bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in the reserves of soil retention of arable lands in Central Sudety
Authors: Pęczkowski Grzegorz , Kostrzewa Stanisław , Orzepowski Wojciech
Published: October 2008

Changes in the reserves of soil retention of arable lands in Central Sudety

The project presents research involving an analysis and evaluation of water supply of poorly permeable soils in drained arable lands. The analysis dealt with research conducted in 2003-2005 at similar meteorological conditions in an agricultural submountain catchment area situated in Central Sudety. In particular, the analysis concerned water and air properties of examined deposits with regard to their water-retention. The measurements of moisture density of soil profiles and calculated water supplies in layers 1-100 cm showed a cross-section of reserves of soil retention. This depended on the depth and lay of the land as well as drainage conditions. In the lower drainage area at the foot of the slope there was a notably higher level of groundwater than in other places on the slope. In areas where rainfall was the exclusive source of groundwater the measured water-supplies were lower than in multi-sourced drainage areas. The amount of measured supplies for the vegetation period spanning the whole research time was not lower than 70% of the field-water capacity.
Some maintenance problems of the drip irrigation in Poland
Authors: Jeznach Jerzy
Published: October 2008

Some maintenance problems of the drip irrigation in Poland

Drip irrigation system will play in the future a significant role in fulfilling the requirements of intensive, energysaving agricultural production. Total area under microirrigation in Poland can be now estimated as about 10 000 hectares. Drip irrigation is applied mainly in orchards, vegetable farms and greenhouses. The investigations on drip irrigation have shown a high infl uence of the agricultural conditions on the operation and reliability and productivity effects of the irrigation system. Paper present the investigation of the operation of drip irrigation systems in various regions of Poland. The analysis is based on the results of the manufacture coefficient of variation Cv, emitter exponent n, uniformity coefficient and detailed observation of the work time, breaks, failures and any other damages to the system.
Usage of the graph clustering algorithm to the recognition of geotechnical layers
Authors: Rabarijoely Simon , Bilski Piotr , Falkowski Tomasz
Published: October 2008

Usage of the graph clustering algorithm to the recognition of geotechnical layers

The aim of the paper is to present the approach to the application of the graph clustering algorithm to the recognition of geotechnical layers from the dilatometer tests. Results of the measurements obtained from the DMT test in the test site (subsoil of one of the buildings in the Warsaw University of Life Sciences campus) were analyzed by the clustering algorithm which was able to extract the separate groups of the measurements, representing identical soil type. This method is parameterized, so its verification by the geotechnical experts was necessary to determine the optimal parameter values. They lead to the determination of the soil types as close to the actual situation, as possible. Also, the output of the algorithm was analyzed by the geotechnical experts to identify and label the extracted soil types.
Modelling in support of an interdisciplinary approach to ecosystem restitution
Authors: Rubarenzya Mark , Staes Jan , Willems Patrick , Berlamont Jean , Meire Patrick
Published: October 2008

Modelling in support of an interdisciplinary approach to ecosystem restitution

This paper reports on a study being undertaken to analyze the potential effects of rewetting when undertaken for the restitution of the catchment ecosystem of the Grote Nete catchment. In bringing together the expertise of both ecological and hydrological modelers, this study aims at ensuring that the science being performed is immediately relevant from both the environmental management and the socio-political perspectives. Like many European catchments, Grote Nete has been experiencing an increase in extreme hydrological events. In addition, there has been a decline in the ecological value of the catchment ecosystem. The problem is considered to be a conflict of interests arising between urban/agricultural and nature conservation needs. Rewetting has been considered as a possible intervention to reverse these trends. However, a shortcoming with rewetting is that the hydrological consequences remain largely unknown. A numerical model has been developed to study these potential effects. A land use model, SPAN was developed and coupled to a physically-based, fully distributed model (MIKE SHE) to complete an ecohydrological model. The paper describes the development of the model.
A comparison of Energy Provision by Diet Order in a Long-Term Care Facility
Authors: Durant Matthew
Published: October 2008

La perte de poids involontaire est courante chez les personnes âgées en Amérique du Nord et touche jusqu’à 60 pour cent des résidents des centres d’accueil, ce qui représente une menace pour la santé et l'équilibre fonctionnel. Une enquête portant sur la fourniture d’éléments nutritifs dans un centre de soins de longue durée (SLD) a indiqué que l'exposition moyenne à l'énergie totale au cours d’un cycle de menus couvrant cinq semaines présentait une différence importante entre le régime régulier et le régime d’aliments en purées, et que le niveau moyen d’exposition aux trois macronutriments était inférieur dans un régime d’aliments en purée. Ce qui prouve que les menus actuels des SLD fournissent moins d’aliments nutritifs à ceux qui reçoivent des d’aliments en purée et qu’il faudrait une enquête plus poussée dans ce domaine.
Francine Ducharme. Famille et soins aux personnes âgées : enjeux, défis et stratégies. Montréal: Beauchemin Chenelière éducation, 2006.
Authors: Phaneuf Margot
Published: October 2008

Famille et soins aux personnes âgées: enjeux, défis et stratégies [Families and care for the elderly: challenges and strategies] provides an overview of ageing in various societies and particularly in this country, and of the repercussions of this phenomenon in terms of the steadily increasing responsibilities of families one of whose members has become vulnerable as the result of ageing or illness. The author describes the difficulties encountered by natural caregivers and explicates both their needs and the inadequacy of the services made available to them. This fully documented portrait of the situation is accompanied by suggestions for relevant action.
Al-Kindī: The Founder of Philosophical Exegesis of the Qur'an
Authors: Janssens Jules
Published: October 2008

Al-Kindī is well known as the first great ‘Islamic philosopher’. In contrast to his eminent successors, i.e. al-Fārābī, Ibn Sīnā and Ibn Rushd, he adhered to the idea of a creation in time, not to that of the eternity of the world. He appears to have made this choice out of religious motives: certainly he did find support in the philosophical arguments of Philoponus, but one is inclined to believe that he accepted this point of view because of what revelation tells on this issue. However, in those works of his that have reached us, one finds almost no references to the Qur'an. In his philosophical treatises there are, as far as I can see, explicit references to Qur'anic ayas in only three texts; the first two cases refer to Q. 36:78–82, and the third to Q. 6:55. In this article, an in-depth analysis of both fragments will be given and special attention will be paid to the – apparently outspoken, philosophical – interpretation that is given. Moreover, the extent to which al-Kindī designates or does not designate God in terms derived from the Qur'an will be examined. It is hoped that in this way al-Kindī's attitude towards the Qur'an can be determined with precision.
When Less is More: Law and Commandment in Sūrat al-Anʿām
Authors: Lowry Joseph E.
Published: October 2008

In this article I argue that the passage at Q. 6:136–53 exhibits a minimalist attitude towards law. This passage offers extensive criticisms of norms, rites and practices that are in force in another community (or communities), and then concludes with a list of commandments that are portrayed as a simpler alternative to the matters described and denounced in the preceding ayas. The ‘minimalist attitude’ towards law in this passage expresses itself as an ambivalence towards norms as such and as a suggestion that the Qur'anic dispensation seeks to unburden the Qur'anic community from needless legislative restrictions.

The phenomenon of legislative minimalism in the Qur'an is of interest for two reasons. First, it has the potential to provide a perspective on the subsequent rise of Islamic law, which could fairly be described as a legislatively ‘maximalist’ enterprise. Second, the identification of tendencies in the Qur'an – in this case its attitudes towards law and its means of expressing those attitudes – can help to illuminate the theological inclinations that conditioned the composition, shaping and reception of the Qur'an in its original environment.
The Queen of Sheba's Conversion in Q. 27:44: A Problem Examined
Authors: Mir Mustansir
Published: October 2008

In a thought-provoking paper presented at a conference in London in 2003, Oliver Leaman raised the problem of the all-too-sudden conversion of the Queen of Sheba as mentioned in Q. 27:44. Leaman's suggested solution to the problem was that the queen, probably analogising from her mistake of regarding the glass for water, concluded that she was mistaken, too, in regarding idolatry as the right religion. Taking a line of interpretation different from Leaman's, this paper argues that Q. 27:44 represents not a moment of ‘illumination’ leading to sudden conversion on the queen's part but a logical culmination of a process of change of heart the queen had been undergoing long before her visit to Solomon's palace. The paper is divided into four sections. The first section summarises the conversion passage in Sura 27; the second section discusses, with reference to the argument of this paper, the conversion of Pharaoh's magicians in Sura 20; the third section compares the Qur'anic account of the Queen of Sheba with the Biblical; the final section offers brief remarks about the Qur'anic mode of reasoning, an ancillary issue which the queen's conversion seems to raise.
The Influence of the Qur'an on Titles in Saudi Poetry: A Study of Structure and Semantics
Authors: Muḥammad al-Mufliḥ ʿAbd Allāh ibn
Published: October 2008

This study discusses the influence of the Qur'an on the formulation of titles in Saudi poetry, whether it be the title of a dīwān or qaṣīda. It also discusses how the title indicates the contents of the dīwān or qaṣīda, and its relationship with the words and contents of the Qur'anic ayas. In addition this study analyses the relations between two contexts: that of the individual aya and ‘group’ of ayas within the Qur'anic discourse, and that of the underlying context of the qaṣīda or dīwān creation, in order to arrive at the relationship that connects title and qaṣīda on the one hand, and qaṣīda and aya(s), and their context, on the other.
Textual Relations in Sūrat al-Kahf
Authors: Abdel Samie Hosna
Published: October 2008

This study aims to understand the textual relations within Sūrat al-Kahf – one of the longest suras of the Qur'an – in response to issues raised by the observations of the psychiatrist Carl Jung in his Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious. In this work he expounds on the Qur'anic narratives present in Sūrat al-Kahf in the light of a symbolic and psychological reading, which seeks to link the stories of the ‘Companions of the Cave’, ‘Moses and al-Khiḍr’ and ‘Dhū'l-Qarnayn’ on the one hand and his archetype of the ‘New Age’ on structural and spiritual levels on the other. Furthermore, the Qur'anic text is repeatedly described as ‘lacking coherence, which is not uncommon in the Qur'an’, and Jung endeavours, to use his own words, ‘to account for this apparently abrupt transition’ between the stories in Sūrat al-Kahf.
Recent Synthetic Approaches Toward Non-anomeric Spiroketals in Natural Products
Authors: Favre Sylvain , Vogel Pierre , Gerber-Lemaire Sandrine
Published: October 2008

Many natural products of biological interest contain [6,5]- and [6,6]-spiroketal moieties that can adopt various configurations, benefiting or not from anomeric conformation stabilizing effects. The spiroketal fragments are often important for the biological activity of the compounds containing them. Most stable spiroketal stereoisomers, including those benefiting from conformational anomeric effects (gauche conformers can be more stable than anti conformers because of a contra-steric stabilizing effect), are obtained easily under acidic conditions that permit acetal heterolysis (formation of tertiary oxycarbenium ion intermediates). The synthesis of less stable stereoisomers requires stereoselective acetal forming reactions that do not permit their equilibration with their most stable stereoisomers or, in the case of suitably substituted derivatives, concomitant reactions generating tricyclic products that quench the less stable spiroketal conformers. Ingenuous approaches have been recently developed for the synthesis of naturally occurring [6,6]- and [5,6]-nonanomeric spiroketals and analogues. The identification of several parameters that can influence the stereochemical outcome of spirocyclization processes has led to seminal improvements in the selective preparation of the non-anomeric isomers that are discussed herein. This review also gives an up-dated view of conformational anomeric effect which represents a small fraction of the enthalpic anomeric effect that makes gem-dioxy substituted compounds much more stable that their 1,n-dioxy substituted isomers (n > 1). Although models assuming sp3-hybridized oxygen atoms have been very popular (rabbit ears for the two non-bonding electron pairs of oxygen atom), sp2-hybridized oxygen atoms are used to describe the conformational anomeric effect.
Étrangers, logeurs et patrons. L'improvisation sociale chez les commerçants soudanais de Lomé.
Authors: Agier Michel
Published: October 2008

M. Agier—Foreigners, Landlords and Patrons : Social Improvisation among the Sudanic Traders in Lome.

A description of social relationships among the inhabitants of the Lome's zongo, i.e. the urban ward populated with Muslims from the Sudanic hinterland. The 'make do' economy is dominated by the wealthier traders, mai gida, under a kind of patronage, derivated from traditional hospitality duties and a network of face-to-face links designated by Hausa kinship and amnity terms, which take up a special meaning in this context.
Les recherches en histoire orale menées par un autochtone, ou L'inconvénient d'être du cru.
Authors: Diawara Mamadou
Published: October 2008

M. Diawara—Aboriginal Research in Oral History: The Plight of the Native Son.

Social sciences research in Africa, especially in history, has long been dominated by non-Africans—military officers, political administrators and, later on, scholars. In the last decades Western-trained African specialists have entered the field. While the former put forth their otherness as a proof of the scientific validity of their work, the latter use the opposite argument and point to belonging as a criterion of objectivity. Both arguments appear somewhat obsolete insofar as a confrontation of views is a necessity for ail research in the social sciences. The native scholar working on the history of his own country is bound to observe the rules and customs of his group: even more so as his experience of another (i.e. Western) way of life exposes him to the suspicion of the keepers of tradition. He must solve a contradiction between his own scientific ambitions and the local System of know-ledge transmission (which also is or has been his).
Les mooryaan de Mogadiscio. Formes de la violence dans un espace urbain en guerre.
Authors: Marchal Roland
Published: October 2008

Roland Marchal — The mooryaan of Mogadiscio: Forms of Violence in a War-Torn Urban Area.

From December 1990 till December 1992, the Somalian capital was the scene of fighting and violence that had less and less to do with political strategies. Using data from the field, the author has investigated the actors in this fighting and inquired into their social trajectories so as to shed light on some issues in this cri-sis, at least in the urban setting. There, a 'culture of pillage' provides the roles that overarmed adolescents may demonstratively play out. A society in war is being restructured by warfare. Social relations and politics, as practised by com-peting factions, are becoming criminal. Brief comparisons show that the mooryaan cannot be reduced to forms of social violence such as the warenleh, shifta, or Becker's 'outsiders'. Questions are raised about the future of this social group, which, following the December 1992 military intervention, is rapidly evolving toward a more classical form of delinquent violence.
Trajectories of a Mask Performance : the Case of the Senegalese Kumpo
Authors: De Jong Ferdinand
Published: October 2008

Abstract

This article examines the divergent trajectories of the Kumpo rnask performance in Casamance (Senegal). Several modes of performance are related to various historical contexts of capitalist encroachment. It is shown that the mask-audience relationship expresses particular articulations between modes of performance and the social structure as determined by the global capitalist economy. The performances analysed involve divergent audiences of young women, officiais, and foreign tourists. The Kumpo performance has very diverse meanings in the various contexts, ail of them contemporaneous. The mask is used in various ways to manage the impact of the market economy. Commoditisation of the mask performance has resulted in a radical transformation of the mask-audience relationship.
Entre la rue résidentielle et le boulevard : le cas des soi de Bangkok
Authors: Charmes Éric
Published: October 2008

On the ground that they unavoidably mix car drivers and residents, many contemporary urban planners consider that distributor and collector roads should not exist: to them, apart from expressways, an ideal street network should be made up of only residential streets and boulevards devoid of dwellings. This model is based on the assumption that traffic is not compatible with the day-today life of street dwellers. To the opinion of most planners, only dead-end streets are suitable for residential areas. This article suggests, however, that traffic externalities are not always negative. The case of Bangkok's dead-end streets opening to traffic shows that street dwellers may be satisfied with a higher-than-negligible traffic volume. This is related to the fact that more traffic generally means better accessibility and more opportunities for commerce. Even if one should be cautious in inferring general rules from particular cases, one may at least conclude that the appearance of distributor roads in the urban fabric is not necessarily pathological. The differentiation of streets must be understood as a consequence of the fact that territorial and local uses of the urban space are maintained together in a complex relationship, constituted by a dynamic mixture of repelling and attractive forces. These findings may seem of little account but, considering how urban planners work in general, they deserve to be repeated again with a certain degree of insistence.
Migration and residential social change : a longitudinal analysis of migration flows into, out-of and within London, 1971-1981 / Migration et changement social résidentiel : une analyse longitudinale des mouvements migratoires de Londres et vers Londres ainsi qu'à l'intérieur de Londres, 1971-1981
Authors: Hamnett Chris
Published: October 2008

This paper analyses the role of migration in residential social change in London during the intercensal decade 1971-81 using data from the 1 % Longitudinal Survey. It compares the socio-economic composition of out-migrants from, and in-migrants to London with the changing socio-economic composition of continuing residents, and it assesses the relative importance of migration and in-situ social change. It shows that while the incidence of out-migration of professional and managerial workers from London is high, this is partly offset by high levels of inmigration into these groups, especially among young people who were economically inactive in 1971 but who were classed as managers or professional workers in 1981. There is also a high level of internal occupational change as new entrants into the labour force replace departures. As a result of these changes, the occupational structure of London has not experienced a downwards shift which would be expected on the basis of out-migration alone.
L'évolution pluviométrique récente de la Grande-Côte du Sénégal et de l'archipel du Cap-Vert / The recent evolution of rainfall in the Grande-Côte region of Senegal and the Cap-Vert archipelago
Authors: Sagna Pascal
Published: October 2008

The Grande-Côte of Senegal and the Cap-Vert archipelago respond to common dynamic conditions, receiving both winter rainfall and, above all, summer precipitation brought by squall lines and cyclonic depressions. The recent climate change is characterized by a significant modification of numerous meteorological variables. Rainfall has been the most affected, experiencing a substantial reduction. The deterioration in precipitation levels has been particularly dramatic in the Sahel region, and has disadvantaged above all the Cap-Vert archipelago, despite its maritime situation.
Espaces publics : espaces dangereux / Public spaces : dangerous spaces
Authors: Picon Antoine
Published: October 2008

Souvent pensés sur un mode pacifié, les espaces publics sont en réalité inséparables de l'exercice d'une certaine violence. Après avoir rappelé cette dimension conflictuelle, l'article analyse à sa lumière quelques espaces publics contemporains, du parking au centre commercial.
Un chant du Tibesti (Tchad)
Authors: Brandily Monique
Published: October 2008

Summary. The male solo analyzed here was composed by a youth during a fifteen-day trip by camel that took him from the Tibesti in the Chad to Fezzan in the Murzuk region of Libya. It is a dithyrambic song dedicated to a woman, and the Teda call it dobana tvrkia, or « song of the saddle. » A semantic analysis of the words shows that this is an elaborate composition that can be understood on several levels. The composer mixes stereotyped traits with real traits which, in fact, allow listeners to identify the family the song is destined for. As for the form, it is a poem in verse with a strophic structure. An analysis of the melody brings to light some of the norms which the author adheres to ; we can then establish the synoptic transcriptions and schémas of these norms, though they obviously remain implicit both for the singer and the listener. It appears that the melodic system is based on a hierarchy of degrees ; originality resides in the fact that each degree is polyvalent and its place in the hierarchy varies according to whether it is in one or the other segments that makes up the melodic strophe. This is exactly the opposite of the tonal system where, in a given key, the tonic, the dominant, and so on do not change throughout the composition. We will not study the rythmic system here, as it poses more general questions, which will be the subject of another paper. At the end of this analysis, we raise the question of the nature of the complex relations that exist between the music and the words. It seems that the two are of equal importance and coordinated rather than one being subordinate to the other.
Les sept fils de Nzèbi. Un mythe cosmogonique des Banzèbi du Gabon.
Authors: Collomb Gérard
Published: October 2008

SUMMARY This mythical tale, several versions of which have been gathered from Banzébi sources, is a text setting out the worlds of nature and culture surrounding the necessary out-of-clan marriage, as prescribed by the Banzébi society. Beyond this first level of analysis, the author endeavours to prove, by establishing a relationship with the main features of the social structure, that this tale is valued by the Banzébi society as a justification of the social system and of the political organisation.
Tellem, reconnaissance archéologique d'une culture de l'Ouest africain au Moyen-Age : les Textiles.
Authors: Bedaux Rogier M. A. , Bolland Rita
Published: October 2008

SUMMARY Brief description of about 500 cloth fragments found during excavations in caves in the Bandiagara cliff (Mali). The majority dates from the XI th up till the XVth century and could be attributed to the Tellem culture. Some more recent cloths (XVIIth-XVIIIth century ?) are probably of Dogon origin. The cotton and woollen cloths are mostly in tabby and weft- faced rep. They include a.o. robes, blankets and caps.
Les pierres à gorge du Sahara
Authors: Morel Jean
Published: October 2008

Résumé Les pierres à gorge sahariennes diffèrent largement les unes des autres par leurs dimensions et leur poids. Les plus légères, qui sont parfois ornées de sculptures, ont pu répondre à des besoins purement culturels ou esthétiques ; les plus lourdes dont le poids moyen est de 30 à 60 kg et qui se rencontrent généralement dans des aires privilégiées de la végétation spontanée du désert, ont été probablement pour les Epipaléolithiques et pour les Néolithiques, des poids morts utilisés à diverses fins et tout particulièrement à l'armement des pièges pour le gros gibier.
A la recherche du «tékényâouy» : nouveaux aperçus sur la structure de pouvoir au Dar For
Authors: Tubiana Marie-José
Published: October 2008

Résumé Peut-on renouveler l'histoire de l'Afrique ? Prenant comme exemple l'histoire du Dar For, l'auteur montre comment la découverte de nouvelles sources — dans le cas présent des documents d'archives privées — et l'application conjuguée de la démarche historique et de la démarche ethnologique qui consiste l'une et l'autre à aller à la source de l'information, font avancer l'histoire d'une région et par là même l'histoire du pays tout entier. La recherche de l'identité d'un personnage et de son rôle à l'intérieur d'une institution a permis de préciser les rapports politiques qui, dans ces royaumes sahéliens, s'instaurent le plus souvent entre vainqueurs et vaincus, les premiers s'appuyant sur les seconds pour gouverner en leur déléguant une partie de leur pouvoir.
Les verbes de jugement en dagara (Burkina Faso)
Authors: Delplanque Alain
Published: October 2008

Verbs of « judgement » are defined as verbs which can be followed by an object-clause. The morpho- syntactic component establishes four types (with/without a linking particle ; subordinate with indicative, aoristic or optative mode). The pragmatic component shows that those four types correspond to four types of speech acts : expositive, exercitive, behabitive and categorical (such a structure refers to the four actors of communication : me, you, him and the norm). But each type contains sub-classes : speecnVnon-speech verbs ; subjective/objective judgement ; interlocutor primordial/non primordial or adjuvant/opponent). In the semantic component, each verb shows specific inferences and changes of meaning in definite contexts ; a relationship is also established between semantic fields and available vocabulary. In the semiotic component, the author considers dicto-modal operations (with truth-tables for the various logical connexions P- Q) and several predicative values (verbs implying a locative/causal relation). Eventually, the author — a linguist, not an anthropologist — focusses the unity of Human Language and debates on the mutual status of linguistics and ethnolinguistics. He particularly shows how important it is to question informants in their own language (spontaneous definitions and paraphrase-tests). Also, he stresses the fact that the rules underlying communication are a part of « Culture ». And he makes it a point to search for cognitive mechanisms which genrate human cultures, and for the useful concepts that would help account for correlations between ethnolinguistic features.
Funérailles et intronisation d'un roi Mamprusi
Authors: Drucker-Brown Suzan
Published: October 2008

The funeral and enthronement of the Manprusi king. This detailed description of the long ritual process that starts with the death of the Mamprusi king (northern Ghana) and ends with his successor's enthronement comes out of the author's observation of king Na Bongo's funeral and Na Saa's enthronement in 1985. Mamprusi kings are nominated following a principle of linear succession through rotation (and never from father to son). There is intense competition, even war between candidates ; and the interregnum is marked by widespread disorder, which makes all Mamprusi vulnerable. The palace is destroyed, and the regalia are scattered. Once chosen, the new king is subject to rites of passage (seclusion, purification and reintegration) ; but what is remarkable about this ritual is the way it negotiates the potential violence within the situation resulting from the king's death.
Littérature orale et histoire : les poèmes yaka des Nyabwa (Côte-d'Ivoire)
Authors: Zézé Béké P.
Published: October 2008

Les récits d'origine, de migrations, de guerres, constituent les documents habituels de l'histoire orale, mais d'autres types de sources s'offrent au chercheur. Il s'agit d'interroger notamment les nombreux genres de la littérature orale traditionnelle. Les yaka, poèmes à thèmes multiples (histoire, généalogie, proverbes, etc.), déclamés devant un public d'initiés, véhiculent des informations précieuses pour la connaissance du passé des Nyabwa.
Quiproquos. À propos d'esthétique africaine
Authors: Coquet Michèle
Published: October 2008

L'art africain occupe aujourd'hui un rôle de premier ordre dans l'intérêt grandissant porté aux arts dits primitifs. De nombreuses questions se posent sur la manière dont cet art doit être montré, analysé, compris. Cet article, en s'appuyant sur les événements récents de l'actualité, expositions et colloques, fait une analyse critique des discours tenus à ce sujet.
Les Pygmées d'aujourd'hui en Afrique centrale
Authors: Bahuchet Serge
Published: October 2008

À la suite d'une description rapide du mode de vie traditionnel des Pygmées d'Afrique centrale, les transformations actuelles des forêts de cette région sont examinées. En dépit de la dispersion des Pygmées et malgré les différences entre ces populations, les mêmes types d'évolution du mode de vie se trouvent partout. L'auteur cherche à dégager les racines historiques et sociales de ces tendances en se référant à l'histoire des relations entre Pygmées et villageois et en examinant le contexte économique actuel des forêts d'Afrique équatoriale. Une présentation de cas socio-économiques est suivie de l'exposé des principaux problèmes sociaux, des politiques de développement et des questions (et suggestions) pour l'avenir.
L'Ame du mil
Authors: Champion Bernard
Published: October 2008

On pose ici que le recours à quelques notions élémentaires de la génétique des plantes permettrait d'approcher la raison objective et la profondeur symbolique d'un ensemble de rites de passage africains référés à l'« âme » du mil. Alors que l'interprétation privilégie d'ordinaire des valeurs de l'ordre des tropes, la conceptualisation indigène et les pratiques agricoles autoriseraient, en effet, une autre évaluation de la mise en parallèle du processus de domestication de la céréale et de l'éducation. Il y a là davantage qu'une (belle) image si — c'est l'hypothèse ici formée — la procédure de circoncision symbolique appelée au cours du rituel de la récolte conceptualise une opération effective de sélection de la semence — requise par le mode de reproduction croisé du mil (genre Pennisetum).
Vers la fin du mystère des ruines du Lobi ?
Authors: Père Madeleine
Published: October 2008

Solving the mystery of Lobi ruins. A beginning is made at solving the mystery of « Lobi ruins », these vast drystone walls discovered in 1902, about which several hypotheses have been made. Research under way on the history of the Kaaba (improperly called Gan) of Burkina Faso has motivated them to shed a little light on this mystery : they have declared that their ancestors erected these walls as a protection against wild animals. In past centuries, the Kaaba kingdom had to deal with power relations, but the Kaaba were able to keep their sense of identity even in the most secret matters. They were probably the first known population to have exploited and traded in « Lobi gold ».
Stratégies politiques et règles de succession de l'Ayar précolonial
Authors: Hamáni Djibo
Published: October 2008

Selon le mode de succession encore récemment en vigueur à Agadez, seuls les princes nés de mères esclaves pouvaient accéder au trône du sultan de l'Ayar. L'auteur étudie les expériences politiques qui ont abouti à instituer ce type de succession et retrace l'histoire des luttes entre la dynastie et ses fondateurs-électeurs, les tribus touarègues de l'Ayar, qui ont toujours cherche à limiter le pouvoir des sultans.
Manoirs d'argile. Note sur l'habitat à In Gall
Authors: Calame-Griaule Geneviève
Published: October 2008

Cet article décrit trois demeures situées dans les quartiers anciens d'In Gall, petite bourgade du Sahel nigérien, et appartenant à des familles diversement situées dans la hiérarchie sociale. Les différences sociales et économiques apparaissent dans l'architecture, sinon dans l'aménagement. Les exemples étudiés donnent également des indications sur l'occupation de l'espace et la division entre espace privé (réservé aux femmes) et espace public ou semi-public (importance des visiteurs étrangers). Les décorations anciennes des pièces intérieures mettent l'accent sur le couple et la fécondité de la famille. L'étude du lexique montre une prépondérance des emprunts au hausa, ce qui s'explique par l'importance des maçons hausa dans la région.
Le système familial songhai-zarma
Authors: Bisilliat Jeanne , Laya Diouldé
Published: October 2008

This study of the Songhai-Zarma family system (Niger) describes the statuses and attitudes observed in relations between various family members. The intention is to provide a living description, grounded in experience and feelings, of what is usually presented with rather normative terminology.
Le meurtre de la mère dans le culte du Zambie
Authors: Deluz Ariane
Published: October 2008

Two songs from the Zambie cult, which is widespread in northern Guro area, of the Ivory Coast, tell how this cult's first owner had to kill his mother, who had transgressed the prohibition against women approaching the building where he had installed his Zambie. Sociologically, this tragic myth about Zambie correspond to an important time in the institution of society. From a psychanalytical viewpoint, it cryptically suggests the individual's successive identifications during psychic maturation.
Le système de classes d'âge des Añaki (Bijago de Guinée-Bissau)
Authors: Henry Christine
Published: October 2008

Añaki' s age class system. Christine Henry. The Añaki's age class system makes an unusual and strange distinction between men and women. The analysis of the rights and duties of men, of the method of recrutement of women and of the impositions which weigh heavily on the whole system shows, according to the author, that this institution, whilst apparently simply based on age, may in fact represent the same power of political organisation that the generational system more usually found in East Africa or in the lake district of the Ivory Coast.
La pluralité des sources de l'histoire chez les Kasina de Kaya-Navio (Burkina-Faso)
Authors: Kibora Ludovic
Published: October 2008

Résumé La société Kasina du Burkina Faso, malgré l'absence d'écriture, a su développer des moyens de conserver la mémoire du passé. Des récits comme le conte diin lara ou le discours du devin sont de véritables documents historiques. Cette mémoire du passé est aussi conservée à travers les noms de certaines personnes. L'intronisation du chef de village est un exemple de rituel permettant de remettre en mémoire certains lieux du territoire villageois qui sont autant de sources d'historiographie.
Yasin alias Philippe, fils de Jean-Désiré : Du Shaba à Zanzibar, itinéraire et horizons d'une conversion à l'islam
Authors: Penrad Jean-CLaude
Published: October 2008

This article traces the conversion, undertaken « for love » and entailing a journey from Zaire to Zanzibar, of a catholic man to Islam. His progressive integration into a fundamentalist community and the status-enhancing personal development this integration implies, allows him to return to his home country with honour.
L'évolution du lévirat chez les Bassari
Authors: Gessain Monique , Desgrées du Loû Annabel
Published: October 2008

In Eastern Senegal, in 1930, every Bassari widow was inherited by her husband's brother. Since that time, the frequency of levirate dropped dramatically: from 91 % (1930-1959) to 65 % (1960-1979) and 17 % (1980-1995). Today unherited widows do not marry another man more often than before, but they choose to live with one of their children, or alone. Among the demographic, economic and psychological facts which can contribute to this evolution, one seems very important: the higher frequency of aging wifes leaving the residence of their husbands and going to live with one of their children with whom they will go on residing after their husbands death.
Of Objects and Contexts : Biographies of Ethnographica
Authors: Röschenthaler Ute
Published: October 2008

Dans le cas des objets ethnographiques, signification et contexte vont de pair. Les institutions en charge de l'exposition proposent une signification, que les visiteurs interprètent. Le concepteur d'une exposition fait des choix, il privilégie les « objets d'art authentiques », ou présente des objets diversement représentatifs des cultures. Mais le visiteur a rarement conscience que les expositions sont des constructions. Cet article suggère qu'un moyen de faire apparaître le caractère construit d'une exposition, tout en gardant aux objets quelque chose de leur « aura d'irremplaçable singularité », est de présenter la biographie de ces objets, c'est-à-dire l'histoire qui va de leur création et leur acquisition au moment et au lieu où le visiteur les rencontre.
Nderkaaku : la folle jeunesse chez les Foulbé de l'Adamaoua
Authors: Boutrais Jean
Published: October 2008

nderkaaku : the Revolt of Young Fulani Herders in Adamawa. The Fulani of the Ngaoundéré area in Adamawa often complain about bad relationships between parents and children. When they become young adults, boys do not obey their fathers anymore. They escape for a life of adventure, called nderkaaku in the local Fulani language. The parents resent this situation, eventhough it has taken place for many generations. When the family lacks cattle, the young men have to move away. Inheritance rules, which favor the eldests, lead to conflicts and give them further reasons to leave. They take the cattle to the urban markets, where they learn about modern life. Although parents consider their departure as a failure for the family, nderkaaku thus strengthens a dynamic Fulani diaspora.
Légendes du pays de Kae, Zanzibar
Authors: Racine-Issa Odile , Le Guennec-Coppens Françoise , Mery Sophie
Published: October 2008

The legends of Majipeponi and of Mnyali Mungu, collected at Kae, in the southern part of Zanzibar island, allow for a better understanding of the mizimu cult or ancestor worship. It is the expression of a traditional rural religion which is currently manifest in separate rituals: visits to holy groves, spirit worship initiations and new year celebrations (mwaka). Although despised by town dwellers who prefer to value their Islamic membership, the culture stemming from this traditional religion still lies at the foundation of all the conventions that allow individuals to situate themselves within swahili society.
Classes et relations
Authors: Sørensen Holger Steen
Published: October 2008

1. II y a deux sortes de classes fondamentales : les classes coordonnées et les classes dérivées.

2. Il y a deux sortes de relations fondamentales : les relations unilatérales et les relations bilatérales.

3. La distinction entre les classes coordonnées et les classes dérivées répond à la distinction entre relations unilatérales et relations bilatérales, en ce sens que seules des relations unilatérales peuvent être utilisées pour l'établissement de classes coordonnées, tandis que des relations bilatérales (et en pratique, elles seules) peuvent être employées pour l'établissement de classes dérivées.

4. A rencontre des relations unilatérales (relations des classes coordonnées), les relations bilatérales (relations des classes dérivées) doivent nécessairement être particulières, puisque l'établissement des classes dérivées repose sur une opération particulière. (Les relations unilatérales peuvent être aussi bien générales que particulières, puisque Ton peut aussi utiliser des relations particulières pour l'établissement des classes coordonnées. Je renvoie à Word-Classes in Modem English, p. 65, s.) 5. Les relations classiques — hypotaxe, parataxe et catataxe — ont toujours été employées bilatéralement. Elles ne peuvent en conséquence être employées pour établir des classes coordonnées, à moins qu'elles ne soient rendues unilatérales. Elles peuvent être employées à l'établissement de classes dérivées, mais seulement si elles sont rendues particulières.

6. Les notions d'amovibilité et de présupposition et leurs contraires ont toujours été implicitement présentes en linguistique, et ont servi de fondement à l'emploi des relations classiques. Mais les deux notions ont été rarement distinguées clairement, et à ma connaissance, l'on ne s'est pas aperçu que, bien qu'elles soient alliées, elles sont d'un caractère fondamentalement différent : la notion d'amovibilité est une notion de relation particulière tandis que la notion de présupposition est une notion de relation générale.
Les exilés tchécoslovaques de 1948 : un exil politique au service de la politique étrangère américaine
Authors: Faure Justine
Published: October 2008

Justine Faure

Les exilés tchécoslovaques de 1948 : un exil politique au service de la politique étrangère américaine.

Les exilés politiques tchécoslovaques de 1948 firent massivement le choix des États-Unis comme pays d'exil. Très rapidement, la coopération avec les autorités américaines fut étroite et les exilés devinrent des auxiliaires efficaces de la stratégie de déstabilisation de la puissance soviétique en Europe de l'Est. Au milieu des années cinquante, avec la coexistence pacifique, le soutien américain aux exilés devint anachronique et l'Administration Eisenhower coupa les ponts avec cette communauté.
L'exil intérieur des pacifistes intégraux, 1914-1918
Authors: Becker Annette
Published: October 2008

Un petit groupe d'intellectuels pacifistes parmi lesquels on trouve Romain Rolland, Alain et des gens plus jeunes tels Jeanne Halbwachs et son mari Michel Alexandre, ont choisi pendant la Première Guerre mondiale une sorte d'exil intérieur. Techniquement, seul Romain Rolland était le seul à se trouver en dehors du territoire national, loin d'apporter son soutien au consensus général dans ce conflit. Leur mission, qu'ils tentèrent d'organiser en un réseau non officiel et pacifiste, était de faire la guerre à la guerre. Ils furent tout particulièrement attentifs à l'aide qu'ils pouvaient recevoir de la part des femmes. Leur lutte contre la croisade du conflit armé ne les empêchera pas néanmoins de partager une pensée quasi religieuse sur la culture de la guerre, convaincus de voir leur vérité triompher. Ils ne pouvaient supporter la tragédie de la mort et considéraient comme une défaite et une catastrophe le fait de ne pouvoir rallier plus de soutien à leur cause. L'immense courant de l'opinion pacifiste des années vingt et trente peut les réconforter : leur exil aura pas été vain
Intellectuel breton et exil intérieur : Roparz Hemon d'une île l'autre ou l'exil du réel
Authors: Calvez Ronan
Published: October 2008

L'exil intérieur est le propre de tout nationaliste. De fait, dans l'entre-deux-guerres, se construit au sein du mouvement nationaliste breton une Bretagne idéologique, qui représente pour les militants une terre d'exil intérieur. Durant l'Occupation, grâce au financement des Allemands, de nombreuses réalisations voient le jour dans le domaine culturel et économique (émissions de radio, journaux, création d'un Institut Celtique...) : la Bretagne idéologique prend corps et devient légale ; les nationalistes sortent de l'exil intérieur jusqu'en 1944. Après la Libération, certains militants sont amenés à quitter le territoire breton, par nécessité pour éviter le procès, par choix après avoir été jugés, par obligation lorsqu'ils sont frappés d'interdiction de séjour en Bretagne. L'un des cas les plus représentatifs de ce double exil est sans doute Louis-Paul Nemo, alias Roparz Hemon, qui s'installe en Irlande en 1946. C'est de là qu'il lance, en 1950, un appel aux lecteurs d'une revue nationaliste bretonne : il constitue un véritable programme pour tenter de sortir une nouvelle fois de l'exil intérieur.
Les exilés français en Espagne depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale : des vaincus de la Libération aux combattants d'Algérie française 1944-1970
Authors: Dulphy Anne
Published: October 2008

L'exil français en Espagne de 1944 à 1970 concerne deux populations différentes par leur nombre, la durée moyenne des séjours et leur évolution : il s'agit de condamnés de la Libération et de Français liés à l'Algérie par l'appartenance ou par l'engagement. Dans le premier cas, les retours l'emportent très largement après quelques années, seules quelques personnalités isolées - les plus compromises - s'installant de manière plus ou moins définitive : les réfugiés d'Algérie forment pour leur part une communauté qui, diminuée elle aussi par les rapatriements, est surtout intégrée à la colonie française expatriée à la fin des années 1960.
La "disparition". Les historiens allemands et le fascisme
Authors: Traverso Enzo
Published: October 2008

Enzo Traverso

The "disappearance". Fascism and the German historians.

During the last twenty years German historians have practically abandoned the concept of Fascism. This disappearance is due essentially to the monopoly of this concept by official GDR historiography, turning it into a piece of ideology. In the place of "Fascism" one most often encounters "totalitarianism", which tends to privilege the comparison between Nazism and Stalinism. As a result, the roots of National Socialism in the context of the European Fascist movements of the 1930s are being neglected.
La politique antisémite de Vichy et les associations de journalistes
Authors: Martin Marc
Published: October 2008

L'application aux sociétés de journalistes de la législation antisémite des autorités de Vichy est présentée ici comme un révélateur de la volonté du gouvernement de Pétain d'utiliser les associations pour tenter d'encadrer, dans une perspective totalitaire et dans le cas présent raciste, la société civile.
Guerre civile. Mythes et propagandes. L'exemple des cadets de l'Alcazar
Authors: Bachoud Andrée
Published: October 2008

Andrée Bachoud,

Spanish Civil War. Myths and propaganda. The example of Alcazar.

The siege of the Alcazar, well orchestrated for public opinion, was the first and only successful attempt to place the rebellion in a Spanish military and catholic tradition. But its effects could not last because the historical facts contradicted the myth constructed at the time and thus contributed to its weakness. The battle for opinion was won by the Republicans.
L'héritage du passé dans la transition espagnole
Authors: Aguilar Fernandez Paloma
Published: October 2008

Le souvenir traumatique de la Guerre civile et le désir de réconcilier la nation expliquent l'obsession du consensus qui a dominé la vie politique espagnole après la mort du général Franco. Les lois d'amnistie et l'absence de justice rétroactive concernant les années de dictature ont rendu possible la Transition, mais ce choix de la prudence a aussi des effets négatifs sur la qualité de la démocratie.