bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Making urban excreta and wastewater management contribute to cities' economic development: a paradigm shift
Authors: Koné Doulaye
Published: May 2010

Cities, as engines of economic growth and social development, require large quantities of natural resources to meet their inhabitants' economic and social needs. Good infrastructure and reliable service provision are key to sustaining cities' development. In this regard, they enhance investment opportunities and service access to vulnerable populations. In response to the lack of sanitation infrastructure, many governments, development agencies and NGOs usually implement programmes to provide latrines to poor and vulnerable populations. These programmes often do not link infrastructure provision and its necessary management requirements. As a result, the majority of ‘latrine-based’ cities do not have a reliable solution for emptying latrines, and for the transportation and treatment of faecal sludge and wastewater. When these infrastructures are available, they are disconnected from business opportunities which use resources such as water, nutrients or biosolids for their productive activities. This lingering failure in sanitation is putting a huge financial burden on municipalities who have to rely on permanent subsidies to operate and maintain infrastructures. The recent WHO guidelines on safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater opens doors for reuse opportunities other than agricultural irrigation. It is leading towards a new paradigm. This paper discusses research needs to link urban sanitation management to cities' economic development agenda.
Accounting for the market and non-market values of multifunctional outputs in evaluating water transfers to non-agricultural uses: empirical evidence from Taiwanese rice production
Authors: Chang Hung-Hao , Boisvert Richard N.
Published: May 2010

Increased demand for water for municipal and industrial uses throughout Taiwan has intensified the pressure to re-allocate water from agricultural to non-agricultural uses. The full policy implications of such water transfers must not only account for the value of lost agricultural production and income, but also any loss in the social value of multifunctional benefits from agricultural production. Focusing on two northern irrigation associations in Taiwan, this paper empirically assesses the changes in rice production and multifunctional values under the scenario of transferring water from agricultural to non-agricultural uses. We also compare these combined multifunctional values of land in agricultural production with the per hectare compensations for water transfer in 2002 to evaluate the current water transfer mechanism. The empirical results have significant policy implications. Despite substantial reductions in production and farm income, the compensation levels in both irrigation regions exceed those required to compensate farmers for the losses in net farm revenue, and do so by substantial margins.
Power dynamics and water reform in the Zimbabwean context: implications for the poor
Authors: Mapedza Everisto , Geheb Kim
Published: May 2010

In Zimbabwe, the state has been reconfiguring the water sector since 1998, as has been happening more generally within the wider Southern African region. Within the water sector, as in broader environmental governance, decentralization is increasingly being proposed as an important step towards increased accountability, equity and positive social and environmental outcomes. Decentralization is defined as the devolution of powers to local level institutions which are downwardly accountable to their constituencies. This paper looks at the Zimbabwean case of decentralising water management and assesses whether or not this process has yielded positive social, economic and environmental outcomes. The paper views the reform process as a reflection of the power asymmetries that work against the interests of poor households in accessing water for both domestic and productive uses.
Comparative study of thermal transport in Zea mays straw and Zea mays heartwood (cork) boards
Authors: Etuk Sunday , Akpabio Louis , Akpan Ita
Published: May 2010

Thermal conductivity values at the temperature of 301-303K have been measured for Zea mays straw board as well as Zea mays heartwood (cork) board. Comparative study of the thermal conductivity values of the boards reveal that Zea mays heartwood board has a lower thermal conductivity value to that of the straw board. The study also shows that the straw board is denser than the heartwood board. Specific heat capacity value is less in value for the heartwood board than the straw board. These parameters also affect the thermal diffusivity as well as thermal absorptivity values for the two types of boards. The result favours the two boards as thermal insulators for thermal envelop but with heartwood board as a preferred insulation material than the straw board.
Experimental investigation of transcritical CO2 heat pump for simultaneous water cooling and heating
Authors: Sarkar Jahar , Bhattacharyya Souvik , Ramgopal Mudali
Published: May 2010

This paper presents the experimental performances of a transcritical CO2 heat pump prototype for simultaneous water cooling and heating applications. System behavior and performances such as cooling capacity, heating capacity, and system coefficient of performance (COP) have been studied experimentally for various operating parameters such as water mass flow rate, water inlet temperature for both evaporator and gas cooler, and expansion valve opening. Performance is also compared with previous test data. Test indicates that the expansion valve opening has a significant effect as well near the full valve closing condition (up to 20?). Study shows that both the water mass flow rate and inlet temperature have significant effect on system performances. Test results show that, at gas cooler pressure of 90 bar, the effect of evaporator water mass flow rate on the system performances is more pronounced (COP increases 0.6 for 1 kg/min.) compared to the gas cooler water mass flow rate (COP increases 0.4 for 1 kg/min.) and the effect of gas cooler water inlet temperature is more significant (COP decreases 0.48 for given ranges) compared to the evaporator water inlet temperature (COP increases 0.43 for given ranges).
A RELAP5 model for the thermal-hydraulic analysis of a typical pressurized water reactor
Authors: Agamy Said , Metwally Adul , Al-Ramady Mohammad , Elaraby Sayed
Published: May 2010

This study describes a RELAP5 computer code for thermal-hydraulic analysis of a typical pressurized water reactor. RELAP5 is used to calculate the thermal hydraulic characteristics of the reactor core and the primary loop under steady-state and hypothetical accidents conditions. New designs of nuclear power plants are directed to increase safety by many methods like reducing the dependence on active parts (such as safety pumps, fans, and diesel generators ) and replacing them with passive features (such as gravity draining of cooling water from tanks, and natural circulation of water and air). In this work, high and medium pressure injection pumps are replaced by passive injection components. Different break sizes in cold leg pipe are simulated to analyze to what degree the plant is safe (without any operator action) by using only these passive components. Also station blackout accident is simulated and the time response of operator action has been discussed.
Turbulent mixed convection in heated vertical channel
Authors: Mokni Ameni , Mhiri Hatem , Le Palec , Bournot Philippe
Published: May 2010

In this paper an investigation of mixed convection from vertical heated channel is undertaken. The aim is to explore the heat transfer enhancement obtained by adding a forced flow, issued from a flat nozzle located in the entry section of a channel, to the up-going fluid along its walls. Combined forced and free convection are studied in order to increase the cooling requirements. The study is conceded for two Rayleigh number. The first case corresponds to two separate boundary layers so the channel acts as two independent plates. For the second case the two boundary layers are attached. Calculations are carried out with air as the working fluid by changing the jet velocity in order to optimize the system to give the maximum heat flow rate over the chimney. The system of governing equations is solved with a finite volumes method and an implicit scheme. The results obtained show that the jet-wall activates the heat transfer, as does the drive of ambient air by the jet.
Wind energy resources in Bosnia & Herzegovina
Authors: Zlomusica Elvir
Published: May 2010

Bosnia & Herzegovina state has good potentials for generation of electric power. It applies, first of all, to its water and coal potentials. In addition to this, Bosnia & Herzegovina has good potentials of certain renewable energy sources, namely: wind, sun, water flows, and biomass. Observation and measurement of wind characteristics in Bosnia & Herzegovina have been performed for over 120 years now. However, the first measurements with adequate equipment and technology aimed at determining of the wind energy potential, started in 2002. Research is still incomplete and limited by complex terrain, the wind type 'Bora', as well as by non-existence of necessary strategic documents and regulations on renewables. Based on this research, several wind farms have been already planned, with an installed power of about 200 MW, and with a high coefficient of energy efficiency. This paper provides a review of localities from the wind characteristics research performed in the area of Bosnia & Herzegovina in the period 2002-2008. Additionally, it gives a brief reference to the complexity of wind potential research under complex conditions of terrain and wind type in Bosnia & Herzegovina, giving in this way a contribution to a more realistic estimate of economically feasible potential of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which will consequently help creation of needed strategic documents.
Investigation of pressure pulsations in the furnace and flue gas tract of the pulverized coal combustion utility boiler
Authors: Eric Milic , Cvetinovic Dejan , Stefanovic Predrag , Radovanovic Predrag , Zivkovic Nikola
Published: May 2010

The paper presents new experimental method developed and new measuring system developed and installed into flame-gas tract of utility boiler. Investigations have been performed at the steam boiler of unit 2 at TPP 'Ptolemais', Ptolemais, Greece, which suffered from very unstable combustion and great pressure oscillations. Experimental method, based on high-speed acquisition system, was developed and used for detection of pressure oscillations and determination of the origin of boiler unstable operation. Signals were obtained from piezoelectric pressure sensors located along the flame-gas tract of the steam boiler and time and frequency domain analysis were used for post processing of collected data. Investigations of the pressure oscillations in boiler gas tract have contributed to reveal origin of the boiler unstable operation, and have been of the great help in establishing proper boiler operation.
Heat transfer under a pulsed slot turbulent impinging jet at large temperature differences
Authors: Xu Peng , Mujumdar Arun , Poh Hee , Yu Boming
Published: May 2010

Pulsed impinging jets have received increasing interest for their potential in heat and mass transfer enhancement. However, published results on effects of pulsations under different flow and geometrical parameters have shown conflicting results. To further understand the flow and thermal processes in pulsed impinging jets, a numerical investigation has been performed on a two dimensional pulsed turbulent impinging jet under large temperature differences between the jet flow and the impinging surface to examine the effect of temperature-dependent thermophysical properties along with pulsation of the jet on the local Nusselt number distribution on the target surface. The numerical results show that the local time-averaged Nusselt numbers calculated with various thermal property values at the jet, film and impingement surface temperatures differ significantly for large temperature difference cases (>100 K). A parametric study for both heating and cooling cases indicates that no obvious enhancement by single sinusoidal pulsation can be found under current conditions except for cases with large temperature differences at distances far from stagnation point, i.e. in the wall jet region.
Living with the U.S. Financial System: The Experiences of General Electric and Westinghouse Electric in the Last Century
Authors: O'Sullivan Mary A.
Published: May 2010

Scholars have recommended taking a closer look at firms that raise funds from the financial system as a way of understanding the relation between finance and growth. This article explores the role of the U.S. financial system in providing funds to two prominent American firms, General Electric and Westinghouse Electric, over the course of the last century. The financial system's support was important for both companies, but there were important differences, as well as changes over time, in their patterns of financial dependence and autonomy. Two factors—investments in working capital and dividend policies—are important for explaining the financing patterns of both firms, suggesting clear hypotheses about the determinants of demand for corporate finance that can be tested in further financial histories. The findings also highlight the importance of looking at working, as well as fixed, capital in studies of enterprises' relations with the financial system, and of examining the money that flows out of companies as well as the funds that flow into them.
Intraorganizational Alignment and Innovation Processes: Philips and Transistor Technology
Authors: Davids Mila , Verbong Geert
Published: May 2010

The Dutch company Philips succeeded in producing transistors early on. By the early 1950s, it had acquired a strong position in the European semiconductor market. However, by the end of the 1950s, it was being surpassed by competitors. In response to the developments in solid state electronics, Philips' management adjusted the company's research, development, and production capabilities, enabling the firm to bring point-contact and layer transistors onto the market and to develop its own high-frequency transistor. When demand for industrial transistors increased, Philips was unprepared, leaving it without an entrée to this new market. The company's exclusive contracts with IBM not only failed to produce the expected results; they also limited its ability to establish ties with other computer companies and most important it illustrated Philips' choice not to produce computers. Therefore, Philips did not build knowledge and expertise in the computer field. Philips' organizational structure hampered both its innovative capacity in the field of applications and its ability to adjust transistor requirements to suit customer needs. Thus, by the early 1960s, Philips found itself in a weakened position in the increasingly competitive transistor market.
The Locus of Corporate Entrepreneurship: Kirin Brewery's Diversification into Biopharmaceuticals
Authors: Lynskey Michael J.
Published: May 2010

The Kirin Brewery Company is a large, long-established, and successful firm in a traditional, “old economy” sector in Japan. Nevertheless, in the early 1980s it entered the “new economy” business of biopharmaceuticals, based on advances in scientific techniques at the time and prospects for the bio-technology industry in the future. This essay explains why Kirin entered this field and how it developed the necessary competences. The development of these new competences was in no small part owing to entrepreneurial alertness and opportunity recognition by individuals in various functions of the firm. As such, the case illustrates the presence in the large modern corporation of the individual entrepreneur, a figure whose existence and role is often downplayed or simply omitted in nominalist treatments of entrepreneurship, which depict innovation as a somewhat mechanistic endeavor, absent any element of entrepreneurial behavior.
Ganirelix for luteolysis in poor responder patients undergoing IVF treatment: a Scandinavian multicenter ‘extended pilot study’
Authors: NILSSON LARS , ANDERSEN ANDERS NYBOE , LINDENBERG SVEND , HAUSKEN JON , ANDERSEN CLAUS YDING , KAHN JARL A
Published: May 2010

To enhance oocyte yield and pregnancy outcome in poor responder women undergoing IVF treatment, daily low dose GnRH antagonist administration was given during the late luteal phase to induce luteolysis and possibly secure a more synchronous cohort of recruitable follicles. An open extended pilot study in four Scandinavian fertility centers was done including 60 patients. Poor response was defined as when ≤ 5 follicles developed in a preceding cycle following a long agonist protocol with the use of > 2000 IU FSH. GnRH antagonist (ganirelix) was given, 0.25 mg s.c. daily, from days 3 to 5 before expected start of menstruation and continued for 4–7 days. On cycle day 2–3 a starting dose of rFSH (300–400 IU/day) was given. At a leading follicle diameter of 14 mm, ganirelix administration was resumed until final oocyte maturation was induced with 10,000 IU hCG. GnRH antagonist only marginally affected the intercycle FSH rise; basal levels of FSH remained similar to those seen after 4 days of antagonist administration. The protocol effectively induced low LH levels and luteolysis, but daily administration of 350 IU rFSH (median) for 11 days only led to the collection of 3 oocytes in 49 oocyte retrievals resulting in 5 pregnancies (4 delivered). Despite GnRH antagonist administration in the late luteal phase and menstrual bleeding, FSH was not sufficiently reduced to secure a more synchronic cohort of recruitable follicles. Novel GnRH antagonists more specifically targeting FSH release may improve the stimulation results in poor responders.
Continuous monitoring of fetal scalp temperature in labor: a new technology validated in a fetal lamb model
Authors: LAVESSON TONY , AMER‐WÅHLIN ISIS , HANSSON STEFAN , LEY DAVID , MARŠÁL KAREL , OLOFSSON PER
Published: May 2010

Objective. To evaluate a new technical equipment for continuous recording of human fetal scalp temperature in labor. Design. Experimental animal study. Methods. Two temperature sensors were placed subcutaneously and intracranially on the forehead of 10 fetal lambs and connected to a temperature monitoring system. The system records temperatures simultaneously on‐line and stores data to be analyzed off‐line. Throughout the experiment, the fetus was oxygenated via the umbilical cord circulation. Asphyxia was induced by intermittent cord compression, as assessed by pH in jugular vein blood. The intracranial (ICT) and subcutaneous (SCT) temperatures were compared with simple and polynomial regression analyses. Main outcome measures. Absolute and delta ICT and SCT changes. Results. ICT and SCT were both successfully recorded in all 10 cases. With increasing acidosis, the temperatures decreased. The correlation coefficient between ICT and SCT had a range of 0.76–0.97 (median 0.88) by simple linear regression and 0.80–0.99 (median 0.89) by second grade polynomial regression. After an initial system stabilization period of 10 minutes, the delta temperature values (ICT minus SCT) were less than 1.5°C throughout the experiment in all but one case. Conclusions. The fetal forehead SCT mirrored the ICT closely, with the ICT being higher.
Numerical analyses of wild Jurinea spp. (Asteraceae) in Turkey
Authors: Dogan Bekir , Duran Ahmet , Hakki Erdogan
Published: May 2010

Eighteen taxa of the genus Jurinea Cass. growing naturally in Turkey were classified by numerical taxonomic analysis. Morphological and palynological characters of each individual were measured and quantified on the basis of 51 traits. Ten plants were chosen randomly for the measurements of metric characters related to the external morphology of the taxa and the average values used for statistical analysis via NTSYS-pc package. Standardized data were used to generate the dendrogram that revealed the phenetic relationships of the taxa. Geographic distribution pattern of the Jurinea species appear to be closely related to the Anatolian Diagonal. Key words: Numerical analyses; Jurinea; Asteraceae; Turkey DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i1.5118 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(1): 47-53, 2009 (June)
Physicochemical aspects and phytoplankton of the river Shitalakhya receiving pharmaceutical effluents
Authors: Begum ZN Tahmida , Khanam Dilara
Published: May 2010

Phytoplankton from a part of the Shitalakhya river receiving effluents from a pharmaceutical industry have been studied. A total of 78 taxa were identified of which 14 belonged to Cyanophyceae, 11 Chlorophyceae, 20 Euglenophyceae and 33 Bacillariophyceae. The water body was mostly alkaline (6.6 - 8.0) and showed a wide range of variation in conductivity (135 - 4768 μS/cm), DO (anoxia to 15 mg/l), free- CO2 (3 - 29 mg/l), bicarbonate alkalinity (49 - 355 mg/l), BOD (8 - 1800 mg/l) at different locations. Pharmaceutical effluents appeared to affect diversity of phytoplankton. Three diatoms namely Fragilaria brevistriata Grun., F. construens (Ehr.) Grun. and Navicula oblonga Kütz. present in the area, are described as new for Bangladesh. Keywords: Phytoplankton; Pharmaceutical effluents; Shitalakhya River; Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i1.5127 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(1): 77-85, 2009 (June)
Calcium oxalate crystals in leaves of Quercus cerris L. and Q. ilex L.
Authors: Çölgeçen Hatice , Kaplan Ayse , Büyükkartal H Nurhan
Published: May 2010

Leaves of Quercus cerris L. were collected from Zonguldak, Devrek and those of Q. ilex L. samples were collected from Zonguldak, Ere?li, Turkey. The leaf sections were subjected to histochemical analysis and brown-black stained calcium oxalate crystals were identified. The organic contents in the leaves were completely cleaned for polarizing microscope investigation. Calcium oxalate crystals were found to be druz and prismatic in Q. cerris and Q. ilex species. While druz crystals were localized in mesophyll, prismatic ones were localized around the leaf vessels. The amount of calcium oxalate crystals per mm2 was determined in permanent preparations.
Chemical components in volatile oil from Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC.
Authors: Bhuiyan Md Nazrul Islam , Chowdhury Jasim Uddin , Begum Jaripa
Published: May 2010

GC-MS analysis of essential oil of Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC. leaf revealed the presence of 50 components, contributing to 99.07% of the oil. The dominant components in the oil from leaves were borneol (33.22%), caryophyllene (8.24%), ledol (7.12%), tetracyclo[6,3,2,0,(2.5).0(1,8) tridecan-9-ol, 4,4-dimethyl (5.18%), phytol(4.63%), caryophyllene oxide(4.07%), guaiol (3.44%), thujopsene-13 (4.42%), dimethoxydurene (3.59%) and γ-eudesmol (3.18%). Key words: Blumea balsamifera; Essential oil; Volatile oil; Chemical components DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i1.5132Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(1): 107-109, 2009 (June)
Karyotype analysis with orcein and CMA from leaf base cells of Rauvolfia serpentina Benth. et Kurz
Authors: Sultana Syeda Sharmeen , Rahman ANM Rubaiyath Bin , Alam Sheikh Shamimul
Published: May 2010

Many prominent darkly stained heterochromatic blocks were found in the interphase nuclei of Rauvolfia serpentina following orcein staining. The prophase chromosomes of this species became stained homogeneously throughout the entire length. This species was found to possess 2n = 20 metacentric chromosomes revealing symmetric karyotype but if the chromosome length (6.67 - 3.17 μm) is considered, it indicates asymmetric karyotype. Total GC-rich region was 15.62% of the total chromatin length. Eight CMA-positive bands on different locus revealed the accumulation of GC-rich repeats. The two entirely CMA-banded chromosomes were so unique that could be used as marker for this species. Key words: Karyotype; Rauvolfia serpentina; Fluorescent banding DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i1.5133 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(1): 55-63, 2009 (June)
Effects of nitrogen on yield and chlorophyll of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars
Authors: Güler Semiha
Published: May 2010

Effects of nitrogen on the leaf chlorophyll (chl), yield and yield attributing characters of potato as tuber number and mean tuber weight were studied. Correlation coefficients between the investigated characters were determined. Five nitrogen rates (0, 150, 200, 250 and 300 kg/ha) and four potato cultivars (Burren, Slaney, Anna and Emma) were used in the study. First, second, third class tuber yields and total tuber yield, tuber number per plant, and leaf chl were significantly influenced by both nitrogen rate and cultivar, whereas mean tuber weight was affected only by cultivar. Maximum total yield was obtained at 200 kg N/ha. There was significant linear relationship between leaf chl and N applied (R2=0.91). There were significant correlations between chl and yield and yield related characters. Total yield significantly correlated with leaf chl. Correlations between first class yield and total yield as well as total yield and tuber number per plant were highly significant.   Key words: Potato; Solanum tuberosum L.; Leaf chlorophyll; Nitrogen; Yield DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i2.5141 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(2): 163-169, 2009 (December)
Fruit coat patterns and morphological properties of seven species of Symphytum L. (boraginaceae) from Turkey
Authors: Akçin Öznur Ergen , Baki Hilal
Published: May 2010

Micro- and macro-morphological characters of fruit surface of seven species of Symphytum L. in Turkey were investigated. Fruits of S. asperum Lepechin, S. sylvaticum Boiss., S. brachycaylx Boiss and S. kurdicum Boiss. & Hausskn have indistinct basal ring which in S. ibericum, S. orientale and S. bornmuelleri is distinct. Based on the structure and ornamentation of the fruit surface, tuberculate and rugose types can be distinguished. Micro-morphological characters could be useful in solving taxonomic problems of Symphytum asperum, S. kurdicum, S. ibericum, S. orientale, S. bornmuelleri, S. brachycalyx and S. sylvaticum. Key words: Symphytum L.; Boraginaceae; Fruit surface; Micromorphology; SEM; Turkey DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i2.5145 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(2): 185-188, 2009 (December)
Karyotype of some species of Chara and Nitella (Charophyta) from Bangladesh
Authors: Khatun Wahida , Ud-Deen Md Mosleh , Kabir Golam
Published: May 2010

Karyotypic analysis of Chara corallina Linn., C. vulgaris Linn., C. gymnopitys Linn. and Nitella translucens Ag. collected from natural habitats revealed that C. corallina has n=42, C. vulgaris and Chara gymnopitys have n=14 while Nitella translucens has n=18 chromosomes. All the species had differences in individual chromosome length, total chromatin length, total frequency between the complements of their chromosomes. The proposed standard karyotype formula were 6Lm + 2Mm +26Msm + 6S1m + 2S2m for Chara corallina, 4Mm + 8S1m + 2S2m for Chara vulgaris, 6Mm + 4S1m + 2S2sm +2S2m for Chara gymnopitys and 6Lm + 2Lsm + 6Mm+ 2Msm + 2S1m for Nitella translucens. Key words: Chara; Nitella; Karyotype; Green algae; Bangladesh DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i2.5150 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(2): 205-207, 2009 (December)
Production and usage of different types of ash-cakes from Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae) in Anatolia, Turkey
Authors: Koyuncu Onur , Öztürk Dervis , Erkara Ismühan Potoglu , Yaylaci Ömer Koray , Ardiç Murat
Published: May 2010

Peganum harmala L. (Zygophyllaceae) is burned into ash-cake ("Askar") in Emirdag (Afyon), Middle Anatolia. The plant has been widely known as Üzerlik in Anatolia in addition to other names. In this study, both the production and usages of the ash-cake from Peganum harmala L. in Anatolia has been described. It has ethnobotanical importance in protecting silk and hair and as fumigant. Key words: Peganum harmala L.; "Askar" (charcoal); Ethnobotany; Anatolia; Turkey DOI: 10.3329/bjb.v38i2.5152 Bangladesh J. Bot. 38(2): 211-213, 2009 (December)
Cultural Naturalism
Authors: Annila Arto , Salthe Stanley
Published: May 2010

Culture can be viewed as the means by which a society can live in its surroundings by acquiring and consuming free energy. This naturalistic notion assumes that everything can be valued in terms of energy, hence also social changes can be described as natural processes that are influenced by the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics. This universal law, when formulated as an equation of motion, reveals that societies emerge, evolve and eventually extinguish after tapping, exploiting and finally depleting their resources, which we can say are ultimately valued in energetic terms. The analysis reveals that trajectories of societies are, however, inherently non-integrable, i.e., unpredictable in detail because free energy as the driving force, being finite, is inseparable from the flows of energy. Nonetheless, the universal tendency to diminish energy differences within a system and with respect to its surroundings in the least possible time gives rise to highly economical but seemingly immaterial means of energy transduction that associate with cultural codes, habits, traditions, taboos and values. Moreover, cultural naturalism clarifies that identities develop and mature in interactions, and that class structure results from the quest for maximum entropy partition. While social changes in complex societies are inherently intractable, the profound principle allows us to recognize universal tendencies in diverse cultural characteristics, and to rationalize prospects for the future.
Chitosan-Genipin Microspheres for the Controlled Release of Drugs: Clarithromycin, Tramadol and Heparin
Authors: Harris Ruth , Lecumberri Elena , Heras Angeles
Published: May 2010

The aim of this study was to first evaluate whether the chitosan hydrochloride-genipin crosslinking reaction is influenced by factors such as time, and polymer/genipin concentration, and second, to develop crosslinked drug loaded microspheres to improve the control over drug release. Once the crosslinking process was characterized as a function of the factors mentioned above, drug loaded hydrochloride chitosan microspheres with different degrees of crosslinking were obtained. Microspheres were characterized in terms of size, morphology, drug content, surface charge and capacity to control in vitro drug release. Clarithromycin, tramadol hydrochloride, and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) were used as model drugs. The obtained particles were spherical, positively charged, with a diameter of 1–10 μm. X-Ray diffraction showed that there was an interaction of genipin and each drug with chitosan in the microspheres. In relation to the release profiles, a higher degree of crosslinking led to more control of drug release in the case of clarithromycin and tramadol. For these drugs, optimal release profiles were obtained for microspheres crosslinked with 1 mM genipin at 50 ºC for 5 h and with 5 mM genipin at 50 ºC for 5 h, respectively. In LMWH microspheres, the best release profile corresponded to 0.5 mM genipin, 50 ºC, 5 h. In conclusion, genipin showed to be eligible as a chemical-crosslinking agent delaying the outflow of drugs from the microspheres. However, more studies in vitro and in vivo must be carried out to determine adequate crosslinking conditions for different drugs.
A New Cembrane Diterpene from the Bornean Soft Coral Nephthea sp.
Authors: Ishii Takahiro , Zhaoqi Zhan , Vairappan Charles Santhanaraju
Published: May 2010

A new cembrane diterpene, 6-acetoxy-7,8-epoxynephthenol acetate (1) was isolated along with a known compound, epoxynephthenol acetate (2), from the organic extract of a Bornean soft coral Nephthea sp. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses and comparison with those previous literature data.
Interactionisme et néo-marxisme, une analyse critique
Authors: Van Outrive Lode
Published: May 2010

La première partie présente une analyse comparative des conceptions macro-sociologiques du droit pénal et de la criminalité, comme on les trouve dans l'interactionnisme et le néo-marxisme. Il y a d'abord l'aspect descriptif : l'origine et les conséquences d'un droit pénal; ensuite l'aspect comportemental traite l'origine et les conséquences du comportement criminel.

La deuxième partie contient une description et une analyse critique des deux méthodologies. L'interactionnisme est de plus en plus démystifié par une critique externe et fondamentale. En ce qui concerne le néo-marxisme, la méthodologie du matérialisme historique semble toujours la plus cohérente. Tout ce qui s'appelle "radical", "new", "critical" etc. s'éloigne souvent d'une manière assez considérable de ce marxisme. Mais il est trop tôt pour tirer des conclusions à ce sujet. Il faut regarder la recherche en cours, qui s'effectue d'ailleurs dans des circonstances fort difficiles.
Prévention et besoins sociaux dans la planification du travail social. Esquisse d'une problématique
Authors: Beneke E. , Zander H.
Published: May 2010

Resume Cet article est un compte-rendu théorique d'un processus de planification régional du travail social. Les auteurs introduisent le lecteur à la problématique de ce procès en illustrant les trois problèmes-clef qu'ils ont rencontrés pendant leur travail "sur terrain",

1. L'antinomie entre la couverture et la reconstruction des besoins sociaux par le travail social.;

2. La prévention comme structure des formes "douces" du contrôle social;

3. L 'origine de nouvelles stratégies du travail social *
Les "Handicapés sociaux" et leur resocialisation : Diversité des pratiques et ambiguïté de leurs effets
Authors: Lopez M.-L.
Published: May 2010

Summary This study of observant participation would like to contribute to the sociology of deviance and to the praxis that could ensue. This contribution takes advantage of a paradigm derived from the "market". Such a paradigm is used as an explanatory schema, like the modality of transaction between a plurality of actors having the same interests that are partially solidary and partially divergent. The social position, the social transaction and the ambiguity of practices are the privileged tools of this paradigm with the aid of which we endeavour to analyse the diversity of the practices of resocialisation and the ambiguity of their effects.
L'inscription historique du travail social, l'exemple du secteur de l'enfance inadaptée
Authors: Chauvière Michel
Published: May 2010

Cet article propose une contribution à l'histoire du travail social. Plutôt que de développer, comme il est coutume, une de ces fresques grandioses qui entraînent le lecteur de l'âge classique à aujourd'hui, l'auteur a choisi de s'en tenir à un dispositif particulier d'action sociale — la rééducation pour l'enfance inadaptée—, et aux années 40 qui voient ce secteur s'édifier et connaître ses premiers développements. Il étudie plus particulièrement la fonction d'écran de l'année 1945, qui correspond en France à la libération du territoire, et tente de restituer la part décisive du gouvernement de Vichy (1940-1944) dans cette institutionnalisation.
Remarques sur la fonction idéologique du pénitencier dans la reproduction de l'inégalité sociale
Authors: Baratta Alessandro
Published: May 2010

L'auteur considère le problème de savoir dans quelle mesure les récentes "timides réfomes" du droit pénal en République Fédérale d'Allemagne et en Italie, mettant l'accent sur le "traitement" des détenus en vue de leur "réhabilitation " dans la société, ont un caractère purement idéologique, ou s'il est néanmoins possible de leur accorder un minimum de crédibilité.

En effet, ces réformes s'accordent mal avec le fait que jusqu'ici la prison fut l'une des institutions les plus importantes destinée à la reproduction et au contrôle de groupes sociaux marginalisées. La prison n'est certes pas l'unique institution à avoir cette fonction : ceci ressort de manière particulièrement évidente lors de l'analyse des processus de marginalisation durant les années de scolarité, époque où les sujets concernés en font généralement l'expérience pour la première fois. Les sujets éprouvent souvent le passage des institutions scolaires à la prison comme un passage doué d'une continuité. L'auteur montre comment l'ensemble du système de distribution de sanctions négatives a pour effet la marginalisation : elle croît à chaque passage d'une institution à une autre; la tendance à la marginalisation est déjà un caractère intrinsèque des valeurs défendues par le droit pénal, elle est renforcée par les procédés juridiques et la criminalisation secondaire, telle que la pratiquent la police et l'administration de la justice jusqu'à être confirmée dans les prisons, où a lieu la dépersonalisation la plus extrême.

Vues sous cet angle, les réformes postulant la réinsertion du détenu dans la société se révèlent comme de pures idéologies que contredit journellement la véritable fonction de la "peine privative de liberté". En conséquence il faut considérer comme illusoires et idéologiques toutes les réformes qui ne visent point à abattre la barrière existant entre la prison et la société.
Sens et non-sens de l'autodéfense
Authors: Dulong Renaud
Published: May 2010

L'autodéfense présente a priori un caractère d'irrationalité, que le débat politique enclenché par la multiplication des actes ne parvient pas à réduire. En fait le phénomène renvoie à une double évolution, le retrait de l'Etat de sa fonction de garant de la propriété privée d'une part, le développement de pratiques de compensation financière aux vols d'autre part. Entre les deux processus, il n'y a pas recouvrement ; ce qui fait que des couches sociales se trouvent subitement sans recours contre l'effacement de la garantie de la loi. A partir de là on peut comprendre que l'autodéfense s'inscrive, dans la mouvance du poujadisme, comme la manifestation d'une exclusion sociale.
La formation professionnelle en milieu carcéral
Authors: Fize Michel
Published: May 2010

Après avoir montré que la formation professionnelle en milieu carcéral est passée, depuis 1945, par des phases successives : d'abord réservée à une "élite", étendue progressivement à toute la clientèle pénitentiaire — sans parvenir cependant à occuper une place importante dans l'institution — l'auteur s'attache à définir le rôle de la formation professionnelle en prison.

Rôle essentiellement idéologique, de normalisation du sujet pénitentiaire, qui permet à l'institution carcérale, au-delà de l'objectif apparent de réinsertion sociale — qui n'est pas atteint, semble-t-il — de réaliser l'objectif plus immédiat de socialisation pénitentiaire, d'adaptation à la prison.
Système pénal et trajectoire sociale
Authors: Pires Alvaro P. , Landreville Pierre , Blankevoort Victor
Published: May 2010

Cet article tente de sensibiliser à l'analyse des effets différentiels du système pénal sur la vie et la trajectoire sociale des membres des différentes (fractions de) classe et de suggérer une nouvelle façon d'articuler une telle problématique. Pour ce faire les auteurs ébauchent, très succintement, certaines dimensions de trois cas types. En guise de conclusion, on présente quelques réflexions sur deux questions :

a) La cible réelle de l'intervention pénale : Ne serait-ce pas la famille plutôt que les individus... ?

b) La visibilité différentielle des effets du système pénal : La croyance ou l'illusion que les membres de certaines couches du prolétariat n'ont rien à perdre avec l'expérience pénale ou qu'ils sont moins pénalisés que les ressortissants de la bourgeoisie...
Travail, famille et contrition : femmes libérées sous conditions
Authors: Faugeron Claude , Rivero Noëlle
Published: May 2010

En se basant sur un matériel constitué par une population de dossiers de femmes libérées conditionnelles, on répond positivement aux questions suivantes : y a-t-il indépendance entre les décisions pénitentiaires et antécédentes ? La décision pénitentiaire est-elle fonction de la classe sociale ? En valeur ajoutée, on constate que le mécanisme sous-jacent à la liaison "classe sociale-décision pénitentiaire" est d'ordre idéologique.
Les entrants en prison : un produit de la réaction sociale
Authors: Fize Michel
Published: May 2010

The author gives clear indication that the population which comes in prison belongs frequently to the most underprivilegied social classes which are, on account of their social vulnerability, destined for providing the repressive system.

As a matter of fact, without doubt this population which is a butt for social control is composed by a majority of young people and strangers (these ones are proportionaly more numerous than in the whole French population), by people with poor school attendance and it is constituted for the major part by workmen, employees, marginals and inactive people. At last it is prosecuted, most often, for traditional delinquency (robberies, violences against people . . .). The factors prove that the repressive system — of which the incarcerated population is the final result — for it does not apply much to the upper social classes, these ones being involved in a type of delinquency less perceptible and often more connected to the profession (financial and fiscal offences . . .), can't never give us a good representation of delinquency and of its characteristics, but only a representation of its own production.
La notion de prostitution. Une "définition préalable"
Authors: Fossé-Poliak Claude
Published: May 2010

La critique logique des définitions de la « prostitution » conduit à rejeter celles qui étendent la notion à l'ensemble des pratiques sexuelles ou à l'ensemble des pratiques vénales, comme d'ailleurs celles qui la restreignent aux pratiques sexuelles vénales «professionnelles». Ainsi est-on conduit à adopter cette « définition préalable » : « on nomme 'prostitution' toute pratique sexuelle vénale ». Mais c'est la recherche des enjeux sociaux qui sous- tendent tel ou tel type de définition qui permet de rendre raison de la plus ou moins grande extension de ces définitions.
Réforme pénale et sentences : expériences nord-américaines
Authors: Brodeur Jean-Paul
Published: May 2010

Depuis 1970, les lignes directrices en matière de détermination de la peine (sentencing) se sont multipliées dans les juridictions américaines. D'autres pays comme le Canada, l'Australie et le Royaume-Uni envisagent de recourir à ces mesures. L'auteur montre d'abord quel fut le contexte d'origine de ces mesures et quels étaient les problèmes qu'elles prétendaient résoudre. Il présente en second lieu les traits des deux modèles de lignes directrices qui sont présentement utilisés. Il examine ensuite les modalités de l'implantation de lignes directrices en matières de détermination de la peine dans deux juridictions-pilotes, les Etats du Minnesota et de la Pennsylvanie, et il en évalue les résultats. Finalement, il discute les implications générales des réformes entreprises.
Représentations sociales des causes de la délinquance : Croyances générales et cas concrets
Authors: Doise Willem , Papastamou Stamos
Published: May 2010

Die Ergebnisse einer Fragenbogenuntersuchung (N : 95) zeigen, dass Psychologiestudenten die Erklarungsursachen fiir Delinquenz in folgenden Faktoren sehen : sozio-ökonomische Bedingungen, organische und erbliche Grundlagen, und psychologische und beziehungsbezogene Eigenschaften des Delinquenten. Es sind jedoch nur die Vorstellungen über organische und erbliche Faktoren, die den Grad der Akzeptanz verschiedener reduktionistischer Erklàrungsversuche für konkret dargestellte Eigentumsdelikte und politische Protestaktionen bestimmen.
Les paroles et les écritures. Fonctionnement et bénéfices de la procédure inquisitoire en France au XVIIIème siècle
Authors: Dyonet Nicole
Published: May 2010

Dès son adoption par la monarchie française (XVIème siècle) la procédure inquisitoire suscite les critiques de quelques praticiens qui soulignent les dangers d'une procédure entièrement écrite quand la régie du secret interdit tout contrôle sur les déformations des paroles lors de la transcription. Au nom de la justice, la protestation est d'autant plus légitime que preuves testimoniales, aveux des accusés, décident de la culpabilité ou de l'innocence, et fondent la sentence des juges. Cependant, les conditions mêmes du déroulement des procédures, telles que les fixe l'ordonnance criminelle de 1670, permettent aujourd'hui à l'historien d'analyser un matériau documentaire où la part respective de l'oral et de l'écrit se distingue. Bénéfices : un éclairage direct sur les normes et les déviances des comportements, d'autant plus net que l'on choisit des affaires mettant en scène un groupe de personnes socialement homogènes. Ici, une fraction de la population rurale du Haut Berry dont les traces sont représentables à partir de 200 procès pour vol, jugés entre 1750 et 1790.
Le maintien de l'ordre : technique et idéologie professionnelles des C.R.S
Authors: Montjardet Dominique
Published: May 2010

The police control of public demonstrations in France is ensured, since 1945, by special permanent units, the largest of which is the «Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité» branch (15.000 police officers). The data collected through a field research among two of these Compagnies point to some features of their professionnal ideology. First, the technical dimension of their practices, conceived as the ability to collective and disciplined action. Second, the emergence of a doctrine to legitimate the use of force against demonstrators. These elements sustain professionnal ethics devised to avoid the alle- gance of a political militia as well as the passive and instrumental compliance from automates.
Attentes et réalité des soutiens pendant la détention préventive à la prison genevoise de Champ-Dollon
Authors: Zimmerman Erwin
Published: May 2010

L'objectif des analyses présentées est de mieux comprendre le rôle des réseaux de soutien pendant la détention. En partant des caractéristiques du réseau social avant l'incarcération, nous mettons en évidence l'importance des relations proches (épouse, amie, parents) comme source de soutien aux personnes incarcérées. L'avocat joue également un rôle tout àt fait primordial. A l'intérieur de Champ-Dollon, ce sont tout d'abord les autres détenus et ensuite le personnel du Service médical qui assument un rôle d'aide et de soutien très important. Contrairement à notre hypothèse de départ, les détenus les mieux soutenus ne se portent pas toujours mieux en termes de santé mentale. Néanmoins, l'impression d'avoir bénéficié d'un soutien est dans l'ensemble plutôt favorable à celle-ci, mais entraîne paradoxalement une plus forte médicalisation. Les relations entre soutiens et santé mentale sont complexes et souvent contradictoires en raison de la signification très variable que les soutiens revêtent pour les différents sujets de cette population très hétérogène. Les prévenus socialement bien insérés tirent un bénéfice certain du soutien de leurs proches et de l'aide de leur avocat. En revanche, pour les personnes socialement et pénalement stigmatisées avant la présente détention, les soutiens, quels qu'ils soient, ne paraissent guère avoir d'effet salutaire. Enfin, les prévenus toxicomanes bénéficiant de visites régulières de leurs proches expriment beaucoup moins fréquemment des idées suicidaires, et sont moins sujets à la médicalisation.
Conduites déviantes, identité et valeurs. La perspective de E. De Greeff
Authors: Digneffe Françoise
Published: May 2010

Dealing with unlawful behaviours enables to study, from a particular point of view, the problems related to the formation of identity. This article presents the way E. De Greeff, the Belgian psychiatrist and criminologist, dealt with the question through his clinical practice. His perspective enables to show the links between identity and temporality and how the formation of identity is closely related with the choice of a set of values.