bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE WHEAT LEAF PHOSPHATASES: VI. SOME PROPERTIES OF THE ENZYME SYSTEM HYDROLYZING ADENOSINE-5′-PHOSPHATE AND PHENOLPHTHALEIN DIPHOSPHATE IN CRUDE JUICE PREPARATIONS
Authors: Roberts D. W. A.
Published: October 2017

At least two enzymes are probably involved in the hydrolysis of mixtures of β-glycerophosphate, phenolphthalein diphosphate, and adenosine-5′-phosphate. One enzyme is primarily responsible for the hydrolysis of β-glycerophosphate whereas the other enzyme hydrolyzes adenosine-5′-phosphate and phenolphthalein diphosphate but has little activity on β-glycerophosphate.The liberation of orthophosphate from adenosine-5′-phosphate and phenolphthalein diphosphate by the enzyme in wheat leaf juice is inhibited by 0.005 M adenosine but not by 0.02 M phosphate. The inhibition of this enzyme by fluoride is markedly smaller than the inhibition of β-glycerophosphatase. The enzyme that hydrolyzes phenolphthalein diphosphate transfers phosphate from phenolphthalein diphosphate to adenosine to form adenosine-5′-phosphate.Experiments on the pH optimum for the enzymic hydrolysis of both adenosine-5′-phosphate and phenolphthalein diphosphate by undialyzed and dialyzed juice preparations with or without added Mg++suggest that there may be more than one enzyme with different pH optima acting on both adenosine-5′-phosphate and phenolphthalein diphosphate.
STEADY STATE OXIDATION OF GLUCOSE IN THE HYPOTHYROID DIABETIC RAT: A ROLE FOR THE ADRENAL CORTEX IN GLUCOSE OXIDATION
Authors: Dow Dorothy S. , Allen C. E.
Published: October 2017

A steady state between the specific activities of blood glucose and expired CO2in the hypothyroid diabetic rat was maintained for extended periods of time following a single intraperitoneal injection of glucose-1-C14or glucose-6-C14. Rates of oxidation of the labelled sugars were measured during the steady state.Glucose oxidation by way of glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle in the hypothyroid diabetic rat paralleled the decrease in expired CO2but glucose oxidation by way of the hexose monophosphate pathway was completely suppressed.It is suggested that the observed inhibitory effect on the hexose monophosphate pathway is due to the maintenance of diphosphopyridine nucleotide in the reduced form as the result of goitrogen inhibition of steroid-catalyzed transhydrogenation.The results suggest that steroid concentration may be a critical factor in regulation of glucose oxidation by way of the hexose monophosphate pathway.
STUDIES OF THE EFFECT OF LARGE DOSES OF BACTERIAL PYROGEN IN THE DOG: 2. AN EXPLANATION FOR THE URINE DILUTION
Authors: Brandt J. Leonard , Voudoukis Ignatios J. , Harrop James
Published: October 2017

Previous studies with large IV doses of bacterial endotoxin in dogs have shown this material to cause a diuresis which is uniformly associated with a rise in total renal blood flow, increased solute excretion, and a fall in Uosm unresponsive to ADH. The present study has demonstrated that renal cortical tissue sodium concentration is unaffected by endotoxin whereas renal sodium concentration of outer and inner medullary portions showed a striking fall. Endotoxin-treated kidneys were compared to their respective paired control (no endotoxin). It is postulated that the rise in total renal blood flow, following endotoxin, is mainly medullary and causes a washout of medullary interstitium multiplier deposited sodium. The efficiency of the renal counter current exchanger is impaired and tubule to interstitium gradient reduced. This would account for observed falls in Uosm and relative unresponsiveness to ADH after endotoxin.
THE EFFECT OF X-IRRADIATION ON THE CHROMIUM-51 CONTENT OF LIVER NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEINS
Authors: Vittorio P. V. , Wight E. W.
Published: October 2017

When tracer amounts of sodium radiochromate were injected intraperitoneally into mice, X-irradiation (600 r) produced an increase in the Cr51content of the liver which was accompanied by an increase in the Cr51content of the liver proteins and nucleic acids. The liver proteins and nucleic acids from the X-irradiated mice both showed the greatest increase in Cr51content at 16 days but at 37 days the X-irradiated and non-irradiated values were fairly similar. It is suggested that the Cr51content of the liver or liver proteins can be used as an index of repair or recovery following injury by X-irradiation.
EFFECT OF MASSIVE SODIUM BICARBONATE INFUSION ON RENAL FUNCTION
Authors: Kanter G. S.
Published: October 2017

The effect of both mild and severe acute alkalosis, due to intravenous sodium bicarbonate infusion, on glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, and sodium and potassium clearance was investigated on 12 anesthetized dogs. The maximum load used was over 50 grams of NaHCO3administered intravenously in 4 hours, at a rate of 2.5 meq/minute. On a weight basis, in a 70-kg man, this would be equivalent to a load of 195 grams of NaHCO3given at the rate of nearly 10 meq/minute. The plasma potassium fell from 3.8 meq/l. to 2.7 meq/l. and the plasma sodium increased from 144.4 to 170.8 meq/l. with maximum NaHCO3loading. There was no apparent acute detrimental renal effect. No depression of GFR or RPF was seen in any series although the pH increased from 7.32 to 7.61. Similarly no significant effect was seen on blood pressure, hematocrit, filtration fraction, heart rate, or rectal temperature in any series. Urine flow and urine pH increased significantly with higher loading rates and concentrations.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE FUNCTION OF A TRANSPLANTED KIDNEY
Authors: Dossetor J. B. , Morgen R. O. , Beck J. C.
Published: October 2017

Several aspects of the function of a transplanted kidney are recorded. The transplanted kidney functioned well during the first 24 hours after implantation. During this time osmotic diuresis occurred, with concomitant excretion of sodium and chloride, in the presence of an antidiuretic stimulus.There was a delayed decrease in function of the transplanted kidney, occurring during the second and third days after the operation, followed by subsequent gradual improvement.The return of azotemia during the fourth week after operation was due to a high dietary nitrogen intake and, probably, a continuing low rate of protein anabolism. The azotemia caused osmotic diuresis with increased urine volume, sodium and chloride excretion, and rapid loss of weight.It is believed that the secondary hyperparathyroidism of chronic uremia was detected by the renal handling of phosphate by the transplanted kidney.Data relating to the diurnal rhythm of electrolyte excretion are presented.
TRANSAMINATION IN MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY AND THE EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS GLUTAMATE: A STUDY ON VITAMIN E DEFICIENT RABBITS, AND MICE WITH HEREDITARY DYSTROPHY
Authors: Laferté Roland O. , Rosenkrantz Harris , Berlinguet Louis
Published: October 2017

A study of transaminase enzymes in various tissues of different species was carried out. Rabbits were fed with a vitamin E deficient diet. Controls receiving vitamin E were maintained on the same diet. Animals were killed at intervals and the glutamic-aspartic transaminase (GOT) and the glutamic-alanine transaminase (GPT) levels were determined in the muscle, blood, and liver.Mice with hereditary muscular dystrophy and normal litter mates which served as controls were killed at different stages of the disease and GPT and GOT levels were also determined in the muscle, blood, and liver.Important variations between the two types of dystrophy were noticed. Variations in the levels of GPT and GOT were also significant in blood and liver of dystrophic rabbits.Exogenous glutamic acid was injected to vitamin E deprived rabbits. Body weight losses and the onset of the terminal stage of the disease were much postponed when compared to the vitamin E deprived rabbits which did not receive glutamic acid.A discussion of the possible role of glutamic acid in muscular dystrophy of vitamin E deprived rabbits is presented.
THE EFFECT OF X-IRRADIATION AND SEROTONIN ON Cr51UPTAKE IN MOUSE BONE, MUSCLE, AND BRAIN
Authors: Vittorio P. V. , Wight E. W.
Published: October 2017

In all the tissues studied (duodenum, gastrocnemius, heart, brain, and tibia) serotonin treatment prior to X-irradiation produced a smaller increase and a faster return to corresponding control Cr51values than in unprotected X-irradiated mice. It is suggested, with certain exceptions, that this increase in Cr51and return to normal, whether in protected or non-protected X-irradiated mice, is indicative of the amount of damage or subsequent repair and the time of recovery in the tissues studied.
INFLUENCE OF INGESTED CASEIN HYDROLYZATE ON THE HIGH ENERGY NUCLEOTIDE CONTENT OF WORKING MUSCLE
Authors: Afar J. M. , Rogozkin V. A.
Published: October 2017

The results of experiments carried out on albino rats show that administration, during periods of continued muscular activity, of casein hydrolyzate, a mixture of amino acids, or phosphoric acid salts, favors the maintenance of a higher than normal level of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and phosphocreatine (CP) and a corresponding decrease in the level of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) in the muscles.It appears from this study that just as carbohydrate is known to have a protein-sparing action, so amino acids have been found to have a sparing action in the metabolism of carbohydrate and phosphate ester in the animal even under conditions of intense physical exercise at low temperatures.
ORGANIC ACIDS OF BRYOPHYLLUM CALYCINUM THE ISOLATION OF MONOPOTASSIUM ISOCITRIC LACTONE
Authors: Wilson D. G.
Published: October 2017

A method is described for the isolation from dried Bryophyllum calycinum leaf tissue of threo-Ds-isocitric acid as the monopotassium salt of the lactone. Overall yields of 49 to 62% of the isocitric acid in the organic acid extract were obtained. Some of the properties of this salt are described.The preparation of (−)-isocitric acid lactone, and of the monoammonium, monorubidium, and lithium salts of the lactone is also described.
GLUCOSE CONSUMPTION BY THE PERFUSED, ISOLATED RAT LIVER
Authors: Gordon Ellen R. , Camire Audrey
Published: October 2017

It is shown that the perfusion of an isolated liver is a suitable and useful technique for distinguishing and investigating liver function per se. Steady state conditions were used to determine net glucose consumption by the liver. The results indicate a linear relation exists between blood glucose level and net glucose consumption by the isolated, perfused liver. Net glucose consumption was achieved at blood glucose levels as low as 100 mg/100 ml.
THE WHEAT LEAF PHOSPHATASES: VII. FURTHER STUDIES ON INHIBITORS AT pH 5.7
Authors: Roberts D. W. A.
Published: October 2017

A survey of the inhibitory effect of various ribonucleosides, deoxyribonucleosides, sugars, phenols, and vitamins on the hydrolysis of 17 phosphatase substrates has been made. The more soluble ribonucleosides and deoxyribonucleosides inhibited the enzymatic hydrolysis of adenosine 5′-phosphate, phenolphthalein diphosphate, phenylphosphate, p-nitrophenyl phosphate, and in some cases the hydrolysis of adenosine 3′-phosphate, adenosine 2′-phosphate, and riboflavin 5′-phosphate. A 0.02 M concentration of orthophosphate inhibited the hydrolysis of all the compounds tested except adenosine 5′-phosphate and phenolphthalein diphosphate.These results, together with earlier findings, are discussed in terms of the concept that wheat leaf press juice contains two types of acid phosphatase, namely, β-glycerophosphatase and adenosine 5′-phosphatase. These two types of enzyme appear to have partially overlapping substrate specificities.
AN AROMATIC AMINO ACID TRANSAMINASE FROM MUNG BEAN
Authors: Gamborg O. L. , Wetter L. R.
Published: October 2017

A transaminase has been isolated and purified from young mung bean plants (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.). The enzyme catalyzes the transamination of phenylalanine in the presence of α-ketoglutarate with the production of equimolar amounts of phenylpyruvate and glutamate. Tyrosine and tryptophan also serve as substrates, and relative rate measurements indicate that only one enzyme is involved. In addition to α-ketoglutarate the enzyme also utilizes pyruvate, and to some extent glyoxylate and oxaloacetate as amino acceptors. The enzyme is stable in solution at 0–4 °C for several weeks, and acetone powders of the young plants stored at 0–4 °C retained their activity for several months. The enzyme is inhibited by precipitation with ammonium sulphate, and the activity is lost after freezing.
STUDIES ON PLASMINOGEN: III. PURIFICATION OF BOVINE AND HUMAN PLASMINOGEN BY CONTINUOUS ELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Mertz Edwin T. , Chan John Y. S.
Published: October 2017

Euglobulin from bovine plasma or outdated human blood plasma was freed of interfering impurities and applied to the anode side of the paper curtain of a Beckman Spinco CP electrophoresis apparatus in a cold room. Background buffer was at pH 3.5. The first and second leading fractions (cathode side) were combined and they contained plasminogen with approximately 10 times the specific esterolytic and caseinolytic activities of the original euglobulin. Cohn Fraction III can be substituted for human euglobulin. Additional purification can be obtained by phosphate precipitation of the curtain products. The specific esterolytic and caseinolytic activities of purified bovine and human plasminogen preparations, as well as their starch gel electrophoresis patterns, are reported and discussed.
PROTEIN REPLETION IN RATS DURING COLD EXPOSURE
Authors: Beaton John R.
Published: October 2017

Body weight changes, nitrogen retention, liver protein, and certain blood metabolites were measured in male rats during dietary protein depletion for 11 days at an environmental temperature of 22 °C and during subsequent feeding of a diet containing 20% casein by weight at temperatures of 22 °C and of 2–3 °C for a period of 7 days. At both environmental temperatures, protein-depleted rats given dietary protein showed a rapid and marked increase of serum total proteins level and of the proportion and amount of liver protein. Indeed, in cold-exposed animals the proportion and amount of protein in liver during repletion exceeded the values for the animals maintained at 22 °C. It is concluded, therefore, that, although cold per se alters nitrogen metabolism, it does not impair the repletion of protein in rats previously provided with a protein-free diet.
END GROUP AND SEDIMENTATION DATA ON FRAGMENTED HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT RIBONUCLEATES
Authors: Lane B. G. , Diemer J. , Blashko C. A.
Published: October 2017

A method for end group analysis of ribonucleate preparations using purified snake venom phosphodiesterase is described. Unusual difficulties encountered with the method are discussed. The technique is useful for detection of end groups resulting from enzymic and chemical fragmentation of high molecular weight ribonucleates. Preliminary studies indicate that the method has limited usefulness because of a spontaneous hydrolysis of ribonucleates which occurs under the conditions which are optimal for hydrolysis with snake venom phosphodiesterase (pH 9, in the presence of magnesium). Physicochemical studies have shown that the pronounced dependence of sedimentation coefficient on ionic strength which has been reported by other investigators is also observed with fragmented high molecular weight ribonucleates and with 16S + 24S ribonucleates of Ehrlich ascites cells. The changes of sedimentation rate are associated with configurational and aggregation effects.
IMMEDIATE HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF ISOPROTERENOL
Authors: Beznák Margaret , Hacker P.
Published: October 2017

Subcutaneous injection of 40 mg/kg isoproterenol is followed within 2 minutes by a fall in blood pressure and peripheral resistance, by tachycardia, and by an increase in cardiac output. It seems likely that these hemodynamic changes are a consequence of a direct action of isoproterenol on the myocardium. Isoproterenol also causes a significant increase in the oxygen consumption of the rats. The increased oxygen demand of the tissues may play a role in maintaining the hemodynamic changes for periods of more than an hour after isoproterenol. Signs of histological damage in the myocardium begin to appear without affecting the function of the cardiovascular system, as measured by the tests used.
CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF SUCCINYLCHOLINE AND ITS HYDROLYSIS PRODUCTS
Authors: Davies R. O. , Kalow W.
Published: October 2017

Succinylcholine (succinyldicholine), a drug used to relax skeletal muscles, can be partially hydrolyzed to yield a mixture containing parent compound, succinyl-monocholine, choline, and succinic acid. Resolution of this mixture has been accomplished by paper chromatography. Thirty solvent systems were screened; ten separated all four compounds, while others achieved partial resolution. Kraut–Dragendorf and potassium iodoplatinate reagents were found to be useful to locate the compounds on the paper.
THE FORMATION OF ACETOACETATE FROM ACETYL COENZYME A, MALONYL COENZYME A, AND PYRUVATE BY WASHED MITOCHONDRIA ISOLATED FROM GUINEA PIG LIVER
Authors: Sauer F.
Published: October 2017

Washed mitochondria isolated from guinea pig liver were capable of synthesizing acetoacetate from pyruvate. Both acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA were incorporated into acetoacetate in the presence of pyruvate. However, without pyruvate, only acetyl-CoA was incorporated to any significant extent. Tracer experiments indicated that although malonyl-CoA was incorporated into acetoacetate, increased acetoacetate synthesis in the presence of pyruvate plus malonyl-CoA resulted primarily from increased pyruvate incorporation.The results of the present experiments indicated that a CO2fixation step was involved in the conversion of pyruvate to acetoacetate. Evidence in favor of this was based on the inhibitory effects of avidin (with partial reversal by biotin), stimulation with increasing bicarbonate concentration, and increased acetoacetate synthesis in the presence of malonyl-CoA.Sulphydryl binding agents completely inhibited acetoacetate synthesis from pyruvate. In the formation of acetoacetate, carbon atom 1 of pyruvate was eliminated. This indicated that pyruvate was converted into an active 2-carbon unit.
POTASSIUM MOVEMENTS IN RAT UTERUS STUDIED IN VITRO: I. EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE
Authors: Daniel Edwin E.
Published: October 2017

1. Potassium movements have been studied in vitro in uteri of estrogenpretreated rats with42K as a tracer. At 37 °C the uterus was nearly in potassium balance in Krebs–Ringer bicarbonate and the exchange of potassium was adequately described by a single exchange constant, aside from a small fast fraction (17%) which probably contains potassium located superficially on cells as well as the extracellular potassium. No difference could be detected in their rates of exchange of potassium between two portions of the uterine horn, one containing only the longitudinal muscle layer and the other containing the remainder of the wall. The potassium exchange before or after flux correction for diffusion delay was about 5 or 9 moles cm−2sec−1, using a value of v/a of 1.8. There was a slow gain of sodium and water unrelated to potassium loss, attributed to expansion of the extracellular fluid.2. When the temperature of the Ringer fluid was reduced, the uterus remained in potassium balance at 27° and 17 °C. At 7 °C there was a net loss of potassium and exchange could no longer be described by one constant. On going from 37 to 7 °C the uterine horns shortened and the suggestion was made that muscle cells were depolarized initially by cold, or exuded water accounting for the rapidly exchanging fraction of potassium observed at this temperature. Loss of radioactive potassium from the myometrium owing to depolarization and associated with contraction appeared to account for the inhomogeneity on going to 7 °C. The Q10for influx of potassium between 27 and 7 °C was about 3 while that for efflux was about 1.6, excluding the fast fraction present at low temperatures. The Q10for efflux was diminished by depolarization and that for influx increased so that both may have been about 2. When uterine horns were stored overnight in the cold, they lost potassium and gained sodium, chloride, and water, but these ion changes were reversed on rewarming.
THE METABOLISM OF MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES: I. ADRENAL STEROIDS AND THE SYNTHESIS OF GLUCOSAMINE-6-PHOSPHATE
Authors: Foster T. S.
Published: October 2017

The transamidase which synthesizes glucosamine-6-phosphate was studied in liver and connective tissue of rats. Adrenalectomy was found to result in a significant reduction in enzyme activity in liver. Adrenal steroid therapy with individual corticoids did not restore the level of activity, and cortisone caused a further significant decrease.Neither adrenalectomy nor therapy with the adrenal steroids corticosterone or cortisone effected any significant change in the level of activity in connective tissue. However, in the case of three other steroids, deoxycorticosterone, hydrocortisone, or progesterone, which were tested individually, the level was significantly decreased. Treatment with Reichstein's substance S resulted in a significantly increased enzyme activity.
THE SERUM GLYCOPROTEIN RESPONSE FOLLOWING X-IRRADIATION AND PRIMARY IMMUNIZATION IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Weimer Henry E. , Rittenberg Marvin B. , Nelson Eric L.
Published: October 2017

Serial determinations of total serum glycoprotein, seromucoid hexose, total serum protein and antibody levels were carried out in four groups of adult, male albino rabbits subjected to the following experimental procedures: (a) 400 r whole body X-irradiation, (b) immunization with 10 mg I131BSA, (c) irradiation followed by antigen injection 24 hours later, and (d) bleeding controls. The dose of radiation employed suppressed the antibody response of (c). Significant increases in total glycoprotein and seromucoid hexose occurred 24 hours after exposure in the irradiated groups and persisted for 4 days. Pronounced decreases in total protein were observed in (a), (b), and (c). It was concluded that increases in serum glycoproteins were related primarily to tissue injury.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENALECTOMY, DIHYDROERGOTAMINE, AND DIBENZYLINE ON THE SENSITIVITY OF RATS TO TOLBUTAMIDE
Authors: Hawkins Rosemary D. , Haist R. E.
Published: October 2017

In the rat, the magnitude of the hypoglycaemic response to a dose of tolbutamide (50 mg/kg per os) which does not depress blood glucose levels to the point where adrenal compensatory mechanisms are stimulated is unaffected by adrenalectomy. On the other hand, when a dose is given which induces a greater hypoglycaemia (100 mg/kg per os) a very significant difference between adrenalectomized and sham-operated animals is observed, the adrenalectomized rats displaying a far greater sensitivity to the hypoglycaemic action of this compound. In intact rats, the hypoglycaemia induced by tolbutamide (100 mg/kg per os) is lessened by pretreatment of the animals with Dibenzyline (4 mg/kg) but enhanced by the prior injection of dihydroergotamine (2 mg/kg). Larger doses of dihydroergotamine alone cause a reduction in glucose levels of tail blood which is greater than that found in carotid blood samples withdrawn at the same times.
THE EFFECT OF SOME TRANSPLANTABLE TUMORS ON THE NUCLEIC ACID METABOLISM OF THE HOST TISSUES
Authors: Nixon J. C. , Zbarsky S. H.
Published: October 2017

A study was made of the effect of several transplantable tumors on the incorporation in vivo of formate-C14and tritiated thymidine into the nucleic acids of the host tissues. The presence of the ascitic or subcutaneous forms of the Ehrlich tumor in mice was found to have little effect on the incorporation of formate-C14into the nucleic acid purines and thymine of the host liver, spleen, kidney, and lung. Experiments with thymidine-H3were carried out with mice bearing the Erhlich ascites tumor, using three dose levels of the precursor, 0.014, 0.14 and 1.40 μmoles per mouse. At all levels incorporation into liver DNA of the tumor-bearing mice was greater than in controls, whereas the reverse was true for intestinal mucosa, especially at the lowest dosage. With the higher levels of thymidine-H3, incorporation into the DNA of spleen of the tumor animals was higher than in the controls. Variable results were observed for the other tissues examined. The presence of Novikoff hepatoma in rats had little effect on the uptake of tritiated thymidine by the DNA of the host tissues. The presence of the intramuscular form of Walker carcinosarcoma 256 was accompanied by an increased uptake into the DNA of lung and particularly into the DNA of liver and spleen.
TOBACCO POLYPHENOLS: II. ON THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF CHLOROGENIC ACID
Authors: Runeckles V. C.
Published: October 2017

Leaf disks of Nicotiana tabacum var. Delcrest were supplied with α-C14-labelled cinnamic, p-coumaric, and caffeic acids, p-coumaroyl-quinic acid, and the 1-glucose esters of cinnamic and p-coumaric acids. Considerable incorporation of radioactivity into chlorogenic acid occurred in 40 hours from all substrates except caffeic acid. In particular, p-coumaric acid was found to be a good precursor of chlorogenic acid in contrast to the findings of other workers with potato tuber tissue. More p-coumaric acid than cinnamic acid is converted to chlorogenic acid, although the reverse holds for conversion to p-coumaroyl-quinic acid. Chlorogenic acid synthesis from caffeic acid involves breakdown and resynthesis of the acid supplied, leading to the incorporation of radioactivity into other positions in the caffeic acid molecule and into the quinic acid moiety. Cinnamic and p-coumaric acids, on the other hand, are incorporated essentially intact into both p-coumaroyl-quinic and chlorogenic acids. These findings are discussed in relation to the pathway of chlorogenic acid biosynthesis postulated for potato tuber tissue.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ERYTHROCYTES OF DIFFERENT AGES: II. ENZYME ACTIVITY AND OSMOTIC FRAGILITY
Authors: Sass Martin D. , Levy Lester M. , Walter Harry
Published: October 2017

The activity of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, lactic acid dehydrogenase, and catalase in red cells of different ages has been studied with a serial osmotic fragility technique. Two populations of young cells, one fragile and one resistant, have been differentiated and shown to contain increased levels of glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and average (normal) levels of catalase. Lactic acid dehydrogenase levels were shown to be increased only in the fragile population of young cells. These findings were confirmed with similar studies on abnormal red cell populations containing increased numbers of young red cells and reticulocytes. Although their identity has not been established, the results suggest that the fragile and resistant young red cell populations are composed mainly of reticulocytes and fully matured young cells, respectively.
THE GLYCOSAMINOGLYCAN OF THE 'GROUND SUBSTANCE' OF RAT SKIN
Authors: Mathieson Joyce M. , Pearce R. H.
Published: October 2017

The glycosaminoglycan was isolated from an isotonic saline extract of dry, fat-free rat skin in better than 80% yield. The product was virtually homogeneous as judged by electrophoresis on paper at several pH values, by electrophoresis on sponge rubber, and by fractional precipitation of the calcium and sodium salts with ethanol. The material corresponded to hyaluronate in electrophoretic mobility, solubility of its salts in ethanol, and in its content of a single hexosamine, glucosamine.
REDUCING SUBSTANCES IN THE BLOOD OF NORMAL AND ALLOXAN-TREATED FISH
Authors: Moule Margaret L. , Nace Paul Foley
Published: October 2017

Blood sugar changes in fish, after the intravenous injection of alloxan, were determined by a modified Folin method and by an enzymatic method using glucose oxidase. The rest reduction was calculated as the difference between the two methods. The blood rest reduction levels were normally 15 mg% in toadfish and 11 mg% in bullheads (glucose 19 and 22 mg% respectively). One hour after alloxan administration, the rest reduction had increased on the average several times while the glucose level was only slightly above normal. From a maximum at 1 hour the rest reduction level dropped while the glucose level began to rise. Considerable variation in the response to alloxan occurred.The reducing substances in the blood were studied by paper chromatography. In normal blood, glucose and another compound (Rfvalue approximately one-half that of glucose) were detected by alkaline silver nitrate. No increase in reducing material in alloxan-treated samples could be shown on the chromato-grams by the methods used.
CHOLINOLYTICS IN THE TREATMENT OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE POISONING: III. THE EFFECTS OF QUATERNIZATION AND ALTERATION OF ANIONIC FUNCTION ON THE POTENCY OF CHOLINOLYTICS IN THE TREATMENT OF SARIN POISONING
Authors: Coleman I. W. , Little P. E. , Bannard R. A. B.
Published: October 2017

Twenty-one quaternary ammonium salts of cholinolytic drugs have been assessed for potency against Sarin poisoning in mice and rats in a treatment using N-methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime methanesulphonate (P-2-S) as a reactivating oxime. Compounds examined included the methylbromides of six cholinolytics of known effectiveness and eight N-alkylbromides of Parpanit. An attempt was also made to assess the effect of different anions in both tertiary and quaternary salts of atropine and Parpanit.None of the quaternary salts exceeded the potency of atropine sulphate by a factor greater than 1.5 in trials with rats when the compounds were examined in combination with P-2-S, although similar tests in mice showed Trasentin methylbromide and Parpanit n-propylbromide to be more than 1.5 times as active as atropine sulphate. In trials where the compounds were used in conjunction with atropine sulphate and P-2-S, 10 raised the activity of atropine in mice by a factor exceeding 1.5, with the highest value (3.6) being obtained with Parpanit methylmethanesulphonate while in the rat trials 16 quaternaries were effective, the greatest increase (7.5-fold) being obtained with Parpanit benzylbromide.No conclusion on the relative effectiveness of quaternary salts versus their tertiary counterparts could be reached since protective capacity of the quaternary salts altered with the species used, the nature of the test, the cholinolytic, the type of alkyl group introduced, and, at least in the case of Parpanit, depended upon the nature of the anionic group present.
A BIOLOGICAL METHOD FOR ASSESSING THE ACTIVITY OF CHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORS
Authors: Jessup D. C. , Lu F. C.
Published: October 2017

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Endocrine regulation of insect diuresis in the early postgenomic era1This review is part of a virtual symposium on recent advances in understanding a variety of complex regulatory processes in insect physiology and endocrinology, including development, metabolism, cold hardiness, food intake and digestion, and diuresis, through the use of omics technologies in the postgenomic era.
Authors: Park Yoonseong
Published: October 2017

Diuresis, the removal of excess metabolic waste through production of primary urine while maintaining homeostasis, is an important biological process that is tightly regulated by endocrine factors. Several hormonal components that act as diuretic or antidiuretic factors in insects have been identified in the last few decades. Physiological mechanisms responsible for ion and water transport across biological membranes have been intensively studied. The large amount of data rapidly accumulating in the genomics era has led to an increased dependence on reverse genetic and physiological approaches, first identifying candidate genes and subsequently deriving functions. In many cases, the reverse approaches have been highly successful, especially in studies of the receptors for diuretic factors, which are mainly G-protein-coupled receptors. This review summarizes research on insect diuretic and antidiuretic endocrine factors, and their receptors. Emphases of the review are given to the genomics of ligands and their receptors, as well as to their implications for evolution and function.
EXPLAINING INEQUALITY WITHIN THE BOP: URBAN VS. RURAL
Authors: DÍAZ-PICHARDO RENÉ , SÁNCHEZ-MEDINA PATRICIA S. , GARCÍA DE LA TORRE CONSUELO
Published: October 2017

Little has been written about inequality within the base of the pyramid (BOP) and how this inequality offers different opportunities and challenges to detonate inclusive business innovation processes. This research contributes to the BOP literature by offering evidence of structural differences between urban and rural BOP based on unmet needs expressed by members of the BOP in both contexts. It can also be seen as a first approximation of the knowledge that multinational corporations, social entrepreneurs and policy makers need to detonate inclusive business innovation processes at the Mexican BOP. In-depth interviews were conducted with families, owners/people in charge of small businesses and government officials in ten different BOP communities randomly selected from each of the country’s five regions. The results provide relevant insights about unattended needs, consumption habits, and differences and similarities between urban and rural BOP communities, from which business opportunities might be discovered.
The First 40 Years of GKSL Generators and Some Proposal for the Future
Authors: Accardi Luigi , Lu Yun Gang
Published: October 2017

This paper consists of two parts. Section 1 contains the main part of the talk given by the first named author at the 48th Toruń Symposium. Starting from Sect. 2 we illustrate the general program formulated at the end of Sect. 1 with an example of the simplest low density type interaction.
Dynamical Vector Fields on the Manifold of Quantum States
Authors: Ciaglia F.M. , Di Cosmo F. , Ibort A. , Laudato M. , Marmo G.
Published: October 2017

In this paper we shall consider the stratified manifold of quantum states and the vector fields which act on it. In particular, we show that the infinitesimal generator of the GKLS evolution is composed of a generator of unitary transformations plus a gradient vector field along with a Kraus vector field transversal to the strata defined by the involutive distribution generated by the former ones.
Structure of Uniformly Continuous Quantum Markov Semigroups with Atomic Decoherence-free Subalgebra
Authors: Fagnola Franco , Sasso Emanuela , Umanità Veronica
Published: October 2017

We establish the structure of uniformly continuous quantum Markov semigroups with atomic decoherence-free subalgebra and apply the result to derive a natural decomposition of a Markovian open quantum system into its noiseless (decoherence-free) and irreducible (ergodic) components. We deduce the structure of invariant states and a method for finding decoherence-free subsystems and subspaces. The relationship between environment induced decoherence and the decoherence-free subalgebra is also discussed.
Resource-Constrained Scheduling for Digital Microfluidic Biochips
Authors: O'neal Kenneth , Grissom Daniel , Brisk Philip
Published: October 2017

Digital microfluidics based on electrowetting-on-dielectric technology is poised to revolutionize many aspects of chemistry and biochemistry through miniaturization, automation, and software programmability. Digital microfluidic biochips (DMFBs) offer ample spatial parallelism, which is then exposed to the compiler. The first problem that a DMFB compiler must solve is resource-constrained scheduling, which is NP-complete. If the compiler is applied off-line, then long-running algorithms that produce solutions of high quality, such as iterative improvement or branch-and-bound search, can be applied; in an online context, where a biochemical reaction is to be executed as soon as it is specified by the programmer, heuristics that sacrifice solution quality to attain a fast runtime are used. This article describes in detail the algorithms and heuristics that have been proposed for resource-constrained scheduling, focusing on several recent contributions: path scheduling and force-directed list scheduling. It also discusses shortcomings and limitations of existing optimal scheduling problem formulations based on Integer Linear Programming and presents an updated formulation that addresses these issues. The algorithms are compared and evaluated on an extensive benchmark suite of biochemical assays used for applications, such as
in vitro
diagnostics, protein crystallization, and automated sample preparation.
Developmental Origins of Chronic Physical Aggression: A Bio-Psycho-Social Model for the Next Generation of Preventive Interventions
Authors: Tremblay Richard E. , Vitaro Frank , Côté Sylvana M.
Published: October 2017

This review describes a bio-psycho-social approach to understanding and preventing the development of chronic physical aggression. The debate on the developmental origins of aggression has historically opposed genetic and environmental mechanisms. Recent studies have shown that the frequency of physical aggression peaks in early childhood and then decreases until old age. Molecular genetic studies and twin studies have confirmed important genetic influences. However, recent epigenetic studies have highlighted the important role of environments in gene expression and brain development. These studies suggest that interrelated bio-psycho-social channels involved in the development of chronic physical aggression are generally the product of an intergenerational transmission process occurring through assortative mating, genetic inheritance, and the inheritance of physical and social environmental conditions that handicap brain functioning and support the use of physical aggression to solve problems. Given these intergenerational mechanisms and physical aggression onset in infancy, it appears clear that preventive interventions should start early in pregnancy, at the latest.
Energy Cooperation in Ultradense Network Powered by Renewable Energy Based on Cluster and Learning Strategy
Authors: Duo Chunhong , Li Baogang , Li Yongqian , Lv Yabo
Published: October 2017

A new method about renewable energy cooperation among small base stations (SBSs) is proposed, which is for maximizing the energy efficiency in ultradense network (UDN). In UDN each SBS is equipped with energy harvesting (EH) unit, and the energy arrival times are modeled as a Poisson counting process. Firstly, SBSs of large traffic demands are selected as the clustering centers, and then all SBSs are clustered using dynamic k-means algorithm. Secondly, SBSs coordinate their renewable energy within each formed cluster. The process of energy cooperation among SBSs is considered as Markov decision process. Q-learning algorithm is utilized to optimize energy cooperation. In the algorithm there are four different actions and their corresponding reward functions. Q-learning explores the action as much as possible and predicts better action by calculating reward. In addition, ε greedy policy is used to ensure the algorithm convergence. Finally, simulation results show that the new method reduces data dimension and improves calculation speed, which furthermore improves the utilization of renewable energy and promotes the performance of UDN. Through online optimization, the proposed method can significantly improve the energy utilization rate and data transmission rate.
Magnetization Reversal in Ferromagnetic Nanorings of Fourfold Symmetries
Authors: Ehrmann Andrea , Blachowicz Tomasz
Published: October 2017

Magnetic nanoparticles offer a broad spectrum of magnetization reversal processes and respective magnetic states, such as onion, horseshoe, or vortex states as well as various states including domain walls. These states can be correlated with stable intermediate states at remanence, enabling new quaternary memory devices storing two bits in one particle. The stability of these intermediated states was tested with respect to shape modifications, variations in the anisotropy axes, and rotations and fluctuations of the external magnetic field. In our micromagnetic simulations, 6 different stable intermediate states were observed at vanishing magnetic field in addition to the remanence state. The angular region of approx. 5°–12° between nanoring and external magnetic field was identified as being most stable with respect to all modifications, with an onion state as technologically best accessible intermediate state to create quaternary memory devices.
Quantitative Evaluation and Case Study of Risk Degree for Underground Goafs with Multiple Indexes considering Uncertain Factors in Mines
Authors: Dong Longjun , Shu Weiwei , Li Xibing , Zhou Zilong , Gong Fengqiang , Liu XiLing
Published: October 2017

The accidents caused by underground goafs are frequent and destructive due to irregular geometric shapes and complex spatial distributions, which caused severe damage to the environment and public health. Based on the theories of uncertainty measurement evaluation (WME) and analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the comprehensive risk evaluation of underground goafs was carried out using multiple indexes. Considering the hydrogeological conditions, mining status, and engineering parameters of underground goafs, the evaluation index system was established to evaluate the risk degrees considering quantified uncertain factors. The single index measurement values were solved by the semiridge measurement function. The weights for evaluation vectors were calculated through the entropy theory and AHP. Finally, the risk level was evaluated according to the credible degree recognition criterion (CDRC) and the maximum membership principle. The risk levels of 37 underground goafs in Dabaoshan mine were evaluated using 4 coupled methods. The order for underground goafs risk degrees was ranked and classified on account of the uncertainty important degree. According to the ranked order, the reasonability of 4 coupled methods was evaluated quantitatively. Results show that the UME-CDRC can be applied in the practical engineering, which provides an efficient guidance to both reduce the accident risk and improve the mining environment.
Design of Laser Welding Parameters for Joining Ti Grade 2 and AW 5754 Aluminium Alloys Using Numerical Simulation
Authors: Behúlová Mária , Babalová Eva , Sahul Miroslav
Published: October 2017

Joining of dissimilar Al-Ti alloys is very interesting from the point of view of weight reduction of components and structures in automotive or aerospace industries. In the dependence on cooling rate and chemical composition, rapid solidification of Al-Ti alloys during laser welding can lead to the formation of metastable phases and brittle intermetallic compounds that generally reduce the quality of produced weld joints. The paper deals with design and testing of welding parameters for preparation of weld joints of two sheets with different thicknesses from titanium Grade 2 and AW 5754 aluminium alloy. Temperature fields developed during the formation of Al-Ti butt joints were investigated by numerical simulation in ANSYS software. The influence of laser welding parameters including the laser power and laser beam offset on the temperature distribution and weld joint formation was studied. The results of numerical simulation were verified by experimental temperature measurement during laser beam welding applying the TruDisk 4002 disk laser. The microstructure of produced weld joints was assessed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. EDX analysis was applied to determine the change in chemical composition across weld joints. Mechanical properties of weld joints were evaluated using tensile tests and Vickers microhardness measurements.
CHAOS: An SDN-Based Moving Target Defense System
Authors: Shi Yuan , Zhang Huanguo , Wang Juan , Xiao Feng , Huang Jianwei , Zha Daochen , Hu Hongxin , Yan Fei , Zhao Bo
Published: October 2017

Moving target defense (MTD) has provided a dynamic and proactive network defense to reduce or move the attack surface that is available for exploitation. However, traditional network is difficult to realize dynamic and active security defense effectively and comprehensively. Software-defined networking (SDN) points out a brand-new path for building dynamic and proactive defense system. In this paper, we propose CHAOS, an SDN-based MTD system. Utilizing the programmability and flexibility of SDN, CHAOS obfuscates the attack surface including host mutation obfuscation, ports obfuscation, and obfuscation based on decoy servers, thereby enhancing the unpredictability of the networking environment. We propose the Chaos Tower Obfuscation (CTO) method, which uses the Chaos Tower Structure (CTS) to depict the hierarchy of all the hosts in an intranet and define expected connection and unexpected connection. Moreover, we develop fast CTO algorithms to achieve a different degree of obfuscation for the hosts in each layer. We design and implement CHAOS as an application of SDN controller. Our approach makes it very easy to realize moving target defense in networks. Our experimental results show that a network protected by CHAOS is capable of decreasing the percentage of information disclosure effectively to guarantee the normal flow of traffic.
Location Design of Electric Vehicle Charging Facilities: A Path-Distance Constrained Stochastic User Equilibrium Approach
Authors: Jing Wentao , An Kun , Ramezani Mohsen , Kim Inhi
Published: October 2017

Location of public charging stations, range limit, and long battery-charging time inevitably affect drivers’ path choice behavior and equilibrium flows of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) in a transportation network. This study investigates the effect of the location of BEVs public charging facilities on a network with mixed conventional gasoline vehicles (GVs) and BEVs. These two types of vehicles are distinguished from each other in terms of travel cost composition and distance limit. A bilevel model is developed to address this problem. In the upper level, the objective is to maximize coverage of BEV flows by locating a given number of charging stations on road segments considering budget constraints. A mixed-integer nonlinear program is proposed to formulate this model. A simple equilibrium-based heuristic algorithm is developed to obtain the solution. Finally, two numerical tests are presented to demonstrate applicability of the proposed model and feasibility and effectiveness of the solution algorithm. The results demonstrate that the equilibrium traffic flows are affected by charging speed, range limit, and charging facilities’ utility and that BEV drivers incline to choose the route with charging stations and less charging time.
Magnetoimpedance Effect in CoFeMoSiB As-Quenched and Surface Modified Amorphous Ribbons in the Presence of Igon Oxide Nanoparticles of Water-Based Ferrofluid
Authors: Lotfollahi Zahra , Amirabadizadeh Ahmad , Safronov Aleksander P. , Beketov Igor V. , Kurlyandskaya Galina V.
Published: October 2017

Giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) has been proposed as a powerful technique for biosensing. In GMI biosensors based on the magnetic label detection the change of the impedance of sensitive element under the application of an external magnetic field was analyzed in the presence of magnetic nanoparticles in a test solution. Amorphous ribbon-based GMI biodetectors have an advantage of low operation frequency and low cost. In this work, magnetic and GMI properties of amorphous Co68.6Fe3.9Mo3.0Si12.0B12.5 ribbons were studied in as-quenched and surface modified states both without and in the presence of maghemite ferrofluid. After the surface modification the coercivity was slightly increased and saturation magnetization decreased in good agreement with increase of the surface roughness, a decrease of magnetic elements concentrations in the surface layer, and formation of a surface protective oxide layer. The GMI difference for as-quenched ribbons in absence and in the presence of ferrofluid was measurable for the frequency range of 2 to 10 MHz and the current intensities of 1 to 20 mA. Although the proposed surface modification by the ultrasound treatment did not improve the sensitivity limit for ferrofluid detection, it did not decrease it either.