bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between Cerebral Oxygenation, as Evaluated with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy, and Cognitive Function in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
Authors: Ookawara Susumu , Ito Kiyonori , Sasabuchi Yusuke , Ueda Yuichiro , Hayasaka Hideyuki , Kofuji Masaya , Uchida Takayuki , Horigome Keita , Aikawa Toshiko , Imada Satoru , Minato Saori , Miyazawa Haruhisa , Shimoyama Hirofumi , Hirai Keiji , Watanabe Akihisa , Shimoyama Hiromi , Morishita Yoshiyuki
Published: February 2021

Introduction: The prevalence of cognitive impairment in patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD) is higher than that in healthy controls. To date, studies on the association between cognitive function and cerebral oxygenation in these patients are limited. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to cross-sectionally investigate the association between cognitive assessment scores and clinical factors, including cerebral oxygenation, in patients undergoing HD. Methods: In this observational study, 193 HD patients were included. Cerebral regional oxygen saturation (rSO2) was monitored using an INVOS 5,100c oxygen saturation monitor. Poor cognition was defined as a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ≤23. We analyzed the association between MMSE score and clinical factors, including cerebral rSO2. Results: MMSE score in HD patients included in this study was 26.8 ± 3.3. There were 164 patients (85%) with MMSE score ≥24 and 29 patients (15%) with an MMSE score ≤23. In the patients with MMSE score ≥24, cerebral rSO2 (53.8% ± 8.3%) was significantly higher than that in patients with MMSE score ≤23 (49.5% ± 9.8%; p = 0.013). Multivariable linear regression analysis was performed using the following confounding factors: age, mean blood pressure, cerebral rSO2, HD duration, ultrafiltration rate, hemoglobin, serum Cr, serum calcium, serum phosphate, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, serum albumin, presence of diabetes mellitus or chronic glomerulonephritis, history of comorbid cardiovascular or cerebrovascular disease, and use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors or vitamin D analogs. MMSE score was independently and significantly associated with age (standardized coefficient: −0.244) and cerebral rSO2 (standardized coefficient: 0.180). Conclusions: MMSE score was independently associated with age (negative effect) and cerebral rSO2 (positive effect) in this cross-sectional study. Further prospective studies are needed to clarify whether maintaining cerebral oxygenation prevents the deterioration of cognitive function in patients undergoing HD.
Association of Retinol-Binding Protein 4 with Arteriovenous Fistula Dysfunction in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Wu Yuanhao , Wang Fan , Wang Tingting , Zheng Yin , You Li , Xue Jun
Published: February 2021

Background: Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the most common vascular access for patients undergoing hemodialysis (HD). Neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) might be a potential mechanism of AVF dysfunction. Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) may play an important role in the pathogenesis of NIH. The aim of this study was to investigate whether AVF dysfunction is associated with serum concentrations of RBP4 in HD subjects. Methods: A cohort of 65 Chinese patients undergoing maintenance HD was recruited between November 2017 and June 2019. The serum concentrations of RBP4 of each patient were measured with the ELISA method. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze data on demographics, biochemical parameters, and serum RBP4 level to predict AVF dysfunction events. The cutoff for serum RBP4 level was derived from the highest score obtained on the Youden index. Survival data were analyzed with the Cox proportional hazards regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier method. Results: Higher serum RBP4 level was observed in patients with AVF dysfunction compared to those without AVF dysfunction events (174.3 vs. 168.4 mg/L, p = 0.001). The prevalence of AVF dysfunction events was greatly higher among the high RBP4 group (37.5 vs. 4.88%, p = 0.001). In univariate analysis, serum RBP4 level was statistically significantly associated with the risk of AVF dysfunction (OR = 1.015, 95% CI 1.002–1.030, p = 0.030). In multivariate analysis, each 1.0 mg/L increase in RBP4 level was associated with a 1.023-fold-increased risk of AVF dysfunction (95% CI for OR: 1.002–1.045; p = 0.032). The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that the incidence of AVF dysfunction events in the high RBP4 group was significantly higher than that in the low-RBP4 group (p = 0.0007). Multivariate Cox regressions demonstrated that RBP4 was an independent risk factor for AVF dysfunction events in HD patients (HR = 1.015, 95% CI 1.001–1.028, p = 0.033). Conclusions: HD patients with higher serum RBP4 concentrations had a relevant higher incidence of arteriovenous dysfunction events. Serum RBP4 level was an independent risk factor for AVF dysfunction events in HD patients.
Role of Surfactant Protein D in Experimental Otitis Media
Authors: Abdel-Razek Osama , Liu Tianyi , Chen Xinghua , Wang Qiushi , Vanga Gautam , Wang Guirong
Published: February 2021

Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is a C-type collectin and plays an important role in innate immunity and homeostasis in the lung. This study studied SP-D role in the nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi)-induced otitis media (OM) mouse model. Wild-type C57BL/6 (WT) and SP-D knockout (KO) mice were used in this study. Mice were injected in the middle ear (ME) with 5 μL of NTHi bacterial solution (3.5 × 105 CFU/ear) or with the same volume of sterile saline (control). Mice were sacrificed at 3 time points, days 1, 3, and 7, after treatment. We found SP-D expression in the Eustachian tube (ET) and ME mucosa of WT mice but not in SP-D KO mice. After infection, SP-D KO mice showed more intense inflammatory changes evidenced by the increased mucosal thickness and inflammatory cell infiltration in the ME and ET compared to WT mice (p < 0.05). Increased bacterial colony-forming units and cytokine (IL-6 and IL-1β) levels in the ear washing fluid of infected SP-D KO mice were compared to infected WT mice. Molecular analysis revealed higher levels of NF-κB and NLRP3 activation in infected SP-D KO compared to WT mice (p < 0.05). In vitro studies demonstrated that SP-D significantly induced NTHi bacterial aggregation and enhanced bacterial phagocytosis by macrophages (p < 0.05). Furthermore, human ME epithelial cells showed a dose-dependent increased expression of NLRP3 and SP-D proteins after LPS treatment. We conclude that SP-D plays a critical role in innate immunity and disease resolution through enhancing host defense and regulating inflammatory NF-κB and NLRP3 activation in experimental OM mice.
Is Septal Cartilage Graft via Transmastoid Approach Safe Enough in the Repair of Large Tegmen Defects?
Authors: Keseroglu Kemal , Gunay Mehmet Murat , Alicura Tokgoz Sibel , Ocal Bulent , Saka Cem , Korkmaz Mehmet Hakan
Published: February 2021

Introduction: Tegmen defect (TD) has a potential of intracranial spread of middle ear infection, meningoencephalic herniation (MEH), and cerebrospinal fluid leakage (CSFL). Especially the defects >1 cm with MEH or CSFL are generally repaired via the classical middle fossa or minicraniotomy technique. The aim of this study was to show the efficiency of the intracranial, extradural placement of the septal cartilage graft in the closure of the TD larger than 1 cm via the transmastoid (TM) approach. Methods: The demographic, preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data of 11 patients with chronic otitis media (COM) who had TD larger than 1 cm were reviewed retrospectively. Hospitalization time and hearing preservation with respect to MEH or CSFL were analyzed. Results: The most common etiology of TD was cholesteatoma (82%), and 91% of the patients had multiple COM surgery history. The mean TD size was 15.4 (10–25) mm. Fifty-five percent of the patients presented with either MEH or CSFL. The mean follow-up of the patients was 22.5 (8–42) months. There was no significant difference between preoperative and postoperative mean bone conduction thresholds. Mean hospitalization time was 5.2 (3–10) days. There was no significant difference in the hospitalization time between patients with MEH or CSFL and without MEH or CSFL. Neither recurrence nor graft infection was encountered. Conclusion: Extradural grafting with the septal cartilage in the large TD up to 25 mm can be repaired efficiently via the TM approach without application of a lumbar drainage.
Apnea central del sueño en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca: Efectos fisiológicos de la ventilación periódica
Authors: Herkenrath Simon-Dominik
Published: February 2021

Background: The effects of hyperventilation and hyperventilation in the context of periodic breathing (PB) on sympatho-vagal balance (SVB) and hemodynamics in conditions of decreased cardiac output and feedback resetting, such as heart failure (HF) or pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), are not completely understood. Objectives: To investigate the effects of voluntary hyperventilation and simulated PB on hemodynamics and SVB in healthy subjects, in patients with systolic HF and reduced or mid-range ejection fraction (HFrEF and HFmrEF) and in patients with PAH. Methods: Study participants (n = 20 per group) underwent non-invasive recording of diastolic blood pressure, heart rate variability (HRV), baroreceptor-reflex sensitivity (BRS), total peripheral resistance index (TPRI) and cardiac index (CI). All measurements were performed at baseline, during voluntary hyperventilation and during simulated PB with different length of the hyperventilation phase. Results: In healthy subjects, voluntary hyperventilation led to a 50% decrease in the mean BRS slope and a 29% increase in CI compared to baseline values (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05). Simulated PB did not alter TPRI or CI and showed heterogeneous effects on BRS, but analysis of dPBV revealed decreased sympathetic drive in healthy volunteers depending on PB cycle length (p < 0.05). In HF patients, hyperventilation did not affect BRS and TPRI but increased the CI by 10% (p < 0.05). In HF patients, simulated PB left all of these parameters unaffected. In PAH patients, voluntary hyperventilation led to a 15% decrease in the high-frequency component of HRV (p < 0.05) and a 5% increase in CI (p < 0.05). Simulated PB exerted neutral effects on both SVB and hemodynamic parameters. Conclusions: Voluntary hyperventilation was associated with sympathetic predominance and CI increase in healthy volunteers, but only with minor hemodynamic and SVB effects in patients with HF and PAH. Simulated PB had positive effects on SVB in healthy volunteers but neutral effects on SVB and hemodynamics in patients with HF or PAH.
Ensino do italiano com tecnologias: um relato de experiência sobre a construção colaborativa da motivação
Authors: Cabral Jadirlete Lopes
Published: February 2021

O presente artigo está vinculado ao projeto de pesquisa individual "Ensino do italiano em AVA: abordagens, métodos e técnicas", o qual, por sua vez, faz parte do grupo de pesquisa "Ensino e Aprendizagem de Línguas Estrangeiras com Novas Tecnologias", certificado pelo CNPq desde 2013. Trata-se de um relato de experiências a partir de inquietações suscitadas pela persistência de um modelo tradicional ainda em vigor no âmbito do Instituto de Letras da UFBA e da forte resistência, por parte dos alunos, a um modelo pautado numa aprendizagem autônoma e colaborativa. Minhas observações estão fundamentadas pela pesquisa-ação, uma vez que foram seguidas as etapas de planejamento, ação, observação e reflexão, aplicados com o intuito de promover mudanças no paradigma de ensino presencial tradicional, visando à inserção das novas tecnologias na prática docente rumo à construção de uma aprendizagem crítica, reflexiva e colaborativa. Fundamentaremos nossas reflexões nos trabalhos de Paulo Freire acerca da pedagogia da autonomia (1996), em Lins e Souza quanto ao letramento digital aplicado às tecnologias educacionais (2016), e em Tripp (2005), quanto às características e funções de uma pesquisa-ação. Os resultados preliminares apontam para um fazer pedagógico com novas tecnologias rumo à construção da aprendizagem autônoma.
Ensinar ou não ensinar sobre o uso de dicionários nas aulas de língua italiana: eis a questão
Authors: Souza Rômulo Francisco de
Published: February 2021

Apresentamos os resultados de uma pesquisa de natureza empírica por meio da qual investigamos a prática de professores de língua italiana como língua adicional, no que diz respeito ao lugar dispensado ao ensino do uso do dicionário em suas aulas. Adotamos, como instrumento de pesquisa, um questionário semi-estruturado, aplicado a grupos aleatórios de professores de italiano, atuantes, respectivamente, no Brasil e na Europa, sobretudo na Itália, cujas respostas foram analisadas a partir de um ponto de vista predominantemente qualitativo. Contamos com um total de 37 (trinta e sete) respondentes, sendo 24 (vinte e quatro) brasileiros e 13 (treze) estrangeiros. Em linhas gerais, observamos que os professores de italiano, respondentes da pesquisa, preocupam-se em ensinar sobre o uso do dicionário em suas aulas, demonstrando uma atitude proativa a esse respeito. Constatamos, ainda, uma tendência, principalmente entre os respondentes brasileiros, a eleger os espaços e tempos típicos dos rituais introdutórios de suas aulas e cursos para abordar o tema.
Electrical Substrate Ablation for Refractory Ventricular Fibrillation
Authors: Krummen David E. , Ho Gordon , Hoffmayer Kurt S. , Schweis Franz N. , Baykaner Tina , Rogers A.J. , Han Frederick T. , Hsu Jonathan C. , Viswanathan Mohan N. , Wang Paul J. , Rappel Wouter-Jan , Narayan Sanjiv M.
Published: February 2021

Background:

Refractory ventricular fibrillation (VF) is a challenging clinical entity, for which ablation of triggering premature ventricular complexes is described. When premature ventricular complexes are infrequent and multifocal, the optimal treatment strategy is uncertain.

Methods:

We prospectively enrolled consecutive patients presenting with multiple implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shocks for VF refractory to antiarrhythmic drug therapy, exhibiting infrequent (≤3%), multifocal premature ventricular complexes (≥3 morphologies). Procedurally, VF was induced with rapid pacing and mapped, identifying sites of conduction slowing and rotation or rapid focal activation. VF electrical substrate ablation was then performed. Outcomes were compared against reference patients with VF who were unable or unwilling to undergo catheter ablation. The primary outcome was a composite of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator shock, electrical storm, or all-cause mortality.

Results:

VF was induced and mapped in 6 patients (60±10 years; left ventricular ejection fraction, 46±19%) with ischemic (n=3) and nonischemic cardiomyopathy. An average of 3.3±0.5 sites of localized reentry during VF were targeted for radiofrequency ablation (38.3±10.9 minutes) during sinus rhythm, rendering VF noninducible with pacing. Freedom from the primary outcome was 83% in the VF ablation group versus 17% in 6 nonablation reference patients at a median of 1.0 years (interquartile range, 0.5–1.5 years;
P
=0.046) of follow-up.

Conclusions:

VF electrical substrate ablation is associated with a reduction in the combined end point compared with the nonablation reference group. Additional work is required to understand the precise pathophysiologic changes that promote VF to improve preventative and therapeutic strategies.
Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Treated With Oral Anticoagulation Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Angiolillo Dominick J. , Bhatt Deepak L. , Cannon Christopher P. , Eikelboom John W. , Gibson C. Michael , Goodman Shaun G. , Granger Christopher B. , Holmes David R. , Lopes Renato D. , Mehran Roxana , Moliterno David J. , Price Matthew J. , Saw Jacqueline , Tanguay Jean-Francois , Faxon David P.
Published: February 2021

A growing number of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent implantation also have atrial fibrillation. This poses challenges for their optimal antithrombotic management because patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing PCI require oral anticoagulation for the prevention of cardiac thromboembolism and dual antiplatelet therapy for the prevention of coronary thrombotic complications. The combination of oral anticoagulation and dual antiplatelet therapy substantially increases the risk of bleeding. Over the last decade, a series of North American Consensus Statements on the Management of Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention have been reported. Since the last update in 2018, several pivotal clinical trials in the field have been published. This document provides a focused updated of the 2018 recommendations. The group recommends that in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing PCI, a non–vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant is the oral anticoagulation of choice. Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and a P2Y
12
inhibitor should be given to all patients during the peri-PCI period (during inpatient stay, until time of discharge, up to 1 week after PCI, at the discretion of the treating physician), after which the default strategy is to stop aspirin and continue treatment with a P2Y
12
inhibitor, preferably clopidogrel, in combination with a non–vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (ie, double therapy). In patients at increased thrombotic risk who have an acceptable risk of bleeding, it is reasonable to continue aspirin (ie, triple therapy) for up to 1 month. Double therapy should be given for 6 to 12 months with the actual duration depending on the ischemic and bleeding risk profile of the patient, after which patients should discontinue antiplatelet therapy and receive oral anticoagulation alone.
Anticoagulation Before Hospitalization Is a Potential Protective Factor for COVID‐19: Insight From a French Multicenter Cohort Study
Authors: Chocron Richard , Galand Vincent , Cellier Joffrey , Gendron Nicolas , Pommier Thibaut , Bory Olivier , Khider Lina , Trimaille Antonin , Goudot Guillaume , Weizman Orianne , Alsac Jean Marc , Geneste Laura , Schmeltz Armand , Panagides Vassili , Philippe Aurélien , Marsou Wassima , Ben Abdallah Iannis , Deney Antoine , El Batti Salma , Attou Sabir , Juvin Philippe , Delmotte Thomas , Messas Emmanuel , Pezel Théo , Planquette Benjamin , Duceau Baptiste , Gaussem Pascale , Sutter Willy , Sanchez Olivier , Waldman Victor , Diehl Jean‐Luc , Mirault Tristan , Bonnet Guillaume , Cohen Ariel , Smadja David M. ,   for the Critical COVID‐19 France Investigators
Published: February 2021

Background

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a respiratory disease associated with thrombotic outcomes with coagulation and endothelial disorders. Based on that, several anticoagulation guidelines have been proposed. We aimed to determine whether anticoagulation therapy modifies the risk of developing severe COVID‐19.

Methods and Results

Patients with COVID‐19 initially admitted in medical wards of 24 French hospitals were included prospectively from February 26 to April 20, 2020. We used a Poisson regression model, Cox proportional hazard model, and matched propensity score to assess the effect of anticoagulation on outcomes (intensive care unit admission or in‐hospital mortality). The study enrolled 2878 patients with COVID‐19, among whom 382 (13.2%) were treated with oral anticoagulation therapy before hospitalization. After adjustment, anticoagulation therapy before hospitalization was associated with a better prognosis with an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.70 (95% CI, 0.55–0.88). Analyses performed using propensity score matching confirmed that anticoagulation therapy before hospitalization was associated with a better prognosis, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 0.43 (95% CI, 0.29–0.63) for intensive care unit admission and adjusted hazard ratio of 0.76 (95% CI, 0.61–0.98) for composite criteria intensive care unit admission or death. In contrast, therapeutic or prophylactic low‐ or high‐dose anticoagulation started during hospitalization were not associated with any of the outcomes.

Conclusions

Anticoagulation therapy used before hospitalization in medical wards was associated with a better prognosis in contrast with anticoagulation initiated during hospitalization. Anticoagulation therapy introduced in early disease could better prevent COVID‐19–associated coagulopathy and endotheliopathy, and lead to a better prognosis.
Treating Restless Legs Syndrome Was Associated With Low Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Cohort Study With 3.4 Years of Follow‐Up
Authors: Gao Xiang , Ba Djibril M. , Bagai Kanika , Liu Guodong , Ma Chaoran , Walters Arthur S.
Published: February 2021

Background

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is associated with higher cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. However, it remains unknown whether treatment of RLS lowers the cardiovascular risk associated with RLS.

Methods and Results

All data were collected retrospectively, but subjects were prospectively followed forward in time to determine outcomes of interest. We used the Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters database from January 1, 2006, through December 31, 2014. Participants were 169 393 individuals, which included 24 199 nonpregnant participants with an RLS diagnosis (16 694 receiving treatments for RLS and 7505 without treatment) during 2006 to 2008 and 145 194 age‐ and sex‐matched participants without RLS. All participants were free of CVD before January 1, 2009 (analysis baseline). Incident CVD cases (myocardial infarction, angina, stroke, atrial fibrillation, and heart failure) were identified. We adjusted for potential confounders, such as presence of chronic conditions and medication use. We identified 16 574 incident CVD cases during 2009 to 2014. Relative to the non‐RLS group, the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for future CVD was 1.26 (95% CI, 1.20–1.32) (
P
<0.001) for the RLS with treatment group, and 1.53 (95% CI, 1.42–1.65) (
P
<0.001) for the RLS without treatment group. Significant lower CVD risk was observed for all different RLS treatments, including dopaminergics, anticonvulsants, benzodiazepines, and opiates (adjusted HRs range, 0.71‐0.84;
P
<0.001 for all), except for ergot‐dopamine use.

Conclusions

RLS was associated with higher future CVD risk. However, RLS was associated with statistically significantly less future cardiovascular risk in RLS patients with treatment than in those without treatment.
Neuraminidases 1 and 3 Trigger Atherosclerosis by Desialylating Low‐Density Lipoproteins and Increasing Their Uptake by Macrophages
Authors: Demina Ekaterina P. , Smutova Victoria , Pan Xuefang , Fougerat Anne , Guo Tianlin , Zou Chunxia , Chakraberty Radhika , Snarr Brendan D. , Shiao Tze C. , Roy Rene , Orekhov Alexander N. , Miyagi Taeko , Laffargue Muriel , Sheppard Donald C. , Cairo Christopher W. , Pshezhetsky Alexey V.
Published: February 2021

Background

Chronic vascular disease atherosclerosis starts with an uptake of atherogenic modified low‐density lipoproteins (LDLs) by resident macrophages, resulting in formation of arterial fatty streaks and eventually atheromatous plaques. Increased plasma sialic acid levels, increased neuraminidase activity, and reduced sialic acid LDL content have been previously associated with atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease in human patients, but the mechanism underlying this association has not been explored.

Methods and Results

We tested the hypothesis that neuraminidases contribute to development of atherosclerosis by removing sialic acid residues from glycan chains of the LDL glycoprotein and glycolipids. Atherosclerosis progression was investigated in apolipoprotein E and LDL receptor knockout mice with genetic deficiency of neuraminidases 1, 3, and 4 or those treated with specific neuraminidase inhibitors. We show that desialylation of the LDL glycoprotein, apolipoprotein B 100, by human neuraminidases 1 and 3 increases the uptake of human LDL by human cultured macrophages and by macrophages in aortic root lesions in

Apoe
−/−

mice via asialoglycoprotein receptor 1. Genetic inactivation or pharmacological inhibition of neuraminidases 1 and 3 significantly delays formation of fatty streaks in the aortic root without affecting the plasma cholesterol and LDL levels in

Apoe
−/−

and

Ldlr
−/−

mouse models of atherosclerosis.

Conclusions

Together, our results suggest that neuraminidases 1 and 3 trigger the initial phase of atherosclerosis and formation of aortic fatty streaks by desialylating LDL and increasing their uptake by resident macrophages.
Like Nobody's Business
Authors: Comrie Andrew C.
Published: February 2021

How do university finances really work?

From flagship public research universities to small, private liberal arts colleges, there are few aspects of these institutions associated with more confusion, myths or lack of understanding than how they fund themselves and function in the business of higher education. Using simple, approachable explanations supported by clear illustrations, this book takes the reader on an engaging and enlightening tour of how the money flows. How does the university really pay for itself? Why do tuition and fees rise so fast? Why do universities lose money on research? Do most donations go to athletics?

Grounded in hard data, original analyses, and the practical experience of a seasoned administrator, this book provides refreshingly clear answers and comprehensive insights for anyone on or off campus who is interested in the business of the university: how it earns its money, how it spends it, and how it all works.
Combined Effects of the British–Baikal Corridor Pattern and the Silk Road Pattern on Eurasian Surface Air Temperatures in Summer
Authors: Li Xinyu , Lu Riyu , Ahn Joong-Bae
Published: February 2021

The summer British–Baikal Corridor pattern (BBC) and the Silk Road pattern (SRP) manifest as zonally oriented teleconnections in the high and middle latitudes, respectively, of the Eurasian continent. In this study, we investigate the combined effects of the BBC and SRP on surface air temperatures over the Eurasian continent. It is found that the combination of the BBC and SRP results in two kinds of well-organized, large-scale circulation anomalies: the zonal tripole pattern and the Ω-like pattern in the 200-hPa geopotential height anomalies. The zonal tripole pattern is characterized by opposite variations between western Siberia/western Asia and Europe/central Asia/central Siberia, and the Ω-like pattern manifests as consistent variations over midlatitude Europe, western Siberia, and central Asia. Correspondingly, the resultant large-scale surface air temperature anomalies feature the same zonal tripole pattern and Ω-like pattern, respectively. Further results indicate that these two patterns resemble the two leading modes of surface air temperature anomalies over the middle to high latitudes of Eurasia. This study indicates that the temperature variations in the middle and high latitudes of Eurasia can be coordinated and evidently explained by the combination of the BBC and SRP, and it contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the large-scale Eurasian climate variability.
Radiative and Dynamic Controls on Atmospheric Heat Transport over Different Planetary Rotation Rates
Authors: Cox Tyler , Armour Kyle C. , Roe Gerard H. , Donohoe Aaron , Frierson Dargan M. W.
Published: February 2021

Atmospheric heat transport is an important piece of our climate system, yet we lack a complete theory for its magnitude or changes. Atmospheric dynamics and radiation play different roles in controlling the total atmospheric heat transport (AHT) and its partitioning into components associated with eddies and mean meridional circulations. This work focuses on two specific controls: a radiative one, namely atmospheric radiative temperature tendencies, and a dynamic one, the planetary rotation rate. We use an idealized gray radiation model to employ a novel framework to lock the radiative temperature tendency and total AHT to climatological values, even while the rotation rate is varied. This setup allows for a systematic study of the effects of radiative tendency and rotation rate on AHT. We find that rotation rate controls the latitudinal extent of the Hadley cell and the heat transport efficiency of eddies. Both the rotation rate and radiative tendency influence the strength of the Hadley cell and the strength of equator–pole energy differences that are important for AHT by eddies. These two controls do not always operate independently and can reinforce or dampen each other. In addition, we examine how individual AHT components, which vary with latitude, sum to a total AHT that varies smoothly with latitude. At slow rotation rates the mean meridional circulation is most important in ensuring total AHT varies smoothly with latitude, while eddies are most important at rotation rates similar to, and faster than, those of Earth.
Applying a Physically Based Blowing Snow Diagnostic Parameterization to Improve Wintertime Visibility Forecasts in the WRF Model
Authors: Letcher Theodore W. , LeGrand Sandra L. , Polashenski Christopher
Published: February 2021

Blowing snow presents substantial risk to human activities by causing severe visibility degradation and snow drifting. Furthermore, blowing snow presents a weather forecast challenge since it is not generally simulated in operational weather forecast models. In this study, we apply a physically based blowing snow model as a diagnostic overlay to output from a reforecast WRF simulation of a significant blowing snow event that occurred over the northern Great Plains of the United States during the winter of 2019. The blowing snow model is coupled to an optics parameterization that estimates the visibility reduction by blowing snow. This overlay is qualitatively evaluated against false color satellite imagery from the GOES-16 operational weather satellite and available surface visibility observations. The WRF-simulated visibility is substantially improved when incorporating blowing snow hydrometeors. Furthermore, the model-simulated plume of blowing snow roughly corresponds to the blowing snow plumes visible in the satellite imagery. Overall, this study illustrates how a blowing snow diagnostic model can aid weather forecasters in making blowing snow visibility forecasts, and demonstrates how the model can be evaluated against satellite imagery.
The Formal-Informal Control Nexus During COVID-19: What Drives Informal Social Control of Social Distancing Restrictions During Lockdown?
Authors: Sargeant Elise , Murphy Kristina , McCarthy Molly , Williamson Harley
Published: February 2021

The public rely on the police to enforce the law, and the police rely on the public to report crime and assist them with their enquiries. Police action or inaction can also impact on public willingness to informally intervene in community problems. In this paper we examine the formal-informal control nexus in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Drawing on a survey sample of 1,595 Australians during COVID-19 lockdown restrictions, we examine the relationship between police effectiveness, collective efficacy, and public willingness to intervene when others violate lockdown restrictions. We find that perceptions of police effectiveness in handling the COVID-19 crisis has a positive impact on the public’s willingness to intervene when others violate lockdown restrictions.
On the Relationship Between Item Stem Formulation and Criterion Validity of Multiple-Component Measuring Instruments
Authors: Menold Natalja , Raykov Tenko
Published: February 2021

The possible dependency of criterion validity on item formulation in a multicomponent measuring instrument is examined. The discussion is concerned with evaluation of the differences in criterion validity between two or more groups (populations/subpopulations) that have been administered instruments with items having differently formulated item stems. The case of complex item stems involving two stimuli description sentences (double-barreled questions) is thereby compared with the setting where items contained a single sentence. Using empirical data, the latent criterion validity differences are evaluated across three groups that are randomly assigned to conditions characterized by item stems with differing number of stimuli. The results indicate that validity of an instrument can be influenced by the specific way item stem is formulated. Implications for empirical educational, behavioral, and social science research are discussed.
The place of transversal LGBTQ+ urban activisms
Authors: Spruce Emma
Published: February 2021

This special issue on placing LGBTQ+ urban activisms seeks to affirm the plurality of LGBTQ+ activisms and expand the geographic lens to consider places that have been side-lined as sites of LGBTQ+ political ferment. In this article I reflect on the ways that the collection also gestures towards the importance of ‘connective’ LGBTQ+ urban activisms, complicating existing theorisation that has primarily focused on transnational relations. Approaching it through the particular space and time of London during the Covid-19 pandemic, I interpret the collection as a call to explore the knowledge that becomes available – and the praxis that is foregrounded – when we examine the connective dimensions of LGBTQ+ urban activisms. Bridging feminist, queer and urban studies, I conclude by arguing for the particular analytic lens that emerges when ‘place’ is brought into critical tension with ‘transversal politics’ as a way to think about both those connective LGBTQ+ urban activisms that already exist and those which are urgently needed.
A Method for Studying Differences in Segregation Across Time and Space
Authors: Elbers Benjamin
Published: February 2021

An important topic in the study of segregation are comparisons across space and time. This article extends current approaches in segregation measurement by presenting a five-term decomposition procedure that can be used to understand more clearly why segregation has changed or differs between two comparison points. Two of the five terms account for differences in segregation that are due to the differing marginal distributions (e.g., the gender and occupational distributions), while one term accounts for differences in segregation due the different structure of segregation (what might be termed “pure” segregation). The decomposition thus presents a solution to the problem of margin dependency, frequently discussed in the segregation literature. Finally, two terms account for the appearance or disappearance of units when analyzing change over time. The method can be further extended to attribute structural changes to individual units, which makes it possible, for instance, to quantify the effect of each occupation on changing gender* segregation. The practical advantages of the decomposition are illustrated by two examples: a study of changing occupational gender segregation in the United States and a study of changing residential segregation in Brooklyn, New York.
Mapping Immigration Policy at the Southern Border: An Administrative and Judicial Analysis
Authors: Lens Vicki , Kanelstein Samantha
Published: February 2021

Presidents are increasingly relying on a mode of governing—presidentialism—that produces radical shifts in public policy through the administrative state, rather than through Congress. Most recently, using the tools of the administrative state rather than legislative action, the Trump Administration has reinterpreted the laws governing asylum, especially as to citizens from Central America seeking refuge from violence and dire poverty. Through a legal analysis of the judiciary’s response to these reforms, this article examines the limits and constraints of presidential administrative power.
Bayesian Modal Estimation for the One-Parameter Logistic Ability-Based Guessing (1PL-AG) Model
Authors: Guo Shaoyang , Wu Tong , Zheng Chanjin , Chen Yanlei
Published: February 2021

The calibration of the one-parameter logistic ability-based guessing (1PL-AG) model in item response theory (IRT) with a modest sample size remains a challenge for its implausible estimates and difficulty in obtaining standard errors of estimates. This article proposes an alternative Bayesian modal estimation (BME) method, the Bayesian Expectation-Maximization-Maximization (BEMM) method, which is developed by combining an augmented variable formulation of the 1PL-AG model and a mixture model conceptualization of the three-parameter logistic model (3PLM). By comparing with marginal maximum likelihood estimation (MMLE) and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) in JAGS, the simulation shows that BEMM can produce stable and accurate estimates in the modest sample size. A real data example and the MATLAB codes of BEMM are also provided.
Stylistic pluralism and the experiences of classically trained teachers of singing in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Fahey Hannah
Published: February 2021

Throughout much of the 20th century, the Western classical vocal aesthetic dominated tertiary singing training in the Republic of Ireland. At the turn of the 21st century, and reflecting similar movements internationally, Irish institutions, examining boards and private teaching studios diversified to include musical theatre and popular styles of singing in degree programmes and syllabi. The purpose of this study was to further understand voice teacher perceptions of these shifts in pedagogical culture. This research questioned how classically trained teachers of singing negotiate teaching across styles in popular music genres, and also questioned if implicit, embodied cultural ideas about classical singing defined their educative approaches to popular music vocals. Data were collected through in-depth qualitative interviews with classically trained teachers of singing in the Republic of Ireland. Analysis of interview data revealed a number of themes which are discussed within a theoretical framework drawn from the work of Bourdieu, revealing that the participant teachers are involved in processes of negotiation and re-negotiation of personal and institutional habitus.
Closing the cultural rights gap in transitional justice: Developments from Canada’s National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls
Authors: Luoma Colin
Published: February 2021

Canada’s National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls (the ‘MMIWG Inquiry’) is the latest truth-seeking body to grapple with legacies of violence against indigenous peoples in settler colonial states. While the name, Missing and Murdered, ostensibly limits its scope of application to bodily integrity crimes, the MMIWG Inquiry instead embraced an expansive understanding of violence to encompass gross violations of indigenous cultural rights and cultural harm more generally. This article argues that this holistic approach represents a stark departure from mainstream transitional justice models which have overwhelmingly prioritised the redress of a limited set of civil and political rights violations, while neglecting the underlying structural violence and cultural harm that permeates divided societies. This article advances a case to understand the MMIWG Inquiry as a transitional justice mechanism and draws upon its Final Report to analyse how truth commissions can engage with cultural rights violations in more meaningful ways. By directly and robustly accounting for indigenous cultural harm, the MMIWG Inquiry challenged the conventional parameters of the field and demonstrated the opportunity and utility of addressing cultural rights violations through a transitional justice framework.
Coexistence of disseminated Kaposi sarcoma and multicentric Castleman disease in an HIV-infected patient under viral suppression
Authors: Lin I-Fan , Lin Jiun-Nong , Tsai Tsung-Heng , Hsu Chao-Tien , Wu Yu-Ying , Lai Chung-Hsu
Published: February 2021

Coexistence of multicentric Castleman disease and Kaposi sarcoma is rare and might be missed without an experienced pathologists’ interpretation. A 46-year-old man had been diagnosed with HIV infection and treated with combination antiretroviral therapy of dolutegravir/abacavir/lamivudine (Triumeq) for one year. The latest viral load was 49 copies/mL and CD4 T-cell count was 192 cells/uL. He was admitted due to fever off and on, splenomegaly, general lymphadenopathy, and severe thrombocytopenia for two months. Biopsy of a purplish skin lesion and gastric tissue showed Kaposi sarcoma. The pathology of inguinal lymph nodes revealed coexistence of Kaposi sarcoma and multicentric Castleman disease. The plasma Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus viral load was 365,000 copies/mL. During hospitalization, progressive pancytopenia and spiking fever persisted, and he died of multi-organ failure before completion of chemotherapeutic treatments with rituximab plus liposomal doxorubicin.
Critical remarks on Rayleigh damping model considering the explicit scheme for the dynamic response analysis of high rise buildings
Authors: ALMahdi Fikrat , Fahjan Yasin , Doğangün Adem
Published: February 2021

This paper numerically investigates the validity of Rayleigh damping model considering explicit operator to assess the dynamic response of high rise buildings under seismic loads. Considering transverse and longitudinal seismic waves, the bending moment, shear force, axial force, and and inter story drift are evaluated for a Core wall and a frame system of 46 story each. It is found that considering the explicit scheme, the dynamic responses are amplified significantly especially for axial forces. The reported amplification can be attributed to the ignorance of stiffness proportional Rayleigh damping coefficient which is associated with the stability issue of the implemented explicit operator. The paper indicates that Rayleigh damping model does not provide the required/expected damping for the higher modes of higher frequencies hence, it is not appropriate to be used along with the explicit operator especially for buildings of wide range of frequencies. It is worth pointing out that for classical dynamic analysis which follows the implicit scheme, Rayleigh damping seems to well consider the higher modes of high frequencies with higher damping ratio in comparison to the initial mode shapes. Consequently, the literature explicit scheme should be revised to accurately consider a proper damping for the higher modes which is crucial to assess the total response of structures of long periods and wide range of frequencies such as high rise buildings among others.
Perceived welfare deservingness of needy people in transition countries: Comparative evidence from the Life in Transition Survey 2016
Authors: Gugushvili Dimitri , Lukac Martin , van Oorschot Wim
Published: February 2021

Transition to the market economy and the related restructuring of welfare systems has produced new vulnerabilities in the formerly communist countries of Eastern Europe and Central Asia while simultaneously aggravating the existing ones. Given the limited fiscal capacities of the transition countries, this brings to the fore the issue of which of the new and old vulnerable groups of people are considered to be deserving of public support. Using data from the third round of the Life in Transition survey (2016), this article explores the perceived welfare deservingness of five groups: the elderly, the disabled, the unemployed, the working poor and families with children. We find that with some exceptions, the hierarchy of deservingness of these groups is similar to that systematically identified in Western welfare states. However, there is also a large variation in the deservingness levels across countries, some of which appear to be related to the differences in the levels of economic development. We also find that in transition countries, individual self-interest and ideological predispositions largely have the same effects on people’s deservingness perceptions as those found in Western welfare states in previous studies.
Deciphering the Great Mimicker
Authors: Shih Jerry J.
Published: February 2021

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Leading innovation through employees’ participation: Plural leadership in employee-driven innovation practices
Authors: Flocco Nicole , Canterino Filomena , Cagliano Raffaella
Published: February 2021

Plural leadership has gained a lot of attention, challenging traditional individualistic leadership models and moving the focus to the dynamic and collective nature of leadership. This leadership paradigm seems particularly relevant in situations where plurality is involved to cope with complexity and uncertainty: a valid example is the context of innovation. In this study, we explore how plural leadership works in the context of employee-driven innovation (EDI), since these initiatives can provide interesting insights about the interactions between formal and informal leaders. Our empirical analysis supports the idea that EDI involves plural leadership. We identified some similarities with two of the streams theorized by Denis, Langley and Sergi (2012) in “Leadership in the Plural”, namely “sharing leadership in teams” and “producing leadership through interaction.” Through multiple case studies, it was possible to extend those streams and to deepen our understanding of the relationship between formal and informal leaders. We conceptualized two leadership roles (i.e., process leadership and content leadership), which enable plural leadership to meet the competing demand of exploration and exploitation, and we revealed elements that help explain why and when leadership is shared between multiple individuals.
Keeping Black Girls in School: A Systematic Review of Opportunities to Address Exclusionary Discipline Disparity
Authors: Addington Lynn A.
Published: February 2021

A punitive legacy of the responses to school shootings in the United States is the expansion of exclusionary discipline. Black girls have disproportionately experienced this form of punishment as compared to white girls and non-Black girls of color. A small, but growing, body of research has examined the patterns and causes of this disparity. Current studies have made suggestions for possible solutions to address this disparity, but these recommendations are not readily accessible in a single location. A catalogue of these ideas could provide a useful foundation for policy development and evaluation. The present research note seeks to generate this resource by conducting a systematic review to identify and categorize recommendations aimed at reducing the discipline disparity experienced by Black girls. Based on this review, four categories emerged that center around: (1) culturally competent school programs, (2) enhanced teacher training, (3) spaces at school for empowering Black girls, and (4) trauma-informed student policies. This research note discusses these categories of recommendations using an intersectional framework and concludes with a summary of next steps to guide future research and policy work to address the disproportionate use of exclusionary discipline against Black girls.
Caring, Courage and Curiosity: Reflections on our roles as scholars in organizing for a sustainable future
Authors: Howard-Grenville Jennifer
Published: February 2021

The Covid-19 pandemic made important societal issues even more pressing and poignant to organizations. I explore how the pandemic surfaced attention to the vulnerability and resilience of organizations and organizing, and reflect on our responsibility as organizational scholars to think and act differently about our work as a result. I consider how we might do this individually and collectively, arriving at suggestions for how to advance organization theory and its relevance to contemporary organizing through: (1) directing our care to multiple issues that need attention; (2) having the courage to step away from familiar modes of inquiry and styles of theorizing to explore these; and (3) using our curiosity to develop nuanced explanations that match the complex, systemic nature of the issues themselves.