bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The international sharing of returnable library materials
Authors: Massie Dennis
Published: July 2002

Discusses how costs and risks involved with shipping returnable ILL materials across national boundaries act as major barriers to scholarship. Describes recent efforts by members of the Research Libraries Group’s SHARES programme to study and overcome these barriers. Suggests some actions that could result in the international sharing of valuable “research objects” becoming routine.
End‐user document supply or who needs an interlibrary loans service? A special library’s perspective
Authors: Chambers Janice
Published: July 2002

Increasingly, services that were the preserve of the “traditional” library are being made more available to the end‐user. Many information suppliers are specifically targeting end‐users and offering them direct document access, retrieval and delivery. Where does this leave the information service? This paper outlines some recent developments in end‐user document supply and discusses advantages and disadvantages from both the user’s and the information professional’s point of view, relating in particular to the situation in the author’s own library. A number of services offering end‐user document supply are described. The changing role of the information professional in response to new developments is discussed and a compromise solution proposed whereby new technologies can be harnessed for end‐user benefit while at the same time still employing the added‐value that an information service can offer.
Application of stress smoothing methods to a finite element pile driving analysis
Authors: Liyanapathirana D.S. , Deeks A.J. , Randolph M.F.
Published: July 2002

In finite element analysis of pile driving, the nodes of the finite element mesh are the most important locations for output stresses. Especially at the pile‐soil interface, it is essential to obtain accurate nodal stresses. Several global and local stress smoothing methods available in the literature were reviewed and examined. Global methods are found to be computationally expensive, so results obtained from several local stress smoothing methods are compared. It is shown that accurate nodal stresses can be obtained by approximating the stress distribution inside four‐element patches by a polynomial with order equal to the order of the shape functions. Equally good results can be obtained by approximating the stress distribution inside each element by a bilinear surface. When a method taking into account both equilibrium and boundary conditions was applied, a set of ill‐conditioned matrices was produced for the four‐element patches. Such methods are therefore not recommended.
Alternative lower bounds analysis of elastic thin shells of revolution
Authors: Mutoh Itaru , Kato Shiro , Chiba Y.
Published: July 2002

Presents an alternative lower bound to the elastic buckling collapse of thin shells of revolution, in comparison with results from geometrically non‐linear elastic analysis. The numerical finite element method is based on axisymmetric rotational shell elements whose strain‐displacement relations are described by Koiter’s small finite deflection theory, with displacements expanded circumferentially using a Fourier series. First, compares the reduced stiffness linear analysis, based on the buckling equation without incremental linear in‐plane energy components corresponding to the lowest eigenmode (for a particular cylindrical shell under external pressure), with the results obtained by Batista and Croll. Second, the non‐linear astatic (quasi‐static) elastic analysis to clamped spherical caps under uniform external pressure is carried out in order to compare the results from a reduced stiffness analysis from viewpoints of not only buckling loads, but also total potential energy. Argues that the astatic buckling loads may relate to reductions due to a specific imperfection effect on elastic buckling collapses.
Predicted natural frequencies of two‐dimensional elastodynamic problems: a practical error estimator
Authors: Zhao Chongbin , Steven G.P.
Published: July 2002

Based on the asymptotic solution for predicted natural frequencies of a two‐dimensional elastodynamic problem from the finite element analysis, presents the concept of the asymptotic error, which is an approximate error but tends to the exact error when the characteristic length of elements approaches zero, and a practical error estimator. The present practical error estimator contains two criteria: one is the error estimator criterion, the other the finite element mesh design criterion. Using this practical error estimator, not only can the accuracy of a finite element solution for natural frequencies of a two‐dimensional elastodynamic problem be directly evaluated without any further finite element calculation, but also a new target finite element mesh for the desired accuracy of solution can be immediately designed from the relevant information of an original finite element solution. Generally, for the purpose of designing a new target finite element mesh, this original finite element solution is obtainable from a very coarse mesh of a few elements and usually does not satisfy the accuracy requirement. Since the new target finite element mesh could result in a finite element solution with a desire accuracy, the finite element solution so obtained can be used for a structural design in engineering practice. The related numerical results from vibration problems of three representative plates of different shapes under plane stress conditions have demonstrated the correctness and applicability of the present practical error estimator.
Three‐dimensional finite element simulation of creep deformation in rock salt
Authors: Weatherby J.R. , Munson D.E. , Argüello J.G.
Published: July 2002

Describes a set of numerical techniques which implement the rate‐dependent multi‐mechanism deformation (M‐D) constitutive model for rock salt in a finite element code for use in three‐dimensional, finite strain simulations of creep closure in deeply buried salt excavations. Presents essential details of the numerical implementation. The constitutive model is exercised in a three‐dimensional closure simulation of a large underground field experiment. Compares results from the simulation against actual closure measurements taken from the experiment.
On the increase of computational algorithm efficiency for elasto‐plastic shell analysis
Authors: Sorić J. , Montag U. , Krätzig W.B.
Published: July 2002

Presents a robust and unconditionally stable return‐mapping algorithm based on the discrete counterpart of the principle of maximum plastic dissipation. Develops the explicit expression for the consistent elasto‐plastic tangent modulus. All expressions are derived via tensor formulation showing the advantage over the classical matrix notation. The integration algorithm is implemented in the formulation of the four‐node isoparametric assumed‐strain finite‐rotation shell element employing the Mindlin‐Reissner‐type shell model. By applying the layered model, plastic zones can be displayed through the shell thickness. Material non‐linearity described by the von Mises yield criterion and isotropic hardening is combined with a geometrically non‐linear response assuming finite rotations. Numerical examples illustrate the efficiency of the present formulation in conjunction with the standard Newton iteration approach, in which no line search procedures are required. Demonstrates the excellent performance of the algorithm for large time respective load steps.
Intersection curves of surfaces
Authors: Stelzer J.F.
Published: July 2002

Deals with the development of algorithms to calculate the penetration curves of intersecting bodies. Although starting from ideas of a finite element environment where such procedures can be very helpful when generating complicated meshes, the algorithms also cover requirements of the describing geometry or computer graphics.
On the finite element implementation of rubber‐like materials at finite strains
Authors: Kaliske M. , Rothert H.
Published: July 2002

Derives a formulation for spatial stress tensors and spatial material tensors of hyperelastic material. Looks at a class of materials with the strain energy function decomposed into a volumetric and a deviatoric part. Separate terms formulate the strain energy with respect to the invariants of the left Cauchy‐Green tensor. Stress and material tensors, which play a crucial role in the solution process of the finite element formulation, are derived solely in the current configuration. Applies the described framework to several different constitutive models based on phenomenologically and physically motivated material descriptions. Proposes a formulation for the finite element implementation of van der Waals material. Compares numerical results with experimental investigations given in the literature. For three‐dimensional finite element computations standard elements and mixed elements, based on a three‐field variational principle where displacements, the hydrostatic pressure and the dilatations are independent variables, are used.
On elasto‐plastic finite element analysis of some frictional contact problems with large sliding
Authors: Ling Wenhua , Stolarski Henryk K.
Published: July 2002

Some frictional contact problems are characterized by significant variations in the location and size of the contact area occurring in the process of deformation. When this feature is combined with strongly non‐linear, path‐dependent material behaviour, difficulties with convergence of the typically used iterative processes can be encountered. Demonstrates this by analysis of press‐fit connection, a typical problem in which both of those characteristics can be present. Offers an explanation as to the possible source of those difficulties. Suggests in support of this explanation, two simple modifications of the usual iterative schemes. In spite of their simplicity, they are found to be more robust than those usual schemes which are normally used in numerical analysis of similar problems.
Finite element methods and material processing technology, an addendum (1994‐1996)
Authors: Mackerle Jaroslav
Published: July 2002

This paper gives a review of the finite element techniques (FE) applied in the area of material processing. The latest trends in metal forming, non‐metal forming, powder metallurgy and composite material processing are briefly discussed. The range of applications of finite elements on these subjects is extremely wide and cannot be presented in a single paper; therefore the aim of the paper is to give FE researchers/users only an encyclopaedic view of the different possibilities that exist today in the various fields mentioned above. An appendix included at the end of the paper presents a bibliography on finite element applications in material processing for 1994‐1996, where 1,370 references are listed. This bibliography is an updating of the paper written by Brannberg and Mackerle which has been published in Engineering Computations, Vol. 11 No. 5, 1994, pp. 413‐55.
A boundary element method for three‐dimensional elastoplastic problems
Authors: Cisilino A.P. , Aliabadi M.H.
Published: July 2002

An efficient boundary element method (BEM) formulation for three‐dimensional elastoplasticity is presented in this paper. The BEM formulation for nonlinear problems requires discretization of the surface as well as part of the volume. In this paper nine‐noded quadrilateral elements are used for modelling the surface and 27‐noded brick elements for the volume. Particular attention is paid to the accurate evaluation of the Cauchy principal value volume integrals appearing in the interior stress calculations. An explicit initial strain formulation is used to satisfy the non‐linearity. The accuracy of the proposed method is demonstrated by solving a number of benchmark problems.
An algorithm for domain partitioning with load balancing
Authors: Nikishkov G.P. , Makinouchi A. , Yagawa G. , Yoshimura S.
Published: July 2002

An algorithm for domain partitioning with iterative load balancing is presented. A recursive graph labeling scheme is used to distribute elements among subdomains at each iteration. Both graph distance information and information about neighbor vertices are employed during the labeling process. Element quantities for balanced subdomains are predicted, solving the algebraic load balancing problem after each iteration. The same graph labeling scheme with slight modifications is applied to node renumbering inside subdomains. The proposed algorithm is especially suitable for load balancing when a direct method is used for subdomain condensation and the evaluation of cost function is time consuming. Several examples of optimized partitioning of irregular and regular meshes show that load balancing can be achieved with one to three iterations.
A design algorithm for the optimization of laminated composite structures
Authors: Spallino Roberto , Giambanco Giuseppe , Rizzo Santi
Published: July 2002

This paper is devoted to the optimal design of laminated composite structures. The goal of the study is to assess the quality and the performance of an algorithm based on the directional derivative method. Particular attention is paid to the one‐dimensional search, a critical step of the process, performed by cubic splines approximation. The optimization problem is formulated as weight minimization, under constraints on the mechanical behavior of the structure. The assumed design variables are the ply thicknesses, treated as continuous design variables, constrained by technological requirements. The structural analysis is performed making use of quadrilateral four‐node composite elements, based on the first order shear deformation theory. The algorithm is applied to the optimization of a rectangular laminated plate. The results obtained are compared with those obtained by other similar studies and show the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed approach.
Implicit dynamic analysis of VE‐damped structures using Maxwell parallel systems
Authors: Aprile Alessandra , Benedetti Andrea
Published: July 2002

A direct integration method for the dynamic analysis of structures equipped with viscoelastic dampers (VED) is presented in this paper. The constitutive model of the damper is set using a system of Maxwell elements composed in parallel (MPS); the evolutive behavior of the VE material is accounted for by introducing temperature‐dependent mechanical properties. The solution procedure follows an incremental approach of implicit type that, by means of a discrete‐time formulation of the problem, allows expression of the damping force discretization in a form suitable to be included in a standard integration scheme. The resulting algorithm is proved to be very effective and robust; the distinctive features of the proposed numerical method suggest the possibility of a successful implementation of an MPS procedure in the frame of a standard finite element code.
Optimal distributed control of transverse vibration of a plate
Authors: Bazezew A. , Bruch J.C. , Sloss J.M.
Published: July 2002

Distributed control is an effective method for controlling and suppressing excessive vibrations of continuous systems. Optimal distributed control for a plate problem is solved utilizing a maximum principle after the introduction of a quadratic index of performance in terms of displacement, velocity and a control force as well as an adjoint variable. The problem is reduced to solving a system of partial differential equations for the state variable and the adjoint variable subjected to boundary, initial and terminal conditions. A numerical algorithm is presented to solve the optimal distributed control problem in the space‐time domain which reduces the computational effort required to solve the initial‐terminal‐boundary value problem. Results obtained for a simply supported, rectangular, thin plate are also presented.
Internal relationship marketing: a strategy for knowledge renewal
Authors: Ballantyne David
Published: July 2002

A retail banking case study published in this journal ten years ago described a method for inviting staff involvement in customer service improvement. In this article, the author has reinterpreted the case as an archetypal example of internal marketing for generating and circulating staff knowledge through a network of voluntary internal relationships. First, a typology for making sense of conflicting concepts in the internal marketing literature is provided. Second, the author returns to the case data to suggest an integrated theoretical framework for internal marketing that links the parallel but distinctive traditions of relationship marketing and the markets‐as‐networks approach of the International Marketing and Purchasing (IMP) Group. Third, internal marketing is defined as a relationship development strategy for the purpose of knowledge renewal. Finally, the implications for management are examined.
Perceptions of relationship marketing among account managers of commercial banks in a Chinese environment
Authors: Lai Man So Stella , Speece Mark W.
Published: July 2002

Relationship marketing is widely regarded as effective in developing competitive advantage. But views on exactly what activities constitute relationship marketing may differ in various cultural settings. In‐depth interviews with account managers in commercial banks in Hong Kong yielded a list of activities considered critical to building relationships. In a following survey, account managers in Asian banks rated the importance of the various social activities higher than did account managers in Western banks, although all respondents were ethnic Chinese. The Western banks rated business activities more important than did the Asian banks. Factor analysis shows that managers in Western banks perceive dimensions of business activities consistent with recent thinking about relationship marketing. Respondents in the Asian banks do not view social activities and business activities to be distinct, nor do they distinguish strongly differentiated dimensions of business activity elements.
The use of visual card sorting technique to study managers’ belief structure – An international comparative study
Authors: Budhwar Pawan
Published: July 2002

Considering the ever increasing interest of researchers in the study of managerial cognitions, this paper details the what, why and how of visual cards sorting (VCS) technique. Recently, this technique has been successfully adopted to examine managerial cognitions. VCS is an interview‐based approach and helps to highlight how individuals (managers) categorise concepts within a particular knowledge domain. To show the operationalisation of this methodology, results from a recent research conducted in 48 closely matched manufacturing (24 each in Indian and British) firms are presented. The VCS technique helped to glean out the main differences and similarities in the thinking of Indian and British managers regarding the influence of different institutions and different aspects of dynamic business environment on their human resource management (HRM) policies and practices. This confirms the context‐specific nature of HRM. The paper also highlights the limitations and issues of validity and reliability of the VCS methodology.
The application of the structure of intellect programme
Authors: Heraty Noreen , Morley Michael J.
Published: July 2002

Using a pre‐test‐post‐test control group experimental research design, this paper seeks to examine the effects of the 20‐week structure of intellect (SOI) training programme on the critical thinking skills of a group of participants in a manufacturing facility in Ireland as measured by both Watson‐Glaser critical thinking skills assessment (CTSA) and Raven’s standard progressive matrices (SPM). The results demonstrate no statistically significant difference in the experimental group pre‐ and post‐test scores on the Watson‐Glaser CTSA, but the results derived from the administration of Raven’s SPM were significant (p = 0.003). As expected, no statistically significant difference was found between the pre‐ and post‐test performance of the control group on either test. A number of possible reasons for the results are advanced.
Nursing managers, transformed or deformed? – A case study in the ideology of competency
Authors: Reedy Patrick , Learmonth Mark
Published: July 2002

Examines the ideological nature of competence‐based approaches to the management training of nurse managers. Explores the transition required from a “clinical” identity to a managerial one. Employs Habermas’ theory of communicative action to analyse the ideological features and to provide a way of reflecting on the nature of the professional identity they are being encouraged to accept. Indicates some further avenues for research.
Visual In‐process Inspection
Authors: Wirth S.W.
Published: July 2002

Baker Hughes INTEQ, a mid‐size manufacturing operation, has successfully developed and implemented an innovative, visual, in‐process inspection programme that can be used on any of the
firm's highly technical products. This method of logical and systematic inspection creates
a reliable, cost‐effective product geared towards today's fast‐paced
manufacturing market, providing an alternative to expensive automated inspection equipment.
This quality system monitors and records the assembly operation while allowing for continuous
improvement to an already tight process control. The first step uses the flowchart method to
teach assembly/inspection personnel a logical process of 100% inspection to replace
random checking of the assembly. The next step introduces self‐inspection by
systematically removing conventional inspection operations over a short period; the results
are faster output, improved first time acceptance rates (less rework), and a higher
quality product. For companies implementing visual in‐process inspection there are a
number of factors to consider: temporary vs permanent employees, employee
attitude, and workmanship standards. Implementation of this programme has been highly
effective, reducing rework costs by approximately $10,000 per month. This paper explains how the visual, in‐process inspection programme was
developed and implemented and how it can be used on any highly technical product. The
programme is designed around a manufacturing cell (work area) concept that gives
‘power to the employees’ and leaves out the ‘traditional’
quality/manufacturing process.
Lead‐free Tin Surface Finish for PCB Assembly
Authors: Melton C. , Fuerhaupter H.
Published: July 2002

The use of lead in electronics assembly operations has come under scrutiny due to health and environmental
concerns associated with lead exposure. Lead is one of the most useful metals in modern
industry; however, lead has the dubious distinction of being one of the most toxic of
metals. Increasingly restrictive government regulations on the use of lead are hastening the search
for feasible alternatives to tin‐lead solder alloys. From an electronics assembly
standpoint, there is a desire to replace lead bearing HASL (hot air solder levelling)
coatings with a metallic, lead‐free alternative. To answer these needs, Motorola have
developed a lead‐free, immersion plating technology for the surface finish of PCB
printed circuit board bond pads. The Motorola development work has focused on the
metallurgical system of tin‐bismuth, which is a simple eutectic system similar to that of
tin‐lead, featuring a minimal number of phases and a wide operating window.
New Base Materials for Future Printed Circuit Boards
Authors: Huschkta M.
Published: July 2002

Higher performance, higher
reliability and low cost are the key requirements for today's and tomorrow's printed
circuit boards for SMT and COB applications. The successful implementation of an improved
FR‐4 system of the second generation will explain how all three can be met.
Are PCB fabricators ready to fabricate MCM‐L technology?
Authors: Aziz R.
Published: July 2002

Since the 1960s, interconnection technology has been dominated by implementations of printed circuit board (PCB) technology. However, in response to the ever increasing demand for higher routing densities and improved electrical performance, this technology has been increasingly challenged by multichip module (MCM) technology and in particular the MCM‐L type. MCM‐L technology is a laminate construction and is basically a further development of PCB technology with two or more bare chips and fine line interconnects. Consequently, it is perceived that the current PCB fabricators are ideally positioned to take the initiative with MCM‐L technology. Reviews the current state of PCB industry and MCM‐L technological (process and material) requirements, within the UK, such that a comparison can be made between the two technologies. Planning, training and investment requirements for new technology implementation are then identified and compared with PCB fabricators’ technological, training, planning and investment capabilities. The shortfalls between MCM‐L fabrication requirements and PCB fabricators capability are identified and discussed.
Optimizing BGA to PCB interconnections using multi‐depth laser drilled blind vias‐in‐pad
Authors: Burgess Larry W. , Pauri Fabrizio
Published: July 2002

Ball grid array (BGA) component packages challenge the circuit board design with signal routing and layout, creating in some cases extra board layers and added vias all resulting in increased costs for the printed circuit board (PCB). As component densities increase and microBGA (μBGA) and other fine pitch components become more common, microvia‐in‐pad technology will ease the transition to these fine pitch components. This paper presents and profiles a cost‐effective solution to interconnecting BGAs on PCBs using laser drilled blind vias connecting the outer three or more layers of a multilayer circuit board. Following a discussion on the design advantages, a comprehensive outline of the PCB fabrication process explores a new procedure for the rapid production of via‐in‐pad multi‐depth blind via laser drilling.
Electronic journals on library and information science
Authors: Singh Jagtar , Rowland Fytton , Meadows Jack
Published: July 2002

Librarians and information workers obviously are interested in electronic journals as a means of providing information to their customers. At the same time, members of the profession are becoming increasingly interested in accessing electronic journals that relate to their own specialist concerns. Looks at well‐established specialist library and information titles which are currently available online. Compares the nature and content of these electronic journals with those of major library and information journals available in printed form. This gives rise to the query whether current differences between printed and electronic journals in terms of content and approach are likely to continue in the future.
US information superhighway: an in‐depth analysis
Authors: Wodzisz Christopher , Lee Sooun , Yen David C.
Published: July 2002

Argues that, although the information superhighway will encounter obstacles on the road to becoming fully implemented, there is enough support for this communication delivery system to make it a part of everyday life in the near future. The information superhighway would link homes, schools, businesses, libraries, governmental agencies and other participants in a vast information network. Such a system could allow users all over the world to access information on just about any topic.
Bibliographic database quality improvement: the experience of a Brazilian university’s library system
Authors: Campos Machado Elisa , Vergueiro Waldomiro
Published: July 2002

Discusses quality improvement, focusing on the development of the database DEDALUS, in the University of São Paulo, Brazil. Compares all the activities used in that institution with the management theories of quality. Submits that there is a correlation between them.
Is there a public library funding crisis?
Authors: De Almeida Caroline
Published: July 2002

Says that, in recent years, public libraries have undergone budget cuts which have affected the services they provide. Shows these cuts have caused the public library service to be thrown into a financial crisis. Contributing to this crisis are local government restructuring with no additional money allocated for the transitionary period and also public libraries ineligibility to compete for national lottery funding. Discusses the standards a public library should have as well as government legislation affecting libraries, especially with regard to lack of funding. Includes two case studies of public libraries in different areas to show the differences in how different types of authority are affected.
Network‐accessible resources and the redefinition of technical services
Authors: Jones Neil
Published: July 2002

States that as use of networks becomes more innovative and widespread in higher education libraries, current approaches to the organization of network‐accessible resources reveal flaws. Moving forward from the recommendations of the Follett Report, and adopting an approach which seeks to redefine conceptually conventional practices and standards the study examines, from a technical services perspective, issues and approaches relating to the development of existing cataloguing rules and practices, and machine‐readable standards, and proposes these standards as the most effective means of enhancing accessibility to electronic resources. Characterizes the current period as one of organizational, technological and conceptual transition, and addresses the broader issue of academic network‐accessibility in the local, regional, national and international context. Additionally, identifies the challenges to and implications for conventional, and future, technical services operations of these trends.
International information cross‐fertilization in marketing ‐ An empirical assessment
Authors: Czinkota Michael R.
Published: July 2002

Global awareness and international information exchange have long been highlighted by academia as a principal component of continued business competitiveness. In order to examine the extent to which academics practise what they preach, key marketing journals in Europe, Japan and the USA were examined to determine the level of international authorship of their content. While the European Journal of Marketing and the Journal of International Marketing were found to have substantial international representation among their authors, most other marketing journals had only limited international input. Recommendations are made on how to increase the international cross‐fertilization of marketing knowledge.
Towards a new approach to understanding service encounters: establishing, learning from and reconciling different views
Authors: Saunders Mark N.K. , Williams Christine S.
Published: July 2002

Reviews traditional measures of service quality. Argues that the constraints imposed by such measures mean that they can do little more than facilitate single loop learning. Outlines and evaluates an alternative generic approach, the template process, which operates within a process consultancy framework. Illustrates the application of the template to understanding service encounters through an exploration of the provision of funding for social housing. Highlights the ability of the template process to enable double loop learning. Discusses the implications of this for learning about service encounters and taking action.
The why and how of effective strategy change: reflections on Thorn Lighting
Authors: Oxtoby Barrie , McGuinness Tony , Morgan Robert E.
Published: July 2002

Presents a case analysis of Thorn Lighting Limited. The focus of discussion is the Spennymoor operations plant in the UK, whose mission is: “To supply the products required by the market, at the lowest possible cost, consistent with meeting our customers’ expectations on quality and delivery”. The plant employs just over 1,000 personnel and, since 1989, has undergone major organizational and cultural change enabling its market share to approximately double. Much of this has been attributed specifically to the close alignment of Thorn’s HR strategy and its overall business strategy, in particular to a cultural shift based on self‐managed teamworking and decentralized line management. The sustained business success being enjoyed by Thorn Lighting at Spennymoor is a powerful indicator of the company’s ability to create conditions for motivating and aligning people behind commercial goals. It has taken a decade, in a competitive market place, for such a strategy to mature.
Assessment centres
Authors: Winter Barry
Published: July 2002

Discusses assessment centres set up during the reorganization of
the National Grid Company after privatization. Assessment centres are
used to evaluate the skills and personal capabilities of employees. This
allows the company to identify future talent, draw up personal
development plans, evaluate training requirements and facilitate
organizational change.
Developing continuing education and training in European
universities
Authors: Thomas Edward J.
Published: July 2002

Useful lessons can be learned by European universities from the
rapidly expanding knowledge of continuing education and training across
the continent. This knowledge will help universities in Europe to
develop their continuing education provisions. In the longer term this
development is likely to lead to major changes within the universities
themselves.
Adapting to change in polymer training
Authors: Manning Brian
Published: July 2002

The British Polymer Training Association is the UK′s leading
industry training body for the plastics and rubber sectors. Once
supported by levies from companies in the polymer industry, it now
operates as an independent company, selling its services in the open
market. Fundamental changes in culture and approach have had to be made,
and BPTA′s well‐equipped Technical Centre at Telford is central to its
successful development. From being a training centre concentrating on
practical, hands‐on technical courses, it is now taking on a new role,
responding directly to the demands of industry, including operating as a
test bed for new techniques and machinery. Process‐specific consultants
spend part of their time training at the centre and the rest in‐company,
problem solving and advising on every aspect of competitiveness and
profitability.
Customer‐focused management development
Authors: Humphreys Paul , McAleer Eddie , Wightman Stephen , Keogh Michael , Manson Bill
Published: July 2002

Many industrial companies have expressed a growing concern over the
quality of managers in manufacturing industry and their ability to adapt
to rapid environmental and technological changes. In addition, it has
been felt that in the UK, the traditional postgraduate management
teaching mechanism tended to be out of date and excessively academic. To
address these shortcomings, what seems to be needed is the development
of postgraduate courses which place more weight on the industrial
experience of the participants. At the same time, it is necessary to
give postgraduate teaching a stronger orientation towards the actual
needs of industry rather than the perceived needs as seen by the
contemporary academic. As a result, companies are now beginning to
investigate alternative approaches to developing the business and
technical skills of their managers. One such approach has been adopted
by a Northern Ireland subsidiary of a multinational corporation in the
aerospace industry. As part of this process, the firm asked the
University of Ulster, in conjunction with the Irish Management
Institute, to provide a programme of developmental support in a
comprehensive range of general management concepts, skills and
techniques.
Transitional training for Lithuanian advisers and consultants
Authors: Roffe Ian
Published: July 2002

The transition of Lithuania from a centrally‐planned economy to a
market system has presented managers of enterprises and their advisers
with a cultural change from dependency and bureaucracy towards more
autonomy and enterprise. Presents a training programme to assist
advisors and consultants which has been developed with Lithuanian
collaborators and synthesized from components of consultancy, enterprise
and learning skills. Examines the context of the programme and the
implications emerging from its delivery.
Using repertory grids in management
Authors: Easterby‐Smith Mark , Thorpe Richard , Holman David
Published: July 2002

It is now 15 years since the Journal of European Industrial Training published its first monograph on repertory grid technique (Volume 4 Number 2, 1980). Since that time many changes have occurred in both the use and the application of grids. Aims to bring the reader up to date with developments which have taken place in the application and analysis of repertory grid technique. Unlike the initial monograph, places greater emphasis on practicalities of completing a grid and the different types of analysis possible than on the applications of the grid. After encouragement from Roger Bennett, among others, this revised and expanded monograph capitalizes on the collaboration of the original author, Mark Easterby‐Smith, with Richard Thorpe and David Holman. Their combined experience of the theory and use of repertory grid technique updates the original monograph.
Management training ‐ are business schools out of touch with their market?
Authors: Sargeant Adrian , Angus Matheson Robin
Published: July 2002

Describes how business schools are currently facing a recruitment crisis. Increased competition and smaller numbers of students have placed many business programmes in jeopardy. Clearly business schools need to get closer to industry and structure their programmes to match the needs of employers if they are to be able to survive into the long term. Reports the findings of research carried out to ascertain the needs of employers in Exeter. A postal survey was undertaken of 400 employers employing over 50 employees on a given site to ascertain in detail the scope and nature of the management training they were currently supporting. Data were also gathered in respect of the attitudes of employers to business schools and the criteria they apply to assist in their selection. Shows that Devonian employers are spending well under half the national average on training and a greater percentage of that training is now undertaken in‐house. Management education continues to be a priority for most businesses although there are mixed perceptions in respect of the most appropriate mode of delivery. Finds that a greater participation with local enterprise is called for, together with the possible adoption of a consortia‐based management programme which would incorporate a greater degree of flexibility to allow employers to “pick and mix” the training they require.
Organizational learning through graduate training programmes: a comparison between Japan and Hong Kong in a Japanese organization
Authors: Wong May M.L.
Published: July 2002

Describes and compares the objectives and content of the graduate training programme conducted in Japan by a Japanese retailer and by its Hong Kong subsidiary. The case company uses different approaches to train the Japanese graduate trainees in Japan and the local graduate trainees in the Hong Kong subsidiary. Like the Japanese female graduate trainees, the local graduate trainees are not expected to work for the company on a long‐term basis; are regarded as peripheral employees; and are not expected to be the primary contributory element for organizational learning within the company. Notes various negative factors related to the training provided at the Hong Kong subsidiary, citing factors such as the fact that it is aimed at meeting short‐term needs rather than long‐term development.
Japanese managers operating in Europe: implications for international management and Japanese secondees
Authors: Kakabadse Andrew , Myers Andrew , Okazaki‐Ward Lola
Published: July 2002

Japan’s advance into Europe over the last ten years or so has been well documented. Through localization, gaining a competitive advantage has been the strategic response of Japanese organizations towards Europeanization. Reports on a survey of some 3,350 executives operating within Europe and Japan. Elicits three types of Japanese management style and describes these as: the policy makers; the business drivers; and the implementors. Analyses and compares with the European responses, the responses from these three groups. Discusses the implications of these management styles for international management. Also considers training and development implications for Japanese secondees which centre on: effective communication; developing quality relationships; problem solving at local level; and preparation for the selected secondee.
Using the red‐blue exercise to facilitate learning transfer: theory and practice
Authors: Maughan Mike , Thornhill Adrian , Maughan Caroline
Published: July 2002

Presents findings from the use of the red‐blue exercise over time which demonstrate the existence of discrepant reasoning in the application of learning. Claims this observation raises issues about the learning process and barriers to learning, and leads to the need for trainers to understand these issues in order to devise strategies to ensure that intended learning outcomes are met as effectively as possible. Uses the theoretical work of Argyris and Schon related to theories of action, distancing and disconnectedness, to explain the outcomes observed. Aims to allow trainers and educators to understand better the broader contextual and cultural aspects which affect the learning outcomes they are seeking to achieve. Discusses the implications for the design and delivery of certain types of training or educational events, and the realization of their learning outcomes.
Enhancing training capacity in a transition economy: the case of the Romanian Institute of Management
Authors: Eldridge Derek
Published: July 2002

Focuses on the development of the Romanian Institute of Management (IROMA) since political and economic liberalization in the country. Describes how IROMA, as the leading provider of training for industry and commerce, has faced up to the change process and built itself as a self‐financing body. Makes an assessment of how IROMA is conducting its new found role, the development of appropriate internal management structures and the performance of its training and consultancy staff. Gives attention to the emergence of a corporate mechanism that allows use of a cost‐centre approach which is client‐based but which can also cope with rampant inflation in the economy. Finally, makes proposals for an institution‐based programme for the development of training and consultancy skills.
Vocational work experience in the hospitality industry: characteristics and strategies
Authors: Mulcahy John D.
Published: July 2002

What is the nature of work experience and how can it be facilitated effectively? In Europe, success (and failure) seems to depend on willingness, understanding and co‐operation. Key strategies include an emphasis on communication and integration, a legal recognition of the importance of training and agreement on the purpose of work experience.
Training and development in the Dutch context: an overture to the knowledge society?
Authors: van Baalen Peter , Hoogendoorn Jacob
Published: July 2002

Recent debate in The Netherlands has raised the question of whether the Dutch economy can meet the requirements of the emerging knowledge society. One of the main requirements will be the establishment of a symbiotic relationship between business systems and the education system. By analysing trends and developments in formal vocational education and corporate training and development over the last two decades we observe some major changes in the formal education system and in corporate training and development. In the formal education system a major transformation has taken place towards an alignment with the business system. In the corporate system we see a rapid growth and expansion in training and development. However, when we look to these developments in greater detail we observe striking differences in growth between sectors, sex, age, prior education and ethnicity. For this reason we conclude that the main challenge for the emerging Dutch knowledge society is to prevent people from being excluded from the expansion in training and development.
Training and development in the Swedish context: structural change and a new paradigm?
Authors: Kjellberg Ylva , Söderström Magnus , Svensson Lennart
Published: July 2002

This paper examines human resource development in Sweden. By way of context, it discusses socio‐cultural conditions, prevailing economic conditions and recent structural changes and employment and flexibility trends in Sweden. It sets down the characteristics of the national education and training system and examines recent policy developments. It presents Swedish data from the Cranet‐E survey in order to paint a picture of training and development practices at organisational level. The implications for employers, employees and government are outlined and the likely future challenges for training and development in Sweden are set down.
Training and business development support for micro businesses in a peripheral area
Authors: Lean Jonathan
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the findings of a project to evaluate training and development support for micro businesses in a peripheral area. Results are based on questionnaire surveys of young micro businesses in Devon and Cornwall plus interviews with both business owner‐managers and training/support providers. They suggest that existing support, both at start‐up and during the post start‐up period, does not adequately address the development needs of micro firms and, more particularly, the needs of the small proportion of micro firms with ambitions to grow. It is concluded that this in part reflects the customer focus of Business Link. Given the important role of micro firms in local economic development in peripheral areas, greater flexibility is required in the way that such businesses are dealt with within the Business Link framework.
How US steel companies are addressing the skill shortages that they meet
Authors: Haddadj Slimane , Besson Dominique
Published: July 2002

The results show that firms in the same industry do not use the same approach in order to solve the skill shortage. Defining three approaches, most firms tend to be oriented toward “contingent action”, “active action” or “passive action”. These orientations are partly explained by the difficulty met by firms doing their business. As only a minority of firms use “active action” to address skill shortage, it appears that most of them cannot react by themselves. They should get some help from the State in order to address the skill shortage.
Training course/program evaluation: principles and practice
Authors: Campbell Clifton P.
Published: July 2002

The results of an evaluation provide the means for decision‐making about whether a course or program accomplished what it was designed and developed to accomplish. A three‐part evaluation schema provides a framework for describing a methodology that facilitates such determinations. Details on how to develop and use trainee reaction forms and opinionnaires are provided along with examples. The use of questionnaires and interview schedules for follow‐up evaluation is discussed and guidelines as well as examples are included. Information on evaluation strategies, including the use of pre‐ and post‐tests, and treatment and control groups, is followed by advice on the analysis and interpretation of data. Provides details on formulating recommendations, developing a plan of action to correct deficiencies, and reporting evaluation results.