bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cryptanalysis of AES-PRF and Its Dual
Authors: Derbez Patrick , Iwata Tetsu , Sun Ling , Sun Siwei , Todo Yosuke , Wang Haoyang , Wang Meiqin
Published: November 2020

A dedicated pseudorandom function (PRF) called AES-PRF was proposed by Mennink and Neves at FSE 2018 (ToSC 2017, Issue 3). AES-PRF is obtained from AES by using the output of the 5-th round as the feed-forward to the output state. This paper presents extensive security analysis of AES-PRF and its variants. Specifically, we consider unbalanced variants where the output of the s-th round is used as the feed-forward. We also analyze the security of “dual” constructions of the unbalanced variants, where the input state is used as the feed-forward to the output of the s-th round. We apply an impossible differential attack, zero-correlation linear attack, traditional differential attack, zero correlation linear distinguishing attack and a meet-in-the-middle attack on these PRFs and reduced round versions. We show that AES-PRF is broken whenever s ≤ 2 or s ≥ 6, or reduced to 7 rounds, and Dual-AES-PRF is broken whenever s ≤ 4 or s ≥ 8. Our results on AES-PRF improve the initial security evaluation by the designers in various ways, and our results on Dual-AES-PRF give the first insight to its security.
SUNDAE: Small Universal Deterministic Authenticated Encryption for the Internet of Things
Authors: Banik Subhadeep , Bogdanov Andrey , Luykx Atul , Tischhauser Elmar
Published: November 2020

Lightweight cryptography was developed in response to the increasing need to secure devices for the Internet of Things. After significant research effort, many new block ciphers have been designed targeting lightweight settings, optimizing efficiency metrics which conventional block ciphers did not. However, block ciphers must be used in modes of operation to achieve more advanced security goals such as data confidentiality and authenticity, a research area given relatively little attention in the lightweight setting. We introduce a new authenticated encryption (AE) mode of operation, SUNDAE, specially targeted for constrained environments. SUNDAE is smaller than other known lightweight modes in implementation area, such as CLOC, JAMBU, and COFB, however unlike these modes, SUNDAE is designed as a deterministic authenticated encryption (DAE) scheme, meaning it provides maximal security in settings where proper randomness is hard to generate, or secure storage must be minimized due to expense. Unlike other DAE schemes, such as GCM-SIV, SUNDAE can be implemented efficiently on both constrained devices, as well as the servers communicating with those devices. We prove SUNDAE secure relative to its underlying block cipher, and provide an extensive implementation study, with results in both software and hardware, demonstrating that SUNDAE offers improved compactness and power consumption in hardware compared to other lightweight AE modes, while simultaneously offering comparable performance to GCM-SIV on parallel high-end platforms.
Cube-Attack-Like Cryptanalysis of Round-Reduced Keccak Using MILP
Authors: Song Ling , Guo Jian
Published: November 2020

Cube-attack-like cryptanalysis on round-reduced Keccak was proposed by Dinur et al. at EUROCRYPT 2015. It recovers the key through two phases: the preprocessing phase for precomputing a look-up table and online phase for querying the output and getting the cube sum with which the right key can be retrieved by looking up the precomputed table. It was shown that such attacks are efficient specifically for Keccak-based constructions with small nonce or message block size. In this paper, we provide a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model for cubeattack- like cryptanalysis on keyed Keccak, which does not impose any unnecessary constraint on cube variables and finds almost optimal cubes by balancing the two phases of cube-attack-like cryptanalysis. Our model is applied to Ketje Jr, Ketje Sr, a Xoodoo-based authenticated encryption and Keccak-MAC-512, all of which have a relatively small nonce or message block size. As a result, time complexities of 5-round attacks on Ketje Jr and 7-round attacks on Ketje Sr can be improved significantly. Meanwhile, 6-round attacks, one more round than the previous best attack, are possible if the key size of Ketje V1 (V2) is reduced to 72 (80) bits. For Xoodoo-based AE in Ketje style, the attack reaches 6 rounds. Additionally, a 7-round attack of Keccak-MAC-512 is achieved. To verify the correctness of our attacks, a 5-round attack on Ketje V1 is implemented and tested practically. It is noted that this work does not threaten the security of any Keccak-based construction.
Boomerang Switch in Multiple Rounds. Application to AES Variants and Deoxys
Authors: Wang Haoyang , Peyrin Thomas
Published: November 2020

The boomerang attack is a cryptanalysis technique that allows an attacker to concatenate two short differential characteristics. Several research results (ladder switch, S-box switch, sandwich attack, Boomerang Connectivity Table (BCT), ...) showed that the dependency between these two characteristics at the switching round can have a significant impact on the complexity of the attack, or even potentially invalidate it. In this paper, we revisit the issue of boomerang switching effect, and exploit it in the case where multiple rounds are involved. To support our analysis, we propose a tool called Boomerang Difference Table (BDT), which can be seen as an improvement of the BCT and allows a systematic evaluation of the boomerang switch through multiple rounds. In order to illustrate the power of this technique, we propose a new related-key attack on 10-round AES-256 which requires only 2 simple related-keys and 275 computations. This is a much more realistic scenario than the state-of-the-art 10-round AES-256 attacks, where subkey oracles, or several related-keys and high computational power is needed. Furthermore, we also provide improved attacks against full AES-192 and reduced-round Deoxys.
General Diffusion Analysis: How to Find Optimal Permutations for Generalized Type-II Feistel Schemes
Authors: Cauchois Victor , Gomez Clément , Thomas Gaël
Published: November 2020

Type-II Generalized Feistel Schemes are one of the most popular versions of Generalized Feistel Schemes. Their round function consists in applying a classical Feistel transformation to p sub-blocks of two consecutive words and then shifting the k = 2p words cyclically. The low implementation costs it offers are balanced by a low diffusion, limiting its efficiency. Diffusion of such structures may however be improved by replacing the cyclic shift with a different permutation without any additional implementation cost. In this paper, we study ways to determine permutations with the fastest diffusion called optimal permutations.To do so, two ideas are used. First, we study the natural equivalence classes of permutations that preserve cryptographic properties; second, we use the representation of permutations as coloured trees.For both heuristic and historical reasons, we focus first on even-odd permutations, that is, those permutations for which images of even numbers are odd. We derive from their structure an upper bound on the number of their equivalence classes together with a strategy to perform exhaustive searches on classes. We performed those exhaustive searches for sizes k ≤ 24, while previous exhaustive searches on all permutations were limited to k ≤ 16. For sizes beyond the reach of this method, we use tree representations to find permutations with good intermediate diffusion properties. This heuristic leads to an optimal even-odd permutation for k = 26 and best-known results for sizes k = 64 and k = 128.Finally, we transpose these methods to all permutations. Using a new strategy to exhaust equivalence classes, we perform exhaustive searches on classes for sizes k ≤ 20 whose results confirmed the initial heuristic: there always exist optimal permutations that are even-odd and furthermore for k = 18 all optimal permutations are even-odd permutations.
Quantum Security Analysis of AES
Authors: Bonnetain Xavier , Naya-Plasencia María , Schrottenloher André
Published: November 2020

In this paper we analyze for the first time the post-quantum security of AES. AES is the most popular and widely used block cipher, established as the encryption standard by the NIST in 2001. We consider the secret key setting and, in particular, AES-256, the recommended primitive and one of the few existing ones that aims at providing a post-quantum security of 128 bits. In order to determine the new security margin, i.e., the lowest number of non-attacked rounds in time less than 2128 encryptions, we first provide generalized and quantized versions of the best known cryptanalysis on reduced-round AES, as well as a discussion on attacks that don’t seem to benefit from a significant quantum speed-up. We propose a new framework for structured search that encompasses both the classical and quantum attacks we present, and allows to efficiently compute their complexity. We believe this framework will be useful for future analysis.Our best attack is a quantum Demirci-Selçuk meet-in-the-middle attack. Unexpectedly, using the ideas underlying its design principle also enables us to obtain new, counter-intuitive classical TMD trade-offs. In particular, we can reduce the memory in some attacks against AES-256 and AES-128.One of the building blocks of our attacks is solving efficiently the AES S-Box differential equation, with respect to the quantum cost of a reversible S-Box. We believe that this generic quantum tool will be useful for future quantum differential attacks. Judging by the results obtained so far, AES seems a resistant primitive in the post-quantum world as well as in the classical one, with a bigger security margin with respect to quantum generic attacks.
Cube-Based Cryptanalysis of Subterranean-SAE
Authors: Liu Fukang , Isobe Takanori , Meier Willi
Published: November 2020

Subterranean 2.0 designed by Daemen, Massolino and Rotella is a Round 2 candidate of the NIST Lightweight Cryptography Standardization process. In the official document of Subterranean 2.0, the designers have analyzed the state collisions in unkeyed absorbing by reducing the number of rounds to absorb the message from 2 to 1. However, little cryptanalysis of the authenticated encryption scheme Subterranean-SAE is made. For Subterranean-SAE, the designers introduce 8 blank rounds to separate the controllable input and output, and expect that 8 blank rounds can achieve a sufficient diffusion. Therefore, it is meaningful to investigate the security by reducing the number of blank rounds. Moreover, the designers make no security claim but expect a non-trivial effort to achieve full-state recovery in a nonce-misuse scenario. In this paper, we present the first practical full-state recovery attack in a nonce-misuse scenario with data complexity of 213 32-bit blocks. In addition, in a nonce-respecting scenario and if the number of blank rounds is reduced to 4, we can mount a key-recovery attack with 2122 calls to the internal permutation of Subterranean-SAE and 269.5 32-bit blocks. A distinguishing attack with 233 calls to the internal permutation of Subterranean-SAE and 233 32-bit blocks is achieved as well. Our cryptanalysis does not threaten the security claim for Subterranean-SAE and we hope it can enhance the understanding of Subterranean-SAE.
Security of the Suffix Keyed Sponge
Authors: Dobraunig Christoph , Mennink Bart
Published: November 2020

We formalize and analyze the general suffix keyed sponge construction, a pseudorandom function built on top of a cryptographic permutation. The construction hashes its data using the (keyless) sponge construction, transforms part of the state using the secret key, and generates the tag from the output of a final permutation call. In its simplest form, if the key and tag size are at most the rate of the sponge, one can see the suffix keyed sponge as a simple sponge function evaluation whose input is the plaintext appended with the key. The suffix keyed sponge is, however, much more general: the key and tag size may exceed the rate without any need to make extra permutation calls. We prove that the suffix keyed sponge construction achieves birthday-bound PRF security in the capacity, even if key and tag size exceed the rate. Furthermore, we prove that if the absorption of the key into the state happens in a leakage resilient manner, the suffix keyed sponge itself is leakage resilient as well. Our findings show that the suffix keyed sponge compares favorably with the hash-then-MAC construction. For instance, to reach a security level of k bits, the side-channel protected component in the suffix keyed sponge just needs to process k bits of input besides the key, whereas schemes following the hash-then-MAC construction need a side-channel protected MAC function that processes 2k bits of input besides the key. Moreover, even if we just consider black-box attacks, the MAC function in a hash-then-MAC scheme needs to be cryptographically strong whereas in the suffix keyed sponge the key may be absorbed by a simple XOR. The security proofs are performed using the H-coefficient technique, and make effective use of the multicollision limit function results of Daemen et al. (ASIACRYPT 2017), both for arguing that state manipulation larger than the rate is tolerated after key processing and for upper bounding the amount of leakage an attacker may gain about the secret key.
Comprehensive security analysis of CRAFT
Authors: Hadipour Hosein , Sadeghi Sadegh , Niknam Majid M. , Song Ling , Bagheri Nasour
Published: November 2020

CRAFT is a lightweight block cipher, designed to provide efficient protection against differential fault attacks. It is a tweakable cipher that includes 32 rounds to produce a ciphertext from a 64-bit plaintext using a 128-bit key and 64-bit public tweak. In this paper, compared to the designers’ analysis, we provide a more detailed analysis of CRAFT against differential and zero-correlation cryptanalysis, aiming to provide better distinguishers for the reduced rounds of the cipher. Our distinguishers for reduced-round CRAFT cover a higher number of rounds compared to the designers’ analysis. In our analysis, we observed that, for any number of rounds, the differential effect of CRAFT has an extremely higher probability compared to any differential trail. As an example, while the best trail for 11 rounds of the cipher has a probability of at least 2−80, we present a differential with probability 2−49.79, containing 229.66 optimal trails, all with the same optimum probability of 2−80. Next, we use a partitioning technique, based on optimal expandable truncated trails to provide a better estimation of the differential effect on CRAFT. Thanks to this technique, we are able to find differential distinguishers for 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, and 14 rounds of the cipher in single tweak model with the probabilities of at least 2−40.20, 2−45.12, 2−49.79, 2−54.49, 2−59.13, and 2−63.80, respectively. These probabilities should be compared with the best distinguishers provided by the designers in the same model for 9 and 10 rounds of the cipher with the probabilities of at least 2−54.67 and 2−62.61, respectively. In addition, we consider the security of CRAFT against the new concept of related tweak zero-correlation (ZC) linear cryptanalysis and present a new distinguisher which covers 14 rounds of the cipher, while the best previous ZC distinguisher covered 13 rounds. Thanks to the related tweak ZC distinguisher for 14 rounds of the cipher, we also present 14 rounds integral distinguishers in related tweak mode of the cipher. Although the provided analysis does not compromise the cipher, we think it provides a better insight into the designing of CRAFT.
On the Security Margin of TinyJAMBU with Refined Differential and Linear Cryptanalysis
Authors: Saha Dhiman , Sasaki Yu , Shi Danping , Sibleyras Ferdinand , Sun Siwei , Zhang Yingjie
Published: November 2020

This paper presents the first third-party security analysis of TinyJAMBU, which is one of 32 second-round candidates in NIST’s lightweight cryptography standardization process. TinyJAMBU adopts an NLFSR based keyed-permutation that computes only a single NAND gate as a non-linear component per round. The designers evaluated the minimum number of active AND gates, however such a counting method neglects the dependency between multiple AND gates. There also exist previous works considering such dependencies with stricter models, however those are known to be too slow. In this paper, we present a new model that provides a good balance of efficiency and accuracy by only taking into account the first-order correlation of AND gates that frequently occurs in TinyJAMBU. With the refined model, we show a 338-round differential with probability 2−62.68 that leads to a forgery attack breaking 64-bit security. This implies that the security margin of TinyJAMBU with respect to the number of unattacked rounds is approximately 12%. We also show a differential on full 384 rounds with probability 2−70.64, thus the security margin of full rounds with respect to the data complexity, namely the gap between the claimed security bits and the attack complexity, is less than 8 bits. Our attacks also point out structural weaknesses of the mode that essentially come from the minimal state size to be lightweight.
Extended Truncated-differential Distinguishers on Round-reduced AES
Authors: Bao Zhenzhen , Guo Jian , List Eik
Published: November 2020

Distinguishers on round-reduced AES have attracted considerable attention in the recent years. While the number of rounds covered in key-recovery attacks did not increase, subspace, yoyo, mixture-differential, and multiple-of-n cryptanalysis advanced the understanding of the properties of the cipher.For substitution-permutation networks, integral attacks are a suitable target for extension since they usually end after a linear layer sums several subcomponents. Based on results by Patarin, Chen et al. already observed that the expected number of collisions for a sum of permutations differs slightly from that for a random primitive. Though, their target remained lightweight primitives.The present work illustrates how the well-known integral distinguisher on three-round AES resembles a sum of PRPs and can be extended to truncated-differential distinguishers over 4 and 5 rounds. In contrast to previous distinguishers by Grassi et al., our approach allows to prepend a round that starts from a diagonal subspace. We demonstrate how the prepended round can be used for key recovery with a new differential key-recovery attack on six-round AES. Moreover, we show how the prepended round can also be integrated to form a six-round distinguisher. For all distinguishers and the key-recovery attack, our results are supported by implementations with Cid et al.’s established Small-AES version. While the distinguishers do not threaten the security of the AES, they try to shed more light on its properties.
Beyond-Birthday-Bound Security for 4-round Linear Substitution-Permutation Networks
Authors: Gao Yuan , Guo Chun , Wang Meiqin , Wang Weijia , Wen Jiejing
Published: November 2020

Recent works of Cogliati et al. (CRYPTO 2018) have initiated provable treatments of Substitution-Permutation Networks (SPNs), one of the most popular approach to construct modern blockciphers. Such theoretical SPN models may employ non-linear diffusion layers, which enables beyond-birthday-bound provable security. Though, for the model of real world blockciphers, i.e., SPN models with linear diffusion layers, existing provable results are capped at birthday security up to 2n/2 adversarial queries, where n is the size of the idealized S-boxes.In this paper, we overcome this birthday barrier and prove that a 4-round SPN with linear diffusion layers and independent round keys is secure up to 22n/3 queries. For this, we identify conditions on the linear layers that are sufficient for such security, which, unsurprisingly, turns out to be slightly stronger than Cogliati et al.’s conditions for birthday security. These provides additional theoretic supports for real world SPN blockciphers.
Efficient MILP Modelings for Sboxes and Linear Layers of SPN ciphers
Authors: Boura Christina , Coggia Daniel
Published: November 2020

Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) solvers are regularly used by designers for providing security arguments and by cryptanalysts for searching for new distinguishers. For both applications, bitwise models are more refined and permit to analyze properties of primitives more accurately than word-oriented models. Yet, they are much heavier than these last ones. In this work, we first propose many new algorithms for efficiently modeling any subset of Fn2 with MILP inequalities. This permits, among others, to model differential or linear propagation through Sboxes. We manage notably to represent the differential behaviour of the AES Sbox with three times less inequalities than before. Then, we present two new algorithms inspired from coding theory to model complex linear layers without dummy variables. This permits us to represent many diffusion matrices, notably the ones of Skinny-128 and AES in a much more compact way. To demonstrate the impact of our new models on the solving time we ran experiments for both Skinny-128 and AES. Finally, our new models allowed us to computationally prove that there are no impossible differentials for 5-round AES and 13-round Skinny-128 with exactly one input and one output active byte, even if the details of both the Sbox and the linear layer are taken into account.
Isap v2.0
Authors: Dobraunig Christoph , Eichlseder Maria , Mangard Stefan , Mendel Florian , Mennink Bart , Primas Robert , Unterluggauer Thomas
Published: November 2020

We specify Isap v2.0, a lightweight permutation-based authenticated encryption algorithm that is designed to ease protection against side-channel and fault attacks. This design is an improved version of the previously published Isap v1.0, and offers increased protection against implementation attacks as well as more efficient implementations. Isap v2.0 is a candidate in NIST’s LightWeight Cryptography (LWC) project, which aims to identify and standardize authenticated ciphers that are well-suited for applications in constrained environments. We provide a self-contained specification of the new Isap v2.0 mode and discuss its design rationale. We formally prove the security of the Isap v2.0 mode in the leakage-resilient setting. Finally, in an extensive implementation overview, we show that Isap v2.0 can be implemented securely with very low area requirements.

https://isap.iaik.tugraz.at
Xoodyak, a lightweight cryptographic scheme
Authors: Daemen Joan , Hoffert Seth , Peeters Michaël , Van Assche Gilles , Van Keer Ronny
Published: November 2020

In this paper, we present Xoodyak, a cryptographic primitive that can be used for hashing, encryption, MAC computation and authenticated encryption. Essentially, it is a duplex object extended with an interface that allows absorbing strings of arbitrary length, their encryption and squeezing output of arbitrary length. It inherently hashes the history of all operations in its state, allowing to derive its resistance against generic attacks from that of the full-state keyed duplex. Internally, it uses the Xoodoo[12] permutation that, with its width of 48 bytes, allows for very compact implementations. The choice of 12 rounds justifies a security claim in the hermetic philosophy: It implies that there are no shortcut attacks with higher success probability than generic attacks. The claimed security strength is 128 bits. We illustrate the versatility of Xoodyak by describing a number of use cases, including the ones requested by NIST in the lightweight competition. For those use cases, we translate the relatively detailed security claim that we make for Xoodyak into simple ones.
A survey of perioperative complications with Clavien-Dindo classification: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Muhammad Talha Khan  , Talha Akhtar  , Muhammad Atif Yasin  , Noman Ahmed Chaudhary  , Abdullah Sadiq  , Ahsan Tameez ud din
Published: November 2020

Abstract

Objectives: To determine the incidence of complications in elective surgeries and to grade them according to the Clavien-Dindo Classification System.

Method: The cross-sectional study was conducted in the General Surgery Operation Theatre of Holy Family Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from February to April 2018, and comprised patients undergoing elective surgeries. Age, gender, region of surgery, type and grade of complications, were recorded using Clavien-Dindo Classification proforma. Data was analysed using SPSS 23.

Results: Of the total 212 patients, 36(16.9%) had some complication. There were significantly more complications in people aged 40 years or above compared to those <40 years (p<0.05). Of the total surgeries, 126(59.43%) were in the abdomino-pelvic region.

Conclusion: Peri-operative complications were found to be significantly related with age of the patient and the type of surgery.

Key Words: Classification, Peri-operative procedures, Continuous...
Duas correções à epistemologia de Popper
Authors: Schorn Remi
Published: November 2020

Este artigo discute duas concepções relativas a dois problemas filosóficos e apresenta formulações teóricas mais compatíveis com as demais dimensões da proposta epistemológica de Popper. O primeiro problema é: o conhecimento corresponde ao seu conteúdo? Mostramos que a concepção de verdade correspondencial, defendida pelo autor, não é a mais adequada e que uma concepção coerentista falibilista, articulada com uma ontologia relacional, é mais apta ào sistema teórico de Popper. O segundo problema é: a totalidade do existente pode ser apreendida por teorias científicas ou abordagens teóricas dessa ordem guardam, necessariamente, elementos metafísicos? Sustentar-se-á que a concepção de demarcação entre ciência e não ciência é impeditiva à constituição de uma cosmologia consequente, por fracionar o que a intuição criativa conjectural projeta como racionalidade capaz de aumentar a crítica objetiva às teorias vigentes e desafiar a racionalidade estabelecida nos programas de pesquisa. Aqui a deficiência da epistemologia popperiano será corrigida.
O diálogo entre a razão e a revelação na epistemologia de John Locke: um estudo dos capítulos xviii e xix do livro IV do Ensaio
Authors: Duarte Ramiro Marinelli
Published: November 2020

Este artigo se propõe a examinar um aspecto particular da estrutura epistemológica que Locke elabora no Ensaio. Na sua epistemologia, Locke busca um ponto de equilíbrio entre os dois domínios do entendimento humano, a saber, o conhecimento e a crença em geral. Dentro da crença em geral, existe uma divisão entre a crença que é produto da razão e a crença que é produto de uma intervenção extraordinária de Deus, ou seja, a revelação. Partindo de um estudo bibliográfico da relação entre a razão e a revelação dentro da epistemologia lockeana, mais especificamente dentro do livro IV do Ensaio, pretende-se investigar as bases racionais nas quais Locke funda a relação entre a razão e a revelação. O diálogo entre essas duas instâncias pode trazer benefícios para ambas as partes, alargando o conhecimento humano em alguns casos e evitando que a fé religiosa caia na irracionalidade.
Rudolf Malter e o pessimismo crítico schopenhaueriano
Authors: Durante Felipe dos Santos
Published: November 2020

Este artigo tem por objetivo, a partir da leitura do célebre livro de Rudolf Malter – O pensamento único: introdução à filosofia de Arthur Schopenhauer (Der Eine Gedanke: Hinführung zur Philosophie Arthur Schopenhauers), em especial da seção intitulada Característica conclusiva: Pessimismo – um conceito crítico (Abschließende Charakteristik: Pessimismus – ein kritischer Begriff ) –,  apresentar a hipótese hermenêutica de um dos mais eminentes interpretes da filosofia schopenhaueriana, a qual versa sobre o pessimismo enquanto conceito crítico, e que pode ser entendida como um dos pontos de sustentação para a justificativa de interpretação da filosofia schopenhaueriana a partir de um viés soteriológico.
Schopenhauer e a Pessimismus-Frage: A influência da filosofia schopenhaueriana durante a controvérsia sobre o pessimismo na filosofia alemã do final do século XIX
Authors: Soares Daniel Quaresma Figueira
Published: November 2020

A fim de celebrar o bicentenário da publicação d´O mundo como vontade e representação, rememoraremos uma polêmica de grandes proporções na filosofia alemã ao final do século XIX: a Pessimismus-Frage (controvérsia sobre o pessimismo). Originada pela recepção da filosofia schopenhaueriana, essa polêmica suscitou – sobretudo após a morte de Schopenhauer - extensos debates entre os partidários do pessimismo filosófico e seus críticos. Iniciaremos descrevendo algumas características do horizonte intelectual alemão da época. A seguir, apresentaremos traços do pensamento de três representantes da chamada escola de Schopenhauer, defensores do pessimismo filosófico. Posteriormente, elencaremos algumas das principais críticas dirigidas contra Schopenhauer e seu pessimismo, oriundas sobretudo do movimento neokantiano, ora dominante na filosofia universitária alemã. Concluiremos mostrando como a Pessimismus-Frage tinha como pressuposto uma discussão acerca da natureza e dos limites da própria filosofia, ressaltando a influência (geralmente subestimada) da filosofia schopenhaueriana durante a segunda metade do século XIX na Alemanha.
Angústia de consciência: maldade e redenção, estética e ética na filosofia de Arthur Schopenhauer
Authors: Giacoia Junior Oswaldo
Published: November 2020

A partir de uma aproximação com a filosofia de Kitaro Nishida, este artigo reflete sobre a relação entre ética e estética no sistema de pensamento de Arthur Schopenhauer, por meio do tratamento de uma difícil questão apresentada em sua filosofia prática: a transição da maldade extrema – a Schadenfreude (alegria maligna) – para a autonegação da vontade de viver. Trata-se de um problema que implica a distinção entre vivência estética, ética, religião e ascese, e suscita a possibilidade de uma figura radical da existência humana no mundo.
Nilismo e ressentimento na terceira dissertação da Genealogia da Moral
Authors: Paschoal Antonio
Published: November 2020

No prefácio da Genealogia da moral, Nietzsche anuncia que a terceira dissertação daquele livro consiste na interpretação de um aforismo. O aforismo em questão diz respeito ao perigo que representa para o homem a falta de sentido para o sofrimento e também às soluções adotadas no Ocidente para enfrentar esse perigo. De fato, a formulação daquele aforismo corresponde a um desdobramento da seção final de O mundo como vontade e representação, de Schopenhauer. Assim, a compreensão da interpretação que se segue ao aforismo deve considerar esse vínculo entre a terceira dissertação da Genealogia da moral e o livro de Schopenhauer, o modo como Schopenhauer sintetiza as principais soluções para aquele problema e também a crítica de Nietzsche a Schopenhauer. Uma crítica construída em grande parte, conforme pretendo mostrar, sobre o conceito de ressentimento.
Staring at the Screen: Interview with Photographer Robbie Cooper
Authors: Pevec Iza , Cooper Robbie
Published: November 2020

From the beginnings of the photography, portrait photography has had a special aura – reading one’s own facial expressions and those of others is after all a very human trait. In his project Immersion, British artist Robbie Cooper presents a specific type of portraits – portraits of people as media consumers. We are all aware of the frightening statistics of the average number of hours spent behind the screen, yet Cooper’s intention was not to moralise. A diverse spectrum of people’s expressions captured during watching various media content tells only one part of our human story. In the Immersion, the screen becomes some kind of mirror, recording intense expressions of the portrayed persons, captured with an in-built camera. Because of the accompanying sound, we can guess what the people are watching – the content includes everything, from video games, pornography to snuff movies. Stills from the movies have less documentary value. With the help of the high quality of the photos, the frozen grimaces become peculiarly similar to the classical portraits from the history of art. Almost eccentric grimaces confuse us and at the same time remind us how realistic virtual reality feels. Cooper had already explored our relationship towards virtual reality in his project Alter Ego, in which he sets the gamers of virtual games next to their avatars. He was interested in the human element of virtual worlds by questioning what imaginary personas can tell us about their creators. Throughout our conversation, questions of human consciousness arose.

Keywords: expressive face, grimace, human character and facial expression, media content, Robbie Cooper, role-playing
Good Girls Grimacing: Grimacing and the Economy of Excess
Authors: Schwärzler Monika
Published: November 2020

While at the end of the 19th century grimacing was considered a symptom of schizophrenia, and pulling faces was regarded as an assault on the decency and reliability of facial features, grimacing has become a frequent practice on social media today. My argument will be that the distorted physiognomy of Facebook users features ready-made expressions that do not correspond with any deeply felt psychic reality. There is nothing essential about the contractions of the facial muscles enacted by these members of the social media community. They are playing, trying out poses, and emulating already approved face farces. My thesis is that by performing these grimaces young people create a reality of surplus and excess which they would otherwise miss. If everyone is supposed to enjoy him/herself to the fullest, then the excessively grimacing party manages to communicate this effectively. Grimacing has become a performative act of talking or photographing oneself into a feeling of high life. To prove my point, I will do a close-reading of a commercial that most recently appeared on billboards in Vienna, depicted a young woman performing one of the standard grimaces. The verbal message said, “Do not just stand but pose,” implying that the model is given credit for the extra effort that “posing” requires. Subsequently, her figure morphs into the classic disciplined body, well known as one of the main battle zones of economic interests and power plays.

Keywords: expressive performance, grimace, photography, selfie culture, social media
Self-Portrait Hanging between Personal and Social Grimace
Authors: Peraica Ana
Published: November 2020

The article argues that contemporary selfie culture is fully organized around grimaces, one type of face succeeding the other. After being recorded plenty of times, the “duck face” and “fish face” have become almost natural and socially acceptable. Article questions this assumption asking if these types of faces have not in fact already existed before. Grimace can be a result of an inner input, such as pain or madness, distorting our natural face, which then covers up the natural grimace as clothes do our intimate body parts. Thus, there are funny and less funny, socially communicative and mirror grimaces, there are meaningful ones and completely meaningless distortions of one’s face. Discussing the works of both artists and scientists, such as (among others) Anton Joseph Trčka, Alphonse Bertillon, Jean-Martin Charcot, Duchenne de Boulogne, Hannah Wilke and Sanja Iveković the article deals with the notion of the grimace as the posing in the intersection between public and private sphere.

Keywords: burgeoisation of art, grimace, physiognomical science and art, selfie
We Need More Documentary, and We Need More than Documentary: Interview with Art Historian Steve Edwards
Authors: Alves de Oliveira Andreia , Edwards Steve
Published: November 2020

Steve Edwards teaches history and theory of photography and is a fiery, self-described “radical from a working-class background”, “post-Trotskyist” and “socialist feminist”, who reads “Marx and more Marx”. We met in 2016 in Lisbon at an academic conference on Photography and the Left, where he was one of the keynote speakers. Edwards’ paper tracked the changes in relation to the Left and the documentary movement in Britain from the 1970s to the present day, his argument consisting in that documentary and social class are closely entwined. This interview, done at Birkbeck, University of London, which he joined as a Professor at the beginning of this academic year, revisits the main themes of what was, in many ways, an enlightening and inspiring talk. Using the two terms – Photography and the Left – to frame and anchor the discussion, our exchange covers Edwards’ political education, the 1970s emergence of a key period in visual theory and subsequent mutations in political visual practice, up to its present status in a neoliberal society and the forms and intellectual basis of contemporary resistance to it. Although the exchange is centred on the British context, it is done so, however, with total awareness of it being an instance among others of documentary photography’s many global manifestations. It is with these manifestations that this interview aims to enter into dialogue, through its publication in a magazine with a global audience such as Membrana’s.
Active Perceptual Systems
Authors: Zylinska Joanna
Published: November 2020

The images that make up the project presented here are very much part of “the technical universe of images” Flusser has identified in his book [Into the Universe of Technical Images]. They were taken over a period of two years with an automated “intelligent” wearable camera called the Autographer. The artist wore the camera in various everyday situations: on a city walk, in a holiday resort, in an art gallery, in a lecture theatre, at home. The machinic behaviour was nevertheless influenced by the way her body moved, enacting a form of immersive, corporeal perception that broke with the linearity of perspectival vision and its representationalist ambitions, while also retaining human involvement in the multiple acts of image capture. The human element was also foregrounded in the subsequent editing activities: Zylinska was faced with over 18,000 images from which she chose several dozen. Active Perceptual Systems thus raises the question of whether the creative photographer can be seen as first and foremost an editor: a Flusserian in-former who provides structure to the imagistic flow after the images have been taken.

Keywords: algorithm, Autographer, editor, surveillance, technical image
Self-representation and self-determination: Sarayaku and the audiovisual appropriation for the sake of territorial defense.
Authors: Fajardo Andrea
Published: November 2020

This text analyzes the process of audiovisual production of the Kichwa Sarayaku People of the Ecuadorean Amazon, as part of a politics of a positioned, relational and dynamic representation, with which they have reconfigured their strategies of struggle, for territorial and cultural defense and self-determination, this process also permitted them to use media, not just to denounce, but also to subjectivize and enunciate their ways of being in the world.
O fundamental papel do estrato córneo: um novo olhar dentro da saúde estética
Authors: Soares da Silva Thaisa , De Almeida Marques Sabrina de Almeida Marques , Bighetti Aparecida Erica
Published: November 2020

A pele tem a principal função de proteger o organismo humano através da função barreira, através de lipídeos organizados em lâminas que preenchem as lacunas intercelulares. O corneócito participa efetivamente da formação do fator natural de hidratação, que impedem a desidratação tecidual. Este artigo possui o intuito de ressaltar a importância da barreira cutânea, focando em estruturas primordiais e na preservação do corneócito, antes visto como produto final da degradação de queratinócitos e sem atividade metabólica. Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica integrativa, realizada a partir de 4 livros nacionais publicados entre 2016 a 2019 e 21 artigos científicos em idiomas como: inglês, francês, espanhol e português, datados entre 2008 e 2019, coletados em bases de dados como PUMED, LILACS, BIRENE, SCIELO e MEDLINE. Desde a vida gestacional o feto desenvolve um material lipídico protetor denominado vernix caseoso, com importantíssimo papel na formação da barreira epidérmica e peptídeos antimicrobianos, o cuidado com a higiene da pele do neonato deverá ser cauteloso, evitando a destruição da barreira cutânea que é vital para o bebê. Atualmente, sabe-se que o estrato córneo não é um aglomerado de células mortas, e que a função barreira é somente uma de suas principais execuções entre as 16 contabilizadas até o momento, inclusive a formação de lipídeos essenciais, como ceramidas, ácidos graxos e colesterol, além do fator natural de hidratação, realizado através da clivagem da filagrina, que irá apresentar subprodutos, assim como a histidina, atuante como proteção contra raios ultravioletas. Dados demonstram que 12% a 15 % da população em geral apresenta mutação no gene da filagrina, o que leva ao surgimento de doenças cutâneas como dermatite atópica, devido a deficiência da barreira cutânea. O estrato córneo deve ser tratado e preservado, do nascimento a senescência, protegendo o organismo, mantendo a homeostasia e saúde da pele.
El lápiz color piel y el sufrimiento racial en la socialización de los infantes de la negritud
Authors: Mena Garcia Maria Isabel
Published: November 2020

En diferentes escenarios ha sido constante la idea que Colombia, no es solo es un país multiétnico, plurilinguístico sino también poliracial.  Los dos primeros calificativos están más presentes en la vida nacional, mientras que la imagen de varias razas, representa en el mejor de los casos un pánico social difícil de nombrar, fácil de polemizar al negar o admitir su existencia. Particularmente, donde la revelación de los colores de la piel, provoca mayor sensibilidad es en la escuela, por ello este avance, se suma a la corriente de estudios que se ocupan de las consecuencias de la raza en la vida de los infantes escolarizados. Para delimitar el alcance de este artículo se precisa que éste, corresponde a los resultados preliminares de una tesis doctoral en curso cuyo tema central es la identidad racial de niños y niñas negros, para situar este debate, se pregunta ¿Con que colores pinta la niñez de la negritud, su color de piel y fenotipo? En términos metodológicos, se escogió el método cualitativo que a través de talleres sobre el dibujo del cuerpo posibilitara la participación protagónica de los infantes, para a partir de esas fuentes, provocar nuevas interrogaciones al sujeto niño negro, cuyos conocimientos en los estudios de la infancia, siguen brillando por su ausencia. Las respuestas iniciales señalan que estos dibujantes, no se pintan mayoritariamente con colores distintos al color piel o rosado, tan común en las cajas de colores infantiles, situación que corrobora hallazgos de hace décadas en torno a una conciencia racial, que muestra confusiones por parte de los renacientes de la negritud.
Docência na Educação Infantil: tecendo reflexões sobre gênero, masculinidade e formação de professores/as
Authors: Souza Rayffi Gumercindo Pereira de , Ferreira José Luiz , Leal Fernanda de Lourdes Almeida
Published: November 2020

As realidades da Educação Infantil no Brasil e em outros países revelam a reduzida procura dos homens para atuarem como docentes nessa etapa da Educação Básica. Talvez decorra daí o fato de também serem escassas as pesquisas que envolvem a docência masculina nesse âmbito. Nesse contexto, este estudo, fruto de experiências de pesquisas e de vivências educativas com crianças pequenas, tem por objetivo refletir sobre a participação dos homens na função de docentes na Educação Infantil, tomando por referência as categorias de gênero e masculinidades, a formação de professores/as no curso de Pedagogia de uma universidade pública de Campina Grande-PB e a experiência de um dos autores com crianças de 4 e 5 anos de idade. Teoricamente, o trabalho está subsidiado por pesquisas relativas à questão de gênero, masculinidades, infâncias e formação de professores/as. Partindo dos relatos de algumas experiências e articulando-as à teoria pertinente, o debate das ideias contidas neste texto enseja reflexões teóricas e formas de agir visando superar atitudes discriminatórias a respeito da docência de homens na Educação Infantil.
Poder local e autoridades tradicionais em Angola: desafios e oportunidades
Authors: Santin Janaína Rigo , Teixeira Carlos Manuel dos Santos
Published: November 2020

A pesquisa procura analisar o Poder Local em Angola, país situado na África Sub-saariana, e as instituições que o integram, reconhecidas explicitamente na Constitução da República de Angola de 2010. Entretanto, o Poder Local e as instituições descentralizadas e participativas que o compõem necessitam muito mais do que o seu reconhecimento formal. É preciso desenvolver instituições políticas participativas. E esse é o grande desafio da governação local democrática angolana neste século XXI.
Long-term follow-up results of patients diagnosed with nonspecific pleuritis by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery biopsy
Authors: Agca Meltem , Yildiz Reyhan , Akyil Fatma T. , Sen Aycim , Kosif Aysun , Akyil Mustafa , Sevim Tulin
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Non-specific pleuritis (NSP) is a fibrinous or inflammatory pleurisy that is not attributable to a benign or malign etiology. The long-term follow-up results of patients diagnosed with NSP following video-
assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) were investigated in this study.

Material and methods

This investigation focused on 593 patients with exudative pleural effusion who underwent VATS between 2011 and 2014. Of the 137 patients diagnosed with NSP, a total of 39 patients were excluded from the study.

Results

Out of the 98 patients, 78 were male (80%) with their mean age being 52.2 ±15.9 years. The mean follow-up period was 1919 ±744 days. Of these patients, 70 (71.4%) had no specific diagnosis, while 28 patients (28.6%) did have specific diagnoses. Malignancy was detected in seven (7.1%) of those with specific diagnoses, with most of the diagnoses of malignancy detected within the first 36 months. Malignant diseases included mesothelioma (n = 2), lung cancer (n = 2), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (n = 1), soft tissue sarcoma (n = 1), and multiple myeloma (n = 1). Chest radiographs of malignant patients showed that statistically significantly larger amounts of fluid (40% vs. 6.9%, p = 0.026), pleural plaque (20% vs. 1.1%, p = 0.020) and nodules (20% vs. 7.7%, p = 0.020) were detected compared to patients with a benign course.

Conclusions

Most patients diagnosed with NSP after VATS had a benign disease course. There was a probability of malignancy, although it was low. Mesothelioma and other malignancies could be seen within the first 36 months after the biopsy. Apart from mesothelioma, other malignancies should also be considered, and further follow-up recommended for patients with a large amount of fluid, plaque and nodules found in the initial VATS images.