bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Actual and Potential Trend Analysis Under Climate Change Using Risk Sen's Slope (RSS) in Western Black Sea Basin in Türkiye
Authors: Keskin Muhammed Zakir , Abu Arra Ahmad , Akca Seyma , Şişman Eyüp
Published: November 2024

Several classical and innovative trend methods exist in the literature to identify and evaluate the effects of climate change on hydro‐meteorological variables. Among the classical methods, the most commonly used ones are modified Mann–Kendall (MMK) and Sen's slope (SS). As for the innovative methods to identify potential trends (probable risk levels) in hydro‐meteorological variables depending on changing the initial conditions and temporal dynamic development behaviour of the trends, the risk Sen's slope (RSS) method was proposed based on different risk values. The actual trends are proposed in this research to comprehensively understand and analyse the climate change trend over the entire period. It uses RSS and the classical trends MMK and SS. Also, the spatiotemporal classical, actual and potential trends in meteorological variables are evaluated. Additionally, the advantages of the RSS method compared with classical SS are discussed in detail. The Western Black Sea basin in Türkiye, with monthly total precipitation and monthly average temperature data from 1961 to 2023, is selected as a representative application. The temperature trend results show that the 0.99 risk level gave approximately 25% higher slope than SS. The maximum temperature‐increasing trend within the study area and the time period at 0.99 risk level is 2.10°C. However, the differences between precipitation trend slopes obtained by SS and RSS for different risk levels are relatively low. Furthermore, using different slopes corresponding to several risk levels allows for more proactive and effective measures for sustainable agricultural activities and water management. The actual temperature trend within the basin ranges between 1.33°C and 2.09°C, and the actual precipitation trend ranges between 2.78 and 12.74 mm over the study period.
Mapping biosynthesis pathway of natural folate during Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum fermentation in purple cabbage by transcriptomic analysis
Authors: Tan Mei , Yan Xu , Ramaswamy Hosahalli , Wang Chao
Published: November 2024

BACKGROUND

Folate is an important one‐carbon cycle donor involved in the synthesis of purines, thymine, pantothenic acid, serine and glycine. The present study aimed to explore the capacity of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum (L. plantarum subsp. plantarum) to synthesize folate in fermenting MRS and purple cabbage juice (PCJ). The mechanism underlying folate biosynthesis was investigated by transcriptomics. We aimed to find important genes and transcription factors involved in folate production by analyzing gene expression during L. plantarum subsp. plantarum fermentation.

RESULTS

The results showed a 44% increase in total folate content in the PCJ medium, with 5‐methyltetrahydrofolate (5‐MTHF) contributing to a substantial 28% of this increase, whereas no folate was detected during MRS fermentation. The mechanism of folate production during the fermentation involved the coordinated regulation of multiple genes. The expression of some key genes (aroC, pabA, folE, folA and MTHFR) was upregulated during fermentation, and the expression of MTHFR, a gene related to 5‐MTHF synthesis, was increased by 8.4 times. These genes play roles in different steps of the folate synthesis pathway, including substrate synthesis, metabolic regulation and catalytic reactions.

CONCLUSION

Our results revealed the expression of all genes involved in the biosynthesis of 5‐MTHF during L. plantarum subsp. plantarum fermentation, indicating the integrity of its biosynthetic pathway. The findings provide a scientific basis for folate production by optimizing fermentation conditions, further helping research on folate synthesis in other fermented foods. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
The influence of synergistic antibacterial saponins, sapindoside A and B, on the fatty acid composition and membrane properties of Micrococcus luteus
Authors: Wei Minping , Chen Qingmin , Zhou Yanwei , Tie Huaimao
Published: November 2024

Background

Saponins from Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn. are natural surfactants with excellent foaming ability, biodegradability, and safety. However, their applications in food have been rarely reported. The aim of this work was therefore to investigate the synergistic antibacterial roles of a combination of sapindoside A and B (SAB), which are major components of Sapindus saponins, in altering the properties and fatty acids (FAs) in the membrane of Micrococcus luteus, which has been identified as an opportunistic pathogen.

Results

Microscopy showed that SAB destroyed the integrity of the cell membrane and internal structures and led to the leakage of the cell content. Further analysis indicated that the ratio of saturated FAs to unsaturated FAs was increased significantly, and the membrane fluidity, permeability, and integrity changed substantially. Although sapindoside A and B exerted similar synergistic effects on fatty acid composition and membrane fluidity, sapindoside A had a greater impact on membrane permeability and integrity, consistent with density functional theory.

Conclusion

The activity of M. luteus was inhibited more effectively by SAB than sapindoside A or B alone. It attacked cell membrane FAs, resulting in changing membrane fluidity, permeability, and integrity, eventually causing leakage of the cell contents, and ultimately cell death. This helped to provide evidence for the use of SAB as a natural antibacterial detergent additive in the food industry. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Two‐Dimensional Spiral: A Promising Moiré Superlattice
Authors: Wang Qian , Wang Xinchao , Lou Qianwen , Jiang Ying , Fan Xiaopeng
Published: November 2024

Moiré superlattices based on 2D layered materials have become an excellent platform for exploring new physics and developing novel optoelectronic devices. Recently, the 2D spirals have been proved to be a new kind of moiré superlattices. Unlike previous moiré superlattices usually assembled by directly stacking monolayers or multilayers, 2D spiral moiré superlattices (SMS) are realized in a scalable and direct way through chemical synthesis. All three spatial dimensions and interlayer rotation of SMS can be precisely designed and controlled by combining the screw‐dislocations‐driven (SDD) growth mechanisms using flat or conical surfaces. Meanwhile, the spiral is a continuously single‐layer rotating stacking structure, which provides a channel for developing novel correlated quantum electronic devices. In this review, it focuses on recent progress on SMS materials, including the material synthesis mechanism and the unique properties of these spirals in the optical, optoelectronic, thermal, mechanical as well as catalytic fields. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives of this emerging field are briefly discussed.
Nonconventional Luminescent Polymers: Emission Regulation and Applications
Authors: Chen Xiang , Sun Yining , Yuan Wang Zhang
Published: November 2024

Nonconventional luminescent polymers have gained significant interest due to their outstanding water solubility, biocompatibility, solution‐processability, and scalability. Unlike traditional aromatic luminogens with extended π‐conjugation, their distinctive photophysical properties arise from a mechanism known as clustering‐triggered emission (CTE). CTE involves the clustering of electron‐rich subunits, leading to enhanced electron delocalization and conformational rigidification, ultimately boosting photoluminescence (PL). Despite substantial advancements, challenges remain in optimizing the emission efficiency and PL tunability of these polymers. This review delves into the CTE mechanism, examining recent advances in regulating the photophysical properties of nonconventional luminescent polymers. The aim is to uncover universal principles and underlying mechanisms across diverse systems, providing a theoretical foundation for further development and potential applications of these materials in fields such as bioimaging, sensing, and optoelectronics.
Entropy numbers and box dimension of polynomials and holomorphic functions
Authors: Carando Daniel , D'Andrea Carlos , Torres Leodan A. , Turco Pablo
Published: November 2024

We study entropy numbers and box dimension of (the image of) homogeneous polynomials and holomorphic functions between Banach spaces. First, we see that entropy numbers and box dimensions of subsets of Banach spaces are related. We show that the box dimension of the image of a ball under a homogeneous polynomial is finite if and only if it spans a finite‐dimensional subspace, but this is not true for holomorphic functions. Furthermore, we relate the entropy numbers of a holomorphic function to those of the polynomials of its Taylor series expansion. As a consequence, if the box dimension of the image of a ball by a holomorphic function is finite, then the entropy numbers of the polynomials in the Taylor series expansion of at any point of the ball belong to for every .
Auxetic Closed Cell Nylon Foams Produced by Vacuum and Mechanical Compression (VMC)
Authors: Chen Xiao Yuan , Rodrigue Denis
Published: November 2024

This research presents a method to convert a conventional Nylon closed cell foam, with a density of 48 kg m−3, into auxetic metamaterials with densities ranging between 68 and 138 kg m−3. The samples are produced by applying vacuum and mechanical compression techniques. The study reports on the effect of processing parameters such as vacuum time, temperature, and mechanical pressure. Under optimized conditions, the resulting auxetic foams exhibit a tensile Poisson's ratio as low as −0.86, while the minimum compressive Poisson's ratio for the same sample reached −0.16. Based on morphological analyses via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), structural changes induced by the treatment are determined to relate with tensile and compressive properties, including modulus and strength, as well as the analysis of the stress level for different strains. The characterizations also include differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) for the Nylon foam before and after conversion. These findings underscore the potential applications of these auxetic foams in sports and military protective gears, as well as energy dissipation systems.
Effect of polyphenylene sulfide content on the properties of injection molding bonded NdFeB magnets
Authors: Yang Y. , Sun Y. , Zhou J. , Su L. , Jia M. , Huang F. , Fang X. , Liu J.
Published: November 2024

The effect of polyphenylene sulfide binder content on the properties of injection molding polyphenylene sulfide/NdFeB magnets were investigated. The maximum filling amount of NdFeB magnetic powder was 87.6 wt.‐%, and the mixing process and subsequent injection molding of the polyphenylene sulfide/NdFeB were in good condition. The melt mass‐flow rate of the polyphenylene sulfide/NdFeB granular materials reached 121.7 g/10 min, the compressive strength of the polyphenylene sulfide/NdFeB magnet was 92.18 MPa, and its maximum magnetic energy product reached 5.59 MGOe. The structure and morphology characteristics of polyphenylene sulfide/NdFeB magnets were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The corrosion behavior of polyphenylene sulfide/NdFeB magnets was also studied using potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results indicated that the injection molding process facilitated the uniform coating of polyphenylene sulfide particles on NdFeB powder, which directly enhanced the corrosion resistance of polyphenylene sulfide/NdFeB magnets. With an increase in polyphenylene sulfide content, the surface of polyphenylene sulfide/NdFeB magnets became more uniform. The corrosion current density of 13 wt.‐% polyphenylene sulfide/NdFeB magnet was approximately one order of magnitude lower than that of 9 wt.‐% polyphenylene sulfide/NdFeB magnet, indicating an improved corrosion resistance of polyphenylene sulfide/NdFeB magnet.
Effect of titanium oxide nano‐filler on mechanical and sliding wear properties of hairy cotton grass fibre reinforced epoxy composites
Authors: Chauhan M. , Kumar S. , Gupta M. K. , Patel V. K. , Rajput N. S.
Published: November 2024

This study explores the synergistic influence of hybridizing titanium oxide (TiO2) filler on the mechanical properties and sliding wear behavior of epoxy composites reinforced with hairy cotton grass (HCG) fibres. The experimental results reveals that the combination with 9 wt‐% HCG/4 wt‐% titanium oxide observed better mechanical results (tensile‐51.03 MPa, flexural‐28.66 MPa, and impact energy‐3.1 J) whereas higher hardness (40.77 HV) achieved at 9 wt‐% hairy cotton grass/6 wt‐% titanium oxide composites. There is deterioration in mechanical results at higher titanium oxide (6 wt‐%) loading due to uneven distribution and particle agglomeration in hairy cotton grass‐epoxy composites. The design of expert was generated by using control parameters, sliding velocity (1 m ⋅ s−1–4 m ⋅ s−1), TiO2 content (0 wt‐%–6 wt‐%), and normal load (15 N–30 N) respectively. The optimization of the sliding wear rate was analysed by the Taguchi approach followed by an analysis of variance used for evaluating the significant of control parameters. The results showed a combination with significance sliding velocity of 1 ms−1 (78.15 %)>titanium oxide content of 6 wt‐% (20.28 %) >normal load of 30 N (1.57 %) exhibited an optimum value of specific wear rate.
Spectrum Allocation in 5G and Beyond Intelligent Ubiquitous Networks
Authors: Ravi Banoth , Verma Utkarsh
Published: November 2024

Effective spectrum allocation in 5G and beyond intelligent ubiquitous networks is vital for predicting future frequency band needs and ensuring optimal network performance. As wireless communication evolves from 4G to 5G and beyond, it has brought about remarkable advancements in speed and connectivity. However, with the growing demand for higher data rates and increased network capacity, new challenges in managing and utilizing network frequencies have emerged. Accurately forecasting spectrum requirements is critical to addressing these challenges. This research explores how machine learning (ML) plays a pivotal role in optimizing network performance through intelligent decision‐making, predictive analysis, and adaptive management of network resources. By leveraging ML algorithms, networks can autonomously self‐optimize in real time, adjusting to changing conditions and improving performance in 5G and beyond. The effectiveness of our approach was demonstrated through an extensive case study, which showed that it not only meets spectrum requirements in various environments but also significantly reduces energy consumption by pinpointing the appropriate spectrum range for each location. These results underscore the approach's potential for enhancing spectrum management in future networks, offering a scalable and efficient solution to the challenges facing 5G and beyond.
Parents' Postnatal Sense of Security: A Concept Analysis
Authors: Zeng Tieying , Jiang Lingjun , Huang Deqing , Wu Meiliyang , Tu Aiqing
Published: November 2024

Aim

Parents' postnatal sense of security is often mentioned in recent publications, but there is no consensus on its definitions and measurement. A concept analysis was conducted to clarify the definition, the attributes, antecedents and the consequences of parents' postnatal sense of security and to promote consistency in its usage.

Design

Walker and Avant's eight‐step concept analysis model was adopted to define the concept of parents' postnatal sense of security.

Methods

A comprehensive search of multiple databases (Sinomed, CNKI, Wanfang database, CINAHL, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, ProQuest, PsyInfo and Cochrane Library) was conducted to identify relevant articles from the inception of the databases until December 2022. In addition, a manual search was performed to gather any additional papers related to the topic. Ultimately, a total of 48 articles were included in the concept analysis.

Results

Three attributes were identified: perceive one's physical well‐being not being threatened, feel confident and in control of the parenting role, feel confident in one's available relationships. The identified antecedents were: being prepared for child rearing, being in familiar or safe environment, general well‐being of the baby and parents, support from medical staff and family members, being empowered by medical staff. Consequences of parents' postnatal sense of security included successful adaptation to the parental role, decreased postpartum depression symptoms in mothers, successful infant care and the development of parent‐infant relationship.
An Optimal Control Problem for HTLV‐I Infection Model
Authors: Khajanchi Subhas , Bera Sovan , Kar Tapan Kumar
Published: November 2024

In this study, we proposed and analyzed a mathematical model for HTLV‐I infection by considering four populations: healthy CD4+T cells, latently infected CD4+T cells, actively infected CD4+T cells, and HTLV‐I‐specific CD8+T cells. The dynamical behavior of the system is examined both analytically and numerically from the stability and optimal control theory viewpoint. Our model exhibits two biologically feasible equilibrium points, namely, infection‐free and endemic equilibrium points. We explicitly incorporated two control techniques for HTLV‐I infection into the study by considering the corresponding control cost. In the nonconstant control case, we employ Pontryagin's Maximum Principle to determine the necessary conditions for an optimal control strategy of the HTLV‐I infection. It is established and guaranteed that optimal control paths exist for the problem. The uniqueness of our problem's optimal control is also investigated. We used numerical analysis to demonstrate the theoretical analysis and characterize the influence of parameter values on optimal strategy. Our numerical illustrations show that combining two controls are more effective than using a single control.
Chemical compatibilization of natural Yucca filifera (Asparagaceae) fibers and their effects on the thermal, morphological, and mechanical properties of different molecular weight polypropylene composites
Authors: Medellín‐Rodriguez Francisco Javier , Gudiño‐Rivera Javier , Salinas‐Hernández Myrna , Rodríguez‐Velázquez Jesús Gilberto
Published: November 2024

Delignified Yucca filifera fibers (DYFFs) were made compatible with the saturated fatty acids caproic (FA6), lauric (FA12), and stearic (FA18). This last acted as the most efficient compatibilizer. The optimum fiber/compatibilizer ratio was 1:1 in hexane solution at 80°C. Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) was an effective catalyst for the chemical reaction, although it produced oxidized fibers. Therefore, it was appropriate not to catalyze the reaction. Compatibilized FA18‐DYFF had a crystallinity index of 65.1% and a crystal size of 26.6 Å. The polypropylene (PP) matrices were low molecular weight fiber grade (PP35) and high molecular weight injection molding grade (PP11), with fiber saturation limits of 30 and 10 wt%. The electron microscopy micrographs of the compatibilized PP35‐FA18DYFF and PP11‐FA18DYFF composites indicated fiber incorporation and close polymer‐fiber interactions. The thermogravimetric measurements demonstrated a thermal stability of 250°C and 260°C. The viscosity and shear stress measurements as a function of the shear rate were relatively similar in the PP11 composites. However, they exhibited a sharp transition at the shear rate of 200 s−1 in those of PP35. The corresponding mechanical properties depended on the PP molecular weight and fiber concentration, exhibiting increases in flexural strength, flexural modulus, Shore hardness, and Izod impact. The compatible stable composites can find applications ranging from automotive interiors to packaging.

Highlight

Chemically compatible fibers of Yucca filifera are reinforcers of polypropylene.

Yucca Filifera fibers are compatible with polypropylene through fatty acids.

The compatibilization reactions preserve the natural color of the fibers.

The saturation of polypropylene matrices depends on their molecular weight.

The resultant composites show good thermal stability.
Unequal Uptake: Insurance‐Related Disparities in Prenatal Genetic Counseling and Screening at a Quaternary Medical Center
Authors: Mallampati Divya , Boynton Marcella , Talati Asha Nikesh , Hardisty Emily L. , Vora Neeta
Published: November 2024

Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between the type of insurance coverage and the uptake of prenatal genetic counseling and aneuploidy screening.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of pregnant people who sought prenatal care at a quaternary medical system from August 1, 2017 to August 29, 2019. The primary exposure was insurance status, while the outcomes of interest were the uptake of genetic counseling and aneuploidy screening. Characteristics of the four insurance coverage groups were compared using simple comparisons and multivariable logistic regression models estimating odds of receiving genetic counseling and screening.

Results

A total of 8774 births were included. There were significant differences among insurance groups in race, ethnicity, language, parity, and gestational age at the first visit. Pregnant people differed significantly by payer status with regard to the uptake of both counseling and aneuploidy screening. In adjusted models, those without insurance or who were self‐paid were significantly less likely to have genetic counseling and aneuploidy screening as compared to those with public or private insurance. In adjusted models, those who were older, spoke English, and were in their first pregnancy were significantly more likely to receive genetic counseling and aneuploidy screening.

Conclusion

This analysis contributes to the understanding of how insurance mechanisms within the United States can contribute to the uptake of prenatal genetic counseling and screening. However, there is a complex interplay between payer status and other patient‐level characteristics such as age, language, and timing of initiation of prenatal care. Future studies that assess both system‐level and patient‐level characteristics are crucial.
Sulfocontaining polyelectrolyte cryogels as metamaterials for energy storage devices
Authors: Iakobson Olga D , Shevchenko Natalia N , Laishevkina Svetlana G , Ivan'kova Elena M , Volkov Alexey I , Kondratiev Veniamin V
Published: November 2024

A set of ionic cryogels based on the biocompatible zwitterionic polyelectrolyte N‐(3‐sulfopropyl)‐N‐(methacryloxyethyl)‐N,N‐dimethylammonium betaine and a second comonomer of a different nature (from the class of acrylates, acetates or sulfonic acids) is successfully synthesized. The variation of the nature of the comonomer used allows a material to be obtained with controlled pore sizes and hierarchical porosity as proved by SEM, optical microscopy and N2 adsorption–desorption experiments. The compositions of cryogels with good adhesive properties to the electrode, as well as effective ion exchange during an electrochemical reaction inside the cryogels, which is shown by reversible copper recharge processes after doping a cryogel with copper ions, are determined. Thus, cryogels that meet the primary requirements for a material for use as polymer electrolytes for batteries are synthesized and characterized. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Morphological Modulation of Electrospun PVDF/PVP Nanofibers
Authors: Guo Junli , Chen Bingying , Shen Yueling , Chen Chen , Yang Yaoyao , Yu Dengguang
Published: November 2024

In electrohydrodynamics, the regulation of the morphology and structures of electrospun nanofibers is crucial for tuning the properties of the final product. In the electrospinning process, the uniform and smooth morphology of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers can be obtained by controlling experimental parameters, environmental parameter, and system parameters. However, there is inadequate research on the effect of polymer addition on the morphology enhancement of PVDF nanofibers and the underlying mechanisms. In this study, the effects of the polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) molecular weight and content on various process parameters (i.e., Taylor cone length, straight fluid jet length, and spray angle) are evaluated. The obtained electrospun PVDF/PVP nanofibers were further characterized by SEM, EDS, FTIR, and XRD. The results indicate that the solution viscosity, which was controlled by varying the molecular weight and content of PVP, was linearly correlated with the process parameters. As the PVP molecular weight and content increased, the nanofiber diameter increased and the nanofiber morphology became smoother. The EDS results revealed that the nanofibers consisted of PVDF encapsulated by PVP. The FTIR and XRD results indicated that hydrogen bonding between PVP and PVDF weakened the crystallization of PVDF, leading to the formation of smooth PVDF/PVP nanofibers.
Borate and Disulfide Dual‐Dynamic Hydrogel for ROS Dual‐Scavenging
Authors: Wang Xing , Cui Haohao , Ning Qingyun , Feng Huayang , Sun Xue , An Boyuan , Li Zhanrong , Shen Jianliang , Li Jingguo
Published: November 2024

The excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on wound surfaces poses considerable challenges to the wound healing process, as it exacerbates inflammation and heightens the risk of skin infections. Consequently, the development of multifunctional dressings that possess both ROS‐scavenging and antimicrobial properties is of clinical significance for enhancing wound healing. To address these challenges, we synthesized a dual‐scavenging hydrogel utilizing dual‐dynamic crosslinking techniques. This hydrogel is composed of poly‐lysine‐grafted D‐glucono‐1,5‐lactone, dithiodipropionic acid/lipoic acid, and dopamine (PLGDTD), in conjunction with borax. The multifunctional attributes of the hydrogel can be attributed to the incorporation of borate esters, dopamine, and disulfide bonds. Experimental results demonstrate that this hydrogel exhibits a robust antioxidant capacity and a pronounced inhibitory effect against
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Escherichia coli
. The results of cellular studies indicate that the hydrogel is capable of effectively scavenging ROS and mitigating oxidative stress, attributable to its dual‐scavenging mechanism involving borate and disulfide bonds. This multifunctional hydrogel demonstrates significant potential as a candidate for enhancing wound healing associated with ROS.
Impacts of Disulfide‐Containing Monomers in Alternating Diene Metathesis Polymerization
Authors: Lee Kyoungwon , Russell Thomas P. , Emrick Todd
Published: November 2024

Among the classes of synthetic polymers, disulfide‐containing structures offer unique opportunities due to their accessibility to redox chemistry that allows for degradation or reversible disulfide formation and exchange under mild conditions. Here, we examine the role of disulfides in olefin metathesis polymerization, specifically alternating diene metathesis (ALTMET) polymerization, for synthesizing unsaturated polyolefins with embedded disulfides. Our synthetic strategy hinged on the use of α,ω‐diacrylate monomers, including those connected by a disulfide unit, via copolymerization by the ALTMET mechanism to yield copolymers containing a range of disulfide content. In addition, the potential impacts of sulfur‐ruthenium interactions on the ALTMET process were investigated spectroscopically, while the degradation of the resultant polymers was affected by mild reducing agents. Overall, this study contributes to the development of degradable synthetic polymers using olefin metathesis methods, with an increased understanding of the potential for further use of disulfide groups in such metathesis reactions.
Moisture‐dependent pupation of the invasive thrips Chaetanaphothrips orchidii: implications for its management
Authors: Juncá‐Morales Carolina , Catalán José , Gómez‐Martínez María A. , Intrigliolo Diego S. , Tena Alejandro
Published: November 2024

BACKGROUND

Chaetanaphothrips orchidii is an invasive thrips of tropical origin that was detected in 2016 in Spanish citrus, where it can damage up to 70% of the fruit. Pupation site and emergence rates are key biological traits for thrips management that are unknown for C. orchidii. Here, we determined the pupation site and period of C. orchidii in citrus and evaluated the effect of soil moisture on adult emergence.

RESULTS

A two‐year field study showed that C. orchidii pupated in the soil from May to December in commercial citrus orchards. Chaetanaphothrips orchidii emergence was very low compared to other harmful thrips species in citrus. Using D/E traps, we demonstrated that the thrips emerged mainly from wet areas near drip irrigation emitters during the summer, and its emergence was strongly related to the soil water content. A laboratory experiment confirmed that C. orchidii did not emerge at RH below 70%, and its emergence peaked at 97% RH.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results have important implications for the sustainable management of C. orchidii because soil moisture is very low in Mediterranean citrus during summer, except in areas near drip irrigation emitters. Therefore, these and other potential high‐humidity areas should be considered crucial targets to manage this pest in citrus during summer, reducing cost and labor. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Pesticide exposure of operators during mixing and loading a drone: towards a stratified exposure assessment
Authors: Felkers Edgars , Kuster Christian J , Hamacher Georg , Anft Thomas , Kohler Maxie
Published: November 2024

BACKGROUND

This study evaluated operator exposure during mixing and loading phases of drone‐based pesticide application, specifically examining potential and actual exposure during handling of concentrated and diluted pesticide products. It aims to clarify the differences in exposure levels between these two scenarios with implications for exposure risk assessment.

RESULTS

Results demonstrate that mixing concentrated products poses the primary exposure, while transferring diluted mixtures to the drone tank results in significantly lower exposure figures. Personal protective equipment (PPE) significantly mitigates potential exposure, particularly during mixing. Hand exposure contributes to 50–75% of total exposure.

CONCLUSION

These data facilitate refined exposure and risk assessments by distinguishing between handling concentrated and diluted products, allowing a stratification of exposure for these scenarios and enabling the application of appropriate dermal absorption rates for each scenario. The results also confirm that one layer of work clothing and protective gloves significantly reduce the operator exposure, which highlights the importance of wearing adequate protective clothing and gloves by operators, especially during the mixing phase. These insights contribute to the development of novel science‐based safety assessments and improved operator protection in drone‐assisted pesticide application. © 2024 Bayer AG. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
A Fixed‐Time Composite Control With Variable Exponent Coefficients for Stewart Parallel Mechanism Tracking in Task Space
Authors: Tang Yu , Gao Guoqin
Published: November 2024

To improve tracking control performance in the task space of the Stewart parallel mechanism (SPM) with uncertainties of modeling errors and external disturbances in our developed rust removal sandblasting robot for the surface roughness processing of a bridge's steel box girder, a fixed‐time composite control with variable exponent coefficients (VEC‐FxTCC) approach for multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) nonlinear robotic systems is developed. Firstly, by devising only one regulation term with a variable exponent coefficient (VEC) function in the system's Lyapunov differential inclusion, a novel VEC fixed‐time stability theorem for the MIMO nonlinear dynamic system is proposed and proven. Secondly, based on the proposed theorem, VEC‐FxTCC is formed by designing and combining a VEC fixed‐time disturbance observer (VEC‐FxTDOB) and a VEC fixed‐time super‐twisting control (VEC‐FxTSTC), in order to achieve fast, steady, and uniformly bounded‐time convergence for SPM's end‐effector tracking, while avoiding singularity. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed VEC‐FxTCC approach is validated through the simulations and the rust removal sandblasting robot prototype experiments.
Cloud‐Edge Collaboration‐Based Multi‐Cluster System for Space‐Ground Integrated Network
Authors: Zhang Tongguang , Liu Chunhong , Tian Qiaomei , Cheng Bo
Published: November 2024

As global informationization deepens, the importance of Space‐Ground Integrated Network (SGIN) as a new network architecture becomes increasingly prominent. SGIN combines the advantages of ground and space networks, enabling global information interconnection and sharing through various communication means such as satellites, drones, and ground stations. However, due to its complex network environment and diverse communication requirements, traditional network architectures struggle to meet its demands for efficiency, stability, and scalability. To address these challenges, we focus on the research, design, and implementation of a cloud‐edge collaboration‐based multi‐cluster system for SGIN. The goal is to construct an efficient, stable, and scalable network system capable of providing seamless global coverage and efficient communication within SGIN. We design a multi‐cluster system architecture based on container technology, leveraging cloud and edge computing techniques for dynamic resource allocation and efficient utilization. This architecture aims to meet the diverse network service requirements of ground terminals, enhancing responsiveness, efficiency, resilience, and reliability of network services. Additionally, we introduce a multipath data transmission mechanism to support the transfer of large‐scale data, such as remote sensing images. A simulation platform tailored for SGIN is developed, demonstrating the feasibility of the multi‐cluster system and the effectiveness of multipath data transmission.
In Silico Molecular Dynamics and 3D‐QSAR Study on Thiazolidinedione Derivatives as Dual Inhibitors of DPP IV and PTP1B (DDPI's) for the Management of T2DM
Authors: Singh Yogesh , Thareja Suresh
Published: November 2024

Simultaneous inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B as DDPI's emerged as a therapeutic intervention for the management of T2DM. In the present study, we have employed molecular dynamics simulation in conjugation with the field‐based 3D QSAR studies on a dataset having DDPI activities to identify the spatial fingerprints of target‐specific thiazolidinedione analogs. Separate contours were generated for both DPP IV and PTP1B showing respective pharmacophoric structural requirements for optimal inhibitory activity. These developed 3D QSAR models also showed good statistical measures (DPP IV: r2 = 0.9468; q2 = 0.7173, and PTP1B: r2 = 0.9718; q2 = 0.819) with the excellent predictive ability with PLS‐generated validation constraints. Comparative steric and electrostatic features were elucidated using respective contour maps for selective target‐specific favorable activity. Furthermore, molecular docking was used for elucidating the mode of binding as DDPI's to DPP IV and PTP1B, along with MD simulation (200 ns) analysis such as RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, PCA, and FEL. These studies revealed that all the protein‐ligand docked complexes elicited an overall better stability as compared to reference ligand (vildagliptin or ertiprotafib) complexes. Molecular docking studies revealed that compound 24 (DPP IV: −150.667 kcal/mol; PTP1B: −142.792 kcal/mol) showed maximum affinity toward both the proteins DPP IV and PTP1B, as compared to their respective standard inhibitor, i.e., vildagliptin −99.9843 kcal/mol and ertiprotafib −125.399 kcal/mol, respectively. A comparative study of these developed multitargeted QSAR models along with molecular docking and dynamics study were employed for the optimization of drug candidates as DDPI's. Compound 24 showed most stable behavior in the binding pockets of both the enzymes, as compared to their respective standard inhibitors. This study will be helpful in designing novel DDPIs with appropriately substitute thiazolidinedione for the management of T2DM. The designed compound YSR‐14 exhibited the predicted IC50 values of 0.143 µM in DPP IV and 0.158 µM in PTP1B along with their excellent binding affinity against both targets.
Cs2CO3‐Catalyzed Multi‐Component One‐Pot Stepwise Route for the Synthesis of Polysubstituted 2‐Pyridones
Authors: Liu Shitao , He Chixian , Li Guijun , Xu Yanling , Shen Xianfu , Liu Teng
Published: November 2024

A concise and practicable route to the synthesis of multisubstituted 2‐pyridones via a four‐component one‐pot stepwise cyclization catalyzed by Cs2CO3 has been developed. During this stepwise transformation, two new C‐C bonds and two new C‐N bonds were generated through an intermolecular condensation/aza‐Michael reaction/intermolecular Michael addition/intramolecular cyclization sequence. The alternative protocol offers a complementary route to provide a series of structurally diverse polysubstituted 2‐pyridones (21 examples) in good to excellent yields (52–81%) from easily available raw materials arylamines, dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylate, 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds, and trialkyl orthoformate under mild conditions. It might provide new opportunities for the discovery of 2‐pyridones‐containing drugs.
Theoretical Investigations of Bioactive Substituted 2‐Amino‐3,5‐dicarbonitrile‐6‐thiopyridine Derivatives
Authors: Sharma Pragati , Sinha Pragya
Published: November 2024

This study utilizes the density functional theory (DFT) (B3LYP method and 6–31 + G* basis set)‐based method to theoretically investigate substituted 2‐amino‐3,5‐dicarbonitrile‐6‐thiopyridine derivatives within a prevalent multicomponent reaction involving aldehyde, malononitrile, and thiophenol. Various reactivity descriptors, including frontier molecular orbitals, dipole moment, polarizability, and molecular electrostatic potential, are computed to understand the variations in reactivity and stability of these compounds. The results demonstrate the reliability of DFT‐derived descriptors in predicting chemical reactivity and provide valuable insights for further research and practical applications in the field of chemical reactivity and reaction mechanisms. Geometric parameters, along with thermodynamic variables, such as standard enthalpies (ΔH), entropies (ΔS), Gibbs free energy (ΔG), and global reactivity descriptors (ionization potential (I), electron affinity (A), chemical hardness (η), softness (σ), global softness (S), chemical potential (μ), global electrophilicity (ω), and nucleophilicity index (N), are calculated to gain insight into the dynamics of these interactions and variations in reactivity and stability.
Impact of TiO2 Nanoparticles as Protective Sunscreen Cream on Earthworms via Histological and Electron Microscopic Studies
Authors: Dawood Asmaa F. A. , Hamad Dalia A. , Abd El‐Aziz Fatma El‐Zahraa A. , Abdel‐Malek Asmaa R. , Taha Salma Osman , Hasan Abeir Bashir , Asmaey Mostafa A.
Published: November 2024

Maintaining the stability of environmental organisms is crucial for their survival, yet it face significant challenges due to climate change, particularly ultraviolet (UV) radiation. UV radiation can cause severe damage to DNA, and lead to morphological changes, deformities, and even death. This damage can be mitigated through the use of protective creams manufactured using nanotechnology. In this work, we investigate the effects of UV‐C radiation on earthworms, with a focus on their skin damage response. We employed histological examination and electron microscopy to study these effects in detail. Our findings reveal that earthworms display extreme sensitivity when exposed to UV‐C light. As an initial defensive response, they produce a subterranean fluid post‐autopsy. However, increased doses of UV‐C lead to tissue inflammation and subsequent death. Notably, when TiO2 nanoparticles were applied before UV‐C exposure, they effectively protected the worms from UV‐induced damage. This study provides valuable insights into the impact of UV radiation on earthworms and highlights the potential of nanotechnology in offering protection.
Resurrecting p53 by an Artificial Nano‐Protein for Potent Photodynamic Retinoblastoma Therapy
Authors: Yan Siqi , Yang Wenguang , You Weiming , He Wangxiao , Yan Jin , Yao Yu
Published: November 2024

The treatment of retinoblastoma (RB), a formidable eye cancer that affects infants and children, is not only aimed at saving lives but at preserving ocular function, maintaining optimal visual acuity, and enhancing the overall quality of life. Photodynamic therapy has already been established as a secure and dependable therapeutic modality for the treatment of ocular diseases that effectively preserves ocular function; however, it fails to provide satisfactory outcomes against RB. To address this formidable challenge, groundbreaking advancement is aspired by delving into the genetic characteristics of RB, which initially involves the wild‐type p53 pathway but is subsequently suppressed by MDM2 and MDMX. In this study, an artificial nanoprotein (ANP) is developed through the fusion of human serum albumin with a potent MDM2/MDMX degrading peptide and the porphyrin‐photosensitizer verteporfin (VP). ANP effectively dismantles MDM2/MDMX proteins within the ubiquitin‐proteasome degradation pathway and triggers VP‐PDT‐mediated cell death through mitochondrial impairment. Remarkably, ANP exhibited remarkable therapeutic efficacy in both subcutaneous and in situ RB mouse models, while maintaining a highly favorable biosafety profile. Collectively, ANP not only provides compelling evidence for sensitizing photodynamic RB therapy by reactivating p53, but also serves as an exceptionally potent photosensitizer with promising potential for clinical translation in RB treatment.
Optomagnetic Micromirror Arrays for Mapping Large Area Stiffness Distributions of Biomimetic Materials
Authors: Lan Hsin , Tan Xing Haw Marvin , Le Minh‐Tam Tran , Chien Hao‐Yu , Zheng Ruoda , Rowat Amy C. , Teitell Michael A. , Chiou Pei‐Yu
Published: November 2024

A new device termed “Optomagnetic Micromirror Arrays” (OMA) is demonstrated capable of mapping the stiffness distribution of biomimetic materials across a 5.1 mm × 7.2 mm field of view with cellular resolution. The OMA device comprises an array of 50 000 magnetic micromirrors with optical grating structures embedded beneath an elastic PDMS film, with biomimetic materials affixed on top. Illumination of a broadband white light beam onto these micromirrors results in the reflection of microscale rainbow light rays on each micromirror. When a magnetic field is applied, it causes each micromirror to tilt differently depending on the local stiffness of the biomimetic materials. Through imaging these micromirrors with low N.A. optics, a specific narrow band of reflection light rays from each micromirror is captured. Changing a micromirror's tilt angle also alters the color spectrum it reflects back to the imaging system and the color of the micromirror image it represents. As a result, OMA can infer the local stiffness of the biomimetic materials through the color change detected on each micromirror. OMA offers the potential for high‐throughput stiffness mapping at the tissue‐level while maintaining spatial resolution at the cellular level.
Highly Efficient and Durable Water Electrolysis at High KOH Concentration Enabled by Cationic Group‐Free Ion Solvating Membranes in Free‐standing Gel Form
Authors: Huang Zequan , Zhu Danyi , Ma Mingjie , Zhao Bing , Liang Jiazhen , Zhang Liang , Chen Chao , Liu Mengjiao , Gao Congjie , Huang Fei , Xue Lixin
Published: November 2024

The degradation of fixed cationic groups in most anion exchange membranes (AEMs) under alkaline environments limits their durability for alkaline water electrolysis (AWE). Ion‐solvating membranes (ISMs) have emerged as a promising alternative to address this issue. Herein, a cationic group‐free ion solvating membrane in a free‐standing gel form (ISM‐PBI‐FG) is presented, created through a sol‐to‐gel transformation process followed by KOH imbibing. This approach yields a 3D porous microstructure composed of entangled polybenzimidazole (PBI) nanofibrils, achieving 89% porosity, which enables ultrahigh alkali uptake (346% in 6 M KOH) and exceptional ionic conductivity (763 mS cm−1 at 80 °C). The absence of cationic groups avoids the attack by OH−, thus ensures good alkaline stability with a conductivity retention rate of 91.6% over a 3120 h ex situ test in 6 M KOH. The resulting membrane delivered outstanding AWE performance with current densities of 5.5 A cm−2 using platinum‐group‐metal (PGM) catalysts and 2.2 A cm−2 using PGM‐free catalysts at 2.0 V. Notably, the in situ electrolyzer device based on ISM‐PBI‐FG offers extensive operational flexibility ranging from 40–100 °C and demonstrates record durability in concentrated alkaline conditions, with a voltage decay rate of only 23.5µV h−1, outperforming most reported AEMs and ISMs.
Systematics of the fleshy‐fruited Sonerileae (Melastomataceae)
Authors: Quakenbush J. Peter , Chen Luo , Penneys Darin S. , Barkman Todd J. , Liu Ying , Yakandawala Deepthi , Veranso‐Libalah Marie Claire , Kadereit Gudrun
Published: November 2024

With approximately 1080 species, Sonerileae is the second‐largest tribe in the Melastomataceae. Approximately 40% of the Sonerileae species belong to fleshy‐fruited genera (Catanthera, Heteroblemma, Kendrickia, Medinilla, Pachycentria, Plethiandra). Relatively few species, especially of the fleshy‐fruited taxa, have been sampled for phylogenetic study. Consequently, there is huge uncertainty resulting in many unanswered questions about their evolutionary history, including the monophyly of the largest genus, Medinilla. In this study, the phylogeny of the fleshy‐fruited Sonerileae was reconstructed using 385 nuclear and 81 plastid protein‐coding loci recovered from newly generated target capture and off‐target reads data, and previous studies. Our study revealed that the fleshy fruited Sonerileae belong to three lineages. Kendrickia is sister to an Afrotropical endemic clade. Heteroblemma and Catanthera belong to a second clade and are most closely related to some Phyllagathis and Driessenia species. Medinilla forms a third clade that also includes Pachycentria and Plethiandra. Within Medinilla, 15 clades are identified and characterized. To make Medinilla monophyletic, the genus is redefined to include Pachycentria and Plethiandra. Major lineages identified within Medinilla lay the groundwork for an infrageneric classification system. Areas of the phylogenetic tree with high conflict or weak sampling are identified to aid further studies in the tribe.