bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distance to Thrombus in Acute Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion
Authors: Friedrich Benjamin , Gawlitza Matthias , Schob Stefan , Hobohm Carsten , Raviolo Mariana , Hoffmann Karl-Titus , Lobsien Donald
Published: February 2015

Background and Purpose—

In patients with acute middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke, therapeutic decisions are influenced by the location of the occlusion. This study aimed to analyze clinical outcomes in patients with acute ischemic MCA stroke treated with systemic intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) using recombinant tissue plasminogen activator, according to the location of the occlusion.

Methods—

Of 621 patients screened, 136 with acute stroke and MCA occlusion confirmed by CT angiography were retrospectively included in this study. The distance from the carotid T to the thrombus (DT) on coronal maximum intensity projection images and the thrombus length were measured. The correlation between DT and the modified Rankin Scale score at 90 days was analyzed.

Results—

DT was an independent predictor of clinical outcome in stroke patients treated with IVT. A long DT was significantly correlated with a good clinical outcome (modified Rankin Scale score at 90 days ≤2). A poor clinical outcome was exponentially more likely than a good outcome when the DT was <16 mm (
P
<0.001). The thrombus length was not correlated with the modified Rankin Scale score at 90 days. A long thrombus (>8 mm) occurred significantly more often in the proximal MCA than the distal MCA (
P
<0.001).

Conclusion—

DT is an independent predictor of clinical outcome in patients with acute MCA occlusion treated with IVT. In acute stroke with MCA occlusion confirmed by CT angiography and DT <16 mm, the likelihood of a good clinical outcome after treatment with IVT was exponentially <50%. This might warrant the evaluation of other therapy forms than IVT in patients with proximal MCA occlusion.
The Show Must Not Go On: Complementarity, the Due Process Thesis and Overzealous Domestic Prosecutions
Authors: van der Merwe H.J.
Published: February 2015

There exists a measure of uncertainty as to whether flawed domestic proceedings in respect of alleged perpetrators of international crimes may constitute ‘unwillingness’ in terms of the International Criminal Court’s complementarity regime, in particular where such proceedings are conducted in a manner that is detrimental to the alleged perpetrator. This article canvasses the relevant provisions of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court as well as various theories that have addressed this issue. Although due process violations in domestic proceedings do not per se render a case admissible before the ICC, the article suggests that the conjunctive requirements of Article 17(2)(c) of the Rome Statute, and, ex post facto, Article 20(3)(b), may be interpreted to provide for the admissibility of egregious and deliberate violations of due process in domestic proceedings that remove or significantly diminish the risk of losing normally carried by the prosecuting authority.
Political Considerations in Prosecutorial Discretion at the International Criminal Court
Authors: Davis Cale
Published: February 2015

The International Criminal Court (icc) sits at the perfect crossroad of law and politics. As a primarily consent-based legal system, the icc is only effective to the extent that it has the political support from states who want to see it succeed in its mission to end impunity for the most serious crimes of concern to the international community. Despite this, the Prosecutor’s interpretation of the ‘interests of justice’ criterion limits the extent to which the Prosecutor can consider the political ramifications of their actions. This article argues that the Prosecutor has legal grounds to consider politics in their analysis of whether proceeding with an investigation or prosecution would not be in the ‘interests of justice’. This article also argues that soft power theory can be used to overcome arguments that politics should not be considered in the exercise of prosecutorial discretion, due to the consent-based nature of the icc regime.
The Legitimacy of Provisional General Budget Laws in the Jordanian Legal System
Authors: Shabeeb Lena
Published: February 2015

This study examines the legitimacy of the recurrent conduct, adopted by the Jordanian
Executive Power, of issuing Provisional General Budget Laws, in the absence of the
Legislative Power. This study proves the unconstitutionality of such conduct, and looks
at the prospects of progress in the future.

Issuing Provisional General Budget Laws is a culmination of several misconceptions
of some important Constitutional Articles; especially the ones that reflect how the principle
of separation of powers is adopted in the Jordanian Constitution, and how the
different interlocking functions of both the Executive and the Legislative Powers should
be interpreted and applied.

Article 94, providing for the legislative function of the Executive Power in the
absence of the Legislative Power, is interpreted and applied broadly. Issuing Provisional
General Budget Laws mean that the Executive Power assumes the legislative Power and
not a temporary legislative role, as provided in the Constitution. Hence, contradicting
another two important systems provided therein: first, the financial check, as part of the
checks and balances system, provided in Chapter Eight, especially Article 112. Second,
the apportionment method, provided in Article 113, which should be applied in the
absence of the Legislator.

Unfortunately, the 2011 Constitutional Reform, although somewhat progressive, does
not remove such well-rooted misconceptions; leaving the Constitutional Court as the
last resort in rectifying the situation.
Sarcolobus cambogensis (Marsdenieae, Asclepiadoideae, Apocynaceae): A new rheophytic shrub from Cambodia
Authors: McHone Elizabeth , Won Hyosig , Livshultz Tatyana
Published: February 2015

A new species of Apocynaceae from Cambodia, Sarcolobus cambogensis McHone & Livsh., is described and illustrated. Specimens of the new species, all from the Central Cardamom Region, Koh Kong Province, have morphological characters diagnostic of Sarcolobus (truncate stylehead apices and oblong corpuscula). Like Sarcolobus luzonensis (Warb.) P.I. Forst. and S. borneensis (van Steenis) P.I. Forst., S. cambogensis has a rheophytic, shrubby habit, unusual in both Sarcolobus and Apocynaceae. It differs from the latter two species in its broader leaves, larger corona, and wider caudicles.
Corrections and an addition to Vermeulen et al. (2014): two new names and a new combination in Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae; Epidendroideae; Malaxideae)
Authors: Vermeulen Jaap , SCHUITEMAN ANDRÉ , VOGEL EDUARD F. DE
Published: February 2015

Regrettably, two names in Vermeulen et al. (2014) were not validly published because the basionym references were omitted or incorrectly given (Melbourne Code, 2012: Art. 41.5). In addition, we overlooked Saccoglossum maculatum, which needs a new name in Bulbophyllum. We thank Irina Belyaeva (K) and Anton Sieder (WU) for bringing these omissions to our attention.
A new species and new record of the Kamakidae (Crustacea: Amphipoda) from Korea
Authors: JUNG TAE WON , YOON SEONG MYEONG
Published: February 2015

Two species of the family Kamakidae collected from tidal flats on the southern west coast of Korea are reported, along with descriptions and illustrations. Kamaka excavata Ariyama, 2007 has the following unique character states on gnathopod 2 in the mature male: a wider coxa, a long and acute process of the propodus, and an excavation on inner-distal margin of dactylus. Although the new species, Kamaka rostra sp. nov. has gnathopod 2 similar to those of K. biwae Uéno, 1943, K. morinoi Ariyama, 2007, and K. appendiculata Ariyama et al., 2010, it can be easily distinguished by the plumose setae on the inner margin of the dactylus and by the spines on the inner lobe of the maxilliped in the mature male. In addition, this new species shows some particular characteristics among the species of Kamaka, such as the anterior cephalic lobe is not rounded but produced as a triangular shape, and uneven protuberances ranged along the inner-distal margin of the flagellum from peduncular article 5 to fourth proximal segment on antenna 2 in the mature male. This is the first report of the Kamakidae from Korean waters, and we also provide a key to worldwide Kamaka species.
Brasilacarus cocaris (Acari: Opilioacaridae), a new genus and species
from Amazonia, Brazil
Authors: VÁZQUEZ MA. MAGDALENA , DE ARAÚJO MARCEL SANTOS , FERES REINALDO JOSÉ FAZZIO
Published: February 2015

A new genus and species of Opilioacaridae, Brasilacarus cocaris n. gen., n. sp., is described from adult females and males from Manaus, Brazil. Brief descriptions of damaged tritonymphs and deutonymphs are also provided. The new genus appears to be related to Caribeacarus but possess a unique group of additional strongly modified setae on the tibiotarsus.
New species and new records of the predaceous midge genus Parabezzia Malloch (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) from Brazil
Authors: FELIPPE-BAUER MARIA LUIZA , SPINELLI GUSTAVO R.
Published: February 2015

Four new species of predaceous midges of the genus Parabezzia Malloch are described and illustrated based on female specimens from southeastern Brazil. Two species are recorded for the first time from Brazil, Parabezzia costalis Wirth from Rio de Janeiro State and P. balseiroi Spinelli & Grogan from Rio Grande do Sul State.
Classification of Omalisidae based on molecular data and morphology,
with description of Paradrilinae subfam. nov. (Coleoptera: Elateroidea)
Authors: Kundrata Robin , Baena MANUEL , Bocak Ladislav
Published: February 2015

Omalisidae, a species-poor family of elateroid beetles, are distributed mostly in the Mediterranean region. The morphology of females is modified due to neotenic development and the males share some traits with other neotenic lineages in Elateroidea, namely Drilini (Elateridae: Agrypninae) and Lyropaeinae (Lycidae). A molecular phylogeny was inferred from six omalisid species representing four genera and the previously published dataset of Elateroidea. The DNA based phylogeny suggests that small-bodied males, reduced pronotal carinae and missing elytral costae evolved independently in multiple elateroid lineages. The limits of Omalisidae are redefined and seven genera, i.e., Omalisus Geoffroy, 1762, Phaeopterus Costa, 1857, Thilmanus Gemminger, 1869, Euanoma Reitter, 1889, Pseudeuanoma Pic, 1901, Paradrilus Kiesenwetter, 1865 and Cimbrion Kazantsev, 2010, are currently placed in the family. Thilmaninae Kazantsev, 2005 and Paradrilus Kiesenwetter, 1865 are transferred from Drilini (Elateridae: Agrypninae) to Omalisidae and the Paradrilinae subfam. nov. is proposed. Paradrilus differs from other Omalisidae in prolonged cranium, wide robust prosternum with two apical processes and absent sharp edge of the pronotum. The morphology of Paradrilus is described in detail, illustrated and all taxa currently classified in Omalisidae are listed.
Toward a Mesoscale Hydrological and Marine Meteorological Observation Network in the South China Sea
Authors: Yang Lei , Wang Dongxiao , Huang Jian , Wang Xin , Zeng Lili , Shi Rui , He Yunkai , Xie Qiang , Wang Shengan , Chen Rongyu , Yuan Jinnan , Wang Qiang , Chen Ju , Zu Tingting , Li Jian , Sui Dandan , Peng Shiqiu
Published: February 2015

Air–sea interaction in the South China Sea (SCS) has direct impacts on the weather and climate of its surrounding areas at various spatiotemporal scales. In situ observation plays a vital role in exploring the dynamic characteristics of the regional circulation and air–sea interaction. Remote sensing and regional modeling are expected to provide high-resolution data for studies of air–sea coupling; however, careful validation and calibration using in situ observations is necessary to ensure the quality of these data. Through a decade of effort, a marine observation network in the SCS has begun to be established, yielding a regional observatory for the air–sea synoptic system.

Earlier observations in the SCS were scarce and narrowly focused. Since 2004, an annual series of scientific open cruises during late summer in the SCS has been organized by the South China Sea Institute of Oceanology (SCSIO), carefully designed based on the dynamic characteristics of the oceanic circulation and air–sea interaction in the SCS region. Since 2006, the cruise carried a radiometer and radiosondes on board, marking a new era of marine meteorological observation in the SCS. Fixed stations have been established for long-term and sustained records. Observations obtained through the network have been used to study regional ocean circulation and processes in the marine atmospheric boundary layer. In the future, a great number of multi-institutional, collaborative scientific cruises and observations at fixed stations will be carried out to establish a mesoscale hydrological and marine meteorological observation network in the SCS.
The Impacts of California’s San Francisco Bay Area Gap on Precipitation Observed in the Sierra Nevada during HMT and CalWater
Authors: White Allen B. , Neiman Paul J. , Creamean Jessie M. , Coleman Timothy , Ralph F. Martin , Prather Kimberly A.
Published: February 2015

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are narrow regions of enhanced water vapor transport, usually found on the warm-sector side of the polar cold front in many midlatitude storms formed primarily over the oceans. Nonbrightband (NBB) rain is a shallow orographic rainfall process driven by collision and coalescence that has been observed in some of these storms. NBB rain accounts for about one-third, on average, of the total winter season rainfall occurring at a coastal mountain site in Northern California. During the California Energy Commission’s CalWater project, nearly the same fraction of NBB rain was observed at a northern Sierra Nevada foothills site as compared to the coastal mountains, whereas less than half of the fractional amount of NBB rain was observed at a southern Sierra Nevada foothills site. Both Sierra Nevada sites often experience terrain-induced blocked flow, that is, Sierra barrier jet (SBJ) during landfalling winter storms. However, the northern Sierra Nevada site often is oriented geographically downwind of a gap in the coastal terrain near San Francisco during AR landfall. This gap allows maritime air in the AR to arrive at the northern site and enhance the collision–coalescence process in orographic feeder clouds as compared with the southern site. As a result, a greater amount and intensity of NBB rain and overall precipitation was produced at the northern site. This study uses a variety of observations collected in the coastal and Sierra Nevada ranges from the Hydrometeorology Testbed and CalWater field campaigns to document this behavior. A detailed case study provides additional context on the interaction between AR flow, the SBJ, and precipitation processes.
Non-pharmacological strategies for treatment of inpatient depression
Authors: Crowe Marie , Beaglehole Ben , Wells Hayley , Porter Richard
Published: February 2015

Objective:

To examine the evidence for non-pharmacological interventions in the treatment of moderate to severe depression in an inpatient setting.

Method:

An integrative review of original research papers was conducted. The electronic databases CINAHL, MEDLINE and PsychINFO were searched using the following search terms: depression, psychosocial, psychosocial intervention, therapy, and inpatient.

Results:

Twelve studies were identified in the search for non-psychopharmacological interventions for depression commenced in an inpatient setting. The interventions included psychotherapies, behavioural activation, and chronotherapeutic interventions (controlled exposure to environmental stimuli). These studies suggest it is possible to engage severely depressed inpatients in structured interventions in an inpatient environment. The majority of studies reported favourable outcomes for the interventions compared to a control, but methodological issues were common.

Conclusions:

A diverse range of treatment strategies has been identified in this review. These studies provide evidence that non-pharmacological treatments for depression can be given to enhance outcomes and that research can be undertaken in inpatient settings. Whilst the evidence base has limitations, this review also highlights therapeutic and research opportunities in this area.
The Job Hunt
Authors: Stephens Cathy
Published: February 2015

The author offers advice for creating an elevator speech, standing out at an education job fair, and fixing a mistake in a cover letter after it’s been submitted.
Nontraditional Forms of Assessment
Authors: O’Neal Brooke
Published: February 2015

The author discusses the benefits of nontraditional assessments and shares how she has used them in her 5th-grade classroom in rural South Carolina. The examples include doing a Gallery Walk, writing poetry, integrating the arts into other subjects, having students reenact historical scenes, using social media, and rewriting popular songs with lyrics that reflect course content.
The Best-Laid Plans
Authors: Moberg Lisa
Published: February 2015

Despite having a classroom management plan in place when the year begins, teachers will encounter instances when student behavior blows up. The author discusses what to do when a student has a meltdown or in the aftermath of a fistfight when students are pulled out of class to deal with the consequences.
Exploring the relationship between exposure to interparental violence and child physical abuse in childhood and the impacts on mental health problems in later young adulthood among South Korean college students
Authors: Han Meekyung , Choi Young , Jung Soyon
Published: February 2015

Family violence including interparental violence and child maltreatment is a pervasive social problem that affects all societies worldwide, and its detrimental impacts on people’s mental health are well documented. However, studies on family violence in South Korea are still limited. By utilizing an exploratory retrospective research design, this study explored the extent of childhood experience of family violence and the long-term impacts on mental health outcomes. A total of 90 college students in South Korea participated, and findings reveal that more than half of the participants were exposed to family violence as children, resulting in harmful long-term impacts on their mental health in young adulthood.
Particularity Regained: Kenotically Recovering a Theological Pedagogy in Karl Barth and Donald MacKinnon
Authors: Kirkland Scott A.
Published: February 2015

The suspicion remains latent that Karl Barth concedes too much ground to Kantian epistemological structures. Upon investigation of Bruce McCormack’s work, Barth’s most well known North American interpreter, it would seem that this worry is justified. This paper seeks to rehabilitate a reading of Barth sensitive to the concerns raised, particularly by Rowan Williams, by bringing Barth into conversation with Donald MacKinnon over the question of Christ’s kenōsis. The suggestion will be made that Barth’s project is perhaps far more subversive of the Kantian epistemic structures largely left unquestioned by much of McCormack’s work. This, in turn, provides us with reason to raise concerns over McCormack’s reconstruction of Barth’s doctrine of election and the continued problems this raises for ‘learning about our learning.’
The ‘Pink Agenda’: Questioning and Challenging European Homonationalist Sexual Citizenship
Authors: Ammaturo Francesca Romana
Published: February 2015

This article introduces the ‘Pink Agenda’ as a set of judicial, social and political instruments employed by both nation-states and international human rights institutions, such as the Council of Europe, to achieve some socio-political goals: on the one hand, the proactive promotion of specific lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender identities beyond Europe; on the other, the creation of a dichotomy between tolerant and intolerant countries within the borders of Europe. The successful enactment of the ‘Pink Agenda’ is achieved by building and reinforcing a concept of European Sexual Citizenship that is strongly homonationalist in nature. Through an analysis of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights, the article emphasises the way in which the homonationalist paradigm of sexual citizenship is applied to strengthen the divide between tolerant and intolerant member states and to suggest the existence of a difference between a queer-friendly ‘West’ and homophobic and transphobic non-western countries.
Structure and dielectric performance of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/organically modified montmorillonites nanocomposites
Authors: Peng Guirong , Wang Lingsheng , Li Feng , Luo Peng
Published: February 2015

Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/organically modified montmorillonites (PVDF/OMMT) nanocomposites with different clay contents were prepared by melt intercalation and compression moulding. The dielectric properties were studied, and the effects of montmorillonites on the crystalline structure of PVDF were characterized, compared and discussed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results show that the dielectric constant of the PVDF/OMMT nanocomposites is improved. XRD and FTIR results indicate that montmorillonites suppress the formation of α-phase crystals and promote the formation of β-phase crystals. DSC studies suggest that the degree of crystallinity is decreased and the melting and crystallization temperature of nanocomposite are increased compared with those of the pristine PVDF.
Can connective use differentiate between children with and without specific language impairment?
Authors: Tribushinina Elena , Dubinkina Elena , Sanders Ted
Published: February 2015

The ability of language-impaired children to maintain coherence by using discourse connectives has so far been assessed by quantitative measures. This study is a first attempt to scrutinize the quality of connective use in specific language impairment (SLI). The authors investigate whether Russian-speaking children reveal sensitivity to the subtle discourse-organizational distinctions between the quasi-synonymous connectives i ‘and’ and a ‘and/but’ in a narrative task. Study 1 compared connective use by 7-year-olds with and without SLI. The results demonstrate that connective frequencies do not differentiate between the two groups, but language-impaired children more often use connectives in a way that violates causal relations in the story. Study 2 assessed connective production by the same SLI participants 16 months later and also tested understanding of causal chains in a follow-up interview. The error rates remained high. These errors were not due to poor understanding of the story, since the language-impaired children answered the causal questions in the follow-up interview as well as their unimpaired peers did.
Developing linguistic flexibility across the school years
Authors: Kaplan Dafna , Berman Ruth
Published: February 2015

The study examined linguistic flexibility of Hebrew-speaking students from middle childhood to adolescence compared with adults on tasks requiring them to alternate between different versions of varied linguistic stimuli. Lexical flexibility was tested by constructing different words with a shared root and a shared prosodic template; Hebrew-specific morpho-syntactic abilities were tested by alternating between bound inflected and free syntactic forms of verbs and nouns; syntactic tasks involved shifting between direct and indirect speech, between single-clause and bi-clausal sentences with subordinate or coordinate clauses, and construction of well-formed sentences from scrambled groups of words. Across the board, participants encountered more difficulty in shifting from low frequency, high-register, structurally more fused constructions typical of written usage to their everyday, more transparent options than vice versa. High-school adolescents responded like the adults on most tasks, differing significantly from grade-school and junior-high-school students. These results are interpreted in terms of linguistic and developmental variables underlying the protracted path to acquisition of high-level linguistic flexibility.
Does the brown banana have a beak? Preschool children’s phonological awareness as a function of parents’ talk about speech sounds
Authors: Reese Elaine , Robertson Sarah-Jane , Divers Sarah , Schaughency Elizabeth
Published: February 2015

Children’s phonological awareness develops rapidly in the preschool years and is an important contributor to later reading skill. This study addresses the role of parents’ talk in preschool children’s phonological awareness development. A community sample of 27 parents and their 3- to 4-year-old children participated in a new ‘Sound Talk’ observational measure. Children completed measures of phonological awareness, language, and literacy. Parents who used more sound talk in the observation had children with more advanced phonological awareness, even after controlling for children’s language skills and sociodemographic factors. These results have implications for designing interventions with parents to foster their children’s phonological awareness.
The use of reported speech in children’s narratives: A priming study
Authors: Serratrice Ludovica , Hesketh Anne , Ashworth Rachel
Published: February 2015

This study investigated the long-term effects of structural priming on children’s use of indirect speech clauses in a narrative context. Forty-two monolingual English-speaking 5-year-olds in two primary classrooms took part in a story-retelling task including reported speech. Testing took place in three individual sessions (pre-test, post-test 1, post-test 2) and the priming phase was conducted in 10 group priming sessions. During the priming phase the two classrooms were randomly allocated to one of two conditions where, over the course of two weeks, the children heard 10 different stories that included 30 tokens of either indirect or direct speech. In the pre-test session measures of receptive vocabulary (BPVS-3) and expressive grammar (Formulated Sentences sub-test, CELF-4-UK) were collected. There was a significant effect of input manipulation that was maintained for up to 10 weeks after the training. Expressive grammatical skills were positively correlated with the likelihood of using indirect speech one week after the end of the language intervention.
Polarity classification for Spanish tweets using the COST corpus
Authors: Martínez-Cámara Eugenio , Martín-Valdivia M. Teresa , Ureña-López L. Alfonso , Mitkov Ruslan
Published: February 2015

It was not until 2010 when businesses, politicians and people in general began to realize the potential of Twitter in Spain. This fact has awoken research interest in the extraction of knowledge from Twitter. This paper aims to fill the gap of the lack of resources for Twitter sentiment analysis in Spanish by performing a study of different features and machine learning algorithms for classifying the polarity of Twitter posts. The result is a new corpus of Spanish tweets called COST, and we have carried out a wide-ranging experiment in which different machine learning algorithms have been used. Furthermore, we have tested the influence of using different weighting schemes for unigrams, the influence of eliminating stop-words and the application of a stemmer process.
Predicting women’s recidivism
Authors: Yesberg Julia A. , Scanlan Jessica M. , Hanby Laura J. , Serin Ralph C. , Polaschek Devon L. L.
Published: February 2015

Despite the growing number of women involved in the criminal justice system, most risk assessment tools used with this population were developed on male offenders, fuelling debate about whether these tools should be used with women. This study investigated the predictive validity of one such dynamic tool − the Dynamic Risk Assessment for Offender Re-entry (DRAOR) − with a sample of female and male parolees. Unexpectedly, the DRAOR subscales predicted recidivism for women, but not for men, and the acute risk subscale independently contributed to recidivism prediction. Furthermore, the DRAOR incrementally predicted women’s recidivism above static risk. These results support the use of the DRAOR with women offenders, and more generally, a ‘gender-neutral’ approach to risk assessment tools for women.
Marxism and the doctrine of internal relations
Authors: Sayers Sean
Published: February 2015

Marx’s dialectical method is based upon a Hegelian philosophy of ‘internal relations’. This was the subject of an extensive dispute between F. H. Bradley and other neo-Hegelians and some of the main founders of analytical philosophy, including G. E. Moore and Bertrand Russell. Similar arguments have recently been used in defence of analytical Marxism by G. A. Cohen. In this paper, I defend the dialectical approach and show how it implies a profound critique of the analytical approach. A bibliography of the earlier dispute is included.
‘Internal relations’ and Marx’s ‘materialist conception of history’
Authors: Winslow Ted
Published: February 2015

Relations are ‘internal’ where the ‘essence’ of the individual is the outcome of its relations. Marx’s historical materialism treats social relations as internal in this sense. The human essence is the potential to develop the capabilities required for the actualisation of ‘freedom’ as activity objectifying universal intellectual, aesthetic and ethical values. Its full realisation requires the ideal social relations of ‘communism’. Such relations are the end product of human history conceived as a dialectical process of internally related stages in which the development of individual capabilities is brought about by ‘estrangement’ within the internal production relations that define each stage.
The Effect of Preinjury Sleep Difficulties on Neurocognitive Impairment and Symptoms After Sport-Related Concussion
Authors: Sufrinko Alicia , Pearce Kelly , Elbin R.J. , Covassin Tracey , Johnson Eric , Collins Michael , Kontos Anthony P.
Published: February 2015

Background:

Researchers have reported that sleep duration is positively related to baseline neurocognitive performance. However, researchers have yet to examine the effect of preinjury sleep difficulties on postconcussion impairments.

Purpose:

To compare neurocognitive impairment and symptoms of athletes with preinjury sleep difficulties to those without after a sport-related concussion (SRC).

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

The sample included 348 adolescent and adult athletes (age, mean ± SD, 17.43 ± 2.34 years) with a diagnosed SRC. The sample was divided into 2 groups: (1) 34 (10%) participants with preinjury sleep difficulties (sleeping less as well as having trouble falling asleep; SLEEP SX) and (2) 231 (66%) participants without preinjury sleep difficulties (CONTROL). The remaining 84 (24%) participants with minimal sleep difficulties (1 symptom) were excluded. Participants completed the Immediate Postconcussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT) and Postconcussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) at baseline and 3 postinjury intervals (2, 5-7, and 10-14 days after injury). A series of repeated-measures analyses of covariance with Bonferroni correction, controlling for baseline non–sleep-related symptoms, were conducted to compare postinjury neurocognitive performance between groups. Follow-up exploratory t tests examined between-group differences at each time interval. A series of analyses of variance were used to examine total PCSS score, sleep-related, and non–sleep-related symptoms across time intervals between groups.

Results:

Groups differed significantly in PCSS scores across postinjury intervals for reaction time ( P < .001), with the preinjury SLEEP SX group performing worse than controls at 5-7 days (mean ± SD, 0.70 ± 0.32 [SLEEP SX], 0.60 ± 0.14 [CONTROL]) and 10-14 days (0.61 ± 0.17 [SLEEP SX]; 0.57 ± 0.10 [CONTROL]) after injury. Groups also differed significantly on verbal memory performance ( P = .04), with the SLEEP SX (68.21 ± 18.64) group performing worse than the CONTROL group (76.76 ± 14.50) 2 days after injury. The SLEEP SX group reported higher total symptom ( P = .02) and sleep-related symptom ( P = .02) scores across postinjury time intervals.

Conclusion:

Preinjury sleep difficulties may exacerbate neurocognitive impairment and symptoms after concussion. The findings may help clinicians identify athletes who are at risk for worse impairments after a concussion due to preinjury sleep difficulties.
Factors Influencing Performance-Oriented Mobility After Hip Fracture
Authors: Martín-Martín Lydia Mª , Arroyo-Morales Manuel , Sánchez-Cruz José Juan , Valenza-Demet Gerald , Valenza Marie Carmen , Jiménez-Moleón José Juan
Published: February 2015

Objective: To identify the patient- and fracture-related determinants that influence performance-oriented mobility in hip fracture patients as measured by the Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA) score. Method: A prospective study was conducted. Patients aged 65 or older ( n = 186) were prospectively recruited. Patients were assessed for mobility (Tinetti POMA), level of independence (Modified Barthel Index), emotional distress (Goldberg General Health Questionnaire), comorbidities (Charlson Comorbidity Index), and Perceived Health (categorical scale). Results: The study revealed that patient age, type of fracture, length of hospital stay, level of emotional distress, and level of independence were significant predictors of performance-oriented mobility. When combined, these factors explained 44.3% of the variance in performance-oriented mobility ( r2 = .443; r2 adjusted = .414; F = 15.46; p < .001). Discussion: Patients who are older, spend more days in hospital, have worse pre-fracture independence level or higher emotional distress levels at discharge, and sustain subtrochanteric or intertrochanteric fractures seem to have poorer performance-oriented mobility after hip fracture.
The Making of a ‘Ship-to-Mouth’ Nuclear Power: The Johnson Administration and India’s Nuclear Tilt, 1964–1968
Authors: Sarkar Jayita
Published: February 2015

This article explores Lyndon B. Johnson administration’s nonproliferation policy toward India in light of China’s nuclear program. It argues that although the administration prioritized nonproliferation, it was unwilling to undertake the necessary steps to prevent an Indian pro-bomb decision. This was owing to downgrading South Asia as a United States (US) foreign policy priority at the time, and the shared belief within the administration that India will go nuclear anyway in the long run. At a time when the US–Indian diplomatic relations had reached a nadir and India’s regional security environment was highly precarious, Washington’s wait-and-watch policy proved counterproductive to its own nonproliferation goals. New Delhi demonstrated its tacit decision for the bomb with its 1968 refusal to sign the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, and gravitated more toward Moscow.
Comparing India’s Disputed Borderlands: Kashmir and the Northeast
Authors: Mukherjee Kunal
Published: February 2015

This article attempts a comparative study of India’s troubled borderlands, that is, Kashmir and the Northeast region. Both the regions are marked by geographical isolation, insurgent/secessionist movements, heavy militarization and external intervention. Yet, the situation in the Northeast is more complex because of its prodigious cultural diversity and heterogeneity, and as a result, conflicts exist at many different levels. However, the ethnic scenario in Kashmir is compounded by Pakistani irredentism and the presence of Hindu nationalism and communalism. These similarities and differences have been explored in terms of four factors: the rise of ethnic nationalism; the role played by external actors; the impact of globalization; and the human rights situation in the respective region. The article concludes with some recommendations for improvement of the situation on the ground.
Reduction of Secondhand Smoke Exposure in the Cars of Children With Cancer
Authors: Peck Kelly R. , Tyc Vida L. , Huang Qinlei , Zhang Hui
Published: February 2015

This study examined whether an intervention designed to reduce secondhand smoke exposure (SHSe) among children being treated for cancer had effects in the specific setting of a motor vehicle. The parents or guardians (n = 71) of children being treated for cancer were randomized to either a behavioral secondhand smoke (SHS) reduction program or a standard care control group. Parental reports of SHSe were collected over the course of 12 months. Younger children were exposed at baseline more than their older counterparts. The greatest initial declines in car exposure were observed among children ≤5 years old in the intervention group compared with same-aged peers in the control group. After the 3-month time point, the control group showed greater reductions in car exposure in comparison with the intervention group. Interventions that teach parents strategies to manage their smoking while driving in their personal vehicles may produce even greater reductions in child exposure and should be developed. Based on the age-specific results reported here, future studies should account for effects of child age and use setting-specific measures of SHS.
The influence of positional and experienced social benefits on the relationship between peers and alcohol use
Authors: Gallupe Owen , Bouchard Martin
Published: February 2015

An assumption of peer influence research is that being connected to an alcohol-using peer group is associated with personal alcohol use. However, most research assesses peer influence through simply counting the number of peers involved in a particular behavior or the amount of that behavior within a person’s peer group. Rarely considered is the fact that behavioral pressures may only arise when the peer group actually provides substantial benefits to adolescents. This study examines whether adolescents who associate with peers who drink are as likely to be drinkers themselves when they receive high levels of social benefits as compared to adolescents who receive lower levels. Specifically, the authors examine how the effect of peer alcohol use on individual decisions to drink is conditioned by the social status and power that come with occupying sociometrically optimal positions (high popularity, centrality, density) and more concretely experienced social benefits (e.g. spending time/talking with/confiding in friends). Using the longitudinal Add Health data (n = 13,351), we find that peer alcohol use is most strongly related to personal alcohol use when a person is subject to greater social benefits in terms of both sociometric position and through closer one-on-one interactions with peers.
Citizens, dictators and networks: A game theory approach
Authors: Perez-Oviedo Wilson
Published: February 2015

In a society composed of citizens and a dictator, what are the conditions for a successful citizens’ revolt? What kind of strategies do governments follow to prevent such revolts? In this article, we argue that the concept of networks is a very powerful tool to understand these issues, as shown, for example, by the prominent role of social networks during the recent revolts in the Arab world. More specifically, we model these types of societies as a game played between a leader, who has to decide the distribution of the aggregate income, and a group of citizens who have the opportunity to revolt if they are unhappy with the distribution (or if they dislike the regime). Coordinated action by citizens is possible because they form nodes in a communication network. However, communication through the network is distorted, which could preclude the emergence of collective action among citizens. The network structure and the distortion level are determinants of the political equilibrium and wealth distribution. The model explains how the dictator could use propaganda, cooptation, and repression to increase his expected utility. We also use our framework to provide a formal proof of Wintrobe’s Dictator’s Dilemma. Finally, the model is illustrated by applying it to cases in Nigeria, Zaire/Congo, and Libya.
Older Latinos
Authors: Ruiz Maria Elena , Phillips Linda R. , Kim Haesook , Woods Dianna Lynn
Published: February 2015

Latinos/Hispanics are the largest and fastest growing ethnic minority group in the United States. By mid-century, older Hispanics may account for almost 20% of the older cohort. Yet while health disparities have garnered increased attention, little is known about older Hispanics and their overall health, social, and economic needs. This article presents an innovative Ethnocultural Gerontological Nursing Model that can serve as an overarching framework for exploring various salient macro- and micro-level factors that affect the lives of Latino elders, their families, and the communities that support them. By utilizing a life span perspective, the Ethnocultural Gerontological Nursing Model and attached questionnaire can assist nurses and other health providers in gaining a fuller assessment of older Latinos in order that we may improve our understanding and development of health service, program, and policy changes that address the needs of older Latinos and the nurses who care for them and their families.
Increasing Environmental Performance in a Context of Low Governmental Enforcement: Evidence From China
Authors: Haddad Mary Alice
Published: February 2015

How can activists and policy makers encourage better environmental behavior in a context of poor governmental enforcement? This article examines the case of the Institute of Public & Environmental Affairs, a Chinese nonprofit organization, to show how a transparency-based platform can encourage brand-sensitive multinational corporations, their suppliers, their investors, local governments, and consumers to behave in more environmentally responsible ways, even in a context of low governmental enforcement. Using Institute of Public & Environmental Affairs as its model, this article argues that a transparency-based platform can serve an important coordinating function across multiple sectors, creating a mechanism through which market forces are channeled in pro-environmental ways. Transparency-based platforms can help develop new norms about public disclosure, corporate governance, and consumer responsibility, but they only function in places with sufficient state monitoring capacity, adequate legal protections, and in markets where local firms are vulnerable to external financial pressure.
Exploring the Context of Trafficking and Adolescent Sex Industry Involvement in Tijuana, Mexico
Authors: Goldenberg Shira M. , Silverman Jay G. , Engstrom David , Bojorquez-Chapela Ietza , Usita Paula , Rolón María Luisa , Strathdee Steffanie A.
Published: February 2015

Coerced and adolescent sex industry involvement are linked to serious health and social consequences, including enhanced risk of HIV infection. Using ethnographic fieldwork, including interviews with 30 female sex workers with a history of coerced or adolescent sex industry involvement, we describe contextual factors influencing vulnerability to coerced and adolescent sex industry entry and their impacts on HIV risk and prevention. Early gender-based violence and economic vulnerability perpetuated vulnerability to coercion and adolescent sex exchange, while HIV risk mitigation capacities improved with increased age, control over working conditions, and experience. Structural interventions addressing gender-based violence, economic factors, and HIV prevention among all females who exchange sex are needed.
Pushing the City Limits
Authors: Einstein Katherine Levine , Kogan Vladimir
Published: February 2015

Are city governments capable of responding to the preferences of their constituents? Is the menu of policy options determined by forces beyond their direct control? We answer these questions using a comprehensive cross-sectional database linking voter preferences to local policy outcomes in more than 2,000 midsize cities and a new panel covering cities in two states. Overall, our analysis paints an encouraging picture of democracy in the city: we document substantial variation in local fiscal policy outcomes and provide evidence that voter preferences help explain why cities adopt different policies. As they become more Democratic, cities increase their spending across a number of service areas. In addition, voter sentiment shapes the other side of the ledger, determining the level and precise mix of revenues on which cities rely. In short, we show that cities respond both to competitive pressures and the needs and wants of their constituents.
Diastolic Mitral Regurgitation in a Patient With Complex Native Mitral and Aortic Valve Endocarditis
Authors: Pulido Juan N. , Lynch James J. , Mauermann William J. , Michelena Hector I. , Rehfeldt Kent H.
Published: February 2015

Diastolic mitral valve regurgitation is a rare phenomenon described in patients with atrioventricular conduction abnormalities, severe left ventricular systolic or diastolic dysfunction with regional wall motion dyssynchrony, or severe acute aortic valve regurgitation. The presence of diastolic mitral valve regurgitation in acute aortic regurgitation due to endocarditis suggests critical severity requiring urgent surgical valve replacement. We describe a case of diastolic mitral regurgitation in the setting of complex native mitral-aortic valve endocarditis in a patient in normal sinus rhythm and review the etiologic mechanisms of this phenomenon, echocardiographic assessment, and therapeutic implications for hemodynamic management.
Steady state characteristics of an adjustable hybrid gas bearing – Computational fluid dynamics, modified Reynolds equation and experimental validation
Authors: Pierart Fabian G , Santos Ilmar F
Published: February 2015

To include the effect of external pressurization in hybrid gas bearings an extra term is added to Reynolds Equation to accommodate the gas jet. Two cases are considered: cylindrical and annular flow profiles. Validation of theoretical results obtained using the modified version of Reynolds equation for compressible fluid against computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model is presented in terms of pressure and flow rate considering pressurization levels, journal eccentricities and angular velocities. Correction factors for the jet discharge coefficients are necessary and calculated added by CFD model. By introducing such coefficients into the modified Reynolds equation, good agreement with experiments is achieved in terms of journal equilibrium position and resulting aerodynamic forces.
Increasing physical activity through mobile device interventions: A systematic review
Authors: Muntaner Adrià , Vidal-Conti Josep , Palou Pere
Published: February 2015

Physical inactivity is a health problem that affects people worldwide and has been identified as the fourth largest risk factor for overall mortality (contributing to 6% of deaths globally). Many researchers have tried to increase physical activity levels through traditional methods without much success. Thus, many researchers are turning to mobile technology as an emerging method for changing health behaviours. This systematic review sought to summarise and update the existing scientific literature on increasing physical activity through mobile device interventions, taking into account the methodological quality of the studies. The articles were identified by searching the PubMed, SCOPUS and SPORTDiscus databases for studies published between January 2003 and December 2013. Studies investigating efforts to increase physical activity through mobile phone or even personal digital assistant interventions were included. The search results allowed the inclusion of 11 studies that gave rise to 12 publications. Six of the articles included in this review reported significant increases in physical activity levels. The number of studies using mobile devices for interventions has increased exponentially in the last few years, but future investigations with better methodological quality are needed to draw stronger conclusions regarding how to increase physical activity through mobile device interventions.