bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patient Waiting Time and its Determinants in the General Outpatient of Debre Markos and Felege Hiwot Referral Hospitals Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia
Authors: Belayneh Melesse
Published: April 2023

Patient waiting time is defined as the total time from registration until consultation with a doctor. Experiences of waiting in general are perceived as complex, subjective, and culturally influenced. Registration time, payment process/cash billing, recording classification/triaged time, few human resources and work process are the determinants of patient waiting time in the general outpatient departments. However, the complexity of wait time is poorly understood and has been explored only to a limited extent. Objective: To assess patient waiting time and its determinants in Debre Markos and Felge Hiywot Referral hospitals of Amhara Regional State in North West, Ethiopia. Methods: A hospital based comparative cross sectional study design wasemployed from October 20- November 20, 2014. The study population was patients presenting to general outpatient departments, from which464 patients was selected using systematic random sampling technique. Quantitative Data was collected using structured questionnaire and a check list adopted from studies.Quantitativedata was coded, entered, cleaned and analyzed using SPSS Software for windows version 20.0.Linear regression and bivariate logistic regression was applied to identify the determinants of each explanatory variable on outcome (patient waiting time).Finally data was interpreted by referring to the pertinent findings from the relevant literature reviewed. Ethical approval and clearance was obtained from ethical clearance committee of the Jimma University College of Public Health & Medical Sciences Result:The measured waiting time in Felge Hiywot referral hospital mean waiting time was and its standard deviation 149.2±72.1 minutes where as 94.2±58.3 minutes in debere markos referral hospital. The major causes of the long patient waiting time was large numbers of patient with a few doctors 94(40.5%),67(28.9%) ,long searching of the cards 67(28.9%),73(31.5),and long registration time 59(25.4%),76(32.5) in Feleg hywot and debre markos referral hospitals respectively. the satisfaction status in waiting time greater than 60 minutes in Felege hiywot referral hospital were statically significance with p value 0.0001(95% CI:1.7786,1.8766) with dissatisfaction whereas p= 0.0001 (95% CI;1.7690,1.8689) in debre markos referral hospital. Conclusion: There is the need for health care facilities and hospital administrators to address gaps in human resources, infrastructures and other internal procedures and institutional systems aimed at reducing waiting times and thus ensuring an effective health care.
Quality of Raw Milk Supplied to Organized Milk Collection Centers of Western Chitwan
Authors: Bastola Krishna Prasad
Published: April 2023

An experiment was undertaken at Bijaya milk production cooperative Ltd, Chitwan and its milk shed command area of western Chitwan covering a period from 2nd February to 2nd May, 2012. The study was accomplished in two phases viz. field survey and laboratory analysis with lactoscan and adulteration test. The survey findings revealed that most of the farmers (95%) knew the basic importance and the procedures to be adopted for quality milk production however they were lacking putting them into practice. Majority of farms (78.75%) used maize and bran as principal ingredients of concentrate. Most of the farms (81.25%) supplied green throughout the year and there 90% farms maintained their animals under stall feeding. Less than fifty percent farmers (43.75%) practiced hand washing with soap before milking and rest (56.25%) washed their hands by common water only. Majority of farmers (83.75%) practiced udder washing by water only. Laboratory analyses were carried out by taking 128 raw milk samples fortnightly from different MCCs in order to analyse fat, SNF, protein, electrical conductivity, sp. gravity and water. Sixty four samples from Bijayanagar, Gadhi, Saranpur, Chowki, Haraiya, Narayanchowk, Shantichowk and Bangai were considered for the study of adulteration by substances like sugar, salt, starch, neutralizer, urea etc. The data indicated that 1.56 and 3.12; 3.12 and 3.12; 3.12 and 3.12; 1.56 and 1.56; 1.56 and 3.12 percent for salt and sugar respectively for the MCC Bijayanagar, Gadhi, Saranpur, Chowki and Bangai. However, the values of 4.68% for sugar and 1.56% of the samples were adulterated by salt respectively for Haraiya and Narayanchowk. None of the samples were adulterated with any substances in Shantichowk. As a whole, none of the MCC showed any other adulterants. The highest and the lowest values for fat, SNF, protein, conductivity, specific gravity and water content location wise were Chowki and Bijayanagar; Saranpur and Haraiya; Bijayanagar and chowki and Bijayanagar and Saranpur respectively. Rest of the location indicated the values within these. Similarly, period wise, highest and lowest values for fat, SNF, protein, conductivity and water content were 3rd and 7th; 7th and 4th; 7th and 4th; 7th and 1st; 7th and 4th; 4th and 3rd fortnight respectively. The result obtained from the study on the quality of raw milk from different places of western Chitwan indicated that the current situation need improvement from adulteration point of view as most of the samples were adulterated from salt and sugar. However, none of the samples were found to be adulterated by starch, neutralizer and urea.
The Impact of the Wage Freeze on Business/Civil Service in Zambia
Authors: Mulenga Ornam O
Published: April 2023

The two year wage freeze imposed by government on public service workers will Impact them negatively while the business community will suffer reduced levels of income. The concept of a wage freeze for public sector workers makes for good politics; however, the Economic effects of doing so can be far more damaging. While the current economic situation is in obvious disrepair, we must remember that the current economic situation was caused by factors much more profound than the cost of wages and benefits for public sector workers. The Introduction of the wage freeze by the government has been received with fixed feelings by the people of Zambia. While the wage freeze will result in increased funds to the treasury that can be channeled to the basic social services and investment in public infrastructure, the public and the civil service, the business and the economy will be affected negatively in various ways.
Tax Payer's Tax Compliance Behavior, The Case Of Addis Ababa City Administration
Authors: Tsegaw Geletaw
Published: April 2023

This paper attempted to reveal determinants of taxpayers’ tax compliance behavior. Six tax compliance determinants were examined; the examined tax compliance determinants were: tax knowledge; feeling of fairness; the influence of peer groups; income level of taxpayers; detection & punishments and perception on government spending. The study adopted a mixed method research approach to test the proposed hypotheses and to answer research questions. The data has been collected from 225 business profit taxpayers of those 200 were through distributing of self-administered questionnaires and the remaining 25 through in-depth interviews. The latest statistical package (SPSS) software, correlation and regression analysis, were used to analyze the survey and thematic analysis was applied to the in-depth interviews. The results of this combined research methodology suggest that Addis Ababa City business profit taxpayers tax compliance behavior have been highly and significantly affected by tax knowledge; feeling of fairness; the influence of peer groups; income level of taxpayers and detection & punishments variables while confidence in government spending doesn’t have as such significant impact on tax compliance behavior of businesses. The analysis focuses on tax compliance and its determinants and is therefore subject to an underlying assumption of tax payers' understanding of tax and other potentially relevant information. The results of this study also provide specific insights and allow policy makers to gain a better understanding of the key variables that are significantly associated with tax compliance and enable them to implement suitable strategies to minimize potentially damaging factors, and should also allow them to improve their government’s tax revenue collections. Such a study becomes imperative given limited research so far undertaken in the area. The present study may also be utilized to provide further information to assist tax authorities in designing full-fledged tax policies and in improving their respective tax collection mechanisms.
Review on Research and Developments of Bicycle Brake Calipers using Natural Fiber
Authors: Asokan Theebbanraj , Nirmal Umar , Lau Saijod T. W.
Published: April 2023

The current review focuses on the development of the bicycle brake system from the 1800still year 2017. Based on this review, it was found that the bicycle went through major design evolution up until ‘safety bicycles’ were created. Then, bicycles were upgraded according to specialized aspects such as braking system, comfort, gear system, tangent stokes and other aspects. Within the aspect of bicycle braking system, the designs were more diversified and can be categorized into three categories known as tire brakes, rim brakes and brakes in or attached to the hub. Once a certain design has reached its utmost aerodynamic capabilities, it will usually be upgraded through means of material composition. A review on natural fiber composites was also done as to see its capabilities of replacing synthetic composites. Based on this review, it was found that due to the natural fiber composite’s lightweight and favorable mechanical properties, it is very possible to realizing the idea of replacing the synthetic composites used in a bicycle braking system with natural fiber composite. This paper also proposes future research path ways to further enhance the bicycle as a whole through comprehensive research, trial and error.
Comparisons of Financial Performance of Islamic Banks and Conventional Banks in Bangladesh
Authors: Uddin Mohammad Shamsu , Ahsan Mohammad Kamrul , Haque Md. Alaul
Published: April 2023

The study has been examined and compared the performance of Islamic and Conventional banks in Bangladesh during 2010 to 2014 by analyzing CAMEL tests standard factors such as capital adequacy, asset quality, management quality, earning ability and liquidity position. The financial data for this study have taken from the banks’ financial statements existing on the banks’ websites. A sample of 5 Islamic banks and 5 Conventional banks has been selected to measure and compare their performance. Each year the average ratios were considered. CAMEL tests which is a standard test to check the health of financial institutions was used to determine the performance of Islamic and Conventional banks. The researchers have used the t-tests to justify the data. The study has shown that statistically there is no significant difference between Islamic banks and Conventional banks based on their performance calculated by CAMEL except management quality. The management qualities and asset qualities of Conventional banks are better than that of Islamic banks. On the other hand, Capital adequacy and liquidity position of Islamic banks are better than that of Conventional banks.
ICTs for improving Iran’s national Competitiveness
Authors: Abdollahpouri Maria
Published: April 2023

There is fierce competition among firms to target larger markets. Effective competition and achieving advantage over competitors are closely associated with the concept of competitive advantage. Various sources of competitive advantage are found in the literature. However, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are increasingly becoming the center of attention for creating competitive advantage both at firm and country level. A large group of firms in every country are Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). SMEs are widely known as enablers of business and economic growth; nevertheless, they constantly face challenges in competition. In this study, ICTs are introduced as a strategy for SMEs to improve their competitiveness. It is suggested that promoting competition among SMEs could lead to a higher performance in competitiveness at country level. The present research concludes by the strong potentiality of ICTs to improve Iran’s national competitiveness through making the home market more competitive for its SMEs.
Assessment of Road Side Snacks’ Microbiological Qualities in Ilese-Ijebu Southwestern Nigeria: Implications on Packaging and Bioaerosol Monitoring
Authors: Ayoade Adegbite A. , Gbolahan Salako S. , Sowole Ayodele R
Published: April 2023

The study was carried out to determine the microbiological contamination of three common snacks (Puff-Puff, Fried Cake Bean, and Fried Potato) consumed at Ilese-Ijebu Southwestern Nigeria and to determine the effect of the packaging materials on the contamination of the snacks. The study made used of two different types of packaging materials, the ones used by the food vendors and sterile plastic bags for control to transport the samples to the laboratory for analysis. The detections of pathogenic microorganisms were carried out using laboratory standard procedures for culturing by MacConkey Agar. The results of laboratory analyses showed that all the snacks samples collected with vendors packaging materials were contaminated with one or more of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Staphylococcus aureus, as result of old newspapers, students’ old notes used as the packaging materials coupled with poor food vendors’ hygiene practices. On the other hand, the snacks collected by the sterile plastic bags contained a few of the microorganisms that might be as results of contamination during food handling and bioaerosol presence around where the foods were prepared and served to customers. The study concluded that there is the need for educative and public awareness about the potential ingestion and health problems associated with consumption of the snacks with unclean packaging materials. The regulatory governmental agencies like NAFDAC should be actively involved in making sure food consumed by the people do not constitute health hazard and risks to the consumers.
Fallen from the Trail – A case study based on Banking Sector in Bangladesh
Authors: Anas Md. Mushfiqur Rahman , Amin Ruhul
Published: April 2023

The history of bank failures in many countries indicates that loss of public confidence in banks could be contagious and quickly lead to systemic banking crisis situations. The    depositors might lose confidence in the Bank for such activities. Corporate Governance is concerned with holding the balance between economic and social goals and between    individuals and communal goals. Banks can undertake all business operations as a result of public trust and faith in the stability and soundness of the banks in particular and the  system in general.

The study was carried out to measure the financial crisis and Corporate Governance in the troubled banks in Bangladesh. The concerned bank was forced to pay off loans from the four banks with its securities - treasury bonds and bills - with the Bangladesh Bank. In  Bangladesh, commercial banks need to keep the securities with the central bank to   maintain its mandatory Statutory Liquidity Requirement (SLR). Currently, few banks have no securities to sustain SLR. A bank has to keep at least 19 percent of its depositors' money in the form of SLR and CRR with the central bank to protect the interest of the depositors.
China as a future normative power: A Chinese Cultural perspective
Authors: Wong Leei
Published: April 2023

This paper discusses Western and Chinese views on China’s growth to highlight the differences in perspectives regarding the outlook of China’s future. An overview of the features of a normative power and an examination of the challenges China faces when she interacts with its neighbors will elicit traces of its potential normative style in the region. We will then conclude that China is in a dilemma in exhibiting its normative power, and it seeks to reconcile the situation through managing sovereignty issues with its neighbors in a consistent way and proposing initiatives such as the AIIB and the 21st Century Maritime Silkroad to help portray itself as a responsible and accepted normative strength.
Nigeria cybercrime and ICT development And Internet Service Provider
Authors: Makeri Yakubu Ajiji
Published: April 2023

The identification of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as an essential tool for sustainable development has proved to be worth every investment in Nigeria.  Unfortunately, ’the ’country’s ’image ’has ’also suffered as a result of the nefarious activities of some Nigerians, who has turn the internet into a cheap ’channel ’for ’the ’perpetration ’of ’criminal activities, ’ranging ’from ’range ’from ’phishing, online ’trickery ’and ’the ’‘Advanced ’Fee ’Fraud (AFF)’ popularly known as ‘419 spam’. At the forefront ’these ’development ’Internet ’Service Providers ’(ISPs). ’Despite ’their ’many ’laudable contributions ’as ’facilitators ’of ’Internet ’usage, ISPs ’serving ’Nigeria ’seem ’to ’stand ’aloof ’or seemingly ’remain ’oblivious ’of ’the ’damaging implications ’resultant ’from ’the ’use ’ ’of ’their infrastructure for online criminal activities. Using questionnaires, ’we ’conducted ’a ’research ’to determine ’the ’level ’of ’awareness ’of ’ISPs ’in Nigeria about intermediary liabilities. The Analysis ’of ’our ’findings ’using ’descriptive statistics ’ ’and ’chi-square ’at ’0.05 ’level ’of significance ’revealed ’that ’the ’level ’of ’security provided against crime by ISPs are relatively low resulting in a positive relationships between the level of internet crime and the attitudes of ISPs to protecting their networks.
Perceptions of Pupils towards Chinese Literature Texts, Factors Influencing Mastery of Chinese Language and Effective Teaching Methods in Teaching Literature Texts
Authors: Ing Liew Chiat , Peng Chew Fong
Published: April 2023

The purpose of the study was to identify the pupils’ perceptions towards the use of Chinese literature texts, factors in influencing the mastery of Chinese language and the effective teaching methods in teaching literature texts among the Chinese-medium primary school pupils. The theory used in this survey research was Children’s Literature Theory (Kow, 2002). Research sample of 216 year five pupils were drawn from six Chinese-medium primary schools, either in urban area or rural area in Hulu Langat, Selangor. Questionnaire was used to gather the information needed for the data analysis. The results of the study showed that the pupils basically showed positive perceptions towards the literature texts. The main factors in influencing the pupils’ performances in Chinese language were the factors of teachers, peers and parents. Besides, the pupils showed positive perception towards students-centered approaches that apply teaching aids in teaching Chinese literature. Hence, teachers must equip themselves with effective teaching methods in order to generate young generation who appreciate literature.
Reasons Makes Muslim Superhero Ms. Marvel Kamala Khan Awesome Just Like Everyone
Authors: Majumdar Ananda
Published: April 2023

Ms. Marvel Kamala Khan is a new name in Marvel comics, a name that represents minor communities of America, it is not the first time by a minor representation, there are various Muslim minority hero or heroine comes into focus in American society but they are not that popular or centre of the focus, Ms. Marvel Kamala Khan episode of Marvel comics is the most popular among US people, though they do not want any more diversity but because of its realism and authenticity, this episode receives 2015 Hugo award. The achievement credits her role as the superhero that she does for various reasons such as escape US society beyond the class, religion, identity, race from evil human and inhuman, a role model for the young generation, teenage, generation why (who always raises their voice for change, for new things), represents on behalf of the minorities in front of US political leadership, an image of innovation, change among kids, teenage and even elders. Kamala’s character is an example of feminism, diversity, stereotype, enthusiasm, boldness, promise and ground base. Her super heroism is the combination of empowerment, fantasy, and assimilation. Therefore, I choose to write on her as my final project. I am not a teenage but as a generation X, I am also motivated through her activities that she performed, taking all kind of social-political-stereotypical–religious challenges from her friends, family, and outsiders as well.
Perception of Employees Regarding Participation in Decision Making and Problem Solving: A study On Different Branches of Banks in Dhaka City
Authors: Khandakar Md. Shariful Alam , Huq Khadija , Sultana Sarmin
Published: April 2023

Banking sector is one of the most raising sectors in Bangladesh. This sector is facing competitive pressures due to the rapid changes of market conditions. Participative Decision-making and problem solving is therefore very crucial to the fortunes of any organization as it is through the successful implementation of policy decisions that the goals and objectives of an organization. Employees in the banking sector of Bangladesh perceived that participative decision making improve the organizational performance. They argued that employees are the fuel that runs the engine of the organization and it is believed that their non-involvement in the decision-making process creates tensions between management and staff. This study, therefore, sought to determine the perception of employees’ regarding participative decision making. They provided the opinion that management think decision-making as a management tool and its implementation in organizations by determining low employee. Lack of participative decision is the main cause of poor implementation of decisions. In order to achieve the objective of the study an interview was conducted on 57 employees of different private, public and commercial banks of Dhaka city.  The findings of the study suggested that employee participation and involvement in decision-making contributes to effective decision implementation and also creates an enabling environment for creativity and growth. If employees see themselves as stakeholders and owners of the decision making and problem solving then implementation of decision will be very smooth. The study was also revealed that when employees see themselves as not being part of the decision-making process, they become discontented and apathetic which is likely to adversely affect organizational performance. Moreover, the study attempt to find out the relationship between participative decision making and organizational commitment.
Phytobeneficial Traits and Ecophysiological Stress Tolerance of Rhizobia
Authors: Abawari Reshid Abafita
Published: April 2023

The microorganisms with the aim of improving nutrients availabile for plants are an important practice and necessary for agriculture. During the past couple of decades, plant growth-promoting (PGP) rhizobia have been begun to replace the use of chemicals in agriculture, horticulture and environmental cleanup strategies. Scientific researches involve multidisciplinary approaches to understand adaptation of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), their effects on plant physiology and growth, induced systemic resistance, biocontrol of plant pathogens, biofertilization and their tolerance to ecophysiological stresses. This is due to the emerging demand for dependence diminishing of synthetic chemical products, to the growing necessity of sustainable agriculture within a holistic vision of development and to focuss on environmental protection. PGP rhizobia are naturally occurring soil bacteria that aggressively colonize plant roots and benefit plants by providing growth promotion and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF). Inoculation of crop plants with certain strains of PGP rhizobia at an early stage of development improves biomass production and yields through direct and indirect effects on roots and shoots growth. In this review, we have discussed the phytobeneficial traits of rhizobia which act as PGPR, and their ecophysiological properties, biocontrolability, mechanisms and the desirable properties exhibited by them.
Generalized Traditional Risk Factors of Being Overweight and Obesity among Ever Married Non-Pregnant Women in Bangladesh: An Application of Decision Tree Analysis
Authors: Islam Mohammad Zahidul
Published: April 2023

Background: As the prevalence of obesity increases, the co-existing underweight and increasing overweight has also become a public health problem in many developing countries like as Bangladesh. Therefore this study seeks to identify the major determinants factors of being overweight or obese.

Methods: This study used a cross-sectional analysis from the 2011 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey that include 2,740 maternal women. To assess the determinants factors of overweight and obese, a multivariate technique name as decision tree analysis was used in this study.

Results:  Around 68% of the maternal women were underweight and 32% were either overweight or obese. Women higher socio-economic status, women age ≥25 years, higher educational level and urban place of residence were found to be most dominant factors of being overweight and obese.

Conclusion: The findings suggest that, the major policy implications of this study are the importance of socio-economic status women, age ≥25 years with higher educational level and urban women to minimize its adverse effect on overweight and obese.
The Hague Convention 1961: Solution of Foreign Public Document Legalization for Indonesia and ASEAN Member Countries
Authors: Hartoyo Bambang , Noor Fauziah Mohd.
Published: April 2023

The main discussion of this study is why Indonesia and some Asean member countries so far have not participated as contracting state to The Hague Convention 1961 (Apostille Convention). This leads to the situation that anyone who needs the legalization of public documents to be used abroad, he/she must go through repeated legalizations to various institutions of the respective authorities. This is not only time consuming and costly to individual or corporate who requires the legalization, but also hinder the respective government's program to enhance foreign direct investment to their own country. The objective of this study, therefore, is particularly to encourage Indonesia as well as Asean member countries to become a contracting state to The Hague Convention 1961. This qualitative study is conducted based on the observation on some Indonesian representatives overseas, as well as on notary offices of Indonesia. Literatures and scientific studies from Indonesia and overseas, as well as interviews with high-rank officials of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Indonesia, and diplomats from Indonesian representatives abroad are also used and conducted to fulfill the objective comprehensiveness of this study. This study eventually provided some suggestions that Indonesia as well as Asean member countries would immediately take action to become contracting state to The Hague Convention 1961.
Essays on Evaluation of Sales and Marketing Strategy: A Perspective from Pharmaceutical Industry in Thailand, a Survey
Authors: Ing-udomnoogoon Kitcha
Published: April 2023

This thesis was conducted during the author's final year of a three-year PhD program at the IICSE University, USA. The research has its focus on the constant need for new, innovative ways for marketers in pharmaceutical industry in Thailand to reach target physicians (customers) and also adapt to marketing changes. To be able to detect what changes need to occur in the industry, we need to understand the impact that medical representatives (or pharmaceutical representatives) have on the prescription-writing habits of doctors, and competitive landscape in terms of sales and marketing performance of different players in the domain. Physicians are solely responsible in the prescription of pharmaceuticals elsewhere in this world, including in Thailand. The medical representatives are responsible for detailing physicians and other healthcare professionals the information on medical products, so that patients can get the best medicine for their disease treatment.  Both physicians and medical representatives can have a large effect on the perception of a certain pharmaceutical from a certain company.  Physicians also need to be educated by medical representative, and medical representatives must find the best approach to selling their medical products based on the needs of the physician’s patients.   Different companies have drugs that have very different molecular compositions or classification that treat same diseases.  Usually one expensive original drug can be prescribed for a single disease, so it is important for medical representatives to point out how their medicine will best treat a certain disease in a certain type of person.  This in turn requires asking some questions on how the medical representative can achieve their selling goals.  What selling method makes one drug more desirable over the other? Do physicians respond better to a friendlier, more relational and educated sales representative? What kind of marketing methods are the most effective or preferable by physicians? How do physicians perceive the different ways of selling?  This research was conducted by looking into the selling techniques and marketing strategies used by pharmaceutical companies and medical representatives in Thailand. This should help to distinguish the best sales and marketing methods for pharmaceutical companies and medical representatives, especially in today’s industry.
A Study of Wole Soyinka’s play The Lion and the Jewel from the Feminist and the Postcolonial Point of View
Authors: Rahman Md. Atiqur
Published: April 2023

The following study shows how Wole Soyinka emphasizes in The Lion and the Jewel the theme of corrupt African culture, more particularly the Nigerian culture; and the rapid colonization of their native land. It aims to throw a light on the play from feminist and post-colonial points of view. It shows how the females in Ilujinle are treated just like commodities to satisfy the need of the males in parallel with how rapidly the Nigerian village, here the Yoruba village of Ilujinley, goes under the colonial rule of the Western people. The study will further throw a light on how their traditional beliefs contradict with those of the Western people. Also, the evangelization of the inhabitants of Ilujinle is evident in the play. Underdeveloped nations have dependably been appealing for the Europeans and for the Americans, apparently because of their lack of the ‘precious’ touch of modern civilization; but in that process, ironically showing their bounteous assets to be misused, which have added to the welfare of the First World nations. Colonization has brought about osmosis of the general population in the Third World nations; while the dark male centric framework has discovered another definition through whitish lifestyle; ladies have experienced both expansionism and the new male centric framework, which is the reason they have been overpowered twice as much as the white working class ladies in Europe and in the USA. In the light of these contentions, this article intends to break down Wole Soyinka's play, The Lion and the Jewel, with reference to Third World woman's rights, which is a brutal challenge against the pilgrim political structure on the immature nations. Truly, Soyinka has been dubious about both the colonizers and the colonized individuals in the Third World nations since he trusts that while the colonizers are at risk to profit by the virgin and affluent wellsprings of the colonized regions, the colonized are entangled in their fantasies of the controls of welfare, modernization and the Westernization forms, which are accepted to have been brought by the colonizers who claim to be benevolent. At the surface level, the play, being a comedy, is merely about a fight between Baroka and Lakunle to win the titular Jewel, Sid. But underneath the surface, as the play progresses, these themes begin to unfold subtly and steadily, which will be explored further throughout this article.
Intercropping of Different Short Duration Crops with Sugarcane
Authors: Hossain M. H. , Bhowal S. K. , Bashir M. M.
Published: April 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Multi Location Testing (MLT) site Barura under on-farm research division, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Cumilla (AEZ 19) during 2014-16 to find out suitable vegetable intercropping with sugarcane and also to estimate the profitability of intercropping with sugarcane at Cumilla region. From the research result it was revealed that yield of sole sugarcane was 92.47 t ha-1 whereas for different crop combination with sugarcane such as sugarcane plus cabbage, sugarcane plus cauliflower, sugarcane plus potato, sugarcane plus garden pea and sugarcane plus garlic the adjusted sugarcane yield were 143.36, 122.90, 99.02, 97.19 and 125.15 t ha -1 respectively. Maximum gross return of Tk. 1433600 ha-1 and net return of Tk. 683788 ha-1 came from sugarcane plus cabbage followed by sugarcane plus garlic, sugarcane plus cauliflower and sugarcane plus garden pea. On the other hand, for sole sugarcane gross return and net return were Tk. 924700 and Tk. 214388 ha-1 respectively significantly less than all intercropping combinations with sugarcane. From economic analysis it was showed that highest benefit cost ratio (1.91) came from sugarcane combination with cabbage and lowest from sole sugarcane (1.30).
Consumers’ Perception toward Brand Preferences while Purchasing Personal Care Products: A Study on Rajshahi City
Authors: Karmakar Anima , Ahmed Atia
Published: April 2023

This study conducted to focus the consumers’ perception of international brand over local brand while     purchasing personal care products. Consumers’ perception highlighted on customer’s psychology that      determines their viewing attitude towards using the local or international brand. Globalization makes the foreign trade easier than before and the availability of international brands confused the consumers’ ethnocentrism towards local brand but it is also true that using too much foreign products can destroy the employment opportunity of local people and also the country may face of security issues from foreigners. To examine the topic a convenient sampling method was applied to collect response from 280 customers from which 268 found free from errors; those respondents were used for the final study. The findings highlighted some factors that influence customers’ perception toward choosing brand while purchasing personal care products. Data were collected from local customer of new market and Shaheb Bazar area of Rajshahi city. Study reveals that according to the perception of the customer, product quality of local brands, price consideration, country of origin, availability of foreign brands and promotional actions have a significant role toward customer mind while purchasing products. Moreover the findings suggest that, for the wellbeing of the society, local products need foremost priority to expand their business. As it is known that more demand of local products lead more production that create more job opportunity in the market and to build the country as self-sufficient, a customer focused local   market should be enhanced.  The major contribution of the current study is that it focuses consumer’s observation and suggestion to create more opportunities for local brand in market place.
Practice of Islamic Microfinance by Different Non-Government Organization’s in Bangladesh: An Empirical Evidence
Authors: Shammi Efat Jannat
Published: April 2023

Bangladesh is a populated country where most of the people are Muslims. Bangladesh is the birthplace and hub of microfinance. She is considered as a star performer in interest based conventional microfinance programs. Although most of the people are Muslims, she is lagging behind exploring full potentials of Islamic microfinance. Most of the Ngo’s do not practice Islamic microfinance here. The present paper shows how many NGO’s practice Islamic microfinance in Bangladesh. This paper suggests the NGO’s about the potentials of Islamic microfinance in Bangladesh. Looking at the role of Islamic NGOs in Bangladesh, the book investigates new forms of neoliberal govern mentality supported by international donors. It discusses how this form of social regulation produces and reproduces subjectivities, particularly Muslim women subjectivity, and has combined religious and economic rationality, further complicating the boundaries and the relationship between Islam, modernity, and development. The book argues that both secular and Islamic NGOs target women in the name of empowerment but more importantly as the most reliable partners to meet their debt obligations of micro-financing schemes, including shari’a-based financing. The targeted women, in turn, experience Islamic NGOs as less coercive and more sensitive to their religious environment in the rural village community than are secular NGOs.
Duty-Free and Quota-Free Market Access for Ethiopia: An Analysis of AGOA and EBA Generalized System of Preference Initiatives
Authors: Mulugeta Eyayu Tesfaye
Published: April 2023

Ethiopia is the beneficiary of AGOA and EBA Duty Free Quota Free market access in US and EU markets. There have been some attempts, in the empirical literature, to examine the effect of the DFQF preference schemes on SSA's export performance. These studies have usually relied on country level export data and mainly conducted macro panel analysis for SSA. However, to the best of our knowledge, none of the study has provided an empirical back up to the firm level micro panel analysis, particularly based on Ethiopia’s firms. This study tries to fill this gap in the literature by exploring empirically whether the Ethiopia’s firms have really enjoyed higher export performance since the adoption of the DFQF market access. The descriptive analysis shows that Ethiopian export to US both under AGOA preferential scheme and no programmed claimed has been increasing. Commodity wise, Ethiopia is the AGOA beneficiary with the largest volume of exports to the United States in the Apparel and Footwear subsectors. Utilization rate is very divergent across the exportable products and over time. For the econometric analysis panel econometric analysis with Fixed Effects Estimation technique is used as a method of analysis. The estimation result revealed that EU and US DFQF scheme has, on average, exerted a positive impact on firms export performance. The sector specific effects of AGOA & EBA shows that the export performance of textile, clothing, apparel, footwear sectors under AGOA-EBA exceed the remaining export sectors tremendously. Overall these findings suggest that the composition of export and the utilization rate of Ethiopia under EBA and AGOA schemes are relatively low. Moreover, the schemes are effectively utilized by the foreign owned companies while the share of local firms is meagre.
Radiation Monitoring and Evaluation of Risk to Population in Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Huda Md. Durul , Rahman Mohammad Sohelur , Islam Jobaidul , Sakib Khondokar Nazmus , Tasnim Md. Mohiuddin , Yeasmin Selina
Published: April 2023

Nuclear Medicine workers are getting higher radiation dose because of increasing usage of nuclear medicine for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The purpose of the study is to monitor the real-time radiation at the indoor places of the Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences (INMAS) Mitford, Sir Salimullah Medical College and Hospital Campus for minimizing the ionizing radiation hazard to radiation worker and public. The radiation monitoring was performed using real-time portable digital radiation monitoring device. This real-time digital portable radiation monitoring device meets all European CE standards as well as the American “FCC 15 standard”. The portable radiation monitoring device was placed at 1 meter above the ground on tripod and data acquisition time for each monitoring point (MP) was 1 hour. 26 MPs were selected for collection of radiation dose rates at different indoor locations of INMAS, Mitford hospital. The measured dose rates due to natural and man-made radionuclides were ranged from 0.151 ± 0.070 μSv.h-1 to 4.313 ± 1.829 μSv.h-1 with an average of 0.456 ± 0.227 μSv.h-1. The annual effective dose to the radiation worker and public due to radiation were varied from 0.305 mSv to 8.764 mSv with an average of 0.951 mSv. Excess life-time cancer risk factor based on annual effective dose to radiation worker and public were calculated and varied from 1.213 Χ 10-3 to 3.486 Χ 10-2. Real-time radiation monitoring at indoor places of nuclear medicine facilities are required for minimizing unnecessary exposure to nuclear medicine workers and public from man-made sources. This kind of study is required for minimizing the radiation hazard in the hospital environment and consequently to keep the radiation dose to worker and public as low as possible.
Political History and the Socio-Economic-Cultural- Transnational Innovation in Bangladesh
Authors: Majumdar Ananda
Published: April 2023

Riverine country in South Asia Bangladesh has seen various incidents from the British Bengal to East Pakistan and after being an independent country in Bangladesh. Its social, economic, cultural changes affected its people from the beginning, people of East Bengal were an innocent, poor peasants Muslim Bengali majority. Because of its economic and educational disadvantage, the British have exploited through land reforms, feudal system. It was similar exploitation from West Pakistan. People of East Pakistan finally started a revolution for freedom from the exploiters and through a bloody war in 1971, East Pakistan became an independent country. Bangladesh after independence has seen poverty, unemployment, social classifications, communalism between majority Muslims and minority Hindus, it has seen a civilian and military government with  impractical policies, which provided nothing but tensions and grief. However, Bangladesh finally manages its status in the world as a future economic power by the establishment of democracy, by the implementation of various policies, such as a vision of a developed country by 2030. Its academic exchanges through various institutions like the American Institute of Bangladesh Studies (AIBS) at the University of Wisconsin helps its acceptability worldwide and recognizes its linguistic features, such as literature of Tagore and Kaji Nazrul Islam. It is an ethnographic article, which will send a message to the rest of the about Bangladesh, its social, economic, political structure, people, and its ambition to be an economic powerhouse in the 21st century, it is a message from a Bengali nation who established Bengali language as an international language to the UN. This article has completed through the reading of various books, academic articles and journals, and the research will be continuing through discussions, publications and collaboration with academic institutes.
Assessment of Environmental Radiation Hazard on Public Health around BSMMU Campus, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Hassan Faria , Rahman M. S. , Tareq Shafi M , Yeasmin S.
Published: April 2023

Objective: Medical institution uses ionizing radiation for diagnosis or treatment by using ionizing radiation generating equipment such as X-ray machines, CT, PET scan, etc. and radioactive materials especially in nuclear medicine centers. The purpose of the study is to monitor the real-time radiation around the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) campus of Bangladesh for minimizing the ionizing radiation hazard on public health and the environment.

Method: The radiation monitoring was performed using a real-time portable digital radiation monitoring device. This real-time digital portable radiation monitoring device meets all European CE standards as well as the American “FCC 15 standard”. The portable radiation monitoring device was placed at 1 meter above the ground on the tripod and data acquisition time for each monitoring point (MP) was 1 hour. 32 MPs were selected for the collection of radiation dose rates around the BSMMU campus from March-May 2019.

Results: The measured dose rate around the BSMMU campus ranged from 0.02-3.15 µSv/hr with an average of 1.452 ± 0.883 µSv/hr. The annual effective dose was ranged from 0.117 ± 0.058 mSv to 5.445 ± 0.045 mSv with an average of 2.54 ± 1.566 mSv. The excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) was estimated which ranged from 4×10ˆ-4 to 2×10ˆ-2 with an average value of 1×10ˆ-2 for 32 selected locations around BSMMU campus.

Conclusion: Dose monitoring helps to ensure the best possible protection of the radiation workers, patients, and the general public and provides an immediate indication of incorrect use of technical parameters or equipment malfunction. Not only that, but it is also essential to use an adequate amount of protective shielding for minimizing radiation hazard on public health and the environment from the scattering radiation of the hospital.
Impact of Television Advertisements on Children’s Mental and Physical Development in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Mazidul , Goni Md. Usman
Published: April 2023

Nowadays television advertisement is becoming a day to day activity of passing the time of the people and it is largely used to influence viewers' purchase decisions. But there are a lot of negative and positive impacts of TV ads on children. This study aims to know both impacts of ads on the children of Bagerhat Sadar Upazila in Bangladesh by collecting the data from children and their parents. This research was quantitative and exploratory in nature. The survey method was used for conducting the study. From the total number of the residents of Bagerhat Sadar Upazila, 125 families were collected by following proportionate systematic random sampling. The study shows that most of the respondents watch television on holiday and spend two to four hours to watch the television. The study presents that the maximum number of respondents is attracted to toys advertisements on television. The study also reveals that the majority of the respondent’s behavior changes after watching the advertisements. The study also discloses that highest number of respondents wishes to buy the products after watching the advertisements and they inform them of their parents. The study also shows that most of the respondents want to act what they watch on television.
Age-Structured Effect of Evolution on Hepatitis B Vaccination in Bangladesh
Authors: Salek Md. Abu , Islam Md. Shahidul
Published: April 2023

The goal of this examine is to model the age-time established prevalence of hepatitis B whilst  estimating the impact of vaccination. While stochastic models/time series have been used before to version hepatitis B cases in the absence of know-how on the wide variety of susceptible, this paper proposes to apply a way that fits into the generalized additive version framework. Generalized additive models with penalized regression splines are used to make the most the    underlying continuity of each age and time in a bendy nonparametric way. Primarily based on a unique case notification dataset, it's far proven that the implemented immunization programme in Bangladesh ended in a huge lower in incidence for babies in their first year of existence with 82% (79%-84%). Moreover, its miles proved that conditional on an assumed baseline susceptibility percent; a clean force of infection profile can be received from which two local maxima had been determined at ages 9 and 24.