bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Membrane-immobilized gemcitabine for cancer-targetable NK cell surface engineering
Authors: Noh Kyung Mu , Jangid Ashok Kumar , Park Jaewon , Kim Sungjun , Kim Kyobum
Published: October 2024

Lipid-gemcitabine coated NK cells via surface engineering effectively delivered prodrugs to target cells, thereby boosting NK cell-mediated antitumor efficacy.
Size-controllable fabrication of PbS quantum dots for NIR–SWIR photodetectors with extended wavelengths
Authors: Wang Qilong , You Congya , Yan Qi , Xie Qingjuan , Deng Wenjie , Liu Ming , Li Huiyu , Yu Songlin , Feng Yongjun
Published: October 2024

Large-sized PbS QDs with detectable wavelengths extended to 2220 nm have been successfully synthesized and applied as the photoactive layer in a NIR-SWIR photodetector with the detectivity of 4.0 × 1011 Jones at 2100 nm at ambient temperature.
X-ray-irradiation-induced photoluminescence and photochromic LiNbO3 phosphors for anti-counterfeiting and X-ray imaging
Authors: Zhang Yueteng , Bai Xue , Zhao Heping , Qiu Jianbei , Song Zhiguo , Liao Jiayan , Yang Zhengwen
Published: October 2024

We report novel LNO:0.01Eu3+ oxide phosphors with unique photochromic behavior under X-ray irradiation, with potential applications in multimodal display encryption, information security detection, advanced anti-counterfeiting and photoelectrics.
Inkjet‐printed capacitively loaded Marchand baluns with enhanced fractional bandwidths
Authors: Steele Joe , Psychogiou Dimitra
Published: October 2024

A comprehensive design methodology for the realization of ultra‐wideband and highly miniaturized capacitively loaded Marchand baluns (MBs), suitable for integration into balanced antenna systems is presented. A design technique to maximize the fractional bandwidth (FBW) for a given manufacturing process is demonstrated for the first time. Furthermore, a novel MB integration scheme using broadside‐coupled lines and 3D vertically integrated capacitors in a two‐material inkjet printing process is uniquely proposed. The concept has been experimentally validated within the S and C bands. It exhibits a footprint of 0.128 × 0.098 λg2, centre frequency of 4.4 GHz, and FBW of 121%. Its power loss, phase imbalance and amplitude imbalance were measured between 0.8 and 2.2 dB, 3 ± 2°, and 0.4 ± 0.4 dB, respectively.
Serial resonant converter (SRC) polynomial model implemented in a digital signal controller (DSC)
Authors: Díaz Gonzalez Juan , Rwamurangwa Evode , Villegas Saiz Pedro Jose , Martin‐Ramos Juan Antonio , Pernia Alberto Martin , Busto María G.
Published: October 2024

This work describes the process of modelling resonant converters by means of polynomial equations, in such a way that they can be easily implemented in digital controllers as digital signal controller. As an example, the serial resonant converter is modelled and its implementation in the TMS320F28335 Texas Controller.
Secondary halo bias through cosmic time
Authors: Balaguera-Antolínez Andrés , Montero-Dorta Antonio D.
Published: October 2024

Context. When constructing mock galaxy catalogs based on suites of dark matter halo catalogs generated with approximated, calibrated, or machine-learning approaches, assigning intrinsic properties for these tracers is a step of paramount importance, given that they can shape the abundance and spatial distribution of mock galaxies and galaxy clusters.

Aims. We explore the possibility of assigning properties of dark matter halos within the context of calibrated or learning approaches, explicitly using clustering information. The goal is to retrieve the correct signal of primary and secondary large-scale effective bias as a function of properties reconstructed solely based on phase-space properties of the halo distribution and dark matter density field.

Methods. The algorithm reconstructs a set of halo properties (such as virial mass, maximum circular velocity, concentration, and spin) constrained to reproduce both primary and secondary (or assembly) bias. The key ingredients of the algorithm are the implementation of individually-assigned large-scale effective bias, a multi-scale approach to account for halo exclusion, and a hierarchical assignment of halo properties.

Results. The method facilitates the assignment of halo properties, aiming to replicate the large-scale effective bias, both primary and secondary. This constitutes an improvement over previous methods in the literature, especially for the high-mass end population.

Conclusions. We have designed a strategy for reconstructing the main properties of dark matter halos obtained using calibrated or learning algorithms, such that the one- and two-point statistics (on large scales) replicate the signal from detailed N-body simulations. We encourage the application of this strategy (or the implementation of our algorithm) for the generation of mock catalogs of dark matter halos based on approximated methods.
Evaluating the effect of Trichoderma atroviride (i-1237) on grapevine phomopsis cane and leaf spot: a promising and reproducible trial
Authors: Sofia Jorge , Sofia Raul , Vila-Maior João
Published: October 2024

A field trial with artificial infection was designed and performed to verify the potential effect of the application, as a pruning wound protectant for grapevine trunk diseases immediately after pruning, of a commercial product containing the biological control agent Trichoderma atroviride (I-1237), on later symptom expression of Phomopsis cane and leaf spot (PCLS) caused by Diaporthe spp.. The trial comprised four modalities: “Witness”, that remained in natural conditions without artificial infection and was sprayed with distilled water during the treatments; “Infected Witness”, with artificial infection and was sprayed with distilled water during the treatments.; “Reference Product”, with artificial infection and reference fungicide application at bud burst (BBCH 09), and “Test Product” in which the T. atroviride commercial formulation was applied as per the label, during dormancy (BBCH 00) immediately after pruning, and subject to artificial infection. The trial consisted of six replicates per modality with three plants per replicate. Incidence and severity of PCLS were assessed on the first four internodes in all the canes of all trial plants during development stages “fruit set” to “berries groat sized” (BBCH 71 to 73). The effectiveness of the artificial inoculation stands out; all the modalities showed lower incidence and severity than those of the “infected witness”, and the reduction in incidence, compared to the “infected witness”, was statistically significant for all modalities. Due to its short duration, the test did not allow the initial premise to be validated, but it validated the methodology used and its reproducibility. The suggestion that the pruning application of the T. atroviride formulation influences the subsequent manifestation of PCLS will need further testing in the following years to gauge these preliminary results.
Retraction Note: A Post-Evaluation Method for Integrated Energy Systems Based on Triangular Whitening Weight Function
Authors: Wang Yongli , Teng Yue , Zhou Hanzhi , Dou Zhenlan , Zhang Chunyan , Sun Pei
Published: October 2024

The authors have expressed the wish to retract this article on the ground that there are
some technical issues that require to be corrected.

1. The indicator does not provide a specific quantification method.

2. The indicator weight is obtained through subjective evaluation where there is a
significant deviation between the actual project verification and the current
comprehensive energy system operation results.

3. The post evaluation index values in the article are only obtained based on the average
value obtained from expert scoring, and the fitting results do not have reference
significance.

The Publisher and Editor(s) approved to the retraction.
Digital revolution in African cities: Exploring governance mechanisms to mitigate the societal impacts
Authors: Jieutsa Leandry , Gbaguidi Irina , Nadifi Wijdane , Founoun Adnane
Published: October 2024

In an increasingly connected and digital African city it is crucial to identify the opportunities and challenges related to new technologies in cities to ensure that they do not create new inequalities and exclusions but contribute to the well-being of all. Governance is at the heart of this endeavour and local governments should put in place regulatory frameworks to ensure that one is left behind in African smart cities. Universal access to urban services driven by emerging technologies, the digital divide, digital inclusion, and digital rights, are all issues that emerge from the digital transformation of territories. As part of the African Cities Lab Summit 2023, young researchers met for a workshop lasting for an hour and a half on the impact of digital technology deployment in African cities. The aim was to analyze the impacts and societal challenges posed by the deployment of digital technologies in African cities in a local and global context and then to formulate recommendations for local governments. This paper summarizes the results of the discussions.
Betrachtung der Wahrnehmung der Hilfsmittelnutzung und -versorgung im
Spannungsfeld der Entwicklung im Kindes- und Jugendalter und Symptomprogredienz
bei Betroffenen mit hereditärer Ataxie
Authors: Liebich Annika , Hentzgen Leonie , Nadke Marion , Heise Kirstin-Friederike
Published: October 2024

Ziel Hilfsmittel haben eine große Bedeutung in der Neuropädiatrie, jedoch
ist die Datenbasis zur selbsteingeschätzten Hilfsmittelnutzung und -versorgung
bei Betroffenen mit hereditärer Ataxie gering. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist
es daher, die individuelle Perspektive von Betroffenen auf die
Hilfsmittelnutzung und -versorgung zu untersuchen und diese im Spannungsfeld der
physiologischen und psychosozialen Entwicklung sowie der Symptomprogredienz zu
diskutieren.

Methodik Das Forschungsprojekt fand in Kooperation mit der Deutschen
Heredo-Ataxie-Gesellschaft e.V. im Sinne des Ansatzes „Patienten als Partner in
der Wissenschaft“ statt. Die Daten wurden per Online-Fragebogen und
Fokusgruppenbefragungen erhoben und mittels gemischt methodischen Vorgehens
sowohl quantitativ als auch qualitativ analysiert.

Ergebnisse Auf der Basis der vorliegenden Stichprobe mit Betroffenen aus
dem Jugend- und Erwachsenenbereich (n=47 Online-Fragebogen, n=6
Fokusgruppenbefragung) zeigt sich eine grundsätzlich positive Einschätzung der
Hilfsmittelnutzung. Im Kontrast dazu steht die individuelle Wahrnehmung des
Hilfsmittelversorgungsprozesses, bei dem vier wesentliche Problemfelder
identifiziert werden, die teilweise auf andere Krankheitsbilder übertragbar
sind, sich aber im Kinder- und Jugendbereich und durch die Seltenheit der
hereditären Ataxie verstärken. Zum einen besteht ein Spannungsfeld, dass sich
gerade in der Pädiatrie aus dem langwierigen Prozess bis der Diagnosestellung
und der damit verbundenen Lücke in der Indikation für ein Hilfsmittel während
der Erstversorgung ergibt. Zum anderen unterscheidet sich der Hilfsmittelbedarf
in der Pädiatrie vom Erwachsenenbereich und gerade bei den Hilfsmitteln, die
altersspezifisch zum Einsatz kommen fehlt häufig die Evidenz, die eine
Verordnung rechtfertigen würde.

Schlussfolgerung Neben der Notwendigkeit der Verbesserung des
Versorgungsprozesses, besteht bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit seltenen
Erkrankungen, die von einer Symptomprogredienz gekennzeichnet sind, wesentliche
Lücken im Kenntnisstand bezüglich des Zusammenhangs zwischen Selbstbewusstsein
und Krankheitsverarbeitung einerseits und der Akzeptanz von Hilfsmitteln
andererseits. Darüber hinaus zeigt sich eine dringende Notwendigkeit zur
Verbesserung der Evidenzbasis für spezifische Hilfsmitteln insbesondere in ihrer
Bedeutung für die Selbstständigkeitsförderung entsprechend des jeweiligen Alters
und der jeweiligen Entwicklungsphase.
The impression of the past/not-past upon the experiences of the present: On Sadeq Rahimi’s The Hauntology of Everyday Life
Authors: Barratt Barnaby B.
Published: October 2024

Sadeq Rahimi’s book The Hauntology of Everyday Life is reviewed critically and appreciatively.
Design of coma-free Hettrick–Underwood type spectrometers for high energy resolution RIXS experimental station
Authors: Li Zhetong , Feng Jiatai , Xue Chaofan , Liu Xuerong
Published: October 2024

The Hettrick–Underwood (HU) type design, consisting of a pre-focusing mirror and a varied-line-spacing planar grating (VLS-PG), for the high resolution resonant inelastic x-ray scattering spectrometer is considered. The light path of the HU design is analyzed, and the analytical functions determining the groove parameters of VLS-grating are given. Efforts are made to compare the different choices of the pre-focusing mirrors, circular cylindrical (HU-CM) and elliptical cylindrical (HU-EM). Although the HU-EM type offers great tuning properties with variable-included-angle, it imposes high requirement on the optical element manufacturing accuracy, while the HU-CM type design couples the coma contributions from the pre-mirror and the grating, allowing for mutual compensation of the manufacturing errors of the two optical elements.
Effect of load-resisting force on photoisomerization mechanism of a single second generation light-driven molecular rotary motor
Authors: Pang Xiaojuan , Zhao Kaiyue , Hu Deping , Zhong Quanjie , Zhang Ningbo , Jiang Chenwei
Published: October 2024

A pivotal aspect of molecular motors is their capability to generate load capacity from a single entity. However, few studies have directly characterized the load-resisting force of a single light-driven molecular motor. This research provides a simulation analysis of the load-resisting force for a highly efficient, second-generation molecular motor developed by Feringa et al. We investigate the M-to-P photoinduced nonadiabatic molecular dynamics of 9-(2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-1H-benz[e]inden-1-ylidene)-9H-fluorene utilizing Tully’s surface hopping method at the semi-empirical OM2/MRCI level under varying load-resisting forces. The findings indicate that the quantum yield remains relatively stable under forces up to 0.003 a.u., with the photoisomerization mechanism functioning typically. Beyond this threshold, the quantum yield declines, and an alternative photoisomerization mechanism emerges, characterized by an inversion of the central double bond’s twisting direction. The photoisomerization process stalls when the force attains a critical value of 0.012 a.u. Moreover, the average lifetime of the excited state oscillates around that of the unperturbed system. The quantum yield and mean lifetime of the S1 excited state in the absence of external force are recorded at 0.54 and 877.9 fs, respectively. In addition, we analyze a time-dependent fluorescence radiation spectrum, confirming the presence of a dark state and significant vibrations, as previously observed experimentally by Conyard et al.
Solvation of molecules from the family of “domain of unknown function” 3494 and their ability to bind to ice
Authors: Zielkiewicz Jan
Published: October 2024

In 2012, the molecular structure of a new, broad class of ice-binding proteins, classified as “domain of unknown function” (DUF) 3494, was described for the first time. These proteins have a common tertiary structure and are characterized by a very wide spectrum of antifreeze activity (from weakly active to hyperactive). The ice-binding surface (IBS) region of these molecules differs significantly in its structure from the IBS of previously known antifreeze proteins (AFPs), showing a complete lack of regularity and high hydrophilicity. The presence of a regular, repeating structural motif in the IBS region of hitherto known AFP molecules, combined with the hydrophobic nature of this surface, promotes the formation of an ice-like ordering of the solvation water layer and, as a result, facilitates the process of transformation of this water layer into ice. It is, therefore, surprising that the newly discovered DUF3494 class of proteins clearly breaks out of this characteristic. In this paper, using molecular dynamics simulations, we analyze the solvation water structure of the IBS region of both DUF3494 family molecules and AFPs. As we show, although the IBS of DUF3494 molecules does not form an ice-like water structure in the solvation layer, this is compensated by the formation of the equivalent of “anchored clathrate water,” in the form of a relatively large number of water molecules bound to the surface of the protein molecule and providing potential binding sites for it to the ice surface.
InGaN quantum dots for micro-LEDs
Authors: Wang Lai , Yu Luming , Li Zhenhao , Cheng Anda , Hao Zhibiao , Sun Changzheng , Xiong Bing , Han Yanjun , Wang Jian , Li Hongtao , Gan Lin , Luo Yi
Published: October 2024

Micro-scale light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) have received widespread attention in recent years for applications in display and optical communication. Compared with conventional quantum well active regions, quantum dots (QDs) can increase the carrier concentration at the same current density, which is beneficial for improving the efficiency and bandwidth of LEDs at low current densities. This is exactly what micro-LEDs need for display and communication applications. In this Perspective, we give a general introduction to InGaN QDs and provide an overview of the growth of InGaN QDs by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. We then discuss the advances in green and red micro-LEDs based on InGaN QDs for display applications. This is followed by recent progress on high-speed blue micro-LEDs, which have great potential for use in chip-to-chip optical interconnections. Finally, we address the remaining challenges for a further improvement in InGaN QD-based micro-LEDs.
Inverse-designed acoustic metasurfaces for broadband sound absorption
Authors: Zhao Dan-Dan , Dong Hao-Wen , Gu Yan , Qu Wen-Zhen , Zhao Sheng-Dong
Published: October 2024

Acoustic metasurfaces are widely used for noise attenuation due to their outstanding acoustic performance and subwavelength characteristics. The paper introduces a topology-optimized inverse design approach for broadband sound-absorbing metasurfaces, aiming to achieve efficient sound absorption performance across a wide frequency spectrum. By integrating genetic algorithms with the finite element method and driven by objectives such as the absorption frequency range and absorption coefficient, we can transcend the limitations of manual design and fully exploit the design potential of structures. Furthermore, the study investigates the sound absorption mechanism and thermal-viscous dissipation through finite element simulations and experimental validations. The research findings reveal that the proposed broadband sound-absorbing metasurfaces demonstrate excellent sound absorption capabilities across the designated frequency range, boasting an average sound absorption coefficient exceeding 85%. These findings offer fresh perspectives and methodologies for advancing the research and practical application of broadband sound-absorbing metasurfaces.
Modeling of excitation dynamics in large-size molecular systems: Hierarchical equations with compartmentalization
Authors: Novoderezhkin Vladimir I.
Published: October 2024

We describe the new method that can be useful for calculation of the excitation dynamics in large molecular arrays that can be split into compartments with weak exciton coupling between them. In this method, the dynamics within each compartment is evaluated nonperturbatively using hierarchical equations of motion (HEOM), whereas transfers between the exciton states belonging to different compartments are treated by the generalized Förster (gF) theory. In a combined HEOM-gF approach, the number of equations increases linearly when adding new compartments as opposed to pure HEOM, where a depth of hierarchy exhibits strong non-linear grows when scaling the total number of molecules. Comparing the combined HEOM-gF method with an exact HEOM solution enabled us to estimate the parameters corresponding to a validity range of the proposed theory. The possibility of using the method for modeling of energy transfers in photosynthetic antenna supercomplexes is discussed.
The effects of thumb position on backhand disc golf throws of a mid-range disc
Authors: Koch Noah , McGuire Hayden , Cole Connor , Lindsey Zachary
Published: October 2024

In disc golf, having a comfortable and proper grip on the disc is crucial to achieving optimal throw dynamics, and the placement of the thumb is a key component of the grip. This research investigated the relationship between thumb position on a mid-range disc and the resulting angular speed, translational speed, and torque generated during the throw. Using a Discraft Buzzz disc equipped with a TechDisc sensor, measurements were obtained for throws made using five different thumb positions, starting near the outer edge of the disc (p = 1) and ending near the center of the disc (p = 5). Participants were sorted into two skill level groups that were determined based on their Professional Disc Golf Association rating. Each participant performed five throws at each thumb position with maximum effort, and angular and translational speeds of each throw were measured. The results varied between skill groups, but collective data displayed a general linear correlation between angular and translational speeds achieved across all thumb positions. While angular speed and applied torque were observed to be maximum for the thumb position with the largest radial distance from the center of the disc (p = 1), thumb positions located ∼3–5 cm radially inward from the outer edge (p = 2 and p = 3) resulted in the highest translational speeds. In general, a universally favorable thumb position was determined as that resulting in simultaneously large values of both angular and translational speeds for all participants, which occurred closest to the p = 2 position (∼3 cm from the outer edge).
Self-adaptive equation embedded neural networks for traffic flow state estimation with sparse data
Authors: Su Yuan-Bo , Lü Xing , Li Shu-Kai , Yang Li-Xing , Gao Ziyou
Published: October 2024

The data-driven approach in intelligent traffic systems has achieved successive breakthroughs, thanks to the ever-increasing volume of traffic data. Nonetheless, in practical scenarios, the collected data often contain some issues, e.g., missing values, significantly impacting the accuracy and efficiency of the algorithms. To enhance the precision of traffic estimation utilizing the sparse data, we have developed a physics-informed neural network (PINN) based algorithm in the line with the traffic flow theory and deep learning principles. In contrast to the conventional PINNs, our approach uniquely incorporates a self-adaptive macro model for mixed flow into the network's architecture, serving as an embedded source of physics information. With this algorithm, we can capture the dynamic behavior of an entire traffic flow including its spatiotemporal evolution with sparse traffic data such as initial and boundary value information. To realize the model's adaptability, we have revised the macro model by inverting its parameters and incorporating a data-driven nonlinear element, which simplifies the intricate macro model structure. The network's effectiveness has been validated through the experiments conducted on a mixed traffic flow system experiencing local agglomeration and real-world data, demonstrating its capability for precise traffic simulation, efficient traffic flow prediction, and interpretability. Our study offers a novel insight for data-driven traffic flow state estimation.
Chemically tuning stability and superconductivity of Pd–H compounds: A routine to high temperature superconductivity under modest pressures
Authors: Xia Xiao Lan , Wei Yong Kai , Xu Ge , Yuan Jiao Nan , Zhu Jiao Meng , Wei Dong Qing
Published: October 2024

Motivated by searching room-temperature superconductors that could be realized near ambient conditions, palladium hydrides were chosen as the research subject considering that they can stably exist under ambient conditions, and Li as an electron donor for its outstanding performance in chemically tuning stability. A novel cubic phase structure of Li2PdH6 with a remarkably high estimated Tc of ∼165 K at 90 GPa was found using particle swarm optimization algorithm calculations. The superconducting behavior persists down to 10 GPa with a high Tc of 106.382 K. Even though the parent binary Pd–H system is not a good superconductor, the introduction of extra electrons breaks up the H2 molecules, inducing the increase of atomic hydrogen compared with parent hydride, which is necessary for outstanding superconducting behavior. The existence of relatively soft phonons associated with the H atoms in phonon dispersion curves is responsible for its high-Tc. Our results indicated that the doping of Li to binary hydrides, especially to binary hydrides with low-Tc that exist under ambient pressure, can produce robust phonon-mediated superconductivity. This may be a strategy to design and optimize room-temperature superconductors that can be synthesized under modest pressure. The findings may pave the way for realizing new high-Tc superconductors in experiments under lower pressure than recently documented superconducting hydrides.
Influence of the equation of state for moderate to high pressure gaseous systems
Authors: Brateau M. , Kerampran S. , Bouchama A. , Clough A. , Arrigoni M.
Published: October 2024

For transportation and defense systems, equations of state describe the thermodynamical behavior of gases, as a function of pressure, density, and temperature and are often used to close systems of equation (such as Navier–Stokes for fluid mechanics). For low pressure system (under a few dozen MPa), the ideal gas equation can be used, whereas for high pressure system (above 1000 MPa), dedicated equations of state are used (Jones-Wilkins-Lee: JWL or Becker-Kistiakowsky-Wilson: BKW). For intermediate pressure systems, such as interior ballistics or pyromechanisms, where the pressure is around a few hundreds MPa and many phenomena interact closely and simultaneously (multiphysics system: combustion, fluid dynamics, thermics, fluid-structure interaction, thermodynamics…), the ideal gas equation is not valid anymore and nor are the JWL or BKW equations. A dedicated equation of state is then necessary for intermediate level of pressures, and its choice is not obvious. This paper presents a comparison of equations of state for this range of pressure (Noble-Abel, Van der Waals, virial), details the calculations of the involved coefficients and their effects on uncertainties, and studies the influence of the equation of state on the predictions of pressure, density, pressure coefficient, and heat transfer, with both analytical and numerical approach. The results highlight the importance of the choice of the equation of state, especially for a multiphysics system, as the equation of state influences not only thermodynamical properties (pressure, density, temperature) but also thermical properties of a system, such as heat transfer.
Unlocking the potential of titanium and its alloys: A mini-review on innovative surface modification techniques
Authors: Shivakoti Ishwer , Bhowmik Abhijit , Santhosh A. Johnson
Published: October 2024

Titanium and its alloys are widely utilized in various fields, such as biomedical and aerospace, and in other industrial applications. However, its surface modification is essential to further enrich its properties to enhance its effectiveness. Researchers across the globe are continuously working on a variety of surface modification methods to enhance the properties of titanium and its alloys. This paper presents a comprehensive review of surface modification methods utilized for titanium and its alloys. Some of the important modification techniques discussed in this paper includes mechanical, chemical, electrochemical, thermal, and physical surface modification methods. This paper also provides insights into surface modification methods in terms of improving corrosion and wear resistance, biocompatibility, and hardness of titanium and its alloys.
Statistics of unidirectional wave groups with and without freak waves observed in the Norwegian Sea
Authors: Fu Ruili , Cai Huayi , Wang Gang , Zheng Jinhai , Tao Aifeng
Published: October 2024

The statistical properties of observed wave groups are essential for designing marine structures. However, the characteristics of group energy, length, and profiles remain unclear. This paper analyzes more than 1 million measured ocean unidirectional wave groups in deep water of the Norwegian Sea during a decade. By classifying wave groups into ordinary and extreme categories based on the presence of a freak wave, it is found that both the distributions of the non-dimensional group energy and group duration follow the Generalized extreme value functions. Moreover, the statistics of wave groups are significantly influenced by the spectral width, with wave steepness having negligible effects. The ratio of the average group duration between extreme and ordinary categories varies slightly from 1.4 to 1.8, although the energy of extreme wave groups can reach 3.0–4.5 times than that of ordinary wave groups. Furthermore, unlike the typical shape of a freak wave with a high wave crest or deep wave trough significantly larger than the surrounding waves, consecutive large waves resembling the “three sisters” are quite common in this location. However, NewWave theory generally underestimates the wave amplitudes surrounding a freak wave, leading to the predicted energy of the most likely extreme wave groups being only about 50–80% of the measured values. Finally, a new modified model is proposed to predict the average shapes of extreme wave groups. After testing numerous wave cases, the model accurately captures the mean morphology of extreme wave groups in the Norwegian Sea.
Multifunctional optoelectronic devices based on two-dimensional tellurium/MoS2 heterojunction
Authors: Cheng Yue , Qiu Zhanxiong , Zhao Shaoguang , Zhang Qiman , Zhao Jingwen , Zi Xiaoqi , Zhao Yu , Zheng Zhaoqiang , Tao Li
Published: October 2024

Two-dimensional van der Waals heterojunctions consisted of p–n-type semiconductors have been rapidly developed owing to their built-in electric field which can facilitate the separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs and properties like current rectification and negative differential transconductance. Benefitting from these advantages, we have prepared an air-stable multifunctional p-tellurium (Te)/n-MoS2 heterostructure working both as a self-driven broadband photodetector and as an optically switchable complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor inverter. For photodetection, this device exhibits wavelength-modulated positive/negative optical response with large responsivity (1.51 A/W at 520 nm and 642.92 mA/W at 1550 nm, Vds = 0 V) and fast response speed, showcasing its prospects for optical encoding communication. Moreover, the device has been demonstrated to function as an inverter that will be shut down by illumination. Our multifunctional device possesses the compactness of integrated modules, widens the application scope of Te-based heterojunctions, and provides a reference for the application of Te-based devices in the field of integrated circuits.
CXCL13 promotes broad immune responses induced by circular RNA vaccines
Authors: Wan Jiawu , Wang Caiqian , Wang Zongmei , Wang Lingli , Wang Haoran , Zhou Ming , Fu Zhen F. , Zhao Ling
Published: October 2024

Antibody responses induced by current vaccines for influenza and SARS-CoV-2 often lack robust cross-reactivity. As hubs where diverse immune cells converge and interact, the alterations in the immune microenvironment within lymph nodes (LNs) are intricately linked to immune responses. Herein, we designed a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) loaded with circular RNA (circRNA) and targeted to LNs, in which CXCL13 was directly integrated into antigen-encoding circRNA strands. We demonstrated that CXCL13 alters the transcriptomic profiles of LNs, especially the upregulation of IL-21 and IL-4. Meanwhile, CXCL13 promotes the formation of germinal center and elicits robust antigen-specific T cell responses. With the codelivery of CXCL13 and the antigen, CXCL13 enhances cross-reactive antibodies against influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2, achieving protection against both homologous and heterologous influenza virus challenges in a mouse model. Notably, the targeted modification of LNP surfaces with antibodies helps address some of the challenges associated with lyophilized LNP vaccines, which is crucial for the long-term storage of LNP-circRNA vaccines. Overall, the circRNA-based antigen-CXCL13 coexpression system developed herein provides a simple and robust platform that enhances the magnitude and breadth of antibody responses against multiple viral glycoproteins, highlighting the potential utility of CXCL13 in inducing broad immune responses.
The model of the local Universe in the framework of the second-order perturbation theory
Authors: Sikora Szymon , Ostrowski Jan J
Published: October 2024

Recently, we constructed the specific solution to the second-order cosmological perturbation theory, around any Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker background filled with dust matter and a positive cosmological constant. In this paper, we use the Cosmicflows-4 sample of galaxies from the Extragalactic Distance Database to constrain this metric tensor. We obtain an approximation to the local matter distribution and geometry. We numerically solve for null geodesics for randomly distributed mock sources and compare this model with the Lemaître–Hubble constant inferred from the observations under the assumption of perfect isotropy and homogeneity. We conclude on effects of realistic inhomogeneities on the luminosity distance in the context of the Hubble tension and discuss limitations of our approach.
Dynamical friction in rotating ultralight dark matter galactic cores
Authors: Gorkavenko V M , Barabash O V , Gorkavenko T V , Teslyk O M , Zaporozhchenko A O , Jia Junji , Yakimenko A I , Gorbar E V
Published: October 2024

Dynamical friction and stellar orbital motion in spiral galaxies with dark matter composed of ultralight bosons in the state of rotating Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) are studied. It is found that the dynamical friction force is significantly affected by the topological charge of the vortex structure of the BEC core with the strongest effect at distances near the galactic center. It is also shown that the ultralight dark matter self-interaction plays an important role in studying the dynamical friction.
A liquid crystal device-based apparatus for observing optical vortex and manipulating micro-particles
Authors: Zheng Zhi-Gang , Luo Duan-Bin , Shen Dong , Wang Xiao-Qian
Published: October 2024

In this paper, we disclose a self-developed liquid crystal device-based optical apparatus for undergraduate teaching experiments. Three relevant experiments have been presented through the experiment-based class: the undergraduates learned about light-matter interaction, the photo-patterning of a liquid crystal q-plate and the generation of an optical vortex, and the manipulation of micro-particles via angular momentum. Most undergraduates held positive remarks on the optical apparatus and were satisfied with the assigned tasks in the experiment. Indeed, our proposed optical apparatus is not only applicable to the explorative research work but also suitable for the undergraduates’ teaching laboratories.
A uniqueness theory on determining the nonlinear energy potential in phase-field system
Authors: Ni Tianhao , Lai Jun
Published: October 2024

The phase-field system is a nonlinear model that has significant applications in material sciences. In this paper, we are concerned with the uniqueness of determining the nonlinear energy potential in a phase-field system consisting of Cahn–Hilliard and Allen–Cahn equations. This system finds widespread applications in the development of alloys engineered to withstand extreme temperatures and pressures. The goal is to reconstruct the nonlinear energy potential through the measurements of concentration fields. We establish the local well-posedness of the phase-field system based on the implicit function theorem in Banach spaces. Both of the uniqueness results for recovering time-independent and time-dependent energy potential functions are provided through the higher order linearization technique.
Rydberg atom-based microwave electrometry using polarization spectroscopy
Authors: Duarte Gomes Naomy , Marrara Pepino Vinicius , Viana Borges Ben-Hur , Varela Magalhães Daniel , de Jesus Napolitano Reginaldo , Alejandro Lefrán Torres Manuel , Douglas Massayuki Kondo Jorge , Gustavo Marcassa Luis
Published: October 2024

In this study, we investigated Rydberg atom-based microwave (MW) electrometry using polarization spectroscopy in a room-temperature vapor cell. By measuring Autler-Townes splitting in the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) spectrum, we determined that the minimum measurable MW electric field is approximately five times lower than conventional EIT techniques. The results are well reproduced by a full optical Bloch equation model, which takes into account all the hyperfine levels involved. Subsequently, the EIT setup was used to characterize a custom MW cylindrical lens, which increases the field at the focus by a factor of three, decreasing the minimum measurable MW electric field by the same amount. Our results indicate that the combination of polarization spectroscopy and a MW lens may enhance MW electrometry, and may allow its use as a secondary standard.
Photoelectron momentum distribution in structured strong fields
Authors: Sinha Abhisek , Sen Arnab , Sen Sanket , Sharma Vandana , Gopal Ram
Published: October 2024

In this study, a reaction microscope is used to explore the behavior of electrons in shaped beams under strong field conditions. Photoelectron momentum spectra indicate that the inclusion of orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light does not significantly impact the available electron angular momentum states. However, the distinctive donut shape of the beam plays a crucial role in determining the observed Photoelectron Angular Distributions (PADs). TDSE simulations, incorporating focal volume averaging indicates that the geometric properties of the focal region of the OAM and the Gaussian beams affect the photoelectron spectra differently. By averaging the spectra across different intensity regions, we have provided a qualitative explanation for the variations in photoelectron spectra resulting from the shapes of the individual beams. This result shows that the transfer of OAM in ultrashort light pulses cannot be detected in gas ensembles due to the ionization being overwhelmed by atoms in the most intense region with minimal spatial phase variation within the laser field. We demonstrate that the differences in the momentum spectra arising from shaped beams can be qualitatively explained using models that incorporate the spatial averaging of the beam, rather than focusing on the OAM content.
Influence of an ultrathin Mn ‘spy layer’ on the static and dynamic magnetic coupling within FePt/NiFe bilayers
Authors: Newman David G , Frisk Andreas , Burn David M , Achinuq Barat , Heppell Emily , Bowden Graham J , Da¸browski Maciej , van der Laan Gerrit , Hesjedal Thorsten , Hicken Robert J
Published: October 2024

We explore whether insertion of an ultrathin Mn ‘spy layer’ within a magnetic hard/soft bilayer can enable depth-sensitive element-specific measurements of the static and dynamic magnetization, while avoiding significant disruption of the original magnetic state. MgO(110)/FePt(100 Å)/NiFe(200 Å)/Mn(t
Mn Å)/NiFe(200 Å) samples with Mn thicknesses of t
Mn = 0, 5, and 10 Å were fabricated by magnetron sputtering and studied by element-selective x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD), vector network analyzer ferromagnetic resonance (VNA-FMR), and x-ray detected ferromagnetic resonance (XFMR). For t
Mn = 5 Å, the magnetic reversal properties remain broadly similar to t
Mn = 0 Å. For t
Mn = 10 Å, the two NiFe layers decouple with XMCD hysteresis loops at the Mn edge showing two switching events that suggest the presence of two distinct Mn-containing regions. While the Mn moments within each region have ferromagnetic order, their relative alignment is antiparallel at high field. Analysis of the magnetic data and additional scanning transmission electron microscopy measurements point to the presence of a Mn layer at the lower NiFe/Mn interface, and the formation of a NiFeMn alloy at the upper Mn/NiFe interface. The Mn moments of the former region lie antiparallel to those of the underlying NiFe layer. The VNA-FMR data suggests that for t
Mn = 5 and 10 Å, the interfacial exchange coupling at the FePt/NiFe is suppressed and the in-plane uniaxial magnetic anisotropy of the NiFe is increased, perhaps due to migration of Mn towards the buried interface. The above findings show that Mn is a problematic magnetic spy, and that a Mn thickness of less than 5 Å would be required.
Coherent high-power terahertz vortex generation with tunable orbital angular momentum based on transverse phase mask shaping
Authors: Kang Yin , Zhou Zhikai , Fan Weijie , Cheng Yuxin , Zhang Kaiqing , Feng Chao , Zhao Zhentang
Published: October 2024

Terahertz (THz) radiation has become a significant tool in cutting-edge research due to its superior properties. THz vortices with tunable orbital angular momentum (OAM) are particularly attractive to the scientific community due to their well-defined discrete azimuthal phase around the propagation axis. However, the generation of high-power THz radiation with OAM remains a challenge for most existing technologies. In this paper, a new method for generating coherent high-power THz vortices with tunable OAM and frequency is proposed by combining frequency beating and transverse phase mask shaping techniques. Theoretical analyses and numerical simulations indicate that this method can generate coherent THz vortices with peak powers in the tens of megawatts and tunable topological charge numbers.
Machine learning analysis of high-repetition-rate two-dimensional Thomson scattering spectra from laser-produced plasmas
Authors: Eisenbach S , Mariscal D A , Dorst R S , Van Hoomissen T , Ortiz A M , Zhang H , Pilgram J J , Constantin C G , Rovige L , Heuer P V , Schaeffer D B , Niemann C
Published: October 2024

With the emergence of high-repetition-rate two-dimensional Thomson scattering (TS) measurements, improving spectral data analysis is a key area of interest. We present a new way to derive the electron temperature and density of laser-driven blast waves in plasmas from their TS spectra with machine learning (ML). This analysis occurs in both the non-collective (

α
<

1) and collective (

α
>

1) scattering regimes with the goal of autonomously and more accurately determining

T

e

and

n

e

both where spectral data has been collected and to give the ability to predict these attributes in regions where data has not been collected. We introduce three ML models, one trained only on experimental data, one only on synthetic data, and one using transfer learning, and compare their speed and accuracy with the conventional TS inversion algorithms in the open source PlasmaPy python package.
Secondary electron emission measurements from imidazolium-based ionic liquids
Authors: Capece A M , Enriquez A N
Published: October 2024

The electron-induced secondary electron emission (SEE) yields of imidazolium-based ionic liquids are presented for primary electron beam energies between 30 and 1000 eV. These results are important for understanding plasma synthesis of nanoparticles in plasma discharges with an ionic liquid electrode. Due to their low vapor pressure and high conductivity, ionic liquids can produce metal nanoparticles in low-pressure plasmas through reduction of dissolved metal salts. In this work, the low vapor pressure of ionic liquids is exploited to directly measure SEE yields by bombarding the liquid with electrons and measuring the resulting currents. The ionic liquids studied are [BMIM][Ac], [EMIM][Ac], and [BMIM][BF4]. The SEE yields vary significantly over the energy range, with maximum yields of around 2 at 200 eV for [BMIM][Ac] and [EMIM][Ac], and 1.8 at 250 eV for [BMIM][BF4]. Molecular orbital calculations indicate that the acetate anion is the likely electron donor for [BMIM][Ac] and [EMIM][Ac], while in [BMIM][BF4], the electrons likely originate from the [BMIM]+ cation. The differences in SEE yields are attributed to varying ionization potentials and molecular structures of the ionic liquids. These findings are essential for accurate modeling of plasma discharges and understanding SEE mechanisms in ionic liquids.
IVA-former: invisible–visible query guided amodal mask measurement network for desktop object via hierarchical transformer
Authors: Cao He , Zhang Yunzhou , Wang Lei
Published: October 2024

Instance segmentation of desktop objects is important for service robots. Most of the previous works for desktop environments are restricted to measuring the visible area of target objects. However, when a target object is placed behind another, the algorithm that only performs visible area segmentation is unable to provide accurate appearance information for the occluded objects. To solve this problem, we propose the invisible–visible query guided amodal mask measurement network based on a hierarchical transformer for desktop scenes, which can perceive the entire appearance of objects in the presence of occlusions. In this method, the RGB-D backbone is adopted to fuse the features from both RGB and depth images. Then, the pixel decoder is used to generate multi-scale feature maps. We then adopt a hierarchical transformer decoder to predict invisible, visible, and amodal masks simultaneously. To enhance the associations between the three prediction branches, we propose a query transform module to transfer object queries between adjacent branches. Since amodal masks are a combination of invisible and visible masks, we propose an invisible–visible mixture loss that takes masks from both invisible and visible branches to further supervise the network. Our method is trained on synthetic datasets for desktop objects and evaluated on both visible and amodal real-world datasets. Compared to other recent segmentation algorithms, our method achieves competitive performance.
QuSpin zero-field magnetometer characterization for the TUCAN experiment
Authors: Zhao M , Mammei R , Fujimoto D
Published: October 2024

The TUCAN neutron electric dipole moment experiment utilizes the QuSpin Zero-Field Magnetometer (QZFM) to accurately map residual fields within a large magnetically shielded room. Three potential flaws of the QZFM are characterized in preparation for mapping. The magnetometer’s intrinsic offset was measured to be within

±
3

 nT and stable over a period of one year. The response was shown to be within 2 percent of linearity in the zero-field regime, up to 2 

nT

pp

, and then follows a smooth dispersion curve. Crosstalk effects induced by multisensor operation were determined to have a small effect, and inconsequential with a separation above 6 cm. These results enable the QZFM for accurate measurement of DC fields, increase the operational range of QZFM by a factor of more than an order of magnitude, and allow for higher efficiency and flexibility by green-lighting simultaneous operation of multiple QZFMs.