bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparative analysis of deep learning methods for weed classification of high-resolution UAV images
Authors: Alirezazadeh Pendar , Schirrmann Michael , Stolzenburg Frieder
Published: October 2023

Because weeds compete directly with crops for moisture, nutrients, space, and sunlight, their monitoring and control is an essential necessity in agriculture. The most important step in choosing an effective and time-saving weed control method is the detection of weed species. Deep learning approaches have been proven to be effective in smart agricultural tasks such as plant classification and disease detection. The performance of Deep Learning-based classification models is often influenced by the complexity of the feature extraction backbone. The limited availability of data in weed classification problems poses a challenge when increasing the number of parameters in the backbone of a model. While a substantial increase in backbone parameters may only result in marginal performance improvements, it can also lead to overfitting and increased training difficulty. In this study, we aim to explore the impact of adjusting the architecture depth and width on the performance of deep neural networks for weed classification using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) imagery. Specifically, we focus on comparing the performance of well-known convolutional neural networks with varying levels of complexity, including heavy and light architectures. By investigating the impact of scaling deep layers, we seek to understand how it influences attention mechanisms, enhances the learning of meaningful representations, and ultimately improves the performance of deep networks in weed classification tasks with UAV images. Data were collected using a high-resolution camera on a UAV flying at low altitudes over a winter wheat field. Using the transfer learning strategy, we trained deep learning models and performed species-level classification tasks with the weed species: Lithospermum arvense, Spergula arvensis, Stellaria media, Chenopodium album, and Lamium purpureum observed in that field. The results obtained from this study reveal that networks with deeper layers do not effectively learn meaningful representations, thereby hindering the expected performance gain in the context of the specific weed classification task addressed in this study.
Practice-Based Teacher Education Benefits Graduate Trainees and Their Students Through Inclusive and Active Teaching Methods
Authors: Stromholt Shelley , Wiggins Benjamin , Von der Mehden Bailey
Published: October 2023

The next generations of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) workers are being trained in college and university classrooms by a workforce of instructors who learn pedagogical practice largely on the job. While inclusive instructional practices and their impacts are increasingly well-studied, this training is difficult to instill within the professional development that most STEM professors receive before teaching their students. The Science Teaching Experience Program for Upcoming PhDs (STEP-UP) at the University of Washington was built to prepare future professors for inclusive excellence by guiding them through the literature in education research and providing them a space to practice active and inclusive teaching techniques. This study of STEP-UP uses a design-based approach to understand graduate trainee and undergraduate perceptions of the most salient aspects and outcomes of the program. Our study found that trainees used opportunities to practice inclusive teaching methods with a cohort of their peers, and crucially that these methods were evident in trainee-taught courses through multiple lines of evidence. STEP-UP-trained instructors used inclusive teaching strategies that helped students to feel socioemotionally supported. This study offers a model program that fosters inclusion and equity in undergraduate STEM classrooms through improving teaching professional development for graduate students.
New Similarity Solutions of Magnetohydrodynamic Flow Over Horizontal Plate by Lie Group with Nonlinear Hydrodynamic and Linear Thermal and Mass Slips
Authors: Ferdows M. , Hossain Abid , Uddin M. J. , Mim Fahiza Tabassum , Sun Shuyu
Published: October 2023

The viscous laminar magnetohydrodynamic convective boundary layer flow with the combined effects of chemical reaction and nonlinear velocity slip and linear thermal and concentration slips have been considered across a flat plate in motion. Using a non-dimensional transformation attained by the single parameter continuous group method, the governing equations are transformed into a system of nonlinear ordinary similarity equations, then, the solutions of the coupled system of equations are constructed for velocity, temperature, and concentration functions by using the numerical methods. Among the parameters that have been looked at are the buoyancy parameter N, the nonlinear slip parameter $${\mathrm{n}}_{1}$$

n
1

, the order of chemical reaction n, the Prandtl number Pr, and the Schmidt number Sc. An investigation was made on the profiles with respect to mixed convection parameter $$\uplambda $$
λ
, order of chemical reaction n, arbitrary index parameter $${\mathrm{n}}_{1}$$

n
1

, velocity slip parameter a, thermal slip parameter b, mass slip parameter c, suction parameter fw, magnetic parameter M. Verification of the results were possible due to comparison of two numerical methods to obtain the solution to the differential equations. The present study indicates that, for a range of values of the magnetic parameter, the wall shear stress decreases with increasing mixed convection. Moreover, for a variety of mixed convection parameter instances, the wall heat transfer decreases with increasing perpendicular magnetic effect.
Recent advances and applications towards intelligent operation and maintenance of urban pipeline networks
Authors: Li Jie , Li Suzhen
Published: October 2023

As typical lifeline engineering systems, urban pipeline networks (UPNs) play an important role in transmission and distribution of materials or energies in modern society. Over the past years, many efforts have been devoted to the research, development and application towards intelligent operation and maintenance of UPNs in Tongji University, incorporating with the emerging artificial intelligence (AI)-based and internet of things (IoT)-based technologies. This paper presents a review on the recent advances and the important achievements pertaining to this field in Tongji University. Using multi-source data, a data-driven model for the comprehensive risk evaluation of the whole pipeline network is briefly introduced to address the limitation of the insufficiency of reliable data and demonstrated by a case study. Aiming at three major safety problems such as structural failure, leak and third-party intrusion, the advances in techniques and systems for health monitoring of urban pipelines are summarized and the various application scenarios are illustrated as well.
Security of Supply: A National or European Competence?
Authors: Tuominen Tomi , Halonen Kirsi-Maria , Salminen Mirva
Published: October 2023

Security of supply refers to governmental policies that aim to secure the availability of critical products at all times. The COVID-19 pandemic brought to fore the importance of such policies, as suddenly there was an overwhelming need for critical medical supplies that the markets were not able to fulfil. Following the pandemic, the EU has started to construct its own security of supply policy, although lacking an explicit competence for it. This Article shows how competence on security of supply is actually split between the EU and the Member States, and highlights the consequences of this division.
Migraine Treatment and Healthcare Resource Utilization in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Graves Erin , Cowling Tara , McMullen Suzanne , Ekwaru Paul , Pham Tram , Mayer Michelle , Ladouceur Marie-Pier , Hubert Martine , Bougie Joanna , Amoozegar Farnaz
Published: October 2023

Background:

Migraine poses a significant burden worldwide; however, there is limited evidence as to the burden in Canada. This study examined the treatment patterns, healthcare resource use (HRU), and costs among newly diagnosed or recurrent patients with migraine in Alberta, Canada, from the time of diagnosis or recurrence.

Methods:

This retrospective observational study utilized administrative health data from Alberta, Canada. Patients were included in the Total Migraine Cohort if they had: (1) ≥1 International Classification of Diseases diagnostic code for migraine; or (2) ≥1 prescription dispense(s) for triptans from April 1, 2012, to March 31, 2018, with no previous diagnosis or dispensation code from April 1, 2010, to April 1, 2012.

Results:

The mean age of the cohort (n = 199,931) was 40.0 years and 72.3% were women. The most common comorbidity was depression (19.7%). In each medication class examined, less than one-third of the cohort was prescribed triptans and fewer than one-fifth was prescribed a preventive. Among patients with ≥1 dispense, the mean rate of opioid prescriptions was 4.61 per patient-year, compared to 2.28 triptan prescriptions per patient-year. Migraine-related HRU accounted for 3%–10% of all use.

Conclusion:

Comorbidities and high all-cause HRU were observed among newly diagnosed or recurrent patients with migraine. There is an underutilization of acute and preventive medications in the management of migraine. The high rate of opioid use reinforces the suboptimal management of migraine in Alberta. Migraine management may improve by educating healthcare professionals to optimize treatment strategies.
Learning in real world practice: Identifying implementation strategies to integrate health-related social needs screening within a large health system
Authors: Fiori Kevin , Levano Samantha , Haughton Jessica , Whiskey-LaLanne Renee , Telzak Andrew , Hodgson Sybil , Spurrell-Huss Elizabeth , Stark Allison
Published: October 2023

Introduction:

Health systems have many incentives to screen patients for health-related social needs (HRSNs) due to growing evidence that social determinants of health impact outcomes and a new regulatory context that requires health equity measures. This study describes the experience of one large urban health system in scaling HRSN screening by implementing improvement strategies over five years, from 2018 to 2023.

Methods:

In 2018, the health system adapted a 10-item HRSN screening tool from a widely used, validated instrument. Implementation strategies aimed to foster screening were retrospectively reviewed and categorized according to the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change (ERIC) study. Statistical process control methods were utilized to determine whether implementation strategies contributed to improvements in HRSN screening activities.

Results:

There were 280,757 HRSN screens administered across 311 clinical teams in the health system between April 2018 and March 2023. Implementation strategies linked to increased screening included integrating screening within an online patient portal (ERIC strategy: involve patients/consumers and family members), expansion to discrete clinical teams (ERIC strategy: change service sites), providing data feedback loops (ERIC strategy: facilitate relay of clinical data to providers), and deploying Community Health Workers to address HRSNs (ERIC strategy: create new clinical teams).

Conclusion:

Implementation strategies designed to promote efficiency, foster universal screening, link patients to resources, and provide clinical teams with an easy-to-integrate tool appear to have the greatest impact on HRSN screening uptake. Sustained increases in screening demonstrate the cumulative effects of implementation strategies and the health system’s commitment toward universal screening.
The role of sustainability knowledge-action platforms in advancing multi-stakeholder engagement on sustainability
Authors: Bream McIntosh Oliver , Burnett Amy , Feldman Ira , Lamphere Jenna A. , Reuter Thomas A. , Vital Emmanuelle
Published: October 2023

Within the last decade, online sustainability knowledge-action platforms have proliferated. We surveyed 198 sustainability-oriented sites and conducted a review of 41 knowledge-action platforms, which we define as digital tools that advance sustainability through organized activities and knowledge dissemination. We analyzed platform structure and functionality through a systematic coding process based on key issues identified in three bodies of literature: (a) the emergence of digital platforms, (b) the localization of the sustainable development goals (SDGs), and (c) the importance of multi-level governance to sustainability action. While online collaborative tools offer an array of resources, our analysis indicates that they struggle to provide context-sensitivity and higher-level analysis of the trade-offs and synergies between sustainability actions. SDG localization adds another layer of complexity where multi-level governance, actor, and institutional priorities may generate tensions as well as opportunities for intra- and cross-sectoral alignment. On the basis of our analysis, we advocate for the development of integrative open-source and dynamic global online data management tools that would enable the monitoring of progress and facilitate peer-to-peer exchange of ideas and experience among local government, community, and business stakeholders. We argue that by showcasing and exemplifying local actions, an integrative platform that leverages existing content from multiple extant platforms through effective data interoperability can provide additional functionality and significantly empower local actors to accelerate local to global actions, while also complex system change.
Fate of bubble clusters rising in a quiescent liquid
Authors: Ma Tian , Hessenkemper Hendrik , Lucas Dirk , Bragg Andrew D.
Published: October 2023

We use experiments to study the evolution of bubble clusters in a swarm of freely rising, deformable bubbles. A new machine learning-aided algorithm allows us to identify and track bubbles in clusters and measure the cluster lifetimes. The results indicate that contamination in the carrier liquid can enhance the formation of bubble clusters and prolong the cluster lifetimes. The mean bubble rise velocities conditioned on the bubble cluster size are also explored, and we find a positive correlation between the cluster size and the rise speed of the bubbles in the cluster, with clustered bubbles rising up to

$20\,\%$

faster than unclustered bubbles.
Resolving an old problem on the preservation of the IFR property under the formation of -out-of- systems with discrete distributions
Authors: Alimohammadi Mahdi , Navarro Jorge
Published: October 2023

More than half a century ago, it was proved that the increasing failure rate (IFR) property is preserved under the formation of k-out-of-n systems (order statistics) when the lifetimes of the components are independent and have a common absolutely continuous distribution function. However, this property has not yet been proved in the discrete case. Here we give a proof based on the log-concavity property of the function
$f({{\mathrm{e}}}^x)$
. Furthermore, we extend this property to general distribution functions and general coherent systems under some conditions.
Central limit theorem in complete feedback games
Authors: Ottolini Andrea , Tripathi Raghavendra
Published: October 2023

Consider a well-shuffled deck of cards of n different types where each type occurs m times. In a complete feedback game, a player is asked to guess the top card from the deck. After each guess, the top card is revealed to the player and is removed from the deck. The total number of correct guesses in a complete feedback game has attracted significant interest in the past few decades. Under different regimes of m, n, the expected number of correct guesses, under the greedy (optimal) strategy, has been obtained by various authors, while there are not many results available about the fluctuations. In this paper we establish a central limit theorem with Berry–Esseen bounds when m is fixed and n is large. Our results extend to the case of decks where different types may have different multiplicity, under suitable assumptions.
Why Political Philosophy Should Be Robust
Authors: KIRSHNER ALEXANDER S. , SPINNER-HALEV JEFF
Published: October 2023

Political philosophers and theorists make arguments about high-stakes problems. This article shows that those theories would be more credible if political philosophers ensured their work was robust: capable of withstanding reasonable changes to their assumptions and to the cases to which their arguments apply. The world is varied and inconstant. As a result, scientists and social scientists recognize the virtue of robustness. This article shows why political philosophers should also do so. It defines robustness, demonstrates its value, and shows how it can be evaluated. Illustrating the stakes of robustness, the article assesses prominent arguments concerning multiculturalism and open borders. Avoiding misunderstanding and confusion should be a central aim of political philosophy. To sidestep these outcomes and to reassure scholars that one’s theory is not subject to concerns about its credibility, it will often be reasonable for philosophers to explicitly test their theories for robustness.
The Pugwash scientists’ conferences, Cyrus Eaton and the clash of internationalisms, 1954–1961
Authors: Zaidi Waqar H.
Published: October 2023

This paper examines the contest between Canadian American industrialist Cyrus Eaton and the Pugwash scientists’ leadership for influence over the early Pugwash scientists’ conferences. Eaton's activism has generally been dismissed in the historical literature as ineffective, naive and too uncritical of the Soviet Union. This paper argues that he was genuinely committed to international peace and security, that Eaton shared with Pugwash scientists a belief in the importance of intellectuals to global unity, and that he worked to bring about greater international peace and understanding through both his personal activism and his own conferences held in the town of Pugwash. Eaton, however, favoured a broader push for peace, which included participation by a wider range of intellectuals and a call for rapprochement with the Soviet Union. These differences between Eaton and the Pugwash scientists, I argue, were more than simply about approach: they represented different internationalist visions and manifested in different conceptualizations for the Pugwash scientists’ conferences. Eaton hoped to incorporate non-scientists and humanism into the conferences, and integrate them into his own broader conference programme at his Thinkers’ Lodge at Pugwash. The scientists, however, wanted to keep their conferences as distinctly scientists’ events, tied to science and its authority.
SECTION 36 OF THE LIMITATION ACT 1980
Authors: Davies Paul S.
Published: October 2023

The law concerning limitation periods has long been recognised to be unsatisfactory. One area which poses particular problems concerns whether a limitation period can apply to equitable claims “by analogy” under section 36 of the Limitation Act 1980. This article considers three relatively recent decisions of the Court of Appeal – P & O Nedlloyd BV v Arab Metals Co. (The UB Tiger) [2006] EWCA Civ 1717, [2007] 1 W.L.R. 2288, The Commissioners for Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs v IGE USA Investments Ltd. [2021] EWCA Civ 534, [2021] Ch. 423 and The Claimants in the Royal Mail Group Litigation v Royal Mail Group Limited [2021] EWCA Civ 1173 – which illustrate that very different approaches have been taken. It is argued that The UB Tiger was wrongly decided, or at least should be limited to specific performance, and revives calls for legislative reform.
The jadeitites from Syros and Tinos, Cycladic Blueschist Unit, Greece: field observations, mineralogical, geochemical and geochronological characteristics
Authors: Bröcker Michael
Published: October 2023

This study illustrates the field relationships of jadeitite-bearing block-in-matrix sequences on Syros and Tinos, Cycladic Blueschist Unit, and adds additional U–Pb zircon ages for jadeitites to the geochronological database. The results confirm the importance of Cretaceous (c. 80 Ma) and Eocene (c. 50 Ma) processes in their geological evolution. Interpretations suggesting that the jadeitites were formed by complete metasomatic replacement of a pre-existing rock are not fully supported by field observations. In at least some cases, the formation of jadeitite is likely due to precipitation from Na-Al-Si-rich aqueous fluids, which also caused variable metasomatic alteration of the host rock. Unambiguous age constraints for formation of the Syros and Tinos jadeitites are not available. A relationship to Eocene blueschist facies metamorphism recorded in the associated metamafic rocks seems plausible. However, since high-pressure overprinting of pre-Eocene jadeitite is also conceivable, there is a much larger time window for jadeitite formation, framed by Cretaceous (c. 80–76 Ma) protolith ages of various mélange blocks and the waning stages of blueschist facies metamorphism (c. 40 Ma). Field observations are consistent with the interpretation that the mélange-like occurrences on Syros and Tinos record, to varying extent, multi-stage processes that include detachment of mafic rocks from the subducting plate, local infiltration of Na-Al-Si-rich aqueous fluids, exhumation via a serpentinitic matrix in a subduction channel and reworking of the primary block-in-matrix fabric by sedimentary or tectonic processes during accretionary wedge formation.
Why Naive $ 1/N $ Diversification Is Not So Naive, and How to Beat It?
Authors: Yuan Ming , Zhou Guofu
Published: October 2023

We show theoretically that the usual estimated investment strategies will not achieve the optimal Sharpe ratio when the dimensionality is high relative to sample size, and the $ 1/N $ rule is optimal in a 1-factor model with diversifiable risks as dimensionality increases, which explains why it is difficult to beat the $ 1/N $ rule in practice. We also explore conditions under which it can be beaten, and find that we can outperform it by combining it with the estimated rules when $ N $ is small, and by combining it with anomalies or machine learning portfolios, conditional on the profitability of the latter, when $ N $ is large.
A note on Pahlavi lexicography: Middle Persian hassār, hassārīh
Authors: Fattori Marco
Published: October 2023

This article deals with the identification and interpretation of two rare Middle Persian words. Firstly, some attestations of the as yet unrecognized word  hassārīh are discussed, showing that it means “direction”. Then, a semantic analysis of its underived counterpart hassār is carried out, as a basis for an etymological proposal. Finally, it is argued that hassār descends from Old Persian *haçā-sāra- “(having the head) in the same direction”, and a possible reconstruction of the semantic development of the word is provided.
Perceptual salience and structural ambiguity resolution
Authors: Witzel Jeffrey , Witzel Naoko
Published: October 2023

This study investigates whether the perceptual salience of grammatical morphemes influences the online processing of temporarily ambiguous sentences during adult first-language (L1) comprehension. In a bidirectional self-paced reading task, adult L1 English participants (N = 44) read sentences with time adjuncts that were in a structural position in which they could attach either to the most recent verb phrase (VP) or to a VP in a higher clause. Consistent with previous findings, the reading times on these sentences indicated processing difficulty when this adjunct allowed only for high attachment. Crucially, this effect was modulated by the perceptual salience of the grammatical morphemes used to indicate time reference in these clauses. Specifically, the processing cost for high attachment was larger when time in the lower clause was indicated by the auxiliary verb will compared to when it was indicated by the relatively less salient past -ed morpheme. These findings were taken to indicate that the influence of perceptual salience extends beyond the acquisition of and sensitivity to grammatical morphemes during L1 and L2 development. Rather, the perceptual salience of these forms also appears to affect online structural processing during adult L1 sentence comprehension.
The interplay between syntactic and morphological comprehension in heritage contexts: The case of relative clauses in heritage Syrian Arabic
Authors: Daskalaki Evangelia , Soto-Corominas Adriana , Barisé Aisha , Paradis Johanne , Chen Xi , Gottardo Alexandra
Published: October 2023

Previous studies show that even though monolingual children find subject relatives easier than object relatives, their comprehension of object relatives can be facilitated by morphological cues. Given that in heritage contexts functional morphology is a vulnerable domain, a question that needs to be addressed is whether bilingual children, who are heritage speakers of their L1, will also be able to use morphological cues to comprehend complex syntax. To contribute to this line of research, we focused on monolingual (N = 18; Mean Age: 11.43) and bilingual/first generation (N = 108; Mean Age: 11.98), Syrian Arabic-speaking children in Canada, and examined their ability to use gender morphology in their comprehension of relative clauses, while taking into consideration cognitive, environmental, and age-related variables. To this end, we used two offline sentence-picture matching tasks targeting relative clauses and gender (as encoded in SV agreement and object clitics). Results showed that, like monolingual children, first-generation, Arabic-speaking children living in Canada used morphological cues to comprehend complex syntax in their L1. Furthermore, even though there was an association between comprehension of gender agreement and comprehension of relative clauses, performance in gender agreement was higher than performance in relative clauses, suggesting that challenges with complex syntactic structures are not necessarily an epiphenomenon of a morphological deficit.
Synthesis, powder diffraction pattern, crystal structure determination of the pharmaceutical co-crystal of levetiracetam and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid
Authors: Shi Lingling , Chen Zhengguo , Kafafy Hany , Zhang Zhaoxia , Zhu Guocheng , Yao Juming , Zhang Guoqing
Published: October 2023

(S)-α-Ethyl-2-oxo-1-pyrrolidineacetamide (trade name levetiracetam), a derivative of piracetam, is used clinically as an add-on treatment for partial-onset seizures. In this study, we report the solid-state structure of a new drug co-crystal produced from levetiracetam and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid through cooling crystallization. This compound was further characterized by infrared spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The new co-crystals show a 1:1 stoichiometry and crystallize in the monoclinic system, space group P21, with cell parameters: a = 9.7709(3) Å, b = 6.2202(2) Å, c = 14.7280(4) Å, α = 90°, β = 96.0340(10)°, γ = 90°, V = 890.16(5) Å3, and Z = 2. It is identified that hydrogen bonds are the main interactions between levetiracetam and 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, and the contribution of each hydrogen bond in maintaining the stability of the crystal structure was also quantified using Hirshfeld surface analysis.
Black holes as tools for quantum computing by advanced extraterrestrial civilizations
Authors: Dvali Gia , Osmanov Zaza N.
Published: October 2023

We explain that black holes are the most efficient capacitors of quantum information. It is thereby expected that all sufficiently advanced civilizations ultimately employ black holes in their quantum computers. The accompanying Hawking radiation is democratic in particle species. Due to this, the alien quantum computers will radiate in ordinary particles such as neutrinos and photons within the range of potential sensitivity of our detectors. This offers a new avenue for search for extraterrestrial intelligence, including the civilizations entirely composed of hidden particles species interacting with our world exclusively through gravity.
Transboundary Implications of China's Weather Modification Programme
Authors: Simon Manon , McDonald Jan , Brent Kerryn
Published: October 2023

In recent years, China has expanded its national weather modification programme to exploit climatic resources and adapt to climate change. The unprecedented scale of China's weather modification programmes has raised concerns over potential environmental impacts, including transboundary impacts. This article analyzes the domestic governance of weather modification in China and the extent to which this legal framework satisfies China's obligations under customary international law to minimize risks of significant transboundary harm. We find that existing arrangements do not satisfy procedural obligations under customary international law; nor do they adequately address the risks of environmental impacts associated with the increased use of weather modification. Procedures for transboundary environmental impact assessment (EIA) and engagement with regional neighbours are needed for China to comply with international law and promote stability in the region.
Boundary Work Tactics and Their Effects on Information and Communication Technology Use After Hours and Recovery
Authors: Reinke Kathrin , Niederkrome Lisa , Ohly Sandra
Published: October 2023

Abstract: With an increasing use of work-related technologies after hours and mobile working, boundaries between work and personal life domains blur more and more, impairing recovery. Qualitative studies have shown that individuals use various boundary work tactics to actively manage their work–nonwork boundaries. However, it remains largely unknown how the use of such tactics contributes to recovery. This research differentiates types of availability-related boundary work tactics and organizes them according to their underlying motives: preventive, restrictive, and rejecting tactics. The results of a cross-sectional study ( N = 249) and a validation study ( N = 175) support the proposed motive-oriented structure of tactics and show differential prediction of psychological detachment and relaxation. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Everything Under Control? The Impact of Electronic Monitoring Type and Social Norms on Privacy and Reactance
Authors: Wolff Mauren Sina , Niessen Cornelia
Published: October 2023

Abstract: Digitalization enables continuous monitoring of not only work processes but also employees’ cognitive, emotional, and behavioral activities. This study investigated how different types of electronic monitoring affect employees’ privacy and reactance and how social norms regarding electronic monitoring (opposition or support) shape these reactions. In a scenario study, we found higher privacy invasion and reactance when not solely screen time was monitored, but screen activity via screenshots or social interactions via face reader. The social norm did not influence these relations. However, we found strong compliance with the social norm of rejecting electronic monitoring, indicating a strong negative attitude toward electronic monitoring. The results suggest that invasiveness of electronic performance monitoring beyond screen time monitoring is perceived as high privacy-invasive and comparatively reactance-evoking.
High‐Resolution Characterization of Excavation‐Induced Fracture Network Using Continuous and Discrete Inversion Schemes
Authors: Jalali Mohammadreza , Brauchler Ralf , Somogyvári Mark , de La Vaissière Rémi
Published: October 2023

The Meuse/Haute‐Marne Underground Research Laboratory provides the location for the experiment designed to investigate the induced fracture network around open or sealed galleries and drifts. The objective of this study is to investigate and reconstruct the hydraulic properties and the geometry of the induced fracture network to improve the insights and validate the conceptual model of the induced fracture network due to the stress redistribution during tunnel excavations. Within the presented study, the cross‐hole responses of the pneumatic tests were analyzed in the first step with an equivalent porous media—3D travel time‐based tomographic approach. In the next step selected 2D profiles of the 3D model domain were inverted using a discrete fracture network inversion approach. The database of the tomographic analysis is based on 18 gas injection tests and 151 pressure interferences, which were recorded between nine closely spaced boreholes. The travel time‐based inversion approach allowed for the reconstruction of the 3D gas diffusivity distribution between nine boreholes with high‐resolution. The applied discrete fracture network inversion approach is based on a transdimensional Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methodology and it operates with reversible model updates (jumps) that change the problem dimensions, that is, the number, length and position of fractures within the model domain after each iteration step. The synthesis of the results between the reconstructed 3D diffusivity tomogram and the 2D fracture tomograms improved the insights into the spatial geometry of the induced fracture network around galleries.
spateGAN: Spatio‐Temporal Downscaling of Rainfall Fields Using a cGAN Approach
Authors: Glawion Luca , Polz Julius , Kunstmann Harald , Fersch Benjamin , Chwala Christian
Published: October 2023

Climate models face limitations in their ability to accurately represent highly variable atmospheric phenomena. To resolve fine‐scale physical processes, allowing for local impact assessments, downscaling techniques are essential. We propose spateGAN, a novel approach for spatio‐temporal downscaling of precipitation data using conditional generative adversarial networks. Our method is based on a video super‐resolution approach and trained on 10 years of country‐wide radar observations for Germany. It simultaneously increases the spatial and temporal resolution of coarsened precipitation observations from 32 to 2 km and from 1 hr to 10 min. Our experiments indicate that the ensembles of generated temporally consistent rainfall fields are in high agreement with the observational data. Spatial structures with plausible advection were accurately generated. Compared to trilinear interpolation and a classical convolutional neural network, the generative model reconstructs the resolution‐dependent extreme value distribution with high skill. It showed a high fractions skill score of 0.6 (spatio‐temporal scale: 32 km and 1 hr) for rainfall intensities over 15 mm h−1 and a low relative bias of 3.35%. A power spectrum analysis confirmed that the probabilistic downscaling ability of our model further increased its skill. We observed that neural network predictions may be interspersed by recurrent structures not related to rainfall climatology, which should be a known issue for future studies. We were able to mitigate them by using an appropriate model architecture and model selection process. Our findings suggest that spateGAN offers the potential to complement and further advance the development of climate model downscaling techniques, due to its performance and computational efficiency.
Testing Apparatus Stiffness Variations With Application to Rock and Sediment Deformation
Authors: Ikari Matt J. , Haberkorn Philipp
Published: October 2023

Frictional slip instability, resulting in intermittent “stick‐slip” rather than continuous sliding, is a phenomenon that depends on the frictional properties of the sliding area and the stiffness of the surrounding material. For geomechanical rock and sediment testing, the stiffness of the testing apparatus partially controls the occurrence of stick‐slip sliding behavior. Under a wide range of conditions, we directly measured the shear loading stiffness of five direct‐shear apparatuses in the Marine Geotechnics laboratory at MARUM, University of Bremen. Under constant normal stress, the shear loading and unloading curves are non‐linear and exhibit significant hysteresis. Shear stiffness values generally increase with increasing normal and shear stresses. Absolute values of stiffness as well as their dependency on shear and normal stress vary amongst the apparatuses despite the same basic apparatus design. For the application of stiffness concepts to stick‐slip sliding in the Earth, for example, earthquakes, the most appropriate stiffness value is obtained at a shear stress value comparable to the sample strength, and measured during stress unloading. Well‐characterized apparatus stiffness under a wide range of testing conditions is recommended to optimize analyses of laboratory friction data.
The Relationship of Exohiss Waves With Plasmaspheric Hiss Distribution and Solar Wind Parameters
Authors: Seo Jiwoo , Kim Kyung‐Chan
Published: October 2023

Exohiss waves below 0.1 electron cyclotron frequency (fce) are structureless whistler‐mode emissions typically observed in the plasmatrough. Plasmaspheric hiss may possibly propagate from the plasmasphere into the plasmatrough and evolve into exohiss waves. We investigated the relationship of exohiss occurrence and characteristics with plasmaspheric hiss occurrence and solar wind parameters, analyzing Van Allen Probe observations from 1 October 2012 to 28 February 2018. Exohiss waves observed in the plasmatrough occurred more frequently on the dayside than the nightside, which was consistent with the plasmaspheric hiss distribution in the plasmasphere. Exohiss occurrence gradually increased up to ∼4 hr after hiss measurements and showed a magnetic local time dependence on the plasmaspheric hiss amplitude. We also determined the relative contribution of each solar wind parameter to exohiss distribution as based on exohiss measurements made 0–4 hr after plasmaspheric hiss measurements. A stronger southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) BZ limited the region of exohiss occurrence to the prenoon sector, again consistent with the distribution of plasmaspheric hiss. Prenoon exohiss was also observed for stronger dynamic pressure (PSW), but the plasmaspheric hiss appeared in the postnoon sector. This discrepancy indicated that prenoon exohiss is locally excited rather than a product of plasmaspheric hiss leakage. In addition, during enhanced solar wind conditions with southward IMF BZ or higher PSW, the intensity of the lower‐band chorus was enhanced even below 0.1fce, corresponding to the frequency range of the exohiss, implying that the nightside exohiss may be related to the evolution of low‐frequency chorus waves.
Functional connectivity of amygdala subnuclei in PTSD: a narrative review
Authors: Haris Elizabeth M. , Bryant Richard A. , Williamson Thomas , Korgaonkar Mayuresh S.
Published: October 2023

While the amygdala is often implicated in the neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the pattern of results remains mixed. One reason for this may be the heterogeneity of amygdala subnuclei and their functional connections. This review used PRISMA guidelines to synthesize research exploring the functional connectivity of three primary amygdala subnuclei, basolateral (BLA), centromedial (CMA), and superficial nuclei (SFA), in PTSD (N = 331) relative to trauma-exposed (N = 155) and non-trauma-exposed controls (N = 210). Although studies were limited (N = 11), preliminary evidence suggests that in PTSD compared to trauma-exposed controls, the BLA shows greater connectivity with the dorsal anterior cingulate, an area involved in salience detection. In PTSD compared to non-trauma-exposed controls, the BLA shows greater connectivity with the middle frontal gyrus, an area involved in attention. No other connections were replicated across studies. A secondary aim of this review was to outline the limitations of this field to better shape future research. Importantly, the results from this review indicate the need to consider potential mediators of amygdala subnuclei connectivity, such as trauma type and sex, when conducting such studies. They also highlight the need to be aware of the limited inferences we can make with such small samples that investigate small subcortical structures on low field strength magnetic resonance imaging scanners. Collectively, this review demonstrates the importance of exploring the differential connectivity of amygdala subnuclei to understand the pathophysiology of PTSD and stresses the need for future research to harness the strength of ultra-high field imaging to gain a more sensitive picture of the neural connectivity underlying PTSD.
Quantitative three-dimensional local order analysis of nanomaterials through electron diffraction
Authors: Schmidt Ella Mara , Klar Paul Benjamin , Krysiak Yaşar , Svora Petr , Goodwin Andrew L. , Palatinus Lukas
Published: October 2023

Structure-property relationships in ordered materials have long been a core principle in materials design. However, the introduction of disorder into materials provides structural flexibility and thus access to material properties that are not attainable in conventional, ordered materials. To understand disorder-property relationships, the disorder – i.e., the local ordering principles – must be quantified. Local order can be probed experimentally by diffuse scattering. The analysis is notoriously difficult, especially if only powder samples are available. Here, we combine the advantages of three-dimensional electron diffraction – a method that allows single crystal diffraction measurements on sub-micron sized crystals – and three-dimensional difference pair distribution function analysis (3D-ΔPDF) to address this problem. In this work, we compare the 3D-ΔPDF from electron diffraction data with those obtained from neutron and x-ray experiments of yttria-stabilized zirconia (Zr0.82Y0.18O1.91) and demonstrate the reliability of the proposed approach.
Concentration of asset owners exposed to power sector stranded assets may trigger climate policy resistance
Authors: von Dulong Angelika
Published: October 2023

Thoroughly assessing the owners and distribution of stranded assets in a 2 °C scenario is essential to anticipate climate policy resistance. We employ novel data to analyze owners and incidence of asset stranding in the power sector globally. We show that Asia-Pacific, Europe, and the US are highly exposed to stranded assets, especially coal plants. Stranded assets are highly concentrated in a few asset owners in some countries (e.g., India). Even if owners are more equally exposed (e.g., in the US) they can vary considerably in the asset stranding timing due to differences in plant fleets’ age profile. European, US, and Chinese asset owners own large shares of stranded coal plants abroad. Listed owners may face stranded assets of up to 78% of their share price or more than 80% of their equity. Asset stranding exposure positively correlates with ownership of alternative energy assets. India stands out owning many stranded assets but little alternative energy.
Distantly related Alteromonas bacteriophages share tail fibers exhibiting properties of transient chaperone caps
Authors: Gonzalez-Serrano Rafael , Rosselli Riccardo , Roda-Garcia Juan J. , Martin-Cuadrado Ana-Belen , Rodriguez-Valera Francisco , Dunne Matthew
Published: October 2023

The host recognition modules encoding the injection machinery and receptor binding proteins (RBPs) of bacteriophages are predisposed to mutation and recombination to maintain infectivity towards co-evolving bacterial hosts. In this study, we reveal how Alteromonas mediterranea schitovirus A5 shares its host recognition module, including tail fiber and cognate chaperone, with phages from distantly related families including Alteromonas myovirus V22. While the V22 chaperone is essential for producing active tail fibers, here we demonstrate production of functional A5 tail fibers regardless of chaperone co-expression. AlphaFold-generated models of tail fiber and chaperone pairs from phages A5, V22, and other Alteromonas phages reveal how amino acid insertions within both A5-like proteins results in a knob domain duplication in the tail fiber and a chaperone β-hairpin “tentacle” extension. These structural modifications are linked to differences in chaperone dependency between the A5 and V22 tail fibers. Structural similarity between the chaperones and intramolecular chaperone domains of other phage RBPs suggests an additional function of these chaperones as transient fiber “caps”. Finally, our identification of homologous host recognition modules from morphologically distinct phages implies that horizontal gene transfer and recombination events between unrelated phages may be a more common process than previously thought among Caudoviricetes phages.
Sleeping Beauty transposon mutagenesis identified genes and pathways involved in inflammation-associated colon tumor development
Authors: Shimomura Kana , Hattori Naoko , Iida Naoko , Muranaka Yukari , Sato Kotomi , Shiraishi Yuichi , Arai Yasuhito , Hama Natsuko , Shibata Tatsuhiro , Narushima Daichi , Kato Mamoru , Takamaru Hiroyuki , Okamoto Koji , Takeda Haruna
Published: October 2023

Chronic inflammation promotes development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). To comprehensively understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the development and progression of inflamed CRC, we perform in vivo screening and identify 142 genes that are frequently mutated in inflammation-associated colon tumors. These genes include senescence and TGFβ-activin signaling genes. We find that TNFα can induce stemness and activate senescence signaling by enhancing cell plasticity in colonic epithelial cells, which could act as a selective pressure to mutate senescence-related genes in inflammation-associated colonic tumors. Furthermore, we show the efficacy of the Cdk4/6 inhibitor in vivo for inflammation-associated colonic tumors. Finally, we functionally validate that Arhgap5 and Mecom are tumor suppressor genes, providing possible therapeutic targets for CRC. Thus, we demonstrate the importance of the inactivation of senescence pathways in CRC development and progression in an inflammatory microenvironment, which can help progress toward precision medicine.
An automated single-molecule FRET platform for high-content, multiwell plate screening of biomolecular conformations and dynamics
Authors: Hartmann Andreas , Sreenivasa Koushik , Schenkel Mathias , Chamachi Neharika , Schake Philipp , Krainer Georg , Schlierf Michael
Published: October 2023

Single-molecule FRET (smFRET) has become a versatile tool for probing the structure and functional dynamics of biomolecular systems, and is extensively used to address questions ranging from biomolecular folding to drug discovery. Confocal smFRET measurements are amongst the widely used smFRET assays and are typically performed in a single-well format. Thus, sampling of many experimental parameters is laborious and time consuming. To address this challenge, we extend here the capabilities of confocal smFRET beyond single-well measurements by integrating a multiwell plate functionality to allow for continuous and automated smFRET measurements. We demonstrate the broad applicability of the multiwell plate assay towards DNA hairpin dynamics, protein folding, competitive and cooperative protein–DNA interactions, and drug-discovery, revealing insights that would be very difficult to achieve with conventional single-well format measurements. For the adaptation into existing instrumentations, we provide a detailed guide and open-source acquisition and analysis software.