bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oldham and Oxford, 1902–20
Authors: Kennedy Michael
Published: November 2023

WILLIAM Walton’S is a classic example of the career of a British creative artist: at first regarded as subversive; then acclaimed as the answer to all prayers and absorbed into the body politic of music as part of the establishment; and finally treated as an institution, though one whose foundations are by then found to be suspect. He himself picked a careful and wary path through the minefields strewn around him at various points in his progress from enfant not so very terribleto unofficial laureate. He never lacked patrons, whether they were kindly clerics, titled ladies, or film producers. But none, except perhaps one, claimed his full allegiance. He had no close association with a locality, as Elgar had with Worcestershire and Britten with East Anglia, nor did his music take root at a specific festival like the Three Choirs or Aldeburgh; he owed no debts to any musical creed or dogma, as Vaughan Williams did to folk-song and others do to serialism; he was in the midst of the most fashionable intellectual literary circle of the 1920s yet continued, like Kipling’s Cat, to walk by himself as far as his tastes and prejudices were concerned.
Crown Imperial, 1936–7
Authors: Kennedy Michael
Published: November 2023

The First Symphony crowned an astonishing decade for Walton, ten years in which he had produced the three masterpieces on which his fame most securely rests and which had seen the revised Façadeand PortsmouthPoint.All this in a no less fruitful decade for English music as a whole, for within the same period came Vaughan Williams’s FlosCampi,Job,and Fourth Symphony, Bax’s Third and Fourth Symphonies, Bridge’s Oration,Lambert’s RioGrande,and a host of lesser works. Not content with this, the critics were greedy for more, especially from Walton. Only Newman, taking the hint from Walton’s music for EscapeMeNever,advised him to ‘keep his hand in with trifles’ for two or three years. This Walton did.
War Films, 1939-42
Authors: Kennedy Michael
Published: November 2023

Walton intended, if the war had not intervened, to fulfil his plan of writing chamber music. In August 1939 Kenneth Wright of the BBC was in touch with him about ‘your long promised Quartet’ for the Blech Quartet. Instead his first wartime task was the transcription of music from J. S. Bach’s cantatas selected by Constant Lambert for a Sadler’s Wells ballet with choreography by Ashton and decor by Rex Whistler. The Wise Virginshad its first performance on 24 April 1940 with the principal roles danced by Margot Fonteyn and Michael Somes. (It is said, accurately I hope, that posters for the ballet season included the words ‘TheWiseVirgins(subject to alteration)’.)
Troilusand Cressida, 1954–76
Authors: Kennedy Michael
Published: November 2023

Walton arrived in London at the end of September 1954 to prepare for the first performance of Troilus and Cressida,but first he had an operation at the London Clinic. He soon realized that his expectation of a trying time at Covent Garden was to be fulfilled. Magda Laszlo’s English was so poor that she had to be coached by Susana Walton, an Argentinian. The final choice for designer of the costumes was Malcolm Pride. The scenery was the responsibility of Sir Hugh Casson, assisted by two exstudents of the Royal College of Art, David Gentleman, who provided a painting on the temple wall in Act I, and Sheila Mitter, who designed the curtain in Pandarus’s house in Act II. Casson was also helped by Jocelyn Herbert and William Glock’s wife Clement. Rehearsals began in November.
Epilogue
Authors: Kennedy Michael
Published: November 2023

Roy Campbell’s comment is the chief clue. Even as an Oxford undergraduate, Walton showed him ‘how a man may live for his art.’ However nonchalant he appeared—as someone said of him, ‘he intrigues interest by appearing not to be very interested’ —and whatever he said in deprecation of his gifts, the fact remains that Walton was totally committed to the art of composition for sixty-seven years. He composed something every day to the last day of his life, even if it was only two bars which he later threw away. ‘He kept office hours,’ Julian Bream observed in 1981. Walton was a supremely professional, dedicated composer, or, as he put it, ‘I was so damned stupid all I could do was to write music.’
Cambridge, Bedford and Yorkshire
Authors: Stripp Alan
Published: November 2023

The turning-point for me came at Cambridge in the spring of 1943. My college Tutor, Kitson Clark, had sent round a note about an officer who was coming to interview people at the Appointments Board, now less confusingly called the University Careers Service; it might have something to do with languages. Was I interested? I was. I had been studying Classics, having arrived at Cambridge by a roundabout route. My father had been at London University but thought I should try for Oxbridge. Our Boat Race loyalties had favoured Oxford — I think purely from colour prejudice—but in any case many schools encouraged their pupils to back both horses; if unlucky at the first, regard it as a trial run for the second. I spent several interesting days at Exeter College, Oxford, in 1942, and am still waiting to hear if they have a place for me. Some months later Trinity College, Cambridge, offered me a place and a scholarship. That settled it.
Marching Orders
Authors: Stripp Alan
Published: November 2023

By now I had unexpectedly become a Sergeant and ate in the Sergeants ’ Mess; only at an establishment like GCHQ could one leap the two intervening ranks in one go. Mary had scarcely sewn on my three stripes when I learnt that the commission already hinted at was on its way for me and for eight others: Jock Anderson, Marcus Crowley, Joe Cunningham, Tony Fenn-Wiggin, David Jones, Peter Soskice, David Warwick and Tim Whewell. To make us still more military we were to go on a course at Rushden Hall. We arranged to meet. The Japanese linguists just outnumbered the German, but we were united in our ignorance of Rushden Hall, and consulted the Adjutant. It was in Northamptonshire and was ‘something to do with REME, the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers’. Curiouser and curiouser—but we were given a few days’ leave to get our uniforms and get ourselves organised. A new personal number also arrived, much easier to remember: P 329137. One difference between the commissioned and the non commissioned is that the uniform for the latter, shabby and ill-fitting though it may be, particularly in the British Army, is provided free; officers buy their own. There is much more to get: service dress as well as battle-dress, shirts, ties, an immense greatcoat instead of the absurd gas-cape of the private soldier, a hat, more comfortable boots that actually fit, khaki handkerchieves by tradition, a short swagger-stick, and a pair of pips. Most people, knowing that the transition from second lieutenant is only a matter of time, buy two pairs. Optimists get three; only the immodestly ambitious buy a pair of crowns as well. My prospective father-in-law kindly gave me his Sam Browne belt from the 1914—18 war, in which he had won a Military Cross.
Loose ends
Authors: Stripp Alan
Published: November 2023

This modest term changed its meaning during the war and it can hardly be surprising that it continues to be ambiguous. By late 1943 it should have meant only the exploitation of plain-language conversations, low-grade codes and ciphers, direction-finding and enemy procedures in signals networks, frequencies, call-signs, operators’ transmitting characteristics and even radar warning systems. For m t people these activities lack the glamour that sometimes attaches to sigint, but they were responsible for a formidable volume of useful intelligence. Aileen Clayton’s book The Enemy is Listening gives an excellent picture of what was involved, particularly in air operations in Europe and the Mediterranean. The interception and study of signals in plain language relies no.t only on the conversations themselves but also on careless operator chat before and after transmissions. These can help to identify units, both by oven descriptions and by such subtler methods as TINA, the recognition of individual radio-operators, and the identification of different types of radio set by RFP. This information in tum can pinpoint the move of a unit from one area to another, which may well betray a significant feature of the enemy’s plans. If operator X, with his idiosyncratic ‘fist’ (or ‘signature’ or ‘handwriting’) was originally in the LEMUR signals net and has now . turned up in LEOPARD, what can that tell us about units common to both nets? The answer will suggest how one further piece should fit into the jigsaw puzzle of the enemy’s order-of-battle.
Phuket Island
Authors: Stripp Alan
Published: November 2023

While I was at WEC Delhi we deciphered a 6633 message in the summer of 1945 reporting a British landing on Phuket Island, off the west coast of the long Kra isthmus—now an international beach resort famed for its water-sports and seafood delicacies. We assumed that GHQ, down the road, would be glad to have this up-to-the-minute situation report from the enemy, and rang up to give them the news. There was a tense silence; then a horrified voice said ‘We can’t possibly discuss that. It’s Top Secret’, and rang off. Almost every piece of paper that a codebreaker or any intelligence officer handles in his duties is Top Secret, so this was hilarious as well as depressing evidence of a dead-headedness that has been known to afflict some staff officers in large headquarters remote from the battle-front.
The Crusading Movement and Historians
Authors: Riley-Smith Jonathan
Published: November 2023

In November 1095 a church council was meeting in Clermont under the chairmanship of Pope Urban II. On the 27th, with the council coming to an end, the churchmen, together with some lay people mostly from the countryside around, assembled in a field outside the town and the pope preached them a sermon in which he called on Frankish knights to vow to march to the East with the twin aims of freeing Christians from the yoke of Islamic rule and liberating the tomb of Christ, the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, from Muslim control.
The Crusading Movement,1274–1700
Authors: Housley Norman
Published: November 2023

As it neared the end of the first two centuries of its existence, the crusading movement was in a condition of crisis. Recent successes in Spain, Prussia, and Italy had been staggering, but they could not compensate for the fact that the defence of the Holy Land stood on the edge of calamity in the face of the Mamluk advance.
The Latin East,1291–1669
Authors: Edbury Peter
Published: November 2023

The Mamluk conquest of Acre and the other Frankish-held cities and fortresses in 1291 marked the end of a western presence in Syria and Palestine that had its origins in the First Crusade. But elsewhere in the eastern basin of the Mediterranean, Latin rule persisted.
Waist-belt for Gold—A Servant an Encumbrance when Travelling—Cologne— Russian Diplomatic Agent—The Nord Newspaper—Mr. Disraeli and the Suez Canal Shares—Baron Reuter—Strausberg—Examination of Passports—Of Sleeping Bag—Railway Travelling in Russia—Refreshment Rooms—Russian disregard of Time—Officials easily Suborned—St. Petersburg—Sleigh Drivers —No Russian Piece in any Theatre—A Russian’s Dislike to his own Language—His contempt for anything purely Russian—Military Rank—A Village Drinking Establishment—Jonka—Table d’hbte—Fish Soups—India and Education—Agitators—General Kauffmann’s Dislike to Publicity—Mr. Schuyler—Bismarck and the Russian Language—All have their Price—Gold an Open Sesame—Letter to General Milutin—Count Schouvaloffs Brother not in St. Petersburg.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

The 30th November, 1875, broke cold and damp. It was one of those disagreeable days that depress and lower the barometer of the human spirit to a semidespondent level; but I had finished all my regimental duty, and having provided myself at Thornhill’s with a strong waist-belt to contain the amount of gold I thought necessary for my journey, and which by the way was a most uncomfortable bedfellow, I drove to the Victoria Station, to start by the night mail.
Sleigh Sickness—A Happy Family—Orenburg—Nipping—Gas from a Charcoal Stove—A Professor of Eastern Languages—The Chief of the Police—Special Order Prohibiting Foreigners from Travelling in Turkistan — Messrs. MacGahan and Schuyler—In Search of a Servant—Friendly Interest Russian Officers take in India—Exhibition of Maps—Map of the Punjaub—March Routes—General Bazoulek.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

It was hard work, this perpetual travelling. Where- ever the roads were passable I kept steadily journeying onward, and gradually diminished the distance that lay between myself and Orenburg. For the last hundred versts there were scarcely any travellers, save at one station, where I met a few officers who were on their way to Samara. They did not much fancy the piece of road which lay before them, and told me that the winter we were having was the most exceptionally cold season they had ever experienced in those latitudes. Occasionally the road for a few miles would take quite a different aspect.
The Ural Cossacks — Dissenters — Two Thousand Five Hundred Men Banished—Exiles Flogged—A Battue—Reports about General Kauffmann—The Tzar’s Officers in Turkistan
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

The principal topic of conversation at Orenburg was a recent emeute amidst the Ural Cossacks. It appeared that the inhabitants of the town of Uralsk, as also many of the people in that neighbourhood, had become excessively discontented with the military law of universal conscription. Previously to the promulgation of the new edict, the better-to-do classes had not sent their sons to serve, and the ranks were filled with recruits from the poorer orders. But now all was changed ; money would no longer purchase a substitute, and grievous discontent possessed the minds of the Ural Cossacks. Most of them were Raskolniki dissenters from the Greek Church, and belonged to the old faith (Staroi vara).
An English Engineer Officer at Kasala—A Russian Scientific Expedition —Surveying the Oxus—The Rapidity of the Stream—A Future Fleet- Transport and Fishing Barges—Lady Smokers—Disturbances in Kokan —The Invalide Newspaper—Abuse of Yakoob Bek—Dinner—”Anything you ask for “—Cabbage Soup and Cold Mutton—Colonel Goloff—His Residence—An Assembly—The Beauty and Fashion of Kasala—Steamers— Wood instead of Coal—Great Expense to Government—” When we Fight you Fellows in India “—Zakuski—Russian Linguists—System of Teaching Languages—Our Schools in England—Latin and Greek, or French and German—A Foundation; or, a Two-storied House.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

The Commandant pressed me to remain beneath his roof, at least until such time as I could find sleeping quarters. His wife now informed me that an English engineer officer * had resided beneath their roof the previous summer, and had subsequently accompanied a Russian scientific expedition as far as Petro-Alexandrovsk, the object of his journey being to survey the Oxus. The members of the expedition had, at the time my compatriot was with it, navigated the stream to the fort, but since his departure some Russian officers had ascended the river seventy versts beyond that part; indeed, the Commandant informed me that when a steamer then being built was finished, which would draw but little water and steam twenty versts per hour, it would be able to ascend the stream for a much greater distance, and perhaps to the source of the river.
Water Route from Kasala to Petro-Alexandrovsk—The Irkibai Route—The Winter March Route—General Perovsky—His Expedition—Loss of Nine Thousand Camels—New Year’s Day—Two out of Ten Cossacks Frozen to Death—Major Wood and the Survey of the Oxus—Struggling into the Saddle—Your Horse is Tough—Ophthalmia—Cotton Bales—The Mohammedans and the Deity—Fatalism—The Will of Allah.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

The water route to Petro-Alexandrovsk was closed to me by the frost, but it affords easy communication in summer with the Khivan khanate. Indeed, should the Russian Government ever permit Englishmen to travel in their Asiatic dominions, Khiva will probably become known to Mr. Cook, and on the list of his personally- conducted tours. However, besides the water route by the Jaxartes, Sea of Aral, and Oxus, there are several land routes used respectively in summer and winter.
TheOozek—A Fragile Bridge—The Oxus—Khivan Taxation—Russian Imports— The Traders—A Slug—A Caravan—Costumes—Saddles—Khivan Horses— Salam Aaleikom—Quarters for the Night—Hospitality—A Khivan House— Melons—Hindostan and England—Railways—An Iron Horse—500 Versts in twenty-four hours.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

Now we crossed a little stream about twenty yards wide, known by the name of the Oozek. It was said to be a tributary of the Oxus. A rough bridge made of cross-poles, sticks, and dried clay afforded a means of crossing the water; for the banks were too steep to admit of a descent to the frozen surface. Finally, after riding along a narrow path planted on both sides with high reeds, we arrived upon the banks of the. Amou Darya, and I gazed on that world- renowned stream which in my boyish days it had been my dream to visit.
The Messenger—Two Khivan Noblemen—Minarets—Orchards—Mulberry Trees —Khiva—The Fortifications—The Market-place—The Gallows—How Murderers are put to death—The Muscovite Imagination—Capital Punishment rarely inflicted—The Population—The Schools—Cupolas—The Khivan’s House—A Bath in Khiva—The Bathing Establishment—The Belt which contained my Gold—The Moullah—Captain Abbott—” The Winter killed the Dogs by thousands “—The Khan’s Treasurer—”They do not love you English People “—” Four Years ago we were quite as far off Russia as you are at the present time”—Distinguished Foreigners—Ink Frozen—”The Russians have not such things.”
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

The next morning we encountered on the road the messenger whom I had despatched with my letter to the Khan. He was accompanied by two Khivan noblemen. One of them courteously saluted us. He then said that his Majesty had received my letter, and had sent him forward to escort me into the city, and to say that I was welcome to his capital.
Breakfast in Khiva—Decorations or Orders—How to obtain them in Russia—The Procession through the Streets—The Band—The Khan’s Palace—His Guards —Effeminate Boys dressed a little like Women—The Treasury—Khivan Tribute to the Tzar—The Executioner—Nazar’s Trepidation—The Reception Hall—The Audience—The Khan—His description—Tea—The Interpreters— England, “ How far is it from Russia ? “—Englishmen and Germans—Wyld’s Map—”Where is India ? “—A Compass—An Infernal Machine—Afghanistan —China—War with Russia—” The Russians laughed at you “—”What shall you do about Kashgar?”—”Are there Jews in your Country?”—”The Russians love Money very much”—” Hum ! “
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

In the morning my host again appeared, accompanied by several servants bearing sweetmeats and fruits, the invariable preludes to a breakfast at Khiva, whilst a frozen block of milk was also sent me, and some butter which was as hard as a billiard-ball. Nazar was all this time engaged in brushing a black shooting-jacket, the only garment I possessed except my regular riding attire. However, I had brought one white shirt, thinking that I might possibly have an interview with some Central Asian magnate or other. Greatly to my surprise, the article in question was not much the worse for the journey.
The District Governor—A Cossack Colonel’s Funeral—The Island in the Sea of Aral—How to join the Amou Darya and Syr Darya Rivers—My Quarters in Morozoft’s Inn—Letter from General Kolpakovsky—Changing Money— English Sovereigns—Sale of Horses—A Jew and a Greek—Sympathy between the Russians and the Greeks—A Rich Young Kirghiz Widow— Love-making through a third party—A Boy Husband—Cossacks marching from Orenburg—Nazar’s Father-in-Law—The Commander of the Battery —Despatches sent from Tashkent to St. Petersburg in twelve days—A Fat Goose.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick
Published: November 2023

I now called upon the District Governor, and found him at home, surrounded by a bevy of officers in full uniform. He told me that a Cossack colonel had recently died of consumption, and that the funeral ceremony was then going on inside the church. The men of the regiment were all mounted and drawn up facing the holy edifice. The cold was very great, and the troops had every facility afforded them for sowing the seeds of their colonel’s malady. Indeed, the frost was so severe that the District Governor and his friends had found it inconvenient to remain inside the church, and had returned to drink tea at home, until such time as the service was concluded.
Giovanni papini, The War as a Source of National Renewal
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

A great power, but the weak.est of all; armed, but incapable of waging war; full of social unrest, but with no serious will to change regime; conservative, but spineless whenever there was a hint of threat to stability. Cavour had understood the situation well: nothing great can be made with shit. Italy of 1860 had been shit dragged kicking and screaming towards unification by a daring minority, and shit it remained throughout fifty years of unification, urged on by the occasional outbursts of zeal from small minorities either in favour of an imperial mission in Africa or of a liberating transformation in its domestic politics.
The Italian nationalist association, The Nationalist Blueprint for a New Italy
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

The fundamental thesis of Nationalism,16 which places the Nationalist doctrine in a special relationship with respect to all other political doctrines, is that the various.
Benito mussolini, The Incorporation of the Peasantry into the Italian Nation
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Their millions. Still their participation in it is generally passive. Once again they had been dragged along by the cities. Now Fascism is transforming this rural passivity [... ] into active participation in the reality and sanctity of the nation. Patriotism is no longer a feeling monopolized (or exploited) by the city, but becomes the heritage of the countryside as well. The tricolour flag, ignored for a century, is now waving in the most remote villages. Not everything that is flourishing, and almost exploding into life, in this springtime of the race is destined to last. We know this: but we also know that some spiritual upheavals leave deep traces. We willleave to the faint-hearted or the whiter-than-white the boring task of cavilling about the sincerity of rural patriotism. We are just at the beginning of a new period ofltalian history.
curzio malaparte, Fascism’s European Mission
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

We have no fear of flying in the face of common assumptions when we affirm that Fascism, in its first phase, was profoundly Sorelian:25 the justification of its violence is completely historical, not political; it is the Sorelian ethic which assigns to the proletariat the function of creating a modem myth and a favourable climate which aids and accelerates the maturation of the new society in accord with the natural order embodied in the first Ionic and Asiatic cities. The new Fascist ethic is born of the Sorelian one, but at the same time marks a break with it by transforming the concept of social class into that of national class, and the economic premiss into a historical one. When Sorel assigns syndicalism the task of preparing and stabilizing the new proletarian civilization on the ruins ofbourgeois civilization, he is equating the modem function of producers, industrial workers, and agricultural workers with the primitive function of the shepherds who gave rise to heroic civilizations.
giuseppe bottai, The University as the Incubator of a Fascist Elite
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

It is in these terms that, as I see it, the problem of culture in the present phase of Fascism is to be framed. Fascism-as-culture, in which, as we saw, Fascism-as-action is not denied but integrated, is the foundation of Fascism-as-State. In our type of State, which is not an arid bureaucratic construction (whether we are talking about the old bureaucracy or the one now emerging within the framework of syndicalism), professional skills based on the mentality of the accountant is not enough. Our State engages the spirit and conscience of our citizens; it is with their spirit and conscience that they must operate in order to serve it. In the syndical laws,33 in the Charter of Labour,34 the framing of problems relating to material interests and to contractual guarantees is bound up with a higher order of principles, such as the training and education of individuals and the overriding interest of production, principles on which a manager must be in a position to form a judgement.
asvero gravelli, Towards a Fascist Europe
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

We have declared and reconfirm! That Fascism is anti-European, because contemporary Europe, afllicted by a spiritual crisis, by a material crisis, is still partly under the influence of the immortal principles,41 while vast segments of the population look to Moscow for guidance. Given this Europe, Fascism is anti-European. The anti-Europeanism of Fascism is not an end in itself, but a provisional historical position which will last until Fascism has helped Europe regain an equilibrium of ideas and spirit, the precondition for a new European role in the world.
giuseppe bottai, Mussolini’s Century
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

trodden underfoot. In this sense if, as Mussolini says, this century will be a century The ‘doctrine of Fascism’, dictated by Mussolini, is the ‘Maniresto’ of a revolution of ideas which will invade the world. The Duce says that our century will be the Fascist century: we think with pride and emotion that it willbe the century of Mussolini.
Richard Wagner, The Redemptive Mission Of Gennan Culture
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

In that period [the seventeenth century] Louis XIV and his courtiers even established the laws for what was beautiful, and in their basic way of seeing things even the French living under Napoleon III’ have not progressed beyond these laws: this explains their forgetting of national history, the eradication of their own seeds of a national art, the corruption of the art and poetry introduced from Italy and Spain, the transformation ofbeauty into elegance, grace into bienseance.
Theodor Fritsch, The Need For The Nation To Be Healed
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

On 20 January 1921 the Hammer began its twentieth year of publication, and it is appropriate to cast an eye over the path it has travelled. When our periodical appeared it had set itself an ambitious, an exceedingly ambitious task: to awaken from its illusions a people which was stumbling along in blindness and the pursuit of pleasure and warn it of the terrible dangers which, like black storm clouds, were gathering over it, and which have now unleashed their fury with shattering force in the world war and revolution.’0 We saw the collapse.
Hans f. K. Gunther, nordic thinking and the gennan rebirth
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

The study of the historical fates of peoples as the working out of law-bound (biological) life processes, as the working out of changing conditions of natural selection, only became possible in a fruitful way once Darwin recognized the crucial importance of natural selection for all life-forms in general.[ ) With the rediscovery of Mendel’s research into heredity in the 1900s, the theories of Galton and Lapouge concerning the laws governing life acquired a more solid basis and a deeper significance.[... ) The work of the Germans Otto Ammon (1842-1915), Woltmann (1871-1907) and Wilser (1850--1923) lent weight to theories concerning the special importance of the Nordic race. After the tum of the century a particular way of thinking came into being and started to gain currency, that of a possible renewal of the West by maintaining the integrity of the race [Rassenpjlege] or, to be more precise, by maintaining the integrity of the Nordic race within the racial mixture of Western people. Nordic Thinking was born.[ ]
E. Gunther grundel, the new human synthesis
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

As long as the blood that courses through the veins of the people [Volkskoryer] is still fundamentally healthy, it spontaneously produces human beings in critical historical moments capable of rising to the challenges they pose. That is precisely the source of comfort in the apparently so hopelessly confused age of upheaval and turmoil we are living through, namely that we are today witnessing the emergence of a new man’9 and a new youth who will act as a new force: in short a new generation who will bring about the reordering of society.[... ] Till now the new force was in a state of seething fermentation. It reached out to affect all areas of communal existence, but only in a tentative way.
Joseph Goebbels, The Total Revolution Of National Socialism
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

The new national art of Germany will only enjoy respect in the world and bear witness beyond the frontiers ofour country to theintense cultural dynamism of the new Germany if it is firmly and ineradicably rooted in the mother earth of the national culture [Volkstum] which produced it.The world must discover anew what is German and genuine.[... ] May German art and culture be blessed and fostered by the newly formed Reich Culture Chamber.[... ] In it the creative individual in Germany has found the way to be part of the new State. May he thereby experience the blessed feeling we all have ofbeing pioneers, creators, and shapers of a new century.
Werner Daitz, Soldierly Economics
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

National community means: a community defended from threats externally combined with social harmony at home. One without the other is impossible. Both are to be achieved only through the soldierly bearing of the German people in every field of activity, through soldierly socialism [Soldatensozialismu.s]. We therefore demand in the economy a soldierly conduct within and without. For, if the leader ofa business runs it without regard to the economic independence of the nation, but only with a view to the highest possible profits, it will inevitably destroy the social peace within his company. His employees willbe bound to adopt the same attitude [... ] and for their part strive for the highest possible wage without regard for social peace and the state of the company. For Marxism always follows capitalism like its shadow. Both grow from the same root-Jewish mercenariness [Gelddenken, lit. ‘money thinking’] which always finds a way of infiltrating Nordic economic thought once intellect has corrupted it. In the interests of a supposedly higher financial return, both destroy Blood and Soil, the biological foundations of their national culture [Volkstum] and hence of their own existence.[ ]
Paul Ritter, The Expansionary Spirit Of A Rejuvenated People
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

To deny Germany its colonies any longer and challenge its right to additional vital space [Lebensraum] and a source of raw materials would mean to compound the sin of passively tolerating Soviet domination-thisthegreatest crime in human history-with a newsin. For the German people colonies are no expression of imperialist thinking. no outer sign of the need for power and prestige, but simply a vital necessiry. But since there is no political justice in the world and since throughout history the ·worldconscience’ has always remained silent, there is no point in placing hopes in the goodwill of others. The only way to help the German people achieve its goal is the Fuhrer’s way: to tum the German nation into a political factor of such power and internal cohesion that the conscience of an international community, deaf to rational argument, cannot help but be suddenly awakened.
Hammer Press ,Nazlsm’s World Crusade Against The Jews
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

The history ofJewry Uudentum] is the history of the decline, not of the Jews, but of the people who offered Jews hospitality and rights of residence. It was extremely difficult for Theodor Fritsch to combat the destruction of every German sentiment through his newspaper.29 Right from the start Jewry used the most ruthless ploys to attack him. Or it operated so cleverly disguised within the German state apparatus that the man in the street could scarcely detect when and how the Jew was at work. Thus Theodor Fritsch made unstinting efforts to win a larger group of friends; he tried to achieve his impact in the intellectual and ethical sphere by publishing essays on the racial question so as to prepare the ground for a renewal of the people and the state.
Christoph Steding, The Third Reich As The Cure For The European Sickness
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

It goes without saying that in the aftermath of this decomposition [Zersetzung] of the Germanic-Nordic substance within Europe, the forcing up to the surface of wild, demonic, ruthless, bestially savage primordial forces should be seized on as an ideal opportunity to Jews, who had taken no stake in the history of our continent. They seized their chance as part of the active vanguard of Bolshevism, particularly in Russia, but in the German Reich as well, whether as advocates of tepid democracy or of the purely mercenary capitalism of the stock exchange.
Joseph Goebbels,The True Meaning Of The War
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Goeblxls wrote this euphemistic justification of the Second World War and the mass atrocities it involved in the summer of1942, when the illusion of the Third Reich’s invincibility had still not lxen shattered. Gennany invaded Russia inJune 1941, and Bolshevism is once again portrayed as the offihoot of aewish) plutocracy, just as it was before the Riblxntropp Pact allied the two countries in August 1939. The appeal to Social Dmwinian principles of ‘might is right’ is conjlated with two other typical fascist themes, the inexorability of destiny, and the sense of
William Joyce, Hitler Shows The Way
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

We have come after these laborious centuries of groping, to the greatest turningpoint in world history_ In general, man is free to mould his destiny, but there are exceptions. To study the career of that simple man, Adolf Hitler, to weigh his words, to observe his actions is to know that he alone, of all the German people, is the least free: for he is the servant of a Higher Destiny. A survey of the facts given in this book should show that even if he had never been born, the old system of International Finance must have rushed to its doom; even as the merchant princes realized that science had abolished time and distance, they would have sought out the cheapest labour in the world and left the white populations starving, whilst the coloured slaves did the work. The full selfishness of the whole system was about to produce its own fatal consequences, when war was declared on Germany in the vain hope of giving it a new lease of life_ Yet, it is a merciful dispensation of Providence that, in Nature’s progress, the principle of destruction has never finished its dire work before the principle of construction appears_ In metabolism, the breakdown of cells without their replacement means atrophy and death.
Jose Antonio Primo De Rivera, Total Feeling
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

It is the patriotic spirit which has raised up the peoples fallen into shame and ruin after the catastrophe of the Great War. Races which have rediscovered themselves, which have contemplated their history, the peoples which have struggled to recuperate their spiritual values and revive ancient traditions, are those which, like a phoenix, have been reborn from the ashes and have been able to stand up to the whole world in order to maintain their racial personality.
Rolao Preto, Ersatz Fascism
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

What would really be the point of the ‘single party’, the armed militias, the youth organizations, the corporative formations, etc., if they all lacked the fervent soul of the Leader, sincerely believing in the system and supplying an exhaustible source of enthusiasm and faith. The Revolution can only be made with revolutionaries, and fascism has only been realized by fascists. Schuschnigg, cold, calculating, a melancholy ghost wandering around among the other gloomy ghosts of the Hofburg,5 someone by temperament and through experience mistrustful of others, whom he sees only motivated in their turn when induced by base interests; sceptical about the very ideas he is advocating, but which basically he does not even live out himself-poor Schuschnigg was the perfect negation, the total negation of a fascist leader.
Marcel De At, The European Revolution And The New State
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Liberal capitalism was only interested in the State in as far as it served its own purposes. It needed a docile agent to translate the needs ofbankers and the captains of industry into laws and regulations. This gave rise to the theory of the ‘nightwatchman State’, whose function was to make sure the people, especially the proletariat, remained law-abiding, but which was ordered not to stick its nose in the affairs of these gentlemen. Translate that into the euphemistic language of academics and you get the doctrine oflaissezfaire and laissez-aller,which very conveniently proves that any interference by public agencies in the economy is a malevolent heresy.

However, the interventions of the State multiplied. Increasingly it had to assume functions in the sphere of economic control, and it had to draw up and put into effect a whole programme of social legislation. The reason for this is that capitalism had the effect of bringing about the spectacular growth of the industrial masses condemned to live at the mercy of crisis and permanent misery.
The European Revolution and the New State
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

The preface to Degrelle’s lhe Revolution of Souls (1938) registers his extreme disappointment at not being swept into power in the by-election the year before. Though the remedies which he proposes for the creation of a ‘new world’ are too nebul.ous to count as fall-bl.own fascism, they bear witness to Degrelle’s heightened palingenetic political temperament at the time. This

predisposed him to the enthusiastic collaboration with the Nazi’s ‘New European Order’ du.ring the war, when his insistence on wearing a fascist uniform in church led to his excommunication (a weapon which the Vatican under Pius XII refrained from using to discourage the collusion of Catholics with Nazi atrodties). Degrelle went on to become one of the most important.figureheads of the continuity between inter-war and post-war fascism (Texts 174, 180).
Ion Mota, The Romanian Legionary’s Mission In Spain
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

On3 December 1936, the day of his departure from Lisbon to Spain, Mota foretold his death in this letter, published posthumously in the Legionary magazine, Libertate, with the
Plinio Salgado, A Fourth Era Of Humanity Dawns
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

cemed with the restoration of traditions. It is equally distinct from Lusitanian integralism,’9 which imported the Gallic traditionalist mentality along with its tendency to reconnect the modem social process to the medieval spirit; on the other hand, it is different, not only from German ‘racism’, whose thesis of ethnic supremacy expresses a cultural prejudice, but also from Italian ‘Fascism’, with which we only have in common the new attitude to the State in the face of class struggle.

What we are dealing with, therefore, is an original movement, genuinely Brazilian, with its own philosophy, a dear set of values which stands out from the confusion of the contemporary world.
Robert Michels, A Sunny Disposition
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

showed the world that a nation doesn’t have to endure the progressiveness that is based on lies and demagoguery and stupidity and perversity, and that progresses inevitably to communism and its necessary accompaniments of unbearable taxes, poverty, misery, degradation and chaos.

It is entirely within the bounds of reason that a movement calling itself the Fascisti movement might overturn the existing government and seize the reins of power in any country; but it may be regarded as certain that if the movement were not of truth, directness and common sense, it would be no better than the government it replaced, and it would probably be worse.
James Strachey Barnes, To Each Country Its Own Fascism
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

In all this Europe is no disinterested onlooker. Since the end of the war Bolshevism and fascism have been fighting for its soul. The chaos which followed the world conflict promoted communist experiments in parts of Central and Southern Europe which were of brief duration because they were in contradiction with the social structure in those areas. Since 1922 awave of nationalism has rippled across the continent taking over Spain, Hungary, Poland, and Lithuania, not to mention the fascist parties which sprang up everywhere.

The peculiar revolutionary force of Bolshevism lay in the destruction of the bourgeois and feudal means of production, and it was in the nature of things that within Europe this was only possible in Russia. As long as Fascism represented a purely political system without intervening in the social system, it could be adopted despite its specifically Italian traits, especially since its neo-absolutism inevitably found a deep resonance in powerful parties accustomed to hold the reins of power. How will things develop now? Apart from the fact that the increasing concentration of economic and political power in the hands of the few means the disintegration of an ideology based on majority rule, the constitution of the state is, as history shows, dependent on the economic and political situation. It is significant in this respect that in a tense situation Italy was the first to return to an absolutist form of State. If, as is to be assumed, the economic and political tensions which Europe is subject to in the twentieth century continue to deepen, it is probable that the authoritarian state will regain lost ground in the Western world in conjunction with a restructuring of political ideology.
Sir Charles Petrie, A Sense Of Humour
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

The two movements are alike in their authoritarianism and in their opposition to Communism and to Liberation, but there the resemblance ends. Fascism is based upon the principles of Christianity, and it has come to an understanding with the Church of Rome: National Socialism is continually looking over its shoulder at paganism, and it is in conflict with all organized religion. The Italian, too, has a keen sense of humour, whereas the German has none at all; so that the regime in the latter case is able to interfere with the liberty of the subject in social matters to an extent that would never be tolerated south of the Alps. A few years ago the authorities in Rome altered the numbers of the bus routes without due warning, and there was nearly a revolution: in Berlin this inconvenience would have been accepted without grumbling.
Palmiro Togliatti, Enoneous Definitions
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Why has fascism, the open dictatorship of the bourgeoisie, arisen today, precisely in this period? You can find the answer in Lenin himself; you should look for it in his works on imperialism. You can’t know what fascism isif you don’t know imperialism. You know the economic features of imperialism. You know the definition Lenin gives. Imperialism is characterized by: 1) the concentration of production and capital, the formation of monopolies which play a decisive part role in economic life; 2) the merging of bank capital with industrial capital, and the creation, on the basis of finance capital, of financial oligarchy; 3) the great importance acquired by the export of capital; 4) the rise of international capitalist monopolies; and, lastly, the repartitioning of the world among the great capitalist powers, which can now be viewed as complete.
E. J. Strachey, the return of the dark ages
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

John Strachey, a British Marxist theorist, was one of the Labour MPs who signed the Mosley Manifesto and became a founding member of the New Party (April 1931), an attempt to break the mould of British politics by taking radical measures to save Britain from industrial stagnation. After the failure of this party in the General Election later that year, Oswald Mosley went on to found the British Union of Fascists in October 1932 after a visit to Mussolini’s Italy had confirmed his shift to the right. Strachey, meanwhile, returned.
Peter Drucker,Black Magic
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Peter Drucker fled Nazi Austria in 1939, and went on to a highly successful career as a political scientist. His analysis off ascism is based on the premiss that the economic (materialist, mechanistic) conception ofhuman life central to liberalism and socialism has broken down and that fascism simply negates it without putting anything positive in its
Erich Fromm, The Fear Of Freedom
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

Since the term ·sado-masochistic’ is associated with ideas of perversion and neurosis, I prefer to speak of the sado-masochistic character, especially when not the neurotic but the normal person is meant, as the· authoritarian character’. This terminology is justifiable because the sado-masochistic person is always characterized by his attitude towards authority. He admires authority and tends to submit to it, but at the same time wants to be an authority himself and have others submit to him. There is another reason for choosing this term. The Fascist system calls itself authoritarian because of the dominant role of authority in its social and political structure. By the term· authoritarian character’, we imply that it represents the personality structure which is the human basis of Fascism.[ ]
Talcott Parsons, Rationalism Debunked
Authors: Griffin Roger
Published: November 2023

With Talcott Parsons (1902-79) American sociology arguably broke free from the tyranny exerted by the myth of objectivity and became a genuine social science. His approach synthesizes into a sophisticated conceptual framework elements drawn from three of the discipline’s foundingfathers: Weber’s theory of rationalization, which sees it as eroding the ‘magic’ from the world; Durkheim’s theory of’anomie’ (the spiritual vacuum created by the erosion of traditional sources of a sense ofbelonging, especially religion); Pareto’s emphasis on the socio-political power of non-rational forces, associated with nationalism and religion. The result was a pioneering essay published in 1942 in which the dynamics of fascism are analysed in terms of structural dysfunctions within society which create diffese psychological and symbolic needs. Such needs cannot be as successfully catered for (or understood) by the liberal, socialist, or Enlightenment traditions as by overtly irrational political movements such as fascism. Fascism offers a substitute religion to the disaffected while advocating policies which locate the alleged causes of the problems in human scapegoats