bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Advanced Manufacturing Innovation Institute Model
Authors: Bonvillian William B. , Singer Peter L.
Published: September 2018

This chapter reviews the centerpiece of U.S. advanced manufacturing policies to date, the advanced manufacturing institutes. While the United States originated the advanced manufacturing approach, it is facing intense competition in this area as numerous other nations pick up the model; it needs these manufacturing institutes to avoid falling behind its industrial competitors. A key goal of the “manufacturing innovation institutes” was to fill a gap in the U.S. innovation system for manufacturing by creating a space where advanced manufacturing could evolve through a collaboration between industry (both small and large firms), universities, and government. To be successful, the institute model needs to continue to find technology areas with application across many industries and in industries with long supply chains that may be slow to take up technology advances.
Workforce Education and Advanced Manufacturing
Authors: Bonvillian William B. , Singer Peter L.
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the manufacturing workforce. Data indicates a growing need to upgrade the manufacturing workforce to higher levels of skills, which appears to be a prerequisite for advanced manufacturing. Indeed, the Advanced Manufacturing Partnership (AMP) reports placed much stress on workforce training and education, at both the skilled worker and engineering levels. The manufacturing institutes appear to be positioned to help fill the gap in U.S. labor markets for high-skill training. The Lightweight Innovations for Tomorrow (LIFT) institute in particular appears to be developing models for workforce training, systematically engaging state governments and firms in its core states in new training program elements, with programs linked to secondary schools, community colleges, participating employers, and area universities. LIFT sees that workforce training programs are critical for advanced manufacturing technology dissemination, not only training for the sake of training. It is a key way the institutes can scale their new technology developments.
Conclusion: Manufacturing Matters More Than Ever
Authors: Bonvillian William B. , Singer Peter L.
Published: September 2018

This concluding chapter argues that the larger issue facing the United States is that the social disruption will not just fade away. The decline of manufacturing was a wild card factor that spelled growing social disappointment and corresponding social disruption. The outcome of the 2016 presidential election brought this reality home to all—it was in significant part a postindustrial backlash. The United States can ignore manufacturing and allow it to continue to erode, but the consequences to U.S. innovation capability and therefore to economic growth appear to be problematic. It also now appears that there are consequences for the nation's social fabric and democratic values as well. Ultimately, a new strategy of innovation-driven advanced manufacturing offers one pathway out of America's economic problems.
To Be—and Not “Being”—or, The Names of the Verb
Authors: Moro Andrea
Published: September 2018

This chapter takes a brief look at the most important schools of thought over the centuries about the verb to be. Sifting through Western linguistic tradition, it is possible to find at least three schools of thought that regarded the verb to be, so to speak, as the name of three different concepts closely dependent upon the manner in which their contemporary linguistics interpreted the nature of language in general: as the name of tense, as the name of affirmation, and as the name of identity. Understanding how the verb to be has been described in language also means understanding what the general perspective is from which the latter is viewed—a unique opportunity.
Winning Together
Authors: Verdini Trejo Bruno
Published: September 2018

Through an analysis of prominent transboundary natural resource management negotiation cases, Winning Together outlines how government, industry, and NGOs can effectively overcome past grievances, break the status quo, resolve conflicts, and create mutual gains in high-stakes water, energy, and environmental disputes. The book examines two landmark international negotiations between the United States and Mexico, both with agreements signed in 2012 after several decades of deadlock. The first case involves the conflict over the shared hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico, containing significant oil and natural gas resources. The second analyzes the dispute, amidst severe drought and increased climate risks, over the environmental resources and shared waters of the Colorado River, providing irrigation and water supply to more than 40 million people. For the first time, the two countries established a binational framework to co-develop and jointly manage these transboundary natural resources, as partners. Through unprecedented interviews with over 70 negotiators on both sides of the border, the book underscores strategies by which resource management practitioners can effectively increase river basin supply, re-think irrigation and storage infrastructure, restore ecosystems and habitats, enhance coordination between private and state owned companies, improve energy transition and planning, and re-define the scope and impact of diplomatic partnerships. Winning Together shows how developed and developing countries can move beyond hard-bargaining tactics and avoid the ultimatums that accompany the presumption that there are not enough resources to go around, and that one side must win and the other must inevitably lose.
Introduction to the Gulf of Mexico Negotiations
Authors: Verdini Trejo Bruno
Published: September 2018

Introduces the Gulf of Mexico case, presenting an overview of the chapters to follow, as well as providing context for analysis of the treaty negotiations with a summary and scope of the 2012 landmark United States-Mexico Transboundary Hydrocarbons Agreement. Outlines key stakeholders in government, industry and the NGO sectors, the decades-long history of protracted energy maritime disputes between the two countries, the vast oil and natural gas transboundary resources at stake, and the mutual gains approach that underpinned the negotiations.
Setting the Stage
Authors: Verdini Trejo Bruno
Published: September 2018

Explores how the Mexican and U.S. negotiators, after decades of mistrust and confrontation, jump-started the binational negotiations over the Gulf of Mexico hydrocarbons reservoirs. Getting the Other Side to the Table explores how Mexico was able to convince the U.S. to start negotiations. Due to changing political and resource-availability contexts on both sides of the border, along with the strategic engagement of industry stakeholders, after years of deadlock, Mexico was finally able to persuade the U.S. of the need to create a framework through which to co-manage transboundary hydrocarbon reservoirs. Getting Your Own Side to the Table, examines how the U.S. federal stakeholders (including the Department of Interior, Department of State, and the White House), through the thoughtful leadership of key individuals, were able to address the politics and logistical hurdles in order to bring the necessary people to the their own side of the table. This crucial step of gathering key U.S. negotiators involved creative adaptations of both formal and informal processes.
Introduction to the Colorado River Negotiations
Authors: Verdini Trejo Bruno
Published: September 2018

Introduces the Colorado River case, presenting an overview of the chapters to follow, as well as providing context for analysis of the binational negotiations with a summary of the 2012 landmark Minute 319 agreement between the United States and Mexico. Outlines the key players, the decades-long history of protracted disputes over the waters of the river basin and the environmental resources of the Colorado River Delta, the increasing challenges in the face of extraordinary drought and climate change, and the mutual gains approach that underpinned the negotiations.
Back to the Drawing Board
Authors: Verdini Trejo Bruno
Published: September 2018

Explores how, in the context of drought, the parties were able to move From Litigation to Cooperation. After a serious diplomatic confrontation and ensuing lawsuit in which both countries ended up worse off than before, leaders on both sides of the border set out to frame a new mandate. With this new approach, the two sides sought to redefine their relations on the Colorado River and begin negotiations from a constructive, mutual gains mindset. Turning Crisis into Opportunity examines the ways in which the two sides seized a critical window of opportunity to move the negotiations forward following the devastating 2010 earthquake in Mexico’s Mexicali Valley, which weakened the alternatives of several domestic constituencies in Mexico who were opposed to a cooperative process with the U.S. No Negotiation without Representation explains how the U.S. was able to break the traditional diplomatic protocol to allow the seven U.S. states that own the rights to the Colorado River water to be appropriately represented and have a seat at the negotiating table. Involved for the first time as co-sovereigns with the U.S. and Mexican federal authorities, the contributions of the Upper Basin and Lower Basin states were critical to shaping an implementable agreement.
Tearing Down Walls
Authors: Verdini Trejo Bruno
Published: September 2018

Focuses on the engagement strategies and the innovative contributions of the environmental NGOs to the binational negotiations. Bringing More Issues to the Table tells the story of how the environmental stakeholders, a unified group of non-governmental organizations from both sides of the border, were able to redefine their relationship with the Colorado River Upper Basin and Lower Basin U.S. states, build a coalition with Mexico’s federal government, and add their voices to the binational negotiation process. Adding Value in Process and Product, describes how, once at the negotiating table, the environmental NGOs aided in the negotiation process, as well as its outcome, by adding significant value on both sides of the border not only in the ecosystem restoration of the Colorado River Delta but well beyond the environmental aspects of the international agreement.
Steps to Effective Transboundary Negotiations
Authors: Verdini Trejo Bruno
Published: September 2018

Given the evidence presented in the transboundary negotiation cases, this final chapter outlines a number of lessons. This prescriptive advice is intended primarily for public sector, industry, and NGO leaders working to resolve energy, water, and environmental resource management conflicts. The principles and strategies may prove useful, however, in other sectors and contexts as well beyond shaping the diplomacy and international agreements between developed and developing countries. The twelve suggested steps flow in approximate chronological order, from well before a negotiation is initiated to follow up measures after an agreement has been implemented.
Taming the Tide of Capital Flows
Authors: Ghosh Atish R. , Ostry Jonathan D. , Qureshi Mahvash S.
Published: September 2018

While always episodic in nature, capital flows to emerging market economies have been especially volatile since the global financial crisis. After peaking at $680 billion in 2007, flows to emerging markets turned negative at the onset of crisis in 2008, then rebounded only to recede again during the U.S. sovereign debt downgrade in 2011. Since then, flows have continued to swing wildly, leaving emerging market policy makers wondering whether they can put in place policies during the inflow phase that will soften the blow when flows subsequently recede. This book offers the first comprehensive treatment of policy measures intended to help emerging markets contend with large and volatile capital flows. The book explains that, in the spirit of liberalization and deregulation in the 1980s and 1990s, many emerging market governments eliminated capital inflow controls along with outflow controls. By 2012, however, capital inflow controls were again acknowledged as legitimate policy tools. Focusing on the macroeconomic and financial-stability risks associated with capital flows, the book combines theoretical and empirical analysis to consider the interaction between monetary, exchange rate, macroprudential, and capital control policies to mitigate these risks. It examines the effectiveness of various policy tools, discuss the practical considerations and multilateral implications of their use, and provide concrete policy advice for dealing with capital inflows.
Regulating Capital Flows: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Ghosh Atish R. , Ostry Jonathan D. , Qureshi Mahvash S.
Published: September 2018

This chapter summarizes how thinking about capital flows and their management has evolved in both policymaking and academic circles. Many advanced economies used restrictions on capital inflows for prudential purposes—even as they pursued financial liberalization more broadly—until the 1980s, when capital account restrictions began to be swept away as part of broader liberalization efforts. Likewise, many emerging markets that had inflow controls for prudential reasons dismantled them when liberalizing domestic financial markets and controls over outflows. That the use of capital controls as a means of managing inflows is often viewed with suspicion may be partly a “guilt by association” with outflow controls and exchange restrictions. Historically, these have been more prevalent and more intensive, and their purpose has been to prop up authoritarian regimes or poor macroeconomic policies, often affecting both current and capital transactions.
Balance-sheet Vulnerabilities
Authors: Ghosh Atish R. , Ostry Jonathan D. , Qureshi Mahvash S.
Published: September 2018

This chapter presents a welfare-theoretic framework for considering optimal policies to address balance-sheet vulnerabilities. As capital inflows accumulate into stocks of liabilities, they can result in balance-sheet vulnerabilities: heavy indebtedness or maturity or currency mismatches relative to the balance sheet or repayment capacity of the borrower. The theoretically optimal tax would vary according to the stock of liabilities; the composition of the liability, whether the liability is owed to resident or to nonresident creditors; and the extent to which the end-borrower is hedged against the relevant currency risk. Against highly risky forms of liabilities, there may be structural measures—capital controls or prudential policies. But typically the measure should include a cyclical component. This is because the optimal tax depends on the cyclical position of capital flows, as the likelihood that the country suffers a future sudden stop is at maximum at the peak of the cycle.
Multilateral Considerations
Authors: Ghosh Atish R. , Ostry Jonathan D. , Qureshi Mahvash S.
Published: September 2018

This chapter discusses international spillovers, the multilateral impact of individual countries' policies, and the scope for international policy cooperation. Theory and empirics suggests that recipient countries would benefit from coordinating their policy responses to capital inflows. Specifically, because of spillovers of one country's measures on another, uncoordinated responses might result in barriers that—abstracting from terms of trade effects—are inefficiently high, reducing both global and recipient-country welfare. Theory also suggests that, under plausible conditions, it would be globally efficient if source and recipient countries could act “at both ends” in managing cross-border capital flows. For the recipient country, there would be a clear benefit if part of the distortive cost of capital controls could be shifted to the source country. Even though source countries might incur some economic or administrative cost in managing outflows, they would benefit from the terms of trade improvement.
Toward the Policy Maker’s Vade Mecum
Authors: Ghosh Atish R. , Ostry Jonathan D. , Qureshi Mahvash S.
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides concrete policy advice for dealing with capital inflows. In sum, once the monetary authorities have allowed the exchange rate to appreciate to a level that is not undervalued from a multilaterally consistent medium-term perspective, they may want to start intervening in the foreign exchange (FX) market to prevent further appreciation, sterilizing the intervention if there are inflationary pressures. If the economy shows signs of overheating, monetary and fiscal tightening might be necessary, together with macroprudential measures to contain excessive credit growth. To the extent these policies prove insufficient, the authorities need to consider bolstering them by imposing or tightening capital controls. At the same time, national authorities must be mindful of growing balance-sheet mismatches in the economy and should avail themselves of both prudential measures and capital controls to shift the composition of inflows toward less risky forms of liabilities.
Concluding Thoughts
Authors: Ghosh Atish R. , Ostry Jonathan D. , Qureshi Mahvash S.
Published: September 2018

This concluding chapter argues that the policy makers' vade mecum laid out in the previous chapter raises broader issues for the global monetary system. Notwithstanding the fact that some of the emerging markets may have liberalized their capital accounts prematurely, it questions whether emerging markets have further to gain from opening up, or indeed whether they would not be better off retaining restrictions on at least the riskiest forms of foreign liabilities and transactions. This is particularly pertinent since most of these countries do not enjoy the liquidity insurance provided by swap facilities let alone the reserve currency status. They are forced to self-insure through reserve accumulation, which is costly both to the country and to the international monetary system. Alternative forms of insurance could arguably yield favorable benefit–cost trade-offs, particularly if they result in a safer mix of flows that makes economies less prone to risks from changes in global push factors.
Understanding Migration and Income Inequality
Authors: Razin Assaf
Published: September 2018

Because the Soviet-Jews exodus was not foreseen ahead of time, Israel’s migration experience is amenable to the natural-experiment methodology. Disposable-income inequality in Israel, was roughly stable until the beginning of the 1990s, rose sharply following the immigration wave, even though no such change occurs with respect to the market-generated inequality. The chapter develops a stylized general equilibrium model with free migration, where wages are endogenous and redistribution policy is determined by (endogenously determined) majority voting. It address the issue of how migration can reshape the political balance of power, especially between skilled and unskilled and between native-born and migrants, and consequently to political-economic equilibrium redistribution policy of the welfare state.
Brain Drain from Israel and Skill-Biased Global Immigration Policy
Authors: Razin Assaf
Published: September 2018

A more generous welfare state (particularly with an aging population) has financing needs that immigrants could fill. With high-skilled immigrants more likely to pay in rather than draw on the welfare state, more generous welfare states are more inclined to try to attract high skilled. Israel ranks third in the world in the number of university graduates per capita, after the United States and the Netherlands. It possesses the highest per capita number of scientists in the world, with 135 for every 10,000 citizens (compared to 85 per 10,000 in the United States). Israelis took full advantage of the immigration skill bias. When examining the index for educated émigrés, i.e., those with a college degree, the average index is 12.41 and Israel's index is more than three times higher, 41.45. Using this index, Israel is higher than Portugal and the gap between Israel and Ireland (49.09) narrows considerably.
Israel Surveyed
Authors: Razin Assaf
Published: September 2018

Each one of the survey books considers the Israeli economy at a different stage of its development, six common themes are as follows:
(i) The relevant comparison group for considering the Israeli economy, (ii) The challenges of immigration, integration and inequality, (iii) The appropriate roles of the government and markets, (iv) Openness and dependence, (v) Inflation, crisis, and stabilization, and (vi) Growth.
Exploring the Shortcomings of a “Scientific” Medical Education
Authors: Piemonte Nicole M.
Published: September 2018

Chapter one begins with a synopsis of the scholarly literature that discusses the epistemology and pedagogy of medicine and the effects they have on physician formation before arguing that this perspective can be deepened and expanded by an understanding of Heidegger’s explication of “calculative thinking.” An understanding of this mode of thinking offers a more comprehensive grounding for the discussion about the inherent problems of medical education and practice. Privileging calculative thinking closes one off to other truths, those truths that are unverifiable, unquantifiable, or intangible. A Heideggerian critique helps to illustrate medicine’s tendency toward a calculative understanding of illness that is defined by a hurried curiosity, as opposed to a meditative thinking that is slower, open to wonder, embraces ambiguity, and considers the ineffable and unquantifiable to be just as “true” or valid as those things that might be scientifically “proven,” a point that will be more fully explored in later chapters. Recognizing the dominance and seductiveness of calculative thinking within medicine is important, as it speaks to the human tendency to turn away from the contingency, vulnerability, and death—a point that is clarified and expanded in chapter 2.
The Formation of Medical “Professionals”
Authors: Piemonte Nicole M.
Published: September 2018

Chapter four explores how educators might help cultivate the capacity for authentic patient care among doctors-in-training, including a comportment of humility, openness, and gratitude for patients. The argument is made that the curative ethos of medicine and its preoccupation with calculative thinking will persist until educators can cultivate within clinicians and clinicians-in-training the capacity to face their vulnerability and the reality of existential anxiety. It is through a pedagogy that values and fosters vulnerability and reflexivity that this capacity can be cultivated. Although recent trends in the professionalism movement, including that of “professional identity formation,” have made progress toward these ends, these movements actually may serve to reinforce calculative thinking, due to their focus on outcomes and assessment. This chapter looks critically at such trends in medical education and contends that ideas concerning professionalism can be enriched and expanded through an understanding of virtue ethics and the Aristotelian concept of phronesis, which emphasize personal development, experiential and habitual learning, and quality mentorship.
The Journey Back to Oneself: Reimagining Medical Education
Authors: Piemonte Nicole M.
Published: September 2018

Chapter five includes a discussion of specific curricular interventions that can work toward getting students to think critically and to reflect deeply and broadly on what it means to be human. It highlights pedagogical approaches that allow students to see that the “real” scientific facts of biological disease cannot be separated from the existential reality of illness and that human beings always already dwell within their lived experiences, even before science and medicine inscribe their particular, abstract truths onto the body. Through exposure to patients’ stories—whether through narratives or face-to-face encounters—reflective writing, dialogue, and quality mentorship, students might come to appreciate the lived experience of illness, to expand their moral imaginations, and to develop a more capacious sense of care that is grounded within a recognition of our shared humanness and potential for suffering. This kind of pedagogy does not result in a “professionalism” that can be measured, quantified, and assessed, but rather a way of being in the world—a posture of openness toward others, an ability to face uncertainty, and the capacity to extend care to all patients even when “nothing else can be done.”
Epilogue
Authors: Piemonte Nicole M.
Published: September 2018

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
The Psychology of (Pseudo)Science: Cognitive, Social, and Cultural Factors
Authors: Lobato Emilio J. C. , Zimmerman Corinne
Published: September 2018

We review findings from the psychology of science that are relevant to understanding or explaining peoples’ tendencies to believe both scientific and pseudoscientific claims. We discuss relevant theoretical frameworks and empirical findings to support the proposal that pseudoscientific beliefs arise in much the same way as other scientific and non-scientific beliefs do. In particular, we focus on (a) cognitive and metacognitive factors at the individual level; (b) trust in testimony and judgments of expertise at the social level; and (c) personal identity and the public’s relationship with the scientific community at a cultural level.
Risky Play and Growing Up: How to Understand the Overprotection of the Next Generation
Authors: Kennair Leif Edward Ottesen , Sandseter Ellen Beate Hansen , Ball David
Published: September 2018

Much of the development of children, young people, and young adults is determined by opportunities for play and “real life” experience in their early years. This is not, as some believe, an optional or frivolous luxury, but an essential life experience for development of character, skills, self-awareness, and competence. Yet in recent years, evidence shows that opportunities for this at all ages have diminished in both quality and quantity in many countries. The reasons for this are multiple and complex, but one factor has been a drive to create a low risk or even risk-free society via the application of newly developed techniques of risk assessment and science-based methods of risk control. However, the health benefits of these public safety initiatives might have much less effect than people might believe and could, overall, be harmful through their prohibitions. We conclude that more research into the nature of risky play and risk exposure through teenage years and into adulthood is necessary, but tentatively propose that we need to also consider the possible effects of irrational overprotection. In addition to the conventional play setting, the current spread of trigger warning and safety rooms will be considered as an illustrative case affecting young adults. Rather than avoidance and consolidation of negative metacognitions about lack of control and vulnerability one needs to convey how science suggests that exposure or interventions to change perceptions of vulnerability may be more beneficial.
The Anti-Vaccine Movement: A Litany of Fallacy and Errors
Authors: Howard Jonathan , Reiss Dorit Rubinstein
Published: September 2018

Vaccines have tremendous benefits and low risks. In spite of that, a vocal minority argues against using them. This chapter examines the type of arguments made by anti-vaccine leaders and activists, and demonstrates how and why they are misleading.
Understanding Pseudoscience Vulnerability through Epistemological Development, Critical Thinking, and Science Literacy
Authors: Kozak Arnold
Published: September 2018

The American public is vulnerable to pseudoscience due to 1) a general lack of science literacy (e.g., not knowing how to distinguish science from pseudoscience 2) pedagogy that emphasizes memorization of facts over critical thinking (e.g., knowing how to ask questions), 3) insufficient epistemological development (e.g., not knowing how to evaluate truth claims), and 4) media distortions of science. This chapter will review these causes and explore a case example of the science claims made by the mindfulness movement that is currently popular in America.
Scientific Failure as a Public Good: Illustrating the Process of Science and Its Contrast with Pseudoscience
Authors: Orzel Chad
Published: September 2018

Scientists and science communicators often lament high-profile public failures as "hurting science" by sowing doubt that can be exploited by purveyors of pseudo-science. I will argue that, on the contrary, these public failures can play a useful role in public discourse, by illustrating the proper process of science. Failures of genuine science are characterized by engagement with the research community, debate conducted via appropriate professional channels, and self-correction by the original researchers. Pseudoscience, on the other hand, is generally produced by individuals from outside the community, is promoted via mass-media channels, and involves stubborn refusal to shift conclusions in the face of criticism from the mainstream scientific community. I illustrate this contrast with three examples: the 2011 superluminal neutrino anomaly reported by the OPERA collaboration, the 2014 claim of primordial gravitational waves by the BICEP2 collaboration, and the pseudoscientific field of “hydrino” physics. The stark contrast between the process of genuine science and the behavior of pseudoscientists provides an educational opportunity that public advocates of science can use to bolster public confidence in the integrity of science.
Pseudoscience, Coming to a Peer-Reviewed Journal Near You
Authors: Marcus Adam , Oransky Ivan
Published: September 2018

Peer review is typically held up as the barrier than prevents nonsense from making its way into the scholarly literature. But a series of recent cases suggest that those who peddle pseudoscience – and who want the imprimatur of peer review to demonstrate the legitimacy of their ideas – have found vulnerabilities in the system.
“Integrative” Medicine: Integrating Quackery with Science-Based Medicine
Authors: Gorski David H.
Published: September 2018

Integrative medicine is becoming more and more accepted by mainstream academic medical centers and funding agencies. This chapter discusses and defines integrative medicine, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), and science based medicine (SBM). Examples of each are discussed and comparisons are used to explore the pseudoscience behind integrative medicine and CAM.
Hypnosis: Science, Pseudoscience, and Nonsense
Authors: Lynn Steven Jay , Gautam Ashwin , Ellenberg Stacy , Lilienfeld Scott O.
Published: September 2018

In this chapter we present evidence garnered from the scientific literature to counter or refute prevalent yet mistaken beliefs about hypnosis (e.g., participants respond robotically, hypnosis is a sleep-like state, hypnosis greatly increases suggestibility). We discuss the robust influence of the media and stage hypnosis in perpetuating myths of hypnosis as a trance-like state, and we contend that research does not support the existence of a reliable marker (e.g., hypnotized participants respond literally, exhibit a greater tolerance for logical incongruity, and can override the optokinetic reflex) of a special state of consciousness uniquely associated with hypnosis. We further suggest that myths and misconceptions can have serious personal and social consequences and can be misused in forensic and psychotherapeutic consequences. Nevertheless, we also contend that there is accumulating evidence that hypnosis, when properly administered, may be helpful in the treatment of a number of psychological and medical conditions. Despite the myths and misconceptions surrounding hypnosis, the scientific study of hypnosis has advanced beyond hokum and pseudoscience to move hypnosis increasingly into the mainstream of psychological science.
Reflections on Pseudoscience and Parapsychology: From Here to There and (Slightly) Back Again
Authors: French Christopher C.
Published: September 2018

This chapter presents a personal account of the author’s journey from being a believer in the paranormal to being a skeptic and his subsequent transformation from being one type of skeptic to another. Along the way, his views about parapsychology, and in particular its scientific status, were also transformed. His current position, an unusual one for a skeptic, is that parapsychology is indeed better described as being a science rather than a pseudoscience – even if paranormal forces do not exist.
The Challenges of Changing Minds: How Confirmation Bias and Pattern Recognition Affect Our Search for Meaning
Authors: Viskontas Indre
Published: September 2018

While hosting a television show on the Oprah Winfrey Network, I had the opportunity to investigate 12 claims of miracles, experienced by a wide swath of Americans. This chapter is a summary of some of the takeaway lessons that I learned during that time, as I observed how extraordinary events can be interpreted as evidence for the existence of the supernatural. In particular, our drive to find meaning combined with a faulty memory system, a bias towards confirming our beliefs and our uncanny ability to pick out patterns make it difficult for us to change our minds even in the face of new and contradictory evidence.
From the Piratical to the Creative User
Authors: Meese James
Published: September 2018

The second chapter focuses on the user and examines how this subject has become an increasingly prominent element of copyright law across the twentieth century. After introducing the basics (and history) of fair dealing and fair use, the chapter discusses how people moved from creators to consumers due to regulatory frameworks and the technological limitations imposed on radio and television. I then turn to the late-twentieth century and consider the presence of a creative element in the discourse around users during the Web 2.0 moment and suggest that the on-going transitions between creative and consuming user can best be understood through a relational framework.
Producing the Pirate: The Courtroom and Cultural Power
Authors: Meese James
Published: September 2018

Chapter Six examines how the pirate has been interpellated in different jurisdictions across the copyright wars of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, with a particular focus on the intermediaries that were charged with enabling online copyright infringement, namely peer-to-peer networks and Internet Service Providers. The chapter charts a narrative of gradual acceptance. Whereas initial decisions interpellated peer-to-peer networks as piratical and also as locations where individuals could become interpellated as pirates, by the early twenty-first century, the courts became somewhat more understanding. Instead, they viewed intermediaries as less liable and individuals as users who engaged in copyright infringement, rather than as subjects entirely defined by their piratical actions. I also reflect on how Apple and their customers were able to avoid the pirate moniker during their Rip, Mix, Burn campaign in 2003 and consider on the potential futures of the pirate subject.
A New Perspective on Games and Families
Authors: Siyahhan Sinem , Gee Elisabeth
Published: September 2018

This chapter introduces the core argument of the book- that intergenerational play and family interactions around video games can promote connection, communication, and learning - and describe the context and rationale for the book. The media often portray video games as addictive, violent, mind-numbing, and a cause of physical inactivity, leading parents to view games as something to be restricted, managed, and otherwise controlled. We briefly address the lack of evidence for these negative consequences of gaming, and the limitations of a purely psychological view of gaming. We offer an alternative way of understanding gaming and its role in a family, social and societal context.
Strengthening Family Relations
Authors: Siyahhan Sinem , Gee Elisabeth
Published: September 2018

In this chapter, we discuss how video games promote family connection and communication, similar to other digital media technologies such as Skype and Facebook. Although video games are not intentionally designed to connect people, they provide a context for shared experiences that facilitate a sense of closeness and togetherness. The family shared experiences often organized around individual and family interests in video gaming and other topics. We provide examples of five families with diverse backgrounds to show the different ways family members build and sustain connections across generations and various aspects of their lives.
Translating Happiness
Authors: Lomas Tim
Published: September 2018

This book presents an innovative new approach to the study of wellbeing, intersecting psychology, linguistics, and cross-cultural scholarship. It begins by introducing a cartographic theory of language, proposing that words enable us to map our world, and thus to understand and navigate our lives. However, different cultures map the world in different ways, generating so-called untranslatable words (i.e., which lack an equivalent in another language – in this case, English). Their significance is that they point to aspects of life that have hitherto been overlooked or undervalued in English-speaking cultures. By exploring such words, we can therefore refine our maps, developing a more nuanced appreciation of the world. This book deploys this process with respect to wellbeing specifically, bringing its hidden dimensions to light. Moreover, it argues that this process may not only enhance our understanding of wellbeing, but also our experience of it, empowering us to identify phenomena that had previously been only dimly perceived, and even to discover new dimensions of existence we had not realised were there. These possibilities are brought to life through a tour of 400 or so words, sourced from nearly 80 languages. These terms are analysed thematically, arranged into three overarching meta-categories – feelings, relationships, and personal development – which together constitute a comprehensive new theory of wellbeing. The book concludes by outlining an ambitious research agenda that will fully allow the promise of these untranslatable words, and the theory outlined here, to be realised.
Introduction: Understanding the Bodily Self
Authors: Bermúdez José Luis
Published: September 2018

We, like many animals, are conscious of our environment, both physical and social. We think about and experience the objects and people that the world contains. But at the same time, those very thoughts and experiences can themselves become the objects of conscious thought and experience, so that we can think critically about them. When this happens, we are often thinking about ourselves—holding ourselves to account by evaluating our own reasoning, for example. According to a long philosophical tradition, rationality and self-consciousness go hand in hand. A rational thinker is one who constantly monitors her own thoughts and updates her beliefs in the light of changing evidence in order to ensure consistency and to increase the likelihood that they will track the truth....
Ecological Perception and the Notion of a Nonconceptual Point of View
Authors: Bermúdez José Luis
Published: September 2018

One of the attractions of Gibson’s concept of ecological perception is that it seems to provide a basic awareness of the bodily self that can serve as the core of a comprehensive account of full-fledged self-consciousness in thought and action. On the ecological understanding of perception, sensitivity to self-specifying information is built into the very structure of perception in such a way that, as Gibson famously put it, all perception involves co-perception of the (bodily) self and the environment. This paper shows how Gibson’s ecological account is not itself sufficient for self-awareness, even of a primitive form, but suggests what needs to be added to it in order to yield the basic awareness of the bodily self that I term possessing a nonconceptual point of view.
The Sources of Self-Consciousness
Authors: Bermúdez José Luis
Published: September 2018

We can think about the sources of self-consciousness in either a genetic or an epistemic sense. That is, we can think either about the origins of the capacity to think self-conscious thoughts or about the warrant that we have for our self-conscious judgments. These two sets of questions are independent but related. This paper explores the role that the genetic dimension of self-consciousness plays in understanding the epistemology of self-consciousness. I will take as my foil a recent account of some key features of the epistemic dimension of a particular type of self-conscious judgment – the account offered by Christopher Peacocke in his book Being Known (Peacocke 1999). Working through the example of how the bodily self is represented in visual perception shows how the primitive foundations from which self-consciousness emerges in the course of cognitive development are also the foundation for the epistemic status of full-fledged self-conscious thoughts.
Ownership and the Space of the Body
Authors: Bermúdez José Luis
Published: September 2018

In the last 20 years, a robust experimental paradigm has emerged for studying the structure of bodily experience, focusing primarily on what it is to experience one’s body as one’s own. The initial impetus came from the rubber hand illusion (RHI) first demonstrated by Botvinick and Cohen, subsequently extended by various researchers to generate illusions of ownership at the level of the body as a whole. This paper identifies some problems with how ownership is discussed in the context of bodily illusions, and then shows how those problems can be addressed through a model of the experienced space of the body. Section 1 briefly reviews the bodily illusions literature and its significance for cognitive science and philosophy. Section 2 expresses reservations with the concept of ownership in terms of which the RHI and other illusions are standardly framed. I offer three hypotheses for the source of our putative “sense of ownership”. The main body of the paper focuses on the third hypothesis, which is that judgments of ownership are grounded in the distinctive way that we experience the space of the body.
The Materiality of Interaction
Authors: Wiberg Mikael
Published: September 2018

Computing is increasingly intertwined with our physical world. From smart watches to connected cars, to the Internet of Things and 3D-printing, the trend towards combining digital and analogue materials in design is no longer an exception, but a hallmark for where interaction design is going in general. Computational processing increasingly involves physical materials, computing is increasingly manifested and expressed in physical form, and interaction with these new forms of computing is increasingly mediated via physical materials. Interaction Design is therefore increasingly a material concern. In this book, “The Materiality of Interaction – Notes on the Materials of Interaction Design”, Mikael Wiberg investigates this trend towards material interactions. In doing so he describes how the field of human-computer interaction has moved, through the material turn, from a representation-driven design paradigm, towards a paradigm which he calls material-centered interaction design. Wiberg examines what this emergent paradigm implies for the practice of doing interaction design, he proposes a design method for doing material-centered interaction design, and he discusses the implications for moving forward given an interaction design paradigm that focuses on the materiality of interaction.
Introduction
Authors: Wiberg Mikael
Published: September 2018

Computing is increasingly intertwined with our physical world. From smart watches to connected cars, to the Internet of Things and 3D-printing, the trend towards combining digital and analogue materials in design is no longer an exception, but a hallmark for where interaction design is going in general. Computational processing increasingly involves physical materials, computing is increasingly manifested and expressed in physical form, and interaction with these new forms of computing is increasingly mediated via physical materials. Interaction Design is therefore increasingly a material concern. – Welcome to a book on the materiality of interaction, welcome to a book on material-centered interaction design! In this introduction to this book, “The Materiality of Interaction – Notes on the Materials of Interaction Design”, I describe the contemporary trend in interaction design towards material interactions, I describe how interaction design is increasingly about materials, and I propose “Material-centered interaction design” as a method for working with materials in interaction design projects.
The Materiality of Interaction
Authors: Wiberg Mikael
Published: September 2018

This book about the materiality of interaction is not only concerned with how materials and how the notion of materiality is related to interaction design, but as we shift perspectives from representations to materials we also need to look closely at this central notion of interaction and we need to discuss what it is, and if a shift of perspectives here also has implications for how this term should and can be used in the context of interaction design – and when designing for interaction. And even more fundamentally, the title of this book is ‘the materiality of interaction’ and not ‘the materiality of a computer’ so at this point it is probably a good idea to reflect upon what we mean when we say that we do interaction design, how we define this term interaction, and how we see interaction as being at least partly a material matter. This chapter is devoted to these essential questions.
Material-Centered Interaction Design
Authors: Wiberg Mikael
Published: September 2018

The growing interest in the materiality of interaction in the field of HCI (Human-Computer Interaction) indicates that there is a value in acknowledging the material aspects and dimensions of interaction design. However, and if only relying on a representation-driven approach to interaction design the notion of materiality only works, at best, as a “metaphorical maneuver, while still pushing for an interaction design paradigm oriented towards the immaterial aspects of interaction design (for instance the use of symbols and metaphors in interaction design). So what would an alternative perspective and approach be? In short, can we not only shift perspectives here, but also imagine different approaches and methods to interaction design that truly accepts the digital as a design material, that focuses on interaction as the form being designed, and an approach that do not introduces any categorical distinctions between different matters. In this book I have suggested that we should make no metaphysical or ontological distinction between physical and digital materials, between atoms, bits, and cells, between “visible” or “invisible” materials, and even avoid distinctions between what might be considered as “material” or “immaterial” in the first place (like radio waves). In the same way as wood or iron are typical examples of physical materials I consider code, algorithms, sensors and processors as digital materials. Still, from the viewpoint of interaction design it is the composition and activation of these different materials as to give the interaction a particular form that is essential – not each materials ontological or metaphysical status. So, instead of focusing on what a particular interactive system represents, the material-centered approach to interaction design as proposed in this book focuses on how interaction is presented and accordingly materially manifested in the world (in all imaginable forms – from completely embedded and “invisible” interactive systems to the gadgets, pads, and tabs we surround ourselves with in our everyday lives). In this chapter I take this as a point of departure for the development of an approach to interaction design that I label material-centered interaction design.