bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surveillance Research Results of Road Bridges in Finland
Authors: Kiviluoma Risto , Lämsä Jouko
Published: October 2011

This paper describes results of the long-term surveillance research on construction and repair of road bridges in Finland. This research, started 1998, has been focusing on specific issues arising in maintenance of Finish Road Administration’s (Finnra’s) bridges. Finnra’s bridge stock consists on of order 14’000 bridges, among the most are made of concrete. Issues dealt contain 17 named problem areas on various types of bridges, which have been identified by the maintenance specialists. These are related to those, on which Finnra has released own guidelines; tested new materials; or prepared standard drawings for structural details. Typical problem areas include drainage systems; performance of bearings and expansion joints; strengthening systems; cracking of concrete decks; durability of concrete coatings, i.e. the issues which often have notable effect on quality and economy of bridge maintenance.
Generating Historical Condition Ratings for the Reliable Prediction of Bridge Deteriorations
Authors: Son Jung Baeg , Lee Jaeho , Blumenstein Michael , Loo Yew-Chaye , Guan Hong , Panuwatwanich Kriengsak
Published: October 2011

Bridge Management Systems (BMSs) have been developed since the early 1990s as a decision support system (DSS) for effective Maintenance, Repair and Rehabilitation (MR&R) activities in a large bridge network. Historical condition ratings obtained from biennial bridge inspections are major resources for predicting future bridge deteriorations via BMSs. However, available historical condition ratings are very limited in all bridge agencies. This constitutes the major barrier for predicting reliably future structural performances. To alleviate this problem, the Backward Prediction Model (BPM) technique for generating the missing historical condition ratings has been developed, and its reliability has been verified using existing condition ratings available from the Maryland Department of Transportation, USA. The function of the BPM is to establish the correlations between the known condition ratings and non-bridge factors including climate, traffic volumes and population growth. Such correlations can then be used to obtain the bridge condition ratings of the missing years. Based on these generated datasets, the currently available bridge deterioration model can be used to predict future bridge conditions. The existing 4 National Bridge Inventory and 9 BPM-generated historical condition ratings are used as input data to compare the prediction accuracy using deterministic bridge deterioration models. The comparison results show that prediction error decreases as more historical data become available. This suggests that the BPM can be used to generate additional historical condition ratings, which is essential for bridge deterioration models to achieve more accurate prediction results. However, there are still significant limitations identified in the current bridge deterioration models. Hence, further research is necessary to improve the prediction accuracy of bridge deterioration models.
Spiral Post-tensioning System for Concrete Members
Authors: Krishnamra Navapol , Limuwan Ekasit , Dawe John
Published: October 2011

Four thick-walled 1 008 mm (39.7 in.) long cylindrical specimens with an inside diameter of 304.8 mm (12 in.), a wall thickness of 76.2 mm (3 in.), and a monolithically cast 250 mm (9.8 in.) long flange at either end were fabricated. For three of the specimens, a spiral post-tensioning system consisting of four clockwise and four counterclockwise outside wrapping strands was used. The fourth specimen had eight post-tensioned straight strands. Specimens were fabricated using high performance, self-consolidating concrete and 12.5 mm (0.5 in.) DYWIDAG® Monostrand® post- tensioning tendons. Each specimen was supported at the ends and point loaded at mid-span. Spiral specimens were post-tensioned to 25%, 50%, and 75% of strand capacity while the specimen with straight strands was post-tensioned to 50% capacity. The spiral post-tensioning system increased ultimate capacity by 45% when compared with the specimen having longitudinally aligned strands.
Assessment of damaged Concrete Bridges after a visual Inspection
Authors: Braml Thomas , Keuser Manfred
Published: October 2011

Regular bridge inspection is of great importance for the reliable use of the traffic infrastructure. This paper describes and explains a method which supports the engineers in the assessment of damaged bridges during or directly after the inspection. Based on this initial estimate, an urgent measure - i.e. a lower permitted bridge class - can be carried out before more detailed inspections and calculations are done. The reliability analyses for the damaged bridges are carried out using first order and second order reliability methods (FORM and SORM). The probability of failure, pf or the safety index β of the system, respectively are the main results of the calculation procedure.
Probability Based Assessment of a Large Riveted Truss Railway Bridge
Authors: Enevoldsen Ib , O'Connor Alan , Pedersen Claus , Gustavsson Lars
Published: October 2011

This paper describes the probabilistic assessment of a Swedish steel arch railway bridge. The probability-based classification of the structure serves as an example of how probability- based assessment of railway bridges can be applied to avoid unnecessary repair/rehabilitation and/or to optimise those repairs where they are indeed necessary. Modelling of the critical limit states is presented for both the elements and the riveted joints of the structure. The statistical techniques employed in modelling the train loads are presented, with modelling of the train load extreme value distributions based upon the number of wagons loading the critical length of an influence line for the considered element/joint. Significantly, modelling of dynamic amplification of static effects is performed as a function of the local or global influence length for the element or joint, in proportion to the contribution of the local/global effect to the overall utilisation of the element/joint. Thereby the significant conservatism found to be inherent in the deterministic assessment was avoided. The overall aim of the analysis was to achieve a higher load rating for the structure than that resulting from deterministic assessment. Ultimately the cost benefits to bridge owners/managers of performing the probabilistic assessment are apparent from the results, which provided a higher load rating for the critical elements/joints of the steel arch bridge than those achieved through deterministic assessment. Importantly the results of the probabilistic assessment were not able to demonstrate sufficient capacity in all cases, but in those cases, probabilistic modelling was used to plan the optimal repair strategy.
Structural connections for massive timber plate elements in hybrid structures
Authors: Asiz Andi , Smith Ian
Published: October 2011

Discussion is focused on connections between massive Cross-Laminated-Timber (XLam) floor slabs and steel skeletons of hybrid structures. Using the example of a 24-storey building, it is shown that such connections can be made using simple fasteners like large screws to enforce composite action in the critical case of XLam slabs acting as diaphragms during lateral seismic or wind events. Results of laboratory tests on connections between XLam slabs and structural steel are presented. It is concluded that hybrid steel-XLam structures can be superior to hybrid steel-RC structures.
Durability of GFRP strengthening under environmental degradation
Authors: Biscaia Hugo , Silva Manuel A. G.
Published: October 2011

Degradation of properties of (i) laminated plates of polymeric matrix and (ii) RC members with GFRP as their outer reinforcement, due to artificially accelerated aging, is described and interpreted. The effects of environmental exposure on bond between GFRP strips and concrete are examined, namely the ensuing decrease of the structural strength of the beams.

Cycles of environmental aggression are shown to reduce the tensile strength of GFRP flat coupons testing, but to have relatively scarce consequences on the overall capacity of confined concrete columns. The comparison of different aging processes shows, e.g., that salt fog cycles reduced the compressive strength of the columns, and that a further reduction resulted from immersion in salt water.

RC beam specimens with external tensile reinforcement of GFRP were subjected to bending along stages of artificial aging to study the effects of the latter on bond. Failure took place, most often, by rupture of concrete at a short depth from the interface with the GFRP reinforcement. Preliminary computational modeling is described that utilizes experimental data generated in the study.
Evaluation of End Buffer Impact Forces
Authors: Haas Trevor , Dunaiski Peter , Mainçon Philippe
Published: October 2011

The current codes of practice for the design of Electric Overhead Travelling Crane (EOHTC) Support Structures, which were reviewed in this study, do not explicitly account for the interactions between the EOHTC and the crane supporting structure (gantry). This implies that the codes consider the analysis of the EOHTC and the gantry as two uncoupled systems, thereby incorrectly assessing the forces transferred from the EOHTC to the gantry. A study was commissioned to determine the effect of analysing the EOHTC and gantry as a coupled system. This was achieved through a series of full-scale experimental tests in a laboratory environment and extensive Finite Element Analysis (FEA) simulations. The impact forces obtained from the FEA simulations were used to determine the maximum end buffer impact forces for a given level of reliability.
Adjusted Design Concept for Integral Concrete bridges
Authors: Methner Raphael , Zilch Konrad
Published: October 2011

In current days the description of the load displacement correlation of the ground normally takes
place by indicating a scope (upper and lower boundary value) of the ground stiffness (refer to
Eurocode 7). From the geotechnical standpoint it makes sense because the local geological
conditions could be covered. For the structural analysis, application of a scope of the ground
stiffness brings a strong rise of computational efforts due to the fact that any change of the
foundation stiffness leads to a new static system.

With the goal to adjust this procedure to a user-friendly, faultless and economical method an
adjusted design concept for integral bridges was developed at the Technische Universität München,
Germany. In this article the authors show the problems, explain methods of resolution and illustrate
the first results of numerical analysis of different bridge structures by implementation of the new
adjusted design concept.
Crocodiles Protection: Impact for Chambal River Bridge Design
Authors: Montens Serge , De Goyon André , Gauthier Yves
Published: October 2011

This bridge, the first axial suspension cable-stayed bridge in India, had to meet some challenging requirements for the protection of crocodiles in the Chambal river.

In order not disturbing the crocodiles, modern and specific techniques had to be used for the design. Bed rock profile and deposit thickness below water were mainly determined by using satellite imagery. Geophysics using a resistivity method was implemented in order to assess the weathered zones on a large scale. A 3D model of the cliff at pier P5 was elaborated.The design of the noise barriers shape required wind tunnel tests, in order to limit vortex-shedding vibrations.
The Concrete Dowel – A resource efficient Shear Connector.
Authors: Mangerig Ingbert , Burger Sascha , Wagner Robert
Published: October 2011

The concrete dowel is a new efficient shear connector for composite constructions. A composite
girder based on concrete dowels consists of a welded T-type girder or a halved steel girder with
slots in the web. The halved girder is a very cost effective version of the concrete dowel, because
only one continuous oxygen-cut is needed to manufacture two beams. The composite is assembled
by the steel strip which is embedded in the concrete slab. A verification procedure for the fatigue
behaviour was needed, after a design concept for static loads was already elaborated, to expand the
application range. The local concept was used for the research on the fatigue behaviour. The project
led to a design procedure which allows a prediction of the achievable load cycles. The current
research project pursues the research on fatigue behaviour. The knowledge of lifetime prediction is
enlarged by a fracture mechanical approach. The fracture mechanic allows a definition of the stress
intensity factor ∆Kth for the steel strip to avoid crack propagation.
Effect of Orientation on the Shear Strength of Perfobond Shear Connectors
Authors: Su Qingtian , Zhao Chen , Liu Yuqing , Zeng Minggen
Published: October 2011

In this paper, three perfobond rib orientations, that is, normal orientation, invert orientation and lateral orientation in concrete were selected to invest the effect of perfobond rib orientation in concrete on shear strength by conducting a serial of push-out tests. The fabrication of different specimens and test procedure are introduced in detail. By push-out tests, shear capacities of perfobond rib shear connectors with different orientation are obtained. The test results indicate that the shear bearing capacity of perfobond rib in normal orientation is the largest, in invert orientation is medium and in lateral orientation is the least. Also the reason of the effect of perfobond rib orientation on shear strength is analyzed.
Application of Plastic Theory to Shear Strength Prediction of External Prestressed Concrete Beams
Authors: Zhao Yu , Hoang Linh C. , Nielsen M. P.
Published: October 2011

This paper investigates the applicability of plasticity based models for shear strength prediction of reinforced concrete members with external prestressing. Shear tests collected from the literature are compared with calculations according to the Variable Strut Inclination Method as well as the upper bound Crack Sliding Model. Reasonably agreements with test results have been found, espessically when the effectiveness factor proposed in the Eurocode 2 is used.
Dynamic Characteristics of an Ultra-long Cable-stayed Bridge
Authors: Liu Jianfeng , Zhang Qiwei
Published: October 2011

This paper describes the experimental and numerical modal analysis performed on the Sutong Bridge in China, the first-built large cable-stayed bridge with over one kilometer main span in the world. Theoretical analysis is conducted on the 3D finite element model developed from the design drawings combined with some measured material properties. Ambient vibration tests are carried out and the acceleration responses of the deck and the towers are obtained. 18 vibration modes of the deck and the towers are identified in the frequency range 0-1.0Hz using both the peak-picking method and the random decrement technique combined with Ibrahim time domain method. Moreover, modal damping ratios of all modes are estimated and their scattering ranges are narrow. A good correlation is achieved between the finite element analysis and experimental analysis. The main assumption adopted in the FE model for dynamic analysis are assessed and summarized. The identified results can be used to validate and update the finite element model.
Analysis of Cable Supported Structure Considering Cable Sliding
Authors: Chung Kwang Sup , Cho Jae-Yeol , Park Jung Il , Park Ho , Kim Ho-Kyung , Chang Sung-Pil
Published: October 2011

The goal of this study is to develop a 3-dimensional elastic cable finite element which considers the sliding effect and uses the geometric nonlinear cable finite element based on elastic catenary theory. In this study, two types of sliding were considered: the roller sliding condition without friction and the frictional sliding condition. These were formulated to derive the nodal force vectors and tangential stiffness matrices. To validate the proposed 3-dimensional cable sliding element, experiments were conducted for both sliding conditions, and compared to calculations of the amount of sliding and displacement at the loading point. Overall calculations using the 3- dimensional cable sliding model were in very good agreement with the measured values.
Shear Test on RC Elements with Circular Cross Section
Authors: Jensen Uffe G. , Hoang Linh C. , Joergensen Henrik B. , Fabrin Lars S. , Maagaard Joergen
Published: October 2011

Reinforced concrete members with circular cross section are widely used in bridge engineering, either as piers or as piles to support pile caps. In codes, guidelines for shear design of circular con- crete members are almost none-existing. Some codes specify rules based on shear models for rec- tangular members. The shear behaviour of members with circular cross section is, however, quite different from that of rectangular members. The published experimental research on the shear be- haviour of circular members contains only test results with very low shear reinforcement percent- ages. In this paper shear tests on a series of heavily confined concrete members are reported. The specimens have shear reinforcement percentages (hoops) up to more than three times the maximum percentage found in existing tests. The test results are compared with a recently developed shear design model for circular members and good agreement has been found.
Forth Replacement Crossing: Scheme design of the bridge
Authors: Carter Matt , Kite Steve , Hussain Naeem , Seywright Alan , Glover Mike , Minto Billy
Published: October 2011

The Forth Replacement Crossing will be built across the Firth of Forth in Scotland to maintain and enhance a vital transport link in the country. The wide estuary will be crossed by a pair of 650 m main spans with crossing cable stays employed to stabilise the central tower, a unique design feature for a bridge of this scale.

The scheme design of the crossing, being carried out by the Jacobs-Arup JV, aims to provide a fitting 21st century icon, standing alongside existing 19th and 20th century Grade A listed bridges.
Glass and Aluminium - An Example of Innovative Façade Design
Authors: Siebert Barbara , Maniatis Iris
Published: October 2011

Modern facades have developed from the traditional single-layered framed window glazing to load carrying, high performance glass structures. Besides their protective functions, the primary aims are visual design intent (colour, amount of transparency, coatings, etc.) and performance (strength, deflection, thermal properties, etc.).

The dominating materials used for the façades of the new AUDI Terminal buildings are glass and aluminium. They illustrate an innovative design to the combination of glass and perforated aluminium.

A new and worldwide corporate identity design was developed for the AUDI sale centres. Especially the façade elements are part of the corporate identity design. The cladding consists of perforated and folded aluminium panels and is visually broken up by transparent double glazing units. For the glazed parts different façade options were developed which are a standardised curtain walling system with mullions and transoms or a full-height glazing with vertical glass fins.

The so called "AUDI Terminals" were designed by the Munich based Architects Allmann, Sattler, Wappner. Up to now only two AUDI Terminals have been completed, which are in Sydney and Munich. The AUDI Terminal in Munich is the worldwide largest centre so far and has an overall exhibition area of 2250m2. In the whole 40 cars can be displayed. Space and light are optimised and by restricting the materials to concrete, aluminium and glass the architects achieved a unified look.

This paper outlines the design of the Terminal buildings and describes the detailing and the structural design of the façade in Munich. Furthermore special design requirements are explained.
Experimental Investigations on the Fatigue Behavior of Concrete Bridges
Authors: Fehlmann Patrick , Vogel Thomas
Published: October 2011

Due to the rising demands existing bridges have to meet, periodical inspections are necessary. Decisions on the necessity of costly maintenance to guarantee structural safety and serviceability have to be made. Increasing traffic loads and frequencies may cause a strength reduction of structural materials which is also known as fatigue. In reinforced concrete structures the reinforcement is particularly subject to fatigue.

To shed light on the load bearing behavior under service conditions, large-scale tests with frames under cyclic loading are performed. Emphasis is placed on the recording of crack patterns and the detection of single rebar breaks by non-destructive methods. The specimens on a scale of 1:2 are designed to match dimensions and detailing of frame bridges of the 1960ies and 70ies, which are very common on Swiss motorways. The tests shall show whether fatigue has to be taken into account when inspecting these bridges and how fatigue damages can be detected at an early stage.
A Tool for Planning the Future of Regional Infrastructure
Authors: Zonta Daniele , Zandonini Riccardo , Bortot Francesca
Published: October 2011

This paper introduces a risk-based approach to bridge management as implemented by the Department of Transportation of the Autonomous Province of Trento (APT). The APT Bridge Management System (BMS) has been operational since 2004 and inspections have been carried out on the whole bridge stock (more than 1000 bridges). The data collected by adequately trained inspectors are gathered in a Data Base and are automatically analyzed by the system using a number of mathematical models. These models have been developed by DIMS with the following objectives: calculating the reliability and the risk associated with each bridge, evaluating the evolution in time of the condition state, simulating long-term scenarios for infrastructure development by critically comparing alternative Maintenance, Repair and Reconstruction (MR&R) strategies. This paper illustrates the prioritization model implemented in the APT BMS, based on the concept of total risk. Two examples of real life applications will be presented and analyzed.
Strengthening steel bridge across Vistula River in Poland
Authors: Lagoda Grazyna , Lagoda Marek
Published: October 2011

Superstructure of Vistula Bridge near Chełmno consists of five steel spans with riveted framework. Change of load capacity class demanded strengthening of all tension elements. Strengthening of upper and bottom flange main truss girders was proposed with Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) strips. CFRP tapes are narrow and they could be placed in between heads of rivets. Before application of CFRP tapes the whole bridge platform was removed, which cased maximum relief of the entire bridge construction system. During time of strengthening (surface preparation and placing CFRP strips) the only load was coming from tensions cause by weight of bridge construction structure itself and very light working platforms.
Upgrading of São João Bridge Structural Health Monitoring System
Authors: Santos L. Oliveira
Published: October 2011

São João Bridge is a railway bridge, 1028 m long, with a main span of 250 metres. This bridge was instrumented during its construction and its structural behaviour has been experimentally followed since then. After fifteen years in service, the system used for this purpose was updated in order to get automatic data acquisition as well as dynamic monitoring, with remote access and real time data processing. This paper presents how the original sensors were integrated in the new structural health monitoring system and the new devices used. Finally, some experimental results are presented and compared with the analytical values predicted by a finite element model.
The Construction of Precast Segmental Bridge in Rural Area
Authors: Jenngamkul Thiem , Bamrungwong Chakree , Manokhoon Kitti , H'wattana Putthipong , Kijawatworawet Wichai , Thongsom Jirasak
Published: October 2011

Construction of bridges in distant area usually suffers the lack of skillful labor and the difficulty in delivery of long-span precast segments, causing unsatisfactory performance of bridges. To remove this drawback, the Department of Rural Roads (DRR) has been introduced the precast segmental construction. A part of a bridge across Kam River in Sakonnakorn Province was designed and built with this concept so that the construction procedure, materials, equipments, and obstacles can be clarified. Segments of the bridge components, such as piers, cap beams, girders, footpaths, and guardrails, were cast in a well quality-controlled casting yard. Then, they were delivery by medium trucks to be assembled and installed at the construction site. During construction, quality control in every step is mandatory. The construction procedure will be described in this paper. It was proved that the precast segmental method can reduce the construction period on site significantly and improve construction quality efficiently. And, the precast segmental construction is appropriate for the construction in emergency situation or in the threatened area. Furthermore, if the amount of segments is enough, budget of the construction will be saved.
Using Bamboo to Build Sustainably
Authors: Braulin Neri , Chioetto Valeria , de Miranda Mario
Published: October 2011

Bamboo is a traditional building material in tropical areas of the world where it grows in large amounts. The physical characteristics of bamboo make this highly renewable material suitable for solving a number of problems of sustainable building, mainly in the civil and infrastructural sectors as it can provide a lightweight structural member used for supporting buildings. In recent years, bamboo has received new attention as a substitute of wood and steel in several building projects. Innovative technological and engineering developments now make it possible to use bamboo for public infrastructures as well as roadway bridges construction. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate the feasibility and convenience in many situations of such infrastructures by means of some practical issues taken from the experiences of the authors like: the presentation of design concepts and construction-maintenance techniques; the illustration of the results of recent research developed in Italy on the layout and strength of structural joints; the description of some recent structures built by applying the aforementioned concepts.
Design and Construction of Innovative UHPC Pedestrian Cable Stayed Bridge in Korea
Authors: Kim Byung-Suk , Park Hyo-Ki , Park Sung-Yong , Kim Young-Jin , Chin Won-Jong , Choi Eun-Suk , Kim Hyun-Ho , Kim Jong-Hwa , Kim Woo-Jong
Published: October 2011

This paper presents the design and construction of the first pedestrian cable-stayed bridge using ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) developed by the Korea Institute of Construction Technology (KICT). UHPC exhibits compressive strength larger than 150MPa, which enables it to resist to large compressive forces. In addition, its high resistance to tension and shear makes it possible to minimize the thickness of the cross section. Accordingly, a pedestrian cable-stayed

bridge exploiting at the most the characteristics of the developed UHPC has been planned, designed, cured, placed and erected in the site of KICT. This full-scale test bed demonstrated the applicability of UHPC for cable-stayed bridge structures and allowed to derive future research topics.
Investigation of Anti-noise Absorptions Walls Development with Utilization of Waste from Agriculture
Authors: Zach Jirí , Brozovsky Jiri , Hroudová Jitka
Published: October 2011

Along side with the fast infrastructure development such as highways, roads and railroad tracks there is increasing stress on protection against noise produced by these line sources.

In general it seems to be the most efficient way to reduce noise by building anti-noise walls along line sources of traffic noise. Anti-noise walls absorb the noise and protect from distribution to surrounding environment. The paper describes possibilities of use of waste from production of technical hemp for production of anti-noise walls with high level of sound absorption. Advantages of these walls are not only good acoustic properties but also lower price and utilization of environmental friendly material. The used technical hemp is easily renewable material source; technical hemp can be substituted by another similar material typical for the particular area or more easily accessible.
The Application of Bionics Ideas in Bridge Design
Authors: Hu Nan
Published: October 2011

Based on the classification of bionics as well as application goals, the present paper attempts to address existing problems in bridge design through incorporating bionic or biomimetics thinking. Meanwhile, it provides some new ideas into innovative design and future bridges. From macroscopic aspect, the appearance and structure in biosystem can be utilized in type-selection or innovative bridge design. From microscopic aspect, the mechanism and behavior in biosystem can also be applied in design optimization or improvement. With the discussions of bionics idea in bridge, it is likely to establish the conception of “living bridge”as well as the biological thinking in bridge design. From unconscious to conscious, the application of bionics idea may push the bridge engineering back to the future. This philosophy would help us to build more sustainable, energy- efficient, environmental friendly bridges, if we learned from Nature endlessly.
Pavement Structure for Low-capacity Roads with Different Recycled Materials Utilization
Authors: Mondschein Petr , Valentin Jan , Výborný Jaroslav , Vodička Jan
Published: October 2011

In road construction various recycling techniques are well-known and long-term developed worldwide. Commonly recyclable materials, known as reclaimed asphalt pavement, are used. These materials are gained during the pavement rehabilitation process. In some cases further secondary granular materials are used, e.g. masonry or concrete recyclable material (MRM or CRM) coming from demolition works. Utilization of recyclable materials in pavement structure is specified in Czech Republic by technical requirements, focusing above all on recycled asphalt pavement (RAP), lesser then on other granular materials especially for the sub-base layers. The trend is to use recyclable materials in one structural layer of the pavement.

Authors are introducing experimental design of an alternative pavement structure, where the recyclable materials are used in protection layer, sub-base and/or binder course all at once, eventually in wearing course as well. The main techniques are: MRM reinforced by synthetic fibres and cold recycling technique with RAP, bituminous emulsion (or foam bitumen) and cement as combined binder. Pavement rehabilitation techniques based on cold processes are from the environmental and economic point of view without any doubt of benefit. The paper summarizes the present laboratory experience with these techniques and comments results of experimental tests of odd structural materials and the pavement structure with both materials. Strength properties as well as stiffness and cohesion of two layers made by different technique is introduced and discussed.
Special Requirements of Large Modular Expansion Joints
Authors: Spuler Thomas , Moor Gianni , Savioz Pascal
Published: October 2011

The paper gives a brief introduction into the world of large bridge expansion joints, their special needs and the particular challenges they present.

A special focus is given to the experience gained when designing, manufacturing, shipping and installing modular expansion joints in 2003 for the Run Yang Bridge, China’s largest and the world’s third largest suspension bridge. With its 27 gaps, the larger of the bridge’s modular expansion joints facilitates longitudinal movement of 2,160mm, at the time the largest ever installed, anywhere in the world.
Gulshan Lake Bridge: Life and link between two Urban Communities
Authors: Sobhan M. A. , Khan Ehsan
Published: October 2011

The 799.00 meters long Gulshan Lake Bridge Project in Dhaka city, links Banani Road No. 11 with Gulshan Road Nos. 41, 43, 35A and 34. This necessitated a complex labyrinth-shaped layout of the road bridges for this project. The aesthetic issues arisen due to 400 skew crossing of the 90.00 meters long 4-lane main bridge has been solved by providing an elevated arch span for the middle span of the 3-span bridge. The tied bridge deck joints using stainless steel dowel bars are designed over the piers of the simply-supported interior spans, to distribute the horizontal forces due to braking, earthquake loading, etc. to the adjacent spans. Buried joints are used to enhance the driving comforts. This paper gives the technical details of the above features.
Detailed Spatial Plan of Highway Corridor in Montenegro
Authors: Knežević Miloš , Vuksanović Dorde , šćepanović Biljana , Gogić Mladen
Published: October 2011

Detailed Spatial Plan of the corridor of Bar-Boljare highway in Montenegro (hereinafter: Plan) is a long-term development document, encompassing time span until 2020. It defines bases of long-term spatial organisation and regulation not only in narrow vicinity of highway, but also in a wider area gravitating to the highway corridor. The Plan defines state goals as well as actions and activities in urban development, all in accordance with overall economical, social, ecological and cultural development and needs of Montenegro. The Plan contains: general and specific goals; long-term Plan solutions for organisation, regulation and protection of corridor area; actions and instructions for application and realisation of Plan solutions.
Life-cycle Based Design Strategies and Approaches of Bridges
Authors: Ma Junhai , Chen Airong
Published: October 2011

The most important thing in life-cycle based design is how to achieve service life of the bridge. Sustainable development gives rise to a need for bridge design to seek appropriate methods and measures to assure satisfied service in life cycle of a bridge from planning, design, construction and management of service phase to demolishment and recycling of materials and components. Three design strategies and corresponding approaches are presented after analyzing the approaches of achieving design life of each component and the bridge. The components are divided into four different types on the consideration of maintenance, repair and replacement during life cycle of the bridge. The requirements of durability and maintenance, repair and replacement are determined based on the relation between each component and the bridge. It is suggested that each component should be designed according to one or the combination of three design strategies to assure the realization of design life of each component and the bridge and the assessment and the optimization of design alternatives should be implemented based on life cycle cost analysis. Finally, a procedure for life-cycle based design integrating durability design, replaceability design and life cycle cost analysis is presented to provide the reference for bridge designers.
Bridge and Viaduct in the Landscape: Reasons of the Shape
Authors: Siviero Enzo , Zorzenon Fabrizia
Published: October 2011

The projects that are presented below are a further piece in the concept and operative puzzle in my
study into the “reasons of the shape” of bridges.
This new experience has been gained further to my maturity in designing bridges, viaducts and
walkways both professionally (having received some important national and international awards,
not the least of which the recent recognition as Consultant Professor at Tangji University in
Shanghai) and academically (I have held a number of academic courses into bridge and viaduct
design at the Architecture Faculty in Venice University) and is, in my opinion, a very interesting and
fascinating formal and composition outcome.
Earthquake Tests of Glass Structures
Authors: Siebert Geralt , Haese Andreas
Published: October 2011

Worldwide investigations to protect people in case of earthquakes in seismic active regions like e.g. Japan or part of the United States are done. Earthquake engineering develops different methods for design of building or bridges with minimised risk of collapse due to earthquake. But there is an – often underestimated – risk for the health of people outside the buildings (e.g. on pavements) in case of an earthquake caused by falling parts of facades or canopies.

In this paper an overview about some basic principles of glass constructions is given briefly. The main part is about testing of glass elements with a special focus on earthquake tests which are done in laboratory of the Universität der Bundeswehr München at present. Research work will be continued with different bearing situations and other common applications.
Values of Bridge in the Formation of Cities
Authors: Chang Sung-Pil , Choo Jinkyo F.
Published: October 2011

Space and agglomeration are perhaps the most basic features in city formation. City formation also requires continuous investment in public infrastructure, housing , and business capital, which makes cities form and grow in sequence. As public infrastructure, bridge is closely related to the sedentarization and agglomeration of population as well as to the transportation of people and goods. Accordingly, the values of bridge are examined with respect to the evolution of bridge within the city formation process so as to predict the future development trends of bridge and corresponding meanings. The major social roles fulfilled by bridges as social infrastructures and cultural asset are examined and extended to their roles in the city formation and further in the economic development process of a country.
The Chaotianmen Bridge – An arch bridge with a new world record span of 552 m
Authors: Wang Fumin
Published: October 2011

The Chongqing Chaotianmen Yangtse River Bridge is a steel truss arch bridge with a main span of 552 m. The main span of the bridge is currently the world' s longest. Ist design and construction overcame significant technical difficulties. This paper describes the inno­vative aspects of the bridge with regard to selection of structural system, length of main span , and construction technology.
Major Bridge Development in Hong Kong – Past, present and future
Authors: Hui Michael Ch. , Ms Yau Doris
Published: October 2011

The first "modern" type of vehicular bridge was built in Hong Kong in the 1920s. The need for an efficient transportation system to cope with population growth and enable eco­nomic development has demanded the construction of more and more bridges since the middle of the 20th century. By 2007 , Hong Kong had a total of about 1 300 vehicular bridges. Four of these bridges, including the Tsing Ma Bridge, Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Ting Kau Bridge, and the cable-stayed bridge on the Hong Kong-Shenzhen Western Corri­dor, are considered to be major bridges supported by cables. Currently, the Stonecutters Bridge on Route No. 8 is under construction and is expected to be completed in late 2009. At the same time, the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge will be in its detailed design stage soon. Whilst efforts have been made by bridge builders to construct these giant structures , the upkeeping of these valuable assets at a high standard and ensuring their continuous functioning and performance during their intended lifespans will be another important task for bridge engineers. Wind and structural health monitoring system will play a key role in this respect.
Hangzhou Bay Bridge – A 36 km shortcut between Shanghai and Ningbo
Authors: Wang Rengui , Meng Fanchao
Published: October 2011

The Hangzhou Bay Sea-crossing Bridge is the world's longest bridge over ocean waters. Its total length is 36 km in total length, of which 35. 7 km is bridge. A great number of new techniques, new materials , new equipment, and new theories were adopted in the overall design of Hangzhou Bay Sea-crossing Bridge due to the large scale of the project, as well as complex hydrological , meteorological, geological , and sea erosive conditions which provided impetus to the innovation of bridge technology and design in many regards.
Aerodynamic Challenges in Major Chinese Bridges
Authors: Ge Yaojun , Xiang Haifan
Published: October 2011

This paper presents recent advances in aerodynamic studies of flutter instability , vortex induced vibration , and stay cable vibration , undertaken to address the most formidable challenges of long-span bridge design. Aerodynamic stabilization for long-span suspension bridges is introduced, followed by an aerodynamic feasibility study of a 5 000 m-span suspension bridge. It seems that the intrinsic limit of span length due to aerodynamic stability is about 1 500 m for a traditional suspension bridge, but either a widely slotted deck or a narrowly slotted deck with vertical and horizontal stabilizers could provide a 5 000 m suspension bridge with high enough critical flutter speed. Since cable-stayed bridges have good intrinsic aerodynamic stability, rain-wind induced vibration and mitigation are discussed as the primary concern encountered in the design of most long-span cable-stayed bridges. It is possible to increase the span length of cable-stayed bridges in the near future while ensuring aerodynamic stability. Compared to suspension bridges and cable-stayed bridges, arch bridges have relatively shorter span and higher stiffness. Consequently, only one of the ten longest-span arch bridges, namely Shanghai's Lupu Bridge, suffers vortex-induced vibration as described in the paper. An increase m span length of arch bridges should not be influenced by aerodynamic requirements.
Construction of Suspension Bridges across the Yangtze River in Jiangsu, China
Authors: Ji Lin , Feng Zhaoxiang
Published: October 2011

As Jiangsu is located in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River with particular natural conditions and high navigational clearance requirements , suspension bridges are always one of the preferable bridge types to consider for crossings of the Yangtze. This paper gives a brief description of bridge type and main structural details about two completed bridges-the Jiangyin Bridge and the Runyang Bridge-and two bridges under construction-the Taizhou Bridge and the Nanjing 4th Bridge. This paper also gives a brief introduction to the design concept and methodology adopted for construction of river­crossing suspension bridges in Jiangsu and development and progress with regard to choice of main structural system.
Design of Tuned Mass Damper under Bounded Uncertain Parameters
Authors: Roy Bijan Kumar , Debbarma Rama , Chakraborty Subrata
Published: October 2011

The tuned mass damper parameters optimization in random vibration framework considering uncertain but bounded type system parameters that includes mass, damping and stiffness of the structure as well as ground motion parameters is studied here. Though, the damper parameters optimization under uncertain parameters in probabilistic framework is powerful, the approach can not be applied in many real situations when the required detailed information on the statistical variations of the parameters is limited. In such case, the interval method is a viable alternative. With the aid of matrix perturbation theory using first order Taylor series expansion and interval extension of the dynamic response function, the problem under interval parameters is transformed here into appropriate deterministic optimization problems. Numerical study is performed to elucidate the effect of parameters uncertainties on the optimization of damper parameters.
Monitoring The 352 Meter Long Monaco Floating Pier
Authors: De Wit Marcel , Hovhanessian Gilles
Published: October 2011

Again limits have been pushed further with the realization of the key element of the extension of the Condamine port at Monaco, a 352 m long and 163 000 tons semi-floating pier.

The highly pre-stressed reinforcement concrete structure with a design life of 100 years is attached to the main land abutment with a very complex and 770 tons steel ball-joint system while the other end of the pier it is secured with two sets of fixed anchor chains to the seabed.

This exceptional project is a mix of building techniques, mechanical engineering, and offshore works: it includes several world records and, particularly, the spectacular connection of the ball joint system.

All these design breaking records are possible thanks to the evolutions in civil design & construction methods. In this context another evolution is of great help to allow confirming that the structures are behaving like expected by the calculation models: the monitoring tools. New technologies for the monitoring of structures are powerful tools to better understand the behaviour and make sure that structure remains in good health over time.

In this paper we will review the structural health monitoring system that is installed for this extraordinary structure.
Seismic Retrofit Analysis Approach of Bart A-Line North Aerial Structures
Authors: Lim Kuang Yak , Cheng Phoebe , Gunderson Adrian
Published: October 2011

The A-Line North aerial structures of the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) system start at 19th Avenue in the City of Oakland, USA and extend to the Bay Fair Station in the City of San Leandro, USA. The line segment is 9-1/2 mile long and is evaluated as part of the BART Earthquake Safety Program. About 90% of the structures consist of twin precastprestressed concrete girders simply supported on single-column hammerhead piers. Along the alignment, there are some special structures with inverted U-bents, double-column bents, C-bents, pier-walls and aerial stations. The span lengths range from 55 to 145 feet, with average span at 75 feet; the column heights range from 16 to 40 feet, with average height at
30 feet. The structures are analyzed with fault normal and fault parallel ground motions based on the maximum of probabilistic and deterministic approaches. Varying soil properties, foundation flexibilities, spatial variation of the structures, interactions between expansion joints, rail-structure interactions, load redistribution due to element hinging, and
foundation rocking are considered through combinations of single- and multiple-degree-offreedom linear static and dynamic analyses, push-over analyses, stand-alone rocking analysis and K-secant rocking analyses. The collection of analyses is meant to capture the structural
responses at various stages throughout an earthquake event, including foundation rocking.
The paper presents the seismic performance criteria and evaluation procedures, and a
summary of the seismic vulnerabilities of the as-built structures. Proposed retrofit measures
are also included.