bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Interface of Nation-State Building and Transnationalism
Authors: Roniger Luis
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses how separate nation-states crystallized, turning Latin America into a multistate region subject to persistent transnational trends. The story of Latin America as a multistate region is one of contested territorial boundaries and a tension-ridden consolidation of separate collective identities out of a tapestry of transnational interaction. The chapter traces how states were constructed and narrated national formation; how transnational visions continued to reverberate; how transnational events such as wars were framed as national; and how transnational social movements promoted interstate connections, sometimes trying to recreate the lost unity of earlier times and the transnational visions of some of the founding fathers of independence. The textual discussion addresses cases of the Southern Andean and Río de la Plata expanses, namely Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, Uruguay, and Brazil, as well as Central America, including primarily El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. The chapter also embeds references to the Latin American countries.
Democratizing Societies Confront Their Past
Authors: Roniger Luis
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines various processes of democratization and confrontation within the legacies of the last wave of repressive authoritarianism in the Americas. Undergoing periods of civil unrest, repression, and human rights violations, these societies faced a tortuous process of coming to terms with that experience, enforcing policies of transitional justice without an easy way of closing the book on the past. This chapter suggests a comparative look at various policy paths and their consequences, highlighting a transnational spillover effect as countries looked upon one another and drew inferences for calibrating and advancing their own processes of overcoming the scars of authoritarian repression. The analysis identifies the constellation of national and transnational factors that eventually opened institutional ground for belated truth telling and accountability for historical wrongs.
The Prussian Paradigm?
Authors: Roche Helen
Published: November 2021

The very first Napolas which were founded at Potsdam, Plön, and Köslin, as well as those which were subsequently founded at Naumburg, Oranienstein, Bensberg, Berlin-Spandau, and Wahlstatt, were deliberately established on the premises of the former Prussian cadet schools, which had been refashioned as civilian ‘State Boarding Schools’ (Staatliche Bildungsanstalten/Stabilas) after World War I, in accordance with the Treaty of Versailles. To an extent, the NPEA authorities deliberately wanted to resurrect the tradition of the Royal Prussian Cadet Corps at the Napolas, but in a new, Nazified guise. This chapter explores the extent to which the former cadet-school Napolas retained or regained their militaristic Prussian spirit, and examines continuities between the Prussian cadet schools, the Stabilas, and the NPEA. It begins by chronicling the demise of the cadet schools and their resurrection as civilian state schools, more or less dedicated to upholding the Weimar Republic, during the aftermath of World War I. It then goes on to chart the rise of revanchist sentiment and the formation of illegal Hitler Youth cells at the Stabilas during the early 1930s, before analysing the process of Napolisation which took place in 1933–4 in greater detail. In conclusion, the chapter sites the Napolas’ Janus-faced attitude towards the cadet-school tradition within existing debates regarding the affinities (or otherwise) between Prussianism and National Socialism, and the degree of continuity which existed between the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich.
Centralism versus Particularism
Authors: Roche Helen
Published: November 2021

Shortly after the establishment of the first NPEA in Prussia, ‘copy-cat’ Napolas were swiftly established by the educational authorities in Saxony, Anhalt, and Württemberg—an initiative which did not always meet with the Reich Education Ministry’s whole-hearted approval. This chapter charts the—ultimately successful—attempts by the NPEA authorities to centralize the Napola system and place the Napolas in the federal states outside Prussia under the sole power of the Reich. From this perspective, the NPEA can be seen as a bellwether for the type of fully centralized ‘reformation of the Reich’ (Reichsreform or Verreichlichung) which the National Socialist regime desired to effect not only in the realm of education, but in all spheres of government, devolving power and autonomy from the federal states to Berlin. The cases of the schools at Klotzsche in Saxony, Ballenstedt in Anhalt, and Backnang and Rottweil in Württemberg, are each considered in detail. In conclusion, the chapter sites the NPEA-Inspectorate’s efforts to create a Reich-wide educational system within the context of broader impulses towards centralization within the Nazi state.
The Reichsschulen and the Napolas’ Germanizing Mission in Eastern and Western Europe
Authors: Roche Helen
Published: November 2021

Heinrich Himmler, August Heißmeyer, and the NPEA Inspectorate were eager to create a transnational empire of Napolas and ‘Reichsschulen’ in all of the territories occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II. These schools both mirrored and contributed to broader National Socialist occupation and Germanization policies throughout Eastern and Western Europe. They were intended to create a cadre of ‘Germanic’ or ‘Germanizable’ leaders, loyal above all to the SS. The chapter begins by exploring the genesis of the Reichsschulen in the occupied Netherlands—Valkenburg and Heythuysen—which were adopted as a ‘Germanic’ prestige project by the Reich Commissioner of the Netherlands, Arthur Seyß-Inquart. The chapter then turns eastwards to consider the role of the Napolas which were established in the conquered Czech and Polish lands, focusing on NPEA Sudetenland in Ploschkowitz (Ploskowice), NPEA Wartheland in Reisen (Rydzyna), and NPEA Loben (Lubliniec). All in all, the Napola selection process in the occupied Eastern territories can be seen as the peak of all the ‘racial sieving’ processes which the Nazi state forced ‘ethnic Germans’ (Volksdeutsche), Czechs, and Poles to undergo, inextricably bound up with the Third Reich’s wider race, resettlement, and extermination policies. The ultimate aim of all of these schools was to mingle Reich German and ‘ethnic German’ or ‘Germanic’ pupils, educating the two groups alongside each other, in order to create a unified cohort of leaders for the future Nazi empire, and to reclaim valuable ‘Germanic blood’ for the Reich.
Food for All: Setting the Scene
Authors: Lele Uma , Goswami Sambuddha
Published: November 2021

Setting the scene, this chapter identifies key recent international agreements germane to the book’s subject matter—namely, Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Climate Accord—against which the role of structural transformation and the five key international organizations concerned with food and agriculture are reviewed. Transformation of food and agriculture is occurring in the face of growing trade uncertainties, demographic transition, rapid urbanization, dietary transition, and growing horizontal (cross-sectoral) and vertical (from farm-to-fork) integration. Meanwhile, conflict has caused the largest displacement of humans since the Second World War. Forced migration arising from humanitarian disasters is making unprecedented demands on food and financial assistance. Economists traditionally have viewed structural transformation from agriculture to manufacturing as pivotal for developing countries, but it has become increasingly difficult for lagging countries. Other transformations are also reshaping the global economy, including financial transformation (a shift from traditional North–South global savings and investment pattern to South–North), and energy transformation (shift from fossil fuels to renewables). Concurrently, the food and agricultural sectors are confronting new paradigms—such as environmentally sustainable food production and shifting focus in agriculture from individual energy (calorie) supply to nutritious, healthful foods, leading to a life-cycle approach to diets—which are influencing how the international development community views structural transformation and the role of agriculture. This chapter sets the stage for inquiries into food, transformations, international organizations and their interactions, and implications for a better outcome: nutritious food for all that is environmentally sustainable.
Governance of the “Big Five”
Authors: Lele Uma , Baldwin Brian C. , Goswami Sambuddha
Published: November 2021

In this chapter, key issues facing governance of international organizations are discussed, as operating arms of global governance in the larger context of global governance of food and agriculture—specifically, in the context of the United Nations’ financing. Governance of each of the five international organizations is outlined: how the organizations were originally structured and financed; how financing relates to the organizational structure and governance; and how the formal and informal voices of members are exercised are discussed, with respect to the choice of leadership and the substantive content of what the organizations do and how. Issues of coordination among the Rome-based agencies, the World Bank, and CGIAR are discussed, given that the world is undergoverned in relation to the challenges of meeting the Sustainable Development Goals, confronting climate change, conflict, natural resource degradation, income inequality, persistent poverty, and growing hunger. With greater long-term, core-funding support, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) would be able to translate its guidelines into operations to combat climate change and promote conservation agriculture and its Codex Alimentarius into food safety. With collaboration with the World Food Programme, the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), and the World Bank, FAO can help move fragile countries into rehabilitation, reconstruction, and development. CGIAR can use long-term funding, while the World Bank and IFAD can support the building of delivery systems.
The World Bank
Authors: Lele Uma , Goswami Sambuddha
Published: November 2021

The World Bank, the oldest and strongest of the multilateral banks, is owned by governments but rooted in the political reality of their unequal voting power. This chapter, a story of the Bank’s assistance to food and agriculture, explains how it adopted an innovation of accessing capital markets using project lending as an instrument to assure accountability of performance to the lenders of capital. In 1960, the Bank established the International Development Association as the concessional window to enable it to lend to poorer countries’ softer sectors, such as agriculture, education, and health. The Bank also developed other tools for allocating capital to countries, establishing norms and standards for other international organizations. This review of the World Bank’s assistance to food and agriculture since the Bank’s inception is a window on how that role and the view of agriculture’s contributions to development have evolved in the context of rapid external changes, such as commodity prices and the debt crisis. The chapter examines how policy analysis and advice are complemented by project assistance. Still the largest lender, its role is smaller now, and questions remain about how the Bank will leverage its considerable heft to address new paradigms of sustainable agriculture and healthy food consumption in the world’s lagging regions, most notably in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.
Thermodynamics and Transport Properties
Authors: Engh Thorvald Abel , Sigworth Geoffrey K. , Kvithyld Anne
Published: November 2021

The fundamentals of thermodynamics are reviewed, focusing on the chemistry of high-temperature metals, oxides (slags), and salts. Thermochemical data are provided for important molten metals: the free energies of solution of alloy elements, and interaction coefficients. Standard free energies of reactions are also provided, so the reader may calculate important chemical equilibria. Example calculations are provided for the deoxidation of steel. The removal of sulfur and phosphorus are also described. The second half of the chapter considers fundamental aspects of important physical properties: viscosity, surface tension, diffusion, and thermal and electrical conductivity.
Remelting and Addition of Alloy Components
Authors: Engh Thorvald Abel , Sigworth Geoffrey K. , Kvithyld Anne
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses our scientific understanding of alloying. Class I alloy additions have a melting point lower than the bulk melt temperature, whereas class II additions have a melting point higher than the bulk melt temperature. This means that magnesium is a class I element when added to aluminium, and silicon and manganese are class II alloy additions. An energy conservation model for melting is presented and compared to measurements. A numerical model is presented for continuous feeding and melting of aluminium plates into aluminium melt. For class II alloy additions it is shown from the literature that the melting rate can be strongly affected by the formation of intermetallic phases during the melting process. Therefore, it is virtually impossible to put up a general model for the melting of these types of alloying elements. Safety regarding alloying operations is also addressed.
Metal Processes and Applications—An Overview
Authors: Meskers Christina
Published: November 2021

This chapter provides a consise overview of each metal’s physical properties, production, and recycling processes and application. Starting with lithium and ending with bismuth, the metals in the periodic table are covered from Al to Zn. In this way the relationship between each metal’s properties, applications, and processing becomes evident. To obtain the desired properties, and thus composition, for a particular application the refining processes are essential. While the fundamental principles are discussed in other chapters, here the focus is on how the technologies are applied to different metals. The chapter also allows for a systemic perspective that elucidates the interconnectedness between the metals and their production infrastructure. It provides insights that can be applied in primary production, recycling, residue treatment, technology development, alloy and product design, and substitution among others. This is essential to understand and implement the circular economy.
Refining of Steel in Converters
Authors: Wijk Olle
Published: November 2021

In this chapter steelmaking processes and reactions are covered. A brief historical summary of important process developments is given and different types of converters are described. Then important chemical factors are detailed for the removal of the undesirable elements sulfur and phosphorus, and for the decarburization reactions. The refining of stainless steels in the argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) process is explained in detail, and a model for the AOD process is presented. Example simulations with the model illustrate how process changes may be introduced to improve productivity and reduce production costs.
Empty Reference
Authors: Mumford Stephen
Published: November 2021

We seem able to talk about things that do not exist, such as centaurs, Oliver Twist, and the highest prime. But the axiom of existence tells us that we can refer to something only if it exists, since reference is a relation. What, then, is it to which we refer in the case of non-existents? Various proxy referents are dismissed since they will either trivialize statements about non-existents or give implausible theories of meaning. Instead, we should think of our statements as being about non-existents instead of referring to them where this involves only a pretended referring. We can distinguish pretended reference from unintentional reference failure by the factive component required for genuine reference. Aboutness can be a substitute for reference and, if based on a public theory of meaning, it allows us to talk about what does not exist.
Genetic data collection, pedigrees, and phylogenies
Authors: Simmonds Emily G. , Niskanen Alina K. , Jensen Henrik , Smith Steven
Published: November 2021

This chapter presents the role of genetic data in demographic studies. It focuses on two particular challenges faced in demographic analyses that can be solved using genetic data: estimating relatedness between individuals in a population and identifying drivers of cross-taxon variation in life history. The challenge of estimating relatedness is addressed with genetic pedigrees, and phylogenies allow comparisons of drivers of life history across taxa. These two different methods have several unifying features and histories. A past reliance on observational data in both cases limited taxonomic breadth of demographic analyses and reduced accuracy. With recent advances in genetic data collection and processing, in addition to improved computational methods, we are now in a position to use genetic data to expand demographic analyses across the Tree of Life. This chapter gives an overview of the whole process of constructing genetic pedigrees and reconstructing genetic phylogenies: beginning with the state-of-the-art, walking through the data collection steps required to obtain and process genetic material, and finishing with discussion and comparison of the diverse array of methods to construct genetic pedigrees and phylogenetic trees.
Introduction to matrix population models
Authors: Vindenes Yngvild , Le Coeur Christie , Caswell Hal
Published: November 2021

Matrix population models (MPMs) are currently used in a range of fields, from basic research in ecology and evolutionary biology, to applied questions in conservation biology, management, and epidemiology. In MPMs individuals are classified into discrete stages, and the model projects the population over discrete time-steps. A rich analytical theory is available for these models, for both the linear deterministic case and for more complex dynamics including stochasticity and density dependence. This chapter provides a non comprehensive introduction to MPMs and some basic results on asymptotic dynamics, life history parameters, and sensitivities and elasticities of the long-term growth rate to projection matrix elements and to underlying parameters. We assume that readers are familiar with basic matrix calculations. Using examples with different kinds of demographic structure, we demonstrate how the general stage-structured model can be applied to each case.
Integral projection models
Authors: González Edgar J. , Childs Dylan Z. , Quintana-Ascencio Pedro F. , Salguero-Gómez Roberto
Published: November 2021

Integral projection models (IPMs) allow projecting the behaviour of a population over time using information on the vital processes of individuals, their state, and that of the environment they inhabit. As with matrix population models (MPMs), time is treated as a discrete variable, but in IPMs, state and environmental variables are continuous and are related to the vital rates via generalised linear models. Vital rates in turn integrate into the population dynamics in a mechanistic way. This chapter provides a brief description of the logic behind IPMs and their construction, and, because they share many of the analyses developed for MPMs, it only emphasises how perturbation analyses can be performed with respect to different model elements. The chapter exemplifies the construction of a simple and a more complex IPM structure with an animal and a plant case study, respectively. Finally, inverse modelling in IPMs is presented, a method that allows population projection when some vital rates are not observed.
Evolutionary Demography
Authors: Tuljapurkar Shripad , Zuo Wenyun
Published: November 2021

Evolutionary demography has grown rapidly in recent years, as the biological topics of life history evolution and evolution in population with complex life cycles have benefitted from and contributed to a broader focus on evolutionary biodemography. This chapter provides a critical summary of the central ideas and methods. The authors emphasise theoretical methods, starting with the main ideas that have attracted attention in the field, the assumptions behind these, and efforts to relax those assumptions, and provide a short account of some new directions. The chapter begins with the classic work of Peter Medawar and William Hamilton and discusses the connections, applications, assumptions, and limitations related to their ideas and results, e.g. sensitivity and corresponding elasticity of growth rate on fertility and survival. It highlights extensions to variable environments and the large body of theory around that topic. Next the chapter discusses how these theoretical methods are related to analyses and theories of post-reproductive life, via the general concept of ‘borrowing fitness’. Finally, the chapter discusses nonlinear models of mutation and selection and density-dependent models.
Heritability, polymorphism, and population dynamics: individual-based eco-evolutionary simulations
Authors: Kuparinen Anna
Published: November 2021

Contemporary evolution that occurs across ecologically relevant time scales, such as a few generations or decades, can not only change phenotypes but also feed back to demographic parameters and the dynamics of populations. This chapter presents a method to make phenotypic traits evolve in mechanistic individual-based simulations. The method is broadly applicable, as demonstrated through its applications to boreal forest adaptation to global warming, eco-evolutionary dynamics driven by fishing-induced selection in Atlantic cod, and the evolution of age at maturity in Atlantic salmon. The main message of this chapter is that there may be little reason to exclude phenotypic evolution in analyses of population dynamics, as these can be modified by evolutionary changes in life histories. Future challenges will be to integrate rapidly accumulating genomic knowledge and an ecosystem perspective to improve population projections and to better understand the drivers of population dynamics.
Legislative Speech in Presidential Systems
Authors: Taylor Andrew J.
Published: November 2021

This essay constitutes a sort of corrective to the considerable attention scholars of legislative speech have given to bodies in parliamentary regimes. I survey the study of legislative speech in presidential systems by categorizing it into two types. The first presents patterns of speech across memberships as indicative of other factors such as electoral institutions and the strength of legislative parties. Here, I use Proksch and Slapin’s theoretical framework for purchase and refer to a small but growing corpus of literature on Latin America. The subject of the second is the content of speech. The approach is normative and assumes words spoken are independent variables that can have important effects on policy, politics, and the health of the broader polity. I conclude by remarking upon the opportunities computer software and newly accessible data provide for researchers of speech in the legislatures of presidential systems. I also suggest avenues for future research.
Canada
Authors: Cochrane Christopher , Godbout Jean-François , Vandenbeukel Jason
Published: November 2021

Canada is a federal parliamentary democracy with a bicameral legislature at the national level. Members of the upper House, styled the Senate, are appointed by the prime minister, and members of the lower House, the House of Commons, are elected in single-member plurality electoral districts. In practice, the House of Commons is by far the more important of the two chambers. This chapter, therefore, investigates access to the floor in the Canadian House of Commons. We find that the age, gender, and experience of MPs have little independent effect on access to the floor. Consistent with the dominant role of parties in Canadian political life, we find that an MP’s role within a party has by far the most significant impact on their access to the floor. Intriguingly, backbenchers in the government party have the least access of all.
Finland
Authors: Poyet Corentin , Raunio Tapio
Published: November 2021

This chapter analyzes plenary debates in the Eduskunta, the unicameral legislature of Finland. Recent constitutional reforms have strengthened the role of the Eduskunta, which the findings also reflect. Access to the floor is relatively unconstrained in Finland, but there is also a strong element of party control involved. The chapter shows that opposition MPs, small parties, and party leaders make active use of plenary speeches. The constitutional reform increased the likelihood of frontbenchers and experienced MPs to deliver speeches. Gender and partially seniority have little effect on who gets to speak in the plenary, but there is also quite a significant variation between political parties. Overall, our results indicate that the plenary has become a more important arena in Finnish politics, both for the cabinet and the opposition.
Germany
Authors: Jochen Müller , Stecker Christian , Blätte Andreas
Published: November 2021

This chapter analyzes the institutional foundation of parliamentary debates in the German Bundestag. Based on 89,920 speeches given between 1990 and 2017, we explore factors influencing debate participation. Some systematic patterns of debate participation emerge: We show that policy expertise is a strong predictor of debate participation as many debates are dominated by the members of the respective working groups of the parliamentary party groups. Moreover, we show that government members and party leaders give more speeches than backbenchers. We find no significant differences between MPs from single-member districts and party lists, which is hardly surprising, given the complex contamination of electoral incentives between the two types of MPs. Personal characteristics of MPs also matter as MP’s gender influences the participation in debates.
Israel
Authors: Tuttnauer Or , Friedberg Chen
Published: November 2021

This chapter investigates the factors affecting floor access in the Israeli national parliament—the Knesset. Although Israel is a parliamentary democracy with a proportional, closed-list electoral system, the Knesset’s rules of procedure give little control to parties over floor access. Analyzing over 46,000 speeches over three terms between 2009 and 2019, even in debates where party leadership does have control over who takes the floor, we find no strong evidence that such control is used to give more speech time to highly ranked representatives. This is at odds with predictions made by others in two ways: First, in that the parliamentary rules do not reflect the electoral incentives of party leadership; Second, in that parties do not appear to utilize whatever ability they possess to control their representatives’ speechmaking.
New Zealand
Authors: Osnabrügge Moritz
Published: November 2021

This chapter studies debate participation in New Zealand’s parliament from 1996 to 2002. New Zealand has a mixed-member proportional electoral system and a multiparty system. Its parliamentary rules and procedures give parties considerable control over the allocation of speaking time in debates and questions during question times. The empirical analysis, based on 125,088 speeches, studies the number of speeches that parliamentarians delivered and the number of words they spoke during two legislative periods. I find that ministers and party leaders participate significantly more and use more words in parliamentary debates than other parliamentarians. I also show that female politicians and ethnic minorities are less likely to participate.
Spain
Authors: Vallbé Joan-Josep , Sanjaume-Calvet Marc
Published: November 2021

The Spanish political system limits individual MP participation in parliamentary debate favoring parties and parliamentary groups. Using data of the 7th to 10th legislative terms of Spain’s lower chamber (2000–2016) to explore the role of inter- and intra-party factors to MP floor participation, results show that parties and groups constrain MP behavior through three mechanisms. First, monitoring over MP activity ensures MP discipline and predicts very well how much MPs speak and for how long. Second, committee assignments help parliamentary groups regulate MP floor access reducing it to a few relevant MPs. Third, a strong executive minimizes dissent within the majority group in the chamber. Given these mechanisms and a set of rules that privilege party and group structure and restrain parliamentary fragmentation and individuation, legislative debate in Spain features just a few MPs within a model of representation that strongly favors central party-structure control over candidate-constituency bonding mechanisms.
Mobile data collection apps
Authors: McLester Edward , Piel Alex K.
Published: November 2021

The expansion of the mobile consumer market in the last decade has resulted in the widespread availability of affordable, multifunctional tablets, and smartphones with a range of uses. Whether for scientific research or conservation practice, these devices provide a means of digital data collection that is an increasingly time- and cost-effective alternative to traditional methods. This chapter discusses recent advances in mobile data collection, especially with cloud storage, including the advantages and limitations of this emerging approach. It will also review current hardware and software options for conservation data collection, focusing on devices and apps with high customisability, and provide an overview of how these systems may be applied in conservation science. As a case study, it will examine the transition from paper to digital data collection at a primate conservation project at the Issa Valley, Tanzania. And finally, it will identify gaps and precautions in current applications of mobile data collection and suggest what lies ahead for digital data collection in conservation.
“No Pain and No Consciousness”
Authors: Davis Cynthia J.
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines pain’s importance to the sensitized, embodied consciousness valued by William, Henry, and Alice James. All three siblings disdained what Henry once called “the odd numbness of the general sensibility.” Yet William insisted that an individual’s higher capacities along with a more profound reality could best be accessed while physicality was numbed and waking consciousness was suppressed. For him anesthesia provided a gateway to the higher reaches of consciousness that his two siblings typically anchored in the feeling, suffering body. Henry and Alice repeatedly represent pain as comparable to an intense aesthetic experience in that it arouses the senses, increases responsiveness to stimuli, and heightens consciousness while still tethering the sufferer to the material world. They both count themselves among the rare few who possess this capacity for an aesthetic aliveness to suffering, which distinguishes them from purportedly less animate humans who in their assessment suffer less and hence invariably live less. Both siblings simultaneously stage the reconciliation of physical discomfort with material comfort at a time when their peers tended to view the two conditions as fundamentally antagonistic.
“The Blind Dread of Physical Pain”
Authors: Davis Cynthia J.
Published: November 2021

This chapter puts Edith Wharton’s insistence on pain’s refining power and her disdain for her pain-averse contemporaries in dialogue with the eclectic New Thought movement, which persuaded many Americans that a positive mental outlook could minimize or even vanquish pain. Wharton openly disdained the national faith in self-improvement, attainable happiness, and avoidable pain espoused in the optimistic bestseller, Pollyanna, and by New Thinkers like Ella Wheeler Wilcox. Although she carefully distinguishes between “sterile” and potentially fruitful pain, Wharton depicts an instinctive aversion to pain of all kinds as an all-too-common American flaw, whose only upside was allowing the select few capable of an unusually sensitive appreciation of pain to stand out from the crowd. Rather than positioning these rare sensitive souls as potential models, her writings increasingly rely on them to bring the extent of US cultural and political debasement into sharper relief.
Linguistic Evidentials and the Law of Hearsay
Authors: Solan Lawrence M.
Published: November 2021

This chapter explores the relationship between how natural language expresses degrees of certainty in the truth of an assertion on the one hand, and how the law handles this issue on the other. This discussion focuses, in particular, on the hearsay doctrine and on the linguistic elements identified as “evidentials:” expressions that include information about how speakers came to know the assertions they make. The hearsay rule bars certain kinds of speech acts from serving as legal evidence, in particular, assertions that report what another person earlier said, and which are offered to express the truth about the events at issue in a case. The author links the law governing hearsay in terms of speech act theory, a connection also drawn by the philosopher John Langshaw Austin, who observed that statements offered to prove the fact of the speech act rather than the truth of the matter asserted are admissible.
The Pragmatics of Evidence Discourse
Authors: Tuzet Giovanni
Published: November 2021

This chapter explores a number of pragmatic aspects of the evidentiary discourse. By calling them “pragmatic” the author refers to the aspects that are typically the province of “pragmatics” and can be generically defined as the study of the use of language in context; and by “evidence discourse” he refers to the discourse that is carried out about juridical evidence. This discussion restates the basic distinction between semantics and pragmatics and then addresses the nature of the speech acts in evidence discourse, the role of implicatures and presuppositions, and the place of deixis, i.e., the use of indexicals and demonstratives. The author claims that evidence discourse is predominantly assertive; that problems associated with implicatures are abated as questioners are skilled and questions are specific; that exploitation of presuppositions is avoided by attorneys’ vigilance and judicial control; and, finally, that deixis reveals the discourse’s ostensive dimension.
The Logic of Inference and Decision for Scientific Evidence
Authors: Taroni Franco , Bozza Silvia , Biedermann Alex
Published: November 2021

Uncertainty is an inevitable complication encountered by members of the judiciary who face inference and decision-making as core aspects of their daily activities. Inference, in this context, is mainly inductive and relates to the use of incomplete information, to reason about propositions of interest. Applied to scientific evidence, this means, for example, to reason about whether or not a person of interest is the source of a recovered evidential material and factfinders are required to make decisions about ultimate issues, for example, regarding a defendant’s guilt. The role of forensic scientists, whose duty is to help assess the probative value of scientific findings, is to offer to mandate authorities’ conclusions that are scientifically sound and logically defensible. This chapter lays out the fundamentals of inference and decision-making under uncertainty with regard to forensic evidence. The authors explicate explain the subjectivist version of Bayesianism and analyze the usefulness of the likelihood ratio in for measuring the degree to which the evidence discriminates between competing propositions in a trial. They also underscore emphasize the importance of decision analysis as a framework that forces helps decision-makers to formalize preference structures.
Introduction
Authors: Symon Gillian , Pritchard Katrina , Hine Christine
Published: November 2021

In this introductory chapter, we first outline what we mean by ‘digital work’ and why this creates new methodological challenges. Here we specifically consider the difficulties of observing everyday work practices as they occur often invisibly in silent communion between workers and their devices, in new and various workspaces, across a widely distributed and shifting group of workers, and as they are shaped by the workings of hidden algorithms. Subsequently, we also consider a variety of critical research processes for understanding digital work including: accessing digital data; understanding how context shapes digital data; and the meshing of virtual and embodied research presence. We end the chapter by introducing the four sections of the book—screenwork, digital working practices, distributed work, and digital traces of work—each of which comprises four reflexive accounts of researchers’ experiences in developing methods that can capture digital aspects of work and organization.
Screen Mediated Work in an Ethnography of Official Statistics
Authors: Grommé Francisca
Published: November 2021

The omnipresence of screen mediated work has consequences for researchers interested in ethnographically observing digital work ‘in action’ in co-located, face-to-face, fieldwork. Researchers can encounter difficulties such as deciding how and when to observe the role of screens, and observing screen mediated work when figures and graphs appear briefly or out of view. Focussing on organizational knowledge practices, the chapter first discusses how we can conceptualize the roles of screens in digital work by reviewing five ethnographic research traditions: (1) symbolic interactionism; (2) ethnomethodology; (3) panoptic theories of power; (4) actor-network theories; (5) sociomateriality in organizational processes. Next, the chapter considers how to practically study screen mediated work via an ethnographic research project in a statistical office. On the basis of this project, we can distinguish five ‘small m’ methodological positions for conducting fieldwork in screen mediated workspaces, illustrating how ‘screen demonstration interviews’ and (participant) observation are conducted.
The Heartbeat of Fieldwork
Authors: Coletta Claudio
Published: November 2021

This chapter explores the issue of temporality in undertaking ethnographic fieldwork, drawing on research that examined traffic control rooms, wherein software is used to automatically regulate traffic flow in a city. The study identifies two key aspects of temporality in this situation: (1) polyrhythmia at different scales produced by algorithms, technology, management, and urban life; and (2) the process of organizing multiple timelines to tune the ‘heartbeat’ of the city. As time represents a new object of concern for the ethnographic investigation of algorithmic management, I introduce the concept of halfway ethnography as a way to grasp the heartbeat of the fieldwork, focusing on its material organizing of dispersed and heterogeneous temporalities while tuning in with such temporalities.
Thick Big Data
Authors: Jemielniak Dariusz , Stasik Agata
Published: November 2021

As we witness a radical increase in the volume and variety of digital data, it should not come as a surprise that social sciences have become increasingly ‘datafied’. The traditional social sciences, such as sociology or anthropology, are thus under the threat of becoming marginalized or even irrelevant because of the prevalence of the new methods of research, which require more computational skills. This chapter describes a way for researchers to enter this new domain and keep their advantage of mastering qualitative research relevant: a new, mixed-method of Thick Big Data, relying on a combination of quantitative approaches (data scraping, Social Network Analysis, culturomics, sentiment analysis) with qualitative ones (digital ethnography, narrative analysis, cultural studies). The chapter outlines how these approaches may blend, and offers some practical advice for a researcher without coding skills on how to take the first steps in online research, through examples focused on Wikipedia.
Structuring the Haystack
Authors: Bucher Eliane , Schou Peter Kalum , Waldkirch Matthias , Grünwald Eduard , Antons David
Published: November 2021

Large-scale online communities, such as Reddit or Quora, have emerged as promising research contexts, offering insight into an unprecedented range of real-time user discourses. However, researchers striving to access, collect, and meaningfully process such conversation data face a trade-off between capturing breadth (structures, relationships) and depth (content, meaning) of community interactions. Building on a mixed-methodology design, our contribution offers an avenue to harness and combine advantages of both approaches, first by clustering the data based on a theoretically derived dictionary (discovering structure) and second by qualitatively coding and interpreting the resulting clusters (discovering meaning). We illustrate this methodological approach with data collected from a community of online workers on Reddit where we focused on how human resource management (HRM) practices transform in the gig economy and how digital platforms use a hybrid HRM system that combines elements of high-performance and control-oriented HRM philosophies.
Teaching through ensemble performance
Authors: McCaleb J. Murphy
Published: November 2021

Teaching ensemble performance in higher education tends to draw on staff members as conductors or mentors, approaches which can easily remain unexamined. This research investigates a third potential path, participatory ensemble teaching, which steps away from the conductor’s podium and plays less (obviously) important musical parts. Using alternating leadership in this way was designed to help students engage more critically than otherwise, creating a rehearsal environment where their musical decisions were meaningful and impactful. Through rehearsal observations and focus groups, the chapter assesses the effectiveness of this approach to small ensemble teaching across three years of an undergraduate music program. In addition to reflecting on the impact of participatory ensemble teaching, this case study explores issues around equality, power relationships, and the role of the lecturer within ensembles.
An historical perspective on ensemble performance
Authors: Terepin Christopher
Published: November 2021

Recordings made in the early part of the twentieth century suggest a great deal of historical diversity in musicians’ attitudes to ensemble performance. The ensemble style of the Czech (formerly Bohemian) String Quartet, traces of which were captured on record in the 1920s, offers an intriguing example of an approach to “togetherness” that is strikingly unlike that of our own time. Drawing on their recording of the Lento movement of Dvorak’s famous String Quartet in F Op.96, this case study investigates aspects of the Czech Quartet’s unusual ensemble playing, and in particular the way they combine expressive asynchrony with coordinated, large-scale shaping strategies. By situating these practices in aesthetic and theoretical context, this chapter shows how the evidence of early recordings might contribute valuable nuance to our understanding of the conventions of (good) ensemble performance.
Beyond synchronization
Authors: Bishop Laura , Cancino-Chacón Carlos , Goebl Werner
Published: November 2021

In the Western art music tradition, among many others, top ensembles are distinguished on the basis of their creative interpretation and expressivity, rather than purely on the precision of their synchronization. This chapter proposes that visual cues serve as social motivators during ensemble performance, promoting performers’ creative engagement with the music and each other. This chapter discusses findings from a study in which skilled duo musicians’ use of visual cues (eye gaze and body motion) was examined across the course of a rehearsal session. Results show that performers are driven to interact visually: (1) by temporal irregularity in the music and (2) by increased familiarity with the music and their co-performer. Synchronization success was unimpaired during a “blind” performance where performers could not see each other. Ensemble musicians thus choose to supplement their auditory interactions with visual cues despite their visual interactions offering no apparent benefit to synchronization.
Ensembles for wellbeing
Authors: Kreutz Gunter , Bonshor Michael
Published: November 2021

The value of ensemble music-making for wellbeing is addressed in this chapter, with an emphasis on amateur musicians. Previous research on musical development over the lifespan suggests that long-term engagement might be motivated by individual wellbeing benefits. Although negative health implications are also noted, amateur musicians report fewer adverse health effects associated with musical participation compared with their professional counterparts. However, the research literature on amateur musicians has tended to focus on choir members, raising questions as to whether the predominantly positive implications of choral singing also apply to instrumental ensemble performance. Recent studies have begun to fill this research gap, but there is still uncertainty with respect to the specific factors contributing to wellbeing and health in amateur ensembles. In conclusion, tentative models to foster hypothesis-driven research are needed as well as a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms that connect long-term musical engagement and wellbeing.
Ensemble participation in late adulthood
Authors: MacRitchie Jennifer , Garrido Sandra
Published: November 2021

What does it mean to be part of a musical ensemble as we grow older? In addition to the avenues for physical, cognitive, and emotional growth provided by learning to play a musical instrument, playing together in an ensemble also presents an opportunity for socializing. This chapter highlights the benefits and challenges of ensemble participation in late adulthood, focusing on a case study which considers the continued involvement of aging adult participants in a community orchestra. Results demonstrate that the orchestra as an ensemble context continues to be intellectually stimulating for players across all ages, with rehearsing and performing as a group giving the participants a means to feel bonded with others in their community. These results present opportunities for community ensembles in general to consider ways that they can further support individuals in late adulthood, particularly in navigating the physical and mental stresses that may arise.
Effectiveness-Based Manufacturing as a Foundation of China’s Innovation Machine
Authors: Zhang Marina Yue , Dodgson Mark , Gann David M.
Published: November 2021

This chapter demonstrates the importance of manufacturing in China’s innovation machine. It explains the history of China’s industrialization and how it overcame early challenges to become the ‘world’s factory’. It argues that China has since progressed to become the ‘world’s workshop’, with the capability and capacity to translating complex designs into products with engineering precision and with unmatchable speed and scale. Examples are provided of large overseas companies attracted to manufacture in China, such as Tesla and Apple. It also examines a new model of mass customization facilitated by the country’s super e-commerce platforms such as Alibaba and Pinduoduo, which connects consumers with hundreds of millions of SME manufacturers, including China’s ‘hidden champions’ in niche areas of manufacturing. Chinese manufacturing possesses significant strengths in its resilience and flexibility, building upon its highly skilled workforce and digital infrastructure. The chapter shows how China’s manufacturing is benefiting from recent trends that have moved production in global value chains to countries with lower labour costs.
Safety Two
Authors: Thimbleby Harold
Published: November 2021

Focusing on the bad stuff is the traditional Safety One approach. Safety One is unconstructive. Instead, Safety Two means focusing on doing more good. Safety Two emphasizes doing more good things and therefore squeezes out the bad things.