bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A DYNAMIC EXPLANATION OF THE WILLINGNESS TO PAY AND WILLINGNESS TO ACCEPT DISPARITY
Authors: KLING CATHERINE L. , LIST JOHN A. , ZHAO JINHUA
Published: March 2011

Recent evidence from laboratory experiments suggests that important disparities exist between willingness to pay (WTP) and compensation demanded for the same good. Because a fundamental postulate in neoclassical theory is that with small income effects and many available substitutes, the willingness to accept (WTA) and WTP measures of value for a commodity should be roughly equivalent, this finding has vast implications in both a positive and normative sense. This study advances, and experimentally tests, a new explanation of the WTP/WTA disparity—a dynamic theory based on the presence of commitment costs. Although to date neoclassical models have not explained the observed data patterns well, we find that the commitment cost theory combined with a simple behavioral anomaly is able to lend insights into the causes and severity of the WTA/WTP disparity. Furthermore, we find that market experience attenuates the behavioral anomaly, consistent with the notion that no value disparity exists for agents with sufficient market experience. (JEL Q21, Q26)
SHOULD CITIES GO FOR THE GOLD? THE LONG‐TERM IMPACTS OF HOSTING THE OLYMPICS
Authors: BILLINGS STEPHEN B. , HOLLADAY J. SCOTT
Published: March 2011

The Summer Olympics bring hundreds of thousands of visitors and generate upward of $10 billion in spending for the host city. This large influx of tourism dollars is only part of the overall impact of hosting the Olympic Games. In order to host the visitors and sporting events, cities must make sizable investments in infrastructure such as airports, arenas, and highways. Additionally, the publicity and international exposure of a host city may benefit international trade and capital flows. Proponents argue that this investment will pay off through increased economic growth, but research confirming these claims is lacking. This paper examines whether hosting an Olympiad improves a city's long‐term growth. In order to control for the self‐selection of cities that host Olympic Games, this paper matches Olympic host cities with cities that were finalists for the Olympic Games, but were not selected by the International Olympic Committee. A difference‐in‐difference estimator examines post‐Olympic impacts for host cities between 1950 and 2005. Regression results provide no long‐term impacts of hosting an Olympics on two measures of population, real Gross Domestic Product per capita and trade openness. (JEL O18, R11)
FIRMS AND FLEXIBILITY
Authors: HOBIJN BART , ŞAHIN AYŞEGÜL
Published: March 2011

The United States and France have very similar labor productivity levels while there are considerable differences between the firm‐size distributions and firm dynamics in the two countries. To reconcile these observations we introduce a joint model of endogenous entrepreneurship and firm‐size dynamics with firing costs, unemployment benefits, entry costs, and a tax wedge between wages and labor costs. We use our model to analyze the role of these rigitidies in explaining firm dynamics and productivity patterns in the United States and France. We find that our model with all rigidities goes a long way in accounting for firm‐size differentials between the United States and France while generating similar labor productivity outcomes. (JEL C78, D21, E24, J6)
AN OPTION VALUE PROBLEM FROM SEINFELD
Authors: DIXIT AVINASH
Published: March 2011

This is a paper about nothing.(JEL C61, D91, G11)
Immunogenicity of chloroplast‐derived HIV‐1 p24 and a p24‐Nef fusion protein following subcutaneous and oral administration in mice
Authors: Gonzalez‐Rabade Nuria , McGowan Edward G. , Zhou Fei , McCabe Matthew S. , Bock Ralph , Dix Philip J. , Gray John C. , Ma Julian K‐C.
Published: March 2011

High‐level expression of foreign proteins in chloroplasts of transplastomic plants provides excellent opportunities for the development of oral vaccines against a range of debilitating or fatal diseases. The HIV‐1 capsid protein p24 and a fusion of p24 with the negative regulatory protein Nef (p24‐Nef) accumulate to ∼4% and ∼40% of the total soluble protein of leaves of transplastomic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants. This study has investigated the immunogenicity in mice of these two HIV‐1 proteins, using cholera toxin B subunit as an adjuvant. Subcutaneous immunization with purified chloroplast‐derived p24 elicited a strong antigen‐specific serum IgG response, comparable to that produced by Escherichia coli‐derived p24. Oral administration of a partially purified preparation of chloroplast‐derived p24‐Nef fusion protein, used as a booster after subcutaneous injection with either p24 or Nef, also elicited strong antigen‐specific serum IgG responses. Both IgG1 and IgG2a subtypes, associated with cell‐mediated Th1 and humoral Th2 responses, respectively, were found in sera after subcutaneous and oral administration. These results indicate that chloroplast‐derived HIV‐1 p24‐Nef is a promising candidate as a component of a subunit vaccine delivered by oral boosting, after subcutaneous priming by injection of p24 and/or Nef.
Employer Preferences for Labour Migration: Exploring ‘Varieties of Capitalism’-Based Contextual Conditionality in Germany and the United Kingdom
Authors: Menz Georg
Published: March 2011

European employers are rediscovering liberalised labour migration and are attempting to lobby governments to modify previously restrictive regulatory approaches. This article analyses these newly embraced interest positions, drawing on empirical evidence from the United Kingdom and Germany. Employers do not simply desire more migrants or are indifferent to their skills profile, but rather seek newcomers who can be easily accommodated and complement existing corporate strategies and skills requirements. However, they may also seek to ‘import’ missing skills that domestic educational facilities do not generate. The profile of ‘desirable’ economic migrants varies and is conditioned by production strategies and education and training schemes associated with different varieties of capitalism. This article proposes bridging the gap between comparative political economy and migration studies.
PROFITING WHEN CUSTOMERS CHOOSE VALUE OVER PRICE
Authors: Hinterhuber Andreas , Bertini Marco
Published: March 2011

Increasingly recognised by academics and practitioners as the most effective approach to pricing for companies that wish to achieve increased profitability and sustained success, value‐based pricing faces numerous obstacles. But Andreas Hinterhuber and Marco Bertini say the advantages of this approach to pricing far outweigh any difficulties.
HOW MICRO‐ENTREPRENEURS COULD CHANGE THE WORLD
Authors: Chandy Rajesh , Narasimhan Om
Published: March 2011

Entrepreneurs have always been heroes in the business world. But, while the world routinely extols people like Richard Branson and Bill Gates, there is a much larger world of entrepreneurship to be found in emerging markets. Rajesh Chandy and Om Narasimhan explain how micro‐entrepreneurs may be a major factor in the return of a robust global economy.
READ MY TIPS
Authors: Markides Costas
Published: March 2011

Costas Markides notes there are different types of innovation — product innovation, technological innovation and business model innovation. Here are his choices of books that lie at the intersection of strategy and innovation which changed his own views on the topic.
Estimating and testing linkage disequilibrium from sib data
Authors: Jonker Marianne , Vaart Aad van der , Bochdanovits Zoltan , Boomsma Dorret
Published: March 2011

We consider estimation and testing of linkage equilibrium from genotypic data on a random sample of sibs, such as monozygotic and dizygotic twins. We compute the maximum likelihood estimator with an EM‐algorithm and a likelihood ratio statistic that takes the family structure into account. As we are interested in applying this to twin data we also allow observations on single children, so that monozygotic twins can be included. We allow non‐zero recombination fraction between the loci of interest, so that linkage disequilibrium between both linked and unlinked loci can be tested. The EM‐algorithm for computing the maximum likelihood estimator of the haplotype frequencies and the likelihood ratio test‐statistic, are described in detail. It is shown that the usual estimators of haplotype frequencies based on ignoring that the sibs are related are inefficient, and the likelihood ratio test for testing that the loci are in linkage disequilibrium.
“I Prefer Not Text”: Developing Japanese Learners’ Communicative Competence with Authentic Materials
Authors: Gilmore Alex
Published: March 2011

This quasi‐experimental study reports on a 10‐month classroom‐based longitudinal investigation, exploring the potential of authentic materials to develop Japanese learners’ communicative competence in English. Sixty‐two second‐year university students were assigned to either a control group receiving textbook input or an experimental group receiving authentic input, and their pretreatment and posttreatment levels of overall communicative competence were assessed. Communicative competence was operationalized with a batch of eight different tests: a listening test, a pronunciation test, a C‐test, a grammar test, a vocabulary test, a discourse completion task, an oral interview, and a student‐student role‐play. The results indicated that the experimental group outperformed the control group in five of the eight measures, suggesting that the authentic materials and their associated tasks were more effective in developing a broader range of communicative competencies in learners than the textbook materials. I discuss the pedagogical implications of these findings for language teachers and their learners.
Quantitative Research Methods, Study Quality, and Outcomes: The Case of Interaction Research
Authors: Plonsky Luke , Gass Susan
Published: March 2011

This article constitutes the first empirical assessment of methodological quality in second language acquisition (SLA). We surveyed a corpus of 174 studies (N = 7,951) within the tradition of research on second‐language interaction, one of the longest and most influential traditions of inquiry in SLA. Each report was coded for methodological features, statistical analyses, and reporting practices associated with research quality, and the resulting data were examined both cumulatively and over time. The findings indicate not only strengths and weaknesses but a possible relationship between study quality and outcomes; improvements over time and methodological trends are also noted. In addition to providing direction for future research and research practices, the study's findings are discussed and contextualized within the research culture of SLA.
Pin1 inhibition activates cyclin D and produces neurodegenerative pathology
Authors: Atabay Kutay Deniz , Karabay Arzu
Published: March 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 430–439.

Abnormal cell cycle events are increasingly becoming important attributes of neurodegenerative pathology. Pin1 is a crucial target of neurodegeneration in relation to its functions regarding these abnormal cell cycle events in neurons. Pin1 is majorly involved in many aspects of cell cycle regulation and it has also been suggested to have a neuroprotective function against neurodegenerative pathologies. Oxidative dysregulation of Pin1 affects not only normal tau regulation, eventually causing tangle formation, but also cell cycle regulation in neurons. Presence of cell cycle proteins has been shown in many neurodegenerative diseases. Importantly, many of these proteins have physical interactions with Pin1. Hence, understanding Pin1’s role in abnormal cell cycle re‐entry is critical in terms of finding new approaches for the future therapeutic options treating neurodegenerative pathologies. Here, we show that inhibition of Pin1 by its selective inhibitor juglone leads to up‐regulation of cyclinD1, phospho‐tau, and caspase 3, producing apoptosis in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. We also observed axonal retraction with a change in sub‐cellular localizations of cyclins. Therefore, Pin1 dysregulation, in relation to its role in cell cycle regulation in neurons, may have profound effects in the progression of neurodegenerative pathology, making it a possible crucial target behind many neurodegenerative diseases.
Motivation for diet and exercise management among adults with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Oftedal Bjørg , Bru Edvin , Karlsen Bjørg
Published: March 2011

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 735–744
 
Motivation for diet and exercise management among adults with type 2 diabetes

Aim:  The aim of this study was to investigate diet and exercise management and how indicators of intrinsic motivation such as ability expectations and values are associated with diet and exercise management among adults with type 2 diabetes.

Background:  Motivational problems are probably one of the main reasons for poor diabetes management. However, the mechanisms involved in the motivation for adequate self‐management are still unclear.

Design and methods:  A cross‐sectional design including a postal questionnaire that investigated diet and exercise management as well as intrinsic motivational factors such as ability expectations and values related to these behaviours was used to collect the data. A sample comprising 425 adults with type 2 diabetes aged between 30 and 70 completed the questionnaire.

Results:  Reported diet management was more in accordance with recommendations than reported exercise management. Yet results indicated equally high ability expectations and positive values for exercise and diet management. Moreover, results demonstrated that ability expectations and values explained more variance in exercise (21.6%) than in diet management (7.6%).

Conclusions:  The modest association between intrinsic motivational factors and diet management may imply that there are important extrinsic factors that play a significant role in determining dietary behaviour. The combination of lower exercise activity than recommended and high ability expectations and values for such activity may reflect that subjective exercise norms are formed individually in accordance with what most people recognise as the appropriate level of physical activity. Finally, results may indicate that there is potential for improving exercise management by stimulating intrinsic motivation as well as by more clearly communicating recommendations for such management.
The preservation and degradation of filamentous bacteria and biomolecules within iron oxide deposits at Rio Tinto, Spain
Authors: PRESTON L. J. , SHUSTER J. , FERNÁNDEZ‐REMOLAR D. , BANERJEE N. R. , OSINSKI G. R. , SOUTHAM G.
Published: March 2011

One of the keys to understanding and identifying life on other planets is to study the preservation of organic compounds and their precursor micro‐organisms on Earth. Rio Tinto in southwestern Spain is a well documented site of microbial preservation within iron sulphates and iron oxides over a period of 2.1 Ma. This study has investigated the preservation of filamentous iron oxidising bacteria and organics through optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infra‐red (FTIR) spectroscopy, from laboratory cultures of natural samples to contemporary natural materials to million‐year old river terraces. Up to 40% elemental carbon and >7% nitrogen has been identified within microbial filaments and cell clusters in all samples through SEM EDS analyses. FTIR spectroscopy identified C–Hx absorption bands between 2960 and 2800 cm−1, Amide I and II absorption bands at 1656 and 1535 cm−1, respectively and functional group vibrations from within nucleic acids at 917, 1016 and 1124 cm−1. Absorption bands tracing the diagenetic transformation of jarosite to goethite to hematite through the samples are also identified. This combination of mineralogy, microbial morphology and biomolecular evidence allows us to further understand how organic fossils are created and preserved in iron‐rich environments, and ultimately will aid in the search for the earliest life on Earth and potential organics on Mars.
Placing brands and branding: a socio‐spatial biography of Newcastle Brown Ale
Authors: Pike Andy
Published: March 2011

Despite their apparently pervasive reach and relevance, the geographies of branded commodities and their branding have been unevenly recognised and under‐researched. This paper presents a way of conceptualising and analysing brand and branding geographies. Focusing upon goods and services, the notion of geographical entanglements is developed to understand the spatial associations and connotations that unavoidably ensnare brands and branding. Second, it examines how such attachments shape and are shaped by brand and branding agents, including producers, circulators, consumers and regulators. Last, the placing of the geographical entanglements of brands and branding is developed as a means of lifting their ‘mystical veils’ and prompting reflections upon their politics and relationships to uneven development. Situating branding genealogies in geographical context, the empirical analysis comprises a socio‐spatial biography of Newcastle Brown Ale (NBA). It explains how NBA’s geographical entanglements have been (re)constructed in its contrasting survival in the UK and growth in the US. As a way of thinking about brand and branding geographies, the paper seeks to broaden the reach of economic geographies at their intersections with cultural economy approaches and to stimulate debate about their politics and alternatives to uneven development.
The Real World Experience of the Everolimus‐Eluting Coronary Stent System: Audit of Everolimus‐Eluting Coronary Stents
Authors: ALDOUS SALLY , SMYTH DAVID , BLAKE JAMES , MCCLEAN DOUGAL , ELLIOTT JOHN
Published: March 2011

Aims:
 To investigate the safety and efficacy of everolimus‐eluting stents (EES) in a real world population, including those with high‐risk characteristics and complex lesions.

Methods:
 In this report, we analyze 2‐year outcomes in 500 consecutive unselected patients treated with EES between April 2007 and March 2008. All patients were followed for 2 years for adverse events.

Results:
 There were 995 EES deployed in 792 lesions. The indication for the coronary procedure was acute coronary syndrome in 94.2% of patients. Bifurcations were involved in 21% of lesions, 3.5% degenerated vein grafts, 2.7% left main stem stenoses, 33% multivessel disease, 4.5% in‐stent restenosis, and 79.1% AHA/ACC classification B2/C lesions. The major adverse cardiac event rate (composite of cardiovascular death, acute myocardial infarction, target lesion revascularization) was 10.6%. Target lesion revascularization was required in 4.0% patients, 1.4% for in‐stent thrombosis. These event rates are comparable with studies involving lower risk patients and less complex coronary lesions.

Conclusion:
 The use of EES, even in this real world, high‐risk population, continues to demonstrate safety and efficacy rates comparable with current studies in more selected patient groups and, therefore, may justify current practice to utilize EES in “off label” situations. (J Interven Cardiol 2011;24:241–246)
Induced food preferences in caterpillars: the need to identify mechanisms
Authors: Bernays E. A. , Weiss M. R.
Published: March 2011

This review discusses the ambiguity of results obtained from dual‐choice feeding tests, especially in relation to the study of effects of experience. Induced preference experiments done this way can be caused by up to nine potential changes in caterpillar behavior. In addition different physiological mechanisms that could lead to the process of induced preference are discussed. These include habituation to deterrents, the increased ability to process xenobiotics, the acquisition of specific positive responses, sensitization, and associative learning. These different processes might relate to function in different ways so that distinguishing them is important to progress in understanding the phenomenon. Suggestions for experimental designs that provide details on processes involved are indicated.
Spatial changes in invertebrate predation rate in winter wheat following treatment with dimethoate
Authors: Duffield S. J. , Jepson P. C. , Wratten S. D. , Sotherton N. W.
Published: March 2011

Experiments were conducted in 1989 and 1990 to investigate the mechanism underlying patterns of invertebrate population recovery in winter wheat following treatment with the broad‐spectrum insecticide dimethoate. Predation of Drosophila pupae and artificially induced aphid populations was monitored at different distances into plots treated with dimethoate. An initial drop in predation was recorded in all positions following treatment. Predation rate then showed a period of recovery, which progressed from the edge to the centre of the treated plots. This pattern of recovery corresponded to the numerical pattern of recovery of the predatory invertebrate groups; Carabidae, Staphylinidae and Linyphiidae. The results are discussed in terms of mechanisms to explain observed patterns of recovery of invertebrate ‘prey’ groups such as aphids. It is concluded that the ranking of pesticides by their toxicity alone would fail to take into account ecological processes that determine the different patterns of population change following treatment.
Tethered flight activity of pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola: seasonal, host, and morphotypic effects
Authors: Horton David R. , Lewis Tamera M.
Published: March 2011

Pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola Förster (Homoptera: Psyllidae), was flown in the laboratory to test hypotheses suggested by field observations. Flight durations of the same insects flown on two different days were highly correlated, suggesting that there were biological differences among insects in flight tendencies. Flight durations were similar between summerform and winterform morphotypes. Flight frequencies and durations increased between September and November collections of winterforms, results that are consistent with field observations. Long‐duration (60+ min) flights were three to four times as frequent in winterforms restricted to senescing pear foliage compared to insects provided access to pear seedlings. Winterforms collected during the fall flight period from a pear orchard and an adjacent apple orchard (an overwintering habitat) showed similar flight durations. There was no correlation between flight durations and any of five body and wing measurements; body size of winterforms increased between September and November. It has been proposed elsewhere that much of the fall movement into adjacent non‐pear habitats by winterforms is due to short duration non‐migratory flights rather than to a true migratory flight. The lack of differences between apple‐ and pear‐collected winterforms may be consistent with this hypothesis.
Hypersensitive reaction and induced resistance in rice against the Asian rice gall midge Orseolia oryzae
Authors: Bentur J. S. , Kalode M. B.
Published: March 2011

Rice seedlings of the resistant variety Phalguna showed premature tillering, browning of central leaf, and tissue necrosis at the apical meristem following artificial infestation with avirulent biotype 1 of the Asian rice gall midge, Orseolia oryzae (Wood‐Mason) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Tissue necrosis representing a typical hypersensitive reaction (HR), accompanied by maggot mortality, was observed within 4 days after infestation. However, reinfestation of secondary tillers subsequent to HR in primary tiller, did not lead to HR in secondary tillers though maggot mortality was seen. Artificial infestation with the weed gall midge O. fluvialis did not result in HR either in gall midge susceptible TN 1 or resistant Phalguna rice varieties. Resistance in Phalguna against the virulent biotype 4 could be induced by either prior, simultaneous, or subsequent infestation with the avirulent biotype 1. The duration of effectiveness of such induced resistance varied with the sequence and time lag between infestations.
Spatial and temporal population structure of Brevicoryne brassicae
Authors: Cole R.A. , Lynn J.
Published: March 2011

Allozymes from individual aphids were used as markers to examine the structure of Brevicoryne brassicae colonies collected from field experiments at Horticulture Research International, Wellesbourne, during the summers of 1991, 1992 and 1993. Eighteen enzyme systems were examined using cellulose acetate electrophoresis, but only 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6‐PGDH) showed polymorphism (three alleles) in the samples. There were significant differences in gene frequencies between populations at some sites within 1 kilometre and between times of sampling, with an increase in the proportion of the most common genotype AA later in the season, possibly due to selection during the summer of the best adapted clones. These changes in gene frequency might produce biased results in trials screening brassica crops against aphids.
Age‐related responses from the maxillary sensilla styloconica of Choristoneura fumiferana larvae to foliage extracts from balsam fir hosts
Authors: Toufexis D. J. , Albert P. J. , Bauce E.
Published: March 2011

An electrophysiological study of the sensilla styloconica of the galea in Choristoneura fumiferana Clem. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae showed a differential response between fourth‐ and sixth‐instars to extracts of balsam fir foliage. Larvae raised on artificial diet were stimulated with the water soluble fraction of needle extracts obtained from terminal and lateral shoots of 30‐ and 70‐yr‐old balsam fir trees. An extract‐sensitive neuron was found in the lateral styloconic sensillum of both instars. The lateral styloconica in the fourth‐instar larvae were more sensitive to extracts from terminal than from lateral shoot foliage of both young and old trees. The lateral styloconica of sixth‐instar larvae were more sensitive to lateral shoot foliage of old trees. Results are discussed with respect to their relationship to feeding preferences and feeding rates observed in a previous behavioural study.
Geometric relationships between whitefly feeding behavior and vascular bundle arrangements
Authors: Cohen Allen Carson , Henneberry T. J. , Chu C. C.
Published: March 2011

This study revealed strong evidence that nymphs of the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii Bellows and Perring, are obligate feeders on vascular bundles and that there are large differences between different host plants as to the availability of vascular bundles to silverleaf whitefly nymphs. The relationship between nymphs and leaf vascular bundles was studied using 1) leaf sectioning and 2) techniques of leaf clearing of intact leaves. A geometric model is presented of the feeding relationship of vascular bundle‐using homopterans. The relative abundance of vascular bundles was examined in six species of host plants that varied from highly preferred to tolerably acceptable. Included in order of acceptance were cantaloupe, cotton, hibiscus, broccoli, lantana and lettuce. The length of vascular bundle per 1.0 mm2 of leaf surface ranged from about 10 mm in cantaloupe to 2.8 mm in lettuce. Salivary sheaths were found to connect with vascular bundles in 100% of the intact nymphs examined by the staining and clearing technique. However only 64% of those examined by the sectioning technique appeared to be connected to vascular bundles. This indicates that the sectioning technique leads to a high rate of error, causing an underestimation of the importance of direct contact with vascular bundles. About 50% of epidermal stylet penetrations were through epidermal cells; the remaining 50% went through intercellular junctions. On cotton leaves, the distance between the point of labial contact with the leaf surface and the nearest point of the vascular bundle rarely exceeded 60 μm. Our studies show that while 50% of lettuce leaf‐surface was beyond 60 μm of a vascular bundle, only 10% of cantaloupe leaf surface area was outside of the 60 μm range. In cotton, mean distance from labium to the nearest point of the vascular bundle was 40.9 μm (SEM = 2.66, N = 50, range 0–80 μm). Over 98% of all salivary sheaths went to minor veins (78% to single‐filament vascular bundles, nearly 20% to double filament bundles). Fewer than 2% went to bundles with 3 or more filaments.
Hibernation dynamics of Oryzophagus oryzae and its implications for management
Authors: Mielitz Luiza R. , Becker Miriam , Romanowski Helena P.
Published: March 2011

The hibernation dynamics of Oryzophagus oryzae (Costa Lima) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) was studied in a bamboo stand, in Eldorado do Sul district (30° 02′ S, 51° 23′ WGR), RS, Brazil. From February 1990 to February 1991, a total of 12057 insects were sampled in the litter of the study area (80 m × 2 m), following a stratified random sampling programme. Four major phases were recognized in the phenology of the hibernating population: (1) a period of arrival at the hibernation site (February–March); (2) a settling period at the site; (3) a period of departure from the hibernation site (August–November); and (4) a residual period. Thus, diapause lasted about 7–8 months. The total mortality rate was 42% and a high rate of infection by Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. was recorded among the dead insects (43%). Microclimatic profiles showed a narrower interval of variation of the air temperature and relative humidity in the bamboo litter than in the open field, hence characterizing the site as a refuge for hibernation. The concentration of high densities of hibernating adults in small areas, the long duration of diapause and the high natural occurrence of B. bassiana make the hibernation period a very appropriate and recommendable time for control of this weevil.
Trimedlure affects mating success and mate attraction in male Mediterranean fruit flies
Authors: Shelly Todd E. , Whittier Timothy S. , Villalobos Ethel M.
Published: March 2011

Male Mediterranean fruit flies, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), are attracted to the synthetic compound trimedlure. Despite the common use of trimedlure in control programs, the underlying basis of male attraction remains unknown. In a series of laboratory trials, we compared the mating success of (treated) males exposed to trimedlure and (control) males not given access to trimedlure. When tested immediately after exposure, treated males mated more frequently than control males. This mating advantage was short‐lived, however, and males tested as little as 24 h after exposure had no advantage over control males. When tested immediately after exposure, treated males exhibited higher levels of pheromone calling than control males. Consequently, more females were attracted to treated males than to control males in field tests.
Colony orientation and successful defence behaviour in the conifer aphid, Schizolachnus pineti
Authors: Völkl Wolfgang , Stadler Bernhard
Published: March 2011

We studied colony structure and body orientation behaviour of Schizolachnus pineti, a specialised aphid feeding on needles of Scots pine. Aphids feeding at the margin of a colony always face towards the centre of the colony, bounding the colony with their legs. This behaviour increased the defence success against the specialised parasitoid (Pauesia unilachni) and the specialised predator (Scymnus nigrinus). Both enemies had less success when attacking S. pineti from the abdominal site when compared to the front. We assume that the defence orientation displayed by marginally feeding aphids has an adaptive nature and is particularly effective when feeding in a row on linear plant structures such as needles.
Maxillary appendages used by western corn rootworms, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, to discriminate between a phagostimulant and ‐deterrent
Authors: Eichenseer Herbert , Mullin Christopher A.
Published: March 2011

Ablation of maxillary appendages on western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), were used to determine which mouthparts were involved in discrimination between the phagostimulant, cucurbitacin B, and the phagodeterrent, strychnine. Strychnine deterred feeding in unablated beetles when its concentration on disks was equal to or higher than cucurbitacin B. Unilateral or bilateral lacinea ablation did not affect discrimination between cucurbitacin B and strychnine. Galeal ablations abolished strychnine deterrence at equimolar concentrations of both compounds but not at higher strychnine concentrations, whereas maxillary palp ablation had no effect. However, bilateral ablation of both galea and maxillary palps resulted in a loss of deterrence at all strychnine concentrations. These results indicated strychnine sensitive chemoreceptors were primarily located on the galeae and maxillary palps. However, beetles without galeae and palps still feed on disks suggesting that cucurbitacin B sensitive chemoreceptors were located on other mouthparts and contributed to cucurbitacin B phagostimulation.
Compensatory growth response of the legume, Medicago sativa, to defoliation and denodulation
Authors: Quinn M. A. , Hall M. H.
Published: March 2011

A laboratory study was conducted to determine the effects of defoliation and denodulation on compensatory growth of Medicago sativa (L.). Plants grown hydroponically in clear plastic growth pouches were subjected to 0 and 50% nodule pruning, and 0, 25, 50, and 75% defoliation by clipping trifoliate leaves. An additional experiment was conducted to determine if clipping leaves simulated herbivory by Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) larvae. Previously, we determined that nodule pruning accurately simulated herbivory by Sitona hispidulus (L.) larvae (Quinn & Hall, 1992). Results indicated that denodulation stimulated nodule growth and caused exact compensation in standing and total number of nodules per plant within 15 days and in standing nodule biomass within 22 days of treatment. Denodulation caused a significant reduction (13%) in final shoot biomass, but did not affect significantly final root biomass. Percentage of change in number of trifoliate leaves per plant increased with the level of defoliation. Within 22 days of treatment, total number of trifoliate leaves per plant was similar to controls. However, final standing shoot biomasses were significantly less that controls, indicating undercompensatory growth. Shoot biomasses of the 25‐, 50‐, and 75%‐defoliated plants were 18, 20, and 36% lower than controls, respectively. Nodule biomass per plant was reduced by 24 and 32% in 50‐ and 75%‐defoliated plants, respectively, but was not affected significantly by 25% defoliation. Root biomass was affected by all levels of defoliation. Clipping trifoliate leaves accurately simulated defoliation by H. postica larvae. Our results indicated that partial defoliation affected shoot, root, and nodule biomass of M. sativa, but that partial denodulation only affected shoot biomass.
Priming Aphytis: behavioral modification of host selection by exposure to a synthetic contact kairomone
Authors: Hare J. D.
Published: March 2011

The introduced parasitoid, Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), utilizes a kairomone, O‐caffeoyltyrosine, to recognize California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Homoptera: Diaspididae). Wasps used in augmentative release programs for California red scale on California citrus are reared on oleander scale, Aspidiotus nerii Bouché (Homoptera: Diaspididae), themselves reared on squash. The goals of this study were: 1) to determine if long‐term rearing on oleander scale had caused A. melinus to develop a preference for oleander scale, and 2) to determine if the preference of oleander‐reared A. melinus for California red scale might be enhanced by exposing them to synthetic O‐caffeoyltyrosine prior to release. Wasps that were removed from their hosts as pupae and allowed to emerge as adults isolated from their hosts retained a strong preference for California red scale regardless of rearing host. This preference was reduced if wasps were allowed to emerge from oleander scale, thus acquiring early adult experience with oleander scale. The preference for California red scale was restored, however, by exposing wasps reared on oleander scale to synthetic O‐caffeoyltyrosine prior to bioassay. Exposure of A. melinus reared in commercial insectaries to O‐caffeoyltyrosine prior to release may be a means to improve the effectiveness of such wasps in augmentative release programs to control California red scale.
Pollen beetle (Meligethes aeneus) oviposition and feeding preference on different host plant species
Authors: Ekbom Barbara , Borg Annika
Published: March 2011

The oviposition and feeding preferences of the pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus, were determined in choice and no‐choice tests in field, semi‐field and greenhouse trials. Plant species used were Brassica napus, B. campestris, B. juncea, B. nigra, B. carinata, Sinapis alba and Crambe abyssinica. With respect to number of eggs laid, S. alba and C. abyssinica were inferior to the other species. Pollen beetles laid fewer eggs on B. nigra than on the other Brassica spp. in no‐choice tests, however this difference was partly due to fewer eggs laid per bud rather than fewer buds used for oviposition. Most eggs, for all plant species, were deposited in buds sized 2–3 mm. Feeding damage on all plant species was relatively similar. Pollen beetles seem to have a wider host range for feeding than for oviposition. There was good agreement in plant species ranking as oviposition hosts between the field, semi‐field and greenhouse trials.
The response of tsetse flies to artificial baits in relation to age, nutritional and reproductive state
Authors: Groenendijk C. A.
Published: March 2011

In various vegetation types in Zimbabwe, the catches of Glossina pallidipes Austen and G. morsitans morsitans Westw. (Diptera: Glossinidae) at a target baited with odour (acetone, 1‐octen‐3‐ol and two phenols) were positively correlated with catches of the same species at an unbaited net. No correlation existed between target catches and hand net catches of tsetse flies sitting on the vegetation. G. pallidipes females caught at a target and at an unbaited net were older than those caught from vegetation. Of the female G. pallidipes caught at the target, 46% were in the first 3 days of pregnancy. Of those caught at the unbaited net, significantly fewer, 21%, were in this stage. G. pallidipes males caught from vegetation contained more fat (3.07 ± 0.333 mg) than those caught at the unbaited net (2.06 ± 0.339 mg) or at the target (2.19 ± 0.218 mg). It is inferred that target catches consisted predominantly of tsetse which were already in flight when they sensed the stimuli from the target, and that target catches were biased towards female G. pallidipes in the first 3 days of pregnancy.
Biological control of soybean stink bugs by inoculative releases of Trissolcus basalis
Authors: Corrêa‐Ferreira B. S. , Moscardi F.
Published: March 2011

Field studies of inoculative releases of Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in early‐maturing soybean, used as a trap crop, were conducted during four consecutive seasons to evaluate the parasitoid's potential as an IPM tactic for use against stink bug (Pentatomidae) species. Fifteen thousand adults of the parasitoid were released per hectare in the trap crop when the first stink bugs were detected in the experimental area. The stink bug population density was reduced by an average of 54% in the trap crop and by 58% in the main crop. The inoculative releases produced a reduction and delay in the stink bug population peak, mainly represented by Nezara viridula (L.), Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood) and Euschistus heros (Fabr.), which were held below economic threshold levels during the most critical stages of stink bug attack on soybean (pod and seed fill, R3–R6). As a result, seed quality was better in areas where T. basalis was released, demonstrating the efficacy of inoculative releases of this egg‐parasitoid which could be an important component of the soybean IPM program in Brazil.
Spring behavioral patterns of the apple blossom weevil
Authors: Duan Jian Jun , Weber Donald C. , Hirs Beat , Dorn Silvia
Published: March 2011

Individual pairs of overwintered adult apple blossom weevils, Anthonomus pomorum (L.), confined with apple twigs under different ambient temperatures in the laboratory and on apple trees in the field, were observed through day and night for their spring activities. Flight behavior in relation to ambient temperature was also investigated under laboratory conditions using flight stands. Both sexes displayed predominantly nocturnal behavior patterns in both the laboratory and the field. Feeding, crawling, and mating activities increased following sunset in the field or onset of scotophase in the laboratory while resting occurred most frequently during daylight hours. Results of the laboratory experiments showed that temperature affected significantly the activity patterns. The diel pattern of activities became less distinctive at higher temperatures (above 15 °C), and total activities in crawling, feeding, and mating were suppressed significantly at lower temperatures (below 5 °C). Over 97% of the test weevils initiated take‐off response from flight stands at 20 °C within the 30 min trial period; however, flight initiation rarely occurred at temperatures 12 °C or below. Overall, results of the laboratory and field experiments indicate that A. pomorum is a remarkably cold‐adapted insect with ability to crawl, feed, and mate at a few degrees above freezing, a physiological attribute necessary for the exploitation of early stages of apple bud development in the cold early spring.
Antifeedant and toxic effects of drimanes on Colorado potato beetle larvae
Authors: Gols G. J. Z. , VAN Loon J. J. A. , Messchendorp L.
Published: March 2011

Among the drimane compounds tested, the dialdehydes polygodial and warburganal were the most active as antifeedants against Colorado potato beetle larvae, Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), in a dual‐choice assay with potato, Solanum tuberosum L., leaf discs. Lactones were less effective. Direct observations showed that decreased feeding on leaf discs treated with polygodial and warburganal was accompanied by increased locomotory activity. Topical application of these two compounds on the insect's cuticle decreased food intake of untreated leaf discs, indicating that besides deterrent effects, toxic properties of these molecules influence feeding behaviour.
Superparasitism and host discrimination in the solitary ectoparasitoid Dinarmus basalis
Authors: Gauthier N. , Monge J. P. , Huignard J.
Published: March 2011

In the solitary ectoparasitoid, Dinarmus basalis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), the occurrence of superparasitism according to the unparasitised host density, and the nature of the host(s) provided was investigated in laboratory studies. In this species superparasitism was observed whatever the experimental conditions used, but the degree of superparasitism depended on the density of its host, Bruchidius atrolineatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Superparasitism was due to successive egg‐laying phases on the same host. However, females were able to discriminate between unparasitised hosts and hosts parasitised from 8 h to 72 h beforehand by themselves or by conspecifics. There was no conclusive evidence that superparasitism in the presence of a host parasitised 30 min before was linked to an absence of host discrimination. Host discrimination in this species is achieved by host‐quality markers. These are individual‐specific markers since conspecific superparasitism rates were often higher than self superparasitism rates. One deterrent substance is emitted by the females during oviposition onto the egg or released by the 16 to 24 h‐old egg itself. Another host‐quality marker is associated with the presence of a larva on its host. On the other hand, host discrimination ability did not always imply avoidance of superparasitism. In D. basalis there exists a positive relationship between the survival probability of the second egg and the tendency to superparasitise, and superparasitism could therefore result in a significant fitness gain. Under our experimental conditions, D. basalis females exhibited a wide range of oviposition behavioural plasticity in relation to the parasitoid developmental stage, the type of superparasitism, and the encounter rate with unparasitised hosts.
Oviposition in Cryptolaemus montrouzieri stimulated by wax filaments of its prey
Authors: Merlin J. , Lemaitre O. , Grégoire J.‐C.
Published: March 2011

The oviposition responses of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to the soft scale Eupulvinaria hydrangeae (Steinweden) (Homoptera: Coccidae) and to the mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso) (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) have been compared in the laboratory. The females delay oviposition and withhold mature eggs in their lateral oviducts in the absence of wax filaments produced by the prey (only present in the ovisac of E. hydrangeae, present in all stages of P. citri). Contact chemical cues perceived by females when probing the wax filaments with their mouthparts are the signals inducing the search for oviposition sites. The second step is under the control of the ovipositor by which females locate confined sites to lay eggs. This oviposition behaviour could have a considerable impact on the prey exploitation strategy of this important biocontrol agent and might help to understand its apparent ineffectiveness in situations of low prey density.
Chemical cues produced by conspecific larvae deter oviposition by the coccidophagous ladybird beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
Authors: Merlin J. , Lemaitre O. , Grégoire J.‐C.
Published: March 2011

Experimental evidence shows that oviposition in Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is deterred by the presence of conspecific larvae. A similar deterrent effect is also recorded when females are tested in an experimental set up that previously housed conspecific larvae. It is shown that an oviposition‐deterring pheromone is associated with the abundant wax filaments produced by the larvae of C. montrouzieri.
Antixenotic resistance of subterranean clover cotyledons to redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor
Authors: Jiang Y. , Ridsdill‐Smith T. J.
Published: March 2011

The short‐term response of redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) (Acarina: Penthaleidae) to cotyledons of different varieties of subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum subsp. subterraneum L.) was assessed by means of paired choice tests, and no‐choice tests. H. destructor had lower numbers and fed less on detached cotyledons of resistant than susceptible varieties, yielding a correlation between the numbers of mites and feeding damage to the cotyledons during a three hour test period. For a number of resistant and susceptible varieties, there was a negative correlation between cotyledon deterrence in the three hour choice test and feeding damage to seedlings after a two week period. Since the response of the mites to different subclover varieties occurred within three hours, it is concluded that the resistance is based on antixenosis.

No evidence was obtained for antifeedant activity in organic solvent extracts from the variety DGI007 (resistant) in comparison with those from the variety Dalkeith (susceptible). Water soluble compounds from DGI007 cotyledons were preferred by mites, in feeding tests in terms of numbers, over those from Dalkeith (susceptible). Squeezed sap from the cotyledons of both varieties showed the same effects on mites as 5% glucose and were more phagostimulatory than water extracts. Mechanically damaged cotyledons of Dalkeith and DGI007 attracted more mites than the undamaged counterparts. The toughness of cotyledons in 17 varieties of T. subterraneum subsp. subterraneum was measured with a manual penetrometer. Results showed a negative correlation between toughness values and mite feeding damage scores (r2 = 0.752) for all varieties except S3615D (resistant). This implies a likely involvement of epidermal toughness as a contributor in the antixenotic resistance of these varieties. Other mechanisms may be involved in the resistance of S3615D.