bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wide-field ganglion cells in macaque retinas
Authors: YAMADA ELIZABETH S. , BORDT ANDREA S. , MARSHAK DAVID W.
Published: October 2005

To describe the wide-field ganglion cells, they were injected
intracellularly with Neurobiotin using an in vitro preparation of
macaque retina and labeled with streptavidin-Cy3. The retinas were then
labeled with antibodies to choline acetyltransferase and other markers to
indicate the depth of the dendrites within the inner plexiform layer (IPL)
and analyzed by confocal microscopy. There were eight different subtypes
of narrowly unistratified cells that ramified in each of the 5 strata,
S1–5, including narrow thorny, large sparse, large moderate, large
dense, large radiate, narrow wavy, large very sparse, and fine very
sparse. There were four types of broadly stratified cells with dendritic
trees extending from S4 to S2. One type resembled the parvocellular giant
cell and another the broad thorny type described previously in primates.
Another broadly stratified cell was called multi-tufted based on its
distinctive dendritic branching pattern. The fourth type had been
described previously, but not named; we called it broad wavy. There was a
bistratified type with its major arbor in S5, the same level as the blue
cone bipolar cell; it resembled the large, bistratified cell with blue
ON-yellow OFF responses described recently. Two wide-field ganglion cell
types were classified as diffuse because they had dendrites throughout the
IPL. One had many small branches and was named thorny diffuse. The second
was named smooth diffuse because it had straighter dendrites that lacked
these processes. Dendrites of the large moderate and multi-tufted cells
cofasciculated with ON-starburst cell dendrites and were, therefore,
candidates to be ON- and ON–OFF direction-selective ganglion cells,
respectively. We concluded that there are at least 15 morphoplogical types
of wide-field ganglion cells in macaque retinas.
Horizontal cell morphology in nocturnal and diurnal primates: A comparison between owl-monkey (Aotus) and capuchin monkey (Cebus)
Authors: DOS SANTOS SETSUKO N. , DOS REIS JOSÉ WESLEY L. , DA SILVA FILHO MANOEL , KREMERS JAN , SILVEIRA LUIZ CARLOS L.
Published: October 2005

Horizontal cell morphology was studied in the retina of the nocturnal owl-monkey,Aotus, and compared with that of its diurnal, close relative, the capuchin monkey,Cebus. Cells were initially labeled with DiI and the staining was later photoconverted in a stable precipitated using DAB as chromogen. The sizes of cell bodies, dendritic fields, and axon terminals, number of dendritic clusters, intercluster spacing, and intercone spacing were measured at increasing eccentricities. Two distinct morphological classes of horizontal cells were identified, which resembled those of H1 and H3 cells described in diurnal monkeys. A few examples of a third class, possibly corresponding to the H2 cells of diurnal monkeys, were labeled. Both H1 and H3 cells increased in size and had increasing numbers of dendritic clusters with eccentricity. H3 cells were larger and had a larger number of dendritic clusters than H1 cells. Owl-monkey H1 cells had larger dendritic fields than capuchin monkey H1 cells at all quadrants in the central and midperipheral retinal regions, but the difference disappeared in the far periphery. Owl-monkey and capuchin monkey H1 cells had about the same number of dendritic clusters across eccentricity. As owl-monkey H1 cells were larger than capuchin monkey H1 cells, the equal number of clusters in these two primates was due to the fact that they were more spaced in the owl-monkey cells. H1 intercluster distance closely matched intercone spacing for both the owl-monkey and capuchin monkey retinas. On the other hand, H3 intercluster distance was larger than intercone spacing in the retina of both primates. Owl-monkey H1 axon terminals had 2–3 times more knobs than capuchin monkey H1 axon terminals in spite of having about the same size and, consequently, knob density was 2–3 times higher for owl-monkey than capuchin monkey H1 axon terminals across all eccentricities. The differences observed between owl-monkey and capuchin monkey horizontal cells, regarding the morphology of their dendritic trees and axon terminals, may be related to the differences found in the cone-to-rod ratio in the retina of these two primates. They seem to represent retinal specializations to the nocturnal and diurnal life styles of the owl-monkey and capuchin monkey, respectively.
Photoreceptors in the rat retina are specifically vulnerable to both
hypoxia and hyperoxia
Authors: WELLARD JOHN , LEE DONALD , VALTER KRISZTINA , STONE JONATHAN
Published: October 2005

The current study aims to assess the vulnerability of photoreceptors
in rat retina to variations in tissue oxygen levels. Young adult
Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to air with the concentration of oxygen
set at 10% (hypoxia), 21% (room air, normoxia), and four levels of
hyperoxia (45%, 65%, 70%, and 75%), for up to 3 weeks. Their retinas were
then examined for cell death, using the TUNEL technique. Hypoxia (10%
oxygen) for 2 weeks caused a limited but significant rise in the frequency
of TUNEL+ (dying) cells in the retina, the great majority (> 90%) being
located in the outer nuclear layer (ONL). Hyperoxia also induced an
increase in the frequency of TUNEL+ cells, again predominantly in the ONL.
The increase rose with duration of exposure, up to 2 weeks. At 2 weeks
exposure, the increase was limited yet significant at 45% oxygen, and
maximal at 65%. Where the frequencies of TUNEL+ cells were high, it was
evident that photoreceptor death was maximal in the midperipheral retina.
The adult retina is vulnerable to maintained shifts in oxygen availability
to the retina, both below and above normal. The vulnerability is specific
to photoreceptors; other retinal neurons appeared resistant to the
exposures tested. Shifts in retinal oxygen levels caused by variations in
ambient light, by the persistence of light through the normally dark
(night) half of the day–night cycle, or by depletion of the
photoreceptor population, may contribute to photoreceptor death in the
normal retina.
Establishment of Z‐R relationships for the Baiu precipitation using the window probability matching method
Authors: Chen Jingyang , Uyeda Hiroshi , Lee Dong‐In , Kinosita Takeo
Published: October 2005

To obtain representative relationships between rain intensity and radar reflectivity and make an accurate estimation of the rainfall amount in the Baiu season (the most important rainy season in eastern Asia), the precipitation types (convective, stratiform and mixed types) must first be classified. This is because the mechanism and efficiency of precipitation show distinct variations according to rain regimes. An objective classification method, bright band fraction (BBF) that focuses on the vertical structure of radar reflectivity field, was improved and applied to the Baiu precipitation of 1995 in the Kanto Plain, Japan. Samples of convective rainfall were further divided into patterns using an index effective efficiency (Ee) that represents the echo top height. For those types (and patterns) that had been divided, Z‐R relations were established using a statistical method called the window probability matching method (WPMM). The shapes of the Z‐R relations show a natural matching of the probability density function of radar reflectivity with that of rain intensity recorded by rain gauge. The results show that the classification of precipitation types is reasonable, and Z‐R relations corresponding to the precipitation types are representative. Some facts which need special attention in the application of the WPMM are also revealed. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Leaf wetness within a lily canopy
Authors: Jacobs Adrie F. G. , Heusinkveld Bert G. , Klok Elisabeth J.
Published: October 2005

A wetness duration experiment was carried out within a lily field situated adjacent to coastal dunes in the Netherlands. A within‐canopy model was applied to simulate leaf wetness in three layers, with equal leaf area indices, within the canopy. This simulation model is an extension of an existing model. It appeared that in most cases leaf wetness started in the uppermost layer followed by the middle and bottom layer, respectively. The same occurred during the early morning drying process. Just after sunrise the upper layer started to dry, followed by the middle and bottom layer, respectively. The longest leaf wetness duration occurred in the bottom layer. The calculated leaf wetness durations were within 10 minutes of the results obtained using a leaf wetness sensor. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Bias‐corrected short‐range ensemble forecasts of near surface variables
Authors: Stensrud David J. , Yussouf Nusrat
Published: October 2005

A multimodel short‐range ensemble forecasting system created as part of a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration program on improved high temperature forecasting during the summer of 2003 is evaluated. Results from this short‐range ensemble system indicate that using the past complete 12 days of forecasts to bias correct today's forecast yields ensemble mean forecasts of 2‐m temperature, 2‐m dewpoint temperature, and 10‐m wind speed that are competitive with or better than those available from any of the model output statistics presently generated operationally in the United States. However, the bias‐corrected ensemble system provides more than just the ensemble mean forecast. Probabilities produced by this system are skilful and reliable, and have been found to be valuable when evaluated in a cost‐loss model. The ensemble appears to provide better guidance for more unlikely events, such as very warm temperatures, that likely have the greatest economic significance. Industries that are sensitive to the weather, such as power companies, transportation and agriculture, may benefit from the probability information provided. Thus, it is possible to develop post‐processing for short‐range ensemble forecasting systems that is competitive with or better than traditional post‐processing techniques, thereby allowing the rapid production of useful and accurate guidance forecasts of many near surface variables. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
What can we learn from the death of Terri Schiavo?
Authors: BREITBART WILLIAM
Published: October 2005

Terri Schiavo died on March 31, 2005, at the age of 41. Virtually
thousands of others died or lay dying on that day throughout the world,
yet the death of Terri Schiavo gripped not only the attention of the media
throughout the United States and much of the world, but the attention of
the U.S. Congress, the U.S. President, the Vatican, and millions in the
United States and around the world. Why? Well, in the words of U.S.
President George Bush, “The case of Terri Schiavo raises complex
issues…. Those who live at the mercy of others deserve our special
care and concern. It should be our goal as a nation to build a culture of
life, where all Americans are valued, welcomed, and protected—and
that culture of life must extend to individuals with disabilities”
(The New York Times, March 31, 2005). Terri Schiavo, in her persistent
vegetative state of 15 years duration, was being kept alive, in her
Florida hospice bed, with the help of a feeding tube that artificially
delivered fluids and nutrition. The attempts of her husband over the last
7 years, in opposition to the wishes of his wife's parents, to remove
the feeding tube and allow his wife to die have created a firestorm of
controversy and debate in judicial, medical, political, ethical, moral,
and religious arenas. When Terri Schiavo died, some 13 days after the
feeding tube was removed, the noted civil rights activist Reverend Jesse
Jackson said, “She was starved and dehydrated to death!” (The
New York Times, March 31, 2005). A Vatican spokesman said
“Exceptions cannot be allowed to the principle of the sacredness of
life from conception to its natural death” (The New York Times,
March 31, 2005). Clearly, the death of Terri Schiavo rekindled a variety
of debates that were perhaps dormant but unresolved. The political debate
in the United States and the appropriateness of steps taken by the U.S.
President and Congress will likely continue through the next cycle of
elections and the process of selecting and approving judicial nominations.
They will also, undoubtedly, influence several aspects of medical research
and practice including end-of-life care. The religious and moral debates
regarding the sanctity of life will continue and also significantly impact
on medical research and medical practice. For those interested in reading
more about these particular issues I refer you to two excellent pieces in
the April 21, 2005, issue of the New England Journal of Medicine
(i.e., Annas, 2005; Quill,
2005). For clinicians and researchers in palliative care, however,
the death of Terri Schiavo has raised some rather specific clinical and
research issues that must be addressed. These issues pertain primarily to
the experience of suffering in the dying process.
Sleep disturbances in palliative cancer patients attending a pain and symptom control clinic
Authors: SELA RAMI A. , WATANABE SHARON , NEKOLAICHUK CHERYL L.
Published: October 2005

Objective:The nature of sleep disturbances in palliative cancer patients has not been delineated clearly or fully understood due to limited clinical information. The purpose of this study was to describe sleep disturbance patterns, treatments, and communication in an advanced cancer outpatient population attending a pain and symptom control clinic.

Method:One hundred oncology outpatients who came for consultation at a multidisciplinary pain and symptom control clinic were asked and agreed to complete a self-report questionnaire that elicited information about their sleeping habits, sleep concerns, sleep enhancement strategies, and related communication with health care providers.

Results:The majority of participants (72%) reported a wide variety of sleep disturbances, after cancer diagnosis, with the three most frequent elevated symptoms (≥5) being not feeling rested in the morning (72%), difficulty staying asleep (63%), and difficulty falling asleep (40%). Approximately one-fifth of participants (19%) reported having insomnia problems prior to their cancer diagnosis. In a correlational comparison with four other symptoms (i.e., fatigue, pain, anxiety, depression), the three highest correlations were between difficulty falling asleep and fatigue (r= 0.612), early awakening and fatigue (r= 0.596), and difficulty falling asleep and anxiety (r= 0.572). Fifty-three percent of participants reported using a variety of interventions for their sleep problems, the most frequent being sleep medication (37%). Of the 52 participants who reported an elevated level of concern about their sleeping difficulties (≥5), 48 (92%) discussed their concerns with a health care provider. However, of the 20 participants with elevated symptoms (≥5) and low levels of concern (<5), only 7 (35%) communicated their concerns to a health care provider.

Significance of results:The results of this study underline the importance of routine clinical assessments to detect sleep problems and interventions designed specifically to improve the overall sleep quality of cancer patients.
Victims of physical abuse among patients with cancer referred to
psychiatric clinic in a cancer center hospital: A pilot study
Authors: ONISHI HIDEKI , SAIRENJI MOTONORI , YAMASHITA KOSUKE , SHIMIZU SHIRABE , ONOSE MASANARI , MIZUNO YASUHIRO , KAWANISHI CHIAKI
Published: October 2005

Objective: Physical abuse is one of the most important public
health problems, but little is known about physical abuse of cancer
patients. The objects of this study are (1) to identify whether cancer
patients have sustained physical abuse; (2) to explore clinical
characteristics of the abused patients.

Methods: We reviewed 584 cancer patients referred to our
psychiatry clinic by a cancer center hospital and investigated whether
there were victims of physical abuse among these patients. We also
investigated psychiatric characteristics of the abused patients.

Results: Of these 584 patients, three patients were
recognized as victims of physical abuse at the time of referral. The
perpetrator of physical abuse was their husband (domestic violence) in all
three cases. All three patients had sustained physical abuse from their
husbands for years before being diagnosed with cancer. In addition to
physical abuse, all three patients had sustained emotional abuse (e.g.,
threat or intimidation) from their husbands. Psychiatric diagnoses of all
three patients fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD) and the traumatic event was mainly physical abuse by their
husbands.

Significance of results: Oncologists and psychiatrists should
pay greater attention to the psychosocial and environmental problems of
cancer patients and inquire about the presence of physical abuse in
suspected cases. Medical staff should also know that early
multidisciplinary interventions in addition to cancer treatments are
needed for victims of physical abuse among cancer patients and that these
interventions are necessary to improve compliance with treatment and
proper decision making.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in cancer treatment
Authors: KAWANISHI CHIAKI , ONISHI HIDEKI , KATO DAIJI , YAMADA TOMOKI , ONOSE MASANARI , HIRAYASU YOSHIO
Published: October 2005

Objective: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a
life-threatening reaction to neuroleptics. Several prospective studies
have reported NMS occurrence rates ranging from 0.07% to 2.2% of patients
receiving neuroleptics. However, few occurrences of NMS have been reported
in cancer patients despite frequent complications of cancer and its
treatment by mental disorders managed with neuroleptic drugs. Exhaustion,
dehydration, and malnutrition are considered risk factors for NMS, and
cancer patients represent a high risk group for NMS.

Methods: We describe a patient with metastatic chondrosarcoma
who had received frequent neuroleptic injections prior to brain surgery
and developed NMS in the intensive care unit immediately after surgery.
The patient showed delirium, hyperpyrexia, tachycardia, diaphoresis, and
extrapyramidal symptoms. After a diagnosis of NMS was made, supportive
care and careful monitoring were carried out, and the patient recovered
over an interval of 11 days.

Results and significance of the research: Clinical NMS
studies have been conducted mainly in psychiatric units, but NMS can occur
wherever psychotropic drugs are administered. NMS can be difficult to
diagnose due to multiple complicating factors in cancer treatment, but the
diagnosis is highly important given the risk of death. Recognition of
prodromal NMS symptoms can facilitate actions to decrease morbidity and
mortality. It is suggested that special attention to cancer patients
undergoing psychopharmacologic treatment is required in clinical oncologic
practice.
The firmament of consciousness
Authors: WEIN SIMON
Published: October 2005

From time immemorial the stars have been solicited to guide us. For
mariners using an astrolobe to find their way across the oceans. For
philosophers to reflect on the infinite and eternal. For lovers to dream
of the future.
Balancing life and death: Hope and despair
Authors: BREITBART WILLIAM
Published: October 2005

We are born. We live. We die. In between birth and death is a life
that is filled with joy and sadness, laughter and tears, tragedy and
triumph, suffering and healing. This life can be long or short in
duration. The events in our lives can be given meaning or appear to be
absent of meaning. The events in our lives can be given value and judged
as “good” or “bad,” “just” or
“unjust,” or they can be interpreted as random valueless
events. One's perspective on these aspects and events of human
existence are often shaped by our religious beliefs (or lack of them), our
experiences, and our instincts. Ultimately, however, the task of every
human being is to find the means by which one can live a mortal life that
is inevitably characterized by finiteness and the existential truths that
have been described above. Simply put, the challenge of life is to learn
how to balance hope and despair, to learn how to live with the
inevitability of death and suffering.
THE OLD MAN
Authors: Rosseau Paul
Published: October 2005

Poem: The Old Man
Editor's Note
Authors: Hochschild Jennifer L.
Published: October 2005

No clear theme runs through all of the articles in this issue, so I
thought I'd take this opportunity to introduce another theme that
encompasses these articles as well as, we hope, everything published in
Perspectives on Politics. That is the issue of good writing.
Perspectives aims to present articles that are accessible to all
social scientists and political actors, regardless of their training or
background. More ambitiously, Perspectives aspires to stylistic
excellence—all articles should be written clearly, concisely, and
with logical development and elegant, even passionate, phrasing. The
managing editor is a professional editor (not a professional manager), and
the editor and associate editors spend probably more time than we should
in working with each manuscript to ensure that it is not only excellent
substantively, but also well written. Our immodest goal is to set an
example for all other academic journals so that there are no excuses for
dull, turgid, or unclear publications. Good writing is not easy. As Roger
Angell (one of the best current writers) wrote of the efforts of E. B.
White (one of the best writers of the past), “writing almost killed
you, and the hard part was making it look easy” (New
Yorker, February 14 and February 21, 2005).
Counterpoint
Authors: Somit Albert , Black Naomi , Tullock Gordon , Schultz David
Published: October 2005

To be considered for publication in the Counterpoint section
of the journal, letters must be relatively short (fewer than 1,000 words).
Submit letters directly to popsubmissions@rochester.edu. The editors will
choose which letters to publish. All letters may be lightly edited for
style and length.
Rising Inequality and the Politics of Redistribution in Affluent
Countries
Authors: Kenworthy Lane , Pontusson Jonas
Published: October 2005

We use data from the Luxembourg Income Study
to examine household market inequality, redistribution, and the
relationship between market inequality and redistribution in affluent OECD
countries in the 1980s and 1990s. We observe sizeable increases in market
household inequality in most countries. This development appears to have
been driven largely, though not exclusively, by changes in employment: in
countries with better employment performance, low-earning households
benefited relative to high-earning ones; in nations with poor employment
performance, low-earning households fared worse. In contrast to widespread
rhetoric about the decline of the welfare state, redistribution increased
in most countries during this period, as existing social-welfare programs
compensated for the rise in market inequality. They did so in proportion
to the degree of increase in inequality, producing a very strong positive
association between changes in market inequality and changes in
redistribution. We discuss the relevance of median-voter theory and power
resources theory for understanding differences across countries and
changes over time in the extent of compensatory redistribution.
Social Capital and Corruption: Vote Buying and the Politics of Reform in Thailand
Authors: Callahan William A.
Published: October 2005

I offer a critical view of the social capital thesis, which frequently argues that more is better (and less is worse), by examining the ethics of social capital, using Pierre Bourdieu's understanding of networks as defined by their limits. I argue that social capital only assumes conceptual coherence when distinguished from its complementary opposite. I illustrate these theoretical points with a discussion of political reform in Thailand and the 2001 general election. The election exemplifies the benefits of the circulation of social capital: voter turnout and party membership were up, and civil society was active. Yet democratic achievements in Thailand were intimately tied to political corruption. In Thailand, democracy and vote buying are intimately related as examples of the productive dynamic of social capital and corruption; the civil and the uncivil often produce each other. This essay thus expands social capital theory's focus on the relations of people by examining the relationality of concepts. One has to examine the quality of social capital and the ethics of each network's inside/outside distinction. Thus rather than being a political solution, social capital is a theoretical problem, warranting further comparative research that examines how civil social capital interacts with the uncivil social capital of corruption, ethnocentrism, and sectarianism.
International Relations Theory and the Case against
Unilateralism
Authors: Brooks Stephen G. , Wohlforth William C.
Published: October 2005

What are the general costs associated with a U.S. shift toward
unilateralism? According to the overwhelming majority of international
relations (IR) scholars, the costs are very high. We evaluate the key
arguments that underlie this assessment, namely that increased U.S.
unilateralism will: (1) spur the formation of a coalition to check U.S.
power; (2) reduce efficiency gains through lost opportunities for
institutionalized cooperation; and (3) undermine the legitimacy of the
American-led international order. We conclude that the theoretical
arguments that IR scholars advance do not show that a shift toward
unilateralism necessarily has high costs. Our analysis reveals the need
to, first, distinguish clearly between criticisms of unilateral policies
based on procedure and those based on substance and, second, to recognize
the weakness of current procedural arguments.
Shaping Public Opinion: The 9/11-Iraq Connection in the Bush
Administration's Rhetoric
Authors: Gershkoff Amy , Kushner Shana
Published: October 2005

We suggest that the 2003 war in Iraq received high levels of public
support because the Bush administration successfully framed the conflict
as an extension of the war on terror, which was a response to the
September 11, 2001, attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. Our
analysis of Bush's speeches reveals that the administration
consistently connected Iraq with 9/11. New York Times
coverage of the president's speeches featured almost no debate over
the framing of the Iraq conflict as part of the war on terror. This
assertion had tremendous influence on public attitudes, as indicated by
polling data from several sources.
Constructivism and the Problem of Explanation: A Review
Article
Authors: Dessler David , Owen John
Published: October 2005

Mlada Bukovansky, Legitimacy and Power Politics: The
American and French Revolutions in International Political Culture
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002).

Neta Crawford, Argument and Change in World Politics:
Ethics, Decolonization, and Humanitarian Intervention (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2002).

Martha Finnemore, The Purpose of Intervention: Changing
Beliefs about the Use of Force (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press,
2003).

Ted Hopf, Social Construction of International Politics:
Identities and Foreign Policies; Moscow, 1955 and 1999 (Ithaca, NY:
Cornell University Press, 2002).

The four books under review here offer insightful and penetrating
analyses of the role of such factors as legitimacy, ideas, norms, culture,
and identities in world politics. Martha Finnemore's The Purpose
of Intervention demonstrates that great powers intervene in small
states for reasons significantly different from those in the past. Neta
Crawford's Argument and Change in World Politics chronicles
arguments for and against Western imperialism over the past five centuries
and contends that those arguments helped bring about the birth, long life,
and death of Western formal empires. Mlada Bukovansky's
Legitimacy and Power Politics examines the social, economic, and
political forces at work in the American and French revolutions; she
asserts that those events wrought changes in prevailing notions of what
makes a state legitimate. Ted Hopf's Social Construction of
International Politics analyzes discourses in Moscow in 1955 and 1999
and maintains that these discourses are an important cause of Soviet or
Russian foreign policy attitudes in the two periods.
Uncivil Society: The Perils of Pluralism and the Making of Modern
Liberalism
Authors: Hunt Louis
Published: October 2005

Uncivil Society: The Perils of Pluralism and the Making of Modern
Liberalism. By Richard Boyd. Lanham, MA: Rowman and Littlefield,
2004. 351p. $75.00 cloth, $25.00 paper.

In his book, Richard Boyd offers a thoughtful reappraisal of the
relation between the idea of civil society and the tradition of liberal
political thought. He questions the view held by many contemporary
political theorists that the development of civil society, understood as
the realm of what Tocqueville called “voluntary associations”
mediating between the individual and the state, is a necessary condition
for the maintenance of liberal democracy. Against this position, Boyd
argues that an earlier tradition of liberal thought was justifiably
suspicious of the potential for subpolitical social
groups—especially, but not limited to, intolerant religious
sects—to undermine rather than support liberal institutions. In a
series of well-argued chapters, he traces the trajectory of the connected
ideas of civil society and social pluralism from initial suspicion to
perhaps uncritical acceptance.
Introduction to Symposium
Authors: Hochschild Jennifer L.
Published: October 2005

In the winter of 2005 I invited an array of scholars to respond to a
variant of the same question: What do you predict about some important
political phenomenon or process over the next decade, and why? What
leverage do political scientists' theories, evidence, or concepts
give us in understanding a given situation, such that you have grounds for
prediction beyond those of an informed journalist or political actor? I
urged authors to “really go out on a limb and make a clear
prediction that can be analyzed, argued with, and supported (or
falsified!) after a decade.” I then wrote a specific query to each
of the people invited, beginning “Ten years from now
…”
The Lower Frequencies: On Hearing the Stirrings of Transnational
Partisanship
Authors: Allen Danielle
Published: October 2005

Ten years from now, what will be the dominant terms of public
discourse in politics? At a dinner party in March (2005), I offered a
spur-of-the-moment prediction: that the U.S. would have troops in Iraq,
all told, for twenty years, by which point we (I spoke as a citizen) would
have forgotten why we were there in the first place. Until then, we would
stay in Iraq, I continued, in order to keep a Shiite Iraq from growing too
close to a Shiite Iran. Another guest countered that the language and
cultural barriers between Iraq and Iran would trump shared religious
doctrine and practice. On one level, my comment was a watered-down
Platonicism—an eyebrow raised at democratic fickleness: democrats,
to paraphrase Plato, are people who don't stay the course. On another
level, however, our exchange made note of the fact that much of world
politics these days is about the interaction not between states but
between ethnoi and states.
Challenging Diversity: Rethinking Equality and the Value of
Difference
Authors: Lakoff Sanford
Published: October 2005

Challenging Diversity: Rethinking Equality and the Value of
Difference. By Davina Cooper. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2004. 246p. $75.00 cloth, $29.99 paper.

In the Encyclopedia (1751–65), the Chevalier de
Jaucourt observed that while “natural equality” is the moral
foundation of liberty, “absolute equality” in society is a
“chimera” of fanatic minds. In the social state, he explained,
distinctions and subordinations are necessary, including those attached to
“differences of condition.” Later, as the old order yielded to
democracy, Tocqueville discerned an inexorable tendency toward the
leveling of those very differences. Would it end, he wondered, in a new
Caesaristic despotism in which an atomized populace, deprived of the
protection of intermediate powers, is enslaved by an all-powerful ruler?
In modern societies considered free, the march toward equality of
conditions has stopped well short of this dead end. But how does the
modern conception of equality square with ways of living that challenge
prevailing social norms? That is the subject of this inquiry, which,
somewhat ironically, aims to restate from a leftist perspective the case
put by the Chevalier de Jaucourt for accepting some such differences.
Ten More Years of Republican Rule?
Authors: Binder Sarah A.
Published: October 2005

If history is any judge, Republicans should lose control of Congress
or the White House during one of the five elections to come between now
and 2015. Since Democrats and Republicans became national competitors in
1855, unified party control has lasted on average just 5.9 years. Unified
Republican control has endured a bit longer, averaging 6.3 years.
Even at its longest (with the onset of the 1896 realignment), Republican
control of government has lasted just fourteen years. With the current
Republican regime emerging from the elections of 2000, Republican control
of Congress and the White House should have run its course by the
elections of 2014.
Another Tocqueville
Authors: Herzog Don
Published: October 2005

Time for a true confession: I'm skeptical of predictions in
social and political life. Talk of causal generalizations and
Hempel's covering laws strikes me as science fiction and fantasy in
drag; talk of the unfolding of the immanent logic of modernity makes me
dyspeptic. I usually think that structural considerations are context, not
cause, and that weird combinations of stray contingencies explain what
happens. Worse, now I'm called on to predict how political theorists
will be discussing democracy ten years hence. Images of herding cats and
Brownian motion come to mind. Nonetheless, duty calls. I dust off my
crystal ball and discover it has three channels.
Talking Democracy: Historical Perspectives on Rhetoric and
Democracy
Authors: Stauffer Devin
Published: October 2005

Talking Democracy: Historical Perspectives on Rhetoric and
Democracy. Edited by Benedetto Fontana, Cary J. Nederman, and Gary
Remer. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004.
337p. $55.00.

This edited volume of eleven chapters draws from sources as diverse as
Thucydides, Plato, Cicero, St. Augustine, John of Salisbury, Christine de
Pizan, and John Stuart Mill. On the one hand, the volume is intended as a
selective but wide-ranging study of the history of the theory and practice
of rhetoric. As the editors Benedetto Fontana, Cary J. Nederman, and Gary
Remer stress in the Introduction, the essays are “committed to a
historical analysis of their subject matter” (p. 20). But the volume
is much more than an exercise in historical analysis or an intellectual
history of theoretical reflections on rhetoric. The essays are drawn
together into a genuine whole by an argument that runs throughout the
book.
The Multinational Corporation Empowers the Nation-State
Authors: Jensen Nathan
Published: October 2005

In the next ten years, who will win and who will lose from
globalization? In thinking about this question, I avoid speculating on the
broad impact of globalization on economic outcomes. Instead, I limit my
treatment to the impact of multinational corporations (MNCs) on developed
and developing countries, especially how competition to attract firms
affects domestic politics and national economies.
Identity in Democracy
Authors: Kruks Sonia
Published: October 2005

Identity in Democracy. By Amy Gutmann. Princeton: Princeton
University Press, 2003. 264p. $35.00 cloth, $ 17.95 paper.

What ought to be the role of identity groups in the politics of a just
democratic society? In her book, Amy Gutmann sets out to explore this
question. She does not offer a definitive answer to it; however, she does
offer evaluative criteria by which we may decide, on a case-by-case basis,
whether or not the political interventions of organized identity groups
are beneficial to a democratic society such as she presumes the United
States to be. When, Gutmann asks (p. 5), may the politics of organized
identity groups contribute to a society structured on what she identifies
as the three basic principles of democratic justice: civic equality (equal
standing as a citizen), liberty, and opportunity? Conversely, when are
they inimical to such principles?
Private Selves, Public Identities: Reconsidering Identity Politics
and The Politics of Identity: Liberal Political Theory and the
Dilemmas of Difference
Authors: Jamieson Beth Kiyoko
Published: October 2005

Private Selves, Public Identities: Reconsidering Identity
Politics. By Susan J. Hekman. University Park: The Pennsylvania State
University Press, 2004. 159p. $35.00 cloth, $24.00 paper.

The Politics of Identity: Liberal Political Theory and the
Dilemmas of Difference. By Michael Kenny. Cambridge: Polity Press,
2004. 212p. $59.95 cloth, $27.95 paper.

The debate about multiculturalism takes many forms, and can focus on
cultural domination, legal recognition of difference, and particular
policy construction. But in these two volumes it pertains to liberal
political theory and identity politics. Both are concerned with the
challenges evident in the inability of some conceptions of liberalism to
respond to the claims of the political relevance of categories of
identity. Both are well grounded in current literature exploring the
limitations and possibilities of liberalism. Both focus more on the
political theory than on the political reality. But in the end, they
champion different sides—Susan J. Hekman reconceptualizes and
rehabilitates identity politics, and Michael Kenny reframes and
reinvigorates liberalism. Although their conclusions are not incompatible,
they are aimed at different audiences. Were the authors sharing a stage,
they might largely talk past each other.
The Liberty of Strangers: Making the American Nation
Authors: Burke John Francis
Published: October 2005

The Liberty of Strangers: Making the American Nation. By
Desmond King. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. 229p. $29.95.

A half century ago, Louis Hartz articulated how extensively U.S.
political culture was steeped in Lockian individualism, a contention
subsequently echoed, in a more critical vein, by the seminal studies of
Robert Bellah and Robert Putnam. However, in terms of nation building,
Desmond King challenges the conventional wisdom that discrimination
against individuals due to some group identity has been overcome so as to
realize a nation that first and foremost celebrates “a formal
equality of individual rights” (pp. 6–7). Instead, he contends
that “group-based distinctions” (p. 7) have always
characterized U.S. nationalism and will continue to do so despite
political and theoretical rhetoric to the contrary.
Bringing Class, Ethnicity, and Nation Back to Race: The Color Lines
in 2015
Authors: Lee Taeku
Published: October 2005

Much has been made of the dramatic influx of immigrants to the United
States since the mid-1960s. This “Fourth Wave” of migration is
remarkable not just for its sheer numbers, but also for its ethnic
diversity, with newcomers disproportionately arriving from Asia and Latin
America. Much too has been made of the changes in how the state classifies
and counts by race and ethnicity. Most recently, the Office of Management
and Budget (OMB) issued Directive No. 15 in 1977, requiring all federal
agencies to collect data for at least five groups—American Indians
and Alaska Natives, Asians and Pacific Islanders, non-Hispanic blacks,
non-Hispanic whites, and Hispanics—then revised this directive in
1997 to include “mark one or more” responses that would allow
for self-identification with multiple races/ethnicities. The face of
America is changing before us.
The People Themselves: Popular Constitutionalism and Judicial
Review
Authors: Thomas George
Published: October 2005

The People Themselves: Popular Constitutionalism and Judicial
Review. By Larry D. Kramer. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
363p. $29.95.

The provocative premise of this book is that “the people
themselves,” in James Madison's phrase, are the enforcers of
constitutional boundaries and limits. In Larry Kramer's able hands,
popular sovereignty is not an abstraction, where the people quickly fade
from view and the Constitution they ratified is given life by courts and
lawyers. On the contrary, Kramer seeks to document how the people
themselves are not just active participants in the constitutional
enterprise but the fundamental bearers of constitutionalism.
“Race” to the Future: Racial Politics in Latin America
2015
Authors: Sawyer Mark Q.
Published: October 2005

The year is 2015, and across Latin America and the Spanish Caribbean
there are social movements demanding racial justice as political parties
jockey to incorporate candidates of African and indigenous descent.
Textbooks are being rewritten to highlight the contributions and unique
experiences of indigenous and black Latin Americans and affirmative action
programs are being debated and implemented. W. E. B. DuBois's famous
line, “The problem of the twentieth century will be the problem of
the color line,” applies to Latin America in the twenty-first
century. What led us to this moment? And what tools does political science
have to explain it?
Why International Organizations Will Continue to Fail Their
Development Goals
Authors: Smith Alastair
Published: October 2005

Although International Organizations (IOs) have the ability to promote
economic and political development throughout the world, political
imperatives ensure that they will fail to meet their potential. This essay
is a response to the editor's kind request to speculate as to the
role of IOs over the next decade. Although my arguments apply broadly,
here I consider development, and so I focus on organizations such as the
World Bank and IMF. Over the coming decades these organizations will fail
in their attempts to alleviate poverty. On a more positive note, political
science is rapidly advancing our understanding of the pathologies of IOs.
Unfortunately, the failure of IOs to alleviate poverty is, I believe, a
politically stable circumstance: intellectual advances will not translate
into better-performing IOs. I focus on a specific set of theoretical
arguments as to why IOs fail to promote development, concluding that we
should anticipate more of the same rather than the radical reforms that
are necessary if IOs are to achieve their stated goals.
Just Marriage
Authors: Gordon Linda
Published: October 2005

Just Marriage. By Mary Lyndon Shanley, with Commentators. New
York: Oxford University Press, 2004. 116p. $45.00 cloth, $12.95 paper.

Should marriage as we know it be abolished? This is one proposed
solution to the injustices of marriage today: unjust to those excluded
from access to it, to those who might like it but cannot find a partner,
and to those who choose other forms of relationships or even consider
marriage oppressive. Or does marriage remain an institution so bound up
with social needs, such as child raising and care for dependents, that the
state cannot abdicate regulatory authority over it? Mary Lyndon Shanley
argues the latter position.
Politics and Passion: Toward a More Egalitarian Liberalism
Authors: Brubaker Stanley C.
Published: October 2005

Politics and Passion: Toward a More Egalitarian Liberalism.
By Michael Walzer. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004. 208p.
$25.00.

With characteristic elegance, clarity, and nuance, Michael Walzer here
refines and extends the thesis he first ventured 15 years ago that the
fragmentary effects of liberalism require periodic communitarian
correction. Nearly all of the chapters are revised from previous articles
or book chapters composed in the years intervening, and so their relation
is more thematic than structural. But their collective force is
considerable.
Human Development in Africa in 2015
Authors: Widner Jennifer
Published: October 2005

The Perspectives editors handed me the following assignment:
“Ten years from now, what will be the status of human development in
sub-Saharan Africa? What will be the trajectory of the AIDS crisis; what
actors—if any—can we expect to address problems of health,
education, and poverty? What political changes can we anticipate, and how
will these affect standards of living (and vice versa)?” The choice
of language is significant. Most studies of development in Africa have
focused on growth. However, here the interest is in the degree to which
growth and other things, most especially the quality of government,
translate into standards of living and aspects of “human
development” or “capability,” typically measured by
school completion rates, child malnutrition, under age-five mortality, and
related indicators.
Governing NOW: Grassroots Activism in the National Organization for
Women
Authors: Casamayou Maureen Hogan
Published: October 2005

Governing NOW: Grassroots Activism in the National Organization
for Women. By Maryann Barakso. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press,
2004. 192p. $49.95 cloth, $18.95 paper.

This is a case study of the National Organization for Women that
explains how NOW's governance structure shaped the
organization's strategy from 1966 to 2003. “Strategy” is
defined as NOW's “goals and tactics it uses to pursue
them” (p. 2). The author contends that current conceptual approaches
to explaining organizational behavior, such as the availability of
resources, or political opportunities, or “collective belief
systems,” can fall short in their predictive powers. There are
times, for example, when organizations appear to be irrational and
self-destructive as they ignore “obvious political
opportunities” or invest “resources inefficiently” (p.
6). Analyzing organizational behavior from the perspective of its
“governance structure” or “political system,”
however, “resolves many of these apparent inconsistencies” (p.
6). Governance structure is “simply a political system described by
a group's guiding principles (its goals and values) on the one hand
and its formal decision-making process on the other” (p. 1).
Common Waters, Diverging Streams: Linking Institutions and Water
Management in Arizona, California, and Colorado
Authors: Ashley Jeffrey S.
Published: October 2005

Common Waters, Diverging Streams: Linking Institutions and Water
Management in Arizona, California, and Colorado. By William
Blomquist, Edella Schlager, and Tanya Heikkila. Washington, D.C.:
Resources for the Future, 2004. 210p. $70.00 cloth, $30.95 paper.

Water supply and allocation is a problem that has plagued the West for
most of its history. Water marketing, a greater emphasis on conservation,
and surface water augmentation projects are all methods that have been
used to address the problem. Another approach that has been around for
quite some time but has been pushed to the forefront in recent years is
the idea of conjunctive use management. In its broadest sense, conjunctive
use management is simply linking surface and groundwater together and
managing them as a common water supply pool. Rather than having one set of
groundwater users and one set of surface water users, all are bound
together by the need for more water. By doing so, excess surface water can
be stored beneath the ground during wet times, and these same users can
draw on the underground supply during times of drought. Similarly, the
storage will increase the amount of water available underground so that
overdraft conditions are diminished. In theory, this means that there will
be an overall gain in the amount of water available for all users and that
supplies can be managed on a more sustainable basis. In practice, Wiliam
Blomquist, Edella Schlager, and Tanya Heikkila point out, existing
institutions play a major role in determining the push for conjunctive use
management and the form that it takes.