bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Update of the BIPM comparison BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Mn-54 of activity measurements of the radionuclide 54Mn to include the 2017 result of the PTB (Germany) and the linked results from the CCRI(II)-K2.Mn-54 comparison
Authors: Michotte C , Courte S , Nonis M , Kossert K , Marganiec-Gałązka J
Published: February 2020

This report concerns an updated submission of a 54Mn standard by the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) to the BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Mn-54 comparison. The result has been added to the previous results and this has produced a revised value for the key comparison reference value (KCRV), calculated using the power-moderated weighted mean. A link has been made to the CCRI(II)-K2.Mn-54 comparison held in 2003 by measurement of the K2 54Mn solution in the International Reference System (SIR). The degrees of equivalence between each equivalent activity measured in the SIR and the KCRV have been calculated for the remaining six NMIs in the BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Mn-54 comparison and the fourteen other participants in the CCRI(II)-K2.Mn-54 comparison. A graphical presentation is included.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Final report of the mass comparison of the calibration of standard weights between SIM NMIS: CENAM, BSJ, TTBS and INDOCAL (SIM.M.M-S16)
Authors: Santiago Luis Omar Becerra , Rigg Rupert , Reddock Theodore , D'Oleo Magalys
Published: February 2020

In order to evaluate the stated uncertainty and degrees of equivalence between CENAM-Mexico, BSJ-Jamaica, TTBS-Trinidad and Tobago and INDOCAL-Dominican Republic on mass calibration, an inter-comparison was agreed between all participating laboratories, in the range of 200 mg to 2 kg.

Results of this comparison were linked to the reference values of the key comparisons CCM.M-K4 and CCM.M-K5 trough CENAM results.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Filling gap of combination of gauge and analytical method in KFR-like theory*
Authors: Li Jian , Ma Feng-Cai
Published: February 2020

Bauer recently presented a formula for the ionization rate of a hydrogen atom in a strong linearly polarized laser field [J. Phys. B
49 145601 (2016)]. He started from the Keldysh probability amplitude in the length gauge and utilized Reiss’s method in the velocity gauge. Instead, according to the Reiss probability amplitude in the velocity gauge and Keldysh’s derivation for the length gauge, we derive a formula for the ionization rate of a ground-state hydrogen atom or a hydrogen-like atom in a strong linearly polarized laser field. We compare the numerical results of the total ionization rate and the photoelectron energy distribution calculated from our formula with the results from Keldysh, Reiss, and Bauer. We find that the apparent discrepancies in the ionization rate are caused not only by different gauges, but also by different analytical methods used to derive the ionization rate.
Lump, lumpoff and predictable rogue wave solutions to a dimensionally reduced Hirota bilinear equation*
Authors: Wang Haifeng , Zhang Yufeng
Published: February 2020

We study a simplified (3+1)-dimensional model equation and construct a lump solution for the special case of z = y using the Hirota bilinear method. Then, a more general form of lump solution is constructed, which contains more arbitrary autocephalous parameters. In addition, a lumpoff solution is also derived based on the general lump solutions and a stripe soliton. Furthermore, we figure out instanton/rogue wave solutions via introducing two stripe solitons. Finally, one can better illustrate these propagation phenomena of these solutions by analyzing images.
On the development of combined tillage working bodies-mechanisms
Authors: Kazakov Yu F , Medvedev V I , Ivanov V M
Published: February 2020

Tillage working bodies of rigid construction, as a rule, have one degree of freedom. A feature of the working bodies-mechanisms, characterized by a high degree of freedom, is the ability to continuously adapt to changing soil conditions. A working body for subsoiling, consisting of a cutting knife with a built-in drier, to which a mole in the form of a spring of a complex shape is attached, is designed. The time-stretched process of entry into operation of adjacent elements of the combined working body, the periodic deviation of the mole from the rectilinear motion, the continuous change in the diameter of the turns and the length of the mole depending on the difference in the longitudinal hardness of the soil helps to reduce the traction resistance.
Effect of optical radiation on greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella L.) – pest of bee colonies
Authors: Kondrateva N P , Kirillov N K , Zaitsev P V , Buzmakov D V , Osokina A S , Bolshin R G , Krasnolutskaya M G , Rybakov L M
Published: February 2020

Wax moth is one of the main pests of bee colonies. Bee moth larvae have in their chemical composition many substances that are necessary for the preparation of drugs of the widest range of action. Beekeepers solve the problem of better control of greater wax moths using chemical, biological and other methods. The efficient methods to control Galleria mellonella include physical methods: temperature, radiation, etc. The purpose of this paper is to find the most effective optical radiation for a greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella L.), in which the productivity of bee colonies is maximally preserved, and unscathed G. mellonella larvae can be used to manufacture pharmaceutical preparations and biologically active supplements. The object of research is the Greater wax moth (eggs, larvae, pupae, and imago). We have developed a structure for determining the attractiveness of the optical radiation of different wavelengths for imago of greater wax moths. We found that the optical radiation in the wavelength range of 400…435 nm is the most attractive because it attracted a greater wax moths and therefore the number of eggs laid under the influence of this light was 1.5…2 times higher compared to radiation 491, 546 and 491 nm.
Complex hyperbolic triangle groups of type [𝑚,𝑚,0;3,3,2]
Authors: Povall Sam , Pratoussevitch Anna
Published: February 2020

In this paper we study discreteness of complex hyperbolic triangle groups of type[m,m,0;3,3,2][m,m,0;3,3,2], i.e., groups of isometries of the complex hyperbolic plane generated by three complex reflections of orders3,3,23,3,2in complex geodesics with pairwise distancesm,m,0m,m,0. For fixed mm, the parameter space of such groups is of real dimension one. We determine intervals in this parameter space that correspond to discrete and to non-discrete triangle groups.
10 Improving Communication About Death Between Primary and Secondary Care: A Quality Improvement Project
Authors: Arumugam J , Laud R , Naydenova P
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Communication between the hospital and primary care regarding the death of a patient is incredibly important. Previous literature surrounding this area has shown that it is often done poorly, resulting in substandard documentation. Furthermore, lack of information for General Practitioners (GPs) means it is difficult for them to enter discussions with families, which can negatively impact on the bereavement process.

The previous expectation was that an electronic discharge summary was completed, but that this was not optimally designed to inform GPs about the circumstances surrounding the death. Reasons given that summaries were not completed included: the busy workload of junior doctors and the lack of awareness of their importance.

Methods

The aim of our quality improvement project was to ensure 80% of GPs received notification and information about a patient’s death by August 2018.

Following an initial cycle to assess the baseline notification rates, we developed a standardized death notification letter following feedback from local GPs. This included information such as date of death, if the coroner had been informed and a brief summary of events. Following introduction of the letter, we recorded the uptake and then gained further feedback regarding the ways in which it could be improved. A final cycle was then implemented.

Results

Baseline data showed an electronic discharge letter was only being completed in 13.3% of cases (n=3/21). Following introduction of the new letter, 83.6% were completed (n=56/67).

Conclusions

In conclusion, the introduction of a simple and standardized letter template has vastly increased the notification of GPs about a patient’s death from our hospital. Limitations of our project included the varying numbers of deaths in audited periods and some hospital teams having a separate process in place.
19 “Love The Day Job Still;” ”More Job Satisfaction;” “I Will Never Give Up My GeriGP Job;” - Results of the BGS GeriGP Workforce Survey 2018
Authors: Davies K , Kalmus E , Keeble M , Lawn L
Published: February 2020

Background

In 2017, two GPs decided to form the GeriGP group, for BGS GP members with a particular interest in the care of older people. GPs are increasingly using their holistic approach and expertise in new models of care within the community and the acute setting ("GeriGP" roles), and many no longer work in traditional General Practice.

Introduction

By late 2018, the group had around 100 members. The committee recognised the vital role GeriGPs could play in the development and delivery of innovative models of care for older people, as recommended in the NHS Long Term Plan1 and 2019 GP Contract2. There was no data available about GeriGP roles, which appeared to have arisen in an ad hoc fashion. An online survey was undertaken with the aim of using the results to engage with national policy makers and to identify pathways into these roles to improve recruitment and retention of the GP workforce.3

Methods

We are grateful to the BGS who collated 58 questions for the online questionnaire, which was sent to all GeriGP members between October and December 2018. There were five main categories: role and venue; employment conditions; indemnity; appraisal; qualifications and training. Most questions had space for free-text comments.

Results

47/100 GeriGP members responded; 68% respondents held GeriGP roles of whom 62% were practising GPs. 60% of all respondents were over 45 years old. 30 job descriptions covered community frailty hubs, intermediate care, community hospitals, care homes, acute front door, visiting services and memory clinics. 60% were community based. Rates of pay and types of contract varied dramatically. GP appraisal was often difficult due to patients having frailty or dementia, with contradictory advice common. 45% had difficulty accessing training and two-thirds of jobs were gained by word-of-mouth. 87% in GeriGP roles were more likely to continue practicing medicine because of this role, yet career development barriers existed at all levels. Many comments concurred with a plea for a ``primary care geriatrics specialty'', and repeatedly the joy of having time for patient-centred care was the driving force behind experienced GPs opting to continue in GeriGP roles.

Conclusions

The enthusiasm for GeriGP roles should be seized upon to improve healthcare of older people and bolster the GP workforce. GeriGPs plan to use these results to influence policy makers nationally.

References

1. NHS Long Term Plan (https://www.longtermplan.nhs.uk/online-version/overview-and-summary).

2. 2019 GP Contract (https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/gp-contract-2019.pdf).

3. GeriGPs. (https://www.bgs.org.uk/gerigps).
79 Do Medical Students Understand the Ward Environment? A Survey of Penultimate Year Medical Students Exploring How Well Healthcare Of Older People Placements Prepare Them for Working on Hospital Wards
Authors: Poynton-Smith E , Colwill E , Sahota O
Published: February 2020

Medical students are expected to know how to function on hospital wards; i.e. where to find things, other Health Care Professionals’ (HCPs’) roles, and how to use certain items of equipment (GMC, 2018). This ward-based knowledge indicates that a student is ‘ward smart’.1 Whilst being ‘ward smart’ is key for many aspects of medicine, it is particularly important for students learning geriatric medicine: older patients (who make up around 42% of all inpatients)2 are more likely to have communication difficulties and to require assistance. However, formal teaching in this area seems to be somewhat neglected, with students being left to ‘pick up’ this knowledge as they go along.3,4

In our sample of 41 students in their penultimate year (most of whom were undertaking their Healthcare of Older People placement), 98% did not know how to turn on a hearing aid and only 24% knew what a Waterlow score was. Furthermore, 88% did not know how to read an oxygen flowmeter, and only 59% knew where the CPR lever on the bed was situated.

This is a significant gap in knowledge: Students may not be as prepared to work in a ward environment as expected. Students felt that their understanding would be improved by teaching sessions, more time on wards, formal ward inductions, and shadowing other HCPs: only 41.5% had had a ward induction or introduction, and less than 20% had shadowed a nurse. We propose specific teaching/practical sessions for students during their Healthcare of Older People placement centred around patient communication and understanding the ward environment.

References

1. Walker, Wallace, Mangera, & Gill, The Clinical Teacher, 2017, 14(5), 336–9.

2. NHS Digital, 2018.

3. Prince, Bozhuizen, Van der Vleuten, & Scherpbier, Medical Education 2005; 39(7):704–12.

4. Monrouxe, et al., BMJ Open 2017; 7(1):e013656.
84 Circulating Vitamin D Levels and Frailty in the British Regional Heart Study: Cross Sectional and Prospective Associations
Authors: Ahmed A , Ramsay S E , Papacosta O , Lennon L , Whincup P H , Wannamethee S G
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Whether Vitamin D deficiency is linked to development of frailty, independent of other health conditions, is inconclusive. In the British Regional Heart Study we aimed to examine (1) cross sectional (CS) and prospective (PS) associations between Vitamin D levels and frailty; and (2) if these are mediated by conditions linked to low Vitamin D (diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and inflammatory markers C-reactive protein & Interleukin-6).

Methods

Baseline (2010-2012) Vitamin D in men (71-92y) was categorised as deficiency (<12 ng/ml), insufficiency (12 - < 20 ng/ml) and sufficiency (≥20 ng/ml) states. Frailty, assessed at baseline and follow up (2014) was classified as robust, pre-frail or frail (score 0, 1-2, or ≥3 out of 5 Fried Frailty components respectively). Multinomial regression determined CS & PS relative risk ratios (RRR) of being pre-frail or frail, relative to robust. Adjustments were made for age, BMI, season, smoking, drinking habits, social class, Vitamin D/calcium supplements, mental/physical health and potential mediators.

Results

At baseline, 20% of 1494 men were frail and 25% deficient in Vitamin D. Unadjusted RRR of being frail (vs robust) was 3.16 [95% CI 2.16, 4.62] in men with Vitamin D<12ng/ml (reference ≥20ng/ml). Higher RRR persisted even after adjusting for covariates and potential mediating factors, [2.74; 95% CI 1.60, 4.69]. Of 977 men non-frail at baseline, 10% became frail. Men with Vitamin D <12ng/ml (reference ≥20ng/ml) had higher unadjusted RRR of becoming pre-frail [1.47; 95% CI 1.04, 2.09] and frail [2.14 95% CI 1.29, 3.56] (vs robust). While the PS association with pre-frailty was completely attenuated with covariate adjustment, higher RRR for frailty remained even in the fully adjusted model [2.07 95% CI 1.07, 4.00].

Conclusions

Vitamin D <12ng/ml was associated with prevalent & incident frailty in older British men, independent of disease/inflammatory states. Further research exploring Vit D therapy for improving frailty outcomes is needed.

Reference

1. Parry SW. JAGS;2016;64(11):2368–2373.
90 The Effectiveness of Volunteer-Led Physical Activity Interventions in Improving Health Outcomes for Community-Dwelling Older People: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lim S E R , Cox N J , Roberts H C
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Physical activity (PA) is important for older people to maintain functional independence and healthy ageing. PA interventions for community-dwelling older adults are often delivered by healthcare professionals, fitness instructors or trained members of a research team. Innovative approaches are needed to ensure that these interventions are practical and sustainable. This systematic review explores the effectiveness of volunteer-led PA interventions in improving health outcomes for community-dwelling older people.

Methods

Following PRISMA recommendations, five databases (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PEDro, Cochrane library) were systematically searched until May 2019, for studies using trained volunteers to deliver PA interventions for community-dwelling older people aged ≥ 65 years, reporting on participant outcomes. Meta-analysis was not conducted due to included study heterogeneity.

Results

Twelve papers (eight studies including three randomised controlled trials (RCTs)) were included in the review; five papers reported different outcomes from the same RCT. Intervention settings included community exercise groups (n=4), home (n=2) and care homes (n=2). All eight studies included strength and balance exercises and frequency of PA ranged from once daily to weekly sessions.

The three RCTs showed improvement in grip strength, nutritional and frailty status, and reduction in fear of falling, among 39 older adults (mean age 83 years) who received a physical training and nutritional intervention; improvement in grip strength and activity of daily living scores among 56 nursing home older adults (mean age 78 years) who received resistance exercise training; and a significantly higher proportion of older adults (n = 193, 9% improvement vs 0.5% in the control group) achieved the recommended target of 150 minutes of moderate vigorous PA per week using the Falls Management Exercise intervention.

Two studies compared volunteer and health professional-delivered PA interventions and reported that both interventions were equally effective in reducing fear of falls and improving quality of life. Two quasi-experimental studies reported improvement in functional outcomes including functional reach, timed up and go test, and chair stand. A large prospective cohort study (n = 1620) reported a reduction in disability among older adults who received volunteer-led exercise compared to control, with a hazard ratio of 0.73 (95% CI 0.62-0.86) for development of disability.

Conclusions

Trained volunteers can lead PA interventions among community-dwelling older adults with some evidence of improved health outcomes including nutritional, functional and frailty status.
92 Relocation in Care Homes (RICH) Study: The Experience of Different Stakeholders
Authors: Baron S , Bridges J , McGrath N , Roberts H C , Ibrahim K
Published: February 2020

Introduction

In the UK, care homes in unsuitable older buildings are closing. Involuntary relocation is associated with increased mortality and negative emotions among residents. Extensive planning can mitigate this. The aim was to understand the experience of a planned relocation between two care homes.

Methods

In the UK, care homes in unsuitable older buildings are closing. Involuntary relocation is associated with increased mortality and negative emotions among residents. Extensive planning can mitigate this. The aim was to understand the experience of a planned relocation between two care homes.

Results

Seven themes were identified and organised under three stages: pre-move (communication and involvement; preparation for the move; and attitudes towards the move), day-of-the-move (organisation of the move), and post-move (environmental change and impact; staff organisation and management; and settling in). Family and staff members reported that the pre-move information provided was inconsistent and staff did not feel involved in the planning and design process. Pre-move visits and staff and family support were beneficial for residents’ preparation for the move. All participants expressed sadness about the closure, and reported apprehension about moving. The moving day felt disorganised and stressful to staff who had to spread between the two homes. Post-move, the new care home was perceived by many participants as a ‘hotel’ rather than a home. Its larger size and confusing layout impacted negatively on residents and staff. New staff and changes in management structure were perceived by the different stakeholders to cause increased staff workload. Residents adjusted variably to the new home, with family support and staff continuity of care proving to be facilitators.

Conclusions

Despite extensive planning, relocation and adjustment was challenging. Recommendations for future relocations include: increasing involvement of staff in the planning and design of the home; ensuring consistent communication and organising staff rotas to maintain continuity of care.
104 Oral Sodium Bicarbonate Therapy for Older Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Low-Grade Acidosis: The BiCARB Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Witham M D , Band M , Chong H , Donnan P T , Hampson G , Hu M K , Kalra P , Kennedy G , Lamb E , Littleford R , McNamee P , Plews D , Rauchhaus P , Soiza R L , Sumukadas D , Warwick G , Avenell A
Published: February 2020

Background

Oral sodium bicarbonate is often used to treat metabolic acidosis in older people with advanced chronic kidney disease, but evidence is lacking on whether this provides a net gain in health or quality of life.

Methods

We conducted a multicentre, parallel group, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial. Adults aged 60 years and over with category 4 or 5 chronic kidney disease, not on dialysis, with serum bicarbonate concentrations <22 mmol/L were recruited from 27 UK centres. Participants were randomised 1:1 to oral sodium bicarbonate or matching placebo. The primary outcome was the between-group difference in the Short Physical Performance Battery at 12 months, adjusted for baseline. Other key outcome measures included generic and disease-specific health-related quality of life, anthropometry, physical performance, renal function, adverse events including commencement of renal replacement therapy, and health economic analysis.

Results

We randomised 300 participants, mean age 74 years; 86 (29%) were female. Mean baseline estimated GFR was 19 ml/min/1.73m2. Study medication adherence was 73% in both groups. No significant treatment effect was evident for the primary outcome of the between-group difference in the Short Physical Performance Battery at 12 months (-0.4 points; 95% CI -0.9 to 0.1, p=0.15). No significant treatment benefit was seen for any of the secondary outcomes. Adverse events were more frequent in the bicarbonate arm (457 versus 400). Time to commencing renal replacement therapy was similar in both groups (HR 1.22, 95% CI 0.74 to 2.02, p=0.43). Health economic analysis showed lower quality of life and higher costs in the bicarbonate arm at one year (£1234 vs £807); placebo dominated bicarbonate under all sensitivity analyses for incremental cost-effectiveness.

Conclusions

Oral sodium bicarbonate did not improve a wide range of health measures in this trial, and is unlikely to be cost-effective for use in the UK NHS in this patient group.
110 Participants and Volunteer Host Experiences of First Steps Course for Those Newly Diagnosed with Parkinson’s: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Bodger E R , Ibrahim K , Roberts H C
Published: February 2020

Introduction

People with Parkinson’s (PwP) and their caregivers often report poor diagnosis experiences and a lack of information, support and control over Parkinson’s. First Steps is a two-day course delivered by volunteers with Parkinson’s, which aims to help those newly diagnosed and their caregivers face the future positively and take control of Parkinson’s. This study aimed to capture the views and experiences of participants and volunteer hosts of First Steps, and evaluate if it meets those aims.

Methods

Using purposive sampling, twelve participants comprising four PwP, five caregivers and three volunteer hosts were recruited. Face-to-face, semi-structured interviews were conducted, audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically.

Results

Course participants found First Steps informative, supportive, and helpful in feeling more positive about Parkinson’s. Participants were reassured by the hosts having Parkinson’s, despite prior concerns regarding seeing people who might have more advanced Parkinson’s. Some found First Steps more relatable than other support services and reported that the course complemented clinician-led courses as the content was aimed at caregivers as well as PwP, with variation in information delivery techniques. Among the PwP and caregivers, two thirds reported a lack of control over Parkinson’s and some felt First Steps had improved their control. Hosts felt they had control over Parkinson’s and perceived their role to be both challenging and rewarding.

Conclusions

First Steps was perceived as a helpful course, offering information and support for those newly diagnosed and their caregivers in a positive and non-clinical environment. Volunteer hosts felt more control over Parkinson’s than other participants, but there was evidence that the course helped some experience more control. Suggested course improvements included: additions to the presentation content with more emphasis on taking control, and offering group follow up sessions. This will inform current expansion across the UK.
Selection and Use of Respiratory Protection by Healthcare Workers to Protect from Infectious Diseases in Hospital Settings
Authors: Chughtai Abrar Ahmad , Seale Holly , Rawlinson William D , Kunasekaran Mohana , Macintyre C Raina
Published: February 2020

Objectives

Infection control policies and guidelines recommend using facemasks and respirators to protect healthcare workers (HCWs) from respiratory infections. Common types of respirators used in healthcare settings are filtering facepiece respirators (FFRs) and powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs). Aims of this study were to examine the current attitudes and practices of HCWs regarding the selection and use of respiratory protection and determine the acceptability of a novel PAPR.

Methods

In-depth interviews were undertaken with 20 HCWs from a large tertiary hospital in Sydney, Australia. Participants were fit tested with a lightweight tight-fitting half-facepiece PAPR (CleanSpace2™ Power Unit, PAF-0034, by CleanSpace Technology®) using the TSI™ Portacount quantitative fit test method.

Results

Interview results showed that HCWs had a limited role in the selection and use of facemasks and respirators and had been using the devices provided by the hospital. The majority of subjects had no knowledge of hospital policy for the use of facemasks and respirators, had not been trained on the use of respirators, and had not been fit tested previously. Compliance with the use of facemasks and respirators was perceived as being low and facemasks and respirators were typically used only for short periods of time.

All 20 participants were successfully fit tested to the CleanSpace2™ PAPR (overall geometric mean fit factor—6768). According to the exit surveys, CleanSpace2™ PAPRs were easy to don (14/20) and doff (15/20) and comfortable to wear (14/20). Most participants believed that PAPRs provide higher protection, comfort and reusability over N95 FFR and can be used during pandemics and other high-risk situations.

Conclusions

HCWs should be aware of infection control policies and training should be provided on the correct use of respiratory protective devices. PAPRs can be used in hospital settings to protect HCWs from certain highly infectious and emerging pathogens, however, HCWs require adequate training on storage, use, and cleaning of PAPRs.
Phylogeography and palaeomodelling of Duseniella patagonica (Barnadesioideae), an early-diverging member of Asteraceae endemic to the Argentinean Monte and Patagonia
Authors: Urtubey Estrella , Stuessy Tod Falor , Justel Jose Ignacio , Nicola Marcela Viviana
Published: February 2020

We performed an integrated phylogeographical and palaeoclimatic study of an early-diverging member of Asteraceae, Duseniella patagonica, endemic to Argentina. Chloroplast and nuclear markers were sequenced from 106 individuals belonging to 20 populations throughout the species range. We analysed genetic spatial distribution, diversity and structure, tested for range expansion, estimated divergence times, reconstructed ancestral areas and modelled present and past species distributions based on climatic data. Duseniella diverged from its sister genera during the Late/Middle Miocene. Its ancestral area included southern Monte plus eastern and central Patagonia. A vicariant event separated Monte and Patagonian clades during the Plio-Pleistocene. This would have involved unfavourable climate, soil, elevation, volcanism and/or other geomorphological processes between 40 and 43.5°S, in the sourroundings of the Somuncura plateau. Each clade possesses its own haplotypes and nucleotypes. Two populations, one in southern Monte and the other in eastern Patagonia, contain the highest diversity and exclusive haplotypes, representing hypothetical ancestral refugia. Northern Monte and southern Patagonian populations show low to null genetic diversity, being the most recently colonized areas. Climatic models indicate that winter temperature influenced the distribution of Duseniella, with an increase in probability of occurrence during colder periods, thus enabling diversification during glacial episodes.
Path weights in concentration graphs
Authors: Roverato Alberto , Castelo Robert
Published: February 2020

A graphical model provides a compact and efficient representation of the association structure in a multivariate distribution by means of a graph. Relevant features of the distribution are represented by vertices, edges and higher-order graphical structures such as cliques or paths. Typically, paths play a central role in these models because they determine the dependence relationships between variables. However, while a theory of path coefficients is available for directed graph models, little research exists on the strength of the association represented by a path in an undirected graph. Essentially, it has been shown that the covariance between two variables can be decomposed into a sum of weights associated with each of the paths connecting the two variables in the corresponding concentration graph. In this context, we consider concentration graph models and provide an extensive analysis of the properties of path weights and their interpretation. Specifically, we give an interpretation of covariance weights through their factorization into a partial covariance and an inflation factor. We then extend the covariance decomposition over the paths of an undirected graph to other measures of association, such as the marginal correlation coefficient and a quantity that we call the inflated correlation. Application of these results is illustrated with an analysis of dietary intake networks.
Rising Pneumococcal Antibiotic Resistance in the Post–13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Era in Pediatric Isolates From a Primary Care Setting
Authors: Kaur Ravinder , Pham Minh , Yu Karl O A , Pichichero Michael E
Published: February 2020

Background

Antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae strains may cause infections that fail to respond to antimicrobial therapy. Results reported from hospitalized patients with invasive, bacteremic infections may not be the same as those observed in a primary care setting where young children receive care for noninvasive infections. Young children experience the highest burden of pneumococcal disease. The aim of this study was to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of S. pneumoniae strains isolated from children in a primary care setting in the post–13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) era.

Methods

This was a prospective collection of 1201 isolates of S. pneumoniae from 2006 through 2016 in a primary care setting. Antibiotic susceptibility testing to 16 different antibiotics of 10 classes was performed. Participants were children aged 6–36 months. Nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained from patients during acute otitis media (AOM) visits and routine healthy visits. Middle ear fluid was obtained by tympanocentesis.

Results

After introduction of PCV13, antibiotic susceptibility of pneumococci, especially to penicillin, initially improved largely due to disappearance of serotype 19A, included in PCV13. However, beginning in 2013, antibiotic susceptibility among pneumococcal strains began decreasing due to new serotypes not included in PCV13. In addition to reduced susceptibility to penicillin, the most recent isolates show reduced susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, and carbapenems, antibiotics commonly used to treat life-threatening, invasive pneumococcal diseases.

Conclusions

In recent years, pneumococcal nasopharyngeal and AOM isolates from children exhibit reduced susceptibility to penicillin, third-generation cephalosporin, fluoroquinolone, and carbapenem antibiotics. The new strains have a different profile of resistance compared to the pre-PCV13 era.
Clinical and Biological Factors Associated With Early Epstein-Barr Virus Infection in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Exposed Uninfected Infants in Eastern Uganda
Authors: Montoya-Ferrer Ana , Sanosyan Armen , Fayd’herbe de Maudave Alexis , Pisoni Amandine , Bollore Karine , Molès Jean-Pierre , Peries Marianne , Tylleskar Thorkild , Tumwine James K , Ndeezi Grace , Gorgolas Miguel , Nagot Nicolas , van de Perre Philippe , Tuaillon Edouard
Published: February 2020

Background

Immune control of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is impaired in individuals with HIV. We explored maternal factors associated with EBV acquisition in HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants and the relationship between EBV infection and serious adverse events (SAEs) during the first year of life.

Methods

201 HEU infants from Uganda enrolled in the ANRS 12174 trial were tested for antiviral capsid antigen (anti-VCA) antibodies at week 50. Date of infection was estimated by testing EBV DNA at weeks 1, 6, 14, 26, 38, and 50 postpartum on dried blood spots.

Results

Eighty-seven (43%) infants tested positive for anti-VCA IgG at week 50. Among the 59 infants positive for EBV DNA, 25% were infected within the first 26 weeks. Almost half (12%) were infected before week 14. Shedding of EBV in breast milk was associated with EBV DNA in maternal plasma (P = .009), HIV RNA detection (P = .039), and lower CD4 count (P = .001) and correlated with plasma EBV DNA levels (P = .002). EBV infant infection at week 50 was associated with shedding of EBV in breast milk (P = .009) and young maternal age (P = .029). Occurrence of a clinical SAE, including malaria and pneumonia, was associated with higher levels of EBV DNA in infants (P = .010).

Conclusions

By assessing EBV infection in HEU infants we observed that infection during the first year is determined by HIV and EBV maternal factors and that EBV DNA levels were higher among infants with clinical SAEs.

Clinical Trials Registration

NCT00640263.
Improved electrophoretic separation of creatine kinase isoenzymes.
Authors: Burlina A
Published: February 2020

Creatine kinase isoenzymes are separated electrophoretically on cellulose acetate, with use of an improved procedure for reactivation and visualization of enzymic activity. N-Acetyl cysteine is used as the reactivator and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide for visualization in a tetrazolium-coupled system. This test, both practical and reliable, is a suitable alternative to chromatographic or immunochemical assay. The method allows: (a) detection of the MB isoenzyme on the basis of its electrophoretic migration, (b) confirmation of results obtained with other methods, particularly by immunoinhibition, and (c) detection of atypical bands of possible diagnostic significance in addition to the recognized fractions.
Measurement of tricyclic antidepressants. Part II. Applications of methodology.
Authors: Scoggins B A , Maguire K P , Norman T R , Burrows G D
Published: February 2020

This review, together with Part 1 (Clin. Chem. 26: 5-17, 1980), summarizes progress in measurement of tricyclic antidepressants in biological fluids and the application of the methodology to clinical practice. For many of the older drugs and for all of the new-generation antidepressants, further studies are required to delineate the precise relationship between plasma concentration and clinical response in well-defined diagnostic groups. For new drugs, rigorous evaluation of a method of measurement is required before it is applied to clinical studies. Assessment of drug interactions, inter-patient variability in plasma concentrations, and determination of the plasma concentrations required for therapeutic response all depend almost entirely on the quality of the assay methodology.
Liquid-chromatographic assay of urinary 5-hydroxy-3-indoleacetic acid, with electrochemical detection.
Authors: Shihabi Z K , Scaro J
Published: February 2020

After extraction with two organic solvent mixtures, urinary 5-hydroxy-3-indoleacetic acid can be assayed by "high-performance" liquid chromatography on a reversed-phase column, with electrochemical detection. Compared to the nitrosonaphthol method (J. Biol. Chem. 216: 499, 1955), this method is more specific for detection of patients with carcinoid tumors.
Physiological limits to life in anoxic subseafloor sediment
Authors: Orsi William D , Schink Bernhard , Buckel Wolfgang , Martin William F
Published: February 2020

In subseafloor sediment, microbial cell densities exponentially decrease with depth into the fermentation zone. Here, we address the classical question of 'why are cells dying faster than they are growing?’ from the standpoint of physiology. The stoichiometries of fermentative ATP production and consumption in the fermentation zone place bounds on the conversion of old cell biomass into new. Most fermentable organic matter in deep subseafloor sediment is amino acids from dead cells because cells are mostly protein by weight. Conversion of carbon from fermented dead cell protein into methanogen protein via hydrogenotrophic and acetoclastic methanogenesis occurs at ratios of ∼200:1 and 100:1, respectively, while fermenters can reach conversion ratios approaching 6:1. Amino acid fermentations become thermodynamically more efficient at lower substrate and product concentrations, but the conversion of carbon from dead cell protein into fermenter protein is low because of the high energetic cost of translation. Low carbon conversion factors within subseafloor anaerobic feeding chains account for exponential declines in cellular biomass in the fermentation zone of anoxic sediments. Our analysis points to the existence of a life–death transition zone in which the last biologically catalyzed life processes are replaced with purely chemical reactions no longer coupled to life.
Bail-out thoracic endovascular aortic repair for incorrect deployment of frozen elephant trunk into the false lumen
Authors: Kawashima Motoharu , Nomura Yoshikatsu , Matsumori Masamichi , Murakami Hirohisa
Published: February 2020

We report a rare case of bail-out thoracic endovascular aortic repair after incorrect deployment of a frozen elephant trunk into the false lumen. A 54-year-old man presented to our department complaining of chest pain. Enhanced computed tomography revealed Stanford type A acute aortic dissection, which had a large entry site at the mid-descending aorta. Emergency total aortic arch replacement with a frozen elephant trunk was performed. Progressive intraoperative acidosis was observed. Immediate postoperative enhanced computed tomography showed that the distal end of the frozen elephant trunk was deployed into the false lumen through the initial tear at the proximal descending aorta. We performed emergency thoracic endovascular aortic repair through a fenestration made into the intimal flap using an Outback LTD re-entry device. The patient was discharged home on postoperative day 67 after a complete recovery.
Understanding Usage Behavior of Different Mobile Application Categories Based on Personality Traits
Authors: Huseynov Farid
Published: February 2020

This study assessed the influence of personality traits on individuals’ mobile application usage behavior in different application categories. In the assessment of personality, this study used the well-known Big Five personality traits taxonomy. The Big Five personality traits were measured by using the Mini-International Personality Item Pool scale. Rather than using participants’ self-reports about their app usage behavior, this study utilized actual app usage data that were collected via app usage tracker installed in the participants’ mobile devices. Instead of focusing on a single category of app, this study assessed the participants’ actual behavior across 10 broad and distinct categories of apps. This study showed that personality traits do play an important role in usage behavior of different mobile application categories. Results of this research show that individuals who are extravert and open to experience are more likely to spend time using photography and video editing-related mobile apps. While emotionally stable individuals are less likely to access social networking apps, conscientious individuals tend to stay away from e-commerce-related apps. This research also found that agreeableness is negatively related with access and usage of health and lifestyle mobile apps as well as Internet searching and browsing apps. Application developers and marketers can use the findings of this research to increase users’ adoption and usage rate of their apps.
Hepatitis Testing Performance of an Analyzer Integrated into Another Manufacturer’s Automation System
Authors: Baste Charisse Liz , Loeffler David M , Brana-Mulero Carmen , Shah Archana , Jin Ming
Published: February 2020

Background

The capacity to integrate platforms across vendors and disciplines has become an essential feature in the design of total laboratory automation (TLA) due space and test menu constraints. However, data on its performance are lacking. We aim to evaluate an integrated third-party immunoassay platform to the TLA system for the performance of hepatitis testing using turnaround time (TAT).

Methods

We use the Beckman Power Express (PE) system with linked 2 Beckman AU5800, 2 Beckman DxI 800, 2 Abbott Architect i2000, and other accessory components. The PE system is managed and interfaced to the laboratory information system (LIS) through Beckman Remisol (middleware) and Cennexus (track software). The hepatitis tests are performed on the Abbott Architect i2000 using Abbott Instrument Manager (middleware) for test results and this is interfaced with LIS and Cennexus. Using Viewics and Microsoft Excel, the test volumes and TAT of hepatitis results were analyzed before (February 2017 to January 2018) and after (February 2018 to January 2019) integration.

Results

The TAT for each hepatitis test has decreased significantly, ranging from 13 to 81-minute reductions (P value <0.0001 for all tests) after instrument integration. The standard deviations of the TAT also decreased for each test. In addition, savings in labor expenditure of around 2 hours per day were observed. There were no laboratory space savings identified. Instead, 47.6 square foot more of space was utilized by the track connection lines.

Conclusions

Our findings show significant improvement of TAT of hepatitis testing with the integration of the third-party Abbott Architect i2000 to Beckman PE system. In addition, the synchronization of multiple middleware for specimen management and result reporting allow the laboratory to achieve new efficiencies handling reflex tests and managing human resources.
Interference of Asfotase Alfa in Immunoassays Employing Alkaline Phosphatase Technology
Authors: Piec Isabelle Danielle , Tompkins Beatrice , Fraser William Duncan
Published: February 2020

Background

Asfotase alfa (STRENSIQ®, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc.) is the only approved treatment for patients with pediatric-onset hypophosphatasia, a disease caused by a mutation in the tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP) gene. ALP is often used as signaling system in routine immunoassays. Because asfotase alfa contains the active site of the full ALP enzyme, it can catalyze the substrate as the antibody-conjugated ALP would within an assay. Therefore, its presence in a treated patient’s sample may generate false positive or false negative results. We investigated whether the presence of asfotase alfa within a sample induced interference in immunoassays that utilize ALP or alternative detection systems.

Methods

Asfotase alfa was added to samples at concentrations from 0.08–5 µg/mL and analysed on various immunoassays following manufacturer’s instructions.

Results

Asfotase alfa was detected in all ALP assays but ALKP1 (RayBiotech). We observed no changes in normetanephrine and noradrenaline (IBL) at any asfotase alfa concentration. However, asfotase alfa notably interfered in an oxytocin (ENZO) assay in nonextracted samples. Extraction using a C18 column eliminated the interference. No interference was observed on automated analyzers using alternative detection system (COBAS fT4 and TSH; Advia Centaur FSH, fT4; Architect LH; FSH). Immulite 2000 fT4, TSH, testosterone and hCG (ALP-based) showed no interference. However, the presence of asfotase alfa resulted in a dose-dependent increase of Troponin I signal.

Conclusion

The presence of asfotase alfa must be taken into consideration when analyzing blood samples in treated patients to avoid any risk of misinterpretation of false positive/negative results. It is essential that assays be tested for this possible interference.