bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF THE ADDITIVE "SILOGEN" ON THE INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY OF GRASS SILAGE
Authors: FISHER L. J. , PENNELLS G. C. L. , SHELFORD J. A.
Published: March 2010

A silage additive (Silogen) consisting of a dried culture of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Aspergillus oryzae was tested in a feeding trial with lactating cows and a digestibility trial with sheep, as a means of improving the conservation of nutrients during the ensiling of an orchardgrass-white clover forage. The additive did not influence the composition of the effluent nor the silage with the exception that ADIN/N was 5.4% for the treated compared to 9.0% for the control silage. Lactating cows consumed significantly (P < 0.05) less of the treated silage (10.70 vs. 12.95 kg DM/day) but produced the same amount of milk (25.2 vs. 25.0 kg/day) as the cows fed the control silage, indicative of a greater efficiency of utilization. The silage treated with the additive had a significantly higher (P < 0.05) digestibility of organic matter, acid detergent fiber and nitrogen compared to the control silage. It was concluded that the additive was effective in preserving a greater proportion of forage nutrients for utilization by the lactating cow. Key words: Silage additives, intake, digestibility, lactating cows, sheep
VOMITOXIN-CONTAMINATED WHEAT IN PIG DIETS: PREGNANT AND LACTATING GILTS AND WEANERS
Authors: CHAVEZ E. R.
Published: March 2010

Feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of including vomitoxin-contaminated wheat (VCW) containing 6.9 mg vomitoxin per kilogram in the complete diet of gilts during gestation and lactation (3 wk) and in the initial diet of weanling pigs up to approximately 23 kg liveweight. Four groups of four littermate gilts were assigned to four dietary treatments (one littermate per treatment) as follows: (1) control with 69% clean wheat (CW) in the diet with 16% crude protein; (2) 1/3 replacement of the CW with VCW; (3) 2/3 replacement of the CW with VCW; and (4) 100% replacement of the CW with the VCW. During gestation gilts were fed 2.3 kg/day of the diet in two meals, and the same diet ad libitum during lactation. The level of vomitoxin (VT) did not have any detrimental effect on body weight change of the gilt during gestation and after farrowing. Ad libitum feed consumption of the gilts during lactation was not significantly different among treatments. Litter size and weight at birth and at weaning time was not affected by the level of VT intake during gestation. One hundred and four weanling piglets (56 males and 48 females) weighing approximately 7.0 kg each were included in an 8-wk feeding trial. Four dietary treatments, including the control diet (treatment 1), contained 73.2% CW and 22% crude protein, and treatments 2, 3 and 4 in which VCW replaced 1/3, 2/3 and 100% CW, respectively. A significant (P < 0.05) reduction in body weight gain in the 8-wk period was observed only when 100% of the cereal included in the diet was VCW. This effect was due to a significant reduction in feed consumption of the piglets. Thus, feed efficiency was not affected by the level of VT content of the diet. Key words: Vomitoxin, reproduction, weaners, wheat
EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD, LIGHT INTENSITY AND FEED RESTRICTION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DWARF AND NORMAL MATERNAL POULTRY MEAT GENOTYPES
Authors: PROUDFOOT F. G. , HULAN H. W. , McRAE K. B.
Published: March 2010

Performance of female chickens from a dwarf maternal genotype was compared with that from a normal commercial maternal genotype in a fractorial experiment designed to estimate the combined effects of increasing photoperiod at 112 and 140 days of age, increasing light intensity at 112, 126 and 140 days of age, and restricting adult nutrient intake at conventional and 95% of conventional levels. Dwarf layers matured 1 wk earlier and exhibited better feed conversion than the normal layers, but body weights were lighter at all ages. Eggs produced by dwarf layers were smaller but had stronger shells as measured by specific gravity. Gentoype × feed restriction interactions revealed that productivity of the dwarf layer was adversely affected by the 95% feeding rate; at conventional feeding rates the two gentoypes were similar in performance. Increasing light intensity days had no significant overall effect on the measured traits. Increasing the photoperiod (140 vs. 112 days) resulted in fewer double-yolked eggs and delayed sexual maturity particularly for the dwarf gentoype. Key words: Meat breeders, poultry, dwarf, light, feed restriction
FOUR INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING POULTRY BODY DIMENSIONS
Authors: REID W. S. , NICHOLLS C. F. , CHAMBERS J. R.
Published: March 2010

Four instruments to measure certain body dimensions of live meat birds are described. They are: a combined breast angle and breast height (or body depth) meter, a keel length, shank length or alternatively a breast width caliper, a shank circumference gauge, and a breast width caliper. These instruments were designed for use in a research program studying genetic methods of improving broiler meat production and were found convenient to use. Linear demensions can be read to the nearest 1.0 mm and estimated to the nearest 0.5 mm, whereas breast angle can be read to the nearest degree and estimated to the nearest 0.5 degree. Key words: Body, dimensions, measurement, broiler, poultry, instruments, carcass
EFFECT OF VARIOUS ANTICOCCIDIAL COMBINATIONS ON CHICKEN BROILER PERFORMANCE
Authors: LEESON S. , SUMMERS J. D. , LEE ENG-HONG
Published: March 2010

Anticoccidial treatments tested on 480 birds during the starter (0–28 days) and finisher (29-day withdrawal time) periods were Robenidine, Monensin, Amprolium + Ethopobate, Clopidol, and Amprolium + Ethobate. Monensin depressed growth but anticoccidials had no effect on overall feed:gain ratio. Few birds showed coccidial lesions. Under minimal oocyst exposure the various anticoccidial combinations with the exception of monensin had little effect on market weight. Key words: Broiler performance, anticoccidials
PREDICTIONS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTRAPOPULATION SELECTION VERSUS SELECTION FOR SPECIFIC COMBINING ABILITY IN SWINE
Authors: McKAY R. M. , RAHNEFELD G. W.
Published: March 2010

Additive genetic variance estimates for purebred (Lacombe) and crossbred (Lacombe × Yorkshire) populations and the additive genetic covariance between purebred and crossbred progeny were calculated for postweaning average daily gain, total probe fat, total carcass fat, and litter size in swine. These estimates were used to predict the effectiveness of four methods of intrapopulation selection (IP) relative to selection for specific combining ability (SCA) to determine the most effective means of improving crossbred performance. The intrapopulation methods were mass selection based on information from both sexes (BS), mass selection based on information from one sex (OS), full-sib selection (FS), and half-sib selection (HS). The Lacombe population was selected over 12 generations for increased postweaning average daily gain and the Lacombe × Yorkshire population was generated by breeding Lacombe boars with randomly selected gilts from a Yorkshire control population. Selection for combining ability was the most effective means of improving average daily gain except when information was available on both sexes and the relative selection intensity (SCA/IP) was less than 0.60. Mass selection was superior to SCA for improving total probe fat except when information was restricted to one sex and the relative selection intensity was less than 0.47. For total probe fat and total carcass fat, SCA was superior to FS and HS for relative selection intensities less than 0.65 and 0.74, respectively. Selection for combining ability was superior to OS for litter size regardless of the generation interval length. Key words: Intrapopulation selection, selection for combining ability, additive genetic variance, additive genetic covariance, swine
EVALUATION OF LIQUEFIED FISH IN DIGESTIBILITY AND FEEDLOT PERFORMANCE STUDIES WITH SHEEP
Authors: SHQUEIR A. A. , CHURCH D. C. , KELLEMS R. O.
Published: March 2010

Liquefied fish (LF) prepared from whole Pacific whiting (Merluccius productus) containing about 25% dry matter (DM) and 56% crude protein (CP; dry basis) was evaluated as a supplemental protein source. LF contained a well-balanced amino acid profile. The LF product appeared to be stable when stored under ambient conditions. Two digestion trials were conducted with 20 yearling wethers. Treatments consisted of diets in which grass hay was fed with liquid supplements (LS) in which graded amounts of LF replaced urea. The LF replaced 0–15% (trial I) or 0–7.5% (trial II) of the CP from urea in the LS. In trial I, digestibility of CP was increased (P < 0.10), as was acid detergent fiber (ADF; P < 0.05) and gross energy (GE; P < 0.01) as the LF level increased. Nitrogen retention (NR) was also improved (P < 0.05), as was the biological value (P < 0.05), with the addition of LF. In trial II, digestion coefficients were increased (P < 0.05) for DM, organic matter, ADF and GE, as were NR and biological value, as the level of LF increased. A feedlot trial was conducted in which lambs were fed pelleted diets formulated to contain no supplemental CP, or supplemental CP supplied by cotton seed meal (CSM), urea or urea plus LF. After being fed for 43 days, lambs were slaughtered, carcass data were collected and taste panel evaluation was performed on the roasted longissimus muscles. Results of the trial showed that there were no differences in daily gain, total feed intake, feed efficiency, yield and quality carcass grades among the lambs fed these diets (P > 0.10). The dressing percentage was higher for lambs fed LF compared with the CSM and control diets (P < 0.10). There were no differences in organoleptic evaluation of cooked roasts for tenderness, flavor or overall desirability (P > 0.05), but CSM increased meat juiciness over urea + LF (P < 0.05, and urea decreased the aroma score as compared with the control diet (P < 0.05). Data obtained indicate that LF could be used as a source of supplemental CP for sheep. Key words: Liquefied fish, sheep, digestibility, liquid supplements, finishing sheep, alternative protein source
GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION IN THE COPPER AND MOLYBDENUM CONTENTS OF FORAGES GROWN IN NORTHWESTERN MANITOBA
Authors: BOILA R. J. , DEVLIN T. J. , DRYSDALE R. A. , LILLIE L. E.
Published: March 2010

At the rate to two to three sites per township (93.24 km2), in the cattle-producing area of northwestern (NW) Manitoba, 612 grass samples and 271 legume samples were collected and analyzed for copper (Cu) and molybdenum (Mo) content. Grass samples from north of Riding Mountain National Park (RMNP) generally had concentrations of Cu less than 9 mg/kg on an air-dry basis of approximately 90% dry matter (DM), while grass samples from south and east of RMNP had a more variable Cu content. In general, legumes had a higher Cu content than grasses; however, there were sites south and east of RMNP where either a grass or legume, grown together, had the higher (P < 0.05) Cu content. For cattle consuming forage, Cu deficiencies due solely to an inadequate dietary intake of Cu are to be expected throughout NW Manitoba; only 16% of grass and 38% of legume samples provided adequate Cu to meet the requirement for cattle. A modified boundary, 10 km east of the eastern boundary of the Ashville Geological Formation divides the study area into regions of high (> 5.0 mg/kg DM) and low (< 5.0 mg/kg DM) Mo content for grass samples; the Ashville, Favel and Vermilion River Geological Formations contain Mo-rich shales. Throughout NW Manitoba, either a grass or a legume grown at the same site may have the higher Mo content. For cattle consuming forage, the potential for a Cu deficiency, due to a Mo toxicity (> 5.0 mg Mo/kg DM), is highest for grass forage west of the aforementioned modified Ashville boundary. For legume forage, the potential for a Mo toxicity is high (> 5.0 mg Mo/kg DM) throughout the study area, and highest (> 10.0 mg Mo/kg DM) within that part of the study area delineated by soil that is in close proximity to the geological formations of a high Mo content. Key words: Forage copper, forage molybdenum, beef cattle, copper deficiency, molybdenum toxicity, northwest Manitoba
COMPARISONS OF WHEAT CULTIVARS AS ENERGY AND PROTEIN SOURCES IN DIETS FOR GROWING AND FINISHING PIGS
Authors: BELL J. M. , ANDERSON D. M.
Published: March 2010

Wheat cultivars Neepawa, Glenlea, Norquay, Inia-66, Pitic-62 and Springfield were compared with a commercial 3CW grade hard red spring wheat and with Bonanza cult, barley in feeding trials with 80 crossbred pigs (Yorkshire × Lacombe) from 23 to 91 kg. The grower diets, fed from 23 to 54 kg, contained the test cereal supplemented with soybean meal, lysine, methionine, minerals and vitamins to provide recommended nutrient levels. Digestible energy and crude protein in these diets ranged from 12.10 to 13.45 MJ/kg and from 16.2 to 17.8%, respectively. During the finishing period (54–91 kg), diets using each test cereal were formulated using either the test cereal as the only grain in the diet or modified to reduce the digestible energy contents by replacing half of the test cereal with Fergus cultivar barley and approximately 8% dehydrated alfalfa meal. Digestible energy and crude protein in the finisher diets ranged from 11.51 to 13.44 MJ/kg and from 13.0 to 16.7%, respectively. During the growing period, gains and feed intakes of pigs fed wheat were equal to or lower than those of pigs fed barley. Growth rates and feed intakes during the finishing period showed no differences (P > 0.05) but pigs fed wheat had fatter carcasses. Reductions of digestible energy in wheat diets achieved by including barley and alfalfa were insufficient to affect carcass quality significantly. Key words: Wheat cultivars, pigs, feeding trials, carcass quality
EVALUATION OF BUCKWHEAT (Fagopyrum esculentum) IN DIETS OF GROWING PIGS
Authors: ANDERSON D. M. , BOWLAND J. P.
Published: March 2010

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) was evaluated alone or with 25, 50, 75 or 100% replacement by wheat (W) or barley (B) in 16% protein diets fed to 72 crossbred pigs from 20 to 60 kg liveweight. Pigs were randomly alloted two per pen, within sex, and housed in confinement on partially slatted concrete floors. Daily feed consumption (1.89–2.27 kg/day), average daily gain (0.66–0.72 kg/day) and feed/gain (2.79–3.18) did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) between treatments. At 50% replacement of the buckwheat (BW) more feed (P < 0.05) was consumed (2.22 kg/day) than at 25 or 100% replacement levels (1.99 and 1.92 kg/day, respectively). More DE was consumed per kilogram of gain (DE/gain) (P < 0.05) by wheat-fed pigs than by barley-fed pigs (40.0 vs. 38.2 MJ DE/kg, respectively). The 50% substitution of either grain (42.1 MJ/kg) resulted in more DE/gain (P < 0.05) than observed on the BW only diet (37.1 MJ/kg). Two 4 × 4 latin square designs, with eight pigs initially weighing 40 kg, were used for determination of digestibility of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and gross energy (GE) in BW, W or B individually and in blends of BW and either W or B. Coefficients of digestibility for CP were 72.7%, 81.6% and 65.5% and for GE were 65.4%, 80.2% and 71.1% in BW, W and B, respectively. Blends of BW and W had digestibility coefficients for DM, CP and GE between the values determined for the grains individually but those determined for mixtures of BW and B were lower than expected based on coefficients determined for the grains individually. Buckwheat used contained 12% CP, 0.68% lysine, 12.3% acid detergent fiber on as fed basis and 9.6% digestible protein and 11.98 MJ of DE per kilogram dry matter. Key words: Buckwheat, pigs, digestibility, growth, mono-cereal diets
PERFORMANCE OF SELF-FED PIGS, FROM TWO BREED POPULATIONS DIFFERING IN GROWTH RATE, FROM 18 TO 90 kg LIVEWEIGHT WHEN FINISHER DIETS CONTAINED 0 OR 2.2 ppm BAMBERMYCINS
Authors: CASTELL A. G.
Published: March 2010

Seventy-two Lacombe and 72 Yorkshire pigs were separately assigned, at 18-kg average liveweight, to three replicates, each consising of three pens containing eight male castrates, eight gilts or four of each sex. A 16% protein, barley-wheat-soybean meal, diet was fed ad libitum until the pen weight averaged 34 kg. Subsequently, the eight pigs were divided between two adjacent pens and received a 14.5% protein, barley-soybean meal, diet supplemented with 0 or 2.2 ppm bambermycins (Flavomycin) up to 90-kg market weight. Growth rate in the Lacombe population was faster (P < 0.01) in both the growing (730 g/day) and finishing (906 g/day) periods than in the Yorkshires (547 and 767 g/day, respectively). Daily feed intakes were higher (P < 0.01) for the Lacombes (1727 and 3174 vs. 1392 and 2659 g/day, respectively) but gain:feed ratios and carcass measurements were similar in both breeds. Differences between castrates and gilts, for performance and carcass data, were relatively greater in the Yorkshires and appeared to be a result of the breed differences in feed intake. Results from mixed-sex pens were within the range of values obtained from unisex pens. Inclusion of bambermycins did not affect (P > 0.05) live performance or carcass measurements of pigs in either population, perhaps because the experimental conditions allowed a level of growth, in unsupplemented pigs, superior to those typical of commercial production. Key words: Market pigs, sex differences, live performance, carcass measurements, bambermycins, feed intake
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF SKIM MILK WITH FREE AMINO ACIDS IN DIETS FOR THE PIGLET
Authors: BALL R. O. , KIM K. I. , BAYLEY H. S.
Published: March 2010

A semi-synthetic diet in which 60% of the nitrogen from dried skim milk was replaced with a mixture of free amino acids supported gains of 236 g/day between 3 and 18 days of age, as compared with a gain of 282 g/day for a control diet in which skim milk provided all the protein. Neutralizing the acidity of the free amino acid diet increased its palatability. All of the indispensible amino acids may be made deficient in the experimental diet, thus providing the opportunity to evaluate the amino acid requirements of the piglet. Key words: Piglets, growth, amino acids, semi-synthetic diet
AN ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC AND RADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THORACIC ESOPHAGEAL MOTILITY DURING SWALLOWING IN SHEEP
Authors: HEYWOOD L. H. , TITCHEN D. A. , WOOD A. K. W.
Published: March 2010

Motility of the caudal thoracic esophagus was studied during swallowing in sheep by simultaneous electromyography and radiography. The conduction velocity of esophageal electromyograms during swallowing was slowest when feeding, faster when ruminating, and fastest when drinking. The electromyograms of feeding were longer than in rumination and drinking. Key words: Swallowing, esophagus, sheep, electromyography, radiography
FORESTOMACH EPITHELIAL RECEPTOR ACTIVATION BY GRAIN OVERLOAD RUMEN FLUIDS
Authors: CRICHLOW E. C. , CHAPLIN R. K.
Published: March 2010

Rumen fluids, obtained during the loss of forestomach motility in sheep experiencing ruminal lactic-acidosis, activated reticulo-ruminal epithelial receptors when applied to the receptive fields of these receptors. Rumen fluids which contained the highest levels of undissociated volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were the most effective. Since the levels of undissociated VFAs in effective rumen fluids were, in some cases, lower than the determined VFA thresholds of the receptors, receptor activation in these instances may have been facilitated by the levels of free lactic acid within these samples. Key words: Grain overload, epithelial receptors, ruminal stasis
MODULATION OF RETICULO-RUMINAL MOTILITY IN GOATS AND SHEEP BY OPIOID MECHANISMS
Authors: MIERT A. S. J. P. A. M. VAN , MAAS C. L.
Published: March 2010

Normorphine and naloxone were administered via selective routes in sheep and goats. The results with normorphine indicate the presence of both (1) a central action depressing frequency and amplitude and, (2) a peripheral action — probably on the intramural plexus — depressing only the amplitude of the cyclical reticulo-ruminal contractions. Key words: Sheep, goat, normorphine, naloxone, forestomach motility
EVIDENCE FOR A CENTRAL OPIOID CONTROL OF RUMINATION
Authors: RUCKEBUSCH Y. , BARDON TH.
Published: March 2010

Intravenous adrenaline induced reticular extracontractions and rumination within 26 sec in hay-fed, and 184 sec in cube-fed sheep. Regardless of diet, pretreatment with cerebroventricular infusion of kappa-opioid-receptor agonists enhanced this reflex. Control of rumination may involve multiple opioid-receptors, since inhibition of the reflex occurred after mu- and delta-opioid-agonists. Key words: Sheep, rumination, opioid-peptides
RELATIONSHIP OF PORTAL BLOOD FLOW TO METABOLIZABLE ENERGY INTAKE OF CATTLE
Authors: HUNTINGTON G.
Published: March 2010

Blood flow through portal-drained viscera (PBF) was related to metabolizable energy intake (MEI) in six Hereford × Angus heifers (41 observations), three nonlactating Holstein cows (four observations) and four lactating Holstein cows (14 observations). The linear equation (R2 = 0.75, Sy.x = 55) was PBF (L/h) = 352 + 5.8 ± 0.5 (MEI, MJ/day). Key words: Cattle, portal blood flow, energy intake
THE EFFECT OF CILIATE PROTOZOA ON THE FLOW OF AMINO ACIDS FROM THE STOMACH OF SHEEP
Authors: VEIRA D. M. , IVAN M. , JUI P. Y.
Published: March 2010

The flow of amino acids from the stomach significantly decreased (P < 0.01) when sheep, fauna-free from birth, were inoculated with ciliate protozoa. The results confirm the inefficient use of dietary nitrogen caused by ciliate protozoa. Key words: Sheep, ciliate protozoa, amino acids
INDUCTION AND TRANSFER OF THE MICROBIAL CAPACITY TO DEGRADE NITROTOXINS IN THE RUMEN
Authors: MAJAK W. , CHENG K.-J.
Published: March 2010

Nitrocompounds, given intraruminally, were tested as potential inducers of nitrate, nitrite and nitropropanol detoxification in the bovine rumen. Nitroethane supplements stimulated the microbial rate of nitropropanol degradation. Nitrate supplements increased the rates for nitrite and nitrate reduction and this induced capacity was transferred between groups of animals in adjacent pens. Key words: Cattle, nitrate, nitrite, nitropropanol, detoxification
EFFECT OF NUTRIENT LIMITATION ON THE RNA/PROTEIN RATIO OF SEVERAL RUMEN BACTERIA
Authors: BATES D. B. , BERGEN W. G.
Published: March 2010

The RNA/protein ratio of stationary phase cultures of seven predominant rumen bacteria was affected by glucose and nitrogen limitation (P < 0.01). Nitrogen limited cultures had the highest ratio (0.52 across all species), followed by cultures grown with adequate energy and nitrogen (0.28) and glucose-limited cultures (0.12). Key words: RNA/protein, nutrient limitation, rumen bacteria
POLYSACCHARIDE LEVELS OF FLUID AND PARTICULATE MICROBES
Authors: CRAIG W. M. , BROWN D. R. , BRODERICK G. A. , RICKER D. B.
Published: March 2010

Particulate and fluid rumen microorganisms were evaluated for changes in chemical composition as affected by time after feeding. In both populations nitrogen percentage decreased and polysaccharides increased soon after feeding. Particulate microoganisms had higher polysaccharides and lower nitrogen percentages (P < 0.05) than fluid microorganisms soon after feeding. Key words: Particulate microorganisms, fluid microorganisms, intracellular polysaccharides
INTAKE, DIGESTA FILL AND FLOW KINETICS PRE- AND POSTPARTUM
Authors: POND K. R. , GOODE L. , LEONARD E. S. , MANN D. L.
Published: March 2010

Voluntary intake of pellets increased from 45.99 to 73.15 g/BW0.75, gastrointestinal tract fill increased from 1.63 to 2.73%/BW and mean residence time for liquids was reduced by 3.5 and for particles by 6 h in ewes postpartum compared to prepartum. Key words: Gastrointestinal tract fill, passage rate sheep
DILUTION RATE OF A LIQUID AND PARTICULATE PHASE MARKER IN THE RETICULORUMEN OF SHEEP
Authors: BRUCHEM J. VAN , SCHUTTE A. J. , BANGMA G. A. , LEFFERING C. P. , ADRICHEM P. W. M. VAN
Published: March 2010

In four wethers the kinetics of the liquid and particulate phases were estimated with Co-EDTA and Cr mordanted NDF, respectively. The rates of escape of these phases from the reticulorumen were closely related and amounted on average to 6.0 and 3.8%/h. Key words: Sheep, reticulorumen, retention time, feed particles
EFFECT OF LEVEL OF HAY INTAKE, METHOD OF MARKER ADMINISTRATION AND STAGE OF LACTATION ON RATE OF PASSAGE THROUGH THE RETICULORUMEN
Authors: VUUREN A. M. VAN
Published: March 2010

Level of hay intake did not affect fractional outflow rate of chromium-mordanted particles from the reticulorumen in lactating dairy cows fed three levels of hay and a fixed level of concentrate. Outflow rate of a rumen liquid phase marker was significantly affected by level of hay intake. Key words: Cattle, level of feeding, rate of passage
INFLUENCE OF FORAGE SOURCE AND LEVEL ON INTAKE, MILK PRODUCTION, GROWTH HORMONE, RATE OF PASSAGE AND BODY COMPOSITION DURING LACTATION
Authors: EHLE F. R. , MARTIN R. , WHEATON J. E.
Published: March 2010

Dry matter intake and growth hormone levels were affected by forage source and level. Milk production was influenced by forage source. Quadratic response was shown for rumen turnover rate as lactation progressed. Cows fed diets with 55% forage had more body fat than those fed diets with 75% forage. Key words: Intake, forage, passage, body composition, milk
MEASUREMENT OF DUODENAL FLOW IN DAIRY COWS BY EITHER TOTAL COLLECTION OR SPOT SAMPLING, USING A SPECIAL CANNULA
Authors: ROHR K. , BRANDT M. , LEBZIEN P. , SCHAFFT H.
Published: March 2010

Duodenal flow as derived from total collection and spot sampling was compared in three Friesian cows, using a re-entrant cannula without transecting the intestine. Cr2O3 was used as a single marker. Small differences in flow of dry matter, organic matter and nitrogen indicate that the spot sampling procedure may render valid results. The mean recovery of Cr2O3 was 96.7%. Key words: Cattle, duodenal flow, sampling technique, marker
THE USE OF BOTH [14C] AND [13C] TRACERS TO DERIVE MODELS OF CARBON FLUX THROUGH PLASMA GLUCOSE AND BLOOD CO2 POOLS IN SHEEP
Authors: MAYES R. W. , LAMB C. S. , COLGROVE P. M.
Published: March 2010

Close agreement was found between respective estimates of blood CO2 flux rate (193 and 199 gC/day) and labelling in plasma glucose (14.9 and 15.5%) when Na213CO3 and Na214CO3 were infused together into eight sheep for 17 h. From an infusion of Na213CO3 and [14C] glucose a model describing carbon flows through blood CO2 and plasma glucose was similar to that obtained from [14C] tracers infused on separate occasions. Key words: [14C] tracers, [13C] tracers, glucose flux, CO2 flux, sheep
IONOPHORE EFFECTS ON COMPOSITION OF GROWTH AND DIGESTIVE TRACT FILL IN GRAZING CATTLE
Authors: BYERS FLOYD M. , SCHELLING GERALD T.
Published: March 2010

Ionophores consistently reduced digestive tract fill in cattle grazing high quality winter annual cereal grain forages, and differentially reduced or did not affect fill of cattle grazing lower quality forages. Key words: Ionophores, fill, body composition, grazing, forages
THE EFFECT OF INCLUDING AVOPARCIN IN THE DIET ON CELL TURNOVER AND ENZYME ACTIVITY IN THE MUCOSA OF THE RAT SMALL INTESTINE
Authors: PARKER D. S. , MACGREGOR R. C. , FINLAYSON HEATHER J. , STOCKILL P. , BALIOS J.
Published: March 2010

Inclusion of avoparcin in the diet of rats resulted in a significant increase in dipeptidase activity in the mucosa of the small intestine. There was no change in the mucosal weight in the intestinal segments or in the fractional incorporation of thymidine into mucosal cells. This effect on enzyme activity may help explain some of the observations on the action of avoparcin in the small intestine. Key words: Avoparcin, small intestine, dipeptidase, rat
THE EFFECTS OF INTERMITTENT AND CONTINUOUS INFUSIONS OF PROPIONIC ACID ON PLASMA INSULIN
Authors: ISTASSE L. , ØRSKOV E. R.
Published: March 2010

Propionic acid was infused continuously or in pulses into the rumen of dairy cows sustained by intragastric infusions. Peaks of insulin were observed, corresponding to the pulses of propionic acid. Key words: Cattle, propionic acid, insulin
ADAPTION OF HEIDSCHNUCKEN, MERINO AND BLACKHEAD SHEEP TO A FIBROUS ROUGHAGE DIET OF POOR QUALITY
Authors: WEYRETER HEIDRUN , ENGELHARDT W. V.
Published: March 2010

Heidschnucken, an autochthonous sheep breed, were able to utilize a fibrous roughage diet of poor quality by increasing the volume of the reticulorumen and prolonging the retention time of particles. Under poor dietary conditions Merino Sheep, too, were able to supply the energy demands by increasing the volume of the fermentation chamber. Blackhead sheep showed no major ability of such an adaptation. Key words: Sheep, low quality, diets, rumen volume, retention time
IN VITRO DIGESTION OF WHEAT STRAW BY DIFFERENT RUMEN ANAEROBIC FUNGI
Authors: GORDON G. L. R. , ASHES J. R.
Published: March 2010

Two types of anaerobic fungi were isolated from the rumen of a sheep fed wheat straw. The fungus producing a mycelium in culture digested significantly more organic matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and cellulose from straw than the type producing a sporangium from "spherical bodies." Key words: Rumen, fungi, straw, fiber digestion
THE XYLOSE ABSORPTION TEST IN SHEEP BY ACTIVATION OF THE RETICULAR GROOVE REFLEX
Authors: NICHOLSON T.
Published: March 2010

Activation of the reticular groove reflex in adult sheep by copper sulphate allowed orally administered xylose to pass directly to the abomasum. Peak plasma concentrations occurred 1.5–2.5 h later. The results are compared with those published for other species. Key words: Xylose absorption, sheep, reticular groove
INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PROTEIN SOLUBILITY AND ENERGY SOURCES FOR CATTLE
Authors: SCHINGOETHE D. J.
Published: March 2010

Reduction in the solubility of dietary crude protein with constant energy sources was most effective in increasing milk protein production per kilogram of protein consumed. Added dietary fat or soluble carbohydrates increased milk protein production only when solubility of dietary crude protein was unchanged or increased. Key words: Cattle, protein, solubility, fat, carbohydrates
COMPARITIVE TOXICITY AND METABOLISM OF PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS IN RUMINANTS AND NONRUMINANT HERBIVORES
Authors: CHEEKE P. R.
Published: March 2010

The toxicity of tansy ragwort (Sencio jacobaea) to several ruminant and nonruminant species was tested. Cattle and horses were susceptible (lethal dose of tansy ragwort (TR) was 4–8% of body weight) whereas sheep and goats were resistant (lethal dose of TR was 200–300% of body weight). Other nonruminant herbivoires (rabbits, gerbils, guinea pigs, hamsters) were resistant to TR. Incubation of TR in sheep rumen fluid did not alter its toxicity to rats. No 1-methylene pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) derivatives were detected in TR incubated in sheep rumen fluid. The activities of PA-metabolizing enzymes in sheep liver were not influenced by dietary TR. Key words: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids, ruminants, nonruminant herbivores
SEASONAL VARIATION OF IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY IN THE KUDU, Tragelaphus strepsiceros
Authors: BOOMKER ELIZABETH A.
Published: March 2010

The seasonal variation and character of kudu rumen fluid inoculum was investigated. Three substrates used in in vitro fermentations yielded high cellulose digestibilities during the dry winter months. Organic matter digestibilities followed similar trends but did not reflect total rumen fermentative ability. Minimal hemicellulose digestion was observed. Key words: In vitro digestibility, cellulose, kudu
EXCHANGES OF MAJOR MINERALS IN THE STOMACH COMPARTMENTS OF THE RUMINATING CALF
Authors: BANKS J. N. , SMITH R. H.
Published: March 2010

At low Mg intake absorption was mainly from the omasum. At higher intakes some additional absorption occurred from the rumen but this varied with Na and K intakes. The large secretions of P and Na into the rumen were substantially reabsorbed in the omasum but chloride was secreted into it. Key words: Cattle stomach, major minerals, absorption, secretion
EFFECT OF 1α (OH)D3 INJECTION ON CA AND MG ABSORPTION IN THYROPARATHYROIDECTOMIZED SHEEP
Authors: YANO F. , HORIUCHI K. , MATSUI T. , YANO H. , KAWASHIMA R.
Published: March 2010

An increase in plasma Ca and a decrease in plasma Mg were observed in both intact and TPTX sheep injected with 1α(OH)D3 intramuscularly. 1α(OH)D3 stimulated Ca and Mg absorption from the gut in intact sheep but had little influence on absorption in TPTX sheep. Key words: Sheep, thyroparathyroidectomy, 1α(OH)D3, calcium, magnesium
PLASMA CALCIUM IN THE LACTATING COW: DEPENDENCE ON CONTINUOUS INTESTINAL ABSORPTION
Authors: HOVE K. , HILDE B. L.
Published: March 2010

Plasma calcium homeostasis in a lactating cow depended heavily on continuous intestinal absorption: plasma Ca declined within 5 h from 2.35 to 1.90 mmol/L when the cow was transferred from high (120 g, basal ration + abomasal infusion) to low Ca intake (20 g, basal ration). Prior stimulation of Ca absorption (1,25-(OH)2D3) did not prevent the hypocalcaemia. Key words: Plasma calcium, hypocalcemia, calcium absorption, lactation
GENETIC CONTROL OF PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM IN SHEEP
Authors: FIELD A. C. , WOOLLIAMS J. A.
Published: March 2010

Balance studies with chimaera-derived sheep have provided good evidence for genetic control of phosphorus metabolism. Plasma concentrations, urinary and endogenous fecal excretion and efficiencies of absorption of P were similar within but different between four sets of triplets. The results were confirmed with a larger group of chimaera. Key words: Chimaera, sheep, phosphorus, genetics, metabolism
IN VIVO HEPATIC BALANCE OF LIPIDS AND GLUCOSE IN THE CALF; EFFECT OF SORBITOL INTAKE
Authors: DURAND D. , BAUCHART D. , LEVAIVRE J.
Published: March 2010

Hepatic balances of lipids and glucose were measured for 9 h in four conscious calves fed a milk replacer supplemented or not with sorbitol. Chronic cannulae of hepatic vessels and electromagnetic flowmeter were used. Sorbitol reduced (−43.3%) only net hepatic production of free cholesterol significantly (P < 0.05). Key words: Lipids, glucose, hepatic balance, calf, sorbitol
ASSOCIATION OF MODERATE AND SEVERE HEPATIC LIPIDOSIS IN CATTLE WITH DIFFERING REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE
Authors: GERLOFF B. J. , HERDT T. H. , EMERY R. S.
Published: March 2010

Liver biopsies obtained from cattle over the penpartum period were assayed for triglyceride. Subsequent reproductive performance was measured as days open. Preliminary analysis suggests a relationship between liver triglyceride and days open. Factors increasing hepatic fat postpartum may be related to reproductive performance. Key words: Hepatic lipidosis, days open, cattle
EFFECTS OF COLD EXPOSURE ON PANCREATIC EXOCRINE SECRETIONS IN SHEEP
Authors: KATO S. , YOUNG B. A.
Published: March 2010

The effect of cold exposure (0–3 °C vs. 18–21 °C) on pancreatic exocrine secretion was investigated in sheep with chronically implanted bile duct catheters. At comparable feeding levels, cold exposure enhanced pancreatic juice flow by more than 50%, but its protein content and enzymatic activity were reduced. Only in cold-exposed sheep with increased food intake was there an increased daily output of pancreatic protein and enzymes. Key words: Pancreatic juice, protein, enzymes, cold exposure.
INSULIN, GLUCAGON AND 11-OHCS RESPONSES TO ARGININE IN CALVES EXPOSED TO COLD
Authors: TAKAHASHI H. , MURATA H. , MATSUMOTO H.
Published: March 2010

Moderate cold exposure (2 °C) promoted the basal levels of plasma insulin, glucagon, 11-OHCS and glucose in calves. Each determined value showed a peak 5 min after arginine injection. The peak values were promoted by the cold exposure. Key words: Calf, arginine, insulin, glucagon, 11-OHCS, cold
AMINO ACID UTILIZATION AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN THE OVINE FETUS IN UTERO
Authors: KITTS D. D. , SCHAEFER A. L. , KRISHNAMURTI C. R.
Published: March 2010

The utilization of amino acids in chronically catheterized ovine fetuses was measured by isotopic and nonisotopic procedures. Extensive incorporation of amino acid carbon into tissue protein was accompanied by high protein turnover and recycling rates of amino acid carbon. Alternative utilization of amino acids included oxidation and conversion into intermediary metabolites. Key words: Amino acids, utilization, fetus
THE RESPONSE OF PLASMA INSULIN AND OTHER HORMONES TO INTRARUMINAL INFUSION OF VFA MIXTURES IN CATTLE
Authors: BINES J. A. , HART I. C.
Published: March 2010

A VFA mixture was formulated which, when infused into the rumen, duplicated the effects on plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations of feeding a hay and grain ration. When VFA were omitted serially from the mixture, only omission of propionate resulted in a major reduction in insulin concentration. Key words: Cattle, insulin, VFA
ENERGY EXPENDITURE OF BEEF CATTLE GRAZING ANNUAL GRASSLAND
Authors: SANCHEZ M. D. , MORRIS J. G.
Published: March 2010

Carbon dioxide production rates of beef cows were measured by continuous infusion of NaH14CO3. Underestimations occurred when multichannel pumps were used, due to diffusion of 14CO2 from infusion to sampling tubes. Estimates of energy expenditure from CO2 production varied from 1125 KJ kg0.75∙day−1 when the cows were lactating, to 468 KJ0.75∙day−1 when dry. Key words: Grazing cattle, energy expenditure, carbon dioxide production
CIRCADIAN RUMINATION QUALITY AND VOLUNTARY SILAGE INTAKE IN SHEEP AND CATTLE
Authors: DESWYSEN A. G. , BRUYER D. C. , VANBELLE M.
Published: March 2010

Intake of short versus long chopped grass silage was significantly higher. Digestibilities were similar. Significantly faster eating and ruminating rates and better rumination qualities allowed those higher intake levels. Circadian eating and ruminating activities were similar between species, however, duration of rumination cycles and extent of pseudorumination were different. Key words: Sheep, cattle, rumination quality, silage uptake
SELECTIVE LIVER DENERVATION AND FEEDING BEHAVIOR OF SHEEP
Authors: ANIL M. H. , FORBES J. M.
Published: March 2010

Splanchnotomy was as effective as complete section of the hepatic plexus in blocking the anorexic effects of 1.2 mmol/min of propionate infused into the portal vein of sheep. Key words: Sheep, propionate, feeding, liver, denervation, splanchnic
ADAPTATION OF RUMEN BACTERIA TO SODIUM AND MONENSIN
Authors: MACKIE R. I. , BAHRS P. G. , THERION J. J.
Published: March 2010

Rumen bacteria were able to adapt to concentrations of Na+ > 300 mM. This is higher than that normally found in the rumen (< 200 mM Na+). In chemostat culture both Selenomonas ruminantium and Ruminococcus albus adapted to the effects of Na+ and monensin. Substrate yields slowly decreased before reaching steady state values. Key words: Monensin, Na+, growth rate, substrate yield, rumen bacteria, adaptation
SELECTION RESPONSE IN A PUREBRED HEREFORD AND A MULTI-BREED SYNTHETIC POPULATION OF BEEF CATTLE
Authors: SHARMA A. K. , WILLMS L. , HARDIN R. T. , BERG R. T.
Published: March 2010

Phenotypic, environmental and genetic trends were estimated for birth weight, preweaning average daily gain (ADG) and weaning weight in males and females combined; postweaning ADG and yearling weight in males; and 18-mo weight in females in a purebred Hereford and a multi-breed Synthetic population of beef cattle, for the period 1966–1978, from The University of Alberta Ranch at Kinsella. Mean selection differential, heritability, expected genetic response and actual genetic response were estimated for each trait. Methods employed to estimate trends were: (1) deviation from a control population, and (2) best linear unbiased prediction estimates of sire breeding values. Heritabilities, selection differentials and expected gains were higher for traits in the Synthetics than in the Herefords except for the 18-mo weight in females. Realized gains in most of the traits were also higher in Synthetics than in Herefords. Genetic trends obtained by the two methods were variable and deviated from the expected gains. Positive genetic trends for growth traits indicated effectiveness of the selection program in both populations. Key words: Beef cattle, selection response, growth traits
FEEDING VALUE OF WET CORN GLUTEN FEED FOR LACTATING DAIRY COWS
Authors: MACLEOD G. K. , GRIEVE D. G. , BARNEY D. J. , RAFALOWSKI W. , DROPPO T. E.
Published: March 2010

In two trials 57 and 44 Holstein cows were used to determine the effect of feeding wet corn gluten feed (CGF) on total dry matter (DM) intake and milk production. Treatments compared were: Trial I, control vs. wet CGF at either 18.6 or 37.1% of ration DM; Trial II, control vs. dried or wet CGF each at 26% of ration DM. Within each treatment in Trial II, cows were balanced to receive sodium bicarbonate in either the first or second half of the 10-wk experimental period. Total mixed rations were offered ad libitum. In Trial I the multiparous cows fed either level of CGF, consumed less DM and produced less actual and solids-corrected milk (SCM) than did those fed the control diet. Differences across treatments were greater in the first 4 wk. Primiparous cows showed no (P > 0.05) treatment effects. In Trial II parities were similar in response to treatment. Sodium bicarbonate did not (P > 0.05) affect performance. Milk yield was lower (P < 0.05) on wet CGF than on the control diet but fat- and solids-corrected milk yield, DM intake and body weight change were similar, and fat percent in milk greater for wet CGF. Feeding dried CGF resulted in greater (P < 0.05) DM intake, SCM, percent protein in milk and body weight changes than either control or wet CGF. Wet CGF was lower (P < 0.05) in insoluble N and higher in soluble NPN than dried CGF. We concluded that dried CGF is superior to wet CGF for lactating cows but that wet CGF should be considered for feeding when cost/benefit analysis suggests an economic advantage. Key words: Wet corn gluten feed, lactation, dairy cows, protein solubility
INFLUENCE OF DIET AND SEX-TYPE (BOAR, CASTRATE OR GILT) ON LIVE AND CARCASS MEASUREMENTS OF SELF-FED PIGS FROM TWO BREED LINES DIFFERING IN GROWTH RATES
Authors: CASTELL A. G. , STRAIN J. H.
Published: March 2010

A pair of boar, castrate and gilt littermates were obtained from 12 litters in each of two breed (Lacombe, Yorkshire) lines which differed in growth rate. The 18 progeny from three litters of the same breed were assigned to three adjacent pens, each housing six pigs of the same sex-type. Subsequently, from 9 wk of age to 89 kg market weight, pigs representing six of the litters from each line received a Test Station diet (16.3% protein and 12.48 MJ metabolizable energy/kg; calculated contents) ad libitum while the other 72 pigs were similarly fed a lower nutrient density diet (16.1% and 11.71 MJ, respectively). As expected, average rates of growth and feed intake were higher for pigs from the Lacombe line (793 g and 2330 g/day, respectively, vs. 646 g and 1900 g/day). The dietary treatments influenced these criteria in the Lacombe pigs (P < 0.08 and P < 0.01, respectively) but not in the Yorkshire pigs. In contrast, the significant (P < 0.05) effects of diet on carcass measurements were more evident in pigs from the Yorkshire line. In both lines, live performance was affected (P < 0.05) by sex-type and boars were consistently leaner than castrates, but the superiority of gilts over castrates with respect to estimates of carcass lean content was limited to the Yorkshire pigs. The lack of significant differences between Lacombe castrate and gilt carcasses could be attributed to the relative responses of the sex-types to higher levels of feed intake. Further confirmation of the difference in these responses could have implications with respect to the choice of diet and sex-type in pig testing systems used to identify replacement breeding stock. Key words: Pigs, feed intake, sex effects, growth, carcass
AVAILABLE SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN CANOLA AND SOYBEAN MEAL
Authors: SUMMERS J. D. , LEESON S.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted to study the available sodium and potassium in canola- and soybean-meal-based diets containing no supplemental salt. A response in weight gain and feed: gain ratio was noted when potassium was added to soybean meal basal diets, but not when added to a 20% canola meal diet. This response depended upon the level of sodium supplementation. Supplementation of a soybean meal diet with up to 0.08% sodium resulted in improved performance of broiler chicks; however, only 0.06% sodium supplementation was required with a 20% canola meal diet to obtain a similar response. Calculations suggest that the availability of sodium in soybean meal is less than that found in Canola meal. Key words: canola meal, sodium and potassium
CARCASS COMPOSITION OF MICE AFTER LONG-TERM SELECTION FOR LARGE SIX-WEEK BODY WEIGHT OR LONG SIX-WEEK TAIL LENGTH
Authors: McKAY R. I. , GRAHAM A. D. , PARKER R. J.
Published: March 2010

Carcass analysis of mice selected for large 6-wk body weight (BW6) or long 6-wk tail length (TL6) is reported. There was no evidence of excessive fat deposition in the selected lines when compared to a randomly bred control line. Key words: Mice, carcass composition, selection, fat
RESPONSE OF ANGUS, CHAROLAIS, AND HEREFORD BULLS TO BLACK FLIES (Simulium spp), WITH AND WITHOUT PHOSMET TREATMENT
Authors: KHAN M. A. , KOZUB G. C.
Published: March 2010

Clinical toxicosis, used as an indicator of black-fly tolerance, was not as pronounced in Charolais bulls as in Angus or Hereford bulls, whether or not they were treated dermally with 25 mg phosmet/kg body weight. During the first 20 days after exposure to black flies, the combined weight loss of the treated and untreated Charolais bulls was lower than that of their Angus or Hereford counterparts. Up to 33 days PT, the combined gains of the treated bulls of the three breeds were intermittently higher than those of the controls. Key words: Black flies, beef bulls, phosmet, response, toxicosis, weight gains
GROWTH PATTERNS OF MUSCLE, FAT AND BONE, AND CARCASS COMPOSITION OF DOUBLE MUSCLED AND NORMAL CATTLE
Authors: SHAHIN KARIMA A. , BERG R. T.
Published: March 2010

Eighteen Double Muscled (DM), 18 Beef Synthetic (SY) and 18 Hereford (HE) bulls were serially slaughtered from approximately 250 to 800 kg liveweight to determine the influence of maturity type and "double muscling" on tissue growth patterns and compositional differences which were examined by using the allometric equation Y = aXb after transformation to common logarithms (log10). As liveweight (LW) increased, the proportions of total side fat (TSF) and subcutaneous fat (SCF) increased, the proportions of total side muscle (TSM) and intermuscular fat (IMF) remained relatively constant and the proportion of total side bone (TSB) decreased. Relative to LW, DM had a similar growth rate for TSM and lower growth rates for TSF, SCF and IMF than HE and SY. All breed types had similar growth rates for TSB on LW. Relative to dissected side weight (DSW) and TSB, the DM bulls had a higher growth rate for TSM than did the HE and S Y bulls. Differences existed between DM and the more normal genotypes in carcass composition. DM was characterized by a high muscle:liveweight ratio, a high proportion of muscle in the carcass, high muscle:bone and muscle:fat ratios and a low proportion of fat compared to the more normal genotypes. Objective criteria to discriminate between HE and DM were SCF, muscle:bone and TSMTMF ratios, and between SY and DM were TSB and muscle:bone ratio. Key words: Beef bulls (young), growth patterns, carcass composition, double muscling, breed type