bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Demographic Analysis of Lost River Sucker and Shortnose Sucker Populations in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon
Authors: Janney Eric C. , Shively Rip S. , Hayes Brian S. , Barry Patrick M. , Perkins David
Published: December 2008

We used 13 years (1995‐2007) of capture‐mark‐recapture data to assess population dynamics of endangered Lost River suckers Deltistes luxatus and shortnose suckers Chasmistes brevirostris in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon. The Cormack‐Jolly‐Seber method was used to estimate survival, and information theoretic modeling was used to assess variation due to time, gender, species, and spawning subpopulations. Length data were used to detect multiple year‐class failures and events of high recruitment into adult spawning populations. Average annual survival probability was 0.88 for Lost River suckers and 0.76 for shortnose suckers. Mean life span estimates based on these survival rates indicated that Lost River suckers survived long enough on average to attempt reproduction eight times, whereas shortnose suckers only survived to spawn three to four times. Shortnose sucker survival was not only poor in years of fish kills (1995‐1997) but also was low in years without fish kills (i.e., 2002 and 2004). This suggests that high mortality occurs in some years but is not necessarily associated with fish kills. Annual survival probabilities were not only different between the two species but also differed between two spawning subpopulations of Lost River suckers. Length composition data indicated that recruitment into spawning populations only occurred intermittently. Populations of both species transitioned from primarily old individuals with little size diversity and consistently poor recruitment in the late 1980s and early 1990s to mostly small, recruit‐sized fish by the late 1990s. A better understanding of the factors influencing adult survival and recruitment into spawning populations is needed. Monitoring these vital parameters will provide a quantitative means to evaluate population status and assess the effectiveness of conservation and recovery efforts.
Cenários Prospectivos e a Dinâmica de Sistemas: proposta de um modelo para o setor calçadista
Authors: Blois Henrique Dias , Souza João Carlos
Published: December 2008

Esta pesquisa visa propor uma forma de análise sistêmica do setor calçadista que integre a abordagem de Cenário Prospectivos à Dinâmica de Sistemas. Objetiva-se com isso disponibilizar alternativas que possibilitem análise, descrição e simulação de tendências de mercado para um período de cinco anos. Para a construção dos cenários, adotou-se o método descrito por Grumbach. Após a geração dos cenários, realizou-se a integração com a modelagem hard da Dinâmica de Sistemas. Os resultados indicam que a abordagem proposta pode contribuir para apontar oportunidades e ameaças do ambiente externo, bem como pontos fortes e fracos do ambiente interno, a fim de auxiliar nas decisões estratégicas e na adoção de procedimentos adequados para proteger o mercado calçadista pesquisado.
Promessas e resultados da Nova Gestão Pública no Brasil: o caso das organizações sociais de saúde em São Paulo
Authors: Sano Hironobu , Abrucio Fernando Luiz
Published: December 2008

O modelo da Nova Gestão Pública (NGP) espalhou-se pelo mundo com a promessa de atacar dois males burocráticos: o excesso de procedimentos e a baixa responsabilização dos burocratas frente ao sistema político e à sociedade. A proposta básica foi flexibilizar a administração pública e aumentar a accountability com uma nova forma de provisão dos serviços, baseada na criação de entidades públicas não estatais como as organizações sociais (OS). No Brasil, a experiência reformista se inicia em 1995 com as idéias do Plano Diretor da Reforma do Aparelho do Estado. No campo da saúde, o caso de São Paulo constitui um caso paradigmático para avaliar a implantação da NGP no Brasil. A promessa de maior accountability avançou, mas ainda não alterou o insulamento do Poder Executivo e a baixa capacidade de controle institucional e social sobre ele.
Perfuração de esôfago: análise de 11 casos
Authors: Andrade Aderivaldo Coelho de , Andrade Ana Paula Santos de
Published: December 2008

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o tratamento de 11 pacientes com perfuração de esôfago. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 11 casos de perfuração esofágica tratados pelo autor no Hospital Getúlio Vargas, no período de setembro de 2001 a março de 2008. RESULTADOS: Em seis pacientes (54,5%), a perfuração era no esôfago cervical, quatro (36,4%) no torácico e um (9,1%) no abdominal. A etiologia da lesão foi corpo estranho em cinco casos, arma branca em dois e os outros foram por arma de fogo, dilatação endoscópica, ingestão de substância cáustica e trauma contuso. Diagnóstico e tratamento nas primeiras 24 horas ocorreu em três (27,3%) pacientes e após 24 horas em oito casos (72,7%). O tratamento conservador foi instituído para dois (18,2%), que evoluíram bem e o cirúrgico para nove (81,9%), dentre os quais houve dois óbitos. CONCLUSÃO: a perfuração esofágica é grave, mas um tratamento precoce e adequado pode resultar na sobrevida da maioria dos pacientes.
Urea Ammonium Nitrate Effects on Bispyribac and Penoxsulam Efficacy
Authors: Pearson Bree A. , Scott Robert C. , Carey V. Frank
Published: December 2008

Experiments were conducted at the Lonoke Extension and Applied Research Center greenhouse at Lonoke, AR, to evaluate the effects of urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) on bispyribac and penoxsulam efficacy on barnyardgrass, hemp sesbania, and broadleaf signalgrass. Herbicide treatments included bispyribac at 17.9 or 35.8 g ai/ha or penoxsulam at 24.4 or 48.9 g ai/ha tank mixed with (1) no adjuvant, (2) a nonionic organosilicone (OSL) adjuvant at 0.125% v/v, (3) a methylated seed oil/organosilicone (MSO/OSL) adjuvant at 0.37 L/ha, (4) a proprietary blend of MSO/OSL/UAN at 2% v/v, (5) UAN at 2% v/v, (6) OSL at 0.125% plus UAN at 2% v/v, or (7) MSO/OSL at 0.37 L/ha plus UAN at 2% v/v. In addition to these adjuvants, penoxsulam was also applied with crop oil concentrate (COC) at 2.34 L/ha and with COC at 2.34 L/ha plus UAN at 2% v/v. The addition of UAN to either herbicide plus an adjuvant increased herbicide efficacy on barnyardgrass in the greenhouse, with 95 to 99% biomass reduction of three- to four-leaf barnyardgrass and 88 to 92% biomass reduction of one- to three-tiller barnyardgrass. UAN did not generally increase efficacy on hemp sesbania, as control was 90% or higher with treatments containing either herbicide and a recommended adjuvant. Adding UAN did not increase efficacy on broadleaf signalgrass. Broadleaf signalgrass control was highly variable and no treatment provided more than 65% biomass reduction.
Residual Weeds of Processing Sweet Corn in the North Central Region
Authors: Williams Martin M. , Rabaey Tom L. , Boerboom Chris M.
Published: December 2008

Knowledge of weed community structure in vegetable crops of the north central region (NCR) is poor. To characterize weed species composition present at harvest (hereafter called residual weeds) in processing sweet corn, 175 fields were surveyed in Illinois, Minnesota, and Wisconsin from 2005 to 2007. Weed density was enumerated by species in thirty 1-m2quadrats placed randomly along a 300- to 500-m loop through the field, and additional species observed outside quadrats were also recorded. Based on weed community composition, population density, and mean plant size, overall weed interference level was rated. A total of 56 residual weed species were observed and no single species dominated the community of NCR processing sweet corn. Several of the most abundant species, such as common lambsquarters and velvetleaf, have been problems for many years, while other species, like wild-proso millet, have become problematic in only the last 20 yr. Compared to a survey of weeds in sweet corn more than 40 yr ago, greater use of herbicides is associated with reductions in weed density by approximately an order of magnitude; however, 57% of fields appeared to suffer yield loss due to weeds. Sweet corn harvest in the NCR ranges from July into early October. Earlier harvests were characterized by some of the highest weed densities, while late-emerging weeds such as eastern black nightshade occurred in fields harvested after August. Fall panicum, giant foxtail, wild-proso millet, common lambsquarters, and velvetleaf were the most abundant species across the NCR, yet each state had some unique dominant weeds.
Control of Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) and Smooth Pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) in Summer Squash with Halosulfuron
Authors: Trader Brian W. , Wilson Henry P. , Hines Thomas E.
Published: December 2008

Field experiments were conducted in 1999, 2000, and 2001 to investigate PRE and POST applications of halosulfuron-methyl in combination with clomazone plus ethalfluralin for control of sedge and smooth pigweed in summer squash. Halosulfuron was applied PRE or POST to summer squash at 9, 18, or 27 g ai/ha in combination with a PRE application of clomazone at 175 g ai/ha plus ethalfluralin at 630 g ai/ha. Smooth pigweed control by addition of halosulfuron at 18 and 27 g/ha in combination with clomazone plus ethalfluralin PRE was greater than 89% independent of application method. Yellow nutsedge control was greater than 83% with POST applications of halosulfuron at 18 and 27 g/ha in combination with clomazone plus ethalfluralin PRE. Yellow nutsedge control was greater than 60% from all POST halosulfuron applications at 9, 18, or 27 g/ha in the greenhouse. In a separate field study without ethalfluralin PRE, rice flatsedge control was more than 85% from halosulfuron applied POST at 18 and 27 g/ha. Yellow summer squash and zucchini squash were injured as much as 52 and 47%, respectively, from inclusion of halosulfuron PRE or POST at 27 g/ha in treatments. Summer squash yields were generally not affected by halosulfuron rate, and were comparable to or higher than summer squash treated by only the mixture of clomazone plus ethalfluralin. In these studies, summer squash were injured by halosulfuron applied at 9 to 27 g/ha PRE or POST, yet rapidly recovered, making this herbicide acceptable for use in combination with clomazone and ethalfluralin for controlling several common weed species.
Mesotrione and Glufosinate in Glufosinate-Resistant Corn
Authors: Armel Gregory R. , Richardson Robert J. , Wilson Henry P. , Hines Thomas E.
Published: December 2008

Field experiments were conducted in 1999 and 2000 to evaluate early POST (EPOST) and late POST (LPOST) control of common ragweed and giant foxtail with mesotrione at 70, 105, and 140 g ai/ha alone and in mixtures with glufosinate at 300 g ai/ha in glufosinate-resistant corn. Glufosinate-resistant corn injury was frequently higher with mixtures of mesotrione plus glufosinate than with mesotrione applied alone. Mixtures of mesotrione with glufosinate applied EPOST injured corn 6 to 21% in 1999, but in 2000, injury from mixtures was 23 to 30% from LPOST applications. Common ragweed control was above 77% with all treatments, which included 105 g/ha mesotrione. Giant foxtail control was higher at 76 to 78% by mixtures of mesotrione with glufosinate applied LPOST than by mesotrione alone. Corn yields were highest when glufosinate was included in treatments at either application timing. In the greenhouse, mixtures of mesotrione with glufosinate-injured glufosinate-resistant corn 11% or less, but corn biomass was reduced by 25% for the mixture of mesotrione at 105 g/ha plus glufosinate at 350 g/ha. Mixtures of mesotrione with glufosinate can be more effective than mesotrione alone but control of common ragweed and giant foxtail might not be commercially acceptable.
Glare‐limited appearances in HDR images
Authors: Rizzi Alessandro , McCann John J.
Published: December 2008

Abstract— Intraocular glare and simultaneous contrast control appearance in high‐dynamic‐range (HDR) images. This paper describes unique test targets that simulate real images. These targets change the HDR range by 500 times, without significantly changing the veiling glare on the retina. As well, these targets have nearly constant simultaneous contrast. The range of appearances possible from HDR images with different average luminances were measured. The targets displayed a maximum luminance range of 5.4 log units. Using magnitude estimates (MagEst) of appearances, the relationship between luminance and lightness from white to black was measured. With one exception, only small changes in appearance with large changes in dynamic range were found. It was also found that appearance was scene‐dependent. The same dark grays (MagEst = 10) were observed with luminances of 10, 4.2, 1.1, and 0.063, depending on the percentage of white area in the surround. Glare from more white increases the retinal luminance of the test areas. Simultaneous contrast counteracts glare by making the appearance range (white‐black) with a much smaller range of luminances. Appearance is controlled by both the optical scattered light and the spatial processing. A single tone‐scale function of luminance cannot describe appearance controlled by scatter and spatial processing.
Mercury-induced reproductive impairment in fish
Authors: Crump Kate L. , Trudeau Vance L.
Published: December 2008

Mercury is a potent neurotoxin, and increasing levels have led to concern for human and wildlife health in many regions of the world. During the past three decades, studies in fish have examined the effects of sublethal mercury exposure on a range of endpoints within the reproductive axis. Mercury studies have varied from highly concentrated aqueous exposures to ecologically relevant dietary exposures using levels comparable to those currently found in the environment. This review summarizes data from both laboratory and field studies supporting the hypothesis that mercury in the aquatic environment impacts the reproductive health of fish. The evidence presented suggests that the inhibitory effects of mercury on reproduction occur at multiple sites within the reproductive axis, including the hypothalamus, pituitary, and gonads. Accumulation of mercury in the fish brain has resulted in reduced neurosecretory material, hypothalamic neuron degeneration, and alterations in parameters of monoaminergic neurotransmission. At the level of the pituitary, mercury exposure has reduced and/or inactivated gonadotropin-secreting cells. Finally, studies have examined the effects of mercury on the reproductive organs and demonstrated a range of effects, including reductions in gonad size, circulating reproductive steroids, gamete production, and spawning success. Despite some variation between studies, there appears to be sufficient evidence from laboratory studies to link exposure to mercury with reproductive impairment in many fish species. Currently, the mechanisms underlying these effects are unknown; however, several physiological and cellular mechanisms are proposed within this review.
Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in Chesapeake Bay region, USA, peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs: Urban/rural trends
Authors: Potter Katherine E. , Watts Bryan D. , La Guardia Mark J. , Harvey Ellen P. , Hale Robert C.
Published: December 2008

A total of 23 peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) eggs were obtained between 1993 and 2002 from 13 nests, encompassing 11 locations in the Chesapeake Bay region, USA. When multiple eggs were available from the same clutch, average clutch contaminant concentrations were calculated. An overall median total polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) level of 201 ng/g wet weight was determined for the eggs/clutches examined. The maximum in an individual egg, from an urban highway bridge site, was 354 ng/g. This egg also exhibited the highest BDE 209 burden (48.2 ng/g). Compared to distributions reported in fish and piscivorous birds, falcon eggs were enriched in the more brominated congeners. The BDE congeners 153, 99, and 100 constituted 26.0, 24.8, and 13.1%, respectively, of total PBDEs. In most aquatic species, BDE 47 is the most abundant congener reported; however, it constituted only 4.4% of total PBDEs in the eggs of the present study. The median BDE 209 concentration was 6.3 ng/g. The sum of the octa- to nonabrominated congeners (BDEs 196, 197, 206, 207, and 208) contributed, on average, 14.0% of total PBDEs, exceeding the contribution of BDE 209 (5.9%). Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (4,4′-DDE) also were determined in a subset of 16 eggs (collected in 2001–2002 from six nests) and were an order of magnitude greater than the corresponding PBDEs. Median BDE 209 concentrations were significantly correlated (p < 0.01, Spearman R = 0.690) with the human population density of the area surrounding the nest. Total PBDEs, total PCBs, and 4,4′-DDE levels were not correlated to human population density.
Application of linear discriminant analysis to the study of dew chemistry on the basis of samples collected in Poland (2004–2005)
Authors: Klimaszewska Kamila , Sârbu Costel , Polkowska Żaneta , Lech Dariusz , Pasławski Piotr , Małek Stanisław , Namieśnik Jacek
Published: December 2008

This paper presents the results of determination of selected characteristics (anions, cations, formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, phenols, TC, TIC, TOC and metals) in dew samples collected in six different sites in Poland. The influence of local parameters (e.g. wind speed, humidity) was investigated. Discriminant analysis was applied to the study of several dew samples collected from different sampling sites covering six agglomerations in Poland. Discriminant function analysis was used not only for classifying samples into different groups with a better than chance accuracy, but also for detecting the most important variables that discern between the groups of samples considered. In this way it was possible to identify which ions or other physicochemical features are responsible for the similarities or differences observed between different groups of dew samples. A good agreement with their origin and location was observed. It is interesting to note that the classification of all samples was dominated by pH, wind direction, pressure and temperature with a significant contribution of Na+ and Cl− ions.
Synthesis and structure of new 3,7,10-substituted-phenothiazine derivatives
Authors: Turdean Raluca , Bogdan Elena , Terec Anamaria , Petran Anca , Vlase Laurian , Turcu Ioan , Grosu Ion
Published: December 2008

The synthesis of new 3,7-dibromophenothiazine derivatives bearing bromoalkyl, mercaptoalkyl and alkylthioacetate groups on the N atom at position 10 is reported. The Suzuki coupling reaction of one of these derivatives via the bromine atoms at positions 3 and 7 with bromothiophene derivatives is also discussed.
Synthesis and structural characterization of amino-functionalized polysaccharides
Authors: Sisu Ioana , Udrescu Valentina , Flangea Corina , Tudor Sorin , Dinca Nicolae , Rusnac Lucian , Zamfir Alina , Sisu Eugen
Published: December 2008

A variety of carbohydrates, in particular polysaccharides can be subjected to chemical modification to obtain derivatives with amphiphilic properties, which enable biochemical or biological reactions at the polymer surface. In the present work, a polydisperse maltodextrin mixture of average molecular weight 3000 was coupled with 1,6-hexamethylenediamine (HMD) via reductive amination reaction. Resulting products were characterized by thermal analysis and positive nanoelectrospray quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Both thermal analysis and MS screening confirmed the formation of the HMD-polysaccharide coupling products. Moreover, HMD-linked polysaccharide chains containing 2 to 26 glucose building blocks were identified by nanoESI Q-TOF MS. MS/MS fragmentation using collision-induced dissociation (CID) at low ion acceleration energies provided strong evidence for HMD-maltodextrin linkage formation and the set of sequence ions diagnostic for the composition and structure of a HMD-linked chain containing 18 glucose residues.
Development of efficient method for preconcentration and determination of copper, nickel, zinc and iron ions in environmental samples by combination of cloud point extraction and flame atomic absorption spectrometry
Authors: Ghaedi Mehrorang , Shokrollahi Ardeshir , Niknam Khodabakhsh , Niknam Ebrahim , Soylak Mustafa
Published: December 2008

A cloud point extraction procedure for the preconcentration of copper, nickel, iron and zinc ions in various samples has been described. Analyte ions in aqueous phase are complexed with 3-((indolin-3-yl)(phenyl)methyl)indoline (IYPMI) and following centrifugation quantitatively extracted to the aqueous phase rich in Triton X-114. The surfactant-rich phase was dissolved in 2.0 mol L−1 HNO3 in methanol prior to metal content determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The effects of some parameters including, the concentrations of IYPMI, Triton X-114 and HNO3, bath temperature, centrifuge rate and time were investigated on the recoveries of analyte ions. At optimum conditions, the detection limits of (3 SDb m−1) of 1.6, 2.8, 2.1 and 1.1 ng mL−1 for Cu2+, Fe3+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ along with preconcentration factors of 30 and enrichment factor of 48, 39, 34 and 52 for Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe3+ and Zn2+ respectively, were obtained. The proposed cloud point extraction has been successfully applied for the determination of metal ions in real samples with complicated matrix such as biological, soil and blood samples with high efficiency.
Reconsidering the Cut Score of Korean National Medical Licensing Examination
Authors: Ahn Duck Sun , Ahn Sowon
Published: December 2008

After briefly reviewing theories of standard setting we analyzed the problems of the current cut scores. Then, we reported the results of need assessment on the standard setting among medical educators and psychometricians. Analyses of the standard setting methods of developed countries were reported as well. Based on these findings, we suggested the Bookmark and the modified Angoff methods as alternative methods for setting standard. Possible problems and challenges were discussed when these methods were applied to the National Medical Licensing Examination.
Differential reinforcement of high rate behavior to increase the pace of self‐feeding
Authors: Girolami Kelli M. , Kahng SungWoo , Hilker Kellie A. , Girolami Peter A.
Published: December 2008

Although numerous studies have examined treatments for increasing food consumption among children with pediatric feeding disorders, very few have examined treatment of other mealtime‐related difficulties. One such problem is a slow pace of self‐feeding, which can lead to caregivers failure to adhere to treatments or be disruptive to others. We examined the effects of a differential reinforcement of high rate (DRH) intervention to increase a 9‐year‐old boy's pace of self‐feeding. During treatment, the child received reinforcement contingent on consuming his meal within 30 min. Results showed an increase in the pace of self‐feeding and a concomitant decrease in meal duration as compared to baseline. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treating sleep disturbance in infants: What generalizes?
Authors: Healey Dione , France Karyn G. , Blampied Neville M.
Published: December 2008

When treating infant sleep problems implementing treatment procedures at bedtime‐only might be easier and more efficient than requiring parents to implement procedures throughout the night, but only if improvements at bedtime generalize to later in the night. This study investigated the immediate and generalized effect of treating bedtime settling problems and later night waking in infants and whether it was parent or child behavior that generalized. Parents recorded sleep problems of seven infants (6–20 months) who exhibited chronic sleep disturbance, then implemented a graduated checking procedure at bedtime‐only (Setting 1). A multiple‐baseline across‐settings and participants design was employed. Immediate (in Setting 1) and any generalized effects (in Setting 2) on wakings and other changes in parent and child behavior were assessed by diary information and all‐night infra‐red video recordings. Clinically significant reductions in sleep problems were evident for five out of seven infants, but these were not consistently observed until parents generalized their use of the procedure throughout the night. There was no evidence that the infants generalized changes in self‐soothing from bedtime to later. It is concluded that changes in infant sleep problems are unlikely to occur unless parents actually alter their management of the problems across all settings in which the problems occur. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A two‐dimensional continuum model of biofilm growth incorporating fluid flow and shear stress based detachment
Authors: Duddu Ravindra , Chopp David L. , Moran Brian
Published: December 2008

We present a two‐dimensional biofilm growth model in a continuum framework using an Eulerian description. A computational technique based on the eXtended Finite Element Method (XFEM) and the level set method is used to simulate the growth of the biofilm. The model considers fluid flow around the biofilm surface, the advection–diffusion and reaction of substrate, variable biomass volume fraction and erosion due to the interfacial shear stress at the biofilm–fluid interface. The key assumptions of the model and the governing equations of transport, biofilm kinetics and biofilm mechanics are presented. Our 2D biofilm growth results are in good agreement with those obtained by Picioreanu et al. (Biotechnol Bioeng 69(5):504–515, 2000). Detachment due to erosion is modeled using two continuous speed functions based on: (a) interfacial shear stress and (b) biofilm height. A relation between the two detachment models in the case of a 1D biofilm is established and simulated biofilm results with detachment in 2D are presented. The stress in the biofilm due to fluid flow is evaluated and higher stresses are observed close to the substratum where the biofilm is attached. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 92–104. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transplantation of embryonic spleen tissue reveals a role for adult non‐lymphoid cells in initiating lymphoid tissue organization
Authors: Glanville Stephanie H. , Bekiaris Vasileios , Jenkinson Eric J. , Lane Peter J. L. , Anderson Graham , Withers David R.
Published: December 2008

In this report we describe a transplantation system where embryonic spleens are grafted into adult hosts. This model can be used to analyze the cellular and molecular requirements for the development and organization of splenic microenvironments. Whole embryonic day 15 (ED15) spleens, grafted under the kidney capsule of adult mice, were colonized by host‐derived lymphocytes and DC and developed normal splenic architecture. Grafts were also able to form germinal centers in response to T‐dependent antigen. Using this system we demonstrated that adult host‐derived lymphotoxin (LT) α was sufficient for the development of ED15 LTα−/− grafts. Grafting of ED15 LTα−/− spleens into RAG−/− hosts followed by transfer of LT α−/− splenocytes revealed no requirement for lymphocyte‐derived LT α in the induction of CCL21 or the development of T‐zone stroma. These data suggest that interactions between adult lymphoid‐tissue inducer‐like cells and embryonic stromal cells initiated T‐zone development. Furthermore, adult lymphoid tissue inducer‐like cells were shown to develop from bone marrow‐derived progenitors. The model described here demonstrates a method of transferring whole splenic microenvironments and dissecting the stromal and hematopoietic signals involved in spleen development and organization.
Tumor progression inhibits the induction of multifunctionality in adoptively transferred tumor‐specific CD8+ T cells
Authors: Imai Naoko , Ikeda Hiroaki , Tawara Isao , Shiku Hiroshi
Published: December 2008

It is becoming increasingly evident that the multifunctionality of effector cells at the single‐cell level is an important factor to predict the quality of T‐cell response in immunological protection. The significance of the multifunctionality of T cells in anti‐tumor immunity, however, remains unclear. Here, we assessed the IFN‐γ and TNF‐α production and CD107a mobilization in adoptively transferred tumor‐antigen‐specific CD8+ T cells at the single‐cell level. Tumor growth of the murine fibrosarcoma CMS5 was found to limit the induction of multifunctionality in the transferred cells. These cells exhibited insufficient acquisition of the CD25highGITRhighCD62Llow phenotype and reduced infiltration in tumor. Depletion of Treg facilitated the induction of high multifunctionality of the transferred cells even in the hosts with progressing tumor, leading to enhanced tumor regression. The multifunctionality of the transferred cells correlated with in vivo CTL activity, and T cells with high multifunctionality harvested from hosts with successful therapy induced tumor regression when re‐transferred into the tumor‐bearing hosts. These data suggest that the appearance of multifunctional CD8+ effector T cells in vivo is a critical determinant of the success of anti‐tumor immunotherapy and Treg play an important role in the mechanism inhibiting the induction of multifunctionality in effector cells.
Evaluation of instrument leak detection capabilities for smart LDAR application: Refinery testing
Authors: Furry D.W. , Harris G. , Ranum D. , Anderson E.P. , Carlstrom V.M. , Sadik W.A. , Shockley C.E. , Siegell J.H. , Smith D.G.
Published: December 2008

To progress wider application of optical imaging technology for Smart Leak Detection and Repair, confirmatory field test data on instrument leak detection capabilities for refinery streams were collected. During this testing, the optical imaging instrument was used to monitor over 110,000 components in six different refinery process unit areas. Seventy‐two leaks were found (∼0.065% of total components) using the optical imaging instrument and 40 of these leaks were bagged to quantify the mass emission rate. In addition, 30 components with high Method 21 readings that were not detected as leakers with the optical imaging instrument were bagged. The monitoring team was able to view over 4500 components per hour on average. This article includes a summary of the process areas monitored with the optical imaging instrument, the approximate number of components monitored in each process area, the time for this monitoring, a list of the components found leaking by the optical imaging instrument, the Method 21 reading for the leaking components, and the mass emission rate if the component was bagged. The minimum size refinery leak detected by the instrument during this test was 0.18 grams per hour. The maximum leak found by Method 21 that the camera could not detect was 11 grams per hour. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2009
Modeling competitive adsorption of copper(II), lead(II), and cadmium(II) by kaolinite‐based clay mineral/humic acid system
Authors: Hizal Julide , Apak Resat , Hoell W.H.
Published: December 2008

The aim of this work is to investigate and model the simultaneous adsorption of Cu(II), Cd(II), and Pb(II) in the presence and absence of humic acid on kaolinite‐based clays. The preliminary capacity estimation of clays for metal was made with the use of a modified Langmuir approach, and adsorption data collected at various pH were processed using the FITEQL 3.2 computer program to establish the model. The three types of surface sites responsible for adsorption were considered to be the permanent charge sites X, and variable charge sites comprised of S1OH silanol groups and S2OH aluminol groups of kaolinite‐based clays. Heavy metal cations were assumed to bind to the surface in the form of outer sphere and inner sphere monodentate complexes. When humic acid was added, divalent metal ion adsorption was modeled using a multisite binding model by the aid of FITEQL 3.2. Since the stability of the ternary surface complexes in the presence of humic acid was higher than that of the corresponding binary heavy metal cation complexes, the adsorption versus pH curves were steeper (and distinctly S‐shaped) compared with the tailed curves observed in binary clay‐metal ion systems, probably due to the fact that humic acid‐coated kaolinite essentially constituted the active surface for metal sorption. Although competitive metal adsorption from (metal ions mixture+humate) solutions was generally lower than those from individual metal ion solutions, Cd2+, being the metal ion with the highest affinity toward permanent charge sites, was the least affected ion at relatively low pH from competitive adsorption. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2009
Petrographic and geochemical characterization of Archaic‐Hellenistic tableware production at Solunto, Sicily
Authors: Montana Giuseppe , Iliopoulos Ioannis , Tardo Valeria , Greco Caterina
Published: December 2008

A selected assortment of Archaic‐Hellenistic tableware samples from Solunto, a Phoenician‐Punic site located 20 km east of Palermo (Sicily), has been subjected to thin‐section petrography and chemical analysis (XRF). In this settlement several ceramic kilns remained operative over a long time period (7th to 3rd century B.C.). The main goal of this analytical study is to distinguish the ceramics manufactured locally from regional and off‐island imports. Analytical results were matched to similar data concerning local natural clay sources and to coeval tableware productions from other sites in the same area. The ceramic pastes used by the ancient craftsmen of Solunto in the case of this class of pottery could be differentiated clearly by their petrochemical characteristics. We conclude that ceramics were locally produced far beyond satisfying just internal consumption needs, indicating interaction of Solunto with neighboring Greek colonies, indigenous people, and Phoenician‐Punic colonies of Sicily. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diagnosis and management of hereditary paraganglioma syndrome due to the F933>X67 SDHD mutation
Authors: Marvin Monica L. , Bradford Carol R. , Sisson James C. , Gruber Stephen B.
Published: December 2008

Background

The hereditary paraganglioma syndromes (PGLs) are autosomal dominant conditions with an increased risk for tumors of the sympathetic and parasympathetic neuroendocrine systems. The recognition of patients with hereditary PGL and identification of the responsible gene are important for the management of index patients and family members.

Methods

We present the clinical, radiological, biochemical, and family history findings of a 15‐year‐old boy patient with a glomus vagale versus glomus jugulare tumor.

Results

Evaluation of the family history and the patient's history led to the identification of a familial succinate dehydrogenase subunit D (SDHD) gene mutation (F933>X67), consistent with a diagnosis of hereditary PGL1. Although this family had all head and neck tumors, this SDHD mutation has previously been described in a family with primarily functional pheochromocytomas.

Conclusions

This case report highlights the variable expressivity of a single mutation in SDHD, (F933>X67). Careful and comprehensive screening is warranted for individuals at risk. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Outcome of craniofacial surgery in children and adolescents with malignant tumors involving the skull base: An international collaborative study
Authors: Gil Ziv , Patel Snehal G. , Cantu Giulio , Fliss Dan M. , Kowalski Luiz P. , Singh Bhuvanesh , Snyderman Carl , Kraus Dennis H. , Shah Jatin P. ,   International Collaborative Study Group
Published: December 2008

Background

The aim of the study was to characterize the distribution of anterior skull base (ASB) cancers in the pediatric population and to identify predictors of outcome.

Methods

This was an international study of 1307 patients undergoing craniofacial surgery for malignant tumors; 6.4% (n = 84) among these were ≤21 years old.

Results

The most common histologic type was sarcoma (40%), followed by squamous cell carcinoma (14%). Higher incidence of tumors was found in older children (7.5–21 years) compared to younger children. The 5‐year disease‐specific and overall survival rates were 61% and 55%, respectively (median follow‐up of 30 months). The best prognosis was associated with low‐grade sarcomas and the worst with salivary and squamous cell carcinomas. High‐grade sarcoma represented an intermediate risk group. On multivariate analysis, prior radiotherapy and histology were independent predictors of survival.

Conclusion

Surgery for malignant tumors involving the ASB is feasible and safe in children. Histology is significant determinant of poor outcome in this population. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Tumor‐derived microvesicles in sera of patients with head and neck cancer and their role in tumor progression
Authors: Bergmann Christoph , Strauss Laura , Wieckowski Eva , Czystowska Malgorzata , Albers Andreas , Wang Yun , Zeidler Reinhard , Lang Stephan , Whiteside Theresa L.
Published: December 2008

Background

Tumor‐derived membranous vesicles (MV) isolated from sera of the patients with squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck (HNSCC) induce apoptosis of activated CD8+ T cells. We tested if MV molecular profile and activity correlate with disease progression.

Methods

CD8+ Jurkat cells were incubated with MAGE 3/6+, FasL+, MHC class I+ MV isolated from sera of 60 patients with HNSCC and 25 normal controls by exclusion chromatography and ultracentrifugation. Z‐VAD‐FITC binding to Jurkat was measured and correlated with clinical data.

Results

MV from patients' sera, but not from sera of normal controls, induced Jurkat cell apoptosis. Forty‐five percent T cells+MV from patients with N1‐N3 disease were apoptotic versus 18% T cells+MV from patients with N0 disease (p < .008). MV from patients with active disease (AD) expressed higher FasL levels than MV from patients with no evident disease (NED) or normal controls (p ≤ .01).

Conclusion

MAGE 3/6+, FasL+, and MHCI+ MV in sera of patients induced T‐cell apoptosis, which correlated with disease activity and the presence of lymph node metastases. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Population‐based detection of Lynch syndrome in young colorectal cancer patients using microsatellite instability as the initial test
Authors: Schofield Lyn , Watson Natasha , Grieu Fabienne , Li Wei Qi , Zeps Nik , Harvey Jennet , Stewart Colin , Abdo Michael , Goldblatt Jack , Iacopetta Barry
Published: December 2008

Approximately 1–2% of colorectal cancers (CRC) arise because of germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes, referred to as Lynch syndrome. These tumours show microsatellite instability (MSI) and loss of expression of mismatch repair proteins. Pre‐symptomatic identification of mutation carriers has been demonstrated to improve survival; however, there is concern that many are not being identified using current practices. We evaluated population‐based MSI screening of CRC in young patients as a means of ascertaining mutation carriers. CRC diagnosed in patients aged <60 years were identified from pathology records. No prior information was available on family history of cancer. PCR techniques were used to determine MSI in the BAT‐26 mononucleotide repeat and mutation in the BRAF oncogene. Loss of MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2 protein expression was evaluated in MSI+ tumours by immunohistochemistry. MSI+ tumours were found in 105/1,344 (7.8%) patients, of which 7 were excluded as possible Lynch syndrome because of BRAF mutation. Of the 98 “red flag” cases that were followed up, 25 were already known as mutation carriers or members of mutation carrier families. Germline test results were obtained for 35 patients and revealed that 22 showed no apparent mutation, 11 showed likely pathogenic mutations and 2 had unclassified variants. The proportion of MSI+ cases in different age groups that were estimated to be mutation carriers was 89% (<30 years), 83% (30–39), 68% (40–49) and 17% (50–59). We recommend MSI as the initial test for population‐based screening of Lynch syndrome in younger CRC patients, regardless of family history. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Season of cancer diagnosis exerts distinct effects upon short‐ and long‐term survival
Authors: Roychoudhuri Rahul , Robinson David , Coupland Victoria , Holmberg Lars , Møller Henrik
Published: December 2008

Several epidemiological studies have shown an association between the season in which certain cancers are diagnosed and survival, with diagnosis in summer and autumn being associated with better survival. In this study, we have added resolution to the analysis of seasonality in cancer survival by considering mortality within several nonoverlapping time periods following diagnosis, thereby quantifying the separate contributions of mechanisms operating in the short term and in the longer term. We found evidence of seasonality acting on mortality within 2 distinct periods following diagnosis. Diagnosis in the summer was associated with substantially decreased mortality within the first month of diagnosis compared with winter in men with prostate cancer, those of both sexes with colorectal or lung cancer, and most strikingly, amongst women with breast cancer (hazard ratio 0.81 [95% confidence interval 0.75–0.86]). Adjusting for monthly variations in general mortality greatly attenuated the seasonal effects on short‐term mortality. At long‐term follow‐up (>5 years), there was a consistent shift in the seasonality pattern, with autumn diagnosis alone being associated with decreased mortality, both in female breast cancer cases and in lung cancer cases of both sexes. We conclude that the higher survival observed amongst patients diagnosed in summer and autumn is predominantly a short‐term phenomenon that is largely attributable to generally higher mortality in winter. However, the distinct mortality reduction observed in the long term amongst those diagnosed in the autumn, especially amongst breast cancer patients, may indicate the presence of a seasonally variable protective mechanism. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute toxicity of parabens and their chlorinated by‐products with Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri bioassays
Authors: Terasaki Masanori , Makino Masakazu , Tatarazako Norihisa
Published: December 2008

The acute toxicity of 21 parabens and their chlorinated derivatives was investigated by means of two toxicity bioassays: Daphnia magna immobilization test and the inhibition of bioluminescence of Vibrio fischeri. The median effective concentration (EC50) values of the tested parabens ranged from 2.2 to 62 mg l−1 in the D. magna test and from 0.0038 to 5.9 mg l−1 in the V. fischeri test at 15 min after exposure. The toxicity of dichlorinated methyl‐ and n‐propylparaben, the most commonly used preservatives in cosmetics, toward D. magna was 3.9‐ and 2.8‐fold that of their corresponding parent compounds. Toxicity toward D. magna showed a linear relationship with log P, indicating that toxicity increases with increasing hydrophobicity. On the other hand, the correlations of toxicity toward V. fischeri with hydrophobicity and with the degree of chlorination were poor. In addition, the results of the present study indicated that the V. fischeri test was more sensitive than the D. magna test for the determination of the acute toxicity of parabens. A complete assessment of the ecological and toxicological risks of parabens may require the examination of chlorinated parabens as well as the parent pollutants, as described in the present study. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of material property and heat treatment on nanomechanical properties of chitosan films
Authors: Majd Shervin , Yuan Youling , Mishra Sanjay , Haggard Warren O. , Bumgardner Joel D.
Published: December 2008

The influence of degree of deacetylation (DDA), molecular weight (MW), and heat treatment on nanomechanical properties of three different chitosan coatings was assessed. Chitosans (2.5 wt % in 2% acetic acid) were solution cast and bonded to glass slides, subjected to 40, 70, or 90°C heat treatments for 1 h, and then allowed to air dry. Non‐heat treated films were used as controls. The nanomechanical and structural properties were evaluated using quasi‐static nanoindentation, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Nanoindentation results showed that the coating with the lowest MW and highest DDA (95.6% DDA and MW = 2.43 × 106 Da) had higher reduced modulus of elasticity, (E = 4.02 ± 0.85 GPa) as compared to the other chitosans; 76.1% DDA/MW = 3.20 × 106 Da, E = 3.66 ± 0.68 GPa, and 92.3% DDA/MW = 7.52 × 106 Da, E = 3.56 ± 0.25 GPa; (n = 75, p < 0.05). Crystallinity index, estimated via XRD, ranged from 36.4% ± 1% to 49.7% ± 6.5%. AFM revealed the presence of different crystalline morphologies such as needle‐like crystals, sheet‐like crystals, and small spherulites. The heat treatments applied during solution casting of the chitosan coatings did not affect morphology or nanomechanical properties. In conclusion, nanomechanical properties of chitosan coatings varied with DDA and MW and may be important to cell/tissue interactions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
Hypersensitivity to plasma exchange in a patient with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Lalmuanpuii Judy , Yalamanchili Kiran , Fircanis Sophia , Nelson John C.
Published: December 2008

To a limited extent, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) in addition to its clinical features is being defined nowadays with laboratory tests such as the assay for the Von Willebrand factor‐cleaving protease (ADAMTS 13) and its antibody. We present a case report of a patient with TTP and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) who had an elevated inhibitor level after plasma exchange. After instituting plasma exchange, patient improved clinically with a platelet count in the normal range. Subsequently, she developed an elevated ADAMTS antibody titer accompanied by a decline in platelet count despite continued exchange. She was successfully treated with a combination of steroids, rituximab and increased dose plasmapheresis. Based on this experience, we conclude that a drop in platelet count while patient is undergoing plasma exchange especially in an initial episode of TTP needs prompt institution of additional therapy to improve outcomes. This case also brings to attention the possibility of an underlying ITP in a patient with an initial diagnosis of TTP. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aging, neighborhood attachment, and fear of crime: testing reciprocal effects
Authors: Oh Joong‐Hwan , Kim Sangmoon
Published: December 2008

This study attempts to examine the reciprocal effects between fear of crime and neighborhood attachment because aging is a critical factor in both discussions of fear of crime and neighborhood attachment (friendship, neighboring, social cohesion and trust, informal social control, and participation in neighborhood watch program). Using data from the Project on Human Development across 343 Chicago neighborhoods, this study tests the impact of aging combined with five measures of neighborhood attachment on fear of crime. Our analyses confirm that all five interaction variables are insignificant in explaining fear of crime. In contrast, this study tests another argument that aging coupled with fear of crime (urban elderly's fear of crime) affects neighborhood attachment. The findings show that rising fear of crime among urban elderly residents helps increase their interactions with neighbors (neighboring) and their perceived level of social cohesion to and trust of neighbors. In short, this study supports a model where an interaction predictor of aging and fear of crime increases neighborhood attachment. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.