bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimal Emissions Taxation under Imperfect Competition in a Durable Good Industry
Authors: Runkel Marco
Published: March 2004

This paper investigates optimal emissions taxation under imperfect competition in a durable good industry where products are sold (instead of rented). As a benchmark, attention is paid to the special case of monopoly with exogenously given product durability. In line with previous literature, the optimal emission tax in this benchmark model falls short of marginal damage (underinternalization). Extending the benchmark model either to the case of an oligopolistic market structure and/or to the case of endogenous product durability then provides two cases in which the optimal emission tax overinternalizes marginal damage.
How Much of the Gender Difference in Child School Enrolment Can Be Explained? Evidence from Rural India
Authors: Pal Sarmistha
Published: March 2004

There are significant gender differences in child schooling in the Indian states though very few studies explain this gender difference. Unlike most existing studies we take account of the implicit and explicit opportunity costs of schooling and use a bivariate probit model to jointly determine a child's participation in school and market jobs. Results obtained from the World Institute of Development Economics Research (WIDER) villages in West Bengal suggest that indicators of household resources, parental preferences, returns to and opportunity costs of domestic work significantly affect child school enrolment. While household resources have similar effects on enrolment of boys and girls, other arguments tend to explain a part of the observed gender difference. Even after taking account of all possible arguments, there remains a large variation in gender differences in child schooling that cannot be explained by differences in male and female characteristics in our sample.
Teaching Theological Reflection Well, Reflecting on Writing as a Theological Practice
Authors: Yaghjian Lucretia B.
Published: March 2004

Abstract. In order to teach theological reflection well, it is necessary to teach students how to write it well. This paper probes the writing of theological reflection as a rhetorical process and a theological practice by (1) situating theological reflection broadly within a “correlation” model, adapted for theological writers; (2) identifying two “generic” styles of theological reflection papers, the pastoral reflection paper and the systematic reflection paper; (3) following a writer's progress as she writes a one‐page pastoral reflection paper and constructs a working theology in the process of writing it. In conclusion, the correlation‐based “Reflecting on Paper” process provides a pedagogical bridge between the writing and teaching of “pastoral” and “systematic” theological reflection, and exemplifies the dynamic interplay between teaching theological reflection and reflecting on writing as a theological practice.
A Pedagogy of Dealienation: A Case Study in the Application of Peter Berger's The Sacred Canopy
Authors: Chance J. Bradley
Published: March 2004

Abstract. This paper explores the use of Peter Berger's theory of religion and its features of alienation and dealienation to lead students to the critical awareness of the role that human beings play in the construction of social worlds, including most especially our religious worlds. After summarizing Berger's theory of the alienating and potentially dealienating capacity of religion, the paper describes how the author used the study of certain biblical texts, the Wisdom of Solomon and the pericope of the controversy over clean and unclean foods, as presented in both Matthew and Mark, to explore both the alienating and dealienating aspects of religion as presented in these selected biblical texts. The paper also describes how the author encouraged students to embrace as the most responsible stance a dealienating stance toward religion, especially one's own.
The Professor's Vocations: Reflections on the Teacher as Writer
Authors: Jinkins Michael
Published: March 2004

Abstract. The following essay is based on an oral presentation, “On Being a Good Teacher and a Good Writer,” which the author was asked to make for the Southwest Commission on Religious Studies, March 16, 2003. The purpose of the presentation was to encourage conversation among theological educators on the character of their vocation. A panel discussion of the theme followed the presentation. The presentation was designed to engage this subject at an autobiographical and reflective level rather than as an academic argument. The published version of the essay seeks to retain something of the personal reflective character of the original presentation.
Beyond the “Critical” Curtain: Community‐based Service Learning in an African Context
Authors: West Gerald Oakley
Published: March 2004

Abstract. A case of community‐based service learning in the School of Theology at the University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa is analyzed for what it means to teach biblical studies in an African context where biblical scholarship is partially constituted by ordinary African readers of the Bible and where context is a central pedagogical concept. Reflecting on a series of experiments over the past ten years in two second‐year University level modules, the article analyzes the contours of a partnership between the academy and local communities of the poor, working‐class, and marginalized through community‐based service learning. This partnership provides a form of contextualization that enables students to integrate the forms of engagement with the Bible they bring to their formal theological studies and the forms of critical distance that characterize the discipline of biblical studies.
Regulating Marriage and Cohabitation in 21st Century Britain
Authors: Barlow Anne , James Grace
Published: March 2004

This article assesses the legal regulation of marriage and cohabitation in Britain and outlines a growing need and desire for the currently confused law to be amended despite what has been termed ‘the normal chaos of family law’. It adds to the topical debate about ‘couple regulation’ and argues that law should protect the function rather than the form of relationships. This argument is supported by recent Nuffield Foundation funded research, which draws on a major attitudinal survey of over 3000 respondents' views about marriage, cohabitation and the law and a number of in‐depth interviews with current and former cohabitants. This research supports the view that cohabitation is now an accepted parenting and partnering structure across Britain, and that this ought to be reflected in a ‘reflexive’ approach to legal regulation in this sphere.
The Legal Properties of Film
Authors: Barron Anne
Published: March 2004

This article focuses on the manner in which the law of copyright in the UK has made sense of a particular cultural artifact – film – in the process of figuring it as an object in which property rights can subsist. It traces the history of legislative and judicial attempts to circumscribe the boundaries around this object, noting that two approaches have emerged and now co‐exist: a ‘physicalist’ approach which treats a film as co‐extensive with its recording on some medium; and a ‘formalist’ approach which treats a film as an expressive form exceeding this physical manifestation. It explains why each approach is reductive and impoverished when considered in relation to how films are figured as aesthetic objects; and concludes that a modified version of the available Marxist explanations of film copyright reveals the latter's understandings of film to be closely articulated with the purposes and values of the mainstream film industry. More generally, it suggests that a reappraisal of Marxist theory may be timely at this juncture, not least because it draws attention to law's role in exemplifying the entwinement of culture and economy at a number of levels.
Restorative Justice in Business Regulation? The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission's Use of Enforceable Undertakings
Authors: Parker Christine
Published: March 2004

Enforceable undertakings are now used extensively by both the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) and other Australian regulators to formalise decisions to forego enforcement litigation on the basis that offenders will correct their misconduct and comply in the future. A ‘fairness’ critique warns that regulators might exert undue pressure in negotiating enforceable undertakings and that the terms agreed might be inappropriately broad and not legally authorised. A ‘bias’ critique argues that enforceable undertakings favour business above the public interest in taking tough court action against business offences. The article draws on empirical research into the ACCC's use of enforceable undertakings to show how they are used in practice, and argues that, if appropriately implemented, enforceable undertakings can be a valuable ‘restorative justice’ alternative to traditional regulatory enforcement action, simultaneously addressing both fairness and bias concerns.
‘The Christian as Christ to the Neighbour’: On Luther's Theology of Love
Authors: Kärkkäinen Veli‐Matti
Published: March 2004

Abstract:  This article explores the theology of love advanced by Martin Luther, relating it to his account of the presence of Christ by faith in other people, and to his biblical expositions. In outlining Luther's contrast between the love of God and the human loves, it is argued that Luther nonetheless is still able to value human love. Finally, the relationship between love and faith in Luther is described: love is chief among the many gifts of God that we receive by faith.
Iconoclasm, Incarnation and Eschatology: Toward a Catholic Understanding of the Reformed Doctrine of the ‘Second’ Commandment
Authors: Vandrunen David
Published: March 2004

Abstract:  Reformed Christianity has traditionally understood the second commandment (‘Thou shalt not make for thyself any graven image . . .’) as prohibiting the manufacture or use of images of Jesus Christ. The arguments in support of this position have often been inadequate and have paid insufficient attention to the catholic doctrine of the incarnation. This article argues that the traditional Reformed prohibition of images is sound, but that a revised defense of this view is needed. I conclude that the specificity of the visual revelation of God in the incarnate Christ, particularly in light of the eschatological timeframe, serves as a more catholic and theologically compelling rationale for Reformed theology and practice.
Why Does the Risen Christ Have Scars?  Why God did not immediately create the Eschaton: Goodness, Truth and Beauty
Authors: Mühling‐Schlapkohl Markus
Published: March 2004

Abstract:  A consideration of God's providential activity suggests that there is room for co‐operating human activity. This is particularly so with acts that might be considered ethically neutral, and so undetermined by God, which category will, eschatalogically, include all human acts. A consideration of the classical transcendentals suggests that, whilst truth and goodness may coincide, beauty is something separate, so the ethically neutral acts of human beings can be considered as contributing to the world's eschatological beauty.
Prevalence And Clinical Characteristics of an Experimental Model of ‘ice-cream headache’ in Migraine and Episodic Tension-type Headache Patients
Authors: Selekler HM , Erdogan MS , Budak F
Published: March 2004

This study was designed to compare the prevalence and clinical characteristics of ‘cold-induced headache’ between migraine and episodic tension-type headache patients. Seventy-six migraine and 38 episodic tension-type headache patients were included in the study. An experimental model of an ‘ice-cream headache’ was developed for the study. The pain occurrence period, its location and quality were recorded for each patient who felt pain in their head during the test procedure. Pain in the head occurred in 74% of migraine and 32% of ‘tension-type headache’ patients. Although the most frequent pain location was the temple in both groups of patients, this rate was greater than twofold in migraine patients when compared with episodic tension-type headache patients. While headache quality was throbbing in 71% of migraine patients, it was so in only 8% of the episodic tension-type headache patients. Considering all the results, it seems that ‘cold-stimulus headache’ is not only more frequent in migraine patients, but also its location and quality differ from ‘tension-type headache’.
Patterns of Nest Predation on Artificial and Natural Nests in Forests
Authors: BURKE DAWN M. , ELLIOTT KEN , MOORE LEVI , DUNFORD WENDY , NOL ERICA , PHILLIPS JUDITH , HOLMES STEPHEN , FREEMARK KATHRYN
Published: March 2004

Abstract:  Artificial nest experiments have been used in an attempt to understand patterns of predation affecting natural nests. A growing body of literature suggests that neither relative rates nor patterns of predation are the same for artificial and natural nests. We studied nest predation and daily mortality rates and patterns at real and artificial ground and shrub nests to test the validity of artificial nest experiments. We monitored 1667 artificial and 344 natural nests, over seven trials, in three regions, across 58 sites in Ontario. We controlled for many of the factors thought to be responsible for previously reported differences between predation rates on natural and artificial nests. Although artificial nests in our study resembled natural nests, contained eggs of appropriate size, shape, and color of target bird species, and were placed in similar microhabitats as natural nests, the rates of predation on these nests did not parallel rates on natural nests for any region in terms of absolute rate or pattern. Predation rates on artificial nests did not vary between years, as they tended to for natural nests, and the magnitude of predation pressure on artificial ground nests compared with shrub nests did not show the same pattern as that on natural nests. In general, rates of predation on artificial nests were significantly higher than on natural nests. Our results suggest that conclusions derived from artificial nest studies may be unfounded. Given that many influential ideas in predation theory are based on results of artificial nest experiments, it may be time to redo these experiments with natural nests.
Gap Analysis of Conserved Genetic Resources for Forest Trees
Authors: LIPOW SARA R. , VANCE‐BORLAND KENNETH , ST. CLAIR J. BRADLEY , HENDERSON JAN , McCAIN CINDY
Published: March 2004

Abstract: We developed a gap analysis approach to evaluate whether the genetic resources conserved in situ in protected areas are adequate for conifers in western Oregon and Washington (U.S.A.). We developed geographic information system layers that detail the location of protected areas and the distribution and abundance of each tree species (noble fir [Abies proceraRehd.] and Douglas‐fir [Pseudotsuga menzeisiiMirb.]). Distribution and abundance were inferred from available spatial data showing modeled potential and actual vegetation. We stratified the distribution of each species into units for genetic analysis using seed and breeding zones and ecoregions. Most strata contained at least 5000 reproductive‐age individuals in protected areas, indicating that genetic resources were well protected in situ throughout most of the study region. Strict in situ protection was limited, however, for noble fir in the Willapa Hills of southwestern Washington. An in situ genetic resource gap arguably occurred for Douglas‐fir in the southern Puget lowlands, but this gap was filled by extensive ex situ genetic resources from the same region. The gap analysis method was an effective tool for evaluating the genetic resources of forest trees across a large region.
Recovery of Faunal Communities During Tropical Forest Regeneration
Authors: DUNN ROBERT R.
Published: March 2004

Abstract:  As mature tropical forests are cleared, secondary forests may play an important role in the conservation of animal species, depending on how fast animal communities recover during forest regeneration. I reviewed published studies on the recovery of animal species richness and composition during tropical forest regeneration. In 38 of the 39 data sets I examined, conversion of forest to agriculture or pasture substantially reduced species richness. Given suitable conditions for forest recovery, the species richness of the animal taxa considered can be predicted to resemble that of mature forests roughly 20–40 years after land abandonment. At least for ants and birds, however, recovery of species composition appears to take substantially longer than recovery of species richness. Because species richness for many taxa appears to recover relatively rapidly in secondary forests, conservation of secondary forests may be an effective investment in future diversity. The slower recovery of species composition indicates, however, that some species will require stands of mature forest to persist.
Differences in Predators of Artificial and Real Songbird Nests: Evidence of Bias in Artificial Nest Studies
Authors: THOMPSON FRANK R. , BURHANS DIRK E.
Published: March 2004

Abstract:  In the past two decades, many researchers have used artificial nests to measure relative rates of nest predation. Recent comparisons show that real and artificial nests may not be depredated at the same rates, but no one has examined the mechanisms underlying these patterns. We determined differences in predator‐specific predation rates of real and artificial nests. We used video cameras to monitor artificial nests baited with quail and plasticine eggs and Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla) and Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea) nests in field habitats in central Missouri (U.S.A.). Although daily predation estimates (all predators pooled) were similar between artificial and real nests, predators differed substantially in their depredation of artificial versus real nests. Snakes were the major predator at real nests, and raccoons (Procyon lotor) were the major predator at artificial nests. We found strong support for models that distinguished predation between two or among three predator groups and between artificial and real nests. There was no snake predation of artificial nests, and the odds of predation of artificial nests was 115–551% (95% confidence interval) and 2–154% of the odds of predation of real nests by mammals and birds, respectively. Artificial nests with plasticine eggs could not be used reliably to identify predators. In several cases plasticine eggs were marked by mice, and raccoons were recorded on video removing the quail egg. Because biases for artificial nests were positive for some predators and negative for other predators (and could be compensating), and potentially existed for all predator groups, conclusions based on artificial nest studies should be suspect even when there is evidence that overall predation rates are similar among real and artificial nests.
Evidence of an Edge Effect on Avian Nest Success
Authors: BATÁRY PÉTER , BÁLDI ANDRÁS
Published: March 2004

Abstract: Habitat fragmentation may modify ecological patterns by increasing the importance of edge effects, including elevating rates of predation on avian nests. Conventional wisdom suggests an increased rate of predation along habitat edges, and previous reviews support this view. These reviews did not apply recent statistical approaches, however, and some were based on a small number of studies. In our meta‐analysis of 64 nest‐predation experiments, our results supported prior reviews of the general pattern of increased nest predation along habitat edges ( p < 0.01). We separated studies into ecologically relevant categories and found the following patterns: (1) Edge effects were more pronounced in North America and northwestern Europe than in central Europe or Central America. This result may be biased, however, by the different habitats studied in the regions. (2) Marshes and deciduous forests had significant edge effects, whereas edge effects were not apparent in coniferous forests, tropical forests, or fields. (3) Ground and natural nest studies were more likely to exhibit edge effects. (4) Edge effects were detected in studies that used quail eggs and real eggs. (5) Edge effects were not significant when artificial nests were exposed for typical incubation periods, but were significant for shorter exposures. Three alternative hypotheses may explain increased nest predation along edges. The edge‐effects hypothesis states that increased nest losses along edges are the result of the habitat discontinuity. The landscape‐structure hypothesis states that more fragmented landscapes are more heavily depredated by nest predators. The human‐disturbance hypothesis states that near anthropogenic edges increased nest predation is related to human activities. Nest‐predation experiments should be placed in a landscape context to reveal differences between the hypotheses.
Public Preferences for Compensatory Mitigation of Salt Marsh Losses: a Contingent Choice of Alternatives
Authors: BAUER DANA MARIE , CYR NICOLE E. , SWALLOW STEPHEN K.
Published: March 2004

Abstract:  Human activities continue to eliminate or degrade wetlands that provide rich habitat for many species. Compensatory mitigation, including creation of new wetlands, restoration of previously degraded wetlands, or preservation of existing wetlands, is one policy option that seeks to maintain no net loss of wetland habitat. Public support of wetland mitigation is essential because the public incurs the cost for many mitigation projects in the form of higher taxes. Therefore, public preferences should be considered when decisions are made about wetland mitigation options. We used a contingent‐choice survey in Rhode Island to identify factors affecting public support for different types of compensatory wetland mitigation. Results were based on 640 survey responses. The amount of wetland lost during the original development project had no significant effect on the preferred mitigation alternative. Preferences for preservation, restoration, and no‐action alternatives varied according to respondents' gender, education, and income. Certain general considerations applied, however, regardless of mitigation type. Respondents were willing to incur increases in taxes and fees for most mitigation projects. The larger the mitigation project and the lower the cost, the more likely it was to gain public support. The presence of endangered species contributed to public support, but less significantly than public access. Public access can be critical to public support, particularly if the size of the wetland is small or the cost is high. If the cost of providing public access, such as a boardwalk or viewing tower, is relatively small, the gain in public support for mitigation expenditures may well allow a substantial expansion of the area involved in mitigation projects and thus a greater increase in the amount of habitat conservation.
A Review of Feral Cat Eradication on Islands
Authors: NOGALES MANUEL , MARTÍN AURELIO , TERSHY BERNIE R. , DONLAN C. JOSH , VEITCH DICK , PUERTA NÉSTOR , WOOD BILL , ALONSO JESÚS
Published: March 2004

Abstract:  Feral cats are directly responsible for a large percentage of global extinctions, particularly on islands. We reviewed feral cat eradication programs with the intent of providing information for future island conservation actions. Most insular cat introductions date from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, whereas successful eradication programs have been carried out in the last 30 years, most in the last decade. Globally, feral cats have been removed from at least 48 islands: 16 in Baja California (Mexico), 10 in New Zealand, 5 in Australia, 4 in the Pacific Ocean, 4 in Seychelles, 3 in the sub‐Antarctic, 3 in Macaronesia (Atlantic Ocean), 2 in Mauritius, and 1 in the Caribbean. The majority of these islands (75%; n= 36) are small (≤5 km2). The largest successful eradication campaign took place on Marion Island (290 km2), but cats have been successfully removed from only 10 islands (21%) of ≥10 km2. On Cousine Island (Seychelles) cat density reached 243 cats/km2, but on most islands densities did not exceed 79.2 cats/km2 (n= 22; 81%). The most common methods in successful eradication programs were trapping and hunting (often with dogs; 91% from a total of 43 islands). Frequently, these methods were used together. Other methods included poisoning (1080; monofluoracetate in fish baits; n= 13; 31%), secondary poisoning from poisoned rats (n= 4; 10%), and introduction of viral disease (feline panleucopaenia; n= 2; 5%). Impacts from cat predation and, more recently, the benefits of cat eradications have been increasingly documented. These impacts and benefits, combined with the continued success of eradication campaigns on larger islands, show the value and role of feral cat eradications in biodiversity conservation. However, new and more efficient techniques used in combination with current techniques will likely be needed for success on larger islands.
Defining Conservation Strategies with Historical Perspectives: a Case Study from a Degraded Oak Grassland Ecosystem
Authors: MacDOUGALL ANDREW S. , BECKWITH BRENDA R. , MASLOVAT CARRINA Y.
Published: March 2004

Abstract:  The restoration of degraded ecosystems can be constrained by uncertainty over former conditions and the relevance of the past given recent changes. It can be difficult to differentiate among contrasting hypotheses about past ecosystem function, and restoration efforts can emphasize species reestablishment without integrating the ecological and cultural processes that once determined their occurrence. As a case study, we analyzed historical descriptions of an endangered oak grassland ecosystem in southwestern British Columbia, Canada, to determine former conditions and assess their validity for defining restoration targets. Twenty‐three documents described this ecosystem from 1790 to 1951. Comparison of early survey records with contemporary occurrences suggests habitat loss of >95%. The identity and former range of most native plant species were poorly described, but accounts of ecosystem structure revealed a diversity of floral communities that has been much simplified. Fire, most likely set by indigenous peoples, interacted with edaphic and topographic factors to create this structural diversity. European settlers intensively modified the ecosystem with grazing, cultivation, and introduced flora. These transformations partly explain the current high levels of plant invasion. Restoration must target the ecosystems' former structural diversity and the ecological and cultural processes that maintained it. Given the recent impacts of fire suppression, habitat loss, and plant invasion, however, land managers must balance the reestablishment of historical processes with their potential negative effects in sites with numerous at‐risk species. This ecosystem was, and remains, part of a culturally modified landscape, where human activity has maintained unforested areas for millennia but now promotes mostly exotic flora. Although pre‐European conditions cannot be fully restored, the historical data provided restoration insights unobtainable from current biological studies emphasizing the end point of long‐term ecological change.
Demographic Effects of Collecting Rattan Cane and Their Implications for Sustainable Harvesting
Authors: SIEBERT STEPHEN F.
Published: March 2004

Abstract:  Rattan, Old World climbing palm, is an extremely valuable nontimber forest product whose canes are gathered for both market and nonmarket uses. I evaluated the effects of harvesting commercial rattan, Calamus zollingeri Becc., on genet survival and ramet demography in two primary forest sites near Lore Lindu National Park in Sulawesi, Indonesia. I monitored 168 permanently marked C. zollingeri genets for 4 years and surveyed random transects for C. zollingeri genet and ramet populations and evidence of cane harvesting in 1996 and 2000. Cane harvesting had no significant effect on genet survival or mean ramet densities. However, current cane extraction rates significantly reduced mean cane lengths and total available cane throughout the area during the study period. Based on observed genet and ramet populations and average cane growth rates of 1.4 m/year, the sustained‐yield harvesting potential of C. zollingeri is approximately 101 m and 56 m/ha/year in the two study sites. Although C. zollingeri exhibits life‐history traits well suited to sustained‐yield harvesting, including production of multiple canes, cane resprouting following harvest, rapid cane growth, and widespread abundance below 1100 m, current harvest rates exceed growth and yield, and supplies of cane are being depleted. Rattan harvesting is widespread in Lore Lindu National Park. Approximately 18% of the park (42,000 ha) is likely subject to intensive and unsustainable extraction of C. zollingeri.
Causes of cardiopulmonary arrest, resuscitation management, and functional outcome in dogs and cats surviving cardiopulmonary arrest
Authors: Waldrop Jennifer E. , Rozanski Elizabeth A. , Swanke Erica D. , O'Toole Therese E. , Rush John E.
Published: March 2004

Objective:To describe the functional outcome of canine and feline survivors of cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) and the clinical characteristics surrounding their resuscitation.

Design:Retrospective study.

Setting:Veterinary teaching hospital.

Animals:Client‐owned dogs (15) and cats (3) with CPA.

Interventions:None.

Measurements and main results:Eighteen animals were identified to have survived to discharge following CPA. Cardiopulmonary arrest was associated with anesthesia with or without pre‐existing disease in 10 animals, cardiovascular collapse in 5 animals, and chronic disease with an imposed stress in 3 animals. All CPAs were witnessed in the hospital. The most common initial rhythm at CPA was asystole (72%). Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was achieved in less than 15 minutes from the onset of cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation (CPCR) in all animals. No animals had a recurrence of CPA after the initial CPA. Animals were of a wide range of ages (0.5–16 years) and breeds. Two animals were neurologically abnormal at discharge, one of which was normal at 2 months following CPA.

Conclusions:A good functional recovery after CPCR was documented in the small number of CPA survivors presented in this study. This may be due to the reversible nature of their inciting cause of CPA, early detections of CPA (‘witnessed’), and/or the animal's underlying normal health status.
An Overview of the Field of Family Business Studies: Current Status and Directions for the Future
Authors: Sharma Pramodita
Published: March 2004

Based on a review of 217 refereed articles on family business studies, the literature is organized according to its focus on individual, interpersonal or group, organizational, and societal levels of analyses. An assessment of the status of our current understanding at each level is provided and directions for future research are suggested. A discussion of definitional issues, bases of distinctiveness, and family firm performance is used to help understand the domain or scope of the field. Methodological issues and strategies aimed to enhance the pace at which the field achieves a distinctive legitimate place in organizational studies are presented.
Self-Perpetuation Family Organization Built on Values: Necessary Condition for Long-Term Family Business Survival
Authors: Aronoff Craig
Published: March 2004

Family businesses have long been conceptualized in terms of overlapping and interacting management, ownership, governance, and family systems. As family businesses evolve and develop across generations, observing progress in each of the requisite systems presents a variety of challenges. This article demonstrates the importance of family organization to the systems of management, ownership, governance, and family as a family business evolves over time.
Electrical or Photocontrol of the Rotary Motion of a Metallacarborane
Authors: Hawthorne M. Frederick , Zink Jeffrey I. , Skelton Johnny M. , Bayer Michael J. , Liu Chris , Livshits Ester , Baer Roi , Neuhauser Daniel
Published: March 2004

Rotary motion around a molecular axis has been controlled by simple electron transfer processes and by photoexcitation. The basis of the motion is intramolecular rotation of a carborane cage ligand (7,8-dicarbollide) around a nickel axle. The Ni(III) metallacarborane structure is a
transoid
sandwich with two pairs of carbon vertices reflected through a center of symmetry, but that of the Ni(IV) species is
cisoid
. The interconversion of the two provides the basis for controlled, rotational, oscillatory motion. The energies of the Ni(III) and Ni(IV) species are calculated as a function of the rotation angle.
Stathmin-Tubulin Interaction Gradients in Motile and Mitotic Cells
Authors: Niethammer Philipp , Bastiaens Philippe , Karsenti Eric
Published: March 2004

The spatial organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton is thought to be directed by steady-state activity gradients of diffusible regulatory molecules. We visualized such intracellular gradients by monitoring the interaction between tubulin and a regulator of microtubule dynamics, stathmin, using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensor. These gradients were observed both during interphase in motile membrane protrusions and during mitosis around chromosomes, which suggests that a similar mechanism may contribute to the creation of polarized microtubule structures. These interaction patterns are likely to reflect phosphorylation of stathmin in these areas.
Polyketide and Nonribosomal Peptide Antibiotics: Modularity and Versatility
Authors: Walsh Christopher T.
Published: March 2004

Polyketide (PK) and nonribosomal peptides (NRP), constructed on multimodular enzymatic assembly lines, often attain the conformations that establish biological activity by cyclization constraints introduced by tailoring enzymes. The dedicated tailoring enzymes are encoded by genes clustered with the assembly line genes for coordinated regulation. NRP heterocyclizations to thiazoles and oxazoles can occur on the elongating framework of acyl-
S
enzyme intermediates, whereas tandem cyclic PK polyether formation of furans and pyrans can be initiated by post–assembly line epoxidases. Macrocyclizations of NRP, PK, and hybrid NRP-PK scaffolds occur in assembly line chain termination steps. Post–assembly line cascades of enzymatic oxidations also create cross-linked and cyclized architectures that generate the mature scaffolds of natural product antibiotics. The modularity of the natural product assembly lines and permissivity of tailoring enzymes offer prospects for reprogramming to create novel antibiotics with optimized properties.
Impact of Nitrogen Deposition on the Species Richness of Grasslands
Authors: Stevens Carly J. , Dise Nancy B. , Mountford J. Owen , Gowing David J.
Published: March 2004

A transect of 68 acid grasslands across Great Britain, covering the lower range of ambient annual nitrogen deposition in the industrialized world (5 to 35 kg Nha
–1
year
–1
), indicates that long-term, chronic nitrogen deposition has significantly reduced plant species richness. Species richness declines as a linear function of the rate of inorganic nitrogen deposition, with a reduction of one species per 4-m
2
quadrat for every 2.5 kg Nha
–1
year
–1
of chronic nitrogen deposition. Species adapted to infertile conditions are systematically reduced at high nitrogen deposition. At the mean chronic nitrogen deposition rate of central Europe (17 kg Nha
–1
year
–1
), there is a 23% species reduction compared with grasslands receiving the lowest levels of nitrogen deposition.
Measuring the Unthinkable
Authors: Nolan Janne E.
Published: March 2004

Whole World on Fire
Organizations, Knowledge, and Nuclear Weapons Devastation. Lynn Eden. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 2004. 381 pp. $32.50, £19.50. ISBN 0-8014-3578-1.

In a study that highlights constraints on institutional behavior, Eden considers the questions of how and why the United States left the potential damage from nuclear fires out of its plans for fighting strategic nuclear war.
Comparative Losses of British Butterflies, Birds, and Plants and the Global Extinction Crisis
Authors: Thomas J. A. , Telfer M. G. , Roy D. B. , Preston C. D. , Greenwood J. J. D. , Asher J. , Fox R. , Clarke R. T. , Lawton J. H.
Published: March 2004

There is growing concern about increased population, regional, and global extinctions of species. A key question is whether extinction rates for one group of organisms are representative of other taxa. We present a comparison at the national scale of population and regional extinctions of birds, butterflies, and vascular plants from Britain in recent decades. Butterflies experienced the greatest net losses, disappearing on average from 13% of their previously occupied 10-kilometer squares. If insects elsewhere in the world are similarly sensitive, the known global extinction rates of vertebrate and plant species have an unrecorded parallel among the invertebrates, strengthening the hypothesis that the natural world is experiencing the sixth major extinction event in its history.
Optical Frequency Synthesis and Comparison with Uncertainty at the 10
-19
Level
Authors: Ma Long-Sheng , Bi Zhiyi , Bartels Albrecht , Robertsson Lennart , Zucco Massimo , Windeler Robert S. , Wilpers Guido , Oates Chris , Hollberg Leo , Diddams Scott A.
Published: March 2004

A femtosecond laser–based optical frequency synthesizer is referenced to an optical standard, and we use it to demonstrate the generation and control of the frequency of electromagnetic fields over 100 terahertz of bandwidth with fractional uncertainties approaching 1 part in 10
19
. The reproducibility of this performance is verified by comparison of different types of femtosecond laser–based frequency synthesizers from three laboratories.
The Many Roles of Computation in Drug Discovery
Authors: Jorgensen William L.
Published: March 2004

An overview is given on the diverse uses of computational chemistry in drug discovery. Particular emphasis is placed on virtual screening, de novo design, evaluation of drug-likeness, and advanced methods for determining protein-ligand binding.
Nota Bene: God Bless Us, Every One
Authors: Martineau Monique
Published: March 2004

Mutants
On Genetic Variety and the Human Body. by Armand Marie Leroi. Viking, New York, 2003. 447 pp. $25.95. ISBN 0-670-03110-0.

Leroi discusses human development through considerations of the abnormal bodies of unfortunate individuals and the possible underlying molecular developmental processes.
Boar Seminal Plasma Proteins and Their Binding Properties. A Review
Authors: Jonáková Věra , Tichá Marie
Published: March 2004

Binding properties of a group of proteins isolated from boar seminal plasma and their role in the fertilization process are discussed. Boar seminal plasma contains different types of proteins: spermadhesins of AQN and AWN family, DQH and PSP proteins belong to the most abundant. Some of these proteins are bound to the sperm surface during ejaculation and thus protein-coating layers are formed. Sperms coated with proteins participate in different types of interactions in the following steps of the fertilization process: formation of oviductal sperm reservoir, sperm capacitation, oocyte recognition and sperm binding. Saccharide-based interactions of boar seminal plasma proteins play role in the binding of sperm to oviductal epithelium, in sperm capacitation and primary binding of sperm to zona pellucida. An interaction with phospholipid components is responsible for the protein adsorption to sperm membrane. Interactions between proteins participate in the arrangement and remodelling of sperm-coating layers. Study of boar seminal plasma proteins, their characterization and elucidation of their interactions will contribute to understanding the fertilization process. A review with 82 references.
Nω-Hydroxy-L-arginine and Its Homologues. Chemical and Biological Properties. A Review
Authors: Beranová Petra , Chalupský Karel , Entlicher Gustav
Published: March 2004

Nω-Hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA) is a stable intermediate in NO formation from L-arginine catalyzed by NO synthase (NOS). Apparently, NOHA can be released and serve as a stable reserve NO donor (as a substrate of NOS) or transported and exert its own biological effects. It shows endothelium-dependent as well as endothelium-independent vasorelaxant activity. The latter case indicates that NOHA can be metabolized by pathways independent of NOS. These possibilities are discussed in detail. Of the available NOHA homologues homo-NOHA is a good substrate of NOS while nor-NOHA seems to be a very poor substrate of this enzyme. On the contrary, nor-NOHA exerts arginase inhibitory activity 20 times higher than NOHA whereas homo-NOHA is inactive. Detailed investigation of biological activities of NOHA and its homologues seems to be promising from the pharmacological point of view. A review with 43 references.
Neurofilaments - the Intermediate Filaments of Neural Cells. A Review
Authors: Šonská Alice , Kučera Tomáš , Entlicher Gustav
Published: March 2004

Cytoskeleton is one of the basic structures of eukaryotic cells. It is a system of fibrillary or tubular proteins of three classes: microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments. Neurofilaments, a member of the last class, occur in neural cells, where they are necessary for the cell to function properly. They are important in supporting and partly controlling the axon diameter and axonal transport. Neurofilaments are probably involved also in regulatory mechanisms, mainly through their extremely rich phosphorylation potential. This article introduces briefly the cytoskeleton in general and focuses on the structure and function of neurofilaments. A review with 189 references.
Oxygenic Photoautotrophs: Phosphorylation and Oligomeric State of Photosystem 2. Responses to Stress. A Review
Authors: Kučera Tomáš , Sofrová Danuše
Published: March 2004

A review is presented on some aspects of metabolism and supramolecular structures typical of oxygenic photoautotrophs, in particular the higher plants: (i) The problem of photosystem 2 (PS2) heterogeneity, namely the PS2 core-protein phosphorylation and PS2 oligomeric state, are discussed. There are at least four proteins reversibly phosphorylated in the PS2 core. The phosphorylation is light-dependent and its exact function is unclear. The PS2 dimer, usually considered the native state, may not be the only form occurringin vivo. (ii) The reaction of plants to various stress factors is described. Heat shock, reactive oxygen species and toxic metal exposition have been chosen as stressor examples, since the response of plants to them is specific and different from animals. A review with 182 references.
Metabolism of Carcinogenic 2-Nitroanisole in Rat, Rabbit, Porcine and Human Hepatic Cytosol
Authors: Mikšanová Markéta , Novák Petr , Frei Eva , Stiborová Marie
Published: March 2004

We investigated the ability of hepatic cytosolic samples from human, rat, rabbit and pig to metabolize an important industrial pollutant and a potent carcinogen for rodents, 2-nitroanisole (1-methoxy-2-nitrobenzene). A comparison between experimental animals and the human enzymatic system is essential for the extrapolation of animal carcinogenicity data to humans to assess a health risk to humans. Two major metabolites produced from 2-nitroanisole by cytosols of all species wereN-(2-methoxyphenyl)hydroxylamine and 2-methoxyaniline. An additional minor product of 2-nitroanisole metabolism has not yet been characterized. Both the identified metabolites are generated from 2-nitroanisole by reduction of the nitro group. To define the role of cytosolic reductases in the reduction of 2-nitroanisole, we investigated the modulation of 2-nitroanisole reduction by cofactors of the cytosolic reductases, DT-diaphorase and xanthine oxidase. The role of the human enzymes in 2-nitroanisole reduction was also investigated by correlating the xanthine oxidase-linked catalytic activities in each human cytosolic sample with the concentration of the 2-nitroanisole reduction product, 2-methoxyaniline, formed by the action of the same cytosol. On the basis of these analyses, most of hepatic cytosolic reduction of 2-nitroanisole was attributed to xanthine oxidase, but participation of DT-diaphorase in the reduction of this carcinogen in hepatic cytosols of rabbit and pigs cannot be excluded. Using the purified xanthine oxidase, its participation in 2-nitroanisole reduction was confirmed. The data clearly demonstrate the predominant role of xanthine oxidase in 2-nitroanisole reduction in human and rat hepatic cytosols and suggest a carcinogenic potency of this rodent carcinogen for humans.
DNA Adduct Formation by the Anticancer Drug Ellipticine and Its Hydroxy Derivatives in Human Breast Adenocarcinoma MCF-7 Cells
Authors: Bořek-Dohalská Lucie , Frei Eva , Stiborová Marie
Published: March 2004

The cytotoxicity of the antineoplastic agent ellipticine and its 9- and 7-hydroxylated metabolites to human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7 cells and their ability to generate DNA adducts in these cancer cells were investigated. Ellipticine and its 9-hydroxylated metabolite were found to be toxic to MCF-7 cells with IC50values of 1.25 and 3.25 μmol l-1for ellipticine and 9-hydroxyellipticine, respectively. In contrast, no toxicity to these cancer cells was detectable for 7-hydroxyellipticine. The nuclease P1 version of the32P-postlabeling assay yielded a pattern of ellipticine-DNA adducts with two major and one minor adducts in MCF-7 cells, similar to the pattern of adducts detected in DNA reacted with ellipticine and the reconstituted cytochrome P450 enzyme systemin vitroand in DNAin vivo. The identity of two major adducts formed in DNA of MCF-7 cells with those formed by cytochrome P450-mediated ellipticine activationin vitrowas confirmed by HPLC of the isolated adducts. 9-Hydroxyellipticine was also capable of inducing DNA adducts in MCF-7 cells, but to a lesser extent. In addition, the adducts generated by 9-hydroxyellipticine were different from those generated by ellipticine. Negligible levels of DNA adducts were detectable in DNA of MCF-7 cells exposed to 7-hydroxyellipticine. The results presented here are the first report showing the formation of covalent DNA adducts with ellipticine in human breast cancer cells in culture, and suggest the formation of covalent DNA adducts as a new mode of antitumor action of ellipticine in breast cancer.
Aggregated Forms of Bull Seminal Plasma Proteins and Their Heparin-Binding Activity
Authors: Jelínková Petra , Ryšlavá Helena , Liberda Jiří , Jonáková Věra , Tichá Marie
Published: March 2004

Heparin-binding activity of bull seminal plasma proteins was shown to be dependent on their aggregation state. The protein fraction interacting with immobilized heparin was characterized by large polydispersity in the region of molecular weight of 60 000-10 000, while that not retained on the affinity carrier was present as aggregates with molecular weight >100 000. Components of heparin-binding and non-heparin-binding fractions were separated by RP HPLC (reversed-phase HPLC) and analyzed by SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) electrophoresis and N-terminal sequencing. Size exclusion chromatography of whole seminal plasma and heparin-binding proteins in the presence of D-fructose (as a component of seminal plasma) showed that the region of molecular weights of protein-associated forms was shifted to lower values. An increase of heparin-binding activity of bull proteins, as determined by ELBA (Enzyme-Linked Binding Assay), correlates with a decrease of their aggregation state. The modulation of the aggregation state of bull proteins by seminal plasma components and, in this way, also of their heparin-binding properties suggests possible mechanisms for capacitation mediated by these proteins.