bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mutational signature analysis identifies MUTYH deficiency in colorectal cancers and adrenocortical carcinomas
Authors: Pilati Camilla , Shinde Jayendra , Alexandrov Ludmil B , Assié Guillaume , André Thierry , Hélias‐Rodzewicz Zofia , Ducoudray Romain , Le Corre Delphine , Zucman‐Rossi Jessica , Emile Jean‐François , Bertherat Jérôme , Letouzé Eric , Laurent‐Puig Pierre
Published: January 2017

Germline alterations in DNA repair genes are implicated in cancer predisposition and can result in characteristic mutational signatures. However, specific mutational signatures associated with base excision repair (BER) defects remain to be characterized. Here, by analysing a series of colorectal cancers (CRCs) using exome sequencing, we identified a particular spectrum of somatic mutations characterized by an enrichment of C > A transversions in NpCpA or NpCpT contexts in three tumours from a MUTYH‐associated polyposis (MAP) patient and in two cases harbouring pathogenic germline MUTYH mutations. In two series of adrenocortical carcinomas (ACCs), we identified four tumours with a similar signature also presenting germline MUTYH mutations. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that MUTYH inactivation results in a particular mutational signature, which may serve as a useful marker of BER‐related genomic instability in new cancer types. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of liquid resol on the mechanical and thermal properties of EPDM/Kynol elastomeric heat shielding materials
Authors: Rallini Marco , Puri Ivan , Torre Luigi , Natali Maurizio
Published: January 2017

The state of the art of heat shielding materials is represented by a rubber matrix reinforced with aramid (Kevlar®/Twaron®) or phenolic (Kynol®) pulp or fibers that exhibit excellent thermal stability and mechanical properties. In this work, Kynol® short fibers were used as reinforcement for an EPDM matrix modified with liquid phenolic resin and the heat shielding materials were studied in terms of mechanical, thermal, and ablative properties. A chemical coupling agent was used to improve the adhesion of the polar phenolic matrix with non‐polar EPDM phase. It was found that the thermal stability of the heat shielding materials was not affected by the presence of phenolic that, on the other hand, increased the deformability of rubber. In oxy‐acetylene torch tests, EPDM/Kynol formulation, with no addition of liquid phenolic, was characterized by a carbonaceous residue with the smaller dimensional change and the higher adhesion on the virgin material while the presence of the phenolic reduced the structural integrity of char and its adhesion to the substrate. The value of the heat capacity of composites increased with the increase of the phenolic content. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 57:513–520, 2017. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Enhanced properties of polyvinyl chloride modified by graphene reinforced thermoplastic polyurethane
Authors: Yang Tao , Wen Jiating , Guan Xiaoyu , Fan Haojun , Chen Yi , Yan Jun
Published: January 2017

Graphene sheets with a range of unusual properties and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) were combined to modify polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and the enhanced properties such as flexibility, thermal stability and mechanical properties of the PVC were investigated. In order to avoid the C − Cl bonds in PVC being weakened, graphene was incorporated into TPU in the melting state first and then this TPU was employed as a modifier to enhance and plasticize PVC in another melt blending step. In comparison with the ternary blending method, this step‐by‐step melt blending method was more efficient and convenient. The distribution of graphene sheets in the polymer matrix is uniform and no C − Cl bond weakened effect can be observed. Due to the similar polarity, TPU showed good compatibility with PVC and its plasticizing effect allowed a broader range of low temperature flexibility of the modified PVC matrix. Moreover, other properties of the resultant PVC matrix (PTG‐x) including mechanical properties, thermal stability and plasticizer migration resistance were all found to be improved. With innovative applications in mind, the development of new graphene‐based materials will certainly lead to many future advances in science and technology. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Determinants of patient activation in a community sample of breast and prostate cancer survivors
Authors: O'Malley Denalee , Dewan Asa A. , Ohman‐Strickland Pamela A. , Gundersen Daniel A. , Miller Suzanne M. , Hudson Shawna V.
Published: January 2017

Background

Patient activation—the knowledge, skills, and confidence to manage one's health—is associated with improved self‐management behaviors for several chronic conditions. This study assesses rates of patient activation in breast and prostate cancer survivors and explores the characteristics associated with patient activation.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study of survivors with localized (Stage I or II) breast and prostate cancers who were post‐treatment (between 1‐10+ years) were recruited from 4 community hospital sites in New Jersey. Survey data on patient characteristics (demographic and psychosocial) and clinical factors were assessed to explore the relationships with patient activation using the Patient Activation Measure–13.

Results

Among 325 survivors (112 prostate; 213 breast), overall patient activation was high (M = 3.25). Activation was significantly lower among prostate survivors when compared with breast cancer survivors (M = 3.25 [SD, 0.38] vs M = 3.34 [SD, 0.37], P<.05). For prostate survivors, race (P < .05), marital status (P < .001), employment status (P < .01), household income (P < .05), and fear of recurrence (P < .01) were significantly associated with patient activation. For both groups, ease of access to oncology team and primary care physicians (PCPs) (all P values < .001) and perceptions of time spent with oncologists' team and PCPs (all P values < .01) were positive predictors of activation.

Conclusions

In both breast and prostate survivors, access to providers (both PCPs and oncologists) and perception that adequate time spent with providers were associated with activation. Therefore, clinical interventions maybe a promising avenue to improve patient activation. Research is needed to develop and test tailored patient activation interventions to improve self‐management among cancer survivors.
Testing a novel account of the dissociation between self‐reported memory problems and memory performance in chemotherapy‐treated breast cancer survivors
Authors: Paquet Lise , Verma Shailendra , Collins Barbara , Chinneck Anne , Bedard Marc , Song Xinni
Published: January 2017

Background

A puzzling observation pertaining to the impact of breast cancer on memory is the frequently reported dissociation between breast cancer survivors' self‐reported memory problems and memory performance. We evaluated the hypothesis that the dissociation is related to the fact that the objective memory measures previously used assessed retrospective memory (RM) and did not tap prospective memory (PM), a domain about which survivors are complaining.

Methods

In a case‐healthy‐control (N = 80) cross‐sectional study, the Memory for Intention Screening Test was used to assess PM and the Wechsler Logical Memory Test was used to evaluate RM. Self‐reported problems were assessed with the Prospective and Retrospective Memory Questionnaire. Measures of depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale) and fatigue (Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy: Fatigue) were also administered.

Results

Both groups reported more PM than RM problems (P < .001). Survivors reported more fatigue and depression symptoms and more memory problems than controls (all P < .001). Importantly, the group difference in self‐reported problems was no longer observed after adjusting for depression and fatigue. Survivors performed worse than controls on both PM and RM tasks. In neither group, however, were associations between self‐reported RM and PM problems and RM and PM objective performance observed.

Conclusions

Breast cancer survivors exhibit PM and RM deficits, which do not correlate with self‐reported memory problems. Although unrelated to performance, memory complaints should not be dismissed, as they are closely associated with depression and fatigue and reveal an important facet of the cancer experience.
Mass rearing and augmentative biological control evaluation of Rhynocoris fuscipes (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) against multiple pests of cotton
Authors: Tomson Majesh , Sahayaraj Kitherian , Kumar Vivek , Avery Pasco B , McKenzie Cindy L , Osborne Lance S
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUND

Rhynocoris fuscipes (Fab.) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) is a generalist predator of cotton pests and is commonly found inhabiting cotton‐growing regions in southern India. With the goal of integrating this predator in standard management practices used against cotton pests on a commercial scale, (1) we developed a protocol for adult group rearing of this predator inside micro‐environmental cages (MECs), and (2) we evaluated the biocontrol potential of mass‐produced predators against cotton pests under potted and field conditions.

RESULTS

Higher fecundity and adult longevity of R. fuscipes was recorded in the MECs than under natural growing conditions. The reduviid predator preferred stones and fallen leaves as hiding places in the MECs. The predator showed a higher biocontrol potential during the night hours against two pests, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley and Dysdercus cingulatus (Fab.), than during the day under potted conditions. Under field conditions, R. fuscipes significantly reduced the population of Aphis gossypii Glover, P. solenopsis, D. cingulatus and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) by 28, 70, 29 and 50%, respectively. No negative impact of R. fuscipes was reported on other natural enemies present in the cotton agroecosystem.

CONCLUSION

Significantly higher crop yield and cost benefit ratio were observed in R. fuscipes‐released plots than in the control plots. The results suggest that R. fuscipes can be mass produced efficiently under controlled conditions in MECs, and used in an integrated management program for multiple cotton pests. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Robust inference for group sequential trials
Authors: Ganju Jitendra , Lin Yunzhi , Zhou Kefei
Published: January 2017

For ethical reasons, group sequential trials were introduced to allow trials to stop early in the event of extreme results. Endpoints in such trials are usually mortality or irreversible morbidity. For a given endpoint, the norm is to use a single test statistic and to use that same statistic for each analysis. This approach is risky because the test statistic has to be specified before the study is unblinded, and there is loss in power if the assumptions that ensure optimality for each analysis are not met. To minimize the risk of moderate to substantial loss in power due to a suboptimal choice of a statistic, a robust method was developed for nonsequential trials. The concept is analogous to diversification of financial investments to minimize risk. The method is based on combining P values from multiple test statistics for formal inference while controlling the type I error rate at its designated value.This article evaluates the performance of 2 P value combining methods for group sequential trials. The emphasis is on time to event trials although results from less complex trials are also included. The gain or loss in power with the combination method relative to a single statistic is asymmetric in its favor. Depending on the power of each individual test, the combination method can give more power than any single test or give power that is closer to the test with the most power. The versatility of the method is that it can combine P values from different test statistics for analysis at different times. The robustness of results suggests that inference from group sequential trials can be strengthened with the use of combined tests.
Mechanisms of HIV persistence in HIV reservoirs
Authors: Mzingwane Mayibongwe L. , Tiemessen Caroline T.
Published: January 2017

The establishment and maintenance of HIV reservoirs that lead to persistent viremia in patients on antiretroviral drugs remains the greatest challenge of the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. Cellular reservoirs include resting memory CD4+ T lymphocytes, implicated as the major HIV reservoir, having a half‐life of approximately 44 months while this is less than 6 hours for HIV in plasma. In some individuals, persistent viremia consists of invariant HIV clones not detected in circulating resting CD4+ T lymphocytes suggesting other possible sources of residual viremia. Some anatomical reservoirs that may harbor such cells include the brain and the central nervous system, the gastrointestinal tract and the gut‐associated lymphoid tissue and other lymphoid organs, and the genital tract. The presence of immune cells and other HIV susceptible cells, occurring in differing compositions in anatomical reservoirs, coupled with variable and poor drug penetration that results in suboptimal drug concentrations in some sites, are all likely factors that fuel the continued low‐level replication and persistent viremia during treatment. Latently, HIV‐infected CD4+ T cells harboring replication‐competent virus, HIV cell‐to‐cell spread, and HIV‐infected T cell homeostatic proliferation due to chronic immune activation represent further drivers of this persistent HIV viremia during highly active antiretroviral therapy.
TOF‐SIMS matrix effects in mixed organic layers in Ar cluster ion depth profiles
Authors: Takahashi Kazuma , Aoyagi Satoka , Kawashima Tomoko
Published: January 2017

Matrix effects are crucial for analyses using time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) in terms of quantitative analysis, depth profiling and imaging. It is often difficult to predict how co‐existing materials will influence each other before such analysis. However, matrix effects need to be curtailed in order to assume the appropriate amount of a target material in a sample. First, matrix effects on different types of organic mixed samples, including a sample composed of Irganox 1010 and Irganox 1098 (MMK sample) and another composed of Irganox 1010 and Fmoc‐pentafluoro‐L‐phenylalanine (MMF sample), were observed utilizing ToF‐SIMS and the dependence of the secondary ion polarity of the matrix effects on the same sample was evaluated. Next, the correction method for the ToF‐SIMS matrix effects proposed by Shard et al. was applied to a comparison of the positive secondary ion results to the negative ones. The matrix effects on the positive ion data in both samples were different from those on the negative ion data. The matrix effect correction method worked effectively on both the negative and positive depth profiles. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of Hg2+ and Cs+ with a Rhodamine–based Sensor and Ethoxy–substituted Dihydroimidazole Ring Formation Associated with the Reduction of Hg2+ to Hg
Authors: Kumar Ashish , Sain Dibyendu , Kumari Chanda , Dey Swapan
Published: January 2017

Rhodamine based CS2 linked chemosensor (R1) was synthesized under green condition and it was applied instantly for the detection of Hg2+ ion. While R1 was refluxed with Hg2+ in ethanol, metal ion induced substitution reaction of ethoxy moiety onto imidazole ring via SN2 mechanism was observed upon chemical transformation. The hydroxide ion, transferred to the xanthene ring followed by reduction of Hg2+ to Hg was found. Despite of Hg2+, R1 also exhibited very sharp sensing ability for Cs+ at its very low concentration among all other metal ions. Sensing phenomena was established through UV‐Vis, fluorescence, NMR and mass spectroscopic techniques. Quantum chemical (DFT) calculation was supportive to establish all the complexation.
Synthesis of Highly Z‐Selective Coumarin Annulated Dioxocine, Dioxacindione and Macrocycles Using Grubbs’ Second‐Generation Catalyst
Authors: Goud E. Yadaiah , Rao B. Kanakadurga , Thirupahi G. , Hemasri Y. , Rao Ch. Prasad , Kumar P. Vijay , Rao Y. Jayaprakash
Published: January 2017

The diversity‐oriented organic synthesis of novel coumarin annulated tricyclic dioxocine, dioxacindione scaffolds with Z‐selectivity and the symmetrical pentacyclic coumarin macrocyclic derivatives is demonstrated from substituted hydroxyl coumarins via ring‐closing metathesis in the presence of Grubbs’ second‐generation catalyst as the facile and efficient route with excellent yields. This synthetic strategy provides a route for the intramolecular ring‐closing metathesis to access a library of novel tricyclic coumarin heterocycles and pentacyclic coumarin macrocycles having different ring systems.
Synthesis of a Water‐Soluble Pyrazole Curcumin Derivative: In Vitro and In Vivo AGE Inhibitory Activity and Its Mechanism
Authors: Sribalan Rajendran , Shakambari Ganeshan , Banuppriya Govindharasu , Varalakshmi Perumal , Subramanian Elayia Raja , Sudhakar Sivasubramanium , Padmini Vediappen
Published: January 2017

The new chemical entity, water‐soluble pyrazole curcumin derivative (PyCurOAc) was designed, synthesized and characterized for the purpose of inhibition of AGE formation. The compound showed an excellent in vitro AGEs inhibition activity than curcumin itself as well as the standard. Further, the AGE inhibition activity was substantiated in vivo using C.elegans as an animal model. The mechanistic investigation for the inhibition of AGEs with PyCurOAc was studied with glod‐4 expressions in C.elegans and glucose trapping method. This study suggests that the synthesized compound could be used to treat the formation of AGEs in hyperglycemic nematodes and higher animals.
A Green and Efficient One‐Pot Pseudo‐Five‐Component Reaction for Synthesis of Bis(pyrazol‐5‐ol) Derivatives via Tandem Cyclocondensation‐Knoevenagel–Michael Reaction
Authors: Yang Cheng , Liu Peng‐Ze , Xu Da‐Zhen
Published: January 2017

A simple, green and efficient approach for one‐pot pseudo‐five‐component synthesis of the 4,4’‐(arylmethylene)bis(1H‐pyrazol‐5‐ol) derivatives from hydrazines, dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylats/β‐ketoesters and aromatic aldehydes catalyzed by Dabco‐base ionic liquids in aqueous media has been successfully developed. All the reactions were performed under 3 mol% of ionic liquid catalyst, and afforded the corresponding bis(pyrazol‐5‐ol)s in excellent yields (81‐98 %). This method also offers several other notable advantages, such as environmental friendliness, short reaction times, easy workup and reusability of the inexpensive catalyst.
5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural Production from Glucose, Fructose, Cellulose, or Cellulose–based Waste Material by Using a Calcium Phosphate Catalyst and Water as a Green Solvent
Authors: Mimura Naoki , Sato Osamu , Shirai Masayuki , Yamaguchi Aritomo
Published: January 2017

We successfully prepared 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural from glucose, fructose, cellulose, natural wood, waste paper, and cotton clothing by using a calcium phosphate catalyst and water as a green solvent. The combination of basic and acidic sites on the surface of the calcium phosphate catalyst accelerated the multistep reaction pathway from the reactants to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural. Ball‐milling pretreatment of the reactant markedly increased the yield of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural obtained from cellulose, natural wood, waste paper, and cotton clothing.
Psychosocial safety climate, emotional exhaustion, and work injuries in healthcare workplaces
Authors: Zadow Amy Jane , Dollard Maureen Frances , Mclinton Sarven Savia , Lawrence Peter , Tuckey Michelle Rae
Published: January 2017

Preventing work injuries requires a clear understanding of how they occur, how they are recorded, and the accuracy of injury surveillance. Our innovation was to examine how psychosocial safety climate (PSC) influences the development of reported and unreported physical and psychological workplace injuries beyond (physical) safety climate, via the erosion of psychological health (emotional exhaustion). Self‐report data (T2, 2013) from 214 hospital employees (18 teams) were linked at the team level to the hospital workplace injury register (T1, 2012; T2, 2013; and T3, 2014). Concordance between survey‐reported and registered injury rates was low (36%), indicating that many injuries go unreported. Safety climate was the strongest predictor of T2 registered injury rates (controlling for T1); PSC and emotional exhaustion also played a role. Emotional exhaustion was the strongest predictor of survey‐reported total injuries and underreporting. Multilevel analysis showed that low PSC, emanating from senior managers and transmitted through teams, was the origin of psychological health erosion (i.e., low emotional exhaustion), which culminated in greater self‐reported work injuries and injury underreporting (both physical and psychological). These results underscore the need to consider, in theory and practice, a dual physical–psychosocial safety explanation of injury events and a psychosocial explanation of injury underreporting.
Secondary traumatic stress and secondary posttraumatic growth in a sample of Dutch police family liaison officers
Authors: Kunst M.J.J. , Saan M.C. , Bollen L.J.A. , Kuijpers K.F.
Published: January 2017

This study investigated secondary traumatic stress (STS) and secondary posttraumatic growth (SPG) in a sample of Dutch police family liaison officers (N = 224). Our study had two aims: (a) to identify potential risk and protective factors for STS and (b) to investigate the association between STS and SPG. None of the risk (caseload and a personal trauma history) and protective factors (age, work experience, and support by supervisors and coworkers) identified in previous research correlated with STS. However, a small positive association was found between STS and SPG. In the discussion section we warn against the use of interventions that aim to prevent STS until more is known about risk and protective factors for STS and provide directions for future research.
Windfalls of emperors' sojourns: Stock market reactions to Chinese firms hosting high‐ranking government officials
Authors: Schuler Douglas A. , Shi Wei , Hoskisson Robert E. , Chen Tao
Published: January 2017

Research summary: We contribute to the corporate political activity (CPA) literature by showing that investors value companies that host visits of high‐ranking government officials (President and Premier). We argue that investors may value host official visits for two reasons: (1) the signal received about possibility of firm accessing government‐controlled resources via promotion or protection; and (2) the certification effect from such high‐powered visitors elevating the firm's reputation and legitimacy. Results from an event study analysis of 84 high‐ranking government official visits in China from 2003 to 2011 indicate that investors responded positively to host firms as reflected by stock market performance. Furthermore, the greatest positive reactions accrued to firms experiencing weaker prior period financial performance and to firms that are privately compared to state‐controlled.

Managerial summary: Do visits by high‐ranking government officials influence firm stock market performance? Studying a sample of Chinese public firms that hosted 84 visits by the Chinese President and the Premier from 2003 to 2011, we find that investors reacted positively to such visits compared with a group of non‐host firms from the same industry and with similar financial performance and size. In addition, firms with weaker prior financial performance and private firms benefit the most from hosting such visits. Our findings imply that hosting visits of high‐ranking government officials can signal future government‐controlled resource inflows and boost host firms' reputation and legitimacy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sampled suffix array with minimizers
Authors: Grabowski Szymon , Raniszewski Marcin
Published: January 2017

Sampling (evenly) the suffixes from the suffix array is an old idea trading the pattern search time for reduced index space. A few years ago Claude et al. showed an alphabet sampling scheme allowing for more efficient pattern searches compared with the sparse suffix array, for long enough patterns. A drawback of their approach is the requirement that sought patterns need to contain at least one character from the chosen subalphabet. In this work, we propose an alternative suffix sampling approach with only a minimum pattern length as a requirement, which is more convenient in practice. Experiments show that our algorithm (in a few variants) achieves competitive time‐space tradeoffs on most standard benchmark data. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Epa Guidance on Suicide Treatment and Prevention Needs to Be Adjusted to Fight The Epidemics of Suicide at the North Pole Area and Other Autochthonous Communities
Authors: Charlier P. , Malaurie J. , Wasserman D. , Carli V. , Sarchiapone M. , Dagenais-Everell C. , Herve C.
Published: January 2017

More and more, youth suicide in the Inuit community is gaining importance, with a frequency in Greenland rising from 14.4 (1960–64) to 110.4 per 100,000 person-years (2010–11). The huge cultural/educational changes during the last 20 years and the role of globalization, especially of the occidental influence on this community may be at the origin of such an “epidemics” of suicide in this cultural region. Recently, a political organization representing the Inuit community in Canada (ITK for Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami) launched a National Inuit Suicide Prevention Strategy (NISP) based on the specificities of this community in comparison to the occidental civilization. In fact, not only the Canadian Inuit community is concerned by this epidemics of suicide, but also many other autochthonous groups. In this context, the European Psychiatric Association (EPA) guidance on suicide treatment and prevention needs to be adjusted to autochthonous individuals’ needs.
Cellular protein and mRNA expression of β1 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit in brain, skeletal muscle and placenta
Authors: Aishah Atqiya , Hinton Tina , Machaalani Rita
Published: January 2017

The β1 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit is a muscle type subunit of this family and as such, is found predominantly in muscle. Recent reports document its expression in other tissues and cell lines including adrenal glands, carcinomas, lung and brain. However, the majority of studies were of tissue lysates, thus the cellular distribution was not determined. This study aimed to determine the cellular distribution of the β1 nAChR subunit in the brain, at both the mRNA and protein levels, using non‐radioactive in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively, and to compare it to two muscle tissue types, skeletal and placenta. Tissue was formalin fixed and paraffin embedded (all tissue types) and frozen (placenta) from humans. Additional control tissue from the piglet and mouse brain were also studied, as was mRNA for the α3 nAChR and N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor 1 (NR1) subunit. We found no β1 nAChR subunit mRNA expression in the human and piglet brain despite strong protein expression. Some signal was seen in the mouse brain but considered inconclusive given the probes designed were not of 100% homology to the mouse. In the skeletal muscle and placenta tissues, β1 nAChR subunit mRNA expression was prominent and mirrored protein expression. No α3 nAChR or NR1 mRNA was seen in the skeletal muscle, as expected, although both subunit mRNAs were present in the placenta. This study concludes that further experiments are required to conclusively state that the β1 nAChR subunit is expressed in the human, piglet and mouse brain.
What is ‘European Archaeology’? What Should it be?
Authors: Babić Staša , Karl Raimund , Milosavljević Monika , Mizoguchi Koji , Paludan-Müller Carsten , Murray Tim , Robb John , Schlanger Nathan , Vanzetti Alessandro
Published: January 2017

‘European archaeology’ is an ambiguous and contested rubric. Rooted in the political histories of European archaeology, it potentially unites an academic field and provides a basis for international collaboration and inclusion, but also creates essentialized identities and exclusionary discourses. This discussion article presents a range of views on what European archaeology is, where it comes from, and what it could be.
Nkrumah, Nationalism, and Pan-Africanism: The Bureau of African Affairs Collection
Authors: Grilli Matteo
Published: January 2017

The article describes the Bureau of African Affairs Collection. First it introduces the history of the archive by examining the crucial events that influenced its state and accessibility. Then, it describes the contents of the collection, underlying its importance for the study of Kwame Nkrumah’s domestic and foreign policies and African nationalism at a continental level. The documents included in the Bureau of African Affairs Collection provide unique insights into both Nkrumah’s foreign and domestic policies. In particular, they include invaluable information on his Pan-African policy. Moreover, the documents shed new light on the presence of African liberation movements in Ghana in the period 1957 to 1966. Thus, this Collection can attract scholars interested in both Ghanaian history as well as the history of Pan-Africanism and African nationalism at a continental level.
Subtle Discrimination in the Workplace: A Vicious Cycle
Authors: Jones Kristen P. , Arena Dave F. , Nittrouer Christine L. , Alonso Natalya M. , Lindsey Alex P.
Published: January 2017

Due to rising pressure to appear egalitarian, subtle discrimination pervades today's workplace. Although its ambiguous nature may make it seem innocuous on the surface, an abundance of empirical evidence suggests subtle discrimination undermines employee and organizational functioning, perhaps even more so than its overt counterpart. In the following article, we argue for a multidimensional and continuous, rather than categorical, framework for discrimination. In doing so, we propose that there exist several related but distinct continuums on which instances of discrimination vary, including subtlety, formality, and intentionality. Next, we argue for organizational scholarship to migrate toward a more developmental, dynamic perspective of subtle discrimination in order to build a more comprehensive understanding of its antecedents, underlying mechanisms, and outcomes. We further contend that everyone plays a part in the process of subtle discrimination at work and, as a result, bears some responsibility in addressing and remediating it. We conclude with a brief overview of research on subtle discrimination in the workplace from each of four stakeholder perspectives—targets, perpetrators, bystanders, and allies—and review promising strategies that can be implemented by each of these stakeholders to remediate subtle discrimination in the workplace.
Challenging ‘umthetho we femu’ (the law of the firm): gender relations and shop-floor battles for union recognition in Natal's textile industry, 1973–85
Authors: Lichtenstein Alex
Published: January 2017

As part of a growing working-class movement that sought full legal status as employees in South Africa, stable urban residence and union recognition, female African factory workers became part of a dynamic new labour movement emanating from the shop floor. At the same time, this new role allowed them to challenge patriarchal structures of authority in the factory, the community and the home. This article examines the gender dimension of a bitter inter-union rivalry that beset Durban's Frame textile complex during the early 1980s. With African unions at last recognized by the apartheid state, Frame sought to bolster the strength of a compliant company union in order to thwart the organizing drive of a more confrontational independent union, an affiliate of the newly established Federation of South African Trade Unions (FOSATU). This union rivalry was fought out in the courts as well as inside the factory, in the streets of Durban's townships, and in an African workers’ hostel in nearby Clermont. The legal dispute generated affidavits by women workers attesting to the pressures they faced to join the company union and their reasons for preferring FOSATU. This evidence shows that African women successfully challenged the patriarchal authority of male managers, security personnel, indunas and male co-workers at Frame in order to join an independent union.
The potential of host plants for biological control of Tuta absoluta by the predator Dicyphus errans
Authors: Ingegno B.L. , Candian V. , Psomadelis I. , Bodino N. , Tavella L.
Published: January 2017

Dicyphus errans (Wolff) has been shown to be a suitable biocontrol agent for Tuta absoluta (Meyrick). This generalist predator shares various host plants with the exotic pest, and these interactions could be exploited to enhance pest control. Therefore, host preference, survival rate and development times of the predator and prey were investigated on crop and non-crop plant species. Among the tested plants, the favourite hosts were Solanum species for T. absoluta, and herb Robert, European black nightshade, courgette and tomato for D. errans. Tuta absoluta accepted the same plant species as hosts for oviposition, but it never developed on herb Robert and courgette in all the experiments. Based on our results, we would suggest the use of courgette and herb Robert in consociation with tomato and as a companion plant, respectively, which may keep pest densities below the economic threshold. Moreover, the omnivorous and widespread D. errans could be a key predator of this exotic pest, allowing a high encounter probability on several cultivated and non-cultivated plant species.
LIBERATING THECENA
Authors: Roth Ulrike
Published: January 2017

That the extraordinary narrative experiment known as theSatyriconhas regularly stimulated scholarly investigation into the relationship between status and freedom is not surprising for a work, the longest surviving section of which features an excessive dinner party at the house of alibertus. Much of the discussion has concentrated on the depiction of the dinner's host and his freedmen friends. Following the lead of F. Zeitlin and others in seeing the depiction of a ‘freedmen's milieu’ in theCena, J. Bodel argued in a seminal paper published twenty years ago that theCenaopens a window onto the ‘freedman's mentality’. The last ten years or so have seen a revival of the theme, with much emphasis on the display of an open society in theCena, even a Saturnalian world-view, based on a suspension or reversal of the traditional social hierarchies, all framed by a general air of excessive liberality: whatever satirical lens theSatyricon’s author is seen to have projected onto Trimalchio and his freedmen friends,theyare understood as celebrating ‘freedom's defining difference’. In the light of such a unifying conceptualization of theCena’s motley crew, it is not surprising that scholars have come to understand the libertine assemblage as a reflection of ‘the social class of the “freedmen” in first-centurya.d.Italy’. After all, ‘class’ can be defined as ‘a number of individuals (persons or things) possessing common attributes’, and, with specific regard to human society, as ‘a division of society according to status’.
Hyperbolic Metric and Multiply Connected Wandering Domains of Meromorphic Functions
Authors: Zheng Jian-Hua
Published: January 2017

In this paper, in terms of the hyperbolic metric, we give a condition under which the image of a hyperbolic domain of an analytic function contains a round annulus centred at the origin. From this, we establish results on the multiply connected wandering domains of a meromorphic function that contain large round annuli centred at the origin. We thereby successfully extend the results of transcendental meromorphic functions with finitely many poles to those with infinitely many poles.
Scripture as an Element of Social Control: Two Martyr Stories of Christian North Africa
Authors: Tilley Maureen A.
Published: January 2017

The martyr stories, the earliest hagiographical writings, were not composed simply as memorials to the courage of those who preferred death to apostasy. Their authors recorded the stories both to preserve beliefs and to enforce norms of behavior. The authors of the martyr stories often provided explicit testimony to why they wrote. They expected the stories to proclaim the validity of the charismatic authority of the martyrs, to manifest martyrs as exemplars of virtue, and to show people how to react during interrogation by Roman authorities. Thus the readers were inscribed in the narratives as potential martyrs. They came to know the attitudes they ought to have, the phrases they should use to parry the insults of their tormentors, and the prayers they should offer for endurance. In this way those who promulgated the martyr stories achieved or attempted to achieve some control over the behavior and beliefs of readers by assigning value to community standards. In doing so the stories provided cohesion and stability for their churches.
BETWEEN THE CATALAN QUAGMIRE AND THE RED SPECTRE, SPAIN, NOVEMBER 1918 – APRIL 1919
Authors: ROMERO SALVADÓ FRANCISCO J.
Published: January 2017

Drawing upon a vast array of primary sources, this article focuses on a key period of modern Spanish history: November 1918 – April 1919. In the aftermath of the First World War and spurred on by the Allied victory, demands by Catalonia's political elites for greater autonomy seized the country's agenda. However, the political tussle between the centre and the Catalan elites ended a few months later with their mutual defeat. The upsurge of labour agitation and the hopes of the proletariat generated by the Bolshevik Revolution combined with bourgeois fear resulted in the question of national identity being superseded by bitter class conflict. This article conveys the thesis that these crucial months crystallized the organic crisis of the ruling liberal regime. Indeed, the outcome of these events proved its fragile foundations, dashed hopes for a reformist and negotiated solution, and constituted a dress rehearsal for the military coup of 1923, a clear example of the reactionary backlash which swept across Europe in the interwar years.
Ultrastructural features of the tomont of Cryptocaryon irritans (Ciliophora: Prostomatea), a parasitic ciliate of marine fishes
Authors: MA RUI , FAN XINPENG , YIN FEI , NI BING , GU FUKANG
Published: January 2017

Numerous studies have been conducted on the cellular morphology of Cryptocaryon irritans. However, details regarding the tomont stage of its life cycle remain lacking. In this study, we investigated the morphology of the tomont stage throughout encystment and cell division using light and electron microscopy. Results showed that there was no secretion of encystation-specific secretory vesicles or extrusomes during formation of the cyst wall. Instead, the synthesis and construction of the C. irritans cyst wall materials may involve molecular events at the pellicle. The somatic cilia and the cytostome were present during encystment and covered by the newly formed cyst wall. New somatic cilia were continuously created between old cilia and showed various lengths during cell division, a process that was similar to morphogenesis in many free-living ciliates. During cell division inside the tomont, dividing daughter cells formed temporary cell chains with no oral primordia before separating from each other into dissociative tomite precursors. The process of cell division may not be accompanied by stomatogenesis, and new oral primordia in offspring cells likely formed before the dividing cell chains split into dissociative spherical tomites. Mitochondrial autophagy was observed in encysting C. irritans cells. Numerous endosymbionts and Golgi structures were observed in the tomont cytoplasm. Cellular metabolic activity in the C. irritans tomont was quite high, with large amounts of materials or cellular organelles potentially being synthesized and prepared for the following infective theront stage.
Everyday Dangers – The Impact Infectious Disease has on the Health of Paramedics: A Scoping Review
Authors: Thomas Brodie , O’Meara Peter , Spelten Evelien
Published: January 2017

Background

Paramedics respond to emergency scenes in often uncontrolled settings without being aware of potential risks. This makes paramedicine one of the most dangerous occupations. One of these dangers is the risk of contracting infectious diseases. Research in this area is predominantly focused on compliance in the use of protective equipment, attitudes and perceptions of paramedics, infectious disease policy, and exposure rates to blood and body fluids. The purpose of this scoping review was to determine what is known about the impact of infectious disease on the health of paramedics.

Methods

Using the Arskey and O’Malley methodological framework, a scoping review was undertaken, which allows for a broad search of the available evidence.

Results

The literature search identified eight articles for review that reported on paramedic exposure trends; the lack of reported blood-borne infections contracted, such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); instances of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infections; and the higher prevalence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal infections amongst paramedics.

Conclusions

Exposure to infectious diseases is decreasing, yet it remains significant. The decrease is attributed to prevention strategies; however, paramedic knowledge and attitudes as well as the uncontrolled environment paramedics work in can be a barrier. Contraction of infectious diseases is generally low; exceptions to this are MRSA colonization, influenza, and SARS. Paramedics are at greater risk of acquiring these infectious diseases compared to the general public. The effect on the health of paramedics is not well reported.

ThomasB,O’MearaP,SpeltenE.Everyday dangers – the impact infectious disease has on the health of paramedics: a scoping review.Prehosp Disaster Med.2017;32(2):217–223.
Earthquake-Related Orthopedic Injuries in Adult Population: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bortolin Michelangelo , Morelli Ilaria , Voskanyan; Amalia , Joyce Nina R. , Ciottone Gregory R.
Published: January 2017

Introduction

Earthquake-related trauma results in crush injuries and bony- and soft-tissue trauma. There are no systematic reviews analyzing the typical injury patterns and treatments in “Mega-Mass-Casualty” earthquakes. The characterization of an injury pattern specific to disaster type, be it natural or manmade, is imperative to build an effective disaster preparedness and response system.

Methods

The systematic review was conducted in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). A comprehensive search strategy was developed to identify all publications relating to earthquakes and the orthopedic treatment in adult patients. The following databases were searched: PubMed (Medline; US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, Maryland USA), Ovid (Ovid Technologies; New York, New York USA), Web of Science (Thomson Reuters; New York, New York USA), and The Cochrane Library (The Cochrane Collaboration; Oxford, United Kingdom).

Results

The searches identified 4,704 articles: 4,445 after duplicates were removed. The papers were screened for title and abstract and 65 out of those were selected for full-text analysis. The quality of data does not permit a standard-of-care (SOC) to be defined. Scarcity and poor quality of the data collected also may suggest a low level of accountability of the activity of the international hospital teams. Qualitatively, it is possible to define that there are more open fractures during daytime hours than at night. Excluding data about open and closed fractures, for all types of injuries, the results underline that the higher the impact of the earthquake, as measured by Richter Magnitude Scale (RMS), the higher is the number of injuries.

Discussion

Regarding orthopedic injuries during earthquakes, special attention must be paid to the management of the lower limbs most frequently injured. Spinal cord involvement following spine fractures is an important issue: this underlines how a neurosurgeon on a disaster team could be an important asset during the response. Conservative treatment for fractures, when possible, should be encouraged in a disaster setting. Regarding amputation, it is important to underline how the response and the quality of health care delivered is different from one team to another. This study shows how important it is to improve, and to require, the accountability of international disaster teams in terms of type and quality of health care delivered, and to standardize the data collection.

BortolinM, MorelliI, VoskanyanA, JoyceNR, CiottoneGR. Earthquake-related orthopedic injuries in adult population: a systematic review. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(2):201–208.
Analysis of Radiation Damage in Light Water Reactors: Comparison of Cluster Analysis Methods for the Analysis of Atom Probe Data
Authors: Hyde Jonathan M. , DaCosta Gérald , Hatzoglou Constantinos , Weekes Hannah , Radiguet Bertrand , Styman Paul D. , Vurpillot Francois , Pareige Cristelle , Etienne Auriane , Bonny Giovanni , Castin Nicolas , Malerba Lorenzo , Pareige Philippe
Published: January 2017

Irradiation of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steels causes the formation of nanoscale microstructural features (termed radiation damage), which affect the mechanical properties of the vessel. A key tool for characterizing these nanoscale features is atom probe tomography (APT), due to its high spatial resolution and the ability to identify different chemical species in three dimensions. Microstructural observations using APT can underpin development of a mechanistic understanding of defect formation. However, with atom probe analyses there are currently multiple methods for analyzing the data. This can result in inconsistencies between results obtained from different researchers and unnecessary scatter when combining data from multiple sources. This makes interpretation of results more complex and calibration of radiation damage models challenging. In this work simulations of a range of different microstructures are used to directly compare different cluster analysis algorithms and identify their strengths and weaknesses.
In SituAtom Probe Deintercalation of Lithium-Manganese-Oxide
Authors: Pfeiffer Björn , Maier Johannes , Arlt Jonas , Nowak Carsten
Published: January 2017

Atom probe tomography is routinely used for the characterization of materials microstructures, usually assuming that the microstructure is unaltered by the analysis. When analyzing ionic conductors, however, gradients in the chemical potential and the electric field penetrating dielectric atom probe specimens can cause significant ionic mobility. Although ionic mobility is undesirable when aiming for materials characterization, it offers a strategy to manipulate materials directlyin situin the atom probe. Here, we present experimental results on the analysis of the ionic conductor lithium-manganese-oxide with different atom probe techniques. We demonstrate that, at a temperature of 30 K, characterization of the materials microstructure is possible without measurable Li mobility. Also, we show that at 298 K the material can be deintercalated,in situin the atom probe, without changing the manganese-oxide host structure. Combiningin situatom probe deintercalation and subsequent conventional characterization, we demonstrate a new methodological approach to study ionic conductors even in early stages of deintercalation.