bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La escritura de la humilitas : o el falso problema de lo nacional y lo europeo en la configuración del mester de clerecía
Authors: García Única Juan
Published: February 2016

Entre los tratadistas del siglo XIX surgió la idea de que el llamado mester de clerecía no era sino la plasmación en lengua castellana de un movimiento de amplitud europea que, irradiado desde Francia y con un fuerte apego a la cultura latina eclesiástica, habría de desarrollarse en contraste con una supuesta tradición poética autóctona llamada mester de juglaría1. Así, en el quehacer de la Historia literaria decimonónica, prácticamente toda la poesía castellana del siglo XIII acabó por reducirse a la confrontación de una escuela clerical en lengua romance, de raíces a un tiempo francesas y latinas, con otra popular netamente castellana. Fue a partir de este esquematismo desde donde se asentaron las bases para que la historiografía literaria española terminase por establecer una insólita distinción entre dos mesteres que, siéndonos muy familiar en España por la insistencia con la que ha sido elaborada en la literatura de los manuales, ha suscitado en cambio una comprensible extrañeza a los medievalistas de vocación panrománica, quienes nunca han encontrado motivos serios para instaurar una partición tan tajante en sus respectivas tradiciones críticas (Zumthor, 1989: 84). Eso no obsta, insistimos, para que dentro del hispanomedievalis- mo el mencionado esquema haya jugado –y siga jugando– persistentemente la baza de que tal escisión se habría de entender como plasmación concreta en las letras medievales de Castilla de una suerte de división natural, más amplia, no ya sólo entre lo culto clerical y lo popular juglaresco, sino incluso entre lo nacional juglaresco y lo europeo clerical.
Inés Palou: dos novelas y un suicidio
Authors: Sánchez Alberto
Published: February 2016

No sabemos muy bien si su experiencia carcelaria cambió para mal la forma de ser de Inés Palou (Agramunt, Lérida, 1923 – Gelida, Barcelona, 1975) o si, por el contrario, eligió el delito como forma de vida con anterioridad. En cualquier caso, su primera nove- la, Carne apaleada, es, o pretende ser, una autobiografía exculpatoria. Sobre su biografía real algo nos dicen los textos que acompañan a la edición de sus obras: Nació en una familia de clase media que pudo pagarle estudios de Comercio y Peritaje Mer- cantil. Su educación familiar fue la misma que solían recibir hace cuarenta o cincuenta años las hijas de buena familia. Desempeñó diversos oficios relacionados con sus estudios hasta que siendo responsable en parte de la marcha financiera de una empresa se vio envuelta en problemas fiscales. Para salir del paso recurrió a métodos que la justicia consideró delictivos, por lo que pasó una larga temporada en la cárcel de mujeres de Barcelona. Allí comenzó a escribir. Y allí comenzaría también el terrible túnel de humillaciones y rebeldía del que sólo salió con el suicidio en 1975.
Pepita Jiménez : el arte de Valera en su obra maestra
Authors: Pilar Sanchís Cerdán María
Published: February 2016

Elegante hombre de mundo, Juan Valera fue el escritor del XIX que más desborda los límites impuestos por su tiempo histórico.Su vida atravesaba en la época difíciles circunstancias: las complejas relaciones familiares y problemas económicos, así como el desvío de la política activa lo llevaron a retirarse temporalmente a Cabra y a Doña Mencía. Precisamente esa separación de la política activa se resolvería en una magnífica etapa creativa, y el escritor escribiría su obra maestra en medio de un conflictivo panorama español. El mismo Valera confiesa en 18861: «Yo la escribí cuando todo en España estaba movido y fuera de su asiento por una revolución radical […] cuando más brava ardía la lucha entre los antiguos y los nuevos ideales» (281). Efectivamente, son las novelas amables que escribe las que le ayudarán a evadirse de ese mundo problemático.
Políticas lingüísticas sensibles al género y la deconstrucción de estereotipos de género en los manuales de ELE
Authors: Kuzmanović Jovanović Ana , Đuričić Milica
Published: February 2016

Políticas lingüísticas sensibles al género y la deconstrucción de estereotipos de género en los manuales de ELE
Bibliografía del prof. Mitja Skubic
Authors: Prelesnik Drozg Marjeta
Published: February 2016

Bibliografía del prof. Mitja Skubic
Vencer a Medusa: El modelo de mujer angelical en la primera novela rosa de Carmen de Icaza. Feminidad y tradicionalismo
Authors: Soler Gallo Miguel
Published: February 2016

Vencer a Medusa: El modelo de mujer angelical en la primera novela rosa de Carmen de Icaza. Feminidad y tradicionalismo
Palabras escritas al margen de la sociedad
Authors: Stanič Katja
Published: February 2016

Palabras escritas al margen de la sociedad
Nemrava, Daniel (2013): Entre el laberinto y el exilio. Nuevas propuestas sobre la narrativa argentina. Madrid: Editorial Verbum; 166 pp.
Authors: Šabec Maja
Published: February 2016

Nemrava, Daniel (2013): Entre el laberinto y el exilio. Nuevas propuestas sobre la narrativa argentina. Madrid: Editorial Verbum; 166 pp.
Zieliński, Andrzej (2014): Las perífrasis de los verbos de movimiento en español medieval y clásico. Krakow: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego. pp. 261.
Authors: Markič Jasmina
Published: February 2016

Zieliński, Andrzej (2014): Las perífrasis de los verbos de movimiento en español medieval y clásico. Krakow: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellonskiego. pp. 261.
Lili Novy
Authors: Novy Lili , Rozman Mateja , Meira Américo , Brito de Casimiro
Published: February 2016

Lili Novy
Efeito clientela: uma análise da relação entre book-tax differences e dividendos extraordinários das empresas com ações listadas na Bovespa
Authors: Gomes Novaes Paulo Victor , Neto Alfredo Sarlo , De Almeida André Abreu , Louzada Luiz Cláudio
Published: February 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8069.2015v12n26p3

Este estudo objetivou verificar em que nível a existência de diferenças entre o lucro contábil e
o lucro fiscal (Book-Tax Differences - BTDs) impacta significativamente a probabilidade de
uma empresa propor o pagamento de dividendos adicionais. Embasado na metodologia
empírico-analítica, com abordagem quantitativa, este estudo utilizou dados do Economatica®
e a amostra consistiu em um conjunto de dados correspondentes ao período de 2010 a 2013,
composto de empresas de capital aberto. Os resultados das regressões logísticas não
permitiram confirmar a hipótese de que grandes diferenças causariam redução na chance de
distribuição, o que revelou a preferência por distribuir dividendos, mesmo quando o lucro
fiscal sobrepuja o lucro contábil (efeito clientela). Nos casos em que houve diferenças
temporárias, a probabilidade de distribuição não é afetada, evidenciando que os gestores
reconhecem que tais diferenças serão revertidas em um tempo próximo, por isso, não seria
viável distribuir um lucro que carrega essas BTDs.
Validation of the Evidence-Based Practice Confidence (EPIC) Scale With Occupational Therapists
Authors: Clyde Julie Helene , Brooks Dina , Cameron Jill I. , Salbach Nancy M.
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE. This study evaluated the reliability, minimal detectable change (MDC), and construct validity of the Evidence-Based Practice Confidence (EPIC) scale among occupational therapists.

METHOD. In a cross-sectional mail survey, 126 occupational therapists completed the EPIC scale and a questionnaire to provide data for validity testing. Seventy-nine occupational therapists (63%) completed a second EPIC scale a median of 24 days later.

RESULTS. Test–retest reliability was .92 (95% confidence interval [.88, .95]). The MDC values at the 90% and 95% confidence levels were 3.9 percentage points and 4.6 percentage points, respectively. The total EPIC score was significantly associated with holding a master’s or doctoral degree; education in evidence-based practice (EBP); higher EBP knowledge and skill; and frequently searching, reading, and using research findings in clinical decision making (p < .05).

CONCLUSION. The EPIC scale has excellent reliability and acceptable construct validity for use in evaluating EBP self-efficacy among occupational therapists.
In vitro assessment of the potential for abuse via the intravenous route of oxycodone DETERx® microspheres
Authors: Fleming, PhD Alison B. , Scungio, BA Todd A. , Grima, BS Michael P. , Mayock, BS Stephen P.
Published: February 2016

Objective: Abuse of prescription analgesics is a well-recognized problem, withnearly 2 million people aged 12 years or older initiating nonmedical use of painrelievers in 2012. The prevalence of opioid abuse via intravenous (IV) injectionhas led to the development of dosage forms designed to deter abuse using differentinactive ingredients and formulation strategies. This study evaluated the IV abusepotential for a novel, microsphere-encapsulated abuse-deterrent formulation ofoxycodone, Xtampza™ ER (referred to as “oxycodone DETERx”).Methods: The extraction of oxycodone DETERx and two comparators, extendedreleaseoxycodone (oxycodone ER) and immediate-release oxycodone (oxycodoneIR), was evaluated in small volumes (5 and 10 mL) of water after manipulation ofthe dosage forms. The syringeability and injectability of these products were evaluatedto determine the feasibility of using these products via IV injection.Results: The extraction of oxycodone from oxycodone DETERx was nominal,with <12 percent extracted under any test condition. Oxycodone ER and oxycodoneIR had as much as 83 and 98 percent oxycodone extracted, respectively.Injectability and syringeability analyses showed that injection of oxycodoneDETERx microspheres in suspension is not feasible. In contrast, oxycodone ERand oxycodone IR suspensions were more easily drawn into and expelled from asyringe. Furthermore, injection of molten oxycodone DETERx microspheres wasalso shown to be ineffective.Conclusion: The chemical and physical properties of oxycodone DETERx providebarriers to manipulating the microspheres for the purpose of IV injection.
The effect of ewe body condition at lambing on growth of lambs and colostral specific gravity
Authors: Karakuş Ferda , Atmaca Metin
Published: February 2016

Abstract. This study was carried out on 60 Norduz ewes to determine the effect of ewe body condition at lambing on growth of lambs and colostral specific gravity. Body condition score (BCS), ranging from 2.5 to 3.5, had no effect on lamb live weight at birth, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days of age (P  >  0.05). The average colostral specific gravity determined as 1.049 was not affected by body condition of ewes. A moderate positive correlation (r  =  0.436) was observed between condition score and live weight of ewes (P  <  0.001). The results of this study suggest that BCS is not a reliable estimator of live weight for Norduz ewes.
Atmospheric OH reactivity in central London: observations, model predictions and estimates of in situ ozone production
Authors: Whalley Lisa K. , Stone Daniel , Bandy Brian , Dunmore Rachel , Hamilton Jacqueline F. , Hopkins James , Lee James D. , Lewis Alastair C. , Heard Dwayne E.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Near-continuous measurements of hydroxyl radical (OH) reactivity in the urban background atmosphere of central London during the summer of 2012 are presented. OH reactivity behaviour is seen to be broadly dependent on air mass origin, with the highest reactivity and the most pronounced diurnal profile observed when air had passed over central London to the east, prior to measurement. Averaged over the entire observation period of 26 days, OH reactivity peaked at  ∼  27 s−1 in the morning, with a minimum of  ∼  15 s−1 during the afternoon. A maximum OH reactivity of 116 s−1 was recorded on one day during morning rush hour. A detailed box model using the Master Chemical Mechanism was used to calculate OH reactivity, and was constrained with an extended measurement data set of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) derived from a gas chromatography flame ionisation detector (GC-FID) and a two-dimensional GC instrument which included heavier molecular weight (up to C12) aliphatic VOCs, oxygenated VOCs and the biogenic VOCs α-pinene and limonene. Comparison was made between observed OH reactivity and modelled OH reactivity using (i) a standard suite of VOC measurements (C2–C8 hydrocarbons and a small selection of oxygenated VOCs) and (ii) a more comprehensive inventory including species up to C12. Modelled reactivities were lower than those measured (by 33 %) when only the reactivity of the standard VOC suite was considered. The difference between measured and modelled reactivity was improved, to within 15 %, if the reactivity of the higher VOCs (⩾ C9) was also considered, with the reactivity of the biogenic compounds of α-pinene and limonene and their oxidation products almost entirely responsible for this improvement. Further improvements in the model's ability to reproduce OH reactivity (to within 6 %) could be achieved if the reactivity and degradation mechanism of unassigned two-dimensional GC peaks were estimated. Neglecting the contribution of the higher VOCs (⩾ C9) (particularly α-pinene and limonene) and model-generated intermediates increases the modelled OH concentrations by 41 %, and the magnitude of in situ ozone production calculated from the production of RO2 was significantly lower (60 %). This work highlights that any future ozone abatement strategies should consider the role that biogenic emissions play alongside anthropogenic emissions in influencing London's air quality.
Secondary formation of nitrated phenols: insights from observations during the Uintah Basin Winter Ozone Study (UBWOS) 2014
Authors: Yuan Bin , Liggio John , Wentzell Jeremy , Li Shao-Meng , Stark Harald , Roberts James M. , Gilman Jessica , Lerner Brian , Warneke Carsten , Li Rui , Leithead Amy , Osthoff Hans D. , Wild Robert , Brown Steven S. , de Gouw Joost A.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. We describe the results from online measurements of nitrated phenols using a time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (ToF-CIMS) with acetate as reagent ion in an oil and gas production region in January and February of 2014. Strong diurnal profiles were observed for nitrated phenols, with concentration maxima at night. Based on known markers (CH4, NOx, CO2), primary emissions of nitrated phenols were not important in this study. A box model was used to simulate secondary formation of phenol, nitrophenol (NP), and dinitrophenols (DNP). The box model results indicate that oxidation of aromatics in the gas phase can explain the observed concentrations of NP and DNP in this study. Photolysis was the most efficient loss pathway for NP in the gas phase. We show that aqueous-phase reactions and heterogeneous reactions were minor sources of nitrated phenols in our study. This study demonstrates that the emergence of new ToF-CIMS (including PTR-TOF) techniques allows for the measurement of intermediate oxygenates at low levels and these measurements improve our understanding on the evolution of primary VOCs in the atmosphere.
Review of variations in Mw < 7 earthquake motions on position and TEC (Mw = 6.5 Aegean Sea earthquake sample)
Authors: Yildirim Omer , Inyurt Samed , Mekik Cetin
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Turkey is a country located in the middle latitude zone, where tectonic activity is intensive. Recently, an earthquake of magnitude 6.5  Mw occurred offshore in the Aegean Sea on 24 May 2014 at 09:25 UTC, which lasted about 40 s. The earthquake was also felt in Greece, Romania, and Bulgaria in addition to Turkey. In recent years, ionospheric anomaly detection studies have been carried out because of seismicity with total electron content (TEC) computed from the global navigation satellite system's (GNSS) signal delays and several interesting findings have been published. In this study, both TEC and positional variations have been examined separately following a moderate size earthquake in the Aegean Sea. The correlation of the aforementioned ionospheric variation with the positional variation has also been investigated. For this purpose, a total of 15 stations was used, including four continuously operating reference stations in Turkey (CORS-TR) and stations in the seismic zone (AYVL, CANA, IPSA, and YENC), as well as international GNSS service (IGS) and European reference frame permanent network (EPN) stations. The ionospheric and positional variations of the AYVL, CANA, IPSA, and YENC stations were examined using Bernese v5.0 software. When the precise point positioning TEC (PPP-TEC) values were examined, it was observed that the TEC values were approximately 4 TECU (total electron content unit) above the upper-limit TEC value at four stations located in Turkey, 3 days before the earthquake at 08:00 and 10:00 UTC. At the same stations, on the day before the earthquake at 06:00, 08:00, and 10:00 UTC, the TEC values were approximately 5 TECU below the lower-limit TEC value. The global ionosphere model TEC (GIM-TEC) values published by the Centre for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) were also examined. Three days before the earthquake, at all stations, it was observed that the TEC values in the time period between 08:00 and 10:00 UTC were approximately 2 TECU above the upper-limit TEC value; 1 day before the earthquake at 06:00, 08:00, and 10:00 UTC, the TEC values were approximately 4 TECU below the lower-limit TEC value. Again, by using the same 15 stations, positional variation investigation for before and after the earthquake was undertaken for the AYVL, CANA, IPSA, and YENC stations. As a result of the conducted analysis, positional displacements were seen before and after the earthquake at the CANA station, which is the nearest station to the earthquake centre. Before and after the earthquake, positional displacements were observed as 10 and 3 cm respectively.
Barcelona, Chicago, Toronto: Pre-Service Students Collaborate Using ICT to Learn about Teaching, Culture, and Themselves as Risk Takers
Authors: Alvarez Isabel , Kilbourn Brent , Olson George
Published: February 2016

This project used an ICT workspace to enable pre-service teachers in Barcelona, Spain, to communicate with in-service teachers in Chicago, USA, about issues of teaching and culture. This qualitative paper reports on the nature of the experience from the views of the participants and professors. Surmounting language differences, participants learned about another culture, learned about alternative ways of teaching, and learned about themselves as risk takers. The collaborative learning environment helped them transcend their immediate context.
The Effects of Concept Mapping and Academic Self-Efficacy on Mastery Goals and Reading Comprehension Achievement
Authors: Wilson Andrew , Kim Wonsun
Published: February 2016

The purpose of the study is to investigate the effects of concept mapping on mastery goal orientation and academic self-efficacy in a collaborative learning environment. The current study employed a randomized controlled pretest-posttest group design to examine if learning strategies such as concept mapping can help students with both reading comprehension achievement and intrinsic motivation of wanting to master a task at a high level. A total of 42 5th grade students at Ilshin Elementary School in South Korea participated in this study. The experiment group (n=22) has undergone concept mapping training while the control group (n=20) has not. All students were required to fill out questionnaires based on mastery goals, performance goals and academic self-efficacy. The results indicated that concept-mapping did not increase mastery goals and mastery goals had no effect on test scores. In addition, the interaction effect between academic self-efficacy and condition did not increase mastery goals and had no effect on test scores. In conclusion, the reduced number of samples may have caused a potential source of instability considering the statistical procedure chosen.
Review of Interactive Video–Romanian Project Proposal
Authors: Onita Mihai , Petan Sorin , Vasiu Radu
Published: February 2016

In the recent years, the globalization and massification of video education offer involved more and more eLearning scenarios within universities. This article refers to interactive video and proposes an overview of it. We analyze the background information, regarding the eLearning campus used in virtual universities around the world, the MOOC movement in the last year, and the related interactive video platforms in the (education) field. At the same time, we pay particular attention to technical aspects of the interactive video: defining concept, types of video metadata, media fragments and types of annotations, as primordial elements that bring interactivity. We tested some free and commercial interactive web application. We gathered all the ideas. We propose a framework for an interactive system web based on the main modules: video resource management (production, transcoding and storage), annotations, Linked Open Data, distribution medium, player interface, data analytics and recommendation system. On the way, we offer our findings, together with our recommendations for an annotation interface and player module. It is our idea for Politehnica University Timisoara, either as a standalone solution or a complement to actual virtual campus (http://cv.upt.ro) depending on future development plans and financial aspects.
Leadership Training at First Bank of Nigeria: A Case Study
Authors: Lawal Fatai , Thompson Randall , Thompson Elizabeth
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this qualitative exploratory case study was to identify components of an exemplary leadership development program that might serve as a framework for training leaders for banking organizations in Nigeria. We recruited 30 managers, supervisors, and officers with at least 10 years of banking experience to explore leadership development at First Bank of Nigeria’s headquarters in Lagos, Nigeria. Face-to-face interviews focused on exploring what type of corporate leadership training strategies worked for First Bank of Nigeria. Four major leadership development strategies that worked best for First Bank emerged from analysis of the qualitative data obtained: (a) classroom, online, and on-the-job training; (b) mentoring; (c) coaching by a shadow manager; and (d) personal development and work-life balance. First Academy, the training arm at First Bank of Nigeria, has made valuable contributions to developing leaders in the fast-paced Nigerian banking industry. Other banking organizations in Nigeria may want to incorporate leadership training strategies used by First Bank of Nigeria.
The Effect of Mulberry Leaf Tea on Postprandial Glycemic Control and Insulin Sensitivity: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study
Authors: Parivat Sukriket  , Surapong Lookhanumarnjao  , Akkarach Bumrungpert
Published: February 2016

Leaves of mulberry (Morus alba, L.) have been one of the prominent herbs widely used by traditional medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of mulberry leaf tea on postprandial plasma glucose and insulin sensitivity after the ingestion of sucrose solution in non-diabetic subjects. This study was conducted on 14 subjects, with a crossover design. Subjects were initially screened for non-diabetic status (FBS < 126 mg/dL). Subjects were randomized to either mulberry leaf tea or water as control. The drink was consumed 30 minutes prior to oral administration of 75 grams sucrose solution. Blood samples were collected before (time point 0) and after sucrose ingestion at 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes. The treatment group which received mulberry leaf tea prior to the tolerance test tends to have a lower level of plasma glucose, serum insulin concentrations and AUC0-150 compared to the controlled group, but without significant difference. The mean difference of the incremental glucose level at each time point also tends to be lower for the mulberry group, with significant difference at 30-min time point (p = 0.04). No significant differences were found in insulin sensitivity. Therefore, the consumption of mulberry leaf tea may aid in postprandial glycemic control during the first 30 minutes after meal.
Analysis of Concurrent Algorithms
Authors: Staunstrup Jørgen
Published: February 2016

Analyzing the running time of a concurrent algorithm can be as important as verifying its partial correctness or termination. A simple technique for analyzing the running time of a concurrent algorithm is presented. To analyze an algorithm with concurrent processes, the interaction between the processes must be considered. This is done by using the communication sequences of the processes as the basis of the analysis. The technique is used for analyzing and comparing three concurrent algorithms for finding the root of a real function.
Semantic Foundations of Data Flow Analysis
Authors: Nielson Flemming
Published: February 2016

Abstract Interpretation (P. Cousot, R. Cousot and others) is a method for program analysis that is able to describe many data flow analyses. We investigate and weaken the assumptions made in abstract interpretation and express abstract interpretation within Denotational Semantics. As an example we specify constant propagation.

Some authors have used abstract interpretation to formulate ''available expressions'' (a so-called ''history-sensitive'' data flow analysis). Our development of ''available expressions'' is better justified, semantically.

In traditional data flow analysis and abstract interpretation it is generally assumed that the ''Meet Over all Paths'' solution is wanted. We prove that the solution specified by our approach is the ''Meet Over all Paths'' solution to a certain system of equations obtained from the program.

To indicate the usefulness of our approach we show how to validate a class of program transformations, including ''constant folding''.

Throughout this paper we use a toy language consisting of declarations, expressions and commands (involving conditional and iteration). Excluded are procedures and jumps.
Control Flow Treatment in a Simple: Semantics-Directed Compiler Generator
Authors: Jones Neil D. , Christiansen Henning
Published: February 2016

A simple algebra-based algorithm for compiler generation is described. Its input is a semantic definition of a programming language, and its output is a ''compiling semantics'' which maps each source program into a sequence of compile-time actions whose net effect on execution is the production of a semantically equivalent target program. The method does not require individual compiler correctness proofs or the construction of specialized target algebras.

Source program execution is assumed to proceed by performing a series of elementary actions on a runtime state. A semantic algebra is introduced to represent and manipulate possible execution sequences. A source semantic definition has two parts: A set of semantic equations mapping source programs into terms of the algebra, and an interpretation which gives concrete definitions of the state and the elementary actions on it.
Integer Factorization
Authors: Naur Thorkil
Published: February 2016

This report gives a summary of methods for factoring large integers and presents particular factorizations obtained by these methods using the computer facilities at DAIMI.

We have used trial division, the continued fraction method, Pollard's methods, and various tests for primality to obtain new factorizations of Fibonacci numbers, Lucas numbers and numbers of the form 2 uparrow n ± 1.
A Theory for Bipolar Synchronisation Schemes
Authors: Genrich H. J. , Thiagarajan P. S.
Published: February 2016

The aim is to better understand the relationships between choice and concurrency that lead to the good behaviour of distributed systems. In order to do so, we formulate a model based on Petri nets and develop its theory. The model is called bipolar synchronisation schemes (bp schemes) and the theory we construct is mainly devoted to synthesizing, in a systematic fashion, all well behaved bp schemes. We also provide a computational interpretation of well behaved bp schemes. Through this interpretation the insights gained by developing the theory of bp schemes can be transferred to concurrent programs.
Event Structure Semantics for CCS and Related Languages
Authors: Winskel Glynn
Published: February 2016

We give denotational semantics to a wide range of parallel programming languages based on the ideas of Milner's CCS, that processes communicate by events of mutual synchronisation.

Processes are denoted by labelled event structures. Event structures represent concurrency rather directly as in net theory.

The semantics does not simulate concurrency by non-deterministic interleaving.
A Proposition for a Theory of Testing: An Abstract Approach to the Testing Process
Authors: Bougé Luc
Published: February 2016

We describe an abstract model for the program testing process, based on first-order egalitary logic. We define the notion of a battery of tests for a given testing context. Its properties are studied: reliability, validity, bias and acceptability. A preorder is defined and studied, which leads to an equivalence relation among batteries of tests. This equivalence turns out to be of great interest, both theoretical and practical.

We show the application of this model to some classical questions: effective (automatic) test generation, test optimization, quality assessment of the testing process, and relationships between program proving and program testing.
A Computational Model for ADA and other concurrent languages
Authors: Mayoh Brian H.
Published: February 2016

An earlier report [PB-157] presented the argument for diagrams as the most suitable models for programs with concurrency. In a diagram the configurations correspond to points of the program, there is a move from m to n if n can be the next program point after m and the move is labelled by the program action when the computation follows the move. This report shows that this computational model is suitable for ADA and other languages with concurrency. In Section 1 we give the computational model for the guarded command language GCL; in Section 2, a powerful specification language SCSS is modelled; in Section 3 we give the model for the language CSP of communicating sequential processes; then the techniques introduced in these sections are used when ADA programs are modelled in Section 4.
Physical Datarepresentation in a Multiprocessor Database Machine
Authors: Staunstrup Jørgen , Jespersen Jens Ove , Johansen Ole V.
Published: February 2016

By using a multiprocessor to implement the lowest level of a relational database we want to achieve fast execution of database operations such as join, find, and update.

But the potential speed improvements provided by a multiprocessor can only be achieved if one can construct algorithms and corresponding physical data representations that can utilize the potential.

By choosing a particular representation, the grid file, and analyzing its behaviour, we want to point out the difficulties encountered in trying to achieve speed improvements from a multiprocessor.
A Discussion of Prototyping within a Conceptual Framework
Authors: Kammersgaard John
Published: February 2016

In this paper the notion of prototyping is discussed. The first part of the paper contains a presentation of a framework used in this discussion. A discussion of programming viewed as a social activity is complex and requires an elaborated set of concepts by which we can express our opinions. The framework provides us with a set of such concepts.

In the second part of the paper prototyping is viewed ''through the spectacles'' introduced by the framework. This is done partly to express more precisely what is meant by the term ''prototyping'', and partly to point out some problems that might arise if the prototyping-literature is used as a guideline for programming.

Finally some relevant ideas and experiences from the UTOPIA-project are presented
ISAC: A Case Study of Systems Description Tools
Authors: Bødker Susanne , Hammerskov Jon
Published: February 2016

ISAC is one of many methods for systems development. Such methods are developed in order to improve the quality and efficiency of systems development processes. Systems descriptions are made and used throughout the systems development process.

The tools used for systems descriptions have an important impact on the quality of the descriptions which are produced and hence on the quality of the product of thesystems development process, the computer based system.

This paper presents an analysis of the systems description tools used in ISAC by presenting some problems that occurred in an actual systems description process.

The main problems are that ISAC imposes a structure on the systems descriptions which makes it impossible to describe important properties of information systems properly. Moreover, other important properties cannot be described at all.

ISAC can only be used for sketching properties that are already familiar to the user, thus an ISAC description is insufficient as a means of communication within the systems development process.
Comparative Semantics of Programming Languages
Authors: Mayoh Brian H.
Published: February 2016

The flood of new programming and specification languages shows no sign of abating, but very few of these languages have a formal definition. The advantages of knowing precisely what is specified in a specification and exactly how a program can behave are obvious, but none of the existing formal definition methods are completely satisfactory.

Theoreticians have not been idle, but they have concentrated on problems that are not immediately relevant to language designers (algebraic and categoric structuring of definitions, refined notions of concurrency and the like).

In the belief that the answer to some of the language designers' problems is ''use different formalisms to define fragments of the languages precisely'', we advocate the study of comparative semantics. This paper is a contribution to this study, prompted by the fact that the parallel aspects of ADA seem to require a quite different kind of formal semantics from that used for sequential ADA in ''Formal Definition of ADA'', CII Honeywell Bull, 1981, Paris.
Kernel Languages
Authors: Mayoh Brian H.
Published: February 2016

There are many programming languages, but none is completely adequate for all kinds of problems. There are also many job control languages and intermediate languages for portable compilers.

Here we present the design of a Kernel language KL that can link routines, written in various programming languages, and replace both control and intermediate languages. The language KL is suitable for the casual user, who knows no other language, because it is both simple and powerful.
A Virtual Protocol Model for Computer-Human Interaction
Authors: Nielsen Jakob
Published: February 2016

A model of computer-human interaction is presented, viewing the interaction as a hierarchy of virtual protocol dialogues.

Each virtual protocol realizes the dialogue on the level above itself and is in turn supported by a lower level protocol.

This model is inspired by the OSI-model for computer networks from the International Standards Organization.

The virtual dialogue approach enables the separation of the technical features of new devices (e.g. a mouse or a graphical display) from the conceptual features (e.g. menus or windows).

Also, it is possible to analyze error messages and other feedback as part of the different protocols.
A Conceptual Framework for Programming Languages
Authors: Knudsen Jørgen Lindskov , Thomsen Kristine Stougård
Published: February 2016

The conceptual framework presented in this paper contains language independent concepts that enable discussions of programming languages in general, independently of the premises of specific languages. Within the framework, special emphasis is put on analysis of the abstraction techniques: Classification, aggregation and generalization.

The discussion of the various aspects of programming languages is based on a model for program executions - the descriptor-entity model.

The conceptual framework can serve as an aid in gaining a coherent understanding of the programming language area, and in the process of language description and standardization.

The approach to the development of the framework is to attack the programming language area from two different perspectives. Firstly, programming languages are seen as tools for conceptual modelling, and secondly, as tools for instructing the computer.
Formalizations in Systems Development
Authors: Mathiassen Lars , Munk-Madsen Andreas
Published: February 2016

Formalizations are related both to types of expression and to types of behaviour. The limits to applying formalizations in these two senses are discussed and illustrated by examples from practical systems development. It will be established that formalizations are valuable in some situations, but insufficient in others. The alternative to uncritically using formalizations is that system developers analyse the situations in which they find themselves, and from there plan a combination of a formal and informal approach.
Generalizations of Liveness and Fairness Properties
Authors: Chrzastowski-Wachtel Piotr
Published: February 2016

The definitions of many known properties of concurrent systems (e.g. liveness, fairness, impartiality, justice) require every action to satisfy some condition. Sometimes the level of actions is too fine and one would like to consider the corresponding conditions for sets of actions.

A framework for such treatment is proposed in this paper. The known liveness and fairness properties are generalized and investigated in accordance to the lattice structure of partitions of a set of actions. Partitions are used in order to group actions and form some cruder levels of abstraction.
Step Change Strategies for Multistep Methods
Authors: Østerby Ole
Published: February 2016

When a system of ordinary differential equations is solved using a step-by-step method it is often desirable to change the step size during the course of the integration. We show that the commonly used formulas for calculating the new step sizes are not correct for multistep methods and we derive correct formulas for Adams methods.
Pascal Semantics by a Combination of Denotational Semantics and High-level Petri nets
Authors: Jensen Kurt , Schmidt Erik Meineche
Published: February 2016

This paper describes the formal semantics of a subset of PASCAL by means of a semantic model based on a combination of denotational semantics and high-level Petri nets. It is our intention that the paper be used as part of the written material for an introductory course in Computer Science.
Free Blackboards and Anarchic Communities of Experts
Authors: Mayoh Brian H.
Published: February 2016

The natural way of structuring a large expert system is to organize it as a collection of domain experts that communicate via a blackboard. We describe a ''free'' blackboard system that is being implemented on our Xerox 1108. A survey of the wide variety of languages and logics for knowledge representation and use motivates the freedom of the blackboard organization: the blackboard must not restrict the kind of specialist domain experts that may be devised.
Time Representation and Use in Expert Systems
Authors: Klarlund Nils
Published: February 2016

The object of this report is to survey some of the uses and representations of time as it has been studied within the A.I. (artificial intelligence) community, especially within the expert systems subarea. In most applications the very concept of time is difficult to grasp. Therefore, we shall mention some of the philosophical ideas that have had importance in the A.I. literature.

One of our main theses is that there exist many levels of uses of time. In this report a rather broad range of papers are mentioned. In the conclusion we define degrees of ''understanding'' to distinguish different knowledge representations with respect to the ''depth'' of their use of time.
Static Exception Handling in Beta
Authors: Knudsen Jørgen Lindskov
Published: February 2016

The concept of static exception handling has previously been investigated in a general setting. In this paper, we shall investigate the introduction of static exception handling in the programming language Beta. The aim is to show that static exception handling is a valuable contribution to object-oriented programming. Furthermore, the paper illustrates the evolution of a programming language feature from the general design phase to a concrete proposal for inclusion into a full-fledged programming language
GIPSY: - a Grammar Based Interactive Processing System
Authors: Holdam Jan , Nørgaard Claus
Published: February 2016

Gipsy is an interactive document processing system based on syntax-directed editing, where a document is viewed as an abstract syntax tree derived over a document grammar. The outer structure of the document is described by means of a formatting rule for each production in the document grammar. These rules are written in a language based on a box and glue concept. Two kinds of users exist: grammar designers and ordinary users. To allow the user to control the formatting the grammar designer can use inherited attributes when writing the formatting rules. The values of these variables can be set by the user.
Name Collision in Multiple Classification Hierarchies
Authors: Knudsen Jørgen Lindskov
Published: February 2016

Supporting multiple classification in object-oriented programming languages is the topic of discussion in this paper. Supporting multiple classification gives rise to one important question --- namely the question of inheritance of attributes with identical names from multiple paths in the classification hierarchy. The problem is to decide how these multiple classification paths are reflected in the class being defined. One of the conclusions in this paper is, that by choosing strict and simple inheritance rules, one is excluding some particular usages of multiple classification. This leads to the notion of attribute-resolution at class definition, which means that the programmer in some cases is forced or allowed to resolve the potential ambiguity of the inherited names. The concept of attribute-resolution is managed through the identification of two conceptually different utilizations of specialization (unification and intersection), and two different attribute properties (plural and singleton) to guide the attribute-resolution.
Teaching Object-Oriented Programming is more than teaching: Object-Oriented Programming Languages
Authors: Knudsen Jørgen Lindskov , Madsen Ole Lehrmann
Published: February 2016

One of the important obligations of an expanding research area is to discuss how to approach the teaching of the subject. Without this discussion, we may find that the word is not spread properly, and thus that the results are not properly utilized in in dustry. Furthermore, discussing teaching the research area gives additional insight into the research area and its underlying theoretical foundation. In this paper we will report on our approach to teaching programming languages as a whole and especially teaching object-oriented programming.

The prime message to be told is that working from a theoretical foundation pays off. Without a theoretical foundation, the discussions are often centered around features of different languages. With a foundation, discussions may be conducted on solid ground. Furthermore, the students have significantly fewer difficulties in grasping the concrete programming languages when they have been presented with the theoretical foundation than without it.
A Discussion of Computer Supported Cooperative Work: Overview Paper
Authors: Sørgaard Pål
Published: February 2016

The author's Ph.D. Thesis has been written as six separate papers or reports, where this paper is the overview paper. The main purpose with this paper is to provide the necessary glue needed to bind the other parts together as one coherent product. The other products are:

 

 A Cooperative work perspective on use and development of computer artifacts -- DAIMI PB-234

 A framework for computer supported cooperative work -- DAIMI PB-253

 Transaction supporting systems and organisational change -- DAIMI PB-248

 Object oriented programming and computerised shared material -- DAIMI PB-247

 Programming environments and system development environments -- DAIMI PB-252
A Simple Mathematical Approach to Human Society
Authors: Szilagyi Miklos
Published: February 2016

A model is proposed for the treatment of human society as a system of highly interconnected units whose behavior is described by a system of coupled differential equations. The stable solutions of this system represent stable formations in society. The concepts of ''social energy'' and ''social temperature'' are introduced for the description of these stable formations as energy minima. Changes in society are explained as redistributions of the connections between the units. Some simple relationships between political parties are analyzed as examples. The model can be used at different levels, and it can provide help both for the analysis of past political events and for the development of future political strategies.
Emancipation of and by Computer Supported Cooperative Work
Authors: Hellman Riitta
Published: February 2016

Computer supported cooperative work (CSCW) currently arouses plenty of interest. There is, anyhow, an evident tendency to regard CSCW-technologies (e.g. electronic mail, hyperdocument applications, calendar systems, and the like) as belonging to the office territory. This paper aims at illustrating some possibilities of utilizing CSCW-applications in an industrial setting (inventory management system). In other words, it is daimed that CSCW-technologies are relevant consequences of the use of these technologies. I also discuss how to avoid the creation of unnecessary applicational complexity in the case of employing CSCW-technologies.
A Note on the Complexity of the Transpose of a Matrix
Authors: Matthews Philip , Sturtivant Carl
Published: February 2016

Let x be a column vector of indeterminates. We show that the complexity of computing the linear forms Ax for a fixed matrix A is essentially the same as that of computing the linear forms A'x where the prime denotes transpose. Our result also holds for non-square matrices, under a simple restriction.
An Imperative Type Hierarchy with Partial Products
Authors: Schmidt Erik Meineche , Schwartzbach Michael I.
Published: February 2016

A type hierarchy for an imperative language defines an ordering on the types such that any application for small types may be reused for all larger types. The imperative facet makes this non-trivial; the straight-forward definitions will yield an inconsistent system. We introduce a new type constructor, the partial product, and show how to define a consistent hierarchy in the context of fully recursive types. A simple polymorphism is derived. By extending the types to include stuctural invariants we obtain a particularly appropriate notation for defining recursive types, that is superior to traditional type sums and products. We show how the ordering on types extends to an ordering on types with invariants. We allow the use of least upper bounds in type definitions and show how to resolve type equations involving these, and how to compute upper bounds of invariants.
What Object-Oriented Programming May Be: - and What It Does Not Have to Be
Authors: Madsen Ole Lehrmann , Møller-Pedersen Birger
Published: February 2016

A conceptual framework for object-oriented programming is presented. The framework is independent of specific programming language constructs. It is illustrated how this framework is reflected in an object-oriented language and the language mechanisms are compared with the corresponding elements of other object-oriented languages. Main issues of object-oriented programming are considered on the basis of the framework presented here.