bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chicago
Authors: Mendenhall Emily
Published: January 2020

This chapter begins with María's story, a Mexican immigrant in Chicago who faces complex social demands in Chicago while confronting new frontiers of independence and chronic illness. The story is intended to open a discussion of social suffering, power, and variations of "global" and "local" that transform everyday lives and become realized in diabetes experiences. In doing so, I address multiple layers of scholarship and bring together anthropological, public health, medical, and biological perspectives. Most of this research – like María's story – comes from wealthy nations; therefore, I comment on how diabetes and its partners come together in such contexts and differ from lower-income countries. Weaving between multiple layers of knowledge and understanding of diabetes, this chapter makes the important point that structural violence, social experiences, and interpersonal relationships play a fundamental role in how diabetes is experienced and expressed across cultures, and especially among those who are poor.
Nairobi
Authors: Mendenhall Emily
Published: January 2020

Chapter Five, Soweto, centers upon Sibongile's story from Soweto, a historic collection of six clustered townships in Johannesburg, South Africa. Sibongile faces complex intersections of structural violence instituted by a legacy of apartheid and AIDS as well as personal insecurities in everyday life. Sibongile'snarrative demonstrates the powerful role of cultural and political histories in emergent realities of diabetes and how lived experiences shape and are shaped by her mental and physical health. For example, I unpack myriad forms of structural and interpersonal violence that become fundamental to illness experiences. I also discuss how social and financial demands placed upon women who care for AIDS-orphaned grandchildren require more than love and money for school fees. In many cases, women in Soweto, including Sibongile prioritized the needs of their family members above their personal needs, including the need to manage their diet and medicines for diabetes control. Moreover, in a context of HIV/AIDS stigma, Sibongile and others described how diabetes becomes consumed in a catch-all "chronic illness stigma" where people conflate their diabetes treatment needs with those associated with HIV.
Conclusion
Authors: Mendenhall Emily
Published: January 2020

The conclusion returns to the simple argument that culture and experience fundamentally shape how diabetes is enacted cross-culturally. This chapter reflects upon the four ethnographic case studies and proposes five ways in which anthropologists and public health practitioners should "rethink diabetes." First, it argues that diabetes must be understood as a disease of poverty as opposed to exclusively one of modernization. Second, it argues that diabetes is always syndemic, especially when it confronts the complexity of economic insecurity. Third, diagnosis is perhaps the most influential feature of syndemic suffering, which reveals how diabetes itself is experienced completely differently in the body pre- and post-diagnosis. Fourth, the social life of diabetes contributes to fundamentally shifting what it means to have and live with diabetes across contexts. Finally, the conclusion suggests that interventions for diabetes should be employ syndemic thinking by working both upstream to address social policy and downstream to navigate clinical challenges and community-based solutions.
Colonial and Global Engagements
Authors: Bradford James Tharin
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores how Afghan drugs expanded into British India during the later half of the 19th century. By analyzing two Afghan rulers, Abdur Rahman Khan and Amanullah Khan, this chapter demonstrates that Afghans established a system which encouraged the smuggling of opium and hashish out of Afghanistan and into British India, but put harsh penalties on the use and trade within the country. It also explains why this was significant given the broader landscape of events; Afghan drugs were increasingly smuggled into South Asia while British India moved toward restricting the production and trade of drugs. Ultimately, this chapter details how Afghan drugs entered markets in South Asia and beyond, but as a result, Afghanistan was also drawn into international dialogues over the illicit drug trade and drug control.
Borderland and Prohibited Zone
Authors: Park Alyssa M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses the history of the border region between Chosŏn Korea and Qing China, and norms of governing the territory before the nineteenth century. The region, which straddled the Tumen River, served as a military buffer for the early Chosŏn dynasty (1392-1910) to defend against “barbarian” Manchus. After the Manchus founded the Qing dynasty in China, the Qing demarcated the northeast territory of Manchuria, including the Tumen River valley, as a “prohibited zone” where settlement and commercial activity were prohibited. The Chosŏn government upheld this policy and prohibited its own people from crossing the Chosŏn-Qing border into Manchuria. The chapter shows that the policy was not strictly enforced; Koreans and others crossed into the zone to engage in trade. For the most part, however, border infractions did not worry the two governments because the region remained sparsely inhabited and their claims to territory were mutually recognized.
Transnational World of the Korean Settlement
Authors: Park Alyssa M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores the tsarist government’s attempts to govern Koreans at the local level by integrating them into the administrative life of the state. Motivated by practical concerns of rule and by ideas about what a civilized society should look like, officials incorporated Korean villages into the jurisdiction of the local Maritime government. In the city of Vladivostok, officials embarked on a more radical program to remove the entire “uncivilized” Asian population, Koreans and Chinese, to the outskirts of the city. Both in the countryside and city, tsarist officials encountered difficulties in imposing uniform Russian institutions on the Korean population. Official and unofficial methods of governance developed alongside each other within this borderland society.
Denouement Of Borders
Authors: Park Alyssa M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines Soviet and Japanese disputes over the Korean population in the Maritime Province from the 1920s to 1945. It shows that heightened geopolitical tensions in Northeast Asia resulted in a renewed effort on the part of the Soviet Union to institute citizenship, migration and resettlement, and cultural policies among Koreans. Tensions inside the Maritime also escalated in the late 1920s and 1930s due to collectivization efforts and the Great Terror. Soviet policies culminated in the 1937 forced deportation of Koreans to Central Asia. The chapter argues that the deportation was an extreme attempt by the Soviet state to align its authority over territory and people in a sensitive border region. The chapter ends with a discussion of Korean migration, citizenship, and the border region between Russia, North Korea, and China after 1945.
Listen: Myths of Origin
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

September 16, 2015. Tomas is in the car, on his own, heading into work. The recorder clicks on. He sends me this, along with a series of other audio files, reflecting on various elements of his work. I can hear the morning in his voice as it croakily comes to life and the traces of a cold:...
Starting to Doubt
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

Stories of how the practice came to be are also an account of what the practice now is, a way of articulating aspirations for what if might become. The story of friendship and making has a simplicity that continues to speak to these architects: that design and making are linked elements of a process that is interesting and creative because it is unpredictable, experimental, and sometimes leads to failure. Tomas explains the rationale for describing the practice as a “workshop,” and the enduring appeal of the story that supports this:...
Digital Romantics
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

In the office, computers are central to a range of tasks. The architects’ days are mostly spent at screens: checking and responding to e-mail, finding “precedent” images that provide the inspiration for design, researching building materials and new technologies, and most centrally of all using one of a range of computer-aided design packages. Watching them at work, I observe screens flicking perpetually between these programs and tasks. Observing their movements, I find it clear that these architects are thoroughly digital humans, their capacities of thought and action indissoluble from digital technologies that saturate this working environment....
Between Concept and Plan
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

How does a design concept become a detailed plan?

During the initial stages of design, sketching predominates. Architects draw, relating creative freedom to a representational technology that is understood to lack specific practical consequence.5 This imaginative process aims to move away from existing realities toward a “design concept.” In later stages of design, by contrast, architects aim to make their drawings consequential. The process of “detailing” is a way of anticipating the reality of the concept. It is oriented to give substance and specificity to what exists abstractly. At this stage, architects must understand and resolve a range of more practical considerations, including those of planning, construction, and cost....
Coming into Focus
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

The meeting takes place at Glyme Farm, a barn conversion that is a former project of MHW. Mary, the client on that project, now lives there with her husband and two children. We have come here because she is now employed as a design consultant on the project we are here to discuss. Client, turned friend, turned colleague. Tomas is joined by Phil and Milo who are here as representatives of the design team. They have done most of the design work, though it is Tomas who speaks most as the representative of their collective perspective. The clients, Hugh and Jenny, bought a 1970s house, which they originally planned to renovate but which, following initial estimates for the cost of this work, they now intend to demolish and replace....
Problem Solving
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

In the office, Tomas and Megan sit paging through sheets of detailed computer-generated plans, neatly and precisely laid out. “Like an instruction manual for the building,” Tomas remarks; “in theory, this is all the builders should need.” These documents will form the basis on which contractors will tender, and will later form the basis of the contract that is drawn up between client and builder. Megan became a fully qualified architect last year and is, by her own admission, still relatively inexperienced at this stage of the design. Their discussion focuses on the apparently minor details that can cause the kinds of ambiguity that lead to problems on-site. Tomas has acquired an eye for these troublesome details through over a decade in practice, often learning the hard way. He points out possible problems that need more work to resolve and clarify. Other details will remain unresolved and will need to stay that way. “They’ll make that bit up on-site,” Tomas explains to Megan. Pointing to a junction where various materials intersect, he highlights the need to be clear about this: “You need to TBC it,” he cautions her....
Safe Hands
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

As we arrive on-site for a meeting at Wormwood House, the clients, Robert and Judith, are already there and are chatting with Edward the builder. “We’ve just been talking about the meaning of life itself!” Edward jokes. Their relationship has a contractual element, but their interactions on and around the building also encompass other interests and concerns. Later in the week Robert and Judith reflect on the relationship at the heart of the build, over a drink in their local pub. From the start of the project, they knew they had a limited budget to work within, but also that it was crucial to “get the right person.” Considerations of character, ethos, and approach were an important element of the selection process, once the tender quotes came back. Robert explains: “We wanted to get a feel for them as people, really. You know, it’s a major project, we needed to choose somebody that we felt we could work with, and we wanted to feel like they engaged with what we were looking for…. We wanted the builder to be enthused by the site and really latch on to what we were trying to create. That was important, wasn’t it?” Judith agrees: “Edward seemed calm, confident—you felt you were in safe hands.” As a client, there is no contractual reason for her to be involved in site meetings, but she normally goes along anyway. She lives locally and occasionally looks in at other times: “Just to see how things are progressing…. I’m interested in getting to know the builders a little bit, and there’s different people that come on-site, and it’s nice to have a bit more of a relationship with them—to know what’s going on, and chat to them a little bit.” Robert’s work takes him away during the week, and he visits less frequently, though he agrees, “It’s nice to know who’s building your house.” Judith continues, “Well, it is, and, you know, they’re working really ...
Listen: Blocked
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

Tomas is talking to himself. He is reflecting on the day on his way home from work, a semi-regular audio-diary he agrees to keep for me after I have finished the main period of my research. “What am I going to talk about?” he wonders aloud. There’s a pause, and then he settles on his theme for the day: “I think I might talk a bit about working and project management and time management.” His daily commute takes about ten minutes—over Minchinhampton, then down through winding, wooded lanes into Stroud valley. The monologue is punctuated by the sounds of a now familiar journey: gears shifting up and down; the engine strains then idles; frequently indicated turns:...
Knowledge at its Limits
Authors: Yarrow Thomas
Published: January 2020

In architectural terms “practical completion” describes the moment where the building is declared formally complete and the client takes legal ownership. It is the point at which architects formally let go of the building, releasing it for clients and others to inhabit. Often they find unanticipated uses and problems. It is in this spirit that I offer these final thoughts....
Friday and Saturday, August 3–4, 1934
Authors: Cole Joshua
Published: January 2020

This chapter recounts the events that led to the outbreak of violence in Constantine on the evening of Friday, August 3, and the efforts of local officials and community leaders from the Muslim and Jewish populations to contain the conflict on Saturday, August 4.
Arranjos produtivos regionais e consumo na região de Cachoeira do Sul-RS
Authors: Hettwer Henrique Rudolfo
Published: January 2020

Os arranjos produtivos regionais contemporâneos de Cachoeira do Sul, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, demonstram a vulnerabilidade econômica e social da região na ascensão do neoliberalismo. Com base teórica no desenvolvimento do espaço geográfico e da região, analisamos indicadores sociais de desenvolvimento humano como empregabilidade, renda por pessoa, concentração da terra e divisão da geração de empregos por segmento econômico. Ao compararmos o desenvolvimento econômico e social de Cachoeira do Sul com outros municípios da Mesorregião Centro-Oriental Rio-grandense e Caxias do Sul, notamos contrastes consideráveis. Diante disso, questionamos os pressupostos das políticas econômicas do município e tamanhas disparidades.  Mediante pesquisa realizada com 76 itens da Cesta Básica, em três redes de supermercados do município, pudemos demonstrar a desorganização produtiva local e a insignificância produtiva, no município, em itens de consumo básico da população, o que demonstra a vulnerabilidade social e o alto nível de dependência econômica externa do município.
Medidas de localização e especialização para as mesorregiões de Santa Catarina
Authors: Dalle Tese Diogo , Mattei Taíse Fátima
Published: January 2020

O estado de Santa Catarina tem importância no cenário nacional, com uma economia bastante diversificada e dinâmicas regionais impulsionadas, principalmente, pelo setor agroindustrial. O presente artigo apresenta uma proposta de estudo, visando caracterizar e analisar a localização e a especialização dos setores produtivos das mesorregiões do estado de Santa Catarina no período de 1999 a 2014. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa exploratória com base quantitativa. De acordo com os dados obtidos, pode-se considerar que o setor agropecuário obteve maior destaque no Oeste catarinense, tanto em 1999 quanto em 2014. A indústria foi predominante e mais importante no Vale do Itajaí e Norte Catarinense, observando-se que, no Norte Catarinense, a indústria teve um desenvolvimento maior em 2014 que em 1999. No setor de serviços observou-se o predomínio do Vale do Itajaí em todo o período. Além disso, foi possível verificar que a agropecuária estava distribuída regionalmente de forma mais concentrada do que outros setores. E, por fim, comparando-se os anos, não houve mudanças significativas nos padrões de localização e produção nas mesorregiões de Santa Catarina.
Turismo de base comunitária e desenvolvimento sustentável em Urupema-SC
Authors: Silva Adriana Murara , Locks Geraldo Augusto , Melo João Eduardo Branco de
Published: January 2020

Neste artigo procurou-se identificar o conhecimento e a valorização do patrimônio comunitário, as práticas turísticas atuais sustentáveis e insustentáveis e o envolvimento com a política pública de turismo de representantes da sociedade civil e política de Urupema, no estado de Santa Catarina. A pesquisa que deu origem ao presente artigo foi qualitativa e se utilizou da técnica do Grupo de Discussão e da Análise de Conteúdo. Os referenciais teóricos para analisar as categorias de investigação provêm de diferentes paradigmas de turismo e desenvolvimento local. A pesquisa revelou discurso e práticas contraditórias no que tange à concepção de turismo, valorização do patrimônio comunitário e o papel do Estado local. Outrossim, afirmou a relevância do ethos cultural, expresso em atitudes de hospitalidade, acolhimento, solidariedade e cooperação vivenciados pela população local. Nesta perspectiva, o artigo propõe o Turismo de Base Comunitária, por seus valores serem concernentes à identidade socioeconômica local.
Статистика параметра пиковатости в спектре ветровых волн по данным гидродинамического моделирования (на англ.яз.), "Фундаментальная и прикладная гидрофизика"
Authors: Бухановский А.В. , Лопатухин Л.И.
Published: January 2020

Функция спектральной плотности является универсальной характеристикой, позволяющей описать разнообразие свойств волнения и решить многочисленные прикладные задачи. Параметр пиковатости - наиболее трудно определяемый и в то же время наиболее важный для практических расчетов, т.к. определяет величину экстремальной волновой нагрузки на сооружение в море, и увеличивает вероятность образования необычных волн (так называемых волн убийц). В тех случаях, когда об условиях волнообразования ничего неизвестно, рекомендуется принимать =3.3, что соответствует средним условиям в Мировом океане. Данные измерений показывают, что может изменяется от 1 до 20. Столь широкий разброс оценок параметра неприемлем при решении конкретных прикладных задач. Однако инструментальных (контактных) измерений спектров волнения и, соответственно, оценок параметра пиковатости крайне мало. Более того, на морях вокруг России регулярные измерения волнения не проводятся. Это означает что непрерывные (за период в несколько десятков лет) расчёты волнения по гидродинамическим моделям могут служить основой соответствующих статистических обобщений параметра . Выполнены соответствующие расчёты для некоторых морей вокруг России. В качестве примера приведены результаты для морей с различным режимом волнения - Берингова и Белого. Дана оценка двумерных и условных распределений (высот волн и параметра пиковатости), моментов распределений и других статистик.
Ureter Kinked around the Superior Mesenteric Vein Causing Features of Pelviureteric Junction Obstruction: A Case Report
Authors: Bharti Ramesh , Chaudhary Rajesh , Verma Amar , Sharma Rajesh , Dogra Amit , Sood Saloni
Published: January 2020

Pelviureteric junction obstruction (PUJO) is the condition where flow of urine from the renal pelvis to the ureter is hindered due to various intrinsic or extrinsic causes. Lower pole renal vessels are mostly associated with this condition. Unlike our case, there have been reports of ureter being kinked around the Veins of Retzius but there has been no case report of ureter being kinked around the superior mesenteric vein directly causing features of PUJO.
Metabolism‐associated molecular classification of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yang Chen , Huang Xiaowen , Liu Zhicheng , Qin Wenxin , Wang Cun
Published: January 2020

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a disease with unique management complexity because it displays high heterogeneity of molecular phenotypes. We herein aimed to characterize the molecular features of HCC by the development of a classification system that was based on the gene expression profile of metabolic genes. Integrative analysis was performed with a metadata set featuring 371 and 231 HCC human samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas and the International Cancer Genome Consortium, respectively. All samples were linked with clinical information. RNA sequencing data of 2752 previously characterized metabolism‐related genes were used for non‐negative matrix factorization clustering, and three subclasses of HCC (C1, C2, and C3) were identified. We then analyzed the metadata set for metabolic signatures, prognostic value, transcriptome features, immune infiltration, clinical characteristics, and drug sensitivity of subclasses, and compared the resulting subclasses with previously published classifications. Subclass C1 displayed high metabolic activity, low α‐fetoprotein (AFP) expression, and good prognosis. Subclass C2 was associated with low metabolic activities and displayed high expression of immune checkpoint genes, demonstrating drug sensitivity toward cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte‐associated protein‐4 inhibitors and the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor cabozantinib. Subclass C3 displayed intermediate metabolic activity, high AFP expression level, and bad prognosis. Finally, a 90‐gene classifier was generated to enable HCC classification. This study establishes a new HCC classification based on the gene expression profiles of metabolic genes, thereby furthering the understanding of the genetic diversity of human HCC.
CCL5 mediates target‐kinase independent resistance to FLT3 inhibitors in FLT3‐ITD‐positive AML
Authors: Waldeck Silvia , Rassner Michael , Keye Philip , Follo Marie , Herchenbach Dieter , Endres Cornelia , Charlet Anne , Andrieux Geoffroy , Salzer Ulrich , Boerries Melanie , Duyster Justus , von Bubnoff Nikolas
Published: January 2020

FLT3‐ITD tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) show limited clinical activity in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) due to emerging resistance. TKI resistance is mediated by secondary FLT3‐ITD mutations only in a minority of cases. We hypothesize that the cytokine CCL5 protects AML cells from TKI‐mediated cell death and contributes to treatment resistance. We generated PKC412‐ and sorafenib‐resistant MOLM‐13 cell lines as an in vitro model to study TKI resistance in AML. Increased CCL5 levels were detected in supernatants from PKC412‐resistant cell lines compared to TKI‐sensitive cells. Moreover, CCL5 treatment of TKI‐sensitive cells induced resistance to PKC412. In resistant cell lines with high CCL5 release, we observed a significant downregulation of the CCL5‐receptor CCR5 and CXCR4. In these cell lines, TKI resistance could be partly overcome by addition of the CXCR4‐receptor antagonist plerixafor. Microarray and intracellular flow cytometry analyses revealed increased p‐Akt or p‐Stat5 levels in PKC412‐resistant cell lines releasing high amounts of CCL5. Treatment with the CXCR4 antagonist plerixafor, αCCL5, or CCR5‐targeting siRNA led to a decrease of p‐Akt‐positive cells. Transient transfection of sensitive MOLM‐13 cells with a CCL5‐encoding vector mediated resistance against PKC412 and led to an increase in p‐Akt‐positive and p‐Stat5‐positive cells. Isolated AML blasts from patients treated with PKC412 revealed that CCL5 transcript levels increase significantly at relapse. Taken together, our findings indicate that CCL5 mediates resistance to FLT3‐TKIs in FLT3‐ITD‐mutated AML and could possibly serve as a biomarker to predict drug resistance.
Unraveling Temperature‐Dependent Contact Electrification between Sliding‐Mode Triboelectric Pairs
Authors: Wang Aurelia C. , Zhang Binbin , Xu Cheng , Zou Haiyang , Lin Zhiqun , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: January 2020

The underlying mechanism on contact electrification (CE) has remained a topic of debate over centuries, and it is argued to be due to electron transfer, ion transfer, and/or even material species transfer. Recently, a previous study shows that CE is dominated by electrons, at least for solid–solid cases. Herein, by using a model detailing the charge transfer between triboelectric surfaces and thermionic emission of electrons via employing a sliding mode Ti–SiO2 triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), surface charge decay behavior is scrutinized in lateral‐sliding mode during operation at high temperature. The temperature dependence of TENG electric output contributes to characteristic metal–dielectric and dielectric–dielectric CEs, thereby providing further evidence that electrons are the dominating transferred charges in CE. The total surface charge output of the TENG is rationalized as a direct consequence of the coupling of the rate of electron thermionic emission, the charge transfer rate of CE, and the changing rate of the contacted area between the two materials. When the contacting area is larger than the displaced area, the CE between the two materials is the major contributor to measured surface charge. Conversely, the thermionic emission of the exposed surfaces dictates when the contacting area is smaller.
Personal Statement for Eric Jacobsen Special Issue of ASC on the Occasion of his 60th Birthday
Authors: Bergman Robert G.
Published: January 2020

No Abstract

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Eric Jacobsen and Gender Diversity in Organic Chemistry
Authors: Ruck Rebecca T.
Published: January 2020

No Abstract

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Targeted Delivery of Secretory Promelittin via Novel Poly(lactone‐co‐β‐amino ester) Nanoparticles for Treatment of Breast Cancer Brain Metastases
Authors: Zhou Yu , Zhang Shenqi , Chen Zeming , Bao Youmei , Chen Ann T. , Sheu Wendy C. , Liu Fuyao , Jiang Zhaozhong , Zhou Jiangbing
Published: January 2020

Breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM) is a devastating disease with dismal prognosis. Although chemotherapy is widely used for clinical management of most tumors, it is often ineffective for BCBM. Therefore, alternative approaches for improved treatment of BCBM are in great demand. Here, an innovative gene therapy regimen is reported that is designed for effective treatment of BCBM. First, poly(lactone‐co‐β‐amino ester) nanoparticles that are capable of efficient gene delivery are synthesized and are engineered for targeted delivery to BCBM through surface conjugation of AMD3100, which interacts with CXCR4 enriched in the tumor microenvironment. Next, an artificial gene, proMel, is designed for the expression of secretory promelittin protein, which has limited toxicity on its own but releases cytolytic melittin after activation by MMP‐2 accumulated in tumors. It is demonstrated that delivery of the proMel via the AMD3100‐conjugated nanoparticles effectively inhibits tumor progression in a BCBM mouse model. This study suggests a new direction to treat BCBM through targeted delivery of promelittin‐mediated gene therapy.
Synthesis and photocatalytic properties of sunlight‐responsive BiOBr–CoWO4 heterostructured nanocomposites
Authors: Paul Chowdhury Arpita , Shambharkar Baban H.
Published: January 2020

Efficient sunlight‐responsive BiOBr–CoWO4 heterostructured nanocomposite photocatalysts were prepared via a chemical precipitation route at 100°C in 4 hours. The prepared BiOBr–CoWO4 heterostructures were characterized for phase identification, chemical composition, surface morphology, optical properties and surface area using various techniques. The X‐ray diffraction pattern of the BiOBr–CoWO4 nanocomposite was composed of diffraction peaks equivalent to both the tetragonal phase of BiOBr and the monoclinic phase of CoWO4 nanoparticles. X‐ray photoelectron spectral study of the BiOBr–CoWO4 nanocomposite revealed orbitals of both BiOBr and CoWO4 compounds. Transmission electron microscopy images revealed that spherical particles of CoWO4 (20–25 nm) were dispersed on the surface of BiOBr. UV–visible–near‐infrared spectral study of the BiOBr–CoWO4 nanocomposite showed good visible‐light absorption. Among the manufactured materials, BiOBr–CoWO4‐2 nanocomposite showed better charge carrier separation efficiency, as demonstrated by photoluminescence and time‐resolved fluorescence. To study the practical utility of the prepared materials, their photocatalytic capability was examined for the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) aqueous solution under sunlight irradiation. The photodegradation results showed that BiOBr–CoWO4‐2 nanocomposite degraded 98.69% RhB solution and the degradation constant was 0.067 min−1, which was 5.6 and 22.5 times larger than that of pure BiOBr and CoWO4 nanoparticles, respectively, after 60 minutes of sunlight irradiation. The superior photoactivity was facilitated by electron–hole pair separation and transfer driven by the heterostructure interface between BiOBr particles and CoWO4 nanoparticles. The removal of RhB was initiated by photogenerated h+, O2•−and •OH reactive species based on the scavenger effect.
Polymer hydrogel cross‐linked by inorganic nanoparticles for removing trace metal ions
Authors: Lv Qingyun , Hu Xiaosai , Shen Yong , Sun Guoxing
Published: January 2020

Hydrogels for absorbing metal ions in wastewater have attracted more attentions in the environmental field especially for recent years. The removal efficiency of hydrogel adsorbents for eliminating metal ions is highly related with the effective contact between adsorbents and adsorbates. However, poor water absorption capacity of the hydrogel adsorbents would restrict on the expose of adsorption sites to the targeted subjects, causing undesirable removal ratio (RR) especially for metal ions at trace level. Thereby, the reported hydrogel adsorbents mainly focus on the removal of high content but not the trace level of metal ions so far. In this work, poly(acrylamide) (PAM)/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)/Ca(OH)2 composite hydrogel is applied to adsorb trace metal ions. Swelling ratio of such PAM/PAA/Ca(OH)2 gel reaches 2,530 g/g, resulting in effective exposure of active sites and further expected RR for trace metal ions. The RRs of such adsorbent for Cu2+ (initial concentration C0 = 0.064 mg/L), Al3+ (C0 = 0.27 mg/L), Co2+ (C0 = 0.59 mg/L), Cr6+ (C0 = 0.52 mg/L), Mn2+ (C0 = 0.55 mg/L), Ni2+ (C0 = 0.59 mg/L), Zn2+ (C0 = 0.65 mg/L), Ag+ (C0 = 1.08 mg/L), and La3+ (C0 = 1.39 mg/L) are 56.6, 80.8, 41.3, 29.3, 34.6, 44.6, 55.9, 45.8, and 35.5%, respectively. This work broadens the application of hydrogel adsorbent for eliminating trace metal ions from polluted water.
On a razor's edge: Status and prospects of the critically endangered Bellinger River snapping turtle, Myuchelys georgesi
Authors: Chessman Bruce C. , McGilvray Gerry , Ruming Shane , Jones Hugh A. , Petrov Kristen , Fielder Darren P. , Spencer Ricky‐John , Georges Arthur
Published: January 2020

In the summer and autumn of 2015, the Bellinger River snapping turtle (Myuchelys georgesi), a narrow‐range endemic of eastern New South Wales, Australia, suffered mass mortality from epidemic disease, apparently caused by a previously unknown virus. Information on the current population size and structure of M. georgesi, and the body condition and growth of the surviving individuals, is needed to support planning of conservation actions. Population estimates are also needed for a sympatric population of the widely distributed Macquarie turtle (Emydura macquarii), which has probably been introduced to the Bellinger River and may threaten the persistence of M. georgesi through hybridization, competition, and disease transmission.

Data from five turtle surveys between November 2015 and November 2018 were used to estimate populations of the two species in the Bellinger River by an analysis based on habitat extent and turtle detectability. Changes in the body condition of M. georgesi and the body growth of both species were also assessed.

Current populations of ~150 M. georgesi and ~500 E. macquarii are indicated, although the uncertainty of these estimates is high. The estimate for M. georgesi represents a decline of >90% from the historical population. Moreover, about 88% of the surviving M. georgesi are immature, and only about 5% are mature females. However, the body condition of the survivors has improved recently. Growth models suggest that M. georgesi matures later than E. macquarii, which may provide the latter with a competitive advantage.

Evidence presented here does not support a previous hypothesis that M. georgesi were predisposed to disease through malnutrition and consequently reduced immune competence caused by high water temperatures and low river flows. Continuing disease, hybridization, and interspecific competition are probably the greatest threats to the persistence of the species.
Implementing Change in Neuroanatomy Education: Organization, Evolution, and Assessment of a Near‐Peer Teaching Program in an Undergraduate Medical School in Greece
Authors: Karamaroudis Stefanos , Poulogiannopoulou Eleni , Sotiropoulos Marinos G. , Kalantzis Thomas , Johnson Elizabeth O.
Published: January 2020

In light of the current shifts in medical education from traditional lectures to more active teaching modalities, a peer‐teaching program was introduced to a compulsory, second‐year neuroanatomy course. A cross‐sectional survey of 527 medical students in the six‐year medical program of the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens was administered. The primary aim of the survey, which was distributed to second‐ through sixth‐year medical students, who had completed the neuroanatomy course, was to assess student perception of peer teachers (PTs). Across the five years assessed, students increasingly acknowledged the contribution of PTs to their learning (P < 0.001). Attributes of PTs (e.g., contribution to learning, motivation, effective usage of material, and team environment) were significantly related to the student's opinion of the importance of laboratory activities (P < 0.001). Students who received “average” final grades scored the importance of laboratory exercises, and by inference PTs, significantly lower than students who received “excellent” final grades (P < 0.05). The amount of training that PTs had received was also significantly related to student perceptions of a PT's contribution. Better trained PTs were associated with significantly higher scores regarding learning, motivation, and positive environment compared to less trained PTs (P < 0.05). The results of the present study show that peer‐teaching was well received by students attending the neuroanatomy course. While the results express the evolution of the program across the years, the findings also show that learners believed that PTs and the laboratory program contributed significantly to their understanding of neuroanatomy.
Synthesis, modelling, and solvatochromic properties of a phenothiazine derivative
Authors: Al‐Zahrani Fatimah A.M.
Published: January 2020

A new A–π–D–π–A phenothiazine derivative, 2,2′‐((10‐octyl‐10H‐phenothiazine‐3,7‐diyl)bis (ethene‐2,1‐diyl))bis(1‐ethyl‐3,3‐dimethyl‐3H‐indol‐1‐ium)iodide (PTZ‐BEI) was prepared and fully characterized using infra‐red (IR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C NMR, ultraviolet–visible light and mass spectra. Electronic spectra of PTZ‐BEI solutions in solvents with different polarities displayed absorption bands (λmax) related to intramolecular charge transfer. In addition, the emission spectra of PTZ‐BEI solutions were strongly solvent dependent for both wavelength and intensity. Stokes’ shift (
increased with increasing solvent polarity up to 4105 cm−1 in the most polar solvent, dimethylformamide. The linear solvation‐energy relationship was utilized to investigate solvent dependency of the Stokes’ shifts. Relative quantum yield (φ) of PTZ‐BEI was calculated. Finally, density functional theory was employed at the B3LYP level for geometrical optimization and simulation of electron spectra for the PTZ derivative in gaseous and solvated states to explore the solvent effect.
Zig‐Zag Diphosphene Oligomers Linked by Silver(I) Cation
Authors: Pan Xiaobo , Zhang Li , Zhao Yue , Tan Gengwen , Ruan Huapeng , Wang Xinping
Published: January 2020

Summary of main observation and conclusion

The coordination of silver cation to diphosphene Mes*P=PMes* (1, Mes* = tBu3C6H2) was investigated in detail. The reaction of 1 with Ag[Al(ORF)4] (ORF = OC(CF3)3) in the ratios of 2 : 1, 3 : 2 and 1 : 2 led to the formation of the first cationic silver linked diphosphene complexes 2—4. Complexes 2 and 3 contain two and three diphosphene molecules linked by the linear Ag(I) cation, respectively, and they feature unusual zig‐zag topologies. Complex 4 is a dinuclear silver complex, and each Ag(I) center features a tetrahedral geometry, coordinated by one phosphorus atom of diphosphene 1 and three chloro atoms of two CH2Cl2 molecules.
A Salt Controlled Scalable Approach for Formation of Polyelectrolyte Complex Fiber†
Authors: Huang Wentao , Liu Dezhong , Zhu Liping , Yang Shuguang
Published: January 2020

Summary of main observation and conclusion

A new scalable approach is reported here for producing the polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) fiber of alginate (ALG) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA). Salt (LiBr, NaBr, or KBr) is used to restrict the complexation of negatively charged ALG and positively charged PDDA in solution to obtain spinnable fluid that can be directly extruded into the coagulation bath to form nascent fiber. A water washing step is adopted right after the formation of nascent fiber to eliminate the defects in fiber. Morphology and mechanical properties of the as‐prepared ALG/PDDA complex fiber are found to be greatly affected by the water washing, as well as the amount and the type of salt used. As the reported approach is similar to the wet‐spinning process which is a commonly used method for industrial production of fibers, it is promising to be applied in larger scale production of PEC fibers.
Quick test: How to detect lactose in 60 seconds?
Authors: Ruppersberg Klaus , Klemeyer Horst
Published: January 2020

Mit einer Inverter‐Mikrowelle ist es möglich, eine geringe Leistung (400 W) kontinuierlich und präzise auf wässrige Lösungen in Bechergläsern einwirken zu lassen, ohne dass es dabei zu einem Siedeverzug kommt. Auf diese Weise lässt sich Lactose in Milchprodukten in 60 Sekunden durch eine Rotfärbung nachweisen, die durch eine Reaktion mit Methylamin oder 1,6‐Diaminohexan (Hexamethylendiamin) in alkalischer Lösung zu Stande kommt. Letzteres ist in vielen Schulsammlungen schon vorhanden, da es für den bekannten „Nylon‐Seil‐Trick“ beschafft wurde.
Identifying spinal afferent (sensory) nerve endings that innervate the marrow cavity and periosteum using anterograde tracing
Authors: Thai Jenny , Kyloh Melinda , Travis Lee , Spencer Nick J. , Ivanusic Jason J.
Published: January 2020

While sensory and sympathetic neurons are known to innervate bone, previous studies have found it difficult to unequivocally identify and characterize only those that are of sensory origin. In this study, we have utilized an in vivo anterograde tracing technique to selectively label spinal afferent (sensory) nerve endings that innervate the periosteum and marrow cavity of murine long bones. Unilateral injections of dextran–biotin (anterograde tracer; 20% in saline, 50–100 nl) were made into L3–L5 dorsal root ganglia. After a 10‐day recovery period to allow sufficient time for selective anterograde transport of the tracer to nerve terminal endings in bone, the periosteum (whole‐mount) and underlying bone were collected, processed to reveal anterograde labeling, and immuno‐labeled with antibodies directed against protein gene product (pan‐neuronal marker; PGP9.5), tyrosine hydroxylase (sympathetic neuron marker; TH), calcitonin gene‐related protein (peptidergic nociceptor marker; CGRP), and/or neurofilament 200 (myelinated axon marker; NF200). Anterograde‐labeled nerve endings were dispersed throughout the periosteum and marrow cavity and could be identified in close apposition to blood vessels and at sites distant from them. The periosteum and the marrow cavity were each innervated by myelinated (NF200+) sensory neurons, and unmyelinated (NF200‑) sensory neurons that were either peptidergic (CGRP+) or nonpeptidergic (CGRP‑). Spinal afferent nerve endings did not express TH, and lacked the cylindrical morphology around blood vessels characteristic of sympathetic innervation. This approach to selective labeling of sensory nerve terminal endings will help to better identify how different sub‐populations of sensory neurons, and their peripheral nerve terminal endings, interact with bone.
Efficient estimation of load‐free left ventricular geometry and passive myocardial properties using principal component analysis
Authors: Wang Zhinuo J. , Wang Vicky Y. , Babarenda Gamage Thiranja P. , Rajagopal Vijayaraghavan , Cao J. Jane , Nielsen Poul M. F. , Bradley Chris P. , Young Alistair A. , Nash Martyn P.
Published: January 2020

Models of cardiac mechanics require a well‐defined reference geometry from which deformations and hence myocardial strain and stress can be calculated. In the in vivo beating heart, the load‐free (LF) geometry generally cannot be measured directly, since, in many cases, there is no stage at which the lumen pressures and contractile state are all zero. Therefore, there is a need for an efficient method to estimate the LF geometry, which is essential for an accurate mechanical simulation of left ventricular (LV) mechanics, and for estimations of passive and contractile constitutive parameters of the heart muscle. In this paper, we present a novel method for estimating both the LF geometry and the passive stiffness of the myocardium. A linear combination of principal components from a population of diastolic displacements is used to construct the LF geometry. For each estimate of the LF geometry and tissue stiffness, LV inflation is simulated, and the model predictions are compared with surface data at multiple stages during passive diastolic filling. The feasibility of this method was demonstrated using synthetically deformation data that were generated using LV models derived from clinical magnetic resonance image data, and the identifiability of the LF geometry and passive stiffness parameters were analysed using Hessian metrics. Applications of this method to clinical data would improve the accuracy of constitutive parameter estimation and allow a better simulation of LV wall strains and stresses.
Conceptual compatibility of recycle bin color: From a cross‐cultural perspective
Authors: Chang Eva
Published: January 2020

Increased waste production is a by‐product of economic growth, and that is why countries worldwide are working on turning waste into useful resources and enhancing recycling effectiveness. Aside from using symbols and words for identifying which recycle bins for which types of recyclable materials, color is also a useful code and visual element in recycle bin design. This study conducted questionnaire survey (n = 418) among participants from Taiwan and from East Asia and the Pacific (EAP) to explore the current condition of resource recycling and determine the best color‐material pairings. This study's result suggests that the most frequently recycled material by participants from Taiwan and from EAP were paper and plastic. The study participants sorted and recycled materials as frequently as five to six days a week. From analyzing the pairings of four colors (red, green, blue, and yellow) with four recyclable materials (paper, glass, plastic, and metal), differences were found between participants from Taiwan and those from EAP. Because resource classification and color coding are different from country to country, this study found that color provides limited information of recycle bins.
Ability of Primary Care Health Databases to Assess Medicinal Products Discussed by the European Union Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee
Authors: Flynn Robert , Hedenmalm Karin , Murray‐Thomas Tarita , Pacurariu Alexandra , Arlett Peter , Shepherd Hilary , Myles Puja , Kurz Xavier
Published: January 2020

This study measured the exposure to different categories of medicinal products discussed by the European Union (EU) Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee from September to November 2018 in four electronic primary care health databases: IQVIA Medical Research Data‐UK, IQVIA Medical Research Data‐France, IQVIA Medical Research Data‐Germany, and Clinical Practice Research Datalink Aurum, in the entire lifespan of each database until August 31, 2018. The assessment of 83 centrally authorized products and 45 nationally authorized products showed that coverage was better for products marketed for longer duration and worse for orphan drugs. The ability to detect associations against hypothetical comparators was better for more common events and for larger effect sizes. Coverage of advanced therapies was worse for those typically administered in a specialized rather than primary care setting. This study shows that to enable better informed regulatory decisions there is a need to access complementary data sources, particularly capturing secondary care prescribing.
Integration of Omics Data Sources to Inform Mechanistic Modeling of Immune‐Oncology Therapies: A Tutorial for Clinical Pharmacologists
Authors: Lazarou Georgia , Chelliah Vijayalakshmi , Small Ben G. , Walker Michael , van der Graaf Piet H. , Kierzek Andrzej M.
Published: January 2020

Application of contemporary molecular biology techniques to clinical samples in oncology resulted in the accumulation of unprecedented experimental data. These “omics” data are mined for discovery of therapeutic target combinations and diagnostic biomarkers. It is less appreciated that omics resources could also revolutionize development of the mechanistic models informing clinical pharmacology quantitative decisions about dose amount, timing, and sequence. We discuss the integration of omics data to inform mechanistic models supporting drug development in immuno‐oncology. To illustrate our arguments, we present a minimal clinical model of the Cancer Immunity Cycle (CIC), calibrated for non‐small cell lung carcinoma using tumor microenvironment composition inferred from transcriptomics of clinical samples. We review omics data resources, which can be integrated to parameterize mechanistic models of the CIC. We propose that virtual trial simulations with clinical Quantitative Systems Pharmacology platforms informed by omics data will be making increasing impact in the development of cancer immunotherapies.