bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond Ethics on the Sly
Authors: Gregg Bloche M.
Published: January 2020

When behavioral-science professionals assist national-security interrogators, they enter upon an ethical “no man’s land.” The Hippocratic ideal of commitment to individuals’ well-being fits uneasily with pursuit of national purposes at individuals’ expense. Outrage over psychologists’ and physicians’ central role in America’s post-9/11 torture program both underscores this tension and stands as a warning against disregarding it. Disregard it, many did—including CIA, Pentagon, and professional leaders—as psychologists and physicians helped to design, conduct, and legally “justify” torture. Drawing in part upon previously unreported documents, this chapter shows how the CIA, Pentagon, and professional bodies evaded ethical objections and hid their own rationalizations so as to permit psychologists and physicians to play these roles. This history of subterfuge—and the distrust it has inspired—poses a large obstacle to these professionals’ assistance in lawful interrogation. Yet their science-based expertise can enhance the effectiveness of investigative interviewing that respects international human rights and the law of armed conflict. There is, moreover, no principled basis for drawing a sharp ethical distinction between national security and the myriad other non-therapeutic purposes that these professionals serve. But if behavioral-science professionals are to offer their expertise on behalf of national security without venturing into ethical peril, the bounds of this role must be openly negotiated, not set in secret. To this end, I propose some ethical guidelines as a starting point.
Justifying Too Much
Authors: Brecher Bob
Published: January 2020

In this chapter, I analyze the use and abuse of utilitarianism in the torture debate, arguing that the latter might turn out to be utilitarianism's nemesis. For what the debate lays bare is that, if we are to take utilitarianism seriously, then we must be prepared to torture the alleged terrorist's child, or indeed anyone at all, to prevent the so-called imminent catastrophe. Furthermore, if that conclusion is unpalatable on rule-utilitarian grounds—in terms of the institutional and long-term consequences of such a practice—then those same sorts of consideration rule out torturing the alleged terrorist themselves. That this is systematically obscured by those who would purport to justify interrogational torture by their being highly selective about the consequences they consider, and/or by arbitrarily “modifying” the scope of utilitarianism when it generates inconvenient conclusions, again suggests that utilitarianism may be fundamentally flawed; and that its use to defend interrogational torture shows this. The argument is in four sections: a refutation of the alleged necessity of interrogational torture in “ticking bomb” cases; an analysis of utilitarian proponents' of interrogational torture properly to understand that their utilitarianism cannot accommodate non-utilitarian limits when inconvenient; third, their failure to acknowledge the implications of that for the permissibility of torturing known innocents to force others to divulge information; and, fourth, how these considerations come together to suggest that utilitarianism might not be a moral theory at all.
Introduction
Authors: Gribben Crawford , Murdock Graeme
Published: January 2020

Calvinism did not develop as a uniform Christian tradition across early modern Europe. Nor did Calvinism make a discrete, standalone impact on the development of European culture. This introduction does not seek to establish or to reinforce a set of unambiguous arguments about what Calvinist culture was, is, or ought to be, nor is it concerned with outlining how, in some linear fashion, Calvinism shaped European and global cultures or contributed to the cultures of modernity. Instead, this introduction offers a portrait of Calvinism and Reformed religion, understood as a sociocultural phenomenon as well as an expression of truth claims about God and the world, to examine how this form of Christian religion developed in different cultural settings. This introduction also supports an analysis of the ways in which Calvinism related to the multi-confessional cultural environment that prevailed in Europe after the Reformation.
Conducting Comparative Participant Observation
Authors: Abramson Corey M. , Sánchez-Jankowski Martín
Published: January 2020

Following the argument for the importance of comparative participant observation for approaches descendent from the conventional scientific tradition (CST), this chapter outlines how the behavioralist foundations summarized in chapter 1 translate to procedures and techniques for charting causal mechanisms in comparative ethnographic research. The chapter begins by examining the practices and techniques of the behavioralist approach in detail and describes the mode of research design, sampling, data collection, analysis, and explanation associated with this approach, giving examples from prior empirical works. The chapter then turns to longstanding concerns about ethnographic reliability and replication and explains how this approach addresses them. In doing so, it shows how behavioralist criteria align with, and diverge from, other methodological approaches to the collection, analysis, and extension of ethnographic data. The chapter concludes by explaining the contributions that can be made by repositioning participant observation within the spectrum of approaches to understanding causal processes in the social sciences.
An Ethnography of Comparative Ethnography
Authors: Lee Ching Kwan
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses the different pathways to and practices of the comparative extended case method. All three projects examined here seek to relate the microscopic and time-place specific world of ethnographic observation to the broader forces, institutions, and processes that shape them. All are comparative, although they follow different logics of inquiry: variable comparison between two gendered factory regimes in Hong Kong and Shenzhen; incorporating comparison of two patterns of working-class formations in the rustbelt and sunbelt of China; and the third eventful comparison of Chinese state capital and global private capital in Zambia. Beginning with either theoretical inspirations or fieldwork imperatives, the pathways leading to these respective types of comparison is always a dialog and compromise between both.
Vox Populi, Vox Divo
Authors: Meizel Katherine
Published: January 2020

Chapter 2 examines a specific site of multivocality, a type of singing performance designated as “popera” or vocal “classical crossover.” Identifying the various aesthetic characteristics and preferred repertories of popera, the chapter integrates the experiences of several (mostly tenor) participants in well-known crossover productions and groups. Popera, in the end, is sold as a neoliberal expansion of consumer choice by virtue of conflation, courting the tastes of pop fans and opera fans alike in one place. And it provides an acoustic space for the reunion of classical and popular musics and their social registers, and for the negotiation of alterity.
Two Voices
Authors: Meizel Katherine
Published: January 2020

Chapter 4 discusses the work of d/Deaf singers and their fraught relationships with voice, signing, and both Hearing and Deaf cultures. This chapter highlights the problems of defining Deafness through a negative relationship with voice, and contends that d/Deaf singers’ work in voice and sign constitutes a form not only of multilinguality but also of multivocality. Furthermore, it suggests the need for an extended definition of multivocality to include other embodied modes of communication—if multivocality functions as a strategy for identity building, such a strategy need not be solely a sonic one. Other embodied forms of communication, such as signing, must also be considered as integral, and even, sometimes, integrated.
Spiritual Multivocality
Authors: Meizel Katherine
Published: January 2020

Chapter 5 deals with movements among styles of sacred and secular singing, focusing on the experiences of musicians who have performed across multiple religious contexts. The role of vocality in religious conversion is explored, in the experience of a singer and convert to Judaism. Other aspects of the chapter focus on the concept of intent in spiritual singing practices and the crossing of borders in the neoliberal religious marketplace. The late twentieth-century’s and early twenty-first century’s individualist, even consumerist approach to religion reflects a widespread economic framing of religion, associated with the neoliberal doctrine that also began to flourish then.
The Journey
Authors: Meizel Katherine
Published: January 2020

Chapter 6 discusses the ways in which four transgender singers understand their relationships with voice in extremely individual ways, and how shifts in vocality impact their senses of identity. Each singer who chooses transition—medically assisted or not—lives the process uniquely. Vocality has served different functions and generated different meanings for each of these singers, whose experiences collectively underline the idea of “transition” as an ongoing journey rather than a destination. This chapter presents the multivocal nature of transvocality not as merely double-voicednessand not inevitably about leaving one voice and one identity entirely behind for a newer, “truer” one. Instead, it is a space in which a fluid continuum of selfness, embodied and performed, vibrates differently in every throat.
Metaphysics as a Fiction
Authors: Rosen Gideon
Published: January 2020

Realists about metaphysics hold that the aim of the enterprise is to state the truth about the fundamental structure of reality and the principles by means of which reality as a whole is built up from that fundamental structure. Fictionalists hold, by contrast, that metaphysics aims to produce theories (or models) of the fundamental structure that satisfy certain self-imposed constraints: consistency with evolving science, coherence, plausibility by the standards of one or another philosophical subculture, and so on. This chapter distinguishes scientific metaphysics (the sort of metaphysics that rounds out the scientific image by settling theoretical questions unaddressed by scientists) from speculative metaphysics (the sort of metaphysics that tackles questions remote from science) and recommends a version of fictionalism about the latter.
How to Identify Exempt Anaphors
Authors: Charnavel Isabelle
Published: January 2020

The goal of this chapter is to design tools for reliably identifying instances of exempt anaphors. In particular, the inanimacy-based strategy distinguishes between plain and exempt anaphors independently of the definition of Condition A: since inanimates cannot be logophoric, an anaphor occurring in a configuration disallowing an inanimate anaphor is necessarily exempt. This strategy allows us to re-examine the distributional properties of exempt anaphors: unlike plain anaphors, they need not be locally or exhaustively bound and can give rise to strict readings; complementarity with pronouns, however, is not a robust property of anaphors. Furthermore, potential confounds are identified, which may obscure the logophoric conditions on exempt anaphors. First, exempt anaphors may be unacceptable for reasons independent of logophoricity: strong anaphors compete with weak elements; anaphors are unacceptable in positions construed with agreement. Second, other elements like intensifiers, which are not subject to logophoric conditions, may be mistaken for exempt anaphors.
The Logophoric Properties of Exempt Anaphors
Authors: Charnavel Isabelle
Published: January 2020

The goal of this chapter is to determine the interpretive constraints on exempt anaphors. After a review of the literature about the role of perspective and logophoricity on anaphora, the proposal is presented, based mainly on the behavior of French anaphors. First, several diagnostics show that an anaphor can be exempt if it occurs in a phrase expressing the de se attitude of its antecedent. Second, further diagnostics reveal that outside attitude contexts, an anaphor can be exempt if it refers to the empathy locus of its context. Third, it is shown that attitude holders and empathy loci are the only two types of logophoric centers that can antecede exempt anaphors; in particular, deictic centers do not create the relevant conditions for logophoric exemption. This implies that the notion of logophoricity relevant to exemption should be restricted to mental, first-personal perspective. This notion further promises to be relevant beyond anaphora.
The Crisis of Corruption
Authors: Gillies Alexandra
Published: January 2020

Observing oil boom corruption is like placing a drop of dye in the circulatory system of global corruption, and watching it reveal the system’s channels and pathways as it spreads and spreads. Chapter 1 kicks off these observations. It explains how witnessing an upsurge in graft while working in Nigeria motivated me to write this book and outlines its contents. The chapter also contains background on the players and peculiarities of the oil sector and on the book’s approach to defining corruption.
Illusory Looks
Authors: Glüer Kathrin
Published: January 2020

One debate the Pyrrhonian skeptics had with the Epicureans concerned the relation between sense perceptions and beliefs. The debate centers on the Epicurean claim that all perceptions are true, a claim rejected by the Skeptics, who proceed on the assumption that there is no judgment component in perception, and it echoes widely through today’s philosophy of perception. In the past the author has defended a non-standard version of intentionalism, according to which (visual) experiences indeed are beliefs, but have contents—so-called looks-contents—that, if ever, very rarely are false. This chapter works out how this view can nevertheless account for non-veridical experience. It harnesses the rational role of experience to work out a precise way of characterizing non-veridical experience in terms of misleadingness.
Variation and Change in Appearances
Authors: Martin M. G. F.
Published: January 2020

Consider sentence (1): The boat looks immense, yet it also looks small. Predications of “is immense” and “is small” applied to the same object appear to be contradictory, but (1) need not be contradictory. When do appearances conflict with each other, and how can this be marked in our judgments about appearance? In 1953, G. E. Moore argued that the possible truth of (1) shows that there must be multiple senses of “looks.” Moore’s example prefigures by thirty years a much-cited discussion by Christopher Peacocke about trees and apparent size with which Peacocke illustrates a contrast between sensational and representational properties of experience. This chapter argues that Moore’s argument for different senses of “looks” is unsound, and hence that we need a different explanation of how we mark the contrast between appearances which conflict and those which do not. The essay closes by offering such an account.
Gravitational waves
Authors: Andersson Nils
Published: January 2020

This chapter introduces the notion of gravitational waves, starting with a discussion of weak fluctuations on a flat spacetime background and later extending the notion to a general curved spacetime. The effect the waves have on matter is described and the derivation of the quadrupole formula, which allows estimates of the strength of relevant sources, is outlined. The vexing issue of the energy carried by gravitational waves is also discussed.
On Law and Justice
Authors: Ross Alf
Published: January 2020

This book is a classic work of twentieth-century legal philosophy. The first translation into English was notably poor and misrepresented the views expressed in the text. Translated from scratch from the original Danish, this new critical edition casts light on the work and resituates it firmly in the context of current debates in the field. In recent years, Alf Ross (1899–1979) has attracted increasing attention. In H. L. A. Hart’s words, he was ‘the most acute and best-equipped philosopher’ of Scandinavian legal realism. This book provides a comprehensive outline of Ross’s legal realist position, outlining a consistently empirical research programme that simultaneously recognizes the distinctly normative character of law. On the basis of a sophisticated analysis of the concept ‘scientifically valid law’, Ross’s legal realism avoids the standard critiques against behaviourist reductionism while still remaining categorically distinct from legal positivism and natural law.
The Sources of Law[121]
Authors: Ross Alf
Published: January 2020

This chapter identifies the ideology of the sources of law in the sense of determining the general sources through which judges form their beliefs about the validity of individual legal rules. In accordance with the norm-descriptive perspective, the focus is on identifying the ideology of the sources of law that is actually held by judges. As part of scientifically valid law, the ideology of the sources of law varies from one legal system to another. The task for general legal theory can therefore only consist in stating and characterizing certain general types of sources of law, which experience tells us are found in all well-developed legal systems where they are found to determine how courts proceed in their search for the norms on which they base their decision. This chapter identifies four such sources of law and considers the degree of objectification or positivization possessed by each of these types of sources. Specifically, it discusses the completely objectivized type of source: authoritative formulations (legislation in its widest sense); and the partially objectivized types of source: precedent and custom; and the non-objectivized, ‘free’ type of source: ‘cultural tradition’ or ‘the nature of the matter’. Countenancing the latter as a scientifically valid source of law, is further argued to highlight the difference between the author’s legal realist perspective and the formalist perspective characteristic of legal positivism.
[261]The Legal System
Authors: Ross Alf
Published: January 2020

Legal material can be systematically divided on the basis of various considerations and criteria. There is no ‘true’ or ‘correct’ system as such, but a division of the system can be regarded as more or less right and proper. The traditional divisions are characterized by a blend of both internal criteria, that is, criteria connected with fundamental features of the structure or content of the legal rules and, thereby, with the fundamental concepts of legal science; and external criteria, that is, criteria which subsume the legal rules in accordance with their application in considering certain typical areas of life. This chapter examines to what extent the traditional way of dividing up topics is determined by, or can be adjusted to, rational and internal criteria.
[320]Some Features of the History of Natural Law
Authors: Ross Alf
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers some features of the historical evolution of natural law in order to promote understanding of what actually characterizes natural law thinking as it is known today. It traces the history of natural law back to around 700 BC to demonstrate how natural law theory has essentially remained the same. Its characteristic features are certain modes of thought and expression which in all its phases—magical, religious, and philosophico-metaphysical—are radically different from scientific ones. There is an unbroken line from the magical-animistic belief of primitive man, over dogmatic theology to the great philosophico-metaphysical systems. The principal idea behind all manifestations of this line of thought is a fear of existence and its powers, and the impulse to seek refuge and safety in something absolute.
Science and Politics
Authors: Ross Alf
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses how it is possible to arrive at a scientific legal politics understood as something that has the characteristics of advice, guidance, or instructions to the legislator. It is argued that the role of knowledge (science) within the sphere of action can never consist in setting up categorical or self-valid norms of action, that is, norms whose motivating force lies in knowledge itself and is, thus, independent of any subjective attitude or interest. The function of knowledge can only consist in giving directives which are valid hypothetically only, that is, under the assumption of a given irrational motive (interest, attitude). Science can only serve and guide rational argumentation by providing it with scientifically tenable assertions and by critically separating those which do not lend themselves to scientific examination. By contrast, all participation in, or support of, persuasion must be outside the scope of science. Accordingly, it is argued that ordinary political debate is not located at the level of science and logic, but rather at the psychologico-technical-causal level: it purports to bring about practical agreement, by influencing an opponent’s point of view through argumentation and persuasion.
Introduction
Authors: Doyle Timothy , Rumley Dennis
Published: January 2020

We begin this book with a discussion and analysis of the contested Indo-Pacific concept in order to highlight the variation in the nature of the construction and acceptance of its varying meanings. In this chapter we argue that it is critical to establish that the Indo-Pacific is not just about the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Of course, these oceans, in biogeographical terms, remain central to most constructions of what the Indo-Pacific is—a confluence of two great, geo-oceanic systems. It can also be understood as the meeting place of these two oceans, a littoral zone between the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific. In this chapter we argue that the Indo-Pacific is also about land—those countries which both directly abut the Indian and Pacific Oceans, but also those which sometimes operate within it, in terms of trade, culture, and security—but whose heartlands exist beyond these oceanic catchments.
Regional Middle Powers and the Indo-Pacific Strategic Narrative
Authors: Doyle Timothy , Rumley Dennis
Published: January 2020

In this chapter we argue that, in the Indo-Pacific region since the ‘end’ of the ‘old’ Cold War, there has been a process of political and economic competition among regional great powers for influence over Indo-Pacific core middle powers. One of the essential aims of this process is to create a regional middle power coalition in opposition to either China or the US, one of the elements of the new Cold War. As a result, the foreign policies of US-co-opted states will exhibit a shift in emphasis towards support for the US pivot and an expression of a greater foreign policy interest than heretofore in the Indo-Pacific region, following the US. The result is that an Indo-Pacific self-identification and an ‘Indo-Pacific narrative’ become important components of the foreign policy rhetoric and debate of US-co-opted states.
Monoids and Comonoids
Authors: Heunen Chris , Vicary Jamie
Published: January 2020

The tensor product of a monoidal category allows us to consider multiplications on its objects, leading to an abstract notion of monoid. This chapter investigates monoids and their relation to dual objects, as well as comonoids, which axiomatize copying and deleting operations. These play a major role in the categorical description of classical information, since classical information can be copied and deleted, while quantum information cannot. We prove categorical no-deleting and no-cloning theorems, showing that if these structures are able to copy and delete every state of the system, then the category collapses. We also characterize when a tensor product is a categorical product.
Complementarity
Authors: Heunen Chris , Vicary Jamie
Published: January 2020

Complementarity is a property of a pair of observables being ‘maximally distinct’ from each other and, in this chapter, we analyse this property in categorical terms as a pair of interacting Frobenius structures. Complementary observables play a central role in quantum information theory, and we will see how they can be used to understand the structure of the Deutsch—Jozsa algorithm. We show that complementarity is closely linked to the theory of Hopf algebras. We discuss how many-qubit gates can be modelled using only complementary Frobenius structures, such as controlled negation, controlled phase gates and arbitrary single qubit gates. This leads to the ZX calculus, a sound and complete way to handle quantum computations using only equations in the graphical calculus.
Basics
Authors: Heunen Chris , Vicary Jamie
Published: January 2020

This book assumes familiarity with some basic ideas from category theory, linear algebra and quantum computing. This self-contained chapter gives a quick summary of the essential aspects of these areas, including categories, functors, natural transformations, vector spaces, Hilbert spaces, tensor products, density matrices, measurement and quantum teleportation.
Virtue Ethics and Medical Law
Authors: Gay Robert
Published: January 2020

Virtue ethics is a way of viewing the moral life in terms of the necessary dispositions which shape human action towards the good, and towards human flourishing. Thinking of the moral life in terms of virtue was the dominant approach to moral philosophy in ancient and medieval thought. Although largely absent as a major strand of thought in moral philosophy after the Enlightenment, it has key features which challenge the dominant approaches in moral philosophy. The second half of the twentieth century saw a revival in virtue ethics, inspired by philosophers such as Anscombe and MacIntyre. The Hippocratic tradition provides a virtue framework for medicine, and the revival of virtue ethics has led to further work to explore the importance of virtue in medical practice. In the morally and technically complex world of medical practice, the virtues of prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance are necessary for the doctor to act according to the best interests of the patient, which are in line with the proper ends of medicine. The law has a role in prohibiting acts which are not in accordance with the ends of medicine, which cannot be virtuous. It also has a role in helping to arrive at prudential decisions in cases where there are disputes between patients or their families and medical teams about a best course of action. Finally, medical law should have a role in cultivating virtue within medicine for the benefit of patients and doctors.
How the Philosophy Gets In
Authors: Wall Jesse
Published: January 2020

This chapter outlines some of the philosophical foundations of medical law, considering two ways in which philosophy infiltrates the law. First, philosophy gets in through reasoning about the law; it gets through via explanations, criticisms, and recommended reforms of the law. Second, philosophy gets into reasoning according to the law; it gets in when meaning is ascribed to a legal standard, its content is substantiated, and its scope is qualified. The chapter then looks at the suggestion that, in all of these instances, it is not philosophy that gets into medical law, but it is the law borrowing philosophical materials to put to its owns distinct use.
Medical Privacy and Big Data
Authors: Véliz Carissa
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores the challenge that big data brings to medical privacy. Big data promises to significantly enhance the power of medicine to diagnose, treat, and prevent diseases. With this promise, however, come significant privacy risks to data subjects who could suffer unfair discrimination, exposure, extortion, and limited access to health care. To minimize these risks, inappropriate uses of data should be outlawed, and consent must be sought from data subjects, even if it is a limited form of consent such as tiered consent or consent from a data trust. Bad data practices should be made illegal, corporations managing sensitive data ought to respect fiduciary duties and confidentiality, as well as implement the best possible security protocols, and periodically delete data. Regulation must ensure that private companies do not monopolize medical data. I argue that the most effective way of protecting people from suffering unfair medical consequences is by having a public universal health-care system.
Electoral Shocks
Authors: Fieldhouse Edward , Green Jane , Evans Geoffrey , Mellon Jonathan , Prosser Christopher , Schmitt Hermann , van der Eijk Cees
Published: January 2020

This book offers a novel perspective on British elections, focusing on the importance of increasing electoral volatility in British elections, and the role of electoral shocks in the context of increasing volatility. It demonstrates how shocks have contributed to the level of electoral volatility, and also which parties have benefited from the ensuing volatility. It follows in the tradition of British Election Study books, providing a comprehensive account of specific election outcomes—the General Elections of 2015 and 2017—and a more general approach to understanding electoral change.We examine five electoral shocks that affected the elections of 2015 and 2017: the rise in EU immigration after 2004, particularly from Eastern Europe; the Global Financial Crisis prior to 2010; the coalition government of the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats between 2010 and 2015; the Scottish Independence Referendum in 2014; and the European Union Referendum in 2016.Our focus on electoral shocks offers an overarching explanation for the volatility in British elections, alongside the long-term trends that have led us to this point. It offers a way to understand the rise and fall of the UK Independence Party (UKIP), Labour’s disappointing 2015 performance and its later unexpected gains, the collapse in support for the Liberal Democrats, the dramatic gains of the Scottish National Party (SNP) in 2015, and the continuing period of tumultuous politics that has followed the EU Referendum and the General Election of 2017. It provides a new way of understanding electoral choice in Britain, and beyond, and a better understanding of the outcomes of recent elections.
Conclusions
Authors: Fieldhouse Edward , Green Jane , Evans Geoffrey , Mellon Jonathan , Prosser Christopher , Schmitt Hermann , van der Eijk Cees
Published: January 2020

This chapter summarizes the main arguments of the book and discusses how each of the five shocks shaped the outcomes of the 2015 and 2017 general elections. We reflect on the role played by the three different mechanisms identified in our theory—salience, competence, and party image—which had varying degrees of importance in the impact of each shock. We consider whether the changes might be long-lasting and how new identities may (or may not) replace fading party identities, and the implications our book has for the future of British politics, and for a more general understanding of electoral change.
Friendship and Eighteenth-Century Nonconformist Memorial Publication
Authors: Whitehouse Tessa
Published: January 2020

This chapter investigates the role of friendship in the composition, publication, and circulation of biographical accounts and collected works of religious poets in the first half of the eighteenth century. Funeral sermons and elegaic poems published to mark the death of Isaac Watts in 1748 were typical of collective memory making within his reformed Protestant tradition that reinforced the primacy of religious ministers in the world of dissent. The examples of Elizabeth Rowe (in England) and Jane Turell (in America) complicate our picture of the role of memorial in sustaining a tradition of lay piety and authorship within a transatlantic religious community. The emotional and practical circumstances of friendship (as compared to family ties) contributed significantly to shaping the printed texts that were produced as memorials to Watts, Rowe, and Turell, to the reception of those texts, and to the reputations of those authors.
‘Generous men will spare the memory of the dead’
Authors: Mandelbrote Scott
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers the reaction to Thomas Burnet’s Archæologiæ philosophicæ (1692) and its implications for the posthumous reputation of that author, in the process discussing the impact of radical criticism of the Church on clerical careers and the importance of scandal in the formation of a market for pirated publications in the book trade. It concentrates on the fate of Burnet’s works at the hands of pirates, particularly Edmund Curll, in the wake of an apparently definitive case in Chancery (1721) regarding posthumous copyright in unpublished materials. Questions of orthodoxy, reputation, censorship, and the meaning of copyright are therefore raised, alongside the difficulties of establishing the bibliography of Burnet’s publications.
A Rhetorics of the Word
Authors: Pattison George
Published: January 2020

A Rhetorics of the Word is the second volume of a three-part philosophy of Christian life. It approaches Christian life as expressive of a divine calling or vocation. The word Church (ekklesia) and the role of naming in baptism indicate the fundamental place of calling in Christian life. However, ideas of vocation are difficult to access in a world shaped by the experience of disenchantment. The difficulties of articulating vocation are explored with reference to Weber, Heidegger, and Kierkegaard. These are further connected to a general crisis of language, manifesting in the degradation of political discourse (Arendt) and the impact of new communications technology on human discourse. This impact can be seen as reinforcing an occlusion of language in favour of rationality already evidenced in the philosophical tradition and technocratic management. New possibilities for thinking vocation are pursued through the biblical prophets (with emphasis on Buber’s and Rosenzweig’s reinterpretation of the call of Moses), Saint John, and Russian philosophies of language (Florensky to Bakhtin). Vocation emerges as bound up with the possibility of being name-bearers, enabling a mutuality of call and response. This is then evidenced further in ethics and poetics, where Levinas and Hermann Broch (The Death of Virgil) become major points of reference. In conclusion, the themes of calling and the name are seen to shape the possibility of love—the subject of the final part of the philosophy of Christian life: A Metaphysics of Love.
Discounting The Future
Authors: Pettigrew Richard
Published: January 2020

This chapter asks whether it is rationally permissible to assign less weight to the values of my other selves in line with the degree of psychological connectedness between us. This draws on Derek Parfit’s (1984, ‘Personal Identity’, in Philosophical Review, 80) rational reconstruction of temporal discounting. The chapter considers an argument by Arif Ahmed (2018, ‘Rationality and Future Discounting’, in Topoi, February) that such weights result in temporal discounting of a variety that makes the individual vulnerable to exploitation. It agrees with Ahmed, but argues that such exploitation does not render the individual irrational.
Public Archaeology
Authors: Harding D. W.
Published: January 2020

Unlike other academic disciplines, archaeology has always involved a public dimension, and from its origins in antiquarian curiosity to ‘citizen science’ and ‘crowdfunding’ of modern research archaeologists have generally acknowledged their obligation to make information on heritage research publicly available. Major exhibitions in national museums have also demonstrated the scale of public interest, though visitor numbers to museums and heritage attractions generally have been adversely affected, except for major tourist attractions, whenever entrance charges have been imposed. In response to economic demands many museums have shifted priorities from curation and research to public outreach with an emphasis upon interactive displays, whilst staffing structures have subordinated academic qualifications to commercial and marketing criteria. Television archaeology has proved popular from the 1950s to the present day, though, in contrast to allied disciplines, there has been a consistent trend in archaeology to dumbing down presentation. Experimental archaeology too has seen progressive dumbing down from serious practical research into early agriculture or building technology to re-enactment for entertainment alone.
Rewriting History, from the Age of Romanticism to the Age of Self-Interest and Misinformation
Authors: Harding D. W.
Published: January 2020

British archaeology has a long tradition of antiquarianism and amateur involvement, reflected in more recent times in minimal legislative sanctions and attitudes towards treasure hunting. It has also long deferred to the established interests of land and property ownership. The presentation of archaeology on television as entertainment is matched by the popularity of re-enactment rather than serious experimental programmes. The post-1960s expansion of archaeology in universities has now been reversed, and declining recruitment and funding problems inevitably have resulted in dumbing down of standards. Economic retrenchment has also affected museums and public services, which have been obliged to adopt a more commercial approach in providing services. Professional practice for survey and excavation in advance of development still lacks an adequate career structure, and the need for selectivity in salvaging threatened sites has not been addressed. Meanwhile, citizen science, crowdfunding, and community archaeology all provide practical involvement for the interested public. Prehistoric archaeology in particular has succumbed to intuitive and fact-free approaches to interpretation that are a product of the age of misinformation. Classical archaeology has retained its scholarly focus, benefiting from its pre-eminence in the western post-Enlightenment philosophical tradition. That tradition has equally determined the conventional definition of civilization. But those priorities can no longer be assumed, and traditional scholarly standards and interpretations are now being challenged by an ethos that is intuitive rather than rational.
The Quantum Cookbook
Authors: Baggott Jim
Published: January 2020

The Quantum Cookbook provides a unique bridge between popular exposition and formal textbook presentation, based on derivations of the iconic equations of quantum mechanics. This is a book for curious readers with some background in physics and sufficient mathematical capability. It aims not to teach readers how to do quantum mechanics but rather helps them to understand how to think about quantum mechanics. Each derivation is presented as a ‘recipe’ with listed ingredients, including standard results from the mathematician’s toolkit, set out in a series of easy-to-follow steps. The recipes have been written sympathetically, for readers who—like the author—will often struggle to follow the logic of a derivation which misses out steps that are ‘obvious’, or which use techniques that readers are assumed to know. The simple truth is that quantum mechanics did not suddenly materialize overnight in the minds of its creators, fully formed, complete with all its axioms and principles. It was instead tortured from much more familiar classical physical descriptions, over a period of decades, as physicists struggled to interpret a series of ever more baffling experimental results. Only later was a much higher level of abstraction introduced into quantum mechanics, in an attempt to establish a secure mathematical foundation that would eradicate all the confusing classical misconceptions inherited from its birth and early childhood. Whilst there are some obvious exceptions, for the most part these derivations are triumphs of physical intuition over mathematical rigour and consistency.
Planck’s Derivation of E=hν
Authors: Baggott Jim
Published: January 2020

Planck was unwilling to accept Boltzmann’s statistical interpretation of the second law. He therefore needed to find a way to show how irreversible processes could result from continuous matter. Planck chose the physics of black body radiation as a battleground. After discovering his radiation law in October 1900, he sought a deeper theoretical interpretation for it. Now thermodynamics is not the most obvious place to look for evidence of the quantum nature of radiation and, in an ‘act of desperation’, Planck had to torture the theory in a way that would eventually allow this conclusion to emerge from an entirely classical structure. Planck’s derivation heralded the very beginning of the quantum revolution, but only in promise, not in deed. The revolution began in earnest in 1905 with the help of Albert Einstein.
Dirac, Von Neumann, and the Derivation of the Quantum Formalism
Authors: Baggott Jim
Published: January 2020

The evolution of quantum mechanics through the 1920s was profoundly messy. Some physicists believed that it was necessary to throw out much of the conceptual baggage that early quantum mechanics tended to carry around with it and re-establish the theory on much firmer ground. It was at this critical stage that the search for deeper insights into the underlying reality was set aside in favour of mathematical expediency. All the conceptual problems appeared to be coming from the wavefunctions. But whatever was to replace them needed to retain all the properties and relationships that had so far been discovered. Dirac and von Neumann chose to derive a new quantum formalism by replacing the wavefunctions with state vectors operating in an abstract Hilbert space, and formally embedding all the most important definitions and relations within a system of axioms.
Generative models
Authors: Trappenberg Thomas P.
Published: January 2020

This chapter presents an introduction to the important topic of building generative models. These are models that are aimed to understand the variety of a class such as cars or trees. A generative mode should be able to generate feature vectors for instances of the class they represent, and such models should therefore be able to characterize the class with all its variations. The subject is discussed both in a Bayesian and in a deep learning context, and also within a supervised and unsupervised context. This area is related to important algorithms such as k-means clustering, expectation maximization (EM), naïve Bayes, generative adversarial networks (GANs), and variational autoencoders (VAE).
Artificial intelligence, the brain, and our society
Authors: Trappenberg Thomas P.
Published: January 2020

The concluding chapter is a brief venture into a more general discussion of machine learning, how it relates to artificial intelligence (AI), and the recent impact of this on society. It starts by discussing the relations of machine learning models in relation to the brain and human intelligence. The discussion then moves to the relation between machine learning and AI. While they are now often equated, it is useful to highlight some possible sources of misconceptions. It closes with some brief thought on the impact of machine learning technology our society.
The Evolutionary Road to Human Memory
Authors: Murray Elisabeth A. , Wise Steven P. , Baldwin Mary K. L. , Graham Kim S.
Published: January 2020

We tend to think about memory in terms of our own experience, but a series of our direct ancestors—from the earliest vertebrates to archaic humans—also had memories. The evolutionary history that we share with these ancestral species has left its mark on modern memory, complemented by other forms of memory that are uniquely human. This book traces the long evolutionary road to human memory by explaining how a series of now-extinct ancestral species adapted to life in their world, in their time and place. As they did, new brain areas appeared, each of which supported an innovative form of memory that helped them gain an advantage in life. Through inheritance and modification across millions of years, these evolutionary novelties created several kinds of memory that influence the human mind today. Then, during human evolution, yet another new kind of memory emerged: about ourselves and others. This evolutionary innovation ignited human imagination; empowered us to remember and talk about a personal past; and enabled the sharing of knowledge about our world, our cultures, and ourselves. Through these developments, evolution made it possible for every individual, day upon day, to add new pages to the story of a life: the remarkable, rich record of experiences and knowledge that make up a human mind.
From Local to Global, 1987–2000
Authors: Bertrams Kenneth , Marmol Julien Del , Geerts Sander , Poelmans Eline
Published: January 2020

From the mid-1980s to the turn of the century, the brewing industry transformed dramatically from a local to a highly international or global industry. The official merger group of Artois and Piedboeuf, renamed Interbrew, would play a leading role in this transformation. From its historical position in Western Europe, the group spread its tentacles to Central and Eastern Europe, acquiring brewery after brewery. This chapter recalls the history of the Interbrew group in its rise to a world leader. A first major milestone in this route towards global dominance was an acquisition across the Atlantic of Canada’s largest brewer, Labatt’s, in 1995. In some fifteen years, Interbrew completed a total of no less than forty acquisitions. Meanwhile, the company revamped on all levels. Besides a dance of CEOs in the 1990s, modern management techniques came to the front and the board and shareholders’ structures were professionalized. Decentralization and localism remained at the centre of the group’s corporate strategy, effectively becoming the world’s local brewer.
Conclusion
Authors: Bertrams Kenneth , Marmol Julien Del , Geerts Sander , Poelmans Eline
Published: January 2020

If a business giant such as AB InBev may, at first sight, appear like a faceless corporate monolith, this book has sought to uncover the many personal and collective stories that together contributed to create the colossus it has become. The rise of Artois, Piedboeuf, and their successors from local players to world leadership is a complex and contrasted story, convoluting through time under changed shapes, names, and strategies, but whose contours are delineated by enduring traits. Oriented by influential shareholder families and steered with a strongly entrepreneurial compass, the companies did not follow a linear path, but rather followed the difficult meanders of longevity, learning from both failures and successes....
Empirical Approaches to Social Innovation
Authors: Mildenberger Georg , Schimpf Gudrun-Christine , Chiappero-Martinetti Enrica , Jacobi Nadia von
Published: January 2020

This chapter describes two empirical approaches with which social innovation and its potentially transformative role can be studied. Both are oriented towards the Extended Social Grid Model (ESGM) and strive to bring its abstract categories on the ground and facilitate empirical analyses; first an analysis of long-term comprehensive case studies; and second a mixed-method approach inspired by the capability approach for evaluating the impact of social innovations. Both approaches enter new ground in social innovation research and supply valuable insights into the nature of social innovation and how it can be examined. The historical approach reveals the complexities of social innovation trajectories; the agency oriented approach of the more quantitative study opens new paths for a measurement of social innovation impacts that can be applied in many situations.