bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vietnam
Authors: Vasavakul Thaveeporn
Published: February 2019

This is a study of Vietnam's socialist transition and state transformation, generally known as đổi mới. It examines the drivers of socialist-regime change, the nature of the đổi mới state, and the basis of regime legitimacy in Vietnam. The Element argues that despite its 'one-party rule' label, the party-state apparatus that channels said rule has become fragmented. State-building during the đổi mới period involved negotiations and bargaining that redefine authority and power relations within the state apparatus. The party-state's accountability projects are designed to target the specific self-aggrandizing tendencies of the state apparatus, its policies, and abuse of state power. At the leadership level, patterns of resource allocation underlying the đổi mới growth model as well as the VCP's cadre rotation approach have accommodated central and sub-national state elites across sectors and levels, helping shore up the legitimacy of the đổi mới state in the eyes of the state elite. The combination of sustained economic growth, expansion of political space, accountability, and tolerance of small-scale public protests have been factors in strengthening regime-society legitimization.
The Security Exception In WTO Law: Entering a New Era
Authors: Voon Tania
Published: February 2019

For seventy years, the security exception in the multilateral trade regime has mostly lain dormant. The exception first appeared in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947 (GATT 1947), before being incorporated in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (GATT 1994) upon the creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, security exceptions also exist in several other WTO provisions, including the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). Until recently, perhaps through a combination of WTO member restraint and fortuitous circumstances, WTO panels have not had to make a definitive ruling on the meaning and scope of these exceptions. Yet, suddenly, the security exception lies at the center of multiple explosive disputes, posing a potential threat to the WTO's very existence.
PRESIDENTIALIZATION AND PROCEDURAL RULES CHANGE: THE CASE OF THE SOUTH KOREAN NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
Authors: Lee Hojun
Published: February 2019

The common assumption of legislative politics is that the majority party structures procedural rules to suit its interests. In a presidentialized context, however, presidential electoral incentives prevail over majority party's incentives when voting on procedural rules changes and the threat of punishing majority-party defectors is not credible when those defectors vote with the presidential candidate. To test these claims, I analyze the case of the procedural reform in the South Korean National Assembly. The case study reveals that 1) the leading presidential candidate of the ruling majority Saenuri Party compromised on the procedural reform bill that imposes restrictions on the majority party's cartel arrangement due to presidential electoral incentives; 2) a significant number of Saenuri Party members defected from the majority of their co-partisans to vote with the presidential candidate; and 3) career advancement ratio and re-nomination ratios demonstrate that those defectors were not punished afterwards.
Passive scalar dispersion in the near wake of a multi-scale array of rectangular cylinders
Authors: Baj Pawel , Buxton Oliver R. H.
Published: February 2019

The near wakes of flows past single- and multi-scale arrays of bars are studied by means of planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) and particle image velocimetry (PIV). The aim of this research is to better understand dispersion of passive scalar downstream of the multi-scale turbulence generator. In particular, the focus is on plausible manifestations of the space-scale unfolding (SSU) mechanism, which is often considered in the literature as the reason for the enhancement of the turbulent scalar flux in flows past fractal grids (i.e. specific multi-scale turbulence generators). The analysis of qualitative and quantitative PLIF results, as well as the simultaneously acquired PIV results, confirms the appearance of a physical scenario resembling the SSU mechanism. Unlike the anticipation of the literature, however, this scenario applies to some extent also to the flow past the single-scale obstacle. Application of a triple decomposition technique (which splits the acquired fields into their means, a number of coherent fluctuations and their stochastic parts) and a conditional-averaging technique reveals that the SSU mechanism is active in the vicinity of an intersection point between two adjacent wakes and is driven almost exclusively by coherent fluctuations associated with the larger of the intersecting wakes. This suggests that the SSU mechanism is related to the coherent fluctuations embedded in the flow rather than to the fine-scale turbulence and its underlying integral length scale, as proposed in previous works.
Frasnian-Famennian transition in western Thailand: conodonts, biofacies, eustatic changes, extinction
Authors: Savage Norman M.
Published: February 2019

The biofacies of the LowerPalmatolepis rhenanaBiozone toPalmatolepis triangularisBiozone in the Mae Sariang section, northwestern Thailand, are marked by alternations ofPalmatolepis-dominated biofacies andPolygnathus-dominated biofacies related to fluctuations in seawater depth. Fine-grained limestone accumulated through the LowerPalmatolepis rhenanaBiozone, UpperPalmatolepis rhenanaBiozone,Palmatolepis linguiformisBiozone,Palmatolepis subperlobataBiozone, andPalmatolepis triangularisBiozone. A regression in the UpperrhenanaZone was followed by a recovery transgression that extended up through thelinguiformisZone. Conodont faunas increased until near the end of thelinguiformisZone, but in the overlyingsubperlobataZone andtriangularisZone, conodont numbers dropped and most conodont species disappeared. It is possible the event coincides with a glacially forced regression, but there is no evidence of this in the section apart from a positive spike in δ13C. Another possible cause of the global marine extinction event is toxic levels of metals resulting from widespread volcanism. New taxa in this paper arePalmatolepis chaemensisnew species,Palmatolepis thamensisnew species, andPolygnathus tenellus surinensisnew subspecies.

UUID:http://zoobank.org/f2b55ba8-fe49-46f6-a2d5-bfd0208f1460
The Site of Noh K'uh, Chiapas, Mexico: A Late Preclassic Settlement in the Mensäbäk Basin
Authors: Juarez Santiago , Salgado-Flores Sebastián , Hernández Christopher
Published: February 2019

In this report we introduce the site of Noh K'uh, a Late Preclassic (400 BC–AD 250) community in the western frontier of the Maya Lowlands. This new body of data contributes to the study of how complex societies emerged both within the Usumacinta River region and the Maya area overall.
Association of dietary phytochemical index and mental health in women: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Darooghegi Mofrad Manije , Siassi Fereydoun , Guilani Bijan , Bellissimo Nick , Azadbakht Leila
Published: February 2019

Previous studies have shown that unhealthy dietary patterns are among the most important modifiable risk factors in the development of mental health disorders. We examined the association of dietary phytochemical index (DPI) with symptoms of depression, anxiety and psychological distress in Iranian women. In this cross-sectional study, a total of 488 women aged 20–50 years old attending health centres in the south of Tehran in 2018 were included. A validated and reliable FFQ was used for dietary assessment. Symptoms of depression, anxiety and psychological distress were assessed using a validated depression, anxiety, stress scales questionnaires with twenty-one-items. DPI was estimated using the following formula: (daily energy derived from phytochemical-rich foods (kJ)/total daily energy intake (kJ))×100. The mean age of the study participants was 31·9 (sd7·7) years. The prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety and psychological distress among study participants was 34·6, 40·6 and 42·4 %, respectively. After controlling for potential confounders, women in the highest tertile of DPI had a lower prevalence of depressive symptoms (OR 0·22; 95 % CI 0·12, 0·38) and anxiety (OR 0·33; 95 % CI 0·20, 0·55), as well as psychological distress (OR 0·30; 95 % CI 0·18, 0·49) compared with those in the lowest tertile. In conclusion, we found a significant association between DPI and mental health in women. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Patterns of helminth infections inRattus rattusandMus musculusfrom two Mayan communities in Mexico
Authors: Panti-May J.A. , Palomo-Arjona E.E. , Gurubel-González Y.M. , Barrientos-Medina R.C. , Digiani M.C. , Robles M.R. , Hernández-Betancourt S.F. , Machain-Williams C.
Published: February 2019

The black ratRattus rattusand the house mouseMus musculusare two commensal rodent species that harbour and shed zoonotic pathogens, including helminths. The aim of this survey was to study the helminth community and the patterns of infections inR. rattusandM. musculusfrom two Mayan communities in Mexico. Gastrointestinal helminths were isolated from 322M. musculusand 124R. rattus, includingGongylonema neoplasticum,Hassalstrongylus aduncus,Hassalstrongylus musculi,Hydatigera taeniaeformismetacestode,Hymenolepis diminuta,Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Oligacanthorhynchidae gen. sp.,Syphacia muris,Syphacia obvelata,Rodentolepis microstomaandTrichuris muris. The overall richness of helminths was seven inR. rattusand six inM. musculus. The results of generalized linear models showed that juvenile rodents had lower probabilities of being infected withG. neoplasticum,H. taeniaeformisandH. musculithan adult rodents. A positive association between the prevalence ofS. murisand rat abundance was found. The intensity of infection withS. muriswas higher in the rainy season than in the dry season; the opposite result was found forH. musculiinfection. MaleR. rattusharboured moreS. murisspecimens. The intensity of infection withT. muriswas inversely associated with mouse abundance. The presence of the zoonoticH. diminuta, as well asH. taeniaeformisandR. microstomain rodent populations indicates that there is risk of transmission, and that their entire life cycle occurs in the study area.
Effects of polyploidy on response ofDunaliella salinato salinity
Authors: Soltani Nezhad Fatemeh , Mansouri Hakimeh
Published: February 2019

In this study, polyploidy level was determined by flow cytometry analysis. The effect of polyploidy by colchicine treatment was examined on the growth parameters, malondealdehyde (MDA), as well as activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) in response to different levels of salinity inDunaliella salina. The results of algal growth indicated that 3 M NaCl was the optimal concentration of salt, since the highest enhancement in fresh and dry weight, chlorophyll and carotenoids, soluble sugar, glycerol, protein and starch content was observed in comparison to other concentrations. The amount of these metabolites declined in the concentrations under optimum salinity. The least and highest amounts of MDA were observed at 1 and 4 M NaCl respectively. Polyploidy in optimum concentration of salt, caused further increment of the above growth parameters. In relation to this, in most cases, treatment of 0.1% colchicine was most effective. The beneficial effects of polyploidy in non-optimal conditions were also found in some parameters such as biomass, chlorophyll, carotenoids, proteins and starch. Furthermore, the activity of antioxidant enzymes CAT, SOD and POD showed a positive significant correlation with salt stress and these were maximized at 4 M NaCl. Polyploidy (especially colchicine 0.1%) affected activity of these antioxidant enzymes in some concentrations of salt. Overall, our results suggest that the microalgae has significantly different responses to salt stress based on ploidy levels.
Resource-rational analysis: Understanding human cognition as the optimal use of limited computational resources
Authors: Lieder Falk , Griffiths Thomas L.
Published: February 2019

Modeling human cognition is challenging because there are infinitely many mechanisms that can generate any given observation. Some researchers address this by constraining the hypothesis space through assumptions about what the human mind can and cannot do, while others constrain it through principles of rationality and adaptation. Recent work in economics, psychology, neuroscience, and linguistics has begun to integrate both approaches by augmenting rational models with cognitive constraints, incorporating rational principles into cognitive architectures, and applying optimality principles to understanding neural representations. We identify the rational use of limited resources as a unifying principle underlying these diverse approaches, expressing it in a new cognitive modeling paradigm called resource-rational analysis. The integration of rational principles with realistic cognitive constraints makes resource-rational analysis a promising framework for reverse-engineering cognitive mechanisms and representations. It has already shed new light on the debate about human rationality and can be leveraged to revisit classic questions of cognitive psychology within a principled computational framework. We demonstrate that resource-rational models can reconcile the mind's most impressive cognitive skills with people's ostensive irrationality. Resource-rational analysis also provides a new way to connect psychological theory more deeply with artificial intelligence, economics, neuroscience, and linguistics.
Restricting the Juror Franchise in 1920s England and Wales
Authors: Crosby K
Published: February 2019

This article argues that the juror franchise became more restrictive in the years immediately after the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 had broadened the jury franchise so as to include some women. It argues that the subsequent restrictions on the jury franchise have not standardly been discussed in the literature on the twentieth century jury because of the lengths taken at the time to present these reforms as merely technical in nature. Only six months after the 1919 Act was passed, a dispute broke out at the Western assize circuit regarding the practice–apparently sanctioned in the Juries Act 1825–of towns which “possessed” their own assizes summoning jurors according to custom, rather than statute. In practice, this meant that the ten “assize boroughs” had not always observed the property qualifications when summoning their jurors. The judiciary eventually prevailed over the Home Office and a series of local officials, ending the assize boroughs' ability to ignore the property qualifications (which kept a disproportionate number of women off the jury). This reform brought its own problems, however, and brought into focus the expense involved in following the burdensome rules for identifying jurors as set out in the 1825 Act. The solution–basing juror qualification on electoral registration–excluded from jury service conscientious objectors, foreigners, and women who satisfied the property qualification rules but lived elsewhere with a male relative.
Neuroinflammation and cognition across psychiatric conditions
Authors: Fourrier Célia , Singhal Gaurav , Baune Bernhard T.
Published: February 2019

Cognitive impairments reported across psychiatric conditions (ie, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and posttraumatic stress disorder) strongly impair the quality of life of patients and the recovery of those conditions. There is therefore a great need for consideration for cognitive dysfunction in the management of psychiatric disorders. The redundant pattern of cognitive impairments across such conditions suggests possible shared mechanisms potentially leading to their development. Here, we review for the first time the possible role of inflammation in cognitive dysfunctions across psychiatric disorders. Raised inflammatory processes (microglia activation and elevated cytokine levels) across diagnoses could therefore disrupt neurobiological mechanisms regulating cognition, including Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity, neurogenesis, neurotrophic factor, the HPA axis, and the kynurenine pathway. This redundant association between elevated inflammation and cognitive alterations across psychiatric disorders hence suggests that a cross-disorder approach using pharmacological and nonpharmacological (ie, physical activity and nutrition) anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory strategies should be considered in the management of cognition in psychiatry.
Elemental Distribution in CrNbTaTiW-C High Entropy Alloy Thin Films
Authors: Shinde Deodatta , Fritze Stefan , Thuvander Mattias , Malinovskis Paulius , Riekehr Lars , Jansson Ulf , Stiller Krystyna
Published: February 2019

The microstructure and distribution of the elements have been studied in thin films of a near-equimolar CrNbTaTiW high entropy alloy (HEA) and films with 8 at.% carbon added to the alloy. The films were deposited by magnetron sputtering at 300°C. X-ray diffraction shows that the near-equimolar metallic film crystallizes in a single-phase body centered cubic (bcc) structure with a strong (110) texture. However, more detailed analyses with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom probe tomography (APT) show a strong segregation of Ti to the grain boundaries forming a very thin Ti–Cr rich interfacial layer. The effect can be explained by the large negative formation enthalpy of Ti–Cr compounds and shows that CrNbTaTiW is not a true HEA at lower temperatures. The addition of 8 at.% carbon leads to the formation of an amorphous structure, which can be explained by the limited solubility of carbon in bcc alloys. TEM energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated that all metallic elements are randomly distributed in the film. The APT investigation, however, revealed that carbide-like clusters are present in the amorphous film.
Role-Model-In-Chief: Understanding a Michelle Obama Effect
Authors: Haynes Christina S. , Block Ray
Published: February 2019

Because of the national conversation about her status as a role model, the former First Lady of the United States (FLOTUS) presents an opportunity to analyze an Obama effect—particularly, the idea that Michelle Obama's prominence as a political figure can influence, among other things, citizens’ impressions of black women in America. Using evidence from the 2011 Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation/Washington Post survey, we demonstrate that Michelle Obama's status as a role model operates as a “moderated mediator”: it transmits the effect of the former FLOTUS’ media activities to respondents’ racial attitudes, and the degree to which role model status functions as a mediating variable differs by race (and, to a lesser degree, by gender). Thus, our research provides both a theoretical and an empirical contribution to the Obama-effect literature.
Legitimacy, metacoordination and context-dependence
Authors: Maffettone Pietro , Ulaş Luke
Published: February 2019

This paper argues that the process of deriving legitimacy criteria for political institutions ought to be sensitive to features of the political context in which that process is to occur. The paper builds on Allen Buchanan’s ‘Metacoordination View’ of legitimacy, which we explicate in the first section. While sympathetic to Buchanan’s practical approach, we believe the idea of a metacoordination process to be underspecified across two dimensions, which we explain in the second section: (i) constituency and (ii) normativity. Both dimensions admit of differing specifications. In the third section, we suggest that how best to fill in these dimensions in any one instance depends upon the political context in which the metacoordination process is to occur. We highlight three relevant elements of a political decision context – criticality, institutional time point, and motivational landscape – and illustrate their significance by way of reference, respectively, to the World Health Organization, the European Economic and Monetary Union, and the Bank of International Settlements. The ‘context-dependence’ of the metacoordination process, and therefore of legitimacy, entails the possibility that institutions that are similar, even identical, in terms of their nature and function may nevertheless be held to differing legitimacy criteria in differing political contexts.
A Probabilistic Risk Assessment of the National Economic Impacts of Regulatory Drought Management on Irrigated Agriculture
Authors: Salmoral G. , Rey D. , Rudd A. , de Margon P. , Holman I.
Published: February 2019

Drought frequency and intensity is expected to increase in many regions worldwide, and water shortages could become more extreme, even in humid temperate climates. To protect the environment and secure water supplies, water abstractions for irrigation can be mandatorily reduced by environmental regulators. Such abstraction restrictions can result in economic impacts on irrigated agriculture. This study provides a novel approach for the probabilistic risk assessment of potential future economic losses in irrigated agriculture arising from the interaction of climate change and regulatory drought management, with an application to England and Wales. Hydrometeorological variability is considered within a synthetic data set of daily rainfall and river flows for a baseline period (1977–2004) and for projections for near future (2022–2049) and far future (2072–2099). The probability, magnitude, and timing of abstraction restrictions are derived by applying rainfall and river flow triggers in 129 catchments. The risk of economic losses at the catchment level is then obtained from the occurrences of abstraction restrictions combined with spatially distributed crop‐specific economic losses. Results show that restrictions will become more severe, more frequent, and longer in the future. The highest economic risks are projected where drought‐sensitive crops with a high financial value are concentrated in catchments with increasingly uncertain water supply. This research highlights the significant economic losses associated with mandatory drought restrictions experienced by the agricultural sector and supports the need for environmental regulators and irrigators to collaboratively manage scarce water resources to balance environmental and economic considerations.
New Homogeneous Composite of Energetic Electron Fluxes From POES Satellites: 1. Correction for Background Noise and Orbital Drift
Authors: Asikainen Timo , Ruopsa Miro
Published: February 2019

One of the most popular long‐term data sets of energetic particles used in, for example, long‐term radiation belt studies and in atmospheric/climate studies is perhaps the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites (POES) data set, which extends nearly continuously from 1979 to present. The energetic particle measurements by the Medium Energy Proton and Electron Detector instrument onboard the POES satellites have had many instrumental problems, which have made quantitative estimates of energetic particle fluxes somewhat difficult. However, in the recent years, these instrumental deficiencies have been studied and corrected. Here we aim to construct a new long‐term composite record of energetic electrons based on the Medium Energy Proton and Electron Detector data. In this study we point out that there are also other remaining factors, not related to instrument construction, which still severely impact the overall homogeneity of the 39‐year POES data set. We concentrate here on studying and correcting two issues: (1) temporally varying background noise related to cosmic rays and (2) drift in the orientation of satellite orbital planes, which changes the sampling location of the satellites over time. In particular, we show that the drift of satellite orbital planes leads to rather large changes in the electron fluxes over time, which could be misinterpreted as true temporal changes without the corrections. These changes can be rather large, a factor of 3 or more in the poleward edge of the precipitation zone, and are likely to have a large impact, for example, on atmospheric ionization estimates based on POES data.
Coseismic and Postseismic Deformation of the 2016 Central Tottori Earthquake and its Slip Model
Authors: Meneses‐Gutierrez Angela , Nishimura Takuya , Hashimoto Manabu
Published: February 2019

We analyze Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, and accelerometer data within the San‐in Shear Zone in order to clarify the coseismic and postseismic slip distributions associated with the Mw6.2 2016 Central Tottori earthquake. Inversion of the coseismic displacement data to estimate the slip distribution on the rupture fault shows a patch of large slip to the northwest of the hypocenter of the mainshock location. Relocated aftershocks and off‐fault seismicity 1 month after the mainshock are in agreement with stress change patterns caused by the mainshock fault. Inversion of near‐field GNSS displacements in 7 months following the earthquake under the assumption of afterslip does not show a preferred slip patch but rather a smooth distribution of the slip at shallow depths. Restricted slip propagation of afterslip on the 2016 event might suggest that inland faults in the San‐in Shear Zone are immature. Limited resolution of the GNSS data might inhibit us from finding the slip at depth.
Delayed Subsidence After Rifting and a Record of Breakup for Northwestern Zealandia
Authors: Boston Brian , Nakamura Yasuyuki , Gallais Flora , Hackney Ron , Fujie Gou , Kodaira Shuichi , Miura Seiichi , Kaiho Yuka , Saito Saneatsu , Shiraishi Kazuya , Yamada Yasuhiro
Published: February 2019

Continental rifting and breakup of eastern Gondwana during the Cretaceous separated northern Zealandia from eastern Australia, but the processes leading to this highly extended and largely submerged block of continental crust are unknown. We acquired and processed multichannel seismic reflection data across northern Zealandia and examine the stratigraphy of the Middleton Basin. We identified a two‐phase formation process for the basin, as evidenced by an unconformity separating two postrift units. After initial basin formation and slow deposition of the lower postrift unit, deposition rates within the Middleton Basin rapidly increased in response to the latest stage of subsidence and to create the modern basin. We propose a tectonic model wherein the Middleton Basin initiated through oceanic spreading and the subsequent postrift subsidence of the newly created oceanic lithosphere was delayed due to thermal buoyancy associated with nearby oceanic spreading in the Tasman Basin. Our results provide new constraints on rifting and breakup processes of wide, magma‐poor, and asymmetric margins and indicate that multiple regions of weak lithosphere may have influenced the breakup.
Subtropical Mode Water and Permanent Pycnocline Properties in the World Ocean
Authors: Feucher Charlène , Maze Guillaume , Mercier Herlé
Published: February 2019

A global reference state of the subtropical mode water and permanent pycnocline properties for the 2000–2015 period is presented. The climatology is obtained from a pattern recognition algorithm applied to stratification profiles from the Argo global array. The stratification features are identified as permanent upper ocean pycnostad and pycnocline even when the seasonal pycnocline is developed. The climatology shows that both Northern Hemisphere subtropical gyres have a qualitatively very similar stratification structure. The permanent pycnoclines in the North Atlantic and North Pacific show two deep centers colocated with thick subtropical and subpolar mode waters. These centers coincide with modes in the density and stratification space. These deep pycnocline centers are separated by a region with a shallower and thinner permanent pycnocline that is located downstream of Western Boundary Current Extensions and upstream of Eastern Subtropical Fronts. This feature creates a remarkable double‐bowl pattern at the basin scale. In the subtropical gyres of the South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans, the mode water and permanent pycnocline structures are characterized by two modes in the density and stratification space that, unlike in the Northern Hemisphere, do not necessarily correspond to deep and thick permanent pycnocline regions. In the subtropical gyre of the South Indian Ocean, a single mode is found to correspond to a single center in the western part of the gyre. This study also shows that away from these deep centers where the pycnocline depth almost follows isopycnals, the permanent pycnocline experiences significant thermohaline gradients that are not density compensated.
Triassic Sedimentary Filling and Closure of the Eastern Paleo‐Tethys Ocean: New Insights From Detrital Zircon Geochronology of Songpan‐Ganzi, Yidun, and West Qinling Flysch in Eastern Tibet
Authors: Jian Xing , Weislogel Amy , Pullen Alex
Published: February 2019

Triassic flysch in the Songpan‐Ganzi Complex (SGC), eastern Tibet, is an important and rich record of tectonism associated with evolution and closure of the eastern Paleo‐Tethys Ocean. However, current models for tectonic evolution of the ocean remain controversial, in large part due to ambiguity of the origin of SGC deposits. We constrain provenance of Middle‐Upper Triassic turbidites from central SGC and the adjacent Yidun and West Qinling terranes by using detrital zircon U‐Pb geochronology. The results show that the detrital zircon ages mainly comprise five populations: 240–310 Ma; 400–480 Ma; 750–1,000 Ma; 1,700–2,000 Ma; and 2,300–2,600 Ma. These ages indicate the East Kunlun and North China block served as major sediment sources for most of central SGC and West Qinling. The predominance of Paleozoic zircons in Upper Triassic turbidites indicates uplift and exhumation of the East Kunlun orogen during the Late Triassic. The southern SGC and Yidun turbidites display quite similar zircon age spectra (significant age peaks at approximately 1,850 Ma), implying that Songpan‐Ganzi and Yidun depocenters were adjacent to each other by the Middle Triassic. This finding suggests that the Ganzi‐Litang Ocean, as a part of eastern Paleo‐Tethys Ocean, probably had been closed by the Middle Triassic. We favor subsequent deformation and uplift of the Triassic flysch was coeval with or possibly predated latest Triassic shortening within the Longmenshan thrust belt, resulting in recycling of the flysch into surrounding sedimentary basins (e.g., Sichuan and Qamdo basins) since latest Triassic time.
Depth Extent and Kinematics of Faulting in the Southern Tanganyika Rift, Africa
Authors: Lavayssière Aude , Drooff Connor , Ebinger Cynthia , Gallacher Ryan , Illsley‐Kemp Finnigan , Oliva Sarah J. , Keir Derek
Published: February 2019

Unusually deep earthquakes occur beneath rift segments with and without surface expressions of magmatism in the East African Rift system. The Tanganyika rift is part of the Western rift and has no surface evidence of magmatism. The TANG14 array was deployed in the southern Tanganyika rift, where earthquakes of magnitude up to 7.4 have occurred, to probe crust and upper mantle structure and evaluate fault kinematics. Four hundred seventy‐four earthquakes detected between June 2014 and September 2015 are located using a new regional velocity model. The precise locations, magnitudes, and source mechanisms of local and teleseismic earthquakes are used to determine seismogenic layer thickness, delineate active faults, evaluate regional extension direction, and evaluate kinematics of border faults. The active faults span more than 350 km with deep normal faults transecting the thick Bangweulu craton, indicating a wide plate boundary zone. The seismogenic layer thickness is 42 km, spanning the entire crust beneath the rift basins and their uplifted flanks. Earthquakes in the upper mantle are also detected. Deep earthquakes with steep nodal planes occur along subsurface projections of Tanganyika and Rukwa border faults, indicating that large offset (≥5 km) faults penetrate to the base of the crust, and are the current locus of strain. The focal mechanisms, continuous depth distribution, and correlation with mapped structures indicate that steep, deep border faults maintain a half‐graben morphology over at least 12 Myr of basin evolution. Fault scaling based on our results suggests that M > 7 earthquakes along Tanganyika border faults are possible.
Brain connectivity alterations in early psychosis: from clinical to neuroimaging staging
Authors: Griffa Alessandra , Baumann Philipp S. , Klauser Paul , Mullier Emeline , Cleusix Martine , Jenni Raoul , van den Heuvel Martijn P. , Do Kim Q. , Conus Philippe , Hagmann Patric
Published: February 2019

Early in the course of psychosis, alterations in brain connectivity accompany the emergence of psychiatric symptoms and cognitive impairments, including processing speed. The clinical-staging model is a refined form of diagnosis that places the patient along a continuum of illness conditions, which allows stage-specific interventions with the potential of improving patient care and outcome. This cross-sectional study investigates brain connectivity features that characterize the clinical stages following a first psychotic episode. Structural brain networks were derived from diffusion-weighted MRI for 71 early-psychosis patients and 76 healthy controls. Patients were classified into stage II (first-episode), IIIa (incomplete remission), IIIb (one relapse), and IIIc (two or more relapses), according to the course of the illness until the time of scanning. Brain connectivity measures and diffusion parameters (fractional anisotropy, apparent diffusion coefficient) were investigated using general linear models and sparse linear discriminant analysis (sLDA), studying distinct subgroups of patients who were at specific stages of early psychosis. We found that brain connectivity impairments were more severe in clinical stages following the first-psychosis episode (stages IIIa, IIIb, IIIc) than in first-episode psychosis (stage II) patients. These alterations were spatially diffuse but converged on a set of vulnerable regions, whose inter-connectivity selectively correlated with processing speed in patients and controls. The sLDA suggested that relapsing-remitting (stages IIIb, IIIc) and non-remitting (stage IIIa) patients are characterized by distinct dysconnectivity profiles. Our results indicate that neuroimaging markers of brain dysconnectivity in early psychosis may reflect the heterogeneity of the illness and provide a connectomics signature of the clinical-staging model.
Genetic loci for alcohol-related life events and substance-induced affective symptoms: indexing the “dark side” of addiction
Authors: Peng Qian , Bizon Chris , Gizer Ian R. , Wilhelmsen Kirk C. , Ehlers Cindy L.
Published: February 2019

A limited number of genetic variants have been identified in traditional GWAS as risk or protective factors for alcohol use disorders (AUD) and related phenotypes. We herein report whole-genome association and rare-variant analyses on AUD traits in American Indians (AI) and European Americans (EA). We evaluated 742 AIs and 1711 EAs using low-coverage whole-genome sequencing. Phenotypes included: (1) a metric based on the occurrence of 36 alcohol-related life events that reflect AUD severity; (2) two alcohol-induced affective symptoms that accompany severe AUDs. We identified two new loci for alcohol-related life events with converging evidence from both cohorts: rare variants of K2Pchannel geneKCNK2, and rare missense and splice-site variants in pro-inflammatory mediator genePDE4C. ANAF1-FSTL5intergenic variant and anFSTL5variant were respectively associated with alcohol-related life events in AI and EA.PRKG2of serine/threonine protein kinase family, and rare variants in interleukin subunit geneEBI3(IL-27B) were uniquely associated with alcohol-induced affective symptoms in AI. LncRNALINC02347on 12q24.32 was uniquely associated with alcohol-induced depression in EA. The top GWAS findings were primarily rare/low-frequency variants in AI, and common variants in EA. Adrenal gland was the most enriched in tissue-specific gene expression analysis for alcohol-related life events, and nucleus accumbens was the most enriched for alcohol-induced affective states in AI. Prefrontal cortex was the most enriched in EA for both traits. These studies suggest that whole-genome sequencing can identify novel, especially uncommon, variants associated with severe AUD phenotypes although the findings may be population specific.
Affective modulation of the associative-limbic subthalamic nucleus: deep brain stimulation in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Polosan Mircea , Droux Fabien , Kibleur Astrid , Chabardes Stephan , Bougerol Thierry , David Olivier , Krack Paul , Voon Valerie
Published: February 2019

Affective states underlie daily decision-making and pathological behaviours relevant to obsessive–compulsive disorders (OCD), mood disorders and addictions. Deep brain stimulation targeting the motor and associative-limbic subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been shown to be effective for Parkinson’s disease (PD) and OCD, respectively. Cognitive and electrophysiological studies in PD showed responses of the motor STN to emotional stimuli, impairments in recognition of negative affective states and modulation of the intensity of subjective emotion. Here we studied whether the stimulation of the associative-limbic STN in OCD influences the subjective emotion to low-intensity positive and negative images and how this relates to clinical symptoms. We assessed 10 OCD patients with on and off STN DBS in a double-blind randomized manner by recording ratings of valence and arousal to low- and high-intensity positive and negative emotional images. STN stimulation increased positive ratings and decreased negative ratings to low-intensity positive and negative stimuli, respectively, relative to off stimulation. We also show that the change in severity of obsessive–compulsive symptoms pre- versus post-operatively interacts with both DBS and valence ratings. We show that stimulation of the associative-limbic STN might influence the negative cognitive bias in OCD and decreasing the negative appraisal of emotional stimuli with a possible relationship with clinical outcomes. That the effect is specific to low intensity might suggest a role of uncertainty or conflict related to competing interpretations of image intensity. These findings may have implications for the therapeutic efficacy of DBS.
Dynamic expression of genes associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder across development
Authors: Clifton Nicholas E. , Hannon Eilís , Harwood Janet C. , Di Florio Arianna , Thomas Kerrie L. , Holmans Peter A. , Walters James T. R. , O’Donovan Michael C. , Owen Michael J. , Pocklington Andrew J. , Hall Jeremy
Published: February 2019

Common genetic variation contributes a substantial proportion of risk for both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Furthermore, there is evidence of significant, but not complete, overlap in genetic risk between the two disorders. It has been hypothesised that genetic variants conferring risk for these disorders do so by influencing brain development, leading to the later emergence of symptoms. The comparative profile of risk gene expression for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder across development over different brain regions however remains unclear. Using genotypes derived from genome-wide associations studies of the largest available cohorts of patients and control subjects, we investigated whether genes enriched for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder association show a bias for expression across any of 13 developmental stages in prefrontal cortical and subcortical brain regions. We show that genetic association with schizophrenia is positively correlated with expression in the prefrontal cortex during early midfetal development and early infancy, and negatively correlated with expression during late childhood, which stabilises in adolescence. In contrast, risk-associated genes for bipolar disorder did not exhibit a bias towards expression at any prenatal stage, although the pattern of postnatal expression was similar to that of schizophrenia. These results highlight the dynamic expression of genes harbouring risk for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder across prefrontal cortex development and support the hypothesis that prenatal neurodevelopmental events are more strongly associated with schizophrenia than bipolar disorder.
Longitudinal investigation of DNA methylation changes preceding adolescent psychotic experiences
Authors: Roberts Susanna , Suderman Matthew , Zammit Stanley , Watkins Sarah H. , Hannon Eilis , Mill Jonathan , Relton Caroline , Arseneault Louise , Wong Chloe C. Y. , Fisher Helen L.
Published: February 2019

Childhood psychotic experiences (PEs), such as seeing or hearing things that others do not, or extreme paranoia, are relatively common with around 1 in 20 children reporting them at age 12. Childhood PEs are often distressing and can be predictive of schizophrenia, other psychiatric disorders, and suicide attempts in adulthood, particularly if they persist during adolescence. Previous research has demonstrated that methylomic signatures in blood could be potential biomarkers of psychotic phenomena. This study explores the association between DNA methylation (DNAm) and the emergence, persistence, and remission of PEs in childhood and adolescence. DNAm profiles were obtained from the ALSPAC cohort at birth, age 7, and age 15/17 (n = 901). PEs were assessed through interviews with participants at ages 12 and 18. We identified PE-associated probes (p < 5 × 10−5) and regions (corrected p < 0.05) at ages 12 and 18. Several of the differentially methylated probes were also associated with the continuity of PEs across adolescence. One probe (cg16459265), detected consistently at multiple timepoints in the study sample, was replicated in an independent sample of twins (n = 1658). Six regions, including those spanning the HLA-DBP2 and GDF7 genes, were consistently differentially methylated at ages 7 and 15–17. Findings from this large, population-based study suggest that DNAm at multiple stages of development may be associated with PEs in late childhood and adolescence, though further replication is required. Research uncovering biomarkers associated with pre-clinical PEs is important as it has the potential to facilitate early identification of individuals at increased risk who could benefit from preventive interventions.
Cul4 E3 ubiquitin ligase regulates ovarian cancer drug resistance by targeting the antiapoptotic protein BIRC3
Authors: Hu Xiaoyan , Meng Yang , Xu Lian , Qiu Lei , Wei Mingtian , Su Dan , Qi Xu , Wang Ziqiang , Yang Shengyong , Liu Cong , Han Junhong
Published: February 2019

CRL4, a well-defined E3 ligase, has been reported to be upregulated and is proposed to be a potential drug target in ovarian cancers. However, the biological functions of CRL4 and the underlying mechanism regulating cancer chemoresistance are still largely elusive. Here, we show that CRL4 is considerably increased in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells, and CRL4 knockdown with shRNAs is able to reverse cisplatin-resistance of ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, CRL4 knockdown markedly inhibits the expression of BIRC3, one of the inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). Besides, lower expression level of BIRC3 is associated with better prognosis of ovarian cancer patients, and BIRC3 knockdown in ovarian cancer cells can recover their sensitivity to cisplatin. More importantly, we demonstrate that CRL4 regulates BIRC3 expression by mediating the STAT3, but not the PI3K pathway. Therefore, our results identified CRL4 as an important factor in ovarian cancer chemoresistance, suggesting that CRL4 and BIRC3 may serve as novel therapeutic targets for relapsed patients after treatment with cisplatin and its derivative to overcome the bottle neck of ovarian cancer chemoresistance.
miR-29c-3p regulates DNMT3B and LATS1 methylation to inhibit tumor progression in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Wu Hao , Zhang Wei , Wu Zhenru , Liu Yan , Shi Yujun , Gong Jianping , Shen Wei , Liu Changan
Published: February 2019

Accumulating evidence suggests that microRNAs and DNA methylation can cause tumor suppressor gene inactivation and promote tumor malignancy. However, the functional mechanisms of miR-29c-3p and DNA methylation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are unclear. Here, we reported that miR-29c-3p expression was significantly downregulated in HCC tissues and cell lines. Low miR-29c-3p expression correlated with tumor size, multiplicity pathologic features, and shorter overall survival. Overexpression of miR-29c-3p significantly inhibited HCC cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and tumor growth in vivo. Moreover, DNA methyltransferases 3B (DNMT3B) was upregulated in HCC tissues, and was negatively correlated with miR-29c-3p expression. Luciferase reporter and western blotting assays revealed that DNMT3B is a target gene directly regulated by miR-29c-3p. Furthermore, miR-29c-3p regulates the methylation of large tumor suppressor gene 1 (LATS1) by DNMT3B, and abnormal methylation of LATS1 inactivates Hippo signaling pathway. We subsequently identified that high DNMT3B expression and low LATS1 expression were frequently identified in HCC tissues and were associated with poor prognosis. In conclusion, our results indicate that miR-29c-3p acts as a tumor suppressor in HCC by targeting DNMT3B and the LATS1-associated Hippo signaling pathway, which might represent a novel potential therapeutic target for HCC.
CYTL1 regulates bone homeostasis in mice by modulating osteogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells and osteoclastogenesis of bone marrow-derived macrophages
Authors: Shin Youngnim , Won Yoonkyung , Yang Jeong-In , Chun Jang-Soo
Published: February 2019

We previously showed that mice with knockout of Cytl1, a functionally uncharacterized cytokine candidate, exhibit normal endochondral ossification and long-bone development. Here, we investigated the potential functions of CYTL1 in bone homeostasis. We found that Cytl1−/− mice exhibited higher bone mass than wild-type littermates and resisted ovariectomy-induced bone resorption. This led us to investigate the functions of CYTL1 in the osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis of bone marrow-derived stem cells. CYTL1 was down-regulated during the osteogenesis of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The osteogenesis of hMSCs was inhibited by overexpression or exogenous treatment of CYTL1, but enhanced by CYTL1 knockdown. CYTL1 decreased osteogenesis by inhibiting RUNX2 and promoted proliferation among undifferentiated hMSCs, but stimulated apoptosis among osteogenically differentiating cells. Finally, Cytl1−/− mice exhibited inhibition of osteoclast activity and the osteoclastogenesis of bone marrow-derived macrophages. Our results collectively suggest that CYTL1 negatively regulates the osteogenesis of MSCs and positively regulates osteoclastogenesis to modulate bone mass in mice.