bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems: Twelfth Volume
Authors: Devisetty BN , Chasin DG , Berger PD
Published: March 2009

Description

Significant scientific information on the latest developments in pesticides formulation and application technologies. 27 papers in sections on:

• Novel Surfactants and Their Properties

• Pesticide Formulation Technologies

• Pesticide Packaging and Management

• Pesticide Application Technologies
Fire Hazard and Fire Risk Assessment
Authors: Hirschler MM
Published: March 2009

Description

Take an up-to-date look at fire hazard and fire risk assessment techniques.

16 peer-reviewed papers represent fir broad categories:

• Introduction to Fire Hazard and Fire Risk Assessment

• Use of Fire Tests for Fire Hazard Assessment

• Fire Hazard Assessment

• Fire Risk Assessment

• Fire Risk Assessment and Building Codes.

For fire protection engineers, R&D people associated with making fire safe materials or products, code officials, specifications engineers.
Superfund Risk Assessment in Soil Contamination Studies
Authors: Hoddinott K
Published: March 2009

Description

Includes listing of modifications and innovations used in risk assessments accepted by the EPA. While beginners can benefit greatly from the papers presented here, this collection finds its best use in the hands of the experienced risk assessor. The papers present modifications of the basic EPA methodology which have been acceptable to regulators at specific sites. 22 peer-reviewed papers cover:

• Site Characterization

• Fate and Transport

• Toxicity, Exposures, and Receptors

• Risk Characterization/Case Studies

• Establishing Cleanup Levels.
Wear Testing of Advanced Materials
Authors: Divakar R , Blau PJ
Published: March 2009

Description

STP 1167 addresses special problems engineers encounter when developing and using wear tests for ceramics and other advanced materials.
Science and Technology of Building Seals, Sealants, Glazing, and Waterproofing
Authors: Parise CJ
Published: March 2009

Description

Progress and developments in the technology of building seals, sealants, glazing, and waterproofing. Papers cover:

• Problems and research related to movement of sealants during cure

• Structural sealant glazing

• Sealants immersed in water

• Factors affecting the design of joint seals in exterior insulation finish systems (EIFS)

• The state-of-the-art relative to insulating glass edge seals

• A case histgry retrofit to a building deck waterproofing failure.
Polymer-Modified Hydraulic-Cement Mixtures
Authors: Kuhlmann LA , Walters DG
Published: March 2009

Description

11 peer-reviewed papers on the latest technology relating to polymer modification of hydraulic cements. Topics include:

• Applications of polymer-modified mortar, including ceramic tile in flooring applications, mortar coatings for concrete to reduce alkali-silica reaction, and properties for patching

• Properties of mortar modified with powders made from ethylene vinyl acetate and acrylic polymers

• Concrete made with styrene-modifier

• Update on the status of current activities at ASTM with these materials.
Composite Materials for Implant Applications in the Human Body: Characterization and Testing
Authors: Jamison RD , Gilbertson LN
Published: March 2009

Description

The bulk of the papers in STP 1178 are concerned with orthopaedic applications. Despite the optimism about the potential of orthopaedic applications of composites, the emphasis of many of these papers is caution. Orthopaedic prosthetic devices are nonredundant systems that are not easily replaced. Failure of a single component in a system or a material could lead to loss of function of the device and require a revision operation. Consequently, many of the methods presented relate to the long-term viability of the composite materials and devices.
Masonry: Design and Construction, Problems and Repair
Authors: Melander JM , Lauersdorf LR
Published: March 2009

Description

28 papers ranging from masonry design and construction to the evaluation of masonry problems and repair techniques. Of these papers: 6 examine the relationship of design to various performance aspects of masonry; 7 focus on properties of masonry materials and assemblies; 9 examine test procedures used to evaluate materials and assemblies; and 6 discuss strategies and techniques used to repair masonry.
Alternatives to Chlorofluorocarbon Fluids in the Cleaning of Oxygen and Aerospace Systems and Components
Authors: Bryan CJ , Gebert-Thompson K
Published: March 2009

Description

STP 1181 describes methods to clean and verify the level of cleanliness using environmentally acceptable agents. 13 peer-reviewed papers present:

• alternative cleaning and verification procedures

• information of mutual benefit to the producers, customers, and manufacturers

• a database for the revision of cleaning and verification of systems and components, and

• a guide for future efforts in the problems of cleaning and verification of systems and components used by the aerospace and oxygen communities.
Geosynthetic Soil Reinforcement Testing Procedures
Authors: Cheng S-C
Published: March 2009

Description

Topics addressed include:

• Mechanical and durability properties with respect to reinforcement function of geosynthetics

• Analysis of reinforcement testing results

• Evaluation of testing results in relation to design. 17peer-reviewed papers.
Advances in Multiaxial Fatigue
Authors: McDowell DL , Ellis JR
Published: March 2009

Description

24 papers in 5 categories:

• Multiaxial Fatigue Life Models

• Experimental Multiaxial Fatigue Studies

• Multiaxial Stress-Strain Behavior

• Multiaxial Micro/Macro Crack Growth Studies

• Multiaxial Fatigue of Notched Components.
Creative Use of Bearing Steels
Authors: Hoo JJC
Published: March 2009

Description

23 papers written by internationally renowned scientists and engineers cover:

• Heat Treatment: Carburizing and Through-Hardening

• Surface Modification

• Powder Metallurgy

• Corrosion Resistant Bearing Steels

• New Bearing Steels

• Improvement of Rolling Contact Fatigue Life

• New Bearing Steel Making Processes.

One of the few, if only, volumes available that presents both the views and research of bearing steel producers and users.
Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres: Sixth Volume
Authors: Stoltzfus JM , Janoff DD
Published: March 2009

Description

The concepts and practices used in the designing oxygen systems, as well as the proper use of materials in oxygen-enriched environments. 26 peer-reviewed papers in 6 sections:

• Development and Evaluation of Test Methods

• Ignition and Combustion of Polymers

• Ignition and Combustion of Metals

• Analysis of Ignition Mechanisms

• Structured Packing for Cryogenic Air Separation Plants

• Miscellaneous
Accelerated and Outdoor Durability Testing of Organic Materials
Authors: Grossman D , Ketola WD
Published: March 2009

Description

Recent advances in polymer chemistry and stabilization and increasing consumer demands for longer lasting products require use of faster, more reliable methods to evaluate durability of materials. The controversy continues: How to properly test materials for resistance to sunlight, rain, and atmospheric acid and salt? Proper use of results from accelerated tests depends on understanding: 1) how the exposure stresses in the accelerated test match those found in field use and 2) impact of variability in results from accelerated tests and outdoor exposures. STP 1202 presents 15 peer-reviewed papers that cover research in characterization of exposure tests, and new developments in exposure equipment and exposure test design.
Eleventh Volume: Composite Materials—Testing and Design
Authors: Camponeschi ET
Published: March 2009

Description

STP 1206 contains information on the testing, analysis, and design of composite materials. 22 papers in sections on:

• Materials Testing and Response;

• Design and Analysis;

• Interlaminar Fracture and Strength.

The largest portion of the papers deals with testing and analysis of composites at the coupon level or below, with a few papers dealing with design issues or analyses used specifically for a design.
Clinical and Laboratory Performance of Bone Plates
Authors: Harvey JP , Games RF
Published: March 2009

Description

Describes the clinical use of bone plates as well as their mechanical properties from both clinical and engineering points of view. Metabollic plates as well as the experimental plates made of bioabsorbable materials are covered. 12 papers in 4 sections:

• Screws

• Materials and Design

• Testing Methods

• Clinical Application
Effects of Design and Screw Torque on Stresses in Spinal and Fracture Fixation Plates: A Photoelastic Study
Authors: Heiner AD , Brown SA
Published: March 2009

The stresses on an orthopaedic device are dependent on the dimensional design of the device and the applied loads. The stresses on spinal plates and fracture fixation plates were studied using photoelastic stress analysis. Photoelastic spinal plate models revealed the areas of stress concentration and the expansion behavior of the plates, when a screw was screwed down into a plate slot. Photoelastic fracture fixation plate models attached to bone models showed relative stresses as the amount of bending, screw tightness, plate width, and hole spacing were varied. This photoelastic study and others like it can evaluate potential designs or design changes for orthopaedic devices.
Metallurgical Properties of Unalloyed Titanium Limited Contact Dynamic Compression Plates
Authors: Disegi JA , Cesarone DM
Published: March 2009

The AO/ASIF Limited Contact Dynamic Compression Plate (LC-DCP®) is fabricated from implant quality unalloyed titanium material that conforms to ASTM F67 standard [1]. Broad and narrow 4.5 mm plates and small 3.5 mm plates are used with unalloyed titanium bone screws for fracture fixation of the femur, tibia, and forearm. The LC-DCP concept of biological plating is described elsewhere.

Metallurgical properties must be closely controlled to provide a satisfactory level of functional performance. Microstructure, composition, processing, and testing guidelines are important for bone plate applications. Optimum microstructure features include fine grain size, absence of nonmetallic inclusions, and low volume fraction of TiFe intermetallic phase. The influence of iron on the corrosion resistance of unalloyed titanium is well documented.

Special metallurgical processing ensures an enhanced combination of strength and ductility. Bone plate raw material is evaluated according to a standardized bend test method. Four point bend testing data is compared for titanium LC-DCP and 316L stainless steel DCP implants.
Buried Plastic Pipe Technology: 2nd Volume
Authors: Eckstein D
Published: March 2009

Description

An update in the technology of buried plastic pipe. 17 peer-reviewed papers in sections on Field Testing, Design and Installation, Rehabilitation, Laboratory testing, and Trenchless Construction.

Topics include: • effects of acid environment on PVC pipe • analysis of rehabilitation techniques • three-dimensional visoelastic finite-element model to predict circumferential stress and strain in HDPE pipes • design methodology for buried HDPE manholes that accounts for both the rind-directed and axially-directed effects of applied earth pressure • new test for studying behavior for buried plastic pipes in hoop compression.
Cyclic Cantilever Fatigue Testing of Compression Hip Screw Plates
Authors: Peterson RR , Lynch GE , Brasher TW
Published: March 2009

In order to evaluate the fatigue strength and fracture mode of various compression hip screw plates, five different hip screw plate designs manufactured by four different companies were evaluated by cantilever loading the lag screw in the horizontal position with a predetermined load until failure. The plate portion of the device was secured to force the fracture to occur in the lag screw, barrel, or barrel/plate junction. The different products exhibited three different fracture modes and displayed as much as a 25X difference in the fatigue life averages. Design, material and processing differences were cited for this wide range of fatigue performance. The load which was used was extremely severe and was designed to determine a finite life for each design under specific test conditions. This information could be used for comparison purposes and for standardizing future testing.
The Weakest Link in the Bone ‐ Plate ‐ Fracture System; Changes with Time
Authors: Kato S , Latta LL , Malinin T
Published: March 2009

A retrospective analysis of data from a series of animal studies using the same animal model and methods of evaluation along with one prospective series of animals, provided comparable data on 83 dogs from 0 to 24 weeks post fracture. Closed diaphyseal fractures of the radius were created in 83 adult mongrel dogs. Forty-five were plated with 6 hole DCP stainless steel compression plates and 38 were plated with freeze-dried allograft bone plates. Mechanical evaluation of the strength of the healing bones was carried out at 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 weeks post fracture and analysis of the mode of failure, the location of failure and correlation with the strength of failure and time post fracture were evaluated for each different type of fixation. Both, the stainless steel and alloplated groups were divided into two subgroups: 1) refracture was carried out after removal of the fixation screws, and 2) refracture was carried out with the plates and screws intact. In the stainless steel plated animals at refracture, if the plates were removed: up to 4 weeks post injury, 100% of the refractures occurred through the fracture site (0% through screw holes); at 8 weeks, 50% (and 50%); at 12 weeks, 0% (and 100%); at 24 weeks, 75% (and 25%). In the stainless steel plated group where the plates were left intact at refracture, most of the refractures occurred at screw holes within the first 8 weeks postfracture, and by 24 weeks, the plates bent but remained attached to the bone, crushing the fracture site. In alloplated bones after screw removal, the refractures occurred at the fracture site consistently over the first 4 weeks; through screw holes at 8 weeks; and with mixed results at 12 and 24 weeks. If the screws were left intact at refracture in the alloplated group, 100% of the refractures occurred through the fracture site at 0 weeks, but from 8 weeks on, refractures were mixed In the stainless steel plated groups, whether the plate was left intact or whether the screws were removed, the refracture strength at screw holes never exceeded 50% of the original strength of the bone.
Mechanical Evaluation of Internal and External Fixation for Metacarpal Fractures
Authors: Ouellette A , Kato S , Nakamura K , Latta LL , Burkhalter WE
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this study was to compare fixation techniques for metacarpal fractures under the most and least mechanically demanding situations: bone contact and no bone contact and to test the potential role of soft tissues in providing a mechanically significant tension band to support the fixation. Two hundred fifty-eight (258) human metacarpals fixed in formalin (some dissected free of soft tissue and others in intact hands) were mechanically tested in 3 point, apex dorsal bending with midshaft transverse osteotomies to compare five (5) types of internal fixation and nine configurations of external fixation. In addition, eighty-four (84) proximal phalanges were fixed with both dorsal and lateral plates and tested in 3 point bending with and without soft tissue support. Reduction with end to end contact was obtained in the first series and a 3 mm. gap at the osteotomy site was obtained in a second series. The dorsal plate provided the greatest rigidity and strength with bone contact. External fixation was at least as strong and rigid as wire internal fixation. All configurations of external fixation were were stronger and more rigid than internal fixation with agap at the fracture site. Double frame configurations were statistically significantly more rigid and stronger than single frames in almost all configurations tested and pin placement nearest the A-P plane were the most rigid and the strongest. More compliant fixation systems were supplemented the most in by intact soft tissues, but all fixation systems incrested in strength and stiffness with intact soft tissues. Lateral plates were comparable in strength and stiffness to dorsal plates in dorsal bending only when soft tissues were intact.
Biomechanics of Ulnar Osteotomies and Plate Fixation
Authors: Rayhack JM , Gasser SI , Milne EL , Latta LL
Published: March 2009

Osteotomies to shorten the ulna have proven to be an effective procedure for ulnar positive wrist syndrome. However, the procedure has been fraught with a number of mechanical problems which have limited its clinical and biological success. This work proposes a solution for some of these mechanical problems and tests this hypothesis in the laboratory and the clinical setting.

Twenty pairs of human ulnas (5 pairs in each group) had shortening osteotomies performed. One side had conventional transverse, “free-hand” cuts, coaptation by hand and compression and neutralization by a standard A0 3.5 mm, 7-hole DCP Plate. The contralateral ulna had a fixture attached to the bone to control the cutting saw and the bone fragments throughout the 45° osteotomy cuts and controlled coaptation and compression with an intrafragmentary lag screw and neutralization with a 2.5 mm, low profile, 7-hole plate. After the co-aptation, compression and neutralization were complete, the fixture was removed, and each ulna was elastically tested for bending (in two planes) and torsion stiffness, and for strength in apex volar bending. Bending stiffness of both plate designs was also measured.

Structural stiffness was clearly greater in torsion testing for the oblique osteotomy at a significance level of P < .04. No biomechanical difference was identified in the AP and lateral bending tests despite the fact that the low profile plate was only half the bending rigidity of the standard plate.

In a clinical trial, twenty-three transverse osteotomies were compared to seventeen oblique osteotomies using the described instruments. The healing rate and consistency was improved for the oblique osteotomy group compared to the transverse osteotomy group by 10.9 versus 20.6 weeks to healing in 100% versus 96% completely healed cases, respectively.

The osteotomy instrumentation system not only provided the surgeon with a means of reducing operative time, post-operative complications, ease of implementation and reduced hardware bulk in the subcutaneous region, but also improved the mechanical and clinical performance for short and long term due to the precision and configuration of the construct, requiring less mechanically demanding hardware.
The 3.5 Millimeter Limited Contact Dynamic Compression Plate: A Preliminary Report of Technical Advantages
Authors: Seiler JG , Jupiter JB , Miller M , Albert MJ , Doxey M
Published: March 2009

A preliminary, prospective, multicenter study using the 3.5 mm low contact dynamic compression plate (LCDCP) for traumatic and reconstructive problems in the upper extremity skeleton is presented. Over a 13-month period in three institutions, 26 plates were implanted in 21 patients. Twelve were male and 9 female, with an average age of 26 years. Eleven LCDCP were used for acute fractures. Fifteen plates were used in reconstructions, including nonunions; radial osteotomies; and wrist arthrodeses. Twelve were stainless steel and 14 titanium. Plate lengths ranged from 6 holes to 10 holes. Multi-directional contouring was required in 6 cases. Obliquely placed 3.5 mm design “shaft” lag screws were used in 2 cases. In 4 cases, the plate design permitted compression in 2 opposing directions along the longitudinal axis of the bone. In one case, the newer hole design allowed placement of an oblique lag screw at a 40-degree angle to the plate. All patients were treated with a functional aftercare program. Radiographic and clinical union was achieved within 3 months in each case. There were no immediate or late postoperative problems. Functional limb recovery was noted in each case. One patient had plate removal 6 months post wrist arthrodesis due to extensor tendon inflammation. The plate was securely fixed. Microscopic sections of zones of contact and non-contact clearly demonstrated increased osteoporosis in the zones of plate contact. This experience supports the fact that with the LCDCP internal fixation is secure, plate design allows easier 3-dimensional contouring, and screw placement is facilitated.
Roofing Research and Standards Development: 3rd Volume
Authors: Wallace TJ , Rossiter WJ
Published: March 2009

Description

Provides recommendations that will help you assure the satisfactory performance of roofing systems. 14 peer-reviewed papers cover

• Standards Developments and Test Methods

• Bituminous Roofing

• Synthetic Materials

• Insulation
Vehicle-Road Interaction
Authors: Kulakowski BT
Published: March 2009

Description

Most of the problems associated with the safety, economy, and overall quality of road transportation are affected by the characteristics of both roads and vehicles and by the manner in which these two dynamic systems interact. Unlike other publications that deal with either vehicles or roads, STP 1225 places equal emphasis on the vehicle and the roadway.

16 peer-reviewed papers written by top researchers in the field cover:

• Modeling and Simulation of Vehicle Dynamics and Vehicle-Road Dynamic Interaction

• Laboratory and Field Tests of Vehicle-Induced Pavement Ladings

• Tire Characteristics

• Ride Quality and Road Roughness

• Advances in Vehicle Suspension Design and Dontrol

• Noise Emission due to Vehicle-Tire-Road Interaction

• and Fuel Efficiency and Rolling Resistance.
Reactor Dosimetry
Authors: Farrar H , Lippincott EP , Williams JG , Vehar DW
Published: March 2009

Description

Presents the most up to date research available from the world's leading experts in neutron and gammaray physics and dosimetry. This state-of-the-art review features over 85 peer-reviewed papers on such wide-ranging subjects as:

Pressure Vessel Surveillance Dosimetry -- 17papers, including review papers on the current status of surveillance standards, several papers on the status of surveillance programs in central and eastern European countries, and a number of papers on handling uncertainties in surveillance data.

Passive and Active Neutron Dosimetry Techniques -- two sections containing papers that describe some of the newest techniques in neutron metrology.

Benchmarks -- includes papers describing the analysis of benchmark neutron environments for verification and validation of measurement and calculational results.

Gamma-Ray Dosimetry Techniques -- 5 papers describing some of the latest techniques for determining gamma-ray fluences in reactor environments.

Radiation Damage Evaluation and Measurements-- contains papers correlating various aspects of radiation damage with fluence.

Radiation Field Characterization -- 8 papers describe analyses in a wide variety of neutron environments, ranging from neutron fields in light-water moderated research reactors to photoneutron fields produced by an electron accelerator.

Nuclear Data -- papers on evaluations of specific cross sections important for dosimetry applications, as well as evaluation and testing of updated dosimetry cross-section libraries. In addition, this section includes 2 papers on the evaluation and testing of the most recent multigroup cross-section libraries used for neutron and gamma-ray transport calculations.

High-Energy Neutron Dosimetry -- 5 papers that support research in fusion energy.

Three keynote presentations and summaries of nine workshop meetings are also included in this comprehensive edition.
Automation in Fatigue and Fracture: Testing and Analysis
Authors: Amzallag C
Published: March 2009

Description

Broad range of topics describe how advancements in digital computer hardware and software have opened up new opportunities in mechanical testing, modeling of physical processes, data analysis and interpretation, applications in engineering environments.

40 peer-reviewed papers from developers of testing methodology, researchers and scientists who evaluate and predict materials response, and engineers who apply the results to current day challenges in industry.
Science and Technology of Building Seals, Sealants, Glazing, and Waterproofing: 3rd Volume
Authors: Myers JC
Published: March 2009

Description

The latest information on sealant reversion, updated data on sealant weathering and durability, design guidance for expansion joins in deck waterproofing, guidance for sealant selection, and research on silicon adhesion. 7 peer-reviewed papers in 3 sections: Durability • Design • Testing.
Inelastic Shear Response of Unidirectional Composites from Torsion of Solid Bars
Authors: Chatterjee SN , Yen CF , Kessler JA , Adams DF
Published: March 2009

Results of torsion tests on solid circular and rectangular bars for the determination of the shear response of unidirectional graphite/epoxy composites are reported. Such tests have been used by some investigators for determining the shear modulus. Determination of nonlinear shear response from torque-twist (or shear strain) data is, however, a difficult task. It is a common practice to determine the shear stress distribution by the use of linear elasticity theory even when the shear response is highly nonlinear.

In this study, the inelastic stress states in solid circular and rectangular bars are considered. A simple procedure is used for analyzing the data for circular bars. For rectangular specimens it is assumed that the material is elastoplastic, showing strain hardening such that the shear stress-strain response is of the Ramberg-Osgood type. A method is suggested for backing out the RambergOsgood parameters from test data for rectangular bars. Representative data from tests on both types of bars are compared with data from other tests. The results compare well with Iosipescu and two-rail shear data up to a shear strain level of 3%. Responses obtained from specimens of different cross-section or dimensions and lengths are presented. Failure mechanisms and reasons for low ultimate strains (as compared to Iosipescu and two-rail shear tests) are discussed. Based on analytical studies of end effects and observed failure mechanisms, suggestions are made regarding choice of specimen dimensions for obtaining reliable data. It appears that torsion tests provide a useful simple method for determining nonlinear shear response of unidirectional composites, especially when other methods may not be suitable due to special types of product forms like pultruded bars or thick sections.
Compression of “Thick” Composites: Two Test Methods
Authors: Goeke EC
Published: March 2009

Because several uses of “thick” composites have become important to the armed forces, a need to characterize the compression properties of such materials was evident. A literature review did not uncover a test specimen that was adequate. Two programs to explore compression specimens will be discussed.

The Navy specimen is an end-loaded coupon with tabs and clamping blocks. Its use was studied with glass epoxy and carbon epoxy materials.

The Army specimen is a prism. Several materials have been tested with it. The observed failures and consistency of data indicate that it is a useful compression specimen.
Measurement of Multiaxial Ply Strength by an Off-Axis Flexure Test
Authors: Crews JH , Naik RA
Published: March 2009

An off-axis flexure (OAF) test has been presented to measure ply strength under multiaxial stress states. This test involves unidirectional off-axis specimens loaded in bending, using an apparatus that allows these anisotropic specimens to twist as well as flex without the complications of a resisting torque. A three-dimensional (3-D) finite element stress analysis verified that simple beam theory could be used to compute the specimen bending stresses at failure. Unidirectional graphite/epoxy specimens with fiber angles ranging from 90° to 15° have combined normal and shear stresses on their failure planes that are typical of 45° plies in structural laminates. Tests for a range of stress states with AS4/3501-6 specimens showed that both normal and shear stresses on the failure plane influenced cracking resistance. This OAF test may prove to be useful for generating data needed to predict ply cracking in composite structures and may also provide an approach for studying fiber-matrix (F-M) interface failures under stress states typical of structures.
Biaxial Testing and Failure Mechanisms in Tubular G-10 Composite Laminates
Authors: Wang JZ , Socie DF
Published: March 2009

An experimental study of static strength and failure mechanisms of G-10 woven composites laminates was conducted on tubular specimens. Loading conditions included tension, compression, internal pressure, and external pressure to produce any desired combination of axial and hoop stresses or strains. Small IITRI and larger tubular specimens tested in tension in both fill (axial) and warp (hoop) directions failed in a typical tensile failure mode of fiber fracture. Under uniaxial compression loading, IITRI specimens failed by out-of-plane kinking in both fill and warp directions. Tubular specimens failed by out-of-plane kinking in the fill (axial) direction and delamination followed by out-of-plane kinking in the warp (hoop) direction. Both IITRI and tubular specimens have the same failure mode in compression in the fill (axial) direction which results in the same failure strength. Delamination failure for tubular specimens in the warp (hoop) compression causes 50% loss of failure strength compared with IITRI specimens. However, the delamination did not reduce the failure strain. For tubular specimens under biaxial loading, biaxial stress state without an in-plane shear can be adequately described by a maximum stress or maximum strain criterion considering different failure modes.
Elastic Constants of Isotropic and Orthotropic Composite Materials from Plate Vibration Test Data
Authors: Ayorinde EO , Gibson RF , Wen Y-F
Published: March 2009

In a separate paper, the first two authors have described a method for deriving the elastic constants of an orthotropic composite material from resonance frequencies and mode shapes obtained in a modal analysis of a completely free plate. In this paper, the method is customized for isotropic materials. This much faster version, which presumes isotropy, is used to predict the elastic constants of square-plate specimens of aluminum and a nearly isotropic glass/polyester sheet molding compound (SMC). The results are compared to those from the full orthotropic method.

The paper examines the relative accuracies of the methods for obtaining frequencies. It also examines the effects on the predicted elastic constants of two different methods for simulating the free edge boundary condition: suspension by nylon filaments and placement on a soft cotton pad. The inverse method is used to obtain the properties of the SMC plate and of a rectangular graphite/epoxy plate cushioned on the cotton pad. The rectangular-plate graphite/epoxy results are compared to results for the same plate suspended by nylon filaments, and to those from the suspended square plate of the same material.

These results indicate that the method proposed by the authors has potential for rapidly and economically estimating the elastic constants of isotropic and orthotropic materials.
Thermomechanical Fatigue Behavior of SiC/Ti-24Al-11Nb [0]8 in Air and Argon Environments
Authors: Bartolotta PA , Verrilli MJ
Published: March 2009

A series of tension-tension, load-controlled thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) tests was conducted on a titanium aluminide composite in both laboratory air and a flowing argon environment. Results from these tests show that the environment plays an increasingly important role as applied stress levels are decreased. Differences in damage mechanisms between the two environments were observed which correspond to observed variations in TMF lives.
Experimental Determination of the Effect of Hole Interaction on Stress Concentrations in Angle Ply Graphite/Epoxy Composite Panels
Authors: Sorem JR , Glaessgen EH , Tipton SM
Published: March 2009

Although laminated plates have gained acceptance for use in primary aircraft structural components, their behavior is still not completely understood. The need to include multiple holes for fasteners, weight reduction, and access greatly complicates design processes developed for unnotched plates. In this paper, experimentally measured strains and calculated stress concentration factors are reported for “three hole” combinations representative of geometries found in composite aerostructures. Reasonable correlation is observed between measured strains and strain determined from finite element analyses.

Three different stacking sequences are considered, each representative of a bound on equivalent elastic constants for in-plane loading found in common design practice. The stacking sequences include (0/ + 45/-45/0)2s, (0/ + 45/-45/90)2s and (90/ + 45/ - 45/90)2s. After fabrication, a central hole and two symmetric “influencing” holes were cut in the panels. Strain gages were then applied to the inside of the central hole and in a region away from the holes to provide free field strains. During tensile loading, strains at both locations were recorded and scaled using a modified secant method to obtain the strain concentration factors. Material orientation was then considered in the computation of stress concentration factors. The experimentally obtained results presented in this paper represent design criteria for several geometries. Additional results from extensive finite element analyses are being compiled for publication as a family of design curves.
Design and Testing of Composite Laminates for Optimum Extension-Twist Coupling
Authors: Armanios EA , Hooke D , Kamat M , Palmer D , Li J
Published: March 2009

A constrained optimization scheme is used to determine the stacking sequence that maximizes the extension-twist coupling in a composite laminate while maintaining its hygrothermal stability. The results are compared with the hygrothermally stable laminates obtained by stacking a set of rotated [0/90] plies. It is found that the laminate configurations resulting from the optimization scheme have improved coupling. Their coupling magnitude, however, is very sensitive to changes in fiber angle.

Eight sets of laminates with varying extension-twist coupling were fabricated and tested using a custom loading transducer designed to allow the laminate end to twist while undergoing extension. Test results were compared with analytical predictions.
Modeling of the Thermo-Elastic Properties of Woven Fabric Composites in Complex Shapes
Authors: Laroche D , Vu-Khanh T
Published: March 2009

The fabrication of complex parts such as double curvature shells made from woven fabric composites leads to in-plane shear deformations that modify the orthogonal structure of the fabric. This may cause significant changes in the thermo-mechanical properties of each ply. This paper presents a study on the thermo-mechanical properties of woven fabric composites after in-plane shear deformations resulting from the forming process of fabrication. The properties of the deformed composite are predicted using a sub-plies model. Using equivalent properties that have been deter- mined experimentally for fictive unidirectional sub-plies, the modeling of the thermo-elastic proper ties of non-orthotropic, deformed woven fabric composites in parts of complex shape is proposed. The advantage of the model is that it allows direct use of layered shell elements in finite elements codes. The validity of the model is verified by performing experimental measurements on woven fabric composites of two different fabric structures, previously deformed by in-plane shearing. The results show that the sub-plies model predicts relatively well the elastic properties of deformed woven fabric composites. It also shows the important influence of the weaving pattern on the properties of these composites.
Determination of Ply-Drop Configurations
Authors: Fish JC , Vizzini AJ
Published: March 2009

Unidirectional glass/epoxy tapered specimens were manufactured and tested under static tension and tension-tension fatigue. Four different ply-drop configurations are studied with either grouped or dispersed plies and either staircased or overlapped dropped plies. At damage events in the static tests and at prescribed numbers of cycles in the fatigue tests, the specimens were placed in a cantilever fixture to determine their bending stiffnesses. The static tests indicated that the staircased-grouped and dispersed-overlapped specimens exhibited preferred structural performance by retaining their bending stiffness up to failure. The dispersed-overlapped specimen exhibited stable delamination growth. In addition, the fatigue tests indicated slow growth in the dispersed-overlapped with corresponding losses in the bending stiffness.
Petrographic Methods for Analysis of Cement Clinker and Concrete Microstructure
Authors: Ahmed WU
Published: March 2009

Petrography has long been used to reveal the microstructure of ores and minerals. Its use in the cement industry however is fairly new. Petrographic investigation can reveal various phases of cement. These provide an understanding of the burning process in the kiln, along with equally important factors which govern the quality of the cement, such as mortar strength, weather resistance and grindability. To obtain this information, the clinker or the concrete specimen must be prepared (polished) in a specific manner so that it can be analyzed under an optical microscope. This paper describes the various methods of specimen preparation which are used for microscopic investigation and application of improved preparation equipment is emphasized.
Applications of Scanning Electron Microscopy in Cement and Concrete Petrography
Authors: Stutzman PE
Published: March 2009

Due to its high resolution and analytic capabilities, scanning electron microscopy with image analysis provides several advantages in cement and concrete petrography. When combined with computer-based image analysis, scanning electron microscopy generates quantifiable images using its imaging capabilities of phase composition, its ability to image imaging element spatial distribution, and its chemical analysis capabilities. Applications of scanning electron microscopy in petrography of cementitious materials is illustrated by analyses of clinker, cement, and concrete microstructures, and in the characterization of concretes damaged by alkali-silica and sulfate attack.
The Identification and Measurement of Entrained Air in Concrete using Image Analysis
Authors: Cahill J , Dolan JC , Inward PW
Published: March 2009

The use of ASTM C457 (“linear traverse” or “modified point-count methods”) for microscopical determination of air-void content and parameters of the air-void system, in hardened concrete has become widespread in the prediction of the durability of concrete in freeze-thaw conditions, and in assessing concrete that has failed in service. More recently a new European Standard, based on linear traverse measurements has been adopted as an efficacy test for air entraining agents. The linear traverse method described in both standards involves identification, counting and, in the Euro Standard, measurement of air-voids. It is laborious, tedious and subjective and the error of the method has not been rigorously assessed. We have explored the possibility of using Image Analysis in conjunction with the linear traverse method to develop less laborious and subjective measurement methods. A number of methods of visualisation of air-voids have been applied to polished samples of hardened concrete which had previously been assessed by the standard linear traverse method. The quality of the surface preparation required for Image Analysis was found to be even more critical than for the standard manual method.
An Improved Procedure for Determining Oil Content in Wet Soil Samples
Authors: Yeung PYP , Johnson RL , Acharya SN
Published: March 2009

Experiments were conducted to determine the influence of extraction method, moisture and oil content, soil type, extraction time, sample stirring, method of oil-spiking and drying of samples on oil recovery. Two extraction methods, Dean & Stark and Soxhlet, were tested. Soil moisture showed a highly significant effect on oil recovery. A quadratic regression equation of the Dean & Stark extraction method provided an excellent description of the relationship between oil recovery and soil moisture content, and therefore can be used to quantify oil recovery from soil samples with different moisture levels. The equation predicted a decline in percent oil recovery when soil moisture exceeded 30%. The Dean & Stark method was more efficient in extracting oil, especially at higher oil and moisture contents. Both oil and water recoveries of water saturated samples increased with extended extraction time and sample stirring, but air- and oven-drying of contaminated samples caused oil to volatilize and thus could lead to an underestimation of oil contents. The water content of the soil prior to being spiked with oil did not affect oil recovery efficiency. In a mass balance experiment we were able to account for more than 97% of the total constituents (oil, water and solids) in the samples. The equation we developed provided a more accurate quantification of oil recovery from soil at different moisture levels than was previously available.
Fuel Isolation, Identification and Quantitation from Soils
Authors: Ilias AM
Published: March 2009

The Fuel Isolation, Identification and Quantitation method is designed to extract, classify and effectively quantitate fuels such as gasoline, kerosene, jet fuels, diesel, certain motor oils, heating oils and bunker “C” from surface and subsurface soils. This method also provides the solution to problems associated with modified methods used by individual states for analysis of fuels during underground storage tank removal or servicing. Twenty to thirty grams of soil mixed with equal portions of sodium sulfate are extracted with methylene chloride. The extracts are dried over sodium sulfate, concentrated using Kuderna-Danish concentrators, cleaned and then subjected to gas chromatographic analysis (figure 1). Accelerated extraction is achieved using one gram of soil and sonicating the sample with methylene chloride for about five minutes. The extract is analyzed by employing a temperature-programmed, capillary column and flame ionization detector. The fuel confirmation is achieved by comparing the sample chromatograms with chromatograms of standard fuels. The quantitation of specific fuel and lubricant content in the extract is accomplished by summing the area under the chromatogram over the entire characteristic range of the given fuel. This is done for samples and standards with sample concentrations determined from a standard curve. The matrix spike recoveries of gasoline, kerosene and mineral spirits range from 60 through 100-percent; high boiling fuels, including jet fuel, diesel fuel No. 2 and bunker “C” (diesel No. 6) range from 70 through 125-percent in soil. This method provides complete identification and quantitation of fuels without employing multiple analytical techniques.
Interlaboratory Study of Analytical Methods for Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Authors: Parr JL , Claff RE , Kocurek DS , Lowry JC
Published: March 2009

The American Petroleum Institute (API) funded efforts to develop three methods for measuring petroleum hydrocarbons in soil. The methods have undergone extensive single laboratory validation studies. This work has been presented. In June of 1992, API sponsored an interlaboratory study to collect additional data. A total of 15 laboratories from both the commercial and government sectors participated in the study. The study was conducted in accordance with ASTM D 2777-86 and involved Youden pairs at three concentrations for each method. Stable test materials were prepared as spiked soil samples. The spike concentrations were verified. Following removal of outlying results, the precision and accuracy were calculated using the techniques in ASTM D 2777 and Youden's technique of calculating intralaboratory (single analyst) precision. Our manuscript will review the analytical methods, describe the study design, including the preparation of stable test materials, and present the results from our study.
Geotechnical Properties of Crude Oil Contaminated Sand
Authors: Puri VK , Das BM , Cook EE , Shin EC
Published: March 2009

Contamination of soil due to an oil spill influences its subsequent engineering behavior. An investigation was conducted to study the effect of crude oil contamination on compaction characteristics, shear strength, one-dimensional compression, and coefficient of permeability. Water permeability was also determined by using commercial grade motor oils as contaminants. The test results indicate that the compaction characteristics are influenced by oil contamination. The angle of internal friction of sand (based on total stress condition) decreases due to presence of oil within the pore spaces in sand. One dimensional compression characteristics of sand are significantly influenced by oil contamination resulting in a decrease in the value of constrained modulus with increase in the degree of oil contamination compared to the case of dry sand. Water permeability was observed to be a function of the initial viscosity and the degree of saturation due to the contaminating oil.
Retention and Transport of Oil Residue in a Sandy Loam Soil
Authors: Yong RN , Mohammed LF , Mohamed AMO
Published: March 2009

The behaviour of a natural soil obtained from Bahrain, containing oil residue as a stabilizing agent has been experimentally investigated to determine the effectiveness of the mixture, particularly with respect to leaching forces. The experimental work focuses on the examination of interaction mechanisms, retention potential and leaching behaviour. The results show good attenuation of the oil residue in the tested soils. This is attributed to low aqueous mobility of the oil and good interaction behaviour. The bondings between oil and soil surfaces are shown to be dominated by Van der Waal's attraction, weak hydrogen bonding and cation and water bridging.
Profiled HDPE Pipe Response to Parallel Plate Loading
Authors: Moore ID
Published: March 2009

The parallel plate load test is used to measure ‘pipe stiffness’ for HDPE pipe. Pipe stiffness is employed as a measure of pipe resistance to bending deformation as well as a quality control index for the manufacturing process. Unfortunately, the parallel plate test induces a complex state of stress and strain in the pipe, and interpretation of the test results is not straightforward. Simple analysis for a thin circular ring or shell is generally used for these products, but in reality materials like high density polyethylene are viscoelastic (modulus is time and load path dependent) and the depth of the pipe profile may be a significant proportion of the diameter. This paper introduces a three dimensional viscoelastic finite element analysis for HDPE pipe, testing the computational method through comparisons with laboratory data. The analysis is used to examine the nature of pipe response during the parallel plate test. The local distributions of stress and strain through the profile are considered, as well as the effect of loading rate on the pipe response. Conclusions are drawn regarding the ability of conventional thin ring theory to predict circumferential stress and strain, and the implications for pipe design are briefly discussed.