bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non‐anaemic iron deficiency in pregnancy: the views of health service users and health care professionals
Authors: Daru J. , Moores R. , Dodds J. , Rayment J. , Allard S. , Khan K. S.
Published: March 2015

Background

The prevalence of anaemia in pregnancy in Europe is 25% and that resulting from iron deficiency is estimated at 40%. The maternal and fetal morbidity of non‐anaemic iron deficiency (NAID) in pregnancy is likely to be significant.

Objectives

To determine the views and opinions of health service users and clinicians concerning NAID in pregnancy in order to inform future research.

Methods

Two semi‐structured focus groups were carried out to determine health service users' views on anaemia and NAID in pregnancy. A questionnaire was administered to obstetricians, haematologists, midwives and anaesthetists to elucidate their views on NAID in pregnancy.

Results

The study indicated that health service users and clinicians were interested in implementing testing for NAID in pregnancy with serum ferritin, if proven to be effective at reducing the effects of anaemia and improving maternal and neonatal outcomes. Clinicians had reservations in the use of intravenous iron supplementation for NAID in pregnancy.

Conclusion

NAID is now accepted as a target condition for research by health service users and clinicians. The focus of future research should be on screening for NAID and its treatment.
Clinical and quality evaluation of apheresis vs random‐donor platelet concentrates stored for 7 days
Authors: Hussein E.
Published: March 2015

Background and Objectives

The clinical efficacy of different types of platelets remains under debate. We conducted a pilot study to prospectively evaluate the impact of subsequent storage on the in vitro quality and post‐transfusion outcome of apheresis prepared platelets (APCs) vs random donor platelets (RDPs).

Materials and Methods

We studied 30 units of APCs, and 30 units of RDPs. We performed assays on days 1, 3, 5 and 7, evaluating ADP aggregation, platelet count and pH. Fifteen thrombocytopenic patients with haematologic conditions were evaluated. Each patient received prophylactic transfusions of both components, and their post‐transfusion platelet increments were compared. Twenty‐five transfusions were apheresis prepared, and 35 transfusions were received as RDPs. None of the RDPs were leukoreduced.

Results

The median platelet counts for APCs on days 1, 3, 5 and 7 were; 2070, 1990, 1680 and 1240 × 103 µL−1, respectively, and were; 1290, 850, 499 and 284 × 103 µL−1, respectively for RDPs. The pH of all units was more than 6·2. Both groups demonstrated a significant decrease of ADP aggregation after 3 days of storage (P < 0·05). However, APCs provided satisfactory increments for 90·9% of transfusions. On the sixth and seventh days of storage, APCs provided significantly higher platelet increments (18·7 × 103 µL−1) compared with RDPs (3·20 × 103 µL−1) (P < 0·05). Significantly longer transfusion intervals were also achieved with APCs (P < 0·05).

Conclusion

Although other variables may have confounded the results, subsequent storage of APCs appeared to provide higher increments with longer intervals of transfusion compared with RDPs. Future prospective studies are needed, adjusting for other possible confounding variables.
A novel hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization and collection algorithm based on preemptive CD34 enumeration
Authors: Storch Emily , Mark Tomer , Avecilla Scott , Pagan Carlos , Rhodes Joanna , Shore Tsiporah , van Besien Koen , Cushing Melissa
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

The collection of autologous peripheral blood (PB) stem cells can be challenging in the subgroup of patients deemed “poor mobilizers” with granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor. Plerixafor, a CXCR‐4 antagonist, is an alternative mobilizing agent, but is costly, and the optimal mobilization algorithm has yet to be determined.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

To address the question we developed a protocol measuring PB CD34 on Day 4 of mobilization. We examined 26 patients before initiating the protocol versus 24 patients after initiation.

RESULTS

Significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) included fewer days of collection (1.25 days vs. 2.42 days), lower total blood volume processed (25.9 L vs. 57.2 L), lower total product volume (324 mL vs. 691 mL), lower RBC content (9 mL vs. 18 mL), and lower granulocyte percentage per collection (35% vs. 11%). There were no significant differences between the two groups in demographics, baseline platelet count, total CD34, or CD34/kg harvested.

CONCLUSION

Use of a protocol to assess PB CD34 1 day before collection allows for preemptive administration of plerixafor to augment mobilization. Subsequently, days of collection and processed blood volume are reduced while there is less RBC and granulocyte contamination in the collected stem cell product.
Friction Stir Blind Riveting for Joining Dissimilar Cast Mg AM60 and Al Alloy Sheets
Authors: Min Junying , Li Jingjing , Carlson Blair E. , Li Yongqiang , Quinn James F. , Lin Jianping , Wang Weiming
Published: March 2015

A new one-sided joining method, friction stirring blind riveting (FSBR) was successfully implemented to form lap-shear joints for dissimilar metals from pairs of 3.05 mm thick cast Mg AM60, rolled 1.5 mm thick Al AA6022, and extruded 3.15 mm thick Al AA6082 specimens. The concept of this process is riveting the two workpieces with reduced force under frictional heat and fastening the workpieces through blind riveting once the rivet is fully inserted. In this research, the process was experimentally analyzed and optimized for four joint combinations. It was demonstrated that switching the positions of Mg and Al alloy specimens has a significant effect on the process window and maximum tensile load of the joints. Three quality issues of the FSBR joints were observed and discussed. During tensile testing, the sheet closer to the rivet tail work-hardens due to tail forming process but has worse loading condition than the sheet closer to the rivet head. For AA6xxx sheets, precipitate hardening due to frictional heat is another strengthening mechanism in FSBR compared to the conventional riveting process, which leads to higher tensile loads in FSBR joints.
Measurements of Turbulent Heat Transfer on the Leading and Trailing Surfaces of a Square Duct Rotating About an Orthogonal Axis
Authors: Morris W. D. , Harasgama S. P. , Salemi R.
Published: March 2015

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of local heat transfer on the trailing and leading surfaces of a square-sectioned duct rotating about an axis orthogonal to its central axis. The flow geometry has application to the cooling of gas turbine rotor blades.

It is demonstrated that Coriolis induced secondary flows enhance local heat transfer over the trailing surface in relation to the corresponding non rotating case. Little effect of rotation on the leading surface was detected over the range of experiments covered to date.

Rotational buoyancy is shown to have a slight effect only at the lowest Reynolds number tested. The conditions under which buoyancy may be neglected in the real engine range of parameters is still uncertain.

Simple correlations for the present data are given as design aids.
Thermodynamic Analysis of the Chemical Heat Pipe as a Closed Cycle Gas Turbine
Authors: Osterle Fletcher
Published: March 2015

In the chemical heat pipe concept, energy is transported long distances by using a high temperature heat source (e.g., a nuclear reactor) at the sender end to convert a mixture of gases (e.g., CO2 and CH4, or H2O and CH4) into an energy-rich combination (CO and H2), and then transporting the mixture by pipeline at close to room temperature to the receiver end. At the receiver end, the stored energy is released by the reverse reaction to generate steam or produce heat for process purposes. Candidate reactions for this system include the Hy-Co reaction (CO2 + CH4 = 2CO + 2H2) and the Eva-Adam reaction (CH4 + H2O = CO + 3H2). As written, these reactions are endothermic in the forward direction and exothermic in the reverse direction. In the Eva-Adam reaction, the forward conversion (steam or methane reforming) is favored by high temperatures and low pressures. For example, at a temperature of 1100 K and a pressure of 1 atmosphere, the degree of advancement in the forward direction is about 93%. The reverse conversion (methanation) is favored by low temperatures and high pressures. For example, at 800 K and 25 atmospheres, the degree of advancement in the reverse direction is about 95%. Thus, heat representing most of the heat of reaction can be made available at the sender end at a relatively high temperature. Since the system requires two pressure levels, compressors (and turbines to drive them) are necessary, as well as strategically placed heat exchangers. Thus results a closed cycle gas turbine system with a dissociating gas as the working fluid. This paper analyzes the Eva-Adam system and evaluates the energy-delivered to energy-supplied ratio. The efficiency is improved if the return pipeline is insulated.
A Procedure to Reduce the Effects of Variable Fluid Temperatures in the Flow Direction: Application to the Design of a Rotary Regenerator
Authors: Lewandowski Thomas P. , Yang Tah-Teh
Published: March 2015

The purpose of this paper is to present results of an analytical procedure which accounts for variations in temperature dependent fluid properties in the flow direction of a heat exchanger. The procedure is called the multi-element method and is used in the performance calculations of a rotary regenerator subject to axial temperature variations greater than 2:1. The multi-element method partitions the flow length and evaluates the heat exchanger by combining the performances of each length. The results show graphically the differences between using the multi-element method and a more commonly used single-element method. The differences presented are between the predicted regenerator disk thickness and between the predicted core pressure drop for a variety of operating conditions.
Performance Testing of HTHP Electrostatic Precipitator at NYU PFBC Facility
Authors: Radhakrishnan R. , Gounder P. K. , Kavidass S. , Zakkay V. , Dellefield R.
Published: March 2015

NYU has an ongoing research program which is being funded by DOE to test three types of high-pressure, high-temperature filters. The main objectives of the testing program are: (1) to establish the performance capability of the filters under high-pressure and high-temperature conditions; and (2) to evaluate the dust collection efficiency. Shakedown tests for a duration of about 50 hours was completed during October 1986. Testing of the electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is in progress. The first test with ESP was performed during the middle of November 1986. The operating experience with respect to the test facility, and in particular with the particulate sampling systems, is reported in this paper. Additionally, some test results are also discussed.
The Measurement of Stress and Vibration Data in Turbine Blades and Aeroengine Components
Authors: Oliver D. E. , Berry D. J.
Published: March 2015

Instrumentation utilizing the thermoelastic effect has become established in recent years as an important tool for experimental stress analysis. This instrumentation provides full field stress data in a digitized form that can be integrated with computer aided design methods for experimental optimization and validation of designs.

More recently the same full field data acquisition techniques have been applied to vibration measurements. As a result stress and vibration data can be obtained from the same experimental set-up.

The paper describes theoretical aspects of the thermoelastic effect upon which the stress measurements are based. It goes on to show how laser Doppler interferometric techniques can be incorporated into stress measuring instrumentation. Results from typical aerospace components are used to illustrate applications of commercially available instrumentation (Fig. 1).
Use of High Temperature ODS-Superalloys for an Experimental Motor Vehicle Gas Turbine
Authors: Hedrich H. D. , Tank E.
Published: March 2015

Important stationary components of the experimental motor vehicle gas turbine which is currently under development at Daimler-Benz AG are manufactured from the ODS-superalloys Incoloy MA 956 and Inconel MA 754.

This paper reports the reasons for choosing these materials, experience gained in the production and testing of components and the results of the parallel development of processing technologies and material investigations.

The paper is rounded off with a number of suggestions for material development based on the results from this work.
Transient Performance Trending for a Turbofan Engine
Authors: Henry J. R. , Moffatt W. C.
Published: March 2015

The “on condition” concept of aircraft engine maintenance has led to intensive analysis of the data recorded by engine health monitoring systems during steady-state operation of the engine. To date however the transient data acquired during takeoff or during in-flight transients have received far less attention. In this paper the results of an investigation of the feasibility of utilizing engine data acquired during takeoff to trend the performance of a modern turbofan engine (GE-F404) are presented. Factors influencing the repeatability of takeoff data such as throttle rate, variable geometry and instrumentation effects are discussed in detail. Using representative engine data from operational aircraft, various trending parameters are evaluated using a data capture window developed to minimize the scatter of nominal engine performance. A statistical tool employed to identify performance shifts is described, and when applied to a recently-repaired engine successfully detected a shift in its takeoff performance. It is concluded that trending of transient performance data is a viable means of detecting certain engine faults and recommendations are made concerning the implementation of such a program for the F404 engine.
Efficiency Enhancement of a Pipeline Turbocompressor With a Gas/Steam Combined Cycle
Authors: Cocchi Vittorio , Pucci Marco , Mezzedimi Vasco , Vitali Giuliano
Published: March 2015

The problems typically encountered with the basic engineering of a combined-cycle installation are examined here in general; the selection criteria of the operating fluid and determination of the thermodynamic parameters of the steam cycle are also dealt with in the appendix.

The combined-cycle gas compression unit at present under construction in SNAM’s Station at Messina is then described extensively; the system, designed to comply with the specific requirements of a gas compression plant (unmanned continuous operation in severe environmental conditions), is characterized by an efficiency higher than 47% at ISO conditions.

Special attention is paid to the control system and to the analysis of the dynamic behaviour of the gas / steam unit by which two pipeline compressors (the main one driven by the gas turbine and the auxiliary one driven by the steam turbine) are made to run in parallel.
An Investigation of Component Deterioration in Gas Turbines Using Transient Performance Simulation
Authors: White Maurice F.
Published: March 2015

This paper discusses a program which has been developed for the prediction of steady state and transient performance of a gas turbine driven generator. The gas turbine plant was modelled using the component model principle and is based on the method for continuity of mass flow. The model requires the use of compressor and turbine characteristics together with curves for combustion efficiency. A number of simplifications are made in connecion with transient calculations. The influence of the machines physical volume on continuity of mass flow and effects of heat transfer between the gas and structural components are neglected. The model was used to investigate how component deterioration affects the important condition parameters during load transients and during rapid acceleration or deceleration. Fault conditions were simulated by manipulating the various efficiencies and loss factors for the different components in the machine. Many of the condition parameters that were investigated showed changes during acceleration which were considerably different from comparable changes in a fault free gas turbine.
An Experimental Investigation of a Vortex Flow Cascade
Authors: Yan-Ping Tang , Mao-Zhang Chen
Published: March 2015

A new type of compressor cascade, called the vortex flow cascade (shortly VFC), has been developed in the paper. The VFC is made up of the normal compressor cascade (shortly NCC) with NACA-65-0010 profile and vortex generator. Experiments are conducted for researching the effects of a large scale streamwise control vortex on the flow structure inside cascade passage. The results are encouraging. Based on the present investigation the vortical flow pattern and loss mechanism of VFC have been discussed.
Rotordynamic Coefficient and Leakage Test Results for Interlock and Tooth-on-Stator Labyrinth Seals
Authors: Childs Dara W. , Elrod David A. , Hale Keith
Published: March 2015

Test results (leakage and rotordynamic coefficients) are presented for an interlock and tooth-on-stator labyrinth seals. Tests were carried out with air at speeds out to 16,000 cpm and supply pressures up to 7.5 bars. The rotordynamic coefficients consist of direct and cross-coupled stiffness and damping coefficients. Damping-coefficient data have not previously been presented for interlock seals.

The test results support the following conclusions:

(a) The interlock seal leaks substantially less than labyrinth seals.

(b) Destabilizing forces are lower for the interlock seal.

(c) The labyrinth seal has substantially greater direct damping values than the interlock seal.

A complete rotordynamics analysis is needed to determine which type of seal would yield the best stability predictions for a given turbomachinery unit.
Rheology of a dual crosslink self-healing gel: Theory and measurement using parallel-plate torsional rheometry
Authors: Long Rong , Mayumi Koichi , Creton Costantino , Narita Tetsuharu , Hui Chung-Yuen
Published: March 2015

Tough hydrogels can be synthesized by incorporating self-healing physical crosslinks in a chemically crosslinked gel network. Due to the breaking and reattachment of these physical crosslinks, these gels exhibit a rate-dependent behavior that can be different from a classical linear viscoelastic solid. In this work, we develop a theory to describe the linear mechanical response of a dual-crosslink gel in a parallel-plate torsional rheometer. Our theory is based on a newly developed finite strain constitutive model. We show that some of the parameters in the constitutive model can be determined by carrying oscillatory torsional experiments. For consistency, we also show that the torsion data in an oscillatory test can be predicted using our theory with parameters obtained from tension tests. Our theory provides a basis for interpreting and understanding the test data of these gels obtained from rheometry.
Physical Activity Interventions for Children and Youth With Visual Impairments
Authors: Piva da Cunha Furtado Otávio Luis , Allums-Featherston Kelly , Lieberman Lauren Joy , Gutierrez Gustavo Luis
Published: March 2015

The authors conducted a systematic literature review on physical activity interventions for children and youth with visual impairment (VI). Five databases were searched to identify studies involving the population of interest and physical activity practices. After evaluating 2,495 records, the authors found 18 original full-text studies published in English they considered eligible. They identified 8 structured exercise-training studies that yielded overall positive effect on physical-fitness and motor-skill outcomes. Five leisure-time-physical-activity and 5 instructional-strategy interventions were also found with promising proposals to engage and instruct children and youth with VI to lead an active lifestyle. However, the current research on physical activity interventions for children and youth with VI is still limited by an absence of high-quality research designs, low sample sizes, use of nonvalidated outcome measures, and lack of generalizability, which need to be addressed in future studies.
How stress causes anxiety
Authors: Ferrarelli Leslie K.
Published: March 2015

Restoring endocannabinoid production in the brain may alleviate chronic stress–induced anxiety.
Preliminary Clinical Study of the Effect of Ascorbic Acid on Colistin-Associated Nephrotoxicity
Authors: Sirijatuphat Rujipas , Limmahakhun Samornrod , Sirivatanauksorn Vorapan , Nation Roger L. , Li Jian , Thamlikitkul Visanu
Published: March 2015

Nephrotoxicity is a dose-limiting factor of colistin, a last-line therapy for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. An earlier animal study revealed a protective effect of ascorbic acid against colistin-induced nephrotoxicity. The present randomized controlled study was conducted in 28 patients and aimed to investigate the potential nephroprotective effect of intravenous ascorbic acid (2 g every 12 h) against colistin-associated nephrotoxicity in patients requiring intravenous colistin. Thirteen patients received colistin plus ascorbic acid, whereas 15 received colistin alone. Nephrotoxicity was defined by the RIFLE classification system. Additionally, urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) andN-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) were measured as markers of renal damage, and plasma colistin concentrations were quantified. The baseline characteristics, clinical features, and concomitant treatments of the patients in the two groups were comparable. The incidences of nephrotoxicity were 53.8% (7/13) and 60.0% (9/15) in the colistin-ascorbic acid group and the colistin group, respectively (P= 0.956; relative risk [RR], 0.9; 95% confidence interval, 0.47 to 1.72). In both groups, the urinary excretion rates of NGAL and NAG on day 3 or 5 of colistin treatment and at the end of colistin treatment were significantly higher than those at the respective baselines (P< 0.05). However, the urinary excretion rates of these biomarkers at the various times during colistin treatment did not differ significantly between the groups (P> 0.05). The plasma colistin concentrations in the two groups were not significantly different (P> 0.28). The clinical and microbiological outcomes and mortality of the patients in the two groups were not significantly different. This preliminary study suggests that ascorbic acid does not offer a nephroprotective effect for patients receiving intravenous colistin. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01501968.)
In Vitro
Activity of Polymyxin B plus Imipenem, Meropenem, or Tigecycline against KPC-2-Producing Enterobacteriaceae with High MICs for These Antimicrobials
Authors: Barth Natália , Ribeiro Vanessa B. , Zavascki Alexandre P.
Published: March 2015

We evaluated the
in vitro
activity of polymyxin B plus imipenem, meropenem, or tigecycline against six KPC-2-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
strains with high MICs for these antimicrobial agents. Polymyxin B with carbapenems, especially meropenem, were the most active combinations for
Klebsiella pneumoniae
and
Enterobacter cloacae
regardless of the polymyxin B concentration used in the time-kill assay. This combination was also synergistic against two
Serratia marcescens
strains that are intrinsically resistant to polymyxins. Polymyxin B and tigecycline also presented synergistic activity in most experiments.
Exposure to Total and Protein-Unbound Rifampin Is Not Affected by Malnutrition in Indonesian Tuberculosis Patients
Authors: te Brake L. H. M. , Ruslami R. , Later-Nijland H. , Mooren F. , Teulen M. , Apriani L. , Koenderink J. B. , Russel F. G. , Burger D. M. , Alisjahbana B. , Wieringa F. , van Crevel R. , Aarnoutse R. E.
Published: March 2015

Nutritional status may have a profound impact on the pharmacokinetics of drugs, yet only few data are available for tuberculosis (TB) drugs. As malnutrition occurs frequently among TB patients, we assessed the effect of malnutrition on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of total and protein-unbound rifampin during the intensive phase of TB treatment. In a descriptive pharmacokinetic study in Bandung, Indonesia, patients received a fixed standard rifampin dose of 450 mg once daily during the intensive phase of TB treatment. A full pharmacokinetic curve for rifampin was recorded, and total and unbound concentrations of rifampin were analyzed in all samples. Rifampin pharmacokinetic parameters were compared between severely malnourished (BMI of <16.0 kg/m
2
), malnourished (BMI of <18.5 kg/m
2
), and well-nourished (BMI of ≥18.5 kg/m
2
) individuals. No difference in total and protein-unbound pharmacokinetic parameters between severely malnourished (
n
= 7), malnourished (
n
= 11), and well-nourished (
n
= 25) patients could be demonstrated. In addition, no significant correlation between BMI and exposure (area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h [AUC
0–24
] and maximum concentration of drug in serum [
C
max
]) was found. Females had significantly higher total AUC
0–24
(geometric mean, 59.2 versus 48.2 h · mg/liter;
P
= 0.02) and higher unbound AUC
0–24
(geometric mean, 6.2 versus 4.8 h · mg/liter;
P
= 0.02) than males. Overall, a marked 2-fold interindividual variation in the free fraction was observed (7.6 to 15.0%;
n
= 36). Nutritional status and BMI do not appear to have a major effect on total and protein-unbound pharmacokinetic parameters of rifampin in Indonesian subjects. The large interindividual variability in the free fraction of rifampin suggests that protein-unbound rather than total rifampin concentrations should preferably be used to study exposure-response relationships.
Imaging-Based High-Throughput Screening Assay To Identify New Molecules with Transmission-Blocking Potential against Plasmodium falciparum Female Gamete Formation
Authors: Miguel-Blanco Celia , Lelièvre Joël , Delves Michael J. , Bardera Ana I. , Presa Jesús L. , López-Barragán María José , Ruecker Andrea , Marques Sara , Sinden Robert E. , Herreros Esperanza
Published: March 2015

In response to a call for the global eradication of malaria, drug discovery has recently been extended to identify compounds that prevent the onward transmission of the parasite, which is mediated by
Plasmodium falciparum
stage V gametocytes. Lately, metabolic activity has been used
in vitro
as a surrogate for gametocyte viability; however, as gametocytes remain relatively quiescent at this stage, their ability to undergo onward development (gamete formation) may be a better measure of their functional viability. During gamete formation, female gametocytes undergo profound morphological changes and express translationally repressed mRNA. By assessing female gamete cell surface expression of one such repressed protein, Pfs25, as the readout for female gametocyte functional viability, we developed an imaging-based high-throughput screening (HTS) assay to identify transmission-blocking compounds. This assay, designated the
P. falciparum
female gametocyte activation assay (FGAA), was scaled up to a high-throughput format (
Z
′ factor, 0.7 ± 0.1) and subsequently validated using a selection of 50 known antimalarials from diverse chemical families. Only a few of these agents showed submicromolar 50% inhibitory concentrations in the assay: thiostrepton, methylene blue, and some endoperoxides. To determine the best conditions for HTS, a robustness test was performed with a selection of the GlaxoSmithKline Tres Cantos Antimalarial Set (TCAMS) and the final screening conditions for this library were determined to be a 2 μM concentration and 48 h of incubation with gametocytes. The
P. falciparum
FGAA has been proven to be a robust HTS assay faithful to
Plasmodium
transmission-stage cell biology, and it is an innovative useful tool for antimalarial drug discovery which aims to identify new molecules with transmission-blocking potential.
Telaprevir and Ribavirin Interaction: Higher Ribavirin Levels Are Not Only Due to Renal Dysfunction during Triple Therapy
Authors: Gutierrez-Valencia Alicia , Ruiz-Valderas Rosa , Ben-Marzouk-Hidalgo Omar J. , Torres-Cornejo Almudena , Espinosa Nuria , Castillo-Ferrando Juan R. , Viciana Pompeyo , Lopez-Cortes Luis F.
Published: March 2015

A higher incidence of anemia has been observed during the treatment of hepatitis C virus genotype 1 (HCV-1) infection with pegylated alpha interferon (pegIFN-α), ribavirin, and telaprevir. We assessed the impacts that concomitant administration of telaprevir and changes in the glomerular filtration rate have on ribavirin plasma levels. The minimum concentrations of ribavirin in plasma (ribavirinCmin) determined during triple therapy including telaprevir were compared with those observed after telaprevir withdrawal and those observed in the same subjects and in a large cohort during a previous course of pegIFN-α plus ribavirin. Intensive pharmacokinetic sampling for ribavirin was performed at steady state during the triple-therapy phase. Ribavirin levels were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Twenty-seven HCV-1/HIV-coinfected patients were enrolled. The median ribavirinCminfor triple therapy (4.08 μg/ml; range, 2.14 to 5.56 μg/ml) was higher than that observed after telaprevir withdrawal (1.96 μg/ml; range, 0.41 to 3.45 μg/ml) (P< 0.001) and that observed for 125 HCV-1/HIV-coinfected patients treated only with pegIFN-α plus ribavirin (1.65 μg/ml; range, 0.41 to 5.56 μg/ml) (P< 0.001). The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decreased >20% from the baseline value in 11 of 27 patients and became normal after telaprevir removal in almost all cases. There was a negative correlation between eGFR and ribavirin clearance (r2= 0.257;P= 0.064) but not the ribavirin area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 12 h (AUC0–12) (r2= 0.001;P= 0.455). Thus, there is a significant pharmacokinetic interaction between telaprevir and ribavirin that results in very high ribavirin levels, which explains the excess of toxicity observed with this drug combination. A blockade of the proximal tubular transporters might be implicated in both the increase in plasma creatinine and the high ribavirin levels. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01818856.)
The dangers of iodine-based contrasts in an elderly patient with thyroid disease
Authors: Ledingham David , Carey Peter , Junejo Shahid
Published: March 2015

Iodine-based contrast agents are widely used in angiographic and other radiological procedures. Clinicians are familiar with many of the potential adverse events from contrast agents including allergic reactions and contrast-induced nephropathy. This case describes a lesser known adverse event: ‘contrast-induced thyrotoxicosis’ and its implications on the presentation and management of a patient with severe coronary artery disease. The management of this case was difficult and required a long inpatient admission with use of prednisolone, propylthiouracil and planned treatment with radioiodine to control the thyrotoxicosis, as well as the use of several rate-limiting agents and antianginal medications to control atrial fibrillation and prevent further episodes of angina.
Anabolic androgenic steroid-induced Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
Authors: Placci Angelo , Sella Gianluigi , Bellanti Giancarlo , Margheri Massimo
Published: March 2015

Anabolic steroid abuse, aimed at increasing muscle mass, has been growing in recent years. We describe a case of a 25-year-old bodybuilder who, after taking nandrolone and stanozolol, presented with Takotsubo syndrome. The angiography showed a normal coronary anatomy with the absence of stenosis. The left ventricular function was completely normalised after 1 week.
BET 1: Topical lignocaine patches in traumatic rib fractures
Authors: Williams Helen , Carlton Edd
Published: March 2015

A shortcut review was carried out to establish whether topical lignocaine patches (LP) are effective for rib fractures. 48 papers were found of which 2 presented the best evidence to answer the clinical question. The author, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes, results and study weaknesses of these best papers are tabulated. The clinical bottom line is that there is currently no evidence to support the use of topical LP to improve pain control and reduce opiate analgesic use, in patients with traumatic rib fractures.
Cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy as a cause of acute kidney injury in dogs in the UK
Authors: Holm L. P. , Hawkins I. , Robin C. , Newton R. J. , Jepson R. , Stanzani G. , McMahon L. A. , Pesavento P. , Carr T. , Cogan T. , Couto C. G. , Cianciolo R. , Walker D. J.
Published: March 2015

To describe the signalment, clinicopathological findings and outcome in dogs presenting with acute kidney injury (AKI) and skin lesions between November 2012 and March 2014, in whom cutaneous and renal glomerular vasculopathy (CRGV) was suspected and renal thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) was histopathologically confirmed. The medical records of dogs with skin lesions and AKI, with histopathologically confirmed renal TMA, were retrospectively reviewed. Thirty dogs from across the UK were identified with clinicopathological findings compatible with CRGV. These findings included the following: skin lesions, predominantly affecting the distal extremities; AKI; and variably, anaemia, thrombocytopaenia and hyperbilirubinaemia. Known causes of AKI were excluded. The major renal histopathogical finding was TMA. All thirty dogs died or were euthanised. Shiga toxin was not identified in the kidneys of affected dogs.Escherichia coligenes encoding shiga toxin were not identified in faeces from affected dogs. CRGV has previously been reported in greyhounds in the USA, a greyhound in the UK, without renal involvement, and a Great Dane in Germany. This is the first report of a series of non‐greyhound dogs with CRGV and AKI in the UK. CRGV is a disease of unknown aetiology carrying a poor prognosis when azotaemia develops.
Muscle strength and hypertrophy occur independently of protein supplementation during short-term resistance training in untrained men
Authors: Boone Carleigh H. , Stout Jeffrey R. , Beyer Kyle S. , Fukuda David H. , Hoffman Jay R.
Published: March 2015

Short-term resistance training has consistently demonstrated gains in muscular strength, but not hypertrophy. Post-resistance training protein ingestion is posited to augment the acute anabolic stimulus, thus potentially accelerating changes in muscle size and strength. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of 4 weeks of resistance training with protein supplementation on strength and muscle morphology changes in untrained men. Participants (mean ± SD; N = 18; age, 22.0 ± 2.5 years; body mass index, 25.1 ± 5.4 kg·m−2) were randomly assigned to a resistance training + protein group (n = 9; whey (17 g) + colostrum (3 g) + leucine (2 g)) or a resistance training + placebo group (n = 9). One-repetition maximum (1RM) strength in the leg press (LP) and leg extension (LE) exercises, maximal isometric knee extensor strength (MVIC), and muscle morphology (thickness (MT), cross-sectional area (CSA), pennation angle) of the dominant rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) was assessed before and after training. Participants performed LP and LE exercises (3 × 8–10; at 80% 1RM) 3 days/week for 4 weeks. Data were analyzed using 2-way ANOVA with repeated measures. Four weeks of resistance training resulted in significant increases in LP (p < 0.001), LE (p < 0.001), MVIC (p < 0.001), RF MT (p < 0.001), RF CSA (p < 0.001), VL MT (p < 0.001), and VL CSA (p < 0.001). No between-group differences were observed. Although nutrition can significantly affect training adaptations, these results suggest that short-term resistance training augments muscle strength and size in previously untrained men with no additive benefit from postexercise protein supplementation.
Quantum contextual finite geometries from dessins d'enfants
Authors: Planat Michel , Giorgetti Alain , Holweck Frédéric , Saniga Metod
Published: March 2015

We point out an explicit connection between graphs drawn on compact Riemann surfaces defined over the field [Formula: see text] of algebraic numbers — the so-called Grothendieck's dessins d'enfants — and a wealth of distinguished point-line configurations. These include simplices, cross-polytopes, several notable projective configurations, a number of multipartite graphs and some "exotic" geometries. Among them, remarkably, we find not only those underlying Mermin's magic square and magic pentagram, but also those related to the geometry of two- and three-qubit Pauli groups. Of particular interest is the occurrence of all the three types of slim generalized quadrangles, namely GQ(2, 1), GQ(2, 2) and GQ(2, 4), and a couple of closely related graphs, namely the Schläfli and Clebsch ones. These findings seem to indicate that dessins d'enfants may provide us with a new powerful tool for gaining deeper insight into the nature of finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces and their associated groups, with a special emphasis on contextuality.
Risk of Falling in Older Women
Authors: Armas Laura , Lappe Joan , Slavik Veronica J. , Slattery Kellan , Cheng Shih-Chuan , Malik Davender S. , Mordeson John N.
Published: March 2015

We propose a weighted average approach to measure the risk of falling in older women. We consider four causal variables of falling, namely serum 25-OHD levels, medication use, fracture, and age. We use five methods to derive linear equations with these four factors as independent variables in the linear equations with risk of falling as the dependent variable.
Input–Output Linearizing Control of the Underactuated Hovercraft Using the Derivative-Free Nonlinear Kalman Filter
Authors: Rigatos Gerasimos G. , Raffo Guilherme V.
Published: March 2015

The paper proposes a nonlinear control approach for the underactuated hovercraft model based on differential flatness theory and uses a new nonlinear state vector and disturbances estimation method under the name of derivative-free nonlinear Kalman filter. It is proven that the nonlinear model of the hovercraft is a differentially flat one. It is shown that this model cannot be subjected to static feedback linearization, however it admits dynamic feedback linearization which means that the system's state vector is extended by including as additional state variables the control inputs and their derivatives. Next, using the differential flatness properties it is also proven that this model can be subjected to input–output linearization and can be transformed to an equivalent canonical (Brunovsky) form. Based on this latter description the design of a state feedback controller is carried out enabling accurate maneuvering and trajectory tracking. Additional problems that are solved in the design of this feedback control scheme are the estimation of the nonmeasurable state variables in the hovercraft's model and the compensation of modeling uncertainties and external perturbations affecting the vessel. To this end, the application of the derivative-free nonlinear Kalman filter is proposed. This nonlinear filter consists of the Kalman Filter's recursion on the linearized equivalent model of the vessel and of an inverse nonlinear transformation based on the differential flatness features of the system which enables to compute estimates for the state variables of the initial nonlinear model. The redesign of the filter as a disturbance observer makes possible the estimation and compensation of additive perturbation terms affecting the hovercraft's model. The efficiency of the proposed nonlinear control and state estimation scheme is confirmed through simulation experiments.
Browsing Hierarchy Construction by Minimum Evolution
Authors: Yang Hui
Published: March 2015

Hierarchies serve as browsing tools to access information in document collections. This article explores techniques to derive browsing hierarchies that can be used as an information map for task-based search. It proposes a novel minimum-evolution hierarchy construction framework that directly learns semantic distances from training data and from users to construct hierarchies. The aim is to produce globally optimized hierarchical structures by incorporating user-generated task specifications into the general learning framework. Both an automatic version of the framework and an interactive version are presented. A comparison with state-of-the-art systems and a user study jointly demonstrate that the proposed framework is highly effective.
Toward more secure software
Authors: Denning Dorothy E.
Published: March 2015

Two proposals intended to reduce flaws in software use two very different approaches for software security.
Who builds a house without drawing blueprints?
Authors: Lamport Leslie
Published: March 2015

Finding a better solution by thinking about the problem and its solution, rather than just thinking about the code.
NIRS Characterization of Paper Pulps to Predict Kappa Number
Authors: Moral Ana , Cabeza Elena , Aguado Roberto , Tijero Antonio
Published: March 2015

Rice is one of the most abundant food crops in the world and its straw stands as an important source of fibres both from an economic and an environmental point of view. Pulp characterization is of special relevance in works involving alternative raw materials, since pulp properties are closely linked to the quality of the final product. One of the analytical techniques that can be used in pulp characterization is near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). The use of NIRS has economic and technical advantages over conventional techniques. This paper aims to discuss the convenience of using NIRS to predict Kappa number in rice straw pulps produced under different conditions. We found that the resulting Kappa number can be acceptably estimated by NIRS, as the errors obtained with that method are similar to those found for other techniques.
Novel PET/SPECT Probes for Imaging of Tau in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Watanabe Hiroyuki , Ono Masahiro , Saji Hideo
Published: March 2015

As the world’s population ages, the number of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is predicted to increase rapidly. The presence of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), composed of hyperphosphorylated tau protein, is one of the neuropathological hallmarks of AD brain. Since the presence of NFTs is well correlated with neurodegeneration and cognitive decline in AD, imaging of tau using positron emission tomography (PET) and single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is useful for presymptomatic diagnosis and monitoring of the progression of AD. Therefore, novel PET/SPECT probes for the imaging of tau have been developed. More recently, several probes were tested clinically and evaluated for their utility. This paper reviews the current state of research on the development and evaluation of PET/SPECT probes for the imaging of tau in AD brain.
Neuroendocrine Cell Carcinoma of Unknown Primary Arising in Long Standing History of Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Boussios Stergios , Kostadima Vasiliki , Batistatou Anna , Tourkantonis Ioannis , Fotopoulos George , Argyropoulou Maria I. , Pavlidis Nicholas
Published: March 2015

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that targets myelinated axons in the central nervous system (CNS). Cancer of unknown primary site (CUP) is a well-recognised clinical disorder, accounting for 3–5% of all malignant epithelial tumors. CUP is clinically characterised as an aggressive disease with early dissemination. Studies of cancer risk in MS patients have shown inconsistent findings. An increased risk of malignancy in patients with MS has been suggested, but recently serious questions have been raised regarding this association. Use of disease-modifying therapies might contribute to an increased cancer risk in selected MS patients. The concurrence of MS and CUP is exceptionally rare. Here we describe the case of a neuroendocrine carcinoma of unknown primary diagnosed in a male patient with a nine-year history of MS. The discussion includes data from all available population-based register studies with estimates of certain malignancies in patients with MS.
Low‐Level Laser Therapy in the Treatment of Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers: A Systematic Review
Authors: Vale Fernando Alves , Moreira Maria Stella , Almeida Fernanda Campos Souza de , Ramalho Karen Muller
Published: March 2015

Recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAUs) are the most common lesion found in the oral cavity. There is no definitive cure for RAUs and current treatments are aimed at minimizing symptoms. Since low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) modulates inflammatory responses, and promotes pain reduction and cellular biostimulation, LLLT can be suggested as an alternative treatment for RAUs. The literature concerning the potential of LLLT in the treatment of RAUs was evaluated. A systematic literature review identified 22 publications, of which only 2 studies were adopted. The eligibility criteria consisted of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Both RCTs achieved significant results concerning LLLT and pain‐level reductions and reduced healing times. Despite the variance in irradiation conditions applied in both studies, very similar wavelengths were adopted. There is accordingly strong evidence that wavelength plays an important role in RAU treatment. Taking into account the different parameters applied by selected RCTs, it is not possible to suggest that a specific protocol should be used. However, in light of the significant results found in both studies, LLLT can be suggested as an alternative for RAU treatment. Additional RCTs should be performed in order to reach a clinical protocol and better understand the application of LLLT in RAU treatment.
Cold Snare Polypectomy for Large Sessile Colonic Polyps: A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Muniraj Thiruvengadam , Sahakian Ara , Ciarleglio Maria M. , Deng Yanhong , Aslanian Harry R.
Published: March 2015

Colonoscopic polypectomy has been shown to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer and the mortality. Postpolypectomy bleeding was reported to be lower with cold snare polypectomy (CSP) when compared with conventional polypectomy. CSP has traditionally been utilized only in smaller polyps below 1 cm. We retrospectively analyzed the CSP outcomes in patients with sessile polyps≥10 mm in size and observed that CSP was feasible in large sessile polyps with no adverse events and with an acceptable rate of residual polyp on follow-up colonoscopy. Further prospective study in larger patient groups is warranted to determine optimal CSP techniques and whether CSP for large polyps has favorable efficacy in regard to complete polypectomy, procedure time, and complication rates relative to polypectomy with cautery.