bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antecedents of union member retention in Right-to-Work environments
Authors: Martin James E. , Laulié Lyonel , Lelchook Ariel M.
Published: June 2019

Purpose

States with Right-to-Work (RTW) law coverage have increased since 2012, with union membership decreasing. In such states, employees in union-represented positions cannot be required to be union members and/or pay dues, even though the union must still legally represent them. While union member retention in RTW states provides new challenges for unions, it has not been extensively studied. The purpose of this paper is to extend the literature by testing a model of intent to remain a union member in an RTW context using union loyalty as a mediator.

Design/methodology/approach

The model is based on how different types of exchanges shape intentions to remain a union member. To test the hypotheses, a sample of 475 members was used where an RTW law was about to be implemented in a Midwestern American state.

Findings

Union loyalty mediated the relationships between social and ideological exchanges with the union and employee intent to remain a union member and similarly mediated the organization–employee exchanges. Economic exchanges with the union were not a significant predictor in the full model.

Research limitations/implications

This study extends the employment-relations literature by helping us better understand member intent triggered by RTW laws. Insights are provided for both unions and organizations to better manage their relationships with employees.

Originality/value

This study advanced the employee-relations literature by providing a more holistic theoretically based understanding of how unions may retain members by using multiple forms of exchange, often studied separately in previous literature of member–union relationships.
Exploring the nexus between integrated reporting and sustainability embeddedness
Authors: Le Roux Catherine , Pretorius Marius
Published: June 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the nexus between integrated reporting and sustainability embeddedness. It seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the nexus by obtaining in-depth insight from the sensemaking of those in practice.

Design/methodology/approach

A single exploratory case study design strategy was applied to a leading stock exchange listed company in the property industry in South Africa. Rich qualitative data were gathered by applying multiple data gathering techniques to a diverse group of employees within the case company.

Findings

This empirical study contributes a metaphor of a cog and chain and nine themes that elucidate employee sensemaking at the nexus. Integrated reporting was found to drive sustainability embeddedness and foster changes within the organisation. The themes offer in-depth insight into how employees made sense of integrated reporting as a driver for sustainability embeddedness.

Research limitations/implications

The findings emerged from a single case study that operated in a mandatory disclosure context and are therefore not generalisable. The findings reflect the intended outcomes of integrated reporting and further research to explore the unintended outcomes and challenges associated with integrated reporting is suggested.

Practical implications

The study contributes to a growing practice based agenda by offering a better understanding of how integrated reporting and sustainability are conceptualised and adopted in practice.

Social implications

The findings offer organisations’ guidance on integrated reporting and sustainability embeddedness adoption which can have vast implications for society and the environment.

Originality/value

The study responds to gaps in the literature and calls for studies to explore the intersection between integrated reporting and sustainability embeddedness by engaging those in practice.
Case of low‐grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin presenting metastases to lymph nodes and peritoneum
Authors: Okabayashi Aya , Nakagawa Koichi , Shimizu Nami , Tohda‐Kinoshita Rie , Goto Keisuke
Published: June 2019

A 61‐year‐old Japanese man had a gradually growing, red‐colored nodule in his umbilicus from 3 years ago. He had no symptoms such as hot flush, diarrhea or wheezing. Computed tomography detected a 3.0 cm × 3.0 cm enhanced nodule on the umbilical portion, inguinal and axillary lymph node swelling, and peritoneal nodules. Upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopy and cystoscopy did not show any other tumor. We resected the umbilical nodule and subjected the inguinal lymph node and peritoneal nodule to biopsy. Histopathological findings indicated that the cutaneous lesion was composed of variously sized nests that included small, monomorphic, round to polygonal cells, mainly in the dermis to the peritoneum. Mitotic figures were scant. The inguinal lymph node and peritoneal nodule were positive for metastasis. Immunohistochemistry was diffusely positive for cytokeratin (CK)‐7, CD56, chromogranin A, synaptophysin, estrogen receptor‐α, progesterone receptor, GATA3 and carcinoembryonic antigen, and focally positive for mammaglobin and gross cystic disease fluid protein 15. The Ki‐67 labeling index was 1.5%. The patient was diagnosed with a case of low‐grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin (LGNECS) occurring on the umbilicus. This case exhibited distant peritoneal metastasis, as well as inguinal and axillary lymph node metastases; however, the patient is alive without chemotherapy at 23 months after the first visit. LGNECS is a newly proposed, extremely rare entity that has been reported under various names, including primary cutaneous carcinoid tumor. In the present case, this tumor shows a slow‐growing nature and favorable prognosis, even though it harbors metastatic potential.
Parental effects of male alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) on ARTs of haploid sons
Authors: Schausberger Peter , Sato Yukie
Published: June 2019

Alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs) represent distinct behavioural phenotypes to maximize reproductive success within the same sex, primarily males, and may be genetically and/or conditionally determined. Across animals, intragenerational determinants of conditional ARTs are relatively well understood but transgenerational (non‐genetic) effects of parental ARTs on filial ARTs are largely unknown.

Here, we assessed parental effects of conditional male ARTs on sons' ARTs in arrhenotokous spider mites Tetranychus urticae. Arrhenotoky, that is, males arising from unfertilized and females from fertilized eggs, sets the stage for sexual and transgenerational conflicts between male mates and females and their sons. Male ARTs of T. urticae are dichotomous, fighting and sneaking, and apparent in male–male combat and pre‐copulatory guarding behaviour. Due to haplodiploidy, male ARTs can only exert non‐genetic effects on sons of their mates.

We hypothesized that parental ART effects are likely to occur in T. urticae because maternal ART mating status (unmated, sneaker‐ or fighter‐mated) is indicative of the offspring' social environment and ART flexibility rather prevails in younger than older males.

Fighter‐mated mothers produced more offspring than unmated mothers and had a more daughter‐biased offspring sex ratio than unmated and sneaker‐mated mothers. Sons of fighter‐mated mothers were more likely to guard and did so earlier than sons of unmated and sneaker‐mated mothers. Unmated and sneaker‐mated, but not fighter‐mated, mothers produced sneaker sons that were quicker to start guarding than were fighter sons.

Proximately, parental ART effects on sons' ARTs were most likely mediated by differences in seminal fluids. Ultimately, observed alterations of sons' ARTs represent adaptive maternal responses to ART phenotypes rather than manipulation by male mates.

Fighter‐mated mothers tuned filial ARTs to male‐competitive environments whereas unmated and sneaker‐mated mothers tuned them to benign environments. Observed alterations in reproductive traits of fighter‐mated mothers suggest adaptive manipulation by the fighter phenotype or aligned male and female interests.

Overall, our study documents previously unknown transgenerational ART effects on haploid sons' ARTs.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Migratory strategy explains differences in timing of female reproductive development in seasonally sympatric songbirds
Authors: Kimmitt Abigail A. , Hardman Jack W. , Stricker Craig A. , Ketterson Ellen D.
Published: June 2019

Divergent migratory strategies among populations can result in population‐level differences in timing of reproduction (allochrony) and local adaptation. However, the mechanisms underlying among‐population variation in timing are insufficiently understood, particularly in females.

We studied differences in reproductive development and its related mechanisms along the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis (HPG) in closely related migratory and sedentary (i.e. resident) female dark‐eyed juncos (Junco hyemalis) living together in sympatry during early spring. Despite exposure to the same environmental cues in early spring, residents initiate breeding prior to the departure of migrants for their breeding grounds. We investigated whether residents would be more reproductively developed than migrants based on their behavioural differences. Alternatively, females could exhibit similar reproductive development in response to the same environmental cues despite differences in migratory behaviour. To compare their degree of reproductive development during seasonal sympatry and the underlying mechanisms of these differences, we collected ovarian and liver tissue in early spring prior to migration and compared transcript abundance of genes associated with reproduction using quantitative PCR. We also used stable hydrogen isotopes to infer relative breeding and wintering latitude of migrants.

We found higher transcript abundance of luteinizing hormone receptor and aromatase in the ovary in addition to significantly heavier ovaries in residents than in migrants. Together, these results suggest greater sensitivity and response to upstream endocrine stimulation in resident females. Transcript abundance for other receptors in the ovary and liver associated with reproduction, however, did not differ between populations. When comparing ovarian development within migrants, females with lower hydrogen isotopes (indicating higher breeding latitudes) had smaller ovaries, suggesting that longer‐distance migrations may further delay reproductive development.

Based on differences in ovary mass and transcript abundance, we conclude that females that differ in migratory strategy also differ in timing of reproductive development. These results support that divergent migratory behaviour drives allochrony and could enable reproductive isolation between populations; mechanistic differences at the level of gonadal stimulation can explain these differences in timing of reproductive development.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Manipulating saltmarsh microtopography modulates the effects of elevation on sediment redox potential and halophyte distribution
Authors: Mossman Hannah L. , Grant Alastair , Davy Anthony J.
Published: June 2019

Halophyte distributions on saltmarshes are strongly related to elevation in the tidal frame. However, collinearity between elevation, the consequent inundation regime, and sediment waterlogging/redox potential obscures the proximate causes of distribution patterns. We sought to distinguish the effects of elevation per se from those of waterlogging by manipulating microtopography.

We experimentally manipulated elevation by ±15 cm at locations that spanned the elevation ranges of three saltmarshes recently reactivated by managed coastal realignment. Experimental plots were initially cleared of any vegetation. Elevation and sediment redox potential were determined for each plot. We planted five perennial species (Armeria maritima, Atriplex portulacoides, Limonium vulgare, Plantago maritima and Triglochin maritima) in half of the plots, recording survival over 4 years, and monitored natural colonization of the other plots.

Overall, redox potential increased with elevation. Sediments were more oxidizing in raised plots and more reducing in lowered plots. Redox reductions in lowered plots were in line with those that would be predicted from the overall redox/elevation relationship, but increases in raised plots were greater than predicted from elevation alone.

Plant colonization and survival was poorer in lowered plots and, for most species, improved in raised plots. This poorer colonization and survival can, in part, be attributed to the concomitant alterations in redox potential and elevation in the tidal frame, but microtopographic manipulation also had substantial independent effects on plant performance, including on the survival of all planted species and the colonization of Puccinellia maritima, Salicornia europaea agg. and Tripolium pannonicum.

Synthesis. Microtopography can have effects on sediment chemistry and plant performance similar in magnitude to those of overall tidal elevation. Understanding how its effects modulate the relationship between tidal elevation, redox and other environmental conditions helps clarify the abiotic factors that fundamentally determine halophyte colonization and survival. These results support the use of topographic manipulation to enhance the diversity of created saltmarshes.
SPNS2 promotes the malignancy of colorectal cancer cells via regulating Akt and ERK pathway
Authors: Gu Xinyue , Jiang Yang , Xue Weinan , Song Chengxin , Wang Yangyang , Liu Yanlong , Cui Binbin
Published: June 2019

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a prevalent malignant tumour that causes considerable cancer‐related deaths globally. The sphingolipid transporter 2 (SPNS2), a sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) transporter, modulates multiple biological events including malignancy of cancer cells. In this study, the effects of SPNS2 on CRC progression were studied. We found that SPNS2 expression was significantly upregulated in CRC tissues compared to that in adjacent non‐tumour tissues. To assess the role of SPNS2 in CRC cells, we performed loss‐ and gain‐of‐function experiments in SW480 and HCT116 cells, respectively. The results demonstrated that SPNS2 promoted proliferation, migration and invasion, and inhibited apoptosis in CRC cells. Additionally, SPNS2 enhanced the release of intracellular S1P, and increased S1P receptor 1 (S1PR1) and S1PR3 expression. Moreover, SPNS2 activated the Akt and ERK pathways, and the biological behaviours of SPNS2 were attenuated by Akt or ERK inhibitor in HCT116 cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that SPNS2 promoted proliferation, migration and invasion, and inhibited apoptosis by regulating S1P/S1PR1/3 axis and activating Akt and ERK pathway in CRC cells.
Species interactions and distinct microbial communities in high Arctic permafrost affected cryosols are associated with the CH4 and CO2 gas fluxes
Authors: Altshuler Ianina , Hamel Jérémie , Turney Shaun , Magnuson Elisse , Lévesque Roger , Greer Charles W. , Whyte Lyle G.
Published: June 2019

Microbial metabolism of the thawing organic carbon stores in permafrost results in a positive feedback loop of greenhouse gas emissions. CO2 and CH4 fluxes and the associated microbial communities in Arctic cryosols are important in predicting future warming potential of the Arctic. We demonstrate that topography had an impact on CH4 and CO2 flux at a high Arctic ice‐wedge polygon terrain site, with higher CO2 emissions and lower CH4 uptake at troughs compared to polygon interior soils. The pmoA sequencing suggested that USCα cluster of uncultured methanotrophs is likely responsible for observed methane sink. Community profiling revealed distinct assemblages across the terrain at different depths. Deeper soils contained higher abundances of Verrucomicrobia and Gemmatimonadetes, whereas the polygon interior had higher Acidobacteria and lower Betaproteobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria abundances. Genome sequencing of isolates from the terrain revealed presence of carbon cycling genes including ones involved in serine and ribulose monophosphate pathways. A novel hybrid network analysis identified key members that had positive and negative impacts on other species. Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) with numerous positive interactions corresponded to Proteobacteria, Candidatus Rokubacteria and Actinobacteria phyla, while Verrucomicrobia and Acidobacteria members had negative impacts on other species. Results indicate that topography and microbial interactions impact community composition.
Learning from NHS Inquiries: Comparing the Recommendations of the Ely, Bristol and Mid Staffordshire Inquiries
Authors: Powell Martin
Published: June 2019

If one of the key reasons for an inquiry is to learn lessons and prevent similar events from reoccurring, recommendations must be implementable and implemented, but it is clear that lessons have not been learned and recommendations not implemented. This paper compares the ‘implementability’ of recommendations from the three inquiries of Ely, Bristol and Mid Staffordshire to stress the importance of learning lessons. It examines two broad issues of ‘who?’ and ‘what?’. First, some 80 per cent of the Ely recommendations were aimed at the institution, while 72 per cent of the Bristol and Mid Staffordshire recommendations were aimed at the system. Moreover, about 7 per cent of Ely's forty‐four recommendations have a clearly identified agent, compared to 15 per cent at Bristol and 41 per cent at Mid Staffordshire. Second, the policy tool of ‘sermons’ accounts for some 89 per cent of Ely recommendations, compared to 66 per cent at Bristol and 63 per cent at Mid Staffordshire. However, the earlier sermons did not appear to prevent the events at Mid Staffordshire occurring. Pulling these issues together, it can be suggested that, given the large number of potentially responsible agencies, recommendations should be ‘active’ with a clearly identified agent and that a clear policy tool or mechanism should be identified rather than rely on a vague tendency to sermonise.
My New School: transition to high school for children with special educational needs in England – findings and ideas for practice
Authors: Bunn Helena , Boesley Lauren
Published: June 2019

While transition from primary to secondary school is an exhaustively researched area, there is limited research into how the ideas and insights of children, particularly those with Special Educational Needs (SEN), could inform or guide successful school transition planning. The current article presents the final stage of an action research project in which a transition intervention was designed by students in collaboration with their schools and educational psychology services. The intervention, ‘My New School’, was initially piloted in an inner‐city primary school in England (see Bunn, Davis and Speed 2017) and since has developed into a working tool for several other schools. Children's views, alongside those of school staff, were used to inform the final design of ‘My New School’ intervention. The article explores findings from analysing the participating children and school staff, alongside relevant literature, and final discussions and implications for practice conclude.
A domains‐based approach to meeting social, emotional and mental health needs
Authors: O’Brien Tim , Roberts Amelia
Published: June 2019

This article focuses on seven interacting research‐informed domains. These domains are grounded in the research literature and have been applied in real world contexts to provide insight into, and an analytical tool for, meeting social, emotional and mental health (SEMH) needs within educational settings. Practitioner researchers applied the domains in a ten‐month knowledge‐exchange programme known as SWERL. Each domain is described in relation to the lived experience of teachers, pupils and schools. The article closes with a case study of how a primary school changed SEMH provision in the areas of ‘planning transitions’ and ‘building relationships’ and illuminates the benefits for children, staff and school culture.
Constructing a longitudinal database of targeted regulation of abortion providers laws
Authors: Austin Nichole , Harper Sam
Published: June 2019

Objective

To build a longitudinal state‐level database on targeted regulation of abortion providers (TRAP) laws.

Data Sources

Primary sources included state websites, Lexis Nexis Quicklaw, and WestlawNext. We used a range of secondary sources to pinpoint policy timing.

Study Design

This was a state‐level review of TRAP shifts from 1973 to present.

Data Collection

We captured data on TRAP policy activity and timing, focusing specifically on ambulatory surgical center (ASC) laws, admitting privilege requirements, and transfer agreements.

Principal Findings

Twenty‐five states had ever enacted an ASC, admitting privilege, or transfer agreement law. Many currently face legal challenges.

Conclusions

Targeted regulation of abortion providers laws are favored by many states as a way to regulate abortion provision. These data can be used to better understand the impact of these laws.
Review article: Let us talk about snakebite management: A discussion on many levels
Authors: Turner Damian , Winter Suzanne , Winkel Kenneth , MacIsaac Christopher , Padula Andrew , Braitberg George
Published: June 2019

We want to discuss antivenom use in snakebite clinical practice guidelines. Coronial reviews in Victoria of two cases of snakebite envenomation, one described in detail below, prompted us to submit this paper for a wider audience and debate. Venom and antivenom levels were measured in the case detailed below, but not in the other. The coroner received conflicting and varied advice from experts regarding the dose of antivenom. The Victorian Department of Health and Human Services and the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine were instructed to review snakebite management guidelines, particularly with respect to antivenom dosage. The discussion that took place among medical experts led to considerable media attention. We discuss the potential fallout when there is no consensus among medical experts.
What do we know about biological nitrogen fixation in insects? Evidence and implications for the insect and the ecosystem
Authors: Bar‐Shmuel Nitsan , Behar Adi , Segoli Michal
Published: June 2019

Many insects feed on a low‐nitrogen diet, and the origin of their nitrogen supply is poorly understood. It has been hypothesized that some insects rely on nitrogen‐fixing bacteria (diazotrophs) to supplement their diets. Nitrogen fixation by diazotrophs has been extensively studied and convincingly demonstrated in termites, while evidence for the occurrence and role of nitrogen fixation in the diet of other insects is less conclusive. Here, we summarize the methods to detect nitrogen fixation in insects and review the available evidence for its occurrence (focusing on insects other than termites). We distinguish between three aspects of nitrogen fixation investigations: (i) detecting the presence of potential diazotrophs; (ii) detecting the activity of the nitrogen‐fixing enzyme; and (iii) detecting the assimilation of fixed nitrogen into the insect tissues. We show that although evidence from investigations of the first aspect reveals ample opportunities for interactions with potential diazotrophs in a variety of insects, demonstrations of actual biological nitrogen fixation and the assimilation of fixed nitrogen are restricted to very few insect groups, including wood‐feeding beetles, fruit flies, leafcutter ants, and a wood wasp. We then discuss potential implications for the insect's fitness and for the ecosystem as a whole. We suggest that combining these multiple approaches is crucial for the study of nitrogen fixation in insects, and argue that further demonstrations are desperately needed in order to determine the relative importance of diazotrophs for insect diet and fitness, as well as to evaluate their overall impact on the ecosystem.
Investigation of the Antibacterial Activity and Subacute Toxicity of a Quercus crassifolia Polyphenolic Bark Extract for its Potential Use in Functional Foods
Authors: Valencia‐Avilés Eréndira , Martínez‐Flores Héctor‐Eduardo , García‐Pérez Manuel , Meléndez‐Herrera Esperanza , García‐Pérez Martha‐Estrella
Published: June 2019

Oak wood is used in barrels for wine aging. During aging, polyphenols are transferred from the barrels to the liquid. Although the bioactivity of oak polyphenols in wines has been extensively studied, no investigation exists on their toxicological properties, which limits their use as functional safe ingredients for other products. In this work, the chemical composition of a polyphenolic extract of Quercus crassifolia bark (QCBe) was studied by GC‐MS. Its antibacterial properties on probiotic and pathogenic bacteria and its subacute‐oral toxicity were determined as a way to understand the potential impact from its addition to fermented food as a functional ingredient. QCBe shows a selective inhibition of Escherichia coli compared with Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophylus. According to the toxicity evaluation, the subacute no‐observed‐adverse‐effect‐level was achieved at 11 mg/kg bw/day, whereas the subacute lowest‐observed‐adverse‐effect‐level for kidney damage was at 33 mg/kg bw/day. These results suggest that, given the fact an adverse effect was observed after subacute administration of this extract, further longer term toxicological studies are needed to provide sufficient safety evidence for its use in humans.

Practical Application

Mexico's yogurt market is growing which creates opportunities for the development of some yogurt products as functional foods. As a first step to evaluate its potential use in yogurt formulation, the antibacterial effect of a Quercus crassifolia polyphenolic extract (QCBe) on probiotic bacteria and its subacute‐oral toxicity in rats were studied. A low inhibition on probiotic bacteria growth was observed after QCBe addition to Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophylus cultures. Exposure to QCBe for a subacute duration resulted in renal injury in rats at dosages greater than or equal to 33 mg/kg/bw/day. This adverse effect indicates the importance of performing further long‐term toxicological assessments prior to the addition of QCBe to a food like yogurt, which is regularly eaten by consumers.
Composition, Antivirulence Activity, and Active Property Distribution of the Fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz
Authors: Li Kun , Han Xianwei , Li Ruzhuo , Xu Zhongren , Pan Taowen , Liu Jing , Li Bin , Wang Shouyu , Diao Yunpeng , Liu Xinguang
Published: June 2019

The fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz., or Tibet Olive, is widely used as a food supplement in China. It possesses some natural antimicrobial properties; however, its chemical composition and antivirulence effects have not been identified. In this work, 29 compounds were identified from the peel of T. chebula fruit by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. Both the extract of T. chebula and its phenolic acid, corilagin, showed antivirulent activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Specifically, they inhibited biofilm formation. The half maximal inhibitory concentration was 0.13 and 3.18 µg/mL for the extract and corilagin, respectively, whereas for α‐hemolysin secretion, the respective concentrations were 30 and 10 µg/mL. Its mechanism of action may be due to reducing the transcription of genes related to quorum sensing. These genes included staphylococcal accessory regulator A, intercellular adhesion accessory gene regulator A, and RNAIII. These findings provide evidence that this food supplement could be an effective antivirulent with corilagin as its active ingredient.

Practical Application

Corilagin from the fruit of Terminalia chebula Retz. may be used as an antibacterial for its antivirulent activity against Staphylococcus aureus
Comparison of Furans Formation and Volatile Aldehydes Profiles of Four Different Vegetable Oils During Thermal Oxidation
Authors: Wang Yangling , Zhu Mengting , Mei Jiang , Luo Shuhan , Leng Tuo , Chen Yi , Nie Shaoping , Xie Mingyong
Published: June 2019

The evolution of volatile aldehydes and the conversion of oxygenated ityβ‐unsaturated aldehydes (OαβUAs) into furans were compared in four vegetable oils (soybean oil, olive oil [OVO], peanut oil [PO], and perilla oil [PAO]) thermally oxidized at temperatures of 150, 180, and 210 °C for 10 hr/day over a 3‐day period. Results showed that 2 alkyl furans and 23 volatile aldehydes including 4 toxic OdβUAs were detected by GC‐MS. The original fatty acid compositions of the oils played a key role in the type and concentration of those volatile compounds. 4‐Hydroxy‐2‐hexenal (HHE) and ethyl furan were only detected in PAO with a high content of linolenic acid, while the greatest level of pentyl furan was detected in PO with abundant linoleic acid. Greater amounts of 4‐hydroxy‐(E)‐2‐nonenal (HNE) and 4‐oxo‐(E)‐2‐nonenal (ONE) were formed in the OVO with abundant oleic acid. The close relativity of HHE and ethyl furan was also demonstrated. With principal component analysis, these vegetable oils could be discriminated based on their fatty acids and volatile compounds. The loading plot confirmed that HHE and ethyl furan were derived from the linolenic acid oxidation and degradation.

Practical Application

The chemometric results showed that the formation of the volatile components during heating in different vegetable oils has close correlation with the original fatty acids composition of vegetable oils. Our research has also confirmed the presence of toxic OɑβUAs in oils after heating. Considering that they are proven to generate lots of degenerative diseases, further studies are needed to establish the risk level of using certain oils in frying and seek effective methods to inhibit their formation.
Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria‐Fermented Soymilk on Isoflavone Metabolites and Short‐Chain Fatty Acids Excretion and Their Modulating Effects on Gut Microbiota
Authors: Dai Shuhong , Pan Mingfang , El‐Nezami Hani S. , Wan Jennifer M.F. , Wang M.F. , Habimana Olivier , Lee Jetty C.Y. , Louie Jimmy C.Y. , Shah Nagendra P.
Published: June 2019

Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain ASCC 1520 with high soy isoflavone transformation ability was used to ferment soymilk and added to the diet of mice. The impact of L. rhamnosus fermentation on soy isoflavone metabolites and intestinal bacterial community, in conjunction with fecal enzyme activity and short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA) excretion was evaluated. Antibiotics intervention resulted in a decrease in fecal enzyme activities and SCFA. Although long‐term intake of soymilk or L. rhamnosus‐fermented soymilk did not affect the fecal β‐glucuronidase and β‐galactosidase activities, it improved the β‐glucosidase activity when antibiotics were concomitantly administered. Soymilk or fermented soymilk administration increased the isoflavone metabolites (O‐DMA and equol) excreted in urine. Antibiotics decreased the daidzein excretion and its metabolites but showed little effect on glycitein and genistein excretion. Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) of the 16s rRNA gene sequencing data found a remarkable shift in gut microbiota after soymilk administration and antibiotics treatment. Matastats test of the relative abundance of bacterial taxa revealed Odoribacter (Bacteroidales family), Lactobacillus (Lactobacillales order), and Alistipes (Rikenellaceae family) were enriched in soymilk while bacterial taxa from Bacteroides and Lactobacillus were enriched in L. rhamnosus‐fermented soymilk. Furthermore, there was less decrease in bacterial taxa with fermented soymilk group even when antibiotics were concomitantly administered. Overall, this study revealed that the gut microbiota of a healthy host is enough for the whole isoflavone metabolism under normal conditions. Feeding mice with L. rhamnosus‐fermented soymilk improved fecal enzyme activity and kept the balance of the gut mirobiota when antibiotics were used.

Practical Application

Feeding mice with L. rhamnosus‐fermented soymilk improved fecal enzyme activity and kept the balance of the gut mirobiota when antibiotics were used.
Age‐associated outcomes after survived out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest and subsequent target temperature management
Authors: Pätz Toni , Stelzig Katharina , Pfeifer Rüdiger , Pittl Undine , Thiele Holger , Busch Hans-Jörg , Reinhard Iris , Wolfrum Sebastian
Published: June 2019

Background

The registry of the German Society of Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine was founded to analyze outcome of modern post‐resuscitation care.

Methods

A total of 902 patients were analyzed in this retrospective, multicenter, and population‐based observational trial on individuals suffering from out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest. All patients had return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and received TTM after admitted to an intensive care unit. Outcome was focused on age and analyzed by creating 4 subgroups (<65, 65‐74, 75‐84, ≥85 years). Twenty‐eight day and 180‐day survival and a favorable neurological outcome according to the Cerebral Performance Category scale were evaluated as clinical endpoints.

Results

At 28‐day and 180‐day follow‐up, 44.8% and 53.4% of all patients had died, respectively. The evaluation of survival rate by age category revealed a higher mortality, but not an unfavorable neurological prognosis with increasing age. In multiple stepwise regressions, age, time to ROSC, bystander resuscitation, and cardiac cause of cardiac arrest were associated with increased chance of 180‐day survival and, in addition, bystander resuscitation, time of hypoxia, and a defibrillation performed by emergency medical service were associated with a favorable neurological outcome at 180‐day follow‐up.

Conclusion

Increasing age was associated with a higher mortality, but not with an unfavorable neurological outcome. The majority of survivors had a favorable neurologic outcome 6 months after cardiac arrest.
Embryonic Ethanol Exposure Affects the Early Development, Migration, and Location of Hypocretin/Orexin Neurons in Zebrafish
Authors: Collier Adam D. , Halkina Viktoriya , Min Soe S. , Roberts Mia Y. , Campbell Samantha D. , Camidge Kaylin , Leibowitz Sarah F.
Published: June 2019

Background

Embryonic ethanol (EtOH) exposure is known to increase alcohol drinking later in life and have long‐term effects on neurochemical systems in the brain. With zebrafish having marked advantages for elucidating neural mechanisms underlying brain disorders, we recently tested and showed in these fish, similar to rodents, that low‐dose embryonic EtOH stimulates voluntary consumption of EtOH while increasing expression of hypocretin/orexin (hcrt) neurons, a neuropeptide that promotes consummatory and reward‐related behaviors. The goal of the present study was to characterize how embryonic EtOH affects early development of the hcrt system and produces persistent changes at older ages that may contribute to this increase in EtOH consumption.

Methods

We utilized live imaging and Imaris software to investigate how low‐dose embryonic EtOH (0.5%), administered from 22 to 24 hours postfertilization, affects specific properties of hcrt neurons in hcrt:EGFP transgenic zebrafish at different ages.

Results

Time‐lapse imaging from 24 to 28 hpf showed that embryonic EtOH increased the number of hcrt neurons, reduced the speed, straightness, and displacement of their migratory paths, and altered their direction early in development. At older ages up to 6 dpf, the embryonic EtOH‐induced increase in hcrt neurons was persistent, and the neurons became more widely dispersed. These effects of embryonic EtOH were found to be asymmetric, occurring predominantly on the left side of the brain, and at 6 dpf, they resulted in marked changes in the anatomical location of the hcrt neurons, with some detected outside their normal position in the anterior hypothalamus again primarily on the left side.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate that low‐dose embryonic EtOH has diverse, persistent, and asymmetric effects on the early development of hypothalamic hcrt neurons, which lead to abnormalities in their ultimate location that may contribute to behavioral disturbances, including an increase in EtOH consumption.
Association of antinuclear antibody with clinical outcome of patients undergoing in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Zeng MeiFang , Wen Ping , Duan JinLiang
Published: June 2019

Problem

Several recent studies have investigated the relationship between antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) and in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) outcomes. This meta‐analysis evaluated the effect of ANA on clinical outcome for patients undergoing IVF/ICSI treatment.

Method of study

A systemic survey of the literature was performed using PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library databases, through January 2019. Evaluated outcomes included clinical pregnancy rate (CPR), miscarriage rate (MR) and implantation rate (IR). Relative risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were used for dichotomous data. Meta‐analyses were performed with Review Manager 5.3 software.

Results

Eleven eligible studies were found. For IVF/ICSI cycles, compared with an ANA(−) group, infertile patients with ANA(+) had significantly reduced incidence of CPR (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.56‐0.79; I2 = 60%) and IR (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.49‐0.76; I2 = 75%), and had a higher MR (RR 1.81, 95% CI 1.40‐2.36; I2 = 48%).

Conclusion

This study suggested that ANA might cause poor pregnancy outcomes for infertile women undergoing IVF/ICSI treatment.
Elevated visceral fat area is associated with adverse postoperative outcome of radical colectomy for colon adenocarcinoma patients
Authors: Zhai Ting‐Shuai , Kang Yuan , Ren Wen‐Hao , Liu Qi , Liu Chao , Mao Wei‐Zheng
Published: June 2019

Objective

To assess the impact of visceral obesity quantified by preoperative computed tomography on short‐term postoperative outcomes compared with body mass index (BMI) in stage I–III colon adenocarcinoma patients.

Methods

In this retrospective study, 107 patients treated with radical colectomy for stage I–III colon adenocarcinoma were classified as obese or non‐obese by computed tomography‐based measures or BMI (obese: BMI ≥28 kg/m2, visceral fat area (VFA) to subcutaneous fat area ratio (V/S) ≥0.4, and VFA ≥100 cm2). Clinical variables, operation time, estimated blood loss, pathologic stage, histologic grade, postoperative complications, postoperative stay and hospitalization expenses were compared.

Results

Obese patients by VFA were more likely to have higher postoperative complication rate (32.9 versus 11.8%, P = 0.021), have longer operation time (184.6 ± 49.5 versus 163.1 ± 44.1 min, P = 0.033), postoperative stay (15.21 ± 7.59 versus 12.29 ± 5.40 days, P = 0.047) and cost more ($10 758.7 ± 3271.7 versus $9232.0 ± 2994.6, P = 0.023) than non‐obese.

Conclusion

Visceral obesity graded by VFA is associated with increased postoperative morbidity, operation time, postoperative stay and hospitalization expenses for colon adenocarcinoma patients and may be superior to BMI or V/S for the prediction of colon surgery.
A focus on riociguat in the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Toxvig Anne Kathrine , Wehland Markus , Grimm Daniela , Infanger Manfred , Krüger Marcus
Published: June 2019

Current treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) targets three signalling pathways: the nitric oxide (NO) pathway, the endothelin pathway and the prostacyclin pathway. Riociguat is a soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator, acting via the NO pathway in a new way: unlike other common drugs targeting this pathway (eg tadalafil and sildenafil), riociguat acts independently of endogenous NO. This MiniReview focuses on PAH treatment with riociguat and on its advantages and disadvantages compared with other drugs targeting the NO pathway. In the PATENT‐1 trial (NCT00810693), riociguat improved significantly the 6‐minute walking distance in patients suffering from PAH, with a mean difference (MD) of 36 m compared with a placebo group. The results are comparable to those found for its competitors tadalafil (MD of 33 m) and sildenafil (MD of 50 m) in the PHIRST‐1 trial (NCT00125918) and the SUPER‐1 trial (NCT00644605). No obvious advantages were found regarding pharmacokinetic features and adverse events. In the RESPITE study (NCT02007629), patients with PAH with insufficient response to treatment with tadalafil or sildenafil were switched to riociguat. These results indicate that riociguat might be superior regarding efficacy to PDE‐5 inhibitors in a patient group, where endogenous NO production might be insufficient. This finding was further examined in the REPLACE study (NCT02891850). Moreover, riociguat has shown promising anti‐proliferative, anti‐inflammatory and anti‐fibrotic effects in animal models. Further investigations are needed to determine whether this applies also to human beings. Taken together, riociguat induces vasodilation of the pulmonary arteries and leads to an improvement in the ability to carry out physical activity.
Comprehensive geriatric assessment is useful in an elderly Australian population with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma receiving rituximab‐chemotherapy combinations
Authors: Ong Doen Ming , Ashby Michael , Grigg Andrew , Gard Grace , Ng Zi Y. , Huang Huayi (Ellen) , Chong Yee Shuen , Cheah Chan Yoon , Devitt Bianca , Chong Geoffrey , Loh Zoe , Mo Allison , Hawkes Eliza A.
Published: June 2019

Elderly patients may be heterogeneous in their abilities to tolerate immunochemotherapy‐associated toxicities. We describe the morbidity of rituximab‐chemotherapy combinations among 205 newly‐diagnosed diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients aged ≥60 years from 3 tertiary hospitals between 2009 and 2016, and explore the utility of retrospectively‐assigned baseline Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) in predicting these toxicities. Seventy‐three percent (146/201) experienced grade ≥3 toxicities, 81% (163/201) needed admission, 52% (107/205) had ≥2 unplanned admissions, 82/201 (41%) required dose reductions (DR) subsequent to Cycle 1, 39/166 (23%) had chemotherapy delays and 26/198 (13%) ceased therapy early. CGA was associated with pre‐emptive baseline DR and perhaps because of this, did not predict grade ≥3 toxicities, ≥2 unplanned admissions or subsequent DR. Three‐year overall survival (OS) of CGA‐fit, CGA‐unfit and CGA‐frail patients was 82%, 60% and 53%, respectively. Three‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) of CGA‐fit, CGA‐unfit and CGA‐frail patients was 66%, 58% and 46%, respectively. OS of CGA‐fit patients was not statistically different from CGA‐unfit patients, but was superior to CGA‐frail patients (hazard ratio 2·892, 95% confidence interval 1·275–6·559, P = 0·011). PFS differences were not statistically significant. Baseline DR and early therapy cessation were associated with inferior OS and PFS independent of CGA. Prospective studies are needed to confirm if CGA‐adapted treatment strategies minimize morbidity and improves survival.
Inclusivity of past collective trauma and its implications for current intractable conflict: The mediating role of moral lessons
Authors: Rosler Nimrod , Branscombe Nyla R.
Published: June 2019

How are perceptions of past collective trauma related to moral lessons derived, and how are those in turn associated with conflict‐related policy preferences of those presently involved in intractable conflict? We hypothesized that inclusive conceptions of past trauma will be positively associated with moral obligations and negatively with moral entitlement, and that moral obligations will be positively associated with humanitarian policies and negatively with militaristic policies, while moral entitlement will be positively associated with militaristic policies and negatively with humanitarian policies. In a cross‐sectional study with a representative sample of Jewish Israelis (N = 504), moral obligations mediated the association between higher inclusivity of past collective trauma and humanitarian policy support, while moral entitlement mediated between lower inclusivity and increased militant policy support. Inclusive perceptions of past trauma and its moral lessons may play a critical role in advancing conflict resolution in intractable conflicts settings unrelated to the initial trauma.
Cerebrovascular miRNAs correlate with the clearance of Aβ through perivascular route in younger 3xTg‐AD mice
Authors: Fu Lijuan , Jiang Ge , Weng Hope , Dick Gregory M. , Chang Yanzhong , Kassab Ghassan S.
Published: June 2019

The “two‐hit vascular hypothesis for Alzheimer's disease (AD)” and amyloid‐β (Aβ) oligomer hypothesis suggest that impaired soluble Aβ oligomers clearance through the cerebral vasculature may be an initial step of the AD process. Soluble Aβ oligomers are driven into perivascular spaces from the brain parenchyma and toward peripheral blood flow. The underlying vascular‐based mechanism, however, has not been defined. Given that microRNAs (miRNAs), emerging as novel modulators, are involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes, we hypothesized that cerebrovascular miRNAs may regulate the activities of brain blood vessels, which further affects the concentration of Aβ in the AD brain. In this study, perivascular Aβ deposits, higher vascular activation, increased pericyte coverage and up‐regulated capillaries miRNAs at 6 months old (6 mo) were found to correlate with the lower Aβ levels of middle AD stage (9 mo) in 3xTg‐AD (3xTg) mice. It is implicated that at the early stage of AD when intracellular Aβ appeared, higher expression of vessel‐specific miRNAs, elevated pericyte coverage, and activated endothelium facilitate Aβ oligomer clearance through the perivascular route, resulting in a transient reduction of Aβ oligomers at 9 mo. Additionally, ghrelin‐induced upregulation of capillary miRNAs and increased pericyte coverage attenuated Aβ burden at 9 mo, in further support of the relationship between vascular miRNAs and Aβ clearance. This work suggests a cerebral microvessel miRNA may boost endothelial highly activated phenotypes to promote elimination of Aβ oligomers through the perivascular drainage pathway and contribute to AD progression. The targeting of brain vessel‐specific miRNAs may provide a new rationale for the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for AD treatment.
Ideation contests: Crowd management and valorization to avoid negative feelings of participants
Authors: Hanine Salwa , Steils Nadia
Published: June 2019

This study seeks to understand the managerial consequences of involving users in the innovation process and focuses on how to avoid contestants' negative feelings by dealing with increasingly more informed participants in crowdsourcing contests. Using a qualitative approach confronting participants' and managers' perspectives, the findings reveal a gap between how companies intend to manage their relationships with participants, what they actually do, and how this affects participants' feelings. Three sources of negative feelings emerge from the data and must be dealt with: (1) information regarding the future use of contributions and overpromising, (2) sharing intellectual property rights, and (3) prise allocation and selection criteria. As the increasing empowerment of participants requires rethinking the participant–brand relationship in online crowdsourcing, the results provide guidelines for effective relationship building in creative contests by identifying three types of needed recognition from the consumers' side, which refer to three hierarchical levels of participant valorization from the managers' side: basic, contribution and social recognition.