bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modified Mann-Type Subgradient Extragradient Rules for Variational Inequalities and Common Fixed Points Implicating Countably Many Nonexpansive Operators
Authors: Cui Yun-Ling , Ceng Lu-Chuan , Zhang Fang-Fei , Wang Cong-Shan , Li Jian-Ye , Hu Hui-Ying , He Long
Published: June 2022

In a real Hilbert space, let the CFPP, VIP, and HFPP denote the common fixed-point problem of countable nonexpansive operators and asymptotically nonexpansive operator, variational inequality problem, and hierarchical fixed point problem, respectively. With the help of the Mann iteration method, a subgradient extragradient approach with a linear-search process, and a hybrid deepest-descent technique, we construct two modified Mann-type subgradient extragradient rules with a linear-search process for finding a common solution of the CFPP and VIP. Under suitable assumptions, we demonstrate the strong convergence of the suggested rules to a common solution of the CFPP and VIP, which is only a solution of a certain HFPP.
Zeroing Neural Network Approaches Based on Direct and Indirect Methods for Solving the Yang–Baxter-like Matrix Equation
Authors: Jiang Wendong , Lin Chia-Liang , Katsikis Vasilios N. , Mourtas Spyridon D. , Stanimirović Predrag S. , Simos Theodore E.
Published: June 2022

This research introduces three novel zeroing neural network (ZNN) models for addressing the time-varying Yang–Baxter-like matrix equation (TV-YBLME) with arbitrary (regular or singular) real time-varying (TV) input matrices in continuous time. One ZNN dynamic utilizes error matrices directly arising from the equation involved in the TV-YBLME. Moreover, two ZNN models are proposed using basic properties of the YBLME, such as the splitting of the YBLME and sufficient conditions for a matrix to solve the YBLME. The Tikhonov regularization principle enables addressing the TV-YBLME with an arbitrary input real TV matrix. Numerical experiments, including nonsingular and singular TV input matrices, show that the suggested models deal effectively with the TV-YBLME.
A Note on the Laguerre-Type Appell and Hypergeometric Polynomials
Authors: Ricci Paolo Emilio , Srivastava Rekha
Published: June 2022

The Laguerre derivative and its iterations have been used to define new sets of special functions, showing the possibility of generating a kind of parallel universe for mathematical entities of this kind. In this paper, we introduce the Laguerre-type Appell polynomials, in particular, the Bernoulli and Euler case, and we examine a set of hypergeometric Laguerre–Bernoulli polynomials. We show their main properties and indicate their possible extensions.
Reply to Vrijdag et al. Comment on “Mankowska et al. Critical Flicker Fusion Frequency: A Narrative Review. Medicina 2021, 57, 1096”
Authors: Mankowska Natalia , Marcinkowska Anna , Waskow Monika , Sharma Rita , Kot Jacek , Winklewski Pawel
Published: June 2022

Thank you very much for your interest and comments [...]
New Innovations for the Treatment of Vulvovaginal Atrophy: An Up-to-Date Review
Authors: Benini Vittoria , Ruffolo Alessandro , Casiraghi Arianna , Degliuomini Rebecca , Frigerio Matteo , Braga Andrea , Serati Maurizio , Torella Marco , Candiani Massimo , Salvatore Stefano
Published: June 2022

Vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA) is a chronic progressive disease involving the female genital apparatus and lower urinary tract. This condition is related to hypoestrogenism consequent to menopause onset but is also due to the hormonal decrease after adjuvant therapy for patients affected by breast cancer. Considering the high prevalence of VVA and the expected growth of this condition due to the increase in the average age of the female population, it is easy to understand its significant social impact. VVA causes uncomfortable disorders, such as vaginal dryness, itching, burning, and dyspareunia, and requires constant treatment, on cessation of which symptoms tend to reappear. The currently available therapies include vaginal lubricants and moisturizers, vaginal estrogens and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), systemic hormone therapy, and Ospemifene. Considering, however, that such therapies have some problems that include contraindications, ineffectiveness, and low compliance, finding an innovative, effective, and safe treatment is crucial. The present data suggest great efficacy and safety of a vaginal laser in the treatment of genital symptoms and improvement in sexual function in patients affected by VVA. The beneficial effect tends to be sustained over the long-term, and no serious adverse events have been identified. The aim of this review is to report up-to-date efficacy and safety data of laser energy devices, in particular the microablative fractional carbon dioxide laser and the non-ablative photothermal Erbium-YAG laser.
Optimization of Vacuum Brazing Process Parameters in Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
Authors: Huang Chou-Dian , Hwang Jiun-Ren , Huang Jiunn-Yuan
Published: June 2022

In this study, the optimal parameters of the vacuum brazing titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V with TiCuNi filler (30 μm-thick metal foil) were investigated by the Taguchi method. The microstructures, microhardness, and fractographs of the titanium brazed joints produced by these optimal parameters were also analyzed. The results of this study demonstrate that for the best tensile strength, the optimal combination of process parameters is: 890 °C soaking temperature, 60 min soaking time, 975 °C brazing temperature, and 45 min brazing time. The tensile strength obtained by welding with the optimal parameters was found to be 1265 MPa. A small error of 0.24% between experimental and predicted values confirmed the validity of the combined optimized parameters. Finally, from the means of variance analysis (ANOVA), out of the four factors, the highest contribution to the optimal parameters was found to be the brazing time, accounting for 47.3%. The base material of vacuum brazing (VB) weldment is mainly composed of white granular α titanium, slender β titanium, and layered structures that are interlaced by α and β. The weld bead, composed of Ti-15Cu-15Ni, contains many slender needle-shaped Widmanstätten structures. This structure is associated with higher strength and lower ductility. The weld bead hardness of the vacuum brazed parts is higher than that of laser beam weldment and gas tungsten arc weldment. This study demonstrates the feasibility of the Taguchi method for obtaining the optimal process parameters of titanium vacuum brazed joints.
Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification as Point-of-Care Testing for EGFR-Mutated Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Saito Yuichi , Matsui Atsuka , Michiyuki Satoru , Morooka Hiroaki , Ibi Takayuki , Yamauchi Yoshikane , Takahashi Nobumasa , Shimizu Yoshihiko , Ikeya Tomohiko , Hoshi Eishin , Sakao Yukinori , Kawamura Masafumi
Published: June 2022

Liquid biopsy has been adapted as a diagnostic test for EGFR mutations in patients with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has been widely used for the rapid detection of pathogens through DNA amplification. This study investigated the efficacy of an EGFR-LAMP assay using plasma samples of patients with resected NSCLC tumors. The EGFR status was investigated using both LAMP and next-generation sequencing (NGS) assays in cases that met the following criteria: (1) pulmonary adenocarcinoma with EGFR mutation detected by the Therascreen EGFR PCR Kit and (2) preoperative plasma samples contained enough DNA for the LAMP and NGS experiments. Among 51 specimens from patients with EGFR-mutated tumors or metastatic lymph nodes, the LAMP assay detected 1 EGFR mutation that was also detected in the NGS assay. However, a plasma sample that demonstrated EGFR wild type in the LAMP assay showed an EGFR mutant status in NGS. The detection rates (1.9% in LAMP and 3.9% in NGS) were very low in both assays, demonstrating a similar performance in detecting EGFR mutations in NSCLC tumors; therefore, it could be a more suitable test for the advanced stage, not the early stage. Notably, the LAMP assay was more time-saving, cost-effective, and straightforward. However, further investigation is required to develop a more sensitive assay.
A Molecular Electron Density Theory Study of the [3+2] Cycloaddition Reaction of Pseudo(mono)radical Azomethine Ylides with Phenyl Vinyl Sulphone
Authors: Ríos-Gutiérrez Mar , Barakat Assem , Domingo Luis R.
Published: June 2022

The [3+2] cycloaddition (32CA) reaction of an azomethine ylide (AY), derived from isatin and L-proline, with phenyl vinyl sulphone has been studied within Molecular Electron Density Theory (MEDT) at the ωB97X-D/6-311G(d,p) level. ELF topological analysis of AY classifies it as a pseudo(mono)radical species with two monosynaptic basins at the C1 carbon, integrating a total of 0.76 e. While vinyl sulphone has a strong electrophilic character, AY is a supernucleophile, suggesting a high polar character and low activation energy for the reaction. The nucleophilic Parr functions indicate that the pseudoradical C1 carbon is the most nucleophilic center. The 32CA reaction presents an activation Gibbs free energy of 13.1 kcal·mol−1 and is exergonic by −26.8 kcal·mol−1. This reaction presents high endo stereoselectivity and high meta regioselectivity. Analysis of the global electron density transfer (GEDT) at the most favorable meta/endo TS, 0.31 e, accounts for the high polar character of this 32CA reaction, classified by forward electron density flux (FEDF). A Bonding Evolution Theory (BET) study along the most favorable meta/endo reaction path characterizes this 32CA reaction, taking place through a non-concerted two-stage one-step mechanism, as a pseudo(mono)radical-type 32CA reaction, in agreement with the ELF analysis of the AY.
Enhanced Thrombin Generation Is Associated with Worse Left Ventricular Scarring after ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Cohort Study
Authors: Sia Ching-Hui , Tan Sock-Hwee , Chan Siew-Pang , Marchesseau Stephanie , Sim Hui-Wen , Carvalho Leonardo , Chen Ruth , Amin Nor Hanim Mohd , Fong Alan Yean-Yip , Richards Arthur Mark , Yip Christina , Chan Mark Y.
Published: June 2022

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is associated with heightened thrombin generation. There are limited data relating to thrombin generation and left ventricular (LV) scarring and LV dilatation in post-MI LV remodeling. We studied 113 patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who had undergone primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) (n = 76) or pharmaco-invasive management (thrombolysis followed by early PCI, n = 37). Endogenous thrombin potential (ETP) was measured at baseline, 1 month and 6 months. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging was performed at baseline and 6 months post-MI. Outcomes studied were an increase in scar change, which was defined as an increase in left ventricular infarct size of any magnitude detected by late gadolinium enhancement, adverse LV remodeling, defined as dilatation (increase) of left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) by more than 20% and an increase in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). The mean age was 55.19 ± 8.25 years and 91.2% were men. The baseline ETP was similar in the PPCI and pharmaco-invasive groups (1400.3 nM.min vs. 1334.1 nM.min, p = 0.473). Each 10-unit increase in baseline ETP was associated with a larger scar size (adjusted OR 1.020, 95% CI 1.002–1.037, p = 0.027). Baseline ETP was not associated with adverse LV remodeling or an increase in LVEF. There was no difference in scar size or adverse LV remodeling among patients undergoing PPCI vs. pharmaco-invasive management or patients receiving ticagrelor vs. clopidogrel. Enhanced thrombin generation after STEMI is associated with a subsequent increase in myocardial scarring but not LV dilatation or an increase in LVEF at 6 months post-MI.
Co-Loading of Inorganic Nanoparticles and Natural Oil in the Electrospun Janus Nanofibers for a Synergetic Antibacterial Effect
Authors: Wang Menglong , Yu Deng-Guang , Williams Gareth R. , Bligh Sim Wan Annie
Published: June 2022

Side-by-side electrospinning is a powerful but challenging technology that can be used to prepare Janus nanofibers for various applications. In this work, cellulose acetate (CA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) were used as polymer carriers for silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and lavender oil (LO), respectively, processing these into two-compartment Janus fibers. A bespoke spinneret was used to facilitate the process and prevent the separation of the working fluids. The process of side-by-side electrospinning was recorded with a digital camera, and the morphology and internal structure of the products were characterized by electron microscopy. Clear two-compartment fibers are seen. X-ray diffraction patterns demonstrate silver nanoparticles have been successfully loaded on the CA side, and infrared spectroscopy indicates LO is dispersed on the PCL side. Wetting ability and antibacterial properties of the fibers suggested that PCL-LO//CA-Ag NPs formulation had strong antibacterial activity, performing better than fibers containing only one active component. The PCL-LO//CA-Ag NPs had a 20.08 ± 0.63 mm inhibition zone for E. coli and 19.75 ± 0.96 mm for S. aureus. All the fibers had water contact angels all around 120°, and hence, have suitable hydrophobicity to prevent water ingress into a wound site. Overall, the materials prepared in this work have considerable promise for wound healing applications.
Comparison of Heat and Drought Stress Responses among Twelve Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) Varieties
Authors: Aubert Lauranne , Quinet Muriel
Published: June 2022

The use of orphan crops could mitigate the effects of climate change and improve the quality of food security. We compared the effects of drought, high temperature, and their combination in 12 varieties of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum). Plants were grown at 21/19 °C or 28/26 °C under well-watered and water-stressed conditions. Plants were more discriminated according to environmental conditions than variety, with the exception of Islek that was smaller and produced fewer leaves, inflorescences, and seeds than the other varieties. The combination of high temperature and water stress had a stronger negative impact than each stress applied separately. The temperature increase stimulated leaf and flower production while water stress decreased plant height. Leaf area decreased with both temperature and water stress. High temperature hastened the seed initiation but negatively affected seed development such that almost all seeds aborted at 28 °C. At 21 °C, water stress significantly decreased the seed production per plant. At the physiological level, water stress increased the chlorophyll content and temperature increased the transpiration rate under well-watered conditions. High temperature also increased the polyphenol and flavonoid concentrations, mainly in the inflorescences. Altogether, our results showed that water stress and temperature increase in particular negatively affected seed production in F. tataricum.
Correction: Freitas et al. Influence of Climate Change on Chestnut Trees: A Review. Plants 2021, 10, 1463
Authors: Freitas Teresa R. , Santos João A. , Silva Ana P. , Fraga Hélder
Published: June 2022

In the original article [...]
Overexpression of CsMIXTA, a Transcription Factor from Cannabis sativa, Increases Glandular Trichome Density in Tobacco Leaves
Authors: Haiden Samuel R. , Apicella Peter V. , Ma Yi , Berkowitz Gerald A.
Published: June 2022

Cannabinoids are synthesized in glandular stalked trichomes on the female flowers of Cannabis sativa (cannabis). The regulation of glandular trichome development has not been characterized in cannabis. We recently identified an R2R3-MYB transcription factor, CsMIXTA, which could be involved in trichome morphogenesis in cannabis. Some homologous genes of CsMIXTA are known to function in glandular trichome initiation in other plant species. CsMIXTA is highly expressed in flower tissue compared to vegetative tissues. Interestingly, CsMIXTA is also highly expressed in trichomes isolated from female flower tissue. In addition, CsMIXTA is upregulated during the peak stages of female flower maturation in correlation with some cannabinoid biosynthetic genes. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that CsMIXTA is localized in the nucleus. Furthermore, yeast transcriptional activation assay demonstrated that CsMIXTA has transactivation activity. Overexpression of CsMIXTA in Nicotiana tabacum resulted in higher trichome density, larger trichome size, and more branching on stalked glandular trichomes. The results indicate that CsMIXTA not only promotes glandular trichome initiation in epidermal cells, but also regulates trichome development in tobacco leaves. In this report, we characterized the novel function of the first cannabis transcription factor that may be critical for glandular trichome morphogenesis.
Legumes of the Sardinia Island: Knowledge on Symbiotic and Endophytic Bacteria and Interactive Software Tool for Plant Species Determination
Authors: Muresu Rosella , Porceddu Andrea , Concheri Giuseppe , Stevanato Piergiorgio , Squartini Andrea
Published: June 2022

A meta-analysis was carried out on published literature covering the topic of interactive plant microbiology for botanical species of legumes occurring within the boundary of the Italian island Sardinia, lying between the Tyrrhenian and the western Mediterranean seas. Reports were screened for the description of three types of bacterial occurrences; namely, (a) the nitrogen-fixing symbionts dwelling in root nodules; (b) other bacteria co-hosted in nodules but having the ancillary nature of endophytes; (c) other endophytes isolated from different non-nodular portions of the legume plants. For 105 plant species or subspecies, over a total of 290 valid taxonomical descriptions of bacteria belonging to either one or more of these three categories were found, yielding 85 taxa of symbionts, 142 taxa of endophytes in nodules, and 33 in other plant parts. The most frequent cases were within the Medicago, Trifolium, Lotus, Phaseolus, and Vicia genera, the majority of symbionts belonged to the Rhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, and Sinorhizobium taxa. Both nodular and extra-nodular endophytes were highly represented by Gammaproteobacteria (Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Pantoea) and Firmicutes (Bacillus, Paenibacillus), along with a surprisingly high diversity of the Actinobacteria genus Micromonospora. The most plant-promiscuous bacteria were Sinorhizobium meliloti as symbiont and Bacillus megaterium as endophyte. In addition to the microbial analyses we introduce a practical user-friendly software tool for plant taxonomy determination working in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that we have purposely elaborated for the classification of legume species of Sardinia. Its principle is based on subtractive keys that progressively filter off the plants that do not comply with the observed features, eventually leaving only the name of the specimen under examination.
Equilibrium and Dynamic Surface Tension Behavior in Colloidal Unimolecular Polymers (CUP)
Authors: Zore Ashish , Geng Peng , Van De Mark Michael R.
Published: June 2022

Studies of the interfacial behavior of pure aqueous nanoparticles have been limited due tothe difficulty of making contaminant-free nanoparticles while also providing narrow size distribution. Colloidal unimolecular polymers (CUPs) are a new type of single-chain nanoparticle with a particle size ranging from 3 to 9 nm, which can be produced free of surfactants and volatile organic contents (VOCs). CUP particles of different sizes and surface charges were made. The surface tension behavior of these CUP particles in water was studied using a maximum bubble pressure tensiometer. The equilibrium surface tension decreased with increasing concentration and the number of charges present on the surface of the CUP particles influences the magnitude of the interfacial behavior. The effect of electrostatic repulsion between the particles on the surface tension was related. At higher concentrations, surface charge condensation started to dominate the surface tension behavior. The dynamic surface tension of CUP particles shows the influence of the diffusion of the particles to the interface on the relaxation time. The relaxation time of the CUP polymer was 0.401 s, which is closer to the diffusion-based relaxation time of 0.133s for SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate).
Graphene Oxide/Polyvinyl Alcohol–Formaldehyde Composite Loaded by Pb Ions: Structure and Electrochemical Performance
Authors: Fahmy Alaa , Anis Badawi , Szymoniak Paulina , Altmann Korinna , Schönhals Andreas
Published: June 2022

An immobilization of graphene oxide (GO) into a matrix of polyvinyl formaldehyde (PVF) foam as an eco-friendly, low cost, superior, and easily recovered sorbent of Pb ions from an aqueous solution is described. The relationships between the structure and electrochemical properties of PVF/GO composite with implanted Pb ions are discussed for the first time. The number of alcohol groups decreased by 41% and 63% for PVF/GO and the PVF/GO/Pb composite, respectively, compared to pure PVF. This means that chemical bonds are formed between the Pb ions and the PVF/GO composite based on the OH groups. This bond formation causes an increase in the Tg values attributed to the formation of a strong surface complexation between adjacent layers of PVF/GO composite. The conductivity increases by about 2.8 orders of magnitude compared to the values of the PVF/GO/Pb composite compared to the PVF. This means the presence of Pb ions is the main factor for enhancing the conductivity where the conduction mechanism is changed from ionic for PVF to electronic conduction for PVF/GO and PVF/GO/Pb.
Shear Strain Singularity-Inspired Identification of Initial Delamination in CFRP Laminates: Multiscale Modulation Filter for Extraction of Damage Features
Authors: Xu Wei , Lu Yunfeng , Zhu Ruihu , Radzieński Maciej , Cao Maosen , Ostachowicz Wiesław
Published: June 2022

Identification of initial delamination is crucial to ensure the safety of the fiber-reinforced laminated composite structures. Amongst the identification approaches based on mode shapes, the concept of multiscale shear-strain gradient (MSG) has an explicit physical sense of characterizing delamination-induced singularity of shear strains; moreover, it is robust against noise interference owing to the merits of multiscale analysis. However, the capacity of the MSG for identifying initial delamination is insufficient because the delamination-induced singularity peak can be largely obscured by the global component of the MSG. Addressing this problem, this study proposes an enhanced approach for identifying initial delamination in fiber-reinforced composite laminates. In particular, the multiscale modulation filter (MMF) is proposed to modulate the MSG with the aim of focusing on damage features, by which a new concept of enhanced MSG (EMSG) is formulated to extract damage features. By taking advantage of the MMF with the optimal frequency translation parameters, the EMSG is concentrated in a narrow wavenumber band, which is dominated by the damage-induced singularity peak. As a consequence, the delamination-induced singularity peak in the EMSG can be isolated from the global component. The capacity of the approach for identifying initial delamination is experimentally validated on a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminate, whose mode shapes are acquired via non-contact laser measurement. The experimental results reveal that the EMSG-based approach is capable of graphically characterizing the presence, location, and size of initial delamination in CFRP laminates.
Research on Profit Distribution of Logistics Alliance Considering Communication Structure and Task Completion Quality
Authors: Dai Panqian , Xu Jing , Li Wen
Published: June 2022

A reasonable profit distribution mechanism is the foundation for the formation and stability of the logistics alliance. On the basis of traditional influencing factors such as marginal contribution, resource input efficiency and risk-taking, the influence of communication structure restrictions and task completion quality on the profit distribution of logistics alliance was further considered in this paper. Then, a two-stage profit distribution model for logistics alliance with two types of communication structures was constructed. According to this model, the initial distribution uses the vertical projection method weighting each influencing factor to form the distribution scheme of modified Shapley value and Average Tree solution; the secondary distribution further modifies the initial distribution scheme based on the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of the logistics task completion quality, and forms the final distribution scheme. The example analysis shows that the profit distribution model established in this paper is more fair and feasible, which can effectively avoid the “hitchhiking” phenomenon, and can motivate members to work hard to complete the logistics task. In addition, the model can provide a method for the distribution of benefits for alliances with limited communication structures.
Usefulness of an Additional Filter Created Using 3D Printing for Whole-Body X-ray Imaging with a Long-Length Detector
Authors: Seo Hyunsoo , Kim Wooyoung , Han Bongju , Jang Huimin , Yoon Myeong Seong , Lee Youngjin
Published: June 2022

We recently developed a long-length detector that combines three detectors and successfully acquires whole-body X-ray images. Although the developed detector system can efficiently acquire whole-body images in a short time, it may show problems with diagnostic performance in some areas owing to the use of high-energy X-rays during whole-spine and long-length examinations. In particular, during examinations of relatively thin bones, such as ankles, with a long-length detector, the image quality deteriorates because of an increase in X-ray transmission. An additional filter is primarily used to address this limitation, but this approach imposes a higher load on the X-ray tube to compensate for reductions in the radiation dose and the problem of high manufacturing costs. Thus, in this study, a newly designed additional filter was fabricated using 3D printing technology to improve the applicability of the long-length detector. Whole-spine anterior–posterior (AP), lateral, and long-leg AP X-ray examinations were performed using 3D-printed additional filters composed of 14 mm thick aluminum (Al) or 14 mm thick Al + 1 mm thick copper (Cu) composite material. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and radiation dose for the acquired X-ray images were evaluated to demonstrate the usefulness of the filters. Under all X-ray inspection conditions, the most effective data were obtained when the composite additional filter based on a 14 mm thick Al + 1 mm thick Cu material was used. We confirmed that an SNR improvement of up to 46%, CNR improvement of 37%, and radiation dose reduction of 90% could be achieved in the X-ray images obtained using the composite additional filter in comparison to the images obtained with no filter. The results proved that the additional filter made with a 3D printer was effective in improving image quality and reducing the radiation dose for X-ray images obtained using a long-length detector.
An Analysis of Semicircular Channel Backscattering Interferometry through Ray Tracing Simulations
Authors: Mulkerns Niall M. C. , Hoffmann William H. , Lindsay Ian D. , Gersen Henkjan
Published: June 2022

Recent backscattering interferometry studies utilise a single channel microfluidic system, typically approximately semicircular in cross-section. Here, we present a complete ray tracing model for on-chip backscattering interferometry with a semicircular cross-section, including the dependence upon polarisation and angle of incidence. The full model is validated and utilised to calculate the expected fringe patterns and sensitivities observed under both normal and oblique angles of incidence. Comparison with experimental data from approximately semicircular channels using the parameters stated shows that they cannot be explained using a semicircular geometry. The disagreement does not impact on the validity of the experimental data, but highlights that the optical mechanisms behind the various modalities of backscattering interferometry would benefit from clarification. From the analysis presented here, we conclude that for reasons of ease of analysis, data quality, and sensitivity for a given radius, capillary-based backscattering interferometry affords numerous benefits over on-chip backscattering interferometry.
A Repair Method for Missing Traffic Data Based on FCM, Optimized by the Twice Grid Optimization and Sparrow Search Algorithms
Authors: Li Pengcheng , Dong Baotian , Li Sixian , Chu Rusi
Published: June 2022

Complete traffic sensor data is a significant prerequisite for analyzing the changing rules of traffic flow and formulating traffic control strategies. Nevertheless, the missing traffic data are common in practice. In this study, an improved Fuzzy C-Means algorithm is proposed to repair missing traffic data, and three different repair modes are established according to the correlation of time, space, and attribute value of traffic flow. First, a Twice Grid Optimization (TGO) algorithm is proposed to provide a reliable initial clustering center for the FCM algorithm. Then the Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA) is used to optimize the fuzzy weighting index m and classification number k of the FCM algorithm. Finally, an experimental test of the traffic sensor data in Shunyi District, Beijing, is employed to verify the effectiveness of the TGO-SSA-FCM. Experimental results showed that the improved algorithm had a better performance than some traditional algorithms, and different data repair modes should be selected under different miss rate conditions.
Distributed Ellipsoidal Intersection Fusion Estimation for Multi-Sensor Complex Systems
Authors: Zhang Peng , Zhou Shuyu , Liu Peng , Li Mengwei
Published: June 2022

This paper investigates the problem of distributed ellipsoidal intersection (DEI) fusion estimation for linear time-varying multi-sensor complex systems with unknown input disturbances and measurement data transmission delays. For the problem with external unknown input disturbance signals, a non-informative prior distribution is used to model the problem. A set of independent random variables obeying Bernoulli distribution is also used to describe the situation of measurement data transmission delay caused by network channel congestion, and appropriate buffer areas are added at the link nodes to retrieve the delayed transmission data values. For multi-sensor systems with complex situations, a minimum mean square error (MMSE) local estimator is designed in a Bayesian framework based on the maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation criterion. In order to deal with the unknown correlations among the local estimators and to select the fusion estimator with lower computational complexity, the fusion estimator is designed using ellipsoidal intersection (EI) fusion technique, and the consistency of the estimator is demonstrated. In this paper, the difference between DEI fusion and distributed covariance intersection (DCI) fusion and centralized fusion estimation is analyzed by a numerical example, and the superiority of the DEI fusion method is demonstrated.
Force and Torque Characterization in the Actuation of a Walking-Assistance, Cable-Driven Exosuit
Authors: Rodríguez Jorge Danie , Bermejo García Javier , Jayakumar Ashwin , Lorente Moreno Rafael , Agujetas Ortiz Rafael , Romero Sánchez Francisco
Published: June 2022

Soft exosuits stand out when it comes to the development of walking-assistance devices thanks to both their higher degree of wearability, lower weight, and price compared to the bulkier equivalent rigid exoskeletons. In cable-driven exosuits, the acting force is driven by cables from the actuation system to the anchor points; thus, the user’s movement is not restricted by a rigid structure. In this paper, a 3D inverse dynamics model is proposed and integrated with a model for a cable-driven actuation to predict the required motor torque and traction force in cables for a walking-assistance exosuit during gait. Joint torques are to be shared between the user and the exosuit for different design configurations, focusing on both hip and ankle assistance. The model is expected to guide the design of the exosuit regarding aspects such as the location of the anchor points, the cable system design, and the actuation units. An inverse dynamics analysis is performed using gait kinematic data from a public dataset to predict the cable forces and position of the exosuit during gait. The obtained joint reactions and cable forces are compared with those in the literature, and prove the model to be accurate and ready to be implemented in an exosuit control scheme. The results obtained in this study are similar to those found in the literature regarding the walking study itself as well as the forces under which cables operate during gait and the cable position cycle.
Efficient Extraction of an Anthraquinone Physcion Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Optimized Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Method from Aerial Parts of Senna occidentalis and Analysis by HPLC-UV
Authors: Alam Perwez , Noman Omar M. , Herqash Rashed N. , Almarfadi Omer M. , Akhtar Ali , Alqahtani Ali S.
Published: June 2022

In this experiment, the Box–Behnken design (BBD) of the response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction variables (liquid-to-solid ratio, extraction temperature, and time) to obtain the maximum yield of physcion from the methanol extract of S. occidentalis (aerial parts). The analysis of physcion in the extracts obtained by using the optimized extraction condition was carried out in a gradient system by the HPLC-UV method with 0.5% formic acid in ultra-pure water (Solvent A) and acetonitrile (Solvent B) in different ratios as the mobile phase. The optimal extraction conditions for the maximum physcion extraction were found as: a liquid-to-solid ratio of 20.16 mL/g, extraction temperature of 52.2 °C, and extraction time of 46.6 min. Under these optimal ultrasonic extraction conditions, the experimental yield (% w/w of the dried extract) of the physcion was found to be 2.43%, which agreed closely with the predicted value (2.41). The experimental value was consistent with the value predicted by the RSM model, thus validating the fitness of the employed model and the success of the RSM in optimizing the extraction conditions. In future, this optimized ultrasonic extraction condition can be used in the maximum extraction of physcion from marketed herbal supplements containing S. occidentalis as well as other Senna species.
Reflections on Increasing the Value of Data on Sexual Violence Incidents against Children to Better Prevent and Respond to Sexual Offending in Kenya
Authors: Ji Zidan , Rockowitz Sarah , Flowe Heather D. , Stevens Laura M. , Kanja Wangu , Davies Kari
Published: June 2022

In many countries, data collection on sexual violence incidents is not integrated into the healthcare system, which makes it difficult to establish the nature of sexual offences in this country. This contributes to widespread societal denial about the realities of sexual violence cases and the collective oppression of survivors and their families. Capturing detailed information about incidents (e.g., characteristics of perpetrators, where it happened, victims, and the offence) can dispel myths about sexual violence and aid in crime prevention and interventions. This article examines how information about sexual violence incidents—in particular, offences committed against children in Kenya—is gathered from two different data sources: the Violence Against Children Survey (VACS) and data collected by the Wangu Kanja Foundation (WKF), a survivor-led Kenyan NGO that assists sexual violence survivors in attaining vital services and justice. These two surveys provide the most comprehensive information about sexual and gender-based violence. The analysis indicates that, while the VACS provides information about the prevalence of sexual violence, it provides less detailed information about the nature of violence (e.g., characteristics of perpetrators, victims, and the offence) compared with the WKF dataset. We critically reflect on how validity and informativeness can be maximised in future surveys to better understand the nature of sexual violence, as well as other forms of gender-based violence, and aid in prevention and response interventions/programming.
How Soil Freezes and Thaws at a Snow-Dominated Forest Site in the U.S.—A Synthetic Approach Using the Soil and Cold Regions Model (SCRM)
Authors: Balocchi Francisco , Ferré Ty P. A. , Meixner Thomas , Arumí José Luis
Published: June 2022

The freeze–thaw process controls several hydrologic processes, including infiltration, runoff, and soil erosion. Simulating this process is important, particularly in cold and mountainous regions. The Soil and Cold Regions Model (SCRM) was used to simulate, study, and understand the behavior of twelve homogenous soils subject to a freeze–thaw process, based on meteorological data at a snow-dominated forest site in Laramie, WY, USA, from 2010 and 2012. The relationships of soil pore size, soil particle contact, and meteorological data were varied. Our analysis of the model compared simulations using metrics such as soil frost depth, days with ice, and maximum ice content. The model showed that the freeze–thaw process was strongest in the period with a shallow snowpack, with particle packing within the soil profile being an important factor in this process; that soil texture and water content control soil thermal properties; and that water movement towards the freezing front was especially important in fine-textured soils, where water and ice were concentrated in the upper layers. Based on these results, future research that combines a broader set of soil conditions with an extended set of field meteorology and real soil data could elucidate the influence of soil texture on the thermal properties related to soil frost.
A Comparison of Existing Bootstrap Algorithms for Multi-Stage Sampling Designs
Authors: Chen Sixia , Haziza David , Mashreghi Zeinab
Published: June 2022

Multi-stage sampling designs are often used in household surveys because a sampling frame of elements may not be available or for cost considerations when data collection involves face-to-face interviews. In this context, variance estimation is a complex task as it relies on the availability of second-order inclusion probabilities at each stage. To cope with this issue, several bootstrap algorithms have been proposed in the literature in the context of a two-stage sampling design. In this paper, we describe some of these algorithms and compare them empirically in terms of bias, stability, and coverage probability.
Driver Behavior and Intention Recognition Based on Wavelet Denoising and Bayesian Theory
Authors: Li Min , Wang Wuhong , Liu Zhen , Qiu Mingjun , Qu Dayi
Published: June 2022

Driver behavior and intention recognition affects traffic safety. Many scholars use the steering wheel angle, distance of the brake pedal, distance of the accelerator pedal, and turn signal as input data to identify driver behaviors and intentions. However, in terms of time, the acquisition of these parameters has a relative delay, which lengthens the identification time. Therefore, this study uses drivers’ EEG (electroencephalograph) data as input parameters to identify driver behaviors and intentions. The key to the driving intention recognition of EEG signals is to reduce their noise. Noise interference has a significant influence on EEG driving intention recognition. To substantially denoise EEG signals, this study selects wavelet transform theory and wavelet packet transform technology, collects the EEG signals during driving, uses the threshold noise reduction method on EEG signals to reduce noise, and achieves noise reduction through wavelet packet reconstruction. After the wavelet packet coefficients of EEG signals are obtained, the energy characteristics of the wavelet packet coefficients are extracted as input to the Bayesian theoretical model for driver behavior and intention recognition. Results show that the maximum recognition rate of the Bayesian theoretical model reaches 82.6%. Early driver behavior and intention recognition has important research significance for traffic safety and sustainable traffic development.
Assessment of Eco-Innovation Drivers within the Informal Sector in Ghana
Authors: Rama Agyemang , Celestin Bekolo Ngoa , Chen Shuangying , Martin Konan
Published: June 2022

Informal enterprises and their activities dominate the economy of the Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, despise the increasing volume of eco-innovation research in recent years, the drivers of the eco-innovation of small medium enterprises (SMEs) in the informal sector remain largely unknown. Drawing from a triple theoretical anchoring method (entrepreneurship theory, shareholder theory, and resource theory), this study tests the validity of a set of eco-innovation drivers developed around the concept among firms of the informal sector in Ghana. The conceptual framework was tested using structural equation modeling and the data were obtained using the World Bank’s Ghana Informal Enterprise Survey (GIFS) as an area-based frame to survey 285 local entrepreneurs (n = 285). The results confirmed that informal enterprises do eco-innovate (mainly incremental innovation), and that innovation activities are driven by a government’s incentive regulations, market demand, and local entrepreneurs’ characteristic of hometown identity. This research highlights the contributions of the informal sector to sustainable development and draws the attention of policymakers, non-government agencies, and researchers on the drivers leading eco-innovation activities in the informal sector. The results could be used for future policy formulation.
The Influence of Relational Capital on the Sustainability Risk: Findings from Chinese Non-State-Owned Manufacturing Enterprises
Authors: Zhang Dongsheng , Wang Hongwei , Wang Wenfu
Published: June 2022

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the global economy fluctuated while the Chinese economy remained relatively stable—a distinction that has aroused people’s curiosity about the unique operation of Chinese enterprises. Compared with the regularity and competitiveness of traditional market strategy theory, Chinese business management pays more attention to informal institutions and relational capital, which is one of the key features that distinguishes Chinese firms from their Western counterparts. Yet, theoretical research on relational capital against the Chinese cultural background remains scarce, and the particularity laws of the socialist market economy are still unclear. Based on the social capital theory, this paper redefines the concept of relational capital in the context of China and uses factor analysis to construct a relational capital measurement index. On this basis, non-state-owned manufacturing enterprises are then used as a sample to explore the interactive relationship between relational capital and sustainability risk. The empirical results show that relational capital can effectively reduce sustainability risk and ensure sustainable operation. In addition, enterprise growth, enterprise development, and marketization can strengthen the role of relational capital and positively regulate the relationship between relational capital and sustainability risk. This paper innovatively constructs the concept and index system of relational capital in the Chinese context, which is the perfection of relational capital theory. At the same time, it verifies the impact of relational capital on business sustainability, revises the correct cognition of relational capital, and supplements the deficiencies of the extant social socialist market economy research. Supported by both theoretical research and empirical conclusions, corresponding management suggestions are put forward for enterprises, governments, and managers to scientifically guide management practice and provide new ideas for future Chinese-style economic research.
Seed Mucilage Promotes Dispersal of Plantago asiatica Seeds by Facilitating Attachment to Shoes
Authors: Abe Nanako , Koyama Kohei , Okamoto Azumi , Katayama Kowa , Kato Yura , Mimura Natsuki , Okoshi Shoji , Tanaka Yuki
Published: June 2022

Understanding the mechanisms underlying seed dispersal is a fundamental issue in plant ecology and vegetation management. Several species demonstrate myxospermy, a phenomenon where the seeds form mucilage after absorbing water. Mucilage is thought to act as a glue, enabling seeds to attach to the external surfaces of dispersing agents. However, there have been no quantitative investigations of the efficacy of this function of seed mucilage. We performed a trampling and walking experiment to investigate the seed dispersal of a perennial herb, Asian plantain (Plantago asiatica L.), which forms polysaccharide mucilage upon hydration. Our experiment showed that: (1) after trampling, more seeds of P. asiatica attached to shoes in wet conditions (after rainfall), in which seed mucilage was created, than in dry conditions (no rainfall); and (2) after walking for 1000 m, more seeds remained attached to shoes in wet conditions than in dry conditions. Our results indicate that mucilage promotes the adherence of seeds to the surface of vectors. We therefore provide the first empirical evidence that seed mucilage facilitates epizoochory and human-mediated dispersal.
A Model for Understanding the Mediating Association of Transparency between Emerging Technologies and Humanitarian Logistics Sustainability
Authors: Khan Muhammad , Parvaiz Gohar Saleem , Ali Abbas , Jehangir Majid , Hassan Noor , Bae Junghan
Published: June 2022

There has been considerable worldwide attention to the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain technology (BCT), and artificial intelligence (AI) in all sectors of the economy. Despite still being in the expansion phase, the application of the IoT, BCT, and AI to humanitarian logistics (HL) has drawn a lot of interest due to their significant success in other industries. Commercial and noncommercial organizations are both under growing universal pressure for transparency. Therefore, this study offers a model for understanding the mediating association of transparency between emerging technologies and HL sustainability. The partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) approach was used in conjunction with SmartPLS3. The software was applied to information acquired via questionnaires from 434 disaster relief workers (DRWs) chosen using the snowball sampling approach. The findings suggest that in disaster relief operations (DROs), where corruption and mismanagement in HL have been key concerns for all stakeholders, emerging technologies could be a way forward to achieving system transparency and HL sustainability. The ultimate beneficiaries of transparent and sustainable HL will be all of society, especially the victims of catastrophes. Such victims can receive proper aid on time if the appropriate technology is used in DROs, and early warnings can save many lives. This study adds to the body of knowledge by providing the first empirical evidence assessing the role of emerging technologies in HL transparency and sustainability.