bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decreased Long‐Term Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2–Specific Humoral Immunity in Liver Transplantation Recipients 12 Months After Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Caballero‐Marcos Aránzazu , Citores María Jesús , Alonso‐Fernández Roberto , Rodríguez‐Perálvarez Manuel , Valerio Maricela , Graus Morales Javier , Cuervas‐Mons Valentín , Cachero Alba , Loinaz‐Segurola Carmelo , Iñarrairaegui Mercedes , Castells Lluís , Pascual Sonia , Vinaixa‐Aunés Carmen , González‐Grande Rocío , Otero Alejandra , Tomé Santiago , Tejedor‐Tejada Javier , Fernández‐Yunquera Ainhoa , González‐Diéguez Luisa , Nogueras‐Lopez Flor , Blanco‐Fernández Gerardo , Díaz‐Fontenla Fernando , Bustamante Francisco Javier , Romero‐Cristóbal Mario , Martin‐Mateos Rosa , Arias‐Milla Ana , Calatayud Laura , Marcacuzco‐Quinto Alberto A. , Fernández‐Alonso Víctor , Gómez‐Gavara Concepción , Muñoz Patricia , Bañares Rafael , Pons José Antonio , Salcedo Magdalena
Published: December 2021

Long‐term humoral immunity and its protective role in liver transplantation (LT) patients have not been elucidated. We performed a prospective multicenter study to assess the persistence of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in LT recipients 12 months after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). A total of 65 LT recipients were matched with 65 nontransplanted patients by a propensity score including variables with recognized impact on COVID‐19. LT recipients showed a lower prevalence of anti‐nucleocapsid (27.7% versus 49.2%; P = 0.02) and anti‐spike IgG antibodies (88.2% versus 100.0%; P = 0.02) at 12 months. Lower index values of anti‐nucleocapsid IgG antibodies were also observed in transplantation patients 1 year after COVID‐19 (median, 0.49 [interquartile range, 0.15‐1.40] versus 1.36 [interquartile range, 0.53‐2.91]; P < 0.001). Vaccinated LT recipients showed higher antibody levels compared with unvaccinated patients (P < 0.001); antibody levels reached after vaccination were comparable to those observed in nontransplanted individuals (P = 0.70). In LT patients, a longer interval since transplantation (odds ratio, 1.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.01‐1.20) was independently associated with persistence of anti‐nucleocapsid IgG antibodies 1 year after infection. In conclusion, compared with nontransplanted patients, LT recipients show a lower long‐term persistence of anti–severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) antibodies. However, SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccination after COVID‐19 in LT patients achieves a significant increase in antibody levels, comparable to that of nontransplanted patients.
Preparation of Zinc Ferrite by Solid State Method and Its Characterizations
Authors: Jadhav Swapnagandha S. , Salunke Vikramsinh Y. , Jadhav Chandrakant H. , Mujawar Sarafraj H. , Bhongale Sanjay R.
Published: December 2021

The zinc ferrite nanoparticles are synthesized by a simple and low cost solid state technique. The synthesized powder is pre‐sintered at 200°C for 5 h and annealing at different temperatures. The crystal structure, phase purity, optical, and morphological analysis studies of synthesized ferrites materiel are investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopic (SEM), UV–Visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic techniques, respectively. The XRD pattern of all zinc ferrite samples shows the formation of single‐phase cubic spinel structure. The optical band gap of zinc ferrite is found to be 1.96 eV. The change in morphology of zinc ferrite is observed due to the effect of the annealing temperature.
Biallelic Loss‐of‐Function NDUFA12 Variants Cause a Wide Phenotypic Spectrum from Leigh/Leigh‐Like Syndrome to Isolated Optic Atrophy
Authors: Magrinelli Francesca , Cali Elisa , Braga Vinícius Lopes , Yis Uluç , Tomoum Hoda , Shamseldin Hanan , Raiman Julian , Kernstock Christoph , Rezende Filho Flávio Moura , Barsottini Orlando Graziani Povoas , Taylor Robert W. , Østergaard Elsebet , Tamim Abdullah , Schäferhoff Karin , Sallum Juliana Maria Ferraz , Zaki Maha S. , Kok Fernando , Bhatia Kailash P. , Wissinger Bernd , Sergeant Kate , Haack Tobias B. , Horvath Rita , Hiz Semra , Alkuraya Fowzan S. , Houlden Henry , Pedroso José Luiz , Maroofian Reza
Published: December 2021

Background

Biallelic loss‐of‐function NDUFA12 variants have hitherto been linked to mitochondrial complex I deficiency presenting with heterogeneous clinical and radiological features in nine cases only.

Objectives

To fully characterize, both phenotypically and genotypically, NDUFA12‐related mitochondrial disease.

Methods

We collected data from cases identified by screening genetic databases of several laboratories worldwide and systematically reviewed the literature.

Results

Nine unreported NDUFA12 cases from six pedigrees were identified, with presentation ranging from movement disorder phenotypes (dystonia and/or spasticity) to isolated optic atrophy. MRI showed basal ganglia abnormalities (n = 6), optic atrophy (n = 2), or was unremarkable (n = 1). All carried homozygous truncating NDUFA12 variants, three of which are novel.

Conclusions

Our case series expands phenotype–genotype correlations in NDUFA12‐associated mitochondrial disease, providing evidence of intra‐ and inter‐familial clinical heterogeneity for the same variant. It confirms NDUFA12 variants should be included in the diagnostic workup of Leigh/Leigh‐like syndromes – particularly with dystonia – as well as isolated optic atrophy.
Recovering the initial distribution for a logarithmic nonlinear biparabolic equation
Authors: Vo Van Au
Published: December 2021

In this paper, we consider the problem of finding the initial distribution for a biparabolic equation with logarithmic nonlinearity source. The problem is severely ill‐posed in the sense of Hadamard. Under the a priori assumption on the exact solution belonging to a Gevrey space, we consider a generalized nonlinear problem by using the Fourier truncation method to obtain rigorous convergence estimates in the norms on Lq space with some q ≥ 2 and the Sobolev space Ws, ℓ for some constants s > 0, ℓ ≥ 1.
The strip method for shape derivatives
Authors: Hardesty Sean , Antil Harbir , Kouri Drew P. , Ridzal Denis
Published: December 2021

A major challenge in shape optimization is the coupling of finite element method (FEM) codes in a way that facilitates efficient computation of shape derivatives. This is particularly difficult with multiphysics problems involving legacy codes, where the costs of implementing and maintaining shape derivative capabilities are prohibitive. The volume and boundary methods are two approaches to computing shape derivatives. Each has a major drawback: the boundary method is less accurate, while the volume method is more invasive to the FEM code. We introduce the strip method, which computes shape derivatives on a strip adjacent to the boundary. The strip method makes code coupling simple. Like the boundary method, it queries the state and adjoint solutions at quadrature nodes, but requires no knowledge of the FEM code implementations. At the same time, it exhibits the higher accuracy of the volume method. As an added benefit, its computational complexity is comparable to that of the boundary method, that is, it is faster than the volume method. We illustrate the benefits of the strip method with numerical examples.
Assessing adverse event reports of hysteroscopic sterilization device removal using natural language processing
Authors: Mao Jialin , Sedrakyan Art , Sun Tianyi , Guiahi Maryam , Chudnoff Scott , Kinard Madris , Johnson Stephen B.
Published: December 2021

Objective

To develop an annotation model to apply natural language processing (NLP) to device adverse event reports and implement the model to evaluate the most frequently experienced events among women reporting a sterilization device removal.

Methods

We included adverse event reports from the Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience database from January 2005 to June 2018 related to device removal following hysteroscopic sterilization. We used an iterative process to develop an annotation model that extracts six categories of desired information and applied the annotation model to train an NLP algorithm. We assessed the model performance using positive predictive value (PPV, also known as precision), sensitivity (also known as recall), and F1 score (a combined measure of PPV and sensitivity). Using extracted variables, we summarized the reporting source, the presence of prespecified and other patient and device events, additional sterilizations and other procedures performed, and time from implantation to removal.

Results

The overall F1 score was 91.5% for labeled items and 93.9% for distinct events after excluding duplicates. A total of 16 535 reports of device removal were analyzed. The most frequently reported patient and device events were abdominal/pelvic/genital pain (N = 13 166, 79.6%) and device dislocation/migration (N = 3180, 19.2%), respectively. Of those reporting an additional sterilization procedure, the majority had a hysterectomy or salpingectomy (N = 7932). One‐fifth of the cases that had device removal timing specified reported a removal after 7 years following implantation (N = 2444/11 293).

Conclusions

We present a roadmap to develop an annotation model for NLP to analyze device adverse event reports. The extracted information is informative and complements findings from previous research using administrative data.
Switchable gas permeability of a polypropylene‐liquid crystalline composite film
Authors: Houben Simon J. A. , Kloos Joey , Borneman Zandrie , Schenning Albert P. H. J.
Published: December 2021

The development of functionalized polyolefins for use as stimuli‐responsive commodity polymers has recently received much attention. In this work, a microporous polypropylene (PP) scaffold is used to align and fortify a smectic liquid crystalline network (LCN) which can switch its gas permeability upon pH changes. The LCN is a photopolymerized liquid crystalline mixture of a dimerized benzoic acid derivative monoacrylate and a diacrylate crosslinker. In the hydrogen‐bonded state, the composite membrane shows a high‐molecular order and a low permeability for He, N2, and CO2 gases. By pH switching from the hydrogen‐bonded state to the salt form, the molecular order is reduced, and the gas permeability is increased by one order of magnitude. This increase is mainly attributed to a loss in order of the system, increasing the free volume, resulting in an increased diffusibility. By exposing the composite film to basic or acidic environments, reversible switching between low and high gas permeability states is observed, respectively. The physical constraints imposed by the PP scaffold strengthens the membrane while the reversible switching inside the liquid crystalline polymer is maintained. This switching of gas permeation properties is not possible with the fragile freestanding LCN films alone.
An open‐label, dose‐escalation study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of single doses of GSK2586881 in participants with pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Simon Marc A. , Hanrott Kate , Budd David C. , Torres Fernando , Grünig Ekkehard , Escribano‐Subias Pilar , Meseguer Manuel L. , Halank Michael , Opitz Christian , Hall David A. , Hewens Deborah , Powley William M. , Siederer Sarah , Bayliffe Andrew , Lazaar Aili L. , Cahn Anthony , Rosenkranz Stephan
Published: December 2021

Preclinical and early clinical studies suggest that angiotensin‐converting enzyme type 2 activity may be impaired in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); therefore, administration of exogenous angiotensin‐converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2) may be beneficial. This Phase IIa, multi‐center, open‐label, exploratory, single‐dose, dose‐escalation study (NCT03177603) assessed the potential vasodilatory effects of single doses of GSK2586881 (a recombinant human ACE2) on acute cardiopulmonary hemodynamics in hemodynamically stable adults with documented PAH who were receiving background PAH therapy. Successive cohorts of participants were administered a single intravenous dose of GSK2586881 of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 mg/kg. Dose escalation occurred after four or more participants per cohort were dosed and a review of safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and hemodynamic data up to 24 h postdose was undertaken. The primary endpoint was a change in cardiopulmonary hemodynamics (pulmonary vascular resistance, cardiac index, and mean pulmonary artery pressure) from baseline. Secondary/exploratory objectives included safety and tolerability, effect on renin‐angiotensin system peptides, and pharmacokinetics. GSK2586881 demonstrated no consistent or sustained effect on acute cardiopulmonary hemodynamics in participants with PAH receiving background PAH therapy (N = 23). All doses of GSK2586881 were well tolerated. GSK2586881 was quantifiable in plasma for up to 4 h poststart of infusion in all participants and caused a consistent and sustained reduction in angiotensin II and a corresponding increase in angiotensin (1–7) and angiotensin (1–5). While there does not appear to be a consistent acute vasodilatory response to single doses of GSK2586881 in participants with PAH, the potential benefits in terms of chronic vascular remodeling remain to be determined.
Optical Control of Bulk Phonon Modes in Crystalline Solids
Authors: Gao Yuan‐Fei , Lai Jia‐Min , Zhang Jun
Published: December 2021

Long‐lived phonons within crystalline bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonators have become coherent carriers of information, which can be utilized for a variety of scientific and technological applications. Herein, a brief introduction to the field of phonon control is given with an emphasis on bulk phonons at high frequencies within crystalline solids. In cavity optomechanics, the photons and phonons can be confined by material boundaries, yielding large optomechanical coupling rates at gigahertz (GHz) frequencies, but the spurious heating is detrimental to robust operation. Although electromechanical techniques can be used to access long‐lived phonons in piezoelectric crystals, they are not suitable for the study of non‐piezoelectric crystals. The phase‐matched Brillouin interactions enable efficient optical access GHz frequency mechanical modes within macroscopic crystalline solids. Combining with the well‐established framework of cavity optomechanics, efficient optical control of BAWs can be obtained. For optical phonons, strong spontaneous Raman cooling and heating based on the interaction between excitons and phonons are considered. In addition, the application of optical phonons in quantum memory at room temperature is introduced. The review finishes with a discussion of the research direction for bulk optomechanical systems and exciton–phonon coupling systems in the future.
Interface Engineering on Cellulose‐Based Flexible Electrode Enables High Mass Loading Wearable Supercapacitor with Ultrahigh Capacitance and Energy Density
Authors: Chen Ruwei , Ling Hao , Huang Quanbo , Yang Yang , Wang Xiaohui
Published: December 2021

For practical energy storage devices, a bottleneck is to retain decent integrated performances while increasing the mass loading of active materials to the commercial level, which highlights an urgent need for novel electrode structure design strategies. Here, an active nitrogen‐doped carbon interface with “high conductivity, high porosity, and high electrolyte affinity” on a flexible cellulose electrode surface is engineered to accommodate 1D active materials. The high conductivity of interface favors fast electron transport, while its high porosity and high electrolyte affinity properties benefit ion migration. As a result, the flexible anode accommodated by carbon nanotubes achieves an ultrahigh capacitance of 9501 mF cm−2 (315.6 F g−1) at a high mass loading of 30.1 mg cm−2, and the flexible cathode accommodated by polypyrrole nanotubes realizes a remarkably high capacitance of 6212 mF cm−2 (248 F g−1, 25 mg cm−2). The assembled flexible quasi‐solid‐state asymmetric supercapacitor delivers a maximum energy density of 1.42 mWh cm−2 (2.2 V, 2105 mF cm−2), representing the highest value among all reported flexible supercapacitors. This versatile design concept provides a new way to prepare high performance flexible energy storage devices.
A Comparative Study of Cobalt Chalcogenides as the Electrode Materials on Lithium‐Sulfur Battery Performance
Authors: Wang Xuejie , Zhu Bicheng , Liu Tao , Zhang Liuyang , Yu Jiaguo
Published: December 2021

Lithium‐sulfur batteries, as viable options for energy storage, have gained popularity because of their high energy density. However, the poor conductivity of sulfur and Li2S, as well as the shuttling effect of lithium polysulfides, seriously limits their commercialization. Herein, cobalt chalcogenides (Co3O4, CoS, and Co3Se4) supported by reduced graphene oxide are synthesized as the electrode materials, which feature high conductivity, rapid kinetic conversion, and catalytic effect. Based on complementary experimental outputs and advanced computation, it is revealed that the change in anion results in distinctive performance. Among them, the cathode material based on Co3Se4/reduced graphene oxide is the best. The reasons can be ascribed to the conductive and catalytic improvement. This comparative study provides guidelines in the design of lithium‐sulfur batteries via the meticulous regulation of the anions.
OpenNym: Privacy preserving recommending via pseudonymous group authentication
Authors: Checco Alessandro , Bracciale Lorenzo , Leith Douglas J. , Bianchi Giuseppe
Published: December 2021

A user accessing an online recommender system typically has two choices: either agree to be uniquely identified and in return receive a personalized and rich experience, or try to use the service anonymously but receive a degraded non‐personalized service. In this paper, we offer a third option to this “all or nothing” paradigm, namely use a web service with a public group identity, that we refer to as an OpenNym identity, which provides users with a degree of anonymity while still allowing useful personalization of the web service. Our approach can be implemented as a browser shim that is backward compatible with existing services and as an example, we demonstrate operation with the Movielens online service. We exploit the fact that users can often be clustered into groups having similar preferences and in this way, increased privacy need not come at the cost of degraded service. Indeed use of the OpenNym approach with Movielens improves personalization performance.
Unravelling consensus genomic regions conferring leaf rust resistance in wheat via meta‐QTL analysis
Authors: Amo Aduragbemi , Soriano Jose Miguel
Published: December 2021

Leaf rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina Erikss (Pt), is a destructive disease affecting wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and a threat to food security. Developing resistant cultivars represents a useful method of disease control, and thus, understanding the genetic basis for leaf rust resistance is required. To this end, a comprehensive bibliographic search for leaf rust resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) was performed, and 393 QTL were collected from 50 QTL mapping studies. Afterward, a consensus map with a total length of 4,567 cM consisting of different types of markers (simple sequence repeat [SSR], diversity arrays technology [DArT], chip‐based single‐nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] markers, and SNP markers from genotyping‐by‐sequencing) was used for QTL projection, and meta‐QTL (MQTL) analysis was performed on 320 QTL. A total of 75 MQTL were discovered and refined to 15 high‐confidence MQTL (hcmQTL). The candidate genes discovered within the hcmQTL interval were then checked for differential expression using data from three transcriptome studies, resulting in 92 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The expression of these genes in various leaf tissues during wheat development was explored. This study provides insight into leaf rust resistance in wheat and thereby provides an avenue for developing resistant cultivars by incorporating the most important hcmQTL.
Molecular diagnosis of dermatophyte isolates from canine and feline dermatophytosis in Northeast Iran
Authors: Lavari Atena , Eidi Samaneh , Soltani Minoo
Published: December 2021

Background

Dermatophytes are the most common causes of cutaneous fungal diseases. Dermatophytosis is a common skin disorder in dogs and cats. Species identification of these fungi is important from a therapeutic and epidemiological aspect. Conventional methods used to identify dermatophyte species are often lengthy and may be inefficient in many circumstances. Recently broad varieties of several molecular DNA‐based techniques were successfully utilised for species detection of dermatophytes.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine the molecular detection of dermatophyte isolates from canine and feline dermatophytosis in Mashhad, Iran.

Methods

Thirty dermatophytes isolated from dogs and cats with skin lesions and one standard strain of Microsporum canis were cultured onto Mycosel agar, and then internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA was amplified using the universal fungal primers ITS1 and ITS4. PCR products were subjected to sequencing and sequence analysis.

Results

Based on the sequencing of the ITS1‐5.8S‐ITS2 region on all samples, all the studied strains were M. canis and their sexual stage (teleomorph) was Arthroderma otae.

Conclusions

Microsporum canis was the only species found among dogs and cats, and its high prevalence can increase the rate of transmission to humans. In practice, ITS‐PCR, with sequence analysis, is a useful and reliable method to identify and differentiate various pathogenic species, and it can be used in clinical and epidemiological fields, even for the rapid diagnosis of dermatophyte species that are closely interrelated.
Prevalences of mental distress and its associated factors in unaccompanied refugee minors in Germany
Authors: Höhne E. , Banaschewski. T. , Bajbouj M. , Böge K. , Sukale T. , Kamp-Becker I.
Published: December 2021

Prevalences for mental disorders within minor refugees are comparatively high and heterogeneous. To reduce heterogeneity and identify high-risk subgroups, we compared unaccompanied refugee minors (URM) to accompanied refugee minors (ARM) regarding depressive symptoms and mental distress. Furthermore, we examined associative factors of mental distress in URM on a broad scale. We conducted a survey with a cross-sectional design in four German University hospitals. The sample consisted of n = 172 URM and n = 52 ARM aged 14–21. Depressive symptoms were assessed via the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Mental distress was assessed by the Refugee Health Screener (RHS-15). Mann–Whitney test was used to examine differences between URM and ARM. Associated factors of mental distress were evaluated via a stepwise multiple regression analysis. URM showed significantly higher mean scores for PHQ-9 (p < .001) and RHS-15 (p < .001) compared to ARM indicating medium effect sizes. Furthermore, URM were significantly more likely to surpass the cut-off for depression (61.6% vs. 30.8%) and overall mental distress (81.4% vs. 53.8%) compared to ARM. The factors Number of stressful life events (SLE), Female gender, and Fear of deportation were found to be associated with an increased mental distress in URM, whereas Weekly contact to a family member, School attendance, and German language skills were accompanied with lower distress scores. All six factors accounted for 32% of the variance of mental distress in URM (p < .001). Within minor refugees, URM are a highly vulnerable subgroup, which should receive particular attention and more targeted measures by health authorities. Our results indicate that these measures should comprise a rapid promotion of family contact, school attendance, language acquisition, and the fast processing of asylum applications. However, the cross-sectional design limits the interpretability of the results.
Income inequalities, social support and depressive symptoms among older adults in Europe: a multilevel cross-sectional study
Authors: Sánchez-Moreno Esteban , Gallardo-Peralta Lorena P.
Published: December 2021

This study analysed the association between income inequality and depression from a multilevel perspective among older adults in Europe, including an examination of the role of social support. The data came from Eurostat’s European Health Interview Survey (EHIS). Selected participants were aged 65 years or above (n = 68,417) and located in 24 European countries. The outcome variable (depression) was measured using the eight-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-8). The resulting dataset included individual-level (level-1) and aggregate-level (level 2) exposure variables. Level-1 included income quintiles and social support as exposure variables and sex, age, living alone, limitation in activities of daily living and general activity limitation as control variables. Level 2 included the Gini coefficient, healthcare expenditure and dependency ratio. A multilevel linear regression analysis was performed with maximum likelihood (ML) estimation. All the income quintiles from 1 to 4 showed higher average scores for depression than quintile 5 (the highest). Higher social support scores were associated with lower scores for depression. An interaction was found between income quintile and social support, with higher levels of social support associated with lower scores for depression in quintiles 1 and 2. Higher Gini coefficient scores were associated with higher scores for depression. A significative random slope for social support was also found, meaning that the relationship between social support and depression differed across countries. No significant interaction was found between the Gini coefficient and social support. The study findings suggest that more unequal societies provide a less favourable context for the mental health of older adults. There are also significant country-dependent differences in terms of the relationship between support and mental health among older adults.
The Use of Rumination and Reappraisal in Adolescents Daily Life: Links to Affect and Emotion Regulation Style
Authors: Zuzama Neus , Roman-Juan Josep , Fiol-Veny Aina , Balle Maria
Published: December 2021

This study explored the association between temperament—i.e., positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA)—and emotion regulation (ER), and what momentary factors influence the selection of rumination or reappraisal during adolescents’ daily life. The type of social situation in which negative events occurred, the self-rated degrees of discomfort, the types of predominant emotions experienced, and the use of reappraisal and rumination were assessed at 24 different times with an ecological momentary assessment approach given to 71 adolescents. PA, NA, and ER style were evaluated using self-reports. Bivariate Pearson correlations analysis revealed that NA and negative ER style correlated positively with the rumination use whereas PA correlated negatively with the rumination use. Negative ER style moderated the relationship between NA and the frequency with which rumination was used. The moderated function of positive ER style could not be tested due to its lack of association with the rumination use. Adolescents selected rumination more often during family-related events and when experiencing depression-like emotions. No interaction effects were shown between negative ER style and the momentary factors related with the type of social situation and the type of prevailing emotion during negative event. No associations between study variables and reappraisal were found. This study provides a better understanding of ER patterns in adolescence.
Political inequality, political participation, and support for populist parties
Authors: Kellermann Kim Leonie
Published: December 2021

We theoretically investigate how political abstention among certain social groups encourages populist parties to enter the political stage, trying to absorb inactive voters. We design a two-stage game with two established parties and n voters who jointly determine a taxation policy. The electorate is divided into two groups, the advantaged and the disadvantaged. Voters’ decisions on whether to participate depend on a party’s tax rate proposal and on general party ideology. Effective political participation requires a certain amount of financial, social and intellectual resources to, for example, evaluate party programs or to engage in political discussion. As the disadvantaged are endowed with fewer resources, they lack political efficacy, resulting in less political participation. Consequently, the established parties propose a tax rate which is biased towards the preferences of the advantaged. The unused voter potential among the disadvantaged draws the interest of a populist challenger. To win support from the disadvantaged, the challenger party optimally proposes a respectively biased tax rate, which then works to polarize the political spectrum.Please confirm if the author names are presented accurately and in the correct sequence (given name, middle name/initial, family name). Author 1 Given name: [Kim Leonie] Last name [ Kellermann]. Also, kindly confirm the details in the metadata are correct.All correct.
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves: equivalences, beta model, and minimum distance estimation
Authors: Gneiting Tilmann , Vogel Peter
Published: December 2021

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are used ubiquitously to evaluate scores, features, covariates or markers as potential predictors in binary problems. We characterize ROC curves from a probabilistic perspective and establish an equivalence between ROC curves and cumulative distribution functions (CDFs). These results support a subtle shift of paradigms in the statistical modelling of ROC curves, which we view as curve fitting. We propose the flexible two-parameter beta family for fitting CDFs to empirical ROC curves and derive the large sample distribution of minimum distance estimators in general parametric settings. In a range of empirical examples the beta family fits better than the classical binormal model, particularly under the vital constraint of the fitted curve being concave.
Transposon dynamics and the epigenetic switch hypothesis
Authors: Linquist Stefan , Fullerton Brady
Published: December 2021

The recent explosion of interest in epigenetics is often portrayed as the dawning of a scientific revolution that promises to transform biomedical science along with developmental and evolutionary biology. Much of this enthusiasm surrounds what we call the epigenetic switch hypothesis, which regards certain examples of epigenetic inheritance as an adaptive organismal response to environmental change. This interpretation overlooks an alternative explanation in terms of coevolutionary dynamics between parasitic transposons and the host genome. This raises a question about whether epigenetics researchers tend to overlook transposon dynamics more generally. To address this question, we surveyed a large sample of scientific publications on the topics of epigenetics and transposons over the past fifty years. We found that enthusiasm for epigenetics is often inversely related to interest in transposon dynamics across the four disciplines we examined. Most surprising was a declining interest in transposons within biomedical science and cellular and molecular biology over the past two decades. Also notable was a delayed and relatively muted enthusiasm for epigenetics within evolutionary biology. An analysis of scientific abstracts from the past twenty-five years further reveals systematic differences among disciplines in their uses of the term epigenetic, especially with respect to heritability commitments and functional interpretations. Taken together, these results paint a nuanced picture of the rise of epigenetics and the possible neglect of transposon dynamics, especially among biomedical scientists.
Pain priors, polyeidism, and predictive power: a preliminary investigation into individual differences in ordinary thought about pain
Authors: Borg Emma , Fisher Sarah A. , Hansen Nat , Harrison Richard , Ravindran Deepak , Salomons Tim V. , Wilkinson Harriet
Published: December 2021

According to standard philosophical and clinical understandings, pain is an essentially mental phenomenon (typically, a kind of conscious experience). In a challenge to this standard conception, a recent burst of empirical work in experimental philosophy, such as that by Justin Sytsma and Kevin Reuter, purports to show that people ordinarily conceive of pain as an essentially bodily phenomenon—specifically, a quality of bodily disturbance. In response to this bodily view, other recent experimental studies have provided evidence that the ordinary (‘folk’) concept of pain is more complex than previously assumed: rather than tracking only bodily or only mental aspects of pain, the ordinary concept of pain can actually track either of these aspects. The polyeidic (or ‘many ideas’) analysis of the folk concept of pain, as proposed by Emma Borg et al., captures this complexity. Whereas previous empirical support for the polyeidic view has focused on the context-sensitivity of the folk concept of pain, here we discuss individual differences in people’s ‘pain priors’—namely, their standing tendencies to think of pain in relatively mind-centric or body-centric ways. We describe a preliminary empirical study and present a small number of findings, which will be explored further in future work. The results we discuss are part of a larger programme of work which seeks to integrate philosophical pain research into clinical practice. For example, we hypothesise that variations in how patients with chronic pain are thinking about pain could help predict their responses to treatment.
Implizite Einstellungen, explizite Einstellungen und die Affinität zur AfD
Authors: Tutić Andreas , Grehl Sascha
Published: December 2021

Das Gros der Wahlforschung und insbesondere der empirischen Forschung zur Frage, wie sich die Wahlabsicht für die Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) erklären lässt, berücksichtigt zwar den Einfluss kultureller Orientierungen, aber nur in Form expliziter Einstellungen, welche vermöge evaluativer Verbaläußerungen erhoben werden. In diesem Beitrag wird vor dem Hintergrund der Dual-Process-Perspektive argumentiert, dass neben expliziten Einstellungen auch implizite Einstellungen, welche assoziative Verknüpfungen von mental repräsentierten Einstellungsobjekten und ihrer Bewertung darstellen, für die Wahlabsicht der AfD von Bedeutung sind. Dem Prinzip der Katalysation nach schlagen sich implizite Einstellungen stärker in expliziten Einstellungen und auch im overten Verhalten nieder, wenn sich die Artikulation der expliziten Einstellungen oder das Verhalten im Rahmen eines eher intuitiven als reflektierten kognitiven Prozesses vollzieht. Diese handlungstheoretischen Ideen werden im Rahmen einer explorativen Studie mit 960 Befragten überprüft. Es zeigt sich, dass beide, implizite und explizite Einstellungen zum Populismus und zum Rassismus, die Wahlabsicht der AfD bedingen, wobei der Einfluss der impliziten Einstellungen, wie vom katalytischen Prinzip vorhergesagt, davon abhängt, ob die Befragten eher zu intuitiven oder aber eher zu reflektierten kognitiven Prozessen neigen.
Sensor fault detection and reconstruction system for commercial aircrafts
Authors: Kilic U. , Unal G.
Published: December 2021

The aim morphing of this study is to detect and reconstruct a fault in angle-of-attack sensor and pitot probes that are components in commercial aircrafts, without false alarm and no need for additional measurements. Real flight data collected from a local airline was used to design the relevant system. Correlation analysis was performed to select the data related to the angle-of-attack and airspeed. Fault detection and reconstruction were carried out by using Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), which are machine-learning methods. No false alarm was detected when the fault test following the fault modeling was carried out at 0–1 s range by filtering the residual signal. When the fault was detected, fault reconstruction process was initiated so that system output could be achieved according to estimated sensor data. Instead of using the methods based on hardware redundancy, we designed a new system within the scope of this study.
Upside down: ‘Cryobatrachus’ and the lydekkerinid record from Antarctica
Authors: Gee Bryan M. , Makovicky Peter J. , Sidor Christian A.
Published: December 2021

Temnospondyl amphibians are common in non-marine Triassic assemblages, including in the Fremouw Formation (Lower to Middle Triassic) of Antarctica. Temnospondyls were among the first tetrapods to be collected from Antarctica, but their record from the lower Fremouw Formation has long been tenuous. One taxon, ‘Austrobrachyops jenseni,’ is represented by a type specimen comprising only a partial pterygoid, which is now thought to belong to a dicynodont. A second taxon, ‘Cryobatrachus kitchingi,’ is represented by a type specimen comprising a nearly complete skull, but the specimen is only exposed ventrally, and uncertainty over its ontogenetic maturity and some aspects of its anatomy has led it to be designated as a nomen dubium by previous workers. Here, we redescribe the holotype of ‘C. kitchingi,’ an undertaking that is augmented by tomographic analysis. Most of the original interpretations and reconstructions cannot be substantiated, and some are clearly erroneous. Although originally classified as a lydekkerinid, the purported lydekkerinid characteristics are shown to be unfounded or no longer diagnostic for the family. We instead identify numerous features shared with highly immature capitosaurs, a large-bodied clade documented in the upper Fremouw Formation of Antarctica and elsewhere in the Lower Triassic. Additionally, we describe a newly collected partial skull from the lower Fremouw Formation that represents a relatively mature, small-bodied individual, which we provisionally refer to Lydekkerinidae; this specimen represents the most confident identification of a lydekkerinid from Antarctica to date.
Optimal Hardy-weights for the (p, A)-Laplacian with a potential term
Authors: Versano Idan
Published: December 2021

We construct new optimal $L^{p}$ Hardy-type inequalities for elliptic Schrödinger-type operators with a potential term.
Index estimates for closed minimal submanifolds of the sphere
Authors: Adauto Diego , Batista Márcio
Published: December 2021

In this paper we are interested in comparing the spectra of two elliptic operators acting on a closed minimal submanifold of the Euclidean unit sphere. Using an approach introduced by Savo in [A Savo. Index Bounds for Minimal Hypersurfaces of the Sphere. Indiana Univ. Math. J. 59 (2010), 823-837.], we are able to compare the eigenvalues of the stability operator acting on sections of the normal bundle and the Hodge Laplacian operator acting on $1$-forms. As a byproduct of the technique and under a suitable hypothesis on the Ricci curvature of the submanifold we obtain that its first Betti's number is bounded from above by a multiple of the Morse index, which provide evidence for a well-known conjecture of Schoen and Marques & Neves in the setting of higher codimension.
Long-chain PUFA ameliorate enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli-induced intestinal inflammation and cell injury by modulating pyroptosis and necroptosis signaling pathways in porcine intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Xiao Kan , Yang Yang , Zhang Yang , Lv Qingqing , Huang Feifei , Wang Dan , Zhao Jiangchao , Liu Yulan
Published: December 2021

This study was aimed to investigate whether EPA and arachidonic acid (ARA), the representative n-3 or n-6 PUFA, could alleviate enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) K88-induced inflammation and injury of intestinal porcine epithelial cells 1 (IPEC-1) by modulating pyroptosis and necroptosis signalling pathways. IPEC-1 cells were cultured with or without EPA or ARA in the presence or absence of ETEC K88. EPA and ARA reduced ETEC K88 adhesion and endotoxin content in the supernatant. EPA and ARA increased transepithelial electrical resistance, decreased permeability of fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled dextran, increased membrane protein expression of occludin, ZO-1 and claudin-1 and relieved disturbed distribution of these proteins. EPA and ARA also reduced cell necrosis ratio. EPA or ARA reduced mRNA and concentration of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 and decreased mRNA abundances of intestinal toll-like receptors 4 and its downstream signals. Moreover, EPA and ARA downregulated mRNA expression of nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), caspase 1 and IL-18 and inhibited protein expression of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), gasdermin D and caspase-1. Finally, EPA and ARA reduced mRNA expression of fas-associated death domain protein, caspase 8, receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIP) 1, mixed lineage kinase-like protein (MLKL), phosphoglycerate mutase 5 (PGAM5), motility-related protein 1 (Drp1) and high mobility protein 1 (HMGB1) and inhibited protein expression of phosphorylated-RIP1, p-RIP3, p-MLKL and HMGB1. These data demonstrate that EPA and ARA prevent ETEC K88-induced cell inflammation and injury, which is partly through inhibiting pyroptosis and necroptosis signalling pathways.
How Much of Electoral Politics Is in the District? Measuring District Effects on Party Support
Authors: Bodet Marc André , Bouchard Joanie , Thomas Melanee , Tessier Charles
Published: December 2021

The electoral district is the fundamental unit of representation in single- and multi-member electoral systems, yet most research shows little interest in district effects on election outcomes, focusing instead on national and individual factors. This is problematic as parties and candidates often put a great deal of effort into district-based campaigns. How, then, can we best capture district effects on party support? We propose a new method using official election returns and geospatial techniques. The result is a measure of how much of a party's vote share is explained by district effects. Using data from the 2006–2019 Canadian federal elections, we find that, on average, 6 to 10 per cent of the variation in a party's vote in Canada is explained by district effects. While district effects on party support are trivial for some districts, in others they account for more than 80 per cent of the variance in party vote shares. The effect of districts on party support is composed, in part, of electoral context, province, socio-economic factors and district campaign intensity. Importantly, the size and sources of district effects on party support vary across parties, suggesting heterogeneity. The benefits of our approach are threefold: (1) it is cost-effective, (2) it can be easily replicated in any setting—past or present—where districts are relevant electoral units and where districting is nonpartisan, and (3) it is responsive to differences in district composition and parties’ campaign effort.
An Evangelical is Anyone who Likes Billy Graham: Defining Evangelicalism with Carl Henry and Networks of Trust
Authors: Silliman Daniel
Published: December 2021

The founding editors of Christianity Today spent more than a year planning the launch of their magazine. Carl F. H. Henry, L. Nelson Bell, and J. Marcellus Kik believed Christianity Today could “plant the flag” for evangelicalism. To do that, though, the editors had to decide what evangelicalism was. They had to decide where the lines were, who was in and who was out, which issues mattered and which did not. One key criterion, they decided, was whether or not someone liked evangelist Billy Graham. Historian George Marsden later offered this as a tongue-in-cheek definition of evangelicalism. More seriously, religious historians have used David Bebbington's quadrilateral definition, which says the basis of evangelicalism is conversionism, biblicism, activism, and crucicentrism. This article argues that Bebbington's definition is ahistorical, vague, and deeply unhelpful. Marsden's joking definition, on the other hand, is quite useful, as it directs historians to attend to actual relationships, historical affinities, and real-world conversations. Based on new archival research, this article tells the story of the launch of evangelicalism's “flagship” magazine, shows how evangelicalism's lines were drawn in 1956, and makes the case that evangelicalism is best understood as a discourse community which is structured by its communication networks.
Effectiveness of community-based livestock protection strategies: a case study of human–lion conflict mitigation
Authors: Sibanda Lovemore , Johnson Paul J. , van der Meer Esther , Hughes Courtney , Dlodlo Bongani , Mathe Liomba J. , Hunt Jane E. , Parry Roger H. , Macdonald David W. , Loveridge Andrew J.
Published: December 2021

Conservation scientists are increasingly recognizing the need to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions to improve human–wildlife coexistence across different contexts. Here we assessed the long-term efficacy of the Long Shields Community Guardians programme in Zimbabwe. This community-based programme seeks to protect livestock and prevent depredation by lionsPanthera leothrough non-lethal means, with the ultimate aim of promoting human–lion coexistence. Using a quasi-experimental approach, we measured temporal trends in livestock depredation by lions and the prevalence of retaliatory killing of lions by farmers and wildlife managers. Farmers that were part of the Long Shields programme experienced a significant reduction in livestock loss to lions, and the annual number of lions subject to retaliatory killing by farmers dropped by 41% since the start of the programme in 2013, compared to 2008–2012, before the programme was initiated. Our findings demonstrate the Long Shields programme can be a potential model for limiting livestock depredation by lions. More broadly, our study demonstrates the effectiveness of community-based interventions to engage community members, improve livestock protection and ameliorate levels of retaliatory killing, thereby reducing human–lion conflict.
Monitoring of small rock pools reveals differential effects of chronic anthropogenic disturbance on birds and mammals in the Calakmul region, southern Mexico
Authors: Delgado-Martínez Carlos M. , Alvarado Fredy , Kolb Melanie , Mendoza Eduardo
Published: December 2021

Great attention has been drawn to the impacts of habitat deforestation and fragmentation on wildlife species richness. In contrast, much less attention has been paid to assessing the impacts of chronic anthropogenic disturbance on wildlife species composition and behaviour. We focused on natural small rock pools (sartenejas), which concentrate vertebrate activity due to habitat’s water limitation, to assess the impact of chronic anthropogenic disturbance on the species richness, diversity, composition, and behaviour of medium and large-sized birds and mammals in the highly biodiverse forests of Calakmul, southern Mexico. Camera trapping records of fauna usingsartenejaswithin and outside the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve (CBR) showed that there were no effects on species richness, but contrasts emerged when comparing species diversity, composition, and behaviour. These effects differed between birds and mammals and between species: (1) bird diversity was greater outside the CBR, but mammal diversity was greater within and (2) the daily activity patterns of birds differed slightly within and outside the CBR but strongly contrasted in mammals. Our study highlights that even in areas supporting extensive forest cover, small-scale chronic anthropogenic disturbances can have pervasive negative effects on wildlife and that these effects contrast between animal groups.