bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Efficacy of Surgical Treatment for Headaches in Patients with Prior Head or Neck Trauma
Authors: Amador Ricardo O. , Gfrerer Lisa , Hansdorfer Marek A. , Tsui Jane M. , Nealon Kassandra P. , Austen William G.
Published: July 2020

Background:

Patients undergoing trigger-site deactivation surgery for headaches report a high prevalence (approximately 37 percent) of prior head or neck injury. Traditional medical treatment often fails to treat these posttraumatic patients. It is unclear whether surgery mirrors these poor outcomes. This study aims to describe the characteristics of posttraumatic headache surgery patients and compare their postoperative results to those of patients without a history of head or neck injury.

Methods:

One hundred forty-two patients undergoing trigger-site deactivation surgery were prospectively enrolled. Patients were requested to complete a preoperative questionnaire on headache history, including the Migraine Headache Index and information on prior head or neck injury. Follow-up surveys were requested at approximately 12 months postoperatively.

Results:

Seventy patients (49 percent) reported a history of head or neck injury, and 41 (29 percent) classified the injury as the precipitating event leading to their headache onset. Patients with a precipitating event were significantly less likely to report a family history of migraine. There was no significant difference in mean preoperative Migraine Headache Index between cohorts. At 12 months postoperatively, there was no significant difference in Migraine Headache Index reduction between groups. The proportion of patients who experienced at least a 50 and 80 percent improvement in Migraine Headache Index per group, respectively, was 83 and 67 percent (atraumatic), 76 and 68 percent (posttraumatic), and 71 and 63 percent (precipitating event).

Conclusions:

This study suggests that surgical outcomes in posttraumatic headache patients are comparable to those without injury. Trigger-site deactivation surgery candidates with a history of injury can therefore expect similar outcomes as reported for patients overall.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Risk, II.
A Human Rights Perspective on Palliative Care
Authors: Mukherjea Arnab , Ali Shabana , Smith Jason A.
Published: July 2020

Purpose:

Palliative care is regarded as fundamental to human dignity and falls under the definition of basic human rights. One considerable community of color whose needs are poorly understood consists of Asian Americans, including distinct priorities, expectations, and decision-making processes by diverse subgroups. The purpose of this work was to understand whether and to what extent unique considerations are understood among Asian American subgroups.

Method:

A scoping review was conducted among major scientific and academic databases. Broad search terms surrounding end-of-life care were combined with individual racial and ethnic identifiers encompassing Asian American subgroups.

Results:

Twenty-two articles met inclusion criteria and reflected diverse arrays of worldviews surrounding access to, utilization of, and desired outcomes from palliative care. Most articles focused on social orientations prioritizing family in disease disclosure and avenues of interventions sought with distinct patterns among subgroups.

Discussion/Conclusion:

A human rights framework emphasizing palliative and other end-of-life approaches to care may be inadequate to address unique considerations among diverse Asian American subgroups. Theorists and practitioners should incorporate practices of collectivist orientations and family contexts commonly found among these diverse communities.
Strategies for Alcohol Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment Sustainability in the Emergency Department
Authors: Bacidore Vicki , Kameg Brayden , Mitchell Ann M.
Published: July 2020

Alcohol misuse remains the fourth leading cause of preventable death in the United States, with nearly 90,000 deaths occurring annually as a consequence of alcohol misuse. Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) is an evidence-based strategy that includes initial screening using a valid tool, determining the need for intervention, a brief motivational interview, and referral to treatment leading to follow-up care when necessary. Although an abundance of evidence-based practices now exist as a guideline for quality patient care, an inconsistency persists between protocols supported by research and those actually integrated into daily clinical practice. Currently, there is little in the literature examining the sustainability of SBIRT programs in emergency departments. The authors examine challenges to SBIRT implementation in the emergency department and propose a number of strategies to ensure continued sustainability of this evidence-based practice.
Importance of the hippocampus for the learning of route fidelity in homing pigeons
Authors: Gagliardo Anna , Pollonara Enrica , Casini Giovanni , Rossino Maria Grazia , Wikelski Martin , Bingman Verner P.
Published: July 2020

The avian hippocampal formation (HF) is thought to regulate map-like memory representations of visual landmarks/landscape features and has more recently been suggested to be similarly important for the perceptual integration of landmarks/landscapes. Aspects of spatial memory and perception likely combine to support the now well-documented ability of homing pigeons to learn to retrace the same route when homing from familiar locations, leading to the prediction that damage to the HF would result in a diminished ability to repeatedly fly a similar route home. HF-lesioned homing pigeons were repeatedly released from three sites to assess the importance of the hippocampus as pigeons gradually learn a familiar route home guided by familiar landmark and landscape features. As expected, control pigeons displayed increasing fidelity to a familiar route home, and by inference, successful perceptual and memory processing of familiar landmarks/landscape features. By contrast, the impoverished route fidelity of the HF-lesioned pigeons indicated an impaired sensitivity to the same landmark/landscape features.
High temperatures drive offspring mortality in a cooperatively breeding bird
Authors: Bourne Amanda R. , Cunningham Susan J. , Spottiswoode Claire N. , Ridley Amanda R.
Published: July 2020

An improved understanding of life-history responses to current environmental variability is required to predict species-specific responses to anthopogenic climate change. Previous research has suggested that cooperation in social groups may buffer individuals against some of the negative effects of unpredictable climates. We use a 15-year dataset on a cooperative breeding arid zone bird, the southern pied babblerTurdoides bicolor, to test (i) whether environmental conditions and group size correlate with survival of young during three development stages (egg, nestling, fledgling) and (ii) whether group size mitigates the impacts of adverse environmental conditions on survival of young. Exposure to high mean daily maximum temperatures (mean Tmax) during early development was associated with reduced survival probabilities of young in all three development stages. No young survived when mean Tmax> 38°C, across all group sizes. Low survival of young at high temperatures has broad implications for recruitment and population persistence in avian communities given the rapid pace of advancing climate change. Impacts of high temperatures on survival of young were not moderated by group size, suggesting that the availability of more helpers in a group is unlikely to buffer against compromised offspring survival as average and maximum temperatures increase with rapid anthropogenic climate change.
Estimating Variation of Covid-19 ‘infection’ in the Population: Results from Understanding Society’s (UKHLS) first monthly covid-19 survey
Authors: Breen Richard , Ermisch John
Published: July 2020

The analysis in this paper uses the new Understanding Society COVID-19 survey. The key advantage of these data is that they allow us to examine infection rates for people with particular characteristics. We study how reported symptoms vary in the population and relate reported symptoms to a positive Covid-19 test in the small sample in the survey who were tested. Combining these probabilities we find that the chances of infection increase with a person’s education level, are lower and declining with age among those aged over 55, and were higher in the West Midlands and London and lower in the North East than in the rest of the country, and tended to increase with regional population density. There is also evidence that the infection rate was lower among those of a Caribbean origin. A suitably cautious estimate of the mean infection rate is that, during the period up to the end of April 2020, it was between 2% and 8%, with a central rate of about 5%.
The Mouse Action Recognition System (MARS): a software pipeline for automated analysis of social behaviors in mice
Authors: Segalin Cristina , Williams Jalani , Karigo Tomomi , Hui May , Zelikowsky Moriel , Sun Jennifer J. , Perona Pietro , Anderson David J. , Kennedy Ann
Published: July 2020

The study of naturalistic social behavior requires quantification of animals’ interactions. This is generally done through manual annotation—a highly time consuming and tedious process. Recent advances in computer vision enable tracking the pose (posture) of freely-behaving animals. However, automatically and accurately classifying complex social behaviors remains technically challenging. We introduce the Mouse Action Recognition System (MARS), an automated pipeline for pose estimation and behavior quantification in pairs of freely interacting mice. We compare MARS’s annotations to human annotations and find that MARS’s pose estimation and behavior classification achieve human-level performance. We also release the pose and annotation datasets used to train MARS, to serve as community benchmarks and resources. Finally, we introduce the Behavior Ensemble and Neural Trajectory Observatory (BENTO), a graphical user interface for analysis of multimodal neuroscience datasets. Together, MARS and BENTO provide an end-to-end pipeline for behavior data extraction and analysis, in a package that is user-friendly and easily modifiable.
Malaysian regulators' ranking of PPP contract governance skills
Authors: Umar Abdullahi Ahmed , Zawawi Noor Amila Wan Abdullah , Abdul-Aziz Abdul-Rashid
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to explore the skills required by regulatory agencies for effective governance of public-private partnership (PPP) contracts from the perspective of Malaysian regulators. There is a growing literature indicating that there is poor public sector expertise in managing PPP projects.

Design/methodology/approach

The study, being an exploratory one, relied on a questionnaire survey of the Malaysian PPP unit (UKAS) and five Malaysian regulatory agencies responsible for regulating service delivery across a number of sectors.

Findings

The results of the exploratory factor analysis returned six factor groupings, indicating that the most important skills are procurement, auditing and forensic accounting, lifecycle costing, sector-specific, negotiation analysis and performance management. It was also found that academic qualifications, profession, years of experience and the regulatory agency had no mediating effect on the rankings.

Practical implications

The findings show that infrastructure regulation training programs should be tailored to reflect regional and country-specific characteristics. This is because a similar study with a globalised set of respondents gave a different result from the current study.

Originality/value

There is a growing trend towards remunicipalisations and contract cancellations globally. This is the very outcome that regulatory agencies were created to prevent. Studies including government reports are increasingly pointing in the direction of poor skills set among public sector staff managing PPPs. This lack of capacity has resulted in poor oversight, which now threatens the sustainability of service provision.
Measuring school leaders' adaptability in the UAE: development of a scale to measure leadership adaptability
Authors: Aldhaheri Ali
Published: July 2020

Purpose

This paper presents a quantitative measurement instrument for Leadership Adaptability.

Design/methodology/approach

Qualitative themes are examined, grouped and developed into 13 quantitative statements of Leadership Adaptability. A robust analysis is conducted to understand the relationships and underlying dimensions in the statements. Three types of dimension reduction techniques are employed: principal components analysis and two types of exploratory factor analysis. The instrument is tested in the form of a survey for the first time with public and private school leaders in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi (n = 167).

Findings

The quantitative Leadership Adaptability scale is validated by applying robust tests of dimensionality, validity and reliability. The three dimension reduction tests identified that the 13 statements are measuring a single dimension of Leadership Adaptability, and should therefore be treated as a single homogeneous scale. Reliability analyses further confirmed the results of the dimension reduction results, with a high score for Cronbach's alpha of 0.953, classified as an “excellent” level of reliability. Discriminant validity tests of the 13 statements, analysed alongside the 20-item Cultural Intelligence Scale, further confirmed the statements as being a distinct scale. Applying the instrument to Abu Dhabi school leaders showed they have high levels of adaptability.

Originality/value

This paper presents the first known quantitative measurement instrument for understanding Leadership Adaptability. This instrument addresses a need by developing a quantitative tool for researchers studying Leadership Adaptability, and it can be used to facilitate further exploration of this topic.
Relationship between workplace spirituality, organizational justice and mental health: mediation role of employee engagement
Authors: Sharma Praveen Kumar , Kumra Rajeev
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Workplace spirituality is presently a prominent research topic and is gaining recognition and importance among industry professionals and academicians. Workplace spirituality is defined as a sense of community, meaningful work and organizational values. The purpose of this research paper is to investigate the relationship between workplace spirituality and mental health, wherein employee engagement is considered as a mediator. Furthermore, this study examines the mediating role of employee engagement in the relationship between organizational justice and mental health.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were gathered from 344 information technology professionals working in India. Structural equation modelling was used to evaluate the model fit of workplace spirituality and its relationship to employee engagement, organizational justice and mental health.

Findings

The results revealed that workplace spirituality and organizational justice significantly and positively predict employee engagement, which is significantly related to employee mental health. The results also revealed that employee engagement significantly partially mediates the relationship between workplace spirituality and mental health as well as the relationship between organizational justice and mental health.

Research limitations/implications

Results of research guide HR professionals, employee mental health concerns can be addressed by promoting workplace spirituality, improving employee engagement strategies and implementing organizational justice policies that are perceived to be fair. This study makes a significant contribution to the extant literature regarding mental health issues in the IT sector.

Originality/value

Findings of this research contribute to the area of human resource management and employee engagement. The current study fills a gap in the extant literature by investigating employee engagement intervening mechanism between organizational justice, workplace spirituality and mental health.
Safeguarding the colonial era's ecclesiastical heritage: towards a sustainable protection-use model
Authors: Sabri Reyhan , Olagoke Oluseyi Akinola
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the current conservation state of colonial-era ecclesiastical buildings in Yorubaland (South-Western Nigeria) and the mechanics of their upkeep. The article also discusses the parameters of formulating a balanced protection-use model for the management of these buildings.

Design/methodology/approach

This study adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining participatory observations and documentation, semi-structured interviews and the review of church compendiums. Forty-four church buildings were identified and surveyed, and sixty-one semi-structured interviews were conducted.

Findings

A gradual change in how communities value colonial-era churches in contrast to other structures with ecclesiastical legacies has been identified. The challenges and threats to their protection are investigated, revealing a variety of contextual constraints in the current management structure, which prioritizes the expansion of useful space over the conservation of the original fabric, often resulting in extreme modifications. However, there are also opportunities in the current system that could be mobilized to resource a self-sustaining conservation management practice, based on a mutually developed protection-use balance.

Originality/value

Heritage policy has not directly addressed the management of ecclesiastical buildings erected during the modern colonial era. This paper is the first in-depth investigation of colonial-era religious structures in the Nigerian context, and one of the few, if not the first, in a former African colonial nation.
Remittances and corruption in Nigeria
Authors: Ajide Folorunsho M. , Olayiwola John A.
Published: July 2020

Purpose

In this paper, we investigate the impact of remittances on control of corruption in Nigeria for a period of 1986–2016.

Design/methodology/approach

The study uses ARDL modeling framework, dynamic OLS estimation, variance decomposition and impulse response analysis to examine the relationship between the two variables.

Findings

The study finds that remittances significantly improve the control of corruption in Nigeria. We further examine the robustness test of the results using dynamic OLS estimation, variance decomposition and impulse response analysis. Our results remain significant and consistent to the earlier one reported in ARDL framework which supports the extant literature.

Practical implications

Our study suggests that international remittances can be used, through the cross-border transfer of norms and practices, to significantly impact the socioeconomic progresses of a country by reducing corruption.

Originality/value

The existing studies on the relationship between corruption and remittances document conflicting results. In addition, study on corruption - remittances nexus that specifically focuses on any African country is largely absent despite the fact that most of the countries in the region are recognized as highly corrupt. This paper provides insights on how remittances can be used as part of tool kits to control corruption in African nation.
Beyond profitability: ICT investments and financial institutions performance measures in developing economies
Authors: Al-Busaidi Kamla Ali , Al-Muharrami Saeed
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The national and global digital transformation makes investments in information and communications technology (ICT) by financial institutions a necessity, not only for gaining a competitive advantage but also for expanding their knowledge and learning about their customers. This study assesses the business value of ICT investments by financial institutions using a mixed-method approach.

Design/methodology/approach

This study adopted a mixed-method approach. First, financial data were gathered from Omani banks' annual financial reports and through a longitudinal quantitative analysis in order to assess the value of ICT in financial institutions' profitability performances. Second, a Delphi qualitative approach was utilized in order to further assess how top managers view the impact of ICT investments in different aspects of business. We used an extended balanced scorecard (finance, customer, internal process and learning and growth) and a sector perspective to address how future ICT investments can offer value that goes beyond traditional metrics of profitability.

Findings

The results of the longitudinal study demonstrated significant evidence of the impact of ICT investment on finance performance indicators; ICT value is significantly positive. Furthermore, the results indicated that there is an acceptable consensus among business and ICT managers that ICT is linked to performance indicators beyond financial; ICT value is linked also to customer indicators, internal process indicators and learning and growth indicators in addition to sector indicators.

Originality/value

ICT is vital for a diversified and knowledge-based economy, especially for developing countries, because modern banking and financial institutions are relatively new in economies such as those that had previously relied on cash and informal financing institutions. Therefore, continued ICT investments face challenges and may not succeed. Most of the existing literature on ICT value has focused on tangible financial performance indicators. The financial evaluation of intangible performance indicators of ICT investments still remains a problematic area of high relevance to decision-makers. The present study provides an integrated assessment that enables financial institutions to develop their strategies and assessments in terms of ICT investments and to go beyond typical, tangible financial profitability indicators. Furthermore, it integrates assessment indicators that are beyond organizations themselves and reaches sectors and countries. This type of investigation is limited in the literature yet important for the financial sector as it is highly integrated by nature and critical to the development of a nation's economy.
The impact of the Shariah Board’s characteristics on the financial soundness of Islamic banks
Authors: Khalil Afef , Boulila Taktak Neila
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between corporate governance and financial soundness of Islamic banks. Precisely, this study examines the Shariah Board’s characteristics and empirically diagnoses its impact on the financial soundness of Islamic banks.

Design/methodology/approach

In this case, the level of bank soundness is individually measured using the z-score indicator. Regression analyses are applied to test the impact of the Shariah Board’s characteristics on the financial soundness of Islamic banks, using a panel data set of 67 Islamic banks – covering 20 countries during the period 2005–2014.

Findings

The model shows that the size of the Shariah Board has a negative and significant impact on the financial soundness of Islamic banks. However, the Shariah scholar with knowledge in finance/accounting, the presence of Mufti, the interlocked Shariah scholar and the foreign Shariah scholar do not have any significant impact on the financial soundness of Islamic banks.

Practical implications

This study contributes to fill the gaps in the literature that discussed the Shariah Boards’ role in the governance of Islamic banks. In addition, it provides practical implications to the Shariah Boards’ members in the Islamic banks and calls for setting a sufficient number of scholars for each Shariah Board.

Originality/value

With this paper, the authors aim to clarify the relationship between Shariah Board and financial soundness of the Islamic banking, and provide additional insights to the emerging literature of Islamic banking. Contrary to previous research studies, the authors use an additional hypothesis, i.e. the presence of Mufti that has a positive and significant effect on the financial soundness of Islamic Banks. Methodologically, the authors incorporate a new measure to evaluate empirically the impact of Shariah Board members with knowledge of finance and accounting on the financial soundness of Islamic banks.
Does the Shariah committee influence risk-taking and performance of Islamic banks in Malaysia?
Authors: Isa Mansor , Lee Siew-Peng
Published: July 2020

Purpose

This study aims to investigate how the Shariah committee in Islamic banks affects banks’ risk-taking behaviour and performance.

Design/methodology/approach

The sample is based on a panel data of 15 Islamic banks in Malaysia over the period 2007–2016. The generalised least squares random-effects method is used to study the relationship between the Shariah committee and bank risk-taking and performance.

Findings

The findings suggest that the number of committee members with Shariah qualification and the number of reputable members are negatively related to risk-taking while members with finance/banking qualifications are positively related. On the financial performance, evidence of two variables that are positively related to performance, namely, members with finance/banking qualification and reputable members was found. Female participation is weakly negatively related to risk-taking but unrelated to performance. Other variables, such as committee size, years of experience and frequency of meetings, are found to be unrelated to risk-taking and performance.

Practical implications

The paper points to two implications. First, the roles and functions of the Shariah committee should be revised to emphasise Shariah-compliance, as well as the business aspects of the banking operations. Second, the regulators should also look at the composition of the Shariah committee to ensure a diversity of expertise related to the banking business.

Originality/value

This paper extends the scope and coverage of previous studies by investigating the attributes of the Shariah committee, which could be important in influencing the risk-taking behaviour and performance of banks.
Where does knowledge-sharing motivation come from? The case of third-party developer in mobile platforms
Authors: Choi Goya , Nam Changi , Kim Seongcheol , Jung Hyun Ju , Lee Chul Ho
Published: July 2020

Purpose

In mobile platforms, an increasing number of third-party developers (developers) create new ideas and enhance their expertise through knowledge sharing on the developers’ community. Notwithstanding the importance of the sharing and its uniqueness on the mobile platform contexts, the motivational factors of sharing their knowledge on the community have been underinvestigated. Therefore, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive framework to enhance the knowledge sharing in the mobile platform context.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on the theory of reasoned action, this paper incorporated intrinsic and internalized extrinsic motivations with two unique features of platform environments: platform open policies and coopetitive relationships. To test, an online survey was distributed to four developer communities in Korea, two Android and two iOS communities.

Findings

The results show that a platform pursuing higher openness causes the developers to find higher social pressure for information sharing. The coopetitive relationship with other developers in the same platform takes dissimilar roles; reciprocity significantly increases subjective norm, while rivalry does attitude. Self-efficacy and self-development stimulate knowledge sharing. Furthermore, multilevel analysis to capture the difference between two leading mobile platforms indicates no path difference but, interestingly, shows significant mean difference between the two platforms regarding perceived openness and rivalry.

Originality/value

With this paper, the authors fulfill the need to understand the knowledge-sharing intention of developers in the context of mobile platforms where developers can be potential competitors or cooperators and where two platforms offer different policies and developmental environments.
Innovation matters: creative environment, absenteeism, and job satisfaction
Authors: Mayfield Milton , Mayfield Jacqueline , Ma Kathy Qing
Published: July 2020

Purpose

While there has been an abundance of research on the positive outcomes of creative environment, little work has been done on how creative environment influences the general work outcomes of noncreative specialist workers. The paper aims to fill this void by examining the influence of creative environment on absenteeism among garden variety workers and the mediating role of job satisfaction.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper uses cross-sectional data of 116 noncreative specialist workers to empirically test the hypotheses. The authors used covariance-based structural equation modeling (SEM) through the lavaan package for the statistical softwareR.

Findings

Results found that, for a cross section of noncreative specialist workers, a one standard deviation increase in a worker's creative environment would decrease that worker's absenteeism by 0.447 standard deviation. The creative environment also explained 11.3% of the variance in absenteeism. Subsequent analysis showed that job satisfaction fully mediated the relationship between the creative environment and absenteeism and that the results were resistant to omitted variable bias.

Originality/value

The study contributes to theory and practice by showing empirically that creative environment leads to positive work outcomes, despite the innovation level required by the job. This study advances research on creative environment by targeting the garden variety workers, underscores the importance of cultivating a creative environment and calls attention to the complexity of the creativity–job affect link.
The impact of cognitive apprenticeship on the perceived growth of junior doctors
Authors: Tsukube Takuro , Matsuo Makoto
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Although cognitive apprenticeship has been widely used in various educational fields, few empirical studies have examined its effectiveness in a workplace context. This study aims to investigate the effects of cognitive apprenticeship on junior doctors’ perceived professional growth in hospitals.

Design/methodology/approach

A retrospective questionnaire survey was performed that asked surgeons (n = 87) and physicians (n = 92) to recall how they were instructed by their supervisors during the first five years after graduation from medical school.

Findings

The results of multiple regression analyzes showed that all dimensions of cognitive apprenticeship (modeling, coaching, scaffolding, articulation, reflection and exploration) had positive effects on each doctor’s perceived growth, regardless of the type of clinical practice (surgeon vs physician) or the period of supervision. It was also found that physicians experienced significantly more coaching and scaffolding, and opportunities for, articulation and reflection, than surgeons.

Research limitations/implications

Some of the data were collected through snowball sampling, and this study used a retrospective survey in which respondents were asked to recall past experiences.

Practical implications

Clinical supervisors in hospitals should adopt a cognitive apprenticeship model when supervising junior doctors. Surgical supervisors need to be more conscious of the benefits of cognitive apprenticeship.

Originality/value

This study confirmed that the six dimensions of cognitive apprenticeship had positive influences on the perceived growth of junior doctors, regardless of their clinical domains or period of supervision and that clinical domains influence the implementation of cognitive apprenticeship.
Age and leadership: comparisons of age groups in different kinds of work environment
Authors: Larsson Gerry , Björklund Christina
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study is twofold. First, to compare the self-rated leadership behaviors, leadership-related competencies and results of the leadership of younger, mid-aged and older leaders; and second to compare these aspects among younger leaders in different kinds of the work environment and between men and women.

Design/methodology/approach

Data was collected using the developmental leadership questionnaire from a sample of Swedish leadership course participants (N = 7,743).

Findings

The results showed that the younger group of leaders (29 years old or younger n = 539), rated themselves more negatively than the mid-aged (30–50 years, n = 5,208) and older (51 years or older, n = 1,996) leaders. Analysis of the group of younger leaders showed that those working in the private sector scored most favorably. The gender comparison revealed that young male leaders scored higher on negative conventional (transactional) and destructive leadership behaviors. A logistic regression analysis of the younger group showed that social competence, developmental leadership and destructive leadership (negative) influenced self-rated results of leadership.

Research limitations/implications

The study is based on leaders’ self-ratings only.

Practical implications

The results can be used in leadership development contexts and in individualized coaching or mentoring programs.

Originality/value

The results have new implications for leadership theory related to self-confidence, stereotypes, selection and organizational culture.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of patient race/ethnicity, socioeconomics, and quality for adult type 2 diabetes
Authors: Lee Woolton , Lloyd Jennifer T. , Giuriceo Katherine , Day Timothy , Shrank William , Rajkumar Rahul
Published: July 2020

Objective

To review the evidence of the association between performance in eight indicators of diabetes care and a patient's race/ethnicity and socioeconomic characteristics.

Data Source

Studies of adult patients with type 2 diabetes in MEDLINE published between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2018.

Study Design

Systematic review and meta‐analysis of regression‐based studies including race/ethnicity and income or education as explanatory variables. Meta‐analysis was used to quantify differences in performance associated with patient race/ethnicity or socioeconomic characteristics. The systematic review was used to identify potential mechanisms of disparities.

Data Collection

Two coauthors separately conducted abstract screening, study exclusions, data extraction, and scoring of retained studies. Estimates in retained studies were extracted and, where applicable, were standardized and converted to odds ratios and standard errors.

Principal Findings

Performance in intermediate outcomes and process measures frequently exhibited differences by race/ethnicity even after adjustment for socioeconomic, lifestyle, and health factors. Meta‐analyses showed black patients had lower odds of HbA1c and blood pressure (BP) control (OR range: 0.67‐0.68, P < .05) but higher odds of receiving eye or foot examination (OR range: 1.22‐1.47, P < .05) relative to white patients. A high school degree or more was associated with higher odds of HbA1c control and receipt of eye examinations compared to patients without a degree. Meta‐analyses of income included a handful of studies and were inconsistently associated with diabetes care performance. Differences in diabetes performance appear to be related to access‐related factors such as uninsurance or lacking a usual source of care; food insecurity and trade‐offs at very low incomes; and lower adherence among younger and healthier diabetes patients.

Conclusions

Patient race/ethnicity and education were associated with differences in diabetes quality measures. Depending on the approach used to rate providers, not adjusting for these patient characteristics may penalize or reward providers based on the populations they serve.
The RIDE study: Effects of body‐worn cameras on public perceptions of police interactions
Authors: Saulnier Alana , Lahay Ryan , McCarty William P. , Sanders Carrie
Published: July 2020

Research Summary

During a brief interaction with motorists (i.e., a sobriety check), this study manipulated officer use (and declaration) of a body‐worn camera (BWC) (present; absent) while documenting participant BWC recollection (correct; incorrect) to assess effects on motorists’ perceptions of the encounter and of police more generally. Results (N = 361) demonstrate that perceptions of procedural justice were more favourable in the BWC‐present condition when the entire sample was included in the analyses, but that this effect was not significant when focusing on the subset of the sample that correctly recollected BWC use (though the pattern of the effect was the same in both analyses).

Policy Implications

In combination with results from a handful of similar studies, this study's results suggest that BWCs may be a tool that can be leveraged to enhance public perceptions of encounters with police; however, more research is needed to substantiate this claim. In particular, the development of evidence‐based policy on this matter necessitates continued studies that address issues such as sample imbalances (e.g., gender and minority status), length of the interaction studied (i.e., experimental dosage), and controlling for officer behavior.
Impaired phagocytic function in CX3CR1+ tissue‐resident skeletal muscle macrophages prevents muscle recovery after influenza A virus‐induced pneumonia in old mice
Authors: Runyan Constance E. , Welch Lynn C. , Lecuona Emilia , Shigemura Masahiko , Amarelle Luciano , Abdala‐Valencia Hiam , Joshi Nikita , Lu Ziyan , Nam Kiwon , Markov Nikolay S. , McQuattie‐Pimentel Alexandra C. , Piseaux‐Aillon Raul , Politanska Yuliya , Sichizya Lango , Watanabe Satoshi , Williams Kinola J.N. , Budinger G. R. Scott , Sznajder Jacob I. , Misharin Alexander V.
Published: July 2020

Skeletal muscle dysfunction in survivors of pneumonia disproportionately affects older individuals in whom it causes substantial morbidity. We found that skeletal muscle recovery was impaired in old compared with young mice after influenza A virus‐induced pneumonia. In young mice, recovery of muscle loss was associated with expansion of tissue‐resident skeletal muscle macrophages and downregulation of MHC II expression, followed by a proliferation of muscle satellite cells. These findings were absent in old mice and in mice deficient in Cx3cr1. Transcriptomic profiling of tissue‐resident skeletal muscle macrophages from old compared with young mice showed downregulation of pathways associated with phagocytosis and proteostasis, and persistent upregulation of inflammatory pathways. Consistently, skeletal muscle macrophages from old mice failed to downregulate MHCII expression during recovery from influenza A virus‐induced pneumonia and showed impaired phagocytic function in vitro. Like old animals, mice deficient in the phagocytic receptor Mertk showed no macrophage expansion, MHCII downregulation, or satellite cell proliferation and failed to recover skeletal muscle function after influenza A pneumonia. Our data suggest that a loss of phagocytic function in a CX3CR1+ tissue‐resident skeletal muscle macrophage population in old mice precludes satellite cell proliferation and recovery of skeletal muscle function after influenza A pneumonia.
Food intake‐related genes in chicken determined through combinatorial genome‐wide association study and transcriptome analysis
Authors: Cao Xuemin , Wang Yuzhe , Shu Dingming , Qu Hao , Luo Chenglong , Hu Xiaoxiang
Published: July 2020

The chicken gizzard is the primary digestive and absorptive organ regulating food intake and metabolism. Body weight is a typical complex trait regulated by an interactive polygene network which is under the control of an interacting network of polygenes. To simplify these genotype–phenotype associations, the gizzard is a suitable target organ to preliminarily explore the mechanism underlying the regulation of chicken growth through controlled food intake. This study aimed to identify key food intake‐related genes through combinatorial GWAS and transcriptome analysis. We performed GWAS of body weight in an F2 intercrossed population and transcriptional profiling analysis of gizzards from chickens with different body weight. We identified a major 10 Mb quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 1 and numerous minor QTL distributed among 24 chromosomes. Combining data regarding QTL and gizzard gene expression, two hub genes, MLNR and HTR2A, and a list of core genes with small effect were found to be associated with food intake. Furthermore, the neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction pathway was found to play a key role in regulating the appetite of chickens. The present results show the major–minor gene interactions in metabolic pathways and provide insights into the genetic architecture and gene regulation during food intake in chickens.
Pre‐operative optimisation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a narrative review
Authors: Lee A. H. Y. , Snowden C. P. , Hopkinson N. S. , Pattinson K. T. S.
Published: July 2020

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a condition commonly present in older people undergoing surgery and confers an increased risk of postoperative complications and mortality. Although predominantly a respiratory disease, it frequently has extra‐pulmonary manifestations and typically occurs in the context of other long‐term conditions. Patients experience a range of symptoms that affect their quality of life, functional ability and clinical outcomes. In this review, we discuss the evidence for techniques to optimise the care of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the peri‐operative period, and address potential new interventions to improve outcomes. The article centres on pulmonary rehabilitation, widely available for the treatment of stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but less often used in a peri‐operative setting. Current evidence is largely at high risk of bias, however. Before surgery it is important to ensure that what have been called the ‘five fundamentals’ of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treatment are achieved: smoking cessation; pulmonary rehabilitation; vaccination; self‐management; and identification and optimisation of co‐morbidities. Pharmacological treatment should also be optimised, and some patients may benefit from lung volume reduction surgery. Psychological and behavioural factors are important, but are currently poorly understood in the peri‐operative period. Considerations of the risk and benefits of delaying surgery to ensure the recommended measures are delivered depends on patient characteristics and the nature and urgency of the planned intervention.
Testing small study effects in multivariate meta‐analysis
Authors: Hong Chuan , Salanti Georgia , Morton Sally C. , Riley Richard D. , Chu Haitao , Kimmel Stephen E. , Chen Yong
Published: July 2020

Small study effects occur when smaller studies show different, often larger, treatment effects than large ones, which may threaten the validity of systematic reviews and meta‐analyses. The most well‐known reasons for small study effects include publication bias, outcome reporting bias, and clinical heterogeneity. Methods to account for small study effects in univariate meta‐analysis have been extensively studied. However, detecting small study effects in a multivariate meta‐analysis setting remains an untouched research area. One of the complications is that different types of selection processes can be involved in the reporting of multivariate outcomes. For example, some studies may be completely unpublished while others may selectively report multiple outcomes. In this paper, we propose a score test as an overall test of small study effects in multivariate meta‐analysis. Two detailed case studies are given to demonstrate the advantage of the proposed test over various naive applications of univariate tests in practice. Through simulation studies, the proposed test is found to retain nominal Type I error rates with considerable power in moderate sample size settings. Finally, we also evaluate the concordance between the proposed tests with the naive application of univariate tests by evaluating 44 systematic reviews with multiple outcomes from the Cochrane Database.
Narrative categorization in digital game‐based learning: Engagement, motivation & learning
Authors: Breien Fredrik S. , Wasson Barbara
Published: July 2020

Previous research shows that digital game‐based learning (DGBL) can have positive effects on engagement, motivation and learning, and that using narratives may reinforce these effects. A systematic review identified 15 DGBL systems that report effects from their use of narratives. A gap in the field, however, is the lack of a common model to categorize and isolate narratives in DGBL to enable an analysis and comparison of how, and under what conditions, narratives have effects on learning in DGBL systems. The ludo narrative variable model (LNVM) that has been used to isolate and categorize narratives in research on commercial video games is a candidate to fill this gap. This research has investigated the potential of this model for DGBL and resulted in an extended LNVM (eLNVM) that can be used to isolate and categorize narratives in DGBL. The 15 DGBL systems were categorized on the eLNVM and the results show that there are characteristics of DGBL systems with positive self‐reported effects that separate them from other DGBL systems. Furthermore, it was possible to identify characteristics of the narrative modeling that are associated with positive effects on engagement, motivation and learning. The paper concludes with a description of how the eLNVM will be used in future research.
Distinguishing factors that influence attendance and behaviour change in family‐based treatment of childhood obesity: A qualitative study
Authors: Watson Paula M. , Dugdill Lindsey , Pickering Katie , Hargreaves Jackie , Staniford Leanne J. , Owen Stephanie , Murphy Rebecca C. , Knowles Zoe R. , Johnson Laura J. , Cable N. Timothy
Published: July 2020

Objectives

For the effective treatment of childhood obesity, intervention attendance and behaviour change at home are both important. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively explore influences on attendance and behaviour change during a family‐based intervention to treat childhood obesity in the North West of England (Getting Our Active Lifestyles Started (GOALS)).

Design

Focus groups with children and parents/carers as part of a broader mixed‐methods evaluation.

Methods

Eighteen focus groups were conducted with children (n = 39, 19 boys) and parents/carers (n = 34, 5 male) to explore their experiences of GOALS after 6 weeks of attendance (/18 weeks). Data were analysed thematically to identify influences on attendance and behaviour change.

Results

Initial attendance came about through targeted referral (from health care professionals and letters in school) and was influenced by motivations for a brighter future. Once at GOALS, it was the fun, non‐judgemental healthy lifestyle approach that encouraged continued attendance. Factors that facilitated behaviour change included participatory learning as a family, being accountable and gradual realistic goal setting, whilst challenges focussed on fears about the intervention ending and a lack of support from non‐attending significant others.

Conclusions

Factors that influence attendance and behaviour change are distinct and may be important at different stages of the family’s change process. Practitioners are encouraged to tailor strategies to support both attendance and behaviour change, with a focus on whole family participation within and outside the intervention.