bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Human Adrenal Steroidogenesis During Fetal Development
Authors: Melau Cecilie , Nielsen John Erik , Frederiksen Hanne , Kilcoyne Karen , Perlman Signe , Lundvall Lene , Langhoff Thuesen Lea , Juul Hare Kristine , Andersson Anna-Maria , Mitchell Rod T , Juul Anders , Jørgensen Anne
Published: December 2018

Context

The endocrine function of human fetal adrenals (HFAs) is activated already during first trimester, but adrenal steroidogenesis during fetal life is not well characterized.

Objective

This study aimed to investigate HFA steroidogenesis by analyzing adrenal glands from first and second trimesters.

Design and Setting

Male and female HFA from gestational weeks (GWs) 8 to 19 were examined, including a total of 101 samples from 83 fetuses.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Expression level of steroidogenic genes and protein expression/localization were determined by quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively, and intra-adrenal steroid levels were quantified by LC-MS/MS.

Results

Transcriptional levels of StAR, CYP11A1, CYP17A1, CYP21A2, CYP11B1/2, and SULT2A1 were significantly higher in second trimester compared to first trimester (P < 0.05), whereas expression levels of 3β-HSD2 and ARK1C3 were unaltered between GWs 8 and 19. All investigated steroidogenic proteins were expressed in a distinct pattern throughout the investigated period, with most enzymes expressed primarily in the fetal zone, except 3β-HSD1/2, which was expressed mainly in the definitive zone. Abundant steroidogenic enzyme expression was reflected in overall high intra-adrenal tissue concentrations of mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens; cortisol was the most abundant (1071 to 2723 ng/g tissue), and testosterone levels were the lowest (2 to 14 ng/g tissue).

Conclusions

The expression profiles of HFA steroidogenic enzymes are distinct from first to second trimester, with no major differences between male and female samples. Intra-adrenal steroid hormone concentrations confirm that cortisol is produced throughout first and second trimesters, suggesting continued regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis during this entire period.
Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block May Be an Efficient Treatment of Headache After Lumboperitoneal Shunt Placement: A Case Report
Authors: Furtado Inês F. , Pinto Mariana M. , Amorim Pedro
Published: December 2018

A 20-year-old man submitted to surgical insertion of a lumboperitoneal drain as a treatment for intracranial hypertension, secondary to venous sinus thrombosis, developed severe headache accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and diplopia 24 hours postoperative. Cerebral spinal fluid low-pressure headache was diagnosed. A transnasal sphenopalatine ganglion block with ropivacaine was performed without complications. Pain relief was immediate, complete, and sustained for about 24 hours; a second block was performed effectively with pain control, and the patient was discharged. Sphenopalatine ganglion block may be a safe and efficient treatment for the cerebral spinal fluid hypotension headache secondary to lumboperitoneal shunt.
The role of retrograde intraflagellar transport genes in aminoglycoside-induced hair cell death
Authors: Stawicki Tamara M. , Linbo Tor , Hernandez Liana , Parkinson Lauren , Bellefeuille Danielle , Rubel Edwin W. , Raible David W.
Published: December 2018

Sensory hair cells are susceptible to numerous insults, including certain therapeutic medications like aminoglycoside antibiotics, and hearing and balance disorders are often a dose-limiting side effect of these medications. We show that mutations in multiple genes in both the retrograde intraflagellar transport (IFT) motor and adaptor complexes lead to resistance to aminoglycoside-induced hair cell death. These mutations also lead to defects in the entry of both aminoglycosides and the vital dye FM1-43 into hair cells, both processes that depend on hair cell mechanotransduction activity. However, the trafficking of proteins important for mechanotransduction activity is not altered by these mutations. Our data suggest that both retrograde IFT motor and adaptor complex genes are playing a role in aminoglycoside toxicity through affecting aminoglycoside uptake into hair cells.
The Plk1 kinase negatively regulates the Hedgehog signaling pathway by phosphorylating Gli1
Authors: Zhang Tingting , Xin Guangwei , Jia Mingkang , Zhuang Tenghan , Zhu Shicong , Zhang Boyan , Wang Gang , Jiang Qing , Zhang Chuanmao
Published: December 2018

Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is a highly conserved cell signaling pathway important for cell life, development and tumorigenesis. Increasing evidence suggests that the Hh signaling pathway functions in certain phases of the cell cycle. However, the coordination between Hh signaling and cell cycle control remains poorly understood. Here, we show that polo-like kinase-1 (Plk1), a critical protein kinase regulating many processes during the cell cycle, also regulates Hh signaling by phosphorylating and inhibiting Gli1, a downstream transcription factor of the Hh signaling pathway. Gli1 expression increases along with Hh signaling activation, leading to upregulation of Hh target genes, including cyclin E, during the G1 and S phases. Gli1 is phosphorylated at S481 by Plk1, and this phosphorylation facilitates the nuclear export and binding of Gli1 with its negative regulator Sufu, leading to a reduction in Hh signaling activity. Inhibition of Plk1 kinase activity led to Gli1 maintaining is role in promoting downstream gene expression. Collectively, our data reveal a novel mechanism regarding the crosstalk between Hh signaling and cell cycle control.
The ER membrane protein complex promotes biogenesis of sterol-related enzymes maintaining cholesterol homeostasis
Authors: Volkmar Norbert , Thezenas Maria-Laetitia , Louie Sharon M. , Juszkiewicz Szymon , Nomura Daniel K. , Hegde Ramanujan S. , Kessler Benedikt M. , Christianson John C.
Published: December 2018

The eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane contains essential complexes that oversee protein biogenesis and lipid metabolism, impacting nearly all aspects of cell physiology. The ER membrane protein complex (EMC) is a newly described transmembrane domain (TMD) insertase linked with various phenotypes, but whose clients and cellular responsibilities remain incompletely understood. We report that EMC deficiency limits the cellular boundaries defining cholesterol tolerance, reflected by diminished viability with limiting or excessive extracellular cholesterol. Lipidomic and proteomic analyses revealed defective biogenesis and concomitant loss of the TMD-containing ER-resident enzymes sterol-O-acyltransferase 1 (SOAT1) and squalene synthase (SQS, also known as FDFT1), which serve strategic roles in the adaptation of cells to changes in cholesterol availability. Insertion of the weakly hydrophobic tail-anchor (TA) of SQS into the ER membrane by the EMC ensures sufficient flux through the sterol biosynthetic pathway while biogenesis of polytopic SOAT1 promoted by the EMC provides cells with the ability to store free cholesterol as inert cholesteryl esters. By facilitating insertion of TMDs that permit essential mammalian sterol-regulating enzymes to mature accurately, the EMC is an important biogenic determinant of cellular robustness to fluctuations in cholesterol availability.

This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
RABL2 positively controls localization of GPCRs in mammalian primary cilia
Authors: Dateyama Izumi , Sugihara Yoshihiro , Chiba Shuhei , Ota Reo , Nakagawa Risa , Kobayashi Tetsuo , Itoh Hiroshi
Published: December 2018

The primary cilium, a solitary protrusion from most mammalian cells, functions as a cell sensor by receiving extracellular signals through receptors and channels accumulated in the organelle. Certain G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) specifically localize to the membrane compartment of primary cilia. To gain insight into the mechanisms that regulate ciliary GPCR sorting, we investigated the atypical small GTPase RAB-like 2 (RABL2; herein referring to the near-identical human paralogs RABL2A and RABL2B). RABL2 recruitment to the mother centriole is dependent on the distal appendage proteins CEP164 and CEP83. We found that silencing of RABL2 causes mis-targeting of ciliary GPCRs, GPR161 and HTR6, whereas overexpression of RABL2 resulted in accumulation of these receptors in the organelle. Ablation of CEP19 and the intraflagellar transport B (IFT-B) complex, which interact with RABL2, also leads to mis-localization of GPR161. RABL2 controls localization of GPR161 independently of TULP3, which promotes entry of ciliary GPCRs. We further demonstrate that RABL2 physically associates with ciliary GPCRs. Taken together, these studies suggest that RABL2 plays an important role in trafficking of ciliary GPCRs at the ciliary base in mammalian cells.
Βιβλιοκρισία:K. MITALAITĖ - A. VASILIU (επιμ. έκδ.), L’icône dans la pensée et dans l'art. Constitutions, contestations, reinventions de la notion d’image divine en context chrétien [Byzantioς. Studies in Byzantine History and Civilization (SBHC 10)], Turnhout: Brepols 2017
Authors: ΓΕΡΜΑΝΙΔΟΥ Σοφία
Published: December 2018

Βιβλιοκρισία:K. MITALAITĖ - A. VASILIU (επιμ. έκδ.), L’ icône dans la pensée et dans l'art. Constitutions, contestations, reinventions de la notion d’ image divine en context chrétien [Byzantioς. Studies in Byzantine History and Civilization (SBHC 10)], Turnhout: Brepols 2017
Βιβλιοκρισία:Θεοδώρα ΠΑΠΑΔΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ, Συλλογική ταυτότητα και αυτογνωσία στο Βυζάντιο. Συμβολή στον προσδιορισμό της αυτοαντίληψης των Βυζαντινών κατά τη λόγια γραμματεία τους (11ος – αρχές 13ου αι.), Σύλλογος προς διάδοσιν ωφελίμων βιβλίων: Αθήνα 2015.
Authors: MALATRAS Christos
Published: December 2018

Βιβλιοκρισία:Θεοδώρα ΠΑΠΑΔΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ, Συλλογική ταυτότητα και αυτογνωσία στο Βυζάντιο. Συμβολή στον προσδιορισμό της αυτοαντίληψης των Βυζαντινών κατά τη λόγια γραμματεία τους (11ος – αρχές 13ου αι.), Σύλλογος προς διάδοσιν ωφελίμων βιβλίων: Αθήνα 2015.
Βιβλιοκρισία: David ROLLASON, The Power of Place, Rulers and their Palaces, landscapes, cities, and holy places, Princeton – Oxford: Princeton University Press 2016, pp. 488
Authors: VEIKOU Myrto
Published: December 2018

Βιβλιοκρισία: David ROLLASON, The Power of Place, Rulers and their Palaces, landscapes, cities, and holy places, Princeton – Oxford: Princeton University Press 2016
J Krishnamurti’s Insight on Meditation
Authors: Islam Merina
Published: December 2018

J. Krishnamurti, whose life and teachings spanned the greater part of the 20th Century, is regarded by many as one who has had the most profound impact on human consciousness in modern times. He talked of the things that concern all of us in our everyday life: the problems of living in modern society, the individual’s search for security, and the need for human beings to free themselves from their inner burdens of violence, fear and sorrow. Meditation, according to Krishnamurti, is not the popular tranquilizer that most people call to mind, but an attempt to see if there is an end to knowledge, therefore freedom from the known. What Krishnamurti considers meditation is along the lines of insight meditation or jyana yoga. Meditation is not a means to an end; there is no end, no arrival; it is a movement in time and out of time. Every system and method binds thought to time, but choice less awareness of every thought and feeling, as well as an understanding of their motives, their mechanism, allowing them to blossom, is the beginning of meditation. This paper is an attempt to discuss J. Krishnamurti’s insight on what meditation is and how to practice it.
Registro de forésia de ovos de Dermatobia hominis (L.) (Diptera, Oestridae) por Fannia canicularis (L.) e Fannia punctipennis (Albuquerque) (Diptera, Fanniidae) em São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Maia Bárbara Maria Cerqueira , Prado Aline Marrara , Purgato Natane Cássia Sibon , Mira Cauê Trani , Thyssen Patricia Jacqueline
Published: December 2018

Resumo Esta é a primeira vez que se registra a veiculação de ovos de Dermatobia hominis (L.) (Insecta, Diptera, Oestridae) por Fannia punctipennis (Albuquerque) (para o Sudeste do Brasil) e por Fannia canicularis (L.) (para a América do Sul) (Insecta, Diptera, Fanniidae), respectivamente.Phoresy record of Dermatobia hominis (L.) (Diptera, Oestridae) eggs by Fannia canicularis (L.) and Fannia punctipennis (Albuquerque)(Diptera, Fanniidae) in São Paulo, Brazil Abstract This is the first record of Dermatobia hominis (L.) (Insecta, Diptera, Oestridae) eggs carried by Fannia punctipennis (Albuquerque) (for Southeast Brazil) and by Fannia canicularis (L.) (for South America) (Insecta, Diptera, Fanniidae), respectively.
Performance evaluation and proposals to enhance the Iraqi banking sector
Authors: Mahmood Mowafaq H.
Published: December 2018

The article addresses the subject through four topics: the first topic offers an empirical examination of the performance of the banking sector during the period 2010–15. It also diagnoses the sector’s weaknesses and attributes such weaknesses to their inherited causes, be it legal, environmental, managerial or regulatory issues of the banking industry. The analysis paves the way to suggest required reforms and to answer the question of whether the sector, in its present state, is capable of leading or at least contributing substantially to the economic development of Iraq. The period examined is believed to fairly represent the sector’s performance in general since there is no reason to suggest that previous periods were any different. The second topic focuses on the reforms required to: enhance the sector’s contribution to GDP; and enable it to become a key player in the rebuilding of Iraq through making more loans and credits available for the private sector. Reform must be professional, profound and comprehensive and should be achieved in a manner conducive to major structural changes. Reform should address several issues such as availability of fund, equal treatment for both government-owned and privately owned banks and more effective supervision by the Central Bank of Iraq (CBI) including adherence to the Basel Accords and other international rules and standards including, but not limited to, liquidity ratios, stress tests, capital adequacy ratios, risk analysis and risk mitigation, and adequate governance rules. The third topic will shed light on: the environment under which the Iraqi banking industry operates, highlighting the limitations and obstacles that impede the sector’s growth including the judicial system and the state of the prevailing over-banking; the investment environment and whether it is attractive for the business community to invest and do business in Iraq. Finally, the CBI’s dollar window impact on the banking industry will also be examined.
No blood for oil, revisited: The strategic role of oil in the 2003 Iraq War
Authors: Muttitt Greg
Published: December 2018

‘It has nothing to do with oil, literally nothing to do with oil’, said US Defense Secretary Rumsfeld in 2002, of the planned attack on Iraq. Politicians and conservative commentators in the United States and United Kingdom were insistent on this point, even while it felt obvious to many in their countries, and in Iraq itself, that oil objectives were central. This article will review what we now know about discussions of oil that took place during the war planning and execution, based on documents that have been released in the fifteen years since. It will examine the nature of the strategic objectives, how the US and UK governments planned to achieve them and how they decided to talk about them in public. Reflecting on this evidence will allow us to revisit the question: was oil a major reason for the war?
Fixing Iraqi federalism
Authors: al-Khatteeb Luay
Published: December 2018

Iraq’s management of its energy sector and oil and gas revenues is badly organized and promotes competition over resources and corruption, rather than cooperation within a federal context. Constitutionally, many articles in the country’s Federal Constitution of 2005 are supposed to outline how the sector should be managed, but due to vague language these articles have become legally contested, resulting in conflict between the semi-autonomous Kurdish region of Iraq and the Federal Government while hindering key legislations to pass. This requires a constitutional reform. Institutionally, what is missing is a number of federal laws and entities that shape the federal state of Iraq, such as the creation of a Federal Oil and Gas Council. This institution will help regulate the petroleum sector at a federal level and balance the relationship between the producing regions and the federal state according to the constitution, and ensures a ‘wall of separation’ between the Ministry of Oil, who would have a clearly defined management and oversight role for managing the sector as a policy maker, and the day to day operations of state-owned enterprises that are regulated by the ministry. This essay highlights the petroleum related issues in the constitution with focus on regulator and regulated bodies.
Reviews
Authors: Khadduri Imad , Jiyad Ahmed Mousa
Published: December 2018

The Inside Story: Iraq’s Nuclear Program from Start to Finish, Basil Assa’ati (2018) London: E-Kutub Ltd, May, 180 pp., ISBN: 978-1-78058-362-4, e-book, $9.99

(The Iraq Economy: Crises and Development), Ali Khedher Merza (2018) Beirut and Lebanon: Arab Scientific Publishers Inc.SAL, 527 pp., ISBN: 978-6-14013-537-7, p/bk
Newly generated ritual in the age of digital technology
Authors: Kim Minso
Published: December 2018

This study aims at re-constructing the philosopher Walter Benjamin’s celebrated contention from his 1936 article, ‘The work of art in the age of mechanical reproduction’, regarding the disappearance of aura and ritual within widely replicated artworks. By introducing artworks that circulate within virtual space, I will demonstrate how, in the era of digital technology, numerous examples show us that mass reproduction helps aura to exist; leads to the creation of new ritual phenomena; and both recuperates and transforms the idea of the ‘disappearance’ of rituals. In this article, transformation of these newly generated rituals appears via the generation of online fan fiction. First, the article details rituals created by the character, Spock, in the television series, Star Trek (Roddenberry, 1966–69), followed by the phenomenon of 1990s Korean popular culture, fan fiction. In addition, the scope expands to include an example of ‘after school programs’ incorporating K-pop, allowing digital spaces to produce and foster new forms of ritual via online artworks. This article references sociocultural examples from film and aura in American television, and then highlights two Korean fan communities to suggest an extended interpretation of Benjamin’s ideas to include artworks circulating in digital environments.
Crafting virtual reality
Authors: Heller Lynne
Published: December 2018

This text describes, illustrates and theorizes the creation of a virtual reality (VR) landscape/game/sojourn, titled One for Sorrow, an artwork that seeks to confound the dichotomies between hand and digital making and the illusion of two dimensionality versus three dimensionality. This text also describes the making process as a way to position and trouble the translation of the handmade into the digital using collage, assemblage and montage along with craft theory. Although ostensibly a firstperson puzzle game, the experience uses the old nursery rhyme One for Sorrow to entice the player to explore and discover, not necessarily mixed realities, but rather, mixed sensibilities – 2D/3D, hand/algorithm, drawn/photographic. Digital and handmade aesthetics, coupled with considered sound design and narrative, can evoke an immersive experience and provide an unorthodox model for VR art.
Event Review
Authors: Czegledy Nina
Published: December 2018

In praise of the FEMeeting, Portugal, 15–16 June 2018
O Sentido da História Contemporânea
Authors: Marga Andrei
Published: December 2018

Ao longo dos tempos, diferentes autores vêm procurando uma definição da sociedade. Mais espiritualista, como Hegel procurava definir, ou positiva, como Comte, entre outros autores, longa é a tentativa de antecipar o curso do tempo presente. Porém, defende-se neste texto que, nas sociedades do tempo presente, as pessoas fazem a sua história de acordo com quatro sistemas gerados pelo tempo: a economia, a política, a administração e a cultura. Esta interação molda as vidas das pessoas e, consequentemente, a ordem do mundo. E é por esse motivo que entendemos que é esta visão integradora que facilita a visãoe compreensão do tempo e da História da sociedade. Para esta tentativa de compreensão das sociedades, interessa avaliar o papel dos seus atores, sobretudo das potências mundiais que maior destaque têm (EUA, China, Rússia, União Europeia), e que moldam, em função dos seus interesses, o mundo. Entendendo-se que a “play of the world” se vem decidindo a nível económico e militar, EUA, China e Rússia afiguram-se as três potências que moldam um novo background do mundo. Um mundo onde o confronto entre o socialismo oriental e o capitalismo liberal vem diminuindo, onde o projeto moderno de sociedade avança, perene de novos valores em competição, onde as liberdades individuais e os direitos humanos parecem prevalecer num futuro próximo e o problema do desenvolvimento económico e institucional continuará a ter a primazia. Porém, há que ponderar como é que as três superpotências se vão continuar a relacionar em áreas de contacto direto, tendo em conta que vão viver num mundo que clama o multilateralismo, um mundo héctico, onde cada potência sabe que nada tem a ganhar com grandes confrontos. Nesta nova ordem mundial a União Europeia terá de se reorganizar em direção à democratização, sob pena de ver o seu futuro em perigo, e recuperar o seu status a nível mundial. Todas estas mudanças, reorganizações, adaptações aos tempos e às suas necessidades levam-nos a viver num mundo repleto de desenvolvimentos alternativos, com oportunidades variadas, mas profundamente incerto. Porém, sem motivos para pessimismos pois essa incerteza pode facilmente ser ultrapassada com uma avaliação aprofundada das realidades, aproveitando aspossibilidades de usar a criatividade para alcançar novas ideias e novas formas de viver.
Da “Débil Presença” ao Fait Accompli: A Organização das Nações Unidas e a Descolonização Portuguesa
Authors: Santos Aurora Almada
Published: December 2018

Ao envolver-se na questão colonial portuguesa, a Organização das Nações Unidas intensificou as suas iniciativas com o início da guerra em Angola e, posteriormente, nas vésperas da descolonização. Sem negar a importância de outros fatores, pretendemos estudar o impacto das ações desenvolvidas pelas Nações Unidas na independência das colónias portuguesas. O núcleo central do artigo será constituído pelo intervalo de tempo compreendido entre a mudança de regime em Portugal com o 25 de Abril e a admissãode Angola, em dezembro de 1976, como membro da Organização. A análise reportar-se-á num primeiromomento ao interesse das Nações Unidas em participar no processo de descolonização e à recusa do seu contributo por Portugal e pelos movimentos de libertação. O segundo momento remeter-nos-á para o período em que o governo português passou a solicitar a intervenção da Organização e em que foi confrontado com os receios do secretário-geral, Kurt Waldheim, quanto a um eventual comprometimento com a situação em Timor e Angola. Subjacente ao artigo estará a tentativa de desmistificar o entendimento que tem sido propagada segundo o qual as Nações Unidas não participaram no processo de descolonizaçãoportuguês.
GESTÃO DE RISCOS NAS ATIVIDADES ECONÔMICAS VINCULADAS AO MEIO AMBIENTE NATURAL E O PRINCÍPIO DA PRECAUÇÃO EM FACE DO DIREITO AMBIENTAL CONSTITUCIONAL
Authors: Pacheco Fiorillo Celso Antonio , Marques Ferreira Renata
Published: December 2018

Examinado em face da tutela jurídica da saúde ambiental e com fundamento teórico doutrinário alienígena adaptado a uma percepção jurídica de meio ambiente apartada da própria conceituação ampla e abrangente das quatro noções de meio ambiente estabelecidas pelo próprio Tribunal com base em perspectiva doutrinária (ADIN 3540), interpretou o Supremo Tribunal Federal ao julgar o RE 627.189 o princípio da precaução como “um critério de gestão de risco a ser aplicado sempre que existirem incertezas científicas sobre a possibilidade de um produto, evento ou serviço desequilibrar o meio ambiente ou atingir a saúde dos cidadãos, o que exige que o Estado analise os riscos, avalie os custos das medidas de prevenção e, ao final, execute as ações necessárias, as quais serão decorrentes de decisões universais, não discriminatórias, motivadas, coerentes e proporcionais”. O princípio, todavia, visando sua efetividade, obrigatoriamente necessita ser compreendido com cautela, caso a caso, à luz do princípio da legalidade e necessariamente em harmonia com a ordem jurídica do capitalismo adotada por nossa Lei Maior (Art.1º, IV e 170 e segs. da CF) particularmente em face da gestão de riscos nas atividades econômicas vinculadas ao uso dos recursos naturais/meio ambiente natural. Referido princípio, ao exigir que o Poder Público analise os riscos, avalie os custos das medidas de prevenção e, ao final, execute as ações necessárias, as quais serão decorrentes de “decisões universais, não discriminatórias, motivadas, coerentes e proporcionais”, acaba por estabelecer um verdadeiro novo conteúdo exigível para instalação de obra ou atividade potencialmente causadora de significativa degradação do meio ambiente, a saber, um conteúdo sempre exigível no plano da elaboração dos estudos prévios de impacto ambiental (art.225,parágrafo 1º, IV) com a finalidade de balizar as atividades econômicas exercidas em harmonia com os princípios destinados a tornar efetiva a proteção ao meio ambiente.
Como os Empreendedores Trabalham: Uma Leitura Psicodinâmica da Organização do Trabalho de um Grupo de Empreendedores
Authors: Guimarães Júnior Edward Humberto
Published: December 2018

A ação empreendedora está sendo bastante valorizada no atual modelo econômico, político e social, porém, poucos estudos consideram os empreendedores na condição de trabalhadores que de fato são. Em razão desta situação, o objetivo deste estudo é descrever a organização do trabalho dos empreendedores, privilegiando a compreensão dos aspectos subjetivos mobilizados por eles a partir de situações concretas de trabalho, tendo como abordagem teórico-metodológica a Psicodinâmica do Trabalho. Foram realizadas quatro sessões coletivas com um grupo de oito empreendedores, com duração total aproximada de doze horas. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi um questionário semiestruturado. As sessões foram gravadas em vídeo, transcritas e depois analisadas utilizando a técnica de Análise de Conteúdo. Pôde-se constatar que a forma de organização do trabalho do empreendedor se diferencia da maioria dos trabalhadores, sendo caracterizada por uma rotina de imprevistos e preparação, requerendo uma maior capacidade de planejamento e flexibilidade na realização de suas atividades laborais. Em geral, os empreendedores possuem uma agenda diária cheia de compromissos, o que remete a uma carga de trabalho intensa. Contudo, eles possuem o poder de fazer modificações na organização do trabalho, em suas atividades e horários, proporcionando maior liberdade e autonomia no cotidiano laboral. Constatou-se que, ao criar o próprio negócio, os empreendedores tornam-se agentes ativos na modelagem tanto do próprio trabalho quanto de suas organizações, propiciando melhor descarga psíquica. Contudo, a liberdade atribuída ao trabalho dos empreendedores é limitada pela burocracia governamental, pelas relações socioprofissionais e pelo mercado de trabalho.
Effect of Coinfection by fasciola hepatica and mycobacterium bovis on Bovine Tuberculosis Immunodiagnosis in an Enzootic Area Hidalgo State, Mexico.
Authors: Xitli García-López , Laura Jaramillo-Meza , Héctor Quiroz-Romero , Camila Arriaga-Díaz , J. Juan Martínez-Maya , Fernando Diosdado-Vargas , Fernando Díaz-Otero
Published: December 2018

Parasitic infection by the Fasciola hepatica (F. hepatica) promotes susceptibility towards other infections, such as Mycobacterium bovis. As consequence, could affect diagnostic tests for this disease. Hence, the objective of this study was to assess the impact of F. hepatica coinfection on the most commonly used immunodiagnostic bovine tuberculosis (bTB) tests in field conditions in an enzootic area for both diseases. Thus, from a dairy herd located in Hidalgo State, México, displaying a 59.2% and 28% prevalence of fascioliasis and bTB, respectively. Sixty-one cows were analyzed based on their response towards bTB immunodiagnostic tests, such as Single Intradermal Comparative Tuberculin Test (SICTT), gamma-interferon test (BOVIGAM) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), along with the assessment of the F. hepatica parasite load and serodiagnosis by ELISA. Three study groups were formed according to test results. Group 1: coinfected (n=22). Group 2: non-parasitized cows, and positive for bTB tests (n=13) and Group 3: parasitized cows without tuberculosis (n=26). In addition, a group of cows kept in fascioliasis - and tuberculosis-free zones were included (Group 4, n=10). A non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test and a Dunn test were applied to analyze the results. In Group 1, significant differences were observed regarding IFN-γ production, but not for antibody levels to M. bovis or reactivity towards bovine PPD in relation Group 2. While, Groups 1 and 3 did not display difference in antibody levels against F. hepatica. Differences were observed regarding tuberculosis and Fasciola diagnostic tests when both coinfected and infected groups were compared to controls. It is concluded that F. hepatica coinfection in tuberculous animals studied, depressed the production of IFN-γ towards bovine PPD under in vitro conditions, but its reactivity to the SICTT not show to be altered.
Type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome: identification of the molecular mechanisms, key signaling pathways and transcription factors aimed to reveal new therapeutical targets
Authors: Dedov Ivan I. , Tkachuk Vsevolod A. , Gusev Nikolai B. , Shirinsky Vladimir P. , Vorotnikov Aleksandr V. , Kochegura Tatiana N. , Mayorov Aleksander Y. , Shestakova Marina V.
Published: December 2018

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a socially important disease with only symptomatic therapy developed due to lack of knowledge about its pathogenesis and underlying mechanism. Insulin resistance (IR) is the first link of T2DM pathogenesis and results in decrease of ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake by target cells. Development of IR involves genetic predisposition, excessive nutrition, stress, obesity or chronic inflammation due to disruption of insulin signaling within cells. Molecular mechanisms and markers of IR are characterized rather poorly, which prevents early diagnosis and creation of preventive therapy. Euglycemic clamp test is still a golden standard for IR diagnosis in clinic. Hyperglycemia is a distant consequence of IR in which damaging effect of oxidative and carbonyl stress is realized and diagnosis of T2DM is stipulated. Molecular chaperones and small heat-shock proteins have a protective effect at the early stages of T2DM pathogenesis, preventing development of reticulum stress and apoptosis. Endothelial dysfunction is related to T2DM and its cardiovascular complications, however, it is unknown on which stage of pathogenesis these changes occur and what are their molecular inductors. Finally, transcriptional activity and adipogenic differentiation play an important role in formation of new fat depots from predecessor cells and activation of brown and beige fat demonstrating hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic properties. The aim of this study was investigation of pathophysiological mechanisms of development of IR and endothelial dysfunction, role of transcription factor Prep1 and small heat shock proteins, evaluation of novel methods of diagnostics of IR and therapeutic potential of brown and beige fat, determination of biotargets for new antidiabetic drugs.
Raziskovanje na področju patronažne zdravstvene nege v Sloveniji v obdobju od 2007 do 2016
Authors: Zupančič Vesna , Ljubič Andreja , Milavec Kapun Marija , Štemberger Kolnik Tamara
Published: December 2018

Uvod: Pomen patronažne zdravstvene nege narašča s pospešenim razvojem primarnega zdravstvenega varstva, preprečevanja bolezni in približevanja zdravstvene oskrbe integrirani podpori pacientom in njihovim družinam znotraj lokalnih skupnosti. Namen raziskave je bil proučiti, kaj je predmet raziskovanja izvajalcev zdravstvene nege ter katera so glavna vprašanja in problemi patronažne zdravstvene nege v Sloveniji.

Metode: Uporabljen je bil sistematičen pregled literature. Zajemal je zbiranje znanstvene in strokovne literature v Vzajemni bibliografsko-kataložni bazi podatkov COBIB.SI od januarja do maja 2017. Literatura je bila iskana po korenu ključne besede patronaž*. Začetna merila za tematsko analizo vsebine je izpolnjevalo 144 enot. V seznam za analizo empiričnih podatkov se jih je uvrstilo 45. Za prikaz pregleda in odločanja o uporabnosti pregledanih enot je bila uporabljena metoda PRISMA.

Rezultati: S pregledom literature so bila ugotovljena raziskovalna področja v patronažni zdravstveni nege v Sloveniji; izboljšanje kakovosti, varnost in pogoji dela, opolnomočenje pacienta in integrirana oziroma celovita obravnava pacienta. Zaznan je problem dostopnosti do objav posameznih raziskav, kakovost načrtov in metod raziskovanja. V zadnjih treh letih preučevanega obdobja so prevladujoči vir podatkov v raziskavah patronažne medicinske sestre.

Diskusija in zaključek: Nujno je ciljno ukrepanje s povečanjem interesa in znanja patronažnih medicinskih sester za raziskovanje. Za boljše prepoznavanje njihove vloge v primarnem zdravstvenem varstvu ter krepitev interdisciplinarnega raziskovanja na mikro-, mezo- in makroravni sistema zdravstvenega varstva je potrebno uvajanje kompleksnejših raziskovalnih načrtov.
The role of global actors on the failed transition to democracy in Egypt
Authors: Turan Şuayip
Published: December 2018

The paper aims to roles of the global actors on the failed transition to democracy in Egypt. In this study, the negative political influence of powerful states on Egypt evaluated in terms of democracy. The current social inequality in the region continued to increase in the 2000s. Egypt's authoritarian leader were not able to establish the relations between state structures and citizens in the last decade. The global actors had crucial roles on the continuation the authoritarian regime in Egypt. They were easily able to get their demands from Hosni Mubarak. When the time was at the end of 2010, the popular uprising movements affected the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region deeply. Egypt was one of the most remarkable countries in the region where Hosni Mubarak ousted. The people in Egypt wanted to have a democratic rule in order to have solutions to the social inequality, favoritism, and corruption. Normally, the powerful global actors should have played positive role so as to enable democratic transition. The United States of America and the European Union needed a more proactive policy along with the acceptability of a democratic criteria. Unfortunately, external actors were silent in the following the process in the first place because they were caught unprepared for the Arab Spring and did not expect such a result. Later on, foreign powers supported the counter-revolution in Egypt when they saw that the things did not go as they would have liked. They expressed their support most clearly in the post-coup statements discussing military and financial issues.
Ge Hong’s Zhuang zi
Authors: Bumbacher Stephan Peter
Published: December 2018

Sinology, as far as textual criticism is concerned, is still in its infancy compared with, e. g., New Testament, classical Greek or European medieval studies. Whereas virtually every ancient Greek, old English, or early German text – to name but a few – has been the subject of text critical scrutiny, in many cases even since Renaissance times, the same does not hold true for Chinese works. In the absence of early manuscripts they could themselves base upon, modern editions of classical Chinese texts usually take as their starting point the earliest extant printed versions which quite often date from Song times and are thus separated by many centuries from the no longer available originals. However, quite often testimonies of ancient texts exist as quotations in works that considerably predate the first printed versions of the texts in question. In view of this fact, virtually every classical Chinese text needs to be systematically re-examined and critically edited by taking into account every available explicit as well as implicit quotation.

As the received version of the Zhuang zi 莊子 (Master Zhuang), a text whose origins may lie in the third century BCE, ultimately goes back to Guo Xiang’s 郭象 (ob. 312) editorial activities and as Ge Hong 葛洪 (283–343) was an author active at about the same time, there is a chance that a pre-Guo Xiang version may have been available to him. Therefore, as a case study, this paper examines the explicit as well as implicit Zhuang zi quotations to be found within Ge Hong’s works, in order to examine this possibility.
A Review of Boron-Rich Silicon Borides Basedon Thermodynamic Stability and Transport Properties of High-Temperature Thermoelectric Materials
Authors: Imam Muhammad A , Reddy Ramana G
Published: December 2018

In this study, the performance of a boron-rich Si-B system containing ~ 2–25 mol% Si is reviewed as a high-temperature thermoelectric material. In this review, both thermodynamic stability and transport properties are evaluated to understand the high-temperature thermoelectric performance of the Si-B system. The thermodynamic properties, such as Gibbs energy and activity coefficient, of the Si-B system were calculated and compared to the literature data. Thermoelectric properties such as Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity were reviewed for the Si-B system. It is found that the composition and processing techniques are critical for obtaining higher thermoelectrical properties and thus also true for the figure of merit ZT. The entropy (degree of randomness) of a system has a remarkable effect on ZT. The highest ZT obtained for this system is approximately 0.2 at 90% B (SiB6+ SiBn) containing SiBnphase, shows the lowest entropy (~32 J/mol*K) in this system at 1100 K.
The discursive construction of high achievers’ identities in American culture
Authors: Bogdanowska-Jakubowska Ewa
Published: December 2018

It is a study of the discursive construction of high achievers’ identities in American culture. A corpus of 100 commencement speeches delivered during 2016 and 2017 graduation ceremonies in American universities has been used to analyse how commencement speakers, as a rule highly successful individuals, construct their identities through discourse. Besides celebrating academic achievements, one of the communicative purposes of the commencement speech is giving the graduates advice for the future. It has been investigated how the speakers legitimize their qualifications as a role model and the source of life wisdom. Due to the specificity of the discourse to be investigated, based on the foundations of American ethos of hard work and drive for success, Critical Discourse Analysis (van Dijk 2002, 2009; Wodak 2002; Wodak et al. 2009) has been chosen as a methodological approach which can most adequately help analyze the discursive formation of identity. As the discourse to be analyzed is agentive discourse, culture-specific both in its form and content, I have decided to combine Critical Discourse Analysis with cultural studies (Hall 1990, 1996a, 1996b; Barker and Galasiński 2001).
Die Klassenzusammensetzung der Regierungswählerschaft: Soziale Klassen, Parteiendifferenz und Sozialstaatstätigkeit
Authors: Hillen Sven
Published: December 2018

Die Parteiendifferenztheorie geht davon aus, dass die Sozialpolitik linker und rechter Regierungen sich unterscheidet, weil ihre jeweiligen Elektorate unterschiedliche sozialpolitische Präferenzen haben. Die sozialstrukturelle Zusammensetzung dieser Elektorate hat sich jedoch im Laufe der letzten Jahrzehnte stark verändert. Die Implikationen dieser Veränderungen wurden in der Diskussion um parteipolitische Effekte auf die Sozialstaatstätigkeit bislang kaum berücksichtigt. Der vorliegende Artikel untersucht, ob die sozialstrukturelle Komposition des Regierungselektorats die Sozialpolitik beeinflusst und ob etwaige Effekte von der Regierungszusammensetzung abhängen. Diese Fragen werden für 16 westeuropäische Länder zwischen 1975 und 2011 anhand der Lohnersatzraten für Arbeitslosigkeit und Elternzeit untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ein höherer Arbeiteranteil in der Wählerschaft der Regierung nur dann zu einer Erhöhung der Lohnersatzrate für Arbeitslosigkeit führt, wenn die Regierung von linken Parteien dominiert wird. Regierungen, in denen linke und rechte Parteien etwa gleich stark vertreten sind, erhöhen den Lohnersatz während der Elternzeit stärker als Regierungen, die von linken oder rechten Parteien dominiert werden. Dieser positive Effekt ausgeglichener Regierungen ist umso größer, je höher der Anteil der Mittelklasse in ihrem Elektorat ist.
Lieber krank und arbeitslos als „nur“ arbeitslos? Die Auswirkungen der Medikalisierung von arbeitslosen Personen auf Stigmatisierungsprozesse
Authors: Linden Philipp , Reibling Nadine , Krayter Stephan
Published: December 2018

Die Integration von (langzeit-)arbeitslosen Personen ist eine zentrale Herausforderung für Arbeitsmarkt- und Sozialpolitik. Aktivierung und die damit verknüpfte Konditionalität von Sozialleistungen haben bedeutende Implikationen für die Wahrnehmung von arbeitslosen Personen, die immer häufiger Stigmatisierungen erleben. Gesundheitliche Einschränkungen oder Behinderungen, die als einziger Grund für die Anerkennung einer (befristet) eingeschränkten Beschäftigungsfähigkeit gelten und eine Verknüpfung von Sozialleistungsbezug und Freistellung von der verpflichtenden Arbeitsaufnahme ermöglichen, erhalten damit eine neue Bedeutung. Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, ob die Medikalisierung der Arbeitslosigkeit Stigmatisierung verringert. Wir untersuchen daher mit Daten des Panels „Arbeitsmarkt und soziale Sicherung“ (PASS) den Einfluss der Freistellung auf die wahrgenommene Stigmatisierung. Entropie-balancierte, multivariate OLS-Regressionen zeigen kein signifikant vermindertes Stigma für freigestellte Personen.
Apresentação do número 4
Authors: Ofícios de Clio Equipe
Published: December 2018

Apresentação do número 4 - Equipe Ofícios de Clio
Characterization of Dmrt3-Derived Neurons Suggest a Role within Locomotor Circuits
Authors: Perry Sharn , Larhammar Martin , Vieillard Jennifer , Nagaraja Chetan , Hilscher Markus M. , Tafreshiha Atieh , Rofo Fadi , Caixeta Fabio V. , Kullander Klas
Published: December 2018

Neuronal networks within the spinal cord, collectively known as the central pattern generator (CPG), coordinate rhythmic movements underlying locomotion. The transcription factor doublesex and mab-3-related transcription factor 3 (DMRT3) is involved in the differentiation of the dorsal interneuron 6 class of spinal cord interneurons. In horses, a non-sense mutation in theDmrt3gene has major effects on gaiting ability, whereas mice lacking theDmrt3gene display impaired locomotor activity. Although theDmrt3gene is necessary for normal spinal network formation and function in mice, a direct role forDmrt3-derived neurons in locomotor-related activities has not been demonstrated. Here we present the characteristics of theDmrt3-derived spinal cord interneurons. Using transgenic mice of both sexes, we characterized interneurons labeled by their expression of Cre driven by the endogenousDmrt3promoter. We used molecular, retrograde tracing and electrophysiological techniques to examine the anatomical, morphological, and electrical properties of the Dmrt3-Cre neurons. We demonstrate that inhibitory Dmrt3-Cre neurons receive extensive synaptic inputs, innervate surrounding CPG neurons, intrinsically regulate CPG neuron's electrical activity, and are rhythmically active during fictive locomotion, bursting at frequencies independent to the ventral root output. The present study provides novel insights on the character of spinalDmrt3-derived neurons, data demonstrating that these neurons participate in locomotor coordination.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn this work, we provide evidence for a role of the Dmrt3 interneurons in spinal cord locomotor circuits as well as molecular and functional insights on the cellular and microcircuit level of the Dmrt3-expressing neurons in the spinal cord. Dmrt3 neurons provide the first example of an interneuron population displaying different oscillation frequencies. This study presents novel findings on an under-reported population of spinal cord neurons, which will aid in deciphering the locomotor network and will facilitate the design and development of therapeutics for spinal cord injury and motor disorders.
Behavioral Role of the Reciprocal Inhibition between a Pair of Mauthner Cells during Fast Escapes in Zebrafish
Authors: Shimazaki Takashi , Tanimoto Masashi , Oda Yoichi , Higashijima Shin-ichi
Published: December 2018

During many behaviors in vertebrates, the CNS generates asymmetric activities between the left and right sides to produce asymmetric body movements. For asymmetrical activations of the CNS, reciprocal inhibition between the left and right sides is believed to play a key role. However, the complexity of the CNS makes it difficult to identify the reciprocal inhibition circuits at the level of individual cells and the contribution of each neuron to the asymmetric activity. Using larval zebrafish, we examined this issue by investigating reciprocal inhibition circuits between a pair of Mauthner (M) cells, giant reticulospinal neurons that trigger fast escapes. Previous studies have shown that a class of excitatory neurons, called cranial relay neurons, is involved in the reciprocal inhibition pathway between the M cells. Using transgenic fish, in which two of the cranial relay neurons (Ta1 and Ta2) expressed GFP, we showed that Ta1 and Ta2 constitute major parts of the pathway. In larvae in which Ta1/Ta2 were laser-ablated, the amplitude of the reciprocal IPSPs dropped to less than one-third. Calcium imaging and electrophysiological recording showed that the occurrence probability of bilateral M-cell activation upon sound/vibration stimuli was greatly increased in the Ta1/Ta2-ablated larvae. Behavioral experiments revealed that the Ta1/Ta2 ablation resulted in shallower body bends during sound/vibration-evoked escapes, which is consistent with the observation that increased occurrence of bilateral M-cell activation impaired escape performance. Our study revealed major components of the reciprocal inhibition circuits in the M cell system and the behavioral importance of the circuits.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTReciprocal inhibition between the left and right side of the CNS is considered imperative for producing asymmetric movements in animals. It has been difficult, however, to identify the circuits at the individual cell level and their role in behavior. Here, we address this problem by examining the reciprocal inhibition circuits of the hindbrain Mauthner (M) cell system in larval zebrafish. We determined that two paired interneurons play a critical role in the reciprocal inhibition between the paired M cells and that the reciprocal inhibition prevents bilateral firing of the M cells and is thus necessary for the full body bend during M cell-initiated escape. Further, we discussed the cooperation of multiple reciprocal inhibitions working in the hindbrain and spinal cord to ensure high-performance escapes.