bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Data-Driven Decision Making to Select Condition-Based Maintenance Technology
Authors: Carnero-Moya María Carmen
Published: December 2018

Condition-based maintenance (CBM) may be considered an essential part of the Industry 4.0 environment because it can improve production processes through the use of the latest digital technologies. The literature includes a large number of contributions on new techniques for diagnosis, signal treatment, analysis of technical parameters, and prognosis. However, to obtain the expected benefits of a vibration analysis program, it is necessary to choose the instruments and introduction process best suited to the organization, and so guarantee the best results using data-driven decision making in accordance with the needs of Industry 4.0. Despite the importance of these decisions, no relevant models are found in the literature. This contribution describes a fuzzy multicriteria model for choosing the most suitable technology in vibration analysis. The goal is to create a model that is easy for organizations to use, and which reflects the judgements of a number of experts in maintenance and vibration analysis. The model has been applied to a Spanish state-run healthcare organization.
The Implementation of Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (nZEB) in Spain
Authors: Peñalvo-López Elisa , Cárcel-Carrasco Javier , Valcuende-Paya Manuel , Carnero-Moya María Carmen
Published: December 2018

The construction segment is an important economic sector in Europe, representing 9% of European gross domestic product (GDP) and providing approximately 18 million direct jobs. Construction activities that include renovation work and energy retrofits add almost twice as much value as the construction of new buildings, and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) contribute more than 70% of the value added in the EU building sector. Furthermore, European legislation obliges member states to establish minimum energy efficiency requirements for buildings to achieve optimum levels of costs versus energy demand reduction. These requirements are reviewed every five years and represent categories of buildings based on their energy levels (demand and generation). This chapter analyzes the legislation associated to nearly zero energy buildings (nZEB) in Spain in order to identify the factors that will leverage their massive implementation.
Culture and the City
Authors: Massi Marta , Piancatelli Chiara , Pancheri Sonia
Published: December 2018

This chapter focuses on the case of Matera, one of the less developed cities in the South of Italy, known as the “shame of Italy” for many years, which has recently been selected by the Council of European Ministers to be the European Capital of Culture in 2019. Matera 2019 has been chosen to illustrate how arts and culture can be particularly critical drivers of rebranding and repositioning of “tough” cities. The chapter emphasizes how the contribution of the city private and public stakeholders has played a crucial role in the rebranding process. Through in-depth interviews with two of main stakeholders involved in the development of the Matera 2019 concept (i.e., the Director of the Matera 2019 Committee, Paolo Verri, and the Mayor of the city, Raffaello De Ruggieri), this chapter will provide practical insights for arts and culture-based rebranding aimed at repositioning a place that has a reputation of “tough” city.
Enhancing Tourism and Cultural Experience Through Gamification
Authors: Setia Deepanshu , Singh Rupinder , Sharma Amol , Khosla Arun , Ahuja Kiran , Chand Kulbhushan
Published: December 2018

We all travel to different historical places but rarely notice the cultural significance of the place: the history behind the various things and locations. The primary aim of this chapter is to devise and develop means to enhance tourism and provide culturally important knowledge to people. Moreover, internet is booming, and the number of smartphones is increasing day by day. The same is happening in many developing countries. Therefore, in this chapter, the authors propose a criterion that uses technology to promote historical significance and enhances tourism industry as well. The proposed app uses the concept of gamification that acts as a platform to fuel the process of branding in a manner that engages the tourists and provide them with an experience that can make them feel more connected to the tourism destinations.
It Isn't All About “Authority”
Authors: Onyebadi Uche T.
Published: December 2018

Fela Anikulapo-Kuti died in 1997, but his name remains prominent in the annals of Africa's music giants. He used his brand of music, Afrobeat, to chastise and condemn Africa's leaders and the elite for misgoverning the masses and enriching themselves through all forms of corruption and looting the national treasury. Fela, however, was equally critical about Africans whose unassertiveness appeared to embolden their leaders to continue embarking on the flagrant mismanagement of their countries. So, while most of Fela's music was about Africa's inept leadership, and most research about his political messaging reflect his penchant to challenge authorities, this chapter explores his exhortation to African masses to rise and challenge their leaders as that was the only viable way to halt the systemic decay in the continent. Through textual analysis of his music and the way he framed his messages, it is clear that Fela also saw change in the continent coming from people rising and confronting their leaders, not just condemning them without supporting their words with action.
Couching Political Criticism in Humor
Authors: Eko Lyombe S.
Published: December 2018

This chapter analyzes the music of two military bands: Zangalewa of Cameroon and Zao of Congo-Brazzaville. Zangalewa is the marching band of the presidential guard in Cameroon. Part of its “Suffering Soldier's Medley,” a self-deprecating military entertainment piece, was actually a subtle politico-cultural parody, couched in jester's garb, that lampoons the brutal and oppressive Cameroon army. For its part, Zao is a “pseudo military” band, a civilian band that adopted a military persona and uses subtle satire couched in humor to critique the military and militarism. The author analyzes the politico-cultural contexts and lyrics of both bands within the framework of metaphorical couching, the embedment of messages in humor. Both bands couched criticism of the authorities in humor and African metaphors, sayings, and proverbs expressed in a mixture of English, French, pidgin, and African dialects to bypass censorious gatekeepers.
Driving STEM Through Engaged Scholarship and Civic Responsibility
Authors: White Yoshino Woodard
Published: December 2018

Pew Research Center revealed a scarcity of U.S. science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) students with advanced degrees at U. S. higher education institutions. Engaged Scholarship opens broad new outlooks in the understanding of STEM professionals, and in how these individual identities and life experiences act as strengths in tackling engaged work. Exposure to STEM engaged scholarship and civic responsibility continues to break boundaries and restraints understood through four key questions. This research works through who can perform STEM? How can these ‘who' individuals perform STEM? What results can scientist, technologist, engineers, mathematician, and non-academes teamed together realize? How can academia, government, business, and community bride the digital divide to ensure a continued flow of STEM ready professionals who are academically prepared and civic minded? This chapter provided qualitative data, explored answers to the four (4) questions, and offered a roadmap to proactivity to recover America's strength in STEM education.
Towards a Model for Engaging Citizens via Gov2.0 to Meet Evolving Public Value
Authors: Aladalah Mohammed , Cheung Yen , Lee Vincent CS
Published: December 2018

The adoption of Gov2.0 is intended to be an efficient and effective way of reaching digital citizens where they are, thereby facilitating the dissemination of information and enabling citizen participation. Since citizens are actively using Web2.0 tools and applications in their social lives, it is assumed that Gov2.0 would provide a means to lend their voices to the decision-making process. However, Gov2.0 has not been successful in engaging citizens and has not lived up to expectations. Governments need to reassess their engagement models via Gov2.0 to achieve a desired level of public value. To engage effectively in the process of public value co-creation, a synergistic integration of citizens and governments must occur. The authors use the co-creation lenses to suggest that citizen participation and satisfaction can help to enhance public value. A validated research model and measures are proposed that link citizen-government synergistic integration to participation and satisfaction in order to achieve public value. The paper concludes with suggestions for future avenues of research.
Open Data for Open Justice in Seven Latin American Countries
Authors: Elena Sandra , van Schalkwyk François
Published: December 2018

The study focuses on the openness of judicial data in seven countries in Latin America. The judiciary continues to be among the least willing institutions to implement policies on transparency and access to information, generally because of their conservative tradition and lack of accountability practices. The study adopted an exploratory design in order to analyze enabling country and judicial contexts for open data, as well as whether judicial data publication meets open data standards of accessibility, sustainability, re-usability and non-discrimination. Study results show that even though access to judicial information is increasing and that there is also an increase in transparency policies for the judiciary, the publication of judicial data in open formats is still infrequent. This research seeks to build a baseline for an initial measurement that can be compared with future measurements, so as to be able to evaluate progress made in Latin American judiciaries.
Public Participation Distribution and Marketing
Authors: Weber Patrick , Wagner Sascha A. , Kabst Rüdiger
Published: December 2018

The distribution of public participation in Western political environments has become an important topic in recent years. Low participation rates combined with low levels of trust toward government officials has resulted in low efficiency of public participation projects. Whereas prior research has focused on the quality of public participation projects, this study focuses on upstream processes to optimize public participation marketing and distribution. The present study tests the applicability of hierarchical marketing instruments with structural equation modeling in a sample of 266 individuals obtained from a random survey in Germany. The results indicate a sufficient relationship between the hierarchical steps.
Global Civic Engagement as an Empowering Device for Cross-Ethnic and Cross-Cultural Understanding in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Mei-Ying , Su Fu-hsing
Published: December 2018

This study observed the feasibility of a general education course in facilitating global civic engagement for twenty-six participants from a Taiwanese university. Such a commitment was considered crucial to the fostering of cross-ethnic and cross-cultural understanding of immigration and new immigrants as a global issue within the Taiwanese context. Oral presentations, film/video watching, and service learning sessions were arranged to promote critical appraisals of things, persons, and issues related to foreign ethnicities and cultures. Data of the study consisted of relevant writings produced by the participants. The results of analyses revealed that the participants developed an awareness of persons, things, and issues that were cross-ethnic or cross-cultural in nature. Consequently, they achieved attitudinal and perceptional change of foreign ethnicities or cultures or generated critical appraisals of specific things or issues. Additionally, a considerable number of them displayed motivational readiness for global civic engagement.
Social Media Geographic Information
Authors: Campagna Michele , Floris Roberta , Massa Pierangelo , Mura Sara
Published: December 2018

Since last decade, advances in the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) are increasingly enabling the voluntary sharing of user generated contents. Among different emerging digital resources, georeferenced multimedia data publicly shared through social media platforms, or Social Media Geographic Information is starting to stand out in quantity and value as data resource. In spatial planning, where the majority of information required to support analysis, design, and decision-making is inherently spatial in nature, SMGI may foster notable innovations in methodologies and practices, allowing the integration of both experiential and professional knowledge on places, events and ambient. However, this hypothesis should be carefully tested. With the above premises, this chapter more specifically concerns the concept of Social Media Geographic Information, arguing that it may represent an unprecedented resource for expressing pluralism in such domains as spatial planning where it may convey the community collective preferences contributing to enrich knowledge for decision-making.
Promoting Civic Engagement Through University Curricula
Authors: Bobick Bryna
Published: December 2018

In recent years, universities and colleges are including civic engagement in their mission statements. University administrators are increasingly encouraged faculty and students to participate in civic engagement both on and off campus. Various stakeholders should be part of this conversation in order to create a setting for learning that reflects the mission of the university or college. In this study, sixteen university freshmen participated in civic engagement through a freshman honors forum course. In addition to promoting civic engagement, the course supported the arts and museums in Memphis, Tennessee. Pre and exit surveys were conducted the participants to gain insight into their thoughts and experiences towards the course's curriculum. Their experiences provide a window into thinking about the role of civic engagement with university students.
The Networked Self
Authors: Hesapci-Sanaktekin Ozlem , Aslanbay Yonca
Published: December 2018

The number of digital networks established for a common social ‘cause' having passion of civic activism increase globally day by day. The purpose of this study is to provide explanations for civic engagement through social media causes. In the current study, a structured questionnaire is administered to 308 social media users in Turkey. The findings refine existing research bringing a new perspective to collectivism by explaining civic engagement in specific areas through social media causes in terms of individualistic values, self-identity (social vs. personal) and social media use. Overall findings ascertain social media's role on raising social capital while enhancing not only the individual selves but also collective performances through diverse civic cause engagements. The study has significant outcomes for both non-profit and profit organizations in building strategies of communication with their stakeholders through digital means.
Network Politics and the Arab Spring
Authors: Solo Ashu M. G. , Bishop Jonathan
Published: December 2018

Network politics is examined in the context of the Arab Spring. Network politics refers to politics and networks. These networks include the Internet, private networks, cellular networks, telephone networks, radio networks, television networks, etc. Network politics includes the applications of networks to enable one or more individuals or organizations to engage in political communication. Furthermore, network politics includes government regulation of networks. Finally, network politics includes the accompanying issues that arise when networks are used for political communication or when there is government regulation of networks. The domain of network politics includes, but is not limited to, e-politics (social networking for driving revolutions and organizing protests, online petitions, political blogs and vlogs, whistleblower websites, online campaigning, e-participation, virtual town halls, e-voting, Internet freedom, access to information, net neutrality, etc.) and applications of other networks in politics (robocalling, text messaging, TV broadcasting, etc.). Network politics has played a crucial role in the Arab Spring.
Internet Mediatization
Authors: Ezeh Nkiru C. , Enwereuzo Njideka V.
Published: December 2018

The political rights of women remain greatly constrained by political structure and traditional practices which many believe are responsible for the exclusion of their interests in decision making process and development paradigms. Anchored on the Democratic Participant Media Theory and Public Sphere Theory, this study evaluated if Internet can mobilize and encourage women to voice their concerns and opinions on political matters. Survey conducted among 200 female academic staff members of universities in the south-east, Nigeria revealed that although the Internet provided the women with needed political information and interaction; it did not significantly induce their interest to participate in politics. The study recommends that women should aggressively utilize the opportunities provided by Internet by forming groups and networks where political issues are analyzed and discussed. Where the nature of relayed message is well focused, chances of using the Internet for inducing political participation can be enhanced.
Health Systems and Citizenship
Authors: Matos Ana Raquel , Serapioni Mauro
Published: December 2018

This chapter presents the characteristics of the southern healthcare systems, namely of Portugal, Spain, Italy and Greece. It briefly identifies the main processes of health reform so that readers can understand the context in which experiences of participation in the health domain were developed.
Participatory Budgeting
Authors: Weber Henriette I. , Vogt Sebastian , Eberz-Weber Lisa-Marie , Steinmetz Holger , Wagner Sascha A. , Walther Falko , Weber Patrick , Kabst Rüdiger
Published: December 2018

Consultative participation of citizens in political decision-making processes has been increasing in order to facilitate democratic legitimacy and responsiveness. Consequently, participatory budgets have been established as a 'best practice' for consultative participation of citizens in political decision-making processes. The authors compare participatory budgets of 31 German municipalities. An analysis of differences between successfully and unsuccessfully rated participatory budgeting processes provides informative insights and allows for in-depth comparison on a municipal level. The authors show that external service providers and electronic participation channels significantly increase the number of participatory citizens and are positively connected with pursued objectives of dialog processes and public responsiveness as well as efficient and effective decisions. Furthermore, the acceptance of all participants proved to be a key factor for a successful public participation process. The authors' analysis opens up new starting points for further research.
When Citizens in Authoritarian States Use Facebook for Social Ties but Not Political Participation
Authors: Wakabi Wairagala
Published: December 2018

Numerous researchers have found a correlation between citizens' use of social networking sites (SNS) like Facebook and their likelihood for eParticipation. However, SNS use does not have the same effect on all citizens' political engagement. In authoritarian countries, Facebook offers a platform for citizens to challenge the power of the state, provide alternative narratives and mobilise for political change. This chapter examines how using Facebook affects the participative behaviours of Ugandans and concludes that in low internet use, authoritarian contexts, the Civic Voluntarism Model's postulation of the factors that explain political participation, and the benefits Facebook brings to participation in Western democracies, are upended. Overwhelming detachment from politics, low belief in citizens' online actions influencing change and fear of reprisals for criticising an authoritarian president in power for 30 years, severely dulled the appetite for eParticipation. Hence, Facebook was growing citizens' civic skills but hardly increasing online participation.
TV License Refusal and Competition Policy in Hong Kong
Authors: Fournier Knut
Published: December 2018

This chapter looks from the perspective of competition law and regulatory decision-making at an event that reshaped the debate over public participation in Hong Kong. By analyzing the public's reaction to a regulatory decision in 2013 to deny a free-to-air TV licence to HKTV, this chapter attempts to understand how the existing regulatory framework has shaped public discourse and government narrative. This chapter argues that the lack of publicity of debates around regulatory decisions triggers the creation of social movements, and that the Hong Kong government and regulators must learn from this episode in the light of the imminent enforcement of competition law in Hong Kong. Several judicial challenges to the regulatory decision-making process are analyzed, in the context of the competitive environment of Hong Kong. If the Hong Kong government and regulators in Hong Kong do not learn from the HKTV episode, and do not make efforts to explain and publicize their decisions and decision-making process, this may endanger the launch of competition law in Hong Kong.
Changes in the Political Culture of Italian Younger Politicians
Authors: Saccà Flaminia
Published: December 2018

In the last decade, Italy has gone through some deep changes in the political sphere. The fall of the Berlin Wall had forced political parties from opposite sides to re-organize themselves: their targets, ideologies and projects. At the same time, these historical events have been shortly followed by a major national bribe scandal that invested the main political leaders who had governed the Country for half a century. As a result, the last turn of the past Millennium has left a strongly politicized Country with no acknowledged leaders, no clear ideologies, no traditional, recognizable parties. It is in those years that Berlusconi's new venture gained votes and success. The fracture between political organizations, leaders and citizens though, became unhealable. The younger generations seemed to be the ones who suffered the most from political apathy or, worse, distrust. So we wanted to investigate who were the young politicians who, in these times of crises, had chosen politics as an important part of their lives. We have carried out two different surveys in different years and we found that political parties were changing deeply and radically. That their role in the political socialization of young political actors had become very thin. That candidates began to be chosen amongst the affluent few or, at least, amongst those whose personal fame and social/professional/family network would guarantee their party at least a dowry of votes that could make the difference in times of elections. But this method would not guarantee cohesion nor government stability.
Land Rights of Indigenous People
Authors: Sumi Munira Jahan , Bulan Ramy
Published: December 2018

This chapter is based on the PhD proposal drafted as per the requirements of the Faculty of Law, University of Malaya. Following the guidelines, first, the proposal has mirrored the background of the issue and then focused on the actual problem commonly faced by the victims. Secondly, it traces the research questions and sets the goal that the research aims to achieve. Therefore, to justify the research, a logical expression behind the study has been provided which has been followed up by a brief literature review discussing the conceptual and theoretical framework of the research. Thereafter, it includes the methodology to be followed by the researcher to achieve the aims set earlier. Finally, it explores the scope of the research showing that in spite of so many limitations the present study can stand as a potential source to ensure the land rights of indigenous communities of Bangladesh.
SERVQUAL-Based Evaluation of Service Quality of Energy Companies in Turkey
Authors: Dinçer Hasan , Yüksel Serhat , Pınarbaşı Fatih
Published: December 2018

The aim of this chapter is to measure the service quality of energy companies. Within this context, seven different energy companies that are listed on İstanbul Stock Exchange are considered. For this purpose, five dimensions and 14 criteria are identified by considering the details of SERVQUAL methodology. In the analysis process, fuzzy DEMATEL method is used to weight these dimensions and criteria and the performance of the energy companies are ranked by using fuzzy MOORA approach. The findings show that feedback is the most significant dimension and data security and physical security are the most important criteria. Another important conclusion is that the companies, which have high profitability, have better performance regarding service quality. Thus, it is recommended that the companies should mainly focus on the ways of getting necessary feedback from their customers, such as conducting a survey.
Hepatitis B Virus Inhibits Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Release by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Autophagy
Authors: Hu Shengnan , Liu Xiaowen , Gao Ying , Zhou Rongfang , Wei Muyun , Dong Jing , Yan Huili , Zhao Yueran
Published: December 2018

Neutrophils, an important component of the innate immune system, release extracellular traps (NETs) to eliminate invading pathogens by trapping and killing microbes. Recent studies have shown that NETs play a multitude of additional roles in immunity and inflammatory diseases. Therefore, NETs may be involved in persistent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and the objectives of the current study were to determine whether HBV influences NET release and to identify the underlying mechanisms. HBV-infected mice (C57BL/6) were used to detect the efficiency of bacterial eradication by neutrophils in vivo. Primary neutrophils and circulating blood samples were collected from 40 patients with chronic hepatitis B infection, as well as 40 healthy controls, to detect NET release using a Quant-iT Pico Green dsDNA assay, Western blotting, and live-cell imaging and to determine the levels of HBV-DNA and HBV markers. NET release was decreased in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection, and hepatitis B surface Ag, hepatitis B E Ag, and hepatitis B core Ab levels negatively correlated with NET release. We also examined the effect of HBV proteins (HBV X protein, HBV C protein, HBV E protein, and HBV S protein) on NET release in vitro. Based on flow cytometry, cytochrome c reduction assay, and Western blotting, HBV C protein and HBV E protein inhibited NET release by decreasing reactive oxygen species production and autophagy. Overall, HBV may inhibit NET release by modulating reactive oxygen species production and autophagy to escape the immune system and promote the establishment of chronic infection.
A 3D System-in-Package for RF Applications
Authors: Lu Shihwen , Yeh Chanlin , Kao Gavin , Yeh YE , Chang Harrison
Published: December 2018

A novel 3D packaging technology of substrate-based platform – double side module is introduced in this paper. This technology is capable of integrating RF front-end module with the advantage of package size reduction, excellent warpage control, and enhanced reliability.

System in Package allows system designers to differentiate their products from others by integrating more functions to meet markets' requirement. It can also reduce the complexity of HW design while meeting their device / system requirements. The RF SiP is inherently heterogeneous integrated, for the foundry technologies of the dice inside could include digital CMOS, RF CMOS, III-V, piezoelectric, and other. In the era of 5G, new frequency bands of connected devices and denser component population have led to a demand for aggressive size reduction of RF FEM packaging solutions with good reliabilities and thermal management. The highly integrated 5G (under 6GHz) modem and RF FEM structure are crucial for modern premium tier smart phones' success, and are always a big challenge in the packaging industry due to its highly requirement of performance and manufacture yield.
System-level Trade-offs and Optimization for Data-Driven Applications
Authors: Apte Pushkar , Salmon Tom , Rice Richard , Gerber Mark , Macleod Patricia , Beica Rozalia , Calvert Jeff , Hemker Dave , Dordi Yezdi , Ranjan Manish , Ramalingam Suresh , Gandhi Jaspreet , Kaviani Alireza , Mitra Subhasish , Wong Philip , Lee Vincent , Sabry Aly Mohamed M.
Published: December 2018

Data-driven applications are becoming increasingly important, fueled by the rapid rise of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). Systems must now be able to store, process and act swiftly on increasingly large amounts of data, while consuming minimum possible power. This shifts the focus to system-level integration and optimization – especially as Moore's Law slows down, and technology development at 5nm and beyond becomes increasingly harder and more expensive. SEMI has built a cross-supply-chain collaborative platform specifically to enable an early assessment of trade-offs and future technologies (5–8 years out). The first project focused on interconnect strategies, which are critical to most computing systems. We examined the performance limits for the best possible options for on-chip interconnects at technology nodes <= 20 nm. These limits highlight the need for system-level strategies, and we studied these by comparing a two-dimensional (2D) system with an interposer-based system (2.5D) to quantify the impact of the latter on the energy-delay product for various applications, especially data-driven ones.
Novel Solder Alloy with Wide Service Temperature Capability for Automotive Applications
Authors: Geng Jie , Zhang Hongwen , Mutuku Francis , Lee Ning-Cheng
Published: December 2018

A novel lead-free solder alloy 90.6Sn3.2Ag0.7Cu5.5Sb, designated as Indalloy276, was developed targeting for high reliability with a wide service temperature capability. The alloy exhibited a melting temperature range of 223 to 232°C, reflowable at profile with peak temperature 245°C and 255°C, with ambient temperature Yield Stress 60MPa, UTS 77 MPa, and ductility 28%, and a higher stress than both SAC305 and SACBSbN, the latter two alloys were used as controls. When tested at 140°C and 165°C, the die shear stress of 276 was comparable with SACBSbN but higher than SAC305, and the ductility was higher than both SACBSbN and SAC305, with SACBSbN exhibited distinct brittle behavior. When aged at 125°C and 175°C, the die shear strength of 276 was comparable or higher than both controls. When pretreated with a harsh condition, TST (−55°C/155°C) for 3000 cycles, the die shear strength of 276 was 8 times of that of SACBSbN and SAC305. When pre-conditioned at TCT (−40°C/175°C) for 3000 cycles, the die shear strength of 276 was 11 to 20 times of SACBSbN and SAC305, depending on the flux type used. Both 276 and SACBSbN are alloys based on SnAgCu, but reinforced with precipitate hardening and solution hardening, with the use of additives including Sb, Ni, and Bi. 276 exhibited a finer microstructure with less particles dispersed, while SACBSbN exhibited more particles with some blocky Ag3Sn plates or rods. 276 is rigid and ductile, while SACBSbN is rigid but brittle. Under the harsh test condition where ΔT was high, the dimension mismatch between parts and substrate became very significant due to CTE mismatch. This significant dimension mismatch would cause a brittle joint to crack quickly, as seen on SACBSbN. The challenge was more tolerable for a ductile joint, as shown by 276. Accordingly 276 showed a much better reliability than SACBSbN under harsh condition, including high testing temperature and large ΔT. Overall, to achieve high reliability under a wide service temperature environment, a balanced ductility and rigidity for solder alloy is critical for success.
Perspectives of High-Temperature Pb-Free Bonding Materials
Authors: Zhang Hongwen , Lee Ning-Cheng
Published: December 2018

High lead solders have been used as die-attach and interconnect materials in discrete power packages. Due to the demand of SiC devices serving the high-power market and the harmful effects of Pb to human health and the environment, alternative Pb-free solders, novel bonding materials, as well as solutions have been studied extensively in recent years. The exemption of using high-Pb solders has been extended again to 2021, although it could be terminated at any time if a new technology or material were to be accepted by the industry. This paper presents potential materials and technologies for high-temperature Pb-free die-attachment, focusing on alternative solders. Sintering materials and transient liquid phase bonding (TLPB) materials have been briefly covered as well.

AuSn, AuSi, and AuGe solders have shown to be exceptionally high in cost, which limited their application. BiAg- and BiCu-based solders—the BiAgX® family including solder paste, solder wire, and solder preform—improved wetting and exhibited remelting temperatures of 262°C and 270°C, respectively. The acceptable reliability performance on temperature cycling and thermal aging, as well as low material cost, has made them the most competitive candidates for low-power discrete die-attach devices. SnSbAgCu, with well-designed compositions in recent studies, offers a remelting temperature above 320°C. SnSbAgCu is targeted in markets for mid-to-high power devices. Reliability testing for other recently designed SnSbAgCu pastes for various die-attach vehicles is being studied. ZnAl has a remelting temperature above 380°C and an extremely low material cost (comparable to or even lower than the high-lead solders). Although the bonding process is stringent, the excellent thermomechanical behavior and the superior thermal/electrical conductivity have allowed ZnAl to be a potential candidate for high-temperature/high-power die-attach that is competitive with AuSi and AuGe solders.

Sintering materials form bonds through solid state interdiffusion, while TLPB materials create a joint through solid-liquid interdiffusion, in which the remelting temperature is enhanced by forming massive IMCs. The desired high thermal/electrical/mechanical/melting performances, as well as the relatively low processing temperature (<350°C), are shining the sintering materials (especially Ag-sintering materials). The intrinsic high porosity (>20%) and the evolution of pores from pressureless sintering may overshadow the reliability. In addition, the immaturity of the processing (time/temperature/pressure/atmosphere/equipment availability, etc.) may deter the industrial adoption of sintering materials.

So far, none of these materials or technologies is ideal to satisfy all the requirements of the variety of high-temperature, Pb-free die-attach applications in terms of processing, reliability, and cost. However, each material and solution has the potential to be a niche within this broader categorization.
fcLGA Package Assembly Qualification for Mobile Applications
Authors: Bora Mumtaz Y.
Published: December 2018

Flip Chip Land Grid Array (FcLGA) packages are widely used in Mobile product applications due to their thin form factor and performance. Assembly process qualification requires careful selection of materials and optimization of reflow processes to make consistent and reliable product. The fcLGA typically uses an organic substrate on which the die is reflowed instead of the copper lead frame used in QFN packages. This requires assessment of CTE mismatch and controlled reflow processes to prevent bump separation [1]. The paper reviews the selection of substrate, optimization of assembly process and reliability testing conducted for package qualification
Fluxes Effective in Suppressing Non-Wet-Open at BGA Assembly
Authors: Zhou Fengying , Chen Fen , Lee Ning-Cheng
Published: December 2018

With the advancement in miniaturization, the die is getting thinner and the solder bump is getting smaller for BGAs. Consequently, the thermal warpage is getting more severe due to coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch between die and molding compound, and often resulted in non-wet-open (NWO) at BGA assembly. NWO has been ailing the industry for a long time, and costly rework is required to remove the problem. In this study, a “cold-welding barrier” method has been developed in suppressing NWO. At BGA assembly, after printing solder paste onto PCB, the BGA bumps are dipped into creamy flux prior to placing onto paste printed. This flux pickup will effectively suppress NWO by serving as cold-welding barrier. A low activity flux is considered having as wider reflow profile window than a medium activity flux. Alternatively, the solder bump of BGA can be pre-coated with solid flux at packaging house. The effect of solid-flux coating is equally effective in suppressing NWO. As cold welding barrier, both no-clean flux and water soluble flux are considered physically effective. However, a water soluble flux should not be used together with a no-clean solder paste based on compatibility and reliability consideration. Furthermore, only no-clean solid flux is recommended for solder bump coating purpose, mainly based on moisture pickup issue associated with water soluble flux.
System ElectroThermal Co-Design of a Zero-Drift Current-Shunt Monitor with Precision Integrated Shunt Resistor
Authors: Chen Jie , Murugan Rajen , Kummerl Steven , Chaudhry Usman , Lim Edwin , Shimizu Tatsuhiro , Klumpp Thatcher , Grantham Jack
Published: December 2018

In this paper, we detailed the system (die + package + pcb) electrothermal co-design modeling and silicon validation effort that led to the industry's first, highly accurate, voltage-output current-sense amplifier. By integrating and co-designing the low-Ohmic shunt resistor in the package, along with the current amplifier, key performance design challenges (viz. electrical and thermal) become manageable. The validity of the co-design electrothermal modeling methodology was assessed by comparing directly to silicon measurements made on an evaluation module (EVM). Good correlation between simulation and laboratory measurements on the integrated solution is demonstrated.
Reliability of Fan-Out Wafer-Level Heterogeneous Integration
Authors: Lau John , Li Ming , Lei Yang , Li Margie , Xu Iris , Chen Tony , Yong Qing Xiang , Cheng Zhong , Kai Wu , Lo Penny , Li Zhang , Tan Kim Hwee , Cheung Y. M. , Fan Nelson , Kuah Eric , Xi Cao , Ran Jiang , Beica Rozalia , Lim Sze Pei , Lee N. C. , Ko C. T. , Yang Henry , Chen Y. H. , Tao Mian , Lo Jeffery , Lee Ricky
Published: December 2018

In this study, the reliability (thermal-cycling and shock) performances of a fan-out wafer-level system-in-package (SiP) or heterogeneous integration with one large chip (5mm×5mm), three small chips (3mm×3mm), and 4 capacitors (0402) embedded in an epoxy molding compound (EMC) package (10mm×10mm) with two RDLs (redistribution layers) are experimentally determined. Emphasis is placed on the estimation of the Weibull life distribution, characteristic life, and failure rate of the solder joint and RDL of this package. The fan-out wafer-level packaging (FOWLP) is assembled on a printed circuit board (PCB) with more than 400 (Sn3wt%Ag0.5wt%Cu) solder joints. It is a 6-layer PCB. The sample sizes for the thermal-cycling test and shock test are, respectively, equal to 60 and 24. The failure location and modes of the thermal-cycling test and shock test of the fan-out wafer-level SiP solder joints and RDLs are provided and discussed. 3-D nonlinear finite element models are also constructed and analyzed for the fan-out heterogeneous integration package during thermal-cycling and shock conditions. The simulation results are correlated to the experimental results. Finally, recommendations on improving the fan-out wafer-level SiP solder joints and RDLs under thermal and shock conditions are provided.
Increase Power Density and Simplify Designs Using 3-D SiP Modules
Authors: Kummerl Steven , Devries Charles , Chaudhry Usman , Lim Chong Han
Published: December 2018

Today, designers are demanding an overall form-factor reduction to save board space, increase functionality, and allocate more circuit board real estate toward end-user applications – all with less space allocated to power management where not just the X–Y shrink but the 3D volumetric shrink is required. For example, in today's Telecommunications Cloud Infrastructure systems, board space and power density are challenging particularly in power supply designs where several high-current point-of-load rails are present. End equipment such as enterprise servers and switches, workstations, base stations, network attached storage, FPGA testers, network testers, and other test and measurement equipment employ several high-current CPUs, ASICs, FPGAs, and DDR memory – all of which need high power, while the available board area is steadily decreasing. This paper will discuss volumetric co-design methodology and packaging construction trade-offs for 3D SiP power modules and also introduce the straddle mounted inductor assembly technique. Also provided are details around the SiP eco-system, co-design, construction, materials, and circuit topology.
A numerical study on mitigation of flying dies in compression molding of microelectronic packages
Authors: Dreissigacker Marc , Hoelck Ole , Bauer Joerg , Braun Tanja , Becker Karl-Friedrich , Schneider-Ramelow Martin , Lang Klaus-Dieter
Published: December 2018

Compression molding with liquid encapsulants is a crucial process in microelectronic packaging. Material properties of highly filled systems of reactive epoxy molding compounds (EMC) depend on process conditions in a complex manner, such as shear-thinning behavior, which is superimposed by a time- and temperature-dependent conversion rate, both strongly affecting viscosity.

The focus is set on forces exerted on individual dies during encapsulation in Fan-Out Wafer Level Packaging (FOWLP). The presented framework consists of an analytical approach to calculate the melt front velocity and simulations carried out to capture the nonlinear kinematics, chemo-rheology, as well as to extract forces exerted on individual dies. It offers separate evaluation of pressure and shear-contributions for two cases, 0 ° and 45 ° between the dies' frontal area and the melt front.

Process parameters, such as compression speed and process temperature, are determined to minimize flying dies and thereby maximize yield.

The approach is easily scalable and is therefore well suited to face the challenges that come with the current efforts towards the transition from FOWLP to FOPLP (Fan-Out Panel Level Packaging).
High reliable and high bonding strength of silver sintered joints on copper surfaces by pressure sintering under air atmosphere
Authors: Chew Ly May , Schmitt Wolfgang
Published: December 2018

Silver sintering is a promising die attach technology for high temperature power electronics packaging. Our previous studies have revealed that highly reliable sintered joints was obtained on silver and gold surfaces by either non-pressure or pressure sintering. In this paper, we extended our study to die attachment on copper surfaces by pressure sintering under air atmosphere. We attached Ag metallized die on silicon nitride active metal braze copper substrates with Ag metallization and without metallization by silver sintering at 230°C with a pressure of 10 MPa for 3 min. We observed that the average initial die shear strength for bare Cu substrate is lower than for Ag metallized substrate. This observation is attributed to the self-diffusion of Ag is faster than the interdiffusion between Ag and Cu. However, the average die shear strength for all samples increased considerably after temperature cycling test (−40°C/+150°C) and high temperature storage at 250°C. It is highly likely that sintering process is not yet completed under the sintering conditions used in this study and consequently Ag and Cu continued to diffuse during thermal cycling and high temperature storage and as a result strengthen the sintered joints. It is believed that after a certain time of storage at 250°C the sintering process is completed as we observed the average die shear strength remained relatively constant after 250 h storage. Voids, drying channels and delamination in the sintered joints were not detected by scanning acoustic microscopy for the samples before and after 2000 thermal cycles.
Study on high temperature resistant die bonding formed by Al/Ni nano-particles composite paste
Authors: Tanaka Yasunori , Wakata Tatsumasa , Murakawa Norihiro , Iizuka Tomonori , Tatsumi Kohei
Published: December 2018

In power modules using SiC devices, high temperature operation is expected. Therefore, a bonding technology having high temperature resistance of 250°C or more is required. In recent years, research on low temperature sintering bonding by Ag nanoparticles, Cu nanoparticles and sub-micron particles has been conducted as a new bonding technology corresponding to SiC power devices. Nanoparticles are sintered at a temperature much lower than the sintering temperature in ordinary powder metallurgy. We focus on Ni having high melting point and excellent corrosion resistance as a new bonding material and are conducting research on high temperature resistant interconnection technology using Ni nanoparticles. We have found that bonding is possible at a bonding temperature of 400°C or less and enable to interconnect SiC devices for high temperature operation. However, there are still following problems to be improved, as follows, especially for a large chip size : Voids formed in the bonding layer and cracks generaled stress caused by a difference in thermal expansion coefficient(CTE). In this paper, we propose a bonding material of composite paste in which Ni nanoparticles and Al particles are mixed. From the results of the research, it was found that the occurrence of cracks and gas void was suppressed by mixing Al particles. Also the thermal stress analysis by FEM, the addition of Al particles shows to reduce the thermal stress during thermal cycle test (TCT).
Fatigue Cycling of Electrical Interconnects Dispensed on Flexible Substrate
Authors: Alhendi Mohammed , Lombardi Jack P. , Khinda Guvinder S. , Kokash Maan Z. , Weerawarne Darshana L. , Borgesen Peter , Poliks Mark D. , Stoffel Nancy C. , Iannotti Joe
Published: December 2018

In the presented work, electrical traces were directly printed on 2 mil thick polyimide flexible substrate by a dispenser system using two different silver pastes, SW 1400 paste from Asahi Co. and 125-13 HV paste from Creative Materials Co. The dispenser printing parameters were optimized to achieve the finest possible line width and the printing quality of both materials was investigated. The electrical behavior of the dispensed traces was investigated by monitoring the change in the electrical resistance of the test samples during fatigue cycling at different strains, strain percentage of 1.50%, 2.0%, and 2.5% for different number of cycles up to 1000 cycles. The life time of the dispensed traces versus the applied strain was modeled using Coffin-Manson relation setting 20% change in the initial resistance as the failure criteria. Based on the change in the trace resistance during testing, we concluded that the dispensed SW 1400 silver paste traces were less robust than the dispensed 125-13 HV traces. The finer microstructure, smaller particle size, and shorter inter particles distances of the 125-13 HV silver paste enhanced its durability when subject to fatigue cycling. Moreover, 125-13 HV paste presented better and more uniform printed traces.