bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Engineered Cross-Linked Silane with Urea Polymer Thin Durable Coatings onto Polymeric Films for Controlled Antiviral Release of Activated Chlorine and Essential Oils
Authors: Sasson Elisheva , Agazani Omer , Malka Eyal , Reches Meital , Margel Shlomo
Published: May 2023

In March 2020, the World Health Organization announced a pandemic attributed to SARS-CoV-2, a novel beta-coronavirus, which spread widely from China. As a result, the need for antiviral surfaces has increased significantly. Here, the preparation and characterization of new antiviral coatings on polycarbonate (PC) for controlled release of activated chlorine (Cl+) and thymol separately and combined are described. Thin coatings were prepared by polymerization of 1-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl] urea (TMSPU) in ethanol/water basic solution by modified Stöber polymerization, followed by spreading the formed dispersion onto surface-oxidized PC film using a Mayer rod with appropriate thickness. Activated Cl-releasing coating was prepared by chlorination of the PC/SiO2-urea film with NaOCl through the urea amide groups to form a Cl-amine derivatized coating. Thymol releasing coating was prepared by linking thymol to TMSPU or its polymer via hydrogen bonds between thymol hydroxyl and urea amide groups. The activity towards T4 bacteriophage and canine coronavirus (CCV) was measured. PC/SiO2-urea-thymol enhanced bacteriophage persistence, while PC/SiO2-urea-Cl reduced its amount by 84%. Temperature-dependent release is presented. Surprisingly, the combination of thymol and chlorine had an improved antiviral activity, reducing the amount of both viruses by four orders of magnitude, indicating synergistic activity. For CCV, coating with only thymol was inactive, while SiO2-urea-Cl reduced it below a detectable level.
A Reliable Criterion for the Correct Delimitation of the Foveal Avascular Zone in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Fernández-Espinosa Guisela , Ruiz-Tabuenca Carlos , Orduna-Hospital Elvira , Pinilla Isabel , Salgado-Remacha Francisco J.
Published: May 2023

Background: Manual segmentation of the Foveal Avascular Zone (FAZ) has a high level of variability. Research into retinas needs coherent segmentation sets with low variability. Methods: Retinal optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images from type-1 diabetes mellitus (DM1), type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and healthy patients were included. Superficial (SCP) and deep (DCP) capillary plexus FAZs were manually segmented by different observers. After comparing the results, a new criterion was established to reduce variability in the segmentations. The FAZ area and acircularity were also studied. Results: The new segmentation criterion produces smaller areas (closer to the real FAZ) with lower variability than the different criteria of the explorers in both plexuses for the three groups. This was particularly noticeable for the DM2 group with damaged retinas. The acircularity values were also slightly reduced with the final criterion in all groups. The FAZ areas with lower values showed slightly higher acircularity values. We also have a consistent and coherent set of segmentations with which to continue our research. Conclusions: Manual segmentations of FAZ are generally carried out with little attention to the consistency of the measurements. A novel criterion for segmenting the FAZ allows segmentations made by different observers to be more similar.
Measuring Access to Services of General Interest as a Diagnostic Tool to Identify Well-Being Disparities between Rural Areas in Europe
Authors: Ortega-Reig Mar , Schürmann Carsten , Ferrandis Martínez Adrian , Copus Andrew
Published: May 2023

The gradual reorientation of rural policy paradigms away from competitiveness and economic growth and towards well-being and sustainability creates a need for more appropriate diagnostic tools to assess disparities and policy outcomes. One of the most cited determinants of rural well-being is access to Services of General Interest. Areas with relatively poor access to services can be described as “inner peripheries”, and peripherisation literature provides helpful insights into the challenges faced and policy needs. This paper presents a methodology for modelling and mapping access to a suite of ten key services, covering all of Europe at a 2.5 km grid square level. The approach is intrinsically relative, comparing the travel time to services from each grid square with the average for surrounding regions. Maps are provided for 2017 and 2021, and changes between these dates are described. ‘Inner peripheries’ are found in every country, their configuration being influenced not only by geographical features, but also by service delivery practices. Further analysis explores patterns of risk, identifying areas in which service provision is in a precarious position. The results presented are rich in practical policy implications, not least the suggestion that, in terms of patterns of well-being, local roads are at least as important as trunk infrastructure.
The Utility of Inflammatory Serum Markers in the Assessment of Perioperative Morbidity after Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer
Authors: Claps Francesco , Rossin Giulio , van Rhijn Bas W. G. , Mir Maria Carmen , Mertens Laura S. , Ongaro Luca , Traunero Fabio , Iachimovsky Alexandra I. , Piasentin Andrea , Vedovo Francesca , Perotti Alessandro , Tulone Gabriele , Zucchi Alessandro , Liguori Giovanni , Simonato Alchiede , Bartoletti Riccardo , Trombetta Carlo , Pavan Nicola
Published: May 2023

Background and Objectives: To date, sparse evidence exists about the impact of inflammatory serum markers in predicting perioperative complications after radical cystectomy (RC) for bladder cancer (BC). Here, we evaluated the role of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), C-reactive protein (CRP), and plasma fibrinogen in predicting perioperative morbidity and unplanned 30-days readmission after RC for BC. Materials and methods: We relied on a collaborative database of 271 patients who underwent open RC for cT1-4a N0 M0 BC between January 2012 and December 2022. Univariable and multivariable binomial logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) testing the ability of each serum marker to predict postoperative complications (any-grade and major complications), and 30-days unplanned readmission. Results: The median age at RC was 73 yr (IQR 67–79). A total of 182 (67.2%) patients were male and the median BMI was 25.2 (IQR 23.2–28.4). Overall, 172 (63.5%) patients had a Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) greater than 2 points and 98 (36.2%) were current smokers at the time of RC. Overall, 233 (86.0%) patients experienced at least one complication after RC. Of these, 171 (63.1%) patients had minor complications (Clavien–Dindo grade 1–2) while 100 (36.9%) experienced major complications (Clavien–Dindo grade ≥ 3). According to multivariable analysis, current smoking status, high plasma fibrinogen, and preoperative anemia were independently associated with major complications (OR 2.10, 95%CI 1.15–4.90, p = 0.02), (OR 1.51, 95%CI 1.26–1.98, p = 0.09), and (OR 1.35, 95%CI 1.17–2.57, p = 0.03), respectively. Overall, 56 (20.7%) patients experienced a 30-days unplanned readmission. According to univariable analysis, high preoperative CRP and hyperfibrinogenemia were significantly associated with an increased risk of unplanned readmission (OR 2.15, 95%CI 1.15–4.16, p = 0.02; OR 2.18, 95%CI 1.13–4.44, p = 0.02, respectively). Conclusions: In our study, the preoperative immune-inflammation signature described by NLR, PLR, LMR, SII, and CRP showed a low reliability in predicting perioperative course after RC. Preoperative anemia and hyperfibrinogenemia were independent predictors of major complications. Further studies are pending in order to draw definitive conclusions.
Challenges in Local Allergic Rhinitis Diagnosis, Management, and Research: Current Concepts and Future Perspectives
Authors: Mortada Mohamad Mahdi , Kurowski Marcin
Published: May 2023

Local allergic rhinitis (LAR) is diagnosed based on the presence of clinical symptoms such as rhinorrhea, sneezing, and nasal itching using negative skin prick testing and serum IgE assessment. Several novel studies have shown that it is possible to use the assessment of nasal sIgE (specific immunoglobulin E) secretion as an additional diagnostic criterion for local allergic rhinitis. Additionally, allergen immunotherapy is a promising—albeit still not fully assessed and evaluated—future method of managing patients with LAR. In this review, the historical background, epidemiology, and main pathophysiological mechanisms of LAR shall be presented. Additionally, we address the current state of knowledge based on selected articles regarding the assessment of the local mucosal IgE presence in response to exposure to such allergens as mites, pollen, molds, and others. The impact of LAR on quality of life as well as the possible options of management (including allergen immunotherapy (AIT), which showed promising results) will then be presented.
Evaluation of the Risk Factors for Cellulitis among Patients with Peripheral Artery Disease
Authors: Wang Bo-Yuan , Yang Shun-Fa , Ting Ke-Hsin , Wang Yu-Hsun , Chou Ming-Chih , Yeh Chao-Bin
Published: May 2023

Background and objectives: The objective of this study is to elucidate peripheral occlusion artery disease (PAOD) as a risk factor for cellulitis. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective population-based cohort study. The database is the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database, which covers two million beneficiaries from the entire population of the 2010 registry for beneficiaries in Taiwan. The PAOD group is composed of patients who were newly diagnosed with PAOD from 2001 to 2014. The non-PAOD group is composed of patients who were never diagnosed with PAOD from 2001 to 2015. All patients were followed until the onset of cellulitis, death, or until the end of 2015. Results: Finally, 29,830 patients who were newly diagnosed with PAOD were included in the PAOD group, and 29,830 patients who were never diagnosed with PAOD were included in the non-PAOD group. The incidence densities (ID) of cellulitis were 26.05 (95% CI = 25.31–26.80) patients per 1000 person-years in the PAOD group and 49.10 (95% CI = 48.04–50.19) in the non-PAOD group. The PAOD group had an increased risk of cellulitis (adjusted HR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.87–2.01) compared to the non-PAOD group. Conclusions: Patients with PAOD were associated with a higher risk of subsequent cellulitis compared to patients without PAOD.
Oxygen Saturation in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients and Its Relation to Colchicine Treatment: A Retrospective Cohort Study with an Updated Systematic Review
Authors: Sharaf Sandy , Ashmawy Rasha , Saleh Eman , Salama Mayada , El-Maradny Yousra , Zari Ali , Aly Shahinda , Tolba Ahmed , Mahrous Doaa , Elsayed Hanan , Latif Dalia , Redwan Elrashdy , Kamal Ehab
Published: May 2023

Background: Colchicine has been proposed as a cytokine storm-blocking agent for COVID-19 due to its efficacy as an anti-inflammatory drug. The findings of the studies were contentious on the role of colchicine in preventing deterioration in COVID-19 patients. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of colchicine in COVID-19-hospitalized patients. Design: A retrospective observational cohort study was carried out at three major isolation hospitals in Alexandria (Egypt), covering multiple centers. In addition, a systematic review was conducted by searching six different databases for published studies on the utilization of colchicine in patients with COVID-19 until March 2023. The primary outcome measure was to determine whether colchicine could decrease the number of days that the patient needed supplemental oxygen. The secondary outcomes were to evaluate whether colchicine could reduce the number of hospitalization days and mortality rate in these patients. Results: Out of 515 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, 411 were included in the survival analysis. After adjusting for the patients’ characteristics, patients not receiving colchicine had a shorter length of stay (median: 7.0 vs. 6.0 days) and fewer days of supplemental oxygen treatment (median: 6.0 vs. 5.0 days), p < 0.05, but there was no significant difference in mortality rate. In a subgroup analysis based on oxygen equipment at admission, patients admitted on nasal cannula/face masks who did not receive colchicine had a shorter duration on oxygen supply than those who did [Hazard Ratio (HR) = 0.76 (CI 0.59–0.97)]. Using cox-regression analysis, clarithromycin compared to azithromycin in colchicine-treated patients was associated with a higher risk of longer duration on oxygen supply [HR = 1.77 (CI 1.04–2.99)]. Furthermore, we summarized 36 published colchicine studies, including 114,878 COVID-19 patients. Conclusions: COVID-19-hospitalized patients who were given colchicine had poorer outcomes in terms of the duration of supplemental oxygen use and the length of their hospital stay. Therefore, based on these findings, the use of colchicine is not recommended for COVID-19-hospitalized adults.
CD34—Structure, Functions and Relationship with Cancer Stem Cells
Authors: Radu Petru , Zurzu Mihai , Paic Vlad , Bratucu Mircea , Garofil Dragos , Tigora Anca , Georgescu Valentin , Prunoiu Virgiliu , Pasnicu Costin , Popa Florian , Surlin Petra , Surlin Valeriu , Strambu Victor
Published: May 2023

The CD34 protein was identified almost four decades ago as a biomarker for hematopoietic stem cell progenitors. CD34 expression of these stem cells has been exploited for therapeutic purposes in various hematological disorders. In the last few decades, studies have revealed the presence of CD34 expression on other types of cells with non-hematopoietic origins, such as interstitial cells, endothelial cells, fibrocytes, and muscle satellite cells. Furthermore, CD34 expression may also be found on a variety of cancer stem cells. Nowadays, the molecular functions of this protein have been involved in a variety of cellular functions, such as enhancing proliferation and blocking cell differentiation, enhanced lymphocyte adhesion, and cell morphogenesis. Although a complete understanding of this transmembrane protein, including its developmental origins, its stem cell connections, and other functions, is yet to be achieved. In this paper, we aimed to carry out a systematic analysis of the structure, functions, and relationship with cancer stem cells of CD34 based on the literature overview.
Infective Endocarditis during Pregnancy—Keep It Safe and Simple!
Authors: Onofrei Viviana Aursulesei , Adam Cristina Andreea , Marcu Dragos Traian Marius , Crisan Dabija Radu , Ceasovschih Alexandr , Constantin Mihai , Grigorescu Elena-Daniela , Petroaie Antoneta Dacia , Mitu Florin
Published: May 2023

The diagnosis of infective endocarditis (IE) during pregnancy is accompanied by a poor prognosis for both mother and fetus in the absence of prompt management by multidisciplinary teams. We searched the electronic databases of PubMed, MEDLINE and EMBASE for clinical studies addressing the management of infective endocarditis during pregnancy, with the aim of realizing a literature review ranging from risk factors to diagnostic investigations to optimal therapeutic management for mother and fetus alike. The presence of previous cardiovascular pathologies such as rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, prosthetic valves, hemodialysis, intravenous catheters or immunosuppression are the main risk factors predisposing patients to IE during pregnancy. The identification of modern risk factors such as intracardiac devices and intravenous drug administration as well as genetic diagnostic methods such as cell-free deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) next-generation sequencing require that these cases be addressed in multidisciplinary teams. Guiding treatment to eradicate infection and protect the fetus simultaneously creates challenges for cardiologists and gynecologists alike.
Wrinkled Thermo-Electric Meander-Shaped Element on a Thin Freestanding PDMS Membrane
Authors: Bakhchova Liubov , Deckert Liudmila , Steinmann Ulrike
Published: May 2023

Natural wrinkling of metal films on silicone substrates can appear by means of the metal sputtering process and can be described by the continuous elastic theory and non-linear wrinkling model. Here, we report the fabrication technology and behavior of thin freestanding Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membranes equipped with thermo-electric meander-shaped elements. The Cr/Au wires were obtained on the silicone substrate by magnetron sputtering. We observe wrinkle formation and suppose furrows appear once PDMS returns to its initial state after the thermo-mechanical expansion during sputtering. Although the substrate thickness is usually a negligible parameter in the theory of wrinkle formation, we found that the self-assembled wrinkling architecture of the PDMS/Cr/Au varies due to the membrane thickness of 20 µm and 40 µm PDMS. We also demonstrate that the wrinkling of the meander wire affects its length, and it causes a 2.7 times higher resistance compared to a calculated value. Therefore, we investigate the influence of the PDMS mixing ratio on the thermo-electric meander-shaped elements. For the stiffer PDMS with a mixing ratio of 10:4, the resistance due to wrinkle amplitude alterations is 25% higher compared to the PDMS of ratio 10:1. Additionally, we observe and describe a thermo-mechanically induced motion behavior of the meander wires on completely freestanding PDMS membrane under applied current. These results can improve the understanding of wrinkle formation, which influences thermo-electric characteristics and may promote the integration of this technology in applications.
Pursuing Educational Partnerships in Diasporic Contexts: Teachers Responding to Pacific Voice in Their Work
Authors: Chu-Fuluifaga Cherie , Reynolds Martyn
Published: May 2023

In Aotearoa New Zealand, teachers have signaled that they would like to further their development as classroom practitioners, as a way of improving their capabilities as professionals. They want to foster strengths-based authentic partnerships between themselves and their diasporic migrant communities. This article attends to Pacific education, the education in Aotearoa New Zealand of students with migratory links to one or more Pacific Island Nations through a strength-based lens. We report on a Professional Learning Development (PLD) research endeavor, Learning From Each Other, that focused on supporting partnerships between Pacific communities and teachers. We provide a window on the sense making of teachers as they listen to, and are challenged by, diasporic Pacific community voice. Particular emphasis is placed on how teachers explore and transform their approach to partnership by negotiating with habitual practice. The examples given, selected for their apparent ordinariness, relate to new understandings of space and time. The study provides lessons applicable to other situations where access to quality education is problematic for diasporic, migrant communities and where teachers need support for the re-thinking that is required for enhanced partnership arrangements of benefit to all.
The Synthesis of Lead-Bearing Jarosite and Its Occurrence Characteristic and Leaching Toxicity Evaluation
Authors: Peng Jun , He Luhua , Liu Hui , Sun Zhumei , Yan Xu
Published: May 2023

Lead is the main toxic factor in jarosite residue. It is important to study the release behavior of lead from simulated lead-bearing jarosite (SLBJ) for predicting the stability of jarosite residue and its secondary pollution to the environment. To identify the technical issues and limitations associated with its safe disposal, a comprehensive analysis of the chemical, structural, and morphological characteristics of SLBJ was conducted using various detection techniques including XRF, XRD, SEM-EDS, FTIR, XPS, etc. The environmental stability of SLBJ was assessed through the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), Chinese standard leaching tests (CSLT), and a long-term leaching experiment (LTLE). Phase composition analysis revealed that the primary components of SLBJ are sodium jarosite and lead sulfate. TCLP and CSLT results indicated that lead content surpassed the toxicity identification standard limit by more than 47 times. Furthermore, LTLE indicated that the lead concentration surpassed the standard limit about 15 times after prolonged contact time. This study is of great significance for predicting the stability of jarosite residue and its secondary pollution to the environment.
Exploring Volatile Organic Compounds in Rhizomes and Leaves of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker Using HS-SPME and GC–TOF/MS Combined with Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Thawtar May San , Kusano Miyako , Yingtao Li , Wunna  , Thein Min San , Tanaka Keisuke , Rivera Marlon , Shi Miao , Watanabe Kazuo N.
Published: May 2023

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play an important role in the biological activities of the medicinal Zingiberaceae species. In commercial preparations of VOCs from Kaempferia parviflora rhizomes, its leaves are wasted as by-products. The foliage could be an alternative source to rhizome, but its VOCs composition has not been explored previously. In this study, the VOCs in the leaves and rhizomes of K. parviflora plants grown in a growth room and in the field were analyzed using the headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) method coupled with gas chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS). The results showed a total of 75 and 78 VOCs identified from the leaves and rhizomes, respectively, of plants grown in the growth room. In the field samples, 96 VOCs were detected from the leaves and 98 from the rhizomes. These numbers are higher compared to the previous reports, which can be attributed to the analytical techniques used. It was also observed that monoterpenes were dominant in leaves, whereas sesquiterpenes were more abundant in rhizomes. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed significantly higher abundance and diversity of VOCs in plants grown in the field than in the growth room. A high level of similarity of identified VOCs between the two tissues was also observed, as they shared 68 and 94 VOCs in the growth room and field samples, respectively. The difference lies in the relative abundance of VOCs, as most of them are abundant in rhizomes. Overall, the current study showed that the leaves of K. parviflora, grown in any growth conditions, can be further utilized as an alternative source of VOCs for rhizomes.
Effects of Metabolic Syndrome and Sex on Stress Coping Strategies in Individuals with Depressive Disorder
Authors: Puchner Eva , Platzer Martina , Dalkner Nina , Schwalsberger Karin , Lenger Melanie , Fellendorf Frederike T. , Unterrainer Human-Friedrich , Schwerdtfeger Andreas , Reininghaus Bernd , Reininghaus Eva Z.
Published: May 2023

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is related to depression and contributes to reduced life expectancy in individuals with mental disorders. Stress coping strategies are important factors in the development and maintenance of depressive disorders and have been related to metabolic disturbances. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is a difference in the use of positive (re- and devaluation, distraction, and control) and negative stress coping strategies in relation to patients’ MetS. A sample of 363 individuals (n female = 204, n male = 159) with a diagnosis of depression was measured with the Stress Coping Style Questionnaire and the Beck Depression Inventory. In addition, we collected data on MetS (waist circumference, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, fasting glucose/diabetes, blood pressure/hypertonia) according to the International Diabetes Federation. A 2 × 2 design including Mets (with vs. without) and sex (female vs. male) was performed to test for differences in stress coping strategies. Individuals with depression and MetS scored higher on distraction strategies than depressed individuals without MetS (p < 0.01, corrected with false discovery rate). In addition, we found sex differences in stress coping strategies indicating that women with depression scored higher on distraction strategies (p < 0.001, FDR corrected), as well as negative strategies (p < 0.001, FDR corrected), than men. No significant interaction between MetS and sex was found regarding the higher value of stress coping strategies. Findings suggest that individuals with depression and MetS used distraction strategies to a higher amount to cope with stress, which could be stress eating in some cases, than those without MetS. Women with depressive disorders had higher values than men on other coping strategies in our sample of individuals with depression. A better understanding of MetS and sex-specific differences in stress coping strategies might help to plan more effective preventive strategies and personalized treatment options for depression.
A Photonics-Assisted Binary/Quaternary Phase-Coded Microwave Signal Generator Applicable to Digital I/O Interfaces
Authors: Yin Jing , Zhao Yan , Yang Feng , Yang Dengcai , Wang Xiaoyu
Published: May 2023

A photonics-assisted binary/quaternary phase-coded microwave signal generator with fundamental/doubling reconfigurable carrier frequency applicable to digital I/O interfaces is proposed and has been verified by experiments. This scheme is based on a cascade modulation scheme, which is used to reconfigure fundamental/doubling carrier frequency and load the phase-coded signal, respectively. By controlling the radio frequency (RF) switch and the bias voltages of the modulator, the switching of the fundamental or doubling carrier frequency can be realized. When the amplitudes and sequence pattern of the two independent coding signals are set reasonably, binary or quaternary phase-coded signals can be realized. The sequence pattern of coding signals is applicable to digital I/O interfaces and can be directly generated through the IO interfaces of FPGA instead of an expensive high-speed arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) or other digital-to-analog conversion (DAC) systems. A proof-of-concept experiment is carried out, and the performance of the proposed system is evaluated from the aspects of phase recovery accuracy and pulse compression capability. In addition, the influence of residual carrier suppression and polarization crosstalk in non-ideal states on phase shifting based on polarization adjustment has also been analyzed.
Laser-Synthesized 2D-MoS2 Nanostructured Photoconductors
Authors: Salimon Igor A. , Zharkova Ekaterina V. , Averchenko Aleksandr V. , Kumar Jatin , Somov Pavel , Abbas Omar A. , Lagoudakis Pavlos G. , Mailis Sakellaris
Published: May 2023

The direct laser synthesis of periodically nanostructured 2D transition metal dichalcogenide (2D-TMD) films, from single source precursors, is presented here. Laser synthesis of MoS2 and WS2 tracks is achieved by localized thermal dissociation of Mo and W thiosalts, caused by the strong absorption of continuous wave (c.w.) visible laser radiation by the precursor film. Moreover, within a range of irradiation conditions we have observed occurrence of 1D and 2D spontaneous periodic modulation in the thickness of the laser-synthesized TMD films, which in some cases is so extreme that it results in the formation of isolated nanoribbons with a width of ~200 nm and a length of several micrometers. The formation of these nanostructures is attributed to the effect that is known as laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS), which is caused by self-organized modulation of the incident laser intensity distribution due to optical feedback from surface roughness. We have fabricated two terminal photoconductive detectors based on nanostructured and continuous films and we show that the nanostructured TMD films exhibit enhanced photo-response, with photocurrent yield increased by three orders of magnitude as compared to their continuous counterparts.
FPGA Implementation for Elliptic Curve Cryptography Algorithm and Circuit with High Efficiency and Low Delay for IoT Applications
Authors: Wang Deming , Lin Yuhang , Hu Jianguo , Zhang Chong , Zhong Qinghua
Published: May 2023

The Internet of Things requires greater attention to the security and privacy of the network. Compared to other public-key cryptosystems, elliptic curve cryptography can provide better security and lower latency with shorter keys, rendering it more suitable for IoT security. This paper presents a high-efficiency and low-delay elliptic curve cryptographic architecture based on the NIST-p256 prime field for IoT security applications. A modular square unit utilizes a fast partial Montgomery reduction algorithm, demanding just a mere four clock cycles to complete a modular square operation. The modular square unit can be computed simultaneously with the modular multiplication unit, consequently improving the speed of point multiplication operations. Synthesized on the Xilinx Virtex-7 FPGA platform, the proposed architecture completes one PM operation in 0.08 ms using 23.1 k LUTs at 105.3 MHz. These results show significantly better performance compared to that in previous works.
Nano-Materials-Based Printed Glucose Sensor for Use in Incontinence Products for Health-Care Applications
Authors: Hubl Moritz , Atta Raghied M. , Kaufhold Robin , Wang Bei , Ngo Ha Duong
Published: May 2023

Our recent development of a wireless humidity sensor system embedded in incontinence products enables new sensor applications to diagnose and supervise geriatric diseases (i.e., age-related diabetes mellitus type II). The measurement of glucose in urine, so-called glucosuria, is an early indicator for an incipient diabetes mellitus disease, whose symptoms are often age-related but misjudged. In this paper, an incontinence glucose sensor is printed with biocompatible ink and Prussian blue as an electron mediator on foil and functionalized with immobilized glucose oxidase. Inkjet printing of multiple layers of Nafion prevents large interference substances from diffusing into the measuring electrode and allows precise adjustment of the linear working range, which is significantly different from blood glucose measurement. Performance tests show the potential to detect minimum glucose values and store the sensor over a prolonged period at room temperature. The printed glucose sensor can be embedded into the absorber material of incontinence products, where capillary forces transport the urine analyte to the detection area. An attached readout module with an integrated potentiostat measures the glucose concentration in urine, which is transmitted wirelessly with incontinence events and stored in a cloud service for further analysis by medical staff and care workers.
Methods of Extracting TiO2 and Other Related Compounds from Ilmenite
Authors: Sampath A. H. Janaka , Wickramasinghe Nadeera Dilshan , de Silva K. M. Nalin , de Silva Rohini M.
Published: May 2023

Although ilmenite and rutile are extensively used to extract TiO2 at the industrial level, through the sulphate and chloride processes, they can also be recognized to possess the potential to be employed as the raw material to synthesize other titanium compounds as well. The Pulmoddai mineral sand deposit in Sri Lanka is considered as a valuable resource containing pure ilmenite and can be used as a very good source of both titanium and iron. Because of the lower TiO2 content compared to rutile, processes, such as the Becher process, Laporte process and Kataoka process, have been developed to upgrade ilmenite into higher grade synthetic rutile. Additionally, research studies have been carried out to develop methods, such as the hydrochloride process, H3PO4/NH3 process, alkaline roasting process, aluminothermic reduction method, alkaline decomposition method, molten salt electroreduction method and magnesiothermic reduction method, to synthesize TiO2 and other related titanium compounds, such as titanium and iron oxides, composites and alloys, from naturally occurring ilmenite where these methods possess both rewards as well as drawbacks over the others.
Antioxidant Activity in Extracts from Zingiberaceae Family: Cardamom, Turmeric, and Ginger
Authors: Ballester Pura , Cerdá Begoña , Arcusa Raúl , García-Muñoz Ana María , Marhuenda Javier , Zafrilla Pilar
Published: May 2023

An increase in life expectancy leads to a greater impact of chronic non-communicable diseases. This is even more remarkable in elder populations, to whom these become main determinants of health status, affecting mental and physical health, quality of life, and autonomy. Disease appearance is closely related to the levels of cellular oxidation, pointing out the importance of including foods in one’s diet that can prevent oxidative stress. Previous studies and clinical data suggest that some plant-based products can slow and reduce the cellular degradation associated with aging and age-related diseases. Many plants from one family present several applications that range from the food to the pharmaceutical industry due to their characteristic flavor and scents. The Zingiberaceae family, which includes cardamom, turmeric, and ginger, has bioactive compounds with antioxidant activities. They also have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticancer, and antiemetic activities and properties that help prevent cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. These products are abundant sources of chemical substances, such as alkaloids, carbohydrates, proteins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and diarylheptanoids. The main bioactive compounds found in this family (cardamom, turmeric, and ginger) are 1,8-cineole, α-terpinyl acetate, β-turmerone, and α-zingiberene. The present review gathers evidence surrounding the effects of dietary intake of extracts of the Zingiberaceae family and their underlying mechanisms of action. These extracts could be an adjuvant treatment for oxidative-stress-related pathologies. However, the bioavailability of these compounds needs to be optimized, and further research is needed to determine appropriate concentrations and their antioxidant effects in the body.
N-Heterocyclic Carbene Copper (I) Complexes Incorporating Pyrene Chromophore: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Luminescent Properties
Authors: Cheng Yaping , Gontard Geoffrey , Khatyr Abderrahim , Knorr Michael , Amouri Hani
Published: May 2023

Luminescent N-heterocyclic carbene chloride copper (I) complexes incorporating pyrene chromophore (1-Pyrenyl-NHC-R)-Cu-Cl, (3, 4) have been prepared and fully characterized. Two complexes were prepared with R = methyl (3) and R = naphthyl groups (4) at the nitrogen center of the carbene unit to tune their electronic properties. The molecular structures of 3 and 4 have been elucidated by X-ray diffraction and confirm the formation of the target compounds. Preliminary results reveal that all compounds including the imidazole-pyrenyl ligand 1 are emissive in the blue region at room temperature in solution and in solid-state. All complexes display quantum yields comparable or higher when compared to the parent pyrene molecule. Interestingly replacement of the methyl by naphthyl group increases the quantum yield by almost two-folds. These compounds might show promise for applications as optical displays.
Synthesis of Glycopolymer Micelles for Antibiotic Delivery
Authors: Chen Xuan , Wu Bin , Perera Harini A. , Yan Mingdi
Published: May 2023

In this work, we designed biodegradable glycopolymers consisting of a carbohydrate conjugated to a biodegradable polymer, poly(lactic acid) (PLA), through a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) linker. The glycopolymers were synthesized by coupling alkyne end-functionalized PEG-PLA with azide-derivatized mannose, trehalose, or maltoheptaose via the click reaction. The coupling yield was in the range of 40–50% and was independent of the size of the carbohydrate. The resulting glycopolymers were able to form micelles with the hydrophobic PLA in the core and the carbohydrates on the surface, as confirmed by binding with the lectin Concanavalin A. The glycomicelles were ~30 nm in diameter with low size dispersity. The glycomicelles were able to encapsulate both non-polar (rifampicin) and polar (ciprofloxacin) antibiotics. Rifampicin-encapsulated micelles were much smaller (27–32 nm) compared to the ciprofloxacin-encapsulated micelles (~417 nm). Moreover, more rifampicin was loaded into the glycomicelles (66–80 μg/mg, 7–8%) than ciprofloxacin (1.2–2.5 μg/mg, 0.1–0.2%). Despite the low loading, the antibiotic-encapsulated glycomicelles were at least as active or 2–4 times more active than the free antibiotics. For glycopolymers without the PEG linker, the antibiotics encapsulated in micelles were 2–6 times worse than the free antibiotics.
Efficient Treatment of Oily Sludge via Fast Microwave-Assisted Pyrolysis, Followed by Thermal Plasma Vitrification
Authors: Xie Qinglong , Chen Zhen , Zhou Yuqiang , Pan Tongbo , Duan Ying , Yu Shangzhi , Liang Xiaojiang , Wu Zhenyu , Ji Weirong , Nie Yong
Published: May 2023

Oily sludge, as a critical hazardous waste, requires appropriate treatment for resource recovery and harmfulness reduction. Here, fast microwave-assisted pyrolysis (MAP) of oily sludge was conducted for oil removal and fuel production. The results indicated the priority of the fast MAP compared with the MAP under premixing mode, with the oil content in solid residues after pyrolysis reaching below 0.2%. The effects of pyrolysis temperature and time on product distribution and compositions were examined. In addition, pyrolysis kinetics can be well described using the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) and the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) methods, with the activation energy being 169.7–319.1 kJ/mol in the feedstock conversional fraction range of 0.2–0.7. Subsequently, the pyrolysis residues were further treated by thermal plasma vitrification to immobilize the existing heavy metals. The amorphous phase and the glassy matrix were formed in the molten slags, resulting in bonding and, hence, immobilization of heavy metals. Operating parameters, including working current and melting time, were optimized to reduce the leaching concentrations of heavy metals, as well as to decrease their volatilization during vitrification.
Tailoring of Mesoporous Silica-Based Materials for Enhanced Water Pollutants Removal
Authors: Flores Daniela , Almeida C. Marisa R. , Gomes Carlos R. , Balula Salete S. , Granadeiro Carlos M.
Published: May 2023

The adsorptive performance of mesoporous silica-based materials towards inorganic (metal ions) and organic (dyes) water pollutants was investigated. Mesoporous silica materials with different particle size, surface area and pore volume were prepared and tailored with different functional groups. These materials were then characterised by solid-state techniques, namely vibrational spectroscopy, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms, allowing the successful preparation and structural modifications of the materials to be confirmed. The influence of the physicochemical properties of the adsorbents towards the removal of metal ions (Ni2+, Cu2+ and Fe3+) and organic dyes (methylene blue and methyl green) from aqueous solutions was also investigated. The results reveal that the exceptionally high surface area and suitable ζ-potential of the nanosized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) seem to favour the adsorptive capacity of the material for both types of water pollutants. Kinetic studies were performed for the adsorption of organic dyes by MSNPs and large-pore mesoporous silica (LPMS), suggesting that the process follows a pseudo-second-order model. The recyclability along consecutive adsorption cycles and the stability of the adsorbents after use were also investigated, showing that the material can be reused. Current results show the potentialities of novel silica-based material as a suitable adsorbent to remove pollutants from aquatic matrices with an applicability to reduce water pollution.
Ionizable Lipids with Triazole Moiety from Click Reaction for LNP-Based mRNA Delivery
Authors: Wang Yixiang , Si Xiao , Feng Yi , Feng Dan , Xu Xiaoyu , Zhang Yan
Published: May 2023

Ionizable lipid-containing lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) as a non-viral vector with good safety and potency have been considered as an ideal delivery system for gene therapy. The screening of ionizable lipid libraries with common features but diverse structures holds the promise of finding new candidates for LNPs to deliver different nucleic acid drugs such as messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Chemical strategies for the facile construction of ionizable lipid libraries with diverse structure are in high demand. Here, we report on the ionizable lipids containing the triazole moiety prepared by the copper-catalyzed alkyne–azide click reaction (CuAAC). We demonstrated that these lipids served well as the major component of LNPs, in order to encapsulate mRNA using luciferase mRNA as the model system. Thus, this study shows the potential of click chemistry in the preparation of lipid libraries for LNP assembly and mRNA delivery.
Transition Metal Sensing with Nitrogenated Holey Graphene: A First-Principles Investigation
Authors: Sohail Uroosa , Ullah Faizan , Binti Zainal Arfan Nur Hazimah , Abdul Hamid Malai Haniti Sheikh , Mahmood Tariq , Sheikh Nadeem S. , Ayub Khurshid
Published: May 2023

The toxicity of transition metals, including copper(II), manganese(II), iron(II), zinc(II), hexavalent chromium, and cobalt(II), at elevated concentrations presents a significant threat to living organisms. Thus, the development of efficient sensors capable of detecting these metals is of utmost importance. This study explores the utilization of two-dimensional nitrogenated holey graphene (C2N) nanosheet as a sensor for toxic transition metals. The C2N nanosheet’s periodic shape and standard pore size render it well suited for adsorbing transition metals. The interaction energies between transition metals and C2N nanosheets were calculated in both gas and solvent phases and were found to primarily result from physisorption, except for manganese and iron which exhibited chemisorption. To assess the interactions, we employed NCI, SAPT0, and QTAIM analyses, as well as FMO and NBO analysis, to examine the electronic properties of the TM@C2N system. Our results indicated that the adsorption of copper and chromium significantly reduced the HOMO–LUMO energy gap of C2N and significantly increased its electrical conductivity, confirming the high sensitivity of C2N towards copper and chromium. The sensitivity test further confirmed the superior sensitivity and selectivity of C2N towards copper. These findings offer valuable insight into the design and development of sensors for the detection of toxic transition metals.
Platinum-Based Nanoformulations for Glioblastoma Treatment: The Resurgence of Platinum Drugs?
Authors: Alfonso-Triguero Paula , Lorenzo Julia , Candiota Ana Paula , Arús Carles , Ruiz-Molina Daniel , Novio Fernando
Published: May 2023

Current therapies for treating Glioblastoma (GB), and brain tumours in general, are inefficient and represent numerous challenges. In addition to surgical resection, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are presently used as standards of care. However, treated patients still face a dismal prognosis with a median survival below 15–18 months. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the main chemotherapeutic agent administered; however, intrinsic or acquired resistance to TMZ contributes to the limited efficacy of this drug. To circumvent the current drawbacks in GB treatment, a large number of classical and non-classical platinum complexes have been prepared and tested for anticancer activity, especially platinum (IV)-based prodrugs. Platinum complexes, used as alkylating agents in the anticancer chemotherapy of some malignancies, are though often associated with severe systemic toxicity (i.e., neurotoxicity), especially after long-term treatments. The objective of the current developments is to produce novel nanoformulations with improved lipophilicity and passive diffusion, promoting intracellular accumulation, while reducing toxicity and optimizing the concomitant treatment of chemo-/radiotherapy. Moreover, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) prevents the access of the drugs to the brain and accumulation in tumour cells, so it represents a key challenge for GB management. The development of novel nanomedicines with the ability to (i) encapsulate Pt-based drugs and pro-drugs, (ii) cross the BBB, and (iii) specifically target cancer cells represents a promising approach to increase the therapeutic effect of the anticancer drugs and reduce undesired side effects. In this review, a critical discussion is presented concerning different families of nanoparticles able to encapsulate platinum anticancer drugs and their application for GB treatment, emphasizing their potential for increasing the effectiveness of platinum-based drugs.
Erbium-Doped Lu2O3-MgO and Sc2O3-MgO IR-Transparent Composite Ceramics
Authors: Permin Dmitry , Belyaev Alexander , Koshkin Vitaliy , Kurashkin Sergey , Balabanov Stanislav , Smetanina Ksenia , Boldin Maxim , Klyusik Oksana
Published: May 2023

Novel IR-transparent ceramics of erbium-doped Lu2O3-MgO and Sc2O3-MgO composites have been successfully obtained using a combination of glycine–nitrate self-propagating high-temperature synthesis and vacuum hot-pressing methods. Composites have densities greater than 99.5% of those calculated by X-ray diffraction and consist of uniformly distributed submicron grains of magnesium and rare earth oxides. The transmittances of 1.5 mm thick composites are as high as 84.5% and 78.9% at ~5 µm for Er:Lu2O3-MgO and Er:Sc2O3-MgO, respectively. Both composites are favorable matrices for doping with erbium ions, which exhibit intense luminescence in the visible, near, and mid-IR under relevant excitation. The position of the luminescence bands is similar to Er:Lu2O3 and Er:Sc2O3 ceramics; the lifetimes of the 4I13/2 state are 8.85 ± 0.1 ms and 5.7 ± 0.2 ms for 3%Er:Lu2O3-MgO and 3%Er:Sc2O3-MgO, respectively.
Recent Developments of Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing for Meta-Optics
Authors: Xu Shuai , Zhang Yangfan , Wang Ting , Zhang Le
Published: May 2023

Micro-optics based on the artificial adjustment of physical dimensions, such as the phase, polarization, and wavelength of light, constitute the basis of contemporary information optoelectronic technology. As the main means of optical integration, it has become one of the important ways to break through the future bottleneck of microelectronic technology. Geometric phase optical components can precisely control the polarization, phase, amplitude and other properties of the light field at the sub-wavelength scale by periodically arranging nanometer-sized unit structures. It has received extensive attention in the fields of holographic imaging and polarization optics. This paper reviews the physical mechanism of micro-nano structure modification, research progress of femtosecond laser direct-writing photoresist, femtosecond laser ablation of metal thin films, femtosecond laser-induced nanograting, and other methods for preparing polarization converters and geometric phase optics. The challenges of fabricating ultrafast optical devices using femtosecond laser technology are discussed.
Advanced Nanomaterials in Biomedical Application
Authors: Kaluđerović Goran N. , Pantelić Nebojša Đ.
Published: May 2023

Over the last few decades, great efforts have been dedicated to the discovery of various nanomaterials [...]