bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the charge-discharge behaviors of magnesium electrode
Authors: Shiraga Masahiro , Sagane Fumihiro , Miyazaki Kohei , Fukutsuka Tomokazu , Abe Takeshi , Nishio Koji , Uchimoto Yoshiharu
Published: November 2023

Recently, high energy density battery attracts public attention
with the application to power source of electric vehicle and
electric energy storage system in solar and wind generation.
Magnesium electrode has large theoretical capacity as much as 3839
mAh cm-1. Besides, magnesium compounds are abundant in the
earth's crust and most of them are nontoxic. Therefore,
rechargeable magnesium battery, whose negative electrode reaction
is magnesium deposition / dissolution, is one of the most expected
candidates.

However, rechargeable magnesium deposition and dissolution is
not achieved in most electrolytes. Magnesium has extensively high
reactivity, leading the formation of surface films in the
electrolytes. These films cannot conduct magnesium ion and inhibit
magnesium deposition and dissolution reactions. So far, reversible
magnesium deposition and dissolution can be achieved only in RMgX
(R = alkyl or aryl, X = halogen), Mg(BR4)2 or Mg(AlCl2RR')2 /
ether solutions [1,2,3]. In these solutions, magnesium is thought not to be
covered with surface films. However, since these solutions have
limitation for the battery electrolyte, due to their thermal and
chemical instability, studies for more proper electrolytes are
needed.

In this work, we focused on the electrolyte consisting of
magnesium bromide and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF), which were
composed of Grignard reagents. The electrochemical behavior of
platinum electrode in the solution and the analysis of deposits
were studied in detail.
Efficiency Evaluation of New Variable Magnetic Flux Motor: DEVELOPMENT OF EV MOTOR WITH WIDE RANGE HIGH-EFFICIENCY DRIVE
Authors: Nonaka Tuyoshi , Makino Shogo , Hirayama Masayuki , Ohto Motomichi
Published: November 2023

To achieve wide range high-efficiency drive of EV motor, the new structure of VMFM is proposed. To confirm the effect on efficiency for wide range drive, comparatively small prototype motor was experimentally manufactured and evaluated. It is found that the prototype motor produces 10 kW maximum output power in the whole drive range 2000 - 22000 min−1 and its efficiency is about 95% at maximum. It is confirmed that the efficiency improves by more than 20% at its best driving condition compared with that of a conventional steady-field-magnetic-flux IPMM in the low-output power region.
Evaluation on High-Perssure Hydrogen Decompression Failure of Rubber O-ring Using Design of Experiments
Authors: Koga Atsushi , Uchida Kenichi , Yamabe Junichiro , Nishimura Shin
Published: November 2023

To create a society based on hydrogen energy in the near future, it is necessary to clarify the influence of hydrogen on the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of the materials used for hydrogen energy systems. The rubber O-rings used in the high-pressure sometimes suffer from the decrease in durability due to decompression failure, which is influenced by several factors. From this viewpoint, sensitive factors for the durability of rubber O-rings were evaluated by using a L18 orthogonal array. A high-pressure durability tester, which enables the rubber O-rings to expose repeatedly high-pressure hydrogen gas at arbitrary test conditions, was employed. Of lower-limit pressure, upper-limit pressure, material, temperature, O-ring filling ratio, holding time at lower limit, holding time at upper limit, and decompression time, it was clarified that the material, temperature, O-ring filling ratio, and decompression time were sensitive factors from the graph of fractional effects and analysis of variance table.
Development of Fatigue Durability Evaluation Technology for Motorcycle Frame
Authors: Kano Daichi , Kazuya Nagasaka , Matsubara Go , Kawasaki Takumi , Yamasaki Akiyuki , Kasugai Hiroyuki , Saito Hideaki
Published: November 2023

In the development of a motorcycle frame, the balance between high performance and reliability and a short development period are important. In this study, a fatigue durability evaluation technique for a motorcycle frame was developed to enable highly accurate development within a short period of time. Furthermore, we developed a shaking table excitation system as a means to supplement the road test.
Characterization of Biodiesel Particle Emission in Trapping and Regeneration Processes on Cordierite Diesel Particulate Filter
Authors: Siricholathum Komkla , Karin Preechar , Charoenphonphanich Chinda , Hanamura Katsunori , Chollacoop Nuwong
Published: November 2023

As well-known, the diesel engine has the highest thermal efficiency at the same load as compared with internal combustion engine but its disadvantage is particulate matter (PM) emitted to the atmosphere. The studies of this paper were divided into two parts. The first part studied the quantity of PM from the both diesel and biodiesel fuels at 80% load (2400 rpm) by the trapping process on diesel particulate filter (DPF) used in a partial flow dilution tunnel. The second part studied the regeneration process of PM under the flow rate of oxygen and nitrogen gas of 13.5 L/min with 10%, 15%, and 21% of oxygen gas. The result showed that amount of PM from biodiesel fuel was lower around two times than PM from diesel fuel. The duration in regeneration process of biodiesel's PM was shorter than diesel while increasing of oxygen percentage can reduce regeneration time.
Enhancing the Performance of a Catalyst Formulation for a Big Displacement Motorcycle for Future Emission Regulations, Part 2
Authors: Bonifer Marcus , Kiemel Rainer
Published: November 2023

In Europe the next level of emission regulations for motorcycles, Euro IV, is on the verge of introduction, followed by Euro V around 2021. Together with the new emission regulations, the ECE R 40 testing cycle will become obsolete and the more realistic World Motorcycle Testing Cycle (WMTC) will be introduced.

Current catalytic solutions for gasoline engines consist of so-called three way catalysts (TWC) that are able to reduce the emissions of CO, NOx and hydrocarbons (HC) below the regulatory emission limit. These catalysts mostly contain platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh) in different concentrations and ratios. Another important component is the so-called oxygen storage material (OSC) which compensates for the fluctuations in lambda during acceleration and deceleration. Currently existing catalyst formulations must be modified to fulfil the more stringent emission limits with simultaneous consideration of a more realistic test cycle.

Last year we presented modifications of an existing Euro III catalyst formulation for a 690cc motorcycle from model year (MY) 2012. According to our customer, the result was a formulation that fulfilled the Euro IV emission regulation.

We would like to present results of our further modified Euro IV solution. For our tests, we used a 690cc motorcycle from MY2014; this motorcycle was as a reference source of emissions to be able to compare the performance of different catalyst formulations. With our results, we want to show that Euro V for motorcycles is technically possible.
Spray Characteristics Optimization for Small Motorcycle Engine Using Internal Cylinder Flow Analysis
Authors: Sasaki Yuzuru , Yamaguchi Nobuhiko , Arioka Akira , Komuro Katsunori , Kataoka Dai , Akamatsu Shunji
Published: November 2023

In recent times, due to the improvement of internal cylinder flow analysis technology with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), the prediction accuracy of fuel consumption and emission has improved. However, small motorcycles often have complex intake ports which restrict the layout of injectors. Therefore optimization of injection spray to achieve high combustion efficiency and less wall wetting is a challenge. In this study, we predicted fuel consumption and emission performance by the simulation result of air fuel distribution and wall wetting amount with an actual motorcycle engine model. We optimized injector nozzle length, spray angle and spray tip penetration. After the optimization, we evaluated the emission performance and fuel consumption with an actual engine. As a result, we were able to confirm the improvement of fuel consumption and emission performance.
Research on Misfire Detection Algorithms for Motorcycle Engine Firing at Uneven Intervals
Authors: Tasaki Katsunori
Published: November 2023

Misfire is the condition where the engine does not fire correctly due to an ignition miss or poor combustion of the air fuel mixture, resulting in serious deterioration of tailpipe emissions due to the discharge of unburned gas. In order to prevent further exacerbating environmental problems, misfire detection is obligatory in On Board Diagnosis (OBD) II systems.

OBD II technology for passenger cars cannot be easily adopted to motorcycles for several reasons. However, very little research has been reported on misfire detection for an unevenly firing engine in which the degree of contribution to engine output and the variation pattern of angular velocity show a large difference between cylinders, an aspect that is unique to motorcycles.

This research focuses on uneven firing V-twin motorcycle engines, to explore misfire detection techniques using variation characters in crank angular velocity.

Firstly, algorithms were proposed to be applied either individually or in combination utilizing methodology such as, identifying the portion of the combustion cycle in which combustion characteristics are exhibited for each cylinder from the crank angular velocity variation and to define judgment parameters by calculation of the differences, or setting angular velocity at ignition timing of each cylinder as a reference, and calculating the accumulative relative angular velocity up to another identified point to be used as an index parameter.

For the next step, performance of the proposed algorithms were evaluated efficiently and quantitatively, using a simulated environment constructed from various measurement data.

The algorithm which showed higher potential in the simulation were then entered into an Electronic Control Unit (ECU) in order to confirm their effectiveness through vehicle testing.

Finally, this paper summarizes our recent progress in researching misfire detection algorithms for motorcycles, and suggests directions for future research.
A 3D-CFD Study of Flow Dynamics on Mixture Preparation for Fuel Injected Motorcycles
Authors: Meena Ranjana , Ramachandra Pradeep , Dube Adwitiya
Published: November 2023

With the increased demand of mobility in the form of two-wheelers and the continued dominant share of Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) in Indian market, there is considerable influence on the deterioration of air quality. The regulators in this region have legislated Bharat Stage 6 (BS6) as a measure to restrict tail pipe emissions, which necessitates the automotive industry to work towards emission optimization measures. Some of the factors influencing this includes, air-fuel mixture formation, spray targeting, fuel properties, flow dynamics, combustion chemical kinetics, exhaust after-treatment etc. The focus area of this paper is to study the influence of air-fuel mixture formation which is highly dependent on fuel droplet atomization, injection timing, fuel injector, injection pressure and mixture preparation techniques to reduce the engine out emissions. A Three Dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (3D-CFD) simulation was used to evaluate the influence of flow dynamics on mixture homogeneity at various engine speeds and throttle openings. Simulation results were found to be in line with theoretical calculations with deviation under 10% on more than 90% of the operating points. A shift in re-circulation zone was observed with varied speed and load points throughout the throttle opening (0-100%). A transient analysis was also performed over engine cycle to suggest best injection timing by evaluating flow characteristics.
Group Combustion Excitation in Randomly Distributed Droplet Clouds Based on Flame-spread Characteristics with Two-droplet Interaction in Microgravity
Authors: Saputro Herman , fitriana Laila , Mikami Masato
Published: November 2023

Experiments of flame-spread of fuel droplets have been performed in microgravity actively. However, the experiment has limitation in the number of droplets due to relatively short microgravity durations in the ground based facilities. It is difficult to conduct flame spread experiments of large scale droplet clouds in microgravity. This study conducted simulation of flame-spread behavior in randomly distributed large-scale droplet clouds by using a percolation approach, in order to make a theoretical link the gap between droplet combustion experiments and spray combustion phenomenon with considering two-droplet interaction. Droplets are arranged at lattice points in 2D lattice. The occurrence probability of group combustion (OPGC) is calculated as a function of the mean droplet spacing (S/d0)m. The (S/d0)m for 0.5 OPGC is defined as the critical mean droplet spacing (S/d0)critical, which separates the droplet cloud into two groups if the lattice size becomes infinity; relatively dense droplet clouds in which the group combustion is excited through flame spread and dilute droplet clouds in which the group combustion in is never excited. The results show that in 2D droplet arrangements, the (S/d0)critical considering two-droplet interaction is higher than that without considering two-droplets interaction.
Study on Appropriate Cooling Systems According to Output of Motor for Small EV’s
Authors: Shimizu Tsukasa , Itou Jin , Shirazawa Hideki , Muramatsu Yasuyuki
Published: November 2023

It is important to make small and light weight motor for small EV. It is necessary to select appropriate cooling system (liquid cool or air cool) according to motor output. We thought that there is a threshold output that makes the volume smaller and the weight lighter including the liquid cooling system.

As a result of the rough calculation, it was found that the weight can be reduced by adopting the liquid cooling for at about 10kW or more.

In this study we focused on motor and cooling system volume and weight and tried to clarify appropriate cooling system according to motor output.
Development of a Dynamic Lifetime Prediction Model for Ultracapacitors based on Accelerated Aging Tests
Authors: Chiang C.J. , Kuo T.F. , Abubakar Weiliem , Lee G. , Huang W.R.
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this thesis is to establish a dynamic an Ultracapacitor model, including equivalent circuit model, a thermal dynamic model and an aging model. Model parameter identification is conducted based on Alternative Current Impedance Spectroscopy (ACIS) experiment and least squares method to obtain the Ultracapacitor equivalent series resistance (ESR), constant phase element magnitude (Adl), electrolyte resistance (Rel) and constant phase element exponent (γ) at various voltages and temperatures. Various mathematical models are applied to describe the aging process of parameters. The Ultracapacitor aging model is then validated against voltage and temperature measurements under various charge/discharge cycles at nature heat dissipation condition. All the experiment results indicated that the Ultracapacitor aging model is capable of predictions the dynamic behaviors of Ultracapacitor after various periods of aging process. Keywords: Ultracapacitor, Aging Model, Alternative Current Impedance Spectroscopy
Dynamic Modeling of a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine with Exhaust Throttle
Authors: Chiang C. J. , Wu J. W. , Kuo T. F. , Purnomo Kenny
Published: November 2023

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines create a more efficient power source for either stationary power generators or automotive applications. Control of HCCI engines, however, is difficult since the ignition cannot be actuated directly. For the purpose of model-based analysis and control design, a crank-angle based HCCI engine model is developed in this paper based on experimental data from a single-cylinder engine. The zero-dimensional dynamic engine model is constructed based on conservation of mass and energy, and ideal gas law. Subsystems in this model included valve lift profile, cylinder volume, mass flow rate, intake and exhaust runner dynamics, cylinder dynamics, combustion model and heat-transfer model. Inputs to the model include engine speed, intake temperature, fueling rate, intake throttle and exhaust throttle positions. Outputs of the model include indicate mean effective pressure (IMEP), combustion timings, air-to-fuel ratio (AFR), and the pressure, temperature, mass and burned gas fraction in the cylinder, intake and exhaust runners. Identification and validation of the combustion model were first conducted based on the steady-state cylinder pressure measurement and the combustion analysis results. With the inclusion of intake and exhaust runner dynamics and cylinder filling dynamics, the complete HCCI engine model is then validated against steady-state experimental data at various intake temperatures and transient experimental data during step changes of fueling rate exhaust throttle position. Simulation results also contain details such as mass flow rate through the intake and exhaust valves and cylinder charge conditions during the transient. In the future, this model can be used for control design and hardware in the loop (HIL) simulation and testing.
The Way of Suppressing Self-Excited Vibration in Small Pressure Regulator for Small Motorcycles
Authors: Yokoo Takashi , Enomoto Takeshi , Morita Masaki
Published: November 2023

In recent years, the adoption of electronically-controlled fuel injection system (commonly called “FI”) of motorcycles is accelerating for the purpose of fuel efficiency improvement to meet tighter emission controls around the world and to protect global environment. The main stream of the motorcycle market is small motorcycles with an engine size of 100cc to 150cc, therefore downsizing and lowering the cost of FI products are being demanded. Pressure regulator (hereafter called P/R) installed in fuel pump module (hereafter called FPM), one of FI products for motorcycles, is being shifted to ball valve type from diaphragm type due to the downsizing demands. However, the ball valve type has problems such as abnormal noise and pressure adjusting defect that are caused by self-excited vibration. This time, we selected a structure to unite P/R with an aperture in view of downsizing and lowering costs, then we were able to suppress the self-excited vibration and have achieved 77% reduction in size of P/R by making resonance frequency between the pressure chamber and the valve chamber 0<f2 ≦ 5.6×f1. Here, f1 is the resonance frequency of the first fuel passage that includes the pressure chamber and the fuel pipe and f2 is the resonance frequency of the second fuel passage that includes the aperture and the valve chamber. As a result, we have increased the degree of freedom in installing on FPM and achieved 30% reduction in the size of FPM.
Acoustics and Drivability as the Main Drivers for Customer Satisfaction for electrified 2-Wheeler
Authors: Hubmann Christian , Falk Patrick , Graf Bernhard , Friedl Hubert
Published: November 2023

Along with the global trend for electrification, also motorcycle industry is entering new spheres of highly advanced products and is increasing customer demands for electric mobility. Beside hard facts such as performance, driving range, durability and ease of use, also the brand specific attributes such as styling, driveability and even sound for electrified 2-wheeler are very emotional, unique selling prepositions. To determine the subjective parameters for driveability and acoustics, AVL has developed dedicated tools and methods to quantify these attributes with high maturity.

In terms of acoustics and NVH there are several crucial noise sources within electrified powertrains, which have to be treated with high attention from the initial development phase to avoid any kind of unforeseen annoyances: E-motor with inverter, transmission and secondary drive are most relevant. This issue becomes even more important with the ongoing market trend of products featuring increased power.

Electrified motorcycles commonly are expected to offer supreme acceleration performance, but even this attribute may lead into driver's disappointment if throttle response and overall vehicle driveability parameters are inhomogeneous. The driveability and the corresponding parameters have to be calibrated in perfect match of all powertrain components along with the given vehicle architecture. AVL has developed unique measurement equipment AVL-DRIVE to validate the relevant criteria and to support best suitable vehicle driveability development.

This paper describes the process of adding the capabilities to assess these tasks with AVL driveability and acoustic NVH measurement tools and gives examples how these tools support the increasing effort in development tasks for electrified motorcycles.
Experimental Study of Aerodynamic Drag Control on Bluff Body using Synthetic Jets
Authors: Kato Naoto , Watanabe Shunsuke , Hasegawa Hiroaki
Published: November 2023

Since flow separation causes increase of the drag on bluff bodies, its control method has been studied for many years. Active control methods are currently focused as an alternative to passive ones because they impose a larger drag penalty under certain conditions. Although the effectiveness of a steady jet using suction, blowing or pulsed jets has been demonstrated, it is difficult to obtain an effect commensurate with weight increase because the mechanism is complicated.

One method of solving this problem is a synthetic jet. Synthetic jets are produced by periodic ejection and suction of fluid from an orifice induced by oscillation of a diaphragm inside a cavity. Small engine powered vehicles demand less drag, a compact package and light weight because the drivers expect fuel efficiency, load capacity and economy. Synthetic jets can supply them because they contribute drag reduction and require only simple components.

In this study, the influence of synthetic jets on the drag of a simple bluff body representing a road vehicle is measured. Drag measurement was performed by varying synthetic jet parameters: jet location, reduced frequency, velocity ratio of jet flow and uniform flow. The vortex structure around the body was visualized by utilizing a smoke wire method. As a result, among the jet parameters, only reduced frequency had no effect on drag.
Optimized Wet Clutch Design
Authors: Bhone Nitin , Thakare Sachin , Jahagirdar Ashutosh
Published: November 2023

Multi-plate wet clutches used in motorbikes transmit the torque by friction under pressure between driving and driven Plates. The life & performance of the clutch for the friction material used, depends on amount of energy generated during clutch slip, amount & uniformity of heat dissipation amongst the plates and surface texture of mating surfaces.

Above parameters if not properly considered during design stage may lead to higher temperature of rubbing surfaces. Higher temperature further reduces the friction coefficient and increases the wear rate of friction material leading ultimately to lower torque capacity of clutch. The temperature rise in a wet clutch is the balance between amount of heat generated and the amount of heat dissipated by oil flowing through clutch. The maximum amount of oil is limited by the requirement of clutch drag torque, Which decides the quality of neutral finding and gear shift feel on vehicle.

Further, if roughness of rubbing surfaces is not controlled in mass production, it leads to fast wear of friction material during initial operating cycles. The rate of wear is faster if the heights of surface asperities are of high magnitude.

This paper explains the design features of clutch developed by Endurance Technologies Ltd., optimized to achieve above aspects, for the engines having clutch cooling oil supply through the gear box input shaft.

I.
An innovative oil management concept is incorporated which distributes the oil as per requirement amongst the plates. Adequate distribution of oil facilitates to have optimum oil flow with minimum desired drag torque. It also ensures effective heat dissipation throughout the clutch assembly. A part of oil is directed to cool the clutch clamping springs which reduces the clamping load loss.

II.
The validation procedure to confirm the adequacy of oil flow through the plurality of plates is developed.

III.
The defined controlled surface texture of steel plates provides consistent and controlled wear rate in mass production. Further, it ensures the dynamic torque capacity within a narrow band over the longer life span. The above two features of multi-plate wet clutch design achieved reduction in wear by 56 % and improved dynamic torque capacity by 16 % at the end of durability tests.
Influence of Zn, Mo, P, S-contained Engine Oil Additives on Abnormal Combustion in a Spark Ignition Engine
Authors: Izako Takuya , Iijima Akira , Kusumoto Tatsuya , Utaka Toshimasa
Published: November 2023

A Spark Ignition Engine has some kinds of problem to be solved over many years, one of them is abnormal combustion; Low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI) under low-speed, high-load driving conditions for vehicle, and pre-ignition under longterm operation without cleaning a combustion chamber for gas cogeneration. As a cause for abnormal combustion, engine oil droplets diluted by liquid fuel and peeled combustion deposits delivered from engine oil are proposed. In this study, experiments were conducted focusing on engine oil additives having different chemical structure and abnormal combustion behavior. A four-stroke side-valve single cylinder engine that allowed in-cylinder visualization of the combustion flame was used in the experiments. The experimental results showed that the influence of DTC additive on abnormal combustion is small and the zinc component contained in the DTP additives had the effect of advancing the autoignition timing.
Development of Organic Reinforcement Composite Materials for Brake Pads
Authors: Jamuna Rani G , Konda Chaitanya Sai Teja , Gollamudi Srivalli , Lakshmipuram Naveen Babu
Published: November 2023

Commercial brake pads are being wind down because of asbestos fibre which causes carcinogenic effect. By observing it is obligatory to analyse about the alternate materials for brake pads additionally there are heaps of alternatives for asbestos furthermore to develop an organic composite material for brake pads using organic fibers including grind orange peel and banana peel as the reinforcement material. Disparate alternatives for filler materials and different binders such as epoxy resin, phenolic resin and distinctive organic materials used to alter the material for asbestos fiber and studied miscellaneous possible formulations and their effect on the performance of the brake pads by varying the reinforcement composition from 20% - 30%, binding material from 30% - 40%, filler materials as 17.5%, friction modifiers as 22.5%, and fabricated the material for brake pads using grinded orange peel and banana peel as reinforcement further performed hardness test and wear test to compare results among samples. The hardness is greater for the composition R 25% + EP 35%. And the same composition has less wear. The optimum content of reinforcement is 25% and for epoxy resin is 35%. In comparison between composite materials made with orange peel powder and banana peel powder as reinforcement, the samples made with banana peel powder has better braking performance than samples made with orange peel powder.
Design Optimization of Solar Energy Harvesting Using Perovskite Solar Cell for Electric Vehicles Using Finite Element Method
Authors: P Geetha
Published: November 2023

Excellent charge-carrier mobilities and life time of perovskite materials enables it with exceptional light absorption capacity. This provides improved device potential and performance with low-cost commercially feasible technology. The challenges towards handling the perovskite cells are its strength and its environmentally compatible property. Resolving these issues leads perovskite-based technology to hold an innovative potential for quick terawatt-scale solar power distribution. In this line, Organic Photovoltaic is a fast developing PV technology with improved the cell efficiency and life time performance. As organic Photovoltaic cell is available in mulit-colours and can be used to build transparent devices, it finds its application in building-integrated Organic Photovoltaic fair. Optimization of device physics, charge-transport methods, charge-separation procedures, and interfacial effects, would enable the development of stable, more effective device architectures. In this direction, multi-physics simulation software based on the Finite Element Method (FEM) is used to determine the electrical performance of the device. It is constructed on materials with enhanced energy-level orientation, spectrum responsiveness, and carrier transport properties, leading to the design of more effective, reliable device architectures. In this work, hybrid perovskite semiconductor based 2D Organic Photovoltaic cell is developed using finite element method that can be applied on the roof of the electric vehicles for photo energy generation.
Improving the Gearbox Efficiency by Reducing Drag Loss IN Automotive Manual Transmission
Authors: Senthil Raja T. , K Barathi Raja , Kumar Aneesh
Published: November 2023

Internal combustion engine vehicles are major contributors to many environmental and health hazardous emissions and sometimes consume more fuel. New regulations like Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFÉ) norms are coming up and demand lower emissions. Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) are committed to bringing various technological advancements in Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)powered vehicles to maximize their efficiency. Hence it is important to reduce the loss and improve the fuel economy. This paper explains a new approach methodology used for reducing the gearbox drag by 5- 10 %. This improvement can significantly contribute to the overall efficiency improvement thus carbon footprints of vehicle getting reduced. The following optimization areas are considered for such improvements,

1
Deflector @ various locations

2
Lubrication oil viscosity change

3
Preload optimized for the benefit of the power/drag loss,

4
Oil quantity changes to improve the power loss

5
Top cover introduction helped warm up behavior to reduce the friction loss

Based on the results, it was found that all changes helped to reduce the power loss by 0.7 kW and in addition to that each gear efficiency improved by 2 to 5 %.
Investigations on the Effects of Chemical Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Thespesia Lampas Fiber Reinforced Composites for Automobile Applications
Authors: Somsole Lakshmi Narayana , Natarajan Manikandan , Pasupuleti Thejasree , N Anantha Krishna , Katta Lakshmi Narasimhamu
Published: November 2023

In today's world, there is an increasing emphasis on the responsible use of fiber reinforced materials in the automobile applications, construction of buildings, machinery, and appliances as these materials are effectively reused, recycled, or disposed with minimum impact on the environment. As such, it has become mandatory to incorporate sustainable, environmental friendly and green concepts in the development of new materials and processes. The primary objective of this study is to manufacture composites using fibers obtained from Thespesia Lampas plants, which are known for their soft, long fibers that are commonly used in various domestic products. The composites are made by combining these fibers with a general purpose polyisocyanurate resin, and their potential applications in both domestic and commercial products are explored. To evaluate the properties of these composites, tests are conducted for tensile strength, flexure, and water absorption. The laminates are fabricated using both unidirectional and cross woven mats to assess its effect on the properties. In addition, the impact of NaOH treatment at different proportions on the properties of the fiber composites is also investigated. The laminates are fabricated using both unidirectional and cross woven mats to assess its effect on the properties. In addition, the impact of NaOH treatment at different proportions on the properties of the fiber composites is also investigated. The flexural strength of unidirectional treated (4% NaOH) fiber composites was found to be 216.75 MPa. Thespesia Lampas treated (4% NaOH) has a higher ultimate tensile strength of 27.85 MPa. Cross woven laminates have superior water absorption resistance than treated (4% NaOH) unidirectional fiber composite.
Ride Comfort Analysis of Passive and Air Suspension System of Quarter-and-Half Car Using MATLAB/SIMULINK
Authors: B Vamsi Surya. , T Sukumar , Rajarethinam Pravinpandian , Sundarrajan Srinivasan
Published: November 2023

Manufacturing suspension systems is not a new or upcoming process, it has been in the market for years but still, the survival of the fittest plays a key role for the respective manufacturer. So, the main objective of the vehicle suspension system is to improve ride comfort, road handling and vehicle stability. A suspension system plays a vital role in a smooth and safe riding experience. So, an analysis of the suspension system should be done, and the results should be in the standard range. In this paper, the simulations of a quarter and half car passive spring and air suspension were analysed for ride comfort and suspension travel by mathematical modelling of the quarter-and-half car with the help of a system of equations. As these mathematical equations cannot be solved directly, these equations are solved with the help of library blocks of MATLAB/ Simulink software by giving different road profiles as single bumps, step functions and irregular road profiles as excitations for the suspension system. The results obtained after simulations of quarter-and-half car passive spring and air suspension were compared in order to get to the end which suspension system is better performing in comparison to ride comfort and suspension travel concerning the road profile that is given as input to the MATLAB/Simulink software.
Experimental Investigation on Biogas Operated Electric Vehicle Charging Station
Authors: Deepan Kumar Sadhasivam , PC Murugan , S Jayakrishnan , Arun M U , L Naveen , R Poomani
Published: November 2023

Biogas is developing as a possible replacement for fossil fuels as the globe shifts to sustainable energy sources. Organic waste, including food waste, agricultural waste, and sewage, decomposes to produce biogas. Biogas is a fuel that can be used to create electricity, heat homes, and power vehicles. The popularity of electric cars (EVs) is rising as a result of their zero emissions. EVs and biogas can work together to create a sustainable transportation option. The viability of EV charging stations powered by biogas is the main topic of this techno-economic inquiry. The study involves the evaluation of the technical and economic elements of the proposed system. The technical aspects cover power generation, the EV charging system, the biogas storage system, the biogas production process, and the biogas purification process. The capital cost, operating cost, and revenue from the charging station are all considered economic factors. The collection and processing of organic waste is a step in the creation of biogas. Impurities from the biogas are removed during the purification process, including carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide. The compressed version of the purified biogas is next stored in a storage system before being used to power a biogas generator. EVs are charged using the electricity generated. The economic study of the proposed system covers the capital cost, which includes the cost of equipment, installation, and site purchase. The cost of producing biogas, producing power, and performing maintenance are all included in the operational cost. The revenue earned from the charging station comprises the income generated from charging EVs. According to the study, an EV charging station powered by biogas is a workable option for sustainable transportation. Due to the high cost of equipment and installation, the system has a high capital cost. But so far, because power and biogas production are inexpensive, the system has low operational costs. Over time, the charging station's revenue may yield a return on investment. In order to increase system efficiency and lower system costs, the study suggests additional research on the optimization of the biogas production process, the biogas purification process, and the power generation system.
Study on initial flame kernel development and local quenching effect during spark ignition process in a high-speed lean gasoline-air turbulent flow
Authors: Ren Fangsi , Nakaya Shinji , Tsue Mitsuhiro
Published: November 2023

In order to improve the ignition stability and reduce the cycle-to-cycle variation, it is necessary to understand the mechanism of the flame kernel development and the local quenching effect during the spark ignition process. In this study, experiments for the spark ignition process in a high-speed lean gasoline-air mixture turbulent flow field were conducted. OH* chemiluminescence measurement and focusing Schlieren photography was applied to observe the development of flame kernel and discharge channel behaviors simultaneously. Results indicated that flame kernel fragments, generated by the restrike and short- circuit of discharge channels, quenched due to the local turbulence, which led to slow flame propagation or misfire. In that cases, the initial flame kernels showed stretched behaviors, along with high curvatures.
In-cylinder Air Injection for Diesel Combustion Improvement
Authors: Miyashita Kazuya , Furukawa Shinya , Hashimoto Munemasa , Ishii Yoshinori , Yamashita Kenichi
Published: November 2023

For further improvement of diesel combustion performance, in-cylinder air injection was applied to enhancing air entrainment in an attempt to shorten the combustion duration. A modified commercially available gasoline injector was used for air injection. The original six-hole nozzle was removed, and a three-hole nozzle (ϕ0.43 mm × 1 hole, ϕ0.5 mm × 2 holes) was used. The air injector was installed near the fuel injection nozzle on a single-cylinder diesel engine, and a performance test was conducted to investigate the effects of the air injection duration, timing, and pressure under the operating conditions of an engine speed of 1200 rpm, fuel injection pressure of 120 MPa, natural aspiration, and without exhaust gas recirculation. In addition, the effects of supplying different gases were considered. Compared with conventional diesel combustion, both air injection and nitrogen injection resulted in a higher peak of the heat release rate, improvement in the indicated work, and decrease in smoke emissions. The results suggest that air injection near the fuel injection nozzle can improve the combustion performance by increasing the turbulence energy of the ambient air and promoting air entrainment into the diesel spray flame.
Closed cycle measures for thermal efficiency improvement of a heavy-duty ultra-high compression ratio combustion engine: A numerical and experimental analysis
Authors: Betgeri Vikram , Pischinger Stefan , Dhongde Avnish , Schoenfeld Sascha
Published: November 2023

Measures to improve the thermal efficiency of heavy- duty commercial vehicle engines with compression ignition continue to be an important topic in research and development. Increasing the compression ratio (CR) of the engine is a direct way to increase the process efficiency. However, to ensure an optimum combustion and emission behavior at very high compression ratio is challenging. In addition, the combustion and emission behavior of heavy-duty compression ignition (CI) engines with compression ratios beyond 21:1 has hardly been reported in the literature. In this study, a combination of the experimental and 3D-CFD based numerical methods were applied to a high compression ratio heavy duty engine to analyze the combustion process and emissions so as to evaluate the thermal efficiency improvement potential. Different fuel injection hydraulic flow rates (HFR) of the injector ranging from 1700 cc/min up to a high HFR of up to 3000cc/min were assessed for compression ratios from 21:1 to 24:1 and compared with the baseline configuration. Two types of the step piston bowl configurations namely the conventional step piston with fuel-spray targeting the bowl-bottom and an injection-split piston bowl, with fuel-spray targeting the bowl edge were investigated. The simulations predict that the injection- split piston bowl exhibits better thermal efficiency improvement potential than the conventional piston bowl. Furthermore, for this type of piston bowl increased HFR of up to 3000cc/min leads to improved thermal efficiency without worsening of mixture preparation, which can be attributed to late or minimal interaction of neighboring spray or flame fronts caused by shorter injection duration. The injection-split piston, with HFR of 2040cc/min, and a ultra-high CR of 23:1 and 24:1 yields an indicated thermal efficiency benefit of up to 2.1% - 2.7% points compared to the baseline CR18. The experimental investigation on this combustion layout shows similar thermal efficiency improvement as predicted by the numerical investigation.
Effect of Olefin Component Mixed to Gasoline on Thermal Efficiency in EGR Diluted Conditions Using Single-Cylinder Engine
Authors: Wang Zhiyuan , Moriyoshi Yasuo , Kuboyama Tatsuya
Published: November 2023

In internal combustion engine development, the ongoing research can be mainly classified into two categories based on the purpose: limiting exhaust emissions and searching for alternative fuels. One of the effective approaches reduce emissions is the improvement of thermal efficiency. Certain types of alternative fuels derived from renewable resources were estimated to confirm the thermal efficiency. This study uses a single-cylinder engine added with olefin and oxygenated additive fuel, such as 1-hexene, ethanol, and ETBE, to evaluate the parameters that affect thermal efficiency. Furthermore, the effects of various additive fuels are summarized and essential information is provided for determining next- generation fuel composition.
Mechanism of Thicker Oil Film Formation Caused by Micro-Dimples Elucidated by Direct Observation with Laser-Induced Fluorescence
Authors: Sakai Masanori , Hirayama Tomoko , Yamashita Naoki , Hatano Naoya , Tatsumi Kazuya , Fujita Hideyuki , Kuragaki Naoyoshi
Published: November 2023

Micro-dimple is one of the promising surface texturing technologies to reduce friction loss due to the generation of thicker oil film caused by the cavitation occurrence around the micro-dimples. In this study, the flow behavior of oil film around micro-dimples was directly observed by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). LIF observation for the oil flow showed that micro- dimples induced the cavitation occurrence that contributed to increase the oil film thickness. This was in good agreement with the results of the friction test, and it was thus proved that the cavitation occurrence by micro-dimples is significantly effective for the friction reduction.
Effect of Viscosity Characteristics of Lubricants for Electric Vehicles on Thermal Conductivity and Gear Protection
Authors: Matsubara Kazushige , Tatsumi Hiroyuki , Nakahara Yasuhito , Takekawa Daisuke , Narita Keiichi
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this study is to investigate how the kinematic viscosity of lubricating oil used in hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and electric vehicles (EV) transaxles affects thermal conductivity and gear seizure resistance. This study investigated the relationship between viscosity, thermal conductivity and gear seizure resistance in detail and found that thermal conductivity tends to decrease with decreasing viscosity. It was also found that the thermal conductivity decreases significantly after a certain viscosity. The relationship between viscosity and gear seizure resistance was also investigated and it was found that too low a viscosity causes a significant deterioration in gear seizure resistance.
Greases for powertrains: thickener effect, electric conductivity, and life cycle assessment
Authors: Glavatskih Sergei , Leckner Johan
Published: November 2023

The paper shows how grease thickener polarity affects performance of the typical powertrain components: gears and rolling element bearings. Greases based on a non-polar polypropylene thickener reduce friction losses (more than 20%) in high-speed deep groove ball bearings and provide a longer service life (more than 2 times) in highly loaded bevel gears, compared to the greases based on polar lithium thickeners. The electrification and sustainability trends have led to additional requirements to be addresses during grease design process: tunable electric conductivity and reduced environment footprint. The grease design challenges caused by the novel requirements and potential solutions are discussed.
Effect of Working Gas Composition on Combustion and Knocking in Argon Closed-Cycle Hydrogen Engine
Authors: Chen Zhili , Tomita Yuki
Published: November 2023

In recent years, the automotive industry has been clearly moving toward carbon neutrality, and internal combustion engines that use fossil fuels are becoming unsustainable. On the other hand, hydrogen engines do not emit CO2 during operation, and if the working gas of a hydrogen engine is replaced with argon and oxygen (by removing the produced water and circulating argon), the thermal efficiency can be dramatically improved. However, when the high adiabatic compression temperature of argon is added to the inherent knocking problems of hydrogen engines, the knocking problem becomes even more pronounced, and no effective solution to avoid knocking has been found to date. In this study, the effects of argon, oxygen, and hydrogen concentrations on combustion and power, respectively, were investigated to determine the effects of working gas composition on combustion and knocking, and the control effects of oxygen rich or hydrogen rich on knocking was investigated.
Random Forest aplicada à predição do módulo de elasticidade de concretos com RCD
Authors: Felix Emerson Felipe , Lavinicki Breno de Melo , Possan Edna
Published: November 2023

O emprego de resíduos de construção e demolição na produção de concretos, tornou-se uma alternativa recorrente devido aos benefícios que apresentam, a exemplo da redução do custo, redução das emissões de CO2 e menor poluição ao meio ambiente. Entretanto, no que se refere ao comportamento mecânico do concreto com agregado reciclado, sabe-se que sua capacidade mecânica é inferior ao de concretos com agregado natural, tornando imprescindível prever as propriedades mecânicas do material, a fim de determinar o proporcionamento em que se maximizam as propriedades mecânicas e minimizam-se os impactos ambientais. Neste trabalho avalia-se o uso de florestas aleatórias para mapear o módulo de elasticidade do concreto com agregado reciclado, que a partir deste, poderá auxiliar na formulação de concretos com baixo impacto ambiental. Os resultados encontrados demonstram a viabilidade da aplicação da técnica de aprendizado de máquina utilizada na modelagem, obtendo um modelo com coeficiente de determinação de 93,5%.