bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel monoclonal antibody generated by immunization with granular tau oligomers binds to tau aggregates at 423-430 amino acid sequence
Authors: Soeda Yoshiyuki , Hayashi Emi , Nakatani Naoko , Ishigaki Shinsuke , Takaichi Yuta , Tachibana Taro , Riku Yuichi , Chambers James K. , Koike Riki , Mohammad Moniruzzaman , Takashima Akihiko
Published: July 2024

Prior to the formation of amyloid fibrils, the pathological hallmark in tau-related neurodegenerative disease, tau monomers aggregate into a diverse range of oligomers. Granular tau oligomers, consisting of approximately 40 tau protein molecules, are present in the prefrontal cortex of patients at Braak stages I-II, preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Antibodies to granular tau oligomers as antigens have not been reported. Therefore, we generated new rat monoclonal antibodies by immunization with granular tau oligomers. Three antibodies from different hybridoma clones showed stronger immunoreactivity to granular tau oligomers and tau fibrils compared with monomeric tau. Of the three antibodies, 2D6-2C6 showed 3000-fold greater immunoreactivity in P301L-tau transgenic (rTg4510) mice than in non-transgenic mice, while MC1 antibody, which detects pathological conformations of tau, showed a 5.5-fold increase. These results suggest that 2D6-2C6 recognizes aggregates more specifically than MC1. In AD subjects, 2D6-2C6 recognized neurofibrillary tangles and pretangles, and co-localized within AT8-positive cells containing phosphorylated tau aggregates. The epitope of 2D6-2C6 is the 423–430 amino acid (AA) sequence of C-terminal regions. Taken together, a novel monoclonal antibody, 2D6-2C6, generated by immunization with granular tau oligomers binds to tau aggregates at the 423–430 AA sequence.
Mitigation potential of antibiotic resistance genes in water and soil by clay-based adsorbents
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Raj , Drigo Barbara , Sarkar Binoy
Published: July 2024

Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) are considered a contaminant of emerging concern in the environment. ARGs are widely distributed in the environment (e.g., soil, biosolids, plants, wastewater), companion and food-producing animals, wildlife, and insects. Soils are important reservoirs of ARGs and constitute a major pathway for the exchange of ARGs among microorganisms, including clinically relevant pathogens. Naturally available clays and clay minerals show high affinity to ARGs and antibiotics, which can be exploited to develop methods for mitigating ARGs contamination in soil, biosolids, and water. The mechanism of ARGs retention, degradation, and transformation on natural and modified clay surfaces is complex and requires further understanding to develop scalable remediation methods. Here, we discuss the source, availability, and distribution of antibiotics and ARGs in wastewater and soil, and their interactions with natural and modified clays and clay minerals to seek effective strategies for mitigating the overlooked pandemic of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We shed light on future research requirements to extend the use of inexpensive clay adsorbents and develop nature-based solutions using these materials for mitigating AMR in the environment.
Structure, control, and dynamics of altermagnetic textures
Authors: Gomonay O. , Kravchuk V. P. , Jaeschke-Ubiergo R. , Yershov K. V. , Jungwirth T. , Šmejkal L. , Brink J. van den , Sinova J.
Published: July 2024

We present a phenomenological theory of altermagnets, that captures their unique magnetization dynamics and allows modeling magnetic textures in this new magnetic phase. Focusing on the prototypical d-wave altermagnets, e.g., RuO2, we can explain intuitively the characteristic lifted degeneracy of their magnon spectra, by the emergence of an effective sublattice-dependent anisotropic spin stiffness arising naturally from the phenomenological theory. We show that as a consequence the altermagnetic domain walls, in contrast to antiferromagnets, have a finite gradient of the magnetization, with its strength and gradient direction connected to the altermagnetic anisotropy, even for 180° domain walls. This gradient generates a ponderomotive force in the domain wall in the presence of a strongly inhomogeneous external magnetic field, which may be achieved through magnetic force microscopy techniques. The motion of these altermagentic domain walls is also characterized by an anisotropic Walker breakdown, with much higher speed limits of propagation than ferromagnets but lower than antiferromagnets.
Methodologies in Ether Synthesis
Authors: Taherinia Zahra , Hajjami Maryam , Ghorbani-Choghamarani Arash
Published: July 2024

Ethers and crown ethers are important structural parts of many man-made or natural organic materials with medicinal, agrochemical or technological attributes. In recent years, extensive studies have been conducted for developing novel ether synthesis methods.

This book summarizes recent advances in synthesizing di-alkyl, aryl-alkyl, diaryl, cyclic, and crown ethers. It also discusses their substantial applications in various fields such as organic synthesis, ionic liquids, protecting groups, photoswitchable catalysis, phase transfer catalysts, solvents, biological functionality, anticancer properties and antimicrobial effects, drug delivery, and biofuels. Providing an invaluable reference for undergraduates, postgraduates and researchers interested in organic chemistry, it also contributes to the literature for chemical researchers working in industry.
Modification of hydrothermally synthesized α-Fe2O3 nanorods with g-C3N4 prepared from various precursors as photoanodes for hydrogen production
Authors: Ibadurrohman Muhammad , Ainin Afaf Qurrotu , Alam Fakhri Zinul , Mumtazah Nadia , Slamet  , Ferdiansyah Madsuha Alfian , Ulum Reza Miftahul , Hasiholan Bonavian
Published: July 2024

α-Fe2O3 nanorods and g-C3N4 are coupled as photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting. The effects of precursors of g-C3N4 on the photoelectrochemical responses of the composites are emphasised.
A nanoplatform based on allylthiopurine bio-MOF and glycosylated AIE PARP inhibitor for cancer synthetic lethal therapy
Authors: Gao Bingling , Yang Ke , Yang Manman , Li Wendong , Jiang Tingli , Gao Rong , Pei Yuxin , Pei Zhichao , Lv Yinghua
Published: July 2024

A multifunctional nanoplatform (Gal-ANI@ZnAP NPs) based on prodrug-skeletal metal–organic frameworks (ZnAP) functionalized with AIE fluorescent PARP inhibitor glycoconjugates was constructed for drug uptake visualization and synthetic lethal therapy.
A case study using spectroscopy and computational modelling for Co speciation in a deep eutectic solvent
Authors: Perera Isuri N. , Dobhal Garima S. , Pringle Jennifer M. , O’Dell Luke A. , Tawfik Sherif Abdulkader , Walsh Tiffany R. , Pozo-Gonzalo Cristina
Published: July 2024

Co(ii) speciation is reported for two ethylene glycol : choline chloride (4.5 : 1) systems depending on the cobalt source using several spectroscopic techniques (e.g. UV-Vis, NMR, EPR, FTIR) in combination with molecular dynamics simulations.
Elucidating the underlying toxic mechanisms of nanoplastics on zebrafish hematological and circulatory systems
Authors: Gou Dongzhi , Deng Jiao-Yun , Tang Qi-Ping , Lu Jiajia , Bao Li , Liu Yiyun , Pei De-Sheng
Published: July 2024

This study demonstrates that nanoplastics disrupt early embryonic development, impair mitochondrial function, and inhibit PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy, which can be mitigated with a mitophagy activator.
Low-dimensional II–VI semiconductor nanostructures of ternary alloys and transition metal ion doping: synthesis, optical properties and applications
Authors: Bukhtiar Arfan , Zou Bingsuo
Published: July 2024

Light matter interactions in spin-controlled devices, which are also known as dilute magnetic semiconductors, have gained significant attention in the past few years.
Spectrally independent and wide-angle light extraction of organic light emitting diodes with randomly disassembled nanostructure
Authors: Ndikumana Joel , An Kunsik
Published: July 2024

We reported Randomly Disassembled Nanostructures (RaDiNa) for light extraction in flexible OLEDs. The RaDiNa enhanced light extraction, particularly at angles above the critical angle, leading to an increased external quantum efficiency (EQE).
Transparent TiO2 nanotubes supporting silver sulfide for photoelectrochemical water splitting
Authors: Lipińska Wiktoria , Wolff Stefania , Dehm Katharina E. , Hager Simon P. , Gumieniak Justyna , Kramek Agnieszka , Crisp Ryan W. , Coy Emerson , Grochowska Katarzyna , Siuzdak Katarzyna
Published: July 2024

The semitransparent layer composed of organized titania nanotubes hosting silver sulphides became a nanostructured platform for oxygen evolution.
Magnetic iron oxide nanogels for combined hyperthermia and drug delivery for cancer treatment
Authors: Patri Sofia , Thanh Nguyen Thi Kim , Kamaly Nazila
Published: July 2024

Simultaneous hyperthermia and drug delivery with magnetic iron oxide nanogels.
Concise syntheses of (+)-maximumins B and C and (+)-ottensinin
Authors: Li Qing-Xin , Wang Lin-Lin , Zheng Yue-Ming , Gao Zhao-Bing , Zhao Jin-Xin , Yue Jian-Min
Published: July 2024

Three rearranged labdane diterpenoids, featuring a common 3-substituted γ-pyrone, were effectively synthesized with the longest linear sequences of 4–12 steps. The in-depth pharmacological screening unveiled (+)-ottensinin as a potent KCNQ2 agonist.
Organo NHC catalyzed aqueous synthesis of 4β-isoxazole-podophyllotoxins: in vitro anticancer, caspase activation, tubulin polymerization inhibition and molecular docking studies
Authors: Nagavath Rajkumar , Thupurani Murali Krishna , Badithapuram Vinitha , Manchal Ravinder , Vasam Chandra Sekhar , Thirukovela Narasimha Swamy
Published: July 2024

We present, for the first time, the organo-N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of 4β-O-propargyl podophyllotoxin (1) with nitrile oxides to afford 4β-isoxazolepodophyllotoxin hybrids (6a–n) in aqueous-organic media.
Correction: Construction of antifungal dual-target (SE, CYP51) pharmacophore models and the discovery of novel antifungal inhibitors
Authors: Dong Yue , Liu Min , Wang Jian , Ding Zhuang , Sun Bin
Published: July 2024

Correction for ‘Construction of antifungal dual-target (SE, CYP51) pharmacophore models and the discovery of novel antifungal inhibitors’ by Yue Dong et al., RSC Adv., 2019, 9, 26302–26314, https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra03713f.
Relationship between spatially heterogeneous reaction dynamics and photochemical kinetics in single crystals of anthracene derivatives
Authors: Kataoka Sogo , Kitagawa Daichi , Sotome Hikaru , Ito Syoji , Miyasaka Hiroshi , Bardeen Christopher J. , Kobatake Seiya
Published: July 2024

Both the photochemical kinetics and the spatial reaction dynamics in single crystals could be rationalized in terms of the difference in the cooperativity of the reactions that relates the magnitude of the conformational change required for reaction.
Intermolecular radical oxyalkylation of arynes with alkenes and TEMPO
Authors: Bhattacharya Debkanta , Scherübl Maximilian , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Studer Armido
Published: July 2024

The implementation of arynes as acceptors in three-component radical reactions with TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl) and activated alkenes is demonstrated.
Diffusion, density, and defects on spheres
Authors: Bond John E. , Yeh Alex J. , Edison John R. , Bevan Michael A.
Published: July 2024

Simulations of colloids on spherical surfaces show that self-diffusion, local density, and topological defects are curvature-independent until freezing, after which topological charge distribution mediates curvature-dependent diffusion.
Dynamic Twitter friend grouping based on similarity, interaction, and trust to account for ever‐evolving relationships
Authors: Shetty Nisha P. , Muniyal Balachandra , Maben Leander Melroy , Jayaraj Rithika , Saxena Sameer
Published: July 2024

Online social networks have become ubiquitous, allowing users to share opinions on various topics. However, oversharing can compromise privacy, leading to potential blackmail or fraud. Current platforms lack friend categorization based on trust levels. This study proposes simulating real‐world friendships by grouping users into three categories: acquaintances, friends, and close friends, based on trust and engagement. It also introduces a dynamic method to adjust relationship status over time, considering users' past and present offenses against peers. The proposed system automatically updates friend lists, eliminating manual grouping. It calculates relationship strength by considering all components of online social networks and trust variations caused by user attacks. This method can be integrated with clustering algorithms on popular platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram to enable constrained sharing. By implementing this system, users can better control their information sharing based on trust levels, reducing privacy risks. The dynamic nature of the relationship status adjustment ensures that the system remains relevant as user interactions evolve over time. This approach offers a more nuanced and secure social networking experience, reflecting real‐world relationship dynamics in the digital sphere.
Prise en charge en urgence ambulatoire du poulain faible
Authors: Borde-Doré Laura
Published: July 2024

La prise en charge d’un poulain faible en urgence ambulatoire demande une approche systématique car le diagnostic différentiel est particulièrement large en période néonatale et une intervention rapide est déterminante en raison de faibles réponses adaptatives comparé au cheval adulte.

Les premières minutes sont consacrées à un triage initial qui vise à déterminer si une oxygénothérapie, une fluidothérapie et/ ou une réanimation cardiopulmonaire sont nécessaires dans l’immédiat pour prévenir les complications potentiellement sévères de l’hypoxémie et de l’hypovolémie.

Le diagnostic est ensuite rapidement orienté par l’historique et l’examen clinique complet avant de réaliser d’autres examens complémentaires pour mettre en place un plan de traitement sur le terrain ou de prendre la décision de référer rapidement.

Il est important d’identifier des facteurs pronostiques sévères avant de mettre en place un traitement coûteux.

De façon générale, le traitement d’urgence repose sur une oxygénothérapie, une fluidothérapie adaptée pour corriger l’hypovolémie, puis sur l’administration de plasma, une antibiothérapie large spectre car ces poulains sont à risque de sepsis et d’autres traitements plus spécifiques selon l’affection primaire suspectée.
Les urgences d’origine digestive chez le poulain de moins d’un mois
Authors: Leroux Aurélia
Published: July 2024

Les affections d'origine digestive font partie des maladies néonatales les plus fréquentes. Elles incluent majoritairement les diarrhées et les coliques, et peuvent être le symptôme d'une affection plus générale telle qu'un sepsis néonatal ou un syndrome d'asphyxie périnatal.

Une approche diagnostique systématique est indispensable pour établir un diagnostic et un pronostic et doit inclure une anamnèse détaillée, un examen clinique complet.

Les examens complémentaires disponibles consistent en une analyse hémato-biochimique complète, une échographie et une radiographie abdominale, un sondage naso-gastrique, une paracentèse abdominale et des analyses de fèces.

Les diarrhées néonatales sont extrêmement fréquentes et il est important de rechercher toutes les causes potentielles afin d'identifier les agents infectieux et d'éviter une épidémie.

Les causes les plus fréquentes sont : la diarrhée de chaleurs de lait qui est observée chez 75 à 80 p. cent des poulains, puis les diarrhées à rotavirus et à Clostridium perfringens.

De nombreuses causes de coliques ont été décrites chez les poulains, les plus fréquentes étant l'impaction de méconium, les entérites ou entérocolites d'origine infectieuse (souvent associées à de la diarrhée), les entérocolites nécrosantes et les volvulus de l'intestin grêle. Les autres causes incluant, entre autres, les hernies et les anomalies congénitales, représentent moins de 1 p. cent des cas de coliques néonatales référés en clinique
Traitements vétérinaires : comment limiter les risques
lors de contrôle antidopage
Authors: Bourguignon Hélène
Published: July 2024

Les traitements vétérinaires peuvent être à l’origine de cas positifs lors des prélèvements du contrôle antidopage en raison de délais d’élimination mal maîtrisés (61 % des cas en 2019).
L’objectif de cet article est d’identifier les facteurs de risques afin d’en comprendre les mécanismes pour éviter les détections accidentelles. Les corticoïdes représentent en moyenne 28 % des substances détectées et les infiltrations avec des corticoïdes retard sont la cause la plus fréquente de cas positifs suite à un traitement vétérinaire.

Les infiltrations tarso-métatarsiennes, fémoro-tibiales médiales et sacro-iliaques sont clairement identifiées comme étant à risque de délais d’élimination anormalement élevés. Les traitements vétérinaires contaminent l’environnement dans lequel vit le cheval et peuvent retarder l’élimination des substances ou contaminer d’autres chevaux.

La contamination peut se faire par la litière en raison de l’élimination des médicaments majoritairement par voie urinaire. Les traitements administrés par voie orale présentent toujours un risque lorsqu’ils sont administrés dans la mangeoire. Et enfin, les traitements par nébulisations représentent un risque de contamination par voie aérienne ou par l’intermédiaire du matériel.

En cas de doute, le praticien doit conseiller à son client de faire pratiquer une analyse de dépistage et ne pas s’engager de façon précise sur des temps d’attentes souvent aléatoires. Libre ensuite à l’entraîneur ou au cavalier de la réaliser ou non.
Physiopathologie et diagnostic du syndrome métabolique des équidés
Authors: Jaillardon Laetitia , Stoetart Nicolas
Published: July 2024

Le syndrome métabolique du cheval correspond à une dérégulation de l’insuline, entraînant de nombreuses conséquences sur l’organisme. Très souvent associé à un phénotype d’obésité, sa suspicion clinique est souvent aisée.

Son diagnostic est moins évident et doit s’intéresser à toutes les conséquences organiques, nombreuses et complexes, et surtout variables d'un animal à l'autre.

Il doit intégrer un bilan biologique orienté vers une évaluation de la fonction hépatique, ainsi qu’une évaluation endocrinienne et métabolique plus large incluant la mesure de l’insulinémie selon divers protocoles.
Du diagnostic dépendent le traitement et le suivi de cette maladie. Le diagnostic peut parfois être très problématique pour le praticien puisque cette maladie regroupe en effet un spectre large de phénotypes biologiques, correspondant à divers stades de ce syndrome.
Urétrotomie périnéale et exérèse urolithiases vésicales à l'aide d'un sac laparoscopique chez le cheval
Authors: Arnal Nikita , Perrine Piat
Published: July 2024

Dans l’espèce équine, les mâles entiers et castrés sont prédisposés à la formation d’urolithiases. Celles-ci sont majoritairement situées dans la vessie et peuvent être à l’origine d’hématurie, de strangurie, de pollakiurie ou de dysurie. Parfois, des signes de colique sont observés.

Le diagnostic est effectué par palpation transrectale et est confirmé par échographie et par cystoscopie.

La cystoscopie permet d’analyser plus précisément le type de calcul, la présence de débris et d’évaluer d’éventuelles lésions sur la muqueuse vésicale.

Le traitement est chirurgical et consiste en l’extraction du calcul.

Plusieurs techniques sont décrites et permettent de retirer le calcul à la suite d’une fragmentation par lithotripsie ou non. Le choix de la technique dépend du propriétaire, de son budget, de son cheval.

L’urétrotomie périnéale, tout comme la cystotomie pararectale de Gokel sont des techniques qui sont effectuées sur cheval debout. La réalisation d’une urétrotomie périnéale nécessite peu de matériel chirurgical mais une colonne d’endoscopie est nécessaire afin de visualiser et d’extraire le calcul entièrement.

Les complications post-chirurgicales sont faibles, et les soins à réaliser minimes. La prévention repose essentiellement sur des mesures alimentaires visant à réduire le pH urinaire et l’excrétion de calcium dans les urines.
Nurse Practitioners (NPs) as Game Changers in Tanzania Health Delivery System: Lessons Learnt from Fujita Bantane Hospital in Japan
Authors: Kombe Grace Emmanuel , Almasi Jumaa Tram , Kato Yoko , Liew Boon Seng
Published: July 2024

Shortage of physicians/doctors in the primary health care system has been evidenced in various countries. Among other things, these countries deployed nurse practitioners (NPs) in the health care delivery system to address this shortage. Countries in America, Europe, and Asia use NPs to address physicians/doctors shortage in the primary health care delivery systems. Various studies have shown that NPs have been deployed in primary health care facilities to curb these shortages.While in Tanzania shortage of physicians/doctors and other health professionals is evidenced in every sector of the health care system, nurses play a crucial role to cover this shortage by providing care and support for individuals and communities. Nurses work in various settings from being a nurse, counselor, laboratory technologist, social worker, educationist, and physician, to name a few. Nurses play a key role in preventing, diagnosing, and attending to common health problems. The question is, “When will the Tanzanian health delivery system recognize the pivotal role of these nurses and upgrade them to NPs?” This study suggests that deployment of NPs in Tanzania's health care systems could be a “game changer.” As a fellow on Critical Care Nursing Course at Fujita Health University Bantane Hospital in Japan, witnessed deployment of NPs in health care delivery and the reaped benefits are enormous; increased access to health care services, reduction in health care costs, reduced hospital stays, and customer satisfaction through client empowerment and comfort. This is an observational study of tasks performed by NPs in Fujita Health University Bantane Hospital and their relevance as a positive innovation to curb physician shortages for effective health care delivery. The duration of the study at Bantane Hospital was 2 months from January 15 to March 16, 2024. One-to-one interviews with NPs on duty were conducted. Also, collected and reviewed information from Tanzanian government Web sites, published government documents, and academic literature. Results show that NPs perform a lot of procedures that physicians/doctors were supposed to do. In the wards, theater, laboratories, and clinics, they play a pivotal role to curb shortage of physicians/doctors in health settings. NPs are an effective addition to medical facilities. They perform various procedures in the absence of the doctors. The findings from this study have important implications for improving health care delivery in Tanzania. NPs could be “game changers” in the health care landscape in Tanzania. Investment on nurses' education, proper training, and policy changes in nurse practice regulations are key for this to succeed.
Does higher vocational education matter for rural revitalization? Evidence from China
Authors: Wang Mei , Zheng Yifan , Ma Shaojun , Lu Jun
Published: July 2024

The association between higher vocational education and rural revitalization is an essential economic and social issue, especially in a country with a large population and a developing education system like China. This study uses panel data from 30 provinces in China from 2007 to 2020 to explore the association between higher vocational education and rural revitalization. The empirical results show that, at the national level, both the scale and the quality of higher vocational education significantly promote rural revitalization; the effects of higher vocational education on rural revitalization vary by region: in the eastern and central regions, the scale of higher vocational education significantly promotes rural revitalization, while in the western regions, the quality of higher vocational education significantly promotes rural revitalization; the scale of higher vocational education has a positive spatial spillover effect on rural revitalization, while the quality of higher vocational education only has a significant positive effect on the local level of rural revitalization. Furthermore, the effects of higher vocational education on rural revitalization exhibit a threshold effect based on the economic development level and the urban-rural income gap. This study reveals relationships between higher vocational education and rural revitalization, providing references for policymakers and investors.
Defining faces, defying borders: authority conflicts between medical specialties through cosmetic interventions
Authors: Ergur A. , Akkaya B. , Saral C.
Published: July 2024

At first glance, medical specializations seem to be delineated according to well-defined scientific criteria; the apparently-functional division of labor generates a general hierarchy of specialized knowledge and practice. However, this unequal apportionment of professional power and authority also depends on capitalistic organization. While the medical rationale has always been market-related, starting in the 1980s—with the initiation of its neoliberal agenda—Turkey has enacted progressively aggressive policies, privatizing healthcare service and reconceptualizing it as a dynamic market, thereby forming a medical ethos entangled with neoliberal motifs. In this article, we analyzed how unregulated market conditions give rise to a chaotic scientific field, and how this apparent disorder serves to reproduce an underlying capitalistic logic. Of the multitude of human body parts, we choose the face, because it has become a hot zone in medicine as cosmetic demands from patients have skyrocketed, and because it is an area generating conflict between medical specialties seeking more authority and power. To this end, we interviewed thirty-three specialists from dermatology, otorhinolaryngology, and plastic surgery about their experiences on authority conflicts and their motivations for entering into an unregulated market. Our research highlights how actors in the medical field constitute a relational social context within which boundaries are fiercely negotiated through a market logic. Thereafter, we argue how the ambiguities of pathology, aesthetics, body, and norms that underlie cosmetic procedures are fluidized and become instruments of power, such that this ambiguity has become the very defining characteristic of the scientific field.
A deep learning approach to fast analysis of collective Thomson scattering spectra
Authors: Pokornik M. , Higginson D. P. , Swadling G. , Larson D. , Moczulski K. , Pollock B. , Tubman E. , Tzeferacos P. , Park H. S. , Beg F. , Arefiev A. , Manuel M.
Published: July 2024

Fast analysis of collective Thomson scattering ion acoustic wave features using a deep convolutional neural network model is presented. The network was trained from spectra to predict the plasma parameters, including ion velocities, population fractions, and ion and electron temperatures. A fully kinetic particle-in-cell simulation was used to model a laboratory astrophysics experiment and simulate a diagnostic image of the ion acoustic wave feature. Network predictions were compared with Bayesian inference of the plasma model parameters for both the simulated and experimentally measured images. Both approaches were fairly accurate predicting the simulated image and the network predictions matched a good portion of the Bayesian results for the experimentally measured image. The Bayesian approach is more robust to noise and motivates future work to train deep learning models with realistic noise. The advantage of the deep learning model is making thousands of predictions in a few hundred milliseconds, compared to a few seconds to minutes per prediction for the optimization and Bayesian approaches presented here. The results demonstrate promising capabilities of deep learning models to analyze Thomson data orders of magnitude faster than conventional methods when using the neural network for standalone analysis. If more rigorous analysis is needed, neural network predictions can be used to quickly initialize other optimization methods and increase chances of success. This is especially useful when the dataset becomes very large or highly dimensional and manually refining initial conditions for the entire dataset are no longer tractable.
Absolute energy-dependent scintillating screen calibration for real-time detection of laser-accelerated proton bunches
Authors: Schilz J. D. , Bodenstein E. , Brack F.-E. , Horst F. , Irman A. , Kroll F. , Pawelke J. , Prencipe I. , Rehwald M. , Reimold M. , Schöbel S. , Schramm U. , Zeil K. , Metzkes-Ng J.
Published: July 2024

Laser-plasma accelerators (LPAs) can deliver pico- to nanosecond long proton bunches with ≳100 nC of charge dispersed over a broad energy spectrum. Increasing the repetition rates of today’s LPAs is a necessity for their practical application. This, however, creates a need for real-time proton bunch diagnostics. Scintillating screens are one detector solution commonly applied in the field of electron LPAs for spatially resolved particle and radiation detection. Yet their establishment for LPA proton detection is only slowly taking off, also due to the lack of available calibrations. In this paper, we present an absolute proton number calibration for the scintillating screen type DRZ High (Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Düsseldorf, Germany), one of the most sensitive screens according to calibrations for relativistic electrons and x rays. The presented absolute light yield calibration shows an uncertainty of the proton number of 10% and can seamlessly be applied at other LPA facilities. For proton irradiation of the DRZ High screen, we find an increase in light yield of >60% compared to reference calibration data for relativistic electrons. Moreover, we investigate the scintillating screen light yield dependence on proton energy since many types of scintillators (e.g., plastic, liquid, and inorganic) show a reduced light yield for increased local energy deposition densities, an effect termed ionization quenching. The ionization quenching can reduce the light yield for low-energy protons by up to ∼20%. This work provides all necessary data for absolute spectral measurements of LPA protons with DRZ High scintillating screens, e.g., when used in the commonly applied Thomson parabola spectrometers.
Nonlinear evolution of driven ion acoustic waves in plasmas with super-Gaussian electron velocity distributions: Fluid vs particle-in-cell simulations
Authors: Guo Zhi-Jian , Zhuo Hong-Bin , Li Ming-Qiang , Zheng Yu-Jia , Li Ran , Zhou Cang-Tao
Published: July 2024

The nonlinear evolution of driven ion acoustic waves (IAWs) in plasmas with super-Gaussian electron distribution functions (EDFs) is numerically investigated by one-dimensional fluid and particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. The IAW nonlinearities observed by fluid simulation show significant differences in thermal and nonthermal plasmas. It is noted that for the same fundamental potential amplitude, the harmonic and the nonlinear frequency shift are smaller in plasmas having super-Gaussian distribution as compared to Maxwellian distribution. A frequency mismatch between the driver frequency and the plasma linear response frequency has been introduced in fluid simulations to model the kinetic effect. The occurrence of each type of instability is clarified as a function of the sign and size of the frequency mismatch. The kinetic effect of particle trapping-induced nonlinear frequency shift is calculated for super-Gaussian EDFs. The PIC simulation revealed that trapped electrons can play a contrary role as trapped ions on IAW two-ion decay instabilities, which is consistent with fluid simulations.
Design and analysis of dudded fuel experiments at the National Ignition Facility
Authors: Christopherson A. R. , Schlossberg D. , MacLaren S. , Weber C. , Zylstra A. , Hurricane O. A. , Kritcher A. , Hinkel D. , Spears B. K. , Pak A. , Nora R. , Kustowski B. , Baker K. , Milovich J. , Munro D. , Clark D. , Sepke S. , Shroeder C. , Bhandarkar S. , Sater J. , Casey D. T. , Moore A. , Hartouni E. , Landen O. L.
Published: July 2024

Recent experiments conducted at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) within the past 2 years have achieved the burning plasma state and exceeded the Lawson criterion for the first time in the laboratory. Here, we report on a set of experiments where the deuterium and tritium (DT) ice layers were replaced with dudded tritium, hydrogen, and deuterium (THD) fuel mixtures to remove the influence of alpha-heating on hot spot dynamics. The hot spot compression and yield in the absence of alpha particle self-heating were measured to assess the proximity of NIF implosions toward the ignition cliff. We find that the “burn-off” Lawson parameters χnoα inferred from the THD experiments are in good agreement with the inferences from postshot simulations of the DT-layered implosions. The THD for burning plasma shot N210307 yielded χnoα≈0.88±0.03 while the THD for ignition shot N210808 yielded χnoα≈1.04±0.04. These results also provide important context for the observed variability in the repeat attempts of ignition shot N210808 since implosions on the ignition cliff are expected to exhibit very large variations in the fusion yield from small changes in the initial conditions.
Verification of lifetime and mechanical load aspects for ITER diagnostic pressure gauges based on ZrC emitter
Authors: Meister H. , Mackel F. , Andrew P. , Perez J. , Valente P. , Walach U.
Published: July 2024

Hot cathode ionization gauges will measure the neutral gas pressure in the vacuum vessel of ITER. Overall, 52 gauge heads based on the concept of the ASDEX pressure gauge but using novel ZrC emitters are located in the divertor, in equatorial ports and in pumping ducts. The initial lifetime tests of the novel gauge design have raised the concern that the pyrolytic graphite used to indirectly heat the ceramic ZrC emitter erodes too fast during operation. This effect might limit the lifetime of the gauges below the limits acceptable according to the inherent availability (ignoring operational delays) requirement of 99.8% for the diagnostic system over the lifetime of ITER. Long term operation tests have been performed using 0.1 mm thick W, Ir, and Mo foils as an interlayer between the pyrolytic graphite and the ZrC within a constant atmosphere of 20 Pa H2. The longest lifetime of 860 h has been achieved with the Ir foil. Subsequent vibration tests applying accelerations on a shaker with magnitudes typical for seismic and ITER disruption loads demonstrated that the emitter can survive such demanding loads even after far-progressed erosion of the pyrolytic graphite. Additional ON/OFF cycle tests demonstrated that the gauge is still fully operational. In combination with a revision and consolidation of the operational plan and the reliability, accessibility, maintainability, and inspectability (RAMI) analysis, ITER’s inherent availability requirement for the diagnostic system could be demonstrated successfully.
Metal–water interface formation: Thermodynamics from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Domínguez-Flores Fabiola , Kiljunen Toni , Groß Axel , Sakong Sung , Melander Marko M.
Published: July 2024

Metal–water interfaces are central to many electrochemical, (electro)catalytic, and materials science processes and systems. However, our current understanding of their thermodynamic properties is limited by the scarcity of accurate experimental and computational data and procedures. In this work, thermodynamic quantities for metal–water interface formation are computed for a range of FCC(111) surfaces (Pd, Pt, Au, Ag, Rh, and PdAu) through extensive density functional theory based molecular dynamics and the two-phase entropy model. We show that metal–water interface formation is thermodynamically favorable and that most metal surfaces studied in this work are completely wettable, i.e., have contact angles of zero. Interfacial water has higher entropy than bulk water due to the increased population of low-frequency translational modes. The entropic contributions also correlate with the orientational water density, and the highest solvation entropies are observed for interfaces with a moderately ordered first water layer; the entropic contributions account for up to ∼25% of the formation free energy. Water adsorption energy correlates with the water orientation and structure and is found to be a good descriptor of the internal energy part of the interface formation free energy, but it alone cannot satisfactorily explain the interfacial thermodynamics; the interface formation is driven by the competition between energetic and entropic contributions. The obtained results and insight can be used to develop, parameterize, and benchmark theoretical and computational methods for studying metal–water interfaces. Overall, our study yields benchmark-quality data and fundamental insight into the thermodynamic forces driving metal–water interface formation.
Research on the load characteristics of deep water explosions near curved boundaries
Authors: Luo Xiao , Huang Xiao , Zhong Zi-Xian , Hu Hai-Bao , Chen Xiao-Peng
Published: July 2024

The swift advancement of underwater weaponry has thrust deep water explosions into the spotlight as a strategic asset. This study endeavors to delve into the load dynamics of deep water explosions in proximity to curved boundaries, elucidating the behaviors of shock waves, bubble movement, and jet load transmission. Employing the structured arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian method, we construct a coupled fluid–structure interaction model to replicate the propagation of loads during deep water explosions. Subsequently, we examine the dynamic behavior of bubbles generated by deep-water explosions near curved boundaries, elucidating the impact of water depth and detonation distance on their non-spherical motion. Finally, we consolidate the load patterns of bubble jets near curved boundaries across diverse scenarios. Our findings reveal that deep-water explosion loads are affected by variables including water depth, detonation distance, and boundary conditions, displaying a discernible pattern and complexity. The presence of curved boundaries amplifies the intensity of shock waves, leading to a reduction in bubble radius, a shortened cycle, and alterations in bubble collapse dynamics.
Demarcating rights in divided social worlds
Authors: Cordero Rodrigo , Frei Raimundo
Published: July 2024

This article outlines a framework for studying practices of boundary-making as pivotal to the various ways in which “rights” become objects of contention and sources of narrativization in contemporary constitutional democracies. Firstly, we reconsider the dynamics of boundary-making that underline polarization by drawing on the notion of “moral economy”. This concept is well-suited for making sense of how social groups draw lines of demarcation through the appropriation, circulation, and confrontation of values and emotions. However, we argue that the concept must be enriched by acknowledging the generative role of narratives. Hence, we introduce the notion of “narrative boundaries” for comprehending how moral economies are produced by storytelling practices. Based on this, we explore the paradoxical moral economy of constitutional struggles. While the discourse of rights pursues modes of inclusion, the struggles over their demarcation often result in narratives that build fences that reinforce the division between almost irreconcilable normative worlds.
Reverberations
Authors: Burnyeat Gwen
Published: July 2024

In the Colombian peace referendum, the 2016 accord with the FARC guerrilla, which sought to end fifty years of
war, was rejected by 50.2% of voters. The referendum created new identity divides between ‘Yes’ and ‘No’ voters, product of
political “narrative wars” which intersected with myriad pre-existing divisions: between left and right, urban and rural, rich and
poor; and between interpretations of the conflict’s history. This article draws insights from the anthropology of politics
together with polarisation studies to analyse the way that national politics like referendums affect and (re-)shape political
identity boundaries. It uses the story of Camilo, a right-wing cattle-rancher from the conflict-torn region of Urabá who tries to
build bridges across political divides, to conceptualise the way that national narratives ripple through different storied
contexts as “reverberations” that act on the everyday lived experiences of identity boundaries.
Frequency-domain computing using nonlinear acoustic-wave device on lithium niobate
Authors: chai mingzhao
Published: July 2024

Multiply-accumulation are crucial computing operations in signal processing, numerical simulations, and machine learning. In recent years, optical analog approaches have demonstrated higher computing performance and better power efficiency than their digital counterparts. However, analog computing chips usually need large areas and complex structures for parallel computing, as a single device element only executes one computing operation at a single time. Here, we demonstrate frequency-domain computing using the nonlinear acoustic-wave devices on lithium niobate, featuring a normalized external second-harmonic generation conversion efficiency of ~ 5.7 × 10-4 W-1. The second-order sum-frequency nonlinear process of lithium niobate enables multiplication of inputs encoded in the frequency domain. Compared to the analog schemes, our device features a notably simpler design, and nanofabrication requires only one lift-off. Using a single acoustic-wave device within an area of 0.03 mm2, we can simultaneously conduct over 130,000 multiply-accumulation operations. Our acoustic-wave device shows applications in real and complex vector convolutions and image processing. This demonstration sets the stage for experimental realizations into frequency-domain integrated nonlinear acoustic computing systems, potentially shaping future developments in acoustic neural networks and quantum computing.
Field tuning Kitaev systems for spin fractionalization and topological order
Authors: Das J , Kundu S , Kumar A , Tripathi V
Published: July 2024

The honeycomb Kitaev model describes a Z
2 spin liquid with topological order and fractionalized excitations consisting of gapped π-fluxes and free Majorana fermions. Competing interactions, even when not very strong, are known to destabilize the Kitaev spin liquid. Magnetic fields are a convenient parameter for tuning between different phases of the Kitaev systems, and have even been investigated for potentially counteracting the effects of other destabilizing interactions leading to a revival of the topological phase. Here we review the progress in understanding the effects of magnetic fields on some of the perturbed Kitaev systems, particularly on fractionalization and topological order.
Initial point positioning of weld seam and robot pose estimation based on binocular vision
Authors: Ye Jinsheng , Yao Xifan , Ran Guangjun , Ou Shuhui
Published: July 2024

In order to rapidly identify and locate the weld seam initial point in robotic automated welding, we established a binocular vision system and proposed a weld seam initial point localization algorithm named WIPL-Net. Built upon the Fully Convolutional One-Stage object detection network, WIPL-Net introduces a lightweight ResNext as its backbone network and incorporates channel attention and enhanced feature fusion mechanisms to enhance feature detection and extraction capabilities. Subsequently, WIPL-Net is utilized to obtain the weld seam’s initial point, and its three-dimensional coordinates are determined through trigonometric measurements. To further estimate the robot’s posture at the initial point, we performed sparse three-dimensional reconstruction of the local region centered on the weld seam initial point based on You Only Look At Coefficients of Tensors instance segmentation and feature point matching. Finally, we conducted comparative experiments on WIPL-Net and conducted weld seam initial point localization experiments in real welding scenarios. The results demonstrate that our proposed method achieves a positioning error of less than 1.2 mm for the weld seam’s initial point and a pose error of less than 10 degrees for the robot, meeting the requirement for real-time positioning of the weld seam’s initial point.
Comparative microstructural analysis of V2O5 nanoparticles via x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique
Authors: Ranu Rupin , Kadam S L , Gade V K , Desarada Sachin V , Yewale M A , Chavan Kalyan B
Published: July 2024

Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanoparticles exhibit diverse properties and have been studied for a wide range of applications, including energy storage, catalysis, environmental remediation, and material enhancement. In this work, we have reported the synthesis of vanadium pentaoxide (V2O5) nanoparticles using hydrothermal method. Ammonium metavanadate (NH4VO3) was used as a source of vanadium. These syntheses were carried out at four different concentrations of vanadium source. The hydrothermal reaction was conducted at a temperature of 180 °C for a duration of 24 hours, followed by an additional 24 hours period of natural cooling. Four samples were annealed in air using a muffle furnace at 500 °C for five hours. The x-ray diffraction technique was used to study the structural aspects. A comparative analysis of the microstructure was conducted utilizing the Scherrer method, the Williamson–Hall method and its various models, size-strain analysis, and the Halder–Wagner method. The crystallite size and microstrain were determined using these distinct methods, revealing a systematic correlation between the crystallite size and microstrain obtained through the different techniques.
Experimental study on mechanical transfer regularity and step distance of individuals under different collision impulse
Authors: Shen Liangchang , Huang Haiyang , Song Yushan , Weng Wenguo
Published: July 2024

In the process of emergency evacuation, the fall of an individual may lead to the instability of surrounding pedestrians. The evacuation routes would be obstructed by fallen pedestrians, thereby diminishing the evacuation efficiency and increasing the overall crowd risk. The purpose of this study is to explore the balance-recovery process of pedestrians under collision. The study conducted a series of experiments to obtain the total step distance and number of steps taken by individuals during the balance-recovery process under different impulses. The impulse applied by the unstable individual to the obstacle ahead for balance recovery was also measured. The gait characteristics and mechanical principles of the individuals in the balance-recovery process after collision force were analyzed. The results indicate that individuals can recover balance within a 90 cm step distance if the impulse received is in the range of 20–160 N s. The relationship between the step distance of an individual and the impulse received can be expressed as a quadratic function. When stepping is prohibited, the impulse applied by the individual to the obstacle ahead is approximately 1.85 times the impulse he received. However, if stepping is allowed, the dispersion of the impulse applied to the obstacle gradually decreases with increasing step space. Additionally, logistic regression models were constructed to calculate individual instability probabilities for different conditions based on the experimental data. These results can serve as a foundation method for evaluating the individual and group instability risk during emergency evacuation scenarios.