bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cation‐Directed Dimeric versus Tetrameric Assemblies of Lanthanide‐Stabilized Dilacunary Keggin Tungstogermanates
Authors: Artetxe Beñat , Reinoso Santiago , San Felices Leire , Lezama Luis , Gutiérrez‐Zorrilla Juan M. , García José A. , Galán‐Mascarós José Ramón , Haider Ali , Kortz Ulrich , Vicent Cristian
Published: August 2014

Reaction of mid‐ to late lanthanide ions with GeO2 and Na2WO4 in NaOAc buffer results in a library of [Ln2(GeW10O38)]6− clusters (Ln2), which consist of dilacunary Keggin fragments stabilized by the insertion of 4f atoms in the vacant sites and show the ability to undergo cation‐directed self‐assembly processes. In the presence of Na+, two β‐Ln2 subunits assemble by means of Ln‐O(WO5)‐Ln bridges to form the chiral [Ln4(H2O)6(β‐GeW10O38)2]12− dimeric anions (ββ‐Ln4, Ln=Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu). When Cs+ is present, two Ln4‐like dimers further assemble into the [{Ln4(H2O)5(GeW10O38)2}2]24− species (Ln8, Ln=Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu). Two types of tetramers coexist in the solid state: One shows a full ββ‐Ln8 architecture, whereas the other one is a mixed αβ‐Ln8 assembly in which each β‐subunit is linked to its corresponding α‐Ln2 derivative. Regardless of differences in isomeric forms and the relative arrangement of Ln2 subunits, all anions display virtually identical {Ln4} cores as a common structural feature. A combination of ESI mass spectrometry and 183W NMR spectroscopy experiments indicates that Ln8 tetramers fragment into Ln4 dimers upon dissolution, which undergo partial dissociation into Ln2 monomers and slow dimer/monomer equilibration. This is most likely followed by β‐to‐α isomerization of Ln2 clusters with consequent reassembly, as indicated by isolation of three additional αα‐Ln4 derivatives. Magnetic and photoluminescence properties in the Na‐ββ‐Ln4 series are also discussed.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Obtained by Lateral Core Extension of Mesogenic Perylenes: Absorption and Optoelectronic Properties
Authors: Vollbrecht Joachim , Bock Harald , Wiebeler Christian , Schumacher Stefan , Kitzerow Heinz
Published: August 2014

Bilaterally extended perylenes were synthesized, characterized, and used to create organic light‐emitting devices. A detailed investigation of the electronic and optical properties, and a comparison of perylene derivatives and compounds with unilaterally and bilaterally extended aromatic cores, reveal unexpected changes of the absorption spectrum, which are in agreement with simulations based on DFT.
From Ash Chemistry to Material Wear in the Gasification of Solid Feedstocks
Authors: Klinger Mathias , Reinmöller Markus , Schreiner Marcus , Meyer Bernd
Published: August 2014

Zur Untersuchung der Korrosionsbeständigkeit und der Aufdeckung von Korrosionsmechanismen neuartiger Feuerfestwerkstoffe für die Vergasung ist es zielführend, eine aufeinander aufbauende Methodik zu etablieren. Ausgehend von der Aschecharakterisierung und dem Hochtemperaturverhalten wurden am Beispiel einer neuartigen, TiO2‐verstärkten Al2O3‐Keramik multiskalige Korrosionstests vom Labor‐ bis hin zum Pilotmaßstab durchgeführt. Durch mikroskopische Untersuchungen (Lichtmikroskopie, REM/EDX) konnten sowohl der Schädigungsgrad als auch entsprechende Mechanismen bestimmt werden.
Chemie, die uns guttut
Authors: Harrer Roswitha
Published: August 2014

Ob heterogen oder homogen, die Katalyse mit Übergangsmetallen ist allgegenwärtig. Von der Abgasreinigung über die Synthese von Basisprodukten für Kunststoffe bis hin zur Herstellung von Medikamenten: Die Anwendung von Übergangsmetallen für Reaktionen im großtechnischen Maßstab ist eine großartige Entwicklung.
Public education and targeted outreach to underserved women through the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program
Authors: Levano Whitney , Miller Jacqueline W. , Leonard Banning , Bellick Linda , Crane Barbara E. , Kennedy Stephenie K. , Haslage Natalie M. , Hammond Whitney , Tharpe Felicia S.
Published: August 2014

The National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP) was established to provide low‐income, uninsured, and underinsured women access to cancer screening and diagnostic services with the goal of increasing the early detection and prevention of breast and cervical cancer. Although this is a valuable resource for women who might not have the means to get screened otherwise, providing services at no cost, by itself, does not guarantee uptake of screening services. Public education and targeted outreach facilitate the critical link between public service programs and the communities they serve. The purpose of public education and outreach in the NBCCEDP is to increase the number of women who use breast and cervical cancer screening services by raising awareness, providing education, addressing barriers, and motivating women to complete screening exams and follow‐up. Effective strategies focus on helping to remove structural, physical, interpersonal, financial, and cultural barriers; educate women about the importance of screening and inform women about the services available to them. This article provides an overview of the importance of public education and targeted outreach activities for cancer screening through community‐based programs including examples from NBCCEDP grantees that highlight successes, challenges, and solutions, encountered when conducting these types of interventions. Cancer 2014;120(16 suppl):2591‐6. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
The National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program: Toward a system of cancer screening in the United States
Authors: Smith Robert A. , Brawley Otis W.
Published: August 2014

In the mid‐1980s when there was a shift in public health priorities toward the prevention and control of chronic disease, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a screening program based on the core elements of surveillance, public and provider education, quality assurance, and national and local collaborations. With the Affordable Care Act providing coverage for millions of individuals, the CDC now has an opportunity to focus on recommended cancer screenings through an organized approach versus an opportunistic approach. Cancer 2014;120(16 suppl):2617‐9. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Characterization and preference mapping of autochthonous and introduced olive oil cultivars in Tunisia
Authors: Hassine Kaouther Ben , Taamalli Amani , Slama Mourad Ben , Khouloud Talmoudi , Kiristakis Apostolos , Benincasa Cinzia , Perri Enzo , Malouche Dhafer , Hammami Mohamed , Bornaz Salwa , Grati‐Kammoun Naziha
Published: August 2014

In this work, virgin olive oils from autochthonous and introduced varieties cultivated in Tunisia were analyzed for their chemical composition and sensorial profile, and were subject to 3700 consumer‐preferences survey. The chemical and sensorial analyses revealed that Chetoui and Oueslati cultivars were characterized by their oils richer in C18:1, C20:1, OOO, α‐ and γ‐tocopherols, chlorophyll, stigmasterol, (Z)‐3‐hexenol and more stable and bitter, pungent and fruity than those from Arbequina, Zalmati, and Chemlali VOOs. With the aim to identify the most appreciated variety among others, statistical analyses were carried out. Consumers showed appreciation of the oils from “Chetoui” variety. Chetoui olive oils from Borj Toumi and Testour localities were the most appreciated with 50–60% of consumer preference which is the nearest point to the optimum product preference (70%). The results showed that consumer preferences seem to be positively correlated to various sensorial notes (fruitiness, bitterness, and pungency). Preferred oils were characterized by their richness in oleic acid, pigments, tocopherols, and polyphenol amounts.

Practical applications: The results are of interest for the olive oil industry where they can be applied in olive oil blending.

Preference mapping of the seven VOO samples. OUES: Oueslati, CHEM: Chemlali, CH MB: Chetoui Mjez El Beb, CH TES: Chetoui Testour, CH BT: Chetoui Borj Toumi, ARBE: Arbequina, Fr: fruity, Pun: Pungent, Bitt: Bitter, PV: Peroxide value, Chloro: Chlorophylls, Caro: Carotenoids, Ole: Oleuropein, C18:1: Oleic acid, C16:0: Palmitic acid, C18:2: Linoleic acid, TP: Total polyphenols.
Synthesis and refining of sunflower biodiesel in a cascade of continuous centrifugal contactor separators
Authors: Abduh Muhammad Yusuf , van Ulden Wouter , van de Bovenkamp Hendrik H. , Buntara Teddy , Picchioni Francesco , Manurung Robert , Heeres Hero J.
Published: August 2014

The synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) from sunflower oil and methanol was studied in a continuous centrifugal contactor separator (CCCS) using sodium methoxide as the catalyst. The effect of relevant process variables like oil and methanol flow rate, rotational speed and catalyst concentration was investigated and modelled using non‐linear regression. Good agreement between experiments and model were obtained. At optimised conditions (oil flow rate of 31 mL/min, rotational speed of 34 Hz, catalyst concentration of 1.2%w/w and a methanol flow rate of 10 mL/min), the FAME yield was 94 mol% at a productivity of 2470 kg FAME/m3reactor.h. Proof of principle for the synthesis and subsequent refining of FAME in a cascade of two CCCS devices was also obtained. Relevant properties of the refined FAME obtained using this technology were determined and were shown to meet the ASTM specifications.

Practical application: Synthesis and refining of sunflower biodiesel was successfully performed in a cascade of two CSSS devices. Besides for large scale biodiesel production, this technology has particularly potential to be applied in small mobile biodiesel units due to the compact size, robustness, flexibility in operation, and high volumetric productivity of the CCCS devices.

Schematic representation of the process concept for continuous synthesis and refining of sunflower biodiesel synthesis in a cascade of continuous centrifugal contactor separators.
Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Thiosulfonates by Oxidative Coupling of Thiols with Sodium Sulfinates
Authors: Taniguchi Nobukazu
Published: August 2014

The copper‐catalyzed sulfonylation of thiols was performed by using sodium sulfinates under an oxygen atmosphere. The procedure afforded thiosulfonates in good yields by using a CuI–Phen·H2O (Phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline) catalyst and tolerated numerous combinations of arene‐ and alkanethiols with sodium sulfinates. Furthermore, it was found that the coupling of diaryl disulfides with sodium arylsulfinates proceeded in air and both sulfide groups on the disulfide were available.
A Unified Strategy Towards N‐Aryl Heterocycles by a One‐Pot Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative C–H Amination of Azoles
Authors: Subramanian Parthasarathi , Kaliappan Krishna P.
Published: August 2014

An efficient one‐pot synthesis of N‐aryl‐substituted heterocycles by a Cu‐catalyzed two‐fold C–N bond formation is reported. This strategy involves a CuI‐catalyzed C–N bond‐forming reaction between azoles and electron‐deficient bromopyridines followed by an intramolecular sp2 C–H amination. One of the products thus formed has been successfully used as a ligand for the synthesis of a Pd complex.
Optimizing conditions for E‐and Z‐ajoene formation from garlic juice using response surface methodology
Authors: Yoo Miyoung , Lee Sanghee , Kim Sunyoung , Shin Dongbin
Published: August 2014

The optimum conditions for the formation of E‐ and Z‐ajoene from garlic juice mixed with soybean oil were determined using response surface methodology. A central composite design was used to investigate the effects of three independent variables temperature (°C, X1), reaction time (hours, X2), and oil volume (multiplied by weight, X3). The dependent variables were Z‐ajoene (Y1) and E‐ajoene (Y2) in oil‐macerated garlic. The optimal conditions for E‐ and Z‐ajoene using ridge analysis were 98.80°C, 6.87 h, and weight multiplied by weight 2.57, and 42.24°C, 9.71 h, and weight multiplied by weight 3.08, respectively. These conditions resulted in E‐ and Z‐ajoene compound predicted values of 234.17 and 752.62 μg/g from garlic juice, respectively. The experimental values of E‐ and Z‐ajoene were 222.75 and 833.59 μg/g, respectively. The estimated maximum values at the predicted optimum conditions were in good agreement with experimental values.
Molecular pathophysiology of portal hypertension
Authors: Fernandez Mercedes
Published: August 2014

Over the past two decades the advances in molecular cell biology have led to significant discoveries about the pathophysiology of portal hypertension (PHT). In particular, great progress has been made in the study of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate the increased intrahepatic vascular resistance (IHVR) in cirrhosis. We now know that the increased IHVR is not irreversible, but that both the structural component caused by fibrosis and the active component caused by hepatic sinusoidal constriction can be, at least partially, reversed. Indeed, it is now apparent that the activation of perisinusoidal hepatic stellate cells, which is a key event mediating the augmented IHVR, is regulated by multiple signal transduction pathways that could be potential therapeutic targets for PHT treatment. Furthermore, the complexity of the molecular physiology of PHT can also be appreciated when one considers the complex signals capable of inducing vasodilatation and hyporesponsiveness to vasoconstrictors in the splanchnic vascular bed, with several vasoactive molecules, controlled at multiple levels, working together to mediate these circulatory abnormalities. Added to the complexity is the occurrence of pathological angiogenesis during the course of disease progression, with recent emphasis given to understanding its molecular machinery and regulation. Although much remains to be learned, with the current availability of reagents and new technologies and the exchange of concepts and data among investigators, our knowledge of the molecular basis of PHT will doubtless continue to grow, accelerating the transfer of knowledge generated by basic research to clinical practice. This will hopefully permit a better future for patients with PHT. (Hepatology 2015;61:1406–1415)
The Gender Dimension of the Effects of Land Tenure Security on Agricultural Productivity: Some Evidence from two Districts in Kenya
Authors: Owoo Nkechi S. , Boakye‐Yiadom Louis
Published: August 2014

This study uses household‐level and plot‐level data in two Kenyan districts—Suba and Laikipia—to examine whether tenure security effects have a gender dimension. Average maize yields by sex of land user and tenure security show that women with titles produce significantly more than men without titles. However, using multivariate regression techniques, controlling for farmer, plot and geographic factors, we do not find any evidence that women who possess land titles are more productive than men who possess land titles. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationships between California rainfall variability and large‐scale climate drivers
Authors: Fierro Alexandre O.
Published: August 2014

Bootstrapped correlation statistics of seasonally averaged monthly rainfall anomalies for the period 1950–2012 were evaluated between a comprehensive set of Atlantic‐ and Pacific‐based large‐scale climate drivers and a group of representative stations over the state of California, United States. In line with past seminal works, the analysis showed a dominant influence of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (Pacific Decadal Oscillation) during the wetter (drier) period, particularly to the south (north) of the state. The largest correlation magnitudes were obtained for the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and the sea surface temperature (SST)‐based El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices Niños 3 and 3.4. A point‐by‐point correlation analysis with global SSTs, principal component analysis on the Pacific SST fields and wavelet spectral decomposition all assessed the robustness of the aforementioned relationships. The point‐by‐point correlation analysis with the SSTs further revealed an overall lack of relationships between rainfall and Atlantic‐based climate drivers and suggested that Indian Ocean SSTs are weakly correlated with California rainfall. This analysis also revealed that the relationship of northern California rainfall with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) could be attributed to warm SST anomalies confined along the North American coast during the warm phase of the PDO. Notably, the wavelet analysis applied to extended rainfall records (1900–2012) revealed that the peaks in the rainfall power spectrum for southern California during the drier period are coincident with calendar years associated with the nearby passage or landfall of tropical systems in the southern California/North Baja region rather than teleconnections with large‐scale climate drivers.
Improving applicant selection: Identifying qualities of the unsuccessful otolaryngology resident
Authors: Badran Karam W. , Kelley Kanwar , Conderman Christian , Mahboubi Hossein , Armstrong William B. , Bhandarkar Naveen D.
Published: August 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

To identify the prevalence and management of problematic residents. Additionally, we hope to identify the factors associated with successful remediation of unsuccessful otolaryngology residents.

Study Design

Self‐reported Internet and paper‐based survey.

Methods

An anonymous survey was distributed to 152 current and former program directors (PDs) in 2012. The factors associated with unsuccessful otolaryngology residents and those associated with the successful remediation of problematic residents were investigated. An unsuccessful resident is defined as one who quit or was removed from the program for any reason, or one whose actions resulted in criminal action or citation against their medical license after graduation from residency. Remediation is defined as an individualized program implemented to correct documented weaknesses.

Results

The overall response rate was 26% (40 PDs). Seventy‐three unsuccessful or problematic residents were identified. Sixty‐six problematic or unsuccessful residents were identified during residency, with 58 of 66 (88%) undergoing remediation. Thirty‐one (47%) residents did not graduate. The most commonly identified factors of an unsuccessful resident were: change in specialty (21.5%), interpersonal and communication skills with health professionals (13.9%), and clinical judgment (10.1%). Characteristics of those residents who underwent successful remediation include: poor performance on in‐training examination (17%, P < .01) and inefficient use of time (11.4%, P = .02).

Conclusions

A large proportion of otolaryngology PDs in this sample identified at least one unsuccessful resident. Improved methods of applicant screening may assist in optimizing otolaryngology resident selection.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 125:842–847, 2015
Independent Spanish Validation of the Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale
Authors: Cubo Esther , Goetz Christopher G. , Stebbins Glenn T. , LaPelle Nancy R. , Tilley Barbara C. , Wang Lu , Luo Sheng ,   the Spanish UDysRS Program Members
Published: August 2014

The Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale (UDysRS) assesses the severity and disability caused by dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease (PD). As part of the UDysRS development plan, the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (MDS) established guidelines for official non‐English translations. We present here the formal process for completing this program and the data on the first officially approved non‐English version of the UDysRS (Spanish). The UDysRS translation program involves four steps: translation and back‐translation; cognitive pretesting to ensure that raters and patients understand the scale and are comfortable with its content; field testing of the finalized version; and analysis of the factor structure of the tested version against the original English‐language version. To be designated an official MDS translation, the confirmatory factor analysis comparative fit index (CFI) had to be ≥0.90. The Spanish UDysRS was tested in 253 native‐Spanish‐speaking patients with PD. For all four parts of the UDysRS, the CFI, was ≥0.94. Exploratory factor analyses of the Spanish version revealed a very clear factor structure, with three factors related to ON dyskinesia, OFF dystonia, and patient perceptions of the functional effect of dyskinesias. The Spanish version of the UDysRS successfully followed the MDS Translation Program protocol, reached the criterion to be designated as an official translation, and is now available on the MDS website for use.
An a priori error estimate for the local discontinuous Galerkin method applied to two‐dimensional shallow water and morphodynamic flow
Authors: Mirabito Chris , Dawson Clint , Aizinger Vadym
Published: August 2014

The application of discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods to the numerical solution of the two‐ and three‐dimensional shallow water equations has seen increased interest over the past decade. In this article, previous work by the second author and several collaborators on the application and analysis of the DG method is extended to coupled shallow water/bed morphology dynamics, also called morphodynamics. Morphodynamic boundary value problems are used to simultaneously model shallow water hydrodynamics and sediment transport processes in estuarine and coastal systems. The governing equations of interest arise when the two‐dimensional Saint‐Venant equations are tightly coupled to the corresponding Exner equation. The tight coupling of these two processes presents numerous modeling and analytical challenges. The resulting nonlinear system is incompletely parabolic, and contains a nonconservative product. In this work, some of these analytical challenges are tackled by applying a local discontinuous Galerkin method to the morphodynamic system; the quantities of interest and their gradients are solved separately. A general, semidiscrete finite element formulation is presented, and after justifying some mild assumptions, a new a priori error estimate for the system is derived. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 31: 397–421, 2015
AIDING GOVERNMENT EFFECTIVENESS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Authors: Gisselquist Rachel M. , Resnick Danielle
Published: August 2014

More than a decade after becoming a buzzword on the development agenda, governance remains a high priority for the international donor community. This article provides an introduction and overview of key findings from the United Nations University—World Institute for Development Economics Research symposium on “Aiding Government Effectiveness in Developing Countries.” This symposium moves beyond traditional debates about whether aid supports or undermines “good governance” in the aggregate to instead focus on donor interventions in two interrelated governance domains. The first domain examines donor efforts to augment government effectiveness at providing key services to citizens by national and local authorities. Three studies in the collection therefore focus on policing, regulation, and civic education. The second addresses the underlying administrative and financial institutions and processes that facilitate service delivery. Relevant papers in this regard address decentralization, civil service reform, and taxation. In assessing what we know about “what works?” and “what could work?” across these core areas of governance, the contributions shed new light on several key themes, including the dilemma of reconciling governance with ownership, the importance of identifying exactly how context and sequencing matters, and the weaknesses in existing donor evaluation methods. © 2014 The Authors. Public Administration and Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards Excellent Anodes for Li‐Ion Batteries with High Capacity and Super Long Lifespan: Confining Ultrasmall Sn Particles into N‐Rich Graphene‐Based Nanosheets
Authors: Zhong Yiren , Yang Mei , Zhou Xianlong , Wei Jinping , Zhou Zhen
Published: August 2014

Sn is regarded as a promising anode material for Li‐ion batteries due to high capacity and cost effectiveness. Hitherto large‐scale fabrication of Sn‐based materials while achieving both high capacity and long cycle life remains challenging, but it is highly required for its realization in practical applications. Furthermore, low melting point always casts shadow over the morphology‐controllable preparation, and leads to multistep or high‐cost processes. Here, a facile and scalable method is devised for a 2D hybrid structure of Sn@graphene‐based nanosheets incorporating of optimized nitrogen species (≈13 wt%). Distinct from conventional Sn–C composites, the fairly N‐rich carbon nanosheets liberate limited potential of low N doping, induce massive extra Li‐storage sites, and encourage a high capacity significantly. In addition, these abundantly anchored heteroatoms also promote the homogeneous dispersion and robust confinement of ultrasmall Sn nanoparticles into the flexible graphene‐based nanosheets. This elastic encapsulation towards Sn nanoparticles admirably maintains structural integrity through effective remission of volume expansion, demonstrating a super long‐term cyclic stability for 1000 cycles. This structural and componential engineering offers a significant implication for rational design of materials in extended areas of energy conversion and storage.
Wave induced fatigue loads
Authors: Seidel Marc
Published: August 2014

Offshore wind turbines are subject to dynamic excitation from wave loads. Especially when monopile substructures are used, significant fatigue loads can be induced by waves, which are then governing the design. Calculations in the frequency domain are very efficient to compute such wave induced loads and by applying some simplifications, very compact equations can be derived for the determination of fatigue loads. Such simplified formulas can be applied with good accuracy and important insight on governing parameters for wave induced fatigue loads can be gained. Based upon the formulas, further methods e. g. for lumping of scatter diagrams and for interpolations of fatigue loads for different positions within a wind farm can be derived.

Welleninduzierte Ermüdungslasten – Erkenntnisse aus Berechnungen im Frequenzraum. Offshore‐Windenergieanlagen sind durch Wellen dynamisch angeregte Strukturen. Besonders bei Anlagen mit Monopile‐Substruktur sind die welleninduzierten Ermüdungslasten oft dimensionierend. Berechnungen im Frequenzraum sind zur Berechnung von welleninduzierten Ermüdungslasten sehr effizient und mit einigen Vereinfachungen können sehr kompakte Formeln zur Ermittlung der Ermüdungslasten hergeleitet werden. Diese Formeln können mit guter Genauigkeit im Design‐Prozess verwendet werden und die formelmäßigen Zusammenhänge erlauben wichtige Erkenntnisse bezüglich der Einflussparameter auf die Ermüdungslasten. Darauf basierend können weitere Methoden zur Kondensierung (Lumping) von Seegängen oder zur Interpolation von Lasten zwischen individuellen Standorten innerhalb eines Offshore‐Windparks entwickelt werden.
Syntheses, Characterization, and Crystal Structures of a Dinuclear Complex and Coordination Polymer of Mercury(II) with Schiff Base Ligands containing N3 and N4 Donors
Authors: Abedi Marjan , Khandar Ali Akbar , Gargari Masoumeh Servati , Gurbanov Atash V. , Hosseini Seyed Ali , Mahmoudi Ghodrat
Published: August 2014

Two dinuclear mercury(II) iodide compounds, [Hg2(L)(I)4] (1) and [(L′)Hg(μ‐I)2HgI2]n (2) [L = N,N′‐bis(phenyl(pyridin‐2‐yl)methylene)propane‐1,2‐diamine and L′ = N‐(phenyl(pyridin‐2‐yl)methylene)propane‐1,2‐diamine] were synthesized and characterized. The molecular structures of [Hg2(L)(I)4] (1) and [(L′)Hg(μ‐I)2HgI2]n (2), which were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, indicate that each HgII in 1 has a distorted tetrahedral environment around the metal atom with a HgN2I2 chromophore, whereas in 2 one mercury(II) atom adopts a distorted tetrahedral arrangement with a HgI4 chromophore and the other has a distorted square pyramidal environment with HgN3I2 chromophore. In the solid state, compound 2 consists of a 1D coordination polymer structure.
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Novel Copper(I) Clusters with Bridging Silyl Amide Ligands
Authors: Wagner Christoph , Merzweiler Kurt
Published: August 2014

Treatment of copper(I) chloride with R2Si(NLiPh)2 (R = Me, Ph) in thf led to the formation of the octanuclear cluster compounds [Cu8{(R2Si(NPh)2}4] [R = Me (1), Ph (2).] Compound 1 crystallizes in the tetragonal space group P4/n, with a = 1505.41(5) and c = 1911.32(7) pm. The X‐ray crystal structure determination revealed a cube shaped Cu8 cluster core with μ4 bridging Me2Si(NPh)22– ligands. The copper atoms display an almost linear coordination with Cu–N distances in the range of 191.1(3)–191.4(3) pm. The Cu–Cu distances are 265.7(1)–267.3(1) pm. Compound 2 forms monoclinic crystals, space group P21/n, with a = 1461.87(4), b = 2483.77(6), c = 2725.49(8) pm, β = 100.77(1)°. The cluster core of compound 2 consists formally of two mutually perpendicular arranged trigonal prisms, which share a common square face. Like in the case of compound 1 the square faces of the cluster core are capped by μ4 bridging Ph2Si(NPh)22– ligands. The copper atoms adopt a nearly linear N–Cu–N coordination with Cu–N distances of 190.0(4)–195.1(4) pm. The Cu–Cu distances are 252.3(1)–305.6(1) pm.
Does egg dispersal occur via the ocean in the stick insect Megacrania tsudai (Phasmida: Phasmatidae)?
Authors: Kobayashi Shun , Usui Ryota , Nomoto Kouta , Ushirokita Mineyuki , Denda Tetsuo , Izawa Masako
Published: August 2014

Although insects expand their distribution by various ways, generally only the adult phase has been taken into consideration in research on dispersal. In Megacrania tsudai, it has been proposed that eggs are dispersed through seawater. To test this hypothesis, eggs were treated under normal condition (NC) on wet cotton swabs, and marine condition (MC), floating on salt water for 30, 60, 90, and 365 days. In addition, eggs in the NC and MC treatment groups were dissected every 10 days to verify the developmental stage. The hatching rates in the NC and MC treatment groups were not significantly different among the five treatment groups. However, the egg period, time from laying to hatching, in the MC treatment group was significantly longer than that in any other treatment groups. The egg period was lengthened when the floating period on seawater was longer. The time of the start of egg development was similar in the NC and MC treatment groups, but the developmental speed was slower in the MC treatment group. These results support that M. tsudai can expand its distribution by dispersing its eggs through seawater, probably thanks to specific characteristics of eggs that allow their survival when they float in the sea.
Comportamientos abusivos de baja intensidad en las organizaciones: una revisión de la literatura y de sus implicancias
Authors: Moroni Lidia , Dabos Guillermo
Published: August 2014

Los comportamientos abusivos en el trabajo afectan el clima organizacional y deterioran el compromiso de los empleados. Entre ellos los comportamientos abusivos de baja intensidad son los más difíciles de detectar, pues se manifiestan de modo sutil y subjetivo, a través de sucesivas interacciones entre los acto- res involucrados. La literatura organizacional ofrece múltiples constructos cuyas definiciones y alcances se superponen entre sí y dificultan su adecuado tratamiento. Basado en una revisión de la literatura empírica, este trabajo analiza 14 constructos diferentes referidos como comportamientos abusivos de baja intensidad, con el objetivo de identificar aquellas dimensiones comunes que los caracterizan y exa- minar los factores del contexto organizacional que facilitan su ocurrencia y propagación. Esta revisión concluye presentando sus implicancias prácticas.
Spaces of transitive interval maps
Authors: KOLYADA SERGIĬ , MISIUREWICZ MICHAŁ , SNOHA L’UBOMÍR
Published: August 2014

On a compact real interval, the spaces of all transitive maps, all piecewise monotone transitive maps and all piecewise linear transitive maps are considered with the uniform metric. It is proved that they are contractible and uniformly locally arcwise connected. Then the spaces of all piecewise monotone transitive maps with given number of pieces as well as various unions of such spaces are considered and their connectedness properties are studied.
The pronunciation of TH in word-initial position in Malaysian English
Authors: Yamaguchi Toshiko
Published: August 2014

Mesthrie & Bhatt (2008: 125) note that ‘all New Englishes varieties treat [θ] or [ð] as something other than an interdental fricative’. Malaysian English, as a variety of New English, constitutes an interesting case study. In Malaysian English, what Mesthrie & Bhatt (2008: 125) call ‘something other than an interdental fricative’ is realized as the dental stop [t] (e.g. thought), which in this paper is dubbed ‘a new [t]’ or presented orthographically as [th > t], whose acoustic quality is strikingly different from the ordinary alveolar stop [t] (e.g. taught).
How can ESL students make the best use of learners' dictionaries?
Authors: Chan Alice Y.W.
Published: August 2014

To become lifelong learners is the ultimate goal of many if not most learners irrespective of their target of learning, and being able to self-learn is one major prerequisite of this goal. As far as the learning of a second language is concerned, dictionaries are among the most readily available and easily accessible self-learning tools available on the market, and are regarded as the most systematic and comprehensive lexical descriptions that users have access to (Jackson & Amvela, 2000). An increasing number of dictionaries are now available for learners at different levels and for different learning purposes, including general dictionaries, learners' dictionaries, translation dictionaries, pictorial dictionaries, collocation dictionaries, specialized dictionaries and encyclopaedic dictionaries (Jackson & Amvela, 2000). Of these, learners' dictionaries are among the most popular for second or foreign language learners, providing a range of information including word meanings, pronunciations, collocations, correct usage and syntactic behaviour.
‘Jamaican and Irish for fun, British to show off’: Attitudes of Croatian university students of TEFL to English language varieties
Authors: Margić Branka Drljača , Širola Dorjana
Published: August 2014

Attitudes are usually defined as positive or negative reactions to an object (e.g. Bohner, 2001; Ajzen, 2005). In the context of language attitudes, this object is a language, its speakers, features, varieties and/or linguistic usage (Baker, 1992: 17). Attitudes towards different language varieties also reflect attitudes towards wider social, cultural, political and geographical contexts of these varieties, and to some extent rely on ‘speakers’ own cultural background and stereotypes of particular cultures or societies that their own culture has mediated' (Bredella, 1991: 59). As Holmes (2001: 343) suggests, people generally do not hold opinions towards languages in a vacuum, but ‘develop attitudes towards languages which reflect their views about those who speak the languages, and the contexts and functions with which they are associated’.
Language policies and English worldwide
Authors: Bolton Kingsley
Published: August 2014

This is a weighty volume, and one which provides a very useful addition to the Cambridge Handbook series, which previously has covered such topics as phonology, code-switching, child language, endangered languages, sociolinguistics and pragmatics. The volume comprises a total of 30 chapters, which in turn are grouped into five constituent parts. Part I sets out ‘Definition and principles’, Part II deals with ‘Language policy at the macrolevel’, Part III discusses language policies in ‘Non-governmental domains’, Part IV tackles ‘Globalization and modernization’, and, finally, Part V focuses on ‘Regional and thematic issues’. Bernard Spolsky's opening chapter on ‘What is language policy?’ clears the discursive and theoretical space for much that follows, with Spolsky cogently resolving the often confusing issue of where language ‘policy’ ends and ‘planning’ begins thus:

I find it appropriate then to name the field as a whole ‘language policy’, and see it as made up of three inter-related but independent components [...] The first of these is the actual language practices of the members of the speech community […] The second component, formed in large measure by the first and confirming its influence, is made up of the values assigned by members of a speech community to each variety and variant and their beliefs about the importance of these values. […] The third component is what used to be called ‘planning’ and what I prefer to call ‘management’, efforts by some members of a speech community who have or believe they have authority over other members to modify their language practice, such as by forcing or encouraging them to use a different variety or even a different variant. (5)
IBN SĪNĀ’S APPROACH TO EQUALITY AND UNITY
Authors: Rahman Shahid , Granström Johan Georg , Salloum Zaynab
Published: August 2014

Aristotle did not develop the quantification of the predicate, but, as shown in a recent paper by Hasnawi, Ibn Sīnā did. In fact, assuming the Aristotelian subject-predicate structure, Ibn Sīnā qualifies those propositions that carry a quantified predicate as deviating (muḥarrafa) propositions. A consequence of Ibn Sīnā’s approach is that the second quantification is absorbed by the predicate term. The clear differentiation between a quantified subject, that settles the domain of quantification, and a predicative part, that builds a proposition over this domain, corresponds structurally to the distinction, made in constructive type theory, between the type of sets and the type of propositions.

Neither did Aristotle combine his logical analysis of quantification with his ontological theory of relations or equality. But Ibn Sīnā makes use of syllogisms that require a logic of equality, and considered cases where quantification combines via equality with singular terms. Moreover these reflections provide the basis for his theory of numbers that is based on the interplay between the One and the Many. If we combine Ibn Sīnā’s metaphysical theory of equality with his work on the quantification of the predicate, a logic of equality comes out naturally. Indeed, the interaction between quantification of the predicate and equality can be applied to Ibn Sīnā’s own examples of syllogisms involving these notions. By using the formal instruments provided Martin-Löf's constructive type theory, the present paper establishes links between Ibn Sīnā’s metaphysics and his logical work: links that have been discussed in relation to other topics by Thom and Street. Ibn Sīnā did not develop a logic of identity, but he did develop the conceptual means to do so.
Ronald Coase's impact on economics
Authors: SHIRLEY MARY M. , WANG NING , MÉNARD CLAUDE
Published: August 2014

Ronald Coase had a profound impact on scholarship worldwide, and not for his ideas alone. Coase's ideas about transaction costs, the nature of the firm, the role of government, and the problem of social cost have been hugely influential. Throughout his long life, he also worked to change the conduct of economics, urging economists to ground their conclusions in careful study of empirical reality rather than theories that work only on the blackboard. Less well known, perhaps, is his work to nurture and shape the emerging fields of law and economics and new institutional economics, or his support to young scholars studying institutional issues around the world. In his final years, he was preoccupied by the rapid transformation of China and the institutional structure of production. This article summarizes Coase's significant intellectual contributions to economics, pointing out along the way some of the traits that made him such a powerful thinker and exceptionally influential scholar.
Quench in the 1D Bose-Hubbard model: Topological defects and excitations from the Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transition dynamics
Authors: Dziarmaga Jacek , Zurek Wojciech H.
Published: August 2014

Kibble-Zurek mechanism (KZM) uses critical scaling to predict density of topological defects and other excitations created in second order phase transitions. We point out that simply inserting asymptotic critical exponents deduced from the immediate vicinity of the critical point to obtain predictions can lead to results that are inconsistent with a more careful KZM analysis based on causality – on the comparison of the relaxation time of the order parameter with the “time distance” from the critical point. As a result, scaling of quench-generated excitations with quench rates can exhibit behavior that is locally (i.e., in the neighborhood of any given quench rate) well approximated by the power law, but with exponents that depend on that rate and that are quite different from the naive prediction based on the critical exponents relevant for asymptotically long quench times. Kosterlitz-Thouless scaling (that governs e.g. Mott insulator to superfluid transition in the Bose-Hubbard model in one dimension) is investigated as an example of this phenomenon.
Quantification of volume and size distribution of internalised calcium phosphate particles and their influence on cell fate
Authors: Williams Richard L. , Vizcaíno-Castón Isaac , Grover Liam M.
Published: August 2014

We report preliminary findings suggesting that the diameter of internalised calcium phosphate particles/aggregates is critical to cell fate, with diameters larger than 1.5 μm leading to cell death.
A bistable switch in pH in urease-loaded alginate beads
Authors: Muzika F. , Bánsági T. , Schreiber I. , Schreiberová L. , Taylor A. F.
Published: August 2014

A bistable switch from a low pH (unreacted “off”) state to a high pH (reacted “on”) state was obtained in enzyme-loaded gel beads in response to supra-threshold substrate concentrations.
A facilely synthesized amino-functionalized metal–organic framework for highly specific and efficient enrichment of glycopeptides
Authors: Zhang Yi-Wei , Li Ze , Zhao Qiang , Zhou Ying-Lin , Liu Hu-Wei , Zhang Xin-Xiang
Published: August 2014

A facilely synthesized amino-functionalized metal–organic framework MIL-101(Cr)-NH2 was first applied for highly specific and efficient glycopeptide enrichment.
Cavity transport effects in generator–collector electrochemical analysis of nitrobenzene
Authors: Lewis Grace E. M. , Dale Sara E. C. , Kasprzyk-Hordern Barbara , Lubben Anneke T. , Barnes Edward O. , Compton Richard G. , Marken Frank
Published: August 2014

Two types of generator–collector electrode systems, (i) a gold–gold interdigitated microband array and (ii) a gold–gold dual-plate microtrench, are compared for nitrobenzene electroanalysis in aerated aqueous 0.1 M NaOH.
Charge transfer and recombination at the metal oxide/CH3NH3PbClI2/spiro-OMeTAD interfaces: uncovering the detailed mechanism behind high efficiency solar cells
Authors: Shen Qing , Ogomi Yuhei , Chang Jin , Tsukamoto Syota , Kukihara Kenji , Oshima Takuya , Osada Naoya , Yoshino Kenji , Katayama Kenji , Toyoda Taro , Hayase Shuzi
Published: August 2014

Charge transfer and recombination dynamics at metal oxide (Y2O3or TiO2)/CH3NH3PbClI2/spiro-OMeTAD interfaces.
Synthesis and structures of mononuclear 3,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolyl complexes of Rh(i) and Ni(ii)
Authors: Rivers Joseph H. , Jones Richard A.
Published: August 2014

The synthesis and structures of new mononuclear complexes of the 3,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrrolyl ligand (3,4-(CF3)2-Pyr−) with Rh(i) and Ni(ii) are reported.
A microfabricated optofluidic ring resonator for sensitive, high-speed detection of volatile organic compounds
Authors: Scholten Kee , Fan Xudong , Zellers Edward T.
Published: August 2014

A microfabricated optofluidic ring resonator (μOFRR) sensor is introduced and its utility as a detector for micro-scale gas chromatography is assessed.
On-demand weighing of single dry biological particles over a 5-order-of-magnitude dynamic range
Authors: Chan Bin-Da , Icoz Kutay , Huang Wanfeng , Chang Chun-Li , Savran Cagri A.
Published: August 2014

A method to weigh individually selected biological microparticles over a dynamic range of 30 pg to 2.4 μg. The figure shows a single pollen grain specifically picked and placed on the left-hand cantilever for weighing; on the right-hand cantilever is a bead used as a reference.
An alumina stabilized ZnO–graphene anode for lithium ion batteries via atomic layer deposition
Authors: Yu Mingpeng , Wang Aiji , Wang Yinshu , Li Chun , Shi Gaoquan
Published: August 2014

A ZnO–graphene aerogel composite was prepared by atomic layer deposition and further modified with an ultrathin alumina coating, exhibiting high-performance in lithium ion batteries as an anode material.
Directed assembly of nanoparticles to isolated diatom valves using the non-wetting characteristics after pyrolysis
Authors: Jantschke A. , Fischer C. , Hensel R. , Braun H.-G. , Brunner E.
Published: August 2014

A novel strategy for a directed nanoparticle coupling to isolatedStephanopyxis turrisvalves is presented.
Single nickel-related defects in molecular-sized nanodiamonds for multicolor bioimaging: an ab initio study
Authors: Thiering Gergő , Londero Elisa , Gali Adam
Published: August 2014

Multicolor fluorescence from single nickel-related color centers for in vivo bioimaging using nanodiamonds.
Functional graphene springs for responsive actuation
Authors: Cheng Huhu , Liang Yuan , Zhao Fei , Hu Yue , Dong Zelin , Jiang Lan , Qu Liangti
Published: August 2014

Graphene fiber spring (GFS) has been demonstrated to possess a large elongation of up to 480% with a stable elasticity coefficient for 100 000 times of stretch. Remarkably, the GFS performs reversibly stretchable actuation under electrostatic effects, and responds to an applied magnetic field for the development of novel magnetostriction switches and actuators once functionalized.
Polyoxometalate-based hybrid organogels prepared from a triblock copolymer via charge-driven assembly
Authors: Zhang Tao , Guo Qipeng
Published: August 2014

We report a novel approach for preparation of polyoxometalate-based hybrid organogels from a triblock copolymer and phosphotungstic acid (HPW) via charge-induced assembly.
Synthesis, molecular modeling and biological evaluation of cinnamic acid derivatives with pyrazole moieties as novel anticancer agents
Authors: Zhang Wei-Ming , Xing Man , Zhao Ting-Ting , Ren Yu-Jia , Yang Xian-Hui , Yang Yu-Shun , Lv Peng-Cheng , Zhu Hai-Liang
Published: August 2014

Compound30ewith potent EGFR and HER-2 inhibitory activity may be a potential anticancer agent.
The uniqueness and therapeutic value of natural products from West African medicinal plants, part III: least abundant compound classes
Authors: Simoben Conrad V. , Ntie-Kang Fidele , Lifongo Lydia L. , Babiaka Smith B. , Sippl Wolfgang , Mbaze Luc Meva'a
Published: August 2014

In this review, a continuation of our in-depth coverage of natural products derived from West African medicinal plants with diverse biological activities has been given.
Novel visible light-induced g-C3N4 quantum dot/BiPO4 nanocrystal composite photocatalysts for efficient degradation of methyl orange
Authors: Li Zesheng , Li Bolin , Peng Shaohong , Li Dehao , Yang Siyuan , Fang Yueping
Published: August 2014

Novel g-C3N4 quantum dot/BiPO4 nanocrystal heterostructured photocatalysts have been synthesized; the photocatalytic activity for degradation of methyl orange as been significantly improved under visible light (λ > 420 nm) irradiation.
Electronic structure and optical properties of Si–O–N compounds with different crystal structures
Authors: Duan Zhi-Gang , Zhao Zong-Yan , Yang Pei-Zhi
Published: August 2014

The optical properties of Si–O–N compounds are determined not only by their component, but also by their microstructure.
Increased chemopreventive effect by combining arctigenin, green tea polyphenol and curcumin in prostate and breast cancer cells
Authors: Wang Piwen , Wang Bin , Chung Seyung , Wu Yanyuan , Henning Susanne M. , Vadgama Jaydutt V.
Published: August 2014

Combining curcumin (A), green tea polyphenol (B) with arctigenin (C) synergistically enhanced the anti-proliferative effect in prostate and breast cancer cells.