bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluación de las propiedades petrofísicas debido a la interacción entre el CO2 - fluidos y la roca del yacimiento
Authors: Sepúlveda Gaona Jairo Antonio , Losada Juan Diego
Published: October 2017

En este artículo se desarrolla una metodología que permita evaluar y conocer las alteraciones sufridas por los fluidos y la roca del yacimiento al estar en contacto con un sistema que involucre el C02, mediante el uso de procedimientos experimentales y correlaciones, que brindarán la posibilidad de tener una idea de lo que pueda suceder en el yacimiento. El C02 al disolverse en la salmuera, genera ácido carbónico, por lo tanto, cuando un mineral entra en contacto con salmuera saturada de C02 que no estaba en equilibrio con anterioridad, el mineral empieza a disolverse con el fin de alcanzar el equilibrio con la salmuera. La disolución del mineral cambia la composición de la salmuera y puede conducir la precipitación de minerales secundarios. La interacción roca-fluido depende del tipo de roca de formación (carbonato o arenisca). Las interacciones generadas entre el C02 - aceite, pueden producir beneficios al igual que daño a la formación. Si la relación resina - asfáltenos es baja, el aceite crudo al entrar en contacto con el C02 causará la precipitación de asfáltenos, proporcionando un daño en la formación, que sumado a la alteración mineral producto de la interacción con el ácido carbónico, afectarán la permeabilidad y mojabilidad de la roca reservorio. Sin embargo, al incrementar la solubilidad del C02 en el aceite, resulta en una reducción de la viscosidad del aceite, un incremento en el hinchamiento del crudo y una disminución de las tensiones superficiales, dando como resultado una mejora en la movilidad del aceite y una disminución del Sor.
Impacto ambiental por el incremento demográfico en el municipio de San Gil, Santander
Authors: Ramírez Ordoñez Yuleimy
Published: October 2017

Ésta investigación busca determinar el impacto ambiental ocasionado por el incremento demográfico en el municipio de San Gil, Santander durante los últimos diez años, mediante la identificación y descripción de las variables ambientales afectadas por el crecimiento demográfico, la evaluación de impactos ambientales a través de la matriz de Leopold. Finalmente se formularon lincamientos de gestión para orientar el desarrollo municipal.El Municipio de San Gil, catalogado como generador de diversos servicios especialmente el de turismo, alberga el 56% de la población de la provincia de Guanentá (Plan Prospectivo Guanentá 2025, 2010), con 45.956 habitantes; dada su influencia como capital de provincia y principal eje comercial de la región. La dinámica poblacional que se desarrolla en el municipio mantiene la misma tendencia nacional: la mayor población se encuentra acentuada en la zona urbana, alcanzando el 84 % (Planeación Municipal, 2012).El aumento de la población trae consigo la necesidad de mayor requerimiento de alimentos, servicios públicos, fuentes de trabajo, educación, servicios de salud, aprovisionamiento de equipamiento e infraestructura, entre otros, y como consecuencia el aumento de vertimientos líquidos, de Residuos Sólidos Urbanos (RSU), emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI), pérdida de cobertura vegetal y desaparición de especies, y en general el desmejoramiento de la calidad de vida. En San Gil se consume agua en un promedio de 1561/hab/día, se vierten aguas residuales en 95,75 1/s-1 al río Fonce, principal fuente receptora sin tratamiento previo, se generan aproximadamente 12.721 ton/año-1 de RSU; su degradación produce en promedio 772,419 ton/año-1 de GEI y por consumo energético eléctrico se emiten 6.123,891 ton/año-1 de GEI.
Identificación de bacterias filamentosas Thiothrix en el tratamiento del efluente de un reactor anaerobio de membranas sumergidas (SAnMBR)
Authors: Sánchez-Ramírez Javier E. , Bouzas Alberto , García-Usach Maria Francisca , Borras Luis , Seco Aurora
Published: October 2017

En el tratamiento biológico de aguas residuales participan diversos microorganismos entre los que se encuentran las bacterias filamentosas. El crecimiento excesivo e incontrolado de estos microorganismos genera problemas asociados al esponjamiento de los fangos conocido como bulking y la formación de espumas o foaming. La correcta identificación de estos organismos tiene un papel importante en la toma de decisiones para la correcta operación de las plantas de tratamiento de agua residual. Los tratamientos anaerobios empleados para el tratamiento de aguas residuales urbanas e industriales, con un contenido alto de sulfatos en el afluente, generan efluentes que contienen concentraciones importantes de sulfuro que bajo determinadas condiciones pueden favorecer la aparición de organismos filamentosos. En este trabajo se usan técnicas microbiológicas convencionales y moleculares para la identificación de bacterias filamentosas (Thiothrix) asociadas a un problema de decantación en un sistema de fangos activados que trata el agua efluente de un reactor anaerobio de membranas sumergidas (SAnMBR) con concentraciones elevadas de sulfuro (105 ± 10 mg S·L-1). En este estudio se comparan dos periodos de operación con el fin de determinar la influencia del tiempo de retención hidráulico (TRH) sobre la proliferación de las bacterias filamentosas Thiothrix.
Implementación de OpenFlow sobre NetFPGA
Authors: Machado Johnnathan , Ramos Andrés Felipe , Cuéllar Juan Carlos
Published: October 2017

Las redes tradicionales están diseñadas e implementadas con diferentes dispositivos de red, como routers, switches y firewalls; cada uno tiene unas funciones asociadas y es configurado con diferentes estándares y protocolos para realizar la trasmisión de paquetes. Pero este modelo tradicional no es el único que existe, hoy en día se está empezando a imponer un nuevo modelo de red definida por software [SDN por Software Define Networks]. Si bien este modelo usa los mismos dispositivos de red, es diferente pues utiliza las ventajas del software de programación, el cual mediante una inter- faz universal controla los dispositivos de red y programa los servicios de envío o enrutamiento de paquetes. Este artículo presenta las ventajas de las SDN respecto de las redes tradicionales y muestra pruebas de desempeño básicas realizadas en un ambiente de laboratorio con una tarjeta NetFPGA implementando OpenFlow, en contraste con pruebas de desempeño realizadas con dispositivos de red comerciales.
Análisis comparativo de los sistemas de gestión ambiental para empresas agroindustriales
Authors: Castro Camacho Jennifer Katiusca , Cerquera Peña Néstor Enrique , Olaya Amaya Alfredo
Published: October 2017

Se desarrolló el análisis comparativo de los sistemas de gestión ambiental propuestos para treinta y cinco empresas dedicadas a actividades agroindustriales, ubicadas en Colombia, Suramérica; estas empresas se clasificaron en veintidós tipos y dos subsectores: alimentario y no alimentario. Se con- solidaron los impactos ambientales negativos de los tipos de empresa, obteniéndose un cuadro de impactos generados en todo el sector. Se realizó una comparación de los requisitos de la NTC ISO 14001:2004 para evaluar el estado inicial ambiental de las empresas, obteniéndose una valoración global baja, indicando que las empresas del sector agroindustrial no tienen un compromiso definido respecto al manejo del medio ambiente, que se adelantan algunas acciones puntuales para el control de la contaminación pero es necesario la implementación de los sistemas de gestión formulados, para garantizar un enfoque ambiental integral y el mejoramiento continuo.
ANOTACIONES SOBRE UN PROGRAMA PARA LA PROTECCIÓN DEL PAISAJE EN LA VERTIENTE NOROESTE DE LA SIERRA NEVADA DE SANTA MARTA)
Authors: Mertins Günter
Published: October 2017

En la vertiente noroeste de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta existe desde hace 2 años un amplio programa para la protección del paisaje, que encierra las cuencas del Rio Gaira y del Rio Manzanares. Se acclaran la necesidad y la aplicación de algunos puntos importantes del programa, como debe realizarse la reparación de los daños más fuertes de la erosión, debidos a talas y quemas continuas de la vegetación. Se intenta una clasificación climática de esta región en base a mediciones de temperaturas y precipitaciones, en realidad efectuadas desde hace pocos años.
NOTAS PRELIMINARES SOBRE LA ESTRATIGRAFÍA DEL PALEOZOICO EN EL NORTE DE LOS ANDES DE COLOMBIA
Authors: Forero Alberto
Published: October 2017

Se describen los afloramientos paleozoicos en el flanco occidental de la Serranía de Perijá y los recientemente descubiertos en el flanco oriental de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta del ? Devoniano y Carboniano superior, a la vez que se intenta una correlación de los mismos afloramientos con los ya conocidos en el flanco oriental de la Serranía de Perijá y Serranía de Mérida. Al este de Manaure la serie paleozoica está representada por rocas metamórficas del Cambro- Ordoviciano y capas no metamórficas del Devoniano, Carboniano y Permiano.
LANGJÁHRIGE PEGELAUFZEICHNUNGEN IM RIO MAGDALENA (KOLUMBIEN)
Authors: Kaufmann Reinhard , Reichelt Werner
Published: October 2017

Se informa sobre mediciones fluviométricas realizadas durante veinte años en el curso inferior del Rio Magdalena. El nivel inferior anual se presenta en marzo, el nivel superior de aguas en los meses noviembre/diciembre. Las fluctuaciones mayores, más importantes para la navegación, aparecen en enero, las menores en abril.
ON THE DISCOVERY OF A LARGE MICROBIAL COMMUNITY LIVING IN THE SOFT BOTTOMS OF THE CONTINENTAL SHELF OFF CHILE AND PERU
Authors: Gallardo Víctor A.
Published: October 2017

In a benthic macrofaunal survey of the continental shelf of northern Chile a peculiar filamentous material was collected in grab and dredge samples of greenish, foul smelling sediment from depths of 50 to 280 m (ref. 1). In reporting the results emphasis was placed, however, on the fact that a virtually iazoic* bottom had beenfound between depths of 50 to 400 m. Average biomass was only 0.17 g (wet weight) /m2 , with 6.6 individuals /m2*. The distribution of the azoic sediments coincided with low oxygen concentrations in the water above (ref. 2). The author again found white filamentous material while sampling the benthos off the Bay of Concepcion and the Gulf of Arauco, in central Chile. These findings together with the casual observation of filaments in the mouth parts of the commercially important galatheid shrimp Pleuroncodes mondon, initiated new efforts to learn about this material and its possible ecological significance.
TRITRICHOMONAS BATRACHORUM PERTY FROM SOME COLOMBIAN TOADS
Authors: Marinkelle Corneles J.
Published: October 2017

The Colombian toads Bufo marinus, B. typhonius ockerdeni, B. guttatus and B. blombergi were infested with Tritrichomonas batrachorum. Samples of feces obtained directly from live toads and cultures made of the flagellates. Uninfected B. marinus were kept with individuals of B. typhonius ockerdeni harbouring small T. batrachorum. After 42 days all B. marinus were infested with T. batrachorum of the large strain, originally isolated from that host species. Ingestion of trophozoites and cysts is considered to be the normal route of entry. The trichomonads fit the original description of T. batrachorum and the difference in size is considered to be due to host adaptation. T. batrachorum has not yet been recorded for Colombia, and all toads except B. marinus are new hosts.
ZUR BRUTBIOLOGIE DER MEERESSCHILDKROTE CARETTA CARRETTA CARETTA L.
Authors: Kaufmann Reinhard
Published: October 2017

The spawning localities of Caretta caretta east of Santa Marta/Colombia are wide-open beaches, on the average 25 to 30 m wide and ascending with a straight or smoothly sloping gradient up to the belt of vegetation. No dunes are being formed. A strong surf is present along the coastline all the year. The population of Caretta has markedly decreased due to intensive trapping. The average size of females coming to shore has similarly decreased relative to other populations in the Caribbean. The breeding period extends from midapril to mid-august. About 300 nesting holes are layed out along the 7,5 km of spawning beach during this time. The nesting proceeding of Caretta is described in detail and the nesting behaviour of sea turtles discussed. Nest building takes about 20 minutes, deposition of eggs about 15 minutes, and the covering of the nest hole about 20 minutes. The time on land of a female Caretta from the moment of emergence from the sea up to the time of return to the sea is somewhat more than 60 minutes. The spawn comprises on the average 106 eggs. The mean maximum egg diameter is 43,3 mm, and the mean egg weight 38,4 g. The eggs are deposited individually or in groups of two, three, four or five each.
ÜBER DEN JURA DER HALBINSEL LA GUAJIRA (KOLUMBIEN)
Authors: Geyer Otto F.
Published: October 2017

El Jurásico de la península de la Guajira comprende las formaciones Cheterló (más antigua), Cajú, Pachepa y Jipi (más moderna), las cuales forman el grupo de Cocinas. Sólo las formaciones Cajú y Jipi parecen ser en su totalidad depósitos marinos. De acuerdo con las faunas de amonitas y corales, la formación Jipi pertenece al Kimeridgiano inferior. Se discute además la posición estratigráfica de la formación Uipana. Del Jurásico de la Guajira no se dan relaciones paleogeografías directas a las regiones norteandinas, porque tanto en Colombia como en Venezuela están ausentes, o no se conocen depósitos marinos correspondientes. En la Guajira así como más al este, en la isla de Trinidad, puede demostrarse que un mar del Jurásico superior llegó hasta el continente suramericano actual. Los cefalópodos de la formación Jipi presentan distintas relaciones en común con las faunas correspondientes de Méjico.
PORQUÉ UN INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES EN "PUNTA DE BETÍN"?1)
Authors: Ankel Wulf Emmo
Published: October 2017

Reproducción de un grabado en madera creado por Frans Masereel para la inauguración del Instituto Colombo-Alemán. El artista, nacido el año 1889 en Blankenberghe, Flandes, pasó a ser, después de la primera guerra mundial, el llamado apasionado de la nueva generación contra la deshumanización del mundo. Con su lenguaje sin palabras, habla a la humanidad entera. Agredecemos a Alfred Toepfer el encuentro personal con Frans Masereel, cuyo grabado en madera representa la amistosa comunión del artista con la idea de Punta de Betín.
BEITRAG ZUM ALTER DER METAMORPHOSE DER ZENTRAL-KORDILLERE KOLUMBIENS
Authors: Stibane Fritz R.
Published: October 2017

Basado en investigaciones de láminas delgadas, se puede comprobar que el grupo de Cajamarca está resedimentada en la formacion Prepayandé. De esta manera llega a ser improvable una metamorfosis regional en el mesozoico de la Cordillera Central, en cambio se hace evidente una de edad caledónica.
DEUTUNGSVERSUCH DER ENTSTEHUNG DER „BRISA", EINES FOHNARTIGEN FALLWINDES DER NORDWESTLICHEN SIERRA NEVADA DE SANTA MARTA, KOLUMBIEN
Authors: Herrmann Reimer
Published: October 2017

Al este de Santa Marta se extiende, entre la cadena montañosa costera de la Sierra Nevada y la Sierra propiamente tal, un valle orientado de este a oeste, el cual queda dividido, por una línea divisoria de las aguas, en el valle del río Manzanares al oeste y el valle del río Piedras al este. Bajo condiciones del tiempo cuando se presenta claramente la inversión del Passat, a alturas de 1400 a 1800 metros, se origina en este valle un viento descendiente semejante al Fohn, llamado "la Brisa", de extraordinaria violencia. A menudo, junto a la "Brisa", hay procesos adiabáticos húmedos y secos, eventualmente acompañado de una "Fdhnmauer". Para la formación de la "Brisa" se requiere de una corriente Passat fría establemente estratificada, bajo una clara inversión entre 1400 y 1800 metros. Conforme al principio de Archimedes, este aire se precipita en el valle del Manzanares, ocupado por masas de aire cálido indiferentemente estratiicadas. A causa del recubrimiento de la parte superior del valle con la inversión se origina un sifón, en el cual adicionalmente se acelera la corriente de aire. El tiempo bajo el cual se realizan estas condiciones, ocurre casi exclusivamente desde mediados de diciembre hasta fines de marzo, de modo que la "Brisa" permanece restringida a este período.
CONTRIBUCIONES A LA MINERALIZACIÓN DE MATERIALES ORGÁNICOS EN LA ISLA DE SALAMANCA
Authors: Steubing Lore
Published: October 2017

The mineralisation of nitrogen and carbon was studied in Colombia on the coast of the Carribean sea. Soil samples were taken from the area of the Isla de Salamanca: 1. from the beach near the sea, 2. from a small valley behind the beach, 3. from the shore behind the valley. The highest values of chloride, nitrogen, water capacity and pH were found in the valley, followed by the shore, while lower values were noted for the beach. Soil samples of the valley contained the highest amount of bacteriasamples of the shore included the bulk of the fungi. At the same water conditions the soil activity (production of CO2 and ammonification) depended on the content of nitrogen and chloride in the soil.
STUDIEN AN KARIBISCHEN CIRRIPEDIEN I. ERGANZENDE BESCHREIBUNG VON SCALPELLUM REGINA PILSBRY, 1907
Authors: Kaufmann Reinhard
Published: October 2017

A supplementary description of Scalpellum regina is given, based on the morphology of mouth parts, cirri, abdominal appendages and penis. Also for the first time are described and illustrated the cypris larva and complemental males of this species. There are given some remarks on the substrata of the specimens found in Colombian waters, and briefly discussed the intrageneric relationships of Scalpellum.
OCCURRENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF STONY CORALS (ANTHOZOA AND HYDROZOA) IN THE VICINITY OF SANTA MARTA, COLOMBIA)
Authors: Antonius Arnfried
Published: October 2017

During a survey in January-February 1971 in the area of Santa Marta, Colombia, 33 species of Scleractinia were found. The distributions and relative abundances of species were recorded along transects. Subsequently all transects were sampled from the depth limit of coral (deepest occurrence 30 m), into the subtidal zone. The lack of prominent reef structures is believed to be a consequence< vf cold upwelling.
HISTORIA NATURAL DEL TITIRIBÍ, PYROCEPHALUS RUBINUS (AVES, TYRANNIDAE), EN COLOMBIA, CON NOTAS SOBRE SU DISTRIBUCIÓN
Authors: Borrero H. José Ignacio
Published: October 2017

The Vermillion Flycatcher (Pyrocephalus rubinus) is a conspicuous and abundant bird in the Americas, but, in*spite of this, its behaviour is little known. The present paper reports a detailed study of this species, with special emphasis on its reproductive behaviour. It was found that reproduction continues throughout the year, and that the same pair frequently lays several clutches of eggs in the same nest. The behaviour of the adult birds during nest-building and in the care of the young is described too. The significance of the various kinds of vocalizations and flight patterns is analyzed. Finally, several interesting records of the species are discussed in relation to zoogeography.
BODENOKOLOGISCHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN AUF DER ISLA DE SALAMANCA, NORDKOLUMBIEN
Authors: Kunze Christian
Published: October 2017

Soil samples were taken from both sides of the road which passes through the Isla de Salamanca. The amount of chloride, nitrogen and carbon were larger in the samples from the sea-side than in the samples from the side of the Ciénaga (inland water). In relation to the amount of carbon and microorganisms present, the production of CO2 and the ammonification were higher in the samples from the sea-side. The abundance of microorganisms appears to be directly dependent from the amount of clorides present in the soil.
EL RODADERO (SANTA MARTA), CENTRO TURÍSTICO O COLONIA DE VACACIONES
Authors: Mertins Günter
Published: October 2017

The El Rodadero, 5-6 km southwest of Santa Marta, was a lonely sand beach up to 1960 with dispersed fishing huts. From 1965 it developed more and more to the seasonally prefered bathing place of Colombia on the Caribbean Sea. Both, the Colombian press and the public opinion regard the Rodadero as "centro turístico de Colombia" or "la perla del Caribe"; it is compared with the international luxury beach towns in the circum-caribbean region (Acapulco, Miami etc.). - As there exist however strict arguments against this statement, a socio-economic study was carried out about he Rodadero in 1969/70. As a result the following characterization is possible: a constructionally unorganic, periodically frequented bathing-(vacation~)place (max. 3 months/ year: middle of December up to the end of January, the Easter week, 4 to 5 weeks in June/July according to the main school holidays) of national importance as well as of a certain value to the weekend holidays-traffic coming from the region of Barranquilla. Apartment houses with vacation flats belonging to rich Colombians are clearly dominating compared with hotels, motels etc. On the whole the infrastructure is not sufficient, especially the public supply (drinking-water, sewage, electricity etc.).
DEKAPODE CRUSTACEEN AUF DER ISLA DE SALAMANCA (ATLANTIK-RÜSTE, KOLUMBIEN)
Authors: Henning Hans Gero , Klaassen Folkert
Published: October 2017

17 species of decapod crustaceans have been collected on the Isla de Salamanca (Atlantic coast of Colombia). Four zones with Callinectes, Uca and Cardisoma, Ocypode and Gecarcinus, belonging to different altitudes are described. Microclimatic dates measured in the zones of Cardisoma and Gecarcinus are compared with the ecological demands of the respective species.
SEDIMENTATION, TRANSPORT UND EROSION AN DER NORDKÜSTE KOLUMBIENS ZWISCHEN BARRANQUILLA UND DER SIERRA NEVADA DE SANTA MARTA
Authors: Frhr Von Axel , Erffa Von
Published: October 2017

The coast of Northern Colombia between Barranquilla and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta has been subject to swift morphological alterations in the near geological past. The Magdalena River mouth into the Caribbean Sea is actually in the western end of the region and has formed deltas in three phases during the recent Quaternary. The two older ones were destroyed by erosion ad can only be detected by submarine morphology. The second phase is represented by a delta, that reached its widest dimensions approximately 2.400 years ago. The then starting destruction continues untill today and is not yet finished. The recent mouth foresets the youngest delta of the Magdalena River. A westbound longshore current along the not always even shoreline is produced by north-eastern tradewinds. This current transports the eroded sediments of the second oldest delta to the mouth of the Magdalena River. Part of them helps to build its new delta, and part of them glides through submarine cañons to the deep sea. Besides the morphological evidence, sedimentary analysis of the shore sands shows: 1. a longshore drift of sediments from east to west. 2. a change in the balance of energy: sedimentation in the east; erosion in the west (placers of heavy minerals). The very important highway from Barranquilla to Santa Marta ist thus endangered by erosion in the near future. 3. the sources of the upper sedimentlayers in the shore area: in the oldest delta their provenance is the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta; in the younger deltas the area of affluents of the Magdalena River.
DESMODORIDAE (NEMATODA) MIT EXTREM LANGEN SPICULA AUS SUDAMÉRICA
Authors: Lorenzen Sievert
Published: October 2017

1. It is discussed that in five from the six orders of freeliving marine nematodes there are species with extraordinary long spicula. These species live in mud, sand and between algae. Extraordinary long spicula are slender, have with very few exceptions the form of an elongated comma and are accompanied by a 1) Die Arbeit wurde gefordert durch Exkursionsbeihilfen von „ORPLANLos Canales" (Chile) zur Küste Patagoniens und durch eine Reisebeihilfe der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (Bundesrepublik Deutschland) nach Kolumbien. In Kolumbien konnte ich am Instituto Colombo-Alemán in Santa Marta arbeiten. Allen drei Institutionen sei herzlich gedankt. slender gubernaculum without apophysis. In the respectives females the sexual organs are built normally as in other species in which the males possess normal spicula (1 exception). 2. 4 species belonging to the family Desmodoridae are described: Microlaimus acicularis n. sp., Molgolaimus tenuispiculum Ditlevsen 1921 (both to Microlaiminae), Desmodora (Desmodora) filispiculum n. sp. and D.(D.) sinuata n. sp. (both to Desmodorinae). The three first mentioned species are collected from the Pacific coast of Southern Chile, the last mentioned one from the Atlantic coast of Colombia.3. The spicula of Molgolaimus tenuispiculum and Desmodora sinuata are not only very elongated but furthermore of a very outstanding form.4. Within the genus Desmodora de Man 1889 the subgenus Desmodorella Cobb 1933 is supposed to be synonym to the subgenus Desmodora. 5. Similarities which exist between Desmodora, the epsilonematids and draconematids are discussed.
LOS PORCELANIDOS (Crustacea: Anomura: Porcellanidae) DE LA REGION DE SANTA MARTA, COLOMBIA
Authors: Werding Bernd
Published: October 2017

Collections o£ porcellanid crabs were made along a coastal area of about 50 km in length around Santa Marta, Colombia. As a result 28 species from eight genera are now known to occur in the working area; 23 of them are new for Colombia and 11 new for the South American continental coast. Two species seem previously unreported, P. brasiliensis is the first species of the genus Pisidia found in Caribbean waters, and P. tonsorius is reported for the first time from the Atlantic. Keys are provided for the identification of the genera and species included herein. With the present study the total of porcellanid species known from the Caribbean rises from 31 to 3 5.
VARIACION DE LA FAUNA DE INVERTEBRADOS DEL AREA ESTUARICA DE LA CIENAGA GRANDE DE SANTA MARTA EN RELACION CON LOS CAMBIOS DE SALINIDAD
Authors: Palacios Jaime
Published: October 2017

A list is presented of the 84 geners and 107 species collected in the northern part of the Ciénaga Grande of Santa Marta. Special mention is made of the fauna accompanying Crassostrea rhizophorae. The salinity or ranges of salinity in which the species were encontered are also given.
ESTUDIOS EN LA VEGETACION BENTICA MARINA DEL PARQUE NACIONAL TAYRONA, COSTA CARIBE COLOMBIANA, I: RELACIONES VEGETACIONZONACION- SUSTRATO
Authors: Guillot Gabriel , Márquez Germán
Published: October 2017

The marine benthic vegetation in the Parque Nacional Tayrona litoral zone was studied during the rainy season (october-december, 1974), analysing the distribution of 13 0 algal and 3 phanerogamic species in three littoral subzone: supra, meso and infralittoral, and three types of habitats determined by substrate quality: rocky, rocky-sand and sandy-mud. Analysing the d'egree of endemism in each habitat, the rocky-sand type is considered intermediate in floristic composition. The degree of epiphytism found in different habitats is considered an adaptive response to a greater or lesser restriction in the available firm substrate in the area. By means of a similarity analysis (Jaccard index) it can be concluded that vegetation differences are strongly controlled by zonation and substrate type, although the former plays the major role.
RODOFICEAS NUEVAS PARA LA COSTA ATLANTICA DE COLOMBIA
Authors: Schnetter Reinhard , Bula Meyer German
Published: October 2017

Ten species of Rhodophyceae hitherto not found on the Caribbean coastof Colombia are reported: Erythrocladia pinnata, Kallymenia westii, Gracilariaornata, Plocamium spec., Catenella impúdica, Champia compressa, Antithamnionantillanum, Callithamnion herveyi, Cottoniella filamentosa, Lophocladia trichocladosThe phytogeographicai in-wresting ocurrence of Plocamium spec, and Champiacompressa seems to be related to the upwelling off the shores of the Departamentosof Magdalena and Guajira.
TECNICAS DE ELABORACION Y "CURADO" DE CUERDAS DE CURRICAN PARA LA PESCA EN TAGANGA/SANTA MARTA, COLOMBIA.
Authors: Kóster Friedemann , Guerrero Genesis A. , Rios Freddy E.
Published: October 2017

The present paper gives a detailed description of the elaboration and curing of curricán lines, formerly used as fishing lines in Taganga, a small fishing village on the northern coast of Colombia. These lines, made of cotton fibers and produced industrially, were disassembled and then retwisted by hand, or tightened and then carefully covered with a thinner string of the same material. The curing ("curado") that followed these operations was achieved by immersion of the lines into a boiled infusion of the bark of the prop roots of mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) and/or a rinsing with the hypocotyls of the same trees. By means of the techniques mentioned, the fishermen sought to improve the resistance of their fishing gear to sea water.
CARIDEOS (PALAEMONIDAE Y ATYIDAE) EN LOS RIOS DE LA REGION DE SANTA MARTA
Authors: OJS Migración
Published: October 2017

This paper gives some biological and ecological aspects corresponding to thirteen species of caridean shrimps collected in the Santa Marta region. For these species a short description of the biotops inhabited is given and an altitudinal zonation in the rivers is made according to distribution and preference for the biotops corresponding to each species of shrimps.Keys, descriptions and illustrations are given to identify the various species as well as some ecological aspects. The descriptions are illustrated with additional drawings made by the author with the purpose of making easier future identifications.
ALGUNAS ESPECIES DE MAJIDAE (CRUSTACEA: BRACHYURA) DE LA BAHIA DE PISCADERA (CURASAO) Y COMPARACIONES CON LAS ESPECIES DEL CARIBE COLOMBIANO
Authors: Velez F. Margarita Maria
Published: October 2017

The present paper contains a list of 16 species of spider crabs (Majidae: Brachyura) that were collected at Piscadera Bay, Curasao, Only one of the species (Stenorhynchus seticornis) had previously been reported from this place (Rathbun, 1925). Five of the species reported herein appear to be new for Curasao.
NOTES ON SYMBIOTIC DECAPOD CRUSTACEANS FROM GORGONA ISLAND, COLOMBIA, WITH A REVISION OF THE EASTERN PACIFIC SPECIES OF TRAPEZIA (BRACHYURA, XANTHIDAE), SYMBIONTS OF SCLERACTINIAN CORALS
Authors: Castro Peter
Published: October 2017

Collections of decapod crustaceans associated with scleractinian corals at Gorgona Island, Colombia, have provided material for a revision of the eastern Pacific specics of Trapezia (Brachyura, Xanthidae), obligate symbionts of the coral Pocillopora. Four sympatric specie are recognized: T. corallina Gerstaecker, T. formosa Smith, T. ferruginea Latreille, and T. digitalis Latreille. Two species of symbiotic natantian shrimps [Harpiliopsis spinigera (OrtmannJ from Pocillopora and Periclhnenes soror Nobili from asteroids] are recorded from Gorgona for the first time.
LAS FORMACIONES DE PUSTULAS CORALINAS POR EL CANGREJO HAPLOCARCINUS MARSUPIALIS STIMPSON (CRUSTACEA: DECAPODA) EN GORGONA, COLOMBIA
Authors: Von Prahl Henry
Published: October 2017

A brief note about the biology of Haplocarcinus marsupialis Stimpson and its asociation, specially with corals of the genus Poctllopora in what is referred to the gall formation, is given.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE REDLIP BLENNY, OPHIOBLENNIUS ATLANTICUS (PISCES: BLENNIIDAE) ON THE COLOMBIAN COAST OF THE CARIBBEAN
Authors: Rylander Michael K. , Kóster Friedemann
Published: October 2017

During a 3 week study, a total of 5 5 individuals of the redlip blc.nny (Ophiobitmtius atlanticusJ were observed for at least two 15-minute periods, and several for ten of such periods. The sizes of their territories were estimated, the color pattern of each specimen an intra and interspecific interactions were recorded. The mean territory size of the redlip blenny in the study area appeared to be greater than i-that of these blcnnies studied in Curasao and Barbados by Nursall (1977), the difference reflecting perhaps different methods of identifying the territories or a lover density of O. atlanticus in the Santa Marta area. Territories did not appear as consistently defended at the study area as at Barbados/Curasao and our impression is that individuals holding large territories are less likely to defend their borders. It seems possible that light colored individuals are protected by their coloration from attack by dark colored territory owners. In territorial defense the redlip k btennies grabbed each other tightly by the mouth and struggled in this position repeatedly for about 15 seconds. Interspecific antagonism was common in the present study, the redlip blennies defended their territory frequently against Eupomaccntrus dorsopunicans or E. partitus.
ADICIONES A LAS CLOROFICEAS MARINAS DEL CARIBE COLOMBIANO, I
Authors: Bula Meyer Germán
Published: October 2017

Eleven species of green algae not mentioned before for the Caribbean coast of Colombia are added to the list of the already known ones. These are: Siphonocladus tropicus (Crouan) J. Agardh, Anadyomene saldanhae Joly et Oliveira Filho, Caulerpa webbiana(?) Montagne, Bryobesia sp., Halimeda goreauii Taylor, H. copiosa Goreau et Graham ., Avrainvillea nigricans Decaisne, F. fulva Howe, A. elliottii A. et E. S. Gepp, Udotea cyathiformis Decaisne, Rhipiliopsis stri (Earle et Young) Farghaly et Denizot y Polyphysa myriospora (Joly et Cordeiro-Marino) Bula, comb. nov. The latter and A. saldanhae are reported by the first time for the Caribbean Sea. The discovery of R. stri in Colombia, constitutes the third record considering Rhipiliopsis reticulata (Van den Hoek) Farg. et. Den. collected in Curacao as conspecific to R. stri, initially collected in the Caribbean coast of Panamá. Morphological and ecological descriptions and illustrations of all of them are given, and a map indicating the collection places also.
CONSIDERACIONES ZOOGEOGRAFIAS SOBRE LOS TIBURONES DEL PACIFICO COLOMBIANO
Authors: Díaz M. Juan Manuel
Published: October 2017

The zoogeographical origin is determined and analized, and the distributional patterns in the eastern tropical Paciic are recognized for 22 shark species (Pleurotremata) recorded from the Colombian Pacific, including Triaenodon obesus, Ginglymostoma cirratum and Rhiniodon typus, recorded for the first time. The distributional patterns are discussed as a response to the historical and ecological factors which affect the species according to their zoogeographical origin; finally, a biogeographical characterization of the Gorgona Island is made based on the species that inhabit its surrounding waters.
CARACTERISTICAS FISICO-QUIMICAS DE LA BAHIA DE SANTA MARTA (AGOSTO 1980 - JULIO 1981)
Authors: Ramírez T. Gustavo
Published: October 2017

Physical-chemical conditions have been studied in the Bay of Santa Marta, Colombian Caribbean, from August 1980 to July 1981. The results obtained at nine stations indicate that the surface water is rather homogeneous and of mainly oceanic character. In the period from december to april water temperatures were lowest (<25®C), salinity highest (>36°/oo) and undersaturation with oxigen occured (<91%) these factors together with pH, alcalinity and the variation of water column stability are indicating an upwelling phenomenon in this period and allow the stablishment of an approximated model for the annual cycle the bay.
CONTRIBUCIONES CIENTIFICAS DEL INSTITUTO DE INVESTIGACIONES MARINAS DE PUNTA DE BETIN "INVEMAR", PUBLICADAS ENTRE 1966 y 1982
Authors: Alvarez León Ricardo , Salzwedel Horst
Published: October 2017

Two hundred and seventy one works published in different scientific journals are included and whose basic study material was observed, collected and analized in the Colombian Caribbean, but basically in INVEMAR direct influence area. The contributions have been published in German (111), Spanish (109)and English (51). These works include research of descriptive character (175) and analitic (96), and involve land (91) and aquatic (180) environments. The regions included in the studies are the following: Tayrona Park (84), Santa Marta (59), Ciénaga Grande (51), and other areas (77); and concerning the scientific branches: Biology (212), Geology (9) and other areas (50).
THE CHAENOPSINE BLENNIES OF THE SOUTHWESTERN CARIBBEAN (PISCES: CLINIDAE: CHAENOPSINAE) I. SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS AND ZOOGEOGRAPHY
Authors: Acero P. Arturo
Published: October 2017

The chaenopsine blennies are an homogeneous group which may be considered a subfamily of the Clinidae, since the existing evidence is not enough to give them familial status. The subfamily includes eight genera: Mccoskerichthys, Coralliozetus, Acanthemblemaria, Ekemblemaria, Emblemaria, Hemiemblemaria, Lucayablennius, and Chaenopsis. The nominal genera Protemblemaria and Emblemariopsis are herewith considered synonyms of Coralliozetus, since they share two derived characters: small size and sexual dimorphism in the color of the head, and are rather similar in several other characteristics. The división of the West Indian Zoogeographical Province made by Briggs (1974) is unnatural, since the fish fauna of Belize, Florida and the Bahamas is very similar. I proposed two subprovinces, the Northern Caribbean-Antillean from Isla de San Andrés (12.5°N) in the western Caribbean to Cabo Catoche (21.5°N, México), southern Florida, Bahamas, Bermuda, and the Antilles; and the Southern Caribbean from Costa Rica to the island of Trinidad. Eight of the thirteen chaenopsines endemic to the Southern Caribbean Subprovince belong to genera, subgenera, or species-groups of Chaenopsinae more widely distributed in the eastern Pacific than in the Caribbean, being therefore pacificophile species. There are 23 species of chaenopsine blennies in the southern Caribbean, which is 61% of the total West Indian fauna of the group, while in the Northern Caribbean-Antillean Subprovince the number of known species is 20.
ESTIMACION DEL CRECIMIENTO Y MORTALIDAD DEL CHIVO CABEZON Anopsis bonillai (MILES, 1945) (PISCES: SILURIFORES. ARIIDAE), EN LA CIENAGA GRANDE DE SANTA MARTA, COLOMBIA
Authors: Galvis Cortés Octavio David
Published: October 2017

From September 1981 and during 14 months of continued sampling in the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, 3477 specimens of the New Granada sea catfish Ariopsis bonillai (Miles, 1945) were captured. These catches served as a basis for estimation of the size-weight relationships calculated for both males and females separately and in combined fashion. Growth curves for length and weight after von Bertalanffy,s model were obtained, as well as preliminary values for natural (M), total (Z) and fishing mortality (F). The variation of these results is analyzed for both sexes as a cause-effect function resulting from the mouth breeding behavior characteristic of this species.
MOLUSCOS MARINOS DE LA ISLA DE GORGONA (COSTA DEL PACIFICO COLOMBIANO)
Authors: Von Cosel Rudo
Published: October 2017

319 marine mollusk species collected yet on Gorgona Island (Pacific coast of Colombia, Panamic zoogeographic province) by various persons and scientific expeditions are listed. 209 species (65.5%) inhabit the whole province (México to Ecuador or Perú), 21 species (6.6%) are known from the southern part (Central America to Ecuador or Perú) and 4 species (1.3%) have their presently known northern limit in Gorgona and spread south to Ecuador or Peru. 42 species (13.2%) have their presently known southern distribution limit in Gorgona, 14 other species (4.4%) reaching in Gorgona their southernmost point on the continental shelf of South America are also known from Galapagos. 3 species (1.0%) have been collected on the continental shelf only in Gorgona and partly in Costa Rica. The distribution of the remaining 25 species (7-9%) is still not sufficiently known. 119 species from Gorgona have not yet been found on the mainland coast of Colombia. 8 species are amphipacific. The zoogeographic importance of Gorgona Island is based in the fact that the island is the southernmost point on the continental shelf with extensive coraline biotopes within the Panamic-Pacific faunal province.
PECES DE LAS ISLAS DEL ROSARIO Y DE SAN BERNARDO (COLOMBIA). III. COMPARACION CON OTRAS REGIONES DEL ATLANTICO OESTE TROPICAL
Authors: Garzón F. Jaime , Acero P. Arturo
Published: October 2017

A comparison of reef fish fauna from the Cartagena (Rosario and San Bernardo islands) and Santa Marta (including Tayrona National Park) regions, Colombian Caribbean, is presented. This comparison is based on more than Ave years of sampling in Santa Marta and on 76 hours of underwater observations and collection in the islands around Cartagena. It has been found that many species present in the Cartagena region do not exist or have reduced populations in the Santa Marta reefs, but are present in the Bahama Islands, which are more than 8 times farther from Cartagena than Santa Marta. Such factors as the relative environmental instability, influence of turbid currents and less developed coral reefs, may be acting as limiting conditions for the development of these fishes in the Santa Marta region. The distribution in Venezuela of the species considered is also analyzed; there is a similar phenomenon to that of the Colombian Caribbean, probably produced by the influence of upwelling and turbid waters on some coastal areas.
PIGMENTOS CLOROFILICOS E HIDROGRAFIA EN LA REGION NOROCCIDENTAL DE VENEZUELA CON ENFASIS EN EL GOLFO DE VENEZUELA
Authors: Rodríguez César , Várela Ramón
Published: October 2017

Four oceanographic expeditions were carried out from 1982 to 1984. These surveys evaluated chlorophyll - a and pheopigments concentrations in surface waters of the "Golfo de Venezuela" and adjacent regions. Also, physical and chemical parameters were measured in order to locate the upwelling zones and the area where mixing with "Lago de Maracaibo" water is occurring. A total 424 surface samples taken every 20 miles (36 km aprox.) were analysed by Lorenzen,s (1967) method, obtaining values of chlorophyU-a and pheopigments ranging from less than 0.1 mg/m3 up to 5.2 mg/mi . During the first three surveys, a normal behavior of the Trade winds was observed; they blew from east to west, although they showed occasional variability. The winds induced strong upwellings on the western coast of the "Peninsula de Paraguaná" and in the "Golfete de Coro", both areas showing high chlorophyll concentrations. Mixing of "Golfo de Venezuela" with "Lagode Maracaibo" waters, which had low concentration values, was observed in the "Bahía de Calabozo", South of the "Península de la Guajira". Otherwise, the wind changed considerably during October and November of 1984; its speed decreased and its direction changed 180° bringing about an alteration of water dynamics in the upwelling zone as well as in the mixing area. During this period chlorophyll values were low.
ALGUNOS PTEROPODOS EUTHECOSOMATA (MOLLUSCA: OPISTHOBRANCHIA) DE LA BAHIA DE GAIRA, SANTA MARTA (CARIBE COLOMBIANO)
Authors: Velásquez T. Luz Elena , Lozano B. Fernando
Published: October 2017

Eight species of pteropods of the family Cavoliniidae from the supra and mesolitoral of sandy beaches of El Rodadero and Gain (Bahfa de Gaira), Colombian Caribbean, were collected in June and July 1985 and identified.
LISTA DE LOS POLIQUETOS REGISTRADOS PARA EL CARIBE COLOMBIANO, INCLUYENDO COMENTARIOS SOBRE SU ZOOGEOGRAFIA
Authors: Laverde Castillo Juan J. A. , Rodríguez Gómez Horacio
Published: October 2017

The existing information on Colombian Atlantic coast polychaete worms is revised. 110 previously reported species are listed and 23 are reported for the first time, adding to a total of 133 species, included in 38 families and 97 genera. The zoogeography of recorded species, based on found distributional patterns, is briefly discussed.
DETERIORO OBSERVADO EN LAS FORMACIONES CORALINAS DE LA BAHIA DE SANTA MARTA, COLOMBIA
Authors: Werding Bernd , Sánchez Hernando
Published: October 2017

The slow destruction of the coral formations of the Santa Marta Bay, Colombia (11° 15, N, 74° 15' W), is outlined, specifying which coral species are more strongly affected and their porcentage reduction of cover in relation to observations made in 1973.
ESCAFOPODOS (MOLLUSCA: SCAPHOPODA) DEL CARIBE COLOMBIANO
Authors: Díaz Juan M.
Published: October 2017

Thirteen species of Scaphopoda known up to date from the Colombian Caribbean are described and illustred. They belong to the families Dentaliidae (four species), Laevidentaliidae (two species) and Cadulidae (seven species). The occurrence of Cadulus rushii in the Colombian coast could not be verified. Notes on the habitats are included.
LOS PECES GOBIIDAE DE LOS ARRECIFES DEL CARIBE COLOMBIANO. I. ESPECIES, DISTRIBUCION, FRECUENCIA Y ABUNDANCIA
Authors: Garzón Ferreira Jaime , Acero P. Arturo
Published: October 2017

Forty-six species of fishes of the family Gobiidae are reported from the reef environments (mainly coralline) of the Colombian Caribbean. Of these, 11 were previously unknown from the southern Caribbean and 24 are new records for the northern Colombian coast. Forty species occur in the continental coast and 37 in Isla de Providencia. Based on rotenone collections, information on their distribution, frequency and abundance is presented and analyzed. Among the small reef ichthyofauna, gobies are in average more than one fourth of the species, about one third of the individuals, and less than one tenth of thé biomass. The most common species in the whole Colombian Caribbean are Coryphopterus personatus and Gnatholepis thompsoni (present in 68% of the samples), followed by Quisqui/ius hipoliti (57%), Coryphopterus eidolon (52%) and Elacatinus illecebrosum (51%). Regional differences in composition, frequency and abundance of the reef gobiid fauna are noted. A key for the identification of the 17 studied genera is included.
NOTAS SOBRE ALGUNOS SERFULIDOS (ANNELIDA, POLYCHAETA) DE BAHIA MALAGA, PACIFICO COLOMBIANO
Authors: Laverde Castillo Juan J. A.
Published: October 2017

The sepulids Crucígera websteri, Hydroides alataíateraíis, Hydroídes crucígera, Hydroides ochotereana and Pomatostegus stellatus, collected in shallow habitats at Bahia Malaga are studied. Comments and ¡lustrations of characters used for taxonomical purposes and remarks about the distribution of these species are included.
ESTOMATOPODOS DE LA COSTA PACIFICA DE COLOMBIA E ISLA GORGONA (CRUSTACEA: STOMATOPODA: SQUILLIDAE, GONODACTYLIDAE Y PSEUDOSQUILLIDAE)
Authors: Murillo B. César
Published: October 2017

A major area in the middle-south Pacific Colombian coast is dominated by mangrove bel in unstable soils of muddy-sandy bottoms. Upon these soft accumulations crustaceans of th Order Stomatopoda, known as "camarones bravos" can be found. Six species of the fami Squillidae are reported: Squilla aculeata aculeata, S. mantoidea, S. parua, S. panamensis, biformis and Cloridopsis dubia. Some areas of the same littoral have sedimentary rocky beach with origin in the Tertiary, that constitutes hard substrates where stomatopods of the fami Gonodactylidae as Gonodactylus festae and G. albicinctus can be found. In the Gorgona Islan there are also stable substrates , most of them of the rocky kind with coralline settlements, an some others less stable as the sandy ones where Stomatopods have been caught: G. zacae, G bahiahondensis and Pseudosquilla adiastalta. The report of G. a/bic/nctus enlarges the distrib tional range of the species in more than 1000 km. The characterisctcs of each species a accompanied with drawings and notes about coloration, habitat and distribution.