bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pear, Seasonal Pear Psylla Control Experiment, 1994
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: December 2017

Experimental sprays were applied to replicated three tree plots in a block of ‘Bartlett’ (84%), ‘Bosc’ (9%), and ‘D’Anjou’ (7%) pears. Trees were planted to a spacing of 24 × 24 ft and were 15 years old. Each treatment was replicated four times in a RCB design. Experimental sprays were applied with a Friend Airmaster ‘309’ calibrated to deliver 100 gpa at 2.2 mph. All plots received a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of Benlate 50DF, Streptomycin and Ziran 76WP. All sampling was conducted on the middle ‘Bartlett’ tree in each replicate. All treatments were evaluated by counting eggs and/or nymphs from leaf samples using a binocular microscope under 10X magnification at 5-14 d intervals. Counts were made on 15 spur-leaf samples from 6 May to 18 May; on 5 spur and 10 third most distal leaf samples from 24 May to 30 Jun; and on 15 third most distal leaf samples on 7 Jul to 28 Jul. Adult PP were sampled by making two taps on eight limbs per center plot tree. All adults dropping onto 0.2 m2 collecting tray were counted. Pear fruits (25 per replicate) were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (1-10% russeted surface), 2 (11-25% russeted surface), 3 (26-50% russeted surface), or 4 (>51% russeted surface). Possible ranges are 0-30 (none to 1-10% russeted surface), 31-60 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface), 61-90 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 91-120 (26-50% to >51% russeted surface).
Post-Harvest Control of Codling Moth on Pear, 1994
Authors: Van Steenwyk R. A. , Fouche C. F. , Gaither M. R.
Published: December 2017

The study was conducted on mature ‘Bartlett’ pear trees in a commercial orchard near Fairfield, Calif. Six treatments were replicated four times in a RCBD. Treatments were applied post-harvest on 10 Aug with a commercial airblast sprayer (Air-O-Fan) delivering 100 gpa of finished spray at a ground speed of 2 mph. Each replicate was 0.96 acre in size (nine rows × eight trees at 24 × 24 ft spacing). Effectiveness of the treatments on CM was evaluated by inspecting 25 rat-tail and 25 large green fruit/replicate (200 total fruit per treatment) for 4 wk. Fruit were flagged in the center of each replicate on 8-9 Aug. CM-infested fruit were removed weekly and replaced with uninfested fruit. Flagged fruit which had dropped during the week were replaced with uninfested fruit. Suppression of the diapausing larvae by the treatments was evaluated by banding 25 trees per replicate (100 trees per treatment) with single-sided corrugated cardboard. The trees were banded on 19 Aug and the bands examined on 12 Oct for diapausing CM larvae.
European Earwig Control, 1994
Authors: Bradley S. J. , Mayer D. F.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted in a 5-yr-old orchard with trees planted at a spacing of 20 × 20 ft. The experimental design consisted of two tree, randomized blocks with guard trees between blocks. Insecticides were applied on 15 Jun with a Rears Pak-Blast airblast sprayer delivering 400 gpa. Prior to treatment, 4 in. wide strips of (4 cpi) one sided corrugated cardboard were placed around 4 limbs per tree at 6-8 ft high. Limb bands were removed and earwigs counted 5 days after spraying.
Fireworm Control, 1994
Authors: Collins J. A. , Forsythe H. Y.
Published: December 2017

Materials were applied on 22 Jul for RSF larval control to 8- by 8-ft plots in a pruned blueberry field at Township 18, Maine. There were 3 replications of each treatment in a RCBD with a minimum 2-ft untreated buffer strip around each plot. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre using a CO2-propelled 30-inch boom sprayer with 4 flat spray, 800067 TeeJet nozzles operating at 40 psi. At treatment, plants were ca. 75% tip die-back and larvae were beginning to appear. On sample dates indicated in the table, all stems with leaves webbed together by larvae were counted in 4, sq ft areas per plot. There were no unusual weather conditions during the test; 0.78 inches of rain were recorded on 27 Jul and 1.75 inches fell during the month of Aug.
Sawfly Control, 1994
Authors: Collins J. A. , Forsythe H. Y.
Published: December 2017

Materials were applied on 8 Jun for mid- to late instar BS control to 20- by 20-ft plots in a bearing blueberry field at Columbia, Maine. There were 2 replications of each treatment in a CRD with a minimum 5-ft untreated buffer strip around each plot. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre using a CO2-propelled, 30-inch boom sprayer with 4 flat spray, 800067 TeeJet nozzles operating at 40 psi. At treatment, plants were ca. 5% loose cluster, 90% bloom, 5% fruit set. On sample dates indicated in table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep net were taken from the center of each plot; the larvae were counted and then released over the same plot. There were no unusual weather conditions during the tests; 0.5 inches of rain fell between 10 and 13 Jun.
Chemical Evaluations for Control of Grape Berry Moth on Grapes, 1994
Authors: Williams R. N. , Ellis M. A. , Fickle D. S. , Ellis M. S.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were evaluated for efficacy against the grape berry moth in an experimental ‘Concord’ vineyard at Wooster, Ohio. Plots consisted of 2 grape vines, with 4 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gal/acre (935 liter/ha) on 13 Jul and 27 Jul. A hand-held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle was used to apply treatments. No surfactant was added to any of the treatments. On 19 Sep, 20 grape clusters from each replicate were randomly examined to determine the number of clusters infected by grape berry moth as well as the number of damaged berries per cluster.
Strawberry, Slug Control with Deadline Bullet, 1994
Authors: Johnson James W. , Kriegel Robert D. , Wise John C.
Published: December 2017

A molluscicide was applied to 2 year old strawberries at a commercial field near Fennville, MI at three different rates (10, 20, and 40 lb. per acre) on 19 Jun. Chemical was applied as a band application on both sides of the treatment row. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design consisting of 4 ft. by 20 linear ft. plots, replicated 4 times. The entire experiment was conducted in one row of strawberries located 4 rows from the edge of a field bordered by woods. Evaluations were conducted on 17 Jun (precount), 22 Jun and 29 Jun. Each evaluation consisted of a slug count in the field and a berry damage assessment. Slug counts were conducted by counting the number of slugs beneath a 1 ft2 piece of 0.5-inch plywood placed flat on the ground next to the row in each plot. Fruit damage was evaluated for one pint of berries from each plot. The total number of berries and the number of berries fed upon by slugs were counted and converted to a percent injury value.
Citrus Cutworm Pesticide Efficacy Trials, 1994
Authors: Grafton-Cardwell E. E. , Reagan C. A.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides for the control of citrus cutworm were evaluated on 29 yr old ‘Washington navel’ orange trees at the Lindcove Research and Extension Center, Exeter, CA. The insecticide applications were made on 28-29 Apr with a Bean hand-sprayer at 450 psi and approximately 300 gpa (3—4 gal/tree). Lorsban was applied after sunset to reduce the detrimental impact of the insecticide on honey bees in the orchard. The 14 treatments were assigned based on pretreatment sampling of larvae and each of the treatments were applied to single trees, replicated 8 times. Larval collections were accomplished by placing a canvas beating sheet (112 cm × 75 cm) beneath the outside foliage of the tree and vigorously shaking the foliage 10 times. Citrus cutworm larvae which fell onto the canvas were counted and recorded by instar, then returned to the foliage. Pretreatment larval counts were made on 20 Apr by sampling the northeast and southwest quadrants of each tree. Post treatment counts were made on 9 May by sampling all four quadrants of each sample tree, again recording each instar. Percentage of scarred fruit due to citrus cutworm feeding was evaluated on 7 Sept on each of the sample trees within a 2 m vertical swath around the tree beginning approximately 20 cm above ground level and extending approximately 40 cm into the tree interior. In 1994, late Apr and early May temperatures at Lindcove ranged from relatively cool to warm, with daily maximums between 61°F and 90°F (mean of 72.5°F).
Speed-Sprayer Trials for Citrus Thrips Control, 1994
Authors: Khan Inamullah , Morse J. G. , Urena A. A. , Reagan C. A.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated in 2 fields at the University of California’s Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, California for control of citrus ,thrips. Pesticides were applied with an FMC CP-757 speed-sprayer. In Field 23, different rates and timings of Agri-Mek were evaluated using 125 gpa and outside coverage (achieved by reducing fan speed). In Field 41-42, 5 treatments were compared against an untreated control and were applied similarly. Field 23 was divided into 10 plots and Field 41-42 was divided into 12 plots; treatments were assigned to plots randomly and replicated twice in each field. Each plot was 6 rows wide and 5-8 trees long. In each plot, 10 data trees were chosen from the center 2 rows of the plot, excluding the trees at the end of a row. Citrus thrips infestation due to first and second instars was monitored twice a week for 6 wks after petal fall by examining 5 fruit randomly from each data tree (50 fruit per plot, 100 fruit per treatment in each field). Citrus thrips fruit scarring evaluations were taken in Oct 1994 on all fruit on the exterior of data trees from knee to eye level. Typical scarring levels on outside fruit as sampled in this study are approximately twice as high as percent scarring of fruit sampled from the entire tree (inside fruit are less severely scarred). Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal year are about 5% severe scars.
Effect of Larval Infestation Timing on Insecticidal Control of European Corn Borer in Minnesota Snap Bean, 1994
Authors: Sonterre C. R. , Battels D. W. , Hutchison W. D. , Bolin P. C.
Published: December 2017

This test was conducted on the University of Minnesota, Rosemount Experiment Station, in snap beans planted 2 Jun. Plots consisted of three 30 ft (9.14 m) rows on 30 inch (0.76 m) centers. Two untreated border rows and 7 ft (2.13 m) alleys separated the plots. Treatments were arranged in a split-plot design with four replications. Insecticide treatments were assigned to whole plots, while infestation timings consisted of single-row sub-plots within each whole plot. Treatments were applied 12 Jul using a moderate-clearance Spirit sprayer with 7 TX-10 hollowcone nozzles delivering 27 gpa (252.5 liter/ha) at 50 psi (3.51 kg/cm2) and 3 mph (4.8 km/hour). Plots were manually infested with ECB using a ‘bazooka’ applicator on 8, 15 and 19 Jul, corresponding to bud stage (72%), bloom (63%), and pod growth stages (75% at 0.5-3 inch length), respectively. On each infestation date, eleven consecutive plants in one row of each whole plot were infested with approximately 75 first-instar ECB larvae/plant. Infestations were designed to evaluate the activity of each material 4-d pretreatment, 3-d posttreatment and 7-d posttreatment. Beans were planted so that peak flowering would occur between the first and second generation ECB flights; feral ECB moth flights during this time were low. All treatments were evaluated 8 Aug by selecting five consecutive plants from the center of each infested row. Total pods, pods with feeding damage, stalk damage, and total ECB larvae were recorded.
Control of Imported Cabbageworm (ICW) on Cabbage, 1994
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Mulford Karen , Nottingham John
Published: December 2017

‘Bravo’ cabbage were planted in 1 row plots 35 ft. long on 4 Aug. Plants were spaced 22 inches apart in the row with 72 inches between rows. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “ A ” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 2.0 gal of water and applied with a custombuilt row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 6 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 30 psi. Treatments were applied on 2, 8, 15, 29 Sep; 6 Oct. Foliage injury rating ranged from 1-6 and were indexed as follows: 1) no apparent insect feeding; 2) minor insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves, 0-1% leaf area eaten; 3) moderate insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves with no head damage, 2-5% leaf area eaten; 4) moderate insect feeding on wrapper or outer leaves with minor feeding on head, 6-10% leaf head unmarketable during normal marketing conditions; 5) moderate to heavy feeding on wrapper and head leaves and moderate number of feeding scars on head, 11-30% of leaf area eaten; 6) considerable insect feeding on wrapper and head leaves with head having numerous feeding scars, over 30% of leaf area eaten.
Efficacy of Granular Insecticides for Controlling the Root Aphid, 1994
Authors: Mau R. F. L. , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R. , Shimabuku R. S.
Published: December 2017

A new root aphid was found on the Hawaiian island of Maui. The field trail to evaluate granular insecticides was installed on a cooperating grower’s farm at Kula, Maui in a field that contained broccoli heavily infested by the pest. The experimental plots were adjacent to a broccoli planting that was also heavily infested by the root aphid. The adjacent broccoli crop was removed by the grower 6 weeks after the field trial began. The field site was plowed and rotivated on 24 Nov 1993 and planted 1 week later with transplants in the 6-8 true leaf seedling stage. The treatments tested were Diazinon 14 G (14 lbs/A), Lorsban 15G (13.4 lbs/A), Di-Syston 15G (7.7 lbs/A), and an untreated check. Insecticides were applied in-furrow prior to transplanting. Treatments were replicated three times in a randomized block plot design. Each treatment replication consisted of four rows of cabbage with 25 plants per row at 18 inches inter plant spacing. Treatment plots were separated by a 3 feet buffer. The treatments were evaluated at 3, 7, and 12 weeks after planting to assess aphid populations on the roots. During each evaluation, the roots of 15 plants were taken from each treatment plot and individually bagged. Each root sample was washed in a calcium chloride solution (1 tablespoon calcium chloride per gallon water) to float the aphids, and the aphids were counted.
Field Evaluation of Bio-Rational Insecticides and Combinations for Controlling DBM, 1993
Authors: Mau R. F. L. , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R. , Ruggero W. S.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated at the substation of the Kula Research Station, Maui Agricultural Park. The field was set up in a randomized block design with five treatments and four replications (blocks). Each treatment plot measured 70 ft. by 7.5 ft. It consisted of six rows of cabbage in 3 beds on 36 inch centers and 18 inch in-row spacing. Adjacent rows were offset to allow equidistant plant spacing between rows. Treatment plots in each block were separated by a 3 ft. border. Blocks were separated by a 10 ft. border that allowed sprayer access. Total field size was 150 ft. by 109 ft. From 1 to 7 treatments were applied on 12, 17, 24 Nov and 1, 8, 15, 22 Dec using a tractor mounted with a PTO driven spray pump equipped with a 30 ft. boom. The boom was set with three banks of twin jet (TJ 8006, Spraying Systems) nozzles that coincided with row spacing. Each group of nozzles had its own line from the main tank, therefore, spray output to specific treatment plot could be easily controlled. Sprays were applied at 150 gpa (40 psi) for the first three applications and increased to 200 gpa (60 psi) for the last three. A pretreatment count was made on 11 Nov and post treatment surveys were conducted on a weekly basis six days after treatment. Ten plants were randomly selected from the two center rows and removed for examination of insects. DBM immatures were counted in separate age groups: early larvae, late larvae, and pupae. Early larvae were those in the first two larval instars. They were identified by their small size and the occurrence of black colored head capsules. Late larvae were those in the last two larval instars. They were identified by their larger size and the occurrence of green or brown head capsules. Pupae were easily identified by their net like cocoons.
Field Evaluation of a Neem and BT Product for DBM Control, 1994
Authors: Mau R. F. L. , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R. , Ruggero W. S. , Shimabuku R. S.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated at the substation of the Kula Research Station, Maui Agricultural Park from Jun through Aug. The field was set up in a randomized block design with six treatments and four replications (blocks). Each treatment plot measured 70 ft. by 4.5 ft. It consisted of four rows of cabbage in 2 beds on 36 inch centers and 18 inch in-row spacing. Adjacent rows were offset to allow equidistant plant spacing between rows. Treatment plots in each block were separated by a 4.5 ft. border. Blocks were separated by a 10 ft. border that allowed sprayer access. Total field size was 150 ft. by 109 ft. From 1 to 8 treatments were applied on 29 Jun, 5, 12, 19, 26 Jul, and 2, 9, 16 Aug using a tractor mounted with a PTO driven spray pump equipped with a 30 ft. boom. The boom was set with three banks of hollow cone (TX-26, Spraying Systems) nozzles that coincided with row spacing. Each group of nozzles had its own line from the main tank, therefore, spray output to specific treatment plots could be easily controlled. Sprays were applied at 100 psi at a rate of 150 gpa on a weekly basis from one day after transplanting into the field to one week before harvest. A pretreatment count was made on 28 Jun and post treatment surveys were conducted on 11, 25 Jul, 8 or 22 Aug. Ten plants were randomly selected from the two center rows and removed for examination of insects. DBM immatures were counted in separate age groups; early larvae, late larvae, and pupae. Early larvae were those in the first two larval instars. They were identified by their small size and the occurrence of black colored head capsules. Late larvae were those in the last two larval instars. They were identified by their larger size and the occurrence of green or brown head capsules. Pupae were easily identified by their net like cocoon.
Control of Diamondback Moth and Cross-Striped Cabbageworm on Cabbage with Azadirachtin and Bacillus Thuringienls Aizawai, 1994
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Conner J. M.
Published: December 2017

Greenhouse-grown seedlings were transplanted in single rows on 30 Mar on 32 inch beds, 240 feet long on 6 foot centers covered whiteface polyethylene film. Six treatments and a control were assigned to 6 plots 19 ft long per bed in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots were separated by 3 ft of fall-planted collards to provide inocula of target pests. Spray treatments were applied for 8 consecutive weeks starting 13 Apr using a 12 tank sprayer equipped with a diaphragm pump powered by a gasoline engine mounted on a small trailer drawn by a 4-wheel drive Suzuki ATV. A single row boom consisting of 2 side drops with 2 nozzles each plus one nozzle over the row gave a total of 5 nozzles. Yellow Albuz® ceramic tipped nozzles were used at 80 PSI of pump pressure for a delivery rate of 35 gpa. Weekly evaluations were carried out on 8 randomly selected plants per plot by evaluating the inner 5 wrapper leaves and the head of each plant. Number and size of live DBM and CSCW larvae plus pupae were recorded. Damage was assessed using a Horsfall type rating scale from 1 (no apparent damage) to 6 (>30% leaf area eaten, head heavily damaged). At maturity the 8 best heads per plot were selected and graded for marketability based on insect damage to the head and the inner two wrapper leaves. Heads were considered marketable if they had less than 5% damage and the wrapper leaves had less than 10% damage.
Efficacy of Imidacloprid on Whitefly in Fall Cantaloupes, 1994
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Mullis C. H. , Reyes F.
Published: December 2017

Cantaloupes were direct seeded on 23 Jun into beds spaced 80 inches apart at the University of Arizona, Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ. Plots consisted of 2 beds, 100 ft long with a 10 ft buffer between plots. Plot preparation and seasonal maintenance followed local practices. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Treatments consisted of soil applications of Admire 240 FS at 0.31, 0.25, 0.18 and 0.12 lbs Al/acre; Metasystox-R 2SC at 0.5 lbs AI/acre, and an untreated check. All treatments were applied to the soil 2 inches sub seed furrow prior to planting (22 Jun) through narrow shanks in 15 gpa total volume of water. Plots were established and insecticide incorporated with furrow irrigation. SPWF densities were estimated by counting the number of eggs and nymphs on two-cm2 disk sections from each of 10 leaves per plot on 14, 28, and 42 DAT. Because of heterogeneity of mean variances, insect data was transformed (log10 x + 1) prior to analysis. Treatment differences among means were estimated with a protected LSD)0.05.
Chemical Trials and Effects on Insects in Celery, 1993
Authors: Carson W. G. , White K. K. , Trimble J. T.
Published: December 2017

Celery was transplanted in a sandy loam soil on 17 Aug at the University of California’s South Coast Field Station. The plants were sprinkler irrigated for three weeks and drip irrigated (water pH 7.2-7.5) thereafter. Experimental plots were four beds wide (two rows per bed on 40-inch centers) by 40 ft and separated by a 5 ft buffer with four replicates of each treatment in a randomized complete block design. Applications were weekly from 30 Sep through 24 Nov (total of 9 applications for all chemicals except Avid and Avid + Lannate). Actual dates of application were: 30 Sep, 6, 14, 20, 27 Oct, and 3, 10, 17, 24 Nov. Avid was applied on the first two dates and again for dates 6-9 in Nov. The Avid + Lannate treatment was the same except that Lannate was applied on dates 3-5. All chemicals were applied by a tractor-mounted boom sprayer operated at 125 psi. Nozzles were 4 per bed and carrier (H20) was at 100 gal/acre. Disc-type cone nozzles incorporated D3 orifice discs, #25 cores and 50-mesh screens. All treatments received spreader-sticker. Antifoam (No-Foam®) was used with all treatments. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four SVi × 11 inch trays/replicate when the plants reached a suitable height. Actual sampling dates were 5, 13, 19, 27 Oct and 2, 9, 16 Nov. The number of dead adult parasites of Liriomyza species were recorded in the same manner and on the same dates listed for pupal counts. Evaluation of Lepidoptera populations was based on number of damaged plants found in 25 plants per replicate (100/treatment) from the center two rows of each replicate at harvest (30 Nov). Beet army worm and black cutworm damage were recorded separately.
Foliar Sprays to Control Worms on Sweet Corn, 1994
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Sweet corn was planted on 11 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. An early maturing variety, ‘Seneca Horizon’, and a late maturing variety, ‘Silver Queen’, were planted. Each plot consisted of a single 25 ft row, bordered on each side by an untreated guard row, and replicated four times in a randomized, complete block design. The same treatments were applied to both varieties on the dates indicated in the table. Sprays were applied with a single hollow cone nozzle boom compressed gas backpack sprayer delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Latron B 1956 (8 oz product/100 gal water) was added to each treatment. Evaluation criteria consisted of counts of the numbers of marketable (0 damage), processing (up to 1.5 inch tip damage), and cull (greater than 1.5 inch tip damage and/or damage elsewhere on the ear) ears, and the numbers of live worms, on 12 ears/plot.
At Planting and Foliar Insecticides to Control Cucumber Beetles in Fall Cucumbers, 1994
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Cucumbers were planted on 12 Aug at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of a 25 ft long row planted on 5 ft row spacing, replicated four times in a randomized, complete block design. An untreated guard row separated each plot. Furadan 4F was applied in furrow at planting using a single nozzle boom backpack sprayer. The Payload 15G in furrow at planting treatments were applied using a hand-held shaker. Foliar sprays were applied using a 3 hollow cone nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 45 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Foliar spray dates were 31 Aug and 6 and 13 Sep. On 31 Aug, the Furadan 4F at planting plots were less defoliated than the other plots and dead and dying cucumber beetles were observed. These plots were, therefore, not sprayed on this date. Dead and dying beetles were also observed in the Payload 15G plots on 31 Aug. These plots were treated with a low rate of Asana on this date, since actively feeding beetles were also observed. Evaluation criteria consisted of counts of both species of cucumber beetle on a randomly chosen 6 ft (30 sq ft) section of row in each plot and estimation of percent defoliation in each plot on the dates indicated in the table. The marketable fruit in each plot was harvested on 4, 11, and 20 Oct and the total yields for the season are indicated in the table.
Evaluation of Imidacloprid for Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly in Lettuce, 1994
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Mullis C. H. , Reyes F. J.
Published: December 2017

Lettuce was direct seeded into double-row beds on 1 Sep and immediately irrigated with overhead sprinklers at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ. Plots consisted of four, 75 ft long beds spaced 42 inches apart and bordered on each side by two unplanted beds. Plots were arranged in a completely randomized block design with 4 replicates. The Admire 2F treatments placed below the surface at 1.5 and 3.0 inches were applied by injecting the material into the beds with long, narrow shanks before seeding. The Admire surface band application was applied as a 2 inch band using 8003 flat-fan nozzles centered on the seedline immediately following planting and preceding irrigation. All Admire treatments were applied with water and delivered at 20 gal/acre total volume. Foliar treatments of Admire 2F and Capture + Thiodan were applied on 15, 20, 28 Sep and 6, 13, 18 Oct with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with a two-bed boom, having two nozzles per bed (TX 12 hollow cone), and delivering 20.5 gal/acre at 40 psi. SPWF densities were estimated by counting the number of eggs and nymphs on two-cm2 disk sections from each of 20 leaves per plot on 22 Sep, 17 Oct, and 10 Nov. All heads in a single, randomly selected 20 ft section per plot were harvested on 11 Nov and evaluated for head weight and size. Because of heterogeneity of mean variances, insect data was transformed (logl0 x + 1) prior to analysis. Treatment differences among means were estimated with a protected LSD0.05.
Control of Cypermethrin Treatment-History Thrips in Onions, FT. Morgan, Co, 1994
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: December 2017

Plots were established 10 Jun at a production field of transplanted onions south of Ft. Morgan, CO. The field had previously been treated with cypermethrin (Ammo 2.5E), but thrips populations remained in excess of 30/plant one week after applications. Plots consisted of single two-row beds, 50-ft in length arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments were applied with a hand-operated compressed air sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre. Evaluations were made 14 Jun, using whole plant counts on six consecutive plants in the center of each plot.
Apple, Acaricides Test, 1995
Authors: Agnello A. , Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Kain D.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa to 0.03-acre plots of apple trees in two orchards. In the Route 14 orchard the trees were ca. 8 yr old, 14 ft high, and planted 14 by 20 ft apart. In the Sergeant Rd. orchard the trees were ca. 10 yr old, 12 ft high, and planted 10 by 20 ft apart. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated twice in each orchard. Control schedules were compared using Agri-Mek at pink (16 May) or petal fall (5 Jun) in trees receiving no delayed dormant oil application, and Agri-Mek or Omite at the date-dependent ERM threshold (2.5-7.5 motiles/leaf) in trees that had received a 2% dormant oil application on 1 May. ERM eggs and motile forms were counted on 25 randomly selected leaves/replication at weekly intervals.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticides for Control of Foliar Aphids on Cabbage, 1995
Authors: Sparks Alton N.
Published: December 2017

A small plot test was conducted at the Texas A&M Research and Extension Center in Weslaco, Texas, to evaluate selected insecticides for efficacy against foliar aphids on cabbage. Plots measured two rows (40 inch centers) by 25 feet, with two-row sorghum wind breaks between plots. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with four replications. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 pressurized (40 psi) backpack sprayer in a total volume of 30 gal per acre. Nozzle arrangement consisted of three 10X nozzles per row (one over-top, 2 on drops). Treatments were applied 12 and 20 Apr. Aphids were monitored by random selection of 5 plants per plot and counting all apterous aphids present.
Control of Two Lepidopterous Cabbage Pests with Recombinant and Kurstaki Bacillus Thuringiensis, Spring 1995
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Conner J. M.
Published: December 2017

Greenhouse-grown seedlings planted in Speedling trays 30 Dec were transplanted at 18-inch spacing into 4, 32-inch single-row beds 240 ft long, mulched with black polyethylene on 31 Jan at the Southwest Florida Research and Education Center near Immokalee, Fla. Beds were prepared by fumigating with methyl bromide/chloropicrin 67/33 at a rate of 220 lbs/acre, fertilized with a bottom mix of 800 lbs/acre 5-16-8 and a top mix of 500 lbs/acre 19-0-19, and subsurface irrigated. Plants were sprayed weekly from 6 Feb to harvest with Bravo 720 at 1.5 pt/acre for disease control. Each row of cabbage was a replicated block, the two pairs of which were separated by a 15 ft drive middle, with each pair being separated by 12 ft with a row of collards in between planted 15 Nov to provide pest inoculum. Blocks were divided into 6 plots 40 feet long containing 30 plants. Six treatments were replicated four times in a RCB design. The presence of DBM and CSC larvae was confirmed on 20 Mar and treatments were initiated 21 Mar. All treatments were sprayed weekly for a total of 4 applications at 43 GPA using 5 yellow hollow cone Albuz nozzles per row from a high clearance sprayer at 200 psi of pressure, except the last application which was made with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 50 psi at the same rate. Water was at pH 7.2 and a nonionic surfactant, ASPA 80 was added to the spray at the rate of 16 oz/100 gal of spray. Weekly evaluations were made five to seven days post spray on 10 randomly selected plants per plot. Eight leaves were evaluated per plant, the 5 outer head leaves and 3 inner wrapper leaves. Total number and size of DBM and CSC live larvae for each plant were recorded and percent leaf damage was rated on a 1 to 6 scale where 1 = no damage, 2 = 1%, 3 = 2% to 5%, 4 = 6% to 10%, 5 = 11% to 30% and 6 = > 30% damage. The 20 largest heads per treatment were selected for harvest and graded for marketability based on amount of insect damage to the head and inner 2 wrapper leaves. Heads were considered unmarketable if there was insect damage in excess of 5% on the head or 10% on the wrapper leaves.
Impact of Insecticides on Celery Insects, 1994
Authors: CARSON W. G. , WHITE K. K. , TRUMBLE J. T.
Published: December 2017

Celery was transplanted in a sandy loam soil on 30-31 Aug at the University of California’s South Coast Field Station. The plants were sprinkler irrigated for three weeks and drip irrigated (water pH 7.2-7.5) thereafter. Experimental plots were four beds wide (two rows per bed on 40-inch centers) by 40 ft and separated by a 5 ft buffer with four replicates of each treatment in a randomized complete block design. Applications were weekly from 6 Oct through 21 Nov (total of 8 applications for all chemicals except Avid and Avid + Xentari). Actual dates of applications were: 6, 13, 20, 27 Oct, and 3, 10, 17, 21 Nov. Avid was applied on the first two dates and again for dates 5-6. The Avid + Xentari treatment was the same except that Xentari was applied on dates Avid was not. All chemicals were applied by a tractor-mounted boom sprayer operated at 125 psi. Nozzles were 4 per bed and carrier (H2O) was at 100 gal/ac. Disc-type cone nozzles incorporated D3 orifice discs, #25 cores and 50-mesh screens. All treatments received spreader-sticker. Antifoam (No-Foam®) was used with all treatments. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 5 ½ X 11 inch trays/replicate when the plants reached a suitable height. Actual sampling dates were 15, 25 Oct and 1, 8, 15, 21, 28 Nov. The number of dead adult parasites of1 Liriomyza species was recorded in the same manner and on the same dates listed for pupal counts. Evaluation of Lepidoptera populations was based on number of damaged plants found in 25 plants per replicate (100/treatment) from the center two rows of each replicate at harvest (29-30 Nov). Beet armyworm and black cutworm damage were recorded separately.
Control of Fall Armyworm in Pre-Tassel Sweet Corn in Minnesota, 1995
Authors: Battels D. W. , Hutchison W. D.
Published: December 2017

This test was conducted at the University of Minnesota Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount, MN. ‘Jubilee’ sweet corn was planted 12 Jun in plots consisting of a single 30 ft row on 30 inch centers. Each plot was separated by one untreated border row on each side and 7 ft alleys at each end. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with four replications. FAW egg masses, obtained from USDA-ARS at Mississippi State, MS, were placed in the whorl of each plant 28 Jul. A single application of each treatment was made 5 Aug. Applications were made using a CO2-pressurized back-pack sprayer with one nozzle per row or a hand shaker to evenly distribute granular materials. The sprayer was calibrated to apply 30 gpa at 35 psi. Average temperature for all applications was 79°F. By 5 Aug, most FAW larvae were late 2nd to early 3rd instars, reflecting a 4 day delay in optimum (planned) treatment timing due to inclement weather. Treatments were evaluated 23 Aug by randomly selecting 25 ears per plot (100 per treatment) and recording the number of ears with late-instar FAW larvae and/or feeding damage.
Insect Control in Sweet Corn, 1995
Authors: Seal D. R.
Published: December 2017

Nine treatments were tested against corn silk fly in sweet corn planted on 25 Feb. 1995 in a 0.04 acre field. Plant spacing was 4 in. within a row and 36 in. between rows. Lasso (4 EC, Monsanto Agricultural Co., St. Louis) was applied at 2 lb. [ A.I.]/acre at the time of planting. Irrigation was as needed. Plants were fertilized with 1700 lb./acre of granular fertilizer (4:8:12) on two dates at planting and 3 weeks after planting. Treatment plots were four rows by 45 feet arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Treatments were applied weekly between 23 Feb. and 19 April, 1995 by a backpack sprayer using 2 nozzles/row delivering 100 gpa at 40 psi. Effects of different treatments on the control of corn silk fly adults and fall armyworms were evaluated by counting adults and armyworms on randomly selected five plant/treatment plot 24 hours after each application. Finally, numbers of corn silk fly larvae on randomly selected 10 corn ears/treatment plot were recorded at harvest.
Seed Maggot Control on Sweet Corn, 1995
Authors: Webb D. R. , Hessney P. M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: December 2017

Two varieties of sweet corn seeds were planted 23 Jun at the Fruit and Vegetable Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots were single rows 25 ft long replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. All seeds were planted using a hand pushed “V” belt seeder at the rate of 100 seeds/25 ft. Seeds were treated before planting with Captan 75 at the rate of 1 ¾ oz dry formulation/seed cwt to minimize seed rots induced by various soil fungi. Insecticides were applied at planting either in-furrow or as a “T” band. Rows were baited by hand with about a cup/row of meat and bone meal immediately after planting to increase fly oviposition. Injury was determined by digging 25 new seedlings with seeds still attached on 10 Jul and inspecting each seed remnant for the presence of SM larvae and/or feeding injury.
Eggplant Insect Control, Johnston Co., N.C, 1995
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Holloway C. Wade
Published: December 2017

‘Little Fingers’ eggplant were transplanted on 13 Jul at McGees Crossroads (MGX) near Benson, N.C. Single row plots 10 ft. long on 42 inch centers were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Alleys of 5 ft. were used between replicates. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow cone nozzle (18X) operating at 60 psi to deliver 54.5 gal./acre. Visual estimates of foliar damage and insect counts were made 14 and 21 Aug. CPB pressure was low at the start of the season. After releasing adult CPB and moving larvae around in order to obtain a more uniform infestation the population then increased to heavy. Treatments were applied on 7 and 14 Aug. CPB counts were made on 14 and 21 Aug from 3 plants/plot. Small larvae were assumed to be first and second instar, and large larvae, third and fourth instar.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae in Lettuce, 1995
Authors: Kerns D. L.
Published: December 2017

Lettuce was direct seeded into double-rows on 40-in beds on 6 Sep at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ. Plots were four beds wide by 30 ft long. Each plot was bordered on each side by two blank beds. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with four replicates. Treatments were applied using a tractor-mounted sprayer with three TX-6 hollow cone nozzles per bed, calibrated to deliver 40 gal/acre at 200 psi. All treatment applications included Kinetic spreader-sticker at 0.05% v/v. Treatments were applied on 21 Sep, 28 Sep, 6 Oct, 14 Oct, 19 Oct and 26 Oct. Evaluations were made five days after each treatment (26 Sep, 3 Oct, 11 Oct, 19 Oct, 24 Oct and 31 Oct) by randomly selecting 25 plants per plot and counting the number of live small (1st and 2nd instar) and large (>2nd instar) BAW and CL larvae. Data were analyzed for treatment differences using ANOVA and an F protected LSD.
Apple, Codling Moth Control with Insecticidal Oil and Guthion, 1995
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O.
Published: December 2017

Four highly refined insecticidal oils, Orchex 796 98%, Orchex 692 98%, WS-2928 98%, and Guthion were evaluated for their ability to control CM over the entire season. The test was conducted in an apple orchard at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. The trees were 15-yr-old spur type Delicious on dwarfing roots. Treatments were applied to 1-tree plots replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block. All treatments were applied with a handgun sprayer at 300 psi to the point of drip. The CM injury evaluations were made on 6 Jun following the first generation, and at harvest on 31 Aug. Twenty-five apples per replicate were sampled on 6 Jun and the total number of CM injured fruit and those marked by spray residue recorded. At harvest, all fruit from each replicate were examined and the number of CM and PLR injured fruit recorded. Because of the high percentage of CM injured fruit at harvest, a 10-fruit subsample was chosen at random from each replicate and the number of CM stings and entries per fruit recorded. PLR and WALH were sampled on 8 Aug. Twenty shoots were examined and the total number of active PLR larval feeding sites recorded. Ten leaves were examined for the presence of WALH and the total number of nymphs recorded.
Efficacy of Bacillus Thuringensis for Control of Lepidopterous Larvae in Lettuce, 1994
Authors: Kerns D. L.
Published: December 2017

Lettuce was direct seeded into double-rows on 42-in beds on Sep 4 at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ. Plots were four beds wide by 30 ft long. Each plot was bordered on each side by two blank beds. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with four replicates. Treatments were applied using a tractor-mounted sprayer with two TX-18 hollow cone nozzles per bed, calibrated to deliver 60 gal/acre at 300 psi. All treatment applications included Dyne-Amic spreader-sticker at 0.25% v/v. Treatments were applied on Sep 28, Oct 10 and Oct 17. Evaluations were made four to six days after treatment (Sep 26, Oct 3, Oct 10 and Oct 17) by randomly selecting ten plants per plot and counting the number of live large (>2nd instar) BAW and CL larvae. Data were analyzed for treatment differences using ANOVA and an F protected LSD.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae in Lettuce, 1994
Authors: Kerns D. L.
Published: December 2017

Lettuce was direct seeded into double-rows on 42-in beds on Sep 12 at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ. Plots were four beds wide by 30 ft long. Each plot was bordered on each side by two blank beds. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with four replicates. Treatments were applied using a tractor-mounted sprayer with two TX-18 hollow cone nozzles per bed, calibrated to deliver 60 gal/acre at 300 psi. All treatment applications included Dyne-Amic spreader-sticker at 0.25% v/v. Treatments were applied on Oct 6, Oct 14 and Oct 26. Evaluations were made five to six days after treatment (Oct 4, Oct 12, Oct 20 and Nov 2) by randomly selecting ten plants per plot and counting the number of live small (1st and 2nd instar) and large (>2nd instar) BAW and CL larvae. Data were analyzed for treatment differences using ANOVA and an F protected LSD.
Efficacy of Selective Insecticides on Beet Armyworm Larvae in Lettuce, 1995
Authors: Palumbo J. C.
Published: December 2017

Lettuce was direct seeded into double-row beds on 8 Sep at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, Az. Each plot consisted of four, 30 ft long beds spaced 42 inches apart and bordered on each side by an untreated bed. Plots were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replicates. Foliar application was made on 20 Sep and 5 Oct with a hand-held CO2 sprayer operated at 60 psi, delivering 20 gal/acre. Spreader-sticker (Triton-X) was included in all spray treatments at a rate of 0.25% of the total volume. Insecticide efficacy was determined by counting the total number of BAW larvae on 20 randomly selected plants per replicate. Insect counts were conducted the day of application and at 1,3, and 7 days following each application.
Control of Larval Striped Cucumber Beetle Injury to Muskmelon Fruit, Rocky Ford, Co 1995
Authors: Cranshaw W. S. , Schweissing F. C.
Published: December 2017

Trials were established at the Arkansas Valley Research Center in Rocky Ford, CO, with fields planted 14 June. Plots consisted of 4, 60-inch beds, 20-ft in length. Furadan 4F and Admire 2F were applied as 8-inch bands on 16 June, followed by an irrigation. Foliar treatments were applied 8, 16 and 23 Aug using a hand operated compressed air sprayer delivering 27 gal/acre, with the first application coinciding with initial fruit set. Fields were flood irrigated prior to evaluations to increase larval activity, and subsequent fruit injury, near the soil surface. Evaluations were made 12 September by examining 10 fruit per plot and rating the amount of larval tunneling injury to the fruit rind. For this evaluation a four point system was used (0 = no injury, 1 = slight injury, 2 = moderate injury, 3 = severe injury).
Evaluation of Insecticides for Thrips Control on Seedling Onions, 1995
Authors: Butler Marvin D. , Farris Neysa A. , Fisher Glenn
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated for control of onion thrips in a commercial field of ‘Crusader’ seed onions planted 11 Jul on 36 inch beds in double rows 14 inch apart near Madras, Oregon. The 9 ft x 20 ft plots were replicated 3 times in a RCB design. Insecticides were applied on 17 Sept using TeeJet 8002 nozzles on a 9 ft CO2 pressurized, hand-held, boom sprayer at 40 psi and 20 gal/acre of water. Silgard at the rate of 2 pt/100 gal was applied in combination with all insecticides. Efficacy was determined by inspecting 15 plants in the middle rows and recording total number of thrips observed. Counts were made 14 Sept prior to application and 1, 6, and 10 DAT on 18, 23 and 27 Sept.
Evaluation of Selected Insecticides for Control of Onion Thrips on Onions, 1995
Authors: Sparks Alton N. , Riley David G.
Published: December 2017

A small plot study was conducted at the Texas A&M Research and Extension Center in Weslaco, Texas, to evaluate selected insecticides for control of onion thrips on onions. Experimental plots measured 2 beds (80 in.) by 15 feet, with two rows of onions per bed. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with four replications. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 pressurized (40 psi) backpack sprayer with two 10X hollow cone nozzles per bed (broadcast) in a total volume of 30 gpa. Applications were made on 30 Mar. and 4, 6 and 12 Apr. Silwet at 8 oz. per 100 gal was added to all treatments on 6 and 12 Apr. Thrips populations were monitored by counting all thrips on 5 randomly selected plants per plot.
Control of Insects on Bell Pepper, 1995
Authors: Foster R. E. , Buhler W. G.
Published: December 2017

Transplants were planted 30 May at the O’Neall Memorial Farm, Lafayette, Indiana. Plots consisted of single rows, 30 ft long, 8 ft apart, and were arranged in a RCB with four replications. Insecticides were applied with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer using hollow cone nozzle tips and delivering 16.3 gal water/acre at 30 psi. Sprays were applied 17, 26 Jul, and 3 Aug. All marketable fruit were harvested on 8 Aug, cut open, and inspected for the presence of European corn borers.
Foliar Sprays to Control Insects on Spring Peppers, 1995
Authors: Speese John
Published: December 2017

Peppers were transplanted on 22 May at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot consisted of two 25ft rows, planted on 3ft row spacing. Plots were separated from each other by an untreated guard row. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Treatments were applied with a 3 nozzle boom backpack sprayer delivering 60 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Treatments were applied weekly beginning 19 Jul through 16 Sep. The aphidicides CGA 215944 and Provado were added to the pyrethroid treatments indicated in the table on 1,8, and 16 Sep after GPA populations had built up. Spod X was added to the Pounce treatments on the last four application dates to control BAW. The gallonage was increased to 73 gpa for the last 3 applications due to the growth of the plants. Evaluation criteria consisted of hand-harvests of market sized fruits from the more uniform row of each 2 row plot on the dates indicated in the table. This fruit was graded to remove any ECB or BAW damaged fruit and the remaining marketable fruit was weighed to determine yields. Numbers of GPA on 5 randomly picked leaves/plot were counted on the dates indicated in the table.