bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dancing the Foreign Aid Appropriations Dance: Recurring Themes in the Modern Congresses
Authors: Irwin Lewis G.
Published: March 2003

In studying changes and continuities in the Congress since the early 1960s, a persistent set of “rules of the game’ in the foreign aid appropriations process emerged from the analysis. These rules shape both the foreign aid appropriations process as well as the nature of the relationship between the executive and legislative branches on this issue. Utilizing involved actor accounts and detailed, descriptive case studies of the passage of foreign aid appropriations laws in the early 1960s and 1990s, I argue here that the foreign aid appropriations process is a routinely choreographed political production with important recurring continuities in the modern era. I describe and analyze recurring features of the foreign aid appropriations process that constrain or benefit the various political actors interested in thwarting, advancing, or using the aid program. Furthermore, I argue that from the legislative actors' perspective, the underlying continuities that define the legislative process trump the changes to the process in perceived importance, and that the actors view people, rather than procedure, as the most important determinant of success or failure.
Estimating Tax Evasion Losses: The Road Fund Case
Authors: Hackbart Merl , Ramsey James R.
Published: March 2003

Federal, state, and local government concern about the loss of state revenues from tax evasion has increased in recent years. In order for policymakers to address this issue effectively, more information regarding the nature and magnitude of the problem is needed. This article reports on research that focuses on estimating the level of road fund tax evasion for several states. Estimates of road fund tax evasion are developed from previous research regarding individual state evasion levels, perceptions of road fund tax evasion by state revenue officials, and a statistical estimate of road fund tax evasion.
On Empty Compliments and Deceptive Detours
Authors: Frankenberry Nancy
Published: March 2003

The philosophical question Nunez raises is whether we can have, as he thinks we need, a theoretical grounding for appeal to the intrinsic value of nature. This article examines the neopragmatist reasons for repudiating metaphysical realism's notions of intrinsicality and subject‐independent reality. Following the holism of Donald Davidson and Richard Rorty rather than the epistemological premises of Holmes Rolston and Bernard Lonergan, the author concludes that coping with the ecological crisis does not require conjuring an epistemic crisis. Environmental ethics in neopragmatist hands would seek procedures for bringing about agreement in improving our practices, not our epistemology.
Self‐Deception, Confusion, and Salvation in Fear AndTrembling with Works of Love
Authors: Hall Amy Laura
Published: March 2003

Reading Fear and Trembling with Works of Love heightens Kierkegaard's summons to acknowledge the ambiguity of our aims and the treachery of our love. Works of Love underscores that there is a“neighbor” in Fear and Trembling whose justified or damnable banishment occasions Kierkegaard's attempt to “track down” the “illusions” of love. Through de Silentio, Kierkegaard prompts the reader to consider whether the promise has been broken due to radical obedience, lack of faith, dearth of imagination, or a gnarled combination of motives. We are to recognize our kinship with the duplicitous merman and discover that we must, like Tobit's Sarah, receive an extravagant gift. Fear and Trembling is thus a text with soteriological import, but with ethical import as well. Convicted by and indebted to God, we are to find in Abraham's act a premonitory paradigm for every engagement.
Durkheim and Pragmatism: An Old Twist on a Contemporary Debate
Authors: Rawls Anne Warfield
Published: March 2003

Durkheim's lectures on pragmatism, given in 1913–14, constitute both a significant critique of pragmatism and a clarification of Durkheim's own position. Unfortunately, these lectures have received little attention, most of it critical. When they have been taken seriously, the analysis tends to focus on their historical context and not on the details of Durkheim's actual argument. This is partly because the tendency to interpret Durkheim's theory of knowledge in idealist terms makes a nonsense of his criticisms of pragmatism. It is also due to a lack of serious appraisal of the lectures as a series of arguments in their own right.
The Double Center of Gravity in Durkheim's Symbol Theory: Bringing the Symbolism of the Body Back in
Authors: Janssen Jacques , Verheggen Theo
Published: March 2003

By studying Dürkheim through a Schopenhauerian lens, the one-sidedly cognitivist and functionalist reception of his social theory can be balanced. Durkheim explicitly rejected such monistic interpretations. His dialectical approach was always aimed at an essentially dualistic perception of man and society, wherein the lower pole, the individual, is central. In Durkheim's symbol theory, this position leads to two kinds of symbols: those that are bound to the human body, here called “this and that” symbols, and those people can choose freely, here called “this for that” symbols. This twofold symbol theory can already be found in medieval philosophy (e.g. Dante Alighieri) as well as in the work of Paul Ricoeur. For Durkheim the human person is the symbol par excellence. By implication the rituals in which the person is (re)constructed, that is the rites of passage, should be central. The interpretation here opens up new perspectives for a more psychological interpretation of Durkheim's sociology.
Parsons's Emergent Durkheims
Authors: Tiryakian Edward A.
Published: March 2003

Parsons's training as an economist, his graduate stay at Heidelberg, and his participation in the Henderson seminar at Harvard provide major clues to his familiarity with Marshall, Pareto, and Weber—three of the four figures whose convergence forms the major theoretical achievement in The Structure of Social Action. But what led him to Durkheim, since Parsons did not study or reside in France, yet read Durkheim in the original, remains an enigma. Without resolving the enigma, this paper argues that Parsons had a great deal in common with Durkheim, and, equally important, that in his mature and late periods he found in his “revisits” of the later writings of Durkheim both inspiration and affinity. I argue that Parsons well deserves recognition as a major authority on Durkheim, and that both combined offer an alternative to the contemporary version of utilitarianism.
Shame and the Social Bond: A Sociological Theory
Authors: Scheff Thomas J.
Published: March 2003

Emotion has long been recognized in sociology as crucially important, but most references to it are generalized and vague. In this essay, I nominate shame, specifically, as the premier social emotion. First I review the individualized treatment of shame in psychoanalysis and psychology, and the absence of social context. Then I consider the contributions to the social dimensions of shame by six sociologists (Georg Simmel, Charles Cooley, Norbert Elias, Richard Sennett, Helen Lynd, Erving Goffman) and a psychologist/psychoanalyst (Helen Lewis). I show that Cooley and Lynd, particularly, made contributions to a theory of shame and the social bond. Lewis's idea that shame arises from threats to the bond integrates the contributions of all six sociologists, and points toward future research on emotion, conflict, and alienation/integration.
Dreams of Pure Sociology
Authors: Black Donald
Published: March 2003

Unlike older sciences such as physics and biology, sociology has never had a revolution. Modern sociology is still classical—largely psychological, teleological, and individualistic—and even less scientific than classical sociology. But pure sociology is different: It predicts and explains the behavior of social life with its location and direction in social space—its geometry. Here I illustrate pure sociology with formulations about the behavior of ideas, including a theory of scienticity that predicts and explains the degree to which an idea is likely to be scientific (testable, general, simple, valid, and original). For example: Scienticity is a curvilinear function of social distance from the subject. This formulation explains numerous facts about the history and practice of science, such as why some sciences evolved earlier and faster than others and why so much sociology is so unscientific. Because scientific theory is the most scientific science, the theory of scienticity also implies a theory of theory and a methodology for the development of theory.
Why Men Commit Crimes (and Why They Desist)
Authors: Kanazawa Satoshi , Still Mary C.
Published: March 2003

Hirschi and Gottfredson (1983) claim that the relationship between age and crime is similar in all social and cultural conditions and that no current sociological or criminological theory can account for this similarity. We introduce the new field of evolutionary psychology and extend Daly and Wilson's (1988) work on homicide to construct a general theory of male criminality, which explains why men commit violent and property crimes. The theory can also explain the age-crime curve. It might also account for some empirical anomalies such as why physically smaller boys are more delinquent, and why violent criminals desist more slowly.
Social Skill and the Theory of Fields
Authors: Fligstein Neil
Published: March 2003

The problem of the relationship between actors and the social structures in which they are embedded is central to sociological theory. This paper suggests that the “new institutionalist” focus on fields, domains, or games provides an alternative view of how to think about this problem by focusing on the construction of local orders. This paper criticizes the conception of actors in both rational choice and sociological versions of these theories. A more sociological view of action, what is called “social skill,” is developed. The idea of social skill originates in symbolic interactionism and is defined as the ability to induce cooperation in others. This idea is elaborated to suggest how actors are important to the construction and reproduction of local orders. I show how its elements already inform existing work. Finally, I show how the idea can sensitize scholars to the role of actors in empirical work.
The Problem of Triple Contingency in Habermas
Authors: Strydom Piet
Published: March 2003

From a certain perspective, Habermas's theory of communicative action is a response, in extension of Mead, Schutz, and Parsons, to the risk of dissension posed by double contingency. Starting from double contingency, both The Theory of Communicative Action and Between Facts and Norms are essentially an elaboration of a solution to this problem in terms of a more fully developed theory of communication than had been available to his predecessors. Given the intense concentration and the immense expenditure of energy on the working out of the coordinating accomplishments and structures required by the complex solution envisaged by him, it is unsurprising that Habermas overlooks the next most important problem intermittently raised by the theory of communicative action, namely, the problem of “triple contingency,” that is, the contingency that the public brings into the social process. This has far-reaching implications for Habermas's place in the sociological tradition and for the relation of the younger generation to him. Because of his continued search for a solution to a problem posed in the classical phase of sociology and his concomitant failure to develop the new problem that he himself raised in the course of so doing, he can be classified with Parsons as being a neoclassical sociologist. He nevertheless bequeaths a serious problem to contemporary sociology.
Pareto‐Optimal Conceptual Design of the Structural Layout of Buildings Using a Multicriteria Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Park Kwang‐Wook , Grierson Donald E.
Published: March 2003

This article presents a computational procedure for multicriteria optimal conceptual design of the structural layout of buildings subject to given specifications and requirements. Two objective criteria are considered for evaluating alternative designs. The first objective concerns minimizing the building project cost through minimization of a function defining the combined costs of the building structural system and the land for the building site. The second objective concerns optimizing the flexibility of floor space usage, which is a qualitative criterion that is given a quantitative form through minimization of an exponential function that relates tributary load area to the spacing of columns. A multicriteria genetic algorithm (MGA) is applied to solve the biobjective conceptual building layout design problem using Pareto optimization theory . The MGA process is shown to be similar to that of the simple genetic algorithm, except that the fitness evaluation of candidate designs is based on a distance metric related to the Pareto‐optimal set. A variable‐mutation technique is introduced to maintain genetic diversity and to accelerate the stochastic search for the global optimum. An example conceptual building layout design is presented using the MGA, and the applicability and efficiency of the developed computational conceptual design procedure are discussed.
Training Artificial Neural Networks with the Aid of Fuzzy Sets
Authors: Juang C. Hsein , Ni S. H. , Lu Ping C.
Published: March 2003

This article presents a technique of training artificial neural networks (ANNs) with the aid of fuzzy sets theory. The proposed ANN model is trained with field observation data for predicting the collapse potential of soils. This ANN model uses seven soil parameters as input variables. The output variable is the collapsibility (whether the soil is collapsible) or the collapse potential (if the soil is judged collapsible). The proposed technique involves a module for preprocessing input soil parameters and a module for postprocessing network output. The preprocessing module screens the input data through a group of predefined fuzzy sets, and the postprocessing module, on the other hand, “defuzzifies” the output from the network into a “nonfuzzy” collapse potential, a single value. The ANN with the proposed preprocessing and post‐process techniques is shown to be superior to the conventional ANN model in the present study.
Optimal Inspection and Maintenance Policies for Infrastructure Networks
Authors: Smilowitz Karen , Madanat Samer
Published: March 2003

State‐of‐the‐art infrastructure management systems use Markov decision processes (MDPs) as a methodology for maintenance and rehabilitation (M&R) decision making. The underlying assumption in this methodology is that inspections are performed at predetermined and fixed time intervals and that they reveal the true condition state of the facility, with no measurement error. As a result, after an inspection, the decision maker can apply the activity prescribed by the optimal policy for that condition state of the facility.

In previous research, the second author has applied a methodology for M&R activity selection that accounts for the presence of both forecasting and measurement uncertainty. This methodology is the latent Markov decision process (LMDP), an extension of the traditional MDP that relaxes the assumptions of error‐free annual facility inspections.

In this article we extend this methodology to include network‐level constraints. This can be achieved by extending the LMDP model to the network‐level problem through the use of randomized policies. We present both finite‐horizon (transient) and infinite‐horizon (steady‐state) formulations of the network‐level LMDP. A case study application demonstrates the expected savings in life‐cycle costs that result from increasing the measurement accuracy used in facility inspections and from optimal scheduling of inspections.
Preliminary Design of Long‐Span King‐Post Truss Systems with a Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Xu Lei , Gong Yanglin
Published: March 2003

This article presents an efficient design approach for the preliminary design of long‐span king‐post steel truss systems. First of all, the key parameters that govern effectiveness of the design of a truss system that has its own unique geometric configuration are identified. An optimization model based on the identified key design parameters and the proposed simplified analysis model is established next. A genetic algorithm is then applied to search for the optimal key design parameters. Finally, design examples based on the study of two arena projects in North America are presented. The results of the study suggest that the proposed design method provides an efficient and practical solution for the design of long‐span king‐post truss systems.
Automatic Palletizing of Concrete Pavement Blocks: An Algorithm for Near‐Optimal Assembly
Authors: Shoval Shraga , Rosenfeld Yehiel , Navon Ronie
Published: March 2003

Palletizing concrete pavement blocks is a labor‐intensive task that requires high levels of workmanship, skill, and concentration. This article proposes an automatic system in which palettes with required design patterns are assembled automatically off‐site and then shipped to the construction site. The efficiency of the assembly process can be improved by incorporating automatic equipment consisting of assembly heads and feeders. An algorithm was developed to determine the optimal layout of the feeders (of different blocks) around the palette and the exact assembly sequence of each layer of blocks. Experimental results show that the algorithm is near optimal and that the solutions provided by it reduce palletizing cycle time for various patterns and sizes of concrete block by 20 to 30 percent.
Estimating Volume Change of Triaxial Soil Specimens from Planar Images
Authors: Alshibli Khalid A. , Al‐Hamdan Mohammad Z.
Published: March 2003

A series of conventional triaxial experiments were conducted on sand specimens aboard the Space Shuttle during the NASA STS‐79 mission. A 360° video coverage to monitor the specimen deformations was recorded during the experiments. Post‐flight analyses included retrieving the video images for further analysis. Analysis tools were developed to correct distortion in specimen images due to using wide‐angle lenses employing quadratic polynomial functions implemented in a computer code. Planar projections of specimen video images were used along with the x‐ray computed tomography images to reconstruct three‐dimensional (3D) renderings of triaxial sand specimens at different axial strain levels. Volumetric change of the specimens was accurately calculated and compared to measurements recorded during the Shuttle flight. 3D renderings that show the progress of specimen deformations were also developed and displayed. Such results are valuable for documenting true 3D recordings of soils instability phenomena tested using standard triaxial compression procedures and for applications related to educational demonstrations of conventional testing of soils.
The Double‐Deficit Theory of Reading Disability Does Not Fit All
Authors: Ackerman Peggy T. , Holloway Carol A. , Youngdahl Patricia L. , Dykman Roscoe A.
Published: March 2003

The double‐deficit theory of reading disability (Wolf & Bowers, 1999) was examined in a sample of 56 reading‐disabled and 45 normal‐reading elementary school children (aged 8 to 11). As hypothesized, the two groups differed markedly on all phonological analysis tasks and on rapid continuous naming of digits and letters (the double deficits), but they differed as well on orthographic tasks, attention ratings, arithmetic achievement, and all WISC‐III factors except perceptual organization. Within the reading‐disabled (RD) sample, children in the double‐deficit subgroup were no more impaired in reading and spelling than those with a single deficit in phonological analysis, and those with a single deficit in rapid naming were no more impaired than those with neither deficit. Multiple regression analyses suggest that a multiple causality theory of RD is more plausible than a double‐deficit theory.
Integrating Tax Distortions and Externality Theory
Authors: De Bartolome Charles A. M.
Published: March 2003

Tax distortions are interpreted as fiscal externalities. By purchasing a taxed commodity, the individual generates tax revenue that is a benefit external to the purchaser. Behaving noncooperatively, the individual chooses a quantity that is less than the efficient level. The excess burden is interpreted as the benefit of choosing quantities cooperatively. The analysis clarifies the difference between the marginal cost of funds and the marginal excess burden, and explains the presence of compensated demands in the Harberger Triangle, in the Index of Discouragement, and in the Ramsey Equations.
Government Policy in a Stochastic Growth Model with Elastic Labor Supply
Authors: Turnovsky Stephen J.
Published: March 2003

Endogenous labor supply is introduced into a stochastic growth model. Money is superneutral, and the real part of the equilibrium can be characterized by two nonlinear trade‐off loci between the time devoted to leisure and the mean growth rate that ensure the following: (i) equality among the risk‐adjusted rates of return and (ii) equilibrium in the output market. The balanced growth equilibrium is characterized analytically and policy implications derived. Extensive numerical simulations are also conducted. These assess the effects of risk on growth and the impact of fiscal policy on both the mean growth rate and its volatility. Implications for optimal monetary policy are also addressed.
The Normative Resources of Kierkegaard's Subjectivity Principle
Authors: Penner Myron B.
Published: March 2003

Kierkegaard’s subjectivity principle is a critique of modern epistemology that remains normative. These norms result from analysis of subjectivity in terms of its reflexive and constitutional elements. Kierkegaard’s epistemology is intrinsically theological and explicates human subjectivity in terms of Christian doctrinal concepts such as revelation, sin and atonement. Here the superiority of Christianity is located not in its propositions as such, but in a way of being that effectuates a certain propositional understanding of the world as it establishes the ground for human subjectivity.
Aspects of Salvation: Some Unscholastic Themes from Calvin’s Institutes
Authors: Gunton Colin
Published: March 2003

The difference of mood between Calvin and the scholasticisms that preceded and succeeded him derives from a more flexible approach to theology and its biblical basis. This thesis is tested by an exploration of the christological determinants of Calvin’s doctrine of the atonement and the pneumatological mediation of sanctification and justification. Both treatments are argued to present careful defences of the Reformation against misunderstanding. Calvin’s theocentrism and pastoral orientation mark his treatment, which steers clear of the perils of scholasticism. A final observation seeks to identify the undertow that always threatens Calvin’s theology with shipwreck.
Hope in the Last Judgement and Human Dignity
Authors: Krötke Wolf
Published: March 2003

Reviewing modern criticisms of eschatological judgement, both theological and moral‐philosophical, this article argues that the notion of the last judgement by Jesus Christ constitutes the dignity of the human person. In modern industrial societies, assertions of autonomous human self‐realization rarely lead to human dignity. By contrast, God’s acts as creator, saviour and judge constitute human worth.
More Difficult to Believe? Luther on Divine Omnipotence
Authors: Helmer Christine
Published: March 2003

This article considers Luther's statement in thesis 21 of the 1545 doctoral disputation of Petrus Hegemon (1545) concerning the difficulty of belief in creatio ex nihilo, and suggests that this difficulty shapes the later Luther’s theology in significant ways. The difficulty is reconstructed as a gradual movement into the mystery of the creatio ex nihilo. The first site of difficulty correlates the knowledge of creatures as particulars with the knowledge of the Creator as the source of existence. The move towards a second site is propelled by the question of inevitable death, which Luther answers by moving from material and natural generation to the resurrection and then to the creatio ex nihilo. At the third site, Luther addresses such disturbing questions as the suffering of the righteous, the historical cycle of political power, and the harshness of reprobation. He answers these questions by integrating the symmetrical biblical statements of the annihilatio and the creatio with a theological theory of divine omnipotence. God's hiddenness is understood as God's omnipotence working at the specific locations of self‐negation, as well as behind the ebb and flow of historical‐political contingency. Faith presses into the hidden mystery, grounded in the certainty that all things are effected by the Creator whose nature is self‐giving goodness, and established by the hope that the light of glory will determine more fully the God who is to be honored above all.
The Spirit Moved Over the Face of the Waters: The Holy Spirit and the Created Order
Authors: Gunton Colin
Published: March 2003

The article is a sketch for a dogmatics of the Creator Spirit and contends that the Spirit’s relation to the creation in general cannot be treated either without attention being paid to its trinitarian matrix or in the absence of some consideration of the human creation in particular. A christologically formed attempt is made to expand the Cappadocian theology of the Spirit as the creation’s perfecting cause. This leads into some fragmentary remarks about the Spirit in relation to church, political order and culture more generally.
Reconsidering Concursus
Authors: Wright Terry J.
Published: March 2003

How should we picture the relationship between God and creation? Traditional answers to this question, usually asked by the doctrine of providence (and more specifically the doctrine of concursus), tend to forfeit either God’s freedom or creaturely freedom. Yet this need not be the case, as the incarnation points towards an understanding of concursus that is not based primarily upon issues of freedom.
Family tree matters
Authors: Falzeder Ernst
Published: March 2003

The present paper investigates the form and structure of the psychoanalytic ‘family tree’, concentrating on the analysands of Sándor Ferenczi and Otto Rank, and their impact on contemporary psychoanalysis.
The plight and promise of contemporary psychoanalysis in the light of its social history
Authors: Homans Peter
Published: March 2003

This paper addresses the many changes which have beset psychoanalysis and the psychoanalytic community since the widespread, general acceptance of both by the educated, middle‐class public in the 1950s. It attempts to explain these changes, at least in part, by reflecting upon them in the light of the history of the psychoanalytic movement and upon the rise of dynamic psychology as well.

Many in the psychoanalytic community think that their work is being ignored, devalued, and even attacked by an increasing number of influential persons and organizations. Critics claim that, epistemologically, psychoanalysis is scientifically invalid; therapeutically, it is ineffective; economically, it is too costly and takes too long; and theoretically, it is pluralized to the point of fragmentation. This is the plight of psychoanalysis.

This paper argues that many of the major problems which once beset Freud and his colleagues, and which beset the psychoanalytic community today, are best understood in terms of two sociological processes, legitimation and institutionalization. Legitimation is the socio‐cultural process whereby a new idea (e.g., Freud's theories, Jung's theories) contests the established web of ideas which give coherence and meaning to social and personal identity. Institutionalization refers to the way legitimated ideas replace once‐contested views of reality.

The single most decisive factor generating the plight of contemporary psychoanalysis is the ‘decision’ (1) to socially locate (institutionalize) psychoanalysis in institutes, rather than in clinics or universities, and (2) to represent psychoanalysis to the public (legitimation) as a medical science.

In order to illustrate and advance these claims, I first define and distinguish sociologically the institute, the clinic and the university. Second, I describe the origins and development of the ‘decision’, made by Freud and his followers, to locate or institutionalize psychoanalysis in institutes. Third, I compare and contrast this early pattern of legitimation and institutionalization with that of the present‐day psychoanalytic movement in England (relatively benign institutionalization) and in the United States (relatively destructive institutionalization). Throughout this discussion I draw upon the new literature on the history of psychoanalysis, past and present.

As for the ‘promise’ for psychoanalysis, it can materialize insofar as psychoanalysis establishes contact with the clinic and the university (re‐legitimation) and insofar as that contact becomes so self‐evident that it is taken for granted (i.e., it is re‐institutionalized).
Transference and dream in illness: waxing psyche, waning body
Authors: Zabriskie Beverley D.
Published: March 2003

In times of change, crisis, and illness, the excited points of an individual's personal history are reactivated within the transference and may also be noted by observing countertransference. When there are anomalies in the emotional and imaginal circle of the therapeutic relationship, there is occasion for repetition and/or a transformative opening. In some cases, there is simultaneous treatment of severe developmental fixations and compulsions, and issues of individuation. Images may emerge both from the personal field and from the collective and archetypal imagination. These may be expressions of interpersonal experience, intrapsychic dynamics, and physical as well as psychic state.
The Journal of Analytical Psychology's Internet Discussion Forum
Authors: Colman Warren
Published: March 2003

Internet Discussion Forum
The Martin Buber‐Carl Jung disputations: protecting the sacred in the battle for the boundaries of analytical psychology
Authors: Stephens Barbara D.
Published: March 2003

The Martin Buber‐C.G.Jung disputations rather than the Freud‐Jung split or Samuels's post‐Jungian categories is considered the more significant paradigm for understanding the conflicts erupting within the Jungian community surrounding clinical practice and candidate training. Looking through the lens of the Freud‐Jung split keeps the conflicts focused on the theoretical and technical differences concerning such concepts as object‐relations, transference‐countertransference, neutrality, clinical boundaries. The Buber‐Jung disputations move the discussion into a different and more foundational arena, namely the vertical and horizontal psychological considerations of the experience of the Sacred and how that dimension is supported or thwarted in clinical practice and candidate training by the respective allegiances of the ‘warriors’ in the ‘Holy Wars’. Experiencing the texture of the Buber‐Jung disputations as well as grappling with their content suggests that a more dialogical approach to actual clinical material may be a more fruitful way to understand the work of analysis and the business of candidate training.
New Political Economy
Authors: Sayer Stuart
Published: March 2003

Alberto Alesina and Nouriel Roubini with Gerald D. Cohen, Political Cycles and the Macroeconomy

Avinash K. Dixit, The Making of Economic Policy: A Transaction‐Cost Politics Perspective.

Gordon Pepper, Inside Thatcher’s Monetarist Revolution
Empirical Studies of Self‐Employment
Authors: Le Anh T.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a review of empirical studies of self‐employment for the Australian, Canadian, Dutch, UK and US labour markets. Both cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies are analysed. Analyses using cross‐sectional data examine the propensity to be self‐employed at any one point in time, whereas longitudinal studies focus on the transition into self‐employment from wage/salary employment and the survival rate in this state over time. Various hypotheses advanced in the economics and sociology literatures on self‐employment are tested. These include the relationship between managerial ability and the propensity to be self‐employed and the impact of financial constraints on entry into self‐employment stressed in economic models of entrepreneurship, and the relationships between self‐employment choice and the nature of the work and group characteristics (e.g., ethnic enclaves) stressed in sociological models of entrepreneurship. The evidence shows that self‐employment outcomes are significantly affected by factors such as individual abilities, family background, occupational status, liquidity constraints and ethnic enclaves.
Solutions to the Moral Hazard Problem Arising from The Lender‐of‐last‐resort Facility
Authors: Moore Gregory
Published: March 2003

The provision of liquid funds via a lender‐of‐last‐resort facility has been the chief means by which governments have chosen to prevent or stay bank runs. The introduction of such a facility, however, leads to a moral hazard problem which weakens each financial manager’s commitment to sound banking, and hence may ultimately make the few bank runs which do occur more dramatic in both size and seriousness. In this paper I provide a survey of the various policy measures which have been proposed to mitigate the effects of the moral hazard problem arising from the introduction of a lender‐of‐last‐resort facility.
Nonlinear Time Series Modelling: An Introduction
Authors: Potter Simon
Published: March 2003

Recent developments in nonlinear time series modelling are reviewed. Three main types of nonlinear model are discussed: Markov Switching, Threshold Autoregression and Smooth Transition Autoregression. Classical and Bayesian estimation techniques are described for each model. Parametric tests for nonlinearity are reviewed with examples from the three types of model. Finally forecasting and impulse response analysis is developed.
Nonlinearity, ComputationaL Complexity and Macroeconomic Modelling
Authors: McAdam Peter , Hughes Hallett A. J.
Published: March 2003

In this paper we survey and appraise the main contributions to solving and stabilising non‐linear equation systems typically found in Economics. We are keen wherever possible to draw distinctions and limiting cases between different solution methods, define acceleration strategies and encourage the use of hybrid or switching algorithms. Both large‐scale traditional macroeconomic models as well as smaller non‐linear analytical models are considered.
The Determinants and Consequences of Abandoned Takeovers
Authors: Wong Pauline , O’Sullivan Noel
Published: March 2003

Takeover activity has attracted a great deal of academic attention over the past three decades. Much of this interest has focused on the study of completed takeovers with a particular interest in seeking to understand the impact of takeover activity on the wealth of both shareholders in acquired and bidding firms. Unlike their completed counterparts, abandoned takeovers have received relatively little academic attention. This is surprising since a significant proportion of takeover bids are unsuccessful. This paper seeks to address the imbalance by providing a comprehensive survey of the takeover failure literature. The paper focuses on two aspects of the literature: First, we discuss and review the factors likely to influence takeover outcome. Second, we examine the consequences of takeover abandonment from the perspective of targets and bidders. We also identify a number of areas where future research may seek to improve further our understanding of the causes and consequences of takeover abandonment.
Choice Modelling Approaches: A Superior Alternative for Environmental Valuatioin?
Authors: Hanley Nick , Mourato Susana , Wright Robert E.
Published: March 2003

In this paper, we examine some popular ‘choice modelling’ approaches to environmental valuation, which can be considered as alternatives to more familiar valuation techniques based on stated preferences such as the contingent valuation method. A number of choice modelling methods are consistent with consumer theory, and its focus on an attribute‐based theory of value permits a superior representation of many environmental management contexts. However, choice modelling surveys can place a severe cognitive burden upon respondents and induce satisficing rather than maximising behavioural patterns. In this framework, we seek to identify the best available choice modelling alternative and investigate its potential to ‘solve’ some of the major biases associated with standard contingent valuation. We then discuss its use in the light of policy appraisal needs within the EU. An application to the demand for rock climbing in Scotland is provided as an illustration.
The function and role of forgiveness in working with couples and families: clearing the ground
Authors: Walrond‐Skinner Sue
Published: March 2003

Until recently, forgiveness has been a neglected concept in the family therapy literature. This is puzzling since conflict and its therapeutic management as it occurs in families and within couple relationships has been much discussed. On the other hand, forgiveness has been a foundational construct within religious and theological thought. This paper examines some of the dilemmas for the therapist about using forgiveness as a tool in family therapy. Definitions and meanings of forgiveness are discussed; a typology of different kinds of forgiveness is offered, and this is linked to an understanding of families in terms of their developmental progress as systems through a life cycle.
Love, the spiritual wellspring of forgiveness: an example of spirituality in therapy
Authors: Aponte Harry J.
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses how the spirituality of therapists, wittingly or not, colours their work, and how they need to use it mindfully whatever their school of therapy. How a therapist translates a spiritual perspective into a clinical approach is illustrated through the transcript of a clinical session in which family members discuss dealing with the hurts, angers and conflicts they experience with each other. If they are to forgive grievances sufficiently to attempt resolution and closeness, what principle about living should underlie their efforts? The therapist in the session floats the notion, springing from his own beliefs, that unconditional love will open up all doors to conciliation. If family members accept his position, it becomes the underlying spiritual premise for the work on their relationships.
Circumplex Model of Marital and Family Systems
Authors: Olson David H.
Published: March 2003

The Circumplex Model focuses on the three central dimensions of marital and family systems: cohesion, flexibility and communication. The major hypothesis of the Circumplex Model is that balanced couple and family systems tend to be more functional compared to unbalanced systems. In over 250 studies using the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Scales (FACES), a linear self‐report measure, strong support has been found for this hypothesis. In several studies using the Clinical Rating Scale (CRS), a curvilinear observational measure, the hypothesis was also supported. These two assessment tools, the FACES and the CRS, are designed for research, clinical assessment and treatment planning with couples and families.
The family therapy journals in 1999: a thematic review
Authors: Rivett Mark
Published: March 2003

This paper reviews the principal family therapy journals for the year 1999. Of the themes that emerged, ‘reaching out’ with systemic practice, developing a political edge, gender issues and developments in theory will be discussed. The paper concludes with a resumé of the research reported in these journals for the review period.
Applications of Carl Rogers’ theory and practice to couple and family therapy: a response to Harlene Anderson and David Bott
Authors: Snyder Maryhelen
Published: March 2003

Recent articles by Harlene Anderson and David Bott in the Journal of Family Therapy (Volume 23) are a gratifying examination of the contribution of Carl Rogers’ philosophy and practice to family therapy. However, in my view, an already existing highly effective application of Rogers’ approach to couple and family therapy was omitted from Bott’s review of the literature. My reading of the two articles has inspired the following response given in the spirit of dialogue with the hope of furthering a conversation on this subject.
Anti‐War Initiatives and the Un‐Making of Civic Identities in the Former Yugoslav Republics
Authors: Devic Ana
Published: March 2003

This paper describes the emergence of anti‐war initiatives in the former Yugoslavia against the background of the official nationalism of Communist elites and their post‐1990 successors. The author argues that anti‐war activism in the disintegrating state was a mobilization of the most articulate segment of a widespread, all‐Yugoslav, urban, cosmopolitan and genuinely non‐ethnonationalistic cultural identity. One of the reasons behind its easy suppression by the official rhetoric of ethnic homogeneity is its purely cultural stance and lack of experience in alternative forms of political organization. Dominant approaches to ethno‐nationalism in former Yugoslavia are criticised for essentializing ethnic identities, and contrasted with some interpretive approaches that analyze the structural preconditions of ethno‐nationalism as top‐to‐bottom projects of the ex‐Communist middle‐to‐high ranking functionaries in search of legitimacy and forced to create a ‘democratic electorate.’
The Imperial Working Class Makes Itself ‘White’: White Labourism in Britain, Australia, and South Africa Before the First World War
Authors: Hyslop Jonathan
Published: March 2003

The white working classes in the pre‐First World War British Empire were not composed of ‘nationally’ discrete entities, but were bound together into an Imperial working class by flows of population which traversed the world. The labour movements based on this imperial working class produced and disseminated a common ideology of White Labourism. In this ideology, the element of the critique of exploitation and the element of racism were inextricably intermingled. The paper seeks to identify a few of the many ‘vectors’ along which white labourist ideology moved around the world. The paper ends with a discussion of the British labour movement response to the 1914 deportations of South African white labour leaders, which seeks to demonstrate how integral to that movement the conceptions of White Labourism had become.
Ethnic Institutions Reconsidered: The Case of Flemish Workers in 19thCentury France1
Authors: Couton Philippe
Published: March 2003

AbstractTraditional perspectives on ethnic institutions tend to consider mainly their role in the preservation of the cultural and social fabric of ethnic communities. Increasing evidence indicates that ethno‐institutional effects are often more varied and complex. France's first industrial‐era immigrants, massively crossing the border from Belgian Flanders during the second half of the 19thcentury, are a case in point. Immigrant Flemish workers introduced a new type of institution to the French working class: socialist cooperatives. These would have a long‐term impact not only on the immigrant Flemish community itself, but also on the larger labour movement, on the region, and on the country as a whole. Three elements were important in this process of institutional cross‐fertilization: Belgian workers’ rich institutional repertoire; the coincidence of their settlement with the rise of the French labour movement; and the fact that their institutional innovation was easily transferable.
‘Failed Sociologists’ in the Market Place: Law Schools in Australia
Authors: Parker Christine , Goldsmith Andrew
Published: March 2003

This paper traces the stunted evolution of Australian law faculties from ‘trade schools’ to liberal law schools. Higher education funding cuts and increased accountability to a government that is throwing the universities onto the competition of the market now combine with the traditional influence of a conservative profession to put Australian law schools in a precarious position. We argue that Australian law schools should transform themselves by embracing the contradictory position they inhabit, and using it to develop a broader concept of the legal knowledge they pass on and the legal practice for which they prepare their students.
Arresting Statistics: The Drift to Informal Justice in England and Wales
Authors: Hillyard Paddy , Gordon David
Published: March 2003

This paper re‐examines some of the current theoretical models and paradigms of criminal justice in England and Wales based on an analysis of national arrest statistics between 1981 and 1997. The data show that there has been a large increase in the number of arrests in the period but the number of people prosecuted has declined. An increasing number of people are being arrested and released without any further action. The principal argument is that there has been a radical shift in power away from the formal open and public system of justice towards a more informal closed system. The paper concludes that while these trends lend support to a number of theoretical perspectives on the criminal justice process, particularly Choongh's social disciplinary model, the radical transformation which has taken place in the form of criminal justice can only be understood within the broader politics and economic structures of modern Britain.
Prosecuting and Defending Rape: Perspectives From the Bar
Authors: Temkin Jennifer
Published: March 2003

This article discusses the findings of a qualitative study (part of a larger study into rape and criminal justice) which involved in‐depth interviews with a sample of ten highly experienced barristers who between them had prosecuted and defended in hundreds of rape trials. It is concerned with the barristers' perceptions of the problems involved in prosecuting rape and the strategies deployed in defending rape cases. The article discusses the ethics of advocacy in the context of rape trials and argues that within the adversarial system there are ethical limits which should be observed.
A Non‐Essentialist Version of Legal Pluralism
Authors: Tamanha Brian Z.
Published: March 2003

The concept of legal pluralism has been touted by many socio‐legal scholars as a key concept in the analysis of law. Yet, after almost twenty years of such claims, there has been little progress in the development of the concept. This article will argue that the underlying cause of this lack progress lies in the fact that promoters of the concept have relied upon function‐based, essentialist concepts of law. It will describe the problems generated by such concepts and, following this general analysis, will review the versions of legal pluralism articulated by Boaventura de Sousa Santos and Gunther Teubner. The critique of their versions of legal pluralism will lead into the posing of a non‐essentialist alternative which avoids the conceptual problems of prevailing versions of legal pluralism, and provides a better tool for purposes of research and analysis of the relationship between law and society.