bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mortality in Elderly Patients Taking Furosemide: Prospective Cohorts Study
Authors: Rodríguez-Molinero Alejandro , Miñarro Antonio , Narvaiza Leire , Gálvez-Barrón César , Gonzalo León Natalia , Valldosera Esther , De Mingo Eva , Macho Oscar , Aivar David , Pinzón Efren , Alba Adilis , Passarelli Jorge , Stasi Nadia , Collado Isabel , Banegas José R.
Published: October 2022

Objectives. Low blood pressure (BP) has been proposed as a risk factor of death in elderly patients. However, this association could be partially accounted for by the deleterious effects of BP-lowering drugs. We analyzed whether these drugs are associated to an increased risk of death in elderly patients taking multiple potential confounders into account. Design. This is a prospective cohort study. Setting and Participants. Probabilistic sample of 772 community-dwelling patients aged >65 years living in Spain, who were appointed for an initial clinical visit and followed up through telephone calls 4, 6, 9, 12, and 60 months afterwards. Methods. At baseline visit, BP was measured using standardized methods, and BP medications and risk factors of death in elderly patients (BMI, oxygen saturation, toxic habits, comorbidity, muscular strength, and functional and cognitive capacity) were collected. During the follow-up, the vital status of patients and the date of death were ascertained. Results. During a median 5-year follow-up, 226 all-cause deaths occurred among the 686 participants included in the analysis. In a Cox regression model that included all the BP drug classes, diuretics and nitrites were significantly associated with mortality (

p
<
0.005

). Within diuretics, furosemide was found to be responsible for the association of the group. In multivariable Cox regression models adjusted for BP and the rest of the mortality risk factors, furosemide remained as the only BP drug that was independently associated with mortality (hazard ratio 2.34;

p
<
0.01

). Conclusions. Furosemide was prospectively associated with increased mortality in older people. If confirmed, this drug should be taken into account by prescribers and considered a confounder in BP studies.
Influence of Supplemental Dietary Cholesterol on Growth Performance, Indices of Stress, Fillet Pigmentation, and Upper Thermal Tolerance of Female Triploid Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Ignatz Eric H. , Sandrelli Rebeccah M. , Tibbetts Sean M. , Colombo Stefanie M. , Zanuzzo Fábio S. , Loveless Ashley M. , Parrish Christopher C. , Rise Matthew L. , Gamperl A. Kurt
Published: October 2022

The salmon aquaculture industry must be proactive at developing mitigation tools/strategies to offset the potential negative impacts of climate change. Therefore, this study examined if additional dietary cholesterol could enhance salmon production at elevated temperatures. We hypothesized that supplemental cholesterol could aid in maintaining cell rigidity, reducing stress and the need to mobilize astaxanthin muscle stores, and improving salmon growth and survival at high rearing temperatures. Accordingly, postsmolt female triploid salmon were exposed to an incremental temperature challenge (+0.2°C day-1) to mimic conditions that they experience in sea cages in the summer, with temperature held at both 16 and 18°C for several weeks [i.e., 3 weeks at 16°C, followed by an increase at 0.2°C day-1 to 18°C (10 days), then 5 weeks at 18°C] to prolong their exposure to elevated temperatures. From 16°C onwards, the fish were fed either a control diet, or one of two nutritionally equivalent experimental diets containing supplemental cholesterol [+1.30%, experimental diet #1 (ED1); or +1.76%, experimental diet #2 (ED2)]. Adding cholesterol to the diet did not affect the salmon’s incremental thermal maximum (ITMax), growth, plasma cortisol, or liver stress-related transcript expression. However, ED2 appeared to have a small negative impact on survival, and both ED1 and ED2 reduced fillet “bleaching” above 18°C as measured using SalmoFan™ scores. Although the current results suggest that supplementing salmon diets with cholesterol would have few/minimal benefits for the industry, ≤ 5% of the female triploid Atlantic salmon used in this study irrespective of diet died before temperature reached 22°C. These latter data suggest that it is possible to produce all female populations of reproductively sterile salmon that can withstand summer temperatures in Atlantic Canada.
Automatic Epileptic Seizure Detection Using PSO-Based Feature Selection and Multilevel Spectral Analysis for EEG Signals
Authors: Sun Qi , Liu Yuanjian , Li Shuangde , Wang Chaodong
Published: October 2022

Automatic epileptic seizure detection technologies for clinical diagnosis mainly rely on electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings, which are immensely useful tools for epileptic location and identification. Currently, traditional seizure detection methods based only on single-view features have great limitations for the typical dynamic and nonlinear EEG signals. An objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of multiview feature selection and multilevel spectral analysis methods on the identification of the EEG signals for seizure detection. Here, multiview features are extracted from time domain, frequency domain, and information theory to collect adequate information of EEG signals. And a feature selection algorithm based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed for automatic seizure detection. Moreover, due to the different frequency components of the EEG signals, they are divided into four kinds of brain waves for multilevel spectral analysis. The effect of these four rhythm waves on seizure detection is compared. Three well-known classifiers are employed to classify EEG signals concerning seizure or nonseizure events. The result shows that the average accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity of classification with the CHB-MIT database are 98.14%, 98.64%, and 96.79%, respectively. The application of the PSO-based feature selection method for automatic seizure detection improves accuracy by 5.99% with the SVM classifier. Compared with the state-of-the-art methods, the proposed method has superior competence with high performance for automatic seizure detection. It is further shown that the feature selection method is an indispensable step in seizure detection. With PSO-based feature selection and multilevel spectral analysis, the

θ

wave in the frequency range of 4-7 Hz shows better performance in the identification of EEG signals and is more suitable for the proposed method. The PSO-based feature selection algorithm for automatic seizure detection can be a useful assistant tool for clinical diagnosis.
A Rare Case of MRSA Pericarditis with Expanding, Purulent Pericardial Effusion Leading to Uremic Kidney Failure from a Right, Necrotic Toe
Authors: Brilliant Justin , Edwards Diep , Yadav Ritu , Lovell Jana , Mathews Lena
Published: October 2022

Purulent pericarditis is an extremely rare entity with only a few reported cases so far. This condition deserves prompt diagnosis because of its significant mortality rate if left untreated. A 76-year-old man with a past medical history of coronary artery disease (CAD) with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to the left anterior descending artery (LAD) and right circumflex artery (RCA), ischemic cardiomyopathy with moderately reduced ejection fraction (EF 45-50%), peripheral artery disease (PAD), COVID-19 pneumonia complicated by fibrotic lung disease (on 3 liters of home oxygen), type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension (HTN), hyperlipidemia (HLD), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage III presented with complaints of pleuritic chest pain and shortness of breath. On hospital day 1, he was afebrile and hemodynamically stable with physical exam remarkable for bibasilar crackles and dry gangrene of his right first toe. He developed progressive altered mental status, hypotension, oliguric renal failure, and respiratory distress on hospital day 6. On exam at this time, he had an elevated jugular venous distension (JVD) of 12-14 cm water, pericardial friction rub with decreased heart sounds, and orthopnea; all were consistent with cardiac tamponade clinically. An electrocardiogram (EKG) showed new ST elevations in leads I, II, and aVL with ST depression in aVR and V1 with only mild elevation in troponin I to 0.07 ng/mL. A transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) was done on hospital day 7 and showed a moderate sized pericardial effusion with inferior vena cava (IVC) enlargement but no atrial collapse, ventricular collapse, IVC collapse, or respiratory variation in the mitral and tricuspid inflow velocities. Blood cultures grew methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on hospital day 6, and he was started on intravenous (IV) vancomycin. The differential diagnosis for his enlarging pericardial effusion included purulent pericarditis, uremic pericarditis, or hemorrhagic effusion. He had urgent diagnostic and therapeutic pericardiocentesis with removal of 350 milliliters of fluid. The pericardial fluid was cloudy, tan-brown with a gram stain showing gram-positive cocci in clusters and cultures growing MRSA, which confirmed the diagnosis of purulent pericarditis secondary to MRSA infection. After the pericardiocentesis, his blood pressure, respiratory distress, and renal failure improved. The source of the bacteremia was from osteomyelitis of his gangrenous, right toe with bone biopsy growing both MRSA and Streptococcus anginosus. He underwent toe amputation for definitive source control. He was discharged on hospital day 24 with a plan to complete 6 weeks of IV vancomycin.
Solamargine Alleviates Proliferation and Metastasis of Cervical Cancer Cells by Blocking the CXCL3-Mediated Erk Signaling Pathway
Authors: Qu Xiangdong , Xie Jirong , Zhang Youyang , Wang Zhimin
Published: October 2022

Solamargine has unique antitumor efficacy in a variety of cancers. The study is to explore the role of solamargine in cervical cancer. HeLa and SiHa cells were exposed to solamargine treatment at divergent concentrations (0, 5, 10, and 20 μM). The antitumor role of solamargine in cervical cancer cells was determined by cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8), colony formation, scratch test, transwell assay, and western blot. The expression of mRNAs regulating the extracellular regulated protein kinases (Erk) pathway in solamargine-treated cells was detected by qRT-PCR. Rescue experiments were conducted to explore the effect of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 3 (CXCL3). Following that, we inhibited Erk1/2 by PD98059 to investigate the interplay between CXCL3 and Erk pathway in solamargine-treated cells by measuring migration, invasion, and related matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expressions. Solamargine inhibited the viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion of cervical cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of p-Erk1/2 was downregulated by solamargine. CXCL3 overexpression abrogated the antitumor effect of solamargine on cervical cancer cells. The inhibition of the Erk signaling pathway restored the inhibiting role of solamargine which interfered with CXCL3 overexpression, in invasion, migration, and expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in cervical cancer cells. Moreover, solamargine inhibited the growth of tumor in vivo xenograft model. Solamargine alleviated proliferation and metastasis of cervical cancer cells by blocking the CXCL3-mediated Erk signaling pathway.
Photodetector Based on Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles Produced via Pulsed Laser Ablation
Authors: Bader Ban A. , Hadi Iman H. , Slewa Muna Y. , Khashan Khawla S , Abdulameer Farah A.
Published: October 2022

TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were produced via utilized nanosecond laser ablation of titanium in water. The description of these NPs was employed utilizing XRD, SEM, and UV-VIS. Then, optoelectronic properties were investigated via a drop-casting of TiO2 NPs on the Si wafer substrate. XRD results show the formation of anatase TiO2. The SEM exhibits a spherical shape with sizing changing from 5 nm to 50 nm. The bandgap was 3.6 eV which was determined from the Tauc chart. The IV characteristic of the TiO2NPs/Si heterojunction showed good rectifying behaviour, with a maximum responsivity of about 0.7 A/W at 310 nm.
Blow-Up Solution in Logarithmic Sensitivity and Indirect Signal Generation Keller–Segel System
Authors: Wu Jie , Xie Xinrui
Published: October 2022

In this paper, we consider the following indirect signal generation and logarithmic sensitivity

ε

n

t

=
Δ
n
−
χ
∇
·

n
∇
  
ln
  
c

x
∈
Ω
,
t
>
0

c

t

=
Δ
c
−
c
+
w

x
∈
Ω
,
t
>
0

w

t

=
Δ
w
−
w
+
n

x
∈
Ω
,
t
>
0

under homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions in a ball domain

Ω
⊂

R

N

N
≥
4

with smooth boundary

∂
Ω

. This paper considers in the singular limit

ε
⟶
0

; the result comes from the finite time blow-up of arbitrary large values of

n

in the corresponding nonlocal scalar parabolic equation case when

N
≥
4

and

χ
>

2
N

/

N
−
2

.
The Characteristics of Thunderstorms and Their Lightning Activity on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Hui Lei , Zhou Yunjun , Yan Zhitao
Published: October 2022

This paper discusses the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning activity over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) from 2009 to 2018 and their dependence on meteorological factors. It is found that (1) the number of CG flashes fluctuates, reaches a maximum in 2014, and then gradually decreases. The main active period of CG lightning is from June to September each year, after which it decreases rapidly. CG lightning is mainly distributed in the valley areas at around 4800 m above sea level at Lhasa, Nagqu, and Chamdo, and there are differences in the characteristics of CG activity in these three areas. The peak of daily CG lightning occurs at 1000 UTC, and the lowest value is at 0400 UTC. The distribution of CG lightning in all seasons has obvious differences in peak time and the proportion of positive CG (+CG) lightning, with the ratio of +CG lightning to total CG lightning flashes in spring and autumn exceeding 50%. (2) The ratio of +CG lightning to total CG lightning flashes over the QTP is influenced by a combination of thermodynamic and microphysical factors. Over the QTP, greater vertical wind shear leads to the movement of upper positive charges and promotes the occurrence of +CG lightning. Also, the higher total column liquid water content implies higher cloud water content in the warm-cloud region, and the higher cloud-base height implies a thicker warm-cloud region, which is not conducive to the occurrence of +CG lightning. (3) During high-value years (in this study, 2010, 2012, 2014, and 2016), the midlatitude (30°N–60°N) high pressure is strong and the plateau is situated at the intersection of the East Asian and South Asian monsoons and the cold air from the northwest, which strengthens the water vapor convergence and increases the frequency of thunderstorms. When the plateau is under the control of the southerly monsoon from June to September every year, its atmosphere is full of water vapor and lightning activity is accordingly high, with the proportion of +CG lightning being about 10%. Meanwhile, in the remaining months, when controlled by the westerly wind belt, the plateau’s water vapor condition is poor, the level of lightning activity weakens, and the proportion of +CG lightning gradually increases to more than 50%.
Drainage of Complex Walled-Off Pancreatic Fluid Collections in LAMS Era: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Luangsukrerk Thanawat , Harinwan Kamin , Khoo Stanley , Kongkam Pradermchai
Published: October 2022

Background. The lumen-apposing metal stent (LAMS) has been increasingly used for EUS-guided drainage of symptomatic walled-off pancreatic fluid collection (WOPFC) in recent years. Nevertheless, some WOPFCs may require additional drainage methods including another LAMS as a result of complexity of the lesions. This current study aimed to compare clinical parameters of patients with complex WOPFC requiring LAMS with additional methods (complex WOPFC: group A) versus single LAMS alone (noncomplex WOPFC; group B). Method. Medical records of patients with complex (group A) versus noncomplex WOPFCs (group B) were reviewed and compared in three centers in Thailand and Malaysia, between January 2016 to December 2020. Result. 31 patients with WOPFCs were recruited. 6 of 31 (19%) patients were in group A. Multivariate analysis showed that the maximal diameter of WOPFCs in group A was significantly larger than that of group B (18 ± 6 versus 13 ± 3 cm in diameter, respectively,

p

 = 0.021). Solid component proportion was higher in group A versus B (35.8% versus 17.8%, respectively,

p

 = 0.025). The prevalence of pancreatic duct leakage was significantly higher in group A (67% versus 20%,

p

 = 0.23). The need of direct endoscopic necrosectomy (DEN) and the number of DEN sessions were higher in group A versus B (100% vs. 48%,

p

 = 0.020 and 3.5 vs 0

p

 = 0.031, respectively). Conclusions. Complex WOPFC had larger diameter of lesions, higher proportion of solid component, higher prevalence of pancreatic duct leakage, and higher number of DEN is required than group noncomplex lesions. Trial Registration. This trial is registered with TCTR20180223004.
CRND: An Unsupervised Learning Method to Detect Network Anomaly
Authors: Qu YanZe , Ma HaiLong , Jiang YiMing
Published: October 2022

Network anomaly detection system (NADS) is one of the most important methods to maintain network system security. At present, network anomaly detection models based on deep learning have become a research hotspot in the area because of their advantage in processing high-dimensional data and excellent performance on detecting anomaly. However, most of the related research studies are based on supervised learning, which has strict requirements for dataset such as labels with high accuracy. However, there are some difficulties in obtaining a large amount of data with complete label message, thus seriously hindering the development and deployment of NADS based on DL. In this paper, we propose an unsupervised learning method to detect network anomaly, contrastive representation for network data (CRND). Based on contrastive learning, without label message, a qualified model is trained, providing more possibilities for the field. On CICIDS2018, the evaluation experiment proves that CRND can achieve 96.13% accuracy with only 200 items, and its F1-score reaches 0.96, which is far higher than that of other existing unsupervised learning methods. As fine-tuning is carried out, F1-score can reach a convergence level of 0.99, and the detection performance is the same as that of the detection model based on supervised learning.
A Preliminary Study of the Social History of the Cantonese Chinese Community in Singapore
Authors: Chan Hong Yin
Published: October 2022

This paper aims to provide a historical study of the development of the Cantonese community in Singapore. Through an archival study of various Cantonese associations, it will focus on the connotations of what it means to be Cantonese and the lives of Cantonese people in the context of Singapore. According to a 2020 Singapore population census, the “Cantonese” are currently the third largest Chinese-dialect group, making up almost fifteen percent of the Chinese population on the island state. The term Cantonese, in Singapore, commonly refers to those originating from the vicinity of China’s Guangdong Province, mainly from the south-west region of Guangdong, along the Pearl River Delta. Outnumbered by the Hokkien and Teochew communities, the Cantonese were largely centralized in the Kreta Ayer area and were the dominant dialect group there. Yet, the definition of the term “Cantonese” involves two major issues of geographical location and language system. Being Cantonese, as per the administrative control of Guangdong Province, encompasses all of Chinese descent whose respective ancestral origins are from Guangdong. Moreover, the Cantonese are defined by the unique characteristics of the Cantonese language as well. Therefore, this paper will attempt to differentiate the multiple definitions of the term Cantonese, followed by an overall history of the Cantonese people in Singapore.
Women Guerrillas in the Malayan Communist Insurgency
Authors: Ng Sze-Chieh
Published: October 2022

This article discusses the motivations that led Malayan women to join and fight for the Malayan Communist Party (mcp) via memoirs by the survivors as well as interviews conducted with them. While male mcp members tend to emphasize the glory and righteousness of the Party’s struggle by portraying themselves as willing but passive participants, memoirs of female Party members instead reveal their reasons for becoming fighters to be largely circumstantial. Their reminiscences also tend to be more introspective when recounting their past as a communist guerrilla but were largely unapologetic for their past actions. At the same time, like their male comrades, these women were staunch supporters of the Marxist cause, and some had even worked their way up to leadership positions. Nevertheless, they rarely identify themselves as Marxists, preferring to see themselves as nationalists fighting to establish a just and progressive Malayan nation.
Privacy, Feminism, and Moral Responsibility in the Work of Elizabeth Lane Beardsley
Authors: Van Camp Julie
Published: October 2022

I consider why women philosophers, once recognized, too often seem to drop from the intellectual radar screen or, at least, to drop mainly to the land of footnotes and bibliographies. I consider one distinguished moral philosopher, Elizabeth Lane Beardsley, both to highlight her philosophical contributions and as a case study that suggests more widespread problems in recognizing the work of female philosophers and ensuring their rightful place in our professional dialogue. I consider sociological and professional factors which might partially explain why work by women philosophers has not always received the attention in the professional dialogue it seems to deserve. I conclude with some modest suggestions about the efforts that we can make to address these problems, including the organization of readings for our own courses, the sources consulted for our own research and writing, and the preservation of records of meetings and other public gatherings that recognize women philosophers.
ԱՐՑԱԽԻ ԹԱՂԱՎԱՐԴ ՏԵՂԱՆՈՒՆԸ
Authors: Կիրակոսյան (Hasmik Kirakosyan) Հասմիկ Ց.
Published: October 2022

The earliest attestation of the toponym Taghavard, from Artsakh’s Martuni region, dates back to the 17th century. This coincided with the founding of Avetaranots, the settlement of Varanda’s rulers Melik-Shahnazaryan. Taghavard is located on the right bank of the Köndalan river and to the roads to Avetaranots. This article discusses the identical meaning of river-name Köndalan with the place-name Taghavard and the important role for its interpretation. Taghavard’s geographic location and its function as an entrance to Melik’s settlement deduced the meaning of the toponym as a “corridor pavilion.”
Neurocognitive function of patients with melancholic and non-melancholic major depressive episodes: An exploratory study
Authors: Valerio Marina P , Lomastro Julieta , Igoa Ana , Martino Diego J
Published: October 2022

Objective:

The aim of this exploratory study was to compare the neurocognitive performance of patients undergoing melancholic and non-melancholic major depressive episodes. Considering potential limitations of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) specifier, we employed an additional tool that has proven useful in identifying melancholia (the Sydney Melancholia Prototype Index).

Methods:

One hundred forty-one depressed inpatients were classified as melancholic or non-melancholic according to the Sydney Melancholia Prototype Index and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) criteria and compared on a neurocognitive battery selected to assess attention and processing speed, verbal memory, working memory and executive functions. Results were controlled for several potential confounders.

Results:

Patients diagnosed as melancholic by the two diagnostic systems displayed lower scores in executive measures, semantic verbal fluency and phonological verbal fluency. On attention and processing speed, patients with melancholia underperformed those with non-melancholic depression only when diagnosed by the Sydney Melancholia Prototype Index. After controlling for confounders, associations between melancholic status and executive dysfunction remained significant for the Sydney Melancholia Prototype Index but not for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) diagnosis.

Conclusion:

In this study, melancholia diagnosed by the Sydney Melancholia Prototype Index (but not by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [5th ed.] criteria) was characterized by a greater compromise of tests assessing executive functions than non-melancholic depressions, even after controlling for depressive severity. These preliminary results might contribute to generating hypotheses about differences in the cognitive profile and pathophysiological substrate between melancholic and non-melancholic depressions. Likewise, the pattern of findings supports the hypothesis that the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) melancholia specifier might identify more severe forms of depressive episodes rather than a qualitatively different subtype.
Triangles, Major Powers, and Rivalry Duration
Authors: Lee Bomi K.
Published: October 2022

Why do some international rivalries last longer than others? Rivalry literature focuses on the dyadic interactions within rivalries, but most rivalries have been connected to other rivalries. This paper examines a rivalry’s overlapping immediate strategic environment focusing on the countries directly connected via rivalries or alliances. Specifically, I consider how rivals are connected to third parties as common enemies, common friends, or mixed. I focus on three mechanisms to explain the third parties’ influence on the focal rivalry. First, a rivalry is more likely to end when it has common allies (information flow) or common enemies (prioritization). Second, a rivalry with mixed third parties is more likely to endure (stable blocs). Analyses of rivalry duration show that the duration of minor-minor rivalries is more likely to be influenced by common allies and mixed third parties, while that of major-minor rivalries is more likely to be affected by common enemies.
Another Look at Fatigued Individuals with and without Chronic Ankle Instability: Posturography and Proprioception
Authors: Steinberg Nili , Elias Gal , Zeev Aviva , Witchalls Jeremy , Waddington Gordon
Published: October 2022

Fatigue can impair function of the three sensory systems (vestibular, visual, and somatosensory) that control postural balance. Yet impairment may be greater among individuals with than those without chronic ankle instability (CAI). The present study used posturography assessment to extend previous findings demonstrating reduced function of the three systems in CAI participants following fatigue. Our aim in this study was to examine the influence of anaerobic and aerobic protocols on the function of these three sensory systems in individuals with and without CAI. We assessed 60 healthy physical education students ( Mage = 24.3, SD = 3.4) by a Tetrax® Posturography device for Stability-Index and Fourier-frequencies [ low sway (F1) visual input, medium-low sway (F2–F4) vestibular input, medium–high sway (F5–F6) somatosensory input] and by the Active Movement Extent Discrimination Assessment (AMEDA) for active ankle somatosensory ability, before and after performing anaerobic or aerobic protocols. Among participants, 45% were identified with CAI. We found significant Time effect (pre-post), CAI effect, and CAI X Time interactions for Fourier frequencies, Stability-Index, and AMEDA scores, indicating greater pre-post deterioration for those with CAI compared to those without CAI ( p < .05). CI (95%) showed that, although there was a Time effect for F1, F2–F4, and F5–F6, only F5–F6 frequencies (i.e., somatosensory input) showed the CAI effect and the Time X CAI interaction. Thus, participants with and without CAI showed reduced visual, vestibular, and somatosensory ability following fatigue. While we found greater deterioration in both passive and active somatosensory ability (F5-6 and AMEDA) among individuals with CAI compared with those with no-CAI, we recommend intervention programs for improving vestibular abilities following fatigue in both those with and without CAI.
Emerging results on the impact of COVID-19 on police training in the United Kingdom
Authors: Halford Eric , Youansamouth Lindsay
Published: October 2022

The emergence of COVID-19 impacted teaching across the globe and this study is the first to examine the impact it had on the delivery of training within policing by seeking to address how police services in the United Kingdom adapted their delivery during the pandemic. The study achieves this by focussing on 3 aims (1) How did police services in the United Kingdom adapt delivery of training and education during the COVID-19 pandemic? (2) What was the impact of the adaptations? For example, what worked and what did not? (3) What can be done in preparedness for future significant interruptions in police training and education? In pursuing these aims, the study identifies reliance on predominately pedagogic approaches such as increased use of the National Centre for Applied Learning Technologies (NCALT), instructor led power-point presentations and pre-recorded material, undermining engagement and motivation towards training amongst officers. Discussion outlines proposals for improving present police training and in future pandemics.
Physical Activity and Interpersonal Adaptation in Chinese Adolescents After COVID-19: The Mediating Roles of Self-Esteem and Psychological Resilience
Authors: Lin Huiru , Wang Bin , Hu Yue , Song Xiaobo , Zhang Danxuan
Published: October 2022

Previous studies have implied that physical activity profoundly influences interpersonal adaptation. However, this effect and its mechanisms have not been directly verified, especially for adolescents. This study examines the association between physical activity and interpersonal adaptation in adolescents through self-esteem and psychological resilience after the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Participants included 542 Chinese adolescents (aged 13–18 years; 242 boys and 300 girls). Adolescents in China anonymously completed a series of questionnaires, including the PARS-3 Scale of PE Activity Grade (PARS-3), the Self-esteem Scale (SES), the Resilience Scale for Adolescents (RSCA), and the Interpersonal Adaptation Scale. The results showed that physical activity positively correlated with self-esteem, psychological resilience, and interpersonal adaptation. Additionally, self-esteem and psychological resilience serially mediated the impact of physical activity on interpersonal adaptation. The findings highlight the positive impact of physical activity on adolescent interpersonal adaptation by strengthening positive psychological resources in the post-pandemic era.
Inequalities in Home Learning and Schools’ Remote Teaching Provision during the COVID-19 School Closure in the UK
Authors: Bayrakdar Sait , Guveli Ayse
Published: October 2022

Millions were affected by COVID-19 school closures, with parents and schools caught unprepared. Education is expected to play a role in creating equal opportunities, so transferring schooling responsibilities to families may have increased learning inequalities generated by family backgrounds. We examined the time students spent on home learning and explored the role of the schools’ distance teaching provision in explaining differences traditionally attributed to parental education, eligibility for free school meals, ethnic background and single parenthood. Using the Understanding Society COVID-19 dataset, we found children who received free school meals, single-parent families and children with parents with lower formal education qualifications and Pakistani or Bangladeshi backgrounds spent significantly less time on schoolwork. However, schools’ provision of offline and online distance teaching and homework checking significantly increased the time spent on learning and reduced some inequalities, demonstrating the policy relevance of digital preparedness to limit learning loss in school closures.
The Relationship Between Financial Hardships and the Development of Risk-Taking Behaviors: The Protective Role of Extracurricular Activities
Authors: O’Donnell Alexander W. , Redmond Gerry , Skattebol Jennifer , Allen Jacqueline , Thomson Cathy , MacDougall Colin
Published: October 2022

Past research has demonstrated an association between financial hardships and risk-taking behaviors (defined as delinquent or transgressive acts). However, this effect may differ based upon the provision of protective spaces, like those offered in extracurricular activities. In the current study, we examined the longitudinal effect of financial hardships on risk-taking in a sample of Australian adolescents ( N = 3,852). We found experiences of financial hardship at the age of 12/13 predicted higher risk-taking 2 years later. Further, a longitudinal indirect effect was observed, where financial hardships were associated with higher risk-taking 4 years later via increased exposure to risk-taking peers. Non-sporting activity participation (e.g., debating, dance) was found to offset the risks associated with experiencing financial hardships. Participation in sports was not significantly related to any of our outcomes. Our data highlights how the provision of non-sporting activities may improve behavioral outcomes, especially among more financially disadvantaged adolescents.
Assessment of Chewing in Children With Down Syndrome
Authors: Ferrari Chiara , Marinopoulou Elena , Lydon Helena
Published: October 2022

In the present study a comprehensive protocol to assess chewing in four children with Down syndrome is provided and described. One baseline and four assessment meals were conducted across four textures of foods to investigate the presence or absence of components of chewing (bite down, chew and tongue lateralization), as well as movements associated with the development of chewing. Results showed that at baseline all participants ate their typical diet (i.e., pureed food) but no chewing components or movements were observed. The findings of the assessment protocol indicated that it offers a prescriptive assessment of chewing and its components across different food textures. The results of the assessment provided useful information for clinicians by identifying a potential starting point for interventions to address chewing deficits. Furthermore, the findings add to the existing literature on the role of tongue lateralization and specific tongue movements in chewing. Implications of the findings for chewing interventions and future research are discussed.
Representation Is Not Enough: Teacher Identity and Discretion in an Asynchronous, Scripted Online Learning Environment
Authors: Darling-Aduana Jennifer , Hemingway Kristin
Published: October 2022

Background/Context:

Schools are increasingly using scripted curricula that limit teacher autonomy. These limitations are exacerbated when scripted curricula are enacted in fully standardized, asynchronous online course environments with no mechanisms for student–teacher communication.

Purpose:

This study extends understanding of how teacher discretion, identity, and the relationship between those two components shape students’ educational experiences online.

Research Design:

Within a sequential mixed method design, we identified spaces for teacher discretion using critical discourse analysis. By coding lesson transcripts, we developed a typology of common strategies: friendly, directive, personalized, and procedural. We used the resulting typology to run statistical models examining associations among teacher identity, discretionary acts, and student achievement. Lastly, we turned back to the qualitative data to confirm findings, test hypotheses, and provide nuance.

Findings:

Teachers presenting as Black were significantly more likely to use a procedural approach and significantly less likely to use friendly strategies. Students scored higher on their end-of-lesson quiz when their teacher used personalized strategies, such as sharing relevant personal experiences, and scored lower when teachers used friendly or directive strategies.

Conclusions:

Findings have implications for understanding and enacting equitable educational practices in asynchronous, scripted online environments. The isolation of discretionary acts feasible within the virtual learning environment studied contributes nuance to knowledge of the mechanisms through which teacher discretion might result in more favorable learning outcomes for students belonging to minoritized groups.
Introduction to the Special Issue “Socio-ecological Predictors, Consequences, and Prevention of Bias-Based Aggression and Cyberaggression in Early Adolescence”
Authors: Wachs Sebastian , Wright Michelle F.
Published: October 2022

Biased-based aggression and cyberaggression are important societal topics, as these online risks have become more present and visible over the last few years. This special issue, “Socio-ecological Predictors, Consequences, and Prevention of Bias-Based Aggression and Cyberaggression in Early Adolescence” brings together researchers from various disciplines and countries to increase our knowledge of the individual and contextual factors that increase and/or decrease adolescents’ involvement in biased-based aggression and cyberaggression. We are pleased to present this special issue for the Journal of Early Adolescence. The call for abstracts was sent in the summer of 2020, with the goal of receiving submissions involving innovative research methodologies to investigate bias-based aggression and cyberaggression. The expectation was that the special issue would bring together experts in the area of bias-based aggression and cyberaggression across various continents and disciplines. Nine articles were included in this special issue.
The Consequences of Social Media Use Across the Transition Into Adolescence: Body Image and Physical Activity
Authors: Leggett-James Mary Page , Laursen Brett
Published: October 2022

Children and adolescents spend considerable time online. The current study investigated moderators of short-term longitudinal associations from social media use to changes in body satisfaction and physical activity. Participants (144 girls, 152 boys) were third–sixth grade students (ages 8–13) attending public schools in Florida (USA). Self-reports of social media use, body satisfaction, physical activity, and susceptibility to peer influence were completed twice, approximately 13.5 weeks apart. The results indicated that higher initial social media use was associated with greater subsequent decreases in body satisfaction and physical activity, but only for children high on susceptibility to peer influence. The findings suggest that peer conformity amplifies the risks of social media use. The fact that meaningful change can be identified across a relatively short period of time is noteworthy and demonstrates the need for careful monitoring of those who participate in social media at an early age.
GAS5 alleviates cisplatin drug resistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma by sponging miR-196a
Authors: Yuan Xuguang , Jing Yanan , Guang Mengkai , Zhu Junfei , Wang Ji , Wang Yang , Zhang Ye
Published: October 2022

Objective

The long non-coding RNA Growth-arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5) has been extensively linked with the ability of cancer cells to resist chemotherapeutic interventions. This prospective study aimed to investigate the role of GAS5 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), which has been poorly characterized to date.

Methods

GAS5 and miR-196a expression levels were detected by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Cisplatin (DDP) sensitivity and apoptosis levels were determined using Cell Counting Kit 8 and flow cytometry, respectively. Luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays were performed to confirm target miRNAs of GAS5.

Results

We found that GAS5 was expressed at low levels in DDP-resistant OSCC cell lines and tissues, and that GAS5 levels were intricately linked to the survival rates of OSCC patients. GAS5 overexpression led to the recovery of DDP sensitivity in CAL27/DDP cells. Additionally, in both DDP-resistant and -sensitive lines, GAS5 showed a cytoplasmic distribution and downregulated miR-196a in OSCC tissues. Exogenous transfection of miR-196a alleviated the effects of GAS5 on DDP sensitivity, confirming this as the mechanism of chemoresistance.

Conclusions

These findings may provide new targets for the treatment of chemotherapy-resistant OSCC.
Hypoxia in non-rapid eye movement sleep in children with otitis media with effusion
Authors: Zhang Qing-Qing , Guo Rui-Xin , Xie Meng , Qiang Yin , Shi Yao , Liu Xiao-Hong , Cheng Long , Liu Hai-Qin , Luo Hua-Nan
Published: October 2022

Objective

This study aimed to analyze the status of hypoxia in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep in children with otitis media with effusion (OME).

Methods

A total of 232 children with OME and/or adenotonsillar hypertrophy were enrolled in this retrospective study between August 2020 and November 2021. Polysomnographic monitoring was carried out, and the differences in polysomnographic results between the experimental group (children with OME and adenotonsillar hypertrophy) and control group (children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy only) were compared.

Results

The lowest oxygen saturation level during sleep was significantly lower in the experimental group (n  =  36) than in the control group (n = 196). However, the apnea-hypopnea index, respiratory disorder index, apnea index, obstructive apnea index, obstructive apnea-hypopnea index, and mixed apnea-hypopnea index were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. More importantly, the apnea-hypopnea index, the oxygen desaturation index, oxygen desaturation events, the average heart rate during NREM sleep, and the NREM stage in total sleep time were also significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group.

Conclusions

Hypoxia during NREM sleep may affect the severity of OME in children.
Acute myocardial infarction occurring after hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: a case report
Authors: Fang Dingfeng , Xu Jiabin , Bai Bo , Chen Haibo
Published: October 2022

Atheromatous plaque rupture and coronary artery stenosis/occlusion are leading causes of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Other reasons for AMI are frequently overlooked. We report a rare case of AMI occurring after hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Although the patient showed multiple lead ST-T changes on an electrocardiogram and elevated circulating cardiac troponin I concentrations, no stenotic lesions were observed by repeated invasive coronary angiography examinations. Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation was suspected as the primary cause of AMI. The patient received radiofrequency catheter ablation therapy and was free of atrial fibrillation and myocardial infarction 1 year postoperatively. The clinical management and outcome of the patient are also discussed.
9/11 was an Instance of Transnational Balancing: An Intervention in Statist IR Theory
Authors: Aydinli Ersel
Published: October 2022

With the end of the Cold War and through the start of the 21st century, conventional IR theories were anticipating an eventual balancing against the United States. Puzzled when this phenomenon did not occur, balancing theorists engaged in a lively discussion, bringing with it the development of proposed alternative forms of balancing and a debate over whether the concept itself had perhaps outlived its relevance. This article reengages with this discussion, suggesting that many of the involved theorists were hampered by theoretical blinders based on statism, and that in fact balancing did occur, but in an unconventional manner and at the hands of an unexpected suspect: al Qaeda, a violent non-state actor, acting in a transnational manner. In this context, this article treats the 9/11 attacks of the violent Jihadist anti-Western movement as an instance of balancing against the hegemon, a successful one in that the Jihadists arguably aimed not at “winning,” but at revealing the superpower’s weaknesses so that others would subsequently join the balancing effort. By failing to view the Jihadists’ efforts as an ideological balancing effort, the United States responded with force rather than ideational counter-balancing. They waged a war instead of emphasizing efforts to separate the radical violent Jihadist perpetrators from the idea they were championing—a struggle in the name of Muslims/the downtrodden East against the United States—and thus allowing the challenger to rise into a position of "dissident" in the Muslim world, and, arguably, paving the path for today's state revisionist behaviors. The article proposes a framework based on traditionally state-based concepts of intent and impact/capacity to show how non-state actors can in fact balance superpowers and therefore should be incorporated into balancing theories, and presents the actions of the violent Jihadists as an example of transnational, ideational balancing—a phenomenon as real and consequential as state-balancing.
Performance-Based Design Method for Multiple Helices of Helical Pile in Cohesionless Soil
Authors: Shuman Nur Mohammad , Khan Mohammad Sadik , Amini Farshad
Published: October 2022

Multiple helices are being used frequently in helical pile applications nowadays. This paper presents multiple helices on simplified field design charts for small diameter helical piles that relate service compressive load and soil parameters as a group with the pile parameters. This study conducts an extensive three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) study on multiple helices piles using the FEA program PLAXIS to evaluate helices’ performance subjected to axial compressive loads. A calibrated and verified numerical model uses full-scale load testing data of multiple helices from practical experience. This paper compiled numerical results from 495 models to propose an extension of the chart-based design. Here, the optimized combination of multiple helices will be the output of the design chart for soil type, service load, and allowable displacement as input. At the end of this paper, the design charts for double and triple helices are validated for cohesionless soil. The correlation square, R2, ranges from 0.69 to 0.86 for cohesionless soil. The mean Qc/ Qm is 0.90 for double helices and 1.04 for triple helices. Preliminary evaluation suggests that the method performs well. The authors believe that this study will permit engineers and state agencies to better understand the behavior of multiple helices, resulting in a more resilient approach in designing small diameter helical piles for a compressive load.