bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of sympathetic nerve blockade on low‐frequency oscillations of forearm and leg skin blood flow in healthy humans
Authors: Hodges Gary J. , Mallette Matthew M. , Martin Zachary T. , Del Pozzi Andrew T.
Published: June 2017

Objective

To Examine the effect of inhibiting sympathetic function on cutaneous vasomotion in the forearm and leg.

Methods

Intradermal microdialysis fibers were placed in the forearm and leg, one as an untreated control (lactated Ringer's) and the other perfused with bretylium tosylate to block sympathetic nerves. Skin blood flow was monitored using laser Doppler flowmetry. Baseline was collected for 10 minutes before local skin temperature was increased to 42°C. Spectral analysis was performed using a Morlet wavelet.

Results

Bretylium tosylate increased skin blood flow during baseline in the forearm (d=1.6, P<.05) and leg (d=0.5, P<.05) and decreased skin blood flow at both sites during both the initial peak (d≥1.0, P<.05) and plateau (d≥0.8, P<.05). Treatment with bretylium tosylate reduced wavelet amplitude associated with neural activity during baseline in the forearm (d=1.6, P<.05) and leg (d=0.9, P<.05). This reduction in wavelet amplitude at bretylium tosylate‐treated sites was also observed during the initial vasodilation to local heating in both the forearm (d=1.6, P<.05) and leg (d=1.4, P<.05) and during the sustained vasodilation in both the forearm (d=1.6, P<.05) and leg (d=1.2, P<.05).

Conclusions

Our data support that the frequency band (0.021‐0.052 Hz) associated with neurogenic activity appears to be correct having a large sympathetic component.
Defining a temporal order of genetic requirements for development of mycobacterial biofilms
Authors: Yang Yong , Thomas Joseph , Li Yunlong , Vilchèze Catherine , Derbyshire Keith M. , Jacobs William R. , Ojha Anil K.
Published: June 2017

Most mycobacterial species spontaneously form biofilms, inducing unique growth physiologies and reducing drug sensitivity. Biofilm growth progresses through three genetically programmed stages: substratum attachment, intercellular aggregation and architecture maturation. Growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis biofilms requires multiple factors including a chaperonin (GroEL1) and a nucleoid‐associated protein (Lsr2), although how their activities are linked remains unclear. Here it is shown that Lsr2 participates in intercellular aggregation, but substratum attachment of Lsr2 mutants is unaffected, thereby genetically distinguishing these developmental stages. Further, a suppressor mutation in a glycopeptidolipid synthesis gene (mps) that results in hyperaggregation of cells and fully restores the form and functions of Δlsr2 mutant biofilms was identified. Suppression by the mps mutation is specific to Δlsr2; it does not rescue the maturation‐deficient biofilms of a ΔgroEL1 mutant, thereby differentiating the process of aggregation from maturation. Gene expression analysis supports a stepwise process of maturation, highlighted by temporally separated, transient inductions of iron and nitrogen import genes. Furthermore, GroEL1 activity is required for induction of nitrogen, but not iron, import genes. Together, the findings begin to define molecular checkpoints during development of mycobacterial biofilms.
Wing phosphorylation is a major functional determinant of the Lrs14‐type biofilm and motility regulator AbfR1 in Sulfolobus acidocaldarius
Authors: Li Lingling , Banerjee Ankan , Bischof Lisa Franziska , Maklad Hassan Ramadan , Hoffmann Lena , Henche Anna‐Lena , Veliz Fabian , Bildl Wolfgang , Schulte Uwe , Orell Alvaro , Essen Lars‐Oliver , Peeters Eveline , Albers Sonja‐Verena
Published: June 2017

In response to a variety of environmental cues, prokaryotes can switch between a motile and a sessile, biofilm‐forming mode of growth. The regulatory mechanisms and signaling pathways underlying this switch are largely unknown in archaea but involve small winged helix‐turn‐helix DNA‐binding proteins of the archaea‐specific Lrs14 family. Here, we study the Lrs14 member AbfR1 of Sulfolobus acidocaldarius. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering data are presented, which are consistent with a model of dimeric AbfR1 in which dimerization occurs via an antiparallel coiled coil as suggested by homology modeling. Furthermore, solution structure data of AbfR1‐DNA complexes suggest that upon binding DNA, AbfR1 induces deformations in the DNA. The wing residues tyrosine 84 and serine 87, which are phosphorylated in vivo, are crucial to establish stable protein‐DNA contacts and their substitution with a negatively charged glutamate or aspartate residue inhibits formation of a nucleoprotein complex. Furthermore, mutation abrogates the cellular abundance and transcription regulatory function of AbfR1 and thus affects the resulting biofilm and motility phenotype of S. acidocaldarius. This work establishes a novel wHTH DNA‐binding mode for Lrs14‐like proteins and hints at an important role for protein phosphorylation as a signal transduction mechanism for the control of biofilm formation and motility in archaea.
Analytical approaches to subspecies delimitation with genetic data
Authors: Martien Karen K. , Leslie Matthew S. , Taylor Barbara L. , Morin Phillip A. , Archer Frederick I. , Hancock‐Hanser Brittany L. , Rosel Patricia E. , Vollmer Nicole L. , Viricel Amélia , Cipriano Frank
Published: June 2017

The vast and remote distributions and large body size of most cetaceans make it difficult to obtain and maintain morphological collections adequate for advancing sound taxonomic arguments. Consequently, genetic data are playing an increasingly important role in cetacean species and subspecies delimitation. We review seven categories of analytical methods useful in delimiting subspecies based on genetic data. For each category, we summarize its utility in evaluating putative subspecies, the types of markers to which it can be applied, and potential challenges in interpreting results in a taxonomic context. We focus on the utility of each type of method to evaluate the critical features distinguishing subspecies from populations and species: the degree of diagnosability between putative taxa and the extent to which the putative taxa have diverged along separate evolutionary pathways. We conclude that diagnosability is best estimated with either assignment tests or multivariate methods, while evaluating the degree of divergence requires a synthesis of multiple lines of evidence derived from different analytical methods and different data types, including nongenetic data.
A review of molecular genetic markers and analytical approaches that have been used for delimiting marine mammal subspecies and species
Authors: Rosel Patricia E. , Taylor Barbara L. , Hancock‐Hanser Brittany L. , Morin Phillip A. , Archer Frederick I. , Lang Aimee R. , Mesnick Sarah L. , Pease Victoria L. , Perrin William F. , Robertson Kelly M. , Leslie Matthew S. , Berta Annalisa , Cipriano Frank , Parsons Kim M. , Viricel Amélia , Vollmer Nicole L. , Martien Karen K.
Published: June 2017

Uncertainty in marine mammal taxonomy is increasingly being addressed using molecular genetic data. We examined 32 peer‐reviewed articles published between 1994 and 2011to review methodological practices, consistency of markers and analytical methods, and overall quality of arguments used when genetic data have been employed to delimit new species and subspecies of marine mammals. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region was the primary genetic marker used in these studies, but analytical methods varied greatly across studies. Diagnosability, a common metric for delimiting subspecies with morphological data, was only used through citing of fixed differences in mtDNA sequences. Assignment tests based on microsatellite data were less common but were applied at both taxonomic levels. Nuclear DNA sequence data were rarely used. Basic background material needed to evaluate the strength of arguments, such as distribution and sampling maps, were often missing. For most studies, sample sizes were good, but adequate geographic sampling for broadly distributed taxa was often lacking, diminishing the strength of evidence for taxonomic distinctness. Examining these empirical cases revealed a mixture of sound and inadequate practices for genetic studies of cetacean taxonomy and suggested that improvements could be made to the field by developing standard guidelines.
Marinesco bodies and substantia nigra neuron density in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Abbott R. D. , Nelson J. S. , Ross G.W. , Uyehara‐Lock J. H. , Tanner C. M. , Masaki K. H. , Launer L. J. , White L. R. , Petrovitch H.
Published: June 2017

Aim

Marinesco bodies (MB) are intranuclear inclusions in pigmented neurons of the substantia nigra (SN). While rare in children, frequency increases with normal ageing and is high in Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies and other neurodegenerative disorders. Coinciding with the age‐related rise in MB frequency is initiation of cell death among SN neurons. Whether MB have a role in this process is unknown. Our aim is to examine the association of MB with SN neuron density in Parkinson's disease (PD) in the Honolulu‐Asia Aging Study.

Methods

Data on MB and neuron density were measured in SN transverse sections in 131 autopsied men aged 73–99 years at the time of death from 1992 to 2007.

Results

Marinesco body frequency was low in the presence vs. absence of PD (2.3% vs. 6.6%, P < 0.001). After PD onset, MB frequency declined as duration of PD increased (P = 0.006). Similar patterns were observed for SN neuron density. When MB frequency was low, neuron density was noticeably reduced in the SN ventrolateral quadrant, the region most vulnerable to PD neurodegeneration. Low MB frequency was unique to PD as its high frequency in non‐PD cases was unrelated to parkinsonian signs and incidental Lewy bodies. Frequency was high in the presence of Alzheimer's disease and apolipoprotein ε4 alleles.

Conclusions

While findings confirm that MB frequency is low in PD, declines in MB frequency continue with PD duration. The extent to which MB have a distinct relationship with PD warrants clarification. Further studies of MB could be important in understanding PD processes.
Identification of differentially regulated maize proteins conditioning Sugarcane mosaic virus systemic infection
Authors: Chen Hui , Cao Yanyong , Li Yiqing , Xia Zihao , Xie Jipeng , Carr John P. , Wu Boming , Fan Zaifeng , Zhou Tao
Published: June 2017

Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) is the most important cause of maize dwarf mosaic disease. To identify maize genes responsive to SCMV infection and that may be involved in pathogenesis, a comparative proteomic analysis was performed using the first and second systemically infected leaves (termed 1 SL and 2 SL, respectively).

Seventy‐one differentially expressed proteins were identified in 1 SL and 2 SL upon SCMV infection. Among them, eight proteins showed the same changing patterns in both 1 SL and 2 SL. Functional annotations of regulated proteins and measurement of photosynthetic activity revealed that photosynthesis was more inhibited and defensive gene expression more pronounced in 1 SL than in 2 SL.

Knockdown of regulated proteins in both 1 SL and 2 SL by a brome mosaic virus‐based gene silencing vector in maize indicated that protein disulfide isomerase‐like and phosphoglycerate kinase were required for optimal SCMV replication. By contrast, knockdown of polyamine oxidase (ZmPAO) significantly increased SCMV accumulation, implying that ZmPAO activity might contribute to resistance or tolerance.

The results suggest that combining comparative proteomic analyses of different tissues and virus‐induced gene silencing is an efficient way to identify host proteins supporting virus replication or enhancing resistance to virus infection.
Considering the unintentional consequences of pollinator gardens for urban native plants: is the road to extinction paved with good intentions?
Authors: Johnson Anna L. , Fetters Andrea M. , Ashman Tia‐Lynn
Published: June 2017

Urban centers are important foci for plant biodiversity and yet widespread planting of wildflower gardens in cities to sustain pollinator biodiversity is on the rise, without full consideration of potential ecological consequences. The impact of intentional wildflower plantings on remnant native plant diversity in urban and peri‐urban settings has not received attention, although shared pollinators are likely to mediate several types of biotic interactions between human‐introduced plants and remnant native ones. Additionally, if wildflower species escape gardens these indirect effects may be compounded with direct ones. We review the potential positive and negative impacts of wildflower gardens on urban native flowering plants, and we reveal substantial gaps in our knowledge. We present a roadmap for research to address whether wildflower gardens, while benefiting pollinators, could also hasten the extinction of native remnant plants in urban settings, or whether they could have other effects that enrich urban biodiversity. Goals of future wildflower mixes should consider the totality of potential interactions.
Increased Sympathetic Outflow Induces Adaptation to Acute Experimental Pain
Authors: Dayan Lior , Hochberg Uri , Nahman‐Averbuch Hadas , Brill Silviu , Ablin Jacob N. , Jacob Giris
Published: June 2017

Background

There are interrelationships between the autonomic nervous system and pain. This study aims to explore the effect of different autonomic manipulations on pain perception and modulation.

Methods

Twenty healthy subjects (10 men and 10 women, mean age 25 ± 3 years) participated in this single‐blinded, semi‐randomized, controlled study, which included 2 study visits. Warm detection thresholds, heat pain thresholds, conditioned pain modulation (CPM), and pain adaptation were tested before and after administration of phenylephrine, clonidine, yohimbine, and saline.

Results

Changes in heart rate and blood pressure were found after all the pharmacological interventions. The only effect on pain measures was that yohimbine enhanced pain adaptation capacity while phenylephrine reduced it (P = 0.032). Several significant correlations were found between autonomic and pain parameters; greater decreases in heart rate after phenylephrine were associated with reduced pain ratings (r2 = 0.288, P = 0.018). In addition, enhanced pain adaptation was associated with higher total vascular resistance (r2 = 0.442, P = 0.01).

Conclusions

Different effects of acute autonomic manipulations on experimental pain were found: an increase in sympathetic tone induced by yohimbine led to reduced pain sensitivity; a decrease in sympathetic tone with no effect on vagal‐parasympathetic tone induced by phenylephrine led to reduction in pain adaptation capacity; and a decrease in sympathetic tone and increase in vagal parasympathetic tone by clonidine led to no change in pain adaptation capacity. While increased sympathetic outflow does facilitate pain adaptation, activation of either the sympathetic or parasympathetic limbs of the autonomic nervous system does not affect pain thresholds or CPM. Finally, a correlation exists between nociception and cardiovascular parameters only due to baroreflex activation.
Two NHX‐type transporters from Helianthus tuberosus improve the tolerance of rice to salinity and nutrient deficiency stress
Authors: Zeng Yang , Li Qing , Wang Haiya , Zhang Jianliang , Du Jia , Feng Huimin , Blumwald Eduardo , Yu Ling , Xu Guohua
Published: June 2017

The NHX‐type cation/H+ transporters in plants have been shown to mediate Na+(K+)/H+ exchange for salinity tolerance and K+ homoeostasis. In this study, we identified and characterized two NHX homologues, HtNHX1 and HtNHX2 from an infertile and salinity tolerant species Helianthus tuberosus (cv. Nanyu No. 1). HtNHX1 and HtNHX2 share identical 5′‐ and 3′‐UTR and coding regions, except for a 342‐bp segment encoding 114 amino acids (L272 to Q385) which is absent in HtNHX2. Both hydroponics and soil culture experiments showed that the expression of HtNHX1 or HtNHX2 improved the rice tolerance to salinity. Expression of HtNHX2, but not HtNHX1, increased rice grain yield, harvest index, total nutrient uptake under K+‐limited salt‐stress or general nutrient deficiency conditions. The results provide a novel insight into NHX function in plant mineral nutrition.
Overexpression of Hevea brasiliensis ethylene response factor HbERF‐IXc5 enhances growth and tolerance to abiotic stress and affects laticifer differentiation
Authors: Lestari Retno , Rio Maryannick , Martin Florence , Leclercq Julie , Woraathasin Natthakorn , Roques Sandrine , Dessailly Florence , Clément‐Vidal Anne , Sanier Christine , Fabre Denis , Melliti Sémi , Suharsono Sony , Montoro Pascal
Published: June 2017

Ethylene response factor 1 (ERF1) is an essential integrator of the jasmonate and ethylene signalling pathways coordinating a large number of genes involved in plant defences. Its orthologue in Hevea brasiliensis, HbERF‐IXc5, has been assumed to play a major role in laticifer metabolism and tolerance to harvesting stress for better latex production. This study sets out to establish and characterize rubber transgenic lines overexpressing HbERF‐IXc5. Overexpression of HbERF‐IXc5 dramatically enhanced plant growth and enabled plants to maintain some ecophysiological parameters in response to abiotic stress such as water deficit, cold and salt treatments. This study revealed that HbERF‐IXc5 has rubber‐specific functions compared to Arabidopsis ERF1 as transgenic plants overexpressing HbERF‐IXc5 accumulated more starch and differentiated more latex cells at the histological level. The role of HbERF‐IXc5 in driving the expression of some target genes involved in laticifer differentiation is discussed.
Photosynthate partitioning to starch in Arabidopsis thaliana is insensitive to light intensity but sensitive to photoperiod due to a restriction on growth in the light in short photoperiods
Authors: Mengin Virginie , Pyl Eva‐Theresa , Alexandre Moraes Thiago , Sulpice Ronan , Krohn Nicole , Encke Beatrice , Stitt Mark
Published: June 2017

Photoperiod duration can be predicted from previous days, but irradiance fluctuates in an unpredictable manner. To investigate how allocation to starch responds to changes in these two environmental variables, Arabidopsis Col‐0 was grown in a 6 h and a 12 h photoperiod at three different irradiances. The absolute rate of starch accumulation increased when photoperiod duration was shortened and when irradiance was increased. The proportion of photosynthate allocated to starch increased strongly when photoperiod duration was decreased but only slightly when irradiance was decreased. There was a small increase in the daytime level of sucrose and twofold increases in glucose, fructose and glucose 6‐phosphate at a given irradiance in short photoperiods compared to long photoperiods. The rate of starch accumulation correlated strongly with sucrose and glucose levels in the light, irrespective of whether these sugars were responding to a change in photoperiod or irradiance. Whole plant carbon budget modelling revealed a selective restriction of growth in the light period in short photoperiods. It is proposed that photoperiod sensing, possibly related to the duration of the night, restricts growth in the light period in short photoperiods, increasing allocation to starch and providing more carbon reserves to support metabolism and growth in the long night.
Using numerical plant models and phenotypic correlation space to design achievable ideotypes
Authors: Picheny Victor , Casadebaig Pierre , Trépos Ronan , Faivre Robert , Da Silva David , Vincourt Patrick , Costes Evelyne
Published: June 2017

Numerical plant models can predict the outcome of plant traits modifications resulting from genetic variations, on plant performance, by simulating physiological processes and their interaction with the environment. Optimization methods complement those models to design ideotypes, that is, ideal values of a set of plant traits, resulting in optimal adaptation for given combinations of environment and management, mainly through the maximization of performance criteria (e.g. yield and light interception). As use of simulation models gains momentum in plant breeding, numerical experiments must be carefully engineered to provide accurate and attainable results, rooting them in biological reality. Here, we propose a multi‐objective optimization formulation that includes a metric of performance, returned by the numerical model, and a metric of feasibility, accounting for correlations between traits based on field observations. We applied this approach to two contrasting models: a process‐based crop model of sunflower and a functional–structural plant model of apple trees. In both cases, the method successfully characterized key plant traits and identified a continuum of optimal solutions, ranging from the most feasible to the most efficient. The present study thus provides successful proof of concept for this enhanced modelling approach, which identified paths for desirable trait modification, including direction and intensity.
Arginase‐2, a miR‐1299 target, enhances pigmentation in melasma by reducing melanosome degradation via senescence‐induced autophagy inhibition
Authors: Kim Nan‐Hyung , Choi Soo‐Hyun , Yi Nayoung , Lee Tae Ryong , Lee Ai‐Young
Published: June 2017

Expression profiles revealed miR‐1299 downregulation concomitant with arginase‐2 (ARG2) upregulation in hyperpigmented skin of melasma patients. Opposite regulation of tyrosinase and PMEL17 by miR‐1299 and inverse relationship between miR‐1299 and ARG2 expression denoted a role of miR‐1299 in pigmentation with ARG2 as a miR‐1299 target. ARG2 overexpression or knock‐down in keratinocytes, the main source of ARG2 in epidermis, positively regulated tyrosinase and PMEL17 protein levels, but not mRNA levels or melanosome transfer. ARG2 overexpression in keratinocytes reduced autophagy equivalent to 3‐MA, an autophagy inhibitor which also increased tyrosinase and PMEL17 protein levels, whereas ARG2 knock‐down induced opposite results. Autophagy inducer rapamycin reduced ARG2‐increased tyrosinase and PMEL17 protein levels. Also, autophagy was reduced in late passage‐induced senescent keratinocytes showing ARG2 upregulation. ARG2, but not 3‐MA, stimulated keratinocyte senescence. These results suggest that ARG2 reduces autophagy in keratinocytes by stimulating cellular senescence, resulting in skin pigmentation by reducing degradation of transferred melanosomes.
Performance of Cellular Bucket Brigades with Hand‐Off Times
Authors: Lim Yun Fong
Published: June 2017

A cellular bucket brigade is a way to coordinate workers along an aisle with work content on both sides. Each worker in a cellular bucket brigade works on one side of the aisle when he proceeds in one direction, and he works on the other side when he proceeds in the reverse direction. Although the cellular bucket brigade eliminates the unproductive walk‐back, it requires more hand‐offs to assemble a product than a traditional (serial) bucket brigade. These hand‐offs may waste significant production capacity as each of them requires an exchange of work, which can be complicated and time‐consuming in practice. This motivates us to investigate the impact of hand‐off times on the cellular bucket brigade's performance. We identify sufficient conditions to ensure no workers are idle in the long run and for the system to self‐balance in a model with hand‐off times. Our results suggest that even with significant hand‐off times, the cellular bucket brigade can remain substantially (about 50%) more productive than the traditional bucket brigade especially if the team size is small and the workers’ work velocities are close to their walk velocity.
Looking Upstream: Optimal Policies for a Class of Capacitated Multi‐Stage Inventory Systems
Authors: Angelus Alexandar , Zhu Wanshan
Published: June 2017

We consider a multi‐stage inventory system with stochastic demand and processing capacity constraints at each stage, for both finite‐horizon and infinite‐horizon, discounted‐cost settings. For a class of such systems characterized by having the smallest capacity at the most downstream stage and system utilization above a certain threshold, we identify the structure of the optimal policy, which represents a novel variation of the order‐up‐to policy. We find the explicit functional form of the optimal order‐up‐to levels, and show that they depend (only) on upstream echelon inventories. We establish that, above the threshold utilization, this optimal policy achieves the decomposition of the multidimensional objective cost function for the system into a sum of single‐dimensional convex functions. This decomposition eliminates the curse of dimensionality and allows us to numerically solve the problem. We provide a fast algorithm to determine a (tight) upper bound on this threshold utilization for capacity‐constrained inventory problems with an arbitrary number of stages. We make use of this algorithm to quantify upper bounds on the threshold utilization for three‐, four‐, and five‐stage capacitated systems over a range of model parameters, and discuss insights that emerge.
16‐Year follow‐up of an avulsed maxillary central incisor after replantation following 10‐h storage: An unusual case
Authors: Kırzıoğlu Zuhal , Erken Güngör Özge , Erdoğan Yıldırım
Published: June 2017

Tooth avulsion is a type of dental injury defined as the complete displacement of a tooth out of the alveolar socket, and the lack of prompt treatment measures can result in the loss of function, poor quality of life, and psychological and social problems. However, several factors may not permit the immediate replantation of an avulsed tooth; therefore, delayed replantation has emerged as an alternative to meet the esthetic, functional, and psychological demands of patients. Here it was described that the successful replantation of an avulsed maxillary central incisor in a 9‐year‐old boy who presented at the clinic with the tooth stored in unfavorable conditions as dry and then in olive oil‐milk mixture almost 10 h after the event. The tooth has remained in its socket healthy for 16 years after treatment. The patient was satisfied with both esthetics and function.
Adjunct Extraposition: Base Generation or Movement?
Authors: Reeve Matthew , Hicks Glyn
Published: June 2017

It has been argued that extraposition fromDPis derived differently according to whether a complement or an adjunct is extraposed, with complement extraposition being derived by movement and adjunct extraposition being derived via covert Quantifier Raising (QR) of the hostDPplus Late Merge of the adjunct (Fox & Nissenbaum 1999). We argue that adjunct extraposition is itself derivationally ambiguous and may be derived either by movement of the adjunct or by base generation of the adjunct in extraposed position. Accordingly, we argue for a relaxation of the strictly compositional view that nominal modification is always mediated by syntactic sisterhood. We argue that whereas base‐generated extraposition is possible with quantificational hostDPs, adjunct extraposition from definites must be derived by movement. This accounts for a number of asymmetries between extraposition from definites and from other types ofDP, concerning reconstruction for condition C, scope reconstruction, and information‐structural restrictions on extraposition.
Projecting order in the pericolonial Philippines: An anthropology of Catholicism beyond Catholics
Authors: Paredes Oona
Published: June 2017

In a majority Catholic country like the Philippines, it can be difficult to appreciate the true impact of Catholicism, beyond the obvious presence of Catholics. For the ‘unchristianised’ indigenous minorities in its peripheral upland regions, the role of the Catholic thought‐world in shaping who they are today is masked substantially by their cultural distinctiveness. Missionary‐dominated narratives in colonial historiography configure our understanding of the present, structuring our approach to anthropology in these peripheral spaces. This article argues that the diachronic component is necessary to make sense of how Catholicism has not only shaped the diversity of modern Philippine cultures, but also how it has configured cultural and political spaces so completely that, as anthropologists, we at times reproduce this thought‐world uncritically through our own ethnographies. A focus on the so‐called unchristianised Lumad ethnic minorities of Mindanao argues that it is essential to look beyond Catholics as obvious subjects when undertaking an anthropology of Catholicism.
A genome‐wide association study of 23 agronomic traits in Chinese wheat landraces
Authors: Liu Yaxi , Lin Yu , Gao Shang , Li Zhanyi , Ma Jian , Deng Mei , Chen Guoyue , Wei Yuming , Zheng Youliang
Published: June 2017

Uncovering the genetic basis of agronomic traits in wheat landraces is important for ensuring global food security via the development of improved varieties. Here, 723 wheat landraces from 10 Chinese agro‐ecological zones were evaluated for 23 agronomic traits in six environments. All accessions could be clustered into five subgroups based on phenotypic data via discriminant function analysis, which was highly consistent with genotypic classification. A genome‐wide association study was conducted for these traits using 52 303 DArT‐seq markers to identify marker‐trait associations and candidate genes. Using both the general linear model and the mixed linear model, 149 significant markers were identified for 21 agronomic traits based on best linear unbiased prediction values. Considering the linkage disequilibrium decay distance in this study, significant markers within 10 cM were combined as a quantitative trait locus (QTL), with a total of 29 QTL identified for 15 traits. Of these, five QTL for heading date, flag leaf width, peduncle length, and thousand kernel weight had been reported previously. Twenty‐five candidate genes associated with significant markers were identified. These included the known vernalization genes VRN‐B1 and vrn‐B3 and the photoperiod response genes Ppd and PRR. Overall, this study should be helpful in elucidating the underlying genetic mechanisms of complex agronomic traits and performing marker‐assisted selection in wheat.
Comparative transcriptome analysis of nodules of two Mesorhizobium–chickpea associations with differential symbiotic efficiency under phosphate deficiency
Authors: Nasr Esfahani Maryam , Inoue Komaki , Chu Ha Duc , Nguyen Kien Huu , Van Ha Chien , Watanabe Yasuko , Burritt David J. , Herrera‐Estrella Luis , Mochida Keiichi , Tran Lam‐Son Phan
Published: June 2017

Phosphate (Pi) deficiency is known to be a major limitation for symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF), and hence legume crop productivity globally. However, very little information is available on the adaptive mechanisms, particularly in the important legume crop chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), which enable nodules to respond to low‐Pi availability. Thus, to elucidate these mechanisms in chickpea nodules at molecular level, we used an RNA sequencing approach to investigate transcriptomes of the nodules in Mesorhizobium mediterraneum SWRI9–(MmSWRI9)–chickpea and M. ciceri CP‐31–(McCP‐31)–chickpea associations under Pi‐sufficient and Pi‐deficient conditions, of which the McCP‐31–chickpea association has a better SNF capacity than the MmSWRI9–chickpea association during Pi starvation. Our investigation revealed that more genes showed altered expression patterns in MmSWRI9‐induced nodules than in McCP‐31‐induced nodules (540 vs. 225) under Pi deficiency, suggesting that the Pi‐starvation‐more‐sensitive MmSWRI9‐induced nodules required expression change in a larger number of genes to cope with low‐Pi stress than the Pi‐starvation‐less‐sensitive McCP‐31‐induced nodules. The functional classification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) was examined to gain an understanding of how chickpea nodules respond to Pi starvation, caused by soil Pi deficiency. As a result, more DEGs involved in nodulation, detoxification, nutrient/ion transport, transcriptional factors, key metabolic pathways, Pi remobilization and signalling were found in Pi‐starved MmSWRI9‐induced nodules than in Pi‐starved McCP‐31‐induced nodules. Our findings have enabled the identification of molecular processes that play important roles in the acclimation of nodules to Pi deficiency, ultimately leading to the development of Pi‐efficient chickpea symbiotic associations suitable for Pi‐deficient soils.
When places come first: suffering, archetypal space and the problematic production of global health
Authors: Herrick Clare
Published: June 2017

The rise of global health as a field of study and site of intervention has animated significant critical social science engagements. Of these, medical anthropology has arguably emerged as the ascendant in the field with its growing corpus of writing and advocacy largely animated by the discipline's ‘suffering slot’. This paper thus applies a geographical critique to anthropology's moral, humanitarian impulse to give voice to suffering by exploring the spatial consequences of this mode of scholarship. It argues that the suffering slot inevitably leads global health researchers to certain archetypal spaces and that, in turn, these places: (i) are overwhelmingly biomedical; (ii) come to function as ‘truth spots’ in the production and circulation of global health knowledge and (iii) perpetuate a global health riddled with ‘ignorance spots’. Given this, the paper asks what happens if we look beyond suffering to consider the hidden geographies of global health that might then be revealed. It argues that in order to develop a richer topography of global health knowledge and critique, we must also consider those spaces where pleasure and suffering intersect in ways that challenge the humanitarian impulse and crisis‐led readings of health. These other archetypal spaces of global health – gyms, bars, supermarkets and more – are not flippant distractions from the grave reality of human suffering, but rather spaces that condition the genesis of suffering and where affliction is put aside in favour of pleasure. In arguing that we need to be far more attuned to the non‐medical spaces where global health is produced, experienced and challenged, the paper also articulates how geography might productively meet anthropology in critical studies of global health.
Subcutaneous extraskeletal osteosarcoma in a metatarsal footpad in a cat
Authors: Almela Ramón , von Bomhard Wolf , Ansón Agustina , Mayer Ursula
Published: June 2017

Background

Extraskeletal osteosarcomas (ESOSAs) are rare neoplasms in humans and animals. In cats, ESOSA has been reported to arise from orbital, ocular, intestinal, mammary and subcutaneous locations. Subcutaneous ESOSA occurs most commonly at sites used for vaccination including interscapular, dorsal lumbar or thigh areas. Previous reports of feline cases have not documented the use of advanced diagnostic imaging to exclude a primary bone tumour.

Objective

To describe the clinicopathological and advanced imaging findings of a subcutaneous ESOSA occurring in a metatarsal footpad of a cat and to report the one year follow‐up status.

Animal

A 9‐year‐old neutered male domestic short hair cat.

Methods

Physical, abdominal ultrasonographic and computed tomographic examinations, and excisional biopsy for histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation.

Results

The cat presented with mild focal erythematous swelling of the left metatarsal pad. ESOSA was diagnosed through advanced diagnostic imaging and histopathological examinations. Histopathological findings were consistent with osteosarcoma. No primary bone disease was observed on computed tomography. The owners declined limb amputation. One year after diagnosis, the cat was alive without disease progression.

Conclusions and clinical importance

Extraskeletal osteosarcoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of soft tissue swelling in footpads in cats. Advanced diagnostic imaging is recommended to exclude primary bone tumours.
Exercise prior to, but not concomitant with, stress reverses stress‐induced delayed skin wound healing
Authors: Saguie Bianca O. , Romana‐Souza Bruna , Martins Rayssa L. , Monte‐Alto‐Costa Andréa
Published: June 2017

Stress‐induced prolonged inflammation impairs cutaneous wound healing. Exercise may inhibit this effect via an anti‐inflammatory mechanism. Our aim was to investigate the effect of moderate exercise on skin wound healing in chronically stressed mice. Mice were trained five times per week on a treadmill or received no training. Mice underwent daily rotational stress from the 6th week until euthanasia. During the 8th week, two wounds were created in the dorsum and collected 10 days later. A control group only received wounds. Exercise was performed prior to and simultaneous with stress for 2 weeks or only prior to stress. Stress increased normetanephrine levels 10 days after wounding, resulting in an increased amount of inflammatory cells and reduced expression of inflammatory cytokines as well as angiogenesis, myofibroblast differentiation and matrix deposition. Concomitant exercise and stress potentiated these effects, intensifying the delayed wound contraction. When exercise was performed only prior to stress, however, the mice showed reduced inflammatory cells in granulation tissue 10 days after wounding and improved wound healing compared with animals with exercise and concomitant stress. Moderate exercise in association with stress potentiates the stress effect; however, when exercise was performed prior to stress, wound healing was improved.
Repeated E-book Reading and Its Contribution to Learning New Words among Kindergartners
Authors: Korat Ofra , Kozlov-Peretz Olla , Segal-Drori Ora
Published: June 2017

The contribution of repeated e-book reading with and without word explanation support and its effect on receptive and expressive word learning among preschoolers was examined. Seventy-eight kindergartners were randomly divided into an experimental and a control group. The experimental group received two individual reading sessions of an e-book with a dictionary that provided word explanations. The children clicked on hotspots which provided the explanation two more times. The children thus heard the meaning of the word three times in each session, with a total of six times. Not all difficult words received a dictionary explanation. The control group received the regular kindergarten program. The children's receptive word learning, word explanation and production of focal words were tested pre and post intervention. An improvement in all dependent measures was found post-intervention, compared to the control group. The dictionary in the e-book supported not only receptive word learning, but also word explanation. Words that received a dictionary explanation supported word learning better than words which were not included in the dictionary. Furthermore, receiving support six times was more effective than three times. Educational implications are discussed.
Prior exercise speeds pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics and increases critical power during supine but not upright cycling
Authors: Goulding Richie P. , Roche Denise M. , Marwood Simon
Published: June 2017

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Critical power (CP) represents the highest work rate for which a metabolic steady state is attainable. The physiological determinants of CP are unclear, but research suggests that CP might be related to the time constant of phase II oxygen uptake kinetics ().

What is the main finding and its importance?

We provide the first evidence that is mechanistically related to CP. A reduction of in the supine position was observed alongside a concomitant increase in CP. This effect may be contingent on measures of oxygen availability derived from near‐infrared spectroscopy.

Critical power (CP) is a fundamental parameter defining high‐intensity exercise tolerance and is related to the time constant of phase II pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics (). To test the hypothesis that this relationship is causal, we determined the impact of prior exercise (‘priming’) on CP and in the upright and supine positions. Seventeen healthy men were assigned to either upright or supine exercise groups, whereby CP, and muscle deoxyhaemoglobin kinetics (τ[HHb]) were determined via constant‐power tests to exhaustion at four work rates with (primed) and without (control) priming exercise at ∼31%Δ. During supine exercise, priming reduced (control 54 ± 18 s versus primed 39 ± 11 s; P < 0.001), increased τ[HHb] (control 8 ± 4 s versus primed 12 ± 4 s; P = 0.003) and increased CP (control 177 ± 31 W versus primed 185 ± 30 W, P = 0.006) compared with control conditions. However, priming exercise had no effect on (control 37 ± 12 s versus primed 35 ± 8 s; P = 0.82), τ[HHb] (control 10 ± 5 s versus primed 14 ± 10 s; P = 0.10) or CP (control 235 ± 42 W versus primed 232 ± 35 W; P = 0.57) during upright exercise. The concomitant reduction of and increased CP following priming in the supine group, effects that were absent in the upright group, provide the first experimental evidence that is mechanistically related to critical power. The increased τ[HHb+Mb] suggests that this effect was mediated, at least in part, by improved oxygen availability.
Compressive time delay estimation off the grid
Authors: Park Yongsung , Seong Woojae , Choo Youngmin
Published: June 2017

This paper describes a time delay estimation (TDE) technique using compressive sensing (CS) off the grid, which estimates the channel impulse response in a continuous time domain. The TDE can be formulated into a sparse signal reconstruction problem where the CS technique can be applied. Previous works have used standard finite dimensional CS with evenly discretized grids. However, the actual time delays will not always lie on the discrete grid, and this mismatch between the actual and discretized time delays results in reconstruction degradation. To overcome the basis mismatch, a TDE technique using an off the grid CS framework is proposed by modifying the scheme in the off the grid direction of arrival (DOA) estimation [Xenaki and Gerstoft, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 137(4), 1923–1935 (2015)]. The effectiveness of the suggested method is demonstrated on real data from a water tank experiment. The off the grid CS TDE is shown to have super-resolution, which enables close arrivals to be distinguished.
Port site endometrioma: a rare cause of abdominal wall pain following laparoscopic surgery
Authors: Siddiqui Zohaib A , Husain Fahd , Siddiqui Zain , Siddiqui Midhat
Published: June 2017

Endometriomas are a rare cause of abdominal wall pain. We report a case of a port site endometrioma presenting with an umbilical swelling. The patient underwent a laparoscopy for pelvic endometriosis 6 months previously and presented with a swelling around her umbilical port site scar associated with cyclical pain during menses. Ultrasound scan reported a well-defined lesion in the umbilicus and MRI scanning excluded other pathology. As she was symptomatic, she underwent an exploration of the scar and excision of the endometrioma with resolution of her symptoms. Precautions should be taken to reduce the risk of endometrial seeding during laparoscopic surgery. All tissues should be removed in an appropriate retrieval bag and the pneumoperitoneum should be deflated completely before removing ports to reduce the chimney effect of tissue being forced through the port site. The diagnosis should be considered in all women of reproductive age presenting with a painful port site scar.
Multipathogenic necrotising supraglottitis in an immunocompetent patient
Authors: Ahmed Jacob Joseph , Constable James Douglas , Kamani Tawakir , De Mriganka
Published: June 2017

Supraglottitis is a potentially life-threatening condition. It is now uncommon due to theHaemophilus influenzaetype B vaccination and is more recently caused byStreptococcus pneumoniae,S. pyogenes,H. influenzaenon-type B,H. parainfluenzae,Staphylococcus aureusandPasteurella multocida. Very rarely, it can cause necrotising supraglottitis/epiglottitis, and this has been reported in immunocompromised individuals. We present a unique case of multipathogenic supraglottitis causing laryngeal fibrinoid necrosis in an immunocompetent patient. During his admission, the patient was critically unwell and required surgical intervention and tracheostomy. However, he made a full recovery with no persisting morbidity. We believe that this was owed to the aggressive antimicrobial therapy, timely surgical management of the disease process and the patientâ€™s immunocompetency.
PAMAM dendrimer: a pH-controlled nanosponge
Authors: Maiti Prabal K.
Published: June 2017

Using fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulation that are several hundred nanoseconds long, we demonstrate the pH-controlled sponge action of PAMAM dendrimer. We show how at varying pH levels, the PAMAM dendrimer acts as a wet sponge; at neutral or low pH levels, the dendrimer expands noticeably and the interior of the dendrimer opens up to host several hundreds to thousands of water molecules depending on the generation number. Increasing the pH (i.e., going from low pH to high pH) leads to the collapse of the dendrimer size, thereby expelling the inner water, which mimics the ‘sponge’ action. As the dendrimer size swells up at a neutral pH or low pH due to the electrostatic repulsion between the primary and tertiary amines that are protonated at this pH, there is dramatic increase in the available solvent accessible surface area (SASA), as well as solvent accessible volume (SAV).
Galaxy rotation curves and the deceleration parameter in weak gravity
Authors: van Putten Maurice H. P. M.
Published: June 2017

We present a theory of weak gravity parametrized by a fundamental frequency [Formula: see text] of the cosmological horizon, where [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] denote the Hubble and, respectively, deceleration parameter. It predicts (i) a [Formula: see text] onset to weak gravity across accelerations [Formula: see text] in galaxy rotation curves, where [Formula: see text] denotes the de Sitter acceleration with velocity of light [Formula: see text], and (ii) fast evolution [Formula: see text] of the deceleration parameter by [Formula: see text] satisfying [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], distinct from [Formula: see text] in [Formula: see text]CDM. The first is identified in the high resolution data of Lelli et al. (2017), the second in the heterogeneous data on [Formula: see text] over [Formula: see text]. A model-independent cubic fit in the second rules out [Formula: see text]CDM by [Formula: see text] and obtains [Formula: see text] consistent with Riess et al. [Astrophys. J. 826, 56 (2016)]. Comments on possible experimental tests by the LISA Pathfinder are included.
Optical fluence compensation for handheld photoacoustic probe: An in vivo human study case
Authors: Zhao Lingyi , Yang Meng , Jiang Yuxin , Li Changhui
Published: June 2017

Integrating photoacoustic (PA) and ultrasound (US) into a handheld probe to perform PA/US dual-modal imaging has been widely studied over the past few years. However, optical fluence decreases quickly in deeper tissue due to light scattering and absorption, which would significantly affect the quantitative PA imaging. In this paper, we performed a fluence compensation for a PA imaging study of human breast. The comparison of PA/US image with and without optical fluence compensation demonstrated that the fluence compensation could effectively improve imaging quality for handheld probe.