bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early Classical: From the Persian Wars to the Mid-Fifth Century
Authors: Immerwahr Henry R
Published: November 2023

After the Persian Wars certain changes took place in the production and distribution of Attic pottery. Yet many painters and potters continued their prior activities, so that there is not so much a break as a gradual transformation in the direction of the Classical style. Among smaller vases, the lekythos and the small Nolan amphora replace the cup in popularity; among large vases, the column krater becomes more common. The export is still to Etruria, but more so for the small vases. Larger vases are used mainly in Athens and in South Italy: no doubt these changes in the market cause the change in the statistics of shapes. The trade is a flourishing one, and we find a great increase in the number of painters, especially minor painters who are not yet fully understood. The schools of Douris, the Brygos Painter, and Makron continue with copious production of small vases (AR V2781-836), and the same is true for the larger vases painted by the followers of the Berlin Painter (the Providence Painter, Hermonax, etc.) and the Mannerist school (AR V 5 62 ff., IIo6 ff.). But there are also many new schools, such as those of the Altamura and Niobid Painters, and of the Pistoxenos and Penthesilea Painters. The white-ground lekythos comes to the fore in this period (AR V 743 ff.). The second quarter of the fifth century is altogether a lively and somewhat chaotic period, in which the old and the new are mixed; this is what we would expect in the founding years of the Athenian Empire.
Classical: From the Mid-Fifth Century to the Early Fourth
Authors: Immerwahr Henry R
Published: November 2023

Under this heading I group together two periods. The first is the Classical, 450-420 BC, in which the new style of writing we saw developing in the preceding period has become dominant. The second period is the Late Classical, which covers the late fifth and early fourth centuries; by the end of it inscriptions on vases are quite rare. The principal distinction between the two periods lies in the fact that after 420 (and certainly not earlier) the Ionic alphabet is standard on vases, although traces of the Attic can still be found in the early fourth century. The late fifth-century vase script is also smaller and neater, one might say more educated, and is used mainly for ‘sensible’ purposes such as naming figures. The very tiny letters often found on vases of this period show considerable writing skill. By contrast, the preceding period might be called the period of the Mixed Alphabet, as distinct from the Ionic. In both periods the writing is better than it was earlier, but also less interesting.
Some Conclusions
Authors: Immerwahr Henry R
Published: November 2023

Tms study has been based on the assumption that the more informal inscriptions give a better picture of the state of Athenian literacy in the Archaic and Classical periods than the official stone inscriptions. While each class of documents–private graffiti, painted vase–inscriptions, ostraca, lead tablets, and the dedicatory and funerary inscriptions on stone-has its own characteristics, and thus cannot simply be equated with the (lost) manuscript writing of the period, 1 these texts provide a much broader basis for assessing the state of education in Archaic and Classical Athens.
Culture and Society
Authors: Reyes A T
Published: November 2023

Whether the legislator is establishing a new state or restoring an old and decayed one, in respect of gods and temples, —the temples which are to be built in each city, and the gods or demi-gods after whom they are to be called, —if he be a man of sense, he will make no change in anything which the oracle of Delphi, or Dodona, or the god Ammon, or any ancient tradition has sanctioned in whatever manner, whether by apparitions or by inspired words from heaven, in obedience to which mankind have established sacrifices in connection with mystic rites, either originating on the spot, or derived from Tyrrhenia or Cyprus or some other place, and on the strength of which traditions they have consecrated oracles and images, and altars and temples, and portioned out a sacred domain for each of them.
Cyprus and Persia
Authors: Reyes A T
Published: November 2023

There is now general agreement that, around 525 BC, shortly after the Phoenician states of the Levantine coast had joined the Persian Empire, the Cypriot kingdoms became part of the Empire as well.1 It is generally agreed also that, once the Great King of Persia had incorporated Cyprus, he used the existing structures of local government to maintain informal control over the island, as he had done in other parts of the Near East. But in 499 BC, the Cypriot kingdoms, with the exception of Amathus, participated in a revolt led by the Ionian Greek states against Persian rule. Eventually, however, the Cypriot kingdoms that had assisted the Greek states capitulated once more to the Persians.
Internal Relations
Authors: Reyes A T
Published: November 2023

The tendency of archaeologists and historians of Cyprus to focus on the foreign 'dominations' of the island during the Cypro-Archaic period has encouraged the study of external relations, rather than internal ones. As Gjerstad saw, however, it is necessary to identify patterns of contact within Cyprus, between different local kingdoms.1 Gjerstad felt that he could do little in this regard, however, and since the results of an extensive programme of clay analysis on Iron Age Cypriot pottery are not yet to hand, 2 it is possible here only to make a start toward identifying the island's main internal relations.
External Relations
Authors: Reyes A T
Published: November 2023

I have heard it denied, both in and out of Palestine, that Cyprus could be seen from Lebanon; but from many a stand-point up yonder I have often beheld that favourite isle of the Paphian Venus glowing in the golden light of our summer evenings. More distinctly still is Lebanon visible from Cyprus. There is a splendid view of it from the mountain of the Cross, a few miles back of Lamica; and many years ago, when travelling through the island, I climbed with infinite toil, the northern range of mountains to a giddy pinnacle, not far from the ruined but romantic castle of Buffavento, and from it the higher half of Lebanon looked like a huge snow-bank drifted up against the sky. Beneath my feet rolled the sparkling seas of Cilicia and Pamphylia, over which Paul sailed on his way to Rome; while far beyond, the glaciers of Taurus flashed back the setting sun. Through such an atmosphere, objects are visible to a distance quite incredible to the inexperienced.
The Garlands and the Cycle
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: November 2023

According to the Palatine lemmatist (hereafter J), Meleager’s Garland was arranged alphabetically, that is to say according to the initial letter of the first word of each poem. There is no corresponding lemma to Philip’s Garland, but there are unmistakable alphabetical traces in all the major and most of the minor Philippan sequences in AP. The problem is that, despite J’s statement about Meleager, there are no comparable alphabetical traces in any of the Meleagrian sequences.
Some Dates
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: November 2023

It is unfortunate that the only ancient writer to offer a date for Meleager should be two centuries in error. According to Diogenes Laertius (Vit. Phil. vi. 99), the books of the Cynic philosopher Menippus (who lived in the early third century) ‘overflow with laughter, much the same as those of his contemporary Meleager.’ But although a recent work on the hellenistic love epigram leaves the possibility open, Meleager simply cannot have lived that early. At least seven Garland-poets—Alcaeus, Amyntas, Antipater of Sidon, Moschus, Nicander, Polystratus, and Samius—wrote in the second century. The obvious connection between Meleager and Menippus is not their date but their native city: both were Gadarenes. The most natural solution is that Diogenes misunderstood some such reference to their connection in his source.
The Palatine Manuscript and its Scribes
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: November 2023

We have so far been working on the assumption that behind AP, APl, and five minor collections not so far mentioned lies the lost anthology of Constantine Cephalas. It is now time to justify this assumption, often made, never fully worked out, and recently challenged.
Constantine Porphyrogenitus
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: November 2023

The tenth century was an age of encyclopaedias and anthologies, the most ambitious and certainly the largest of which was the series of fifty-three volumes of excerpts from the Greek and Byzantine historians, planned and produced at the direction of the Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus himself.
Conclusion
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: November 2023

No one has yet written the history of the Byzantine epigram or of the classical epigram at Byzantium, nor is it my purpose or within my competence to do either here. But it may be a helpful start to indicate the role played by the anthology of Cephalas in both. The Cycle of Agathias represents the swan-song of the classicizing elegiac epigram. A few competent elegiacs continued to be written down to the end of the sixth century, but by the beginning of the seventh the pattern of the Byzanti1;1m epigram for centuries to come had been firmly established by George of Pisidia: anything from two to a dozen or more iambic (dodecasyllabic) lines on a religious theme.
Poetic Fieldwork
Authors: Taplin Oliver
Published: November 2023

Which of the gods was it who set these two to their fighting? It was the son of Zeus and Leto. In anger at the king he raised a vile plague throughout the army, and the people were dying, because the son of Atreus had dishonoured Chryses, his priest. Chryses had come to the fast ships of the Achaians to gain release for his daughter, bringing with him unlimited ransom, and holding in his hands the sacred woollen bands of Apollo the far-shooter, wreathed on a golden staff. He began to entreat the whole body of the Achaians, but especially the two sons of Atreus, the marshals of the army. ‘Sons of Atreus, and you other well-greaved Achaians, may the gods who live on Olympos grant you the sacking of Priam’s city and a safe return to your homes. But release my dear child to me, and accept this ransom, in reverence for the son of Zeus, Apollo the far-shooter.
Closing Cadences
Authors: Taplin Oliver
Published: November 2023

Then he stood up and spoke to the Argives: ’Son of Atreus, and you other well-greaved Achaians, these prizes set out in your gathering here are the prizes that await the charioteers. Now if we Achaians were holding these games at any other man’s death, I would certainly take first place and carry the prize away to my hut. You know how far my horses excel all others, as they are immortal horses, given by Poseidon to my father Peleus, and he then handed them to me. But I and my strong-footed horses will stay here, out of the race. They have lost their great and glorious charioteer, that gentle man who so often would pour soft olive oil down over their manes after washing them in bright water. So they stand there grieving for him, and their manes trail on the ground-there is sorrow in their hearts, and they will not move. But the rest of you get ready now, any Achaian in the camp who is confident in his horses and strongly-made chariot.
Form and Content
Authors: Dover Kenneth
Published: November 2023

It is generally, though not universally, agreed that if I am asked about the style of your performance of a certain act, I am being asked not what you did but how you did it.1 If, however, I am to give a truly informative answer to the question and not take refuge in some jocular adverb such as ‘reluctantly’ or ‘superbly’, I must specify in more detail, and in temporal sequence, what you did. That is to say, I give a ‘what’ answer to a ‘how’ question. Yet the datails given in my answer are not an exhaustive catalogue; I select only those items in which I think you had a choice between alternatives, so that your choice may be compared with the choices made by others.
Units of Utterance
Authors: Dover Kenneth
Published: November 2023

A text composed of very long sentences and a text composed of very short sentences differ greatly in their aesthetic effect, and length is normally regarded as a function of the number of words. For those of us who are accustomed to alphabetic scripts (of which Greek script is one) and also to the graphic conventions of the last few centuries, ‘word’ is implicitly defined as ‘continuous succession of letters bounded at each end by at least one letter-space’. For Greek, that definition is wholly unsatisfactory, but before attempting to improve on it let us remove an ambiguity which is inherent in ‘word’, however defined. The usual disambiguation is to replace ‘word’ in some contexts by ‘type’ and in others by ‘token’.
Time and Place
Authors: Dover Kenneth
Published: November 2023

The prosecutor of Theomnestus in 384/3 (Lys. x), having occasion to ridicule the defendant for a quibble over the wording of the law of slander, attempts to educate him by quoting from the ‘old laws of Solon’ (15–20) provisions containing words which are no longer in use at Athens (πoδoκá κκη,δρσκáζ∈ν, áπíλλ∈ν )or have changed their meaning.
A Sophist’s Novel: The Metamorphoses
Authors: Harrison S J
Published: November 2023

The eleven-book Metamorphoses of Apuleius, the longest and most interesting of the few surviving prose fictions in Latin, has been aptly described as ‘a sophist’s novel’. A summary of the novel is provided below for readers’ convenience and orientation, but my present purpose is not to provide a complete interpretation of this celebrated work, or even to give a basic guide to it, as I have done in other chapters for other less-known Apuleian texts, since several good introductions already exist.
Two Rare Verse-Forms
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh
Published: November 2023

Dale regards the licence in Aristophanes as a possible instance of scansion by syllables instead of quantities (LMGD 78, cf. 64 ff.); but the evidence for such a radical break with normal practice is very slender.
Review C. J. Herington, The Author of the Prometheus Bound
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh
Published: November 2023

In this book Professor Herington assembles, revises, augments, and appraises the evidence bearing on the date and authenticity of the Prometheus. His presentation is clear, his appraisal fair, and the cumulative effect of his arguments, especially the linguistic argu¬ments, impressive. He shows that the evidence, such as it is, points unambiguously to one conclusion, namely that if the play is by Aeschylus it is his latest play, while the same evidence does not tend to show that the play is not by Aeschylus. So far, so good, and for this reviewer an orthodoxy in which he was brought up.
Hamartia In Aristotle and Greek Tragedy
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh
Published: November 2023

Even if it were true that the word was used in a ‘moral’ sense by Aristotle only once in twenty-five times, the argument is dubious. If we are presented with an isolated instance of a word in an unknown context, e.g. in a papyrus, the statistical argument is fair enough: it is more likely to mean X than Y here, because in this author it means X much more often than Y. But when we have the full context, the method is less plausible. We might indeed argue that if Aristotle has a strong preference for one sense of a word, he would be careful to avoid ambiguity when using it in another. But anyone tolerably familiar with Aristotle knows that he has no such consideration for his readers, at least in the esoteric works.
Introduction
Authors: Feeney D C
Published: November 2023

The activities which we now label ‘theology’ and ‘criticism’ were originally the preserve of the poets. Speaking about the gods was something reserved for special occasions, an act performed in a unique, ‘marked’, language; and the masters of this craft reflected upon the unique nature of their task in highly self-conscious ways.
From Greece to Rome: Naevius and Ennius
Authors: Feeney D C
Published: November 2023

The Romans’ creation of a national literary culture in response to the literary culture of the Greeks is a phenomenon which fascin ates and baffles us as it fascinated and baffled them, a phenom enon which invites enquiry from many directions. Here we have no more than three aims: first (and most modestly), to give a sketch of how the Romans took over Greek literature, together with the apparatus of scholarship which had become an inextricable element of that literature; second, to mark out those key differences between Greek and Roman attitudes to religion which will be most important for an understanding of how Roman epic treated the divine; finally, to investigate the role of the divine in the epics of Naevius and Ennius, so as to set the scene for our enquiries into the Aeneid, and the subsequent tradition.
Ovid’s Metamorphoses
Authors: Feeney D C
Published: November 2023

Ovid’s Metamorphoses afford us something of an intermezzo. The very appearance of a chapter on this poem in a book on epic is it self an issue—a fact which the poet would no doubt have found highly diverting. From its first lines the poem continually con fronts us with the problem of the extent to which, and the ways in which, it is and is not epic. There is no obligation here to enter into a full account of the poem from the viewpoint of its continually destabilized generic norms, yet by taking this line as a first thread into the poem it may be possible to discover a promising starting-point for our investigation into what the poem has to say about epic and its gods. As a commentary on the epic view of the gods the poem is priceless, while it will prove to be of the highest importance for the epics which follow it, especially the Thebaid and Argonautica, where its influence on this aspect of epic form is, if anything, greater even than that of the Aeneid.
Epic of History: Lucan’s Bellum Ciuile and Silius’ Punica
Authors: Feeney D C
Published: November 2023

Already in Chapter 1, with the discussion of critical attitudes to the historical status of Homer’s narrative, and in Chapter 3, with Naevius and Ennius, we have brushed against the problems which arise when the gods participate in the epic narrative of historical events. Here, as we come to the two historical epics from our pe riod which survive m non-fragmentary form, it becomes necessary to engage with these issues directly. An investigation into the the oretical background must stand as prelude, together with a discus sion of the lost or fragmentary historical epJCs which preceded Lucan.
Introduction
Authors: Kahane Ahuvia
Published: November 2023

This book discusses metrical shape, position, and caesura in Homer, and often it counts examples and compares frequencies, but it is essentially a literary interpretation, not a technical analysis; it studies the repetition of metrical, grammatical, syntactic, and lexical units in the Iliad and Odyssey, and accepts not a few of the tenets of formulaic composition, but it is not a book about formulae. Rather, in this study an attempt is made to understand how particular formal aspects of Homer (i.e. those to do with form) relate to poetic themes such as disguise and recognition, to the heroic ideal, and to gods and mortals and the difference between them in the epics. It examines speech and character, narrative role, point of view, and the poet’s voice, and it also considers literary devices such as emphasis, irony, ambivalence, and foreshadowing.
Metrical Units and Sense-Units
Authors: Kahane Ahuvia
Published: November 2023

My suggestion is that metrical structure can be semantically functional: in other words, that there are non-technical correlations between metre and semantics in Homer. When reciting a verse, a singer, or a rhapsode, or an actor may pause for a moment, then resume his words. How do we measure this? In microseconds? With a metronome? But this pause may also indicate recognition, doubt, fear, determination, grief, or other mental states, and it may alter emphasis and perspective in descriptions.
The Hero and His Son
Authors: Lyne R O A M
Published: November 2023

In my opening chapter I demonstrated that Vergil can and does characterize by both word and action. But sometimes he appears to decline the opportunity. A fact that particularly requires explanation is one noticed by Richard Heinze. Conversation is well suited to the purposes of characterization, and Homer freely exploited it. Yet Vergil seems strictly to limit it. Why? We should first remind ourselves of the role that conversation may play in characterization. It exhibits men in their relationships with one another, affording an author splendid opportunities to individualize and to differentiate his characters. Homer capitalized on its potential. In his poems we find scenes with extended sequences of conversation, and multiple participants. We have only to think of the quarrel scene in Iliad I or the embassy in Book 9 to realize what use he makes of conversation to illuminate character. Achilles' clash of personality with Agamemnon, his difference from Odysseus, Ajax, Phoenix (a wide spectrum) is audible.
Dramatic Irony
Authors: Lyne R O A M
Published: November 2023

At 8.523ff. thunder and lightning occur in a clear sky, and clashing arms are seen. Aeneas remembers Venus' words and interprets the omen: war is imminent, and his mother will now bring him arms forged by Vulcan. With his Arcadian allies he leaves Pallanteum and camps in a numinous grove within sight of Tarcho and the Etruscans, from whom he will receive further assistance (597ff.). Then, apparently, he retires to a 'secluded vale', for here Venus appears to him bearing the divine arms. It is obviously a special and climactic moment, and is marked as such by, among other things, Venus herself. She behaves quite differently from the tantalizing goddess who met Aeneas in Book 1 (314ff.)-an episode which from more than one point of view is interesting to compare with this one. She appears here undisguised: it is a real epiphany (611). And instead of eluding her son, she actually seeks his embrace (615), a gesture unparalleled in the Aeneid. Above all, the moment is marked out by the provenance and splendour of the arms. Aeneas is astounded, unable to sate his eyes with looking upon them (617 ff.). The pièce de résistance is the shield with its 'indescribable texture' ['non enarrabile textum'] (625).
Review of Tullier, Recherches critiques sur la tradition du texte d’ Euripide
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

The author believes that recent work on the transmission of Euripides has too narrowly confined itself to the evidence presented by the manuscripts alone. He believes that there is as much to be learned from the evidence of ‘des temoignages externes’, or the ‘tradition indirecte’ (p. 19), in brief, from a survey of the cultural and scholarly activities of the various periods which most affected the transmission of the text.
Heraclidae
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

I start at the end. Iolaus appeals to Demophon (229-31): ‘become their kinsman, friend, father, brother, master: all this is better than falling into the hands of the Argives.’ One should hope so.
Heracles and Jon
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

Megara’s father was boasted a great man because of his 0A/30c, possessing as he did a tyranny ‘about which long spears are launched, through desire of it, at the bodies of the fortunate’ (Paley’s translation). The sentiment and the language are alike absurd.
Review of Kambitsis, L’Antiope d Eunpide
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

The fragments of the Antiope fall into two classes: nearly fifty brief quotations or allusions in ancient writers, and over a hundred lines from a papyrus published in 189I. Kambitsis has produced the first complete annotated edition of these fragments; and it is a useful, if imperfect, edition. He has a generally sound knowledge of Greek style and idiom; he can think for himself; and above all he has read very widely and has collected a valuable amount of illustrative matter. He has devised no exciting novelties, either in the text or in its interpretation; but that is not a fault.
Iphigenia in Tauris
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

This interpretation is rejected by N. C. Conomis, who diagnoses an ordinary dochmiac by scanning ĒTλ-. Lengthening before mute and liquid in tragic dochmiacs is very rare indeed, as Conomis himself shows.
Further Notes on Heraclidae
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

The children of Heracles are roaming from city to city in search of refuge. But every city which at first admits them soon yields to the threats of their pursuer Eurystheus and sends them on their way.
The Papyrus Hypothesis of Orestes (P. Oxy. 2455 fr. 4 col. IV 32-9+fr. 141)
Authors: Diggle James
Published: November 2023

This is, in effect, the text which emerged after W. S. Barrett suggested that the scrap reported by E.G.
Meaning and Reference of the Word Polis
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

It is the aim of this investigation to study what the Greeks themselves thought a polis was. Consequently, a survey of the term polis and the concept behind the term has to be an essential part of the study. The following is a summary of the investigation published in Hansen (1998) 17–34, where the sources are quoted both in Greek and in English translation. Roughly speaking, the word polis had four different senses: (a) “stronghold” or “citadel”, (b) “nucleated settlement”, (c) “country” or “territory”, and (d) “political community”. These four different meanings of the word polis have been established with reference to the modern terms we use: viz. stronghold, settlement, country, community, etc.
The Delian League
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

The Delian League was by far the largest of all the Hellenic symmachiai and the one whose members we know best thanks to the preservation of a substantial part of the Athenian tribute lists (IG i3 259–90) and assessment decrees (IG i3 71, 77, 100). The names of some 330 members are still preserved in the fragments (see Index 18). We can infer that each of these members was a political community, but not necessarily an independent community.
Destruction and Disappearance of Poleis
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

Down to 323 we know of altogether forty-six applications of andrapodismos.In some sources the termis used without any further description of what it implies, but in several cases the various facets and consequences of an andrapodismos are spelled out: sometimes the men who survived the conquest of the city were enslaved together with their wives and children.
Triphylia
Authors: Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

Moving back into C4, Makiston (no. 307) is explicitly attested as Triphylian by a C4 inscription originating from the Triphylian federation itself (SEG 35 389). The importance of this should be stressed: since Makiston does not appear in Polybios’ list, this list cannot simply be retrojected back into the Classical period. But Makiston too was situated between the Neda and the Alpheios.
The Saronic Gulf
Authors: Figueira Thomas J
Published: November 2023

Enumeration of the Saronic Gulf islands was incorporated into ancient geographical surveys. Pliny, who does not distinguish the Saronic Gulf from the Gulf of Nauplia, mentions Calauria, Plateis, Belbina, Lasia and Baucidias as opposite Troizen (no. 357), and, opposite Epidauros (no. 348), Cecryphalos, Pityonesos and Aegina (HN 4.56–57).
Toponyms and City-Ethnics in Numerical Order
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

1. (Alalie 2. Emporion (Emporites) 3. Massalia (Massaliotes) 4. Rhode (Rhodetes) 5. Abakainon (Abakaininos) 6. Adranon (Adranites) 7. Agyrion (Agyrinaios) 8. Aitna (Aitnaios).
Toponyms and City-Ethnics in Alphabetical Order
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

Abai (Abaios) — Phokis 169 Abakainon (Abakaininos) — Sikelia 5 Abdera (Abderites) — Thrace: from Nestos to Hebros 640 Abydos (Abydenos) — Troas 765 Achilleion — Troas 766 Achilleion — Ionia 836 Adramyttion (Adramytenos) — Aiolis 800 Adranon (Adranites) — Sikelia 6 Adria — The Adriatic 75.
Use of City-Ethnic
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

Ci = Collective internal Ce = Collective external Ii = Individual internal Ie = Individual external —— = Unattested in Archaic and Classical sources Spain and France Alalie —— Emporion Ci, Ce Massalia Ci, Ce, Ie.
Grid-Planned Poleis
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

Spain and France

Massalia C6m–C4

Rhode C4

Sikelia

Akragas C6s–C5e

Akrai C7m

Alaisa C4s?

Gela C4s

Heloron C4 Herakleia Minoa C4s

Himera C7l–C6f

Kamarina C6, C5

Kasmenai C7s

Leontinoi C7.
Coins
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

Metal: silver if nothing is stated, G = gold, E = electrum, B = bronze. Legend: only toponyms, ethnics and a few other legends important for site-classification are recorded in this index, and only the longest preserved form of the legend is recorded.
Colonisation and Hellenisation
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman , Nielsen Thomas Heine
Published: November 2023

P. = primary colony S. = secondary colony Re. = refoundation Hell. = Hellenised indigenous community occ. = Athenian short-term occupation by klerouchs or colonists.
Cities of the Sophists
Authors: Bowersock G W
Published: November 2023

From the abundant evidence for the origins of sophists and the cities (other than Rome) in which they taught, it is not difficult to make out which were the great sophistic centres. Above all ranked Athens, Smyrna, and Ephesus. These three cities produced many of the eminent sophists of the second century and received most of the others at some time during their careers. The sophistic revival was an important part of the new prestige and economic vigour which accrued to these cities under the high empire.
Introduction
Authors: Higbie Carolyn
Published: November 2023

This study of enjambement and sentence structure in the Iliad developed from my interest in how Homer moved from verse to verse. My intention was to provide as complete a picture of enjambement in the Iliad as possible, based on a close reading of the entire poem and presented statistically, book by book. I soon realized that enjambement was closely linked with the occurrence of verse-internal boundaries, so I plotted the location and frequency of both clause and sentence breaks in each line as well.
The Study of Homeric Enjambement
Authors: Higbie Carolyn
Published: November 2023

The study of enjambement is the study of the syntactical relationship between verses. If sentence end and verse end do not coincide, the verses are enjambed and the sentence occupies part or all of at least two verses. Lines, then, are either unenjambed or enjambed, but they can be enjambed in varying degrees and in various ways.
Introduction
Authors: Bruyn Theodore De
Published: November 2023

The latter half of the fourth century witnessed what some have called a ‘renaissance’ of interest in the Pauline epistles in the Latin church. The works produced in these decades include commentaries by Ambrosiaster, an anonymous writer, and Pelagius on all the epistles; commentaries by Marius Victorinus,Jerome, and Augustine on select epistles; and Rufinus of Aquileia’s translation of Origen’s commentary on Romans —in addition to the attention given to the epistles in the letters and tracts of the time.3 This wealth of commentaries, investing so much in the writings of the apostle,4 is all the more striking because as a genre the commentary appeared relatively late in the west.
The Cavea and Orchestra
Authors: Sear Frank
Published: November 2023

The semicircular cavea was invented in Greece during the second half of the fourth century bc. The classic fourth-century example of this type is the theatre at Epidaurus (Plan 423). Its features are a circular orchestra, curved seating extending beyond a semicircle and converging analemmata. While theatres with converging analemmatacontinued to be built throughout the Roman imperial period in parts of Greece and Asia Minor what may be termed the ‘western Roman’ type of cavea had devel-oped in Italy during the late Republic and became the common type throughout the western provinces of the Empire.
Italy
Authors: Sear Frank
Published: November 2023

Lowest seats supported on vault of annular passage with 4 semicircular recesses; at higher level 2 curved corridors; inner with sloping barrel-vault supporting summa  cavea, 3 rows of seats accessible by 2 staircases running up through vault; east wall of outer curved corridor decorated with brick Corinthian half-columns covered in stucco; in centre of cavea radial passage to villa. In late 1st cent. or early 2nd cent. ad building modified, perhaps because bradyseism caused orchestra to flood; passage to villa walled up, presumably to keep water out; 2 outer annular passages modified.
Greece
Authors: Sear Frank
Published: November 2023

Roman times massive wall (1.60 m thick) built on line of old scene building to create scaenae frons; in front of it 6 massive piers creating 5 rectangular niches; regiaframed in central pair of piers projecting from scaenae fronswall; hospitaliaframed in end pairs; columnatio: probably 2 storeys (unfluted Doric column drums and cornice fragments found); 2 sets of 3 piers ran across middle of scene building to support roof; side rooms also incorporated into Roman scene building; extended up to back wall of central room; side
The Apollinares and the Aviti
Authors: Harries Jill
Published: November 2023

On 31 December 406, an event took place which would lead to profound changes in the political geography of Western Europe. The frozen river Rhine, its defences weakened by more than a decade of neglect, was crossed by tens of thousands of non-Roman peoples from outside the empire. ‘ Chief among these were the Vandals and Suevi, but they were attended by other, smaller groups. Their migration continued westwards and southwards. In 409, the line of the Pyrenees was broken in circumstances indicative of the chaotic nature of military and political responses at the time. In northern Spain, relations of the ruling imperial house of Theodosius and Honorius ‘usurped from the usurper ‘, the British-based adventurer Constantine III, and tried to defend the Pyrenees in the name of the absent and impotent Honorius.2 To that end, they slowly mustered an ad hoc force of local army units, peasants, and even their own slaves. This motley collection was defeated by Constans, the son of Constantine, and his barbarian auxiliaries, the so-called Honoriaci. They celebrated their victory and took their reward by plundering the local Spaniards and added to the confusion by letting through the advancing Vandals and Suevi, after which they drew lots for local estates and settled down, as just one of the many war-bands who, whatever their nominal allegiance, were in fact interested only in plunder and settlement for themselves.
The End of Roman Clermont
Authors: Harries Jill
Published: November 2023

Over fifty years had passed since the Gothic settlement of Aquitaine, when, in 469, Euric launched his war of con quest on several fronts, first across the Loire against the Bretons1 and then into the Auvergne, Narbonensis, and Spain. During that half-century, the Goths themselves had changed from the heterogeneous war-band which had followed Alaric and Athaulf. The aim of Euric as conqueror was to create a nation-state, which would be a recognizable successor to the Roman Empire. In 414, Athaulf had des paired of the Gothic capacity to form a state because a state required laws, which the Goths were unable to obey.2 He could not have foreseen that, in the decades after his death, the Roman perception expressed in Sidonius ‘ version of the education of Theoderic II by Avitus in Roman law3-that the Goths were open to Roman influence in this area-was supported by the fact that Roman jurists were made wel come at the Gothic, as at the Burgundian, courts. Euric ‘s own actions put the importance of law to the Goths of the 470s beyond doubt.
Imagining Georgia in Antiquity
Authors: Braund David
Published: November 2023

The myth retained that prominence because it was germane to a series of key issues and themes which remained current and problematic in the Graeco-Roman world: the ethics of sea-travel, man’s abuse of nature, the use of magic, the dangerous stranger, the power of oaths, the limits of proper vengeance, relationships, rights, responsibilities and loyalties within a family, the problematics of marriage and parenthood, gender, ethnicity, and much more besides.
The Geography and Economy of Ancient Georgia
Authors: Braund David
Published: November 2023

The geography of Colchis and Iberia is characterized by diversity: mountains, passes, plains, marshes, and foothills form a changing landscape, intersected by scores of rivers, some readily navigable. To the north and east, passes lead on to extensive plains, while to the south they lead into the Armenian uplands. The west is dominated by the Black Sea itself, the greatest highway of the region.
Colchis under the Principate
Authors: Braund David
Published: November 2023

From the time of Pompey, Rome left Colchis under local rule for a century or so. The arrangement was recommended by the endemic piracy and banditry which flourished in the wetlands and mountains of the eastern Black Sea region. Largely for that reason, even after the establishment of direct Roman rule in ad 64, local rulers continued to play a major role in Colchis. From the first century ad Rome had forts along the east coast of the Black Sea, but that should not be taken to mean that Rome seriously feared any large-scale invasion: indeed, as our understanding of Rome’s frontiers develops, it seems increasingly more likely that Roman installations on all frontiers of the empire were primarily concerned to promote local order and to counter small-scale raids, whether from within or without Roman provincial territory. Large-scale invasions were infrequent and seem not to have been anticipated on the east coast of the Black Sea, whose mountains and difficult terrain made invasions particularly improbable. In that region we hear nothing at all of invasions, actual or potential, before the middle of the third century ad, when substantial raids through the Crimean Bosporus might be considered as much.
The Hippeis and Society
Authors: Spence I G
Published: November 2023

So far it has been shown that the combat potential of classical Greek cavalry (including that of the Athenian hippeis) was quite high, and that this potential was periodically realized in wartime. The adverse effects deriving from the lack of stirrups and, perhaps more seriously, from fluctuating numbers, are not sufficient to account for cavalry’s relatively minor role in fifth- and fourth-century warfare. What does explain this are the principal remaining social influences upon the hippeis. In the case of most states, the hoplite domination of Greek military theory and practice held back the development of the cavalry, and this was compounded at Athens by the attitudes of the rest of the citizens towards the cavalry arm and those who served in it.
Verona’s Earliest Senators: Some Comparisons
Authors: Birley Anthony R
Published: November 2023

To match city against city in the western lands is a seductive enterprise. Various criteria avail, ranging from origin and status by way of monumental remains to the contribution they brought to Latin literature and to imperial government. Spain furnishes some useful comparisons, among them Barcino against Tarraco. An appropriate season has arrived for inspecting Transpadana, which can be styled without deception ‘provincia verius quam Italia’.
Verona’s First Consul
Authors: Birley Anthony R
Published: November 2023

The first consul from Verona took office in May of 3 l as colleague to Faustus Sulla when Tiberius Caesar by resigning imposed the same necessity on Aelius Seianus. On the Fasti Ostienses he stands as ‘Sex. Tedius [Cat]ullu[s’. At first sight, on a criterion generally shown valid when dates are officially recorded, ‘Tedius’ might appear the paternal name, with ‘Catullus’ from the maternal side. On the contrary, in this instance a Tedius had adopted a Valerius Catullus.
Verginius Rufus
Authors: Birley Anthony R
Published: November 2023

While the actions of Verginius Rufus and his comportment in spring and summer of the year 68 earn ample expositions, curiosity seldom reaches backwards to ask how and why the son of a Roman knight managed to achieve an eponymous consulship in 63. The Neronian consulates duly offer instruction, disclosing vicissitudes in influence and patronage.
Vestricius Spurinna
Authors: Birley Anthony R
Published: November 2023

As the preface to the Agricola announces, the author proposes to go on and narrate the history of his own time. His language implies the reign of Domitian. As happens with historians in any epoch, mature reflection intervenes, moving backwards the point of inception. Cornelius Tacitus might have set out from the fall of Nero, so some opine. He decided to begin with 69.
Pliny’s Early Career
Authors: Birley Anthony R
Published: November 2023

C. Plinius, the admiral at Misenum, met his honourable end when the volcano blew up. His sister’s son inherited name and property. Consular records normally register a man by the paternal denomination. Exceptions occur; and on the Fasti Ostienses Caecilius Secundus stands as ‘C. Plinius Secundus’. The new nobility took liberties of choice: who would care to gainsay? Nomenclature from the maternal side sometimes prevails or an indistinctive nomen is dropped. Such was ‘Caecilius’. In fact, another Caecilius Secundus happens to be known in this period.
Domitius Apollinaris
Authors: Birley Anthony R
Published: November 2023

FEW consuls had the good fortune vouchsafed to L. Domitius Apollinaris in knowing two authors, both of whom wrote with proper care for posterity. Martial honoured him with no fewer than six epigrams, and he received two letters from Pliny. In another, Apollinaris is styled ‘consul designatus’. That was his rank in the year 97 when the ambitious orator launched his memorable attack on a fellow senator, in vengeance for the fate of Helvidius Priscus. Apollinaris had returned to Rome, from the governorship of Lycia-Pamphylia.
The Personality Unified by Reason’s Rule in Plato’s Republic
Authors: Gill Christopher
Published: November 2023

So far in this book, the focus has been on the patterns of thinking about personality embodied in Greek epic and tragedy. When Greek philosophical theories have been introduced, the aim has been to elucidate poetic patterns of thinking by comparison with philosophical ones. In the remaining chapters, this procedure is reversed. My focus is on Greek philosophy, and, when poetic material is introduced, the aim is to underline certain connections with philosophical patterns of thinking.
Craftsman of Words
Authors: Vaggione Richard Paul
Published: November 2023

In the later fourth century, Antioch was already reckoned along with Rome, Alexandria, and Constantinople as the empire’s fourth largest city. With a population approaching 200,000 and as capital of the civil diocese of Oriens,it was an obvious choice for anyone seeking a governmental or administrative career, especially as at this time Antioch was frequently the residence of the emperor. In choosing Antioch, therefore, Eunomius was joining a continuous stream of job-seekers converging on the former Seleucid capital.
Courtier
Authors: Vaggione Richard Paul
Published: November 2023

The Antioch to which Aetius and Eunomius returned shortly before 350 differed significantly from the one they had left only a few years before. Over most of the previous decade Persian pressure on the eastern frontier had made this city the principal imperial residence. During that time Constantius had spent most of the winters in a sumptuous ‘new city’ built by Diocletian on an island in the Orontes,and summers in the field. The reason was that, militarily, the East differed strikingly from the West. The long stretches of sparsely inhabited river and woodland that made the western frontiers so hard to defend were absent in the East. There, a daunting combination of desert and mountain came together to limit strategic access to a few points. Chief among these was the city of Nisibis in Roman Mesopotamia. Long a centre of commerce between Rome and Persia,this city had already survived two sieges (in 338 and 346) and, by the spring of 350, was expecting another.
Troglodyte
Authors: Vaggione Richard Paul
Published: November 2023

Tacitus portrays the Rome of the early principate as the common sink into which ‘all things infamous and shameful pour like a torrent’ from every quarter of the world,and he was referring specifically to Christians. From a somewhat different point of view, the New Rome of the first few years after Adrianople could have been described in similar terms. Indeed, even before there was any sign of who, if anyone, would replace Valens, it was clear that the equilibrium of the previous reign had been disrupted. And, just as the Emperor Jovian fifteen years before had scarcely had time to adjust to his new status before finding Athanasius camped at his doorstep, so now too the leaders of the competing factions converged on Constantinople. The scope of Gratian’s decree of toleration had given almost all of them cause for hope.
From Hesiod to the Fifth Century
Authors: Cairns Douglas L
Published: November 2023

In the literature which survives from the period between c. 700 BC and the beginning of the fifth century there are certainly instances enough of aidōs and its relatives, but these are largely heterogeneous, and many are uninformative, either replicating commonplace uses of the terms which we have met before, employing them in contexts too general to be of any interest, or, because of the fragmentary nature of the context, failing to provide necessary additional information. In general, we shall find that our best evidence for aidōs and similar concepts comes from literature in which we have the opportunity to observe fictional representations of human beings whose motives are discoverable from the texts in which they are portrayed; not all the archaic poets are moralists or social commentators, but the majority of the relevant instances of aidōs, etc. come from those who are, and all too often these tell us merely that a1diis is considered a good thing, or sketch a situation in which it is appropriate. There are, however, a few passages of sufficient interest to warrant our attention, and in these we shall observe a limited number of significant developments and modifications of the standards found in the Homeric poems.