bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Phylogeography and Diversification of an Endemic Trapdoor Spider Genus, Stasimopus Simon 1892 (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Stasimopidae) in the Karoo, South Africa
Authors: Brandt Shannon , Lyle Robin , Sole Catherine
Published: November 2024

The genus Stasimopus is endemic to South Africa but has never undergone a phylogeographic review. This study aims to unravel the phylogeographic patterns and history of the many Stasimopus species which occur in the greater Karoo region. A fossil‐calibrated phylogeny was produced based on three gene regions (CO1, 16S and EF‐1ɣ) for Stasimopus (Cor‐k‐lid trapdoor spiders) specimens collected in the Karoo region, to infer dates of origin and diversification. Demographic analyses were performed on species with sufficient sample sizes (> 4). Haplotype networks were constructed for each gene region and plotted on a map to infer phylogeographic patterns. Lastly, Mantel tests were performed to test for isolation by distance. It was found that 15 species occur in the Karoo and that the genus radiation in the area is in the early Palaeocene. Most diversification occurred between the late Eocene and the Miocene, coinciding with significant changes in climate. Several species show signals of demographic expansions. Isolation by distance was detected, but only with a slight correlation. It is apparent that aridification has played a vital role in the diversification of the genus in the Karoo region. This is a shared biogeographic influence between the mygalomorph fauna of the Karoo and arid region of western Australia. Stasimopus has radiated from the late Eocene and through the Miocene resulting in 15 extant species in the region. The Tankwa Karoo has been identified as a possible Pleistocene glacial cycle refugia for the species S. leipoldti. Many of the species in the Karoo are short‐range endemics, making them of high conservation concern. This study provided vital information as the Karoo is undergoing further desertification due to factors such as climate change, which may affect the future of short‐range endemic spiders.
Linking Phylogeny and Morphology to Resource Assimilation Within Aquatic Assemblages
Authors: Lodato Matthew B. , van Ee Brian C. , Atkinson Carla L.
Published: November 2024

Niche partitioning promotes species coexistence. Yet, it remains unclear how phylogeny and morphology influence the trophic niches of closely related aquatic species with shared feeding modes. Freshwater mussels (Family: Unionidae) are a group of filter‐feeding bivalves that are ideal for investigating mechanisms of niche partitioning. Particle size selection and patterns of ingestion are controlled by gill latero‐frontal cirri density (CD) and the number of cilia per cirrus (CC). We investigated trophic assimilation and niche area using stable isotope signatures (𝛿13C and 𝛿15N) and gill morphology with scanning‐electron microscopy for a diverse mussel assemblage from the Sipsey River, Alabama, USA. We predicted that (1) trophic niches and gill morphology would differ within and among species across sites; (2) co‐occurring species would partition food resources; (3) greater phylogenetic distances among species would result in increased trophic dissimilarity; (4) more CC and higher CD would result in a narrower trophic niche area, or more constrained range of food items assimilated. We found that (1) species identity and site influenced gill morphology and stable isotope signatures but that the trophic niche area of a species was only affected by species identity; (2) the average proportion of niche area overlap between co‐occurring species was low across sites (0.04 to 0.18); (3) trophic dissimilarity among species increased with phylogenetic distance; (4) CD but not the number of CC negatively related to trophic niche area. Our results indicate that gill morphology and evolutionary history are likely key factors governing the trophic niches of mussels. In addition, intraspecific variation in gill morphology across sites may either reflect a phenotypic response to differences in local resource availability or suggest that other mechanisms shape particle selection. Examining the interplay among the trophic niche, phylogeny, and morphology among functionally similar species further informs our understanding of the mechanisms facilitating their coexistence.
Preservation of Aquatic Environmental DNA Using Cationic Detergents
Authors: Thamke Viresh , Bezabhe Yared H. , Jass Jana , Olsson Per‐Erik
Published: November 2024

Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis is a powerful tool for quantifying and assessing the diversity of organisms in the environment. Unfortunately, isolating eDNA from aquatic environments is challenging due to the difficulties associated with water collection, preservation of samples during transportation, and onsite filtration. These processes are expensive and time‐consuming and can lead to eDNA degradation. These difficulties can be addressed by preserving eDNA in the collected water. In this study, we assessed the effect of short‐ and long‐term water storage using three different cationic surfactants on the half‐life of zebrafish (Danio rerio) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in mesocosm water. The surfactants used were benzalkonium chloride (BAC), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). We observed that CPC and CTAB treatment extended the half‐life of mtDNA by 3–5 times. Analysis by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) demonstrated a mtDNA retention rate of 17.6%, 26.3%, and 2.2% for CPC, CTAB, and BAC, respectively, compared to 0.1% in untreated water after 30 days. The preservation of mtDNA by cationic surfactants was attributed to their bactericidal and cytotoxic properties as well as their electrostatic interaction with DNA molecules, as observed by spectrofluorometric analysis and subsequent precipitation. Our results demonstrated an inexpensive and convenient method to protect eDNA in water and improve its extraction.
Functional beverage based on aguamiel pasteurized by ultrasound and microwaves with antihypertensive properties
Authors: Perales‐Serna Lucia , Cruz‐Casas Dora Elisa , Flores‐Gallegos Adriana C. , Rubio‐Ríos Anilú , Ascacio‐Valdes Juan Alberto , Sáenz‐Galindo Aidé , Rodríguez‐Herrera Raúl
Published: November 2024

Currently, microwaves, ultrasound, and ultrasound‐microwaves are technologies with several applications, one of which is their use as a method of pasteurization. So far, these techniques have not been used for the pasteurization of a functional aguamiel beverage. This beverage was pasteurized and enriched with probiotic LAB to generate an antihypertensive effect. The physicochemical characteristics (pH, total soluble solids, and color) of the aguamiel beverage were evaluated. Microbiological analysis of the product was also carried out. The probiotic LAB were added to the beverage with the selected pasteurization technique. The growth of LAB in the aguamiel beverage and the prebiotic effects that this product as well as the antihypertensive activity of the beverage were evaluated. It was shown that there is no significant effect of the techniques used on the physicochemical characteristics of the product. However, the storage time may be affected. Compared to traditional pasteurization, microwave, ultrasound, and ultrasound‐microwave techniques were found to reduce the concentration of some pathogenic microorganisms. The microwave technique was selected as the most effective for pasteurization. The probiotic LAB were able to grow in the pasteurized aguamiel beverage and produce an antihypertensive effect. In summary, a functional microwavable pasteurized aguamiel beverage with antihypertensive activity was produced.
Design, Synthesis and Preliminary In‐Vitro Activity of 6‐Hydroxyalkyl β‐Carboline Derivatives for the Development of Drug Conjugates Targeting MDM2
Authors: Arrigoni Federico , Prpić Helena , Ferrari Ana , Zambra Marco , Roscilli Giuseppe , Gazzola Silvia , Piarulli Umberto
Published: November 2024

The mouse‐double‐minute‐2 (MDM2) protein, the main downregulator of the tumor suppressor p53 protein, represents a promising target for the development of novel anticancer therapies. However, the lack of selectivity and poor effectiveness in tumors bearing mutated‐p53 impaired the approval of several MDM2 inhibitors for the market. In this context, the possibility of generating drug‐conjugates within a MDM2 inhibitor is a growing research area aimed to overcome these drawbacks. Considering the promising MDM2 inhibition by the β‐carboline‐based 1, in this work we explored the introduction of a new functionalization on it for a future conjugation while preserving its anticancer properties. Based on preliminary docking studies, we synthesized derivatives 2 a–d having linear hydroxyalkyl chains with different lengths at the 6‐position of the β‐carboline core, which effectively preserved the submicromolar IC50 on wild‐type‐p53‐U87MG glioblastoma cell line observed with 1. Candidates 2 a, d showed the functionalization was tolerated with respect of bioactivity also on mutated‐p53‐U138MG glioblastoma cell line, and their hydroxyl groups proved to be easily accessible when coupled to 4‐pentynoic‐N,N’‐dimethylethylenediamine affording derivatives 10 a, d with high yields. In summary, our results led to generating novel 6‐hydroxyalkyl‐β‐carboline compounds displaying a suitable hydroxyl‐site useful to improve the efficacy and/or the tumor specificity of 1 through conjugation strategies.
Alkyne‐ and Azide‐Functionalised Cyclophellitol Derivatives for Selective Glucuronidase Targeting
Authors: Leona Ehren Helena , Jongkees Seino A. K. , Wennekes Tom
Published: November 2024

Heparanase is an endo‐acting β‐glucuronidase responsible for the degradation of heparan sulfate structures in the extracellular matrix. The enzyme is found to be significantly upregulated in aggressive cancer types, aiding cell proliferation by liberation of growth factors, increasing angiogenesis and metastasis. Despite much interest in the development of inhibitors to control this activity, no compound targeting heparanase has yet been approved as a drug. While mechanism‐based inhibitors derived from the natural product cyclophellitol are very potent enzyme inactivators through their reactive epoxide, one challenge in their development is in achieving selectivity for heparanase over related glycosidases while also maintaining a balance of appropriate pharmacological properties. We present here the synthesis of three cyclophellitol scaffolds presenting azide and alkyne handles at key positions, which are amenable to facile elaboration via copper‐catalysed azide‐alkyne cycloadditions to aid in exploring the structure‐activity relationship for selective inhibitors of heparanase.
Application of Laser‐Generated Au‐Ag/Al2O3 Nanoparticle Catalysts for the Selective Catalytic Oxidation of 5‐(Hydroxymethyl) Furfural to 2,5‐Furan‐Dicarboxylic Acid
Authors: Shaikh Samrin , Esser Tobias , Söder Jan , Reichenberger Sven , Albert Jakob
Published: November 2024

Conversion of lignocellulosic biomass‐derived 5‐(Hydroxymethyl) furfural (HMF) into 2,5‐Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) has a high potential to replace petroleum‐based feedstocks for the production of plastics. In this study, a green synthesis strategy for the selective oxidation of HMF to FDCA is reported by using laser‐generated and specifically designed bimetallic AuAg nanoparticle catalysts supported on Al2O3 using molecular oxygen as oxidant and water as a solvent. Although supported AuAg catalysts are already known as suitable catalysts for this reaction, the optimal reaction conditions (type of base, reaction temperature, oxygen pressure), Au : Ag composition, role of metal‐support effects and origin of the active site still remain under debate. Interestingly, an Au9Ag1/Al2O3 catalyst exhibited the highest activity with a FDCA yield of up to 66 % at 80 % HMF conversion. Hereby, NaHCO3 (instead of NaOH) as a smoother base in 2 : 1 base:HMF ratio, low oxygen pressures of 5 bar, and a mild temperature of 150 °C were found optimal. The yield remained fairly stable on reuse of the catalyst for 3 cycles without hints of catalyst sintering or leaching. The titration of surficial hydroxyls on the AuxAgy/Al2O3 surface showed the highest density of acidic hydroxyls for the most active Au9Ag1/Al2O3 catalyst. The respective hydroxyls potentially originate from metal‐support interactions between the AuAg nanoparticles with the alumina support and act as Lewis acidic sites that oxidize the alcohol moiety of HMF to form FDCA with high selectively. In summary, this study shows that the catalytic activity of AuAg catalysts in HMF oxidation is not just linked to an alloying effect but also to a metal‐support effect where the AuAg nanoparticles appear to directly affect the local acidity of the support.
(3+3)‐Annulation of 2‐Mercaptobenzimidazoles With α‐(Trifluoromethyl)Styrene Under Ultrasonic Irradiation
Authors: Sohail Akbar , Ablajan Keyume , Khan Shahid Ali
Published: November 2024

A rapid and facile sonochemical route for the [3+3] annulation of 2‐mercapto benzimidazoles with α‐(trifluoromethyl)styrene was reported for the synthesis of fluorinated benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1‐b][1,3]thiazines. The reaction proceeds through the SN2/SNV pathway while the selective SN2 pathway is completely inhibited. The developed method is effective with a wide range of substrates, tolerating diverse functional groups. The pure products are obtained with high yield (up to 92 %) directly via recrystallization without column chromatography. Furthermore, applying sonochemical methodology reduces the reaction time and eliminates the need for expensive photocatalysts, ligands or oxidants.
Generating Rainfall IDF Curves Using IMD Reduction Formula and Choosing the Best Distribution for Babylon City, Iraq
Authors: Al‐Jalili Sajad Khalil , Zwain Haider M. , Hayder Ali Mohsen
Published: November 2024

Intensity‐duration‐frequency (IDF) models are considered one of the most important tools used in water resources projects, as well as the design and planning of hydraulic structures such as sewerage channels, bridges, culverts, and road networks. This study aims to generate IDF curves for the Iraqi city of Babylon based on the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) empirical reduction formula and to choose the optimal distribution that gives the greatest rainfall intensity among the three distributions used in this research (generalized extreme value, Log‐Pearson type III, and Gumbel). This study examined daily rainfall data collected from the Iraqi Authority of Meteorology and Seismic Monitoring for a period of 32 years, from 1991 to 2022. The IMD reduction formula was used to calculate rainfall intensity for shorter durations (5, 10, 20, 30, 60, 120, 360, 720, and 1440 min) and custom return periods (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years). To determine the goodness of fit for the data distributions, the Easy Fit 5.6 program was applied with three tests (the χ2 test, the Anderson–Darling test, and the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test). The results showed that all distributions were acceptable for both tests and all storm durations and that the rainfall intensity decreased with increasing duration of the rainstorm. It also showed that rainfall increases rainfall intensity during large return periods. Based on the criteria of AIC and BIC, the LP‐3 distribution was chosen as the best distribution to simulate rainfall in Babylon City using the IDM reduction formula.
Ivermectin as a promising therapeutic option for onchocerciasis‐associated epilepsy
Authors: Manavi Mohammad Amin , Mohammad Jafari Razieh , Shafaroodi Hamed , Sharifzadeh Mohammad , Dehpour Ahmad Reza
Published: November 2024

Onchocerciasis, commonly known as river blindness, is a neglected tropical disease caused by the parasite Onchocerca volvulus. It can lead to blindness and visual impairment. Studies have also demonstrated a link between onchocerciasis and epilepsy, with there being a correlation between onchocerciasis endemicity and epilepsy prevalence. Onchocerciasis‐associated epilepsy (OAE) emerges predominantly in individuals aged 3–18, with a notable prevalence in regions where onchocerciasis transmission persists. These areas exhibit elevated rates of epilepsy, underscoring the significant impact of ongoing onchocerciasis on the incidence of epilepsy, particularly within the specified age range. Both epilepsy prevalence and incidence have evolved over the past three decades in a Tanzanian area endemic for onchocerciasis. Researchers have studied the effects of the antiparasitic drug ivermectin on OAE. About one third of Ugandan patients saw reduced seizure frequency or intensity after one 150 μg/kg dose. Clinical research in the Congo among infected epileptics on anti‐seizure medications (ASMs) suggested ivermectin may decrease seizure frequency following oral administration of ivermectin tablets (3 mg). Beyond its antiparasitic properties, ivermectin has demonstrated anticonvulsant effects against clonic and tonic–clonic seizures, likely through modulation of GABAA receptor and neuroinflammation. There is evidence of synergistic effects when combined with GABAergic ASMs like diazepam. As neuroinflammation plays a key role in OAE, ivermectin's anti‐inflammatory properties by inhibiting cytokines like TNF‐α and IL‐1β are also relevant. While certain other antiparasitic drugs can interact with ASMs and have side effects like seizures, no such interactions or side effects have been reported for ivermectin. However, there is a need for more randomized controlled trials specifically evaluating ivermectin's impact on seizures in O. volvulus‐infected epileptics on ASMs. Given its efficacy against parasites, limited side effects, and potential anticonvulsant mechanisms, ivermectin could be a favorable first‐line treatment option, but further research is warranted to confirm benefits for OAE.

Plain Language Summary

This article explores the potential benefits of ivermectin, a drug commonly used to treat parasitic infections, for reducing seizures in people with epilepsy linked to onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness. Research shows that ivermectin not only targets the parasitic cause of the disease but may also help reduce brain inflammation, which plays a key role in epilepsy. While early results are promising, more research is needed to confirm whether ivermectin can be a reliable treatment for epilepsy in people affected by this condition.
Unveiling Severity Indicators for Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa Treatment Success: DSM–5 Versus ICD–11 Versus Drive for Thinness
Authors: Dang An , Granero Roser , Sanchez Isabel , Solé Laura Gálvez , Toro Jessica Jimenez‐del , Rosinska Magda , Jimenez‐Murcia Susana , Krug Isabel , Fernandez‐Aranda Fernando
Published: November 2024

Objective

This study aimed to compare treatment outcomes associated with three severity indicators—DSM–5 for anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), ICD–11 for AN, and drive for thinness (DT) for AN and BN—within a treatment‐seeking population.

Method

A total of 628 female participants diagnosed with either AN (n = 266; mean age = 26.71) or BN (n = 362; mean age = 29.49) were recruited from an ED unit. Upon admission, participants were classified based on DSM–5 (AN and BN) and ICD–11 severity categories. They underwent CBT‐E comprehensive manualised programs, according to ED subtype, and were categorised into ‘full remission’, ‘partial remission’, ‘non‐remission’ or ‘drop‐out’ based on DSM–5 diagnostic criteria at discharge.

Results

Significant associations were found only for ICD–11 AN severity groups (p = 0.03, Cramer's V = 0.18), with ‘dangerously low BMI’ associated with poorer outcomes than ‘significantly low BMI’. No other significant relationships were found with DSM–5 or DT severity groups.

Conclusion

This study reveals the limitation of using a single severity indicator and emphasises the necessity of a comprehensive assessment to capture the complexities of AN and BN. Future research should also evaluate the validity of these severity measures across various factors, including biological correlates and psychopathology.
DRL‐Based Computation‐Efficient Offloading and Power Control for UAV‐Assisted MEC Networks
Authors: Priya B. , Nandhini J. M. , Uma S. , Anuratha K.
Published: November 2024

Mobile edge computing (MEC) has achieved significant attention due to the availability of computational tasks in specific scenarios such as emergency applications like forest fire and earthquake remedies. The computationally demanding policy and user offloading policy are challenging problems to address in the energy constrained unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) network. In this work, the computational task offloading, and power management is solved by using the multi‐agent deterministic power management algorithm (MADPM) based on deep reinforcement learning. Every UAV works together as a team to understand the actor critic environment and to make decisions that will help achieve the goals. This involves transferring computational tasks from UAVs to more powerful ground stations or other UAVs to save energy and enhance performance. It requires intelligent decision‐making to determine which tasks to offload and when. The joint optimization problem is verified with the simulation results and the proposed work is enabled with MEC in achieving the emergence of UAV related applications. Our simulations show that the MADPM algorithm, as suggested, enhances task offloading efficiency by 35% and reduces power consumption by 25% when compared with current methods. These findings underscore the ability of our method to greatly improve the UAV operational capacities.
Numerical simulation study on shaft plug‐holing height during natural smoke evacuation in deep buried tunnels
Authors: Bin Liu , Jun Mao , Xiangyang Jiang , Yanhong Xi
Published: November 2024

In this paper, we investigate the plug‐holing phenomenon under the influence of natural smoke venting in deeply buried tunnel shafts using a fire dynamics simulator based on a large eddy simulation model. Additionally, we discuss the effects of heat release rate and shaft height. The results indicate that the temperature distribution of the smoke upstream of the fire remains consistent when the height of the shaft does not exceed 20 m. Once the shaft height reaches 50 m, the temperature of the smoke upstream of the fire decreases with the increase in shaft height. Simultaneously, the smoke downstream of the fire can be completely discharged through the shaft. As the shaft height increases in the deeply buried tunnel, the degree of plug‐holing increases, leading to reduced smoke evacuation efficiency. This phenomenon is caused by the horizontal inertia force and vertical thermal buoyancy of the smoke below the shaft. The critical plugging phenomenon occurs when Ri = 2.72, as determined through force analysis of the smoke. Subsequently, we analyze the mechanism by which shaft height and heat release rate influence plug hole height and establish a quantitative expression equation for plug‐holing height.
Using a Wage–Price‐Setting Model to Forecast US Inflation
Authors: Do Nguyen Duc
Published: November 2024

This study modifies a wage–price‐setting (WPS) model to forecast US inflation over 1‐ to 3‐year horizons, based on the assumption that firms use a rule of thumb to set prices after settling a wage agreement. The out‐of‐sample forecast results show that productivity growth is a powerful predictor of inflation, in the sense that during the 1990Q1–2023Q4 period, the modified WPS model improved upon some univariate benchmark models and multivariate models such as the Phillips curve, term spread, and wage‐inflation models. From the early 2000s to the prepandemic period, forecast accuracy was improved by combining productivity growth with anchored inflation expectations. Interestingly, during this period, forecasts derived from the WPS model with constant‐inflation expectations were found to slightly outperform Greenbook forecasts in forecasting quarter‐over‐quarter inflation from two‐ to four‐quarter horizons.
In Vitro Screening of Bacterial Isolates From Dairy Products for Probiotic Properties and Other Health‐Promoting Attributes
Authors: Modasiya Ishita , Mori Priya , Maniya Hina , Chauhan Mehul , Grover Chand Ram , Kumar Vijay , Sarkar Apurba Kumar
Published: November 2024

The present research was aimed to isolate potential probiotic organisms from dairy products locally made in and around the Saurashtra region of Gujarat. A total of 224 colonies were screened for primary attributes. Based on the results, 70 isolates were carried further for secondary screening. Out of these, only 23 isolates were further tested for antioxidant activities. Only 6 potential probiotic strains were found to have all the probiotic attributes. These isolates demonstrated survivability up to 4 h at pH ≤ 3, bile concentration ≥ 1.5%, autoaggregation ability ≥ 81.08%, and cell surface hydrophobicity more than 70% while using toluene as the test hydrocarbon. The promising six isolates were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing for species‐level identification and found to be belonging to the genus Bacillus, Enterococcus, and Lactobacillus. The isolates demonstrated higher antioxidant potential as determined by ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP methods. For all three methods, L. rhamnosus was taken as a positive control that showed 85.61%, 39.56%, and 78.18% reduction of free radicals as determined by the ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP methods, respectively. Compared to this, Limosilactobacillus fermentum BAB 7912 demonstrated the highest reduction of ABTS radicals (83.45%), while Bacillus subtilis BAB 7918 reduced 29.95% DPPH free radicals and Bacillus spizizenii BAB 7915 reduced 80.93% ferric ions as determined by the FRAP method. Isolates were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing for species‐level identification and found to be belonging to genus Bacillus, Enterococcus, and Lactobacillus.
Innovative Fundamentierungen mit Fertigschraubpfählen
Authors: Boley Conrad , Höppner Robert , Pratter Paul , Thurner Günther
Published: November 2024

Fertigschraubpfähle gewinnen in der Geotechnik zunehmend an Bedeutung. Im vorliegenden Bericht werden innovative Fundamentierungen mit Fertigschraubpfählen vorgestellt. Es wird auf die Spezifika des Gründungssystems eingegangen, die Probebelastung mit verkürzter Versuchszeit vorgestellt und weitere Anwendungsmöglichkeiten wie der geneigte Einbau der Fertigschraubpfähle zum Abtrag von Horizontallasten präsentiert. Im Unterschied zu konventionellen Gründungselementen aus Stahl und Beton bestehen Fertigschraubpfähle ausschließlich aus einem vorgefertigten Tragglied aus Stahl, das in den Boden eingeschraubt wird und sofort belastbar ist. Die Betonage entfällt, wodurch sich nicht nur Baustelleneinrichtung und Bauzeit erheblich reduzieren, vielmehr können die Fertigschraubpfähle nach temporären Baumaßnahmen wiedergewonnen werden. Damit ist der Eingriff in die Umwelt nicht nur während der Baumaßnahme minimal, sondern die vollständige Wiedergewinnbarkeit des Gründungssystems ist für neue Baumaßnahmen im Hinblick auf die Nachhaltigkeit wegweisend.
Assessment of Geothermal Energy in Aluto‐Langano and Tulu‐Moye, Central Ethiopia
Authors: Genetu Mamaru
Published: November 2024

This study aims to identify the primary issues leading to the pause in geothermal energy development at Aluto‐Langano and Tulu‐Moye sites, while also exploring opportunities in new drilling wells and assessing compliance with occupational safety, health and environmental standards. The geothermal energy development status was evaluated through focus group discussions, site visits and field data collection. The Tulu‐Moye Geothermal Operation (TMGO) project is underway to establish a power plant, with a phased development spanning 6 years targeting a total capacity of 150 MW, comprising 50 MW for Phase 1 and 100 MW for Phase 2, though with some constraints. The Aluto‐I Geothermal Pilot Plant marked the initial efforts to produce electricity from geothermal sources but faced shutdown due to declining thermal energy in some wells, turbine corrosion, pentane leakage, frequent in efficiency of fans and instability of foundations. Consequently, Phase 2 of the project aims to integrate with Phase 1 wells to mitigate potential thermal energy losses. Geothermal energy development demands substantial initial investment but entails minimal ongoing costs and workforce requirements. Its eco‐friendliness benefits communities, offering higher efficiency and lower maintenance compared to hydroelectricity. Leveraging Ethiopia's geothermal potential is crucial for electricity generation, mineral extraction, and water supply, with plans involving nationwide field expansion to enhance renewable energy capacity.
Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor‐1 in the Pathophysiology of Late Life Depression
Authors: Métivier L. , Vivien D. , Goy R. , Agin V. , Bui E. , Benbrika S.
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Late life depression (LLD) is characterized by specific clinical features including a high frequency of vascular form and frequent antidepressant treatment resistance. The expression and functions of the serine protease inhibitor, Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) is known to be altered by aging, vascular damage, insulin levels associated with a sedentary lifestyle, chronic stress leading to hypercortisolemia, and inflammatory changes linked to stress responses. These phenomena would be implicated in LLD like vascular depression. This article thus aims to review the existing literature regarding the association between LLD and plasmatic levels of PAI‐1, a marker of hypofibrinolysis. We hypothesize that increased age would be associated with changes in PAI‐1 plasma level and function which influence LLD pathogenesis and its treatment.

Results

Although a large number of studies on PAI‐1 changes in the elderly exist, studies about its implications in LLD are sparse. Despite heterogeneous findings regarding the direction of variation in plasmatic PAI‐1 levels among elderly participants with LLD, all studies demonstrated an association between PAI‐1 levels and current or remitted depressive symptoms. Moreover, disruptions in the concentrations of other biological markers influencing PAI‐1 expression, such as cytokines or adipokines, were also observed, notably an increase in the levels of interleukins 6 and 8.

Discussion

LLD genesis appears to be influenced by PAI‐1 regulatory loops which are implicated in senescence or cell death. The resistance to antidepressant treatment appears to be linked to distinct biological profiles involving inflammatory and fibrinolytic factors. Taken together these data suggest that PAI‐1 pathway may be a promising target of treatment development efforts for LLD, and depression in general.
Female Reproductive Period Length, Parity and Hormonal Replacement Therapy and Dementia: The Elsi‐Brazil Study
Authors: Barbosa Matheus Ghossain , Keinert Ana Ágata Mezzomo , Miguel Andrew Christopher Claro , Macêdo Marcos Antônio Costa Ferreira de , Teixeira Lucas Martins , Bertola Laiss , Lima‐Costa Maria Fernanda , Ferri Cleusa Pinheiro
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Alzheimer's disease and other dementia have a higher incidence among women and that risk factors specific to the female sex could be involved. Few studies looked into female reproductive factors and their association with dementia in low‐and middle‐income countries.

Materials and Methods

We analyzed the baseline data from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI‐Brazil) and included data from 2594 women aged 60 years and older. We used an algorithm approach to determine dementia status and performed logistic regressions using as predictors the self‐reported total length of the reproductive period, total parity and use of hormonal replacement therapy. We also analyzed the effects of hormonal replacement therapy use for different age groups and the effects of number of living children.

Results

Reproductive period length, hormonal replacement therapy use and parity as a continuous measure were not significantly associated with dementia status. When compared with 0 births, the group with 5–8 had more dementia while the other groups displayed no differences. For the number of living children, but a higher occurrence of dementia was found among women with more children.

Conclusions

We did not find any association between continuous parity, reproductive period length or hormonal replacement therapy use and dementia. Social factors of motherhood appear to play an important role, and group specific effects of parity and hormonal replacement therapy require further study.
Anti‐NMDA receptor autoimmune encephalitis associated with ovarian teratoma: A case series and literature review
Authors: Nha Pham Ba , Tu Nguyen Phuong , Ha Nguyen Viet , Hien Duong Thi Thu , Phuong Nguyen Thi Thu , Son Nguyen Anh , Hoang Nguyen Tien
Published: November 2024

Autoimmune encephalitis is a group of disorders characterized by symptoms of dysfunction of the limbic and extra‐limbic systems that occur in association with antibodies against intracellular antigens, synapses, or proteins located on the surface of nerve cells. Anti‐NMDA (N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate) receptor encephalitis was first described in 2007 and has become one of the most commonly recognized autoimmune encephalitides. The disease is predominantly female (81%) and affects young patients (37% <18 years old, 95% <45 years old), with up to 58% of women over 18 years old having ovarian teratoma. Clinical symptoms of anti‐NMDA receptor encephalitis include psychiatric disorders (anxiety, agitation, bizarre behavior, hallucinations, delusions, and memory impairment); seizures and epileptic states; and other neurologic symptoms (muscle tone abnormalities, eye movement disorders, and central ventilatory disorders). Diagnosis of this condition can be difficult due to the non‐specific nature of the symptoms, often leading to delays in appropriate treatment. Early diagnosis and timely treatment of anti‐NMDA receptor encephalitis, especially in young women with ovarian teratoma, has significantly improved the chances of full recovery and improved reproductive health outcomes for patients.
Validation of the Sense of Community Coherence Scale for German and Turkish cultures
Authors: Vatandaşlar Senem Ezgi , Çeçen Ayşe Rezan , Aich Gernot
Published: November 2024

Sense of community coherence refers to how much a person perceives their communal life as comprehensible, manageable and meaningful. The study's purpose was to validate the Sense of Community Coherence Scale using two distinct groups of university students from Germany and Turkey. The scale was adapted to German and Turkish using the translation‐back translation method and examined in terms of several indicators of reliability and validity, including cross‐cultural measurement invariance with the data collected from 489 individuals from Germany and 533 individuals from Turkey. The findings exhibited satisfactory psychometric properties; specifically, high reliability, good construct and criterion validity, and partial measurement invariance across cultures were observed. As a result, Sense of Community Coherence Scale was concluded to be reliable and partially valid in the samples of Turkish and German university students. Validation of the German and Turkish forms of the scale is expected to contribute to mental health research and practice for allowing the measurement of how individuals feel about their community in the context of manageability, meaningfulness and comprehensibility. This study can help researchers and practitioners design enhancement, prevention and intervention programmes aiming to increase the community sense of coherence.
Impact of a Restrictive Formulary on glycemic control compared with an Open Formulary
Authors: Duong Tinh , Jolliff Jeff , Duvall Alan , Aguirre Raquel , Lash David Benjamin
Published: November 2024

Introduction

In 2019, California Governor Gavin Newsom introduced executive order N‐01‐19, which transitioned California's Medicaid (Medi‐Cal) health plan pharmacy benefits from multiple managed care plans to a single‐payer system. This transition occurred on January 1, 2022, and Medi‐Cal stopped enforcing formulary restrictions for beneficiaries.

Objectives

This study compared glycemic control of hemoglobin A1c in a pharmacist‐led diabetes clinic during an open versus restrictive formulary.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study of Medi‐Cal patients seen in a pharmacist‐led diabetes clinic at Kern Medical in Bakersfield, California between January 2021 and September 2022. All new patients with type 2 diabetes and an A1c greater than 6.9% seen at the clinic between January and September 2021 were classified as the Restrictive Formulary group and those seen between January and September 2022 were the Open Formulary group. The primary end point was mean change in A1c at first follow‐up. Secondary end points included attainment of an A1c <7%, change in weight, blood pressure, cholesterol, and statin use, and change in estimated monthly drug expenditure for glucose‐lowering medications per patient. Safety end points included diabetes‐related visits to Kern Medical's emergency room and hospitalizations.

Results

While both the Restrictive and Open Formulary groups had significant reductions in mean A1c from a baseline of −0.74 ± 2.1 (p = 0.02) and − 2.7 ± 2.4 (p < 0.001), respectively, the magnitude of A1c reduction was greater in the Open group (p < 0.001). For secondary outcomes, the Open group saw a higher utilization of agents with known cardiovascular and renal benefits. The Open group had a modest weight reduction (−2.5 kg ± 4.4 kg, p = 0.027). There was no significant difference in the cost of diabetes therapy between the two groups (p = 0.12).

Conclusions

An open formulary resulted in better glycemic control without significantly increasing the average monthly cost of diabetes medications.
Behavioural, Teratogenic and Genotoxic Effects of Antibacterial Compounds, Triclocarban and Triclosan, in Hydra vulgaris
Authors: Menon Aditya Mohan , Chandran Gayathri R. , Bommuraj Vijayakumar , Ramaswamy Babu Rajendran , Ramasamy Thirumurugan
Published: November 2024

Triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) are antibacterial compounds used in household, veterinary, industrial and personal care products, which are known to be environmental pollutants and also toxic to organisms. The toxicological effects of these antibacterial chemicals on higher organisms have been studied in detail. But in lower invertebrates like hydra, it is still rare and yet to be explored. In this study, the toxicological effects of these two antibacterial compounds in Hydra vulgaris was performed to clearly understand the organismal, developmental, molecular and behavioural changes. Both TCC and TCS are toxic with respective LC50 values of 0.09 and 0.25 mg/L, whereas TCC is comparatively more toxic than TCS. The structural damage of battery cell complexes (BCCs) on the tentacles was observed and ultimately made prey capturing difficult. It was evident that TCC and TCS exposure caused developmental toxicity by affecting reproduction and regeneration in H. vulgaris at higher sublethal doses (0.045 and 0.125 mg/L, respectively). TCC and TCS also caused DNA damage resulting in apoptosis. This study further reveals that these two antibacterial compounds are teratogenic and genotoxic in the organisms.
Atomic Interaction S. aureus/Machined and Additive Manufacturing Ti‐6Al‐4V and Ti‐35Nb‐7Zr‐5Ta Disks for Dental Implants
Authors: Tardelli Juliana Dias Corpa , Otani Lucas Barcelos , Batalha Rodolfo Lisboa , Alves Fernanda , Pereira‐da‐Siva Marcelo A. , Bagnato Vanderlei Salvador , Gargarella Piter , Bolfarini Claudemiro , dos Reis Andréa Cândido
Published: November 2024

The adhesion strength of a bacterial strain on a substrate influences colonization and biofilm development, so the biomolecular analysis of this interaction is a step that allows insights into the development of antifouling surfaces. As peri‐implantitis is the main cause of failure of implant‐supported oral rehabilitations and the dental literature presents gaps in the atomic bacteria/surface interaction, this study aimed to correlate the qualitative variation of roughness, wettability, chemical composition, and electrical potential of Ti‐6Al‐4V and Ti‐35Nb‐7Zr‐5Ta (TNZT) disks obtained by machining (M) and additive manufacturing (AM) on the colonization and adhesion strength of S. aureus quantified by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The samples were evaluated for roughness, electrical potential, and S. aureus colonization and adhesion strength by specific methods in the AFM with subsequent analysis in the NanoScope software analysis, wettability by sessile drop method, and chemical composition by energy dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDX). Qualitative data were correlated with bacterial adhesion strength. The greater adhesion strength of S. aureus was observed in descending order for TNZT AM, TNZT M, Ti‐6Al‐4V AM, and Ti‐6Al‐4V M. This experimental in vitro study allowed us to conclude that for the evaluated groups, the strength adhesion of S. aureus showed a linear relationship with roughness, and nonlinear for wettability, electrical potential, and S. aureus colonization on the surfaces evaluated. As for the two variation factors, type of alloy and manufacturing method, those that promoted the lowest bacterial adhesion strength were Ti‐6Al‐4V and M, possibly attributed to the synergistic modification of the evaluated surface properties. Thus, this study suggests S. aureus preferences for rough, hydrophilic surfaces with a greater electrical potential difference.
Optimizing Electroconductive PPy‐PCL Scaffolds for Enhanced Tissue Engineering Performance
Authors: Muñoz‐González Ana M. , Clavijo‐Grimaldo Dianney , Leal‐Marin Sara , Glasmacher Birgit
Published: November 2024

The integration of electrically conductive materials is a promising approach in tissue regeneration research. The study presented focuses on the creation of electroconductive scaffolds made from polypyrrole‐polycaprolactone (PPy‐PCL) using optimal processing parameters. Utilizing Box–Behnken response surface methodology for in situ chemical polymerization of PPy, the scaffolds exhibited a maximum conductivity of 2.542 mS/cm. Morphological examination via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated uniform dispersion of PPy particles within PCL fibers. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and energy dispersive x‐ray (EDX) analysis validated the composition of the scaffolds, while mechanical testing revealed that the optimized scaffolds exhibit superior tensile strength and Young's modulus compared to scaffolds comprised only of PCL. The hydrophilicity of the scaffolds was improved considerably, transitioning from initially hydrophobic to fully hydrophilic for the optimum scaffold, making it suitable for tissue engineering applications. Cell viability assays, including MTT with L929 fibroblasts and Alamar Blue with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (bmMSCs), reflected no cytotoxicity. They showed an increase in metabolic activity, suggesting the capability of the scaffolds to support cellular functions. In conclusion, the in situ synthesis of PPy in the PCL matrix by optimizing the fabrication parameters resulted in conductive scaffolds with promising structural and functional properties for tissue engineering.
Alternative Anticoagulant Strategy to Improve the Test Sensitivity of ASTM F2888‐19 Standard for Platelet and Leukocyte Count Assay
Authors: Patel Mehulkumar , Serna Carlos , Parrish Anna , Gupta Arjun , Jamiolkowski Megan , Lu Qijin
Published: November 2024

The ASTM F2888‐19 standard for platelet and leukocyte count assay is the only standardized test method for assessing platelet and leukocyte interactions with blood‐contacting device materials. This study aimed to address two limitations of the ASTM F2888‐19 standard: low test sensitivity for leukocyte count and high test sample surface area to blood ratio (12 cm2/mL). Human blood from healthy adult donors was drawn into polypropylene tubes with either 3.2% sodium (Na) citrate or anticoagulant citrate dextrose solution A (ACDA). Immediately before starting the test, the blood was recalcified and heparinized to a concentration of 1, 1.5, or 2 U/mL and incubated with the test materials of varying thrombogenic potential at an exposure ratio of 6 or 12 cm2/mL for 1 h at 37°C ± 2°C in a shaking water bath. Complete blood count was measured using a hematology analyzer. The results show that both, Na‐citrated blood (6 or 12 cm2/mL exposure ratio) and ACDA blood (6 cm2/mL ratio), were able to differentiate thrombogenic materials from commonly used biomaterials based on platelet count changes. The magnitudes of difference between the thrombogenic materials and biomaterials depends on heparin concentration. The test sensitivity was highest when ACDA blood, heparinized to 1 U/mL heparin, was used. Moreover, the use of ACDA blood, unlike Na‐citrated blood, also allowed the assay to distinguish between the thrombogenic materials from commonly used biomaterials based on leukocyte count changes. In conclusion, the use of ACDA blood significantly increased test sensitivity of the ASTM F2888‐19 test method in differentiating materials with varying thrombogenicity based on both platelet and leukocyte counts, while reducing blood exposure ratio to 6 cm2/mL. These findings will be used to revise the ASTM F2888 standard in the future.
Relative Bioavailability of Dordaviprone (ONC201) is Not Affected by Co‐Administration of the Proton‐Pump Inhibitor Rabeprazole
Authors: Faison Shamia L. , Batonga Joelle , Arumugham Thangam , Bartkus Angela , Morrison Marion , Mullin Mark J. , Tippin Tim , Naderer Odin
Published: November 2024

Dordaviprone (ONC201) is a novel, orally administered, anti‐cancer, small molecule imipridone with demonstrated antitumor effects in patients with glioma. Dordaviprone in vitro solubility is significantly reduced at pH >4.5. Concomitant use of acid reducing agents (ARAs) may therefore impact dordaviprone solubility and bioavailability. This open‐label, single‐sequence, three‐period crossover study evaluated the effect of proton‐pump inhibitor rabeprazole on dordaviprone pharmacokinetics (PK). Periods were consecutive and comprised of period 1 (days 1–3), period 2 (days 4–9), and period 3 (days 10–13). In period 1, participants received a single oral 625 mg dose of dordaviprone on day 1. In period 2, participants received six consecutive days of QD 20 mg rabeprazole alone. In period 3, patients received one oral dose of 20 mg rabeprazole (the seventh consecutive daily dose), followed 2 h later by a single 625 mg dordaviprone oral dose. PK blood samples were collected and analyzed from pre‐dose 72 h following dordaviprone administration in periods 1 and 3. Dordaviprone exposure PK parameters were similar following administration of dordaviprone alone or with rabeprazole. Geometric mean ratios and 90% CIs for dordaviprone exposure parameters with and without rabeprazole following dordaviprone administration fell within bioequivalence limits of 80.00%–125.00% for Cmax (97.19% [86.43–109.28]), AUClast (102.21% [95.19–109.75]), and AUCinf (102.27% [95.21–109.86]), indicating no effect of multiple oral doses of rabeprazole on dordaviprone relative bioavailability. Six of the 16 participants reported treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs); dordaviprone‐related TEAEs were reported by three participants and were limited to mild nausea and dizziness. No dordaviprone dose adjustment or ARA treatment modification is warranted.