bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are Men Weaker or Do their Sisters Talk Too Much? Sex Differences in Childhood Mortality and the Construction of ‘Biological’ Differences
Authors: Aaby Peter
Published: October 2023

Popular beliefs in Euro-American culture are characterized by a complementary definition of the sexes. While males have greater physical strength, Nature has gifted females with greater biological resistance. More men than women are born, but survival is better among women (Mims 1976: 205).
The Contract Responsibility System and X-Efficiency in the Machine Industry
Authors: Mo Pak-Hung , Li Sung-Ko
Published: October 2023

This chapter focuses on the Chinese machine-building industry and investigates how the contract responsibility system, first adopted in 1984, has affected the efficiency of state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Some 57 SOEs are included for the machine industry in the 1989 survey on which our analysis is based. The year 1984 is chosen as the initial year for our investigation, the reason being that not until the Third Plenum of the 12th Central Committee (late 1984) did reform measures relating to the introduction of a ‘contract responsibility system’ begin to take effect in China.
Investment Financing and the Profitability Criterion
Authors: Kueh Y Y
Published: October 2023

In a conventional Soviet-style economic system, both the scale and allocation of industrial investment are subject to strict central control. State enterprises are obliged to remit profit earnings and capital amortization to the state budget for centralized redistribution. Planners control new investment (expanded reproduction) and replacement investment (simple reproduction). Financial allocations are integrated into the familiar system of material balancing and unified distribution of producer goods in order to ensure that scarce resources are diverted into key sectors in accordance with planners’ priorities.
Industrial Reform as a Major Cause of Inflation
Authors: Fan Gang
Published: October 2023

This chapter attempts to show how the reform experiments as conducted in the 1980s with state-owned industrial enterprises in China have contributed to heightened inflationary pressures, culminating in the all-time inflation record of 18.5 per cent in 1988. We make use of the wealth of the balance sheet data generated from our survey of the 300 sample enterprises and focus on two major aspects of changes in the behavior of the enterprises which had a direct bearing on national consumption and investment expenditure.
Empirical Evidence of the Twin Expansion of Investment and Wage Outlay
Authors: Tsang Shu-Ki , Cheng Yuk-Shing
Published: October 2023

This chapter addresses two closely related issues about the economic impact of the 1984/5 wage reforms in China, based on our survey of the sample of 300 state-owned (industrial) enterprise (SOEs). The first issue is whether the SOEs were meaningfully constrained in the effort they made to maximize workers’ remuneration. Specifically, we are concerned about whether any observed increases in wage outlay were commensurate with improvements in the productivity and profitability of the enterprises. The second issue relates to the possibility of investment potentials being ‘crowded out’ by undue wage and hence consumption expansion, prompting SOEs or the state planners to resort to deficit investment financing. In other words, we are concerned with the scenario of a ‘twin expansion’ of consumption and investment, which is inherently inflationary.
Hardening the Budget Constraint to Control Inflation under the Two-Track System
Authors: Chai Joseph C H , Tisdell Clem
Published: October 2023

Since 1984 the Chinese economy has operated under the so-called two track system, whereby goods are subject to multiple allocation mechanisms, plan and market. The share of goods subject to mandatory planning and state fixed prices was reduced from two-thirds of total retail sales in 1978 to about half by 1985 and to one-third by 1988. Meanwhile, the share of goods transacted at market prices soared correspondingly. The allocative efficiency implications of the two-track system have been examined by a number of western scholars.
Structural Change, Welfare Systems, and Labour Reallocation
Authors: Boeri Tito
Published: October 2023

This books deals with labour reallocation in the midst of structural change, drawing on the experience of economic transition in formerly planned economies. It details those features of social welfare systems best suited to fostering structural change while at the same time reducing social costs. The interaction between labour and social policies is studies, showing the crucial role that non-employment benefits play in both the scope and the speed of transition. By including the influence of education systems, institution-building, and policy-enforcement mechanisms, this book goes beyond previous studies to provide a detailed analysis of the many contributing factors to the success or failure of the transition process.
Traditions Of Studying Paternity In Social Anthropology
Authors: Guyer Jane I
Published: October 2023

Fatherhood has always been problematic and therefore fascinating to anthropology because there can be no plausible biological reductionist explanation for its existence. Biological impregnation predates the parenting of an infant by a very long time, during which there is no biological role for the spermdonor to play; an infant has no biological need for an adult who has no role in feeding it; and the long socialization of a human child, while clearly ‘requiring’ more than one adult, is equally clearly adequately mediated by a whole variety of alternatives to the sperm-donor. The question of why, then, the quasitotality of human societies should nevertheless insist on the affiliation of every child with a man of the senior generation—a man who is often either actually, putatively, or Actively its biological father or the sexual consort of its mother at the time the pregnancy was initiated—and why that affiliation should be so varied from one society to another over space and time, has lain at the heart of the key inspirational questions of our discipline: in what terms are we to understand the ‘passage from nature to culture’ in the world of Homo sapiens, and what explains human variability? The ‘big issues’ of a discipline are only intermittently revisited, because in fact they are only addressable piecemeal.
Male Nuptiality And Male Fertility Among The Qing Nobility: Polygyny Or Serial Monogamy?
Authors: Feng James Lee Wang
Published: October 2023

It is true that Chinese habit and doctrine put a premium on the growth of population which appears to Western eyes unnatural and artificial. Sentiment, hallowed by immemorial tradition, makes it a duty to leave sons, and the communism of the patriarchal family dissociates the production of children from responsibility for their maintenance. Hence prudential restraints act with less force than elsewhere and population, instead of being checked by the gradual tightening of economic pressure on individuals, plunges blindly forward, till whole communities go over the precipice.
Women’s Status and Demographic Change: The Case of Mexico-US Migration
Authors: Donato Katharine M , Kanaiaupuni Shawn Malia
Published: October 2023

A persistent finding in contemporary international migration research is that people move in search of economic opportunity. At the macro-level, much of the literature has attempted to explain migration by examining the sources of economic inequality in sending and receiving nations (see Massey 1988; Piore 1979). At the micro-level, studies have shown that the decision to migrate is strongly related to the economic status of families and households. Because of demographic and economic pressures at home, poor families seek to maximize their income by sending at least one member abroad to search for work.
Change, Complexity, and Governance in Globalizing Space
Authors: Rosenau James N
Published: October 2023

Now that we have a global world with global institutions, the question of institutional reform takes on a larger meaning. We know very little and understand next to nothing about ‘globalization’. All we have so far is slogans and anecdotes. But we do know that the supra-national question is abrming from the point of view of democratic theory. We have these bodies that are not accountable to anybody, anywhere. This is the sort of thing we are going to be thinking about.
Mobilization of Culture and the Reform of Citizenship Law: Germany and the United States
Authors: Joppke Christian
Published: October 2023

This chapter is on the use of culture in contemporary citizenship debates. It differs from other chapters in this book in two respects. First, the focus is on elite mobilization, simply because the reform of citizenship law is mostly an elite affair, in which immigrants and minorities fare only peripherally, or not at all. Secondly, the focus is on the mobilization of culture, not of ethnic difference; however, national identities—as the form of culture that I will look at—form the context of ethnic mobilization and minority integration, and we cannot talk meaningfully about the latter without knowing something about the former. Including the United States in a book that is mostly about Europe provides a necessary comparative perspective, because, so I shall argue, American-style inclusive citizenship sets the norm that European states, including Germany, are bound to follow.
Ethnic Minorities, Cities, and Institutions: a Comparison of the Modes of Management of Ethnic Diversity of a French and a British City*
Authors: Garbaye Romain
Published: October 2023

In this chapter, I will seek to provide the basis for a more extensive research project aiming at understanding how Western European cities manage ethnic diversity arising from post-war immigration within the limits and resources of the institutional framework in which they operate. It is an attempt to bring the institutional approaches of ethnic conflict explored by Nordlinger (1972), Esman (1973), and Horowitz (1985), for instance, to the study of the politics of post-colonial minorities. The main thrust of these authors’ argument has been that the elites of states that are faced with cross-cutting ethnic conflicts are able to maintain the stability of the system by using institutional arrangements as instruments. I seek to transpose this type of model to the urban politics of ethnic minorities in order to provide new understandings of the political processes underlying the responses of cities to ethnic cleavages on their territories, ranging from urban regeneration programmes to anti-discrimination policies, institutionalisation, and symbolic recognition of ethnic groups.
Support between Rural Parents and Migrant Children in a Rapidly Industrializing Society: South Korea
Authors: Lee Yean-Ju
Published: October 2023

Although some observers (e.g. Caldwell 1976; Cowgill 1986) have predicted that a breakdown in the function of the family as a production unit and rising individualism would significantly reduce resource exchanges between parents and their grown children, many recent studies in East and South-East Asian countries where rapid industrialization has been under way have found adult children continuing to support their elderly parents. A majority of elderly parents in those countries still co-reside with one or more of their adult children, and a majority of both co-residing and non-co-residing adult children provide material and financial assistance to their parents (Martin 1991; Eu 1992; Hermalin, Ofstedal, and Lee 1992; Knodel, Chayovan, and Siriboon 1992; Martin and Kinsella 1994; Rhee 1994). This chapter explores the family dynamics underlying adult children’s continuing support for elderly parents in the Republic of Korea, focusing on families in which grown children have migrated from their rural places of origin. Implications of the findings for the future of intergenerational support are also discussed.
Alternative Nuclear Futures
Authors: Baylis John , O’neill Robert
Published: October 2023

A major debate has emerged in recent years, which centres on the future role of nuclear weapons in world politics. Focusing attention to the role of nuclear weapons in the post-cold war world, the book argues that unlike the debates which emerged during the cold war period, the contemporary debate has taken place largely in private, with only limited involvement by the general public. What is also significant is the traditional ‘left-wing’ versus Establishment divide has also largely disappeared. Furthermore, a growing number of senior military and defence officials and governments allied with the United States, openly advocate the abolition of nuclear weapons. One of the features of the post-cold war debate is that statesman and scholars alike have begun to think the unthinkable-to consider the possibility of reducing the size of nuclear arsenals, and eventually for abolishing them completely. Contributions from leading academics highlight the key themes that have emerged in this debate. The book aims to generate a wider debate about a subject which, despite the changes that have taken place over the last two decades, continues to be of supreme importance.
Infant Mortality, Child Neglect, and Child Abandonment in European History: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Lynch Katherine A
Published: October 2023

One of the major theses of Malthus’s ‘Essay on Population’ was that the operation of a set of positive and preventive checks was responsible for regulating the demographic regimes of human societies. Between the first and second editions of his Essay, Malthus extended his analysis of the variety of preventive checks in many parts of Europe, showing how individuals and groups could regulate their own reproductive lives using their rational faculties.
Malthus in Latin America: Demographic Responses during the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Pallonl Alberto , Perez-Brignoli Hector , Arias Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

This chapter evaluates the relevance of a Malthusian framework in an effort to account for short-term fluctuations in vital rates in Latin America during the period 1800-1990. We have three goals. First, we evaluate short-term responses during the period 1920-90. This period is relatively rich in data and contains a number of historical episodes with potentially strong impact on population. We show that, even after the onset of transitions towards modern demographic regimes, there is evidence of a residual mechanism whereby marriages, births, and deaths react to changes in economic conditions. This evidence is not particularly strong but is consistent with expectations. Of some importance are the effects on mortality wrought by causes of death during the period 1950-90, an era punctuated by a prolonged crisis (‘the debt crisis’) that most of these countries experienced during the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s.
Inequality in Death: Effects of the Agrarian Revolution in Southern Sweden, 1765-1865*
Authors: Bengtsson Tommy
Published: October 2023

The main focus of this paper is on the effects of short-term economic stress on the mortality of different social classes of society prior to and during the period of rapid structural changes in agriculture in early nineteenth-century Sweden. Longitudinal data on individuals and farms from church books and poll-tax records are combined with local economic data on grain prices and wages. The method used is a combination of time-series and life-event analysis. The mortality responses are analysed separately for different age groups and causes of death, and gender and socio-economic aspects are considered. The analysis refers to four parishes in the province of Scania in the southernmost part of the country. To identify the timing of the structural changes in the economy and set the micro-level analysis into a broader context, long-term trends in population, prices, and wages are analysed for Scania and all of Sweden. Not only mortality but also fertility and nuptiality are analysed at the macro level to show the importance of short-term economic stress.
Rural Livelihoods and Diversity in Developing Countries
Authors: Ellis Frank
Published: October 2023

Both livelihoods and diversity have become popular topics in development studies. The livelihood concept offers a more complete picture of the complexities of making a living in rural areas of low income countries than terms formerly considered adequate, such as subsistence, incomes, or employment. Diversity recognizes that people manage by doing many different things rather than just one or a few things. This book sets out the rural livelihoods approach within the larger context of past and current themes in rural development. It adopts diversity as its principal theme and explores the implications of diverse rural livelihoods for ideas about poverty, agriculture, environment, gender, and macroeconomic policy. It also considers appropriate methods for gaining quick and effective knowledge about the livelihoods of the rural poor for project and policy purposes.
Levelling up or Levelling Down? Some Reflections on the ACE And CBIT Proposals, and the Future of the Corporate Tax Base
Authors: Bond Stephen R
Published: October 2023

Corporate income taxes treat debt and equity differently. In all the OECD countries, interest payments on debt are deductible against income in the computation of taxable profits, but in none of the OECD countries is there any comparable deduction for the opportunity cost of using equity finance (see OECD (1991)). The result is that investment financed by debt is treated more generously than investment financed by retained profits. As a rough approximation, these corporate income taxes have no effect on the user cost of capital for investment financed by borrowing but increase the user cost of capital for investment financed by retained earnings.
Taxing capital income in the Nordic Countries: A Model for the European Union?
Authors: Cnossen Sijbren
Published: October 2023

The body politic in the European Union (EU) can be classified, in a some-what stylized fashion, into two camps when it comes to the taxation of capital income. One camp’s answer to the question of whether or not capital income should be taxed is: ‘Yes, but we don’t have the nerve!’. This camp is afraid of the consequences for saving and investment, and hence employment, of taxing capital income positively. The other camp’s answer is: ‘No, but let’s pretend!’. This camp appreciates the psychological effect of appearing to tax capital income positively, while at the same time being able to avoid the tax by employing an army of tax advisers. The two camps meet under the umbrella of hypocritical tax legislation that appears to tax capital income but in fact leaves it largely untouched by the taxman.
Transfer Pricing and Income Shifting in Integrating Economies
Authors: Newlon T Scott
Published: October 2023

As barriers to cross-border trade and investment have fallen and business has become more globally integrated in recent years, many countries have become increasingly concerned about multinational enterprises (MNEs) shifting taxable income out of their jurisdictions into low-tax foreign jurisdictions. MNEs may do this by manipulating their transfer prices, which are the prices established for transfers of goods and services and the lending of funds between entities within the MNE. MNEs may also shift income by tinkering with the financial structure of MNE group members so that debt, and the associated interest expense, are shifted across borders. Income shifting can erode national tax bases and distort the financial and real investment decisions of MNEs. And countries may respond to these pressures by competing for tax base and capital in ways that exacerbate the distortions and further erode the taxation of company income. This chapter reviews the pressures and distortions created by income shifting within MNEs and examines how various policies may ameliorate or exacerbate these problems. Since income shifting inherently involves more than one country, policies of one country may create positive or negative spillovers for other countries, and international policy co-ordination may be necessary if such spillovers are to be properly accounted for. In reviewing policy responses to income shifting, particular notice will be given to the possibility and desirability of such co-ordination.
Coalition Theory and Cabinet Governance: An Introduction
Authors: Müller Wolfgang C , Bergman, Torbjörn , Strøm Kaare
Published: October 2023

‘When the idea of democracy is actively adopted by a people’, Robert A. Dahl (1989: 84) claims, ‘it tends to produce the best feasible political system, or at any rate the best state’. We share this belief. Democracy is indeed the most desirable political regime humankind has ever experienced. It allows citizens more personal freedom than any other type of political system, and only democracies guarantee that citizens live under laws that they have given themselves (Dahl 1998: 61). Yet, even under democracy citizens may not agree with all important political decisions, much less actually make them. Democracies do not obliterate the old distinction between those who govern and those who are governed (Sartori 1987). Like contemporary societies in general, democracies feature many divisions of labour, which also affect the making of political decisions. While citizens vote political decision-makers in and out of office, decision-making itself, with a few exceptions and some cross-national variation, is reserved for the representatives of the people. Hence, modern democracies are predominantly representative. This, in turn, means that popular sovereignty is exercised through delegation from citizens to individual politicians and collective actors, in particular political parties (Strøm, Müller, and Bergman 2003).
Introduction
Authors: Lachowski Zdzislaw
Published: October 2023

Many political and military security axioms changed during the postcold war period. At the time of bloc confrontation and division. the function of confidence-building measures (CBMs) and confidence and security-building measures (CSRMs) was to reinforce stability in a frozen status quo and therefore lessen the risk of a surprise attack and mass-scale war in Europe.1 In the qualitatively new, politicomilitary conditions after the cold war. CSBMs have taken on a new role as a tool to manage the changes that are occurring in Europe and to enhance cooperative relations among its states based on partnership, mutual reassurance and transparency.
Fiscal shocks in an efficiency wage model
Authors: Burnside Craig , Eichenbaum Martin , Fisher Jonas D M
Published: October 2023

This paper illustrates a particular limited information strategy for assessing the empirical plausibility of alternative quantitative general equilibrium business-cycle models. The basic strategy is to test whether a model economy can account for the response of the actual economy to an exogenous shock. To be useful, this strategy requires that we know how the actual economy responds to the shock in question and that different models generate different predictions for that response. Here, we concentrate on the response of aggregate hours worked and real wages to a fiscal policy shock. The fiscal policy shock is identified with the dynamic response of government purchases and average marginal income tax rates to an exogenous increase in military purchases.
The return of business cycles
Authors: Hartley James E
Published: October 2023

So, what is a business cycle, anyway? It seems like an odd question to ask this late in the study of business cycles. Surely, we should know by now. Yet, the profession seems unable to agree upon an answer. Part of the reason for this state of affairs is that there are two questions getting confused in much of the literature: (i) is ‘the’ cycle a classical cycle or a growth cycle? and (ii) is ‘the’ cycle movements in an aggregate variable or co-movements among several aggregates? The questions get conflated because, historically, Burns and Mitchell studied classical cycles and movements of aggregates, while recent research, particularly real business-cycle research, has studied growth cycles by looking at co-movements. But, there is no necessary connection between the answers to these two questions.
IS-LM, Keynesianism, and the new classicism
Authors: Lipsey Richard G
Published: October 2023

Rather than give detailed critiques of the other papers in this session, I will give my own account of ‘what happened to IS-LM?’ My criticisms of the other accounts presented at this conference are implicit in some contrasts between my paper and the others. Because the conference has a methodological focus, and because the current session is billed as retrospective, I will try to keep to both of these themes, while giving my interpretation of the historical events as seen by someone who lived through them and who, in some small way, contributed to them. Theory focuses the mind on certain issues. Prevailing research programmes (in the Lakatosian sense) present a whole programme for research built around a set of maintained assumptions. They tell us what to look for, and those who suggest looking for something else are usually ignored. Basic research programmes are thus simultaneously both powerful and constraining.
Macroeconomic thought at the European Commission in the first half of the 1980s
Authors: Maes Ivo
Published: October 2023

A study of economic thought at a policy-making institution encounters certain specific problems, compared to the study of traditional academic economic texts. A crucial difference is that the economic theories and paradigms are less explicit, more hidden. Moreover, official documents involve many persons and, consequently, are more heterogeneous. So, any analysis of economic thought at a policy institution will involve a greater degree of ‘rational reconstruction’ than more traditional analyses of economic thought.
In defence of two policy platitudes
Authors: Hausman Daniel M
Published: October 2023

Economists typically take for granted two propositions concerning the bearing of economic theory on policy-making. One can see these presuppositions clearly in the essays in this volume by Thomas Mayer and Ivo Maes, but there is nothing idiosyncratic about their work in this regard. My reason for pointing out these presuppositions is not to challenge them-on the contrary, I shall argue that they are correct. I wish to call attention to them instead because they are so important, because methodologists as well as economists have occasionally and mistakenly challenged them, and because significant currents in contemporary cultural studies purport to reject them.
Writing and Reading in Philosophy, Law, and Poetry
Authors: White James Boyd
Published: October 2023

In this paper I will treat a very general question, the nature of writing and what can be achieved by it, pursuing it in the three distinct contexts provided by philosophy, law, and poetry. My starting-point will be Plato’s Phaedrus, where, in a well¬ known passage, Socrates attacks writing itself: he says that true philosophy requires the living engagement of mind with mind of a kind that writing cannot attain. Yet this is obviously a paradox, for Socrates’ position is articulated and recorded by Plato in writing. How then can we make sense of what Plato is saying and doing? What kind of writing, for example, does he think he is himself engaged in? What, according to him, is good philosophical writing more generally, if such a thing exists? This will be my first question.
(Per)Versions of Law in Literature
Authors: Sharpe Tony
Published: October 2023

In this paper I consider some of the ways in which law has been misunderstood or misrepresented in literature, and speculate why this has been so. My belief is that when literature deals with law, it does so with a tendency to confirm its own superiority as a response to reality, which it achieves by means of a partial or distorting view of law’s premises, operations, and consequences. Neither ‘law’ nor ‘literature’ can be exactly delimited terms; but by ‘literature’ I mean that body of poems, plays, and prose fiction in which the creative imagination is manifested in language; and by ‘law’ I denote the bodies of writing which constitute its basis, and also the systems by which illegality is detected, judged, and punished. I concede that this is a large definition, but it does not seem to me that, typically, literature visualizes law with any great specificity; rather, its recourse to law depends, I am suggesting, on an advantageous selectivity of vision. I wish to develop this with regard to two principal aspects: literature as law, and law in literature. The first is a kind of competitive emulation of law by literature, and the second involves, not the reflection of specific legal issues in fiction, so much as the implicit (or explicit) comparison within a literary text, between legal methodology and its own ways of working. Such a comparison tends to construct law as a clumsily inflexible system which is incapable of making the kinds of sensitive discrimination that are the province of literature alone.
Fantasies of Women as Lawmakers: Empowerment or Entrapment in Angela Carter’S Bloody Chambers
Authors: Aristodemou Maria
Published: October 2023

What is the ontological status of law and of literature? Or, conversely, to follow Lacan’s suggestion that ‘the real is the impossible’, the unimaginable, what is the imaginary status of law and of literature? While we can agree that, unlike literature, law deals in the material world of life and death, both law and literature are, in the first instance, signs on a page. Both the legal and literary worlds are constructed by and depend for their definition and existence on words; such words create alternative, fictional worlds which can appear to be inevitable. While much of contemporary literature, however, accepts, delights in, and explores its own constructedness, arbitrariness and artificiality, the writers of law are more concerned to disguise its status as a linguistic artefact. In that sense legal writers are like writers of realist fiction, trying to maintain the illusion of an omniscient narrator, chronological sequence, plot inevitability and causal connection between events. Once such worlds, however, are shown to be not only artificial but also unfair or tyrannical, it is necessary to reveal the ways by which that artificiality is constructed.
The Sovereign Self: Identity and Responsibility in Victorian England
Authors: Petch Simon
Published: October 2023

‘A society without a sovereign is a phrase without a meaning’. Thus Fitzjames Stephen suggests the centrality of the term ‘sovereign’ to the social discourses of Victorian England. And by offering a metaphor instead of a definition, Stephen’s phrase also suggests some difficulty in defining the term. Both the centrality and the difficulty are traceable to the opening sentence of Bentham’s Principles of Morals and Legislation (1781): ‘Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure.’= Bentham had said in A Fragment on Government (1776) that ‘pain and pleasure at least, are words which a man has no need, we may hope, to go to a Lawyer to know the meaning of’. But ‘sovereign’ is a different matter, for as both adjective and noun, and together with its abstract derivative ‘sovereignty’, it is a key term in the English legal vocabulary, and hence the most powerful (if least discussed) word in Bentham’s opening sentence. In The Province of Jurisprudence Determined (1832), John Austin extends Bentham’s analysis of ‘sovereignty’.
Deposit Insurance Schemes: Reconciling Market Discipline With Financial Stability
Authors: Arrigunagd” Javier
Published: October 2023

Banks play an important role in the economy as part of the payment system, as in-17.01 termediaries between investors and borrowers, and for the execution of monetary policy. At the same time, banks are more vulnerable to liquidity and insolvency problems than other businesses. Moreover, bank problems are highly contagiousand may spread very rapidly from a 'sick' bank to other banks in the system.Therefore, disruptions in the banking sector might have external effects that extendbeyond banking and into other sectors o f the economy.In order to limit the overall negative effects banking failures can have in the economy,most countries have decided to establish a safety net for banks. The safety netprovided by governments includes deposit protection, lender of last resort facilitiesand a system o f regulation and supervision.
Introduction
Authors: Israel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

What has aptly been called the ‘New World of the Dutch Republic” made a deep impression on both Europeans and non-European peoples during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, whether they came in contact with this other ‘New World’ at flrst hand or indirectly through its shipping and trade, or prints and books. It was a society, and culture, which regularly fascinated contemporary diplomats, scholars, merchants, churchmen, soldiers, tourists, sailors, and connoisseurs of art from many lands and which retains today a special signiflcance in the history of modern western civilization. Early modern observers were especially struck by the innumerable ‘novelties’ and innovations which one encountered there in virtually every fleld of activity. Visitors continually marvelled at the prodigious extent of Dutch shipping and commerce, the technical sophistication of industry and flnance, the beauty and orderliness, as well as cleanliness, of the cities, the degree of religious and intellectual toleration to be found there, the excellence of the orphanages and hospitals, the limited character of ecclesiastical power, the subordination of military to civilian authority, and the remarkable achievements of Dutch art, philosophy, and science.
The British Empire 1558-1995
Authors: Lloyd T O
Published: October 2023

This is a comprehensive survey of the entire history of the British empire. Avoiding the polemics or apologetics that were inevitable when the empire was still at the centre of political controversy, T. O. Lloyd describes the full sweep of expansion and decolonization from the voyages of discovery in the reign of Queen Elizabeth I to the achievement of independence in the second half of the twentieth century. Drawing out both parallels and differences between paths of development throughout the empire, Professor Lloyd provides a unified and coherent account of a vital period in the history of all the countries that make up the modern Commonwealth. For the second edition, Professor Lloyd has revised the text, updated the bibliography and tables, and added a final chapter on `The World after the Empire', which examines the important events and issues of today in countries of the former empire, such as South Africa, Canada, Hong Kong, and Australia.
The Defeat of the Imperial Idea 1922-1945
Authors: Lloyd T O
Published: October 2023

The failure of the policy of continuous consultation meant that the Commonwealth had to work out a new way to run external policy. Inside Britain the threat to peace revealed at Chanak helped weaken Lloyd George and played some part in his being replaced as Prime Minister by Bonar Law. The exertions and dangers of continuous consultation had no attractions for Law, and the sharing of power implied by it irritated his Foreign Secretary, Curzon. The policy was allowed to drop; when Commonwealth Prime Ministers came to London for the 1923 conference they found the British government was not very interested in working out an agreed policy, and this settled the way things were run in the decades ahead. The British drew back from Lloyd George’s system of relations to something like the pre-war position, where Britain pursued her own policy and expected to fight her own wars but hoped that the Dominions would come and help if there were any really serious problem.
Cultural affinities
Authors: Leyser Henrietta
Published: October 2023

‘So William became King’, wrote Eadmer, monk of Canterbury, of the events of 1066; ‘what treatment he meted out to those leaders of the English who managed to survive the great slaughter, as it could do no good, I forbear to tell.’1 Eadmer’s pursed lips need no special explanation. Within a year of the Conquest the Anglo-Saxon cathedral at Canterbury had been gutted by fire (possibly by arsonists). Within three years of this event, Eadmer had to submit to the leadership of an archbishop, Lanfranc, whose initial plans made few concessions either to the architectural or to the liturgical traditions of the Anglo-Saxons. Having accepted perhaps with some reluctance, the English oddity of a cathedral staffed by monks, Lanfranc had begun to erect a building of the same dimensions as his church at Caen, with stone from Caen, to provide it with a calendar that would as far as possible match that of his former monastery at Bee, and to introduce new constitutions modelled on those of Cluny, the great Burgundian abbey which became the pattern of reform for Norman monasteries in the eleventh century.
The quality of life
Authors: Rosser Gervase
Published: October 2023

On a May morning in the latter part of the fourteenth century, a poet slept on the Malvern hills in south-west Worcestershire and saw in a vision ‘a fair ﬁeld full of folk’: the inhabitants of this island.
Gender, domesticity, and sexual politics
Authors: Howarth Janet
Published: October 2023

Relations between the sexes–issues of gender and sexuality–– and the ideal of domesticity became, more than ever before, a preoccupation for the British in the nineteenth century. It was rooted in the political and economic upheavals of the first half of the century and the religious revival that accompanied them, sustained by later reform movements and encouraged by the unprecedented growth in powers to police and discipline the people.
Cities, architecture, and art
Authors: Saint Andrew
Published: October 2023

Cities oﬀer what the visual arts require: skilled labour, access to special equipment and materials, an alertness to fashion, contact with clients, and chances for stimulus, rivalry, and collaboration. So if, as is often said, the nineteenth century was an age of cities, that meant no great change in the way the fine and applied arts in Britain were created. The novelty was that they were now not just originated in cities but directed overwhelmingly towards them as well.
The Mind’s Eye
Authors: Keller Evelyn Fox , Grontkowski Christine R
Published: October 2023

Feminist thought in the 1970s and 1980s echoes a number of themes familiar from radical thought of the 1960s. One such theme appears in the revolt against the traditional Western hierarchy of the senses. In this view, the emphasis accorded the visual in Western thought is not only symptomatic of the alienation of modern man, but is itself a major factor in the disruption of man’s ‘natural’ relation to the world. The logic1 of Western thought is too rooted in the visual; its failure, it is implied, derives from an unwholesome division of the senses.
Wounded Attachments: Late Modern Oppositional Political Formations
Authors: Brown Wendy
Published: October 2023

Taking enormous pleasure in the paradox, Jamaican-born cultural studies theorist Stuart Hall tells this story of the postwar, post colonial ‘breakup’ of English identity: in the very moment when finally Britain convinced itself it had to decolonize, it had to get rid of them, we all came back home. As they hauled down the flag [in the colonies], we got on the banana boat and sailed right into London [T]hey had ruled the world for 300 years and, at last, when they had made up their minds to climb out of the role, at least the others ought to have stayed out there in the rim, behaved them selves, gone somewhere else, or found some other client state. But no, they had always said that this [London] was really home, the streets were paved with gold, and bloody hell, we just came to check out whether that was so or not.
Labour Legislation and Public Policy
Authors: Davies Paul , Freedland Mark
Published: October 2023

In this path-breaking work, the authors seek to offer students a fresh way of looking at modern labour law. By taking as their starting point the idea that labour law, having once been governed by common law rules, is now overwhelmingly regulated by statute, the authors show that labour law can only be studied properly by understanding the legislation behind it. They then proceed to lead the student to an understanding of how and why the legislation came to be enacted. They therefore examine, in chronological order, the history and political context of every major piece of labour legislation from 1945 up to and including the momentous changes of the Thatcher years. Guiding the reader through four and a half decades of almost continuous legislative activity, the authors successfully demonstrate how the law was created and why it looks as it does today. No other textbook on this subject takes this approach.
Modernization and Experiments with Planning, 1961–1969
Authors: Davies Paul , Freedland Mark
Published: October 2023

During the 1950s, and especially in its latter half, considerable dissatisfaction began to emerge amongst policy-makers about both the level of performance being achieved by the British economy and the government’s methods of economic management. As we have already seen, the performance of the economy in the 1950s seemed to permit analysis from two different perspectives, which yielded two very different sets of conclusions. Comparison with British economic performance in the immediately preceding decades seemed to suggest that the growth rates achieved in the 1950s made that decade one of unparalleled economic success; comparison with the growth rates achieved by competitor countries in the 1950s suggested the period was one of significant, relative economic decline, on a par with what Britain had experienced, especially vis-à-vis Germany, in the years before the First World War. Both lines of analysis were, no doubt, correct as far as they went, but, as the decade progressed, the latter began to impress itself more upon government, as the greater success of other countries became manifest. However, the problem was seen to be not merely that Britain’s rate of economic growth was relatively low, but also that it was uneven.
Industrial Justice and the Individual Worker, 1968–1974
Authors: Davies Paul , Freedland Mark
Published: October 2023

In our initial discussion of the concept of collective laissez-faire, we noted that there were ‘exceptional’ circumstances in which the law was used, rather than collective bargaining, to protect the interests of individual workers.1 Indeed, these exceptional situations were of long standing, pre-dating in many cases the development of an effective collective bargaining system, which could carry the weight of state reliance upon it to protect individual interests, which the theory of collective laissez-faire entailed. We referred, in particular, to the legislation on health and safety at work, to that controlling the hours of work of women and young people, to the Truck Acts, and to the Wages Councils legislation. The law having staked out an early claim to predominance in these fields, it continued, even after the articulation of abstentionist theories on the part of the state vis-a-vis industrial relations, to maintain its position. We discussed in an earlier chapter developments in this field in the 1950s;2 it is now necessary to analyse further developments in the 1960s and early 1970s. Once that has been accomplished, we wish to spend the major part of this chapter in charting the development of what we see as a new principle supporting the enactment of individual employment legislation.
The Social Contract, 1974–1979
Authors: Davies Paul , Freedland Mark
Published: October 2023

When in early 1974 a General Election resulted in the return of Mr Wilson as the head of a (minority) Labour government, it was the signal for a profound change in the structure of our labour law. The Industrial Relations Act, against which the union movement had struggled long and hard, was removed from the statute-book: as subsection 1 of section 1 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974 baldly declared, ‘the Industrial Relations Act 1971 is hereby repealed.’ But the Act had to say more than that. The erroneous view was taken by some that the repeal of an Act which had itself repealed earlier Acts caused those earlier Acts automatically to revive. Since this was not so, it was necessary for Parliament to re-enact the relevant provisions of the Trade Union Acts 1871–6 and of the Trade Disputes Acts 1906 and 1965. Otherwise, trade unions and workers would have had, upon repeal of the 1971 Act, no protection against the common law doctrines of restraint of trade, inducing breach of contract, conspiracy, intimidation, and so on. Since judicial interpretation of the earlier Acts had revealed various defects in their construction and since the common law itself had moved on from what it had been understood to be when these Acts were passed, the opportunity was taken in the 1974 Act (and the amending Act of 1976) to update the statutory protections rather than to re-enact them verbatim.
Optimization in Economic Theory
Authors: Dixit Avinash K
Published: October 2023

Building on a base of simple economic theory and elementary linear algebra and calculus, this broad treatment of static and dynamic optimization methods discusses the importance of shadow prices, and reviews functions defined by solutions of optimization problems. Recently revised and expanded, the second edition will be a valuable resource for upper level undergraduate and graduate students.
Modelling Nonlinear Economic Relationships
Authors: Granger Clive W J , Teräsvirta Timo
Published: October 2023

This volume explains recent theoretical developments in the econometric modelling of relationships between different statistical series. The statistical techniques explored analyse relationships between different variables, over time, such as the relationship between variables in a macroeconomy. Examples from Professor Teräsvirta's empirical work are given. Professors Granger and Teräsvirta are leading exponents of techniques of dynamic, multivariate analysis. They illustrate in this volume exploratory ways of using such techniques to provide models of nonlinear relationships between variables. This is an extension of previous work on linear relationships, and on univariate models. These developments will be of use to econometricians wishing to construct and use models of nonlinear, dynamic, multivariate relationships, such as an investment function, or a production function. Particular attention is paid to the case of a single dependent variable modelled by a few explanatory variables and the lagged dependent variable in nonlinear form. The book concentrates on stochastic series, since the existence of unexpected shocks strongly suggests that economic variables are stochastic. Granger and Teräsvirta also discuss the division of these nonlinear relationships into parametric and nonparametric models.
Cointegration, seasonality, encompassing, and the demand for money in the UK
Authors: Ericsson Neil R , Hendry David F , Tran Hong-Anh
Published: October 2023

Virtually all previous narrow money demand studies for the United Kingdom have used seasonally adjusted data for money, prices and expenditure. This paper develops a constant, data-coherent M1demand equation for the United Kingdom with seasonally unadjusted data. For that model, we address issues of cointegration, error correction, general-to-specific modelling, dynamic specification, model evaluation and testing, parameter constancy and exogeneity. We also establish theoretical and empirical relationships between seasonally adjusted and unadjusted data, and so between models using those data. Finally, we derive and implement encompassing tests for comparing models using adjusted data with models using unadjusted data. Unlike the ‘standard‘ encompassing framework, variance dominance is not always a necessary condition for encompassing.