bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RESISTÊNCIA DA MADEIRA MODIFICADA TERMICAMENTE DE Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden AO TÉRMITA DE MADEIRA SECA Cryptotermes sp.
Authors: Batista Djeison Cesar , Nisgoski Silvana , Oliveira José Tarcísio da Silva , Muñiz Graciela Inês Bolzón de , Paes Juarez Benigno
Published: July 2016

Existem atualmente cinco principais processos de modificação térmica em operação na Europa, que aumentam a estabilidade dimensional e a resistência da madeira à biodeterioração, porém, não são eficientes contra o ataque de térmitas. Na verdade, existe pouca pesquisa a respeito do efeito da modificação térmica da madeira na resistência à biodeterioração por térmitas, sejam subterrâneos ou de madeira seca. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito do processo brasileiro de modificação térmica VAP HolzSysteme® na resistência da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis ao ataque de térmitas de madeira seca Cryptotermes sp. Para tanto, foram testados cinco tratamentos: madeira não tratada de eucalipto, madeira de eucalipto modificada termicamente a três temperaturas finais (140, 160 e 180°C) e madeira de pinus (controle). O ataque foi avaliado em termos de perda de massa, escore médio das notas do desgaste, número de orifícios e mortalidade dos térmitas, de acordo com o método proposto pelo Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas de São Paulo. Semelhante aos processos europeus de modificação térmica, o processo brasileiro VAP HolzSysteme® também não foi eficaz para melhorar a resistência da madeira de eucalipto ao ataque dos térmitas de madeira seca, pelo menos nas condições avaliadas.
ATIVIDADES ANTIOXIDANTE E ALELOPÁTICA DE EXTRATOS FOLIARES OBTIDOS DE EUGENIA DYSENTERICA
Authors: Malheiros Rafael Pozzi , Mapeli Ana Maria , Machado Luciana Lucas
Published: July 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and allelopathic potential of ethanolic and hydroalcoholic 70:30 and 50:50 (ethanol: water) extracts from the leaves of Eugenia dysenterica. The antioxidant activity of the extracts were evaluated by applying the free radical scavenging method using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH). The allelopathic bioassays were carried out in laboratory, considering germination percentage, Index of Germination Speed (IVG), radicle / primary root length and hypocotyl / coleoptile length of lettuce and corn seeds. All parameters underwent variance analysis, and the mean values were compared by means of Scott-Knott test (p less then 5%). In relation to the antioxidant potential all extracts showed activity, with inhibitory concentration (IC50) at 0.73; 1.68 e 1.83mg/mL for the ethanolic, hydroalcoholic 70:30 e hydroalcoholic 50:50, respectively. Regarding allelopathic activity, all extracts reduced the IVG of lettuce and inhibit the radicle / primary root growth and hypocotyl / coleoptile of target species. Therefore, the extracts tested of E. dysenterica showed antioxidant potential and allelopathic inhibitory effect on the initial development of lettuce and corn
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY DATA USING MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES
Authors: Finkler Nícolas Reinaldo , Bortolin Taison Anderson , Cocconi Jardel , Mendes Ludmilson Abritta , Schneider Vania Elisabete
Published: July 2016

The natural factors and anthropogenic activities that contribute to spatial and temporal variation in superficial waters in Caxias do Sul’s urban hydrographic basins were determined applying multivariate analysis of data. The techniques used in this study were Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis. The monitoring was executed in 12 sampling stations, during January, 2009 to January, 2010 with monthly periodicity in total of 13 campaigns. Between chemical, biological and physical, 20 parameters were analyzed. The results state that with the use of ACP, a data variance of 70.94% was observed. Therefore, it testifies that major pollutants that contribute to a water quality variation in the county are classified as domestic and industrial pollutants, mainly from galvanic industry. Moreover, two clusters were found which differentiated regarding their location and distance from areas with a high human density, corroborating on identifying of impact due to human activities in urban rivers.
IMPACTOS DO SETOR MINERO-SIDERÚRGICO SOBRE AS CONCENTRAÇÕES DE PARTÍCULAS INALÁVEIS E DE DIÓXIDO DE ENXOFRE, NA REGIÃO DA GRANDE VITÓRIA, ESPÍRITO SANTO, BRASIL
Authors: Monte Edson Zambon
Published: July 2016

This study aimed to verify the impacts of mining and steel industries on concentrations of particulate matter (PM10) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), in the Region of Grande Vitória (RGV), Espírito Santo, Brazil, using the Vector autoregressive/Vector error correction (VAR/VECM) method. The results showed that i) the concentrations of the pollutants PM10 and SO2 are significantly impacted by mining and steel industries, being the sectors represented in this study by the export of iron ore pellets and concentrates and other semi-manufactured products of iron/steel; ii) the influence of the mining and steel industries is higher on the pollutant SO2 than on PM10; and, iii) short-term estimates of the cointegration vector revealed that the short-term imbalances for PM10 concentrations are corrected more quickly than for SO2 concentrations.
ANÁLISIS SINÓPTICO DE UN EVENTO EXTREMO Y PERSISTENTE DE LLUVIA SOBRE EL ESTADO DE RÍO GRANDE DO SUL, BRASIL, EN MAYO DE 2004
Authors: Prieto Raidel Báez , Teixeira Mateus Da Silva
Published: July 2016

Between 04 to 09 May 2004, part of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil; have recorded rainfall above 300mm. The east region of this state, mainly on the coast, had the highest rainfall accumulation occurred. A synoptic analysis of this period has shown a persistent trough west of RS in high and middle levels of troposphere, in the first three days of this event. This trough started a cyclonic vortice in the mid-low-tropospheric levels in the following days. The upward movement associated with this trough stayed semi-stationary over the state of RS and acted in almost entire tropospheric layer during great part of this period. In addition, it was observed that this tropospheric layer had high values of relative humidity from surface up to 300 hPa, over the state of RS – greater than 70%. In 09 May 2004, the cyclonic vortice has lost their configuration and has distanced from RS. The state of RS was dominated by an anticyclonic circulation and by a drier tropospheric layer, what disfavors rainfall occurrence in this region. During all analyzed period, it could be observed that the configuration in the middle troposphere has extended up to higher levels, but the same does not occurred to the surface. Also, a cyclonic circulation in 850 hPa was observed over the state of RS, but any cyclogenesis has occurred at surface. A surface cyclogenesis was observed over the coast of the state of Sao Paulo (SP), in 05 May. This cyclone has moved to south, approaching the coast of the states of RS e Santa Catarina (SC), in 08 May. A comparison of the atmospheric behavior with the rainfall recorded in the state of RS between 03 and 09 May suggest that this low-pressure center has no direct influence in the cumulative rainfall observed in this period. In addition, in 08 and 09 May, this low-pressure center weakened and move away from the coast of the states of RS and SC. Therefore, although the weak low-level temperature advection and low-level moisture flux convergence observed over this region, a persistent mid-low-tropospheric trough, what favor persistent upward movement, together with a deep and very humid layer, seems to be the main responsible to the great amounts of rainfall registered in the state of RS.
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND ANALYZING THE WIND TURBINE PERFORMANCE; A REVIEW
Authors: Lori Erfan Shamsaddini , Leman Zulkiflle
Published: July 2016

The potential of renewable energy resources has been investigated and its is shown that they can in fact fulfill most of the world’s energy demand. In this study renewable energy sources such as biomass, solar, wind, geothermal and hydropower are studied and provided with sustainable energy services, based on the available natural resources. In the past three decades wind and solar power system have developed rapidly in sales, while there was a decline in their capital cost and costs of electricity generated. This study shows that the transition to renewable –based energy systems are increasing and continues to improve their performance characteristic. The enhancement and utilization of renewable energy sources can increase diversity in energy supply market, help to secure long term supportable energy supplies, keeping the environment clean by reducing local and global atmospheric emissions, establish marvelous options too encounter specific energy service needs by helping to create new job opportunities especially in developing countries.
A POPULAÇÃO DA CIDADE DE SÃO GABRIEL, RS E O GRAU DE SATISFAÇÃO EM RELAÇÃO À QUALIDADE AMBIENTAL URBANA
Authors: Silva Daniel Dejalmiro Medeiros da , Santos Nara Rejane Zamberlan dos , Vogel Hamilton Munari , Weber Mirla Andrade
Published: July 2016

The growth of environmental impacts in the cities comes from the increase in population and the constant expansion of urban areas. These conflicts coupled with the lack of infrastructure contribute to the deterioration of environmental quality and life of the urban population and consequently to the physical, chemical and biological changes that compromise ecosystems and alter the landscape in these centers. The theme of this study relates to the perception and satisfaction of urban environmental quality has, as social actors, residents of a sample of the population of five districts in São Gabriel, RS. Through interviews addressed issues such as solid waste, noise, visual, air, soil, deforestation, the presence of sewage, illegal occupation, floods, urban sanitation and municipal environmental policies. The result of the survey showed satisfaction with some environmental aspects, but dissatisfaction with public policy indifferent to the quality of life of citizens.
AVALIAÇÃO DA PERCEPÇÃO DA POPULAÇÃO GABRIELENSE E DE ALGUMAS INSTITUIÇÕES DO MUNICÍPIO QUANTO AO CUMPRIMENTO DA POLÍTICA NACIONAL DOS RESÍDUOS SÓLIDOS
Authors: Rodrigues Alexandre Moura , Santos Nara Rejane Zamberlan dos , Gracioli Cibele Rosa
Published: July 2016

The National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS) proposes the practice of sustainable consumption patterns. One of the most important instruments of this policy is the concept of shared responsibility for the lifecycle of products. The State of Solid Waste/RS Policy sets forth the principles, objectives, instruments and guidelines for the integrated management and solid waste management, the responsibilities of producers and the government and to apply economic instruments. As the state of preparation of Municipal Plans for Integrated Management of Solid Waste (PMGIRS / RS) more than half of the municipalities have drawn up their plans. The objective was to analyze the knowledge and perception of the people and institutions in the city of São Gabriel, RS, for adherence to the PNRS. Data collection was conducted in four districts of the city: New Town, Vila Mariana, Independence and Center. In each neighborhood type semi-structured questionnaire instruments were applied. A second instrument was applied with nine (9) institutions. The results showed the importance of proper disposal of municipal solid waste. Negligence in the integrated management of solid waste added to the neglect of people and institutions bring social, economic and environmental consequences extremely negative to the municipality.
ICMS ECOLÓGICO COMO FERRAMENTA DE PROTEÇÃO AMBIENTAL: ANÁLISE DA APLICAÇÃO NO ESTADO DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL
Authors: Lovatto Pâmela Muriel Aude , Rocha Jefferson Marçal
Published: July 2016

This article aims to analyze the application of the ICMS - Ecological State of Rio Grande do Sul - RS. The Ecological ICMS it is the used economic instrument and connected to the tax system directed to environmental protection. In recent years there has been a spread of public policy for the use of ecological ICMS in several states. To conduct the survey was made an analysis of the ICMS investment proposals - Ecological RS in the state compared to other states of Brazil. She smoothed the method and the tax distribution criteria in the RS, as well as the current distribution between the cities and to identify the recipients of the highest and lowest values. It was found that the origin of this tax is eminently extrafiscal and its purpose is that municipalities will safeguard its existing biodiversity and encourage them to create new green spaces through the use of these Royalties. The results show that the municipalities receiving these Royalties are those with protected areas, but many  municipalities that also have this type of reservation are not covered, perhaps because they are unaware of the legislation.
A SITUAÇÃO DA LOGÍSTICA REVERSA EM ALGUNS MUNICÍPIOS DA CAMPANHA E FRONTEIRA OESTE DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL/RS.
Authors: Gindri Ana Carla de Oliveira , Lhamby Andressa Rocha
Published: July 2016

From the National Solid Waste Policy (PNRS), municipalities have the shared responsibility of certain solid waste, including fluorescent lamps, electronics, batteries and tires. The Reverse Logistics came to pay up the life cycle of materials, making products already used return of the various consumption points to their origin. In step of Reverse Logistics, products undergo a refresher and return to jail until they are finally disposed of correctly, in order to ensure a sustainable recovery for the environment. Faced with the need to implement the Reverse Logistics in municipal public agencies, through this study aimed to conduct a diagnosis of the situation of Reverse Logistics in some municipalities of the campaign and Border West of the state of Rio Grande do Sul region. It can be concluded 60% of the municipalities surveyed already have their Municipal Plan for Solid Waste Integrated Management, but only one municipality considers its efficient Reverse Logistics System. However the 40% that do not have the Municipal Plan for Solid Waste Integrated Management, have at least one reverse logistics system. Thus, it is clear that the government is increasingly concerned about environmental issues in their surroundings.
Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy Promotes Osteoblastogenesis and Prevents Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis
Authors: Sui Bingdong , Hu Chenghu , Zhang Xinyi , Zhao Pan , He Tao , Zhou Cuihong , Qiu Xinyu , Chen Nan , Zhao Xinyi , Jin Yan
Published: July 2016

Gene-modified mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-like cells with enhanced bone marrow homing and osteogenesis have been used in treating glucocorticoid-induced murine osteoporosis (GIOP). Recent preclinical studies have further demonstrated the immunomodulatory and anticatabolic potential of allogeneic MSCs in treating osteoporosis under inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. In this study, we investigated whether systemic infusion of allogeneic MSCs without genetic manipulation could prevent GIOP, whether anabolic and anticatabolic effects existed, and whether homing or immunomodulation underlay the putative therapeutic effects. Allogeneic bone marrow-derived MSCs (BMMSCs) were isolated, identified, and systemically infused into mice treated with excessive dexamethasone. We revealed that allogeneic MSC transplantation prevented the reduction of bone mass and strength in GIOP. Bone histomorphometric analyses of bone remodeling demonstrated the maintenance of bone formation and osteoblast survival after MSC therapy. Using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled BMMSCs, we showed that donor BMMSCsGFP homed and inhabited recipient bone marrow for at least 4 weeks and prevented recipient bone marrow cell apoptosis, as shown by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling. Furthermore, donor BMMSCsGFP committed to Osterix (Osx)+ osteoblast progenitors and induced recipient osteoblastogenesis, as exhibited by GFP-Osx double-labeling immunofluorescence analysis. No anticatabolic effects or systemic immunomodulatory effects of infused BMMSCs were detected. These findings demonstrated that allogeneic MSC therapy prevented GIOP by inhabiting and functioning in recipient bone marrow, which promoted osteoblastogenesis, which in turn maintained bone formation. Our findings provide important information regarding cell-based anabolic therapy for GIOP and uncover MSC behaviors following the homing event.

Significance

This study revealed the therapeutic potential of systemically infused, genetically unmodified allogeneic MSCs in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. The donor MSCs inhabited recipient bone marrow and promoted osteoblastogenesis. The therapeutic effects were based on maintenance of bone formation. These results provide important information regarding cell-based anabolic therapy for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and uncover previously unrecognized mesenchymal stem cell behaviors following a homing event. The current study also indicates that minimizing the time of cell culture confers an advantage for increasing transplanted mesenchymal stem cells to the targeted organ to promote therapeutic effects.
Cystic fibrosis: the urgent need to report on mutations among patients of African descent
Authors: Wonkam Ambroise
Published: July 2016

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The Importance of Systems for Controlling Logistics Costs in the Supply Chain: A Case Study from the Slovenian Automotive Industry
Authors: Škerlič Sebastjan , Muha Robert
Published: July 2016

Participating in the automotive industry brings new responsibilities for suppliers who, in order to meet customer demands, must strive towards improving business processes, while at the same time reducing costs. These demands can disrupt the operations of companies that do not have a system for controlling logistics costs. On the other hand, customer demands can be the cause of other types of disruptions in companies that have such a system in place, stemming from an excessive focus on cost reduction. To tackle this problem, a survey was conducted on a sample of 30 Slovenian companies that operate as suppliers in the automotive industry. Its objective was to determine how different customer demands along the supply chain can affect the business processes of suppliers and the level of logistics costs. The survey revealed that companies that use a system for controlling logistics costs experience fewer disruptions in their business processes in their efforts to satisfy customer demands. These companies also display a higher level of integration of business processes and use a different approach when dealing with the various participants of the supply chain. The survey also sets clear participation guidelines for suppliers in the supply chain of the automotive industry and points out how companies can benefit from using a system for controlling logistics costs in other ways, aside from the cost controlling aspect.
Empirical Approach for Determining Lane Change Distance at Obstacle Avoidance Manoeuvre
Authors: Papić Zoran Miladin , Zovak Goran , Bogdanović Vuk , Saulić Nenad Josip
Published: July 2016

The lane change of vehicles for avoiding hitting a sudden obstacle represents a significant and unique problem for traffic accident experts. Most mathematic models for determining the lane change distance are based on theoretical research studies and a lot of simplifications and approximations. In order to analyse the influence of different drivers and vehicles on a manoeuvre, an experimental research study of lane change was carried out at the test track which enables repeatability in the same conditions. The drivers were instructed to drive through the test track at a maximum speed without displacing the traffic cones. Based on the statistical analyses of the successful lane change manoeuvres an empirical model for the calculation of lane change distance for obstacle avoidance was formed. This model can be applied in the procedure of traffic accident reconstructions as well as within the development of the concept of modern intelligent vehicles.
Clinical Relevance and Mechanisms of Antagonism Between the BMP and Activin/TGF-β Signaling Pathways
Authors: Hudnall Aaron M. , Arthur Jon W. , Lowery Jonathan W.
Published: July 2016

The transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily is a large group of signaling molecules that participate in embryogenesis, organogenesis, and tissue homeostasis. These molecules are present in all animal genomes. Dysfunction in the regulation or activity of this superfamily’s components underlies numerous human diseases and developmental defects. There are 2 distinct arms downstream of the TGF-β superfamily ligands—the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and activin/TGF-β signaling pathways—and these 2 responses can oppose one another’s effects, most notably in disease states. However, studies have commonly focused on a single arm of the TGF-β superfamily, and the antagonism between these pathways is unknown in most physiologic and pathologic contexts. In this review, the authors summarize the clinically relevant scenarios in which the BMP and activin/TGF-β pathways reportedly oppose one another and identify several molecular mechanisms proposed to mediate this interaction. Particular attention is paid to experimental findings that may be informative to human pathology to highlight potential therapeutic approaches for future investigation.
Management of Cesarean Deliveries and Cesarean Scars With Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment: A Brief Report
Authors: Martingano Daniel
Published: July 2016

Cesarean scars pose a unique set of risks for women who have had previous cesarean deliveries. Between 1996 and 2007, the rate of trial of labor after previous cesarean delivery increased, along with reported rates of uterine rupture and other complications. Consequently, trial of labor after previous cesarean delivery and resultant vaginal birth after cesarean delivery have decreased and cesarean delivery has increased. With nearly one-third of women having cesarean delivery, the rate of rare complications such as cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy has also increased. An integration of osteopathic manipulative treatment techniques into the management of cesarean deliveries and cesarean scars has yet to be defined. The author presents 4 cases of cesarean delivery in which osteopathic manipulative treatment was integrated with successful outcomes.
Quick-low-density parity check and dynamic threshold voltage optimization in 1X nm triple-level cell NAND flash memory with comprehensive analysis of endurance, retention-time, and temperature variation
Authors: Doi Masafumi , Tokutomi Tsukasa , Hachiya Shogo , Kobayashi Atsuro , Tanakamaru Shuhei , Ning Sheyang , Iwasaki Tomoko Ogura , Takeuchi Ken
Published: July 2016

NAND flash memory’s reliability degrades with increasing endurance, retention-time and/or temperature. After a comprehensive evaluation of 1X nm triple-level cell (TLC) NAND flash, two highly reliable techniques are proposed. The first proposal, quick low-density parity check (Quick-LDPC), requires only one cell read in order to accurately estimate a bit-error rate (BER) that includes the effects of temperature, write and erase (W/E) cycles and retention-time. As a result, 83% read latency reduction is achieved compared to conventional AEP-LDPC. Also, W/E cycling is extended by 100% compared with conventional Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem (BCH) error-correcting code (ECC). The second proposal, dynamic threshold voltage optimization (DVO) has two parts, adaptive V
Ref shift (AVS) and V
TH space control (VSC). AVS reduces read error and latency by adaptively optimizing the reference voltage (V
Ref) based on temperature, W/E cycles and retention-time. AVS stores the optimal V
Ref’s in a table in order to enable one cell read. VSC further improves AVS by optimizing the voltage margins between V
TH states. DVO reduces BER by 80%.
Multiscale approach to (micro)porosity quantification in continental spring carbonate facies: Case study from the Cakmak quarry (Denizli, Turkey)
Authors: De Boever Eva , Foubert Anneleen , Oligschlaeger Dirk , Claes Steven , Soete Jeroen , Bertier Pieter , Özkul Mehmet , Virgone Aurélien , Swennen Rudy
Published: July 2016

Carbonate spring deposits gained renewed interest as potential contributors to subsurface reservoirs and as continental archives of environmental changes. In contrast to their fabrics, petrophysical characteristics – and especially the importance of microporosity (< 1µm) – are less understood. This study presents the combination of advanced petrophysical and imaging techniques to investigate the pore network characteristics of three, common and widespread spring carbonate facies, as exposed in the Pleistocene Cakmak quarry (Denizli, Turkey): the extended Pond, the dipping crystalline Proximal Slope Facies and the draping Apron and Channel Facies deposits formed by encrustation of biological substrate. Integrating mercury injection capillary pressure, bulk and diffusion Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), NMR profiling and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) measurements with microscopy and micro‐computer tomography (µ‐CT), shows that NMR T2 distributions systematically display a single group of micro‐sized pore bodies, making up between 6 and 33% of the pore space (average NMR T2 cut‐off value: 62 ms). Micropore bodies are systematically located within cloudy crystal cores of granular and dendritic crystal textures in all facies. The investigated properties therefore do not reveal differences in micropore size or shape with respect to more or less biology‐associated facies. The pore network of the travertine facies is distinctive in terms of (i) the percentage of microporosity, (ii) the connectivity of micropores with meso‐ to macropores, and (ii) the degree of heterogeneity at micro‐ and macroscale. Results show that an approach involving different NMR experiments provided the most complete view on the 3‐D pore network especially when microporosity and connectivity are of interest.
Direct injection of water vapor into the stratosphere by volcanic eruptions
Authors: Sioris Christopher E. , Malo Alain , McLinden Chris A. , D'Amours Real
Published: July 2016

While theoretical studies show that water vapor (WV) can be directly injected into the stratosphere during a volcanic eruption, few observations of such a phenomenon exist. The Microwave Limb Sounder observed stratospheric injection of WV following the 2015 Calbuco eruption. Lower stratospheric mixing ratios exceeded 10 ppmv for a few days downwind of the injection location. Plume transport is confirmed by back trajectory modeling. Due to the short duration and limited spatial extent of the enhancement, climatic impact is expected to be negligible. This letter provides spatiotemporal analysis of a volcanogenic pulse of lower stratospheric WV as it dispersed. The inferred mass of stratospheric WV from this eruption of 2 megaton (Mt) and the rapid evanescence of the enhancement are similar to what has been observed for other eruptions, suggesting that injection by moderately explosive eruptions is not an effective mechanism for large‐scale stratospheric hydration.
Principles of Topical Therapy
Authors: Berth‐Jones John
Published: July 2016

Dermatologists have the good fortune to work on the most accessible organ of the body. Many inflammatory and neoplastic conditions can be effectively managed using the wide range of locally applied physical or pharmacological modalities that are available. The latter are the subject of this chapter, which reviews the pharmacological treatments used topically, i.e. by application to the surface of the skin. Some of these are time‐honoured treatments that have been used for a century or more, whilst others belong to the ever‐expanding range of newer and increasingly potent agents constantly being developed and formulated for topical use. Topical treatment offers the potential to achieve high concentrations of a drug in the skin with minimal exposure of other organs. This can greatly increase efficacy and also safety relative to systemic administration. When side effects do occur, they are most likely to take the form of localized reactions.
Urticaria
Authors: Grattan Clive E. H. , Marsland Alexander M.
Published: July 2016

Urticaria is a disease characterized by itchy weals, angioedema or both. It may be spontaneous or inducible, depending upon its pattern, and acute or chronic, depending on its duration. All types of urticaria are due to the release of histamine and other mediators from mast cell degranulation. The cause of the degranulation is often unknown but may be allergic (acute or contact urticaria only), autoimmune, infection or drug related; many cases remain unexplained (idiopathic) after investigation. Urticaria can be mild or severe. At the severe end of the spectrum, it can be a disabling disease with high levels of life quality impairment. Non‐sedating H1antihistamines are the first line treatment for all patients. Non‐responders may benefit from the addition of second line (targeted) treatments, third line (immunosuppressives) treatments or a biological drug, of which omalizumab (anti‐IgE) is the best known and is now licensed for chronic spontaneous urticaria.
In the Hands of the People: Harnessing the Collective Power of Village Life in India
Authors: Virmani Sandeep
Published: July 2016

Top‐down attempts by governments and charities to rebuild rural communities after natural disasters, or to rehabilitate slums, can leave communities feeling fractured. The Hunnarshala Foundation instead focuses on re‐establishing social capital, providing funding and professional support for residents so that they can work together to improve their lot. This also reinforces the value of traditional artisans' knowledge in solving modern problems. Hunnarshala's Executive Vice Chairman Sandeep Virmani explains.
Designing for an Uncertain Future: Rural Urban Framework, Shichuang Village House Prototype, Guandong Province, China
Authors: Lin John
Published: July 2016

Recent decades in rural China have seen a dramatic shift from traditional courtyard house s that could be extended horizontally, to standardised concrete‐frame constructions on limited plots that can grow only upwards. As the rural‐urban divide disintegrates, the rural needs to be redefined. Guest‐Editor John Lin of Rural Urban Framework outlines the practice's proposals for a vertical core that could utilise government subsidies to offer a more diverse, flexible development model for village life.
The Hunstad Code: Rules for the Planning of a Rural Town
Authors: Abraham Anders , Capetillo Christina
Published: July 2016

With modern technology and levels of prosperity making many of us increasingly self‐sufficient, architects Anders Abraham and Christina Capetillo argue that a rural ‘town’ is defined by the level of interactivity within it rather than merely by population figures. In collaboration with curators Annesofie Becker and Martin Christiansen, they have developed the Hunstad Code to offer guidelines for the construction of environments that can encourage the development of relationships between residents even while remaining low‐density.
Best of Both Worlds: Lamenting Our Path to the Future
Authors: Petermann Stephan
Published: July 2016

After a period of decline, the Alpine valley of Andermatt in Switzerland is undergoing major development as a holiday resort by an Egyptian real estate billionaire. A documentary film on the process, by a young Swiss filmmaker, highlights the ambivalent relationship between global corporatist efforts to ‘rescue’ struggling rural areas, and the local communities concerned. Stephan Petermann, who is researching the future of the countryside for architect Rem Koolhaas's think tank AMO, gives an account of it.
A Red Light Activatable Multifunctional Prodrug for Image‐Guided Photodynamic Therapy and Cascaded Chemotherapy
Authors: Liu Li‐Han , Qiu Wen‐Xiu , Li Bin , Zhang Chi , Sun Lin‐Fei , Wan Shuang‐Shuang , Rong Lei , Zhang Xian‐Zheng
Published: July 2016

A multifunctional prodrug, designated as TPP‐L‐GEM, is fabricated to realize image‐guided in situ tumor photodynamic therapy (PDT) with red light activatable chemotherapy. Gemcitabine is conjugated with a fluorescent photosensitizer, meso‐tetraphenylporphyrin (TPP), by a reactive oxygen species cleavable thioketal linker. Under the irradiation of low‐energy red light, TPP can generate singlet oxygen and damage tumor cells by photodynamic therapy. Simultaneously, the thioketal linkage can be cleaved by singlet oxygen and result in a cascaded gemcitabine release, causing sustained cell damage by chemotherapy. With the combination of PDT and cascaded chemotherapy, TPP‐L‐GEM shows significant tumor therapeutic efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the inherent fluorescent property of TPP endows the TPP‐L‐GEM prodrug with noninvasive drug tracking capability, which is favorable for image‐guided tumor therapy.
Wear Behavior of Chitosan‐Filled Polylactic Acid/Basalt Fiber Hybrid Composites
Authors: Arul Jeya Kumar A. , Srinivasan V.
Published: July 2016

The tribological behavior of chitosan (CS)‐filled polylactic acid (PLA)/basalt fiber (BF)‐reinforced (PBC) composites of three different volume fraction were studied using pin‐on‐disk wear tester under dry sliding conditions. The worn‐out surfaces of the composites were examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM), and wear mechanisms dominating each sliding conditions were classified. The wear maps were used to study the influence of sliding velocity and normal force over the coefficient of friction (μ), contact temperature (CT), and wear rate (WR). A wear mechanism map was developed by using fuzzy C‐means clustering algorithm method (FCM) to study the wear mechanism of composites. Results showed that increased weight percentage of basalt and CS in PLA played a vital role in increasing the wear resistance.
Middle paleolithic human deciduous incisor from Grotta del Cavallo, Italy
Authors: Fabbri Pier Francesco , Panetta Daniele , Sarti Lucia , Martini Fabio , Salvadori Piero A. , Caramella Davide , Fedi Mariaelena , Benazzi Stefano
Published: July 2016

Objectives

In this contribution, we present a morphological description and comparative morphometric analysis of Cavallo D, a human tooth unearthed from the Mousterian FIII sublayer of Grotta del Cavallo (Apulia, Italy).

Materials and Methods

We used microCT data to provide a detailed morphological description and morphometric analysis of the Cavallo D human tooth based on traditional diameter measurements and 3D enamel thickness. Moreover, new AMS radiocarbon dating of charcoals from layers FII was carried out.

Results

Morphological features observed in Cavallo D align the tooth to Neandertals. Similarly, the large size of the tooth (e.g., BL diameter) and the relatively thinner enamel thickness are typical Neandertal traits. 14C datings of layer FII attribute the tooth to a time range of 45,600–42,900 cal BP (at 68% level of probability).

Discussion

Up to now, the Rdi1 Cavallo D represents the most recent Neandertal human remain in southern Italy related to a radiocarbon dated stratigraphy. Moreover, since deciduous teeth have been less investigated than the permanent ones, this contribution brings new data to increase our knowledge on the variability of the Neandertal deciduous dentition
Ein Damm geht in die Knie
Authors: Wieser Thomas , Lackner Christian , Fürtbauer Stefan
Published: July 2016

Im Jahr 2012 wurde der 36,5 km lange Abschnitt der Schnellstraße S7 zwischen den polnischen Ortschaften Paslek und Milomlyn fertiggestellt. In Teilbereichen querte die Trasse bis zu 11 m mächtige organische Bodenschichten mit weicher bis breiiger Konsistenz. Aus diesem Grund wurden vom Bauherrnplaner in Abhängigkeit des anstehenden Baugrunds Bodenverbesserungen mittels unbewehrter, im Vollverdrängungsverfahren hergestellter Betonpfähle sowie ein mit Geotextilien bewehrter Erddamm vorgesehen. Trotz der ausgeführten Baugrundverbesserung traten entlang eines 35 m langen Straßenabschnitts bereits sieben Monate nach Verkehrsfreigabe Setzungen der Fahrbahnoberkante von bis zu 70 cm auf. Nach der Befundaufnahme wurden durch die Zentrale Technik – Technisches Büro Wien mithilfe von 2‐D‐Finite‐Elemente‐Untersuchungen sowie konventionellen Berechnungsmethoden Schadensanalysen zur Ursachenfindung der Setzungsschäden durchgeführt. Im Fokus des vorliegenden Beitrags stehen die durchgeführte Begutachtung des Schadens sowie die Vorstellung von Sanierungskonzepten und die vor Ort ausgeführte Instandsetzung des Straßendamms.

An embankment on its knees – S7 Paslek–Milomlyn, Poland – Failure analysis and restoration

In 2012 the 36,5 km long section of the expressway S7 between the Polish villages Paslek and Milomlyn was completed. The road alignment partially crossed up to 11 m thick organic soil formations showing a consistency in the range of plastic to soft plastic. Therefore subsoil improvement measures such as unreinforced full displacement concrete piles and a geotextile reinforced embankment were designed by the owner. Despite the executed soil improvement measures only seven months after the release for traffic settlements up to 70 cm occurred along a 35 m long section of the expressway. Utilizing 2D Finite Element Method as well as comparative calculations using conventional methods a failure back analysis was conducted by Zentrale Technik – Technical Office Vienna. The article at hand focusses on the executed assessment of damage as well as on the results of the performed failure analyses and furthermore the elaborated restoring concepts and the restoring measure executed on site are presented.
U4 Hamburg HafenCity – Tunnel Baakenhafen und Trog Baakenwerder Straße (T+T)
Authors: Helfers Björn , Krawczyk Anika
Published: July 2016

Mit dem erfolgten Bau der Linie U4 von der Station “Jungfernstieg” zur Station “HafenCity Universität” wurde die westliche und zentrale HafenCity mit einem leistungsfähigen, öffentlichen Personennahverkehr (ÖPNV) bereits erschlossen. Die neuen in Planung befindlichen Quartiere der östlichen HafenCity erfordern ebenfalls eine leistungsfähige ÖPNV‐Erschließung. Hierfür wird die U4 von der Haltestelle “HafenCity Universität” bis zur Haltestelle “Elbbrücken” verlängert. Bei der Baumaßnahme “U4 Tunnel Baakenhafen und Trog Baakenwerder Straße” (nachstehend T+T genannt) handelt es sich um ein ca. 710 m langes Rahmentunnelbauwerk sowie ein ca. 230 m langes Rahmentrogbauwerk als WU‐Beton‐Konstruktion. Die Strecke wird auf gesamter Länge zweigleisig ausgeführt. Die Errichtung der Ingenieurbauwerke erfolgt im Schutz wasserdichter Schlitzwandbaugruben mit rückverankerten Unterwasserbetonsohlen. Insbesondere die Planung und Ausführung der Rückverankerungen im Trogbereich erfordern eine hohe Planungs‐ und Ausführungsqualität, um Kollisionen mit im Baufeld vorhandenen Bauwerken und Rückverankerungen Dritter zu vermeiden. Für solche Planungsaufgaben ist eine dreidimensionale Ankerplanung unverzichtbar und bietet viele Vorteile sowohl in der Planung als auch bei der Qualitätssicherung während der Ausführung.

U4 Hamburg HafenCity – tunnel Baakenhafen and trough Baakenwerder Straße (T+T) – anchor planning 3‐D in the interactive dialogue with planners and executors

With the completing of the construction of the subway line U4 from the station “Jungfernstieg” to the station “HafenCity Universität” the western and central part of the HafenCity were connected to an efficient public transport. The new quarters in the eastern part of the HafenCity that are currently planned also need an efficient public transport. For this purpose the line U4 will be extended from the station “HafenCity Universität” to the station “Elbbrücken”. The building project “U4 Tunnel Baakenhafen und Trog Baakenwerder Straße” (hereafter called T+T) involves an approximately 710 m long tunnel as well as an approximately 230 m long trough construction made of waterproof concrete. The line will be executed double tracked. The installation of the civil engineering structure will be done in the protection of a watertight excavation pit made out of diaphragm walls and an anchored underwater concrete base. In particular the planning and execution of the grouted anchors in the area of the trough require a high quality in planning and execution to avoid collisions with other existing structures and anchors. For such planning tasks a 3‐dimensional planning of the anchors is essential and offers many advantages for planning as well as quality assurance during the construction work.
Eine Studie zur Ermittlung der Querkrafttragfähigkeit älterer Spannbetonbrücken auf Basis von Versuchsergebnissen
Authors: Strauß Peter
Published: July 2016

In der vorgestellten Studie zur Ermittlung der Querkrafttragfähigkeit älterer parallelgurtiger Spannbetonbrücken werden die aus Querkraftversuchen resultierenden cot θ‐Werte mit den normgemäßen Werten und den an einem alternativen Rechenmodell ermittelten cot θ‐Werten verglichen. Die Ergebnisse der Studie gelten nur für den Sonderfall einer senkrechten Querkraftbewehrung (α = 90°).

A study to determine the shear capacity of older prestressed concrete bridges based on test results

In the presented study to determine the shear resistance of older prestressed concrete bridges with parallel girders the cot θ values resulting from shear experiments will be compared with the standard values and values determined on an alternative computing model. The results of the study apply only to the special case of a vertical shear reinforcement (α = 90°).
Mixing at the microscale: Power input in shaken microtiter plates
Authors: Dürauer Astrid , Hobiger Stefanie , Walther Cornelia , Jungbauer Alois
Published: July 2016

Power input and local energy dissipation are crucial parameters for the engineering characterization of mixing and fluid dynamics at the microscale. Since hydrodynamic stress is solely dependent on the maximum power input, we adapted the clay/polymer method to obtain flock destruction kinetics in six‐, 24‐, and 96‐well microtiter plates on orbital shakers. We also determined the specific power input using calorimetry and found that the power input is at the same order of magnitude for the six‐ and 96‐well plates and the laboratory‐scale stirred tank reactor, with 40 to 90 W/m3 (Re' = 180 to 440), 40 to 140 W/m3 (Re' = 320 to 640), and 30 to 50 W/m3 (Re = 4000 to 8500), respectively. All of these values are significantly below 450 to 2100 W/m3 determined for the pilot‐scale reactor. The hydrodynamic stress differs significantly between the different formats of MTPs, as the 96‐well plates showed very low shear stress on the shaker with a shaking amplitude of 3 mm. Thus, the transfer of mixing conditions from the microtiter plate to small‐scale and pilot‐scale reactors must be undertaken with care. Our findings, especially the power input determined by the calorimetric method, show that the hydrodynamic conditions in laboratory‐ and pilot‐scale reactors cannot be reached.
Synthesis and Photoisomerization of Substituted Dibenzofulvene Molecular Rotors
Authors: Everhart Stephanie C. , Jayasundara Udaya K. , Kim HyunJong , Procúpez‐Schtirbu Rolando , Stanbery Wayne A. , Mishler Clay H. , Frost Brian J. , Cline Joseph I. , Bell Thomas W.
Published: July 2016

The synthesis, spectral and structural characterization, and photoisomerization of a family of 2‐substituted dibenzofulvene molecular actuators based on (2,2,2‐triphenylethylidene)fluorene (TEF) are reported. The 2‐substituted species investigated are nitro (NTEF), cyano (CTEF), and iodo (ITEF). X‐ray structures of these three compounds and three intermediates were determined to assign alkene configuration and investigate the effects of the 2‐substituents on steric gearing. The addition–elimination reaction of Z‐9 with trityl anion to form Z‐10 proceeded with complete retention of configuration. Rates of photoisomerization were measured at irradiation wavelengths between 266–355 nm in acetonitrile/dioxane solutions at room temperature. Photoisomerization quantum yields (φ) were calculated by means of a mathematical model that accounts for a certain degree of photodecomposition in the cases of CTEF and ITEF. Quantum yields vary significantly with substituent, having maximum values of φ=0.26 for NTEF, 0.39 for CTEF, and 0.50 for ITEF. NTEF is photochemically robust and has a large quantum yield for photoisomerization in the near‐UV, making it a particularly promising drive rotor moiety for light‐powered molecular devices.
Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbene Complexes of Rhodium and Nickel and Their Steric and Electronic Parameters
Authors: Paul Ursula S. D. , Sieck Carolin , Haehnel Martin , Hammond Kai , Marder Todd B. , Radius Udo
Published: July 2016

N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs) are of great interest, as their electronic and steric properties provide a unique class of ligands and organocatalysts. Herein, substitution reactions involving novel carbonyl complexes of rhodium and nickel were studied to provide a deeper understanding of the fundamental electronic factors characterizing CAACmethyl, which were compared with the large array of data available for NHC and sterically more demanding CAAC ligands.
Measurement and Characterization of Apoptosis by Flow Cytometry
Authors: Telford William , Tamul Karen , Bradford Jolene
Published: July 2016

Apoptosis is an important mechanism in cell biology, playing a critical regulatory role in virtually every organ system. It has been particularly well characterized in the immune system, with roles ranging from immature immune cell development and selection to down‐regulation of the mature immune response. Apoptosis is also the primary mechanism of action of anti‐cancer drugs. Flow cytometry has been the method of choice for analyzing apoptosis in suspension cells for more than 25 years. Numerous assays have been devised to measure both the earliest and latest steps in the apoptotic process, from the earliest signal‐transduction events to the late morphological changes in cell shape and granularity, proteolysis, and chromatin condensation. These assays are particularly powerful when combined into multicolor assays determining several apoptotic characteristics simultaneously. The multiparametric nature of flow cytometry makes this technology particularly suited to measuring apoptosis. In this unit, we will describe the four main techniques for analyzing caspase activity in apoptotic cells, combined with annexin V and cell permeability analysis. These relatively simple multiparametric assays are powerful techniques for assessing cell death. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fabry Disease Biomarkers: Analysis of Urinary Lyso‐Gb3 and Seven Related Analogs Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Lavoie Pamela , Boutin Michel , Abaoui Mona , Auray‐Blais Christiane
Published: July 2016

Fabry disease is an X‐linked lysosomal storage disorder caused by the absence or reduction of the enzyme α‐galactosidase A activity. Currently, globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso‐Gb3) and globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) are used as biomarkers to diagnose and monitor Fabry patients. However, recent metabolomic studies have shown that several glycosphingolipids are also elevated in biological fluids of affected patients and may be related to disease manifestations. This unit describes a multiplex methodology targeting the analysis of urinary lyso‐Gb3 and seven structurally related analogs. A solid‐phase extraction process is performed, then lyso‐Gb3 and its analogs are analyzed simultaneously with an internal standard by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) coupled to a tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) system. This methodology can be useful for the diagnosis of Fabry patients, including patients with cardiac variant mutations, but also to monitor the efficacy of therapeutic interventions, considering that lyso‐Gb3 analogs are more elevated than lyso‐Gb3 itself in urine. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.