bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Translating questionnaire items for a multi‐lingual worker population: The iterative process of translation and cognitive interviews with English‐, Spanish‐, and Chinese‐speaking workers
Authors: Fujishiro Kaori , Gong Fang , Baron Sherry , Jacobson C. Jeffery , DeLaney Sheli , Flynn Michael , Eggerth Donald E.
Published: July 2009

Background

The increasing ethnic diversity of the US workforce has created a need for research tools that can be used with multi‐lingual worker populations. Developing multi‐language questionnaire items is a complex process; however, very little has been documented in the literature.

Methods

Commonly used English items from the Job Content Questionnaire and Quality of Work Life Questionnaire were translated by two interdisciplinary bilingual teams and cognitively tested in interviews with English‐, Spanish‐, and Chinese‐speaking workers.

Results

Common problems across languages mainly concerned response format. Language‐specific problems required more conceptual than literal translations. Some items were better understood by non‐English speakers than by English speakers. De‐centering (i.e., modifying the English original to correspond with translation) produced better understanding for one item.

Conclusions

Translating questionnaire items and achieving equivalence across languages require various kinds of expertise. Backward translation itself is not sufficient. More research efforts should be concentrated on qualitative approaches to developing useful research tools. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:194–203 2010. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of a variant in the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 2 gene (CHRM2) with nicotine addiction
Authors: Mobascher A. , Rujescu D. , Mittelstraß K. , Giegling I. , Lamina C. , Nitz B. , Brenner H. , Fehr C. , Breitling L.P. , Gallinat J. , Rothenbacher D. , Raum E. , Müller H. , Ruppert A. , Hartmann A.M. , Möller H.J. , Gal A. , Gieger Ch. , Wichmann H.E. , Illig T. , Dahmen N. , Winterer G.
Published: July 2009

Genetic factors contribute to the overall risk of developing nicotine addiction, which is the major cause of preventable deaths in western countries. However, knowledge regarding specific polymorphisms influencing smoking phenotypes remains scarce. In the present study we provide evidence that a common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the 5′ untranslated region of CHRM2, the gene coding for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 2 is associated with nicotine addiction. CHRM2 was defined as a candidate gene for nicotine addiction based on previous evidence that linked variations in CHRM2 to alcohol and drug dependence. A total of more than 5,500 subjects representative of the German population were genotyped and assessed regarding their smoking habits. The impact of three SNPs in CHRM2 on smoking behavior/nicotine addiction was investigated using logistic regression models or a quasi‐Poisson regression model, respectively. We found the T allele of SNP rs324650 to be associated with an increased risk of smoking/nicotine dependence according to three different models, the recessive models of regular or heavy smokers vs. never‐smokers (odds ratio 1.17 in both analyses) and according to the Fagerström index of nicotine addiction. In the analysis stratified by gender this association was only found in females. Our data provide further evidence that variations in CHRM2 may be associated with the genetic risk of addiction in general or with certain personality traits that predispose to the development of addiction. Alternatively, variations in CHRM2 could modulate presynaptic auto‐regulation in cholinergic systems and may thereby affect an individual's response to nicotine more specifically. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In situ ESR study of gold supported on NaY zeolite
Authors: Qu Z. , Roduner E.
Published: July 2009

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy was used to study the anchoring of a Au complex and gold nanoparticles in NaY type zeolites. The complex of Au(II) with two nitrogen atoms of two ethylenediamine ligands [giso = 2.053, A (Au) = 16.4 G, A (N) = 15.0 G.] in the supercage of the zeolite and conduction electron spin resonance (CESR) of gold particles with 1.56‐nm diameter (g = 2.064) were observed. Their formation and stability were related with the gold concentration and the pre‐treatment conditions. The small gold particles stabilized in the supercage of zeolite were formed in the samples with low gold concentration after oxygen pre‐treatment. The confinement in the zeolite pores obviously prevents the Au(II) complex bound to two nitrogen ligands from undergoing disproportionation. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of metagenomic DNA extraction from activated sludge samples
Authors: Qu Yuan‐Yuan , Zhang Qiang , Wei Li , Ma Fang , Zhou Ji‐Ti , Pi Wen‐Qing , Gou Min
Published: July 2009

Metagenomic DNA extraction is essential for metagenomic technology. Therefore, optimization of a conventional total DNA extraction from activated sludge was investigated in detail in this study. Throughout two distinct orthogonal experiments, it was shown that the highest yield for metagenomic DNA could be obtained using TENP buffer, lysozyme of 1 mg ml−1 (1 h), protease K (200 µg ml−1), SDS (1%, 1 h). Furthermore, the quality of the differentially extracted DNA was subsequently assessed by the molecular fingerprint technology, such as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA). The results indicated that the microbial diversity was dramatically different by different combined methods, and the DNA template quality for RISA was much better than that for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐DGGE. This study provides detail process for metagenomic DNA extraction of activated sludge, and it would be useful for metagenomic DNA extraction of other environment samples. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ES Cell Extract‐Induced Expression of Pluripotent Factors in Somatic Cells
Authors: Xu Yan‐Ning , Guan Na , Wang Zhen‐Dong , Shan Zhi‐Yan , Shen Jing‐Ling , Zhang Qing‐Hua , Jin Lian‐Hong , Lei Lei
Published: July 2009

Reprogramming of somatic cells was induced by ES cell‐free extract. The system relied on the transient uptake of regulatory components from a nuclear and cytoplasmic extract derived from ES cells by the nucleus of a reversibly permeabilized NIH3T3 cell. NIH3T3 cells were permeabilized by streptolysin O (SLO). Reprogramming cell‐free extracts were prepared by repeatedly freezing and thawing ES cells in liquid nitrogen. After incubation in the extract for 1 hr, permeabilized NIH3T3 cells were resealed by CaCl2 and continually cultured for weeks to assess expression of ES cell specific markers. As we observed using FACS and fluorescence microscope, the optimal SLO concentration for permeabilizing NIH3T3 cells was 25 U. After 2 weeks of culture, the treated NIH3T3 cells began to express Nanog, c‐Myc, Klf4, and 6 weeks later Oct4 was detectable. However, Sox2 was detected only after 8 weeks of culture. Differentiated somatic cells could be reprogrammed in ES extract in vitro, which provides a new approach to decreasing differentiation levels in somatic cells without disturbing the DNA sequences. Anat Rec, 292:1229–1234, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spouse depression and disease course among persons with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Lam Mark , Lehman Allen J. , Puterman Eli , DeLongis Anita
Published: July 2009

Objective

To examine the role of spouse mood in the disability and disease course of persons with rheumatoid arthritis (PWRA).

Methods

A total of 133 married PWRA completed questionnaires, including the Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity Index and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand, assessing PWRA arthritis disease activity and disability, respectively, at 2 time points 1 year apart. In addition, both PWRA and their spouses completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, a standardized community measure of depression at both time points.

Results

Multiple regression analysis revealed spouse depressive symptoms at initial assessment to be predictive of followup PWRA disability and disease activity, even after controlling for initial levels of PWRA depression, disability, disease activity, age, number of years married, education, disease duration, and employment. Specifically, higher levels of spouse depression predicted worse disease course over a 1‐year period for PWRA, as indicated by higher reports of subsequent PWRA disability and disease activity.

Conclusion

Our findings highlight the key role played by the spouse in PWRA disease course, and point to the importance of including the spouse in clinical interventions. Implications for theory, research, and treatment are discussed with a focus on examining pathways through which spouse depressive symptoms may affect PWRA disease course and disability.
Total knee replacement and health‐related quality of life: Factors influencing long‐term outcomes
Authors: Núñez Montserrat , Lozano Luis , Núñez Esther , Segur Josep M. , Sastre Sergi , Maculé Francisco , Ortega Raquel , Suso Santiago
Published: July 2009

Objective

To evaluate health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with osteoarthritis undergoing total knee replacement (TKR); identify the influence of sociodemographic, clinical, intraoperative, and postoperative variables on HRQOL; and determine patient perceptions at 7 years.

Methods

We conducted a prospective study with 7 years of followup. HRQOL measures (Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index [WOMAC] and Short Form 36 [SF‐36]); sociodemographic, clinical, intraoperative, inpatient, and postoperative data; patient perceptions of TKR outcomes; and physical activity at 7 years were determined. Associations were analyzed using linear regression models.

Results

Of 146 eligible patients, 112 (86 women, mean age 67.3 years) completed followup data. There were significant differences between pre‐ and postoperative WOMAC pain, stiffness, and function scores (P < 0.001). Variables retained in each of the models explained 14–32% (adjusted R2) of variability of the WOMAC dimensions. Obesity and postdischarge complications were associated with worse scores in all WOMAC dimensions (P < 0.05). Eighty‐six percent of patients were satisfied with TKR, 80% would undergo the operation again, and 56% did regular physical activity and had better WOMAC scores (P < 0.05, except for stiffness [not significant]). Mean ± SD SF‐36 scores for men and women at 7 years were 55.1 ± 27.1 and 39.5 ± 22.9 for physical function, 71.2 ± 36.5 and 51.5 ± 42.7 for physical role, 66.2 ± 26 and 55.6 ± 28.9 for bodily pain, and 60.7 ± 17.1 and 50.7 ± 21.2 for general health, respectively.

Conclusion

WOMAC dimension scores, especially pain, significantly improved at 7 years and were negatively influenced by obesity and postdischarge complications. HRQOL measures may help identify an increased risk of negative outcomes after TKR.
Illness perceptions in patients with osteoarthritis: Change over time and association with disability
Authors: Bijsterbosch J. , Scharloo M. , Visser A. W. , Watt I. , Meulenbelt I. , Huizinga T. W. J. , Kaptein A. A. , Kloppenburg M.
Published: July 2009

Objective

To investigate changes in illness perceptions in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and the association of those changes with disability, and to determine the predictive value of illness perceptions in disability.

Methods

Illness perceptions and disability were measured at baseline and after 6 years in 241 patients with OA at multiple sites (mean age 59.0 years, 82.2% women) using the revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ‐R) and the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), respectively. Mean changes for each IPQ‐R dimension were reported and related to progression of disability, defined as the highest quartile of HAQ score change. The predictive value of baseline illness perceptions in disability at 6 years (with high disability defined as the highest quartile of HAQ score) was assessed using logistic regression.

Results

Illness perceptions changed over time, and these changes were related to the progression of disability. Patients with progression of disability had an increase in symptoms attributed to OA, perceived consequences, perceived disease chronicity, negative emotions associated with OA and beliefs about immunity as causal factor, and a decrease in perceived control and understanding of OA compared with patients without progression of disability. Moreover, a higher number of symptoms attributed to OA, less perceived control, and more perceived consequences of OA at baseline were predictive of high disability after 6 years.

Conclusion

Illness perceptions in patients with OA changed over time, and these changes were related to outcome. Moreover, illness perceptions were predictive of disability. This may imply that interventions aimed at changing illness perceptions can contribute to better functional outcome.
Gamma/delta T cells are the predominant source of interleukin‐17 in affected joints in collagen‐induced arthritis, but not in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Ito Yoshinaga , Usui Takashi , Kobayashi Shio , Iguchi‐Hashimoto Mikiko , Ito Hiromu , Yoshitomi Hiroyuki , Nakamura Takashi , Shimizu Masakazu , Kawabata Daisuke , Yukawa Naoichiro , Hashimoto Motomu , Sakaguchi Noriko , Sakaguchi Shimon , Yoshifuji Hajime , Nojima Takaki , Ohmura Koichiro , Fujii Takao , Mimori Tsuneyo
Published: July 2009

Objective

Although interleukin‐17 (IL‐17)–producing γ/δ T cells were reported to play pathogenic roles in collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA), their characteristics remain unknown. The aim of this study was to clarify whether γ/δ T cells or CD4+ T cells are the predominant IL‐17–producing cells, and to determine what stimulates γ/δ T cells to secret IL‐17 in mice with CIA. The involvement of IL‐17–producing γ/δ T cells in SKG mice with autoimmune arthritis and patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was also investigated.

Methods

IL‐17–producing cells in the affected joints of mice with CIA were counted by intracellular cytokine staining during 6 distinct disease phases, and these cells were stimulated with various combinations of cytokines or specific antigens to determine the signaling requirements. Similar studies were performed using SKG mice with arthritis and patients with RA.

Results

Gamma/delta T cells were the predominant population in IL‐17–producing cells in the swollen joints of mice with CIA, and the absolute numbers of these cells increased in parallel with disease activity. IL‐17–producing γ/δ T cells expressed CC chemokine receptor 6, were maintained by IL‐23 but not by type II collagen in vitro, and were induced antigen independently in vivo. Furthermore, IL‐17 production by γ/δ T cells was induced by IL‐1β plus IL‐23 independently of T cell receptor. In contrast to what was observed in mice with CIA, IL‐17–producing γ/δ T cells were nearly absent in the affected joints of SKG mice and patients with RA, and Th1 cells were predominant in the joints of patients with RA.

Conclusion

Gamma/delta T cells were antigen independently stimulated by inflammation at affected joints and produced enhanced amounts of IL‐17 to exacerbate arthritis in mice with CIA but not in SKG mice with arthritis or patients with RA.
The effects of phosphatidylserine‐dependent antiprothrombin antibody on thrombin generation
Authors: Sakai Yoshie , Atsumi Tatsuya , Ieko Masahiro , Amengual Olga , Furukawa Shin , Furusaki Akira , Bohgaki Miyuki , Kataoka Hiroshi , Horita Tetsuya , Yasuda Shinsuke , Koike Takao
Published: July 2009

Objective

Antibodies to prothrombin (APTs) and to β2‐glycoprotein I are the major autoantibodies responsible for lupus anticoagulant (LAC) activity. APTs comprise antibodies against prothrombin alone as well as antibodies against phosphatidylserine/prothrombin complex (anti‐PS/PT), the latter being highly associated with the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). The effect of anti‐PS/PT on thrombin generation has not been elucidated, and the paradoxical effect of LAC (an anticoagulant in vitro, but a procoagulant in vivo) remains an enigma. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of anti‐PS/PT on thrombin generation and to examine the LAC paradox.

Methods

We evaluated 36 anti‐PS/PT–positive APS patients and 127 healthy subjects. Markers of in vivo thrombin/fibrin generation, including prothrombin fragment F1+2, thrombin–antithrombin III complex, soluble fibrin monomer, D‐dimer, and fibrin degradation products, were measured. Mouse monoclonal anti‐PS/PT antibody 231D was established, and its effects on in vitro thrombin generation were investigated by chromogenic assay.

Results

Significantly elevated levels of markers of thrombin/fibrin generation were observed in anti‐PS/PT–positive patients, regardless of the presence or absence of anticardiolipin antibodies, as compared with healthy subjects. In the presence of low concentrations of human activated factor V (FVa), monoclonal antibody 231D increased thrombin generation in a dose‐dependent manner. In contrast, when high concentrations of FVa were added, monoclonal antibody 231D decreased thrombin generation. Under a constant concentration of FVa, a high concentration of human FXa enhanced the effect of 231D.

Conclusion

The presence of anti‐PS/PT greatly correlated with increased thrombin generation in APS patients. The in vitro effects of monoclonal antibody 231D on thrombin generation are “biaxial” according to the FVa/FXa balance. These data may serve as a clue to understanding the LAC paradox and the thrombogenic properties of anti‐PS/PT.
Association of a single‐nucleotide polymorphism in CD40 with the rate of joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: van der Linden Michael P. M. , Feitsma Anouk L. , le Cessie Saskia , Kern Marlena , Olsson Lina M. , Raychaudhuri Soumya , Begovich Ann B. , Chang Monica , Catanese Joseph J. , Kurreeman Fina A. S. , van Nies Jessica , van der Heijde Désirée M. , Gregersen Peter K. , Huizinga Tom W. J. , Toes René E. M. , van der Helm‐Van Mil Annette H. M.
Published: July 2009

Objective

The severity of joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is highly variable from patient to patient and is influenced by genetic factors. Genome‐wide association studies have enormously boosted the field of the genetics of RA susceptibility, but risk loci for RA severity remain poorly defined. A recent meta‐analysis of genome‐wide association studies identified 6 genetic regions for susceptibility to autoantibody‐positive RA: CD40, KIF5A/PIP4K2C, CDK6, CCL21, PRKCQ, and MMEL1/TNFRSF14. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether these newly described genetic regions are associated with the rate of joint destruction.

Methods

RA patients enrolled in the Leiden Early Arthritis Clinic were studied (n = 563). Yearly radiographs were scored using the Sharp/van der Heijde method (median followup 5 years; maximum followup 9 years). The rate of joint destruction between genotype groups was compared using a linear mixed model, correcting for age, sex, and treatment strategies. A total of 393 anti–citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)–positive RA patients from the North American Rheumatoid Arthritis Consortium (NARAC) who had radiographic data available were used for the replication study.

Results

The TT and CC/CG genotypes of 2 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms, rs4810485 (CD40) and rs42041 (CDK6), respectively, were associated with a higher rate of joint destruction in ACPA‐positive RA patients (P = 0.003 and P = 0.012, respectively), with rs4810485 being significant after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. The association of the CD40 minor allele with the rate of radiographic progression was replicated in the NARAC cohort (P = 0.021).

Conclusion

A polymorphism in the CD40 locus is associated with the rate of joint destruction in patients with ACPA‐positive RA. Our findings provide one of the first non–HLA‐related genetic severity factors that has been replicated.
Improvement in hemoglobin levels in patients with ankylosing spondylitis treated with infliximab
Authors: Braun Jürgen , van der Heijde Désirée , Doyle Mittie K. , Han Chenglong , Deodhar Atul , Inman Robert , Vlam Kurt de , Burmester Gerd R. , Van den Bosch Filip , Xu Stephen , Visvanathan Sudha , Rahman Mahboob U.
Published: July 2009

Objective

Anemia is a common complication in patients with inflammatory diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS). This post hoc analysis of a large, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial examined the effect of infliximab on hemoglobin levels, physical function, and fatigue in patients with AS.

Methods

Patients received infliximab 5 mg/kg (n = 188) or placebo (n = 68) at weeks 0, 2, 6, 12, and 18. Hemoglobin, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels, fatigue (visual analog scale [VAS]), physical function (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index [BASFI]), and disease activity were evaluated at baseline and week 24. Anemia was defined as a hemoglobin level <12 gm/dl for women and <13 gm/dl for men.

Results

At baseline, 11 placebo group patients (16.2%) and 37 infliximab group patients (19.7%) had anemia. Of these, more infliximab‐treated patients achieved normal hemoglobin levels at week 24 compared with patients receiving placebo (70.3% versus 27.3%; P = 0.0155). Infliximab‐treated patients had significant improvements in mean hemoglobin concentration (0.7 gm/dl versus −0.3 gm/dl), BASFI score (−2.1 versus −0.2), and fatigue VAS score (−2.4 versus −0.4) compared with placebo patients (P < 0.001). Multiple regression analyses showed that improvements in hemoglobin level were significantly and independently associated with improvements in physical function and fatigue. Infliximab‐treated patients with elevated CRP or IL‐6 levels at baseline were more likely than those with low levels to have improvement in hemoglobin levels.

Conclusion

Infliximab treatment significantly decreased the proportion of AS patients with anemia and improved hemoglobin levels compared with placebo. Improvement in hemoglobin level was independently associated with improvements in physical function and fatigue.
Estimation of intragastric drug solubility in the fed state: comparison of various media with data in aspirates
Authors: Diakidou A. , Vertzoni M. , Dressman J. , Reppas C.
Published: July 2009

The suitability of various media to forecast the solubility of ketoconazole and dipyridamole in the fed stomach at various periods after meal administration was evaluated. Solubilities were measured with the shake‐flask method in gastric fluids aspirated 30, 60 and 120 min after administration of 500 ml Ensure plus® to healthy fasted adults, in three sets of simulated gastric fluids based on milk, and in simple aqueous buffered media. Simple aqueous buffered media vastly underestimated the intragastric solubility of model compounds in the fed state. When using undigested milk‐based media, the solubilities of model compounds in aspirates were also underestimated by a factor of 2.5–27. Solubility in milk digested with pepsin was useful for estimating the intragastric solubility of ketoconazole (within 20%) but overestimated the intragastric values of dipyridamole by a factor of 2–19. For both drugs, the solubility in milk digested with pepsin and lipase predicted the solubility in aspirates collected 60 min after meal administration, whereas at other times it overestimated the intragastric solubility (by a factor of <5). Both the use of biorelevant media and simulation of intragastric digestion are necessary for the prediction of drug solubility in the fed stomach. Milk digested with pepsin and lipase enabled the estimation of the intragastric solubility of dipyridamole and ketoconazole at 1 h after meal intake. Simulation of vesicle/micellar structures seems to be key for the prediction of intragastric solubility in the fed stomach. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single nucleotide polymorphism discovery in TBX1 in individuals with and without 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Authors: Heike Carrie L. , Starr Jacqueline R. , Rieder Mark J. , Cunningham Michael L. , Edwards Karen L. , Stanaway Ian B. , Crawford Dana C.
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND:

Children with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) have a wide range of clinical features. TBX1 has been proposed as a candidate gene for some of the features in this condition. Polymorphisms in the nondeleted TBX1, which may affect the function of the sole TBX1 gene in individuals with the 22q11.2DS, may be a key to understanding the phenotypic variability among individuals with a shared deletion. Comprehensive single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery by resequencing candidate genes can identify genetic variants that influence a given phenotype. The purpose of this study was to further characterize the sequence variability in TBX1 by identifying all common SNPs in this gene.

METHODS:

We resequenced TBX1 in 29 children with a documented 22q11.2 deletion and 95 nondeleted, healthy individuals. We estimated allele frequencies, performed tagSNP selection, and inferred haplotypes. We also compared SNP frequencies between 22q11.2DS and control samples.

RESULTS:

We identified 355 biallelic markers among the 190 chromosomes resequenced in the control panel. The vast majority of the markers identified were SNPs (n = 331), and the remainder indels (n = 24). We did not identify SNPs or indels in the cis‐ regulatory element (FOX–binding site) upstream of TBX1. In children with 22q11.2DS we detected 187 biallelic markers, six of which were indels. Four of the seven coding SNPs identified in the controls were identified in children with 22q11.2DS.

CONCLUSIONS:

This comprehensive SNP discovery data can be used to select SNPs to genotype for future association studies assessing the role of TBX1 and phenotypic variability in individuals with 22q11.2DS. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A New Approach for Handling Longitudinal Count Data with Zero‐Inflation and Overdispersion: Poisson Geometric Process Model
Authors: Wan Wai‐Yin , Chan Jennifer S. K.
Published: July 2009

For time series of count data, correlated measurements, clustering as well as excessive zeros occur simultaneously in biomedical applications. Ignoring such effects might contribute to misleading treatment outcomes. A generalized mixture Poisson geometric process (GMPGP) model and a zero‐altered mixture Poisson geometric process (ZMPGP) model are developed from the geometric process model, which was originally developed for modelling positive continuous data and was extended to handle count data. These models are motivated by evaluating the trend development of new tumour counts for bladder cancer patients as well as by identifying useful covariates which affect the count level. The models are implemented using Bayesian method with Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms and are assessed using deviance information criterion (DIC).
The Sign of the Unmeasured Confounding Bias under Various Standard Populations
Authors: Chiba Yasutaka
Published: July 2009

Unmeasured confounders are a common problem in drawing causal inferences in observational studies. VanderWeele (Biometrics 2008, 64, 702–706) presented a theorem that allows researchers to determine the sign of the unmeasured confounding bias when monotonic relationships hold between the unmeasured confounder and the treatment, and between the unmeasured confounder and the outcome. He showed that his theorem can be applied to causal effects with the total group as the standard population, but he did not mention the causal effects with treated and untreated groups as the standard population. Here, we extend his results to these causal effects, and apply our theorems to an observational study. When researchers have a sense of what the unmeasured confounder may be, conclusions can be drawn about the sign of the bias.
Engineering multigene expression in vitro and in vivo with small terminators for T7 RNA polymerase
Authors: Du Liping , Gao Rong , Forster Anthony C.
Published: July 2009

Engineering protein expression in vitro or in vivo is usually straightforward for single genes, but remains challenging for multiple genes because of the requirement of coordinated control. RNA and protein overexpression strategies often exploit T7 RNA polymerase and its natural TΦ Class I terminator. However, this terminator's inefficiency and large size (100 bp) are problematic for multigene construction and expression. Here, we measure the effects of tandem copies of a small (18 bp) Class II T7 terminator from vesicular stomatitis virus on transcription in vitro and on translation in vitro and in vivo. We first test monomeric and dimeric gene constructs, then attempt extension to pentameric gene constructs. “BioBrick” versions of a pET vector and translation factor genes were constructed to facilitate cloning, and His‐tags were incorporated to allow copurification of all protein products for relatively unbiased analysis and easy purification. Several results were surprising, including imbalanced expression of the pentameric constructs in vivo, illustrating the value of synthetic biology for investigating gene expression. However, these problems were solved rationally by changing the orders of the genes and by adding extra promoters to the upstream gene or by moving to a more predictable in vitro translation system. These successes were significant, given our initial unexpected results and that we are unaware of another example of coordinated overexpression of five proteins. Our modular, flexible, rational method should further empower synthetic biologists wishing to overexpress multiple proteins simultaneously. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 1189–1196. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry methods for the quantitative analysis of herbal medicine in biological fluids: a review
Authors: Gray Michael J. , Chang Dennis , Zhang Ying , Liu Jianxun , Bensoussan Alan
Published: July 2009

The development of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) and tandem MS/MS for the analysis of bioactive components and their metabolites of herbal medicines in biological fluids is reviewed with the aim of providing an overview of the current techniques and methods used. The issues and challenges associated with various stages of the analytical method development are discussed using Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng as case studies. LC‐MS offers selectivity and specificity in both the chromatographic separation and detection steps. This is necessary in order to measure compounds at extremely low concentrations as is often observed in plasma and urine samples. Traditional methods of detection (UV–visible) do not offer sufficient selectivity and specificity needed. The strategies and pitfalls involved with the measurement of such compounds are discussed in this review. Matrix effects, ‘unseen’ matrix suppression and enhancement ionization effects can significantly reduce the accuracy and precision of the measurement. The impact of the correct choice of chromatography column formats on signal‐to‐noise ratio is also discussed. Analytical methods from sample preparation to mass spectrometric detection is outlined in order to provide good direction for analysts intent on the measurement of bioavailable compounds from herbal medicines in plasma and urine samples. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Palmaris profundus: One name, several subtypes, and a shared potential for nerve compression
Authors: Pirola Elena , Hébert‐Blouin Marie‐Noëlle , Amador Nelly , Amrami Kimberly K. , Spinner Robert J.
Published: July 2009

The palmaris profundus is a rare, but known anatomic variation which may lead to compression of the median nerve and/or its branches. Two patients with carpal tunnel syndrome are presented in whom a palmaris profundus was discovered at operation. In these cases, median nerve compression at the wrist was attributed to the course of the extra tendon and its local mass effect on the nerve (i.e., the palmaris profundus and median nerve shared a common sheath); more commonly, the resultant decreased available space for the median nerve within the carpal tunnel due to the presence of an accessory (10th) flexor tendon is thought to be responsible. Postoperative 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to demonstrate the full course of the variant muscle; despite variations in the size and longitudinal extent of the accessory musculotendinous unit, an important similarity was noted: the intimate relationship of the median nerve and the palmaris profundus. These two cases and our review of the literature highlight the fact that one name (i.e. palmaris profundus) reflects several anatomic subtypes. However, the close relationship of the palmaris profundus with the median nerve in the forearm and the palm is a common theme which emphasizes the potential pathoanatomic consequences of this relationship: nerve compression. Clin. Anat. 22:643–648, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Shape, height, and location of the lingula for sagittal ramus osteotomy in Thais
Authors: Jansisyanont P. , Apinhasmit W. , Chompoopong S.
Published: July 2009

This study aims to investigate the shape, height, and location of the lingula in relation to surrounding structures for sagittal ramus osteotomy. Dried Thai mandibles were studied and compared with other races. From both sides of 92 mandibles, the shape of the lingula was classified into triangular, truncated, nodular, or assimilated types. Of 92 mandibles, 146 sides with at least a premolar and a molar on the same side were selected for distance measurement. Height of the lingula was measured from the lingular tip to the mandibular foramen. The location was determined by five distances from the lingular tip to: the anterior and the posterior borders of the mandibular ramus, the mandibular notch, the distal surface of the mandibular second molar, and the occlusal plane. The results showed that truncated lingulae were most frequently found (46.2%) and most appeared to be bilateral (71.7%). Triangular, nodular, and assimilated shapes presented in 29.9%, 19.6%, and 4.3%, respectively. The mean lingular height was 8.2 ± 2.3 mm. The lingula was located at 20.6 ± 3.5 mm from the anterior border of the mandibular ramus and 16.6 ± 2.9 mm from the mandibular notch. In the majority of the mandibles studied, the lingula was located above the occlusal plane. In conclusion, the shape and metric characteristics of the lingula in relation to surrounding structures in Thais vary from other races. All parameters associated with the lingula should be considered for sagittal ramus osteotomy to avoid intraoperative complications. Clin. Anat. 22:787–793, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of anterior abdominal wall scars on the vascular anatomy of the abdominal wall: A cadaveric and clinical study with clinical implications
Authors: Rozen Warren M. , Garcia‐Tutor Emilio , Alonso‐Burgos Alberto , Corlett Russell J. , Taylor G. Ian , Ashton Mark W.
Published: July 2009

The anterior abdominal wall integument is frequently used in a range of reconstructive flaps. These tissues are supplied by the deep and superficial inferior epigastric arteries (DIEA and SIEAs) and the deep and superficial superior epigastric arteries (DSEA and SSEAs). Previous abdominal wall surgery alters this vascular anatomy and may influence flap design. One hundred and sixty‐eight patients underwent abdominal wall computed tomographic angiography (CTA) for preoperative imaging. Fifty‐eight of these patients had undergone previous abdominal surgery, and were assessed for scar pattern and relationship to the course and distribution of all major axial vessels and perforators. Two cadaveric abdominal wall specimens with midline abdominal scars underwent contrast injection of the DIEAs and DSEAs, with subsequent CTA. The course and distribution of all cutaneous vessels were assessed. In all clinical and cadaveric cases, the vasculature of the abdominal wall had been altered by previous surgery. In the clinical cases, vascular architecture was universally altered in the region of the scar, often modifying the filling patterns of the abdominal wall and occasionally precluding the use of an abdominal wall flap. In both cadaveric specimens, regions of non‐filling were evident upon contrast injection, highlighting the angiosomes not supplied by the DIEA or DSEA. Previous abdominal wall surgery necessarily alters the vascular architecture of the abdominal wall, and may alter the source vessels supplying cutaneous tissues. CTA was useful in identifying and delineating these changes, and may be used as a preoperative tool in this role. Clin. Anat. 22:815–822, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, Characterization, Redox Properties, and Photodynamics of Donor–Acceptor Nanohybrids Composed of Size‐Controlled Cup‐Shaped Nanocarbons and Porphyrins
Authors: Ohtani Masataka , Saito Kenji , Fukuzumi Shunichi
Published: July 2009

Cup‐shaped nanocarbons (CNC) generated by the electron‐transfer reduction of cup‐stacked carbon nanotubes have been functionalized with porphyrins (H2P) as light‐capturing chromophores. The resulting donor–acceptor nanohybrid has been characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman and IR spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, elemental analysis, and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The weight of the porphyrins attached to the cup‐shaped nanocarbons was determined as 20 % by TGA and elemental analysis. The UV/Vis absorption spectrum of CNC(H2P)n in DMF agrees well with that obtained by the superposition of reference porphyrin (ref‐H2P) and cup‐shaped nanocarbons. The photoexcitation of the CNC(H2P)n nanohybrid results in formation of the charge‐separated (CS) state to attain the longest CS lifetime (0.64±0.01 ms) ever reported for donor–acceptor nanohybrids, which may arise from efficient electron migration following the charge separation. The formation of a radical ion pair was detected directly by electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements under photoirradiation of CNC(H2P)n with a high‐pressure mercury lamp in frozen DMF at 153 K. The observed ESR signal at g=2.0044 agrees with that of ref‐H2P.+ produced by one‐electron oxidation with [Ru(bpy)3]3+ in deaerated CHCl3, indicating the formation of H2P.+. The electron‐acceptor ability of the reference CNC compound (ref‐CNC) was also examined by the electron‐transfer reduction of ref‐CNC by a series of semiquinone radical anions.
Mesoporous Hybrid Materials Containing Nanoscopic “Binding Pockets” for Colorimetric Anion Signaling in Water by using Displacement Assays
Authors: Comes María , Aznar Elena , Moragues María , Marcos M. Dolores , Martínez‐Máñez Ramón , Sancenón Félix , Soto Juan , Villaescusa Luis A. , Gil Luis , Amorós Pedro
Published: July 2009

Mesoporous solids functionalized with anion‐binding groups have proved to be suitable anion hosts and have been used in selective colorimetric displacement assays. The material UVM‐7, a mesoporous MCM41‐type support characterized by the presence of nanometric mesoporous particle conglomerates, was selected as inorganic scaffolding. Reaction of the template‐free UVM‐7 solid with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (1) yielded solid S1, from which the derivatives S2 and S3 were obtained by reaction with 2‐methylthio‐2‐imidazoline hydroiodide (2) and butyl isocyanate (3), respectively. Solids S4 and S5 were prepared by reaction of the starting mesoporous UVM‐7 scaffolding with N‐methyl‐N′‐propyltrimethoxysilyl imidazolium chloride (4) and with 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl‐N,N,N‐trimethylammonium chloride (5), respectively. The solids synthesized contain mesoporous binding pockets that can interact with anions through electrostatic attractive forces (S1, S2, S4, S5) and hydrogen‐bonding interactions (S1, S2, S3, S4). These functionalized solids were loaded with a dye (d) capable of interacting coordinatively with the anchored binding sites, in our case 5‐carboxyfluorescein, to yield the hybrid materials S1d, S2d, S3d, S4d and S5d. These dye‐containing solids are the signaling reporters. Their sensing ability towards a family of carboxylates, namely acetate, citrate, lactate, succinate, oxalate, tartrate, malate, mandelate, glutamate and certain nucleotides, has been studied in pure water at pH 7.5 (Hepes, 0.01 mol dm−3). In the sensing protocol, a particular analyte may be bonded preferentially by the nanoscopic functionalized pocket, leading to delivery of the dye to the solution and resulting in colorimetric detection of the guest. The response to a given anion depends on the characteristics of the binding pockets and the specific interaction of the anion with the binding groups in the mesopores. We believe that the possibility of using a wide variety of mesoporous supports that can easily be functionalized with anion‐binding sites, combined with suitable dyes as indicators, make this approach significant for opening new perspectives in the design of chromogenic assays for anion detection in pure water.
ChemInform Abstract: Isothermal Section of the Ce—Au—Sb System at 870 K.
Authors: Salamakha L. P. , Bauer E. , Mudryi S. I. , Goncalves A. P. , Almeida M. , Noel H.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization and Photocatalytic Properties of Spinel CuAl2O4 Nanoparticles by a Sonochemical Method.
Authors: Lv Weizhong , Liu Bo , Qiu Qi , Wang Fang , Luo Zhongkuan , Zhang Peixin , Wei Shaohui
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural, Dielectric and Electrical Properties of LiBaFeWO6.
Authors: Sahoo M. P. K. , Kumar N. , Choudhary R. N. P.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and X‐Ray Crystal Structure of (OsO3F2)2·2XeOF4 and the Raman Spectra of (OsO3F2)∞, (OsO3F2)2, and (OsO3F2)2·2XeOF4.
Authors: Hughes Michael J. , Mercier Helene P. A. , Schrobilgen Gary J.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Ritter Reactions of Chiral Secondary Benzylic Alcohols.
Authors: Rubenbauer Philipp , Bach Thorsten
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Secondary α‐Perfluoroalkyl‐ and Tertiary α,α‐Bis(perfluoroalkyl)‐N‐methylprolinols and Their Catalytic Activities in the Acyl Transfer Reaction.
Authors: Funabiki Kazumasa , Shibata Akitsugu , Hatano Keisuke , Matsui Masaki
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Mild and Efficient Chemoselective N‐Benzyloxycarbonylation of Amines Using TBAB as a Catalyst under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Babu Kothamasu Suresh , Rao Vidadala Rama Subba , Rao Ravu Ranga , Babu Sakhamuri Sivaram , Rao Janaswami Madhusudana
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Water: A Suitable Medium for the Petasis Borono‐Mannich Reaction
Authors: Candeias Nuno R. , Veiros Luis F. , Afonso Carlos A. M. , Gois Pedro M. P.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Anion‐Catalyzed Addition of γ‐Silylallenyl Esters to Aldehydes: A New Entry into [3.2.1] Bicyclic Natural Products.
Authors: Maity Pradip , Lepore Salvatore D.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Arylbromides from Arenes and N‐Bromosuccinimide (NBS) in Acetonitrile — A Convenient Method for Aromatic Bromination.
Authors: Zysman‐Colman Eli , Arias Karla , Siegel Jay S.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Remarkable Access to γ‐Fluoroalkylated Propargylamine Derivatives or Fluoroalkylated Dihydroisoxazoles via the Reaction of Fluoroalkylated Acetylides with Various Nitrones.
Authors: Konno Tsutomu , Moriyasu Kazuki , Ishihara Takashi
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hemilabile‐Coordinated Copper‐Promoted Amination of Aryl Halides with Ammonia in Aqueous Ethylene Glycol under Atmosphere Pressure.
Authors: Guo Zhennue , Guo Jiayi , Song Ying , Wang Limin , Zou Gang
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: General and Convenient TsOH‐Induced Allylboration of Ketones
Authors: Matsuoka Hiroaki , Kondo Kazuhiro
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Arylation of Silyl Enol Ethers of Substituted α‐Fluoroketones.
Authors: Guo Yong , Twamley Brendan , Shreeve Jean'ne M.
Published: July 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.