bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural and chemical characterization of rice and potato starch granules using microscopy and spectroscopy
Authors: Kowsik Prarthana V. , Mazumder Nirmal
Published: November 2018

Starch is a polysaccharide that plays an important role in our diet and aids in determining the blood glucose levels and is the main source of energy to humans and plants. Starch is broken down by hydrolases which are present in our digestive system. We have used α‐amylase for investigating the rate of hydrolysis of rice and potato starch granules. It is found that the hydrolysis depends on the morphology and composition of the starch granules by means of the action of α‐amylase. The micro‐scale structure of starch granules was observed under an optical microscope and their average sizes were in the range, 1–100 μm. The surface topological structures of starches with micro holes due to the effect of α‐ amylase were also visualized under scanning electron microscope (SEM). The chemical and structural composition of rice and potato starches before and after hydrolysis is characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy, respectively. The potato starch is more resistant to α‐amylase than rice starch. The XRD spectra of native and hydrolyzed starch granules remain same which suggests that the degradation occurs mostly in amorphous regions but not in crystalline. Compactly bound water in starch was attributed to the sharp band at 1,458 cm−1 in FTIR spectra. Bands at 920–980 cm−1 associated to α‐(1–4) glycosidic linkage (C‐O‐C) and skeletal mode vibrations in both potato and rice starches.
Who stays proactive after entrepreneurship training? Need for cognition, personal initiative maintenance, and well‐being
Authors: Mensmann Mona , Frese Michael
Published: November 2018

Personal initiative training is a promising way to increase entrepreneurial personal initiative, which is a key behavior for successful entrepreneurship. Although personal initiative training has been shown to promote personal initiative, little is known about how this proactive behavior can be maintained over time and what the consequences are. The training transfer literature suggests that training effects usually decline with time. It is not clear, however, which factors contribute to personal initiative maintenance and which benefits go along with it. In a randomized controlled field experiment with 912 microentrepreneurs in Lomé, Togo, we investigate the influence of need for cognition—a cognitive factor driving proactive behavior—on personal initiative maintenance after training. In addition, we examine the effect of need for cognition on the well‐being consequences of personal initiative maintenance. We show that people high in need for cognition tend to maintain posttraining personal initiative longer than those low in need for cognition. However, contrary to our predictions, need for cognition has no effect on the level of well‐being that results from personal initiative maintenance. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of personal initiative and its maintenance and could be used to increase training effectiveness.
Activity of swallowing‐related neurons in the medulla in the perfused brainstem preparation in rats
Authors: Hashimoto Keiko , Sugiyama Yoichiro , Fuse Shinya , Umezaki Toshiro , Oku Yoshitaka , Dutschmann Mathias , Hirano Shigeru
Published: November 2018

Objectives/Hypothesis

We aimed to investigate and validate the cellular activity patterns and the potential topographical organization of neurons of the medullary swallowing pattern generator (Sw‐CPG). We used the perfused brainstem preparation as an innovative experimental model that allows for stable neuronal recording in the brainstem.

Study Design

Animal model.

Methods

Experiments were conducted in 14 juvenile Wistar rats. The activities of the phrenic, vagus, and hypoglossal nerves were recorded at baseline, and fictive swallowing was elicited by stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve. Extracellular action potentials of 72 swallowing‐related neurons were recorded in the Sw‐CPG of the dorsal medulla oblongata.

Results

Neurons could be classified into three types: sensory relay, and neurons that were excited or inhibited during fictive swallowing. Approximately one‐third of the neurons likely received monosynaptic input from the laryngeal afferents. One‐third of neurons recorded showed respiratory‐related activity, most of which exhibited inspiratory modulation. The neurons were widely distributed in the nucleus tractus solitarius and reticular formation.

Conclusions

The perfused brainstem preparation of rat fully preserves the Sw‐CPG. The recorded cellular activities and general topographical organization of swallowing neurons are in accordance with previous in vivo studies. Thus, the perfused brainstem preparation is an ideal experimental model to advance the understanding of neuronal mechanisms underlying swallowing.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 129:E72–E79, 2019
Does anatomic subsite influence oral cavity cancer mortality? A SEER database analysis
Authors: Farhood Zachary , Simpson Matthew , Ward Gregory M. , Walker Ronald J. , Osazuwa‐Peters Nosayaba
Published: November 2018

Objective

To determine if there are differences in mortality from oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) based on oral cavity (OC) subsites.

Methods

Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) 9 database, patients with sequence number 0 or 1 squamous cell OCSCC were analyzed by OC subsite for 5‐year cause‐specific mortality (CSM) from OCSCC. Proportional hazards regression determined the association between 5‐year CSM and OC subsites while controlling for treatment modality, stage, and demographic characteristics using hazard ratios. Significance was set at alpha = 0.05.

Results

20,647 OC patients were included in the regression analysis. The most commonly diagnosed sites were floor of mouth (34.4%) and oral tongue (34.3%). Floor of mouth, upper gum, and retromolar trigone were associated with lower CSM compared to oral tongue. Not receiving surgery and receiving radiation were associated with increased CSM, and CSM increased with cancer staging when distant or regional disease was compared to localized disease. Also, patients diagnosed at 60 years or older and black patients had increased CSM.

Conclusion

Among OCSCC patients, those with oral tongue cancer are more likely to experience CSM than patients with floor of mouth, upper gum, and retromolar trigone cancer. It is important to understand these mortality related differences in the management of OCSCC patients. Understanding subsite‐specific mortality may benefit prognosis counseling of OCSCC patients and elicit subsite‐directed research as a means to improve outcomes.

Level of Evidence

NA

Laryngoscope, 129:1400–1406, 2019
Preclinical assessment of resorbable silk splints for the treatment of pediatric tracheomalacia
Authors: McGill Meghan , Raol Nikhila , Gipson Kevin S. , Bowe Sarah N. , Fulk‐Logan Jackson , Nourmahnad Anahita , Chung Joon Yong , Whalen Michael J. , Kaplan David L. , Hartnick Christopher J.
Published: November 2018

Objective

Tracheomalacia is characterized by weakness of the tracheal wall resulting in dynamic airway collapse during respiration; severe cases often require surgical intervention. Off‐label external splinting with degradable implants has been reported in humans; however, there remains a need to develop splints with tunable mechanical properties and degradation profiles for the pediatric population. The objective of this pilot study is to assess the safety and efficacy of silk fibroin‐based splints in a clinically relevant preclinical model of tracheomalacia.

Methods

Silk splints were evaluated in a surgically induced model of severe tracheomalacia in N = 3 New Zealand white rabbits for 17, 24, and 31 days. An image‐based assay was developed to quantify the dynamic change in airway area during spontaneous respiration, and histopathology was used to study the surrounding tissue response.

Results

The average change in area in the native trachea was 23% during spontaneous respiration; surgically induced tracheomalacia resulted in a significant increase to 86% (P < 0.001). The average change in airway area after splint placement was reduced at all terminal time points (17, 24, and 31 days postimplantation), indicating a clinical improvement, and was not statistically different than the native trachea. Histopathology showed a localized inflammatory reaction characterized by neutrophils, eosinophils, and mononuclear cells, with early signs suggestive of fibrosis at the splint and tissue interface.

Conclusion

This pilot study indicates that silk fibroin splints are well tolerated and efficacious in a rabbit model of severe tracheomalacia, with marked reduction in airway collapse following implantation and good tolerability over the studied time course.

Level of Evidence

NA

Laryngoscope, 129:2189–2194, 2019
Silk‐Based Antimicrobial Polymers as a New Platform to Design Drug‐Free Materials to Impede Microbial Infections
Authors: Franco Albina R. , Palma Kimmerling Erica , Silva Carla , Rodrigues Fernando J. , Leonor Isabel B. , Reis Rui L. , Kaplan David L.
Published: November 2018

Surgical site infections (SSI) represent a serious health problem that occur after invasive surgery, thus new antimicrobial biomaterials able to prevent SSI are needed. Silks are natural biopolymers with excellent biocompatibility, low immunogenicity and controllable biodegradability. Spider silk‐based materials can be bioengineered and functionalized with specific peptides, such as antimicrobial peptides, creating innovative polymers. Herein, we explored new drug‐free multifunctional silk films with antimicrobial properties, specifically tailored to hamper microbial infections. Different spider silk domains derived from the dragline sequence of the spider Nephila clavipes (6mer and 15mer, 27 and 41 kDa proteins, respectively) were fused with the two antimicrobial peptides, Hepcidin (Hep) and Human Neutrophil peptide 1 (HNP1). The self‐assembly features of the spider silk domains (β‐sheets) were maintained after functionalization. The bioengineered 6mer‐HNP1 protein demonstrated inhibitory effects against microbial pathogens. Silk‐based films with 6mer‐HNP1 and different contents of silk fibroin (SF) significantly reduced bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, whereas higher bacterial counts were found on the films prepared with 6mer or SF alone. The silk‐based films showed no cytotoxic effects on human foreskin fibroblasts. The positive cellular response, together with structural and antimicrobial properties, highlight the potential of these multifunctional silk‐based films as new materials for preventing SSI.
Thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene‐Bridged Conjugated Polymers Based on Dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]silole and Thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione for Polymer Solar Cells: Influence of Side Chains on Optoelectronic Properties
Authors: Zhao Yuan , Zhang Li , Liu Shu , Yang Changan , Yi Jianming , Yang Chuluo
Published: November 2018

Two new D‐π‐A copolymers combining dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]silole as donor unit and thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione as acceptor unit are designed and synthesized. The influence of different side chains on the optical properties, the energy levels of the highest occupied molecular orbitals and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals, electronic structures, morphologies of blend films, and the photovoltaic properties of the conjugated polymers are investigated. As a result, the polymers reveal different light absorption and energy levels, which contributes to the short‐circuit current and the open‐circuit voltage, respectively. The dihedral angles between the donor unit and the π bridge are greatly increased due to the steric effect caused by introducing the alkyl chain to the π bridge. Eventually, a maximum power conversion efficiency of 2.65% is obtained.
Nano‐Sized Lipidated Dendrimers as Potent and Broad‐Spectrum Antibacterial Agents
Authors: Gide Mussie , Nimmagadda Alekhya , Su Ma , Wang Minghui , Teng Peng , Li Chunpu , Gao Ruixuan , Xu Hai , Li Qi , Cai Jianfeng
Published: November 2018

There is considerable interest in the development of antimicrobial polymers including dendrimers due to the ease of synthesis and low manufacturing cost compared to host defense peptides (HDPs). Herein, a new class of nanomaterials—lipidated amphiphilic dendrimers—is presented that mimic the antibacterial mechanism of HDPs by compromising bacterial cell membranes. Unlike conventional dendrimers that are prepared generation by generation symmetrically with molecular weight distribution, these lipidated dendrimers are prepared on the solid phase with a hanging lipid tail and precisely controlled structure. It is shown through rational design that these lipidated dendrimers display potent and selective antimicrobial activity against both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, including multidrug‐resistant strains. In addition to antibacterial activity against planktonic bacteria, these dendrimers are also shown to inhibit bacterial biofilms effectively. This class of dendrimers as a new class of biomaterials may lead to a useful generation of antibiotic agents with practical applications.
Stability and existence results for a class of nonlinear fractional differential equations with singularity
Authors: Alkhazzan Abdulwasea , Jiang Peng , Baleanu Dumitru , Khan Hasib , Khan Aziz
Published: November 2018

In this paper, we are dealing with an analytical study of a singular fractional order nonlinear differential equation with fractional integral and differential boundary conditions and ϕp‐operator, for existence and stability results. Our problem is based on two types of fractional order derivatives, that is, Caputo factional derivative of order σ and Riemann‐Liouville derivative of order β, where m − 1  <  σ,β  ≤  m, and m  ∈  {3,4,5,…}. The suggested problem will be converted into an equivalent integral form by the help of Green function. After the proofs for these properties, some classical fixed point theorems are employed for the existence of positive solution (EPS). For application of the results, an expressive example is included.
On the kernel space for an L0‐linear function
Authors: Zhang Xia , Wang BaoZheng , Liu Ming
Published: November 2018

A random normed module is a random generalization of an ordinary normed space, and it is the randomization that makes a random normed module possess rich stratification structures. On the basis of these stratification structures, this paper shows that either the kernel space N(f) for an L0‐linear function f from a random normed module S to the algebra
is a closed submodule or N(f) on some specifical stratification is a dense proper submodule of S, which generalizes the classical case. In the meantime, a characterization for the kernel space N(f) to be closed is also given.
Start‐up Brinkman electrophoresis of a dielectric sphere for Happel and Kuwabara models
Authors: Saad E.I.
Published: November 2018

The starting electrophoresis in a charged porous continuum response of a homogeneous suspension of spherical particles to the sudden application of an external electric field is analyzed semianalytically through the use of a unit cell model. The electric double layer in the porous Brinkman medium surrounding each sphere is assumed to be thin but finite, and the effect of dynamic electroosmosis within it is included. The field equation for the fluid outside the double layers is solved based on the unit cell model under the start‐up Brinkman model. Expressions of the time‐dependent electrophoretic and settling velocities of the particle in the Laplace transform as functions of the permeability, the relative mass density, the electrokinetic particle radius, and the volume fraction of the particles are performed for two different boundary conditions at the fictitious surface of the cell. Numerical results indicate that the timescale for the development of electrophoresis and sedimentation is small for a high permeability, an assemblage of spheres through a dielectric porous medium with a higher particle volume fraction and a smaller particle to porous fluid density ratio; the electrophoretic mobility is a monotonically increasing function of the electrokinetic radius of the sphere at any instant. The start‐up of electrophoretic mobility decreases with an increase in the particle volume fraction at a small value of the particle‐to‐medium density ratio, but it may increase as the particle volume fraction increases at a large value of this density. The particle interaction effect in a swarm on the time‐dependent electrophoresis is much smaller than that on the starting sedimentation of the particles. The detailed comparison of the results of the cell model with different boundary conditions at the virtual surface of the cell is obtained and illustrated graphically.
Evaluation of 2‐Thiothiazolidine‐4‐Carboxylic Acid, a Common Metabolite of Isothiocyanates, as a Potential Biomarker of Cruciferous Vegetable Intake
Authors: Palliyaguru Dushani L. , Salvatore Sonia R. , Schopfer Francisco J. , Cheng Xuemei , Zhou Jingyang , Kensler Thomas W. , Wendell Stacy G.
Published: November 2018

Scope

Cruciferous vegetable consumption is associated with favorable health outcomes. Bioactive compounds arising in these, especially isothiocyanates, exert effects that contribute to prevention of disease, in large part through the attenuation of inflammation and oxidative stress. However, much about isothiocyanate metabolites and their role as biomarkers of crucifer intake remain unknown.

Methods and results

The utility and limitations of 2‐thiothiazolidine‐4‐carboxylic acid (TTCA) as a urinary biomarker of broccoli beverage intake are tested in a randomized crossover clinical trial where 50 participants consumed either a glucoraphanin‐rich (GRR) or sulforaphane‐rich (SFR) beverage. Compared to run‐in and wash‐out periods, significantly higher urinary TTCA is observed after broccoli beverage consumption. Measurements also show that TTCA is present in beverage powders and in all tested cruciferous vegetables. GRR results in excretion of ≈87% of the ingested TTCA while SFR results in excretion of ≈176%. Elevated urinary TTCA is observed in rats administered 100 µmol kg–1 SFN. Unlike SFN, TTCA does not activate Nrf2‐mediated cytoprotective signaling.

Conclusion

Collectively, TTCA appears to be a common isothiocyanate‐derived metabolite that has the capacity to be utilized as a biomarker of cruciferous vegetables that would be beneficial for objective and quantitative tracking of intake in studies.
Evaluation of Coded Wire Tag Loss in Brook Trout Tagged Using Automated Methods
Authors: Lane Allen A. , Kornis Matthew S. , Bronte Charles R.
Published: November 2018

Automated coded-wire-tagging methods were recently applied to Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis for the first time, but information on tag loss and method efficiency is needed. We observed tag loss in Brook Trout over 210 d posttagging to determine the degree of tag loss and when tag loss stabilized for the 2015 year-class. We also evaluated tag loss from two subsequent year-classes. Brook Trout tag loss stabilized (i.e., reached the curve's inflection point) at 1.5% after 15 d posttagging and achieved its asymptotic maximum of 1.6% after 28 d. Tag loss rates for subsequent year-classes were 1.7% and 2.3%. We also described throughput (fish tagged per hour) to evaluate method efficiency. Throughput ranged from 8,449 to 9,395 fish/h for Brook Trout and was comparable to observations on other salmonines; combined with the low rate of tag loss, this demonstrates the efficacy of automated methods for the marking and tagging of this species. In addition, rapid stabilization of tag loss in Brook Trout (15 d) was similar to that observed in Pacific salmonines but distinct from that recorded for other Salvelinus spp. (≥150 d), and underscored the need to directly measure species-specific tag loss and its stabilization period and to avoid using closely related species as proxies.
Adolescent survivors’ information needs for transitions to postsecondary education and employment
Authors: Hauff Marnie , Abel Regina , Hersh Juliana , Isenberg Jill , Spoljaric Debra , Hayashi Robert J. , King Allison A.
Published: November 2018

Background

Adolescent and young adult (AYA) survivors of cancer and central nervous system (CNS) tumors endure major life disruptions with their diagnosis, treatment, and the burden of emerging learning difficulties. Survivors and their parents often struggle to obtain more academic support as survivors transition through school. This study explored the knowledge and experience survivors and their parents need as they progress through school to college.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study examined childhood cancer and CNS tumor survivors, aged 11 to 21 years, with a known learning difficulty (Individual Education Plan, 504 Plan) and their parents. We assessed participants’ knowledge of and experience with transition planning for postsecondary education and independent living.

Results

Ninety‐two AYA survivors and parents (45 survivors, 47 parents) completed the survey. High school–aged survivors described their learning difficulties better than middle school–aged survivors. Survivors estimated their abilities higher than did their parents. Despite a majority of survivors expecting to attend college, 68.5% of survivors and 57.9% of parents were not certain how to get special accommodations for standardized college entrance exams. Only 20.8% of survivors were aware of what a transition plan includes. Parents understood the transition planning process and when it should begin better than the students (P = 0.001), but many parents (40.0%) were still unsure.

Conclusions

AYA survivors and parents lack knowledge necessary to successfully transition to their goals after high school. Greater education is needed.
Investigation on thermal stability and tribological properties of ZrB2 particles filling cyanate ester resin composites by experiments and numerical simulation
Authors: Wu Jiacheng , Jia Zhuoying , He Yannan , Yu Zhiqiang
Published: November 2018

The thermal stability and tribological properties of cyanate ester (CE) composites filled with Zirconium boride (ZrB2) particles were investigated by experimental and numerical simulation. The results of thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry showed that the thermal stability of composites was improved by introduction of ZrB2 particles. The tribological properties of composites including friction coefficient and wear rate measured by pin‐on‐disk friction and wear tester were enhanced. Friction coefficient and wear rate of composites were decreased significantly with an increase of ZrB2 particles content under dry and oil sliding conditions. The 5 wt% ZrB2 particles reinforced CE resin composite presented optimal thermal stability and tribological performance due to good dispersion of ZrB2 particles. The worn surfaces of composites were observed by scanning electron microscopy to explore wear mechanism, indicating that the dominant wear mechanism of composites was transformed from adhesive wear to abrasive wear after incorporation of ZrB2 particles. Finite element model was established to study the distribution of friction stress. The results revealed that filling ZrB2 particles in the friction process of composites could bear more friction stress than CE resin matrix, which further illustrated that abrasive wear is main wear mechanism of ZrB2/CE resin composites. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 59:602–607, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
How low can you go? Estimating impacts of reduced pesticide use
Authors: Frisvold George B
Published: November 2018

Recent research has suggested that a high proportion of farms can dramatically reduce pesticide applications without reducing crop yields or farm profits. Yet this research has made estimation choices that may systematically bias downwards estimates of the productivity and profitability of pesticides. Fifty years of agricultural economics research provides lessons about how to avoid pitfalls in estimating pesticide productivity. Carefully executed econometric studies have found evidence of overuse, underuse, and near‐optimal use of pesticides in different cropping systems. There are now standard methods to test and correct for sources of biases (either upward or downward) in estimates of pesticide productivity. Ignoring these lessons and methods can seriously bias estimates of the potential for reducing pesticide use at little or no economic cost. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
When should I stop experimenting? Sample size considerations in I‐optimal designs
Authors: Silvestrini Rachel T. , Goantiya Rupansh
Published: November 2018

The average prediction variance for an I‐optimal design for a specified normal theory linear model decreases nonlinearly with respect to sample size. In this paper, we develop a prediction equation to explain the relationship between average prediction variance and sample size. We investigate methods for determining what sample size is efficient for a given experiment using the average prediction variance (APV) versus sample size curves. The sample size determination is studied assuming a variety of cost structures for the trials in each experiment. For example, in practice, the length of time before an experiment is complete may be considered an implicit cost of experimentation. We provide results for designs and models based on two to five factors. We also present a potential application of the methods using a military system experiment.
Probabilistic life analysis of vital components considering multistage degradation under variable working conditions
Authors: Fang Jun , Wei Xing
Published: November 2018

The lifespan of a mechanical product is related to its working conditions; the product's performance typically shows a multistage degradation pattern throughout its life profile. The performance degradation is generally researched under constant test conditions, while the effects of different working conditions on life are seldom considered. This paper proposes a staged recursive derivation method for the multistage degradation under variable working conditions. The proposed method works by merging measured degradation data with an empirical degradation model. The measured degradation data of a new prototype are utilized to update the staged degradation model based on a Bayesian posterior probability analysis. The staged degradation model is derived stage by stage, and then the probabilistic life of the new prototype is predicted. The degradation data of a machine‐gun barrel are used as a case study to demonstrate and validate the proposed method. The results show that the probabilistic life of the test prototype can be predicted effectively in the case of relatively little measured degradation data at the product development stage. Furthermore, the proposed method appears to be especially suited to mechanical components requiring short test periods or low test costs.
Introducing robotic radical hysterectomy for stage 1bi cervical cancer—A prospective evaluation of clinical and economic outcomes in a single UK institution
Authors: Ind Thomas E.J. , Marshall Chris , Kasius Jenneke , Butler John , Barton Desmond , Nobbenhuis Marielle
Published: November 2018

Background

We have assessed the impact of introducing robotics for a stage 1b cervical cancer service on laparotomy rates, complications, and costs.

Methods

Data were collected prospectively from 90 consecutive patients who had a radical hysterectomy between 1 April 2010 and 31 December 2017.

Results

There were 37 women before the first robotic procedure and 53 after. The laparotomy rate reduced from 75% (9/12) in 2010 to 0% (0/18) in 2017. The length of stay reduced from 6 days (range 3‐39) to 3 days (range 1‐15) (P < 0.0001). The complication rate before robotics was 68% (25/37) compared with 45% (24/53) afterwards (P = 0.0493). The blood transfusion rate reduced from 43% (16/37) to 11% (6/53) (P = 0.0007). There were no differences between the total costs before and after the introduction of robotics or between each route.

Conclusions

In this series, introducing robotics for cervical carcinoma reduced hospital stay and complications. No cost differences were demonstrated.
The liability of opaqueness: State ownership and the likelihood of deal completion in international acquisitions by Chinese firms
Authors: Li Jiatao , Li Peixin , Wang Baolian
Published: November 2018

Research Summary

State‐owned enterprises (SOEs) are often more opaque than other types of firms. This opaqueness tends to generate resistance when SOEs undertake cross‐border acquisitions. Opaqueness can also aggravate concerns about an SOE's semipolitical nature and its susceptibility to agency problems, making gaining legitimacy harder. Data on attempted foreign acquisitions by Chinese firms were analyzed to compare the likelihood of deal completion between SOEs and firms with other forms of ownership. The SOEs' completion rate was 14% lower than that of other firms. Their disadvantage was shown to be alleviated when they could provide credible signals by being publicly listed (though only on an exchange in a well‐developed economy or by hiring reputable auditors). We also find that the disadvantage of SOEs was partially mediated by their opaqueness.

Managerial Summary

Opaqueness, or lack of transparency, is critical in many business transactions. In this article, we argue that the concept of opaqueness can help us understand why SOEs tend to have a lower likelihood of deal completion in cross‐border acquisitions. Our evidence suggests that opaqueness influences the relationship between state ownership and deal completion, and firms can improve their chance of success in cross‐border acquisitions by providing credible information, such as by listing on an exchange in a developed market or hiring a reputable auditor. These help mitigate the hazard of opaqueness.
A Systems Analysis of Communication: Defining the Nature of and Principles for Communication Within Human Activity Systems
Authors: Kittelman Sage , Calvo‐Amodio Javier , Martínez León Hilda C.
Published: November 2018

Defining system principles provides an approach to assess systems, design systems and develop strategies for effectively implementing system interventions. While principles can be almost anything to anyone, there remains a need to develop more scientific principles that are precise, clear and measurable. This paper presents an ontological framework that first characterizes communication as a conceptual system, emerging from the interaction of information conveyance and convergence. Subsequently, a set of system principles are presented to provide an approach for assessing the communication system interaction within human activity systems. It is posited that the research on the communication system and the subsystems of conveyance and convergence may provide managers and researchers insight into the various factors affecting the behavior of communication throughout the organization during new process implementation efforts. The knowledge of such may prepare managers to consider various factors impacting the effectiveness of information conveyance and convergence on change management. Furthermore, it is anticipated that the development of system principles for the communication system within the bounds of human activity systems will provide a change of perspectives in communication research and engineering management practices for a more optimal design of both systems and their interactions. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a Standardized Molecular Tool and Estimation of Genetic Measures for Responsible Aquaculture‐Based Fisheries Enhancement of American Shad in North and South Carolina
Authors: Cushman Elizabeth L. , Evans Heather K. , Moyer Gregory R. , Raley Morgan E. , Williams Ashantye S. , Darden Tanya L.
Published: November 2018

As pressure from anthropomorphic stressors continues to negatively affect the abundance of wild fish populations, aquaculture‐based fisheries enhancement (i.e., sea ranching, stock enhancement, restocking) is being used increasingly as a management option to augment and restore wild stocks. However, as supplementation with cultured individuals may have unintended impacts on the genetic fitness of a target species, emphasis is placed on scientifically based protocols for fisheries enhancement, which involves continuous observation of genetic measures within and among populations. American Shad Alosa sapidissima, which had once‐abundant spawning runs that experienced major declines throughout the early 20th century, are currently stocked in several rivers in North Carolina and South Carolina. A set of eight microsatellite markers was compiled and standardized to allow for the long‐term monitoring of genetic measures between rivers as hatchery‐based initiatives with multistate collaborators continue. Data sets from multiple spawning runs of American Shad within North and South Carolina compared using this standardized marker suite exhibited relatively high levels of genetic diversity, low inbreeding, and large effective population sizes. Furthermore, although migration is likely occurring between rivers, significant differences exist between some spawning runs. These estimates of genetic diversity and differentiation are comparable with analogous studies of American Shad, which demonstrate that these markers will be valuable for fisheries research, and the novel estimates of effective population size and bottleneck indices acquired in this study supply new information useful for management. Our results, along with future work, can be used for responsible aquaculture‐based fisheries enhancement of American Shad in North and South Carolina and can aid in the recovery efforts for this important species.
Equivalent linear model for fully self‐centering earthquake‐resisting systems
Authors: Rahgozar Navid , Rahgozar Nima , Moghadam Abdolreza S.
Published: November 2018

Modern rocking and stepping cores have been known as the efficient self‐centering earthquake‐resisting systems (SC‐ERSs). The current article proposes an approximate equivalent linear (EL) model for rapid estimation of the SC‐ERS displacement. An equivalent damping ratio and effective stiffness are formulated for flag‐shaped hysteresis of a fully SC‐ERS. The approximate EL model is first established using secant stiffness and Jacobsen's damping model. Nonlinear response history analyses are carried out to compare exact and approximated peak displacements. Findings reveal that EL analysis of the SC‐ERS based on Jacobsen's damping leads to underestimation of the maximum inelastic displacement. Accordingly, a new optimal damping formula is proposed using a genetic algorithm and nonlinear regression analyses. The improved EL model is validated by practical examples, and the results show acceptable accuracy in design‐level displacement estimation.
Analysis of outrigger‐braced reinforced concrete supertall buildings: Core‐supported and tube‐in‐tube lateral systems
Authors: Kafina Rabee , Sagaseta Juan
Published: November 2018

This study is primarily focused on the approximate analysis of reinforced concrete outriggers which are commonly used in the design and construction of supertall buildings subject to distributed horizontal loads. Existing global analysis formulae that provide preliminary results for lateral deflections and moments are reviewed for two lateral load resisting systems, namely, core‐supported‐with‐outrigger (CSOR) system and less frequent tube‐in‐tube‐with‐outrigger (TTOR) system. These formulae are only applicable for CSOR and neglect the reverse rotation of the outrigger actually suffered due to the propping action from the outer columns and give rather high predictions of the deflections compared with advanced numerical finite element (FE) models. An improved model is proposed which overcomes this issue and provides more consistent results to FE predictions. The same can also be extended to TTOR. Several case studies are investigated to verify the accuracy of the proposed methodologies. The global analysis is followed by the local analysis of reinforced concrete outrigger beams using strut‐and‐tie modelling and non‐linear FE analysis to obtain optimized reinforcement layouts (reduction of quantities of reinforcement). The results highlight the different challenges in detailing such structural members which are heavily loaded (high congestion of reinforcement), and the behaviour at failure can be brittle.
Synthesis and Characterization of Three New Lithium‐Scandium Hexathiohypodiphosphates: Li4–3xScxP2S6 (x = 0.358), m‐LiScP2S6, and t‐LiScP2S6
Authors: Schoop Leslie Mareike , Eger Roland , Pielnhofer Florian , Schneider Christian , Nuss Jürgen , Lotsch Bettina Valeska
Published: November 2018

We report the first examples of lithium rare earth metal hexathiohypodiphosphates(IV). Three new lithium‐scandium hexathiohypodiphosphates(IV) were synthesized and characterized. The compounds crystallize in three different structure types, featuring isolated ethane‐like [P2S6]4– hexathiohypodiphosphate(IV) units. Li2.926Sc0.358P2S6 or Li4–3xScxP2S6 (x = 0.358) crystallizes in the space group P31m (no. 162) with a = b = 6.0966(5) Å, c = 6.5866(6) Å, V = 212.02(4) Å3, and Z = 1. The compound is isostructural to Li2FeP2S6 as well as the Li ion conductor Li4–2xMgxP2S6 (x = 1/3, 2/3). Monoclinic LiScP2S6 was found to be a layered compound with van der Waals gaps. The layers consist of edge sharing octahedra that are occupied by Li, Sc, and P2 in an alternating fashion. It is isostructural to LiAlP2S6 and crystallizes in the space group C2/c (no. 15) with a = 6.933(1) Å, b = 10.754(2) Å, c = 11.694(2) Å, β = 94.41(3)°, V = 869.3(3) Å3, and Z = 4. Trigonal LiScP2S6 crystallizes in the space group P31c (no. 163) with a = b = 6.363(1) Å, c = 12.386(3) Å, V = 434.3(2) Å3, and Z = 2, and is isostructural to AgInP2S6 and AgScP2S6. Its structure is closely related to the monoclinic version, except that trigonal LiScP2S6 features disordered [P2/2P6/6S6]4– units. The new phases were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and DFT calculations. We further demonstrate that Li4–3xScxP2S6 shows significantly enhanced Li ion conductivity compared to the parent compound Li4P2S6.
Large N expansion of the moments and free energy of Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev model, and the enumeration of intersection graphs
Authors: Jia Yiyang , Verbaarschot Jacobus J. M.
Published: November 2018

Abstract

In this paper we explain the relation between the free energy of the SYK model for N Majorana fermions with a random q-body interaction and the moments of its spectral density. The high temperature expansion of the free energy gives the cumulants of the spectral density. Using that the cumulants are extensive we find the p dependence of the 1/N
2 correction of the 2p-th moments obtained in [1]. Conversely, the 1/N
2 corrections to the moments give the correction (even q) to the β
6 coefficient of the high temperature expansion of the free energy for arbitrary q. Our result agrees with the 1/q
3 correction obtained by Tarnopolsky using a mean field expansion. These considerations also lead to a more powerful method for solving the moment problem and intersection-graph enumeration problems. We take advantage of this and push the moment calculation to 1/N
3 order and find surprisingly simple enumeration identities for intersection graphs. The 1/N
3 corrections to the moments, give corrections to the β
8 coefficient (for even q) of the high temperature expansion of the free energy which have not been calculated before. Results for odd q, where the SYK “Hamiltonian” is the supercharge of a supersymmetric theory are discussed as well.
Dairy Consumption and Cardiometabolic Diseases: Systematic Review and Updated Meta-Analyses of Prospective Cohort Studies
Authors: Soedamah-Muthu Sabita S. , de Goede Janette
Published: November 2018

Purpose of Review

Dairy products contain both beneficial and harmful nutrients in relation to cardiometabolic diseases. Here, we provide the latest scientific evidence regarding the relationship between dairy products and cardiometabolic diseases by reviewing the literature and updating meta-analyses of observational studies.

Recent Findings

We updated our previous meta-analyses of cohort studies on type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease (CHD), and stroke with nine studies and confirmed previous results. Total dairy and low-fat dairy (per 200 g/d) were inversely associated with a 3–4% lower risk of diabetes. Yogurt was non-linearly inversely associated with diabetes (RR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.83–0.90 at 80 g/d). Total dairy and milk were not associated with CHD (RR~1.0). An increment of 200 g of daily milk intake was associated with an 8% lower risk of stroke.

The latest scientific evidence confirmed neutral or beneficial associations between dairy products and risk of cardiometabolic diseases.
Mitigating Choice Overload: An Experiment in the U.S. Beer Market
Authors: Malone Trey , Lusk Jayson L.
Published: November 2018

This study tests the prevalence of choice overload (CO) in the U.S. beer market. We reveal that even if CO exists, sellers have mechanisms to reduce CO's negative consequences. The article describes the implementation of search cost-reducing private nudges (i.e., product quality scores and prominently listed specials) sellers commonly utilize to minimize CO's negative consequences. Our results suggest that, while CO exists for some buyers, it can be eliminated by market interactions on the part of the seller. (JEL Classifications: C93, D03, Q13)
The factors associated with food fussiness in Irish school-aged children
Authors: Rahill Stephanie , Kennedy Aileen , Walton Janette , McNulty Breige A , Kearney John
Published: November 2018

Objective

To establish the factors that determine food fussiness, to explore if child age determines the extent to which these factors influence food fussiness and to identify whether parental neophobia is an independent determinant of food fussiness.

Design

Cross-sectional data from the National Children’s Food Survey (2003–2004). The Children’s Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) assessed eating behaviours in children. The Food Neophobia Scale (FNS) assessed parental food neophobia. Young children were classified as 5–8 years old with older children classified as 9–12 years old.

Setting

Republic of Ireland.

Participants

Nationally representative sample of Irish children aged 5–12 years (n594).

Results

Parents identifying child’s food preferences as a barrier to providing their child with a healthy diet was significantly associated with increased food fussiness in younger (P<0·001) and older children (P<0·001). Higher levels of parental neophobia were significantly associated with an increase in food fussiness in younger (P<0·05) and older (P<0·001) children. Food advertising as a barrier to providing a healthy diet was inversely associated with food fussiness in younger children (P<0·05). In older children, there was a significant inverse association between child’s BMI and food fussiness (P<0·05), but not to the extent that a difference in weight status was noted. Family mealtimes in older children were associated with significantly lower levels of food fussiness (P<0·05).

Conclusions

Findings from the present study identify that a child’s age does determine the extent to which certain factors influence food fussiness and that parental neophobia is an independent determinant of food fussiness.
Nutritional status and related factors of schoolchildren in Çorum, Turkey
Authors: Comba Atakan , Demir Emre , Barış Eren Nadiye
Published: November 2018

Objective

We aimed to determine nutritional status and related factors among schoolchildren in Çorum, Central Anatolia, Turkey.

Design

Schoolchildren’s height and weight were measured to calculate BMI and BMIZ-scores. Height, weight and BMIZ-scores were analysed and nutritional status classified according to the WHO.

Setting

Central Anatolia, Turkey.

Participants

Schoolchildren aged 5–17 years (n1684) participated in study.

Results

Of children, 4·2% were stunted, 6·9% thin, 13·8% overweight and 6·6% were obese. Proportions of stunting, thinness and overweight/obesity were significantly higher in children aged >10 years (78·6, 75·0 and 64·9%, respectively) than in those aged ≤10 years (21·4, 25·0 and 35·1%, respectively; allP<0·001). Median (range) birth weight and breast-feeding duration in children with stunting (2750 (1400–3600)g; 10 (0–36) months) were significantly lower and shorter, respectively, than those of normal height (3200 (750–5500)g; 15 (0–72) months) and tall children (3500 (2500–4900)g; 18 (0–36) months;P<0·001, <0·001, 0·011 and 0·016, respectively). The same relationship was observed in thin children (3000 (1000–4500)g; 12 (0–36) months) compared with normal-weight (3200 (750–5500)g; 15 (0–72) months) and overweight/obese children (3300 (1200–5500)g; 16 (0–48) months;P=0·026, <0·001, 0·045 and 0·011, respectively).

Conclusions

Overweight and obesity are health problems that must be addressed in schoolchildren. Adolescents also have a risk of double malnutrition. Promoting normal birth weight and encouraging long duration of breast-feeding are important to support normal growth in children.
Automated Detection of Explosive Volcanic Eruptions Using Satellite‐Derived Cloud Vertical Growth Rates
Authors: Pavolonis Michael J. , Sieglaff Justin , Cintineo John
Published: November 2018

Ash rich clouds, produced by explosive volcanic eruptions, are a major hazard to aviation. Unfortunately, explosive volcanic eruptions are not always detected in a timely manner in satellite data. The large optical depth of emergent volcanic clouds greatly limits the effectiveness of multispectral infrared‐based techniques for distinguishing between volcanic and nonvolcanic clouds. Shortwave radiation‐based techniques require sufficient sunlight and large amounts of volcanic ash, relative to hydrometeors, to be effective. Given these fundamental limitations, a new automated technique for detecting emergent clouds, produced by explosive volcanic eruptions, has been developed. The Cloud Growth Anomaly (CGA) technique utilizes geostationary satellite data to identify cloud objects, near volcanoes, that are growing rapidly in the vertical relative to clouds that formed through meteorological processes. Explosive volcanic events are shown to frequently be a source of rapidly developing clouds that, at a minimum, reach the upper troposphere. As such, the CGA algorithm is effective at determining when a recently formed cloud is possibly the result of an explosive eruptive event. While the CGA technique can be applied to any geostationary satellite sensor, it is most effective when applied to latest generation of meteorological satellites, which provide more frequent images with improved spatial resolution. Using a large collection of geographically diverse explosive eruptions, and several geostationary satellites, the CGA technique is described and demonstrated. A CGA‐based eruption alerting tool, which is designed to improve the timeliness of volcanic ash advisories, is also described.