bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Supreme Court and the Fourteenth Amendment, II: Substantive Due Process
Authors: Perry Michael J
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapter, we considered mainly issues the Supreme Court has addressed and doctrinal developments it has fashioned in the name of “equal protection”. I now want to turn to issues addressed and developments fashioned in the name of “substantive due process”. To what extent is modern substantive due process doctrine consistent with the originalist approach to constitutional interpretation? To what extent is it consistent with the minimalist (Thayerian) approach to constitutional specification? (As I emphasized at the beginning of the preceding chapter, that the Court has traditionally invoked the due process clause to support decisions that are supported, if at all, by the privileges or immunities clause presents a minor formal problem, not a major substantive one.)
Person Morphemes and Reflexives in Italian, French, and Related Languages
Authors: Kayne Richard S
Published: November 2023

Helke (1973), Pica (1987), Iatridou (1988), Safir (1996) and others have emphasized the importance of the internal structure of reflexives of the English himself type and the Italian se stesso type. In this article, I would like to extend that line of thought to the apparently monomorphemic non-clitic reflexives found in French and Italian (and many other European languages). More specifically, I will argue that French soi and Italian sé are themselves bimorphemic and that each subcomponent makes a distinct syntactic contribution.
People in a Forested Lake District
Authors: Jorgensen Bradley S , Nowacek David , Stedman Richard C , Brasier Kathy
Published: November 2023

Human-lake interactions in the largely forest landscapes of northern Wisconsin and the urban agricultural landscapes of southern Wisconsin (Chapter 12) are important components of the North Temperate Lakes Long Term Ecological Research program. Some of the research questions in the north concern attitudes and behaviors toward lake-centered recreation and lakeshore dwellings, impacts on lake ecology, and feedbacks to human activities. Bringing together the social and natural sciences is recognized as a necessity in ecosystem research where both the human and the biophysical systems interact in significant ways (Lee et al. 1990, Force and Machlis 1997, Machlis et al. 1997). Such an enterprise can be difficult (Heberlein 1988), but it provides opportunities for changing the way environmental questions are conceived and studied in each of the sciences.
The History and Background of Health Psychology
Authors: Friedman Howard S , Adler Nancy E
Published: November 2023

Health psychology, the most modern major domain of psychology, flows from ancient intellectual well-springs. From the biblical proverb which taught that “A merry heart does good like a medicine” (Proverbs 17:22) to the definitional “heart-ache” of Shakespeare’s Hamlet (act 3, scene 1), the psyche and the soma have long been sensed to be linked. Benjamin Franklin, who uncovered many secrets to a long, successful life, warned against associating with hostile, choleric people; he then developed a self-reinforcing habit chart to discourage himself from drunkenness and gluttony (Franklin, 1794/ 1906). Yet although such notions of close ties between health and thoughts, feelings, and behaviors date back thousands of years, the scientific discipline of health psychology did not take shape until the 1970s. This emergence was a full century after the beginnings of psychology in the 1870s, and well after the establishment of experimental psychology, social psychology, developmental psychology, physiological psychology, personality psychology, and clinical psychology.
Aging and Health
Authors: Rook Karen S , Charles Susan T , Heckhausen Jutta
Published: November 2023

In the past century, economically developed nations experienced unprecedented changes in the age structure of their populations, as a result of improved public health measures and medical advances that extended life expectancy. Throughout human history there have always been individuals who lived to an advanced age, but such survival was unusual before the twentieth century. During the twentieth century, life expectancy increased markedly and birth rates declined, ushering in an era of dramatic societal aging among developed nations. Since 1900, for example, the total population of the United States tripled in size, but the population of people over age 65 grew 11-fold (National Center for Health Statistics [NCHS], 1999a, 1999b). Average life expectancy at birth in the United States was 49.24 years in 1900, whereas it is now 74.8 years for men and 80.1 years for women (Hoyert, Kung, & Smith, 2005). Similarly, in 1900 only 4% of the population in the United States was greater than 65 years of age, but that figure has risen to 12.4% and is expected to climb to 20% by the year 2030 (American Administration on Aging [AAA], 2001). With the overall growth of the population, these percentage increases represent a very substantial, and still expanding, increase in the absolute numbers of people living to age 65 and beyond.
The Constraint on Preverbal Subjects in Romance Interrogatives
Authors: Zubizarreta Maria Luisa
Published: November 2023

There is a well-known constraint, pervasive in the Romance languages, that disallows the subject to intervene between a fronted wh-phrase and the verb. I illustrate this constraint with examples from standard Spanish, French, European Portuguese, and Italian:

The existence of such a constraint can also be appreciated in constructions like French complex inversion (where V-to-C has applied); it minimally contrasts with English, where the constraint does not apply:

In Zubizarreta (1998), I proposed that the preverbal subject in Spanish is always associated with a discourse-related feature (topic or focus or emphasis). Two further assumptions will then join to account for the constraint on preverbal subjects in interrogatives: (A) The topic feature is always projected above the focus feature at the left edge of the clause, and (B) the wh-phrase is associated with the focus feature. It therefore follows that a topic subject must precede the wh-phrase when they co-occur at the left edge.
Outward Bound
Authors: Zee A
Published: November 2023

In the early years of this century, it was decided that a great observatory was to be built. After eons of evolution, man was ready to look outward, past the stars. He wanted to stare at the universe itself. What he saw would change his conception of the universe forever. He saw that the universe was dynamic, almost alive, and that the universe had a beginning. He saw the expansion of the universe.
The Universe Begets Matter
Authors: Zee A
Published: November 2023

The microscopic world of particles is a world of unceasing change and decay. Whoosh! Here a neutron disintegrates into a proton, a positron, and a neutrino. Kraazarn! There a marauding electron crashes into a proton and turns it into a neutron plus an antineutrino. But in change there is permanence. A neutron is changed into a proton, a proton is changed into a neutron, but the total number of protons and neutrons does not change. (The electron, the positron, the neutrino, and the antineutrino are just going along for the ride in these processes converting proton into neutron and vice versa.)
Parts, Motion, and the Development of the Animate-Inanimate Distinction in Infancy
Authors: Rakison David H
Published: November 2023

There is no question that as adults we are aware of the various properties, abilities, and characteristics of the things around us. In addition to being able to recognize, for example, animals and people on the basis of their external perceptual appearance—that which “can be seen” (Keil, 1989)—we also know that they are biological entities capable of self-propelled motion, and that they possess mental states such as goals, beliefs, and desires. Likewise, we can recognize rocks, plants, toys, and vehicles by their perceptual properties, but we are also aware that the members of these categories engage in a more limited kind of movement—they are, for instance, generally caused to move by other objects—and they are incapable of possessing any kind of psychological states.
Words, Kinds, and Causal Powers
Authors: Gopnik Alison , Nazzi Thierry
Published: November 2023

For some 25 years, the prevailing theories of categorization in philosophy have invoked the idea of “kinds” (Kripke, 1972; Putnam, 1975). When we look at how adults use words to refer to categories of things, we find that they only rarely categorize objects on the basis of their common properties. Instead, adults seem to categorize objects together when they believe that they belong to the same “kind,” that is, that they share some common, abstract “essence.” Psychological investigations of adults have largely confirmed these philosophical intuitions; adults do seem to group objects together based on “kinds” rather than properties (Murphy & Medin, 1985; Rips, 1989).

Several investigators, particularly Gelman and her colleagues (Gelman & Coley, 1990; Gelman & Markman, 1986), have argued that children as young as 2 years old also categorize and name objects based on kinds (see also Mandler & McDonough, 1993; Mervis & Bertrand, 1994; Soja, Carey, & Spelke, 1991). Other investigators, in contrast, have suggested that young children categorize and name objects on the basis of perceptual properties such as shape (Imai, Gentner, & Uchida, 1994; Landau, Smith, & Jones, 1988). However, the question of whether children use names to refer to kinds has been bedeviled by the problem that the philosophical notion is not easily translatable into empirical predictions. In the philosophical literature, the concept of kinds refers to the idea that members of a category share an “essence,” a common, abstract, ontological property, and that names refer to this essence (Putnam, 1975). Obviously, it is difficult to ask 3-year-olds if they conceive of objects or use names in this way.
An Enviable Pedigree
Authors: Gillham Nicholas Wright
Published: November 2023

Few men have had more noteworthy ancestry in many lines than Francis Galton. Francis Calton invented pedigree analysis to measure the heritability of human “talent and character.” This technique caught the imagination of eugenicists in the early twentieth century and is a fundamental tool of modern human genetics. One reason Calton set such store by this method was his own sterling pedigree (Table 1-1). His ancestors, the scientific and medically inclined Darwins, and the Caltons, a family of wealthy Qyaker merchants, both hailed from the environs of Birmingham. Calton’s cousin Charles Darwin inspired his investigations in human heredity while his father, Samuel Tertius Calton, endowed him with a substantial inheritance. This permitted him to roam without financial constraint through his various scientific pursuits. His father may also have sparked his lifelong interest in numbers and quantification. Francis Calton indeed had an enviable pedigree, so to understand the man one must know something of his family and especially his maternal grandfather Dr. Erasmus Darwin, the common familial link between Calton and Charles Darwin (Fig. 1-1).
Langston Hughes and Afro-American:Vernacular Music
Authors: Tracy Steven C
Published: November 2023

It was the year that the opera star Enrico Caruso made his first recordings; that the Dinwiddie Colored Quartet made the first phonograph recordings by Afro-Americans; that Ma Rainey initiated her singing career in a traveling show and first heard the blues in a small Missouri town; that the blues performers Son House, Skip James, Barbecue Bob, Viola “Miss Rhapsody” Wells, and Peetie Wheatstraw were born.
The Music of the Ratios
Authors: Benson Donald C
Published: November 2023

IN THE SIXTH CENTURY BCE, PYTHAGORAS and his followers believed that numbers are the language in which the meaning of the universe is written. Numbers are also fundamental in today’s world in which digital computers-containing streams of Os and ls-entertain us, perform our accounting needs, and compute the interaction of galaxies. Although the Pythagoreans lacked the digital computer, their belief in the universal importance of number was confirmed by devices familiar to them-musical instruments. In fact, Aristotle tells us that the Pythagoreans “supposed the elements of numbers to be the elements of all things, and the whole heaven to be a musical scale and a number.” In the hands of the Pythagoreans, a simple musical instrument became a scientific instrument. We infer this from their teachings, although we have no ancient log books detailing their actual experiments. Unfortunately, after this promising beginning, experimental science came to a standstill in ancient Greece. This was due in part to the influence of philosophers like Plato, who were more impressed by the unsupported speculations of the Pythagoreans than by their empirical observations.
Marriage Wars in Late Renaissance Venice
Authors: Ferraro Joanne M
Published: November 2023

This book brings to life the lost voices of ordinary Venetians during the age of Catholic revival. Looking at scripts that were brought to the city's ecclesiastical courts by spouses seeking to annul their marriage vows, this book opens up the emotional world of intimacy and conflict, sexuality, and living arrangments that did not fit normative models of marriage.
The Critical Theory of Technology
Authors: Feenberg Andrew
Published: November 2023

Modernity is the affirmation of autonomy against every traditional or social authority (Pippin, 1991). Modern societies organize apparently neutral mediations such as markets, elections, administrations, and technical systems for the expression of an unlimited variety of contingent interests and visions of life that cannot and need not be justified, reconciled, or ranked. This system does not favor this or that substantive value but maximizes autonomy in general, promising liberation of the human essence from fixed definitions. Rationality enters this scheme only at the level of means, both the means individuals employ to achieve particular ends and the means instituted by society to mediate their relations. These means fall under formal norms of efficiency and equity.
Noninvasive Genotyping and Field Studies of Free-Ranging Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Woodruff David S
Published: November 2023

The evolution of complex societies in which individuals rely on assistance from others involves kin selection, mutualism, and competition (Wilson 2000, Ad-cock 2001, Clutton-Brock 2002, Kappeler & van Schaik 2002). Establishing relationships among free-ranging primates to test sociobiological hypotheses has traditionally taken years of painstaking fieldwork, and the relationship between social and genetic relationships was rarely verified. This changed in the 1990s with the introduction of noninvasive genotyping. Hypotheses based on decades of field observations became testable, and long-standing debates about kinship and behavior were, at least in theory, resolvable within months. In this chapter, I briefly review the first applications of noninvasive genotyping, the lessons learned in the past 10 years, and the prospects for the method’s second decade. The challenges for the next decade are to refine the methods so that reliable genotyping becomes an economic and required adjunct of behavioral studies whose interpretation depends on a knowledge of individual pairwise relatedness. As explained below, noninvasive genotyping represented a revolutionary solution to the dilemma that arose when the effects on behavioral studies of shooting, trapping and bleeding, or biopsy darting animals became unacceptable.
Matrilineal Kinship and Primate Behavior
Authors: Kapsalis Ellen
Published: November 2023

Previous reviews of the impact of maternal kinship on primate behavior (Gouzoules 1984, Gouzoules & Gouzoules 1987, Walters 1987, Bernstein 1991, but see Silk 2001) have focused on a limited number of the cercopithecine taxa (i.e., macaques, baboons, and vervets) even though it is generally recognized that the female philopatric “cercopithecine model” is representative of only one phylogenetic branch of the primate order as a whole (Gouzoules & Gouzoules 1987, Strier 1994). This situation has arisen due to the excellent observational conditions for many cercopithecine species culminating in numerous long-term studies of kinship. In contrast, most noncercopithecine primates are generally much more difficult to study due to difficult terrain and/or poor visibility. As a result, relatively few researchers endeavored to take on the challenge of specifically identifying and following individuals longitudinally within social groups of these understudied species until the last decade or so. Hence, our overall knowledge regarding the impact of maternal kinship on primates is biased and limited. However, recent mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype testing on wild ape groups has given us the opportunity to test some assumptions regarding the impact of maternal kinship on behavior in some male philopatric primate groups (e.g., bonobos and chimpanzees). Additionally, in the last decade, researchers have begun to explore maternal kinship relationships among female philopatric platyrrhine species previously unstudied due to the paucity of habituated social groups (e.g., Cebus).
Reformation
Authors: Bremer Francis J
Published: November 2023

Around The Corner from where the Winthrops lived in the parish of St. Peter ‘s Cornhill was the church of St. Michael ‘s. Neighborhood lore told of how, years before, “upon St. James ‘ night, certain men in the loft next under the Bells, ringing of a Peal, a Tempest of lightning and thunder did arise, [and] an ugly shaped sight appeared to them, coming in the north window, and lighted on the North, for fear whereof they all fell down, and lay as dead for the time, letting the Bells ring and cease of their own ac- cord. When the ringers came to themselves, they found certain stones of the North window to be raised and scratched, as if they had been [made of] so much butter, printed with a Lion ‘s claw. The same stones were fastened there again, and so remain to this day.” Young boys in the parish such as William Winthrop and his young brothers, John and Adam, often climbed to the steeple to stare at the impress of the demon ‘s feet and trace with their fingers those marks of Satan. THE DISTINCTION WE NOW MAKE between the supernatural and the natural was not one that the Winthrops would have understood. There were no clear boundaries separating the spheres inhabited by men, angels, and devils. Like his father and like all other Englishmen of the time, William Winthrop saw the supernatural reflected in every action of every day. God ‘s power not only sustained the universe but also directed it. Things that later generations would explain in natural terms were seen in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as attributable to supernatural forces.
A Godly Magistrate
Authors: Bremer Francis J
Published: November 2023

On A Warm July Day in 1615, John Winthrop sat nervously astride his horse on the road to Bury St. Edmunds. He was there with some of the country ‘s leading citizens, awaiting the arrival of the king ‘s justices who had been appointed to preside over the assize sessions. Just a month earlier he had been named to the Suffolk commission of the peace. Accompanied by pikemen, and with trumpeters announcing their progress, Winthrop, his fellow county justices, the county sheriff, and the sheriff ‘s bailiff were present to escort the assize judges to the town. All justices of the peace were required to attend the sessions, but the event was also one of the major social events of the year. For days Bury had been filling with men and women from throughout west Suffolk, some brought there by court business, others to take advantage of the sessions to buy or sell in the marketplace, and still others attracted by the spectacle and eager to witness the court proceedings. Finally, the distinguished judges of the king ‘s courts arrived, and the procession wound its way toward the town gates, where it was greeted by a large crowd. Bells rang and music was played as the magistrates, stopping first at their lodgings, proceeded to the church for prayer and a sermon.
Passing Through Hell
Authors: Bremer Francis J
Published: November 2023

July 1630. “My son Henry, my son Henry, ah my poor child.” The words were torn from John Winthrop as he wrote to Margaret about the death of his son. Henry had missed the Arbella when she left Cowes and had found passage on one of the other ships of the fleet. Arriving at Salem around the first of July, when John had already moved on to explore the coast to the south, he joined some of the officers of the ship in exploring their new surroundings. The town of Salem itself was unimpressive, consisting of about ten wooden houses along a muddy street stretching uphill from the harbor. Walking along the North River to view a native encampment, the young men spied a canoe on the opposite bank. Henry, the only one of the group who could swim, volunteered to swim over and paddle the canoe back for all to see. But the water was colder than he anticipated, and he cramped and drowned. It is likely that his father did not even know of Henry’s arrival in America until he received the news of the youth’s death.
Last Years
Authors: Bremer Francis J
Published: November 2023

May 1647. Edward Winslow had done his work well, and a new letter had been received from the Warwick Commission, granting the colonial authorities the virtual autonomy they had sought. Having learned from Winslow that the Child petitioners were prepared to follow Gorton’s example in appealing to Parliament, the commissioners wrote that they “thought it necessary (for preventing further inconveniences of this kind) hereby to declare that we intended not thereby to encourage any appeals from your justice, nor to restrain the bounds of your jurisdiction to a narrower compass than is held forth by your letters patent, but to leave you all that freedom and latitude that may in any respect be duly claimed by you, knowing that the limiting of you in that kind may be very prejudicial (if not destructive) to the government and public peace of the colony.”
Public Opinion and Policy: Causal Flow in a Macro System Model
Authors: Erikson Robert S , Mackuen, Michael B , Stimson James A
Published: November 2023

In a democracy such as the United States, policy is supposed to flow from the preferences of the public. Of the many studies of a possible causal connection from public opinion to policy, almost all are cross-sectional, that is, involving a search for covariance between public opinion and policy across units measured for a constant time period. Although often reporting positive opinion-policy relationships, these studies invite the critique that reported cross-sectional correlations are subject to rival causal interpretations beyond the claim of representative democracy at work.
Probabilistic Polling
Authors: Manski Charles F
Published: November 2023

Polling results fluctuated greatly throughout the year 2000 American presidential campaign. George W. Bush seemed well ahead during the summer, but Al Gore surged ahead after the Democratic convention. As the election drew near, major polling organizations reported a bewildering array of findings from week to week. The race turned out to be excruciatingly close, as the world finally learned on November 7 and thereafter.
The Sovereign Status of Survey Data
Authors: Lee Taeku
Published: November 2023

I am invisible, understand, simply because people refuse to see me. Like the bodiless heads you see sometimes in circus sideshows, it is as though I have been surrounded by mirrors of hard distorting glass. When they approach me they see only my surroundings, themselves or judgments of their imagination, indeed, everything and anything except me.
Primary Care, Psychology, and Primary Care Psychology
Authors: Haas Leonard J , deGruy Frank V
Published: November 2023

Scenarios like this occur many times every day in the offices of pediatricians, internists, family physicians, and gynecologists across the United States. What happens next depends on the train-ing and attitudes of the primary care physician and the mental health professionals involved in the patient’s care. This scenario could follow at least three different pathways: The biomedical pathway: Suspicious that he hasn’t exhausted all possibilities, the physician suggests additional tests to Ms. James. Worried and eager to discover if she has something serious or not, Ms. James agrees and gets a full workup.
Health Behavior Change and the Problem of “Noncompliance”
Authors: DiClemente Carlo C , Ferentz Kevin , Velasquez Mary M
Published: November 2023

Compliance is the term used to indicate how well the patient executes medical and health care cli-nicians’ directives intended to foster symptomatic relief, disease management, and prevention of future illness. Chronic illness and preventable conditions are leading causes of death and disabil-ity in the United States; patient cooperation and compliance are critical to management and pre-vention of such chronic conditions as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, obesity, chronic lung disease, HIV, and other conditions (Mei-chenbaum & Turk, 1987; Stuart, 1982). The costs of noncompliance are significant for the doctor, the patient, and the health care system. Loss of staff time, inadequate dosage of medications, expensive procedures, overreliance on intensive treatment settings, medical complications, disabil-ity, and premature death are all consequences of poor compliance with required or recommended treatment procedures and behavior changes.
Obesity: Assessment and Treatment
Authors: Sarwer David B , Allison Kelly C , Berkowitz Robert I
Published: November 2023

Although excess body weight is often considered an aesthetic issue, obesity represents a significant health problem in the United States. Obesity is strongly associated with morbidity (NHLBI, 1998). Obese individuals are at increased risk for, and frequently suffer from, a variety of significant health problems, including cardiovascular disease (heart disease and hypertension), Type II diabe-tes, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, and certain can-cers. Obesity-related health problems were esti-mated to have cost the country approximately$100 billion in 1995 (Wolf & Colditz, 1998); the amount today is likely much higher. Obese indi-viduals also are at increased risk for mortality. Obese individuals have a 30% greater risk of pre-mature death compared to normal-weight indi-viduals. For those with severe obesity, the risk of death is approximately 100% greater (Manson et al., 1995).
Kamikaze
Authors: Emanuel Kerry
Published: November 2023

Were it not for two typhoons, Japan might be part of China today. In the year 1259, Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, became emperor of Mongolia and renamed it Yuan, meaning “first beginning,” reflecting his aspirations for the empire. In 1230, the Mongols had conquered northern China, and between 1231 and 1238, they overran the Korean peninsula. As the Mongols took it as their mission to conquer as much land as possible, Japan, separated by only 150 km (100 mi) from Korea, rightly feared invasion. Between 1267 and 1274, Kublai Khan sent a number of emissaries to Japan demanding that its emperor submit or face an invasion. These emissaries were usually turned back before their message reached the emperor; in any event, the Mongols never received a response. Thus it came to pass that Kublai mounted an invasion to conquer Japan. Although the Mongols knew nothing of seafaring, the newly conquered Koreans were expert shipbuilders and navigators and were put to work assembling an impressive naval fleet.
Huracán
Authors: Emanuel Kerry
Published: November 2023

The word hurricane comes to us via the early Spanish explorers of the New World, who were told of an evil god of winds and destruction, variously called Huracán, Hunraken, or Jurakan in the Caribbean and Mexico. In the legends of the Mayan civilizations of Central America and the Tainos of the Caribbean, this god played an important role in their Creation. According to Taino legend, the goddess Atabei first created the earth, the sky, and all the celestial bodies. To continue her work, she bore two sons, Yucaju and Guacar. Yucaju created the sun and moon to give light, and then made plants and animals to populate the earth. Seeing the beautiful fruits of Yucaju’s work, Guacar became jealous and began to tear up the earth with a powerful wind, renaming himself Jurakan, the god of destruction. Yucaju then created Locuo, a being intermediate between a god and a man, to live in peaceful harmony with the world. Locuo, in turn, created the first man and woman, Guaguyona and Yaya. All three continued to suffer the powerful winds and floods inflicted by the evil Jurakan. The natives of the Caribbean were clearly terrified of Jurakan, and would shout, beat drums, and engage in bizarre rituals in attempts to drive the god away. The early inhabitants of Cuba carved images in stone of the god they called Huracán; two such images are reproduced in Figures 3.1 and 3.3.
France Gives Up La Floride, 1565
Authors: Emanuel Kerry
Published: November 2023

Were it not for a hurricane, France, rather than Spain, might have successfully claimed Florida in the middle of the sixteenth century. The 1500s were a time of great religious turmoil in France, with increasing persecution of French Protestants, known as Huguenots. One of the leaders of the Huguenots was Gaspard de Coligny, a French admiral. At the height of the turmoil, Coligny appointed the mariner Jean Ribaut to establish a New World asylum for Huguenots. Ribaut set sail in 1562, arriving on May 1 at the mouth of what is today known as the St. Johns River. Forty-nine years after Ponce de Leon had claimed “Pascua Florida” for Spain, Ribaut erected a stone monument emblazoned with the French coat of arms, declaring the territory the possession of the king of France. He then sailed north, establishing a colony he called Charlesfort (Parris Island), South Carolina, returning to Dieppe in July with the intention of sending settlers and aid back to Charlesfort. Finding the Huguenots and Catholics at war, Ribaut fled to England to seek ships and supplies for his New World colony, only to be imprisoned in the Tower of London, suspected of planning to steal English ships. When aid was not forthcoming, the 28 Charlesfort colonists mutinied against and killed their commander and, abandoning the settlement, returned to France in a ship of their own construction.
The Trade Winds
Authors: Emanuel Kerry
Published: November 2023

During his voyages to the New World, Columbus found that as soon as he was south of about 30° north latitude, the variable and stormy winds of Europe gave way to steady easterlies and northeasterlies. These made his westbound journeys fast and comfortable, but greatly lengthened his return trips. By the seventeenth century, it had become well established that easterly winds prevail in nearly all of the Tropics (which is why global circumnavigations were almost always sailed from east to west). In 1686, the great British scientist Sir Edmund Halley (after whom the comet was named) collected wind data from ships’ logs and used them to construct a map of tropical surface winds (Figure 8.1). This is thought to be the first meteorological map ever published.
Hurricane Intensity
Authors: Emanuel Kerry
Published: November 2023

The Carnot heat engine theory (Chapter 10) predicts the maximum wind speed achievable by hurricanes. But how accurate is this prediction? What controls the intensity of real storms? Very few hurricanes reach the theoretical maximum wind speed. There are many reasons for this, not all of them well understood. One simple factor is time. In nature and in computer simulations, it typically takes five days to a week for a tropical depression to strengthen into a fullblown hurricane. Many factors can disrupt it before it has a chance to realize its potential. For example, it can pass over land or move over colder water, where the potential intensity is small or zero, or it can encounter unfavorable atmospheric conditions that cause it to stop intensifying or to weaken. Thanks to hurricane hunter aircraft missions, there are reliable measurements of the peak wind speeds achieved in Atlantic tropical cyclones for the last 40 years or so, and over the western North Pacific between 1965 and 1987. We can compare the maximum wind speed recorded during the lifetime of each storm with the Carnot potential intensity calculated from atmospheric and oceanic data at the place and time each storm reached its peak intensity. To make the comparison meaningful, we exclude all storms that made landfall while they were still intensifying and storms that moved rapidly over colder water.
The Great East Pakistan Cyclone of November 1970
Authors: Emanuel Kerry
Published: November 2023

The Great Hurricane of 1780 is widely known as the most deadly in the Western Hemisphere, having killed more than 20,000 people in the Caribbean. But in a single, horrible night halfway around the world in East Pakistan, a hurricane (known there as a tropical cyclone) killed between 300,000 and 500,000 people—more than ten times the death toll of the 1780 storm—making it the worst tropical cyclone disaster in history. The region around the mouth of the Ganges River is among the most calamity prone in the world. Consisting of low-lying marshy land and innumerable islands, the coastal plain is highly susceptible to flooding. Inhabitants trying to eke out a living by fishing and farming frequently confront freshwater floods from the Ganges and saltwater storm surges from the tropical cyclones that roar in from the Bay of Bengal, mostly in spring and fall. Owing to the very gentle average slope of the terrain, large areas of land are flooded by relatively small increases in sea level. To make matters worse, the shape of the Bay of Bengal and the gentle shoaling of the waters offshore are conducive to exceptionally large storm surges.
Democracy And The News
Authors: Gans Herbert J
Published: November 2023

American democracy was founded on the belief that ultimate power rests in an informed citizenry. But that belief appears naive in an era when private corporations manipulate public policy and the individual citizen is dwarfed by agencies, special interest groups, and other organisations that have a firm grasp on real political and economic power. In Democracy and the News, one of America’s most astute social critics explores the crucial link between a weakened news media and weakened democracy. Building on his 1979 classic media critique Deciding What’s News, Herbert Gans shows how, with the advent of cable news networks, the internet, and a proliferation of other sources, the role of contemporary journalists has shrunk, as the audience for news moves away from major print and electronic media to smaller and smaller outlets. Gans argues that journalism also suffers from assembly-line modes of production, with the major product being publicity for the president and other top political officials, the very people citizens most distrust. In such an environment, investigative journalism-which could offer citizens the information they need to make intelligent critical choices on a range of difficult issues-cannot flourish. But Gans makes several incisive suggestions about what the news media can do to recapture its role in American society and what political and economic changes might move us closer to a true citizen’s democracy. Touching on questions of critical national importance, Democracy and the News sheds new light on the vital importance of a healthy news media for a healthy democracy.
The Learning of Foreign Language Vocabulary
Authors: Groot Annette M B de , Hell Janet G van
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews experimental research into learning foreign language (FL) vocabulary, focusing on direct methods of teaching, such as keyword mnemonics, paired association learning (including rote rehearsal), and picture association learning. We discuss the relative effectiveness of these methods, the constraints in using them, and the way they interact with other factors, most notably the amount of experience a learner has had with learning foreign languages. We review research that shows that some types of words are easier to learn than others and discuss the reasons why this might be so.
The Representation of Cognate and Noncognate Words in Bilingual Memory: Can Cognate Status Be Characterized as a Special Kind of Morphological Relation?
Authors: Sa´nchez-Casas Rosa , Garc´ıa-Albea Jose´ E
Published: November 2023

One of the main issues addressed in bilingual research has been how bilinguals represent and access the words from their two languages. Studies carried out in different languages suggest that the distinction between cognate (words that are similar in form and meaning) and noncognate (words only similar in meaning) translations can be relevant in determining how words are represented in the bilingual lexicon. In the present chapter, we review a program of research in which we examined the visual recognition of these two types of translations in Spanish-English and Catalan-Spanish bilinguals in experiments using the priming paradigm and the lexical decision task.
The Neurocognition of Recovery Patterns in Bilingual Aphasics
Authors: Green David W
Published: November 2023

We have yet to explain the variety of recovery patterns in bilingual aphasics despite the practical and theoretical importance of doing so. I consider the reasons for this state of affairs and identify what is needed to achieve a causal understanding. Theoretically, I distinguish the issue of the representation of a linguistic system from its control and explore the neuroanatomic bases of representation and control. Methodologically, I argue for the importance of neuroimaging studies (positron emission tomography, functional magnetic resonance imaging) to complement psycholinguistic and neuropsychological data and propose a number of psycholinguistic and neuroimaging studies aimed at clarifying the causal basis of recovery patterns. A final section briefly considers the implications for rehabilitation.
Models of Bilingual Representation and Processing: Looking Back and to the Future
Authors: Kroll Judith F , Tokowicz Natasha
Published: November 2023

Early research on the representation and processing of information in bilingual memory debated whether the two languages were stored and accessed together or separately in memory. In this chapter, we argue that the question that motivated the initial research and model development on this topic failed to address a set of critical issues. These include distinctions between levels of language representation, differences in components of processing associated with unique task goals in comprehension versus production, and the consequences of developmental aspects of language experience.
Federalism and Its Discontents
Authors: Zimring Franklin E
Published: November 2023

A Chapter on federalism seems more appropriate for a textbook on government than for an attempt to explain the extraordinary pattern of executions in the United States. But the system of allocating power to different levels of government in the United States is one defining element of the unique policy environment of capital punishment. The current system of processing capital cases is incomprehensible without information on federalism. And the large and systematic differences between states in execution policy are also important clues to identifying what sets America apart on the death penalty. So any serious study of American capital punishment must do its homework on the federal system of government and its manifold impacts on capital punishment policy. But the capital punishment arrangement discussed in this chapter is certainly not garden-variety American federalism. There is little resemblance between the way that federal and state systems govern together on death penalty cases and the pattern of federal/state coordination on issues such as education, health care, highways, or water pollution. In part, these special death penalty problems have been generated because the federal controls that can be enforced only by federal courts must be superimposed on a system of criminal law that was complete and self-contained at the state level. But the conflicts and ambivalence that are caused by the death penalty itself are also a major feature of the dysfunctional present of the death penalty in the American federal system.
Fitzgerald’s Intellectual Context
Authors: Berman Ronald
Published: November 2023

There were concentric circles of intellectual influence around Fitzgerald beginning with the critical ideas about literature transmitted from friends and mentors like Edmund Wilson and H. L. Mencken. After that was the constant flow of opinions and ideas from the literary marketplace in which he was located. Finally, but no less important, was the outermost circle of those who analyzed the world in which that marketplace was located.
Services for Adults with Mental Illness
Authors: Young Alexander S , Magnabosco Jennifer L
Published: November 2023

During the past few decades, there have been remarkable advances in mental health treatment. Vague classification schemes have been replaced by structured diagnoses. Basic science research has demonstrated that severe psychiatric disorders are brain-based conditions. Effective treatments for bipolar disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia have been developed and proven to be effective (American Psychiatric Association, 1994, 1997; Depression Guideline Panel, 1993). New, safe medications improve or eliminate psychotic and affective symptoms. Structured psychotherapies, such as interpersonal and cognitive-behavioral therapy, reduce disabling depression and anxiety. Assertive Community Treatment-intensive provision of a comprehensive array of services-allows people with treatment-resistant disorders to live successfully in community settings. Rehabilitation interventions allow many people with chronic psychotic disorders to obtain competitive, paid employment. Finally, helping families and other caregivers, and involving them in treatment, reduces relapse rates.
Causes and Consequences of Tree-Cavity Roosting in a Temperate Bat, Chalinolobus tuberculatus, from New Zealand
Authors: O’Donnell Colin F J , Sedgeley Jane A
Published: November 2023

Among the 79 taxa of Microchiroptera in Australasia, frequency of treecavity roosting increases as mean annual temperature decreases and latitude increases. This gradient suggests there may be significant thermal benefits to tree-cavity roosting in cold climates. We explore the causes and consequences of tree-cavity roosting during summer months in Chalinolobus tuberculatus, a species that occurs at the southern limit (highest latitude) of this gradient. Five geographically distinct populations are compared. C. tuberculatus selected the oldest and largest trees for maternity roosting and avoided roosting under bark and in caves and buildings, despite the abundance of these sites. It also selected small, well-insulated cavities that accrue significant energy conservation benefits compared with other potential roosts (the ‘‘thermal hypothesis’’). Reproductive females selected roosts that reach maximum temperatures late in the day and retain high temperatures through the night, thus benefiting nonvolant young. Productivity and survival were significantly higher in populations that selected well-insulated roosts. We propose that selection favors smaller, rather than larger, roosting group sizes in this cold, temperate climate. Smaller groups of bats that use relatively small, well-insulated cavities have higher survival rates than larger groups that use larger, less insulated cavities. C. tuberculatus formed behaviorally, though not geographically, isolated subgroups. All colonies exhibited extreme roost-site lability on a daily basis, but strong long-term philopatry among pools exceeding 100 roosts. Most roosts were used once per year but date of reuse was similar each year. Strict temporal philopatry suggests that bats do not switch roosts in response to daily variability in weather conditions. The thermal hypothesis suggests that development of grouping behavior may be an incidental response to physiological constraints on thermoregulation and reproduction. Nevertheless, social interdependence would increase the probability that clusters are large enough on any one day to be thermally beneficial and individuals could improve the reproductive success of other relatives within the group. We conclude by outlining hypotheses that could test the general applicability of findings to tree-cavity roosting bats.
Jeffersonian Republicanism and the Restoration of the Republic
Authors: Hart Gary
Published: November 2023

Even as one of the most prominent advocates of the republican view, Thomas Jefferson, when called upon by a correspondent to define a republic, admitted, “The term republic is of very vague application in every language.”1 For him, the principal feature of any republic is the direct, personal, and collective action of citizens, acting according to rules laid down by the majority. This central proposition carries with it profound practical implications. “Such a government is evidently restrained,” Jefferson continued, “to very narrow limits of space and population.” The restraint of space and population—the issue of scale—is vital. Jefferson doubted that a pure republican government would be practicable “beyond the extent of a New England township.” Indeed, the New England township meeting was very near the republic in action that he envisioned. To his famous “earth belongs to the living” proclamation, which emphasized his belief in generational politics, Jefferson added the restraint of time.2
Introduction
Authors: Jenkins Stephen H
Published: November 2023

Since you are reading this, you probably have some interest in knowing more about how science works. Perhaps you have been intrigued by news reports about science but dissatisfied with their superficiality. You may be a young person wondering about a possible career in science. You may even be a practicing scientist curious about how I will present a topic that is already quite familiar to you.
Comprehensive Dynamic Trial Designs for Behavioral Prevention Research With Communities: Overcoming Inadequacies of the Randomized Controlled Trial Paradigm
Authors: Rapkin Bruce D , Trickett Edison J
Published: November 2023

In considering how behavioral prevention research could best lead to sustained risk reduction at community or population levels, we focus on the following question: How does the prevention research paradigm help or hinder our ability to develop sustainable community-level change? “The prevention research paradigm” refers to the routine way in which our scientic community identies, tests, and draws conclusions about strategies to reduce HIV risk behavior (Wandersman, 2003).
Healthy Environments for Youth and Families
Authors: Wyche Karen Fraser
Published: November 2023

The literature on environmental contexts that are supportive of healthy behavioral and psychological outcomes does not focus on girls and women. The focus is primarily on age, rather than gender, or age and gender. It is a developmental literature with a macro, rather than a micro, focus. It examines where families live and how parenting, marital quality, work, family structure, or other family factors are conducive to helping rear children. Emphasis is on understanding developmental changes and commonalities, processes by which healthy environments are established and maintained, cultural values evolve, and contextual variation is expressed in life situations. There is a consistent finding that family environment continues to be of crucial importance from childhood through adolescence and into young adulthood (Vandervalk, Spruijt, De Goede, Meeus, & Mass, 2004). Emphasized also are factors distal to the individual such as community contexts (Cocking, 1994). Information provided by this body of work will enable readers to extrapolate from this literature toward understanding the processes of creating healthy environments for girls and women.