bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biodiversity and biotechnological potential of cultivable Halophilic bacteria from Slana voda (Oravska Polhora, Slovakia) natural salt spring
Authors: Nosalova L. , Piknova M. , Malinicova L. , Pelova M. , Pristas P.
Published: August 2024

Halophilic microorganisms are of immense importance in various fields of biotechnology. There is a multitude of actual or potential applications in the research of environmentally friendly applications in biodegradation, decolorization, food biotechnology, and biopolymers production. Thirty-eight strains of halophilic bacteria were isolated from the Slana voda (Slovakia, Central Europe) natural salt spring, with a tolerance of up to 20% of NaCl. The Halomonas genus accounted for more than 35% of the cultivable microbiota, followed by Shewanella and Pseudoaltermonas genera. More than 55% of bacterial isolates were able to produce at least one of the tested hydrolases (cellulase, lipase, amylase, protease) and three of them were positive for all four enzyme activities. Bacterial isolates showed a relatively high ability to degrade synthetic dyes, namely congo red, crystal violet, malachite green, methylene blue, methyl red, and safranin (5.26, 42.11, 44.74, 63.16, 92.18, and 18.42% of isolates respectively). Interestingly only a small overlap was observed between the isolates producing extremozymes and the isolates demonstrating decolorizing activity.
Influence of microalloying on precipitation behavior and notch impact toughness of welded high-strength structural steels
Authors: Schroeder Nina , Rhode Michael , Kannengiesser Thomas
Published: August 2024

Microalloying elements such as Nb and Ti are essential to increase the strength of quenched and tempered high-strength low alloy (HSLA) structural steels with nominal yield strength ≥ 690 MPa and their welded joints. Standards such as EN 10025–6 only specify limits or ranges for chemical composition, which leads to variations in specific compositions between steel manufacturers. These standards do not address the mechanical properties of the material, and even small variations in alloy content can significantly affect these properties. This makes it difficult to predict the weldability and integrity of welded joints, with potential problems such as softening or excessive hardening of the heat-affected zone (HAZ). To understand these metallurgical effects, previous studies have investigated different microalloying routes with varying Ti and Nb contents using test alloys. The high-strength quenched and tempered fine-grained structural steel S690QL is the basic grade regarding chemical composition and heat treatment. To evaluate weldability, three-layer welds were made using high-performance MAG welding. HAZ formation was investigated, and critical microstructural areas were identified, focusing on phase transformations during cooling and metallurgical precipitation behavior. Isothermal thermodynamic calculations for different precipitations were also carried out. Mechanical properties, especially Charpy notch impact toughness, were evaluated to understand the influence of different microalloys on the microstructure of the HAZ and mechanical properties.
Solving Not Answering. Validation of Guidance for Writing Higher-Order Multiple-Choice Questions in Medical Science Education
Authors: Xiromeriti Maria , Newton Philip M.
Published: August 2024

Problem-solving and higher-order learning are goals of higher education. It has been repeatedly suggested that multiple-choice questions (MCQs) can be used to test higher-order learning, although objective empirical evidence is lacking and MCQs are often criticised for assessing only lower-order, factual, or ‘rote’ learning. These challenges are compounded by a lack of agreement on what constitutes higher order learning: it is normally defined subjectively using heavily criticised frameworks such as such as Bloom’s taxonomy. There is also a lack of agreement on how to write MCQs which assess higher order learning. Here we tested guidance for the creation of MCQs to assess higher-order learning, by evaluating the performance of students who were subject matter novices, vs experts. We found that questions written using the guidance were much harder to answer when students had no prior subject knowledge, whereas lower-order questions could be answered by simply searching online. These findings suggest that questions written using the guidance do indeed test higher-order learning, and such MCQs may be a valid alternative to other written assessment formats designed to test higher-order learning, such as essays, where reliability and cheating are a major concern.
Who is being left behind in water security, where do they live, and why are they left behind towards the achievement of the 2030 agenda?
Authors: Ingutia Rose
Published: August 2024

The study focuses on sustainable development goal (SDG) 6, target 6.1.1 examining the proportion of the population using safely managed drinking water (SM). The SDGs aim to leave no one behind (LNOB) in development by 2030, this paper investigates if anyone is being left behind in accessing SM. We use world regions, countries globally, and 23 countries identified globally as critically water insecure (CWIC). The results indicate none of the CWIC had over 50% of the population accessing SM, but had over 50% using improved water, and over 10% using surface water. Sub-Saharan Africa had the lowest percentages using SM, and the highest using surface water in 2020. Pre-primary schools lag behind primary and secondary schools in accessing basic water services. Tanzania, Burundi, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands have below 50% of pre-primary schools with basic water. Households and schools using unimproved water sources are mostly from low-income and low climate resilience countries, fragile countries, and rural areas of CWICs characterized by high levels of poverty, food insecurity and illiterate women; subsequently exacerbating stunting and child mortality rates. These negative outcomes are largely consequences of poor institutional quality common to CWICs. Previous studies failed to highlight good governance, rigorously examine CWICs, and NOLB in water -health-food insecurity nexus. The stakeholders of the 2030 Agenda on water security can use these findings to accelerate the progress of leaving no one behind.
Human Rights and the Ways Relatives Interpret Participation for People with Dementia in Nursing Homes
Authors: Ingard Cecilia , Sjölund Maria , Trygged Sven
Published: August 2024

The exercise of self-determination is a human right; however, for people with dementia (PWD), progressive physical and cognitive impairment negatively affects their decision-making processes. For PWD, it is often relatives who make such decisions. This qualitative study included interviews with sixteen relatives of PWD who live in nursing homes. Research questions are as follows: How do relatives understand the participation of PWD who live in nursing homes? How do co-researchers understand participation and the role of relatives? A co-researcher was consulted when the questions were designed. During the interviews with relatives, photos were used to stimulate discussion. Critical situations in nursing homes were discussed with relatives and later interpreted together with a co-researcher. The findings included an understanding of how relatives played a key role in PWD; however, relatives were concerned that PWD were unable to take part in decisions. In addition, relatives named ways that nursing homes opposed human rights, and the co-researchers also highlighted situations that conflicted with human rights. Classifying dementia as a disability at the policy level could strengthen the rights issues of PWD. The key findings of the study are essential for social workers arranging for placement of PWD in nursing homes.
Unverfügbarkeit: Autonomie und Kritik des Wollens in Hartmanns Gregorius
Authors: Schneider Christian
Published: August 2024

Die Themen ›Wille‹ und ›Wollen‹ bilden eine zentrale, aber bisher wenig beachtete Diskursebene in Hartmanns Gregorius. Im Brennpunkt dieses Diskurses steht das Gegenüber von menschlichem und göttlichem Willen, das als Spannung zwischen Verfügbarmachung und Unverfügbarkeit verhandelt wird. Hartmanns Legendenroman greift dafür auf ein Plotmuster zurück, wie es unter anderem für die lateinische Brandanlegende charakteristisch ist. Es dient dazu, die Text und Handlung des Gregorius strukturierenden Wasserpassagen des Protagonisten als Selbstüberantwortung an den Willen Gottes zu erzählen. Indem Hartmann das Handlungsmuster bei Gregorius’ Entscheidung zum Aufbruch von der Klosterinsel in auffälliger Weise variiert, wird der zweite Inzestfall nicht als Schuld im moraltheologischen Sinne, aber als subjektiv-personal zurechenbare Folge einer korrekturbedürftigen Haltung des Protagonisten im Verhältnis zu seinem kreatürlichen Willen dargestellt. Bei Hartmann wird eine quasimystische Willenstheologie in Erzählung umgegossen. In deutlicher Abgrenzung von der französischen Vorlage reflektiert seine Bearbeitung auf diese Weise die Grenzen menschlicher Selbstbestimmung und Verfügbarmachung, und zwar sowohl in immanenter als auch in transzendenter Perspektive, das heißt in Bezug auf die Welt- wie die Gottesbeziehung. Der Prolog und die Tafel des Gregorius legen nahe, dass Hartmanns Legende auch auf einer Metaebene mit Unverfügbarkeit befasst ist, indem sie über das Problem der narrativen Vergegenwärtigung des Transzendenten nachdenkt.
Real-world experience with direct-acting antiviral therapy in HCV-infected patients with cirrhosis and esophageal varices
Authors: Brzdęk Michał , Zarębska-Michaluk Dorota , Kukla Michał , Janocha-Litwin Justyna , Dybowska Dorota , Janczewska Ewa , Lorenc Beata , Berak Hanna , Mazur Włodzimierz , Tudrujek-Zdunek Magdalena , Klapaczyński Jakub , Piekarska Anna , Sitko Marek , Laurans Łukasz , Parfieniuk-Kowerda Anna , Flisiak Robert
Published: August 2024

Background

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection affects 50 million people worldwide with around 242,000 deaths annually, mainly due to complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Portal hypertension (PH) caused by cirrhosis leads to severe consequences, including esophageal varices (EV). This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment in patients with and without EV.

Methods

This retrospective analysis involved consecutive HCV-infected adults undergoing DAA therapy at 22 Polish hepatology centers from July 1, 2015, to December 31, 2022. Patients with cirrhosis were categorized based on the presence of EV diagnosed by gastroscopy. Treatment effectiveness was measured by sustained virologic response (SVR), with safety outcomes monitored for 12 weeks post-treatment.

Results

A population of 3393 HCV-infected patients with cirrhosis was divided into groups with (A, n = 976) and without (B, n = 2417) EV. Group A showed a significantly higher prevalence of comorbidities and concomitant medications. Genotype (GT)1b infections predominated in both groups, and GT3 infections were more common in the EV group. Group A exhibited more severe liver disease, and higher rates of decompensation, HCC, and HBV co-infection. SVR was significantly higher in group B (91.5% vs. 96.3%, p < 0.0001). Male gender, GT3, EV presence, and Child-Pugh grade B were identified as independent negative SVR predictors. Group A had a worse safety profile, with notably higher adverse event incidence and mortality.

Conclusions

DAA therapies are highly effective and well tolerated in patients with cirrhosis, but EV presence predicts poorer virologic responses.
Aggregate risk assessment for multi-route exposure to hazardous chemicals caused by chemical accidents, with a focus on toluene
Authors: Jung Ji-Yun , Park Si-Hyun , Moon Ji-Eun , Yoon Jun-Heon , Yoon Sung-Won , Lee Cheol-Min
Published: August 2024

Chemical accidents significantly impact environmental and human health. However, studies investigating the impacts of such accidents have primarily focused on single-route exposures, potentially underestimating the extent of damage. This study aimed to conduct an aggregate risk assessment for multi-route exposure to hazardous chemicals to ensure systematic and rational management of the health impacts on residents exposed to chemical accidents, considering the behavior of a hazardous chemical from a chemical accident within environmental media. Drawing upon a real chemical accident that occurred in Siheung, Gyeonggi-do, in 2019, leakage of 500 L of toluene over an hour was assumed. Employing a multimedia environmental dynamics model, the time-dependent concentrations across various environmental media were calculated, and the average daily dose (ADD), hazard quotient (HQ), and hazard index (HI) for each exposure route included in the multi-route exposure assessment were derived. Health risks were deemed present if the calculated HQ and HI values exceeded the threshold of 1. The results indicated the highest ADD values among the 0–9 age group, with inhalation exposure registering the highest ADD across all exposure routes. However, no significant health risks were observed, with both HQ and HI values not exceeding 1. This aggregate risk assessment approach is proposed as an effective preliminary evaluation method for health impact assessments in areas affected by chemical accidents.

Graphical Abstract
Jet mixing enhancement with Bayesian optimization, deep learning and persistent data topology
Authors: Li Yiqing , Noack Bernd R. , Wang Tianyu , Cornejo Maceda Guy Y. , Pickering Ethan , Shaqarin Tamir , Tyliszczak Artur
Published: August 2024

We optimize jet mixing using large eddy simulations (LES) at a Reynolds number of

$3000$

. Key methodological enablers consist of Bayesian optimization, a surrogate model enhanced by deep learning and persistent data topology for physical interpretation. The mixing performance is characterized by an equivalent jet radius (

$R_{eq}$

) derived from the streamwise velocity in a plane located

$8$

diameters downstream. The optimization is performed in a 22-dimensional actuation space that comprises most known excitations. This search space parameterizes the distributed actuation imposed on the bulk flow and at the periphery of the nozzle in the streamwise and radial directions. The momentum flux measures the energy input of the actuation. The optimization quadruples the jet radius

$R_{eq}$

with a

$7$

-armed blooming jet after around

$570$

evaluations. The control input requires

$2\,\%$

momentum flux of the main flow, which is one order of magnitude lower than an ad hoc dual-mode excitation. Intriguingly, a pronounced suboptimum in the search space is associated with a double-helix jet, a new flow pattern. This jet pattern results in a mixing improvement comparable to the blooming jet. A state-of-the-art Bayesian optimization converges towards this double-helix solution. The learning is accelerated and converges to another better optimum by including a deep-learning-enhanced surrogate model trained along the optimization. Persistent data topology extracts the global and many local minima in the actuation space. These minima can be identified with flow patterns beneficial to the mixing.
Transport scaling in porous media convection
Authors: Zhu Xiaojue , Fu Yifeng , De Paoli Marco
Published: August 2024

We present a theory to describe the Nusselt number,$\operatorname {\mathit {Nu}}$, corresponding to the heat or mass flux, as a function of the Rayleigh–Darcy number,$\operatorname {\mathit {Ra}}$, the ratio of buoyant driving force over diffusive dissipation, in convective porous media flows. First, we derive exact relationships within the system for the kinetic energy and the thermal dissipation rate. Second, by segregating the thermal dissipation rate into contributions from the boundary layer and the bulk, which is inspired by the ideas of the Grossmann and Lohse theory (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 407, 2000;Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 86, 2001), we derive the scaling relation for$\operatorname {\mathit {Nu}}$as a function of$\operatorname {\mathit {Ra}}$and provide a robust theoretical explanation for the empirical relations proposed in previous studies. Specifically, by incorporating the length scale of the flow structure into the theory, we demonstrate why heat or mass transport differs between two-dimensional and three-dimensional porous media convection. Our model is in excellent agreement with the data obtained from numerical simulations, affirming its validity and predictive capabilities.
Prinzipien einer modernen forensischen Suchtbehandlung
Authors: Schlögl Christian , Bader Susanne , Bezzel Adelheid
Published: August 2024

Zusammenfassung: Zielsetzung: Forensische Suchtbehandlung gem. § 64 StGB erfolgt durch den juristischen Anordnungskontext unter vorgegebenen zeitlichen und organisatorischen Rahmenbedingungen. Wie dennoch eine zeitgemäße forensische Behandlungspraxis suchtkranker Straftäter und Straftäterinnen erfolgen kann, wird anhand des Konzepts zweier Standorte einer bayerischen Klinik mit insgesamt ca. 420 Patient_innen geschildert. Methodik: Der Beitrag fasst zunächst die Rahmenbedingungen zusammen, die sich aus dem Strafgesetzbuch bzw. landesspezifischen Vollzugsgesetz ergeben. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Vorstellung des kontinuierlich weiterentwickelten und optimierten Behandlungskonzepts der medbo-Kliniken (Parsberg, Regensburg). Neben klinischen Erfahrungen beeinflussten auch wissenschaftliche Befunde zur Bedeutung von Substitution, Nachsorge sowie zu einem insgesamt eher zieloffenen und patientenzentrierten Ansatz die Konzeptentwicklung. Diskussion: Das Arbeiten im Maßregelvollzug bewegt sich im Spannungsfeld der beiden Kernaufträge Resozialisierung und Schutz der Allgemeinheit. Nicht nur die vergleichsweise langen Unterbringungszeiten ermöglichen ein fundiertes Arbeiten an Delinquenz- und Störungsgenese und intensivieren die Resozialisierungsphasen mit ausgedehnten Erprobungen im Realen. Die ambulante Nachsorge ist mittlerweile fester Bestandteil forensischer Suchttherapie. Aber auch Limitierungen werden benannt wie die besondere Herausforderung durch Kriminalitätsprägung, die juristischen Rahmenbedingungen und die Doppelrolle der Mitarbeitenden.
Air Pollution and Mortality in India: Investigating the Nexus of Ambient and Household Pollution Across Life Stages
Authors: Adhikary Mihir , Saikia Nandita , Purohit Pallav , Canudas‐Romo Vladimir , Schöpp Wolfgang
Published: August 2024

Air pollution in India is a foremost environmental risk factor that affects human health. This study first investigates the geographical distribution of ambient and household air pollution (HAP) and then examines the associated mortality risk. Data on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentration has been extracted from the Greenhouse Gas Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) model. HAP, mortality and socio‐demographic data were extracted from the National Family and Health Survey‐5, India, 2019–2021. Regression models were applied to see the difference in age‐group mortality by different pollution parameters. The districts with PM2.5 concentration above the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) level of 40 μg/m3 show a higher risk of neonatal (OR‐1.86, CI 1.418–2.433), postneonatal (OR‐2.04, CI 1.399–2.971), child (OR‐2.19, CI 0.999–4.803) and adult death (OR‐1.13, CI 1.060–1.208). The absence of a separate kitchen shows a higher probability of neonatal (OR: 1.18, CI 1.074–1.306) and adult death (OR‐1.06, CI 1.027–1.088). The interaction between PM2.5 levels above NAAQS and HAP leads to a substantial rise in mortality observed for neonatal (OR 1.19 CI 1.051–1.337), child (OR 1.17 CI 1.054–1.289), and adult (OR 1.13 CI 1.096–1.168) age groups. This study advocates that there is a strong positive association between ambient and HAP and mortality risk. PM2.5 pollution significantly contributes to the mortality risk in all age groups. Children are more vulnerable to HAP than adults. In India, policymakers should focus on reducing the anthropogenic PM2.5 emission at least to reach the NAAQS, which can substantially reduce disease burden and, more precisely, mortality.
Clays May Have Slowed Earth’s Recovery After the Great Dying
Authors: Evans Kate
Published: August 2024

Without tiny marine organisms using silica for shells, Earth’s oceans generated more clay, released more carbon dioxide, and kept Earth warmer for longer.
Bacterial nanotechnology as a paradigm in targeted cancer therapeutic delivery and immunotherapy
Authors: Gholami Ahmad , Mohkam Milad , Soleimanian Saeede , Sadraeian Mohammad , Lauto Antonio
Published: August 2024

Cancer, a multifaceted and diverse ailment, presents formidable obstacles to traditional treatment modalities. Nanotechnology presents novel prospects for surmounting these challenges through its capacity to facilitate meticulous and regulated administration of therapeutic agents to malignant cells while concurrently modulating the immune system to combat neoplasms. Bacteria and their derivatives have emerged as highly versatile and multifunctional platforms for cancer nanotherapy within the realm of nanomaterials. This comprehensive review delves into the multifaceted and groundbreaking implementations of bacterial nanotechnology within cancer therapy. This review encompasses four primary facets: the utilization of bacteria as living conveyors of medicinal substances, the employment of bacterial components as agents that stimulate the immune system, the deployment of bacterial vectors as tools for delivering genetic material, and the development of bacteria-derived nano-drugs as intelligent nano-medications. Furthermore, we elucidate the merits and modalities of operation pertaining to these bacterial nano-systems, along with their capacity to synergize with other cutting-edge nanotechnologies, such as CRISPR-Cas systems. Additionally, we offer insightful viewpoints regarding the forthcoming trajectories and prospects within this expanding domain. It is our deduction that bacterial nanotechnology embodies a propitious and innovative paradigm in the realm of cancer therapy, which has the potential to provide numerous advantages and synergistic effects in enhancing the outcomes and quality of life for individuals afflicted with cancer.
Flowable composite as an alternative to adhesive resin cement in bonding hybrid CAD/CAM materials: in-vitro study of micro-shear bond strength
Authors: Hassanien Eman Ezzat Youssef , Tolba Zeinab Omar
Published: August 2024

Objective

To assess the micro-shear bond strength of light-cured adhesive resin cement compared to flowable composite to hybrid CAD/CAM ceramics.

Materials and methods

Rectangular discs were obtained from polymer-infiltrated (Vita Enamic; VE) and nano-hybrid resin-matrix (Voco Grandio; GR) ceramic blocks and randomly divided according to the luting agent; light-cured resin cement (Calibra Veneer; C) and flowable composite (Neo Spectra ST flow; F), resulting in four subgroups; VE-C, VE-F, GR-C and GR-F. Substrates received micro-cylinders of the tested luting agents (n = 16). After water storage, specimens were tested for micro-shear bond strength (µSBS) using a universal testing machine at 0.5 mm/min cross-head speed until failure and failure modes were determined. After testing for normality, quantitative data were expressed as mean and standard deviation, whereas, qualitative data were expressed as percentages. Quantitative data were statistically analysed using Student t test at a level of significance (P ≤ 0.05).

Results

Group GR-F showed the highest µSBS, followed by VE-C, VE-F and GR-C respectively, although statistically insignificant. All groups showed mixed and adhesive failure modes, where VE-F and GR-C showed the highest mixed failures followed by GR-C and VE-C respectively.

Conclusions

After short-term aging, flowable composite and light-cured resin cement showed high comparable bond strength when cementing VE and GR.
Peptide clustering enhances large-scale analyses and reveals proteolytic signatures in mass spectrometry data
Authors: Hartman Erik , Forsberg Fredrik , Kjellström Sven , Petrlova Jitka , Luo Congyu , Scott Aaron , Puthia Manoj , Malmström Johan , Schmidtchen Artur
Published: August 2024

Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based peptidomics have catalyzed the identification and quantification of thousands of endogenous peptides across diverse biological systems. However, the vast peptidomic landscape generated by proteolytic processing poses several challenges for downstream analyses and limits the comparability of clinical samples. Here, we present an algorithm that aggregates peptides into peptide clusters, reducing the dimensionality of peptidomics data, improving the definition of protease cut sites, enhancing inter-sample comparability, and enabling the implementation of large-scale data analysis methods akin to those employed in other omics fields. We showcase the algorithm by performing large-scale quantitative analysis of wound fluid peptidomes of highly defined porcine wound infections and human clinical non-healing wounds. This revealed signature phenotype-specific peptide regions and proteolytic activity at the earliest stages of bacterial colonization. We validated the method on the urinary peptidome of type 1 diabetics which revealed potential subgroups and improved classification accuracy.
Gut epithelial electrical cues drive differential localization of enterobacteria
Authors: Sun Yaohui , Ferreira Fernando , Reid Brian , Zhu Kan , Ma Li , Young Briana M. , Hagan Catherine E. , Tsolis Renée M. , Mogilner Alex , Zhao Min
Published: August 2024

Salmonella translocate to the gut epithelium via microfold cells lining the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE). How Salmonella localize to the FAE is not well characterized. Here we use live imaging and competitive assays between wild-type and chemotaxis-deficient mutants to show that Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) localize to the FAE independently of chemotaxis in an ex vivo mouse caecum infection model. Electrical recordings revealed polarized FAE with sustained outward current and small transepithelial potential, while the surrounding villus is depolarized with inward current and large transepithelial potential. The distinct electrical potentials attracted S. Typhimurium to the FAE while Escherichia coli (E. coli) localized to the villi, through a process called galvanotaxis. Chloride flux involving the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) generated the ionic currents around the FAE. Pharmacological inhibition of CFTR decreased S. Typhimurium FAE localization but increased E. coli recruitment. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that bioelectric cues contribute to S. Typhimurium targeting of specific gut epithelial locations, with potential implications for other enteric bacterial infections.
Quantum-enhanced metrology with large Fock states
Authors: Deng Xiaowei , Li Sai , Chen Zi-Jie , Ni Zhongchu , Cai Yanyan , Mai Jiasheng , Zhang Libo , Zheng Pan , Yu Haifeng , Zou Chang-Ling , Liu Song , Yan Fei , Xu Yuan , Yu Dapeng
Published: August 2024

Quantum metrology uses non-classical states, such as Fock states with a specific number of photons, to achieve an advantage over classical sensing methods. Typically, quantum metrological performance can be enhanced by increasing the involved excitation numbers, for example, by using large-photon-number Fock states. However, manipulating these states and demonstrating a quantum metrological advantage is experimentally challenging. Here we present an efficient method for generating large Fock states approaching 100 photons within a superconducting microwave cavity through the development of a programmable photon number filter. Using these states in displacement and phase measurements, we demonstrate quantum-enhanced metrology approaching the Heisenberg scaling for 40-photon Fock states and achieve a maximum metrological gain of up to 14.8 dB, highlighting the metrological advantages of large Fock states. Our study could be readily extended to mechanical and optical systems, promising potential applications in weak force detection and dark matter searches.
Androgen receptor pathway inhibitors and taxanes in metastatic prostate cancer: an outcome-adaptive randomized platform trial
Authors: De Laere Bram , Crippa Alessio , Discacciati Andrea , Larsson Berit , Persson Maria , Johansson Susanne , D’hondt Sanne , Bergström Rebecka , Chellappa Venkatesh , Mayrhofer Markus , Banijamali Mahsan , Kotsalaynen Anastasijia , Schelstraete Céline , Vanwelkenhuyzen Jan Pieter , Hjälm-Eriksson Marie , Pettersson Linn , Ullén Anders , Lumen Nicolaas , Enblad Gunilla , Thellenberg Karlsson Camilla , Jänes Elin , Sandzén Johan , Schatteman Peter , Nyre Vigmostad Maria , Olsson Martha , Ghysel Christophe , Sautois Brieuc , De Roock Wendy , Van Bruwaene Siska , Anden Mats , Verbiene Ingrida , De Maeseneer Daan , Everaert Els , Darras Jochen , Aksnessether Bjørg Y. , Luyten Daisy , Strijbos Michiel , Mortezavi Ashkan , Oldenburg Jan , Ost Piet , Eklund Martin , Grönberg Henrik , Lindberg Johan
Published: August 2024

ProBio is the first outcome-adaptive platform trial in prostate cancer utilizing a Bayesian framework to evaluate efficacy within predefined biomarker signatures across systemic treatments. Prospective circulating tumor DNA and germline DNA analysis was performed in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer before randomization to androgen receptor pathway inhibitors (ARPIs), taxanes or a physician’s choice control arm. The primary endpoint was the time to no longer clinically benefitting (NLCB). Secondary endpoints included overall survival and (serious) adverse events. Upon reaching the time to NLCB, patients could be re-randomized. The primary endpoint was met after 218 randomizations. ARPIs demonstrated ~50% longer time to NLCB compared to taxanes (median, 11.1 versus 6.9 months) and the physician’s choice arm (median, 11.1 versus 7.4 months) in the biomarker-unselected or ‘all’ patient population. ARPIs demonstrated longer overall survival (median, 38.7 versus 21.7 and 21.8 months for taxanes and physician’s choice, respectively). Biomarker signature findings suggest that the largest increase in time to NLCB was observed in AR (single-nucleotide variant/genomic structural rearrangement)-negative and TP53 wild-type patients and TMPRSS2–ERG fusion-positive patients, whereas no difference between ARPIs and taxanes was observed in TP53-altered patients. In summary, ARPIs outperform taxanes and physician’s choice treatment in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer with detectable circulating tumor DNA. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT03903835.
The involvement of cyclotides in the heavy metal tolerance of Viola spp.
Authors: Sychta Klaudia , Słomka Aneta , Shariatgorji Reza , Andrén Per E. , Samardakiewicz Sławomir , Göransson Ulf , Slazak Blazej
Published: August 2024

The Violaceae family is rich in metal-tolerant species and species producing cyclic peptides (cyclotides) that are linked to the resistance to biotic factors. Plants that inhabit areas polluted with heavy metals have developed various mechanisms of tolerance. To test the role of cyclotides in protection against abiotic factors, including heavy metals, cell suspension cultures of Viola species/genotypes (V. lutea ssp. westfalica, V. tricolor, V. arvensis, and V. uliginosa), representing different levels of tolerance to heavy metals (from the most tolerant-MET to the least tolerant populations/species-NMET), were used. The relative abundances of the cyclotides in the control, untreated cell suspensions of all the selected species/genotypes, and cells treated with Zn or Pb (200 µM or 2000 µM) for 24 h or 72 h were determined via MALDI-MS. Transmission electron microscopy with X-ray microanalysis was used to detect putative co-localization of the cyclotides with Zn or Pb in the cells of V. tricolor treated with the highest concentration of heavy metals for 72 h. Cyclotide biosynthesis was dependent on the type of heavy metal and its concentration, time of treatment, plant species, and population type (MET vs. NMET). It was positively correlated with the level of tolerance of particular Viola species. The increased production of cyclotides was observed in the cells of metallophyte species, mostly in Zn-treated cells. The nonmetallophyte—V. uliginosa presented a decrease in the production of cyclotides independent of the dose and duration of the metal treatment. Cyclotides co-localized with Pb more evidently than with Zn, suggesting that cyclotides have heavy metal affinity. V. lutea ssp. westfalica transcriptome mining yielded 100 cyclotide sequences, 16 known and 84 novel named viwe 1–84. These findings support the hypothesis that cyclotides are involved in certain mechanisms of plant tolerance to heavy metals.
Genomic architecture and population structure of Boreogadus saida from Canadian waters
Authors: Bringloe Trevor T. , Bourret Audrey , Cote David , Marie-Julie Roux , Herbig Jennifer , Robert Dominique , Geoffroy Maxime , Parent Geneviève J.
Published: August 2024

The polar cod, Boreogadus saida, is an abundant and ubiquitous forage fish and a crucial link in Arctic marine trophic dynamics. Our objective was to unravel layers of genomic structure in B. saida from Canadian waters, specifically screening for potential hybridization with the Arctic cod, Arctogadus glacialis, large chromosomal inversions, and sex-linked regions, prior to interpreting population structure. Our analysis of 53,384 SNPs in 522 individuals revealed hybridization and introgression between A. glacialis and B. saida. Subsequent population level analyses of B. saida using 12,305 SNPs in 511 individuals revealed three large (ca. 7.4–16.1 Mbp) chromosomal inversions, and a 2 Mbp region featuring sex-linked loci. We showcase population structuring across the Western and Eastern North American Arctic, and subarctic regions ranging from the Hudson Bay to the Canadian Atlantic maritime provinces. Genomic signal for the inferred population structure was highly aggregated into a handful of SNPs (13.8%), pointing to potentially important adaptive evolution across the Canadian range. Our study provides a high-resolution perspective on the genomic structure of B. saida, providing a foundation for work that could be expanded to the entire circumpolar range for the species.
A satellite imagery-driven framework for rapid resource allocation in flood scenarios to enhance loss and damage fund effectiveness
Authors: Eudaric Jeremy , Kreibich Heidi , Camero Andrés , Rafiezadeh Shahi Kasra , Martinis Sandro , Zhu Xiao Xiang
Published: August 2024

The impact of climate change and urbanization has increased the risk of flooding. During the UN Climate Change Conference 28 (COP 28), an agreement was reached to establish “The Loss and Damage Fund” to assist low-income countries impacted by climate change. However, allocating the resources required for post-flood reconstruction and reimbursement is challenging due to the limited availability of data and the absence of a comprehensive tool. Here, we propose a novel resource allocation framework based on remote sensing and geospatial data near the flood peak, such as buildings and population. The quantification of resource distribution utilizes an exposure index for each municipality, which interacts with various drivers, including flood hazard drivers, buildings exposure, and population exposure. The proposed framework asses the flood extension using pre- and post-flood Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this framework, an analysis was conducted on the flood that occurred in the Thessaly region of Greece in September 2023. The study revealed that the municipality of Palamas has the highest need for resource allocation, with an exposure index rating of 5/8. Any government can use this framework for rapid decision-making and to expedite post-flood recovery.
Impact of various microplastics on the morphological characteristics and nutrition of the young generation of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)
Authors: Lasota Jarosław , Błońska Ewa , Kempf Marta , Kempf Piotr , Tabor Sylwester
Published: August 2024

Microplastics have the capacity to accumulate in soil due to their high resistance to degradation, consequently altering soil properties and influencing plant growth. This study focused on assessing the impact of various types and doses of microplastics on beech seedling growth. In our experiment, we used polypropylene and styrene granules with diameter of 4.0 mm in quantities of 2.5% and 7%. The hypothesis was that microplastics significantly affect seedlings' nutritional status and growth characteristics. The research analysed seedlings' nutrition, root morphological features, above-ground growth, and enzymatic activity in the substrate. Results confirmed the importance of microplastics in shaping the nutritional status of young beech trees. Microplastic type significantly impacted N/P and Ca/Mg stoichiometry, while microplastic quantity influenced Ca/Al and Ca+K+Mg/Al stoichiometry. Notably, only in the case of root diameter were significantly thicker roots noted in the control variant, whereas microplastics played a role in shaping the leaves' characteristics of the species studied. The leaf area was significantly larger in the control variant compared to the variant with polypropylene in the amount of 2.5% and styrene in the amount of 7%. Additionally, the study indicates a significant impact of microplastics on enzyme activity. In the case of CB and SP, the activity was twice as high in the control variant compared to the variants with microplastics. In the case of BG, the activity in the control variant was higher in relation to the variants used in the experiment. Research on the impact of microplastics on the growth of beech seedlings is crucial for enhancing our understanding of the effects of environmental pollution on forest ecosystems. Such studies are integral in shaping forestry management practices and fostering a broader public understanding of the ecological implications of plastic pollution.
Performance evaluation of a hyphenated laser spectroscopy system with conventional methods for microplastic analysis
Authors: Vasudeva M. , Adarsh U. K. , Warrier Anish Kumar , George Sajan D. , Unnikrishnan V. K.
Published: August 2024

Microplastics are one of the concerning environmental pollutants because of their ubiquity. Their capability to adsorb other environmental pollutants increases the risk even further. Existing identification approaches for microplastic characterization for polymer class and their surface-adsorbed heavy metal detection require the utilization of multiple resources and expertise. The article discusses the applicability of a custom-made hyphenated Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)—Raman spectroscopic system in characterizing microplastics by comparing the analytical performance with conventional methods such as Attenuated Total Reflectance- Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, confocal Raman spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy–Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM–EDS). Raman analysis identified polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastics, which is confirmed by confocal Raman and FTIR study of the same. LIBS study of microplastics detected heavy metals such as Al, Ni, Co, and Zn, along with Ca and Mg trace elements. The cross-examination with EDS validates these trace elements' presence on the microplastics' surface. The results of the reported LIBS-Raman analysis and its validity evaluated using conventional gold-standard methods show the applicability of the proposed methodology in characterizing microplastics from environmental resources with less or no sample preparation in short time.
Ionization by XFEL radiation produces distinct structure in liquid water
Authors: Stransky Michal , Lane Thomas J. , Gorel Alexander , Boutet Sébastien , Schlichting Ilme , Mancuso Adrian P. , Jurek Zoltan , Ziaja Beata
Published: August 2024

In the warm dense matter (WDM) regime, where condensed, gas, and plasma phases coexist, matter frequently exhibits unusual properties that cannot be described by contemporary theory. Experiments reporting phenomena in WDM are therefore of interest to advance our physical understanding of this regime, which is found in dwarf stars, giant planets, and fusion ignition experiments. Using 7.1 keV X-ray free electron laser radiation (nominally 5×105 J/cm2), we produced and probed transient WDM in liquid water. Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) from the probe reveals a new ~9 Å structure that forms within 75 fs. By 100 fs, the WAXS peak corresponding to this new structure is of comparable magnitude to the ambient water peak, which is attenuated. Simulations suggest that the experiment probes a superposition of two regimes. In the first, fluences expected at the focus severely ionize the water, which becomes effectively transparent to the probe. In the second, out-of-focus pump radiation produces O1+ and O2+ ions, which rearrange due to Coulombic repulsion over 10 s of fs. Our simulations account for a decrease in ambient water signal and an increase in low-angle X-ray scattering but not the experimentally observed 9 Å feature, presenting a new challenge for theory.
GEMTELLIGENCE: Accelerating gemstone classification with deep learning
Authors: Bendinelli Tommaso , Biggio Luca , Nyfeler Daniel , Ghosh Abhigyan , Tollan Peter , Kirschmann Moritz Alexander , Fink Olga
Published: August 2024

The value of luxury goods, particularly investment-grade gemstones, is influenced by their origin and authenticity, often resulting in differences worth millions of dollars. Traditional methods for determining gemstone origin and detecting treatments involve subjective visual inspections and a range of advanced analytical techniques. However, these approaches can be time-consuming, prone to inconsistencies, and lack automation. Here, we propose GEMTELLIGENCE, a novel deep learning approach enabling streamlined and consistent origin determination of gemstone origin and detection of treatments. GEMTELLIGENCE leverages convolutional and attention-based neural networks that combine the multi-modal heterogeneous data collected from multiple instruments. The algorithm attains predictive performance comparable to expensive laser-ablation inductively-coupled-plasma mass-spectrometry analysis and expert visual examination, while using input data from relatively inexpensive analytical methods. Our methodology represents an advancement in gemstone analysis, greatly enhancing automation and robustness throughout the analytical process pipeline.
Immunotherapies targeting the oncogenic fusion gene CLDN18-ARHGAP in gastric cancer
Authors: Wang Yue , Wang Hanbing , Shi Tao , Song Xueru , Zhang Xin , Zhang Yue , Wang Xuan , Che Keying , Luo Yuting , Yu Lixia , Liu Baorui , Wei Jia
Published: August 2024

The CLDN18-ARHGAP fusion gene is an oncogenic driver newly discovered in gastric cancer. It was detected in 9% (8/87) of gastric cancer patients in our center. An immunogenic peptide specifically targeting CLDN18-ARHGAP fusion gene was generated to induce neoantigen-reactive T cells, which was proved to have specific and robust anti-tumor capacity both in in vitro coculture models and in vivo xenograft gastric cancer models. Apart from the immunogenic potential, CLDN18-ARHGAP fusion gene was also found to contribute to immune suppression by inducing a regulatory T (Treg) cell-enriched microenvironment. Mechanistically, gastric cancer cells with CLDN18-ARHGAP fusion activate PI3K/AKT-mTOR-FAS signaling, which enhances free fatty acid production of gastric cancer cells to favor the survival of Treg cells. Furthermore, PI3K inhibition could effectively reverse Treg cells upregulation to enhance anti-tumor cytotoxicity of neoantigen-reactive T cells in vitro and reduce tumor growth in the xenograft gastric cancer model. Our study identified the CLDN18-ARHGAP fusion gene as a critical source of immunogenic neoepitopes, a key regulator of the tumor immune microenvironment, and immunotherapeutic applications specific to this oncogenic fusion.
Correction: Radiopharmaceutical-activated silicon naphthalocyanine nanoparticles towards tumor photodynamic therapy
Authors: Wang Tingting , Li Jingchao , Zhang Xun , Li Chengao , Ming Jiang , Li Jian , Zhang Dongsheng , Yang Jun , Liu Nian , Su Xinhui
Published: August 2024

Correction for ‘Radiopharmaceutical-activated silicon naphthalocyanine nanoparticles towards tumor photodynamic therapy’ by Tingting Wang et al., Chem. Commun., 2024, https://doi.org/10.1039/d4cc03281k.
Redox-neutral depolymerization of lignin-derived aryl ethers catalyzed by Rh(iii)-complexes: a mechanistic insight
Authors: Zhang Yan , Luo Yafei , Hu Changwei , Tang Dianyong , Su Zhishan
Published: August 2024

DFT calculations were performed to understand the mechanism of redox-neutral depolymerization of four types of lignin-derived aryl ether dimers catalyzed by Rh-complexes.
Carbon-supported Zn-HPW ligand catalysts for acetylene hydration
Authors: Chen Zhen , Luo Dingjie , Wang Qinqin , Zhou Long , Ma Yufan , Lu Fangjie , Dai Bin
Published: August 2024

The Zn-HPW/AC catalyst effectively improves acidic sites and active metals dispersion. Zn–OH is the first to participate in the reaction, followed by the OH attacked acetylene, and the catalyst is reduced by H and participates in the cycle.
Efficient glycolysis of used PET bottles into a high-quality valuable monomer using a shape-engineered MnOx nanocatalyst
Authors: Swapna Bhattu , Singh Nittan , Patowary Suranjana , Bharali Pankaj , Madras Giridhar , Sudarsanam Putla
Published: August 2024

The nanorod morphology of the MnOx material with the application of optimal calcination temperature exhibited good catalytic efficiency in the chemical recycling of PET bottles into a valuable monomer.
Ni-loaded Co-NC catalysts for promoting electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to ammonia
Authors: Zhao Fang , Liu Yidi , Li Chengjie , Yuan Zhen , Hua Qianqian , Gao Liguo , Ren Xuefeng , Yang Peixia , Liu Anmin
Published: August 2024

The electrochemical synthesis of ammonia is a green process with great application prospects. Ni-coated Co-NC was experimentally demonstrated to be an efficient electrocatalyst for ammonia synthesis.
NHC aluminum chemistry on the rise
Authors: Werner Luis , Radius Udo
Published: August 2024

This review highlights recent developments of the use of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) in alane and aluminum organyl chemistry.
Integration of confinement crosslinking and in situ grafting for constructing artificial interphases toward stabilized zinc anodes
Authors: Zhang Feng , Qian Jia-Wei , Dong Wei-Xu , Qu Yi-Fan , Chen Kai , Chen Jingwei , Cui Yang-Feng , Chen Li-Feng
Published: August 2024

A novel strategy integrating confinement crosslinking and in situ grafting was developed to construct artificial solid electrolyte interface with effectively promoted heterogeneous compatibility and interfacial stability, achieving durable Zn anodes.
Differential effects of two Zn sources (ZnO nanoparticles and ZnSO4) on lipid metabolism via the ferroptosis pathway and SLC7A11K23 acetylation by HDAC8 and HDAC6 in a freshwater teleost
Authors: Xu Yi-Chuang , Zheng Hua , Tan Xiao-Ying , Hogstrand Christer , Zhao Tao , Wei Xiao-Lei , Luo Zhi
Published: August 2024

Understanding the toxicity and hazard risk of various metal sources is very important and can provide new insights for their risk evaluation in the environment.
DOM removal from Lake Kinneret by adsorption columns and biodegradation: a pilot study and modeling
Authors: Kummel Mario L. , Zusman Ofri B. , Nir Shlomo , Mishael Yael G.
Published: August 2024

A study on the removal of DOM from Lake Kinneret, the main surface drinking water source in Israel, was conducted applying an adsorption pilot plant with columns that included granular activated carbons, a clay–polymer nanocomposite and a combination of both.
Visible light-promoted oxycarbonylation of unactivated alkenes
Authors: Yang Hefei , Wang Yuanrui , Wang Le-Cheng , Wu Xiao-Feng
Published: August 2024

We developed an intermolecular oxygen-centered radical addition carbonylation reaction of unactivated alkenes under visible light irradiation which provides a new intermolecular strategy of oxygen-centered radical addition to alkenes.