bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Getting Intimate with Wollstonecraft
Authors: Wingrove Elizabeth
Published: May 2005

This essay argues that a recurrent concern among feminist scholars to “get Wollstonecraft’s (proto-)feminism right” risks (1) limiting how we understand her contributions to the politics of the post-Revolutionary period and (2) limiting how we understand those politics to be gendered. The argument unfolds through a rhetorical analysis that traces Wollstonecraft’s efforts to bring order to the practices of reading and writing. In their attempts to discipline literacy, her writings simultaneously challenge and exploit gender practices and identities; in so doing they underscore the significance of print culture to the political and sexual struggles of the late eighteenth century. The essay concludes that this significance suggests a need for more detailed analyses of the links between the politics of print culture and the formation of public spheres.
Contesting Public Space and Citizenship
Authors: Schaller Susanna , Modan Gabriella
Published: May 2005

While research on business improvement districts (BIDs) has considered the constraints BIDs can place on the negotiation of public space and citizenship, little work has focused on the process of establishing neighborhood BIDs (NBIDs), and few scholars have examined perceptions of public space held by actual neighborhood constituents. This article analyzes a participatory mapping project and messages on a neighborhood e-mail list to compare the visions of place expressed by disempowered community members and by an NBID proposal. Our analysis illuminates how local power relations and inequalities can become inscribed in urban planning projects like NBIDs.
Up-Zoning New York City's Mixed-Use Neighborhoods
Authors: Wolf-Powers Laura
Published: May 2005

This article examines land use policy and real estate market activity in the 1990s in two mixed-use neighborhoods in New York City. Using data from case studies of Greenpoint-Williamsburg in Brooklyn and Long Island City in Queens, this article finds that adherence on the part of officials to the principle of highest and best use, together with an incremental approach to planning and land use regulation, has contributed to opportunistic development and industrial displacement in these areas. The question of whether this trajectory is in the interests of the public at large remains the subject of fierce debate in the city's planning community and beyond. The article contributes to the literature on property-led economic development in central cities by exploring the complex task of planners charged with regulating areas that not only are logical sites for commercial and residential expansion but also serve as niches for loweryielding land uses.
Enforcing Protected Area Guidelines in Brazil
Authors: de Oliveira José Antonio Puppim
Published: May 2005

This article examines key factors that influence the participation of local actors in policy implementation. Specifically, it reviews case studies in the implementation of environmentally protected area (APA) policy at the local level in the state of Bahia, Brazil. The state created various APAs with the expectation that local actors would support the policy enforcement regimes, thereby reducing the need for a dramatic increase in state institutional capacity. As it turned out, local actors provided varying levels of support for the range of enforcement responsibilities. Based on empirical research conducted in seven APAs, this article identifies three principal factors that explain higher engagement by local actors: (1) the objective of the policy intervention at the local level, (2) the number of different localities involved in the same project or program, and (3) the timing of the involvement of local actors in the policy-making and implementation processes.
Assessing Clients’ Sexual Health as a Component of Holistic Nursing Practice
Authors: Dattilo JoEllen , Brewer M. Kathleen
Published: May 2005

A phenomenological study was conducted to investigate baccalaureate nursing students’ experiences with assessing the sexual health of their clients. The participants were 10 female nursing students. The participants were asked to respond to the statement: Tell me about your experiences with assessing your clients’ sexual health and concerns. Data were analyzed using Van Manen’s criteria for analysis. The common themes were (a) recognized sexual assessment as a component of holistic nursing, (b) experienced discomfort exploring clients’ sexual health, (c) believed that sexual assessment was warranted only if related to the diagnosis, and (d) held that the assessment was less important than other assessments. Information from this study has potential to inform nurse educators engaged in clinical teaching and curriculum development that sexual health assessment must be valued as a study area if holistic nursing care is to be a part of professional nursing practice.
Meaning in Life and Psycho-Spiritual Functioning
Authors: Bauer-Wu Susan , Farran Carol J.
Published: May 2005

Purpose: Incorporating holistic health perspectives, this study compared and examined relationships among meaning in life, spirituality, perceived stress, and psychological distress in breast cancer survivors (BCS) and healthy women. Methods: Standardized self-report measures were completed once by all participants (N = 78). Findings: Group comparison revealed statistically significant variances across the measures. Covariate analysis identified BCS without children had less meaningful lives and greater stress and distress than BCS with children and participants without cancer. Significant correlations (p > .001) between meaning in life and spirituality (r = .43), stress (r = -.39), and distress (r = -.41) were also identified. Conclusion: Personal factors (i.e., being a parent) may be especially important in BCS. Also, psychological and spiritual variables are highly correlated, suggesting the use of an integrated term psycho-spiritual functioning. Implications: Holistic nursing interventions can facilitate self-awareness, interpersonal connection, and living a meaningful life, particularly in vulnerable patients such as BCS without children.
Spirituality and Self-Management of Diabetes in African Americans
Authors: Polzer Rebecca , Miles Margaret Shandor
Published: May 2005

Attention to spirituality is especially important for nurses when providing care to African Americans. Spirituality is deeply embedded in their rich cultural heritage. For many African Americans, spirituality is intertwined into all aspects of life, including beliefs about health and illness. Therefore, it is imperative that nurses understand the relationship between African American spirituality, health, and self-management of illness to provide culturally competent care to African Americans. The purpose of this article is to summarize the research literature on African American spirituality, health, and self-management as it relates to Type 2 diabetes, an illness that involves complex self-care management. Recommendations for holistic nursing practice and research related to this literature are also identified.
Meckler and Baillie on Truth and Objectivity
Authors: Ryan Phil
Published: May 2005

In the September 2003 issue, Meckler and Baillie correctly argued that social constructionists need not deny the importance of truth or objectivity. This comment probes their understanding of those two concepts. The view that truth entails correspondence with the facts, although not false, is not helpful. Our understanding of truth must be able to encompass the truth of normative claims and counterfactuals and of “deeper” truths. Meckler and Baillie’s view that an objective statement is one that is independent of our beliefs is also challenged. All statements depend on our beliefs but these beliefs are themselves more or less plausible and self-evident. An objective statement can thus be understood as one whose background conditions are viewed as reasonable or self-evident. Various implications follow: Objectivity is a matter of degree, and one can reasonably speak of the objectivity of our norms as much as the objectivity of our fact claims.
For Truth and Realism in Management Research
Authors: Hunt Shelby D.
Published: May 2005

Is truth a research goal and regulative ideal that is appropriate for management research? Is realism an appropriate philosophical foundation for management research? This article answers in the affirmative on both of these questions by (a) using historical method to develop the four fundamental tenets of scientific realism, (b) using the historical material to show how some management writers have presented a historically false view of scientific realism, (c) developing a scientific realist model of truth, and (d) using trust as a foundation, arguing for truth and realism in management research.
Sport and Organizational Studies
Authors: Wolfe Richard A. , Weick Karl E. , Usher John M. , Terborg James R. , Poppo Laura , Murrell Audrey J. , Dukerich Janet M. , Core Deborah Crown , Dickson Kevin E. , Jourdan Jessica Simmons
Published: May 2005

A number of phenomena of interest to management and organizational scholars have been investigated within the context of sport (e.g., compensation-performance relationships, escalating commitment, executive succession, sustainable competitive advantage). The authors are unaware, however, of any systematic effort to address the rationale, benefits, and potential of conducting organizational research within sport. The purpose of this article is to investigate how studying within the context of sport can contribute to an understanding of management and of organizations with a focus on how such contribution can be achieved with creative and innovative research approaches. The authors present a general overview of the rationale for studying organizational phenomena within sport and provide a concise review of such research. With this as background, the authors discuss a number of organizational phenomena that they have studied within the domain of sport. The article suggests how organizational research might benefit by using sport as a context in ways not yet evident in the literature.
Outstanding Papers From the Eastern Academy of Management and Eastern Academy of Management– International Conferences
Authors: Ogilvie Dt , Vernon Heidi
Published: May 2005

This special issue comprises outstanding papers from the 2004 Eastern Academy of Management and Eastern Academy of Management–International conferences. Our introduction to the special issue discusses the selection and review process for the papers for the conferences and again for Group & Organization Management. We briefly describe the content of each paper.
Challenging Despair
Authors: Hollander Jocelyn A.
Published: May 2005

In this article, the author describes an approach to teaching about violence against women that balances discussion of violence with information about women’s individual and collective resistance. This strategy addresses two concerns about traditional approaches to this topic: that focusing only on victimization disempowers students and that it provides only a partial view of the reality of violence in women’s lives. To address these problems, the author integrates discussion of resistance into the class’s working definition of violence, assigned readings, guest speakers, and course assignments. The author concludes with a discussion of the positive effects of this approach.
Interpersonal Congruence, Transactive Memory, and Feedback Processes: An Integrative Model of Group Learning
Authors: London Manuel , Polzer Jeffrey T. , Omoregie Heather
Published: May 2005

This article presents a multilevel model of group learning that focuses on antecedents and consequences of interpersonal congruence, transactive memory, and feedback processes. The model holds that members’ self-verification motives and situational conditions (e.g., member diversity and task demands) give rise to identity negotiation behaviors (i.e., self-disclosure and feedback sharing). The effects of identity negotiation on interpersonal congruence, the transactive memory system, and ongoing group processes are influenced by team process interventions such as team-level feedback and group facilitation. Situational changes may renew identity negotiation that, in turn, leads to changes in the transactive memory system. Directions for research and practice focus on the use of feedback to facilitate interpersonal congruence and transactive memory and increase goal achievement and continued group development.
The Compositional Impact of Team Diversity on Performance: Theoretical Considerations
Authors: Horwitz Sujin K.
Published: May 2005

During the past 2 decades, numerous theories have been postulated to test the compositional effects of member characteristics on group and organizational performance. However, the impact of team composition on performance and moderating variables potentially affecting this relationship is still not clearly understood, and research endeavors have, consequently, produced mixed and inconsistent findings. This review, therefore, synthesizes the current theories and models of team diversity into an integrative theoretical framework by conceptually refining key variables to examine the multidimensional facets of the relationship between team diversity and performance. The implications of this review for future research and organizational practices are also discussed.
A Theory of Effective Computer-Based Instruction for Adults
Authors: Lowe Janis S. , Holton Elwood F.
Published: May 2005

This study presents a theory of critical components that affect the effectiveness of computer-based instruction (CBI) for adults. The theory was developed to provide a framework for research to explain or predict effective learning by adults using a desktop computer. The five conclusions drawn from this theory are as follows: (a) the characteristics of self-directedness and computer self-efficacy of adult learners play an important role in designing CBI for adults; (b) CBI design is interwoven with the units of self-directedness, computer self-efficacy, learning goal level, instructional design, and external support; (c) learning goal level affects instructional design strategy and the instructional control component of CBI design; (d) external support and instructional support are needed to provide a positive CBI experience; and (e) the theory draws together the isolated variables researchers consider important in the adult learning process and aligns them to provide effective CBI.
Line Bisection and Rebisection: The Crossover Effect of Space Location
Authors: Wang Qiang , Sonoda Shigeru , Hanamura Miho , Okazaki Hideto , Saitoh Eiichi
Published: May 2005

Objective. To investigate the relationship between the bisection test and the severity of behavioral hemineglect and to verify if this test can predict the behavioral hemineglect. Methods. Thirty stroke patients with left hemiparesis were divided into 4 groups according to the Catherine Bergego Scale, which assessed the behavioral hemineglect: severe unilateral neglect (UN), moderate UN, mild UN, and lack of UN. Eleven healthy subjects served as age-matched control subjects. In the bisection test, 18 lines were presented on the left, middle, and right of an A4 paper, respectively. The subjects were asked to place a short cross mark in the exact middle point of each line on the paper using their right hand. The middle 6 lines in the above bisection test were extracted on another sheet of A4 paper for the rebisection test. The subjects were asked to divide a line into 4 segments by successive bisections. The proportion of the right part to the length of line for bisecting was calculated. Results. In the bisection test, the main effect of space was significant in every group except the mild neglect group. The crossover effect of space location was found in the severe UN group, the group without UN, and the controls. In the severe UN group, the patients bisected the left and middle lines with rightward bias (<50%) but bisected the right lines with leftward bias (>50%). In the group without UN and the controls, the subjects bisected the left lines with leftward bias (>50%) but bisected the middle and right lines with rightward bias (<50%). Almost the same results were seen in the rebisection test. Conclusions. This study showed that if the spatial crossover effect occurred in the right space condition, it was strongly supported that this patient had moderate to severe behavioral hemineglect. The crossover effect of the space location was explained by a new model.
Stroke Rehabilitation in Switzerland versus the United States: A Preliminary Comparison
Authors: Stuart Mary , Ryser Christina , Levitt Alan , Beer Serafin , Kesselring Jurg , Chard Sarah , Weinrich Michael
Published: May 2005

This article compares the structure and process of rehabilitation for stroke patients at 2 internationally recognized rehabilitation hospitals, Klinik Valens (“Valens”) in Switzerland and the William Donald Schaeffer Rehabilitation Hospital at Kernan (“Kernan”) in the United States. Although the patient mix, structure, and process of rehabilitation were similar in many regards, there were some important differences. Most notably, on average, patients at the U.S. hospital were discharged from rehabilitation at approximately the same day poststroke that rehabilitation began in Switzerland. Patients remained in an inpatient setting an average of 40 days longer in Switzerland (for the combination of acute care and rehabilitation) and had significantly higher levels of functioning at discharge when compared to their U.S. counterparts. The authors’ findings suggest that Europe may offer opportunities for rehabilitation research that would be difficult to duplicate in the United States and highlight policy-relevant questions for future studies aimed at developing efficient managed care systems for stroke survivors.
Self-defence among Innocent People
Authors: Øverland Gerhard
Published: May 2005

I explain the asymmetry between innocent aggressors and their (innocent) victims, and attempt to separate justified and unjustified defensive force when both parties are innocent. I propose the principle of initiating behaviour, which states that: ‘In order for one person to be justified in using defensive force the other party must initiate the apparently threatening behaviour, but the defendant’s interpretation of that behaviour, as being threatening, would have to be reasonable.’ We can thereby maintain the view that there is a significant relation between an act being justified and which party ought eventually to be given priority in a conflict situation. If we know that an act is justified, we know that we have to give preference to its agent when there is a choice between imposing equal harm on him or her and his or her victim.
Investigation of factors responsible for cell line cytoplasmic expression differences
Authors: Finn Jonathan D , Wong Tabitha , Cullis Pieter R
Published: May 2005

Background

Previous work has described a novel cytoplasmic expression system that results in a 20-fold increase in the levels of gene expression over a standard CMV-based nuclear expression system, as compared with a 2–3 fold increase seen with previous similar systems. While this increase was seen with BHK and Neuro-2a cells, further studies revealed that some cell lines, such as COS-7, demonstrated relatively poor levels of cytoplasmic expression. The objective of this study was to determine what factors were responsible for the different expression levels between BHK (a high expressing cell line) and COS-7 (a low expressing cell line).

Results

The main findings of this work are that the individual elements of the cytoplasmic expression system (such as the T7 RNAP gene and Internal Ribosome Entry Sequence) are functioning similarly in both cell types. Both cell types were found to have the same amount of cytosolic nuclease activity, and that the cells appeared to have differences in the intra-cellular processing of DNA -cationic lipid complexes.

Conclusion

After exploring many factors, it was found that differences in the intra-cellular processing of the DNA-cationic lipid complex was the most probable factor responsible for the difference in cytoplasmic gene expression.
Characterisation and application of a bovine U6 promoter for expression of short hairpin RNAs
Authors: Lambeth Luke S , Moore Robert J , Muralitharan Morley , Dalrymple Brian P , McWilliam Sean , Doran Timothy J
Published: May 2005

Background

The use of small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules in animals to achieve double-stranded RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) has recently emerged as a powerful method of sequence-specific gene knockdown. As DNA-based expression of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) for RNAi may offer some advantages over chemical and in vitro synthesised siRNA, a number of vectors for expression of shRNA have been developed. These often feature polymerase III (pol. III) promoters of either mouse or human origin.

Results

To develop a shRNA expression vector specifically for bovine RNAi applications, we identified and characterised a novel bovine U6 small nuclear RNA (snRNA) promoter from bovine sequence data. This promoter is the putative bovine homologue of the human U6-8 snRNA promoter, and features a number of functional sequence elements that are characteristic of these types of pol. III promoters. A PCR based cloning strategy was used to incorporate this promoter sequence into plasmid vectors along with shRNA sequences for RNAi. The promoter was then used to express shRNAs, which resulted in the efficient knockdown of an exogenous reporter gene and an endogenous bovine gene.

Conclusion

We have mined data from the bovine genome sequencing project to identify a functional bovine U6 promoter and used the promoter sequence to construct a shRNA expression vector. The use of this native bovine promoter in shRNA expression is an important component of our future development of RNAi therapeutic and transgenic applications in bovine species.
Single-feature polymorphism discovery in the barley transcriptome
Authors: Rostoks Nils , Borevitz Justin O , Hedley Peter E , Russell Joanne , Mudie Sharon , Morris Jenny , Cardle Linda , Marshall David F , Waugh Robbie
Published: May 2005

A probe-level model for analysis of GeneChip gene-expression data is presented which identified more than 10,000 single-feature polymorphisms (SFP) between two barley genotypes. The method has good sensitivity, as 67% of known single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were called as SFPs. This method is applicable to all oligonucleotide microarray data, accounts for SNP effects in gene-expression data and represents an efficient and versatile approach for highly parallel marker identification in large genomes.
Enantiopreferential DNA Binding: [{(5,6-dmp)2Ru}2(μ-bpm)]4+ Induces a B-to-Z Conformational Change on DNA
Authors: Uma Maheswari Palanisamy , Rajendiran Venugopal , Palaniandavar Mallayan , Parthasarathi Ramakrishnan , Subramanian Venkatesan
Published: May 2005

The dinuclear ruthenium(II) complex [{(5,6-dmp)2Ru}2(μ-bpm)]4+ (5,6-dmp = 5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline; bpm = 2,2′-bipyrimidine) was synthesized and the meso (ΔΛ) and rac (ΔΔ, ΛΛ) diastereoisomers separated using cation-exchange chromatography, and characterized using CHN analysis as well as UV–visible and 1H NMR spectra. The rac form was interacted with calf thymus DNA (CT DNA) and certain selected dodecanucleotides, like poly d(GC)12 and poly d(AT)12 and the hexanucleotide d(GTCGAC)2. Absorption, emission and circular dichroic spectral techniques, DNA melting studies and viscometry were used to monitor the interactions. Induced biphasic CD signals due to exciton coupling between dinuclear complexes bound on the DNA nanotemplate and the complexes free in solution were observed in the UV region. In contrast, the mononuclear analogue rac-[Ru(5,6-dmp)2(bipy)]2+ did not show any biphasic CD signal upon an interaction with DNA under identical conditions. An increase in the ionic strength of the buffer and a decrease in the length of the DNA lowered the extent of exciton coupling. Also, the complex preferentially bound to GC, rather than the AT sequence, as revealed from the higher intensity of the biphasic CD signal for the former. An equilibrium dialysis experiment unambiquously revealed the preferential binding of ΔΔ-enantiomer to CT DNA, and also its potential, interestingly, to induce a B-to-Z conformational change on DNA. The latter was confirmed by the 31P NMR spectra of poly d(GC)12 bound to the dinuclear complex. A DNA binding model involving the partial insertion of one of the 5,6-dmp ligands of the large dinuclear complex (ΔΔ-enantiomer) between the DNA base pairs in the minor groove was suggested using molecular modeling; this model is preferred over one involving simple, electrostatic groove binding. This is supported by viscometry studies, which indicate an enhancement in the relative viscosity of CT DNA upon an interaction with the dinuclear complex.
Direct Oxidation of Methane by Pd–Ni Bimetallic Catalyst over Lanthanum Chromite Based Anode for SOFC
Authors: Nabae Yuta , Yamanaka Ichiro , Takenaka Sakae , Hatano Masaharu , Otsuka Kiyoshi
Published: May 2005

Steady generation of electricity with dry CH4 fuel, 150 mW·cm−2 at 1073 K and 360 mW·cm−2 at 1173 K, was successfully performed by a low loading of Pd–Ni bimetallic catalyst on a lanthanum chromite based porous-composite anode for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). The amounts of carbon deposition were quite small under the open and closed circuit conditions. The electrocatalytic activity of the Pd–Ni catalyst was significantly higher than that of Pd or Ni catalysts.
Analysis of Titanium Dental Implants Surrounding Soft Tissue Using X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS) Analysis
Authors: Uo Motohiro , Asakura Kiyotaka , Yokoyama Atsuro , Tamura Kazuchika , Totsuka Yasunori , Akasaka Tsukasa , Watari Fumio
Published: May 2005

X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analysis was applied for the analysis of titanium (Ti) in the human oral mucosa in contact with Ti dental implants from two different patients. Metallic Ti and an oxide (anatase) were detected. The metallic Ti was distributed in particulate form, which would be debris formed by the abrasion during the operation of implantation. The possibility of using XAFS for the analysis of the chemical state of rarely contained elements in biological tissue was suggested.
Cyclization of o-Functionalized α-Trifluoromethylstyrenes: Synthesis of Isoquinoline Derivatives Bearing Fluorinated One-Carbon Units
Authors: Mori Takashi , Iwai Yu , Ichikawa Junji
Published: May 2005

α-Trifluoromethylstyrenes with a formimidoyl, an N-hydroxyformimidoyl, or a tosylamidomethyl group at the ortho position undergo intramolecular addition or SN2′-type substitution at the trifluoromethylvinyl moiety, leading to a variety of isoquinoline derivatives bearing 4-trifluoromethyl, 4-difluoromethyl, and 4-difluoromethylene groups.
One-pot Synthesis of Bimodal Dispersed Mesoporous Silica Spheres
Authors: Yano Kazuhisa , Fukushima Yoshiaki
Published: May 2005

The addition of polyethylene glycol during the reaction led to the synthesis of bimodal dispersed mesoporous silica spheres in a one pot system.
Partial Ring Hydrogenation of Naphthols over Supported Metal Catalysts in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Solvent
Authors: Mine Eiichi , Haryu Eiji , Arai Kunio , Sato Takafumi , Sato Osamu , Sasaki Akiyoshi , Rode Chandrashekhar V , Shirai Masayuki
Published: May 2005

Selective ring hydrogenation of naphthols to tetrahydronaphthols and tetralones proceeded at 323 K over a charcoal supported rhodium catalyst in supercritical carbon dioxide.
Artificial Fibular Muscles with 20% Strain Based on Polypyrrole–Metal Coil Composites
Authors: Hara Susumu , Zama Tetsuji , Tanaka Noboru , Takashima Wataru , Kaneto Keiichi
Published: May 2005

A fibrous polypyrrole Pt/Ir-coil composite actuator, prepared electrochemically from a methyl benzoate solution of tetra-n-butylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TBATFSI), exhibited 20% electrochemical strain in propylene carbonate/water solution of LiTFSI. The artificial muscle fibre based on TFSI-doped PPy–Pt/Ir coil composite has reached the same level of natural muscle’s strain.
Cr(salen)-catalyzed Asymmetric Addition of Allylstannane to Aldehydes
Authors: Shimada Yuya , Katsuki Tsutomu
Published: May 2005

Cr(salen) complex 3 was found to be an efficient catalyst for asymmetric addition of allyltributylstannane to non-branched aliphatic aldehydes, giving the corresponding homoallylic alcohols in a highly enantioselective manner. For example, its addition to 3-phenylpropanal and 6-phenoxyhexanal proceeded with 92 and 94% ees, respectively, under atmospheric pressure.
Molybdenum- and Rhenium-catalyzed Isomerization of Cyclopropanemethanols to Tetrahydrofurans
Authors: Maeda Yasunari , Nishimura Takahiro , Uemura Sakae
Published: May 2005

Molybdenum- and rhenium-complexes work as affective catalysts for isomerization of a variety of cyclopropanemethanols into the corresponding tetrahydrofurans in good to high yields. The reaction may proceed via 1) [3,3]sigmatropic rearrangement involving an oxo metal cyclopropanemethanolate accompanied by the C–C bond cleavage and 2) the metal-catalyzed intramolecular hydroalkoxylation of the initially produced homoallylic alcohols.
Functional Characterization and Neuronal Modeling of the Effects of Childhood Absence Epilepsy Variants ofCACNA1H, a T-Type Calcium Channel
Authors: Vitko Iuliia , Chen Yucai , Arias Juan M. , Shen Yen , Wu Xi-Ru , Perez-Reyes Edward
Published: May 2005

Sequencing of the T-type Ca2+channel geneCACNA1Hrevealed 12 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were found only in childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) patients. One SNP, G773D, was found in two patients. The present study reports the finding of a third patient with this SNP, as well as analysis of their parents. Because of the role of T-channels in determining the intrinsic firing patterns of neurons involved in absence seizures, it was suggested that these SNPs might alter channel function. The goal of the present study was to test this hypothesis by introducing these polymorphisms into a human Cav3.2a cDNA and then study alterations in channel behavior using whole-cell patch-clamp recording. Eleven SNPs altered some aspect of channel gating. Computer simulations predict that seven of the SNPs would increase firing of neurons, with three of them inducing oscillations at similar frequencies, as observed during absence seizures. Three SNPs were predicted to decrease firing. Some CAE-specific SNPs (e.g., G773D) coexist with SNPs also found in controls (R788C); therefore, the effect of these polymorphisms were studied. The R788C SNP altered activity in a manner that would also lead to enhanced burst firing of neurons. The G773D-R788C combination displayed different behavior than either single SNP. Therefore, common polymorphisms can alter the effect of CAE-specific SNPs, highlighting the importance of sequence background. These results suggest thatCACNA1His a susceptibility gene that contributes to the development of polygenic disorders characterized by thalamocortical dysrhythmia, such as CAE.
Functional Recovery from Desensitization of Vanilloid Receptor TRPV1 Requires Resynthesis of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate
Authors: Liu Beiying , Zhang Chunguang , Qin Feng
Published: May 2005

Capsaicin and other naturally occurring pungent molecules have long been used as topical analgesics to treat a variety of chronic pain conditions. The analgesic effects of these compounds involve long-term desensitization of nociceptors after strong stimulation. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, we studied the recovery from desensitization of the vanilloid receptor TRPV1. We showed that prolonged applications of capsaicin led to nearly complete desensitization of the channel and that its functional recovery from desensitization required a high concentration of intracellular ATP. Nonhydrolyzable ATP analogs did not substitute for ATP to promote recovery. Neither inhibition nor activation of protein kinases prevented recovery of the channel from desensitization. In contrast, blockade of lipid kinases, in particular phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase, abolished recovery, as did activation of membrane receptors that stimulate hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate (PIP2). Additional experiments using the PIP2-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel Kir2.1 as a biosensor showed a high degree of temporal correlation between the two channels on both functional suppression after capsaicin stimulation and subsequent recovery. These data suggest that depletion of PIP2occurs concomitantly with activation of TRPV1 and its replenishment in the membrane determines recovery of the channel from desensitization. In addition to revealing a new role of phosphoinositide signaling in regulation of nociception, our results provide novel insight into the topical mechanisms of the analgesic effects of capsaicin and the strategies to improve its effectiveness.
Conflicting Images? Being Black and a Model High School Student
Authors: HEMMINGS ANNETTE
Published: May 2005

School participants in two desegregated urban high schools, Lincoln and Nor‐wood East, shared virtually the same image of the good or “mode1” student. But student peer cultures differed significantly between the sites with regards to the acceptability of this and other images for African Americans. Within these contrasting school contexts, six high‐achieving black juniors formed and then performed identities as model students, as black persons, and as other selves. They responded in unique ways to what they perceived to be conflicting images of who they ought to be.
Burnout as Cheerleader: The Cultural Basis for Prestige and Privilege in Junior High School
Authors: MERTEN DON E.
Published: May 2005

The relationship between status categories and extracurricular activities is examined by considering an incident that produces a situation of status incon‐gruity. In a suburban middle‐class junior high school there is an important assumed congruence between the prestige of an individual's status category and the extracurricular activities in which she or he participates. When this tacit cultural assumption is violated in the selection of cheerleaders, students cast aspersions on their cheerleaders and thereby threaten the latter's social and personal identities. This article seeks to delineate the cultural meanings that provide the symbolic glue between status category and activity and make their incongruity so threatening. Put another way, the article examines the role that the assumed congruence between categories and activities plays in reproducing the basis for prestige and privilege in mainstream American society.
Queens and Teen Zines: Early Adolescent Females Reading Their Way toward Adulthood
Authors: FINDERS MARGARET J.
Published: May 2005

This article documents the reading of teen magazines by middle‐class Euro‐American seventh‐grade girls. Examining the reading of teen zines as a literacy event provides an opportunity to explore how the girls perceive and construct their social roles and relationships as they enter a new cultural scene, the junior high school. Documenting this particular reading practice provides a window onto the complex social negotiations in operation as early adolescent females use literacy to shape emerging social roles. This study holds implications for literacy pedagogy that considers how textual representations serve to define and con‐strain social roles.
Breaking the Rules in Japanese Schools: Kōsoku Ihan, Academic Competition, and Moral Education
Authors: HILL BENJAMIN
Published: May 2005

From the perspective of an American observer, Japanese schools emphasize rules related to general comportment and deemphasize rules related to academic honesty. I interpret this by considering the role schooling plays within the broader process of Japanese enculturation. Compared to U.S. schools, Japanese schools are allocated greater responsibility in the discipline and moral educa tion of children, with authority extending to domains of behavior and methods of correction reserved to parents in the United States. But Japanese schools are allocated less responsibility than U.S. schools in sorting students through academic competition, despite, or because of, Japan's scholastic entrance exami‐nations. Viewed in the context of their enculturative role, Japanese schools are seen to be neither as uniformly harmonious nor as generally corrupt as some outsiders have concluded.
Ethnic Slurs or Free Speech? Politics of Representation in a Student Newspaper
Authors: Villanueva Margaret A.
Published: May 2005

This article analyzes the conflict between free speech and equality in higher education at public universities. Borrowing from the anthropology of representation and critical legal theory, it explores the social consequences of racial slurs in the student press. Confronted by Supreme Court decisions against speech codes, how can a campus promote respect and discourage stigmatizing practices? This case study suggests that what cannot presently be accomplished through the courts may be achieved by community action and peer pressure.
Resurgence of Ethnic Nationalism in California and Germany: The Impact on Recent Progress in Education
Authors: Macias José
Published: May 2005

In a comparative study, the author examines the recent passage of California's “anti‐illegal immigrant” Proposition 187, and the resurgence of hostility toward resident “foreigners” in Germany, as forms of ethnic nationalism resulting in exclusionary movements directed toward Mexicans, and Turkish and other non‐German groups, respectively. Historical analysis and data from educational ethnographic studies reveal the interrelationship of historically constructed racial or ethnic ideology, intergroup experience, and education. Schools, while recent targets of exclusionary social movements, are still key sites for an education in new ways of thinking about racial and ethnic‐group relations.
Constitutive Processes of Race and Exclusion
Authors: Mehan Hugh
Published: May 2005

This commentary summarizes and reflects on the articles in this theme issue, in terms of three themes: (1) macro‐micro relations, (2) the politics of representation, and (3) the role of schooling in social improvement. The articles suggest that a central task for anthropological research is to examine the processes by which truth is constructed in the political economy, science, and everyday life.
Teaching Beliefs in Mohawk Classrooms: Issues of Language and Culture
Authors: McALPINE LYNN , ERIKS–BROPHY ALICE , CRAGO MARTHA
Published: May 2005

This study describes the teaching beliefs of three primary–level teachers (two Mohawkand one nonaboriginal) teaching in the same Mohawk community and analyzes the ways in which cultural identity and language impact on these beliefs. It is evident from this study that depicting teachers as belonging to specific cultural groups may inadequately represent the complexity and diversity of teachers in aboriginal classrooms. Individual personal histories nested in the sociohistorical issues of particular communities play an important role in creating teachers' identities within, as well as across, cultural groups. We need further careful examination of the diversity of teacher beliefs and biographies if we are not to trivialize such a complex issue.
African American Anthropology and the Pedagogy of Activist Community Research
Authors: RODRIGUEZ CHERYRL
Published: May 2005

Anthropological field experiences for African American undergraduates can introduce the students to anthropology and stimulate their interest in the discipline. This is important since relatively few African American students pursue anthropology as a major course of study. Field experiences can also facilitate an understanding of activism, action research, and the uses of these concepts in addressing African American community issues.
Between School and Work: The Literacies of Urban Adolescent Females
Authors: SCHULTZ KATHERINE
Published: May 2005

This article argues for a broader conception of both school and work literacies. I present the writing and narratives of adolescent females in their senior year of an urban high school to begin a dialogue about the ways schools and communities can support youth to both imagine and plan for their futures. Ethnographic research methods were used to collect narratives and construct case studies of four young women. In their nuanced pictures of youth, these narratives will inform educators, policy makers, and researchers as they write about and make decisions concerning the futures of these young people.
“Seeded” in the Market Economy: Schooling and Social Transformations on Mount Kilimanjaro
Authors: STAMBACH AMY
Published: May 2005

This article examines the role of schooling in some of the remarkable social and economic transformations that are going on in sub–Saharan Africa today. It compares Chagga cultural ideas about land and livestock with the model of social development presented in the Tanzanian agricultural science syllabus. The argument–that schooling constitutes a broadening of “value” on Mount Kilimanjaro–has implications for understanding social and material differences that are created in connection with schooling.
Cultural Inversion in Afro‐Caribbean Children in the Netherlands
Authors: KROMHOUT MARISKA , VEDDER PAUL
Published: May 2005

A preliminary study was conducted on the applicability of Ogbu's theory of “cultural inversion” to so–called involuntary minorities in the Netherlands. The focus was on Afro–Caribbean children. Some feutures of cultural inversion were found in these children, but whether a culture of resistance can explain their occurrence remains unclear. It is argued that Ogbu's theory is in need of elaboration and differentiation.
The Unbearable Lightness of Wartime Cuisine
Authors: marin alma
Published: May 2005

The world has always been imperfect. I just didn't pay much attention, like so many people who go about their lives ignoring atrocities, war, hunger as if such things happened only in books or films. And even when I found myself in the middle of the chaos of war, for a long time I thought that I would awaken into a beautiful spring morning and realize it was all a bad dream.

In those years, my life spun around one word: survival. That meant coping with existence without water, electricity, and with very little food; queuing in lines for hours under incessant shell and sniper fire to get basic things that are normally taken for granted.
Relationship Between Complexity and Liking as a Function of Expertise
Authors: Orr Mark G. , Ohlsson Stellan
Published: May 2005

The inverted-U hypothesis has much empirical support in the field of experimental aesthetics. This hypothesis predicts that moderately complex art objects should be preferred over very simple or very complex art objects. Although it is tacitly believed that this hypothesis applies to experts, the literature does not contain any convincing studies that demonstrate this as fact. The present study addresses this issue. Professional jazz and bluegrass musicians rated the complexity of and their liking for short, but complete, jazz and bluegrass improvisations. Complexity and liking were operationalized by subjects� judgments on seven-point Likert-like scales. Regressing liking onto complexity did not reveal any evidence for an inverted-U relation for experts. Moreover, no relationship between liking and complexity was found for the jazz musicians; a negative relation was found for the bluegrass musicians, but only when listening to the bluegrass improvisations. Furthermore, by comparing the expert data with a reanalysis of nonexpert data collected in a previous, but identical study, we propose as a first approximation that musical expertise dissolves the relationship between liking and complexity.
A Model of Melodic Expectation
Authors: Margulis Elizabeth Hellmuth
Published: May 2005

A model of melodic expectation is proposed. The model assigns ratings to the expectedness of melodic events. The ratings depend on the hierarchic implementation of three primary factors�stability, proximity, and direction�and one secondary factor�mobility. The model explicitly links expectancy ratings to aspects of listeners� experiences of tension in melody. An approach to temporal expectations is discussed but not quantified. The model is situated within a framework for thinking about a type of schematic melodic expectations. This article assesses the position of these expectations within the broader cognitive processes invoked in listening to music. It suggests methods for investigating the expectations empirically. Additionally, it outlines connections between the theorized expectations and the dynamic, affective contours of musical experience.
THE POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY OF NATIONAL PARKS
Authors: DILSAVER LARY M. , WYCKOFF WILLIAM
Published: May 2005

Many national parks contain private lands and non-park economic functions that can interfere with management purposes. The number and variety of these "threats" depend on the degree to which the boundary of a new park encloses previously settled lands and economic development. Yellowstone is the only example of a major park established before European American settlement; it is largely free of inholdings and non-park uses. By contrast, Glacier National Park, founded in 1910, and Mojave National Preserve, created in 1994, unavoidably incorporated private lands and previous uses. Despite vigorous National Park Service efforts to eliminate them, many remain, and even those removed have left a landscape legacy. The temporal and spatial relationships shown by these latter parks exemplify those found throughout the national park system and suggest parallels with the political creation of nation-states.
Bonding Corneal Tissue: Applications of Photoactivated Diazopyruvoyl Cross‐linking Agent
Authors: Timberlake George T. , Yousef Abraham L. , Chiles Stacy R. , Moses Rachel A. , Givens Richard S.
Published: May 2005

Photoactivated bis‐diazopyruvamide—N,N′‐bis(3‐diazopyruvoyl)‐2,2′‐(ethylenedioxy)bis‐(ethylamine), (DPD)—was previously shown to bond materials containing type I collagen. However, tensile strength of bonded collagenous tissue (∼78% water) was low compared with that of dehydrated collagenous gelatin (∼14% water). Here we investigated the role of water in corneal tissue bond strength and in bonding corneal tissue to glass. Bonding corneal tissue to glass may be of value in surgically anchoring keratoprostheses to corneas to alleviate problems with extrusion. Bovine corneal samples were lyophilized for various times resulting in tissue hydrations of zero (no water content) to ∼3.7 (normal water content). The lyophilized corneal tissue was bonded to solid gelatin sheets, to other corneal samples and to glass using 0.3M DPD in chloroform. Control runs used chloroform only. Samples were irradiated with 100 or 200 J of 320–500 nm light. Strong bonds formed with all three materials when corneal tissue hydration was 1. No bonds or extremely weak bonds formed when tissue hydration levels were 1. No bonding occurred with chloroform alone. Formation of strong bonds only occurs with hydration levels 1 because corneal collagen fibrils are tightly packed and close enough to cross‐link with the 1.78 nm long DPD.