction in muscle and gill tissues was higher in males.
Development of RAPD-SCAR markers for Lonicera japonica Thunb. (Caprifolicaceae) variety authentication by improved RAPD and DNA cloning
Authors: Yang Luquan , Khan Md. Asaduzzaman , Mei Zhiqiang , Yang Manman , Zhang Tiandan , Wei Chunli , Yang Weichan , Zhu Li , Long Yan , Fu Junjiang
Published: February 2015

Genetic diversity within a species is a common feature, which plays a vital role in its survival and adaptability, and is important for the identification and authentication of a species. Lonicera japonica is a traditionally used medicinal plant, which have been recently genetically characterized by an improved random ampliﬁed polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. In this study, the molecular markers on the basis of these RAPD fragments have been developed to identify specific L. japonica variety. The DNAs were extracted from fresh young leaves of different samples of L. japonica collected from Shenzhen, Yichang, Leshan, Emei and Loudi, China. The DNA materials were amplified using improved RAPD PCR. Different RAPD bands were excised, cloned and developed for stable sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers with different species. Two SCAR markers, JYH3-3 and JYH4-3, have been successfully cloned from improved RAPD fragments. The SCAR marker JYH3-3 was found specific for all of the L. japonica samples collected from the different regions, and another marker JYH 4-3 was strictly specific to the Shenzhen sample from Guangdong province, which is geographically distant from Hubei, Sichuan and Hunan Provinces (source of other L. japonica samples). The marker JYH3-3 was found as specific molecular marker for the identification of L. japonica, while JYH4-3 was found as molecular marker strictly specific for the Shenzhen sample. The developed SCAR markers might serve as more specific molecular markers for L. japonica variety authentication. The combination of improved RAPD analysis and SCAR marker development have resulted useful tools to study the genetic variety of any organism, which we have successfully applied here in L. japonica.

de cualquier organismo, que hemos aplicado con éxito en L. japonica.
Responsabilidad ciudadana en la prevención de drogas: un estudio desde las redes sociales
Authors: Leiva Díaz Viriam , Cordero Villanueva Lucía , Loría Varela Elena , Morales Alvarado Fernanda , Vega Mejías Jessica
Published: February 2015

Antecedentes: el objetivo de este artículo es presentar los resultados del estudio sobre la responsabilidad ciudadana en la prevención del fenómeno de las drogas, la cual debe caracterizarse por ser una participación activa y solidaria de parte de cada uno de los miembros de la sociedad costarricense.Método: la investigación es de tipo exploratoria, con un enfoque  cuantitativo, de corte transversal. La población está constituida por 353 habitantes de Costa Rica inscritos en la red social Facebook. Para recolectar los datos, en dicha red social se formuló preguntas generadoras a manera de encuesta.Resultado: dentro de los hallazgos se puede mencionar que las personas participantes conocen todos los aspectos que se encuentran inmersos en el concepto de responsabilidad ciudadana, sin embargo, existe una gran evasión, por parte de los pobladores, respecto de la prevención de las drogas.Conclusión:  Los y las participantes no ejercen su responsabilidad ciudadana por desconocimiento, sea de leyes o de las políticas públicas, delegando dicha  responsabilidad  a diferentes entes, personas o instituciones.
Efectividad de la atención domiciliar de enfermería en el mejoramiento del autocuidado de personas adultas mayores
Authors: Vargas Chaves Shirley , Fernández Chaves Jaime José
Published: February 2015

Antecedentes: El objetivo de este artículo es presentar la mejor evidencia disponible en relación con el desarrollo de las visitas domiciliares de enfermería, brindadas a personas adultas mayores, con un enfoque de promoción de la salud y prevención de las enfermedades para el  mejoramiento en su autocuidado. El proceso de envejecimiento poblacional en Costa Rica y a nivel mundial, como producto de los avances en condiciones socioeconómicas y sanitarias, ha generado necesidades para la atención de personas adultas mayores que permiten un mantenimiento o mejoramiento de la calidad de vida.Método: como método se utilizó la investigación basada en la evidencia, la cual parte de una pregunta clínica; en cuanto a los datos, se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos EBSCO, PubMed y ProQuest, para luego ejecutar una lectura crítica con el programa FLC 2.0. Resultados: Se obtuvo un total de 58 artículos, de cuya lectura crítica se seleccionó seis que presentaron la mejor evidencia.Conclusión: Se concluye que las personas adultas mayores que reciben atención domiciliaria del profesional de enfermería desde un enfoque de la promoción de la salud y prevención de la enfermedad mejoran su autocuidado.
Análisis de la integración de la bioética en la investigación de enfermería
Authors: Leiva Díaz Viriam , Villalobos Núñez Beatriz
Published: February 2015

Introducción. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar los resultados del análisis de los Trabajos Finales de Graduación (TFG), desarrollados por el estudiantado como requisito para obtener el título de Licenciatura en Enfermería, los cuales son parte del plan de estudios del Programa de Licenciatura en Enfermería de la Universidad de Costa Rica.Método. La indagatoria se ejecutó por medio de una investigación bibliográfica, documental, archivista, de la que se analizó 158 Trabajos Finales de Graduación producidos entre el 2005 y el año 2012. De las memorias e informes finales de investigación se extrajo aspectos que reflejaran implícita o explícitamente los principios de la bioética por medio de una matriz elaborada para ese fin.Resultados. A pesar de que la población objeto de estudio o intervención estuvo representada por grupos vulnerables, en un número importante de los TFG , no se documentó adecuadamente el proceso de consentimiento informado, además de que en el apartado de metodología no se evidencia con claridad la forma en que se aseguró los principios bioéticos.Conclusión. Se debe trabajar con mayor intensidad y claridad en el proceso de aprendizaje del estudiantado acerca de cuán importante son los principios bioéticos, al punto de que debe explicitarse el cómo se respetaron.
The age-related macular degeneration as a vascular disease/part of systemic vasculopathy: contributions to its pathogenesis
Authors: Fischer Tamás
Published: February 2015

The wall of blood vessels including those in choroids may be harmed by several repeated and/or prolonged mechanical, physical, chemical, microbiological, immunologic, and genetic impacts (risk factors), which may trigger a protracted response, the so-called host defense response. As a consequence, pathological changes resulting in vascular injury (e. g. atherosclerosis, age-related macular degeneration) may be evolved. Risk factors can also act directly on the endothelium through an increased production of reactive oxygen species promoting an endothelial activation, which leads to endothelial dysfunction, the onset of vascular disease. Thus, endothelial dysfunction is a link between the harmful stimulus and vascular injury; any kind of harmful stimuli may trigger the defensive chain that results in inflammation that may lead to vascular injury. It has been shown that even early age-related macular degeneration is associated with the presence of diffuse arterial disease and patients with early age-related macular degeneration demonstrate signs of systemic and retinal vascular alterations. Chronic inflammation, a feature of AMD, is tightly linked to diseases associated with ED: AMD is accompanied by a general inflammatory response, in the form of complement system activation, similar to that observed in degenerative vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. All these facts indicate that age-related macular degeneration may be a vascular disease (or part of a systemic vasculopathy). This recognition could have therapeutic implications because restoration of endothelial dysfunction may prevent the development or improve vascular disease resulting in prevention or improvement of age-related macular degeneration as well. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(9), 358–365.
The message of the heroin overdoses
Authors: Pap Ágota , Hegedűs Katalin
Published: February 2015

Drug use can be defined as a kind of self destruction, and it is directly linked to attitudes toward death and suicide occurring in a significant number of users of different narcotics. The aim of the authors was to look for the background of this relationship between drug and death and examine the origin, development, and motives behind heroin overdose based on an analysis of previous studies. It seems clear that pure heroin overdose increased gradually over the years. The fear of the police is the inhibitory factor of the overdose prevention and notification of emergency health care service. Signs of suicide could be the own home as the chosen location for heroin overdose and the presence of partners (“moment of death companion”). Interventions should include simple techniques such as first aid, naloxone administration, resuscitation, prevention of relapse of prisoners and social network extension involving maintenance programs. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(9), 352–357.
Professional knowledge and practice mapping among nurses regarding transfusion therapy.A pilot study on reliability and validity testing
Authors: Rajki Veronika , Csóka Mária , Mészáros Judit
Published: February 2015

Introduction: All people involved in transfusion therapy have professional, legal and ethical responsibility for their own actions. Aim: The aims of the authors were to evaluate competencies, knowledge and practice of nurses about transfusion therapy. Method: Descriptive statistical approach using observation, questionnaire survey and interview was applied. Reliability and validity of the self-made questionnaire were examined with statistical methods. Variance, standard deviation, Cronbach’s alpha and Pearson correlations were calculated. Results: Transfusiology-related knowledge of nurses regarding current transfusion regulations was almost 90%, and 56.2% of nurses systematized the nursing functions correctly. Significant differences were found among different institutions in transfusion therapy, transfusion practice and the use of relevant documentation. 75–77% of the institutions examined had their own protocol, and assigned transfusion care nurses worked in more than 20% of the wards. Conclusions: The authors propose a better supervision by leaders in nursing aspects of transfusion therapy, and an increased professional responsibility. Orv. Hetil., 2015, 156(9), 366–378.
Checklist of aphyllophoroid fungi (Basidiomycota) of the Archipelago Sea National Park, Southwest Finland
Authors: Kunttu Panu , Kulju Matti , Kotiranta Heikki
Published: February 2015

Aphyllophorales is an unnatural group of fungi, which are mainly wood decaying saprobes but also mycorrhizal or parasites, and are phylogenetically diverse. In this study we focused on polypores, corticioids and hydnaceous wood decayers with the common feature to form basidiocarps on woody substrates or litter. The checklist is mainly based on material collected during 2008–2010 in the Archipelago Sea National Park and its surrounding area in Southwest Finland. The aim of the study was biogeographical and ecological research of wood-inhabiting aphyllophorales and their habitats. We list 303 species from the study area. It is 40% of all known species (756) of the target groups recorded in Finland. Six species new to Finland were collected during the field work, which are already reported earlier. Our collections include 26 species, which can be defined as rare, with only five or less earlier records in Finland, and 18 species that are red-listed.
Glutathione-S-transferase-pi (GST-pi) expression in renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Kaprilian Christina , Horti Maria , Kandilaris Kosmas , Skolarikos Andreas , Trakas Nikolaos , Kastriotis Ioannis , Deliveliotis Charalambos
Published: February 2015

Multidrug resistance correlates with unfavourable treatment outcomes in numerous cancers including renal cell carcinoma. The expression and clinical relevance of Glutathione-S-transferase-pi (GST-pi), a multidrug resistance factor, in kidney tumors remain controversial. We analyzed the expression of GST-pi in 60 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded renal cell carcinoma samples by immunohistochemistry and compared them with matched normal regions of the kidney. A significantly higher expression of GST-pi was observed in 87% of clear cell carcinoma and 50% of papillary subtypes. GST-pi expression did not correlate with tumor grade or patient survival. GST-pi is unlikely to be a prognostic factor for renal cell carcinoma. However, further studies with large number of samples are warranted to establish the role of GST-pi, if any, in intrinsic or acquired resistance of renal cell carcinoma to conventional treatments.
Zusammenhang zwischen dem Betriebsstatus für das Virus des Porzinen Reproduktiven und Respiratorischen Syndroms und Organbefunden an Schlachtkörpern
Authors: Grünberger B. , Schleicher C. , Stüger H.-P. , Reisp K. , Schmoll F. , Köfer J. , Sattler T.
Published: February 2015

Gegenstand und Ziel: Das Porzine Reproduktive und Respiratorische Syndrom (PRRS) verursacht weltweit bedeutende wirtschaftliche Verluste in der Schweineproduktion. Die Studie untersuchte den Zusammenhang zwischen dem PRRS-Betriebsstatus, ermittelt durch Nachweis von PRRS-Virus-Antikörpern (PRRSV-Ak) im Blutserum der Schlachtschweine, und den bei den Schlachttierkörpern gefundenen pathologisch-anatomischen Lungenbefunden. Material und Methoden: Zwischen 01.12.2011 und 16.04.2012 wurden an einem österreichischen Schlachthof von 1056 Schlachtschweinen aus 66 schweinehaltenden Betrieben Blutproben entnommen und mittels ELISA auf PRRSV-Ak getestet. In keinem Betrieb fanden Impfungen gegen PRRSV statt. Parallel zur serologischen Untersuchung erfassten amtlich beauftragte Tierärzte am Geschlinge- und Tierkörperband die pathologisch-anatomischen Lungenbefunde aller Schlacht schweine aus diesen Betrieben zwischen 01.09.2011 und 11.12.2012. Die Prävalenz von Lungenentzündungen und Pleuritiden in PRRSV-Ak-positiven und unverdächtigen Beständen wurde verglichen und statistisch ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Die Prävalenz hochgradiger Lungenentzündungen sowie Pleuritis visceralis und parietalis lag bei Schweinen aus PRRSV-Ak-positiven Betrieben signifikant höher als bei Schweinen aus unverdächtigen Beständen. Dabei ergab sich bei kombinierten Betrieben (Ferkelaufzucht und Mast an einem Standort) eine tendenziell höhere Prävalenz von mittel- und hochgradigen Lungenentzündungen als in reinen Mastbetrieben. Schlussfolgerungen und klinische Relevanz: Der PRRSV-Status von Schweinebetrieben hatte Auswirkungen auf das Auftreten von pathologisch-anatomischen Lungenveränderungen der geschlachteten Schweine. Auch nicht PRRS-typische Befunde wie Pleuritiden traten vermehrt auf. Dies spricht für eine Beteiligung anderer Primär- oder Sekundärerreger, die durch den immunsupprimierenden Effekt des PRRSV begünstigt werden und selbst auch Atemwegserkrankungen auslösen können. In der Tendenz waren dabei die kombinierten Betriebe stärker betroffen als die reinen Mastbetriebe.