bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Parvovirus B19 Infection Among Blood Donors in North-East of Iran
Authors: Karimnia Ameneh , Elikaei Ameneh , Sharifi Zohreh
Published: November 2020

Background: Human parvovirus B19 is a single-stranded DNA and non-enveloped virus which belongs to the Parvoviridae family. The virus spreads through respiratory secretions and perinatal blood. B19 may cause serious complications in patients with cellular immunodeficiency that have no detectable antibodies to B19, such as aplastic crises in solid organs. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of parvovirus B19 and to evaluate the presence of B19 DNA among blood donors in Golestan Province. Methods: Sera of 400 blood donors in Golestan Province who were negative for HIV, HbsAg, and HCV were tested for both IgG and IgM anti-B19 virus antibodies using the ELISA method, following which all sera were tested for the presence of B19 DNA by semi-nested PCR. Results: 242 (out of 400) subjects (60.5%; 95% CI) were positive for anti-B19 IgG, and 158 were negative for IgG antibody (39.5%; 95% CI). Moreover, all asymptomatic blood donors were negative for anti-B19 IgM. No viral genome was found in serum samples of donors. Conclusions: Since no viral genome was found in the donors' serum samples and the relatively high prevalence of anti HPV- B19 IgG in blood donors, it can be concluded that the possibility of B19 transmission through blood transfusion is low. However, special caution should be taken when transfusing blood to the high-risk groups such as pregnant women, immune-deficient patients, and those with hematological problems, particularly regarding IgG anti- HPV- B19 antibodies (HPV- B19-safe).
Serum Lipid Profile and Steroid Hormone Levels in Patients With Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Abbasi Natajomrani Roya , Qujeq Durdi , Hajihosseini Reza , Hosseini Vahid
Published: November 2020

Background: Lipids are usually crucial to develop tumors, and dyslipidemia is correlated with the high chance of colon and colorectal cancer (CRC). Steroid hormones such as estrogen and progesterone can decrease the risk of CRC development. Objectives: The present study aimed to compare the serum levels of lipid profile and steroid hormones in patients with CRC and healthy controls. Methods: The present study included 40 consecutive adult patients with CRC in the Mazandaran Cancer Center, Sari, Iran, between 2017 and 2020. The diagnosis of CRC was evaluated based on colonoscopy with biopsy and CT scan. Also, the diagnosis of CRC was based on NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. Blood samples were taken before treatment during routine testing. A 5 mL of peripheral blood was collected from each patient. All patients signed the written consent for the study. Also, a total of 40 healthy subjects were selected as healthy controls from the same area during a routine physical examination, which was also confirmed by screening colonoscopy and pathology. Serum total cholesterol (TCH) and triglyceride (TG) levels were quantitatively determined by the colorimetric method. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were determined by the turbidimetric immunoassay. Steroid hormones were quantitatively determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) according to the reagent manufacturer’s instruction. To analyze data, the SPSS software package (version 21) was applied. Results: Among all the indicators studied, the mean ± SD of testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels was higher (1.85 ± 1.63 ng/mL, 15.35±0.13 mIU/L, 12.42±0.12.16 mIU/mL) in patients with CRC than healthy controls (0.40±.0.21 ng/mL, 6.27±0.50 mIU/mL, 2.89±0.20 mIU/mL, P<0.05 respectively). The results in subgroups showed that the mean testosterone (0.91±1.2 ng/L), FSH (19.11±16 mIU/mL) , LH (14.49±14 mIU/mL) levels in the female patients with CRC was higher than healthy female controls and had more statistical significance(P=0.02, 0.00, 0.00), respectively. The area under the AUC cure of the testosterone, FSH, and LH indicates positive test (0.670, 0.726 and 0.775). Conclusion: Changes in the levels of steroid hormones and lipids could correlate with the elevated chance of CRC. Therefore, assessment of multiple markers might overcome and provide better judgment in patients with CRC.
Bradley and Moore on Common Sense
Authors: Spinney Oliver Thomas ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: November 2020

It is well appreciated that Moore, in the final years of the nineteenth century, emphatically rejected the monistic idealism of F. H. Bradley. It has, however, been less widely noticed that Moore’s concern to defeat monism remained with him well into the 1920s. In the following discussion I describe the role that Moore’s adoption of a ‘common sense’ orientation played in his criticisms of Bradley’s monism. I begin by outlining certain distinctive features of Bradley’s sceptical methodology, before describing the contrasting approach of Moore as it appears in 1910-11 and 1925. I bring these methodological differences into relief by assessing the status of common sense claims in the work of each figure. I show that Moore’s common sense methodology was employed against Bradley’s monistic conclusions, and that it was adopted with Bradley squarely in mind.
The Pandemic’s Challenges to Liberal Democracy
Authors: Bai Tongdong ,   DePaul University
Published: November 2020

The -19 pandemic highlights the following problems: the balance between the private and the public within a liberal framework; the merits and the limits of a liberal democracy in governance; and the inadequacy of a nation-states-led global order. In light of these problems, I will offer some Confucian alternatives.
A new cryptic species of Pithecopus (Anura, Phyllomedusidae) in north-eastern Brazil
Authors: De Andrade Felipe Silva , Haga Isabelle Aquemi , Ferreira Johnny Sousa , Recco-Pimentel Shirlei Maria , Toledo Luís Felipe , Bruschi Daniel Pacheco
Published: November 2020

The genus of Neotropical frogs Pithecopus includes 11 species occurring east of the Andes from southern Venezuela to northern Argentina. Recent genetic approaches pointed out an unusual genetic diversity among populations from localities in north-eastern Brazil recognized as P. nordestinus. In fact, one of these studies confirmed the hypothesis that the São Francisco River acted as an effective geographical barrier during vicariant events in the evolutionary history of P. nordestinus, resulting in two principal, highly divergent clades. Herein we formally describe this divergent clade as a new cryptic species of Pithecopus from north-eastern Brazil, the sister clade of P. nordestinus. It differs from other species of Pithecopus, except for P. azureus and P. nordestinus, by its small body size, lack of the reticulate pattern on flanks, smaller head width, and advertisement calls generally composed of a three-pulsed core.
Co-constructing the Video Consultation-competent patient
Authors: Nielsen Ann Merrit Rikke
Published: November 2020

Through detailed multimodal EMCA analysis, this paper explores consultations between a geriatric patient in a residential rehabilitation facility, his local caregivers, his relative, and his GP, who is present via telepresence robot. The analysis focuses on a) the patient’s interaction with the telepresence robot and the other participants in the opening sequences, including the establishment of joint attention, as a mutual accomplishment; b) how the role of “the competent Video Consultation (VC)-patient” is negotiated and co-constructed (Goodwin, 2013; Jacoby & Ochs, 1995) over time; and c) how the patient displays increasing VC-competences and develops practices associated with a situational identity as “tech-savvy patient”  (Suchman, 2009; Zimmerman, 2008).
16p11.2 microdeletion imparts transcriptional alterations in human iPSC-derived models of early neural development
Authors: Roth Julien G , Muench Kristin L , Asokan Aditya , Mallett Victoria M , Gai Hui , Verma Yogendra , Weber Stephen , Charlton Carol , Fowler Jonas L , Loh Kyle M , Dolmetsch Ricardo E , Palmer Theo D
Published: November 2020

Microdeletions and microduplications of the 16p11.2 chromosomal locus are associated with syndromic neurodevelopmental disorders and reciprocal physiological conditions such as macro/microcephaly and high/low body mass index. To facilitate cellular and molecular investigations into these phenotypes, 65 clones of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) were generated from 13 individuals with 16p11.2 copy number variations (CNVs). To ensure these cell lines were suitable for downstream mechanistic investigations, a customizable bioinformatic strategy for the detection of random integration and expression of reprogramming vectors was developed and leveraged towards identifying a subset of ‘footprint’-free hiPSC clones. Transcriptomic profiling of cortical neural progenitor cells derived from these hiPSCs identified alterations in gene expression patterns which precede morphological abnormalities reported at later neurodevelopmental stages. Interpreting clinical information—available with the cell lines by request from the Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative—with this transcriptional data revealed disruptions in gene programs related to both nervous system function and cellular metabolism. As demonstrated by these analyses, this publicly available resource has the potential to serve as a powerful medium for probing the etiology of developmental disorders associated with 16p11.2 CNVs.
The Drosophila Individual Activity Monitoring and Detection System (DIAMonDS)
Authors: Seong Ki-Hyeon , Matsumura Taishi , Shimada-Niwa Yuko , Niwa Ryusuke , Kang Siu
Published: November 2020

Here, we have developed DIAMonDS (DrosophilaIndividual Activity Monitoring and Detection System) comprising time-lapse imaging by a charge-coupled device (CCD) flatbed scanner and Sapphire, a novel algorithm and web application. DIAMonDS automatically and sequentially identified the transition time points of multiple life cycle events such as pupariation, eclosion, and death in individual flies at high temporal resolution and on a large scale. DIAMonDS performed simultaneous multiple scans to measure individual deaths (≤1152 flies per scanner) and pupariation and eclosion timings (≤288 flies per scanner) under various chemical exposures, environmental conditions, and genetic backgrounds. DIAMonDS correctly identified 74–85% of the pupariation and eclosion events and ~ 92% of the death events within ± 10 scanning frames. This system is a powerful tool for studying the influences of genetic and environmental factors on fruit flies and efficient, high-throughput genetic and chemical screening in drug discovery.
Belief updating in bipolar disorder predicts time of recurrence
Authors: Ossola Paolo , Garrett Neil , Sharot Tali , Marchesi Carlo
Published: November 2020

Bipolar disorder is a chronic relapsing condition in which mood episodes are interspersed with periods of wellbeing (euthymia). Shorter periods of euthymia are associated with poorer functioning, so it is crucial to identify predictors of relapse to facilitate treatment. Here, we test the hypothesis that specific valence-dependent learning patterns emerge prior to the clinical manifestation of a relapse, predicting its timing. The ability to update beliefs in response to positive and negative information was quantified in bipolar patients during euthymia, who were then monitored for 5 years. We found that reduced tendency to update beliefs in response to positive relative to negative information predicted earlier relapse. Less updating in response to positive information may generate pessimistic beliefs, which in turn can lead to more severe prodromal symptoms (e.g. sleep disturbance, irritability etc.). The results suggest that measuring valence-dependent belief updating could facilitate risk prediction in bipolar disorder.
Reprogramming of bone marrow myeloid progenitor cells in patients with severe coronary artery disease
Authors: Noz Marlies P , Bekkering Siroon , Groh Laszlo , Nielen Tim MJ , Lamfers Evert JP , Schlitzer Andreas , El Messaoudi Saloua , van Royen Niels , Huys Erik HJPG , Preijers Frank WMB , Smeets Esther MM , Aarntzen Erik HJG , Zhang Bowen , Li Yang , Bremmers Manita EJ , van der Velden Walter JFM , Dolstra Harry , Joosten Leo AB , Gomes Marc E , Netea Mihai G , Riksen Niels P
Published: November 2020

Atherosclerosis is the major cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Monocyte-derived macrophages are the most abundant immune cells in atherosclerotic plaques. In patients with atherosclerotic CVD, leukocytes have a hyperinflammatory phenotype. We hypothesize that immune cell reprogramming in these patients occurs at the level of myeloid progenitors. We included 13 patients with coronary artery disease due to severe atherosclerosis and 13 subjects without atherosclerosis in an exploratory study. Cytokine production capacity after ex vivo stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) and bone marrow MNCs was higher in patients with atherosclerosis. In BM-MNCs this was associated with increased glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation. The BM composition was skewed towards myelopoiesis and transcriptome analysis of HSC/GMP cell populations revealed enrichment of neutrophil- and monocyte-related pathways. These results show that in patients with atherosclerosis, activation of innate immune cells occurs at the level of myeloid progenitors, which adds exciting opportunities for novel treatment strategies.
The effects of age and systemic metabolism on anti-tumor T cell responses
Authors: Drijvers Jefte M , Sharpe Arlene H , Haigis Marcia C
Published: November 2020

Average age and obesity prevalence are increasing globally. Both aging and obesity are characterized by profound systemic metabolic and immunologic changes and are cancer risk factors. The mechanisms linking age and body weight to cancer are incompletely understood, but recent studies have provided evidence that the anti-tumor immune response is reduced in both conditions, while responsiveness to immune checkpoint blockade, a form of cancer immunotherapy, is paradoxically intact. Dietary restriction, which promotes health and lifespan, may enhance cancer immunity. These findings illustrate that the systemic context can impact anti-tumor immunity and immunotherapy responsiveness. Here, we review the current knowledge of how age and systemic metabolic state affect the anti-tumor immune response, with an emphasis on CD8+ T cells, which are key players in anti-tumor immunity. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms may lead to novel therapies enhancing anti-tumor immunity in the context of aging or metabolic dysfunction.
Finding the right size for a group
Authors: Tucker Marlee
Published: November 2020

Vulturine guineafowl range over larger areas, explore more new places and are more likely to reproduce when they live in groups of intermediate size.
Exogenous Fe2+ alleviated the toxicity of CuO nanoparticles on Pseudomonas tolaasii Y-11 under different nitrogen sources
Authors: Yang Yuran , Zhang Can , Huang Xuejiao , Gui Xuwei , Luo Yifang , Li Zhenlun
Published: November 2020

Extensive use of CuO nanoparticles (CuO-NPs ) inevitably leads to their accumulation in wastewater and toxicity to microorganisms that effectively treat nitrogen pollution. Due to the effects of different mediums, the sources of CuO-NPs-induced toxicity to microorganisms and methods to mitigating the toxicity are still unclear. In this study, CuO-NPs were found to impact the nitrate reduction of Pseudomonas tolaasii Y-11 mainly through the action of NPs themselves while inhibiting the ammonium transformation of strain Y-11 through releasing Cu2+. As the content of CuO-NPs increased from 0 to 20 mg/L, the removal efficiency of NO3− and NH4+ decreased from 42.29% and 29.83% to 2.05% and 2.33%, respectively. Exogenous Fe2+ significantly promoted the aggregation of CuO-NPs, reduced the possibility of contact with bacteria, and slowed down the damage of CuO-NPs to strain Y-11. When 0.01 mol/L Fe2+ was added to 0, 1, 5, 10 and 20 mg/L CuO-NPs treatment, the removal efficiencies of NO3- were 69.77%, 88.93%, 80.51%, 36.17% and 2.47%, respectively; the removal efficiencies of NH4+ were 55.95%, 96.71%, 38.11%, 20.71% and 7.43%, respectively. This study provides a method for mitigating the toxicity of CuO-NPs on functional microorganisms.
Water Deficit Implication on the Growth Attributing Characters of Some Selected Improved Banana Germplasm under in an Inseptisol of North East India
Authors: Saikia Amarjit , Kalita Prakash , Devi Soibam Helena , Bhupenchandra Ingudam , Singh Laishram Kanta , Bora S. S. , Bhagowoti Seema , Tamuli Babita , Devi S. Roma , Bora Kripal
Published: November 2020

A field experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Department of Horticulture, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during the year 2014-2016 with ten germplasm of banana viz. Gobin Tulchi (AAB), Bogimonohar (ABB), Manohar (AAB), Agnisagar (AAA). Barjahaji (AAA), Kachkal (ABB), Assamese Malbhog (AAB), Chenichampa (AAB), Bharatmoni (AAB) and Jahaji (AAA) to assess the physiological performance of this banana (Musa spp.) germplasm with special reference to moisture stress. The various parameters were recorded at 5th, 7th and 9th months after planting. The soil of the experimental field was acidic, well drained and sandy loam in texture with low available N and K and medium available P content. The statistical design was Randomized block design. All the data pertaining to the present investigation were statistically analysed as per the method of analysis of variance (ANOVA) given by Panse and Sukhatme (1967). The critical difference (CD) values were calculated at 5 per cent probability level. For analysis software SPSS 7.5, Costat 6.3 and MS-excel were used. Moisture stress progressively reduced the values of leaf area, root biomass, specific leaf weight, fruit length, fruit circumference, duration of fruit filling, number of hands per bunch, number of finger per bunch, pulp-peel ratio and bunch weight. The germplasm Barjahaji was found to be higher yielder followed by Bogimonohar and Agnisagar whereas the cultivar Kachkal and Assamese Malbhog were found to be the lowest performer in this regard. From the above, it can be concluded that the cultivars Barjahaji, Bogimonohar and Agnisagar are physiologically more tolerant.
Address Terms and Addressivity
Authors: Toni Arman
Published: November 2020

Addressivity is the act of participating in a dialogic activity, raising points of discussion and maintaining the interaction that can be realized as breathing life into conversations. As a crucial mediator between society and language, address terms refer to words and/or expressions used in interactions to entitle other people in spoken or written discourse. The study of address terms provides invaluable pragmatic and sociolinguistic information about the interlocutors and their relationship in different communities.
Americanist System of Transcription
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

The Americanist system of transcription – sometimes called the North American Phonetic Alphabet (NAPA) – is one of two major orthographies used to reduce languages to a universal writing system presumably known by all language scholars. But historically the goals of the American system and its competitor, the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), were somewhat different, resulting in some incongruities in their respective notations.
Becker, Alton
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Alton L. Becker (1932–2011) was a leading figure in translation theory in anthropology and linguistics. His work combined rhetoric, the ethnography of communication, semiotics, and ethnomusicology, showing how “languaging” both shapes, and is shaped by, cultural epistemology and social context.
Bureaucracy
Authors: Slembrouck Stef
Published: November 2020

The study of bureaucracy has in many respects been defined negatively from the start, perhaps as the ultimate example of an uneasy match between the individual and (state) institution. While noting how it is easy for research to be “trapped” within the “moralizing” gap between modernist ideal, failing practice, and self‐sustaining institution, this entry addresses questions of scope, focus, and key concepts for the linguistic anthropological study of bureaucratic phenomena. The entry covers the constitutive role of language use and discursive practice, the central role of (strategic) information exchange and categorization, the emblematic position of the “file” that circulates through the institution, while also attending to questions of linguistic access, the contemporary challenges posed to a state‐centered perspective by a multilingual clientele, the representation of state systems and their clients, and – finally – some of the implications of more recent developments in “new public management.”
Citation: Direct and Indirect
Authors: Rhodes Catherine R.
Published: November 2020

Citation is a reflexive, semiotic practice that is dependent upon local ethno‐metapragmatics. The centrality of reflexivity is explored through an analysis of power relations involved in citational practice. An argument is made for viewing citation as praxis and, thus, for reflexively calibrating our own disciplinary citation practices.
Cognitive Anthropology
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Cognitive anthropology is the area of anthropology that focuses on the study of human cognition in its cultural context. As much of thought and conceptualization is connected to language – and in a variety of complex ways – there is often much overlap between the work of linguistic anthropologists and cognitive anthropologists. Cognitive anthropology also sees itself as part of the burgeoning field of cognitive science.
Channels of Human Communication
Authors: Sherouse Perry
Published: November 2020

Channels are the physical connections through which communication is made possible. Foundational models of communication posit the channel as a baseline component of signal transmission, the necessary precondition for a speech event to take place between speaker and listener. The concept of “channel” is central to models of communication, information theory, and media studies. Recent scholarship on communicative infrastructure, including new materialist approaches to media and technology, attends to the ways that channels presuppose and generate interpretive contexts for users. Commonsense metaphors of communication as channel, container, and conduit continue to inspire and frustrate theoretical approaches to communication.
Dialect: Social Class
Authors: Curtin Melissa L.
Published: November 2020

Key issues in researching the relationship between dialect and social class concern how to operationalize the analytic construct of class, as well as the degree to which methods and results provide sufficient explanatory power for the relationship between language variation, social class, and processes of identification. Linguistic variationist studies are often described as developing as three main “types” or “waves” of analytic practice. Within each wave, class is conceptualized differently, resulting in different methodologies: (i) class as structure (quantitative, correlational studies of sociodemographic variation), (ii) class as practice (ethnographic studies including quantitative methods), and (iii) class as meaning potential (interactional studies wherein class is one resource employed in sociolinguistic styling). This entry provides a brief overview of the three paradigmatic approaches, noting strengths and limitations of each, as well as a brief consideration of future directions.
Diversity, Linguistic
Authors: Verschueren Jef
Published: November 2020

This entry starts out with a discussion, in very broad strokes, of the evolutionary basis of linguistic diversity. What follows is an overview of the many ways in which languages differ and a description of how diversity relates to space and time. The argument is made that even though diversity is not unrestricted, true universals are few and far between. Then the way in which linguists cope with diversity (with terms such as superdiversity or transience) is briefly discussed. The entry concludes with considerations of the political treatment of linguistic diversity and the role played by language ideologies.
Hedge Words
Authors: Barchas‐Lichtenstein Jena , D'Arcy Alexandra
Published: November 2020

Despite popular conceptions of hedges as small, meaningless words that detract rather than add to the meaning of a conversational exchange, they take many forms, from words such asjustto full clauses and utterances. As a discursive strategy, hedging serves two main functions: accountability and politeness. That is, hedging lessens the speaker's commitment to the truth of an utterance's content, and it softens otherwise face‐threatening acts. This entry also addresses scholarly and popular treatments of hedging as gendered practice.
Husserl, Edmund
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Edmund Husserl (1859–1938) was one the most important philosophers of the twentieth century, and he also made major contributions to sociology, linguistics, cognitive science, and mathematics. He is generally credited with being the founder of phenomenology, the “science” ofconsciousness about thingsand their essential qualities, rather than of theempirical evidence about thingsand their ontological existence.
Intersubjectivity
Authors: Edwards Terra
Published: November 2020

Intersubjectivity is a relation between subjectivities, which for humans can involve sensory access to each other and the environment; a taken‐for‐granted sense that our perspectives on a shared world are reciprocal; the ability to identify shared objects of attention and reference; a reflexive grasp of how experiences and entities relate to types of experiences and entities, as well as the prospective and retrospective orientations that implies; the use of language and embodied communication to draw attention to, and express stances toward, relevant aspects of setting; and finally, recognition of, or orientation to, social and institutional facts. Approaches to intersubjectivity in linguistic anthropology have been developed in response to a range of problems. The elements included as well as their organization and weighting differ depending on the concerns driving inquiry. In this entry, key approaches to intersubjectivity are discussed in relation to the main problems they address or presuppose.
Language and Power
Authors: Flores Nelson , Lewis Mark C.
Published: November 2020

In this entry we use the work of Michel Foucault as a starting point for theorizing a discursive approach to the study of the relationship between language and power. We combine Foucault's theorizations of the grid of intelligibility and governmentality to develop a coherent framework for analyzing the relationship between language and power in two ways. For one, language is the primary mediator of the subject positions produced within the grid of intelligibility. In addition, particular ideologies about the nature of language play an integral role in the production of these subject positions. We examine the ways that these two aspects of the relationship between language and power have coalesced in the production of governable subjects to fit the needs of modern society. We also examine the many forms of resistance that have emerged that seek to expand the grid of intelligibility by both legitimizing currently delegitimized subject positions and by developing new subject positions. We end with some implications of this theorization of the relationship between language and power for linguistic anthropology and sociolinguistics.
Methods in Linguistic Anthropology: Interviews and Techniques
Authors: Riley Kathleen C.
Published: November 2020

When consciously employed, situated interviewing allows linguistic anthropologists and sociolinguists to collect data about
what
people say they do, think, and feel, as well as
how
they communicate in the act of talking about such matters within specific contexts. This intersubjective methodology sheds light on community participation in the discursive construction of social identities and relationships based on age, gender, sexuality, class, and ethnicity. The reflexive and/or activist practice and analysis of interviews may also reveal and facilitate unanticipated social understandings.
Nonhuman Primates and Language: Introduction
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

A discussion of the theoretical aspects of nonhuman primates and language is a vast interdisciplinary enterprise, bringing in contributions from primate ethnology, psychology, linguistics, and anthropology. Nonhuman primates can be used as possible models in the study of the origin and evolution of language, language acquisition, and theories of the mind.
Nonhuman Primates and Language: Primates Raised by Humans
Authors: Pedersen Janni
Published: November 2020

The twentieth century, in particular the 1960s and 1970s, saw experiments with human rearing of apes for the purpose of studying their development, in particular language acquisition, for cross‐species comparison with human infants. Apes such as Washoe, Koko, and Kanzi became household names. Early experiments sought to teach apes human speech. When these were unsuccessful, the modality was altered to sign language or external symbols that apes could either point to or manipulate. While the actual achievements of the apes have been debated, it is broadly established that they can acquire at least 125–150 symbols, use them for communication, and understand simple spoken language. Variables such as age at start of experiment, rearing conditions, and whether the focus was grammar or symbolism likely influenced outcomes and interpretation of ape abilities. Several of the projects have faced controversies regarding ethics and ape care.
Norms in Language and Communication
Authors: Garrett Paul B.
Published: November 2020

Norms are as essential to communication as language itself – so much so that any basic definition of language or communication must take norms fully into account. Some norms, such as those formulated as linguistic taboos, are explicit, but most are implicit, firmly but flexibly guiding virtually all aspects of everyday language use while remaining outside of speakers' awareness. Violation of norms tends to make them more readily discernible and often elicits strong corrective (if not punitive) responses. Although relatively stable and durable, norms of communication vary considerably from one community to another, and they change over time. Norms may also be modified intentionally as a means of initiating or accelerating other kinds of social change.
Particle, Grammatical
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Grammatical particles are words or morphemes that, when present, reflect relationships among the different parts of a sentence.
Persuasion
Authors: Donzelli Aurora
Published: November 2020

Persuasion is a form of goal‐oriented and audience‐targeted use of language. In the Greco‐Roman tradition, persuasion was the object of rhetoric, understood both as the practice of persuasive argumentation (rhetorica utens) and as the study of the compositional structure of effective public speaking (rhetorica docens). In a broader and more contemporary perspective, persuasion can be pursued in a variety of discursive genres and social settings and entails the deployment of language and other semiotic resources to affect the audience, inducing attitudes and behaviors. Persuasion is inherently appellative, performative, and poetic, that is, it presupposes an audience, it requires a certain degree of reflexivity, and it entails some form of poetic projection. Linguistic anthropological research has demonstrated how, far from being a clear‐cut notion, persuasion is a complex metapragmatic construct, embedded in culturally and historically specific theories of mind, action, and intention, and connected to local ideologies of language and meaning.
Phatic, The: Communication and Communion
Authors: Zuckerman Charles H.P.
Published: November 2020

The notion of the “phatic” is less a single empirical object than a tangled thread of inquiry, separable into two senses of phaticity:communion phaticityandcontact phaticity. The former sense is a shorthand for “small talk” aimed at building relations rather than imparting information. The latter sense captures the extent to which signs are oriented toward communicative contact. Recent work on the phatic demonstrates that people the world over have elaborate ideologies about the significance of contact. Reflecting on such ideologies helps explain why scholars so often entangle contact and communion phaticity and clarifies the big questions at phaticity's core.
Phonemics
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

A phoneme is a group of sounds that have psychological meaning and reality in a language. Edward Sapir used this notion in his explanation of the unconscious patternings found in language and culture. The phoneme concept was a driving force in the development of phonological theory and structural linguistics, but fell out of fashion with the rise of generative phonology starting in the 1960s. However, the idea of phonemes as representing the phonetic inventory of a language has now been fruitfully taken up by those interested in language evolution, language origins, and human geography.
Poetics, Poetry, and Ethnopoetics
Authors: Hosemann Aimee J. , Webster Anthony K.
Published: November 2020

This entry considers the history of ethnopoetic exploration in linguistic anthropology over the last hundred years, beginning with Franz Boas. We discuss rhetorical‐poetic structuring devices, aesthetic ideologies, craft and inspiration, linguistic relativity, and methodological considerations including experimental transcription styles. We provide examples from several Indigenous languages, including extended examples from Navajo. Throughout, we maintain a concern for the importance of ethnographically situated analyses of individual creative pursuits, exploring Sapir's language “dynamo” in its culturally specific context. We argue, following Friedrich, that it is through poetics that we find the most interesting differences between languages.
Rosaldo, Michelle
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Michelle Rosaldo (1944–1981) was an early founder of feminist anthropology. Though she died at a young age, she made lasting contributions to culture theory, psychological anthropology, symbolism, sociolinguistics, and the ethnography of communication. In both her theoretical and ethnographic work she demonstrated how social constructs and linguistic concepts interact, and cannot be detached from, or understood apart from, “the organization of experience.”
Hoijer, Harry
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Harry Hoijer (1904–1976) was thought to be one of the greatest Americanists (specialists in Native American languages) of the mid‐twentieth century. He was also one the most avid proponents of the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis. Hoijer occupied a critical place in the history of linguistic anthropology, transitioning it from the end of the American structuralist paradigm, to Whorf, to cognitive anthropology.
Meillet, Antoine
Authors: Stanlaw James
Published: November 2020

Antoine Meillet (1866–1936) was the preeminent Indo‐Europeanist of the first half of the twentieth century, and a major theoretician of comparative historical linguistics. He brought in a sociolinguistic perspective to the previous “Neogrammarian” approach to philology, claiming we had to go beyond the mere examination of regular sound changes in establishing language and cultural relationships.
When a different perspective and contextual knowledge change the conclusions: Commentary on Baugerud et al. (2020)
Authors: Melinder Annika , Magnusson Mikaela , Ask Karl , Gilstrap Livia , Landström Sara
Published: November 2020

In this commentary, we raise concerns about potential methodological shortcomings in a recent paper by Baugerud et al. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2020, 34, 654–663, which threaten the validity and the interpretative power of the original authors' conclusions. Our concerns relate to (a) the use of a scoring system that fails to account for how children's legal rights have been implemented in the Norwegian legal system; (b) the failure to acknowledge the legal and ethical rationales behind the use of specific procedures in the Norwegian child interviewing model; (c) the lack of justification based on developmental theory or empirical distributions when creating age groups for statistical comparisons; and (d) the seemingly arbitrary and selective use of outcome variables to support a negative interpretation of the Norwegian interviewing model. Finally, because applied research may directly inform policy decisions, we argue that authors need to be particularly transparent with any potential conflicts of interest and have a low threshold for reporting such.
Monolayer Vanadium‐Doped Tungsten Disulfide: A Room‐Temperature Dilute Magnetic Semiconductor
Authors: Zhang Fu , Zheng Boyang , Sebastian Amritanand , Olson David H. , Liu Mingzu , Fujisawa Kazunori , Pham Yen Thi Hai , Jimenez Valery Ortiz , Kalappattil Vijaysankar , Miao Leixin , Zhang Tianyi , Pendurthi Rahul , Lei Yu , Elías Ana Laura , Wang Yuanxi , Alem Nasim , Hopkins Patrick E. , Das Saptarshi , Crespi Vincent H. , Phan Manh‐Huong , Terrones Mauricio
Published: November 2020

Dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMS), achieved through substitutional doping of spin‐polarized transition metals into semiconducting systems, enable experimental modulation of spin dynamics in ways that hold great promise for novel magneto–electric or magneto–optical devices, especially for two‐dimensional (2D) systems such as transition metal dichalcogenides that accentuate interactions and activate valley degrees of freedom. Practical applications of 2D magnetism will likely require room‐temperature operation, air stability, and (for magnetic semiconductors) the ability to achieve optimal doping levels without dopant aggregation. Here, room‐temperature ferromagnetic order obtained in semiconducting vanadium‐doped tungsten disulfide monolayers produced by a reliable single‐step film sulfidation method across an exceptionally wide range of vanadium concentrations, up to 12 at% with minimal dopant aggregation, is described. These monolayers develop p‐type transport as a function of vanadium incorporation and rapidly reach ambipolarity. Ferromagnetism peaks at an intermediate vanadium concentration of ~2 at% and decreases for higher concentrations, which is consistent with quenching due to orbital hybridization at closer vanadium–vanadium spacings, as supported by transmission electron microscopy, magnetometry, and first‐principles calculations. Room‐temperature 2D‐DMS provide a new component to expand the functional scope of van der Waals heterostructures and bring semiconducting magnetic 2D heterostructures into the realm of practical application.
Instabilities in an Optical Black‐Hole Laser
Authors: Rincon‐Estrada Juan David , Bermudez David
Published: November 2020

The Hamiltonian of optical fields in a nonlinear dispersive fiber is studied. Quantum field fluctuations are spontaneously created close to an optical event horizon through the analog Hawking effect. The simplest model is considered for an optical black‐hole laser, where the Hawking radiation is produced and amplified inside a cavity formed by two horizons: a black hole and a white hole. It is found that resonant Hawking radiation originates from a discrete set of instabilities and tunnels out of the horizons. Finally, the numerical results are compared with the resonance and instability conditions and a phenomenological model is developed to give a clear physical picture.
Ketjen Black supported monodisperse nickel–platinum alloy nanoparticles for the efficient catalyst in the hydrolytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane
Authors: Sevim Melike , Kaplan Fatma
Published: November 2020

In this study, we research the efficiency of the catalysis of Ketjen Black (KB) assembled monodisperse NiPt alloy nanoparticles (NPs) in the hydrolytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane (AB). Monodisperse NiPt alloy NPs were synthesized by the coreduction of nickel(II) acetate and platinum(II) acetylacetonate with borane tert‐butylamine under gentle conditions. As synthesized NiPt alloy NPs were supported on the KB, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (mpg‐C3N4) by liquid‐phase self‐assembly method. The characterization of the presented nanocatalyst was carried out by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectroscopy (ICP‐MS), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The catalytic activity of three different supported NiPt alloy NPs was used in the hydrolysis of AB. Among the tested nanocatalysts, KB‐supported NiPt NPs showed high activity and durability in the hydrolytic dehydrogenation of AB. The modified recipe organized to control the composition of NiPt NPs and Ni70Pt30 NPs showed the best catalytic activity with the turnover frequency (TOF) of 1479 min−1. We report the detailed kinetics of KB‐NiPt nanocatalyst depending on AB concentration, catalyst amount, temperature, and reusability. The activation energy of catalytic hydrolysis of AB was calculated to be 25.4 kJ mol−1.
Board Effectiveness Begins with Director Selection
Authors: Mader Steve , Oglesbee Shawn
Published: November 2020

Steve Mader and Shawn Oglesbee are partners in the Board Services practice at executive search firm ON Partners. In this article, they discuss some of the challenges and nuances of recruiting new board members.
The effects of obesity on the human body part III: Cardiovascular, digestive, excretory, endocrine, and reproductive
Authors: Dupont Graham , Bordes Stephen J. , Lachkar Stefan , Wahl Lauren , Iwanaga Joe , Loukas Marios , Tubbs R. Shane
Published: November 2020

This third installment of The Effects of Obesity on the Human Body discusses the endocrine, digestive, reproductive, cardiovascular, and excretory systems. Obesity is known to upset hormonal balance, leading to widespread metabolic disorders involving organs such as the liver and pancreas. Furthermore, the hypersecretion of leptin from adipose tissue triggers various responses from the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems, with implications for energy and nutrient balance and uptake.
Evaluating the challenge of China's crossverging young “Enviro‐Materialists”
Authors: Dermody Janine , Zhao Anita Lifen , Koenig‐Lewis Nicole , Hanmer‐Lloyd Stuart
Published: November 2020

China's industrialization is reshaping its younger age generation toward increased materialism and social visibility. This is problematic because materialistic social status consumption can undermine a deeper commitment to sustainability. We evaluate this phenomenon by examining sustainable consumption buying in China, through the theories of crossvergence (valuing modernization) and stickiness (valuing traditions). Specifically, we examine the moderation effects of Chinese age generations, in three socio‐historical periods, on this sustainability behavior. Namely, the post‐50/60s consolidation, post‐70s revolution, and post‐80s social reform age generations. Utilizing an online panel survey (n = 981), we investigated the direct and indirect effects—via pro‐environmental self‐identity—of materialism, social consumption motivation, and environmental concern on these generations sustainable buying behaviors. Importantly, we found the positive direct effect of materialism on sustainability buying was significantly higher for the younger post‐80s cohort, in contrast to the post‐50/60s and post‐70s generations. Social consumption was higher among the post‐80s and post‐70s generations. Environmental concern was insignificant for the post‐80s but a significantly higher influence on the post‐70s generation. This suggests a new younger consumer generation is emerging, who in juxtaposition to current notions of consuming sustainably, appear to mix materialism and sustainability together to consume as green materialists. We have named this consumer group “enviro‐materialists.” These enviromaterialists raise important questions about the currently under‐researched generational underpinnings of sustainable consumption and the macrosystems within which this takes place. We propose interconnected governmental and corporate marketing interventions. These have potential to increase the sustainability behaviors of China's enviro‐materialists, while reducing their materialism.
Die additive Farbmischung
Authors: Ducci Matthias
Published: November 2020

Es werden zahlreiche Experimente zur Demonstration der additiven Farbmischung mit fluoreszierenden Lösungen präsentiert, die überwiegend aus Alltagsprodukten hergestellt werden. Überdies kombinieren die Versuche die Themenfelder additive Farbmischung, Indikatoren und Säure‐Base‐Reaktionen, chemisches Gleichgewicht sowie Fluoreszenz und Fluoreszenzlöschung auf eine sehr anschauliche Art miteinander, worin die verschiedenen Einsatzmöglichkeiten im Chemieunterricht und damit ihr fachdidaktisches Potential zu sehen ist.
Optimal spectra for double object‐colour solids
Authors: Centore Paul
Published: November 2020

Optimal colours for human vision occur on the boundary of a three‐dimensional object‐colour solid, and result from optimal reflectance spectra that take on only the values 0 and 1, with at most two transitions between those values. Different illuminants lead to different solids. If there are two illuminants and a single sensing device, then we can construct a six‐dimensional double object‐colour solid by concatenating colour signals from both illuminants. Colours on the boundary of a double‐object solid, and the spectra that generate them, can also be called optimal. This article shows that, while optimal spectra for double solids take on only the values 0 and 1, there is no maximum number of transitions between those values: given a device, we can always construct two illuminants such that the resulting double object‐colour solid has an optimal reflection spectrum with as many transitions as desired.
Classification trees identify shared and distinct correlates of nonsuicidal self‐injury and suicidal ideation across gender identities in emerging adults
Authors: Wallace Gemma T. , Conner Bradley T. , Shillington Audrey M.
Published: November 2020

College students have an elevated risk for self‐injurious thoughts and behaviours (SITBs), and there are robust differences in prevalence rates for SITBs across gender identities. Although numerous constructs have been implicated as risk factors, researchers have not significantly improved at predicting SITBs, possibly owing to constraints of confirmatory analyses. Classification trees are exploratory, person‐centred analyses that enable joint examination of numerous correlates and their interactions. Thus, classification trees may discern previously unstudied risk factors and identify distinct subpopulations with elevated risk for SITBs. We tested classification trees that evaluated 298 potential correlates of nonsuicidal self‐injury and suicidal ideation across self‐identified women and men. Data came from 5,131 college students who completed the National College Health Assessment, which assesses a wide range of health‐related constructs. Models produced parsimonious decision trees that accounted for a substantial amount of outcome variability (38.3–51.5%). Psychopathology, poorer psychological well‐being, and other SITBs emerged as important correlates for all participants. Trauma, disordered eating, and heavy alcohol use were salient among women, whereas alcohol use norms were important correlates among men. Importantly, models identified several constructs that may be amenable to intervention. Results support the use of exploratory analyses to explicate heterogeneity among individuals who engage in SITBs and suggest that gender identity is an important moderator for certain risk factors.