bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A case of basal cell carcinoma treated with photodynamic therapy – changes in histological features and bcl‐2 expression
Authors: Harth Yoram , Bergman Reuven , Gotfried Varda , Kimel Sol , Friedman‐Birnbaum Rachel
Published: July 2006

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is based on the phototoxicity of photosensitizers, mostly porphyrins. Since systemic photodynamic therapy with δ‐aminolevulinic acid (δ‐ALA) causes prolonged whole‐skin photosensitivity, topical photodynamic therapy was developed. We describe the histological findings and the results of immunohistochemical staining for bcl‐2 protein in the basal cell carcinoma of a 71‐year‐old patient treated by photodynamic therapy with δ‐ALA. After histological confirmation of the diagnosis, 20%δ‐ALA in an aqueous cream base was applied to one lesion for 3 h. After 3 h the tumor was exposed to light emitted by a Kodak carousel light projector. Biopsies were taken before exposure and at days 3 and 21 after exposure. The specimens were stained with hematoxylin‐eosin and with monoclonal antibody to bcl‐2 protein. The intermediate histological response 3 days after exposure was characterized by “squamoid” transformation of the tumor cells along with signs of necrosis, loss of bcl‐2 expression and an inflammatory cell reaction. Clinical and histological examinations 3 weeks after treatment showed no sign of residual tumor.
Generalized atrophic benign epidermolysis bullosa
Authors: La Placa Michelangelo , Vincenzi Colombina , Fanti Pier A. , Tosti Antonella
Published: July 2006

Generalized atrophic benign epidermolysis bullosa (GABEB) is a rare autosomal recessive variant of junctional epidermolysis bullosa. A typical feature in these patients is the cicatricial alopecia resembling male pattern baldness; in this paper we describe a case of GABEB with particular attention to this characteristic.
Pemphigus triggered by diclofenac
Authors: Pellicano Riccardo , Iannantuono Marco , Di Ciommo Antonio , Bisceglia Michele
Published: July 2006

We report a case of pemphigus vulgaris which first appeared in a young Italian male during treatment with diclofenac. The initial lesions persisted for 5 months after the drug was discontinued and later worsened when the patient was treated with piroxicam. HLA typing revealed the presence of 3 antigens which have been shown to be associated with pemphigus (B55, DR6, DQ1). This appears to be the first report of pemphigus vulgaris triggered by diclofenac.
Flushing: causes, investigation and clinical consequences
Authors: Greaves M.W. , Burova E.P.
Published: July 2006

Flushing can occur as a physiological response or may indicate an underlying condition, such as carcinoid syndrome, mastocytosis or rosacea. The mechanisms and causes of flushing are discussed.

Learning objective At the conclusion of this learning activity, participants should be able to describe the pathogenesis and clinical characteristics of flushing and should be aware of the modalities to diagnose and treat this common dermatological sign.
AIDS‐related malignancies in Ireland 1987–1994
Authors: O'Reilly M. , Bergin C. , Mulcahy F.
Published: July 2006

Background Patients who are HIV positive have on increased risk of developing a malignancy, most notably Kuposi's sarcoma (KS) and Non‐Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NHL).

Objective To assess the incidence of malignancy in a HIV positive cohort in Ireland.

Methods We retrospectively reviewed all case notes of 784 HIV positive patients attending a GUM clinic of whom 340 had Stage IV disease.

Results There were 43 diagnoses of malignancy in 41 patients, the majority of whom were homosexual. There were 25 cases of KS, seven cases, of primary cerebral lymphoma, seven cases of systemic NHL and four other malignancies. The overall incidence of malignancy was 12.1% of all patients with AIDS (i.e. 41/340 patients).

Comment The incidence is lower than previously reported studies, but represents significant morbidity. The lower incidence may be explained by our patient demographic profile, In addition, malignancies may occur at a stage when patients are too ill to pursue investigation and post mortem examination may be refused. The need for close monitoring of high risk groups, such as HIV positive women with cervical dysplasia, has been confirmed.
Psychological characteristics and outcome of patients attending a clinic for vulval disease
Authors: Wojnarowska Fenella , Mayou Richard , Simkin Sue , Day Alex
Published: July 2006

Aim To describe the characteristics of consecutive attenders al a specialist clinic for vulval skin diseases and to determine their medical, psychological and social outcome.

Subjects Consecutive attenders at a specialist dermatology clinic.

Measures Systematic recording of medical data, standard psychometric assessment and semi‐structured interview.

Results Patients generally described their symptoms as distressing and disabling and were very considerable users of medical care, with which they were mainly dissatisfied. At follow up a substantial proportion of patients reported improvement in their physical and psychological symptoms and there was general satisfaction with having attended a clinic with special and sympathetic interest.

Conclusions Assessment and treatment by a sympathetic doctor with a special interest in vulval disease was found to be helpful by most subjects whatever the physical outcome. Satisfaction was in contrast to their long histories of symptoms and generally unsatisfactory consultation with doctors.
A new post vulvectomy reconstructive technique
Authors: Camacho Francisco M. , Navarro Jose , Moreno Jose C. , Muñoz Miguel A.
Published: July 2006

A new procedure to close extensive defects on the perineal area after vulvectomy is described. For years, the three first authors of this paper performed a number of surgical reconstructions after vulvectomy employing a personal technique that was described in 1987. But this technique is not useful when the excision has to be performed far beyond the anal orifice, involving a great part of the thighs. In this paper we describe our procedure of double rotation‐transposition flaps designed to repair a great detect following extensive excision. As a conclusion, we wish to stress out that the rotation‐transposition flaps should always be the technique of choice when repairing defects around the natural orifices. Grafts will only be useful to cover the donor area of the flaps.
Exanthem in children with rotavirus infection
Authors: Patrizi Annalisu , Frassetio Antonella , Trevisia Pompilio , Neria Iria , Ricci Giampaolo , Specchia Fernando , Masib Massimo
Published: July 2006

Objective and background The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between rotavirus infection and a transient maculo‐papular eruption in seven children with acute febrile gastroenteritis.

Methods Bacteria and viruses were looked for in stool specimens.

Results Rotavirus was detected in all patients by enzyme immunoassay.

Conclusion The short time lapse between the gastroenteritis and the rash, the identical clinical course and the consistent isolation of rotavirus in all cases suggest an etiological association between this viral infection and exanthem.
Altered gene expression in skin melanomas is correlated with the level of skin infiltration and metastatic spreading
Authors: Trevisan G. , Sclaunich S. , Bonin S. , Stanta G.
Published: July 2006

Background In many tumors and also in melanomas a high expression of different growth factor receptors is sometimes present, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) and oncogene c‐erbB2 are often involved. Recently a tumor suppressor gene, tailed MTS1. has been identified. MTS1 may have an important function in many tumors like those of the lung, breast, bone, ovary and skin melanomas.

Objectives In our study we analyzed the expression at mRNA level of EGFr, c‐erbB2 and MTS1 in biopsied paraffin‐embedded tissues of skin melanomas at different stages of Breslow and according to the presence or absence of metastatic spreading during follow‐up.

Methods The relative translation of the mRNA was performed from histological sections cut from formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded tissues after RT‐PCR. Eighteen patients with melanoma were studied at mRNA expression level of RGF‐receptor, c‐erbB2 oncogene and MTS1 tumor suppressor gene. The expression has been correlated with the Breslow stage of skin infiltration and the presence of recurrences during the follow‐up period.

Results The level of expression of EGFr was connected with the level of skin infiltration; in Breslow stages 1 and 2 the expression is low and clearly higher in Breslow 3. But a higher expression is not directly correlated with the presence of recurrences. On the other hand higher levels of c‐erbB2 and MTS1 mRNA are related, particularly in stage 3 of skin infiltration melanomas, with absence of recurrences. In this case c‐erbB2 seems to be a variable independent of Breslow stage.

Conclusions Our study suggests in a preliminary way that a high level of expression of c‐erbB2 or MTS1 could be connected with infiltrative melanomas. Breslow stage 3, that do not tend to cause recurrences. On the other hand the EGFr expression is related to the stage of the skin infiltration of the tumors.
Dermatomyositis sine myositis in five cases
Authors: Mattheou‐Vakali Georgia , Ioannides Demetris , Lazaridou Elizabeth , Kalabalikis Demetris , Batsios Paris , Minas Aristippos
Published: July 2006

Background A small subset of patients with dermatomyositis develop the characteristic cutaneous manifestations without muscle involvement, the so‐called dermatomyositis sine myositis or amyopathic dermatomyositis. Whether systemic treatment of skin disease can prevent the development of myositis remains controversial.

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the development of the disease in terms of the onset of muscle symptoms under systemic treatment with corticosteroids or antimalarials.

Methods Five patients with dermatomyositis sine myositis were included in this study. All skin biopsy specimens had features consistent with dermatomyositis. Muscle enzymes, electromyograms and muscle biopsies did not reveal any abnormality.

Results Corticosteroids were given in three patients and hydroxychloroquine in two. Both regimens proved to be effective in the treatment of skin symptoms. Four patients, three on corticosteroids and one on hydroxychloroquine, did not develop muscle disease 4–7 years after presentation. One patient on hydroxychloroquine showed laboratory evidence of myositis 6 years after initiation of treatment.

Conclusion It seems that muscle disease may appear within long periods of time after the onset of the cutaneous manifestations. The term dermatomyositis sine myositis can be used as a provisional diagnosis. Our observations suggest that systemic treatment of skin disease with corticosteroids is successful and may alter the disease course. Hydroxychloroquine may be helpful in some cases.
Dead sea bath salt for the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris: a double‐blind controlled study
Authors: Halevy Sima , Giryes Hani , Friger Michael , Sukenik Shaul
Published: July 2006

Back‐ground The beneficial effect of the Dead Sea (DS) area in psoriasis is attributed in part to the DS water, which has a high content of minerals,

Aim The aim of the study was 10 evaluate the sole therapeutic effect of DS salt in psoriasis.

Patients and Methods Thirty patients wild psoriasis vulgaris, involving >15% body area, were included in the study, which was conducted in a double‐blind controlled manner. Treatment consisted of once daily baths, heated lo 35°C, of 20 min duration, for 3 weeks, of cither DS bath salt (group I) or common salt (group II). Clinical evaluation was based on Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score determination before and after treatment

Results Twenty‐five patients 113 in group 1 and I 2 in group II) terminated the treatment protocol. In both groups, treated by US hath salt and common salt, respectively, the mean PASI score before treatment (18.6, ± 9.4 and 15.7 ± 7.1. respectively) decreased significantly al the end of the treatment (11.4 ± 6.1 and 11.4± 6.6, respectively). The mean percentage reduction of PASI score at the end of the treatment regimen, was higher in patients treated with IDS bath salt (34.8%) compared to patients treated with common salt (27.5%) (P > 0.05). The mean percentage reduction a month after termination of the treatment protocol was higher in patients treated with DS hath salt (43.6%) than in those treated with common salt (24%) (P > 0.05).

Conclusions The present study implies a beneficial effect to bathing wish either DS hath salt or common salt as a sole therapy for psoriasis vulgaris. However, we observed an enhanced beneficial effect of DS hath salt compared to common salt.
Psychological Adjustment and Life Style of Single Lesbians and Single Heterosexual Women
Authors: Oberstone Andrea Kincses , Sukoneck Harriet
Published: July 2006

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and a 60-item structured interview questionnaire were administered to 25 white single homosexually-oriented women and 25 white single heterosexually-oriented women between the ages of 20 and 45 years in order to investigate their psychological adjustment and current life styles. Groups were equivalent on age, marital status, educational and occupational levels, and other demographic variables. Groups did not differ in total psychological adjustment as measured by scale scores on the MMPI nor as evaluated by blind expert raters using the MMPI profiles. Groups differed significantly on the Masculinity-Femininity (Mf) scale ( p < .001) and the Hypomania (Ma) scale ( p < .05). On the interview questionnaire, which included current living situations, roles and relationships, behavior and friendship patterns, and drinking, drug, and suicidal behavior, no major differences between groups were found. Differences between groups were found only on items directly related to sexual orientation. The findings clarify some of the myths and misconceptions about lesbianism.
The Altruistic Other Orientation: An Exploration of Female Powerlessness
Authors: Walstedt Joyce Jennings
Published: July 2006

A construct, the altruistic other orientation (AOO), is introduced and used to examine a life-long attitude of self-sacrifice in women originating in the male-female relationship. Research exploring this construct utilizes the Walstedt Altruistic Other scale and a revision of the Schaefer Parent Attitude Research Instrument on a sample of 106 middle-aged women. The hypothesis that women who do not accept the altruistic other orientation are more likely to be self-supporting in their middle years and attain more academic degrees than those who do was confirmed ( p < .001). In addition, father socialization practices were found to be significantly correlated with the daughter's academic achievement, economic independence, and AOO adoption ( p < .05 to p < .001).
The Motive to Avoid Success: Exploring the Nature of the Fear
Authors: Schnitzer Phoebe Kazdin
Published: July 2006

The relationship of Horner's (1968) measure of fear of success to the perception of interpersonal relationships is investigated in five samples of male and female college students. In addition to Horner's cue, the different samples wrote stories to a variety of cues describing aspects of same-sex and opposite-sex friendships. Fear-of-success subjects of both sexes significantly more often described dangers, as opposed to pleasures, in opposite-sex relationships. Fear-of-success female subjects significantly more often described same-sex disagreements as destructive of friendships. Results are discussed in terms of sex similarities and differences; the usefulness of fear of success as a cross-sex personality variable is explored.
Process vs. Impact in Men's and Women's Achievement Motivation
Authors: Veroff Joseph
Published: July 2006

The author presents a new taxonomy of six achievement motivation types, with the categories based on an interaction between two factors: (a) whether the individual emphasizes the process of achieving or the impact of the accomplishment itself; and (b) whether the person derives his standards of excellence from within himself, from some social reference, or from an impersonal task demand. The hypothesis is proposed that females in American society have been taught to emphasize the process of their achievement strivings and males the impact of their achievement attempts. Empirical evidence is given to support this hypothesis and to elucidate the six types of achievement motivation.
Working Men and Women: Inter- and Intra-Role Conflict
Authors: Herman Jeanne Brett , Gyllstrom Karen Kuczynski
Published: July 2006

Hypotheses about sex differences and inter-social role and intra-work role conflict were tested in a university setting. Results indicate that inter-role conflict is primarily a function of the number of social roles held. There was no number of social roles by sex interaction. Women did perceive greater conflict between work and home maintenance roles than men perceived. Intra-work role conflict is primarily a function of the position of the work role in the organization's structure and the role responsibilities.
Women's Studies as Change Agent
Authors: Scott Ruth , Richards Ann , Wade Marie
Published: July 2006

Students' attitudes toward women and changes in those attitudes after taking a women's studies course were studied. The Spence Attitude Toward Women Scale was administered to 354 undergraduate students at two mid-western institutions. Matched pre- and posttests were obtained for 176 students. Results showed that attitudes toward women became more liberal after taking a women's studies course ( p < .001); also that attitudes were initially more liberal at an affluent liberal arts college than at a regional campus of a state university ( p < .001).
Causal Attributions of Male and Female Performance by Young Children
Authors: Etaugh Claire , Hadley Terry
Published: July 2006

Males and females in kindergarten and third grade predicted whether a boy or a girl would succeed on a masculine or a feminine task. Some predictions were confirmed; others were not. The children were asked to explain the winner's success by choosing among four determinants of achievement: ability, effort, task ease, and luck. For third graders, luck was more important in determining the success of an unpredicted winner than a predicted winner. For both ages, female success on a masculine task was attributed more to effort than to ability. These findings support attribution theory and indicate that differential perceptions of male and female performance exist in young children.
The Empty Nest, Employment, and Psychiatric Symptoms in College-Educated Women
Authors: Powell Barbara
Published: July 2006

The relationship of employment status to symptoms was studied in 40 graduates of an Eastern woman's college who had been out of college 35 years and were in their late fifties at the time of the study. All subjects were married women in the “empty nest” stage of life. Women employed full-time were found to have significantly lower symptom scores than women not employed outside the home, with women employed part-time occupying an intermediate position.
The Relative Rewards and Costs of Parenthood and Employment for Employed Women
Authors: Beckman Linda J.
Published: July 2006

The perceived satisfactions and costs of parenthood and employment were examined and categorized for 123 professional and nonprofessional married women aged 28 to 39 who were employed full-time. High perceived role conflict between parenting and employment was associated with both lower parity and professional status. Women with large families more highly valued the companionship aspects of children and liked children more than did other women. Nonprofessionals were more concerned about extrinsic characteristics of the job (e.g., money), while professionals were more concerned about intrinsic factors (e.g., mental stimulation) and were more likely to see children as interfering with employment.
Raising Consciousness About Women's Groups: Process and Outcome Research
Authors: Nassi Alberta J. , Abramowitz Stephen I.
Published: July 2006

Although therapy is a misnomer for consciousness-raising (CR) groups, some criterion for “therapeutic” or desirable outcome is necessary for evaluating clinical and social psychological change in the CR format. Quantitative and non-quantitative process and outcome findings are reviewed, and implications for theory, research and practice are discussed. Women in CR groups give testimony to their global effectiveness in fostering personal development as well as political awareness. Empirical findings likewise support the notion of the CR group as a potentiator of pro-feminist attitudes. However, those data are equivocal with regard to the formulation that any such liberalization of sociopolitical beliefs promotes personal growth and self-esteem.
Consciousness-Raising Groups in the 1970's
Authors: Kravetz Diane
Published: July 2006

Based on a 1974 nationwide survey, this paper describes the characteristics of 1,669 women in consciousness-raising (CR) groups. Most women in the survey are white, middle- and upper-middle class women who joined their first CR group during the 1970's. They learned about CR groups primarily from women friends and joined a group with friends or through a women's organization. Sixty-five percent of the women considered themselves to be members of the women's movement prior to their joining a CR group. Most women identified themselves as liberal (58%) or radical (21%). Women's primary reason for joining a CR group was to learn from, share with, and gain support from other women; they joined to examine personal issues within the context of their common social roles. Sharing experiences and feelings as women was the most salient group process. Women in this survey were highly satisfied with their CR group experience and encouraged other women to join a CR group.
Measuring Androgyny in Adulthood
Authors: White Martha Sturm
Published: July 2006

A critique is presented of trends in sex differences studies over the past few years. Such studies have failed to study possible integration of sex role identity as a developmental process, and have often neglected self-definitions in favor of stereotypes. A new approach for measuring androgynous competencies is suggested which utilizes Bakan's (1966) concepts of agency and communion. Adult women high on both agentic and communion competencies seem to have many advantages over those who are low on both competencies or who are competent in only one area.
Androgyny and Derived Identity in Married Women with Varying Degrees of Non-Traditional Role Involvement
Authors: Welch Renate L.
Published: July 2006

Three groups of women–(1) wives with no outside employment, (2) wives employed in non-professional occupations, and (3) wives employed in professional occupations–were administered the Derived Identity Questionnaire (DIQ) and the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). The two working groups revealed less “derived identity” than did the non-employed group, although the difference was only marginally significant. On the BSRI it was found that while the obtained femininity scores were essentially equal and high for the three groups, masculinity increased as a direct function of degree of departure from the housewife role. This finding led to the conclusion that working wives (especially professionals) are more “androgynous” than non-working wives. Finally, the signed difference between the masculinity and femininity scores and the DIQ scores were correlated positively, indicative of a negative relationship between derived identity and androgyny.
Some Social Implications of Sex-Choice Technology
Authors: Fidell Linda , Hoffman Donnie , Keith-Spiegel Patti
Published: July 2006

A survey of 710 undergraduates was conducted to assess the probable patterns of utilization of sex-choice technology when it becomes widely available. Ideal family composition was determined along with demographic and attitudinal variables. Results confirmed the overwhelming preference for male children, in general, and male firstborn children, in particular: 85% wanted a firstborn boy, while 73% wanted a secondborn girl. Reasons for the choice reflected both considerable knowledge of advantages accruing to firstborn children and stereotypic expectations regarding sons and daughters. The possible consequences of widespread use of sex choice technology for women's civil rights are discussed.
Attention to Sex in Psychological Research as Related to Journal Policy and Author Sex
Authors: Etaugh Claire , Spandikow Deborah Bohn
Published: July 2006

From 1969 to 1974, Developmental Psychology, but not Child Development, specified that authors analyze for sex differences. The authors examined 503 studies published in Child Development and Developmental Psychology in 1971 and 1975. Sex of senior author, subjects and experimenter(s) were recorded for each study. If subjects of both sexes were used, the presence or absence of the following were noted: (a) analysis of sex differences; (b) hypotheses regarding sex differences; (c) mention of subjects' sex in the abstract. For single-sex-subject studies, mention of subjects' sex in the discussion or conclusion was noted. Using these data as dependent variables, chi-square analyses were performed comparing: (a) the two journals; (b) 1971 and 1975 authors; and (c) male and female authors. The findings were: (a) More attention was paid to sex in Developmental Psychology when the journal had a written editorial policy regarding this factor; (b) Evidence was mixed for increasing awareness of sex as a variable between 1971 and 1975; (c) Female authors were more aware of sex than were male authors in 1971 but not in 1975; (d) In both years, authors used own-sex subjects and experimenters more than those of the opposite sex; (e) Developmental psychologists, as compared to psychologists in other areas previously examined, were more sensitive to sex as a variable.
Sex-Stereotyped and Nonstereotyped Introductions of New Toys in the Preschool Classroom: An Observational Study of Teacher Behavior and Its Effects
Authors: Serbin Lisa A. , Connor Jane M. , Iler Iris
Published: July 2006

In Study 1, the behavior of teachers in introducing sex-typed and nonsex-typed toys in the classroom was observed in nine preschool classes. Results indicated that teachers called on more boys to demonstrate a “masculine” toy than girls, p < .01. No significant differences were found in the mean number of boys and girls called on to demonstrate “neutral” or “feminine” toys. However, teachers were more variable in demonstrating the sex-typed feminine toys than the nonstereotyped toy, p < .05. In a second study, two sets of toys, each including five dolls and five trucks, were introduced using stereotyped and nonstereotyped introductions to two classes of 3- and 4-year-old children. No significant sex differences in toy choices were found following the nonstereotyped introductions. Following the stereotyped introductions, the children's toy choices were consistent with sex-role stereotypes. These results are consistent with laboratory studies suggesting that bias in the introduction of toys by adults may contribute to the sex-typing of specific activities.
Do Reentry Women Have Special Needs?
Authors: Badenhoop M. Suzanne , Johansen M. Kelly
Published: July 2006

Reentry and nonreentry women were compared on their reasons for being in school, goals associated with education, and campus services used or wanted. Eighty-two California State University, Hayward, undergraduate students volunteered to participate in the questionnaire survey. Reentry women were found to be more self-motivated, with higher educational goals, and higher grade point averages than nonreentry women. Reentry women also made less use of currently available student services. Reasons for this lack of use, and suggestions for future services were explored.
Sex Differences In Intimacy Motivation
Authors: Mark Elizabeth Wyner , Alper Thelma G.
Published: July 2006

Affiliation motivation in the literature has been conceptualized as inclusive of both intimacy and sociability needs. It is hypothesized here that the affiliative interests of males and females differ specifically in the strength of the motivation toward intimacy. Using a projective cue with a sample of high school students, highly significant sex differences in Intimacy Imagery were obtained. In addition, it was found that males who showed a stereotypically masculine orientation in their projective responses to two cues were less likely than other males to write stories containing Intimacy Imagery.
Developmental Changes in Self-Perceptions of Intelligence and Self-Confidence
Authors: Gold Alice Ross , Brush Lorelei R. , Sprotzer Eve R.
Published: July 2006

Sex differences in self-perceptions of intelligence and self-confidence were examined among third through eighth graders. In third grade, differences between the sexes were small and, in the case of perceptions of intelligence, favored the females. By fifth grade, males were more likely to describe themselves as smart and self-confident than were females. These differences persisted into the eighth grade. Further analyses indicated that the sex differences could not be adequately explained by the process of internalizing sex-stereotypes.
Psychiatric Diagnosis as a Function of Assessor Profession and Sex
Authors: Wright Chris T. , Meadow Arnold , Abramowitz Stephen I. , Davidson Christine V.
Published: July 2006

Diagnostic impressions formed by 26 clinicians after intake interviews with 200 randomly assigned outpatients at a community mental health center were analyzed by assessor discipline and sex and by patient sex and age level. Professional status was positively related to diagnostic severity among male assessors—nurses, social workers, psychologists, and psychiatrists made increasingly higher proportions of psychotic diagnoses. Female therapists were less likely than their male counterparts to render psychotic diagnoses. This finding was most robust for doctoral interviewers, especially psychologists, and for patients who were female or under 30. Results are discussed in relation to the need for a model of the diagnostic process that allows for the role of practitioner attributes. Previous largely negative findings may have had their source in the failure of contrived analogue procedures to evoke emotions in the rater comparable in intensity to those aroused in the real-life encounter.
The Image of Women in Abnormal Psychology: Professionalism versus Psychopathology
Authors: Harris Ben , Lightner Jean
Published: July 2006

A survey of sex stereotyping in photographs was made for major current-edition textbooks of abnormal psychology published in the United States. In photographs of contributors to the field, women were significantly underrepresented, amounting to less than 5% of the contributors pictured. There was no overall difference in the frequency with which men and women were pictured as patients, although women were overrepresented in the field's largest selling textbook. Analysis of this text's editions since 1950 revealed this overrepresentation to be a recent reversal of a previous male stereotype of psychopathology. Possible causes of this reversal are (a) the changing nature of clinical practice and training; (b) changes in the process by which textbooks are produced and published; and (c) factors related to sex differences in the epidemiology of common psychopathologies.
Towards a Model of Female Occupational Behavior: A Human Development Approach
Authors: Perun Pamela J. , Del Vento Bielby Denise
Published: July 2006

Substantial evidence suggests that women have added the role of worker to their characteristic adult roles of wife and mother. The inclusion of a work cycle in the female life course is a significant alteration of traditional roles, and is likely to have a major impact on both individual lives and the social structure. However, little has been done to incorporate these changes into theoretical perspectives on occupational development. This paper examines the literature on women and work by reviewing, at the societal level, the trends in female labor force activity since 1900 and, at the individual level, theories of the development of occupational behavior. An integration of these two areas is then suggested through an evaluation of their relevance to the human development paradigm.
Friendships of Women and of Men
Authors: Bell Robert R.
Published: July 2006

This study examines the responses of four groups of persons as to their feelings about friendship and aloneness. The four groups are defined on the basis of gender and their Conventionality vs. Nonconventionality of values and attitudes toward life. It was found that the friendships of women are more personal and emotionally based than those of men. It is suggested that Nonconventional women and men may have more in common than do Conventional and Nonconventional women or men.
Sex Differences in the Judgment of Interpersonal Verbs
Authors: Thompson Eileen G. , Hatchett Paulette , Phillips James L.
Published: July 2006

In the present study, male and female college students were asked to make judgments concerning the affective and control connotations of 71 sentences describing interpersonal relationships. Each sentence described a relationship between two people, using a different interpersonal verb (e.g. “likes,” “takes care of,” “humiliates,” etc.). Subjects were asked to judge the affective positivity and negativity of each relationship as well as the implication for interpersonal control. The results indicated an overall pattern in which females judged interpersonal relations to be more extreme in affect than did males, while males judged the same relations to be more extreme in control than did females. These results were interpreted within the framework of agency and communion, and their implications for communication problems between individuals of opposite sex were discussed.
PAQ Types and Power Strategies Used in Intimate Relationships
Authors: Falbo Toni
Published: July 2006

A study was conducted to examine the kinds of power strategies used by Masculine, Feminine, Androgynous, and Undifferentiated people in their intimate relationships. Heterosexual college students (50 men and 50 women) de scribed the power strategies they used in a current or past romantic/sexual relationship, described other aspects of their relationships and themselves, and completed the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ). The data were analyzed and the results interpreted in terms of a two dimensional model of power strategies in intimate relationships Androgynous people reported using primarily bilateral strategies, such as persuasion, to influence their intimate partners. In contrast, Undifferentiated people reported using primarily unilateral strategies, such as doing what they wanted, regardless of their partner's compliance. In addition, Feminine people and women were more likely to report using indirect and unilateral strategies such as growing silent or leaving the room, while Masculine people and men were more likely to report using direct and bilateral strategies, such as bargaining.
Retaliation Against Sexual Assault: Self-Defense or Public Duty?
Authors: Towson Shelagh M. J. , Zanna Mark P.
Published: July 2006

The present study explored the notion that females would react more positively toward retaliation against sexual assault than males. In a 2 × 2 design, female and male undergraduates read a vignette in which either a rape victim or her fiance retaliated against the rapist by shooting him (nonfatally). Results indicated that females regarded the retaliatory act as more morally justified than did males and were consistently more lenient in their legal judgments of the retaliator. Correlational analyses indicated that attributing retaliation to the motives of self-defense (for the victim) and “public duty” (for the fiance) may have mediated these judgments. Implications of these findings for the psychology of moral judgment and the legal system are discussed.
Judging the Professional Woman: Changing Research, Changing Values
Authors: Yogev Sara
Published: July 2006

This article offers a framework for understanding contradictory findings in the field of the personality of working and professional women. Modern theory and research display two patterns: the early pattern of the 1960s, which viewed professional women as violating sex stereotypes, lacking femininity, and having personality disturbances; and the contemporary view, which emerged during the 1970s and suggests the possibility of combining career with family without psychological conflicts and personality disturbances. A critical appraisal of the literature in four areas (psychological role conflict, fear of success, comparison between housewives and career women, and comparisons between women in traditional and pioneer occupations) concludes that little evidence supports the view that professional women have personality disturbances because of their career. Possible explanations for shifting viewpoints and contradictory findings are presented. The article also analyzes the issues and problems professional women currently face and assesses the accessibility of those issues to empirical study.
A Comparison of Androgynous, Feminine, Masculine, and Undifferentiated Women on Self-Esteem, Body Satisfaction, and Sexual Satisfaction
Authors: Kimlicka Thomas , Cross Herbert , Tarnai John
Published: July 2006

Unmarried female undergraduates ( n = 204) completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory and measures of body image and self-esteem. Androgyny and masculinity were associated with self-esteem, body satisfaction, and sexual satisfaction. Androgynous and masculine subjects were generally similar and well adjusted; whereas feminine and undifferentiated subjects were similar and less well adjusted. Results are interpreted as evidence for the adaptive nature of changing female sex roles.
Femininity, Masculinity, and Adjustment to Divorce Among Women
Authors: Hansson Robert O. , Knopf Marieta F. , Downs E. Anne , Monroe Paula R. , Stegman Susan E. , Wadley Donna S.
Published: July 2006

Two studies investigated the influence of sex-role identification: (a) on the feelings and expectations of female college students (N = 66) regarding the possibility of their own marriage and subsequent divorce; and (b) among divorced women (N = 32), on their reasons for divorce, and the trauma they experienced during the post-divorce adjustment period. Among college students, femininity was related to pessimistic expectations regarding marriage and divorce, while masculinity was related to more positive expectations. In the divorced sample, less conventional (more masculine) women seemed to adjust more easily. Femininity was related to more passive and conventional reasons for divorce, while masculinity was related to more frequent reports that the divorce was partly due to the women's own needs and behaviors.
Group Process and Sex Differences
Authors: Kahn Lynn Sandra
Published: July 2006

Theme development and role types were investigated in eight same-sex, self-analytic groups with male or female leadership, through the use of The General Inquirer, a computerized program of content analysis. All groups, male and female, showed a significant increase in the use of AFFILIATION words over time. Groups with female members used significantly more AFFILIATION words than groups with male members. Significantly more HOSTILE words were found in female-led groups than in male-led groups. There was no support for the traditional view that there is a sequential relationship between resolving first authority and then intimacy issues. Five general role types—the Instrumental Leader, the Expressive Leader, the Seducer, the Aggressor, and the Distressed Participant—were identified in all groups. Scapegoating was seen as a group process rather than a specific role type.
The Psychological Well-Being of Women in Their Middle Years
Authors: Black Sionag M. , Hill Clara E.
Published: July 2006

Questionnaires were completed by 232 married women, aged 46–61, who were graduates of a large mideastern university. Empty nest status, employment level, age, socioeconomic status, educational level, menopausal symptoms, and husband's attitude toward wife working were used to predict symptomatology, general happiness, marital satisfaction, work satisfaction, and adjustment to the anticipated or actual empty nest. Interviews were conducted with 12 selected participants. Results of the survey indicated that the women were generally well-adjusted and that the impact of the predictor variables was practically nonsignificant. Interview data suggested that a specific event (e.g., children leaving home) or situation (e.g., employment status) may not be as important as the ability to cope creatively with situations as they arise.
Medical Perceptions of Menopausal Symptoms
Authors: Cowan Gloria , Warren Lynda W. , Young Joyce L.
Published: July 2006

Thirty-five physicians in family practice or gynecology, 43 practicing nurses, and 35 menopausal or postmenopausal women rated the frequency, severity, and causality of 15 menopausal symptoms commonly reported in the literature. Subjects also rated their degree of preference for four possible menopause treatments (counseling, estrogen therapy, mood-altering medication, and no treatment) and answered an open-ended question asking them what they saw as the major factor in determining whether a woman would experience difficulty at menopause. The results overall suggest that medical persons see menopausal symptoms as more pathological than women who have experienced or are experiencing menopause and that physicians, relative to menopausal women, adhere to a more psychogenic model in which psychological causality and symptoms are given greater emphasis than menopausal women give them.
Attributions of the Term Feminist: A Factor Analytic Development of a Measuring Instrument
Authors: Berryman-Fink Cynthia , Verderber Kathleen S.
Published: July 2006

This study attempts to develop a measure of the attributions of the term feminist. Seven hundred and sixty-eight undergraduate students (361 males and 407 females) completed a 91-item semantic differential test relevant to the label feminist. Principal components analysis with orthogonal rotation produced five factors indicating that when the term feminist is used, attributions of General Evaluation, Behavioral Characteristics, Political Orientation, Sexual Preference, and Gender Classification are likely to be made. Factor analysis of split halves of the sample shows an internal replication and, consequently, a stability of the obtained factor structure. This study presents students' judgments on specific items defining these factors, thereby indicating the evaluative associations of the term.
Modern Women and the Dynamics of Social Psychological Ambivalence
Authors: Earle John R. , Harris Catherine T.
Published: July 2006

Because gender roles are rapidly changing, a more dynamic conceptualization of role is especially needed. Working toward this end, we build on the contributions of scholars such as Merton and Barber (1963), Rossi (1972), Bardwick and Douvan (1971), Komarovsky (1973a, 1973b), and Room (1976); develop two pivotal concepts, social psychological ambivalence and developmental alienation; and interpret current findings on the changing roles of women. Conflicts contemporary women may face because they are attracted to opposing values also are explored. One challenge for future researchers will be to clarify the situational factors that link ambivalence on the individual (i.e., psychological) level to structural or sociological ambivalence and to collective social action.
To Teach is to Learn: Overcoming Tokenism with Mentors
Authors: Yoder Janice D. , Adams Jerome , Grove Stephen , Priest Robert F.
Published: July 2006

Active mentors, persons who are not simply role models, have been shown to facilitate and enhance career growth, yet the token role of women entering traditionally masculine professions was shown to inhibit sponsorships. An analysis of a sample of exit interviews from the first women cadets to graduate from West Point revealed that the marginal peer acceptance of tokens within a competitive, somewhat constrained atmosphere discouraged the development of these sponsorships. If women plan to play sustained roles in the professions, they must actively sponsor other women. A first step in this process is to be aware of the situational pressures, noted in the present paper, that are directed against sponsorships within a token group.
Derived Identity and Depressive Symptomatology in Women Differing in Marital and Employment Status
Authors: Warren Lynda W. , McEachren Lyla
Published: July 2006

Derived identity, defined as a sense of self that is overly influenced by and dependent upon relationships with significant others, and depressive symptomatology, measured by the CES-D scale, were assessed in a sample of 564 adult women classified into one of six marital-employment status groups: married professional, single professional, married nonprofessional, single nonprofessional, married nonemployed, and single nonemployed. Married women were found to report more derived identity than single women and, when age effects were controlled, married women also had higher CES-D scores than single women. Employment status results in aggregate indicated that for women of equal education: (1) employment outside the home, whether it be professional or nonprofessional, is related to a more autonomous sense of self than nonemployment and (2) employment outside the home is not associated with lower CES-D scores than nonemployment. Derived identity and depression were also found to be significantly correlated within the total sample and within each marital-employment status group.
Motivation of Managers: Is Gender a Factor?
Authors: Chusmir Leonard H.
Published: July 2006

Respondents consisted of 124 working managers (62 men, 62 women) whose needs for Achievement ( nAch), Affiliation ( nAff), and Power ( nPwr) were tested using two types of Thematic Apperception Tests, male-oriented and balanced as to sex. Results of a two-way ANOVA indicate that women managers have a higher nAch, a not significantly different nAff, and a higher nPwr than managerial men. Changing social values as well as the obstacles women face in first getting managerial jobs and then having to overcome sex-role conflicts—all possibly channel a specific type of woman into these managerial positions, as other factors act to select men.
Reflections on a Feminist Psychology of Women: Paradoxes and Prospects
Authors: Fine Michelle
Published: July 2006

The articles published in Psychology of Women Quarterly provide both testimony to the progress made by feminist psychologists and an opportunity for critical self reflection on this literature. This paper reports an analysis of the methods and conclusions of articles published in Psychology of Women Quarterly from 1978 through 1981. The analysis was undertaken to document what has been accomplished by the psychology of women literature, to identify vestiges of traditional psychology reproduced within this literature, to examine conceptual paradoxes introduced by attempts to generate a feminist psychology, and to articulate prospects for a fuller realization of a feminist psychology. Three paradoxes, examined in detail, emerge from feminist psychology's commitment to contextual validity: the presumption of “progressive progress”; the implication of internal causes for social conditions; and the advancement of individualistic change strategies. The analysis concludes with recommendations for enhancing the contextual validity of feminist psychology.