bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emerging Ideas. Advancing Family Science Through Public Scholarship: Fostering Community Relationships and Engaging in Broader Impacts
Authors: Monk J. Kale , Bordere Tashel C. , Benson Jacquelyn J.
Published: June 2021

Objective

To increase the awareness and support for family scientists' engagement in public scholarship.

Background

Without appropriate dissemination efforts, important research findings may remain solely in academic journals without reaching the public. Grounded in a social justice perspective, we argue that family scientists are, and should be, on the frontlines of direct social change and activities related to broader impacts.

Method

In this call to action, we articulate the utility and praxis of public scholarship, or the production and dissemination of scientific knowledge for and with communities to create social change for the public good.

Results

Avenues to engaging in public scholarship as a means of disseminating family science research are presented. These avenues include collaborating with individuals who serve in complementary roles, hosting a research press conference to disseminate key findings, and writing for local outlets such as community newspapers. Mechanisms to implement (e.g., resources for developing press releases, infographics, or visual abstracts) and document (e.g., in promotion and tenure materials) these activities are outlined.

Conclusion

This information can help academic family scholars achieve broader impacts of their science activities that illustrate the relevance of family science research in people's lives.

Implications

By shifting academic cultures and engaging in public scholarship, family scholars can increase their reach and contribute to the enfranchisement of marginalized populations, while also enhancing the visibility of findings, building their scholarly networks, and growing public support for family science.
“Wer kennt nicht die Almé der Egyptier?” Benedikte Naubert's Alme oder Egyptische Mährchen (1793–97) and Women Storytellers
Authors: Koser Julie
Published: June 2021

The figure of the almé, an Egyptian female storyteller and entertainer, held sway over the European imagination for centuries, when images of the nebulous “Orient” were conjured by artists, authors, and explorers. Eschewing the eroticized depictions of this figure popularized in European travelogues and narratives, Benedikte Naubert portrays her eponymous narrator as a learned woman. Naubert articulates the perils women faced when they asserted themselves as storytellers. Also, her emphasis on the female storytelling tradition offers a model for contemporary women writers, by laying claim to the respected figure of the almé. The collection's narrator, Almé Rusma, constructs a community of women storytellers that transcends cultural and temporal borders and asserts that women's stories are worth telling.
Kleidung und Altersthematik in „Rotkäppchen“, „Aschenputtel“ und ihren literarischen Adaptionen
Authors: Wray Miriam
Published: June 2021

Volksmärchen bieten ein wichtiges und internationales Forum, wo Beziehungen zwischen Alter und Geschlecht durch den Bezug zur Kleidung bestimmt und geformt werden. Die Bedeutung des Körpers und der Altersthematik sind relativ neue Themen in Studien zur globalen Märchenliteratur. Dieser Beitrag bietet eine systematische, interdisziplinäre und gender‐orientierte Studie zur Kleidung sowie zu den Accessoires und deren Bezug zur Altersthematik in deutschen Volksmärchen, die auch die Psychologie und Entwicklung der einzelnen Figuren berücksichtigt. Diskutiert werden insbesondere „Rotkäppchen“ und „Aschenputtel“, und ausgewählte internationale literarische Adaptionen, wie etwa Ellen Jacksons Cinder Edna, Roberto Innocentis The Girl in Red oder Ed Youngs Lon Po Po: A Red Riding Hood Story from China. Der Aufsatz beleuchtet und vermittelt ein umfassendes Verständnis der dominanten Requisiten der Märchenliteratur: Kleidung und Accessoires.
Red Fairy Tales and Non‐Anthropocentric Solidarity: Hermynia Zur Mühlen, Ernst Bloch, and Siegfried Kracauer
Authors: Powers Michael
Published: June 2021

Hermynia Zur Mühlen (1883–1951) authored several socialist fairy tales during the Weimar Republic, including the collections Was Peterchens Freunde erzählen (1921), Märchen (1922), and Das Schloss der Wahrheit (1924). In many of her tales, inanimate objects come alive, following an age‐old trope common in folklore and fables. Unlike traditional Märchen, however, Zur Mühlen's texts acutely politicize the magical animation of things. This essay explores the solidarity between humans and nonhumans in the writings of this underrepresented author within the context of contemporaneous neo‐Marxist revaluations of the fairy‐tale genre by Ernst Bloch and Siegfried Kracauer. Drawing especially on their reflections on the capacity of the fairy tale to politically disenchant, the nonhuman objects in Zur Mühlen's tales—both natural and manufactured objects—are read in the context of her aim to mobilize the fairy tale as a tool in the quest to create a more egalitarian society.
Municipal long‐term care workforce supply and in‐home deaths at the end of life: Panel data analysis with a fixed‐effect model in Japan
Authors: Abe Kazuhiro , Taniguchi Yuta , Kawachi Ichiro , Watanabe Taeko , Tamiya Nanako
Published: June 2021

Aim

The study assessed the association between boosting the workforce supply by types of long‐term care services and in‐home deaths among older people at the municipality level.

Methods

A fixed‐effect panel data analysis was conducted using administrative data for every 3 years from 2008 to 2014. The outcome was the proportion of home deaths, excluding those due to external factors, such as suicide or accident. The explanatory variables were the full‐time equivalent numbers of care workers engaged in in‐home services, day services, short‐stay services, and long‐term care facilities per 1000 population aged 65 years and older. Ordinary least squares estimation was conducted, with standard errors corrected for clustering at the prefecture level, adjusting the covariates.

Results

Analysis included 1706 municipalities. One care worker increase providing day services per 1000 population aged 65 years and older was associated with a 0.09% increase in the proportion of deaths at home (95% CI: 0.008–0.17). Although statistically non‐significant, the number of care workers providing in‐home services was positively associated with the proportion of home deaths, whereas the number of those providing short‐stay services and providing long‐term care facilities and nursing home services were inversely associated with home deaths.

Conclusions

Given the increased number of care‐dependent older people who opt to stay at home until death, and their informal caregivers who have the burden and stress of care, the findings suggest that policymakers should ensure that the number of care workers for day services is sufficient for supporting care recipients and informal caregivers. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 712–717.
The gradual retreat from academic citizenship
Authors: Beatson Nicola J. , Tharapos Meredith , O'Connell Brendan T. , de Lange Paul , Carr Sarah , Copeland Scott
Published: June 2021

This paper critically explores the notion of academic citizenship, evaluates its importance and argues that faculty have shifted away from engaging in collegial activities to behaviour that is purposefully targeted towards the attainment of academic performance metrics. We highlight the significant implications and challenges for the academy of a gradual retreat from academic citizenship in an era characterised by academic capitalism. We argue that university management urgently need to foster a culture of collegiality that fully appreciates and nurtures academic citizenship, particularly amongst junior faculty as they represent the future of the academy. Furthermore, we call for academic citizenship activities to be explicitly recognised in academic performance metrics and workloads to facilitate prioritisation by faculty.
THE THORN OF HISTORY: UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES AND SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY
Authors: ANKERSMIT FRANK
Published: June 2021

Most, if not all, readers of this journal will be familiar with Hegel's notion of “the Cunning of Reason,” which refers to the idea that the unintended consequences of human action should bring about the self‐realization of the Mind or the Spirit. What Hegel left to his reader's imagination was the question of how order could arise from the chaos of unintended consequences. Nevertheless, Hegel's notion of the unintended consequences of human action is a most fruitful one. In this article, I argue that unintended consequences are “the stuff” from which history is made and that a speculative philosophy of history can be built from them too. This argument infers a speculative philosophy of history from historical writing and not a variant of historical writing from a speculative philosophy of history, as is normally the case. Finally, I discuss how global warming and the impending climate catastrophe can be said to be the prototypical unintended consequences of human action, or to speak with Saddam Hussein, “the mother of all” unintended consequences. This article ends, therefore, with a discussion of how the notion of unintended consequences may contribute to a better understanding of what the Anthropocene must mean for our historical consciousness and for how we locate ourselves in the evolution of history since the dawn of humanity down to the present, in which dark clouds gather over our collective future.
THE ARCHIVE AS CHRONOTOPOS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: TOWARD A HISTORY OF ARCHIVAL TIMES
Authors: STEGLICH SINA
Published: June 2021

The archive produces patterns of time consciousness and makes it possible to order time through its materiality and visibility. Thus, as an institution and as an idea, the archive offers a historical concept of time that is based on specific evidence and perceived authenticity. This hypothesis forms the main focus of my article. Scholars have recently argued that time cannot be perceived when it is in motion; fixing it would therefore enable the handling of time and the construction of specific—that is, historically contextualized and socioculturally and politically relevant—chronotypes. Hence, the archive's status as a complex of repository buildings, archival documents, institutional structures, and scientific practices means that it can be understood as a paradigmatic institution in which projects involving the formation of a concrete chronotype are carried out. This special quality of the archive enables us to discuss its relevance not only at times of crisis and temporal acceleration but also in the experiences of contingency that can be observed in almost all nineteenth‐century European societies. With this historical context in mind, my article raises the question of whether the archive can be read as an authority that helped people to regain orientation in time by constructing and communicating a specific pattern of time. To be more precise, it understands the archive as a physical and conceptual space of time—a chronotopos—in which a historically, nationally bound concept of time is rooted. This interpretation of the archive as a time‐ordering institution helps to shed light on the assemblage of temporal orders in modernity. I thus propose that the historical conceptualization of time qua archive—and the archive's materiality and organic nature—helped to foster a nationalized understanding of time that was not abstract and arbitrary but rather evident and authentic.
MARKING TIME AND WRITING HISTORIES
Authors: ALI MOHAMMED S.
Published: June 2021

Given that historical subjects experience a multiplicity of temporalities, how should scholars themselves keep time? What should they consider when selecting one temporality over another? In this article, I examine scholarship that attempts to reconcile marking time with the analysis of change over time. Before beginning this analysis, I recount how the anno Domini era became the standard for marking time. I then discuss scholarship by Fernand Braudel and David Harvey in order to establish the general sociohistorical recognition that time is a multiplicity experienced differently by its subjects. In doing so, I tease out the irony of scholars accepting temporality as a multiplicity yet nonetheless using the anno Domini calendar system to mark time in their scholarship. I then take up work by Randall Collins, Dipesh Chakrabarty, and Hayden White, laying bare the ways in which they present a series of divergent possibilities for marking time in history that in turn call attention to its irreducible multiplicity. I read these scholars as invested in determining how to create and write with a language that is suitable for studying historical change over time but that does not rely on the assumption that time itself is something monolithic and prioritized above the Weltanschauungen of historical subjects. After presenting their models, I discuss the relative strengths and weaknesses of each approach. Finally, I close this article with a meditation on the dynamics of knowledge production in the historical guild vis‐à‐vis the possibilities and prospects of marking time differently in scholarship.
1. HISTORIOGRAPHY, IDEOLOGY, AND LAW: AN INTRODUCTION
Authors: DESAUTELS‐STEIN JUSTIN , MOYN SAMUEL
Published: June 2021

This is an introduction to a forum on historiography, ideology, and law. The basic question weaving this forum together concerns the meaning of the term “critical” in the domain of critical legal history, a question that is deeply familiar to historians of all stripes. Ultimately, whether you are a lawyer doing historical work, a historian interested in law, or a historian of a different sort altogether, there is no hiding from the question of context and, critically, the ideological stakes in choosing an answer to that question.
STRANGE FUTURES, NEW SUBJECTS
Authors: Riebeling Zachary
Published: June 2021

In History in Times of Unprecedented Change: A Theory for the 21st Century, Zoltán Boldizsár Simon offers a groundbreaking examination of the historical sensibility centered on unprecedented change that has coalesced since the mid‐twentieth century. Simon provides a compelling analysis of this new sensibility and deftly distinguishes it from the progressive philosophies of history that had reigned prior to its emergence. He also develops a crucial theoretical apparatus for registering the unprecedented in both historical ontology and historiographical theory. Chief here is his theory of “history as a disrupted singular,” which marks the unprecedented's disruption of any ontologically stable historical subject and reveals the future and the past to be not our own but the domains of different and alien subject formations. From this philosophical‐historical foundation, Simon also provides a novel theorization of historical writing and historical experience that accounts for the overlapping registers of presence and absence that define our encounters with the past. Along with these innovations, Simon's book reorients former assumptions about historical change, historical subjectivity, and historical experience while revealing the extent to which the unprecedented‐focused historical outlook dominates our relationship with the future. It also raises questions (directly and indirectly) about politics, continuity, and rupture that theorists of history must embrace.
KOSELLECK'S TIMES
Authors: Zammito John H.
Published: June 2021

In this essay, I examine the key features of Reinhart Koselleck's situatedness in his place and time, insofar as they help us grasp his particular slant on historical writing, and then discuss the main thrust of his Historik, or his theory of the possibility of historical practice. Koselleck argued that historical theory must be a theory about time, or, more accurately, times. In his decisive terminology, the historical “present” consisted in the Gleichzeitigkeit des Ungleichzeitigen (contemporaneity of the noncontemporaneous), or the historical moment was analogous to a geological stratification, with different Zeitschichten (sediments of time) making their presence felt in distinct configurations of pressure and pacing. Koselleck strove, within his German cultural situation, to acknowledge the Gadamerian argument for the linguistic character of historical understanding and, indeed, of the human experience it enunciates, but he also suggested that historical practice had to unearth the prelinguistic structures that also (and inescapably) constrained experience and its articulation. All in all, Koselleck provided heuristic considerations for concrete empirical practice, neither endeavoring nor achieving theoretical prescriptions whereby histories must be constructed or adjudicated.
Exploring prevalence of wound infections and related patient characteristics in homecare using natural language processing
Authors: Woo Kyungmi , Song Jiyoun , Adams Victoria , Block Lorraine J. , Currie Leanne M. , Shang Jingjing , Topaz Maxim
Published: June 2021

We aimed to create and validate a natural language processing algorithm to extract wound infection‐related information from nursing notes. We also estimated wound infection prevalence in homecare settings and described related patient characteristics. In this retrospective cohort study, a natural language processing algorithm was developed and validated against a gold standard testing set. Cases with wound infection were identified using the algorithm and linked to Outcome and Assessment Information Set data to identify related patient characteristics. The final version of the natural language processing vocabulary contained 3914 terms and expressions related to the presence of wound infection. The natural language processing algorithm achieved overall good performance (F‐measure = 0.88). The presence of wound infection was documented for 1.03% (n = 602) of patients without wounds, for 5.95% (n = 3232) of patients with wounds, and 19.19% (n = 152) of patients with wound‐related hospitalisation or emergency department visits. Diabetes, peripheral vascular disease, and skin ulcer were significantly associated with wound infection among homecare patients. Our findings suggest that nurses frequently document wound infection‐related information. The use of natural language processing demonstrated that valuable information can be extracted from nursing notes which can be used to improve our understanding of the care needs of people receiving homecare. By linking findings from clinical nursing notes with additional structured data, we can analyse related patients' characteristics and use them to develop a tailored intervention that may potentially lead to reduced wound infection‐related hospitalizations.
The evolutionary impact of population size, mutation rate and virulence on pathogen niche width
Authors: Fisher Adam M.
Published: June 2021

Understanding the evolution of pathogen niche width is important for predicting disease spread and the probability that pathogens can emerge in novel hosts. Findings from previous theoretical studies often suggest that pathogens will evolve to be specialists in specific host environments. However, several of these studies make unrealistic assumptions regarding demographic stochasticity and the ability of pathogens to select their hosts. Here, an individual‐based model was used to predict how population size, virulence and pathogen mutation rate affects the evolution niche specialism in pathogens. Pathogen specialism evolved regardless of virulence or populations size; thus, the findings of this study are somewhat consistent with those of previous work. However, because specialist pathogens had only a weak selective advantage over generalist pathogens, high mutation rates caused random trait variation to accumulate, preventing the evolution of specialism. Mutation rate varies greatly across different species and strains of pathogen. By showing that high mutation rates may prevent pathogen specialism evolving, this study highlights an intrinsic pathogen trait that may influence the evolution of pathogen niche width.
Is “Not Guilty” the Same as “Innocent”? Evidence from SEC Financial Fraud Investigations
Authors: Solomon David H. , Soltes Eugene
Published: June 2021

When the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) investigates firms for financial fraud, investors learn about the investigation only if managers disclose it, or regulators sanction the firm. We investigate the effects of such disclosures using confidential records on all investigations, regardless of outcome. Even when no charges are brought, firms that voluntarily disclose an investigation underperform non‐disclosing firms by 11.7 percent over the following year. Disclosure is associated with a higher chance of shareholder class action lawsuits, and more prominent disclosures are associated with worse returns. CEOs who disclose an investigation are 14 percent more likely to experience turnover. Our results are consistent with transparency about bad news being punished by financial and labor markets.
Better response to low FODMAP diet in disorders of gut–brain interaction patients with pronounced hydrogen response to a nutrient challenge test
Authors: Schindler Valeria , Giezendanner Stéphanie , Van Oudenhove Lukas , Murray Fritz Ruprecht , Buehler Joelle , Bordier Valentine , Hente Juliane , Pohl Daniel
Published: June 2021

Background and Aim

Previous studies have shown a reduction of gastrointestinal symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients following a low FODMAP diet (LFD). It remains unknown which disorders of gut–brain interaction (DGBI) patients would benefit most from LFD. We aimed to analyze LFD response regarding a preceding nutrient challenge test (NCT).

Methods

Data of 110 consecutive DGBI patients undergoing NCT and LFD between August 2015 and August 2018 were analyzed retrospectively. LFD response was assessed by changes in IBS Symptom Severity Score (IBS‐SSS). In mixed‐effects linear regression models, the impact of hydrogen values and abdominal symptoms during NCT, performed with 30‐g lactulose and 400‐mL liquid test meal, on IBS‐SSS changes were analyzed.

Results

Low FODMAP diet induced a significant IBS‐SSS reduction of 78 points (95% confidence interval [CI] 50–96;P < 0.001). Patients with higher NCT‐induced hydrogen increase during proximal intestinal transit had a significantly better LFD response (−66 IBS‐SSS reduction per 10‐ppm hydrogen increase, 95% CI −129 to −4,P = 0.045). Additionally, the higher the NCT‐induced maximum hydrogen increase during mid‐distal and distal intestinal transit, the better are the responses to LFD (−6 IBS‐SSS per 10‐ppm maximum delta hydrogen, 95% CI −11 to −1,P = 0.040). There was no association of LFD response with abdominal symptom generation during NCT.

Conclusions

Our study is the first one analyzing and demonstrating significant associations between NCT results and LFD response. These findings are of high clinical importance, as they identify a subgroup of DGBI patients that may profit most from a restrictive LFD as first‐line therapy.
Identification and Management of Traveler's Diarrhea
Authors: Levi Miriam E.
Published: June 2021

Traveler's diarrhea (TD) is a common occurrence when people travel to foreign countries and can affect individuals of all ages, including those who are pregnant. This clinical syndrome is caused by a variety of intestinal pathogens, and treatment is based on the acuity of the patient's symptoms. This case report describes the clinical presentation and management of a pregnant woman with a history of TD who requests an antibiotic prescription for the potential need of empiric self‐treatment of TD for an upcoming business trip outside of the United States. The clinical presentation of TD, differential diagnoses, treatment plan options, prevention recommendations, and empiric self‐treatment are reviewed. Current evidence‐based guidelines are discussed, and high‐risk conditions such as pregnancy are considered.
Wnt5a modulates dendritic spine dynamics through the regulation of Cofilin via small Rho GTPase activity in hippocampal neurons
Authors: Vallejo Daniela , Lindsay Carolina B. , González‐Billault Christian , Inestrosa Nibaldo C.
Published: June 2021

Dendritic spines are small, actin‐rich protrusions that act as the receiving sites of most excitatory inputs in the central nervous system. The remodeling of the synapse architecture is mediated by actin cytoskeleton dynamics, a process precisely regulated by the small Rho GTPase family. Wnt ligands exert their presynaptic and postsynaptic effects during formation and consolidation of the synaptic structure. Specifically, Wnt5a has been identified as an indispensable synaptogenic factor for the regulation and organization of the postsynaptic side; however, the molecular mechanisms through which Wnt5a induces morphological changes resulting from actin cytoskeleton dynamics within dendritic spines remain unclear. In this work, we employ primary rat hippocampal cultures and HT22 murine hippocampal neuronal cell models, molecular and pharmacological tools, and fluorescence microscopy (laser confocal and epifluorescence) to define the Wnt5a‐induced molecular signaling involved in postsynaptic remodeling mediated via the regulation of the small Rho GTPase family. We report that Wnt5a differentially regulates the phosphorylation of Cofilin in neurons through both Ras‐related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 and cell division cycle 42 depending on the subcellular compartment and the extracellular calcium levels. Additionally, we demonstrate that Wnt5a increases the density of dendritic spines and promotes their maturation via Ras‐related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1. Accordingly, we find that Wnt5a requires the combined activation of small Rho GTPases to increase the levels of filamentous actin, thus promoting the stability of actin filaments. Altogether, these results provide evidence for a new mechanism by which Wnt5a may target actin dynamics, thereby regulating the subsequent morphological changes in dendritic spine architecture.

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Breathing, speaking, coughing or sneezing: What drives transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2?
Authors: Stadnytskyi V. , Anfinrud P. , Bax A.
Published: June 2021

The SARS‐CoV‐2 virus is highly contagious, as demonstrated by numerous well‐documented superspreading events. The infection commonly starts in the upper respiratory tract (URT) but can migrate to the lower respiratory tract (LRT) and other organs, often with severe consequences. Whereas LRT infection can lead to shedding of virus via breath and cough droplets, URT infection enables shedding via abundant speech droplets. Their viral load can be high in carriers with mild or no symptoms, an observation linked to the abundance of SARS‐CoV‐2‐susceptible cells in the oral cavity epithelium. Expelled droplets rapidly lose water through evaporation, with the smaller ones transforming into long‐lived aerosol. Although the largest speech droplets can carry more virions, they are few in number, fall to the ground rapidly and therefore play a relatively minor role in transmission. Of more concern is small speech aerosol, which can descend deep into the LRT and cause severe disease. However, since their total volume is small, the amount of virus they carry is low. Nevertheless, in closed environments with inadequate ventilation, they can accumulate, which elevates the risk of direct LRT infection. Of most concern is the large fraction of speech aerosol that is intermediate‐sized because it remains suspended in air for minutes and can be transported over considerable distances by convective air currents. The abundance of this speech‐generated aerosol, combined with its high viral load in pre‐ and asymptomatic individuals, strongly implicates airborne transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 through speech as the primary contributor to its rapid spread.
Cyclical aspiration using a novel mechanical thrombectomy device is associated with a high TICI 3 first pass effect in large‐vessel strokes
Authors: Kalousek Vladimir , Yoo Albert J. , Sheth Sunil A. , Janardhan Vikram , Mamic Josip , Janardhan Vallabh
Published: June 2021

Background and Purpose

Complete reperfusion (TICI 3) after the first thrombectomy attempt or first pass effect (FPE) is associated with best clinical outcomes in large‐vessel occlusion (LVO) acute ischemic stroke. While endovascular therapy techniques have improved substantially, FPE remains low (24–30%), and new methods to improve reperfusion efficiency are needed.

Methods

In a prospective observational cohort study, 40 consecutive patients underwent cyclical aspiration thrombectomy using CLEARTM Aspiration System (Insera Therapeutics Inc., Dallas, TX). Primary outcome included FPE with complete/near‐complete reperfusion (TICI 2c/3 FPE). Secondary outcomes included early neurological improvement measured by the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), safety outcomes, and functional outcomes using modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Outcomes were compared against published historical controls.

Results

Among 38 patients who met criteria for LVO, median age was 75 (range 31–96). FPE was high (TICI 3: 26/38 [68%], TICI 2c/3: 29/38 [76%]). Among anterior circulation strokes, core lab‐adjudicated FPE remained high (TICI 3: 17/29 [59%], TICI 2c/3: 20/29 [69%]), with excellent final successful revascularization results (Final TICI 3: 24/29 [83%], Final TICI 2c/3: 27/29 [93%]). FPE in the CLEAR‐1 cohort was significantly higher compared to FPE using existing devices (meta‐analysis) from historical controls (TICI 2c/3: 76% vs. 28%, p = 0.0001). High rates of early neurological improvement were observed (delta NIHSS≥4: 35/38 [92.1%]; delta NIHSS≥10: 27/38 [71%]). Similarly, high rates of good functional outcomes (mRS 0–2: 32/38 [84%]) and low mortality (2/38 [5%]) were observed.

Conclusion

Cyclical aspiration using the CLEARTM Aspiration System is safe, effective, and achieved a high TICI 3 FPE for large‐vessel strokes.
Histological and immunohistochemical features suggesting aetiological differences in lymph node and (muco)cutaneous feline tuberculosis lesions
Authors: Mitchell J. L. , Del Pozo J. , Woolley C. S. C. , Dheendsa R. , Hope J. C. , Gunn‐Moore D. A.
Published: June 2021

Objectives

To identify and describe histological and immunohistochemical criteria that may differentiate between skin and lymph node lesions associated with Mycobacterium (M.) bovis and M. microti in a diagnostic pathology setting.

Materials and Methods

Archived skin and lymph node biopsies of tuberculous lesions were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, Ziehl‐Neelsen and Masson's Trichrome. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of calprotectin, CD3 and Pax5. Samples were scored for histological parameters (i.e. granulomas with central necrosis versus small granulomas without central necrosis, percentage necrosis and/or multinucleated giant cells), number of acid‐fast bacilli (bacterial index) and lesion percentage of fibrosis and positive immunohistochemical staining.

Results

Twenty‐two samples were examined (M. bovis n=11, M. microti n=11). When controlling for age, gender and tissue, feline M. bovis‐associated lesions more often featured large multi‐layered granulomas with central necrosis. Conversely, this presentation was infrequent in feline M. microti‐associated lesions, where small granulomas without central necrosis predominated. The presence of an outer fibrous capsule was variable in both groups, as was the bacterial index. There were no differences in intralesional expression of immunohistochemical markers.

Clinical Significance

Differences in the histological appearance of skin and lymph node lesions may help to infer feline infection with either M. bovis or M. microti at an earlier stage when investigating these cases, informing clinicians of the potential zoonotic risk. Importantly, cases of tuberculosis can present with numerous acid‐fast bacilli. This implies that a high bacterial index does not infer infection with non‐zoonotic non‐tuberculous mycobacteria.
Recovery of meteorites using an autonomous drone and machine learning
Authors: Citron Robert I. , Jenniskens Peter , Watkins Christopher , Sinha Sravanthi , Shah Amar , Raissi Chedy , Devillepoix Hadrien , Albers Jim
Published: June 2021

The recovery of freshly fallen meteorites from tracked and triangulated meteors is critical to determining their source asteroid families. Even though our ability to locate meteorite falls continues to improve, the recovery of meteorites remains a challenge due to large search areas with terrain and vegetation obscuration. To improve the efficiency of meteorite recovery, we have tested the hypothesis that meteorites can be located using machine learning techniques and an autonomous drone. To locate meteorites autonomously, a quadcopter drone first conducts a grid survey acquiring top‐down images of the strewn field from a low altitude. The drone‐acquired images are then analyzed using a machine learning classifier to identify meteorite candidates for follow‐up examination. Here, we describe a proof‐of‐concept meteorite classifier that deploys off‐line a combination of different convolution neural networks to recognize meteorites from images taken by drones in the field. The system was implemented in a conceptual drone setup and tested in the suspected strewn field of a recent meteorite fall near Walker Lake, Nevada.
Intrinsic and extrinsic factors interact during development to influence telomere length in a long‐lived reptile
Authors: Bae Junsoo , Bertucci Emily M. , Bock Samantha L. , Hale Matthew D. , Moore Jameel , Wilkinson Phil M. , Rainwater Thomas R. , Bowden John A. , Koal Therese , PhamTuan Hai , Parrott Benjamin B.
Published: June 2021

The mechanisms connecting environmental conditions to plasticity in biological aging trajectories are fundamental to understanding individual variation in functional traits and life history. Recent findings suggest that telomere biology is especially dynamic during early life stages and has long‐term consequences for subsequent reproduction and survival. However, our current understanding is mostly derived from studies investigating ecological and anthropogenic factors separately, leaving the effects of complex environmental interactions unresolved. American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis) are long‐lived apex predators that rely on incubation temperature during a discrete period during development and endocrine cues to determine sex, making them especially vulnerable to current climatic variability and exposure to anthropogenic contaminants interfering with hormone function. Here, we combine field studies with a factorial design to understand how the developmental environment, along with intrinsic biological variation contribute to persistent telomere variation. We found that exposure to a common endocrine disrupting contaminant, DDE, affects telomere length, but that the directionality is highly dependent upon incubation temperature. Variation in hatchling growth, underlies a strong clutch effect. We also assess concentrations of a panel of glucocorticoid hormones and find that contaminant exposure elicits an increase in circulating glucocorticoids. Consistent with emerging evidence linking stress and aging trajectories, GC levels also appear to trend with shorter telomere length. Thus, we add support for a mechanistic link between contaminants and glucocorticoid signalling, which interacts with ecological aspects of the developmental environment to alter telomere dynamics.
Photobiomodulation Effect of Different Diode Wavelengths on the Proliferation of Human Gingival Fibroblast Cells
Authors: Etemadi Ardavan , Sadatmansouri Saeed , Sodeif Fatemeh , Jalalishirazi Fatemeh , Chiniforush Nasim
Published: June 2021

This study is focused on comparing the effect of various energy densities and wavelengths of diode lasers on the proliferation of human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells in vitro. In this study, 204 sample cells were examined in 4 test groups (laser radiation) and 1 control group (non‐laser radiation). The proliferation rate of radiated cells with wavelengths of 635, 660, 808 and 980 nm and the densities of 1, 1.5, 2.5 and 4 J cm−2 was measured after 1, 3 and 5 days using the MTT assay. The proliferation rate of human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cells in test groups was increased on day 1 at wavelengths of 635, 808 and 980 nm and on day 3 at the wavelength of 980 nm compared with the control group. Our findings denoted that the photobiomodulation therapy increased the proliferation rate of HGF. The most desirable laser radiation setting, which led to the highest proliferation rate of the cells, included 980 nm wavelength with 1, 1.5 and 4 J cm−2 energy densities and 635 nm wavelength with 4 J cm−2 energy density.
A Benchmark Dose Analysis for Maternal Pregnancy Urine‐Fluoride and IQ in Children
Authors: Grandjean Philippe , Hu Howard , Till Christine , Green Rivka , Bashash Morteza , Flora David , Tellez‐Rojo Martha Maria , Song Peter X.K. , Lanphear Bruce , Budtz‐Jørgensen Esben
Published: June 2021

As a guide to establishing a safe exposure level for fluoride exposure in pregnancy, we applied benchmark dose modeling to data from two prospective birth cohort studies. We included mother–child pairs from the Early Life Exposures in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) cohort in Mexico and the Maternal‐Infant Research on Environmental Chemicals (MIREC) cohort in Canada. Maternal urinary fluoride concentrations (U‐F, in mg/L, creatinine‐adjusted) were measured in urine samples obtained during pregnancy. Children were assessed for intelligence quotient (IQ) at age 4 (n = 211) and between six and 12 years (n = 287) in the ELEMENT cohort, and three to four years (n = 407) in the MIREC cohort. We calculated covariate‐adjusted regression coefficients and their standard errors to assess the association of maternal U‐F concentrations with children's IQ measures. Assuming a benchmark response of 1 IQ point, we derived benchmark concentrations (BMCs) and benchmark concentration levels (BMCLs). No deviation from linearity was detected in the dose–response relationships, but boys showed lower BMC values than girls. Using a linear slope for the joint cohort data, the BMC for maternal U‐F associated with a 1‐point decrease in IQ scores was 0.31 mg/L (BMCL, 0.19 mg/L) for the youngest boys and girls in the two cohorts, and 0.33 mg/L (BMCL, 0.20 mg/L) for the MIREC cohort and the older ELEMENT children. Thus, the joint data show a BMCL in terms of the adjusted U‐F concentrations in the pregnant women of approximately 0.2 mg/L. These results can be used to guide decisions on preventing excess fluoride exposure in pregnant women.
How competitive are income annuity providers over time?
Authors: Blanchett David , Finke Michael , Nikolic Branislav
Published: June 2021

The 2019 SECURE Act provides safe harbor protections to employers who evaluate the costs of providing guaranteed income including gathering information on competing providers. Annuities can be more difficult to evaluate than mutual funds because annuity expenses can be opaque, financial strength matters, and insurer competitiveness can change over time. We find significant variation in the payout rates across providers over time. While the payout rankings of annuity companies (e.g., best to worst) are fairly sticky over the short‐term, over the full period of the analysis the correlation declines effectively to zero (vs. the initial rankings). This suggests individuals or institutions who choose a single annuity provider based on income payout should revisit the decision regularly to ensure the quotes are still competitive. Companies for which immediate annuities are a higher fraction of total sales tend to rank higher and remain so more persistently over time.
Transferring decision boundaries onto a geographic space: Agent rules extracted from movement data using classification trees
Authors: Patel Jugal , Katan Jeffrey , Perez Liliana , Sengupta Raja
Published: June 2021

We leverage applied machine learning to determine which environmental features are best associated with the “moving” behaviour(s) of a troop of olive baboons (Papio anubis; collared with GPS trackers at Mpala Research Centre, Kenya). Specifically, we develop a behaviour‐selection surface informed by classification trees trained using movement trajectories and remotely sensed environmental features. Atop this surface, we simulate agent movement towards set destinations, constrained by the relative extent to which sets of features are associated with behaviour(s). To achieve our goal, we perform: (a) path segmentation using thresholding to label training data; (b) agent‐rule extraction using classification trees to associate the relative Euclidean distance of a point from environmental features with behaviour; and (c) implementation of this information into an agent‐based model to provide a data‐driven simulation of troop movement. We believe this framework can accommodate intensifications in data velocity, veracity, volume, and variety expected from increasingly sophisticated biologgers and data‐fusion techniques.
Schistosoma mansoni infection is associated with decreased risk of respiratory allergy symptoms and low production of CCL2
Authors: de Oliveira Nóbrega Cassia Giselle , do Nascimento Wheverton Ricardo Correia , Santos Patrícia d'Emery Alves , de Lorena Virgínia Maria Barros , Medeiros Décio , Costa Vláudia Maria Assis , Barbosa Constança Clara Gayoso Simões , Solé Dirceu , Sarinho Emanuel Sávio Cavalcanti , de Souza Valdênia Maria Oliveira
Published: June 2021

Objectives

We measured the production of cytokines, chemokines and antibodies involved in allergic responses and sCD23 levels during Schistosoma mansoni infection.

Methods

Individuals (n = 164) were selected using the ISAAC questionnaire and parasitological exams. The subjects were divided as follows: those infected individuals with allergy‐related symptoms (A‐I), those with allergy‐related symptoms only (A‐NI); those only infected (NA‐I); and those non‐infected individuals without allergy‐related symptoms (NA‐NI). We used supernatants from cell culture (mitogenic stimulation) to measure cytokine and chemokine levels using cytometric bead arrays. Serum levels of anti‐Ascaris lumbricoides (Asc) and anti‐Blomia tropicalis IgE were measured using ImmunoCAP, and sCD23 was measured using ELISA.

Results

Schistosoma mansoni infection was associated with a lower risk of allergy‐related symptoms. In A‐I, there were higher levels of TNF‐α, IL‐10, IL‐6, IFN‐γ and CXCL8 than in NA‐NI group, with TNF‐α and IL‐6 also at higher levels compared to A‐NI group. Levels of IL‐6, CXCL8, total and anti‐Asc IgE, as well as the numbers of eosinophils, were higher in NA‐I than in NA‐NI, and the antibodies were also lower in A‐NI than in NA‐I group. In AI and NA‐I, there was less production of CCL2 than in NA‐NI. There were no differences in the levels of IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐17, CCL5, sCD23 and anti‐Blomia IgE.

Conclusions

Patients with allergy‐related symptoms and infected (simultaneously) had higher levels of IL‐10; due to the infection, there was increased production of IL‐6 and CXCL8 and less CCL2. These data may characterize deviation to Th1 or attenuation of the Th2 response in allergy sufferers in areas endemic for schistosomiasis.
Gobernanza ambiental: de los conflictos socioterritoriales hacia la conservación del ambiente en contextos interculturales en los Andes occidentales (Colombia)
Authors: Aya Rojas Sandra Milena
Published: June 2021

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar el abordaje que se ha hecho de ciertos conflictos asociados al uso y el ordenamiento del territorio, lo que permite observar las discusiones entre los actores públicos y las comunidades campesinas y étnicas frente a la conservación de la biodiversidad en las áreas protegidas. Se identifican dos perspectivas diferentes según los actores involucrados: 1) la conservación prístina y libre de la acción humana propuesta por las comunidades campesinas y 2) las representaciones sociales que hacen significativa la idea de naturaleza, percibida así por las comunidades étnicas. La confrontación de estas perspectivas se ha reproducido en el ámbito jurídico: el derecho a gozar de un medio ambiente sano frente a los derechos humanos de las poblaciones que viven en las áreas protegidas. Así, el Sistema Colombiano de Parques Nacionales Naturales (SPNN) y el Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (Sinap) entran en diálogo con las comunidades indígenas, negras y campesinas, según su valor étnico y cultural, a través de la política de multiculturalidad en la conservación de la biodiversidad. Por último, en el presente escrito, se propone una planificación de la conservación del territorio más inclusiva, desde una perspectiva intercultural.
Actuation and Motion Control of Flexible Robots: Small Deformation Problem
Authors: Shabana Ahmed A. , Bai Zhengfeng
Published: June 2021

This paper introduces a new computational approach for the articulated joint/deformation actuation and motion control of robot manipulators with flexible components. Oscillations due to small deformations of relatively stiff robot components which cannot be ignored, are modeled in this study using the finite element (FE) floating frame of reference (FFR) formulation which employs two coupled sets of coordinates: the reference and elastic coordinates. The inverse dynamics, based on the FFR formulation, leads to driving forces associated with the deformation degrees of freedom. Because of the link flexibility, two approaches can be considered to determine the actuation forces required to achieve the desired motion trajectories. These two approaches are the partially constrained inverse dynamics (PCID) and the fully constrained inverse dynamics (FCID). The FCID approach, which will be considered in future investigations and allows for motion and shape control, can be used to achieve the desired motion trajectories and suppress undesirable oscillations. The new small-deformation PCID approach introduced in this study, on the other hand, allows for achieving the desired motion trajectories, determining systematically the actuation forces and moments associated with the robot joint and elastic degrees of freedom, and avoiding deteriorations in the vibration characteristics as measured by the differences between the inverse- and forward-dynamics solutions. A procedure for determining the actuation forces associated with the deformation degrees of freedom is proposed and is exemplified using piezoelectric actuators. The PCID solution is used to define a new set of algebraic equations that can be solved for the piezoelectric actuation voltages required to maintain the forward-dynamics oscillations within their inverse-dynamics limits. A planar two-link flexible-robot manipulator is presented to demonstrate the implementation of the joint/deformation actuation approach. The results obtained show deterioration in the robot precision if the deformation actuation is not considered.
Reliability and Sensitivity of Reaction Time Measurements During Quasi-Realistic Soccer Situations
Authors: Tomic Lazar , Janicijevic Danica , Nedeljkovic Aleksandar , Leontijevic Bojan , García-Ramos Amador
Published: June 2021

Reliability and sensitivity of reaction time (RT) during quasi-realistic soccer situations was explored in 10 professional soccer players (skilled; age = 20.9 ± 3.6 years) and 10 males without soccer experience (nonskilled; age = 23.4 ± 0.5 years). The participants were instructed to react as fast as possible to a stimulus presented via the video-based method while standing on force platforms. RT was computed as the difference between the instant when the rate of force development of any leg reaches 5% of its maximal value and the instant of stimulus presentation. The results revealed acceptable to high reliability of RT (intraclass correlation coefficient median = .90; coefficient of variation ≤ 5.83%), and shorter RT for skilled compared with nonskilled participants in three out of eight comparisons (effect size range = 1.00–1.41). The video-based methods can be confidently used to assess the RT in soccer players.