bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Farmers’ Perceptions of Land Degradation and Adaptation Strategies Adopted by Farmers in the Geographical Area of Bagaroua in Niger
Authors: Aichatou Abdoulaye Mayara , Fanna Abdou Gado , Boubacar Soumana , Moussa Barage
Published: May 2022

The study was conducted in the commune of Bagaroua, (Tahoua region). The Tahoua area has agro-climatic characteristics favorable to agricultural production. This area is now threatened by the rapid degradation of its natural resources due to climatic hazards and human activities. It is in this context that the present study proposes to analyze the perceptions of farmers on land degradation and the adaptation strategies of producers faced with the impact of this degradation. The data was collected by interview using a questionnaire submitted to 254 agricultural producers sampled using the formula n=t² *p*(1-p) /m². The results showed that agricultural producers clearly perceive the manifestations of soil degradation by the appearance of glacis with percentages by 66% of respondents; formation of “erosion” ravines (13.17%); presence of pebbles and sandy bulge (10.07%). Farmers perceive the impacts of this soil degradation through parameters such as the reduction in cultivable areas (12%); attacks by crop enemies (7%); increased food insecurity (32%); the influx of able-bodied young people to big cities (11%) inside and outside the country and delinquency (6%). This situation puts the population in a situation of extreme poverty (16%), indebtedness (8%) and conflicts between households (8%). Faced with this shock, producers adopt adaptation strategies, the most widespread of which are, among others, the use of water and soil conservation techniques, the use of organic and mineral manure, the use of improved varieties early.
Diseño y aplicación de un cuestionario de detección precoz en salud mental infantil
Authors: Anglès Virgili Núria , Vendrell Mañós Roser , Andrés Vallé Ana
Published: May 2022

Los problemas en salud mental infantil son frecuentes, complejos y pueden conllevar un riesgo en el desarrollo. La prevención en salud mental es un compromiso colectivo, especialmente por parte de las instituciones que atienden la primera infancia: la escuela y la consulta pediátrica. El objetivo de esta investigación es validar un instrumento diseñado ad hoc de detección precoz en salud mental para la primera infancia. En el diseño del instrumento, denominado Detectar para Prevenir–Salud Mental Infantil–25 (DxP-SMI-25), se tuvo en cuenta la literatura previa y las limitaciones actuales en la detección precoz en salud mental. El contenido del cuestionario se validó mediante un juicio de expertos y se aplicó el cuestionario, junto al Ages &  Statges Questionnaires: Social-Emotional-2, con el fin de obtener la validez de criterio. El instrumento diseñado muestra una buena predisposición y permite una evaluación global del desarrollo.
Does Social Capital Improve Food Security? Evidence from the Indonesian Family Life Survey
Authors: Nugroho Tri Wahyu , Hanani Nuhfil , Toiba Hery , Sujarwo Sujarwo
Published: May 2022

The government of Indonesia has launched various programs to increase community resilience, but the effectiveness of these programs has yet to be discovered. Previous studies have found a relationship between social capital and improving community food security. However, only limited tracing of rural and urban typologies has been conducted, especially in Indonesia. Therefore, this study analyzes whether social capital improves food security in rural and urban communities in Indonesia. We use data from 10,301 rural and 13,946 urban individuals obtained by the Indonesian Family Life Survey 5 (IFLS5) and employ three variables—bonding, bridging, and community participation—to examine the effect of social capital on food security. The ordered probit regression analysis results show that bridging and community participation significantly increase food security in rural and urban communities. Meanwhile, bonding has no significant effect. We recommend the implementation of efforts to increase social capital, primarily bridging and community participation, in rural and urban areas in Indonesia.
Enabling Teaching and Learning Environments in a Contact-Less World
Authors: Idoga Patience E , Kazaure Ahamed Sani
Published: May 2022

The educational paradigm is constantly evolving; this is largely due to continuous emerging educational tools and technologies. This development has altered the traditional ways of teaching and learning. Present global trends have further increased or forced the adoption of technology in all its ramifications, resulting in a reliance that could have prolonged implications for teaching and learning activities and outcomes. This study discusses the need for enabling teaching and learning environments in the face of swift and continuing technological developments in a post global pandemic era, which has resulted in a contactless world. Metadata and abstracts of reviews on studies were retrieved from science direct database via the search words “enhanced teaching/learning” and “teaching/learning in COVID-19 era”, published between the years 2018 - 2020 and the years 2020–2021 for teaching and learning in a COVID-19 era. This search led to the retrieval of articles on enhanced teaching and learning activities and subsequently articles related to the COVID-19 era. The findings from this study reveal that strategic planning of teaching and learning processes have to be reevaluated.
2022/5 Breach of procedure leads to legal presumption of discrimination against a severely disabled applicant (GE)
Authors: Burkert-Vavilova Susanne
Published: May 2022

2021/5 Breach of procedure leads to legal presumption of discrimination against a severely disabled applicant (GE)

The German Federal Labour Court has held that where a job-filling procedure disregards mandatory procedural and/or promotional obligations in favour of severely disabled persons, this results in the presumption that an unsuccessful severely disabled applicant had not been considered in the procedure and hence had been disadvantaged on account of their severe disability. In the case at hand the severely disabled job applicant was entitled to compensation for non-pecuniary damage.
2022/10 Labour Tribunal of Brussels decides that Deliveroo riders are self-employed workers and not employees (BE)
Authors: Busschaert Gautier
Published: May 2022

2022/10 Labour Tribunal of Brussels decides that Deliveroo riders are self-employed workers and not employees (BE)

Working as a rider for the Deliveroo platform is a professional activity that can be performed as a self-employed worker, the Labour Tribunal of Brussels has decided, which also ruled out the possibility of Deliveroo riders enjoying the fiscally beneficial status available for workers active on electronic platforms of the collaborative economy (or ‘sharing economy’).
Análisis de Indicadores Económicos y Sociodemográficos de Panamá en el siglo XXI
Authors: Vercilli Kevin , Núñez Laura
Published: May 2022

Este artículo explora los cambios experimentados en materia económica y social en la República de Panamá. El estudio demuestra que los avances y rápido crecimiento en estas dos áreas no han ido acompañados de planes y programas tendientes a eliminar la inequidad y la falta de oportunidades educativas, la falta de empleo y movilidad social en el país. En este artículo se analizan distintos indicadores económicos en Panamá tomando en cuenta el Producto Interno Bruto de la nación (PIB), el nivel de desempleo, la Inversión Extranjera Directa (IED) y los indicadores de carácter social como el índice Gini, el nivel de pobreza extrema y la Esperanza de Vida. Finalmente, en el artículo se demuestra que si bien es indudable el aumento del PIB entre el 2000 y 2019 el crecimiento económico se ha concentrado específicamente en la región capitalina, Colón y Chiriquí, lo mismo en el caso de los indicadores sociales como la esperanza de vida, el nivel de empleabilidad y la pobreza extrema en los que igualmente se se observa una diferencia abismal entre las provincias y las comarcas.
La Mujer Indígena: Una Mirada a La Lucha, Resistencia y Reivindicación de la Mujer Arhuaca en La Sierra Nevada De Santa Marta
Authors: Zapata Izquierdo María Alejandra
Published: May 2022

Desde las concepciones de cada una de las culturas, las mujeres indígenas forman un pilar importante dentro de sus comunidades, son ellas las formadoras del núcleo familiar, de las tradiciones y una de las más grandes representaciones del origen de un pueblo ancestral.En muchos de los espacios contra la represión, la desigualdad, la violencia y el conflicto son las mujeres quienes se han posicionado por la defensa de los derechos colectivos, es así como muchas se han dedicado a fortalecer y exigir por las voces de sus pueblos.
HİLELİ SEÇİM BÖLGESİ TAKSİMATI (GERRYMANDE-RING): KAMU TERCİHİ PERSPEKTİFİ
Authors: AKTAN Coşkun Can
Published: May 2022

Gerrymandering (hileli seçim bölgesi taksimatı) bir siyasi partinin oylarını arttırmak ve seçimi kazanmak, diğer taraftan rakip siyasi partinin oy sayı-larını azaltmak gayesiyle seçim çevresini hileli bir şekilde yeniden dizayn etmeye yönelik politik manipülasyon girişimidir. Burada bir siyasi parti ya da adayın lehine seçim bölgesi sınırlarının manipüle edilmesi sözkonusu-dur. Bu çalışmada hileli seçim bölgesi taksimatı kavramının ne anlama geldiği, kavramın ortaya çıkış hikâyesi, türleri, etki ve sonuçları özet ola-rak incelenmektedir. İlave olarak hileli seçim bölgesi taksimatı işleyişine dair bazı basit örnekler sunulmaktadır.
Fabrication possibilities and characterisation of chalcogenide glass-based sensors for bromide determination
Authors: Enseleit Ute , Feller Claudia , Partsch Uwe , Schneider Werner , Vonau Winfried
Published: May 2022

The fabrication and characterization of potentiometric chalcogenide glass (CG) electrodes with selectivity for bromide in aqueous media are reported. The focus is on the production of chalcogenide glasses of the material system AgBr Ag2S As2S3 and their investigation by means of a series of physico-chemical methods, as well as on their fabrication with the aid of precision mechanical manufacturing and assembly techniques to form usable sensors and their testing. In addition to the production of conventional rod electrodes, it will be examined whether it is also possible to realize planar electrodes using thick-film technology.
Coping with the dark sides of online learning. A case of tourism students
Authors: Olszewski Marcin
Published: May 2022

Online learning is nothing new, but during the COVID-19 pandemic, this form of education has become the preferred and sometimes the only option available as a result of social distancing and nationwide lockdowns. This unprecedented change has triggered a number of previously unknown problems and has forced students to find ways of coping with them. This study investigates the dark sides of online education and coping strategies developed by students by drawing on insights from coping theories to explain students’ adaptive responses. The study is based on qualitative data collected in an online survey of 27 students of tourism from a public university in Poland. The most frequent problem reported by the respondents were technical issues occurring during classes, followed by the lack of motivation and commitment, difficulties with sustained attention and the lack of contact with peers. The majority of students coped with stress caused by the negative aspects of technology in online education by engaging in physical activity. The findings of the study could contribute to guiding the direction for effective and student-friendly adoption of online education.
A shift in attitudes and priorities of Turkish domestic tourists as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Binbaşıoğlu Hulisi
Published: May 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected not only the health of communities but also their daily practices and behaviors. The aim of the study was to investigate the attitudes and priorities of Turkish domestic tourists regarding post-COVID-19 travel. The priorities of female respondents with respect to service quality/prices were found to be significantly more affected by the pandemic than those of males while male respondents had significantly higher expectations regarding the response of tourism businesses than females. With increasing age and decreasing income levels, respondents were significantly more likely to be concerned about the risk associated with travelling and their priorities concerning service quality/prices were more likely to be affected by the pandemic situation. Respondents with low levels of education were significantly more likely to declare a shift in priorities and had higher expectations regarding the response of tourism businesses compared with the rest of the sample. The author also considers the implications of the study for tourism business managers and researchers.
Analisis Kejadian 29 tentang Etos Kerja Kristen di Era Modern
Authors: Walean Jefrie
Published: May 2022

Abstract: This research intends to get an overview of the concept of work based on Jacob's 14 years of experience described in the text of Genesis 29. Universally, the philosophy of work is the actualization of efforts to meet physical needs and efforts to meet spiritual needs. In the context of the modern era, the Christian work ethic is subject to opinion bias, so it requires a biblical study. This study aims to obtain a linear understanding of work ethic and service ethic. This study uses a thematic and descriptive qualitative approach to obtain comprehensive reasoning on the text of Genesis chapter 29. This study concludes that the Bible views that the mandate to fulfill the earth must be accompanied by material efforts. Real results in Christian service are determined by the work ethic paradigm that views work as part of the contribution to filling the earth.Abstrak: Penelitian ini bermaksud mendapatkan gambaran konsep bekerja berdasarkan pengalaman Yakub selama 14 tahun yang diuraikan dalam teks Kejadian 29. Secara universal, filosofi bekerja yaitu aktualisasi usaha memenuhi kebutuhan jasmani dan usaha memenuhi kebutuhan rohani. Dalam konteks era modern, etos kerja kristen mengalami bias opini sehingga memerlukan kajian Alkitabiah. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan pemahaman yang linier terkait etos bekerja dan etos pelayanan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan tematis serta deskriptif kualitatif untuk mendapatkan penalaran yang komprehensif terhadap teks Kejadian pasal 29. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa Alkitab memandang bahwa mandat memenuhi bumi harus dibarengi dengan usaha secara material. Hasil nyata dalam pelayanan kristen ditentukan oleh paradigma etos kerja yang memandang kerja sebagai bagian dari kontribusi memenuhi bumi.
Karunia Roh menurut 1 Korintus 12:8-11 dan Penerapannya pada Ibadah
Authors: Tolego Yopi , Liud Herman
Published: May 2022

Abstract: This paper specifically discusses the gifts of the spirit in 1 Corinthians 12:8-11 and their application in worship. The methods used in writing this topic are qualitative methods with a literary study approach and an exposition approach to biblical texts. The result of this description in Greek uses the word: (didotai) which means to give, handing out, entrusting, giving back, putting, making and lifting. So the understanding of the "gift of the Spirit" is freely given from the Holy Spirit who is the Person of God. They can be in the form of physical blessings, or something spiritual. The purpose of gift-giving is to confirm God's word which shows God's power is more dominant than the powers of the universe. The gift of the believer as well as the development of faith manifested in worship, as well as the gift of the spirit play a role in the multiplication of believers in Jesus.Abstrak: Tulisan ini mengulas secara spesifik mengenai karunia-karunia roh dalam 1 Korintus 12:8-11 dan penerapannya dalam ibadah. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan topik ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi literatur dan pendekatan eksposisi teks Alkitab. Hasil pada uraian ini dalam bahasa Yunani menggunakan kata: didotai (didotai) yang berarti memberikan, membagi-bagikan, mempercayakan, memberi Kembali, menaruh, membuat dan mengangkat. Jadi pengertian “karunia Roh” pemberian dengan cuma-cuma dari Roh Kudus yang adalah Pribadi Allah, kepada setiap orang percaya sesuai dengan rencanaNya. Pemberian-pemberian itu bisa dalam bentuk berkat-berkat jasmani, atau sesuatu yang rohani. Tujuan dari pemberian karunia untuk mengkonfirmasi firman Allah yang menunjukkan kuasa Allah lebih dominan dari kuasa-kuasa alam semesta. Pemberian karunia bagi orang percaya sekaligus pengembangan iman yang diwujbu-nyatakan dalam ibadah, serta karunia roh berperan dalam multiplikasi orang yang percaya kepada Yesus.
Makna Narasi Frasa Langit dan Bumi Baru dalam Wahyu 21:1: Studi Eksposisi
Authors: Hartono Tri
Published: May 2022

Abstract: The difference between the viewpoints of the new heavens and the new earth is still a theological discussion. The pinnacle of Christian hope regarding the end of life narrated in the book of revelation is the new heavens and earth. This study narrates the restoration of the newly restored earth. This study uses descriptive analysis methods and library research methods. This research elaborates the views related to the new heaven and earth concept. This study concludes that the narrative of chapter 21:1 describes the concept of a new heaven and earth as an ecclesiological reflection that believers will be in a physical restoration or a new order after death.Abstrak: Perbedaan sudut pandang langit dan bumi baru masih menjadi perbincangan teologis. Puncak pengharapan Kristen terkait akhir kehidupan yang dinarasikan dalam kitab wahyu ialah langit dan bumi baru. Penelitian ini menarasikan restorasi bumi yang baru yang dipulihan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif dan metode penelitian kepustakaan Penelitian ini mengelaborasi pandangan terkait konsep langit dan bumi yang baru. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa narasi pasal 21:1 memaparkan konsep langit dan bumi baru sebagai refleksi eklesiologi bahwa orang percaya akan berada pada restorasi fisik atau tatanan baru pasca kematian.
DERECHO SALVAJE: Ahora grita el agua, el bosque –gran pobre la tierra–, la madre tierra
Authors: Casazola Ccama Juan
Published: May 2022

En el presente trabajo, nos proponemos de manera central exaltar los valores que tiene la naturaleza como matriz, como madre dadora de vida, como siempre ha sido desde los tiempos precolombinos y que hasta el día de hoy su presencia ha sido vivificadora, curadora, reparadora y desde la visión hegémonica dominante y colonial no hemos sido capaces de valorar y de comprender su hondo significado como filosofía, como razón de ser de nuestra existencia.Esta sabiduría ancestral debe ser tomado en cuenta en el Derecho, que nos sirva de disciplina reorientadora de una genuina justicia social y a la vez cósmica y humana.
Historia y Derecho - Tomo 2: 200 años de república visto desde el altiplano del sur peruano
Authors:   Corte Superior de Justicia de Puno. Poder Judicial del Perú
Published: May 2022

Capítulos de libros sobre historia del Derecho y otros en la región de Puno.
Breve historia de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno, camino al bicentenario de su creación
Authors: Espinoza Coila Michael , Espezúa Salmón Boris Gilmar
Published: May 2022

El artículo tiene por propósito exponer de manera concisa el desarrollo histórico de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano de Puno en sus 164 años de creación (1856) y 38 años de reapertura (1982), trama que se proyecta en tres siglos desde que se erige la Universidad de San Carlos de Puno hasta la actualidad que se inserta en un contexto de búsqueda de la calidad, el licenciamiento y la acreditación universitaria, sumado a eso, la pandemia del Covid-19. En ese orden, trata de suscitar una reflexión a través de sus órganos académicos, administrativos y proyección social de una Facultad que ha tenido una trayectoria espléndida en su labor formativa, y que ahora ostenta la acreditación que asegura niveles de calidad educativa que están destinados a permanecer para la forja de pro-fesionales en Derecho con amplia y comprometedora perspectiva de justicia.
Un vistazo a la Criminología de José Antonio Encinas Franco en los inicios del indigenismo jurídico universitario
Authors: Espinoza Coila Michael
Published: May 2022

El artículo de manera breve tiene como objetivo exponer las ideas del educador, político y abogado puneño José Antonio Encinas entorno a las causas de la criminalidad indígena en el Perú, como producto del indigenismo jurídico universitario y de manera somera presentar nuestra opinión al respecto, partiendo desde los inicios del siglo XX en medio del “leguismo” y finalizando en el porvenir de la Criminología peruana del siglo actual.
FRANCISCO CKUKIWANCA Y LA OTRA JUSTICIA
Authors: Espezúa Salmón Boris Gilmar
Published: May 2022

En el presente artículo se exalta la contribución que tuvo Francisco Chukiwamca Ayulo en el Indigenismo Jurídico que se gestó en los años 1910 y 1920 en el sur del Perú. Dicha contribución hizo que se repensará en ese momento la condición socio-jurídica del indígena a fin de poder con-seguir un reconocimiento legal y la debida protección en nuestra legislación nacional. Francisco Chukiwanca no sólo demostró con su comportamiento y su realización social la defensa cerrada a favor del indígena, sino que su anticlericalismo, como su postura política de izquierda, hicieron de él un respetado abogado a favor de las reivindicaciones por los derechos indígenas, convirtiéndose en el más preclaro representante del Indigenismo Jurídico de aquél tiempo, al lado de personalidades como José A. Encinas. Ezequiel Urviola, Julián Palacios, Manual A. Quiroga que desarrollaron la vanguardia del indigenismo jurídico del siglo XX.
Postpartum Ovarian Vein Thrombosis: Case Report
Authors: Ferguson Stephen , Arbona David , Furiato Anthony
Published: May 2022

Introduction: Postpartum ovarian vein thrombosis (POVT) is an uncommon diagnosis that may lead to morbidity or mortality if unrecognized.
Case Report: This report discusses a single case of POVT in a community hospital, along with the treatment and clinical course.
Conclusion: The mechanism is believed to be right-sided clot formation provoked by anatomical and hormonal changes of gestation. Diagnosis is challenging as most patients are previously healthy and symptoms are often vague. Although the differential is broad, modern imaging is sensitive and specific for diagnosis. Prompt treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics and anticoagulation may reduce morbidity, and prognosis following treatment is excellent.
To Drain or not to Drain? Point-of-care Ultrasound to Investigate an Axillary Mass: Case Report
Authors: Patel Kishan , Khan Zara , Costumbrado John
Published: May 2022

Introduction: Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has great sensitivity in the diagnosis of abscesses and swollen lymph nodes. Many studies outline the characteristics that distinguish abscesses from lymph nodes on POCUS.
Case Report: We present a case from the emergency department in which a patient presented with a potential abscess but was found to have a malignant lymph node on imaging.
Conclusion: Point-of-care ultrasound can be used to differentiate an abscess from a swollen lymph node. Abscesses are generally anechoic or hypoechoic with septae, sediment or gas contents, and they lack internal vascularity. Benign lymph nodes are echogenic with hypoechoic cortex with hilar vascularity.
Simultaneous Bilateral Quadriceps Tendon Rupture in an Adult Man
Authors: Doehring Marla , Propst Steven
Published: May 2022

Case Presentation: A previously healthy 45-year-old man presented to the emergency department with bilateral knee pain and inability to extend his knees after a slip and fall on ice. The clinical diagnosis of bilateral quadriceps tendon rupture was confirmed by computed tomography (CT) of bilateral knees. The patient underwent successful operative repair the following day.
Discussion: Bilateral quadriceps tendon rupture is rare and can be difficult to diagnose due to the impossibility of comparing the affected to the unaffected limb. Plain radiographs are usually not helpful, but ultrasound, CT, and magnetic resonance imaging may be used to confirm the clinical diagnosis.
Unreliability and Point of View in Filmic Narration
Authors: Maier Emar ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: May 2022

Novels like Fight Club or American Psycho are said to be instances of unreliable narration: the first person narrator presents an evidently distorted picture of the fictional world. The film adaptations of these novels are likewise said to involve unreliable narration. I resist this extension of the term ‘unreliable narration’ to film. My argument for this rests on the observation that unreliable narration requires a personal narrator while film typically involves an impersonal narrator (corresponding to the camera viewpoint). The kind of ambiguous story-telling that we find in literary fiction with unreliable narrators, where for certain descriptions it is unclear whether what we’re told is an accurate account of what’s happening in the story world or not, can instead be achieved by conventionalized filmmaking techniques for reporting the contents of mental states, like the point of view shot, but especially the more ambiguous blended perspective shot.
The Filmic Representation of ‘Relived’ Experiences
Authors: Liefke Kristina ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: May 2022

This comment discusses Emar Maier’s argument against the characterization of unreliable filmic narration as (first-)personal narration. My comment focuses on two assumptions of Maier’s argument, viz. that the narrating character’s mental states can be described independently of other mental states/experiences and that personal filmic narration can only proceed from a de se perspective (as captured by first-person shots). I contend that the majority of movies with unreliable narration represents an experientially parasitic mental state (typically, the character’s remembering – or ‘reliving’ – a defining personally experienced event). Since these states are well-known to involve perspective-shifting and various kinds of semantic enrichment, unreliable filmic representation is perfectly compatible with the presence of a personal narrator.
Unreliable Narration and Dual Perspective
Authors: Schloder Julian J. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: May 2022

In Unreliability and Point of View in Filmic Narration, Emar Maier makes a distinction between reliable and unreliable narrators. The latter, Maier claims, must be a first-person narrator, as an impersonal, third-person narrator lacks an individual perspective that can be unreliable (with some exceptions he sets aside). He concludes that most film adaptations of unreliably narrated novels are not themselves unreliably narrated, for they feature third person perspectives (not through the novel’s narrator’s eyes). I take Maier’s major claims to be (1) that there is a strict distinction between reliable and unreliable narration; and (2) that film shots displaying both a character and that character's hallucinations are not unreliable narration. I will challenge both.
On Semantic Reference and Speaker’s Reference
Authors: Chernyak Alexey Z. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: May 2022

Theory of reference is a mainstream theory of meanings of certain types of linguistic expressions (primarily proper names, indexicals, demonstratives, and definite descriptions) in contemporary philosophy of language. It assigns corresponding expressions capability to refer to what people are talking or thinking about by using them. Meanwhile it is widely recognized that there are two kinds of reference. One is conceived as a relation between an agent and an entity which he or she applies the term to in particular communicative act (or act of thought); this is roughly called “speaker’s reference”. Another one characterizes linguistic terms as referring to particular entities relative to particular languages. This is normally identified as semantic reference. The popular hypothesis based on this distinction assumes that if a name is used in communication (or thought) in a right way (i.e. in accord with particular set of conventions) then it refers to its semantic referent even when the speaker uses it to refer to something else. On the other hand, some belief that the reference of a particular use of a proper name (its token) is fully determined by the speaker’s communicative intentions. In the proposed study both these hypotheses are criticized. Different senses of such words as “designate” or “refer to” in their application to the functioning of linguistic expressions in communication are analyzed, and it is shown that linguistic conventions allegedly responsible for names’ semantic references cannot make names refer to their semantic referents independently on what particular participants of communication are believing or doing. On the other hand, the reduction of the reference of a token of a proper name to its speaker’s reference fails to explain this phenomenon as well. Neither theory explains how tokens of proper names (and supposedly other types of designators) could refer to particular entities (have referents). From this at least two conclusions may be made: the radical one would claim that any talk about tokens’ references is most likely meaningless. And the moderate one is that explanations of this phenomenon based on the distinction between semantic and speaker’s references don’t work. The author favors the first conclusion, but does not insist on it.
Color Concepts as a Factor of Cognitive Penetration of Perception
Authors: Frolov Konstantin G. , Ponomarev Andrei I. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: May 2022

The aim of the paper is to analyse the influence of linguistic concepts of an agent on the qualitative aspects of her perception. We examine conceptualist and non-conceptualist approaches to the problem of what the content of perceptions is. The conceptualist approach asserts that the content of perception is similar to the content of beliefs: both types of content are assumed to be expressible in language. The non-conceptualist approach to the content of perception assumes that the content of perception cannot be conceptualized due to too much information available to the agent through visual perception. However, the assumption about non-conceptual content of perception leads to some serious difficulties with explaining the phenomenon of cognitive penetration of perception. This is an empirically established fact that some cognitive states may influence on the qualitative aspects of agent’s perception. We show that cognitive penetration of perception implies that perception and those cognitive states which affect it should have comparable content and this mechanism is based on the influence of expectations on perception.
G.W. Leibniz: From the “Symbolic Revolution” in Mathematics to the Concept of Suppositive Cognition
Authors: Bayuk Dimitry A. , Fedorova Olga B. ,   Institute of Philosophy, Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: May 2022

The transition from the exclusive use of words to the predominant use of symbols in mathematics continued for centuries, but by the seventeenth century it turned out to be explosive. This phenomenon became known as the “symbolic revolution” in mathematics. One of its main outcomes was the discovery of mathematical analysis almost simultaneously and independently by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. To both scientists their discovery served as the basis for far-reaching philosophical generalizations. For Leibniz, it led to the concept of suppositive cognition, the opposite of the prevailing notions at that time. He was the first to argue that the criterion of clarity and distinctness in cognition is impossible, because it relies on intuition about primary concepts, but these are in fact confuse and undistinct, and the foundation of such cognition is shaky. Using the successful use of symbols in mathematics as a model, Leibniz arrives at the concept of blind or symbolic cognition, cognitio caeca, which makes it possible to achieve validity and verifiability of results without reliance on intuition or primary concepts. The truthfulness of the result is found to depend more on grammar, which determines the substitution rules of some signs, or characters, for others, than on the connection between signs and the signified. Leibniz’s opening debate served as a prologue to the fundamental modernization of scientific discourse in the early Modern Time. Although he failed to achieve entirely his philosophical goals, the concept itself turned out to be extremely productive and modern, effectively decoupling the progress of natural science from its philosophical foundations. This innovative cognitive ideology opened up enormous prospects for the formation and accumulation of new knowledge, closed by the rigid requirements of the Cartesian paradigm of science still dominant in Leibniz’s time.
Paradigm change in the treatment of chronic heart failure according to ESC Guide 2021: New innovative drugs in focus
Authors: Bastać Dušan , Joksimović Zoran , Pavlović Snežana , Bastać Mila , Raščanin Anastasija , Đorđioski Igor
Published: May 2022

Medical, primarily drug therapy directed by the New ESC Guide or Guidelines for Patients with Heart Failure (HF) brings significant innovations and changes in the treatment paradigm, from the gradual introduction of drugs to the simultaneous introduction of 5 main classes of drugs. Treatment of heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF) and symptoms of class II-New York Heart Association (NYHA) -dispnea at higher exertion and higher NYHA classes, now includes angiotensin receptor inhibitor neprilysin (ARNI) as a substitute for angiotenzin convertase enzyme inhibitor( ACEI). Another significant innovation is the addition of SGLT-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i = sodium-glucose channel cotransporter-2 inhibitors). SGLT2i: dapagliflozin or empagliflozin are now in the first line of therapy for heart failure, along with the introduction of beta-blockers (BB), ACEI or ARNI, mineralocorticotide receptor inhibitors (MRAs) and Henle's loop diuretics in fluid retention as recommended in Class I. Sacubitril-valsartan, a combined neprilysin and angiotensin inhibitor (ARNI), was introduced in the reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF) and showed an additional reduction in CV mortality and hospitalization due to HFrEF compared to the ACE inhibitor enalapril. Dapagliflozin and empagliflozin reduce the risk of cardiovascular mortality or hospitalization due to HF in patients with HF and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction <40% (HFrEF), but empagliflozin has recently shown an effect in HFpEF with an ejection fraction of 65% of 40%.
Passively Q-switched and mode-locked 1.9 μm Tm-doped fiber laser based on pure water as saturable absorber
Authors: Dai Chuan-Sheng , Dong Zhi-Peng , Lin Jia-Qiang , Yao Pei-Jun , Xu Li-Xin , Gu Chun ,   Advanced Laser Technology Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics, School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China,   Department of Electronic Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
Published: May 2022

All-fiber laser with short pulses possesses many advantages, such as superior stability, compact structure, and high single pulse energy. Recently, short pulse laser working in a 1.8–2.0 μm spectral region has received considerable attention due to its wide applications in laser spectroscopy, biomedicine, optical communications and sensing. The passive Q-switched and mode-locked operations by saturable absorber (SA) have been considered to be convenient and low-cost ways to achieve short pulses. Recently, pure water has been reported as the ideal SA because of its advantages of high damage threshold, low prices, good thermal diffusivity and stability. In this work, Tm-doped all-fiber pulse laser based on pure water as the SA is demonstrated. The pure water is fixed between two FC/PC fiber patchcord by the ceramic cannula, so we can change the loss of SA easily. The Q-switched and mode-locked operations can be obtained by adjusting the water layer thickness. The maximum output power at Q-switched state is 0.531 mW, the repetition frequency is 53.45 kHz, and the pulse width is 3.01 μs. The maximum output power at mode-locked state is 2.28 mW, the repetition rate is 17.69 MHz, and the pulse width is 1.42 ps. To our knowledge, this is the first passive mode-locked fiber laser using pure water as a saturable absorber, and provides a new scheme for thulium-doped all-fiber pulse lasers.
Fear of COVID-19 among Staff Nurse Working in Tertiary Care Hospital, Erode, Tamil Nadu: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Gunasekaran Sasikala , Maheswari V Praveen, K , Periasamy Panneerselvam , Chandrabose Arumugam , Purnasingh A
Published: May 2022

Introduction: The new Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has put a strain on healthcare workers, and the virus offers major personal and professional threats. Mental health has been affected by the COVID-19 epidemic, causing them to be fear of becoming sick. During the COVID-19 pandemic, health care professionals have been psychologically impacted including fear, anxiety, and depression. Aim: To determine the level of COVID-19 fear among hospital nurses in tertiary hospital care hospital, Erode dristrict, Tamil Nadu. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional survey study was conducted among employees of Government Erode Medical College Hospital and nearby Hospitals in Erode district, Tamil Nadu, India, from July 2020 to August 2020, to evaluated the fear of COVID-19 using the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). It used a self-administered questionnaire (online Google form survey). It consisted of two parts, first was socio-demographic details and second was fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S). The inclusion criteria of participants were all staff nurses working in COVID-19 ward, for minimum of three months in Erode district and willingness to participate. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) F-test and student Independent t-test analysis was performed to examine the relationship between demographic characteristics and fear levels. Results: The study included a total of 277 staff nurses. The participant’s mean age was 32.25±6.45 years, with females accounting for 93.5% of the total. The scale's internal reliability was excellent, with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.902. Overall, the mean COVID-19 fear score was (59.3%) 20.8 out of 35. The maximum fear score was for the statement "I am most afraid of Corona" (65%) and the minimum fear score was for "I cannot sleep because I am worried about getting Corona" (51.8%). Fear levels were higher in females (p-value=0.02), overweight people (p-value=0.001), those living in joint families (p-value=0.01), married individuals (p-value=0.03), participants with two children (p-value=0.001), and Primary Healthcare Center (PHC) staff (p-value=0.001). Conclusion: The survey found a high level of fear in staff nurses who work in COVID-19 wards. Steps must be taken to preserve their health, by providing adequate resources to relieve their worries and anxiety, enabling them to carry out their frontline duties in the face of the COVID-19 epidemic.
Special Protection and Provision of Rest during Work and Occupational Health Hazards: A Survey among Steel and Power Industry Workers in Odisha, India
Authors: Dehury Parthsarathi , Kumar K Anil
Published: May 2022

Introduction: In India, there are many labour laws implemented for the legal provision of working hours, services, and employment conditions of workers. Special protection and rest provision plays a pivotal role in occupational injuries and illness. Aim: To determine the special protection and various provision of rest at the workplace. Materials and Methods: A survey was conducted among steel and power industry workers in Odisha, India. The study was conducted with 425 male respondents by adopting the population proportion sampling technique. The primary data was taken from a Steel and Power limited industry situated in Angul district of Odisha from February 2019 to October 2019. Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS version 25.0) was used in the analysis process by using the univariate and bivariate models to assess the objectives. Results: The study showed 92.5% of respondents were provided rest, and 59.1% of respondents were in the employment contract. More than 43.3% of respondents reported they received compensation during occupational injury and diseases, whereas 45.6% didn’t get any compensation in the event of occupational diseases. Out of the 393 workers got rest, a vast majority (95.4%) of respondents reported that they were allowed night rest, and 84.5% were allowed for meal breaks during work. More than 59% of respondents receive short breaks during work, and 52.9% were entitled to weekly breaks/rest. Religion, caste, education, technical education, occupation, type of work, and the number of working hours were strongly associated with the respondent's characteristics. Conclusion: Special protection provisions are critical factors for the treatment of occupational health hazards. It has been confirmed that night rest and meal break rest were provided to the workers. Except for the shift work rest and extended workload rest, the provision of rest was sufficiently provided at the workplace. Special protections are expected to strengthen the occupational health of workers and stay away from medical expenses.
Plexiform Fibrohistiocytic Tumour at a Rare Site: Frontal Region of Head with Underlying Frontal Bone Invasion
Authors: Nibhoria Sarita , Rani Ekta , Hada Aradhana Singh , Singh Bikramjit , Prakash Ruth
Published: May 2022

Plexiform Fibrohistiocytic Tumour (PFHT) is an intermediate malignant tumour of soft tissue. It is a rarely metastasising dermal subcutaneous neoplasm. It affects children and young adults. The age range of presentation is from birth to age 77 years. The tumour is most commonly located on the upper extremities, whereas the involvement of the frontal region is rare. The differential diagnosis includes benign fibrous histiocytoma, fibromatosis, giant cell tumour and neurofibroma. Plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumour is a slow-growing mass and which is considered a low grade malignant tumour. Treatment is simple excision. It can exhibit aggressive behaviour and rate of local recurrence is 12-38%. A 45-year-old female was presented with a solid mass on the frontal region of the head which was diagnosed as a plexiform fibrohistiocytic tumour with underlying frontal bone invasion on histopathological examination of an excised mass in the Pathology Department. Plexiform Fibrohistiocytic Tumour (PFHT) is a mesenchymal neoplasm that shows a multinodular growth pattern and which is composed of fibroblasts, histiocyte-like cells and multinucleated osteoclast like giant cells. Clinically, it is usually a slow-growing mass with frequent local recurrence and rare regional lymphatic and systemic metastasis.
Markers of Coagulation Dysfunction and Inflammation in Diabetic and Non Diabetic COVID-19 Patients- A Retrospective Study
Authors: Begum Firdushi , Barman Malavika , Jahir Elteza Tahjiba
Published: May 2022

Introduction: Since the end of 2019, a novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), declared a pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO) has ravaged the world. Diabetic patients have been reported to be more susceptible to intensive care admissions, and deaths due to COVID-19. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and COVID-19, both associated with chronic and acute inflammation respectively can impact each other in terms of clinical progression and outcome. Given the novelty of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pathogen, there is need to update and increase the limited evidence on the probability of DM acting as a risk factor and influencing disease severity and progression. Aim: To compare the markers of inflammation and coagulation dysfunction between COVID-19 patients with and without DM as co-morbidity and thereby to study the effect DM has on the prognosis of COVID-19. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective, observational, single-centre study, conducted Department of Biochemistry at Gauhati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India, from January 2021 to June 2021. Clinical and laboratory data of 500 laboratory confirmed COVID-19 patients were reviewed in this study. The patients were grouped as diabetic case group and non diabetic control group. Data was presented as percentages for categorical variables and median (interquartile range) for continuous variables. Chi-square test was used to see the association of different qualitative information and MannWhitney U test was used to see the association of quantitative data and all p-values were given for justification. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The sample included 300 diabetic and 200 non diabetic COVID-19 patients. The mean age non diabetic patients (47.5 years) was significantly less as compared to the diabetic group (54.5 years), p-value <0.001. The serum level of inflammatory biomarkers, C-Reactive Protein (CRP), ferritin, and markers of hypercoagulable state, D-dimer, was found to be significantly high (p-value <0.001) in diabetic patients as compared to non diabetic patients. Diabetics had a poor prognosis with 231 (77%) receiving oxygen as compared to 51 (25.5%) of non diabetic patients. Total 173 (57.7%) of diabetic COVID-19 patients had to be shifted to ICU, 201 (67%) suffered from post COVID-19 complications and the mortality rate was higher at 18% in diabetics as compared to 1.5% in non diabetic subjects. Conclusion: Diabetic patients are at higher risk of uncontrolled inflammation and hypercoagulable state which eventually leads to deterioration of COVID-19 infection status.