bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mutual Benefit, Property, and the Conceptual Foundations of Trust
Authors: Carvalho Henrique
Published: June 2017

This chapter builds on the discussion initiated in the previous chapter, contrasting the political theory of Thomas Hobbes with that of John Locke in order to argue that the same insecurity found in Hobbes’s account of criminal law and punishment is preserved in Locke’s model of society. It provides a rarely seen analysis of Locke’s account of crime and punishment, as well as the role which these concepts play in his broader political theory. This theoretical examination is used as an analogy through which to understand the tensions and contradictions found in the liberal model of criminal law, as well as its vulnerability to conditions of socio-political insecurity.
Cato’s policy
Authors: Morrell Kit
Published: June 2017

The conclusion draws together the main threads of the argument before considering, briefly, the ‘afterlife’ of republican reform efforts under the principate. It also reflects on some broader implications of this study for our understanding of Pompey and Cato, of reform and politics in the Roman republic, and of the very viability of republican government.
Hugo Grotius: On the Conquest of Utopia by Systematic Reasoning
Authors: Kadelbach Stefan
Published: June 2017

This chapter seeks to reconstruct the basic elements of Grotian thinking from his two most famous treatises, De jure praedae and De jure belli ac pacis. Both have different biographical and historical backgrounds and an entirely different history of reception. The first is foremost considered as a memorandum to serve commercial interests, whereas the latter is, with some justification, seen to pursue humanist idealism, the systematic ambition of legal scholarship, and the ordering idea of peace. However, since some of what has been called ‘Grotian’ is not much more than a standard taxonomy of the history of ideas, the chapter deals with adaptations of Grotius’ philosophy in natural law thinking and internationalist reception to assess how much of Grotianism came about in later epochs. The many contradictions in the work of Grotius both inspire and invite us to explore the distinctions between moral imperatives and positive international law.
States, as Ethico-Political Subjects of International Law
Authors: Fiorillo Vanda
Published: June 2017

This chapter focuses on the dialectical relationship between the various principles upon which the theory of international law as developed by Samuel Pufendorf is founded and supported. This theory is substantiated as much by principles of natural law, arising from the complex edifice of the duties of peace, as by strictly political criteria among which there are also, and not least, international treaties. The dialectical relationship that Pufendorf establishes between international law as a moral politics, and the interests of states as an expression of pragmatic politics, constitutes the thin ‘red line’ that keeps the disparate elements—be they moral or political—united and in which he roots his concept of international law.
Towards a European Public Law
Authors: Stirn Bernard , Bjorge Eirik
Published: June 2017

This book argues that, on the basis of the law of the European Union (EU), the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), and the domestic public law of the countries of Europe, a European public law is taking shape. European law is marked to a large extent by the differences which subsist between the cultures and legal systems of Europe; nevertheless European legal integration has been quickened by the similarities that exist and the wish for integration. The book analyses the historical development of the European legal project, and the challenges of the model of European public law and what is needed for it to strengthen. It concludes that by means of three circles—the law of the EU, the ECHR, and domestic law—a European public law is emerging. This European public law is renewing the way in which international and domestic law co-exists, and the very co-existence between the State and the law itself.
The European Legal Order
Authors: Stirn Bernard
Published: June 2017

Chapter 3 shows that the confluence of the law of the European Union and of the European Convention on Human Rights is a European legal order worthy of the name. It outlines the law of the European Union after the Lisbon Treaty, setting out its principles and the ways in which competences are shared in the EU post Lisbon, between the European Council, the Council, the Commission, the European Parliament, and the Court of Justice of the European Union. The chapter further sets out the outline of the system of rules of the European Union. Then the chapter turns to the characteristics of what has been termed a Europe of human rights, and how the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR), in conjunction with domestic courts, police the law of the European Convention on Human Rights. Finally, the chapter brings together the law of the European Union and the ECHR.
Social Contact, Gonadal Steroids, and CRF
Authors: Schulkin Jay
Published: June 2017

Chapter 6 begins with a brief discussion of CRF in approach/avoidance behaviors across pre- and postnatal events. What will follow is the description of diverse steroids, in particular gonadal steroids (e.g., testosterone and estrogen) and their effect on CRF and other peptides expression, and finally, sex differences in the expression of CRF in the brain. Importantly, the rapid-fire expression of CRF would serve essential for differing social/ecological demands: parenting is one; responding to conspecifics is another. What evolved is a CRF signature ready for action, responding to changing demands of importance, part of the neural armor in foraging for coherence.
‘It Could Probably Just as Well Be Otherwise’
Authors: Werner Wouter , Boer Lianne
Published: June 2017

One of the core insights of Musil’s The Man Without Qualities is that there must be ‘a sense of possibility’. This chapter analyzes debates on the law applicable to cyberwar, as debates emanating from a sense of possibility, which translates into imageries of the way cyberwar might, could, or ought to happen, i.e. how possible future realities are construed. The analysis is limited to the Tallinn Manual on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Warfare. The basic point of much legal analysis is to make sense of new phenomena in terms of pre-existing legal rules, or, to make the unfamiliar, familiar. The creation of these legal imageries is contrasted with non-legal imageries of cyberwar, as found in military and security studies. The purpose of this exercise is to carve out more clearly what is particular about the way in which international lawyers have imagined the future in this domain.
Oral Identities: Passing Dance On, Making Versions
Authors: Pouillaude Frédéric
Published: June 2017

This chapter considers the means of oral transmission in terms of what the oral implies for the survival and status of works. Where the survival of works depends on the memory of the creators and original participants, those works may surely die unless there is a real desire to reactivate that memory and an institutional framework which values the preservation of works. This kind of framework is a recent phenomenon in dance, even in the institutions devoted to classical ballet. Right up to the beginning (even the middle) of the twentieth century, the notion of the fixed repertoire remained largely alien to the choreographic field. Choreographic institutions still appear founded more on the principle of continuous creation and novelty that is constantly refreshed, in keeping with the spirit of the dance conceived as divertissement.
Technique or Language: An Analogical Impasse
Authors: Pouillaude Frédéric
Published: June 2017

This chapter takes an historical and textual detour to discuss Marcel Mauss’s (1934) paper “Techniques of the body” (reprinted in Mauss 2006). In doing so, the chapter addresses only the second and third objections to applying the notion of technique in the dance domain. In his paper, Mauss starts from experience of the historical and socio-cultural relativity of bodily practices. He discovers through these diverse experiences the fact that the apparently spontaneous and natural use of the body is actually already framed and conditioned by the social. Mauss determines to call this socially learned and constructed use of the body a “technique of the body.”
Dignity in Roman and Stoic Thought
Authors: Griffin Miriam
Published: June 2017

The concept of dignitas at Rome signified a certain standing or rank in the community. Dignitas was inherently comparative, and one deserved treatment appropriate to one’s standing: that applied to forms of honor, of liberality, and of punishment. Thus the dignitas of the Roman Senate implied its superiority over other orders. But one was expected to live up to one’s standing, social or moral, or justifiably lose the marks of respect that went with it. Human dignity was an idea that belonged to philosophers: it marked the superiority of human beings to other creatures because of their possession of reason. They were expected to live up to this status, conferred by nature, and if they failed to do so, were no longer counted as human, but as animals. More emphasis was placed on their obligations to other humans than on their rights.
Dignity in Confucian and Buddhist Thought
Authors: Wong David B.
Published: June 2017

“Dignity” in the Western tradition typically connotes the inherent and unearned worth that entitles each person to respectful attitudes and treatment. Confucian and Buddhist thought contains concepts that overlap with this concept, making possible a three-way dialogue. Confucianism forthrightly asserts the special value of the individual, but that special value lies in one’s capacities to connect with others and to create a truly worthwhile life of relationships. Correspondingly, if one fails to develop these capacities, one may lose one’s dignity. A possible basis in Buddhism for human dignity lies in the distinctively human capability for “awakening.” However, this capability involves realizing that one’s individuality is not as real or as important as one thought it was, and that this is the key to being free from the suffering that any being, human or animal, should be free from.
Portraiture, Social Positioning, and Displays of Dignity in Early Modern London
Authors: Town Edward
Published: June 2017

This reflection discusses portraiture and self-fashioning in early modern London, and focuses on two unusual pictures painted by the émigré artist Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger in the 1570s. The society that Gheeraerts entered into when he fled from the Netherlands was one that was undergoing unprecedented change, as long-established structures of society and status eroded in the face of a rising and self-confident mercantile elite. Increasingly, these wealthy citizens turned to portraiture to assert their (often newfound) position within society, and the portraits that were made in this period reflect a number of the complexities inherent in a society in a state of flux. The challenge for Gheeraerts and his fellow exiles was how to negotiate this challenging environment, and this reflection explores the ways in which Gheeraerts used notions of dignity in these two paintings to that end.
Architecture, Building Designs, and Jericho
Authors: Whyte William
Published: June 2017

OUP is a publisher, but it is also an architectural patron, a facilities manager, and the inhabitant of buildings in Oxford and across the globe. By 2004 the OUP estate included a huge variety of buildings, including the traditional Printing House and associated buildings around the quadrangle in Walton Street; the enormous purpose-built warehouse in Corby; prestigious offices on Madison Avenue in Manhattan; newly built branch headquarters in Kuala Lumpur, Karachi, and Cape Town; and smaller offices, warehouses, and bookshops in cities around the world. In constructing or refurbishing buildings OUP attempted to produce projects which were contemporary, practical, and functional, whilst paying heed to Press tradition and local tastes and customs. The chapter assesses these aims and considers the success of OUP buildings in accommodating its people, facilitating its operations, and enhancing its reputation.
Dictionaries and Reference
Authors: Knowles Elizabeth
Published: June 2017

The period between 1970 and 2004 witnessed a revolution in the preparation and distribution of dictionary and reference titles; computerization had enormous implications not only upon editors’ working methods and the capital investment requirements from the Press, but also upon the way in which titles were purchased and accessed by readers. The Press responded by adapting swiftly to market needs and carefully managing questions of funding, scheduling, and the logistics of in-house editorial staff. The chapter assesses OUP’s dictionary and reference publishing programme in the context of technological developments, while also considering the growing value of the paperback market and the intensifying competition for market share. The chapter explores case studies of particular reference publications, including a selection of foreign-language dictionaries, thesauri and encyclopedias, as well as the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography and the Oxford English Dictionary and related titles.
New York
Authors: Tritter Thorin
Published: June 2017

The New York Business (NYB) occupied an increasingly prominent role within the publishing activities and global reach of the Oxford University Press. The NYB published educational, trade, and academic titles, as well as bibles, and sold these books along with imported Oxford titles. The chapter describes the expansion of the American list, highlighting particular successes in reference, history, and science books, and sets this growth in the context of the Oxford list and the wider American market. Sales of New York and imported titles are analysed and profitability of publishing lines and the business as a whole are assessed. The chapter considers the influence of successive managers and their differing relationships with executives in Oxford. Significant growth in the 1980s prompted the NYB to invest in a new warehouse in Cary, North Carolina, and new executive offices on Madison Avenue in New York City.
Islands of Effective International Adjudication
Authors: Alter Karen J. , Helfer Laurence R. , Guerzovich M. Florencia
Published: June 2017

This chapter explains how the Andean Tribunal of Justice (ATJ) became both active and effective with respect to intellectual property (IP) disputes, and why IP remains an island of effective adjudication that has not expanded to other areas of Andean law. It describes the ATJ's interactions with the domestic administrative agencies responsible for IP and explores how the ATJ's rulings shaped agency decisions and procedures to bolster adherence to the rule of law. The chapter also documents how the relationship between Andean judges and agency officials enabled the ATJ to confront national governments under pressure from the United States and multinational drug companies to violate Andean law. It demonstrates that Andean IP rules differ from those elsewhere in Latin America. Finally, this chapter explains how the legal and institutional contexts within which Andean IP rules are embedded help to bolster the island's stability and protect it from significant meddling by governments.
Why the Concept of “Visual Illusions” Is Misleading
Authors: Purves Dale , Wojtach William T. , Beau Lotto R.
Published: June 2017

A common misconception is that we see the world in accord with physical reality but are sometimes fooled in special circumstances that give rise to discrepancies between reality and what we perceive (visual illusions). Evidence accumulated over the past decade, however, indicates that all visual perceptions are at odds with the physical parameters of the world. Since biological visual systems cannot measure the world but must nonetheless afford the ability to behave in it, animals create biologically determined visual stimuli based on their value to reproductive success. In light of this evidence, the phrase “visual illusions” is misleading and should be abandoned.
The Leaning Tower Illusion
Authors: Kingdom Frederick A. A. , Yoonessi Ali , Gheorghiu Elena
Published: June 2017

The Leaning Tower Illusion is the illusion in which two identical images of the Leaning Tower of Pisa photographed from below, placed side by side, appear to rise at different angles. The illusion is not restricted to the Pisa tower however; it occurs in any pair of identical images of objects that appear to recede into the distance. This chapter argues that the illusion results from the misapplication of the visual system’s in-built mechanisms for correcting the distortions due to perspective in two-dimensional images of three-dimensional scenes. The relationship between the Leaning Tower illusion and size constancy illusions is discussed, and it is concluded that they are likely to be closely related.
High-speed and high-ratio referential genome compression
Authors: Liu Yuansheng , Peng Hui , Wong Limsoon , Li Jinyan
Published: June 2017

Motivation

The rapidly increasing number of genomes generated by high-throughput sequencing platforms and assembly algorithms is accompanied by problems in data storage, compression and communication. Traditional compression algorithms are unable to meet the demand of high compression ratio due to the intrinsic challenging features of DNA sequences such as small alphabet size, frequent repeats and palindromes. Reference-based lossless compression, by which only the differences between two similar genomes are stored, is a promising approach with high compression ratio.

Results

We present a high-performance referential genome compression algorithm named HiRGC. It is based on a 2-bit encoding scheme and an advanced greedy-matching search on a hash table. We compare the performance of HiRGC with four state-of-the-art compression methods on a benchmark dataset of eight human genomes. HiRGC takes <30 min to compress about 21 gigabytes of each set of the seven target genomes into 96–260 megabytes, achieving compression ratios of 217 to 82 times. This performance is at least 1.9 times better than the best competing algorithm on its best case. Our compression speed is also at least 2.9 times faster. HiRGC is stable and robust to deal with different reference genomes. In contrast, the competing methods’ performance varies widely on different reference genomes. More experiments on 100 human genomes from the 1000 Genome Project and on genomes of several other species again demonstrate that HiRGC’s performance is consistently excellent.

Availability and implementation

The C ++ and Java source codes of our algorithm are freely available for academic and non-commercial use. They can be downloaded from https://github.com/yuansliu/HiRGC.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Temporal lobe networks supporting the comprehension of spoken words
Authors: Bonilha Leonardo , Hillis Argye E , Hickok Gregory , den Ouden Dirk B , Rorden Chris , Fridriksson Julius
Published: June 2017

Auditory word comprehension is a cognitive process that involves the transformation of auditory signals into abstract concepts. Traditional lesion-based studies of stroke survivors with aphasia have suggested that neocortical regions adjacent to auditory cortex are primarily responsible for word comprehension. However, recent primary progressive aphasia and normal neurophysiological studies have challenged this concept, suggesting that the left temporal pole is crucial for word comprehension. Due to its vasculature, the temporal pole is not commonly completely lesioned in stroke survivors and this heterogeneity may have prevented its identification in lesion-based studies of auditory comprehension. We aimed to resolve this controversy using a combined voxel-based—and structural connectome—lesion symptom mapping approach, since cortical dysfunction after stroke can arise from cortical damage or from white matter disconnection. Magnetic resonance imaging (T1-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging-based structural connectome), auditory word comprehension and object recognition tests were obtained from 67 chronic left hemisphere stroke survivors. We observed that damage to the inferior temporal gyrus, to the fusiform gyrus and to a white matter network including the left posterior temporal region and its connections to the middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, and cingulate cortex, was associated with word comprehension difficulties after factoring out object recognition. These results suggest that the posterior lateral and inferior temporal regions are crucial for word comprehension, serving as a hub to integrate auditory and conceptual processing. Early processing linking auditory words to concepts is situated in posterior lateral temporal regions, whereas additional and deeper levels of semantic processing likely require more anterior temporal regions.

10.1093/brain/awx169_video1 awx169media1 5555638084001
Colonial dispossession, developmental discourses, and humanitarian solidarity in ‘Area C’: the case of the Palestinian Yanun Village
Authors: Meari Lena
Published: June 2017

Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in Yanun village, which was categorized as part of ‘Area C’ by the Oslo accords, this article analyses the collusion of the mainstream hegemonic developmental discourse with the colonial project in colonized Palestine. It also analyses the politics of and limitations of contemporary forms of international solidarity with Palestinian communities in ‘Area C’. The article situates the devastating life conditions of Yanun community within the Zionist settler colonial project in Palestine with its ongoing structural and violent forms of dispossession, land appropriation, expulsion and displacement of Palestinians, particularly in ‘Area C’, which constitutes the current frontier for Zionist settler colonial expansionism. By examining Yanun community’s survival tactics, the article illustrates how the hegemonic developmental discourse on ‘Area C’ constitutes the masses of Palestinians as subjects of humanitarian aid. The article also shows how the humanitarian approach of solidarity with Yanun’s community constitutes the condition of Palestinian victimhood, cancels its anticolonial agency, and patronizes its forms of anticolonial resistance by employing the tactics of eye witnessing Palestinians’ life under occupation and employing the language of non-violence.
Living Arrangements, Disability and Gender of Older Adults Among Rural South Africa
Authors: Schatz Enid , Ralston Margaret , Madhavan Sangeetha , Collinson Mark A , Gómez-Olivé F Xavier
Published: June 2017

Objective

A limited understanding exists of the relationship between disability and older persons’ living arrangements in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). We examine the associations between living arrangements, disability, and gender for individuals older than 50 years in rural South Africa.

Method

Using the Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE) survey and Agincourt Health and socio-Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) data, we explore older persons’ self-reported disability by living arrangements and gender, paying particular attention to various multigenerational arrangements.

Results

Controlling for past disability status, a significant relationship between living arrangements and current disability remains, but is moderated by gender. Older persons in households where they may be more “productive” report higher levels of disability; there are fewer differences in women’s than men’s reported disability levels across living arrangement categories.

Discussion

This study underscores the need to examine living arrangements and disability through a gendered lens, with particular attention to heterogeneity among multigenerational living arrangements. Some living arrangements may take a greater toll on older persons than others. Important policy implications for South Africa and other LMICs emerge among vibrant debates about the role of social welfare programs in improving the health of older individuals.
Validation of adapted daily dose definitions for hospital antibacterial drug use evaluation: a multicentre study
Authors: Först Gesche , de With Katja , Weber Nadine , Borde Johannes , Querbach Christiane , Kleideiter Johannes , Seifert Claudia , Hagel Stefan , Ambrosch Andreas , Löbermann Micha , Schröder Philipp , Steib-Bauert Michaela , Kern Winfried V ,   ABS-QI Study Group,   Additional members of the ABS-QI Study Group, Beier Stephanie , Binesch Faranak , Burzynski Beate , Devide Anette , Donat Martina , Endler Katja , Feihl Susanne , Freidank Annette , Früchtel-Unterholzner Edeltraud , Gödde Norbert , Gründel Ralf , Grzibiela Wolfgang , Kaiser Réné , Kawecki Piotr , Knoth Holger , Kohlbrenner Stefan , Lerner Johanna , Loers Edeltraud , Müller Matthias , Papathanasiou Nikolas , Probst Wiltrud , Putzbach Jens , Reimer Marion , Reinwald Ann-Christin , Rusche Ruth , Scheerer Martin , Zessin Enrico
Published: June 2017

Background

The WHO/ATC (Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical) index DDD (WHO-DDD) is commonly used for drug consumption measurement. Discrepancies between WHO-DDD and actual prescribed daily doses (PDD) in hospitals have prompted alternative dose definitions adapted to doses recommended in hospital practice guidelines [recommended daily doses (RDD)].

Methods

In order to validate RDD we performed modified point prevalence surveys in 24 acute care hospitals and recorded 20620 PDD of antibiotics given to 4226 adult patients on the day of the survey and the 6 preceding days. We calculated RDD and WHO-DDD and compared them with PDD.

Results

The rate of RDD corresponding to PDD was higher than the corresponding rate for WHO-DDD (pooled data, 55% versus 30%) and the differences were similar across the hospital sample, but varied according to drug/drug class, route of administration, indication and renal function. RDD underestimated actual consumption by 14% overall, while WHO-DDD overestimated total antibacterial consumption by 28% (pooled data; median values RDD −10% versus WHO-DDD +32%). The deviations of estimated from actual drug use volumes were largest for β-lactams (RDD −11% versus WHO-DDD +49%), in particular for penicillins (−11% versus +64%), if WHO-DDD were used.

Conclusions

Hospital antibiotic consumption surveillance systems using current WHO-DDD should address the uneven discrepancies between actual prescribing and consumption estimates according to drug class that may lead to misclassification in benchmark analyses. We recommend using validated RDD as a supplementary measure to the WHO-DDD for detailed analyses.
Lessons learned from piloting mHealth informatics practice curriculum into a medical elective
Authors: Fernando Juanita , Lindley Jennifer
Published: June 2017

Introduction

This case study reports the development and delivery of an mHealth elective piloted for first-year undergraduate medical students at Monash University (Australia) and the lessons learned by designers.

Results

The students were not as adept at using mHealth devices as the literature had predicted. Expert speakers using mHealth for practice perceptibly engaged students. Force-field analysis was a useful basis for devising end-user evaluative research tools for practice. Combining small- and large-group discussions with eLearning discussions promoted student engagement with new concepts and associated jargon. Assessment by mHealth informatics champions supported the students’ independent learning.

Lessons learned

Promotion of mHealth curriculum must be transparent and clear. Our elective delivery was hampered by a lack of suitable mobile device ownership and limited availability of useful, free apps. Technological jargon required clarification. Educators require particular mHealth informatics and educational expertise to support mHealth pedagogies. This learning helps to prepare medical curriculum designers for addressing evolving mHealth practice horizons.
An Examination of the 1960s Attempt at a New Brand Identity for the General Post Office
Authors: Cabianca David
Published: June 2017

In 1965, the UK designer F.H.K. Henrion was commissioned by the General Post Office to survey the state of design within the organization. The survey report was to form the basis for commissioning a new corporate identity, or ‘house style’, intended to visually unify the various operational divisions of the GPO as well as cultivate the image of a modern and progressive public entity in the minds of the public. Ultimately, thanks to factors that actively or indirectly hampered his efforts, Henrion’s attempt to produce a new, modern identity would, in large part, collapse. While it is true many professional projects do not bear fruit, one does not typically have a detailed account of the factors which might lead an initiative to fail. In this instance, archival records present a tale of intransigence precipitated by career civil servants determined to secure their positions, the conscious obstruction of change because of professional jealousy, and an overall general ineptitude when strength of leadership was required. This paper uses records from client correspondence, PO Board minutes, and internal memos housed in the British Postal Museum to trace the development of Henrion’s efforts from the client’s perspective.
Theory of M-system
Authors: Essert Mario , Kuzmanović Ivana , Vazler Ivan , Žilić Tihomir
Published: June 2017

This article introduces a new formal theory, the theory of $M$-system, which represents a many-valued logic system. Basic terms and concepts are defined which are the foundation for their further application. Though the theory comes from the field of electric circuitry, an attempt will be made to extend it to applications in linguistics. To check the examples used in this article, a Haskell program was made, which can be found at https://www.schoolofhaskell.com/user/ivazler/linguistic.
The genetics of sleep
Authors: Sousek Alexandra , Tafti Mehdi
Published: June 2017

Although there is strong evidence for a genetic contribution to inter-individual variations in sleep, the underlying factors and their interaction remain largely elusive. Much effort has been expended in studying genetic variations contributing to circadian and sleep phenotypes, the individual pattern of the human sleep EEG, reactions to sleep loss, and the pathophysiology of sleep-related disorders. Certain sleep-related diseases may be caused by single genes, while the etiology of others seems to be variable and complex. This is especially the case when the immune system is involved. This chapter reports on twin and familial studies, genetic variations and mutations affecting neurotransmitters and other signaling pathways and thereby affecting sleep, and impacts of gene expression processes and the immune system on sleep. Although much knowledge has been gained, further research is needed to elucidate the all-embracing mechanisms and their interactions that regulate sleep.
Shift work sleep disorder and jet lag
Authors: Pillai Vivek , Drake Christopher L.
Published: June 2017

Some of the most devastating catastrophes in the modern world, such as the Chernobyl and Three Mile Island nuclear accidents, the Bhopal gas tragedy, and the Exxon Valdez oil spill, occurred during the night shift. These incidents serve as a painful reminder of the high individual and societal costs associated with sleep–wake schedules that oppose the endogenous physiological regulation of sleep and wakefulness across the 24-hour day. Insomnia-like symptoms during the sleep period and excessive sleepiness during the wake period are among the most common consequences of such circadian misalignment, and form the basis of shift work sleep disorder (SWD). Rapid jet travel across multiple time zones can similarly disrupt circadian synchrony, and trigger a variety of adverse health outcomes, including sleep disturbance, impaired wakefulness, and gastrointestinal complications. This chapter reviews the state of the science on SWD and jet lag, with a special emphasis on clinical evaluation and management.
Transcranial Doppler Waveforms During Intra-aortic Balloon Pump Counterpulsation for Vasospasm Detection After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Morris Nicholas A , Manning Nathan , Marshall Randolph S , Connolly E Sander , Claassen Jan , Agarwal Sachin , Roh David J , Schmidt J Michael , Park Soojin
Published: June 2017

BACKGROUND

Transcranial Doppler ultrasound is a standard screening tool for vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Prevention of vasospasm-induced delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage depends on optimization of cerebral perfusion pressure, which can be challenged by neurogenic stress cardiomyopathy. Intra-aortic balloon pumps have been utilized to augment cerebral perfusion, but they change the transcranial Doppler waveform, altering its interpretability for vasospasm screening.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the features of the transcranial Doppler waveform that correlate with vasospasm.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage that underwent same-day transcranial Doppler ultrasound and angiography. Transcranial Doppler waveforms were assessed for mean velocity, peak systolic velocity, balloon pump-augmented diastolic velocity, and a novel feature, “delta velocity” (balloon pump-augmented velocity − systolic velocity). Relationship of flow velocity features to vasospasm was estimated by generalized estimating equation models using a Gaussian distribution and an exchangeable correlation structure.

RESULTS

There were 31 transcranial Doppler and angiography pairings (12 CT angiography/19 digital subtraction angiography) from 4 patients. Fourteen pairings had proximal vasospasm by angiography. Delta velocity was associated with proximal vasospasm (coefficient –6.8 [95% CI –9.8 to –3.8], P < .001). There was no significant correlation with proximal vasospasm for mean velocity (coefficient –13.0 [95% CI –29.3 to 3.4], P = .12), systolic velocity (coefficient –8.7 [95% CI –24.8 to 7.3], P = .29), or balloon pump-augmented velocity (coefficient –15.3 [95% CI –31.3 to 0.71], P = .06).

CONCLUSION

Delta velocity, a novel transcranial Doppler flow velocity feature, may reflect vasospasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage and intra-aortic balloon pumps.
Neuroanatomical Interpretation of the Painting Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh
Authors: Richardson Bradford A. , Rusyniak Alexandra M. , Rusyniak W. George , Rodning Charles B.
Published: June 2017

JOURNAL/neusg/04.03/00006123-201709000-00010/figure1/v/2023-10-11T192940Z/r/image-jpeg
Significance of Fuzzy Logic
Authors: Bělohlávek Radim , Dauben Joseph W. , Klir George J.
Published: June 2017

The aim of this chapter is to assess the significance of fuzzy logic based on its developments and its impact on mathematics and other areas of human affairs over its fifty-year history. For this purpose, the well-established concepts of a paradigm and a paradigm shift in science as well as their counterparts in mathematics and other areas of human affairs are employed as useful metaphors. Authors’ views regarding future prospects of fuzzy logic are also discussed. The prospects for a wider awareness of fuzzy logic depend on the development of specialist forums for discussion of its application, as well as on the availability of general-purpose textbooks. Fuzzy logic offers contributions to thinking about a large number of disciplines, and their acceptance will depend on how well the claims made for it materialize.
The Question of Subjectivity
Authors: Bhushan Nalini , Garfield Jay L.
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines the role of art, art criticism and aesthetic theory in philosophy, culture, and the nationalist movement. It devotes particular attention to the modernization of classical rasa theory and its deployment in art criticism, and to debates about that in which “authentic” Indian art consists. It considers the art of Ravi Varma, Abanindranath Tagore, and Amrita Sher-Gil and the aesthetic theory of A. K. Coomaraswamy, K. C. Bhattacharyya, M. Hiriyanna, and Mulk Raj Anand.
The Problems and Promise of Karma from an Engaged Buddhist Perspective
Authors: King Sallie B.
Published: June 2017

This essay examines the role of karma in Engaged Buddhist thought and action. It discusses (1) ways in which Engaged Buddhists make use of karma; (2) ways in which karma is a problem for Engaged Buddhism; and (3) ways in which Engaged Buddhists have attempted to overcome the difficulties associated with traditional ideas about karma. Issues surrounding karma addressed by Engaged Buddhists include the stigmatization of dalits, women, and the disabled; the promotion of fatalism and passivity; individual and social responsibility; karma and justice; karma and social change; karma and compassion. Engaged Buddhist leaders discussed include B. R. Ambedkar, Aung San Suu Kyi, Sulak Sivaraksa, and Thich Nhat Hanh. The paper concludes that there are many successful ways that Engaged Buddhists have addressed difficulties associated with karma and specifies other ways that could be considered in addition.
Mindfulness and Ethics
Authors: Garfield Jay L.
Published: June 2017

This essay explores the role of the two aspects of mindfulness (smṛti and samprajanya) in ethical discipline. It argues that mindfulness understood as the union of these two attitudes is essential to the kind of perception and attention necessary for spontaneous moral engagement with the world. The essay first discusses why mindfulness is so important in Buddhist ethics. It then turns to the importance of spontaneity, first in the Aristotelian and then in the Zen tradition. It closes by showing why spontaneity can be understood as desirable only if infused by the kind of mindfulness philosophers such as Śāntideva recommend, and why mindfulness can be morally efficacious only if it suffuses our perception and action so as to render them spontaneous.
What Do Buddhists Think about Free Will?
Authors: Repetti Riccardo
Published: June 2017

This essay critically reviews the most important highlights of the literature on free will in Buddhist philosophy. The Buddha and most subsequent Buddhist philosophers apparently lacked the free will concept, operating within an impersonal framework orthogonal to the free will discussion. As Western philosophy embraces subpersonal conceptions of mind and action informing Buddhism from its inception, however, Buddhism may enrich the Western discussion of free will. Buddhist scholars have only begun to discuss free will over the past 50 years. Nonetheless because Buddhism lacks the free will concept, its texts underdetermine what may be said about it, and thus interpretations of the implicit role of free will in Buddhist thought diverge.
“There Is No Racism Here”
Authors: Clealand Danielle Pilar
Published: June 2017

One of the major components of Cuban racial ideology is the notion of anti-racialism. The phrases “there is no racism here” or “I am not racist” are the common responses when asked about racism or discussing one’s own beliefs. Consequently, the revolution’s noble declaration and goal of creating a racism-free country has produced a norm in which racism is an external concept. Chapter 5 argues that this norm has hindered any discussion or reflection on race and racism in Cuba such that its presence goes ignored. Additionally, the act of ignoring racism allows for negative racial stereotypes to continue to be expressed with little challenge. The chapter examines interviews with whites on their opinions regarding racism in Cuba as well as their own connection to anti-black attitudes. It also uses survey data to highlight blacks’ position on race relations in Cuba, particularly in their individual relations with whites.
Certainty and possibility
Authors: Lassiter Daniel
Published: June 2017

This chapter discusses several more epistemic adjectives. Certain and its near-synonym sure are maximum adjectives that combine with proportional and percentage modifiers. A comparison with non-modal adjectives suggests a ratio-scale classification with at least an upper bound. Several lines of evidence indicate that certainty and likelihood are formally closely related. However, there are puzzles around the interpretation of uncertain that indicate that the relation may not be one of identity. I consider three possible analyses, all of which have certain advantages and drawbacks. I then turn to possible, which is often claimed to be non-gradable. Naturalistic data indicate that possibility is a graded concept (e.g., increase the possibility of), and that possible is gradable (e.g., too/very/n% possible). While an analysis in terms of some kind of scalar coercion is technically feasible, the most natural explanation is that possible is a gradable adjective whose scale is closely related to likely’s scale.
Foraging success
Authors: Mills M.G.L. , Mills M.E.J.
Published: June 2017

Foraging success for various demographic groups and females with different foraging strategies was measured by calculating overall and individual feeding rates in kg eaten/km moved. Overall and individual feeding rates were significantly higher for coalitions than single males. Females with large cubs had a significantly higher overall feeding rate than females at other times of their reproductive cycle, although lactating females had the highest individual feeding rate. Amongst females, springbok hunters had higher individual feeding rates than steenbok/duiker hunters or intermediates. However springbok hunting appeared to be energetically more costly. It would, therefore, seem that there are several strategies that female cheetahs can adopt in order to maximize foraging success. The overall mean consumption rate for all cheetahs in the southern Kalahari was calculated to be 3.0 kg/day.
Energetics
Authors: Mills M.G.L. , Mills M.E.J.
Published: June 2017

Measurements of daily energy expenditure and water turnover showed that energy expenditure in cheetahs was not significantly greater than expected, but water turnover was low. There were no sex differences in daily energy expenditure, but when hunting along riverbeds cheetahs used more energy than when hunting in the dunes, probably because they moved further in the riverbeds. There were no differences in daily energy expenditure between females in different stages of reproduction. Energy expended chasing prey differed; small prey being least costly and large species most costly. Analyses of prey chases using both GPS and accelerometer loggers revealed that there were two phases; an initial rapid acceleration to catch up with the prey, followed by a slowing phase as cheetahs followed twists and turns of the prey as the distance between them closed. A visualization of five phases recorded from accelerometer data during a successful steenbok hunt is presented.
Pamela Hansford Johnson
Authors: David Deirdre
Published: June 2017

This literary biography traces the life of Pamela Hansford Johnson from her birth in a theatrical family to her death as the widow of C.P. Snow. A prolific writer, she published almost thirty novels, reviewed fiction for major newspapers, and made regular appearances on BBC cultural programmes. She lived through tumultuous changes in British life—1930s political unrest, World War 2, and postwar austerity: social changes that form the background for her fiction. Persuaded by her first love, Dylan Thomas, to abandon writing poetry for writing fiction about her life in South London, she devoted herself to restoring the traditions of social and psychological realism in the English novel at a time when the modernist experimentation of Woolf and Joyce prevailed. Hers was a courageous writing life.
Some key body parts and polysemy
Authors: Priestley Carol
Published: June 2017

This chapter discusses body part nouns, a part of language that is central to human life, and the polysemy that arises in connection with them. Examples from everyday speech and narrative in various contexts are examined in a Papuan language called Koromu and semantic characteristics of body part nouns in other studies are also considered. Semantic templates are developed for nouns that represent highly visible body parts: for example, wapi ‘hands/arms’, ehi ‘feet/legs’, and their related parts. Culture-specific explications are expressed in a natural metalanguage that can be translated into Koromu to avoid the cultural bias inherent in using other languages and to reveal both distinctive semantic components and similarities to cross-linguistic examples.
The Principle of Virtual Work
Authors: Coopersmith Jennifer
Published: June 2017

The meaning behind the mysterious Principle of Virtual Work is explained. Some worked examples in statics (equilibrium) are given, and the method of Virtual Work is compared and contrasted with the method of Newtonian Mechanics. The meaning of virtual displacements is explained very carefully. They must be ‘small’, happen simultaneously, and do not cause a force, result froma force, or take any time to occur. Counter to intuition, not all the actual displacements can be allowed as virtual displacements. Some examples worked through are: Feynman’s pivoting (cantilever) bar, a “black box,” a weighted spring, a ladder, a capacitor, a soap bubble, and Atwood’s machine. The links between mechanics and geometry are demonstrated, and it is shown how the reaction or constraint forces are always perpendicular to the virtual displacements. Lanczos’s Postulate A and its astounding universality are explained.
D’Alembert’s Principle
Authors: Coopersmith Jennifer
Published: June 2017

It is explained how the mysterious Principle of Virtual Work in statics is extended to the even more mysterious Principle of d’Alembert’s in dynamics. This is achieved by d’Alembert’s far-sighted stratagem: considering a reversed massy acceleration as an inertial force. A worked example is given (the half-Atwood machine or “black box”). Some counter-intuitive aspects are made intuitive by more examples: the Pluto-Charon system of orbiting planets; Newton’s and then Mach’s explanation of Newton’s bucket. Also, it is demonstrated that the law of the conservation of energy actually follows from d’Alembert’s Principle. The reader is alerted to the astoundingly fundamental nature of d’Alembert’s Principle. It is the cornerstone of classical, relativistic, and quantum mechanics. As Lanczos writes: “All the different principles of mechanics are merely mathematically different formulations of d’Alembert’s Principle”.
Lagrangian Mechanics
Authors: Coopersmith Jennifer
Published: June 2017

It is demonstrated how d’Alembert’s Principle can be used as the basis for a more general mechanics – Lagrangian Mechanics. How this leads to Hamilton’s Principle (the Principle of Least Action) is shown mathematically and in words. It is further explained why Lagrangian Mechanics is so general, why forces of constraint may be ignored, and how external conditions lead to “curved space.” Also, it is explained why the Lagrangian, L, has the form L = T − V (where T is the kinetic energy and V is the potential energy), and why T is in “quadratic form” (T = 1/2mv2). It is shown how Noether’s Theorem leads to a more fundamental definition of energy and links the conservation of energy to the homogeneity of time. The ingenious Lagrange multipliers are explained, and also generalized forces and generalized coordinates.